CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th Edition [86 ed.] 0849304865, 9780849304866

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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Editor-in-Chief David R. Lide Former Director, Standard Reference Data National Institute of Standards and Technology

Editorial Advisory Board Grace Baysinger Swain Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-5080 Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science 2115 Flame Tree Way Hemet, CA 92545 Robert N. Goldberg Biotechnology Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 Henry V. Kehiaian ITODYS University of Paris VII 1, rue Guy de la Brosse 75005 Paris, France Kozo Kuchitsu Department of Chemistry Josai University, Sakado 350-0295, Japan Gerd Rosenblatt 1177 Miller Avenue Berkeley, CA 94708 Dana L. Roth Millikan Library / Caltech 1-32 1200 E. California Blvd. Pasadena, CA 91125 Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, NY 12180

PREFACE The 86th Edition of the print CRC Handbook of Physics and Chemistry has undergone a face lift. For the first time in over 40 years, the page size has been increased, which will provide flexibility in adding new material. The page layout and typeface have also been modernized, leading to more easily readable text and tables. The pdf files in the Internet version of the Handbook mimic the new layout of the pages in the print edition. Furthermore, the number of interactive tables has been increased from 76 to 103. Among the topics included for the first time in interactive form are vapor pressure of the elements at high temperature; heat of dilution and molar conductivity of acids; electron and proton affinities; atomic transition probabilities; speed of sound in various media; the NIST thermocouple tables; and many others. The database from which these interactive tables are generated now has over 106,000 records which can be searched, manipulated, and displayed in a variety of ways. In terms of content, several new topics appear in the 86th Edition, including: Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths Proton Affinities Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions Selected Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions There are also major updates and expansions of a number of tables, such as: Bond Dissociation Energies (previously called Strengths of Chemical Bonds) NIST Atomic Transition Probability Tables Properties of Semiconductors Summary Table of Particle Properties Atomic Masses and Abundances Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants Standard Transformed Gibbs Energy of Formation for Important Biochemical Species The overall philosophy of the Handbook remains the same, namely, to provide broad coverage of all types of data commonly encountered by physical scientists and engineers in a user-friendly format. In spite of the growing popularity of Internet searching, which often turns up voluminous information of questionable quality, we feel there is still a need for a concise, reliable reference source spanning the full range of the physical sciences and focusing on key data that are frequently needed by R&D professionals, engineers, and students. The CRC Handbook, in its print, CDROM, and Internet formats, is aimed at serving these needs. The data contained in the Handbook have been carefully evaluated by experts in each field; quality control is a high priority and the sources are documented. The annual updates make it possible to add new and better data in a timely fashion. In this way we hope to continue the role of the CRC Handbook as a unique reference source. The Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dependent on the efforts of many contributors throughout the world. Valuable suggestions have been received from the Editorial Advisory Board and from many users. The assistance and support of Dr. Fiona Macdonald, Chemistry Publisher at Taylor and Francis, is greatly appreciated. Finally, I want to

thank the editorial and production staff at Taylor and Francis for all their efforts. Comments and suggestions may be sent to [email protected]. David R. Lide September 2005

The 86th Edition is dedicated to my wife, Bettijoyce Breen Lide

How To Cite this Reference The recommended form of citation is: David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2006, , Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 2006. If a specific table is cited, use the format: "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds", in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2006, David R. Lide, ed., Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 2006.

This work contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Best efforts have been made to select and verify the data on the basis of sound scientific judgment, but the author and the publisher cannot accept responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use. © Copyright Taylor and Francis Group LLC 2006

CURRENT CONTRIBUTORS Robert A. Alberty Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science 2115 Flame Tree Way Hemet, California 92545 A. K. Covington Department of Chemistry University of Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU England K. Fischer LTP GmbH Oppelner Strasse 12 D-26135 Oldenburg, Germany Jean-Claude Fontaine ITODYS CNRS, University of Paris VII 1 rue Guy de la Brosse 75005 Paris, France J.R. Fuhr Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 J. Gmehling Universität Oldenburg Fakultät V, Technische Chemie D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany Robert N. Goldberg Biotechnology Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Norman E. Holden National Nuclear Data Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973

HC&P_86_FM.indb 7

Henry V. Kehiaian ITODYS University of Paris VII 1 rue Guy de la Brosse 75005 Paris, France

Joseph Reader Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

J. Alistair Kerr School of Chemistry University of Birmingham Birmingham B 15 2TT England

Paul A. Redhead 1958 Norway Crescent Ottawa, ON K1H 5N7 Canada

J. Krafczyk DDBST GmbH Industriestrasse 1 D-26121 Oldenburg, Germany

Lewis E. Snyder Astronomy Department University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801

Frank J. Lovas 8616 Melwood Rd. Bethesda, Maryland 20817

B. N. Taylor Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Yu-Ran Luo College of Marine Science University of South Florida 140 7th Ave. South St. Petersburg , FL 33701 William C. Martin Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 J. Menke DDBST GmbH Industriestrasse 1 D-26121 Oldenburg, Germany Thomas M. Miller Air Force Research Laboratory/VSBP 29 Randolph Rd. Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010 Peter J. Mohr Physics Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Cedric J. Powell Surface and Microanalysis Science Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Petr Vanýsek Department of Chemistry Northern Illinois University DeKalb, Illinois 60115 Wolfgang L. Wiese Atomic Physics Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Christian Wohlfarth Institut für Physikalische Chemie Martin Luther University D-06217 Merseburg Germany Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York 12180 Piotr Zyla Particle Data Group Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Road Berkeley, California 94720

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FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS Peter J. Mohr and Barry N. Taylor These tables give the 2002 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use. The 2002 set replaces the previously recommended 1998 CODATA set. The 2002 adjustment takes into account the data considered in the 1998 adjustment as well as the data that became available between 31 December 1998, the closing date of that adjustment, and 31 December 2002, the closing date of the new adjustment. This report was prepared by the authors under the auspices of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants. The members of the Task Group are:

B. A. Mamyrin, A. F. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Federation W. Martienssen, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Germany P. J. Mohr, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America F. Nez, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, France B. W. Petley, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom T. J. Quinn, Bureau International des Poids et Mesures B. N. Taylor, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America W. Wöger, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany B. M. Wood, National Research Council, Canada Z. Zhang, National Institute of Metrology, China (People’s Republic of )

F. Cabiati, Istituto Elettrotecnico Nazionale “Galileo Ferraris,” Italy E. R. Cohen, Science Center, Rockwell International (retired), United States of America K. Fujii, National Metrology Institute of Japan, Japan S. G. Karshenboim, D. I. Mendeleyev All-Russian Research Institute for Metrology, Russian Federation I. Lindgren, Chalmers University of Technology and Göteborg University, Sweden

Reference Mohr, P. J. and Taylor, B. N., The 2002 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants, Web Version 4.0, NIST Physical Data web site (December 2003); Rev. Mod. Phys. 76, No. 4, October 2004.

TABLE I. An Abbreviated List of the CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Constants of Physics and Chemistry Based on the 2002 Adjustment Quanity speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant electric constant 1/µ0c2 Newtonian constant of gravitation Planck constant h/2π elementary charge magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/h electron mass proton mass proton-electron mass ratio fine-structure constant e2/4πε0ħc inverse fine-structure constant Rydberg constant α2mec/2h Avogadro constant Faraday constant NAe molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π2/60)k4/ħ3c2 Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI electron volt: (e/C) J (unified) atomic mass unit 1 u = mu = (1/12)m(12C) = 10–3 kg mol–1/NA

Symbol Numerical value c, c0 299 792 458 4π × 10–7 µ0 = 12.566 370 614… × 10–7 ε0 8.854 187 817… × 10–12 G 6.6742(10) × 10–11 h 6.626 0693(11) × 10–34 ħ 1.054 571 68(18) × 10–34 e 1.602 176 53(14) × 10–19 φ0 2.067 833 72(18) × 10–15 G0 7.748 091 733(26) × 10–5 9.109 3826(16) × 10–31 me 1.672 621 71(29) × 10–27 mp mp/me 1836.152 672 61(85) α 7.297 352 568(24) × 10–3 –1 137.035 999 11(46) α R∞ 10 973 731.568 525(73) NA , L 6.022 1415(10) × 1023 F 96 485.3383(83) R 8.314 472(15) k 1.380 6505(24) × 10–23 σ 5.670 400(40) × 10–8 eV u

1.602 176 53(14) × 10–19 1.660 538 86(28) × 10–27

Unit m s–1 N A–2 N A–2 F m–1 m3 kg–1 s–2 Js Js C Wb S kg kg

Relative std. uncert. ur (exact)

m–1 mol–1 C mol–1 J mol–1 K–1 J K–1 W m–2 K–4

(exact) (exact) 1.5×10–4 1.7×10–7 1.7×10–7 8.5×10–8 8.5×10–8 3.3×10–9 1.7×10–7 1.7×10–7 4.6×10–10 3.3×10–9 3.3×10–9 6.6×10–12 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 1.7×10–6 1.8×10–6 7.0×10–6

J kg

8.5×10–8 1.7×10–7

1-1

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Fundamental Physical Constants

1-2

TABLE II. The CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Constants of Physics and Chemistry Based on the 2002 Adjustment Relative std. uncert. ur

Quantity Universal speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

c, c0 µ0 ε0

m s–1 N A–2 N A–2 F m–1

(exact)

electric constant 1/µ0c2

299 792 458 4π × 10–7 = 12.566 370 614… × 10–7 8.854 187 817… × 10−12

mP TP lP tP

376.730 313 461… 6.6742(10) × 10–11 6.7087(10) × 10–39 6.626 0693(11) × 10–34 4.135 667 43(35) × 10–15 1.054 571 68(18) × 10–34 6.582 119 15(56) × 10–16 197.326 968(17) 2.176 45(16) × 10–8 1.416 79(11) × 1032 1.616 24(12) × 10–35 5.391 21(40) × 10–44

Ω m3 kg–1 s–2 (GeV/c2)–2 Js eV s Js eV s MeV fm kg K m s

(exact) 1.5×10–4 1.5×10–4 1.7×10–7 8.5×10–8 1.7×10–7 8.5×10–8 8.5×10–8 7.5×10–5 7.5×10–5 7.5×10–5 7.5×10–5

e e/h φ0 G0

1.602 176 53(14) × 10–19 2.417 989 40(21) × 1014 2.067 833 72(18) × 10–15 7.748 091 733(26)×10−5

C A J–1 Wb S

8.5×10–8 8.5×10–8 8.5×10–8 3.3×10–9

G0−1

12 906.403 725(43) 483 597.879(41)×109 25 812.807 449(86) 927.400 949(80)×10−26 5.788 381 804(39)×10−5 13.996 2458(12)×109 46.686 4507(40) 0.671 7131(12) 5.050 783 43(43)×10−27 3.152 451 259(21)×10−8 7.622 593 71(65) 2.542 623 58(22)×10−2 3.658 2637(64)×10−4

Ω Hz V–1 Ω J T–1 eV T–1 Hz T–1 m–1 T–1 K T–1 J T–1 eV T–1 MHz T–1 m–1 T–1 K T–1

3.3×10–9 8.5×10–8 3.3×10–9 8.6×10–8 6.7×10–9 8.6×10–8 8.6×10–8 1.8×10–6 8.6×10–8 6.7×10–9 8.6×10–8 8.6×10–8 1.8×10–6

h/2me h/me

7.297 352 568(24)×10−3 137.035 999 11(46) 10 973 731.568 525(73) 3.289 841 960 360(22)×1015 2.179 872 09(37)×10−18 13.605 6923(12) 0.529 177 2108(18)×10−10 4.359 744 17(75)×10−18 27.211 3845(23) 3.636 947 550(24)×10−4 7.273 895 101(48)×10−4

m–1 Hz J eV m J eV m2s–1 m2s–1

3.3×10–9 3.3×10–9 6.6×10–12 6.6×10–12 1.7×10–7 8.5×10–8 3.3×10–9 1.7×10–7 8.5×10–8 6.7×10–9 6.7×10–9

GF/(ħc)3

1.166 39(1)×10−5

GeV–2

8.6×10–6

sin2 θW

0.222 15(76)

me

9.109 3826(16)×10−31 5.485 799 0945(24)×10−4

characteristic impedance of vacuum Newtonian constant of gravitation

µ0 ε0 = µ0 c

Z0 G G/ħc h

Planck constant in eV s h/2π in eV s ħc in MeV fm Planck mass (ħc/G)1/2 Planck temperature (ħc5/G)1/2/k Planck length ħ/mPc = (ħG/c3)1/2 Planck time lP/c = (ħG/c5)1/2

ħ

Electromagnetic elementary charge magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/h inverse of conductance quantum Josephson constant1 2e/h von Klitzing constant2 h/e2 = µ0c/2α Bohr magneton eħ/2me in eV T–1

KJ RK µB

µB/h µB/hc μB/k μN

nuclear magneton eħ/2mP in eV T–1

μN/h μN/hc µN/k

(exact) (exact)

Atomic and Nuclear

General Fine-structure constant e2/4πε0ħc inverse fine-structure constant Rydberg constant α2mec/2h

α α–1 R∞ R∞c R∞hc

R∞hc in eV Bohr radius α/4πR∞ = 4πε0ħ2/mee2 Hartree energy e2/4πε0a0 = 2R∞hc = α2mec2 in eV quantum of circulation

a0 Eh

Electroweak Fermi coupling constant3

(

weak mixing angle4 θW (on-shell scheme) sin θ W = sW ≡ 1 − mW mZ 2

2

Electron, e– electron mass in u, me = Ar(e) u (electron relative atomic mass times u)

HC&P_S01.indb 2

)

2

3.4×10–3 kg u

1.7×10–7 4.4×10–10

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Fundamental Physical Constants

1-3

me/mμ me/mτ me/mp me/mn me/md me/mα −e/me M(e), Me λC

Numerical value 8.187 1047(14)×10−14 0.510 998 918(44) 4.836 331 67(13)×10−3 2.875 64(47)×10−4 5.446 170 2173(25)×10−4 5.438 673 4481(38)×10−4 2.724 437 1095(13)×10−4 1.370 933 555 75(61)×10−4 −1.758 820 12(15)×1011 5.485 799 0945(24)×10−7 2.426 310 238(16)×10−12

Unit J MeV

C kg–1 kg mol–1 m

Relative std. uncert. ur 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 2.6×10–8 1.6×10–4 4.6×10–10 7.0×10–10 4.8×10–10 4.4×10–10 8.6×10–8 4.4×10–10 6.7×10–9

Thomson cross section ( 8π 3 ) re electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio electron magnetic moment anomaly |μe|/μB − 1 electron g-factor −2(1 + ae) electron-muon magnetic moment ratio electron-proton magnetic moment ratio

C re

386.159 2678(26)×10−15 2.817 940 325(28)×10−15

m m

6.7×10–9 1.0×10–8

σe µe µe/µB µe/µN ae ge µe/µµ µeµp

0.665 245 873(13)×10−28 −928.476 412(80)×10−26 −1.001 159 652 1859(38) −1838.281 971 07(85) 1.159 652 1859(38)×10−3 −2.002 319 304 3718(75) 206.766 9894(54) −658.210 6862(66)

m2 J T–1

2.0×10–8 8.6×10–8 3.8×10–12 4.6×10–10 3.2×10–9 3.8×10–12 2.6×10–8 1.0×10–8

electron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2O, sphere, 25°C) electron-neutron magnetic moment ratio electron-deuteron magnetic moment ratio

µe/µn µe/µd

µ e µ p′

−658.227 5956(71) 960.920 50(23) −2 143.923 493(23)

γe γe/2π

µ e µ h′

864.058 255(10) 1.760 859 74(15)×1011 28 024.9532(24)

mμ

1.883 531 40(33)×10−28 0.113 428 9264(30) 1.692 833 60(29)×10−11 105.658 3692(94) 206.768 2838(54) 5.945 92(97)×10−2 0.112 609 5269(29) 0.112 454 5175(29) 0.113 428 9264(30)×10−3 11.734 441 05(30)×10−15 1.867 594 298(47)×10−15 −4.490 447 99(40)×10−26 −4.841 970 45(13)×10−3 −8.890 596 98(23) 1.165 919 81(62)×10−3 −2.002 331 8396(12) −3.183 345 118(89)

kg u J MeV

mτ/me mτ/mµ mτ/mp mτ/mn M(τ), Mτ λC,τ

3.167 77(52)×10−27 1.907 68(31) 2.847 05(46)×10−10 1776.99(29) 3477.48(57) 16.8183(27) 1.893 90(31) 1.891 29(31) 1.907 68(31)×10−3 0.697 72(11)×10−15

kg u J MeV

kg mol–1 m

1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4 1.6×10–4

C, τ

0.111 046(18)×10−15

m

1.6×10–4

Quantity energy equivalent in MeV electron-muon mass ratio electron-tau mass ratio electron-proton mass ratio electron-neutron mass ratio electron-deuteron mass ratio electron to alpha particle mass ratio electron charge to mass quotient electron molar mass NAme Compton wavelength h/mec λC/2π = αa0 = α2/4πR∞ classical electron radius α2a0

2

electron to shielded helion5 magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25°C) electron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µe|/ħ Muon, μ− muon mass in u, mμ = Ar(μ) u (muon relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV muon-electron mass ratio muon-tau mass ratio muon-proton mass ratio muon-neutron mass ratio muon molar mass NAmµ muon Compton wavelength h/mµc λC,µ/2π muon magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio muon magnetic moment anomaly |µµ|/(eħ/2mµ) – 1 muon g-factor –2(1 + αµ) muon-proton magnetic moment ratio Tau, τ– tau mass6 in u, mτ = Ar(τ) u (tau relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV tau-electron mass ratio tau-muon mass ratio tau-proton mass ratio tau-neutron mass ratio tau molar mass NAmτ tau Compton wavelength h/mτc λC,τ/2π

HC&P_S01.indb 3

Symbol mec2

mμc2 mµ/me mµ/mτ mµ/mp mµ/mn M(µ), Mµ λC,µ C, µ µµ µµ/µB µµ/µN αµ gµ µµ/µp mτ mτc2

1.1×10–8 2.4×10–7 1.1×10–8 s–1 T–1 MHz T–1

kg mol–1 m m J T–1

1.2×10–8 8.6×10–8 8.6×10–8 1.7×10–7 2.6×10–8 1.7×10–7 8.9×10–8 2.6×10–8 1.6×10–4 2.6×10–8 2.6×10–8 2.6×10–8 2.5×10–8 2.5×10–8 8.9×10–8 2.6×10–8 2.6×10–8 5.3×10–7 6.2×10–10 2.8×10–8

5/2/05 8:33:22 AM

Fundamental Physical Constants

1-4 Quantity

Numerical value

Unit

mp

1.672 621 71(29)×10−27 1.007 276 466 88(13) 1.503 277 43(26)×10−10 938.272 029(80) 1836.152 672 61(85) 8.880 243 33(23) 0.528 012(86) 0.998 623 478 72(58) 9.578 833 76(82)×107 1.007 276 466 88(13)×10−3 1.321 409 8555(88)×10−15 0.210 308 9104(14)×10−15 0.8750(68)×10−15 1.410 606 71(12)×10−26 1.521 032 206(15)×10−3 2.792 847 351(28) 5.585 694 701(56) −1.459 898 05(34)

kg u J MeV

µ Ρ′

1.410 570 47(12)×10−26

J T–1

to Bohr magneton ratio

µ Ρ′ µ B

1.520 993 132(16)×10

1.1×10–8

to nuclear magneton ratio

µ Ρ′ µ N

2.792 775 604(30)

1.1×10–8

Proton, p proton mass in u, mp = Ar(p) u (proton relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV proton-electron mass ratio proton-muon mass ratio proton-tau mass ratio proton-neutron mass ratio proton charge to mass quotient proton molar mass NAmp proton Compton wavelength h/mpc λC,p/2π proton rms charge radius proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton g-factor 2µp/µN proton-neutron magnetic moment ratio shielded proton magnetic moment (H2O, sphere, 25°C)

proton magnetic shielding correction 1 − µ Ρ′ µ Ρ (H2O, sphere, 25°C) proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µΡ/ħ shielded proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µ´P/ћ (H2O, sphere, 25°C) Neutron, n neutron mass in u, mn = Ar (n) u (neutron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV neutron-electron mass ratio neutron-muon mass ratio neutron-tau mass ratio neutron-proton mass ratio neutron molar mass NAmn neutron Compton wavelength h/mnc λC,n/2π neutron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio neutron g-factor 2µn/µN neutron-electron magnetic moment ratio neutron-proton magnetic moment ratio neutron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2O, sphere, 25°C) neutron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µn|/ħ Deuteron, d deuteron mass in u, md = Ar(d) u (deuteron relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV deuteron-electron mass ratio deuteron-proton mass ratio deuteron molar mass NAmd deuteron rms charge radius

HC&P_S01.indb 4

Relative std. uncert. ur

Symbol

mpc2 mp/me mp/mµ mp/mτ mp/mn e/mp M(p), Mp λC,p C,P Rp µp µp/µB µp/µN gp µp/µn

σ Ρ′

C kg–1 kg mol–1 m m m J T–1

1.7×10–7 1.3×10–10 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 4.6×10–10 2.6×10–8 1.6×10–4 5.8×10–10 8.6×10–8 1.3×10–10 6.7×10–9 6.7×10–9 7.8×10–3 8.7×10–8 1.0×10–8 1.0×10–8 1.0×10–8 2.4×10–7 8.7×10–8

−3

25.689(15)×10−6 2.675 222 05(23)×108 42.577 4813(37)

s–1 T–1 MHz T–1

5.7×10–4 8.6×10–8 8.6×10–8

γ Ρ′

2.675 153 33(23)×108

s–1 T–1

8.6×10–8

γ Ρ′ 2 π

42.576 3875(37)

MHz T

8.6×10–8

mn

mn/me mn/mµ mn/mτ mn/mp M(n), Mn λC,n C,n µn µn/µB µn/µN gn µn/µe µn/µp

1.674 927 28(29)×10−27 1.008 664 915 60(55) 1.505 349 57(26)×10−10 939.565 360(81) 1838.683 6598(13) 8.892 484 02(23) 0.528 740(86) 1.001 378 418 70(58) 1.008 664 915 60(55)×10−3 1.319 590 9067(88)×10−15 0.210 019 4157(14)×10−15 −0.966 236 45(24)×10−26 −1.041 875 63(25)×10−3 −1.913 042 73(45) −3.826 085 46(90) 1.040 668 82(25)×10−3 −0.684 979 34(16)

kg u J MeV

1.7×10–7 5.5×10–10 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 7.0×10–10 2.6×10–8 1.6×10–4 5.8×10–10 5.5×10–10 6.7×10–9 6.7×10–9 2.5×10–7 2.4×10–7 2.4×10–7 2.4×10–7 2.4×10–7 2.4×10–7

µ n µ Ρ′

γn γn/2π

−0.684 996 94(16) 1.832 471 83(46)×108 29.164 6950(73)

md

3.343 583 35(57)×10−27 2.013 553 212 70(35) 3.005 062 85(51)×10−10 1875.612 82(16) 3670.482 9652(18) 1.999 007 500 82(41) 2.013 553 212 70(35)×10−3 2.1394(28)×10−15

γΡ γΡ/2π

mnc2

mdc2 md/me md/mp M(d), Md Rd

–1

kg mol–1 m m J T–1

s T MHz T–1 –1

–1

kg u J MeV

kg mol–1 m

2.4×10–7 2.5×10–7 2.5×10–7 1.7×10–7 1.7×10–10 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 4.8×10–10 2.0×10–10 1.7×10–10 1.3×10–3

5/2/05 8:33:26 AM

Fundamental Physical Constants Quantity deuteron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio deuteron-electron magnetic moment ratio deuteron-proton magnetic moment ratio deuteron-neutron magnetic moment ratio Helion, h helion mass5 in u, mh = Ar(h) u (helion relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV helion-electron mass ratio helion-proton mass ratio helion molar mass NAmh shielded helion magnetic moment (gas, sphere, 25°C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio shielded helion to proton magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25°C) shielded helion to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (gas/H2O, spheres, 25°C) shielded helion gyromagnetic ratio 2|µ´h|ћ (gas, sphere, 25°C) Alpha particle, α alpha particle mass in u, mα = Ar(α) u (alpha particle relative atomic mass times u) energy equivalent in MeV alpha particle to electron mass ratio alpha particle to proton mass ratio alpha particle molar mass NAmα Physico-Chemical Avogadro constant atomic mass constant mu = (1/12)m(12C) = 1 u = 10–3 kg mol–1/NA energy equivalent in MeV Faraday constant7 NAe molar Planck constant molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA in eV K−1

molar volume of ideal gas RT/p T = 273.15 K, p = 101.325 kPa Loschmidt constant NA/Vm T = 273.15 K, p = 100 kPa Sackur-Tetrode constant (absolute entropy constant)8 5/2 + ln[(2πmukT1/h2)3/2kT1/p0] T1 = 1 K, p0 = 100 kPa T1 = 1 K, p0 = 101.325 kPa Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π2/60)k4/ħ3c2 first radiation constant 2πhc2 first radiation constant for spectral radiance 2hc2 second radiation constant hc/k Wien displacement law constant b = λmaxT = c2/4.965 114 231…

HC&P_S01.indb 5

1-5 Relative std. uncert. ur 8.7×10–8 1.1×10–8 1.1×10–8 1.1×10–8 1.5×10–8 2.4×10–7

Symbol µd µd/µB µd/µN µd/µe µd/µp µd/µn

Numerical value 0.433 073 482(38)×10−26 0.466 975 4567(50)×10 −3 0.857 438 2329(92) −4.664 345 548(50) ×10−4 0.307 012 2084(45) −0.448 206 52(11)

Unit J T–1

mh

5.006 412 14(86)×10−27 3.014 932 2434(58) 4.499 538 84(77)×10−10 2808.391 42(24) 5495.885 269(11) 2.993 152 6671(58) 3.014 932 2434(58)×10−3

kg u J MeV

kg mol–1

1.7×10–7 1.9×10–9 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 2.0×10–9 1.9×10–9 1.9×10–9

−1.074 553 024(93)×10 −26

J T–1

8.7×10–8

mhc2 mh/me mh/mp M(h), Mh

µ h′

µ h′ µ B

µ h′ µ N µ h′ µ Ρ µ h′ µ Ρ′

γ h′

−1.158 671 474(14)×10

1.2×10–8

−2.127 497 723(25)

1.2×10–8

−0.761 766 562(12)

1.5×10–8

−3

−0.761 786 1313(33)

4.3×10–9

2.037 894 70(18)×10

s T

32.434 1015(28)

MHz T

8.7×10–8

6.644 6565(11)×10−27 4.001 506 179 149(56) 5.971 9194(10)×10−10 3727.379 17(32) 7294.299 5363(32) 3.972 599 689 07(52) 4.001 506 179 149(56)×10−3

kg u J MeV

kg mol–1

1.7×10–7 1.4×10–11 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 4.4×10–10 1.3×10–10 1.4×10–11

k/h k/hc

6.022 1415(10)×1023 1.660 538 86(28)×10−27 1.492 417 90(26)×10−10 931.494 043(80) 96 485.3383(83) 3.990 312 716(27) ×10−10 0.119 626 565 72(80) 8.314 472(15) 1.380 6505(24)×10−23 8.617 343(15)×10−5 2.083 6644(36) ×1010 69.503 56(12)

mol–1 kg J MeV C mol–1 J s mol–1 J m mol–1 J mol–1 K–1 J K–1 eV K–1 Hz K–1 m–1 K–1

1.7×10–7 1.7×10–7 1.7×10–7 8.6×10–8 8.6×10–8 6.7×10–9 6.7×10–9 1.7×10–6 1.8×10–6 1.8×10–6 1.7×10–6 1.7×10–6

Vm n0 Vm

22.413 996(39) ×10−3 2.686 7773(47)×1025 22.710 981(40) ×10−3

m3 mol–1 m–3 m3 mol–1

1.7×10–6 1.8×10–6 1.7×10–6

S0/R

−1.151 7047(44) −1.164 8677(44) 5.670 400(40)×10 −8 3.741 771 38(64)×10−16 1.191 042 82(20)×10−16 1.438 7752(25)×10−2 2.897 7685(51)×10 −3

W m–2 K–4 W m2 W m2 sr–1 mK mK

3.8×10–6 3.8×10–6 7.0×10–6 1.7×10–7 1.7×10–7 1.7×10–6 1.7×10–6

γ h′ 2 π mα mαc2 mα/me mα/mp M(α), Mα NA , L mu muc2 F NAh NAhc R k

σ c1 c1L c2 b

8

–1

8.7×10–8

–1 –1

5/2/05 8:33:29 AM

Fundamental Physical Constants

1-6 1 2 3 4

5 6

7

8

See the “Adopted values” table for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect. See the “Adopted values” table for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect. Value recommended by the Particle Data Group (Hagiwara et al., 2002). Based on the ratio of the masses of the W and Z bosons mW/mZ recommended by the Particle Data Group (Hagiwara et al., 2002). The value for sin2θW they recommend, which is based on a particular variant of the modified minimal subtraction (MS) scheme, is sin 2 θˆ W ( MZ ) = 0.231 24(24 ) . The helion, symbol h, is the nucleus of the 3He atom. This and all other values involving mτ are based on the value of mτc2 in MeV recommended by the Particle Data Group (Hagiwara et al., 2002), but with a standard uncertainty of 0.29 MeV rather than the quoted uncertainty of –0.26 MeV, +0.29 MeV. The numerical value of F to be used in coulometric chemical measurements is 96 485.336(16) [1.7 × 10–7] when the relevant current is measured in terms of representations of the volt and ohm based on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects and the internationally adopted conventional values of the Josephson and von Klitzing constants KJ – 90 and RK – 90 given in the “Adopted values” table. The entropy of an ideal monoatomic gas of relative atomic mass Ar is given by S = S0 + (3/2)R ln Ar – R ln(p/p0) + (5/2)R ln(T/K).

TABLE III. Internationally Adopted Values of Various Quantities Quantity molar mass of 12C molar mass constant M(12C)/12 conventional value of Josephson constant conventional value of von Klitzing constant standard atmosphere standard acceleration of gravity

Symbol M(12C) Mu KJ – 90 RK – 90 gn

Numerical value 12 × 10–3 1 × 10–3 483 597.9 25 812.807 101 325 9.806 65

Unit kg mol–1 kg mol–1 GHz V–1 Ω Pa m s–2

Relative std. uncert. ur (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact) (exact)

TABLE IV. The Values of Some Energy Equivalents Derived From the Relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hv = kT, and Based on the 2002 CODATA Adjustment of the Values of the Constants 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = (1/12)m(12C) = 10–3 kg mol–1/NA, and Eh = 2R∞hc = α2mec2 is the Hartree Energy (hartree)

1J

(1 J) = 1 J

J

1 kg (1 kg)c2 = 8.987 551 787 ×1016 J 1 m–1 (1 m−1)hc = 1.986 445 61(34)×10−25 J 1 Hz (1 Hz)h = 6.626 0693(11) ×10−34 J 1 K (1 K)k = 1.380 6505(24) ×10−23 J 1 eV (1 eV) =1.602 176 53(14) ×10−19 J 1u

(1 u)c2 = 1.492 417 90(26) ×10−10 J

1 Eh

(1 Eh) = 4.359 744 17(75)×10−18 J

Relevant unit m–1 kg (1 J)/c2 =1.112 650 056 ×10−17 kg (1 J)/hc = 5.034 117 20(86)×1024 m−1 (1 kg) = 1kg (1 kg)c/h = 4.524 438 91(77)×1041 m−1 (1 m−1)h/c = (1 m−1) = 1 m−1 2.210 218 81(38)×10−42 kg (1 Hz)h/c2 = (1 Hz)/c = 3.335 640 952×10−9 m−1 7.372 4964(13)×10−51 kg (1 K)k/c2 =1.536 1808(27) ×10−40 kg (1 K)k/hc = 69.503 56(12) m−1 (1 eV)/hc = (1 eV)/c2 = 8.065 544 45(69)×105 m−1 1.782 661 81(15)×10−36 kg (1 u) = 1.660 538 86(28)×10−27 kg (1 u)c/h = 7.513 006 608(50) ×1014 m−1 (1 Eh)/hc = 2.194 746 313 (1 Eh)/c2 = 4.850 869 60(83) ×10−35 kg 705(15)×107 m−1

Hz (1 J)/h =1.509 190 37(26)×1033 Hz (1 kg)c2/h = 1.356 392 66(23)×1050 Hz (1 m−1)c = 299 792 458 Hz (1 Hz) = 1 Hz (1 K)k/h = 2.083 6644(36)×1010 Hz (1 eV)/h = 2.417 989 40(21)×1014 Hz (1 u)c2/h = 2.252 342 718(15)×1023 Hz (1 Eh)/h = 6.579 683 920 721(44)×1015 Hz

TABLE V. The Values of Some Energy Equivalents Derived From the Relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hv = kT, and Based on the 2002 CODATA Adjustment of the Values of the Constants 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = (1/12)m(12C) = 10–3 kg mol–1/NA, and Eh = 2R∞hc = α2mec2 is the Hartree Energy (hartree) K 1J (1 J)/k = 7.242 963(13)×1022 K 1 kg (1 kg)c2/k =6.509 650(11) ×1039 K 1 m–1 (1 m−1)hc/k = 1.438 7752(25)×10−2 K 1 Hz (1 Hz)h/k = 4.799 2374(84)×10−11 K 1 K (1 K) = 1 K 1 eV (1 eV)/k = 1.160 4505(20)×104 K 1u 1 Eh

HC&P_S01.indb 6

(1 u)c2/k = 1.080 9527(19)×1013 K (1 Eh)/k = 3.157 7465(55) ×105 K

Relevant unit u eV (1 J) = 6.241 509 47(53)×1018 eV (1 J)/c2 =6.700 5361(11)×109 u (1 kg)c2 = 5.609 588 96(48)×1035 eV (1 kg) = 6.022 1415(10)×1026 u (1 m−1)hc = (1 m−1)h/c = 1.239 841 91(11)×10−6 eV 1.331 025 0506(89) ×10−15 u (1 Hz)h = (1 Hz)h/c2 = 4.135 667 43(35)×10−15 eV 4.439 821 667(30)×10−24 u (1 K)k = 8.617 343(15)×10−5 eV (1 K)k/c2 =9.251 098(16)×10−14 u (1 eV) = 1 eV (1 eV)/c2 = 1.073 544 171(92)×10−9 u 2 6 (1 u)c = 931.494 043(80)×10 eV (1 u) = 1 u (1 Eh) = 27.211 3845(23) eV (1 Eh)/c2 = 2.921 262 323(19)×10−8 u

Eh (1 J) = 2.293 712 57(39) ×1017 Eh (1 kg)c2 = 2.061 486 05(35)×1034 Eh (1 m−1)hc = 4.556 335 252 760(30) ×10−8 Eh (1 Hz)h = 1.519 829 846 006(10)×10−16 Eh (1 K)k = 3.166 8153(55)×10−6 Eh (1 eV) = 3.674 932 45(31) ×10−2 Eh (1 u)c2 = 3.423 177 686(23) ×107 Eh (1 Eh) = 1 Eh

5/2/05 8:33:32 AM

FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS — FREQUENTLY USED CONSTANTS Quantity

Symbol

speed of light in vacuum

c,c0 μ0

magnetic constant

Value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

299 792 458

m s–1

(exact)

4π × 10

NA

= 12.566 370 614… × 10–7

N A–2

8.854 187 817… × 10–12

F m–1 m3 kg–1 s–2

1.5 × 10–4

–2

–7

(exact)

electric constant 1/μ0c2

ε0

Newtonian constant of gravitation

G

6.6742(10) × 10–11

Plank constant

h

6.626 0693(11) × 10–34

Js

1.7 × 10–7



1.054 571 68(18) × 10

Js

1.7 × 10–7

e

1.602 176 53(14) × 10

C

8.5 × 10–8

magnetic flux quantum h/2e

φ0

2.067 833 72(18) × 10–15

Wb

8.5 × 10–8

conductance quantum 2e2/h

G0

7.748 091 733(26) × 10

S

3.3 × 10–9

electron mass

me

9.109 3826(16) × 10

kg

1.7 × 10–7

proton mass

mp

1.672 621 71(29) × 10

kg

1.7 × 10–7

mp/me

1836.152 672 61(85)

4.6 × 10–10

7.297 352 568(24) × 10–3

3.3 × 10–9

h/2π elementary charge

proton-electron mass ratio

α

fine-structure constant e2/4πε0c inverse fine-structure constant Rydberg constant α mec/2h

–19

–5

–31 –27

3.3 × 10–9

α

137.035 999 11(46)

R∞

10 973 731.568 525(73)

–1

2

–34

(exact)

–1

m

6.6 × 10–12 1.7 × 10–7

6.022 1415(10) × 1023

mol–1

Faraday constant NAe

F

96 485.3383(83)

C mol–1

molar gas constant

R

8.314 472(15)

J mol K

1.7 × 10–6

Boltzmann constant R/NA

k

1.380 6505(24) × 10

JK

1.8 × 10–6

σ

5.670 400(40) × 10–8

Avogadro constant

N A, L

Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π /60)k / c 2

4

3 2

8.6 × 10–8

–1

–23

–1

–1

Wm K

7.0 × 10–6

–2

–4

Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI

S01_20.indd 1

electron volt: (e/C) J

eV

1.602 176 53(14) × 10–19

J

8.5 × 10–8

(unified) atomic mass unit 1 u= mu = 1/12 m(12C) = 10–3 kg mol–1/NA

u

1.660 538 86(28) × 10–27

kg

1.7 × 10–7

5/2/05 12:04:22 PM

STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2001) This table of atomic weights includes the changes made in 1999 and 2001 by the IUPAC Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances. The Standard Atomic Weights apply to the elements as they exist naturally on Earth, and the uncertainties take into account the isotopic variation found in most laboratory samples. Further comments on the variability are given in the footnotes. The number in parentheses following the atomic weight value gives the uncertainty in the last digit. An atomic weight entry in brackets indicates that the element that has no stable isotopes; the value given is the atomic mass in u (or the mass number, if the mass is not accurately known) for the isotope of longest half-life. Name Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Darmstadtium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium

Symbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl Cr Co Cu Cm Ds Db Dy Es Er Eu Fm F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H In

Atomic no. 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 107 5 35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17 24 27 29 96 110 105 66 99 68 63 100 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 2 67 1 49

Atomic weight [227.0277] 26.981538(2) [243.0614] 121.760(1) 39.948(1) 74.92160(2) [209.9871] 137.327(7) [247.0703] 9.012182(3) 208.98038(2) [264.12] 10.811(7) 79.904(1) 112.411(8) 40.078(4) [251.0796] 12.0107(8) 140.116(1) 132.90545(2) 35.453(2) 51.9961(6) 58.933200(9) 63.546(3) [247.0704] [281] [262.1141] 162.500(1) [252.0830] 167.259(3) 151.964(1) [257.0951] 18.9984032(5) [223.0197] 157.25(3) 69.723(1) 72.64(1) 196.96655(2) 178.49(2) [277] 4.002602(2) 164.93032(2) 1.00794(7) 114.818(3)

Footnotes a a g gr a a

a gmr g g a gr g gmr

r a a a g a g g a a g

a gr gmr

Thorium, protactinium, and uranium have no stable isotopes, but the terrestrial isotopic composition is sufficiently uniform to permit a standard atomic weight to be specified.

References 1. de Laeter, J. R., Böhlke, J. K., De Bièvre, P., Hidaka, H., Peiser, H. S., Rosman, K. J. R., and Taylor, P. D. P., Pure Appl. Chem., 75, 683, 2003. 2. Coplen, T. D., Pure Appl. Chem., 73, 667, 2001. 3. Coplen, T. D., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 30, 701, 2001. 4. Loss, R. D., Atomic Weights of the Elements 2001, Pure Appl. Chem., 75, 1107, 2003.

Name Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium

Symbol I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li Lu Mg Mn Mt Md Hg Mo Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rg Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc Sg

Atomic no. 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3 71 12 25 109 101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 111 37 44 104 62 21 106

Atomic weight 126.90447(3) 192.217(3) 55.845(2) 83.798(2) 138.9055(2) [262.1097] 207.2(1) 6.941(2) 174.967(1) 24.3050(6) 54.938049(9) [268.1388] [258.0984] 200.59(2) 95.94(2) 144.24(3) 20.1797(6) [237.0482] 58.6934(2) 92.90638(2) 14.0067(2) [259.1010] 190.23(3) 15.9994(3) 106.42(1) 30.973761(2) 195.078(2) [244.0642] [208.9824] 39.0983(1) 140.90765(2) [144.9127] 231.03588(2) [226.0254] [222.0176] 186.207(1) 102.90550(2) [272.1535] 85.4678(3) 101.07(2) [261.1088] 150.36(3) 44.955910(8) [266.1219]

Footnotes

gm g a gr bgmr g

a a g g gm a

gr a g gr g

a a g a a a

a g g a g a

1-7

HC&P_S01.indb 7

5/2/05 8:33:33 AM

Standard Atomic Weights (2001)

1-8 Name Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium a

b

g

m

r

Symbol Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm

Atomic no. 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69

Atomic weight 78.96(3) 28.0855(3) 107.8682(2) 22.989770(2) 87.62(1) 32.065(5) 180.9479(1) [97.9072] 127.60(3) 158.92534(2) 204.3833(2) 232.0381(1) 168.93421(2)

Footnotes r r g gr gr a g

g

Name

Tin Titanium Tungsten Ununbium Ununhexium Ununquadium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

Symbol Sn Ti W Uub Uuh Uuq U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr

Atomic no. 50 22 74 112 116 114 92 23 54 70 39 30 40

Atomic weight 118.710(7) 47.867(1) 183.84(1) [285] [289] [289] 238.02891(3) 50.9415(1) 131.293(6) 173.04(3) 88.90585(2) 65.409(4) 91.224(2)

Footnotes g

a a a gm gm g

g

No stable isotope exists. The atomic mass in u (or the mass number, if the mass is not accurately known) is given in brackets for the isotope of longest half-life. Elements 112, 114, and 116 have been reported but not confirmed. There is controversy over the longest-lived isotope of Ds (element 110). Commercially available Li materials have atomic weights that range between 6.939 and 6.996; if a more accurate value is required, it must be determined for the specific material. Geological specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for the normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the table may exceed the stated uncertainty. Modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because it has been subject to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the table can occur. Range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise atomic weight being given; the tabulated value should be applicable to any normal material.

HC&P_S01.indb 8

5/2/05 8:33:33 AM

STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2001) Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57

Element Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cesium Barium Lanthanum

Symbol H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La

Atomic Weight 1.00794(7) 4.002602(2) 6.941(2) 9.012182(3) 10.811(7) 12.0107(8) 14.0067(2) 15.9994(3) 18.9984032(5) 20.1797(6) 22.989770(2) 24.3050(6) 26.981538(2) 28.0855(3) 30.973761(2) 32.065(5) 35.453(2) 39.948(1) 39.0983(1) 40.078(4) 44.955910(8) 47.867(1) 50.9415(1) 51.9961(6) 54.938049(9) 55.845(2) 58.933200(9) 58.6934(2) 63.546(3) 65.409(4) 69.723(1) 72.64(1) 74.92160(2) 78.96(3) 79.904(1) 83.798(2) 85.4678(3) 87.62(1) 88.90585(2) 91.224(2) 92.90638(2) 95.94(2) [97.9072] 101.07(2) 102.90550(2) 106.42(1) 107.8682(2) 112.411(8) 114.818(3) 118.710(7) 121.760(1) 127.60(3) 126.90447(3) 131.293(6) 132.90545(2) 137.327(7) 138.9055(2)

Z 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116

Element Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentogenium Ununbium Ununquadium Ununhexium

Symbol Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Uub Uuq Uuh

Atomic Weight 140.116(1) 140.90765(2) 144.24(3) [144.9127] 150.36(3) 151.964(1) 157.25(3) 158.92534(2) 162.500(1) 164.93032(2) 167.259(3) 168.93421(2) 173.04(3) 174.967(1) 178.49(2) 180.9479(1) 183.84(1) 186.207(1) 190.23(3) 192.217(3) 195.078(2) 196.96655(2) 200.59(2) 204.3833(2) 207.2(1) 208.98038(2) [208.9824] [209.9871] [222.0176] [223.0197] [226.0254] [227.0277] 232.0381(1) 231.03588(2) 238.02891(3) [237.0482] [244.0642] [243.0614] [247.0704] [247.0703] [251.0796] [252.0830] [257.0951] [258.0984] [259.1010] [262.1097] [261.1088] [262.1141] [266.1219] [264.12] [277] [268.1388] [271] [272] [285] [289] [289]

See page 1-7 for further information

S01_19.indd 1

4/25/05 1:07:12 PM

ATOMIC MASSES AND ABUNDANCES This table lists the mass (in atomic mass units, symbol u) and the natural abundance (in percent) of the stable nuclides and a few important radioactive nuclides. A complete table of all nuclides may be found in Section 11 (“Table of the Isotopes”). The atomic masses were taken from the 2003 evaluation of Audi, Wapstra, and Thibault (References 2, 3). The number in parentheses following the mass value is the uncertainty in the last digit(s) given. An asterisk * after an entry indicates the mass value was derived not purely from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Natural abundance values were taken from the IUPAC Technical Report “Atomic Weight of the Elements: Review 2000” (Reference 4); these entries are also followed by uncertainties in the last digit(s) of the stated values. This uncertainty includes both the estimated measurement uncertainty and the reported range of variation in different terrestrial sources of the element (see Reference 4 for full Z 1

2 3 4 5 6

7 8

9 10

11

12

13 14

15 16

Isotope 1 H 2 H 3 H 3 He 4 He 6 Li 7 Li 9 Be 10 B 11 B 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 14 N 15 N 16 O 17 O 18 O 18 F 19 F 20 Ne 21 Ne 22 Ne 22 Na 23 Na 24 Na 24 Mg 25 Mg 26 Mg 27 Al 28 Si 29 Si 30 Si 31 P 32 P 32 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 S

Mass in u 1.00782503207(10) 2.0141017778(4) 3.0160492777(25) 3.0160293191(26) 4.00260325415(6) 6.015122795(16) 7.01600455(8) 9.0121822(4) 10.0129370(4) 11.0093054(4) 11.0114336(10) 12.0000000(0) 13.0033548378(10) 14.003241989(4) 14.0030740048(6) 15.0001088982(7) 15.99491461956(16) 16.99913170(12) 17.9991610(7) 18.0009380(6) 18.99840322(7) 19.9924401754(19) 20.99384668(4) 21.991385114(19) 21.9944364(4) 22.9897692809(29) 23.99096278(8) 23.985041700(14) 24.98583692(3) 25.982592929(30) 26.98153863(12) 27.9769265325(19) 28.976494700(22) 29.97377017(3) 30.97376163(20) 31.97390727(20) 31.97207100(15) 32.97145876(15) 33.96786690(12) 34.96903216(11) 35.96708076(20)

Abundance in % 99.9885(70) 0.0115(70) 0.000134(3) 99.999866(3) 7.59(4) 92.41(4) 100 19.9(7) 80.1(7) 98.93(8) 1.07(8) 99.636(7) 0.364(7) 99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14) 100 90.48(3) 0.27(1) 9.25(3) 100 78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3) 100 92.223(19) 4.685(8) 3.092(11) 100

details and caveats regarding elements whose abundance is variable). The absence of an entry in the Abundance column indicates a radioactive nuclide not present in nature or an element whose isotopic composition varies so widely that a meaningful natural abundance cannot be defined.

References 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Lide, D. R., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 86th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton FL, 2005. 2. Audi, G., Wapstra, A. H., and Thibault, Nucl. Phys., A729, 336, 2003. 3. Audi, G., and Wapstra, A. H., Atomic Mass Data Center, World Wide Web site, 4. de Laeter, J. R., Böhlke, J. K., De Bièvre, P., Hidaka, H., Peiser, H. S., Rosman, K. J. R., and Taylor, P. D. P., Pure Appl. Chem. 75, 683, 2003. Z 17 18

19

20

21 22

23 24

25 26

94.99(26) 0.75(2) 4.25(24) 0.01(1)

27

Isotope 35 Cl 37 Cl 36 Ar 38 Ar 40 Ar 39 K 40 K 41 K 42 K 43 K 40 Ca 42 Ca 43 Ca 44 Ca 45 Ca 46 Ca 47 Ca 48 Ca 45 Sc 46 Ti 47 Ti 48 Ti 49 Ti 50 Ti 50 V 51 V 50 Cr 51 Cr 52 Cr 53 Cr 54 Cr 54 Mn 55 Mn 52 Fe 54 Fe 55 Fe 56 Fe 57 Fe 58 Fe 59 Fe 57 Co

Mass in u 34.96885268(4) 36.96590259(5) 35.967545106(29) 37.9627324(4) 39.9623831225(29) 38.96370668(20) 39.96399848(21) 40.96182576(21) 41.96240281(24) 42.960716(10) 39.96259098(22) 41.95861801(27) 42.9587666(3) 43.9554818(4) 44.9561866(4) 45.9536926(24) 46.9545460(24) 47.952534(4) 44.9559119(9) 45.9526316(9) 46.9517631(9) 47.9479463(9) 48.9478700(9) 49.9447912(9) 49.9471585(11) 50.9439595(11) 49.9460442(11) 50.9447674(11) 51.9405075(8) 52.9406494(8) 53.9388804(8) 53.9403589(14) 54.9380451(7) 51.948114(7) 53.9396105(7) 54.9382934(7) 55.9349375(7) 56.9353940(7) 57.9332756(8) 58.9348755(8) 56.9362914(8)

Abundance in % 75.76(10) 24.24(10) 0.3365(30) 0.0632(5) 99.6003(30) 93.2581(44) 0.0117(1) 6.7302(44)

96.941(156) 0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3) 0.187(21) 100 8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2) 0.250(4) 99.750(4) 4.345(13) 83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7) 100 5.845(35) 91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4)

1-9

HC&P_S01.indb 9

5/2/05 8:33:34 AM

Atomic Masses and Abundances

1-10 Z

28

29

30

31

32

33 34

35 36

37

38

39 40

HC&P_S01.indb 10

Isotope 58 Co 59 Co 60 Co 58 Ni 59 Ni 60 Ni 61 Ni 62 Ni 63 Ni 64 Ni 63 Cu 64 Cu 65 Cu 64 Zn 65 Zn 66 Zn 67 Zn 68 Zn 70 Zn 67 Ga 68 Ga 69 Ga 71 Ga 68 Ge 70 Ge 72 Ge 73 Ge 74 Ge 76 Ge 75 As 74 Se 75 Se 76 Se 77 Se 78 Se 79 Se 80 Se 82 Se 79 Br 81 Br 78 Kr 80 Kr 82 Kr 83 Kr 84 Kr 86 Kr 85 Rb 86 Rb 87 Rb 84 Sr 85 Sr 86 Sr 87 Sr 88 Sr 89 Sr 90 Sr 89 Y 90 Zr 91 Zr 92 Zr 94 Zr

Mass in u 57.9357528(13) 58.9331950(7) 59.9338171(7) 57.9353429(7) 58.9343467(7) 59.9307864(7) 60.9310560(7) 61.9283451(6) 62.9296694(6) 63.9279660(7) 62.9295975(6) 63.9297642(6) 64.9277895(7) 63.9291422(7) 64.9292410(7) 65.9260334(10) 66.9271273(10) 67.9248442(10) 69.9253193(21) 66.9282017(14) 67.9279801(16) 68.9255736(13) 70.9247013(11) 67.928094(7) 69.9242474(11) 71.9220758(18) 72.9234589(18) 73.9211778(18) 75.9214026(18) 74.9215965(20) 73.9224764(18) 74.9225234(18) 75.9192136(18) 76.9199140(18) 77.9173091(18) 78.9184991(18) 79.9165213(21) 81.9166994(22) 78.9183371(22) 80.9162906(21) 77.9203648(12) 79.9163790(16) 81.9134836(19) 82.914136(3) 83.911507(3) 85.91061073(11) 84.911789738(12) 85.91116742(21) 86.909180527(13) 83.913425(3) 84.912933(3) 85.9092602(12) 86.9088771(12) 87.9056121(12) 88.9074507(12) 89.907738(3) 88.9058483(27) 89.9047044(25) 90.9056458(25) 91.9050408(25) 93.9063152(26)

Abundance in %

Z

100

41 42

68.0769(89) 26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9) 69.15(3)

43

30.85(3) 48.268(321)

44

27.975(77) 4.102(21) 19.024(123) 0.631(9)

60.108(9) 39.892(9) 20.38(18) 27.31(26) 7.76(8) 36.72(15) 7.83(7) 100 0.89(4)

45 46

47 48

9.37(29) 7.63(16) 23.77(28) 49.61(41) 8.73(22) 50.69(7) 49.31(7) 0.355(3) 2.286(10) 11.593(31) 11.500(19) 56.987(15) 17.279(41) 72.17(2)

49

50

27.83(2) 0.56(1) 9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1)

100 51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28)

51 52

Isotope 96 Zr 93 Nb 92 Mo 94 Mo 95 Mo 96 Mo 97 Mo 98 Mo 99 Mo 100 Mo 97 Tc 98 Tc 99 Tc 96 Ru 98 Ru 99 Ru 100 Ru 101 Ru 102 Ru 104 Ru 106 Ru 103 Rh 102 Pd 104 Pd 105 Pd 106 Pd 108 Pd 110 Pd 107 Ag 109 Ag 106 Cd 108 Cd 110 Cd 111 Cd 112 Cd 113 Cd 114 Cd 116 Cd 111 In 113 In 115 In 112 Sn 113 Sn 114 Sn 115 Sn 116 Sn 117 Sn 118 Sn 119 Sn 120 Sn 122 Sn 124 Sn 121 Sb 123 Sb 120 Te 122 Te 123 Te 124 Te 125 Te 126 Te 128 Te

Mass in u 95.9082734(30) 92.9063781(26) 91.906811(4) 93.9050883(21) 94.9058421(21) 95.9046795(21) 96.9060215(21) 97.9054082(21) 98.9077119(21) 99.907477(6) 96.906365(5) 97.907216(4) 98.9062547(21) 95.907598(8) 97.905287(7) 98.9059393(22) 99.9042195(22) 100.9055821(22) 101.9043493(22) 103.905433(3) 105.907329(8) 102.905504(3) 101.905609(3) 103.904036(4) 104.905085(4) 105.903486(4) 107.903892(4) 109.905153(12) 106.905097(5) 108.904752(3) 105.906459(6) 107.904184(6) 109.9030021(29) 110.9041781(29) 111.9027578(29) 112.9044017(29) 113.9033585(29) 115.904756(3) 110.905103(5) 112.904058(3) 114.903878(5) 111.904818(5) 112.905171(4) 113.902779(3) 114.903342(3) 115.901741(3) 116.902952(3) 117.901603(3) 118.903308(3) 119.9021947(27) 121.9034390(29) 123.9052739(15) 120.9038157(24) 122.9042140(22) 119.904020(10) 121.9030439(16) 122.9042700(16) 123.9028179(16) 124.9044307(16) 125.9033117(16) 127.9044631(19)

Abundance in % 2.80(9) 100 14.77(31) 9.23(10) 15.90(9) 16.68(1) 9.56(5) 24.19(26) 9.67(20)

5.54(14) 1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14) 18.62(27) 100 1.02(1) 11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3) 26.46(9) 11.72(9) 51.839(8) 48.161(8) 1.25(6) 0.89(3) 12.49(18) 12.80(12) 24.13(21) 12.22(12) 28.73(42) 7.49(18) 4.29(5) 95.71(5) 0.97(1) 0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9) 7.68(7) 24.22(9) 8.59(4) 32.58(9) 4.63(3) 5.79(5) 57.21(5) 42.79(5) 0.09(1) 2.55(12) 0.89(3) 4.74(14) 7.07(15) 18.84(25) 31.74(8)

5/2/05 8:33:35 AM

Atomic Masses and Abundances Z 53

54

55

56

57 58

59 60

61 62

63 64

HC&P_S01.indb 11

Isotope 130 Te 123 I 125 I 127 I 129 I 131 I 124 Xe 126 Xe 128 Xe 129 Xe 130 Xe 131 Xe 132 Xe 134 Xe 136 Xe 129 Cs 133 Cs 134 Cs 136 Cs 137 Cs 130 Ba 132 Ba 133 Ba 134 Ba 135 Ba 136 Ba 137 Ba 138 Ba 140 Ba 138 La 139 La 136 Ce 138 Ce 140 Ce 141 Ce 142 Ce 144 Ce 141 Pr 142 Nd 143 Nd 144 Nd 145 Nd 146 Nd 148 Nd 150 Nd 145 Pm 147 Pm 144 Sm 147 Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 152 Sm 154 Sm 151 Eu 153 Eu 152 Gd 154 Gd 155 Gd 156 Gd 157 Gd

Mass in u 129.9062244(21) 122.905589(4) 124.9046302(16) 126.904473(4) 128.904988(3) 130.9061246(12) 123.9058930(20) 125.904274(7) 127.9035313(15) 128.9047794(8) 129.9035080(8) 130.9050824(10) 131.9041535(10) 133.9053945(9) 135.907219(8) 128.906064(5) 132.905451933(24) 133.906718475(28) 135.9073116(20) 136.9070895(5) 129.9063208(30) 131.9050613(11) 132.9060075(11) 133.9045084(4) 134.9056886(4) 135.9045759(4) 136.9058274(5) 137.9052472(5) 139.910605(9) 137.907112(4) 138.9063533(26) 135.907172(14) 137.905991(11) 139.9054387(26) 140.9082763(26) 141.909244(3) 143.913647(4) 140.9076528(26) 141.9077233(25) 142.9098143(25) 143.9100873(25) 144.9125736(25) 145.9131169(25) 147.916893(3) 149.920891(3) 144.912749(3) 146.9151385(26) 143.911999(3) 146.9148979(26) 147.9148227(26) 148.9171847(26) 149.9172755(26) 151.9197324(27) 153.9222093(27) 150.9198502(26) 152.9212303(26) 151.9197910(27) 153.9208656(27) 154.9226220(27) 155.9221227(27) 156.9239601(27)

1-11 Abundance in % 34.08(62)

100

0.0952(3) 0.0890(2) 1.9102(8) 26.4006(82) 4.0710(13) 21.2324(30) 26.9086(33) 10.4357(21) 8.8573(44) 100

Z

65 66

67 68

69 70

0.106(1) 0.101(1) 2.417(18) 6.592(12) 7.854(24) 11.232(24) 71.698(42) 0.090(1) 99.910(1) 0.185(2) 0.251(2) 88.450(51) 11.114(51) 100 27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.3(1) 17.2(3) 5.7(1) 5.6(2)

3.07(7) 14.99(18) 11.24(10) 13.82(7) 7.38(1) 26.75(16) 22.75(29) 47.81(6) 52.19(6) 0.20(1) 2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2)

71 72

73 74

75 76

77 78

79 80

Isotope 158 Gd 160 Gd 159 Tb 156 Dy 158 Dy 160 Dy 161 Dy 162 Dy 163 Dy 164 Dy 165 Ho 162 Er 164 Er 166 Er 167 Er 168 Er 170 Er 169 Tm 168 Yb 169 Yb 170 Yb 171 Yb 172 Yb 173 Yb 174 Yb 176 Yb 175 Lu 176 Lu 174 Hf 176 Hf 177 Hf 178 Hf 179 Hf 180 Hf 180 Ta 181 Ta 180 W 182 W 183 W 184 W 186 W 185 Re 187 Re 184 Os 186 Os 187 Os 188 Os 189 Os 190 Os 192 Os 191 Ir 193 Ir 190 Pt 192 Pt 194 Pt 195 Pt 196 Pt 198 Pt 197 Au 198 Au 196 Hg

Mass in u 157.9241039(27) 159.9270541(27) 158.9253468(27) 155.924283(7) 157.924409(4) 159.9251975(27) 160.9269334(27) 161.9267984(27) 162.9287312(27) 163.9291748(27) 164.9303221(27) 161.928778(4) 163.929200(3) 165.9302931(27) 166.9320482(27) 167.9323702(27) 169.9354643(30) 168.9342133(27) 167.933897(5) 168.935190(5) 169.9347618(26) 170.9363258(26) 171.9363815(26) 172.9382108(26) 173.9388621(26) 175.9425717(28) 174.9407718(23) 175.9426863(23) 173.940046(3) 175.9414086(24) 176.9432207(23) 177.9436988(23) 178.9458161(23) 179.9465500(23) 179.9474648(24) 180.9479958(19) 179.946704(4) 181.9482042(9) 182.9502230(9) 183.9509312(9) 185.9543641(19) 184.9529550(13) 186.9557531(15) 183.9524891(14) 185.9538382(15) 186.9557505(15) 187.9558382(15) 188.9581475(16) 189.9584470(16) 191.9614807(27) 190.9605940(18) 192.9629264(18) 189.959932(6) 191.9610380(27) 193.9626803(9) 194.9647911(9) 195.9649515(9) 197.967893(3) 196.9665687(6) 197.9682423(6) 195.965833(3)

Abundance in % 24.84(7) 21.86(19) 100 0.056(3) 0.095(3) 2.329(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54) 100 0.139(5) 1.601(3) 33.503(36) 22.869(9) 26.978(18) 14.910(36) 100 0.13(1) 3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92) 12.76(41) 97.41(2) 2.59(2) 0.16(1) 5.26(7) 18.60(9) 27.28(7) 13.62(2) 35.08(16) 0.012(2) 99.988(2) 0.12(1) 26.50(16) 14.31(4) 30.64(2) 28.43(19) 37.40(2) 62.60(2) 0.02(1) 1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8) 16.15(5) 26.26(2) 40.78(19) 37.3(2) 62.7(2) 0.014(1) 0.782(7) 32.967(99) 33.832(10) 25.242(41) 7.163(55) 100 0.15(1)

5/2/05 8:33:37 AM

Atomic Masses and Abundances

1-12 Z

81

82

83 84 85 86

87 88

89 90

91 92

HC&P_S01.indb 12

Isotope 197 Hg 198 Hg 199 Hg 200 Hg 201 Hg 202 Hg 203 Hg 204 Hg 201 Tl 203 Tl 205 Tl 204 Pb 206 Pb 207 Pb 208 Pb 210 Pb 207 Bi 209 Bi 209 Po 210 Po 210 At 211 At 211 Rn 220 Rn 222 Rn 223 Fr 223 Ra 224 Ra 226 Ra 228 Ra 227 Ac 228 Th 230 Th 232 Th 231 Pa 233 U 234 U 235 U

Mass in u 196.967213(3) 197.9667690(4) 198.9682799(4) 199.9683260(4) 200.9703023(6) 201.9706430(6) 202.9728725(18) 203.9734939(4) 200.970819(16) 202.9723442(14) 204.9744275(14) 203.9730436(13) 205.9744653(13) 206.9758969(13) 207.9766521(13) 209.9841885(16) 206.9784707(26) 208.9803987(16) 208.9824304(20) 209.9828737(13) 209.987148(8) 210.9874963(30) 210.990601(7) 220.0113940(24) 222.0175777(25) 223.0197359(26) 223.0185022(27) 224.0202118(24) 226.0254098(25) 228.0310703(26) 227.0277521(26) 228.0287411(24) 230.0331338(19) 232.0380553(21) 231.0358840(24) 233.0396352(29) 234.0409521(20) 235.0439299(20)

Abundance in % 9.97(20) 16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26)

Z

93 94

6.87(15) 29.52(1) 70.48(1) 1.4(1) 24.1(1) 22.1(1) 52.4(1)

100

95 96

97 98

99 100 101

100 100 0.0054(5) 0.7204(6)

102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111

Isotope 236 U 238 U 237 Np 239 Np 238 Pu 239 Pu 240 Pu 241 Pu 242 Pu 244 Pu 241 Am 243 Am 243 Cm 244 Cm 245 Cm 246 Cm 247 Cm 248 Cm 247 Bk 249 Bk 249 Cf 250 Cf 251 Cf 252 Cf 252 Es 257 Fm 256 Md 258 Md 259 No 262 Lr 261 Rf 262 Db 263 Sg 264 Bh 265 Hs 268 Mt 281 Ds 272 Rg

Mass in u 236.0455680(20) 238.0507882(20) 237.0481734(20) 239.0529390(22) 238.0495599(20) 239.0521634(20) 240.0538135(20) 241.0568515(20) 242.0587426(20) 244.064204(5) 241.0568291(20) 243.0613811(25) 243.0613891(22) 244.0627526(20) 245.0654912(22) 246.0672237(22) 247.070354(5) 248.072349(5) 247.070307(6) 249.0749867(28) 249.0748535(24) 250.0764061(22) 251.079587(5) 252.081626(5) 252.082980(50) 257.095105(7) 256.094060(60) 258.098431(5) 259.10103(11)* 262.10963(22)* 261.108770(30)* 262.11408(20)* 263.11832(13)* 264.12460(30)* 265.13009(15)* 268.13873(34)* 281.16206(78)* 273.15362(36)*

Abundance in % 99.2742(10)

5/2/05 8:33:38 AM

ELECTRON CONFIGURATION AND IONIZATION ENERGY OF NEUTRAL ATOMS IN THE GROUND STATE William C. Martin The ground state electron configuration, ground level, and ionization energy of the elements hydrogen through rutherfordium are listed in this table. The electron configurations of elements heavier than neon are shortened by using rare-gas element symbols in brackets to represent the corresponding electrons. See the references for details of the notation for Pa, U, and Np. Ionization energies to higher states (and more precise values of the first ionization energy for certain elements) may be found in the table “Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions” in Section 10 of this Handbook. Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru

Element Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium

References

1. Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., Kotochigova, S., and Sansonetti, J. E., NIST Physical Reference Data Web Site, , October 2004. 2. Martin, W. C., and Wiese, W. L., “Atomic Spectroscopy”, in Atomic, Molecular, & Optical Physics Handbook, ed. by G.W.F. Drake (AIP, Woodbury, NY, 1996) Chapter 10, pp. 135-153.

Ground-state configuration 1s 1s2 1s2 2s 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s2 2p 1s2 2s2 2p2 1s2 2s2 2p3 1s2 2s2 2p4 1s2 2s2 2p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 [Ne] 3s [Ne] 3s2 [Ne] 3s2 3p [Ne] 3s2 3p2 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p6 [Ar] 4s [Ar] 4s2 [Ar] 3d 4s2 [Ar] 3d2 4s2 [Ar] 3d3 4s2 [Ar] 3d5 4s [Ar] 3d5 4s2 [Ar] 3d6 4s2 [Ar] 3d7 4s2 [Ar] 3d8 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s [Ar] 3d10 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 [Kr] 5s [Kr] 5s2 [Kr] 4d 5s2 [Kr] 4d2 5s2 [Kr] 4d4 5s [Kr] 4d5 5s [Kr] 4d5 5s2 [Kr] 4d7 5s

Ground level 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 4 F3/2 7 S3 6 S5/2 5 D4 4 F9/2 3 F4 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 6 D1/2 7 S3 6 S5/2 5 F5

Ionization energy (eV) 13.5984 24.5874 5.3917 9.3227 8.2980 11.2603 14.5341 13.6181 17.4228 21.5645 5.1391 7.6462 5.9858 8.1517 10.4867 10.3600 12.9676 15.7596 4.3407 6.1132 6.5615 6.8281 6.7462 6.7665 7.4340 7.9024 7.8810 7.6398 7.7264 9.3942 5.9993 7.8994 9.7886 9.7524 11.8138 13.9996 4.1771 5.6949 6.2173 6.6339 6.7589 7.0924 7.28 7.3605

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Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State

1-14 Z 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104

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Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf

Element Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium

Ground-state configuration [Kr] 4d8 5s [Kr] 4d10 [Kr] 4d10 5s [Kr] 4d10 5s2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 [Xe] 6s [Xe] 6s2 [Xe] 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f3 6s2 [Xe] 4f4 6s2 [Xe] 4f5 6s2 [Xe] 4f6 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f9 6s2 [Xe] 4f10 6s2 [Xe] 4f11 6s2 [Xe] 4f12 6s2 [Xe] 4f13 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 [Rn] 7s [Rn] 7s2 [Rn] 6d 7s2 [Rn] 6d2 7s2 [Rn] 5f2(3H4) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f3(4Io9/2) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f4(5I4) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f6 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f9 7s2 [Rn] 5f10 7s2 [Rn] 5f11 7s2 [Rn] 5f12 7s2 [Rn] 5f13 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p? [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 ?

Ground level 4 F9/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 1 o G4 4 o I 9/2 5 I4 6 o H 5/2 7 F0 8 o S 7/2 9 o D2 6 o H 15/2 5 I8 4 o I 15/2 3 H6 2 o F 7/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 4 F3/2 5 D0 6 S5/2 5 D4 4 F9/2 3 D3 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 (4,3/2)11/2 (9/2,3/2)o6 (4,3/2)11/2 7 F0 8 o S 7/2 9 o D2 6 o H 15/2 5 I8 4 o I 15/2 3 H6 2 o F 7/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 ? 3 F2 ?

Ionization energy (eV) 7.4589 8.3369 7.5762 8.9938 5.7864 7.3439 8.6084 9.0096 10.4513 12.1298 3.8939 5.2117 5.5769 5.5387 5.473 5.5250 5.582 5.6437 5.6704 6.1498 5.8638 5.9389 6.0215 6.1077 6.1843 6.2542 5.4259 6.8251 7.5496 7.8640 7.8335 8.4382 8.9670 8.9588 9.2255 10.4375 6.1082 7.4167 7.2855 8.414 10.7485 4.0727 5.2784 5.17 6.3067 5.89 6.1941 6.2657 6.0260 5.9738 5.9914 6.1979 6.2817 6.42 6.50 6.58 6.65 4.9? 6.0?

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INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE OF 1990 (ITS-90) B. W. Mangum A new temperature scale, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), was officially adopted by the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM), meeting 26—28 September 1989 at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The ITS-90 was recommended to the CIPM for its adoption following the completion of the final details of the new scale by the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie (CCT), meeting 12—14 September 1989 at the BIPM in its 17th Session. The ITS-90 became the official international temperature scale on 1 January 1990. The ITS-90 supersedes the present scales, the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS-68) and the 1976 Provisional 0.5 to 30 K Temperature Scale (EPT-76). The ITS-90 extends upward from 0.65 K, and temperatures on this scale are in much better agreement with thermodynamic values that are those on the IPTS-68 and the EPT-76. The new scale has subranges and alternative definitions in certain ranges that greatly facilitate its use. Furthermore, its continuity, precision, and reproducibility throughout its ranges are much improved over that of the present scales. The replacement of the thermocouple with the platinum resistance thermometer at temperatures below 961.78°C resulted in the biggest improvement in reproducibility. The ITS-90 is divided into four primary ranges: 1. Between 0.65 and 3.2 K, the ITS-90 is defined by the vapor pressure-temperature relation of 3He, and between 1.25 and 2.1768 K (the λ point) and between 2.1768 and 5.0 K by the vapor pressure-temperature relations of 4He. T90 is defined by the vapor pressure equations of the form: Defining Fixed Points of the ITS-90 Materiala He e-H2 e-H2 (or He) e-H2 (or He) Nec O2 Ar Hgc H2O Gac Inc Sn Zn Alc Ag Au Cuc a

b

c

Equilibrium stateb VP TP VP (or CVGT) VP (or CVGT) TP TP TP TP TP MP FP FP FP FP FP FP FP

T90 (K) 3 to 5 13.8033 ≈17 ≈20.3 24.5561 54.3584 83.8058 234.3156 273.16 302.9146 429.7485 505.078 692.677 933.473 1234.93 1337.33 1357.77

Temperature t90 (°C) –270.15 to –268.15 –259.3467 ≈ –256.15 ≈ –252.85 –248.5939 –218.7916 –189.3442 –38.8344 0.01 29.7646 156.5985 231.928 419.527 660.323 961.78 1064.18 1084.62

9

T90 / K = A0 + ∑ Ai ( ln( p / Pa) − B ) / C 

i

i =1

The values of the coefficients Ai, and of the constants Ao, B, and C of the equations are given below. 2. Between 3.0 and 24.5561 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of a 3He or 4He constant volume gas thermometer (CVGT). The thermometer is calibrated at three temperatures — at the triple point of neon (24.5561 K), at the triple point of equilibrium hydrogen (13.8033 K), and at a temperature between 3.0 and 5.0 K, the value of which is determined by using either 3He or 4He vapor pressure thermometry. 3. Between 13.8033 K (–259.3467°C) and 1234.93 K (961.78°C), the ITS-90 is defined in terms of the specified fixed points given below, by resistance ratios of platinum resistance thermometers obtained by calibration at specified sets of the fixed points, and by reference functions and deviation functions of resistance ratios which relate to T90 between the fixed points. 4. Above 1234.93 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of Planck’s radiation law, using the freezing-point temperature of either silver, gold, or copper as the reference temperature. Full details of the calibration procedures and reference functions for various subranges are given in: The International Temperature Scale of 1990, Metrologia, 27, 3, 1990; errata in Metrologia, 27, 107, 1990. Values of Coefficients in the Vapor Pressure Equations for Helium Coef. or constant A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 B C

3 He 0.65—3.2 K 1.053 447 0.980 106 0.676 380 0.372 692 0.151 656 –0.002 263 0.006 596 0.088 966 –0.004 770 –0.054 943 7.3 4.3

4 He 1.25—2.1768 K 1.392 408 0.527 153 0.166 756 0.050 988 0.026 514 0.001 975 –0.017 976 0.005 409 0.013 259 0 5.6 2.9

4 He 2.1768—5.0 K 3.146 631 1.357 655 0.413 923 0.091 159 0.016 349 0.001 826 –0.004 325 –0.004 973 0 0 10.3 1.9

e-H2 indicates equilibrium hydrogen, that is, hydrogen with the equilibrium distribution of its ortho and para states. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% para hydrogen and 75% ortho hydrogen. VP indicates vapor pressure point; CVGT indicates constant volume gas thermometer point; TP indicates triple point (equilibrium temperature at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phases coexist); FP indicates freezing point, and MP indicates melting point (the equilibrium temperatures at which the solid and liquid phases coexist under a pressure of 101 325 Pa, one standard atmosphere). The isotopic composition is that naturally occurring. Previously, these were secondary fixed points.

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CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES FROM THE 1948 AND 1968 SCALES TO ITS-90 This table gives temperature corrections from older scales to the current International Temperature Scale of 1990 (see the preceding table for details on ITS-90). The first part of the table may be used for converting Celsius temperatures in the range -180 to 4000°C from IPTS-68 or IPTS-48 to ITS-90. Within the accuracy of the corrections, the temperature in the first column may be identified with either t68, t48, or t90. The second part of the table is designed for use at lower temperatures to convert values expressed in kelvins from EPT-76 or IPTS-68 to ITS-90. t/°C –180 –170 –160 –150 –140 –130 –120 –110 –100 –90 –80 –70 –60 –50 –40 –30 –20 –10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280

t90–t68

0.008 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 –0.002 –0.005 –0.007 –0.010 –0.013 –0.016 –0.018 –0.021 –0.024 –0.026 –0.028 –0.030 –0.032 –0.034 –0.036 –0.037 –0.038 –0.039 –0.039 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.039 –0.039

t90–t48

0.020 0.017 0.007 0.000 0.001 0.008 0.017 0.026 0.035 0.041 0.045 0.045 0.042 0.038 0.032 0.024 0.016 0.008 0.000 –0.006 –0.012 –0.016 –0.020 –0.023 –0.026 –0.026 –0.027 –0.027 –0.026 –0.024 –0.023 –0.020 –0.018 –0.016 –0.012 –0.009 –0.005 –0.001 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.018 0.021 0.024 0.028 0.030

t/°C

290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750

t90–t68 –0.039 –0.039 –0.039 –0.039 –0.040 –0.040 –0.041 –0.042 –0.043 –0.045 –0.046 –0.048 –0.051 –0.053 –0.056 –0.059 –0.062 –0.065 –0.068 –0.072 –0.075 –0.079 –0.083 –0.087 –0.090 –0.094 –0.098 –0.101 –0.105 –0.108 –0.112 –0.115 –0.118 –0.122 –0.125 –0.11 –0.10 –0.09 –0.07 –0.05 –0.04 –0.02 –0.01 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.03

t90–t48

0.032 0.034 0.035 0.036 0.036 0.037 0.036 0.035 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.000 –0.001 –0.002 –0.001 0.000 0.002 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.025 0.035 0.047 0.060 0.075 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.56

The references give analytical equations for expressing these relations. Note that Reference 1 supersedes Reference 2 with respect to corrections in the 630 to 1064°C range.

References 1. Burns, G. W. et al., in Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6, Schooley, J. F., Ed., American Institute of Physics, New York, 1993. 2. Goldberg, R. N. and Weir, R. D., Pure and Appl. Chem., 1545, 1992.

t/°C

760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300

t90–t68

0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 –0.02 –0.03 –0.05 –0.06 –0.08 –0.10 –0.11 –0.13 –0.15 –0.16 –0.18 –0.19 –0.20 –0.22 –0.23 –0.23 –0.24 –0.25 –0.25 –0.25 –0.26 –0.26 –0.26 –0.30 –0.35 –0.39 –0.44 –0.49 –0.54 –0.60 –0.66 –0.72 –0.79 –0.85 –0.93

t90–t48 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.10 1.12 1.14 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1

t/°C 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000

t90–t68 –1.00 –1.07 –1.15 –1.24 –1.32 –1.41 –1.50 –1.59 –1.69 –1.78 –1.89 –1.99 –2.10 –2.21 –2.32 –2.43 –2.55

t90–t48

T/K 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

T90–T76 –0.0001 –0.0002 –0.0003 –0.0004 –0.0005 –0.0006 –0.0007 –0.0008 –0.0010 –0.0011 –0.0013 –0.0014 –0.0016 –0.0018 –0.0020 –0.0022 –0.0025 –0.0027 –0.0030 –0.0032 –0.0035 –0.0038 –0.0041

T90–T68

3.2 3.4 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.8

–0.006 –0.003 –0.004 –0.006 –0.008 –0.009 –0.009 –0.008 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.005 –0.004 –0.004 –0.005 –0.006 –0.006 –0.007 –0.008

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Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90 T/K 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

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T90–T76

T90–T68 –0.008 –0.008 –0.007 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.007 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.005 –0.005 –0.004 –0.003 –0.002 –0.001

T/K 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

T90–T76

T90–T68 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008

T/K 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140

T90–T76

1-17 T90–T68 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.014

T/K 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 273.16 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

T90–T76

T90–T68 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.000 –0.006 –0.031 –0.040 –0.040 –0.055 –0.089 –0.124

5/2/05 8:33:44 AM

INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) The International System of Units, abbreviated as SI (from the French name Le Système International d’Unités), was established in 1960 by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) as the modern metric system of measurement. The core of the SI is the seven base units for the physical quantities length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. These base units are: Base quantity length mass time electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity

SI base unit Name Symbol meter m kilogram kg s second ampere A kelvin K mole mol candela cd

candela: The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540∙1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.

SI derived units Derived units are units which may be expressed in terms of base units by means of the mathematical symbols of multiplication and division (and, in the case of °C, subtraction). Certain derived units have been given special names and symbols, and these special names and symbols may themselves be used in combination with those for base and other derived units to express the units of other quantities. The next table lists some examples of derived units expressed directly in terms of base units: Physical quantity area volume speed, velocity acceleration wave number density, mass density specific volume current density magnetic field strength concentration (of amount of substance) luminance refractive index

The SI base units are defined as follows: meter: The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. kilogram: The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. second: The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom. ampere: The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2∙10–7 newton per meter of length. kelvin: The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. mole: The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles.

Physical quantity plane angle solid angle frequency force pressure, stress energy, work, quantity of heat power, radiant flux electric charge, quantity of electricity electric potential difference, electromotive force capacitance electric resistance electric conductance magnetic flux

(a)

SI derived unit Name square meter cubic meter meter per second meter per second squared reciprocal meter kilogram per cubic meter cubic meter per kilogram ampere per square meter ampere per meter

Symbol m2 m3 m/s m/s2 m-1 kg/m3 m3/kg A/m2 A/m

mole per cubic meter candela per square meter (the number) one

mol/m3 cd/m2 1(a)

The symbol “1” is generally omitted in combination with a numerical value.

For convenience, certain derived units, which are listed in the next table, have been given special names and symbols. These names and symbols may themselves be used to express other derived units. The special names and symbols are a compact form for the expression of units that are used frequently. The final column shows how the SI units concerned may be expressed in terms of SI base units. In this column, factors such as m0, kg0 ..., which are all equal to 1, are not shown explicitly.

Name radian(a) steradian(a) hertz newton pascal joule watt coulomb volt farad ohm siemens weber

Symbol rad sr(c) Hz N Pa J W C V F Ω S Wb

SI derived unit expressed in terms of: Other SI units SI base units m ∙ m-1 = 1(b) m2 ∙ m-2 = 1(b) s-1 m ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N/m2 m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N∙m m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 J/s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 s∙A W/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-1 C/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s4 ∙ A2 V/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-2 A/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s3 ∙ A2 V∙s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-1

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International System of Units (SI) magnetic flux density inductance Celsius temperature luminous flux illuminance activity (of a radionuclide) absorbed dose, specific energy (imparted), kerma dose equivalent, ambient dose equivalent, directional dose equivalent, personal dose equivalent, organ equivalent dose catalytic activity

1-19 tesla henry degree Celsius(d) lumen lux becquerel gray sievert

T H °C

Wb/m2 Wb/A

kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-1 m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-2 K

lm lx Bq Gy Sv

cd ∙ sr(c) lm/m2

m2 ∙ m–2 ∙ cd = cd m2 ∙ m–4 ∙ cd = m–2 ∙ cd s-1 m2 ∙ s-2 m2 ∙ s-2

katal

kat

J/kg J/kg

s–1 ∙ mol

The radian and steradian may be used with advantage in expressions for derived units to distinguish between quantities of different nature but the same dimension. Some examples of their use in forming derived units are given in the next table. (b) In practice, the symbols rad and sr are used where appropriate, but the derived unit “1” is generally omitted in combination with a numerical value. (c) In photometry, the name steradian and the symbol sr are usually retained in expressions for units. (d) It is common practice to express a thermodynamic temperature, symbol T, in terms of its difference from the reference temperature T0 = 273.15 K. The numerical value of a Celsius temperature t expressed in degrees Celsius is given by t/°C = T/K-273.15. The unit °C may be used in combination with SI prefixes, e.g., millidegree Celsius, m°C. Note that there should never be a space between the ° sign and the letter C, and that the symbol for kelvin is K, not °K. (a)

The SI derived units with special names may be used in combinations to provide a convenient way to express more complex physical quantities. Examples are given in the next table: Physical Quantity dynamic viscosity moment of force surface tension angular velocity angular acceleration heat flux density, irradiance heat capacity, entropy specific heat capacity, specific entropy specific energy thermal conductivity energy density electric field strength electric charge density electric flux density permittivity permeability molar energy molar entropy, molar heat capacity exposure (x and γ rays) absorbed dose rate radiant intensity radiance catalytic (activity) concentration

SI derived unit Name Symbol As SI base units pascal second Pa ∙ s m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-1 newton meter N∙m m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 newton per meter N/m kg ∙ s-2 radian per second rad/s m ∙ m-1 ∙ s-1 = s-1 2 radian per second rad/s m ∙ m-1 ∙ s-2 = s-2 squared watt per square W/m2 kg ∙ s-3 meter joule per kelvin J/K m-3 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 joule per kilogram J/(kg ∙ K) m2 ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 kelvin joule per kilogram J/kg m2 ∙ s-2 watt per meter W/(m ∙ K) m ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ K-1 kelvin joule per cubic J/m3 m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 meter volt per meter V/m m ∙ kg ∙ s-3∙ A-1 coulomb per cubic C/m3 m-3 ∙ s ∙ A meter m-2 ∙ s ∙ A coulomb per C/m2 square meter farad per meter F/m m-3 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s4 ∙ A2 henry per meter H/m m ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-2 joule per mole J/mol m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ mol-1 joule per mole J/(mol ∙ K) m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 ∙ mol-1 kelvin coulomb per C/kg kg-1 ∙ s ∙ A kilogram gray per second Gy/s m2 ∙ s-3 watt per steradian W/sr m4 ∙ m-2∙ kg∙ s-3 = m2 ∙ kg∙ s-3 2 watt per square W/(m ∙ sr) m2 ∙ m-2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 meter steradian = kg ∙ s-3 katal per cubic kat/m3 m-3 ∙ s-1 ∙ mol meter

In practice, with certain quantities preference is given to the use of certain special unit names, or combinations of unit

HC&P_S01.indb 19

names, in order to facilitate the distinction between different quantities having the same dimension. For example, the SI unit of frequency is designated the hertz, rather than the reciprocal second, and the SI unit of angular velocity is designated the radian per second rather than the reciprocal second (in this case retaining the word radian emphasizes that angular velocity is equal to 2π times the rotational frequency). Similarly the SI unit of moment of force is designated the newton meter rather than the joule. In the field of ionizing radiation, the SI unit of activity is designated the becquerel rather than the reciprocal second, and the SI units of absorbed dose and dose equivalent the gray and sievert, respectively, rather than the joule per kilogram. In the field of catalysis, the SI unit of catalytic activity is designated the katal rather than the mole per second. The special names becquerel, gray, sievert, and katal were specifically introduced because of the dangers to human health which might arise from mistakes involving the units reciprocal second, joule per kilogram and mole per second.

Units for dimensionless quantities, quantities of dimension one Certain quantities are defined as the ratios of two quantities of the same kind, and thus have a dimension which may be expressed by the number one. The unit of such quantities is necessarily a derived unit coherent with the other units of the SI and, since it is formed as the ratio of two identical SI units, the unit also may be expressed by the number one. Thus the SI unit of all quantities having the dimensional product one is the number one. Examples of such quantities are refractive index, relative permeability, and friction factor. Other quantities having the unit 1 include “characteristic numbers” like the Prandtl number and numbers which represent a count, such as a number of molecules, degeneracy (number of energy levels), and partition function in statistical thermodynamics. All of these quantities are described as being dimensionless, or of dimension one, and have the coherent SI unit 1. Their values are simply expressed as numbers and, in general, the unit 1 is not explicitly shown. In a few cases, however, a special name is given to this unit, mainly to avoid confusion between some compound derived units. This is the case for the radian, steradian and neper.

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International System of Units (SI)

1-20

SI prefixes The following prefixes have been approved by the CGPM for use with SI units. Only one prefix may be used before a unit. Thus 10-12 farad should be designated pF, not μμF. Factor 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101

Name yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka

Symbol Y Z E P T G M k h da

Factor 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24

Name deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto

Symbol d c m μ n p f a z y

The kilogram Among the base units of the International System, the unit of mass is the only one whose name, for historical reasons, contains a prefix. Names and symbols for decimal multiples and submultiples of the unit of mass are formed by attaching prefix names to the unit name “gram” and prefix symbols to the unit symbol “g”. Example : 10-6 kg = 1 mg (1 milligram) but not 1 μkg (1 microkilogram).

Units used with the SI Many units that are not part of the SI are important and widely used in everyday life. The CGPM has adopted a classification of non-SI units: (1) units accepted for use with the SI (such as the traditional units of time and of angle); (2) units accepted for use with the SI whose values are obtained experimentally; and (3) other units currently accepted for use with the SI to satisfy the needs of special interests.

(2) Non-SI units accepted for use with the International system, whose values in SI units are obtained experimentally Name electronvolt(b) dalton(c) unified atomic mass unit(c) astronomical unit(d)

Symbol Value in SI Units eV 1 eV = 1.602 176 53(14) ∙10-19 J(a) Da 1 Da = 1.660 538 86(28) ∙ 10-27 kg(a) u ua

1 u = 1 Da 1 ua = 1.495 978 706 91(06) ∙ 1011 m(a)

For the electronvolt and the dalton (unified atomic mass unit), values are quoted from the 2002 CODATA set of the Fundamental Physical Constants (p. 1-1 of this Handbook). The value given for the astronomical unit is quoted from the IERS Conventions 2003 (D.D. McCarthy and G. Petit, eds., IERS Technical Note 32, Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, 200). The value of ua in meters comes from the JPL ephemerides DE403 (Standish E.M. 1995, “Report of the IAU WGAS SubGroup on Numerical Standards”, in “Highlights of Astronomy”, Appenlzer ed., pp 180-184, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht). It has been determined in “TDB” units using Barycentric Dynamical Time TDB as a time coordinate for the barycentric system. (b) The electronvolt is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 V in vacuum. (c) The Dalton and unified atomic mass unit are alternative names for the same unit, equal to 1/12 of the mass of an unbound atom of the nuclide 12C, at rest and in its ground state. The dalton may be combined with SI prefixes to express the masses of large molecules in kilodalton, kDa, or megadalton, MDa. (d) The astronomical unit is a unit of length approximately equal to the mean Earth-Sun distance. It is the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass, moving with a mean motion of 0.017 202 098 95 radians/day (known as the Gaussian constant). (a)

(3) Other non-SI units currently accepted for use with the International System Name nautical mile

Symbol Value in SI Units 1 nautical mile = 1852 m 1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s 1 a = 1 dam2 = 102 m2 ha 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 104 m2 bar 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa = 105 Pa Å 1 Å = 0.1 nm = 10-10 m b 1 b = 100 fm2 = 10-28 m2

knot are hectare bar ångström barn

(1) Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System Name minute hour day degree minute second liter metric ton neper(a) bel(b)

Symbol min h d ° ’ ” l, L t Np B

Value in SI units 1 min = 60 s 1 h= 60 min = 3600 s 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s 1° = (π/180) rad 1’ = (1/60)° = (π/10 800) rad 1” = (1/60)’ = (π/648 000) rad 1L= 1 dm3= 10-3 m3 1 t = 103 kg 1 Np = 1 1 B = (1/2) ln 10 Np

The neper is used to express values of such logarithmic quantities as field level, power level, sound pressure level, and logarithmic decrement. Natural logarithms are used to obtain the numerical values of quantities expressed in nepers. The neper is coherent with the SI, but is not yet adopted by the CGPM as an SI unit. In using the neper, it is important to specify the quantity. (b) The bel is used to express values of such logarithmic quantities as field level, power level, sound-pressure level, and attenuation. Logarithms to base ten are used to obtain the numerical values of quantities expressed in bels. The submultiple decibel, dB, is commonly used. (a)

HC&P_S01.indb 20

Other non-SI units The SI does not encourage the use of cgs units, but these are frequently found in old scientific texts. The following table gives the relation of some common cgs units to SI units. Name erg dyne poise stokes gauss oersted maxwell stilb phot gal

Symbol Value in SI units erg 1 erg = 10–7 J dyn 1 dyn = 10–5 N P 1P = 1dyn∙ s/cm2 = 0.1 Pa∙∙ s St 1 St = 1 cm2/s = 10–4 m2/s G 1G  10–4 T Oe 1 Oe  (1000/4π) A/m Mx 1Mx  10–8 Wb 1 sb = 1 cd/cm2 = 104 cd/m2 sb ph 1 ph = 104 lx Gal 1 Gal = 1 cm/s2 = 10–2 m/s2 Note: The symbol  should be read as “corresponds to”;

these units cannot strictly be equated because of the different dimensions of the electromagnetic cgs and the SI.

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International System of Units (SI) Examples of other non-SI units found in the older literature and their relation to the SI are given below. Use of these units in current texts is discouraged. Name Symbol curie Ci roentgen R rad rad rem rem X unit gamma γ jansky Jy fermi metric carat torr Torr standard atmosphere atm cal calorie(a) micron μ (a)

Value in SI units 1 Ci = 3.7 ∙ 1010 Bq 1 R = 2.58 ∙ 10–4 C/kg 1 rad = 1 cGy = 10–2 Gy 1 r e m = 1 cSv = 10–2 Sv 1 X unit ≈ 1.002 ∙ 10–4 nm 1 γ =1 nT = 10–9 T 1Jy = 10–26 W ∙ m–2 ∙ Hz–1 1 fermi = 1 fm = 10–15 m 1 metric carat = 200 mg = 2 ∙ 10–4 kg 1 Torr = (101325/760) Pa 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 cal = 4.184 J 1 μ = 1 μm = 10–6 m

1-21

References 1. Taylor, B. N., The International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 330, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2001. 2. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Le Système International d’Unités (SI), 7th French and English Edition, BIPM, Sèvres, France, 1998; 8th Edition to be published 2006. 3. Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1995. 4. NIST Physical Reference Data web site, , October 2004.

Several types of calorie have been used; the value given here is the so-called “thermochemical calorie”.

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CONVERSION FACTORS The following table gives conversion factors from various units of measure to SI units. It is reproduced from NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). The table gives the factor by which a quantity expressed in a non-SI unit should be multiplied in order to calculate its value in the SI. The SI values are expressed in terms of the base, supplementary, and derived units of SI in order to provide a coherent presentation of the conversion factors and facilitate computations (see the table “International System of Units” in this Section). If desired, powers of ten can be avoided by using SI Prefixes and shifting the decimal point if necessary. Conversion from a non-SI unit to a different non-SI unit may be carried out by using this table in two stages, e.g., 1 calth = 4.184 J 1 BtuIT = 1.055056 E+03 J Thus, 1 BtuIT = (1.055056 E+03 ÷ 4.184) calth = 252.164 calth Conversion factors are presented for ready adaptation to computer readout and electronic data transmission. The factors are written as a number equal to or greater than one and less than ten with six or fewer decimal places. This number is followed by the letter E (for exponent), a plus or a minus sign, and two digits which indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value. For example: 3.523 907 E-02 is 3.523 907 × 10–2 or 0.035 239 07

A factor in boldface is exact; i.e., all subsequent digits are zero. All other conversion factors have been rounded to the figures given in accordance with accepted practice. Where less than six digits after the decimal point are shown, more precision is not warranted. It is often desirable to round a number obtained from a conversion of units in order to retain information on the precision of the value. The following rounding rules may be followed: 1. If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit less than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is not changed. Example:

Example:

or 3 386.389

6.974 951 5 rounded to 4 digits is 6.975

3. If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and at least one of the following digits is greater than 0, the digit preceding the 5 is increased by 1. Example:

6.974 851 rounded to 5 digits is 6.974 9

4. If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and all of the following digits are 0, the digit preceding the 5 is unchanged if it is even and increased by one if it is odd. (Note that this means that the final digit is always even.) Examples: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 952 6.974 950 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 950

Similarly: 3.386 389 E+03 is 3.386 389 × 103

6.974 951 5 rounded to 3 digits is 6.97

2. If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit greater than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is increased by one.

Reference Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 1995.

Factors in boldface are exact To convert from to Multiply by abampere.................................................................... ampere (A) ............................................................................................1.0 E+01 abcoulomb ................................................................ coulomb (C) ..........................................................................................1.0 E+01 abfarad ....................................................................... farad (F) .................................................................................................1.0 E+09 abhenry ...................................................................... henry (H) ...............................................................................................1.0 E–09 abmho ......................................................................... siemens (S) ............................................................................................1.0 E+09 abohm ......................................................................... ohm (Ω) .................................................................................................1.0 E–09 abvolt ......................................................................... volt (V) ...................................................................................................1.0 E–08 acceleration of free fall, standard (gn) ................... meter per second squared (m/s2) .....................................................9.806 65 E+00 acre (based on U.S. survey foot)9 .......................... square meter (m2) .................................................................................4.046 873 E+03 acre foot (based on U.S. survey foot)9 .................. cubic meter (m3) ..................................................................................1.233 489 E+03 ampere hour (A ∙ h) ................................................. coulomb (C) ..........................................................................................3.6 E+03 ångström (Å) ............................................................. meter (m) ..............................................................................................1.0 E–10 ångström (Å) ............................................................. nanometer (nm) ....................................................................................1.0 E–01 are (a) ......................................................................... square meter (m2) .................................................................................1.0 E+02 astronomical unit (ua or AU) ................................ meter (m) ..............................................................................................1.495 979 E+11 atmosphere, standard (atm) ................................... pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................1.013 25 E+05 atmosphere, standard (atm) ................................... kilopascal (kPa) .....................................................................................1.013 25 E+02 atmosphere, technical (at)10 ................................... pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................9.806 65 E+04 atmosphere, technical (at)10 ................................... kilopascal (kPa) .....................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 9

The U.S. survey foot equals (1200/3937) m. 1 international foot = 0.999998 survey foot. One technical atmosphere equals one kilogram-force per square centimeter (1 at = 1 kgf/cm2).

10

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1-24

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by bar (bar)...................................................................... pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................1.0 E+05 E+02 bar (bar)...................................................................... kilopascal (kPa) .....................................................................................1.0 barn (b) ...................................................................... square meter (m2) .................................................................................1.0 E–28 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl) .... cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................1.589 873 E–01 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl) .... liter (L) ...................................................................................................1.589 873 E+02 biot (Bi) ...................................................................... ampere (A) ............................................................................................1.0 E+01 British thermal unitIT (BtuIT)11................................ joule (J) ...................................................................................................1.055 056 E+03 British thermal unitth (Btuth)11 ............................... joule (J) ...................................................................................................1.054 350 E+03 British thermal unit (mean) (Btu) ........................ joule (J) ...................................................................................................1.055 87 E+03 British thermal unit (39 ºF) (Btu) ......................... joule (J) ...................................................................................................1.059 67 E+03 British thermal unit (59 ºF) (Btu) ......................... joule (J) ...................................................................................................1.054 80 E+03 British thermal unit (60 ºF) (Btu) ......................... joule (J) ...................................................................................................1.054 68 E+03 British thermal unitIT foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ ft/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)] .......................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)] ....................................................1.730 735 E+00 British thermal unitth foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ ft/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)] .......................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)] ....................................................1.729 577 E+00 British thermal unitIT inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ in/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)] ......................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)] ....................................................1.442 279 E–01 British thermal unitth inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ in/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)] ......................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)] ....................................................1.441 314 E–01 British thermal unitIT inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ in/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)] .......................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)] ....................................................5.192 204 E+02 British thermal unitth inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit E+02 [Btuth ∙ in/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)] ......................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)] ....................................................5.188 732 British thermal unitIT per cubic foot (BtuIT /ft3) .............................................................. joule per cubic meter (J/m3) ..............................................................3.725 895 E+04 British thermal unitth per cubic foot (Btuth /ft3) .............................................................. joule per cubic meter (J/m3) ..............................................................3.723 403 E+04 British thermal unitIT per degree Fahrenheit (BtuIT / ºF) ............................................................ joule per kelvin (J/ k) ..........................................................................1.899 101 E+03 British thermal unitth per degree Fahrenheit (Btuth / ºF) .............................................................. joule per kelvin (J/ k) ..........................................................................1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unitIT per degree Rankine E+03 (BtuIT / ºR) ............................................................ joule per kelvin (J/ k) ..........................................................................1.899 101 British thermal unitth per degree Rankine (Btuth / ºR) ............................................................ joule per kelvin (J/ k) ..........................................................................1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unitIT per hour (BtuIT /h) ............ watt (W) ................................................................................................2.930 711 E–01 British thermal unitth per hour (Btuth /h) ............. watt (W) ................................................................................................2.928 751 E–01 British thermal unitIT per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)] .............................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)] ..........................................................................................5.678 263 E+00 British thermal unitth per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)] .............................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)] ..........................................................................................5.674 466 E+00 British thermal unitth per minute (Btuth /min) .... watt (W) ................................................................................................1.757 250 E+01 British thermal unitIT per pound (BtuIT /lb)......... joule per kilogram (J/kg) ....................................................................2.326 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound (Btuth /lb) ........ joule per kilogram (J/kg) ....................................................................2.324 444 E+03 British thermal unitIT per pound degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(lb ∙ ºF)] ..................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin (J/(kg ∙ K)] ................................................4.1868 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(lb ∙ ºF)] .................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)] ................................................4.184 E+03 British thermal unitIT per pound degree Rankine [BtuIT /(lb ∙ ºR)] .................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)] ................................................4.1868 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound degree Rankine [Btuth /(lb ∙ ºR)] ..................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)] ................................................4.184 E+03 British thermal unitIT per second (BtuIT /s) ........ watt (W) ................................................................................................1.055 056 E+03 British thermal unitth per second (Btuth /s) ......... watt (W) ................................................................................................1.054 350 E+03 The Fifth International Conference on the Properties of Steam (London, July 1956) defined the International Table calorie as 4.1868 J. Therefore the exact conversion factor for the International Table Btu is 1.055 055 852 62 kJ. Note that the notation for International Table used in this listing is subscript “IT”. Similarily, the notation for thermochemical is subscript “th.” Further, the thermochemical Btu, Btuth, is based on the thermochemical calorie, calth, where calth = 4.184 J exactly.

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Conversion Factors

1-25

To convert from to Multiply by British thermal unitIT per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT /(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)] ............................................... watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)] ..........................................................................................2.044 175 E+04 British thermal unitth per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth /(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)] ............................................... watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)] ..........................................................................................2.042 808 E+04 British thermal unitIT per square foot (BtuIT /ft2) ............................................................. joule per square meter (J/m2) ............................................................1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unitth per square foot (Btuth /ft2) .............................................................. joule per square meter (J/m2) ............................................................1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unitIT per square foot hour [(BtuIT /(ft2 ∙ h)] ................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2) ..........................................................3.154 591 E+00 British thermal unitth per square foot hour [Btuth /(ft2 ∙ h)] ...................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2) ..........................................................3.152 481 E+00 British thermal unitth per square foot minute [Btuth /(ft2 ∙ min)] ................................................ watt per square meter (W/m2) ..........................................................1.891 489 E+02 British thermal unitIT per square foot second [(BtuIT /(ft2 ∙ s)] ..................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2) ..........................................................1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unitth per square foot second [Btuth /(ft2 ∙ s)] ...................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2) ..........................................................1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unitth per square inch second [Btuth /(in2 ∙ s)] ..................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2) ..........................................................1.634 246 E+06 bushel (U.S.) (bu) ..................................................... cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................3.523 907 E–02 bushel (U.S.) (bu) ..................................................... liter (L) ...................................................................................................3.523 907 E+01 calorieIT (calIT)11 ........................................................ joule (J) ...................................................................................................4.1868 calorieth (calth)11 ......................................................... joule (J) ...................................................................................................4.184 calorie (cal) (mean) ................................................. joule (J) ...................................................................................................4.190 02 calorie (15 ºC) (cal15) ............................................... joule (J) ...................................................................................................4.185 80 calorie (20 ºC) (cal20) ............................................... joule (J) ...................................................................................................4.181 90 calorieIT, kilogram (nutrition)12 ............................ joule (J) ...................................................................................................4.1868 calorieth , kilogram (nutrition)12 ............................ joule (J) ...................................................................................................4.184 calorie (mean), kilogram (nutrition)12 .................. joule (J) ...................................................................................................4.190 02 calorieth per centimeter second degree Celsius [calth /(cm ∙ s ∙ ºC)] .............................................. watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)] ....................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram (calIT /g)...................................... joule per kilogram (J/kg) ....................................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram (calth /g) ..................................... joule per kilogram (J/kg) ....................................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram degree Celsius [calIT /(g ∙ ºC)] ...................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)] ................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram degree Celsius [calth /(g ∙ ºC)] ...................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)] ................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram kelvin [calIT/(g ∙ K)] ................ joule per kilogram kelvin [J /(kg ∙ K)] ..............................................4.1868 calorieth per gram kelvin [calth / (g ∙ K)] ............... joule per kilogram kelvin [J /(kg ∙ K)] ..............................................4.184 calorieth per minute (calth /min) ............................. watt (W) ................................................................................................6.973 333 calorieth per second (calth /s) ................................... watt (W) ................................................................................................4.184 calorieth per square centimeter (calth/cm2) .......... joule per square meter (J/m2) ............................................................4.184 calorieth per square centimeter minute [calth /(cm2 ∙ min)] ............................................... watt per square meter (W/m2) ..........................................................6.973 333 calorieth per square centimeter second [calth /(cm2 ∙ s)] ..................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2) ..........................................................4.184 candela per square inch (cd/in2) ........................... candela per square meter (cd/m2) .....................................................1.550 003 carat, metric ............................................................. kilogram (kg) ........................................................................................2.0 carat, metric ............................................................. gram (g) .................................................................................................2.0 centimeter of mercury (0 ºC)13 ............................. pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................1.333 22 centimeter of mercury (0 ºC)13 ............................. kilopascal (kPa) .....................................................................................1.333 22 centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)13..pascal (Pa) ..............................................................................................1.333 224

E+00 E+00 E+00 E+00 E+00 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+02 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E–02 E+00 E+04 E+02 E+04 E+03 E–04 E–01 E+03 E+00 E+03

The kilogram calorie or “large calorie” is an obsolete term used for the kilocalorie, which is the calorie used to express the energy content of foods. However, in practice, the prefix “kilo” is usually omitted. 13 Conversion factors for mercury manometer pressure units are calculated using the standard value for the acceleration of gravity and the density of mercury at the stated temperature. Additional digits are not justified because the definitions of the units do not take into account the compressibility of mercury or the change in density caused by the revised practical temperature scale, ITS-90. Similar comments also apply to water manometer pressure units. Conversion factors for conventional mercury and water manometer pressure units are based on ISO 31-3. 12

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1-26

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)13..kilopascal (kPa) ......................................................................................1.333 224 E+00 centimeter of water (4 ºC)13 ................................... pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................9.806 38 E+01 centimeter of water, conventional (cmH2O)13 ... pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 centipoise (cP) .......................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s) ...........................................................................1.0 E–03 centistokes (cSt) ....................................................... meter squared per second (m2/s) ......................................................1.0 E–06 chain (based on U.S survey foot) (ch)9 ................ meter (m) ..............................................................................................2.011 684 E+01 circular mil ................................................................ square meter (m2) .................................................................................5.067 075 E–10 circular mil ................................................................ square millimeter (mm2) ....................................................................5.067 075 E–04 clo ............................................................................... square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W).........................................1.55 E–01 cord (128 ft3) ............................................................. cubic meter (m3) ..................................................................................3.624 556 E+00 cubic foot (ft3) .......................................................... cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................2.831 685 E–02 cubic foot per minute (ft3 /min) ........................... cubic meter per second (m3/s) ..........................................................4.719 474 E–04 cubic foot per minute (ft3 /min) ........................... liter per second (L/s) ...........................................................................4.719 474 E–01 cubic foot per second (ft3/s) .................................. cubic meter per second (m3/s) ..........................................................2.831 685 E–02 cubic inch (in3)14 ...................................................... cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................1.638 706 E–05 cubic inch per minute (in3 /min) ........................... cubic meter per second (m3/s) ..........................................................2.731 177 E–07 cubic mile (mi3)......................................................... cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................4.168 182 E+09 cubic yard (yd3) ........................................................ cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................7.645 549 E–01 cubic yard per minute (yd3/min) .......................... cubic meter per second (m3/s) ..........................................................1.274 258 E–02 cup (U.S.) .................................................................. cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................2.365 882 E–04 cup (U.S.) .................................................................. liter (L) ...................................................................................................2.365 882 E–01 cup (U.S.) .................................................................. milliliter (mL) .......................................................................................2.365 882 E+02 curie (Ci) ................................................................... becquerel (Bq) ......................................................................................3.7 E+10 E–13 darcy15 ........................................................................ meter squared (m2) ..............................................................................9.869 233 day (d) ........................................................................ second (s) ...............................................................................................8.64 E+04 day (sidereal) ............................................................. second (s) ...............................................................................................8.616 409 E+04 debye (D) ................................................................... coulomb meter (C ∙ m) .......................................................................3.335 641 E–30 degree (angle) (°) ....................................................... radian (rad) ...........................................................................................1.745 329 E–02 degree Celsius (temperature) (ºC) ......................... kelvin (K) ................................................................................................T/ K = t / ºC+273.15 degree Celsius (temperature interval) (ºC) ......... kelvin (K) ................................................................................................1.0 E+00 degree centigrade (temperature)16 ........................ degree Celsius (ºC) ..............................................................................t / ºC ≈ t / deg.cent. degree centigrade (temperature interval)16 ........ degree Celsius (ºC) ..............................................................................1.0 E+00 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (ºF) ..................... degree Celsius (ºC) ..................................................................................t / ºC = (t / ºF –32)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (ºF) ..................... kelvin (K).....................................................................................................T/ K = (t / ºF + 459.67)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval)(ºF) ... degree Celsius (ºC) ..............................................................................5.555 556 E–01 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval) (ºF) .. kelvin (K) ................................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ h/BtuIT) ........................................................... kelvin per watt (K/W)..........................................................................1.895 634 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ h/Btuth) ............................................................ kelvin per watt (K/W)..........................................................................1.896 903 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2 /BtuIT).................................................... square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W) ........................................1.761 102 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2 /Btuth) ................................................... square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W) ........................................1.762 280 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT inch [ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2 /(BtuIT ∙ in)] ......................................... meter kelvin per watt (m ∙ K/W) ......................................................6.933 472 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth inch [ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2 /(Btuth ∙ in)] ......................................... meter kelvin per watt (m ∙ K/W) ......................................................6.938 112 E+00 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ s /BtuIT) ........................................................... kelvin per watt (K/W)..........................................................................5.265 651 E–04 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ s /Btuth) .............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)..........................................................................5.269 175 E–04 degree Rankine (ºR) ................................................ kelvin (K) ................................................................................................T/ K = (T/ ºR)/1.8 degree Rankine (temperature interval) (ºR) ....... kelvin (K) ................................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 denier ......................................................................... kilogram per meter (kg/m) ................................................................1.111 111 E–07 denier ......................................................................... gram per meter (g/m) .........................................................................1.111 111 E–04 dyne (dyn) ................................................................. newton (N) ............................................................................................1.0 E–05 dyne centimeter (dyn ∙ cm) .................................... newton meter (N ∙ m) .........................................................................1.0 E–07 dyne per square centimeter (dyn/cm2) ............... pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................1.0 E–01 The exact conversion factor is 1.638 706 4 E–05. The darcy is a unit for expressing the permeability of porous solids, not area. 16 The centigrade temperature scale is obsolete; the degree centigrade is only approximately equal to the degree Celsius. 14 15

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Conversion Factors

1-27

To convert from to Multiply by electronvolt (eV) ....................................................... joule (J) ...................................................................................................1.602 177 E–19 EMU of capacitance (abfarad) .............................. farad (F) .................................................................................................1.0 E+09 E+01 EMU of current (abampere) .................................. ampere (A) ............................................................................................1.0 EMU of electric potential (abvolt) ....................... volt (V) ...................................................................................................1.0 E–08 E–09 EMU of inductance (abhenry) .............................. henry (H) ...............................................................................................1.0 EMU of resistance (abohm) .................................. ohm (Ω) .................................................................................................1.0 E–09 E–07 erg (erg) ...................................................................... joule (J) ...................................................................................................1.0 E–07 erg per second (erg/s) .............................................. watt (W) ................................................................................................1.0 erg per square centimeter second |1obrkt1ru|/(cm2 ∙ s)] ............................................ watt per square meter (W/m2) ..........................................................1.0 E–03 ESU of capacitance (statfarad) .............................. farad (F) .................................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 ESU of current (statampere) ................................. ampere (A) ............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 ESU of electric potential (statvolt) ....................... volt (V) ...................................................................................................2.997 925 E+02 ESU of inductance (stathenry) ............................. henry (H) ...............................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 ESU of resistance (statohm) ................................... ohm (Ω) .................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 faraday (based on carbon 12) ................................ coulomb (C) ..........................................................................................9.648 531 fathom (based on U.S survey foot)9 ................... meter (m) ..............................................................................................1.828 804 fermi ........................................................................... meter (m) ..............................................................................................1.0 fermi ........................................................................... femtometer (fm) ..................................................................................1.0 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz) .......................................... cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................2.957 353 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz) .......................................... milliliter (mL) .......................................................................................2.957 353 foot (ft) ...................................................................... meter (m) ..............................................................................................3.048 foot (U.S survey ft)9 ................................................. meter (m) ..............................................................................................3.048 006 footcandle ................................................................. lux (lx) ....................................................................................................1.076 391 footlambert ................................................................ candela per square meter (cd/m2) .....................................................3.426 259 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)13 ................ pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................4.063 666 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)13 ................ kilopascal (kPa) .....................................................................................4.063 666 foot of water (39.2 ºF)13 .......................................... pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................2.988 98 foot of water (39.2 ºF)13 .......................................... kilopascal (kPa) .....................................................................................2.988 98 foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)13 .................. pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................2.989 067 foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)13 .................. kilopascal (kPa) .....................................................................................2.989 067 foot per hour (ft/h) .................................................. meter per second (m/s) ......................................................................8.466 667 foot per minute (ft/min) ........................................ meter per second (m/s) ......................................................................5.08 foot per second (ft/s) ............................................... meter per second (m/s) ......................................................................3.048 foot per second squared (ft/s2) ............................. meter per second squared (m/s2) ......................................................3.048 foot poundal .............................................................. joule (J) ...................................................................................................4.214 011 foot pound-force (ft ∙ lbf ) ...................................... joule (J) ...................................................................................................1.355 818 foot pound-force per hour (ft ∙ lbf/h) ................... watt (W) ................................................................................................3.766 161 foot pound-force per minute (ft ∙ lbf/min) ......... watt (W) ................................................................................................2.259 697 foot pound-force per second (ft ∙ lbf/s) ............... watt (W) ................................................................................................1.355 818 foot to the fourth power (ft4)17 .............................. meter to the fourth power (m4) ........................................................8.630 975 franklin (Fr) .............................................................. coulomb (C) ..........................................................................................3.335 641

E+04 E+00 E–15 E+00 E–05 E+01 E–01 E–01 E+01 E+00 E+04 E+01 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E–05 E–03 E–01 E–01 E–02 E+00 E–04 E–02 E+00 E–03 E–10

gal (Gal) ..................................................................... meter per second squared (m/s2) ......................................................1.0 gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (gal) ....... cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................4.546 09 gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (gal) ....... liter (L) ...................................................................................................4.546 09 gallon (U.S.) (gal) ..................................................... cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................3.785 412 gallon (U.S.) (gal) ..................................................... liter (L) ...................................................................................................3.785 412 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d) .................................. cubic meter per second (m3/s) ..........................................................4.381 264 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d) .................................. liter per second (L/s) ...........................................................................4.381 264 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal / (hp ∙ h)] ...................................................... cubic meter per joule (m3/J) ..............................................................1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal / (hp ∙ h)] ...................................................... liter per joule (L/ J) ..............................................................................1.410 089 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min) ............ cubic meter per second (m3/s) ..........................................................6.309 020 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min) ............ liter per second (L/ s) ..........................................................................6.309 020 gamma (γ) ................................................................. tesla (T) .................................................................................................1.0 gauss (Gs, G) ............................................................ tesla (T) .................................................................................................1.0 gilbert (Gi) ................................................................. ampere (A) ............................................................................................7.957 747

E–02 E–03 E+00 E–03 E+00 E–08 E–05

17

E–09 E–06 E–05 E–02 E–09 E–04 E–01

This is a unit for the quantity second moment of area, which is sometimes called the “moment of section” or “area moment of inertia” of a plane section about a specified axis.

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1-28

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by gill [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (gi) ............... cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................1.420 653 E–04 gill [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (gi) ............... liter (L) ...................................................................................................1.420 653 E–01 gill (U.S.) (gi) ............................................................. cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................1.182 941 E–04 gill (U.S.) (gi) ............................................................. liter (L) ...................................................................................................1.182 941 E–01 gon (also called grade) (gon) .................................. radian (rad) ...........................................................................................1.570 796 E–02 gon (also called grade) (gon) .................................. degree (angle) (°) ..................................................................................9.0 E–01 grain (gr) ................................................................... kilogram (kg) ........................................................................................6.479 891 E–05 grain (gr) ................................................................... milligram (mg) .....................................................................................6.479 891 E+01 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal) .............................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) ....................................................1.711 806 E–02 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal) .............................. milligram per liter (mg/L)...................................................................1.711 806 E+01 gram-force per square centimeter (gf /cm2) ....... pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) ....................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) ....................................................1.0 E+03 hectare (ha) ............................................................... square meter (m2) .................................................................................1.0 horsepower (550 ft ∙ lbf/s) (hp) ............................. watt (W) ................................................................................................7.456 999 horsepower (boiler) ................................................ watt (W) ................................................................................................9.809 50 horsepower (electric) ............................................... watt (W) ................................................................................................7.46 horsepower (metric) ................................................ watt (W) ................................................................................................7.354 988 horsepower (U.K.) ................................................... watt (W) ................................................................................................7.4570 horsepower (water) .................................................. watt (W) ................................................................................................7.460 43 hour (h) ...................................................................... second (s) ...............................................................................................3.6 hour (sidereal) .......................................................... second (s) ...............................................................................................3.590 170 hundredweight (long, 112 lb)................................. kilogram (kg) ........................................................................................5.080 235 hundredweight (short, 100 lb) .............................. kilogram (kg) ........................................................................................4.535 924

E+04 E+02 E+03 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+02 E+03 E+03 E+01 E+01

inch (in) ..................................................................... meter (m) ..............................................................................................2.54 inch (in) ..................................................................... centimeter (cm) ...................................................................................2.54 inch of mercury (32 ºF)13 ........................................ pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................3.386 38 inch of mercury (32 ºF)13 ........................................ kilopascal (kPa) .....................................................................................3.386 38 inch of mercury (60 ºF)13 ........................................ pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................3.376 85 inch of mercury (60 ºF)13......................................... kilopascal (kPa) .....................................................................................3.376 85 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)13 .............. pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................3.386 389 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)13 .............. kilopascal (kPa) .....................................................................................3.386 389 inch of water (39.2 ºF)13 .......................................... pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................2.490 82 inch of water (60 ºF)13 ............................................. pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................2.4884 inch of water, conventional (inH2O)13 ................. pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................2.490 889 inch per second (in/s) .............................................. meter per second (m/s) ......................................................................2.54 inch per second squared (in/s2) ............................ meter per second squared (m/s2) ......................................................2.54 inch to the fourth power (in4)17 ............................ meter to the fourth power (m4) ........................................................4.162 314

E–02 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+00 E+02 E+02 E+02 E–02 E–02 E–07

E+02 kayser (K) .................................................................. reciprocal meter (m-1) .........................................................................1.0 kelvin (K) ................................................................... degree Celsius (ºC) ...............................................................................t / ºC = T/ K – 273.15 kilocalorieIT (kcalIT) ................................................. joule (J) ...................................................................................................4.1868 E+03 kilocalorieth (kcalth) .................................................. joule (J) ...................................................................................................4.184 E+03 kilocalorie (mean) (kcal) ........................................ joule (J) ...................................................................................................4.190 02 E+03 kilocalorieth per minute (kcalth /min) .................. watt (W) ................................................................................................6.973 333 E+01 E+03 kilocalorieth per second (kcalth /s) ........................ watt (W) ................................................................................................4.184 kilogram-force (kgf ) ............................................... newton (N) ............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force meter (kgf ∙ m) .............................. newton meter (N ∙ m) ..........................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2) ............................................................... pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................9.806 65 E+04 kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2) ................................................................ kilopascal (kPa) .....................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 kilogram-force per square meter (kgf/m2) .......... pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2) .............................................................. pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................9.806 65 E+06 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2) .............................................................. megapascal (MPa) ...............................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force second squared per meter (kgf ∙ s2/m).............................................................. kilogram (kg) ........................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilometer per hour (km/h) ..................................... meter per second (m/s) ......................................................................2.777 778 E–01 kilopond (kilogram-force) (kp) ............................. newton (N) ............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilowatt hour (kW ∙ h) ............................................ joule (J) ...................................................................................................3.6 E+06 kilowatt hour (kW ∙ h) ............................................ megajoule (MJ) .....................................................................................3.6 E+00

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Conversion Factors

1-29

To convert from to Multiply by kip (1 kip=1000 lbf ) ................................................ newton (N) ............................................................................................4.448 222 E+03 kip (1 kip=1000 lbf ) ................................................ kilonewton (kN) ..................................................................................4.448 222 E+00 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2) ......................... pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................6.894 757 E+06 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2) ......................... kilopascal (kPa) .....................................................................................6.894 757 E+03 knot (nautical mile per hour) ................................ meter per second (m/s) ......................................................................5.144 444 E–01 lambert18 .................................................................... candela per square meter (cd/m2) .....................................................3.183 099 langley (calth/cm2) .................................................... joule per square meter (J/m2) ............................................................4.184 light year (l.y.)19 ........................................................ meter (m) ..............................................................................................9.460 73 liter (L)20 .................................................................... cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................1.0 lumen per square foot (lm/ft2) .............................. lux (lx) ....................................................................................................1.076 391

E+03 E+04 E+15 E–03 E+01

maxwell (Mx) ........................................................... weber (Wb) ............................................................................................1.0 E–08 E+00 mho ............................................................................ siemens (S) ............................................................................................1.0 microinch .................................................................. meter (m) ..............................................................................................2.54 E–08 microinch .................................................................. micrometer (µm) .................................................................................2.54 E–02 micron (µ) ................................................................. meter (m) ..............................................................................................1.0 E–06 micron (µ) ................................................................. micrometer (µm) .................................................................................1.0 E+00 mil (0.001 in) ............................................................. meter (m) ..............................................................................................2.54 E–05 mil (0.001 in) ............................................................. millimeter (mm) ..................................................................................2.54 E–02 mil (angle) ................................................................. radian (rad) ...........................................................................................9.817 477 E–04 mil (angle) ................................................................. degree (º) ...............................................................................................5.625 E–02 mile (mi) .................................................................... meter (m) ..............................................................................................1.609 344 E+03 mile (mi) .................................................................... kilometer (km) ......................................................................................1.609 344 E+00 mile (based on U.S survey foot) (mi)9 .................. meter (m) ..............................................................................................1.609 347 E+03 E+00 mile (based on U.S survey foot) (mi)9 .................. kilometer (km) ......................................................................................1.609 347 mile, nautical 21 ........................................................ meter (m) ..............................................................................................1.852 E+03 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal) .................. meter per cubic meter (m/m3) ..........................................................4.251 437 E+05 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal) .................. kilometer per liter (km/L) ..................................................................4.251 437 E–01 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal)22 liter per 100 kilometer (L/100 km)..........................................divide 235.215 by number of miles per gallon mile per hour (mi/h) ............................................... meter per second (m/s) ......................................................................4.4704 E–01 mile per hour (mi/h) ............................................... kilometer per hour (km/h) ................................................................1.609 344 E+00 mile per minute (mi/min) ...................................... meter per second (m/s) .......................................................................2.682 24 E+01 mile per second (mi/s) ........................................... meter per second (m/s) .......................................................................1.609 344 E+03 millibar (mbar) ......................................................... pascal (Pa) ..............................................................................................1.0 E+02 E–01 millibar (mbar) ......................................................... kilopascal (kPa) ......................................................................................1.0 millimeter of mercury, conventional (mmHg)13 pascal (Pa) ..............................................................................................1.333 224 E+02 millimeter of water, conventional (mmH2O)13 ...pascal (Pa) ...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 minute (angle) (') ..................................................... radian (rad) ............................................................................................2.908 882 E–04 minute (min) ............................................................ second (s) ................................................................................................6.0 E+01 minute (sidereal) ..................................................... second (s) ................................................................................................5.983 617 E+01 oersted (Oe) .............................................................. ampere per meter (A/m) ......................................................................7.957 747 ohm centimeter (Ω ∙ cm) ......................................... ohm meter (Ω ∙ m) ................................................................................1.0 ohm circular-mil per foot ...................................... ohm meter (Ω ∙ m) ................................................................................1.662 426 ohm circular-mil per foot ...................................... ohm square millimeter per meter (Ω ∙ mm2 /m) ...........................................................................................1.662 426 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz) ......................................... kilogram (kg) .........................................................................................2.834 952 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz) ......................................... gram (g) ..................................................................................................2.834 952 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz) ............................ kilogram (kg) .........................................................................................3.110 348 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz) ............................ gram (g) ..................................................................................................3.110 348 ounce [Canadian and U.K fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz) ...................................................................... cubic meter (m3) ....................................................................................2.841 306 ounce [Canadian and U.K fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz) ....................................................................... milliliter (mL) ........................................................................................2.841 306

E+01 E–02 E–09 E–03 E–02 E+01 E–02 E+01 E–05 E+01

The exact conversion factor is 104/π. This conversion factor is based on 1 d = 86 400 s; and 1 Julian century = 36 525 d. (See The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1995, page K6, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994). 20 In 1964 the General Conference on Weights and Measures reestablished the name “liter” as a special name for the cubic decimeter. Between 1901 and 1964 the liter was slightly larger (1.000 028 dm3); when one uses high-accuracy volume data of that time, this fact must be kept in mind. 21 The value of this unit, 1 nautical mile = 1852 m, was adopted by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference, Monaco, 1929, under the name “International nautical mile.” 22 For converting fuel economy, as used in the U.S., to fuel consumption. 18 19

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1-30

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz) .......................................... cubic meter (m3) ....................................................................................2.957 353 E–05 ounce (U.S fluid) (fl oz) ........................................... milliliter (mL) ........................................................................................2.957 353 E+01 ounce (avoirdupois)-force (ozf ) ............................ newton (N) .............................................................................................2.780 139 E–01 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ∙ in) ............ newton meter (N ∙ m) ...........................................................................7.061 552 E–03 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ∙ in) ............ millinewton meter (mN ∙ m) ..............................................................7.061 552 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic inch (oz/ in3) ..... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) .....................................................1.729 994 E+03 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (oz/gal)...................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) .....................................................6.236 023 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (oz/gal)...................................... gram per liter (g/L) ...............................................................................6.236 023 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz/gal) .... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) .....................................................7.489 152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz/gal) ..... gram per liter (g/L) ...............................................................................7.489 152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per square foot (oz/ ft2)...... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) ...................................................3.051 517 E–01 ounce (avoirdupois) per square inch (oz/ in2) ... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) ...................................................4.394 185 E+01 ounce (avoirdupois) per square yard(oz/yd2) .... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) ...................................................3.390 575 E–02 parsec (pc) ................................................................ meter (m) ...............................................................................................3.085 678 peck (U.S.) (pk) ........................................................ cubic meter (m3) ....................................................................................8.809 768 peck (U.S.) (pk) ........................................................ liter (L) ....................................................................................................8.809 768 pennyweight (dwt) ................................................... kilogram (kg) .........................................................................................1.555 174 pennyweight (dwt) ................................................... gram (g) ..................................................................................................1.555 174 perm (0 ºC) ............................................................... kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m2)] ...............................................................................5.721 35 perm (23 ºC) ............................................................. kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m2)] ................................................................................5.745 25 perm inch (0 ºC) ...................................................... kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m)] .................................................................................1.453 22 perm inch (23 ºC) ..................................................... kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m)] .................................................................................1.459 29 phot (ph) ................................................................... lux (lx) ....................................................................................................1.0 pica (computer) (1/6 in) ......................................... meter (m) ..............................................................................................4.233 333 pica (computer) (1/6 in) ......................................... millimeter (mm) ..................................................................................4.233 333 pica (printer’s) .......................................................... meter (m) ..............................................................................................4.217 518 pica (printer’s) .......................................................... millimeter (mm) ..................................................................................4.217 518 pint (U.S dry) (dry pt) .............................................. cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................5.506 105 pint (U.S dry) (dry pt) .............................................. liter (L) ...................................................................................................5.506 105 pint (U.S liquid) (liq pt) .......................................... cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................4.731 765 pint (U.S liquid) (liq pt) .......................................... liter (L) ...................................................................................................4.731 765 point (computer) (1/72 in) ..................................... meter (m) ..............................................................................................3.527 778 point (computer) (1/72 in) ..................................... millimeter (mm) ..................................................................................3.527 778 point (printer’s) ........................................................ meter (m) ..............................................................................................3.514 598 point (printer’s) ........................................................ millimeter (mm) ..................................................................................3.514 598 poise (P) .................................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s) ..........................................................................1.0 pound (avoirdupois) (lb)23 ..................................... kilogram (kg) ........................................................................................4.535 924 pound (troy or apothecary) (lb) ........................... kilogram (kg) ........................................................................................3.732 417 poundal ..................................................................... newton (N) ............................................................................................1.382 550 poundal per square foot ......................................... pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................1.488 164 poundal second per square foot ........................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s) ..........................................................................1.488 164 pound foot squared (lb ∙ ft2) .................................. kilogram meter squared (kg ∙ m2) .....................................................4.214 011 pound-force (lbf )24 ................................................... newton (N) ............................................................................................4.448 222 pound-force foot (lbf ∙ ft) ....................................... newton meter (N ∙ m) ..........................................................................1.355 818 pound-force foot per inch (lbf ∙ ft/in) ................. newton meter per meter (N ∙ m/m) .................................................5.337 866 pound-force inch (lbf ∙ in) ...................................... newton meter (N ∙ m) ..........................................................................1.129 848 pound-force inch per inch (lbf ∙ in/in) ................ newton meter per meter (N ∙ m/m) .................................................4.448 222 pound-force per foot (lbf/ft) ................................. newton per meter (N/m) ....................................................................1.459 390 pound-force per inch (lbf/in) ................................. newton per meter (N/m) ....................................................................1.751 268 pound-force per pound (lbf/lb) (thrust to mass ratio) ........................... newton per kilogram (N/kg) .............................................................9.806 65 pound-force per square foot (lbf/ft2) ................... pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................4.788 026 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2) ........ pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................6.894 757 23 24

E+16 E–03 E+00 E–03 E+00 E–11 E–11 E–12 E–12 E+04 E–03 E+00 E–03 E+00 E–04 E–01 E–04 E–01 E–04 E–01 E–04 E–01 E–01 E–01 E–01 E–01 E+00 E+00 E–02 E+00 E+00 E+01 E–01 E+00 E+01 E+02 E+00 E+01 E+03

The exact conversion factor is 4.535 923 7 E–01. All units that contain the pound refer to the avoirdupois pound unless otherwise specified. If the local value of the acceleration of free fall is taken as gn=9.806 65 m/ s2 (the standard value), the exact conversion factor is 4.448 221 615 260 5 E+00.

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Conversion Factors

1-31

To convert from to Multiply by pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2) ........ kilopascal (kPa) .....................................................................................6.894 757 E+00 pound-force second per square foot (lbf ∙ s/ft2) .............................................................. pascal second (Pa ∙ s) ..........................................................................4.788 026 E+01 pound-force second per square inch (lbf ∙ s/in2) ............................................................ pascal second (Pa ∙ s) ..........................................................................6.894 757 E+03 pound inch squared (lb ∙ in2) ................................. kilogram meter squared (kg ∙ m2) .....................................................2.926 397 E–04 pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3) ................................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) ....................................................1.601 846 E+01 pound per cubic inch (lb/in3) ................................ kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) ....................................................2.767 990 E+04 pound per cubic yard (lb/yd3) ............................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) ....................................................5.932 764 E–01 pound per foot (lb/ft) ............................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m) ................................................................1.488 164 E+00 pound per foot hour [lb/(ft ∙ h)] ........................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s) ..........................................................................4.133 789 E–04 pound per foot second [lb/(ft ∙ s)] ......................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s) ..........................................................................1.488 164 E+00 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (lb/gal) ..................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) ....................................................9.977 637 E+01 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K (Imperial)] (lb/gal) ..................................... kilogram per liter (kg/L) .....................................................................9.977 637 E–02 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal) ............................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) ....................................................1.198 264 E+02 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal) ............................. kilogram per liter (kg/L) .....................................................................1.198 264 E–01 pound per horsepower hour [lb/(hp ∙ h)] ........... kilogram per joule (kg/J) ....................................................................1.689 659 E–07 pound per hour (lb/h) ............................................ kilogram per second (kg/s) ................................................................1.259 979 E–04 pound per inch (lb/in) ............................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m) ................................................................1.785 797 E+01 pound per minute (lb/min) ................................... kilogram per second (kg/s) ................................................................7.559 873 E–03 pound per second (lb/s) ......................................... kilogram per second (kg/s) ................................................................4.535 924 E–01 pound per square foot (lb/ft2) ............................... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) ..................................................4.882 428 E+00 pound per square inch (not pound-force) (lb/in2) ................................................................... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2) ..................................................7.030 696 E+02 pound per yard (lb/yd) ........................................... kilogram per meter (kg/m) ................................................................4.960 546 E–01 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2) ........ pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................6.894 757 E+03 E+00 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2) ........ kilopascal (kPa) .....................................................................................6.894 757 quad (1015 BtuIT)11 ..................................................... joule (J) ...................................................................................................1.055 056 quart (U.S dry) (dry qt) .......................................... cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................1.101 221 quart (U.S dry) (dry qt) .......................................... liter (L) ...................................................................................................1.101 221 quart (U.S liquid) (liq qt) ........................................ cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................9.463 529 quart (U.S liquid) (liq qt) ........................................ liter (L) ...................................................................................................9.463 529

E+18 E–03 E+00 E–04 E–01

rad (absorbed dose) (rad) ...................................... gray (Gy) ................................................................................................1.0 rem (rem) .................................................................. sievert (Sv) ............................................................................................1.0 revolution (r) ............................................................ radian (rad) ...........................................................................................6.283 185 revolution per minute (rpm) (r/min) ................... radian per second (rad/s) ...................................................................1.047 198 rhe .............................................................................. reciprocal pascal second [(Pa ∙ s)–1] ..................................................1.0 rod (based on U.S survey foot) (rd)9 ..................... meter (m) ..............................................................................................5.029 210 roentgen (R) .............................................................. coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) ............................................................2.58 rpm (revolution per minute) (r/min) ................... radian per second (rad/s) ...................................................................1.047 198

E–02 E–02 E+00 E–01 E+01 E+00 E–04 E–01

second (angle) (") ..................................................... radian (rad) ...........................................................................................4.848 137 second (sidereal) ...................................................... second (s) ...............................................................................................9.972 696 shake ........................................................................... second (s) ...............................................................................................1.0 shake ........................................................................... nanosecond (ns) ...................................................................................1.0 slug (slug) ................................................................... kilogram (kg) ........................................................................................1.459 390 slug per cubic foot (slug/ft3) ................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) ....................................................5.153 788 slug per foot second [slug/(ft ∙ s)] ......................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s) ..........................................................................4.788 026 square foot (ft2) ........................................................ square meter (m2) .................................................................................9.290 304 square foot per hour (ft2/h) ................................... square meter per second (m2/s) .........................................................2.580 64 square foot per second (ft2/s) ................................ square meter per second (m2/s) .........................................................9.290 304 square inch (in2) ....................................................... square meter (m2) .................................................................................6.4516 square inch (in2) ....................................................... square centimeter (cm2) ......................................................................6.4516 square mile (mi2) ...................................................... square meter (m2) .................................................................................2.589 988 square mile (mi2) ...................................................... square kilometer (km2) ........................................................................2.589 988 square mile (based on U.S survey foot) (mi2)9 ..................... square meter (m2) .................................................................................2.589 998 square mile (based on U.S survey foot) (mi2)9 ..................... square kilometer (km2) ........................................................................2.589 998

E–06 E–01 E–08 E+01 E+01 E+02 E+01 E–02 E–05 E–02 E–04 E+00 E+06 E+00

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1-32

Conversion Factors

To convert from to Multiply by square yard (yd2) ....................................................... square meter (m2) .................................................................................8.361 274 E–01 statampere ................................................................ ampere (A) ............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 statcoulomb .............................................................. coulomb (C) ..........................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 statfarad .................................................................... farad (F) .................................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 stathenry ................................................................... henry (H) ...............................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 statmho ..................................................................... siemens (S) ............................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 statohm....................................................................... ohm (Ω) .................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 statvolt ....................................................................... volt (V) ...................................................................................................2.997 925 E+02 stere (st) ..................................................................... cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................1.0 E+00 stilb (sb) ...................................................................... candela per square meter (cd/m2) .....................................................1.0 E+04 stokes (St) .................................................................. meter squared per second (m2/s) ......................................................1.0 E–04 tablespoon ................................................................. cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................1.478 676 tablespoon ................................................................. milliliter (mL) .......................................................................................1.478 676 teaspoon .................................................................... cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................4.928 922 teaspoon .................................................................... milliliter (mL) .......................................................................................4.928 922 tex ............................................................................... kilogram per meter (kg/m) ................................................................1.0 therm (EC)25 .............................................................. joule (J) ...................................................................................................1.055 06 therm (U.S.)25 ........................................................... joule (J) ...................................................................................................1.054 804 ton, assay (AT) ......................................................... kilogram (kg) ........................................................................................2.916 667 ton, assay (AT) ......................................................... gram (g) .................................................................................................2.916 667 ton-force (2000 lbf ) ................................................. newton (N) ............................................................................................8.896 443 ton-force (2000 lbf ) ................................................. kilonewton (kN) ..................................................................................8.896 443 ton, long (2240 lb) ................................................... kilogram (kg) ........................................................................................1.016 047 ton, long, per cubic yard ........................................ kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) ....................................................1.328 939 ton, metric (t)............................................................. kilogram (kg) ........................................................................................1.0 tonne (called “metric ton” in U.S.) (t) .................. kilogram (kg) ........................................................................................1.0 ton of refrigeration (12 000 BtuIT /h) ................... watt (W) ................................................................................................3.516 853 ton of TNT (energy equivalent)26 ......................... joule (J) ...................................................................................................4.184 ton, register .............................................................. cubic meter (m3) ...................................................................................2.831 685 ton, short (2000 lb) ................................................. kilogram (kg) ........................................................................................9.071 847 ton, short, per cubic yard ...................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3) ....................................................1.186 553 ton, short, per hour .................................................. kilogram per second (kg/s) ................................................................2.519 958 torr (Torr) ................................................................. pascal (Pa) .............................................................................................1.333 224

E–05 E+01 E–06 E+00 E–06 E+08 E+08 E–02 E+01 E+03 E+00 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+09 E+00 E+02 E+03 E–01 E+02

unit pole ..................................................................... weber (Wb) ............................................................................................1.256 637

E–07

watt hour (W ∙ h) ..................................................... joule (J) ...................................................................................................3.6 watt per square centimeter (W/cm2) .................... watt per square meter (W/m2) ..........................................................1.0 watt per square inch (W/in2) ................................. watt per square meter (W/m2) ..........................................................1.550 003 watt second (W ∙ s) .................................................. joule (J) ...................................................................................................1.0

E+03 E+04 E+03 E+00

yard (yd) .................................................................... meter (m) ..............................................................................................9.144 year (365 days) .......................................................... second (s) ...............................................................................................3.1536 year (sidereal) ............................................................ second (s) ...............................................................................................3.155 815 year (tropical) ........................................................... second (s) ...............................................................................................3.155 693

E–01 E+07 E+07 E+07

The therm (EC) is legally defined in the Council Directive of 20 December 1979, Council of the European Communities (now the European Union, EU). The therm (U.S.) is legally defined in the Federal Register of July 27, 1968. Although the therm (EC), which is based on the International Table Btu, is frequently used by engineers in the United States, the therm (U.S.) is the legal unit used by the U.S natural gas industry. 26 Defined (not measured) value. 25

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CONVERSION OF TEMPERATURES From Celsius

Fahrenheit

Kelvin Rankine

To Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine Celsius Kelvin Rankine Celsius Rankine Fahrenheit Kelvin

tF/˚F = (9/5) t/˚C + 32 T/K = t/˚C + 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) (t/˚C + 273.15) t/˚C = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] T/K = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] + 273.15 T/˚R = tF/˚F + 459.67 t/˚C = T/K - 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) T/K tF/˚F = T/˚R - 459.67 T/K = (5/9) T/˚R

Definition of symbols: T = thermodynamic (absolute) temperature t = Celsius temperature (the symbol θ is also used for Celsius temperature) tF = Fahrenheit temperature Designation of Large Numbers U.S.A.

Other countries

6

million

million

109

billion

milliard

10

1012

trillion

billion

1015

quadrillion

billiard

1018

quintillion

trillion

100100

googol

10googol

googolplex

1-33

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ENERGY UNITS If greater accuracy is required, use the Energy Equivalents section of the Fundamental Physical Constants table.

‒

Wavenumber v cm–1 v: 1 cm–1 1 v: 1 MHz  3.33564 × 10–5 1 aJ  50341.1 E: 1 eV  8065.54 Eh  219474.63 Em: 1 kJ/mol  83.5935 1 kcal/  349.755 mol T: 1 K  0.695039

‒

Frequency v MHz 2.997925 × 104 1 1.509189 × 109 2.417988 × 108 6.579684 × 109 2.506069 × 106 1.048539 × 107

Energy E aJ 1.986447 × 10–5 6.626076 × 10–10 1 0.1602177 4.359748 1.660540 × 10–3 6.947700 × 10–3

Energy E eV 1.239842 × 10–4 4.135669 × 10–9 6.241506 1 27.2114 1.036427 × 10–2 4.336411 × 10–2

Energy E Eh 4.556335 × 10–6 1.519830 × 10–10 0.2293710 3.674931 × 10–2 1 3.808798 × 10–4 1.593601 × 10–3

2.08367 × 104 1.380658 × 10–5 8.61738 × 10–5 3.16683 × 10–6

Molar energy Em kJ/mol 11.96266 × 10–3 3.990313 × 10–7 602.2137 96.4853 2625.500 1 4.184

Molar energy Em Temperature T kcal/mol K 2.85914 × 10–3 1.438769 9.53708 × 10–8 4.79922 × 10–5 143.9325 7.24292 × 104 23.0605 1.16045 × 104 627.510 3.15773 × 105 0.239006 120.272 1 503.217

8.31451 × 10–3

1.98722 × 10–3

1

Examples of the use of this table: 1 aJ  50341 cm–1 1 eV  96.4853 kJ mol–1 The symbol  should be read as meaning corresponds to or is equivalent to.

‒

E = hv = hcv = kT; Em = NAE; Eh is the Hartree energy

1-34

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR PRESSURE UNITS Pa kPa MPa bar atmos Torr µmHg psi

Pa 1 1000 1000000 100000 101325 133.322 0.133322 6894.757

kPa 0.001 1 1000 100 101.325 0.133322 0.000133322 6.894757

MPa 0.000001 0.001 1 0.1 0.101325 0.000133322 1.33322 × 10–7 0.006894757

bar 0.00001 0.01 10 1 1.01325 0.00133322 1.33322 × 10–6 0.06894757

To convert a pressure value from a unit in the left hand column to a new unit, multiply the value by the factor appearing in the column for the new unit. For example: 1 kPa = 9.8692 × 10–3 atmos 1 Torr = 1.33322 × 10–4 MPa

atmos 9.8692 × 10–6 0.0098692 9.8692 0.98692 1 0.00131579 1.31579 × 10–6 0.068046

Torr 0.0075006 7.5006 7500.6 750.06 760 1 0.001 51.7151

µmHg 7.5006 7500.6 7500600 750060 760000 1000 1 51715.1

psi 0.0001450377 0.1450377 145.0377 14.50377 14.69594 0.01933672 1.933672 × 10–5 1

Notes: µmHg is often referred to as “micron” Torr is essentially identical to mmHg psi is an abbreviation for the unit pound–force per square inch psia (as a term for a physical quantity) implies the true (absolute) pressure psig implies the true pressure minus the local atmospheric pressure

1-35

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY UNITS MULTIPLY ↓ by appropriate factor to OBTAIN→ BtuIT h–1 ft–1 °F–1 BtuIT in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1 Btuth h–1 ft–1 °F–1 Btuth in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1 calIT s–1 cm–1 °C–1 calth s–1 cm–1 °C–1 kcalth h–1 m–1 °C–1 J s–1 cm–1 K–1 W cm–1 K–1 W m–1 K–1 mW cm–1 K–1

BtuIT h–1 ft–1 °F–1

BtuIT in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1

Btuth h–1 ft–1 °F–1

Btuth in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1

calIT s–1 cm–1 °C–1

calth s–1 cm–1 °C–1

kcalth h–1 m–1 °C–1

J s–1 cm–1 K–1

W cm–1 K–1 W m–1 K–1

mW cm–1 K–1

1

12

1.00067

12.0080

4.13379×10–3

4.13656×10–3

1.48916

1.73073×10–2

1.73073×10–2 1.73073

17.3073

8.33333×10–2

1

8.33891×10–2

1.00067

3.44482×10–4

3.44713×10–4

0.124097

1.44228×10–3

1.44228×10–3 0.144228

1.44228

0.999331

11.9920

1

12

4.13102×10

4.13379×10

1.48816

1.72958×10

1.72958×10

17.2958

8.32776×10–2

0.999331

8.33333×10–2

1

3.44252×10–4

3.44482×10–4

0.124014

1.44131×10–3

1.44131×10–3 0.144131

2.41909×102

2.90291×103

2.42071×102

2.90485×103

1

1.00067

3.60241×102

4.1868

4.1868

4.1868×102 4.1868×103

2.41747×102

2.90096×103

2.41909×102

2.90291×103

0.999331

1

3.6×102

4.184

4.184

4.184×102

4.184×103

0.671520 57.7789 57.7789 0.577789 5.77789×10–2

8.05824 6.93347×102 6.93347×102 6.93347 0.693347

0.671969 57.8176 57.8176 0.578176 5.78176×10–2

8.06363 6.93811×102 6.93811×102 6.93811 0.693811

2.77592×10–3 0.238846 0.238846 2.38846×10–3 2.38846×10–4

2.77778×10–3 0.239006 0.239006 2.39006×10–3 2.39006×10–4

1 86.0421 86.0421 0.860421 8.60421×10–2

1.16222×10–2 1 1 1×10–2 1×10–3

1.16222×10–2 1 1 1×10–2 1×10–3

1.16222 1×102 1×102 1 0.1

11.6222 1×103 1×103 10 1

–3

–3

–2

–2

1.72958

1.44131

1-36

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY UNITS To convert FROM ↓ multiply by appropriate

factor to OBTAIN →

abohm centimeter microohm centimeter ohm centimeter statohm centimeter (esu) ohm meter ohm circular mil per foot ohm inch ohm foot

abΩ cm

1 103 108 8.987 × 1020 1011 1.662 × 102 2.54 × 109 3.048 × 1010

µΩ cm 1 × 10–3 1 106 8.987 × 1017 108 1.662 × 10–1 2.54 × 106 3.048 × 107

Ω cm

10–9 10–6 1 8.987 × 1011 102 1.662 × 10–7 2.54 3.048 × 10–1

StatΩ cm 1.113 × 10–21 1.113 × 10–18 1.113 × 10–12 1 1.113 × 10–10 1.850 × 10–19 2.827 × 10–12 3.3924 × 10–11

Ωm

10–11 10–8 1 × 10–2 8.987 × 109 1 1.662 × 10–9 2.54 × 10–2 3.048 × 10–1

Ω cir. mil ft–1 6.015 × 10–3 6.015 6.015 × 106 5.406 × 1018 6.015 × 108 1 1.528 × 107 1.833 × 108

Ω in. 3.937 × 10–10 3.937 × 10–7 3.937 × 10–1 3.538 × 1011 3.937 × 101 6.54 × 10–6 1 12

Ω ft 3.281 × 10–11 3.281 × 10–6 3.281 × 10–2 2.949 × 1010 3.281 5.45 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–2 1

1-37

HC&P_S01.indb 37

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR CHEMICAL KINETICS Equivalent Second Order Rate Constants B A 1 cm3 mol-1 s-1 = 1 dm3 mol-1 s-1 = 1 m3 mol-1 s-1 = 1cm3 molecule -1s-1 = 1 (mm Hg)-1 s-1 = 1 atm-1 s-1 1 ppm-1 min-1 = at 298 K, 1 atm total pressure 1 m2 kN-1s-1 =

cm3 mol-1s-1 1 103 106 6.023 × 1023 6.236 × 104 T 82.06 T 4.077 × 108

dm3 mol-1s-1 10-3 1 103 6.023 × 1020 62.36 T 8.206 × 10-2 T 4.077 × 105

m3 mol-1s-1 10-6 10-3 1 6.023 × 1017 6.236 × 10-2 T 8.206 × 10-5 T 407.7

cm3 molecule-1s-1 1.66 × 10-24 1.66 × 10-21 1.66 × 10-18 1 1.035 × 10-19 T 1.362 × 10-22 T 6.76 × 10-16

(mm Hg)-1s-1 1.604 × 10-5 T-1 1.604 × 10-2 T-1 16.04 T-1 9.658 × 1018T-1 1 1.316 × 10-3 21.93

atm-1s-1 1.219 × 10-2 T-1 12.19 T-1 1.219 × 104 T-1 7.34 × 1021 T-1 760 1 1.667 × 104

ppm-1min-1 2.453 × 10-9 2.453 × 10-6 2.453 × 10-3 1.478 × 1015 4.56 × 10-2 6 × 10-5 1

m2 kN-1s-1 1.203 × 10-4 T-1 1.203 × 10-1 T-1 120.3 T-1 7.244 × 1019T-1 7.500 9.869 × 10-3 164.5

8314 T

8.314 T

8.314 × 10-3 T

1.38 × 10-20 T

0.1333

101.325

6.079 × 10-3

1

To convert a rate constant from one set of units A to a new set B find the conversion factor for the row A under column B and multiply the old value by it, e.g.. to convert cm3 molecule-1 s-1 to m3 mol-1 s-1 multiply by 6.023 × 1017. Table adapted from High Temperature Reaction Rate Data No. 5, The University, Leeds (1970). Equivalent Third Order Rate Constants B A 1 cm6 mol-2 s-1= 1 dm6 mol-2 s-1 = 1 m6 mol-2 s-1= 1cm6 molecule –2s-1= 1 (mm Hg)-2 s-1 = 1 atm-2 s-1 = 1 ppm-2 min-1= at 298K, 1 atm total pressure 1 m1 kN-2s-1=

cm6 mol-2s-1 1 106 1012 3.628 × 1047 3.89 × 109 T2 6.733 × 103 T2 9.97 × 1018

dm6 mol-1s-1 10-6 1 106 3.628 × 1041 3.89 × 103 T2 6.733 × 10-3 T2 9.97 × 1012

m6 mol-2 s-1 10-12 10-6 1 3.628 × 1035 3.89 × 10-3 T2 6.733 × 10-9 T2 9.97 × 106

cm6 molecule-2 s-1 2.76 × 10-48 2.76 × 10-42 2.76 × 10-36 1 1.07 × 10-38T2 1.86 × 10-44T2 2.75 × 10-29

6.91 × 107 T2

6.91 T2

69.1 × 10-5 T2

1.904 × 10-40 T2 0.0178

(mm Hg)-2 s-1 2.57 × 10-10T-2 2.57 × 10-4T-2 257 T-2 9.328 × 1037T-2 1 1.73 × 10-6 2.89 × 104

atm-2 s-1 1.48 ×10-4 T-2 148 T-2 1.48 ×108T-2 5.388 × 1043T-2 5.776 × 105 1 1.667 × 1010

ppm-2 min-1 1.003 × 10-19 1.003 × 10-13 1.003 × 10-7 3.64 × 1028 3.46 × 10-5 6 × 10-11 1

m4 kN-2s-1 1.477 × 10-8T-2 1.477 × 10-2T-2 1.477 × 104T-2 5.248 × 1039T-2 56.25 9.74 × 10-5 1.623 × 106

1.027 × 104

6.16 × 10-7

1

From J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 470, 1980, by permission of the authors and the copyright owner, the American Institute of Physics.

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HC&P_S01.indb 38

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CONVERSION FACTORS FOR IONIZING RADIATION Conversion Between SI and Other Units

Quantity Activity Absorbed dose Absorbed dose rate Average energy per ion pair Dose equivalent Dose equivalent rate Electric current Electric potential difference Exposure Exposure rate

Symbol for quantity Expression in SI units A 1 per second D joule per kilogram · joule per kilogram D second W joule H ˙ H I U, V X X

Expression Special in symbols name for for SI units SI units s–1 becquerel J kg–1 gray J kg–1 s–1

J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

coulomb per kilogram coulomb per kilogram second 1 per meter squared

C kg–1 C kg–1 s–1

φ

Fluence rate

Φ

Kerma Kerma rate

K  K

Lineal energy

y

1 per meter squared second joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second joule per meter

Linear energy transfer

L

joule per meter

A W A–1

J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

Mass energy transfer coefficient

µtr/ρ

meter squared per kilogram

m2 kg–1

Mass energy absorption coefficient Mass stopping power

µen/ρ

meter squared per kilogram

m2 kg–1

joule meter squared per kilogram

J m2 kg–1

Specific energy

1.602 × 10–19 J

sievert

rem rem per second

rem rem s–1

0.01 Sv 0.01 Sv s–1

volt

ampere volt

A V

1.0 A 1.0 V

roentgen roentgen

R R s–1

2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 s–1

cm–2

1.0 × 104 m–2

cm–2 s–1

1.0 × 104 m–2 s–1

Gy Gy s–1

1 per centimeter squared 1 per centimeter squared second rad rad per second

rad rad s–1

0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1

keV µm–1

1.602 × 10–10 J m–1

keV µm–1

1.602 × 10–10 J m–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

MeV cm2 g–1

1.602 × 10–14 J m2 kg–1

W Pa

kiloelectron volt per micrometer kiloelectron volt per micrometer centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram MeV centimeter squared per gram watt torr

W torr

1.0 W (101325/760)Pa

molecules (100 eV)–1

1.04 × 10–7 mol J–1

Gy

molecules per 100 electron volts rad

rad

0.01 Gy

Sv Sv s–1 V

gray

J m–1 m2 kg–1

Radiation chemical yield

eV

J m–1

meter squared per kilogram

P p

electronvolt

m–2 s–1

µ/ρ

Power Pressure

Value of conventional unit in SI units 3.7 × 1010 Bq 0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1

m–2

Mass attenuation coefficient

S/ρ

Symbol for conventional unit Ci rad rad s–1

J

joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second ampere watt per ampere

Fluence

Symbols using special Conventional names units Bq curie Gy rad Gy s–1 rad

G

joule per second newton per meter squared mole per joule

J s–1 N m–2 mol J–1

z

joule per kilogram

J kg–1

watt pascal

gray

1-39

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5/2/05 8:33:58 AM

Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation

1-40

Conversion of Radioactivity Units from MBq to mCi and µCi MBq 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 900 800

mCi 189. 162. 135. 108. 81. 54. 27. 24. 21.6

MBq 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 90 80

mCi 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7 2.4 2.16

MBq 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 9 8

mCi 1.89 1.62 1.35 1.08 810 540 270 240 220

MBq 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.9 0.8

mCi 189 162 135 108 81 54 27 24 21.6

MBq 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

mCi 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7

Conversion of Radioactivity Units from mCi and µCi to MBq mCi 200 150 100 90 80 70 60 50

MBq 7400 5550 3700 3330 2960 2590 2220 1850

MBq 1480 1110 740 370 333 296 259 222

mCi 40 30 20 10 9 8 7 6

5 4 3 2 1

mCi

MBq 185 148 111 74.0 37.0

µCi 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300

MBq 37.0 33.3 29.6 25.9 22.2 18.5 14.8 11.1

MBq 7.4 3.7 3.33 2.96 2.59 2.22 1.85 1.48

µCi 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40

µCi 30 20 10 5 2 1

MBq 1.11 0.74 0.37 0.185 0.074 0.037

Conversion of Radioactivity Units 100 TBq (1014 Bq) 10 TBq (1013 Bq) 1 TBq (1012 Bq) 100 GBq (1011 Bq) 10 GBq (1010 Bq) 1 GBq (109 Bq) 100 MBq (108 Bq) 10 MBq (107 Bq) 1 MBq (106 Bq)

= = = = = = = = =

2.7 kCi (2.7 × 103 Ci) 270 Ci (2.7 × 102 Ci) 27 Ci (2.7 × 101 Ci) 2.7 Ci (2.7 × 100 Ci) 270 mCi (2.7 × 10–1 Ci) 27 mCi (2.7 × 10–2 Ci) 2.7 mCi (2.7 × 10–3 Ci) 270 µCi (2.7 × 10–4 Ci) 27 µCi (2.7 × 10–5 Ci)

100 kBq (105 Bq) 10 kBq (104 Bq) 1 kBq (103 Bq) 100 Bq (102 Bq) 10 Bq (101 Bq) 1 Bq (100 Bq) 100 mBq (10–1 Bq) 10 mBq (10–2 Bq) 1 mBq (10–3 Bq)

= = = = = = = = =

2.7 µCi (2.7 × 10–6Ci) 270 nCi (2.7 × 10–7 Ci) 27 nCi (2.7 × 10–8 Ci) 2.7 nCi (2.7 × 10–9 Ci) 270 pCi (2.7 × 10–10 Ci) 27 pCi (2.7 × 10–11 Ci) 2.7 pCi (2.7 × 10–12 Ci) 270 fCi (2.7 × 10–13 Ci) 27 fCi (2.7 × 10–14 Ci)

Conversion of Absorbed Dose Units SI Units 100 Gy (102 Gy) 10 Gy (101 Gy) 1 Gy (100 Gy) 100 mGy (10–1 Gy) 10 mGy (10–2 Gy) 1 mGy (10–3 Gy)

= = = = = =

Conventional 10,000 rad (104 rad) 1,000 rad (103 rad) 100 rad (102 rad) 10 rad (101 rad) 1 rad (100 rad) 100 mrad (10–1 rad)

SI Units 100 µGy (10–4 Gy) 10 µGy (10–5 Gy) 1 µGy (10–6 Gy) 100 nGy (10–7 Gy) 10 nGy (10–8 Gy) 1 nGy (10–9 Gy)

= = = = = =

Conventional 10 mrad (10–2 rad) 1 mrad (10–3 rad) 100 µrad (10–4 rad) 10 µrad (10–5 rad) 1 µrad (10–6 rad) 100 nrad (10–7 rad)

= = = = = =

10 mrem (10–2 rem) 1 mrem (10–3 rem) 100 µrem (10–4 rem) 10 µrem (10–5 rem) 1 µrem (10–6 rem) 100 nrem (10–7 rem)

Conversion of Dose Equivalent Units 100 Sv (102 Sv) 10 Sv (101 Sv) 1 Sv (100 Sv) 100 mSv (10–1 Sv) 10 mSv (10–2 Sv) 1 mSv (10–3 Sv)

HC&P_S01.indb 40

= = = = = =

10,000 rem (104 rem) 1,000 rem (103 rem) 100 rem (102 rem) 10 rem (101 rem) 1 rem (100 rem) 100 mrem (10–1 rem)

100 µSv (10–4 Sv) 10 µSv (10–5 Sv) 1 µSv (10–6 Sv) 100 nSv (10–7 Sv) 10 nSv (10–8 Sv) 1 nSv (10–9 Sv)

5/2/05 8:33:59 AM

VALUES OF THE GAS CONSTANT IN DIFFERENT UNIT SYSTEMS 1 torr (mm Hg) = 133.322 Pa [at 0°C] 1 in Hg = 3386.38 Pa [at 0°C] 1 in H2O = 249.082 Pa [at 4°C] 1 ft H2O = 2988.98 Pa [at 4°C]

In SI units the value of the gas constant, R, is: R

= 8.314472 Pa m K mol = 8314.472 Pa L K-1 mol-1 = 0.08314472 bar L K-1 mol-1 3

-1

-1

This table gives the appropriate value of R for use in the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT, when the variables are expressed in other units. The following conversion factors for pressure units were used in generating the table: 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 psi = 6894.757 Pa Units of V, T, n T n K mol lb·mol °R mol lb·mol K mol cm3 lb·mol °R mol lb·mol L K mol lb·mol °R mol lb·mol K mol m3 lb·mol °R mol lb·mol

V ft3

kPa 0.2936228 133.1851 0.1631238 73.99170 8314.472 3771381 4619.151 2095211 8.314472 3771.381 4.619151 2095.211 0.008314472 3.771381 0.004619151 2.095211

atm 0.00289784 1.31443 0.00160990 0.730242 82.0574 37220.6 45.5875 20678.1 0.0820574 37.2206 0.0455875 20.6781 0.0000820574 0.0372206 0.0000455875 0.0206781

Reference Mohr, P. J., and Taylor, B. N., “The 2002 CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 1, 2005. See also

psi 0.0425864 19.3168 0.0236591 10.7316 1205.91 546993 669.951 303885 1.20591 546.993 0.669951 303.885 0.00120591 0.546993 0.000669951 0.303885

Units of P mmHg 2.20236 998.973 1.22353 554.984 62363.8 282878000 34646.5 15715400 62.3638 28287.8 34.6465 15715.4 0.0623638 28.2878 0.0346465 15.7154

in Hg 0.0867070 39.3296 0.0481706 21.8498 2455.27 1113690 1364.03 618717 2.45527 1113.69 1.36403 618.717 0.00245527 1.11369 0.00136403 0.618717

in H2O 1.17881 534.704 0.654900 297.058 33380.4 15141100 18544.7 8411730 33.3804 15141.1 18.5447 8411.73 0.0333804 15.1411 0.0185447 8.41173

ft H2O 0.0982351 44.5587 0.0545751 24.7548 2781.71 1261760 1545.39 700979 2.78171 1261.76 1.54539 700.979 0.00278171 1.26176 0.00154539 0.700979

1-41

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S01_17.indd 1

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS 1 Group IA

1 H

2

13 IIIB IIIA

New Notation Previous IUPAC Form CAS Version

IIA

14 IVB IVA

15 VB VA

16 VIB VIA

17 VIIB VIIA

18 VIIIA

+1 -1

2 He

1.00794 1

3 Li

4.002602 2 +1

6.941 2-1

11 Na

4 Be

+2

+1

12 Mg

5 B

Key to Chart Atomic Number Symbol 2001 Atomic Weight

9.012182 2-2

22.989770 2-8-1

+2 +4

50 Sn

Oxidation States

118.710 -18-18-4

3 IIIA IIIB

24.3050 2-8-2

4 IVA IVB

5 VA VB

6 VIA VIB

7 VIIA VIIB

8

10.811 2-3

Electron Configuration

+2

9 VIIIA VIII

10

11 IB IB

+3

13 Al

12 IIB IIB

6 C

+2 +4 -4

12.0107 2-4 +3

26.981538 2-8-3

14 Si

7 N 14.0067 2-5

+2 +4 -4

28.0855 2-8-4

15 P 30.973761 2-8-5

+2 26 +2 24 +2 25 +2 27 +2 28 +2 29 +1 30 +2 31 +3 32 +2 33 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 +3 Co Ni Cu +2 Zn Ga Ge +4 As +4 Fe +4 Cr +6 Mn +7 +5 39.0983 40.078 44.955910 47.867 50.9415 51.9961 63.546 65.409 69.723 72.64 74.92160 58.933200 58.6934 54.938049 55.845 -8-8-1 -8-8-2 -8-9-2 -8-10-2 -8-11-2 -8-13-1 -8-14-2 -8-16-2 -8-18-1 -8-18-2 -8-18-3 -8-18-4 -8-18-5 -8-13-2 -8-15-2 +1 +2 +3 +4 +3 +6 +3 +3 +2 +1 +2 +3 +2 +4 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 +3 +6 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb +5 Mo Tc Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn +4 Sb +7 Ru

19 K

+1

85.4678 -18-8-1

55 Cs

(223) -18-8-1

20 Ca

+2

87.62 -18-8-2 +1

132.90545 -18-8-1

87 Fr

Shell 0

+1

56 Ba

(226) -18-8-2

* Lanthanides

+3

88.90585 -18-9-2 +2

137.327 -18-8-2

88 Ra

21 Sc

57* La

+3

138.9055 -18-9-2 +2

89** Ac

+3

(227) -18-9-2

58 Ce

** Actinides

+2 +3 +4

91.224 -18-10-2

72 Hf

+4

178.49 -32-10-2

104 Rf

+3 +4

59 Pr

+4

+3

140.90765 -21-8-2 +4

232.0381 -18-10-2

91 Pa

23 V

92.90638 -18-12-1

(261) -32-10-2

140.116 -19-9-2

90 Th

22 Ti

+5 +4

231.03588 -20-9-2

73 Ta

+5

95.94 -18-13-1

74 W

(98) -18-13-2 +6

75 Re

101.07 -18-15-1 +4 +6 +7

102.90550 -18-16-1 +3 +4

76 Os

77 Ir

+3 +4

106.42 -18-18-0

78 Pt

107.8682 -18-18-1 +2 +4

79 Au

+1 +3

112.411 -18-18-2

80 Hg

114.818 -18-18-3 +1 +2

81 Tl

118.710 -18-18 -4 +1 +3

+2 +4

52 Te

+3 +5

190.23 -32-14-2

192.217 -32-15-2

195.078 -32-17-1

196.96655 200.59 -32-18-1 -32-18-2

105 Db

106 Sg

107 Bh

108 Hs

109 Mt

110 Ds

111 Rg

112 Uub

114 Uuq

116 Uuh

(262) -32-11-2

(266) -32-12-2

(264) -32-13-2

(277) -32-14-2

(268) -32-15-2

(271) -32-16-2

(272)

(285)

(289)

(289)

144.24 -22-8-2

+3

(145) -23-8-2

92 +3 93 +4 U +5 Np +6 238.02891 (237) -21-9-2 -22-9-2

62 Sm

+2 +3

150.36 -24-8-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

94 Pu (244) -24-8-2

63 Eu

+2 +3

151.964 -25-8-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

95 Am (243) -25-8-2

64 Gd

+3

157 .25 -25-9-2 +3 +4 +5 +6

96 Cm (247) -25-9-2

65 Tb

+3

158.92534 -27-8-2 +3

97 Bk

+3 +4

(247) -27-8-2

66 Dy

+3

162.500 -28-8-2

98 Cf (251) -28-8-2

67 Ho

+3

68 Er

+3

164.93032 167.259 -29-8-2 -30-8-2 +3

99 Es (252) -29-8-2

+3

100 Fm (257) -30-8-2

69 Tm

+3

208.98038 -32-18-5

84 Po

70 Yb

168.93421 173.04 -31-8-2 -32-8-2 +3

101 Md (258) -31-8-2

+2 +3

102 No (259) -32-8-2

+2 +4

(209) -32-18-6

+2 +3

71 Lu

35 Br 79.904 -8-18-7

+4 +6 -2

127.60 -18-18-6

186.207 -32-13-2

61 Pm

+4 +6 -2

78.96 -8-18-6 +3 +5 -3

121.760 -18-18-5

83 Bi

34 Se

183.84 -32-12-2

+3

207.2 -32-18-4

+3 +5 -3

180.9479 -32-11-2

60 Nd

204.3833 -32-18-3

82 Pb

103 Lr

Metallic solids Non-metallic solids 4/29/05 3:00:36 PM

Liquids Gases

36 Kr

86 Rn

(210) -32-18-7

(222) -32-18-8

K-L

K-L-M

0

83.798 -8-18-8

85 At

-L-M-N

-M-N-O

0

-N-O-P

-O-P-Q +3

174.967 -32-9-2 +2 +3

+1 +5 -1

+1 54 0 53 +5 I +7 Xe -1 126.90447 131.293 -18-18-7 -18-18-8

-N-O-P +3

(262) -32-8-3

The new IUPAC format numbers the groups from 1 to 18. The previous IUPAC numbering system and the system used by Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) are also shown. For radioactive elements that do not occur in nature, the mass number of the most stable isotope is given in parentheses. Elements 112, 114, and 116 have been reported but not confirmed. References 1. G. J. Leigh, Editor, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. 2. Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27, 1985. 3. Atomic Weights of the Elements, 2001, Pure & Appl. Chem., 75, 1107, 2003.

K

+1 8 -2 9 -1 10 0 +2 F Ne +3 O +4 +5 -1 18.9984032 20.1797 -2 15.9994 2-7 2-8 -3 2-6 +3 16 +4 17 +1 18 0 +5 +6 +5 -3 S -2 Cl +7 Ar -1 32.065 35.453 39.948 2-8-6 2-8-7 2-8-8

-O-P-Q

UNITS FOR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES Quantity Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction Magnetic flux Magnetic potential difference, magnetomotive force Magnetic field strength, magnetizing force (Volume) magnetization g (Volume) magnetization Magnetic polarization, intensity of magnetization (Mass) magnetization Magnetic moment Magnetic dipole moment (Volume) susceptibility (Mass) susceptibility (Molar) susceptibility Permeability Relative permeabilityj (Volume) energy density, energy product k Demagnetization factor a. b. c.

d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k.

Symbol

Gaussian & cgs emu a

Conversion factor, C b

SI & rationalized mks c

gauss (G) d maxwell (Mx), G ⋅ cm2

10-4 10-8

tesla (T), Wb/m2 weber (Wb), volt second (V ⋅ s)

U, F

gilbert (Gb)

10/4π

ampere (A)

H M 4πM

oersted (Oe),e Gb/cm emu/cm3 h G

103/4π 103 103/4π

A/mf A/m A/m

J, I σ, M

emu/cm3 emu/g

4π × 10-4 1 4π × 10-7 10-3 4π × 10-10 4π (4π)2 × 10-7

T, Wb/m2 i A⋅m2/kg Wb⋅m/kg A ⋅m2, joule per tesla (J/T) Wb⋅mi dimensionless henry per meter (H/m), Wb/(A⋅m) m3/kg H⋅m2/kg m3/mol H⋅m2/mol H/m, Wb/(A⋅m) dimensionless

B Φ

m j χ,κ χρ,κρ

emu, erg/G emu, erg/G dimensionless, emu/cm3 cm3/g, emu/g

χmol, κmol cm3/mol, emu/mol µ µr

dimensionless not defined

W D, N

erg/cm3 dimensionless

4π × 10-3 (4π)2 × 10-10 4π × 10-6 (4π)2 × 10-13 4π × 10-7 10-1 1/4π

J/m3 dimensionless

Gaussian units and cgs emu are the same for magnetic properties. The defining relation is B = H + 4πM. Multiply a number in Gaussian units by C to convert it to SI (e.g., 1 G × 10–4 T/G = 10–4 T). SI (Système International d’Unités) has been adopted by the National Bureau of Standards. Where two conversion factors are given, the upper one is recognized under, or consistent with, SI and is based on the definition B = µ0(H + M), where µ0 = 4π × 10–7 H/m. The lower one is not recognized under SI and is based on the definition B = µ0 H + J, where the symbol I is often used in place of J. 1 gauss = 105 gamma (γ). Both oersted and gauss are expressed as cm–1/2⋅g1/2⋅s–1 in terms of base units. A/m was often expressed as “ampere–turn per meter” when used for magnetic field strength. Magnetic moment per unit volume. The designation “emu” is not a unit. Recognized under SI, even though based on the definition B = µ0H + J. See footnote c. µr = µ/µ0 = 1+χ, all in SI. µris equal to Gaussian µ. B⋅H and µ0 M⋅H have SI units J/m3; M⋅H and B⋅H/4π have Gaussian units erg/cm3.

R. B. Goldfarb and F. R. Fickett, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80303, March 1985, NBS Special Publication 696. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.

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SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) have jointly developed a set of recommended symbols for physical and chemical quantities. Consistent use of these recommended symbols helps assure unambiguous scientific communication. The list below is reprinted from Reference 1 with permission from IUPAC. Full details may be found in the following references: 1. Ian Mills, Ed., Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. 2. E. R. Cohen and P. Giacomo, Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, and Fundamental Constants in Physics, Document IUPAP–25, 1987; also published in Physica, 146A 1–68, 1987. 3. ISO Standards Handbook 2: Units of Measurement, International Organization of Standardization, Geneva, 1982.

GENERAL RULES The value of a physical quantity is expressed as the product of a numerical value and a unit, e.g.: T = 300 K V = 26.2 cm3 Cp = 45.3 J mol-1 K-1

Name Space and Time cartesian space coordinates spherical polar coordinates generalized coordinate position vector length special symbols: height breadth thickness distance radius diameter path length length of arc area volume plane angle solid angle time period frequency circular frequency, angular frequency characteristic time interval, relaxation time, time constant angular velocity velocity

Symbol x, y, z r, θ, φ q, qi r l h b d, δ d r d s s A, As, S V, (υ) α, β, γ, θ, φ… ω, Ω t T v, f ω τ, T ω υ, u, w, c, r˙

The symbol for a physical quantity is always given in italic (sloping) type, while symbols for units are given in roman type. Column headings in tables and axis labels on graphs may conveniently be written as the physical quantity symbol divided by the unit symbol, e.g.: T/K V/cm3 Cp/J mol-1 K-1 The values in the table or graph axis are then pure numbers. Subscripts to symbols for physical quantities should be italic if the subscript refers to another physical quantity or to a number, e.g.: Cp – heat capacity at constant pressure Bn – nth virial coefficient Subscripts which have other meanings should be in roman type: mp – mass of the proton Ek – kinetic energy The following tables give the recommended symbols for the major classes of physical and chemical quantities. The expression in the Definition column is given as an aid in identifying the quantity but is not necessarily the complete or unique definition. The SI Unit gives one (not necessarily unique) expression for the coherent SI unit for the quantity. Other equivalent unit expressions, including those which involve SI prefixes, may be used.

Definition

r = xi + yj + zk

SI unit m m, 1, 1 (varies) m m

T = t/N v = 1/T ω = 2πv

m2 m3 rad, 1 sr, 1 s s Hz rad s–1, s–1

τ = |dt/dlnx| ω= dφ/dt υ = dr/dt

s rad s–1, s–1 m s–1

α = s/r ω = A/r2

2-1

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2-2 Name speed acceleration Classical Mechanics mass reduced mass density, mass density relative density surface density specific volume momentum angular momentum, action moment of inertia force torque, moment of a force energy potential energy kinetic energy work Hamilton function Lagrange function pressure surface tension weight gravitational constant normal stress shear stress linear strain, relative elongation modulus of elasticity, Young’s modulus shear strain shear modulus volume strain, bulk strain bulk modulus, compression modulus viscosity, dynamic viscosity fluidity kinematic viscosity friction coefficient power sound energy flux acoustic factors reflection factor acoustic absorption factor transmission factor dissipation factor Electricity and Magnetism quantity of electricity, electric charge charge density surface charge density electric potential electric potential difference electromotive force electric field strength electric flux electric displacement capacitance permittivity permittivity of vacuum relative permittivity dielectric polarization (dipole moment per volume) electric susceptibility electric dipole moment

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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol υ, u, w, c a, (g) m µ ρ d ρA, ρS υ p L I, J F T, (M) E Ep, V, Φ Ek, T, K W, w H L p, P γ, σ G, (W, P) G σ τ ε, e E γ G θ K η, µ φ v µ, (f ) P P, Pa ρ αa, (α) τ δ Q ρ σ V, φ U, ∆V, ∆φ E E Ψ D C ε ε0 εr P χe p, µ

Definition v = |υ| a = dυ/dt

SI unit m s–1 m s–2

Ep = ∫F ∙ ds Ek = 1/2mv2 W = ∫F ∙ ds H(q, p) = T (q, p) + V(q) L(q, ˙q) = T (q, ˙q) – V (q) p = F/A y = dW/dA G = mg F = Gm1 m2/r2 σ = F/A τ = F/A ε = ∆l/l E = σ/ε γ = ∆x/d G = τ/γ θ = ∆V/V0 K = – V0(dp/dV) τx,z = η(dvx/dz) φ = 1/η v = η/ρ Ffrict = µFnorm P = dW/dt P = dE/dt

kg kg kg m–3 1 kg m–2 m3 kg–1 kg m s–1 Js kg m2 N Nm J J J J J J Pa, N m–2 N m–1, J m –2 N N m2 kg –2 Pa Pa 1 Pa 1 Pa 1 Pa Pa s m kg –1 s m2 s–1 1 W W

ρ = Pr/P0 αa = 1 – ρ τ = Ptr/P0 δ = αa – τ

1 1 1 1

ρ = Q/V σ = Q/A V = dW/dQ U = V2 – V1 E = ∫(F/Q) ∙ ds E = F/Q = – grad V Ψ = ∫D ∙ dA D = εE C = Q/U D = εE ε0 = µ0–1 c0–2 εr = ε/ε0 P = D – ε0E

C C m–3 C m–2 V, J C–1 V V V m–1 C C m–2 F, C V–1 F m–1 F m–1 1 C m–2

χe = εr – 1 p = Qr

1 Cm

µ = m1m2/(m1 + m2) ρ = m/V d = ρ/ρ ρA = m/A υ = V/m = 1/ρ p = mv L=r×p I = Σmiri2 F = dp/dt = ma T=r×F

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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name electric current electric current density magnetic flux density, magnetic induction magnetic flux magnetic field strength permeability permeability of vacuum relative permeability magnetization (magnetic dipole moment per volume) magnetic susceptibility molar magnetic susceptibility magnetic dipole moment electrical resistance conductance loss angle reactance impedance (complex impedance) admittance (complex admittance) susceptance resistivity conductivity self–inductance mutual inductance magnetic vector potential Poynting vector

Symbol I j, J B Φ H µ µ0 µr

Definition I = dQ/dt I = ∫j ∙ dA F = Qv × B Φ = ∫B ∙ dA B = µH B = µH µr = µ/µ0

SI unit A A m–2 T A m–2 A m–2 N A–2, H m–1 H m–1 1

M χ, κ, (χm) χm m, µ R G δ X Z Y B ρ κ, γ, σ L M, L1 2 A S

M = B/µ0 – H χ = µr – 1 χm = Vmχ Ep = – m ∙ B R = U/I G = 1/R δ = (π/2) + φI – φU X = (U/I)sin δ Z = R + iX Y = 1/Z Y = G + iB ρ = E/j κ = 1/ρ E = – L(dI/dt) E1 = L1 2(dI2 /dt) B=∇×A S=E×H

A m–1 1 m3 mol–1 A m2, J T–1 Ω S 1, rad Ω Ω S S Ωm S m–1 H H Wb m–1 W m–2

Quantum Mechanics momentum operator

p˙

p˙ = – ih∇

m–1 J s

kinetic energy operator

Tˆ

Tˆ = –(h2/2m)∇2

J

Ĥ = Tˆ + V Ĥψ = Eψ P = ψ*ψ ρ = – eP S = – iћ(ψ*∇ψ – ψ∇ψ*)/2me j = – eS Aij = ∫ψi*Âψjdτ 〈A〉 = ∫ψ*ÂΨdτ (†)ij = (Aji)*

J (m–3/2) (m–3) (C m–3) (m–2 s–1) (A m–2) (varies) (varies) (varies)

Hamiltonian operator wavefunction, state function probability density charge density of electrons probability current density electric current density of electrons matrix element of operator  expectation value of operator  hermitian conjugate of Â

ˆ commutator of  and B anticommutator spin wavefunction coulomb integral resonance integral overlap integral Atoms and Molecules nucleon number, mass number proton number, atomic number neutron number electron rest mass mass of atom, atomic mass atomic mass constant mass excess elementary charge, proton charge Planck constant Planck constant/2π Bohr radius Hartree energy Rydberg constant fine structure constant

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2-3

Ĥ Ψ, ψ, φ P ρ S j Aij, 〈i|Â|j〉 〈A〉, Ā †

ˆ ], [Â, Bˆ ]– [Â, B ˆ ]+ [Â, B α; β HAA HAB SAB

A Z N me ma , m mu ∆ e h ћ a0 Eh R∞ α

ˆ ] = Â Bˆ – Bˆ Â [Â B

(varies)

ˆ ] = Â Bˆ + Bˆ Â [Â, B +

(varies) 1 J J 1

HAA = ∫ψA*ĤψAdτ HAB = ∫ψA*ĤψBdτ SAB = ∫ψA*ψBdτ

N=A–Z

mu = ma(12C)/12 ∆ = ma – Amu ћ = h/2π a0 = 4πε0ћ2/mee2 Eћ = ћ2/mea02 R∞ = Eh/2hc α = e2/4πε0ћc

1 1 1 kg kg kg kg C Js Js m J m–1 1

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2-4 Name ionization energy electron affinity dissociation energy from the ground state from the potential minimum principal quantum number (H atom) angular momentum quantum numbers magnetic dipole moment of a molecule magnetizability of a molecule Bohr magneton nuclear magneton magnetogyric ratio (gyromagnetic ratio) g factor Larmor circular frequency Larmor frequency longitudinal relaxation time transverse relaxation time electric dipole moment of a molecule quadrupole moment of a molecule quadrupole moment of a nucleus electric field gradient tensor quadrupole interaction energy tensor electric polarizability of a molecule activity (of a radioactive substance) decay (rate) constant, disintegration (rate) constant half life mean life level width disintegration energy cross section (of a nuclear reaction) Spectroscopy total term transition wavenumber transition frequency electronic term vibrational term rotational term

Symbol Ei Eea Ed, D D0 De n see under Spectroscopy m,µ ξ µB µN γ g ωL vL T1 T2 p, µ Q; Θ eQ q χ α A λ t1/2, T1/2 τ Γ Q σ T ~ v, (v) v Te G F

Definition

E = – hcR/n2 Ep = – m ∙ B m = ξB µB = eћ/2me µN = (me/mp)µB γ = µ/L ωL = (e/2m)B vL = ωL/2π Ep = – p ∙ E Ep = 1/2Q: V˝ = 1/3Θ: V˝ eQ = 2 ∙ 〈ΘZZ 〉 qαβ = – ∂2V/∂α∂β χαβ = eQqαβ p (induced) = αE A = – dNB/dt A = γNB Γ = ħ/τ

T = Etot /hc ~ v = T´ – T˝ v = (E´ – E˝)/h Te = Ee/hc G = Evib/hc F = Erot/hc

J J J J J 1

SI unit

J T–1 J T–2 J T–1 J T–1 C kg–1 1 s –1 Hz s s Cm C m2 C m2 V m–2 J C m2 V–1 Bq s –1 s s J J m2 m–1 m–1 Hz m–1 m–1 m–1

spin orbit coupling constant principal moments of inertia rotational constants,

A I A; IB; IC

Ts.o. = A〈 Lˆ ∙ Ŝ〉 I A ≤ IB≤ IC

m–1 kg m2

in wavenumber in frequency inertial defect asymmetry parameter

; B  ; C A A; B; C ∆ κ

à = h/8π2cI A A = h/8π2I A ∆ = IC – I A – IB

m–1 Hz kg m2 1

centrifugal distortion constants, S reduction A reduction harmonic vibration wavenumber vibrational anharmonicity constant vibrational quantum numbers Coriolis zeta constant angular momentum quantum numbers degeneracy, statistical weight electric dipole moment of a molecule transition dipole moment of a molecule molecular geometry, interatomic distances, equilibrium distance zero–point average distance

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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities

DJ ; DJK ; DK ; d1 ; d2 ∆J ; ∆JK ; ∆K ; δJ ; δK ωe ; ωr ωexe ; xrs ; gu’ υr ; lt ζrsα see additional information below g, d, β p, µ M, R re rz

κ=

(2B − A − C ) (A − C)

m–1 m–1 m–1 m–1 1 1

Ep = – p ∙ E M = ∫ψ´pψ˝dτ

1 Cm Cm m m

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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name ground state distance substitution structure distance vibrational coordinates, internal coordinates symmetry coordinates normal coordinates mass adjusted dimensionless vibrational force constants, diatomic polyatomic, internal coordinates symmetry coordinates dimensionless normal coordinates nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetogyric ratio shielding constant chemical shift, δ scale (indirect) spin–spin coupling constant direct (dipolar) coupling constant longitudinal relaxation time transverse relaxation time electron spin resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR, EPR), magnetogyric ratio g factor hyperfine coupling constant, in liquids in solids Angular momentum electron orbital one electron only electron spin one electron only electron orbital + spin

Symbol r0 rs

2-5 Definition

SI unit m m

Ri , ri , θj , etc. Si

(varies) (varies)

Qr qr

kg1/2 m 1

f, (k) fij Fij φrst…, krst… γ σA δ JAB DAB T1 T2 γ g a, A T Operator symbol

f = ∂2V/∂r2

J m–2

fij = ∂2V/∂ri∂rj Fij = ∂2V/∂Si∂Sj

(varies) (varies) m–1

γ = µ/Iħ BA = (1 – σA)B δ = 106(v – v0)/v0 Ĥ/h = JAB Î A ∙ ÎB

C kg–1 1 1 Hz Hz s s

γ = µ/sħ hν = gµBB

C kg–1 1

Ĥhfs /h = aŜ ∙ Î Ĥhfs /h = Ŝ ∙ T ∙ Î

Hz Hz

Quantum number symbol Total Z–axis

Lˆ lˆ Ŝ ŝ

L

ML

Л

l S s

ml MS ms

λ Σ σ

Lˆ + Ŝ

Ω=Л+∑

nuclear orbital (rotational)

Rˆ

R

nuclear spin internal vibrational

Iˆ

I

lˆ

l(lζ)

spherical top other

z-axis

KR, kR MI Kl

ĵ, πˆ

l(lζ)

sum of R + L(+ j) sum of N + S

Nˆ Ĵ

N J

sum of J + I

Fˆ

MJ

F

MF

Symbol λ

Definition

K, k K, k

Electromagnetic Radiation Name wavelength speed of light in vacuum in a medium wavenumber in vacuum wavenumber (in a medium) frequency circular frequency, pulsatance refractive index Planck constant

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c0 c v~ σ v ω n h

c = c0/n v~= v/c0 = 1/nλ σ = 1/λ v = c/λ ω = 2πv n = c0/c

SI unit m m s–1 m s–1 m–1 m–1 Hz s–1, rad s –1 1 Js

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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities

2-6 Name Planck constant/2π radiant energy radiant energy density spectral radiant energy density in terms of frequency

Symbol ħ Q, W ρ, w

Definition ħ = h/2π

ρv , wv

ρv , wv

ρ = dρ/dv ρν = dρ / dν

J m–2

in terms of wavelength Einstein transition probabilities spontaneous emission

ρλ , wλ

ρλ = dρ/dλ

J m–4

dNn/dt = – AnmNn

s–1

stimulated emission stimulated absorption radiant power, radiant energy per time radiant intensity radiant exitance (emitted radiant flux) irradiance, (radiant flux received) emittance Stefan–Boltzmann constant first radiation constant second radiation constant transmittance, transmission factor absorptance, absorption factor reflectance, reflection factor (decadic) absorbance napierian absorbance absorption coefficient (linear) decadic (linear) napierian molar (decadic) molar napierian

Bnm Bmn Φ, P I M E, (I) ε σ c1 c2 τ, T α ρ A B

dNn/dt = – ρ v (vnm ) × BnmNn dNn/dt = – ρ v (vnm ) BmnNm Φ = dQ/dt I = dΦ/dΩ M = dΦ/dAsource E = dΦ/dA ε = M/Mbb Mbb = σT4 c1 = 2πhc02 c2 = hc0/k τ = Φtr /Φ0 α = Φabs /Φ0 ρ = Φrefl /Φ0 A = –lg(1 – αi) B = –ln(1 – αi)

s kg–1 s kg–1 W W sr–1 W m–2 W m–2 1 W m–2 K–4 W m2 Km 1 1 1 1 1

a, K α ε κ

a = A/l α = B/l ε = a/c = A/cl κ = α/c = B/cl

m–1 m–1 m2 mol–1 m2 mol–1

in terms of wavenumber

J m–3 Hz–1

absorption index

k

k = α/4π v

1

complex refractive index

nˆ

nˆ = n + ik

1

molar refraction angle of optical rotation Solid State lattice vector fundamental translation vectors for the crystal lattice (circular) reciprocal lattice vector (circular) fundamental translation vectors for the reciprocal lattice lattice plane spacing Bragg angle order of reflection order parameters short range long range Burgers vector particle position vector equilibrium position vector of an ion displacement vector of an ion Debye–Waller factor Debye circular wavenumber Debye circular frequency Grüneisen parameter

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Anm

ρ = Q/V

SI unit Js J J m–3

R, Rm

R=

(n − 1) Vm (n 2 + 2 ) 2

α R, R0 a1 ; a2 ; a3 , a; b; c

m3 mol–1 1, rad

R = n1a1 + n2 a2 + n3 a3

m m

G b1 ; b2 ; b3 , a*; b*; c*

G ∙ R = 2πm ai ∙ bk = 2πδik

m–1 m–1

d θ n

nλ = 2d sin θ

m 1, rad 1

σ s b r, Rj R0 u B, D qD ωD γ, Γ

γ = αV/κCv

Madelung constant

α, M

Ecoul =

density of states (spectral) density of vibrational modes

NE Nω, g

NE = dN(E)/dE Nω = dN(ω)/dω

u = R – R0

αN A z + z _ e 2 4 πε 0 R0

1 1 m m m m 1 m–1 s–1 1 1 J–1 m–3 s m–3

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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name resistivity tensor conductivity tensor thermal conductivity tensor residual resistivity relaxation time Lorenz coefficient Hall coefficient thermoelectric force Peltier coefficient Thomson coefficient work function number density, number concentration gap energy donor ionization energy acceptor ionization energy Fermi energy circular wave vector, propagation vector Bloch function charge density of electrons effective mass mobility mobility ratio diffusion coefficient diffusion length characteristic (Weiss) temperature Curie temperature Néel temperature

Symbol ρik σik λik ρR τ L AH , RH E Π µ, (τ) Φ n, (p) Eg Ed Ea EF , εF k, q uk(r) ρ m* µ b D L

Definition E=ρ∙j σ = ρ–1 Jq = – λ ∙ grad T

µ = υdrift/E b = µn/µp dN/dt = – DA(dn/dx)

SI unit Ωm S m–1 W m–1 K–1 Ωm s V2 K–2 m3 C–1 V V V K–1 J m–3 J J J J m–1 m–3/2 C m–3 kg m2 V–1 s–1 1 m2 s–1

L = Dτ

m

τ = l/υF L = λ/σT E = ρ ∙ j + RH(B × j)

Φ = E∞ – EF

k = 2π/λ ψ(r) = uk(r) exp(ik · r) ρ(r) = – eψ*(r)ψ(r)

θ, θw TC TN

K K K

N

1

Statistical Thermodynamics number of entities number density of entities, number concentration Avogadro constant Boltzmann constant gas constant (molar) molecular position vector molecular velocity vector molecular momentum vector velocity distribution function (Maxwell)

n, C L, NA k, kB R r (x, y, z) c(cx , cy , cz), u(ux , uy , uz ) p(px , py, pz ) f(cx )

speed distribution function (Maxwell– Boltzmann)

F(c)

average speed generalized coordinate generalized momentum volume in phase space probability statistical weight, degeneracy density of states partition function, sum over states, for a single molecule

2-7

c , u , 〈c〉, 〈u〉 q p Ω P g, d, W, ω, β ρ(E) q, z

n = N/V

R = Lk c = dr/dt p = mc f(cx ) = (m/2πkT)1/2 × exp ( – mcx2/2kT) F(c) = (m/2πkT)3/2 × 4πc2exp ( – mc2/2kT) c = ∫cF(c)dc p = ∂L/∂q Ω = (1/h)∫pdq

ρ(E) = dN/dE q = ∑ g i exp( – ε i /kT )

m–3 mol–1 J K–1 J K–1 mol–1 m m s–1 kg m s–1 m–1 s m–1 s m s–1 (m) (kg m s–1) 1 1 1 J–1 1

i

for a canonical ensemble (system, or assembly) microcanonical ensemble grand (canonical ensemble) symmetry number reciprocal temperature parameter characteristic temperature

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Q, Z Ω Ξ σ, s β Θ

β = 1/kT

1 1 1 1 J–1 K

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2-8 Name General Chemistry number of entities (e.g. molecules, atoms, ions, formula units) amount (of substance) Avogadro constant mass of atom, atomic mass mass of entity (molecule, or formula unit) atomic mass constant molar mass relative molecular mass (relative molar mass, molecular weight) molar volume mass fraction volume fraction mole fraction, amount fraction, number fraction (total) pressure partial pressure mass concentration (mass density) number concentration, number density of entities amount concentration, concentration solubility molality (of a solute) surface concentration stoichiometric number extent of reaction, advancement degree of dissociation Chemical Thermodynamics heat work internal energy enthalpy thermodynamic temperature Celsius temperature entropy Helmholtz energy, (Helmholtz function) Gibbs energy, (Gibbs function) Massieu function Planck function surface tension molar quantity X specific quantity X pressure coefficient relative pressure coefficient compressibility, isothermal isentropic linear expansion coefficient cubic expansion coefficient heat capacity, at constant pressure at constant volume ratio of heat capacities Joule–Thomson coefficient second virial coefficient compression factor (compressibility factor) partial molar quantity X chemical potential (partial molar Gibbs energy) absolute activity

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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol

Definition

N

SI unit 1

mu = ma(12C)/12 MB = m/nB Mr,B = mB /mu

mol mol–1 kg kg kg kg mol–1 1

Vm w φ

Vm ,B = V/nB wB = mB /Σmi φB = VB /ΣVi

m3 mol–1 1 1

x, y p, P pB γ, ρ

xB = nB /Σni

1 Pa Pa kg m–3

n L, NA ma, m mf , m mu M Mr

C, n c s m, (b) Γ v ξ α

nB = NB /L

pB = yB p γB = mB /V CB = NB /V cB = nB /V sB = cB (saturated solution) mB = nB /mA ΓB = nB/A ∆ξ = ∆nB /vB

m–3 mol m–3 mol m–3 mol kg–1 mol m–2 1 mol 1

q, Q w, W U H T θ, t S A G J Y γ, σ Xm x β αp

θ/ºC = T/K – 273.15 dS ≥ dq/T A = U – TS G = H – TS J = – A/T Y = – G/T γ = (∂G/∂As )T , p Xm = X/n x = X/m β = (∂p/∂T)v αp = (1/p)(∂p/∂T)V

J J J J K ºC J K–1 J J J K–1 J K–1 J m–2, N m–1 (varies) (varies) Pa K–1 K–1

κT κS αl α, αV , γ

κT = – (1/V)(∂V/∂p)T κS = – (1/V)(∂V/∂p)S αl = (1/l)(∂l/∂T) α = (1/V)(∂V/∂T)p

Pa–1 Pa–1 K–1 K–1

Cp CV γ, (κ) µ, µJT B Z XB, (X´B ) µ

Cp = (∂H/∂T)p CV = (∂U/∂T)V γ = Cp/CV µ = (∂T/∂p)H pVm = RT(1 + B/Vm + …) Z = pVm /RT XB = (∂X/∂nB )T, p, nj ≠ B µB = (∂G/∂nB ) T, p, nj ≠ B

J K–1 J K–1 1 K Pa–1 m3 mol–1 1 (varies) J mol–1

λB = exp (µB /RT)

1

λ

∆U = q+ w H = U + pV

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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities standard chemical potential

Symbol µ , µo

Definition

SI unit

J mol–1

φ

Name

2-9

standard partial molar entropy

SB

SB = – (∂µB /∂T)p

J mol–1 K–1

standard reaction enthalpy

∆ rH

standard reaction entropy

∆rS

equilibrium constant equilibrium constant,

K ,K

φ

φ

φ

A, (A)

A = −(∂G / ∂ξ) p ,T = − ∑ νB µ B

J mol–1

∆ r H = ∑ νB H B

J mol–1

∆ r S = ∑ ν B SB

J mol–1 K–1

B

φ

B

φ

φ

φ

φ

B

φ

φ

φ

J mol–1

B

φ

affinity of reaction

∆ r G* = ∑ νB µ B φ

φ

∆rG

φ

standard reaction Gibbs energy (function)

φ

J mol–1

φ

HB = µB + TSB φ

HB

φ

standard partial molar enthalpy

K = exp( – ∆rG /RT)

1

pressure basis

Kp

K p = ∏pB νB

PaΣv

concentration basis

Kc

K c = ∏cB νB

(mol m–3)Σv

molality basis

Km

K m = ∏mB νB

(mol kg–1)Σv

f, p~

f B = λ B lim ( pB / λ B )T

Pa

fugacity coefficient activity and activity coefficient referenced to Raoult’s law, (relative) activity activity coefficient activities and activity coefficients referenced to Henry’s law, (relative) activity, molality basis

B

B

p→0

φ a

φB = fB /pB

1 1

f

fB = aB/xB

1

 µ − µB  am,B = exp  B  RT 

1

am

 µ − µB *  aB = exp  B  RT 

φ

fugacity

B

ac

 µ − µB *  ac,B = exp  B  RT 

1

mole fraction basis

ax

 µ − µB *  ax ,B = exp  B  RT 

1

γm

am, B = γm, BmB/m

γc γx

ac, B = γc, BcB/c ax, B = γx, BxB

1 1

Im , I Ic , I

Im = ½ ΣmBzB2 Ic = ½ ΣcBzB2

mol kg–1 mol m–3

φm = (µA* – µA )/(RTMAΣmB) φx = (µA – µA *)/(RT1nxA) Π = cBRT (ideal dilute solution)

1 1

φ

φ

concentration basis

concentration basis mole fraction basis ionic strength, molality basis concentration basis osmotic coefficient, molality basis mole fraction basis osmotic pressure

φm φx Π

φ

molality basis

φ

activity coefficient,

(i) Symbols used as subscripts to denote a chemical process or reaction These symbols should be printed in roman (upright) type, without a full stop (period). vaporization, evaporation (liquid → gas) sublimation (solid → gas) melting, fusion (solid → liquid) transition (between two phases) mixing of fluids solution (of solute in solvent) dilution (of a solution) adsorption displacement immersion

S02_01.indd 9

1

Pa

vap sub fus trs mix sol dil ads dpl imm

5/3/05 10:57:39 AM

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities

2-10

(ii) Recommended superscripts

Symbol reaction in general atomization combustion reaction formation reaction

Definition

SI unit

r at c f ,º * ∞ id ‡

standard pure substance infinite dilution ideal activated complex, transition state excess quantity

φ

Name

E

Chemical Kinetics rate of change of quantity X

(varies)

ξ

ξ = dξ/dt

mol s–1

rB,vB

rB = dcB/dt

mol m–3 s–1

v nB n k k, kB t1/2 τ Ea , E A ∆‡V d σ ZA ZAB, ZAA zAB, zAA

 v = ξ /V = vB–1dcB/dt v = kΠcBnB n = ΣnB v = kΠcBnB c(t1/2) = c0/2 τ = 1/(k1 + k–1) Ea = RT2 d ln k/dT k = A exp( – Ea /RT) ∆‡V = – RT × (∂ln k/∂p)T dAB = rA + rB σAB = πdAB2

∆ H , ∆H

standard entropy of activation standard Gibbs energy of activation quantum yield, photochemical yield

∆ S , ∆S ∆‡G , ∆G‡ φ

Electrochemistry elementary charge (proton charge) Faraday constant charge number of an ion ionic strength

e F z Ic , I

zAB = ZAB/LcAcB

mol m–3 s–1 1 1 (mol–1 m3)n – 1 s–1 J K–1 s s J mol–1 (mol–1 m3)n – 1 s–1 m3 mol–1 m m2 s–1 m–3 s–1 m3 mol–1 s–1 J mol–1 J mol–1 K–1 J mol–1 1

‡

C C mol-1 1 mol m–3

F=eL zB = QB/e Ic = ½ Σcizi2

1 mol kg–1 1 1

∆V, E, U

∆V = VR – VL

V

E

E = lim ∆V

V

E E

I →0

= – ∆rG /nF = (RT/nF) ln K

pH φ

E=E

φ

φ

E

φ

standard electrode potential emf of the cell, potential of the electrochemical cell reaction pH

φ

E

φ

a± = m±γ±/m m±(v+ + v–) = m+v+m–v– γ±(v+ + v–) = γ+v+γ–v–

φ

a± m± γ± n, (z)

standard emf, standard potential of the electrochemical cell reaction

inner electric potential

‡

φ

‡

φ

‡

φ

standard enthalpy of activation

mean ionic activity mean ionic molality mean ionic activity coefficient charge number of electrochemical cell reaction electric potential difference (of a galvanic cell) emf, electromotive force

S02_01.indd 10

X = dX/dt

φ

rate of conversion rate of concentration change (due to chemical reaction) rate of reaction (based on amount concentration) partial order of reaction overall order of reaction rate constant, rate coefficient Boltzmann constant half life relaxation time energy of activation, activation energy pre–exponential factor volume of activation collision diameter collision cross–section collision frequency collision number collision frequency factor

X

– (RT/nF) × Σviln ai

V V V

 c(H + )  pH ≈ − lg  −3   mol dm 

1

∇φ = –E

V

5/3/05 10:57:41 AM

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Name outer electric potential surface electric potential Galvani potential difference volta potential difference

Symbol ψ χ ∆φ ∆ψ

2-11 Definition ψ = Q/4πε0r χ=φ–ψ ∆αβφ = φβ – φα ∆αβψ = ψβ – ψα

V V V V

µ α = (∂G/∂n α) B B I = dQ/dt j = I/A σ = Q/A

J mol–1 A A m–2 C m–2

electrochemical potential electric current (electric) current density (surface) charge density

µ

electrode reaction rate constant mass transfer coefficient, diffusion rate constant thickness of diffusion layer

k kd δ

kd,B = |vB|II,B/nFcA δB = DB/kd,B

transfer coefficient (electrochemical)

α

αc =

I j σ

SI unit

n

i

− | v | RT ∂ ln| I c | ∂E nF

η = EI – EI = 0 – IRu

(varies) m s–1 m 1

overpotential electrokinetic potential (zeta potential) conductivity conductivity cell constant molar conductivity (of an electrolyte) ionic conductivity, molar conductivity of an ion electric mobility transport number reciprocal radius of ionic atmosphere

η ζ κ, (σ) Kcell Λ

κ = j/E Kcell = κR ΛB = κ/cB

V V S m–1 m–1 S m2 mol–1

λ u, (µ) t κ

λB = |zB|FuB uB = vB/E tB = jB/Σji κ = (2F2I/εRT)1/2

S m2 mol–1 m2 V–1 s–1 1 m–1

Colloid and Surface Chemistry specific surface area surface amount of B, adsorbed amount of B surface excess of B surface excess concentration of B

a, as, s nBs, nBa nBσ ΓB, (ΓBσ)

a = A/m

m2 kg–1 mol mol mol m–2

ΓB = nBσ/A Γ = ∑ Γi

total surface excess concentration

Γ, (Γ σ)

area per molecule area per molecule in a filled monolayer surface coverage contact angle film thickness thickness of (surface or interfacial) layer surface tension, interfacial tension film tension reciprocal thickness of the double layer average molar masses number–average mass–average Z–average sedimentation coefficient van der Waals constant retarded van der Waals constant van der Waals–Hamaker constant surface pressure

a, σ am, σm θ θ t, h, δ τ, δ, t γ, σ Σf κ

aB = A/NBσ am,B = A/Nm,B θ = NBσ/Nm,B

Mn Mm MZ s λ β, B AH π s, π

Mn = ΣniMi/Σni Mm = ΣniMi2/ΣniMi MZ = ΣniMi3/ΣniMi2 s = v/a

π s = γ0 – γ

JX , J

JX = A–1 dX/dt

(varies)

qv = dV/dt

m3 s–1

qm = dm/dt

kg s–1 m s–1 W W m–2 W K–1 K W–1

Transport Properties flux (of a quantity X) volume flow rate mass flow rate mass transfer coefficient heat flow rate heat flux thermal conductance thermal resistance

S02_01.indd 11

k ox = I a /(nFA∏ ci i )

qV, V  qm , m kd φ Jq G R

i

γ = (∂G/∂As )T,p Σf = 2γf κ = [2F2Ic/εRT]1/2

φ = dq/dt Jq = φ/A G = φ/∆T R = 1/G

mol m–2 m2 m2 1 1, rad m m N m–1, J m–2 N m–1 m–1 kg mol–1 kg mol–1 kg mol–1 s J J J N m–1

5/3/05 10:57:44 AM

2-12 Name thermal conductivity coefficient of heat transfer thermal diffusivity diffusion coefficient

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol λ, k h, (k, K, α) a D

Definition λ = Jq/(dT/dl) h = Jq/∆T a = λ/ρcp D = Jn/(dc/dl)

SI unit W m–1 K–1 W m–2 K–1 m2 s–1 m2 s–1

The following symbols are used in the definitions of the dimensionless quantities: mass (m), time (t), volume (V), area (A), density (ρ), speed (v), length (l), viscosity (η), pressure (p), acceleration of free fall (g), cubic expansion coefficient (α), temperature (T), surface tension (γ), speed of sound (c), mean free path (λ), frequency (f), thermal diffusivity (a), coefficient of heat transfer (h), thermal conductivity (k), specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp), diffusion coefficient (D), mole fraction (x), mass transfer coefficient (kd), permeability (μ), electric conductivity (κ), and magnetic flux density (B).

S02_01.indd 12

Name Reynolds number Euler number Froude number Grashof number Weber number Mach number Knudsen number Strouhal number Fourier number Péclet number Rayleigh number Nusselt number Stanton number Fourier number for mass transfer Péclet number for mass transfer

Symbol Re Eu Fr Gr We Ma Kn Sr Fo Pe Ra Nu St Fo* Pe*

Grashof number for mass transfer

Gr*

Nusselt number for mass transfer Stanton number for mass transfer Prandtl number Schmidt number Lewis number magnetic Reynolds number Alfvén number Hartmann number Cowling number

Nu* St* Pr Sc Le Rm, Rem Al Ha Co

Definition Re = pvl/η Eu = ∆p/ρv2 Fr = v/(lg)1/2 Gr = l3gα∆Tρ2/η2 We = ρv2l/γ Ma = v/c Kn = λ/l Sr = lf/v Fo = at/l2 Pe = vl/a Ra = l3gα∆Tρ/ηa Nu = hl/k St = h/ρvcp Fo* = Dt/l2 Pe* = vl/D

SI unit 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 ∂ρ   ∆xρ  Gr * = l 3 g     ∂x  T , p  η 

1

Nu* = kdl/D St* = kd/v Pr = η/ρa Sc = η/ρD Le = a/D Rm = vµκl Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B Ha = Bl (κ/η)1/2 Co = B2/µρv2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5/3/05 10:57:45 AM

NOMENCLATURE OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) maintains several commissions that deal with the naming of chemical substances. In general, the approach of IUPAC is to present rules for arriving at names in a systematic manner, rather than recommending a unique name for each compound. Thus there are often several alternative “IUPAC names”, depending on which nomenclature system is used, each of which may have advantages in specific applications. However, each of these names will be unambiguous. Organizations such as the Chemical Abstacts Service and the Beilstein Institute that prepare indexes to the chemical literature must adopt a system for selecting unique names in order to avoid excessive cross referencing. Chemical Abstracts Service uses a system which groups together compounds derived from a single parent compound. Thus most index names are inverted (e.g., Benzene, bromo rather than bromobenzene; Acetic acid, sodium salt rather than sodium acetate). In this Handbook the CAS Index Names are used only in the table “Physical Constants of Organic Compounds”. Other tables use more familiar names which, with a few possible exceptions, conform to one of the IUPAC naming systems. Recommended names for the most common substituent groups, ligands, ions, and organic rings are given in the two following tables, “Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands” and “Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems”. For the basics of macromolecular nomenclature, see “Naming Organic Polymers” in Section 13. Some of the most useful recent guides to chemical nomenclature, prepared by IUPAC and other organizations such as the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and the American Chemical Society are listed below . These books contain citations to the more detailed nomenclature documents in each area.

Inorganic Chemistry

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Recommendations 1990, Leigh, G. J., Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990. Block, B. P., Powell, W. H., and Fernelius, W. C., Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature, Principles and Practice, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1990.

Richer, J.-C., Eds., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure, Moss, G. P., Smith, P. A. S., and Tavernier, D., Eds., Pure & Appl. Chem, 67, 1307, 1995. Rhodes, P.H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry, Moss, G. P., Ed., Pure & Applied Chemistry, 68, 2193, 1966.

Macromolecular Chemistry

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, Metanomski, W. V., Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science, Jenkins, A.D., Kratochvil, P., Stepto, R. F. T., and Suter, U. W., Eds., Pure & Appl. Chem, 68, in press.

Biochemistry

International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2nd Edition, 1992, Portland Press, London, 1993; includes recommendations of the IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1992. IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Nomenclature of Carbohydrates, Recommendations 1996, McNaught, A. D., Ed., Pure & Appl. Chem., 68, 1919, 1996.

General

Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1994 Index Guide.

Organic Chemistry

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Recommendations 1993, Panico, R., Powell, W. H., and

2-13

HC&P_S02.indb 13

5/2/05 2:50:37 PM

NOMENCLATURE FOR INORGANIC IONS AND LIGANDS See the table “Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds” for references. The assistance of Warren H. Powell in preparing this list is gratefully acknowledged. Group H F Cl Br I ClO C1O2 ClO3 C1O4 IO IO2 O O2 HO HO2 S HS S2 SO SO2 SO3 HSO3 S2O3 SO4 Se SeO SeO2 SeO3 SeO4 Te CrO2 UO2 NpO2 PuO2 AmO2 N N3 NH NH2 NHOH N2H3 NO NO2 ONO NS NO3 N2O3 P PO PO2 PS PH2O3 PHO3 PO4

As cation hydrogen fluorine chlorine bromine iodine chlorosyl chloryl perchloryl iodosyl iodyl

sulfinyl; thionyl sulfonyl; sulfuryl

seleninyl selenonyl

chromyl uranyl neptunyl plutoryl americyl

nitrosyl nitryl thionitrosyl

phosphoryl phospho thiophosphoryl

As anion hydride fluoride chloride bromide iodide hypochlorite chlorite chlorate perchlorate hypoiodite

As ligand hydrido fluoro chloro bromo iodo hypochlorito chlorito chlorato

fluoro chloro bromo iodo chlorosyl chloryl perchloryl

oxide peroxide (O22–) hyperoxide (O2–) hydroxide hydrogen peroxide sulfide hydrogen sulfide disulfide

oxo peroxo

iodoso iodyl; iodoxy oxo peroxy

hydroxo hydrogen peroxo thio; sulfido thiolo disulfido

sulfoxylate sulfite hydrogen sulfite thiosulfate sulfate selenide

sulfito hydrogen sulfito thiosulfato sulfato seleno

selenite selenate telluride

selenito selenato telluro

nitride azide imide amide hydroxylamide hydrazide

nitrite

nitrido azido imido amido hydroxylamido hydrazido nitrosyl nitro nitrito

nitrate hyponitrite phosphide

nitrato hyponitrito phosphido

hypophosphite phosphite phosphate

hypophosphito phosphito phosphato

As prefix in organic compounds

hydroxy hydroperoxy thio; thioxo mercapto sulfinyl sulfonyl

seleno; selenoxo seleninyl selenonyl

telluro; telluroxo

imino amino hydroxyamino hydrazino; diazanyl nitroso nitro

phosphinidyne phosphoroso; phosphinylidyne phosphinothioylidyne; thiophosphorozo

2-14

HC&P_S02.indb 14

5/2/05 2:50:37 PM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands Group AsO4 VO CO CS CH3O C2H5O CH3S C2H5S CN OCN SCN SeCN TeCN CO3 HCO3 C2O4

HC&P_S02.indb 15

As cation vanadyl carbonyl thiocarbonyl

cyanogen

As anion arsenate

methanolate ethanolate methanethiolate ethanethiolate cyanide cyanate thiocyanate selenocyanate tellurocyanate carbonate hydrogen carbonate oxalate

2-15 As ligand arsenato

As prefix in organic compounds

carbonyl

carbonyl thiocarbonyl methoxy ethoxy methylthio ethylthio cyano cyanato thiocyanato selenocyanato tellurocyanato

methoxo ethoxo methanethiolato ethanethiolato cyano cyanato thiocyanato selenocyanato tellurocyanato carbonato hydrogen carbonato oxalato

carboxycarbonyl

5/2/05 2:50:38 PM

ORGANIC SUBSTITUENT GROUPS AND RING SYSTEMS The first part of this table lists substituent groups and their line formulas. A substituent group is defined by IUPAC as a group that replaces one or more hydrogen atoms attached to a parent structure. Such groups are sometimes called radicals, but IUPAC now reserves the term radical for a free molecular species with unpaired electrons. IUPAC does not recommend some of these names, which are marked here with asterisks (e.g., amyl*), but they are included in this list because they are often encountered in the older literature. Substituent group names which are formed

by systematic rules (e.g., methyl from methane, ethyl from ethane, etc.) are included here only for the first few members of a homologous series. In the second part of the table a number of common organic ring compounds are shown, with the conventional numbering of the ring positions indicated. The help of Warren H. Powell in preparing this table is greatly appreciated. Pertinent references may be found in the table “Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds.”

Substituent Groups acetamido (acetylamino) acetoacetyl acetonyl acetyl acryloyl* (1-oxo-2-propenyl) alanyl (from alanine) β-alanyl allyl (2-propenyl) allylidene (2-propenylidene) amidino (aminoiminomethyl) amino amyl* (pentyl) anilino (phenylamino) anisidino anthranoyl (2-aminobenzoyl) arsino azelaoyl (from azelaic acid) azido azino azo azoxy benzal* (benzylidene) benzamido (benzoylamino) benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl) benzoxy* (benzoyloxy) benzoyl benzyl benzylidene benzylidyne biphenylyl biphenylene butoxy sec-butoxy (1-methylpropoxy) tert-butoxy (1,1-dimethylethoxy) butyl sec-butyl (1-methylpropyl) tert-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl) butyryl (1-oxobutyl) caproyl* (hexanoyl) capryl* (decanoyl) capryloyl* (octanoyl) carbamido (carbamoylamino) carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) carbamyl (aminocarbonyl) carbazoyl (hydrazinocarbonyl) carbethoxy (ethoxycarbonyl) carbonyl carboxy cetyl* (hexadecyl) chloroformyl (chlorcarbonyl)

CH3CONHCH3COCH2COCH3COCH2CH3COCH2=CHCOCH3CH(NH2)COH2N(CH2)2COCH2=CHCH2CH2=CHCH= H2NC(=NH)H2NCH3(CH2)4C6H5NHCH3OC6H4NH2-H2NC6H4COAsH2-OC(CH2)7CON3=N-N= -N=N-N(O)=NC6H5CH= C6H5CONH(C6H5)2CHC6H5COOC6H5COC6H5CH2C6H5CH= C6H5C= C6H5C6H5-C6H4-C6H4C4H9OC2H5CH(CH3)O(CH3)3COCH3(CH2)3CH3CH2CH(CH3)(CH3)3CCH3(CH2)2COCH3(CH2)4COCH3(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)6COH2NCONHH2NCOH2NCOH2NNHCOC2H5OCO=C=O HOOCCH3(CH2)15ClCO-

cinnamoyl cinnamyl (3-phenyl-2-propenyl) cinnamylidene cresyl* (hydroxymethylphenyl) crotonoyl crotyl (2-butenyl) cyanamido (cyanoamino) cyanato cyano decanedioyl decanoyl diazo diazoamino disilanyl disiloxanyloxy disulfinyl dithio enanthoyl* (heptanoyl) epoxy ethenyl (vinyl) ethynyl ethoxy ethyl ethylene ethylidene ethylthio formamido (formylamino) formyl furmaroyl (from fumaric acid) furfuryl (2-furanylmethyl) furfurylidene (2-furanylmethylene) glutamoyl (from glutamic acid) glutaryl (from glutaric acid) glycylamino glycoloyl; glycolyl (hydroxyacetyl) glycyl (aminoacetyl) glyoxyloyl; glyoxylyl (oxoacetyl) guanidino guanyl (aminoiminomethyl) heptadecanoyl heptanamido heptanedioyl heptanoyl hexadecanoyl hexamethylene (1,6-hexanediyl) hexanedioyl hippuryl (N-benzoylglycyl) hydrazino hydrazo hydrocinnamoyl

C6H5CH=CHCOC6H5CH=CHCH2C6H5CH=CHCH= HO(CH3)C6H4CH3CH=CHCOCH3CH=CHCH2NCNHNCONC-OC(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)8CON2= -NHN=NH3SiSiH2H3SiOSiH2O-S(O)S(O)-SSCH3(CH2)5CO-OCH2=CHHC≡CC2H5OCH3CH2-CH2CH2CH3CH= C2H5SHCONHHCO-OCCH=CHCOOC4H3CH2OC4H3CH= -OC(CH2)2CH(NH2)CO-OC(CH2)3COH2NCH2CONHHOCH2COH2NCH2COHCOCOH2NC(=NH)NHH2NC(=NH)CH3(CH2)15COCH3(CH2)5CONH-OC(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)6-OC(CH2)4COC6H5CONHCH2COH2NNH-HNNHC6H5(CH2)2CO-

2-16

HC&P_S02.indb 16

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Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems hydroperoxy hydroxyamino hydroxy imino iodoso* (iodosyl) iodyl isoamyl* (isopentyl; 3-methylbutyl) isobutenyl (2-methyl-1-propenyl) isobutoxy (2-methylpropoxy) isobutyl (2-methylpropyl) isobutylidene (3-methylpropylidene) isobutyryl (2-methyl-1-oxopropyl) isocyanato isocyano isohexyl (4-methylpentyl) isoleucyl (from isoleucine) isonitroso* (hydroxyamino) isopentyl (3-methylbutyl) isopentylidene (3-methylbutylidene) isopropenyl (1-methylethenyl) isopropoxy (1-methylethoxy) isopropyl (1-methylethyl) isopropylidene (1-methylethylidene) isothiocyanato (isothiocyano) isovaleryl* (3-methyl-1-oxobutyl) lactoyl (from lactic acid) lauroyl (from lauric acid) lauryl (dodecyl) leucyl (from leucine) levulinoyl (from levulinic acid) malonyl (from malonic acid) mandeloyl (from mandelic acid) mercapto mesityl methacryloyl (from methacrylic acid) methallyl (2-methyl-2-propenyl) methionyl (from methionine) methoxy methyl methylene methylthio myristoyl (from myristic acid) myristyl (tetradecyl) naphthyl naphthylene neopentyl (2,2-dimethylpropyl) nitramino (nitroamino) nitro nitrosamino (nitrosoamino) nitrosimino (nitrosoimino) nitroso nonanoyl (from nonanoic acid) oleoyl (from oleic acid) oxalyl (from oxalic acid) oxo palmitoyl (from palmitic acid) pentamethylene (1,5-pentanediyl) pentyl tert-pentyl phenacyl phenacylidene phenethyl (2-phenylethyl) phenoxy phenyl

HC&P_S02.indb 17

HOOHONHHOHN= OIO2I(CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2C=CH(CH3)2CHCH2O(CH3)2CHCH2(CH3)2CHCH= (CH3)2CHCOOCNCN(CH3)2CH(CH2)3C2H5CH(CH3)CH(NH2)COHON= (CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2CHCH2CH= CH2=C(CH3)(CH3)2CHO(CH3)2CH(CH3)2C= SCN(CH3)2CHCH2COCH3CH(OH)COCH3(CH2)10COCH3(CH2)11(CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)COCH3CO(CH2)2CO-OCCH2COC6H5CH(OH)COHS2,4,6-(CH3)3C6H2CH2=C(CH3)COCH2=C(CH3)CH2CH3SCH2CH2CH(NH2)COCH3OH3CH2C= CH3SCH3(CH2)12COCH3(CH2)13(C10H7)-(C10H6)(CH3)3CCH2O2NNHO2NONNHONN= ONCH3(CH2)7COCH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO-OCCOO= CH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)5CH3(CH2)4CH3CH2C(CH3)2C6H5COCH2C6H5COCH= C6H5CH2CH2C6H5OC6H5-

2-17 phenylene (benzenediyl) phosphino* (phosphanyl) phosphinyl* (phosphinoyl) phospho phosphono phthaloyl (from phthalic acid) picryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) pimeloyl (from pimelic acid) piperidino (1-piperidinyl) pivaloyl (from pivalic acid) prenyl (3-methyl-2-butenyl) propargyl (2-propynyl) 1-propenyl 2-propenyl (allyl) propionyl* (propanyl) propoxy propyl propylidene pyrryl (pyrrolyl) salicyloyl (2-hydroxybenzoyl) selenyl* (selanyl; hydroseleno) seryl (from serine) siloxy silyl silylene sorboyl (from sorbic acid) stearoyl (from stearic acid) stearyl (octadecyl) styryl (2-phenylethenyl) suberoyl (from suberic acid) succinyl (from succinic acid) sulfamino (sulfoamino) sulfamoyl (sulfamyl) sulfanilyl [(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl] sulfeno sulfhydryl (mercapto) sulfinyl sulfo sulfonyl (sulfuryl) terephthaloyl tetramethylene thienyl (from thiophene) thiocarbonyl (carbothionyl) thiocarboxy thiocyanato (thiocyano) thionyl* (sulfinyl) threonyl (from threonine) toluidino [(methylphenyl)amino] toluoyl (methylbenzoyl) tolyl (methylphenyl) α-tolyl (benzyl) tolylene (methylphenylene) tosyl [(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl)] triazano trimethylene (1,3-propanediyl) trityl (triphenylmethyl) valeryl* (pentanoyl) valyl (from valine) vinyl (ethenyl) vinylidene (ethenylidene) xylidino [(dimethylphenyl)amino] xylyl (dimethylphenyl) xylylene [phenelenebis(methylene)]

-C6H4H2PH2P(O)O2P(HO)2P(O)1,2-C6H4(CO-)2 2,4,6-(NO2)3C6H2-OC(CH2)5COC5H10N(CH3)3CCO(CH3)2C=CHCH2HC´CCH2-CH=CHCH2 CH2=CHCH2CH3CH2COCH3CH2CH2OCH3CH2CH2CH3CH2CH= C3H4N2-HOC6H4COHSeHOCH2CH(NH2)COH3SiOH3SiH2Si= CH3CH=CHCH=CHCOCH3(CH2)14COCH3(CH2)17C6H5CH=CH-OC(CH2)6CO-OCCH2CH2COHOSO2NHH2NSO24-H2NC6H4SO2HOSHSOS= HO3S-SO21,4-C6H4(CO-)2 -(CH2)4(C4H3S)=CS HOSCNCS-SOCH3CH(OH)CH(NH2)COCH3C6H4NHCH3C6H4COCH3C6H4C6H5CH2-(CH3C6H3)4-CH3C6H4SO2H2NNHNH-(CH2)3(C6H5)3CCH3(CH2)3CO(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COCH2=CHCH2=C= (CH3)2C6H3NH(CH3)2C6H3-CH2C6H4CH2-

5/2/05 2:50:39 PM

Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems

2-18

Organic Ring Compounds 5 4

1 3 2

Cyclopropane N 1

5 4

1 2

3

1 4

5 4

Cyclobutane

Spiropentane H N

2 3

2 3

1

O

H N

5 4

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

Furan

Thiophene

Pyrrole (Azole)

2 3

Cyclopentane

H N

S

S

S

5 1 2S 4 3

H N

2 3

3H-Pyrrole (3H-Azole)

Pyrazole (1,2-Diazole)

O

O

N

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

2H-Pyrrole (2H-Azole)

S

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2S 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

N 1

O

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2N 5 1 2N N N N S 4 3 4 3 2H-Imidazole Isoxazole Thiazole Oxazole N N (1,3-Diazole) 1,2,3-Triazole 1,2,4-Triazole 1,2-Dithiole 1,3-Dithiole 3H-1,2-Oxathiole (1,2-Oxazole) (1,3-Thiazole) (1,3-Oxazole)

S

O

O

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

N 1,2,4-Oxadiazole

N 1,2,3-Oxadiazole

Isothiazole (1,2-Thiazole)

O

O

O

5 1 2O 4 3

5 1 2O 4 3

N5

1 2N 4 3

O

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

1,2,5-Oxadiazole (Furazan)

N N 1,3,4-Oxadiazole

O

H

5 1 2N 4 3

O

O

H

5 1 2 4 3

N5

O

1 2S 3

1 2N 3

N 1,2,3,5-Oxatriazole

1

6 5

5 1 2 4 3

O

4

N N 1,2,3,4-Oxatriazole

O

4

N5

4

1

6 5

2 3

2 3

4

N N O O S H 1,2,4-Dioxazole 1,3,2-Dioxazole 1,3,4-Dioxazole 5H-1,2,5-Oxathiazole 1,3-Oxathiole Benzene Cyclohexane 3H-1,2,3-Dioxazole N

O

O

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-Pyran

4H-Pyran

6 5

H N 1

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-Pyran-2-one (2-Pyrone)

N

6 1 2 5 3 N 4 N

2 3

6 5

N 1

O

O

O

O

O

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 1 2O 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4 O

O 4H-Pyran-4-one (4-Pyrone)

1,2-Dioxin

1,3-Dioxin

2N 3

6 5

N 1

N 1 4

6 1 2N 5 3 4

2 3

6 5

N 1 4

2N 3

6 5

O

4

N 1

6 5

2 3

N

4

2 3

N Pyrazine

O

O

6 1 2N 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4 N

6 1 2 5 3 4 N

N 1

Pyrimidine

Pyridazine

Pyridine

O

O

2N 3

6 5

6 1 2 5 3 4

4 4 N N N 1,3,5-Triazine 1,2,4-Triazine 1,2,3-Triazine 4H-1,2-Oxazine 2H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,2-Oxazine 1,4-Oxazine (s-Triazine) (as-Triazine) (v-Triazine) Piperazine 4

N H

O

6 1 2N 5 3 4

O

Oxepin

6 5

7 4

N6 5

O

O

O

1 2S 3 4

6 1 2N 5 3 4

H N

O

7 1 2 3 5 4

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 1 2 N5 4 3N

6

N N N 1,2,5-Oxathiazine 1,3,5-Oxadiazine 1,2,6-Oxathiazine H Morpholine Azepine 1,2,4-Oxadiazine 4H-1,4-Oxazine

S

N

7 1 2N 6 3 5 4

7 1 2 6 3 5 4

1 2S 3

6 5

6 5

7 4

H N

1 2 3

Indole

6 5

7 4

N

1 2 3

3H-Indole

7

1

4

2 3

6 5

7 4

1

6 5

1 2 3

7 4

6 5

2H-Indene (Isoindene)

Indene

4H-1,2-Diazepine

Thiepin

Benzo[c]thiophene

HC&P_S02.indb 18

6 1 2S N5 4 3

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-1,2-Oxazine

7 1 2 6 3 5 4

O

O

H

2N 3

1H-Indole

3 2

4 1

7 4

O

1 2 3

Benzofuran

5

6 7

N Cyclopenta[b]pyridine

O6 5

7 4

6 5

7 4

1 2O 3

6 5

Isobenzofuran

N 1

2 3

Pyrano[3,4-b]pyrrole

6 5

7 4

S

7

1 2 3

4

Benzo[b]thiophene

H N

1 2N 3

Indazole

6 5

7 4

O

1 2N 3

Benzisoxazole (Indoxazene)

5/2/05 2:51:05 PM

Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems

6 5

O

7

1 2 3

6 5

N

4

N 1

7 4

2O 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

2-19

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

8

1 4

5

2 3

O

8

7 6

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

O

8

O

1 2 3 4

5

Octahydronaphthalene 2H-1-Benzopyran 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one 1,2,3,4-Tetra(Decalin) hydronaphthalene (2H-Chromene) (Coumarin) (Tetralin)

Benzoxazole 2,1-Benzisoxazole Naphthalene

O 7 6

O

8

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

O 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one (Chromen-4-one)

N 7 6

N

8

5

6

1,8-Naphthyridine

7 6

8

1

5

4

4

5

2O 3

1 2 3 4

5

2O 3

7 6

N

1H-2,3-Benzoxazine

8

1

5

4

5

N

8

7 6

1 2 3 4

5

N

1,7-Naphthyridine

1

7 6

N

7 6

N

4H-3,1-Benzoxazine

O

1 2N 3 4

8 5

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

8

1

5

4

N

8

1 2 3 4

5

H 7 6

7 6

N

4

5

2N 3

5

1 9 8

7

2

7 6

3

6

4 5

8

9

5

1 4

Fluorene

2 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

8

9

1

5

10

4

Carbazole

O

Xanthene

2 3

6 7

5 8

N

4

9

1

3 2

Acridine

1 2 3 4 N

5

O

8

1 2 3 4

5

N

2H-1,4-Benzoxazine

8

9

1

5

10

4

4

2 3

Anthracene

10

N

8

Quinazoline

7 6

4H-1,4-Benzoxazine

H N 9

7 6

Cinnoline

1 2 3 4 N

7 6

N H

2H-1,2-Benzoxazine

1

2H-1,3-Benzoxazine

1 2 3 4

5

N

8

7 6

O

8

O

8

2N 3

Isoquinoline

Quinoline

1,6-Naphthyridine

1,5-Naphthyridine

2O 3

N

8

7 6

O 3H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isochromen-3-one)

N

8

2O 4 3

8

7 6

1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isocoumarin)

N7

1 2 3 4

1

8

6 7

3 2 1

5 8

9

10

Phenanthrene

2 1 3 4 7 6 5

Norpinane (Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane)

N1

2

6 3

N

H N 5 4

7 8 9

N

7H-Purine

Phenalene

R' R 2 3

1 4

H 11 12 13

10 5

14

R'' 17

16 15

9

8 H 6 7H

H

R = Nearly always methyl R' = Usually methyl R'' = Various groups

Steroid ring system

HC&P_S02.indb 19

5/2/05 2:51:19 PM

SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS This table lists some symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms encountered in the physical sciences. Most entries in italic type are symbols for physical quantities; for more details on these, see the table “Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities” in this section. Additional information on units may be found in the table “International System of Units” in Section 1. Many of the terms to which these abbreviations refer are included in the tables “Definitions of Scientific Terms” in Section 2 and “Techniques for Materials Characterization” in Section 12. Publication practices vary with regard to the use of capital or lower case letters for many abbreviations. An effort has been a a0 A Å A AH Ar AAS Abe abs ac Ac AcOH ACT ACTH Ade ADP ads ae AES AF AFM AI AIM Al Ala alc aliph. alk. All Alt am Am AM AMP amu anh, anhyd antilog AO AOM Api APS APW aq Ar Ara Ara-ol Arg

absorption coefficient, acceleration, activity Bohr radius ampere, adenine (in genetic code) ångstrom absorbance, area, Helmholtz energy, mass number Hall coefficient atomic weight (relative atomic mass) atomic absorption spectroscopy abequose absolute alternating current acetyl acetic acid activated complex theory adrenocorticotropic hormone adenine adenosine diphosphate adsorption eon (109 years) atomic emission spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy audio frequency atomic force microscopy artificial intelligence atoms in molecules Alfen number alanine alcohol aliphatic alkaline allose altrose amorphous solid amyl amplitude modulation adenosine 5´-monophosphate atomic mass unit (recommended symbol is u) anhydrous antilogarithm atomic orbital angular overlap model apiose appearance potential spectroscopy augmented plane wave aqueous aryl arabinose arabinitol arginine

made to follow the most common practices in this table, but much variation is found in the literature. Likewise, policies on the use of periods in an abbreviation vary considerably. Periods are generally omitted in this table unless they are necessary for clarity. Periods should never appear in SI units. The SI prefixes (m, k ,M, etc.) are not listed here, since they should never be used alone, but selected combinations with SI units (e.g., mg, kV, MW) are included. Abbreviations are listed in alphabetical order without regard to case. Entries beginning with Greek letters fall at the end of the table. as, asym ASCII ASE Asn Asp at atm ATP ATR at.wt. AU av avdp b B bar bbl bcc BCS BDE Bé BET BeV Bhn Bi BN BNS BO BOD bp bpy Bq BRE BSSE Btu bu Bu Bz Bzl c c c0 C °C C ca. cal

asymmetrical (as chemical descriptor) American National Standard Code for Information Interchange aromatic stabilization energy asparagine aspartic acid atomization standard atmosphere adenosine 5´-triphosphate attenuated total internal reflection atomic weight astronomical unit average avoirdupois barn magnetic flux density, second virial coefficient, susceptance bar (pressure unit) barrel body centered cubic Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (theory) bond dissociation energy Baumé Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (method) billion electronvolt Brinell hardness number biot bond number nuclear backscattering spectroscopy bond order, Born-Oppenheimer (approximation) biochemical oxygen demand boiling point 2,2´-bipyridine becquerel bond resonance energy basis set superposition error British thermal unit bushel butyl benzoyl benzyl combustion reaction amount concentration, specific heat, velocity speed of light in vacuum coulomb, cytosine (in genetic code) degree Celsius capacitance, heat capacity, number concentration approximately calorie

2-20

HC&P_S02.indb 20

5/2/05 2:51:21 PM

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols calc CARS CAS RN CAT CBS cc CCD cd c.d. CD CDP CEPA cf. cfm cgs CHF Ci CI CIDEP CIDNP cir CKFF CL cm c.m. c.m.c. CMO CMP CN CNDO Co COD conc const cos cosh COSY cot coth cp cP Cp CP CPA cpd cps CPT CPU cr, cryst CRU csc ct CT CTEM CTP CTR cu CV CVD cw cwt Cy cyl Cys

HC&P_S02.indb 21

calculated coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number clear-air turbulence, computerized axial tomography complete basis set cubic centimeter charge-coupled device candela, condensed phase current density circular dichroism cytidine 5´-diphosphate couplet electron pair approximation compare cubic feet per minute centimeter-gram-second system coupled Hartree-Fock (method) curie configuration interaction, chemical ionization chemically induced dynamic electron polarization chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization circular Cotton-Kraihanzel force field cathode luminescence centimeter center of mass critical micelle concentration canonical molecular orbital cytidine 5´-monophosphate coordination number complete neglect of differential overlap Cowling number chemical oxygen demand concentrated, concentration constant cosine hyperbolic cosine correlation spectroscopy (in NMR) cotangent hyperbolic cotangent candle power centipoise cyclopentadienyl chemically pure coherent potential approximation contact potential difference cycles per second charge conjugation-space inversion-time reversal (theorem) central processing unit crystalline (phase) constitutional repeating unit cosecant carat charge transfer conventional transmission electron microscopy cytidine 5´-triphosphate controlled thermonuclear reaction cubic cyclic voltammetry chemical vapor deposition continuous wave hundredweight (112 pounds) cyclohexyl cylinder cysteine

2-21 d d D D Da DA dB dc DE dec deg den det dev DFT diam dil DIM dm dmf, DMF dmso, DMSO DNA DNase DNMR DOS doz d.p. dpl dpm dps dr dRib DRIFT DRS DSC DTA dyn e e E Eh EA EAN ECP ECR ED EDS EDTA EELS EFFF EHMO EHT emf emu en ENDOR EOS EPMA EPR eq, eqn eqQ erf erg

day, deuteron distance, density, dextrorotatory debye unit diffusion coefficient, dissociation energy, electric displacement dalton donor-acceptor (complex) decibel direct current delocalization energy decomposes degree density determinant deviation density functional theory diameter dilute, dilution diatomics in molecules decimeter N,N-dimethylformamide dimethylsulfoxide deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribonuclease dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance density of states dozen degree of polymerization displacement disintegrations per minute disintegrations per second dram 2-deoxyribose diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform diffuse reflectance spectroscopy differential scanning calorimetry differential thermal analysis dyne electron, base of natural logarithms elementary charge, linear strain electric field strength, electromotive force, energy, modulus of elasticity, entgegen (trans configuration) Hartree energy electron affinity effective atomic number effective core potential electron cyclotron resonance electron diffraction, effective dose energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid electron energy loss spectroscopy energy factored force field extended Hückel molecular orbital extended Hückel theory electromotive force electromagnetic unit system ethylenediamine electron-nuclear double resonance equation of state electron probe microanalysis electron paramagnetic (spin) resonance equation quadrupole coupling constant error function erg

5/2/05 2:51:21 PM

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols

2-22 ESCA e.s.d. ESD ESR est esu Et ET Et2O e.u. Eu eV EWG EXAFS EXELFS exp expt ext f f F °F F FAD fcc FEL FEM FEMO FET fid FIM FIR fl FM Fo fp fpm fps Fr Fr Fru FSGO ft ft-lb FT FTIR Fuc Fuc-ol fus g g G G gal Gal GalN GC GC-MS GDMS gem GeV GIAO

HC&P_S02.indb 22

electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis estimated standard deviation electron stimulated desorption electron spin resonance estimate, estimated electrostatic unit system ethyl electron transfer, ephemeris time diethyl ether entropy unit Euler number electronvolt electron withdrawing group extended x-ray absorption fine structure extended energy loss fine structure exponential function experimental external formation reaction activity coefficient, aperture ratio, focal length, force constant, frequency, fugacity farad degree Fahrenheit Faraday constant, force, angular momentum flavin adenine dinucleotide face centered cubic free electron laser field emission microscopy free electron molecular orbital field effect transistor free induction decay field ion microscopy far infrared fluid (phase) frequency modulation Fourier number freezing point feet per minute feet per second, foot-pound-second system franklin Froude number fructose floating spherical Gaussian orbital foot foot pound Fourier transform Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy fucose fucitol fusion (melting) gram, gas acceleration due to gravity, degeneracy, statistical weight, Landé g-factor gauss, guanine (in genetic code) electrical conductance, Gibbs energy, gravitational constant, sheer modulus gallon gal, galileo, galactose galactosamine gas chromatography gas chromatography-mass spectrometry glow discharge mass spectroscopy geminal (on the same carbon atom) gigaelectronvolt gauge invariant atomic orbital

gl GLC Glc GlcN Glc-ol Gln Glu Gly GMP GMT gpm gps gr Gr GTO Gua Gul GUT GVB GWS Gy h h H H H0 ha Ha Hacac HAM hav Hb hcp Hea HEIS HEP HF hfs Him His HMO HOMO hp HPLC Hpz hr HREELS HREM HSAB HSE Hz i I IAT i-Bu IC ICP ICR id ID Ido IDP IE i.e.p.

glacial gas-liquid chromatography glucose glucosamine glucitol glutamine glutamic acid glycine guanosine 5´-triphosphate Greenwich mean time gallons per minute gallons per second grain Grashof number gaussian type atomic orbital guanine gulose grand unified theory generalized valence bond Glashow-Weinberg-Salam (theory) gray, gigayear helion, hour Planck constant henry enthalpy, Hamiltonian function, magnetic field Hubble constant hectare Hartmann number acetylacetone hydrogenic atoms in molecules haversine hemoglobin hexagonal closed packed ethanolamine high energy ion scattering high energy physics high frequency hyperfine structure imidazole histidine Hückel molecular orbital highest occupied molecular orbital horsepower high-performance liquid chromatography pyrazole hour high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy high resolution electron microscopy hard-soft acid-base (theory) homodesmotic stabilization energy hertz square root of minus one electric current, ionic strength, moment of inertia, nuclear spin angular momentum, radiant intensity international atomic time isobutyl integrated circuit inductively coupled plasma ion cyclotron resonance ideal (solution) inside diameter idose inosine 5´-diphosphate ionization energy isoelectric point

5/2/05 2:51:22 PM

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols IEPA IF IGLO Ile Im imm IMPATT in. INDO INS int I/O IP IPN i-Pr IPR IPTS IR IRAS IRC isc ISE ISS ITP ITS IU j J J k K K kb kcal KE keV kg kgf kJ km Kn kPa kt kV kva kW kwh l l L L lat. lb lbf lc LC LCAO LD Le LED LEED LEIS

HC&P_S02.indb 23

independent electron pair approximation intermediate frequency individual gauge for localized orbitals isoleucine imaginary part immersion impact ionization avalanche transit time inch intermediate neglect of differential overlap inelastic neutron scattering, ion neutralization spectroscopy internal input/output ionization potential interpenetrating polymer network isopropyl isotopic perturbation of resonance International Practical Temperature Scale infrared reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy intrinsic reaction coordinate intersystem crossing isodesmic stabilization energy ion scattering spectroscopy inosine 5´-triphosphate International Temperature Scale (1990) international unit angular momentum, electric current density joule angular momentum, electric current density, flux, Massieu function absorption index, Boltzmann constant, rate constant, thermal conductivity, wave vector kelvin absorption coefficient, bulk modulus, equilibrium constant, kinetic energy kilobar, kilobase (DNA or RNA) kilocalorie kinetic energy kiloelectronvolt kilogram kilogram force kilojoule kilometer Knudsen number kilopascal karat kilovolt kilovolt ampere kilowatt kilowatt hour liquid, liter angular momentum, length, levorotatory liter, lambert Avogadro constant, inductance, Lagrange function latitude pound pound force liquid crystal liquid chromatography linear combination of atomic orbitals lethal dose Lewis function light emitting diode low-energy electron diffraction low energy ion scattering

2-23 Leu LFER lim LIMS liq lm ln LNDO log long. LST LT LTE LUMO lut lx ly l.y. Lys Lyx m m M M Mr Ma Man MASNMR max MBE MBPT MC MCD MCPF MCSCF MD Me MEP MERP Mes MESFET Met meV MeV MF mg MHD mi MIM min MINDO MIR misc MKS MKSA mL, ml mm MM mmf mmHg MO

leucine linear free energy relationship limit laser ionization mass spectroscopy, laboratory information management system liquid lumen logarithm (natural) local neglect of differential overlap logarithm (common) longitude local sidereal time local time local thermodynamic equilibrium lowest unoccupied molecular orbital lutidine lux langley light year lysine lyxose meter, molal (as in 0.1 m solution), metastable (isotope) magnetic dipole moment, mass, molality, angular momentum component, meta (as chemical descriptor) molar (as in 0.1 M solution), metal (in chemical formulas) magnetization, molar mass, mutual inductance, torque, angular momentum component molecular weight (relative molar mass) Mach number mannose magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance maximum molecular beam epitaxy many body perturbation theory Monte Carlo (method) magnetic circular dichroism modified couple pair functional multi-configurational self-consistent field molecular dynamics methyl molecular electrostatic potential minimum energy reaction path mesityl metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor methionine millielectronvolt megaelectronvolt molecular formula milligram magnetohydrodynamics mile molecules-in-molecules minimum, minute modified intermediate neglect of differential overlap mid-infrared miscible meter-kilogram-second system meter-kilogram-second-ampere system milliliter millimeter molecular mechanics magnetomotive force millimeter of mercury molecular orbital

5/2/05 2:51:23 PM

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols

2-24 mol mol.wt. mon MOS MOSFET mp MPa MPA Mpc MRI mRNA ms MS MSL Mur mV mW MW Mx n n N N NA NE NAA NAD NADH NADP NAO NBO nbp Neu NEXAFS ng NIR nm NMR NNDO NO NOE NPA NQR NRA ns NTP Nu Nu o obs, obsd OD Oe ORD oz p p P P Pa PA PAS pc PCR

HC&P_S02.indb 24

mole molecular weight monomeric form metal-oxide semiconductor metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor melting point megapascal Mulliken population analysis megaparsec magnetic resonance imaging messenger RNA millisecond mass spectroscopy mean sea level muramic acid millivolt milliwatt megawatt, microwave, molecular weight maxwell neutron amount of substance, number density, principal quantum number, refractive index, normal (in chemical formulas) newton angular momentum, neutron number Avogadro constant density of states neutron activation analysis nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced NAD nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate natural atomic orbital natural bond order normal boiling point neuraminic acid near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure nanogram near infrared nanometer nuclear magnetic resonance neglect of nonbonded differential overlap natural orbital nuclear Overhauser effect natural population analysis nuclear quadrupole resonance prompt nuclear reaction analysis nanosecond normal temperature and pressure nucleophile Nusselt number ortho (as chemical descriptor) observed optical density, outside diameter oersted optical rotatory dispersion ounce proton dielectric polarization, electric dipole moment, momentum, pressure, para (as chemical descriptor) poise power, pressure, probability, sound energy flux pascal proton affinity photoacoustic spectroscopy parsec polymerase chain reaction

PD pdl pe Pe PES PET peth pf pg pH Ph Phe pI pip pK pm PMO PNDO PNRA pol ppb ppm PPP ppt Pr Pr PRDDO Pro ps PS PSD Psi psi psia psig pt PVT py q Q QCD QED Q.E.D. QSAR QSO qt quad Qui q.v. r r R °R R RA rad RAIRS RAM RBS RE Re RED REM

potential difference poundal probable error Péclet number photoelectron spectroscopy positron emission tomography petroleum ether power factor picogram negative log of hydrogen ion concentration phenyl phenylalanine isoelectric point piperidine negative log of ionization constant picometer perturbational molecular orbital partial neglect of differential overlap prompt nuclear reaction analysis polymeric form parts per billion parts per million Pariser-Parr-Pople (method) parts per thousand, precipitate propyl Prandtl number partial retention of diatomic differential overlap proline picosecond photoelectron spectroscopy photon stimulated desorption psicose pounds per square inch pounds per square inch absolute pounds per square inch gage pint pressure-volume-temperature pyridine electric field gradient, flow rate, heat, wave vector (phonons) electric charge, heat, partition function, quadrupole moment, radiant energy, vibrational normal coordinate quantum chromodynamics quantum electrodynamics quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be proved) quantitative structure-activity relationship quasi-stellar object (quasar) quart quadrillion Btu (= 1.0551018 J) quinovose quod vide (which you should see) reaction position vector, radius roentgen, alkyl radical (in chemical formulas) degree Rankine electrical resistance, gas constant, molar refraction, Rydberg constant right ascension radian reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy random access memory Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy resonance energy real part radial electron distribution reflection electron microscopy

5/2/05 2:51:23 PM

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols rem RF Rha RHEED RHF RIA Rib Ribulo rms RNA RNase rRNA ROHF ROM RPA rpm rps RRK RRKM RRS RS Ry s s S S SALC SALI SAM SANS Sar sat, satd SAXS s-Bu Sc SCE SCF SCR sd sec sec SEELFS SEM sepn Ser SERS SET SEXAFS Sh SI SIMS sin SINDO sinh SIPN SLAM sln SMO SMOW SNMS SNU SO sol

HC&P_S02.indb 25

roentgen equivalent man radiofrequency rhamnose reflection high-energy electron diffraction restricted Hartree-Fock (theory) radioimmunoassay ribose ribulose root mean square ribonucleic acid ribonuclease ribosomal RNA restricted open shell Hartree-Fock read only memory random phase approximation revolutions per minute revolutions per second Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel (theory) Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (theory) resonance Raman spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy rydberg second, solid path length, solubility, spin angular momentum, symmetry number, symmetrical (as stereochemical descriptor) siemens area, entropy, probability current density, Poynting vector, symmetry coordinate, spin angular momentum symmetry adapted linear combinations surface analysis by laser ionization scanning Auger microscopy small angle neutron scattering sarcosine saturated small angle x-ray scattering sec-butyl Schmidt number saturated calomel electrode self-consistent field silicon-controlled rectifier standard deviation secant, second secondary (in chemical name) surface sensitive energy loss fine structure scanning electron microscope separation serine surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy single electron transfer surface extended x-ray absorption fine structure Sherwood number International System of Units secondary ion mass spectroscopy sine symmetrically orthogonalized INDO method hyperbolic sine semi-interpenetrating polymer network scanning laser acoustic microscopy solution semiempirical molecular orbital Standard Mean Ocean Water sputtered neutral mass spectroscopy solar neutrino unit spin orbital soluble, solution

2-25 soln SOMO Sor sp gr SPM sq sr Sr SSMS St St std, stnd STEM STM STO STP sub Sv t t T T Tag Tal tan tanh t-Bu TCA TCE tcne TCSCF TE TED TEM temp tert TFD TGA theor thf, THF Thr Thy TL TLC TM Tol Torr tRNA Trp trs TS tsp Tyr u u U U UDP UHF UMP uns, unsym

solution singly occupied molecular orbital sorbose specific gravity scanned probe microscopy square steradian Strouhal number spark source mass spectroscopy stoke Stanton number standard (state) scanning transmission electron microscope scanning tunneling microscopy Slater type orbital standard temperature and pressure sublimation, sublimes sievert metric tonne, triton Celsius temperature, thickness, time, transport number tesla kinetic energy, period, term value, temperature (thermodynamic), torque, transmittance tagatose talose tangent hyperbolic tangent tert-butyl trichloroacetic acid trichloroethylene tetracyanoethylene two configuration self-consistent field transverse electric transmission electron diffraction, transferred electron device transmission electron microscopy, transverse electromagnetic temperature tertiary (in chemical name) Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (method) thermo-gravimetric analysis theoretical tetrahydrofuran threonine thymine thermoluminescence thin-layer chromatography transverse magnetic tolyl torr transfer RNA tryptophan transition transition state teaspoon tyrosine unified atomic mass unit Bloch function, electric mobility, velocity uracil (in genetic code) electric potential difference, internal energy uridine 5´-diphosphate ultrahigh frequency, unrestricted Hartree-Fock (theory) uridine 5´-monophosphate unsymmetrical (as chemical descriptor)

5/2/05 2:51:24 PM

Scientific Abbreviations and Symbols

2-26 UPES UPS ur Ura USP UT UTP UV v V V Val vap VB VCD VHF vic VIS vit VSEPR VSLI VUV v/v w W W WAXS Wb We WKB wt w/v w/w x X X XAFS XANES XPES XPS XRD XRF XRS Xyl y, yr Y yd z Z ZDO ZPE, ZPVE

HC&P_S02.indb 26

ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy urea uracil United States Pharmacopeia universal time uridine 5´-triphosphate ultraviolet reaction rate, specific volume, velocity, vibrational quantum number, vicinal (as chemical descriptor) volt electric potential, potential energy, volume valine vaporization valence band, valence bond vibrational circular dichroism very high frequency vicinal (on adjacent carbon atoms) visible region of the spectrum vitreous valence shell electron pair repulsion very large scale integrated (circuit) vacuum ultraviolet volume per volume (volume of solute divided by volume of solution, expressed as percent) energy density, mass fraction, velocity, work watt radiant energy, statistical weight, work wide angle x-ray scattering weber Weber number Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (method) weight weight per volume (mass of solute divided by volume of solution, generally expressed as g/100 mL) weight per weight (mass of solute divided by mass of solution, expressed as percent) mole fraction X unit, halogen (in chemical formula) reactance x-ray absorption fine structure x-ray absorption near-edge structure x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy x-ray diffraction x-ray fluorescence x-ray spectroscopy xylose year admittance, Planck function, Young’s modulus yard charge number (of an ion), collision frequency factor atomic number, compression factor, collision number, impedance, partition function, zusammen (cis configuration) zero differential overlap zero point vibrational energy

ZULU α α β γ γ Γ δ ∆ ε η θ Θ κ λ Λ µ µ

µF µg µm µs ν νe π Π ρ σ τ φ Φ χ χe ψ ω Ω Ω

Greenwich mean time alpha particle absorption coefficient, degree of dissociation, electric polarizability, expansion coefficient, fine structure constant beta particle photon activity coefficient, conductivity, magnetogyric ratio, mass concentration, ratio of heat capacities, surface tension Gruneisin parameter, level width, surface concentration chemical shift, Dirac delta function, Kronecker delta, loss angle inertia defect, mass defect emittance, Levi-Civita symbol, linear strain, molar absorption coefficient, permittivity overpotential, viscosity Bragg angle, temperature, scattering angle, surface coverage quadrupole moment compressibility, conductivity, magnetic susceptibility, molar absorption coefficient, transmission coefficient absolute activity, radioactive decay constant, thermal conductivity, wavelength angular momentum, ionic conductivity muon chemical potential, electric dipole moment, electric mobility, friction coefficient, Joule-Thompson coefficient, magnetic dipole moment, mobility, permeability microfarad microgram micrometer microsecond frequency, kinematic velocity, stoichiometric number, wavenumber neutrino pion osmotic pressure, Peltier coefficient density, reflectance, resistivity electrical conductivity, cross section, normal stress, shielding constant (NMR), Stefan-Boltzmann constant, surface tension transmittance, chemical shift, shear stress, relaxation time electrical potential, fugacity coefficient, osmotic coefficient, quantum yield, volume fraction, wavefunction magnetic flux, potential energy, radiant power, work function magnetic susceptibility, electronegativity electric susceptibility wavefunction circular frequency, angular velocity, harmonic vibration wavenumber, statistical weight ohm axial angular momentum, solid angle

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GREEK, RUSSIAN, AND HEBREW ALPHABETS The following table presents the Hebrew, Greek, and Russian alphabets, their letters, the names of the letters, and the English equivalents. Hebrew1,3

1 2 3

4 5 6

‫א‬

aleph

’

‫ב‬

beth

b, bh

‫ג‬

gimel

g, gh

‫ד‬

daleth

d, dh

‫ה‬

he

h

‫ו‬

waw

w

‫ז‬

zayin

z

‫ח‬

heth

‫ט‬

h.

teth

‫י‬

t.

yodh

y

‫ךכ‬

kaph

k, kh

‫ל‬

lamedh

l

‫םמ‬

mem

m

‫ןנ‬

nun

n

‫ס‬

samekh

s

‫ע‬

ayin

‘

‫ףפ‬

pe

p, ph

2

Αα

Greek4

alpha

a

Ββ

beta

b

Γγ

gamma g, n

∆δ

delta

Εε

epsilon e

Ζζ

zeta

z

Ηη

eta

ē

Θθ

theta

th

d

Ιι

iota

i

Κκ

kappa

k

Λλ

lambda l

Μµ

mu

m

Νν

nu

n

Ξ ξ

xi

x

Οο

omicron o

Ππ

pi

p

Ρρ

rho

r, rh

Σ σ ς sigma

s

Tτ

tau

t

ϒ υ

upsilon y, u

‫ץצ‬

sadhe

‫ק‬

s.

qoph

q

‫ר‬

resh

r

Φφ

‫שׂ‬

phi

ph

sin

ś

Χχ

‫שׁ‬

chi

ch

shin

sh

Ψψ

‫ת‬

psi

ps

taw

t, th

Ωω

omega

ō

Russian

Аа Бб Вв Гг Дд Ее Жж Зз ИиЙй Кк Лл Мм Нн Оо Пп Рр Cс Тт Уу Фф Хх Цц Чч Шш Щщ Ъ ъ5 Ыы Ь ь6 Ээ Юю Яя

a b v g d e zh z i, ĭ k l m n o p r s t u f kh ts ch sh shch ” y ’ e yu ya

Where two forms of a letter are given, the second one is the form used at the end of a word. Not represented in transliteration when initial. The Hebrew letters are primarily consonants; a few of them are also used secondarily to represent certain vowels, when provided at all, by means of a system of dots or strokes adjacent to the consonated characters. The letter gamma is transliterated “n”only before velars; the letter upsilon is transliterated “u”only as the final element in diphthongs. This sign indicates that the immediately preceding consonant is not palatized even though immediately followed by a palatized vowel. This sign indicates that the immediately preceding consonant is palatized even though not immediately followed by a palatized vowel.

2-27

HC&P_S02.indb 27

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DEFINITIONS OF SCIENTIFIC TERMS Brief definitions of selected terms of importance in chemistry, physics, and related fields of science are given in this section. The selection process emphasizes the following types of terms: d d d d

Physical quantities Units of measure Classes of chemical compounds and materials Important theories, laws, and basic concepts.

Individual chemical compounds are not included. Definitions have taken wherever possible from the recommendations of international or national bodies, especially the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For physical quantities and units, the recommended symbol is also given. The source of such definitions is indicated by the reference number in brackets following the definition. In many cases these official definitions have been edited in the interest of stylistic consistency and economy of space. The user is referred to the original source for further details. An asterisk (*) following a term indicates that further information can be found by consulting the index of this handbook under the entry for that term.

Ab initio method - An approach to quantum-mechanical calculations on molecules which starts with the Schrödinger equation and carries out a complete integration, without introducing empirical factors derived from experimental measurement. Absorbance (A) - Defined as -log(1-α) = log(1/τ), where α is the absorptance and τ the transmittance of a medium through which a light beam passes. [2] Absorbed dose (D) - For any ionizing radiation, the mean energy imparted to an element of irradiated matter divided by the mass of that element. [1] Absorptance (α) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux in a given spectral interval absorbed in a medium to that of the incident radiation. Also called absorption factor. [1] Absorption coefficient (a) - The relative decrease in the intensity of a collimated beam of electromagnetic radiation, as a result of absorption by a medium, during traversal of an infinitesimal layer of the medium, divided by the length traversed. [1] Absorption coefficient, molar (ε) - Absorption coefficient divided by amount-of-substance concentration of the absorbing material in the sample solution (ε = a/c). The SI unit is m2/mol. Also called extinction coefficient, but usually in units of mol–1dm3cm–1. [2] Acceleration - Rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity (g)* - The standard value (9.80665 m/s2) of the acceleration experienced by a body in the earth’s gravitational field. [1] Acenes - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement. [5] Acid - Historically, a substance that yields an H+ ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH1) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. [5] Aldoximes - Oximes of aldehydes: RCH=NOH. [5] Alfvén number (Al) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] Alfven waves - Very low frequency waves which can exist in a plasma in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. Also called magnetohydrodynamic waves. Alicyclic compounds - Aliphatic compounds having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system. [5] Aliphatic compounds - Acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, excluding aromatic compounds. [5] Alkali metals - The elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. Alkaline earth metals - The elements calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. [7] Alkaloids - Basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom (but not excluding those of animal origin). Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and amino sugars are not normally regarded as alkaloids. [5] Alkanes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. [5] Alkenes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one double bond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc. [5] Alkoxides - Compounds, ROM, derivatives of alcohols, ROH, in which R is saturated at the site of its attachment to oxygen and M is a metal or other cationic species. [5] Alkyl groups - Univalent groups derived from alkanes by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom: CnH2n+1-. The groups derived by removal of a hydrogen atom from a terminal carbon atom of unbranched alkanes form a subclass of normal alkyl (n-alkyl) groups. The groups RCH2-, R2CH-, and R3C- (R not equal to H) are primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl groups, respectively. [5]

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2-29 Alkynes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n–2, RC≡CR´. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one triple bond are known as alkadiynes, alkatriynes, etc. [5] Allotropy - The occurrence of an element in two or more crystalline forms. Allylic groups - The group CH2=CHCH2- (allyl) and derivatives formed by substitution. The term ‘allylic position’ or ‘allylic site’ refers to the saturated carbon atom. A group, such as OH, attached at an allylic site is sometimes described as “allylic”. [5] Amagat volume unit - A non-SI unit previously used in high pressure science. It is defined as the molar volume of a real gas at one atmosphere pressure and 273.15 K. The approximate value is 22.4 L/mol. Amides - Derivatives of oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. [5] Amine oxides - Compounds derived from tertiary amines by the attachment of one oxygen atom to the nitrogen atom: R3N+O–. By extension the term includes the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary amines. [5] Amines - Compounds formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and having the general structures RNH2 (primary amines), R2NH (secondary amines), R3N (tertiary amines). [5] Amino acids* - Compounds containing both a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2). The most important are the α-amino acids, in which the -NH2 group in attached to the C atom adjacent to the -COOH group. In the β-amino acids, there is an intervening carbon atom. [4] Ampere (A)* - The SI base unit of electric current. [1] Ampere’s law - The defining equation for the magnetic induction B, viz., dF = Idl × B, where dF is the force produced by a current I flowing in an element of the conductor dl pointing in the direction of the current. Ångström (Å) - A unit of length used in spectroscopy, crystallography, and molecular structure, equal to 10–10 m. Angular momentum (L) - The angular momentum of a particle about a point is the vector product of the radius vector from this point to the particle and the momentum of the particle; i.e., L = r × p. [1] Angular velocity (ω) - The angle through which a body rotates per unit time. Anilides - Compounds derived from oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) by replacing the -OH group by the -NHPh group or derivative formed by ring substitution. Also used for salts formed by replacement of a nitrogen-bound hydrogen of aniline by a metal. [5] Anion - A negatively charged atomic or molecular particle. Antiferroelectricity* - An effect analogous to antiferromagnetism in which electric dipoles in a crystal are ordered in two sublattices that are polarized in opposite directions, leading to zero net polarization. The effect vanishes above a critical temperature. Antiferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two antiparallel aligned sublattices. Antiferromagnets are characterized by a zero or small positive magnetic susceptibility. The

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2-30 susceptibility increases with temperature up to a critical value, the Néel temperature, above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Antiparticle - A particle having the same mass as a given elementary particle and a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Appearance potential* - The lowest energy which must be imparted to the parent molecule to cause it to produce a particular specified parent ion. This energy, usually stated in eV, may be imparted by electron impact, photon impact, or in other ways. More properly called appearance energy. [3] Appearance potential spectroscopy (APS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Are (a) - A unit of area equal to 100 m2. [1] Arenes - Monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. See aromatic compounds. [5] Aromatic compounds - Compounds whose structure includes a cyclic delocalized π-electron system. Historical use of the term implies a ring containing only carbon (e.g., benzene, naphthalene), but it is often generalized to include heterocyclic structures such as pyridine and thiophene. [5] Arrhenius equation - A key equation in chemical kinetics which expresses the rate constant k as k = Aexp(-Ea/RT), where Ea is the activation energy, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. A is called the preexponential factor and, for simple gas phase reactions, may be identified with the collision frequency. Arsines - AsH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. [5] Aryl groups - Groups derived from arenes by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. Groups similarly derived from heteroarenes are sometimes subsumed in this definition. [5] Astronomical unit (AU)* - The mean distance of the earth from the sun, equal to 1.49597870 × 1011 m. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic mass* - The mass of a nuclide, normally expressed in unified atomic mass units (u). Atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10–27 kg. Also called the unified atomic mass unit. [1] Atomic number (Z) - A characteristic property of an element, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic weight (Ar)* - The ratio of the average mass per atom of an element to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. An atomic weight can be defined for a sample of any given isotopic composition. The standard atomic weight refers to a sample of normal terrestrial isotopic composition. The term relative atomic mass is synonymous with atomic weight. [2] Attenuated total reflection (ATR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1.

HC&P_S02.indb 30

Definitions of Scientific Terms Auger effect - An atomic process in which an electron from a higher energy level fills a vacancy in an inner shell, transferring the released energy to another electron which is ejected. Aurora - An atmospheric phenomenon in which streamers of light are produced when electrons from the sun are guided into the thermosphere by the earth’s magnetic field. It occurs in the polar regions at altitudes of 95—300 km. Avogadro constant (NA)* - The number of elementary entities in one mole of a substance. Azeotrope - A liquid mixture in a state where the variation of vapor pressure with composition at constant temperature (or, alternatively, the variation of normal boiling point with composition) shows either a maximum or a minimum. Thus when an azeotrope boils the vapor has the same composition as the liquid. Azides - Compounds bearing the group -N3, viz. -N=N+=N–; usually attached to carbon, e.g. PhN3, phenyl azide or azidobenzene. Also used for salts of hydrazoic acid, HN3, e.g. NaN3, sodium azide. [5] Azines - Condensation products, R2C=NN=CR2 , of two moles of a carbonyl compound with one mole of hydrazine. [5] Azo compounds - Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g., PhN=NPh, azobenzene or diphenyldiazene. [5] Balmer series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 2 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1/4 - 1/n2), where n = 3,4,... and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series (n = 2  3), which is often called the Hα line, falls at a wavelength of 6563 Å. Bar (bar) - A unit of pressure equal to 105 Pa.´ Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory - A theory of superconductivity which is based upon the formation of electron pairs as a result of an electron-lattice interaction. The theory relates the superconducting transition temperature to the density of states and the Debye temperature. Barn (b) - A unit used for expressing cross sections of nuclear processes, equal to 10–28 m2. Barrel - A unit of volume equal to 158.9873 L. Baryon - Any elementary particle built up from three quarks. Examples are the proton, neutron, and various short-lived hyperons. Baryons have odd half-integer spins. Base - Historically, a substance that yields an OH– ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH>7. In the Brönsted definition, a base is a substance capable of accepting a proton in any type of reaction. The more general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species capable of donating an electron pair as a base. Becquerel (Bq)* - The SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to s–1. [1] Beer’s law - An approximate expression for the change in intensity of a light beam that passes through an absorbing medium, viz., log(I/I0) = -εcl, where I0 is the incident intensity, I is the final intensity, ε is the molar (decadic) absorption coefficient, c is the molar concentration of the absorbing substance, and l is the path length. Also called the Beer-Lambert law Binding energy* - A generic term for the energy required to decompose a system into two or more of its constituent parts. In nuclear physics, the binding energy is the energy differ-

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Definitions of Scientific Terms ence between a nucleus and the separated nucleons of which it is composed (the energy equivalent of the mass defect). In atomic physics, it is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Biot (Bi) - A name sometimes used for the unit of current in the emu system. Birefringence - A property of certain crystals in which two refracted rays result from a single incident light ray. One, the ordinary ray, follows the normal laws of refraction, while the other, the extraordinary ray, exhibits a variable refractive index which depends on the direction in the crystal. Black body radiation* - The radiation emitted by a perfect black body, i.e., a body which absorbs all radiation incident on it and reflects none. The wavelength dependence of the radiated energy density ρ (energy per unit volume per unit wavelength range) is given by the Planck formula ρ=

8πhc λ 5 (e hc/λkt − 1)

where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Black hole - A very dense object, formed in a supernova explosion, whose gravitational field is so large that no matter or radiation can escape from the object. Bloch wave function - A solution of the Schrödinger equation for an electron moving in a spatially periodic potential; used in the band theory of solids. Bohr magneton (µB)* - The atomic unit of magnetic moment, defined as eh/4πme, where h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is the moment associated with a single electron spin. Bohr, bohr radius (a0)* - The radius of the lowest orbit in the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, defined as εoh2/πmee2, where εo is the permittivity of a vacuum, h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is customarily taken as the unit of length when using atomic units. Boiling point - The temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Boltzmann constant (k)* - The molar gas constant R divided by Avogadro’s constant. Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the equilibrium distribution of molecules as a function of their energy, in which the number of molecules in a state of energy E is proportional to exp(-E/kT), where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature. Bond strength - See Dissociation energy. Born-Haber cycle* - A thermodynamic cycle in which a crystalline solid is converted to gaseous ions and then reconverted to the solid. The cycle permits calculation of the lattice energy of the crystal. Bose-Einstein distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribution which applies to a system of particles that are bosons. The number of particles of energy E is proportional to [e(E–µ)/kT-1]–1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Boson - A particle that obeys Bose-Einstein Statistics; specifically, any particle with spin equal to zero or an integer. This includes

HC&P_S02.indb 31

2-31 the photon, pion, deuteron, and all nuclei of even mass number. Boyle’s law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature. Bragg angle (θ) - Defined by the equation nλ = 2dsinθ, which relates the angle θ between a crystal plane and the diffracted x-ray beam, the wavelength λ of the x-rays, the crystal plane spacing d, and the diffraction order n (any integer). Bravais lattices* - The 14 distinct crystal lattices that can exist in three dimensions. They include three in the cubic crystal system, two in the tetragonal, four in the orthorhombic, two in the monoclinic, and one each in the triclinic, hexagonal, and trigonal systems. Breakdown voltage - The potential difference at which an insulating substance undergoes a physical or chemical change that causes it to become a conductor, thus allowing current to flow through the sample. Bremsstrahlung - Electromagnetic radiation generated when the velocity of a charged particle is reduced (literally, “braking radiation”). An example is the x-ray continuum resulting from collisions of electrons with the target in an x-ray tube. Brewster angle - The angle of incidence for which the maximum degree of plane polarization occurs when a beam of unpolarized light is incident on the surface of a medium of refractive index n. At this angle, the angle between the reflected and refracted beams is 90°. The value of the Brewster angle is tan–1n. Brillouin scattering - The scattering of light by acoustic phonons in a solid or liquid. Brillouin zone - A region of allowed wave vectors and energy levels in a crystalline solid, which plays a part in the propagation of waves through the lattice. British thermal unit (Btu) - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approximately 1055 J. Several values of the Btu, defined in slightly different ways, have been used. Brownian motion - The random movements of small particles suspended in a fluid, which arise from collisions with the fluid molecules. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Buffer* - A solution designed to maintain a constant pH when small amounts of a strong acid or base are added. Buffers usually consist of a fairly weak acid and its salt with a strong base. Suitable concentrations are chosen so that the pH of the solution remains close to the pKa of the weak acid. Calorie (cal) - A non-SI unit of energy, originally defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1°C. Several calories of slightly different values have been used. The thermochemical calorie is now defined as 4.184 J. Candela (cd)* - The SI base unit of luminous intensity. [1] Capacitance (C) - Ratio of the charge acquired by a body to the change in potential. [1] Carbamates - Salts or esters of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH, or of N-substituted carbamic acids: R2NC(=O)OR´, (R´ = hydrocarbyl or a cation). The esters are often called urethanes or urethans, a usage that is strictly correct only for the ethyl esters. [5] Carbenes - The electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univa-

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2-32 lent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state). [5] Carbinols - An obsolete term for substituted methanols, in which the name carbinol is synonymous with methanol. [5] Carbohydrates - Originally, compounds such as aldoses and ketoses, having the stoichiometric formula Cn(H2O)n (hence “hydrates of carbon”). The generic term carbohydrate now includes mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides, as well as their reaction products and derivatives. [5] Carboranes - A contraction of carbaboranes. Compounds in which a boron atom in a polyboron hydride is replaced by a carbon atom with maintenance of the skeletal structure. [5] Carboxylic acids - Oxoacids having the structure RC(=O)OH. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)OH group including its carbon atom. [5] Carnot cycle - A sequence of reversible changes in a heat engine using a perfect gas as the working substance, which is used to demonstrate that entropy is a state function. The Carnot cycle also provides a means to calculate the efficiency of a heat engine. Catalyst - A substance that participates in a particular chemical reaction and thereby increases its rate but without a net change in the amount of that substance in the system. [3] Catenanes, catena compounds - Hydrocarbons having two or more rings connected in the manner of links of a chain, without a covalent bond. More generally, the class catena compounds embraces functional derivatives and hetero analogues. [5] Cation - A positively charged atomic or molecular particle. Centipoise (cP) - A common non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to mPa s. Centrifugal distortion - An effect in molecular spectroscopy in which rotational levels are lowered in energy, relative to the values of a rigid rotor, as the rotational angular momentum increases. The effect may be understood classically as a stretching of the bonds in the molecule as it rotates faster, thus increasing the moment of inertia. Ceramic - A nonmetallic material of very high melting point. Cerenkov radiation - Light emitted when a beam of charged particles travels through a medium at a speed greater than the speed of light in the medium. It is typically blue in color. Cgs system of units - A system of units based upon the centimeter, gram, and second. The cgs system has been supplanted by the International System (SI). Chalcogens - The Group VIA elements (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium). Compounds of these elements are called chalcogenides. [7] Chaotic system - A complex system whose behavior is governed by deterministic laws but whose evolution can vary drastically when small changes are made in the initial conditions. Charge - See Electric charge. Charles’ law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure. Charm - A quantum number introduced in particle physics to account for certain properties of elementary particles and their reactions. Chelate - A compound characterized by the presence of bonds from two or more bonding sites within the same ligand to a central metal atom. [3]

HC&P_S02.indb 32

Definitions of Scientific Terms Chemical potential - For a mixture of substances, the chemical potential of constituent B is defined as the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy G with respect to the amount (number of moles) of B, with temperature, pressure, and amounts of all other constituents held constant. Also called partial molar Gibbs energy. [2] Chemical shift* - A small change in the energy levels (and hence in the spectra associated with these levels) resulting from the effects of chemical binding in a molecule. The term is used in fields such as NMR, Mössbauer, and photoelectron spectroscopy, where the energy levels are determined primarily by nuclear or atomic effects. Chiral molecule - A molecule which cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. A common example is an organic molecule containing a carbon atom to which four different atoms or groups are attached. Such molecules exhibit optical activity, i.e., they rotate the plane of a polarized light beam. Chlorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of chlorine and carbon. [5] Chromatography* - A method for separation of the components of a sample in which the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves. In gas chromatography the gas moves over a liquid or solid stationary phase. In liquid chromatography the liquid mixture moves through another liquid, a solid, or a gel. The mechanism of separation of components may be adsorption, differential solubility, ion-exchange, permeation, or other mechanisms. [6] Clapeyron equation - A relation between pressure and temperature of two phases of a pure substance that are in equilibrium, viz., dp/dT = ∆trsS/∆trs V, where ∆trs S is the difference in entropy between the phases and ∆trsV the corresponding difference in volume. Clathrates - Inclusion compounds in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules. [5] Clausius (Cl) - A non-SI unit of entropy or heat capacity defined as cal/K = 4.184 J/K. [2] Clausius-Clapeyron equation - An approximation to the Clapeyron equation applicable to liquid-gas and solid-gas equilibrium, in which one assumes an ideal gas with volume much greater than the condensed phase volume. For the liquid-gas case, it takes the form d(lnp)/dT = ∆vap H/RT2, where R is the molar gas constant and ∆vap H is the molar enthalpy of vaporization. For the solid-gas case, ∆vap H is replaced by the molar enthalpy of sublimation, ∆sub H. Clausius-Mosotti equation - A relation between the dielectric constant εr at optical frequencies and the polarizability α: ε r − 1 ρN A α = εr + 2 3 M ε0 where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Clebsch-Gordon coefficients - A set of coefficients used to describe the vector coupling of angular momenta in atomic and nuclear physics. Codon - A set of three bases, chosen from the four primary bases found in the DNA molecule (uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine), which specifies the production of a particular amino

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Definitions of Scientific Terms acid or carries some other genetic instruction. For example, the codon UCA specifies the amino acid serine, CAG specifies glutamine, etc. There are a total of 64 codons. Coercive force - The magnetizing force at which the magnetic flux density is equal to zero. [10] Coercivity* - The maximum value of coercive force that can be attained when a magnetic material is symmetrically magnetized to saturation induction. [10] Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Colloid - Molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a medium that have, at least in one direction, a dimension roughly between 1 nm and 1 µm. [3] Color center - A defect in a crystal that gives rise to optical absorption, thus changing the color of the material. A common type is the F-center, which results when an electron occupies the site of a negative ion. Compressibility (κ)* - The fractional change of volume as pressure is increased, viz., κ = -(1/V)(dV/dp). [1] Compton wavelength (λC)* - In the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free particle (e.g., electron, proton), λC = h/mc is the increase in wavelength, at a 90° scattering angle, corresponding to the transfer of energy from radiation to particle. Here h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and m the mass of the particle. Conductance (G)* - For direct current, the reciprocal of resistance. More generally, the real part of admittance. [1] Conductivity, electrical (σ)* - The reciprocal of the resistivity. [1] Conductivity, thermal - See Thermal conductivity. Congruent transformation - A phase transition (melting, vaporization, etc.) in which the substance preserves its exact chemical composition. Constitutional repeating unit (CRU) - In polymer science, the smallest constitutional unit, the repetition of which constitutes a regular macromolecule, i.e., a macromolecule with all units connected identically with respect to directional sense. [8] Copolymer - A polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. [8] Coriolis effect - The deviation from simple trajectories when a mechanical system is described in a rotating coordinate system. It affects the motion of projectiles on the earth and in molecular spectroscopy leads to an important interaction between the rotational and vibrational motions. The effect may be described by an additional term in the equations of motion, called the Coriolis force. Cosmic rays* - High energy nuclear particles, electrons, and photons, originating mostly outside the solar system, which continually bombard the earth’s atmosphere. Coulomb (C)* - The SI unit of electric charge, equal to A s. [1] Coulomb’s law - The statement that the force F between two electrical charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is F = (4πε0)–1 q1q2/r2, where ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Covalent bond - A chemical bond between two atoms whose stability results from the sharing of two electrons, one from each atom. Cowling number (Co) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Co = B2/µρv2, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] CPT theorem - A theorem in particle physics which states that any local Lagrangian theory that is invariant under proper

HC&P_S02.indb 33

2-33 Lorentz transformations is also invariant under the combined operations of charge conjugation, C, space inversion, P, and time reversal, T, taken in any order. Critical point* - In general, the point on the phase diagram of a two-phase system at which the two coexisting phases have identical properties and therefore represent a single phase. At the liquid-gas critical point of a pure substance, the distinction between liquid and gas vanishes, and the vapor pressure curve ends. The coordinates of this point are called the critical temperature and critical pressure. Above the critical temperature, it is not possible to liquefy the substance. Cross section (σ)* - A measure of the probability of collision (or other interaction) between a beam of particles and a target which it encounters. In rough terms it is the effective area the target particles present to the incident ones; however, the precise definition depends on the nature of the interaction. A general definition of σ is the number of encounters per unit time divided by nv, where n is the concentration of incident particles and v their velocity. Crosslink - In polymer science, a small region in a macromolecule from which at least four chains emanate, and formed by reactions involving sites or groups on existing macromolecules or by interactions between existing macromolecules. [8] Crown compounds - Macrocyclic polydentate compounds, usually uncharged, in which three or more coordinating ring atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) are or may become suitably close for easy formation of chelate complexes with metal ions or other cationic species. [5] Crust* - The outer layer of the solid earth, above the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Its thickness averages about 35 km on the continents and about 7 km below the ocean floor. Cryoscopic constant (Ef )* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the freezing point Tf of a solvent is lowered by a non-dissociating solute, through the relation ∆Tf = Ef m, where m is the molality of the solute. Curie (Ci) - A non-SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to 3.7 × 1010 s–1. Curie temperature (TC)* - For a ferromagnetic material, the critical temperature above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Also applied to the temperature at which the spontaneous polarization disappears in a ferroelectric solid. [1] Cyanohydrins - Alcohols substituted by a cyano group, most commonly, but not limited to, examples having a CN and an OH group attached to the same carbon atom. They are formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by the addition of hydrogen cyanide. [5] Cycloalkanes - Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons (with or without side chains). See alicyclic compounds. Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons having one endocyclic double or one triple bond are called cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes, respectively. [5] Cyclotron resonance - The resonant absorption of energy from a system in which electrons or ions that are orbiting in a uniform magnetic field are subjected to radiofrequency or microwave radiation. The resonance frequency is given by ν = eH/2πm*c, where e is the elementary charge, H is the magnetic field strength, m* is the effective mass of the charged particle, and c is the speed of light. The effect occurs in both solids (involving electrons or holes) and in low pressure gasses (involving ions)

5/2/05 2:51:29 PM

Definitions of Scientific Terms

2-34 Dalton (Da) - A name sometimes used in biochemistry for the unified atomic mass unit (u). De Broglie wavelength - The wavelength associated with the wave representation of a moving particle, given by h/mv, where h is Planck’s constant, m the particle mass, and v the velocity. De Haas-Van Alphen effect - An effect observed in certain metals and semiconductors at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, characterized by a periodic variation of magnetic susceptibility with field strength. Debye equation* - The relation between the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) εr, polarizability α, and permanent dipole moment µ in a dielectric material whose molecules are free to rotate. It takes the form ε r − 1 ρN A = εr + 2 3 Mε0

 µ2   α + 3kT 

where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Debye length - In the Debye-Hückel theory of ionic solutions, the effective thickness of the cloud of ions of opposite charge which surrounds each given ion and shields the Coulomb potential produced by that ion. Debye temperature (θD)* - In the Debye model of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θD = hνD/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and νD is the maximum vibrational frequency the crystal can support. For T 1 atm) 1.107925

1.467420

20.8

1.03225

vs H2O sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, CS2; s ace, bz, chl msc H2O; s ace; sl bz, lig msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl CS2 s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O, MeOH

Acetylcholine iodide 2-Acetylcyclohexanone 2-Acetylcyclopentanone N-Acetyl-L-cysteine 3-Acetyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone 1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene

67 Acetylene

68 N-Acetylethanolamine

cry (w)

109.5

ye grn nd (dil 205.3 al or w) col gas -80.7 (triple point) 63.5

69 Acetyl fluoride

Ethanoyl fluoride

C2H3FO

557-99-3

62.042

vol liq or gas -84

70 N-Acetylglutamic acid 71 N-Acetylglycine

Aceturic acid

C7H11NO5 C4H7NO3

1188-37-0 543-24-8

189.166 117.104

72 trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-Lproline 73 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole

Oxaceprol

C7H11NO4

33996-33-7

173.167

pr (w) lo nd (w, MeOH) cry (Ac)

C5H6N2O

2466-76-4

110.114

74 75 76 77 78 79

Ethanoyl iodide

Methionamine Aspidospermine

C2H3IO C3H3NOS C8H16N2O3 C7H13NO3S C7H13NO3S C22H30N2O2

507-02-8 13250-46-9 692-04-6 1115-47-5 65-82-7 466-49-9

169.948 101.127 188.224 191.248 191.248 354.485

Dehydroacetic acid

C5H9NO2 C8H15NO C8H8O4

1113-68-4 4593-16-2 520-45-6

115.131 141.211 168.148

Acetyl iodide Acetyl isothiocyanate N6-Acetyl-L-lysine N-Acetyl-DL-methionine N-Acetyl-L-methionine 1-Acetyl-17methoxyaspidospermidine 80 N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide 81 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine 82 3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran2,4(3H)-dione

199 206 132 104.5 108 132.5

265 dec 114.5 105.5 nd or pr (al) 208 nd (peth) liq -25 liq -13.6 109

2.067320 1.152313

1.549120 1.523118

2202 195; 114.561 239 270

1.066325 0.968425

1.450225 1.473125

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, THF vs eth s eth, CS2

sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl msc H2O; i eth vs H2O vs H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-7

O O P S O

O N

N

N

O

O

Acetonitrile

Acetophenone

Acetophenone azine

Acetoxon

O O S Cl

HO

O

H N

O

O

N-Acetylacetamide

O

HO HO

OH

O

NH

O

4-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-mannose

N H

HO

4-(Acetylamino)fluorene

OH

H N

O

O

2-(Acetylamino)fluorene

HO HO

O

OH

O

2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose

O HN

NH

HO O

O 2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

HO

HN

NH

O 4-(Acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride

O

OH

HO

H N

O

N-Acetyl-L-alanine

O HO

OH

N H

O

O

O O

O

O

6-(Acetylamino)hexanoic acid

4-Acetylanisole

2-Acetylbenzoic acid

3-Acetylbenzoic acid

O

O O O

O

O

Br

O

4-Acetylbenzoic acid

Acetyl benzoylperoxide

Br N

O Cl

Acetyl bromide

Acetyl chloride

O

Cl N

O

Acetylcholine bromide

O

O

Acetylcholine chloride

O O O

O I N

O

O

HS

O

OH

O

O

O

Acetylcholine iodide

2-Acetylcyclohexanone

OH

NH

2-Acetylcyclopentanone

O

O

N-Acetyl-L-cysteine

3-Acetyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone

HO 1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene

HO O H

N H

H Acetylene

O HO

O

OH

F

N-Acetylethanolamine

NH

O

Acetyl fluoride

H N

OH O

OH

O

N-Acetylglutamic acid

COOH

N

O O

N-Acetylglycine

trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-L-proline

O N

O O

N

I

O 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole

O N

Acetyl iodide

NH2

Acetyl isothiocyanate

N H

OH

OH HN O

N6-Acetyl-L-lysine

N-Acetyl-DL-methionine

N

O S

C

HO

S

S

O

N

HN O N-Acetyl-L-methionine

OH O

H

OH O

H O

1-Acetyl-17-methoxyaspidospermidine

N O

N O

N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide

O 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine

O

O

3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H)-dione

3-8

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C6H11NO2

1696-20-4

Acetylsalicylic acid

C11H19NO9 C2H3NO4 C9H8O4

5-Bromoacetylsalicylic acid

Synonym

83 4-Acetylmorpholine 84 N-Acetylneuraminic acid 85 Acetyl nitrate 86 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 87 4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 88 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid 89 4-(Acetyloxy)-3methoxybenzaldehyde 90 2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone

Aceneuramic acid

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

129.157

14.5

15250, 11812

1.114520

1.482720

msc H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc

131-48-6 591-09-3 50-78-2

309.271 105.050 180.158

186 exp 60; 2270

1.2415

C9H8O4 C9H7BrO4

2345-34-8 1503-53-3

180.158 259.054

C10H10O4

881-68-5

194.184

C10H10O3

2243-35-8

178.184

nd (w), mcl tab (w) nd (al)

orth pl

Acetoxyacetone

C5H8O3

592-20-1

116.116

92 93 94 95 96

Tributyltin acetate Triphenyltin acetate

C14H30O2Sn C20H18O2Sn C10H10O3 C11H13NO3 C13H17NO3

56-36-0 900-95-8 13031-43-1 2018-61-3 2361-96-8

349.097 409.066 178.184 207.226 235.279

C12H15NO3

3618-96-0

221.252

C2H5O5P

590-54-5

140.032

C7H13NO C7H11NO2 C22H28N6O14P2

618-42-8 32161-06-1 86-08-8

127.184 141.168 662.436

C9H10OS C7H16INOS C13H14N2O3

1778-09-2 1866-15-5 1218-34-4

166.239 289.177 246.261

105 N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine

C11H13NO4

537-55-3

223.226

106 107 108 109

C13H17NO4 C7H13NO3 C20H17N3Na2O9S3 C14H7ClF3NO5

840-97-1 96-81-1 3244-88-0 50594-66-6

251.279 159.183 585.539 361.658

C25H41NO9

509-20-6

499.596

amor

98 Acetyl phosphate 99 1-Acetylpiperidine 100 1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone 101 3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide 102 4-Acetylthioanisole 103 Acetyl thiocholine iodide 104 N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester N-Acetyl-L-valine Acid Fuchsin Acifluorfen

3-Acetyl NAD

Fuchsin, acid 5-[2-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid

110 Aconine

s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl bz

188.5 60 78

91 1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone (Acetyloxy)tributylstannane (Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane 4-Acetylphenyl acetate N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester 97 N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester

135

49

270

1.116965

1.503665

171; 6311

1.075720

1.414120

84.7 121.5 s ctc, CS2 s EtOH

173.5 93

cry (EtOH aq) nd (peth) or 91 visc oil (chl) unstab in soln liq -13.4

226.5 218; 1240.2

1.0119 1.14625

1.479025 1.502620

nd (dil MeOH) cry (w); pl (diox)

81.5 205 189.5

s H2O, EtOH, alk

153 80.5 164 sl H2O, EtOH 150 132

Aminacrine

C34H47NO11 C13H10N2

302-27-2 90-45-9

645.737 194.231

orth lf 204 ye nd (ace or 241 al)

113 Acridine

Dibenzo[b,e]pyridine

C13H9N

260-94-6

179.217

1.00520

114 3,6-Acridinediamine

Proflavine

C13H11N3

92-62-6

209.246

C13H9NO

578-95-0

195.216

orth nd or pr 106(form a); 344.86 (al) 110(form b) ye nd (al or 285 w) ye lf (al) >300

0.84020

1.401720

116 Acrolein

2-Propenal

C3H4O

107-02-8

56.063

liq

-87.7

52.6

117 Acrylamide

2-Propenamide

C3H5NO

79-06-1

71.078

lf (bz)

84.5

192.6

118 Acrylic acid

2-Propenoic acid

C3H4O2

79-10-7

72.063

12.5

141

1.051120

1.422420

119 Acrylonitrile

Propenenitrile

C3H3N

107-13-1

53.063

liq

-83.48

77.3

0.800725

1.391120

120 Acyclovir 121 Adenine

1H-Purin-6-amine

C8H11N5O3 C5H5N5

59277-89-3 73-24-5

225.205 135.128

225 360 dec

sub 220

β-D-Ribofuranoside, adenine-9 C10H13N5O4 cAMP C10H12N5O6P

58-61-7 60-92-4

267.242 329.206

cry (EtOH) orth nd (+3w) n(w+3/2) cry

3’-Adenylic acid, 5’-(dihydrogen C10H15N5O10P2 phosphate)

1053-73-2

427.202

amor pow

122 Adenosine 123 Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate) 124 Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate

vs H2O, EtOH

solid

111 Aconitine 112 9-Acridinamine

115 9(10H)-Acridinone

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, lig vs H2O, eth, EtOH

235.5 219

s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth, lig vs bz, EtOH, chl s EtOH, ace; sl DMSO; vs dil HCl i H2O; sl ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz i H2O, eth, bz; sl EtOH; s HOAc, alk vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-9 O

OH

O

O

NH

N O

HO

O COOH OH OH CH2OH OH

O O

OH

4-Acetylmorpholine

N-Acetylneuraminic acid

O N

HO

O O

O

O

O

O 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

O

Br

O

Acetyl nitrate

O

4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid

O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O 4-(Acetyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

OH

(Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane

4-Acetylphenyl acetate

O O

O

O

(Acetyloxy)tributylstannane

O

O

O

O N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester

O P OH OH

O

HN

HN

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine

O O

1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone

O

HN

O

O

O

2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone

O

Sn O

Sn O

O

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester

N

N

1-Acetylpiperidine

1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone

O

Acetyl phosphate

O

NH2 N

N

N N O O P OCH2 O OH COCH3

O CH2O P O

O HN

S

OH

OH OH

O N

O

O O S

O

OH OH 3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide

4-Acetylthioanisole

H2N

I N

N H

O

OH

O N-Acetyl-L-valine

OH O

O S OH O

O S NaO O

HN

O N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester

OH

NH

O S NaO O

O HN

HO

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine

O O

HN

HO

N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan

Acetyl thiocholine iodide

O OH

HO O O N O

Cl F F

NH2

O F

Acid Fuchsin

H

N HO

Acifluorfen

OH H

O O

H H

N

OH H

O

O

OH

HO

O

O H

O

O

O

Aconine

O OH

Aconitine

O

NH2

O N

N

9-Acridinamine

Acridine

H2N

N

N H

NH2

3,6-Acridinediamine

O

9(10H)-Acridinone

Acrolein

NH2

H H2N

N

N N

NH2

N O

N Acrylonitrile

OH Acyclovir

HO N

N

NH2

O

N

N O

Adenine

N H

N

N O

N

N

HO P O

O

OH

O

O

O P N

Acrylic acid

N

N

N

N

OH

NH2 Acrylamide

NH2 N

N

O

O

OH OH Adenosine

HO

HO P O

O

OH

Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate)

OH

OH Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate

3-10

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name 125 Adenosine 5’methylenediphosphonate 126 127 128 129

Adenosine 3’-phosphate Adenosine 5’-triphosphate S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine 5’-Adenylic acid

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

Adenosine, 5’-[hydrogen (phosphonomethyl) phosphonate] 3’-Adenylic acid ATP

C11H17N5O9P2

3768-14-7

425.229

cry (w)

204

C10H14N5O7P C10H16N5O13P3 C14H20N6O5S C10H14N5O7P

84-21-9 56-65-5 979-92-0 61-19-8

347.222 507.181 384.411 347.222

col nd

195 dec 144 dec 210 dec 195 dec

C6H11NO3 C20H26ClNO2

334-25-8 50-42-0

145.156 347.879

nd (w) cry

Adenosine 5’-monophosphate

130 Adipamic acid 131 Adiphenine hydrochloride

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

vs H2O; s EtOH, 10% HCl

161.5 113.5 25

1,6-Hexanedioic acid

C6H10O4

124-04-9

146.141

mcl pr (w, ace, lig)

152.5

337.5

1.360

133 Adiponitrile

Hexanedinitrile

C6H8N2

111-69-3

108.141

nd (eth)

1

295

0.967620

C9H11NO3

99-45-6

181.188

nd

235 dec

C14H23NO

25394-57-4

221.339

ye oil

23

C17H12O6 C17H14O6 C17H12O7 C12H17N3O4

1162-65-8 7220-81-7 1165-39-5 2757-90-6

312.273 314.289 328.273 267.281

cry

268 287.5 245 207 dec

C20H26N2O2

4360-12-7

326.432

sub sub 250

135 Affinin 136 137 138 139

Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin B2 Aflatoxin G1 Agaritine

N-(2-Methylpropyl)-2,6,8decatrienamide

cry cry (dil al)

140 Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α)

L-Glutamic acid, 5-[2-[4(hydroxymethyl)phenyl] hydrazide] Ajmaline

141 Alachlor 142 DL-Alanine

DL-2-Aminopropanoic acid

C14H20ClNO2 C3H7NO2

15972-60-8 302-72-7

269.768 89.094

143 D-Alanine

2-Aminopropanoic acid, (R)

C3H7NO2

338-69-2

89.094

pl (+3.5w) 206 (aq AcOEt) 40 orth pr or nd 300 dec (w) nd (w, al) 314 dec

144 L-Alanine

2-Aminopropanoic acid, (S)

C3H7NO2

56-41-7

89.094

orth (w)

297 dec

145 β-Alanine

3-Aminopropanoic acid

C3H7NO2

107-95-9

89.094

200 dec

146 Alantolactone

C15H20O2

546-43-0

232.319

nd, orth pr (al) nd

147 148 149 150

C7H14N2O2S C21H28O5 C7H14N2O4S C12H8Cl6

116-06-3 52-39-1 1646-88-4 309-00-2

190.263 360.444 222.262 364.910

Aldicarb Aldosterone Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide Aldrin

cry (HOAc) cry

76

1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

C14H8O4

72-48-0

240.212

152 Alizarin Red S 153 Alizarin Yellow R

Sodium alizarinesulfonate

C14H7NaO7S C13H9N3O5

130-22-3 2243-76-7

342.257 287.227

154 Alizurol purple

1-Hydroxy-4-[(4-methylphenyl) C21H15NO3 amino]-9,10-anthracenedione C16H16O5 Bis[(aminocarbonyl)amino] C4H8N4O4 acetic acid C4H6N4O3

81-48-1

329.349

oran-br nd 253 dec (dil HOAc) flat viol nd

23444-65-7 99-16-1

288.295 176.132

br-red pr (bz) 149 nd 170 dec

97-59-6

158.116

mcl pl or

239

col gas

-136.6

155 Alkannin 156 Allantoic acid 157 Allantoin

C3H4

463-49-0

40.064

159 Allethrin 160 Allicin 161 Allopregnane-3β,21-diol-11,20dione

C19H26O3 C6H10OS2 C21H32O4

584-79-2 539-86-6 566-02-9

302.407 162.272 348.477

5α-Pregnan-20β-ol-3-one C21H34O2 1,5-Dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4-d] C5H4N4O pyrimidin-4-one C6H12O6 C4H4N2O5 C8H6N4O8

516-58-5 315-30-0

318.494 136.112

cry (aq, ac, 190 +w) nd (bz, ac) 185 cry 350

2595-97-3 470-44-0 76-24-4

180.155 160.085 286.156

cry (w) 128 tcl pr (eth) 162 dec orth pr (w+2) 254 dec

164 D-Allose 165 Alloxanic acid 166 Alloxantin

1.438020

1.513425

vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i HOAc, lig sl H2O, eth; s chl, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O

vs H2O

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz 1000.02 sub 250

1.13325 1.42425

s H2O; vs EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth, ace s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

1.43222 1.43719

275 1.19525

sl H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i chl vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

oran or red 289.5 tcl nd or pr (al)

158 Allene

162 Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one 163 Allopurinol

1620.5

99 166.5 141 104

151 Alizarin

Solubility s H2O

132 Adipic acid

134 Adrenalone

nD

s H2SO4 sub 140

-34.4

dec

0.58425 (p>1 atm) 1.01020 1.11220

1.4168

vs EtOH sl H2O, os, dil acid sl H2O; s EtOH, NaOH; i eth, MeOH vs bz, peth

1.56120

vs H2O

vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-11

NH2 NH2 N

N

HO

N

N

O O HO P P O OH OH

O

O

O

OH

HO P O

OH

Adenosine 5’-methylenediphosphonate

O

O

O

HO P

O

NH2 HO

HO

OH

Adenosine 5’-triphosphate

HO

OH

S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine

H N

O O

HO

N

O Adipamic acid

O

O

O

Adiponitrile

O

O

O

H

O

O Affinin

O

NH2

Aflatoxin B1

H O

O

O

Aflatoxin B2

OH

H N

HO

O

H O

O

Adrenalone

O

O

H

O

H O

OH

Adipic acid

O

H

HO

N

O

Adiphenine hydrochloride

H N

N

OH

OH

5’-Adenylic acid

O

NH2 O

O

OH

OH

Adenosine 3’-phosphate

O

N

N

O

HCl HO

N

N

N

N S

OH

OH

OH

OH

N

N

HO P O P O P O

O

HO

O

O

N

N

N

N

N

N

NH2

NH2

NH2

N

N

N H

O

O

Aflatoxin G1

Agaritine

HO O N

N H Me

H

O

Cl

N

O

O

O

O

OH OH

OH

Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α)

Alachlor

O

NH2

NH2

NH2

DL-Alanine

D-Alanine

L-Alanine

H2N

OH β-Alanine

OH OH

O

O

O

OH

Alantolactone

Cl

O

OH

Cl O

O N

S

O

N H

N

S O O

O

Aldicarb

Aldosterone

O

Cl

Cl

Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide

Aldrin

O SO3Na

N

OH

H2N

N H

N H

NH2

Allantoic acid

O

O

O H2N

N H

N H

O O

H

H

Allethrin

OH H O HN

H

H Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one

O S

H

H

H

O

O

C Allene

H

Allopregnane-3β,21-diol-11,20-dione

Alkannin

H

OH

O

OH

OH O

N

O

HO

OH O

Alizurol purple

Allantoin

H

OH

O HN

OH

Alizarin Yellow R

COOH O

Alizarin

O

N

Alizarin Red S

O

O

HO

O N O

OH O

Cl

N H

O

OH

Cl

N N

N H

Allopurinol

H H H H

CHO OH OH OH OH CH2OH D-Allose

S

Allicin

O OH H N HO O O N H Alloxanic acid

H N

O O OH

H N

N H

HO O O

N H

O

O

Alloxantin

3-12

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

167 Allyl acetate

C5H8O2

591-87-7

100.117

168 Allyl acetoacetate

C7H10O3

1118-84-9

142.152

169 Allyl acrylate

C6H8O2

999-55-3

112.127

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

liq

mp/˚C

-85

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

103.5

0.927520

1.404920

196; 66.514

1.036620

1.439820

121

0.944120

1.432020

sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, lig; msc EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc

170 Allyl alcohol

2-Propen-1-ol

C3H6O

107-18-6

58.079

liq

-129

97.0

0.854020

1.413520

171 Allylamine

2-Propen-1-amine

C3H7N

107-11-9

57.095

liq

-88.2

53.3

0.75820

1.420520

172 N-Allylaniline

Allylphenylamine

C9H11N

589-09-3

133.190

219; 10612

0.973625

1.56320

173 Allylbenzene

2-Propenylbenzene

C9H10

300-57-2

118.175

156

0.892020

1.513120

174 α-Allylbenzenemethanol 175 Allyl benzoate

C10H12O C10H10O2

936-58-3 583-04-0

148.201 162.185

228.5

1.00418 1.056915

1.528921 1.517820

176 Allyl butanoate

C7H12O2

2051-78-7

128.169

142; 44.515

0.901720

1.415820

177 178 179 180

Allyl carbamate Allylchlorodimethylsilane Allyl chloroformate Allyl trans-cinnamate

C4H7NO2 C5H11ClSi C4H5ClO2 C12H12O2

2114-11-6 4028-23-3 2937-50-0 1866-31-5

101.105 134.680 120.535 188.222

111 0.896420 109.5 1.136 dec 268; 16317 1.04823

1.419520 1.422020 1.53020

181 182 183 184 185 186

1-Allylcyclohexanol 1-Allylcyclohexene Allylcyclopentane Allyldiethoxymethylsilane Allyldiethylamine Allyldimethylamine

C9H16O C9H14 C8H14 C8H18O2Si C7H15N C5H11N

1123-34-8 13511-13-2 3524-75-2 18388-45-9 5666-17-1 2155-94-4

140.222 122.207 110.197 174.314 113.201 85.148

187 Allyl ethyl ether

C5H10O

557-31-3

188 Allyl formate

C4H6O2

Allyl trans-3-phenyl-2propenoate

liq

-40

hyg liq

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, MeOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl ctc

i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc

190 156 125 155 110 63.5

0.934122

1.475622

0.79325 0.857225 0.747725 0.709425

1.441220 1.410420 1.420920 1.401020

s chl

86.132

67.6

0.765120

1.388120

1838-59-1

86.090

83.6

0.946020

4208-49-5 106-92-3 123-68-2 24935-97-5 1476-23-9 57-06-7 96-05-9 97-53-0

152.148 114.142 156.222 131.130 83.089 99.155 126.153 164.201

207.5 154 186

1.11525 0.969820 0.886920

1.494520 1.433220

Eugenol

C8H8O3 C6H10O2 C9H16O2 C5H9NO3 C4H5NO C4H5NS C7H10O2 C10H12O2

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s eth, ace; sl ctc

1.012620 0.933520 1.065220

1.530620 1.436020 1.540520

197 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate

1,3,4-Eugenol acetate

C12H14O3

93-28-7

206.237

198 Allyl 3-methylbutanoate 199 Allylmethyldichlorosilane 200 2-(Allyloxy)ethanol

C8H14O2 C4H8Cl2Si Ethylene glycol monoallyl ether C5H10O2

2835-39-4 1873-92-3 111-45-5

142.196 155.099 102.132

201 2-Allylphenol 202 4-Allylphenol

Chavicol

C9H10O C9H10O

1745-81-9 501-92-8

134.174 134.174

C9H10O

1746-13-0

C6H10O2 C6H11N C6H12S2 C6H11NO3S C4H8N2S C3H5Cl3Si C9H20O3Si C6H14Si C4H8N2O

189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196

Allyl 2-furancarboxylate Allyl glycidyl ether Allyl hexanoate Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate Allyl isocyanate Allyl isothiocyanate Allyl methacrylate 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol

1-(2-Propenyl)cyclohexene

N,N-Diethyl-2-propen-1-amine N,N-Dimethyl-2-propen-1amine

Allyl 2-furanoate

203 Allyl phenyl ether 204 205 206 207 208

Allyl propanoate N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine Allyl propyl disulfide 3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S) Allylthiourea

209 210 211 212

Allyltrichlorosilane Allyltriethoxysilane Allyltrimethylsilane Allylurea

2-Propenyl propanoate Diallylamine Alliin Thiosinamine Trichloro-2-propenylsilane

liq liq

-110.7

cry (tol)

57

liq

-80

liq

-7.5

88 152 6750, 5530 253.2

pr (al)

30.5

281; 1276

1.080620

1.520520

154 119.5 158.5

1.075820 0.958020

1.441920 1.435820

220 238

1.024615 1.020315

1.518120 1.544118

134.174

191.7

0.981120

1.522320

2408-20-0 124-02-7 2179-59-1 556-27-4 109-57-9

114.142 97.158 148.289 177.221 116.185

123 111 7913

0.914020

1.410520 1.438720 1.521920

1.21720

1.593678

107-37-9 2550-04-1 762-72-1 557-11-9

175.517 204.339 114.261 100.119

1.201120 0.903020 0.715825

1.446020 1.407220 1.407420

liq

nd (dil ac) mcl or orth pr (w)

-6 15.8

165 78 35

nd (al)

85

117.5 10050, 8228 85

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc, oils i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc

msc H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, ctc, MeOH vs eth vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc s EtOH, eth, ace s EtOH, eth vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz

i H2O msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; i peth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

O

O

H N

O O

O Allyl acetate

3-13

OH

NH2

OH

O

Allyl acetoacetate

Allyl acrylate

Allyl alcohol

Allylamine

N-Allylaniline

Allylbenzene

O O

O

O

H2N

O α-Allylbenzenemethanol

Allyl benzoate

O

Allyl butanoate

O

Allyl carbamate

HO

1-Allylcyclohexanol

1-Allylcyclohexene

O

O

O

Allyldiethoxymethylsilane

N

Allyldiethylamine

HO O

O

Allyl 2-furancarboxylate

Allyl glycidyl ether

O O

N

C

N

Allyl isocyanate

C

O O O

O

Allyl isothiocyanate

O

Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate

O S

H N O

Allyl hexanoate

OH

O

Allyldimethylamine

O

O

Allyl formate

O

Allyl chloroformate

N

O

O

O Allyl ethyl ether

Allylcyclopentane

Cl

Allylchlorodimethylsilane

O Si O

O Allyl trans-cinnamate

O

Si Cl

O

Allyl methacrylate

4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol

4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate

Allyl 3-methylbutanoate

OH

OH Cl Si

O Cl

Allylmethyldichlorosilane

O

2-(Allyloxy)ethanol

2-Allylphenol

O S

HO S

Allyl propyl disulfide

4-Allylphenol

S S

H2N

O

OH

O

3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S)

N H Allylthiourea

NH2

Allyl phenyl ether

Cl Cl Si Cl Allyltrichlorosilane

O O Si O Allyltriethoxysilane

O

N H

Allyl propanoate

N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine

O Si Allyltrimethylsilane

N H Allylurea

NH2

3-14

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3-(Ethenyloxy)-1-propene

C5H8O

3917-15-5

84.117

214 Aloin A

C21H22O9

1415-73-2

418.395

215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222

C16H23NO2 C22H24N2O4 C21H20N2O3 C6H12O6 C12H27AlO3 C36H71AlO5 C6H15AlO3 C9H21AlO3

15867-21-7 25394-75-6 642-18-2 1990-29-0 2269-22-9 300-92-5 555-75-9 555-31-7

261.360 380.437 348.395 180.155 246.322 610.928 162.163 204.243

cry cry (eth) ye nd (ace) pr (MeOH,al)

wh pow 145 liq/wh solid 140 hyg wh solid 119

2007 13510, 940.5

C20H27N

150-59-4

281.435

oil

1660.3

C39H54N10O14S C20H11N2Na3O10S3 C9H17N5S C3H12BN C20H31N C2H6N2O

23109-05-9 915-67-3 834-12-8 1830-95-1 1446-61-3 598-41-4

918.970 604.472 227.330 72.945 285.467 74.081

nd dk red pow

88 73.5 cry 44.5 hyg nd (chl) 67.5

C2H4N2 C2H5ClN2

540-61-4 6011-14-9

56.066 92.527

hyg cry (al)

C8H10ClNO

5468-37-1

171.624

Adamantanamine hydrochloride C10H18ClN

665-66-7

187.710

cry (al-eth)

360 dec

vs H2O, EtOH

C6H11NO4

626-71-1

161.156

pl (w)

207.0

sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, chl sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i lig s eth, acid s H2O, EtOH, eth, acid s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; vs AcOEt sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s alk; sl os i H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO i H2O; sl EtOH

No. Name 213 Allyl vinyl ether

Alphaprodine Alstonidine Alstonine D-Altrose Aluminum 2-butoxide Aluminum distearate Aluminum ethanolate Aluminum isopropoxide

223 Alverine 224 225 226 227 228 229

2-Butanol, aluminum salt Hydroxyaluminum distearate Aluminum ethoxide

N-Ethyl-bis(3-phenylpropyl) amine

α-Amanitin Amaranth dye Ametryn Amminetrimethylboron 19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene 2-Aminoacetamide

230 Aminoacetonitrile 231 Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride 232 α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride 233 1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride 234 2-Aminoadipic acid

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

66

0.790020

1.406220

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz; i chl

149.3

103 189 207 dec 103.5

vs ace, EtOH vs H2O 19720

254 dec s H2O

5815

194 dec

2,3-Diaminopropionic acid 1-Aminoanthraquinone

C3H8N2O2 C14H9NO2

515-94-6 82-45-1

104.108 223.227

hyg rosettes 110 red nd (al) 253.5

237 2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

2-Aminoanthraquinone

C14H9NO2

117-79-3

223.227

red nd (al, HOAc)

238 4-Aminoazobenzene

C12H11N3

60-09-3

197.235

oran mcl nd 127 (al)

>360

239 2-Aminobenzaldehyde

C7H7NO

529-23-7

121.137

silv lf

40.5

802

240 3-Aminobenzaldehyde 241 4-Aminobenzaldehyde

C7H7NO C7H7NO

1709-44-0 556-18-3

121.137 121.137

nd (AcOEt) pl (w)

29 71.5

242 2-Aminobenzamide

C7H8N2O

88-68-6

136.151

243 4-Aminobenzamide

C7H8N2O

2835-68-9

136.151

C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2

2835-06-5 1197-55-3

151.163 151.163

ye cry (+1/ 4w) pl pl (w)

C8H7NO4

99-31-0

181.147

pr(al), pl(w) 360

C8H11NO C7H10N2 C7H9NO

104-10-9 4403-69-4 5344-90-1

137.179 122.167 123.152

nd (al)

α-Phenylglycine p-Aminophenylacetic acid

246 5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid 247 4-Aminobenzeneethanol 248 2-Aminobenzenemethanamine 249 2-Aminobenzenemethanol

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s ace, chl vs EtOH

165 dec

235 3-Aminoalanine 236 1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

244 α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±) 245 4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid

i H2O dec H2O; sl xyl reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth, chl

304.5

sub sub

110.5 dec

183 292 dec 200 dec

108 61 83.5

250 4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

Sulfanilamide

C6H8N2O2S

63-74-1

172.205

lf (dil al)

165.5

251 2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

Orthanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

88-21-1

173.190

pr (+ 1/2w)

>320 dec

252 3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

Metanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

121-47-1

173.190

nd, pr (w +1) dec

253 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

Sulfanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

121-57-3

173.190

orth pl or mcl (w+2)

254 4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride

p-Sulfanilyl fluoride

C6H6FNO2S

98-62-4

175.181

288 68.5

sub 255

sub

269 273

1.0825

1.48525

vs EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl, peth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH; i eth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds OH O

3-15

OH

OH O

HO

O

N H

N

O

OH

N

N

HO H H H

H

O OH

O

HO O Allyl vinyl ether

O

N

OH

O Al

Aloin A

OH

H3C(CH2)16

O

Al

O

Aluminum 2-butoxide

(CH2)16CH3

O

Aluminum distearate

O Al

O

O

Alstonidine

O O

O

O O

Alphaprodine

O

H

Alstonine

O

O Al

CHO H OH OH OH CH2OH

D-Altrose

N

O

O

Aluminum ethanolate

Aluminum isopropoxide

Alverine

OH

HN H HO

CONH H

CONH

O

S

CONH

O OH

H

O

OH

S

N NHCO

N H

ONa

S

O

OC

CO

OC H

O

NaO

CH2OH

N

N

NH

HN

NHCO

N

H

O S O ONa

CONH2 α-Amanitin

S

N N

Amaranth dye

N H

B NH3

Ametryn

Amminetrimethylboron

NH2

O NH2

O

H H 2N

H2N 19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene

2-Aminoacetamide

O

2-Aminoadipic acid

H2N

NH2 NH2

O

3-Aminoalanine

1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O O

2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

O NH2 O

NH2 2-Aminobenzamide

4-Aminobenzamide

NH2 NH2

H2N

α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±)

NH2 O S O OH

OH O S O

O

OH O S O

H2N 4-Aminobenzeneethanol

F O S O

NH2

NH2 2-Aminobenzenemethanol

OH

OH

5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid

OH O S O

3-Aminobenzaldehyde

OH

H2N

O

4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid

NH2

NH2 2-Aminobenzenemethanamine

2-Aminobenzaldehyde

OH

OH

NH2 4-Aminobenzaldehyde

NH2

4-Aminoazobenzene

NH2

NH2

O NH2

N N

O

NH2

1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride

O

NH2

O

OH

NH2

α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

O

OH

O

HCl

HCl

Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride

NH2

HCl

N

H2N

Aminoacetonitrile

O OH

N

H2N

NH2

4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

NH2 4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

NH2 4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride

3-16

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

255 2-Aminobenzenethiol 256 4-Aminobenzenethiol 257 2-Aminobenzonitrile

C6H7NS C6H7NS C7H6N2

137-07-5 1193-02-8 1885-29-6

125.192 125.192 118.136

258 3-Aminobenzonitrile

C7H6N2

2237-30-1

118.136

259 4-Aminobenzonitrile

C7H6N2

873-74-5

260 4-Aminobenzophenone

C13H11NO

261 N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid 262 N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine 263 2-Aminobiphenyl

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

ye pr (CS2) nd (peth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

26 46 51

234 14317 263

289

118.136

nd (dil al or 54.3 CCl4) pr or pl (w) 87.0

1137-41-3

197.232

lf (dil al)

124

24613

C12H14N2O5

4271-30-1

266.249

cry (w)

173

C9H10N2O3 C12H11N

61-78-9 90-41-5

194.186 169.222

pr or nd (w) 198.5 lf (dil al) 51

C12H11N

2243-47-2

169.222

nd

31.5

C12H11N

92-67-1

169.222

lf (dil al)

53.5

266 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid 5-Bromoanthranilic acid 267 1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro- 1-Amino-49,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic bromoanthraquinone-2acid sulfonic acid 268 DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C7H6BrNO2 C14H8BrNO5S

5794-88-7 116-81-4

216.033 382.187

nd red nd (w)

219.5

C4H9NO2

2835-81-6

103.120

lf (w)

304 dec

269 L-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

1492-24-6

103.120

270 DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

2835-82-7

103.120

lf (dil al), cry 292 dec (al) nd (al) 194.3

C4H9NO2

56-12-2

103.120

272 2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)

C4H11NO

13054-87-0

89.136

273 4-Amino-1-butanol

C4H11NO

13325-10-5

89.136

C11H17N3O3S

339-43-5

271.336

C11H16N2O2 C3H6N2O2

2032-59-9 591-07-1

208.257 102.092

cry

p-Aminohippuric acid

264 3-Aminobiphenyl 265 4-Aminobiphenyl

271 4-Aminobutanoic acid

p-Biphenylamine

γ-Aminobutyric acid

pr or nd (al) 203 dec lf (MeOHeth) liq -1.0

Carbutamide

277 [4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino] phenyl]arsonic acid

Carbarsone

C7H9AsN2O4

121-59-5

260.079

nd (w)

174

278 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2ethylbutanamide 279 N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3methylbutanamide 280 [2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acid 281 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid 282 1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10anthracenedione 283 4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3benzenedisulfonamide 284 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid 285 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid 286 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid 287 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone

Carbromal

C7H13BrN2O2

77-65-6

237.094

orth (dil al)

118

Bromisovalum

C6H11BrN2O2

496-67-3

223.067

nd or lf (to)

154

Salicylamide O-acetic acid

C9H9NO4

25395-22-6

195.172

C10H12N2O5S 1-Amino-5-chloroanthraquinone C14H8ClNO2

957-68-6 117-11-3

272.277 257.673

Chloraminophenamide

C6H8ClN3O4S2

121-30-2

285.729

6-Chlorometanilic acid

C6H6ClNO3S

88-43-7

207.635

2-Benzoyl-4-chloroaniline

C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C13H10ClNO

635-21-2 89-54-3 719-59-5

Glucamine D-Glucosamine

94 218

Solubility

1.460620

s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth, HOAc

vs ace, bz, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO, peth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl s DMSO

299

302

sub

1.230020

178

0.916220

1.448925

205; 12534

0.96712

1.462520

sub 180

1.54425 sub

1.5615

221

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth, bz msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH; i eth

sl H2O, bz; s ace sl H2O, eth; s EtOH sl H2O, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, chl; s alk sl H2O, chl; s ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s alk

cry 212 254.5 nd (w)

280 dec

171.582 171.582 231.677

ye nd

211 188 100.5

88-51-7

221.662

short nd (w)

95-85-2 52-52-8

143.571 129.157

cry (al-w)

C8H10N2O3S

22252-43-3

214.241

C6H15NO5 C6H13NO5

488-43-7 3416-24-8

181.187 179.171

2-Chloro-p-toluidine-5-sulfonic C7H8ClNO3S acid 2-Hydroxy-5-chloroaniline C6H6ClNO Cycloleucine C6H11NO2

nD

144.5

274 4-Amino-N-[(butylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide 275 Aminocarb 276 N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide

288 2-Amino-4-chloro-5methylbenzenesulfonic acid 289 2-Amino-4-chlorophenol 290 1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid 291 7Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid 292 1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol 293 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose

den/ g cm-3

140 330 dec

1.51915

vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, peth, chl

sl DMSO

241 dec

cry (MeOH)

127

vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-17 N

SH

N

N

O

SH NH2

NH2 NH2

2-Aminobenzenethiol

NH2

4-Aminobenzenethiol

2-Aminobenzonitrile

O

O

H2N

OH O

H2N

NH2 NH2

NH2

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid

HO

4-Aminobenzophenone

O

OH

N H

NH2

4-Aminobenzonitrile

OH

H N

O

NH2

3-Aminobenzonitrile

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine

O

O

NH2

NH2

2-Aminobiphenyl

3-Aminobiphenyl

O S OH O

4-Aminobiphenyl

O

O

O

Br 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid

NH2

NH2

DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

L-2-Aminobutanoic acid

Br

1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid

NH2 O

OH

OH

O H N

OH DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid

H N

O S

O

H2N

N

O

OH

OH

4-Aminobutanoic acid

OH

H2N

NH2

O

2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)

N H

NH2

4-Amino-1-butanol

O

4-Amino-N-[(butylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide

Aminocarb

OH O As OH

O H2N

Br

O

HN

N H

O

O

N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide

[4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]phenyl]arsonic acid

O O

H

H2N OH

HO

[2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acid

HO

H2N

S

O

S

O

1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10-anthracenedione

4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide

O

NH2

Cl

5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid

H2N

H

H HO H H

S

O HO

1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid

Cl

2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone

N

O

Cl

OH O S O

NH2

Cl H2N

HO H2N

NH2

O

O

NH2

2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid

O

NH2 O

Cl

HO

O

OH

2-Amino-4-chlorophenol

NH2 O S O

NH2 Cl

Cl

NH2

O

N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3-methylbutanamide

O

7-Aminocephalosporanic acid

Cl

5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid

O

O

N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2-ethylbutanamide

NH2

O

O

OH O S O

H N

NH2

O

N

NH2

Br

H N

NH2

O

7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid

2-Amino-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

CH2NH2 OH H OH OH CH2OH

1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol

H HO H H

CHO NH2 H OH OH CH2OH

2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose

3-18

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

C14H7Br2NO2

81-49-2

381.020

red nd (xyl)

226

294 1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10anthracenedione 295 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid Chloramben 296 2-Amino-2’,5dichlorobenzophenone 297 2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol

C7H5Cl2NO2 C13H9Cl2NO

133-90-4 2958-36-3

206.027 266.122

C6H5Cl2NO

527-62-8

178.016

298 4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol

C6H5Cl2NO

5930-28-9

178.016

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

200 ≈80 long nd (CS2) nd or lf (w, bz)

Solubility

sl DMSO

95.5

sub 70

168

sub

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl bz, HOAc

299 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl6H-purin-6-one 300 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4phthalazinedione

7-Methylguanine

C6H7N5O

578-76-7

165.153

Luminol

C8H7N3O2

521-31-3

177.161

301 2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purine6-thione 302 6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2H-purin-2one 303 2-Amino-3,4dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline 304 2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol

Thioguanine

C5H5N5S

154-42-7

167.193

>360

Isoguanine

C5H5N5O

3373-53-3

151.127

>360

Me-IQ

C12H12N4

77094-11-2

212.250

cry

Picramic acid

C6H5N3O5

96-91-3

199.121

305 306 307 308

Taurine Acetaldehyde ammonia Diglycolamine

C2H7NO3S C2H7NO C4H11NO2 C4H10N2O

107-35-7 75-39-8 929-06-6 1001-53-2

125.147 61.083 105.136 102.134

dk red nd (al) 169 pr (chl) mcl pr (w) 328 orth (eth-al) 97 -12.5 51

309 6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allylAminometradine 2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 310 1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2N-(2-Hydroxypropyl) propanol ethylenediamine 311 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2Dopamine hydrochloride benzenediol, hydrochloride 312 α-(1-Aminoethyl) benzenemethanol, [S-(R*,R*)]313 α-(1-Aminoethyl) benzenemethanol, hydrochloride 314 N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine

C9H13N3O2

642-44-4

195.218

cry (+1w, w) 143

C5H14N2O

123-84-2

118.177

C8H12ClNO2

62-31-7

189.640

nd (w)

241 dec

vs H2O, MeOH

C9H13NO

492-39-7

151.205

pl(MeOH)

77.5

C9H14ClNO

53631-70-2

187.666

vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O

C4H12N2O

111-41-1

104.150

315 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

Tyramine

C8H11NO

51-67-2

137.179

316 N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3propanediamine 317 2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 318 L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid

N-(3-Aminopropyl) ethylenediamine

C5H15N3

13531-52-7

117.193

C5H13NO2 C6H11NO4

115-70-8 542-32-5

119.163 161.156

37.5 cry (EtOH, w) 205 dec

15210

2-Aminoadipic acid

319 6-Aminohexanenitrile 320 6-Aminohexanoic acid

5-Cyano-1-pentylamine ε-Aminocaproic acid

C6H12N2 C6H13NO2

2432-74-8 60-32-2

112.172 131.173

liq lf (eth)

11816

C6H15NO C14H9NO3

4048-33-3 116-85-8

117.189 239.226

C6H7NO4S

98-37-3

189.190

orth (w+1)

>300

6946-29-8

167.165

nd (al)

195

C7H7NO3

548-93-6

153.136

lf (w)

253.5

C7H7NO3

65-49-6

153.136

nd, pl (aleth)

150 dec

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid 1-Aminoethanol 2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide

321 6-Amino-1-hexanol 322 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 323 3-Amino-4hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 324 4-Amino-2hydroxybenzohydrazide 325 2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid

p-Aminosalicylic acid hydrazide C7H9N3O2

326 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

p-Aminosalicylic acid

327 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 328 3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid

Mesalamine C7H7NO3 γ-Hydroxy-β-aminobutyric acid C4H9NO3

89-57-6 589-44-6

153.136 119.119

C4H9NO3

924-49-2

119.119

C8H11NO3

138-65-8

169.178

C15H11NO4

2379-90-0

269.253

C5H7N3O2

1123-95-1

141.129

329 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 330 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2benzenediol, (±) 331 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy9,10-anthracenedione 332 4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)5-Hydroxymethylcytosine 2(1H)-pyrimidinone

370 ye nd (al)

330.5

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs alk; s HOAc

i H2O

297 vs bz, EtOH

dec 110 221

vs H2O s H2O; sl eth 1.057220 s H2O, EtOH, bz; i eth

943

0.983725

1.473820

198.5 239; 10510 pl or nd (bz, 164.5 w), cry (al)

1.028620

20625

873

205 57 216.5

pr pr (w), cry (dil al)

283 216 218

1.486320

msc H2O, EtOH; s ace; sl bz, lig sl H2O, bz, DMSO; s EtOH, xyl; i tol

1.480525 1.09920

1.49020

msc H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O; i EtOH; sl MeOH

13730 s EtOH, ace sl H2O; i EtOH, eth vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, peth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, chl, eth, AcOEt vs H2O

189 dec sl chl >300 dec

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

NH2

O

Br

3-19 Cl

OH

O

NH2

OH

OH Cl

Cl

NH2

Cl

Cl O

NH2

Cl

Br

1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10-anthracenedione

Cl

3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid

NH2

Cl

2-Amino-2’,5-dichlorobenzophenone

2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol

4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol

NH2

NH2 O O H H2N

N N

N

N

N

N

H H

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl-6H-purin-6-one

H2N

5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione

NH2 O

N

O N

N

6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2H-purin-2-one

NH2

O

N

O S OH O

O

2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol

NH2 H2N

OH

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid

1-Aminoethanol

NH2 N

O H2N

N H

N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide

N

H2N

O

6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

OH

NH2

HCl 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, hydrochloride

NH2 H2N

OH

HO

N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine

OH

OH

NH2

O

OH

NH2

N

L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid

O

4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

O

NH2

2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol

HO

N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine

NH2

O

NH2

OH

N H

NH2 α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, hydrochloride

HO

H2N

6-Aminohexanenitrile

O 6-Aminohexanoic acid

OH O S O

H N

O

NH2 OH

NH2

H2N

OH 6-Amino-1-hexanol

3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

OH

HO

O OH

NH2 NH2

OH

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide

O

OH

2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid

NH2

OH

1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

HO O

OH OH

OH

α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, [S-(R*,R*)]-

N H

HO N H

1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2-propanol

HCl

H2N

OH

O

2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol

O

H2N

H N N

N H

O

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

H2N

N

N

N

OH

N

2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline

H N

N

H

O

S

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

OH

H2N 5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

O

OH

1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)

NH2

HO 4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, (±)

OH

3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid

O

O

H2N

NH2

NH2

HO

OH O

NH2 O HO

N

HO N H

O

4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(1H)-pyrimidinone

3-20

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C10H9NO7S2

90-20-0

319.311

C10H9NO4S

116-63-2

239.248

gray nd

C6H5N5O C4H6N4O

2236-60-4 360-97-4

163.137 126.117

ye cry cry (EtOH)

C5H12N4O3

543-38-4

176.174

cry (al)

C2H6N4O

141-83-3

102.095

pr

339 2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid

C7H6INO2

5326-47-6

263.033

220 dec

340 4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)dione 341 4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, (R) 342 1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10anthracenedione 343 α-(Aminomethyl) benzenemethanol 344 β-(Aminomethyl) benzenepropanoic acid 345 2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid 346 trans-4-(Aminomethyl) cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 347 4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone

C8H6N2O2

2518-24-3

162.146

269.5

No. Name

Synonym

333 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,71-Naphthol-8-amino-3,6naphthalenedisulfonic acid disulfonic acid 334 4-Amino-3-hydroxy-11-Amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic naphthalenesulfonic acid acid 335 2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine 336 5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4carboxamide 337 O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]-L- Canavanine homoserine 338 (Aminoiminomethyl)urea

Physical Form

mp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

>360 170 vs H2O 105

C3H6N2O2 C15H11NO2

68-41-7 82-28-0

102.092 237.254

155 dec 205.5

C8H11NO

7568-93-6

137.179

56.5

4-Amino-3-phenylbutyric acid

C10H13NO2

1078-21-3

179.216

252 dec

C7H9NO3S

88-44-8

187.216

Tranexamic acid

C8H15NO2

1197-18-8

157.211

Diacetonamine

C6H13NO

625-04-7

115.173

348 2-Amino-4-methylphenol

C7H9NO

95-84-1

123.152

349 4-Amino-2-methylphenol

C7H9NO

2835-96-3

123.152

350 4-Amino-3-methylphenol

C7H9NO

2835-99-6

123.152

351 (Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid 352 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3propanediol 353 L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid 354 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 355 4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H)pyrimidinone 356 3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5trimethylcyclohexanol 357 3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid 358 2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione

CH6NO3P C4H11NO2

1066-51-9 115-69-5

C4H9NO2 2-Aminoisobutanol 5-Methylcytosine 1-Hydroxy-3-aminomethyl3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane 3-Amino-2-naphthoic acid

dec 160

s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz

s H2O; sl MeOH i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth vs H2O; s EtOH

16017

132 dec

vs H2O

>300

vs H2O 250.14

s H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s DMSO

cry (w), orth 136 (bz), lf or nd nd or lf (bz) 176.5

sub

111.038 105.136

pr (dil al) cry 179 (bz) cry 309 110

15110

144-90-1

103.120

cry (w)

182

C4H11NO C5H7N3O

124-68-5 554-01-8

89.136 125.129

25.5 270 dec

165.5

0.93420

1.44920

pr (w+1/2)

C10H21NO

15647-11-7

171.280

45.5

265

0.96925

1.490420

C11H9NO2

5959-52-4

187.195

C10H7NO2

2348-81-4

173.169

ye lf (dil al)

Solubility sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O, EtOH, bz; s alk

Cycloserine 1-Amino-2methylanthraquinone Phenylethanolamine

lt ye nd

bp/˚C

sub

vs H2O; s EtOH

msc H2O; s ctc s H2O, acid; sl EtOH; i eth

216.5

s EtOH, eth

207

i H2O, alk; s EtOH, eth, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH

359 7-Amino-1,3naphthalenedisulfonic acid 360 2-Amino-1,5naphthalenedisulfonic acid 361 4-Amino-1,6naphthalenedisulfonic acid 362 4-Amino-1,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 363 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 364 4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

Amido-G-Acid

C10H9NO6S2

86-65-7

303.311

mcl pr or nd 274 (w+4) >300

2-Naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4,7-disulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4,6-disulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid

C10H9NO6S2

117-62-4

303.311

C10H9NO6S2

85-75-6

303.311

vs H2O

C10H9NO6S2

85-74-5

303.311

vs H2O, EtOH

C10H9NO3S

81-16-3

223.248

sc(hot w)

C10H9NO3S

84-86-6

223.248

365 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 366 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 367 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 368 8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 369 6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

1-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid Badische acid

C10H9NO3S

84-89-9

223.248

wh nd (w+1/ dec 2) red-br cry wh cry

C10H9NO3S

81-05-0

223.248

nd(w)

i H2O, EtOH, eth

C10H9NO3S

86-60-2

223.248

vs HOAc

1-Naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid Bronner acid

C10H9NO3S

82-75-7

223.248

nd (w+1), pl (aq ace) nd

C10H9NO3S

93-00-5

223.248

lf

i cold H2O; sl hot H2O

s DMSO 1.670325

i H2O; sl EtOH; s MeOH, py s H2O; i eth

vs gl HOAc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

HO

O

O S

3-21 OH O S O

OH

S

OH 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

HO O

NH O

HO NH2

N H

H2N

NH2

H N

N

N H

2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine

N H

5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide

O H2N

N H

NH2

O

NH2

I

(Aminoiminomethyl)urea

H2N

NH2

O

NH2

NH O

O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]-L-homoserine

O

N

NH2

OH NH2

H2N N

O

O

O

O N

2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid

4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, (R)

NH2 H2N

OH O S O

O

NH2

N H

O

4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

OH

O

NH2

OH

O α-(Aminomethyl)benzenemethanol

1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

β-(Aminomethyl)benzenepropanoic acid

2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

OH

OH

OH

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

4-Amino-2-methylphenol

4-Amino-3-methylphenol

NH2 O

trans-4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone

2-Amino-4-methylphenol

NH2

H2N

N

O

O OH P OH

H2N HO

(Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid

H2N

OH

2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol

OH

OH

L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid

2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol

4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H)-pyrimidinone

OH O S O

O

OH

OH

O

N H

NH2

NH2

H2N O

O S NH2

NH2

3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanol

OH O S O

OH O S O

NH2

HO

2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

O

OH O S O

S

NH2

4-Amino-1,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

O

2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione

O

O O S O OH

HO

O

O

3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid

OH O S O

OH O S O NH2

NH2 4-Amino-1,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

OH O S O

NH2 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH H2N O S O

O S

H2N NH2 5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH O

H2N 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH

7-Amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

H 2N 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

3-22

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

370 8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 371 5-Amino-1-naphthol 372 1-Amino-2-naphthol

1,7-Cleve’s acid

C10H9NO3S

119-28-8

223.248

nd or pr (w)

sl EtOH; s eth

1-Amino-6-hydroxynaphthalene C10H9NO C10H9NO

83-55-6 2834-92-6

159.184 159.184

170 silvery lf (bz, 150 dec eth)

373 8-Amino-2-naphthol

8-Amino-β-naphthol

C10H9NO

118-46-7

159.184

nd (w, al)

374 2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H6N2O4

619-17-0

182.134

375 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H6N2O4

616-79-5

182.134

oran pr (dil 269 al) lf (al), ye nd 269 (w, dil al)

376 2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile 377 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine 378 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol

C7H5N3O2 CH5N5O2 C6H6N2O3

17420-30-3 18264-75-0 99-57-0

163.134 119.084 154.123

203.5 187.8 oran pr (+w) 146

379 2-Amino-5-nitrophenol 380 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol

C6H6N2O3 C6H6N2O3

121-88-0 119-34-6

154.123 154.123

381 2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)

C8H17NO2

644-90-6

159.227

205.8 dk red pl or 131 nd (w, al) lf (w) 270

sl DMSO sl H2O, eth; s EtOH; vs dil alk, acid s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s xyl i H2O, bz, chl, xyl; s EtOH, eth sl DMSO sl H2O sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO sl H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; vs alk, acid vs H2O, EtOH

No. Name

mp/˚C

206

382 Aminooxoacetohydrazide

Semioxamazide

C2H5N3O2

515-96-8

103.080

383 cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid 384 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid 385 (Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1) 386 6-Aminopenicillanic acid 387 5-Aminopentanoic acid

Maleamic acid

C4H5NO3

557-24-4

115.088

cry (al)

172.5

5-Aminolevulinic acid

C5H9NO3 C4H11ClN2O6

106-60-5 2921-14-4

131.130 218.592

cry (EtOH)

118 152.5

Penicin

C8H12N2O3S C5H11NO2

551-16-6 660-88-8

216.257 117.147

cry (w) lf (dil al)

208 157 dec

388 5-Amino-1-pentanol

C5H13NO

2508-29-4

103.163

389 2-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

95-55-6

109.126

390 3-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

591-27-5

391 4-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

392 N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

sub

11012 sub

221 dec

dec 17

38.5

221.5

0.9488

1.32825

174

sub 153

109.126

wh orth bipym nd (bz) pr (to)

123

16411

123-30-8

109.126

wh pl (w)

187.5

1100.3

C8H10N2O

102-28-3

150.177

nd or pl (bz) 88

1.4618

17

s H2O, tol; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH; i bz, chl; s alk vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; sl EtOH, DMSO; i ace, bz vs eth, EtOH

393 N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide

p-Aminoacetanilide

C8H10N2O

122-80-5

150.177

nd (w)

166.5

394 (4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid

Arsanilic acid

C6H8AsNO3

98-50-0

217.055

mcl nd (w, al)

232

395 N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4benzenediamine 396 2-Amino-1-phenylethanone

4,4’-Diaminodiphenylamine

C12H13N3

537-65-5

199.251

lf (w)

158

dec

Phenacylamine

C8H9NO

613-89-8

135.163

ye cry

20

251

397 1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone

m-Aminoacetophenone

C8H9NO

99-03-6

135.163

398 1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone 399 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone

p-Aminoacetophenone

C8H9NO C11H15NO

99-92-3 38237-74-0

135.163 177.243

pa ye pl (al), 98.5 lf (eth) ye mcl pr (al) 106 cry (bz-peth) 74.5

400 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone

p-Aminopropiophenone

C9H11NO

70-69-9

149.189

401 N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl] acetamide

Sulfacetamide

C8H10N2O3S

144-80-9

214.241

pl (al, w), nd 140 (w) 183

402 5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2thiazolamine 403 4-Aminophthalimide

Thiazolsulfone

C9H9N3O2S2

473-30-3

255.316

nd (al)

3676-85-5

162.146

2240.5

13552-31-3

91.109

dec 265; 1459 1.175220

1.491025

151-18-8 6168-72-5

70.093 75.109

185; 8820 174.5

1.439620 1.450220

404 3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±) 405 3-Aminopropanenitrile 406 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)

5-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)- C8H6N2O2 dione C3H9NO2 3-Aminopropionitrile

C3H6N2 C3H9NO

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, lig msc H2O, EtOH, ace s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, tfa

267 1.957110

1.616020

289.5 294; 19515 1613

i H2O; s eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth s DMSO sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth; vs ace, alk vs ace, eth, EtOH, diox

220 dec

0.958420

s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-23 O

OH

OH NH2

O

OH

S

OH

NH2

8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

O

5-Amino-1-naphthol

1-Amino-2-naphthol

N

OH

8-Amino-2-naphthol

OH

O

N O

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid

H2N

N O

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile

H N

N

O O

3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine

N

O

2-Amino-4-nitrophenol

O

NH2 H 2N

OH 2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)

N O

O

NH2

2-Amino-5-nitrophenol

4-Amino-2-nitrophenol

O O

N H

O

O

OH O N

NH2

O

N NH2 O

N

2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid

OH

NH2

NH2

NH2 O

NH2 OH

O

O

NH2 NH2

O

NH2

O

HO

Aminooxoacetohydrazide

H2N

HO

OH

NH2

O

O

cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid

5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid

O 0.5 HCl NH2

(Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1)

OH H2N

H

OH

S

5-Aminopentanoic acid

O

OH

H2N

O

COOH

6-Aminopenicillanic acid

O

NH2

OH

H2N

N O

OH

NH2

NH2

5-Amino-1-pentanol

2-Aminophenol

3-Aminophenol

4-Aminophenol

OH O As OH

NH

NH

O NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide

H2N

N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide

(4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid

NH

NH2

N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine

2-Amino-1-phenylethanone

O NH O S O

O O

O

NH2

NH2

1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone

O

H2N

1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone

NH2

H2N

1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone

1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone

N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]acetamide

O H2N

O S O

H2N NH

N S

HO NH2

O

5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-thiazolamine

4-Aminophthalimide

NH2

NH2 OH

3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±)

N 3-Aminopropanenitrile

NH2 OH 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)

3-24

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Propanolamine Isopropanolamine

C3H9NO C3H9NO

156-87-6 1674-56-2

75.109 75.109

C10H15NO

5897-76-7

165.232

C7H19N3

105-83-9

145.246

C16H22N4O2 C9H13NO

3690-04-8 1518-86-1

302.372 151.205

Bis(3-aminopropyl)amine

C6H17N3

56-18-8

131.219

Sulfapyrazine

C19H20N8O5 C10H10N4O2S

54-62-6 116-44-9

440.413 250.277

ye cry nd (PhNO2)

262 dec 251

416 3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4carbonitrile 417 2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 418 6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

3-Amino-4-cyanopyrazole

C4H4N4

16617-46-2

108.102

cry (w)

173

C6H6N2O2

5345-47-1

138.124

6-Aminonicotinic acid

C6H6N2O2

3167-49-5

138.124

419 4-Amino-N-2pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide 420 5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 421 6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 422 4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione 423 5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 424 4-Amino-N-2pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide 425 Aminopyrine

Sulfapyridine

C11H11N3O2S

144-83-2

5-Aminouracil

C4H5N3O2

No. Name 407 3-Amino-1-propanol 408 1-Amino-2-propanol

α-(α-Aminopropyl)benzyl 409 α-(1-Aminopropyl) benzenemethanol alcohol 410 N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3propanediamine 411 Aminopropylon 412 4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±) Hydroxyamphetamine 413 N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3propanediamine 414 Aminopterin 415 4-Amino-Npyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide

Physical Form

pl (bz-eth)

pr (bz) cry (bz)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

12.4 0.9

187.5 159.4

0.982426 0.961120

1.461720 1.447920

s H2O, EtOH, eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc

232.5; 1126

0.902320

1.470525

79.5

181 125.5 -14

15150

0.93825

1.481020

vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl, AcOEt s chl

i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s py; sl ace

296 dec

sl H2O

249.289

cry (dil HOAc, +2w) ye oran (al)

192

932-52-5

127.102

nd (w)

dec

i H2O, bz, ctc; s EtOH i H2O; s alk, acid

C4H5N3O2

873-83-6

127.102

cry (w)

dec

vs H2O

2-Thiocytosine Uramil

C4H5N3S C4H5N3O3

333-49-3 118-78-5

127.168 143.101

nd or pl (w) >400

Sulfadiazine

C10H10N4O2S

68-35-9

250.277

C13H17N3O

58-15-1

231.293

426 4-Amino-N-2Sulfaquinoxaline quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide 427 4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid Carzenide

C14H12N4O2S

59-40-5

300.336

C7H7NO4S

138-41-0

201.201

pr or lf (w)

291 dec

428 N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl)phenyl] Acetylsulfanilamide acetamide 429 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3H)thione 430 2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone

C8H10N2O3S

121-61-9

214.241

nd (HOAc)

219.5

C2H3N3S2

2349-67-9

133.195

C3H4N2OS

556-90-1

116.141

pr or nd (w) 256 dec

431 N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamide

Acetylthiourea

C3H6N2OS

591-08-2

118.157

pr (w), orth (al)

432 N-Amino-2-thioxo-4thiazolidinone 433 1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol 434 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2pyridinecarboxlic acid 435 11-Aminoundecanoic acid 436 Amiton 437 Amitraz

3-Aminorhodanine

C3H4N2OS2

1438-16-0

148.206

Chloral ammonia Picloram

C2H4Cl3NO C6H3Cl3N2O2

507-47-1 1918-02-1

164.418 241.459

C11H23NO2 C10H24NO3PS C19H23N3

2432-99-7 78-53-5 33089-61-1

201.307 269.342 293.406

C20H23N C6H12FeN3O12 C8H4F15NO2 C3H9NO2 C11H18N2O3

50-48-6 14221-47-7 3825-26-1 17496-08-1 57-43-2

277.404 374.017 431.100 91.109 226.272

C20H23NO2

76-65-3

309.403

cry (peth)

444 Amoxicillin 445 Amphecloral 446 Amphotericin B

C16H19N3O5S C11H12Cl3N C47H73NO17

26787-78-0 5581-35-1 1397-89-3

365.404 264.579 924.080

cry (w) ye pr (DMF) 170 dec

447 Ampicillin 448 Ampyrone

C16H19N3O4S C11H13N3O

69-53-4 83-07-8

349.405 203.240

cry 200 dec pa ye cry (bz) 109

438 439 440 441 442

Amitriptyline Ammonium ferric oxalate Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium propanoate Amobarbital

443 Amolanone

N-Methylbis(2,4xylyliminomethyl)amine

5-Ethyl-5-isopentyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 3-[2-(Diethylamino)ethyl]-3phenyl-2(3H)-benzofuranone

cry (w), wh pow pr or pl (lig or AcOEt)

312

sl DMSO s H2O, chl; i eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH, ace, DMSO vs H2O, bz, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, ace; s aq alk i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth; i bz s H2O, EtOH, ace

255 dec 134.5 247.5

243.0 sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; s DMSO, EtOH s DMSO

165 101.5

nd (al)

73 218.5

dec 100

vs bz, eth, EtOH

189.0 760.01

liq

cry solid hyg cry

1.465527

86

1.12820

196 (HCl) 165 dec

1.7817.5

vs H2O; i EtOH

45 157

43.4

s H2O vs bz, EtOH, chl

1932.0

1.561425

96.0.5

1.530

s H2O i H2O; sl DMF; s DMSO sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-25 N

H N

OH

O

O OH H2N

OH

NH2

NH2

3-Amino-1-propanol

α-(1-Aminopropyl)benzenemethanol

1-Amino-2-propanol

O NH2

H2N

N

O

NH2 O S NH O

H2N

N N H

N

4-Amino-N-pyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide

N

NH

N

O N

O

5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N H

NH2

2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

NH2

NH

O

N H

4-Amino-N-2-pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide

N

NH2

H2N

O S NH O

OH

3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile

O

OH

6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±)

N

O

N H

H2N

NH2

HO Aminopropylon

OH

Aminopterin

O

N

N

NH2

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine

N

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine

H2N

N

OH

N H

N

N NH2

N H

H2N

H2N

N

O

N H

6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

S

4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione

NH2

O O H2N

N NH

O

N H

O S NH O

H2N

O

5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

OH

O S HN O

O

N

N N

N

N

O S O

N

NH2

4-Amino-N-2-pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide

Aminopyrine

4-Amino-N-2-quinoxalinylbenzenesulfonamide

4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid

O HN

H

O N N

O S O S

NH2 N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl)phenyl]acetamide

NH2

S

5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2(3H)-thione

H2N

NH2

S

O

S

N 2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone

OH

NH2 N

N H

O

S

S

N-(Aminothioxomethyl)acetamide

Cl Cl

N-Amino-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone

NH2 Cl

1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloroethanol

N

NH2 Cl

Cl

Cl

H2N

OH

N

N

N

N N

O

O 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxlic acid

11-Aminoundecanoic acid

Amiton

Amitraz

HO

O O

O

O

O

O

Fe O

F F F F F F

O

F

O

Ammonium ferric oxalate

NH

O O

NH4

O

F F F F F F F F Ammonium perfluorooctanoate

Ammonium propanoate

OH

HO

O

O

NH4

OH OH

OH

CH3

O O

N

NH2 OH

O

Amolanone

O NH NH2

Amphotericin B

H

H2N

S

O

N O

HO Amphecloral

Amoxicillin

OH O

S

O

O

OH

H

H N

O

H

Amobarbital

OH OH O

Cl

N H

NH2

N

NH

O

Cl Cl

O

O

3NH4

O

O

Amitriptyline

3

O O

O O P S O

OH

O Ampicillin

OH

N

N

Ampyrone

OH

3-26

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

449 Amygdalin

C20H27NO11

29883-15-6

457.428

450 Anacardic acid

C22H32O3

11034-77-8

344.487

cry (ace)

451 Anagyrine

C15H20N2O

486-89-5

244.332

pe ye glass

26512, 2124

452 Androstane

C19H32

24887-75-0

260.457

600.003

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

Etiocholanic acid

C20H32O2

438-08-4

304.467

Epiandrostanediol

C19H32O2

1852-53-5

292.456

nd (ace aq)

4-Androstene-3,17-dione

C19H28O2 C19H28O2 C19H26O2

846-46-8 1229-12-5 63-05-8

288.424 288.424 286.408

458 Androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione

Adrenosterone

C19H24O3

382-45-6

300.392

cry (MeOH) 135 cry (ace-hx) 135 143(form a); 173(form b) nd (al) 222 sub

459 Anemonin

trans-1,7-Dioxadispiro[4.0.4.2] dodeca-3,9-diene-2,8-dione

C10H8O4

508-44-1

192.169

460 Anhalamine 461 Anhalonidine

C11H15NO3 C12H17NO3

643-60-7 17627-77-9

209.242 223.268

462 Anhalonine

C12H15NO3

519-04-0

221.252

104-80-3

C9H5Cl3N4

464 Anilazine

2,4-Dichloro-6-(ochloroanilino)-s-triazine

orth pl (chl) nd (al or bz) nd (al) oct cry (bz, eth) rhom nd

sub 160

223

158

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs chl

187.5 160.5

vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

86

1400.02

132.157

300; 17516

1031 Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone

Di-p-tolyl sulfone

C14H14O2S

599-66-6

246.325

pr(bz), nd(w,al)

159

406

nd (al, sub) 13.7

21550

75

148 285; 16025

C15H16N2S C15H30N2

137-97-3 64168-11-2

256.366 238.412

C3H8S2 C10H20N2O2

1618-26-4 1723-94-0

108.226 200.278

1036 Bismuth acetate 1037 Bismuth subsalicylate

C6H9BiO6 C7H5BiO4

22306-37-2 14882-18-9

386.111 362.093

1038 Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide

C12H8N2O4S2

1155-00-6

308.333

198.5

84

wh-ye (eth,lig) col tablets pr

Nitrophenide

C12H8N2O4S2

537-91-7

308.333

1040 Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide 1041 1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane

4,4’-Dinitrobibenzyl

C12H8N2O4S2 C14H12N2O4

100-32-3 736-30-1

308.333 272.256

C13H10N4O5 C10H14CoO4 C16H19N C14H8Br6O2

587-90-6 14024-48-7 10024-74-5 37853-59-1

302.242 257.149 225.329 687.637

C5H6Cl6N2O3

116-52-9

354.831

196

C8H4Cl6 C3Cl6O3

68-36-0 32315-10-9

312.836 296.748

cry (bz, eth) 109 cry (eth, 79 peth)

C32H62O4S C8H5F6N C8H4F6 C8H4F6 C2F6S2 C8H18Si2 C12H4N6O12S C8H14O3 C12H6Cl4O2S

10595-72-9 328-74-5 402-31-3 433-19-2 372-64-5 14630-40-1 2217-06-3 764-99-8 97-18-7

542.897 229.123 214.108 214.108 202.141 170.400 456.258 158.195 356.052

Dipicryl sulfide Diethylene glycol divinyl ether

1.557020 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth vs bz, eth, EtOH

182 ye nd (al,bz) 181.8

bl-viol cry

sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; sl chl sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl, CS2 vs bz, EtOH, chl 0.896225

1.480425

vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH i H2O i H2O, EtOH; reac alk i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc sl EtOH, chl; s eth sl EtOH, HOAc i EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, HOAc

250

1039 Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide

Ditridecyl thiodipropionate

0.925 1.11451

245.7 232

1032 N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea 1033 1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl) propane 1034 Bis(methylthio)methane 1035 1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane

Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene 1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether Bithionol

s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl sl EtOH, chl sl chl

133

198.260 270.367

1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057

1.598220 1.437120

1.171111

ye nd (al)

1579-40-4 80-43-3

Triphosgene

1.18325 0.94325

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO

s ctc

C14H14O C18H22O2

4,4’-Dinitrocarbanilide Cobalt(II) bis(acetylacetonate)

Solubility vs ace, MeOH s EtOH, eth, chl, alk; sl DMSO; i CS2 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, alk; s HOAc

1.366315

p-Tolyl ether Dicumyl peroxide

N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane 1046 N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1hydroxyethyl)urea 1047 1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene 1048 Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate

nD

73

1026 Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether 1027 Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) peroxide 1028 Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury 1029 1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol2-yl)benzene 1030 Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide

1042 1043 1044 1045

den/ g cm-3

2550.1

312 dec 167 296.5

1.01815

1.573

nd (bz/EtOH) 222

liq

ye cry

26 230 188

vs ace, EtOH s chl 203 2650.25 8515, 7610 116 115 34.6 134 exp 8110

1.629080 vs EtOH 1.48725 1.379025

1.433520 1.391625

0.77020

1.41320

i H2O vs EtOH, peth

1.7325

vs ace

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-55

O HO

OH

HO

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane

OH

HO

Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane

O O

OH

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane

O

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane dimethacrylate

O O O S

O

HO

HS

OH Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone

O

SH

S

Bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfide

O

O

Bis(2-methallyl) carbonate

N N

O

O

N H

O O O

O

Bis(2-methoxyethyl)amine

O

Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diazene, 1-oxide

Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanedione

O HN

O

S O HN 1,4-Bis(methylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione

1,3-Bis(1-methylethenyl)benzene

Hg

N

N

O

O

Bis(4-methylphenyl) disulfide

O

O

S Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether

Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)peroxide

S

O O S

Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide

Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone

H N

H N S

Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury

1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene

O

O N

N S

1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)propane

O O N

N

N Bis(methylthio)methane

O N O

O N O

S S Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide

O

O

S

O N O

S

O O

O

Bismuth acetate

O Bi

OH

Bismuth subsalicylate

Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide

H N

O N O

Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide

O N O O O N S S

O

O

1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane

S

O Bi

N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea

O N O

O

H N O

N O

1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane

N O

N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea

Cl Br O

O Co

O

Br

N H

O

Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt

Cl

Cl

Br O

Br

Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine

O

O

Cl Cl

Br

Cl

Br

H N OH O

1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane

Cl Cl

F

NH2

F

Cl

OH

N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)urea

O O

Cl

H N

Cl

Cl

1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene

F

F

F

F

S Cl Cl

Cl

O O

Cl O

O Cl Cl

F F

O

Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate

Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate

F

F

F F

3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

F F

F

1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F

F

1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene

O O N OO N F F F

S

S

F F

F

Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide

O N O Si

Si

1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene

S N OO N O O Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide

OH HO

O N O

Cl O

O

O

Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether

Cl

S Cl

Cl

Bithionol

3-56

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1058 2,2’-Bithiophene

C8H6S2

492-97-7

166.264

1059 Bixin

C25H30O4

6983-79-5

394.504

viol pr (ace) 198

C19H26O2 C19H21NO4 C9H15O8P

846-48-0 476-70-0 122-10-1

286.408 327.375 282.184

cry (eth) ye oil

1063 Borane carbonyl 1064 Borneol, (±)

CH3BO C10H18O

13205-44-2 6627-72-1

41.845 154.249

col gas lf (lig)

1065 l-Bornyl acetate

C12H20O2

5655-61-8

1066 Bornylamine

C10H19N

No. Name

1060 Boldenone 1061 Boldine 1062 Bomyl

Synonym

Dehydrotestosterone

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

33

260

den/ g cm-3

nD

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, HOAc

165 163 16017 -137 208

-64 sub

1.01120

196.286

27

223.5

0.98225

1.462620

32511-34-5

153.265

163

464-41-5

172.695

53022-14-3 353-42-4

238.366 113.874

C4H10BF3O

109-63-7

141.927

liq

1071 Brilliant Green

C27H34N2O4S

633-03-4

482.635

1072 Brilliant Yellow

C26H20N4Na2O8S2 3051-11-4

626.569

small gold cry ye cry (w)

1073 Brodifacoum

C31H23BrO3

56073-10-0

523.417

off-wh pow

C9H13BrN2O2

314-40-9

261.115

C30H23BrO4

28772-56-7

527.406

ye-wh pow

C2H3Br3O2 C15H12Br4O2

507-42-6 79-94-7

298.756 543.871

mcl pr (w+1) 53.5 179

1078 N-Bromoacetamide 1079 Bromoacetic acid

C2H4BrNO C2H3BrO2

79-15-2 79-08-3

137.963 138.948

nd (chl-hx) hex or orth cry

1080 Bromoacetone

C3H5BrO

598-31-2

136.975

liq

nd (al) orth 50.5 pr (al) pl(peth) nd (95% al) 127

1067 Bornyl chloride

1068 Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1R) 1069 Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex 1070 Boron trifluoride etherate

1074 Bromacil

2-Chloro-1,7,7C10H17Cl trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, endo d-Bornyl isovalerate C15H26O2 C2H6BF3O

5-Bromo-3-sec-butyl-6methyluracil

1075 Bromadiolone

1076 Bromal hydrate 1077 Bromdian

Tetrabromobisphenol A

nd

132

207.5

-14

257.5 dec 127

0.95525 1.241020

1.30220

-60.4

125.5

1.12525

1.34820

1.5525

158 205

dec

2.566140

103.5 50

208

1.933550

1.480450

-36.5

138; 31.58

1.63423

1.469715

13518

1.64720

148.5 4.7

2.31222

ω-Bromoacetophenone

C8H7BrO

70-11-1

199.045

1082 4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl

2-Bromo-4’phenylacetophenone

C14H11BrO

135-73-9

275.140

Butallylonal

C2H2Br2O C2HBr C11H15BrN2O3

598-21-0 593-61-3 1142-70-7

201.844 104.933 303.152

Propallylonal

C10H13BrN2O3

545-93-7

289.125

1087 2-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

615-36-1

172.023

32

229

1.57820

1.611320

1088 3-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

591-19-5

172.023

18.5

251

1.579320

1.626020

1089 4-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

106-40-1

172.023

dec

1.4970100

1090 2-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

578-57-4

187.034

orth bipym 66.4 nd (60% al) 1.3

216

1.501820

1091 3-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

2398-37-0

187.034

1092 4-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

104-92-7

187.034

13.5

215

1093 2-Bromobenzaldehyde

C7H5BrO

6630-33-7

185.018

21.5

230

1.592520

1094 3-Bromobenzaldehyde

C7H5BrO

3132-99-8

185.018

234

1.593520

1095 4-Bromobenzaldehyde

C7H5BrO

1122-91-4

185.018

1.544920

131.5 cry (dil HOAc, dil al)

181

211; 10516

lf (dil al)

58

dec H2O; vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl ace i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl

230

col gas

vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; vs ace, EtOH, xyl dec H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth vs eth, EtOH

1081 α-Bromoacetophenone

1083 Bromoacetyl bromide 1084 Bromoacetylene 1085 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-secbutylbarbituric acid 1086 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5isopropylbarbituric acid

Solubility

672

1.572720 1.563520

1.456420

1.564220

vs DMF; sl ace, chl, EtOH, eth; i hx vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; s EtOH, peth; vs eth, bz, chl

s ace, ctc vs eth vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-57 HO OH O

H

O S

S

OH

O

O

O

O

2,2’-Bithiophene

O

N H

O

OH

Bixin

Boldenone

Boldine

O P O

O H 3B

O Bomyl

O

OH

Borane carbonyl

Borneol, (±)

Cl

NH2

O l-Bornyl acetate

Bornylamine

Bornyl chloride

N

O Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1R)

HO

F O B F F

F O B F F

O

N

Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex

HSO4

Boron trifluoride etherate

Brilliant Green

N N

O

N N

S O O O O S Na O O Na

OH

OH

Br

O

N H

O

Brilliant Yellow

Brodifacoum

Br O

HO Br

Bromacil

Br

Br

HO

OH

O

Br Br

OH

Bromadiolone

Br

Bromal hydrate

N H

Br Bromdian

Br

N-Bromoacetamide

O Br

O Br

OH

Bromoacetic acid

Bromoacetone

O

O O O

Br α-Bromoacetophenone

4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl

Br

O Br

Br

Br

Bromoacetyl bromide

Bromoacetylene

NH2

3-Bromoaniline

2-Bromoanisole

N H

O

5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-isopropylbarbituric acid

O

Br Br

Br 4-Bromoaniline

NH O

O

O

O

Br

O

5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-sec-butylbarbituric acid

Br Br

2-Bromoaniline

N H

O O

Br

NH O

Br

NH2 NH2

O

OH

OH

O

N

Br

3-Bromoanisole

Br 4-Bromoanisole

Br 2-Bromobenzaldehyde

3-Bromobenzaldehyde

Br 4-Bromobenzaldehyde

3-58

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1096 Bromobenzene

Phenyl bromide

C6H5Br

108-86-1

157.008

liq

-30.72

156.06

1.495020

1.559720

C8H7BrO2

1878-68-8

215.045

nd (w)

116

sub

C8H6BrN C8H6BrN

16532-79-9 5798-79-8

196.045 196.045

pa ye cry (al) 48.0 ye cry (dil al) 29

1100 2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol

C6H5BrO2

583-69-7

189.007

lf (lig), cry (chl)

1101 4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride p-Brosyl chloride

C6H4BrClO2S

98-58-8

255.517

1102 4-Bromobenzenethiol

C6H5BrS

106-53-6

189.073

tcl or mcl pl 76 (eth) lf (al) 73

1103 2-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

88-65-3

201.018

mcl pr (w), nd

1104 3-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

585-76-2

201.018

1105 4-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

586-76-5

201.018

1106 2-Bromobenzonitrile

C7H4BrN

2042-37-7

182.018

mcl nd (dil 155 al) nd (eth), lf 254.5 (w), mcl pr nd (w) 55.5

1107 3-Bromobenzonitrile

C7H4BrN

6952-59-6

182.018

1108 4-Bromobenzonitrile

C7H4BrN

623-00-7

182.018

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, lig; s HOAc i H2O; vs eth; s chl sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH; sl chl vs EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

1109 6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene

C20H11Br

21248-00-0

331.205

1110 2-Bromobenzoyl chloride 1111 4-Bromobenzoyl chloride

C7H4BrClO C7H4BrClO

7154-66-7 586-75-4

219.463 219.463

1.596320

1112 2-Bromobiphenyl 1113 3-Bromobiphenyl 1114 4-Bromobiphenyl

C12H9Br C12H9Br C12H9Br

2052-07-5 2113-57-7 92-66-0

233.103 233.103 233.103

pl (al)

0.932725

1115 1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl) benzene 1116 1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl) benzene 1117 1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl) benzene

C7H6Br2

3433-80-5

249.931

C7H6Br2

823-78-9

sl ctc vs EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH i H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl vs eth, EtOH, HOAc s chl

C7H6Br2

42165 101.6

1.39720 1.275820

1.498820 1.440120

91.3

1.258520 2.07325

1.436620

206 1.496720 dec 217; 12725 1.564120 14225, 1257 3611 86.1 1.326515

1.481820

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth, CS2 i H2O; vs ace, bz, DMF i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc; s chl vs ace, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; sl HOAc s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth

1097 4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid 1098 4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile 1099 α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

1118 2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl) pentanedinitrile 1119 2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl) ethanone 1120 2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene 1121 1-Bromobutane

α-Bromobenzyl cyanide

p-Bromobenzyl bromide

1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane C6H6Br2N2

111.5

150

dec 242; 13312 1.53929

sub

15315 230.5

1.526083

sub

1.92925

>280

1.84520 1.89420

252

39.5

225

nd (w, al)

114

236

cry (ace/ MeOH) nd nd (peth)

223 11 42

243 246; 181125

0.8 91.5

297 300; 17117 310

cry (al, lig)

31

12919

249.931

nd or lf

42

12212

589-15-1

249.931

nd (al)

63

35691-65-7

265.933

1.217526

1.624825 1.641120

52

p-Bromophenacyl bromide

C8H6Br2O

99-73-0

277.941

nd (al)

111

Butyl bromide

C4H5Br C4H9Br

1822-86-2 109-65-9

132.987 137.018

liq

-112.6

(±)-sec-Butyl bromide Bromosuccinic acid

C4H9Br C4H5BrO4

5787-31-5 584-98-5

137.018 196.985

liq

-112.65 161

C4H6BrN C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO C4H7Br

5332-06-9 2385-70-8 2623-87-2 814-75-5 31849-78-2

148.002 167.002 167.002 151.002 135.003

1129 trans-1-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

32620-08-9

135.003

liq

-100.3

94.7

1.320915

1.452720

1130 2-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

23074-36-4

135.003

liq

-133.4

88

1.320915

1.452720

1131 4-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

5162-44-7

135.003

98.5

1.323020

1.462220

1132 1-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

4784-77-4

135.003

104.5

1.337125

1.482220

1133 cis-2-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

3017-68-3

135.003

93.9

1.341615

1.463119

1122 2-Bromobutane, (±) 1123 Bromobutanedioic acid, (±) 1124 1125 1126 1127 1128

4-Bromobutanenitrile 2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±) 4-Bromobutanoic acid 3-Bromo-2-butanone cis-1-Bromo-1-butene

DL-α-Bromobutyric acid

-2.0 33

liq

-111.5

1.453620

i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-59 OH

Br

Br

Br

OH N O

Br Bromobenzene

4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid

Cl O S O

N

Br

OH

α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

HO

SH HO

HO

O

2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol

O N

O

Br

Br Br

Br

Br

4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride

4-Bromobenzenethiol

2-Bromobenzoic acid

Br

3-Bromobenzoic acid

4-Bromobenzoic acid

N

Cl

N Cl

2-Bromobenzonitrile

O

O Br

Br Br

Br 3-Bromobenzonitrile

Br

4-Bromobenzonitrile

Br

6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene

2-Bromobenzoyl chloride

4-Bromobenzoyl chloride

2-Bromobiphenyl

Br Br

Br

Br Br

Br 3-Bromobiphenyl

Br

4-Bromobiphenyl

1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene

O N

Br

1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl)benzene

1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl)benzene

Br

N Br

Br Br 2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile

2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanone

2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene

1-Bromobutane

2-Bromobutane, (±)

Br

OH O O

Bromobutanedioic acid, (±)

O O

OH Br

Br Br

Br

Br

N

O Br

OH

4-Bromobutanenitrile

2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±)

Br

OH

4-Bromobutanoic acid

3-Bromo-2-butanone

Br Br cis-1-Bromo-1-butene

Br trans-1-Bromo-1-butene

Br Br

2-Bromo-1-butene

4-Bromo-1-butene

Br 1-Bromo-2-butene

cis-2-Bromo-2-butene

3-60

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1134 trans-2-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

3017-71-8

135.003

liq

-114.6

85.6

1.332315

1.460216

1135 (4-Bromobutoxy)benzene 1136 1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene

C10H13BrO C10H13Br

1200-03-9 3972-65-4

229.113 213.114

cry (al)

41 19

15418 231.5

1.228620

1.543620

C8H6BrClO C6H4BrCl

41011-01-2 694-80-4

233.490 191.453

nd liq

40 -12.3

397.5 204

1.638725

1.580920

1139 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

108-37-2

191.453

liq

-21.5

196

1.630220

1.577120

1140 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

106-39-8

191.453

nd or pl (al, 68 eth)

196

1.57671

1.553170

1141 1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane

C4H8BrCl

6940-78-9

171.464

175; 6310

1.48920

1.488520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz sl EtOH, ctc i H2O; s eth, bz, chl vs EtOH i H2O; vs bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc

CBrClF2 C5H6BrClN2O2

353-59-3 126-06-7

165.365 241.471

C2H4BrCl C2H4BrCl

593-96-4 107-04-0

CHBrClF

No. Name

1137 2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone 1138 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene

1142 Bromochlorodifluoromethane 1143 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin 1144 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane 1145 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

Synonym

3-Chlorophenacyl bromide

Halon 1211

1146 Bromochlorofluoromethane

col gas

-159.5 162

-3.7

143.410 143.410

liq

-16.7

83 107

1.66710 1.739220

1.466020 1.490820

593-98-6

147.374

liq

-115

36

1.97710

1.414425

-87.9

68.0

1.934420

1.483820

118

1.53120

1.474520

143.3

1.596920

1.486420

1147 Bromochloromethane

Halon 1011

CH2BrCl

74-97-5

129.384

liq

1148 1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl) benzene 1149 2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl) ethanone 1150 1-Bromo-2-chloropropane

p-Bromobenzyl chloride

C7H6BrCl

589-17-3

205.480

nd (al, peth) 50

p-Chlorophenacyl bromide

C8H6BrClO

536-38-9

233.490

nd

C3H6BrCl

3017-96-7

157.437

1151 1-Bromo-3-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

109-70-6

157.437

1152 2-Bromo-1-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

3017-95-6

157.437

117

1.53720

1.479520

1153 2-Bromo-2-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

2310-98-7

157.437

95

1.49520

1.457520

1154 1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2trifluoroethane 1155 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1trifluoroethane 1156 Bromocresol Green

C2HBrClF3

354-06-3

197.381

52.5

1.857425

1.373820

Halothane

C2HBrClF3

151-67-7

197.381

50.2; 20243

1.856325

1.36970

Bromcresol Green

C21H14Br4O5S

76-60-8

698.014

1157 Bromocresol Purple 1158 Bromocycloheptane

Bromcresol Purple Cycloheptyl bromide

C21H16Br2O5S C7H13Br

115-40-2 2404-35-5

540.222 177.082

1159 Bromocyclohexane

Cyclohexyl bromide

C6H11Br

108-85-0

163.055

liq

-56.5

C6H11BrO C6H9BrO C6H9Br

32388-22-0 822-85-5 1521-51-3

179.054 177.038 161.039

pl (hx)

81.5

C5H9Br C10H21Br

137-43-9 112-29-8

149.029 221.178

liq

1165 2-Bromodecanoic acid 1166 1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene

C10H19BrO2 C6H3BrCl2

2623-95-2 19752-55-7

251.161 225.898

1167 4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene

C6H3BrCl2

18282-59-2

CBrCl2F CHBrCl2

1160 trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol 1161 2-Bromocyclohexanone 1162 3-Bromocyclohexene 1163 Bromocyclopentane 1164 1-Bromodecane

1168 Bromodichlorofluoromethane 1169 Bromodichloromethane

Cyclopentyl bromide

Halon 1121

1170 4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol 1171 2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane 1172 4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline 1173 Bromodifluoromethane 1174 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)furanone

α-Bromo-γ-butyrolactone

liq

wh or red (+7w) ye (HOAc)

236

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth

96.5

-58.9

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

sl H2O; s peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, AcOEt; s bz

218.5

241.5 10140, 7512

1.308020

1.499620

166.2

1.335920

1.495720

11432, 9014 8140, 5611

1.34025 1.389020

1.508525 1.532020

-29.2

137.5 240.6

1.387320 1.070220

1.488620 1.455720

2.0 83

1402 232

1.191224

1.459524

pr (al)

225.898

pr

25

237

353-58-2 75-27-4

181.819 163.829

liq liq

-57

52.8 90

1.9522 1.98020

1.496420

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc

C6H3BrCl2O C6H13BrO2 C10H14BrN

1940-42-7 2032-35-1 2052-06-4

241.897 197.070 228.129

nd

71.5 1.438720

38

170; 6618 270

1.28320

nd or pr

CHBrF2 C4H5BrO2

1511-62-2 5061-21-2

130.920 164.986

-14.6 13020

1.5516 1.820

s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH

1.505920

-145

i H2O; vs eth, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

i H2O; s eth, bz, chl sl ctc i H2O; vs eth, chl; s ctc vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-61 Br O

Br

O

Br

Br Cl

Br Cl

trans-2-Bromo-2-butene

(4-Bromobutoxy)benzene

1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene

2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone

1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene

Br

O

Br

Br N

Cl Cl 1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene

F

Cl

Cl 1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene

1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane

Br

O

F

N Cl

Bromochlorodifluoromethane

3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin

Br

Br

Br

Cl Br 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane

O

Cl

Cl

Cl H

H

F

Br

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

H Br

Bromochlorofluoromethane

Br

Cl Br

2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone

Cl

1-Bromo-2-chloropropane

Cl

Br

1-Bromo-3-chloropropane

Br

Br F

Cl F

1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Br

Br

O

O

S O O

S O O

Bromocresol Green

Bromocresol Purple

F F

2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

OH

Br

Br

Br

2-Bromo-2-chloropropane

HO

OH

Br Cl

Br Cl

2-Bromo-1-chloropropane

Br

HO

F

1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl)benzene

Br

Cl

F

Cl

Bromochloromethane

Bromocycloheptane

OH Br

O

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Bromocyclohexane

trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol

2-Bromocyclohexanone

3-Bromocyclohexene

Bromocyclopentane

1-Bromodecane

Cl Br

O

Cl Br

OH

Cl

Br 2-Bromodecanoic acid

Cl

Cl

1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene

Br F

Cl

Cl

Br 4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene

H Cl

Bromodichlorofluoromethane

Bromodichloromethane

N

OH Cl

F

Cl Br 4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol

O

Br

Br

Br O

2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane

H

Br

F

4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline

Bromodifluoromethane

O

O

3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone

3-62

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

5798-94-7

232.032

cry (al)

232 dec

C8H9BrO2 C8H9BrO2 C4H9BrO2 C8H10BrN

25245-34-5 2859-78-1 7252-83-7 586-77-6

217.060 217.060 169.017 200.076

oil

55

262; 13010 254.5 149 264

1.445 1.570020 1.70225 1.574320 1.43020 1.445020 1.3220100

1180 1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene

C8H9Br

583-70-0

185.061

liq

-17

205

1.341920

1.550120

1181 1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene 1182 2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene 1183 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene

C8H9Br C8H9Br C8H9Br

556-96-7 576-22-7 553-94-6

185.061 185.061 185.061

1.36220

lf or pl

9

204 203.5; 10020 199; 8813

1.358218

1.546222 1.555220 1.551418

1184 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene

C8H9Br

583-71-1

185.061

liq

-0.2

214.5

1.370820

1.553020

C10H17Br

6138-90-5

217.146

10112, 470.005

1.094022

1.502720

C5H11Br

630-17-1

151.045

106

1.199720

1.437020

1187 2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline

C6H4BrN3O4

1817-73-8

262.018

1188 1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene 1189 α-Bromodiphenylmethane

C6H3BrN2O4 C13H11Br

584-48-5 776-74-9

247.003 247.130

C12H25Br

143-15-7

249.231

C12H23BrO2

111-56-8

No. Name

Synonym

1175 5-Bromo-N,2dihydroxybenzamide 1176 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene 1177 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene 1178 2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane 1179 4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline

5-Bromosalicylhydroxamic acid C7H6BrNO3

1185 trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6octadiene 1186 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

1190 1-Bromododecane

trans-Geranyl bromide

Lauryl bromide

1191 2-Bromododecanoic acid

Mol. Form.

ye nd (al or HOAc) ye nd (al)

sub

75 45

18420, 1522

liq

-9.5

276

1.039920

1.458320

279.214

pl

32

1582

1.147474

1.458524

liq

-118.6

38.5

1.460420

1.423920

150; 514

1.762920

1.491520

15.8

1.493320

1.438020

1.422320 1.407125

1.551720

Ethyl bromide

C2H5Br

74-96-4

108.965

1193 2-Bromoethanol

Ethylene bromohydrin

C2H5BrO

540-51-2

124.964

1194 Bromoethene

Vinyl bromide

C2H3Br

593-60-2

106.949

1195 1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene 1196 1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene

C8H9BrO C8H9BrO

583-19-7 588-96-5

201.060 201.060

2.0

223 231

1197 (2-Bromoethoxy)benzene

C8H9BrO

589-10-6

201.060

39

dec 240; 12820 1.355520

C4H9BrO

592-55-2

153.017

1199 2-Bromoethyl acetate

C4H7BrO2

927-68-4

167.002

1200 2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide 2-Bromoethanamine hydrobromide 1201 (1-Bromoethyl)benzene 1202 (2-Bromoethyl)benzene

C2H7Br2N

2576-47-8

204.892

C8H9Br C8H9Br

585-71-7 103-63-9

185.061 185.061

2-Bromoethyl ethyl ether

Solubility

153.5

1192 Bromoethane

1198 1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane

nD

vol liq or gas -139.54

liq

-13.8

127.5

1.38520

1.444720

162.5

1.51420

1.45723

219; 9211 219; 10518

1.353525 1.364320

1.554325 1.537220

20

20

liq

-55.9

C8H9Br

1973-22-4

185.061

liq

-67.9

199.3

1.3548

1204 1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene 1205 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene

C8H9Br C8H9Br

2725-82-8 1585-07-5

185.061 185.061

liq

-43.5

202 204

1.349320 1.342320

1.546520 1.544520

1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211

C8H15Br C10H8BrNO2 C8H5Br C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF

1647-26-3 574-98-1 766-96-1 1072-85-1 1073-06-9 460-00-4

191.109 254.081 181.030 174.998 174.998 174.998

liq nd (w)

-57 83 64.5

212

1.235720

1.489920

1212 1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane 1213 Bromofluoromethane 1214 2-Bromofuran

C2H4BrF CH2BrF C4H3BrO

762-49-2 373-52-4 584-12-3

126.955 112.929 146.970

1215 3-Bromofuran

C4H3BrO

22037-28-1

146.970

1216 5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde 1217 1-Bromoheptadecane 1218 1-Bromoheptane

C5H3BrO2 C17H35Br C7H15Br

1899-24-7 3508-00-7 629-04-9

174.981 319.364 179.098

Heptyl bromide

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl vs EtOH, ace; s HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, chl; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; msc ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth

174.0

1203 1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene

(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene

s eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace vs eth; s ace, bz vs eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

liq

-17.4

vol liq or gas

cry (50% al) 83.5 29.6 liq -56.1

8916 154 150 151.5

1.5472

i H2O; s eth, bz; sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth; sl chl s chl

1.073821 1.708120 1.59315

1.533720 1.525720 1.531015

71.5 19 103

1.704425

1.423620

1.650020

1.498020

103

1.660620

1.495820

201; 11216 349 178.9

0.991620 1.140020

1.462520 1.450220

s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH s EtOH; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds H N

O

3-63

O

N

O Br

OH OH

O Br

O

Br 5-Bromo-N,2-dihydroxybenzamide

Br

2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene

O

4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene

Br

O

2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane

4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline

Br Br

Br Br Br

1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene

1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene

2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene

O Br

NH2

1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

O N

Br Br

O

Br trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene

O N

2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene

N

O

O

2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline

N

4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene

O

Br

O α-Bromodiphenylmethane

1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene

Br

O

O

OH Br

Br

1-Bromododecane

Br

2-Bromododecanoic acid

Br

Bromoethane

OH

2-Bromoethanol

Br Bromoethene

1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene

Br Br O

O

Br

O

O

1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene

(2-Bromoethoxy)benzene

Br

O

1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane

Br

Br

HBr H2N

2-Bromoethyl acetate

2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide

(1-Bromoethyl)benzene

Br Br

O

Br

Br

N

Br

Br O (2-Bromoethyl)benzene

1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene

1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene

Br

1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene

(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane

N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide

Br Br

Br

F

F F 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene

1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene

1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene

F 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene

F

H Br

1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane

H Br

O

Bromofluoromethane

Br O 3-Bromofuran

Br

O Br

O

5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde

1-Bromoheptadecane

Br 1-Bromoheptane

Br

2-Bromofuran

3-64

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1219 2-Bromoheptane

2-Heptyl bromide

C7H15Br

1974-04-5

179.098

1220 4-Bromoheptane

4-Heptyl bromide

C7H15Br

998-93-6

179.098

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

47

166

1.127720

1.450320

161; 8472

1.135120

1.449520

336

0.999120

1.461825

i H2O; vs bz; s ctc, chl i H2O; s bz, ctc, chl i H2O; s eth

Hexyl bromide

C16H33Br C16H31BrO2 C6H13Br

112-82-3 18263-25-7 111-25-1

305.337 335.320 165.071

155.3

1.174420

1.447820

1224 2-Bromohexane

C6H13Br

3377-86-4

165.071

143; 7890

1.165820

1.483225

1225 3-Bromohexane

C6H13Br

3377-87-5

165.071

142

1.179920

1.447220

1226 1227 1228 1229 1230

C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H10BrClO C12H17BrO C7H5BrO2

2681-83-6 4224-70-8 22809-37-6 30752-19-3 1761-61-1

195.054 195.054 213.499 257.166 201.018

240; 14023 16720 1016 15613

1.281033

C8H7BrO3

7021-04-7

231.044

C7H7BrO2

2316-64-5

203.034

lf (bz)

C7H5BrO3

89-55-4

217.017

nd (w, dil al) 169.8

1234 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde

C8H7BrO3

2973-76-4

231.044

pl (HOAc), nd, pl (al)

1235 1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene

C6H4BrI

583-55-1

282.904

1236 1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene

C6H4BrI

591-18-4

282.904

liq

1237 1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene

C6H4BrI

589-87-7

282.904

pr or pl (eth- 92 al)

CH2BrI C7H4BrNO C9H11Br

557-68-6 2493-02-9 586-61-8

220.835 198.017 199.087

nd liq

-22.5

139.5 226 218.7

C9H6BrN CH3Br

1532-97-4 74-83-9

208.055 94.939

cry (peth) col gas

41.5 -93.68

1243 1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane 1244 Bromomethoxymethane 1245 2-Bromo-4-methylaniline

C3H7BrO C2H5BrO C7H8BrN

6482-24-2 13057-17-5 583-68-6

138.991 124.964 186.050

lf

1246 4-Bromo-2-methylaniline

C7H8BrN

583-75-5

186.050

C7H7Br

100-39-0

171.035

C8H7BrO2 C8H6BrN C8H6BrN C5H11Br

6232-88-8 28188-41-2 17201-43-3 5973-11-5

215.045 196.045 196.045 151.045

1221 1-Bromohexadecane 1222 2-Bromohexadecanoic acid 1223 1-Bromohexane

2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±) 6-Bromohexanoic acid 6-Bromohexanoyl chloride 1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

1231 4-Bromo-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic p-Bromomandelic acid acid, (±) 1232 5-Bromo-2Bromosaligenin hydroxybenzenemethanol 1233 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

1238 Bromoiodomethane 1239 1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene 1240 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene 1241 4-Bromoisoquinoline 1242 Bromomethane

1247 (Bromomethyl)benzene

1248 1249 1250 1251

p-Bromophenyl isocyanate

Methyl bromide

Benzyl bromide

4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid 3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL

Physical Form

liq

cry (peth)

nd (al), lf (eth)

18 52.8 -83.7

2.0 35

1.230620

1.526220

105.5 119 113 sub 100

167.0

9.5

257; 12015

-9.3

252; 12018

1.661825

2.92617

1.641020

1.314520

1.556920

282.5 3.5

1.675520

1.421820

26

110 87 240

1.462320 1.597620 1.51020

cry (al)

59.5

240

liq

-1.5

201

1.4475320 1.456220 1.599920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH; vs eth, HOAc 20 1.5752 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

226.3 96.5 114

1304

252

119

1.438025

1.220520

1.445220

20

20

Isopentyl bromide

C5H11Br

107-82-4

151.045

liq

-112

1253 2-Bromo-2-methylbutane 1254 3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid 1255 1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene

tert-Pentyl bromide β-Bromoisovaleric acid

C5H11Br C5H9BrO2 C5H9Br

507-36-8 5798-88-9 870-63-3

151.045 181.028 149.029

nd (lig)

74

C7H6BrCl

611-17-6

205.480

10910

C3H8BrClSi

16532-02-8

187.539

131

1.37525

1.463025

C7H13Br

13905-48-1

177.082

181; 6011

1.267615

1.497920

C7H13Br C7H6BrF C8H17Br

2550-36-9 456-41-7 18908-66-2

177.082 189.025 193.125

7626 8820 6710

1.28320

1.490730 1.547420

1259 (Bromomethyl)cyclohexane 1260 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene 1261 3-(Bromomethyl)heptane

3-Methylcyclohexyl bromide

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth vs chl vs eth i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl, CS2

2.257025

1252 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane

1256 1-(Bromomethyl)-2chlorobenzene 1257 (Bromomethyl) chlorodimethylsilane 1258 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl s EtOH, eth vs peth

120.4

1.2071

108

1.19718

dec 131; 5040 1.293015

1.4420

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; vs chl

1.4421 1.493015

vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; vs eth; s bz vs bz, eth, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-65 Br O

Br

Br

Br

2-Bromoheptane

4-Bromoheptane

OH

1-Bromohexadecane

2-Bromohexadecanoic acid

Br O Br

Br

Br

1-Bromohexane

2-Bromohexane

OH

Br

2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±)

O

O

Br

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

O OH

Br

4-Bromo-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)

Br

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzenemethanol

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Br

O

Br Br

Br O

HO

OH

OH

Br

1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene

6-Bromohexanoyl chloride

OH

OH OH

O

6-Bromohexanoic acid

Br O

Cl

O

OH

3-Bromohexane

Br

Br

I

Br

I

OH 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene

1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene

H

I

H

1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene

Bromoiodomethane

I

Br

O

C

N

1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene

NH2 Br

Br

H H N

1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene

Br H

4-Bromoisoquinoline

O

Br

O

Bromomethane

Br

1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane

OH

O

Bromomethoxymethane

2-Bromo-4-methylaniline

N

N

NH2 Br

Br

Br 4-Bromo-2-methylaniline

(Bromomethyl)benzene

Br

Br

Br

4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid

3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile

4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile

1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL

Br Br

Br

Br

Cl

OH Br

O 1-Bromo-3-methylbutane

2-Bromo-2-methylbutane

3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid

Br

Br

1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene

Br Br

Br

Si

Cl

(Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane

F 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane

(Bromomethyl)cyclohexane

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene

3-(Bromomethyl)heptane

3-66

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C8H9Br

89-92-9

185.061

pr

21

217; 10816

1.381123

1.573020

C8H9Br

620-13-3

185.061

212.5

1.371123

1.566020

C8H9Br

104-81-4

185.061

nd (al)

220

1.32425

C11H9Br

3163-27-7

221.093

cry (peth, al) 56

18318, 16710

1266 2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

C11H9Br

939-26-4

221.093

lf (al)

213100, 16714

1267 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene 1268 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

C7H6BrNO2 C7H6BrNO2

3958-57-4 100-11-8

216.033 216.033

nd or pl (al) 59.3 nd (al) 99.5

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc

1269 2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol 1270 (Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)

C7H6BrNO3 C3H5BrO

772-33-8 82584-73-4

232.032 136.975

liq

C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C7H7BrO

25346-33-2 626-88-0 4283-80-1 25346-31-0 6627-55-0

165.071 165.071 165.071 165.071 187.034

nd (peth)

C13H11BrO

51632-16-7

263.129

oil

C9H9BrO

619-41-0

213.070

5332-26-3

No. Name

Synonym

1262 1-(Bromomethyl)-2methylbenzene 1263 1-(Bromomethyl)-3methylbenzene 1264 1-(Bromomethyl)-4methylbenzene 1265 1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

35

56

16213

148 -40

137

1.61514

1.484120

1.162420 1.168320

56.5

141 145 142.5; 70100 130; 76100 213.5

1.449520 1.4490 1.44223 1.452520 1.577220

nd or lf (al)

51

15714

240.054

pr (chl, bz)

151.5

78-77-3

137.018

liq

-119

91.1

1.27215

1.434820

C4H9Br C4H7BrO2 C4H6Br2O

507-19-7 2052-01-9 20769-85-1

137.018 167.002 229.898

liq cry (peth)

-16.2 48.5

73.3 199; 11524 163

1.427820 1.496960 1.406714

1.427820

C4H7Br C4H7Br C5H9BrO C4H11BrSi C10H7Br

3017-69-4 1458-98-6 1192-30-9 18243-41-9 90-11-9

135.003 135.003 165.028 167.120 207.067

1.33620 1.31320 1.467920 1.17025 1.478520

1.485020 1.446020 1.65820

1288 2-Bromonaphthalene

C10H7Br

580-13-2

207.067

1.60525

1.638260

1289 4-Bromo-1,8naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride 1290 1-Bromo-2-naphthol

C12H5BrO3

81-86-7

277.070

C10H7BrO

573-97-7

223.066

1291 4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline

C6H5BrN2O2

875-51-4

217.020

1292 1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene

C6H4BrNO2

577-19-5

1293 1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene

C6H4BrNO2

1271 1272 1273 1274 1275

1-Bromo-2-methylpentane 1-Bromo-4-methylpentane 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane 3-Bromo-3-methylpentane 2-Bromo-4-methylphenol

1276 1-(Bromomethyl)-3phenoxybenzene 1277 2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl) ethanone 1278 N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide 1279 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane

1280 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1281 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid 1282 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide 1283 1-Bromo-2-methylpropene 1284 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene 1285 2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran 1286 (Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane 1287 1-Bromonaphthalene

2-Methylpentyl bromide

3-Phenoxybenzyl bromide

2-(Bromomethyl)-1H-isoindole- C9H6BrNO2 1,3(2H)-dione Isobutyl bromide C4H9Br

tert-Butyl bromide α-Bromoisobutyric acid

1-Naphthyl bromide

oily liq

6.1

91 95 170; 7022 116.5 281

pl or orth lf (al)

55.9

281.5

202.006

585-79-5

202.006

C6H4BrNO2

586-78-7

202.006

CH2BrNO2 C3H6BrNO4 C9H19Br C18H37Br

563-70-2 52-51-7 693-58-3 112-89-0

139.937 199.989 207.151 333.391

C8H17Br

111-83-1

193.125

1300 2-Bromooctane, (±)

C8H17Br

60251-57-2

193.125

1301 8-Bromooctanoic acid 1302 1-Bromopentadecane

C8H15BrO2 C15H31Br

17696-11-6 629-72-1

223.108 291.311

1294 1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene 1295 1296 1297 1298

Bromonitromethane 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol 1-Bromononane 1-Bromooctadecane

1299 1-Bromooctane

p-Nitrobromobenzene

Bronopol

Octyl bromide

vs eth, EtOH s ace; sl bz, chl; vs AcOEt i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl, bz; s ctc i H2O; sl ctc vs ace, CS2

s EtOH, eth s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc

222

orth pr (bzlig) nd (HOAc) oran-ye nd (w) pa ye (al)

1-Bromo-β-naphthol

1.183520 1.542225

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl vs eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH

84

130

111.5

sub

43

258

1.624580

orth

56

265

1.703620

orth or mcl pr (al)

127

256

1.94825

149; 7140

1.597920

1.488020

liq cry (al)

131.5 -29.0 28.2

221.4; 884 362; 21010

1.084525 0.984820

1.452225 1.463120

liq

-55.0

200.8

1.107225

1.450325

188.5

1.087825

1.444225

1472 322

1.067520

1.461120

nd (peth)

38.5 19

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl vs EtOH

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s ace; vs chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-67 Br

Br

Br

Br Br

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-methylbenzene

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-methylbenzene

Br

Br

1-(Bromomethyl)-4-methylbenzene

1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

OH Br

N O

O O

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene

N

O

N

O

1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

Br

2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol

(Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)

OH

Br

Br

O

O

1-Bromo-2-methylpentane

1-Bromo-4-methylpentane

O

O

Br

Br Br Br

Br 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane

3-Bromo-3-methylpentane

2-Bromo-4-methylphenol

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenoxybenzene

2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethanone

O Br

Br

N

OH

Br O N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide

Br

Br

Br

O

1-Bromo-2-methylpropane

2-Bromo-2-methylpropane

O

2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid

2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide

Br Br Br

Br 1-Bromo-2-methylpropene

O

O

3-Bromo-2-methylpropene

2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran

O

O

Si

Br

NH2 O N

Br

Br

(Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane

O N

Br

O

Br

O N

1-Bromo-2-naphthol

Br O

Bromonitromethane

O

Br

Br

HO

2-Bromonaphthalene

Br

Br

OH

4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride

1-Bromonaphthalene

4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline

NO2 OH

1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene

N O

O

1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene

O

Br

2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

N

O

1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene

Br

1-Bromononane

1-Bromooctadecane

OH Br 1-Bromooctane

Br 2-Bromooctane, (±)

Br

O 8-Bromooctanoic acid

Br 1-Bromopentadecane

3-68

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

Pentyl bromide

C6BrF5 C2BrF5 C5H11Br

344-04-7 354-55-2 110-53-2

246.960 198.917 151.045

liq col gas liq

-31

1.98125 1.809825 1.218220

1.449020

-88.0

137 -21 129.8

1306 2-Bromopentane

C5H11Br

107-81-3

151.045

liq

-95.5

117.4

1.207520

1.441320

1307 3-Bromopentane

C5H11Br

1809-10-5

151.045

liq

-126.2

118.6

1.21420

1.444120

1308 1309 1310 1311

C5H8BrN C5H9BrO2 C5H9Br C14H9Br

5414-21-1 2067-33-6 1119-51-3 573-17-1

162.029 181.028 149.029 257.125

1.398920

1.478020

1.258120 1.409310

1.464020

64.5

11112, 10310 14213 125.5 >360

1312 2-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

95-56-7

173.007

5.6

194.5

1.492420

1.58920

1313 3-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

591-20-8

173.007

33

236.5

1314 4-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

106-41-2

173.007

66.4

238

1.84015

1263.5 12625

1.608820 1.261920 1.71725

No. Name 1303 Bromopentafluorobenzene 1304 Bromopentafluoroethane 1305 1-Bromopentane

5-Bromopentanenitrile 5-Bromopentanoic acid 5-Bromo-1-pentene 9-Bromophenanthrene

9-Phenanthryl bromide

1315 Bromophenol Blue

Bromphenol Blue

C19H10Br4O5S

115-39-9

669.960

1316 1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene 1317 (4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane 1318 N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide

4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether p-Bromoacetanilide

C12H9BrO C9H13BrOSi C8H8BrNO

101-55-3 17878-44-3 103-88-8

249.102 245.188 214.060

1319 1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone 1320 1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone

p-Bromoacetophenone

C8H7BrO C8H7BrO

2142-63-4 99-90-1

199.045 199.045

1321 (4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

(p-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

C6H7BrN2

589-21-9

187.037

1322 2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-indene1,3(2H)-dione 1323 (4-Bromophenyl) phenylmethanone 1324 2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone

Bromindione

C15H9BrO2

1146-98-1

C13H9BrO

1325 Bromophos

40.0 pr (al)

hex pr 279 dec (HOAc-ace) 18.72 nd (60% al) 168

lf (al)

7.5 50.5

13319 257; 13011

301.135

nd (w), lf (lig), cry (al) cry (lig)

138

90-90-4

261.113

lf (al)

82.5

C9H9BrO

2114-00-3

213.070

C8H8BrCl2PS

2104-96-3

317.999

ye cry

54

1410.01

nD

Solubility

1.444720

s chl

1.64725

1.608420 1.514520

1.575520 1.647

108

350 247.5

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc; msc eth vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl

1.429820

1.572020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2; sl chl sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, alk sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, alk s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc i H2O; s eth, ctc i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, lig

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; s eth, ctc, tol

1326 Bromophos-ethyl 1327 1-Bromopropane

Propyl bromide

C10H12BrCl2O3PS 4824-78-6 C3H7Br 106-94-5

394.049 122.992

pale-ye liq liq

-110.3

1220.004 71.1

1.353720

1.434320

1328 2-Bromopropane

Isopropyl bromide

C3H7Br

75-26-3

122.992

liq

-89.0

59.5

1.314020

1.425120

1329 3-Bromopropanenitrile

C3H4BrN

2417-90-5

133.975

9225, 697

1.615220

1.480020

1330 2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)

C3H5BrO2

10327-08-9

152.975

pr

25.7

203.5

1.700020

1.475320

C3H5BrO2

590-92-1

152.975

pl (CCl4)

62.5

14145

1.4825

1332 3-Bromo-1-propanol

C3H7BrO

627-18-9

138.991

105185, 8022

1.537420

1.483425

1333 1-Bromo-2-propanol

C3H7BrO

19686-73-8

138.991

146.5

1.558530

1.480120

1334 2-Bromopropanoyl bromide 1335 2-Bromopropanoyl chloride 1336 cis-1-Bromopropene

C3H4Br2O C3H4BrClO C3H5Br

563-76-8 7148-74-5 590-13-6

215.871 171.420 120.976

liq

-113

153 132 57.8

2.061116 1.69711 1.429120

1.478020 1.456020

s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s eth, ace, chl

1337 trans-1-Bromopropene 1338 2-Bromopropene

C3H5Br C3H5Br

590-15-8 557-93-7

120.976 120.976

liq

-126

63.2 48.4

1.396516

1.446716

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc, chl, CS2 vs EtOH vs eth

1331 3-Bromopropanoic acid

1339 3-Bromopropene

1340 (3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene 1341 (3-Bromopropoxy)benzene 1342 3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide

β-Bromopropionic acid

Allyl bromide

3-Bromo-1-propanamine hydrobromide

20

C3H5Br

106-95-6

120.976

liq

-119

70.1

1.398

C9H9Br C9H11BrO C3H9Br2N

4392-24-9 588-63-6 5003-71-4

197.071 215.086 218.918

nd (al, eth)

34 10.7 171.5

13010 12718

1.342830 1.36416

1.4697

20

1.61320

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl s H2O; msc EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-69

F F

Br

F

F F

F

F

Br

F Bromopentafluorobenzene

F F

Br

Br

Br

Br

Bromopentafluoroethane

N

1-Bromopentane

2-Bromopentane

3-Bromopentane

5-Bromopentanenitrile

OH Br Br

OH

OH Br

O Br

OH 5-Bromopentanoic acid

Br

5-Bromo-1-pentene

9-Bromophenanthrene

2-Bromophenol

Br

3-Bromophenol

4-Bromophenol

OH Br

Br

O Br O

Si

HN

O

OH O S O O

O

Br

Br

Bromophenol Blue

Br

1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene

O

HN

Br

Br

(4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane

N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide

1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone

NH2 O

O

O

Br Br

O

Br

1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone

(4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

(4-Bromophenyl)phenylmethanone

Br

Cl

Cl

Br

Br Bromophos-ethyl

1-Bromopropane

O OH

Br

Br

3-Bromopropanenitrile

1-Bromo-2-propanol

Br

Br

O

2-Bromopropanoyl bromide

Br

2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)

Cl

Br Br

OH

3-Bromo-1-propanol

OH

Br

Br 2-Bromopropane

OH

Br trans-1-Bromopropene

O

N

Br Bromophos

3-Bromopropanoic acid

2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone

S O P O O Cl

S O P O O Cl

Br

Br

Br

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

O

2-Bromopropanoyl chloride

O

Br H2N

Br 2-Bromopropene

3-Bromopropene

Br cis-1-Bromopropene

(3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene

(3-Bromopropoxy)benzene

Br

HBr

3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide

3-70

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1343 Bromopropylate

4,4’-Dibromobenzilic acid isopropyl ester

C17H16Br2O3

18181-80-1

428.115

C9H11Br C3H3Br

637-59-2 106-96-7

199.087 118.960

1346 2-Bromopyridine

C5H4BrN

109-04-6

157.997

liq

1347 3-Bromopyridine

C5H4BrN

626-55-1

157.997

liq

C5H4BrN C4H3BrN2O2

1120-87-2 51-20-7

157.997 190.983

C9H6BrN C9H6BrN

5332-24-1 5332-25-2

208.055 208.055

1352 N-Bromosuccinimide

C4H4BrNO2

128-08-5

177.985

1353 1354 1355 1356

C14H29Br C3H2BrNS C6H5BrOS C4H3BrS

112-71-0 3034-53-5 5370-25-2 1003-09-4

277.284 164.024 205.072 163.036

C4H3BrS

872-31-1

163.036

C27H28Br2O5S C7H7Br

76-59-5 95-46-5

624.381 171.035

liq

1360 3-Bromotoluene

C7H7Br

591-17-3

171.035

1361 4-Bromotoluene

C7H7Br

106-38-7

1362 1363 1364 1365 1366 1367 1368

CBrCl3 C13H27Br C6H15BrSi C2H2BrF3 C2BrF3 CBrF3 C7H4BrF3

1344 (3-Bromopropyl)benzene 1345 3-Bromo-1-propyne

1348 4-Bromopyridine 1349 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 1350 3-Bromoquinoline 1351 6-Bromoquinoline

Propargyl bromide

5-Bromouracil

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

i H2O; vs eth s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s ace, bz

1.5920

77 219.5; 11725 89

1.310625 1.57919

1.544025 1.492220

-40.1

193; 7513

1.633720

1.573420

-27.3

173; 6918

1.6450

1.569420

0.5 310

290.4

1.64500

1.569420

ye oil

13.3 24

275 281

cry (bz)

174

1.664120

2.09825

307 171 1034 150

1.017020 1.8225

1.460320 1.592720

1.68420

1.586820

159.5

1.73520

1.591920

201 -27.8

181.7

1.423220

1.556520

liq

-39.8

183.7

1.409920

1.551020

171.035

cry (al)

28.5

184.3

1.395935

1.547720

75-62-7 765-09-3 1112-48-7 421-06-7 598-73-2 75-63-8 392-83-6

198.274 263.257 195.173 162.936 160.920 148.910 225.006

liq

105 292 163; 6624 26 -2.5 -57.8 167.5

2.01225 1.023425 1.14320 1.788120

1.506520 1.457425 1.456120 1.333120

1.580020 1.65225

1.481720

C7H4BrF3

401-78-5

225.006

151.5

1.61325

1.471620

C7H4BrF3

402-43-7

225.006

160

1.60725

1.470525

C9H11Br

576-83-0

199.087

CBrN3O6 C19H15Br C11H23Br C11H21BrO2

560-95-2 596-43-0 693-67-4 2834-05-1

229.931 323.226 235.205 265.188

1376 (1-Bromovinyl)benzene 1377 (cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene 1378 (trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

C8H7Br C8H7Br C8H7Br

98-81-7 588-73-8 588-72-7

183.046 183.046 183.046

1379 1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene 1380 1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene 1381 1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene

C8H7Br C8H7Br C8H7Br

2039-88-5 2039-86-3 2039-82-9

183.046 183.046 183.046

liq

1382 Brompheniramine 1383 Brucine

C16H19BrN2 C23H26N2O4

86-22-6 357-57-3

319.239 394.463

ye oily liq mcl pr (w +4) 178

2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10one, monohydrochloride 2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10one, sulfate, heptahydrate

C23H27ClN2O4

5786-96-9

430.924

pr

C46H68N4O19S

60583-39-3

1013.113 nd (w)

5-Butyl-1-cyclohexyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione

C14H22N2O3

841-73-6

266.336

1-Bromotetradecane 2-Bromothiazole 1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone 2-Bromothiophene

2-Thienyl bromide

1357 3-Bromothiophene 1358 Bromothymol Blue 1359 2-Bromotoluene

Bromthymol Blue

Bromotrichloromethane 1-Bromotridecane Bromotriethylsilane 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Bromotrifluoroethene Bromotrifluoromethane 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1369 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1370 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 1371 2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

1372 1373 1374 1375

Bromotrinitromethane Bromotriphenylmethane 1-Bromoundecane 11-Bromoundecanoic acid

1384 Brucine hydrochloride 1385 Brucine sulfate heptahydrate

1386 Bucolome

Triphenylmethyl bromide

5.6 nd (al)

94.5

-5.65 6.2 liq -49.3 vol liq or gas -93.9 col gas col gas -172

1

-1

225

1.319110

1.551020

5610 23015 258.8 18818

2.031220 1.550020 1.049425

1.480820

liq nd (liq)

17.5 153 -9.7 57 -44 -7 7

8614, 713 1.402523 552 1.432210 dec 219; 10820 1.426916

1.588120 1.599022 1.609320

-52.8

209.2; 9820 9220 212; 10320

1.592720 1.593320 1.594720

7.7

nd (MeOH)

1500.5

sl EtOH; s ctc i H2O; vs eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; s ace, bz; sl chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; msc ctc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs chl

i H2O; vs chl

liq

1.416020 1.405920 1.398420

s chl; vs HOAc s EtOH, eth, acid sl H2O, AcOEt, eth; vs ace; i hx vs ace, bz, EtOH

1.455225

i H2O; vs eth; s bz; sl ctc vs EtOH, chl sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

i H2O; vs chl; s HOAc s dil acid sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH, chl, tfa; vs MeOH; i bz

84

1860.8

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-71

O HO

Br

O

Br Br

Br

Br

Br Bromopropylate

(3-Bromopropyl)benzene

N

3-Bromo-1-propyne

Br

N

2-Bromopyridine

N

3-Bromopyridine

4-Bromopyridine

O Br

H

N

Br

N H

Br O

O

5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

3-Bromoquinoline

6-Bromoquinoline

O

N Br

N

N

Br

N-Bromosuccinimide

HO

OH

Br

Br

Br N S

Br

S

Br

O

2-Bromothiazole

Br

S

1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone

Br

O S O O

S

2-Bromothiophene

1-Bromotetradecane

3-Bromothiophene

Bromothymol Blue

Br

2-Bromotoluene

3-Bromotoluene

Br Br Si

Br Cl

Cl Br

Cl 4-Bromotoluene

Br

Bromotrichloromethane

F

1-Bromotridecane

Bromotriethylsilane

F F

2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

F

F

F

Br

Bromotrifluoroethene

Br Br F

Br

Br F

F

F F

F

F

Bromotrifluoromethane

1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Br

F F

F

1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F

F

1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

Br Br

Br O 2N

O

NO2 NO2

Br

Bromotrinitromethane

Bromotriphenylmethane

Br

OH

1-Bromoundecane

11-Bromoundecanoic acid

(1-Bromovinyl)benzene

N

Br Br

Br

N

Br Br

Br

(cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

(trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene

1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene

1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene

Brompheniramine

O H

O

N

NH

O H

O

N

H H

Brucine

NH

O

H H

O

HCl

O

O

N O

H O

H H

O

Brucine hydrochloride

N O

N

H2SO4.7H2O O

N

H H

O

Brucine sulfate heptahydrate

Bucolome

H O

3-72

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

1387 Bufotalin

C26H36O6

471-95-4

444.560

cry (+1 al)

223 dec

1388 Bulbocapnine

C19H19NO4

298-45-3

325.359

pr (al)

199.5

C10H19N5O

26259-45-0

225.291

C9H6N2S3

21564-17-0

238.352

liq

dec

No. Name

1389 sec-Bumeton

1390 BUSAN 72A

Synonym

N-sec-Butyl-N’-ethyl-6methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs chl

87

1391 Butachlor 1392 1,2-Butadiene

Methylallene

C17H26ClNO2 C4H6

23184-66-9 590-19-2

311.847 54.091

1 atm 0.94525 1.469020 0.928620 1.608925 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 0.73640 1.41895 vs H2O, eth, ace; s chl, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; i lig 0.801620 1.384320 s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl 0.92320 vs H2O, ace, bz; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 0.8850120 1.4087130 sl H2O, eth; i bz; s EtOH 0.57325 1.332620 i H2O; vs EtOH, (p>1 eth, chl atm) 1.06520 1.426218 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 0.87725 1.496920 s H2O vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, MeOH 1.002420 1.437820 s H2O, EtOH, ace 1.005320 1.440120 1.017120 1.446020 msc H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth 1.003320 1.431025 msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, chl 1.047915 1.425115 1.10525 1.125 1.461120

1394 1,3-Butadien-1-ol acetate 1395 (trans)-1,3-Butadienylbenzene 1396 1,3-Butadiyne

Diacetylene

C4H2

460-12-8

50.059

vol liq or gas -36.4

1397 Butalbital

5-Isobutyl-5-allyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione Butyraldehyde

C11H16N2O3

77-26-9

224.256

pr

138.5

C4H8O

123-72-8

72.106

liq

-96.86

74.8

C4H9NO

110-69-0

87.120

liq

-29.5

154

C4H9NO

541-35-5

87.120

lf (bz)

114.8

216

1401 Butane

C4H10

106-97-8

58.122

col gas

-138.3

-0.5

1402 Butanedial

C4H6O2

638-37-9

86.090

C4H12N2 C4H14Cl2N2

110-60-1 333-93-7

88.151 161.073

C4H10O2

26171-83-5

90.121

C4H10O2 C4H10O2

107-88-0 110-63-4

90.121 90.121

1408 2,3-Butanediol

C4H10O2

6982-25-8

90.121

1409 1,4-Butanediol diacetate 1410 1,4-Butanediol diacrylate 1411 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether

C8H14O4 C10H14O4 C10H18O4

628-67-1 1070-70-8 2425-79-8

174.195 198.216 202.248

C12H18O4

1189-08-8

226.269

1398 Butanal

1399 Butanal oxime

1400 Butanamide

Butyramide

1403 1,4-Butanediamine 1404 1,4-Butanediamine dihydrochloride 1405 1,2-Butanediol, (±)

Putrescine

1406 1,3-Butanediol 1407 1,4-Butanediol

1,3-Butylene glycol Tetramethylene glycol

1,4-Bis(2,3-epoxypropoxy) butane

1412 1,3-Butanediol dimethacrylate

dec 170; 589 lf nd or lf (al, w)

21.91 280 dec

158.5 sub 190.5

cry (eth)

1 atm) 0.61625 (p>1 atm) 0.59925 (p>1 atm) 0.9416111

1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450

Fumaric acid dichloride Isocrotononitrile Crotononitrile Allyl cyanide

C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H2Cl2O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N

6117-80-2 821-11-4 627-63-4 1190-76-7 627-26-9 109-75-1

88.106 88.106 152.964 67.090 67.090 67.090

1451 cis-2-Butenoic acid

Isocrotonic acid

C4H6O2

503-64-0

86.090

1452 trans-2-Butenoic acid

Crotonic acid

C4H6O2

107-93-7

86.090

C4H6O2

625-38-7

86.090

C8H10O3 C4H8O C4H8O

623-68-7 4088-60-2 504-61-0

154.163 72.106 72.106

C4H8O

627-27-0

C4H8O C4H6O

1460 2-Butenoyl chloride 1461 (trans-1-Butenyl)benzene 1462 1463 1464 1465

1434 2-Butanone (1-methylpropylidene) hydrazone 1435 2-Butanone oxime 1436 1437 1438 1439

2-Butanone peroxide Butanoyl chloride Butaperazine Butazolamide

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide n-Butyryl chloride

1440 trans-2-Butenal

N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4thiadiazol-2-yl]butanamide trans-Crotonaldehyde

1441 1-Butene

1-Butylene

cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride cis-2-Butenenitrile trans-2-Butenenitrile 3-Butenenitrile

1453 3-Butenoic acid 1454 2-Butenoic anhydride 1455 cis-2-Buten-1-ol 1456 trans-2-Buten-1-ol

Crotonic acid anhydride cis-Crotyl alcohol trans-Crotyl alcohol

1457 3-Buten-1-ol

1458 3-Buten-2-ol 1459 3-Buten-2-one

2-Butenylbenzene 3-Butenylbenzene 1-Buten-3-yne Butethamine hydrochloride

Methyl vinyl ketone

Vinylacetylene 2-Isobutylaminoethyl 4aminobenzoate

msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc s eth; sl ctc s H2O, bz; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s chl

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O; misc os msc eth

s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth, ace; msc bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz

1.3931-25 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz 1.3848-25 s bz

235 13113 159 107.4 120 119

1.069820 1.070020 1.40820

1.4349111 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl peth 1.478220 s H2O; vs EtOH 1.475520 vs H2O, EtOH 1.500418

0.823920 0.834120

1.422520 1.406020

169

1.026720

1.445020

184.7

0.960477

1.424977

169

1.009120

1.423920

247; 12919 123 121.2

1.039720 0.866220 0.852120

1.474520 1.434225 1.428820

72.106

113.5

0.842420

1.422420

598-32-3 78-94-4

72.106 70.090

97 81.4

0.86420

1.408120

C4H5ClO C10H12

10487-71-5 1005-64-7

104.535 132.202

liq

-43.1

124.5 198.7

1.090520 0.901920

1.46018 1.542020

C10H12 C10H12 C4H4 C13H21ClN2O2

1560-06-1 768-56-9 689-97-4 553-68-4

132.202 132.202 52.075 272.771

liq col gas cry

-70

176 177 5.1

0.883120 0.883120 0.70940

1.510120 1.505920 1.41611

2.0 25 pa ye lig liq liq liq

-51.5 -87

nd or pr 15 (peth) mcl pr or nd 71.5 (w, lig) liq -35

300 12612

0.918215

1.316620

wh cry

255

C8H10N4O2

58-08-2

194.191

sub 90

1.2319

C29H40O9

20304-47-6

532.623

1694 Calcium ascorbate

C12H14CaO12

5743-27-1

390.310

wh nd (w+1) 238 , hex pr (sub) small pr 271 (ace) tricl cry (w)

1695 Calcium citrate

C12H10Ca3O14

7693-13-2

498.433

cry (w)

CCaN2 C12H24CaN2O6S2 C12H22CaO14 C44H84CaI2O4

156-62-7 139-06-0 299-28-5 1319-91-1

80.102 396.535 430.373 971.023

col hex cry cry cry wh-ye pow

C6H10CaO6 C10H14CaO4

814-80-2 19372-44-2

218.217 238.294

wh pow (w) col cry (MeOH)

1686 3-Butyn-2-one 1687 3-Butynylbenzene 1688 γ-Butyrolactone

Ethynyl methyl ketone Oxolan-2-one

1689 Cacotheline 1690 γ-Cadinene 1691 Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) 1692 Caffeine

1693 Calactin

1696 1697 1698 1699

Calcium cyanamide Calcium cyclamate Calcium gluconate Calcium iodobehenate

1700 Calcium lactate 1701 Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate

19-Oxogomphoside

Calcium carbimide

Iododocosanoic acid, calcium salt Calcium acetylacetonate

≈100 dec (hyd) ≈1340

dec

i H2O; s eth; sl ctc s ctc

s eth, bz, tol, AcOEt s chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl chl s H2O; vs EtOH; sl bz

1680 2-Butyne-1,4-diol

1683 2-Butyn-1-ol 1684 3-Butyn-1-ol 1685 3-Butyn-2-ol

pl (bz, AcOEt)

i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth

1.461120

i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth, gl HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth; i bz, peth s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, EtOH

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O

sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, ctc; s chl, py

s H2O; i MeOH, EtOH sl H2O; i EtOH sub

2.29

dec H2O vs H2O i EtOH, os i H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O; i EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-85

N

Butyl propyl ether

S

C

O

O O S O

Cl Cl

O

2-Butylthiophene

Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate

Cl

Butyl 4-toluenesulfonate

O Cl Cl Si Cl

Cl

O

Butyl stearate

O

S

Cl O

5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid

S

Butyl thiocyanate

O

O

4-tert-Butylpyridine

N

O

OH

N O

O Butyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate

F F

Butyltrichlorosilane

H N

O

Butyl trichloroacetate

H N

NH2

Butyl trifluoroacetate

H N

NH2 O

O

F

O Cl

Butylurea

O

sec-Butylurea

O

NH2

tert-Butylurea

O

O O 1-tert-Butyl-4-vinylbenzene

HO

OH

H2N

Butyl vinyl ether

tert-Butyl vinyl ether

HO

1-Butyne

O

2-Butyne

NH2

N

N

2-Butynediamide

2-Butynedinitrile

OH

O

OH OH

O

O

O

OH

2-Butynedioic acid

2-Butyne-1,4-diol

O

H

O

2-Butynoic acid

O

O O

3-Butyn-2-one

N

γ-Butyrolactone

3-Butynylbenzene

3-Butyn-2-ol

O

H S

O

O O

3-Butyn-1-ol

H

N H H

O

2-Butyn-1-ol

N H

O

OH

O

2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetate

N

H

OH

S

γ-Cadinene

Cacotheline

S

N

N

Cd

N

O

S

N

N

Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)

Caffeine

O O CH2O HO

OH H O

OH O

O

H

Ca2

O OH

O

H

O

O

O

OH

O

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

Calcium ascorbate

H N

2

3Ca

O S

O

O

2

Calactin

H HO H H

O

HO HO H

O

2

2

Ca

Calcium citrate

N

N

2

Ca2

O 2

Calcium cyanamide

Calcium cyclamate

2

Ca

O

O I

O

2 Calcium gluconate

2

Ca 2

Calcium iodobehenate

HO

Ca

O 2 Calcium lactate

2

O

O Ca

O

O

Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate

3-86

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

1702 Calcium thioglycollate 1703 Calotoxin

4’β-Hydroxy-19oxogomphoside

1704 Calotropin 1705 Calusterone 1706 Camphene, (+)

1707 Camphene, (-)

2,2-Dimethyl-3methylenebicyclo[2.2.1] heptane, (1R)2,2-Dimethyl-3methylenebicyclo[2.2.1] heptane, (1S)-

1708 d-Camphocarboxylic acid

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

C4H6CaO4S2

814-71-1

222.297

pr (w)

220 dec

C29H40O10

20304-49-8

548.622

cry (EtOH)

268

C29H40O9

1986-70-5

532.623

pl (EtOH)

221

C28H48O C10H16

17021-26-0 5794-03-6

400.680 136.234

cry (ace) nd

157.5 52

161

0.895050

1.457025

vs eth

C10H16

5794-04-7

136.234

52

158

0.844650

1.456454

vs eth

C11H16O3

18530-30-8

196.243

1709 Camphor, (±)

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-one, (±)

C10H16O

21368-68-3

152.233

1710 Camphor, (+)

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-one, (1R) 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1] heptan-2-one, (1S)

C10H16O

464-49-3

152.233

C10H16O

464-48-2

152.233

5394-83-2

200.232

3144-16-9

C20H21NO4 C21H30O2

pr (eth, 50% 127.5 al) wh rhom cry 178.3 (EtOH) pl

178.8

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

s H2O, EtOH; i eth

vs bz, eth, EtOH sub

207.4

0.99025 0.985318

pr, lf

202

1.186

232.297

pr (HOAc)

195 dec

29074-38-2 13956-29-1

339.386 314.462

mcl nd (al) rods (peth)

134 67

1882

C21H26O2

521-35-7

310.430

pl, lf (peth)

77

1850.05

C22H28O3 C10H12O4

976-71-6 56-25-7

340.455 196.200

cry (AcOEt) orth pl

150 218

sub 84

C6H11NO

105-60-2

113.157

lf (lig)

69.3

270

C18H27NO3

404-86-4

305.412

mcl pl or sc 65 (peth)

C40H56O3

465-42-9

584.871

C10H9Cl4NO2S C9H8Cl3NO2S C9H15NO3S

2425-06-1 133-06-2 62571-86-2

349.061 300.590 217.285

1725 Carbachol

C6H15ClN2O2

51-83-2

182.648

1726 Carbamic chloride Carbamyl chloride 1727 Carbamodithioic acid 1728 Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate

CH2ClNO CH3NS2 CH4NO5P

463-72-9 594-07-0 590-55-6

79.486 93.172 141.021

1729 Carbaryl 1730 Carbazole

C12H11NO2 C12H9N

63-25-2 86-74-8

201.221 167.206

pl or lf

145 246.3

C14H11NO2

524-80-1

225.243

lf (AcOEt)

215

C9H9N3O2

10605-21-7

191.186

300 dec

C20H31NO3 C11H9NO4 C9H8O3

77-23-6 22509-74-6 129-64-6

333.465 219.194 164.158

91 164.5

C7H10N2O2S C8H10N2O2 C12H15NO3 CHF2N C11H8N2

22232-54-8 5331-43-1 1563-66-2 2712-98-3 244-69-9

186.231 166.177 221.252 65.023 168.195

1712 Camphoric acid, (±)

1713 d-Camphorsulfonic acid

1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3C10H16O4 cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid, (1RS, 3SR) C10H16O4S

1714 Canadine, (±) 1715 Cannabidiol

DL-Tetrahydroberberine

1716 Cannabinol

6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-pentyl-6Hdibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol

1717 Canrenone 1718 Cantharidin

1719 Caprolactam

6-Hexanelactam

1720 Capsaicin

1721 Capsanthin 1722 Captafol 1723 Captan 1724 Captopril

3,3’-Dihydroxy-β,κ-caroten-6’one, (3R,3’S,5’R)

1-(3-Mercapto-2-methyl-1oxypropyl)proline

Dibenzopyrolle

1731 9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid 1732 Carbendazim

1733 Carbetapentane 1734 N-Carbethoxyphthalimide 1735 Carbic anhydride 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740

Carbimazole Carbobenzoxyhydrazine Carbofuran Carboimidic difluoride γ-Carboline

Carbamic acid, 1Hbenzimidazol-2-yl-, methyl ester Pentoxyverine N-(Ethoxycarbonyl)phthalimide

Benzyl carbazate

5H-Pyrido[4,3-b]indole

Solubility s H2O, chl; sl EtOH; i eth, bz

178.6

1711 Camphor, (-)

nD

1.04040

1.5462

1.540420

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace, bz sl H2O; s chl, eth, EtOH vs H2O; i eth; sl HOAc vs EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, alk i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s HOAc vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, peth; sl con HCl

2150.01

176 cry cry (CCl4) cry (AcOEt)

161 172.5 105

1.7425

210 dec

vs chl s H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, MeOH; sl EtOH; i eth, chl

dec 62 vs EtOH, eth unstab in soln 1.22825 354.69

vs ace, DMF i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s ace vs eth, EtOH, chl, HOAc

1.45

1650.01 orth cry (peth) cry, pow

gas nd

123.5 69.5 151 -90 225

1.41725

vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl vs ace, chl

1.18 -13 dec 1.352

sl H2O, bz; vs MeOH; s EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-87 O

O O

O

HO

OH H O

HO

O

HO

H

O HS

Ca

O

OH

O

OH H O

H OH

OH

2

O

H

2

O

Calcium thioglycollate

O

H

O

H

Calotoxin

O

H Calotropin

Calusterone

O

COOH

d-Camphocarboxylic acid

O O S O OH

OH

HO

O

O Camphene, (-)

Camphene, (+)

O

Camphor, (±)

O

O

Camphor, (+)

Camphor, (-)

Camphoric acid, (±)

d-Camphorsulfonic acid

O O O

N

O

OH

O

OH

O

O HO

O Canadine, (±)

O

O Cannabidiol

Cannabinol

Canrenone

O

Caprolactam

O N S

N H

OH

HO Capsaicin

Cl

O Cl Cl Cl

Capsanthin

Captafol

O

O

OH

N

N S H

Cantharidin

O

HO

H

N H

O

O O

O

Cl

O

Cl O Cl Cl

O

Captan

O N

SH

H2N

O

Captopril

O

NH2

O Carbachol

S Cl

H2N

Carbamic chloride

O SH

H2N

Carbamodithioic acid

Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate

Carbaryl

O

N H

O

Carbazole

9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid

O

O S

N

O O

Carbimazole

O

O

N H

NH2

Carbobenzoxyhydrazine

O

N

N

O O

O

O

Carbendazim

N

O O

NH

OH N H

O

N

N

Carbetapentane

O

N-Carbethoxyphthalimide

Carbic anhydride

O

H N

O O Carbofuran

N H

O OH P O OH

F F

N

F NH

Carboimidic difluoride

N H γ-Carboline

3-88

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

1741 Carbon dioxide

Carbonic anhydride

CO2

124-38-9

44.010

col gas

-56.56 tp

-78.5 sp

1742 Carbon diselenide 1743 Carbon disulfide

Carbon selenide Carbon bisulfide

CSe2 CS2

506-80-9 75-15-0

169.93 76.141

ye liq col liq

-43.7 -112.1

125.5 46

0.72025 (p>1 atm) 2.682320 1.263220

1744 Carbonic acid 1745 Carbonic dihydrazide 1746 Carbon monoxide

Carbohydrazide Carbon oxide

CH2O3 CH6N4O CO

463-79-6 497-18-7 630-08-0

62.025 90.085 28.010

nd (dil al) col gas

154 -205.02

-191.5

1.61620 0.7909-19

C7H4ClNO4

7693-46-1

201.565

80

16019

C8H6ClNO4

4457-32-3

215.592

32.8

C3H2Cl4O2

17341-93-4

211.859

1747 Carbonochloridic acid, 4nitrophenyl ester 1748 Carbonochloridic acid, (4nitrophenyl)methyl ester 1749 Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2trichloroethyl ester 1750 Carbonothioic dichloride

Thiophosgene

CCl2S

463-71-8

114.982

red liq

73

1751 Carbonothioic dihydrazide

1,3-Diamino-2-thiourea

CH6N4S

2231-57-4

106.151

1752 Carbon oxyselenide

Carbonyl selenide

COSe

1603-84-5

106.97

-21.5

1753 Carbon oxysulfide

Carbonyl sulfide

COS

463-58-1

60.075

nd, pl (w) nd, 170 dec pl (w) col gas; -122 unstab col gas -138.8

1754 Carbon suboxide 1755 Carbonyl bromide 1756 Carbonyl chloride

1,2-Propadiene-1,3-dione Bromophosgene Phosgene

C3O2 CBr2O CCl2O

504-64-3 593-95-3 75-44-5

68.031 187.818 98.916

col gas

-107

col gas

1757 Carbonyl chloride fluoride 1758 Carbonyl dicyanide

Carbonic chloride fluoride

CClFO C3N2O

353-49-1 1115-12-4

82.461 80.044

C7H6N4O CF2O C11H16ClO2PS3 C20H32N2O3S C12H13NO2S C9H8O4

530-62-1 353-50-4 786-19-6 55285-14-8 5234-68-4 89-51-0

C9H18N4O4 C6H9NO6 C5H9NO4S C14H10O5

1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764

N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole Carbonyl fluoride Carbophenothion Carbosulfan Carboxin 2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid

1765 1766 1767 1768

N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine 2-Carboxyphenyl 2hydroxybenzoate 1769 3-Carene, (+) 1770 Carisoprodol 1771 Carminic acid

1772 Carnitine 1773 Carnosine 1774 α-Carotene

Octopine Carbocysteine Salsalate

4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid trimethylbetaine N-β-Alanyl-L-histidine

1775 β-Carotene

den/ g cm-3

nD

1.845420 1.631920

1.50815

1.544220

-127.78

6.8 64.5 8

1.1140 1.45380 2.5215 1.371925 (p>1 atm

col gas liq

-148 -36

-47.2 65.5

1.12420

162.149 66.007 342.866 380.544 235.302 180.158

cry (bz) col gas

119 -111.2

-84.5 820.01 126

1.13925 1.27120 1.05620

34522-32-2 53861-57-7 638-23-3 552-94-3

246.264 191.138 179.195 258.226

nd (w) cry nd

C10H16 C12H24N2O4 C22H20O13

498-15-7 78-44-4 1260-17-9

136.234 260.330 492.386

C7H15NO3

541-15-1

161.199

C9H14N4O3 C40H56

305-84-0 7488-99-5

226.232 536.873

C40H56

7235-40-7

536.873

C40H56

472-93-5

536.873

1777 ψ,ψ-Carotene

trans-Lycopene

C40H56

502-65-8

536.873

1778 β,β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R)

Zeaxanthin

C40H56O2

144-68-3

568.872

1779 β,ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R,6’R)

Xanthophyll

C40H56O2

127-40-2

568.872

1780 β,β-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

Cryptoxanthin

C40H56O

472-70-8

552.872

1781 β,ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

Rubixanthin

C40H56O

3763-55-1

552.872

94 184.5

1.24-87

1.391920

1.410020

s bz, ctc, chl, tol, HOAc reac H2O s eth, ace, ctc, chl

sl ace 171; 123200

0.854930

1.0020

1.0020

red pr (bz- 153 MeOH), viol pr (eth) red pr or nd 175 (peth) 215.5

sl H2O; s EtOH; vs KOH s eth, bz, CS2

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl

281 167 206 147

cry 92 red mcl pr 136 dec (aq, MeOH) cry (al-ace), 197 dec hyg 260 red pl or pr 187.5 (peth, bzMeOH) red br hex pr 183 (bz-MeOH)

ye pr (MeOH) orth (chleth) ye or viol pr (ethMeOH) garnet red pr (bz-MeOH) dk red nd (bz-MeOH) oran-red (bz-peth)

dec H2O, EtOH; s eth vs H2O dec H2O

1.02817

γ-Carotene

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth Aq. soln. of CO2 vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s bz, HOAc

6311

-50

1776 β,ψ-Carotene

Solubility sl H2O

2270.06

1.4693

vs ace, bz, eth s os s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O vs bz, eth, chl

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ace, bz i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, peth; s bz, chl sl EtOH, peth; s eth; vs bz, chl, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, py, chl

196

vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth

160

vs bz, chl

160

sl EtOH, peth; s bz, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-89 Cl O

O

O

Cl O

O

O O C O

Se C Se

S C S

Carbon dioxide

Carbon diselenide

Carbon disulfide

HO

H2N OH

Carbonic acid

N H

N H

O

Cl

Cl

Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl ester

F

H2N Cl

Carbonothioic dichloride

Cl

N

Carbonyl dicyanide

N

N

O

O

Carbonochloridic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester

N H

N H

Carbonothioic dihydrazide

N

N

N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole

O C S

O C C C O

Carbon oxyselenide

Carbon oxysulfide

Carbon suboxide

S

Cl

F

F

O

O

O O C Se

S N

N

Carbonochloridic acid, (4-nitrophenyl)methyl ester

NH2

O

N

Carbonyl chloride fluoride

Carbon monoxide

O

O

O

O

S

S

Cl

C O

Carbonic dihydrazide

O Cl Cl

NH2

Carbonyl fluoride

Br

O

O H N

S

N

S

Cl

Carbonyl chloride

O N

Carbophenothion

Br

Carbonyl bromide

O

S O P O

Cl

O

Carbosulfan

Carboxin

HO OH O

O OH

OH O

O

N H

HO 2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid

OH

OH

NH2

H N

NH

H 2N

O

N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine

OH

O

O O

OH O

O

S NH2

OH

L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid

O

O

OH

S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine

2-Carboxyphenyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

3-Carene, (+)

HO O OH

OH O

OH H2N

O

H N

O

O

O

O

O

OH HO

O

OH

OH

Carminic acid

Carnitine

α-Carotene

N

H2N N

O

OH O

Carisoprodol

OH

OH

NH O

N H

Carnosine

β-Carotene

β,ψ-Carotene

ψ,ψ-Carotene

OH

OH

H HO

HO β,β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R)

HO

β,ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R,6’R)

HO β,β-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

β,ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)

3-90

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

1782 ψ,ψ-Caroten-16-ol

Lycoxanthin

C40H56O

19891-74-8

552.872

1783 Caroverine 1784 Carpaine

C22H27N3O2 C28H50N2O4

23465-76-1 3463-92-1

365.468 478.708

1785 Cartap hydrochloride

C7H16ClN3O2S2

22042-59-7

273.804

red pl (bzMeOH) cry mcl pr (al, ace) cry

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

168 69 121

2020.01

180

1786 Carvenone, (S) 1787 (R)-Carvone

p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, (R)

C10H16O C10H14O

10395-45-6 6485-40-1

152.233 150.217

25.2

233 231

0.928920 0.959320

1.480520 1.498820

1788 (S)-Carvone

p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, (S)

C10H14O

2244-16-8

150.217

1 atm)

1.338920

C7H8ClNO

93-50-5

157.598

C7H8ClNO C3H7ClO C3H7ClO C8H9ClO C4H9ClO C3H5ClO2 C14H12ClNO

95-03-4 3188-13-4 627-42-9 3587-60-8 3587-57-3 625-56-9 1022-13-5

157.598 94.540 94.540 156.609 108.566 108.524 245.704

nd or pr (dil 52 al) nd (dil al) 84

83 92.5 10313 109 116

1.018815 1.034520 1.135020 0.988420 1.19420

1.404020 1.411120 1.519220 1.412520 1.40920

C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN

932-96-7 615-65-6 87-63-8 87-60-5

141.599 141.599 141.599 141.599

240 220 215; 9710 245

1.16911 1.15120

1.583520 1.574822

s EtOH, ace, bz sl EtOH, bz

1.588020

C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C7H8ClN C15H9ClO2

95-74-9 95-69-2 95-79-4 129-35-1

141.599 141.599 141.599 256.684

C7H7Cl

100-44-7

126.584

C8H10ClN

39191-07-6

155.625

884

1.535025

s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz s EtOH; sl ctc s EtOH; sl ctc vs EtOH i EtOH, eth; sl py i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc s chl

C8H9ClO

1674-30-2

156.609

12817, 12111

1.552320

s EtOH; vs eth

C8H9ClO

3391-10-4

156.609

C8H7ClO2

20850-43-5

170.594

C5H11Cl

107-84-6

106.594

2112 2-Chloro-2-methylbutane

C5H11Cl

594-36-5

106.594

2113 2-Chloro-3-methylbutane 2114 1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene

C5H11Cl C5H9Cl

631-65-2 503-60-6

106.594 104.578

2115 3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne 2116 (Chloromethyl)cyclopropane 2117 1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4dimethylbenzene 2118 (Chloromethyl) dimethylphenylsilane 2119 Chloromethyldiphenylsilane 2120 1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2propanol 2121 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzene 2122 (1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene 2123 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzene 2124 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene 2125 2-(Chloromethyl)furan 2126 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane

C5H7Cl C4H7Cl C9H11Cl

1111-97-3 5911-08-0 824-55-5

102.563 90.552 154.636

C9H13ClSi

1833-51-8

184.738

Isopentyl chloride

Physical Form

mp/˚C

ye br nd (al) 178.5 30.5

260

sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl s EtOH; sl lig vs H2O, eth vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

92

7 1

lf (al)

liq

26 30.3 26 170.5

243 244 239; 14038

-45

179

121

1.100420

1.192620

15

1.539120

1.5505

20

20.5

13414

1.31225

1.566020

liq

-104.4

98.9

0.875020

1.408420

liq

-73.5

85.6

0.865320

1.405520

91.5 109

0.87820 0.927320

1.448520

76 88 215.5; 11020

0.906120 0.9825 1.058019

225

1.024025

liq liq

-61 -90.9

20

s ctc

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl

1.435020 vs bz, eth, EtOH s ctc, CS2 20

C13H13ClSi C6H13ClO2

144-79-6 4288-84-0

232.781 152.619

295 182; 8720

1.1277 1.091020

1.5742 1.437025

C9H11Cl C9H11Cl C7H6ClF C7H6ClF C5H5ClO C8H17Cl

1467-05-6 934-53-2 345-35-7 352-11-4 617-88-9 123-04-6

154.636 154.636 144.574 144.574 116.546 148.674

9515 981 172; 8640 8226, 7620 4926 172

1.19225 1.21625 1.214320 1.178320 0.876920

1.529025 1.529025 1.515020 1.5130 1.494120 1.431920

s EtOH, eth vs bz, EtOH, chl

vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-105

Cl C

N I I

O

N

Cl

Cl

N OH

Cl

1-Chloro-3-iodopropane

Cl

5-Chloro-7-iodo-8-quinolinol

N

C

Cl

O

C

1-Chloro-2-isocyanatobenzene

1-Chloro-3-isocyanatobenzene

1-Chloro-2-isopropylbenzene

1-Chloro-4-isopropylbenzene

S NH2 O

NH2

H H Cl

O Cl Cl

H

1-Chloro-4-isothiocyanatobenzene

Chloromethane

Cl

Cl

4-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline

5-Chloro-2-methoxyaniline

O

O

(Chloromethoxy)ethane

NH O

Cl

1-Chloro-2-methoxyethane

HN

NH2 Cl

O

O

Cl O

[(Chloromethoxy)methyl]benzene

Cl

O

1-(Chloromethoxy)propane

Cl

Cl

5-Chloro-2-(methylamino)benzophenone

4-Chloro-N-methylaniline

2-Chloro-4-methylaniline

NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

Cl

Chloromethyl acetate

O

Cl

NH2

Cl Cl

Cl 2-Chloro-6-methylaniline

3-Chloro-2-methylaniline

Cl

Cl

3-Chloro-4-methylaniline

Cl

4-Chloro-2-methylaniline

1-Chloro-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

OH

N H

Cl

O

Cl α-(Chloromethyl)benzenemethanol

3-Chloro-N-methylbenzenemethanamine

4-Chloro-α-methylbenzenemethanol

Cl

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-2-methylbutane

5-(Chloromethyl)-1,3-benzodioxole

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-3-methylbutane

O

Cl

Cl (Chloromethyl)benzene

O

5-Chloro-2-methylaniline

Cl

2-Chloro-3-methylbutane

1-Chloro-3-methyl-2-butene

3-Chloro-3-methyl-1-butyne

(Chloromethyl)cyclopropane

Cl

Cl Si Cl Si

1-(Chloromethyl)-2,4-dimethylbenzene

OH

Cl

O

(Chloromethyl)dimethylphenylsilane

Chloromethyldiphenylsilane

Cl

1-Chloro-3-(1-methylethoxy)-2-propanol

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-ethylbenzene

Cl Cl

Cl F F

(1-Chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-fluorobenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-fluorobenzene

O

Cl

2-(Chloromethyl)furan

Cl 3-(Chloromethyl)heptane

3-106

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2127 4-Chloro-5-methyl-2isopropylphenol

Chlorothymol

C10H13ClO

89-68-9

184.662

C8H9ClO

824-94-2

156.609

C8H9Cl

552-45-4

C8H9Cl C8H9Cl

2128 1-(Chloromethyl)-4methoxybenzene 2129 1-(Chloromethyl)-2methylbenzene 2130 1-(Chloromethyl)-3methylbenzene 2131 1-(Chloromethyl)-4methylbenzene 2132 Chloromethyl methyl ether

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

63

258.5

24.5

262.5

140.610

620-19-9 104-82-5

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

1.26120

1.58020

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, peth, alk vs ace, bz, eth

198; 9020

1.06325

1.541025

vs eth, EtOH

140.610

195.5

1.06420

1.534520

140.610

201; 9020

1.051220

1.5380

i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, peth i H2O; s EtOH, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz, AcOEt i H2O; s EtOH

nd

10

1.39720

C2H5ClO

107-30-2

80.513

liq

-103.5

59.5

1.063

2133 2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane 2134 1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

C4H7ClO C11H9Cl

598-09-4 86-52-2

106.551 176.642

pr

32

122 291.5

1.101120 1.181320

2135 2-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

C11H9Cl

2506-41-4

176.642

lf (al)

48.5

16920

2136 1-(Chloromethyl)-2-nitrobenzene

C7H6ClNO2

612-23-7

171.582

cry (lig)

50.0

1254

1.555762

2137 1-(Chloromethyl)-3-nitrobenzene

C7H6ClNO2

619-23-8

171.582

pa ye nd (lig) 46

17334

1.557762

C7H6ClNO2

100-14-1

171.582

pl or nd (al) 71

C7H6ClNO2

83-42-1

171.582

nd (dil al)

37.8

238

C7H6ClNO2

13290-74-9

171.582

ye cry

42.5

249

C7H6ClNO2

89-60-1

171.582

7

261; 11811

1.557220

i H2O; s ctc

C7H6ClNO2

121-86-8

171.582

nd (al)

66.5

260

1.547069

C7H6ClNO2

89-59-8

171.582

mcl nd

38

242; 115.511

1.255980

C6H13Cl C6H13Cl C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO C7H7ClO

25346-32-1 4737-41-1 6640-27-3 615-74-7 87-64-9 615-62-3 1570-64-5 59-50-7

120.620 120.620 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583 142.583

113 126; 83202 195.5 196 189; 8020 228 223 235

0.861020 0.891420 1.178527 1.21515

2152 (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic MCPA acid 2153 4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy) butanoic acid 2154 Chloromethylphenylsilane 2155 (Chloromethyl)phosphonic acid

C9H9ClO3

94-74-6

200.618

sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs eth vs bz, eth, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s eth vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s peth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc

C11H13ClO3

94-81-5

228.672

C7H9ClSi CH4ClO3P

1631-82-9 2565-58-4

156.685 130.468

113100

1.04320

1.517120

2156 N-Chloromethylphthalimide 2157 2-Chloro-2-methylpropanal 2158 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Isobutyl chloride

C9H6ClNO2 C4H7ClO C4H9Cl

17564-64-6 917-93-1 513-36-0

195.603 106.551 92.567

liq

-130.3

90 68.5

1.05315 0.877320

1.416016 1.398420

2159 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

tert-Butyl chloride

C4H9Cl

507-20-0

92.567

liq

-25.60

50.9

0.842020

1.385720

2160 1-Chloro-2-methylpropene 2161 3-Chloro-2-methylpropene

Dimethylvinyl chloride

C4H7Cl C4H7Cl

513-37-1 563-47-3

90.552 90.552

68 71.5

0.918620 0.916520

1.422120 1.429120

C6H7Cl2N

6959-48-4

164.033

hyg

143.8

993-00-0 98-57-7

80.590 190.648

col gas

-135 98

123-09-1 542-81-4 2373-51-5 2344-80-1

158.649 110.606 96.579 122.669

1.12320 1.15325 0.87925

1.490220 1.496320 1.417520

2138 1-(Chloromethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

2139 1-Chloro-2-methyl-3nitrobenzene 2140 1-Chloro-2-methyl-4nitrobenzene 2141 1-Chloro-4-methyl-2nitrobenzene 2142 2-Chloro-1-methyl-4nitrobenzene 2143 4-Chloro-1-methyl-2nitrobenzene 2144 2-Chloro-4-methylpentane 2145 3-(Chloromethyl)pentane 2146 2-Chloro-4-methylphenol 2147 2-Chloro-5-methylphenol 2148 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol 2149 3-Chloro-4-methylphenol 2150 4-Chloro-2-methylphenol 2151 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol

2162 3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, hydrochloride 2163 Chloromethylsilane 2164 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl) benzene 2165 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene 2166 1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethane 2167 Chloro(methylthio)methane 2168 (Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane

4-Nitrobenzyl chloride

4-Chloro-3-nitrotoluene

2-Chloro-p-cresol 6-Chloro-m-cresol 6-Chloro-o-cresol 3-Chloro-p-cresol 4-Chloro-o-cresol 4-Chloro-m-cresol

CH5ClSi 4-Chlorobenzenethiol, S-methyl, C7H7ClO2S S,S-dioxide C7H7ClS C3H7ClS C2H5ClS C4H11ClSi

pr (peth)

45.5

nd (al) nd (peth) nd (peth)

55.5 51 67

pl (bz, to)

120

1.431020 1.638020

1.564762

1.537769

vs eth

1.411320 1.422220 1.520027 1.544920

100

nd (bz/ MeNO2)

90 135.5 vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl sl H2O; s chl msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl

7; -4563

10510 140; 6030 105 98.5

s EtOH, eth, ace

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-107

Cl

OH

Cl Cl

Cl

O

Cl 4-Chloro-5-methyl-2-isopropylphenol

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methoxybenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-methylbenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-3-methylbenzene

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-methylbenzene

Cl

Cl

O Cl

Chloromethyl methyl ether

2-(Chloromethyl)-2-methyloxirane

2-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

O

O O

N

1-(Chloromethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

O N

Cl

Cl

N O

O

1-(Chloromethyl)-2-nitrobenzene

Cl

Cl

1-(Chloromethyl)-3-nitrobenzene

O

1-(Chloromethyl)naphthalene

Cl

Cl

N

Cl Cl

O

N O

O N

O N

O

O O

1-Chloro-2-methyl-3-nitrobenzene

N

O

1-Chloro-2-methyl-4-nitrobenzene

1-Chloro-4-methyl-2-nitrobenzene

OH OH

Cl

O

Cl

Cl O

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-1-methyl-4-nitrobenzene

4-Chloro-1-methyl-2-nitrobenzene

2-Chloro-4-methylpentane

3-(Chloromethyl)pentane

OH

OH

2-Chloro-4-methylphenol

2-Chloro-5-methylphenol

OH O

OH

O

Cl Cl 2-Chloro-6-methylphenol

Cl

3-Chloro-4-methylphenol

4-Chloro-2-methylphenol

Cl SiH

O O

Cl 4-Chloro-3-methylphenol

(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid

O

OH Cl

Cl 4-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)butanoic acid

OH

Cl

Chloromethylphenylsilane

Cl

O P OH OH

(Chloromethyl)phosphonic acid

N

Cl O

O N-Chloromethylphthalimide

2-Chloro-2-methylpropanal

H Si Cl

Cl Cl

Cl 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Cl

2-Chloro-2-methylpropane

Cl

O S O 1-Chloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)benzene

Cl

1-Chloro-2-methylpropene

N

3-Chloro-2-methylpropene

HCl

H

3-(Chloromethyl)pyridine, hydrochloride

Chloromethylsilane

Cl

S 1-Chloro-4-(methylthio)benzene

S

Cl

1-Chloro-2-(methylthio)ethane

Si Cl

S

Chloro(methylthio)methane

Cl (Chloromethyl)trimethylsilane

3-108

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

2169 1-Chloronaphthalene

1-Naphthyl chloride

C10H7Cl

90-13-1

162.616

oily liq

-2.5

259; 106.55

1.188025

1.632620

2170 2-Chloronaphthalene

C10H7Cl

91-58-7

162.616

pl (dil al), lf 58.0

256

1.137771

1.607913

2171 4-Chloro-1-naphthol

C10H7ClO

604-44-4

178.615

nd (chl, aq al)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

C8H8Cl2O2

2675-77-6

207.055

2173 2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

121-87-9

172.569

ye nd (w)

108

2174 2-Chloro-5-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

6283-25-6

172.569

ye nd (lig)

121

2175 4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

89-63-4

172.569

dk oran-ye pr (dil al)

116.5

2176 4-Chloro-3-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

635-22-3

172.569

2177 5-Chloro-2-nitroaniline

C6H5ClN2O2

1635-61-6

172.569

2178 1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione

C14H6ClNO4

129-40-8

287.656

ye nd or pr 103 (w) nd (peth) ye nd (CS2) 127.8 ye lf (al, bz) 315.3

2179 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde 2180 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde 2181 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene

6361-21-3 16588-34-4 88-73-3

185.565 185.565 157.555

cry (al)

o-Chloronitrobenzene

C7H4ClNO3 C7H4ClNO3 C6H4ClNO2

2182 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene

m-Chloronitrobenzene

C6H4ClNO2

121-73-3

157.555

2183 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene

p-Chloronitrobenzene

C6H4ClNO2

100-00-5

157.555

C6H6ClN3O2

42389-30-0

187.584

167

C6H5ClN2O4S

97-09-6

236.633

ye cry (EtOH) 175

C6H3Cl2NO4S

97-08-5

256.064

60.8

C7H4ClNO4

99-60-5

201.565

2172 Chloroneb

1,4-Dichloro-2,5dimethoxybenzene

2184 5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2benzenediamine 2185 4-Chloro-3nitrobenzenesulfonamide 2186 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride 2187 2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid

120.5 134

81.3 64.5 32.1

268 vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, HOAc vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl ace, lig s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl lig sub

vs eth, EtOH

245.5

1.368242

pa ye orth pr 44.4 (al)

235.5

1.34350

1.537480

mcl pr

242

1.297990

1.5376100

mcl nd

nd (w)

82

141.8 18

2188 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H4ClNO4

2516-96-3

201.565

nd or pr (w) 166.5

1.608

2189 4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H4ClNO4

96-99-1

201.565

nd or pl (w) 182.8

1.64518

2190 1-Chloro-1-nitroethane

C2H4ClNO2

598-92-5

109.512

2191 2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol

C6H4ClNO3

619-08-9

173.554

2192 4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

C6H4ClNO3

89-64-5

173.554

2193 5-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

C6H4ClNO3

611-07-4

173.554

2194 1-Chloro-1-nitropropane

C3H6ClNO2

600-25-9

123.539

2195 2-Chloro-2-nitropropane

C3H6ClNO2

594-71-8

123.539

2196 2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine 2197 1-Chloro-2-nitro-4(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2198 1-Chloro-4-nitro-2(trifluoromethyl)benzene 2199 1-Chlorononane 2200 9-Chloro-1-nonanol 2201 1-Chlorooctadecane 2202 1-Chlorooctane

C5H3ClN2O2 C7H3ClF3NO2

5470-18-8 121-17-5

158.543 225.553

C7H3ClF3NO2

777-37-7

225.553

C9H19Cl C9H19ClO C18H37Cl C8H17Cl

2473-01-0 51308-99-7 3386-33-2 111-85-3

162.700 178.699 288.940 148.674

2203 2-Chlorooctane

C8H17Cl

628-61-5

148.674

2204 8-Chloro-1-octanol 2205 Chloropentafluoroacetone 2206 Chloropentafluorobenzene

C8H17ClO C3ClF5O C6ClF5

23144-52-7 79-53-8 344-07-0

164.673 182.476 202.509

Octyl chloride

124.5

1.283720

1.422420

1.20720

1.425120

wh nd (50% 111 al) ye mcl pr (al) 88.5 ye pr or nd (w)

41

sub 142

nd (w) liq

liq

liq

col gas

-21.5

dec 134; 5750 1.220

1.437819

104.0 -1.3

222; 9510

1.51125

1.489320

22

232

1.52725

1.508326

-39.4 28 28.6 -57.8

205.2 14714 352 183.5

0.870620 0.861620 0.873420

1.434320 1.457520 1.452420 1.430920

172; 7528

0.865817

1.427321

-133

13919 8 117.96

1.456325 1.56825

1.425620

i H2O, EtOH, eth, lig; sl bz; s py vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; s chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace, tol, py i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl, CS2

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O, ace; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, ace i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, alk s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ace sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, HOAc sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, oils sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, oils; i KOH

i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-109 NH2

O

OH Cl Cl 1-Chloronaphthalene

Cl

2-Chloronaphthalene

O

4-Chloro-1-naphthol

Cl

N O

NH2 O N

O

N O

O

2-Chloro-4-nitroaniline

O

5-Chloro-2-nitroaniline

N

O

O

1-Chloro-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

Cl

4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline

O Cl

N O

2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde

O

N O

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzaldehyde

NH2 O S O

NH2

O

Cl

2-Chloro-5-nitroaniline

O

Cl

O O

Cl

N

Cl

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitroaniline

O

Chloroneb

O

NH2

Cl O

Cl

NH2 O N

NH2

Cl

Cl

O N

O

1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene

Cl O S O

NH2 N O

O O

1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene

N

O

Cl

N

O

OH

O

2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid

N O

Cl

5-Chloro-3-nitro-1,2-benzenediamine

O

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

OH

O

OH

OH O N

Cl

N O

Cl

2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzoic acid

N O

O N

O

O

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid

O

1-Chloro-1-nitroethane

N

O N

O

O N

O Cl N O

O

Cl

Cl 5-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

Cl

N

1-Chloro-1-nitropropane

2-Chloro-2-nitropropane

O

Cl

O

2-Chloro-4-nitrophenol

4-Chloro-2-nitrophenol

Cl OH O N

O

N O

Cl

4-Chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonamide

Cl O

O

N O

O

1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene

OH

O

Cl

O N

O

O F

Cl

2-Chloro-3-nitropyridine

F

F

1-Chloro-2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F F

F Cl

O

N

Cl

O

1-Chloro-4-nitro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Cl

1-Chlorononane

OH 9-Chloro-1-nonanol

1-Chlorooctadecane

Cl

F Cl 1-Chlorooctane

Cl 2-Chlorooctane

Cl

OH 8-Chloro-1-octanol

F

O

F Cl

F

F

F

Chloropentafluoroacetone

F

F

F F

Chloropentafluorobenzene

3-110

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

2207 Chloropentafluoroethane

Refrigerant 115

C2ClF5

76-15-3

154.466

col gas

-99.4

-39.1

2208 1-Chloropentane

Pentyl chloride

C5H11Cl

543-59-9

106.594

liq

-99.0

108.4

2209 2-Chloropentane, (+)

sec-Pentyl chloride

C5H11Cl

29882-57-3

106.594

liq

-137

97.0

2210 3-Chloropentane

C5H11Cl

616-20-6

106.594

liq

-105

97.5

2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217

C5H9ClO2 C5H11ClO C5H9ClO C5H9ClO C5H8Cl2O C5H9Cl C6H5ClO

1119-46-6 5259-98-3 5891-21-4 32830-97-0 1575-61-7 1458-99-7 95-57-8

136.577 122.593 120.577 120.577 155.022 104.578 128.556

18

9.4

230 11212 106110, 7634 6820 8312 103; 4725 174.9

2218 3-Chlorophenol

C6H5ClO

108-43-0

128.556

32.6

214

2219 4-Chlorophenol

C6H5ClO

106-48-9

128.556

42.8

220

2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226

4430-20-0 92-39-7 614-61-9 588-32-9 122-88-3 7005-72-3 104-29-0

423.266 233.717 186.593 186.593 186.593 204.651 202.634

261 198.5 nd (w, al) 148.5 cry (w) 110 pr or nd (w) 156.5

4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether Chlorphenesin

C19H12Cl2O5S C12H8ClNS C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C12H9ClO C9H11ClO3

cry

78

284.5 21419

Cloprop

C9H9ClO3

101-10-0

200.618

cry

113

1001.5

C8H8ClNO

587-65-5

169.609

nd (dil HOAc)

2229 N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

C8H8ClNO

533-17-5

169.609

2230 N-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

C8H8ClNO

588-07-8

169.609

2231 N-(4-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

C8H8ClNO

539-03-7

2232 4-Chloro-αphenylbenzenemethanol 2233 4-Chlorophenyl benzenesulfonate 2234 4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanone 2235 4-Chlorophenyl 4chlorobenzenesulfonate 2236 (2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl) methanone 2237 N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,Ndimethylurea 2238 1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone 2239 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

C13H11ClO

5-Chloropentanoic acid 5-Chloro-1-pentanol 5-Chloro-2-pentanone 1-Chloro-3-pentanone 5-Chloropentanoyl chloride 4-Chloro-2-pentene 2-Chlorophenol

Chlorophenol Red 2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid (4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid 1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzene 3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2propanediol

2227 2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid 2228 2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide

2240 5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4pyrimidinediamine 2241 2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-indene1,3(2H)-dione 2242 4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate 2243 1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2propylamine 2244 N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3oxobutanamide 2245 (4-Chlorophenyl) phenylmethanone 2246 3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2247 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2248 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid 2249 3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanone

grn-br cry

den/ g cm-3

1.202615

1.599 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, con sulf

sub

vs bz, eth, EtOH

88.3 nd

333

169.609

179

333

1.38522

119-56-2

218.678

59

80-38-6 939-52-6 80-33-1

268.715 182.646 303.161

col cry

62 19.5 86.5

1314

1.33 1.13725

Ovex

C12H9ClO3S C10H11ClO C12H8Cl2O3S

2,4’-Dichlorodiphenyl ketone

C13H8Cl2O

85-29-0

251.108

pr (al)

67

21422

Monuron

C9H11ClN2O

150-68-5

198.648

wh pl (MeOH)

170.5

m-Chloroacetophenone p-Chloroacetophenone

C8H7ClO C8H7ClO

99-02-5 99-91-2

154.594 154.594

20

Pyrimethamine

C12H13ClN4

58-14-0

248.711

233.5

Clorindione

C15H9ClO2

1146-99-2

256.684

dk red nd (al) 145.5

Clortermine

C7H4ClNO C10H14ClN

104-12-1 10389-73-8

153.566 183.678

liq

C10H10ClNO2

93-70-9

211.645

C13H9ClO

134-85-0

216.662

nd (al)

77.5

332

C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO

1643-28-3 21640-48-2 2019-34-3 936-59-4

184.619 184.619 184.619 168.619

nd or lf (w) lf (peth)

102 77 126 49.5

1134

31.3

244; 12930 232

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc sl chl sl H2O 1.545920 i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace s EtOH; sl chl

1.39314

1.213040 1.192220

1.549420 1.555020

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl

vs bz, eth, EtOH 11645 11716

106.5

lf (eth), cry (al, peth)

Solubility

s H2O, EtOH i H2O vs H2O; sl chl

79

2-Chloroethyl phenyl ketone

nD

1.5678-42 1.2678-42 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.882020 1.412620 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc; vs chl 0.869820 1.406920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; vs chl 0.873120 1.408220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ace 1.341625 1.455520 vs eth, EtOH 1.451820 vs eth, EtOH 1.052320 1.437520 s eth, ace; sl ctc 1.436120 vs eth, EtOH 1.21018 1.463920 vs eth 0.898820 1.432220 vs ace, eth, chl 1.263420 1.552420 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz 1.24545 1.556540 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth; vs bz 1.265140 1.557940 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s alk sl H2O; s EtOH

s EtOH; i eth, lig s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-111

F F F

O

Cl

Cl Cl

F F Chloropentafluoroethane

Cl

Cl

1-Chloropentane

2-Chloropentane, (+)

3-Chloropentane

OH

Cl

5-Chloropentanoic acid

OH 5-Chloro-1-pentanol

OH OH

OH Cl

O Cl

O

O

5-Chloro-2-pentanone

HO

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-3-pentanone

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

5-Chloropentanoyl chloride

4-Chloro-2-pentene

2-Chlorophenol

Cl

3-Chlorophenol

4-Chlorophenol

Cl OH

O H N

O S O O

Cl

O

S

Chlorophenol Red

O

O

O

OH Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-10H-phenothiazine

O

OH

2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid

OH

Cl

3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid

(4-Chlorophenoxy)acetic acid

O O

OH O

O

Cl

OH

3-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-1,2-propanediol

H N

Cl

Cl O

2-(3-Chlorophenoxy)propanoic acid

O

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-N-phenylacetamide

O

O S O O

Cl

N-(4-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

4-Chloro-α-phenylbenzenemethanol

O

N-(2-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

OH

H N

O N-(3-Chlorophenyl)acetamide

H N

H N

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-4-phenoxybenzene

OH

Cl

Cl

4-Chlorophenyl benzenesulfonate

4-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-butanone

O Cl O S O O

Cl

O

H N

Cl

O

Cl

Cl

4-Chlorophenyl 4-chlorobenzenesulfonate

(2-Chlorophenyl)(4-chlorophenyl)methanone

N Cl

N’-(4-Chlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea

1-(3-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

N

O

O

C

O

N Cl

NH2

Cl

N H2N

Cl 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)ethanone

2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione

Cl

Cl

1-(2-Chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-2-propylamine

4-Chlorophenyl isocyanate

O

H N

NH2

Cl

O

5-(4-Chlorophenyl)-6-ethyl-2,4-pyrimidinediamine

O OH

O

O

Cl

N-(2-Chlorophenyl)-3-oxobutanamide

Cl

(4-Chlorophenyl)phenylmethanone

3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

O O

OH

O OH

Cl 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

Cl

Cl 3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

3-Chloro-1-phenyl-1-propanone

3-112

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2250 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanone

C9H9ClO

6285-05-8

168.619

2251 3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoic acid 2252 Chlorophenylsilane 2253 1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl) benzene

C9H5ClO2

7396-28-3

180.588

C6H7ClSi C12H9ClO2S

4206-75-1 80-00-2

142.659 252.716

2254 5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazole 2255 (2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea 2256 α-Chlorophyll

C7H5ClN4 C7H7ClN2S C55H72MgN4O5

14210-25-4 5344-82-1 479-61-8

180.595 186.662 893.490

123 nd or pl 146 bl blk hex pl 152.3

2257 β-Chlorophyll

C55H70MgN4O6

519-62-0

907.473

bl-blk or grn 125 pow

C10H13ClN2O3S

94-20-2

276.739

cry (EtOH)

128

No. Name

2258 Chloropropamide

Synonym

Phenylchlorosilane Sulphenone

4-Chloro-N-[(propylamino) carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide

Physical Form

cry (HOAc, bz-peth)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

37.3

13531, 1142

den/ g cm-3

nD

i H2O; s EtOH, CS2; sl chl vs HOAc

144.5 162.5

1.068320

1.534020

94

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth; vs ace, bz

2259 2-Chloropropanal 2260 1-Chloropropane

Propyl chloride

C3H5ClO C3H7Cl

683-50-1 540-54-5

92.524 78.541

liq

-122.9

86 46.5

1.18215 0.889920

1.43117 1.387920

2261 2-Chloropropane

Isopropyl chloride

C3H7Cl

75-29-6

78.541

liq

-117.18

35.7

0.861720

1.377720

2262 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol 2263 2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol

α-Chlorohydrin Glycerol β-chlorohydrin

C3H7ClO2 C3H7ClO2

96-24-2 497-04-1

110.540 110.540

ye liq

dec 213; 11611 1.32518 14618, 12414 1.321920

1.480920 1.483120

C3H5ClN2O6

2612-33-1

200.534

sl ye liq

192.5

1.51129 1.157320 1.258520

1.436020 1.438020

2264 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate Clonitrate 2265 3-Chloropropanenitrile 2266 2-Chloropropanoic acid

β-Chloropropionitrile 2-Chloropropionic acid

C3H4ClN C3H5ClO2

542-76-7 598-78-7

89.524 108.524

liq

-51

175.5 185

2267 3-Chloropropanoic acid

β-Chloropropionic acid

C3H5ClO2

107-94-8

108.524

lf (w), hyg cry (lig)

41

dec 204

2268 2-Chloro-1-propanol

Propylene chlorohydrin

C3H7ClO

78-89-7

94.540

133.5

1.10320

1.439020

C3H7ClO

627-30-5

94.540

165

1.130920

1.445920

C3H7ClO

127-00-4

94.540

127

1.11320

1.439220

2271 3-Chloropropanoyl chloride

C3H4Cl2O

625-36-5

126.969

144

1.330713

1.454920

2272 cis-1-Chloropropene

C3H5Cl

16136-84-8

76.525

liq

-134.8

32.8

0.934720

1.405520

2273 trans-1-Chloropropene

C3H5Cl

16136-85-9

76.525

liq

-99

37.4

0.934920

1.405420

2269 3-Chloro-1-propanol 2270 1-Chloro-2-propanol

sec-Propylene chlorohydrin

2274 2-Chloropropene

Isopropenyl chloride

C3H5Cl

557-98-2

76.525

vol liq or gas -137.4

22.6

0.901720

1.397320

2275 3-Chloropropene

Allyl chloride

C3H5Cl

107-05-1

76.525

liq

-134.5

45.1

0.937620

1.415720

C3H2ClN C3H3ClO2 C9H9Cl

920-37-6 598-79-8 21087-29-6

87.508 106.508 152.620

liq

-65 66 8.5

88.5 sub 10613

1.09625

1.429020

2-Chloroacrylic acid

1.092620

1.585120

C10H12ClNO2 C17H16Cl2O3 C9H11Cl C4H6Cl2O2 C6H15ClO3Si C6H15ClSi C3H3Cl

101-21-3 5836-10-2 104-52-9 628-11-5 2530-87-2 2344-83-4 624-65-7

213.661 339.213 154.636 156.996 198.720 150.722 74.509

41 73

1492

1.1830

1.538820

-78

219.5 177 91 151 58

1.05621 1.292625 1.07725 0.878920 1.03025

1.516025 1.445620 1.418325 1.431920 1.434920

C5H3ClN4 C4H4ClN3 C5H5ClN2

87-42-3 5469-69-2 1072-98-6

154.558 129.548 128.560

nd (w)

176 dec 220 137

12711

2289 2-Chloropyridine

C5H4ClN

109-09-1

113.546

oil

2290 3-Chloropyridine 2291 4-Chloropyridine

C5H4ClN C5H4ClN

626-60-8 626-61-9

113.546 113.546

liq

2276 2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile 2277 2-Chloropropenoic acid 2278 trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl) benzene 2279 Chloropropham 2280 Chloropropylate 2281 (3-Chloropropyl)benzene 2282 3-Chloropropyl chloroformate 2283 (3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane 2284 (3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane 2285 3-Chloro-1-propyne

2286 6-Chloro-1H-purine 2287 6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine 2288 5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine

Propargyl chloride

6-Chloropurine

pow

pl

-43.5

Solubility

170

1.20515

148; 86100 147.5

1.200025

1.532020 1.530420

vs bz, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, py; s MeOH i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz vs bz, eth sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs ace, EtOH, chl sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace s H2O, EtOH, chl; msc eth vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig; sl ctc

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; s os sl ctc i H2O

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc

s H2O, EtOH; sl DMSO; i peth, lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O s H2O; msc EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

3-113

Cl

Cl

Cl

SiH2

O S O

OH O

Cl 1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-1-propanone

3-(3-Chlorophenyl)-2-propynoic acid

N N N N

Chlorophenylsilane

Cl

H N

Cl

NH2 S

1-Chloro-4-(phenylsulfonyl)benzene

5-Chloro-1-phenyltetrazole

(2-Chlorophenyl)thiourea

O

N

N

N

N

N Mg

Mg N

N

O

N

HN N H O S O O

O

O

O O

O

Cl O

O

O

O

α-Chlorophyll

β-Chlorophyll

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

HO

OH

1-Chloropropane

2-Chloropropane

O

Cl Chloropropamide

Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol

NO2

O

O2N

OH

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol

O

2-Chloropropanal

Cl N

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate

3-Chloropropanenitrile

Cl O

OH Cl

O 2-Chloropropanoic acid

Cl OH

Cl

OH

OH

3-Chloropropanoic acid

2-Chloro-1-propanol

Cl

3-Chloro-1-propanol

1-Chloro-2-propanol

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

trans-1-Chloropropene

2-Chloropropene

3-Chloropropene

H N

Cl

OH

2-Chloropropenoic acid

O

O

Cl

O trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl)benzene

Cl

O HO

Cl

N

2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile

Cl

Cl

Cl

3-Chloropropanoyl chloride

O

Cl cis-1-Chloropropene

O

OH

Cl

Chloropropham

Chloropropylate

(3-Chloropropyl)benzene

Cl O O Si O

O Cl

O

Cl

3-Chloropropyl chloroformate

N

HN

Cl

Si

(3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane

Cl

(3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane

Cl

N

3-Chloro-1-propyne

Cl NH2 Cl

N

N

6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine

Cl

Cl N

NH2

5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine

N

Cl

2-Chloropyridine

N 3-Chloropyridine

N

6-Chloro-1H-purine

N 4-Chloropyridine

3-114

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2292 2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 2293 6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 2294 4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride 2295 Chloroquine 2296 2-Chloroquinoline

C6H4ClNO2

2942-59-8

157.555

>175 dec

C6H4ClNO2

5326-23-8

157.555

198 dec

C5H5Cl2N C18H26ClN3 C9H6ClN

7379-35-3 54-05-7 612-62-4

150.006 319.872 163.604

nd (aq al)

90 38

2297 4-Chloroquinoline

C9H6ClN

611-35-8

163.604

cry

2298 6-Chloroquinoline

C9H6ClN

612-57-7

163.604

2299 8-Chloroquinoline

C9H6ClN

611-33-6

163.604

pr (eth), nd (al) liq

C9H6ClNO C8H7Cl

130-16-5 2039-87-4

179.603 138.595

cry (al) liq

2302 3-Chlorostyrene

C8H7Cl

2039-85-2

138.595

2303 4-Chlorostyrene

C8H7Cl

1073-67-2

138.595

2304 N-Chlorosuccinimide

C4H4ClNO2

128-09-6

133.534

2305 1-Chlorotetradecane

C14H29Cl

2425-54-9

232.833

2306 6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 2307 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2308 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 2309 Chlorothalonil

C11H20ClN5

580-48-3

257.764

C2HClF4 C2HClF4 C8Cl4N2

354-25-6 2837-89-0 1897-45-6

136.476 136.476 265.911

No. Name

2300 5-Chloro-8-quinolinol 2301 2-Chlorostyrene

Synonym

Cloxyquin

Physical Form

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

266; 15322

1.246425

1.634225

34.5

262; 13015

1.25125

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s dil HCl

43.8

263

-20

288.5

1.283414

1.640814

s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

130 -63.1

188.7

1.100020

1.564920

636

1.103320

1.562520

192

1.086820

1.566020

s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc; msc peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc sl H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs ace, bz; sl ctc vs bz, chl, EtOH, lig

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

sub 210

15.9

pl (CCl4)

1.611056

1.6525

150

4.9

296.8

0.865420

1.447420

oily liq

27

1559

1.095620

1.532020

col gas col gas

-117

-11.7 -12 350

1.725

250

10

148-65-2 58-94-6 96-43-5

295.831 295.724 118.585

2313 5-Chloro-2thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2314 2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one 2315 2-Chlorotoluene

C5H3ClOS

7283-96-7

146.595

C13H7ClOS C7H7Cl

86-39-5 95-49-8

246.712 126.584

liq

153.5 -35.8

159.0

1.082520

1.526820

2316 3-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

108-41-8

126.584

liq

-47.8

161.8

1.07520

1.521419

2317 4-Chlorotoluene

C7H7Cl

106-43-4

126.584

7.5

162.4

1.069720

1.515020

2318 6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine 2319 1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl) benzene 2320 1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl) benzene 2321 Chlorotriethoxysilane 2322 Chlorotriethylplumbane 2323 Chlorotriethylsilane 2324 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2325 1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2326 2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 2327 Chlorotrifluoroethene 2328 Chlorotrifluoromethane 2329 2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl) aniline 2330 4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) aniline 2331 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 2332 1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl) benzene

C3H4ClN5

3397-62-4

145.551

>330

C7H4Cl4

2136-89-2

229.919

29.4

264.3

1.518720

1.583620

C7H4Cl4

5216-25-1

229.919

245

1.446320

i H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc vs ace, eth

C6H15ClO3Si C6H15ClPb C6H15ClSi C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2H2ClF3 C2ClF3 CClF3 C7H5ClF3N

4667-99-6 1067-14-7 994-30-9 421-04-5 431-07-2 75-88-7 79-38-9 75-72-9 121-50-6

198.720 329.8 150.722 118.485 118.485 118.485 116.469 104.459 195.570

156

1.03020

1.399920

vs EtOH s H2O

144.5 12 17.3 6.1 -27.8 -81.4 10325

0.896720

1.431420

1.3890 1.54-60

1.30900 1.380

1.42825

1.497520

C7H5ClF3N

320-51-4

195.570

o-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H4ClF3

88-16-4

180.555

m-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H4ClF3

98-15-7

180.555

Chloromethapyrilene 2-Thienyl chloride

Lead triethyl chloride

Chlorotrifluoroethylene Refrigerant 13

liq

350 dec -71.9

128.3

1.1751

i H2O; sl ace, cyhex 25

C14H18ClN3S C7H6ClN3O4S2 C4H3ClS

2310 Chlorothen 2311 Chlorothiazide 2312 2-Chlorothiophene

155 , 192

5

1.286320

77.55

liq

-51 123 dec

vol liq or gas vol liq or gas col gas -105.5 col gas -158.2 col gas -181

1.548720

1.603625

36.5

13227

liq

-6

152.2

1.254030

1.451325

liq

-56

137.5

1.331125

1.443825

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl sl chl

i H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, chl; msc eth

s bz, chl i H2O

s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

O Cl

Cl

2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

N

HN

Cl

OH OH

N

3-115

HCl Cl

N

N

6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

N

4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride

N

Chloroquine

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

4-Chloroquinoline

O

8-Chloroquinoline

5-Chloro-8-quinolinol

Cl

2-Chlorostyrene

3-Chlorostyrene

N

Cl

F

N

Cl

F

F

F

F F

N

1-Chlorotetradecane

N-Chlorosuccinimide

N

N

Cl

4-Chlorostyrene

O

N Cl

OH

Cl

6-Chloroquinoline

Cl

N

N N

N

Cl

2-Chloroquinoline

6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

F

F

1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

N Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

N

S

N

S

S

Chlorothalonil

O O

O O

H2N N

Chlorothen

O

Cl

N

Cl

NH S

Chlorothiazide

Cl

O

Cl

2-Chlorothiophene

S

S

5-Chloro-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde

2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one

Cl Cl Cl

NH2

Cl N

N

Cl 2-Chlorotoluene

3-Chlorotoluene

O O Si Cl O

4-Chlorotoluene

Cl

Cl

N

Cl Cl

Cl

NH2

6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene

Cl

Cl

1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene

F Pb Cl

Si Cl

F F F

Chlorotriethoxysilane

Chlorotriethylplumbane

Chlorotriethylsilane

NH2 Cl F F Chlorotrifluoromethane

F F

Cl F

F

1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

F

2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

Cl

F

F

Chlorotrifluoroethene

Cl Cl

Cl

F F

2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

NH2 Cl

F

Cl

F

Cl

F

F F

4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

F F F

1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F F

1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

3-116

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

2333 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene 2334 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 2335 2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane 2336 Chlorotrimethylstannane 2337 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H4ClF3

98-56-6

180.555

liq

-33

138.5

1.334025

1.443130

460-35-5 6111-88-2 1066-45-1 88-88-0

132.512 148.674 199.266 247.549

liq

-106.5 -26 38.5 83

45.1 1.325320 dec 147; 4416 0.874620 148 1.79720

1.335020 1.430820

Picryl chloride

C3H4ClF3 C8H17Cl C3H9ClSn C6H2ClN3O6

2338 Chlorotrinitromethane

CClN3O6

1943-16-4

185.480

2.3

dec 134; 5640 1.676920

1.450020

2339 Chlorotriphenylmethane

C19H15Cl

76-83-5

278.775

C18H15ClSi C18H15ClSn C9H21ClSn C4H9ClSi N’-[4-(4-Chlorophenoxy)phenyl] C15H15ClN2O2 -N,N-dimethylurea C9H16ClN3O7 C10H12ClNO4

76-86-8 639-58-7 2279-76-7 1719-58-0 1982-47-4

294.851 385.475 283.426 120.653 290.745

54749-90-5 886-74-8

313.692 245.660

cry cry (bz)

C16H19ClN2 Chloroprophenpyridamine C20H23ClN2O4 2-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-2C10H14ClN propylamine 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-10HC17H19ClN2S phenothiazine-10-propanamine

132-22-9 113-92-8 461-78-9

274.788 390.861 183.678

oily liq

50-53-3

318.864

2340 2341 2342 2343 2344

Chlorotriphenylsilane Chlorotriphenylstannane Chlorotripropylstannane Chlorovinyldimethylsilane Chloroxuron

2345 Chlorozotocin 2346 Chlorphenesin carbamate 2347 Chlorpheniramine 2348 Chlorpheniramine maleate 2349 Chlorphentermine 2350 Chlorpromazine

Triphenyltin chloride

2351 Chlorprothixene

C18H18ClNS

113-59-7

315.861

2352 2353 2354 2355

C9H11Cl3NO3PS C7H7Cl3NO3PS C12H12ClN5O4S C22H23ClN2O8

2921-88-2 5598-13-0 64902-72-3 57-62-5

350.586 322.534 357.773 478.879

2356 Chlorthalidone

C14H11ClN2O4S

77-36-1

338.765

2357 Chlorthion

C8H9ClNO5PS

500-28-7

C11H15Cl2O3PS2 C10H13ClN2O

21923-23-9 15545-48-9

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-methyl Chlorsulfuron Chlortetracycline

2358 Chlorthiophos 2359 Chlortoluron 2360 Cholane 2361 Cholan-24-oic acid

N’-(3-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)N,N-dimethylurea Cholanic acid

2362 Cholesta-3,5-diene

2363 Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)

7-Dehydrocholesterol

2364 Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α)

wh nd or pl (chl, al-lig)

nd or pr (bz- 113.5 peth)

231; 1012

liq

2020.8

pale ye cry

97

gold-ye

42 43 176 168.5

147

368.638

C27H44O

434-16-2

384.637

C27H44O

128-33-6

384.637

2365 Cholestane, (5α)

28,29,30-Trinorlanostane

C27H48

481-21-0

372.670

2366 Cholestane, (5β)

Coprostane

C27H48

481-20-9

372.670

2367 Cholestanol 2368 Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α) 2369 Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3β)

Dihydrocholesterol Epicholestanol Allocholesterol

C27H48O C27H48O C27H46O

80-97-7 516-95-0 517-10-2

388.669 388.669 386.653

2370 Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)

Epicholesterol

C27H46O

474-77-1

386.653

2371 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate

C29H48O2

604-35-3

428.690

2372 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate

C34H50O2

604-32-0

490.760

2373 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate 2374 Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9octadecenoate

C43H76O2

601-34-3

625.062

C45H78O2

303-43-5

651.100

s H2O vs ace, EtOH, diox 1421

cry

747-90-0

s chl 1.4910228 s ctc, os 1.414120

132.5

361.245 212.675

C27H44

1.267828 0.874420

147 dec 90

21

330.590 360.574

12313 83.5

151

297.653

548-98-1 25312-65-6

i H2O vs EtOH s H2O, chl, os i H2O; s EtOH, bz; sl eth; vs ace, tol vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl; s ace

24135 103.5 -23.5

wh pow or cry ye cry

C24H42 C24H40O2

310

Solubility

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s dil HCl i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

225 dec 1250.1

1.43720

1.566120

i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz; s diox s alk, EtOH; sl eth i H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH

1500.001

pr (al) nd (al), cry (HOAc) wh nd (al)

pl (+1w), (ethMeOH) pl (MeOH) ,nd sc or pl (ethal, ace) orth nd (al, ace) sc (al,+1w) nd (al) nd (ethMeOH) cry (al, chlMeOH) wh nd (ace, al) wh nd wh nd (eth al)

sl H2O; s os 0.001

90 163.5

190

80

26013

s EtOH, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, bz, chl; vs lig i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace

0.925100

150.5

110

1600.001

80

2501

72

0.909088

1.488788

0.911987

1.488488

141.5 185.5 132

s ace, chl, MeOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl vs eth, chl

141.5

vs eth, chl s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl sl EtOH

115.5

vs bz, eth, chl

151.3

0.9413200

79.3

i EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz, chl

46.3

s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-117

Cl

O O N

Cl Cl

F F

F

F

Cl

1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Cl

F F

O N O

Sn Cl

3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane

2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane

Chlorotrimethylstannane

NO2 NO2 NO2

Cl

N O O

2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

Chlorotrinitromethane

Chlorotriphenylmethane

HO O Cl Si

Cl Sn

Sn Cl

Chlorotriphenylstannane

Chlorotripropylstannane

OH O

N

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

O P O S

OH O O

Chlorphentermine

Cl N

N

O O O S N N H H

NH2

Cl

OH H

H

S Chlorpromazine

Cl

N

HO

OH

Cl

S NH

NH2 HO OH O HO O

Chlorsulfuron

NH2

O O

O

O

Chlortetracycline

Chlorthalidone

OH

H N

N H

O S

Cl

Chlorthiophos

Chlortoluron

HO

HO

Cl

O

Cl

Chlorthion

N

Chlorpyrifos-methyl

Cl

Cl

S O P O O

N

Chlorpyrifos

O O P S O

O N O

HO

Chlorpheniramine maleate

Cl

S O P O O

N

Cl

Chlorozotocin

N

N

Chlorpheniramine

Chlorprothixene

O

ON

Chloroxuron

O

S

O

O

O N

N

N

Cl

HN

N

Chlorphenesin carbamate

Cl

N

NH2 O

Cl

Cl

Chlorovinyldimethylsilane

N O

OH

H N

Cl Si

Chlorotriphenylsilane

OH

OH

Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)

Cholane

Cholan-24-oic acid

H

Cholesta-3,5-diene

H

Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α)

H Cholestane, (5α)

Cholestane, (5β)

H HO

HO

H

HO

H

HO

Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α)

Cholestanol

Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3β)

Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)

H H

H H O

O

O O

O O

O

O Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9-octadecenoate

3-118

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

2375 Cholest-4-en-3-one 2376 Cholesterol

2377 Cholic acid

2378 Choline chloride 2379 Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate 2380 Chorismic acid 2381 Chromium carbonyl

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C27H44O C27H46O

601-57-0 57-88-5

384.637 386.653

nd or pl (al) 81.5 orth or tcl lf 148.5 (al) nd (eth)

81-25-4

408.572

C5H14ClNO C5H15ClNO4P

67-48-1 107-73-3

139.624 219.605

hyg cry visc liq

305 dec

C10H10O6 C6CrO6

617-12-9 13007-92-6

226.182 220.056

cry col orth cry

148 dec 130

C2CrO4

814-90-4

140.015

ye-grn pow (hyd) red mcl cry red-br pow ye pl or lf

208 300 exp

3,7,12-Trihydroxycholan-24-oic C24H40O5 acid, (3α,5β,7α,12α)

Phosphorylcholine

2382 Chromium(II) oxalate

mp/˚C

349.320 513.366 420.202

C18H13N C18H12

2642-98-0 218-01-9

243.303 228.288

2388 Ciafos

C9H10NO3PS

2636-26-2

243.219

2389 Cicutoxin

8,10,12-Heptadecatriene-4,6diyne-1,14-diol 2390 C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt Direct Blue 6

C17H22O2

505-75-9

258.356

pr (eth/peth) 54

C32H20N6Na4O14S4 2602-46-2

932.752

2391 Cimetidine 2392 Cinchonamine

C10H16N6S C19H24N2O

51481-61-9 482-28-0

252.339 296.406

2393 Cinchonidine

C19H22N2O

485-71-2

294.390

dk bronze pow cry orth nd (al) orth pr (MeOH) or pl or pr (al)

2394 Cinchonine

C19H22N2O

118-10-5

294.390

2395 Cinchotoxine

C19H22N2O

69-24-9

294.390

pr nd (al, 265 eth) nd or pr (eth) 59

C9H8O

14371-10-9

132.159

ye liq

2386 6-Chrysenamine 2387 Chrysene

Chromium acetylacetonate 1,8-Dihydroxy-2,4,5,7tetranitro-9,10anthracenedione 6-Aminochrysene Benzo[a]phenanthrene

lf (al) 210.5 red bl fl or 255.5 orth pl (bz, HOAc) ye to red-ye 15 liq

210.5

-7.5

3-Phenyl-2-propenal, (E)-

2397 Cinnamedrine

90-86-8

281.392

2398 cis-Cinnamic acid

α-[1-[Methyl(3-phenylallyl) C19H23NO amino]ethyl]benzenemethanol 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (Z) C9H8O2

102-94-3

148.159

mcl pr (w)

42

2399 trans-Cinnamic acid

3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (E) C9H8O2

140-10-3

148.159

mcl pr (dil al)

133

C16H15NO2 C18H16O2

87-29-6 122-69-0

253.296 264.319

cry nd (al)

64 44

C10H10O2

104-65-4

162.185

C8H6N2

253-66-7

130.147

2402 Cinnamyl formate 2403 Cinnoline 2404 Cinoxate

2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411

Cinquasia Red Ciodrin C.I. Pigment Red 170 C.I. Pigment Yellow 1 C.I. Pigment Yellow 12 Cisapride Citral

3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol, formate 1,2-Benzodiazine 3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2propenoic acid, 2-ethoxyethyl ester Quinacridone

3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal

2412 β-Citraurin

2413 Citrazinic acid

1,2-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-oxo4-pyridinecarboxylic acid

2450.03 dec 360; 2330.5

1.06720

sub

1.77

345

1.34

nD

Solubility i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, HOAc; vs diox sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk; vs eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH

s H2O i H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s bz s H2O; i EtOH vs eth, EtOH

dec

1.27420

448

1200.09 dec

1.540432

142 186

2396 trans-Cinnamaldehyde

2400 trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate 2401 Cinnamyl cinnamate

den/ g cm-3

198

21679-31-2 C15H21CrO6 C16H9N3Na2O10S2 548-80-1 517-92-0 C14H4N4O12

2383 Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 2384 Chromotrope 2B 2385 Chrysamminic acid

bp/˚C

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2; s tol sl H2O; vs chl, EtOH, ace, MeOH s hot H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sub

i H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, py; sl eth

1.049720

246

1.619520

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig

75

1.15654

38

1140.3

-25

red-viol cry

390

104-28-9

250.291

C20H12N2O2 C14H19O6P C26H22N4O4 C17H16N4O4 C32H26Cl2N6O4 C23H29ClFN3O4 C10H16O

1047-16-1 7700-17-6 2786-76-7 2512-29-0 6358-85-6 81098-60-4 5392-40-5

312.321 314.271 454.478 340.334 629.492 465.945 152.233

C30H40O2

650-69-1

432.638

pl (bz-peth), 147 cry (al)

C6H5NO4

99-11-6

155.109

ye pow

185

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth

1.08625

252

C14H18O4

red solid ye cry ye cry cry (hp)

1.24754

300

0 pa ye cry (lig) col liq

vs EtOH, HOAc, lig i H2O, lig; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz

2

vs eth, EtOH 1.102

25

1.567

20

i H2O; msc EtOH

i H2O, os 1350.03

1.1925

228.3

0.888820

256 317 132

>300 dec

1.489820

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig s H2O, alk; sl HCl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-119 O HO

HO

HO

O Cholest-4-en-3-one

O

H

H

H

OH

OH

H

Cholesterol

N

HO

Cholic acid

O

OH

O

O

CO

OC

OH

Cr

OC

OH

CO

O

Chorismic acid

CO

O

O

O

O

Chromium carbonyl

OH OH

O Cr

CO

O

2

N

O Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

P

O

NH2

O O S O

N O

O N

S

O

O S O O

N

N

S

O

O

O

N

O

O

O

N

O

Chrysamminic acid

OH

O

Ciafos

H2N

OH O N

OH

Chrysene

HO

OH O

N

S

N

4 Na

OH

O

O N

Chromotrope 2B

O NH2

O

Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate

SO3 Na

Na O3S

Chromium(II) oxalate

6-Chrysenamine

O N

O Cr

Cl

Choline chloride

Cl

N

O O P OH OH

Cicutoxin

N

H N

S

N

C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt

HO

OH

N

N H

O

H N

Cimetidine

N

H

N

N H H

N

Cinchonamine

Cinchonidine

NH HO H

O

N

O

OH N

O N

OH O

N

Cinchonine

O

Cinchotoxine

NH2

trans-Cinnamaldehyde

Cinnamedrine

O

Cinnamyl cinnamate

O

Cinnamyl formate

N

O

N H

O

Cinnoline

O

O

N OH H N

O P O O O

O

O

Cinoxate

Cinquasia Red

NH2

O

N

N

O

H N O

O N

trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate

trans-Cinnamic acid

O

O

O

cis-Cinnamic acid

O

O

OH

O

N H N

O N

O

N O

N H NH O N

Cl

Cl

O

O N N

O

N N

HN

NH O

O

O

Ciodrin

C.I. Pigment Red 170

C.I. Pigment Yellow 1

C.I. Pigment Yellow 12

O Cl HN

O

N

H2N O

O

O

O

F

O

HO Cisapride

Citral

OH

HO β-Citraurin

N

OH

Citrazinic acid

O

3-120

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

2414 Citric acid

2-Hydroxy-1,2,3propanetricarboxylic acid

C6H8O7

77-92-9

192.124

orth (w+1)

153

dec

1.66520

2415 Citric acid monohydrate

C6H10O8

5949-29-1

210.138

cry (w)

135

2416 Citrinin

2-Hydroxy-1,2,3propanetricarboxylic acid, monohydrate Antimycin

C13H14O5

518-75-2

250.247

178 dec

2417 Citrulline

N5-(Aminocarbonyl)-L-ornithine C6H13N3O3

372-75-8

175.185

6358-53-8 130-20-1

308.331 511.312

ye nd (MeOH) pr (aq MeOH) cry viol-bl pow

C24H12O2 128-66-5 C28H19N5Na2O6S4 1829-00-1

332.351 695.721

ye cry ye-br pow

C25H30ClNO5 C18H33ClN2O5S

14976-57-9 18323-44-9

459.963 424.983

C18H15ClN2O C14H8Cl2N4

77175-51-0 74115-24-5

310.777 303.147

C12H15ClO3 C13H18ClNO2 C12H14ClNO2

637-07-0 14261-75-7 81777-89-1

242.698 255.741 239.698

2429 Clomiphene 2430 Clonazepam

C26H28ClNO C15H10ClN3O3

911-45-5 1622-61-3

405.959 315.711

2431 Clonidine 2432 Clopidol 2433 Clopyralid

C9H9Cl2N3 C7H7Cl2NO C6H3Cl2NO2

4205-90-7 2971-90-6 1702-17-6

230.093 192.043 192.000

C13H11ClO C22H17ClN2

120-32-1 23593-75-1

218.678 344.836

cry

48.5 148

183.5 51 dec

2418 Citrus Red 2 2419 C.I. Vat Blue 6 2420 C.I. Vat Yellow 4 2421 Clayton Yellow

7,16-Dichloro-6,15-dihydro5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone Anthanthrone Thiazol Yellow G

2422 Clemastine fumarate 2423 Clindamycin 2424 Cloconazole 2425 Clofentezine 2426 Clofibrate 2427 Cloforex 2428 Clomazone

3,6-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)1,2,4,5-tetrazine

2-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-4,4dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one

3,6-Dichloro-2pyridinecarboxylic acid

2434 Clorophene 2435 Clotrimazole

C18H16N2O3 C28H12Cl2N2O4

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s H2O; i EtOH, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH

s H2O, EtOH, H2SO4 181

ye amorp solid 73 182

cry

52.8

s EtOAc

14920 890.005 1.19220

wh cry cry pow

117 237.5

i H2O, bz; sl ace, MeOH, chl

137 >320 151

C18H19ClN4 C8Co2O8

5786-21-0 10210-68-1

326.824 341.947

ye cry oran cry

2438 Cobalt hydrocarbonyl 2439 Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate 2440 Cocaine

Tetracarbonylhydrocobalt Cobalt(III) acetylacetonate

C4HCoO4 C15H21CoO6 C17H21NO4

16842-03-8 21679-46-9 50-36-2

171.982 356.257 303.354

ye liq or gas ≈-30 240 mcl pr (al) 98

2441 Coclaurine 2442 Codamine

C17H19NO3 C20H25NO4

486-39-5 21040-59-5

285.338 343.418

pl (al) pr (bz, eth)

220.5 127

2443 Codeine

C18H21NO3

76-57-3

299.365

orth cry (w, dil al, eth)

157.5

2444 Codeine phosphate

C18H24NO7P

52-28-8

397.361

2445 Coenzyme A

C21H36N7O16P3S

85-61-0

767.535

C21H27N7O14P2

53-84-9

663.425

lf or pr (dil 227 dec al) pow; unstab in air hyg pow

C21H28N7O17P3

53-59-8

743.405

gray-wh pow

2448 Colchiceine

C21H23NO6

477-27-0

385.411

2449 Colchicine

C22H25NO6

64-86-8

399.437

2450 Colistin A

C53H100N16O13

7722-44-3

1169.47

pa ye nd 178.5 (diox) ye pl (w + 1/ 156 2) ye cry (bz) amorp pow

2451 Collinomycin

C27H20O12

27267-69-2

536.441

2452 Columbin

C20H22O6

546-97-4

358.385

oran pr (chl- 281 MeOH) nd (MeOH) 195.5

2453 Conessine

C24H40N2

546-06-5

356.588

lf or pl (ace) 125.5

2447 Coenzyme II

1.542

156

Clozaril Dicobalt octacarbonyl

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

Solubility vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, AcOEt; i bz, chl vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth

222

2436 Clozapine 2437 Cobalt carbonyl

2446 Coenzyme I

nD

i H2O

1613.5

1.18558

s ctc, CS2 sl H2O, bz; s ace, chl, AcOEt, DMF

1.78

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 s os

10 1870.1

25022, 1401.5

1.502298

1.3225

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s CS2 vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth vs EtOH, chl s H2O s H2O s H2O

1.2425

sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; i eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH

sl H2O, EtOH, hx; s acids, MeOH vs ace, diox, chl

1660.1

i H2O; sl ace, AcOEt, MeOH; s chl sl H2O; s chl, HOAc

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-121 O

O Cl

O O COOH

OH HOOC

COOH

HOOC

COOH COOH

OH Citric acid

O

HO

H 2O

O O

HO

Citrinin

N

N H

NH2

OH

Citric acid monohydrate

O

O HN

N

NH O

OH

NH2

Cl O

Citrulline

Citrus Red 2

C.I. Vat Blue 6

Cl NH

O

N

N N N HN

S

N HO

O

N

S

SO3 Na

SO3 Na

O C.I. Vat Yellow 4

Clayton Yellow

OH S OH

O O

Cl

O

HO

O

OH

Clindamycin

Clemastine fumarate

Cl Cl

N N

Cl

O

N

N

N

O

N

O

Cl Cloconazole

Clofibrate

O N

Cl

Cloforex

Clomazone

OH

N

Clomiphene

N

O

H N

Cl

N

N O

OH

O

Cl

Cl

N Cl H Clonidine

Clonazepam

Cl

N H

CO Co CO CO

OC Co CO

Cobalt carbonyl

Clorophene

Clotrimazole

O

Clozapine

O

O

O O N

N H H

HO

O

O

O

O

N H

HO

O

O

H

CO

Cobalt hydrocarbonyl

N H

Cl

Clopyralid

O

O

CO

OH

N

Clopidol

Co

H

Cl

O

O O O C C

N Cl

Cl

N

O

N

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

OC Co OC CO

O

N

N

H N O

O O

Cl

Cl

Clofentezine

O

H N

O

OH Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

Cocaine

O

Coclaurine

Codamine

Codeine

NH2

NH2 N

N O

NH2 N

N

O O H2PO4

O

HS

O

N H

N

N H

H

O O O O O P P OH OH

HO

NH2

N

N

Codeine phosphate

N

N

O

HO

O

O

O O O O P P OH O

N

N O

O HO

HO

OH

NH2

O O P OH OH

O N

HO

OH

Coenzyme A

N

N

O N

OH

HO

O O O O P P OH O O

N

HO

OH

Coenzyme I

Coenzyme II

O O O

O NH

O NH

O

O

O

H

O O

O O

O O OH

Colchiceine

O Colchicine

O

O HO

O HO

O

HO Collinomycin

O

H

N

O

H O

O

H

O

H OH

N

O Columbin

Conessine

H

3-122

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

2454 Congo Red

C32H22N6Na2O6S2 573-58-0

696.663

pow

>360

2455 Conhydrine

C8H17NO

3238-62-8

143.227

nd (peth)

121

226

C8H17NO

495-20-5

143.227

lf (eth)

121

226

2457 Coniferin

C16H22O8

531-29-3

342.341

nd (w+2)

186

2458 Conquinamine

C19H24N2O2

464-86-8

312.406

ye tetr

123

2459 Convallatoxin

C29H42O10

508-75-8

550.637

pr (eth/ MeOH)

238

2460 Copaene

C15H24

3856-25-5

204.352

2456 Conhydrine, (+)

2-(α-Hydroxypropyl)piperidine

248.5

2461 Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate

Bis(ethylacetoacetato)copper

C12H18CuO6

14284-06-1

321.813

2462 Copper(II) gluconate 2463 Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate 2464 Copper phthalocyanine

Cupric gluconate Copper(II) acetylacetonate Pigment Blue 15

C12H22CuO14 C10H14CuO4 C32H16CuN8

527-09-3 13395-16-9 147-14-8

453.841 261.762 576.069

grn cry (EtOH) bl-grn cry bl pow bl-purp cry

2465 Coronene

C24H12

191-07-1

300.352

2466 Corticosterone

C21H30O4

50-22-6

346.461

2467 Corybulbine

C21H25NO4

518-77-4

2468 Corycavamine 2469 Corydaline

C21H21NO5 C22H27NO4

2470 Corydine 2471 Corynantheine 2472 Cotarnine

den/ g cm-3

0.899620

sub

ye nd (bz)

437.4

525

181

355.429

nd (al, pl) (ace) nd (al)

237.5

521-85-7 518-69-4

367.396 369.454

pr (eth, al) pr (al)

149 136

C20H23NO4

476-69-7

341.402

tetr pr (eth)

149

C22H26N2O3 C12H15NO4

18904-54-6 82-54-2

366.452 237.252

C14H16ClO5PS C15H8O5

56-72-4 479-13-0

362.766 268.222

93 385 dec

1.474

cry rods

2475 Creatine

C4H9N3O2

57-00-1

131.133

mcl pr (w+1) 303 dec

1.3325

2476 Creatinine

C4H7N3O

60-27-5

113.118

orth pr (w+2) 300 dec lf (w) 31.03

2473 Coumaphos 2474 Coumestrol

3,9-Dihydroxy-6Hbenzofuro[3,2-c][1] benzopyran-6-one

202.27

1.033920

1.540120

pr

34.77

201.98

1.018540

1.531220

346.376 636.602

cry (al) ye cry pow

223 186

1733-12-6

382.430

>300

C19H17O4P C7H10ClN3 C23H16O11 C12H19ClNO3P C21H23NO5

78-31-9 535-89-7 16110-51-3 299-86-5 482-74-6

340.309 171.627 468.366 291.711 369.412

red-br cry pow col liq br wax col cry

C25H30ClN3 C20H20O6

548-62-9 18423-69-3

407.979 356.369

C32H46O8 C32H48O8 C6H9N3O2 C19H22N2O2 C19H26N2O

6199-67-3 5988-76-1 135-20-6 524-63-0 18397-07-4

558.702 560.718 155.154 310.390 298.421

108.138

2478 m-Cresol

3-Methylphenol

C7H8O

108-39-4

108.138

2479 p-Cresol

4-Methylphenol

C7H8O

106-44-5

108.138

2480 o-Cresolphthalein 2481 o-Cresolphthalein complexone

Metalphthalein

C22H18O4 C32H32N2O12

596-27-0 2411-89-4

2482 Cresol Red

o-Cresolsulfonphthalein

C21H18O5S

Cromoglicic acid

2488 Crystal Violet 2489 Cubebin 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494

Cucurbitacin B Cucurbitacin C Cupferron Cupreine Curan-17-ol, (16α)

Gentian violet

Geissoschizoline

-40 87 241 dec 60 pr or pl (bz) 223 nd (chlMeOH) grn pow 215 dec nd (al, bz) 131.5 cry (EtOH) cry (AcOEt)

pr (eth) pa ye amor pow

181 207.5 163.5 202 135 dec

sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, ace; sl chl; i eth i H2O; s eth, ace, HOAc, lig s EtOH, chl

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth

12.24

95-48-7

Cryptocavine

165.5 132 dec

1.538635

C7H8O

p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate Crimidine Cromolyn Crufomate Cryptopine

1.37125

1.032735

2-Methylphenol

Solubility

sl EtOH; i os sl H2O; s chl i H2O, EtOH; s conc H2SO4 i H2O, con sulf; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HCl vs EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, NH4OH

191.04

2477 o-Cresol

2483 2484 2485 2486 2487

1.489420

192 156 284 dec

nd (bz), cry (eth)

nD

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk vs H2O, EtOH

1.20825

i H2O; s os vs EtOH

1.31520

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl, HOAc vs H2O, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl

1434 1180.01

sl DMSO vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-123 OH

OH

NH2

NH2 N

N

N

HO

N H

O

N

O O

O H N

H

SO3Na

N H

SO3Na Congo Red

N H

OH

Conhydrine

HO HO

OH

Conhydrine, (+)

OH Coniferin

Conquinamine

O O

O

H OH

O O HO HO

H

O

OH

O Cu

O

O

H

O

OH Convallatoxin

Copaene

Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate

HO

N

O

N

O

Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate

Copper phthalocyanine

O N

O

H

O O Corycavamine

O

HO O

O

O

Corydaline

N H

Corydine

OH

N O

O

Cu

N

Corybulbine

N N

N

O

O

2

O Corticosterone

H

O

O

O

Cu

N

O

O

H

O Coronene

N H H

2

Cu

O

OH

N

N

Copper(II) gluconate

HO

O

N

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

H HO H H

O

O

O O

Corynantheine

S O P O O

N

O

Cl O

O

O

OH

HN HO

Cotarnine

O

Coumaphos

N

H N

N

OH

NH2

N

O

O

Coumestrol

O

O

NH2

Creatine

NH

N Creatinine

OH O HO

HO OH

HO

N

O

OH

OH

OH OH

OH

O

O

O

O o-Cresol

m-Cresol

OH

O O P O O

O

p-Cresol

o-Cresolphthalein

N O

N

O

OH

N

S O O

OH

o-Cresolphthalein complexone

N

Cresol Red

p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate

Crimidine

N

N O O

O

O

O

HO HO

O O

O Cromolyn

HO

HO

O H

H

O

O

HO Cucurbitacin B

Cl

O

Crystal Violet

OH

Cubebin

O O N

O

H

O H

OH

N

O Cryptopine

HO

O

O

O

Crufomate

O

O

O

O

O O P O NH

OH

O

O

N

O

Cl

OH

N N

H

HO O

OH Cucurbitacin C

HO

O NH4

N Cupferron

Cupreine

N N H H

H OH

Curan-17-ol, (16α)

Cl

3-124

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2495 Curcumin

Turmeric

C21H20O6

458-37-7

368.380

2496 Curine

C36H38N2O6

436-05-5

594.696

2497 Cuscohygrine

C13H24N2O

454-14-8

224.342

oran ye pr, orth pr (MeOH) pr, nd (chlMeOH) oil

C19H17NO3

529-92-0

307.343

2498 Cusparine

2-[2-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl) ethyl]-4-methoxyquinoline

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

221

vs ace, bz, py 16923, 1222

(α) wh or ye 92(α form); nd (peth); 111(β form) (β) amber pr ye pow 92 2120.25 nd 45.56 14019

C19H21N3S CH2N2

3546-03-0 420-04-2

323.455 42.040

2501 Cyanazine 2502 Cyanic acid

Hydrogen cyanate

C9H13ClN6 CHNO

21725-46-2 420-05-3

240.692 43.025

C3H4N2O C3H3NO2

107-91-5 372-09-8

84.076 85.062

C3H5N3O C3HN C8H5NO2

140-87-4 1070-71-9 1877-72-1

99.091 51.047 147.132

2508 4-Cyanobenzoic acid

C8H5NO2

619-65-8

147.132

2509 4-Cyanobutanoic acid

C5H7NO2

39201-33-7

113.116

2510 2511 2512 2513 2514

Bromine cyanide Chlorine cyanide

C6H7NO2 C15H14NO2PS C2N2 CBrN CClN

106-71-8 13067-93-1 460-19-5 506-68-3 506-77-4

125.126 303.317 52.034 105.922 61.471

2515 Cyanogen fluoride 2516 Cyanogen iodide 2517 Cyanoguanidine

Fluorine cyanide Iodine cyanide Dicyanodiamide

CFN CIN C2H4N4

1495-50-7 506-78-5 461-58-5

45.016 152.922 84.080

83 col gas -27.83 nd 52 col vol liq or -6.5 gas col gas -82 nd (al, eth) 146.7 211

2518 Cyanomethylmercury

Methylmercurynitrile

C2H3HgN

2597-97-9

241.64

cry (chl)

92

subl

2519 2520 2521 2522

(4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid 2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide 4-Cyanothiazole Cyanuric acid

C9H7NO3 C9H8N2O C4H2N2S 1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)- C3H3N3O3 trione

1878-82-6 621-03-4 1452-15-9 108-80-5

177.157 160.172 110.137 129.074

cry (w) nd (al) nd wh cry

178 199.5 58 >330

sub

2523 2524 2525 2526

Cyanuric fluoride Cycasin Cyclandelate Cyclizine

2,4,6-Trifluoro-1,3,5-triazine

675-14-9 14901-08-7 456-59-7 82-92-8

135.047 252.222 276.371 266.381

nd (ace aq)

154 dec 52 106

19314

1134-23-2

215.356

11.5

14510

52-31-3

236.266

lf (w)

2-Cyanoethyl acrylate Cyanofenphos Cyanogen Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride

Cyacetacide

C3F3N3 C8H16N2O7 C17H24O3 C18H22N2

168 unstab liq or -86 gas pl (w) 121.5 66

pr (al) nd (w)

114.5 5 219

23

0.973320

1.483220

1.28220

1.441848

1.14020

dec 160; 10815

42.5 sub

0.816717

10812

1.06220

-21.1 61.5 13

0.9537-21 2.01520 1.18620

1.386825

219

hyg cry

45

1.583925

-46 sub

sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth

sl hot H2O, ace, bz, EtOH; s conc HCl

72.8

cry (peth)

i H2O i H2O; s chl; sl EtOH 1.015630

Aminocyclobutane Tetramethylene

C4H9N C4H8

2516-34-9 287-23-0

71.121 56.107

vol liq or gas -90.7

82 12.6

0.832820 0.70380

1.436319 1.37520

2531 Cyclobutanecarbonitrile 2532 Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid

Cyanocyclobutane

C5H7N C5H8O2

4426-11-3 3721-95-7

81.117 100.117

liq

-1.0

149.6 190; 742

1.059920

1.440020

C6H8O4

5445-51-2

144.126

pr (w, eth)

158.0

C4H8O C4H6O

2919-23-5 1191-95-3

72.106 70.090

liq

-50.9

124 99

0.921815 0.95470

1.437120 1.421520

Hydroxycyclobutane

vs H2O, bz, eth, chl vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl tfa s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz

1.7525

2529 Cyclobutanamine 2530 Cyclobutane

2534 Cyclobutanol 2535 Cyclobutanone

i H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl CS2

vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, bz; s eth

2528 Cyclobarbital

2533 1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid

vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

2.8418 1.40414

Carbamothioic acid, C11H21NOS cyclohexylethyl-, S-ethyl ester C12H16N2O3

2527 Cycloate

Solubility vs EtOH, HOAc

Cyanogenamide

2505 Cyanoacetohydrazide 2506 Cyanoacetylene 2507 3-Cyanobenzoic acid

nD

183

2499 Cyamemazine 2500 Cyanamide

2503 2-Cyanoacetamide 2504 Cyanoacetic acid

den/ g cm-3

173

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, dil alk; sl HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-125 O

O O

O

O

N H

O

OH

H N

O

O

O

HO

Curine

N

N

N H2N

S Cyamemazine

N H

N

N

Cyanamide

NH2 N H

HO

N

Cyanazine

O

N

N

Cyanic acid

2-Cyanoacetamide

OH

N

N

Cyanoacetylene

3-Cyanobenzoic acid

N

N 4-Cyanobenzoic acid

OH 4-Cyanobutanoic acid

O 2-Cyanoethyl acrylate

H2N N N

N

N

Cyanofenphos

Br

Cyanogen

N

Cl

Cyanogen bromide

N

F

Cyanogen chloride

N

I

Cyanogen fluoride

N N

N O

N (4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid

H

N

H N

OH

N Hg

N

H2N

N Cyanogen iodide

Cyanoguanidine

O

O O

N

N

N

O

N H

S

2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide

4-Cyanothiazole

F

H N

O F

N N

Cyanuric acid

F

Cyanuric fluoride

O N

O

OH

O O

O

N

N

O S

N

H

OH O

HO

O

OH Cycasin

O N

S P O

Cyanomethylmercury

O

Cyanoacetic acid

O

O

HO

OH N

O

OH

NH2

Cyanoacetohydrazide

O

Cusparine

N

O

N

O

Cuscohygrine

Cl

N

H N

N

N

OH

OH Curcumin

O

N

O

Cyclandelate

N

Cyclizine

Cycloate

HO

O

O

N H

O

Cyclobarbital

OH

OH

NH2 Cyclobutanamine

O

OH O Cyclobutanecarbonitrile

Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid

1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid

Cyclobutanol

Cyclobutanone

Cyclobutane

3-126

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2536 Cyclobutene

C4H6

822-35-5

54.091

col gas

2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542

Cyclochlorotine Cyclodecane 1,2-Cyclodecanedione Cyclodecanol Cyclodecanone α-Cyclodextrin

C24H31Cl2N5O7 C10H20 C10H16O2 C10H20O C10H18O C36H60O30

12663-46-6 293-96-9 96-01-5 1502-05-2 1502-06-3 10016-20-3

572.439 140.266 168.233 156.265 154.249 972.843

nd (MeOH)

2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554

β-Cyclodextrin γ-Cyclodextrin Cyclododecane Cyclododecanol Cyclododecanone 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene cis-Cyclododecene trans-Cyclododecene cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one 1,3-Cycloheptadiene Cycloheptanamine Cycloheptane

C42H70O35 C48H80O40 C12H24 C12H24O C12H22O C12H18 C12H22 C12H22 C17H30O C7H10 C7H15N C7H14

7585-39-9 17465-86-0 294-62-2 1724-39-6 830-13-7 4904-61-4 1129-89-1 1486-75-5 542-46-1 4054-38-0 5452-35-7 291-64-5

1134.984 1297.125 168.319 184.318 182.302 162.271 166.303 166.303 250.419 94.154 113.201 98.186

mcl cry (w) 260 dec sq pl or rods nd (al) 60.4

C7H10O2 C7H14O

3008-39-7 502-41-0

126.153 114.185

No. Name

Synonym

Sebacil

Cyclomaltohexaose Cyclomaltoheptaose Cyclomaltooctaose

CDT

Civetone

2555 1,2-Cycloheptanedione 2556 Cycloheptanol

amor pow hx pl or nd

mp/˚C

255 dec 10 40.5 40.5 28

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

2

0.7330

202 10410 12512 10613

0.853825

1.471620

0.960620 0.965420

1.492620 1.480620

liq

32.5 -110.4

liq

-8.46

247 286 12712 240 13335, 712 11317 343; 1592 120.5 5411 118.4

-40 7.2

liq

59 -17

nD

vs ace; s bz, peth

0.905966 0.84100

1.457160 1.484020 1.485020

0.86825 0.809820

1.497820 1.472420 1.443620

10817 185

1.058322 0.955420

1.468922 1.4070520

178.5

0.950820

1.460820

-79.5

117; 60.5122

0.887519

1.534320

Suberone

C7H12O

502-42-1

112.169

2558 1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene

Tropilidene

C7H8

544-25-2

92.139

2559 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one 2560 Cycloheptene

C7H6O C7H12

539-80-0 628-92-2

106.122 96.170

liq

-7 -56

11315, 846 115

1.09522 0.822820

1.617222 1.455220

2561 1,3-Cyclohexadiene

C6H8

592-57-4

80.128

liq

-89

80.5

0.840520

1.475520

C6H8

628-41-1

80.128

liq

-49.2

85.5

0.847120

1.472520

2563 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione

C6H4O2

583-63-1

108.095

red pl or pr

≈65 dec

2564 2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, dioxime 2565 Cyclohexane

C6H6N2O2

105-11-3

138.124

pa ye nd (w) 240 dec

C6H12

110-82-7

84.159

80.73

0.773925

1.423525

C8H14O2

5292-21-7

142.196

nd (HCO2H) 33

245

1.042318

1.477520

C7H11N C7H11ClO C7H12O C7H12O2

766-05-2 2719-27-9 2043-61-0 98-89-5

109.169 146.614 112.169 128.169

liq

11

mcl pr

31.5

184; 7616 180 159.3 232.5

0.919 1.096215 0.903520 1.033422

1.450520 1.471129 1.449620 1.453020

C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C8H12O4

1436-59-5 1121-22-8 619-82-9

114.188 114.188 172.179

402 8015, 412 sub 300

0.95220 0.95120

1.495120

14.8 312.5

2574 1,3-Cyclohexanedimethanamine

C8H18N2

2579-20-6

142.242

350

160.125

cry (EtOH aq) pr (AcOEt)

168

83-44-3

392.573

cry (al)

177

C9H14N3O7P

1032-65-1

307.197

pow

183 dec

50-91-9 154-17-6 902-04-5

246.191 164.156 347.222

cry

150 146.5

2’-Deoxy-5’-guanylic acid

C9H11FN2O5 C6H12O5 C10H14N5O7P

D-Quercitol N-Methylglucamine

C6H12O5 C7H17NO5

488-73-3 6284-40-8

164.156 195.214

pr (w, dil al) 236 cry (MeOH) 128.5

Digitalose

C7H14O5 C5H10O4 C32H38N2O8

4481-08-7 533-67-5 131-01-1

178.183 134.131 578.652

nd (AcOEt)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth

sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s AcOEt i H2O; s chl, ace, eth; vs EtOH

1.2020

sub 160

1.506320

vs H2O; sl ace; i ace, eth i H2O; s EtOH, tol i H2O; s os sl H2O

vs H2O, ace, EtOH

s H2O

nd or pr

119 90 230.5

1.584513

vs H2O s H2O vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-137 O

O

Cl

O 3-Decanone

4-Decanone

O

Decanoyl chloride

trans-2-Decenal

1-Decene

O OH

OH cis-2-Decene

trans-2-Decene

cis-5-Decene

OH H

Cl

H

trans-5-Decene

9-Decenoic acid

N OH NH2

O

OH O HO

3-Decen-2-one

9-Decen-1-ol

O OH

O

O NH2

O

Declomycin

Decyl acetate

Decylamine

O O

O Decylbenzene

Decylcyclohexane

Decylcyclopentane

Decyl decanoate

O

Decyl formate

O O 11-Decylheneicosane

1-Decylnaphthalene

Decyloxirane

Decyl vinyl ether

OH OH

O

H

5-Decyne

O

OH

Dehydroabietic acid

O

O

OH

OH

N

O

N

OH

O

O H

O

HO

O

H

OH

1-Decyne

O

Br

O

Delphinidin

Delphinine

Deltamethrin

NH2

NH2 O

N

O

Br

N

Br

HO

S O

O

N

N O P O O

N

Demecarium bromide

S

O O P S O

Demeton

N

N

N

N

N

O

O Br

OH O

O

P

O O

OH

O

P

O

N

P

OH

O

N

H

O

CH2OH OH O

OH

O

S HO

OH

OH

Demeton-S-methyl

2’-Deoxyadenosine

2’-Deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate

6-Deoxy-L-ascorbic acid

O NH2

O HO

N OH

OH O

P

O O

F

HN N

HO

O

O O

H2N OH

N

O

HO

OH

HO

OH

OH

Deoxycholic acid

2’-Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate

H HO H H

2’-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine

2-Deoxy-D-glucose

1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol

OH 6-Deoxy-3-O-methylgalactose

OH OH HO HO

2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate

HO

O

O

O O

OH D-2-Deoxyribose

O

O O

Deserpidine

OH

2-Deoxy-D-chiro-inositol

N H H

O OH

O OH

O

OH

O

O

N

OH

N H HO

O

HO

H CH2NHMe OH H OH OH CH2OH

P

N

OH

O OH

H

N

HN

O

3-138

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

2810 Desethyl atrazine

6-Chloro-N-isopropyl-1,3,5triazine-2,4-diamine Deferoxamine

C6H10ClN5

6190-65-4

187.630

cry

136

C25H48N6O8

70-51-9

560.684

cry (EtOH aq)

139

C18H22N2 C16H16N2O4 C8H15N5S C10H18N2O3 C22H29FO5 C8H10N3NaO3S

50-47-5 13684-56-5 1014-69-3 533-48-2 50-02-2 140-56-7

266.381 300.309 213.304 214.261 392.460 251.238

cry lo nd (H2O)

2818 Dexpanthenol

C9H19NO4

81-13-0

205.252

hyg oil

2819 Dextroamphetamine sulfate 2820 Dextromethorphan hydrobromide

C18H28N2O4S C18H26BrNO

51-63-8 125-69-9

368.491 352.309

wh cry pow

>300 123

C6H12O2

123-42-2

116.158

liq

-44

167.9

0.938720

1.421320

2822 3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene

C7H10O4

869-29-4

158.152

liq

-37.6

180

1.076020

1.419320

2823 1,3-Diacetylbenzene

C10H10O2

6781-42-6

162.185

32

15215

C10H10O2 C16H16N2O2

1009-61-6 613-35-4

162.185 268.310

113.0 328.3

1283

C21H23NO5 C4H6O4 C14H17ClNO4PS2 C10H17Cl2NOS C7H10N2

561-27-3 110-22-5 10311-84-9 2303-16-4 538-08-9

369.412 118.089 393.846 270.219 122.167

orth nd (eth) lf

173 30 68

27312 6321

col liq

2811 Desferrioxamine 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817

Desipramine Desmedipham Desmetryne Desthiobiotin Dexamethasone Dexon

2821 Diacetone alcohol

2824 1,4-Diacetylbenzene 2825 N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’diaminobiphenyl 2826 Diacetylmorphine 2827 Diacetylperoxide 2828 Dialifor 2829 Diallate 2830 Diallylcyanamide

Sodium dimethylaminobenzenediazosul fonate

4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2pentanone

4-Acetylacetophenone

Acetyl peroxide

ye-br pow

nd (HOAc)

sl H2O; s DMF

dec

1.2020

1.49720

1.1525

1.5625

1509 14290, 959

s EtOH; sl eth, ctc i H2O; s os 1.442020

-6

196.200

1403

1.076820

1.467025

1087-21-4

246.259

1765

C10H12O4 C8H10O4

999-21-3 615-99-6

196.200 170.163

12910, 1093 217

1.07520 1.158220

1.469920 1.448120

155.5

0.80920

1.450220

138.6 11716

0.887727 1.084515

1.487025

1113-12-8 2179-57-9 557-40-4

140.299 146.273 98.142

2835 Diallyl fumarate

C10H12O4

2807-54-7

C14H14O4

liq

2839 N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine

Triallylamine

C9H15N

102-70-5

137.222

94

2840 5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 2841 Diallyl sulfide 2842 Diallyl trisulfide 2843 Diamantane 2844 1,2-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

Allobarbital

C10H12N2O3

52-43-7

208.213

lf

172

C6H10S C6H10S3 C14H20 C14H10N2O2

592-88-1 2050-87-5 2292-79-7 1758-68-5

114.208 178.338 188.309 238.241

liq

-85

cry viol nd

236 303.5

2845 1,4-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

128-95-0

238.241

dk viol nd (py)

268

2846 1,5-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

129-44-2

238.241

dk red nd (al, 319 HOAc)

2847 1,8-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

129-42-0

238.241

red nd (al, HOAc)

265

2848 2,6-Diamino-9,10anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

131-14-6

238.241

red-br pr (aq-py)

320 dec

2849 4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene

C12H12N4

538-41-0

212.250

250.5

2850 3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid

C7H8N2O2

535-87-5

152.151

ye nd (al), oran-ye pr (al) nd (+1w)

228

sub

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; sl eth vs H2O s EtOH, chl; i eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc vs EtOH; sl chl

vs bz, chl vs eth, EtOH

0.767920 1.023715 0.826020

C8H16Si C6H10S2 C6H10O

Congressane

s H2O

137; 6850 10048, 7916 94

274.267

Solubility

1730.02 120 85 157 262

1.1420

142-22-3

2837 Diallyl maleate 2838 Diallyl oxalate

nD

1612

C12H18O7

Di-2-propenyl 1,3benzenedicarboxylate

den/ g cm-3

-4

2831 Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate Diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate) 2832 Diallyldimethylsilane 2833 Diallyl disulfide 2834 Diallyl ether Allyl ether

2836 Diallyl isophthalate

bp/˚C

1.416320

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

s chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, acid sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, bz vs eth, EtOH vs eth sl EtOH, eth, chl, xyl; s py, con sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, PhNO2; vs py i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2 i H2O; s EtOH, py; sl eth, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, con sulf, xyl, py sl H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs bz, chl sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH; vs eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-139 O

NH2 N Cl

O O

N N

H2N

N H

OH N

H N

N OH

O

Desethyl atrazine

O

O N H

O

N H

OH

S

N

N H

Desmetryne

O N N S O Na O

N

F

O

N H

O

Desthiobiotin

Desmedipham

OH

H

NH O

O

O

HO N

N H

Desipramine

HN N

O

N OH

Desferrioxamine

HO

N H

N

Dexamethasone

Dexon

O HBr OH

O

H N

HO

OH NH2

O Dexpanthenol

0.5 H2SO4

H

Dextroamphetamine sulfate

O

OH O

N

O

Dextromethorphan hydrobromide

Diacetone alcohol

O

O O

3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene

1,3-Diacetylbenzene

O O

O

O O

O O

O HN

O 1,4-Diacetylbenzene

NH

O

H

N

O

N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’-diaminobiphenyl

O

O

O Diacetylmorphine

Cl S S P O O

N

O

Diacetylperoxide

O Cl

S

N

Cl

Dialifor

Diallate

N O N

O

Diallylcyanamide

O O

O

O

S

Si

O

Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate

Diallyldimethylsilane

O

S

Diallyl disulfide

Diallyl ether

O O O O

O O

O

O

O

O Diallyl fumarate

O

O

Diallyl isophthalate

O

O O

N

O

Diallyl maleate

Diallyl oxalate

O

O

N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine

NH2

O

NH2

O

NH2

NH2 NH

O

N H

O

O

NH2

S

S

5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

Diallyl sulfide

NH2 O

S

S

O

Diallyl trisulfide

NH2

Diamantane

1,2-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

1,4-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

NH2 H2N

H2N NH2 O 1,5-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

1,8-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

2,6-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

N N 4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene

NH2

H2N

OH

NH2

3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid

3-140

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2851 2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

C4H10N2O2

305-62-4

118.134

hyg cry

2852 cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile 2853 1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 2854 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether 4,4-Oxydianiline 2855 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4’-Methylenedianiline

C4H4N4 C14H10N2O4

1187-42-4 128-94-9

108.102 270.240

bl nd (xyl)

C12H12N2O C13H14N2

101-80-4 101-77-9

200.235 198.263

2856 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide

4,4’-Thiodianiline

C12H12N2S

139-65-1

216.301

189 dec pl or nd (w) 92.5 pl (bz) nd (w) 108.5

2857 3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone 2858 meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid 2859 1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10anthracenedione 2860 1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione 2861 2,4-Diaminophenol

3,3’-Sulfonyldianiline 2,6-Diaminopimelic acid

C12H12N2O2S C7H14N2O4

599-61-1 922-54-3

248.300 190.197

nd (w)

C15H12N2O3

2872-48-2

268.267

235

C14H9N3O4

82-33-7

283.239

278

C6H8N2O

95-86-3

124.140

lf

79 dec

C6H10Cl2N2O

137-09-7

197.061

nd

235 dec

Thionine

C12H10ClN3S

581-64-6

263.745

Prontosil

C12H14ClN5O2S

103-12-8

327.790

Amsonic acid

C3H10N2O C14H14N2O6S2

616-29-5 81-11-8

90.123 370.400

cry ye nd

42.8 300

C3H5N5O

645-92-1

127.105

nd (aq Na2CO3)

dec

2868 8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid Crocetin

C20H24O4

27876-94-4

328.403

brick red orth

286

2869 Diatrizoic acid

C11H9I3N2O4

117-96-4

613.913

cry (EtOH aq)

300

C2H4N4O2 C12H21N2O3PS CH2N2 C21H13N C21H13N C21H13N C22H14

123-77-3 333-41-5 334-88-3 226-36-8 224-42-0 224-53-3 53-70-3

116.079 304.345 42.040 279.335 279.335 279.335 278.346

C22H14

224-41-9

278.346

oran lf or nd 197.5 (bz) 190.2

No. Name

2862 2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride 2863 3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride 2864 4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo] benzenesulfonamide 2865 1,3-Diamino-2-propanol 2866 4,4’-Diamino-2,2’stilbenedisulfonic acid 2867 4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)one

2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876

Diazenedicarboxamide Diazinon Diazomethane Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[c,h]acridine Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

Synonym

N,N’-Diacetyl-3,5-diamino2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid Azodicarbonamide

7-Azadibenz[a,j]anthracene 1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene

2877 Dibenz[a,j]anthracene

mp/˚C

nD

Solubility

1.4120

178.5

i H2O; s bz, xyl, EtOH >300 398; 25718

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s tfa vs H2O, EtOH s H2O

168.5 314 dec

vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, acid sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, oils, fats i eth, bz sl H2O

249.5

i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; s acid, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s py; vs NaOH

212 dec ye gas ye cry

-145 228 216 ye cry (EtOH) 189 pl (dil ace) 269.5

Carbamazepine

C15H12N2O

298-46-4

236.268

Diphenylene dioxide 2,2’-Biphenylene oxide

C18H21N3O C20H13N C20H13N C26H16 C12H8O2 C12H8O

4498-32-2 194-59-2 239-64-5 217-54-9 262-12-4 132-64-9

295.379 267.324 267.324 328.405 184.191 168.191

nd (MeOH) lf or nd (al)

2885 Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def]chrysene

C24H14

192-65-4

302.368

pa ye nd(xyl) 233.5

2886 Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene 2887 Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene 2888 Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene

Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene Benzo[rst]pentaphene Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene

C24H14 C24H14 C24H14

189-64-0 189-55-9 191-30-0

302.368 302.368 302.368

oran pl

2889 Dibenzothiophene

C12H8S

132-65-0

184.257

2890 Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione

C14H8O3

6050-13-1

224.212

C14H10O2S2

644-32-6

274.358

Benzoyl disulfide

den/ g cm-3

s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH

2878 5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5carboxamide 2879 Dibenzepin 2880 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole 2881 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole 2882 Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene 2883 Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin 2884 Dibenzofuran

2891 Dibenzoyl disulfide

bp/˚C

cry (EtOH)

ye pl (bz/ EtOH) nd (dil al, lig)

117 158 221.3 400 120.5 86.5

870.05 -23

1.492220 vs eth, diox i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, CS2 i H2O, HOAc; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s peth

1850.01 i H2O

287

315 281.5 164.5

2750.05

98.2

332.5

nd (HOAc or 217 bz) pr(al), 134.5 sc(chlpeth)

1.108820

sub dec

1.088699

1.607999

i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, HOAc sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; s tol, con sulf

i H2O; s chl, MeOH; vs EtOH, bz i H2O; sl eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s CS2

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-141 NH2 O

N

N

O

NH2 O

H2N

OH NH2

H2N

2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

NH2

OH O

cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile

H2N

OH

NH2

1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether

H2N

NH2 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane

O O

S

H2N

O

O S

NH2

HO

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide

O

NH2

3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone

OH

O OH

meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid

1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH NH2

NH2

NH2

N 2 HCl O

N

O

NH2

O

1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

NH2

H2N

NH2

2,4-Diaminophenol

H2N

2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride

OH O S O

NH2

H2N

NH2

1,3-Diamino-2-propanol

O O

N H

O

4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid

O

N

HO NH2

OH O

4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one

8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid

OH

I

I

N H

4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo]benzenesulfonamide

NH2

O S O OH

H2N

O S NH2 O

N N

NH2 Cl

S

3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride

N OH

NH2

O

NH2

NH2

NH2

H2N

NH2

O

I

O

O

N H

Diatrizoic acid

H2N

N

N

S

N

O P O O

NH2

O Diazenedicarboxamide

H

N

C N

N

N

N

H

Diazinon

Diazomethane

Dibenz[a,h]acridine

Dibenz[a,j]acridine

N O N N

N O Dibenz[c,h]acridine

Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

Dibenz[a,j]anthracene

N

NH2

5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide

N H

Dibenzepin

7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole

O N H 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole

Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene

O

O

Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin

Dibenzofuran

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

O

O

O

Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene

O S

O

S Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene

Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene

Dibenzothiophene

S

Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione

Dibenzoyl disulfide

3-142

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

den/ g cm-3

2892 Dibenzylamine

N-Benzylbenzenemethanamine

C14H15N

103-49-1

197.276

nD

Solubility

dec 300; 270250

1.025622

1.578120

26 1.8

1954 298

1.02420 1.042820

1.563520 1.516820

274.356

117.5

19020

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH vs bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc

C14H14S2

150-60-7

246.391

lf (al)

71.5

C16H20N2 C14H14O

140-28-3 103-50-4

240.343 198.260

oily lig

2896 2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone

C20H18O

897-78-9

2897 Dibenzyl malonate 2898 Dibenzyl phosphite 2899 Dibenzyl sulfide

C17H16O4 C14H15O3P C14H14S

15014-25-2 17176-77-1 538-74-9

284.307 262.241 214.326

1.544720 1.552118

C14H14O2S

620-32-6

246.325

pl (eth or chl) nd (al-bz)

1872 1620.1 dec

1.13725

-2.5 49.5

2900 Dibenzyl sulfone

152

dec 290

2901 Dibenzyl sulfoxide

C14H14OS

621-08-9

230.325

lf (al, w)

134

dec 210

2902 1,3-Dibenzylurea 2903 Dibromoacetic acid

C15H16N2O C2H2Br2O2

1466-67-7 631-64-1

240.300 217.844

nd (al) hyg cry

169.5 49

195250, 13016

2904 Dibromoacetonitrile 2905 2,4-Dibromoaniline

C2HBr2N C6H5Br2N

3252-43-5 615-57-6

198.844 250.919

2906 3,5-Dibromoaniline 2907 9,10-Dibromoanthracene

C6H5Br2N C14H8Br2

626-40-4 523-27-3

250.919 336.022

2893 Dibenzyl disulfide 2894 N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine 2895 Dibenzyl ether

Benzathine Benzyl ether

Benzyl sulfide

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

-26

2908 o-Dibromobenzene

1,2-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

583-53-9

235.904

orth bipym 79.5 (chl) nd or lf (al) nd (dil al) 57 ye nd (to or 226 xyl) 7.1

2909 m-Dibromobenzene

1,3-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

108-36-1

235.904

liq

2910 p-Dibromobenzene

1,4-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

106-37-6

235.904

pl

2911 4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone 2912 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl

Bis(4-bromophenyl) ketone

C13H8Br2O C12H8Br2

3988-03-2 92-86-4

340.010 312.000

2913 1,3-Dibromo-2,2Pentaerythritol tetrabromide bis(bromomethyl)propane 2914 3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)- Tribromsalan 2-hydroxybenzamide 2915 1,1-Dibromobutane 2916 1,2-Dibromobutane α-Butylene dibromide 2917 1,3-Dibromobutane

C5H8Br4

3229-00-3

387.734

C13H8Br3NO2

87-10-5

449.921

pl (al) 177 mcl pr 164 (MeOH) cry (ace), nd 163 (lig) 227

C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2

62168-25-6 533-98-2 107-80-2

215.915 215.915 215.915

liq

2918 1,4-Dibromobutane

C4H8Br2

110-52-1

215.915

2919 2,3-Dibromobutane 2920 trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene

C4H8Br2 C4H6Br2

5408-86-6 821-06-7

215.915 213.899

2921 1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne 2922 α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor

C4H4Br2 C10H14Br2O

2219-66-1 514-12-5

211.883 310.025

2923 Dibromochlorofluoromethane 2924 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 2925 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane 2926 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide 2927 trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±) 2928 1,10-Dibromodecane

CBr2ClF C3H5Br2Cl C2Br2ClF3

353-55-9 96-12-8 354-51-8

226.270 236.333 276.277

C3H2Br2N2O C6H10Br2

10222-01-2 5183-77-7

241.868 241.951

cry (bz)

C10H20Br2

4101-68-2

300.074

2929 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane

C2H2Br2Cl2

75-81-0

2930 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane

C2H2Br2Cl2

2931 Dibromodichloromethane 2932 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane

Decamethylene dibromide

Genetron 132b-B2

169; 6824 15674

1.058350

2.36920 2.26020

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs ace; s bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.539320 s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc

sub 225

1.984320

1.615520

-7

218

1.952320

1.608317

87.43

218.5

2.26117

1.5742

395 357.5 305.5

2.59615

-65.4

158; 91101 166.3 174

1.78425 1.791520 1.80020

1.498825 1.402520 1.50720

liq

-16.5

197

1.819925

1.516725

liq pl (peth)

-24 53.4

161 203; 7414

1.789322

1.513322

9215

2.01418 1.85421

1.58818

2.317322 2.09314

1.457020 1.55314

50

80.3 196 93

126 -2.0

145100, 10520

1.775920

1.544519

pl (al)

28

1619, 1284

1.33530

1.492725

256.751

liq

-26

195

2.13520

1.566220

683-68-1

256.751

liq

-26

195

2.13520

1.566220

CBr2Cl2

594-18-3

242.725

38

150.2

2.4225

C2H2Br2F2

75-82-1

223.842

-61.3

92.5

2.223820

61

liq

1.445620

vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace, CS2 vs bz, HOAc, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz s EtOH, bz, tol; sl eth, chl

i H2O; s eth, chl i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; sl ctc; s chl i H2O; s eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, peth; s ace s eth, ace; vs chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s AcOEt i H2O

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

N H

S

Dibenzylamine

3-143

S

H N

N H

Dibenzyl disulfide

N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O O

O O

2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone

O

O

O P

Dibenzyl ether

O

S

O

Dibenzyl malonate

Dibenzyl phosphite

Dibenzyl sulfide

NH2 Br

O N H

S O

S O

O

Dibenzyl sulfone

Dibenzyl sulfoxide

N H

Br

OH

Br

Br

O

Br

N

1,3-Dibenzylurea

Dibromoacetic acid

Br

Br

Dibromoacetonitrile

2,4-Dibromoaniline

Br

NH2

Br

Br

O

Br Br

Br

Br

3,5-Dibromoaniline

Br

9,10-Dibromoanthracene

o-Dibromobenzene

p-Dibromobenzene

Br

Br

Br Br

Br 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl

Br 4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone

Br

OH O Br

Br

Br

m-Dibromobenzene

N H

Br

Br Br

1,3-Dibromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propane

Br Br

Br

3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide

1,1-Dibromobutane

1,2-Dibromobutane

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromobutane

Br

Br

1,4-Dibromobutane

2,3-Dibromobutane

trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene

Br

Cl Br

Dibromochlorofluoromethane

Br

Cl

Br

1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne

N

Br NH2 Br Br

1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide

Cl Br

Br

Br 1,10-Dibromodecane

Br Cl Cl

1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane

α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor

Br

O

Br

Cl F

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane

Br O

Br

Br

F F

Br F

Br

Br

Br

Br

trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±)

Br Br

Cl 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane

Cl

Cl Br

Dibromodichloromethane

Br

Br F

F

1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane

3-144

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

2933 Dibromodifluoromethane

CBr2F2

75-61-6

209.816

vol liq or gas -110.1

2934 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4Dibromantine imidazolidinedione 2935 1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane 2936 1,12-Dibromododecane

C5H6Br2N2O2

77-48-5

285.922

C5H10Br2 C12H24Br2

5434-27-5 3344-70-5

229.941 328.127

184; 8026 21515

1.677520

nd (al,HOAc) 41

2937 1,1-Dibromoethane

Ethylidene dibromide

C2H4Br2

557-91-5

187.861

liq

-63

108.0

2.055520

1.512820

2938 1,2-Dibromoethane

Ethylene dibromide

C2H4Br2

106-93-4

187.861

9.84

131.6

2.168325

1.535625

2939 cis-1,2-Dibromoethene

cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene

C2H2Br2

590-11-4

185.845

liq

-53

112.5

2.246420

1.542820

2940 trans-1,2-Dibromoethene

trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene

C2H2Br2

590-12-5

185.845

liq

-6.5

108

2.230820

1.550518

2941 1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane 2942 1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate 2943 (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene

C4H8Br2O C4H6Br2O2 C8H8Br2

2983-26-8 24442-57-7 93-52-7

231.914 245.898 263.958

1.732020 1.9120

75

8020 89.516 13319

1.504420

liq

2944 Dibromofluoromethane

CHBr2F

1868-53-7

191.825

liq

-78

64.9

2.42120

1.468520

C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2

42474-21-5 4549-31-9

257.994 257.994

41.7

228 263

1.508620 1.530620

1.498620 1.503420

C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C3Br2F6

21266-88-6 21266-90-0 661-95-0

257.994 257.994 309.830

10117 10724 72.8

1.513920 1.518220 2.163020

1.499220 1.501020

C6H12Br2 C6H12Br2

624-20-4 629-03-8

243.967 243.967

liq

-1.2

10336 245.5

1.577420 1.602525

1.502420 1.505425

C6H12Br2 C7H4Br2O2

89583-12-0 90-59-5

243.967 279.914

1.504320

pa ye pr

86

8013 sub

1.602720

3,5-Dibromosalicylaldehyde 3,5-Dibromosalicylic acid

C7H4Br2O3

3147-55-5

295.913

nd

228

Bromoxynil

C7H3Br2NO

1689-84-5

276.913

Methylene bromide

CH2Br2

74-95-3

173.835

2,5-Dibromotoluene

C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2 C7H6Br2

615-59-8 31543-75-6 618-31-5

249.931 249.931 249.931

C5H10Br2 C7H6Br2O C4H8Br2 C10H6Br2

594-51-4 609-22-3 594-34-3 83-53-4

229.941 265.930 215.915 285.963

2964 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline

C6H4Br2N2O2

827-94-1

295.916

2965 2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol

C6H3Br2NO3

99-28-5

296.901

2966 1,9-Dibromononane 2967 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane 2968 1,8-Dibromooctane

C9H18Br2 C4Br2F8 C8H16Br2

4549-33-1 335-48-8 4549-32-0

286.047 359.838 272.021

2969 1,2-Dibromopentane 2970 1,4-Dibromopentane 2971 1,5-Dibromopentane

C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2

3234-49-9 626-87-9 111-24-0

229.941 229.941 229.941

2972 2,4-Dibromopentane 2973 2,4-Dibromophenol

C5H10Br2 C6H4Br2O

19398-53-9 615-58-7

2974 2,6-Dibromophenol

C6H4Br2O

608-33-3

No. Name

2945 1,2-Dibromoheptane 2946 1,7-Dibromoheptane

Synonym

Heptamethylene dibromide

2947 2,3-Dibromoheptane 2948 3,4-Dibromoheptane 2949 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 2950 1,2-Dibromohexane 2951 1,6-Dibromohexane 2952 3,4-Dibromohexane 2953 3,5-Dibromo-2hydroxybenzaldehyde 2954 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 2955 3,5-Dibromo-4hydroxybenzonitrile 2956 Dibromomethane

2957 1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene 2958 2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene 2959 (Dibromomethyl)benzene 2960 2961 2962 2963

2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane 2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,4-Dibromonaphthalene

Octamethylene dibromide

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

22.76

Solubility s H2O, eth, ace, bz

198 dec 1.5090 i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; s eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl; vs eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl vs EtOH, chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc, MeOH, lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, ctc, chl

i H2O vs bz, eth, chl i H2O; s eth, ace, chl; sl ctc vs bz, eth, chl s ace

190 liq

nd (peth)

-52.5

97

2.496920

1.542020

5.6 -9.7 1.0

236 10311 15623

1.812717 1.817625 1.836528

1.598218 1.596425 1.614720

7 58 10.5 83

6217 1.671720 dec 265; 1054 150 1.782720 310

1.572925 1.511920

ye nd (al, 207 HOAc) pa ye pr or lf 145 dec (al)

15.5

1.459425

1.497125

liq

-34.4 -39.5

184 146150, 9914 222.3

1.66818 1.622220 1.692825

1.508620 1.510225

229.941 251.903

nd (peth)

38

7521, 6012 238.5

1.665920 2.070020

251.903

nd (w)

56.5

255; 16221

-22.5

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s chl s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl HOAc sl H2O; s HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz, HOAc

285; 15410 97 271

liq

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O

1.422920 i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl

i H2O; s bz, chl; sl ctc

1.498720 sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

Br N

Br F

3-145

F

O

Br

N Br

Dibromodifluoromethane

1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

Br

Br

Br Br

Br 1,1-Dibromoethane

1,2-Dibromoethane

Br

Br

Br

H

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

H

H

H

cis-1,2-Dibromoethene

1,12-Dibromododecane

Br Br

Br

trans-1,2-Dibromoethene

O O

1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

H (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene

1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate

Br

Br

Br

O

F

Br

Br

Dibromofluoromethane

Br

1,2-Dibromoheptane

Br

1,7-Dibromoheptane

Br

2,3-Dibromoheptane

3,4-Dibromoheptane

O Br

F Br F

Br

Br

Br

Br

F F F F 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane

1,2-Dibromohexane

OH

Br

Br 1,6-Dibromohexane

Br

3,4-Dibromohexane

Br

3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

N HO

Br

O

Br OH

Br Br

Br

Br

Br

OH

Br

3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

H

3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile

Br

Br

H Dibromomethane

1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene

OH Br

Br

2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene

NH2

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Br (Dibromomethyl)benzene

Br

Br

Br 2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane

2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol

Br

1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane

O

1,4-Dibromonaphthalene

N

O

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline

OH Br

Br F F F F Br O

N

Br

O

Br

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol

Br F F F F

1,9-Dibromononane

1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane

Br

Br

Br

Br 1,8-Dibromooctane

1,2-Dibromopentane

OH Br Br

Br Br

1,4-Dibromopentane

Br

Br

Br 1,5-Dibromopentane

OH Br

Br

Br 2,4-Dibromopentane

2,4-Dibromophenol

2,6-Dibromophenol

3-146

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

2975 1,2-Dibromopropane

Propylene dibromide

C3H6Br2

78-75-1

201.888

liq

-55.49

141.9

1.932420

1.520120

2976 1,3-Dibromopropane

C3H6Br2

109-64-8

201.888

liq

-34.5

167.3

1.970125

1.520425

2977 2,2-Dibromopropane

C3H6Br2

594-16-1

201.888

113

1.88020

2978 2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid 2979 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol 2980 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol

C3H4Br2O2 C3H6Br2O C3H6Br2O

600-05-5 96-13-9 96-21-9

231.871 217.887 217.887

s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH

C9H15Br6O4P

126-72-7

697.610

C3H4Br2O C3H4Br2

816-39-7 13195-80-7

215.871 199.872

2984 1,2-Dibromo-1-propene 2985 2,3-Dibromo-1-propene

C3H4Br2 C3H4Br2

26391-16-2 513-31-5

199.872 199.872

2986 3,5-Dibromopyridine

C5H3Br2N

625-92-3

236.893

nd (al)

112

222 sub

2981 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1) 2982 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone 2983 1,1-Dibromo-1-propene

Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate 1,3-Dibromoacetone

66.5 ye liq

nd

26

2987 5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol

Broxyquinoline

C9H5Br2NO

521-74-4

302.950

nd (al)

196

2988 2,6-Dibromoquinone-4chlorimide 2989 1,14-Dibromotetradecane

2,6-Dibromo-4-(chloroimino)2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one Tetradecamethylene dibromide

C6H2Br2ClNO

537-45-1

299.347

83

C14H28Br2

37688-96-3

356.180

ye pr (al or HOAc) lf (al-eth) cry (al) liq liq liq

2990 1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane 2991 2,3-Dibromothiophene 2992 2,5-Dibromothiophene

Refrigerant 114B2

C2Br2F4 C4H2Br2S C4H2Br2S

124-73-2 3140-93-0 3141-27-3

259.823 241.932 241.932

2993 3,4-Dibromothiophene 2994 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane Halon 2302 2995 2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5Dibromogallic acid trihydroxybenzoic acid 2996 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

C4H2Br2S C2HBr2F3 C7H4Br2O5

3141-26-2 354-04-1 602-92-6

241.932 241.832 327.912

C9H9Br2NO3

300-38-9

338.980

2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002

C20H29N3O2 C20H30ClN3O2 C14H22O2 C10H22O2 C9H20O2 C14H26O4

85-79-0 61-12-1 104-36-9 112-48-1 2568-90-3 105-99-7

343.463 379.924 222.324 174.281 160.254 258.354

hyg cry

liq

Dibucaine Dibucaine hydrochloride 1,4-Dibutoxybenzene 1,2-Dibutoxyethane Dibutoxymethane Dibutyl adipate

Cinchocaine

Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Butylal

nd, pr or lf (w+1) nd or pl

liq liq

50.4

16020, 13812 219 2.12020 dec 219; 10516 2.136420

1.549525

9722 125

2.167018 1.976720

1.526020

131.5 141; 37.711

2.007620 2.034525

1.541625

1908

-110.32 -17.5 -6

47.35 218.5; 8913 210.3

4.5

221.5 76

2.149

25

25

2.14223

1.361 1.630422 1.628820

2.27427

1.419124

150 245 64 94 dec 45.5 -69.1 -58.1 -32.4

15815 203.3 179.2 16510

0.831925 0.833920 0.961320

1.411225 1.407217 1.436920

-62

159.6

0.767020

1.417720

0.753420

1.416220

0.903720

1.518620

C8H19N

111-92-2

129.244

3004 Di-sec-butylamine 3005 2-Dibutylaminoethanol 3006 N,N-Dibutylaniline

N-sec-Butyl-2-butanamine

C8H19N C10H23NO C14H23N

626-23-3 102-81-8 613-29-6

129.244 173.296 205.340

liq

-32.2

134 11418 274.8

3007 1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene

C14H22

1012-72-2

190.325

nd (MeOH)

79.5

238; 10915

0.985020

3008 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol

C14H22O2

88-58-4

222.324

213.5

C32H68S2Sn C9H18O3

1185-81-5 542-52-9

635.722 174.237

cry (aq HOAc) col liq

1220.3 207

1.0520 0.925120

1.411720

3011 Di-tert-butyl carbonate 3012 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

C9H18O3 C14H20O2

34619-03-9 2460-77-7

174.237 220.308

3013 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 3014 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol 3015 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin4,7-dione 3016 Dibutyl disulfide

C14H20O2

719-22-2

220.308

C17H29NO

88-27-7

263.418

C12H20O4Sn

78-04-6

C8H18S2

226; 11720

0.93820

1.492320

C8H18S2 C10H20

8821 144

0.922620 0.74420

1.489920 1.427020

3017 Di-tert-butyl disulfide 3018 cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene

cis-2,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-3hexene

cry (al) ye cry (al)

40 152.5

158

69

600.01

pl (EtOH)

94

17940

346.995

ye solid

110

629-45-8

178.359

oil

110-06-5 692-47-7

178.359 140.266

liq

-2.5

i H2O; s eth, ace, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, HOAc; sl eth vs EtOH vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc

s chl s ctc

N-Butylbutanamine

Dibutyltin bis(dodecyl sulfide)

vs eth, CS2 sl H2O; s bz, ctc, chl

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; s alk, acid

3003 Dibutylamine

3009 Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane 3010 Dibutyl carbonate

vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; s ctc i H2O; s EtOH, eth

s tol, hp i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-147 O

Br

Br

Br Br Br

Br

1,2-Dibromopropane

OH

1,3-Dibromopropane

2,2-Dibromopropane

Br

Br

OH

Br OH

Br

Br

2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol

Br Br Br

Br

O

O P O O Br

Br

O

Br Br

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)

Br

Br

Br

Br

1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone

Br

Br

1,1-Dibromo-1-propene

1,2-Dibromo-1-propene

N

2,3-Dibromo-1-propene

3,5-Dibromopyridine

Br

N

N

OH 5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol

F F

Br

Cl

Br Br

Br

S

H N

F

S 3,4-Dibromothiophene

O

N

Dibucaine

OH

Br

Br

HO

OH

Br OH

HO

Br F

O

OH

1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Br

S

2,3-Dibromothiophene

2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid

NH2

Br

3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

O

H N

O

N

Br F

1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane

Br

Br

Br F

1,14-Dibromotetradecane

F 2,5-Dibromothiophene

Br

Br

2,6-Dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide

O

N

Br

Br

O

Br

O

Br

Br

N

HCl

O

O

Dibucaine hydrochloride

O

O

1,4-Dibutoxybenzene

O

1,2-Dibutoxyethane

O

Dibutoxymethane

N

O H N

N

Di-sec-butylamine

2-Dibutylaminoethanol

O

O

N H

O Dibutyl adipate

OH

Dibutylamine

N,N-Dibutylaniline

OH

OH 1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene

O

Sn S S

2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol

O

Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane

O

Dibutyl carbonate

OH O

O O O

N

O

Di-tert-butyl carbonate

O

O

2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol

O O Sn O O 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin-4,7-dione

S

S

Dibutyl disulfide

S

S

Di-tert-butyl disulfide

cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene

3-148

No. Name

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Synonym

3019 Dibutyl ether

3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027

Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether N,N’-Di-tert-butylethylenediamine 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol N,N-Dibutylformamide Dibutyl fumarate N,N’-Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-2hydroxybenzoic acid 3028 Di-tert-butyl ketone

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C8H18O

142-96-1

130.228

liq

-95.2

140.28

0.768420

1.399220

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc

6863-58-7 6163-66-2 4062-60-6 4130-42-1 761-65-9 105-75-9 4835-11-4 19715-19-6

130.228 130.228 172.311 234.376 157.253 228.285 228.417 250.334

liq liq cry

0.75625 0.765820 0.69

1.394920

53.3 44

121.1 107.23 189 272 285; 1504 1383.5

0.977520

1.446920 1.447025

18

20

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, ctc s ace, chl

C8H18O C8H18O N,N’-Di-tert-butylethanediamine C10H24N2 C16H26O C9H19NO C12H20O4 C14H32N2 C15H22O3

liq

-13.5 163.3

s chl

C9H18O

815-24-7

142.238

liq

-25.2

152

0.8240

3029 Dibutyl maleate 3030 Dibutyl malonate

C12H20O4 C11H20O4

105-76-0 1190-39-2

228.285 216.275

liq

1 atm) 1.45525 (p>1 atm) 1.01020

-37.5

138

1.03820

-40.5

162

1.442220

1.562620

liq

6 -13.5 2.5 25.8 -15.2

207.5 201 200 198 208.9

1.245820 1.247620 1.253520 1.268620 1.256420

1.551120 1.551120 1.544920 1.550720 1.547120

cry

226.6 25.8

283.1

1.591320

1.588620

vol liq or gas -78 vol liq or gas -107

29.5 27.82 30.2

1.5025 1.463825

liq

1.454820

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc vs bz i H2O; s ctc i H2O; s bz i H2O; s chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

sl H2O 1.480220

213.5 92.5 14020, 841

1.086820 1.41525

1.427020

dec H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-161 Cl

Cl O O P O O

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

OH

O

Cl

2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid

2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol

2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)

Cl

1,1-Dichloropropene

cis-1,2-Dichloropropene

Cl Cl

Cl

trans-1,2-Dichloropropene

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene

Cl

N

Cl

N

Cl

Cl

2,6-Dichloropyridine

N

NH2

N

N

Cl F

F F

F

Cl

Cl

2,3-Dichloroquinoxaline

N

4,7-Dichloroquinoline

Cl

F

OH

Cl

Cl

N

5,7-Dichloro-8-quinolinol

Cl

Cl F

Cl

Cl

2,4-Dichloropyrimidine

Cl N

2,3-Dichloropropene

N

4,6-Dichloro-2-pyrimidinamine

Cl

Cl

Cl N

N

Cl

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene

Cl Cl

3,6-Dichloropyridazine

2,3-Dichloropropanoyl chloride

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

OH

Cl

O

Cl

F

Cl

F

2,5-Dichlorostyrene

1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene

Cl F

1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

F

F

Cl

F Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

Si

Si

Si Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane

O

Cl Si Cl

Cl

1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane

S

Cl

Cl

2,5-Dichlorothiophene

2,3-Dichlorotoluene

O Cl

H Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl 2,4-Dichlorotoluene

O

Cl

2,5-Dichlorotoluene

N

N

Cl

Cl

2,6-Dichlorotoluene

3,4-Dichlorotoluene

N Cl

O

1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione

Cl Cl F F Cl

Cl

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene

F

F Cl

Cl

Cl

F

F F

F

Cl

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Cl Cl

F

2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

2,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Cl Cl Cl Cl F

F

F

2,4-Dichloro-1-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

N

F

Cl F

N H

F

4,5-Dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazole

Si

Cl Cl

Dichlorovinylmethylsilane

O O P O O Dichlorvos

Cl

3-162

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3313 Diclofop-methyl

Methyl 2-[4-(2,4dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoate

C16H14Cl2O4

51338-27-3

341.186

141-66-2 66-76-2 504-66-5 91-15-6

237.191 336.294 67.049 128.131

400; 1300.1

1.21615

nd 290 aq soln only nd (w, lig) 141

15010

1.125025

0.99240

3314 3315 3316 3317

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

40

1760.1

den/ g cm-3

nD

Dicrotophos Dicumarol Dicyanamide o-Dicyanobenzene

Cyanocyanamide o-Phthalodinitrile

C8H16NO5P C19H12O6 C2HN3 C8H4N2

3318 m-Dicyanobenzene

m-Phthalodinitrile

C8H4N2

626-17-5

128.131

nd(al)

162

sub

3319 p-Dicyanobenzene

p-Phthalodinitrile

C8H4N2

623-26-7

128.131

nd (w, MeOH)

224

sub

3320 Dicyclohexyl adipate 3321 Dicyclohexylamine

N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine

C18H30O4 C12H23N

849-99-0 101-83-7

310.429 181.318

35 -0.1

dec 256; 1149 0.912320

1.484220

C12H24N2O2

3129-91-7

228.331

1236, 990.5 19520 242.5 15920 281; 1298 2254

0.922720 0.9860 0.90425 1.38320

1.474120 1.486020 1.516320 1.43120

0.930235

1.505035

0.97725

1.467020

3322 Dicyclohexylamine nitrite

N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine, nitrite

3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Dicyclohexyl disulfide Dicyclohexyl ether Dicyclohexylmethanone Dicyclohexylphosphine Dicyclohexyl phthalate

C13H22N2 C12H22S2 C12H22O C13H22O C12H23P C20H26O4

538-75-0 2550-40-5 4645-15-2 119-60-8 829-84-5 84-61-7

206.327 230.433 182.302 194.313 198.285 330.418

3329 3330 3331 3332 3333 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338

N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea 1,3-Dicyclohexylurea Dicyclomine hydrochloride Dicycloverine hydrochloride Dicyclopentadiene Dicyclopentyl ether Cyclopentyl ether Dicyclopropyl ketone Didecylamine N-Decyl-1-decanamine Didecyl ether Didecyl phthalate 3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten-16’- Torularhodin oic acid

C13H24N2S C13H24N2O C19H36ClNO2 C10H12 C10H18O C7H10O C20H43N C20H42O C28H46O4 C40H52O2

1212-29-9 2387-23-7 67-92-5 1755-01-7 10137-73-2 1121-37-5 1120-49-6 2456-28-2 84-77-5 514-92-1

240.408 224.342 345.948 132.202 154.249 110.153 297.562 298.546 446.663 564.840

cry

-36 57

pr (al)

66

cry (MeOH)

180 233.8 165 32

cry liq

16 2.5 211

purp nd (MeOHeth) wh cry (EtOH 162 aq) pr (eth-peth) 101 nd (ace) wh pl 49 53.7

3339 2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine

Didanosine

C10H12N4O3

69655-05-6

236.227

3340 2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribohexose 3341 Didodecanoyl peroxide 3342 Didodecylamine

Cymarose

C7H14O4

579-04-4

162.184

Lauroyl peroxide N-Dodecyl-1-dodecanamine

C24H46O4 C24H51N

105-74-8 3007-31-6

398.620 353.669

C24H51O4P C32H54O4

7057-92-3 2432-90-8

434.633 502.769

3345 Dieldrin

C12H8Cl6O

60-57-1

380.909

3346 Dienestrol

C18H18O2

84-17-3

266.335

C10H16O2 C4H11NO2

96-08-2 111-42-2

168.233 105.136

3349 Diethatyl, ethyl ester 3350 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene

C16H22ClNO3 C16H18N2O2

38727-55-8 588-52-3

311.804 270.326

cry ye lf (al)

3351 3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde 3352 1,2-Diethoxybenzene

C11H14O3 C10H14O2

2029-94-9 2050-46-6

194.227 166.217

3353 1,4-Diethoxybenzene

C10H14O2

122-95-2

166.217

22 pr (peth, dil 44 al) pl (dil al) 72

3354 4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine 3355 1,1-Diethoxy-N,Ndimethylmethanamine 3356 Diethoxydimethylsilane 3357 Diethoxydiphenylsilane 3358 2,2-Diethoxyethanamine

C8H19NO2 C7H17NO2

6346-09-4 1188-33-6

161.243 147.216

C6H16O2Si C16H20O2Si C6H15NO2

78-62-6 2553-19-7 645-36-3

148.276 272.415 133.189

3343 Didodecyl phosphate 3344 Didodecyl phthalate

3347 1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane 3348 Diethanolamine

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, didodecyl ester

Limonene diepoxide Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine

Dimethyldiethoxysilane

cry (MeOH)

59 22.0

dec 170; 6514 8013 161 359.0 19615.5 2403

2561

242 28

268.8

49.5 162

dec

liq

-78

vs eth, EtOH

vs H2O, ace, EtOH i H2O; s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 0.938920 1.7525

sub 130

-87

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl

0.818720 0.963920

26327

227.5

liq

s eth, ace, ctc

vs py, chl, CS2

175.5 cry (dil al)

sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; i peth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz; vs HOAc s chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz

182 dec 34.5

liq liq

Solubility

279; 20050 219

1.096620

i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH 1.477620

1.010022 1.007520

1.508325

196 129

0.93325 0.85925

1.427520 1.400720

114 302; 16715 163

0.86525 1.032920 0.915925

1.381120 1.526920 1.412325

246

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, ctc; vs eth vs EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl

s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-163 N

Cl

O O P O O

O O

O

Cl

OH

N

OH N

N

N O

O Diclofop-methyl

O

OO

Dicrotophos

N H

O

Dicumarol

Dicyanamide

N

N

o-Dicyanobenzene

m-Dicyanobenzene

N

O O

H N

O

N

H N HNO2

O

N p-Dicyanobenzene

C N

Dicyclohexyl adipate

Dicyclohexylamine

Dicyclohexylamine nitrite

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

O O

O O

H P

O S S Dicyclohexyl ether

Dicyclohexylmethanone

O

O

N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea

N

O

1,3-Dicyclohexylurea

Dicyclohexyl phthalate

H

HCl H N

Dicyclohexylphosphine

H N S

O

Dicyclohexyl disulfide

H N

H N

O

H

Dicyclomine hydrochloride

Dicyclopentadiene

HN

O

Dicyclopentyl ether

Dicyclopropyl ketone

Didecylamine

O O O O

OH

O Didecyl ether

O Didecyl phthalate

3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten-16’-oic acid

OH N HO

O N

O

N

O

N

HO

O O

OH

HN

O 2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine

O

2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo-hexose

Didodecanoyl peroxide

Didodecylamine

O O

O O

O O P HO O

O

H

Didodecyl phosphate

Didodecyl phthalate

OH

Cl Cl Cl H Cl Cl

Cl

HO

Dieldrin

Dienestrol

O

O Cl

O O

N

O

O HO

O 1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane

O

H N

OH

Diethanolamine

Diethatyl, ethyl ester

N N 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene

O O O O 1,4-Diethoxybenzene

NH2

O

4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine

1,1-Diethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine

O

O 3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde

1,2-Diethoxybenzene

O Si O

N

O

O

O

O

Si O O Diethoxydimethylsilane

NH2 O

Diethoxydiphenylsilane

2,2-Diethoxyethanamine

3-164

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3359 1,1-Diethoxyethane

Acetal

C6H14O2

105-57-7

118.174

liq

-100

102.25

0.825420

1.383420

3360 1,2-Diethoxyethane

Ethylene glycol diethyl ether

C6H14O2

629-14-1

118.174

liq

-74.0

121.2

0.835125

1.389825

s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

3361 1,1-Diethoxyethene 3362 Diethoxymethane

C6H12O2 C5H12O2

2678-54-8 462-95-3

116.158 104.148

liq

-66.5

68100 88

0.793220 0.831920

1.364321 1.374818

3363 3364 3365 3366 3367

C9H14O3 C11H18O2Si C5H14O2Si C9H20O2 C7H16O2

13529-27-6 775-56-4 2031-62-1 3658-79-5 4744-08-5

170.205 210.346 134.250 160.254 132.201

191.5 218 98 5912 123

0.997620 0.962720 0.82925 0.82922 0.82520

1.445120 1.469020

C7H16O2

126-84-1

132.201

114

0.820021

1.389120

C7H14O2

3054-95-3

130.185

123.5

0.854315

1.400020

3370 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propyne

C7H12O2

10160-87-9

128.169

139

0.894222

1.414020

3371 N,N-Diethylacetamide

C6H13NO

685-91-6

115.173

185.5

0.913017

1.437417

3372 Diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate

C9H15NO5

1068-90-2

217.219

3373 N,N-Diethylacetoacetamide 3374 Diethyl acetylphosphonate 3375 Diethyl 2-acetylsuccinate

C8H15NO2 C6H13O4P C10H16O5

2235-46-3 919-19-7 1115-30-6

157.211 180.138 216.231

7613 11420 255; 13317

1.100520 1.08120

1.420026 1.434620

3376 Diethyl adipate

C10H18O4

141-28-6

202.248

245

1.007620

1.427220

3377 Diethyl 2-allylmalonate

C10H16O4

2049-80-1

200.232

222.5; 936

1.009820

1.430520

55.5

0.705620

1.386420

2-(Diethoxymethyl)furan Diethoxymethylphenylsilane Diethoxymethylsilane 1,1-Diethoxypentane 1,1-Diethoxypropane

3368 2,2-Diethoxypropane 3369 3,3-Diethoxy-1-propene

Acrolein, diethyl acetal

cry (al,bzpeth) liq

liq

96.3

-19.8

18520

3378 Diethylamine

N-Ethylethanamine

C4H11N

109-89-7

73.137

liq

-49.8

3379 Diethylamine hydrochloride

N-Ethylethanamine hydrochloride

C4H12ClN

660-68-4

109.598

lf (al-eth)

228.5

C6H12N2 C11H15NO

3010-02-4 120-21-8

112.172 177.243

ye nd (w)

41

170 17210

C14H22N2O

137-58-6

234.337

nd (bz, al)

68.5

1814

C14H23ClN2O

73-78-9

270.798

C6H15NO

100-37-8

117.189

C8H19NO2 C9H17NO2 C13H20N2O2

140-82-9 2426-54-2 59-46-1

161.243 171.237 236.310

C10H19NO2

105-16-8

185.264

8010

C16H25NO2

14007-64-8

263.376

16811

C11H15NO2

17754-90-4

193.243

C7H13NO4

6829-40-9

175.183

C14H17NO2

91-44-1

231.291

C10H15NO

91-68-9

165.232

C13H19NO

90-84-6

205.296

C7H17NO

622-93-5

131.216

C7H13N C10H15N

4079-68-9 579-66-8

111.185 149.233

3380 (Diethylamino)acetonitrile 3381 4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde 3382 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide 3383 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide, monohydrochloride 3384 2-Diethylaminoethanol

Lidocaine

3385 2-[2-(Diethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol 3386 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3387 2-Diethylaminoethyl 4Procaine aminobenzoate 3388 2-(N,N-Diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 3389 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl 2Butethamate phenylbutanoate 3390 4-(Diethylamino)-2hydroxybenzaldehyde 3391 Diethyl 2-aminomalonate

3392 7-(Diethylamino)-4-methyl-2H-1benzopyran-2-one 3393 3-(Diethylamino)phenol 3394 2-(Diethylamino)-1-phenyl-1propanone 3395 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propanol

Diethylpropion

3396 3-(Diethylamino)-1-propyne 3397 2,6-Diethylaniline

N,N-Diethyl-2-propargylamine

1.402922 1.392419

1.047722

nd (w+2) pl (lig or eth)

200; 150 162

3443 Diethylene glycol dinitrate 2,2’-Oxybisethanol, dinitrate 3444 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether

C4H8N2O7 C8H18O3

693-21-0 112-34-5

196.116 162.227

liq

-68

3445 Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate C10H20O4 acetate 3446 Diethylene glycol 2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethyl C16H32O4 monododecanoate laurate 3447 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Carbitol C6H14O3

124-17-4

204.264

liq

141-20-8

288.423

lt ye

111-90-0

134.173

hyg liq

Carbitol acetate

C8H16O4

112-15-2

176.211

liq

2-[2-(Hexyloxy)ethoxy]ethanol 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol

C10H22O3 C5H12O3

112-59-4 111-77-3

190.280 120.147

col liq

C7H16O3

6881-94-3

148.200

liq

C6H16N2

100-36-7

116.204

C6H16N2

111-74-0

116.204

3441 Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate 3442 Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

3448 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 3449 Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether 3450 Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 3451 Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether 3452 N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

N,N-Diethylethylenediamine

3453 N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

vs H2O, EtOH; s eth

1.0821 0.943420

1.4571 1.409720

440.01 231

0.955320

1.430620

-32

245

0.98520

1.426220

17.5

>270

0.9625

196

0.988520

1.430020

-25

218.5

1.009620

1.421320

-28

258; 192100 193

1.03520

1.426420

msc H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth

144

0.828020

1.434020

146

0.828020

1.434020

34.5

0.713820

1.352620

msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, tol vs H2O, eth, EtOH, tol sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, eth; vs ace i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth msc H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s ace, chl vs eth

-53.3

msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz vs ace, eth, EtOH msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, tol msc H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

213; 1244

Ethyl ether

C4H10O

60-29-7

74.121

3455 Diethyl (ethoxymethylene) malonate 3456 Diethyl ethylidenemalonate 3457 Diethyl ethylmalonate

2-Ethoxy-1,1bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethene

C10H16O5

87-13-8

216.231

dec 280; 16519

C9H14O4 C9H16O4

1462-12-0 133-13-1

186.205 188.221

11617, 863 208; 9812

1.040420 1.00620

1.430817 1.416620

3458 Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate

C15H20O4

76-67-5

264.318

17019

1.07120

1.489625

3459 Diethyl ethylphosphonate

C6H15O3P

78-38-6

166.155

198; 9016

1.025920

1.416320

3460 N,N-Diethylformamide

C5H11NO

617-84-5

101.147

177.5

0.908019

1.432125

3461 3462 3463 3464 3465 3466

C8H12O4 C9H16O4 C10H22 C20H36O4 C4H12N2 C6H12N2O4

623-91-6 818-38-2 19398-77-7 142-16-5 1615-80-1 4114-28-7

172.179 188.221 142.282 340.498 88.151 176.170

214 236.5 163.9 1567 85.5 dec 250

1.045220 1.022020 0.747225 0.9420 0.79726 1.3248

1.441220 1.424120 1.419020 1.420420

vs bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

dec 203; 870.0001

1.180020

1.417020

vs eth

3467 Diethyl hydrogen phosphate

Diethyl phosphate

C4H11O4P

598-02-7

154.101

3468 N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzamide 3469 Diethyl iminodiacetate 3470 Diethyl isobutylmalonate

Ethamivan

C12H17NO3

304-84-7

223.268

C8H15NO4 C11H20O4

6290-05-7 10203-58-4

189.210 216.275

636-53-3 6802-75-1 759-36-4

222.237 200.232 202.248

syr liq

nd (chl), pr (w) syr

-116.2

msc H2O, EtOH, eth

3454 Diethyl ether

Diethyl fumarate Diethyl glutarate 3,4-Diethylhexane Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate 1,2-Diethylhydrazine Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate Diethyl bicarbamate

liq

8

Solubility

0.8 -24.1

135

1.460020

95 orth cry

s chl

247 dec 1.423620

302 176.5; 11614 215

1.123917 1.028218 0.996120

1.50818 1.448617 1.418821

3471 Diethyl isophthalate 3472 Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate 3473 Diethyl isopropylmalonate

Ethyl isopropylmalonate

C12H14O4 C10H16O4 C10H18O4

3474 Diethyl ketomalonate

Ethyl mesoxalate

C7H10O5

609-09-6

174.151

pa ye grn oil -30

210; 10519

1.141916

1.431022

3475 Diethyl malate 3476 Diethyl maleate

Diethyl hydroxybutanedioate

C8H14O5 C8H12O4

7554-12-3 141-05-9

190.194 172.179

liq

253; 12413 223

1.129020 1.066220

1.441620

20

20

3477 Diethyl malonate

3478 Diethyl mercury 3479 Diethylmethylamine

N-Ethyl-N-methylethanamine

11.5

0.980420

-8.8

C7H12O4

105-53-3

160.168

liq

-50

200

1.0551

C4H10Hg C5H13N

627-44-1 616-39-7

258.71 87.164

liq

-196

159; 5716 66

2.4320 0.70325

1.4139

1.387925

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O vs ace, EtOH sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i CS2 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz s eth; sl EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-169 O

O

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether

O

O

O

O

O N

O

O N

O

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol diethyl ether

O

O

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

O

O

Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate

O O

O

O

Diethylene glycol dinitrate

O

O

OH

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether

O

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate

O

O O

O

OH

O

Diethylene glycol monododecanoate

O

O

OH

O

Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether

H N O

O O

O

N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

O O

N

Diethyl ethylphosphonate

N,N-Diethylformamide

O

Diethyl ethylmalonate

O

O

O

O

O

O

3,4-Diethylhexane

O Diethyl glutarate

O O

N H

Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate

O

O

O

Diethyl fumarate

O

O

H N

O

1,2-Diethylhydrazine

N H

O O P O OH

H N

O O

Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate

N O O

O O

OH

Diethyl hydrogen phosphate

O

O

Diethyl ethylidenemalonate

O Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate

NH2

N

OH

O

Diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate

O P O O

O

O

O

Diethyl ether

O

O

O O

O

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate

Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether

O

O

N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

OH

O N H

OH

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether

O

Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzamide

H N

O

O

O

O

O

Diethyl iminodiacetate

Diethyl isobutylmalonate

O O O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O O

O

O O

OH O

O O

O

O Diethyl isophthalate

O

Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate

O

Diethyl isopropylmalonate

O

O

O

O Diethyl maleate

O

Diethyl ketomalonate

Diethyl malate

O O

Diethyl malonate

Hg Diethyl mercury

N Diethylmethylamine

3-170

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3480 N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline

C11H17N

606-46-2

163.260

liq

-60

209

0.928620

1.515320

3481 N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline

C11H17N

613-48-9

163.260

229

0.924216

C12H17NO

134-62-3

191.269

16019, 1111

0.99620

1.521220

C11H16

2050-24-0

148.245

liq

-74.1

205

0.874820

1.502720

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

4-N,N-Diethyl-1,4-diamino-2methylbenzene, hydrochloride

C11H19ClN2

2051-79-8

214.735

cry

250 dec

Isovaleryl diethylamide

C9H19NO C9H14O4

533-32-4 2409-52-1

157.253 186.205

211 228

0.876420 1.046720

1.442220 1.437720

3487 Diethyl methylmalonate

C8H14O4

609-08-5

174.195

201

1.022520

1.412620

3488 Diethyl methylphosphonate

C5H13O3P

683-08-9

152.129

194

1.040630

1.410130

C10H21N3O

90-89-1

199.293

48

C10H17NO2

125-64-4

183.248

75.5

C14H17N

84-95-7

199.292

3492 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline

C10H14N2O2

2216-15-1

194.230

3493 N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline

C10H14N2O

120-22-9

178.230

C13H24O4

624-17-9

C6H10O4

No. Name

3482 N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

Synonym

DEET

3483 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene

3484 N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4benzenediamine, monohydrochloride 3485 N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide 3486 Diethyl methylenesuccinate

3489 N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1piperazinecarboxamide 3490 3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4piperidinedione 3491 N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine

3494 Diethyl nonanedioate

Diethylcarbamazine

Diethyl azelate

3495 Diethyl oxalate

58.5

1103

285

1.01320

1.596120

1.22525

244.328

ye nd (lig) pl 77.5 (al) grn mcl pr 87.5 (eth) grn lf (ace) liq -18.5

291.5

0.972920

1.435120

95-92-1

146.141

liq

185.7

1.078520

1.410120

1.456117

-40.6

1.2415

Diethyl oxalacetate

C8H12O5

108-56-5

188.178

13124

1.13120

3497 Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate

Diethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxylate C9H14O5

105-50-0

202.204

250

1.11320

3498 3499 3500 3501 3502

Tetraethylmethane Novoldiamine Novonal Diethyl glutaconate

C9H20 C9H22N2 C9H17NO C9H14O4 C4H10O2

1067-20-5 140-80-7 512-48-1 2049-67-4 628-37-5

128.255 158.284 155.237 186.205 90.121

liq

-33.1

146.3 201

0.753620 0.81420

1.420620 1.442920

wh pow

75.5 237 65

1.049620 0.824019

1.441120 1.371517

oil

1.497720

liq

-70

1670.5

3503 N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiazine10-ethanamine 3504 N,N-Diethyl-αphenylbenzenemethanamine 3505 Diethyl phenylmalonate 3506 Diethyl phenylphosphonite 3507 5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 3508 Diethylphosphine 3509 Diethyl phosphonate 3510 O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate 3511 Diethyl phthalate

Diethazine

C18H22N2S

60-91-3

298.446

N,N-Diethylbenzhydrylamine

C17H21N

519-72-2

239.356

58.5

17017

83-13-6 1638-86-4 357-67-5

236.264 198.199 260.288

16.5

dec 205; 16812 1.095020 235; 621 1.03216

Phenetharbital

C13H16O4 C10H15O2P C14H16N2O3

C4H11P C4H11O3P C4H11O2PS2 C12H14O4

627-49-6 762-04-9 298-06-6 84-66-2

90.104 138.102 186.233 222.237

liq

-40.5

3512 3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione

Piperidione

C9H15NO2

77-03-2

169.221

nd (w)

104

Diethylmalonic acid

C7H15NO C7H18N2 C7H12O4

1114-51-8 104-78-9 510-20-3

129.200 130.231 160.168

3513 N,N-Diethylpropanamide 3514 N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine 3515 Diethylpropanedioic acid 3516 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol

C7H16O2

115-76-4

132.201

3517 Diethyl 2-propylmalonate

C10H18O4

2163-48-6

202.248

C10H14N2O

59-26-7

178.230

3518 N,N-Diethyl-3pyridinecarboxamide

Nikethamide

178

pr (w,bz)

ye solid or visc liq

25

i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; msc EtOH i H2O; s eth, bz vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s dil HCl

vs ace, EtOH vs EtOH

85 546

0.78620

295

1.23214

1.500021

191 168.5

0.897220 0.82220

1.442520 1.44320

127 dec 61.5

s H2O, bz, chl, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc s EtOH; sl lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

3496 Diethyl oxobutanedioate

3,3-Diethylpentane N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine 2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide Diethyl 2-pentenedioate Diethylperoxide

vs eth, EtOH msc EtOH; s eth, bz; vs ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz

20

240.5

1.050

221; 11422

0.98920

dec 280; 17525 1.06025

1.4574

25

1.419720 1.52520

s ctc s H2O i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc vs H2O, EtOH, chl, MeOH vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl DMSO

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-171 N

O

N

N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline

N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline

N

N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene

HCl NH2 O

O N

O

O

O

N

O

N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine, monohydrochloride

N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide

O

Diethyl methylenesuccinate

N

O

O

O

Diethyl methylmalonate

O

N O O P O

N N H

N

Diethyl methylphosphonate

N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxamide

N

O

3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4-piperidinedione

N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine

N O O

N

O

N

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline

O

O

O

O

O

O

N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline

O

Diethyl nonanedioate

Diethyl oxalate

O O

O

O O

O

O

O

O

Diethyl oxobutanedioate

NH2

NH2 N

O

Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate

O

N1,N1-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine

3,3-Diethylpentane

2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide

N

O O

N

N

O O

O

Diethyl 2-pentenedioate

O

S

Diethylperoxide

N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiazine-10-ethanamine

N,N-Diethyl-α-phenylbenzenemethanamine

O O O

O

N O

O P

Diethyl phenylmalonate

O

O

O

Diethyl phenylphosphonite

5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

O S O P SH O

N H

O

HO

Diethyl phthalate

O

Diethylpropanedioic acid

Diethylphosphine

Diethyl phosphonate

N,N-Diethylpropanamide

N

N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine

O

O O

OH OH 2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol

H2N

O

3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione

O OH

O O P O H

N

O

O O

P H

O O O

O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate

N

H

N N

Diethyl 2-propylmalonate

N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide

3-172

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3519 N,N-Diethyl-4pyridinecarboxamide 3520 3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H)pyridinedione 3521 Diethyl sebacate

Isonicotinic acid diethylamide

C10H14N2O

530-40-5

178.230

Pyrithyldione

C9H13NO2

77-04-3

167.205

90.7

C14H26O4

110-40-7

258.354

2.5

305; 18819

C4H10Se C4H12Si C18H20O2

627-53-2 542-91-6 56-53-1

137.08 88.224 268.351

pa ye liq pl (bz)

55 -134.3 170.5

108 57

Clinestrol

C24H28O4

130-80-3

380.477

pr (MeOH)

104

Mestilbol

C19H22O2

18839-90-2

282.377

nd (bz-peth) 117.5

1900.3

Ethyl succinate

C8H14O4

123-25-1

174.195

liq

-21

217.7

1.040220

1.420120

3528 Diethyl sulfate

C4H10O4S

64-67-5

154.185

oil

-24

208

1.17225

1.398920

3529 Diethyl sulfide

C4H10S

352-93-2

90.187

liq

-103.91

92.1

0.836220

1.443020

C4H10O3S C4H10O2S

623-81-4 597-35-3

138.185 122.186

73.5

158; 5113 248

1.120 1.35720

1.431020

orth pl

3532 Diethyl sulfoxide

C4H10OS

70-29-1

106.186

syr

14

10425, 9015

1.009222

3533 Diethyl DL-tartrate

C8H14O6

57968-71-5

206.193

18.7

281; 15814

1.204620

1.443820

3534 Diethyl telluride 3535 Diethyl terephthalate

C4H10Te C12H14O4

627-54-3 636-09-9

185.72 222.237

137.5 302

1.59915 1.098945

1.518215

44

3536 Diethyl thiodipropionate 3537 N,N’-Diethylthiourea

C10H18O4S C5H12N2S

673-79-0 105-55-5

234.313 132.227

17415, 1212 dec

1.103420

1.465520

78

C7H19NSi

996-50-9

145.319

126.3

0.762720

1.411220

C4H10S3 C5H12N2O

3600-24-6 634-95-7

154.317 116.161

8526 950.02

1.108220

1.568913

C5H12N2O

623-76-7

116.161

263

1.041525

1.461640

C6H13O3P C4H10Zn

682-30-4 557-20-0

164.139 123.531

1102 118; 80200

1.06825 1.206520

1.429020 1.493620

C19H17Cl2N3O3 C18H20N2O4S

119446-68-3 406.262 43222-48-6 360.428

76 157

C14H9ClF2N2O2

35367-38-5

310.683

239

381-73-7 367-25-9 367-11-3

96.033 129.108 114.093

liq liq liq

-1 -7.5 -47.1

133 170 94

1.52625 1.26825 1.159918

1.347020 1.506320 1.445118

-69.12 -23.55

82.6 89

1.157220 1.170120

1.437420 1.442220

1.14517 0.89625 (p>1 atm)

1.522125 1.3011-72

3522 Diethyl selenide 3523 Diethylsilane 3524 trans-Diethylstilbestrol 3525 trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate 3526 trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether 3527 Diethyl succinate

3530 Diethyl sulfite 3531 Diethyl sulfone

3538 N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1trimethylsilanamine 3539 Diethyltrisulfide 3540 N,N-Diethylurea

Ethyl sulfite Ethyl sulfone

(Diethylamino)trimethylsilane

3541 N,N’-Diethylurea 3542 Diethyl vinylphosphonate 3543 Diethyl zinc 3544 Difenoconazole 3545 Difenzoquat methyl sulfate 3546 Diflubenzuron

Zinc diethyl

1H-Pyrazolium, 1,2-dimethyl3,5-diphenyl-, methyl sulfate N-[[(4-Chlorophenyl)amino] carbonyl]-2,6difluorobenzamide

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

red-ye mcl pr (al, peth)

pl, nd (eth)

-72.6 75

tab (lig), hyg 112.5 nd (al) col liq

-28

1,2-Difluorobenzene

3550 m-Difluorobenzene 3551 p-Difluorobenzene

1,3-Difluorobenzene 1,4-Difluorobenzene

C6H4F2 C6H4F2

372-18-9 540-36-3

114.093 114.093

liq liq

3552 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

4,4’-Difluorodiphenyl

C12H8F2

398-23-2

190.189

mcl pr (al) lf 94.5 (w)

254.5

371-90-4 56830-75-2 353-66-2 327-92-4 312-40-3 75-37-6

120.140 76.045 96.152 204.088 220.290 66.050

liq liq col gas

99.5 34 2.5 1322 246; 15750 -24.05

624-72-6 75-38-7 1630-77-9 1630-78-0 75-10-5

66.050 64.034 64.034 64.034 52.024

vol liq col gas col gas col gas col gas

Ethylidene difluoride

C6H10F2 C3H2F2 C2H6F2Si C6H2F2N2O4 C12H10F2Si C2H4F2

3559 3560 3561 3562 3563

1,2-Difluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene trans-1,2-Difluoroethene Difluoromethane

Ethylene difluoride Vinylidene fluoride cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene trans-1,2-Difluoroethylene Methylene fluoride

C2H4F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 CH2F2

Solubility

1.52520

vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

0.964620

1.430620

sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; i bz

1.230020 0.684320

1.476820 1.392120

col gas

-87.5 75.5 -117

-144

-136.8 tp

i H2O vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; vs bz; i peth vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc

vs H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth dec H2O; msc eth, peth, bz

2200.03

C2H2F2O2 C6H5F2N C6H4F2

1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene Difluorodimethylsilane 1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Difluorodiphenylsilane 1,1-Difluoroethane

nD

1191

3547 Difluoroacetic acid 3548 2,4-Difluoroaniline 3549 o-Difluorobenzene

3553 3554 3555 3556 3557 3558

den/ g cm-3

26 -85.7 -26 -53.1 -51.6

i H2O; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s eth, ace

sl EtOH

vs bz, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH

1.2139-52

i H2O; s EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

3-173

O

N

O N H

N N,N-Diethyl-4-pyridinecarboxamide

O

O

O

O

3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyridinedione

Diethyl selenide

O

OH

OH O

O Si H2

Se

Diethyl sebacate

HO

O

Diethylsilane

trans-Diethylstilbestrol

O

trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate

trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether

O O

O

O O S O O

S

Diethyl sulfate

Diethyl sulfide

O Diethyl succinate

O

O

O

O S

S O O

S O

Diethyl sulfone

Diethyl sulfoxide

O

Diethyl sulfite

O

OH O

O

O OH O

O

Te

Diethyl DL-tartrate

Diethyl telluride

O

O

S

S

N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1-trimethylsilanamine

S

Diethyl terephthalate

H N

NH2

N H

N,N’-Diethylthiourea

H N

O

O

N,N-Diethylurea

N,N’-Diethylurea

S

Diethyltrisulfide

N H

O

Diethyl thiodipropionate

N

Si N

S

O

O O P O Diethyl vinylphosphonate

N N

N F

O Cl O Diethyl zinc

N

N

Cl

Zn

H N SO4 2

O Difenzoquat methyl sulfate

F

F F

F

F F

OH

F

O

Diflubenzuron

NH2 F

O

Cl

Difenoconazole

H N

O

F

F

Difluoroacetic acid

2,4-Difluoroaniline

o-Difluorobenzene

F

F

m-Difluorobenzene

p-Difluorobenzene

O N

F F F F F

1,1-Difluorocyclohexane

F Si F

3,3-Difluorocyclopropene

F

F 4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

O

F F Si

F O

Difluorodimethylsilane

N

O

1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

Difluorodiphenylsilane

F

F F

1,1-Difluoroethane

F

F

1,2-Difluoroethane

F 1,1-Difluoroethene

F

F

cis-1,2-Difluoroethene

F

F

trans-1,2-Difluoroethene

F

H H

Difluoromethane

3-174

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3564 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1trifluoroethane 3565 Difluoromethylborane 3566 2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene 3567 2,2-Difluoropropane

Difluoromethyl 2,2,2trifluoroethyl ether

C3H3F5O

1885-48-9

150.047

col liq

CH3BF2 C6H3F2NO2 C3H6F2

373-64-8 446-35-5 420-45-1

63.843 159.091 80.077

gas

C3H6F2O C10H6O4

453-13-4 492-94-4

96.076 190.153

C10H8N2O4

522-27-0

220.182

167

3571 1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3one 3572 Difurfuryl disulfide Furfuryl disulfide 3573 Difurfuryl ether Furfuryl ether 3574 Digitonin 3575 Digitoxigenin

C13H10O3

886-77-1

214.216

C10H10O2S2 C10H10O3 C56H92O29 C23H34O4

4437-20-1 4437-22-3 11024-24-1 143-62-4

226.315 178.184 1229.312 374.514

hyg pr (peth) 60.5 ye pr (lig) 10

3576 Digitoxin

C41H64O13

71-63-6

764.939

pr (dil al)

3577 Digitoxose

C6H12O4

527-52-6

148.157

cry 112 (MeOH+eth)

C6H10O3 C4H6O5

2238-07-5 110-99-6

130.141 134.088

3580 Digoxigenin

C23H34O5

1672-46-4

390.513

3581 Digoxin

C41H64O14

20830-75-5

780.939

3568 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol 3569 Di-2-furanylethanedione 3570 Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime

3578 Diglycidyl ether 3579 Diglycolic acid

α-Furildioxime

Bis(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether 2,2’-Oxydiacetic acid

3582 Diheptylamine

N-Heptyl-1-heptanamine

C14H31N

2470-68-0

213.403

3583 3584 3585 3586 3587

Diheptyl ether Diheptyl phthalate Diheptyl sulfide Dihexylamine Dihexyl ether

Heptyl ether

C14H30O C22H34O4 C14H30S C12H27N C12H26O

629-64-1 3648-21-3 629-65-2 143-16-8 112-58-3

214.387 362.503 230.453 185.349 186.333

3588 3589 3590 3591 3592

Dihexyl hexanedioate Dihexyl phthalate Dihexyl sulfide 15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1 9,10-Dihydroanthracene

C18H34O4 C20H30O4 C12H26S C17H14O7 C14H12

110-33-8 84-75-3 6294-31-1 7241-98-7 613-31-0

Heptyl sulfide N-Hexyl-1-hexanamine Hexyl ether

Hexyl sulfide Aflatoxin G2

col gas

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

nD

9.8 -104.8

-78.5287 207 -0.4

1.457114 1.514914 0.920520 1.290420 (p>1 atm) 1.2425 1.372520

166.3

1814 16713, 1120.5 1012

1.140520

1.508820

237.5 253

mcl pr (w + 1) pr (AcOEt)

Solubility

29

127; 5534 ye nd (al), cry (bz)

den/ g cm-3

260 dec

1.119520

271; 1359

0.795621

258.5 360 298 236; 751 226

0.800820

1.427520

0.841620 0.788920 0.793620

1.460620 1.433920 1.420420

348; 182.54 2105 230; 13620

0.94120

305

1.21520

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs EtOH, MeOH; sl chl vs EtOH

222

trc pl (dil al, 249 dec py) nd 31.5

liq

70 -13.1

314.461 334.450 202.399 330.289 180.245

liq

-9

tab or pr

239.3 111 485 dec

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH i H2O s EtOH; vs MeOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, MeOH, py vs H2O, ace; s py, AcOEt

255.5

148

reac H2O sl chl

0.841120

sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth s EtOH, eth i H2O; s eth; sl ctc

1.458620 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2, dil alk i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc, lig, tol

3593 6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18anthrazinetetrone

Indanthrene

C28H14N2O4

81-77-6

442.422

bl nd

3594 1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene

Cholanthrene

C20H14

479-23-2

254.325

pa ye lf (bz- 174 al)

3595 9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]Triptycene benzenoanthracene 3596 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2- 2-Benzimidazolethiol thione 3597 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2one 3598 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin 3599 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran Coumaran

C20H14

477-75-8

254.325

cry (cyhex)

256

C7H6N2S

583-39-1

150.201

298

vs EtOH

C7H6N2O

615-16-7

134.135

pl (dil al or NH3) lf (w or al)

318 dec

sl H2O, eth, bz; s ace; vs EtOH

C8H8O2 C8H8O

493-09-4 496-16-2

136.149 120.149

liq

-21.5

212; 1036 188.5

1.18020 1.05825

1.548520 1.549720

3600 3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran Isochroman 3601 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran 3602 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2one 3603 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4- 4-Chromanone one

C9H10O C9H10O C9H8O2

493-05-0 493-08-3 119-84-6

134.174 134.174 148.159

lf

4 4.8 25

11025, 9012 215; 9818 272

1.06725 1.07220 1.16918

1.544420 1.544420 1.556320

C9H8O2

491-37-2

148.159

36.5

16050, 12713

1.1291100 1.5750

C8H8OS

13414-95-4

152.214

C9H8OS

3528-17-4

164.224

29

15412

1.248714

C10H12N2

59-98-3

160.215

cry (peth)

C9H13N5O3

6779-87-9

239.231

hyg nd (w)

3604 6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen4(5H)-one 3605 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1benzothiopyran-4-one 3606 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1Himidazole 3607 7,8-Dihydrobiopterin

4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-4benzothiophenone

Tolazoline

vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O; msc os i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ctc; s chl s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl chl

1.639520

67 s H2O

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-175

O F F

O

O

N

F F F F

F 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

F

F F

B

F

2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene

2,2-Difluoropropane

O

O O

OH 1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol

OH O

O

F

F

Difluoromethylborane

N

O

HO

Di-2-furanylethanedione

N

Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime

O O HO

O

O

O O

O

O

O

OH

1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one

S S

HO

O

O O

O OH

O

OH

OH

HO

O

HO

OH

O

O

OH

O

HO

Difurfuryl disulfide

H

O

OH HO

O

OH

O O OH

HO

HO

HO

HO

Difurfuryl ether

H

Digitonin

Digitoxigenin

O

O O

O HO

O HO OH O O O

O

OH OH

OH Digitoxose

H

O O

O

O

O

HO

O O

O

OH

O

H

OH

Diglycidyl ether O O OH

O

O

HO

O

HO

OH

Digitoxin

OH

HO

HO

H

Diglycolic acid

OH

Digoxigenin

O

H N

O

Diheptyl sulfide

N H

O

Dihexylamine

Dihexyl ether

O

Diheptyl ether

Digoxin

S O O

Diheptylamine

O O OH

OH

Diheptyl phthalate

O

O

O

O

H

O O

O

O

O

O

O Dihexyl hexanedioate

O

O

H O

S

Dihexyl phthalate

O

15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1

Dihexyl sulfide

9,10-Dihydroanthracene

O

O HN

H N

NH O

H N S

O

N H

O 6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone

1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene

9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]-benzenoanthracene

N H

1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2-thione

1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one

O O O

O 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin

2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran

O

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran

O

S

S 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4-one

N H 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1H-imidazole

O N

N

6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5H)-one

2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

OH

O

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

OH

N H

NH N

7,8-Dihydrobiopterin

NH2

3-176

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3608 Dihydrocodeine

C18H23NO3

125-28-0

301.381

3609 16,17-Dihydro-15H-cyclopenta[a] 1,2-Cyclopentenophenanthrene phenanthrene 3610 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f] azepine 3611 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d] cyclohepten-5-one 3612 2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran 3613 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2H) Corydaldine -isoquinolinone 3614 1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2Antipyrine phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one 3615 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 3616 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenecarboxylic acid 3617 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5anthracenedisulfonic acid

C17H14

482-66-6

218.293

cry (aq, 112.5 MeOH) nd (al, petr) 135.5

C14H13N

494-19-9

195.260

C15H12O

1210-35-1

208.255

C6H10O3 C11H13NO3

332-77-4 493-49-2

130.141 207.226

C11H12N2O

60-80-0

188.225

C4H6O2 C15H8O4

543-75-9 117-78-2

86.090 252.223

C14H8O8S2

117-14-6

368.339

3618 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6anthracenedisulfonic acid 3619 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1anthracenesulfonic acid

C14H8O8S2

84-50-4

368.339

C14H8O5S

82-49-5

288.276

3620 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid 3621 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1Sodium anthraquinone-1anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium sulfonate salt 3622 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 3623 7,8-Dihydrofolic acid 3624 2,3-Dihydrofuran 3625 2,5-Dihydrofuran 3626 2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl- Adrenochrome 1H-indole-5,6-dione 3627 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine

C14H8O5S

84-48-0

288.276

lf (HOAc) ye 216.0 lf (conc HCl, +3w) ye lf (+3w)

C14H7NaO5S

128-56-3

310.258

ye lf (w)

C14H7NaO5S

131-08-8

310.258

C19H21N7O6 C4H6O C4H6O C9H9NO3

4033-27-6 1191-99-7 1708-29-8 54-06-8

443.413 70.090 70.090 179.172

ye cry

C9H11N

24425-40-9

133.190

nd (peth)

37.5

248; 13115

3628 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol 3629 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol

C9H10O C9H10O

6351-10-6 1470-94-6

134.174 134.174

pl (peth)

54.8 58

220; 12812 253

3630 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one

C9H8O

83-33-0

132.159

ta, nd (w + 3) 42

243; 12912

1.094340

1.56125

C9H8O

615-13-4

132.159

nd (al, eth)

59

dec 218

1.071269

1.53867

C9H8O

768-22-9

132.159

24.5

11320, 986

1.125524

C8H9N

496-15-1

119.164

229

1.06920

1.592320

No. Name

3631 1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one

Synonym

2-Indanone

3632 1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2-b] oxirene 3633 2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole

3636 Dihydro-α-lipoic acid 3637 3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H)naphthalenone 3638 3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran 3639 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j] aceanthrylene 3640 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran 3641 Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5furandione 3642 Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)furanone 3643 3644 3645 3646

lf or sc (eth, 114 bz) ye nd 291 (HOAc) ye nd (HCl 310 dec +4w) pl (dil HOAc)

Solubility

i H2O; s EtOH, peth s chl 2037

1.163520

1.632420

161

1.07325

1.433920 vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

319 1.083620

94.1 sub

1.437220

s ctc sl EtOH, HOAc; i eth, bz; s ace vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O, HOAc; s EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl H2O

0.92725

54.5

1.423920 1.431120

125 dec

nd (w) nd (w)

6,8-Dimercaptooctanoic acid 6-Methoxy-α-tetralone

C8H16O2S2 C11H12O2

462-20-4 1078-19-9

208.342 176.212

3-Methylcholanthrene

C6H10O2 C21H16

4454-05-1 56-49-5

114.142 268.352

ye liq cry (MeOH, lig) liq ye nd (bz)

C9H10O C5H4O3

1746-11-8 2170-03-8

134.174 112.084

C5H6O2

547-65-9

98.101

C5H6O3 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2

4100-80-5 1679-47-6 1679-49-8 57129-69-8

114.100 100.117 100.117 100.117

liq liq liq

C4H8N2

534-26-9

84.120

hyg

Lysidine

nD

24815

sl DMSO

133.148 133.148

α-Methylene butyrolactone

den/ g cm-3

bp/˚C

mcl pr (w, al) 175

59-48-3 480-91-1

Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone 2-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone 3-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)(±)-γ-Valerolactone furanone, (±)

3647 4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1Himidazole

30

C8H7NO C8H7NO

3634 1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one 3635 2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one

mp/˚C

23

17

128 151

227 , 195 338; 10318

78

1450.2 17111 128 28080

1.006 1.2820

1.442020

180

197.5 13930, 11418

1.06125

1.5308

8510

1.120620

1.465020

-31

239 200; 7910 7611 206

1.2225 1.057020 1.05820 1.055120

1.432520 1.433920 1.432820

107

196.5

orth bipym 69 pr (eth, chl)

34

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz sl H2O, chl; s eth, ace, bz vs bz, EtOH, chl sl H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth; s sulf sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s chl sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl

i H2O

sl eth; vs chl s H2O, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc; vs EtOH

msc H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-177

O

O H

N N H

O

10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine

10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one

HO Dihydrocodeine

16,17-Dihydro-15H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene

O

O

O

O

N O

NH

O O

N

O

O

2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran

3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2H)-isoquinolinone

1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin

OH OO S O O

O

O

O S

OH

O

O O S OO OH

O 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid

OH OO S O

O

S

HO

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5-anthracenedisulfonic acid

O

O

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6-anthracenedisulfonic acid

SO3 Na

O

OH

S

OH

O O

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid

HO HO

O SO3 Na

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt

O

N H

O

O N

N H

N H

O 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt

NH N

NH2

7,8-Dihydrofolic acid

O

O

2,3-Dihydrofuran

2,5-Dihydrofuran

OH O

OH N

O

O

H2N

2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-indole-5,6-dione

HO

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol

O N H

N H 1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2-b]oxirene

2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole

O

1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one

O

O HS

NH

O

O 1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one

OH SH

O 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran

O

O

Dihydro-α-lipoic acid

3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H)-naphthalenone

O

O

O

Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5-furandione

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran

O

Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)-furanone

O

1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene

O

O

Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione

N O

O

Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

O

O

Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone, (±)

N H 4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1H-imidazole

O

O

Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

3-178

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

3648 1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2Himidazole-2-thione

Methimazole

C4H6N2S

60-56-0

114.169

lf (al)

146

dec 280

C10H12 C11H12O

767-58-8 1590-08-5

132.202 160.212

15

190.6 13616

0.93825 1.05725

1.526620 1.553520

C10H10N2O4S

89-36-1

254.262

C10H10N2O

19735-89-8

174.198

287105, 19117

1.260020

1.637

3649 2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1H-indene 3650 3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2H)naphthalenone 3651 4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid 3652 1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl- 5-Hydroxy-3-methyl-13H-pyrazol-3-one phenylpyrazole 3653 2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl3H-pyrazol-3-one 3654 3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2H-pyran 3655 4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole 3656 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene 3657 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene ∆ 2-Dialin 3658 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthalenone 3659 1,2-Dihydro-5nitroacenaphthylene 3660 1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3pyridinecarboxylic acid 3661 Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone 3662 9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene 3663 2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4H-1benzopyran-4-one 3664 4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)1H-imidazole, monohydrochloride 3665 4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2oxazolamine 3666 1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5Htetrazole-5-thione 3667 Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furanone 3668 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo4(1H)-pyrimidinone 3669 1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

nd (w+1)

128

89-25-8

174.198

C6H10O C4H7NS C10H10 C10H10 C10H10O C12H9NO2

16302-35-5 2346-00-1 447-53-0 612-17-9 530-93-8 602-87-9

98.142 101.171 130.186 130.186 146.185 199.205

C6H5NO3

5006-66-6

139.109

nd(w)

310 dec

104-61-0 776-35-2 487-26-3

156.222 180.245 224.255

oil nd (MeOH) nd (lig)

34.5 76

C10H13ClN2

59-97-2

196.676

Aminorex

C9H10N2O

2207-50-3

162.187

1-Phenyl-5-mercapto-1Htetrazole γ-Propyl-γ-butyrolactone Propylthiouracil

C7H6N4S

86-93-1

178.215

C7H12O2 C7H10N2OS

105-21-5 51-52-5

128.169 170.231

6-Mercaptopurine

C5H4N4S

50-44-2

152.178

C5H8O

110-87-2

84.117

3670 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

mcl pr (w)

127

liq liq pl

-101 -8 25 18 103

cry (bz)

105

287 , 191 117.5 145 206.5 211.5 237

17

1.637 0.91225 1.06725 0.997420 0.992833 1.105527

1.449520 1.520020 1.581420 1.557720 1.559820

1.075740

1.641520

sub

13412 16815

s H2O, EtOH; sl bz; i peth

i H2O; s eth, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth, lig sl H2O, tfa; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl s chl i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc

137 145 845

w pow (w)

1.438525

219

sl H2O, chl, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, bz i H2O; s alk

ye pr (w, + l 313 dec w) 86

84.117 114.100 70.093

liq

2-Pyrazoline

3174-74-1 108-55-4 109-98-8

Maleic hydrazide 5,6-Dihydrouracil

C4H4N2O2 C4H6N2O2

123-33-1 504-07-4

112.087 114.103

cry (w) nd (w)

3-Pyrroline

C4H7N

109-96-6

69.106

3677 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone Hydrocarbostyril 3678 1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione 2,3-Quinoxalinediol

C9H9NO C8H6N2O2

553-03-7 15804-19-0

147.173 162.146

pr (al, eth) nd (w)

163.5 410

3679 Dihydrotachysterol 3680 Dihydrothebaine

C28H46O C19H23NO3

67-96-9 561-25-1

398.664 313.391

cry (MeOH)

131 162.5

3681 4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine

C3H6N2S

1779-81-3

102.158

nd or lf (bz) 85.3

3682 3683 3684 3685 3686

2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide 3-Sulfolene Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)2-Thiobarbituric acid pyrimidinedione 3687 2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H)2-Thiouracil pyrimidinone

C4H6S C4H6S C4H6O2S C4H6OS C4H4N2O2S

1120-59-8 1708-32-3 77-79-2 1003-10-7 504-17-6

86.156 86.156 118.155 102.155 144.152

pl (w)

235 dec

C4H4N2OS

141-90-2

128.152

pr (w, al)

>340 dec

3688 1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3thione 3689 (1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2Hindol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde

C2H3N3S

3179-31-5

101.130

C13H15NO

84-83-3

201.264

3674 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione 3675 Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)pyrimidinedione 3676 2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole

Solubility vs H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz, lig i H2O

174

C5H8O C5H6O3 C3H6N2

3671 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3672 Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione 3673 4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole

nD

≈300 dec

C10H10N2O

4-Hydroxynonanoic acid lactone C9H16O2 C14H12 C15H12O2

den/ g cm-3

56.3

0.92119

1.440219

s H2O, EtOH; sl chl

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, tfa vs H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, DMSO, HOAc i H2O; s os i H2O; s EtOH, bz, AcOEt vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl

19

95 15815 144

0.94 1.411020 1.020017

1.479617

90.5

0.909720

1.466420

1.1825

1.523020

307 275.5

20145

dec 112.1 122.4

64.5

s chl 11152, 391

222.5

sl H2O; s EtOH, dil alk, dil HCl sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO; s anh HF s DMSO s chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-179 H N

O

NH

O S OH O

N S

N

O

1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2H-imidazole-2-thione

2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1H-indene

3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2H)-naphthalenone

O N H

O

N

4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid

N

N

N S

O

1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2H-pyran

4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole

O OH

O O 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene

1,4-Dihydronaphthalene

3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthalenone

N

O

O

1,2-Dihydro-5-nitroacenaphthylene

N H

1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

O N O O

HCl

O

Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)-furanone

9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene

O NH

NH2 O

4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine

S

4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, monohydrochloride

HN N N S N

N O

2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5H-tetrazole-5-thione

N H

O

Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furanone

O

N

N

1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

O

O

3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran

O

O

N H

O

Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)-dione

O NH N H

S

2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone

H N

HN

N H

O

N H

Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

N H

2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole

O

3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone

N

O

4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole

H N

O

N H

O

N H

NH

1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione

HO

1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione

Dihydrotachysterol

O

O H

N

N S

O Dihydrothebaine

NH2

4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine

O

N H

S 2,5-Dihydrothiophene

O

S

O

2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide

S

O

Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone

O NH

O

S 2,3-Dihydrothiophene

S

Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)-pyrimidinedione

NH N H

S

2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone

S HN N

NH

1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione

N

O

(1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde

3-180

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

C18H20

3910-35-8

236.352

tcl pr (al)

52.5

308.5

1.000920

1.568120

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, MeOH

C12H15N

147-47-7

173.254

26.5

260; 13213

Quinizarin

C14H8O4

81-64-1

240.212

ye red lf (eth) 200 dk red nd

3693 1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

Anthrarufin

C14H8O4

117-12-4

240.212

pa ye pl (gl HOAc)

280

sub

3694 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

Danthron

C14H8O4

117-10-2

240.212

red or red-ye 193 nd or lf (al)

sub

3695 2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

C14H8O4

84-60-6

240.212

ye nd (al)

3696 2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

C14H8O4

572-93-0

240.212

sub

3697 2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene

C12H10N2O2

2050-14-8

214.219

ye nd (+1w, 353.8 dil al) nd (sub) gold-ye lf 173 (bz), nd (al)

3698 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

C7H6O3

24677-78-9

138.121

ye nd

108

235; 12016

C7H6O3

95-01-2

138.121

nd (eth-lig)

135

22622

C7H6O3

1194-98-5

138.121

ye nd (bz)

100.0

No. Name 3690 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3phenyl-1H-indene 3691 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4trimethylquinoline 3692 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10anthracenedione

3699 2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

Synonym

β-Resorcylaldehyde

3700 2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

360 dec

3701 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

Protocatechualdehyde

C7H6O3

139-85-5

138.121

lf (w, to)

153 dec

3702 N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide

Salicylhydroxamic acid

C7H7NO3

89-73-6

153.136

nd (HOAc)

168

3703 2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid

Homogentisic acid

C8H8O4

451-13-8

168.148

153

C7H6O4

303-38-8

154.121

3705 2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

β-Resorcylic acid

C7H6O4

89-86-1

154.121

pr (w+1), lf (al-chl) pr or nd (w+1) cry (+w)

3706 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

Gentisic acid

C7H6O4

490-79-9

154.121

nd or pr (w) 199.5

C7H6O4

303-07-1

154.121

nd (+w)

C7H6O4

99-50-3

154.121

mcl nd (w+1) 201 dec

C7H6O4

99-10-5

154.121

pr or nd

3704 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

3707 2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3708 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

Protocatechuic acid

3709 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

sub

1.54220

226 dec

167 dec 1.5244

239

Bis(2-hydroxyphenyl) ketone

C13H10O3

835-11-0

214.216

59.5

3711 4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) ketone

C13H10O3

611-99-4

214.216

nd (lig), cry 210 (w)

3712 6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran- Esculetin 2-one

C9H6O4

305-01-1

178.142

3713 7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran- Daphnetin 2-one

C9H6O4

486-35-1

178.142

nd (w), pr 276 (HOAc) lf (sub) ye nd (dil al) 262

3714 2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid 3715 3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, Hyodeoxycholic acid (3α,5β,6α)

C4H8O4 C24H40O4

1518-62-3 83-49-8

120.105 392.573

liq cry (AcOEt)

198.5

3716 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, Ursodiol (3α,5β,7β) 3717 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, Chenodiol (3α,5β,7α)

C24H40O4

128-13-2

392.573

pl (al)

203

C24H40O4

474-25-9

392.573

119

3718 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

C27H44O3

32222-06-3

416.636

nd (EtOAc+he p) wh cry pow

C6H4O4

615-94-1

140.094

dk ye nd

211

3719 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

1400.001

205.5

3710 2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Calcitriol

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, KOH, sulf i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, CS2; s bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, HOAc, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s alk i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl

333 1.133131

sub

sub

i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth; s con alk vs ace, EtOH, HOAc s H2O, HOAc; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz vs H2O, EtOH, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i CS2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; i bz, chl, CS2 s H2O, EtOH, eth; i chl; sl tfa sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i bz sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, CS2 sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, chl, AcOEt s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, CS2

963

115

sl H2O, eth, ace, bz; s EtOH, HOAc vs EtOH; sl eth i H2O, bz; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, HOAc sl EtOH, MeOH, thf, AcOEt sl H2O, ace, DMSO; s EtOH, HOAc; i eth

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-181

N H 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl-1H-indene

OH O

1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline

OH

O

OH

O

OH

O

OH O

1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O HO

OH

OH

OH

HO N N

HO O 1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene

O

O

O

OH OH

O OH

N H OH

OH OH

OH 2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

OH

HO

2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

HO O HO O

O

OH

N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

HO

OH

HO

OH

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

O

OH

OH OH

3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

OH

2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid

OH

2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

O

OH

O

OH O

O

OH

HO

OH HO

OH 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

HO

3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

HO

OH 4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

O

O

6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

O OH

OH

O HO

O

HO

O

OH

HO

OH

OH 7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

H

HO

OH

3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,6α)

2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid

OH

H

3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7β)

OH

O OH H

O OH

HO

H

OH

3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7α)

HO HO

OH 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

O 2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

3-182

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3720 2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1one

Reductic acid

C5H6O3

80-72-8

114.100

3721 2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4heptanone 3722 2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane 3723 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide

Di(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl) ketone 2,2’-Methylenebisphenol 4,4’-Thiobisphenol

C9H18O3

3682-91-5

174.237

C13H12O2 C12H10O2S

2467-02-9 2664-63-3

200.233 218.271

3724 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)- Aloe-emodol 9,10-anthracenedione 3725 2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid Dihydroxymaleic acid

C15H10O5

481-72-1

270.237

C4H4O6

526-84-1

148.071

mcl pr or lf (al) oran ye nd (to, al) pl (w+2)

3726 α,4-Dihydroxy-3methoxybenzeneacetic acid 3727 7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1benzopyran-2-one 3728 5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4methoxyphenyl)-4H-1benzopyran-4-one 3729 (2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl) phenylmethanone 3730 1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9Hxanthen-9-one 3731 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10anthracenedione 3732 2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid

Vanilmandelic acid

C9H10O5

55-10-7

198.172

sc (bz-eth)

132 dec

sl H2O, eth, MeOH; s EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth

Fraxetin

C10H8O5

574-84-5

208.168

pl (dil al)

231

vs EtOH

C16H12O5

491-80-5

284.263

214.8

Cotoin

C14H12O4

479-21-0

244.243

Gentisin

C14H10O5

437-50-3

258.226

ye pr (chl) lf 130.5 or nd (w) ye orth 266.5

Chrysophanic acid

C15H10O4

481-74-3

254.238

o-Orsellinic acid

C8H8O4

480-64-8

168.148

3733 5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1benzopyran-2-one

C10H8O4

2107-76-8

192.169

3734 6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1benzopyran-2-one 3735 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4naphthalenedione

C10H8O4

529-84-0

192.169

ye nd (dil al) 275

C10H6O4

475-38-7

190.153

Chromotropic acid

C10H8O8S2

148-25-4

320.296

Alizarin Blue

C17H9NO4

568-02-5

291.258

Alizarin Orange

C14H7NO6

568-93-4

285.209

dk red mcl pr 232 (bz) red-br nd (al) nd or lf (w+2) br-viol nd 269 (bz) oran nd or pl 244 dec (HOAc)

3739 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R*,R*)-(±) 3740 9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid

Phloionic acid

C18H34O6

23843-52-9

346.459

9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid

C18H36O4

120-87-6

316.477

3741 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1benzopyran-4-one

Chrysin

C15H10O4

480-40-0

254.238

lt ye pr (MeOH)

285.5

3742 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone Resacetophenone

C8H8O3

89-84-9

152.148

nd or lf

146

3743 (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl) phenylmethanone

Benzoresorcinol

C13H10O3

131-56-6

214.216

nd (w)

144

3744 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2propenoic acid 3745 Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide 3746 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4diene-3,11,20-trione 3747 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,20-dione 3748 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,11,20-trione

Caffeic acid

C9H8O4

331-39-5

180.158

ye pr, pl (w) 225 dec

Benzenestibonic acid Prednisone

C6H7O3Sb C21H26O5

535-46-6 53-03-2

248.878 358.428

nd (HOAc)

11-Deoxy-17hydrocorticosterone Cortisone

C21H30O4

152-58-9

346.461

215

C21H28O5

53-06-5

360.444

222

3749 2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)

C3H6O3

56-82-6

90.078

3750 2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, (R) Glyceric acid 3751 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone Dihydroxyacetone

C3H6O4 C3H6O3

6000-40-4 96-26-4

106.078 90.078

3752 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate

C13H26O4

2277-23-8

246.343

pr (peth)

53

C11H22O4

26402-26-6

218.291

cry (peth)

40

3736 4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 3737 5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f] quinoline-7,12-dione 3738 1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10anthracenedione

3753 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate

Decanoic acid glycerol monoester Octanoic acid glycerol monoester

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

212

nD

Solubility s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, AcOEt; i bz

pale ye cry 118.3 151

363

223.5

sub

sl H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz, eth, EtOH

155 dec

ye hex or mcl 196 nd (sub) nd (dil 176 dec HOAc, +1w) nd (al), lf 283 (HOAc)

cry (al)

1.28025

sub

0.9225

s EtOH, eth

sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; vs EtOH, alk s H2O, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s HOAc

sub

s H2O, alk; i EtOH, eth vs bz, gl HOAc sub

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf, HOAc

126 90

nd or pr (40% MeOH) thick gum

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; i ace; s py vs bz, HOAc

1.18141

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, CS2 i H2O, chl; s EtOH, py; sl eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl bz, chl vs EtOH

139 234 dec

145

1450.8

1.45318

vs ace, EtOH, chl sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz, peth, lig

dec 90

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i lig

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-183

O OH

OH OH

HO

2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one

HO

O

OH

S

O HO

OH

2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone

2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane

OH 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide

OH

OH HO OH

HO

HO

O

O

O

O

O

OH

α,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acid

2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid

OH O

O

O

HO

OH O

O 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

OH

7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH O

OH

HO HO

O

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

OH O

HO

OH

O

OH

(2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

O

1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one

O OH

OH HO

OH

O 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

HO

2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid

OH O

O

HO

O

S

S

O

O

HO

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH

O

O

6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH

N

OH

O OH HO

OH O 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

O

OH

4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH

N O

O

5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f]quinoline-7,12-dione

O

1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

OH O O

OH

OH

O

OH

HO OH

OH

O

HO

O

OH

9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R*,R*)-(±)

9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

O OH

O

OH

O HO Sb OH

OH HO

OH 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone

O O

OH

OH (2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

O

OH OH

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid

O

OH OH

O

Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide

OH OH

OH O

O 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione

17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

O HO

17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione

O O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, (R)

HO

2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)

O O

OH

1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone

O

HO

O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate

O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate

3-184

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3754 4,8-Dihydroxy-2quinolinecarboxylic acid

Xanthurenic acid

C10H7NO4

59-00-7

205.168

ye micry cry 289 (w)

Digallic acid

C4H6O8 C14H10O9

76-30-2 536-08-3

182.086 322.224

Fluorescin

C20H14O5

518-44-5

334.322

3758 Diiodoacetylene

C2I2

624-74-8

277.830

3759 2,4-Diiodoaniline

C6H5I2N

533-70-0

344.920

3755 Dihydroxytartaric acid 3756 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid 3757 2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9yl)benzoic acid

nf (dil al + 1w)

mp/˚C

exp 2.74825

95.5

131.5

285

309.916

5.8

624-73-7

281.862

C6H4I2 C6H4I2

615-42-9 626-00-6

329.905 329.905

3762 p-Diiodobenzene

1,4-Diiodobenzene

C6H4I2

624-38-4

329.905

3763 1,4-Diiodobutane

C4H8I2

628-21-7

3764 1,2-Diiodoethane

C2H4I2

2.5420 2.4725

1.717920

12515 dec

2.349425

1.618425

200

3.32520

1.87120

72.516

3.062520

16317, 14110

2.034225

1.583725

182

3.321120

1.741120

9

14920, 1013

1.598725

-20

dec 227; 11019

2.169225 2.49018 2.561225

0.954319 0.905

1.430120 1.450620

3765 cis-1,2-Diiodoethene 3766 4,4’-Diiodofluorescein

cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene

C2H2I2 C20H10I2O5

590-26-1 38577-97-8

279.846 584.099

3767 1,6-Diiodohexane

Hexamethylene diiodide

C6H12I2

629-09-4

337.968

ye mcl pr or 83 orth (eth) -14 oran-red pow nd 9.5

3768 Diiodomethane

Methylene iodide

CH2I2

75-11-6

267.836

ye nd or lf

6.1

3769 2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol

Disophenol

C6H3I2NO3

305-85-1

390.902

lt ye cry (gl HOAc)

157

3770 1,5-Diiodopentane 3771 1,2-Diiodopropane 3772 1,3-Diiodopropane

Pentamethylene diiodide Trimethylene diiodide

C5H10I2 C3H6I2 C3H6I2

628-77-3 598-29-8 627-31-6

323.942 295.889 295.889

3773 5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol

Iodoquinol

C9H5I2NO

83-73-8

396.951

ye nd (HOAc, 210 xyl)

3774 3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

C9H9I2NO3

300-39-0

432.981

ye nd (w, 70% al)

213

3775 Diisobutyl adipate 3776 Diisobutylaluminum chloride 3777 Diisobutylaluminum hydride

C14H26O4 C8H18AlCl C8H19Al

141-04-8 1779-25-5 1191-15-7

258.354 176.664 142.219

hyg col liq liq

-40

293; 18715 15210 1404, 850.5

2-Methyl-N-(2-methylpropyl)-1- C8H19N propanamine

110-96-3

129.244

liq

-73.5

139.6

C9H18O3

539-92-4

174.237

190

0.913820

1,1’-Oxybis[2-methylpropane]

C8H18O

628-55-7

130.228

122.6

0.76115

84-69-5 592-65-4 123-61-5 104-49-4 26761-40-0 28553-12-0

278.344 146.294 160.130 160.130 446.663 418.609

-105.5 51 95 -50

296.5; 1594 171 1038 11714 2534

1.049015 0.836310

Bis(8-methylnonyl)phthalate Bis(7-methyloctyl)phthalate

C16H22O4 C8H18S C8H4N2O2 C8H4N2O2 C28H46O4 C26H42O4 C22H42O4 C24H38O4 C10H23N

1330-86-5 27554-26-3 544-00-3

370.566 390.557 157.297

-44

2104 370 188

0.767221

1.423520

C10H22O

544-01-4

158.281

172.5

0.777720

1.408520

C18H26O4 C10H22S

605-50-5 544-02-5

306.397 174.347

liq

-74.6

dec 334 211

1.020916 0.832320

1.487120 1.452020

C6H15NO2

110-97-4

133.189

cry

44.5

250; 15123

0.98920

C12H22O4

6938-94-9

230.301

-0.6

1206.5

0.956920

3778 Diisobutylamine

3779 Diisobutyl carbonate 3780 Diisobutyl ether 3781 3782 3783 3784 3785 3786

Diisobutyl phthalate Diisobutyl sulfide 1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene 1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene Diisodecyl phthalate Diisononyl phthalate

3787 Diisooctyl adipate 3788 Diisooctyl phthalate 3789 Diisopentylamine 3790 Diisopentyl ether

3-Methyl-N-isopentyl-1butanamine Diisoamyl ether

3791 Diisopentyl phthalate 3792 Diisopentyl sulfide

Diisoamyl phthalate

3793 Diisopropanolamine

1,1’-Iminobis-2-propanol

3794 Diisopropyl adipate

liq cry cry liq col liq

liq

Solubility

vs ace, EtOH

287; 1003 285

1,2-Diiodobenzene 1,3-Diiodobenzene

nD

i H2O; s EtOH, dil HCl; sl eth, bz

27 40.4

3760 o-Diiodobenzene 3761 m-Diiodobenzene

den/ g cm-3

114.5 269 dec

col or ye nd 126 (eth), pl (bz) orth nd (lig) 81.5 br nd or orth cry (al) pl or pr (lig) orth pl or pr (eth-al) orth lf (al)

bp/˚C

1.639125

1.409020

1.407220

0.96620

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl chl i H2O; sl ctc; s os sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s eth, chl sl H2O; s alk, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs EtOH i H2O; s eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, bz, chl, eth; vs EtOH; s alk sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz s eth, hx s cyhex, eth, bz, tol sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; msc EtOH, eth s ctc

i H2O; s os i H2O; s ace, MeOH; bz, eth

1.424720

i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth i H2O; vs ace, EtOH, chl vs EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth vs ace, eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-185 O

OH HO

O

OH HO

HO OH O HO

OH

N OH

OH

O

OH

OH

O

OH

HO

O HO OH

O

4,8-Dihydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid

O

OH

OH

Dihydroxytartaric acid

3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid

NH2

2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid

I I

I

I I

I

I

I

Diiodoacetylene

o-Diiodobenzene

I

I

I

2,4-Diiodoaniline

m-Diiodobenzene

p-Diiodobenzene

I

I 1,4-Diiodobutane

I

1,2-Diiodoethane

O OH O

I

I

I HO I

O

OH

I

I

cis-1,2-Diiodoethene

H

I

I

4,4’-Diiodofluorescein

H I

I 1,6-Diiodohexane

O

Diiodomethane

I

I I

I

1,2-Diiodopropane

N

OH

I 1,5-Diiodopentane

O

NH2

HO

OH

I

1,3-Diiodopropane

I

O

2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol

O I

I

N

O

O O

I

5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol

3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

Diisobutyl adipate

O O O

O Cl Al

H Al

H N

Diisobutylaluminum chloride

Diisobutylaluminum hydride

Diisobutylamine

N

C

O N

C

O

O

Diisobutyl carbonate

O

O

Diisobutyl ether

Diisobutyl phthalate

O O

N C O

S Diisobutyl sulfide

1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene

O

C

O O O

N

O O

O

1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene

O Diisodecyl phthalate

Diisononyl phthalate

O O O

O O

O O

O Diisooctyl adipate

Diisooctyl phthalate

N H

O

Diisopentylamine

Diisopentyl ether

O O O O Diisopentyl phthalate

O OH

OH

S

H N

Diisopentyl sulfide

Diisopropanolamine

O

O O Diisopropyl adipate

3-186

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

No. Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

Solubility

3795 Diisopropylamine

N-Isopropyl-2-propanamine

C6H15N

108-18-9

101.190

liq

-61

83.9

0.715320

1.392420

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

3796 2,6-Diisopropylaniline 3797 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H19N C12H18

24544-04-5 577-55-9

177.286 162.271

liq liq

-45 -57

257 204

0.9425 0.870120

1.533220 1.496020

3798 1,3-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H18

99-62-7

162.271

liq

-63.1

203.2

0.855920

1.488320

3799 1,4-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H18

100-18-5

162.271

liq

-17

210.3

0.856820

1.489820

3800 p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide 3801 N,N-Diisopropyl-2benzothiazolesulfenamide 3802 N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide 3803 Diisopropyl disulfide 3804 N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine

C12H18O2

98-49-7

194.270

waxy cry

30.1

1231

0.993220

C13H18N2S2

95-29-4

266.425

C7H14N2 C6H14S2 C8H19NO

693-13-0 4253-89-8 96-80-0

126.199 150.305 145.243

liq

-69

147 177 190

0.80625 0.943520 0.82625

1.432020 1.491620 1.441720

C6H14O

108-20-3

102.174

liq

-85.4

68.4

0.719225

1.365825

C7H17O3P C16H20 C8H14O4 C6H15O3P C6H15O2PS2

1445-75-6 24157-81-1 615-81-6 1809-20-7 107-56-2

180.182 212.330 174.195 166.155 214.286

cry (MeOH)

70

C14H18O4

605-45-8

250.291

3812 Diisopropyl sulfide

C6H14S

625-80-9

118.240

3813 Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)

C10H18O6

58167-01-4

234.246

3814 Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate Diisopropyl dixanthogen 3815 1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene Bitoscanate

C8H14O2S4 C8H4N2S2

105-65-7 4044-65-9

270.456 192.261

3816 3817 3818 3819

C4H4O2 C6H10O5 C20H21NO3 C4H12FN2OP

674-82-8 19201-34-4 1165-48-6 115-26-4

84.074 162.140 323.386 154.122

liq

C18H25N

36309-01-0

255.399

ye oil

92

C4H6O4S2

2418-14-6

182.219

wh cry (MeOH)

193

C4H10O2S2 C4H10OS2 C3H8OS2

7634-42-6 2150-02-9 59-52-9

154.251 138.251 124.225

3805 Diisopropyl ether

Diisopropyl methylphosphonate 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene Diisopropyl oxalate Diisopropyl phosphonate O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate 3811 Diisopropyl phthalate

N,N-Diisopropyl-2aminoethanol Isopropyl ether

3806 3807 3808 3809 3810

Diketene Dilactic acid Dimefline Dimefox

3820 Dimemorfan

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisopropyl ester

2,2’-Oxybispropanoic acid Tetramethylphosphorodiamidic fluoride 3,17-Dimethylmorphinan, (9 α,13 α,14 α)-

3821 2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid 3822 1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol 3823 2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether 3824 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol

2-Mercaptoethyl ether Dimercaprol

®

59.0

663

liq

nd (ace, HOAc) liq orth

liq

122-15-6

211.258

C6H10O4S2

55290-64-7

210.271

C11H19N3O

5221-53-4

209.288

86-80-6

272.385

828-00-2

174.195

liq

1201-38-3 93-15-2

180.200 178.228

cry liq

C12H14O4

523-80-8

222.237

C8H11NO2

2735-04-8

153.179

3834 2,5-Dimethoxyaniline

C8H11NO2

102-56-7

153.179

3835 3,4-Dimethoxyaniline

C8H11NO2

6315-89-5

153.179

3826 Dimethipin 3827 Dimethirimol

3828 Dimethisoquin 3829 Dimethoxane 3830 2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone 3831 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene 3832 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3benzodioxole 3833 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline

2,3-Dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4dithiin, 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide 5-Butyl-2-(dimethylamino)-6methylpyrimidin-4(1H)-one

2-[(3-Butyl-1-isoquinolinyl)oxy] C17H24N2O -N,N-dimethylethanamine 2,6-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-ol C8H14O4 acetate C10H12O3 C11H14O2 Apiole

1.00220 0.997018 1.0920

1.410020

13012

1.061515

1.490020

-78.1

120.0

0.814220

1.443820

34

275; 15412

1.116620

126.1

1.087720

cry

8615

42.5 -80

46

1.115120

vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, bz, ace, ctc, chl

52 132 -6.5 112.5 109.5

sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc

1.412016

190 9740, 7610 713

liq

C11H17NO3

3825 Dimetan

i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc i H2O

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl

1.437920

1.426720

vs H2O, eth s chl vs H2O, bz, eth

1330.3

s chl 217; 642 830.8 175

1.11420 1.246320

1.574920

11

s EtOH, eth, oils; sl chl s H2O, cyhex; vs EtOH, eth, ace

165 nd

102

146

1563

1.548620

sl H2O; vs chl, xyl; s EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH msc H2O; s os

8610

1.065520

1.431020

21 -2.0

15614 254.7

1.139 1.039620

1.544120 1.534020

nd

29.5

294; 17935

1.01520

1.536020

pl (lig)

33.5

262.0

82.5

270

87.5

15914

lf (eth)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, EtOH, lig sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, lig s H2O, EtOH, chl, lig s eth, chl

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-187

NH2 N H Diisopropylamine

2,6-Diisopropylaniline

O

1,2-Diisopropylbenzene

1,3-Diisopropylbenzene

1,4-Diisopropylbenzene

OH N S N S

p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide

N,N-Diisopropyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide

S

S

N C N N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide

Diisopropyl disulfide

O O O P O

OH

N

O N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine

Diisopropyl ether

O

O O

Diisopropyl methylphosphonate

2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene

Diisopropyl oxalate

O O O

O

O O P O H

S O P O SH

O

S

Diisopropyl phosphonate

O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate

Diisopropyl phthalate

Diisopropyl sulfide

S

S

O

O OH O

Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)

S O

OH

O

O S C N

S Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate

O

N C S

HO

O

1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene

O O

Diketene

OH

Dilactic acid

O

O

O

O N N

P

O N H

F

Dimefline

Dimefox

N

OH

SH OH

HO SH

Dimemorfan

HS

SH OH

O

2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid

1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol

O O S

OH N

O HS

O

HS

OH

O

SH

SH

2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether

O

S

N

O O

®

2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol

N

Dimetan

Dimethipin

N

Dimethirimol

O O O

N O

O N

O

O

O O

Dimethisoquin

O

Dimethoxane

O

2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone

NH2

NH2 O

O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene

NH2 O

O O 4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3-benzodioxole

O O 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline

O 2,5-Dimethoxyaniline

O 3,4-Dimethoxyaniline

3-188

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3836 2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

C9H10O3

613-45-6

166.173

nd (al or lig) 72

290; 16510

3837 2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

C9H10O3

93-02-7

166.173

52

270; 14610

C9H10O3

120-14-9

166.173

43

281; 15510

C9H10O3

7311-34-4

166.173

46.3

15116

C8H10O2

91-16-7

138.164

22.5

206

1.081025

1.582721

3841 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene

C8H10O2

151-10-0

138.164

liq

-52

217.5

1.052125

1.523120

3842 1,4-Dimethoxybenzene

C8H10O2

150-78-7

138.164

lf (w)

59

212.6

1.037555

3843 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid

C10H12O4

93-40-3

196.200

cry (bz-peth) 98 nd (w+1)

3844 3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine 3845 3,4Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine 3846 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol 3847 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine Dianisidine

C10H15NO2 C9H13NO2

120-20-7 5763-61-1

181.232 167.205

16414 15612, 1203

1.14325

C9H12O3 C14H16N2O2

93-03-8 119-90-4

168.189 244.289

visc oil lf or nd (w)

298; 17212

1.17817

137

3848 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’diisocyanate 3849 2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

C16H12N2O4

91-93-0

296.277

cry

112

C9H10O4

91-52-1

182.173

C9H10O4 C9H10O4

1466-76-8 93-07-2

182.173 182.173

C9H10O4

1132-21-4

182.173

C16H16O4

119-52-8

272.296

186 dec nd (w or 181 HOAc) orth (sub) nd (w), pr 185.5 (al) pr (dil al) 114.0

3854 5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran- Limettin 2-one

C11H10O4

487-06-9

206.195

pr or nd (al) 149

dec 200

3855 4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

C14H14O2

2132-80-1

214.260

lf (bz)

sub

3856 Dimethoxyborane 3857 4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone 3858 2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

C2H7BO2 C6H12O3 C8H8O4

4542-61-4 5436-21-5 530-55-2

73.887 132.157 168.148

vol liq or gas -130.6

Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether

C4H12O2Si C14H16O2Si C14H30O2 C4H11NO2 C4H10O2

1112-39-6 6843-66-9 14620-52-1 22483-09-6 110-71-4

120.223 244.362 230.387 105.136 90.121

3864 (2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene 3865 4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b] quinoline

Fagarine

C10H14O2 C13H11NO3

101-48-4 524-15-2

166.217 229.231

3866 1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane

Palmitaldehyde, dimethyl acetal C18H38O2

2791-29-9

286.494

3867 2,4-Dimethoxy-6hydroxyacetophenone 3868 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone 3869 6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3H)isobenzofuranone

Xanthoxylin

C10H12O4

90-24-4

196.200

Meconin

C11H12O3 C10H10O4

2107-69-9 569-31-3

3870 Dimethoxymethane

Methylal

C3H8O2

3871 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene 3872 1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene 3873 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene 3874 N-(Dimethoxymethyl) dimethylamine

No. Name

3838 3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

Synonym

Veratraldehyde

3839 3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde 3840 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

3850 2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3851 3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

Veratrole

Veratric acid

3852 3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3853 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin

3859 3860 3861 3862 3863

Dimethoxydimethylsilane Dimethoxydiphenylsilane 1,1-Dimethoxydodecane 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine 1,2-Dimethoxyethane

p-Anisoin

2,6-Dimethoxy-p-quinone

Lauraldehyde, dimethyl acetal

Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal

nd (eth, lig, to)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

1.546420

1.55517

108.5

175

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth s ctc s chl s H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc sub

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl

sub

vs eth, EtOH

256

25.9 505 sub

liq

-78 -69.20

82 286; 16115 1335 13795 84.50

pr (al)

142

ye mcl pr (HOAc)

Solubility

0.864620 1.077120 0.96625 0.863725

1.370820 1.544720 1.431025 1.417020 1.377025

sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, chl; i eth, lig i H2O, peth; vs EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth dec H2O s ctc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s tfa; vs alk, HOAc dec H2O vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc

193.5

10

1442

0.854220

1.438225

cry (al)

82

18520

192.211 194.184

wh nd (w)

119.5 102.5

109-87-5

76.095

liq

-105.1

42

0.859320

1.351320

C9H12O2

494-99-5

152.190

pr (eth)

24

220

1.050925

1.525725

C9H12O2 C9H12O2 C5H13NO2

4179-19-5 24599-58-4 4637-24-5

152.190 152.190 119.163

244 214.0 104

1.047815

1.523420

21

0.89725

1.397220

sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc; vs os vs bz, eth, EtOH

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-189

O

O O

O

O O

O

O

O O

O

O

2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

O

3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

O NH2

OH

O O

O O

O 1,3-Dimethoxybenzene

O

O

O

1,4-Dimethoxybenzene

NH2 O

O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid

3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine

3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine

O

O

OH

O

O

O

H2N

O 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol

O NH2

N C O

2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

OH O

O

OH

O

3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

O

O

O O

2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

O

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’-diisocyanate

OH

O

O

O C N

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine

O O

OH

O

O

3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

OH 4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin

O H O

O

O

O

5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

O

4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

B

O O

O

O

Dimethoxyborane

4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone

O O

O

O

O Si O

O Si O

2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

Dimethoxydimethylsilane

Dimethoxydiphenylsilane

O O 1,1-Dimethoxydodecane

O O O

O O

NH2

O

2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine

O

1,2-Dimethoxyethane

O

N

O

O

O (2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene

4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline

1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane

O O

HO

O

O

O

O O O 2,4-Dimethoxy-6-hydroxyacetophenone

O

O 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone

6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone

O

O

Dimethoxymethane

O

O O

O N O

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene

1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene

O 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene

O

O

N-(Dimethoxymethyl)dimethylamine

3-190

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3875 2,2-Dimethoxy-Nmethylethanamine 3876 Dimethoxymethylphenylsilane 3877 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene

C5H13NO2

122-07-6

119.163

C9H14O2Si C8H9NO4

3027-21-2 709-09-1

182.292 183.162

3878 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene

C8H9NO4

89-39-4

183.162

3879 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol 3880 3,5-Dimethoxyphenol 3881 1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone

C8H10O3 C8H10O3 C10H12O3

91-10-1 500-99-2 1131-62-0

154.163 154.163 180.200

3882 3883 3884 3885

C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H10O2 C11H14O2

4744-10-9 77-76-9 6044-68-4 93-16-3

104.148 104.148 102.132 178.228

C12H14O4

484-31-1

222.237

C10H12O2 C4H10O2

6380-23-0 534-15-6

C4H9NO

3890 2,7-Dimethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, Acridine Yellow monohydrochloride 3891 Dimethyl adipate 3892 3,3-Dimethylallyl diphosphate

No. Name

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

ye nd (al-w) 98 gold-ye nd (dil al) mcl pr (w)

bp/˚C

den/ g cm-3

nD

140

0.92825

1.411520

12979 23015

1.1888133

pr (dil al)

56.5 37 51

liq

-47

1.479520 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf vs eth, EtOH s eth, bz; sl lig vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl

1.1666132

72.5

Solubility

261 19935, 17010 287

18

86 83 88 270.5

0.864820 0.84725 0.86225 1.052120

1.378020 1.395420 1.561620

oil

29.5

285

1.159815

1.530517

164.201 90.121

liq

-113.2

64.5

0.850120

1.571120 1.366820

127-19-5

87.120

liq

-18.59

165

0.937225

1.434125

C15H16ClN3

135-49-9

273.761

red cry pow

C8H14O4

627-93-0

174.195

cry

10.3

11513

1.060020

1.428320

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, HOAc

3-Methyl-2-butenyl pyrophosphate N-Methylmethanamine

C5H12O7P2

358-72-5

246.092

cry (MeOH)

C2H7N

124-40-3

45.084

col gas

-92.18

6.88

0.68040

1.35017

N-Methylmethanamine hydrochloride

C2H8ClN

506-59-2

81.545

orth nd (al)

171

C4H8N2 C10H13NO

926-64-7 2124-31-4

84.120 163.216

137.5

0.864920

1.409520

4-Acetyl-N,N-dimethylaniline

nd (w, peth) 105.5

vs H2O; s EtOH, eth vs H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O, eth, lig; sl chl

Ahistan

C16H16N2OS

518-61-6

284.375

cry

144.5

C14H15N3

60-11-7

225.289

ye lf (al)

117

dec

3899 2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene 4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine 3900 4-(Dimethylamino)benzaldehyde Ehrlich’s reagent

C14H15N3 C9H11NO

97-56-3 100-10-7

225.289 149.189

ye lf (al) lf (w)

102 74.5

17617

3901 p-(Dimethylamino) benzalrhodanine

C12H12N2OS2

536-17-4

264.365

dp red nd (xyl)

270 dec

3902 2-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

C9H11NO2

610-16-2

165.189

pr, nd (eth)

72

3903 3-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid

C9H11NO2

99-64-9

165.189

nd (w)

152.5

C9H11NO2 C17H21N3

619-84-1 492-80-8

165.189 267.369

nd (al) ye or col pl (al)

242.5 136

C4H12BN C21H27NO

1113-30-0 76-99-3

84.956 309.445

liq

-92 99.5

Normethadone

C20H25NO

467-85-6

295.419

oily liq

Bufotenine

C7H13NO2 C12H16N2O

2439-35-2 487-93-4

143.184 204.267

pr (EtOAc)

1,1-Dimethoxypropane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane 3,3-Dimethoxy-1-propene 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl) benzene 3886 4,5-Dimethoxy-6-(2-propenyl)1,3-benzodioxole 3887 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-vinylbenzene 3888 Dimethylacetal

3889 N,N-Dimethylacetamide

3893 Dimethylamine 3894 Dimethylamine hydrochloride 3895 (Dimethylamino)acetonitrile 3896 4’-(Dimethylamino)acetophenone 3897 10-[(Dimethylamino)acetyl]-10Hphenothiazine 3898 p-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene

3904 4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 3905 4,4’Dimethylaminobenzophenonimid e 3906 (Dimethylamino)dimethylborane 3907 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl3-heptanone 3908 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenyl3-hexanone 3909 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3910 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-1Hindol-5-ol 3911 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 3912 4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol 3913 N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]N,N’,N’-trimethyl-1,2ethanediamine 3914 5-(Dimethylamino)-1naphthalenesulfonyl chloride

Apiole (Dill)

N,N-Dimethylethanamide

Brilliant Oil Yellow

Hordenine

Dansyl chloride

C8H15NO2

2867-47-2

157.211

C10H15NO

539-15-1

165.232

C9H23N3

3030-47-5

173.299

C12H12ClNO2S

605-65-2

269.747

i H2O; vs EtOH, py; s eth; sl chl, lig vs eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth, ctc; s ace vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth s EtOH; sl eth i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth

1.0254100

sub

65

vs eth, ace vs EtOH

1653 14 12.6 6.35 10.33 1.94 0.74 6.49 3.46 9.01 12.3 8.1 4.6 9.21 3.20 11.62 3.89 11.0 7.05 19 2.6 11 5.94 8.55 7.40 10.5 0.78 13.8 11.4 3.25 -1.6 1.64 2.16

8-40

Section 8.indb 40

4/30/05 8:46:44 AM

Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases Name

Section 8.indb 41

Formula

Phosphorous acid

H3PO3

Pyrophosphoric acid

H4P2O7

Selenic acid Selenious acid

H2SeO4 H2SeO3

Silicic acid

H4SiO4

Sodium ion Strontium(II) ion Sulfamic acid Sulfuric acid Sulfurous acid

Na+ Sr+2 NH2SO3H H2SO4 H2SO3

Telluric acid

H2TeO4

Tellurous acid

H2TeO3

Tetrafluoroboric acid Thiocyanic acid Water

HBF4 HSCN H2O

8-41 Step 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 1 2 3 4

2 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 30 30 30 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 7.21 12.32 1.3 6.70 0.91 2.10 6.70 9.32 1.7 2.62 8.32 9.9 11.8 12 12 14.8 13.2 1.05 1.99 1.85 7.2 7.68 11.0 6.27 8.43 0.5 –1.8 13.995

4/30/05 8:46:45 AM

DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND BASES This table lists the dissociation (ionization) constants of over 1070 organic acids, bases, and amphoteric compounds. All data apply to dilute aqueous solutions and are presented as values of pKa, which is defined as the negative of the logarithm of the equilibrium constant Ka for the reaction HA  H+ + Ai.e., Ka = [H+][A-]/[HA] where [H+], etc. represent the concentrations of the respective species in mol/L. It follows that pKa = pH + log[HA] – log[A-], so that a solution with 50% dissociation has pH equal to the pKa of the acid. Data for bases are presented as pKa values for the conjugate acid, i.e., for the reaction BH+  H+ + B In older literature, an ionization constant Kb was used for the reaction B + H2O  BH+ + OH- . This is related to Ka by Mol. form. CHNO CH2N2 CH2O CH2O2 CH3NO2 CH3NS2 CH4N2O CH4N2S CH4O CH4S CH5N CH5NO CH5N3 C2HCl3O C2HCl3O2 C2HF3O2 C2H2Cl2O2 C2H2O3 C2H2O4

Name Cyanic acid Cyanamide Formaldehyde Formic acid Nitromethane Carbamodithioic acid Urea Thiourea Methanol Methanethiol Methylamine O-Methylhydroxylamine Guanidine Trichloroacetaldehyde Trichloroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic acid Dichloroacetic acid Glyoxylic acid Oxalic acid

C2H3BrO2 C2H3ClO2 C2H3Cl3O C2H3FO2 C2H3F3O C2H3IO2 C2H3NO4 C2H3N3 C2H3N3 C2H4N2 C2H4O C2H4OS C2H4O2 C2H4O2S C2H4O3 C2H5N

Bromoacetic acid Chloroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol Fluoroacetic acid 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol Iodoacetic acid Nitroacetic acid 1H-1,2,3-Triazole 1H-1,2,4-Triazole Aminoacetonitrile Acetaldehyde Thioacetic acid Acetic acid Thioglycolic acid Glycolic acid Ethyleneimine

Step

1 2

t/°C 25 29 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 24 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 3.7 1.1 13.27 3.75 10.21 2.95 0.10 -1 15.5 10.33 10.66 12.5 13.6 10.04 0.66 0.52 1.35 3.18 1.25 3.81 2.90 2.87 12.24 2.59 12.37 3.18 1.48 1.17 2.27 5.34 13.57 3.33 4.756 3.68 3.83 8.04

pKa + pKb = pKwater = 14.00 (at 25°C) Compounds are listed by molecular formula in Hill order.

References 1. Perrin, D. D., Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution, Butterworths, London, 1965; Supplement, 1972. 2. Serjeant, E. P., and Dempsey, B., Ionization Constants of Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution, Pergamon, Oxford, 1979. 3. Albert, A., “Ionization Constants of Heterocyclic Substances”, in Katritzky, A. R., Ed., Physical Methods in Heterocyclic Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 1963. 4. Sober, H.A., Ed., CRC Handbook of Biochemistry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1968. 5. Perrin, D. D., Dempsey, B., and Serjeant, E. P., pKa Prediction for Organic Acids and Bases, Chapman and Hall, London, 1981. 6. Albert, A., and Serjeant, E. P., The Determination of Ionization Constants, Third Edition, Chapman and Hall, London, 1984. 7. Budavari, S., Ed., The Merck Index, Twelth Edition, Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, 1996.

Mol. form. C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2 C2H5NO2

Name Acetamide Acetohydroxamic acid Nitroethane Glycine

C2H6N2 C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H7AsO2

Ethanimidamide Ethanol 2-Mercaptoethanol Ethyleneglycol Dimethylarsinic acid

C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H7NO3S

Ethylamine Dimethylamine Ethanolamine

C2H7NS

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid Cysteamine

C2H7N5

Biguanide

C2H8N2

1,2-Ethanediamine

C2H8O7P2

1-Hydroxy-1,1diphosphonoethane

C3H2O2 C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H3NO2 C3H3NS C3H3N3O3

2-Propynoic acid Oxazole Isoxazole Cyanoacetic acid Thiazole Cyanuric acid

C3H4N2 C3H4N2

1H-Pyrazole Imidazole

Step

1 2

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 4

1 2 3

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25

25 33 25 25 25

25 25

pKa 15.1 8.70 8.46 2.35 9.78 12.1 15.5 9.72 15.1 1.57 6.27 10.65 10.73 9.50 1.5 9.06 8.27 10.53 11.52 2.93 9.92 6.86 1.35 2.87 7.03 11.3 1.84 0.8 -2.0 2.47 2.52 6.88 11.40 13.5 2.49 6.99

8-42

Section 8.indb 42

4/30/05 8:46:46 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form. C3H4N2S C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H4O4

Name 2-Thiazolamine Propargyl alcohol Acrylic acid Pyruvic acid Malonic acid

C3H4O5

Hydroxypropanedioic acid 3-Bromopropanoic acid 2-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Aminopropanenitrile

C3H5BrO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H5ClO2 C3H6N2 C3H6N6 C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6O3 C3H6O4 C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO2

1,3,5-Triazine-2,4,6triamine Allyl alcohol Propanoic acid (Methylthio)acetic acid Lactic acid 3-Hydroxypropanoic acid Glyceric acid Allylamine Azetidine 2-Propanone oxime L-Alanine

C3H7NO2

β-Alanine

C3H7NO2

Sarcosine

C3H7NO2S

L-Cysteine

C3H7NO3

L-Serine

C3H7NO5S

DL-Cysteic acid

C3H7N3O2 C3H8O2

Glycocyamine

C3H8O3 C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9NO C3H9NO C3H10N2

Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine 2-Methoxyethylamine Trimethylamine oxide 1,2-Propanediamine, (±)

C3H10N2

1,3-Propanediamine

C3H10N2O

1,3-Diamino-2-propanol

C3H11N3

1,2,3-Triaminopropane

C4H4FN3O C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2O2 C4H4N2O3 C4H4N2O5

Flucytosine Pyrazine Pyrimidine Pyridazine Uracil Barbituric acid Alloxanic acid

Section 8.indb 43

Step

1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20 25 25 25 25 25

25 25 25 20 25

pKa 5.36 13.6 4.25 2.39 2.85 5.70 2.42 4.54 4.00 2.83 3.98 7.80 5.00

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

15.5 4.87 3.66 3.86 4.51 3.52 9.49 11.29 12.42 2.34 9.87 3.55 10.24 2.21 10.1 1.5 8.7 10.2 2.19 9.21 1.3 1.9 8.70 2.82 14.8

25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20

14.15 10.54 10.63 9.80 9.40 4.65 9.82 6.61 10.55 8.88 9.69 7.93 9.59 7.95 3.26 0.65 1.23 2.24 9.45 4.01 6.64

20 20 20 25 25 25

8-43 Mol. form. C4H4N4O2 C4H4O2 C4H4O4

Name 5-Nitropyrimidinamine 2-Butynoic acid Maleic acid

C4H4O4

Fumaric acid

C4H4O5

Oxaloacetic acid

C4H5N C4H5NO2 C4H5N3 C4H5N3 C4H5N3O

Pyrrole Succinimide 2-Pyrimidinamine 4-Pyrimidinamine Cytosine

C4H5N3O2 C4H6N2 C4H6N4O3 C4H6N4O3S2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6O4

6-Methyl-1,2,4-triazine3,5(2H,4H)-dione 1-Methylimidazol Allantoin Acetazolamide trans-Crotonic acid 3-Butenoic acid Cyclopropanecarboxylic acid 2-Oxobutanoic acid Acetoacetic acid Succinic acid

C4H6O4

Methylmalonic acid

C4H6O5

Malic acid

C4H6O6

DL-Tartaric acid

C4H6O6

meso-Tartaric acid

C4H6O6

L-Tartaric acid

C4H6O8 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7ClO2 C4H7NO2 C4H7NO3 C4H7NO4

Dihydroxytartaric acid 2-Chlorobutanoic acid 3-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Chlorobutanoic acid 4-Cyanobutanoic acid N-Acetylglycine Iminodiacetic acid

C4H7NO4

L-Aspartic acid

C4H7N3O

Creatinine

C4H7N5 C4H8N2O3

2,4,6-Pyrimidinetriamine L-Asparagine

C4H8N2O3

N-Glycylglycine

C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H8O3 C4H9N

Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid 3-Hydroxybutanoic acid, (±) 4-Hydroxybutanoic acid Ethoxyacetic acid Pyrrolidine

Step

1 2 1 2 1 2 3

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20

pKa 0.35 2.62 1.92 6.23 3.02 4.38 2.55 4.37 13.03 -3.8 9.62 3.45 5.71 4.60 12.16 7.6

25 25

6.95 8.96 7.2 4.69 4.34 4.83 2.50 3.6 4.21 5.64 3.07 5.76 3.40 5.11 3.03 4.37 3.17 4.91 2.98 4.34 1.92 2.86 4.05 4.52 2.42 3.67 2.98 9.89 1.99 3.90 9.90 4.8 9.2 6.84 2.1 8.80 3.14 8.17 4.83 4.84 4.70 4.72 3.65 11.31

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25

25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 18 25

4/30/05 8:46:48 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

8-44 Mol. form. C4H9NO C4H9NO2

Name Morpholine 2-Methylalanine

C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2

N,N-Dimethylglycine DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

4-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2S

DL-Homocysteine

C4H9NO3

L-Threonine

C4H9NO3

L-Homoserine

C4H9N3O2

Creatine

C4H10N2

Piperazine

C4H10N2O2

2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

C4H10O4 C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO3

1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Diethylamine

C4H12N2

Tris(hydroxymethyl) methylamine 1,4-Butanediamine

C5H4BrN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4ClN C5H4FN C5H4N2O2 C5H4N4

3-Bromopyridine 2-Chloropyridine 3-Chloropyridine 4-Chloropyridine 2-Fluoropyridine 4-Nitropyridine 1H-Purine

C5H4N4O C5H4N4O C5H4N4O3 C5H4N4S

Hypoxanthine Allopurinol Uric acid

C5H4O2S C5H4O2S C5H4O3 C5H4O3 C5H5N C5H5NO

1,7-Dihydro-6Hpurine-6-thione 2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 3-Thiophenecarboxylic acid 2-Furancarboxylic acid 3-Furancarboxylic acid Pyridine 2-Pyridinol

C5H5NO

3-Pyridinol

C5H5NO

4-Pyridinol

C5H5NO

2(1H)-Pyridinone

C5H5NO C5H5NO2

Pyridine-1-oxide

Section 8.indb 44

1H-Pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20

1 2

1 2

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 12

25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 24 20

pKa 8.50 2.36 10.21 9.89 2.29 9.83 4.031 10.556 2.22 8.87 10.86 2.09 9.10 2.71 9.62 2.63 14.3 9.73 5.33 1.85 8.24 10.44 13.9 10.60 10.56 10.68 10.84 8.3 10.80 9.63 2.84 0.49 2.81 3.83 -0.44 1.61 2.30 8.96 8.7 10.2 3.89 7.77 11.17 3.49 4.1 3.16 3.9 5.23 0.75 11.65 4.79 8.75 3.20 11.12 0.75 11.65 0.79 4.45

Mol. form. C5H5NO2 C5H5N3O C5H5N5

Name

1H-Pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid Pyrazinecarboxamide Adenine

C5H5N5O C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6N2O2 C5H6O4

Guanine 2-Pyridinamine 3-Pyridinamine 4-Pyridinamine 2-Methylpyrazine Thymine

C5H6O4

trans-1-Propene-1,2dicarboxylic acid

C5H6O4 C5H6O5 C5H7NO3

1,1-Cyclopropanedicarboxylic acid

1-Propene-2,3dicarboxylic acid 2-Oxoglutaric acid

C5H7NO3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3 C5H7N3O4 C5H8N2 C5H8N4O3S2 C5H8O2 C5H8O4 C5H8O4

5,5-Dimethyl-2,4oxazolidinedione L-Pyroglutamic acid 2,5-Pyridinediamine Methylaminopyrazine Azaserine 2,4-Dimethylimidazole Methazolamide trans-3-Pentenoic acid Dimethylmalonic acid Glutaric acid

C5H8O4

Methylsuccinic acid

C5H9NO2

L-Proline

C5H9NO3 C5H9NO3

5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid trans-4-Hydroxyproline

C5H9NO4

L-Glutamic acid

C5H9N3

Histamine

C5H10N2O3 C5H10N2O3

Glycylalanine L-Glutamine

C5H10N2O4

Glycylserine

C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O4 C5H10O5 C5H10O5 C5H11N C5H11N C5H11NO C5H11NO2

Pentanoic acid 2-Methylbutanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid 2,2-Dimethylpropanoic acid D-2-Deoxyribose L-Ribose D-Xylose Piperidine N-Methylpyrrolidine 4-Methylmorpholine L-Valine

Step

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20

pKa 5.00

40 20 25 25 27 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 37

0.5 4.3 9.83 9.92 6.82 6.04 9.11 1.45 9.94 1.82 7.43 3.09 4.75 3.85 5.45 2.47 4.68 6.13

25 20 25 25

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2

25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25 25 20 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 25

3.32 6.48 3.39 8.55 8.36 7.30 4.51 3.15 4.32 5.42 4.13 5.64 1.95 10.64 4.05 8.90 1.82 9.66 2.13 4.31 9.67 6.04 9.75 3.15 2.17 9.13 2.98 8.38 4.83 4.80 4.77 5.03 12.61 12.22 12.14 11.123 10.46 7.38 2.29 9.74

4/30/05 8:46:49 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form. C5H11NO2

Name DL-Norvaline

C5H11NO2

L-Norvaline

C5H11NO2

N-Propylglycine

C5H11NO2

5-Aminopentanoic acid

C5H11NO2 C5H11NO2S

Betaine L-Methionine

C5H12N2O C5H12N2O2

Tetramethylurea L-Ornithine

C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H13N C5H14NO C5H14N2

Pentylamine 3-Pentanamine 3-Methyl-1-butanamine 2-Methyl-2-butanamine 2,2-Dimethylpropylamine Diethylmethylamine Choline 1,5-Pentanediamine

C6H3Cl3N2O2 C6H3N3O7 C6H4Cl2O C6H4N2O5 C6H4N2O5 C6H4N4 C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5BrO C6H5Br2N C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5ClO C6H5Cl2N C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5FO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5IO C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO2 C6H5NO2

4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro2-pyridinecarboxlic acid 2,4,6-Trinitrophenol 2,3-Dichlorophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol 2,5-Dinitrophenol Pteridine 2-Bromophenol 3-Bromophenol 4-Bromophenol 3,5-Dibromoaniline 2-Chlorophenol 3-Chlorophenol 4-Chlorophenol 2,4-Dichloroaniline 2-Fluorophenol 3-Fluorophenol 4-Fluorophenol 2-Iodophenol 3-Iodophenol 4-Iodophenol 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Nitrobenzene 2-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

C6H5NO2

3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

C6H5NO2

4-Pyridinecarboxylic acid

C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5NO3 C6H5N3 C6H5N5O

2-Nitrophenol 3-Nitrophenol 4-Nitrophenol 1H-Benzotriazole

C6H5N5O2

Section 8.indb 45

2-Amino-4hydroxypteridine Xanthopterin

Step 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 2

t/°C

25 25 25 25 25 25 0 25 25 25 25 25 25 17 25 19 25 25 25 25 25

24 25 25 15 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 22 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 30 0 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20

pKa 2.36 9.72 2.32 9.81 2.35 10.19 4.27 10.77 1.83 2.13 9.27 2 1.71 8.69 10.76 10.63 10.59 10.60 10.85 10.15 10.35 13.9 10.05 10.93 3.6 0.42 7.44 4.07 5.15 4.05 8.45 9.03 9.37 2.34 8.56 9.12 9.41 2.05 8.73 9.29 9.89 8.51 9.03 9.33 12.68 12.05 3.98 0.99 5.39 2.00 4.82 1.77 4.84 7.23 8.36 7.15 1.6 2.27 7.96 6.59

8-45 Mol. form. C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6BrN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6ClN C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6FN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6IN C6H6N2O C6H6N2O

Name 2-Bromoaniline 3-Bromoaniline 4-Bromoaniline 2-Chloroaniline 3-Chloroaniline 4-Chloroaniline 2-Fluoroaniline 3-Fluoroaniline 4-Fluoroaniline 2-Iodoaniline 3-Iodoaniline 4-Iodoaniline 3-Pyridinecarboxamide

C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6N2O2 C6H6O C6H6O2

2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde oxime 2-Nitroaniline 3-Nitroaniline 4-Nitroaniline Phenol p-Hydroquinone

C6H6O2

Pyrocatechol

C6H6O2

Resorcinol

C6H6O2S C6H6O3S C6H6O4

Benzenesulfinic acid Benzenesulfonic acid

C6H6O4S C6H6O4S C6H6O6 C6H6O6

1 2 1 2 1 2

3-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 4-Hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid cis-1-Propene-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid

C6H6S C6H7BO2 C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7NO C6H7NO

3-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

4-Aminophenol

C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO C6H7NO3S

2-Methoxypyridine 3-Methoxypyridine 4-Methoxypyridine

C6H7NO3S

3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

C6H8N2 C6H8N2

1 2

5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4-one

trans-1-Propene-1,2,3tricarboxylic acid Benzenethiol Benzeneboronic acid Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 2-Aminophenol

C6H7NO3S

Step 3

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid N-Methylpyridinamine o-Phenylenediamine

1

t/°C 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 25

pKa 9.31 2.53 3.53 3.89 2.66 3.52 3.98 3.20 3.59 4.65 2.54 3.58 3.81 3.3 3.59 10.18 -0.25 2.46 1.02 9.99 9.85 11.4 9.34 12.6 9.32 11.1 1.3 0.70 7.9

25

9.07

25

9.11

25

1.95

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 25 25 25

2.80 4.46 6.62 8.83 4.87 6.00 5.70 5.99 4.78 9.97 4.37 9.82 5.48 10.30 3.28 4.78 6.58 2.46

25

3.74

25

3.23

20 20

9.65 4.57

4/30/05 8:46:51 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

8-46 Mol. form.

Name

C6H8N2

m-Phenylenediamine

C6H8N2

p-Phenylenediamine

C6H8N2 C6H8O2 C6H8O2 C6H8O4

Phenylhydrazine 2,4-Hexadienoic acid 1,3-Cyclohexanedione

C6H8O6

2,2-Dimethyl-1,3dioxane-4,6-dione L-Ascorbic acid

C6H8O7

Citric acid

C6H8O7

Isocitric acid

C6H9NO6

Nitrilotriacetic acid

C6H9NO6

L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid

C6H9N3

4,6-Dimethylpyrimidinamine L-Histidine

C6H9N3O2 C6H10O2 C6H10O3 C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11NO2

Cyclopentanecarboxylic acid Ethyl acetoacetate 3-Methylglutaric acid Adipic acid

C6H11NO3 C6H11NO4

2-Piperidinecarboxylic acid Adipamic acid 2-Aminoadipic acid

C6H11N3O4

N-(N-Glycylglycyl)glycine

C6H11N3O4

Glycylasparagine

C6H12N2

Triethylenediamine

C6H12N2O4S2

L-Cystine

C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H13N C6H13N C6H13N C6H13NO

Hexanoic acid 4-Methylpentanoic acid β-D-Fructose α-D-Glucose D-Mannose Cyclohexylamine 1-Methylpiperidine 1,2-Dimethylpyrrolidine N-Ethylmorpholine

Section 8.indb 46

Step 2 1 2 1 2

t/°C 20 20 20 20 20 15 25 25

pKa 0.80 5.11 2.50 6.31 2.97 8.79 4.76 5.26 5.1

1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 4

25 16 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 20

4.04 11.7 3.13 4.76 6.40 3.29 4.71 6.40 3.03 3.07 10.70 1.7 3.2 4.75 9.9 4.82

1 2 3

25 25 25 25

1.80 6.04 9.33 4.99

25 25 18 18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18

10.68 4.24 4.41 5.41 2.28 10.72 4.63 2.14 4.21 9.77 3.225 8.09 2.942 8.44 3.0 8.7 1 2.1 8.02 8.71 4.85 4.84 12.27 12.46 12.08 10.64 10.38 10.20 7.67

1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 4

25 18 25 25 25 25 25 26 25

Mol. form. C6H13NO2

L-Leucine

C6H13NO2

L-Isoleucine

C6H13NO2

L-Norleucine

C6H13NO2

6-Aminohexanoic acid

C6H13NO4

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine Citrulline

C6H13N3O3 C6H14N2 C6H14N2 C6H14N2

Name

cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine

C6H14N2O2

cis-2,5-Dimethylpiperazine L-Lysine

C6H14N4O2

L-Arginine

C6H14O6 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C6H16N2

D-Mannitol Hexylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Triethanolamine 1,6-Hexanediamine

C6H16N2

N,N,N’,N’-Tetramethyl1,2-ethanediamine Hexamethyldisilazane Pentafluorobenzoic acid

C6H19NSi2 C7HF5O2 C7H3Br2NO C7H3N3O8 C7H4Cl3NO3 C7H4N2O6 C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5BrO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5ClO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5FO2 C7H5F3O C7H5F3O C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5IO2 C7H5NO C7H5NO C7H5NO C7H5NO3S C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4

3,5-Dibromo-4hydroxybenzonitrile 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid Triclopyr 2,4-Dinitrobenzoic acid 2-Bromobenzoic acid 3-Bromobenzoic acid 4-Bromobenzoic acid 2-Chlorobenzoic acid 3-Chlorobenzoic acid 4-Chlorobenzoic acid 2-Fluorobenzoic acid 3-Fluorobenzoic acid 4-Fluorobenzoic acid 2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol 3-(Trifluoromethyl)phenol 2-Iodobenzoic acid 3-Iodobenzoic acid 4-Iodobenzoic acid 2-Hydroxybenzonitrile 3-Hydroxybenzonitrile 4-Hydroxybenzonitrile Saccharin 2-Nitrobenzoic acid 3-Nitrobenzoic acid 4-Nitrobenzoic acid

Step 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20

pKa 2.33 9.74 2.32 9.76 2.34 9.83 4.37 10.80 8.35

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3

25 25 20 20 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25 25 0 0 25 25

2.43 9.69 9.93 6.13 9.94 6.47 9.66 5.20 2.16 9.06 10.54 1.82 8.99 12.5 13.5 10.56 11.05 10.75 7.76 11.86 10.76 10.40 8.26 7.55 1.75 4.06

1 2 1 2

25

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 18 25 25 25

0.65 2.68 1.43 2.85 3.81 3.96 2.90 3.84 4.00 3.27 3.86 4.15 8.95 8.68 2.86 3.87 4.00 6.86 8.61 7.97 11.68 2.17 3.46 3.43

4/30/05 8:46:53 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form. C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4 C7H5NO4

Name

2,3-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2,4-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid 3,5-Pyridinedicarboxylic acid Chlorothiazide

C7H6ClN3O4S2 C7H6F3N C7H6F3N C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6N2 C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O2 C7H6O3

3-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 4-(Trifluoromethyl)aniline 1H-Benzimidazole 2-Aminobenzonitrile 3-Aminobenzonitrile 4-Aminobenzonitrile Benzaldehyde Benzoic acid Salicylaldehyde 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3

3-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O3

4-Hydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O4

2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O4 C7H6O4

2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O4 C7H6O5

3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O5 C7H7NO C7H7NO2

3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid Benzamide Aniline-2-carboxylic acid

C7H7NO2

Aniline-3-carboxylic acid

C7H7NO2

Aniline-4-carboxylic acid

C7H7NO3 C7H8ClN3O4S2

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid Hydrochlorothiazide

C7H8N4O2 C7H8N4O2 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8OS C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8O2 C7H8S C7H9N

Theobromine Theophylline o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol 4-(Methylthio)phenol 2-Methoxyphenol 3-Methoxyphenol 4-Methoxyphenol Benzenemethanethiol Benzylamine

Section 8.indb 47

Step 1 2 1

t/°C 25 25 25

pKa 2.43 4.78 2.15

1 2 1

25 25 25

2.16 4.76 2.80

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 19 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

6.85 9.45 3.49 2.45 5.53 0.77 2.75 1.74 14.90 4.204 8.37 8.98 7.61 2.98 13.6 4.08 9.92 4.57 9.46 3.11 8.55 14.0 2.97 4.48 8.83 12.6 4.04 1.68

25

4.41

25 25 25 25 25 25 25

˜13 2.17 4.85 3.07 4.79 2.50 4.87 3.25

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1

2,4,6-Trihydroxybenzoic acid

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1

18 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

7.9 9.2 7.89 8.77 10.29 10.09 10.26 9.53 9.98 9.65 10.21 9.43 9.34

8-47 Mol. form. C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NO C7H9NS C7H9NS C7H9N5

Name 2-Methylaniline 3-Methylaniline 4-Methylaniline N-Methylaniline 2-Ethylpyridine 2,3-Dimethylpyridine 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,5-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 3,4-Dimethylpyridine 3,5-Dimethylpyridine 2-Methoxyaniline 3-Methoxyaniline 4-Methoxyaniline 2-(Methylthio)aniline 4-(Methylthio)aniline 2-Dimethylaminopurine

C7H11N3O2

L-1-Methylhistidine

C7H11N3O2

L-3-Methylhistidine

C7H12O2 C7H12O4

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Heptanedioic acid

C7H12O4 C7H13NO4

Butylpropanedioic acid α-Ethylglutamic acid

C7H14O2 C7H14O6 C7H15N C7H15N C7H15NO3 C7H17N C7H17N C8H5NO2 C8H5NO2 C8H6N2 C8H6N2 C8H6N2 C8H6N2 C8H6N4O5 C8H6O3 C8H6O3 C8H6O4

Heptanoic acid α-Methylglucoside 1-Ethylpiperidine 1,2-Dimethylpiperidine,(±) Carnitine Heptylamine 2-Heptanamine 3-Cyanobenzoic acid 4-Cyanobenzoic acid Cinnoline Quinazoline Quinoxaline Phthalazine Nitrofurantoin 3-Formylbenzoic acid 4-Formylbenzoic acid Phthalic acid

C8H6O4

Isophthalic acid

C8H6O4

Terephthalic acid

C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO2 C8H7ClO3 C8H7ClO3 C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C8H7NO4 C8H8F3N3O4S2

2-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 3-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 4-Chlorobenzeneacetic acid 2-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 3-Chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 3-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid 4-Nitrobenzeneacetic acid Hydroflumethiazide

Step

1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 5 25 25 25 25 23 25 25 25 19 25 25 20 29 20 20 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 4.45 4.71 5.08 4.85 5.89 6.57 6.99 6.40 6.65 6.46 6.15 4.53 4.20 5.36 3.45 4.35 4.00 10.24 1.69 6.48 8.85 1.92 6.56 8.73 4.91 4.71 5.58 2.96 3.846 7.838 4.89 13.71 10.45 10.22 3.80 10.67 10.7 3.60 3.55 2.37 3.43 0.56 3.47 7.2 3.84 3.77 2.943 5.432 3.70 4.60 3.54 4.34 4.07 4.14 4.19 3.05 3.10 4.00 3.97 3.85 8.9

4/30/05 8:46:54 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

8-48 Mol. form. C8H8N2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O3 C8H8O4 C8H9NO C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H9NO2 C8H10BrN C8H10ClN C8H10ClN C8H10N2O2

Name 2-Methyl-1H-benzimidazole o-Toluic acid m-Toluic acid p-Toluic acid Benzeneacetic acid 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 1-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)ethanone 2-Methoxybenzoic acid 3-Methoxybenzoic acid 4-Methoxybenzoic acid Phenoxyacetic acid Mandelic acid

25 25

0.5 5.34

C9H6BrN C9H7ClO2

3-Bromoquinoline

25

5.10

C9H7ClO2

25

5.04

C9H7ClO2

trans-m-Chlorocinnamic acid

25 25

1.83 4.39 4.23

C9H7N C9H7N C9H7NO

trans-p-Chlorocinnamic acid Quinoline Isoquinoline 2-Quinolinol

20

3.83

C9H7NO

3-Quinolinol

20

4.39

C9H7NO

4-Quinolinol

25

2.62

C9H7NO

6-Quinolinol 8-Quinolinol

C9H7NO

7-Isoquinolinol

1 2 1 2

25 25 25 25

C9H7NO3 C9H7NO3 C9H7NO3 C9H7N7O2S C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8N2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2 C9H8O2

2-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 3-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid 4-Cyanophenoxyacetic acid Azathioprine 2-Quinolinamine 3-Quinolinamine 4-Quinolinamine 1-Isoquinolinamine 3-Isoquinolinamine cis-Cinnamic acid trans-Cinnamic acid

25 25

5.12 5.07 3.89 9.83 7.43 4.43 4.18 5.20 9.74 10.52 5.5 8.9 10.6 8.64 9.70 6.70 10.76 2.13 7.43 5.15

C9H7NO

1 2

25 25 25 25 25 28 25 28 25 25

25 15 15 25 25

6.84 5.4 4.52 3.80 3.80 3.18 3.25

2-(Methylamino)benzoic acid 3-(Methylamino)benzoic acid 4-(Methylamino)benzoic acid N-Phenylglycine 4-Bromo-N,Ndimethylaniline

1 2

3-Chloro-N,Ndimethylaniline 4-Chloro-N,Ndimethylaniline

C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO C8H11NO2

2-(2-Methoxyethyl)pyridine Dopamine

C8H11NO3

Norepinephrine

C8H11N3O6 C8H11N5

6-Azauridine Phenylbiguanide

C8H12N2O3 C8H12O2

Barbital

Section 8.indb 48

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

pKa 9.7 6.19 3.91 4.25 4.37 4.31 10.06 9.19 8.05 4.08 4.10 4.50 3.17 3.37 4.40

2,5-Hydroxybenzeneacetic acid Acetanilide

N,N-Dimethyl-3nitroaniline N-Ethylaniline N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline Benzeneethanamine 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 2-Ethoxyaniline 3-Ethoxyaniline 4-Ethoxyaniline 4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

C8H13NO2 C8H14O2S2 C8H14O4 C8H15NO C8H15NO C8H16N2O3 C8H16N2O3

Step 2 1

5,5-Dimethyl-1,3cyclohexanedione Arecoline Thioctic acid Octanedioic acid Tropine Pseudotropine N-Glycylleucine N-Leucylglycine

1 2

1

1

t/°C

Mol. form.

Name

C8H16N2O4S2

Homocystine

C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H17N C8H17N C8H17NO

Octanoic acid 2-Propylpentanoic acid 2-Propylpiperidine,(S) 2,2,4-Trimethylpiperidine

C8H19N C8H19N C8H19N C8H20N2

C9H8O4 C9H9Br2NO3 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9ClO2 C9H9I2NO3

trans-6-Propyl-3piperidinol,(3S) Octylamine N-Methyl-2-heptanamine Dibutylamine 1,8-Octanediamine

Step 2 1 2 3 4

30

1 2

trans-o-Chlorocinnamic acid

α-Methylenebenezeneacetic acid 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 3

3-(3-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

1

pKa 8.2 1.59 2.54 8.52 9.44 4.89 4.6 10.9 11.04 10.3

25 17 21 20 20 25 25

10.65 10.99 11.25 11.00 10.1 2.69 4.23

25

4.29

25

4.41

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 25 25 20 20 25 25 25

4.90 5.40 -0.31 11.76 4.28 8.08 2.23 11.28 5.15 8.90 4.91 9.81 5.68 8.90 2.98 3.03 2.93 8.2 7.34 4.91 9.17 7.62 5.05 3.88 4.44 4.35

20 20 20 20 20 25 25

3-(2-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid

3-(4-Chlorophenyl)propanoic acid L-3,5-Diiodotyrosine

t/°C 25 25 25 25 25 25

25

25

3.48 2.17 6.45 7.60 4.58

25

4.59

25

4.61

25

2.12

4/30/05 8:46:56 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form.

Name

C9H9NO3 C9H9NO4

N-Benzoylglycine

C9H9NO4

3-(4-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid Carbendazim Sulfathiazole L-3-Iodotyrosine

C9H9N3O2 C9H9N3O2S2 C9H10INO3 C9H10N2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H10O3

3-(2-Nitrophenyl)propanoic acid

2-Ethylbenzimidazole 3,5-Dimethylbenzoic acid Benzenepropanoic acid α-Methylbenzeneacetic acid α-Hydroxy-α-methylbenezeneacetic acid Methylclothiazide N-Allylaniline 1-Indanamine

C9H11Cl2N3O4S2 C9H11N C9H11N C9H11NO2 4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid Ethyl 4-aminobenzoate C9H11NO2 L-Phenylalanine C9H11NO2 C9H11NO3

L-Tyrosine

C9H11NO4

Levodopa

C9H12N2O2 C9H13N C9H13NO3

Tyrosineamide N-Isopropylaniline Epinephrine

C9H13N2O9P

5’-Uridylic acid

C9H13N3O5

Cytidine

C9H14ClNO C9H14N2O3 C9H14N3O8P

Phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride Metharbital 3’-Cytidylic acid

C9H14N4O3

Carnosine

C9H15NO3S

Captopril

C9H15N5O C9H16O4

Minoxidil Nonanedioic acid

C9H18O2 C9H19N C9H19N

Nonanoic acid N-Butylpiperidine

C9H21N C10H7NO2

Section 8.indb 49

Step 2 3

2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine Nonylamine 8-Quinolinecarboxylic acid

1 2 3

1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 4

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 1 2

t/°C 25 25 25 25

pKa 5.32 9.48 3.62 4.50

25

4.47

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

4.48 7.2 2.2 8.7 9.1 6.18 4.32 4.66 4.64 3.47

25 22

25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

9.4 4.17 9.21 6.03 11.49 2.5 2.20 9.31 2.20 9.11 10.1 2.32 8.72 9.96 11.79 7.33 5.77 8.66 9.95 6.4 9.5 4.22 12.5 9.44

25 25 25 23 25

8.45 0.8 4.28 6.0 2.73 6.87 9.73 3.7 9.8 4.61 4.53 5.33 4.96 10.47 11.07

25 25

10.64 1.82

20 20 20

8-49 Mol. form. C10H8O C10H8O C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9N C10H9NO C10H9NO C10H9NO2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H10O2 C10H12N2 C10H12N2O

Name 1-Naphthol 2-Naphthol 1-Naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine 2-Methylquinoline 4-Methylquinoline 5-Methylquinoline 5-Amino-1-naphthol 6-Methoxyquinoline 1H-Indole-3-acetic acid o-Methylcinnamic acid m-Methylcinnamic acid p-Methylcinnamic acid Tryptamine 5-Hydroxytryptamine

C10H12N2O5 C10H12N4O3 C10H12O

Dinoseb Dideoxyinosine

C10H12O2 C10H12O5 C10H13N5O4 C10H14N2

L-Nicotine

C10H14N5O7P

5’-Adenylic acid

C10H14O C10H14O C10H14O C10H15N C10H15N C10H15NO C10H15NO C10H17N3O6S

2-tert-Butylphenol 3-tert-Butylphenol 4-tert-Butylphenol N-tert-Butylaniline N,N-Diethylaniline d-Ephedrine l-Ephedrine l-Glutathione

C10H18N4O5

L-Argininosuccinic acid

C10H18O4

Sebacic acid

C10H19N C10H19N C10H21N C10H21N

Bornylamine Neobornylamine Butylcyclohexylamine

C11H8O2 C11H11N C11H12I3NO2 C11H12N2O2

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2

1,2,2,6,6-Pentamethylpiperidine Decylamine 1H-Perimidine 1-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid 2-Naphthalenecarboxylic acid Methyl-1-naphthylamine Iopanoic acid L-Tryptophan

t/°C 25 25 25 25 20 20 20 25 20 25 25 25 25 25 25

25

5,6,7,8-Tetrahydro-2naphthalenol Benzenebutanoic acid Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate Adenosine

C10H23N C11H8N2 C11H8O2

Step

1 2

pKa 9.39 9.63 3.92 4.16 5.83 5.67 5.20 3.97 5.03 4.75 4.50 4.44 4.56 10.2 9.8 11.1 4.62 9.12 10.48

25

4.76 8.11

25 25

25 25 25 30

3.6 12.4 8.02 3.12 3.8 6.2 10.62 10.12 10.23 7.00 6.57 10.139 9.958 2.12 3.59 8.75 9.65 1.62 2.70 4.26 9.58 4.59 5.59 10.17 10.01 11.23 11.25

25 20 25

10.64 6.35 3.69

25

4.16

27

3.67 4.8 2.46 9.41

25 25 25 25 25 10 10 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25

4/30/05 8:46:57 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases

8-50 Mol. form. C11H12N4O3S C11H13F3N2O3S C11H13NO3 C11H13N3O3S C11H14N2O

Name Sulfamethoxypyridazine Mefluidide Hydrastinine Sulfisoxazole Cytisine

C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H16N2O2

2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid Pilocarpine

C11H16N4O4 C11H17N

Pentostatin

C11H17NO3 C11H17N3O8 C11H18ClNO3 C11H18N2O3 C11H25N C11H26NO2PS C12H6Cl4O2S C12H8N2 C12H8N2 C12H10O C12H10O C12H10O C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N C12H11N3 C12H12N2

1,10-Phenanthroline Phenazine 2-Hydroxybiphenyl 3-Hydroxybiphenyl 4-Hydroxybiphenyl Diphenylamine 2-Aminobiphenyl 3-Aminobiphenyl 4-Aminobiphenyl 2-Benzylpyridine 4-Aminoazobenzene p-Benzidine

C12H12N2O3

Phenobarbital

C12H13N

1 2

Iocetamic acid

C12H14N4O2S C12H14N4O3S C12H17N3O4

Sulfacytine Agaritine

C12H20N2O2 C12H21N5O2S2

Aspergillic acid Nizatidine

C12H22O11 C12H22O11 C12H23N C12H27N C13H9N C13H9N C13H10N2 C13H10N2

Sucrose α-Maltose Dicyclohexylamine Dodecylamine Acridine Phenanthridine 9-Acridinamine 2-Phenylbenzimidazole

t/°C

25 25 25 25 25 25

25 25 25

1 2

1 2 1 2

25 20 25 25 25 25 25 18 18 25 25 20 20

25

N,N-Dimethyl-1naphthylamine N,N-Dimethyl-2naphthylamine Sulfamethazine

Section 8.indb 50

1 2

N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline Isoproterenol Tetrodotoxin Methoxamine hydrochloride Amobarbital Undecylamine Methylphosphonothioic acid S[2-[bis(1-isopropyl)amino]ethyl], O-ethylester Bithionol

C12H13I3N2O3 C12H13N

Step

25 1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2

25 21 25 20 20 20 25 25

pKa 6.7 4.6 11.38 5 6.11 13.08 3.54 4.20 4.38 1.6 6.9 5.2 7.24 8.64 8.76 9.2 8.0 10.63 7.9

4.82 10.50 4.84 1.20 10.01 9.64 9.55 0.79 3.83 4.25 4.35 5.13 2.82 4.65 3.43 7.3 11.8 4 4.83 4.566 7.4 2.65 6.9 3.4 8.86 5.5 2.1 6.8 12.7 12.05 10.4 10.63 5.58 5.58 9.99 5.23 11.91

Mol. form. C13H10O2 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C13H10O3 C13H11N3 C13H12Cl2O4 C13H12N2O C13H12N2O3S C13H13N C13H14N2O13 C13H15N3O3 C13H16ClNO C13H19NO4S C13H21N C13H29N C14H12F3NO4S2 C14H12O2 C14H12O3

Name 2-Phenylbenzoic acid 2-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid 4-Phenoxybenzoic acid 3,6-Acridinediamine Ethacrynic acid Harmine Sulfabenzamide 4-Benzylaniline Harmaline Imazapyr Ketamine

Step

25 25 1 2

4-[(Dipropylamino)sulfonyl]benzoic acid 2,6-Di-tert-butylpyridine (Tridecyl)amine Perfluidone α-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid

C14H18N4O3 C14H19NO2 C14H21N3O3S C14H22N2O3 C14H31N C15H10ClN3O3

α-Hydroxy-α-phenylbenezeneacetic acid Trimethoprim Methylphenidate Tolazamide Atenolol Tetradecylamine Clonazepam

C15H11I4NO4

L-Thyroxine

C15H14O3 C15H15NO2 C15H15N3O2

Fenoprofen Mefenamic acid Methyl Red

C15H17ClN4 C15H19NO2 C15H19N3O3

NeutralRed Tropacocaine Imazethapyr

C15H21N3O2

Physostigmine

C15H26N2

Sparteine

C15H33N C16H13ClN2O C16H14ClN3O C16H16N2O2

Pentadecylamine Valium Chlorodiazepoxide Lysergic acid

C16H17N3O4S

Cephalexin

C16H19N3O4S

Cephradine

C16H22N2

Lycodine

C16H35N C17H17NO2

Hexadecylamine Apomorphine

C17H19NO3 C17H19NO3

Piperine Morphine

C17H20N4O6

Riboflavin

t/°C 25 25 25 25 20

25 25 25

25

1 2 1 2 3

25

25 25 25

1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2

1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1

15

20 20 25

25

18 25 20

pKa 3.46 3.53 3.95 4.57 9.65 3.50 7.70 4.57 2.17 4.2 1.9 3.6 7.5 5.8 3.58 10.63 2.5 3.94 3.04 6.6 8.9 3.6 9.6 10.62 1.5 10.5 2.2 6.45 10.1 7.3 4.2 2.5 9.5 6.7 4.32 2.1 3.9 6.12 12.24 2.24 9.46 10.61 3.4 4.8 3.44 7.68 5.2 7.3 2.63 7.27 3.97 8.08 10.61 7.0 8.92 12.22 8.21 9.85 1.7

4/30/05 8:46:59 AM

Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases Mol. form.

Name

C17H20O6 C17H23NO3 C17H27NO4 C18H19ClN4

Mycophenolic acid Hyoscyamine Nadolol Clozapine

C18H21NO3 C18H21N3O C18H32O2 C18H33ClN2O5S C18H39N C19H10Br4O5S C19H14O5S C19H16ClNO4 C19H17N3O4S2 C19H20N2O2 C19H21N C19H21NO3 C19H22N2O

Codeine Dibenzepin Linoleic acid Clindamycin Octadecylamine Bromophenol Blue Phenol Red Indomethacin Cephaloridine Phenylbutazone Protriptyline Thebaine Cinchonine

C19H22N2O

Cinchonidine

C19H22N2O2 C19H22O6 C19H23N3O2 C19H23N3O2 C20H14O4 C20H21NO4 C20H23N C20H23N7O7

Cupreine Gibberellic acid Ergometrinine Ergonovine Phenolphthalein Papaverine Amitriptyline Folinic acid

C20H24N2O2

Quinine

C20H24N2O2

Quinidine

C20H26N2O2 C21H14Br4O5S C21H16Br2O5S C21H18O5S C21H21NO6 C21H22N2O2

Hydroquinine Bromocresol Green Bromocresol Purple CresolRed Hydrastine Strychnine

Section 8.indb 51

Step 2

t/°C 25 21

1 2

25

1 2 1 2

15

25

1 2 3 1 2 1 2

25 25 20 20

25

pKa 9.69 4.5 9.7 9.67 3.70 7.60 8.21 8.25 7.6 7.6 10.60 4.0 7.9 4.5 3.2 4.5 8.2 6.05 5.85 9.92 5.80 10.03 6.57 4.0 7.3 6.8 9.7 6.4 9.4 3.1 4.8 10.4 8.52 4.13 5.4 10.0 5.33 4.7 6.3 8.3 7.8 8.26

8-51 Mol. form. C21H23ClFNO2 C21H31NO4 C21H35N3O7

Name Haloperidol Furethidine Lisinopril

C22H18O4 C22H22FN3O2 C22H23NO7 C22H25NO6 C22H25N3O

o-Cresolphthalein Droperidol Noscapine Colchicine Benzpiperylon

C22H33NO2 C23H26N2O4

Atisine Brucine

C24H40O4 C24H40O5 C25H29I2NO3 C25H41NO9 C26H43NO6 C26H45NO7S C27H28Br2O5S C27H38N2O4 C29H32O13 C29H40N2O4

Deoxycholic acid Cholic acid Amiodarone Aconine Glycocholic acid Taurocholic acid Bromothymol Blue Verapamil Etoposide Emetine

C30H23BrO4 C30H48O3 C31H36N2O11

Bromadiolone Oleanolic acid Novobiocin

C32H32O13S C33H40N2O9 C34H47NO11 C36H51NO11 C37H67NO13 C43H58N4O12

Teniposide Reserpine Aconitine Veratridine Erythromycin Rifampin

C45H73NO15 C46H56N4O10 C46H58N4O9

Solanine Vincristine Vinblastine

Step

t/°C

1 2 3 4

1 2

20

1 2

25

1 2

21

1 2

1 2

1 2

15

pKa 8.3 7.48 2.5 4.0 6.7 10.1 9.4 7.64 7.8 12.36 6.73 9.13 12.2 6.04 11.07 6.58 6.4 6.56 9.52 4.4 1.4 7.0 8.6 9.8 5.77 6.64 4.04 2.52 4.3 9.1 10.13 6.6 5.88 9.54 8.8 1.7 7.9 6.66 5.4 5.4 7.4

4/30/05 8:47:00 AM

CONCENTRATIVE PROPERTIES OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS: DENSITY, REFRACTIVE INDEX, FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION, AND VISCOSITY This table gives properties of aqueous solutions of 66 substances as a function of concentration. All data refer to a temperature of 20°C. The properties are: Mass %: Mass of solute divided by total mass of solution, expressed as percent. m Molality (moles of solute per kg of water). c Molarity (moles of solute per liter of solution). Density of solution in g/cm3. ρ

Acetic acid Acetone Ammonia Ammonium chloride Ammonium sulfate Barium chloride Calcium chloride Cesium chloride Citric acid Copper sulfate Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA sodium) Ethanol Ethylene glycol Ferric chloride Formic acid D-Fructose D-Glucose Glycerol Hydrochloric acid Lactic acid Lactose

n

Index of refraction, relative to air, at a wavelength of 589 nm (sodium D line); the index of pure water at 20°C is 1.3330. Freezing point depression in °C relative to pure water. ∆ η Absolute (dynamic) viscosity in mPa s (equal to centipoise, cP); the viscosity of pure water at 20°C is 1.002 mPa s. Density data for aqueous solutions over a wider range of temperatures and pressures (and for other compounds) may be found in Reference 2. Solutes are listed in the following order:

Lithium chloride Magnesium chloride Magnesium sulfate Maltose Manganese(II) sulfate D-Mannitol Methanol Nitric acid Oxalic acid Phosphoric acid Potassium bicarbonate Potassium bromide Potassium carbonate Potassium chloride Potassium hydroxide Potassium iodide Potassium nitrate Potassium permanganate Potassium hydrogen phosphate Potassium dihydrogen phosphate Potassium sulfate 1-Propanol

2-Propanol Silver nitrate Sodium acetate Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bromide Sodium carbonate Sodium chloride Sodium citrate Sodium hydroxide Sodium nitrate Sodium phosphate Sodium hydrogen phosphate Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium thiosulfate Strontium chloride Sucrose Sulfuric acid Trichloroacetic acid Tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine Urea Zinc sulfate

References 1. Wolf, A. V., Aqueous Solutions and Body Fluids, Hoeber, 1966. 2. Söhnel, O., and Novotny, P., Densities of Aqueous Solutions of Inorganic Substances, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1985. Solute Acetic acid CH3COOH

Mass % 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

m/mol kg–1 0.084 0.168 0.340 0.515 0.694 0.876 1.063 1.253 1.448 1.647 1.850 2.271 2.711 3.172 3.655 4.163 4.697 5.259

c/mol L–1 0.083 0.166 0.333 0.501 0.669 0.837 1.006 1.175 1.345 1.515 1.685 2.028 2.372 2.718 3.065 3.414 3.764 4.116

ρ/g cm–3 0.9989 0.9996 1.0011 1.0025 1.0038 1.0052 1.0066 1.0080 1.0093 1.0107 1.0121 1.0147 1.0174 1.0200 1.0225 1.0250 1.0275 1.0299

n 1.3334 1.3337 1.3345 1.3352 1.3359 1.3366 1.3373 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3402 1.3416 1.3430 1.3444 1.3458 1.3472 1.3485 1.3498

∆/°C 0.16 0.32 0.63 0.94 1.26 1.58 1.90 2.23 2.56 2.89 3.23 3.91 4.61 5.33 6.06 6.81 7.57 8.36

η/mPa s 1.012 1.022 1.042 1.063 1.084 1.105 1.125 1.143 1.162 1.186 1.210 1.253 1.298 1.341 1.380 1.431 1.478 1.525

8-52

S08_15.indd 52

5/2/05 10:23:02 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 5.851 6.476 7.137 7.837 8.579 9.367 10.207 11.102 16.653 24.979 38.857 66.611 149.875 191.507 260.894 399.667 815.987

c/mol L–1 4.470 4.824 5.180 5.537 5.896 6.255 6.615 6.977 8.794 10.620 12.441 14.228 15.953 16.284 16.602 16.911 17.198 17.447

ρ/g cm–3 1.0323 1.0346 1.0369 1.0391 1.0413 1.0434 1.0454 1.0474 1.0562 1.0629 1.0673 1.0680 1.0644 1.0629 1.0606 1.0578 1.0538 1.0477

n 1.3512 1.3525 1.3537 1.3550 1.3562 1.3574 1.3586 1.3598 1.3653 1.3700 1.3738 1.3767 1.3771 1.3766 1.3759 1.3748 1.3734 1.3716

∆/°C 9.17 10.00 10.84 11.70 12.55 13.38

8-53

η/mPa s 1.572 1.613 1.669 1.715 1.762 1.812 1.852 1.912 2.158 2.409 2.629 2.720 2.386 2.240 2.036 1.813 1.535 1.223

Acetone (CH3)2CO

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

0.087 0.174 0.351 0.533 0.717 0.906 1.099 1.296 1.497 1.703 1.913

0.086 0.172 0.343 0.513 0.684 0.853 1.023 1.191 1.360 1.528 1.696

0.9975 0.9968 0.9954 0.9940 0.9926 0.9912 0.9899 0.9886 0.9874 0.9861 0.9849

1.3334 1.3337 1.3344 1.3352 1.3359 1.3366 1.3373 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3402

0.16 0.32 0.65 0.97 1.30 1.63 1.96 2.29 2.62 2.95 3.29

1.013 1.024 1.047 1.072 1.099 1.125 1.150 1.174 1.198 1.221 1.244

Ammonia NH3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.295 0.593 1.198 1.816 2.447 3.090 3.748 4.420 5.106 5.807 6.524 8.007 9.558 11.184 12.889 14.679 16.561 18.542 20.630 22.834 25.164

0.292 0.584 1.162 1.736 2.304 2.868 3.428 3.983 4.533 5.080 5.622 6.695 7.753 8.794 9.823 10.837 11.838 12.826 13.801 14.764 15.713

0.9960 0.9938 0.9895 0.9853 0.9811 0.9770 0.9730 0.9690 0.9651 0.9613 0.9575 0.9502 0.9431 0.9361 0.9294 0.9228 0.9164 0.9102 0.9040 0.8980 0.8920

1.3332 1.3335 1.3339 1.3344 1.3349 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3370 1.3376 1.3381 1.3393 1.3404 1.3416 1.3428 1.3440 1.3453 1.3465 1.3477 1.3490 1.3502

0.55 1.14 2.32 3.53 4.78 6.08 7.43 8.95 10.34 11.90 13.55 17.13 21.13 25.63 30.70 36.42 43.36 51.38 60.77 71.66 84.06

1.009 1.015 1.029 1.043 1.057 1.071 1.085 1.099 1.113 1.127 1.141 1.169 1.195 1.218 1.237 1.254 1.268 1.280 1.288

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

0.094 0.189 0.382 0.578 0.779 0.984 1.193 1.407

0.093 0.187 0.376 0.565 0.756 0.948 1.141 1.335

0.9998 1.0014 1.0045 1.0076 1.0107 1.0138 1.0168 1.0198

1.3340 1.3349 1.3369 1.3388 1.3407 1.3426 1.3445 1.3464

0.32 0.64 1.27 1.91 2.57 3.25 3.94 4.66

0.999 0.996 0.992 0.988 0.985 0.982 0.979 0.976

Ammonium chloride NH4Cl

Section 8.indb 53

4/30/05 8:47:03 AM

8-54 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

m/mol kg–1 1.626 1.849 2.077 2.549 3.043 3.561 4.104 4.674 5.273 5.903

c/mol L–1 1.529 1.726 1.923 2.320 2.722 3.128 3.537 3.951 4.368 4.789

ρ/g cm–3 1.0227 1.0257 1.0286 1.0344 1.0401 1.0457 1.0512 1.0567 1.0621 1.0674

n 1.3483 1.3502 1.3521 1.3559 1.3596 1.3634 1.3671 1.3708 1.3745 1.3782

∆/°C 5.40 6.16 6.95 8.60

η/mPa s 0.974 0.972 0.970 0.969 0.969 0.971 0.973 0.978 0.986 0.996

Ammonium sulfate (NH4)2SO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.038 0.076 0.154 0.234 0.315 0.398 0.483 0.570 0.658 0.748 0.841 1.032 1.232 1.441 1.661 1.892 2.134 2.390 2.659 2.943 3.243 3.561 3.898 4.257 4.638 5.045

0.038 0.076 0.153 0.231 0.309 0.389 0.469 0.551 0.633 0.716 0.800 0.971 1.145 1.323 1.504 1.688 1.876 2.067 2.262 2.460 2.661 2.866 3.073 3.284 3.499 3.716

1.0012 1.0042 1.0101 1.0160 1.0220 1.0279 1.0338 1.0397 1.0456 1.0515 1.0574 1.0691 1.0808 1.0924 1.1039 1.1154 1.1269 1.1383 1.1496 1.1609 1.1721 1.1833 1.1945 1.2056 1.2166 1.2277

1.3338 1.3346 1.3363 1.3379 1.3395 1.3411 1.3428 1.3444 1.3460 1.3476 1.3492 1.3523 1.3555 1.3586 1.3616 1.3647 1.3677 1.3707 1.3737 1.3766 1.3795 1.3824 1.3853 1.3881 1.3909 1.3938

0.17 0.33 0.63 0.92 1.21 1.49 1.77 2.05 2.33 2.61 2.89 3.47 4.07 4.69

1.008 1.014 1.027 1.041 1.057 1.073 1.090 1.108 1.127 1.147 1.168 1.210 1.256 1.305 1.359 1.421 1.490 1.566 1.650 1.743 1.847 1.961 2.086 2.222 2.371 2.530

Barium chloride BaCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

0.024 0.049 0.098 0.149 0.200 0.253 0.307 0.361 0.418 0.475 0.534 0.655 0.782 0.915 1.054 1.201 1.355 1.517 1.687

0.024 0.048 0.098 0.148 0.199 0.251 0.303 0.357 0.412 0.468 0.524 0.641 0.763 0.889 1.019 1.156 1.297 1.444 1.597

1.0026 1.0070 1.0159 1.0249 1.0341 1.0434 1.0528 1.0624 1.0721 1.0820 1.0921 1.1128 1.1342 1.1564 1.1793 1.2031 1.2277 1.2531 1.2793

1.3337 1.3345 1.3360 1.3375 1.3391 1.3406 1.3422 1.3438 1.3454 1.3470 1.3487 1.3520 1.3555 1.3591 1.3627 1.3664 1.3703 1.3741 1.3781

0.12 0.23 0.46 0.69 0.93 1.18 1.44 1.70 1.98 2.27 2.58 3.22 3.92 4.69

1.009 1.016 1.026 1.037 1.049 1.062 1.075 1.087 1.101 1.114 1.129 1.161 1.195 1.234 1.277 1.325 1.378 1.437 1.503

Calcium chloride CaCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.045 0.091 0.184

0.045 0.091 0.183

1.0024 1.0065 1.0148

1.3342 1.3354 1.3378

0.22 0.44 0.88

1.015 1.028 1.050

Section 8.indb 54

4/30/05 8:47:04 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Cesium chloride CsCl

Citric acid (HO)C(COOH)3

Section 8.indb 55

Mass % 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.279 0.375 0.474 0.575 0.678 0.784 0.891 1.001 1.229 1.467 1.716 1.978 2.253 2.541 2.845 3.166 3.504 3.862 4.240 4.642 5.068 5.522 6.007

c/mol L–1 0.277 0.372 0.469 0.567 0.667 0.768 0.872 0.976 1.191 1.413 1.641 1.878 2.122 2.374 2.634 2.902 3.179 3.464 3.759 4.062 4.375 4.698 5.030

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 64.0

0.030 0.060 0.121 0.184 0.247 0.313 0.379 0.447 0.516 0.587 0.660 0.810 0.967 1.131 1.304 1.485 1.675 1.876 2.087 2.310 2.546 2.795 3.060 3.341 3.640 3.960 4.301 4.667 5.060 5.483 5.940 8.910 10.560

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.026 0.053 0.106

8-55

ρ/g cm–3 1.0232 1.0316 1.0401 1.0486 1.0572 1.0659 1.0747 1.0835 1.1014 1.1198 1.1386 1.1579 1.1775 1.1976 1.2180 1.2388 1.2600 1.2816 1.3036 1.3260 1.3488 1.3720 1.3957

n 1.3402 1.3426 1.3451 1.3475 1.3500 1.3525 1.3549 1.3575 1.3625 1.3677 1.3730 1.3784 1.3839 1.3895 1.3951 1.4008 1.4066 1.4124 1.4183 1.4242 1.4301 1.4361 1.4420

∆/°C 1.33 1.82 2.35 2.93 3.57 4.28 5.04 5.86 7.70 9.83 12.28 15.11 18.30 21.70 25.30 29.70 34.70 41.00 49.70

η/mPa s 1.078 1.110 1.143 1.175 1.208 1.242 1.279 1.319 1.408 1.508 1.625 1.764 1.930 2.127 2.356 2.645 3.000 3.467 4.035 4.820 5.807 7.321 8.997

0.030 0.060 0.120 0.182 0.245 0.308 0.373 0.438 0.505 0.573 0.641 0.782 0.928 1.079 1.235 1.397 1.564 1.737 1.917 2.103 2.296 2.497 2.705 2.921 3.146 3.380 3.624 3.877 4.142 4.418 4.706 6.368 7.163

1.0020 1.0058 1.0135 1.0214 1.0293 1.0374 1.0456 1.0540 1.0625 1.0711 1.0798 1.0978 1.1163 1.1355 1.1552 1.1756 1.1967 1.2185 1.2411 1.2644 1.2885 1.3135 1.3393 1.3661 1.3938 1.4226 1.4525 1.4835 1.5158 1.5495 1.5846 1.7868 1.8842

1.3334 1.3337 1.3345 1.3353 1.3361 1.3369 1.3377 1.3386 1.3394 1.3403 1.3412 1.3430 1.3448 1.3468 1.3487 1.3507 1.3528 1.3550 1.3572 1.3594 1.3617 1.3641 1.3666 1.3691 1.3717 1.3744 1.3771 1.3800 1.3829 1.3860 1.3892 1.4076 1.4167

0.10 0.20 0.40 0.61 0.81 1.02 1.22 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.06 2.51 2.97 3.46 3.96 4.49

1.000 0.997 0.992 0.988 0.984 0.980 0.977 0.974 0.971 0.969 0.966 0.961 0.955 0.950 0.945 0.939 0.934 0.930 0.926 0.924 0.922 0.922 0.924 0.926 0.930 0.934 0.940 0.947 0.956 0.967 0.981 1.120 1.238

0.026 0.052 0.105

1.0002 1.0022 1.0063

1.3336 1.3343 1.3356

0.05 0.11 0.21

1.013 1.024 1.048

4/30/05 8:47:05 AM

8-56

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

Copper sulfate CuSO4

Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA sodium) Na2C10H14N2O8

Ethanol CH3CH2OH

Section 8.indb 56

Mass % 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

m/mol kg–1 0.161 0.217 0.274 0.332 0.392 0.453 0.515 0.578 0.710 0.847 0.991 1.143 1.301 1.468 1.644 1.829 2.024 2.231

c/mol L–1 0.158 0.211 0.265 0.320 0.374 0.430 0.485 0.541 0.655 0.771 0.889 1.008 1.130 1.254 1.380 1.508 1.639 1.772

ρ/g cm–3 1.0105 1.0147 1.0189 1.0232 1.0274 1.0316 1.0359 1.0402 1.0490 1.0580 1.0672 1.0764 1.0858 1.0953 1.1049 1.1147 1.1246 1.1346

n 1.3368 1.3381 1.3394 1.3407 1.3420 1.3433 1.3446 1.3459 1.3486 1.3514 1.3541 1.3569 1.3598 1.3626 1.3655 1.3684 1.3714 1.3744

∆/°C 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.65 0.76 0.88 1.00 1.12 1.38 1.66 1.95 2.26 2.57 2.88 3.21 3.55 3.89 4.25

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.031 0.063 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.330 0.400 0.472 0.545 0.620 0.696 0.854 1.020 1.193 1.375

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0

η/mPa s 1.073 1.098 1.125 1.153 1.183 1.214 1.247 1.283 1.357 1.436 1.525 1.625 1.740 1.872 2.017 2.178 2.356 2.549

0.031 0.063 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.399 0.471 0.543 0.618 0.694 0.850 1.013 1.182 1.360

1.0033 1.0085 1.0190 1.0296 1.0403 1.0511 1.0620 1.0730 1.0842 1.0955 1.1070 1.1304 1.1545 1.1796 1.2059

1.3339 1.3348 1.3367 1.3386 1.3405 1.3424 1.3443 1.3462 1.3481 1.3501 1.3520 1.3560 1.3601 1.3644 1.3689

0.08 0.14 0.26 0.37 0.48 0.59 0.70 0.82 0.93 1.05 1.18 1.45 1.75

1.017 1.036 1.084 1.129 1.173 1.221 1.276 1.336 1.400 1.469 1.543 1.701 1.889 2.136 2.449

0.015 0.030 0.045 0.061 0.076 0.092 0.108 0.124 0.140 0.157 0.173 0.190

0.015 0.030 0.045 0.060 0.075 0.090 0.106 0.121 0.137 0.152 0.168 0.184

1.0009 1.0036 1.0062 1.0089 1.0115 1.0142 1.0169 1.0196 1.0223 1.0250 1.0277 1.0305

1.3339 1.3348 1.3356 1.3365 1.3374 1.3383 1.3392 1.3400 1.3409 1.3418 1.3427 1.3436

0.07 0.14 0.21 0.27 0.33 0.40 0.46 0.52 0.58 0.65 0.71 0.77

1.017 1.032 1.046 1.062 1.077 1.093 1.109 1.125 1.142 1.160 1.178 1.197

0.109 0.219 0.443 0.671 0.904 1.142 1.385 1.634 1.887 2.147 2.412 2.960 3.534

0.108 0.216 0.432 0.646 0.860 1.074 1.286 1.498 1.710 1.921 2.131 2.551 2.967

0.9973 0.9963 0.9945 0.9927 0.9910 0.9893 0.9878 0.9862 0.9847 0.9833 0.9819 0.9792 0.9765

1.3333 1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3360 1.3367 1.3374 1.3381 1.3388 1.3395 1.3410 1.3425

0.20 0.40 0.81 1.23 1.65 2.09 2.54 2.99 3.47 3.96 4.47 5.56 6.73

1.023 1.046 1.095 1.140 1.183 1.228 1.279 1.331 1.385 1.442 1.501 1.627 1.761

4/30/05 8:47:06 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Ethylene glycol (CH2OH)2

Ferric chloride FeCl3

Section 8.indb 57

Mass % 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 4.134 4.765 5.427 6.122 6.855 7.626 8.441 9.303 10.215 11.182 12.210 13.304 14.471 15.718 17.055 18.490 20.036 21.706 32.559 50.648 86.824 195.355 249.620 340.062 520.946

c/mol L–1 3.382 3.795 4.205 4.613 5.018 5.419 5.817 6.212 6.601 6.987 7.370 7.747 8.120 8.488 8.853 9.213 9.568 9.919 11.605 13.183 14.649 15.980 16.225 16.466 16.697 16.920 17.133

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0

0.081 0.163 0.329 0.498 0.671 0.848 1.028 1.213 1.401 1.593 1.790 2.197 2.623 3.069 3.537 4.028 5.088 6.265 7.582 9.062 10.741 12.659 14.872 17.453 20.505 24.166

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

0.031 0.062 0.126 0.191 0.257 0.324

8-57

ρ/g cm–3 0.9739 0.9713 0.9687 0.9660 0.9632 0.9602 0.9571 0.9539 0.9504 0.9468 0.9431 0.9392 0.9352 0.9311 0.9269 0.9227 0.9183 0.9139 0.8911 0.8676 0.8436 0.8180 0.8125 0.8070 0.8013 0.7954 0.7893

n 1.3440 1.3455 1.3469 1.3484 1.3498 1.3511 1.3524 1.3535 1.3546 1.3557 1.3566 1.3575 1.3583 1.3590 1.3598 1.3604 1.3610 1.3616 1.3638 1.3652 1.3658 1.3650 1.3646 1.3642 1.3636 1.3630 1.3614

∆/°C 8.01 9.40 10.92 12.60 14.47 16.41 18.43 20.47 22.44 24.27 25.98 27.62 29.26 30.98 32.68 34.36 36.04 37.67 44.93

η/mPa s 1.890 2.019 2.142 2.259 2.370 2.476 2.581 2.667 2.726 2.768 2.803 2.829 2.846 2.852 2.850 2.843 2.832 2.813 2.547 2.214 1.881 1.542 1.475 1.407 1.342 1.273 1.203

0.080 0.161 0.322 0.484 0.646 0.809 0.972 1.136 1.299 1.464 1.628 1.959 2.292 2.626 2.962 3.300 3.981 4.669 5.364 6.067 6.776 7.491 8.212 8.939 9.671 10.406

0.9988 0.9995 1.0007 1.0019 1.0032 1.0044 1.0057 1.0070 1.0082 1.0095 1.0108 1.0134 1.0161 1.0188 1.0214 1.0241 1.0296 1.0350 1.0405 1.0460 1.0514 1.0567 1.0619 1.0670 1.0719 1.0765

1.3335 1.3339 1.3348 1.3358 1.3367 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3415 1.3425 1.3444 1.3464 1.3484 1.3503 1.3523 1.3564 1.3605 1.3646 1.3687 1.3728 1.3769 1.3811 1.3851 1.3892 1.3931

0.15 0.30 0.61 0.92 1.24 1.58 1.91 2.26 2.62 2.99 3.37 4.16 5.01 5.91 6.89 7.93 10.28 13.03 16.23 19.82 23.84 28.32 33.30 38.81 44.83 51.23

1.010 1.020 1.048 1.074 1.099 1.125 1.153 1.182 1.212 1.243 1.277 1.348 1.424 1.500 1.578 1.661 1.843 2.047 2.280 2.537 2.832 3.166 3.544 3.981 4.475 5.026

0.031 0.062 0.125 0.189 0.255 0.321

1.0025 1.0068 1.0153 1.0238 1.0323 1.0408

1.3344 1.3358 1.3386 1.3413 1.3441 1.3468

0.21 0.39 0.75 1.15 1.56 2.00

1.024 1.047 1.093 1.139 1.187 1.238

4/30/05 8:47:07 AM

8-58 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.394 0.464 0.536 0.610 0.685 0.841 1.004 1.174 1.353 1.541 1.947 2.398 2.901 3.468 4.110

c/mol L–1 0.388 0.457 0.526 0.597 0.669 0.817 0.969 1.126 1.289 1.457 1.810 2.189 2.595 3.030 3.496

ρ/g cm–3 1.0493 1.0580 1.0668 1.0760 1.0853 1.1040 1.1228 1.1420 1.1615 1.1816 1.2234 1.2679 1.3153 1.3654 1.4176

n 1.3496 1.3524 1.3552 1.3581 1.3611 1.3670 1.3730

∆/°C 2.48 2.99 3.57 4.19 4.85 6.38 8.22 10.45 13.08 16.14 23.79 33.61 49.16

η/mPa s 1.292 1.350 1.412 1.480 1.553 1.707 1.879 2.080 2.311 2.570 3.178 4.038 5.274 7.130 9.674

Formic acid HCOOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 28.0 36.0 44.0 52.0 60.0 68.0

0.109 0.219 0.443 0.672 0.905 1.143 1.387 1.635 1.889 2.149 2.414 2.962 3.537 4.138 4.769 5.431 8.449 12.220 17.070 23.535 32.587 46.166

0.109 0.217 0.436 0.655 0.876 1.097 1.320 1.544 1.768 1.994 2.221 2.678 3.139 3.605 4.074 4.548 6.481 8.477 10.529 12.633 14.813 17.054

0.9994 1.0006 1.0029 1.0053 1.0077 1.0102 1.0126 1.0150 1.0175 1.0199 1.0224 1.0273 1.0322 1.0371 1.0419 1.0467 1.0654 1.0839 1.1015 1.1183 1.1364 1.1544

1.3333 1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3371 1.3376 1.3382 1.3387 1.3397 1.3408 1.3418 1.3428 1.3437 1.3475 1.3511 1.3547 1.3581 1.3612 1.3641

0.21 0.42 0.82 1.24 1.67 2.10 2.53 2.97 3.40 3.84 4.27 5.19 6.11 7.06 8.08 9.11 13.10 17.65 22.93 29.69 38.26

1.006 1.011 1.017 1.195 1.032 1.039 1.046 1.052 1.058 1.064 1.070 1.082 1.094 1.106 1.119 1.132 1.179 1.227 1.281 1.340 1.410 1.490

D-Fructose C6H12O6

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0

0.028 0.056 0.113 0.172 0.231 0.292 0.354 0.418 0.483 0.549 0.617 0.757 0.904 1.057 1.218 1.388 1.566 1.753 1.950 2.159 2.379 2.612

0.028 0.056 0.112 0.168 0.225 0.283 0.340 0.399 0.458 0.517 0.576 0.697 0.820 0.945 1.072 1.201 1.332 1.465 1.600 1.738 1.878 2.020

1.0002 1.0021 1.0061 1.0101 1.0140 1.0181 1.0221 1.0262 1.0303 1.0344 1.0385 1.0469 1.0554 1.0640 1.0728 1.0816 1.0906 1.0996 1.1089 1.1182 1.1276 1.1372

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3373 1.3387 1.3402 1.3417 1.3431 1.3446 1.3461 1.3476 1.3507 1.3538 1.3569 1.3601 1.3634 1.3667 1.3700 1.3734 1.3768 1.3803 1.3839

0.05 0.10 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.78 0.90 1.03 1.16 1.43 1.71 2.01 2.32 2.64 3.05 3.43 3.82 4.20

1.015 1.028 1.054 1.080 1.106 1.134 1.165 1.198 1.232 1.270 1.309 1.391 1.483 1.587 1.703 1.837 1.986 2.154 2.348 2.562 2.817 3.112

Section 8.indb 58

4/30/05 8:47:08 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0

m/mol kg–1 2.859 3.122 3.402 3.700 4.019 4.361 4.728 5.124

c/mol L–1 2.164 2.312 2.461 2.613 2.767 2.925 3.084 3.247

ρ/g cm–3 1.1469 1.1568 1.1668 1.1769 1.1871 1.1975 1.2080 1.2187

n 1.3874 1.3911 1.3948 1.3985 1.4023 1.4062 1.4101 1.4141

∆/°C

8-59

η/mPa s 3.462 3.899 4.418 5.046 5.773 6.644 7.753 9.060

D-Glucose C6H12O6

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0

0.028 0.056 0.113 0.172 0.231 0.292 0.354 0.418 0.483 0.549 0.617 0.757 0.904 1.057 1.218 1.388 1.566 1.753 1.950 2.159 2.379 2.612 2.859 3.122 3.402 3.700 4.019 4.361 4.728 5.124 5.551 6.013 6.516 7.064 7.665 8.326

0.028 0.056 0.112 0.168 0.225 0.282 0.340 0.398 0.457 0.516 0.576 0.697 0.819 0.944 1.070 1.199 1.329 1.462 1.597 1.734 1.873 2.014 2.158 2.304 2.452 2.603 2.756 2.912 3.071 3.232 3.396 3.562 3.732 3.905 4.081 4.261

1.0001 1.0020 1.0058 1.0097 1.0136 1.0175 1.0214 1.0254 1.0294 1.0334 1.0375 1.0457 1.0540 1.0624 1.0710 1.0797 1.0884 1.0973 1.1063 1.1154 1.1246 1.1340 1.1434 1.1529 1.1626 1.1724 1.1823 1.1924 1.2026 1.2130 1.2235 1.2342 1.2451 1.2562 1.2676 1.2793

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3373 1.3387 1.3402 1.3417 1.3432 1.3447 1.3462 1.3477 1.3508 1.3539 1.3571 1.3603 1.3635 1.3668 1.3702 1.3736 1.3770 1.3805 1.3840 1.3876 1.3912 1.3949 1.3986 1.4024 1.4062 1.4101 1.4141 1.4181 1.4222 1.4263 1.4306 1.4349 1.4394

0.05 0.11 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.55 0.67 0.79 0.91 1.04 1.17 1.44 1.73 2.03 2.35 2.70 3.07 3.48 3.90 4.34 4.79

1.010 1.021 1.052 1.083 1.113 1.145 1.179 1.214 1.250 1.289 1.330 1.416 1.512 1.625 1.757 1.904 2.063 2.242 2.458 2.707 2.998 3.324 3.704 4.193 4.786 5.493 6.288 7.235 8.454 9.883 11.884 14.489 17.916 22.886 29.389 37.445

Glycerol CH2OHCHOHCH2OH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.055 0.110 0.222 0.336 0.452 0.572 0.693 0.817 0.944 1.074 1.207 1.481 1.768 2.068 2.384

0.054 0.109 0.218 0.327 0.438 0.548 0.659 0.771 0.883 0.996 1.109 1.337 1.568 1.800 2.035

0.9994 1.0005 1.0028 1.0051 1.0074 1.0097 1.0120 1.0144 1.0167 1.0191 1.0215 1.0262 1.0311 1.0360 1.0409

1.3336 1.3342 1.3353 1.3365 1.3376 1.3388 1.3400 1.3412 1.3424 1.3436 1.3448 1.3472 1.3496 1.3521 1.3547

0.07 0.18 0.41 0.63 0.85 1.08 1.32 1.56 1.81 2.06 2.32 2.88 3.47 4.09 4.76

1.011 1.022 1.048 1.074 1.100 1.127 1.157 1.188 1.220 1.256 1.291 1.365 1.445 1.533 1.630

Section 8.indb 59

4/30/05 8:47:09 AM

8-60

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

Mass % 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 72.0 76.0 80.0 84.0 88.0 92.0 96.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 2.715 3.429 4.223 5.110 6.108 7.239 8.532 10.024 11.764 13.820 16.288 19.305 23.075 27.923 34.387 43.436 57.009 79.632 124.878 260.615

c/mol L–1 2.271 2.752 3.242 3.742 4.252 4.771 5.300 5.838 6.385 6.944 7.512 8.092 8.680 9.277 9.884 10.498 11.121 11.753 12.392 13.039 13.694

ρ/g cm–3 1.0459 1.0561 1.0664 1.0770 1.0876 1.0984 1.1092 1.1200 1.1308 1.1419 1.1530 1.1643 1.1755 1.1866 1.1976 1.2085 1.2192 1.2299 1.2404 1.2508 1.2611

n 1.3572 1.3624 1.3676 1.3730 1.3785 1.3841 1.3897 1.3954 1.4011 1.4069 1.4129 1.4189 1.4249 1.4310 1.4370 1.4431 1.4492 1.4553 1.4613 1.4674 1.4735

∆/°C 5.46 7.01 8.77 10.74 12.96 15.50

η/mPa s 1.737 1.988 2.279 2.637 3.088 3.653 4.443 5.413 6.666 8.349 10.681 13.657 18.457 27.625 40.571 59.900 84.338 147.494 384.467 780.458

Hydrochloric acid HCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.138 0.277 0.560 0.848 1.143 1.444 1.751 2.064 2.385 2.713 3.047 3.740 4.465 5.224 6.020 6.857 7.736 8.661 9.636 10.666 11.754 12.907 14.129 15.427 16.810 18.284

0.137 0.275 0.553 0.833 1.117 1.403 1.691 1.983 2.277 2.574 2.873 3.481 4.099 4.729 5.370 6.023 6.687 7.362 8.049 8.748 9.456 10.175 10.904 11.642 12.388 13.140

1.0007 1.0031 1.0081 1.0130 1.0179 1.0228 1.0278 1.0327 1.0377 1.0426 1.0476 1.0576 1.0676 1.0777 1.0878 1.0980 1.1083 1.1185 1.1288 1.1391 1.1492 1.1594 1.1693 1.1791 1.1886 1.1977

1.3341 1.3353 1.3376 1.3399 1.3422 1.3445 1.3468 1.3491 1.3515 1.3538 1.3561 1.3607 1.3653 1.3700 1.3746 1.3792 1.3838 1.3884 1.3930 1.3976 1.4020 1.4066 1.4112 1.4158 1.4204 1.4250

0.49 0.99 2.08 3.28 4.58 5.98 7.52 9.22 11.10 13.15 15.40 20.51

1.008 1.015 1.029 1.044 1.059 1.075 1.091 1.108 1.125 1.143 1.161 1.199 1.239 1.282 1.326 1.374 1.426 1.483 1.547 1.620 1.705 1.799 1.900 2.002 2.105

Lactic acid CH3CHOHCOOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0

0.056 0.112 0.227 0.343 0.463 0.584 0.709 0.836 0.965 1.098 1.233 1.514

0.055 0.111 0.223 0.334 0.447 0.560 0.673 0.787 0.902 1.017 1.132 1.365

0.9992 1.0002 1.0023 1.0043 1.0065 1.0086 1.0108 1.0131 1.0153 1.0176 1.0199 1.0246

1.3335 1.3340 1.3350 1.3360 1.3370 1.3380 1.3390 1.3400 1.3410 1.3420 1.3430 1.3450

0.10 0.19 0.38 0.57 0.76 0.95 1.16 1.36 1.57 1.79 2.02 2.49

1.014 1.027 1.056 1.084 1.110 1.138 1.167 1.198 1.229 1.262 1.296 1.366

Section 8.indb 60

4/30/05 8:47:10 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0 52.0 56.0 60.0 64.0 68.0 72.0 76.0 80.0

m/mol kg–1 1.807 2.115 2.437 2.775 3.506 4.317 5.224 6.244 7.401 8.722 10.247 12.026 14.129 16.652 19.736 23.590 28.546 35.154 44.405

c/mol L–1 1.600 1.837 2.076 2.318 2.807 3.305 3.811 4.325 4.847 5.377 5.917 6.466 7.023 7.588 8.161 8.741 9.328 9.922 10.522

ρ/g cm–3 1.0294 1.0342 1.0390 1.0439 1.0536 1.0632 1.0728 1.0822 1.0915 1.1008 1.1105 1.1201 1.1297 1.1392 1.1486 1.1579 1.1670 1.1760 1.1848

n 1.3470 1.3491 1.3511 1.3532 1.3573 1.3615 1.3657 1.3700 1.3743 1.3786 1.3828 1.3871 1.3914 1.3958 1.4001 1.4045 1.4088 1.4131 1.4173

∆/°C 2.99 3.48 3.96 4.44

8-61

η/mPa s 1.441 1.522 1.607 1.699 1.902 2.136 2.414 2.730 3.114 3.566 4.106 4.789 5.579 6.679 8.024 9.863 12.866 16.974 22.164

Lactose C12H22O11

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641

0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.119 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.304 0.367 0.432 0.498 0.565

1.0002 1.0021 1.0061 1.0102 1.0143 1.0184 1.0225 1.0267 1.0308 1.0349 1.0390 1.0473 1.0558 1.0648 1.0746

1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3375 1.3390 1.3406 1.3421 1.3437 1.3453 1.3468 1.3484 1.3515 1.3548 1.3582 1.3619

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.50

1.013 1.026 1.058 1.089 1.120 1.154 1.191 1.232 1.276 1.321 1.370 1.476 1.593 1.724 1.869

Lithium chloride LiCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.119 0.238 0.481 0.730 0.983 1.241 1.506 1.775 2.051 2.333 2.621 3.217 3.840 4.493 5.178 5.897 6.653 7.449 8.288 9.173 10.109

0.118 0.237 0.476 0.719 0.964 1.211 1.462 1.715 1.971 2.230 2.491 3.022 3.564 4.118 4.683 5.260 5.851 6.453 7.069 7.700 8.344

1.0012 1.0041 1.0099 1.0157 1.0215 1.0272 1.0330 1.0387 1.0444 1.0502 1.0560 1.0675 1.0792 1.0910 1.1029 1.1150 1.1274 1.1399 1.1527 1.1658 1.1791

1.3341 1.3351 1.3373 1.3394 1.3415 1.3436 1.3457 1.3478 1.3499 1.3520 1.3541 1.3583 1.3625 1.3668 1.3711 1.3755 1.3799 1.3844 1.3890 1.3936 1.3983

0.42 0.84 1.72 2.68 3.73 4.86 6.14 7.56 9.11 10.79 12.61 16.59 21.04

1.019 1.037 1.072 1.108 1.146 1.185 1.226 1.269 1.313 1.360 1.411 1.522 1.647 1.787 1.942 2.128 2.341 2.600 2.925 3.318 3.785

0.5 1.0 2.0

0.053 0.106 0.214

0.053 0.106 0.213

1.0022 1.0062 1.0144

1.3343 1.3356 1.3381

0.26 0.52 1.06

1.024 1.046 1.091

Magnesium chloride MgCl2

Section 8.indb 61

4/30/05 8:47:11 AM

8-62 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

m/mol kg–1 0.325 0.438 0.553 0.670 0.791 0.913 1.039 1.167 1.432 1.710 2.001 2.306 2.626 2.962 3.317 3.690 4.085 4.501

c/mol L–1 0.322 0.433 0.546 0.660 0.777 0.895 1.015 1.137 1.387 1.645 1.911 2.184 2.467 2.758 3.060 3.371 3.692 4.022

ρ/g cm–3 1.0226 1.0309 1.0394 1.0479 1.0564 1.0651 1.0738 1.0826 1.1005 1.1189 1.1372 1.1553 1.1742 1.1938 1.2140 1.2346 1.2555 1.2763

n 1.3406 1.3432 1.3457 1.3483 1.3508 1.3534 1.3560 1.3587 1.3641 1.3695 1.3749 1.3804 1.3859 1.3915 1.3972 1.4030 1.4089 1.4148

∆/°C 1.65 2.30 3.01

η/mPa s 1.139 1.188 1.241 1.298 1.358 1.423 1.493 1.570 1.745 1.956 2.207 2.507 2.867 3.323 3.917 4.694 5.709 7.017

Magnesium sulfate MgSO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

0.042 0.084 0.170 0.257 0.346 0.437 0.530 0.625 0.722 0.822 0.923 1.133 1.352 1.582 1.824 2.077 2.343 2.624 2.919

0.042 0.084 0.169 0.256 0.345 0.436 0.528 0.623 0.719 0.817 0.917 1.122 1.336 1.557 1.788 2.027 2.275 2.532 2.800

1.0033 1.0084 1.0186 1.0289 1.0392 1.0497 1.0602 1.0708 1.0816 1.0924 1.1034 1.1257 1.1484 1.1717 1.1955 1.2198 1.2447 1.2701 1.2961

1.3340 1.3350 1.3371 1.3391 1.3411 1.3431 1.3451 1.3471 1.3492 1.3512 1.3532 1.3572 1.3613 1.3654 1.3694 1.3735 1.3776 1.3817 1.3858

0.10 0.19 0.36 0.52 0.69 0.87 1.05 1.24 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.31 2.86 3.67

1.027 1.054 1.112 1.177 1.249 1.328 1.411 1.498 1.593 1.702 1.829 2.104 2.412 2.809 3.360 4.147 5.199 6.498 8.066

Maltose C12H22O11

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0

0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641 0.730 0.824 0.923 1.026 1.136 1.252 1.948

0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.119 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.303 0.367 0.431 0.497 0.564 0.631 0.700 0.770 0.842 0.914 0.988 1.375

1.0003 1.0023 1.0063 1.0104 1.0144 1.0184 1.0224 1.0265 1.0305 1.0345 1.0385 1.0465 1.0545 1.0629 1.0716 1.0801 1.0894 1.0984 1.1080 1.1171 1.1269 1.1769

1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3374 1.3389 1.3404 1.3420 1.3435 1.3450 1.3466 1.3482 1.3513 1.3546 1.3578 1.3612 1.3644 1.3678 1.3714 1.3749 1.3785 1.3821 1.4013

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.48 0.55 0.62 0.77 0.92 1.08 1.25 1.43 1.64 1.85 2.08 2.34 2.62 4.41

1.016 1.030 1.060 1.092 1.126 1.162 1.200 1.239 1.281 1.325 1.372 1.474 1.588 1.715 1.859 2.021 2.216 2.463 2.753 3.066 3.427 6.926

Section 8.indb 62

4/30/05 8:47:12 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0

m/mol kg–1 2.921 3.165 3.429 3.718 4.034 4.382

c/mol L–1 1.797 1.886 1.976 2.068 2.159 2.253

ρ/g cm–3 1.2304 1.2416 1.2528 1.2638 1.2740 1.2855

n 1.4217 1.4260 1.4308 1.4350 1.4394 1.4440

∆/°C

8-63

η/mPa s 17.786 22.034 28.757 38.226 49.298

Manganese(II) sulfate MnSO4

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0

0.067 0.135 0.205 0.276 0.349 0.423 0.498 0.576 0.655 0.736 0.903 1.078 1.261 1.454 1.656

0.067 0.135 0.204 0.275 0.347 0.421 0.495 0.572 0.650 0.729 0.893 1.063 1.240 1.424 1.616

1.0080 1.0178 1.0277 1.0378 1.0480 1.0583 1.0688 1.0794 1.0902 1.1012 1.1236 1.1467 1.1705 1.1950 1.2203

1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3402 1.3420 1.3438 1.3457 1.3475 1.3494 1.3513 1.3551 1.3589 1.3629 1.3668 1.3708

0.16 0.31 0.44 0.57 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.28 1.44 1.80 2.21 2.67 3.19 3.80

1.046 1.090 1.137 1.187 1.242 1.301 1.363 1.431 1.505 1.587 1.779 2.005 2.272 2.580 2.938

D-Mannitol CH2(CHOH)4CH2OH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0

0.028 0.055 0.112 0.170 0.229 0.289 0.350 0.413 0.477 0.543 0.610 0.678 0.749 0.820 0.894 0.969

0.027 0.055 0.110 0.166 0.222 0.279 0.336 0.393 0.451 0.509 0.567 0.626 0.686 0.746 0.806 0.867

1.0000 1.0017 1.0053 1.0088 1.0124 1.0159 1.0195 1.0230 1.0266 1.0302 1.0338 1.0375 1.0412 1.0450 1.0489 1.0529

1.3337 1.3345 1.3359 1.3374 1.3389 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3447 1.3462 1.3477 1.3491 1.3506 1.3521 1.3536 1.3552

0.05 0.10 0.21 0.32 0.43 0.54 0.66 0.77 0.90 1.02 1.15 1.28 1.41 1.55 1.69 1.84

1.019 1.032 1.057 1.081 1.107 1.135 1.166 1.200 1.236 1.275 1.314 1.355 1.398 1.443 1.489 1.537

Methanol CH3OH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

0.157 0.315 0.637 0.965 1.300 1.643 1.992 2.349 2.714 3.087 3.468 4.256 5.081 5.945 6.851 7.803 8.803 9.856 10.966 12.138 13.376

0.156 0.311 0.621 0.930 1.238 1.544 1.850 2.155 2.459 2.762 3.064 3.665 4.262 4.856 5.447 6.034 6.616 7.196 7.771 8.341 8.908

0.9973 0.9964 0.9947 0.9930 0.9913 0.9896 0.9880 0.9864 0.9848 0.9832 0.9816 0.9785 0.9755 0.9725 0.9695 0.9666 0.9636 0.9606 0.9576 0.9545 0.9514

1.3331 1.3332 1.3334 1.3336 1.3339 1.3341 1.3343 1.3346 1.3348 1.3351 1.3354 1.3359 1.3365 1.3370 1.3376 1.3381 1.3387 1.3392 1.3397 1.3402 1.3407

0.28 0.56 1.14 1.75 2.37 3.02 3.71 4.41 5.13 5.85 6.60 8.14 9.72 11.36 13.13 15.02 16.98 19.04 21.23 23.59 25.91

1.022 1.040 1.070 1.100 1.131 1.163 1.196 1.229 1.264 1.297 1.329 1.389 1.446 1.501 1.554 1.604 1.652 1.697 1.735 1.769 1.795

Section 8.indb 63

4/30/05 8:47:13 AM

8-64 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 14.688 16.078 17.556 19.129 20.807 31.211 46.816 72.826 124.844 280.899

c/mol L–1 9.470 10.028 10.580 11.127 11.669 14.288 16.749 19.040 21.144 23.045 24.710

ρ/g cm–3 0.9482 0.9450 0.9416 0.9382 0.9347 0.9156 0.8944 0.8715 0.8468 0.8204 0.7917

n 1.3411 1.3415 1.3419 1.3422 1.3425 1.3431 1.3426 1.3411 1.3385 1.3348 1.3290

∆/°C 28.15 30.48 32.97 35.60 38.60 54.50 74.50

η/mPa s 1.814 1.827 1.835 1.839 1.837 1.761 1.600 1.368 1.128 0.861 0.586

Nitric acid HNO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.080 0.160 0.324 0.491 0.661 0.835 1.013 1.194 1.380 1.570 1.763 2.164 2.583 3.023 3.484 3.967 4.476 5.011 5.576 6.172 6.801 7.468 8.175 8.927 9.727 10.580

0.079 0.159 0.320 0.483 0.648 0.814 0.982 1.152 1.324 1.498 1.673 2.030 2.395 2.768 3.149 3.539 3.937 4.344 4.760 5.185 5.618 6.060 6.512 6.971 7.439 7.913

1.0009 1.0037 1.0091 1.0146 1.0202 1.0257 1.0314 1.0370 1.0427 1.0485 1.0543 1.0660 1.0780 1.0901 1.1025 1.1150 1.1277 1.1406 1.1536 1.1668 1.1801 1.1934 1.2068 1.2202 1.2335 1.2466

1.3336 1.3343 1.3356 1.3368 1.3381 1.3394 1.3407 1.3421 1.3434 1.3447 1.3460 1.3487 1.3514 1.3541 1.3569 1.3596 1.3624 1.3652 1.3680 1.3708 1.3736 1.3763 1.3790 1.3817 1.3842 1.3867

0.28 0.56 1.12 1.70 2.32 2.96 3.63 4.33 5.05 5.81 6.60 8.27 10.08 12.04 14.16

1.004 1.005 1.007 1.010 1.014 1.018 1.022 1.027 1.032 1.038 1.044 1.058 1.075 1.094 1.116 1.141 1.169 1.199 1.233 1.271 1.311 1.354 1.400 1.450 1.504 1.561

Oxalic acid (COOH)2

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

0.056 0.112 0.169 0.227 0.285 0.343 0.403 0.463 0.523 0.585 0.709 0.836 0.966

0.056 0.111 0.167 0.224 0.281 0.337 0.395 0.452 0.510 0.568 0.684 0.802 0.920

1.0006 1.0030 1.0054 1.0079 1.0103 1.0126 1.0150 1.0174 1.0197 1.0220 1.0265 1.0310 1.0355

1.3336 1.3342 1.3347 1.3353 1.3359 1.3364 1.3370 1.3375 1.3381 1.3386 1.3397 1.3407 1.3418

0.16 0.30 0.44 0.57 0.71 0.84 0.97 1.09

1.013 1.023 1.033 1.044 1.055 1.065 1.076 1.086 1.097 1.108 1.129 1.150 1.172

Phosphoric acid H3PO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

0.051 0.103 0.208 0.316 0.425 0.537 0.651 0.768

0.051 0.102 0.206 0.311 0.416 0.523 0.631 0.740

1.0010 1.0038 1.0092 1.0146 1.0200 1.0254 1.0309 1.0363

1.3335 1.3340 1.3349 1.3358 1.3367 1.3376 1.3385 1.3394

0.12 0.24 0.46 0.69 0.93 1.16 1.38 1.62

1.010 1.020 1.050 1.079 1.108 1.138 1.169 1.200

Section 8.indb 64

4/30/05 8:47:14 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.887 1.009 1.134 1.392 1.661 1.944 2.240 2.551 2.878 3.223 3.585 3.968 4.373 4.802 5.257 5.740 6.254 6.803

c/mol L–1 0.850 0.962 1.075 1.304 1.538 1.777 2.022 2.273 2.529 2.791 3.059 3.333 3.614 3.901 4.194 4.495 4.803 5.117

ρ/g cm–3 1.0418 1.0474 1.0531 1.0647 1.0765 1.0885 1.1009 1.1135 1.1263 1.1395 1.1528 1.1665 1.1804 1.1945 1.2089 1.2236 1.2385 1.2536

n 1.3403 1.3413 1.3422 1.3441 1.3460 1.3480 1.3500 1.3520 1.3540 1.3561 1.3582 1.3604 1.3625 1.3647 1.3669 1.3691 1.3713 1.3735

∆/°C 1.88 2.16 2.45 3.01 3.76 4.45 5.25 6.23 7.38 8.69 10.12 11.64 13.23 14.94 16.81 18.85 21.09 23.58

8-65

η/mPa s 1.232 1.267 1.303 1.382 1.469 1.565 1.671 1.788 1.914 2.049 2.198 2.365 2.553 2.766 3.001 3.260 3.544 3.856

Potassium bicarbonate KHCO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.050 0.101 0.204 0.309 0.416 0.526 0.638 0.752 0.869 0.988 1.110 1.362 1.626 1.903 2.193 2.497 2.817 3.154

0.050 0.100 0.202 0.305 0.409 0.515 0.622 0.730 0.840 0.951 1.064 1.293 1.528 1.770 2.017 2.272 2.533 2.801

1.0014 1.0046 1.0114 1.0181 1.0247 1.0310 1.0379 1.0446 1.0514 1.0581 1.0650 1.0788 1.0929 1.1073 1.1221 1.1372 1.1527 1.1685

1.3335 1.3341 1.3353 1.3365 1.3376 1.3386 1.3397 1.3409 1.3419 1.3430 1.3441 1.3462 1.3484 1.3506 1.3528 1.3550 1.3572 1.3595

0.18 0.34 0.67 0.98 1.29 1.60 1.91 2.22 2.53 2.84 3.16 3.79 4.41

1.009 1.015 1.027 1.040 1.053 1.067 1.081 1.096 1.112 1.128 1.145 1.183 1.224 1.270 1.319 1.373 1.432 1.497

Potassium bromide KBr

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0

0.042 0.085 0.171 0.260 0.350 0.442 0.536 0.633 0.731 0.831 0.934 1.146 1.368 1.601 1.845 2.101 2.370 2.654 2.952 3.268 3.601 3.954 4.329

0.042 0.084 0.170 0.257 0.345 0.435 0.526 0.618 0.711 0.806 0.903 1.099 1.302 1.512 1.727 1.950 2.179 2.416 2.661 2.914 3.175 3.445 3.724

1.0018 1.0054 1.0127 1.0200 1.0275 1.0350 1.0426 1.0503 1.0581 1.0660 1.0740 1.0903 1.1070 1.1242 1.1419 1.1601 1.1788 1.1980 1.2179 1.2383 1.2593 1.2810 1.3033

1.3336 1.3342 1.3354 1.3366 1.3379 1.3391 1.3403 1.3416 1.3429 1.3441 1.3454 1.3481 1.3507 1.3535 1.3562 1.3591 1.3620 1.3650 1.3680 1.3711 1.3743 1.3776 1.3809

0.15 0.29 0.59 0.88 1.18 1.48 1.78 2.10 2.42 2.74 3.07 3.76 4.49 5.25 6.04 6.88 7.76 8.70 9.68 10.72 11.82 12.98

1.000 0.998 0.994 0.990 0.985 0.981 0.977 0.974 0.970 0.967 0.964 0.958 0.953 0.949 0.946 0.944 0.943 0.943 0.944 0.947 0.952 0.959 0.968

Section 8.indb 65

4/30/05 8:47:15 AM

8-66 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 36.0 38.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 4.727 5.150 5.602

c/mol L–1 4.012 4.311 4.620

ρ/g cm–3 1.3263 1.3501 1.3746

n 1.3843 1.3878 1.3914

∆/°C

η/mPa s 0.979 0.993 1.010

Potassium carbonate K2CO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 50.0

0.036 0.073 0.148 0.224 0.301 0.381 0.462 0.545 0.629 0.716 0.804 0.987 1.178 1.378 1.588 1.809 2.285 2.814 3.405 4.070 4.824 7.236

0.036 0.073 0.147 0.223 0.299 0.378 0.457 0.538 0.620 0.704 0.789 0.963 1.144 1.330 1.523 1.722 2.139 2.584 3.057 3.559 4.093 5.573

1.0027 1.0072 1.0163 1.0254 1.0345 1.0437 1.0529 1.0622 1.0715 1.0809 1.0904 1.1095 1.1291 1.1490 1.1692 1.1898 1.2320 1.2755 1.3204 1.3665 1.4142 1.5404

1.3339 1.3347 1.3365 1.3382 1.3399 1.3416 1.3433 1.3450 1.3467 1.3484 1.3501 1.3535 1.3569 1.3603 1.3637 1.3671 1.3739 1.3807 1.3874 1.3940 1.4006 1.4168

0.18 0.34 0.66 0.99 1.32 1.67 2.03 2.40 2.77 3.17 3.57 4.45 5.39 6.42 7.55 8.82 11.96 16.01 21.46 28.58 37.55

1.013 1.025 1.048 1.071 1.094 1.119 1.146 1.174 1.204 1.235 1.269 1.339 1.414 1.497 1.594 1.707 1.978 2.331 2.834 3.503 4.360 9.369

Potassium chloride KCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.067 0.135 0.274 0.415 0.559 0.706 0.856 1.010 1.166 1.327 1.490 1.829 2.184 2.555 2.944 3.353 3.783 4.236

0.067 0.135 0.271 0.409 0.549 0.691 0.835 0.980 1.127 1.276 1.426 1.733 2.048 2.370 2.701 3.039 3.386 3.742

1.0014 1.0046 1.0110 1.0174 1.0239 1.0304 1.0369 1.0434 1.0500 1.0566 1.0633 1.0768 1.0905 1.1043 1.1185 1.1328 1.1474 1.1623

1.3337 1.3343 1.3357 1.3371 1.3384 1.3398 1.3411 1.3425 1.3438 1.3452 1.3466 1.3493 1.3521 1.3549 1.3577 1.3606 1.3635 1.3665

0.23 0.46 0.92 1.38 1.85 2.32 2.80 3.29 3.80 4.30 4.81 5.88

1.000 0.999 0.999 0.998 0.997 0.996 0.994 0.992 0.990 0.989 0.988 0.990 0.994 0.999 1.004 1.012 1.024 1.040

Potassium hydroxide KOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0

0.090 0.180 0.364 0.551 0.743 0.938 1.138 1.342 1.550 1.763 1.980 2.431 2.902 3.395 3.913

0.089 0.179 0.362 0.548 0.736 0.929 1.124 1.322 1.524 1.729 1.938 2.365 2.806 3.261 3.730

1.0025 1.0068 1.0155 1.0242 1.0330 1.0419 1.0509 1.0599 1.0690 1.0781 1.0873 1.1059 1.1246 1.1435 1.1626

1.3340 1.3350 1.3369 1.3388 1.3408 1.3427 1.3445 1.3464 1.3483 1.3502 1.3520 1.3558 1.3595 1.3632 1.3670

0.30 0.61 1.24 1.89 2.57 3.36 4.14 4.92

1.010 1.019 1.038 1.058 1.079 1.102 1.126 1.151 1.177 1.205 1.233 1.294 1.361 1.436 1.521

Section 8.indb 66

4/30/05 8:47:16 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 40.0 50.0

m/mol kg–1 4.456 5.027 5.629 6.262 6.931 7.639 11.882 17.824

c/mol L–1 4.213 4.711 5.223 5.750 6.293 6.851 9.896 13.389

8-67

ρ/g cm–3 1.1818 1.2014 1.2210 1.2408 1.2609 1.2813 1.3881 1.5024

n 1.3707 1.3744 1.3781 1.3818 1.3854 1.3889 1.4068 1.4247

∆/°C

η/mPa s 1.619 1.732 1.861 2.006 2.170 2.357 3.879 7.892

Potassium iodide KI

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.030 0.061 0.123 0.186 0.251 0.317 0.385 0.453 0.524 0.596 0.669 0.821 0.981 1.147 1.322 1.506 1.699 1.902 2.117 2.343 2.582 2.835 3.103 3.388 3.692 4.016

0.030 0.061 0.122 0.184 0.248 0.312 0.377 0.443 0.511 0.579 0.648 0.790 0.937 1.088 1.244 1.405 1.571 1.744 1.922 2.106 2.297 2.495 2.700 2.913 3.134 3.364

1.0019 1.0056 1.0131 1.0206 1.0282 1.0360 1.0438 1.0517 1.0598 1.0679 1.0762 1.0931 1.1105 1.1284 1.1469 1.1659 1.1856 1.2060 1.2270 1.2487 1.2712 1.2944 1.3185 1.3434 1.3692 1.3959

1.3337 1.3343 1.3357 1.3370 1.3384 1.3397 1.3411 1.3425 1.3440 1.3454 1.3469 1.3498 1.3529 1.3560 1.3593 1.3626 1.3661 1.3696 1.3733 1.3771 1.3810 1.3851 1.3893 1.3936 1.3981 1.4027

0.11 0.22 0.43 0.64 0.86 1.08 1.30 1.53 1.77 2.01 2.26 2.77 3.30 3.87 4.46 5.09 5.76 6.46 7.21 8.01 8.86 9.76 10.72 11.73 12.81 13.97

0.999 0.997 0.991 0.986 0.981 0.976 0.969 0.963 0.957 0.951 0.946 0.937 0.929 0.921 0.915 0.910 0.905 0.901 0.898 0.895 0.892 0.891 0.890 0.890 0.893 0.897

Potassium nitrate KNO3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0

0.050 0.100 0.202 0.306 0.412 0.521 0.631 0.744 0.860 0.978 1.099 1.349 1.610 1.884 2.171 2.473 2.790 3.123

0.050 0.099 0.200 0.302 0.405 0.509 0.615 0.722 0.830 0.940 1.051 1.277 1.509 1.747 1.991 2.240 2.497 2.759

1.0014 1.0045 1.0108 1.0171 1.0234 1.0298 1.0363 1.0428 1.0494 1.0560 1.0627 1.0762 1.0899 1.1039 1.1181 1.1326 1.1473 1.1623

1.3335 1.3339 1.3349 1.3358 1.3368 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3415 1.3425 1.3444 1.3463 1.3482 1.3502 1.3521 1.3541 1.3561

0.17 0.33 0.64 0.94 1.22 1.50 1.76 2.02 2.27 2.52 2.75

0.999 0.996 0.990 0.986 0.983 0.980 0.977 0.975 0.973 0.971 0.970 0.970 0.972 0.976 0.982 0.990 0.999 1.010

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0

0.032 0.064 0.096 0.129 0.196 0.264

0.032 0.064 0.096 0.128 0.193 0.260

1.0017 1.0051 1.0085 1.0118 1.0186 1.0254

0.11 0.22 0.32 0.43

1.001 1.000 0.999 0.998 0.995 0.992

Potassium permanganate KMnO4

Section 8.indb 67

4/30/05 8:47:17 AM

8-68

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

Mass % 5.0 6.0

m/mol kg–1 0.333 0.404

c/mol L–1 0.327 0.394

ρ/g cm–3 1.0322 1.0390

n

∆/°C

η/mPa s 0.989 0.985

Potassium hydrogen phosphate K2HPO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

0.029 0.058 0.087 0.117 0.147 0.178 0.208 0.239 0.271 0.302 0.366 0.432 0.499

0.029 0.058 0.087 0.117 0.146 0.176 0.207 0.237 0.268 0.299 0.362 0.426 0.491

1.0025 1.0068 1.0110 1.0153 1.0195 1.0238 1.0281 1.0324 1.0368 1.0412 1.0500 1.0590 1.0680

1.3338 1.3345 1.3353 1.3361 1.3368 1.3376 1.3384 1.3392 1.3399 1.3407 1.3422 1.3438 1.3453

0.13 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.61 0.73 0.86 0.97 1.10 1.22 1.46 1.70 1.95

1.013 1.023 1.034 1.046 1.057 1.069 1.081 1.094 1.107 1.120 1.147 1.177 1.209

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

0.037 0.074 0.112 0.150 0.227 0.306 0.387 0.469 0.553 0.639 0.727 0.816

0.037 0.074 0.111 0.149 0.225 0.302 0.380 0.459 0.539 0.621 0.703 0.786

1.0018 1.0053 1.0089 1.0125 1.0197 1.0269 1.0342 1.0414 1.0486 1.0558 1.0630 1.0703

1.3336 1.3342 1.3348 1.3354 1.3365 1.3377 1.3388 1.3400 1.3411 1.3422 1.3434 1.3445

0.13 0.25 0.37 0.49 0.72 0.96 1.19 1.41 1.63 1.84 2.04 2.23

1.010 1.019 1.028 1.038 1.060 1.083 1.108 1.133 1.160 1.187 1.215 1.245

Potassium sulfate K2SO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

0.029 0.058 0.117 0.177 0.239 0.302 0.366 0.432 0.499 0.568 0.638

0.029 0.058 0.116 0.176 0.237 0.298 0.360 0.424 0.488 0.554 0.620

1.0022 1.0062 1.0143 1.0224 1.0306 1.0388 1.0470 1.0553 1.0637 1.0721 1.0806

1.3336 1.3343 1.3355 1.3368 1.3380 1.3393 1.3405 1.3417 1.3428 1.3440 1.3452

0.14 0.26 0.50 0.73 0.95 1.17

1.006 1.011 1.021 1.033 1.045 1.058 1.072 1.087 1.102 1.117 1.132

1-Propanol CH3CH2CH2OH

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0

0.168 0.340 0.515 0.693 0.876 1.062 1.252 1.447 1.646 1.849 2.269 2.709 3.169 3.652 4.160 5.254 6.471 7.830 9.359

0.166 0.331 0.496 0.660 0.823 0.987 1.149 1.312 1.474 1.635 1.958 2.278 2.595 2.911 3.223 3.838 4.441 5.033 5.613

0.9963 0.9946 0.9928 0.9911 0.9896 0.9882 0.9868 0.9855 0.9842 0.9829 0.9804 0.9779 0.9749 0.9719 0.9686 0.9612 0.9533 0.9452 0.9370

1.3339 1.3348 1.3357 1.3366 1.3376 1.3385 1.3394 1.3404 1.3414 1.3423 1.3442 1.3460 1.3477 1.3494 1.3510 1.3539 1.3566 1.3592 1.3614

0.31 0.61 0.93 1.24 1.57 1.91 2.26 2.61 2.99 3.36 4.09 4.91 5.78 6.67 7.76 9.12 10.17 10.66

1.051 1.100 1.152 1.208 1.267 1.325 1.387 1.449 1.514 1.577 1.710 1.849 1.986 2.106 2.218 2.432 2.612 2.765 2.900

Section 8.indb 68

4/30/05 8:47:19 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

2-Propanol CH3CHOHCH3

Silver nitrate AgNO3

Sodium acetate CH3COONa

Section 8.indb 69

Mass % 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

m/mol kg–1 11.093 24.958 66.556

c/mol L–1 6.182 8.860 11.275 13.368

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0

0.168 0.340 0.515 0.693 0.876 1.062 1.252 1.447 1.646 1.849 2.269 2.709 3.169 3.652 4.160 11.093 24.958 66.556

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0

∆/°C

8-69

ρ/g cm–3 0.9288 0.8875 0.8470 0.8034

n 1.3635 1.3734 1.3812 1.3852

η/mPa s 3.010 3.186 2.822 2.227

0.166 0.331 0.495 0.659 0.822 0.985 1.148 1.310 1.472 1.633 1.955 2.276 2.596 2.913 3.227 6.191 8.809 11.103 13.058

0.9960 0.9939 0.9920 0.9902 0.9884 0.9871 0.9855 0.9843 0.9831 0.9816 0.9793 0.9772 0.9751 0.9725 0.9696 0.9302 0.8824 0.8341 0.7848

1.3338 1.3346 1.3355 1.3364 1.3373 1.3382 1.3392 1.3400 1.3410 1.3420 1.3439 1.3459 1.3478 1.3496 1.3514 1.3642 1.3717 1.3742 1.3776

0.30 0.60 0.93 1.26 1.61 1.96 2.32 2.68 3.06 3.48 4.43 5.29 6.36 7.40 8.52

1.056 1.112 1.166 1.225 1.287 1.352 1.417 1.485 1.553 1.629 1.794 1.970 2.160 2.352 2.550

0.030 0.059 0.120 0.182 0.245 0.310 0.376 0.443 0.512 0.582 0.654 0.803 0.958 1.121 1.292 1.472 1.660 1.859 2.068 2.289 2.523 2.770 3.033 3.311 3.608 3.925

0.030 0.059 0.120 0.181 0.243 0.307 0.371 0.437 0.503 0.571 0.641 0.783 0.930 1.083 1.241 1.406 1.577 1.755 1.940 2.132 2.332 2.541 2.758 2.985 3.223 3.472

1.0027 1.0070 1.0154 1.0239 1.0327 1.0417 1.0506 1.0597 1.0690 1.0785 1.0882 1.1079 1.1284 1.1496 1.1715 1.1942 1.2177 1.2420 1.2672 1.2933 1.3204 1.3487 1.3780 1.4087 1.4407 1.4743

1.3336 1.3342 1.3352 1.3363 1.3374 1.3385 1.3396 1.3407 1.3419 1.3431 1.3443 1.3467 1.3493 1.3519 1.3546 1.3574 1.3602 1.3632 1.3662 1.3694 1.3726 1.3760 1.3795 1.3832 1.3871 1.3911

0.10 0.20 0.40 0.59 0.78 0.96 1.15 1.33 1.51 1.69 1.87 2.21 2.55 2.86

1.003 1.005 1.009 1.013 1.016 1.020 1.024 1.027 1.031 1.035 1.039 1.049 1.060 1.072 1.086 1.101 1.117 1.135 1.154 1.176 1.200 1.227 1.257 1.290 1.326 1.366

0.061 0.123 0.249 0.377 0.508 0.642 0.778 0.918 1.060

0.061 0.122 0.246 0.371 0.497 0.624 0.752 0.882 1.013

1.0008 1.0034 1.0085 1.0135 1.0184 1.0234 1.0283 1.0334 1.0386

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3386 1.3400 1.3414 1.3428 1.3442

0.22 0.43 0.88 1.34 1.82 2.32 2.85 3.40 3.98

1.021 1.040 1.080 1.124 1.171 1.222 1.278 1.337 1.401

4/30/05 8:47:20 AM

8-70 Solute

Sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3

Sodium bromide NaBr

Sodium carbonate Na2CO3

Section 8.indb 70

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0

m/mol kg–1 1.206 1.354 1.662 1.984 2.322 2.676 3.047 3.438 3.849 4.283 4.741 5.224

c/mol L–1 1.145 1.279 1.552 1.829 2.112 2.400 2.694 2.993 3.297 3.606 3.921 4.243

ρ/g cm–3 1.0440 1.0495 1.0607 1.0718 1.0830 1.0940 1.1050 1.1159 1.1268 1.1377 1.1488 1.1602

n 1.3456 1.3470 1.3498 1.3526 1.3554 1.3583 1.3611 1.3639 1.3666 1.3693 1.3720 1.3748

∆/°C 4.57

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

0.060 0.120 0.181 0.243 0.305 0.368 0.432 0.496 0.561 0.627 0.693 0.760

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

η/mPa s 1.468 1.539 1.688 1.855 2.054 2.284 2.567 2.948 3.400 3.877 4.388 4.940

0.060 0.120 0.180 0.241 0.302 0.364 0.426 0.489 0.552 0.615 0.679 0.743

1.0018 1.0054 1.0089 1.0125 1.0160 1.0196 1.0231 1.0266 1.0301 1.0337 1.0372 1.0408

1.3337 1.3344 1.3351 1.3357 1.3364 1.3370 1.3377 1.3383 1.3390 1.3396 1.3403 1.3409

0.20 0.40 0.59 0.78 0.98 1.16 1.35 1.54 1.72 1.90 2.08 2.26

1.015 1.028 1.042 1.057 1.071 1.086 1.102 1.118 1.134 1.151 1.168 1.185

0.049 0.098 0.198 0.301 0.405 0.512 0.620 0.732 0.845 0.961 1.080 1.325 1.582 1.851 2.133 2.430 2.741 3.069 3.415 3.780 4.165 4.574 5.007 5.467 5.957 6.479

0.049 0.098 0.197 0.298 0.400 0.504 0.610 0.717 0.826 0.937 1.050 1.281 1.519 1.765 2.020 2.283 2.555 2.837 3.129 3.431 3.744 4.069 4.406 4.755 5.119 5.496

1.0021 1.0060 1.0139 1.0218 1.0298 1.0380 1.0462 1.0546 1.0630 1.0716 1.0803 1.0981 1.1164 1.1352 1.1546 1.1745 1.1951 1.2163 1.2382 1.2608 1.2842 1.3083 1.3333 1.3592 1.3860 1.4138

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3386 1.3401 1.3415 1.3430 1.3445 1.3460 1.3475 1.3506 1.3538 1.3570 1.3604 1.3638 1.3673 1.3708 1.3745 1.3783 1.3822 1.3862 1.3903 1.3946 1.3990 1.4035

0.17 0.34 0.69 1.04 1.39 1.76 2.14 2.53 2.93 3.34 3.77 4.67 5.65 6.74

1.004 1.007 1.012 1.017 1.022 1.028 1.034 1.040 1.046 1.053 1.060 1.077 1.096 1.119 1.144 1.174 1.207 1.244 1.287 1.336 1.395 1.465 1.546 1.639 1.745 1.866

0.047 0.095 0.193 0.292 0.393 0.497 0.602 0.710

0.047 0.095 0.192 0.291 0.392 0.495 0.600 0.707

1.0034 1.0086 1.0190 1.0294 1.0398 1.0502 1.0606 1.0711

1.3341 1.3352 1.3375 1.3397 1.3419 1.3440 1.3462 1.3483

0.22 0.43 0.75 1.08 1.42 1.77 2.13

1.025 1.049 1.102 1.159 1.222 1.292 1.367 1.448

4/30/05 8:47:21 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0

m/mol kg–1 0.820 0.933 1.048 1.166 1.287 1.410 1.536 1.665

c/mol L–1 0.816 0.927 1.041 1.156 1.273 1.392 1.514 1.638

8-71

ρ/g cm–3 1.0816 1.0922 1.1029 1.1136 1.1244 1.1353 1.1463 1.1574

n 1.3504 1.3525 1.3547 1.3568 1.3589 1.3610 1.3631 1.3652

∆/°C

η/mPa s 1.538 1.638 1.754 1.884 2.028 2.186 2.361 2.551

Sodium chloride NaCl

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0

0.086 0.173 0.349 0.529 0.713 0.901 1.092 1.288 1.488 1.692 1.901 2.333 2.785 3.259 3.756 4.278 4.826 5.403 6.012

0.086 0.172 0.346 0.523 0.703 0.885 1.069 1.256 1.445 1.637 1.832 2.229 2.637 3.056 3.486 3.928 4.382 4.847 5.326

1.0018 1.0053 1.0125 1.0196 1.0268 1.0340 1.0413 1.0486 1.0559 1.0633 1.0707 1.0857 1.1008 1.1162 1.1319 1.1478 1.1640 1.1804 1.1972

1.3339 1.3347 1.3365 1.3383 1.3400 1.3418 1.3435 1.3453 1.3470 1.3488 1.3505 1.3541 1.3576 1.3612 1.3648 1.3684 1.3721 1.3757 1.3795

0.30 0.59 1.19 1.79 2.41 3.05 3.70 4.38 5.08 5.81 6.56 8.18 9.94 11.89 14.04 16.46 19.18

1.011 1.020 1.036 1.052 1.068 1.085 1.104 1.124 1.145 1.168 1.193 1.250 1.317 1.388 1.463 1.557 1.676 1.821 1.990

Sodium citrate (HO)C(COONa)3

1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0

0.039 0.079 0.120 0.161 0.204 0.247 0.292 0.337 0.383 0.431 0.528 0.631 0.738 0.851 0.969 1.224 1.507 1.823 2.180

0.039 0.078 0.118 0.159 0.200 0.242 0.284 0.327 0.371 0.415 0.505 0.598 0.693 0.790 0.891 1.099 1.318 1.548 1.792

1.0049 1.0120 1.0186 1.0260 1.0331 1.0405 1.0482 1.0557 1.0632 1.0708 1.0861 1.1019 1.1173 1.1327 1.1492 1.1813 1.2151 1.2487 1.2843

1.3348 1.3366 1.3383 1.3401 1.3419 1.3437 1.3455 1.3473 1.3491 1.3509 1.3546 1.3583 1.3618 1.3656 1.3693 1.3767 1.3845 1.3923 1.4001

0.20 0.39 0.59 0.79 0.97 1.17 1.36 1.57 1.77 1.96 2.38 2.82 3.27 3.82 4.39

1.043 1.081 1.122 1.166 1.210 1.263 1.314 1.371 1.427 1.499 1.649 1.832 2.045 2.290 2.596 3.409 4.586 6.541 9.788

Sodium hydroxide NaOH

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0

0.126 0.253 0.510 0.773 1.042 1.316 1.596 1.882 2.174 2.473 2.778 3.409

0.125 0.252 0.510 0.774 1.043 1.317 1.597 1.883 2.174 2.470 2.772 3.393

1.0039 1.0095 1.0207 1.0318 1.0428 1.0538 1.0648 1.0758 1.0869 1.0979 1.1089 1.1309

1.3344 1.3358 1.3386 1.3414 1.3441 1.3467 1.3494 1.3520 1.3546 1.3572 1.3597 1.3648

0.43 0.86 1.74 2.64 3.59 4.57 5.60 6.69 7.87 9.12 10.47 13.42

1.027 1.054 1.112 1.176 1.248 1.329 1.416 1.510 1.616 1.737 1.882 2.201

Section 8.indb 71

4/30/05 8:47:22 AM

8-72

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

m/mol kg–1 4.070 4.412 4.762 5.488 6.250 7.052 7.895 8.784 9.723 10.715 11.766 12.880 14.064 15.324 16.668

c/mol L–1 4.036 4.365 4.701 5.387 6.096 6.827 7.579 8.352 9.145 9.958 10.791 11.643 12.512 13.398 14.300

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

0.059 0.119 0.240 0.364 0.490 0.619 0.751 0.886 1.023 1.164 1.307 1.604 1.915 2.583 2.941 5.042 7.844

Sodium phosphate Na3PO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0

Sodium hydrogen phosphate Na2HPO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0

Sodium nitrate NaNO3

Section 8.indb 72

Mass % 14.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

ρ/g cm–3 1.1530 1.1640 1.1751 1.1971 1.2192 1.2412 1.2631 1.2848 1.3064 1.3277 1.3488 1.3697 1.3901 1.4102 1.4299

n 1.3697 1.3722 1.3746 1.3793 1.3840 1.3885 1.3929 1.3971 1.4012 1.4051 1.4088 1.4123 1.4156 1.4186 1.4215

∆/°C 16.76

η/mPa s 2.568 2.789 3.043 3.698 4.619 5.765 7.100 8.744 10.832 13.517 16.844 20.751 25.290 30.461 36.312

0.059 0.118 0.238 0.359 0.483 0.607 0.734 0.862 0.991 1.123 1.256 1.527 1.806 2.387 2.689 4.326 6.200

1.0016 1.0050 1.0117 1.0185 1.0254 1.0322 1.0392 1.0462 1.0532 1.0603 1.0674 1.0819 1.0967 1.1272 1.1429 1.2256 1.3175

1.3336 1.3341 1.3353 1.3364 1.3375 1.3387 1.3398 1.3409 1.3421 1.3432 1.3443 1.3466 1.3489 1.3536 1.3559 1.3678 1.3802

0.20 0.40 0.79 1.18 1.56 1.94 2.32 2.70 3.08 3.46 3.84 4.60 5.37 6.98 7.81

1.004 1.007 1.012 1.018 1.025 1.032 1.040 1.049 1.059 1.069 1.081 1.107 1.138 1.215 1.263 1.609 2.226

0.031 0.062 0.093 0.124 0.156 0.189 0.221 0.254 0.287 0.321 0.355 0.389 0.424 0.459 0.495 0.530

0.031 0.062 0.093 0.125 0.157 0.189 0.222 0.255 0.289 0.323 0.357 0.392 0.427 0.462 0.498 0.535

1.0042 1.0100 1.0158 1.0216 1.0275 1.0335 1.0395 1.0456 1.0517 1.0579 1.0642 1.0705 1.0768 1.0832 1.0896 1.0961

1.3343 1.3356 1.3369 1.3381 1.3394 1.3406 1.3419 1.3432 1.3444 1.3457 1.3470 1.3482 1.3495 1.3507 1.3519 1.3532

0.19 0.37 0.53 0.67 0.79

1.033 1.064 1.094 1.126 1.161 1.198 1.238 1.281 1.327 1.375 1.426 1.480 1.538 1.598 1.662 1.729

0.035 0.071 0.107 0.144 0.181 0.218 0.255 0.293 0.332 0.371

0.035 0.071 0.107 0.143 0.180 0.217 0.255 0.292 0.331 0.369

1.0032 1.0082 1.0131 1.0180 1.0229 1.0279 1.0328 1.0378 1.0428 1.0478

1.3340 1.3349 1.3358 1.3368 1.3377 1.3386 1.3396 1.3405 1.3414 1.3424

0.17 0.32 0.46

1.021 1.042 1.064 1.088 1.113 1.138 1.165 1.193 1.223 1.254

4/30/05 8:47:23 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Mass % 5.5

m/mol kg–1 0.410

c/mol L–1 0.408

ρ/g cm–3 1.0528

n 1.3433

∆/°C

8-73

η/mPa s 1.286

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4

0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.042 0.084 0.127 0.170 0.214 0.258 0.302 0.347 0.393 0.439 0.532 0.627 0.725 0.824 0.926 1.137 1.357 1.588 1.830 2.084 2.351 2.632 2.929 3.242 3.572 3.923 4.294 4.689 5.109 5.557

0.042 0.084 0.126 0.169 0.212 0.255 0.299 0.343 0.387 0.432 0.522 0.613 0.706 0.800 0.896 1.091 1.292 1.499 1.711 1.930 2.155 2.387 2.625 2.870 3.123 3.383 3.650 3.925 4.208 4.499

1.0019 1.0056 1.0094 1.0131 1.0168 1.0206 1.0244 1.0281 1.0319 1.0358 1.0434 1.0511 1.0589 1.0668 1.0747 1.0907 1.1070 1.1236 1.1404 1.1576 1.1752 1.1931 1.2113 1.2299 1.2488 1.2682 1.2879 1.3080 1.3285 1.3493

1.3336 1.3343 1.3349 1.3356 1.3362 1.3369 1.3375 1.3382 1.3388 1.3395 1.3408 1.3421 1.3434 1.3447 1.3460 1.3486 1.3512 1.3538 1.3565 1.3592 1.3618 1.3646 1.3673 1.3700 1.3728 1.3756 1.3784 1.3812 1.3840 1.3869

0.14 0.28 0.42 0.56 0.70 0.84 0.98 1.12 1.25 1.39 1.65 1.89 2.12 2.35 2.58 3.06 3.53 4.03 4.55 5.10

1.018 1.035 1.051 1.068 1.085 1.103 1.121 1.140 1.160 1.180 1.223 1.270 1.319 1.371 1.428 1.552 1.694 1.861 2.050 2.283 2.550 2.850 3.214 3.682 4.300 5.079 6.008 7.098 8.363 9.814

Sodium sulfate Na2SO4

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0

0.035 0.071 0.144 0.218 0.293 0.371 0.449 0.530 0.612 0.696 0.782 0.960 1.146 1.341 1.545 1.760 1.986

0.035 0.071 0.143 0.217 0.291 0.367 0.445 0.523 0.603 0.685 0.768 0.938 1.114 1.296 1.483 1.677 1.875

1.0027 1.0071 1.0161 1.0252 1.0343 1.0436 1.0526 1.0619 1.0713 1.0808 1.0905 1.1101 1.1301 1.1503 1.1705 1.1907 1.2106

1.3338 1.3345 1.3360 1.3376 1.3391 1.3406 1.3420 1.3435 1.3449 1.3464 1.3479 1.3509 1.3539 1.3567 1.3595 1.3620 1.3643

0.17 0.32 0.61 0.87 1.13 1.36 1.56

1.013 1.026 1.058 1.091 1.126 1.163 1.202 1.244 1.289 1.337 1.390 1.508 1.646 1.812 2.005 2.227 2.481

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0

0.032 0.064 0.129 0.196 0.264 0.333 0.404 0.476 0.550 0.626

0.032 0.064 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.398 0.468 0.539 0.611

1.0024 1.0065 1.0148 1.0231 1.0315 1.0399 1.0483 1.0568 1.0654 1.0740

1.3340 1.3351 1.3371 1.3392 1.3413 1.3434 1.3454 1.3475 1.3496 1.3517

0.14 0.28 0.57 0.84 1.09 1.34 1.59 1.83 2.06 2.30

1.012 1.023 1.044 1.066 1.090 1.115 1.141 1.169 1.199 1.231

Sodium thiosulfate Na2S2O3

Section 8.indb 73

4/30/05 8:47:24 AM

8-74 Solute

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Mass % 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

m/mol kg–1 0.703 0.862 1.030 1.205 1.388 1.581 2.711 4.216

c/mol L–1 0.685 0.835 0.990 1.150 1.315 1.485 2.417 3.498

ρ/g cm–3 1.0827 1.1003 1.1182 1.1365 1.1551 1.1740 1.2739 1.3827

n 1.3538 1.3581 1.3624 1.3667 1.3711 1.3756 1.3987 1.4229

∆/°C 2.55 3.06 3.60 4.17 4.76 5.37

η/mPa s 1.267 1.345 1.435 1.537 1.657 1.798 2.903 5.758

Strontium chloride SrCl2

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0

0.032 0.064 0.129 0.195 0.263 0.332 0.403 0.475 0.549 0.624 0.701 0.860 1.027 1.202 1.385 1.577 1.779 1.992 2.216 2.453 2.703 2.968 3.250 3.548

0.032 0.064 0.128 0.194 0.261 0.329 0.399 0.469 0.541 0.615 0.689 0.843 1.002 1.167 1.338 1.515 1.699 1.890 2.087 2.293 2.507 2.730 2.962 3.205

1.0027 1.0071 1.0161 1.0252 1.0344 1.0437 1.0532 1.0628 1.0726 1.0825 1.0925 1.1131 1.1342 1.1558 1.1780 1.2008 1.2241 1.2481 1.2728 1.2983 1.3248 1.3523 1.3811 1.4114

1.3339 1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3402 1.3421 1.3440 1.3459 1.3478 1.3498 1.3518 1.3558 1.3599 1.3641 1.3684 1.3728 1.3772 1.3817 1.3864 1.3911 1.3961 1.4013 1.4067 1.4124

0.16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.26 1.61 1.98 2.38 2.80 3.25 3.74 4.81 6.03 7.41 8.98 10.74 12.74 14.99

1.012 1.021 1.039 1.057 1.076 1.096 1.116 1.136 1.157 1.180 1.204 1.258 1.317 1.383 1.460 1.549 1.650 1.765 1.897 2.056 2.245 2.527 2.846 3.206

Sucrose C12H22O11

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0

0.015 0.030 0.060 0.090 0.122 0.154 0.186 0.220 0.254 0.289 0.325 0.398 0.476 0.556 0.641 0.730 0.824 0.923 1.026 1.136 1.252 1.375 1.505 1.643 1.791 1.948 2.116

0.015 0.029 0.059 0.089 0.118 0.149 0.179 0.210 0.241 0.272 0.303 0.367 0.431 0.497 0.564 0.632 0.700 0.771 0.842 0.914 0.988 1.063 1.139 1.216 1.295 1.375 1.456

1.0002 1.0021 1.0060 1.0099 1.0139 1.0178 1.0218 1.0259 1.0299 1.0340 1.0381 1.0465 1.0549 1.0635 1.0722 1.0810 1.0899 1.0990 1.1082 1.1175 1.1270 1.1366 1.1464 1.1562 1.1663 1.1765 1.1868

1.3337 1.3344 1.3359 1.3373 1.3388 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3448 1.3463 1.3478 1.3509 1.3541 1.3573 1.3606 1.3639 1.3672 1.3706 1.3741 1.3776 1.3812 1.3848 1.3885 1.3922 1.3960 1.3999 1.4038

0.03 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.42 0.49 0.55 0.63 0.77 0.93 1.10 1.27 1.47 1.67 1.89 2.12 2.37 2.64 2.94 3.27 3.63 4.02 4.45 4.93

1.015 1.028 1.055 1.084 1.114 1.146 1.179 1.215 1.254 1.294 1.336 1.429 1.534 1.653 1.790 1.945 2.124 2.331 2.573 2.855 3.187 3.762 4.052 4.621 5.315 6.162 7.234

Section 8.indb 74

4/30/05 8:47:25 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Sulfuric acid H2SO4

Trichloroacetic acid CCl3COOH

Section 8.indb 75

Mass % 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0

m/mol kg–1 2.295 2.489 2.697 2.921 4.382 6.817 11.686

c/mol L–1 1.539 1.623 1.709 1.796 2.255 2.755 3.299

8-75

ρ/g cm–3 1.1972 1.2079 1.2186 1.2295 1.2864 1.3472 1.4117

n 1.4078 1.4118 1.4159 1.4201 1.4419 1.4654 1.4906

∆/°C

η/mPa s 8.596 10.301 12.515 15.431 58.487 481.561

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0 42.0 44.0 46.0 48.0 50.0 52.0 54.0 56.0 58.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 92.0 94.0 96.0 98.0 100.0

0.051 0.103 0.208 0.315 0.425 0.537 0.651 0.767 0.887 1.008 1.133 1.390 1.660 1.942 2.238 2.549 2.876 3.220 3.582 3.965 4.370 4.798 5.252 5.735 6.249 6.797 7.383 8.011 8.685 9.411 10.196 11.045 11.969 12.976 14.080 15.294 23.790 40.783 91.762 117.251 159.734 244.698 499.592

0.051 0.102 0.206 0.311 0.418 0.526 0.635 0.746 0.858 0.972 1.087 1.322 1.563 1.810 2.064 2.324 2.592 2.866 3.147 3.435 3.729 4.030 4.339 4.656 4.981 5.313 5.655 6.005 6.364 6.734 7.113 7.502 7.901 8.312 8.734 9.168 11.494 14.088 16.649 17.109 17.550 17.966 18.346 18.663

1.0016 1.0049 1.0116 1.0183 1.0250 1.0318 1.0385 1.0453 1.0522 1.0591 1.0661 1.0802 1.0947 1.1094 1.1245 1.1398 1.1554 1.1714 1.1872 1.2031 1.2191 1.2353 1.2518 1.2685 1.2855 1.3028 1.3205 1.3386 1.3570 1.3759 1.3952 1.4149 1.4351 1.4558 1.4770 1.4987 1.6105 1.7272 1.8144 1.8240 1.8312 1.8355 1.8361 1.8305

1.3336 1.3342 1.3355 1.3367 1.3379 1.3391 1.3403 1.3415 1.3427 1.3439 1.3451 1.3475 1.3500 1.3525 1.3551 1.3576 1.3602 1.3628 1.3653 1.3677 1.3701 1.3725 1.3749 1.3773 1.3797 1.3821 1.3846 1.3870 1.3895 1.3920 1.3945 1.3971 1.3997 1.4024 1.4050 1.4077

0.21 0.42 0.80 1.17 1.60 2.05 2.50 2.95 3.49 4.08 4.64 5.93 7.49 9.26 11.29 13.64 16.48 19.85 24.29 29.65 36.21 44.76 55.28

1.010 1.019 1.036 1.059 1.085 1.112 1.136 1.159 1.182 1.206 1.230 1.282 1.337 1.399 1.470 1.546 1.624 1.706 1.797 1.894 2.001 2.122 2.255 2.392 2.533 2.690 2.872 3.073 3.299 3.546 3.826 4.142 4.499 4.906 5.354 5.917

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0

0.031 0.062 0.125 0.189 0.255 0.322 0.391 0.461

0.031 0.061 0.123 0.186 0.249 0.313 0.377 0.442

1.0008 1.0034 1.0083 1.0133 1.0182 1.0230 1.0279 1.0328

1.3337 1.3343 1.3356 1.3369 1.3381 1.3394 1.3406 1.3418

0.11 0.21 0.42 0.64 0.86 1.08 1.30 1.53

1.011 1.021 1.044 1.069 1.096 1.123 1.150 1.177

4/30/05 8:47:26 AM

8-76

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity

Solute

Mass % 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 28.0 32.0 36.0 40.0 44.0 48.0

m/mol kg–1 0.532 0.605 0.680 0.835 0.996 1.166 1.343 1.530 1.933 2.380 2.880 3.443 4.080 4.809 5.650

c/mol L–1 0.508 0.574 0.641 0.777 0.916 1.058 1.203 1.351 1.654 1.968 2.294 2.632 2.984 3.349 3.726

ρ/g cm–3 1.0378 1.0428 1.0479 1.0583 1.0692 1.0806 1.0921 1.1035 1.1260 1.1485 1.1713 1.1947 1.2188 1.2435 1.2682

n 1.3431 1.3444 1.3456 1.3483 1.3510 1.3539 1.3568 1.3597 1.3652 1.3705 1.3759 1.3813 1.3868 1.3923 1.3977

∆/°C 1.76 1.99 2.23 2.73 3.26 3.82

η/mPa s 1.204 1.233 1.263 1.326 1.393 1.462 1.533 1.608 1.768 1.935 2.118 2.320 1.543 2.797 3.076

Tris (hydroxymethyl)methylamine H2NC(CH2OH)3

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 30.0 40.0

0.041 0.083 0.168 0.255 0.344 0.434 0.527 0.621 0.718 0.816 0.917 1.126 1.344 1.572 1.812 2.064 3.538 5.503

0.041 0.083 0.166 0.249 0.333 0.417 0.502 0.587 0.672 0.758 0.844 1.019 1.194 1.372 1.552 1.733 2.670 3.657

0.9994 1.0006 1.0030 1.0054 1.0078 1.0103 1.0128 1.0153 1.0179 1.0204 1.0230 1.0282 1.0335 1.0389 1.0443 1.0498 1.0781 1.1076

1.3337 1.3344 1.3359 1.3374 1.3388 1.3403 1.3418 1.3433 1.3448 1.3463 1.3478 1.3508 1.3539 1.3570 1.3601 1.3633 1.3797 1.3970

0.08 0.16 0.31 0.47 0.64 0.80 0.97 1.15 1.33 1.51 1.70 2.08 2.47 2.90 3.36 3.85

1.014 1.027 1.054 1.083 1.115 1.148 1.182 1.218 1.256 1.295 1.337 1.427 1.527 1.642 1.772 1.920 2.998 5.208

Urea (NH2)2CO

0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 22.0 24.0 26.0 28.0 30.0 32.0 34.0 36.0 38.0 40.0

0.084 0.168 0.340 0.515 0.694 0.876 1.063 1.253 1.448 1.647 1.850 2.270 2.710 3.171 3.655 4.163 4.696 5.258 5.850 6.475 7.136 7.835 8.577 9.366 10.205 11.100

0.083 0.167 0.334 0.502 0.672 0.842 1.013 1.185 1.358 1.531 1.706 2.059 2.415 2.775 3.139 3.506 3.878 4.253 4.632 5.014 5.401 5.791 6.185 6.584 6.988 7.397

0.9995 1.0007 1.0033 1.0058 1.0085 1.0111 1.0138 1.0165 1.0192 1.0220 1.0248 1.0304 1.0360 1.0417 1.0473 1.0530 1.0586 1.0643 1.0699 1.0756 1.0812 1.0869 1.0926 1.0984 1.1044 1.1106

1.3337 1.3344 1.3358 1.3372 1.3387 1.3401 1.3416 1.3431 1.3446 1.3461 1.3476 1.3506 1.3537 1.3568 1.3599 1.3629 1.3661 1.3692 1.3723 1.3754 1.3785 1.3817 1.3848 1.3881 1.3913 1.3947

0.16 0.31 0.62 0.93 1.24 1.55 1.88 2.22 2.56 2.91 3.26 3.95 4.66 5.40 6.19 7.00 7.81 8.64 9.52 10.45 11.40 12.34 13.27 14.20 15.11 15.99

1.007 1.010 1.012 1.017 1.025 1.033 1.041 1.049 1.057 1.065 1.074 1.091 1.109 1.130 1.153 1.178 1.205 1.235 1.266 1.298 1.332 1.371 1.413 1.459 1.509 1.565

Section 8.indb 76

4/30/05 8:47:27 AM

Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity Solute

Zinc sulfate ZnSO4

Section 8.indb 77

Mass % 42.0 44.0 46.0 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0

m/mol kg–1 12.057 13.082 14.183

c/mol L–1 7.812 8.234 8.665

0.031 0.063 0.126 0.192 0.258 0.326 0.395 0.466 0.539 0.613 0.688 0.845 1.008 1.180

0.031 0.062 0.126 0.191 0.258 0.326 0.395 0.465 0.537 0.611 0.686 0.840 1.002 1.170

ρ/g cm–3 1.1171 1.1239 1.1313

n 1.3982 1.4018 1.4056

∆/°C 16.83 17.62

1.0034 1.0085 1.0190 1.0296 1.0403 1.0511 1.0620 1.0730 1.0842 1.0956 1.1071 1.1308 1.1553 1.1806

1.3339 1.3348 1.3366 1.3384 1.3403 1.3421 1.3439 1.3457 1.3475 1.3494 1.3513 1.3551 1.3590 1.3630

0.08 0.15 0.28 0.41 0.53 0.65 0.77 0.89 1.01 1.14 1.27 1.55 1.89 2.31

8-77

η/mPa s 1.629 1.700 1.780 1.021 1.040 1.081 1.126 1.175 1.227 1.283 1.341 1.403 1.470 1.545 1.716 1.918 2.152

4/30/05 8:47:28 AM

ION PRODUCT OF WATER SUBSTANCE William L. Marshall and E. U. Franck Pressure (bars) Saturated vapor 250 500 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000

0 14.938 14.83 14.72 14.62 14.53 14.34 14.21 14.08 13.97 13.87 13.77 13.60 13.44 13.31 13.18 13.04 12.91

25 13.995 13.90 13.82 13.73 13.66 13.53 13.40 13.28 13.18 13.09 13.00 12.83 12.68 12.55 12.43 12.31 12.21

50 13.275 13.19 13.11 13.04 12.96 12.85 12.73 12.62 12.53 12.44 12.35 12.19 12.05 11.93 11.82 11.71 11.62

Temperature (°C) 75 100 12.712 12.265 12.63 12.18 12.55 12.10 12.48 12.03 12.41 11.96 12.29 11.84 12.18 11.72 12.07 11.61 11.98 11.53 11.90 11.44 11.82 11.37 11.66 11.22 11.53 11.09 11.41 10.97 11.30 10.86 11.20 10.77 11.11 10.68

150 11.638 11.54 11.45 11.36 11.29 11.16 11.04 10.92 10.83 10.74 10.66 10.52 10.39 10.27 10.17 10.07 9.98

200 11.289 11.16 11.05 10.95 10.86 10.71 10.57 10.45 10.34 10.24 10.16 10.00 9.87 9.75 9.64 9.54 9.45

250 11.191 11.01 10.85 10.72 10.60 10.43 10.27 10.12 9.99 9.88 9.79 9.62 9.48 9.35 9.24 9.13 9.04

300 11.406 11.14 10.86 10.66 10.50 10.26 10.08 9.91 9.76 9.63 9.52 9.34 9.18 9.04 8.93 8.82 8.71

Pressure (bars) Saturated vapor 250 500 750 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000

350 12.30 11.77 11.14 10.79 10.54 10.22 9.98 9.79 9.61 9.47 9.34 9.13 8.96 8.81 8.68 8.57 8.46

400 — 19.43 11.88 11.17 10.77 10.29 9.98 9.74 9.54 9.37 9.22 8.99 8.80 8.64 8.50 8.37 8.25

450 — 21.59 13.74 11.89 11.19 10.48 10.07 9.77 9.53 9.33 9.16 8.90 8.69 8.51 8.36 8.22 8.09

500 — 22.40 16.13 13.01 11.81 10.77 10.23 9.86 9.57 9.34 9.15 8.85 8.62 8.42 8.25 8.10 7.96

Temperature (°C) 600 — 23.27 18.30 15.25 13.40 11.59 10.73 10.18 9.78 9.48 9.23 8.85 8.57 8.34 8.13 7.95 7.78

700 — 23.81 19.29 16.55 14.70 12.50 11.36 10.63 10.11 9.71 9.41 8.95 8.61 8.34 8.10 7.89 7.70

800 — 24.23 19.92 17.35 15.58 13.30 11.98 11.11 10.49 10.02 9.65 9.11 8.72 8.40 8.13 7.89 7.68

900 — 24.59 20.39 17.93 16.22 13.97 12.54 11.59 10.89 10.35 9.93 9.30 8.86 8.51 8.21 7.95 7.70

1000 — 24.93 20.80 18.39 16.72 14.50 12.97 12.02 11.24 10.62 10.13 9.42 8.97 8.64 8.38 8.12 7.85

Data in this table were calculated from the equation, log10 Kw* = A + B/T + C/T2 + D/T3 + (E + F/T + G/T2) log10 ρw*, where Kw* = Kw/(mol kg–1), and ρw* = ρw/(g cm–3). The parameters are: A = –4.098 B = –3245.2 K C = +2.2362 × 105 K2 D = –3.984 × 107 K3

E = +13.957 F = 1262.3 K G = +8.5641 × 105 K2

Reprinted with permission from W. L. Marshall and E. U. Franck, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 295, 1981.

8-78

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4/30/05 8:47:29 AM

IONIZATION CONSTANT OF NORMAL AND HEAVY WATER This table gives the ionization constant in molality terms for H2O and D2O at temperatures from 0 to 100°C at the saturated vapor pressure. The quantity tabulated is –log KW, where KW is defined by KW = m+ × m–

References 1. Marshall W. L., and Franck, E. U., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 10, 295, 1981. 2. Mesmer R. E., and Herting, D. L., J. Solution Chem., 7, 901, 1978.

and m+ and m– are the molalities, in mol/kg of water, for H+ and OH–, respectively.

t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

H2O 14.938 14.727 14.528 14.340 14.163 13.995 13.836 13.685 13.542 13.405 13.275 13.152 13.034 12.921 12.814 12.712 12.613 12.520 12.428 12.345 12.265

–log KW

D2O 15.972 15.743 15.527 15.324 15.132 14.951 14.779 14.616 14.462 14.316 14.176 14.044 13.918 13.798 13.683 13.574 13.470 13.371 13.276 13.186 13.099

8-79

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4/30/05 8:47:29 AM

SOLUBILITY OF SELECTED GASES IN WATER L. H. Gevantman The values in this table are taken almost exclusively from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry “Solubility Data Series”. Unless noted, they comprise evaluated data fitted to a smoothing equation. The data at each temperature are then derived from the smoothing equation which expresses the mole fraction solubility X1 of the gas in solution as: ln X1 = A + B/T* + C ln T* where T* = T/100 K All values refer to a partial pressure of the gas of 101.325 kPa (one atmosphere).

The equation constants, the standard deviation for ln X1 (except where noted), and the temperature range over which the equation applies are given in the column headed Equation constants. There are two exceptions. The equation for methane has an added term, DT *. The equation for H2Se and H2S takes the form, ln X1 = A + B/T + C ln T + DT where T is the temperature in kelvin. Solubilities given for those gases which react with water, namely ozone, nitrogen oxides, chlorine and its oxides, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen selenide and sulfur dioxide, are recorded as bulk solubilities; i.e., all chemical species of the gas and its reaction products with water are included.

Gas Hydrogen (H2) Mr = 2.01588

T/K 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

Solubility (X1) 1.510 × 10–5 1.455 × 10–5 1.411 × 10–5 1.377 × 10–5 1.350 × 10–5

Equation constants A = –48.1611 B = 55.2845 C = 16.8893 Std. dev. = ± 0.54% Temp. range = 273.15—353.15

Ref. 1

Deuterium (D2) Mr = 4.0282

283.15 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15

1.675 × 10–5 ± 0.57% 1.595 × 10–5 ± 0.57% 1.512 × 10–5 ± 0.78% 1.460 × 10–5 ± 0.52% 1.395 × 10–5 ± 0.37%

Averaged experimental values

Helium (He) Ar = 4.0026

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

7.123 × 10–6 7.044 × 10–6 6.997 × 10–6 6.978 × 10–6 6.987 × 10–6

A = –41.4611 B = 42.5962 C = 14.0094 Std. dev. = ±0.54% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

2

Neon (Ne) Ar = 20.1797

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

8.702 × 10–6 8.395 × 10–6 8.152 × 10–6 7.966 × 10–6 7.829 × 10–6

A = –52.8573 B = 61.0494 C = 18.9157 Std. dev. = ±0.47% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

2

Argon (Ar) Ar = 39.948

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.025 × 10–5 2.748 × 10–5 2.519 × 10–5 2.328 × 10–5 2.169 × 10–5

A = –57.6661 B = 74.7627 C = 20.1398 Std. dev. = ±0.26% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

3

Krypton (Kr) Ar = 83.80

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

5.696 × 10–5 5.041 × 10–5 4.512 × 10–5 4.079 × 10–5 3.725 × 10–5

A = –66.9928 B = 91.0166 C = 24.2207 Std. dev. = ±0.32% Temp. range = 273.15—353.15

4

Xenon (Xe) Ar = 131.29

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

10.519 × 10–5 9.051 × 10–5 7.890 × 10–5 6.961 × 10–5 6.212 × 10–5

A = –74.7398 B = 105.210 C = 27.4664 Std. dev. = ±0.35% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

4

1

Temp. range = 278.15—303.15

8-80

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Solubility of Selected Gases in Water

S08_18.indd 81

8-81

Gas Radon-222(222Rn) Ar = 222

T/K 288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

Solubility (X1) 2.299 × 10–4 1.945 × 10–4 1.671 × 10–4 1.457 × 10–4 1.288 × 10–4

Equation constants A = –90.5481 B = 130.026 C = 35.0047 Std. dev. = ±1.02% Temp. range = 273.15—373.15

Ref.

Oxygen (O2) Mr = 31.9988

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.756 × 10–5 2.501 × 10–5 2.293 × 10–5 2.122 × 10–5 1.982 × 10–5

A = –66.7354 B = 87.4755 C = 24.4526 Std. dev. = ±0.36% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

5

Ozone (O3) Mr = 47.9982

293.15

1.885 × 10–6 ± 10% pH = 7.0

Experimental value derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation

5

Nitrogen (N2) Mr = 28.0134

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

1.386 × 10–5 1.274 × 10–5 1.183 × 10–5 1.108 × 10–5 1.047 × 10–5

A = –67.3877 B = 86.3213 C = 24.7981 Std. dev. = ±0.72% Temp. range = 273.15—348.15

6

Nitrous oxide (N2O) Mr = 44.0129

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

5.948 × 10–4 5.068 × 10–4 4.367 × 10–4 3.805 × 10–4 3.348 × 10–4

A = –60.7467 B = 88.8280 C = 21.2531 Std. dev. = ±1.2% Temp. range = 273.15—313.15

7

Nitric oxide (NO) Mr = 30.0061

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

4.163 × 10–5 3.786 × 10–5 3.477 × 10–5 3.222 × 10–5 3.012 × 10–5

A = –62.8086 B = 82.3420 C = 22.8155 Std. dev. = ±0.76% Temp. range = 273.15—358.15

7

Carbon monoxide (CO) Mr = 28.0104

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.095 × 10–5 1.918 × 10–5 1.774 × 10–5 1.657 × 10–5 1.562 × 10–5

Derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation Std. dev. = ±0.043% Temp. range = 273.15—328.15

8

Carbon dioxide (CO2) Mr = 44.0098

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

8.21 × 10–4 7.07 × 10–4 6.15 × 10–4 5.41 × 10–4 4.80 × 10–4

Derived from Henry’s Law Constant Equation Std. dev. = ±1.1% Temp. range = 273.15—353.15

9

Hydrogen selenide (H2Se) Mr = 80.976

288.15 298.15 308.15

1.80 × 10–3 1.49 × 10–3 1.24 × 10–3

A = 9.15 B = 974 C = –3.542 D = 0.0042 Std. dev. = ±2.3 × 10–5 Temp. range = 288.15—343.15

10

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) Mr = 34.082

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.335 × 10–3 2.075 × 10–3 1.85 × 10–3 1.66 × 10–3 1.51 × 10–3

A = –24.912 B = 3477 C = 0.3993 D = 0.0157 Std. dev. = ±6.5 × 10–5 Temp. range = 283.15—603.15

10

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Mr = 64.0648

288.15 293.15

3.45 × 10–2 2.90 × 10–2

A = –25.2629 B = 45.7552

11

5/4/05 10:14:56 AM

Solubility of Selected Gases in Water

8-82 Gas

T/K 298.15 303.15 308.15

Solubility (X1) 2.46 × 10–2 2.10 × 10–2 1.80 × 10–2

Equation constants C = 5.6855 Std. dev. = ±1.8% Temp. range = 278.15—328.15

Chlorine (Cl2) Mr = 70.9054

283.15 293.15 303.15 313.15

2.48 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.88 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.50 × 10–3 ± 2% 1.23 × 10–3 ± 2%

Experimental data Temp. range = 283.15—333.15

11

Chlorine monoxide (Cl2O) Mr = 86.9048

273.15 276.61 283.15 293.15

5.25 × 10–1 ± 1% 4.54 × 10–1 ± 1% 4.273 × 10–1 ± 1% 3.353 × 10–1 ± 1%

Experimental data Temp. range = 273.15—293.15

11

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) Mr = 67.4515

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.67 × 10–2 2.20 × 10–2 1.823 × 10–2 1.513 × 10–2 1.259 × 10–2

A = 7.9163 B = 0.4791 C = 11.0593 Std. dev. = ±4.6% Temp. range = 283.15—333.15

11

Methane (CH4) Mr = 16.0428

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.122 × 10–5 2.806 × 10–5 2.552 × 10–5 2.346 × 10–5 2.180 × 10–5

A = –115.6477 B = 155.5756 C = 65.2553 D = –6.1698 Std. dev. = ±0.056% Temp. range = 273.15—328.15

12

Ethane (C2H6) Mr = 30.0696

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

4.556 × 10–5 3.907 × 10–5 3.401 × 10–5 3.002 × 10–5 2.686 × 10–5

A = –90.8225 B = 126.9559 C = 34.7413 Std. dev. = ±0.13% Temp. range = 273.15—323.15

13

Propane (C3H8) Mr = 44.097

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.813 × 10–5 3.200 × 10–5 2.732 × 10–5 2.370 × 10–5 2.088 × 10–5

A = –102.044 B = 144.345 C = 39.4740 Std. dev. = ±0.012% Temp. range = 273.15—347.15

14

Butane (C4H10) Mr = 58.123

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

3.274 × 10–5 2.687 × 10–5 2.244 × 10–5 1.906 × 10–5 1.645 × 10–5

A = –102.029 B = 146.040 C = 38.7599 Std. dev. = ±0.026% Temp. range = 273.15—349.15

14

2-Methyl propane (Isobutane) (C4H10) Mr = 58.123

288.15 293.15 298.15 303.15 308.15

2.333 × 10–5 1.947 × 10–5 1.659 × 10–5 1.443 × 10–5 1.278 × 10–5

A = –129.714 B = 183.044 C = 53.4651 Std. dev. = ±0.034% Temp. range = 278.15—318.15

14

References 1. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 5/6, Hydrogen and Deuterium, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. 2. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 1, Helium and Neon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979. 3. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 4, Argon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1980. 4. H. L. Clever, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 2, Krypton, Xenon and Radon, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1979.

S08_18.indd 82

Ref.

5. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 7, Oxygen and Ozone, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. 6. R. Battino, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 10, Nitrogen and Air, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. 7. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 8, Oxides of Nitrogen, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1981. 8. R. W. Cargill, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 43, Carbon Monoxide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1990. 9. R. Crovetto, Evaluation of Solubility Data for the System CO2-H2O, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 575, 1991.

5/4/05 10:14:56 AM

Solubility of Selected Gases in Water 10. P. G. T. Fogg and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 32, Hydrogen Sulfide, Deuterium Sulfide, and Hydrogen Selenide, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1988. 11. C. L. Young, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 12, Sulfur Dioxide, Chlorine, Fluorine and Chlorine Oxides, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1983. 12. H. L. Clever and C. L. Young, Eds., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 27/28, Methane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1987.

S08_18.indd 83

8-83 13. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 9, Ethane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1982. 14. W. Hayduk, Ed., IUPAC Solubility Data Series, Vol. 24, Propane, Butane and 2-Methylpropane, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, 1986.

5/4/05 10:14:56 AM

SOLUBILITY OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES The solubility of CO2 in water, expressed as mole fraction of CO2 in the liquid phase, is given for pressures up to atmospheric and temperatures of 0 to 100°C. Note that 1 standard atmosphere equals 101.325 kPa. The references give data over a wider range of temperature and pressure. The estimated accuracy is about 2%.

t/°C 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100

5 0.067 0.056 0.048 0.041 0.035 0.031 0.027 0.024 0.022 0.020 0.018 0.016 0.015 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.010 0.010

10 0.135 0.113 0.096 0.082 0.071 0.062 0.054 0.048 0.043 0.039 0.036 0.033 0.030 0.028 0.026 0.025 0.023 0.022 0.021 0.020 0.020

References 1. Carroll, J. J., Slupsky, J. D., and Mather, A. E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 1201, 1991. 2. Fernandez-Prini, R. and Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1231, 1989. 3. Crovetto, R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 20, 575,1991.

1000 × mole fraction of CO2 in liquid phase Partial pressure of CO2 in kPa 20 30 40 0.269 0.404 0.538 0.226 0.338 0.451 0.191 0.287 0.382 0.164 0.245 0.327 0.141 0.212 0.283 0.123 0.185 0.247 0.109 0.163 0.218 0.097 0.145 0.193 0.087 0.130 0.173 0.078 0.117 0.156 0.071 0.107 0.142 0.065 0.098 0.131 0.060 0.090 0.121 0.056 0.084 0.112 0.052 0.079 0.105 0.049 0.074 0.099 0.047 0.070 0.093 0.044 0.067 0.089 0.042 0.064 0.085 0.041 0.061 0.082 0.039 0.059 0.079

50 0.671 0.564 0.477 0.409 0.353 0.308 0.271 0.242 0.216 0.196 0.178 0.163 0.150 0.140 0.131 0.123 0.116 0.111 0.106 0.102 0.098

100 1.337 1.123 0.950 0.814 0.704 0.614 0.541 0.481 0.431 0.389 0.354 0.325 0.300 0.279 0.261 0.245 0.232 0.221 0.211 0.203 0.196

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Section 8.indb 84

4/30/05 8:47:33 AM

AQUEOUS SOLUBILITY AND HENR Y’S LAW CONSTANTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS The solubility in water of over 1200 organic compounds, including many compounds of environmental interest, is tabulated here. Values are given at ambient temperature (usually 20°C or 25°C) and at higher temperatures when data are available. Solids, liquids, and gases are included; additional data on gases can be found in the table “Solubility of Selected Gases in Water” in Section 8. Solubility of solids is defined as the concentration of the compound in a solution that is in equilibrium with the solid phase at the specified temperature and one atmosphere pressure. For liquids whose water mixtures separate into two phases, the solubility given here is the concentration of the specified compound in the water-rich phase at equilibrium. In the case of gases (i.e., compounds whose vapor pressure at the specified temperature exceeds one atmosphere) the solubility is defined here as the concentration in the water phase when the partial pressure of the compound above the solution is 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Values for gases are marked with a. The primary solubility values in this tables are expressed as mass percent of solute, S = 100w2, where the mass fraction w2 is defined as w2 = m2/(m1 +m2) , where m2 is the mass of solute and m1 the mass of water. For convenience, the solubility expressed in grams of solute per liter of solution is tabulated in the adjacent column to mass percent. The conversion between these two measures involves the density of the solution, which usually is not readily available. For compounds with low solubility (say, S 30º see BOGSUL, BUSHAY, CILRUK (1.434–1.530) S2–B–N–X2 B––O in BO–4 for neutral B–O see Note 3 X2–B–O–X n = 4: B–P n = 3: see BUPSIB10 (1.892, 1.893) B(4)–S(3) B(4)–S(2) N–B–S2 (=X–)(N–)B–S see BEPZEB, TPASTB Br–C* Br–Csp3 (cyclopropane) Br–Csp2 Br–Car (mono-Br + m.p-Br2) Br–Car (o-Br2) see TEACBR (2.362–2.402) see DTHIBR10 (2.646), TPHOSI (2.695) see NBBZAM (1.843) see CIYFOF see CISTED (2.366) see BEMLIO (2.206) see CIWYIQ (2.435, 2.453) see THINBR (2.321) see CIFZUM (2.508, 2.619) see BIZJAV (2.284) In Br6Te2– see CUGBAH (2.692–2.716) Br–Te(4) see BETUTE10 (3.079, 3.015) Br–Te(3) see BTUPTE (2.835) C#–CH2–CH3 (C#)2–CH–CH3 (C#)3–C–CH3 C#–CH2–CH2–C# (C#)2–CH–CH2–C# (C#)3–C–CH2–C# (C#)2–CH–CH–(C#)2 (C#)3–C–CH–(C#)2 (C#)3–C–C–(C#)3 C*–C* (overall) in cyclopropane (any subst.) in cyclobutane (any subst.) in cyclopentane (C,H-subst.) in cyclohexane (C,H-subst.) cyclopropyl-C* (exocyclic) cyclobutyl-C* (exocyclic) cyclopentyl-C* (exocyclic) cyclohexyl-C* (exocyclic) in cyclobutene (any subst.) in cyclopentene (C,H-subst.) in cyclohexene (C,H-subst.) in oxirane (epoxide) in aziridine

d 1.833 1.366 1.365

m 1.833 1.368 1.372

σ 0.013 0.017 0.029

q1 1.821 1.356 1.352

qu 1.843 1.375 1.390

n 22 25 84

1.611 1.549 1.404

1.617 1.552 1.404

0.013 0.015 0.014

1.601 1.536 1.389

1.625 1.560 1.408

8 10 40

1.447 1.468

1.443 1.468

0.013 0.022

1.435 1.453

1.470 1.479

14 24

1.367 1.922

1.367 1.927

0.024 0.027

1.349 1.900

1.382 1.954

35 10

1.930 1.896 1.806 1.851 2.542 1.966 1.910 1.883 1.899 1.875

1.927 1.896 1.806 1.854 2.548 1.967 1.910 1.881 1.899 1.872

0.009 0.004 0.010 0.013 0.015 0.029 0.010 0.015 0.012 0.011

1.925 1.893 1.799 1.842 2.526 1.951 1.900 1.874 1.892 1.864

1.934 1.899 1.816 1.859 2.551 1.983 1.914 1.894 1.906 1.884

10 6 28 10 4 100 8 31 119 8

1.581

1.581

0.007

1.574

1.587

4

Note

2

3

4 4 4 4 †

† † †

1.513 1.524 1.534 1.524 1.531 1.538 1.542 1.556 1.588 1.530 1.510 1.554 1.543 1.535 1.518 1.529 1.540 1.539 1.573 1.541 1.541 1.466 1.480

1.514 1.526 1.534 1.524 1.531 1.539 1.542 1.556 1.580 1.530 1.509 1.553 1.543 1.535 1.518 1.529 1.541 1.538 1.574 1.539 1.541 1.466 1.481

0.014 0.015 0.011 0.014 0.012 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.025 0.015 0.026 0.021 0.018 0.016 0.019 0.016 0.017 0.016 0.017 0.015 0.020 0.015 0.021

1.507 1.518 1.527 1.516 1.524 1.533 1.536 1.549 1.566 1.521 1.497 1.540 1.532 1.525 1.505 1.519 1.527 1.529 1.566 1.532 1.528 1.458 1.465

1.523 1.534 1.541 1.532 1.538 1.544 1.549 1.562 1.610 1.539 1.523 1.567 1.554 1.545 1.531 1.539 1.549 1.549 1.586 1.549 1.554 1.474 1.496

192 226 825 2459 1217 330 321 215 21 5777 888 679 1641 2814 366 376 956 2682 25 208 586 249 67

5,6 7 8

7 8

8

9 9

5/3/05 12:08:16 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond

Csp3–Csp2

Csp3–Csp2

Csp3–Car

Csp3–Csp1

Csp2–Csp2

Section 09 book.indb 3

Substructure in oxetane in azetidine oxiranyl-C* (exocyclic) aziridinyl-C* (exocyclic) CH3–C=C C#–CH2–C=C (C#)2–CH–C=C (C#)3–C–C=C C*–C=C (overall) C*–C=C (endocyclic) in cyclopropene in cyclobutene in cyclopentene in cyclohexene in cyclopentadiene in cyclohexa-1,3-diene C*–C=C (exocyclic): cyclopropenyl-C* cyclobutenyl-C* cyclopentenyl-C* cyclohexenyl-C* C*CH=O in aldehydes (C*)2–C=O in ketones in cyclobutanone in cyclopentanone acyclic and 6 + rings C*–COOH in carboxylic acids C*–COO– in carboxylate anions C*–C(=O)(–OC*) in acyclic esters in β-lactones in γ-lactones in δ-lactones cyclopropyl (C)–C=O in ketones, acids and esters C*–C(=O)(–NH2) in acyclic amides C*–C(=O)(–NHC*) in acyclic amides C*–C(=O)[–N(C*)2] in acyclic amides CH3–Car C#–CH2–Car (C#)2–CH–Car (C#)3–C–Car C*–Car (overall) cyclopropyl (C)–Car C*–C≡C C#–C≡C C*–C≡N cyclopropyl (C)–C≡N C=C–C=C (conjugated) (unconjugated) (overall) C=C–C=C–C=C C=C–C=C (endocyclic in TCNQ) C=C–C(=O)(–C*) (conjugated) (unconjugated) (overall) C=C–C(=O)–C=C in benzoquinone (C,H-subst. only) in benzoquinone (any subst.)

9-3 d 1.541 1.548 1.509 1.512 1.503 1.502 1.510 1.522 1.507

m 1.541 1.543 1.507 1.512 1.504 1.502 1.510 1.522 1.507

σ 0.019 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.016 0.015

q1 1.527 1.536 1.497 1.496 1.497 1.494 1.501 1.511 1.499

qu 1.557 1.558 1.519 1.526 1.509 1.510 1.518 1.533 1.517

n 16 22 333 13 215 483 564 193 1456

Note

1.509 1.513 1.512 1.506 1.502 1.504

1.508 1.512 1.512 1.505 1.503 1.504

0.016 0.018 0.014 0.016 0.019 0.017

1.500 1.500 1.502 1.495 1.490 1.491

1.516 1.525 1.521 1.516 1.515 1.517

20 50 208 391 18 56

10 8

1.478 1.489 1.504 1.511 1.510

1.475 1.483 1.506 1.511 1.510

0.012 0.015 0.012 0.013 0.008

1.470 1.479 1.495 1.502 1.501

1.485 1.496 1.512 1.519 1.518

7 11 115 292 7

10 8

1.511 1.529 1.514 1.509 1.502 1.520

1.511 1.530 1.514 1.509 1.502 1.521

0.015 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.014 0.011

1.501 1.514 1.505 1.499 1.495 1.516

1.521 1.545 1.523 1.519 1.510 1.528

952 18 312 626 176 57

11

1.497 1.519 1.512 1.504 1.486 1.514 1.506 1.505 1.506 1.510 1.515 1.527 1.513 1.490 1.466 1.472 1.470 1.444

1.496 1.519 1.512 1.502 1.485 1.512 1.505 1.505 1.507 1.510 1.515 1.530 1.513 1.490 1.465 1.472 1.469 1.447

0.018 0.020 0.015 0.013 0.018 0.016 0.012 0.011 0.011 0.009 0.011 0.016 0.014 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.010

1.484 1.500 1.501 1.495 1.474 1.506 1.498 1.496 1.501 1.505 1.508 1.517 1.505 1.479 1.460 1.464 1.463 1.436

1.509 1.538 1.521 1.517 1.497 1.526 1.515 1.517 1.513 1.516 1.522 1.539 1.521 1.503 1.469 1.481 1.479 1.451

553 4 110 27 105 32 78 15 454 674 363 308 1813 90 21 88 106 38

12 13 12 12 7 14 14 14

1.455 1.478 1.460 1.443 1.432

1.455 1.476 1.460 1.445 1.433

0.011 0.012 0.015 0.013 0.012

1.447 1.470 1.450 1.431 1.424

1.463 1.479 1.470 1.454 1.441

30 8 38 29 280

16,18 17,18

1.464 1.484 1.465

1.462 1.486 1.462

0.018 0.017 0.018

1.453 1.475 1.453

1.476 1.497 1.478

211 14 226

16,18 17,18

1.478 1.478

1.476 1.478

0.011 0.031

1.469 1.464

1.488 1.498

28 172

9 9

5

7 15 15 7b 7

18 19

5/3/05 12:08:18 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-4 Bond

Csp2–Car Csp2–Car

Csp2–Csp1 Car–Car Car–Csp1 Csp1–Csp1 Csp2=Csp2

Section 09 book.indb 4

Substructure non-quinonoid C=C–COOH C=C–COOC* C=C–COO– HOOC–COOH HOOC–COO– – OOC–COO– formal Csp2–Csp2 single bond in selected non-fused heterocycles: in 1H-pyrrole (C3–C4) in furan (C3–C4) in thiophene (C3–C4) in pyrazole (C3–C4) in isoxazole (C3–C4) in furazan (C3–C4) in furoxan (C3–C4) C=C–Car (conjugated) (overall) cyclopropenyl (C=C)–Car Car–C(=O)–C* Car–C(=O)–Car Car–COOH Car–C(=O)(–OC*) Car–COO– Car–C(–O)–NH2 Car–C=N–C# (conjugated) (unconjugated) (overall) in indole (C3–C3a) C=C–C≡C C=C–C≡N in TCNQ in biphenyls (ortho subst. all H) (≥1 non-H ortho-subst.) Car–C≡C Car–C≡N C≡C–C=C C*–CH=CH2 (C*)2–C=CH2 C*–CH=CH–C* (cis) (trans) (overall) (C*)2–C=CH–C* (C*2–C=C–(C*)2 (C*,H)2–C=C–(C*,H)2 (overall) in cyclopropene (any subst.) in cyclobutene (any subst.) in cyclopentene (C,H-subst.) in cyclohexene (C,H-subst.) C=C=C (allenes, any subst.) C=C–C=C (C,H subst., conjugated) C=C–C=C–C=C (C,H subst., conjugated) C=C–Car (C,H subst., conjugated) C=C in cyclopenta-1,3-diene (any subst.) C=C in cyclohexa-1,3-diene (any subst.) in C=C–C=O (C,H subst., conjugated) (C,H subst., unconjugated)

d 1.456 1.475 1.488 1.502 1.538 1.549 1.564

m 1.455 1.476 1.489 1.499 1.537 1.552 1.559

σ 0.012 0.015 0.014 0.017 0.007 0.009 0.022

q1 1.447 1.461 1.478 1.488 1.535 1.546 1.554

qu 1.464 1.488 1.497 1.510 1.541 1.553 1.568

n 28 22 113 11 9 13 9

Note

1.412 1.423 1.424 1.410 1.425 1.428 1.417

1.410 1.423 1.425 1.412 1.425 1.427 1.417

0.016 0.016 0.015 0.016 0.016 0.007 0.006

1.401 1.412 1.415 1.400 1.413 1.422 1.412

1.427 1.433 1.433 1.418 1.438 1.435 1.422

29 62 40 20 9 6 14

1.470 1.488 1.483 1.447 1.488 1.480 1.484 1.487 1.504 1.500

1.470 1.490 1.483 1.448 1.489 1.481 1.485 1.487 1.509 1.503

0.015 0.012 0.015 0.006 0.016 0.017 0.014 0.012 0.014 0.020

1.463 1.480 1.472 1.441 1.478 1.468 1.474 1.480 1.495 1.498

1.480 1.496 1.494 1.452 1.500 1.494 1.491 1.494 1.512 1.510

37 87 124 8 84 58 75 218 26 19

16,18 17,18

1.476 1.491 1.485 1.434 1.431 1.427 1.487 1.490 1.434 1.443 1.377 1.299 1.321

1.478 1.490 1.487 1.434 1.427 1.427 1.488 1.491 1.436 1.444 1.378 1.300 1.321

0.014 0.008 0.013 0.011 0.014 0.010 0.007 0.010 0.006 0.008 0.012 0.027 0.013

1.466 1.485 1.481 1.428 1.425 1.420 1.484 1.486 1.430 1.436 1.374 1.280 1.313

1.486 1.496 1.493 1.439 1.441 1.433 1.493 1.495 1.437 1.448 1.384 1.311 1.328

27 48 75 40 11 280 30 212 37 31 21 42 77

16 17

1.317 1.312 1.316 1.326 1.331 1.322 1.294 1.335 1.323 1.326 1.307 1.330 1.345 1.339 1.341 1.332

1.318 1.311 1.317 1.328 1.330 1.323 1.288 1.335 1.324 1.325 1.307 1.330 1.345 1.340 1.341 1.332

0.013 0.011 0.015 0.011 0.009 0.014 0.017 0.019 0.013 0.012 0.005 0.014 0.012 0.011 0.017 0.013

1.310 1.304 1.309 1.319 1.326 1.315 1.284 1.324 1.314 1.318 1.303 1.322 1.337 1.334 1.328 1.323

1.323 1.320 1.323 1.334 1.334 1.331 1.302 1.347 1.331 1.334 1.310 1.338 1.350 1.346 1.356 1.341

106 19 127 168 89 493 10 25 104 196 18 76 58 124 18 56

1.340 1.331

1.340 1.330

0.013 0.008

1.332 1.326

1.348 1.339

211 14

10

7b 19

5 10 8

16 16 16

16,18 17,18

5/3/05 12:08:20 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond

Car  Car

Car  Car

Csp1≡Csp1

Csp3–Cl

Section 09 book.indb 5

Substructure (C,H subst., overall) in cyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ones in p-benzoquinones (C*,H subst.) (any subst.) in TCNQ (endocyclic) (exocyclic) C=C–OH in enol tautomers in heterocycles (any subst.): 1H-pyrrole (C2–C3, C4–C5) furan (C2–C3, C4–C5) thiophene (C2–C3, C4–C5) pyrazole (C4–C5) imidazole (C4–C5) isoxazole (C4–C5) indole (C2–C3) in phenyl rings with C*, H subst. only H–C  C–H C*–C  C–H C*–C  C–C* C  C (overall) F–C  C–F Cl–C  C–Cl in naphthalene (D2h, any subst.) C1–C2 C2–C3 C1–C8a C4a–C8a in anthracene (D2h, any subst.) C1–C2 C2–C3 C1–C9a C4a–C9a C9–C9a in pyridine (C,H subst.) (any subst.) in pyridinium cation (N+ –H; C,H subst. on C) C2–C3 C3–C4 (N+ –X; C,H subst. on C) C2–C3 C3–C4 in pyrazine (H subst. on C) (any subst. on C) in pyrimidine (C,H subst. on C) X–C≡C–X C,H–C≡C–C,H in C≡C–C(sp2,ar) in C≡C–C≡C in CH≡C–C# Omitting 1,2-dichlorides: C–CH2–Cl C2–CH–Cl C3–C–Cl X–CH2–Cl (X = C,H,N,O) X2–CH–Cl (X = C,H,N,O) X3–C–Cl (X = C,H,N,O) X2–C–Cl2 (X = C,H,N,O) X–C–Cl3 (X = C,H,N,O)

9-5 d 1.340 1.329

m 1.339 1.327

σ 0.013 0.011

q1 1.332 1.321

qu 1.348 1.335

n 226 28

Note

1.333 1.349

1.337 1.339

0.011 0.030

1.325 1.330

1.338 1.364

14 86

1.352 1.392 1.362

1.353 1.391 1.360

0.010 0.017 0.020

1.345 1.379 1.349

1.358 1.405 1.370

142 139 54

1.375 1.341 1.362 1.369 1.360 1.341 1.364

1.377 1.342 1.359 1.372 1.361 1.336 1.363

0.018 0.021 0.025 0.019 0.014 0.012 0.012

1.361 1.329 1.346 1.362 1.352 1.331 1.355

1.388 1.351 1.377 1.383 1.367 1.355 1.371

58 125 60 20 44 9 40

1.380 1.387 1.397 1.384 1.372 1.388

1.381 1.388 1.397 1.384 1.374 1.389

0.013 0.010 0.009 0.013 0.011 0.014

1.372 1.382 1.392 1.375 1.366 1.380

1.388 1.393 1.403 1.391 1.380 1.398

2191 891 182 3264 84 152

1.364 1.406 1.420 1.422

1.364 1.406 1.419 1.424

0.014 0.014 0.012 0.011

1.356 1.397 1.412 1.417

1.373 1.415 1.426 1.429

440 218 440 109

1.356 1.410 1.430 1.435 1.400 1.379 1.380

1.356 1.410 1.430 1.436 1.402 1.381 1.380

0.009 0.010 0.006 0.007 0.009 0.012 0.015

1.350 1.401 1.426 1.429 1.395 1.371 1.371

1.360 1.416 1.434 1.440 1.406 1.387 1.389

56 34 56 34 68 276 537

1.373 1.379

1.375 1.380

0.012 0.011

1.368 1.371

1.380 1.388

30 30

1.373 1.383 1.379 1.405 1.387 1.183 1.181 1.189 1.192 1.174

1.372 1.385 1.377 1.405 1.389 1.183 1.181 1.193 1.192 1.174

0.019 0.019 0.010 0.024 0.018 0.014 0.014 0.010 0.010 0.011

1.362 1.372 1.370 1.388 1.379 1.174 1.173 1.181 1.187 1.167

1.382 1.394 1.388 1.420 1.400 1.193 1.192 1.195 1.197 1.180

151 151 10 60 28 119 104 38 42 42

15 15 15 15 15

1.790 1.803 1.849 1.790 1.805 1.843 1.779 1.768

1.790 1.802 1.856 1.791 1.803 1.838 1.776 1.765

0.007 0.003 0.011 0.011 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.011

1.783 1.800 1.837 1.783 1.800 1.835 1.769 1.761

1.795 1.807 1.858 1.797 1.812 1.858 1.790 1.776

13 8 5 37 26 7 18 33

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

19 19

4 4

20 20

5/3/05 12:08:22 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-6 Bond

Csp2–Cl

Car–Cl Csp1Cl Csp3–F

Csp2–F Car–F Csp3–H

Csp2–H Car–H Csp3–I Car–I Csp3–N(4)

Csp3–N(3)

Section 09 book.indb 6

Substructure Cl–CH(–C)–CH(–C)–Cl Cl–C(–C2)–C(–C2)–Cl cyclopropyl–Cl C=C–Cl (C,H,N,O subst. on C) C=C–Cl2 (C,H,N,O subst. on C) Cl–C=C–Cl Car–Cl (mono–Cl + m,p-Cl2) Car–Cl (o–Cl2) see HCLENE10 (1.634, 1.646) Omitting 1,2-difluorides C–CH2–F and C2–CH–F C3–C–F (C*,H)2–C–F2 C*–C–F3 F–C*–C*–F X3–C–F (X = C,H,N,O) X2–C–F2 (X = C,H,N,O) X–C–F3 (X = C,H,N,O) F–C(–X)2–C(–X)2–F (X = C,H,N,O) F–C(–X)2–NO2 (X = any subst.) C=C–F (C,H,N,O subst. on C) Car–F (mono-F + m,p-F2) Car–F (o-F2) C–C–H3 (methyl) C2–C–H2 (primary) C3–C–H (secondary) C2,3–C–H (primary and secondary) X–C–H3 (methyl) X2–C–H2 (primary) X3–C–H (secondary) X2,3–C–H (primary and secondary) C–C=C–H Car–H C*–I Car–I C*–NH3+ (C*)2–NH2+ (C*)3–NH+ (C*)4–N+ C*–N+ (overall) C*–N+ in N-subst. pyridinium C*–NH2 (Nsp3: pyramidal) (C*)2–NH (Nsp3: pyramidal) (C*)3–N (Nsp3: pyramidal) C*–Nsp3 (overall) Csp3–Nsp3 in aziridine in azetidine in tetrahydropyrrole in piperidine Csp3–Nsp2 (N planar) in: acyclic amides C*–NH–C=O β-lactams C*–N(–X)–C=O (endo) γ-lactams C*–NH–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (exo) δ-lactams C*–NH–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (endo) C*–N(–C*)–C=O (exo)

d 1.793 1.762 1.755 1.734 1.720 1.713 1.739 1.720

m 1.793 1.760 1.756 1.729 1.716 1.711 1.741 1.720

σ 0.013 0.010 0.011 0.019 0.013 0.011 0.010 0.010

q1 1.786 1.757 1.749 1.719 1.708 1.705 1.734 1.713

qu 1.800 1.765 1.763 1.748 1.729 1.720 1.745 1.717

n 66 54 64 63 20 80 340 364

Note 4 4

1.399 1.428 1.349 1.336 1.371 1.386 1.351 1.322 1.373 1.320 1.340 1.363 1.340 1.059 1.092 1.099 1.093 1.066 1.092 1.099 1.094 1.077 1.083 2.162 2.095 1.488 1.494 1.502 1.510 1.499 1.485 1.469 1.469 1.469 1.469

1.399 1.431 1.347 1.334 1.374 1.389 1.349 1.323 1.374 1.319 1.340 1.362 1.340 1.061 1.095 1.097 1.095 1.074 1.095 1.099 1.096 1.079 1.083 2.159 2.095 1.488 1.493 1.502 1.509 1.498 1.484 1.470 1.467 1.468 1.468

0.017 0.009 0.012 0.007 0.007 0.033 0.013 0.015 0.009 0.009 0.013 0.008 0.009 0.030 0.013 0.004 0.012 0.028 0.012 0.007 0.011 0.012 0.011 0.015 0.015 0.013 0.016 0.015 0.020 0.018 0.009 0.010 0.012 0.014 0.014

1.389 1.421 1.342 1.330 1.362 1.373 1.342 1.314 1.362 1.312 1.334 1.357 1.336 1.039 1.088 1.095 1.089 1.049 1.088 1.095 1.091 1.074 1.080 2.149 2.089 1.482 1.484 1.491 1.496 1.488 1.477 1.462 1.461 1.460 1.460

1.408 1.435 1.356 1.344 1.375 1.408 1.356 1.332 1.377 1.327 1.346 1.368 1.344 1.083 1.099 1.103 1.100 1.087 1.099 1.103 1.100 1.085 1.087 2.179 2.104 1.495 1.503 1.512 1.523 1.510 1.490 1.474 1.477 1.476 1.476

25 11 58 12 26 70 58 309 30 18 34 38 167 83 100 14 118 160 230 117 348 14 218 15 51 298 249 509 319 1370 32 19 152 1042 1201

1.472 1.484 1.475 1.473

1.471 1.481 1.473 1.473

0.016 0.018 0.016 0.013

1.464 1.472 1.464 1.460

1.482 1.495 1.483 1.479

134 21 66 240

1.454 1.464

1.451 1.465

0.011 0.012

1.446 1.458

1.461 1.475

78 23

23 14 13

1.457 1.462 1.458

1.458 1.461 1.456

0.011 0.010 0.014

1.449 1.453 1.448

1.465 1.466 1.465

20 15 15

13 13 13

1.478 1.479 1.468

1.472 1.476 1.471

0.016 0.007 0.009

1.467 1.475 1.462

1.491 1.482 1.477

6 15 15

14 14 14

4 4 4 4 4

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 4 4

22 5,22 5,22

5/3/05 12:08:24 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond

Csp3–N(2) Csp2–N(3)

Csp2–N(2) Car–N(4) Car–N(3)

Car–N(3)

Section 09 book.indb 7

Substructure nitro compounds (1,2-dinitro omitted): C–CH2–NO2 C2–CH–NO2 C3–C–NO2 C2–C–(NO2)2 1,2-dinitro: NO2–C*–C*–NO2 C#–N=N C*–N=C–Car C=C–NH2 Nsp2 planar C=C–NH–C# Nsp2 planar C=C–N–(C#)2 Nsp2 planar Nsp3 pyramidal Csp2–Nsp2 (N planar) in: acyclic amides NH2–C=O C*–NH–C=O (C*)2–N–C=O β-lactams C*–NH–C=O γ-lactams C*–NH–C=O C*–N(–C*)–C=O δ-lactams C*–NH–C=O (C*)–N(–C*)–C=O peptides C#–N(–X)–C(–C#)(=O) ureas (NH2)2–C=O (C#–NH)2–C=O [(C#)n–N]2–C=O thioureas (X2N)2–C=S imides [C#–C(=O)]2–NH [C#–C(=O)]2–N–C# [Csp2–C(=O)]2–N–C# [Csp2–C(=O)]2–N–Csp2 guanidinium [C–(NH2)3]+ (unsubst.) (any subst.) in heterocyclic systems (any subst.) 1H-pyrrole (N1–C2, N1–C5) indole (N1–C2) pyrazole (N1–C5) imidazole (N1–C2) imidazole (N1–C5) in imidazole (N3–C4) Car–N+–(C,H)3 Car–NH2 (Nsp2: planar) (Nsp3: pyramidal) (overall) Car–NH–C# (Nsp2: planar) (Nsp3: pyramidal) (overall) Car–N–(C#)2 (Nsp2: planar) (Nsp3: pyramidal) (overall) in indole (N1–C7a) Car–NO2

9-7 d

m

σ

q1

qu

n

Note

1.485 1.509 1.533 1.537 1.552 1.493 1.465 1.336 1.339

1.483 1.509 1.533 1.536 1.550 1.493 1.468 1.344 1.340

0.020 0.011 0.013 0.016 0.023 0.020 0.011 0.017 0.016

1.478 1.502 1.530 1.525 1.536 1.477 1.461 1.317 1.327

1.502 1.511 1.539 1.550 1.572 1.506 1.472 1.348 1.351

8 12 17 19 32 54 75 10 17

1.355 1.416

1.358 1.418

0.014 0.018

1.341 1.397

1.363 1.432

22 18

23 22 23

1.325 1.334 1.346 1.385

1.323 1.333 1.342 1.388

0.009 0.011 0.011 0.019

1.318 1.326 1.339 1.374

1.331 1.343 1.356 1.396

32 78 5 23

14 14 14 13

1.331 1.347

1.331 1.344

0.011 0.014

1.326 1.335

1.337 1.359

20 15

13 13

1.334 1.352 1.333

1.334 1.353 1.334

0.006 0.010 0.013

1.330 1.344 1.326

1.339 1.356 1.340

6 15 380

14 14 24

1.334 1.347 1.363 1.346

1.334 1.345 1.359 1.343

0.008 0.010 0.014 0.023

1.329 1.341 1.354 1.328

1.339 1.354 1.370 1.361

48 26 40 192

25,26 25 25,27

1.376 1.389 1.396 1.409 1.321 1.328

1.377 1.383 1.396 1.406 1.320 1.325

0.012 0.017 0.010 0.020 0.008 0.015

1.369 1.376 1.389 1.391 1.314 1.317

1.383 1.404 1.403 1.419 1.327 1.333

64 38 46 28 39 140

1.372 1.370 1.357 1.349 1.370 1.376 1.465

1.374 1.370 1.359 1.349 1.370 1.377 1.466

0.016 0.012 0.012 0.018 0.010 0.011 0.007

1.363 1.364 1.347 1.338 1.365 1.369 1.461

1.384 1.377 1.365 1.358 1.377 1.384 1.470

58 40 20 44 44 44 23

1.355 1.394 1.375

1.360 1.396 1.377

0.020 0.011 0.025

1.340 1.385 1.363

1.372 1.403 1.394

33 25 98

23 22 28

1.353 1.419 1.380

1.353 1.423 1.364

0.007 0.017 0.032

1.347 1.412 1.353

1.359 1.432 1.412

16 8 31

23 22 28

1.371 1.426 1.390 1.372 1.468

1.370 1.425 1.385 1.372 1.469

0.016 0.011 0.030 0.007 0.014

1.363 1.421 1.366 1.367 1.460

1.382 1.431 1.420 1.376 1.476

41 22 69 40 556

23 22 28

23 23

5/3/05 12:08:26 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-8 Bond Car–N(2) Csp2=N(3) Csp2=N(2)

Car  N(3)

Car  N(2)

Csp1≡N(2) Csp1≡N(1)

Csp3–O(2)

Section 09 book.indb 8

Substructure Car–N=N in furoxan (+N2=C3) Car–C=N–C# (C,H)2–C=N–OH in oximes S–C=N–X in pyrazole (N2=C3) in imidazole (C2=N3) in isoxazole (N2=C3) in furazan (N2=C3, C4=N5) in furoxan (C4=N5) C  N+–H (pyrimidinium) C  N+–C* (pyrimidinium) C  N+–O– (pyrimidinium) C  N (pyridine) C  N (pyrazine) C  N  C (pyrimidine) N  C  N (pyrimidine) C  N (pyrimidine) (overall) in any 6-membered N-containing aromatic ring: H–C  N  C–H H–C  N  C–C* C*–C  N  C–C* C  N  C (overall) X–S–N≡C– (isothiocyanide) C*–C≡N C=C–C≡N in TCNQ Car–C≡N X–C≡N (S–C≡N)– in alcohols CH3–OH C–CH2–OH C2–CH–OH C3–C–OH C*–OH (overall) in dialkyl ethers CH3–O–C* C–CH2–O–C* C2–CH–O–C* C3–C–O–C* C*–O–C* (overall) in aryl alkyl ethers CH3–O–Car C–CH2–O–Car C2–CH–O–Car C3–C–O–Car C*–O–Car (overall) in alkyl esters of carboxylic acids CH3–O–C(=O)–C* C–CH2–O–C(=O)–C* C2–CH–O–C(=O)–C* C3–C–O–C(=O)–C* C*–O–C(=O)–C* (overall) in alkyl esters of α,β-unsaturated acids: C*–O–C(=O)–C=C (overall) in alkyl esters of benzoic acid C*–O–C(=O)–C(phenyl) (overall) in ring systems oxirane (epoxides) (any subst.) oxetane (any subst.) tetrahydrofuran (C,H subst.)

d 1.431 1.316 1.279 1.281 1.302 1.329 1.313 1.314 1.298 1.304 1.335 1.346 1.362 1.337 1.336 1.339 1.333 1.336

m 1.435 1.316 1.279 1.280 1.302 1.331 1.314 1.315 1.299 1.306 1.334 1.346 1.359 1.338 1.335 1.338 1.335 1.337

σ 0.020 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.021 0.014 0.011 0.009 0.006 0.008 0.015 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.022 0.015 0.013 0.014

q1 1.422 1.311 1.275 1.273 1.285 1.315 1.307 1.305 1.294 1.300 1.325 1.340 1.353 1.330 1.319 1.333 1.326 1.331

qu 1.442 1.324 1.285 1.288 1.319 1.339 1.319 1.320 1.303 1.308 1.342 1.352 1.369 1.344 1.347 1.342 1.337 1.339

n 26 14 75 67 36 20 44 9 12 14 30 64 56 269 120 28 28 56

1.334 1.339 1.345 1.336 1.144 1.136 1.144 1.138 1.144 1.155

1.334 1.341 1.345 1.337 1.147 1.137 1.144 1.138 1.141 1.156

0.014 0.013 0.008 0.014 0.006 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.012 0.012

1.327 1.336 1.342 1.329 1.140 1.131 1.139 1.133 1.138 1.147

1.341 1.345 1.348 1.344 1.148 1.142 1.149 1.143 1.151 1.165

146 38 24 204 6 140 284 31 10 14

1.413 1.426 1.432 1.440 1.432

1.414 1.426 1.431 1.440 1.431

0.018 0.011 0.011 0.012 0.013

1.395 1.420 1.425 1.432 1.424

1.425 1.431 1.439 1.449 1.441

17 75 266 106 464

1.416 1.426 1.429 1.452 1.426

1.418 1.424 1.430 1.450 1.425

0.016 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.019

1.405 1.418 1.420 1.445 1.414

1.426 1.435 1.437 1.458 1.437

110 34 53 39 236

1.424 1.431 1.447 1.470 1.429

1.424 1.430 1.446 1.469 1.427

0.012 0.013 0.020 0.018 0.018

1.417 1.422 1.435 1.456 1.419

1.431 1.438 1.466 1.483 1.436

616 188 58 55 917

1.448 1.452 1.460 1.477 1.450

1.449 1.453 1.460 1.475 1.451

0.010 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.014

1.442 1.445 1.454 1.472 1.442

1.455 1.458 1.465 1.484 1.459

200 32 78 6 314

1.453

1.452

0.013

1.444

1.459

112

1.454

1.454

0.012

1.446

1.463

219

1.446 1.463 1.442

1.446 1.460 1.441

0.014 0.015 0.017

1.438 1.451 1.430

1.456 1.474 1.451

498 16 154

Note

19

29

5 29

12,29

9

5/3/05 12:08:28 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond Csp3–O(2)

Csp2–O(2)

Section 09 book.indb 9

Substructure tetrahydropyran (C,H subst.) β-lactones: C*–O–C(=O) γ-lactones: C*–O–C(=O) δ-lactones: C*–O–C(=O) O–C–O system in gem-diols, and pyranose and furanose sugars: HO–C*–OH C5–O5–C1–O1H in pyranoses O1 axial (α): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1 equatorial (β): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 α + β (overall): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 C4–O4–C1–O1H in furanoses (overall values) C4–O4 O4–C1 C1–O1 C5–O5–C1–O1–C* in pyranoses O1 axial (α): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* O1 equatorial (β): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* α + β (overall): C5–O5 O5–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* C4–O4–C1–O1–C* in furanoses (overall values) C4–O4 O4–C1 C1–O1 O1–C* Miscellaneous: C#–O–SiX3 C*–O–SO2–C in enols: C=C–OH in enol esters: C=C–O–C* in acids: C*–C(=O)–OH C=C–C(=O)–OH Car–C(=O)–OH in esters: C*–C(=O)–O–C* C=C–C(=O)–O–C* Car–C(=O)–O–C* C*–C(=O)–O–C=C C*–C(=O)–O–C=C

9-9 d 1.441 1.492 1.464 1.461

m 1.442 1.494 1.464 1.464

σ 0.015 0.010 0.012 0.017

q1 1.431 1.481 1.455 1.452

qu 1.451 1.501 1.473 1.473

n 22 4 110 27

1.397

1.401

0.012

1.388

1.405

18

1.439 1.427 1.403

1.440 1.426 1.400

0.008 0.012 0.012

1.432 1.421 1.391

1.445 1.432 1.412

29 29 29

1.435 1.430 1.393

1.436 1.431 1.393

0.008 0.010 0.007

1.429 1.424 1.386

1.440 1.436 1.399

17 17 17

1.439 1.430 1.401

1.440 1.429 1.399

0.008 0.012 0.011

1.432 1.421 1.392

1.446 1.436 1.407

60 60 60

1.442 1.432 1.404

1.446 1.432 1.405

0.012 0.012 0.013

1.436 1.421 1.397

1.449 1.443 1.409

18 18 18

1.439 1.417 1.409 1.435

1.438 1.417 1.409 1.435

0.010 0.009 0.014 0.013

1.433 1.410 1.401 1.427

1.446 1.424 1.417 1.443

67 67 67 67

1.434 1.424 1.390 1.437

1.435 1.424 1.390 1.438

0.006 0.008 0.011 0.013

1.429 1.418 1.381 1.428

1.439 1.431 1.400 1.445

39 39 39 39

1.436 1.419 1.402 1.436

1.436 1.419 1.403 1.436

0.009 0.011 0.016 0.013

1.431 1.412 1.391 1.428

1.442 1.426 1.413 1.445

126 126 126 126

1.443 1.421 1.410 1.439

1.445 1.418 1.409 1.437

0.013 0.012 0.014 0.014

1.429 1.413 1.401 1.429

1.453 1.431 1.420 1.449

23 23 23 23

1.416 1.465 1.333 1.354

1.416 1.461 1.331 1.353

0.017 0.014 0.017 0.016

1.405 1.454 1.324 1.341

1.428 1.475 1.342 1.363

29 33 53 40

1.308 1.293 1.305

1.311 1.295 1.311

0.019 0.019 0.020

1.298 1.279 1.291

1.320 1.307 1.317

174 22 75

1.336 1.332 1.337 1.362 1.407

1.337 1.331 1.335 1.359 1.405

0.014 0.011 0.013 0.018 0.017

1.328 1.324 1.329 1.351 1.394

1.346 1.339 1.344 1.374 1.420

551 112 219 26 26

Note 16 12 12 30,31

12,29 12

5/3/05 12:08:30 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-10 Bond

Car–O(2) Car–O(2) Csp2=O(1)

Csp3–P(4)

Section 09 book.indb 10

Substructure C*–C(=O)–O–Car in anhydrides: O=C–O–C=O in ring systems: furan (O1–C2, O1–C5) isoxazole (O1–C5) β-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* γ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* δ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* in phenols: Car–OH in aryl alkyl ethers: Car–O–C* in diaryl ethers: Car–O–Car in esters: Car–O–C(=O)–C* in aldehydes and ketones: C*–CH=O (C*)2–C=O (C#)2–C=O in cyclobutanones in cyclopentanones in cyclohexanones C=C–C=O (C=C)2–C=O Car–C=O (Car)2–C=O C=O in benzoquinones delocalized double bonds in carboxylate anions: H–C  O2– (formate) C*–C  O2– C=C–C  O2– Car–C  O2– HOOC–C  O2– (hydrogen oxalate) – O2  C–C  O2– (oxalate) in carboxylic acids (X–COOH) C*–C(=O)–OH C=C–C(=O)–OH Car–C(=O)–OH in esters: C*–C(=O)–O–C* C=C–C(=O)–O–C* Car–C(=O)–O–C* C*–C(=O)–O–C=C C*–C(=O)–O–Car in anhydrides: O=C–O–C=O in β-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* γ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* δ-lactones: C*–C(=O)–O–C* in amides: NH2–C(–C*)=O (C*–)(C*,H–)N–C(–C*)=O β-lactams: C*–NH–C=O γ-lactams: C*–NH–C=O C*–N(–C*)–C=O δ-lactams: C*–NH–C=O C*–N(–C*)–C=O in ureas: (NH)2)2–C=O (C#–NH)2–C=O [(C#)n–N]2–C=O C3–P+–C* C2–P(=O)–CH3

d 1.360 1.386

m 1.359 1.386

σ 0.011 0.011

q1 1.355 1.379

qu 1.367 1.393

n 40 70

Note 12

1.368 1.354 1.359 1.350 1.339 1.362 1.370 1.384 1.401

1.369 1.354 1.359 1.349 1.339 1.364 1.370 1.381 1.401

0.015 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.016 0.015 0.011 0.014 0.010

1.359 1.345 1.348 1.342 1.332 1.353 1.363 1.375 1.394

1.377 1.360 1.371 1.359 1.347 1.373 1.377 1.391 1.408

125 9 4 110 27 551 920 132 40

1.192 1.210

1.192 1.210

0.005 0.008

1.188 1.206

1.197 1.215

7 474

1.198 1.208 1.211 1.222 1.233 1.221 1.230 1.222

1.198 1.208 1.211 1.222 1.229 1.218 1.226 1.220

0.007 0.007 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.014 0.015 0.013

1.194 1.203 1.207 1.216 1.226 1.212 1.220 1.211

1.204 1.212 1.216 1.229 1.242 1.229 1.238 1.231

12 155 312 225 28 85 66 86

1.242 1.254 1.250 1.255 1.243 1.251

1.243 1.253 1.248 1.253 1.247 1.251

0.012 0.010 0.017 0.010 0.015 0.007

1.234 1.247 1.238 1.249 1.232 1.248

1.252 1.261 1.261 1.262 1.256 1.254

24 114 52 22 26 18

1.214 1.229 1.226

1.214 1.226 1.223

0.019 0.017 0.020

1.203 1.218 1.211

1.224 1.237 1.241

175 22 75

1.196 1.199 1.202 1.190 1.187 1.187 1.193 1.201 1.205

1.196 1.198 1.201 1.190 1.188 1.187 1.193 1.202 1.207

0.010 0.009 0.009 0.014 0.011 0.010 0.006 0.009 0.008

1.190 1.193 1.196 1.184 1.181 1.184 1.187 1.196 1.201

1.202 1.203 1.207 1.198 1.195 1.193 1.198 1.206 1.209

551 113 218 26 40 70 4 109 27

13 12 12

1.234 1.231 1.198

1.233 1.231 1.200

0.012 0.012 0.012

1.225 1.224 1.193

1.243 1.238 1.204

32 378 23

14 14 13

1.235 1.225

1.235 1.226

0.008 0.011

1.232 1.217

1.240 1.233

20 15

13 13

1.240 1.233

1.241 1.233

0.003 0.007

1.237 1.229

1.243 1.239

6 15

14 14

1.256 1.241 1.230 1.800 1.791

1.256 1.237 1.230 1.802 1.790

0.007 0.011 0.007 0.015 0.006

1.249 1.235 1.224 1.790 1.786

1.261 1.245 1.234 1.812 1.795

24 13 20 35 10

25,26 25 25,27 33

13 12 12 29,32 12

5

12 12 12

5/3/05 12:08:32 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond

Csp3–P(3) Car–P(4)

Car–P(3) Csp3–S(4)

Csp3–S(3)

Csp3–S(2) Csp3–S(2)

Csp2–S(2)

Car–S(4)

Car–S(3) Car–S(2)

Csp1–S(2) Csp1–S(1) Csp2=S(1)

Csp3–Se Csp2–Se(2) Car–Se(3) Csp3–Si(5) Csp3–Si(4)

Car–Si(4)

Section 09 book.indb 11

Substructure C2–P(=O)–CH2–C C2–P(=O)–CH–C2 C2–P(=O)–C–C3 C2–P(=O)–C* (overall) C2–P–C* C3–P+–Car C2–P(=O)–Car Ph3–P=N+=P–Ph3 C2–P–Car (N)2P–Car(P  N aromatic) C*–SO2–C (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–SO2–C (overall) C*–SO2–O–X C*–SO2–N–X2 C*–S(=O)–C (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–S(=O)–C (overall) CH3–S+–X2 C*–S+–X2 (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–S+–X2 (overall) C*–SH CH3–S–C* C–CH2–S–C* C2–CH–S–C* C3–C–S–C* C*–S–C* (overall) in thiirane in thiirane: see ZCMXSP (1.817, 1.844) in tetrahydrothiophene in tetrahydrothiopyran C–CH2–S–S–X C3–C–S–S–X C*–S–S–X (overall) C=C–S–C* C=C–S–C=C (in tetrathiafulvalene) C=C–S–C=C (in thiophene) O=C–S–C# Car–SO2–C Car–SO2–O–X Car–SO2–N–X2 Car–S(=O)–C Car–S+–X2 Car–S–C* Car–S–Car Car–S–Car (in phenothiazine) Car–S–S–X N≡C–S–X (N≡C–S)– (C*)2–C=S: see IPMUDS (1.599) (Car)2–C=S: see CELDOM (1.611) (X)2–C=S (X = C,N,O,S) X2N–C(=S)–S–X (X2N)2–C=S (thioureas) N–C(S)2 C#–Se C=C–Se–C=C (in tetraselenafulvalene) Ph3–Se+ C#–Si––X4 CH3–Si–X3 C*–Si–X3 (C* = CH3 excluded) C*–Si–X3 (overall) Car–Si–X3

9-11 d 1.806 1.821 1.841 1.813 1.855 1.793 1.801 1.795 1.836 1.795 1.786 1.779 1.745 1.758 1.818 1.809 1.786 1.823 1.804 1.808 1.789 1.817 1.819 1.856 1.819 1.834

m 1.806 1.821 1.842 1.811 1.857 1.792 1.802 1.795 1.837 1.793 1.782 1.778 1.744 1.756 1.814 1.806 1.787 1.820 1.794 1.805 1.787 1.816 1.819 1.860 1.817 1.835

σ 0.009 0.009 0.008 0.017 0.019 0.011 0.011 0.008 0.010 0.011 0.018 0.020 0.009 0.018 0.024 0.025 0.007 0.016 0.025 0.010 0.008 0.013 0.011 0.011 0.019 0.025

q1 1.801 1.815 1.835 1.800 1.840 1.786 1.796 1.789 1.830 1.788 1.774 1.764 1.738 1.746 1.802 1.793 1.779 1.812 1.788 1.800 1.784 1.808 1.811 1.854 1.809 1.810

qu 1.813 1.828 1.847 1.822 1.870 1.800 1.807 1.800 1.844 1.803 1.797 1.790 1.754 1.773 1.829 1.820 1.792 1.834 1.820 1.819 1.794 1.824 1.825 1.863 1.827 1.858

n 45 15 14 84 23 276 98 197 102 43 75 94 7 17 69 88 21 18 41 6 9 92 32 26 242 4

1.827 1.823 1.823 1.863 1.833 1.751 1.741 1.712 1.762 1.763 1.752 1.758 1.790 1.778 1.773 1.768 1.764 1.777 1.679 1.630

1.826 1.821 1.820 1.865 1.828 1.755 1.741 1.712 1.759 1.764 1.750 1.759 1.790 1.779 1.774 1.767 1.764 1.777 1.683 1.630

0.018 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.022 0.017 0.011 0.013 0.018 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.012 0.026 0.014

1.811 1.812 1.813 1.848 1.818 1.740 1.733 1.703 1.747 1.756 1.749 1.749 1.783 1.771 1.765 1.762 1.760 1.767 1.645 1.619

1.837 1.832 1.832 1.878 1.848 1.764 1.750 1.722 1.778 1.769 1.756 1.765 1.798 1.787 1.779 1.774 1.769 1.785 1.698 1.641

20 24 41 11 59 61 88 60 20 96 27 106 41 10 44 158 48 47 10 14

1.671 1.660 1.681 1.720 1.970 1.893 1.930 1.874 1.857 1.888 1.863 1.868

1.675 1.660 1.684 1.721 1.967 1.895 1.929 1.876 1.857 1.887 1.861 1.868

0.024 0.016 0.020 0.012 0.032 0.013 0.006 0.015 0.018 0.023 0.024 0.014

1.656 1.648 1.669 1.709 1.948 1.882 1.924 1.859 1.848 1.872 1.850 1.857

1.689 1.674 1.693 1.731 1.998 1.902 1.936 1.884 1.869 1.905 1.875 1.878

245 38 96 20 21 32 13 9 552 124 681 178

Note

34 34

9

35

5/3/05 12:08:34 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-12 Bond Csp1–Si(4) Csp3–Te Car–Te Csp2=Te Cl–Cl Cl–I Cl–N Cl–O(1) Cl–P Cl–S

Cl–Se Cl–Si(4) Cl–Te

F–N(3) F–P(6) F–P(3) F–S

F–Si(6) F–Si(5) F–Si(4) F–Te H–N(4) H–N(3) H–O(2)

I–I I–N I–O I–P(3) I–S I–Te(4) N(4)–N(3) N(3)–N(3)

N(3)–N(2) N(2)  N(2)

Section 09 book.indb 12

Substructure C≡C–Si–X3 C#–Te Car–Te see CEDCUJ (2.044) see PHASCL (2.306, 2.227) see CMBIDZ (2.563), HXPASC (2.541, 2.513), METAMM (2.552), BQUINI (2.416, 2.718) see BECTAE (1.743–1.757), BOGPOC (1.705) in CIO–4 (N)2P–Cl (N  P aromatic) Cl–P (overall) Cl–S (overall) see also longer bonds in CILSAR (2.283), BIHXIZ (2.357), CANLUY (2.749)

d 1.837 2.158 2.116

m 1.840 2.159 2.115

σ 0.012 0.030 0.020

q1 1.824 2.128 2.104

qu 1.849 2.177 2.130

n 8 13 72

Note

1.414 1.997 2.008 2.072

1.419 1.994 2.001 2.079

0.026 0.015 0.035 0.023

1.403 1.989 1.986 2.047

1.431 2.004 2.028 2.091

252 46 111 6

2.072 2.020 2.520

2.075 2.012 2.515

0.009 0.015 0.034

2.066 2.007 2.493

2.078 2.036 2.537

5 5 22

1.406 1.579 1.495 1.640

1.404 1.587 1.497 1.646

0.016 0.025 0.016 0.011

1.395 1.563 1.481 1.626

1.416 1.598 1.510 1.649

9 72 10 6

1.527 1.694 1.636 1.588

1.528 1.701 1.639 1.587

0.004 0.013 0.035 0.014

1.524 1.677 1.602 1.581

1.530 1.703 1.657 1.599

24 6 10 24

37

1.033 1.009 0.967 0.967 1.015 2.917

1.036 1.010 0.969 0.970 1.017 2.918

0.022 0.019 0.010 0.010 0.017 0.011

1.026 0.997 0.959 0.959 1.001 2.907

1.045 1.023 0.974 0.974 1.031 2.927

87 95 63 73 16 6

21 21 21 21 21,38

2.144

2.144

0.028

2.127

2.164

6

see BIRGUE10, BIRHAL10, CTCNSE (2.234–2.851)

Cl–Si–X3 (monochloro) Cl2–Si–X2 and Cl3–Si–X Cl–Te in range 2.34–2.60 see also longer bonds in BARRIV, BOJPUL, CETUTE, EPHTEA, OPNTEC10 (2.73–2.94) F–N–C2 and F2–N–C in hexafluorophosphate, PF–6 (N)2P–F(N  P aromatic) 43 observations in range 1.409–1.770 in a wide variety of environments; F–S(6) in F2–SO2–C2 (see FPSULF10, BETJOZ) F–S(4) in F2–S(=O)–N (see BUDTEZ) in SiF62 – F–Si––X4 F–Si–X3 see CUCPlZ (F–Te(6) = 1.942, 1.937), FPHTEL(F– Te(4) = 2.006) X3–N+–H X3–N–H in alcohols C*–O–H C#–O–H in acids O=C–O–H in I–3 see BZPRIB, CMBIDZ, HMTITI, HMTNTI, IFORAM, IODMAM (2.042–2.475) X–I–O(see BZPRIB, CAJMAB, IBZDAC11) for IO–6 see BOVMEE (1.829–1.912) see CEHKAB (2.490–2.493) sec DTHIBR10 (2.687), ISUREA10 (2.629), BZTPPI (3.251) I–Te–X3 X3–N+–N0–X2 (N0 planar) (C)(C,H)–Na–Nb(C)(C,H) Na, Nb pyramidal Na pyramidal, Nb planar Na, Nb planar overall in pyrazole (N1–N2) in pyridaznium (Nl+N2) N  N (aromatic) in pyridazine with C,H as ortho substituents with N,Cl as ortho substituents

36

† 2.926 1.414

2.928 1.414

0.026 0.005

2.902 1.412

2.944 1.418

8 13

1.454 1.420 1.401 1.425 1.366 1.350

1.452 1.420 1.401 1.425 1.366 1.349

0.021 0.015 0.018 0.027 0.019 0.010

1.444 1.407 1.384 1.407 1.350 1.345

1.457 1.433 1.418 1.443 1.375 1.361

44 68 40 139 20 7

1.304 1.368

1.300 1.373

0.019 0.011

1.287 1.362

1.326 1.375

6 9

5,39 40 40 40

5/3/05 12:08:36 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond N(2)=N(2)

N(2)=N(1) N(3)–O(2)

N(3)–O(1) N(2)–O(2)

N(3)=O(1)

N(3)–P(4)

N(3)–P(3)

N(2)=P(4) N(2)=P(3) N(2)  P(3)

N(3)–S(4)

N(3)–S(2)

N(2)–S(2) N(2)  S(2) N(2)=S(2) N(3)–SE N(2)–Se N(2)=Se

Section 09 book.indb 13

Substructure C#–N=N–C# cis trans (overall) Car–N=N–Car X–N=N=N (azides) X–N=N=N (azides) (C,H)2–N–OH (Nsp2: planar) C2–N–O–C (Nsp3: pyramidal) (Nsp2: planar) in furoxan (N2–O1) (C)2N+–O– in pyridine N-oxides in furoxan (+N2–O6–) in oximes (C#)2–C=N–OH (H)(Csp2)–C=N–OH (C#)(Csp2)–C=N–OH (Csp2)2–C=N–OH (C,H)2–C=N–OH (overall) in furazan (O1–N2, O1–N5) in furoxan (O1–N5) in isoxazole (O1–N2) in nitrate ions NO3– in nitro groups C*–NO2 C#–NO2 Car–NO2 C–NO2 (overall) X2–P(=X)–NX2 Nsp2: planar Nsp3: pyramidal (overall) subsets of this group are: O2–P(=S)–NX2 C–P(=S)–(NX2)2 O–P(=S)–(NX2)2 P(=O)–(NX2)3 –NX–P(–X)–NX–P(–X)–(P2N2 ring) –NX–P(=S)–NX–P(=S)–(P2N2 ring) in P-substituted phosphazenes: (N)2P–N (amino) (aziridinyl) Ph3–P=N+=P–Ph3 Ph3–P=N–C,S N  P aromatic in phosphazenes in P  N  S C–SO2–NH2 C–SO2–NH–C# C–SO2–N–C(#)2 C–S–NX2 Nsp2: planar (for Nsp3 pyramidal see MODIAZ: 1.765) X–S–NX2 Nsp2: planar C=N–S–X N  S aromatic in P  N  S N=S in N=S=N and N=S=S see COJCUZ (1.830), DSEMOR10 (1.846, 1.852), MORTRS10 (1.841) see SEBZQI (1.805), NAPSEZ10 (1.809, 1.820) see CISMUM (1.790, 1.791)

9-13 d

m

σ

q1

qu

n

1.245 1.222 1.240 1.255 1.216 1.124 1.396

1.244 1.222 1.241 1.253 1.226 1.128 1.394

0.009 0.006 0.012 0.016 0.028 0.015 0.012

1.239 1.218 1.230 1.247 1.202 1.114 1.390

1.252 1.227 1.251 1.262 1.237 1.137 1.401

21 6 27 13 19 19 28

1.463 1.397 1.438 1.304 1.234

1.465 1.394 1.436 1.299 1.234

0.012 0.011 0.009 0.015 0.008

1.457 1.388 1.430 1.291 1.228

1.468 1.409 1.447 1.316 1.240

22 12 14 11 14

1.416 1.390 1.402 1.378 1.394 1.385 1.380 1.425 1.239

1.418 1.390 1.403 1.377 1.395 1.383 1.380 1.425 1.240

0.006 0.011 0.010 0.017 0.018 0.013 0.011 0.010 0.020

1.416 1.380 1.393 1.365 1.379 1.378 1.370 1.417 1.227

1.420 1.401 1.410 1.393 1.408 1.392 1.388 1.434 1.251

7 20 18 16 67 12 14 9 105

1.212 1.210 1.217 1.218

1.214 1.210 1.218 1.219

0.012 0.011 0.011 0.013

1.206 1.203 1.211 1.210

1.221 1.218 1.215 1.226

84 251 1116 1733

1.652 1.683 1.662

1.651 1.683 1.662

0.024 0.005 0.029

1.634 1.680 1.639

1.670 1.686 1.682

205 6 358

1.628 1.691 1.652 1.663 1.730 1.697

1.624 1.694 1.654 1.668 1.721 1.697

0.015 0.018 0.014 0.026 0.017 0.015

1.615 1.678 1.642 1.640 1.716 1.690

1.634 1.703 1.664 1.679 1.748 1.703

9 28 28 78 20 44

1.637 1.672 1.571 1.599

1.638 1.674 1.573 1.597

0.014 0.010 0.013 0.018

1.625 1.665 1.563 1.580

1.651 1.676 1.580 1.615

16 15 66 7

1.582 1.604 1.600 1.633 1.642 1.710

1.582 1.606 1.601 1.633 1.641 1.707

0.019 0.009 0.012 0.019 0.024 0.019

1.571 1.594 1.591 1.615 1.623 1.698

1.594 1.612 1.610 1.652 1.659 1.722

126 36 14 47 38 22

1.707 1.656 1.560 1.541

1.705 1.663 1.558 1.546

0.012 0.027 0.011 0.022

1.699 1.632 1.554 1.521

1.715 1.677 1.563 1.558

30 36 37 37

Note

35 35 35 23 23

5/3/05 12:08:38 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-14 Bond N(3)–Si(5) N(3)–Si(4)

N(2)–Si(4) N–Te O(2)–O(2)

O(2)–P(5)

O(2)–P(4)

O(2)–P(3) O(1)=P(4)

O(2)–S(4)

O(1)=S(4)

O(1)=S(3) O–Se O(2)–Si(5) O(2)–Si(4) O(2)–Si(4)

O(2)–Te(6) O(2)–Te(4) P(4)–P(4)

Section 09 book.indb 14

Substructure see DMESIP01, BOJLER, CASSAQ, CASYOK, CECXEN, CINTEY, CIPBUY, FMESIB, MNPSIL, PNPOSI (1.973–2.344) X3–Si–NX2 (overall) subsets of this group are: X3–Si–NHX X3–Si–NX–Si–X3 acyclic N–Si–N in 4-membered rings N–Si–N in 5-membered rings X3–Si–N––Si–X3 see ACLTEP (2.402), BIBLAZ (1.980), CESSAU (2.023) C*–O–O–C*,H τ(OO) = 70–85º τ(OO) ca. 180º overall O=C–O–O–C=O see ACBZPO01 (1.446), CEYLUN (1.452), CIMHIP (1.454) Si–O–O–Si X–P–(OX)4 trigonal bipyramidal: axial equatorial square pyramidal C–O–P( O)32 – (H–O)2–P( O)2– (C–O)2–P( O)2– (C#–O)3–P=O (Car–O)3–P=O X–O–P(=O)–(C,N)2 (X–O)2–P(=O)–(C,N) (N)2P–O–C (N  P aromatic) C–O–P( O)32– (delocalized) (H–O)2–P( O)2– (delocalized) (C–O)2–P( O)2– (delocalized) (C–O)3–P=O C3–P=O N3–P=O (C)2(N)–P=O (C,N)2(O)–P=O (C,N)(O)2–P=O C–O–SO2–C C–O–SO2–CH3 C–O–SO2–Car C–SO2–C X–SO2–NX2 C–SO2–N–(C,H)2 C–SO2–O–C in SO42– C–S(=O)–C see BAPPAJ, BIRGUE10, BIRHAL10, CXMSEO, DGLYSE, SPSEBU (1.597 for O=Se to 1.974 for O–Se) (X–O)3–Si–(N)(C) X3–Si–O–X (overall) subsets of this group are: X3–Si–O–C# X3–Si–O–Si–X3 X3–Si–O–O–Si–X3 (X–O)6–Te (X–O)2–Te–X2 X3–P–P–X3

d

m

σ

q1

qu

n

1.748

1.746

0.022

1.735

1.757

170

1.714 1.743 1.742 1.741 1.711

1.719 1.744 1.742 1.742 1.712

0.014 0.016 0.009 0.019 0.019

1.702 1.731 1.735 1.726 1.693

1.727 1.755 1.748 1.749 1.729

16 45 53 33 15

1.464 1.482 1.469

1.464 1.480 1.471

0.009 0.005 0.012

1.458 1.478 1.461

1.472 1.486 1.478

12 5 17

1.496

1.499

0.005

1.490

1.499

10

1.689 1.619 1.662 1.621 1.560 1.608 1.558 1.587 1.590 1.571 1.573 1.513 1.503 1.483 1.449 1.489 1.461 1.487 1.467 1.457 1.577 1.569 1.580 1.436 1.428 1.430 1.423 1.472 1.497

1.685 1.622 1.661 1.622 1.561 1.607 1.554 1.588 1.585 1.572 1.573 1.512 1.503 1.485 1.448 1.486 1.462 1.489 1.462 1.458 1.576 1.569 1.578 1.437 1.428 1.430 1.423 1.473 1.498

0.024 0.024 0.020 0.007 0.009 0.013 0.011 0.014 0.016 0.013 0.011 0.008 0.005 0.008 0.007 0.010 0.014 0.007 0.007 0.009 0.015 0.013 0.015 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.013 0.013

1.675 1.604 1.649 1.615 1.555 1.599 1.550 1.572 1.577 1.563 1.563 1.508 1.499 1.474 1.446 1.481 1.449 1.479 1.462 1.454 1.566 1.556 1.571 1.431 1.422 1.425 1.418 1.463 1.489

1.712 1.628 1.673 1.628 1.566 1.615 1.564 1.599 1.601 1.579 1.584 1.518 1.508 1.490 1.452 1.496 1.470 1.493 1.472 1.462 1.584 1.582 1.588 1.442 1.434 1.435 1.428 1.481 1.505

20 20 28 12 16 16 30 19 33 70 16 42 16 16 18 72 26 5 33 35 41 7 27 316 326 206 82 104 90

1.663 1.631

1.658 1.630

0.023 0.022

1.650 1.617

1.665 1.646

21 191

1.645 1.622 1.680 1.927 2.133 2.256

1.647 1.625 1.676 1.927 2.136 2.259

0.012 0.014 0.008 0.020 0.054 0.025

1.634 1.614 1.673 1.908 2.078 2.243

1.652 1.631 1.688 1.942 2.177 2.277

29 70 10 16 12 6

Note

41

42

5

5/3/05 12:08:40 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds Bond P(4)–P(3) P(3)–P(3) P(4)=P(4) P(3)=P(3) P(4)=S(1)

P(4)=Se(1) P(3)–Si(4) P(4)=Te(1) S(2)–S(2)

S(2)–S(1) S–Se(4) S–Se(2) S(2)–Si(4) S(2)–Te Se(2)–Se(2) Se(2)–Te(2) Si(4)–Si(4) Te–Te

Substructure see CECHEX (2.197), COZPIQ (2.249) X2–P–P–X2 see BUTSUE (2.054) see BALXOB (2.034) C3–P=S (N,O)2(C)–P=S (N,O)3–P=S X3–P=Se X2–P–Si–X3: 3- and 4-rings excluded (see BOPFER, BOPFIV, CASTOF10, COZVIW: 2.201–2.317) see MOPHTE (2.356), TTEBPZ (2.327) C–S–S–C τ(SS) = 75–105º τ(SS) = 0–20º (overall) in polysulphide chain–S–S–S– X–N=S–S see BUWZUO (2.264, 2.269) X–Se–S (any) X3–Si–S–X X–S–Te (any) X=S–Te (any) X–Se–Se–X see BAWFUA, BAWGAH (2.524–2.561) X3–Si–Si–X3 3–membered rings excluded: see CIHRAM (2.511) see CAHJOK (2.751, 2.704)

Appendix 1. (Footnotes to Table) 1. Sample dominated by B–CH3. For longer bonds in B––CH3 see LITMEB10 [B(4)–CH3 = 1.621–1.644Å]. 2. p(π)–p(π) Bonding with Bsp2 and Nsp2 coplanar (τBN = 0 ± 15º) predominates. See G. Schmidt, R. Boese, and D. Bläser, Z. Naturforsch., 1982, 37b, 1230. 3. 84 observations range from 1.38 to 1.61 Å and individual values depend on substituents on B and O. For a discussion of borinic acid adducts see S. J. Rettig and J. Trotter, Can. J. Chem., 1982, 60, 2957. 4. See M. Kaftory in ‘The Chemistry of Functional Groups. Supplement D: The Chemistry of Halides, Pseudohalides, and Azides’, S. Patai and Z. Rappoport, Eds., Wiley: New York, 1983, Part 2, ch. 24. 5. Bonds which are endocyclic or exocyclic to any 3- or 4-membered rings have been omitted from all averages in this section. 6. The overall average given here is for Csp3–Csp3 bonds which carry only C or H substituents. The value cited reflects the relative abundance of each ‘substitution’ group. The ‘mean of means’ for the 9 subgroups is 1.538 (σ = 0.022) Å. 7. See F. H. Allen, (a) Acta Crystallogr., 1980, B36, 81; (b) 1981, B37, 890. 8. See F. H. Allen, Acta Crystallogr., 1984, B40, 64. 9. See F. H. Allen, Tetrahedron, 1982, 38, 2843. 10. See F. H. Allen, Tetrahedron, 1982, 38, 645. 11. Cyclopropanones and cyclobutanones excluded. 12. See W. B. Schweizer and J. D. Dunitz, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 1547. 13. See L. Norskov-Lauritsen, H.-B. Bürgi, P. Hoffmann, and H. R. Schmidt, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1985, 68, 76. 14. See P. Chakrabarti and J. D. Dunitz, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1982, 65, 1555. 15. See J. L. Hencher in ‘The Chemistry of the C≡C Triple Bond,’ S. Patai, Ed., Wiley, New York, 1978, ch. 2. 16. Conjugated: torsion angle about central C–C single bond is 0 ± 20º (cis) or 180 ± 20º (trans). 17. Unconjugated: torsion angle about central C–C single bond is 20– 160º.

Section 09 book.indb 15

9-15 d

m

σ

q1

qu

2.214

2.210

0.022

2.200

2.224

41

1.954 1.922 1.913 2.093 2.264

1.952 1.924 1.914 2.099 2.260

0.005 0.014 0.014 0.019 0.019

1.950 1.913 1.906 2.075 2.249

1.957 1.927 1.921 2.108 2.283

13 26 50 12 22

2.031 2.070 2.048 2.051 1.897

2.029 2.068 2.045 2.050 1.896

0.015 0.022 0.026 0.022 0.012

2.021 2.057 2.028 2.037 1.887

2.038 2.077 2.068 2.065 1.908

46 28 99 126 5

2.193 2.145 2.405 2.682 2.340

2.195 2.138 2.406 2.686 2.340

0.015 0.020 0.022 0.035 0.024

2.174 2.130 2.383 2.673 2.315

2.207 2.158 2.424 2.694 2.361

9 19 10 28 15

2.359

2.359

0.012

2.349

2.366

42

18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42.

n

Note

†

Other conjugative substituents excluded. TCNQ is tetracyanoquinodimethane. No difference detected between C2  C3 and C3  C4 bonds. Derived from neutron diffraction results only. Nsp3: pyramidal; mean valence angle at N is in range 108–114º. Nsp2: planar; mean valence angle at N is ≥ 117.5º. Cyclic and acyclic peptides. See R. H. Blessing, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 2776. See L. Lebioda, Acta Crystallogr., 1980, B36, 271. n = 3 or 4, i.e. tri- or tetra-substituted ureas. Overall value also includes structures with mean valence angle at N in the range 115–118º. See F. H. Allen and A. J. Kirby, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 6197. See A. J. Kirby, ‘The Anomeric Effect and Related Stereoelectronic Effects at Oxygen,’ Springer, Berlin, 1983. See B. Fuchs, L. Schleifer, and E. Tartakovsky, Nouv. J. Chim., 1984, 8, 275. See S. C. Nyburg and C. H. Faerman, J. Mol. Struct., 1986, 140, 347. Sample dominated by P–CH3 and P–CH2–C. Sample dominated by C* = methyl. See A. Kalman, M. Czugler, and G. Argay, Acta Crystallogr., 1981, B37, 868. Bimodal distribution resolved into 22 ‘short’ bonds and 5 longer outliers. All 24 observations come from BUDTEZ. ‘Long’ O–H bonds in centrosymmetric O---H---O H–bonded dimers are excluded. N–N bond length also dependent on torsion angle about N–N bond and on nature of substituent C atoms; these effects are ignored here. N pyramidal has average angle at N in range 100–113.5º; N planar has average angle of ≥ 117.5º. See R. R. Holmes and J. A. Deiters, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 1977, 99, 3318. No detectable variation in S=O bond length with type of C-substituent.

5/3/05 12:08:41 PM

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds

9-16

Appendix 2

Short-form references to individual CSD entries cited by reference code in the Table. A full list of CSD bibliographic entries is given in SUP 56701. ACBZPO01 ACLTEP ASAZOC BALXOB BAPPAJ BARRIV BAWFUA BAWGAH BECTAE BELNIP BEMLIO BEPZEB BETJOZ BETUTE10 BIBLAZ BICGEZ BIHXIZ BIRGUE10 BIRHAL10 BIZJAV BOGPOC BOGSUL BOJLER BOJPUL BOPFER BOPFIV BOVMEE BQUINI BTUPTE BUDTEZ BUPSIB10 BUSHAY BUTHAZ10 BUTSUE BUWZUO BZPRIB BZTPPI CAHJOK CAJMAB CANLUY CASSAQ CASTOF10 CASYOK CECHEX CECXEN CEDCUJ CEHKAB CELDOM CESSAU CETTAW CETUTE CEYLUN CIFZUM CIHRAM CILRUK CILSAR CIMHIP CINTEY CIPBUY CISMUM CISTED

Section 09 book.indb 16

J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 6729. J. Organomet. Chem., 1980, 184, 417. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1979, 249, 120. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1981, 103, 4587. Inorg. Chem., 1981, 20, 3071. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1981, 35, 443. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1981, 10, 1345. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1981, 10, 1353. J. Org. Chem., 1981, 46, 5048, 1981. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 299. Chem. Ber., 1982, 115, 1126. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1982, 11, 175. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 1683. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1976, 30, 719. Zh. Strukt. Khim., 1981, 22, 118. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1982, 486, 90. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1982, 982. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1983, 38, 20. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 1410. J. Organomet. Chem., 1982, 238, C1. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 1402. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1982, 37, 1230. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1982, 493, 53. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1982, 36, 829. Chem. Ber., 1983, 116, 146. Chem. Ber., 1983, 116, 146. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1982, 38, 1048. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1979, 35, 1930. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1975, 29, 738. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1983, 38, 454. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1981, 474, 31. Z. Naturforsch., Teil. B, 1983, 38, 692. Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 2582. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1983, 862. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser A, 1983, 37, 219. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1981, 36, 922. Inorg. Chem., 1978, 17, 894. Inorg. Chem., 1983, 22, 1809. Chem. Z, 1983, 107, 169. Tetrahedron Lett., 1983, 24, 4337. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 101. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 1879. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 107. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1984, 508, 61. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 207. J. Org. Chem., 1983, 48, 5149. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 139. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 556. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 653. Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 1089. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser A, 1975, 29, 763. Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim., 1983, 2744. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser A, 1984, 38, 289. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1984, 23, 302. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1984, 1023. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1984, 1021. Acta Crystallogr., C, 1984, 40, 1458. Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 1984, 274, 615. J. Struct. Chem., 1983, 2, 281. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 485. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1984, 511, 95.

CIWYIQ CIYFOF CMBIDZ CODDEE CODDII COFVOI COJCUZ COSDIX COZPIQ COZVIW CTCNSE CUCPIZ CUDLOC CUDLUI CUGBAH CXMSEO DGLYSE DMESIP01 DSEMOR10 DTHIBR10 EPHTEA ESEARS ETEARS FMESIB FPHTEL FPSULF10 HCLENE10 HMTITI HMTNTI HXPASC IBZDAC11 IFORAM IODMAM IPMUDS ISUREA10 LITMEB10 MESIAD METAMM MNPSIL MODIAZ MOPHTE MORTRS10 NAPSEZ10 NBBZAM OPIMAS OPNTEC10 PHASCL PHASOC01 PNPOSI SEBZQI SPSEBU TEACBR THINBR TMPBTI TPASSN TPASTB TPHOSI TTEBPZ ZCMXSP

Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 1946. Inorg. Chem., 1984, 23, 1790. J. Org. Chem., 1979, 44, 1447. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1257. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1257. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1027. Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 2686. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1984, 39, 1344. Chem. Ber., 1984, 117, 2063. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1984, 515, 7. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 5430. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 7529. J. Cryst. Spectrosc., 1985, 15, 53. J. Cryst. Spectrosc., 1985, 15, 53. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1985, 41, 476. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1973, 29, 595. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1975, 31, 1785. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C, 1984, 40, 895. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 628. Inorg. Chem., 1971, 10, 697. Inorg. Chem., 1980, 19, 2487. J. Chem. Soc. C, 1971, 1511. J. Chem. Soc. C, 1971, 1511. J. Organomet. Chem., 1980, 197, 275. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 2306. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 1683. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1982, 38, 3139. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1975, 31, 1505. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem., 1974, 409, 237. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1975, 1381. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1979, 854. Monatsh. Chem., 1974, 105, 621. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1977, 33, 3209. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1973, 29, 2128. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1972, 28, 643. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 6401. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1980, 35, 789. Acta Crystallogr., 1964, 17, 1336. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1969, 91, 4134. J. Heterocycl. Chem., 1980, 17, 1217. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1980, 34, 333. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1980, 628. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 5070. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1977, 32, 1416. Aust. J. Chem., 1977, 30, 2417. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1982, 251. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1981, 37, 1357. Aust. J. Chem., 1975, 28, 15. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1968, 90, 5102. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1977, 325. Acta Chem. Scand., Ser. A, 1979, 33, 403. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1974, 3, 753. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1970, 92, 4002. Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B, 1975, 31, 1116. J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1977, 514. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1976, 5, 39. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1979, 34, 1064. Z. Naturforsch., Teil B, 1979, 34, 256. Cryst. Struct. Commun., 1977, 6, 93.

5/3/05 12:08:42 PM

BOND LENGTHS AND ANGLES IN GAS-PHASE MOLECULES This table is reprinted from Kagaku Benran, 3rd Edition, Vol. II, pp. 649–661 (1984), with permission of the publisher, Maruzen Company, LTD. (Copyright 1984 by the Chemical Society of Japan). Translation was carried out by Kozo Kuchitsu. Internuclear distances and bond angles are represented in units of Å (1 Å = 10–10 m) and degrees, respectively. The same but inequivalent atoms are discriminated by subscripts a, b, etc. In some molecules ax for axial and eq for equatorial are also used. All measurements were made in the gas phase. The methods used are abbreviated as follows. UV: ultraviolet (including visible) spectroscopy; IR: infrared spectroscopy; R: Raman spectroscopy; MW: microwave spectroscopy; ED: electron diffraction; NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance; LMR: laser magnetic resonance; EPR: electron paramagnetic resonance; MBE: molecular beam electric resonance. If two methods were used jointly for structure determination, they are listed together, as (ED, MW). If the numerical values listed refer to the equilibrium values, they are specified by re and θe. In other cases the listed values represent various average values in vibrational states; it is frequently the case that they represent the rs structure derived from several isotopic species for MW or the rg structure (i.e., the average internuclear distances at thermal equilibrium) for ED. These internuclear distances for the same atom pair with different definitions may sometimes differ as much

as 0.01 Å. Appropriate comments are made on the symmetry and conformation in the equilibrium structure. In general, the numerical values listed in the following tables contain uncertainties in the last digits. However, for certain molecules such as diatomic molecules, with experimental uncertainties of the order of 10–5 Å or smaller, numerical values are listed to four decimal places.

References 1. L. E. Sutton, Ed., Tables of Interatomic Distances and Configuration in Molecules and Ions, The Chemical Society Special Publication, No. 11, 18, The Chemical Society (London) (1958, 1965). 2. K.-H. Hellwege, Ed., Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relations in Science and Technology, New Series, II/7, J. H. Callomon, E. Hirota, K. Kuchitsu, W. J. Lafferty, A. G. Maki, C. S. Pote, with assistance of I. Buck and B. Starck, Structure Data of Free Polyatomic Molecules, Springer-Verlag (1976). 3. K. P. Huber and G. Herzberg, Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., London (1979). 4. B. Starck, Microwave Catalogue and Supplements. 5. B. Starck, Electron Diffraction Catalogue and Supplements.

STRUCTURES OF ELEMENTS AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Compounds are arranged in alphabetical order by their chemical formulas (Lengths in Å and Angles in Degrees)

Compound AgBr AgCl AgF AgH AgI AgO AlBr AlCl AlF AlH AlI AlO Al2Br6

Ag—Br (re) Ag—Cl (re) Ag—F (re) Ag—H (re) Ag—I (re) Ag—O (re) Al—Br (re) Al—Cl (re) Al—F (re) Al—H (re) Al—I (re) Al—O (re)

Bra

2.3931 2.2808 1.9832 1.617 2.5446 2.0030 2.295 2.1301 1.6544 1.6482 2.5371 1.6176 Bra

Brb Al

Al Brb

Bra

Structure

Bra

Al2Cl6

AsBr3 AsCl3 AsF3 AsF5

As—Br As—Cl As—F

Fa Fb

Fb

As Fa

2.324 2.165 1.710 As—Fa

1.711

Al—Bra Al—Brb ∠BrbAlBrb ∠BraAlBra (D2h) Al—Cla Al—Clb ∠ClbAlClb ∠ClaAlCla (D2h) ∠BrAsBr ∠ClAsCl ∠FAsF As—Fb (D3h)

2.22 2.38 82 118

Method MW MW MW UV MW UV UV MW MW UV MW UV ED

2.04 2.24 87 122

ED

99.6 98.6 95.9 1.656

ED ED, MW ED, MW

Fb

9-19

Section 09 book.indb 19

5/3/05 12:08:49 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules

9-20 Compound AsH3 AsI3 AuH BBr3 BCl3 BF BF2H BF2OH BF3 BH BH3PH3

BI3 BN BO BO2 BS B2H6

As—H (re) As—I Au—H (re) B—Br B—Cl B—F (re) B—H B—F ∠FBF B—F B—H (re) B—P ∠PBH ∠HPH B—I B—N (re) B—O (re) B—O B—S Ha Hb

B Ha B3H3O3 B3H6N3 BaH BaO BaS BeF BeH BeO BiBr BiBr3 BiCl BiCl3 BiF BiH BiI BiO BrCN BrCl BrF BrF3

1.189 1.32 118

1.937 103.6 101.3

1.511 2.557 1.5237 1.893 1.742 1.2626

1.313 1.2325

2.118 1.281 1.2045 1.265 1.6091

Hb

B—O B—N ∠NBN Ba—H (re) Ba—O (re) Ba—S (re) Be—F (re) Be—H (re) Be—O (re) Bi—Br (re) Bi—Br Bi—Cl (re) Bi—Cl Bi—F (re) Bi—H (re) Bi—I (re) Bi—O (re) C—N (re) Br—Cl (re) Br—F (re) Fa Br Fa

B—F B—O ∠FBO

1.311 1.34 123

B—H 1.212 116.9 ∠BPH staggered form

1.376

2.2318 1.9397 2.5074 1.3609 1.3431 1.3308 2.6095 2.63 2.4716 2.423 2.0516 1.805 2.8005 1.934 1.157 2.1361 1.7590

BrO Br2 CBr4 CCl CClF3 CCl3F CCl4 CF CF3I CF4

C—Cl C—F (re) C—I C—F

2.138

1.767 1.2718 1.323

∠FBF O—H ∠BOH (D3h) P—H ∠HBH

118.3 0.941 114.1

1.399 114.6

(D3h)

B—Ha B—Hb B⋅⋅⋅B ∠HaBHa ∠HbBHb ∠BOB≅∠OBO B—H ∠BNB

Br—Fa ∠FaBrFb

1.26 121

1.19 1.33 1.77 122 97 120 N—H (C2)

1.05

∠BrBiBr

90

(C3v)

∠ClBiCl

100

(C3v)

C—Br (re)

1.790

1.810 86.2

Br—Fb (C2v)

Method MW, IR ED UV ED ED UV MW MW ED, IR UV MW

ED UV EPR UV UV IR, ED

linear

Ha

1.435 118

92.1 100.2

(D3h) (D3h)

Ha

Br—F (average) 1.753 (Br—Feq) – (Br—Fax) = 0.069 85.1 ∠FaxBrFeq 1.7172 Br—O (re) Br—Br (re) 2.2811 C—Br 1.935 C—Cl 1.6512 C—Cl 1.752 C—Cl 1.754

Section 09 book.indb 20

∠HAsH (θe) ∠IAsI

B

Fb BrF5

Structure

1.721

ED ED UV MW MBE UV UV UV MW ED MW ED MW UV MW UV IR MW MW MW

ED, MW (C4v)

(Td) C—F C—F

1.325 1.362 (Td)

C—F

1.330

(Td)

∠FCF ∠ClCCl (C3v)

108.6 111

∠FCF

108.1

MW R ED UV ED, MW MW ED EPR ED, MW ED

5/3/05 12:08:53 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound CH CI4 CN CO COBr2 COClF COCl2 COF2 CO2 CP CS CS2 C2 C3O2 CaH CaO CaS CdH CdBr2 CdCl2 CdI2 ClCN ClF ClF3

9-21

Structure 1.1199 C—H (re) C—I 2.15 1.1718 C—N (re) 1.1283 C—O (re) C—O 1.178 112.3 ∠BrCBr 1.173 C—F 1.334 C—O 108.8 127.5 ∠FCCl ∠ClCO C—O 1.179 111.8 ∠ClCCl C—F 1.3157 107.71 ∠FCF C—O (re) 1.1600 1.562 C—P (re) 1.5349 C—S (re) C—S (re) 1.5526 C—C (re) 1.2425 C—O 1.163 linear (large-amplitude bending vibration) 2.002 Ca—H (re) 1.8221 Ca—O (re) 2.3178 Ca—S (re) 1.781 Cd—H (re) Cd—Br 2.35 Cd—Cl 2.24 Cd—I 2.56 1.629 C—Cl (re) 1.6283 Cl—F (re) Cl—Fa 1.698 Fa Cl Fa ClF ∠F a b F b

ClO ClOH ClO2 ClO3(OH)

Cl—O (re) O—Cl Cl—O Oa—Cl H Ob

1.5696 1.690 1.470 1.407

O—H

0.975

∠OaClOa

Method UV ED MW MW ED, MW

(Td) C—Br

1.923 C—Cl

1.725

ED, MW

C—Cl

1.742

ED, MW

C—O

1.172

ED, MW

1.289

IR UV MW IR UV ED

C—C

linear linear linear C—N (re)

1.160

87.5

Cl—Fb (C2v)

1.598

∠OClO Ob—Cl 114.3

∠HOCl 117.38 1.639 ∠OaClOb

102.5

∠ClOCl

110.89

Cr—C

1.92

104.1

UV UV UV EPR ED ED ED MW MW MW

MW, UV MW, IR MW ED

Cl Oa O Oa a Cl2 Cl2O CoH Cr (CO)6 CrO CsBr CsCl CsF CsH CsI CsOH CuBr CuCl CuF CuH CuI FCN FOH F2

Section 09 book.indb 21

Cl—Cl (re) Cl—O Co—H (re) C—O ∠CrCO Cr—O (re) Cs—Br (re) Cs—Cl (re) Cs—F (re) Cs—H (re) Cs—I (re) Cs—O (re) Cu—Br (re) Cu—Cl (re) Cu—F (re) Cu—H (re) Cu—I (re) C—F O—H F—F (re)

0.96

1.9878 1.6959 1.542 1.16 180 1.615 3.0723 2.9063 2.3454 2.4938 3.3152 2.395 2.1734 2.0512 1.7449 1.4626 2.3383 1.262 1.4119

O—H (re)

O—F

1.442

C—N

UV MW UV ED

0.97

1.159 ∠HOF

97.2

UV MW MW MW UV MW MW MW MW MW UV MW MW MW R

5/3/05 12:08:56 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules

9-22 Compound Fe(CO)5

HBr HCN

Fe—C (average) (Fe—C)eq – (Fe—C)ax C—O (average) Ga—Br (re) Ga—Cl (re) Ga—F (re) Ga—F Ga—I (re) Ga—I Gd—I Ge—H ∠HGeH Ge—Br Ge—H ∠HGeH Ge—Cl Ge—Cl Ge—H ∠HGeH Ge—F (re) Ge—H (re) Ge—H Ge—O (re) Ge—S (re) Ge—Se (re) Ge—Te (re) Ge—H ∠HGeH H—Br (re) C—H (re)

HCNO

H—C

HCl HF HI HNCO

H—Cl (re) H—F (re) H—I (re) N—H ∠HNC N—H ∠HNC N—H

GaBr GaCl GaF GaF3 GaI GaI3 GdI3 GeBrH3 GeBr4 GeClH3 GeCl2 GeCl4 GeFH3 GeF2 GeH GeH4 GeO GeS GeSe GeTe Ge2H6

HNCS HNO HNO2

1.821 1.153 2.3525 2.2017 1.7744 1.88 2.5747 2.458 2.841 1.526 106.2 2.272 1.537 111.0 2.183 2.113 1.522 113.0 1.7321 1.5880 1.5251 1.6246 2.0121 2.1346 2.3402 1.541 106.4 1.4145 1.0655

1.027

0.986 128.0 0.989 135.0 1.063

1.2746 0.9169 1.6090

HNSO

N—H ∠HNS

H2 H2O H2O2

H—H (re) 0.7414 O—H (re) 0.9575 O—O 1.475 dihedral angle of internal rotation H—S (re) 1.3356

Section 09 book.indb 22

1.029 115.8

Method ED

0.020

(D3h)

(D3h) (D3h) ∠IGdI Ge—Br

108 2.299

(Td) Ge—Cl

2.150

∠ClGeCl (Td) Ge—F

100.3

∠FGeF (θe)

97.17

(C3v)

ED ED MW, IR

1.732

N—C

1.161

Ge—Ge ∠GeGeH

2.403 112.5

C—N (re) linear

1.1532

1.209

1.216 N—C 180 ∠NCS 1.212 N—O s-trans conformer Ob—H N—Ob N—Oa ∠OaNOb ∠NObH Oc—H N—Oa ∠HOcN ∠OcNOb

0.958 1.432 1.170 110.7 102.1 0.96 1.20 102.2 115.9

N—S ∠NSO planar

1.512 120.4

MW UV IR, R MW MW MW MW ED MW MW, IR

N—O linear

1.207

MW

C—O

1.166

MW MW MW MW

C—S

1.561

MW

∠HNO s-cis conformer 0.98 1.39 1.19 114 104 N—Oc N—Ob ∠OcNOa planar

108.6

UV MW

1.41 1.21 113.9

MW

1.451

MW

S—O

∠HOH (θe) ∠OOH 119.8 ∠HSH (θe)

MW MW MW ED MW ED ED MW, IR ED IR, MW

(Td)

C—N

HNO3

H2S

Structure

104.51 94.8 (C2) 92.12

UV MW, IR IR MW, IR

5/3/05 12:08:59 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound H2SO4

H2S2 HfCl4 HgCl2 HgH HgI2 IBr ICN ICl IF5 IO I2 InBr InCl InF InH InI IrF6 KBr KCl KF KH KI KOH K2 KrF2 LiBr LiCl LiF LiH LiI Li2 Li2Cl2

LuCl3 MgF MgH MgO MnH Mo(CO)6 MoCl4O MoF6 NClH2 NCl3 NF2 NH2 NH2CN

Section 09 book.indb 23

9-23

Structure O—H 0.97 Ob 1.422 S—Oc Oa Ha 101.3 ∠OaSOb 108.6 ∠O SO a c S dihedral angle between the HaOaS and OaSOc planes Od Oc dihedral angle between the HaOaS and OaSOb planes dihedral angle between the HaSOb and OcSOd planes S—S 2.055 S—H 1.327 dihedral angle of internal rotation 90.6 (C2) Hf—Cl 2.33 (Td) Hg—Cl 2.252 linear 1.7404 Hg—H (re) Hg—I 2.553 linear 2.4691 I—Br (re) C—I 1.995 C—N 2.3210 I—Cl (re) I—F (average) 1.860 (I—F)eq – (I—F)ax 82.1 (C4v) ∠FaxIFeq 1.8676 I—O (re) I—I (re) 2.6663 2.5432 In—Br (re) 2.4012 In—Cl (re) 1.9854 In—F (re) 1.8376 In—H (re) 2.7537 In—I (re) Ir—F 1.830 (Oh) 2.8208 K—Br (re) 2.6667 K—Cl (re) 2.1716 K—F (re) 2.244 K—H (re) 3.0478 K—I (re) O—H 0.91 K—O K—K (re) 3.9051 Kr—F 1.89 linear 2.1704 Li—Br (re) 2.0207 Li—Cl (re) 1.5639 Li—F (re) 1.5949 Li—H (re) 2.3919 Li—I (re) Li—Li (re) 2.6729 Li—Cl Li Cl—Cl Cl Cl ∠ClLiCl Li

Hb

Lu—Cl Mg—F (re) Mg—H (re) Mg—O (re) Mn—H (re) Mo—C Mo—Cl ∠ClMoCl Mo—F N—H ∠HNCl N—Cl N—F N—H N—H

2.063

2.417 1.7500 1.7297 1.749 1.7308 2.279 87.2 1.820 1.017 103.7 1.759 1.3528 1.024 1.00

∠ClLuCl

C—O

1.145

Mo—O (C4v) (Oh) N—Cl ∠HNH ∠ClNCl ∠FNF ∠HNH Na—C

S—Oa ∠HaOaS ∠OcSOd ∠OaSOd

∠SSH

1.159 0.03

2.212 linear

2.23 3.61 108 112

(Oh) 1.658

1.748 107 107.1 103.18 103.3 1.35

20.8 90.9 88.4

Method MW

1.574 108.5 123.3 106.4

91.3

(C2)

ED, MW ED ED UV ED MW MW MW ED, MW MW R MW MW MW UV MW ED MW MW MW UV MW MW UV ED MW MW MW MW MW UV ED

(C3v) ED UV UV UV UV ED ED ED MW, IR ED MW UV MW

5/3/05 12:09:01 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules

9-24 Compound

Structure C—Nb 1.160 ∠HNH angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond

H Na

C Nb

114 142

Method

H NH2NO2

NH3 NH4Cl NF2CN

NH NH2OH

NO NOCl NOF NO2 NO2Cl NO2F NS N2 N2H4

N2O N2O3

N2O4

NaBr NaCl NaF NaH NaI Na2 NbCl5 NbO Ni(CO)4 NiH NpF6 OCS OCSe OF OF2 O(SiH3)2 O2 O2F2

Section 09 book.indb 24

N—N 1.427 N—H 115.2 ∠HNH ∠ONO dihedral angle between the NH2 and NNO2 planes N—H (re) 1.012 ∠HNH (θe) N—H 1.22 N—Cl 2.54 C—Na 1.158 F2Nb—C≡Na 1.399 174 Nb—F ∠NaCNb 105.4 102.8 ∠CNbF ∠FNbF 1.0362 N—H (re) N—H 1.02 N—O 1.453 107 103.3 ∠HNH ∠HNO The bisector of H—N—H angle is trans to the O—H bond 1.1506 N—O (re) 1.14 N—Cl 1.975 N—O 1.512 O—N 1.136 N—F N—O 1.193 ∠ONO N—Cl 1.840 N—O 130.6 (C2v) ∠ONO N—O 1.1798 N—F 136 (C2v) ∠ONO 1.4940 N—S (re) N—N (re) 1.0977 N—H 1.021 N—N 106.6 (assumed) ∠NNHa ∠HNH 106 dihedral angle of internal rotation ∠NNHb Ha: the H atom closer to the C2 axis, Hb: the H atom farther from the C2 axis N—N (re) 1.1284 N—O (re) Na—Nb 1.864 Oa Ob 1.202 Nb—Ob Na Nb ∠OaNaNb 105.05 Oc ∠NaNbOb 112.72 ∠NaNbOc 117.47 N—N 1.782 O O 135.4 ∠ONO N N O O Na—Br (re) Na—Cl (re) Na—F (re) Na—H (re) Na—I (re) Na—Na (re) Nb—Cleq Nb—O (re) Ni—C Ni—H (re) Np—F C—O (re) C—O O—F (re) O—F (re) Si—H ∠SiOSi O—O (re) O—O ∠OOF

2.241 1.838

2.5020 2.3609 1.9260 1.8873 2.7115 3.0789 1.691 1.476 1.981 1.1578 1.159 1.3579 1.4053 1.486 144.1 1.2074 1.217 109.5

1.005 130.1 128.2 106.7 (C3v) C—Nb

1.386

O—H ∠NOH

0.962 101.4

∠ONCl ∠FNO 134.1 1.202

113 110.1

1.467

1.1841 Na—Oa Nb—Oc

N—O (D2h)

2.338 (D3h)

ED

C—O

1.141

(Td)

(Oh) C—S (re) C—Se

1.5601 1.709

∠FOF (θe) Si—O

103.07 1.634

1.575 87.5

IR ED MW

LMR MW

IR MW MW MW MW MW IR UV ED, MW

1.449 112 91

Nb—Clax

F—O dihedral angle of internal rotation

MW

1.142 1.217

1.190

MW, IR MW

ED

MW MW MW UV MW UV

(C2v)

(C2)

UV ED UV ED MW MW LMR MW ED MW MW

5/3/05 12:09:05 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound O3 OsF6 OsO4 PBr3 PCl3 PCl5

O—O (re) Os—F Os—O P—Br P—Cl Cla

Clb

1.2716 1.831 1.712 2.220 2.039

9-25

Structure

P—Cla

∠OOO (θe) (Oh) (Td) ∠BrPBr ∠ClPCl 2.124

Clb P Cla

PF PF3 PF5 PH PH2 PH3 PN PO POCl3 POF3 P2 P2F4

P4 P4O6 PbH PbO PbS PbSe PbTe PrI3 PtO PuF6 RbBr RbCl RbF RbH RbI RbOH ReClO3 ReF6 RuO4 SCSe SCTe SCl2 SF SF2 SF6 SO SOCl2 SOF2 SOF4

SO2

Section 09 book.indb 25

117.47

101.0 100.27 P—Clb (D3h)

(C2v)

2.020

Method MW ED ED ED ED ED

Clb

1.5896 P—F (re) P—F 1.570 ∠FPF P—Fax 1.577 P—Feq 1.534 1.4223 P—H (re) P—H 1.418 ∠HPH P—H 1.4200 ∠HPH 1.4909 N—P (re) 1.4759 O—P (re) P—O 1.449 P—Cl 103.3 ∠ClPCl P—O 1.436 P—F 1.524 P—P (re) 1.8931 P—F 1.587 P—P 95.4 ∠PPF ∠FPF The two PF2 planes are trans to each other (the gauche conformer is less than 10%) P—P 2.21 (Td) P—O 1.638 126.4 ∠POP 1.839 Pb—H (re) 1.9218 Pb—O (re) 2.2869 Pb—S (re) 2.4022 Pb—Se (re) 2.5950 Pb—Te (re) Pr—I 2.904 113 ∠IPrI 1.7273 Pt—O (re) Pu—F 1.971 (Oh) 2.9447 Rb—Br (re) 2.7869 Rb—Cl (re) 2.2703 Rb—F (re) 2.367 Rb—H (re) 3.1768 Rb—I (re) Rb—O 2.301 O—H 0.957 Re—O 1.702 Re—Cl 109.4 (C3v) ∠ClReO Re—F 1.832 (Oh) Ru—O 1.706 (Td) C—Se 1.693 C—S C—S 1.557 C—Te S—Cl 2.006 103.0 ∠ClSCl 1.6006 S—F (re) S—F 1.5921 ∠FSF S—F 1.561 (Oh) 1.4811 S—O (re) S—O 1.44 S—Cl 97.2 ∠ClSCl ∠OSCl S—O 1.420 S—F 106.2 ∠OSF ∠FSF S—O 1.403 Fb Fb 1.552 S—Fb Fa S F a 124.9 ∠OSFb O 110.2 ∠FbSFb S—O (re) 1.4308 ∠OSO (θe)

UV ED, MW ED LMR UV MW MW UV ED

97.8 (D3h) 91.70 93.345

1.993 ∠FPF

101.3

2.281 99.1

ED ED UV MW MW MW MW ED UV ED MW MW MW UV MW MW MW

(Td)

(C3v)

linear 2.229

ED ED MW MW ED MW MW ED MW MW

1.553 1.904 (C2v) 98.20

2.072 108.0 1.583 92.2 S—Fa ∠OSFa ∠FaSFb (C2v) 119.329

ED, MW UV ED

ED 1.575 90.7 89.6

ED

MW

5/3/05 12:09:08 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules

9-26 Compound SO2Cl2

S2O2

S—O ∠ClSCl S—O ∠FSF S—O Si—H S—S (re) S—Br ∠SSBr S—Cl ∠SSCl S—O

S8

S

SO2F2 SO3 S(SiH3)2 S2 S2Br2 S2Cl2

1.404 100.0 1.397 97 1.494

1.458

S S

S S

S S

SbCl3 SbH3 SeF SeF6 SeO SeOF2 SeO2 SeO3 Se2 Se6 SiBrF3 SiBrH3 SiClH3 SiCl4 SiF SiFH3 SiF2 SiF3H SiF4 SiH SiH3I SiH4 SiN SiO SiS SiSe Si2 Si2Cl6 Si2F6 Si2H6

Section 09 book.indb 26

1.4198 1.8892 2.24 105 2.057 108.2

Structure S—Cl 2.011 (C2v) S—F 1.530 (C2v) Si—S

2.136

(D3h)

S—S dihedral angle of internal rotation S—S dihedral angle of internal rotation S—S 2.025 S—S ∠SSS (D4d)

2.07 105

∠OSO

123.5

Method ED

∠OSO

123

ED

∠SiSSi

97.4

1.98 83.5 1.931 84.1 (C2) 112.8 ∠OSS planar cis form

IR ED R ED ED MW ED

S

Sb—Cl Sb—H Se—F Se—F Se—O (re) Se—O ∠OSeF Se—O (re) Se—O Se—Se (re) Se—Se Si—F ∠FSiBr Si—H ∠HSiBr Si—H ∠HSiCl Si—Cl Si—F Si—H ∠HSiH Si—F (re) Si—H (re) ∠HSiF (θe) Si—F Si—H (re) Si—H ∠HSH Si—H N—Si (re) Si—O (re) Si—S (re) Se—Si (re) Si—Si (re) Si—Si ∠ClSiCl Si—Si ∠FSiF Si—H ∠SiSiH

2.333 97.2 ∠ClSbCl 1.704 91.6 ∠HSbH 1.742 1.69 (Oh) 1.6393 1.576 Se—F 1.730 104.82 92.22 ∠FSeF 113.83 1.6076 ∠OSeO (θe) 1.69 (D3h) 2.1660 2.34 102 ∠SeSeSe six-membered ring with chair conformation 1.560 Si—Br 2.153 108.5 (C3v) 1.485 Si—Br 2.210 107.8 (C3v) 1.482 Si—Cl 2.048 107.9 (C3v) 2.019 (T4) 1.6008 1.484 Si—F 1.593 110.63 (C3v) 100.8 1.590 ∠FSiF (θe) 1.4468 Si—F (re) 1.5624 110.64 1.553 (Td) 1.5201 1.485 Si—I 2.437 107.8 1.4798 (Td) 1.572 1.5097 1.9293 2.0583 2.246 2.32 Si—Cl 2.009 109.7 2.317 Si—F 1.564 108.6 1.492 Si—Si 2.331 110.3 108.6 ∠HSiH staggered form (assumed)

ED MW MW ED MW MW MW ED UV ED MW MW MW ED UV MW, IR MW MW ED UV MW IR UV MW MW MW UV ED ED ED

5/3/05 12:09:10 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound SnCl4 SnH SnH4 SnO SnS SnSe SnTe SrH SrO SrS TaCl5 TaO TeF6 Te2 ThCl4 ThF4 TlBr TlCl TlF TlH TlI TiBr4 TiCl4 TiO TiS UF6 V(CO)6 VCl3O VCl4 VF5 VO W(CO)6 WClF5

Sn—Cl Sn—H (re) Sn—H Sn—O S—Sn (re) Se—Sn (re) Sn—Te (re) Sr—H (re) Sr—O (re) S—Sr (re) Ta—Cleq Ta—O (re) Te—F Te—Te (re) Th—Cl Th—F Tl—Br (re) Tl—Cl (re) Tl—F (re) Tl—H (re) Tl—I (re) Ti—Br Ti—Cl Ti—O (re) Ti—S (re) U—F V—C V—O ∠ClVCl V—Cl V—F (average) V—O (re) W—C Cl F b

Fb W Fb F

Fb

9-27

Structure 2.280 (Td) 1.7815 1.711 (Td) 1.8325 2.2090 2.3256 2.5228 2.1455 1.9198 2.4405 2.227 Ta—Clax 2.369 (D3h) 1.6875 1.815 (Oh) 2.5574 2.58 (Td) 2.14 (Td) 2.6182 2.4848 2.0844 1.870 2.8137 2.339 (Td) 2.170 (Td) 1.620 2.0825 1.996 (Oh) 2.015 C—O 1.138 (Oh, involving dynamic Jahn-Teller effect) 1.570 V—Cl 2.142 111.3 2.138 (Td, involving dynamic Jahn-Teller effect) 1.71 1.5893 2.059 C—O 1.149 (Oh) W—Cl 2.251 W—F (average) 1.836 88.7 ∠FaWFb

Method ED UV R, IR MW MW MW MW UV MW UV ED UV ED UV ED ED MW MW MW UV MW ED ED UV UV ED ED ED, MW ED ED UV ED MW

a

WF4O WF6 XeF2 XeF4 XeF6 XeO4 ZnH ZrCl4 ZrF4 ZrO

Section 09 book.indb 27

W—O ∠FWF W—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—F Xe—O Zn—H (re) Zr—Cl Zr—F Zr—O (re)

1.666 86.2 1.832 1.977 1.94 1.890 1.736 1.5949 2.32 1.902 1.7116

W—F 1.847 (C4v) (Oh) linear (D4h) (large-amplitude bending vibration around the Oh structure) (Td) (Td) (Td)

ED ED IR ED ED ED UV ED ED UV

5/3/05 12:09:12 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules

9-28

STRUCTURES OF ORGANIC MOLECULES Compounds are arranged in alphabetical order by chemical name; cross references are given for common synonyms (lengths in Å and angles in degrees) Compound

Structure

Acetaldehyde

O Cb H 3

Ca H

Acetamide CH3CONH2

Ca—Cb ∠HCbH C—O C—C C—H ∠CCN

1.515 109.8 1.220 1.519 1.124 115.1

Acetic acid

Oa C

CH3

Acetone (CH3)2CO

Acetonitrile CH3CN Acetonitrile oxide CH3CNO Acetyl chloride CH3COCl

Acetyl cyanide → Pyruvonitrile Acetylene HC≡CH Acrolein → Acrylaldehyde Acrylaldehyde

Ob H

∠CbCaO ∠CbCaH C—N N—H ∠NCO

124.1 115.3 1.380 1.022 122.0

C—C C—Oa C—Ob

1.520 1.214 1.364

∠CCOa

126.6

ED, MW

ED

ED

C—H C—N C—C N—O C—H C—C ∠HCH ∠CCCl

1.107 1.159 1.442 1.217 1.105 1.506 108.6 111.6

C—C ∠CCH C—N (C3v) C—O C—Cl ∠OCCl

1.468 109.7 1.169

ED, MW

1.187 1.798 121.2

ED, MW

C—H (re)

1.060

C—C (re)

1.203

IR

Cb—Cc Ca—Cb Cc—O Ca—H Cc—H

1.484 1.345 1.217 1.10 1.13 123.3 122

ED, MW

1.343 1.438 1.167 1.114 121.7 120 1.48 1.35 1.19 120 (assumed) 121.5 (assumed) 123 116 127

ED, MW

H Cc

O

Cb

H

H

120.3 ∠CaCbCc 114 ∠HCcCb planar s-trans form

∠CbCcN C—H Cc—Cl H

Ca H

Cb H

Section 09 book.indb 28

1.210 1.107 1.128

1.10 110.6 1.520 1.103 108.5

Ca

Acryloyl chloride

Ca—O Cb—H Ca—H

C—H ∠CCOb C—C C—H ∠HCH

H

Acrylonitrile

Method

1.213 C—O 116.0 ∠CCC symmetry axis of each methyl group is tilted 2° from the C—C bond

∠CbCcO other CCH angles (average)

Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—N Ca—H ∠CaCbCc 178 ∠HCC 1.086 (assumed) Cb—Cc 1.82 Ca—Cb Cc—O ∠CaCbH Cl ∠CbCaH Cc ∠CaCbCc O ∠CbCcCl ∠CbCcO

ED, MW

MW

MW

5/3/05 12:09:16 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound Allene CH2=C=CH2 Allyl chloride

Structure 1.3084 118.2

C—C ∠HCH

109.6

∠CCCl Aniline C6H5NH2 Azetidine

Aziridine

Azomethane CH3N=NCH3 Benzene C6H6 p-Benzoquinone

Biacetyl CH3COCOCH3

C—H cis conformer skew conformer CCCCl

C—O C—H ∠CCC

1.215 1.108 116.2

Ha Ca

Hb Cb Hc ∠CbCaHa ∠CaCaHa

HCb HCb

Ca Ha

Hb Cb Hc 130.4 128.4

H2 Cc C aH Ca H

Cb H

Cb H

C—Cl 1.811 ∠CCCl 115.2 C—Cl 1.809 dihedral angle of internal rotation 122.4

Section 09 book.indb 29

1.431 113.9 140.6 1.482 1.553 1.107 92.2 85.8 147 1.016 1.475 1.481 1.084 60.3 109.3 117.8 119.3

MW

MW

ED

MW

1.247

ED

1.101

ED, IR

Ca—O Cb—Cb Ca—Cb ∠CbCaCb

1.225 1.344 1.481 118.1

ED

C—C (average) ∠CCO trans conformer Ca—Ca Ca—Cb Ca—Ha Cb—Hb, Cb—Hc ∠HbCbHc

1.524 119.5

ED

1.497 1.498 1.071 1.093 115.6

MW

60.0 ∠CaCbCa dihedral angle between the two CaCaCb planes Ca—Cb 1.535 1.343 Cb—Cb 1.573 Ca—Cc C—H 1.12 94 ∠CaCcCa

dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane C7H12

Method IR

1.087

1.392 C—N C—C N—H 0.998 ∠HNH dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond C—N CH2 CH2 C—C CH2 NH C—H 1.03 N—H ∠CNC 86.9 ∠CCC ∠CCN dihedral angle between the CCC and CNC planes N—H Ha N—C Hb N Hb C—C C C C—H Hc Hc ∠CNC ∠HaNC 115.7 ∠HbCHc ∠HbCC 118.3 ∠HbCN ∠HcCC 114.3 ∠HcCN C—N 1.482 N—N 112.3 trans conformer ∠CNN C—C 1.399 C—H

Bicyclo[1.1.0]butane

Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene

9-29

See the preceding molecule for the labels of the C atoms Ca—Cb 1.54 Cb—Cb 1.56 C—C (average) Ca—Cc 93.1 dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes –CaCcCa

(C2v) 1.56 1.549

121.7

ED

115.6 ED

113.1

5/3/05 12:09:19 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules

9-30 Compound Bicyclo[2.2.0]hexa-2,5-diene

H Ca

HCb HCb

Bicyclo[2.2.2]octane

Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane C5H8 Bicyclo[2.1.0]pentane

Biphenyl

Ca H

Structure

Cb H Cb H

Cb—Cb Ca—Ca Ca—Cb dihedral angle between the two CaCbCbCa planes

1.345 1.574 1.524

Method ED

117.3

Ca—Cb HCa(CbH2CbH2)3CaH 1.55 Cb—Cb ∠CaCbCb C—C (average) 1.542 large-amplitude torsional motion about the D3h symmetry axis C—C 1.557 ∠CCC

1.54 109.7

ED

74.2

ED

Ca—Ca Cb—Cb Cb Ca Ca—Cb CcH2 H2 H Ca—Cc Dihedral angle between the CaCaCbCb and CaCaCc planes C—C (intra-ring) (inter-ring) torsional dihedral angle between the two rings

1.536 1.565 1.528 1.507 112.7 1.396 1.49

MW

Cb H 2

CaH

∼40

4,4′-Bipyridyl

C—C, C—N (intra-ring)

Bis (cyclopentadienyl) beryllium (C5H5)2Be Bis (cyclopentadienyl) iron → Ferrocene Bis (cyclopentadienyl) lead (C5H5)2Pb Bis (cyclopentadienyl) manganese (C5H5)2Mn Bis (cyclopentadienyl) nickel (C5H5)2Ni Bis (cyclopentadienyl) ruthenium (C5H5)2Ru Bis (cyclopentadienyl) tin (C5H5)2Sn Bis (trifluoromethyl) peroxide CF3OOCF3

Be—(cyclopentadienyl plane) 1.470, 1.92 C—C 1.423 (C5v) (The Be atom has two equilibrium positions)

ED

2.79 C—C 1.430 Pb—C dihedral angle between the two C5H5 planes 40∼50 (The two rings are not parallel.) Mn—C 2.383 C—C 1.429 (D5h)

ED

Borine carbonyl BH3CO Bromobenzene

Ni—C

2.196

C—C

C—C

1.439

Ru—C

C—C C—H O—O C—F ∠FCF

1.431 1.14 1.42 1.320 109.0

B—H C—O ∠BCO Br

1.194 1.131 180

Sn—C (D5h) C—O ∠COO COOC dihedral angle of internal rotation B—C ∠HBH (C3v) C—H Cc—Cd Cb—Cc C—Br Ca—Cb ∠CbCaCb

Ca Cb H

HCb

CcH

HCc Cd H Bromoform CHBr3 Bromoiodoacetylene IC≡CBr

Section 09 book.indb 30

1.375 C—C (inter-ring) torsional dihedral angle between the two rings

ED

C—Br ∠BrCBr C—I C—Br

1.924 111.7 1.972 1.795

C—H (C3v) C—C

ED

1.465 ∼37

ED

1.430 (D5h) 2.196

ED

2.71

ED

1.399 107

ED

123 1.540 113.9

ED

MW

1.072 1.401 1.375 1.85 1.42 117.4

MW

1.11

ED, MW

1.206

ED

5/3/05 12:09:23 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules 1,3-Butadiene

Compound

Structure

CaH2 Cb H

9-31

Cb H CaH2

1,3-Butadiyne

Butane CH3CH2CH2CH3 2-Butanone → Ethyl methyl ketone Butatriene 2-Butene

3-Buten-1-yne → Vinylacetylene tert-Butyl chloride (CH3)3CCl tert-Butyl cyanide → Pivalonitrile 2-Butyne

Carbon C2 Carbon C3 Carbon suboxide → Tricarbon dioxide Carbon tetrabromide CBr4 Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 Carbon tetrafluoride CF4 Carbon tetraiodide CI4 Carbonyl cyanide CO(CN)2 Chloroacetylene HC≡CCl Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl Chlorobromoacetylene ClC≡CBr Chlorocyanoacetylene ClC≡CCN Chloroethane → Ethyl chloride 2-Chloroethanol ClCH2CH2OH

Chloroethylene → Vinyl chloride Chloroform CHCl3 Chloroiodoacetylene ClC≡CI

Section 09 book.indb 31

∠CbCaH HCa≡Cb—Cb≡CaH Ca—Cb

120.9 1.218

C—C 1.531 113.8 ∠CCC trans conformer 54%

Method ED

Cb—Cb 1.467 1.349 Ca—Cb C—H (average) 1.108 124.4 ∠CCC anti conformer (C2h) C—H 1.09 Cb—Cb 1.384 linear 1.117 C—H 111.0 ∠CCH dihedral angle for the gauche conformer

ED

ED 65

H2Ca=Cb=Cb=CaH2 1.32 Ca—Cb CaH3—CbH=CbH—CaH3 cis conformer Ca—Cb 1.346 Cb—Cb 125.4 ∠CaCbCb

C—H Cb—Cb

1.08 1.28

1.506 1.347 123.8

trans conformer 1.508

C—H C—Cl ∠CCH

1.102 1.828 110.8

C—C ∠CCCl ∠CCC

1.528 107.3 111.6

CaH3—Cb≡Cb—CaH3 Cb—Cb ∠CbCaH C—C (re) C—C

C—H 1.214 110.7 1.3119 1.277

1.116 Ca—Cb

ED 1.468

linear

UV UV

C—Br

1.935

(Td)

ED

C—Cl

1.767

(Td)

ED

C—F

1.323

(Td)

ED

C—I

2.15

(Td)

ED

C—O C—N ∠CCN C—H C—Cl C—C C—H ∠CC(H)C Cl—C C—Br C—Cl C—CN

1.209 1.153 180 1.0550 1.6368 1.400 1.083 120 1.636 1.784 1.624 1.362

C—C ∠CCC

1.466 115

ED, MW

C—C

1.2033

MW

C—Cl ∠CC(Cl)C

1.737 121.7

ED

C—C

1.206

ED

C—C C—N

1.205 1.160

ED

1.519 1.093 ∠CCO

ED

C—O 1.413 C—C C—Cl 1.801 C—H O—H 1.033 ∠CCCl 110.7 fraction of the gauche conformer at 37°C is 92 ∼ 94%, dihedral angle of internal rotation 62.4 C—H ∠ClCCl C—Cl C—C

1.100 C—Cl 111.3 (C3v) 1.63 C—I 1.209 (assumed)

ED

(D2h)

ED

ED, MW

113.8

1.758

MW

1.99

MW

5/3/05 12:09:25 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules

9-32 Compound Chloromethane → Methyl chloride 3-Chloropropene → Allyl chloride Cyanamide H2NaCNb Cyanoacetylene H—Cb≡Ca—Cc≡N Cyanocyclopropane C3H5CaN Cyanogen (CN)2 Cyclobutane (CH2)4 Cyclobutanone

Cyclobutene

Cyclohexane C6H12 Cyclohexene

Cyclooctatetraene

1,3-Cyclopentadiene

Cyclopentadienylindium

Structure

Method

1.346 C—Nb Na—C N—H 1.00 ∠HNH dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond 1.058 Ca—Cb Cb—H Ca—Cc 1.378 Cc—N C—C (ring) 1.513 C—Ca C—H 1.107 Ca—N 114.6 ∠HCH ∠CaCH C—N 1.163 C—C

1.160 114 142 1.205 1.159 1.472 1.157 119.6 1.393 linear 1.555

C—H 1.113 C—C dihedral angle between the two CCC planes 145 Ca—Cb 1.527 Cb H 2 —C 1.556 C b c CcH2 Ca O 93.1 ∠CbCaCb Cb H 2 88.0 ∠CaCbCc Cb—Cb 1.342 Ca—Ca 1.566 Ca—H 1.094 Ca—Cb 1.517 Cb—H 1.083 133.5 ∠CaCbCb 94.2 ∠CbCbH 85.8 ∠CaCaH 114.5 ∠CaCaCb ∠HCaH 109.2 dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the Ca—Ca bond 135.8 1.119 C—C 1.536 C—H 111.3 chair form ∠CCC Ca—Ca 1.334 HCa CaH 1.50 Ca—Cb H2 Cb Cb H2 1.52 Cb—Cc CcH2 CcH2 1.54 Cc—Cc 123.4 112.0 ∠CaCbCc ∠CaCaCb 110.9 (C2) half-chair form ∠CbCcCc Ca—Cb 1.476 C—H 1.100 1.340 Ca—Ca,Cb—Cb 126.1 ∠CbCaCa, ∠CaCbCb dihedral angle between the CaCaCaCa and CaCbCbCa planes tub form (D2d) Ca—Cb CaH2 Cb—Cc HCb Cb H Cc—Cc ∠CaCbCc HCc CcH 109.4

∠CbCcCc

∠CbCaCb In—C C—C (C5v)

MW

MW MW

ED ED MW

MW

ED ED

ED

136.9 1.509 1.342 1.469 109.3 102.8 2.621 1.426

MW

ED

Cyclopentane (CH2)5

1.546 C—H 1.114 C—C 111.7 ∠CCH (The out-of-plane vibration of the C atoms is essentially free pseudorotation; average value of the displacements of the C atoms from the molecular plane 0.43)

ED

Cyclopentene

Ca—Cb Cb—Cc H 2 Cb Cb H 2 Cc—Cc CcH CcH ∠CbCaCb 110.0 ∠CbCcCc ∠CaCbCc dihedral angle between the CbCaCb and CbCcCcCb planes

ED

Section 09 book.indb 32

CaH2

1.546 1.519 1.342 104.0 103.0 151.2

5/3/05 12:09:30 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound Cyclopropane (CH2)3 Cyclopropanone

C—C ∠HCH

H 2 Cb Ca O

H 2 Cb

114

∠HCbH Cyclopropene

C aH 2 Cb H

HCb

Decalin C10H18 Dewer benzene → Bicyclo[2.2.0] hexa-2,5-diene Diacetylene → 1,3-Butadiyne 1,4-Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane

2,3-Diaza-1,3-butadiene → Formaldehyde azine Diazirine

Structure 1.512 114.0 C—H Cb—Cb ∠CaCbCb

Ca—H ∠HCaH C—C (average) ∠CCC (average)

1.112 118 1.530 111.4

CH2

N N H Cb

Ca Na

Dibromomethane CH2Br2 2,2′-Dichlorobiphenyl C6H4Cl—C6H4Cl

trans-1,4-Dichlorocyclohexane C6H10Cl2

1,1-Dichloroethane CHCl2CH3 1,2-Dichloroethane CH2ClCH2Cl

Section 09 book.indb 33

1.086 1.575 57.7

Nb Nc

Ca—Cb Ca—O

1.475 1.191

dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the Cb—Cb bond Cb—Cb 1.304 1.519 Ca—Cb 1.077 Cb—H 133 ∠CbCbH C—H (average)

C—H C—N N—N ∠HCH Cb—Nb Nb—Nc Ca—Na C—H Ca—Cb

Method R

1.083

C—H

C—N C—C ∠NCC ∠CNC large-amplitude torsional motion about the D3h symmetry axis

Diazoacetonitrile

Diazomethane CH2N2 1,2-Dibromoethane CH2BrCH2Br

9-33

151

MW

ED

1.113

ED

1.472 1.562 110.2 108.7

ED

1.09 1.482 1.228 117 1.280 1.132 1.165 1.082 1.424

MW

117 119.5 ∠CaCbNb ∠CaCbH 1.32 C—H 1.075 C—N N—N 1.12 126.0 linear ∠HCH 1.950 C—C 1.506 C—Br C—H 1.108 109.5 ∠CCBr fraction of the trans conformer at 25°C 95% ∠CCH 110 1.924 C—H 1.08 C—Br 109 113.2 ∠HCBr ∠BrCBr C—C 1.398 C—C inter-ring 1.495 C—Cl 1.732 C—H 1.10 121.4 126 ∠CCCl ∠CCH dihedral angle between the two aromatic rings 74 (defined to be 0 for that of the cis conformer) 1.810 C—H 1.102 C—Cl C—C 1.530 111.5 ∠CCC 108.6 110.6 ∠CCCl (ee) ∠CCCl (aa) 111.5 107.6 ∠HCCl (ee) ∠HCCl (aa) ee 49% aa 51% e: equatorial, a: axial 1.540 C—Cl 1.766 C—C 112.0 111.0 ∠ClCCl ∠CCCl 1.790 C—C 1.531 C—Cl C—H 1.11 109.0 ∠CCCl 113 ∠CCH fraction of the trans conformer at room temperature 73%, that of the gauche conformer 27%

MW

MW, IR ED

ED ED

ED

MW ED

5/3/05 12:09:34 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules

9-34 Compound 1,1-Dichloroethylene CH2=CCl2 cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene CHCl=CHCl Dichloromethane CH2Cl2 1,1-Difluoroethane CH3CHF2 1,2-Difluoroethane CH2FCH2F

1,1-Difluoroethane CH2=CF2 cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene CHF=CHF Difluoromethane CH2F2 Dimethoxymethane

Dimethylacetylene → 2-Butyne Dimethylamine (CH)2NH

Dimethylberyllium (CH3)2Be Dimethylcadmium (CH3)2Cd Dimethyl carbonate

Structure C—C 1.32 (assumed) C—Cl 123 (C2v) ∠ClCC C—Cl 1.718 C—C 123.8 ∠ClCC 1.087 C—Cl (re) C—H (re) 111.5 ∠HCH (θe) ∠ClCCl (θe) C—C 1.498 C—H (average) C—F 1.364 ∠CCH (average) ∠CCF 110.7 dihedral angle between the two CCF planes C—F 1.389 C—C C—H 1.103 ∠CCF dihedral angle of internal rotation ∠CCH 111 fraction of the gauche conformer at 22°C 94% C—C 1.340 C—F C—H 1.091 ∠CCF 119.0 ∠CCH C—C 1.33 C—F 1.099 C—H ∠CCF 124.1 ∠CCH C—H 1.093 C—F 113.7 ∠HCH ∠FCF Ca—O Cb—O C—H (average)

S,S′-Dimethyl dithiocarbonate

Section 09 book.indb 34

1.765 112.0 1.081 111.0 118.9 1.503 110.3 109

MW, IR

1.315 124.7

ED, MW

1.342 122.0

ED, MW

1.357 108.3 1.432 1.382 1.108

MW

ED

ED

ED

114.3

C—H C—N ∠CNH ∠HCH Be—C ∠BeCH C—Cd

1.106 1.455 107 107 1.698 113.9 2.112

N—H ∠CNC ∠NCH

1.00 111.8 112

ED

C—H CBeC linear ∠HCH

1.127

ED

108.4

R

Cb—Ob Cb—Oa Ca—Oa

1.209 1.34 1.42

ED

∠CbOaCa Cb—Na ∠CaNCa

114.5 1.338 115.5

CaH3 Oa Ob 107 1.161 1.463 116.0

∠OaCbOa Cb—Nb Ca—Na ∠CaNCb CH3 Hb

Ht

Dimethyl disulfide (CH3)2S2

ED

∠OCO

B

Dimethyl diselenide (CH3)2Se2

1.354

114.6 110.3

CaH3 Oa

1,2-Dimethyldiborane

Method MW

∠COC ∠OCH

Cb

Dimethylcyanamide (CaH3)2Na—Cb≡Nb

1.73

CH3 B

Hb

Ht

B—B B—C B—Hb

1.799 1.580 1.358 (cis), 1.365 (trans)

1.24 122.6 (cis), 121.8 (trans) 1.13 C—Se 2.326 ∠CSeSe dihedral angle between the CSeSe and SeSeC planes 108 1.816 S—S 1.105 ∠SSC 111.3 CSSC dihedral angle of internal rotation Cb—O CaH3 SCb SCaH3 Cb—S O Ca—S 124.9 ∠OCS ∠CSC syn-syn conformer

B—Ht ∠BBC C—H Se—Se ∠HCSe C—S C—H ∠SCH

ED

1.95 98.9 2.029 103.2 85 1.206 1.777 1.802 99.3

ED

ED 88

ED

ED

5/3/05 12:09:38 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound Dimethyl ether (CH3)2O Dimethylglyoxal → Biacetyl N,N′-Dimethylhydrazine CH3NH—NHCH3 Dimethylmercury (CH3)2Hg Dimethylphosphine (CH3)2PH Dimethyl selenide (CH3)2Se Dimethyl sulfide (CH3)2S Dimethyl sulfone (CH3)2SO2 Dimethyl sulfoxide (CH3)2SO

Dimethylzinc (CH3)2Zn 1,4-Dioxane

CH2 CH2 O

O

C—O ∠COC

Structure 1.416 112

9-35 C—H ∠HCH

1.42 C—N N—N N—H 1.03 C—H CNNC dihedral angle of internal rotation ∠NNC 112 C—Hg 2.083 C—H 2.71 Hg⋅⋅⋅H C—P 1.848 P—H 99.7 ∠CPC ∠CPH C—H 1.093 Se—C 96.2 ∠CSeC ∠SeCH 110.3 ∠HCH C—S 1.807 C—H 99.05 ∠CSC ∠HCH C—H 1.114 S—O S—C 1.771 ∠CSC 121 ∠OSO C—H 1.081 C—S S—O 1.485 ∠CSC 106.7 ∠CSO ∠HCH dihedral angle between the SCC plane and the S—O bond Zn—C 1.929 ∠HCH C—C C—H ∠CCO

1.523 1.112 109.2

Method ED

1.121 108 1.46 1.12 90 1.160 (assumed)

ED

1.419 97.0 1.943 108.7

MW

1.116 109.3 1.435 102

ED, MW

1.799 96.6 110.3 115.5 107.7

MW

ED

MW

ED

R

C—O ∠COC chair form

1.423 112.45

ED

C—H staggered conformation Ca—H Ca—Cb S—H ∠CaCbH ∠CaSH C—C O—H Cb—H ∠COH ∠CaCbH

1.0940

MW

1.090 1.530 1.350 109.7 96.4 1.512 0.971 1.09 105 110

MW

CH2 CH2 Ethanal → Acetaldehyde Ethane C2H6 Ethanethiol

Ethanol

Ethyl chloride

Ethylene CH2=CH2 Ethylenediamine H2NCH2CH2NH2 Ethylene dibromide → 1,2Dibromoethane Ethylene dichloride → 1,2Dichloroethane Ethyleneimine → Aziridine

Section 09 book.indb 35

C—C 1.5351 111.17 ∠CCH CbH3—CaH2—SH 1.093 Cb—H 1.829 Ca—S 109.6 ∠CbCaH 108.3 ∠CbCaS CbH3CaH2OH C—O 1.431 1.10 Ca—H 107.8 ∠CCO 111 ∠CbCaH staggered conformation

∠HbCbHb ∠CbCaHa C—H ∠CCH C—N C—H gauche conformer

C—C C—Cl C—H Ca—Ha=Cb—Hb (assumed) ∠CCCl ∠HaCaHa

109.8 110.6 1.087 C—C 121.3 1.469 C—C 1.11 ∠CCN dihedral angle between the NCC and CCN planes

MW

1.528 1.802 1.103

ED, MW

110.7 109.2 1.339

MW

1.545 110.2

ED 64

5/3/05 12:09:41 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules

9-36 Ethylene oxide CH2

Compound

O

Structure C—C 1.466 C—H C—O 1.431 ∠HCH dihedral angle between the NH2 plane and the N—C bond

Method MW

1.085 116.6 158.0

CH2 Ethylene sulfide → Thiirane Ethyl methyl ether C2H5OCH3

Ethyl methyl ketone

C—O (average) 1.418 C—H (average) 1.118 109.4 ∠OCC fraction of the trans conformer at 20°C O

C—C ∠COC ∠HCH 80%

C—C (average) Cc—O Cc C—H (average) Cb H 2 CdH3 ∠CaCbCc trans conformer ∠CbCcO, ∠CdCcO 121.9 C—S (average) 1.813 C—C C—H 1.111 ∠CSC 114.0 ∠SCC ∠HCH fraction of the gauche conformer at 20°C 75% C—C 1.440 C—H Fe—C 2.064 (D5h) C—H 1.098 C—F 108.8 (C3v) ∠FCF C—H 1.116 C—O 116.5 ∠HCH 1.418 H2C=N—N=CH2 N—N C—N 1.277 C—H 111.4 ∠CNN ∠HCN fraction of the trans conformer at –30°C 91% C aH 3

Ethyl methyl sulfide C2H5SCH3

Ferrocene (C5H5)2Fe Fluoroform CHF3 Formaldehyde H2CO Formaldehyde azine

Formaldehyde dimethylacetal → Dimethoxymethane Formaldoxime

Ha

OHc C

N

Hb

Formamide

1.408 115.6 121.8

N—O ∠HbCN ∠HaCN

Hc

O N

C Ha

Hb

Formic acid

1.212 C—O ∠CNH (average) 119.2

Oa H

C Ob

Formic acid dimer

Formyl radical

Section 09 book.indb 36

Ob—H ∠HCOa ∠CObH

1.520 111.9 109.0

ED

1.518 1.219 1.102 113.5 95% 1.536 97 110

ED

1.104

ED

1.332

MW

1.208

MW

ED

ED

1.094 120.7

C—Ha C—Hb C—N

1.085 1.086 1.276

O—Hc ∠CNO ∠NOHc C—Ha N—H C—N

0.956 110.2 102.7 1.125 1.027 1.368

∠NCO

125.0

C—Oa C—Ob

1.202 1.343

C—H ∠OaCOb planar Oa⋅⋅⋅Ob C—Oa C—Ob ∠OaCOb ∠COaOb 1.110 127.43

1.097 124.9

MW

ED, MW

MW

H 0.972 124.1 106.3

C—H ∠HCO

C—O

2.703 1.220 1.323 126.2 108.5

ED

1.1712

MW

5/3/05 12:09:46 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Fulvene

Compound

2-Furaldehyde

Furan

Furfural → 2-Furaldehyde Glycolaldehyde

Structure

Cd—H ∠CaCbCc ∠CaCbH ∠HCdH

1.13 107.7 124.7 117

106.1 110.7 128.0

∠CaCbCb ∠CbCaO ∠CbCbHb

Hc

Ob

Ha H b Ca Hb Oa

Hexachloroethane Cl3CCCl3 2,4-Hexadiyne

Hexafluoroethane F3CCF3 Hexafluoropropene CF2=CFCF3

1,3,5-Hexatriene

Iminocyanide radical HNCN Iodocyanoacetylene I—Ca≡Cb—Cc≡N

Section 09 book.indb 37

Ca—Cd Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cc Cb—H Cc—H ∠CbCaCb ∠CbCcCc ∠CbCcH

1.349 1.470 1.355 1.476 1.078 1.080 106.6 109 126.4

Ca—Ce Ce—Ob Ce—H ∠CeCaCb

1.458 1.250 1.088 133.9

116.9 ∠CaCeH ∠CaCeO trans conformer (with respect to the Oa and Ob atoms) Cb—Cb O Ha Ha Ca—Cb Ca Ca Ca—O Cb Cb Ca—Ha Cb—Hb Hb Hb

Cb

Glyoxal CHOCHO

9-37 Method MW

MW

121.6 1.431 1.361 1.362 1.075 1.077

MW

∠CaOCa ∠OCaHa

106.6 115.9

Cb—Ob Ca—Oa Ca—Cb Oa—Ha Cb—Hc Ca—Hb ∠CaCbHc ∠CaOaHa ∠HbCaHb

1.209 1.437 1.499 1.051 1.102 1.093 115.3 101.6 107.6

MW

1.212 121.2 (C2h (assumed)) 1.769

ED, UV

122.7 ∠CaCbOb 111.5 ∠CbCaOa 109.2 ∠CbCaHb 109.7 ∠HbCaOa C—C 1.526 C—O C—H 1.132 ∠CCO 112 trans conformer ∠HCO C—C 1.56 C—Cl 110.0 ∠CCCl CaH3—Cb≡Cc—Cc≡Cb—CaH3 1.450 Cb—Cc Ca—Cb 1.377 Ca—H Cc—Cc C—C 1.545 C—F 109.8 staggered conformation ∠CCF average value of the C=C and C—F distances C—C 1.513 ∠CCC 124 ∠FCC (CF2) ∠FCC (CF) 110 ∠FCC (CF3) H2Ca=CbH—CcH=CcH—CbH=CaH2 1.337 Cb—Cc Ca—Cb 1.368 Cc—Cc ∠CaCbCc 124.4 ∠CbCcCc N—H 1.034 N⋅⋅⋅N 116.5 ∠HNC ∠NCN 1.985 Ca—Cb I—Ca Cb—Cc 1.370 Cc—N

1.208 1.09 1.326 1.329 127.8 120

1.458 121.7 2.470 ∼180 1.207 1.160

ED ED

ED ED

ED

UV MW

5/3/05 12:09:50 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules

9-38 Isobutane (CbH3)3CaH

Compound

Isobutylene → 2-Methylpropene Ketene CH2=C=O Malononitrile CaH2(CbN)2

Methane CH4 Methanethiol CH3SH

Methanol CH3OH

Methyl radical ⋅CH3 N-Methylacetamide

Methyl bromide CH3Br Methyl chloride CH3Cl Methyldiazirine

Methylene :CH2 Methylenecyclopropane

1.4246 108.63

C—H 1.0936 C—O O—H 0.9451 ∠HCH 108.53 ∠COH angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—O bond (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the H atom with respect to the C—O bond.) C—H 1.08 planar

H3 Ca

H N CcH3

Cb—N ∠CbNCc ∠NCbO ∠CaCbN

1.386 119.7 121.8 114.1

CcH2 Cb

CaH2

Cc—H

1.09

Method ED, MW

MW MW

MW MW

MW

3.27 UV

Ca—Cb N—Cc C—H

1.520 1.469 1.107

Cb—O

1.225

N—H 1.010 C—N C—H 1.099 ∠HNH 110.3 ∠HNC ∠HCH dihedral angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—N bond (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the NH2 group with respect to the C—N bond.) C—H CH3 C—Na Na Nb Nc Na—Nb 1.113 Nb—Nc ∠CNaNb NNN linear 1.086 C—Br (re) C—H (re) 111.2 (C3v) ∠HCH (θe) C—H 1.090 C—Cl 110.8 ∠HCH C—N 1.481 C—C N CH3 CH N—N 1.235 ∠NCN N dihedral angle between the CNN plane and the C—C bond 122.3 C—H 1.078 130 ∠HCH

CcH2

Section 09 book.indb 38

1.113 110.8

C—H 1.09 C—S 1.819 S—H 1.34 96.5 ∠HSC 109.8 ∠HCH angle between the CH3 symmetry axis and the C—S bond 2.2. (The axis of the CH3 group is tilted away from the H atom with respect to the C—S bond.)

Cb

Methyl azide

Cb—H ∠CbCaCb

1.161 C—C 1.317 C—O C—H 1.080 123.0 ∠HCH 1.480 C—H 1.091 C—C C—N 1.147 110.4 ∠CCC 108.4 176.6 ∠HCH ∠CCN (The two N atoms are bent away from each other in the plane of Cb—Ca—Cb) 1.0870 (Td) C—H (re)

O

Methylacetylene → Propyne Methylal → Dimethoxymethane Methylamine CH3NH2

Structure 1.122 1.535 111.4

Ca—H Ca—Cb ∠CaCbH

Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cc

1.332 1.457 1.542

∠CcCbCc

63.9

1.471 107.1 108.0 2.9 1.09 1.468 1.216 116.8

ED

MW

ED

1.933

MW, IR

1.785

MW, IR

1.501 49.3

MW

LMR MW

5/3/05 12:09:54 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound

3-Methyleneoxetane

9-39

Structure 114.3 ∠HCcH ∠HCaH dihedral angle between the CcH2 plane and the Cc—Cc bond Cb—Cc Cc H 2 Cc—O O Cb C a H 2 Ca—Cb

CcH2

Methyl fluoride CH3F Methyl formate

∠CcCbCc ∠HCaH

87 120 (assumed

∠HCH (θe) Ca—H Cb—Ob C—O (average) Cb—H

110.45 (C3v) 1.08 1.206 1.393 1.101 (assumed)

∠OaCbOb ∠OaCaH C—H C—Ge ∠HGeH C—H O—C ∠COCl C—H (re)

127 110 1.083 1.945 109.3 1.103 1.389 112.8 1.1198

∠COC

114

Ge—H ∠HCH

1.529 108.4

MW

O—Cl ∠HCH

1.674 109.6

MW

H—C (re)

1.0692

C—P (re)

1.5398

MW

C—H (re) ∠HCH (θe) CaH3—N≡Cb N—Cb

1.084 111.2 Ca—H 1.166

C—I (re) (C3v) 1.102 ∠NCaH O—Ca Cb—Cc Cc—H

2.132

MW, IR

Ca—N 109.12 1.171 1.518 1.10

Cb—H ∠CaCbCc ∠CcCbH

1.083 122.6 123.7

C—H (C3v) C—Ha C—Hb C—O O—N

1.15

CaH3

Ob Hb

Methyl hypochlorite CH3OCl Methylidyne radical :CH Methylidyne phosphide HCP Methyl iodide CH3I Methyl isocyanide Methylketene

CcH3

Cb

Ca

O

H

Methylmercury chloride CH3HgCl Methyl nitrate

Ca—Cb ∠OCaCb ∠CaCbH ∠HCH Hg—Cl Hg—C

1.306 180.5 113.7 109.2 2.282 1.99

H a Oa

Ha C

N

Hb

Methylphosphine CH3PH2 2-Methylpropane → Isobutane 2-Methylpropene

O

Ob 1.205 110 112.7 112.4 1.858

N—Oa ∠OCHa ∠CON ∠ONOb C—P

CaH3 Cb ∠HCaCb (average) ∠CaCbCa ∠HCaH

1.424

1.10 1.09 1.437 1.402

N—Ob ∠OCHb ∠ONOa

103 118.1

C—H

1.094

MW

MW, NMR MW

ED

111.4 115.6 107.9

∠CaCbCc ∠CbCcH

122.2 121

H

ED

MW

1.119 1.10 1.508 1.342 118.5

Cc

MW, IR

UV

Ca—H Cc—Hc Ca—Cb Cb—Cc ∠HcCcHc

Hc

CaH3

Section 09 book.indb 39

MW

1.09 (assumed) 114 (assumed) 1.095 1.382

C—H ∠HCcH C—H (re) C—F (re)

Oa Cb

Methylgermane CH3GeH3

Method

113.5 150.8 1.52 1.45 1.33

ED, MW

5/3/05 12:09:58 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules

9-40 Methylsilane CH3SiH3

Compound

Methylstannane CH3SnH3 Methyl thiocyanate

Structure 1.093 1.485 108.3 2.143

C—H Si—H ∠HSiH C—Sn

S Cb Naphthalene

Neopentane C(CH3)4 Nickelocene → Bis (cyclopentadienyl) nickel Nitromethane CH3NO2 N-Nitrosodimethylamine (CH3)2NNO Nitrosomethane CH3NO

N

S—Cb Cb—N

99.0

∠HCH

C aH 3 ∠CaSCb

110.6 Ca—Cb Cb—Cb Ca—Cc Cc—Cc C—C (average) ∠CaCcCc

1.824 1.081

∠HCS 1.37 1.41 1.42 1.42 1.40 119.4

108.3

MW

ED

C—H

1.114

ED

C—H N—O ∠ONO N—O C—N ∠CNC C—N C—H ∠NCH

1.088 (assumed) 1.224 125.3 1.235 1.461 123.2 1.49 1.084 109.0

C—N ∠NCH

1.489 107

MW

N—N ∠ONN ∠CNN N—O ∠CNO

1.344 113.6 116.4 1.22 112.6

ED

110.4 105.8 109.0 130.2

MW

102.0 113.4 105.6 118.1

MW

O—N C—N C—C C—H ∠NCH O—C C—N N—N C—H ∠NCH

Oxalic acid

H Oa

Ob C

C

Oa

Ob H

Cl

O C

O

Section 09 book.indb 40

S—Ca C—H

MW

1.537 112

1,3,4-Oxadiazole

Oxetane

1.700

C—C ∠CCH

Norbornane → Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane Norbornadiene → Bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta2,5-diene 1,2,5-Oxadiazole

Oxalyl dichloride

Method MW

1.867 107.7

C—Si ∠HCH (C3v) Sn—H (C3v) 1.684 1.170

C Cl

1.380 1.300 1.421 1.076 120.9 1.348 1.297 1.399 1.075 128.5 C—C C—Oa C—Ob Ob—H ∠CCOa ∠OaCOb ∠CObH C—O C—C C—Cl

∠NON ∠ONC ∠CCN ∠CCH planar ∠COC ∠OCN ∠CNN ∠OCH planar

1.544 1.205 1.336 1.05 123.1 125.0 104

MW

ED

1.182 1.534 1.744

124.2 111.7 ∠CCO ∠CCCl fraction of the trans conformer at 0°C 68%, that of the gauche conformer 32% C—O 1.448 C—C 1.546 1.090 C—H (average) 92 ∠COC

ED

MW

5/3/05 12:10:03 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound

Oxirane → Ethylene oxide Phenol

Phosphirane

Structure 85 109.9

∠CCC ∠HCH (average)

C—P C—C ∠CPC

CH2 PH CH2

Piperazine

l-Propenyl chloride Propiolaldehyde

Propylene → Propene Propylene oxide

Pyrazine

∠CNC

109.0

C—C (average) Cb—H Cc—H Cd—H Ca—O O—H ∠COH

1.397 1.084 1.076 1.082 1.364 0.956 109.0

1.867 1.502 47.4

Ca—Cb Cb—Cc C—C ∠CCC

P—H C—H ∠HCH

95.7

Method

MW

1.43 MW 1.09 114.4

1.540 1.467 1.110

ED

110.4

1.495 1.536

∠CCN (C2h) Ca—N ∠CcCbCc

1.159 110.5

MW

1.532 112

C—H ∠HCH

1.107 107

ED

Ca—Ha Ca—Cb Cc—Hd Cb—Cc ∠CbCaHa,b,c

1.104 1.341 1.117 1.506 121.3

ED, MW

110.7 ∠CbCcHd CH3—CbH=CaH—Cl Ca—Cl 121.9 ∠CbCaCl HaCa≡Cb—CcHcO 1.211 Ca—Cb 1.130 Cc—Hc 124.2 ∠CbCcO 178.6 ∠CaCbCc

∠CaCbCc 1.728 trans conformer Ca—Ha Cb—Cc Cc—O ∠CbCcHc planar

124.3 MW

CaH3 Cb H

Ca—Cb 1.51 121.0 ∠CaCbCc dihedral angle between the CbCcO plane 123.8 and the CaCb bond

CcH2

H3Cc—Cb≡CaH Cc—Cb Ca—H

Pyridazine

1.459 1.056

H H Cb C b HCa

CaH N

∠NCC

Section 09 book.indb 41

92

CH2

O

Propynal → Propiolaldehyde Propyne

∠OCC

118 ∠HPC 95.2 ∠CCH dihedral angle between the PCC plane and the PH bond C—C CH2 CH2 C—N NH NH C—H

CH2

Pivalonitrile (CcH3)3Cb—Ca≡N Propadiene → Allene Propane C3H8 Propenal → Acrylaldehyde Propene

9-41

N

123.7

Cc—H Cb—Ca ∠HCcCb C—C 1.339 C—H 1.115 123.9 ∠CCH N—Ca Ca—Cb N—N Cb—Cb ∠NNC

1.085 1.453 1.214 113.7

1.105 1.206 110.2 C—N 1.403 ∠CCN 115.6 1.341 1.393 1.330 1.375

ED, MW

MW

MW

ED

ED, MW

119.3

5/3/05 12:10:08 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules

9-42 Pyridine

Compound

Pyrimidine

Structure

116.8 118.5 115.9

∠CaNCa ∠CaCbCc ∠NCaHa

Pyrrole

∠NCaCb ∠CbCcCb ∠CcCbHb N—C 1.340 ∠NCN 127.6 (C2v assumed)

H N Ha

Ca

Ca

H b Cb

Pyruvonitrile

Cb—Hb ∠NCaCb ∠NCaHa CaH3

Ha

Cb H b

1.077 107.7 121.5 O

Cb Cc N

Ca—Cb ∠CaCbO ∠CCN Ruthenocene → Bis (cyclopentadienyl) ruthenium Silacyclobutane

Spiropentane

Succinonitrile

Tetrachloroethylene CCl2=CCl2 Tetracyanoethylene (CN)2C=C(CN)2 Tetrafluoro-1,3-dithietane

Tetrafluoroethylene CF2=CF2

Section 09 book.indb 42

N—Ca Cb—Cc Cb—Hb Ca—Cb Ca—Ha Cc—Hc

1.518 124.5 179

∠FCS C—C ∠CCF

1.370 1.417 1.382 0.996 1.076 109.8 107.4 127.1 1.12 1.17 1.208 1.477

∠HCH ∠CaCbCc

109.2 114.2

CH2

113.7 1.31 123.8

123.9 118.3 121.3 C—C 1.393 ∠CNC 115.5

N—Ca Cb—Cb Ca—Cb N—H Ca—Ha ∠CaNCa ∠CaCbCb ∠CbCbH C—H C—N C—O Cb—Cc

Si—C C—C CH2 SiH2 Si—H 1.14 C—H ∠CSiC 84.8 ∠SiCC ∠CCC dihedral angle between the CCC and CSiC planes Cb—Cb Cb H 2 H 2 Cb Ca—Cb Ca C—H H 2 Cb Cb H 2 ∠CbCaCb 118 (D2d) ∠HCH C—C 1.561 C—C(N) CH2 CN C—N 1.161 C—H CH2 CN 110.4 ∠CCC fraction of the anti conformer at 170°C 74%, dihedral angle of CCCC for the gauche conformer C—Cl 1.718 C—C 115.7 ∠ClCCl C—N 1.162 C—C 1.357 C=C ∠CC=C C—S S C—F F2 C CF2 ∠CSC S CH2

1.340 1.394 1.081 1.395 1.084 1.077

(D2h assumed) C—F (D2h assumed)

Method MW

ED

MW

ED, MW

1.892 1.600 1.47 80.7 99.8 146 1.52 1.47 1.09 62

ED

1.465 1.09

ED

75 1.354

ED

ED

1.435 121.1 1.785 1.314 83.2

ED ED

1.319

ED

5/3/05 12:10:14 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound Tetrahydrofuran

CH2 CH2 O

9-43

Structure 1.428 C—H 1.115 C—O C—C 1.536 The skeletal bending vibration of the molecular plane is essentially free pseudorotation

Method ED

CH2 CH2 Tetrahydropyran

H2 C H2 C

CH2

H2 C

CH2 O

Tetrahydrothiophene

CH2 CH2 S

C—O C—C C—H ∠COC ∠OCC

1.420 1.531 1.116 111.5 111.8

∠CCC (C) chair form C—S C—C ∠SCC

108

∠CCC (O)

111

1.839 1.536 106.1

C—H ∠CSC ∠CCC

1.120 93.4 105.0

Ge—C ∠GeCH Pb—C

1.945 108 2.238

C—H (Td excluding the H atoms) (Td excluding the H atoms)

1.12

C—H ∠HCH C—Sn C—H S N N

1.115 109.8 2.144 1.12 S—N C—N C—C C—H S—C N—N C—N C—H ∠NCH

C—Si (Td excluding the H atoms)

1.875

ED

CH2 CH2 Tetramethylgermane (CH3)4Ge Tetramethyllead (CH3)4Pb Tetramethylsilane (CH3)4Si Tetramethylstannane (CH3)4Sn 1,2,5-Thiadiazole

1,3,4-Thiadiazole

Thietane

Thiirane

Thioformaldehyde CH2S Thioformamide

(Td excluding the H atoms) 1.631 ∠NSN 1.328 ∠CCN 1.420 ∠CCH HC CH 1.079 planar 1.721 ∠CSC S 1.371 ∠SCN HC CH 1.302 ∠CCN N N 1.08 ∠SCH 123.5 C—S C—C C—H (average) 76.8 ∠CSC ∠HCH (average) dihedral angle between the CCC and CSC planes C—C 1.484 ∠HCH H2 C C—H 1.083 ∠CSC S 1.815 C—S ∠CCS H2 C dihedral angle between the CH2 plane and the C—C bond 152 C—S 1.611 C—H 116.9 ∠HCH N—Ha S Ha N—Hb C N C—N

Hc

Thiolane → Tetrahydrothiophene

Section 09 book.indb 43

C—S ∠HaNHb ∠HbNC ∠NCHc

Hb

1.626 121.7 120.4 108

C—Hc ∠HaNC ∠NCS ∠SCHc

ED ED ED ED

1.847 1.549 1.100 112 154

99.6 113.8 126.2

MW

86.4 114.6 112.2 121.9 planar

MW

116 48.3 65.9

ED, MW

MW

1.093

MW

1.002 1.007 1.358

MW

1.10 117.9 125.3 127

5/3/05 12:10:19 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules

9-44 Thiophene

Compound

Toluene

1,1,1-Tribromoethane CH3CBr3 Tribromomethane → Bromoform Tri-tert-butyl methane HCa[Cb(CcH3)3]3 Tricarbon dioxide OCCCO Trichloroacetonitrile CCl3CN 1,1,1-Trichloroethane CH3CCl3

Trichloro(methyl)germane CH3GeCl3 Trichloro(methyl)silane CH3SiCl3 Trichloro(methyl)stannane CH3SnCl3 Triethylenediamine → 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2]octane Trifluoroacetic acid

1,1,1-Trifluoroethane CH3CF3 Trifluoromethane → Fluoroform 1,1,1-Trifluoro-2,2,2-trichloroethane CF3CCl3 Trimethylaluminium (CH3)3Al Trimethylamine (CH3)3N Trimethylarsine (CH3)3As Trimethylbismuth (CH3)3Bi Trimethylborane (CH3)3B

Section 09 book.indb 44

Structure

∠SCaCb ∠SCaHa

C—Br C—C ∠BrCBr

Ca—Ha Cb—Hb Ca—S Ca—Cb Cb—Cb ∠CaSCa 115.5 ∠CaCbCb 119.9 ∠CbCbHb C—C (ring) 1.399 C—H (average) 1.11 the difference between the C—H(CH3) and C—H(ring): about 0.01 1.93 C—H 1.51 (assumed) ∠CCBr 111 ∠CCH

1.611 C—H Ca—Cb Cb—Cc 1.548 ∠CaCbCc C—O 1.163 C—C linear (with a large-amplitude bending vibration) C—N 1.165 C—C C—Cl 1.763 ∠ClCCl C—H 1.090 C—C C—Cl 1.771 ∠HCH 108.9 ∠CCH ∠ClCCl 109.6 ∠CCCl Ge—Cl 2.132 Ge—C C—H 1.103 (assumed) ∠ClGeCl 110.5 (assumed) ∠GeCH C—Si 1.876 Si—Cl (C3v) Sn—Cl 2.304 Sn—C C—H 1.100 ∠CSnCl 104.7 ∠ClSnCl ∠SnCH

C—CH3

1.078 1.081 1.714 1.370 1.423 92.2 112.5 124.3

Method MW

1.524

ED

1.095 (assumed) 108 109.0 (assumed)

MW

1.111 113.0 1.289

ED ED

1.460 110.0 1.541 110.0 109.4

ED

1.89 106.4

ED, MW

2.021

MW

2.10 113.9 108

ED

C—F C—C C—Oa

1.325 1.546 1.192

ED

MW

C—Ob ∠CCOa ∠CCF C—C C—H ∠CCH

1.35 126.8 109.5 1.494 1.081 112

O—H ∠CCOb

0.96 (assumed) 111.1

C—F ∠CCF

1.340 119.2

ED

C—C C—Cl ∠CCCl C—H ∠AlCH C—N ∠CNC C—As ∠AsCH Bi—C ∠CBiC C—B ∠CBC

1.54 1.77 109.6 1.113 111.7 1.458 110.9 1.979 111.4 2.263 97.1 1.578 120.0

C—F ∠CCF staggered conformation Al—C ∠CAlC C—H ∠HCH ∠CAsC

1.33 110

MW

1.957 120 1.100 110 98.8

ED

ED

C—H

1.07

ED

C—H ∠BCH

1.114 112.5

ED

ED

5/3/05 12:10:24 PM

Bond Lengths and Angles in Gas-Phase Molecules Compound Trimethyleneimine → Azetidine Trimethylphosphine (CH3)3P 1,3,5-Trioxane

9-45 Structure

C—P ∠CPC

1.847 98.6

O H2 C

CH2

O

O

Method C—H ∠PCH C—O ∠OCO ∠COC

1.091 110.7 1.422 112.2 110.3

ED MW

C H2 Triphenylamine (C6H5)3N

1.42 ED C—C 1.392 C—N 116 (C3) ∠CNC torsional dihedral angle of the two phenyl rings 47° (defined to be 0 when the symmetry axis is contained in the phenyl planes)

Tropone

O Ca HCb

Cb H

HCc

CcH Cd H

Cd H

126

∠CbCcCd Vinylacetylene

Ha

Hc Ca C b

Hb

Cc Cd Hd

Vinyl chloride

Hc

Cl C

Hb ∠CCCl ∠CCHb

Section 09 book.indb 45

178 122 182

∠CbCcCd ∠HbCaCb ∠CcCdHd

C Ha 122.5 120

Ca—O Ca—Cb Cb—Cc Cc—Cd Cd—Cd ∠CbCaCb ∠CaCbCc

1.23 1.45 1.36 1.46 1.34 122 133

∠CcCdCd Cb—Cc Ca—Cb Cc—Cd Ca—Ha Cd—Hd ∠CaCbCc

130 (C2v) 1.434 1.344 1.215 1.11 1.09 123.1

∠HaCaCb ∠HcCbCa

119 122

C—C C—Cl C—H

1.342 1.730 1.09

∠CCHa ∠CCHc

124 121.1

ED

ED, MW

ED, MW

5/3/05 12:10:27 PM

DIPOLE MOMENTS This table gives values of the electric dipole moment for about 800 molecules. When available, values determined by microwave spectroscopy, molecular beam electric resonance, and other highresolution spectroscopic techniques were selected. Otherwise, the values come from measurements of the dielectric constant in the gas phase or, if these do not exist, in the liquid phase. Compounds are listed by molecular formula in Hill order; compounds not containing carbon are listed first, followed by compounds containing carbon. The dipole moment µ is given in debye units (D). The conversion factor to SI units is 1 D = 3.33564 × 10-30 C m. Dipole moments of individual conformers (rotational isomers) are given when they have been measured. The conformers are designated as gauche, trans, axial, etc. The meaning of these terms can be found in the references. In some cases an average value, obtained from measurements on the bulk gas, is also given. Other information on molecules that have been studied by spectroscopy, such as the components of the dipole moment in the molecular framework and the variation with vibrational state and isotopic species, is given in References 1 and 2. When the accuracy of a value is explicitly stated (i.e., 1.234 ± 0.005), the stated uncertainty generally indicates two or three Mol. form.

Name

Compounds not containing carbon AgBr Silver(I) bromide AgCl Silver(I) chloride AgF Silver(I) fluoride AgI Silver(I) iodide AlF Aluminum monofluoride Arsenic(III) chloride AsCl3 Arsenic(III) fluoride AsF3 Arsine AsH3 Chloroborane BClH2 BF Fluoroborane(1) Difluoroborane BF2H Tetraborane B4H10 Pentaborane(9) B5H9 Hexaborane B6H10 BaO Barium oxide Barium sulfide BaS Bromine chloride BrCl BrF Bromine fluoride Bromotrifluorosilane BrF3Si Bromine pentafluoride BrF5 BrH Hydrogen bromide Bromosilane BrH3Si BrI Iodine bromide BrK Potassium bromide BrLi Lithium bromide Nitrosyl bromide BrNO Sodium bromide BrNa BrO Bromine monoxide Bromine dioxide BrO2 BrRb Rubidium bromide BrTl Thallium(I) bromide Calcium monochloride CaCl Cesium chloride ClCs Chlorine fluoride ClF

µ/D 5.62 ± 0.03 6.08 ± 0.06 6.22 ± 0.30 4.55 ± 0.05 1.53 ± 0.15 1.59 ± 0.08 2.59 ± 0.05 0.217 ± 0.003 0.75 ± 0.05 ≈0.5 0.971 ± 0.010 0.486 ± 0.002 2.13 ± 0.04 2.50 ± 0.05 7.954 ± 0.003 10.86 ± 0.02 0.519 ± 0.004 1.422 ± 0.016 0.83 ± 0.01 1.51 ± 0.15 0.8272 ± 0.0003 1.319 0.726 ± 0.003 10.628 ± 0.001 7.268 ± 0.001 ≈1.8 9.1183 ± 0.0006 1.76 ± 0.04 2.8 ± 0.3 ≈10.9 4.49 ± 0.05 ≈3.6 10.387 ± 0.004 0.888061

standard deviations. When no uncertainty is given, the value may be assumed to be precise to a few units in the last decimal place. However, if more than three decimal places are given, the exact interpretation of the final digits may require analysis of the vibrational averaging. Values measured in the gas phase that are questionable because of undetermined error sources are indicated as approximate (≈). Values obtained by liquid phase measurements, which sometimes have large errors because of association effects, are enclosed in brackets, e.g., [1.8].

References 1. Nelson, R. D., Lide, D. R., and Maryott, A. A., Selected Values of Electric Dipole Moments for Molecules in the Gas Phase, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser. - Nat. Bur. Stnds. 10, 1967. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), II/14a (1982), II/14b (1983), II/19c (1992), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 3. Riddick, J. A., Bunger, W. B., and Sakano, T. K., Organic Solvents, Fourth Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1986.

Mol. form. ClFO3 ClF3 ClF3Si ClGeH3 ClH ClHO ClH3Si ClI ClIn ClK ClLi ClNO2 ClNS ClNa ClO ClRb ClTl Cl2H2Si Cl2OS Cl2O2S Cl2S Cl3FSi Cl3HSi Cl3N Cl3OP Cl3P CrO CsF CsNa CuF CuO FGa FGeH3 FH FHO

Name Perchloryl fluoride Chlorine trifluoride Chlorotrifluorosilane Chlorogermane Hydrogen chloride Hypochlorous acid Chlorosilane Iodine chloride Indium(I) chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Nitryl chloride Thionitrosyl chloride Sodium chloride Chlorine oxide Rubidium chloride Thallium(I) chloride Dichlorosilane Thionyl chloride Sulfuryl chloride Sulfur dichloride Trichlorofluorosilane Trichlorosilane Nitrogen trichloride Phosphorus(V) oxychloride Phosphorus(III) chloride Chromium monoxide Cesium fluoride Cesium sodium Copper(I) fluoride Copper(II) oxide Gallium monofluoride Fluorogermane Hydrogen fluoride Hypofluorous acid

µ/D 0.023 ± 0.001 0.6 ± 0.10 0.636 ± 0.004 2.13 ± 0.02 1.1086 ± 0.0003 ≈1.3 1.31 ± 0.01 1.24 ± 0.02 3.79 ± 0.19 10.269 ± 0.001 7.12887 0.53 1.87 ± 0.02 9.00117 1.297 ± 0.001 10.510 ± 0.005 4.54299 1.17 ± 0.02 1.45 ± 0.03 1.81 ± 0.04 0.36 ± 0.01 0.49 ± 0.01 0.86 ± 0.01 0.39 ± 0.01 2.54 ± 0.05 0.56 ± 0.02 3.88 ± 0.13 7.884 ± 0.001 4.75 ± 0.20 5.77 ± 0.29 4.5 ± 0.5 2.45 ± 0.05 2.33 ± 0.12 1.826178 2.23 ± 0.11

9-47

Section 09 book.indb 47

5/3/05 12:10:30 PM

Dipole Moments

9-48 Mol. form. FH2N FH3Si FI FIn FK FLi FNO FNO2 FNS FN3 FNa FO FRb FS FTl F2Ge F2HN F2H2Si F2N2 F2O F2OS F2O2 F2O2S F2S F2Si F3HSi F3H3Si2 F3ISi F3N F3NO F3OP F3P F3PS F4N2 F4S F4Se F5I GeH3N3 GeO GeS GeSe GeTe HI HKO HLi HLiO HN HNO HNO2 HNO2 HNO3 HN3 HO HS H2O H2O2 H2S H3N H3NO H3P H3Sb

Section 09 book.indb 48

Name Fluoramide Fluorosilane Iodine fluoride Indium(I) fluoride Potassium fluoride Lithium fluoride Nitrosyl fluoride Nitryl fluoride Thionitrosyl fluoride (NSF) Fluorine azide Sodium fluoride Fluorine oxide Rubidium fluoride Sulfur monofluoride Thallium(I) fluoride Germanium(II) fluoride Difluoramine Difluorosilane cis-Difluorodiazine Fluorine monoxide Thionyl fluoride Fluorine dioxide Sulfuryl fluoride Sulfur difluoride Difluorosilylene Trifluorosilane 1,1,1-Trifluorodisilane Trifluoroiodosilane Nitrogen trifluoride Trifluoramine oxide Phosphorus(V) oxyfluoride Phosphorus(III) fluoride Phosphorus(V) sulfide trifluoride Tetrafluorohydrazine (gauche) Sulfur tetrafluoride Selenium tetrafluoride Iodine pentafluoride Germylazide Germanium(II) oxide Germanium(II) sulfide Germanium(II) selenide Germanium(II) telluride Hydrogen iodide Potassium hydroxide Lithium hydride Lithium hydroxide Imidogen Nitrosyl hydride Nitrous acid (cis) Nitrous acid (trans) Nitric acid Hydrazoic acid Hydroxyl Mercapto Water Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen sulfide Ammonia Hydroxylamine Phosphine Stibine

µ/D 2.27 ± 0.18 1.2969 ± 0.0006 1.948 ± 0.020 3.40 ± 0.07 8.585 ± 0.003 6.3274 ± 0.0002 1.730 ± 0.003 0.466 ± 0.005 1.902 ± 0.012 ≈1.3 8.156 ± 0.001 0.0043 ± 0.0004 8.5465 ± 0.0005 0.794 ± 0.02 4.2282 ± 0.0008 2.61 ± 0.02 1.92 ± 0.02 1.55 ± 0.02 0.16 ± 0.01 0.308180 1.63 ± 0.01 1.44 ± 0.07 1.12 ± 0.02 1.05 ± 0.05 1.23 ± 0.02 1.27 ± 0.03 2.03 ± 0.10 1.11 ± 0.03 0.235 ± 0.004 0.0390 ± 0.0004 1.8685 ± 0.0001 1.03 ± 0.01 0.64 ± 0.02 0.257 ± 0.002 0.632 ± 0.003 1.78 ± 0.09 2.18 ± 0.11 2.579 ± 0.003 3.2823 ± 0.0001 2.00 ± 0.06 1.65 ± 0.05 1.06 ± 0.07 0.448 ± 0.001 7.415 ± 0.002 5.884 ± 0.001 4.754 ± 0.002 1.39 ± 0.07 1.62 ± 0.03 1.423 ± 0.005 1.855 ± 0.016 2.17 ± 0.02 1.70 ± 0.09 1.655 ± 0.001 0.7580 ± 0.0001 1.8546 ± 0.0040 1.573 ± 0.001 0.97833 1.4718 ± 0.0002 0.59 ± 0.05 0.5740 ± 0.0003 0.12 ± 0.05

Mol. form. H4N2 H6OSi2 IK ILi INa IO IRb ITl KLi KNa LaO LiNa LiO LiRb MgO NO NO2 NP NS N2O N2O3 NaRb OP OPb OS OS2 OSi OSn OSr OTi OY OZr O2S O2Se O2Zr O3 PbS SSi SSn

Name Hydrazine Disiloxane Potassium iodide Lithium iodide Sodium iodide Iodine monoxide Rubidium iodide Thallium(I) iodide Lithium potassium Potassium sodium Lanthanum monoxide Lithium sodium Lithium monoxide Lithium rubidium Magnesium oxide Nitric oxide Nitrogen dioxide Phosphorus nitride Nitrogen sulfide Nitrous oxide Nitrogen trioxide Rubidium sodium Phosphorus monoxide Lead(II) oxide Sulfur monoxide Sulfur oxide (SSO) Silicon monoxide Tin(II) oxide Strontium oxide Titanium(II) oxide Yttrium monoxide Zirconium(II) oxide Sulfur dioxide Selenium dioxide Zirconium(IV) oxide Ozone Lead(II) sulfide Silicon monosulfide Tin(II) sulfide

Compounds containing carbon Bromotrifluoromethane CBrF3 Dibromodifluoromethane CBr2F2 Chlorotrifluoromethane CClF3 CClN Cyanogen chloride Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl2F2 Carbonyl chloride CCl2O Trichlorofluoromethane CCl3F CF Fluoromethylidyne Cyanogen fluoride CFN Difluoromethylene CF2 Carbonyl fluoride CF2O Trifluoroiodomethane CF3I CH Methylidyne Bromochlorofluoromethane CHBrClF Tribromomethane CHBr3 Chlorodifluoromethane CHClF2 Dichlorofluoromethane CHCl2F Trichloromethane CHCl3 CHFO Formyl fluoride Carboimidic difluoride CHF2N Trifluoromethane CHF3

µ/D 1.75 ± 0.09 0.24 ± 0.02 ≈10.8 7.428 ± 0.001 9.236 ± 0.003 2.45 ± 0.05 ≈11.5 4.61 ± 0.07 3.45 ± 0.20 2.693 ± 0.014 3.207 ± 0.011 0.463 ± 0.002 6.84 ± 0.03 4.0 ± 0.1 6.2 ± 0.6 0.15872 0.316 ± 0.010 2.7470 ± 0.0001 1.81 ± 0.02 0.16083 2.122 ± 0.010 3.1 ± 0.3 1.88 ± 0.07 4.64 ± 0.50 1.55 ± 0.02 1.47 ± 0.03 3.0982 4.32 ± 0.22 8.900 ± 0.003 2.96 ± 0.05 4.524 ± 0.007 2.55 ± 0.01 1.63305 2.62 ± 0.05 7.80 ± 0.02 0.53373 3.59 ± 0.18 1.73 ± 0.09 3.18 ± 0.16 0.65 ± 0.05 0.66 ± 0.05 0.50 ± 0.01 2.8331 ± 0.0002 0.51 ± 0.05 1.17 ± 0.01 0.46 ± 0.02 0.645 ± 0.005 2.120 ± 0.001 0.47 ± 0.02 0.95 ± 0.01 1.048 ± 0.003 ≈1.46 1.5 ± 0.3 0.99 ± 0.02 1.42 ± 0.03 1.29 ± 0.03 1.04 ± 0.02 2.081 ± 0.001 1.393 ± 0.001 1.65150

5/3/05 12:10:31 PM

Dipole Moments Mol. form. CHN CHN CHNO CHNO CH2BrCl CH2Br2 CH2ClF CH2Cl2 CH2F2 CH2I2 CH2N2 CH2N2 CH2N4 CH2O CH2O2 CH2S CH2Se CH3BCl2 CH3BF2 CH3BO CH3Br CH3Cl CH3Cl3Si CH3F CH3F2OP CH3F2P CH3F3Si CH3F3Si CH3I CH3NO CH3NO2 CH3N3 CH4O CH4O2 CH4S CH5FSi CH5ISi CH5N CH6OSi CH6Si CH8B2 CIN CO COS COSe CS CSe C2BrF C2ClF3 C2ClF5 C2Cl2F2 C2Cl2F4 C2F3N C2F3N C2HBr C2HCl C2HCl3 C2HCl5 C2HF C2HF3

Section 09 book.indb 49

Name Hydrogen cyanide Hydrogen isocyanide Isocyanic acid (HNCO) Fulminic acid Bromochloromethane Dibromomethane Chlorofluoromethane Dichloromethane Difluoromethane Diiodomethane Diazomethane Cyanamide 1H-Tetrazole Formaldehyde Formic acid Thioformaldehyde Selenoformaldehyde Dichloromethylborane Difluoromethylborane Borane carbonyl Bromomethane Chloromethane Methyltrichlorosilane Fluoromethane Methylphosphonic difluoride Methyldifluorophosphine Trifluoromethylsilane (Trifluoromethyl)silane Iodomethane Formamide Nitromethane Methyl azide Methanol Methylhydroperoxide Methanethiol Fluoromethylsilane Iodomethylsilane Methylamine Methyl silyl ether Methylsilane Methyldiborane(6) Cyanogen iodide Carbon monoxide Carbon oxysulfide Carbon oxyselenide Carbon monosulfide Carbon monoselenide Bromofluoroacetylene Chlorotrifluoroethene Chloropentafluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2tetrafluoroethane Trifluoroacetonitrile Trifluoroisocyanomethane Bromoacetylene Chloroacetylene Trichloroethene Pentachloroethane Fluoroacetylene Trifluoroethene

9-49 µ/D 2.985188 3.05 ± 0.15 ≈1.6 3.09934 [1.66] 1.43 ± 0.03 1.82 ± 0.04 1.60 ± 0.03 1.9785 ± 0.02 [1.08] 1.50 ± 0.01 4.28 ± 0.10 2.19 ± 0.05 2.332 ± 0.002 1.425 ± 0.002 1.6491 ± 0.0004 1.41 ± 0.01 1.419 ± 0.013 1.668 ± 0.003 1.698 ± 0.020 1.8203 ± 0.0004 1.8963 ± 0.0002 1.91 ± 0.01 1.858 ± 0.002 3.69 ± 0.26 2.056 ± 0.006 2.3394 ± 0.0002 2.32 ± 0.02 1.6406 ± 0.0004 3.73 ± 0.07 3.46 ± 0.02 2.17 ± 0.04 1.70 ± 0.02 ≈0.65 1.52 ± 0.08 1.700 ± 0.008 1.862 ± 0.005 1.31 ± 0.03 1.15 ± 0.02 0.73456 0.566 ± 0.006 3.67 ± 0.02 0.10980 0.715189 0.73 ± 0.02 1.958 ± 0.005 1.99 ± 0.04 0.448 ± 0.002 0.40 ± 0.10 0.52 ± 0.05 0.50 ≈0.5 1.262 ± 0.010 1.153 ± 0.010 0.22962 0.44408 [0.8] 0.92 ± 0.05 0.7207 ± 0.0003 1.32 ± 0.03

Mol. form. C2HF3O2 C2HI C2H2Br4 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2 C2H2Cl2O C2H2Cl4 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F4 C2H2N2S C2H2O C2H2O2 C2H3Br C2H3Cl C2H3ClF2 C2H3ClO C2H3Cl3 C2H3Cl3 C2H3F C2H3FO C2H3F3 C2H3HgN C2H3I C2H3N C2H3NO C2H3NO C2H3NS C2H3N3 C2H4BrCl C2H4Br2 C2H4ClF C2H4Cl2 C2H4Cl2 C2H4F2 C2H4F2 C2H4O C2H4O C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H4O2 C2H5Br C2H5Cl C2H5ClO C2H5Cl3Si C2H5F C2H5I C2H5N C2H5NO C2H5NO C2H5NO2 C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6O C2H6OS C2H6O2 C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S C2H6S2

Name Trifluoroacetic acid Iodoacetylene 1,1,2,2-Tetrabromoethane 1,1-Dichloroethene cis-1,2-Dichloroethene Chloroacetyl chloride 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane 1,2,5-Thiadiazole Ketene Glyoxal (cis) Bromoethene Chloroethene 1-Chloro-1,1-difluoroethane Acetyl chloride 1,1,1-Trichloroethane 1,1,2-Trichloroethane Fluoroethene Acetyl fluoride 1,1,1-Trifluoroethane Cyanomethylmercury Iodoethene Acetonitrile Methyl cyanate Methyl isocyanate Methyl isothiocyanate 1H-1,2,4-Triazole 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane 1,2-Dibromoethane 1-Chloro-1-fluoroethane 1,1-Dichloroethane 1,2-Dichloroethane 1,1-Difluoroethane 1,2-Difluoroethane (gauche) Acetaldehyde Ethylene oxide Acetic acid Methyl formate Glycolaldehyde Bromoethane Chloroethane 2-Chloroethanol Trichloroethylsilane Fluoroethane Iodoethane Ethyleneimine Acetamide N-Methylformamide Nitroethane Ethanol (gauche) Ethanol (trans) Ethanol (average) Dimethyl ether Dimethyl sulfoxide Ethylene glycol (average) Ethanethiol (gauche) Ethanethiol (trans) Dimethyl sulfide 1,2-Ethanedithiol

µ/D 2.28 ± 0.25 0.02525 [1.38] 1.34 ± 0.01 1.90 ± 0.04 2.23 ± 0.11 1.32 ± 0.07 1.3893 ± 0.0002 2.42 ± 0.02 1.80 ± 0.22 1.579 ± 0.007 1.42215 4.8 ± 0.2 1.42 ± 0.03 1.45 ± 0.03 2.14 ± 0.04 2.72 ± 0.14 1.755 ± 0.015 [1.4] 1.468 ± 0.003 2.96 ± 0.03 2.3470 ± 0.005 4.7 ± 0.1 1.311 ± 0.005 3.92519 4.26 ± 0.18 ≈2.8 3.453 ± 0.003 2.7 ± 0.1 [1.2] [1.19] 2.068 ± 0.014 2.06 ± 0.04 [1.83] 2.27 ± 0.05 2.67 ± 0.13 2.750 ± 0.006 1.89 ± 0.01 1.70 ± 0.03 1.77 ± 0.04 2.73 ± 0.05 2.04 ± 0.02 2.05 ± 0.02 1.78 ± 0.09 [2.04] 1.937 ± 0.007 1.976 ± 0.002 1.90 ± 0.01 3.68 ± 0.03 3.83 ± 0.08 3.23 ± 0.03 1.68 ± 0.03 1.44 ± 0.03 1.69 ± 0.03 1.30 ± 0.01 3.96 ± 0.04 2.36 ± 0.10 1.61 ± 0.08 1.58 ± 0.08 1.554 ± 0.004 2.03 ± 0.08

5/3/05 12:10:33 PM

Dipole Moments

9-50 Mol. form. C2H6S2 C2H6Si C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7N C2H7NO C2H8N2 C3HF3 C3HN C3H2F2 C3H2O C3H3Cl2F C3H3F C3H3F3 C3H3N C3H3NO C3H3NO C3H4 C3H4 C3H4F2 C3H4N2 C3H4N2 C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O2 C3H4O3 C3H5Br C3H5Br C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5Cl C3H5ClO C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5F C3H5N C3H5NO C3H5NO C3H6 C3H6Br2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6Cl2 C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O C3H6O2 C3H6O2

Section 09 book.indb 50

Name Dimethyl disulfide Vinylsilane Ethylamine (gauche) Ethylamine (trans) Ethylamine (average) Dimethylamine Ethanolamine 1,2-Ethanediamine 3,3,3-Trifluoro-1-propyne Cyanoacetylene 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene 2-Propynal 1,1-Dichloro-2-fluoropropene 3-Fluoropropyne 3,3,3-Trifluoropropene Acrylonitrile Oxazole Isoxazole Propyne Cyclopropene 1,1-Difluoro-1-propene 1H-Pyrazole Imidazole Propargyl alcohol Acrolein (trans) Acrolein (cis) Cyclopropanone Vinyl formate 2-Oxetanone 3-Oxetanone Ethylene carbonate 2-Bromopropene 3-Bromopropene cis-1-Chloropropene trans-1-Chloropropene 2-Chloropropene 3-Chloropropene Epichlorohydrin cis-1-Fluoropropene trans-1-Fluoropropene 2-Fluoropropene 3-Fluoropropene (gauche) 3-Fluoropropene (cis) Propanenitrile Ethyl cyanate 3-Hydroxypropanenitrile (gauche) Propene 1,2-Dibromopropane 1,2-Dichloropropane 1,3-Dichloropropane Acetone Propanal (gauche) Propanal (cis) Propanal (average) Allyl alcohol (gauche) Allyl alcohol (average) Methyl vinyl ether Methyloxirane Oxetane Propanoic acid (cis) Propanoic acid (average)

µ/D [1.85] 0.657 ± 0.002 1.210 ± 0.015 1.304 ± 0.011 1.22 ± 0.10 1.01 ± 0.02 [2.27] 1.99 ± 0.10 2.317 ± 0.013 3.73172 2.98 ± 0.02 2.78 ± 0.02 2.43 ± 0.02 1.73 ± 0.02 2.45 ± 0.05 3.92 ± 0.07 1.503 ± 0.030 2.95 ± 0.04 0.784 ± 0.001 0.454 ± 0.010 0.889 ± 0.007 2.20 ± 0.01 3.8 ± 0.4 1.13 ± 0.06 3.117 ± 0.004 2.552 ± 0.003 2.67 ± 0.13 1.49 ± 0.01 4.18 ± 0.03 0.887 ± 0.005 [4.9] [1.51] ≈1.9 1.67 ± 0.08 1.97 ± 0.10 1.647 ± 0.010 1.94 ± 0.10 [1.8] 1.46 ± 0.03 ≈1.9 1.61 ± 0.03 1.939 ± 0.015 1.765 ± 0.014 4.05 ± 0.03 4.72 ± 0.09 3.17 ± 0.02 0.366 ± 0.001 [1.2] [1.85] 2.08 ± 0.04 2.88 ± 0.03 2.86 ± 0.01 2.52 ± 0.05 2.72 1.55 ± 0.08 1.60 ± 0.08 0.965 ± 0.002 2.01 ± 0.02 1.94 ± 0.01 1.46 ± 0.07 1.75 ± 0.09

Mol. form. C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2 C3H6O2S C3H6O3 C3H6S C3H7Br C3H7Br C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7Cl C3H7F C3H7F C3H7F C3H7I C3H7I C3H7N C3H7N C3H7N C3H7N C3H7NO C3H7NO C3H7NO2 C3H7NO2 C3H8 C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O2 C3H8O3 C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H8S C3H9N C3H9N C3H9N C3H9O4P C4H4 C4H4 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4N2 C4H4O C4H4O2 C4H4S C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N C4H5NO C4H5NO

Name Ethyl formate (gauche) Ethyl formate (trans) Ethyl formate (average) Methyl acetate 1,3-Dioxolane Thietane 1,1-dioxide 1,3,5-Trioxane Thietane 1-Bromopropane 2-Bromopropane 1-Chloropropane (gauche) 1-Chloropropane (trans) 1-Chloropropane (average) 2-Chloropropane 1-Fluoropropane (gauche) 1-Fluoropropane (trans) 2-Fluoropropane 1-Iodopropane 2-Iodopropane Allylamine Cyclopropylamine Propyleneimine (cis) Propyleneimine (trans) N,N-Dimethylformamide N-Methylacetamide 1-Nitropropane 2-Nitropropane Propane 1-Propanol (gauche) 1-Propanol (trans) 2-Propanol (trans) Ethyl methyl ether (trans) 1,2-Propylene glycol 1,3-Propylene glycol Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether (gauche) Dimethoxymethane Glycerol 1-Propanethiol (gauche) 1-Propanethiol (trans) 2-Propanethiol (gauche) 2-Propanethiol (trans) Ethyl methyl sulfide (gauche) Ethyl methyl sulfide (trans) Propylamine Isopropylamine Trimethylamine Trimethyl phosphate 1-Buten-3-yne Methylenecyclopropene Succinonitrile Pyrimidine Pyridazine Furan Diketene Thiophene 2-Methylacrylonitrile Pyrrole Isocyanocyclopropane 2-Methyloxazole 4-Methyloxazole

µ/D 1.81 ± 0.02 1.98 ± 0.02 1.93 1.72 ± 0.09 1.19 ± 0.06 4.8 ± 0.1 2.08 ± 0.02 1.85 ± 0.09 2.18 ± 0.11 2.21 ± 0.11 2.02 ± 0.03 1.95 ± 0.02 2.05 ± 0.04 2.17 ± 0.11 1.90 ± 0.10 2.05 ± 0.04 1.958 ± 0.001 2.04 ± 0.10 [1.95] ≈1.2 1.19 ± 0.01 1.77 ± 0.09 1.57 ± 0.03 3.82 ± 0.08 [4.3] 3.66 ± 0.07 3.73 ± 0.07 0.084 ± 0.001 1.58 ± 0.03 1.55 ± 0.03 1.58 ± 0.03 1.17 ± 0.02 [2.25] [2.55] 2.36 ± 0.05 [0.74] [2.56] 1.683 ± 0.010 1.60 ± 0.08 1.53 ± 0.03 1.61 ± 0.03 1.593 ± 0.004 1.56 ± 0.03 1.17 ± 0.06 1.19 ± 0.06 0.612 ± 0.003 [3.18] 0.22 ± 0.02 1.90 ± 0.01 [3.7] 2.334 ± 0.010 4.22 ± 0.02 0.66 ± 0.01 3.53 ± 0.07 0.55 ± 0.01 3.69 ± 0.18 1.767 ± 0.001 4.03 ± 0.10 1.37 ± 0.07 1.08 ± 0.05

5/3/05 12:10:35 PM

Dipole Moments Mol. form. C4H5NO C4H5NO C4H6 C4H6 C4H6 C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O2 C4H6O3 C4H6O3 C4H6S C4H6S C4H7N C4H7N C4H7N C4H7N C4H7NO C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8 C4H8Cl2 C4H8Cl2O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8O C4H8OS C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H8O2S C4H8S C4H8S C4H8S2 C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Br C4H9Cl

Section 09 book.indb 51

Name 5-Methyloxazole 4-Methylisoxazole 1,2-Butadiene 1-Butyne Cyclobutene Divinyl ether 3-Methoxy-1,2-propadiene trans-2-Butenal 2-Methylpropenal Cyclobutanone 2,3-Dihydrofuran 2,5-Dihydrofuran trans-Crotonic acid Methacrylic acid Vinyl acetate Methyl acrylate γ-Butyrolactone 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 3,6-Dihydro-1,2-dioxin Acetic anhydride Propylene carbonate 2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene Butanenitrile (gauche) Butanenitrile (anti) 2-Methylpropanenitrile 2-Isocyanopropane 2-Pyrrolidone 1-Butene (cis) 1-Butene (skew) cis-2-Butene Isobutene Methylcyclopropane 1,4-Dichlorobutane Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether cis-2-Buten-1-ol trans-2-Buten-1-ol 2-Methyl-2-propenol (skew) Ethyl vinyl ether 1,2-Epoxybutane Butanal Isobutanal (gauche) Isobutanal (trans) 2-Butanone Tetrahydrofuran 1,4-Oxathiane Butanoic acid 2-Methylpropanoic acid Propyl formate Ethyl acetate cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol 1,3-Dioxane Sulfolane 3-Methylthietane Tetrahydrothiophene 1,3-Dithiane 1-Bromobutane 2-Bromobutane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 1-Chlorobutane

9-51 µ/D 2.16 ± 0.04 3.583 ± 0.005 0.403 ± 0.002 0.782 ± 0.004 0.132 ± 0.001 0.78 ± 0.05 0.963 ± 0.020 3.67 ± 0.07 2.68 ± 0.13 2.89 ± 0.03 1.32 ± 0.03 1.63 ± 0.01 [2.13] [1.65] [1.79] [1.77] 4.27 ± 0.03 0.939 ± 0.008 2.329 ± 0.001 ≈2.8 [4.9] 1.61 ± 0.20 1.75 ± 0.01 3.91 ± 0.04 3.73 ± 0.06 4.29 ± 0.09 4.055 ± 0.001 [3.5] 0.438 ± 0.007 0.359 ± 0.011 0.253 ± 0.005 0.503 ± 0.010 0.139 ± 0.004 2.22 ± 0.11 [2.58] 1.96 ± 0.03 1.90 ± 0.02 1.295 ± 0.022 [1.26] 1.891 ± 0.011 2.72 ± 0.05 2.69 ± 0.01 2.86 ± 0.01 2.779 ± 0.015 1.75 ± 0.04 0.295 ± 0.003 [1.65] [1.08] [1.89] 1.78 ± 0.09 [2.48] [2.45] 2.06 ± 0.04 [4.8] 2.046 ± 0.009 [1.90] 2.14 ± 0.04 2.08 ± 0.10 2.23 ± 0.11 [2.17] 2.05 ± 0.04

Mol. form. C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9Cl C4H9I C4H9I C4H9I C4H9N C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H9NO C4H10 C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O C4H10O2 C4H10O2 C4H10O3 C4H10S C4H10S C4H10S C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11N C4H11NO2 C4H13N3 C5F5N C5H3NS C5H3NS C5H4 C5H4ClN C5H4FN C5H4O C5H4OS C5H4O2 C5H4O2 C5H4S2 C5H5N C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6 C5H6N2 C5H6N2 C5H6O C5H6O C5H6O C5H6O2 C5H6O2 C5H6S C5H6S C5H7N C5H7N C5H7NO2

Name 2-Chlorobutane 1-Chloro-2-methylpropane 2-Chloro-2-methylpropane 1-Iodobutane 2-Iodobutane 1-Iodo-2-methylpropane Pyrrolidine N-Methylpropanamide N,N-Dimethylacetamide Morpholine Isobutane 1-Butanol 2-Butanol 2-Methyl-1-propanol 2-Methyl-2-propanol Diethyl ether Methyl propyl ether (trans-trans) Isopropyl methyl ether 1,4-Butanediol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol 1-Butanethiol 2-Methyl-2-propanethiol Diethyl sulfide Butylamine sec-Butylamine tert-Butylamine Isobutylamine Diethylamine Diethanolamine Diethylenetriamine Perfluoropyridine 2-Thiophenecarbonitrile 3-Thiophenecarbonitrile 1,3-Pentadiyne 4-Chloropyridine 3-Fluoropyridine 2,4-Cyclopentadien-1-one 4H-Pyran-4-thione Furfural 4H-Pyran-4-one 4H-Thiopyran-4-thione Pyridine 1,2,3-Pentatriene 1-Penten-3-yne cis-3-Penten-1-yne trans-3-Penten-1-yne 2-Methyl-1-buten-3-yne 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 2-Methylpyrimidine 5-Methylpyrimidine 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran 3-Cyclopenten-1-one 5-Methyl-2(3H)-furanone Furfuryl alcohol 2-Methylthiophene 3-Methylthiophene 3-Methyl-2-butenenitrile Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Ethyl cyanoacetate

µ/D 2.04 ± 0.10 2.00 ± 0.10 2.13 ± 0.04 [1.93] 2.12 ± 0.11 [1.87] [1.57] 3.61 [3.7] 1.55 ± 0.03 0.132 ± 0.002 1.66 ± 0.03 [1.8] 1.64 ± 0.08 [1.66] 1.15 ± 0.02 1.107 ± 0.013 1.247 ± 0.003 [2.58] [2.08] [2.31] [1.53] 1.66 ± 0.03 1.54 ± 0.08 ≈1.0 [1.28] [1.29] [1.27] 0.92 ± 0.05 [2.8] [1.89] 0.98 ± 0.08 4.59 ± 0.02 4.13 ± 0.02 1.207 ± 0.001 0.756 ± 0.005 2.09 ± 0.26 3.132 ± 0.007 3.95 ± 0.05 [3.54] 3.79 ± 0.02 3.9 ± 0.2 2.215 ± 0.010 0.51 ± 0.05 0.66 ± 0.02 0.78 ± 0.02 1.06 ± 0.05 0.513 ± 0.02 0.419 ± 0.004 1.676 ± 0.010 2.881 ± 0.006 0.65 ± 0.05 1.03 ± 0.02 2.79 ± 0.03 4.08 ± 0.02 [1.92] 0.674 ± 0.005 0.914 ± 0.015 4.61 ± 0.13 4.04 ± 0.04 [2.17]

5/3/05 12:10:36 PM

Dipole Moments

9-52 Mol. form. C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8 C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H8O2 C5H9N C5H9N C5H9N C5H9NO C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10 C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O2 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10O3 C5H10S C5H11Br C5H11Cl C5H11Cl C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C5H11N C5H12 C5H12N2O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O C5H12O2 C5H12O3 C6H2F4 C6H2F4 C6H3F3

Section 09 book.indb 52

Name cis-1,3-Pentadiene trans-1,3-Pentadiene 2-Methyl-1,3-butadiene 1-Pentyne (gauche) 1-Pentyne (trans) Cyclopentene 3,3-Dimethylcyclopropene Cyclopropyl methyl ketone Cyclopentanone 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran Ethyl acrylate Methyl methacrylate 2,4-Pentanedione Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)-furanone Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-one Pentanenitrile 2,2-Dimethylpropanenitrile 1,2,5,6-Tetrahydropyridine N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 1-Pentene 3-Methyl-1-butene (gauche) 3-Methyl-1-butene (trans) 1,1-Dimethylcyclopropane 2,2-Dimethylpropanal 2-Pentanone 3-Pentanone Tetrahydropyran (chair) Pentanoic acid 3-Methylbutanoic acid Butyl formate Isobutyl formate Propyl acetate Ethyl propanoate Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol Diethyl carbonate Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate Ethyl lactate Thiacyclohexane 1-Bromopentane 1-Chloropentane 1-Chloro-3-methylbutane Piperidine (equitorial) Piperidine (axial) Piperidine (average) N-Methylpyrrolidine Isopentane Tetramethylurea 1-Pentanol 2-Pentanol 3-Pentanol 2-Methyl-1-butanol 2-Methyl-2-butanol 1,5-Pentanediol Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether 1,2,3,4-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,3,5-Tetrafluorobenzene 1,2,4-Trifluorobenzene

µ/D 0.500 ± 0.015 0.585 ± 0.010 0.25 ± 0.01 0.769 ± 0.028 0.842 ± 0.010 0.20 ± 0.02 0.287 ± 0.003 2.62 ± 0.25 ≈3.3 1.400 ± 0.008 1.283 ± 0.005 [1.96] [1.67] [2.78] 4.56 ± 0.02 4.71 ± 0.05 1.720 ± 0.003 4.12 ± 0.08 3.95 ± 0.04 1.007 ± 0.003 [4.1] ≈0.5 0.398 ± 0.004 0.320 ± 0.010 0.142 ± 0.001 2.66 ± 0.05 [2.70] [2.82] 1.58 ± 0.03 [1.61] [0.63] [2.03] [1.88] [1.78] [1.74] [2.1] 1.10 ± 0.06 [2.13] [2.4] 1.781 ± 0.010 2.20 ± 0.11 2.16 ± 0.11 [1.92] 0.82 ± 0.02 1.19 ± 0.02 [1.19] 0.572 ± 0.003 0.13 ± 0.05 [3.5] [1.7] [1.66] [1.64] [1.88] [1.82] [2.5] [1.6] 2.42 ± 0.05 1.46 ± 0.06 1.402 ± 0.009

Mol. form. C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4ClNO2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4Cl2 C6H4FNO2 C6H4F2 C6H4F2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4N2 C6H4O2 C6H5Br C6H5Cl C6H5ClO C6H5F C6H5I C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO C6H5NO2 C6H6 C6H6ClN C6H6O C6H6O C6H6O2 C6H6S C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H7N C6H8O C6H8O4 C6H8Si C6H9F C6H10 C6H10 C6H10 C6H10F2 C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O C6H10O4 C6H10O4 C6H11Cl C6H11Cl C6H11F C6H11F C6H11N C6H11NO C6H12O C6H12O C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O2 C6H12O3

Name 1-Chloro-2-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene 1-Chloro-4-nitrobenzene o-Dichlorobenzene m-Dichlorobenzene 1-Fluoro-4-nitrobenzene o-Difluorobenzene m-Difluorobenzene 2-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3-Pyridinecarbonitrile 4-Pyridinecarbonitrile 3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione Bromobenzene Chlorobenzene p-Chlorophenol Fluorobenzene Iodobenzene 2-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 3-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde 4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde Nitrobenzene Fulvene o-Chloroaniline Phenol 2-Vinylfuran p-Hydroquinone Benzenethiol Aniline 2-Methylpyridine 3-Methylpyridine 4-Methylpyridine 3-Methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one Dimethyl maleate Phenylsilane 1-Fluorocyclohexene 1-Hexyne 3,3-Dimethyl-1-butyne Cyclohexene (half-chair) 1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3-Methylcyclopentanone Cyclohexanone Mesityl oxide Diethyl oxalate Ethylene glycol diacetate Chlorocyclohexane (equitorial) Chlorocyclohexane (axial) Fluorocyclohexane (equitorial) Fluorocyclohexane (axial) 4-Methylpentanenitrile Caprolactam Butyl vinyl ether 2-Hexanone Hexanoic acid Pentyl formate Butyl acetate sec-Butyl acetate Isobutyl acetate Ethyl butanoate Diacetone alcohol Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate

µ/D 4.64 ± 0.09 3.73 ± 0.07 2.83 ± 0.06 2.50 ± 0.05 1.72 ± 0.09 2.87 ± 0.06 2.46 ± 0.05 1.51 ± 0.02 5.78 ± 0.11 3.66 ± 0.11 1.96 ± 0.03 4.23 ± 0.02 1.70 ± 0.03 1.69 ± 0.03 2.11 ± 0.11 1.60 ± 0.08 1.70 ± 0.09 3.56 ± 0.07 1.44 1.66 4.22 ± 0.08 0.4236 ± 0.013 [1.77] 1.224 ± 0.008 0.69 ± 0.07 2.38 ± 0.05 [1.23] 1.13 ± 0.02 1.85 ± 0.04 [2.40] 2.70 ± 0.02 4.33 ± 0.002 [2.48] 0.845 ± 0.012 1.942 ± 0.010 0.83 ± 0.05 0.661 ± 0.004 0.332 ± 0.012 2.556 ± 0.010 3.14 ± 0.03 3.246 ± 0.006 [2.79] [2.49] [2.34] 2.44 ± 0.07 1.91 ± 0.02 2.11 ± 0.04 1.81 ± 0.04 [3.5] [3.9] [1.25] [2.66] [1.13] 1.90 ± 0.10 [1.87] [1.87] [1.86] [1.74] [3.24] [2.25]

5/3/05 12:10:38 PM

Dipole Moments Mol. form. C6H12O3 C6H13N C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O2 C6H14O3 C6H14O3 C6H15N C6H15N C6H15N C6H15NO3 C6H15O4P C6H18N3OP C7H5Cl3 C7H5F3 C7H5N C7H5N C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6O C7H6O C7H6O2 C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7Cl C7H7F C7H7F C7H7F C7H7NO3 C7H8 C7H8 C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H8O C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H9N C7H10 C7H12 C7H12O4 C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O C7H14O2 C7H14O2 C7H15Br C7H16O C7H16O C8H6 C8H7N

Section 09 book.indb 53

Name Paraldehyde Cyclohexylamine Dipropyl ether Diisopropyl ether Butyl ethyl ether 2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether 1,1-Diethoxyethane Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Dipropylamine Diisopropylamine Triethylamine Triethanolamine Triethyl phosphate Hexamethylphosphoric triamide (Trichloromethyl)benzene (Trifluoromethyl)benzene Benzonitrile Isocyanobenzene 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene (Dichloromethyl)benzene 2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one Benzaldehyde Salicylaldehyde o-Chlorotoluene m-Chlorotoluene p-Chlorotoluene (Chloromethyl)benzene o-Fluorotoluene m-Fluorotoluene p-Fluorotoluene 2-Nitroanisole Toluene 2,5-Norbornadiene o-Cresol m-Cresol p-Cresol Benzyl alcohol Anisole o-Methylaniline m-Methylaniline p-Methylaniline 2,4-Dimethylpyridine 2,6-Dimethylpyridine 1,3-Cycloheptadiene Methylenecyclohexane Diethyl malonate 2-Heptanone 3-Heptanone 2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone cis-3-Methylcyclohexanol trans-3-Methylcyclohexanol Pentyl acetate Isopentyl acetate 1-Bromoheptane 2-Heptanol 3-Heptanol Phenylacetylene Benzeneacetonitrile

9-53 µ/D 1.43 ± 0.07 [1.26] 1.21 ± 0.06 1.13 ± 0.10 [1.24] [2.9] [2.08] [1.38] [1.6] [1.97] [1.03] [1.15] 0.66 ± 0.05 [3.57] [3.12] [5.5] [2.03] 2.86 ± 0.06 4.18 ± 0.08 4.018 ± 0.003 [1.70] [2.95] [2.07] 4.1 ± 0.3 [3.0] [2.86] 1.56 ± 0.08 [1.82] 2.21 ± 0.04 [1.82] 1.37 ± 0.07 1.82 ± 0.04 2.00 ± 0.10 [5.0] 0.375 ± 0.010 0.0587 ± 0.0001 [1.45] [1.48] [1.48] 1.71 ± 0.09 1.38 ± 0.07 [1.60] [1.45] [1.52] [2.30] [1.66] 0.740 0.62 ± 0.01 [2.54] [2.59] [2.78] [2.74] [1.91] [1.75] 1.75 ± 0.10 [1.86] 2.16 ± 0.11 [1.71] [1.71] 0.656 ± 0.005 [3.5]

Mol. form. C8H8 C8H8O C8H8O2 C8H8O3 C8H10 C8H10 C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O C8H10O2 C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H11N C8H16O C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O2 C8H16O4 C8H17Cl C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18O C8H18S C8H19N C9H7N C9H7N C9H10O2 C9H10O2 C9H12 C9H18O C9H18O2 C10H7Br C10H7Cl C10H8 C10H14 C10H16O C10H20O2 C10H21Br C10H22O C10H22O C11H12O2 C12H10 C12H10O C12H27BO3 C12H27N C12H27O4P C14H12O2 C16H22O4 C18H34O2 C18H34O4 C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C21H21O4P C22H44O2 C24H38O4

Name Styrene Acetophenone Methyl benzoate Methyl salicylate Ethylbenzene o-Xylene 2,4-Xylenol 2,5-Xylenol 2,6-Xylenol 3,4-Xylenol 3,5-Xylenol Phenetole 1,2-Dimethoxybenzene N,N-Dimethylaniline 2,4-Dimethylaniline 2,6-Dimethylaniline 2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine 2-Octanone Octanoic acid sec-Hexyl acetate Isobutyl isobutanoate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate 1-Chlorooctane 1-Octanol 2-Octanol 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol Dibutyl ether Dibutyl sulfide Dibutylamine Quinoline Isoquinoline Ethyl benzoate Benzyl acetate Isopropylbenzene 2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone Nonanoic acid 1-Bromonaphthalene 1-Chloronaphthalene Azulene tert-Butylbenzene Camphor, (+) 2-Ethylhexyl acetate 1-Bromodecane Dipentyl ether Diisopentyl ether Ethyl trans-cinnamate Acenaphthene Diphenyl ether Tributyl borate Tributylamine Tributyl phosphate Benzyl benzoate Dibutyl phthalate Oleic acid Dibutyl sebacate Tri-o-cresyl phosphate Tri-m-cresyl phosphate Tri-p-cresyl phosphate Butyl stearate Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

µ/D 0.123 ± 0.003 3.02 ± 0.06 [1.94] [2.47] 0.59 ± 0.05 0.640 ± 0.005 [1.4] [1.45] [1.40] [1.56] [1.55] 1.45 ± 0.15 [1.29] 1.68 ± 0.17 [1.40] [1.63] [2.05] [2.70] [1.15] [1.9] [1.9] [1.8] [2.00] [1.76] [1.71] [1.74] 1.17 ± 0.06 [1.61] [0.98] 2.29 ± 0.11 2.73 ± 0.14 2.00 ± 0.10 [1.22] ≈0.79 [2.66] [0.79] [1.55] [1.57] 0.80 ± 0.02 ≈0.83 [3.1] [1.8] [1.93] [1.20] [1.23] [1.84] ≈0.85 ≈1.3 [0.77] [0.78] [3.07] [2.06] [2.82] [1.18] [2.48] [2.87] [3.05] [3.18] [1.88] [2.84]

5/3/05 12:10:40 PM

BOND DISSOCIATION ENERGIES Yu-Ran Luo and J. Alistair Kerr The bond dissociation energy (enthalpy) is also referred to as bond disruption energy, bond energy, bond strength, or binding energy (abbreviation: BDE, BE, or D). It is defined as the standard enthalpy change of the following fission: R−X → R + X. The BDE, denoted by Do(R−X), is usually derived by the thermochemical equation, Do(R−X) = ∆fHo(R) + ∆fHo(X) – ∆fHo(RX). The enthalpy of formation ∆fHo of a large number of atoms, free radicals, ions, clusters and compounds is available from the websites of NIST, TABLE 1.

NASA, CODATA, and IUPAC. Most authors prefer to use BDE values at 298.15 K. The following tables provide essential information on experimental BDE values for diatomic (Table 1) and polyatomic (Table 3) species. The enthalpy of formation of atoms and free radicals in the gas phase at 298.15 K is listed in Tables 2 and 4, respectively. Table 5 provides a summary of BDEs for simple organic molecules. The data in these tables have been revised through September 2004.

Bond Dissociation Energies in Diatomic Molecules

The BDEs in diatomic species have usually been measured by spectroscopy or mass spectrometry. In the absence of data on the enthalpy function, the values at 0 K, Do(A−B), are converted to Do298 by the approximate equation: Do298(A−B) ≈ Do(A−B) + (3/2)RT = Do(A−B) + 3.7181 kJ mol-1 This table has been arranged in an alphabetical order of the atoms A in the diatomics A−B. A-B Ac-O Ag-Ag Ag-Al Ag-Au Ag-Bi Ag-Br Ag-Cl Ag-Cu Ag-D Ag-Dy Ag-Eu Ag-F Ag-Ga Ag-Ge Ag-H Ag-Ho Ag-I Ag-In Ag-Li Ag-Mn Ag-Na Ag-Nd Ag-O Ag-S Ag-Se Ag-Si Ag-Sn Ag-Te Al-Al Al-Ar Al-As Al-Au Al-Br Al-C Al-Ca Al-Cl Al-Co Al-Cr Al-Cu Al-D Al-F

Do298/kJ mol-1 794 159.2±2.9 183.7±9.2 202.5±9.6 192±42 293±29 279.1±8.4 171.5±9.6 226.8 130±19 126.7±13 354.4±16.3 154.8±16.7 174.5±20.9 202.4±9.6 123.8±19 234±29 166.5±4.9 198.8 99.2±21 133.1±12.6 0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /4.9

52m

Fe

52

Fe

51.94812

53m

Fe

53

Fe

54

Fe Fe 56Fe 57Fe 58Fe 59Fe

5.845(35)

55

60

Fe Fe

91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4)

61m

Fe

Fe Fe

63

64

Fe Fe 65Fe 66Fe 67mFe 67Fe 68Fe 69Fe 70Fe 71Fe 72Fe 65m

Co

27

48

64.9449 65.9460 66.9500 67.953 68.958

48.0018 48.990 49.9812 50.9705 51.9632

54

53.948464 54.942003

56

57

Co Co

55

Co

Co Co Co

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(12+) 0+

19/2−

7/2−

0+ 3/2− 0+ 1/2− 0+ 3/2−

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ (0.622–2.286)/ ann.rad./ 0.16868(1)/99. 0.377 (I.T.)/ 0.7011(1)/99. 1.0115(1)/87. 1.3281(1)/87. 2.3396(1)/13. ann.rad./ 0.3779(1)/42. (1.2–3.2) Mn x-ray

+0.0906

0.16

−0.336

1.099/57 1.292/43. (0.14–1.48) 0.0586/100 0.654/IT 0.207 1.205/44. 1.028/43. (0.12–3.37) 0.5061(1)/100. 0.995/ (1.365–1.427)

0+ (9/2+)

0+ 5/2−

(5/2−)

0.364/IT

(5/2−)

0.471–1.425 0.367/IT 0.189

β− /7.9 β− /5.7 β− /8.8 β− /≈7.6

0.2 µs 0.12 s 0.25 s 0.24 s 1.46 m

β+ /17.0 β+ /12.8 β+ /14.0 β+, p/ β+ /8.30 β+ /8.44

2.03–2.79

0.1932 s 17.53 h

β+ /8.2430 β+ /3.4513 EC/

7.34/100. 0.53/ 1.03/ 1.50/

0+ 7/2−

+4.822

55.939844

77.3 d

β+/4.566 EC/

1.459/18.

4+

3.85

+0.25

56.936296

271.8 d

EC/0.8361

7/2−

+4.72

+0.5

57.935757

9.1 h 70.88 d

I.T./ β+ /2.307

5+ 2+

+4.04

+0.22

52.95423

58m 58

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

58.933200(9)

Co Co 50Co 51Co 52Co 53mCo 53Co 54mCo 49

Spin π) (h/2π

4.25/100.

19/2− 7/2− 7+

0.849–1.942 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.411(1)/99. 1.130(1)/100. 1.408(1)/100. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.9312/75. 0.4772/20. (0.092–3.11) ann.rad./ 0.8468/99.9 1.2383/68. (0.26–3.61) 0.12206/86 (0.014–0.706) 0.02489/0.035 ann.rad./

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-65

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

EC/ 59

Co 60mCo

100.

0.81076/99

58.933200 10.47 m

7/2− 2+

+4.63 +4.40

+0.41 +0.3

+3.799

+0.44

60

59.933822

5.271 y

I.T./99.8/0.059 β− /0.2/1.56 β− /2.824

61

60.932479

1.650 h

β− /1.322

1.22/95.

7/2−

13.9 m

β− /

0.88/25. 2.88/75.

5+

1.03/10. 1.76/5. 2.9/20. 4.05/60. 3.6/

2+

7.0/

1+ (7/2)− (8−)

Co Co

62m

Co

62

61.93405

1.50 m

β− /5.32

63

62.93362

27.5 s

β− /3.67

64

63.93581 64.93648

0.30 s 1.14 s >0.1 ms

β− /7.31 β− /5.96

Co

Co

Co Co 66m2Co 65

66m1

Co Co 67Co 68Co 69Co 70Co 71Co 72Co 73Co 74Co 75Co 66

65.9398 66.9406 67.9444 68.9452 69.950 70.952 71.956

Ni

Ni Ni 50Ni 51Ni 52Ni 53Ni 54Ni 55Ni 56Ni

57

Ni

68.0769(89)

59

Ni Ni

56.939800

35.6 h

β+ /3.264 EC/

57.935348 58.934351 9.930790 60.931060 61.928348 62.929673 63.927969 64.930088

>4 × 1019 y ≈7.6 × 104 y

EC-EC EC/

26.2231(77)5 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9)

65.92912

67m

67

Ni

7/2−

1.1732/100 1.3325/100 0.0674/86. 0.842–0.909 1.1635(3)/70. 1.1730(3)/98. 2.0039(3)/19. 1.1292(3)/13. 1.1730(3)/83. 1.9851(1)/3. 2.3020(1)/19. 0.08713(1)/49. 0.9817(3)/2.6 0.156–2.17

0.252/IT 0.214 0.175 0.175/IT (1.245–1.425) 0.694

(5+)

49.9959 50.9877 51.9757 52.9685 53.95791 54.95134 55.94214

49

66

5+

β− /10.0 β− /8.4 β− /11.7 β− /9.3 β− 13. β β

≈ 0.5 µs 12. ms 9. ms >0.2 µs 38. ms 0.05 s 0.11 s 0.20 s 6.08 d

48

Ni Ni 60Ni 61Ni 62Ni 63Ni 64Ni 65Ni

0.315/99.7

0.0586/2.0

58.6934(2)

28

58

1.2 µs 0.25 s 0.43 s 0.19 s 0.20 s 0.09 s 0.21 s 0.09 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

66.93157

β+, p β+ /16.0 β+ /11.7 β+, p/13.3 β+ /8.80 β+ /8.70 EC/2.14 β+ /0.15 µs >0.15 µs

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+ (5−)

0.511 0.814/IT 2.033

(17/2)

0.148/IT 0.593 1.959

β− /5.4

0.6807(3)/100. (0.207–1.213) 0.183/IT 0.448 0.970 1.259

(8+)

β− /3.5 β− /6.9 β− /5.2 β− /9. β− /7.

63.546(3)

29

52

Cu Cu 54Cu 55Cu 56Cu

51.9972 52.9856 53.9767 54.9655 55.9586

0.15 µs

β− /9.9 β− /7.9 β− /11. β− /≈10. β− /12. β− /11.

0.133/IT 0.494 0.939 1.189 0.490/ 0.051/IT 0.082 0.138 0.652/ 0.450/100 0.307–1.559

3/2− (4−)

(1+) 5.8/43 6.25/42

65.39(2)

30

54

Zn Zn 56Zn 57Zn 58Zn 59Zn

53.9929 54.9840 55.9724 56.9649 57.9546 58.94927

0.04 s 0.04 s 0.09 s 183. ms

60

59.94183

2.40 m

β+ /97/4.16 EC/3/

61

60.93951

1.485 m

β+ /5.64

4.38/68.

3/2−

62

61.93433

9.22 h

β+ /3/1.63 EC/93/

0.66/7.

0+

63

62.933215

38.5 m

β+ /93/3.367 EC/7/

1.02/ 1.40/ 1.71/ 2.36/84.

3/2−

−0.28164

+0.29

63.929146 64.929245

>2.3 × 1018 y 243.8 d

EC-EC β+ /98/1.3514 EC/1.5/

0.325/

0+ 5/2−

+0.7690

−0.023

+0.8755

+0.15

0.905/99.9

0+ 5/2− 0+ 9/2+ 1/2−

55

Zn

Zn

Zn

Zn

64

Zn Zn

48.27(32)

65

66

Zn Zn 68Zn 69mZn 69Zn 67

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) (0.64–1.34) 1.0774(5)/58. 1.2613(5)/17. (0.15–2.34) 0.075/IT 0.190/IT 0.680 1.871 0.5307(3)/3. 0.8340(5)/6. 1.0065(8)/10. 0.8848(2)/100. 0.9017(2)/90. 1.2517(5)/60. (0.39–3.06) 0.8848(2)/54.

+2.48

2.8 m

70.93262

72m

1+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

(13/2+)

0.28 µs

71m

Spin π) (h/2π

27.977(77) 4.102(21) 19.02(12)

β+, p/14.6 β+ β+, p/9.09

8.1/

13.76 h 56. m

I.T./99+/0.439 β− /0.906

ann.rad./

3/2−

ann.rad./ (0.491–0.914) ann.rad./ 0.669/47. (0.062–0.947) ann.rad./ 0.4748/17. (0.15–3.52) ann.rad./ 0.0408/25 0.5967/26. (0.20–1.526)/ ann.rad./ 0.66962(5)/8.4 0.96206(5)/6.6 (0.24–3.1)

0+

65.926036 66.927131 67.924847 68.926553

(7/2−)

ann.rad./ 1.116/50.8

0.4390(2)/95. 0.318/

11-68

Elem. or Isot. 70

Zn Zn

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %) 0.631(9)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

69.925325

71m

3.97 h

β− /

71

70.92773

2.4 m

β− /2.81

72

71.92686

46.5 h

β− /0.46

73

72.92978

6. s 24. s

74

73.92946

75

Zn Zn 77mZn 77Zn 78mZn 78Zn 79Zn 80Zn

74.9329 75.9334

81

80.9505 81.9548

Zn

Zn

73m

Zn Zn Zn

76

Zn Zn 83Zn 82

Ga

31

56

Ga Ga 58Ga 59Ga 60Ga 57

61

Ga Ga

76.9371 77.9386 78.9421 79.9444

I.T./0.196 4.7/

(7/2+) (1/2−)

1.60 m

β− /2.3

2.1/

10.2 s 5.7 s 1.0 s 2.1 s >0.03 ms 1.5 s 1.0 s 0.54 s

β− /6.0 β− /4.2 β− / β− /7.3

0.29 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /11.9

0.07 s

β+ β +, p β +, α β+ /9.0 β+ /9.17 EC/ β+ /5.5 EC/

55.9949 56.9829 57.9742 58.9634 59.9571

64

63.936838

0.022 ms 2.63 m

65

64.9394

66

64m

(1/2−) 4.8/

β− /6.4 β− /8.6 β− /7.3

8.3/

3/2− 0+

4.5/

0+

15.2 m

β+ /86/3.255 EC/

0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15.

3/2−

65.931592

9.5 h

β+ /56/5.175 EC/43/

0.74/1. 1.84/54. 4.153/51.

0+

67

66.928205

3.260 d

EC/1.001

68

67.927983

1.130 h

β+ /90/2.921

Ga

Ga

1.004 3.848 1.555–2.559 0.088–1.362 ann.rad./

//≈1.6 //≈0.02

2.79/ 6.05/

Ga

0.3864/93. 0.4874/62. 0.6203/57. (0.099–2.489) 0.5116(1)/30. 0.9103(1)/7.5 (0.12–2.29) 0.0164(3)/8. 0.1447(1)/83. 0.1915(2)/9.4 0.042 0.216(1)/100. 0.496–0.911 0.0565/ 0.1401/ (0.05–0.35) 0.229/ 0.119/ 0.772 0.189/ 1.070 0.225/ 0.702/ 0.713/ 0.2248/

3.6/

β+ /7.165

Ga

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

69.723(1)

32. s

Ga Ga

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

1/2−

β− /4.29

62.9391

Ga

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0+ 9/2+

0+

0.17 s 0.116 s

63

1.45/

Spin π) (h/2π

0.25/14. 0.30/86.

60.9492 61.94418

62

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.83/

ann.rad./ 0.6271(2)/10. 0.6370(2)/11. 1.0652(4)/45. 0.0429 ann.rad./ 0.80785(1)/14. 0.99152(1)/43. 1.38727(1)/12. 3.3659(1)/13.

3/2−

+1.8507

0.20

1+

0.01175

0.028

ann.rad./ 0.1151(2)/55. 0.1530(2)/96. 0.2069(2)/39. (0.06–2.4) ann.rad./ 1.03935(8)/38. 2.7523(1)/23. (0.28–5.01) 0.09332/37. 0.18459/20. 0.30024/17. (0.091–0.89) ann.rad./

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-69

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

EC/10/ 69

Ga Ga

60.108(9)

70

68.925581 69.926027

1.0774(1)/3. (0.57–2.33)/ 3/2− 1+

+2.01659

3/2− 3−

+2.56227 −0.13224

70.924707 71.926372

>2.4 × 1026 y 14.10 h

EC/0.2/0.655 β− /99.8/1.656 β− β− /4.001

72.92517

74.87 h

β− /1.59

74

73.92694

10. s 8.1 m

I.T./ β− /5.4

2.6/

1+ 3−

75

74.92650

2.10 m

β− /3.39

3.3/

3/2−

76

75.9289

29. s

β− /7.0

77

76.9293

13.0 s

β− /5.3

78

77.9317

5.09 s

β− /8.2

79

78.9329 79.9366 80.9377 81.9432 82.9469 83.952

2.85 s 1.68 s 1.22 s 0.599 s 0.308 s ≈0.085 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /7.0 β− /10.4 β− /8.3 β− /12.6 β− /≈ 11.5 β− /14

β+ /13.6

71

Ga Ga

39.892(9)

72

73

Ga

74m

Ga Ga

Ga

Ga

Ga Ga

Ga Ga 81Ga 82Ga 83Ga 84Ga 85Ga 86Ga 32Ge 80

21.1 m

Ge Ge 60Ge 61Ge 62Ge 63Ge 64Ge

57.9910 58.9817 59.9702 60.9638 61.9547 62.9496 63.9416

0.04 s 0.13 s 0.15 s 1.06 m

65

64.9394

31. s

66

65.93385

2.26 h

67

66.932738

19.0 m

β+ /96/4.225 EC/4/

68

67.92810 68.927973

270.8 d 1.63 d

EC/0.11 β+ /36/2.2273 EC/64/

59

Ge

Ge

Ge

Ge Ge

69

Ge Ge 71Ge

+0.17 0.1755(5)/0.15 1.042(5)/0.48

1.65/99. 0.64/40. 1.51/9. 2.52/8. 3.15/11.

+0.11 +0.5

3/2−

3−

5.2/ 3+ 4.6/ 10./ 5.1/

0.834 2.202 0.630 (0.113–3.678) 0.05344(5)/10. 0.29732(5)/47. (0.01–1.00)/ 0.0565(1)/75. 0.5959/92. 2.354/45. (0.23–3.99) 0.2529/ 0.5746/ (0.12–2.10) 0.5629/66. 0.5455/26. (0.34–4.25) 0.469/ 0.459/ 0.619/77. 1.187/20. 0.465/ 0.659/ 0.217/ 1.348/

72.64(1)

58

70

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

20.370(89)

β− /9.8 β+ /4.4 EC/ β +, p β+ /6.2 EC/ EC, p β +, p β+ /27/2.10 EC/73/

3.0/

0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15. //0.011 0+

1.6/ 2.3/ 3.15/ 0.70/ 1.2/

69.924250

71m

70.924954

20.4 ms 11.2 d

I.T./0.0234 EC/0.229

0+

1/2−

0+ 5/2−

0.735

0+ 9/2+ 1/2−

+0.547

0.02

ann.rad./ 0.1282(2)/11. 0.4270(3)/37. 0.6671(3)/17. ann.rad./ 0.0620/27. 0.6497/33. 0.8091/21. (0.19–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.0438/29. 0.3819/28. (0.022–1.77) ann.rad./ 0.1670/84. (0.25–3.73) Ga k x-ray/39. ann.rad./ 0.574/13. 1.1068/36. (0.2–2.04) 0.1749

11-70

Elem. or Isot. 72

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Ge Ge 74Ge 75mGe 75Ge

27.380(60) 7.759(78) 36.656(80)

76

7.835(81)

73

Ge Ge

Atomic Mass or Weight 71.922076 72.923460 73.921178 74.922860 75.921403

77m

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

>1.8 × 1023 y

β−

48. s 1.380 h

I.T./ β− /1.177

1.6 × 1021 y 53. s

β− β − I.T./20/ β− /80/2.861

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.19/

Spin π) (h/2π 0+ 9/2+ 0+ 7/2+ 1/2−

11.25 h

β− /2.702

0.71/23. 1.38/35. 2.19/42.

7/2+

78

77.922853

1.45 h

β− /0.95

0.70/

0+

79

78.9254

39. s 19.1 s

β− /IT β− /4.2

80

79.92545

29.5 s

β− /2.67

2.4/

0+

≈7.6 s

β− /

3.75/

1/2+

3.44/

9/2+

79m

Ge Ge

Ge

81m

Ge

81

80.9288

≈7.6 s

β− /6.2

82

81.9296 82.9345 83.9373 84.943 85.946

4.6 s 1.9 s 0.98 s 0.54 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /4.7 β− /8.9 β− /7.7 β− /10.

Ge

Ge Ge 84Ge 85Ge 86Ge 87Ge 88Ge 89Ge 83

As

33

60

4.0/20. 4.3/80.

0.13968(3)/39. 0.26461(5)/11. 0.41931(5)/0.2

+0.510

1.605/0.22 1.676/0.16 0.195–1.482 0.2110/29. 0.2155/27. 0.2644/51. (0.15–2.35) 0.2773(5)/96. 0.2939(5)/4.

7/2+ 1/2−

0.1096/21. (0.10–2.59) 0.5427(4)/15. 0.1104(4)/6. 0.2656(4)/25. 0.3362(4)/ 0.7935(4)/ 0.1976(4)/21. 0.3362(4)/100. 1.093/

0+

74.92160(2)

As As 62As 63As 64As 65As 66m2As 66m1As 66As 67As

59.993 60.981 61.9732 62.9637 63.9576 64.9495

65.94410 66.9392

0.02 s 0.13 s 1.9 µs 0.018 ms 95.8 ms 42. s

68

67.9368

2.53 m

β+ /8.1

69

68.93228

15.2 m

β+ /98/4.01 EC/2/

2.95/

5/2−

1.6

70

69.93093

52.6 m

1.44/

4+

+2.1061

+0.09

71

70.927114

2.72 d

β+ /84/6.22 EC/16/2.14 /2.89 β+ /32/2.013 EC/68/

5/2−

+1.6735

−0.02

72

71.926753

26.0 h

β+ /77/4.356

0.669/5. 1.884/12. 2.498/62. 3.339/19.

2−

−2.1566

−0.08

61

As

As

As

As

As

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

−0.17

2.9/

76.923549

Ge

−0.879467

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+ 1/2−

77

Ge

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

β+ /9.4

β+ /9.55 β+ /6.0 EC/

5.0/

5/2−

3+

0.121/ 0.123/ 0.244/ ann.rad./ 0.652/32. 0.762/33. 1.016/77. (0.61–3.55) ann.rad./ 0.0868(5)/1.5 0.1458(3)/2.4 ann.rad./ 1.0395(7)/82. (0.17–4.4)/ ann.rad./ 0.1749(2)/84. 1.0957(2)/4.2 ann.rad./ 0.83395(5)/80. 1.0507(1)/9.6 (0.1–4.0)

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-71

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

73

72.923825

80.3 d

EC/0.341

74

73.923829

17.78 d

β+ /31/2.562 EC/37/ β− /1.353

0.94/26. 1.53/3. 0.71/16. 1.35/16.

0.54/3. 1.785/8. 2.410/36. 2.97/51. 0.70/98.

As

As

75m

As As 76As 75

26.3 h

β− /2.962

77

76.920648

38.8 h

β− /0.683

78

77.92183

1.512 h

β− /4.21

As

100.

As

2−

−1.597

3/2− 2−

+1.43947 −0.903

3/2−

+1.295

3.00/12. 3.70/17. 4.42/37.

2−

9/2+

79

78.92095

9.0 m

β− /2.28

1.80/95.

3/2−

80

79.92258

16. s

β− /5.64

3.38/

1+

81

80.92213

33. s

β− /3.856

13.7 s

β− /

3.6/

5−

81.9246 82.9250

19. s 13.4 s

β− /7.4 β− /5.5

7.2/80.

1+

84

83.9291

0.6 s 4. s

β− β−, n/7.2

1−

85

84.9318

2.03 s

β−, n/8.9

3/2−

86

85.9362 86.9396 87.945 88.949

0.95 s 0.49 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β−, n/11.4 β−, n/10.

β+ /60/14. β +, p

As As

82m

As

82

As As

83

84m

As As

As

As As 88As 89As 90As 91As 92As 87

Se

78.96(3)

65

Se

64.965

0.011 s

66

Se 67Se

65.9552 66.9501

0.03 s 0.13 s

68

67.9419

36. s

69

68.93956

27.4 s

70

69.9335

41.1 m

71

70.9319

4.7 m

34

Se Se

Se

Se

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

3/2−

1.21 µs

79m

As

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0133/0.1 0.0534/10.5 Se k x-ray/90. ann.rad./ 0.59588(1)/60. 0.6084(1)/0.6 0.6348(1)/15.

0.017 s 74.921597 75.922394

As

Spin π) (h/2π

3/2−

+0.31 0.5591(1)/45. 0.65703(5)/6.2 1.21602(1)/3.4 (0.3–2.67) 0.2391(2)/1.6 0.2500(3)/0.4 0.5208/0.43 0.6136(3)/54. 0.6954(3)/18. 1.3088(3)/10. 0.542/IT 0.231 0.0955(5)/16. 0.3645(5)/1.9 0.6662(2)/42. (2.5–3.0) 0.4676(2)/20. 0.4911(2)/8. 0.6544(1)/72. 0.8186(4)/27. 1.7313(2)/27. 1.8954(2)/38. 0.6544(1)/15. 0.7345/100. 1.1131/34. 2.0767/28. 0.6671(2)/21. 1.4439(5)/49. (0.325–5.150) 0.667(1)/42. 1.4551(2)/100. 0.704/ 0.704/

3.55/

β+ /10.2 β+, (p)/ β+ /4.7 β+ /6.78 EC/ β +, p β+ /2.4

5.006/

β+ /4.4 EC/

3.4/36.

//≈0.045 0+

5/2−

ann.rad./ 0.352 ann.rad./ (0.050–0.426) ann.rad./ 0.0664(4)/27. 0.0982(4)/63. ann.rad 0.04951(5)/35. 0.4262(2)/29. ann.rad 0.1472(3)/47. 0.8309(3)/13.

11-72

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

72

Atomic Mass or Weight

Se 73mSe

71.92711

73

Se

74

Se Se

0.89(4)

75

76

Se Se 77Se 78Se 79mSe 79Se 80Se 81mSe

9.37(29)

EC/0.34 I.T./73/0.0257 β+ /27/2.77

72.92678

7.1 h

β+ /65/2.74 EC/35/

73.922477 74.922524

119.78 d

EC/0.864

17.4 s

I.T./

82

Se Se

76.919915 77.917310

49.61(41)

78.918500 79.916522

8.73(22)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.85 1.45/ 1.70/ 0.80/ 1.32/95. 1.68/1.

75.919214

7.63(16) 23.77(28)

Se

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

8.5 d 40. m

77m

81

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

3.92 m 2.9 × 105 y

I.T./ β− /0.151

57.3 m

I.T./99/0.1031

80.917993

18.5 m

β− /1.585

81.916700

≈1 × 1020 y 1.17 m

β −β − β− /3.96

83m

Spin π) (h/2π

9/2+

0.86

0+ 5/2+

0.67

0+ 7/2+ 1/2− 0+

1.6/98.

2.88/ 3.92/

0.93/ 1.51/

9/2+

84

83.91847 84.92225

3.3 m 32. s

β− /1.83 β− /6.18

1.41/100. 5.9/

0+ 5/2+

86

85.92428

15. s

β− /5.10

87

86.92853

5.4 s

88

87.93143 88.9360 89.9394 90.945 91.949

1.5 s 0.41 s >0.15 µs 0.27 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /7.28 n/ β−, n/6.85 β−, n/9.0

Se

Se Se 90Se 91Se 92Se 93Se 94Se 89

Br

35

67

Br Br 69Br 70mBr 70Br 71Br 72Br 73Br 68

74m

Br

1.0

0.13600/55 0.26465/58 (0.024–0.821) 0.1619(2)/52.

−1.018

+0.8 0.1031(3)/9.7 0.2602(2)/0.06 0.2760/0.06 0.2759/0.85 0.2901/0.75 0.8283/0.32

0+ 1/2−

β− /3.668

Se

1.0960(3)/10. 0.0460(2)/57. ann.rad. 0.0257(2)/27. 0.2538(1)/2.5 ann.rad 0.0670(1)/72. 0.3609(1)/97. (0.6–1.5)

+0.53506

1/2−

22.3 m

Se Se

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

0.09573(3)/9.5 7/2+ 0+ 7/2+

82.919119

85

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+ 3/2−

83

Se

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.35666(6)/17. 0.9879(1)/15. 1.0305(1)/21. 2.0514(2)/11. (0.19–3.1) 0.22516(6)/33. 0.35666(6)/69. 0.51004(8)/45. (0.21–2.42) 0.4088(5)/100. 0.3450(1)/22. 0.6094(1)/41. 2.0124(1)/24. 2.4433(8)/100. 2.6619(1)/49. 0.468(1)/100. 1.4979(1)/23. 0.5346/

5/2+

β−, n/8.

79.904(1) 66.9648 67.958 68.9502 69.9446 70.9392 71.9365 72.9318

0.15 µs >0.15 µs

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β− /11 β− n β− n/

//11

β+, (p)

4.07/

69

Kr Kr 71Kr 72Kr

68.9653 69.9560 70.9505 71.9419

0.03 s 0.06 s 100. ms 17. s

73

72.9389

28. s

74

73.9333

11.5 m

75

74.93104

4.3 m

β+ /4.90 EC/

76

75.92595

14.8 h

EC/1.31

77

76.92467

1.24 h

β+ /80/3.06 EC/20/

70

Kr

Kr

Kr

Kr

Kr

Kr Kr 79Kr

0.355(3)

80

Kr Kr 81Kr

2.286(10)

82

11.593(3)

77.92039

79m

78.920083

80.916593

Kr Kr 85mKr 84

11.500(19) 56.987(15)

β+ /6.7 EC/ β+, p/ β+ /3.1 EC/

3.2/

−0.531

+1.1

5/2+

−0.583

+0.9

0+ 7/2+ 1/2−

−0.786 +0.536

+0.40

5/2+

0+

1.55/ 1.70/ 1.87/

0+ 1/2− 7/2+

+0.586 −0.908

1.86 h

I.T./0.0416

0+ 1/2−

+0.591

82.914137 83.911508

1.27 h

β− /3.887

88

87.91445

2.84 h

β− /2.91

89

88.91764

3.15 m

β− /4.99

Kr

0+

I.T./0.1904 EC/0.2807

10.73 y

Kr

/0.25

13.1 s 2.1 × 105 y

84.912530 85.910615 86.913359

17.279(41)

5/2−

EC-EC I.T./0.1299 β+ /7 /1.626 EC/93 /

4.48 h

85

Kr Kr 87Kr

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.117 (0.237–3.606)

>2.3 × 1020 y 53. s 1.455 d

β− /79 / I.T./21 /0.305 β− /0.687

86

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0+

81.913485

83m

83

β+, EC/10.1 β+ /5.0 EC/

79.916379

81m

Kr Kr

Spin π) (h/2π

83.80(1)

36

78

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.83/79

1.33/8 3.49/43 3.89/30

0.15/0.4

+0.63

9/2+ 0+ 1/2−

−0.970699

9/2+ 0+ 5/2+

1.005

+0.43

−1.023

−0.30

−0.330

+0.16

5/2+

Kr x-ray ann.rad. 0.2613/13 0.39756/19 0.6061/8 (0.04–1.3) 0.1904 Br k x-ray 0.2760 Kr k x-ray 0.00940 0.03216

+0.259

+ 0.633

0+

3.8/ 4.6/ 4.9/

(0.198–0.207) ann.rad 0.3100/29 0.4150/36 (0.12–0.58) ann.rad. 0.1781/66 (0.06–0.86) ann.rad. 0.08970/31 0.2030/20 (0.010–1.06) ann.rad. 0.1325/68 0.1547/21 (0.02–1.7) Br k x-ray 0.270/21 0.3158/39 (0.03–1.07) ann.rad. 0.1297/80 0.1465/38 (0.02–2.3)

0.30487 0.15118 0.51399 0.40258/49.6 2.5548/9.2 (0.13–3.31) 0.19632/26. 2.392/34.6 (0.03–2.8) 0.19746 0.2209/19.9 0.5858/16.4 1.4728/6.8 (0.2–4.7)

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-75

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

90

89.91953

32.3 s

β− /4.39

2.6/77 2.8/6

0+

91

90.9234

8.6 s

β− /6.4

4.33/ 4.59/

5/2+

−0.583

92

91.92611

1.84 s

93

92.9312

1.29 s

β− /5.99 n/ β− /8.6 n/

7.1/

1/2+

−0.413

94

93.9343

0.21 s

β− /7.3

95

94.9397 95.9431 96.9486

0.78 s >50 ms 0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /9.7

Kr

Kr

Kr Kr

Kr

Kr Kr 97Kr 98Kr 99Kr 100Kr 96

Rb

37

71

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+0.30

β−

85.4678(3) 70.9653 71.9591 72.9504 73.9445 74.93857

1.2 µs ≈0.08 s 8.9 s 9.0 s

78

77.93218 78.92971

2.7 m 2.1 m

β+ /6.1 β+ /6.9 β+, p β+ /3.76 β+ /5.32

79.92453

1.77 h

β+ /1.87

73 74

Sr Sr

79

80

Sr

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.8817/68. (1.02–1.9) 0.556/98. 1.0768/8.8 0.8980/14. 1.8360/21. (0.34–4.85) 1.032/58. 1.248/42. 2.1960/13 (0.12–4.09) 0.1069(IT) 0.8317/94 (0.20–5.00) 0.8317/28. (0.31–5.60) 0.0936/34. (0.35–4.70) 0.8148/8. (0.1–6.1) 0.2134/4.8 0.4326/12.5 0.9861/4.9 (0.16–5.41) 0.8369/87. 1.5775/32. (0.12–6.35) 0.352/65. 0.680/22. (0.20–2.27) 0.2999 0.4612 0.2400 0.093–0.369 0.815/76. (0.20–5.42) 0.167/100. 0.585/79. 0.599/56. 1.258/52. (0.14–2.08) (0.07–3.68) 0.129 (0.058–4.483)

5.6 //0.08 4.1

3/2−

0+

−0.35

+1.4

−0.474

+0.74

0.147 (0.047–0.793) ann.rad./ 0.039/28. 0.105/22. (0.135–0.612) ann.rad./ 0.174/10.

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-77

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

81

80.92322

22.3 m

β+ /87/3.93 EC/13/

82

81.91840

25.36 d 5.0 s 1.350 d

EC/0.18 I.T./0.2591 β+/24/2.28 EC/76/

1.127 h 64.85 d

I.T./87/0.2387 EC/13 EC/1.065

2.81 h

I.T./0.3884

Sr

Sr Sr 83Sr 83m

84

Sr Sr

82.91756

0.56(1)

Sr Sr 87mSr 87Sr 88Sr 89Sr 90Sr 91Sr 86

9.86(1)

84.912936 85.909265 86.908882 87.905617 88.907455 89.907738 90.91020

50.52 d 29.1 y 9.5 h

β−/1.497 β−/0.546 β−/2.70

92

91.91098

2.71 h

β−/1.91

93

92.91394

7.4 m

β−/4.08

94

93.91537

1.25 m

β−/3.511

95

94.91931

25.1 s

β−/6.08

Sr Sr

Sr

Sr

7.00(1) 82.58(1)

2.43/ 2.68/

0.465/ 0.803/ 1.227/

83.913426

85m

85

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.492/100 0.546/100 0.61/7 1.09/33 1.36/29 2.66/26 0.55/96 1.5/3 2.2/10 2.6/25 3.2/65

2.1/ 3.3/

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1/2−

+0.544

1/2− 7/2+

+0.582 −0.898

0+ 1/2−

+0.601

9/2+ 0+ 1/2− 9/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+0.79

+0.63 −1.093

+0.34

−1.149

−0.3

0.9092

−0.887

+0.044

−0.794

+0.26

0.5556/61. 0.7498/24. 1.0243/33. (0.12–2.4) 1.3831/90. (0.24–1.1) 0.5903/ 0.7104 0.87573 0.8883/ (0.17–3.97) 0.6219 0.7043 0.7241 0.8064 1.4283 0.6859 0.8269 2.7173 2.9332 0.1222 0.5305 0.8094 0.9318 0.2164 0.3071 0.6522 0.9538 1.2580 1.9050 0.0365 0.1190 0.4286 0.4447 0.5636

0.3884(IT)

−0.5379

6.1/50

96

95.92165

1.06 s

β−/5.37

4.2/

0+

97

96.92615

0.42 s

β−/7.47

5.3

(1/2+)

98

97.92845

0.65 s

β−/5.83

5.1

99

98.9333 99.9354 100.9405 101.9430 102.9490 103.952

0.27 s 0.201 s 0.115 s 68. ms >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β−/8.0 β−/7.1 β−/9.5 β−/8.8

Sr

Sr

Sr

Sr Sr 101Sr 102Sr 103Sr 104Sr 105Sr 100

Y

39

88.90585(2)

0.2318/84. (0.15–0.24) 0.51399/99.3

+0.30

0+

1/2+

0.589/39. (0.24–0.55) ann.rad./ 0.148/31. 0.1534/35 (0.06–1.7) Rb x-ray 0.2591/87.5 ann.rad./ 0.3816/12. 0.3816 0.7627/30. (0.094–2.15)

−1.001

0+ 5/2+

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

−0.500

−0.26

0.8

11-78

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

76

Y Y 78mY 78Y 77

76.9496 77.9435

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) > 0.2 µs ≈ 57. ms 5.8 s 53 ms

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

β+/7.1

79.9320

β+/7.0

5.5 5.0/

81

80.9291

1.21 m

β+/5.5

3.7/ 4.2/

82

81.9268

9.5 s

β+/7.8

6.3/

1+

2.85 m

β+/95/4.6 EC/5 /

2.9

1/2−

7.1 m

β+/4.47 EC/

3.3

9/2+

4.6 s

β+/ EC/ β+/6.4 EC/

Y Y 80Y

78.9374

80m

Y

Y

83m

Y

83

Y

82.92235

84m

Y

84

Y

83.9203

85m

Y

85

Y

84.91643

86m

Y

86

Y

85.91489

87m

Y

40. m

1.64/47 2.24/25 2.64/21 3.15/7

5−

2.6 h

β+/55/3.26 EC/45/

48. m

I.T./99/ β +/ EC/

8+

4.8

14.74 h

β+/5.24 EC/

4−

0.15 µs

1/2−

3+ 1+ (5/2)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 1.83601 2.73404 3.2190 0.9092(IT)

−0.13742 5.1

−1.630 5.96 0.1641

0.2025 0.4794 0.6820 −0.155 0.5556(IT) 1.208 0.4485 0.5611 0.9345 1.4054 (0.4–3.3) 0.1686(IT) 0.5902 0.2669 0.9471 1.9178 0.4322 0.7699 1.2024 0.3816 0.9188 1.1389 (0.3–4.1) 0.4324 0.9542 2.1760 3.5770 0.1467 0.6174 0.9150 1.1071 1.7507 1.594 0.1614 0.9700 1.1030 0.2969 1.9960 3.2876 3.4013 0.2415 0.6205 0.6473 1.2228 1.8016 0.2131 1.2228 1.5907 2.9413 4.4501 0.1218/43.8 0.5362 0.7242 1.0130

11-80

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

106

Y Y 108Y

Atomic Mass or Weight 105.950

107

Zr

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

78

Zr Zr 80Zr 79

78.949 79.9406

81

β+ /8.0

0.290 0.538

82.9287

83.9233

26. m

β+ /2.7 EC/

0+

10.9 s

I.T./0.2922 β+, EC/

1/2−

84

Zr

> 0.2 µs 0.06 s ≈ 4.5 s

β+ /7.2 β+ /4.0 β+ /7.0 β+ /5.9 EC

80.9368 81.9311

85m

Zr

6.1 3. 4.8

(3/2−)

84.9215

7.9 m

β+ /4.7 EC/

86

85.91647

16.5 h

EC/1.47

0+

14.0 s

I.T./0.3362

1/2−

Zr

Zr

87m

Zr

87

86.91482

1.73 h

β+ /3.67 EC/

88

87.91023

83.4 d 4.18 m

88.908889

3.27 d

EC/0.67 I.T./94/0.5877 β+ /1.5/ EC/4.7/ β+ /23/2.832 EC/77/ I.T./

Zr

Zr Zr

89m

89

Zr

90m

Zr

0.809 s

Zr Zr 92Zr 93Zr 94Zr 95Zr

51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8)

96

2.80(9)

17.38(28)

89.904702 90.905643 91.905039 92.906474 93.906314 94.908041

1.5 × 106 y >1017 y 64.02 d

β− /0.091 β −β − β− /1.125 β− β − β− β− /2.658 β− /2.26 β− /4.56

Zr Zr 99Zr

96.910950 97.91276 98.91651

3 × 1019 y >1.7 × 1018 y 16.8 h 30.7 s 2.2 s

100

99.91776

7.1 s

β− /3.34

101

100.92114

2.1 s

β− /5.49

97

98

Zr Zr

95.908275

3.1

2.26

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0556 0.1050 0.2560 0.474 1.525 ann.rad./ 0.0449 0.1125 0.3729 0.667 ann.rad./ 0.2922(IT) 0.4165 ann.rad./ 0.2663 0.4163 0.4543 0.0280 0.243 0.612 0.1352(IT) 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.3811 1.228 0.3929 ann.rad./ 0.5877(IT) 1.507 ann.rad./ 0.9092 0.1326 2.1862 2.3189(IT)

(7/2+) (1/2−)

85

Zr

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

5.3 s 32. s 7. s 44. s

Zr Zr 83mZr 83Zr 82

91

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

91.224(2)

40

90

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

7/2+

9/2+

0+ 1/2−

0.9/

0.366/55 0.400/44

9/2+

−1.07

5−

6.3

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

−1.30362

−0.21 0.0304

1.13

+0.29

0.7242 0.7567

0+ 1.91/ 2.2/100 3.9/ 3.5/

1/2− 0+ 1/2+

0+ 6.2/

3/2−

0.7434 0.4692/55.2 0.5459/48 0.028–1.321 0.4006 0.5043 0.1194 0.2057 0.2089

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

102

Zr Zr 104Zr 105Zr 106Zr 107Zr 108Zr 109Zr 110Zr

11-81

Atomic Mass or Weight 101.92298 102.9266 103.9288 104.9331 105.9359 106.941 107.944

103

Nb

81

Nb Nb 83Nb 84Nb 85Nb 86mNb 86Nb

80.949 81.9431 82.9367 83.9336 84.9279

82

85.9250

87m

Nb

87

Nb

86.92036

88m

Nb

88

Nb

87.9183

89m

Nb

89

Nb

88.91349

90m

Nb

90

Nb

89.911263

91m

Nb

91

Nb Nb

90.906989

92m

92

Nb

91.907192

93m

Nb

Nb Nb

94m

2.9 s 1.3 s 1.2 s ≈1. s >0.24 µs >0.24 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

β− /4.61 β− /7.0 β− /5.9 β− /8.5

92.90638(2)

41

93

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

100.

0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /4.57 β− / β− /7.21 β− /5.53 β−, n/ β−, n/8.1 β−, n/6.5 β−, n/9.3 β−, n/7.9 β, n/ β, n/ β, n/

Mo

95.94(1)

Nb

102m

42

83

Mo Mo 85Mo 86Mo 87Mo 88Mo 84

101.91804 102.91914 103.9225 104.9239 105.9282 106.9303 107.9350 108.9376 109.943

82.949 83.9401 84.9366 85.9302 86.9273 87.92195

89m

Mo

≈ 6. ms ≈ 3.7 s 3.2 s 20. s 14. s 8.0 m

89.91394

5.7 h

β+ /25/2.489 EC/75 /

1.08 m

I.T./50/0.653

91m

Mo

(0.193–0.590)

1/2+

0+

9/2+

90

0.87109 0.70263 0.87109 0.2040 0.2356 0.76578 0.7782 0.2191–1.498 0.7434 0.4809 0.6579 0.7874 0.1726–1.89 0.6451 0.7874 1.0243 0.0978/100 (0.138–3.010) 0.0977 0.1378/3.1

0.2960–2.184

1/2−

β+ /5.58 EC/

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

5/2+

I.T./0.118

2.2 m

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

Nb k x-ray 0.159 0.6364 1.0637 0.5354 0.6001–1.566 0.1105–0.810

0.19 s 88.91948

Mo

7.2/ 5.3/ n/0.06 n/0.05 n/1.7 n/4.5 n/6.0 n/6.2 n/31 n/40

β+ /6. β+/8.1 β+ /4.8 EC, β+/6.5 β+ /3.4 EC

89

Mo

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

2.4 × 104 y

96.908096

99m

99

Spin π) (h/2π

34.97 d 23.4 h

Nb

Nb

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

94.906834 95.908099

98m

98

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

I.T./97.5/ β− /2.5 / β− /0.926 β− /3.187

97m 97

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

1.085/

0+

1/2−

+0.5

(0.752–1.004) ann.rad./ 0.0800 0.1399 0.1707 0.118(IT) 0.268 ann.rad./ 0.659 0.803 1.155 1.272 ann.rad./ 0.04274 0.12237 0.25734 ann.rad./

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-83

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

β+, EC/50 /

2.5/ 2.8/ 4.0/ 3.44/94

9/2−

21/2+

0+ +9.21

90.91175

15.5 m

β+ /94/4.43 EC/6/

91.906810

>3 × 1017 y 6.9 h

β+-EC I.T./99+ /2.425

92.906811 93.905087 94.905841 95.904678 96.906020 97.905407 98.907711

3.5 × 103 y

EC/0.405

2.7476 d

β− /1.357

99.90748 100.91035

≈1 × 1019 y 14.6 m

β −β − β− /2.82

102

101.91030

11.3 m

β− /1.01

103

102.91320

1.13 m

β− /3.8

3/2+

104

103.91376

1.00 m

β− /2.16

0+

105

104.9170

36. s

β− /4.95

3/2+

106

105.91814

8.4 s

β− /3.52

0+

107 108

Mo Mo 109Mo

106.9217 107.9236 108.9278

3.5 s 1.1 s 0.5 s

β− /6.2 β− /5.1 β− /7.2

110

109.9297

0.30 s

β− /5.7

111

110.9345 111.937 112.942

>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

84.949 85.9430 86.9365 87.9328

0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β −, n

/1.3

Tc

Tc

104m

Tc Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

Tc

110

Tc Tc

113

114

Tc Tc 116Tc 117Tc 118Tc 115

Ru

44

86.949 87.9404 88.936 89.9298

>1.5 µs 1.2 s 1.4 s 12. s

91

90.9264 91.9201

9. s 3.7 m

88

Ru Ru

92

2+

(3)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4184 0.4752 0.6281 0.6302 1.0464 1.1033 1.6163 2.2447 0.4686 0.4751 1.1055 0.1361 0.1743 0.2104 0.3464 0.5629 (0.13–1.0) 0.3483 0.3580 0.5305 0.5351 0.8844 0.8931 1.6768 (0.3–3.7) 0.1079 0.1432 0.3215 0.2703 0.5222 1.9694 2.2393 2.7893 0.1027 0.1063 0.1770 0.4587 0.2422 0.4656 0.7078 0.7326 1.5835 0.2407 0.150/92.7 0.063–1.435 0.0985/100 0.0658–1.520

101.07(2)

Ru Ru 89Ru 90Ru

87

5/2+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0+ β+ .p/8. β+ /5.9 β+, EC/7.4 β+ /53/4.5 EC/47/

0+ 9/2+ 0+

ann.rad./ 0.155–1.551 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.2138

11-86

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

93m

Ru

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 10.8 s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) I.T./21/ β+, EC/79/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

1.0 m

β+ /6.3 EC/

9/2+

94

93.91137

52. m

EC/100/1.59

0+

95

94.91042

1.64 h

EC/85/2.57 β+ /15/

95.90760 96.90756

>3.1 × 1016 y 2.89 d

Ru

96

Ru Ru

5.54(14)

97

98

Ru Ru 100Ru 101Ru 102Ru 103Ru

1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14)

104

18.62(27)

99

Ru

97.90529 98.905939 99.904219 100.905582 101.904349 102.906323

39.27 d

1.20/ 0.91/

5/2+

0.86

β+β+ EC/1.12

0+ 5/2+

−0.78

β− /0.763

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 3/2+

0.223

103.905430

104.907750

4.44 h

β− /1.917

1.11/22 1.134/13 1.187/49

3/2+

106

105.90733 106.9099

1.020 y 3.8 m

β− /0.0394 β− /2.9

0.0394/100 2.1/ 3.2/

0+

108

107.9102

4.5 m

β− /1.4

1.2/

0+

109

108.91320

34.5 s

β− /4.2

110

109.9140

15. s

β− /2.81

111

Ru Ru 113mRu 113Ru

110.9176 111.9188

β− /5.5 β− /4.5

112.9225

1.5 s 4.5 s 0.6 s 0.80 s

114

113.9239

0.57 s

β− /6.1

Ru Ru

107

Ru

Ru Ru

112

Ru

Tc k x-ray 0.2157 0.3245 0.4606

−0.6413

+0.079

−0.7188

+0.46

0.206

+0.62

0.05329 0.29498 0.4438 0.49708 0.55704 0.61033 (0.04–1.6)

0+

105

Ru

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2593 ann.rad./ 0.7344 1.1112 1.3962 2.0931 ann.rad./ 0.6807 1.4349 (0.5–4.2)weak 0.3672 0.5247 0.8922 ann.rad./ 0.3364 0.6268 0.036–2.424

5.3/

92.9171

Ru

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

1/2-

93

Ru

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

β− /7.

-0.3

0.12968 0.1491 0.2629 0.31664 0.46943 0.67634 0.72420 (0.1–1.8) 0.1939 0.3741 0.4625 0.8488 0.0923 0.1651 0.4339 0.4975 0.6189 0.1164 0.3584 0.1121 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967

0.2632 0.048–2.418 0.127/24

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-87

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) (0.053–0.180)

115

Ru 116Ru 117Ru 118Ru 119Ru 120Ru Rh

45

89

114.928 115.930 116.935 117.937

Rh Rh 90Rh 91Rh 92Rh 93Rh 94mRh

88.9494

94

93.9217

89.9429 90.9366 91.9320 92.9257

95m

Rh

95

Rh

94.9159

96m

Rh

96

Rh

95.91452

97m

Rh

97

Rh

96.91134

98m

Rh

98

Rh

β− /8.

102.90550(2)

90m

Rh

≈0.74 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

97.91072

>0.15 µs ≈12. ms 1.0 s 1.9 s 5.6 s 14. s 25.8 s

β+ /11.1 β+ /8.1 β+ /

1.18 m

β+ /9.6

1.96 m

I.T./88/ β+, EC/12/

5.0 m

β+ /5.1

3.2

1.51 m

I.T./60/0.052 β+, EC/40/

4.70/

8+

6.4/

3+

1/2+

9/2+

2+

9.6 m

β+/6.45 EC/

3.3/

5+

46. m

I.T./5 / β+, EC/95/

2.6/

1/2−

31.0 m

β+ /3.52

2.1/

9/2+

3.5 m

β+ /

8.7 m

β+ /90/5.06

5+

3.4/

2+

(0.138–1.493) ann.rad./ 0.1264 0.3117 0.7562 1.0752 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.1461 0.3117 0.7562 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.5433(IT) 0.7837 ann.rad./ 0.2293 0.4103 0.6610 0.9416 1.3520 (0.2–3.8) ann.rad./ Tc,Ru x-rays 0.8326 1.0985 1.6921 (0.4–3.3) ann.rad./ 0.4299 0.6315 0.6853 0.7418 0.8326 (0.2–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.4215 2.2452 ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.3892 0.4515 0.8398 0.8788 (0.2–3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6154 0.6524 0.7452 ann.rad./ 0.6524

11-88

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

99m

Rh

99

Rh

98.90820

100m

Rh

100

Rh

99.90812

101m

Rh

101

Rh

100.90616

102m

Rh

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Rh

101.906842

103m

Rh Rh 104mRh 103

104

Rh

100.

103.906655

Rh

Rh

104.905692

106m

Rh

106

Rh

105.90729

Spin π) (h/2π

β+ /8/ EC/92/

.74/

9/2+

16. d

β+/4/2.10 EC/97/

0.54/ 0.68/

1/2−

4.7 m

I.T./99/ β+ /0.4/

20.8 h

β+ /3.63 EC/

4.35 d

EC/92/ I.T./8/0.1573

9/2+

3.3 y

EC/0.54

1/2−

3.74 y

EC/2.323 IT/0.0419 β+

6+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) 5.67

5+

2.62/ 2.07/

1−

+5.51

4.04

/1.2 × 106 y

102

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7623 ann.rad./ 0.2766/ 0.3408 0.6178 1.2612 ann.rad./ 0.0894/ 0.3530 0.5277 (0.1–2.0) ann.rad./ 0.0748/ 0.2647(IT) 0.4462 0.5396 0.5882 0.8225 1.5534 2.3761 Rh k x-ray 0.1272/ 0.3069 0.5451 Ru k x-ray 0.1272 0.1980 0.3252 0.4751 0.6313 0.6975 0.7668 1.0466 1.1032 ann.rad./ 0.4686 0.4751 0.5566 0.6280 1.1032 (0.4–1.6)

4.54 −0.0884

1+

1/2− +4.45

+2.58

Rh k x-ray 0.0514 0.0971 0.5558 0.3581 0.5558 1.2370 (0.35–1.8) Rh k x-ray 0.1296 0.2801 0.3061 0.3189 0.2217 0.4510 0.5119 0.6162 0.7173 0.7484 1.0458 1.5277 0.51186/ 0.61612 0.62187

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot. 107

Rh

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-89

Atomic Mass or Weight 106.90675

108m

Rh

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

21.7 m

β− /1.51

1.20/65 1.5/17

6.0 m

β− /

1.57/

108

107.9087

17. s

β− /4.5

109

108.90874

1.34 m

β− /2.59

2.25/

29. s

β− /

[.6/

5.5/

Rh

Rh

110m

Rh

110

109.9110

3.1 s

β− /5.4

111

Rh Rh 112Rh 113Rh 114mRh 114Rh 115Rh 116mRh 116Rh

110.9117

115.9228

11. s 6.8 s 3.5 s 0.9 s 1.8 s 1.8 s 0.99 s 0.9 s 0.7 s

β− /3.7 β− / β− /6.2 β− /4.9 β− / β− /6.5 β− /6.0 β− / β− /8.0

117

116.925

0.44 s

β− /7.

118

117.929

≈ 0.30 ms

119

118.931 119.936 120.938

>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

Rh

112m

Rh Rh

Rh Rh 121Rh 122Rh 120

Pd

46

111.9140 112.9154 113.9173 114.9201

1+

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) (0.05–3.04) 0.2776 0.3028 0.3925 0.4339 0.4973 0.6189 0.4046 0.4339 0.4973 0.5811 0.6146 0.9014 0.9471 0.1134 0.1780 0.2914 0.3254 0.3268 0.4261 (0.1–1.6) 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967 0.3737 0.4400 0.5463 0.6877 0.8381 0.9045 0.275 0.3489 0.1285

0.3405 0.340 0.398–1.665 0.0346 0.1317 0.379 0.575 0.370–1.037

106.42(1)

β+, p

94

93.9288

9. s

EC, β+ /≈ 6.6

95m

94.92684

13.4 s

EC, β+ /10.2

95.9182

2.03 m

EC, β+ /3.5

1.15/

96.9165

3.1 m

β+, EC/4.8

3.5/

Pd Pd 96Pd

1+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1+

>1.5 µs 1.0 s 1.2 s

Pd

7/2+

1+

90.949 91.9404 92.9359

92

7/2+

1+

Pd Pd 93Pd

91

Spin π) (h/2π

9/2

0.240/81 0.382–0.864 0.5582 (0.0546–0.798)

21/2+

95

97

Pd

5/2+

0.1248 0.4995 ann.rad./ 0.2653 0.4752 0.7927 (0.2–3.4)

11-90

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

98

97.91273

17.7 m

β+ /1.87 EC/

99

98.91181

21.4 m

β+ /49/3.37 EC/51/

100

99.90851

3.7 d

EC/0.36

101

100.90829

8.4 h

β+ /5/1.980 EC/95/

101.905607 102.906087

16.99 d

EC/0.543

0+ 5/2+

20.9 s

I.T./0.2149

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 11/2−

6.5 × 106 y

β− /0.033

4.75 m

I.T./0.1889

13.5 h

β− /1.116

5.5 h

I.T./73/0.172 β− /27/

Pd

Pd

Pd

Pd

102

Pd Pd

1.02(1)

103

104

Pd Pd 106Pd 107mPd 105

11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3)

107

Pd Pd 109mPd 108

26.46(9)

109

Pd

110

Pd Pd

108.905954 11.72(9)

2.18/

0.776/

5/2+

0.03/

1.028

5/2+

5/2+ 0+ 11/2−

5/2+ 0+ 11/2−

0.35 0.77

111

110.90764

23.4 m

β− /2.19

2.2/95

5/2+

112

Pd Pd 113Pd

111.90731

β− /0.29 β− / β− /3.34

0.28/

0+ 5/2+

112.91015

21.04 h 1.48 m 1.64 m

114

113.91037

2.48 m

β− /1.45

115

114.9137

47. s

β− /4.58

116

115.9142

12.7 s

β− /2.61

117

116.9178

4.4 s

β− /5.7

118

117.9189

2.4 s

β− /4.1

119

118.9227

0.9 s

β− /6.5

Pd

113m

Pd

Pd

Pd

Pd Pd Pd

0+

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.0677 0.1125 0.6630 0.8379 ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.2636 0.6734 (0.2–2.85) 0.03271 0.0748 0.0840 ann.rad./ 0.0244 0.2963 0.5904

0+

109.905153

111m

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

103.904034 104.905083 105.903484

106.90513 107.903895

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

−0.66

Rh k x-ray 0.03975 0.3575 0.4971 −0.642

+0.66 Pd k x-ray 0.2149(IT)

Pd x-ray 0.1889(IT)

0.0880 (0.08–1.0) 0.0704 0.1722 0.3912 (0.1–1.97) 0.0598 0.2454 0.5800 0.6504 1.3885 1.4590 0.018 0.0959 0.0958 0.4824 0.6436 0.7394 0.1266 0.2320 0.5582 0.5760 0.1255 0.2554 0.3428 0.1015 0.1147 0.1778 0.2473 0.077–0.403 0.1254 0.028–0.596 0.2566

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-91

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

120

119.9240

0.5 s

121

120.9282 121.9298 122.934

>0.24 µs >0.24 µs >0.15 µs

Pd

Pd Pd 123Pd 124Pd 122

Ag

47

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.070–0.326 0.1581 0.053–0.595

β− /5.0

107.8682(2)

93

Ag Ag 94Ag 95Ag 96mAg 94m

96

Ag

93.9428 94.9355

95.9307

0.03 s 0.38 s 2.0 s 4.4 s 7. s

β+, p/ β+, p/ β+ β+, p β+ /11.6 EC/ β +, p

97

96.9240

19. s

β+ /7.0 EC/

98

97.9218

47.6 s

β+ /8.4 EC/ β +, p

Ag

Ag

99m

Ag

99

Ag

98.9176

100m

Ag

100

Ag

99.9161

101m

Ag

101

Ag

100.9128

(0.539–2.025) 8+ /8. 2+ /21.

5+ /36. /0.11

11. s

I.T./100/

1/2−

2.07 m

β+ /87 5.4 EC/13/

9/2+

2.3 m

β+ / EC/

2+

2.0 m

β+/7.1 EC/

3.1 s

I.T./0.23

11.1 m

β+ /69/4.2 EC/31/

4.7/

5+

1/2−

2.7/

9/2+

5.7

2.18/ 2.73/ 3.38/

102m

Ag

102

Ag

101.91197

7.8 m

β+ /38/ EC/13/ I.T./49/

3.4

2+

+4.14

13.0 m

β+ /78/5.92 EC/22/

2.26/

5+

4.6

ann.rad./ 0.1248 0.4995 (0.1066–1.416) ann.rad./ 0.6862 1.2941 (0.352–3.294) ann.rad./ 0.5711 0.6786 0.8631 (0.153–1.185) Ag k x-ray 0.1636(IT) 0.3426 ann.rad./ 0.2199 0.2645 0.8056 0.8323 (0.2–3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6657 1.6941 ann.rad./ 0.2807 0.4503 0.6657 0.7508 0.7732 Ag k x-ray 0.0981 0.176(IT) ann.rad./ 0.2610 0.2747 0.3269 0.4392 0.6673 1.1739 (0.2–3.1) ann.rad./ 0.5567 0.9777 1.8347 2.0545 2.1594 3.2386 ann.rad./ 0.5564

11-92

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

103m

Ag

103

Ag

102.90897

104m

Ag

104

Ag

103.90863

105m

Ag

105

Ag

104.90653

106m

Ag

106

Ag

105.90667

107m

Ag

107

Ag Ag

51.839(8)

108

Ag

107.905954

Ag 48.161(8)

Ag

109.906111

111m

Ag

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1/2−

1.10 h

β+ /28/2.69 EC/72/

1.7 1.3

7/2+

+4.47

33. m

β+ /64/ EC/36/ I.T./0.07/

2.71/

2+

+3.7

69. m

β+ /16/4.28 EC/84/

0.99/

5+

3.92

7.2 m

I.T./98/0.0255 EC/2 /

7/2+

+4.41

41.3 d

EC/1.35

1/2−

0.1014

8.4 d

EC/

6+

3.71

24.0 m

β+ /59/2.965 EC/41 / I.T./0.093

1+

+2.85

7/2+

+4.40

1.0

1/2− 6+

−0.11357 3.580

+1.3

1+

+2.6884

7/2+

+4.40

+1.0

1/2− 6+

−0.13069 +3.60

+1.4

1+

+2.7271

0.2

/1.96

418. y

EC/92/ I.T./8 /0.079

2.39 m

β− /97/1.65 EC/2/ β− /1/1.92

39.8 s

I.T./0.088

249.8 d

β− /99/ I.T./1 /0.1164

0.087 0.530

24.6 s

β− /2.892

2.22/5 2.89/95

1.08 m

IT/99/0.0598 β− /1/

1.02/1.7 1.65/96 0.88/0.3

7/2+

111

110.905295

7.47 d

β− /1.037

1.035/

1/2−

−0.146

112

111.90701

3.13 h

β− /3.96

3.94/ 3.4

2−

0.0547

1.14 m

I.T./80 /0.043 β− /20 /

Ag Ag

113m

Ag

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

I.T./0.134

108.904756

110m

110

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

106.905093

109m

Ag Ag

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

5.7 s

44.2 s

108m

109

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

7/2+ 1.5

+1.1

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7193 0.163–2.242 Ag k x-ray 0.1344 ann.rad./ 0.1187 0.1482 ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.7657 (0.5–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.9259 0.9416 (0.18–2.27) Ag x-ray 0.3063 0.3192 (0.1–1.0) 0.0640 0.2804 0.3445 0.4434 Pd k x-ray 0.4510 0.5118 0.7173 1.0458 ann.rad./ 0.5119 Ag x-ray 0.0931 Ag k x-ray Pd k x-ray 0.43392 0.61427 0.72290 ann.rad./ 0.43392 0.61885 0.63298 Ag k x-ray 0.0880 0.65774 0.76393 0.88467 0.93748 1.38427 (0.447–1.56) 0.65774 0.8154 1.1257 Ag k x-ray 0.0598 0.2454 0.2454 0.3421 0.6067 0.6174 1.3877 (0.4–2.9) 0.1422 0.2983 0.3161

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-93

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

113

112.90657

5.3 h

β− /2.02

2.01/

1/2−

114

113.90881

4.6 s

β− /5.08

4.9/

1+

18.7 s

β− /

7/2+

20. m

β− /3.10

1/2−

10.5 s

I.T./2 / β− /98 /

3.2/ 2.9

5+

2.68 m

β− /6.16

5.3

2−

5.3 s

β− /

3.2/

7/2+

1.22 m

β− /4.18

2.3

1/2-

2.8 s

β− /59/ I.T./41 /0.1277

Ag Ag

115m

Ag

115

Ag

114.90876

116m

Ag

116

Ag

115.91137

117m

Ag

117

Ag

116.91171

118m

Ag

118

117.9145

4.0 s

β− /7.1

119

118.9157

2.1 s

β− /5.35

0.32 s

β− / I.T./

Ag

Ag

120m

Ag

120

119.9188

1.23 s

β− /8.2

121

120.9198

0.78 s

β− /6.4

1. s 0.44 s 0.31 s 0.22 s 0.17 s 0.11 s 0.11 s 58 ms 0.05 s

β− / β− /9.2 β− /7.4 β− /10.1 β− β− β− β− β −, n

Ag

Ag

122m

Ag Ag 123Ag 124Ag 125Ag 126Ag 127Ag 128Ag 129Ag 122

Cd

48

121.9233 122.9249 123.9285 124.9305 125.9345 126.9369

112.411(8)

7/2+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) 0.159

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3923 0.2588 0.2986 0.5582 0.5760 1.9946 0.1134 0.1315 0.2288 0.3887 0.1316 0.2128 0.2291 0.4727 (0.13–2.49) 0.5134 0.7055 0.255–2.838 0.5134 0.6993 2.4779 0.1354 0.2981 0.3868 0.1571 0.1354 0.3377 0.1277 0.4878 0.6771 0.7709 1.0586 0.4878 0.6771 3.2259 0.0674 0.3662 0.3991 0.6264 0.2030 0.5059 0.6978 0.8300 0.9258 0.5059 0.6978 0.8171 1.3231 0.1150 0.3148 0.3537 0.3696 0.5007 1.5105 (0.11–2.5)

11-94

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

96

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Cd Cd 98Cd

95.9398 96.9349 97.9276

3. s 9.2 s

99

Cd 100Cd

98.9250 99.9203

16. s 1.1 m

101

100.9187

1.2 m

β+ /83/5.5 EC/17/

102

101.91474

5.8 m

β+ /27/2.59 EC/73

0+

103

102.91342

7.5 m

β+ /33/4.14 EC/67/

5/2+

104

103.90985

58. m

EC/1.14

0+

105

104.90947

55.5 m

β+ /26/2.739 EC/74/

105.90646 106.90661

>2.6 × 1017 y 6.52 h

107.90418 108.904985

>4.1 × 1017 y 462.0 d

97

Cd

Cd

Cd

Cd

Cd

106

Cd Cd

1.25(6)

107

108

Cd Cd

0.89(3)

109

110

Cd

12.49(18)

Cd

Cd Cd 113mCd 113Cd 114Cd 115mCd 112

116

Cd Cd

−0.81

−0.8

5/2+

−0.7393

+0.43

β+, EC EC/99+/1.417 β+ /

0+ 5/2+

−0.615055

+0.68

Ag k x-ray 0.0931 0.8289

EC EC EC/0.214

0+ 5/2+

−0.827846

+0.69

Ag k x-ray 0.08804

14.1 y 7.7 × 1015 y

β− /99.9/0.59 β−

0.59/99.9

−1.087 −0.622301

−0.71

0.2637

44.6 d

β− /1.629

0.68/1.6 1.62/97

−1.042

−0.54

114.905431

2.228 d

β− /1.446

0.593/42 1.11/58

1/2+

−0.648426

0.48450 0.93381 1.29064 0.23141 0.26085 0.33624 0.49227 0.52780

115.904756

3.8 × 1019 y 3.4 h

β-ββ− /2.66

12.22(12) 28.73(42)

112.904401 113.903359

117

116.907219

2.49 h

β− /2.52

118

117.90692

50.3 m 2.20 m

β− /0.52 β− /

Cd Cd

119m

1.69/

1/2+ 0+ 11/2− 1/2+ 0+ 11/2−

117m

Cd

5/2+

11/2−

110.904182 111.902758

7.49(18)

4.5

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.090–1.043) In k x-ray 0.0985 1.7225 0.31–2.84) ann.rad./ 0.0974 0.4810 1.0366 1.3598 ann.rad./ Ag k x-ray 1.0799 1.4487 1.4618 (0.1–2.8) Ag k x-ray 0.0835 0.7093 Ag k x-ray 0.3469 0.6072 0.9618 1.3025 (0.25–2.4)

I.T./

12.80(12) 24.13(21)

Cd

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

0+ 48.5 m

115

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

/0.025

109.903006

111m

111

β+, (p) β+ /5.4 (p) β+, EC/6.9 β+, EC/3.9

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.72/

0.67/51 2.2/10

0+ 11/2−

1/2+

0+ 11/2−

Cd k x-ray 0.1508(IT) 0.2454 −0.594886

0.1586 0.5529 0.37–2.42 0.2209 0.2733 0.3445 1.3033 0.1056 0.7208

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-95

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

119

118.90992

2.69 m

β− /3.8

≈ 3.5/

1/2+

120

119.90985

50.8 s 8. s

β− /1.76 β− /

1.5/

0+ 11/2−

Cd

Cd Cd

121m

121

120.9131

13.5 s

β− /4.9

(3/2+)

122

121.9135

β− /3.0 β− / β− /6.12 β− /4.17

0+

122.91770 123.9177

5.3 s 1.9 s 2.09 s 1.24 s

124.92129 125.9224 126.9264 127.9278 128.9323 129.9340

0.66 s 0.68 s 0.52 s 0.4 s 0.28 s 0.27 s 0.162 s

β− / β− /7.16 β− /5.49 β− /8.5 β− /7.1 β− /5.9 β− / β−, n

/≈ 3.5

68 ms 0.10 s

β−, n/

/60

97.9422 98.9346 99.9316 100.9266 101.9243

≈0.03 s 1. s ≈3.8 s 6. s 15. s 22. s

β+ /8.9 β+, (p)/10.5 β+ /7.3 EC/8.9

102.91991

34. s 1.1 m

103.9183

Cd

Cd Cd 123Cd 124Cd 123m

125m

Cd Cd 126Cd 127Cd 128Cd 129Cd 130Cd 125

131

Cd Cd

132

In

49

In In 99In 100In 101In 102In

103m

In In

103

104m

In In

104

105m

In

105

In

104.91467

106m

In

106

In

107m

In

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0250 2.0213 0.1340 0.2929 0.3429 0.1008 0.9878 1.0209 1.1815 2.0594 0.2102 0.3242 0.3492 1.0403

3+ 0+

0.0365 0.0628 0.1799

3/+ 0+ 3/+ 0+

0.2601 0.247 0.281

0+

114.818(3)

98m 98

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

105.91346

(5)

0.1566 0.7767 (0.397–0.923) ann.rad./ 0.1879 (0.157–3.98)

β+, EC/6.05 EC

4.2 /45

9/2+

16. s 1.84 m

IT/0.0935 β+, EC/7.9

4.8

5+

43. s

I.T.

5.1 m

β+, EC/4.85

3.7

9/2+

5.3 m

β+ /85/ EC/15/

4.90

3+

6.2 m

β+ /65/6.52 EC/35/

2.6

7+

51. s

I.T./0.6786

+4.44

+0.7

+5.675

+0.83

+4.92

+0.97

1/2−

1/2−

ann.rad./ 0.6580 0.8341 0.8781 In k x-ray 0.6740 0.1310 0.2600 0.6038 ann.rad./ 0.6326 0.8611 1.7164 ann.rad./ 0.2259 0.6327 0.8611 0.9978 1.0091 In k x-ray

11-96

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

107

In

Atomic Mass or Weight 106.91029

108m

In

108

In

107.90971

109m

In

109

In

108.90715

110m

In

110

In

109.90717

111m

In

111

In

110.90511

112m

In

112

In

111.90553

113m

In

113

In In

4.29(5)

In

115m

In

95.71(5)

114.903879

116m2

In

116m1

In

116

In

117m

In

115.905261

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

2.20/

9/2+

+5.59

+0.81

57. m

β+ /53/ EC/47/

1.3

6+

+4.94

+0.47

40. m

β+ /33/5.15 EC/67/

3.49/

3+

+4.56

+1.01

1.3 m

I.T./0.650

4.2 h

β+ /8/2.02 EC/92/

9/2+

+5.54

+0.84

4.9 h

EC/

7+

+4.72

+1.00

1.15 h

β+ /62/3.88 EC/38/

2+

+4.37

+0.35

7.7 m

I.T./0.537

1/2−

+5.53

2.8049 d

EC/0.866

9/2+

+5.50

+0.80

20.8 m

I.T./0.155

4+

14.4 m

β+ /22/2.586 EC/34/ β− /0.663 I.T./0.3917

1+

+2.82

+0.09

1/2−

−0.210

9/2+ 5+

+5.529 +4.65

1+

+2.82

1/2− 0.79/

2.22/

112.904062

113.904918

In

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

β+ /35/3.43 E.C/65/

49.51 d

114

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

32.4 m

1.658 h

114m

115

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

1.198 m

I.T./97/0.190 EC/3 / β− /97/1.989 EC/3/1.453

1.984/

+0.80 +0.74

4.486 h

I.T./95/0.336 β− /5 /0.83

1/2−

−0.255

4.4 × 1014 y 2.16 s

9/2+ 8−

+5.541 +3.22

+0.81 +0.31

54.1 m

β− /0.495 I.T./0.162 EC β− /

/0.023 1.0

5+

+4.43

+0.80

14.1 s

β− /3.274

3.3/99

1+

2.788

0.11

1.94 h

β− /53/1.769 I.T./47 /

1.77/

1/2−

−0.2517

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6785 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2050 0.3209 0.5055 (0.2–2.99) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6329 1.9863 3.4522 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2429 0.6331 0.8756 In k x-ray 0.6498 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2035 0.6235 Cd k x-ray 0.6577 0.8847 0.9375 (0.1–1.98) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6577 (0.6–3.6) In k x-ray 0.537 Cd k x-ray 0.1712 0.2453 In k x-ray 0.1555 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6171 In k x-ray 0.3917 In k x-ray 0.19027 Cd k x-ray 0.5584 0.5727 1.2998 In k x-ray 0.3362 0.4974 In k x-ray 0.1624 0.13792 0.41688/27 1.09723/58.5 1.29349/85 0.46313 1.2526 1.29349 In k x-ray 0.15855 0.31531

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-97

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

44. m

β− /1.455

118m2

8.5 s

118m1

4.40 m

I.T./98/ β− /2/ β− /

5.0 s

17.9 m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

9/2+

+5.52

+0.83

(8−)

+3.32

+0.44

1.3 2.0

5+

+4.23

+0.80

β− /4.42

4.2/

1+

2.7/

1/2−

−0.32

2.3 m

β− /97/ I.T./3/0.311 β− /2.36

1.6/

9/2+

+5.52

+0.85

120m2

47 s

β− /6.1

8−

+3.692

+0.53

120m1

46. s

β− /5.8

2.2/

5+

+4.30

+0.81

3.1 s

β− /5.37

5.6/ 3.1/

(1+)

3.8 m

β− /99/ I.T./1/0.313

3.7/

1/2−

−0.36

23. s

β− /3.36

2.5

9/2+

+5.50

+0.81

10. s

β− /

4.4/

8−

+3.78

+0.59

1.5 s

β− /6.37

5.3/

(1+)

47. s

β− /

4.6/

(1/2−)

−0.40

6.0 s

β− /4.39

3.3/

(9/2+)

+5.49

+0.76

3.4 s

b-

8−

+3.89

+0.66

123.91318

3.18 s

β− /7.36

5/

3+

+4.04

+0.61

124.91360

12.2 s 2.33 s

β− / β− /5.42

5.5/ 4.1/

1/2− 9/2+

−0.43 +5.50

+0.71

4.9/

3+

+4.03

+0.49

117

In

116.90452

In In

118

In

117.90636

119m

In

119

In

118.90585

In In

120

In

119.90796

121m

In

121

In

120.90785

122m

In

122

In

121.91028

123m

In

123

In

122.91044

124m

In

124

In

125m

In In

125

126m

In

1.53 s

0.74/

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.55294 0.15855 0.3966 0.55294 In k x-ray 0.1382 0.2086 0.6833 1.2295 0.5282 1.1734 1.2295 2.0432 0.3114 0.7631 0.0239 0.6495 0.7631 1.2149 1.171 1.023 1.171 1.023 0.4146 0.5924 0.8637 1.0232 1.1714 (0.4–2.7) 0.0601 0.3136 0.9256 1.0412 1.1022 1.1204 0.2620 0.6573 0.9256 1.0014 1.1403 0.2391 1.0014 1.1403 1.164 1.1903 0.1258 1.170 3.234 0.6188 1.0197 1.1305 0.1029 0.9699 1.0729 1.1316 0.7070 0.9978 1.1316 3.2142 (0.3–4.6) 0.1876 0.4260 1.0318 1.3350 0.9086 0.9696 1.1411

11-98

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

1.63 s

β− /8.21

4.2/

8−

3.73 s

β− /

6.4/

(1/2−)

1.14 s

β− /6.51

4.9/

(9/2+)

0.7 s

β− /

5.4/

(8−)

0.80 s

β− /8.98

5.0/

3+

1.23 s

β− /98/ n/2/

≈7.5/

1/2−

0.63 s

β− /7.66

5.5/

9/2+

130m2

0.53 s

β− /

8.8/

5+

130m1

0.51 s

β− /

6.1/

10−

β− /10.25 β− / β− / β− /9.18

10.0/

130.9268

0.29 s 0.3 s 0.35 s 0.28 s

1− (21/2+) (1/2−) (9/2+)

132

131.9323

≈0.206 s

β− /13.6

6.0/ 8.8/

133

132.9383 133.9447

0.165 s 0.14 s 0.09 s

β−, (n)

126

In

125.91646

127m

In

127

In

126.91734

128m

In

128

In

127.92017

129m

In

129

In

128.9217

In

In

130

In

129.92486

131m2

In 131m1In 131In In

In In 135In 134

Sn

50

6.4/

1.0 s 3. s 3.8 s 7. s 21. s 28. s

β+ /7.3 β+ /9. β+ /5.8 β+ /7.7 β+, EC/4.5 β+ /6.3

106

105.91688

2.0 m

β+ /20/3.18 EC/80/

107

106.9157

2.92 m

EC/5.0 β+ /

1.2/

108

107.91196

10.3 m

β+ /1/2.09 EC/99/

0.36/

Sn

Sn

Sn

+4.06

+5.52

+0.59

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1118 0.9086 1.1411 0.2523 3.074 0.4680 0.6461 0.8051 1.5977 1.8670 1.9739 (0.1205–2.12) 0.9352 1.1688 3.5198 4.2970 0.3153 0.9067 1.2220 0.2853 0.7693 1.8650 2.1180 0.0892 0.7744 1.2212 0.0892 0.1298 0.7744 1.2212 1.9052

0.3328 2.433 0.1320 0.2992 0.3747 4.0406

118.710(7) 99.9394 100.9361 101.9243 102.9281 103.9232 104.9214

101

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(0.354–2.005)

Sn Sn 102Sn 103Sn 104Sn 105Sn

100

(7−)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

3.4/

0+

In-x-ray (0.2879–3.819) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.3865 0.4772 0.4218 0.6105 0.6785 1.0013 1.1290 1.542 In k x-ray 0.2724 0.3965 (0.105–1.68)

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-99

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

109

108.91129

18.0 m

β+ /9/3.85 EC/91/

110

109.90785

4.1 h

EC/0.64

111

110.90774

35. m

β+ /31/2.45 EC/69/

21.4 m

I.T./92/0.077 EC/8/

115.1 d

EC/1.036

1/2+

I.T./0.3146

0+ 1/2+ 0+ 11/2−

−1.0010

I.T./0.0896

1/2+ 0+ 11/2− 1/2+ 0+ 11/2−

−1.0473

Sn

Sn Sn

112

Sn Sn

0.97(1)

Sn

114

112.905174

Sn Sn 116Sn 117mSn

0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9)

117

Sn Sn 119mSn

7.68(7) 24.22(9)

119

8.59(4) 32.58(9)

115

118

Sn Sn 121mSn 120

Sn Sn 123mSn 122

4.63(3)

123

Sn

124

Sn Sn

118.903311 119.902199 44. y

5.79(5)

7/2+

1.128 d

I.T./78/0.006 β− /22/ β− /0.388

0.354/ 0.383/100

40.1 m

β− /1.428

1.26/99

3/2+ 0+ 3/2+

122.905723

129.2 d

β− /1.404

1.42/99.4

11/2−

123.905275

>2.2 × 1018 y 9.51 m

b-bβ− /2.387

2.03/98

0+ 3/2+

120.904239 121.903441

125m

125

124.907785

9.63 d

β− /2.364

2.35/82

11/2−

126

125.90765

2.34 × 105 y

β− /0.38

0.25/100

0+

4.15 m

β− /3.21

2.72/

3/2+

126.91035

2.12 h

β− /3.20

2.42/ 3.2/

11/2−

127.91054

6.5 s 59.1 m

IT/0.091 β− /1.27

Sn Sn

127m

Sn

127

Sn

128m

Sn Sn

128

0.48/ 0.63/

(7−) 0+

129

Sn Sn 130mSn

128.9134

6.9 m 2.4 m 1.7 m

β− / β− /4.0 β− /

130

129.91386

3.7 m

β− /2.15

1.10/

0+

1.02 m

β− /

3.4/

11/2−

129m

Sn

131m

Sn

−1.08

+0.3

+0.61

+0.2

0+ 7/2+

116.902955 117.901608 293. d

121

1.5/

113.902783 114.903347 115.901745 14.0 d

7/2+

0+

111.904822

113m

113

1.52/

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

11/2− 3/2+ (7−)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.6498 1.0992 In k x-ray 0.283 In k x-ray 0.7620 1.1530 1.9147 Sn k x-ray In x-ray 0.0774 In k x-ray 0.25511 0.39169

−0.879

−0.9188 −1.396

−0.4

Sn k x-ray 0.15856

0.21

Sn k x-ray 0.02387

−1.388

−0.14

Sn k x-ray 0.03715

0.698

−0.02

−1.370

−1.4

−1.35

+0.03

+0.1

0.1603 0.3814 0.1603 1.0302 1.0886 0.3321 1.4040 1.0671 (0.2–2.3) 0.0643 0.0876 0.4148 0.6663 0.6950 0.4909 1.3480 1.5640 0.8231 1.0956 (0.120–2.84) 0.4823 0.5573 0.6805 1.1611 0.6456 0.1449 0.8992 0.0700 0.1925 0.7798 0.3043 0.4500

11-100

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

130.9169 131.91775

39. s 40. s

β− /4.69 β− /3.12

3.8/ 1.8/

3/2+

Sn Sn 135Sn

132.9236 133.9278 134.9347

1.44 s 1.04 s 0.53 s

β− /7.8 β− /6.8 β −, n

7.5/

7/2−

136

Sn Sn

135.9393 136.946

0.25 s 0.19 s

β −, n β −, n

/30. /≈ 58

Sb

121.760(1)

β+ /10.5 β+ /7.9

131

Sn Sn

132

133 134

137

51

Sb Sb 105Sb 106Sb 107Sb

102.9401 103.9363 104.9315 105.9288 106.9242

>1.5 µs 0.5 s 1.1 s 0.6 s 4.0 s

108

107.9222 108.91814

7.0 s 17.3 s

β+ /9.5 β+ /6.38 EC/

110

109.9175

24. s

β+ /9.0 EC/

111

110.91254

1.25 m

112

111.91240

113

112.90937

103 104

Sb Sb

109

Sb

Sb

Sb

Sb

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.7985 1.2260 (0.08–3.21) see 131mSn 0.0855 0.2467 0.3402 0.8985

/21.

0.282 0.733–1.855

4.42/ 4.67/ 4.33/ 6.8/

5/2+

β+ /87/4.47 EC/13 /

3.3/

5/2+

51.4 s

β+ /90/7.06 EC/10/

4.75/

3+

6.7 m

β+ /65/3.91

2.42/

5/2+

3+

EC/35/

114

113.9091

3.49 m

β+ /78/5.9 EC/22/

3.4/

3+

1.7

115

114.90660

32.1 m

β+ /67/3.03 EC/33/

1.51/

5/2+

+3.46

1.00 h

β+ /78/ EC/22/

1.16/

8−

2.6

16. m

β+ /50/4.707 EC/50/

1.3/ 2.3/

3+

2.72

Sb

Sb

116m

Sb

116

Sb

115.90680

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

−0.4

1.280 0.1515 0.6666 0.553–2.046 (0.151–1.280) 0.925 1.062 0.261–2.127 ann.rad./ 0.6365 0.9847 1.2117 1.2433 ann.rad./ 0.1002 0.1545 0.4891 1.0326 ann.rad./ 0.6700 0.9909 1.2571 ann.rad./ (0.3–3.6) Sn k x-ray 0.3324 0.4980 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.8876 1.2999 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.4973 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.4073 0.5429 0.9725 1.2935 (0.0998–1.501) ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.93180 1.29354 (0.138–3.903)

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

117

Sb

11-101

Atomic Mass or Weight 116.90484

118m

Sb

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 2.80 h 5.00 h

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

β+ /2/1.76 EC/98/ EC/99/

0.57/

2.65/

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

5/2+

+3.4

8−

2.3

1+

2.5

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

118

117.905533

3.6 m

β+ /74/3.657 EC/26/

119

118.90395

38.1 h

EC/0.59

5/2+

+3.45

5.76 d

EC/

8−

2.34

15.89 m

β+ /41/2.68 EC/59/

1+

+2.3

I.T./0.162

5/2+ 8−

+3.363

4.19 m

2.72 d

β− /98/1.979 β+ /2/1.620

2−

−1.90

+0.9

−0.5

I.T./0.035 I.T./80/ β− /20/

7/2+ 8− 5+

+2.550

20.3 m 1.6 m

Sb

Sb

120m

Sb

120

Sb

121

Sb Sb

119.90508

57.21(5)

120.903822

122m

122

Sb

123

Sb Sb 124m1Sb

121.90518

42.79(5)

1.72/

1.414/65 1.980/26

122.904216

124m2

1.2/ 1.7/

124

123.905938

60.20 d

β− /2.905

0.61/52 2.301/23

3−

1.2

125

124.905247

2.758 y

β− /0.767

0.13/30 0.302/45 0.62/13

7/2+

+2.63

126m2

11. s

I.T./

126m1

19.0 m

β− /86 / I.T./14 /

1.9

5+

Sb

Sb

Sb Sb

3−

126

125.90725

12.4 d

β− /3.67

1.9

8−

1.3

127

126.906914

3.84 d

β− /1.581

0.89/ 1.10/ 1.50/

7/2+

2.70

10.1 m

β− /96/ I.T./4/

2.6/

5+

9.1 h

β− /4.38

2.3/

8−

Sb

Sb

128m

Sb

128

Sb

127.90917

1.3

−0.4

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) Sn k x-ray 0.1586 Sn k x-ray 0.25368 1.05069 1.22964 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 1.22964 Sn k x-ray 0.0239 Sn k x-ray 0.0898 0.19730 1.02301 1.17121 ann.rad./ Sn k x-ray 0.7038 1.17121

−0.4

+1.9

Sb x-ray 0.0614 0.0761 0.56409 0.69277 1.14050 1.2569

0.4984 0.6027 0.6458 1.1010 0.60271/97.8 0.64583/7.4 0.72277/10.5 1.69094/48.2 (0.0274–2.808) 0.0355 0.17632 0.38044 0.42786 0.46336 0.60060 0.63595 L x-ray 0.0227 0.4148 0.6663 0.6950 0.2786 0.4148/83.3 0.6663/99.7 0.6950/99 0.7205 0.2524 0.2908 0.4121 0.4370 0.6857 0.7837 0.3140 0.5941 0.7432 0.7539 0.2148

11-102

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

129m

Sb

129

Sb

128.90915

130m

Sb

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

17.7 m

β− /

4.40 h

β− /2.38

0.65/

6.5 m

β− /2.6

2.12/

Spin π) (h/2π

7/2−

130

129.91155

38.4 m

β− /4.96

2.9/

8−

131

130.9120

23.0 m

β− /3.20

1.31/ 3.0/

7/2+

2.8 m

β− /

3.9/

4+

Sb

Sb

132m

Sb

132

131.91420

4.2 m

β− /5.49

133

132.9152

2.5 m

β− /4.00

1.20/

7/2+

134

133.9206

10.4 s 0.8 s

β− / β− /8.4

6.1 8.4

7− 0−

135

134.9252

1.71 s

β− /8.12

136

135.9301 136.9353 137.9410 138.946

0.82 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /9.3

105.9377 106.9350

0.06 ms 3.1 ms

108

107.9295

2.1 s

109

108.9275

4.6 s

Sb

Sb

134m

Sb Sb

Sb

Sb Sb 138Sb 139Sb 137

Te

52

110

109.9224

19. s

111

110.9211

19.3 s

β+, EC/8.0

Te Te

107

Te Te Te

Te

2.82

8−

7/2+

3.00

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3141 0.5265 0.7433 0.7540 0.4338 0.6578 0.7598 0.0278 0.1808 0.3594 0.4596 0.5447 0.8128 0.9146 1.0301 0.1023 0.7934 0.8394 0.1823 0.3309 0.4680 0.7394 0.8394 0.6423 0.6579 0.9331 0.9434 0.1034 0.3538 0.6968 0.9739 0.9896 0.1034 0.1506 0.6968 0.9739 0.4235 0.6318 0.8165 1.0764 0.1152 0.2970 0.7063 1.2791 1.127 1.279

127.60(3) α/4.32 α/ 70/ β+, EC/10.1 α /68 / β+, EC/32 /6.8 β+ EC/96 /8.7 α/4 / β+, EC/4.5

106

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

/100 3.86(1)/ 3.314(4)/

0+

3.107(4)/ 0+

(7/2+)

0.7523 0.287–2.045 ann.rad./ 0.2191 0.6059 ann.rad./ 0.267 0.322

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-103

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

112

111.9171

2.0 m

β+, EC/4.3

113

112.9154

1.7 s

β+ /85/5.7 EC/15/

114

113.9125

15. m

β+ /40/3.2 EC/60/

0+

6.7 m

β+ /45/ EC/55/

(1/2+)

Te

Te

Te

115m

Te

115

114.9116

5.8 m

β+ /45/4.6 EC/55/

116

115.9084

2.49 h

EC/1.5

117

116.90864

1.03 h

EC/75/3.54 β+ /25/

118

117.90583

6.00 d 4.69 d

EC/0.28 EC/

16.0 h

β+ /2/2.293 EC/98/

≈ 154. d 16.8 d

I.T. (89%) EC(11%) EC/1.04

119.7 d

I.T./0.247

>5.3 × 1016 y

EC/0.051

58. d

I.T./0.145

Te

Te Te

Te Te

119m

119

Te

120

Te Te

118.90641

0.09(1)

121

Te

122

Te Te

120.90494

2.55(12)

123

Te Te 125mTe

0.89(3) 4.74(14)

125

7.07(15) 18.84(25)

124

Te Te 127mTe 126

Te Te 129mTe 128

31.74(8)

129

Te

130

Te Te

131m

122.904271 123.902819

34.08(62)

2.7/

1.78/

0.627/

126.905217 127.904462

9.4 h 2.2 × 1024 y 33.6 d

I.T./98/0.088 β− /2/0.77 β− /0.698 β− β − I.T./63/0.105 β− /37/

128.906596

1.16 h

β− /1.498

129.906223

8 × 1020 y 1.35 d

β− β − β− /78/2.4

(7/2+)

7/2+

1/2+

0+ 11/2−

0.89

1/2+

0.25

0+ 11/2−

0.90

Te k x-ray 0.2122 Sb k x-ray 0.5076 0.5731

−0.93

Te k x-ray 0.1590/84.1

1/2+

0+ 11/2−

0.696/

1/2+ 0+ 11/2−

−0.73695

1/2+ 0+ 11/2−

−0.8885

3/2+ 0+ 11/2−

0.64

3/2+

0.70

0+ 11/2−

−1.04

−0.99

−0.06

−1.04

0.42/

Te k x-ray 0.0355

Te k x-ray 0.0883 0.3603

−1.09

1.60/ 0.99/9 1.45/89

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.341 ann.rad./ 0.2962 0.3727 0.4187 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.8144 1.0181 1.1812 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.0838 0.0903 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 0.7704 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 1.3268 1.3806 (0.22–2.7) Sb k x-ray 0.0937 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.9197 1.7164 2.3000 Sb k x-ray Sb k x-ray 0.15360 0.2705 1.21271 ann.rad. Sb k x-ray 0.6440 0.6998

0+

124.904424 125.903305 109. d

127

4.5/

121.903056

123m

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

119.90403

121m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.06

Te k x-ray 0.45984 0.6959 0.0278 0.45984 0.48728 0.0811

11-104

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

I.T./22/0.18

131

130.908522

25.0 m

β− /2.233

132

131.90852

3.26 d

β− /0.51

55.4 m

Te

Te

133m

Te

1.35/12 1.69/22 2.14/60 0.215

3/2+

β− /82/ I.T./18/0.334

2.4/30

11/2−

0+

133

132.9109

12.4 m

β− /2.94

2.25/25 2.65

3/2+

134

133.9116

42. m

β− /1.51

0+

135

134.9165

19.0 s

β− /6.0

0.6/ 0.7/ 5.4/ 6.0

136

135.92010

17.5 s

β− /5.1

2.5/

0+

137

136.9253

2.5 s

6.8

7/2−

138

137.9292 138.9347 139.9387 140.9444 141.949

1.4 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /98 /6.9 n/2 / β− /6.4

3.95

Te

Te Te

Te Te

Te Te 140Te 141Te 142Te 139

I

53

108

I I

109

107.9436 108.9382

0.04 s 0.11 ms

α/91/4. p

109.9346

0.65 s

110.9303

2.5 s

112

111.9280

3.4 s

β+, EC/10.2

113

112.9237

5.9 s

β+, EC/7.6

114

113.9219

2.1 s

β+, EC/8.7

115

114.9188

1.3 m

β+, EC/6.7

116

115.9167

2.9 s

β+ /97/7.8 EC/3/

6.7/

1+

117

116.9136

2.22 m

β+, EC/4.7

3.2/

(5/2+)

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

0.1021 0.14973 0.77369 0.79375 0.85225 0.14973 0.45327 0.49269 0.049725 0.11198 0.22830 Te k x-ray 0.0949 0.1689 0.3121 0.3341 0.3121 0.4079 1.3334 0.7672/29 0.0794–0.9255 0.267 0.603 0.870 2.0779/25 0.0873–3.235 0.2436

0.593/100 0.717/63 0.496–1.057 ann.rad./

111

I

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

126.90447(3)

β+, EC/83/11.4 α/17/≈3.6 p/11/ β+, E../8.5

110

0.70

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

3.457(10)/

5/2+

3.1

ann.rad./ 0.2665 0.3215 0.3412 ann.rad./ 0.6889 0.7869 ann.rad./ 0.4625/100 0.6224/74 0.0550–1.422 ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ 0.275 0.284 0.460 0.709 ann.rad./ 0.5402 0.6789 ann.rad./ 0.2744

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-105

Atomic Mass or Weight

118m

I

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

8.5 m

β+, EC/ I.T.

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 4.9/

118

117.9134

14. m

β+, EC/7.0

119

118.9102

19. m

β+ /54/3.5 EC/46/

2.4/

53. m

β+ /80/ EC/20/

3.8

I

I

120m

I

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

7−

4.2

2−

2.0

(5/2+)

+2.9

4.2

120

119.91005

1.35 h

β+ /56/5.62 EC/

4.03 4.60

2−

1.23

121

120.90737

2.12 h

β+ /13/2.27 EC/87/

1.2/

5/2+

2.3

122

121.90760

3.6 m

β+ /4.234 EC/

3.1/

1+

+0.94

123

122.905605

13.2 h

EC/1.242

5/2+

2.82

124

123.906211

4.18 d

β+ /23/3.160 EC/77/

2−

1.44

125

124.904624

59.4 d

EC/0.1861

5/2+

2.82

126

125.905619

13.0 d

EC/ β+ /2.155 β− /1.258/47

2−

1.44

I

I

I

I I

I I

127

I I

100.

128

129

I

β− /2.118 EC/1.251

2.13/

5/2+ 1+

+2.8133

25.00 m

128.904988

1.7 × 107 y

β− /0.194

0.15/

7/2+

+2.621

9.0 m

I

130

129.906674

12.36 h

I.T./83/0.048 β− /17/ β− /2.949

131

130.906125

8.021 d

β− /0.971

131.90800

1.39 h 2.28 h

IT β− /14/3.58 I.T./86/

I

132m

I

132

I

−0.89

1.13/ 0.87/ 1.25/

126.904468 127.905805

130m

I

1.54/ 2.14/ 0.75/

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.3259 ann.rad./ 0.104 0.5998 0.6052 0.6138 ann.rad./ 0.5448 0.6052 1.3384 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2575 ann.rad. Te k x-ray 0.4257 0.5604 0.6147 1.3459 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5604 0.6411 1.5230 (0.43–3.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2122 (0.14–1.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5641 Te k x-ray 0.1590 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.6027/62.9 0.7228/10.3 1.6910/11.2 (0.31–1.73) Te k x-ray 0.0355 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.3887 0.6622

−0.79

−0.55

2+ 1.04/ 0.62

5+

3.35

0.606/

7/2+

+2.742

−0.40

8− 4+

3.09

0.09

0.80/ 1.03/ 1.2/ 1.6/

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

Te k x-ray 0.44287 0.52658 Xe k x-ray 0.0396 I k x-ray 0.5361 0.4180 0.5361 0.6685 0.7395 0.08017 0.28431 0.36446 0.63699 I k x-ray 0.0980 0.5059 0.52264

11-106

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

2.16/

133m

I

133

I

132.90781

134m

I

9. s

I.T./1.63

20.8 h

β− /1.77

3.7 m

I.T./98/0.316 β− /2/

19/2−

1.24/85

7/2+

8−

134

133.9099

52.6 m

β− /4.05

1.2/

4+

135

134.91005

6.57 h

β− /2.63

0.9/ 1.3/

7/2+

47. s

β− /

4.7/ 5.2/

6−

I

I

136m

I

136

135.91466

1.39 m

β− /6.93

4.3/ 5.6/

2−

137

136.91787

24.5 s

β− /5.88

5.0/

(7/2+)

138

137.9224

6.5 s

β− /7.8

6.9/ 7.4/

2−

139

138.92609

2.30 s

β− /6.81 n/

140

139.9310

0.86 s

β− /8.8 n/

141

140.9351 141.9402 142.9441 143.9496

0.45 s ≈0.2 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

β− /7.8 β−

109.9445

0.2 s

110.9416

0.9 s 0.7 s

β+ /9.2 α EC, β+ EC, β+ /10.6 α/

I

I

I

I

I

I I 143I 144I 142

Xe

54

110

Xe

Xe 111Xe

(3)

131.293(6)

111m

+2.86

/≈ 64

3.58(1)/

2.94

−0.27

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.63019 0.6506 0.66768 0.77260 0.95457 I kx-ray 0.0730 0.6474 0.9126 0.51056 0.52989 0.87537 I k x-ray 0.0444 0.2719 0.1354 0.84702 0.88409 0.2884 0.41768 0.52658 1.13156 1.26046 0.1973 0.3468 0.3701 0.3814 1.3130 (0.16–2.36) 0.3447 1.3130 1.3211 2.2896 (0.3–6.1) 0.6010 1.2180 1.2201 1.3026 1.5343 (0.25–4.4) 0.4836 0.5888 0.8752 (0.4–5.3) 0.192 0.198 0.273 0.382 0.386 0.468 0.683 1.313 0.372 0.377 0.457

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-107

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Xe Xe 114Xe

111.9357 112.9334 113.9281

3. s 2.8 s 10.0 s

EC, β+ /7.2 EC, β+ /9.1 β+, EC/5.9

115

114.9270 115.9214

18. s 56. s

β+, EC/7.6 β+, EC/4.3

117

116.9206

1.02 m

β+, EC/6.5

118

117.917

≈ 4. m

β+, EC/3.

2.7/

0+

119

118.9156

5.8 m

β+, EC/5.0

3.5/

7/2+

120

119.91216

40. m

β+, EC/97/1.96 β+ /3/

121

120.91138

39. m

β+ /44/3.73 EC/56/

122

121.9086

20.1 h

EC/0.9

123

122.90848

2.00 h

β+ /23/2.68 EC/77/

123.905895

>1017 y 57. s

β −β − I.T./0.252

17.1 h

EC/1.653

1.15 m

112 113

Xe Xe

116

Xe

Xe

Xe

Xe

Xe

Xe Xe

124

Xe Xe

0.0953(27)

125m

125

Xe

126

Xe Xe

124.906398

0.0890(14)

127

Xe

128

Xe Xe

126.905179

1.910(22)

129

Xe Xe

130

26.40(18) 4.071(53)

128.904780 129.903509

0+

3.3/

(5/2+) 0+

(5/2+)

−0.594

+1.16

−0.654

+1.31

−0.701

+1.33

0+

2.8/

5/2+

0+ −0.150

(9/2−)

−0.745

1/2+

−0.269

I.T./0.297

0+ (9/2−)

−0.884

36.34 d

EC/0.662

1/2+

−0.504

8.89 d

I.T./0.236

0+ 11/2−

−0.891

127.903531

129m

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

α/0.8/

1/2+

125.90427

127m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1.51/

0.47/

1/2+ 0+

−0.7780

ann.rad./ 0.1031 0.1616 0.3085 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1042 0.1916 0.2477 0.3107 0.4127 ann.rad./ 0.2214 0.5190 0.6389 0.6613 ann.rad./ 0.0535 0.0600 0.1199 0.0873 0.1000 0.2318 0.4615 I k x-ray 0.0251 0.0726 0.1781 (0.1–1.03) ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1328 0.2527 0.4452 (0.1–3.1) I k x-ray 0.3501 ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1489 0.1781 (0.1–2.1)

+0.42

Xe k x-ray 0.1111 0.141 I k x-ray 0.1884 0.2434

+0.69

Xe k x-ray 0.1246 0.1725 I k x-ray 0.1721 0.2029 0.3750

+0.64

Xe k x-ray 0.0396 0.1966

11-108

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

I.T./0.164

11/2−

−0.9940

+0.73

+0.69186

−0.12

2.19 d

I.T./0.233

3/2+ 0+ 11/2−

−1.082

+0.77

132.905906

5.243 d

β− /0.427

0.346/99

3/2+

+0.813

+0.14

133.905395

>1.1 × 1016 Y 15.3 m

β− β− I.T./

0+ 11/2−

1.103

+0.62

134.90721

9.10 h

β−/1.15

0.91/

3/2+

0.903

+0.21

135.90722 136.91156

>0.8 × 1021 y 3.82 m

β−β− β− /4.17

0+ 7/2−

−0.970

−0.49

138

137.91399

14.1 m

β− /2.77

0.8/ 2.4/

139

138.91879

39.7 s

β− /5.06

4.5/ 5.0/

−0.304

+0.40

140

139.9216

13.6 s

β− /4.1

2.6

0+

141

140.9267

1.72 s

β− /6.2

6.2/

5/2+

+0.010

−0.58

142

141.9297

1.22 s

β− /5.0

3.7/ 4.2/

0+

142.9352 143.9385 144.9437 145.9473 146.9530

0.96 s 0.30 s 1.2 s 0.9 s >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

bβ− /7.3 β− /6.1 β−, (n)

−0.460

+0.93

131mXe

131

Xe Xe 133mXe 132

11.9 d 21.233(62) 26.9087(680)

133

Xe

134

Xe Xe

10.436(29)

130.905083 131.904155

135m

135

Xe

136

Xe Xe

137

Xe

Xe

Xe

Xe

Xe

8.858(33)

143m

Xe Xe 144Xe 145Xe 146Xe 147Xe

143

Cs

55

112

111.9503 112.9445 113.9408

0.5 ms 17. µs 0.58 s

p p β+, EC/11.8

115

114.9359

≈ 1.4 s 0.7 s

β+, EC/8.4 β, EC/

115.9330

3.8 s

β+, EC/10.8

Cs Cs

116m

116

Cs

0+

Xe k x-ray 0.16398

Xe k x-ray 0.23325 Cs k x-ray 0.080998 0.1606 Xe k x-ray 0.52658 0.24975 0.60807 0.45549 0.8489 0.9822 1.2732 1.7834 2.8498 0.1538 0.2426 0.2583 0.4345 1.76826 2.0158 0.1750 0.2186 0.2965 (0.1–3.37) 0.0801 0.6220 0.8055 1.4137 (0.04–2.3) 0.1187 0.9095 (0.05–2.55) 0.0338 0.0729 0.2038 0.3091 0.4145 0.5382 0.5718 0.6181 0.6448

132.90545(2)

Cs Cs 114Cs 113

4.1/ 3.6/

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

0.81 0.96 1+

ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3935 ann.rad./ 0.3935

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-109

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5243 0.6151 0.6223

117.92654

6.5 s ≈ 8.4 s 17. s 14. s

β+, EC/ β+, EC/7.5 β+, EC/ β+, EC/9.

118.92234

29. s 43. s

119.92066

117m

Cs Cs 118mCs 118Cs 117

116.9286

ann.rad./ 2

5. +3.88

+1.4

β+, EC/6.3

3/2 9/2+

+0.84 +5.5

+0.9 +2.8

60. s 64. s

β+, EC/ β+, EC/7.92

2+

+3.87

+1.45

2.0 m

I.T./60/ β+ /40/

(9/2+)

+5.41

+2.7

4.4

2.3 m

β+, EC/5.40

4.38/

3/2+

+0.77

+0.84

4.4 m 0.36 s

β+, EC IT

8−

+4.77

+3.3

21. s

β+, EC/7.1

(1+)

−0.133

−0.19

1.6 s

I.T./

122.91299

5.87 m

β+ /75/4.20 EC/25/

124

123.91225

6.3 s 30. s

IT β+ /9 /5.92 EC/8 /

125

124.90972

45. m

126

125.90945

127

119m

Cs Cs

119

120m

Cs Cs

120

121m

Cs

121

Cs

120.91718

122m2

Cs Cs

122m1

122

Cs

121.91614

123m

Cs

5.8/

11/2− 3.0/

1/2+

+1.38

≈5.

7+ 1+

+0.673

β+ /40/3.09 EC/60/

2.06/

1/2+

+1.41

1.64 m.

β+ /81/4.83 EC/19/

3.4 3.7/

1+

+0.78

126.90741

6.2 h

β+ /96/2.08 EC/4/

0.65/ 1.06

1/2+

+1.46

128

127.90775

3.62 m

β+ /68/3.930 EC/32 /

2.44/ 2.88/

1+

+0.97

129

128.90606

1.336 d

EC/1.195

1/2+

+1.49

123

Cs

124m

Cs Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

−0.74

−0.68

−0.57

ann.rad./ 0.3372 0.4727 0.5865 0.5906 ann.rad./ 0.169 0.176 0.224 0.257 ann.rad./ 0.3224 0.4735 0.5534 (0.3–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.1794 0.1961 ann.rad./ 0.1537 (0.08–0.56) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.4971 0.6385 (0.27–2.22) ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.5120 0.8179 Cs k x-ray 0.0946 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.0974 0.5964 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3539 0.4925 0.9418 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.112 0.526 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3886 0.4912 0.9252 Xe k x-ray 0.1247 0.4119 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.4429 Xe k x-ray 0.3719

11-110

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4115

130m

Cs 130Cs

131

Cs 132Cs

133

Cs Cs

100.

129.90671

3.5 m 29.21 m

130.90546 131.906430

9.69 d 6.48 d

Cs

1.98/

133.906714

2.91 h

I.T./0.139

2.065 y

β− /2.059

5− 1+

+0.629 +1.46

+1.45 −0.06

5/2+ 2−

+3.54 +2.22

−0.58 +0.51

7/2+ 8−

+2.582 +1.098

−0.0037 +1.0

4+

+2.994

+0.39

19/2−

+2.18

+0.9

+2.732 +1.32 +3.71

+0.05 +0.7 +0.2

0.44/1.6

132.905447

134m

134

IT, β+, EC β+ /55/2.98 EC/43/ β− /1.6/0.37 EC/0.352 EC/98/ β+ /0.3/2.120 β− / /1.280

0.089/27 0.658/70

EC/1.22 135m

Cs

53. m

I.T./1.627 β− /0.269 I.T./ β− /2.548

0.205/100 0.341/

7/2+ 8 5+

Cs Cs 136Cs

134.905972 135.907307

2.3 × 106 y 19. s 13.16 d

137

136.907085

30.2 y

β− /1.176

0.514/95

7/2+

+2.84

+0.05

2.9 m

I.T./75 β− /25 /

/0.080 3.3

6−

+1.71

−0.40

135

136m

Cs

138m

Cs

138

137.91101

32.2 m

β− /5.37

2.9/

3−

+0.700

+0.12

139

138.913359

9.3 m

β− /4.213

4.21

7/2+

+2.70

−0.07

140

139.91727

1.06 m

β− /6.22

5.7/ 6.21/

1−

+0.13390

−0.11

141

140.92005

24.9 s

β− /5.26

5.20/

7/2+

+2.44

−0.4

142

141.92430

1.8 s

β− /7.31

6.9/ 7.28

143

142.92732

1.78 s

β− /6.24

6.1

(3/2+)

+0.87

+0.47

144

143.93203

1.01 s

β− /8.47

8.46/ 7.9/

1

−0.546

+0.30

145

144.93541

0.59 s

β− /7.89

7.4/ 7.9/

3/2+

+0.784

+0.6

146

145.94024 146.9439

0.322 s 0.227 s

β−, (n)/9.38 β−, (n)/9.3

≈ 9.0

2−

−0.515

+0.22

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs

Cs Cs

147

ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.5361 Xe k x-ray Xe k x-ray 0.4646 0.6302 0.66769 Cs k x-ray 0.12749 0.56327 0.56935 0.60473 0.79584 0.7869 0.8402

0.06691 0.34057 0.81850 1.04807 Ba k x-ray 0.66164 Cs k x-ray 0.0799 0.1917 0.4628 1.43579 0.1381 0.46269 1.00969 1.43579 2.21788 0.6272 1.2832 (0.4–3.66) 0.5283 0.6023 0.9084 (0.41–3.94) Ba k x-ray 0.0485 0.5616 0.5887 1.1940 (0.05–3.33) 0.3596 0.9668 1.1759 1.3265 0.1955 0.2324 0.3064 (0.17–1.98) 0.1993 0.5598 0.6392 0.7587 0.1126 0.1755 0.1990

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

148

Cs Cs 150Cs 151Cs

11-111

Atomic Mass or Weight 147.9490 148.9527 149.9580 150.9620

149

Ba

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

0.15 s >50 ms >50 ms >50 ms

β−, (n)/10.5

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

114

113.9509

0.43 s

115

Ba Ba 117Ba 118Ba 119Ba 120Ba

114.948 115.9417 116.9377 117.9466 118.931 119.9260

0.45 s 1.3 s 1.8 s 5.2 s 5.4 s 24. s

β+, (p) a β+, (p) β+, (p) β+, (p), EC/8.4 β +, β+, EC/8. β+, EC/5.0

121

Ba Ba 123Ba

120.9245 121.9203 122.9189

30. s 2.0 m 2.7 m

β+, EC/6.8 β+, EC/3.8 β+, EC/5.5

124

123.91509

12. m

β+, EC/2.65

125

124.9146

8. m 3.5 m

β+, EC/ β+, EC/4.6

126

125.91124

1.65 h

β+ /2/1.67 EC/98 /

0+

127

126.9111

1.9 s 12.9 m

IT β+ /54/3.5 EC/46/

7/2− 1/2+

128

127.90831

2.43 d

EC/0.52

0+

2.17 h

EC/98/ β+ /2/

128.90868

2.2 h

β+ /20/2.43 EC/80/

129.90631

9.5 ms 2.2 × 1021 y 14.6 m

I.T./2.475 β+ β + I.T./0.187

130.90693

11.7 d

131.905056

1.3 × 1021 y 1.621 d

Ba

116

122

Ba

125m

Ba Ba

Ba

127m

Ba Ba

Ba

129m

Ba

129

Ba

130m

Ba Ba 131mBa

0.106(1)

131

Ba

132

Ba Ba

133m

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

137.327(7)

56

130

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.101(1)

p/20 /0.9 p/0.15 µs

β− /5.75 β−, n/5.11 β−, (n)/7.3

5.5/

23 ms

p

0.806/

2.8 s 5.3 s 9. s 17. s 30. s 0.39 s

EC, β+ /11.

Ba

Ba

Ba

Ba

Ba

Ba Ba 149Ba 150Ba 151Ba 152Ba 153Ba 148

La

57

117

La La 119La 120La 121La 122La 123La 124La 125mLa 118

3/2−

138.9055(2) 116.950 117.946 118.941 119.938 120.9330 121.9307 122.9262 123.9245

EC, β+/≈ 9.7 EC/7. EC/ ≈ 8.8

3/2+

(7+)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2761 Cs k x-ray 0.08099 0.35600

0.7717

β− /2.317

Ba

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

1/2+

1.396 h

Ba

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

EC/0.517

136.905822 137.905242 138.908836

138

11.232(24) 71.698(42)

Spin π) (h/2π

10.53 y

135.904571

137m

137

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

134.905684

136m

136

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

133.904504

135m

135

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Ba k x-ray 0.2682 Ba k x-ray 0.8185 1.0481

−0.99

+0.8

+0.9374

+0.245

−0.97

−0.57

−0.34

+0.45

+0.44

−0.88

−0.28

+1.22

Ba k x-ray 0.66164

0.16585 1.2544 1.42033 0.16268 0.30485 0.53727 0.1903 0.2770 0.3042 (0.1–2.5) 0.23152 0.25512 0.3090 1.2040 0.1786 0.21148 0.7988 (0.17–2.4) La k x-ray 0.10386 0.1566 0.1728 0.3882 0.43048 La k x-ray 0.0918 0.09709 0.0644 0.2513 0.3270 0.3329 0.3622

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-113

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

124.9207

1.2 m

β+, EC/5.6

126

125.9194

0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

147

La

La La 153La 154La 155La 152

Ce

58

119

β− /6.6 β− /5.0 β− /7.26 β− /5.5

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 6.2/ 4.6/

Spin π) (h/2π

118.953 119.947 120.944 121.938 122.936 123.931 124.929

0.1335 0.009–1.709 x-ray (0.097–0.209)

126

3.8 s 6. s 9.6 s

β+, EC/≈8.6 EC/≈5.6 β+, EC/7.

125.9241 126.9228

50. s 32. s

EC/4. β+, EC/6.1

128

127.9189

4.1 m

β+, EC/3.2

129

128.9187

3.5 m

β+, EC/5.6

130

129.9147

26. m

β+, EC/2.2

5. m

β+ EC

10. m

β+, EC/4.0

9.4 ms

IT/2.340

3.5 h

EC/1.3

0+

1.6 h

β+, EC/

1/2+

Ce Ce Ce

131m

Ce

131

Ce

130.9144

132m

Ce

132

Ce

131.9115

133m

Ce

ann.rad./ 7/2−

0+

2.8/

133

132.9116

5.4 h

β+/8/2.9 EC/92/

134

133.9090

3.16 d

EC/0.5

0+

20. s

I.T./0.446

11/2−

17.7 h

β+/1 /2.026 EC/99 /

Ce

Ce

135m

Ce

135

Ce

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

2−

β +, p

Ce Ce

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(2−)

1.1 s

127

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

140.116(1)

Ce Ce 121Ce 122Ce 123Ce 124Ce 125Ce 120

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

134.90915

1.3/

0.8/

9/2−

1/2+

ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.1666 0.056–1.329 ann.rad./ (0.058–1.148) ann.rad./ (0.023–0.880) ann.rad./ (0.0675–1.015) ann.rad./ La k x-ray 0.047–1.431 ann.rad./ 0.2304 0.3955 0.4213 ann.rad. 0.119 0.169 0.414 0.3255 0.10–0.955 La k x-ray 0.1554 0.1821 ann.rad. 0.0769 0.0973 0.5577 ann.rad. 0.0584 0.1308 0.4722 0.5104 La k x-ray 0.1304 0.1623 0.6047 Ce k x-ray 0.0826 0.1497 0.2134 La k x-ray 0.0345

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-115

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2656 0.3001 0.6068

>0.7 × 1014 y 1.43 d

EC EC I.T./99 /0.254 EC/0.8 /

0+ 11/2−

1.0

136.90778

9.0 h

β+/1.222

3/2+

0.96

137.90599

>0.9 × 1014 y 56.4 s

EC EC I.T./0.7542

0+ 11/2−

138.90665 139.905435 140.908272

137.6 d

EC/0.28

32.50 d

β−/0.581

3/2+ 0+ 7/2−

1.1

141.909241 142.912382

>1.6 × 1017 y 1.38 d

β− β− β−/1.462

0+ 3/2-

0.43

144

143.913643

284.6 d

β−/0.319

0.185/20 0.318/

0+

145

144.91723

3.00 m

β−/2.54

1.7/24 1.3

3/2−

146

145.9187

13.5 m

β−/1.04

0.7/90

0+

147

146.9225 147.9244

56. s 56. s

β−/3.29 β−/2.1

3.3/ 1.66/

0+

149

148.9283

5.2 s

β−/4.2

150

Ce Ce 152Ce

149.9302 150.9340 151.9366

4.4 s 1.0 s 1.4 s

β−/3.0 β−/5.3 β−/4.4

153

152.9406 153.943 154.947 155.951 156.956

>0.15 µs >0.15 µs >0.15 µs

136

Ce Ce

0.185(2)

135.90714

137m

137

Ce

138

Ce Ce

0.251(2)

139m

139

Ce Ce 141Ce

88.450(51)

142

11.114(51)

140

Ce Ce

143

Ce

Ce

Ce

Ce Ce

148

Ce

151

Ce Ce 155Ce 156Ce 157Ce 154

Pr

59

121

120.955 121.952 122.946 123.943 124.9378

0.6 s

1.2 s ≈ 3.3 s

β+, EC/12. β+

126

125.9353

3.1 s

β+, EC/≈10.4

127

126.9308

4.2 s

β+ /≈7.5

128

127.9288

3.0 s

β+, EC/≈9.3

129

128.9249

32 s

β+, EC/5.8

Pr Pr Pr

Pr

1.404/ 1.110/47

Ce k x-ray 0.7542 La k x-ray 0.16585 Pr k x-ray 0.14544/48.0

Pr k x-ray 0.0574 0.2933 Pr k x-ray 0.0801 0.1335 Pr k x-ray 0.0627 0.7245 Pr k x-ray 0.0986 0.2182 0.3167 0.0930 0.2687 0.0904 0.0985 0.1212 0.2918 0.0577 0.0864 0.3800 0.1099 0.0526 Pr k x-ray 0.098 0.115

140.90765(2)

Pr Pr 123Pr 124Pr 125Pr 122

0.436/69 0.581/31

1.06

Ce k x-ray 0.1693 0.2543 La k x-ray 0.4472

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1358 ann.rad./ (0.170–0.985) ann.rad./ (0.028–0.8949) ann.rad./ 0.207/100 0.400–1.373 ann.rad./

11-116

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

130

Atomic Mass or Weight

β+, EC/8.1

130.9201 131.9191

1.6 m

β+, EC/7.1

1.1 s

IT/0.192

6.5 m

β+, EC/4.3

≈ 11. m

β+, EC/

129.9234

132

133m

Pr

133

Pr

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

40. s 5.7 s 1.7 m

Pr 131mPr 131Pr Pr

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

132.9162

134m

Pr

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

β+, EC/5.3

5/2+

133.9157

17. m

β+, EC/6.2

135

134.9131

24. m

β+, EC/3.7

2.5/

3/2+

136

135.91265

13.1 m

β+ /57 /5.13 EC/43

2.98/

2+

137

136.91068

1.28 h

β+ /26 /2.70 EC/74 /

1.68/

5/2+

2.1 h

β+ /24 / EC/76 /

1.65/

7−

Pr

Pr

Pr

138m

Pr

2+

138

137.91075

1.45 m

β+ /75 /4.44 EC/25 /

3.42/

1+

139

138.90893

4.41 h

β+ /8 /2.129 EC/92 /

1.09/

5/2+

140

139.90907

3.39 m

β+ /51 /3.39 EC/49 /

2.37/

1+

14.6 m 19.12 h

I.T./0.004 β− /2.162 EC/0.744 β− /0.934 IT/99+/0.059 β− /

c.e./ 0.58/4 2.16/96 0.933/

Pr

Pr

Pr

141

Pr Pr 142Pr

100.

140.907648

142m

143

Pr Pr

144m

141.910041 142.910813

13.57 d 7.2 m

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

≈5.5

134

Pr

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

5/2+ 5− 2−

+4.275 2.2 +0.234

−0.08

7/2+ 3−

+2.70

+0.8

+0.030

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) (0.0395–1.865) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.16) ann.rad./ (0.059–0.980) ann.rad./ 0.325 0.496 0.533 0.1305 0.0617 ann.rad./ 0.074 0.1343 0.2419 0.3156 0.3308 0.4650 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.460 0.495 0.632 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.495 ann.rad./ 0.0826 0.2135 0.2961 0.5832 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.5398 0.5522 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.4339 0.5140 0.8367 (0.16–1.8) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3027 0.7887 1.0378 (0.07–2.0) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.7887 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.2551 1.3473 1.6307 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3069 1.5965

0.5088 1.57580 0.7420 Pr k x-ray 0.0590 0.6965

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-117

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

144

143.913301

17.28 m

β− /2.998

145

144.91451

5.98 h

β− /1.81

146

145.9176

24.2 m

β− /4.2

147

146.91898

13.4 m

β− /2.69

2.0 m

Pr

Pr

Pr

Pr

148m

Pr

0−

2.2/30 3.7/10 4.2/40 1.5/ 2.1/

2−

β− /

4.0/ 3.8/

(4)

4.8/ 4.5/ 3.0

1−

147.9222

2.27 m

β− /4.9

149

148.92379

2.3 m

β− /3.40

150

149.9270

6.2 s

β− /5.7

Pr

Pr

Spin π) (h/2π

0.807/1 2.30/ 2.996/98 1.80/97

148

Pr

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.8142 0.69649 1.48912 2.18562 0.0725 0.6758 0.7483 0.4539/48 1.5247

7/2+

3/2+

0.3146/24. 0.5779/16 0.6413/19. 0.3016 0.4506 0.6975 0.3017

(5/2+)

0.1085 0.1385 0.1651 0.1302 0.8044 0.8527

1− ≈5.5

150.9283 151.9319

22.4 s 3.2 s

β− /4.2 β− /6.7

Pr Pr 155Pr 156Pr 157Pr

152.9339 153.9381 154.9400 155.944 156.947

4.3 s 2.3 s

β− /5.5 β− /7.9

158

Pr Pr

157.952 158.955

Nd

144.24(3)

151

Pr Pr

152

153 154

159

60

0.6 s

β +, p

125.943 126.941 127.935 128.933

1.8 s 4. s 4.9 s

β+, EC/9. β+, EC/6. β+, EC/8.

129.929 130.9271

28. s 0.5 m

β+, EC/5. β+, EC/6.6

132

131.9231

1.5 m

β+, EC/3.7

133

132.9222

1.2 m

β+, EC/5.6

134

133.9187

≈ 8.5 m

β+ /17 /2.8 EC/83 /

135

134.9182

5.5 m 12. m

β+ / β+ /65 /4.8 EC/35 /

136

135.9150

50.6 m

EC/94 /2.21 β+ /6 /

1.6 s

I.T./0.5196

125

Nd Nd 127Nd 128Nd 129Nd 126

130

Nd Nd

131

Nd Nd Nd

135m

Nd Nd

Nd

137m

Nd

4+

0.0726 0.164 0.285

(5/2)

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.091–0.875) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.09–0.36) ann.rad./ (0.099–0.567) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.37) ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.1631/58 (0.09–1.00)

5/2(−)

0+

9/2−

1.04/

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

11/2−

−0.78

+2.0

ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0415/23. 0.204/51. (0.11–1.8) Pr kx-ray 0.0401/21. 0.1091/35. (0.10–0.97) Nd k x-ray

11-118

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

137

136.9146

38. m

β+ /40 /3.69 EC/60 /

138

137.9119

5.1 h

EC/1.1

5.5 h

I.T./12 /0.231 β+ /88 /

1.17/

11/2−

1.77/

3/2+

Nd

Nd

139m

Nd

139

138.91192

30. m

β+ /25 /2.79 EC/75 /

140

139.90931

3.37 d 1.04 m

EC /0.22 IT/99+/0.756

140.909605

2.49 h

EC/98 /1.823 β+ /2 /

Nd

Nd Nd

141m

141

Nd

142

Nd Nd 144Nd 145Nd 146Nd 147Nd

27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.3(1) 17.2(3)

148

5.7(1)

143

141.907719 142.909810 143.910083 144.912569 145.913113 146.916096

2.1 × 1015 y

α

1.7/20 2.40/20

1/2+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

−0.63

0+

0.91

+0.3

1.01

+0.3

−1.07

−0.60

0+ 11/2− 0.802/

1.83

3/2+

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1084 0.1775 0.2337 ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0755 0.5806 Pr k x-ray 0.1995 0.3258 Nd k x-ray Pr k x-ray 0.1139/34. 0.7382/30. ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.4050 Pr k x-ray Nd k x-ray 0.7565 Pr k x-ray (0.15–1.7)

0+ 7/2− 0+ 7/2− 0+ 5/2−

−0.66

−0.31

0.58

0.9

Pr k x-ray 0.53102 0.09111–0.686

0+ 5/2−

0.35

1.3

Pr k x-ray 0.1143/19. 0.2113/27. (0.06–1.6)

10.98 d

β− /0.896

0.805/

147.916889 148.920145

1.73 h

β− /1.691

1.03/25 1.13/26 1.42/

149.920887 150.923825

≈1 × 1019 y 12.4 m

β −β − β− /2.442

152

151.92468

11.4 m

β− /1.1

153

152.9280 153.9296

28.9 s 25.9 s

β− /3.6 β− /2.8

154.9334 155.9355 156.9393 157.942 158.946 159.949 160.954

8.9 s 5.5 s

β− /5.0 β− /4.1

Pm k x-ray 0.1168 0.2557 1.1806 (0.10–1.9)m 0.2785/29. 0.2501/18. (0.016–0.66) 0.418 0.1519 0.7998 0.1807 0.0848

Pm Pm 130Pm

127.948 128.943 129.940

1.0 s

β +, p

Ann.rad.

2.5 s

β+, EC/11.

131

130.936

≈ 6.3 s

β+

132

131.934 132.930 133.9282

6. s 12. s 24. s

β+, EC/10. β+, EC/≈ 7.0 β+, EC/≈ 8.9

0.1589 0.326–1.062 0.185 0.220 0.146 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./

Nd Nd

149

150

Nd Nd

151

Nd

Nd Nd

154

155

Nd Nd 157Nd 158Nd 159Nd 160Nd 161Nd 156

5.6(2)

1.2/

0+ (3/2+)

0+

Pm

61

128 129

Pm

Pm Pm 134Pm 133

(5+)

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

135

Pm Pm

136

137

Pm

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-119

Atomic Mass or Weight

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

0.8 m 1.8 m

β+, EC/6.0 β+ /89 /7.9 EC/11 /

11/2− (3+)

136.9206

2.4 m

β+, EC/5.6

(11/2−)

3.2 m

β+ /50 /≈7.0 EC/50 /

3.9/

3+

10. s 0.18 s 4.14 m

β+ /6.9 IT/ β+ /68 /4.52 EC/32 /

6.1/ 3.52/

1+ (11/2−) (5/2+)

5.87 m

β+ /70 / EC/30 /

3.2

7/2−

Pm

Pm Pm 139Pm

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

134.9247 135.9235

138m

138

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

137.9193

139m

138.91678

140m

Pm

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

3.

140

139.91585

9.2 s

β+ /89 /6.09 EC/11 /

5.07/74

1+

141

140.91359

20.9 m

β+ /52 /3.72 EC/48 /

2.71

5/2+

142

141.91295

40.5 s

β+ /86 /4.87 EC/20 /

3.8/

1+

143

142.910928

265. d

5/2+

3.8

144

143.912586

360. d

EC/1.041 β+ /6)

+1.8

+0.2

1.9

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.294 0.495 (0.13–0.47) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.3735 0.6027 ann.rad./ 0.1086 0.1775 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.5209 0.7290 ann.rad./ 0.1887 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4028 (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4199 0.7738 1.0283 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.7738 1.4898 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.8862 1.2233 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.6414 1.5758 Nd k x-ray 0.7420 Nd k x-ray 0.6180 0.6965 Nd k x-ray 0.0723 Nd k x-ray 0.4538 0.7362 0.7474 0.1213 0.1974 0.5503/94. 0.6300/89. 0.7257/33 0.5503 0.9149 1.4651 0.2859 0.5909 0.8594 0.3339/69. 1.1658/16. 1.3245/17. (0.25–2.9) 0.1677/8 0.2751/7 0.3401/22 (0.14–1.4)

11-120

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

152m1

Pm

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

7.5 m

β− /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

151.9235

4.1 m

β− /3.5

153

152.92414

5.4 m

β− /1.90

3.5/20 3.50/60 1.7/

2.7 m

β− /

2.0/

1.9/

Pm

154m

Pm

154

153.9266

1.7 m

β− /4.1

155

154.9280 155.93106 156.9332 157.9367 158.939 159.943 160.946 161.950 162.954

48. s 26.7 s 10.9 s 5. s 1.5 s

β− /3.2 β− /5.16 β− /4.6 β− /6.3

Pm

Pm Pm 157Pm 158Pm 159Pm 160Pm 161Pm 162Pm 163Pm 156

Sm

62

Sm Sm 131Sm 132Sm 133Sm

134

Sm Sm 136Sm 137Sm 138Sm 135

≈ 0.55 s

β +, p

129.949 130.946 131.941 132.939

1.2 s 4.0 s 2.9 s

β+, EC/ β+ β+, EC/≈8.4

133.934 134.932 135.9283 136.9271 137.9235

11. s 10. s 42. s 45. s 3.0 m

β+, EC/5. β+, EC/7. β+, EC/4.5 β+, EC/6.1 β+, EC/3.9

10. s

I.T./94 /0.457 β+ /6 /

139m

Sm

1+ (5/2−)

(5/2−)

ann.rad./ 5/2+

0+ 7/2+ 0+ 0+

(11/2−)

1.1

−0.53

4.7

138.9226

2.6 m

β+ /75 /5.5 EC/25 /

4.1/

1/2+

140

139.9195

14.8 m

β+, EC/3.4

1.9/

0+

22.6 m

β+ /32 / EC/68 / I.T./0.3 /0.1758

1.6/ 2.19/

11/2−

−0.83

−0.74

Sm

141m

Sm

141

140.91847

10.2 m

β+ /52 /4.54 EC/48 /

3.2/

1/2+

142

141.91520

1.208 h

β+ /6 /2.10

1.0/

0+

Sm

Sm

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1218 0.2447 0.3404 1.0971 1.4375 0.1218 (0.12–2.1) 0.0910 0.1198 0.1273 0.0820 0.1848 1.4403 0.0820 0.8396 1.3940 2.0589 (0.08–2.8) (0.05–0.78)

139

Sm

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

150.36(3)

129 130

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

(4−)

152

Pm

Spin π) (h/2π

+1.6

ann.rad./ 0.3696 0.0845 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0536 0.0747 Sm k x-ray 0.1118 0.1553 0.1901 0.2673 Pm k x-ray 0.3678 0.4028 (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1396 0.2255 (0.07–1.7) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1966 0.4318 0.7774 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.4382 ann.rad./

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-121

Atomic Mass or Weight

143m

Sm

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 1.10 m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

EC/94 / IT/99/0.7540

8.83 m

β+ /46 /3.443 EC/54 /

143.911996 144.913407

340. d

EC/0.617

1.03 × 108 y 1.06 × 1011 y 7 × 1015 y 1016 y

α/ α/ α/ α/

2.50/ 2.23/ 1.96/

90. y

β− /0.0768

0.076/

1.929 d

β− /0.808

0.64/ 0.69/

153.922206 154.924636

22.2 m

β− /1.627

1.52

156

155.92553

9.4 h

β− /0.72

0.43/ 0.71/

0+

157

156.9283

8.0 m

β− /2.7

2.4/

3/2−

158

157.9299

5.5 m

β− /2.0

0+

159

158.9332 159.9353 160.9388 161.941 162.945 163.948 164.953

11.3 s 9.6 s ≈4.8 s

β− /3.8 β− /3.6

0+

0.9 ms ≈26. ms

p β +, p

0.5 s 1.5 s ≈ 3.2 s ≈ 3.9 s 11. s 12. s 18. s 0.125 s 1.51 s 3.0 s

EC, β+ EC, β+ /≈8.7

Sm

144

Sm Sm

3.07{7)

145

146

Sm Sm 148Sm 149Sm 150Sm 151Sm 152Sm 153Sm 147

154

Sm Sm

155

Sm

Sm

Sm

Sm Sm 161Sm 162Sm 163Sm 164Sm 165Sm 160

Eu

63

14.99(18) 11.24(10) 13.82(7) 7.38(1) 26.75(16)

22.75(29)

145.913038 146.914894 147.914818 148.917180 149.917272 150.919929 151.919729 152.922094

131

141

Eu

142m

Eu

2.47/

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) Pm k x-ray Sm k x-ray 0.7540 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 1.0565

3/2+

+1.01

+0.4

0+ 7/2−

−1.12

−0.60

−0.815

−0.26

−0.672

+0.075

−0.363

+0.7

0.02154

−0.0216

+1.3

Eu k x-ray 0.0697/4.7 0.10318/29 0.075–0.714

1.1

Eu k x-ray 0.1043/75. 0.0872 0.1657 0.2038 Eu k x-ray 0.1964 0.1978 0.3942 0.1894/100. 0.3636/82. 0.1898 0.110 0.264

0+ 7/2− 0+ 7/2− 0+ 5/2− 0+ 3/2+

0+ 3/2−

Pm k x-ray 0.0613 0.4924

151.964(1)

130

Eu Eu 132Eu 133Eu 134Eu 135Eu 136mEu 136Eu 137Eu 138Eu 139Eu 140mEu 140Eu 141mEu

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

11/2−

142.914624

143

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Spin π) (h/2π

131.954 132.949 133.946 134.942 135.940 136.935 137.9335 138.9298 139.9285

140.9244

40. s

1.22 m

1.027/ p/0.95

7+ 1+ 11/2− 7+

EC, β+ /10. EC/≈7.5 EC, β+ /≈9.2 EC, β+ /6.7 EC, β+ EC, β+ /8.4 β+ /58 / EC/9 / I.T./33 /0.0964 β+ /81 /5.6 EC/15 /

β+ /83 / EC/17 /

5 6

1− 11/2−

4.8/

5/2+

+3.49

+0.85

8−

+2.98

+1.4

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.255 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray (0.09–1.6) ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.3845 0.3940 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.5566 0.7680

11-122

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

7.0/

1+

+1.54

+0.12

4.1/ 5.1/

5/2+

+3.67

+0.51

β+ /86 /6.33 EC/13 /

5.31/

1+

+1.89

+0.10

5.93 d

β+ /2 /2.660 EC/98 /1.71

0.79/

5/2+

+4.00

+0.29

145.91720

4.57 d

β+ /5 /3.88 EC/95 /

1.47/

4−

+1.42

−0.18

147

146.916742

24.4 d

EC/99. /1.722 β+ /0.4 /

5/2+

+3.72

+0.53

148

147.91815

54.5 d

EC/3.11

5−

+2.34

+0.35

149

148.91792

93.1 d

EC/0.692

5/2+

+3.57

+0.75

150

149.91970

36. y

EC/2.26

5−

+2.71

+1.13

12.8 h

β− /92 / β+ /0.4 / EC/8 /

+3.472

+0.90

152m2

1.60 h

I.T./0.1478

152m1

9.30 h

β− /72 / EC/28 /

1.85/ 0.89/

0−

13.5 y

EC/72 /1.874 β− /28 /1.818

0.69/ 1.47/

3−

−1.941

+2.71

+2.41

I.T./≈ 0.16

5/2+ 8−

+1.533

46.1 m

3−

−2.01

+2.8

5/2+

+1.52

+2.4

1+

≈1.1

142

141.9231

2.4 s

143

142.92017

2.62 m

144

143.91879

10.2 s

145

144.916263

146

Eu Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu

150m

Eu

151

Eu Eu

47.81(6)

Eu

153

Eu Eu

151.921741

52.19(6)

0.92

1.013/ 1.24/

150.919846

Eu

152

β− /94/7.4 EC/6 / β+ /72/5.17 EC/28/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

5/2+ 8−

152.921227

154m

154

153.922976

8.59 y

β− /99.9/1.969 EC/0.02/0.717

155

154.922890

4.76 y

β− /0.252

0.27/29 0.58/38 0.84/17 0.98/4 1.87/11 0.15/

156

155.92475

15.2 d

β− /2.451

0.30/11

Eu

Eu

Eu

0−

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0233 ann.rad./ 0.7680 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.1107/7 1.5368/3. 1.9127/2. ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 1.6601 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6535 0.8937 1.6587 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6336 0.6341 0.7470 (0.27–2.64) Sm k x-ray 0.12113 0.19725 0.6776 Sm k x-ray 0.5503/99. 0.6299/71. (0.067–2.17) Sm k x-ray 0.2770 0.3275 Sm k x-ray 0.3340 0.4394 0.5843 (0.25–1.8) Sm k x-ray 0.3339 0.4065 Eu k x-ray 0.0898 Sm k x-ray 0.12178 0.84153 0.96334 Sm k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.12178 0.34427 1.40802 (0.252–1.528) Eu k x-ray 0.0682 0.1009 Gd k x-ray 0.12299/40. 0.72331/20. 1.2745/36 (0.059-1.90) Gd k x-ray 0.0865/30 0.1053/20 0.08899/9.

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-123

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

157

156.92542

15.13 h

β− /1.36

158

157.9278

45.9 m

β− /3.5

159

158.92909

18.1 m

160

159.9315

161

160.9337 161.9370 162.9392 163.943 164.946 165.950 166.953

Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu

Eu Eu 163Eu 164Eu 165Eu 166Eu 167Eu 162

Gd

64

Gd Gd 137Gd 138Gd 139mGd 139Gd 140Gd 141mGd 141Gd 142Gd 143mGd

0.64623/7. 0.723441/6. 0.8118/10. Gd k x-ray 0.0639/100. 0.3705/48. 0.4107/76. 0.0795 0.8976 0.9442 0.9771 0.0678 0.0786 0.0957 0.0753 0.1735 0.4131 0.5155 0.8217 0.9110 0.9246 0.0719

2.5/

(1−)

+1.44

+0.7

β− /2.51

2.4/ 2.57/

(5/2+)

+1.38

+2.7

38. s

β− /4.1

2.7/ 4.1/

(0−)

27. s 11. s

β− /3.7 β− /5.6

135.947 136.945 137.9400

1.1 s

β+

(0.163–0.360)

7. s ≈4.7 s ≈4.8 s 5. s 16. s 25. s 21. s 1.17 m 1.84 m

EC, β+ /≈8.8 EC, β+

ann.rad./ 0.0647 0.1216 0.104–0.323 0.1748 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.1176 0.2719 0.5880 0.6681 0.7999 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.2048 0.2588 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.3332 0.0273 0.3295 0.3866 0.7214 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 1.7579 1.8806 (0.32–3.69) Eu k x-ray 0.1147 0.1155

138.9381 139.934 140.9322 141.9276

EC, β+ /≈7.7 EC/4.8 EC, β+ / β+ /7.3 EC, β+ /4.2 β+ /67 / EC/33 / I.T./

β+ /82 /6.0 EC/18 /

144

143.9234

4.5 m

β+ /45 /4.3 EC/55 /

1.44 m

I.T./95 /0.749 β+ /4 /5.7

145m

Gd

0+ 11/2− 0+ 1/2+ 11/2−

1/2+

3.3/

0+

11/2−

145

144.92169

23.4 m

β+ /33 /5.05 EC/67 /

2.5/

1/2+

146

145.91831

48.3 d

EC/99.9 /1.03 β+ /0.2

0.35/

0+

Gd

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

+2.6

39. s

Gd

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+1.50

142.9266

Gd

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

(5/2+)

143

Gd

0.49/30 1.2/12 2.45/31 0.98/ 1.30/41

Spin π) (h/2π

157.25(3)

135 136

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

11-124

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1546 Eu k x-ray 0.2293 0.3699 0.3960 0.9289 (0.1–1.8)

147

146.919090

1.588 d

EC/99.8 /2.188 EC/0.2 /

0.93/

7/2−

1.0

148

147.918111 148.919339

75. y 9.3 d

α/3.27 EC/1.32

3.1828/

0+ 7/2−

0.9

Eu k x-ray 0.1496 0.2985 0.3465

149.91866 150.920345

1.8 × 106 y 124. d

α/2.80 EC/0.464

2.73/

0+ 7/2−

0.8

Eu k x-ray 0.1536 0.2432

151.919789 152.921747

240. d

EC/0.485

0+ 3/2−

0.4

Eu k x-ray 0.09743 0.10318

0+ 3/2− 0+ 3/2− 0+ 3/2−

Gd

Gd Gd

149

150

Gd Gd

151

152

Gd Gd

0.20(1)

153

154

Gd Gd 156Gd 157Gd 158Gd 159Gd

2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2) 24.84(7)

153.920862 154.922619 155.922120 156.923957 157.924101 158.926385

18.6 h

β− 0.971

160

21.86(19)

159.927051 160.929666

>1.9 × 1019 y 3.66 m

β− β − β− /1.956

1.56/85

0+ 5/2−

162

161.930981

8.4 m

β− /1.39

1.0/

0+

163

162.9340

1.13 m

β− /3.1

164

163.9359 164.9394 165.942 166.946 167.948 168.953

45. s 10 s

β− /2.3 β−

155

Gd Gd

161

Gd Gd

Gd Gd 166Gd 167Gd 168Gd 169Gd 165

Tb

65

0.971/58 0.913/29 0.607/12

−0.259

+1.30

−0.340

+1.36

−0.44

Tb k x-ray 0.36351 0.058-0.855 Tb k x-ray 0.1023 0.3149 0.3609 0.4030 0.4421 0.2868 0.214 1.685

158.92534(2)

138

Tb Tb

139

138.948

1.6 s

140

139.946

2.4 s

β+, EC/11

141

Tb Tb 142Tb 143Tb 144mTb 144Tb 145mTb

140.941

3.5 s 0.30 s 0.60 s 12. s 4.1 s < 1.5 s 30. s

β+, EC/≈ 8.3 β+, EC/ β+, EC/10. β+, EC/7.4 IT β+, EC/8.4 β+, EC/≈ 6.6

145

144.9287 23. s

β+, EC/6.5 β+ /76 / EC/24 /

Tb

142m

Tb Tb

146m

141.939 142.9346 143.9324

0.109 0.120 0.329 0.355–0.740 4− 0+ 11/2− 5− 1+ 11/2−

1/2+ (5−)

ann.rad./ 0.2577 0.5370 0.9876 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.0789 1.5795

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot. 146

Tb Tb

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-125

Atomic Mass or Weight 145.9270

147m

147

Tb

146.92404

148m

Tb

148

Tb

147.92422

149m

Tb

149

Tb

148.923243

150m

Tb

150

Tb

149.92366

151m

Tb

151

Tb

150.923099

152m

Tb

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β+ /8.1 β+ /35 / EC/65 /

1+ 11/2−

1.6 h

β+ /42 /4.61 EC/58 /

5/2+

2.3 m

β+ /25 / EC/75 /

9+

1.00 h

β+, EC/5.69

2−

4.16 m

EC/88 / β+ /12 /

11/2−

4.13 h

β+ /4 /3.636 α/16/

6.0 m

β+ /17 / EC/83 /

3.3 h

2−

−0.90

25. s

I.T./95 / β+, EC/7 /

11/2−

17.61 h

β+/1 /2.565 EC/99 /

4.3 m

I.T./79 /0.5018 EC/21 /4.35

β+ /20 /3.99 EC/80 /

153

152.923433

2.34 d

154m2

154m1

Tb

−1.75

β+, EC/4.66

1.8/ 3.97/

0.70/

1/2+

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+1.70

+1.35

17.5 h

Tb

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1/2+

151.92407

Tb

Spin π) (h/2π

≈ 8. s 1.8 m

152

Tb

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

−0.3

+0.92

(8+)

2−

−0.58

+0.3

EC/1.570

5/2+

+3.44

+1.1

23.1 h

EC/98 / I.T./2 /

(7−)

0.9

9. h

β+ /78 /

(3−)

1.7

2.5/ 2.8/

+3.

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.3977 1.7978 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.6944 1.1522 (0.120–3.318) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3945 0.6319 0.7845 0.8824 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4888 0.7845 (0.14–3.8) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.7960 Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.3522 0.3886 (0.1–3.2) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4384 0.6380 0.6504 0.8275 ann.rad./ 0.4963 0.6380 (0.3–4.29) 0.0229 0.0495 0.3797 0.8305 Gd k x-ray 0.1083 0.2517 0.2870 (0.1–1.8) Tb k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.2833 0.3443 0.4111 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3443 (0.2–2.88) Gd k x-ray 0.2119 (0.05–1.1) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.3467 1.4199 Gd k x-ray

11-126

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

I.T./22 /

154

153.92469

21.5 h

EC/99 /3.56 β+ /1 /

155

154.92350

5.3 d

EC/0.82

3/2+

156m2

1.02 d

I.T./

(7−)

156m1

5.3 h

I.T./0.0884

(0+)

Tb

Tb

Tb Tb

1.86/ 2.45

0−

+2.01

+1.41

156

155.924744

5.3 d

EC/2.444

3−

≈1.7

+2.

157

156.924021

1.1 × 102 y

EC/0.0601

3/2+

+2.01

+1.4

10.5 s

I.T./0.11

0−

157.925410

1.8 × 102 y

EC/80 /1.220 β− /20 /0.937

3−

+1.76

+2.7

158.925343 159.927164

72.3 d

β− /1.835

0.57/47 0.86/27

3/2+ 3−

+2.014 +1.79

+1.43 3.8

161

160.927566

6.91 d

β− /0.593

0.46/23 0.52/66 0.6/10

3/2+

2.2

+1.2

162

161.92948

7.6 m

β− /2.51

1.4

(1/2−)

163

162.930644

19.5 m

β− /1.785

0.80/

3/2+

164

163.9334

3.0 m

β− /3.9

1.7/

(5+)

165

164.9349

2.1 m

β− /3.0

166

165.9380 166.9401

≈ 21 s 19 s

β −/

167.9436 168.946 169.950 170.953

8s

Tb

Tb

158m

Tb

158

Tb

159

Tb Tb

160

Tb

Tb

Tb

Tb

Tb

Tb Tb

167

168

Tb Tb 170Tb 171Tb 169

Dy

66

100.

162.50(3)

3/2+

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1231 0.2479 0.5401 (0.12–2.57) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 1.2744 2.1872 (0.12–3.14) Gd k x-ray 0.08654 0.10530 Tb k x-ray 0.0496 Tb k x-ray 0.0884 Gd k x-ray 0.08896 0.19921 0.53435 1.22245 Gd k x-ray 0.0545 Gd k x-ray 0.0110 Gd k x-ray 0.0795 0.9442 0.9621 Dy k x-ray 0.08678 0.29857 0.87936 0.96615 Dy k x-ray 0.02565 0.04892 0.07458 Dy k x-ray 0.2600 0.8075 0.8882 Dy k x-ray 0.3511 0.3897 0.4945 Dy k x-ray 0.1689 0.2157 0.6110 0.6885 0.7548 0.5389 1.1785 1.2920 1.6648 0.057 0.070 0.075–0.227

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-127

Atomic Mass or Weight

139

Dy Dy 141Dy 142Dy 143Dy 144Dy 145mDy 146mDy 146Dy 147mDy 140

139.954 140.951 141.946 142.9440 143.9391 144.9365 145.9325

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

0.6 s

β +, p

0.9 s 2.3 s 3.9 s 9.1 s 14. s 0.15 s 30. s 56. s

EC, β+ /9. EC, β+ /7.1 EC, β+ /≈ 8.8 EC, β+ /≈ 6.2 EC, β+ I.T. EC, β+ /5.2 I.T./40 / β+, EC/60 /

147

146.9309

75. s

EC, β+ /6.37

148

147.92710

3.1 m

β+ /4 /2.68 EC/96 /

149

148.92734

4.2 m

β+, EC/3.81

150

149.92558

7.18 m

β+, EC/67 /1.79 α/33 / β+ /5 /2.871 EC/89 / α /6 /

Dy

Dy

Dy

Dy

151

Dy

150.926181

152

Dy

151.92472

153

Dy

152.925763

154

Dy Dy

155

156

Dy Dy

0.056(3)

157

158

Dy Dy

0.095(3)

159

160

Dy Dy 162Dy 163Dy 164Dy 165mDy 161

2.39(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54)

17. m

2.37 h 6.3 h

EC/0.60 α/ β+ /1 /2.171 EC/99 / α /0.01 /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

1.2/

(11/2−)

−0.66

1/2+

−0.92

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

−0.62

−0.95

−0.30

(7/2−)

−0.78

≈−0.15

0+ 3/2−

−0.385

+1.04

Tb k x-ray 0.0655 0.2269

0+ 4.233/ 7/2− 4.067/

0+ 3.63/ 0.89/

Dy k x-ray 0.072 0.6787 ann.rad./ 0.1007 0.2534 0.3653 ann.rad./ Tb k x-ray 0.6202 ann.rad./ 0.1008 0.1063 0.2534 0.6536 0.7894 1.7765 1.8062 Tb k x-ray 0.3967 Tb k x-ray 0.1764 0.3030 0.3861 0.5463 (0.16–2.09) Tb k x-ray 0.2569 Tb k x-ray 0.0807 0.0997 0.2137 (0.08–1.66)

−0.12

(7/2−)

3.46/

153.92442 154.92575

3. × 106 y 9.9 h

α/2.95 β+ /2 /2.095 EC/98 /

155.92428 156.92546

8.1 h

EC/1.34

0+ 3/2−

−0.301

+1.30

Tb k x-ray (0.0609–1.319)

157.924405 158.925736

144. d

EC/0.366

0+ 3/2−

−0.354

+1.37

Tb k x-ray 0.3262

−0.480

+2.51

+0.673

+2.65

2.87/ 0.845/

159.925194 160.926930 161.926795 162.928728 163.929171 1.26 m

I.T./98 /0.108 β− /2 /

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2− 0+ 1/2−

2.33 h

β− /1.286

1.29/

7/2+

166

165.932803

3.400 d

β− /0.486

0.40/

0+

167

166.9357

6.2 m

β− /≈2.35

1.78

(1/2−)

Dy

+0.7

0+

164.931700

Dy

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

11/2− 10+

165

Dy

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

−0.52

+3.5

Dy k x-ray 0.1082 0.5155 Ho k x-ray 0.09468 Ho k x-ray 0.0282 0.0825 Ho k x-ray 0.2593

11-128

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

168

167.9372

8.5 m

β− /1.6

169

168.9403 169.9427 170.9465 171.949 172.953

≈ 39. s

β− /3.2

6 ms 8 µs 4.2 ms 0.4 s

p/ p/ β +, p EC/β+, p

0.7 s 2.4 s 3.3 s 5.8 s 9. s 2. s

β+, EC/12 β+ β+, EC/10.7 β+, EC/8.2 β+, EC/ β+, EC/9.4

(10+) 11/2− 4− 1+

21. s

β+, EC/

11/2−

> 30. s 25. s

β+, EC/6.01 β+, EC/

1/2+ (9+)

1.3 m

β+, EC/6.6

47. s

β+, EC/87 / α/13

4.605/

β+, EC/80/5.13 α/20 /

4.519/

β+, EC/90/ α/10/

4.453/

β+, EC/88/6.47 α/12/

4.387/

β+, EC/99+/4.12 α/

4.01/

Dy

Dy Dy 171Dy 172Dy 173Dy 170

Ho

67

141m

141.960 142.955 143.952 144.947 145.9440 146.9396 147.9372

149m

Ho

149

Ho Ho

148.93379

150m

150

Ho

149.9326

151m

Ho

151

Ho

150.93169

152m

Ho

152

Ho

151.93166

Ho

Ho

35.2 s

50. s

153m

153

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3103 0.5697 (0.06–1.4) Ho k x-ray 0.1925 0.4867

0+

164.93032(2)

140

Ho Ho 141Ho 142Ho 143Ho 144Ho 145Ho 146Ho 147Ho 148mHo 148Ho

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

2.4 m

9.3 m

152.93020

2.0 m

β+, EC/99+/4.13

p/1.09 p/1.23 p/1.71 0.307

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.6615 1.6883 ann.rad./ 1.0733 1.0911

(9+)

+5.9

−1.

(3+)

−1.02

+0.1

5/2

+1.19

11/2−

+6.8

−1.1

ann.rad./ 0.3939 0.5511 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.5913 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.2102 0.4889 0.6948 0.7762 ann.rad./ 0.3522 0.5274 0.9676 1.0471 ann.rad./ 0.4929 0.6138 0.6474 0.6835 ann.rad./ 0.6140 0.6476 ann.rad./ 0.0905 0.1089 0.1618 0.2302 0.2707 0.3659 0.4565 ann.rad./

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-129

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) α/

154m

Ho

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

3.91/

3.3 m

β+, EC/

(8+)

5.7

−1.0

154

153.93060

12. m

β+, EC/5.75

1−

−0.64

+0.2

155

154.92908

48. m

β+/6/3.10 EC/94 /

(5/2+)

+3.51

+1.5

5.8 m

I.T./0.0352 β+ /25 / EC/75 /

+2.99

+2.3

7/2−

+4.35

+3.0

+2.44

+1.6

+3.77

+4.1

Ho

Ho

156m

Ho

1.8/ 2.9/

156

155.9290

56. m

β+, EC/4.4

157

156.92819

12.6 m

β+/5/2.54 EC/95/

158m2

28. m

I.T./44/ EC/56/

2−

158m1

21. m

β+, EC/

(9+)

11.3 m

β+/8/4.24 EC/92/

8.3 s

IT/0.206

1/2+

33.0 m

EC/1.838

7/2−

+4.28

+3.2

1+ 2−

+2.52

+1.8

5+

+3.71

+4.0

Ho

Ho

Ho

Ho

158

Ho

157.92895

159m

Ho

159

Ho

158.927708

160m2

Ho Ho

3. s 5.0 h

160m

160

Ho

159.92873

25.6 m

(5+)

1.18/

1.30/

IT/67/0.060 EC/33/3.35

β+, EC/3.29

0.57/

5+

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2958 0.3346 0.4381 0.6383 ann.rad./ 0.3346 0.4124 0.4771 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.3346 0.5700 0.8734 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0474 0.1363 0.3254 (0.06–2.24) ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.1378 0.2666 (0.28–2.9) ann.rad./ 0.1378 0.2665 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.2800 0.3411 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989 0.2182 ann.rad./ 0.0981 0.1664 0.2182 0.3205 0.4062 0.9774 1.0532 0.4846 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989 0.2182 0.9488 Ho k x-ray 0.1660 0.2059 Dy k x-ray 0.1210 0.1320 0.2529 0.3096 (0.06–1.2) 0.0868 0.1970 0.6464 0.7281 0.8791 0.9619 0.9658 See Ho[166m]

11-130

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

161m

Ho

161

Ho

+4.25

+3.2

1.12 h

IT/61/ EC/39/

6−

+3.60

+4.

15. m

EC/96 /0.295 β+ /4 /

1+

1.09 s

I.T./0.298

(1/2+)

162.928730

4.57 × 103 y 38. m

EC/0.00258 I.T./0.140

7/2− (6−)

+4.23

+3.6

163.930231

29. m

EC/58 /0.987 β− /42 /0.963

1+

1.2 × 103 y

β− /

+4.17 3.6

+3.49 −3.

Ho

164m

Ho

165

Ho Ho

100.

164.930319

166m

7/2− 7−

166

165.932281

1.117 d

β− /1.855

1.776/48 1.855/51

0−

167

166.933127

3.1 h

β− /1.007

0.31/43 0.61/21 0.96/15 0.97/15

(7/2−)

168

167.93550

2.2 m 3.0 m

I.T./ β− /2.91

2.0/

3+

169

168.93687

4.7 m

β− /2.12

1.2/ 2.0/

(7/2−)

Ho

Ho

168m

Ho Ho

Ho

170m

Ho

170

Ho

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

7/2−

163m

164

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

EC/0.859

161.929092

Ho Ho

Spin π) (h/2π

2.48 h

Ho

163

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

IT/0.211

162m

Ho

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

6.8 s 160.927852

162

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

169.93962

43. s

β− /

1+

2.8 m

β− /3.87

6+

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7282 0.8794 Ho k x-ray 0.2112 Dy k x-ray 0.0256 0.0592 0.0774 0.1031 Dy k x-ray Ho k x-ray 0.0807 0.1850 0.2828 0.9372 1.2200 Dy k x-ray 0.0807 1.3196 1.3728 Ho k x-ray 0.2798 Dy M x-rays Ho k x-ray 0.0373 0.0566 0.0940 Dy k x-ray 0.0734 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.18407 0.71169 0.81031 Er k x-ray 0.08057 1.37943 Er k x-ray 0.0793 0.0835 0.2379 0.3213 0.3465 Er k x-ray 0.7413 0.8159 0.8211 (0.08–2.34) 0.1496 0.7610 0.7784 0.7884 0.8529 0.0787 0.8123 1.8940 1.9726 Er k x-ray 0.1816 0.2582 0.8902 0.9321 0.9414 1.1387

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

171

Ho Ho

11-131

Atomic Mass or Weight 170.941 171.9448

172

173

Ho Ho 175Ho

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

53 s 25. s

β− / β− /

β+ β+ E.C, β+ /≈ 9.1 β+, EC/6.8 IT ECβ+ /8.1 β+ /36 /4.11 EC/64 / β+, EC/5.2 β+, EC/10/3.11 α/90/ α/ β+, EC/47/4.56 β+, EC/99+/2.03 α/0.5/ β+, EC/47/3.84 EC/53 /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) Er k x-ray (0.077–1.186)

172.947 173.951 174.954

174

Er

167.259(3)

68

144

Er Er 146Er 147Er 148Er 149mEr 149Er 150Er

143.961 144.957 145.952 146.9494 147.9444 148.9425 149.9370

0.9 s ≈ 1.7 s 2.5 s 4.5 s 10. s 10.7 s 18. s

151

150.9373 151.93500

23. s 10.2 s

153

152.93509

37.1 s

154

153.93278

3.7 m

145

Er Er

152

Er Er

11/2− 1/2+ 0+

ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.4758 ann.rad./ ann.rad./

7/2− 0+ 4.804/ 4.674 4.35/

−0.934

−0.42

0.351 (0.0945–1.700) ann.rad./

−0.669

−0.27

−0.412

+0.92

−0.304

+1.17

ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.1101 0.2415 ann.rad./ 0.0298 0.0352 0.0522 0.1336 ann.rad./ 0.117 0.385 1.320 1.660 1.820 2.000 Ho k x-ray 0.0719 0.2486 0.3868 ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.6245 0.6493 (0.07–2.5) Ho k x-ray (0.05–0.96) Ho k x-ray 0.8265 (0.07–1.74)

0+ 4.166/

155

154.93321

5.3 m

156

155.9308

20. m

β+, EC/1.7

0+

157

156.9319

25. m

β+, EC/3.5

3/2−

158

157.93087

2.2 h

EC/99.5 /1.78 β+ /0.5 /

159

158.930681

36. m

β+ /7 /2.769 EC/93 /

3/2−

160

159.92908

1.191 d

EC/0.33

0+

161

160.93000

3.21 h

EC/2.00

3/2−

−0.37

+1.36

161.928775 162.93003

1.25 h

EC/1.210

0+ 5/2−

+0.557

+2.55

Ho k x-ray 0.4361 0.4399 1.1135

10.36 h

EC/0.376

+0.643

+2.71

Ho k x-ray

2.27 s

I.T./0.208

Er

Er

Er

Er

Er

Er Er

162

Er Er

0.139(5)

163

164

Er Er 166Er 167mEr

1.601(3)

167

22.869(9)

165

Er

33.503(36)

163.929197 164.930723 165.930290

166.932046

(7/2−)

0.74/

0+

0+ 5/2− 0+ 1/2− 7/2+

Er k x-ray 0.2078 −0.5639

+3.57

11-132

Elem. or Isot. 168

Er Er

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %) 26.978(18)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

167.932368 168.934588

9.40 d

β− /0.351

169.935461 170.938026

7.52 h

β− /1.491

172

171.939352

2.05 d

β−/0.891

173

172.9424

1.4 m

β− /2.6

174

173.9441

3.1 m

β− /1.8

175

174.9479 175.9503 176.954

1.2 m

β−

≈3.5 µs

p

0.21 s

β+ , p

0.06 s

β+/14. p

169

170

Er Er

171

Er

Er

Er

Er Er 177Er 176

Tm

69

14.910(36)

Tm

146m

Tm

Tm

145.967

147m

Tm Tm

147

146.961

0.4 ms 0.56 s

148m

147.9573

0.7 s

148.9524 149.9494 150.9454

0.9 s 2.3 s 4. s 8. s 5. s 1.6 s

Tm Tm 149Tm 150Tm 151Tm 152mTm 152Tm 153Tm

0.35/≈ 100

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0+ 1/2−

+0.485

0+ 5/2−

0.66

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) Tm k x-ray 0.1098 0.1182

2.9

0.28/48 0.36/46

(7/2−)

Tm k x-ray 0.11160 0.29591 0.30832 (0.08–1.4) Tm k x-ray 0.0597 0.4073 0.6101 Tm k x-ray 0.1928 0.1992 0.8952 Tm k x-ray (0.100–0.152) (0.0765–1.168)

168.93421(2)

145

146

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

β+ , p EC, β+/85 p/15/ β+, EC/12.

1.73/91 1.4/9 p/1.118 1.01/ 0.89/ 1.119/ 0.94/ p/1.115 ≈ 10.7 1.052/ ann.rad./

148

151.9443 152.94203

154m

Tm

3.3 s

154

153.9407

8.1 s

155

154.93919

30. s

Tm Tm

156m

Tm Tm

156

157

Tm

155.9389

156.9367

19. s 1.40 m

3.6 m

β+, EC/≈9.2 β+, EC/≈11.5 β+, EC/7.5 β+, EC/ β+, EC/8.8 β+, EC/10 /6.46 α/90 / β+, EC/15 / α/ β+, EC/56 /7.4 α/44 / β+, EC/5.58 α/

11/2− 6−

(0.1007–2.177) ann.rad./

9+ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 5.109/ α/5.031/100 4.84/0.24 α/4.956/100 4.83/0.45

ann.rad./ 0.4605–0.7960 ann.rad./ 0.0315 0.0638 0.0881 0.2268 0.5320 0.6067

4.46/

α/ β+, EC/7.6 α/

4.46/

β+, EC/4.5 α/

2.6 3.97/

2−

+0.40

1/2

+0.48

4.23/

−0.5

ann.rad./ 0.3446 0.4529 0.5860 ann.rad./ 0.1104 0.3484 0.3855 0.4550 (0.1–1.58)

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-133

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

158

157.9379

4.0 m

β+, EC/74 /6.5 EC/26 /

(2−)

+0.04

+0.7

159

158.9348

9.1 m

β+/23 /3.9 EC/77 /

5/2+

+3.42

+1.9

160

159.9354

1.24 m 9.4 m

IT β+/15 /5.9 EC/85 /

(5) 1−

+0.16

+0.58

161

160.9334

31. m

β+, EC/3.2

7/2+

+2.40

+2.9

24. s

I.T./90 / β+, EC/10 /

5+

+0.69

Tm

Tm

160m

Tm Tm

Tm

162m

Tm

162

161.93394

21.7 m

β+ /8 /4.81 EC/92 /

1−

+0.07

163

162.93265

1.81 h

EC/98 /2.439 β+ /1 /

1/2+

−0.082

5.1 m

I.T./80 / β+, EC/20 /

6−

Tm

Tm

164m

Tm

164

163.93345

2.0 m

β+ /36 /3.96 EC/64 /

165

164.932433

1.253 d

166

165.93355

167

168

Tm

Tm

Tm

Tm

Tm

1+

+2.38

EC/1.593

1/2+

−0.139

7.70 h

EC/98 /3.04 β+ /2 /

2+

+0.092

166.932849

9.24 d

EC/0.748

1/2+

−0.197

167.934171

93.1 d

EC/1.679

3+

+0.23

2.94/

+0.71

+2.14

+3.2

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1921 0.3351 0.6280 1.1498 (0.18–2.81) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0591 0.0848 0.2713 (0.05–1.27) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1264 0.2642 0.7285 0.8544 0.8614 1.3685 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0595 0.0844 1.6481 (0.04–2.15) Tm k x-ray Er k x-ray 0.0669 0.8115 0.9003 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1020 0.7987 (0.1–3.75)m Er k x-ray 0.0692 0.1043 0.2414 0.0914 0.1394 0.2081 0.2405 0.3149 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.0472 0.0544 0.29728 0.80636 Er k x-ray 0.0806 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Er k x-ray 0.0571 0.20778 Er k x-ray 0.19825 0.4475

11-134

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.81595

169

Tm 170Tm

1/2+ 1−

−0.232 +0.247

1/2+

−0.230

168.934211 169.935798

128.6 d

171

170.936426

1.92 y

β− /99.8/0.968 EC/0.2 /0.314 β− /0.096

172

171.93840

2.65 d

β− /1.88

173

172.93960

8.2 h

β− /1.298

0.80/21 0.86/71

1/2+

174

173.94216

5.4 m

β− /3.08

0.70/14 1.20/83

(4−)

175

174.94383

15.2 m

β− /2.39

0.9/36 1.9/23

(1/2+)

176

175.9471

1.9 m

β−/4.2

2.0/ 1.2/

(4+)

177

176.9490 177.9526 178.9553

1.4 m

β−

0.7 s

β +, p

1.6 s 3.2 s 4. s 0.40 s

β+ /8.5 β+ EC/5.5 β+ EC/6.7 β+ EC/7 /4.49 α/93 / β+, EC/16 /6.0 α/84 / β+, EC/21/3.57 α/79 / β+, EC/99+/5.5 α/0.5/

Tm Tm

Tm

Tm

Tm

Tm

Tm Tm 179Tm 178

Yb

70

148

Yb Yb 150Yb 151Yb 152Yb 153Yb 154Yb 149

155

Yb

156

Yb

157

Yb

100

0.883/24 0.968/76 0.03/2 0.096/98 1.79/36 1.88/29

2−

147.967 148.963 149.958 150.9545 151.9502 152.9492 153.9455 154.9456 155.94277 156.9427

1.7 s 26. s 39. s

0.647

ann.rad./ 5.32/ −0.8

ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./

4.69/ −0.64 4.69/

β+, EC/1.9

159

158.9402

1.4 m

EC, β+/5.1

160

159.9376

4.8 m

β+, EC/2.0

0+

161

160.9375

4.2 m

β+, EC/3.9

3/2−

Yb

−1.

5.19/

1.5 m

Yb

Yb k x-ray 0.07879 1.38722 1.46601 1.52982 1.60861 Yb k x-ray 0.3988 0.4613 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 0.17669 0.27332 0.3666 0.99205 (0.08–1.6) Yb k x-ray 0.36396 0.51487 0.94125 0.98247 Yb k x-ray 0.1898 0.3819 1.0691

p/2.5–6.4/

157.93986

Yb

Yb k x-ray 0.08425 0.06674

173.04(3)

158

Yb

−1.2 +0.74

0+

−0.37

−.022

−0.33

+1.03

ann.rad./ 0.231 (0.035–0.670) ann.rad./ 0.0741 0.2526 Tm k x-ray 0.1661 0.1772 0.3297 0.3903 ann.rad./ 0.1404 0.1737 0.2158 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0782

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-135

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

162

161.9358

18.9 m

β+, EC/1.7

163

162.9363

11.1 m

β+ /26 /3.4

164

163.9345

1.26 h

EC/1.0

165

164.93540

9.9 m

β+ /10 /2.76 EC/90 /

166

165.93388

2.363 d

EC/0.30

167

166.934947

17.5 m

β+ /0.5 /1.954 EC/99.5 /

46. s

I.T./0.0242

0+ 1/2−

32.02 d

EC/0.909

7/2+

4.19 d

β− /0.470

0+ 1/2− 0+ 5/2− 0+ 7/2−

11.4 s

I.T./1.051

(8−)

1026 y 6.41 s

β− β − I.T./0.3315

0+ 1/2−

Yb

Yb

Yb

Yb

Yb

Yb

168

Yb Yb

0.13(1)

169

Yb

170

Yb Yb 172Yb 173Yb 174Yb 175Yb 171

168.935187

3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92)

169.934759 170.936323 171.936378 172.938207 173.938858 174.941273

176m

Yb

176

Yb Yb

12.76(41)

175.942569

177m

1.4/

3/2−

1.58/

(5/2−)

0.639/

0.466/73 0.071/21 0.353/6.2

5/2−

1.9 h

β− /1.399

1.40

9/2+

178

177.94664

1.23 h

β− /0.65

0.25/

0+

179

178.9499 179.9523 180.9561

8. m 2. m

β− /2.4 β−

≈0.03 ms 49. ms

p/1.295 p

Yb Yb 181Yb 180

Lu

71

174.967(1)

150m

Lu Lu

150

149.973

+1.24

+0.48

+2.48

+0.62

+2.70

0+

176.945257

Yb

−0.37

0+

177

Yb

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

167.933895

169m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

−0.63

+3.5

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5999 0.6315 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.1188 0.1635 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0636 0.8603 (0.06 –1.9) Tm k x-ray 0.0914 0.6752 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0801 1.0903 Tm k x-ray 0.0828 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Tm k x-ray 0.06296 0.10616 0.11337 0.17633 Yb L x-ray 0.0242 0.1979/35.9 0.3078/10.05 0.0207–0.2611

+0.49367 −0.67989 0.77

+2.80 Lu k x-ray 0.3963/13 (0.114–0.28) Yb k x-ray 0.0961 0.1901 0.2929 0.3897 Yb k x-ray 0.1131 0.2084 Lu k x-ray 0.1504 0.1415 0.3246 0.3516 0.3815 0.6125 0.1028–0.4423

11-136

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Lu Lu 152Lu 153Lu 154Lu 155mLu 155Lu

p/1.31 p/1.231

154.9542

1.0 s 2.6 ms 0.07 s

155.9529

0.20 s ≈ 0.5 s

β+, EC/10.8 α/7.41 EC/8.0 α/ α/ β+, EC/9.5 α/ α β+, EC/94 /6.93 α/ β+, EC/99 /8.0 α/

150.967 151.963 152.959 153.9571

156m

Lu 156Lu 157m

Lu Lu

157

158

Lu

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

16 µs 0.08 s 0.7 s

151m 151

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

156.95010 157.94984

≈9.6 s 4.8 s 10.4 s

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

ann.rad./

ann.rad./ 5.00/ ann.rad./ 0.3682 0.4770 ann.rad./ 0.1505 0.1875 0.3693 ann.rad./ 0.2434 0.3957 0.5773 ann.rad./ 0.0437 0.0671 0.1003 0.1108 0.1562 0.2562

4.67/

12.3 s

β+, EC/6.0

160

159.94654

36.1 s

β+, EC/7.3

161

160.9432

1.2 m

β+, EC/5.3

162

161.9432

≈ 1.5 m 1.37 m

EC/ β+, EC/6.9

163

162.9412

4.1 m

β+, EC/4.6

164

163.9412

3.14 m

β+, EC/6.3

1.6/ 3.8/

165

164.9396

10.7 m

β+, EC/3.9

2.06/

166m2

2.1 m

β+ /35 / EC/65 /

(0−)

166m1

1.4 m

β+, EC/58 / I.T./42 /0.0344

(3−)

2.8 m

β+ /25 /5.5 EC/75 /

(6−)

Lu

162m

Lu Lu

Lu

Lu

Lu

Lu

Lu

166

Lu

165.9398

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

5.45/ 4.925/

158.9467

Lu

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

5.66/90 5.57/

159

Lu

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

4− 1−

1/2+

ann.rad./ 0.1666 0.6314 ann.rad./ 0.0539 0.0581 0.1504 0.1631 0.3717 0.1238 0.2621 0.7404 0.8639 0.8804 ann.rad./ 0.1206 0.1324 0.1742 0.2036 (0.04–2.0) ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 1.0673 1.2566 2.0986 ann.rad./ 0.1024 0.2281 0.2861 0.8119 0.8301 ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 0.1024

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

167

Lu

11-137

Atomic Mass or Weight

166.9383

168m

Lu

168

Lu

167.9387

169m

Lu

169

Lu

168.93765

170m

Lu

170

Lu

169.93847

171m

Lu

171

Lu

170.937910

172m

Lu

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

52. m

β+ /2 /3.1 EC/98 /

6.7 m

β+ /12 / EC/88 / IT/1.2 × 1015 y 8.15 h

EC/0.110

7/2+ (9−) 1+

2.29 4.82

3.37

7/2+ 10−

+2.370

Ta

Ta

Ta

178m

Ta

178

Ta

179

Ta Ta 180Ta 180m

181

Ta Ta

0.012(2) 179.947466

99.988(2)

EC/87 /0.854 β− /13 /0.708

15.8 m

I.T./0.5198

2.25

182

181.950152

114.43 d

β− /1.814

0.25/30 0.44/20 0.52/40

3−

+3.02

183

182.951373

5.1 d

β− /1.070

0.45/5 0.62/91

7/2+

+2.36

184

183.95401

8.7 h

β− /2.87

1.11/15 1.17/81

(5−)

185

184.95556

49. m

β− /1.99

1.21/5 1.77/81

(7/2+)

186

185.9586

10.5 m

β− /3.9

2.2/

(3−)

187

Ta Ta

186.9604 187.9637

W

183.84(1)

157.974 158.972 159.9684 160.9671

0.14 ms 1.3 ms 7. ms 0.08 s 0.41 s

8.28(3)/ 6.433/96

161.9626

1.39 s

α α/ α/ α/ β+, EC/18 /8.1 α/82 / β+, EC/54 /5.8 α/46 / β+, EC/59 /7.5

Ta

Ta

Ta

Ta

Ta

188

74

158m

W W 159W 160W 161W 158

162

W

163

W

162.9624

2.8 s

5.92/

0+

5.78/ 0+ 5.54/

0.20638 (0.09–3.64) Hf k x-ray 0.2077 0.2671 0.3487 Hf k x-ray 0.08837 1.15735 Hf k x-ray 0.11295 (0.07–1.06) Hf k x-ray 0.08886 0.21342 0.32555 0.42635 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.09316 Hf k x-ray Hf k x-ray W k x-ray 0.09333 0.10340

0.61/3 0.71/10

180.947996

182m

2.27

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

+3.3

+2.6

Ta k x-ray 0.14678 0.17157 W k x-ray 1.12127/100 1.22138/79 0.085–1.289 W k x-ray 0.0847 0.0991 0.1079 0.2461 0.3540 W k x-ray 0.2528/44. 0.4140/74. (0.09–1.4) W k x-ray 0.0697 0.1739 0.1776 W k x-ray 0.1979 0.2149 0.5106 (0.09–1.5)

11-142

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

164

W

Atomic Mass or Weight 163.95890

165

W

164.9583

166

W

165.95502

167

W W

166.9547 167.9519

168

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 6. s 5.1 s 16. s 20. s 53. s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) α/41 / β+, EC/97 /5.0 α/3 / β+, EC/99 /7.0 α/1 / β+, EC/99 /4.2 α/1 / EC/5.6 EC/3.8 α/10−5/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π 0+

ann.rad./ 0+

169.9485

2.4 m

EC/2.2

171

170.9494

2.4 m

EC/4.6

172

171.9474

6.6 m

β+, EC/2.5

173

172.9489

6.3 m

EC/4.0

174

173.9462

35. m

EC/1.9

0+

175

174.9468 175.9456

35. m 2.5 h

EC/2.9 β+, EC/0.8

1/2− 0+

177

176.9466

2.21 h

EC/2.0

(1/2−)

178

177.9459

21.6 d 6.4 m

0+ (1/2−)

178.94707

38. m

EC/0.091 IT/99.7/0.222 EC/0.3/ EC/1.06

179.946706 180.94820

7.4 × 1016 y 121.1 d

α/ EC/0.188

0+ 9/2+

181.948205

8.3 × 1018 y 5.15 s

α/ I.T./

0+ (11/2+)

1.9 × 1018 y 4.0 × 1018 y 1.6 m

α/ α/ I.T./0.1974

1/2− 0+ 11/2+

W

W W

176

W

W W

179m

179

W

180

W W

0.12(1)

181

182

W W

26.50(16)

183m

183

W W 185mW 184

14.31(4) 30.64(2)

182.950224 183.950932

ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1755 (0.037–0.573) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.123 (0.097–0.699) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3162 (0.060–0.144) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1842 (0.052–0.479) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.0389 (0.034–0.674) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.4576 (0.035–0.623) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3287 0.4288 (0.056–0.429) (0.015–0.27) 0.03358 0.06129 0.09487 0.10020 Ta k x-ray 0.15505 0.18569 0.42694 Ta k x-ray W k x-ray 0.2220 Ta k x-ray 0.0307

4.40(1)

170

W

ann.rad./

4.74/

EC/5.4

W

ann.rad./

4.91/

1.3 m

W

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

5.15/

168.9518

W

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

5.38/

169

W

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

(7/2−)

Ta k x-ray 0.13617 0.15221 W k x-ray 0.0465 0.0526 0.0991 0.1605 +0.1177848 W k x-ray 0.0659 0.1315 0.1737

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-143

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

184.953420 185.954362 186.957158

74.8 d 6.5 × 1018 y 23.9 h

β− /0.433 α/ β− /1.311

188

187.958487

69.78 d

β− /0.349

189

188.9619

10.6 m

β− /2.5

1.4/ 2.5/

(3/2−)

W W

189.9632

0.3 ms 30. m

β− /1.3

0.95/

0+

Re

186.207(1) p/ α/ α/ p α/

1.261(6)/91 6.54/ 6.24 1.35 6.12/94 6.09/94 α/5.87/32 5.92/66

185

W W 187W 186

W

W

28.43(19)

190m 190

75

160

159.981

0.7 ms

161

160.978

14 ms

162

161.9757

0.10 s

163

162.9721

0.26 s

164

163.9704

0.9 s

165

164.9671

2. s

166

165.9651

2.5 s

166.9626

6.2 s 3.4 s

167.9616

4.4 s

Re Re Re Re Re Re Re

8.1 s

β+, EC/9.0 α/ β+, EC/10.7 α/ β+, EC/87 /8.1 α/ β+, EC/9.4 α/ α, EC/ β+, EC/7.4 α/ β+, EC/9.1 α/ α

168.9588 169.9582

16. s 9.2 s

β+, EC/9.0

170.9555

15.2 s 55. s

EC/≈ 5.7 β+, EC/

167m

Re 167Re 168

Re

169m

Re

169

Re Re

170

171

Re Re

172m

172

171.9553

15. s

β+, EC/7.3

173

172.9531 173.9521

2.0 m 2.4 m

EC/≈3.9 β+, EC/5.6

174.9514 175.9516

5.8 m 5.3 m

β+, EC/4.3 β+, EC/5.6

177

176.9503

14. m

EC/78 /3.4 β+ /22 /

178

177.9509

13.2 m

β+ /11 /4.7 EC/89 /

Re

Re Re

174

175

Re Re

176

Re

Re

0.433/99.9 0.624/66 1.315/16 0.081–1.18 0.349/99

3/2− 0+ 3/2−

0+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.12536

0.62

Re k x-ray 0.68572/33 0.134–0.773 0.0636 0.2271 0.2907 (0.1262–1.466)

Re k x-ray 0.1576 0.1621

5.78/ 5.51/ 5.50/

5.015/ 4.833/ 4.70/ 4.87/

0.1117

0.1560 0.3055 0.4125 (2)

(3+)

(5/2−)

3.3/

(3)

ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 0.3504 ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1119 0.2430 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1089 0.2406 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.0797 0.0843 0.1968 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1059 0.2373

11-144

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

179

178.9500

19.7 m

EC/99 /2.71 β+ /1 /

0.95/

(5/2+)

2.8

180

179.95079

2.45 m

EC/92 /3.80 β+ /8 /

1.76/

1−

1.6

181

180.95006

20. h

EC /1.74

5/2+

3.19

12.7 h

EC/

2+

3.3

+1.8

Re

Re

Re

182m

Re

0.55/ 1.74/

182

181.9512

2.67 d

EC/2.8

(7+)

2.8

+4.1

183

182.95082

70. d

EC/0.56

(5/2+)

+3.17

+2.3

165. d

I.T./75 /0.188 EC/25 /

8+

+2.9

38. d

EC/1.48

3−

+2.53

+2.8

+2.18

I.T./0.150

5/2+ 8+

+3.1871

2.0 × 105 y 185.954986

3.718 d

β− /92 /1.070 EC/8 /0.582

0.973/21 1.07/71

1−

+1.739

+0.62

186.955751

4.2 × 1010 y 18.6 m

β− /0.00266 I.T./0.172

0.0025/

5/2+ (6−)

+3.2197

+2.07

+1.788

Re

Re

184m

Re

184

Re

185

Re Re

183.95252

37.40(2)

184.952955

186m

186

Re

187

Re Re

62.60(2)

188m

188

187.958112

17.00 h

β− /2.120

1.962/20 2.118/79

1−

189

188.959228

24. h

β− /1.01

1.01/

(5/2+)

3.0 h

β− /51 / I.T./49 /

Re

Re

190m

Re

(6−)

190

189.9618

3.0 m

β− /3.2

1.8/

191

190.96312 191.9660

9.7 m 16. s

β− /2.05 β− /4.2

1.8/ ≈ 2.5/

Re

Re Re

192

(2−)

+0.57

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.9391 W k x-ray 0.1199 0.2900 0.4154 0.4302 1.6803 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1036 0.9028 (0.07–2.2) W k x-ray 0.3607 0.3655 0.6390 W k x-ray 0.0677 1.1214 1.2215 (0.06–2.2) W k x-ray 0.0678 0.2293 1.1213 1.2214 W k x-ray 0.16232 Re k x-ray 0.1047 0.2165 0.92093 (0.10–1.1) W k x-ray 0.79207 0.90328 (0.1–1.4) Re k x-ray 0.0590 W k x-ray 0.1227/0.6 0.1372/9.5 (0.63–0.77) Re k x-ray 0.0925 0.1059 Os k x-ray 0.15502 0.309–2.022 0.1471 0.2167 0.2194 0.2451 Re k x-ray 0.1191 0.2238 0.6731 (0.1–1.79) Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.5580 0.6051 (0.2–0.75)

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot. Os

76

162

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-145

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

161.984 162.982 163.9779 164.9765 165.9718

1.8 ms 5.5 ms 0.04 s 0.07 s 0.18 s

167

166.9714

0.7 s

Os

168

167.96775

2.2 s

169

168.9671

3.3 s

170

169.96357

7.1 s

Os Os

Os

171

170.9630

8.4 s

172

171.9601

19. s

Os Os

173

172.9598

16. s

174

173.9563

44. s

Os Os

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

α/ α/ α α β+, EC/28 /6.3 α/72 / β+, EC/76 /8.2 α/24 / β+, EC/51 /5.7 α/49 / β+, EC/89 /7.7 α/13 / β+, EC/5.0 α/ β+, EC/98 /7.1 α/19 / β+, EC/99 /4.5 α/1.1/ β+, EC/6.3 α/0.4 / β+, EC/3.9 α/0.02 /

6.27/ 5.98/

0+

0+

ann.rad./

0+ 5.40/ α/5.24/93.5 5.17/6.5 0+ 5.10/ 4.94/ 0+ 4.76/

176

175.9550

3.6 m

β+, EC/3.2

0+

177

176.9551

2.8 m

β+, EC/4.5

(1/2−)

178

177.9534

5.0 m

β+, EC/2.3

0+

179

178.9539

7. m

β+, EC/3.7

180

179.9524

21.5 m

β+, EC/1.5

0+

1.75 h

EC/

(1/2−)

Os

Os

181m

Os

181

180.9532

2.7 m

EC/2.9

(7/2−)

182

181.95219

21.5 h

EC/0.9

0+

9.9 h

EC/84 / I.T./16 /

1/2−

13. h

EC/2.1

9/2+

Os

Os

183m

Os

183

Os

182.9531

ann. rad./

5.57/80 5.51/12 5.54/8

β+, EC/5.3

Os

ann. rad./ ann.rad./

1.4 m

Os

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

5.84/

174.9570

Os

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

6.60 6.51

175

Os

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

190.23(3)

Os Os 164Os 165Os 166Os 163

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

−0.79

+3.1

ann.rad./ (0.162–0.216) ann.rad./ 0.190–0.705 ann.rad./ (0.063–1.120) ann.rad./ 0.142–0.299 0.118 0.138 / 0.001 0.158 0.325 0.125 0.181 0.248 0.8155 0.7758 0.8573 1.2093 1.2909 0.0848 0.1958 0.3002 1.2686 ann.rad./ 0.5946 0.6850 0.9687 1.3311 ann.rad./ 0.0654 0.2186 0.5938 Re k x-ray 0.0202–0.7174 ann.rad./ 0.0489 ann.rad./ 0.11794 0.23868 0.8267 (0.07–2.64) Re k x-ray 0.1802 0.5100 Os k x-ray Re k x-ray 1.1020 1.1080 Re k x-ray 0.1144 0.3818

11-146

Elem. or Isot. 184

Os Os

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %) 0.02(1)

185

186

Os Os 188Os 189mOs

1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8)

189

16.15(5)

Atomic Mass or Weight 183.952491 184.954043

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

93.6 d

EC/1.013

2. × 1015 y

α/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

≈ 2.75/

5.8 h

I.T./0.0308

9.9 m

I.T./1.705

3/2+ 10−

13.1 h

I.T./0.0744

0+ 3/2−

15.4 d

β− /0.314

6.0 s

I.T./2.0154

191.961479 192.964148

30.5 h

β− /1.141

1.04/20

194

193.965179

6.0 y

β− /0.097

195

Os Os

194.9681 195.96962

6.5 m 34.9 m

β− /2.0 β− /1.16

0.054/33 0.096/67 2.0/ 0.84/

Ir

192.217(3) 0.06 ms 0.3 ms

1.78 1.71 6.72 6.56 1.32 6.56 1.15 6.41/80 1.24/0.4 6.35/48 1.04/32

Os Os

188.958145

190m

190

Os Os

26.26(2)

189.958445

191m

191

Os

190.960928

192m

Os

192

Os Os

193

Os

196

77

40.78(19)

164

Ir Ir

0.140/100

167

166.9817

35. ms

168

Ir Ir 169Ir 170Ir 171Ir 172Ir

167.9799 168.9764 169.9743 170.9718 171.9706

0.16 s 0.3 s 0.6 s 0.43 s 1.3 s 2.1 s

173

172.9677

3.0 s

α/

5.665/

174

173.9668

4. s

α/

5.478/

175

174.9641 175.9635

≈ 4.5 s 8. s

5.393/

177

176.9612

30. s

178

177.9601

12. s

α/ EC, β+/80 α/3.2/ EC, β+/5.7 α/0.06/ β+, EC/6.3

164.9876

166m

Ir

166

Ir

15 ms 165.9855

167m

Ir

Ir

30 ms

169m

Ir Ir Ir Ir

176

Ir Ir

≈ 11 ms

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+0.0646519 Os L x-ray 0.0308 +0.65993 −0.6

+0.86 Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.3611 0.5026 0.6161

+2.5

9/2−

6.11/84 6.00/50 6.03/ 5.91/ 5.811/

5.118/ 5.011/

0+ 3/2−

0+

0+

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) Re k x-ray 0.6461 0.8748 0.8805

(10−)

p p/87 α/13 α/98.2 p/1.8 α/93 p/6.9 α/48, β+ p/32 α/80, β+ p/0.4 α/82 α/ α/ α/ α/ α/

165

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0+ 1/2−

0+ 1/2− 0+ 9/2−

187

185.953838 186.955748 187.955836

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

+0.730

+0.47

Os k x-ray 0.0744 Ir k x-ray 0.1294 Os k x-ray 0.2058/65.9 0.5692/70 (0.201–1.000) Ir k x-ray 0.1389 0.4605 Ir L x-ray 0.0429 0.1262/5 0.4079/5.9

0.228 (0.379–0.475) 0.0493 (0.092–0.296) 0.1587 (0.276–1.33) 0.1056 0.260 (0.135–0.415) 0.184 (0.062–0.194) 0.1320 0.2667

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-147

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

179

178.9592

4. m

EC/4.9

180

179.9593

1.5 m

EC/6.4

181

180.9576

4.9 m

β+, EC/4.1

182

181.9582

15. m

β+ /44 /5.6 EC/56 /

183

182.9568

57. m

β+, EC/3.5

184

183.9574

3.0 h

β+ /12 /4.6 EC/88 /

185

184.9566

14. h

Ir Ir Ir

Ir

Ir

Ir

Ir

186m

Ir

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

5−

0.70

+2.41

β+ /3 /2.4 EC/97 /

(5/2−)

2.60

−2.1

1.7 h

EC /

(2−)

0.64

+1.46

3.9

−2.55

2.3/ 2.9/

185.95795

15.7 h

EC/98 /3.83 β+ /2 /

(5+)

187

186.95736

10.5 h

EC/1.50

3/2+

188

187.95885

1.72 d

β+ /2.81 EC/99+ /

189

188.95872

13.2 d 3.09 h

Ir

Ir

Ir

190m2

Ir

190m1

Ir

190

Ir

189.9606

191m

Ir

191

Ir

37.3(2)

Ir 192m1Ir

192

Ir

193m

Ir

191.962602

+0.94

(2−)

0.30

+0.48

EC/0.53

3/2+

0.13

+0.88

(11−)

1.12 h 11.8 d

β+, EC/95 / I.T./5 / I.T. /0.0263 EC/2.0

7+ (4+)

0.04

+2.8

4.93 s

I.T./0.1714

11/2−

+0.603

I.T./0.161 I.T./0.0580

3/2+ (9+) (1+)

+0.151

241. y 1.44 m

73.83 d

β− /1.460

(4−)

+1.92

10.53 d

I.T./0.0802

11/2−

190.960591

192m2

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(7/2+)

186

Ir

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1.13/ 1.64/

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3633 0.0975 (0.045–0.220) 0.2765 ((0.132–1.106) ann.rad./ 0.1076 (0.0196–1.715) ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.1273 0.2370 ann.rad./ 0.0877 0.2285 0.2824 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.11968 0.2640 0.3904 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.2543 1.8288 Os k x-ray 0.1371 0.7675 Os k x-ray 0.1372 0.2968 0.4348 (0.13–3.0) Os k x-ray 0.0743 0.4009 0.4271 0.6109 0.9128 Os k x-ray 0.1550 0.4780 0.6330 2.2146 Os k x-ray 0.2449 0.376 Ir L x-ray Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.4072 0.5186 0.5580 0.6051 (0.2–1.4) Ir k x-ray 0.1294

+0.82

+2.15

Ir k x-ray Ir L x-ray 0.0580 0.3165 Pt k x-ray 0.31649/83. 0.46806/48. Ir L x-ray

11-148

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0803

193

Ir 194mIr

194

Ir

62.7(2)

192.962923

193.965075

195m

Ir

195

Ir

194.965976

196m

Ir

196

Ir

195.96838

19.3 h

β−/2.247

1.92/9 2.25/86

1−

3.9 h

β− /

0.41/ 0.97/

(11/2−)

2.8 h

β− /1.120

(3/2+)

1.40 h

β −/

1.0/80 1.11/13 1.16/

52. s

β− /3.21

2.1/15 3.2/80

0−

8.9 m 196.96964

5.8 m

198

197.9723

8. s

β− /4.1

199

Ir

198.97378

Pt

195.078(2)

167.9880

0.3 ms 0.7 ms 2.0 ms

α/ α/ α

7.11/ 6.99/ 6.83

168.9864 169.9816

3. ms 14 ms

α α

6.55

172

Pt Pt 173Pt

170.9811 171.97730 172.9765

0.05 s 0.10 s 0.36 s

174

173.97281

0.89 s

α α/ β+, EC/8.2 α/ β+, EC/17 /5.6 α/83 / β+, EC/65 /7.6 α/35 /

Ir

Ir

78

166

Pt Pt 168Pt 167

169

Pt Pt

170

171

Pt

175

Pt

176

Pt

174.9723

175.9690

2.5 s

6.3 s

β+, EC/60 /5.1 α/40 /

177

176.9685

11. s

EC/91 /6.8 α/9 /

178

177.9649

21. s

EC/93 /4.5 α/7 /

Pt

Pt

179

Pt

178.9653

+0.39

β− /

197

Ir

+0.164

170. d

β− / I.T./ β− /2.16

197m

3/2+ 11

33. s

β+, EC/5.7

(11/2−) 1.5/ 2.0/

6.45 6.31/94 6.23 6.20/

(3/2+)

+0.75

+0.34

Pt k x-ray 0.3284 0.4829 0.5624 0.2935 0.3284 0.6451 (0.1–2.2) Pt k x-ray 0.3199/9.6 0.3649/9.5 0.4329/9.6 0.6849/9.6 Pt k x-ray 0.0989/9.7 Pt k x-ray 0.3557 0.3935 0.4471 0.5214 0.6473 0.3329 0.3557 0.7796 0.3465 See Ir[197] 0.0531 0.1351 0.4306 0.4697 0.4074 0.5070

0.582/69 0.594/69 0.725/62 0.509/100 0.662/86 0.214–0.726 0+

0+ 6.040/ 0.0774 0.1354 0.2128

5.831/5 5.96/54 6.038/ 0+

ann.rad./ 0.2277

5.528/0.6 5.750/41 5.53/ 5.485/3 5.525/6

0.0908

0+ 5.286/0.2 5.442/7 +0.43

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-149

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

180

179.9632

52. s

181

180.9632 181.9613

51. s 2.7 m

Pt Pt Pt

182

183m

Pt

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) α/ β+, EC/99.7 /3.7 α/0.3 / β+, EC/5.2 β+, EC/2.9

43. s

β+, EC/ I.T./

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

(7/2−)

7. m

β+, EC/4.6

184

183.9599

17.3 m

β+, EC/2.3

185

184.9607

33. m 1.18 h

β+, EC/ β+, EC/3.8

1/2− (9/2+)

186

185.95943

2.0 h

β+, EC/1.38

0+

187

186.9607

2.35 h

β+, EC/3.1

3/2

188

187.95940

10.2 d

EC/0.51

0+

189

188.96083

10.9 h

β+, EC/1.97

189.95993 190.961684

4.5 × 1011 y 2.86 d

185m

Pt Pt

Pt

Pt

Pt

Pt

190

Pt Pt

0.014(1)

191

192

Pt Pt

0.782(7)

193

Pt Pt 195mPt 194

195

Pt Pt 197mPt 196

32.967(99)

33.832(10) 25.242(41)

197

Pt

198

Pt

192.962984 193.962663

7.163(55)

197.967875

+3.4

+0.50

+3.7

−0.41

−1.1

3/2−

−0.43

−1.2

EC/1.02

0+ (3/2−)

−0.50

−0.9

4.33 d

I.T./0.1498

0+ 13/2+

−0.75

60. y

EC/0.0566

4.01 d

I.T./0.2952

194.964774 195.964934

196.967323

+0.78

+0.5 −0.75

191.961035

193m

1.590 h

I.T./97 / β− /3 /

19.9 h

β− /0.719

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

+0.48 0+

182.9617

Pt

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

5.16/ 0+ 5.140/

183

Pt

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

(1/2−) 0+ 13/2+

+0.60

1/2− 0+ 13/2+

+0.6095

1/2−

0.51

0+

−0.61

ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.1460 0.2100 ann.rad./ 0.3132/26 0.3164/59 0.6296/100 0.058–1.75 ann.rad./ 0.119/100 0.307/93 0.260/90 0.058–1.377 ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.1919 0.5484 ann.rad./ 0.1353 0.1974 0.2296 0.2551 ann.rad./ 0.6115 0.6892 ann.rad./ Ir k x-ray 0.1064 0.1100 0.2015 0.2849 0.7092 Ir k x-ray 0.1876 0.1951 Ir k x-ray 0.0943 0.6076 0.7214 (0.09–1.47) Ir k x-ray 0.3599 0.4094 0.5389 Pt k x-ray 0.1355 Ir k x-rays

+1.4

Pt k x-ray 0.0989

Pt k x-ray 0.0530 0.3465 Au k x-ray 0.1914 0.2688

11-150

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

199m

Pt

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

13.6 s

I.T./0.424

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

198.970576

30.8 m

β− /1.70

200

199.97142

12.5 h

β− /≈0.66

0+

201

200.9745

2.5 m

β− /2.66

(5/2−)

202

Pt

201.9757

1.8 d

Au

196.96655(2)

Pt

Pt

79

170m

0.62 ms

170

0.30 ms

Au

Au

171

170.9918

1.0 ms

172

171.9901

4 ms 15 ms 0.02 s 0.14 s 0.15 s 0.9 s

Au

Au Au 173Au 174Au 175Au 176Au 173m

172.9864 173.9842 174.9817 175.9803

p/58 α/42 p/85 α/15 p/46 α/54 α/7.02 α/92 α/94 α α β+, EC/10.5 α/

177

176.9772

1.2 s

α/

178

Au Au 180Au

177.9760 178.9732 179.9724

2.6 s 7.5 s 8.1 s

α/ α/ EC/8.6 α/

181

180.9700

11.4 s

182

181.9686

21. s

EC/97.5/6.3 α/2.7/ β+, EC/6.9 α/0.13/

183

182.9676

42. s

183.9675

48 s 21. s

Au

179

Au Au

Au

184m

Au Au

184

185m

Au

185

Au

6.8 m 184.9657

4.3 m

185.9659

< 2. m 10.7 m

186.9646

2.3 s 8.3 m

186m

Au Au

186

187m

Au Au

187

0.90/18 1.14/14

IT β+, EC/3.60

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) Pt k x-ray 0.3919 0.3170/4.9 0.49375/5.7 0.5430/14.8 (0.055–1.293) Au k x-ray 0.13590 0.22747 0.24371 0.070 0.152 0.222 1.760 0.440

(5/2−)

1.74/ 7.11/ 1.47/ 7.01/ 1.44/100 7.00 6.86 6.732 6.672 6.54

6.260/80 6.290/20 6.115/ 6.150/ 5.920/ 5.85/ 5.65 5.61 5.50

0.1522 0.2564 0.5242 0.6765 0.8084 0.8597

5.482/

+1.97

EC/5.5 α/0.8/

EC, β+/7.1 α/0.013/ β+, EC/ I.T./0.145 β+, EC/4.71 α/0.26/ β+, EC/ β+, EC/6.0 α/8(10)−4/

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

13/2+

199

Pt

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

(2+) (5+)

+1.44 +2.07

+1.9 +4.7

(5/2−)

+2.17

−1.1

3−

−1.26

+3.1

9/2− 1/2+

+0.54

ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.2649 (0.13–1.4) 0.1630 0.2730 0.3625 0.069(IT)

ann.rad./ 0.1915 ann.rad./ 0.1915 0.2988 ann.rad./ 0.9152 1.2668 1.3321

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-151

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

187.9651

8.8 m

β+, EC/5.3

(1−)

−0.07

189

188.9642

4.6 m 28.7 m

β+, EC/ EC/96 /3.2 β+ /4 /

11/2− 1/2+

+6.19 +0.49

190

189.96470

43. m

β+ /2 /4.44 EC/98 /

1−

−0.07

0.9 s

I.T./0.2663

(11/2−)

6.6

3/2+

+0.137

+0.72

1−

−0.011

−0.23

188

Au

189m

Au Au

Au

191m

Au

191

190.96365

3.2 h

EC/1.83

192

191.96481

4.9 h

β+ /5 /3.52 EC/95 /

3.9 s

I.T./0.2901

11/2−

6.2

+1.98

3/2+

+0.140

+0.66

1−

+0.076

−0.24

Au

Au

193m

Au

2.19/ 2.49/

193

192.96413

17.6 h

EC/1.07

194

193.96534

1.64 d

β+ /3 /2.49 EC/97 /

30.5 s

I.T./0.3186

11/2−

6.2

+1.9

186.10 d 9.7 h

EC/0.227 I.T./0.5954

3/2+ 12−

+0.149 5.7

+0.61

8.1 s 6.17 d 7.8 s

I.T./0.0846 EC/92 /1.506 I.T./0.4094 β− /8 /0.686

8+ 2− 11/2−

+0.591 +6.0

0.81 +1.7

+0.55

I.T./0.812

3/2+ (12−)

+0.14575

2.30 d

0.290/1 0.961/99 0.25/22 0.292/72 0.462/6 0.56/

2−

+0.5934

+0.64

3/2+

+0.2715

+0.51

12−

5.9

Au

Au

195m

Au

195

Au Au

194.965017

196m2

196m1

Au Au 197mAu 196

197

Au Au

195.966551

100.

196.966551

198m

198

197.968225

2.695 d

β− /1.372

199

198.968748

3.14 d

β− /0.453

18.7 h

β− /84 /1.0 I.T./16 /

Au Au

1.49/

200m

Au

200

199.97072

48.4 m

β− /2.24

0.7/15 2.2/77

1−

201

200.97165 201.9738

26. m 29. s

β− /1.28 β− /3.0

1.27/82

3/2+ (1−)

Au

Au Au

202

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 1.4081 ann.rad./ 0.2660 0.3404 0.6061 0.1667 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.4478 0.7133 0.8128 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2958 0.3018 0.5977 Au k x-ray 0.2414 0.2526 Pt k x-ray 0.5864/16 (0.088–1.30) ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2959 0.3165 Au k x-ray 0.2580 Pt k x-ray 0.1862 0.2556 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2935 0.3284/61 Au k x-ray 0.2617 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1478 0.1883 0.0847 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1302 0.2790 Au k x-ray 0.0972 0.1803 0.2419 Hg k x-ray 0.411794 Hg k x-ray 0.15837 0.20820 Au k x-ray 0.2559/71 0.3680/77 0.4978/73 0.5793/72 0.084–0.904) 0.3679/19 1.2254/10.6 (0.077–1.570) (0.027–0.732) 0.4396

11-152

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

202.97515 203.9783

1.0 m 40. s

β− /2.14 β− /4.5

Au

204.9796

31. s

β− /

Hg

200.59(2) ≈0.25 ms 0.9 ms 1.9 ms 0.02 s 21 ms 0.13 s 0.26 s

α α α α α α EC/50 /6.1 α/50 / EC/8.0 α/ EC/5.5 α/

203

Au Au

204

205

80

172

Hg Hg 174Hg 175Hg 176Hg 177Hg 178Hg 173

174.9912 175.98733 176.9863 177.98248

179

178.9818

1.05 s

180

179.9783

2.6 s

Hg Hg

181

180.9778

3.6 s

β+ EC/74 /≈7.3 α/26 /

182

181.9739

10.8 s

β+, EC/85/5.0 α/15/

Hg

Hg

183

Hg

184

Hg

182.9744

183.9719

Hg Hg

184.9720 185.9695

51. S 1.4 m

186.9698

1.7 m 2.4 m

β+, EC/95/5.8 β+, EC/3.3 α β+, EC/ β+, EC/4.9

187.9676

3.2 m

187m

Hg 187Hg

188

Hg

β+, EC/99/4.1 α/1/

β+, EC, IT, α/

Hg

186

30.9 s

β+, EC/77/6.3 α/

21.s

185m

185

9. S

189m

Hg

β+, EC/2.3 α

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ≈ 1.9/

Spin π) (h/2π

0+ 6.43/ 6.29/ 0+ 6.12/33 5.69/.03 (1/2−)

+0.507

0+ 5.87/8.6 5.45/0.03 1/2−

+0.524

5.83/ 5.91/ 0+ 5.54/1.3 5.07/0.002 5.37/

13/2+

−1.02

1/2− 0+

+0.509

+0.2

13/2+ 3/2−

−1.04 −0.594

+0.5 −0.8

5.09/0.02

0+ 4.61

8.6 m

EC/

13/2+

−1.06

+0.7

−0.6086

−0.8

−1.07

+0.6

EC/4.2

3/2−

190

189.9663

20.0 m

EC/1.5

0+

51. m

β+ /6 / EC/94 /

13/2+

Hg

(0.04–0.37) 0.4366 1.5113 (0.38–1.33)

6.74/94 6.58

7.6 m

191m

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

7.35 7.21 7.07

188.9687

Hg

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

3/2+ (2−)

189

Hg

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.1250 0.3005 0.3812 0.0663 0.0811 0.0924 0.1474 0.1587 0.2142 0.2398 0.129/122 0.2176/66 0.0256–0.543 0.0714 0.0874 0.1538 0.0915 0.1265 0.1560 0.2362 0.211 0.292 0.02–0.55 0.1119 0.2518 see Hg187 0.1034/32 0.2334/100 0.2403/33 0.27151/31 0.3763/38 0.5254/30 0.10–2.18 0.0988 0.1148 0.1424 0.1900 0.0780 0.3210 0.4345 0.5655 (0.08–2.170) 0.2005 0.2038 0.2386 0.2485 0.1296 0.1426 ann.rad./ Au k x-ray

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-153

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

191

190.9671

50. m

β+, EC/3.2

(3/2−)

192

191.9653

5.0 h

EC/≈0.5

0+

11.8 h

β+, EC/91 / I.T./9 /0.2901

Hg

Hg

193m

Hg

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

−0.62

−0.8

13/2+

−1.05843

+0.92

193

192.96664

3.8 h

EC, B+/2.34

3/2−

−0.6276

−0.7

194

193.96538

520. y 1.67 d

EC/0.04 I.T./(54)/0.3186 EC/(46)/

0+ 13/2+

−1.04465

+1.1

194.96664

10.5 h

EC/1.51

1/2−

+0.541475

195.965814

>2.5 × 1018 y 23.8 h

I.T./(93)/0.2989

0+ 13/2+

−1.02768

2.69 d

EC/0.600

1/2−

+0.527374

42.7 m

I.T./0.532

0+ 13/2+

−1.014703

−0.560226

+0.39

+0.8489

+0.34

+0.6010

Hg

Hg Hg

195m

195

Hg

196

Hg Hg

0.15(1)

197m

197

Hg

198

Hg Hg

196.967195 9.97(20)

197.966752

199m

199

Hg Hg 201Hg 202Hg 203Hg

16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26)

198.968262 199.968309 200.970285 201.970625 202.972857

46.61 d

β− /0.492

0.213/100

1/2− 0+ 3/2− 0+ 5/2−

204

6.87(15)

203.973475 204.976056

5.2 m

β− /1.531

1.33/4

0+ 1/2−

206

205.97750

8.2 m

β− /1.31

0.935/34 1.3/63

207

Hg Hg

206.9825 207.9859

2.9 m 0.7 h

β− /4.8 β−

Tl

204.3833(2) 0.23 ms

p/51 α/49 α/73 p/27 α/

200

Hg Hg

205

Hg

208

81

177m

Tl

177

176.9969

0.017 s

178

177.9952

0.25 s

Tl Tl

179m

Tl

179

Tl

1.7 ms 178.9917

0.3 s

α α α

0+

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2741 0.4203 0.5787 (0.07–1.9) 0.1963 0.2247 0.2524 Au k x-ray 0.1572 0.2748 0.3065 Hg k x-ray 0.1866 0.2580 0.4076 0.5733 0.9324 (0.1–1.96) 0.1866 0.2580 0.8611 Au L x-rays Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.2617 0.5603 0.7798 Au k x-ray 0.0614 0.7798

+1.2

Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.13398 Au k x-ray 0.07735

+1.2

Hg k x-ray 0.15841

+0.505885

Tl k x-ray 0.279188 0.20378 (0.2–1.4) Tl k x-ray 0.3052 0.6502

(9/2+) 0.474

6.704 6.785 6.62 6.859 /7.21/80 /7.10/20 6.57/

11-154

Elem. or Isot. 180

Tl

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Tl Tl 182Tl

1.5 s

α

180.9869 181.9856

1.4 ms 3.2 ms 3. s

α α β+, EC/10.9

182.9826 183.9818

0.06 s 5. s 11. s

α β+, EC/7.7 β+, EC/(98)/9.2 α/(2)/

183m

Tl Tl 184Tl 183

185m

Tl

185

Tl Tl 186Tl

1.8 s

+0.48

+0.13

1.4 m

β+, EC/

(9/2−)

+3.878

−2.29

2.3 m

β+, EC/5.2

(1/2+)

3.7 m

β+, EC/

4.2/

(7+)

+0.495

+0.29

2.6 m

β+, EC/7.0

5.7/

(2−)

+0.25

−0.33

5.2 m

β+, EC/(98)/

(9/2+)

+3.903

−2.3

10.8 m

β+, EC/

(1/2) (7+)

1.59 +0.518

0.46

191.972

9.6 m

β+, EC/6.4

(2−)

+0.20

−0.33

2.1 m 22. m

I.T./(75)/ β+, EC/3.6

(9/2−) (1/2+)

+3.948 +1.591

−2.2

192.9706

32.8 m

β+ /(20)/≈0.30 EC/(80)/

(7+)

+0.540

+0.61

188.9743

Tl

189.9738

191m

Tl

190.9723

192m

192

Tl

193m

Tl Tl

193

194m

Tl

6.16/

(2−)

190m

Tl Tl

0.208 0.2868 0.3399 0.3667 0.1688 0.2840

β+, EC/7.8

Tl

191

9/2− 1/2+

1.2 m

189m

Tl

0.351 (0.26–0.41)

+3.8 1.6

187.9759

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%)

6.28/30 6.36/30 6.21/18 6.56/15 6.47/7 6.58/100 6.19/100

(9/2+) 1/2+ (7+)

188

190

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

I.T./≈0.33 β+, EC/6.0 β+, EC/

186.9762

Tl

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

15.6 s 50. s 1.18 m

185.9776

Tl Tl 188mTl

189

Spin π) (h/2π

20. s 4. s 28. s

184.9791

187m

Tl

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

I.T./0.453 α/5.97 EC/β+/6.6 I.T./0.374 β+, EC/7.5

186m

187

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

179.9912

181m 181

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

(9/2−) 6.01

−2.4

0.3738 0.3567 0.4026 0.4053 0.2995 Hg k x-ray 0.4129 0.5043 0.5921 See Tl[188m] 0.4129 0.2156 0.2284 0.3175 0.4452 0.3337 0.4510 0.5223 0.9422 0.1968 0.4164 0.7311 0.4164 0.6254 0.6838 1.0999 0.2157 0.2647 0.3256 0.3359 0.1740 0.4228 0.6348 0.7863 0.7455 0.3975 0.4228 0.6908 0.3650 0.2077 0.3244 0.3440 0.6761 1.0447 1.5793 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4282

Table of the Isotopes

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

194

Tl

11-155

Atomic Mass or Weight

193.9711

195m

Tl

195

Tl

194.9697

196m

Tl

196

Tl

195.9705

197m

Tl

197

Tl

196.96954

198m

Tl

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

3.6 s

I.T./0.483

9/2−

1.16 h

EC/97/2.8 β+ /(3)/

1/2+

+1.58

1.41 h

β+, EC/95/4.9

(7+)

0.55

+0.76

1.84 h

β+ /(15)/4.4 EC/(85)/

2−

+0.072

−0.18

0.54 s

IT/53/0.608 β+, EC/47/

9/2−

2.83 h

β+ /(1)/2.18 EC/(99)/

1/2+

+1.58

1.87 h

β+, EC/(53)/ IT/47/0.5347

7+

+0.64

EC, β+ /(1)/3.5

199

198.9698

7.4 h

EC/1.4

200

199.97095

1.087 d

EC/2.46

201

200.97080

3.042 d

202

201.97209 202.972329 203.973848

Tl

Tl

203

Tl Tl

29.524(14)

204

205

Tl Tl

70.476(14)

206

Tl

1.4/ 2.1/ 2.4/

205.976095

0.140

2−

1/2−

+1.60

2−

0.04

EC/0.48

1/2+

+1.605

12.47 d

EC/1.36

2−

0.06

3.78 y

β− /97/0.7637 EC/(3)/0.347

1/2+ 2−

+1.622258 0.09

I.T./2.644

1/2+ 12−

+1.638215

3.76 m

4.20 m

β− /1.533

1.07/ 1.44/

0.763/97

204.974412

206m

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

2−

5.3 h

Tl

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

β+, EC/5.3

197.9405

Tl

Spin π) (h/2π

34. m

198

Tl

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.53/99.9

0−

−0.28

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6363 0.7490 0.3955 0.4282 0.6363 Tl k x-ray 0.0990 0.3836 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.2422 0.5635 0.8845 1.3639 (0.13–2.5) 0.0840 0.4261 0.6353 0.6954 (0.08–1.0) ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4257 0.6105 (0.03–2.4) Tl k x-ray 0.2262 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.1522/8.2 0.4258 Hg k x-ray Tl k x-ray 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.4118 0.6367 0.6759 (0.23–2.8) Hg k x-ray 0.2082 0.2473 0.4555 Hg k x-ray 0.36799 1.2057 (0.11–2.3) Hg k x-ray 0.13528 0.16740/10.0 Hg k x-ray 0.43957 Hg k x-ray

Tl k x-ray 0.2166 0.2661 0.4534 0.6866 1.0219 Pb k x-ray

11-156

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

207m

Tl

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

1.3 s

I.T./1.350

206.97741 207.982004

4.77 m 3.053 m

β− /1.423 β− /5.001

1.43/99.8 1.28/23 1.52/22 1.796/51

1/2+ (5+)

209

208.98535

2.16 m

β−/3.98

1.8

(1/2+)

210

Tl

209.99006

1.30 m

β− /5.48

1.3/25 1.9/56

Pb

207.2(1) ≈0.2 ms 5 ms 0.05 s 55 ms 0.42 s

α/ α/ α α

7.25 7.07 6.90 6.70/82.7 6.86/1.9 6.57/4.3 6.78/11.0 6.63/ 6.41/ 6.29/56 6.49/44 6.48/

207

Tl Tl

208

Tl

82

178

Pb Pb 181Pb 182Pb 183mPb 180

180.9967 181.99268

183

182.9919

0.54 s

α/

184

Pb Pb 185Pb

183.9882 184.9876

0.48 s 4.3 s 6.3 s

α/94 α α/

186

185.9835

5. s

β+, EC/95/5.5 α/(5)/

Pb

185m

Pb

187m

Pb

187

Pb

188

Pb

186.9839

187.9811

18.3 s

EC/7.2 α/7

6.08/

188.9809

51. s

190

189.9782

1.2 m

Pb

191m

Pb

EC/6.1 α/ β+ (13)/4.1 EC/(86)/ α/(0.9)/

2.2 m

β+, EC/

191

190.9782

1.3 m

β+, EC/5.5

192

191.9758

3.5 m

β+, EC/≈3.4 α/.006/

Pb Pb

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) 0.80313 Tl k x-ray 0.3501 1.0000 0.89723 Pb k x-ray 0.27728 0.51061 0.58302 2.61448 Pb k x-ray 1.5670/100 0.4651/95 (0.12–1.33) Pb k x-ray 0.081 0.2981 0.79788

+1.88 +0.29

(5+)

13/2+ (3/2−) 0+ 13/2+ 3/2−

−1.2 −1.1

0.205 0.269

0+

β+, EC/ α/12

189

Pb

/100

15.2 s

EC/(78)/4.8 α/(22)/

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

11/2−

6.32/ 6.34/ 2 µs 0.03 s 0.51 s

α/ α/

228

228.0362

61. s

229

229.0363 230.0378

4.0 m 4.6 m

231.03823

48.8 m

U

U

238

U

U U

U

99.2742(10)

0+

5/2+

−0.38

4.9

Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.10917 0.14378 0.16338 0.18574 0.20213 0.20533 0.22140 (0.03–0.79) Th L x-ray 0.04946/100 0.11279/24.1 0.17115/0.080 Np L x-ray Np k x-ray 0.05953 0.20801 Th L x-ray 0.04955/.06 0.1135/.01 (0.522–0.681)

0+

Np L x-ray 0.04410 0.05558 0.06760

5/2

0.2629 0.3475 0.3703 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.3268 0.81925 0.86683 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.29887 0.31201 U L x-ray U k x-ray 1.5272 1.5587 1.6022 U k x-ray

Np

93

225

Np Np Np

230

231

Np

EC/60(7)/ α/40(7)/, SF α/7.010 EC/97 /3.6 α/3 EC/98 /1.8 α/2 /6.368

8.04(2)/ 7.65(2)/ 7.68(1)/

6.890(20) 6.660(20) 6.280/2

232

232.0400

14.7 m

EC/99 /2.7

(4−)

233

233.0410

36.2 m

EC/1.2

(5/2+)

234

234.04289

4.4 d

β+, EC/1.81

235

235.044055

1.085 y

EC/99.9 /0.124 α/0.001/5.191 EC/52 / β− /48 /

5/2+

EC/91 /0.94

(6−)

Np

Np

Np

Np

236m

Np

236

Np

22.5 h

236.04657

1.55 × 105 y

0.79/

(0+)

(1−)

U L x-ray Pu L x-ray U k x-ray 0.64235 0.68759 U L x-ray

11-174

Elem. or Isot.

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half-life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin π) (h/2π

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

β− /9 /0.49

237

237.048166

2.14 × 106 y 1 × 1018 y

α/4.957 SF/2.1 × 10−10

238

238.050940

2.117 d

β− /1.292

239

239.052931

2.355 d

Np

Np

Np

240m

Np

4.6395(5)/6.5 4.766(5)/9.7 4.7715(5)/22.7 4.7884(5)/47.8 4.558–4.873 1.2/

5/2+

β− /0.722

0.341/30 0.438/48

5/2+

7.22 m

β− /99.9 / IT/0.1 /

2.18/

(1+)

2+

240

240.05617

1.032 h

β− /2.20

0.89/

5+

241

241.0583

13.9 m

β− /1.3

1.3/

5/2+

2.2 m

β− /

β− /2.7

2.7/

α/ α/ α/

7.81(2)/ 7.46/ 7.06/81 7.00/19

Np

Np

242m

Np

242

242.0616

5.5 m

243

243.0643 244.0678

1.9 m 2.3 m

229

Pu Pu 230Pu

228.0387 229.0362 230.03964

≈1.5 m 1.7 m

231

231.04126

8.6 m

232

232.04118

34. m

Np

Np Np

244

(1+)

6+

+3.14

+3.89

γ-Energy /Intensity (MeV/%) U k x-ray 0.10423 0.16031 Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.029378/15 0.08653/12 (0.03–0.28) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.98447/25.2 1.02855/18.3 (.044–1.026) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.10613 0.228186/11 0.27760/15 (0.04–0.50) 0.25143 0.26333 0.55454 0.59735 0.1471/ 0.5664 0.6008 0.1330/ 0.1740 0.280 0.15910 0.2651/ 0.78570 0.9448/ 0.6209 0.73620 0.78074 1.47340 (0.04–2.37)

Pu

94

228

Pu Pu

233

Pu

234

Pu

235

Pu

236

Pu

233.04299

234.04331

235.0453 236.046048

20.9 m

8.8 h

25.3 m 2.87 y 1.5 × 109 y

EC/90 α/10 EC/>80/1.1 α/90 /0.97 α/96 α/ 97 α/ SF/