CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 95th Edition [95ed.] 978-1-4822-0868-9, 1482208687

Table of contents :
Content: Front Cover
Foreword
Editorial Advisory Board
Preface
Current Contributors
Table of Contents
Section 1 --
Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors
Section 2 --
Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature
Section 3 --
Physical Constants of Organic Compounds
Section 4 --
Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds
Section 5 --
Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Solution Chemistry
Section 6 --
Fluid Properties
Section 7 --
Biochemistry
Section 8 --
Analytical Chemistry
Section 9 --
Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy
Section 10 --
Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. Section 11 --
Nuclear and Particle PhysicsSection 12 --
Properties of Solids
Section 13 --
Polymer Properties
Section 14 --
Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics
Section 15 --
Practical Laboratory Data
Section 16 --
Health and Safety Information
Appendix A --
Mathematical Tables
Appendix B --
Sources of Physical and Chemical Data
Historical Figures in Ch emistry and Physics
Periodic Table of the Elements
STANDARD ATOMIC WEIGHTS (2013)
FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS --
FREQUENTLY USED CONSTANTS
Back Cover.

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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 95th Edition

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CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics A Ready-Reference Book of Chemical and Physical Data

2014-2015

95th

EDITION

Editor-in-Chief

W. M. Haynes, Ph.D.

Scientist Emeritus National Institute of Standards and Technology Associate Editors

David R. Lide, Ph.D.

Former Director, Standard Reference Data National Institute of Standards and Technology

Thomas J. Bruno, Ph.D.

Group Leader National Institute of Standards and Technology

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CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140317 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-0868-9 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com

Foreword My first copy of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics was a 1973 edition that came into my possession in 1983, when I was 21 years old. I’d like to tell you that its 2279 pages launched me onto a career of successful physics research, but the truth is they very nearly launched me instead on a career of petty larceny and crime in general. I was an undergraduate physics major, working in the afternoons in a Stanford physics lab. Undergraduate researchers did not have a lot of clout in the department and no one offered me a desk of my own, but my lab key got me into a room full of desks occupied by graduate students, and one of them was empty, so I decided to brazen it out. I lined up my five or six physics text books along the back of the desk, put several pads of engineer-lined blank paper in the center drawer, and “moved in.” For a year and more, I did my homework at the desk and also did calculations for an experiment I was working on. Sitting on the adjacent desk was a massive blue book. My slide down into criminality began in a simple moment of curiosity one evening when I was bored with my homework. I leaned over onto my neighbor’s desk, and flipped his book open: Wow. It turned out to be choc-a-bloc full of all varieties of useful information, exactly the sort of stuff I needed to design modifications to my experiment! Another graduate student in the room told me “Oh sure, we call that the ‘Rubber Bible.’ No one knows why. ” Years later someone told me that “CRC” used to stand for the company that published it —and the “R” stood for “Rubber.” Thus, its authoritative tome was naturally still called the “Rubber Bible,” but at the time the name seemed to me full of portent and significance. My favorite record album was called “Rubber Soul.” What better way to tend to your rubber soul than flipping through a rubber bible? Soon I was borrowing my neighbor’s CRC Handbook on a frequent basis. And, since he never seemed to be around, one fateful day instead of returning the book to his desk when I was done, I just left it on the edge of my desk. I meant no harm. It’s just that I hadn’t

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seen the guy in a semester or more, and it was a heavy book to heft from one desk to another. If he did come in and was looking for it, he’d see it on my desk, no problem. But before long, some of the graduate students were asking if they could borrow “my” Handbook. I was always very willing to loan it out, but I never corrected their impression that the book belonged to me. I knew then, and I know now, that this act of omission was very wrong, but it was just so flattering to my ego that the graduate students would ask to borrow such an important book from me, a lowly undergraduate. Well by now I was well down the slippery slope. The true owner never did show up again. I guess he graduated. But did I make any effort to contact him, to let him know he had forgotten his book? I did not. And when I left Palo Alto to go to grad school, I took his Rubber Bible with me. In the ensuing 30 years, I’ve owned and made good use of several generations of updated editions of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, but for sentimental reasons, and perhaps as a moral warning, I’ve always kept also my purloined 1973 edition. Just now, I’m opening it. The name of the true owner is written in pen on the inside of the front cover, but it has been lined through and just under it, my name is written, and in my own hand. I don’t remember doing that, but I can hardly call that a mere “act of omission,” can I? Gentle reader, do not repeat my errors. Go not down the path I have chosen. Buy this, the 95th Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, for your own! Eric A. Cornell, Ph.D. JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado 80309-0440 Nobel Laureate Physics 2001 http://jila.colorado.edu/bec/CornellGroup/ March 2014

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Editorial Advisory Board Grace Baysinger Swain Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Library Stanford University

Kozo Kuchitsu Department of Chemistry Josai University

Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science

Dana L. Roth Millikan Library California Institute of Technology

Michael Frenkel National Institute of Standards and Technology Robert N. Goldberg National Institute of Standards and Technology

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Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

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Preface The 95th Edition of the Handbook includes new tables and major updates and expansions. A new series highlighting the achievements of some of the major historical figures in chemistry and physics was initiated with the 94th edition. This series is continued with this edition which is focused on Galileo Galilei, James Clerk Maxwell, Marie Sklodowska Curie, and Linus Carl Pauling. This series, which provides biographical information, a list of major achievements, and notable quotations attributed to each of the renowned chemists and physicists, will be continued in succeeding editions. Each edition will feature two chemists and two physicists. The following new tables have been added to this edition: Section 8: Analytical Chemistry • Figures of Merit • Common Symbols Used in Gas and Liquid Chromatographic Schematic Diagrams • Varieties of Hyphenated Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry Section 15: Practical Laboratory Data • Standard Fittings for Compressed Gas Cylinders • Plug and Outlet Configurations for Common Laboratory Devices Section 16: Health and Safety Information • Abbreviations Used in the Assessment and Presentation of Laboratory Hazards • Incompatible Chemicals • Explosion (Shock) Hazards • Water-Reactive Chemicals • Testing Requirements for Peroxidizable Compounds • Tests for the Presence of Peroxides • Pyrophoric Compounds – Compounds That Are Reactive with Air • Flammability Hazards of Common Solvents • Selection of Laboratory Gloves • Selection of Respirator Cartridges and Filters • Selection of Protective Laboratory Garments • Protective Clothing Levels • Chemical Fume Hoods and Biological Safety Cabinets • Gas Cylinder Safety and Stamped Markings • Laser Hazards in the Laboratory • General Characteristics of Ionizing Radiation for the Purpose of Practical Application of Radiation Protection • Radiation Safety Units Significant updates and expansions of tables for the 95th Edition include the following: Section 1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors • Update of Standard Atomic Weights (2013) • Update of Atomic Masses and Abundances Section 8: Analytical Chemistry • Expansion of Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Analytical Chemistry

Section 9: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy • Update of Bond Dissociation Energies Section 12: Properties of Solids • Major update and expansion of Electron Stopping Powers Section 14: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics • Major update of Interstellar Molecules • Update of Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958-2013 • Update of Global Temperature Trend, 1880-2013 Section 15: Practical Laboratory Data • Major update of Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale • Update of Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents Section 16: Health and Safety Information • Update of Flammability of Chemical Substances • Update of Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants Appendix B: • Update of Sources of Physical and Chemical Data Again this year, in order to maintain a manageable number of pages and allow space for growth of the Handbook, the indexes for molecular formulae and CAS registry numbers for the Physical Constants of Organic Compounds Table and the index for CAS registry numbers for the Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds Table have been omitted from the hard-copy edition of the Handbook. However, they are available in the electronic versions of the Handbook and by email request to the Editor-in-Chief: [email protected]. The success of the Handbook is very dependent on feedback from its users. The Editor-in-Chief appreciates any suggestions from readers on proposed new topics for the Handbook or comments on how the usefulness of the Handbook may be improved in future editions. Please send your comments to the Editor-inChief: [email protected]. Numerous international experts make key contributions to the Handbook. These contributors are listed on pages immediately following the Preface. Their efforts play a key role in the quality and diversity of the subject matter covered in the Handbook. I also acknowledge the sound advice and guidance of the Editorial Advisory Board members of the Handbook, who are listed in the front matter. Fiona Macdonald, Publisher – Chemical & Life Sciences, CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group has been of great assistance and support in providing oversight to ensure that the Handbook continues to satisfy the needs of the user community. Thanks also to Glen Butler, Pam Morrell, Theresa Gutierrez, and James Yanchak for their detailed, cooperative work and extreme care in the production of the Handbook. W. M. Haynes March 2014

The 95th Edition of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics is dedicated in memory of my wonderful and cherished daughter, Jennifer “Jen” Lynn Haynes, who has gone to be with her angels and who has inspired many friends and family with her endless love and respect for all animals and the natural beauty in our environment and has guided and challenged her many friends and family with her boundless spirit and faith in the magic and wonders of the unknown of the spiritual world.

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Note on the Ordering of Chemical Compounds: Several different ordering schemes for lists of chemical compounds are used in this book. The long tables, Physical Constants of Organic Compounds and Physical Constants of Inorganic Compound, are ordered by name (generally the systematic name), but indexes to synonyms, formulas, and CAS Registry Numbers are available. If the table is very short and includes only familiar substances, the listing is usually alphabetical by name or common formula. Many tables of intermediate length are ordered by molecular formula using a modification of the Hill convention. In this convention the molecular formula is written with C first, H second, and then all other elements in alphabetical order of their chemical symbols. For tables with organic compounds only, the sequence of entries is determined by the alphabetical order of elements in the molecular

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formula and the number of atoms of each element, in ascending order, e.g., C3H7Cl, C3H7N, C3H7NO, C3H7NO2, etc. (For organic compounds, a quick way to look up the molecular formula is to use the Physical Constants of Organic Compounds table, which starts on Page 3-1, and its synonym index on Page 3-554.) In tables containing non-carbon compounds, those are usually listed first, followed by a separate listing of compounds that do contain carbon. This is a departure from the strict Hill convention as followed by Chemical Abstracts Service, where the molecular formulas beginning with A and B precede the formulas for carbon-containing compounds, while those beginning with D... Z follow. For tabular displays, as opposed to an index, it appears more convenient to the user if the non-carbon compounds are listed as a block, rather than being split by the longer list of carbon compounds.

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Current Contributors Lev I. Berger California Institute of Electronics and Materials Science 2115 Flame Tree Way Hemet, California 92545

Michael Frenkel Thermodynamics Research Center Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305

Carolyn A. Koh Center for Hydrate Research Colorado School of Mines 1600 Illinois Street Golden, Colorado 80401

Jeffrey R. Fuhr Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Willem H. Koppenol Dept. CHAB Lab. f. Anorg. Chemie, HC1 H211 Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10 ETH Hönggerberg CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland

Thomas J. Bruno Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305

Robert N. Goldberg Biosystems and Biomaterials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Eric W. Lemmon Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305

Charles E. Carraher Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, Florida 33431

Thomas W. Grove Boulder Safety, Health, and Environment Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305

Frank J. Lovas 8616 Melwood Rd. Bethesda, Maryland 20817

Jin-Pei Cheng Ministry of Science & Technology Beijing 100862, China

Allan H. Harvey Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305

Peter E. Bradley Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305

Robert D. Chirico Thermodynamics Research Center Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305

Steven R. Heller Biomolecular Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Ivan Cibulka Department of Physical Chemistry Institute of Chemical Technology CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic

Norman E. Holden National Nuclear Data Center Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York 11973

Arthur K. Covington Department of Chemistry University of Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU England

Marcia L. Huber Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305

Christopher J. Cramer Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 Vladimir Diky Thermodynamics Research Center Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305

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Andrei Kazakov Thermodynamics Research Center Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305 Daniel E. Kelleher Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Yu-Ran Luo Department of Chemistry Shanghai University Shanghai 200444, China Serguei N. Lvov Department of Energy and Mineral Engineering Pennsylvania State University University Park, Pennsylvania 16802 Manjeera Mantina Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455 William C. Martin (deceased) Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Alan D. McNaught 8 Cavendish Avenue Cambridge CB1 7US England Thomas M. Miller Air Force Research Laboratory/VSBP 29 Randolph Rd. Hanscom AFB, Massachusetts 01731-3010 Nasser Moazzen-Ahmadi Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada

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Peter J. Mohr Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Cedric J. Powell Materials Measurement Science Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Barry N. Taylor Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

Chris D. Muzny Thermodynamics Research Center Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305

Ray Radebaugh Applied Chemicals and Materials Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder, Colorado 80305

Donald G. Truhlar Department of Chemistry University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455

David B. Newell Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Irving Ozier Department of Physics and Astronomy University of British Columbia 6224 Agricultural Road Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada Larissa I. Podobedova Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899

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Joseph Reader Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 E. Dendy Sloan Center for Hydrate Research Colorado School of Mines 1600 Illinois Street Golden, Colorado 80401 Lewis E. Snyder Astronomy Department University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois 61801 Paris D. N. Svoronos Queensborough Community College City University of New York Bayside, NY 11364

Rosendo Valero Chemistry Department University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal Wolfgang L. Wiese Quantum Measurement Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Christian Wohlfarth Martin Luther University Institute of Physical Chemistry Mühlpforte 1 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany Daniel Zwillinger Mathematics Department Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy, New York 12180

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1: Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2010................................................................................... 1-1 Standard Atomic Weights (2013).................................................................................................................................................................... 1-11 Atomic Masses and Abundances.................................................................................................................................................................... 1-13 Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State...................................................................... 1-17 International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)...................................................................................................................................... 1-19 Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90................................................................................................. 1-20 International System of Units (SI)................................................................................................................................................................... 1-22 Units for Magnetic Properties......................................................................................................................................................................... 1-26 Conversion Factors............................................................................................................................................................................................ 1-27 Conversion of Temperatures............................................................................................................................................................................ 1-37 Conversion Factors for Energy Units............................................................................................................................................................. 1-38 Conversion Factors for Pressure Units.......................................................................................................................................................... 1-39 Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units................................................................................................................................. 1-40 Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units..................................................................................................................................... 1-41 Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions................................................................................................................................ 1-42 Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics.................................................................................................................................................... 1-43 Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation................................................................................................................................................... 1-44 Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems............................................................................................................................... 1-46

Section 2: Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities............................................................................................................. 2-1 Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements............................................................................................................................................... 2-13 Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds..................................................................................................................................................... 2-15 Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands ........................................................................................................................................... 2-16 Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems........................................................................................................................................... 2-23 Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI)............................................... 2-27 Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols...................................................................................................................................... 2-29 Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets ....................................................................................................................................................... 2-43 Definitions of Scientific Terms........................................................................................................................................................................ 2-44 Thermodynamic Functions and Relations.................................................................................................................................................... 2-69 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics................................................................................................................................................... 2-70

Section 3: Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds...................................................................................................................................................  3-1 Synonym Index of Organic Compounds.....................................................................................................................................................3-554 Diamagnetic Susceptibility of Selected Organic Compounds................................................................................................................3-576

Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds

The Elements......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4-1 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds.............................................................................................................................................. 4-43 Formula Index of Inorganic Com­pounds ...................................................................................................................................................4-102 Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals.............................................................................................................................................4-115 Melting, Boiling, Triple, and Critical Points of the Elements.................................................................................................................4-121 Heat Capacity of the Elements at 25 °C.......................................................................................................................................................4-124 Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements — Equations............................................................................................................................4-125 Vapor Pressure of the Metallic Elements — Data......................................................................................................................................4-127 Density of Molten Elements and Representative Salts.............................................................................................................................4-128 Magnetic Susceptibility of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds...................................................................................................4-131 Index of Refraction of Inorganic Liquids.....................................................................................................................................................4-137 Physical and Optical Properties of Minerals...............................................................................................................................................4-138 Crystallographic Data on Minerals...............................................................................................................................................................4-145

Section 5: Thermochemistry, Electrochemistry, and Solution Chemistry

CODATA Key Values for Thermodynamics................................................................................................................................................... 5-1 Standard Thermodynamic Properties of Chemical Substances................................................................................................................. 5-4 Thermodynamic Properties as a Function of Temperature....................................................................................................................... 5-43 Thermodynamic Properties of Aqueous Ions.............................................................................................................................................. 5-66 Heat of Combustion........................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-68

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Energy Content of Fuels.................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-69 Ionization Constant of Water.......................................................................................................................................................................... 5-70 Ionization Constant of Normal and Heavy Water....................................................................................................................................... 5-71 Electrical Conductivity of Water..................................................................................................................................................................... 5-72 Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions.............................................................................................................................................. 5-73 Standard KCl Solutions for Calibrating Conductivity Cells...................................................................................................................... 5-74 Molar Conductivity of Aqueous HF, HCl, HBr, and HI.............................................................................................................................. 5-75 Equivalent Conductivity of Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution.................................................................................................................. 5-76 Ionic Conductivity and Diffusion at Infinite Dilution................................................................................................................................ 5-77 Electrochemical Series...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5-80 Reduction and Oxidation Potentials for Certain Ion Radicals . ............................................................................................................... 5-90 Dissociation Constants of Inorganic Acids and Bases................................................................................................................................ 5-92 Dissociation Constants of Organic Acids and Bases................................................................................................................................... 5-94 Activity Coefficients of Acids, Bases, and Salts.........................................................................................................................................5-104 Mean Activity Coefficients of Electrolytes as a Function of Concentration........................................................................................5-106 Enthalpy of Dilution of Acids.........................................................................................................................................................................5-110 Enthalpy of Solution of Electrolytes.............................................................................................................................................................5-111 Enthalpy of Hydration of Gases.....................................................................................................................................................................5-112 pH Scale for Aqueous Solutions....................................................................................................................................................................5-116 Practical pH Measurements on Natural Waters........................................................................................................................................5-120 Buffer Solutions Giving Round Values of pH at 25 °C..............................................................................................................................5-122 Concentrative Properties of Aqueous Solutions: Density, Refractive Index, Freezing Point Depression, and Viscosity............5-123 Solubility of Selected Gases in Water .........................................................................................................................................................5-149 Solubility of Carbon Dioxide in Water at Various Temperatures and Pressures.................................................................................5-153 Aqueous Solubility and Henry’s Law Constants of Organic Compounds............................................................................................5-154 Aqueous Solubility of Inorganic Compounds at Various Temperatures .............................................................................................5-190 Octanol–Water Partition Coefficients.........................................................................................................................................................5-196 Solubility Product Constants.........................................................................................................................................................................5-201 Solubility of Common Salts at Ambient Temperatures............................................................................................................................5-204 Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Seawater......................................................................................................................................................5-205 Solubility of Organic Compounds in Pressurized Hot Water.................................................................................................................5-207 Solubility Chart.................................................................................................................................................................................................5-210

Section 6: Fluid Properties

Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam........................................................................................................................................... 6-1 Vapor Pressure and Other Saturation Properties of Water......................................................................................................................... 6-5 Standard Density of Water................................................................................................................................................................................. 6-7 Fixed-Point Properties of H2O and D2O.......................................................................................................................................................... 6-9 Properties of Saturated Liquid D2O................................................................................................................................................................ 6-10 Properties of Ice and Supercooled Water...................................................................................................................................................... 6-12 Vapor Pressure of Ice......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6-13 Melting Point of Ice as a Function of Pressure............................................................................................................................................. 6-13 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Water at Various Frequencies....................................................................................................... 6-14 Thermophysical Properties of Air.................................................................................................................................................................. 6-15 Thermophysical Properties of Fluids............................................................................................................................................................. 6-21 Thermophysical Properties of Selected Fluids at Saturation.................................................................................................................... 6-38 Virial Coefficients of Selected Gases.............................................................................................................................................................. 6-47 Van der Waals Constants for Gases................................................................................................................................................................ 6-56 Mean Free Path and Related Properties of Gases........................................................................................................................................ 6-57 Influence of Pressure on Freezing Points...................................................................................................................................................... 6-58 Critical Constants of Organic Compounds.................................................................................................................................................. 6-59 Critical Constants of Inorganic Compounds................................................................................................................................................ 6-83 Sublimation Pressure of Solids........................................................................................................................................................................ 6-86 Vapor Pressure.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6-88 Vapor Pressure of Fluids at Temperatures Below 300 K...........................................................................................................................6-118 Vapor Pressure of Saturated Salt Solutions.................................................................................................................................................6-126 Recommended Data for Vapor-Pressure Calibration...............................................................................................................................6-127 Enthalpy of Vaporization................................................................................................................................................................................6-128 Enthalpy of Fusion ..........................................................................................................................................................................................6-146 Compressibility and Expansion Coefficients of Liquids...........................................................................................................................6-156 Temperature and Pressure Dependence of Liquid Density.....................................................................................................................6-158 Volumetric Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions.............................................................................................................6-163 Properties of Cryogenic Fluids......................................................................................................................................................................6-164

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Properties of Liquid Helium...........................................................................................................................................................................6-165 Properties of Refrigerants...............................................................................................................................................................................6-166 Properties of Gas Clathrate Hydrates...........................................................................................................................................................6-169 Ionic Liquids......................................................................................................................................................................................................6-174 Density and Specific Volume of Mercury....................................................................................................................................................6-178 Thermal Properties of Mercury....................................................................................................................................................................6-179 Melting Curve of Mercury..............................................................................................................................................................................6-180 Vapor Pressure of Mercury............................................................................................................................................................................6-181 Surface Tension of Common Liquids...........................................................................................................................................................6-182 Surface Tension of Aqueous Mixtures.........................................................................................................................................................6-186 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Liquids.............................................................................................................................................6-187 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Gases................................................................................................................................................6-209 Azeotropic Data for Binary Mixtures...........................................................................................................................................................6-210 Viscosity of Gases.............................................................................................................................................................................................6-229 Viscosity of Liquids..........................................................................................................................................................................................6-231 Viscosity of Carbon Dioxide Along the Saturation Line..........................................................................................................................6-236 Viscosity and Density of Aqueous Hydroxide Solutions..........................................................................................................................6-237 Viscosity of Liquid Metals..............................................................................................................................................................................6-238 Thermal Conductivity of Gases.....................................................................................................................................................................6-241 Thermal Conductivity of Liquids..................................................................................................................................................................6-243 Diffusion in Gases............................................................................................................................................................................................6-248 Diffusion of Gases in Water...........................................................................................................................................................................6-250 Diffusion Coefficients in Liquids at Infinite Dilution...............................................................................................................................6-251

Section 7: Biochemistry

Properties of Amino Acids................................................................................................................................................................................. 7-1 Structures of Common Amino Acids............................................................................................................................................................... 7-3 Properties of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases ................................................................................................................................................... 7-5 The Genetic Code................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7-6 Properties of Fatty Acids and Their Methyl Esters........................................................................................................................................ 7-7 Properties of Fatty Acid Methyl and Ethyl Esters Related to Biofuels....................................................................................................... 7-9 Composition and Properties of Common Oils And Fats........................................................................................................................... 7-12 Carbohydrate Names and Symbols................................................................................................................................................................. 7-17 Standard Transformed Gibbs Energies of Formation for Biochemical Reactants................................................................................ 7-19 Apparent Equilibrium Constants for Enzyme-Catalyzed Reactions....................................................................................................... 7-22 Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers in Water..................................................................................... 7-26 Biological Buffers................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7-29 Typical pH Values of Biological Materials and Foods................................................................................................................................. 7-30 Structure and Functions of Some Common Drugs..................................................................................................................................... 7-31 Chemical Constituents of Human Blood...................................................................................................................................................... 7-48 Chemical Composition of the Human Body................................................................................................................................................. 7-51 Nutrient Values of Foods.................................................................................................................................................................................. 7-52

Section 8: Analytical Chemistry

Abbreviations and Symbols Used in Analytical Chemistry......................................................................................................................... 8-1 Basic Instrumental Techniques of Analytical Chemistry............................................................................................................................. 8-6 Analytical Standardization and Calibration.................................................................................................................................................... 8-9 Figures of Merit.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8-14 Mass- and Volume-Based Concentration Units.......................................................................................................................................... 8-15 Detection of Outliers in Measurements........................................................................................................................................................ 8-16 Properties of Carrier Gases for Gas Chromatography............................................................................................................................... 8-18 Common Symbols Used in Gas and Liquid Chromatographic Schematic Diagrams.......................................................................... 8-19 Properties of Common Cross-Linked Silicone Stationary Phases........................................................................................................... 8-21 Detectors for Gas Chromatography............................................................................................................................................................... 8-22 Varieties of Hyphenated Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry............................................................................................. 8-24 Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents.......................................................................................................................................................... 8-26 Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices...................................................................................................................................................... 8-28 Eluotropic Values of Solvents on Octadecylsilane and Octylsilane......................................................................................................... 8-30 Detectors For Liquid Chromatography......................................................................................................................................................... 8-31 Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry................................................................................................................................................. 8-32 Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities............................................................................................................................ 8-33 Wavelength-Wavenumber Conversion Table............................................................................................................................................... 8-36 Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts............................................................................................................................ 8-39

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Common Spurious Infrared Absorption Bands........................................................................................................................................... 8-45 Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy............................................................................................ 8-46 Properties of Important NMR Nuclei............................................................................................................................................................ 8-49 Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families............................................................................................................................... 8-50 Proton NMR Correlation Chart for Major Organic Functional Groups................................................................................................ 8-56 Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents..................................................................................................................................... 8-57 13 C-NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups................................................................................................................................... 8-64 13 C NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Organic Solvents.......................................................................................................................... 8-65 15 N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families............................................................................................................................. 8-66 Natural Abundance of Important Isotopes................................................................................................................................................... 8-68 Common Mass Spectral Fragmentation Patterns of Organic Compound Families............................................................................. 8-69 Common Mass Spectral Fragments Lost...................................................................................................................................................... 8-71 Major Reference Masses in the Spectrum of Heptacosafluorotributylamine (Perfluorotributylamine).......................................... 8-72 Mass Spectral Peaks of Common Organic Solvents................................................................................................................................... 8-73 Common Spurious Signals Observed in Mass Spectrometers................................................................................................................. 8-80 Reduction of Weighings in Air to Vacuo ...................................................................................................................................................... 8-81 Standards for Laboratory Weights.................................................................................................................................................................. 8-82 Indicators for Acids and Bases......................................................................................................................................................................... 8-84 Preparation of Special Analytical Reagents.................................................................................................................................................. 8-85 Organic Analytical Reagents for the Determination of Inorganic Ions.................................................................................................. 8-90 Precipitation of Sulfides..................................................................................................................................................................................8-103 pH Range for Precipitation of Metal Hydroxides and Oxides.................................................................................................................8-104

Section 9: Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy

Bond Lengths in Crystalline Organic Compounds....................................................................................................................................... 9-1 Bond Lengths in Organometallic Compounds ........................................................................................................................................... 9-17 Structure of Free Molecules in the Gas Phase.............................................................................................................................................. 9-19 Characteristic Bond Lengths in Free Molecules.......................................................................................................................................... 9-48 Atomic Radii of the Elements.......................................................................................................................................................................... 9-49 Dipole Moments................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9-51 Hindered Internal Rotation.............................................................................................................................................................................. 9-60 Bond Dissociation Energies.............................................................................................................................................................................. 9-65 Electronegativity................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9-97 Force Constants for Bond Stretching............................................................................................................................................................. 9-98 Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules....................................................................................................................... 9-99 Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules......................................................................................................................................9-102

Section 10: Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics

Line Spectra of the Elements........................................................................................................................................................................... 10-1 Atomic Transition Probabilities....................................................................................................................................................................10-93 Electron Affinities..........................................................................................................................................................................................10-147 Proton Affinities.............................................................................................................................................................................................10-168 Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities.......................................................................................................................................................10-187 Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions.......................................................................................................................................10-197 Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules............................................................................................................................................10-200 X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels........................................................................................................................................................................10-218 Electron Binding Energies of the Elements...............................................................................................................................................10-222 Natural Width of X-Ray Lines.....................................................................................................................................................................10-228 Photon Attenuation Coefficients................................................................................................................................................................10-229 Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation.............................................................................................................................................10-234 Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths.........................................................................................................10-236 Blackbody Radiation......................................................................................................................................................................................10-237 Characteristics of Infrared Detectors.........................................................................................................................................................10-239 Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals.................................................................................................................................................10-240 Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses...........................................................................................................10-244 Index of Refraction of Water........................................................................................................................................................................10-245 Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes.......................................................................................................................10-246 Index of Refraction of Air.............................................................................................................................................................................10-247 Index of Refraction of Gases........................................................................................................................................................................10-248 Characteristics of Laser Sources.................................................................................................................................................................10-249 Infrared Laser Frequencies...........................................................................................................................................................................10-255 Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards................................................................................................................10-262

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Section 11: Nuclear and Particle Physics

Summary Tables of Particle Properties.......................................................................................................................................................... 11-1 Table of the Isotopes.......................................................................................................................................................................................... 11-2 Neutron Scattering and Absorption Properties.......................................................................................................................................11-175 Cosmic Radiation ..........................................................................................................................................................................................11-188

Section 12: Properties of Solids

Techniques for Materials Characterization.................................................................................................................................................. 12-1 Experimental Techniques Used to Determine the Composition, Structure, and Energy States of Solids and Liquids................ 12-1 Symmetry of Crystals........................................................................................................................................................................................ 12-5 Ionic Radii in Crystals.....................................................................................................................................................................................12-11 Polarizabilities of Atoms and Ions in Solids................................................................................................................................................12-13 Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements...........................................................................................12-15 Phase Transitions in the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure........................................................................................................12-19 Lattice Energies ...............................................................................................................................................................................................12-21 The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy................................................................................................................................12-34 Elastic Constants of Single Crystals.............................................................................................................................................................12-35 Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals.............................................................................................................................................................12-41 Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys.......................................................................................................................................................12-43 Electrical Resistivity of Graphite Materials.................................................................................................................................................12-46 Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids.............................................................................................................................12-47 Curie Temperature of Selected Ferroelectric Crystals..............................................................................................................................12-56 Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals.......................................................................................................................................................12-57 Dielectric Constants of Glasses.....................................................................................................................................................................12-58 Properties of Superconductors......................................................................................................................................................................12-59 High-Temperature Superconductors...........................................................................................................................................................12-75 Organic Superconductors...............................................................................................................................................................................12-77 Properties of Semiconductors.......................................................................................................................................................................12-80 Selected Properties of Semiconductor Solid Solutions............................................................................................................................12-94 Properties of Organic Semiconductors........................................................................................................................................................12-96 Diffusion Data for Semiconductors............................................................................................................................................................12-100 Properties of Magnetic Materials ..............................................................................................................................................................12-108 Organic Magnets............................................................................................................................................................................................12-117 Electron Inelastic Mean Free Paths............................................................................................................................................................12-120 Electron Stopping Powers.............................................................................................................................................................................12-122 Electron Work Function of the Elements..................................................................................................................................................12-124 Secondary Electron Emission......................................................................................................................................................................12-125 Optical Properties of Selected Elements...................................................................................................................................................12-126 Optical Properties of Selected Inorganic and Organic Solids...............................................................................................................12-151 Elasto-Optic, Electro-Optic, and Magneto-Optic Constants...............................................................................................................12-170 Nonlinear Optical Constants.......................................................................................................................................................................12-184 Phase Diagrams...............................................................................................................................................................................................12-187 Properties of Selected Materials at Cryogenic Temperatures...............................................................................................................12-205 Heat Capacity of Selected Solids.................................................................................................................................................................12-216 Thermal and Physical Properties of Pure Metals.....................................................................................................................................12-217 Thermophysical Properties of Stainless Steel 310...................................................................................................................................12-219 Thermal Conductivity of Metals and Semiconductors as a Function of Temperature....................................................................12-220 Thermal Conductivity of Alloys as a Function of Temperature...........................................................................................................12-222 Thermal Conductivity of Crystalline Dielectrics.....................................................................................................................................12-223 Thermal Conductivity of Ceramics and Other Insulating Materials...................................................................................................12-225 Thermal Conductivity of Glasses................................................................................................................................................................12-227 Thermoelectric Properties of Metals and Semiconductors...................................................................................................................12-231 Fermi Energy and Related Properties of Metals.......................................................................................................................................12-233 Properties of Commercial Metals and Alloys...........................................................................................................................................12-235 Hardness of Minerals and Ceramics...........................................................................................................................................................12-236

Section 13: Polymer Properties

Abbreviations Used in Polymer Science and Technology.......................................................................................................................... 13-1 Physical Properties of Selected Polymers...................................................................................................................................................... 13-3 Nomenclature for Organic Polymers............................................................................................................................................................. 13-5 Solvents for Common Polymers...................................................................................................................................................................... 13-9 Glass Transition Temperature for Selected Polymers...............................................................................................................................13-10

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Dielectric Constant of Selected Polymers...................................................................................................................................................13-17 Second Virial Coefficients of Polymer Solutions.......................................................................................................................................13-18 Pressure–Volume–Temperature Relationships for Polymer Melts........................................................................................................13-21 Upper Critical (UCST) and Lower Critical (LCST) Solution Temperatures of Binary Polymer Solutions...................................13-26 Vapor Pressures (Solvent Activities) for Binary Polymer Solutions.......................................................................................................13-40 Specific Enthalpies of Solution of Polymers and Copolymers................................................................................................................13-45 Solubility Parameters of Selected Polymers................................................................................................................................................13-73

Section 14: Geophysics, Astronomy, and Acoustics

Astronomical Constants................................................................................................................................................................................... 14-1 Properties of the Solar System......................................................................................................................................................................... 14-2 Satellites of the Planets...................................................................................................................................................................................... 14-4 Interstellar Molecules........................................................................................................................................................................................ 14-7 Mass, Dimensions, and Other Parameters of the Earth...........................................................................................................................14-11 Geological Time Scale.....................................................................................................................................................................................14-13 Acceleration Due to Gravity...........................................................................................................................................................................14-14 Density, Pressure, and Gravity as a Function of Depth within the Earth..............................................................................................14-15 Ocean Pressure as a Function of Depth and Latitude...............................................................................................................................14-16 Properties of Seawater.....................................................................................................................................................................................14-17 Abundance of Elements in the Earth’s Crust and in the Sea...................................................................................................................14-19 Solar Irradiance at the Earth..........................................................................................................................................................................14-20 U.S. Standard Atmosphere (1976).................................................................................................................................................................14-21 Geographical and Seasonal Variations in Solar Radiation.......................................................................................................................14-27 Major World Earthquakes..............................................................................................................................................................................14-28 Weather-Related Scales...................................................................................................................................................................................14-32 Infrared Absorption by the Earth’s Atmosphere........................................................................................................................................14-34 Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide, 1958–2013.................................................................................................................14-35 Global Temperature Trend, 1880–2013.......................................................................................................................................................14-37 Global Warming Potential of Greenhouse Gases......................................................................................................................................14-38 Atmospheric Electricity..................................................................................................................................................................................14-40 Speed of Sound in Various Media.................................................................................................................................................................14-47 Attenuation and Speed of Sound in Air as a Function of Humidity and Frequency..........................................................................14-49 Speed of Sound in Dry Air.............................................................................................................................................................................14-50 Musical Scales...................................................................................................................................................................................................14-51 Characteristics of Human Hearing...............................................................................................................................................................14-52

Section 15: Practical Laboratory Data

Standard ITS-90 Thermocouple Tables......................................................................................................................................................... 15-1 Reference Points on the ITS-90 Temperature Scale..................................................................................................................................15-10 Relative Sensitivity of Bayard-Alpert Ionization Gauges to Various Gases..........................................................................................15-12 Laboratory Solvents and Other Liquid Reagents.......................................................................................................................................15-13 Miscibility of Organic Solvents.....................................................................................................................................................................15-23 Density of Solvents as a Function of Temperature....................................................................................................................................15-25 Dependence of Boiling Point on Pressure...................................................................................................................................................15-26 Ebullioscopic Constants for Calculation of Boiling Point Elevation ....................................................................................................15-27 Cryoscopic Constants for Calculation of Freezing Point Depression...................................................................................................15-28 Freezing Point Lowering by Electrolytes in Aqueous Solution...............................................................................................................15-29 Correction of Barometer Readings to 0 °C Temperature.........................................................................................................................15-30 Determination of Relative Humidity from Dew Point..............................................................................................................................15-31 Determination of Relative Humidity from Wet and Dry Bulb Temperatures......................................................................................15-32 Constant Humidity Solutions........................................................................................................................................................................15-33 Standard Salt Solutions for Humidity Calibration.....................................................................................................................................15-34 Low-Temperature Baths for Maintaining Constant Temperature.........................................................................................................15-35 Metals and Alloys with Low Melting Temperature...................................................................................................................................15-36 Wire Tables........................................................................................................................................................................................................15-37 Standard Fittings for Compressed Gas Cylinders......................................................................................................................................15-38 Plug and Outlet Configurations for Common Laboratory Devices.......................................................................................................15-40 Characteristics of Particles and Particle Dispersoids................................................................................................................................15-41 Density of Various Solids................................................................................................................................................................................15-42 Density of Sulfuric Acid..................................................................................................................................................................................15-43 Density of Ethanol–Water Mixtures............................................................................................................................................................15-45 Dielectric Strength of Insulating Materials.................................................................................................................................................15-46 Coefficient of Friction.....................................................................................................................................................................................15-51

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Flame Temperatures........................................................................................................................................................................................15-53 Allocation of Frequencies in the Radio Spectrum.....................................................................................................................................15-54

Section 16: Health and Safety Information

Abbreviations Used in the Assessment and Presentation of Laboratory Hazards............................................................................... 16-1 Incompatible Chemicals................................................................................................................................................................................... 16-2 Explosion (Shock) Hazards.............................................................................................................................................................................. 16-4 Water-Reactive Chemicals............................................................................................................................................................................... 16-5 Testing Requirements for Peroxidizable Compounds................................................................................................................................ 16-6 Tests for the Presence of Peroxides................................................................................................................................................................. 16-7 Pyrophoric Compounds – Compounds That are Reactive with Air....................................................................................................... 16-8 Flammability Hazards of Common Solvents................................................................................................................................................ 16-9 Selection of Laboratory Gloves.....................................................................................................................................................................16-11 Selection of Respirator Cartridges and Filters............................................................................................................................................16-12 Selection of Protective Laboratory Garments............................................................................................................................................16-13 Protective Clothing Levels..............................................................................................................................................................................16-14 Chemical Fume Hoods and Biological Safety Cabinets............................................................................................................................16-15 Gas Cylinder Safety and Stamped Markings..............................................................................................................................................16-17 Flammability of Chemical Substances.........................................................................................................................................................16-18 Threshold Limits for Airborne Contaminants...........................................................................................................................................16-34 Laser Hazards in the Laboratory...................................................................................................................................................................16-47 General Characteristics of Ionizing Radiation for the Purpose of Practical Application of Radiation Protection......................16-49 Radiation Safety Units.....................................................................................................................................................................................16-50 Annual Limits on Intakes of Radionuclides................................................................................................................................................16-52 Chemical Carcinogens....................................................................................................................................................................................16-56

Appendix A: Mathematical Tables

1 Constants........................................................................................................................................................................................................ A-2 1.1 Decimal Equivalents of Fractions (inches to mm)...................................................................................................................... A-2 1.2 Exponential and Hyperbolic Functions and their Common Logarithms............................................................................... A-3 1.3 Trigonometric Functions to Four Decimal Places...................................................................................................................... A-4 2 Algebra............................................................................................................................................................................................................. A-5 2.1 Quadratic Formula............................................................................................................................................................................ A-5 2.2 Vector Algebra.................................................................................................................................................................................... A-5 2.2.1 Definitions............................................................................................................................................................................ A-5 2.2.2 Vectors in Space................................................................................................................................................................... A-5 2.2.3 The Scalar, Dot, or Inner Product of Two Vectors....................................................................................................... A-6 2.2.4 The Vector or Cross Product of Two Vectors............................................................................................................... A-6 2.2.5 Scalar Triple Product.......................................................................................................................................................... A-6 2.2.6 Vector Triple Product......................................................................................................................................................... A-7 3 Geometry........................................................................................................................................................................................................ A-7 3.1 Geometry of the Plane, Straight Line, and Sphere...................................................................................................................... A-7 3.2 Geometry of Curves in Space.......................................................................................................................................................... A-9 4 Trigonometry............................................................................................................................................................................................... A-10 4.1 Trigonometric Functions in Terms of One Another................................................................................................................ A-10 4.2 Hyperbolic Functions in Terms of One Another...................................................................................................................... A-10 5 Calculus......................................................................................................................................................................................................... A-11 5.1 Differentiation.................................................................................................................................................................................. A-11 5.1.1 Differentiation Formulas................................................................................................................................................. A-11 5.1.2 Derivatives of Common Functions................................................................................................................................ A-12 5.1.3 Vector Operations............................................................................................................................................................. A-12 5.2 Orthogonal Coordinate Systems.................................................................................................................................................. A-14 5.3 Integration......................................................................................................................................................................................... A-16 5.3.1 Integration Examples........................................................................................................................................................ A-16 5.3.2 Transformation of Integrals............................................................................................................................................ A-18 5.3.3 Table of Integrals............................................................................................................................................................... A-19 5.4 Differential Equations..................................................................................................................................................................... A-45 5.4.1 Linear Differential Equations.......................................................................................................................................... A-45 5.4.2 Second Order Linear Constant Coefficient Equation............................................................................................... A-45 5.4.3 Homogeneous Solutions of Higher Order Constant Coefficient Equations......................................................... A-46 5.4.4 Particular Solutions.......................................................................................................................................................... A-46 5.4.5 Differential Equation Solution Techniques.................................................................................................................. A-48

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6 Series ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. A-49 6.1 Fourier Series.................................................................................................................................................................................... A-49 6.2 Binomial Series................................................................................................................................................................................. A-52 6.3 Reversion of Series........................................................................................................................................................................... A-52 6.4 Taylor Series...................................................................................................................................................................................... A-52 6.5 Exponential Series........................................................................................................................................................................... A-53 6.6 Logarithmic Series........................................................................................................................................................................... A-53 6.7 Trigonometric Series....................................................................................................................................................................... A-54 7 Transforms.................................................................................................................................................................................................... A-54 7.1 Fourier Transforms.......................................................................................................................................................................... A-54 7.2 Table of Fourier Cosine Transforms............................................................................................................................................ A-55 7.3 Table of Finite Cosine Transforms............................................................................................................................................... A-56 7.4 Table of Fourier Sine Transforms................................................................................................................................................. A-56 7.5 Table of Finite Sine Transforms.................................................................................................................................................... A-57 7.6 Table of Fourier Transforms.......................................................................................................................................................... A-57 7.7 Table of Functional Relations for Fourier Transforms............................................................................................................. A-58 7.8 Table of Multidimensional Fourier Transforms........................................................................................................................ A-59 7.9 Table of Laplace Transforms......................................................................................................................................................... A-59 7.10 Table of Functional Relations for Laplace Transforms............................................................................................................. A-62 8 Special Functions......................................................................................................................................................................................... A-62 8.1 Orthogonal Polynomials................................................................................................................................................................. A-62 8.2 Tables of Orthogonal Polynomials............................................................................................................................................... A-65 8.3 Bessel Functions............................................................................................................................................................................... A-66 8.4 Factorial Function............................................................................................................................................................................ A-68 8.5 Gamma Function............................................................................................................................................................................. A-68 8.6 Beta Function.................................................................................................................................................................................... A-69 8.7 Error Function.................................................................................................................................................................................. A-69 9 Probability..................................................................................................................................................................................................... A-70 9.1 Normal Probability Function......................................................................................................................................................... A-70 9.2 Confidence Intervals....................................................................................................................................................................... A-71 9.3 Percentage Points, Student’s t-Distribution............................................................................................................................... A-72 9.4 Percentage Points, Chi-Square Distribution.............................................................................................................................. A-73 9.5 Percentage Points, F-Distribution................................................................................................................................................ A-74 10 Physics Related............................................................................................................................................................................................. A-76 10.1 Clebsch–Gordan Coefficients....................................................................................................................................................... A-76 10.2 Moment of Inertial for Different Shapes..................................................................................................................................... A-78

Appendix B: Sources of Physical and Chemical Data............................................................................................B-1 Index..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................I-1

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Units

Section 1 Basic Constants, Units, and Conversion Factors

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 Standard Atomic Weights (2013). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-11 Atomic Masses and Abundances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13 Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State. . . . . . . . 1-17 International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19 Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-20 International System of Units (SI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-22 Units for Magnetic Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-26 Conversion Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-27 Conversion of Temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-37 Conversion Factors for Energy Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-38 Conversion Factors for Pressure Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-39 Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-40 Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-41 Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-42 Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-43 Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-44 Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-46

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CODATA RECOMMENDED VALUES OF THE FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS: 2010∗ Units

Peter J. Mohr,† Barry N. Taylor,‡ and David B. Newell§ National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8420, USA This report gives the 2010 self-consistent set of values of the basic constants and conversion factors of physics and chemistry recommended by the Committee on Data for Science and Technology (CODATA) for international use. The 2010 adjustment takes into account the data considered in the 2006 adjustment as well as the data that became available from 1 January 2007, after the closing date of that adjustment, until 31 December 2010, the closing date of the new adjustment. The 2010 set replaces the previously recommended 2006 CODATA set and may also be found on the World Wide Web at physics.nist.gov/constants.

Reference 1. Nakamura, K., K . Hagiwara, K . Hikasa, H. Murayama, M. Tanabashi, T. Watari, C. Amsler, M. Antonelli, D. M. Asner, H. Baer, and e. al, 2010, J. Phys. G 37, 075021. TABLE I: An abbreviated list of the CODATA recommended values of the fundamental constants of physics and chemistry based on the 2010 adjustment. Quantity

Symbol

speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant

c, c0 µ0

electric constant 1/µ0 c2 Newtonian constant of gravitation Planck constant h/2π elementary charge magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/ h electron mass proton mass proton-electron mass ratio fine-structure constant e2/4π�0h¯ c inverse fine-structure constant Rydberg constant α 2 me c/2h

�0 G h h¯ e �0 G0 me mp mp /me α α −1 R∞

Numerical value 299 792 458 4π × 10−7 = 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 8.854 187 817... × 10−12 6.673 84(80) × 10−11 6.626 069 57(29) × 10−34 1.054 571 726(47) × 10−34 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 2.067 833 758(46) × 10−15 7.748 091 7346(25) × 10−5 9.109 382 91(40) × 10−31 1.672 621 777(74) × 10−27 1836.152 672 45(75) 7.297 352 5698(24) × 10−3 137.035 999 074(44) 10 973 731.568 539(55)

Unit m s−1 N A−2 N A−2 F m−1 m3 kg−1 s−2 Js Js C Wb S kg kg

m−1

Relative std. uncert. ur exact exact exact 1.2 × 10−4 4.4 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 3.2 × 10−10 4.4 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 4.1 × 10−10 3.2 × 10−10 3.2 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−12

∗ This

report was prepared by the authors under the auspices of the CODATA Task Group on Fundamental Constants. The members of the task group are: F. Cabiati, Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Italy J. Fischer, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Germany J. Flowers, National Physical Laboratory, United Kingdom K. Fujii, National Metrology Institute of Japan, Japan S. G. Karshenboim, Pulkovo Observatory, Russian Federation P. J. Mohr, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America D. B. Newell, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America F. Nez, Laboratoire Kastler-Brossel, France K. Pachucki, University of Warsaw, Poland T. J. Quinn, Bureau international des poids et mesures B. N. Taylor, National Institute of Standards and Technology, United States of America B. M. Wood, National Research Council, Canada Z. Zhang, National Institute of Metrology, China (People’s Republic of) † Electronic

address: [email protected] address: [email protected] § Electronic address: [email protected] ‡ Electronic

1-1

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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-2

TABLE I: (Continued.)

Units

Quantity

Symbol

Avogadro constant Faraday constant NA e molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA Stefan-Boltzmann constant (π2 /60)k4/¯h3 c2 electron volt (e/C) J (unified) atomic mass unit

1 m( 12 C) 12

Numerical value

Relative std. uncert. ur

Unit

NA , L F R k

6.022 141 29(27) × 1023 96 485.3365(21) 8.314 4621(75) 1.380 6488(13) × 10−23

mol−1 C mol−1 J mol−1 K−1 J K−1

4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7

σ

5.670 373(21) × 10−8

W m−2 K−4

3.6 × 10−6

J

2.2 × 10−8

Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI eV 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 u

1.660 538 921(73) × 10−27

kg

4.4 × 10−8

TABLE II: The CODATA recommended values of the fundamental constants of physics and chemistry based on the 2010 adjustment. Quantity

Symbol

speed of light in vacuum magnetic constant

c, c0 µ0

electric constant 1/µ0 c2 characteristic impedance of vacuum µ0 c Newtonian constant of gravitation

�0 Z0 G G/¯hc h

Planck constant h/2π Planck mass (¯hc/G) 1/2 energy equivalent Planck temperature (¯hc5 /G) 1/2 /k Planck length h¯ /mP c = (¯hG/c3 ) 1/2 Planck time lP /c = (¯hG/c5 ) 1/2 elementary charge magnetic flux quantum h/2e conductance quantum 2e2/ h inverse of conductance quantum Josephson constant1 2e/ h von Klitzing constant2 h/e2 = µ0 c/2α Bohr magneton e¯h/2me

nuclear magneton e¯h/2mp

1 See 2 See

K21599_S01.indb 2

h¯ h¯ c mP mP c2 TP lP tP

Numerical value UNIVERSAL 299 792 458 4π × 10−7 = 12.566 370 614... × 10−7 8.854 187 817... × 10−12 376.730 313 461... 6.673 84(80) × 10−11 6.708 37(80) × 10−39 6.626 069 57(29) × 10−34 4.135 667 516(91) × 10−15 1.054 571 726(47) × 10−34 6.582 119 28(15) × 10−16 197.326 9718(44) 2.176 51(13) × 10−8 1.220 932(73) × 1019 1.416 833(85) × 1032 1.616 199(97) × 10−35 5.391 06(32) × 10−44

ELECTROMAGNETIC e 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 e/ h 2.417 989 348(53) × 1014 �0 2.067 833 758(46) × 10−15 G0 7.748 091 7346(25) × 10−5 −1 G0 12 906.403 7217(42) KJ 483 597.870(11) × 109 RK 25 812.807 4434(84) µB 927.400 968(20) × 10−26 5.788 381 8066(38) × 10−5 µB / h 13.996 245 55(31) × 109 µB / hc 46.686 4498(10) µB /k 0.671 713 88(61) µN 5.050 783 53(11) × 10−27 3.152 451 2605(22) × 10−8 µN / h 7.622 593 57(17) µN / hc 2.542 623 527(56) × 10−2 µN /k 3.658 2682(33) × 10−4

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

m s−1 N A−2 N A−2 F m−1 � m3 kg−1 s−2 (GeV/c2 ) −2 Js eV s Js eV s MeV fm kg GeV K m s

exact

C A J−1 Wb S � Hz V−1 � J T−1 eV T−1 Hz T−1 m−1 T−1 K T−1 J T−1 eV T−1 MHz T−1 m−1 T−1 K T−1

2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 3.2 × 10−10 3.2 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−8 3.2 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−8 6.5 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 9.1 × 10−7 2.2 × 10−8 7.1 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 9.1 × 10−7

exact exact exact 1.2 × 10−4 1.2 × 10−4 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 6.0 × 10−5 6.0 × 10−5 6.0 × 10−5 6.0 × 10−5 6.0 × 10−5

Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect. Table IV for the conventional value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect.

4/2/14 2:09 PM

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-3

Quantity

fine-structure constant e2/4π�0h¯ c inverse fine-structure constant Rydberg constant α 2 me c/2h

Bohr radius α/4πR∞ = 4π�0h¯ 2/me e2 Hartree energy e2/4π�0 a0 = 2R∞ hc = α 2 me c2 quantum of circulation

Fermi coupling constant3 weak mixing angle4 θW (on-shell scheme) 2 sin2 θW = sW ≡ 1 − (mW /mZ ) 2 electron mass energy equivalent electron-muon mass ratio electron-tau mass ratio electron-proton mass ratio electron-neutron mass ratio electron-deuteron mass ratio electron-triton mass ratio electron-helion mass ratio electron to alpha particle mass ratio electron charge to mass quotient electron molar mass NA me Compton wavelength h/me c λC /2π = αa0 = α 2/4πR∞ classical electron radius α 2 a0 Thomson cross section (8π/3)re2 electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio electron magnetic moment anomaly |µe |/µB − 1 electron g-factor −2(1 + ae ) electron-muon magnetic moment ratio electron-proton magnetic moment ratio electron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) electron-neutron magnetic moment ratio electron-deuteron magnetic moment ratio electron to shielded helion magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C)

Symbol

Numerical value

ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR General α 7.297 352 5698(24) × 10−3 α −1 137.035 999 074(44) R∞ 10 973 731.568 539(55) R∞ c 3.289 841 960 364(17) × 1015 R∞ hc 2.179 872 171(96) × 10−18 13.605 692 53(30) a0 0.529 177 210 92(17) × 10−10 Eh 4.359 744 34(19) × 10−18 27.211 385 05(60) h/2me 3.636 947 5520(24) × 10−4 h/me 7.273 895 1040(47) × 10−4 Electroweak GF /(¯hc) 3 1.166 364(5) × 10−5

sin2 θW

Unit

m−1 Hz J eV m J eV m2 s−1 m2 s−1 GeV−2

0.2223(21)

me c2 me /mµ me /mτ me /mp me /mn me /md me /mt me /mh me /mα −e/me M(e), Me λC λC re σe µe µe /µB µe /µN

9.109 382 91(40) × 10−31 5.485 799 0946(22) × 10−4 8.187 105 06(36) × 10−14 0.510 998 928(11) 4.836 331 66(12) × 10−3 2.875 92(26) × 10−4 5.446 170 2178(22) × 10−4 5.438 673 4461(32) × 10−4 2.724 437 1095(11) × 10−4 1.819 200 0653(17) × 10−4 1.819 543 0761(17) × 10−4 1.370 933 555 78(55) × 10−4 −1.758 820 088(39) × 1011 5.485 799 0946(22) × 10−7 2.426 310 2389(16) × 10−12 386.159 268 00(25) × 10−15 2.817 940 3267(27) × 10−15 0.665 245 8734(13) × 10−28 −928.476 430(21) × 10−26 −1.001 159 652 180 76(27) −1838.281 970 90(75)

3.2 × 10−10 3.2 × 10−10 5.0 × 10−12 5.0 × 10−12 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 3.2 × 10−10 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 6.5 × 10−10 6.5 × 10−10 4.3 × 10−6 9.5 × 10−3

Electron, e− me

Relative std. uncert. ur

Units

TABLE II: (Continued).

kg u J MeV

C kg−1 kg mol−1 m m m m2 J T−1

4.4 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−10 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 9.0 × 10−5 4.1 × 10−10 5.8 × 10−10 4.0 × 10−10 9.1 × 10−10 9.2 × 10−10 4.0 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−10 6.5 × 10−10 6.5 × 10−10 9.7 × 10−10 1.9 × 10−9 2.2 × 10−8 2.6 × 10−13 4.1 × 10−10

ae ge µe /µµ µe /µp

1.159 652 180 76(27) × 10−3 −2.002 319 304 361 53(53) 206.766 9896(52) −658.210 6848(54)

2.3 × 10−10 2.6 × 10−13 2.5 × 10−8 8.1 × 10−9

µe /µ�p µe /µn µe /µd

−658.227 5971(72) 960.920 50(23) −2143.923 498(18)

1.1 × 10−8 2.4 × 10−7 8.4 × 10−9

µe /µ�h

864.058 257(10)

1.2 × 10−8

3 Value

recommended by the Particle Data Group (Nakamura et al., 2010). on the ratio of the masses of the W and Z bosons mW /mZ recommended by the Particle Data Group (Nakamura et al., 2010). The value for sin2 θW they recommend, which is based on a particular variant of the modified minimal subtraction ( MS) scheme, is sin2 θˆ W ( MZ ) = 0.231 16(13). 4 Based

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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-4

TABLE II: (Continued). Units

Quantity electron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µe |/¯h

muon mass energy equivalent muon-electron mass ratio muon-tau mass ratio muon-proton mass ratio muon-neutron mass ratio muon molar mass NA mµ muon Compton wavelength h/mµ c λC, µ /2π muon magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio muon magnetic moment anomaly |µµ |/(e¯h/2mµ ) − 1 muon g-factor −2(1 + aµ ) muon-proton magnetic moment ratio 5

tau mass

energy equivalent tau-electron mass ratio tau-muon mass ratio tau-proton mass ratio tau-neutron mass ratio tau molar mass NA mτ tau Compton wavelength h/mτ c λC, τ /2π proton mass energy equivalent proton-electron mass ratio proton-muon mass ratio proton-tau mass ratio proton-neutron mass ratio proton charge to mass quotient proton molar mass NA mp proton Compton wavelength h/mp c λC,p /2π proton rms charge radius proton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton g-factor 2µp /µN

Symbol γe γe /2π

Numerical value 1.760 859 708(39) × 1011 28 024.952 66(62)

Muon, µ− mµ 1.883 531 475(96) × 10−28 0.113 428 9267(29) mµ c2 1.692 833 667(86) × 10−11 105.658 3715(35) mµ /me 206.768 2843(52) mµ /mτ 5.946 49(54) × 10−2 mµ /mp 0.112 609 5272(28) mµ /mn 0.112 454 5177(28) M(µ), Mµ 0.113 428 9267(29) × 10−3 λC, µ 11.734 441 03(30) × 10−15 λC, µ 1.867 594 294(47) × 10−15 µµ −4.490 448 07(15) × 10−26 µµ /µB −4.841 970 44(12) × 10−3 µµ /µN −8.890 596 97(22) aµ gµ µµ /µp

Proton, p 1.672 621 777(74) × 10−27 1.007 276 466 812(90) mp c2 1.503 277 484(66) × 10−10 938.272 046(21) mp /me 1836.152 672 45(75) mp /mµ 8.880 243 31(22) mp /mτ 0.528 063(48) mp /mn 0.998 623 478 26(45) e/mp 9.578 833 58(21) × 107 M(p), Mp 1.007 276 466 812(90) × 10−3 λC,p 1.321 409 856 23(94) × 10−15 λC,p 0.210 308 910 47(15) × 10−15 rp 0.8775(51) × 10−15 µp 1.410 606 743(33) × 10−26 µp /µB 1.521 032 210(12) × 10−3 µp /µN 2.792 847 356(23) gp 5.585 694 713(46)

Relative std. uncert. ur

s−1 T−1 MHz T−1

2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8

kg u J MeV

5.1 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 5.1 × 10−8 3.4 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 9.0 × 10−5 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 3.4 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

kg mol−1 m m J T−1

1.165 920 91(63) × 10−3 −2.002 331 8418(13) −3.183 345 107(84)

Tau, τ− mτ 3.167 47(29) × 10−27 1.907 49(17) mτ c2 2.846 78(26) × 10−10 1776.82(16) mτ /me 3477.15(31) mτ /mµ 16.8167(15) mτ /mp 1.893 72(17) mτ /mn 1.891 11(17) M(τ), Mτ 1.907 49(17) × 10−3 λC, τ 0.697 787(63) × 10−15 λC, τ 0.111 056(10) × 10−15

mp

Unit

5.4 × 10−7 6.3 × 10−10 2.6 × 10−8 kg u J MeV

kg mol−1 m m kg u J MeV

C kg−1 kg mol−1 m m m J T−1

9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−5 4.4 × 10−8 8.9 × 10−11 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 4.1 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8 9.0 × 10−5 4.5 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−8 8.9 × 10−11 7.1 × 10−10 7.1 × 10−10 5.9 × 10−3 2.4 × 10−8 8.1 × 10−9 8.2 × 10−9 8.2 × 10−9

5 This and all other values involving m are based on the value of m c2 in MeV recommended by the Particle Data Group (Nakamura et al., τ τ 2010).

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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-5

Quantity proton-neutron magnetic moment ratio shielded proton magnetic moment (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio proton magnetic shielding correction 1 − µ�p /µp (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µp /¯h shielded proton gyromagnetic ratio 2µ�p /¯h (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C)

neutron mass energy equivalent neutron-electron mass ratio neutron-muon mass ratio neutron-tau mass ratio neutron-proton mass ratio neutron-proton mass difference energy equivalent neutron molar mass NA mn neutron Compton wavelength h/mn c λC,n /2π neutron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio neutron g-factor 2µn /µN neutron-electron magnetic moment ratio neutron-proton magnetic moment ratio neutron to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (H2 O, sphere, 25 ◦ C) neutron gyromagnetic ratio 2|µn |/¯h deuteron mass energy equivalent deuteron-electron mass ratio deuteron-proton mass ratio deuteron molar mass NA md deuteron rms charge radius deuteron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio deuteron g-factor µd /µN deuteron-electron magnetic moment ratio deuteron-proton magnetic moment ratio deuteron-neutron magnetic moment ratio

K21599_S01.indb 5

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

µp /µn µ�p

−1.459 898 06(34) 1.410 570 499(35) × 10−26

µ�p /µB µ�p /µN

1.520 993 128(17) × 10−3 2.792 775 598(30)

σp� γp γp /2π

25.694(14) × 10−6 2.675 222 005(63) × 108 42.577 4806(10)

s−1 T−1 MHz T−1

5.3 × 10−4 2.4 × 10−8 2.4 × 10−8

γp� γp� /2π

2.675 153 268(66) × 108 42.576 3866(10)

s−1 T−1 MHz T−1

2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

kg u J MeV

4.4 × 10−8 4.2 × 10−10 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 5.8 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8 9.0 × 10−5 4.5 × 10−10 3.3 × 10−7 3.3 × 10−7 3.3 × 10−7 3.3 × 10−7 4.2 × 10−10 8.2 × 10−10 8.2 × 10−10 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7

Neutron, n 1.674 927 351(74) × 10−27 1.008 664 916 00(43) mn c2 1.505 349 631(66) × 10−10 939.565 379(21) mn /me 1838.683 6605(11) mn /mµ 8.892 484 00(22) mn /mτ 0.528 790(48) mn /mp 1.001 378 419 17(45) mn − mp 2.305 573 92(76) × 10−30 0.001 388 449 19(45) (mn − mp )c2 2.072 146 50(68) × 10−13 1.293 332 17(42) M(n), Mn 1.008 664 916 00(43) × 10−3 λC,n 1.319 590 9068(11) × 10−15 λC,n 0.210 019 415 68(17) × 10−15 µn −0.966 236 47(23) × 10−26 µn /µB −1.041 875 63(25) × 10−3 µn /µN −1.913 042 72(45) gn −3.826 085 45(90) µn /µe 1.040 668 82(25) × 10−3 µn /µp −0.684 979 34(16) mn

µn /µ�p γn γn /2π

−0.684 996 94(16) 1.832 471 79(43) × 108 29.164 6943(69)

Deuteron, d 3.343 583 48(15) × 10−27 2.013 553 212 712(77) md c2 3.005 062 97(13) × 10−10 1875.612 859(41) md /me 3670.482 9652(15) md /mp 1.999 007 500 97(18) M(d), Md 2.013 553 212 712(77) × 10−3 rd 2.1424(21) × 10−15 µd 0.433 073 489(10) × 10−26 µd /µB 0.466 975 4556(39) × 10−3 µd /µN 0.857 438 2308(72) gd 0.857 438 2308(72) µd /µe −4.664 345 537(39) × 10−4 µd /µp 0.307 012 2070(24) µd /µn −0.448 206 52(11) md

JT

2.4 × 10−7 2.5 × 10−8

−1

Units

TABLE II: (Continued).

1.1 × 10−8 1.1 × 10−8

kg u J MeV kg mol−1 m m J T−1

s T MHz T−1 −1

−1

kg u J MeV kg mol−1 m J T−1

2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 2.4 × 10−7 4.4 × 10−8 3.8 × 10−11 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−10 9.2 × 10−11 3.8 × 10−11 9.8 × 10−4 2.4 × 10−8 8.4 × 10−9 8.4 × 10−9 8.4 × 10−9 8.4 × 10−9 7.7 × 10−9 2.4 × 10−7

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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-6

TABLE II: (Continued).

Units

Quantity

triton mass energy equivalent triton-electron mass ratio triton-proton mass ratio triton molar mass NA mt triton magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio triton g-factor 2µt /µN helion mass energy equivalent helion-electron mass ratio helion-proton mass ratio helion molar mass NA mh helion magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio helion g-factor 2µh /µN shielded helion magnetic moment (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) to Bohr magneton ratio to nuclear magneton ratio shielded helion to proton magnetic moment ratio (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) shielded helion to shielded proton magnetic moment ratio (gas/H2 O, spheres, 25 ◦ C) shielded helion gyromagnetic ratio 2|µ�h |/¯h (gas, sphere, 25 ◦ C) alpha particle mass energy equivalent alpha particle to electron mass ratio alpha particle to proton mass ratio alpha particle molar mass NA mα

Symbol

Numerical value

Triton, t 5.007 356 30(22) × 10−27 3.015 500 7134(25) mt c2 4.500 387 41(20) × 10−10 2808.921 005(62) mt /me 5496.921 5267(50) mt /mp 2.993 717 0308(25) M(t), Mt 3.015 500 7134(25) × 10−3 µt 1.504 609 447(38) × 10−26 µt /µB 1.622 393 657(21) × 10−3 µt /µN 2.978 962 448(38) gt 5.957 924 896(76) Helion, h 5.006 412 34(22) × 10−27 mh 3.014 932 2468(25) mh c2 4.499 539 02(20) × 10−10 2808.391 482(62) mh /me 5495.885 2754(50) mh /mp 2.993 152 6707(25) M(h), Mh 3.014 932 2468(25) × 10−3 µh −1.074 617 486(27) × 10−26 µh /µB −1.158 740 958(14) × 10−3 µh /µN −2.127 625 306(25) gh −4.255 250 613(50) µ�h −1.074 553 044(27) × 10−26 mt

Unit

kg u J MeV kg mol−1 J T−1

kg u J MeV kg mol−1 J T−1

J T−1

Relative std. uncert. ur

4.4 × 10−8 8.2 × 10−10 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 9.1 × 10−10 8.2 × 10−10 8.2 × 10−10 2.6 × 10−8 1.3 × 10−8 1.3 × 10−8 1.3 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 8.3 × 10−10 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 9.2 × 10−10 8.2 × 10−10 8.3 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8 1.2 × 10−8 1.2 × 10−8 1.2 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

µ�h /µB µ�h /µN

−1.158 671 471(14) × 10−3 −2.127 497 718(25)

1.2 × 10−8 1.2 × 10−8

µ�h /µp

−0.761 766 558(11)

1.4 × 10−8

µ�h /µ�p

−0.761 786 1313(33)

4.3 × 10−9

γh� γh� /2π

2.037 894 659(51) × 108 32.434 100 84(81)

Alpha particle, α 6.644 656 75(29) × 10−27 4.001 506 179 125(62) mα c2 5.971 919 67(26) × 10−10 3727.379 240(82) mα /me 7294.299 5361(29) mα /mp 3.972 599 689 33(36) M(α), Mα 4.001 506 179 125(62) × 10−3 mα

PHYSICOCHEMICAL 6.022 141 29(27) × 1023 NA , L

Avogadro constant atomic mass constant 1 m( 12 C) = 1 u mu = 12 energy equivalent

mu mu c2

Faraday constant6 NA e

F

1.660 538 921(73) × 10−27 1.492 417 954(66) × 10−10 931.494 061(21) 96 485.3365(21)

s−1 T−1 MHz T−1

2.5 × 10−8 2.5 × 10−8

kg u J MeV

4.4 × 10−8 1.5 × 10−11 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 4.0 × 10−10 9.0 × 10−11 1.5 × 10−11

kg mol−1 mol−1

4.4 × 10−8

kg J MeV C mol−1

4.4 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8

6 The numerical value of F to be used in coulometric chemical measurements is 96 485.3321(43) [4.4 × 10−8 ] when the relevant current is measured in terms of representations of the volt and ohm based on the Josephson and quantum Hall effects and the internationally adopted conventional values of the Josephson and von Klitzing constants KJ−90 and RK−90 given in Table IV.

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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-7

Quantity

Symbol

molar Planck constant

NA h NA hc R k

molar gas constant Boltzmann constant R/NA

k/ h k/ hc molar volume of ideal gas RT/ p T = 273.15 K, p = 100 kPa Vm Loschmidt constant NA /Vm n0 molar volume of ideal gas RT/ p T = 273.15 K, p = 101.325 kPa Vm Loschmidt constant NA /Vm n0 Sackur-Tetrode (absolute entropy) constant7 5 + ln[(2πmu kT1 / h2 ) 3/2 kT1 / p0 ] 2 S0 /R T1 = 1 K, p0 = 100 kPa T1 = 1 K, p0 = 101.325 kPa Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ (π2 /60)k4/¯h3 c2 first radiation constant 2πhc2 c1 2 first radiation constant for spectral radiance 2hc c1L second radiation constant hc/k c2 Wien displacement law constants b b = λmax T = c2 /4.965 114 231... b� = νmax /T = 2.821 439 372... c/c2 b�

Numerical value

Relative std. uncert. ur

Unit

3.990 312 7176(28) × 10−10 0.119 626 565 779(84) 8.314 4621(75) 1.380 6488(13) × 10−23 8.617 3324(78) × 10−5 2.083 6618(19) × 1010 69.503 476(63)

J s mol−1 J m mol−1 J mol−1 K−1 J K−1 eV K−1 Hz K−1 m−1 K−1

7.0 × 10−10 7.0 × 10−10 9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7

22.710 953(21) × 10−3 2.651 6462(24) × 1025

m3 mol−1 m−3

9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7

22.413 968(20) × 10−3 2.686 7805(24) × 1025

m3 mol−1 m−3

9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7

−1.151 7078(23) −1.164 8708(23)

Units

TABLE II: (Continued).

2.0 × 10−6 1.9 × 10−6

5.670 373(21) × 10−8 3.741 771 53(17) × 10−16 1.191 042 869(53) × 10−16 1.438 7770(13) × 10−2

W m−2 K−4 W m2 W m2 sr−1 mK

3.6 × 10−6 4.4 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 9.1 × 10−7

2.897 7721(26) × 10−3 5.878 9254(53) × 1010

mK Hz K−1

9.1 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7

TABLE III: The variances, covariances, and correlation coefficients of the values of a selected group of constants based on the 2010 CODATA adjustment. The numbers in bold above the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative covariances; the numbers in bold on the main diagonal are 1016 times the numerical values of the relative variances; and the numbers in italics below the main diagonal are the correlation coefficients.1

α h e me NA me /mµ F

α 0.0010 0 .0072 0 .0145 −0 .0075 0 .0060 −0 .0251 0 .0265

h 0.0010 19.4939 1 .0000 0 .9999 −0 .9999 −0 .0002 −0 .9993

e 0.0010 9.7475 4.8742 0 .9998 −0 .9997 −0 .0004 −0 .9990

me −0.0011 19.4918 9.7454 19.4940 −1 .0000 0 .0002 −0 .9997

NA 0.0009 −19.4912 −9.7452 −19.4929 19.4934 −0 .0002 0 .9997

me /mµ −0.0021 −0.0020 −0.0020 0.0021 −0.0017 6.3872 −0 .0007

F 0.0019 −9.7437 −4.8709 −9.7475 9.7483 −0.0037 4.8774

1 The relative covariance is ur (xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/(xi xj ), where u(xi , xj ) is the covariance of xi and xj ; the relative variance is u2r (xi ) = ur (xi , xi ): and the correlation coefficient is r (xi , xj ) = u(xi , xj )/[u(xi )u(xj )].

7 The

K21599_S01.indb 7

entropy of an ideal monoatomic gas of relative atomic mass Ar is given by S = S0 +

3 2

R ln Ar − R ln( p/ p0 ) +

5 2

R ln(T/K).

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CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-8

TABLE IV: Internationally adopted values of various quantities. Units

Quantity relative atomic mass1 of 12 C molar mass constant molar mass of 12 C conventional value of Josephson constant2 conventional value of von Klitzing constant3 standard-state pressure standard atmosphere

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

Ar ( 12 C) Mu M( 12 C) KJ−90 RK−90

12 1 × 10−3 12 × 10−3 483 597.9 25 812.807 100 101.325

kg mol−1 kg mol−1 GHz V−1 � kPa kPa

Relative std. uncert. ur exact exact exact exact exact exact exact

1

The relative atomic mass Ar ( X) of particle X with mass m( X) is defined by Ar ( X) = m( X)/mu , where mu = m( 12 C)/12 = Mu /NA = 1 u is the atomic mass constant, Mu is the molar mass constant, NA is the Avogadro constant, and u is the unified atomic mass unit. Thus the mass of particle X is m( X) = Ar ( X) u and the molar mass of X is M( X) = Ar ( X) Mu . 2 This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the volt using the Josephson effect. 3 This is the value adopted internationally for realizing representations of the ohm using the quantum Hall effect. TABLE V: Values of some x-ray-related quantities based on the 2010 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants. Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

Cu x unit: λ(CuKα1 )/1 537.400 xu(CuKα1 ) 1.002 076 97(28) × 10−13 m 2.8 × 10−7 Mo x unit: λ(MoKα1 )/707.831 xu(MoKα1 ) 1.002 099 52(53) × 10−13 m 5.3 × 10−7 ˚∗ ˚ angstrom star: λ(WKα1 )/0.209 010 0 A 1.000 014 95(90) × 10−10 m 9.0 × 10−7 ◦ −12 lattice parameter1 of Si (in vacuum, 22.5 C) a 543.102 0504(89) × 10 m 1.6 × 10−8 √ {220} lattice spacing of Si a/ 8 d220 192.015 5714(32) × 10−12 m 1.6 × 10−8 (in vacuum, 22.5 ◦ C) Vm (Si) 12.058 833 01(80) × 10−6 m3 mol−1 6.6 × 10−8 molar volume of Si M(Si)/ρ(Si) = NA a 3/8 ◦ (in vacuum, 22.5 C) 1 This is the lattice parameter (unit cell edge length) of an ideal single crystal of naturally occurring Si free of impurities and imperfections, and is deduced from measurements on extremely pure and nearly perfect single crystals of Si by correcting for the effects of impurities.

TABLE VI: The values in SI units of some non-SI units based on the 2010 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants. Quantity

Symbol

Numerical value

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

Non-SI units accepted for use with the SI electron volt: (e/C) J (unified) atomic mass unit:

1 m( 12 C) 12

eV u

1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 1.660 538 921(73) × 10−27

J kg

2.2 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8

m s−1 Js eV s MeV fm kg J MeV kg m s−1 MeV/c m s

exact 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 6.5 × 10−10 6.5 × 10−10

Natural units (n.u.) n.u. of velocity n.u. of action: h/2π

c, c0 h¯

n.u. of mass n.u. of energy

h¯ c me me c2

n.u. of momentum

me c

n.u. of length: h¯ /me c n.u. of time

λC h¯ /me c2

K21599_S01.indb 8

299 792 458 1.054 571 726(47) × 10−34 6.582 119 28(15) × 10−16 197.326 9718(44) 9.109 382 91(40) × 10−31 8.187 105 06(36) × 10−14 0.510 998 928(11) 2.730 924 29(12) × 10−22 0.510 998 928(11) 386.159 268 00(25) × 10−15 1.288 088 668 33(83) × 10−21

4/2/14 2:09 PM

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-9

Quantity

Symbol

a.u. of charge a.u. of mass a.u. of action: h/2π a.u. of length: Bohr radius (bohr) α/4πR∞ a.u. of energy: Hartree energy (hartree) e2/4π�0 a0 = 2R∞ hc = α 2 me c2 a.u. of time a.u. of force a.u. of velocity: αc a.u. of momentum a.u. of current a.u. of charge density a.u. of electric potential a.u. of electric field a.u. of electric field gradient a.u. of electric dipole moment a.u. of electric quadrupole moment a.u. of electric polarizability a.u. of 1st hyperpolarizability a.u. of 2nd hyperpolarizability a.u. of magnetic flux density a.u. of magnetic dipole moment: 2µB a.u. of magnetizability a.u. of permittivity: 107 /c2

e me h¯

Numerical value Atomic units (a.u.) 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 9.109 382 91(40) × 10−31 1.054 571 726(47) × 10−34

Unit

Relative std. uncert. ur

C kg Js

2.2 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8

a0

0.529 177 210 92(17) × 10−10

m

3.2 × 10−10

Eh h¯ /Eh Eh /a0 a0 Eh /¯h h¯ /a0 eEh /¯h e/a03 Eh /e Eh /ea0 Eh /ea02 ea0 ea02 e2 a02 /Eh e3 a03 /Eh2 e4 a04 /Eh3 h¯ /ea02 h¯ e/me e2 a02 /me e2 /a0 Eh

4.359 744 34(19) × 10−18 2.418 884 326 502(12) × 10−17 8.238 722 78(36) × 10−8 2.187 691 263 79(71) × 106 1.992 851 740(88) × 10−24 6.623 617 95(15) × 10−3 1.081 202 338(24) × 1012 27.211 385 05(60) 5.142 206 52(11) × 1011 9.717 362 00(21) × 1021 8.478 353 26(19) × 10−30 4.486 551 331(99) × 10−40 1.648 777 2754(16) × 10−41 3.206 361 449(71) × 10−53 6.235 380 54(28) × 10−65 2.350 517 464(52) × 105 1.854 801 936(41) × 10−23 7.891 036 607(13) × 10−29 1.112 650 056 . . . × 10−10

J s N m s−1 kg m s−1 A C m−3 V V m−1 V m−2 Cm C m2 C2 m2 J−1 C3 m3 J−2 C4 m4 J−3 T J T−1 J T−2 F m−1

4.4 × 10−8 5.0 × 10−12 4.4 × 10−8 3.2 × 10−10 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 9.7 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−8 4.4 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 2.2 × 10−8 1.6 × 10−9 exact

Units

TABLE VI: (Continued.)

TABLE VII: The values of some energy equivalents derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hν = kT, and based on the 2010 1 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA , and CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = 12 2 2 Eh = 2R∞ hc = α me c is the Hartree energy (hartree). Relevant unit J 1J

(1 J) = 1J

kg (1 J)/c = 1.112 650 056 . . . × 10−17 kg

1 kg

(1 kg)c2 = 8.987 551 787 . . . × 1016 J

(1 kg) = 1 kg

2

m−1 (1 J)/hc = 5.034 117 01(22) × 1024 m−1

Hz (1 J)/h = 1.509 190 311(67) × 1033 Hz

(1 kg)c/ h = 4.524 438 73(20) × 1041 m−1

(1 kg)c2 / h = 1.356 392 608(60) × 1050 Hz

1 m−1 (1 m−1 )hc = (1 m−1 )h/c = (1 m−1 ) = −25 −42 1.986 445 684(88) × 10 J 2.210 218 902(98) × 10 kg 1 m−1

(1 m−1 )c = 299 792 458 Hz

1 Hz

(1 Hz)h = 6.626 069 57(29) × 10−34 J

(1 Hz)h/c2 = 7.372 496 68(33) × 10−51 kg

(1 Hz)/c = 3.335 640 951 . . . × 10−9 m−1

(1 Hz) = 1 Hz

1K

(1 K)k = 1.380 6488(13) × 10−23 J

(1 K)k/c2 = 1.536 1790(14) × 10−40 kg

(1 K)k/ hc = 69.503 476(63) m−1

(1 K)k/ h = 2.083 6618(19) × 1010 Hz

1 eV

(1 eV) = (1 eV)/c2 = (1 eV)/ hc = 1.602 176 565(35) × 10−19 J 1.782 661 845(39) × 10−36 kg 8.065 544 29(18) × 105 m−1

(1 eV)/ h = 2.417 989 348(53) × 1014 Hz

1u

(1 u)c2 = (1 u) = (1 u)c/ h = 1.492 417 954(66) × 10−10 J 1.660 538 921(73) × 10−27 kg 7.513 006 6042(53) × 1014 m−1

(1 u)c2 / h = 2.252 342 7168(16) × 1023 Hz

1 Eh

(1 Eh ) = 4.359 744 34(19) × 10−18 J

K21599_S01.indb 9

(1 Eh )/c2 = 4.850 869 79(21) × 10−35 kg

(1 Eh )/ hc = (1 Eh )/ h = 2.194 746 313 708(11) × 107 m−1 6.579 683 920 729(33) × 1015 Hz

4/2/14 2:09 PM

CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants

1-10

Units

TABLE VIII: The values of some energy equivalents derived from the relations E = mc2 = hc/λ = hν = kT, and based on the 1 m( 12 C) = 10−3 kg mol−1/NA , and 2010 CODATA adjustment of the values of the constants; 1 eV = (e/C) J, 1 u = mu = 12 2 2 Eh = 2R∞ hc = α me c is the Hartree energy (hartree). Relevant unit K

eV

u

Eh

1J

(1 J)/k = 7.242 9716(66) × 1022 K

(1 J) = 6.241 509 34(14) × 1018 eV

(1 J)/c2 = 6.700 535 85(30) × 109 u

(1 J) = 2.293 712 48(10) × 1017 Eh

1 kg

(1 kg)c2 /k = 6.509 6582(59) × 1039 K

(1 kg)c2 = 5.609 588 85(12) × 1035 eV

(1 kg) = 6.022 141 29(27) × 1026 u

(1 kg)c2 = 2.061 485 968(91) × 1034 Eh

1 m−1 (1 m−1 )hc/k = 1.438 7770(13) × 10−2 K

(1 m−1 )hc = (1 m−1 )h/c = (1 m−1 )hc = 1.239 841 930(27) × 10−6 eV 1.331 025 051 20(94) × 10−15 u 4.556 335 252 755(23) × 10−8 Eh

1 Hz

(1 Hz)h/k = (1 Hz)h = (1 Hz)h/c2 = −11 −15 4.799 2434(44) × 10 K 4.135 667 516(91) × 10 eV 4.439 821 6689(31) × 10−24 u

1K

(1 K) = 1K

(1 K)k = 8.617 3324(78) × 10−5 eV

(1 K)k/c2 = 9.251 0868(84) × 10−14 u

(1 K)k = 3.166 8114(29) × 10−6 Eh

1 eV

(1 eV)/k = 1.160 4519(11) × 104 K

(1 eV) = 1 eV

(1 eV)/c2 = 1.073 544 150(24) × 10−9 u

(1 eV) = 3.674 932 379(81) × 10−2 Eh

1u

(1 u)c2 /k = (1 u)c2 = 1.080 954 08(98) × 1013 K 931.494 061(21) × 106 eV

(1 u) = 1u

(1 u)c2 = 3.423 177 6845(24) × 107 Eh

1 Eh

(1 Eh )/k = 3.157 7504(29) × 105 K

(1 Eh )/c2 = 2.921 262 3246(21) × 10−8 u

(1 Eh ) = 1 Eh

K21599_S01.indb 10

(1 Eh ) = 27.211 385 05(60) eV

(1 Hz)h = 1.519 829 846 0045(76) × 10−16 Eh

4/2/14 2:09 PM

This table of atomic weights includes the changes made in 2011 and 2013 by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (Ref. 1,5,6). Those changes affected the following 24 elements: aluminum, arsenic, beryllium, bromine, cadmium, cesium, cobalt, fluorine, germanium, gold, holmium, indium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, niobium, phosphorus, praseodymium, scandium, selenium, thorium, thulium, and yttrium. IUPAC made a significant policy change in 2009 (Ref. 2 - 4). Each atomic weight had previously been given as a single value with an uncertainty that took into account both the measurement uncertainty and the variation in isotopic abundance in samples of the element from different terrestrial sources. For a variety of reasons (Ref. 3) this fails to give complete information on the natural variability in isotopic abundance of several elements. Therefore, the 2009 recommendations expressed the atomic weights of 10 elements as intervals rather than single numbers plus uncertainties. The symbol for these intervals is [a, b], where a is the lower bound of values found in normal materials, and b the upper bound. In the new recommendations 2 additional elements, bromine and magnesium, have been added to the list for which an interval is given. For the other elements in the table, a single recommended

atomic weight value is given; the number in parentheses following the value gives the uncertainty in the last digit. Table 1 gives the 2013 atomic weights of the elements listed in alphabetical order by name. Table 2 gives reference atomic weights for the 12 elements whose entries in Table 1 are intervals rather than single numbers. These conventional values are suggested for use on samples of unspecified origin and for calculation of molecular weights in tables intended to be broadly applicable. They have been selected such that most or all natural terrestrial atomicweight variation is covered in an interval of plus or minus one in the last digit. It should be emphasized that the conventional values are not simply midpoints of the intervals, but rather represent the best judgment of the data evaluators.

Units

Standard Atomic Weights (2013)

References 1. Wieser, M. E., et al., Pure Appl. Chem. 85, 1047, 2013. 2. Wieser, M. E., and Coplen, T. D., Pure Appl. Chem. 83, 359, 2011. 3. Coplen, T. B., and Holden, N. E., Chemistry International, Vol. 33, No. 2, p.10, 2011. 4. Berglund, M., and Wieser, M. E., Pure Appl. Chem. 83, 397, 2011. 5. Chemistry International, Vol. 35, No. 6, p. 17, 2013. 6. Meija, J., et al., Pure Appl. Chem., to be published.

Table 1. Standard Atomic Weights 2011 Atomic Number 89 13 95 51 18 33 85 56 97 4 83 107 5

Element Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron

Symbol Ac Al Am Sb Ar As At Ba Bk Be Bi Bh B

Bromine Cadmium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Cesium Chlorine

Br Cd Ca Cf C Ce Cs Cl

35 48 20 98 6 58 55 17

Chromium Cobalt Copernecium Copper Curium Darmstadtium Dubnium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium

Cr Co Cn Cu Cm Ds Db Dy Es Er

24 27 112 29 96 110 105 66 99 68



K21599_S01.indb 11

Atomic Weight

  26.9815385(7)   121.760(1) 39.948(1) 74.921595(6)   137.327(7)   9.0121831(5) 208.98040(1)   [10.806, 10.821]

[79.901, 79.907] 112.414(4) 40.078(4)   [12.0096, 12.0106] 140.116(1) 132.90545196(6) [35.446, 35.457] 51.9961(6) 58.933194(4)   63.546(3)       162.500(1)   167.259(3)

Footnotes u   u g gr   u   u   u u m; see Table 2 see Table 2 g g u see Table 2 g   m; see Table 2     u r u u u g u g

Atomic Number 63 100 114 9 87 64 31 32 79 72 108 2 67 1

Element Europium Fermium Flerovium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen

Symbol Eu Fm Fl F Fr Gd Ga Ge Au Hf Hs He Ho H

Atomic Weight 151.964(1)     18.998403163(6)   157.25(3) 69.723(1) 72.630(8) 196.966569(5) 178.49(2)   4.002602(2) 164.93033(2) [1.00784, 1.00811]

Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium

In I Ir Fe Kr La Lr Pb Li

49 53 77 26 36 57 103 82 3

114.818(1) 126.90447(3) 192.217(3) 55.845(2) 83.798(2) 138.90547(7)   207.2(1) [6.938, 6.997]

Livermorium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum

Lv Lu Mg Mn Mt Md Hg Mo

116 71 12 25 109 101 80 42

  174.9668(1) [24.304, 24.307] 54.938044(3)     200.592(3) 95.95(1)

Footnotes g u u   u g         u gr   m; see Table 2         gm g u gr m; see Table 2 u g see Table 2   u u   g

1-11

4/2/14 2:09 PM

Standard Atomic Weights (2013)

1-12

Units

Element Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Ruthenium Rutherfordium Samarium Scandium

Symbol Nd Ne Np Ni Nb N No Os O Pd P Pt Pu Po K Pr Pm Pa Ra Rn Re Rh Rg Rb Ru Rf Sm Sc

Atomic Number 60 10 93 28 41 7 102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 61 91 88 86 75 45 111 37 44 104 62 21

Atomic Weight 144.242(3) 20.1797(6)   58.6934(4) 92.90637(2) [14.00643, 14.00728]   190.23(3) [15.99903, 15.99977] 106.42(1) 30.973761998(5) 195.084(9)     39.0983(1) 140.90766(2)   231.03588(2)     186.207(1) 102.90550(2)   85.4678(3) 101.07(2)   150.36(2) 44.955908(5)

Footnotes g gm u r   see Table 2 u g see Table 2 g     u u     u u u u     u g g u g  

Element Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Ununoctium Ununpentium Ununseptium Ununtrium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium

Symbol Sg Se Si Ag Na Sr S Ta Tc Te Tb Tl Th Tm Sn Ti W Uuo Uup Uus Uut U V Xe Yb Y Zn Zr

Atomic Number 106 34 14 47 11 38 16 73 43 52 65 81 90 69 50 22 74 118 115 117 113 92 23 54 70 39 30 40

Atomic Weight   78.971(8) [28.084, 28.086] 107.8682(2) 22.98976928(2) 87.62(1) [32.059, 32.076] 180.94788(2)   127.60(3) 158.92535(2) [204.382, 204.385] 232.0377(4) 168.93422(2) 118.710(7) 47.867(1) 183.84(1)         238.02891(3) 50.9415(1) 131.293(6) 173.054(5) 88.90584(2) 65.38(2) 91.224(2)

Footnotes u r see Table 2 g   gr see Table 2   u g   see Table 2 gu   g     u u u u gmu   gm g   r g

Geological specimens are known in which the element has an isotopic composition outside the limits for the normal material. The difference between the atomic weight of the element in such specimens and that given in the table may exceed the stated uncertainty. m Modified isotopic compositions may be found in commercially available material because the material has been subjected to an undisclosed or inadvertent isotopic fractionation. Substantial deviations in atomic weight of the element from that given in the table can occur. r Range in isotopic composition of normal terrestrial material prevents a more precise atomic weight being given; the tabulated value and uncertainty should be applicable to any normal material. u Element has no stable isotopes. See “Table of the Isotopes” in Sec.11 for individual isotopic masses. However, four such elements (Bi, Th, Pa, and U) do have a characteristic terrestrial isotopic composition, and for these elements standard atomic weights are tabulated. g

Table 2. Conventional Atomic Weights (2011) Element Boron Bromine Carbon Chlorine Hydrogen Lithium Magnesium Nitrogen Oxygen Silicon Sulfur Thallium

Symbol B Br C Cl H Li Mg N O Si S Tl

Atomic Number 5 35 6 17 1 3 12 7 8 14 16 81

Reference Atomic Weighta 10.81 79.904 12.011 35.45 1.008 6.94 24.305 14.007 15.999 28.085 32.06 204.38

For users needing an atomic-weight value for an unspecified sample, such as for trade or commerce. See text.

a

K21599_S01.indb 12

4/2/14 2:09 PM

This table lists the mass (in atomic mass units, symbol u) and the natural abundance (in percent) of the stable nuclides and a few important radioactive nuclides. The atomic masses were taken from the AME 2012 evaluation of the Atomic Mass Data Center, now located at the Institute of Modern Physics in Lanzhou, China (Ref. 1 and 2). The number in parentheses following the mass value is the uncertainty in the last digit(s) given. The mass values for elements with Z = 102 and higher were derived from a combination of experimental data and systematic trends. Natural abundance values were taken from the IUPAC Technical Report “Atomic Weight of the Elements: Review 2000” (Ref. 3); these entries are also followed by uncertainties in the last digit(s) of the stated values. This uncertainty includes both the estimated measurement uncertainty and the reported range of variation in different terrestrial sources of the element (see Ref. 3 for full details and caveats regarding elements whose abundance is variable). The absence of an entry in the Abundance column indicates Z 1

2 3 4 5 6

7 8

9 10

11

12

13 14

15 16



K21599_S01.indb 13

Isotope 1 H 2 H 3 H 3 He 4 He 6 Li 7 Li 9 Be 10 B 11 B 11 C 12 C 13 C 14 C 14 N 15 N 16 O 17 O 18 O 18 F 19 F 20 Ne 21 Ne 22 Ne 22 Na 23 Na 24 Na 24 Mg 25 Mg 26 Mg 27 Al 28 Si 29 Si 30 Si 31 P 32 P 32 S 33 S 34 S

Mass in u 1.00782503223(9) 2.01410177812(12) 3.0160492779(24) 3.0160293201(25) 4.00260325413(6) 6.0151228874(15) 7.016003437(5) 9.01218307(8) 10.0129369(4) 11.0093054(4) 11.0114336(10) 12.0000000(0) 13.00335483507(23) 14.003241988(4) 14.00307400443(20) 15.0001088989(6) 15.99491461957(17) 16.9991317565(7) 17.9991596129(8) 18.0009373(5) 18.9984031627(9) 19.9924401762(17) 20.99384669(4) 21.991385114(18) 21.99443741(18) 22.9897692820(19) 23.99096295(4) 23.985041697(14) 24.98583698(5) 25.98259297(3) 26.98153853(11) 27.9769265346(4) 28.9764946649(5) 29.973770136(23) 30.9737619984(7) 31.97390764(4) 31.9720711744(14) 32.9714589098(15) 33.96786700(5)

Abundance in % 99.9885(70) 0.0115(70) 0.000134(3) 99.999866(3) 7.59(4) 92.41(4) 100 19.9(7) 80.1(7) 98.93(8) 1.07(8)

a radioactive nuclide not present in nature or an element whose isotopic composition varies so widely that a meaningful natural abundance cannot be defined. Reference 1 contains mass data on over 3000 nuclides and describes the evaluation procedure in detail. Masses and other properties of nuclides may also be found in Section 11, “Table of the Isotopes” (Ref. 4).

References 1. Wang, M., Audi, G., Wapstra, A. H., Kondev, F. G., MacCormick, M., Xu, X., and Pfeiffer, B., Chin. Phys. C 36, 1603-2014, 2012. 2. . 3. de Laeter, J. R., Böhlke, J. K., De Bièvre, P., Hidaka, H., Peiser, H. S., Rosman, K. J. R., and Taylor, P. D. P., Pure Appl. Chem. 75, 683, 2003. 4. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Haynes, W. M., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 95th Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2014. Z

17 18

19

20

99.636(7) 0.364(7) 99.757(16) 0.038(1) 0.205(14) 100 90.48(3) 0.27(1) 9.25(3) 100 78.99(4) 10.00(1) 11.01(3) 100 92.223(19) 4.685(8) 3.092(11) 100 94.99(26) 0.75(2) 4.25(24)

Units

Atomic Masses and Abundances

21 22

23 24

25 26

Isotope 35 S 36 S 35 Cl 37 Cl 36 Ar 38 Ar 40 Ar 39 K 40 K 41 K 42 K 43 K 40 Ca 42 Ca 43 Ca 44 Ca 45 Ca 46 Ca 47 Ca 48 Ca 45 Sc 46 Ti 47 Ti 48 Ti 49 Ti 50 Ti 50 V 51 V 50 Cr 51 Cr 52 Cr 53 Cr 54 Cr 54 Mn 55 Mn 52 Fe 54 Fe 55 Fe 56 Fe

Mass in u 34.96903231(4) 35.96708071(20) 34.96885268(4) 36.96590260(6) 35.967545105(28) 37.96273211(21) 39.9623831237(24) 38.963706486(5) 39.96399817(6) 40.961825258(4) 41.96240231(11) 42.9607347(4) 39.962590863(22) 41.95861783(16) 42.95876644(24) 43.9554816(3) 44.9561864(4) 45.9536890(24) 46.9545424(24) 47.95252277(13) 44.9559083(8) 45.9526277(4) 46.9517588(4) 47.9479420(4) 48.9478657(4) 49.9447869(4) 49.9471560(9) 50.9439570(9) 49.9460418(9) 50.9447650(9) 51.9405062(6) 52.9406481(6) 53.9388792(6) 53.9403576(12) 54.9380439(5) 51.948113(7) 53.9396090(5) 54.9382920(5) 55.9349363(5)

Abundance in % 0.01(1) 75.76(10) 24.24(10) 0.3365(30) 0.0632(5) 99.6003(30) 93.2581(44) 0.0117(1) 6.7302(44)

96.941(156) 0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3) 0.187(21) 100 8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2) 0.250(4) 99.750(4) 4.345(13) 83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7) 100 5.845(35) 91.754(36)

1-13

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Atomic Masses and Abundances

1-14 Z Units

27

28

29

30

31

32

33 34

35 36

37

38

39

K21599_S01.indb 14

Isotope 57 Fe 58 Fe 59 Fe 57 Co 58 Co 59 Co 60 Co 58 Ni 59 Ni 60 Ni 61 Ni 62 Ni 63 Ni 64 Ni 63 Cu 64 Cu 65 Cu 64 Zn 65 Zn 66 Zn 67 Zn 68 Zn 70 Zn 67 Ga 68 Ga 69 Ga 71 Ga 68 Ge 70 Ge 72 Ge 73 Ge 74 Ge 76 Ge 75 As 74 Se 75 Se 76 Se 77 Se 78 Se 79 Se 80 Se 82 Se 79 Br 81 Br 78 Kr 80 Kr 82 Kr 83 Kr 84 Kr 86 Kr 85 Rb 86 Rb 87 Rb 84 Sr 85 Sr 86 Sr 87 Sr 88 Sr 89 Sr 90 Sr 89 Y

Mass in u 56.9353928(5) 57.9332744(5) 58.9348743(5) 56.9362906(7) 57.9357521(13) 58.9331943(6) 59.9338163(6) 57.9353424(5) 58.9343462(5) 59.9307859(5) 60.9310556(5) 61.9283454(6) 62.9296696(6) 63.9279668(6) 62.9295977(6) 63.9297643(6) 64.9277897(7) 63.9291420(7) 64.9292408(7) 65.9260338(9) 66.9271277(10) 67.9248446(10) 69.9253192(21) 66.9282025(13) 67.9279805(16) 68.9255735(13) 70.9247026(9) 67.9280953(20) 69.9242488(9) 71.92207583(8) 72.92345896(6) 73.921177761(13) 75.921402726(19) 74.9215946(9) 73.922475934(15) 74.92252287(8) 75.919213704(17) 76.91991415(7) 77.91730928(20) 78.91849929(24) 79.9165218(13) 81.9166995(15) 78.9183376(14) 80.9162897(14) 77.9203649(8) 79.9163781(7) 81.9134827(9) 82.9141272(3) 83.911497728(4) 85.910610627(4) 84.911789738(5) 85.91116743(21) 86.909180531(6) 83.9134191(13) 84.912932(3) 85.9092606(12) 86.9088775(12) 87.9056125(12) 88.9074511(12) 89.9077300(28) 88.9058403(24)

Abundance in % 2.119(10) 0.282(4)

100 68.0769(89)

Z 40

41 42

26.2231(77) 1.1399(6) 3.6345(17) 0.9256(9) 69.15(3)

43

30.85(3) 48.268(321)

44

27.975(77) 4.102(21) 19.024(123) 0.631(9)

60.108(9) 39.892(9) 20.38(18) 27.31(26) 7.76(8) 36.72(15) 7.83(7) 100 0.89(4)

45 46

47 48

9.37(29) 7.63(16) 23.77(28) 49.61(41) 8.73(22) 50.69(7) 49.31(7) 0.355(3) 2.286(10) 11.593(31) 11.500(19) 56.987(15) 17.279(41) 72.17(2)

49

50

27.83(2) 0.56(1) 9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1)

100

51 52

Isotope 90 Zr 91 Zr 92 Zr 94 Zr 96 Zr 93 Nb 92 Mo 94 Mo 95 Mo 96 Mo 97 Mo 98 Mo 99 Mo 100 Mo 97 Tc 98 Tc 99 Tc 96 Ru 98 Ru 99 Ru 100 Ru 101 Ru 102 Ru 104 Ru 106 Ru 103 Rh 102 Pd 104 Pd 105 Pd 106 Pd 108 Pd 110 Pd 107 Ag 109 Ag 106 Cd 108 Cd 110 Cd 111 Cd 112 Cd 113 Cd 114 Cd 116 Cd 111 In 113 In 115 In 112 Sn 113 Sn 114 Sn 115 Sn 116 Sn 117 Sn 118 Sn 119 Sn 120 Sn 122 Sn 124 Sn 121 Sb 123 Sb 120 Te 122 Te 123 Te

Mass in u 89.9046977(20) 90.9056396(20) 91.9050347(20) 93.9063108(20) 95.9082714(21) 92.9063730(20) 91.9068080(8) 93.9050849(5) 94.9058388(5) 95.9046761(5) 96.9060181(5) 97.9054048(5) 98.9077085(5) 99.9074718(11) 96.906367(4) 97.907212(4) 98.9062508(10) 95.9075903(5) 97.905287(7) 98.9059341(11) 99.9042143(11) 100.9055769(12) 101.9043441(12) 103.9054275(28) 105.907329(6) 102.9054980(26) 101.9056022(28) 103.9040305(14) 104.9050796(12) 105.9034804(12) 107.9038916(12) 109.9051722(7) 106.9050916(26) 108.9047553(14) 105.9064599(12) 107.9041834(12) 109.9030066(6) 110.9041829(6) 111.9027629(6) 112.9044081(4) 113.9033651(4) 115.90476315(17) 110.905108(4) 112.9040618(9) 114.903878776(12) 111.9048239(6) 112.9051757(18) 113.9027827(10) 114.903344699(16) 115.90174280(10) 116.9029540(5) 117.9016066(5) 118.9033112(8) 119.9022016(10) 121.9034438(26) 123.9052766(11) 120.903812(3) 122.9042132(23) 119.904059(3) 121.9030435(16) 122.9042698(16)

Abundance in % 51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28) 2.80(9) 100 14.77(31) 9.23(10) 15.90(9) 16.68(1) 9.56(5) 24.19(26) 9.67(20)

5.54(14) 1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14) 18.62(27) 100 1.02(1) 11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3) 26.46(9) 11.72(9) 51.839(8) 48.161(8) 1.25(6) 0.89(3) 12.49(18) 12.80(12) 24.13(21) 12.22(12) 28.73(42) 7.49(18) 4.29(5) 95.71(5) 0.97(1) 0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9) 7.68(7) 24.22(9) 8.59(4) 32.58(9) 4.63(3) 5.79(5) 57.21(5) 42.79(5) 0.09(1) 2.55(12) 0.89(3)

4/2/14 2:09 PM

Atomic Masses and Abundances

53

54

55

56

57 58

59 60

61 62

63 64

K21599_S01.indb 15

Isotope 124 Te 125 Te 126 Te 128 Te 130 Te 123 I 125 I 127 I 129 I 131 I 124 Xe 126 Xe 128 Xe 129 Xe 130 Xe 131 Xe 132 Xe 134 Xe 136 Xe 129 Cs 133 Cs 134 Cs 136 Cs 137 Cs 130 Ba 132 Ba 133 Ba 134 Ba 135 Ba 136 Ba 137 Ba 138 Ba 140 Ba 138 La 139 La 136 Ce 138 Ce 140 Ce 141 Ce 142 Ce 144 Ce 141 Pr 142 Nd 143 Nd 144 Nd 145 Nd 146 Nd 148 Nd 150 Nd 145 Pm 147 Pm 144 Sm 147 Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 152 Sm 154 Sm 151 Eu 153 Eu 152 Gd

Mass in u 123.9028171(16) 124.9044299(16) 125.9033109(16) 127.9044613(9) 129.906222748(12) 122.905589(4) 124.9046294(16) 126.904472(4) 128.904984(3) 130.9061263(7) 123.9058920(19) 125.904298(4) 127.9035310(11) 128.904780861(6) 129.903509349(10) 130.90508406(24) 131.904155086(6) 133.9053947(9) 135.907214484(11) 128.906066(5) 132.905451961(8) 133.906718503(17) 135.9073114(20) 136.9070892(4) 129.9063207(28) 131.9050611(11) 132.9060074(11) 133.90450818(30) 134.90568838(29) 135.90457573(29) 136.9058271(3) 137.9052470(3) 139.910606(9) 137.907115(4) 138.9063563(24) 135.9071292(4) 137.905991(10) 139.9054431(23) 140.9082807(23) 141.9092504(29) 143.913653(3) 140.9076576(23) 141.9077290(20) 142.9098200(20) 143.9100930(20) 144.9125793(20) 145.9131226(20) 147.9168993(26) 149.9209022(18) 144.912756(3) 146.9151450(19) 143.9120065(21) 146.9149044(19) 147.9148292(19) 148.9171921(18) 149.9172829(18) 151.9197397(18) 153.9222169(20) 150.9198578(18) 152.9212380(18) 151.9197995(18)

Abundance in % 4.74(14) 7.07(15) 18.84(25) 31.74(8) 34.08(62)

100

0.0952(3) 0.0890(2) 1.9102(8) 26.4006(82) 4.0710(13) 21.2324(30) 26.9086(33) 10.4357(21) 8.8573(44) 100

Z

65 66

67 68

69 70

0.106(1) 0.101(1) 2.417(18) 6.592(12) 7.854(24) 11.232(24) 71.698(42) 0.090(1) 99.910(1) 0.185(2) 0.251(2) 88.450(51) 11.114(51) 100 27.2(5) 12.2(2) 23.8(3) 8.3(1) 17.2(3) 5.7(1) 5.6(2)

3.07(7) 14.99(18) 11.24(10) 13.82(7) 7.38(1) 26.75(16) 22.75(29) 47.81(6) 52.19(6) 0.20(1)

71 72

73 74

75 76

77 78

Isotope 154 Gd 155 Gd 156 Gd 157 Gd 158 Gd 160 Gd 159 Tb 156 Dy 158 Dy 160 Dy 161 Dy 162 Dy 163 Dy 164 Dy 165 Ho 162 Er 164 Er 166 Er 167 Er 168 Er 170 Er 169 Tm 168 Yb 169 Yb 170 Yb 171 Yb 172 Yb 173 Yb 174 Yb 176 Yb 175 Lu 176 Lu 174 Hf 176 Hf 177 Hf 178 Hf 179 Hf 180 Hf 180 Ta 181 Ta 180 W 182 W 183 W 184 W 186 W 185 Re 187 Re 184 Os 186 Os 187 Os 188 Os 189 Os 190 Os 192 Os 191 Ir 193 Ir 190 Pt 192 Pt 194 Pt 195 Pt 196 Pt

Mass in u 153.9208741(17) 154.9226305(17) 155.9221312(17) 156.9239686(17) 157.9241123(17) 159.9270624(18) 158.9253547(19) 155.9242847(17) 157.924416(3) 159.9252046(20) 160.9269405(20) 161.9268056(20) 162.9287383(20) 163.9291819(20) 164.9303288(21) 161.9287884(20) 163.9292088(20) 165.9302995(22) 166.9320546(22) 167.9323767(22) 169.9354702(26) 168.9342179(22) 167.9338896(22) 168.9351825(22) 169.9347664(22) 170.9363302(22) 171.9363859(22) 172.9382151(22) 173.9388664(22) 175.9425764(24) 174.9407752(20) 175.9426897(20) 173.9400461(28) 175.9414076(22) 176.9432277(20) 177.9437058(20) 178.9458232(20) 179.9465570(20) 179.9474648(24) 180.9479958(20) 179.9467108(20) 181.9482039(9) 182.9502227(9) 183.9509309(9) 185.9543628(17) 184.9529545(13) 186.9557501(16) 183.9524885(14) 185.9538350(16) 186.9557474(16) 187.9558352(16) 188.9581442(17) 189.9584437(17) 191.9614770(29) 190.9605893(21) 192.9629216(21) 189.959930(6) 191.961039(3) 193.9626809(10) 194.9647917(10) 195.9649521(10)

Abundance in % 2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2) 24.84(7) 21.86(19) 100 0.056(3) 0.095(3) 2.329(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54) 100 0.139(5) 1.601(3) 33.503(36) 22.869(9) 26.978(18) 14.910(36) 100 0.13(1)

Units

Z

1-15

3.04(15) 14.28(57) 21.83(67) 16.13(27) 31.83(92) 12.76(41) 97.41(2) 2.59(2) 0.16(1) 5.26(7) 18.60(9) 27.28(7) 13.62(2) 35.08(16) 0.012(2) 99.988(2) 0.12(1) 26.50(16) 14.31(4) 30.64(2) 28.43(19) 37.40(2) 62.60(2) 0.02(1) 1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8) 16.15(5) 26.26(2) 40.78(19) 37.3(2) 62.7(2) 0.014(1) 0.782(7) 32.967(99) 33.832(10) 25.242(41)

4/2/14 2:09 PM

Atomic Masses and Abundances

1-16 Z Units

79 80

81

82

83 84 85 86

87 88

89 90

91 92

K21599_S01.indb 16

Isotope 198 Pt 197 Au 198 Au 196 Hg 197 Hg 198 Hg 199 Hg 200 Hg 201 Hg 202 Hg 203 Hg 204 Hg 201 Tl 203 Tl 205 Tl 204 Pb 206 Pb 207 Pb 208 Pb 210 Pb 207 Bi 209 Bi 209 Po 210 Po 210 At 211 At 211 Rn 220 Rn 222 Rn 223 Fr 223 Ra 224 Ra 226 Ra 228 Ra 227 Ac 228 Th 230 Th 232 Th 231 Pa 233 U 234 U 235 U

Mass in u 197.9678949(23) 196.9665688(7) 197.9682424(7) 195.965833(3) 196.967213(3) 197.9667686(5) 198.9682806(5) 199.9683266(5) 200.9703028(7) 201.9706434(7) 202.9728728(18) 203.9734940(5) 200.970822(15) 202.9723446(14) 204.9744278(14) 203.9730440(13) 205.9744657(13) 206.9758973(13) 207.9766525(13) 209.9841889(16) 206.9784710(26) 208.9803991(16) 208.9824308(20) 209.9828741(13) 209.987148(8) 210.9874966(30) 210.990601(7) 220.0113941(23) 222.0175782(25) 223.0197360(25) 223.0185023(27) 224.0202120(23) 226.0254103(25) 228.0310707(26) 227.0277523(25) 228.0287413(23) 230.0331341(19) 232.0380558(21) 231.0358842(24) 233.0396355(29) 234.0409523(19) 235.0439301(19)

Abundance in % 7.163(55) 100 0.15(1) 9.97(20) 16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26) 6.87(15) 29.52(1) 70.48(1) 1.4(1) 24.1(1) 22.1(1) 52.4(1)

100

Z

93 94

95 96

97 98

99 100 101

100 100 0.0054(5) 0.7204(6)

102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 114 116

Isotope 236 U 238 U 237 Np 239 Np 238 Pu 239 Pu 240 Pu 241 Pu 242 Pu 244 Pu 241 Am 243 Am 243 Cm 244 Cm 245 Cm 246 Cm 247 Cm 248 Cm 247 Bk 249 Bk 249 Cf 250 Cf 251 Cf 252 Cf 252 Es 257 Fm 256 Md 258 Md 259 No 262 Lr 261 Rf 262 Db 266 Sg 272 Bh 277 Hs 276 Mt 281 Ds 280 Rg 285 Cn 287 Fl 291 Lv

Mass in u 236.0455682(19) 238.0507884(20) 237.0481736(19) 239.0529392(22) 238.0495601(19) 239.0521636(19) 240.0538138(19) 241.0568517(19) 242.0587428(20) 244.064205(6) 241.0568293(19) 243.0613813(24) 243.0613893(22) 244.0627528(19) 245.0654915(22) 246.0672238(22) 247.070354(5) 248.072350(6) 247.070307(6) 249.0749877(27) 249.0748539(23) 250.0764062(22) 251.079589(5) 252.081627(6) 252.08298(5) 257.095106(7) 256.09389(13) 258.098431(5) 259.10103(11) 262.10961(22) 261.10877(5) 262.11407(15) 266.1220(3) 272.1383(6) 277.1519(6) 276.1516(6) 281.1645(6) 280.1651(6) 285.1771(6) 287.1868(7) 291.2011(7)

Abundance in % 99.2742(10)

4/2/14 2:09 PM

William C. Martin The ground state electron configuration, ground level, and ionization energy of the elements hydrogen through rutherfordium are listed in this table. The electron configurations of elements heavier than neon are shortened by using rare-gas element symbols in brackets to represent the corresponding electrons. See the references for details of the notation for Pa, U, and Np. Ionization energies to higher states (and more precise values of the first ionization energy for certain elements) may be found in the table “Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions” in Section 10 of this Handbook. Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44



K21599_S01.indb 17

H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru

Element Hydrogen Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium

Units

Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State References

1. Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., Kotochigova, S., and Sansonetti, J. E., NIST Physical Reference Data Web Site, , June 2013. 2. Martin, W. C., and Wiese, W. L., “Atomic Spectroscopy”, in Atomic, Molecular, & Optical Physics Handbook, ed. by G.W.F. Drake (AIP, Woodbury, NY, 1996) Chapter 10, pp. 135-153.

Ground-state configuration 1s 1s2 1s2 2s 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s2 2p 1s2 2s2 2p2 1s2 2s2 2p3 1s2 2s2 2p4 1s2 2s2 2p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 [Ne] 3s [Ne] 3s2 [Ne] 3s2 3p [Ne] 3s2 3p2 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p6 [Ar] 4s [Ar] 4s2 [Ar] 3d 4s2 [Ar] 3d2 4s2 [Ar] 3d3 4s2 [Ar] 3d5 4s [Ar] 3d5 4s2 [Ar] 3d6 4s2 [Ar] 3d7 4s2 [Ar] 3d8 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s [Ar] 3d10 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6 [Kr] 5s [Kr] 5s2 [Kr] 4d 5s2 [Kr] 4d2 5s2 [Kr] 4d4 5s [Kr] 4d5 5s [Kr] 4d5 5s2 [Kr] 4d7 5s

Ground level 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 4 F3/2 7 S3 6 S5/2 5 D4 4 F9/2 3 F4 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 6 D1/2 7 S3 6 S5/2 5 F5

Ionization energy (eV) 13.5984 24.5874 5.3917 9.3227 8.2980 11.2603 14.5341 13.6181 17.4228 21.5645 5.1391 7.6462 5.9858 8.1517 10.4867 10.3600 12.9676 15.7596 4.3407 6.1132 6.5615 6.8281 6.7462 6.7665 7.4340 7.9024 7.8810 7.6399 7.7264 9.3942 5.9993 7.8994 9.7886 9.7524 11.8138 13.9996 4.1771 5.6949 6.2173 6.6339 6.7589 7.0924 7.28 7.3605

1-17

4/2/14 2:09 PM

Electron Configuration and Ionization Energy of Neutral Atoms in the Ground State

1-18

Units K21599_S01.indb 18

Z 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104

Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Rf

Element Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon Cesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium

Ground-state configuration [Kr] 4d8 5s [Kr] 4d10 [Kr] 4d10 5s [Kr] 4d10 5s2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6 [Xe] 6s [Xe] 6s2 [Xe] 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f3 6s2 [Xe] 4f4 6s2 [Xe] 4f5 6s2 [Xe] 4f6 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f9 6s2 [Xe] 4f10 6s2 [Xe] 4f11 6s2 [Xe] 4f12 6s2 [Xe] 4f13 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p3 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p5 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p6 [Rn] 7s [Rn] 7s2 [Rn] 6d 7s2 [Rn] 6d2 7s2 [Rn] 5f2(3H4) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f3(4Io9/2) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f4(5I4) 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f6 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f9 7s2 [Rn] 5f10 7s2 [Rn] 5f11 7s2 [Rn] 5f12 7s2 [Rn] 5f13 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p? [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 ?

Ground level 4 F9/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 1 o G4 4 o I 9/2 5 I4 6 o H 5/2 7 F0 8 o S 7/2 9 o D2 6 o H 15/2 5 I8 4 o I 15/2 3 H6 2 o F 7/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 4 F3/2 5 D0 6 S5/2 5 D4 4 F9/2 3 D3 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 3 P0 4 o S 3/2 3 P2 2 o P 3/2 1 S0 2 S1/2 1 S0 2 D3/2 3 F2 (4,3/2)11/2 (9/2,3/2)o6 (4,3/2)11/2 7 F0 8 o S 7/2 9 o D2 6 o H 15/2 5 I8 4 o I 15/2 3 H6 2 o F 7/2 1 S0 2 o P 1/2 ? 3 F2 ?

Ionization energy (eV) 7.4589 8.3369 7.5762 8.9938 5.7864 7.3439 8.6084 9.0096 10.4513 12.1298 3.8939 5.2117 5.5769 5.5387 5.473 5.5250 5.582 5.6437 5.6704 6.1498 5.8638 5.9389 6.0215 6.1077 6.1843 6.2542 5.4259 6.8251 7.5496 7.8640 7.8335 8.4382 8.9670 8.9588 9.2255 10.4375 6.1082 7.4167 7.2855 8.414 10.7485 4.0727 5.2784 5.3807 6.3067 5.89 6.1939 6.2657 6.0260 5.9738 5.9914 6.1979 6.2817 6.3676 6.50 6.58 6.65 4.9? 6.0?

4/2/14 2:09 PM

B. W. Mangum A new temperature scale, the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90), was officially adopted by the Comité International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM), meeting 26—28 September 1989 at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The ITS-90 was recommended to the CIPM for its adoption following the completion of the final details of the new scale by the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie (CCT), meeting 12—14 September 1989 at the BIPM in its 17th Session. The ITS-90 became the official international temperature scale on 1 January 1990. The ITS-90 supersedes the previous scales, the International Practical Temperature Scale of 1968 (IPTS68) and the 1976 Provisional 0.5 to 30 K Temperature Scale (EPT-76). The ITS-90 (Ref. 1, 2) extends upward from 0.65 K, and temperatures on this scale are in much better agreement with thermodynamic values than are those on the IPTS-68 and the EPT-76. The new scale has subranges and alternative definitions in certain ranges that greatly facilitate its use. Furthermore, its continuity, precision, and reproducibility throughout its ranges are much improved over that of the previous scales. The replacement of the thermocouple with the platinum resistance thermometer at temperatures below 961.78 °C resulted in the biggest improvement in reproducibility. The ITS-90 is divided into four primary ranges: 1. Between 0.65 and 3.2 K, the ITS-90 is defined by the vapor pressure-temperature relation of 3He, and between 1.25 and 2.1768 K (the λ point) and between 2.1768 and 5.0 K by the vapor pressure–temperature relations of 4He. T90 is defined by the vapor pressure equations of the form: 9

T90 / K = A0 + ∑ Ai ( ln( p / Pa) − B ) / C 



i

i =1

The values of the coefficients Ai, and of the constants Ao, B, and C of the equations are given below. Defining Fixed Points of the ITS-90 Materiala He e-H2 e-H2 (or He) e-H2 (or He) Nec O2 Ar Hgc H2O Gac Inc Sn Zn Alc Ag Au Cuc

Equilibrium stateb VP TP VP (or CVGT) VP (or CVGT) TP TP TP TP TP MP FP FP FP FP FP FP FP

T90 (K) 3 to 5 13.8033 ≈17 ≈20.3 24.5561 54.3584 83.8058 234.3156 273.16 302.9146 429.7485 505.078 692.677 933.473 1234.93 1337.33 1357.77

Temperature t90 (°C) –270.15 to –268.15 –259.3467 ≈ –256.15 ≈ –252.85 –248.5939 –218.7916 –189.3442 –38.8344 0.01 29.7646 156.5985 231.928 419.527 660.323 961.78 1064.18 1084.62

2. Between 3.0 and 24.5561 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of a 3He or 4He constant volume gas thermometer (CVGT). The thermometer is calibrated at three temperatures — at the triple point of neon (24.5561 K), at the triple point of equilibrium hydrogen (13.8033 K), and at a temperature between 3.0 and 5.0 K, the value of which is determined by using either 3He or 4He vapor pressure thermometry. 3. Between 13.8033 K (–259.3467 °C) and 1234.93 K (961.78 °C), the ITS-90 is defined in terms of the specified fixed points given below, by resistance ratios of platinum resistance thermometers obtained by calibration at specified sets of the fixed points, and by reference functions and deviation functions of resistance ratios which relate to T90 between the fixed points. 4. Above 1234.93 K, the ITS-90 is defined in terms of Planck’s radiation law, using the freezing-point temperature of either silver, gold, or copper as the reference temperature.

Units

International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90)

Since the adoption of ITS-90, the isotopic composition of the water and hydrogen whose fixed points appear in the table has been specified (Ref. 3). A Provisional Low Temperature Scale (PLTS2000) has been developed, covering the region from 0.9 mK to 1 K (Ref. 2, 4). This scale is based on the melting temperature of 3He.

References 1. The International Temperature Scale of 1990, Metrologia 27, 3, 1990; errata in Metrologia 27, 107, 1990. 2. Mise en pratique for definition of the kelvin, , 2011. 3. Technical annex for the International Temperature Scale of 1990, , 2005. 4. The Provisional Low Temperature Scale from 0.9 mK to 1 K, , 2000. Values of Coefficients in the Vapor Pressure Equations for Helium Coef. or constant A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 B C

3 He 0.65—3.2 K 1.053 447 0.980 106 0.676 380 0.372 692 0.151 656 –0.002 263 0.006 596 0.088 966 –0.004 770 –0.054 943 7.3 4.3

4 He 1.25—2.1768 K 1.392 408 0.527 153 0.166 756 0.050 988 0.026 514 0.001 975 –0.017 976 0.005 409 0.013 259 0 5.6 2.9

4 He 2.1768—5.0 K 3.146 631 1.357 655 0.413 923 0.091 159 0.016 349 0.001 826 –0.004 325 –0.004 973 0 0 10.3 1.9

e-H2 indicates equilibrium hydrogen, that is, hydrogen with the equilibrium distribution of its ortho and para states. Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains 25% para hydrogen and 75% ortho hydrogen. b VP indicates vapor pressure point; CVGT indicates constant volume gas thermometer point; TP indicates triple point (equilibrium temperature at which the solid, liquid, and vapor phases coexist); FP indicates freezing point, and MP indicates melting point (the equilibrium temperatures at which the solid and liquid phases coexist under a pressure of 101 325 Pa, one standard atmosphere). The isotopic composition is that naturally occurring. c Previously, these were secondary fixed points. a



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Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90 Units

This table gives temperature corrections from older scales to the current International Temperature Scale of 1990 (see the preceding table for details on ITS-90). The first part of the table may be used for converting Celsius temperatures in the range –180 to 4000 °C from IPTS-68 or IPTS-48 to ITS-90. Within the accuracy of the corrections, the temperature in the first column may be identified with either t68, t48, or t90. The second part of the table is designed for use at lower temperatures to convert values expressed in kelvins from EPT-76 or IPTS-68 to ITS-90. t/°C –180 –170 –160 –150 –140 –130 –120 –110 –100 –90 –80 –70 –60 –50 –40 –30 –20 –10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280

t90–t68

0.008 0.010 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002 0.000 –0.002 –0.005 –0.007 –0.010 –0.013 –0.016 –0.018 –0.021 –0.024 –0.026 –0.028 –0.030 –0.032 –0.034 –0.036 –0.037 –0.038 –0.039 –0.039 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.040 –0.039 –0.039

t90–t48

0.020 0.017 0.007 0.000 0.001 0.008 0.017 0.026 0.035 0.041 0.045 0.045 0.042 0.038 0.032 0.024 0.016 0.008 0.000 –0.006 –0.012 –0.016 –0.020 –0.023 –0.026 –0.026 –0.027 –0.027 –0.026 –0.024 –0.023 –0.020 –0.018 –0.016 –0.012 –0.009 –0.005 –0.001 0.003 0.007 0.011 0.014 0.018 0.021 0.024 0.028 0.030

t/°C

290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 510 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 610 620 630 640 650 660 670 680 690 700 710 720 730 740 750

t90–t68 –0.039 –0.039 –0.039 –0.039 –0.040 –0.040 –0.041 –0.042 –0.043 –0.045 –0.046 –0.048 –0.051 –0.053 –0.056 –0.059 –0.062 –0.065 –0.068 –0.072 –0.075 –0.079 –0.083 –0.087 –0.090 –0.094 –0.098 –0.101 –0.105 –0.108 –0.112 –0.115 –0.118 –0.122 –0.125 –0.11 –0.10 –0.09 –0.07 –0.05 –0.04 –0.02 –0.01 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.03

t90–t48

0.032 0.034 0.035 0.036 0.036 0.037 0.036 0.035 0.034 0.032 0.030 0.028 0.024 0.022 0.019 0.015 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.004 0.002 0.000 –0.001 –0.002 –0.001 0.000 0.002 0.007 0.011 0.018 0.025 0.035 0.047 0.060 0.075 0.12 0.15 0.19 0.24 0.29 0.32 0.37 0.41 0.45 0.49 0.53 0.56

The references give analytical equations for expressing these relations. Note that Reference 1 supersedes Reference 2 with respect to corrections in the 630 to 1064 °C range.

References 1. Burns, G. W. et al., in Temperature: Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, Vol. 6, Schooley, J. F., Ed., American Institute of Physics, New York, 1993. 2. Goldberg, R. N. and Weir, R. D., Pure and Appl. Chem., 64, 1545, 1992.

t/°C

760 770 780 790 800 810 820 830 840 850 860 870 880 890 900 910 920 930 940 950 960 970 980 990 1000 1010 1020 1030 1040 1050 1060 1070 1080 1090 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300

t90–t68

0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 –0.02 –0.03 –0.05 –0.06 –0.08 –0.10 –0.11 –0.13 –0.15 –0.16 –0.18 –0.19 –0.20 –0.20 –0.21 –0.22 –0.23 –0.24 –0.25 –0.25 –0.26 –0.26 –0.26 –0.30 –0.35 –0.39 –0.44 –0.49 –0.54 –0.60 –0.66 –0.72 –0.79 –0.85 –0.93

t90–t48 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.72 0.75 0.76 0.79 0.81 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.93 0.94 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.09 1.11 1.13 1.15 1.17 1.19 1.20 1.20 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1

t/°C 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000 3100 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3700 3800 3900 4000

t90–t68 –1.00 –1.07 –1.15 –1.24 –1.32 –1.41 –1.50 –1.59 –1.69 –1.78 –1.89 –1.99 –2.10 –2.21 –2.32 –2.43 –2.55

t90–t48

T/K 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

T90–T76 –0.0001 –0.0002 –0.0003 –0.0004 –0.0005 –0.0006 –0.0007 –0.0008 –0.0010 –0.0011 –0.0013 –0.0014 –0.0016 –0.0018 –0.0020 –0.0022 –0.0025 –0.0027 –0.0030 –0.0032 –0.0035 –0.0038 –0.0041

T90–T68

3.2 3.4 3.7 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.1 5.3 5.5 5.8 6.0 6.3 6.6 6.8

–0.006 –0.003 –0.004 –0.006 –0.008 –0.009 –0.009 –0.008 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.005 –0.004 –0.004 –0.005 –0.006 –0.006 –0.007 –0.008

1-20

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Conversion of Temperatures from the 1948 and 1968 Scales to ITS-90

K21599_S01.indb 21

T90–T76

T90–T68 –0.008 –0.008 –0.007 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.007 –0.007 –0.007 –0.006 –0.006 –0.006 –0.005 –0.005 –0.004 –0.003 –0.002 –0.001

T/K 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

T90–T76

T90–T68 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008

T/K 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 110 120 130 140

T90–T76

T90–T68 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.014

T/K 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 273.16 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

T90–T76

T90–T68 0.014 0.014 0.013 0.012 0.012 0.011 0.010 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.005 0.003 0.001 0.000 –0.006 –0.031 –0.040 –0.040 –0.055 –0.089 –0.124

Units

T/K 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56

1-21

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International System of Units (SI) Units

The International System of Units, abbreviated as SI (from the French name Le Système International d’Unités), was established in 1960 by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) as the modern metric system of measurement. The core of the SI is the seven base units for the physical quantities length, mass, time, electric current, thermodynamic temperature, amount of substance, and luminous intensity. These base units are: Base quantity length mass time electric current thermodynamic temperature amount of substance luminous intensity

SI base unit Name Symbol meter m kilogram kg second s ampere A kelvin K mole mol candela cd

second: The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom.

SI derived units Derived units are units which may be expressed in terms of base units by means of the mathematical symbols of multiplication and division (and, in the case of °C, subtraction). Certain derived units have been given special names and symbols, and these special names and symbols may themselves be used in combination with those for base and other derived units to express the units of other quantities. The next table lists some examples of derived units expressed directly in terms of base units: Physical quantity area volume speed, velocity acceleration wave number density, mass density specific volume current density magnetic field strength concentration (of amount of substance) luminance refractive index

The SI base units are defined as follows: ampere: The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force equal to 2∙10–7 newton per meter of length. candela: The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540∙1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian. kelvin: The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. kilogram: The kilogram is the unit of mass; it is equal to the mass of the international prototype of the kilogram. meter: The meter is the length of the path travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second. mole: The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12. When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified and may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such particles. Physical quantity plane angle solid angle frequency force pressure, stress energy, work, quantity of heat power, radiant flux electric charge, quantity of electricity electric potential difference, electromotive force capacitance electric resistance electric conductance magnetic flux

SI derived unit Name square meter cubic meter meter per second meter per second squared reciprocal meter kilogram per cubic meter cubic meter per kilogram ampere per square meter ampere per meter

Symbol m2 m3 m/s m/s2 m-1 kg/m3 m3/kg A/m2 A/m

mole per cubic meter candela per square meter (the number) one

mol/m3 cd/m2 1(a)

The symbol “1” is generally omitted in combination with a numerical value.

(a)

For convenience, certain derived units, which are listed in the next table, have been given special names and symbols. These names and symbols may themselves be used to express other derived units. The special names and symbols are a compact form for the expression of units that are used frequently. The final column shows how the SI units concerned may be expressed in terms of SI base units. In this column, factors such as m0, kg0 ..., which are all equal to 1, are not shown explicitly.

Name radian(a) steradian(a) hertz newton pascal joule watt coulomb volt farad ohm siemens weber

Symbol rad sr(c) Hz N Pa J W C V F Ω S Wb

SI derived unit expressed in terms of: Other SI units SI base units m ∙ m-1 = 1(b) m2 ∙ m-2 = 1(b) s-1 m ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N/m2 m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 N∙m m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 J/s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 s∙A W/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-1 C/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s4 ∙ A2 V/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ A-2 A/V m-2 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s3 ∙ A2 V∙s m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-1

1-22

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International System of Units (SI)

luminous flux illuminance activity (of a radionuclide) absorbed dose, specific energy (imparted), kerma dose equivalent, ambient dose equivalent, directional dose equivalent, personal dose equivalent, organ equivalent dose catalytic activity

Name tesla henry degree Celsius(d) lumen lux becquerel gray sievert

Symbol T H °C

katal

kat

lm lx Bq Gy Sv

SI derived unit expressed in terms of: Other SI units SI base units kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-1 Wb/m2 Wb/A m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-2 K cd ∙ sr(c) lm/m2 J/kg J/kg

Units

Physical quantity magnetic flux density inductance Celsius temperature

1-23

m2 ∙ m–2 ∙ cd = cd m2 ∙ m–4 ∙ cd = m–2 ∙ cd s-1 m2 ∙ s-2 m2 ∙ s-2 s–1 ∙ mol

The radian and steradian may be used with advantage in expressions for derived units to distinguish between quantities of different nature but the same dimension. Some examples of their use in forming derived units are given in the next table. (b) In practice, the symbols rad and sr are used where appropriate, but the derived unit “1” is generally omitted in combination with a numerical value. (c) In photometry, the name steradian and the symbol sr are usually retained in expressions for units. (d) It is common practice to express a thermodynamic temperature, symbol T, in terms of its difference from the reference temperature T0 = 273.15 K. The numerical value of a Celsius temperature t expressed in degrees Celsius is given by t/°C = T/K-273.15. The unit °C may be used in combination with SI prefixes, e.g., millidegree Celsius, m°C. Note that there should never be a space between the ° sign and the letter C, and that the symbol for kelvin is K, not °K. (a)

The SI derived units with special names may be used in combinations to provide a convenient way to express more complex physical quantities. Examples are given in the next table: Physical Quantity dynamic viscosity moment of force surface tension angular velocity angular acceleration heat flux density, irradiance heat capacity, entropy specific heat capacity, specific entropy specific energy thermal conductivity energy density electric field strength electric charge density electric flux density permittivity permeability molar energy molar entropy, molar heat capacity exposure (x and γ rays) absorbed dose rate radiant intensity radiance catalytic (activity) concentration

SI derived unit Name Symbol As SI base units pascal second Pa ∙ s m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-1 newton meter N∙m m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 newton per meter N/m kg ∙ s-2 radian per second rad/s m ∙ m-1 ∙ s-1 = s-1 radian per second rad/s2 m ∙ m-1 ∙ s-2 = s-2 squared watt per square W/m2 kg ∙ s-3 meter joule per kelvin J/K m-3 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 joule per kilogram J/(kg ∙ K) m2 ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 kelvin joule per kilogram J/kg m2 ∙ s-2 watt per meter W/(m ∙ K) m ∙ kg ∙ s-3 ∙ K-1 kelvin joule per cubic J/m3 m-1 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 meter volt per meter V/m m ∙ kg ∙ s-3∙ A-1 coulomb per cubic C/m3 m-3 ∙ s ∙ A meter m-2 ∙ s ∙ A coulomb per C/m2 square meter farad per meter F/m m-3 ∙ kg-1 ∙ s4 ∙ A2 henry per meter H/m m ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ A-2 joule per mole J/mol m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ mol-1 joule per mole J/(mol ∙ K) m2 ∙ kg ∙ s-2 ∙ K-1 ∙ mol-1 kelvin coulomb per C/kg kg-1 ∙ s ∙ A kilogram gray per second Gy/s m2 ∙ s-3 watt per steradian W/sr m4 ∙ m-2∙ kg∙ s-3 = m2 ∙ kg∙ s-3 watt per square W/(m2 ∙ sr) m2 ∙ m-2 ∙ kg ∙ s-3 meter steradian = kg ∙ s-3 katal per cubic kat/m3 m-3 ∙ s-1 ∙ mol meter

In practice, with certain quantities preference is given to the use of certain special unit names, or combinations of unit names, in

K21599_S01.indb 23

order to facilitate the distinction between different quantities having the same dimension. For example, the SI unit of frequency is designated the hertz, rather than the reciprocal second, and the SI unit of angular velocity is designated the radian per second rather than the reciprocal second (in this case retaining the word radian emphasizes that angular velocity is equal to 2π times the rotational frequency). Similarly the SI unit of moment of force is designated the newton meter rather than the joule. In the field of ionizing radiation, the SI unit of activity is designated the becquerel rather than the reciprocal second, and the SI units of absorbed dose and dose equivalent the gray and sievert, respectively, rather than the joule per kilogram. In the field of catalysis, the SI unit of catalytic activity is designated the katal rather than the mole per second. The special names becquerel, gray, sievert, and katal were specifically introduced because of the dangers to human health which might arise from mistakes involving the units reciprocal second, joule per kilogram and mole per second.

Units for dimensionless quantities, quantities of dimension one Certain quantities are defined as the ratios of two quantities of the same kind, and thus have a dimension which may be expressed by the number one. The unit of such quantities is necessarily a derived unit coherent with the other units of the SI and, since it is formed as the ratio of two identical SI units, the unit also may be expressed by the number one. Thus the SI unit of all quantities having the dimensional product one is the number one. Examples of such quantities are refractive index, relative permeability, and friction factor. Other quantities having the unit 1 include “characteristic numbers” like the Prandtl number and numbers which represent a count, such as a number of molecules, degeneracy (number of energy levels), and partition function in statistical thermodynamics. All of these quantities are described as being dimensionless, or of dimension one, and have the coherent SI unit 1. Their values are simply expressed as numbers and, in general, the unit 1 is not explicitly shown. In a few cases, however, a special name is given to this unit, mainly to avoid confusion between some compound derived units. This is the case for the radian, steradian and neper.

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International System of Units (SI)

1-24

SI prefixes Units

The following prefixes have been approved by the CGPM for use with SI units. Only one prefix may be used before a unit. Thus 10-12 farad should be designated pF, not μμF. Factor 1024 1021 1018 1015 1012 109 106 103 102 101

Name yotta zetta exa peta tera giga mega kilo hecto deka

Symbol Y Z E P T G M k h da

Factor 10-1 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18 10-21 10-24

Name deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto zepto yocto

Symbol d c m μ n p f a z y

The kilogram Among the base units of the International System, the unit of mass is the only one for which the name, for historical reasons, contains a prefix. Names and symbols for decimal multiples and submultiples of the unit of mass are formed by attaching prefix names to the unit name “gram” and prefix symbols to the unit symbol “g”. Example : 10-6 kg = 1 mg (1 milligram) but not 1 μkg (1 microkilogram).

Units used with the SI Many units that are not part of the SI are important and widely used in everyday life. The CGPM has adopted a classification of non-SI units: (1) units accepted for use with the SI (such as the traditional units of time and of angle); (2) units accepted for use with the SI whose values are obtained experimentally; and (3) other units currently accepted for use with the SI to satisfy the needs of special interests.

(2) Non-SI units accepted for use with the International system, whose values in SI units are obtained experimentally Name electronvolt(b) dalton(c) unified atomic mass unit(c) astronomical unit(d)

Symbol min h d ° ’ ” l, L t Np B

Value in SI units 1 min = 60 s 1 h= 60 min = 3600 s 1 d = 24 h = 86 400 s 1° = (π/180) rad 1’ = (1/60)° = (π/10 800) rad 1” = (1/60)’ = (π/648 000) rad 1L= 1 dm3= 10-3 m3 1 t = 103 kg 1 Np = 1 1 B = (1/2) ln 10 Np

The neper is used to express values of such logarithmic quantities as field level, power level, sound pressure level, and logarithmic decrement. Natural logarithms are used to obtain the numerical values of quantities expressed in nepers. The neper is coherent with the SI, but is not yet adopted by the CGPM as an SI unit. In using the neper, it is important to specify the quantity. (b) The bel is used to express values of such logarithmic quantities as field level, power level, sound-pressure level, and attenuation. Logarithms to base ten are used to obtain the numerical values of quantities expressed in bels. The submultiple decibel, dB, is commonly used. (a)

K21599_S01.indb 24

u ua

1 u = 1 Da 1 ua = 1.495 978 706 91(06) ∙ 1011 m(a)

For the electronvolt and the dalton (unified atomic mass unit), values are quoted from the 2002 CODATA set of the Fundamental Physical Constants (p. 1-1 of this Handbook). The value given for the astronomical unit is quoted from the IERS Conventions 2003 (D.D. McCarthy and G. Petit, eds., IERS Technical Note 32, Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie, 200). The value of ua in meters comes from the JPL ephemerides DE403 (Standish E.M. 1995, “Report of the IAU WGAS SubGroup on Numerical Standards”, in “Highlights of Astronomy”, Appenlzer ed., pp 180-184, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht). It has been determined in “TDB” units using Barycentric Dynamical Time TDB as a time coordinate for the barycentric system. (b) The electronvolt is the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 V in vacuum. (c) The Dalton and unified atomic mass unit are alternative names for the same unit, equal to 1/12 of the mass of an unbound atom of the nuclide 12C, at rest and in its ground state. The dalton may be combined with SI prefixes to express the masses of large molecules in kilodalton, kDa, or megadalton, MDa. (d) The astronomical unit is a unit of length approximately equal to the mean Earth-Sun distance. It is the radius of an unperturbed circular Newtonian orbit about the Sun of a particle having infinitesimal mass, moving with a mean motion of 0.017 202 098 95 radians/day (known as the Gaussian constant). (a)

(3) Other non-SI units currently accepted for use with the International System Name nautical mile knot are hectare bar ångström barn

(1) Non-SI units accepted for use with the International System Name minute hour day degree minute second liter metric ton neper(a) bel(b)

Symbol Value in SI Units eV 1 eV = 1.602 176 53(14) ∙10-19 J(a) Da 1 Da = 1.660 538 86(28) ∙ 10-27 kg(a)

Symbol Value in SI Units 1 nautical mile = 1852 m 1 nautical mile per hour = (1852/3600) m/s 1 a = 1 dam2 = 102 m2 ha 1 ha = 1 hm2 = 104 m2 bar 1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 100 kPa = 105 Pa Å 1 Å = 0.1 nm = 10-10 m b 1 b = 100 fm2 = 10-28 m2

Other non-SI units The SI does not encourage the use of cgs units, but these are frequently found in old scientific texts. The following table gives the relation of some common cgs units to SI units. Name erg dyne poise stokes gauss oersted maxwell stilb phot gal

Symbol erg dyn P St G Oe Mx sb ph Gal

Value in SI units 1 erg = 10–7 J 1 dyn = 10–5 N 1P = 1dyn · s/cm2 = 0.1 Pa · s 1 St = 1 cm2/s = 10–4 m2/s 1G ≙ 10–4 T 1 Oe ≙ (1000/4π) A/m 1Mx ≙ 10–8 Wb 1 sb = 1 cd/cm2 = 104 cd/m2 1 ph = 104 lx 1 Gal = 1 cm/s2 = 10–2 m/s2

Note: The symbol ≙ should be read as “corresponds to”; these units cannot strictly be equated because of the different dimensions of the electromagnetic cgs and the SI.

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International System of Units (SI)

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Name Symbol curie Ci roentgen R rad rad rem rem X unit gamma γ jansky Jy fermi metric carat torr Torr standard atmosphere atm cal calorie(a) micron μ (a)

Value in SI units 1 Ci = 3.7 ∙ 1010 Bq 1 R = 2.58 ∙ 10–4 C/kg 1 rad = 1 cGy = 10–2 Gy 1 r e m = 1 cSv = 10–2 Sv 1 X unit ≈ 1.002 ∙ 10–4 nm 1 γ =1 nT = 10–9 T 1Jy = 10–26 W ∙ m–2 ∙ Hz–1 1 fermi = 1 fm = 10–15 m 1 metric carat = 200 mg = 2 ∙ 10–4 kg 1 Torr = (101325/760) Pa 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 cal = 4.184 J 1 μ = 1 μm = 10–6 m

Several types of calorie have been used; the value given here is the so-called “thermochemical calorie”.

Prefixes for binary multiples In December 1998, the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the leading international organization for worldwide standardization in electrotechnology, approved as an IEC International Standard names and symbols for prefixes for binary multiples for use in the fields of data processing and data transmission. The prefixes are as follows: Factor 210 220 230 240 250 260

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Prefixes for binary multiples

Name Symbol Origin kibi Ki kilobinary: (210)1 mebi Mi megabinary: (210)2 gibi Gi gigabinary: (210)3 tebi Ti terabinary: (210)4 pebi Pi petabinary: (210)5 exbi Ei exabinary: (210)6

Derivation  kilo: (103)1 mega: (103)2 giga: (103)3 tera: (103)4 peta: (103)5 exa: (103)6

Examples and comparisons with SI prefixes

one kibibit one kilobit one mebibyte one megabyte one gibibyte one gigabyte

1 Kibit = 210 bit = 1024 bit 1 kbit = 103 bit = 1000 bit 1 MiB = 220 B = 1 048 576 B 1 MB = 106 B = 1 000 000 B 1 GiB = 230 B = 1 073 741 824 B 1 GB = 109 B = 1 000 000 000 B

Units

Examples of other non-SI units found in the older literature and their relation to the SI are given below. Use of these units in current texts is discouraged.

It is suggested that in English, the first syllable of the name of the binary-multiple prefix should be pronounced in the same way as the first syllable of the name of the corresponding SI prefix, and that the second syllable should be pronounced as “bee.” It is important to recognize that the new prefixes for binary multiples are not part of the International System of Units (SI), the modern metric system. However, for ease of understanding and recall, they were derived from the SI prefixes for positive powers of ten. As can be seen from the above table, the name of each new prefix is derived from the name of the corresponding SI prefix by retaining the first two letters of the name of the SI prefix and adding the letters “bi,” which recalls the word “binary.” Similarly, the symbol of each new prefix is derived from the symbol of the corresponding SI prefix by adding the letter “i,” which again recalls the word “binary.” (For consistency with the other prefixes for binary multiples, the symbol Ki is used for 210 rather than ki.)

References 1. Taylor, B. N., and Thompson, A., The International System of Unit (SI), NIST Special Publication 330, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2008. 2. Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, Le Système International d’Unités (SI), 8th French and English Edition, BIPM, Sèvres, France, 2006. 3. Thompson, A., and Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Unit (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2008. 4. NIST Physical Reference Data web site, http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/ Units/index.html, October 2004. 5. Amendment  2 to IEC International Standard IEC  60027-2, 199901, Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology – Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics. 6. IEC 60027-2, Second edition, 2000-11, Letter symbols to be used in electrical technology - Part 2: Telecommunications and electronics. 7. Barrow, B., “A Lesson in Megabytes,” IEEE Stand. Bearer, January 1997, p. 5.

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Units for Magnetic Properties Units

Quantity Magnetic flux density, magnetic induction Magnetic flux Magnetic potential difference, magnetomotive force Magnetic field strength, magnetizing force (Volume) magnetization g (Volume) magnetization Magnetic polarization, intensity of magnetization (Mass) magnetization Magnetic moment Magnetic dipole moment (Volume) susceptibility (Mass) susceptibility (Molar) susceptibility Permeability Relative permeabilityj (Volume) energy density, energy product k Demagnetization factor

Symbol

Gaussian & cgs emu a

Conversion factor, C b

SI & rationalized mks c

gauss (G) d maxwell (Mx), G ⋅ cm2

10-4 10-8

tesla (T), Wb/m2 weber (Wb), volt second (V ⋅ s)

U, F

gilbert (Gb)

10/4π

ampere (A)

H M 4πM

oersted (Oe),e Gb/cm emu/cm3 h G

103/4π 103 103/4π

A/mf A/m A/m

J, I σ, M

emu/cm3 emu/g

4π × 10-4 1 4π × 10-7 10-3 4π × 10-10 4π (4π)2 × 10-7

T, Wb/m2 i A⋅m2/kg Wb⋅m/kg A ⋅m2, joule per tesla (J/T) Wb⋅mi dimensionless henry per meter (H/m), Wb/(A⋅m) m3/kg H⋅m2/kg m3/mol H⋅m2/mol H/m, Wb/(A⋅m) dimensionless

B Φ

m j χ,κ χρ,κρ

emu, erg/G emu, erg/G dimensionless, emu/cm3 cm3/g, emu/g

χmol, κmol cm3/mol, emu/mol µ µr

dimensionless not defined

W D, N

erg/cm3 dimensionless

4π × 10-3 (4π)2 × 10-10 4π × 10-6 (4π)2 × 10-13 4π × 10-7 10-1 1/4π

J/m3 dimensionless

Gaussian units and cgs emu are the same for magnetic properties. The defining relation is B = H + 4πM. Multiply a number in Gaussian units by C to convert it to SI (e.g., 1 G × 10–4 T/G = 10–4 T). c. SI (Système International d’Unités) has been adopted by the National Bureau of Standards. Where two conversion factors are given, the upper one is recognized under, or consistent with, SI and is based on the definition B = µ0(H + M), where µ0 = 4π × 10–7 H/m. The lower one is not recognized under SI and is based on the definition B = µ0 H + J, where the symbol I is often used in place of J. d. 1 gauss = 105 gamma (γ). e. Both oersted and gauss are expressed as cm–1/2⋅g1/2⋅s–1 in terms of base units. f. A/m was often expressed as “ampere–turn per meter” when used for magnetic field strength. g. Magnetic moment per unit volume. h. The designation “emu” is not a unit. i. Recognized under SI, even though based on the definition B = µ0H + J. See footnote c. j. µr = µ/µ0 = 1+χ, all in SI. µris equal to Gaussian µ. k. B⋅H and µ0 M⋅H have SI units J/m3; M⋅H and B⋅H/4π have Gaussian units erg/cm3. a. b.

Reference R. B. Goldfarb and F. R. Fickett, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado 80303, March 1985, NBS Special Publication 696. Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 1985.

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The following table gives conversion factors from various units of measure to SI units. It is reproduced from NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI). The table gives the factor by which a quantity expressed in a non-SI unit should be multiplied in order to calculate its value in the SI. The SI values are expressed in terms of the base, supplementary, and derived units of SI in order to provide a coherent presentation of the conversion factors and facilitate computations (see the table “International System of Units” in this section). If desired, powers of ten can be avoided by using SI prefixes and shifting the decimal point if necessary. Conversion from a non-SI unit to a different non-SI unit may be carried out by using this table in two stages, e.g.,

1 calth = 4.184 J



1 BtuIT = 1.055056 E+03 J

Thus,

1 BtuIT = (1.055056 E+03 ÷ 4.184) calth = 252.164 calth

Conversion factors are presented for ready adaptation to computer readout and electronic data transmission. The factors are written as a number equal to or greater than one and less than ten with six or fewer decimal places. This number is followed by the letter E (for exponent), a plus or a minus sign, and two digits that indicate the power of 10 by which the number must be multiplied to obtain the correct value. For example:

3.523 907 E-02 is 3.523 907 × 10–2

or

A factor in boldface is exact; i.e., all subsequent digits are zero. All other conversion factors have been rounded to the figures given in accordance with accepted practice. Where less than six digits after the decimal point are shown, more precision is not warranted. It is often desirable to round a number obtained from a conversion of units in order to retain information on the precision of the value. The following rounding rules may be followed: 1. If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit less than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is not changed. Example:  6.974 951 5 rounded to 3 digits is 6.97 2. If the digits to be discarded begin with a digit greater than 5, the digit preceding the first discarded digit is increased by one. Example:  6.974 951 5 rounded to 4 digits is 6.975 3. If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and at least one of the following digits is greater than 0, the digit preceding the 5 is increased by 1. Example:  6.974 851 rounded to 5 digits is 6.974 9 4. If the digits to be discarded begin with a 5 and all of the following digits are 0, the digit preceding the 5 is unchanged if it is even and increased by one if it is odd. (Note that this means that the final digit is always even.) Examples: 6.974 951 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 952 6.974 950 5 rounded to 7 digits is 6.974 950

0.035 239 07

Similarly:

3.386 389 E+03 is 3.386 389 × 103

or

3 386.389

Units

Conversion Factors

Reference Thompson, A., and Taylor, B. N., Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI), NIST Special Publication 811, 2008 Edition, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402, 2008.

Factors in boldface are exact To convert from to Multiply by abampere..................................................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 abcoulomb.................................................................. coulomb (C)............................................................................................1.0 E+01 abfarad......................................................................... farad (F)...................................................................................................1.0 E+09 abhenry........................................................................ henry (H).................................................................................................1.0 E–09 abmho.......................................................................... siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.0 E+09 abohm.......................................................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................1.0 E–09 abvolt........................................................................... volt (V).....................................................................................................1.0 E–08 E+00 acceleration of free fall, standard (gn).................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................9.806 65 E+03 acre (based on U.S. survey foot)a............................ square meter (m2)..................................................................................4.046 873 E+03 acre foot (based on U.S. survey foot)a................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.233 489 ampere hour (A ∙ h)................................................... coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.6 E+03 ångström (Å).............................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 E–10 ångström (Å).............................................................. nanometer (nm).....................................................................................1.0 E–01 E–01 apostilb (asb).............................................................. candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................3.183 098 E+02 are (a)........................................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 astronomical unit (ua or AU)................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.495 979 E+11 atmosphere, standard (atm).................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.013 25 E+05 atmosphere, standard (atm).................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.013 25 E+02 E+04 atmosphere, technical (at)b...................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 atmosphere, technical (at)b...................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................9.806 65 a b

The U.S. survey foot equals (1200/3937) m. 1 international foot = 0.999998 survey foot. One technical atmosphere equals one kilogram-force per square centimeter (1 at = 1 kgf/cm2).



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Conversion Factors

Units

To convert from to Multiply by bar (bar)....................................................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.0 E+05 bar (bar)....................................................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.0 E+02 E–28 barn (b)........................................................................ square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl)...... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.589 873 E–01 barrel [for petroleum, 42 gallons (U.S.)](bbl)...... liter (L).....................................................................................................1.589 873 E+02 biot (Bi)........................................................................ ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 British thermal unitIT (BtuIT)c.................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 056 E+03 British thermal unitth (Btuth)c................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 350 E+03 British thermal unit (mean) (Btu).......................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 87 E+03 British thermal unit (39 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.059 67 E+03 British thermal unit (59 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 80 E+03 British thermal unit (60 ºF) (Btu)........................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 68 E+03 British thermal unitIT foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ ft/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]............................................ watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.730 735 E+00 British thermal unitth foot per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ ft/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.729 577 E+00 British thermal unitIT inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ in/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.442 279 E–01 British thermal unitth inch per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ in/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................1.441 314 E–01 British thermal unitIT inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT ∙ in/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]............................................ watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................5.192 204 E+02 British thermal unitth inch per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth ∙ in/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]........................................... watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................5.188 732 E+02 British thermal unitIT per cubic foot (BtuIT/ft3)................................................................ joule per cubic meter (J/m3)................................................................3.725 895 E+04 British thermal unitth per cubic foot (Btuth/ft3)................................................................ joule per cubic meter (J/m3)................................................................3.723 403 E+04 British thermal unitIT per degree Fahrenheit (BtuIT/ºF)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.899 101 E+03 British thermal unitth per degree Fahrenheit (Btuth/ºF)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unitIT per degree Rankine (BtuIT/ºR)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.899 101 E+03 British thermal unitth per degree Rankine (Btuth/ºR)................................................................ joule per kelvin (J/k).............................................................................1.897 830 E+03 British thermal unitIT per hour (BtuIT/h).............. watt (W)..................................................................................................2.930 711 E–01 British thermal unitth per hour (Btuth/h)............... watt (W)..................................................................................................2.928 751 E–01 British thermal unitIT per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................ watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................5.678 263 E+00 British thermal unitth per hour square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(h ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................5.674 466 E+00 British thermal unitth per minute (Btuth/min)...... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.757 250 E+01 British thermal unitIT per pound (BtuIT/lb).......... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................2.326 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound (Btuth/lb)........... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................2.324 444 E+03 British thermal unitIT per pound degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(lb ∙ ºF)]....................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin (J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(lb ∙ ºF)]....................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 E+03 British thermal unitIT per pound degree Rankine [BtuIT/(lb ∙ ºR)]...................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 E+03 British thermal unitth per pound degree Rankine [Btuth/(lb ∙ ºR)]....................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 E+03 British thermal unitIT per second (BtuIT/s)........... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.055 056 E+03 British thermal unitth per second (Btuth/s)............ watt (W)..................................................................................................1.054 350 E+03 The Fifth International Conference on the Properties of Steam (London, July 1956) defined the International Table calorie as 4.1868 J. Therefore the exact conversion factor for the International Table Btu is 1.055 055 852 62 kJ. Note that the notation for the International Table used in this listing is subscript “IT”. Similarily, the notation for thermochemical is subscript “th.” Further, the thermochemical Btu, Btuth, is based on the thermochemical calorie, calth, where calth = 4.184 J exactly.

c

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1-29

To convert from to Multiply by British thermal unitIT per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [BtuIT/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)]................................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................2.044 175 E+04 British thermal unitth per second square foot degree Fahrenheit [Btuth/(s ∙ ft2 ∙ ºF)].................................................. watt per square meter kelvin [W/(m2 ∙ K)]............................................................................................2.042 808 E+04 British thermal unitIT per square foot (BtuIT/ft2)................................................................ joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unitth per square foot (Btuth/ft2)................................................................ joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unitIT per square foot hour [(BtuIT/(ft2 ∙ h)]...................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................3.154 591 E+00 British thermal unitth per square foot hour [Btuth/(ft2 ∙ h)]........................................................ watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................3.152 481 E+00 British thermal unitth per square foot minute [Btuth/(ft2 ∙ min)]................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.891 489 E+02 British thermal unitIT per square foot second [(BtuIT/(ft2 ∙ s)]....................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.135 653 E+04 British thermal unitth per square foot second [Btuth/(ft2 ∙ s)]......................................................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.134 893 E+04 British thermal unitth per square inch second [Btuth/(in2 ∙ s)]........................................................ watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.634 246 E+06 bushel (U.S.) (bu)....................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.523 907 E–02 bushel (U.S.) (bu)....................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................3.523 907 E+01 calorieIT (calIT)c........................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 calorieth (calth)c............................................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 calorie (cal) (mean)................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 calorie (15 ºC) (cal15)................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.185 80 calorie (20 ºC) (cal20)................................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................4.181 90 calorieIT, kilogram (nutrition)d............................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 calorieth , kilogram (nutrition)d............................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 calorie (mean), kilogram (nutrition)d.................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 calorieth per centimeter second degree Celsius [calth/(cm ∙ s ∙ ºC)]................................................. watt per meter kelvin [W/(m ∙ K)].....................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram (calIT/g)....................................... joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram (calth/g)........................................ joule per kilogram (J/kg)......................................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram degree Celsius [calIT/(g ∙ ºC)]......................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram degree Celsius [calth/(g ∙ ºC)]......................................................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 calorieIT per gram kelvin [calIT/(g ∙ K)].................. joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.1868 calorieth per gram kelvin [calth/(g ∙ K)]................... joule per kilogram kelvin [J/(kg ∙ K)].................................................4.184 calorieth per minute (calth/min)............................... watt (W)..................................................................................................6.973 333 calorieth per second (calth/s)..................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................4.184 calorieth per square centimeter (calth/cm2)........... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................4.184 calorieth per square centimeter minute [calth/(cm2 ∙ min)].................................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................6.973 333 calorieth per square centimeter second [calth/(cm2 ∙ s)]........................................................ watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................4.184 candela per square inch (cd/in2)............................. candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................1.550 003 carat, metric............................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................2.0 carat, metric............................................................... gram (g)...................................................................................................2.0 centimeter of mercury (0 ºC)e................................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.333 22 centimeter of mercury (0 ºC)e................................. kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.333 22 centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)e.... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.333 224

Units

Conversion Factors

E+00 E+00 E+00 E+00 E+00 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+02 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E+03 E–02 E+00 E+04 E+02 E+04 E+03 E–04 E–01 E+03 E+00 E+03

The kilogram calorie or “large calorie” is an obsolete term used for the kilocalorie, which is the calorie used to express the energy content of foods. However, in practice, the prefix “kilo” is usually omitted. e Conversion factors for mercury manometer pressure units are calculated using the standard value for the acceleration of gravity and the density of mercury at the stated temperature. Additional digits are not justified because the definitions of the units do not take into account the compressibility of mercury or the change in density caused by the revised practical temperature scale, ITS-90. Similar comments also apply to water manometer pressure units. Conversion factors for conventional mercury and water manometer pressure units are based on ISO 31-3. d

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Conversion Factors

Units

To convert from to Multiply by centimeter of mercury, conventional (cmHg)e.... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................1.333 224 E+00 E+01 centimeter of water (4 ºC)e...................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 38 centimeter of water, conventional (cmH2O)e....... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 centipoise (cP)............................................................ pascal second (Pa ∙ s).............................................................................1.0 E–03 centistokes (cSt)......................................................... meter squared per second (m2/s).......................................................1.0 E–06 chain (based on U.S. survey foot) (ch)a................. meter (m)................................................................................................2.011 684 E+01 circular mil................................................................. square meter (m2)..................................................................................5.067 075 E–10 circular mil................................................................. square millimeter (mm2)......................................................................5.067 075 E–04 clo................................................................................. square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.55 E–01 cord (128 ft3)............................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.624 556 E+00 cubic foot (ft3)............................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.831 685 E–02 cubic foot per minute (ft3/min).............................. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................4.719 474 E–04 cubic foot per minute (ft3/min).............................. liter per second (L/s).............................................................................4.719 474 E–01 cubic foot per second (ft3/s).................................... cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................2.831 685 E–02 cubic inch (in3)f.......................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.638 706 E–05 cubic inch per minute (in3/min)............................. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................2.731 177 E–07 cubic mile (mi3).......................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.168 182 E+09 cubic yard (yd3).......................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................7.645 549 E–01 cubic yard per minute (yd3/min)............................ cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................1.274 258 E–02 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.365 882 E–04 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................2.365 882 E–01 cup (U.S.)..................................................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................2.365 882 E+02 curie (Ci)..................................................................... becquerel (Bq)........................................................................................3.7 E+10 E–13 darcyg........................................................................... meter squared (m2)................................................................................9.869 233 day (d).......................................................................... second (s)................................................................................................8.64 E+04 day (sidereal).............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................8.616 409 E+04 debye (D)..................................................................... coulomb meter (C ∙ m).........................................................................3.335 641 E–30 degree (angle) (°)........................................................ radian (rad).............................................................................................1.745 329 E–02 degree Celsius (temperature) (ºC)......................... kelvin (K).................................................................................................T/K = t/ºC+273.15 degree Celsius (temperature interval) (ºC).......... kelvin (K).................................................................................................1.0 E+00 degree centigrade (temperature)h.......................... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................t/ºC ≈ t/deg.cent. degree centigrade (temperature interval)h........... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................1.0 E+00 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (ºF)...................... degree Celsius (ºC)....................................................................................t/ºC = (t/ºF –32)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature) (ºF)...................... kelvin (K)......................................................................................................T/K = (t/ºF + 459.67)/1.8 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval)(ºF)..... degree Celsius (ºC)................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 degree Fahrenheit (temperature interval) (ºF).... kelvin (K).................................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ h/BtuIT)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................1.895 634 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ h/Btuth)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................1.896 903 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/BtuIT)...................................................... square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.761 102 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/Btuth)...................................................... square meter kelvin per watt (m2 ∙ K/W)..........................................1.762 280 E–01 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitIT inch [ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/(BtuIT ∙ in)]............................................ meter kelvin per watt (m ∙ K/W)........................................................6.933 472 E+00 degree Fahrenheit hour square foot per British thermal unitth inch [ºF ∙ h ∙ ft2/(Btuth ∙ in)]............................................ meter kelvin per watt (m ∙ K/W)........................................................6.938 112 E+00 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitIT (ºF ∙ s/BtuIT)............................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................5.265 651 E–04 degree Fahrenheit second per British thermal unitth (ºF ∙ s/Btuth)................................................................. kelvin per watt (K/W)...........................................................................5.269 175 E–04 degree Rankine (ºR).................................................. kelvin (K).................................................................................................T/K = (T/ºR)/1.8 degree Rankine (temperature interval) (ºR)......... kelvin (K).................................................................................................5.555 556 E–01 denier........................................................................... kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.111 111 E–07 denier........................................................................... gram per meter (g/m)...........................................................................1.111 111 E–04 dyne (dyn)................................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................1.0 E–05 dyne centimeter (dyn ∙ cm)..................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)..........................................................................1.0 E–07 dyne per square centimeter (dyn/cm2)................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.0 E–01 The exact conversion factor is 1.638 706 4 E–05. The darcy is a unit for expressing the permeability of porous solids, not area. h The centigrade temperature scale is obsolete; the degree centigrade is only approximately equal to the degree Celsius. f

g

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To convert from to Multiply by electronvolt (eV)........................................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................1.602 177 E–19 EMU of capacitance (abfarad)................................ farad (F)...................................................................................................1.0 E+09 EMU of current (abampere)................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................1.0 E+01 EMU of electric potential (abvolt)......................... volt (V).....................................................................................................1.0 E–08 EMU of inductance (abhenry)................................ henry (H).................................................................................................1.0 E–09 EMU of resistance (abohm).................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................1.0 E–09 erg (erg)....................................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.0 E–07 erg per second (erg/s)............................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................1.0 E–07 erg per square centimeter second E–03 [erg/(cm2 ∙ s)].............................................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.0 ESU of capacitance (statfarad)................................ farad (F)...................................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 ESU of current (statampere)................................... ampere (A)..............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 ESU of electric potential (statvolt)......................... volt (V).....................................................................................................2.997 925 E+02 ESU of inductance (stathenry)............................... henry (H).................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 ESU of resistance (statohm).................................... ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11

Units

Conversion Factors

faraday (based on carbon 12).................................. coulomb (C)............................................................................................9.648 531 E+04 E+00 fathom (based on U.S survey foot)a....................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.828 804 fermi............................................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 E–15 fermi............................................................................. femtometer (fm)....................................................................................1.0 E+00 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz)........................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.957 353 E–05 fluid ounce (U.S.) (fl oz)........................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................2.957 353 E+01 foot (ft)........................................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................3.048 E–01 foot (U.S. survey ft)a.................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................3.048 006 E–01 footcandle................................................................... lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.076 391 E+01 footlambert................................................................. candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................3.426 259 E+00 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)e................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................4.063 666 E+04 foot of mercury, conventional (ftHg)e................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................4.063 666 E+01 foot of water (39.2 ºF)e.............................................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.988 98 E+03 foot of water (39.2 ºF)e.............................................. kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................2.988 98 E+00 foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)e...................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.989 067 E+03 foot of water, conventional (ftH2O)e...................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................2.989 067 E+00 foot per hour (ft/h)................................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................8.466 667 E–05 foot per minute (ft/min).......................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................5.08 E–03 foot per second (ft/s)................................................ meter per second (m/s)........................................................................3.048 E–01 foot per second squared (ft/s2)............................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................3.048 E–01 foot poundal............................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.214 011 E–02 foot pound-force (ft ∙ lbf )........................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................1.355 818 E+00 foot pound-force per hour (ft ∙ lbf/h).................... watt (W)..................................................................................................3.766 161 E–04 foot pound-force per minute (ft ∙ lbf/min)........... watt (W)..................................................................................................2.259 697 E–02 foot pound-force per second (ft ∙ lbf/s)................. watt (W)..................................................................................................1.355 818 E+00 foot to the fourth power (ft4)i.................................. meter to the fourth power (m4)..........................................................8.630 975 E–03 franklin (Fr)................................................................ coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 gal (Gal)....................................................................... meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................1.0 E–02 gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal)........ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.546 09 E–03 gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gal)........ liter (L).....................................................................................................4.546 09 E+00 gallon (U.S.) (gal)....................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................3.785 412 E–03 gallon (U.S.) (gal)....................................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................3.785 412 E+00 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d).................................... cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................4.381 264 E–08 gallon (U.S.) per day (gal/d).................................... liter per second (L/s).............................................................................4.381 264 E–05 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal/(hp ∙ h)]........................................................... cubic meter per joule (m3/J)................................................................1.410 089 E–09 gallon (U.S.) per horsepower hour [gal/(hp ∙ h)]........................................................... liter per joule (L/J).................................................................................1.410 089 E–06 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min).............. cubic meter per second (m3/s)............................................................6.309 020 E–05 gallon (U.S.) per minute (gpm)(gal/min).............. liter per second (L/s).............................................................................6.309 020 E–02 gamma (γ)................................................................... tesla (T)...................................................................................................1.0 E–09 gauss (Gs, G).............................................................. tesla (T)...................................................................................................1.0 E–04 gilbert (Gi).................................................................. ampere (A)..............................................................................................7.957 747 E–01 i

This is a unit for the quantity second moment of area, which is sometimes called the “moment of section” or “area moment of inertia” of a plane section about a specified axis.

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Conversion Factors

Units

To convert from to Multiply by gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi)................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.420 653 E–04 gill [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (gi)................ liter (L).....................................................................................................1.420 653 E–01 E–04 gill (U.S.) (gi).............................................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.182 941 gill (U.S.) (gi).............................................................. liter (L).....................................................................................................1.182 941 E–01 gon (also called grade) (gon)................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................1.570 796 E–02 gon (also called grade) (gon)................................... degree (angle) (°)....................................................................................9.0 E–01 grain (gr)..................................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................6.479 891 E–05 grain (gr)..................................................................... milligram (mg).......................................................................................6.479 891 E+01 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal)................................ kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.711 806 E–02 grain per gallon (U.S.) (gr/gal)................................ milligram per liter (mg/L)....................................................................1.711 806 E+01 gram-force per square centimeter (gf/cm2)......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)........................ kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.0 E+03 hectare (ha)................................................................. square meter (m2)..................................................................................1.0 E+04 horsepower (550 ft ∙ lbf/s) (hp)............................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.456 999 E+02 horsepower (boiler).................................................. watt (W)..................................................................................................9.809 50 E+03 horsepower (electric)................................................ watt (W)..................................................................................................7.46 E+02 horsepower (metric)................................................. watt (W)..................................................................................................7.354 988 E+02 horsepower (U.K.)..................................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.4570 E+02 horsepower (water)................................................... watt (W)..................................................................................................7.460 43 E+02 hour (h)....................................................................... second (s)................................................................................................3.6 E+03 hour (sidereal)............................................................ second (s)................................................................................................3.590 170 E+03 hundredweight (long, 112 lb).................................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................5.080 235 E+01 hundredweight (short, 100 lb)................................ kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................4.535 924 E+01 inch (in)....................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 E–02 inch (in)....................................................................... centimeter (cm).....................................................................................2.54 E+00 E+03 inch of mercury (32 ºF)e........................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.386 38 inch of mercury (32 ºF)e........................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.386 38 E+00 inch of mercury (60 ºF)e........................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.376 85 E+03 inch of mercury (60 ºF)e........................................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.376 85 E+00 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)e.................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................3.386 389 E+03 inch of mercury, conventional (inHg)e.................. kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................3.386 389 E+00 inch of water (39.2 ºF)e............................................. pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.490 82 E+02 inch of water (60 ºF)e................................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.4884 E+02 inch of water, conventional (inH2O)e..................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................2.490 889 E+02 inch per second (in/s)............................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................2.54 E–02 inch per second squared (in/s2).............................. meter per second squared (m/s2).......................................................2.54 E–02 inch to the fourth power (in4)i................................ meter to the fourth power (m4)..........................................................4.162 314 E–07 kayser (K).................................................................... reciprocal meter (m–1)..........................................................................1.0 E+02 kelvin (K)..................................................................... degree Celsius (ºC).................................................................................t/ºC = T/K – 273.15 kilocalorieIT (kcalIT)................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.1868 E+03 kilocalorieth (kcalth).................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 E+03 kilocalorie (mean) (kcal).......................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................4.190 02 E+03 kilocalorieth per minute (kcalth/min)..................... watt (W)..................................................................................................6.973 333 E+01 kilocalorieth per second (kcalth/s)........................... watt (W)..................................................................................................4.184 E+03 kilogram-force (kgf )................................................. newton (N)..............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force meter (kgf ∙ m)............................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2)................................................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+04 kilogram-force per square centimeter (kgf/cm2)................................................................. kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................9.806 65 E+01 kilogram-force per square meter (kgf/m2)........... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2)................................................................ pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................9.806 65 E+06 kilogram-force per square millimeter (kgf/mm2)................................................................ megapascal (MPa).................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilogram-force second squared per meter (kgf ∙ s2/m)............................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilometer per hour (km/h)...................................... meter per second (m/s)........................................................................2.777 778 E–01 kilopond (kilogram-force) (kp)............................... newton (N)..............................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 kilowatt hour (kW ∙ h).............................................. joule (J)....................................................................................................3.6 E+06 kilowatt hour (kW ∙ h).............................................. megajoule (MJ).......................................................................................3.6 E+00

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To convert from to Multiply by kip (1 kip=1000 lbf ).................................................. newton (N)..............................................................................................4.448 222 E+03 kip (1 kip=1000 lbf ).................................................. kilonewton (kN).....................................................................................4.448 222 E+00 E+06 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2).......................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 E+03 kip per square inch (ksi) (kip/in2).......................... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 knot (nautical mile per hour).................................. meter per second (m/s)........................................................................5.144 444 E–01

Units

Conversion Factors

lambertj....................................................................... candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................3.183 099 E+03 langley (calth/cm2)...................................................... joule per square meter (J/m2)..............................................................4.184 E+04 E+15 light year (l.y.)k........................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................9.460 73 liter (L)l........................................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.0 E–03 E+01 lumen per square foot (lm/ft2)................................ lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.076 391 maxwell (Mx)............................................................. weber (Wb).............................................................................................1.0 E–08 mho.............................................................................. siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.0 E+00 microinch.................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 E–08 microinch.................................................................... micrometer (µm)...................................................................................2.54 E–02 micron (µ)................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.0 E–06 micron (µ)................................................................... micrometer (µm)...................................................................................1.0 E+00 mil (0.001 in).............................................................. meter (m)................................................................................................2.54 E–05 mil (0.001 in).............................................................. millimeter (mm)....................................................................................2.54 E–02 mil (angle)................................................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................9.817 477 E–04 mil (angle)................................................................... degree (º).................................................................................................5.625 E–02 mile (mi)...................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................1.609 344 E+03 mile (mi)...................................................................... kilometer (km).......................................................................................1.609 344 E+00 E+03 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi)a.................. meter (m)................................................................................................1.609 347 E+00 mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi)a.................. kilometer (km).......................................................................................1.609 347 mile, nauticalm............................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................1.852 E+03 E+05 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal).................... meter per cubic meter (m/m3)............................................................4.251 437 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal).................... kilometer per liter (km/L)....................................................................4.251 437 E–01 mile per gallon (U.S.) (mpg) (mi/gal)n................... liter per 100 kilometer (L/100 km)..........................................divide 235.215 by number of miles per gallon mile per hour (mi/h)................................................. meter per second (m/s)........................................................................4.4704 E–01 mile per hour (mi/h)................................................. kilometer per hour (km/h)..................................................................1.609 344 E+00 mile per minute (mi/min)........................................ meter per second (m/s).........................................................................2.682 24 E+01 mile per second (mi/s)............................................. meter per second (m/s).........................................................................1.609 344 E+03 millibar (mbar)........................................................... pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.0 E+02 millibar (mbar)........................................................... kilopascal (kPa).......................................................................................1.0 E–01 E+02 millimeter of mercury, conventional (mmHg)e... pascal (Pa)................................................................................................1.333 224 millimeter of water, conventional (mmH2O)e...... pascal (Pa)................................................................................................9.806 65 E+00 minute (angle) (')....................................................... radian (rad)..............................................................................................2.908 882 E–04 minute (min).............................................................. second (s).................................................................................................6.0 E+01 minute (sidereal)....................................................... second (s).................................................................................................5.983 617 E+01 nit................................................................................. candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................1.0 E+00 nox................................................................................ lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.0 E–03 oersted (Oe)................................................................ ampere per meter (A/m).......................................................................7.957 747 E+01 ohm centimeter (Ω ∙ cm)......................................... ohm meter (Ω ∙ m).................................................................................1.0 E–02 ohm circular-mil per foot........................................ ohm meter (Ω ∙ m).................................................................................1.662 426 E–09 ohm circular-mil per foot........................................ ohm square millimeter per meter E–03 (Ω ∙ mm2/m)............................................................................................1.662 426 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz).......................................... kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................2.834 952 E–02 ounce (avoirdupois) (oz).......................................... gram (g)....................................................................................................2.834 952 E+01 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz).............................. kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................3.110 348 E–02 ounce (troy or apothecary) (oz).............................. gram (g)....................................................................................................3.110 348 E+01 ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] E–05 (fl oz)....................................................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................2.841 306 The exact conversion factor is 104/π. This conversion factor is based on 1 d = 86 400 s; and 1 Julian century = 36 525 d. (See The Astronomical Almanac for the Year 1995, page K6, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1994.) l In 1964 the General Conference on Weights and Measures reestablished the name “liter” as a special name for the cubic decimeter. Between 1901 and 1964 the liter was slightly larger (1.000 028 dm3); when one uses high-accuracy volume data of that time, this fact must be kept in mind. m The value of this unit, 1 nautical mile = 1852 m, was adopted by the First International Extraordinary Hydrographic Conference, Monaco, 1929, under the name “International nautical mile.” n For converting fuel economy, as used in the U.S., to fuel consumption. j

k

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Conversion Factors

Units

To convert from to Multiply by ounce [Canadian and U.K. fluid (Imperial)] (fl oz)......................................................................... milliliter (mL)..........................................................................................2.841 306 E+01 E–05 ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz)........................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................2.957 353 ounce (U.S. fluid) (fl oz)........................................... milliliter (mL)..........................................................................................2.957 353 E+01 ounce (avoirdupois)-force (ozf )............................. newton (N)...............................................................................................2.780 139 E–01 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ∙ in).............. newton meter (N ∙ m)............................................................................7.061 552 E–03 ounce (avoirdupois)-force inch (ozf ∙ in).............. millinewton meter (mN ∙ m)................................................................7.061 552 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per cubic inch (oz/in3)......... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................1.729 994 E+03 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz/gal)..................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................6.236 023 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (oz/gal)..................................... gram per liter (g/L).................................................................................6.236 023 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz/gal)...... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3).......................................................7.489 152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per gallon (U.S.)(oz/gal)...... gram per liter (g/L).................................................................................7.489 152 E+00 ounce (avoirdupois) per square foot (oz/ft2)........ kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................3.051 517 E–01 ounce (avoirdupois) per square inch (oz/in2)...... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................4.394 185 E+01 ounce (avoirdupois) per square yard(oz/yd2)...... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2).....................................................3.390 575 E–02 parsec (pc).................................................................. meter (m).................................................................................................3.085 678 E+16 E–03 peck (U.S.) (pk).......................................................... cubic meter (m3).....................................................................................8.809 768 peck (U.S.) (pk).......................................................... liter (L)......................................................................................................8.809 768 E+00 pennyweight (dwt).................................................... kilogram (kg)...........................................................................................1.555 174 E–03 pennyweight (dwt).................................................... gram (g)....................................................................................................1.555 174 E+00 perm (0 ºC)................................................................. kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m2)].................................................................................5.721 35 E–11 perm (23 ºC)............................................................... kilogram per pascal second square meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m2)]..................................................................................5.745 25 E–11 perm inch (0 ºC)........................................................ kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m)]...................................................................................1.453 22 E–12 perm inch (23 ºC)...................................................... kilogram per pascal second meter [kg/(Pa ∙ s ∙ m)]..................................................................................1.459 29 E–12 phot (ph)..................................................................... lux (lx)......................................................................................................1.0 E+04 pica (computer) (1/6 in)........................................... meter (m)................................................................................................4.233 333 E–03 pica (computer) (1/6 in)........................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................4.233 333 E+00 pica (printer’s)............................................................ meter (m)................................................................................................4.217 518 E–03 pica (printer’s)............................................................ millimeter (mm)....................................................................................4.217 518 E+00 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt).............................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................5.506 105 E–04 pint (U.S. dry) (dry pt).............................................. liter (L).....................................................................................................5.506 105 E–01 pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt)........................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.731 765 E–04 pint (U.S. liquid) (liq pt)........................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................4.731 765 E–01 point (computer) (1/72 in)...................................... meter (m)................................................................................................3.527 778 E–04 point (computer) (1/72 in)...................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................3.527 778 E–01 point (printer’s).......................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................3.514 598 E–04 point (printer’s).......................................................... millimeter (mm)....................................................................................3.514 598 E–01 poise (P)...................................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.0 E–01 pound (avoirdupois) (lb)o......................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................4.535 924 E–01 pound (troy or apothecary) (lb)............................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................3.732 417 E–01 poundal....................................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................1.382 550 E–01 poundal per square foot........................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.488 164 E+00 poundal second per square foot............................. pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.488 164 E+00 pound foot squared (lb ∙ ft2).................................... kilogram meter squared (kg ∙ m2).......................................................4.214 011 E–02 pound-force (lbf )p..................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................4.448 222 E+00 pound-force foot (lbf ∙ ft)......................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................1.355 818 E+00 pound-force foot per inch (lbf ∙ ft/in)................... newton meter per meter (N ∙ m/m)...................................................5.337 866 E+01 pound-force inch (lbf ∙ in)....................................... newton meter (N ∙ m)...........................................................................1.129 848 E–01 pound-force inch per inch (lbf ∙ in/in).................. newton meter per meter (N ∙ m/m)...................................................4.448 222 E+00 pound-force per foot (lbf/ft)................................... newton per meter (N/m).....................................................................1.459 390 E+01 pound-force per inch (lbf/in).................................. newton per meter (N/m).....................................................................1.751 268 E+02 pound-force per pound (lbf/lb) (thrust to mass ratio)............................. newton per kilogram (N/kg)...............................................................9.806 65 E+00 o p

The exact conversion factor is 4.535 923 7 E–01. All units that contain the pound refer to the avoirdupois pound unless otherwise specified. If the local value of the acceleration of free fall is taken as gn=9.806 65 m/ s2 (the standard value), the exact conversion factor is 4.448 221 615 260 5 E+00.

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1-35

To convert from to Multiply by pound-force per square foot (lbf/ft2)..................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................4.788 026 E+01 E+03 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2).......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 pound-force per square inch (psi) (lbf/in2).......... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 E+00 pound-force second per square foot (lbf ∙ s/ft2)............................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.788 026 E+01 pound-force second per square inch (lbf ∙ s/in2)............................................................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................6.894 757 E+03 pound inch squared (lb ∙ in2)................................... kilogram meter squared (kg ∙ m2).......................................................2.926 397 E–04 pound per cubic foot (lb/ft3)................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.601 846 E+01 pound per cubic inch (lb/in3).................................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................2.767 990 E+04 pound per cubic yard (lb/yd3)................................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................5.932 764 E–01 pound per foot (lb/ft)............................................... kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.488 164 E+00 pound per foot hour [lb/(ft ∙ h)]............................. pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.133 789 E–04 pound per foot second [lb/(ft ∙ s)].......................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................1.488 164 E+00 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal)...................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................9.977 637 E+01 pound per gallon [Canadian and U.K. (Imperial)] (lb/gal)...................................... kilogram per liter (kg/L).......................................................................9.977 637 E–02 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal).............................. kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.198 264 E+02 pound per gallon (U.S.) (lb/gal).............................. kilogram per liter (kg/L).......................................................................1.198 264 E–01 pound per horsepower hour [lb/(hp ∙ h)]............. kilogram per joule (kg/J)......................................................................1.689 659 E–07 pound per hour (lb/h).............................................. kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................1.259 979 E–04 pound per inch (lb/in).............................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.785 797 E+01 pound per minute (lb/min)..................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................7.559 873 E–03 pound per second (lb/s)........................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................4.535 924 E–01 pound per square foot (lb/ft2)................................. kilogram per square meter (kg/m2)....................................................4.882 428 E+00 pound per square inch (not pound-force) (lb/in2)..................................................................... kilogram per square meter (kg/m2)....................................................7.030 696 E+02 pound per yard (lb/yd)............................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................4.960 546 E–01 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2).......... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................6.894 757 E+03 psi (pound-force per square inch) (lbf/in2).......... kilopascal (kPa)......................................................................................6.894 757 E+00 quad (1015 BtuIT)c........................................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 056 quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt)........................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.101 221 quart (U.S. dry) (dry qt)........................................... liter (L).....................................................................................................1.101 221 quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt)........................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................9.463 529 quart (U.S. liquid) (liq qt)........................................ liter (L).....................................................................................................9.463 529

Units

Conversion Factors

E+18 E–03 E+00 E–04 E–01

rad (absorbed dose) (rad)........................................ gray (Gy)..................................................................................................1.0 E–02 rem (rem).................................................................... sievert (Sv)..............................................................................................1.0 E–02 revolution (r).............................................................. radian (rad).............................................................................................6.283 185 E+00 revolution per minute (rpm) (r/min).................... radian per second (rad/s).....................................................................1.047 198 E–01 rhe................................................................................ reciprocal pascal second [(Pa ∙ s)–1]...................................................1.0 E+01 rod (based on U.S. survey foot) (rd)a..................... meter (m)................................................................................................5.029 210 E+00 roentgen (R)............................................................... coulomb per kilogram (C/kg).............................................................2.58 E–04 rpm (revolution per minute) (r/min).................... radian per second (rad/s).....................................................................1.047 198 E–01 second (angle) (")....................................................... radian (rad).............................................................................................4.848 137 E–06 second (sidereal)........................................................ second (s)................................................................................................9.972 696 E–01 shake............................................................................ second (s)................................................................................................1.0 E–08 shake............................................................................ nanosecond (ns).....................................................................................1.0 E+01 E–04 skot............................................................................... candela per meter squared (cd/m2)....................................................3.183 098 slug (slug).................................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.459 390 E+01 slug per cubic foot (slug/ft3).................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................5.153 788 E+02 slug per foot second [slug/(ft ∙ s)]........................... pascal second (Pa ∙ s)............................................................................4.788 026 E+01 square foot (ft2).......................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................9.290 304 E–02 square foot per hour (ft2/h)..................................... square meter per second (m2/s)..........................................................2.580 64 E–05 square foot per second (ft2/s).................................. square meter per second (m2/s)..........................................................9.290 304 E–02 square inch (in2)......................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................6.4516 E–04 square inch (in2)......................................................... square centimeter (cm2).......................................................................6.4516 E+00 square mile (mi2)....................................................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................2.589 988 E+06 square mile (mi2)....................................................... square kilometer (km2).........................................................................2.589 988 E+00

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1-36

Conversion Factors

Units

To convert from to Multiply by square mile E+06 (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi2)a..................... square meter (m2)..................................................................................2.589 998 square mile (based on U.S. survey foot) (mi2)a..................... square kilometer (km2).........................................................................2.589 998 E+00 square yard (yd2)........................................................ square meter (m2)..................................................................................8.361 274 E–01 statampere.................................................................. ampere (A)..............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 statcoulomb................................................................ coulomb (C)............................................................................................3.335 641 E–10 statfarad....................................................................... farad (F)...................................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 stathenry..................................................................... henry (H).................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 statmho........................................................................ siemens (S)..............................................................................................1.112 650 E–12 statohm........................................................................ ohm (Ω)...................................................................................................8.987 552 E+11 statvolt......................................................................... volt (V).....................................................................................................2.997 925 E+02 stere (st)....................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.0 E+00 stilb (sb)....................................................................... candela per square meter (cd/m2)......................................................1.0 E+04 stokes (St).................................................................... meter squared per second (m2/s).......................................................1.0 E–04 E–05 tablespoon.................................................................. cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................1.478 676 tablespoon.................................................................. milliliter (mL).........................................................................................1.478 676 E+01 teaspoon...................................................................... cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................4.928 922 E–06 teaspoon...................................................................... milliliter (mL).........................................................................................4.928 922 E+00 tex................................................................................. kilogram per meter (kg/m)..................................................................1.0 E–06 therm (EC)q................................................................ joule (J)....................................................................................................1.055 06 E+08 therm (U.S.)q............................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.054 804 E+08 ton, assay (AT)........................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................2.916 667 E–02 ton, assay (AT)........................................................... gram (g)...................................................................................................2.916 667 E+01 ton-force (2000 lbf )................................................... newton (N)..............................................................................................8.896 443 E+03 ton-force (2000 lbf )................................................... kilonewton (kN).....................................................................................8.896 443 E+00 ton, long (2240 lb)..................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.016 047 E+03 ton, long, per cubic yard.......................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.328 939 E+03 ton, metric (t)............................................................. kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.0 E+03 tonne (called “metric ton” in U.S.) (t).................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................1.0 E+03 ton of refrigeration (12 000 BtuIT/h)...................... watt (W)..................................................................................................3.516 853 E+03 ton of TNT (energy equivalent)r............................ joule (J)....................................................................................................4.184 E+09 ton, register................................................................ cubic meter (m3)....................................................................................2.831 685 E+00 ton, short (2000 lb).................................................... kilogram (kg)..........................................................................................9.071 847 E+02 ton, short, per cubic yard......................................... kilogram per cubic meter (kg/m3)......................................................1.186 553 E+03 ton, short, per hour................................................... kilogram per second (kg/s)..................................................................2.519 958 E–01 torr (Torr)................................................................... pascal (Pa)...............................................................................................1.333 224 E+02 unit pole...................................................................... weber (Wb).............................................................................................1.256 637

E–07

watt hour (W ∙ h)....................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................3.6 E+03 watt per square centimeter (W/cm2).................... watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.0 E+04 watt per square inch (W/in2).................................. watt per square meter (W/m2)............................................................1.550 003 E+03 watt second (W ∙ s)................................................... joule (J)....................................................................................................1.0 E+00 yard (yd)...................................................................... meter (m)................................................................................................9.144 E–01 year (365 days)........................................................... second (s)................................................................................................3.1536 E+07 year (sidereal)............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................3.155 815 E+07 year (tropical)............................................................. second (s)................................................................................................3.155 693 E+07

The therm (EC) is legally defined in the Council Directive of 20 December 1979, Council of the European Communities (now the European Union, EU). The therm (U.S.) is legally defined in the Federal Register of July 27, 1968. Although the therm (EC), which is based on the International Table Btu, is frequently used by engineers in the United States, the therm (U.S.) is the legal unit used by the U.S natural gas industry. r Defined (not measured) value. q

K21599_S01.indb 36

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From Celsius

Fahrenheit

Kelvin Rankine

To Fahrenheit Kelvin Rankine Celsius Kelvin Rankine Celsius Rankine Fahrenheit Kelvin

Units

Conversion of Temperatures tF/˚F = (9/5) t/˚C + 32 T/K = t/˚C + 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) (t/˚C + 273.15) t/˚C = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] T/K = (5/9) [(tF/˚F) - 32] + 273.15 T/˚R = tF/˚F + 459.67 t/˚C = T/K - 273.15 T/˚R = (9/5) T/K tF/˚F = T/˚R - 459.67 T/K = (5/9) T/˚R

Definition of symbols: T = thermodynamic (absolute) temperature t = Celsius temperature (the symbol θ is also used for Celsius temperature) tF = Fahrenheit temperature Designation of Large Numbers U.S.A.

other countries

million

million

9

billion

milliard

1012

trillion

billion

15

10

quadrillion

billiard

1018

quintillion

trillion

106 10

100

100

10googol



K21599_S01.indb 37

googol googolplex

1-37

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Conversion Factors for Energy Units Units

If greater accuracy is required, use the Energy Equivalents section of the Fundamental Physical Constants table.

‒

Wavenumber v cm–1 v: 1 cm–1 ≐1 v: 1 MHz ≐ 3.33564 × 10–5 1 aJ ≐ 50341.1 E: 1 eV ≐ 8065.54 Eh ≐ 219474.63 Em: 1 kJ/mol ≐ 83.5935 1 kcal/ ≐ 349.755 mol T: 1 K ≐ 0.695039

‒

Frequency v MHz 2.997925 × 104 1 1.509189 × 109 2.417988 × 108 6.579684 × 109 2.506069 × 106 1.048539 × 107

Energy E aJ 1.986447 × 10–5 6.626076 × 10–10 1 0.1602177 4.359748 1.660540 × 10–3 6.947700 × 10–3

Energy E eV 1.239842 × 10–4 4.135669 × 10–9 6.241506 1 27.2114 1.036427 × 10–2 4.336411 × 10–2

Energy E Eh 4.556335 × 10–6 1.519830 × 10–10 0.2293710 3.674931 × 10–2 1 3.808798 × 10–4 1.593601 × 10–3

2.08367 × 104 1.380658 × 10–5 8.61738 × 10–5 3.16683 × 10–6

Molar energy Em kJ/mol 11.96266 × 10–3 3.990313 × 10–7 602.2137 96.4853 2625.500 1 4.184

Molar energy Em Temperature T kcal/mol K 2.85914 × 10–3 1.438769 9.53708 × 10–8 4.79922 × 10–5 143.9325 7.24292 × 104 23.0605 1.16045 × 104 627.510 3.15773 × 105 0.239006 120.272 1 503.217

8.31451 × 10–3

1.98722 × 10–3

1

Examples of the use of this table: 

1 aJ ≐ 50341 cm–1



1 eV ≐ 96.4853 kJ mol–1 The symbol ≐ should be read as meaning corresponds to or is equivalent to.

‒

E = hv = hcv = kT; Em = NAE; Eh is the Hartree energy.

1-38

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Pa kPa MPa bar atm Torr µmHg psi

Pa 1 1000 1000000 100000 101325 133.322 0.133322 6894.757

kPa 0.001 1 1000 100 101.325 0.133322 0.000133322 6.894757

MPa 0.000001 0.001 1 0.1 0.101325 0.000133322 1.33322 × 10–7 0.006894757

bar 0.00001 0.01 10 1 1.01325 0.00133322 1.33322 × 10–6 0.06894757

To convert a pressure value from a unit in the left-hand column to a new unit, multiply the value by the factor appearing in the column for the new unit. For example:



K21599_S01.indb 39

1 kPa = 9.8692 × 10–3 atm 1 Torr = 1.33322 × 10–4 MPa

atm 9.8692 × 10–6 0.0098692 9.8692 0.98692 1 0.00131579 1.31579 × 10–6 0.068046

Torr 0.0075006 7.5006 7500.6 750.06 760 1 0.001 51.7151

µmHg 7.5006 7500.6 7500600 750060 760000 1000 1 51715.1

psi 0.0001450377 0.1450377 145.0377 14.50377 14.69594 0.01933672 1.933672 × 10–5 1

Units

Conversion Factors for Pressure Units

Notes: µmHg is often referred to as “micron” Torr is essentially identical to mmHg psi is an abbreviation for the unit pound–force per square inch psia (as a term for a physical quantity) implies the true (absolute) pressure psig implies the true pressure minus the local atmospheric pressure

1-39

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Conversion Factors for Thermal Conductivity Units Units

MULTIPLY ↓ by appropriate factor to OBTAIN→ BtuIT h–1 ft–1 °F–1 BtuIT in h–1 ft–2 °F–1 Btuth h–1 ft–1 °F–1 Btuth in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1 calIT s–1 cm–1 °C–1 calth s–1 cm–1 °C–1 kcalth h–1 m–1 °C–1 J s–1 cm–1 K–1 W cm–1 K–1 W m–1 K–1 mW cm–1 K–1

BtuIT h–1 ft–1 °F–1

BtuIT in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1

Btuth h–1 ft–1 °F–1

Btuth in. h–1 ft–2 °F–1

calIT s–1 cm–1 °C–1

calth s–1 cm–1 °C–1

kcalth h–1 m–1 °C–1

J s–1 cm–1 K–1

W cm–1 K–1 W m–1 K–1

mW cm–1 K–1

1

12

1.00067

12.0080

4.13379×10–3

4.13656×10–3

1.48916

1.73073×10–2

1.73073×10–2 1.73073

17.3073

8.33333×10–2

1

8.33891×10–2

1.00067

3.44482×10–4

3.44713×10–4

0.124097

1.44228×10–3

1.44228×10–3 0.144228

1.44228

0.999331

11.9920

1

12

4.13102×10–3

4.13379×10–3

1.48816

1.72958×10–2

1.72958×10–2 1.72958

17.2958

8.32776×10–2

0.999331

8.33333×10–2

1

3.44252×10–4

3.44482×10–4

0.124014

1.44131×10–3

1.44131×10–3 0.144131

1.44131

2.41909×102

2.90291×103

2.42071×102

2.90485×103

1

1.00067

3.60241×102

4.1868

4.1868

4.1868×102 4.1868×103

2.41747×102

2.90096×103

2.41909×102

2.90291×103

0.999331

1

3.6×102

4.184

4.184

4.184×102

4.184×103

0.671520 57.7789 57.7789 0.577789 5.77789×10–2

8.05824 6.93347×102 6.93347×102 6.93347 0.693347

0.671969 57.8176 57.8176 0.578176 5.78176×10–2

8.06363 6.93811×102 6.93811×102 6.93811 0.693811

2.77592×10–3 0.238846 0.238846 2.38846×10–3 2.38846×10–4

2.77778×10–3 0.239006 0.239006 2.39006×10–3 2.39006×10–4

1 86.0421 86.0421 0.860421 8.60421×10–2

1.16222×10–2 1 1 1×10–2 1×10–3

1.16222×10–2 1 1 1×10–2 1×10–3

1.16222 1×102 1×102 1 0.1

11.6222 1×103 1×103 10 1

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To convert FROM ↓ multiply by appropriate

factor to OBTAIN →

abohm centimeter microohm centimeter ohm centimeter statohm centimeter (esu) ohm meter ohm circular mil per foot ohm inch ohm foot



K21599_S01.indb 41

abΩ cm

1 103 108 8.987 × 1020 1011 1.662 × 102 2.54 × 109 3.048 × 1010

µΩ cm 1 × 10–3 1 106 8.987 × 1017 108 1.662 × 10–1 2.54 × 106 3.048 × 107

Ω cm

10–9 10–6 1 8.987 × 1011 102 1.662 × 10–7 2.54 3.048 × 10–1

StatΩ cm 1.113 × 10–21 1.113 × 10–18 1.113 × 10–12 1 1.113 × 10–10 1.850 × 10–19 2.827 × 10–12 3.3924 × 10–11

Ωm

10–11 10–8 1 × 10–2 8.987 × 109 1 1.662 × 10–9 2.54 × 10–2 3.048 × 10–1

Ω cir. mil ft–1 6.015 × 10–3 6.015 6.015 × 106 5.406 × 1018 6.015 × 108 1 1.528 × 107 1.833 × 108

Units

Conversion Factors for Electrical Resistivity Units

Ω in. 3.937 × 10–10 3.937 × 10–7 3.937 × 10–1 3.538 × 1011 3.937 × 101 6.54 × 10–6 1 12

Ω ft 3.281 × 10–11 3.281 × 10–6 3.281 × 10–2 2.949 × 1010 3.281 5.45 × 10–9 8.3 × 10–2 1

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Conversion Formulas for Concentration of Solutions Units

A = Weight percent of solute B = Molecular weight of solvent E = Molecular weight of solute F = Grams of solute per liter of solution

G = Molality M = Molarity N = Mole fraction R = Density of solution in grams per milliliter

Concentration of solute—SOUGHT

A

N

Concentration of solute—GIVEN G

M

F

A

—

100 N × E N × E + (1 − N )B

100G × E 1000 + G × E

M×E 10 R

F 10 R

N

A E A 100 − A + E B

—

B×G B × G + 1000

B× M M( B − E ) + 1000 R

B×F F ( B − E ) + 1000 R × E

G

1000 A E (100 − A)

1000N B−N ×B

—

1000 M 1000 R − ( M × E )

1000 F E (1000 R − F )

M

10R × A E

1000 R × N N × E + (1 − N )B

1000 R × G 1000 + E × G

—

F E

F

10AR

1000 R × N × E N × E + (1 − N )B

1000 R × G × E 1000 + G × E

M×E

—

1-42

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Units

Conversion Factors for Chemical Kinetics Equivalent Second Order Rate Constants B A 1 cm3 mol-1 s-1 = 1 dm3 mol-1 s-1 = 1 m3 mol-1 s-1 = 1cm3 molecule -1s-1 = 1 (mmHg)-1 s-1 = 1 atm-1 s-1 1 ppm-1 min-1 = at 298 K, 1 atm total pressure 1 m2 kN-1s-1 =

cm3 mol-1s-1 1 103 106 6.023 × 1023 6.236 × 104 T 82.06 T 4.077 × 108

dm3 mol-1s-1 10-3 1 103 6.023 × 1020 62.36 T 8.206 × 10-2 T 4.077 × 105

m3 mol-1s-1 10-6 10-3 1 6.023 × 1017 6.236 × 10-2 T 8.206 × 10-5 T 407.7

cm3 molecule-1s-1 1.66 × 10-24 1.66 × 10-21 1.66 × 10-18 1 1.035 × 10-19 T 1.362 × 10-22 T 6.76 × 10-16

(mmHg)-1s-1 1.604 × 10-5 T-1 1.604 × 10-2 T-1 16.04 T-1 9.658 × 1018T-1 1 1.316 × 10-3 21.93

atm-1s-1 1.219 × 10-2 T-1 12.19 T-1 1.219 × 104 T-1 7.34 × 1021 T-1 760 1 1.667 × 104

ppm-1min-1 2.453 × 10-9 2.453 × 10-6 2.453 × 10-3 1.478 × 1015 4.56 × 10-2 6 × 10-5 1

m2 kN-1s-1 1.203 × 10-4 T-1 1.203 × 10-1 T-1 120.3 T-1 7.244 × 1019T-1 7.500 9.869 × 10-3 164.5

8314 T

8.314 T

8.314 × 10-3 T

1.38 × 10-20 T

0.1333

101.325

6.079 × 10-3

1

To convert a rate constant from one set of units A to a new set B find the conversion factor for the row A under column B and multiply the old value by it, e.g.. to convert cm3 molecule-1 s-1 to m3 mol-1 s-1 multiply by 6.023 × 1017. Table adapted from High Temperature Reaction Rate Data No. 5, The University, Leeds (1970). Equivalent Third Order Rate Constants B A 1 cm6 mol-2 s-1= 1 dm6 mol-2 s-1 = 1 m6 mol-2 s-1= 1cm6 molecule –2s-1= 1 (mmHg)-2 s-1 = 1 atm-2 s-1 = 1 ppm-2 min-1= at 298K, 1 atm total pressure 1 m4 kN-2s-1=

cm6 mol-2s-1 1 106 1012 3.628 × 1047 3.89 × 109 T2 6.733 × 103 T2 9.97 × 1018

dm6 mol-1s-1 10-6 1 106 3.628 × 1041 3.89 × 103 T2 6.733 × 10-3 T2 9.97 × 1012

m6 mol-2 s-1 10-12 10-6 1 3.628 × 1035 3.89 × 10-3 T2 6.733 × 10-9 T2 9.97 × 106

cm6 molecule-2 s-1 2.76 × 10-48 2.76 × 10-42 2.76 × 10-36 1 1.07 × 10-38T2 1.86 × 10-44T2 2.75 × 10-29

6.91 × 107 T2

6.91 T2

69.1 × 10-5 T2

1.904 × 10-40 T2 0.0178

(mmHg)-2 s-1 2.57 × 10-10T-2 2.57 × 10-4T-2 257 T-2 9.328 × 1037T-2 1 1.73 × 10-6 2.89 × 104

atm-2 s-1 1.48 ×10-4 T-2 148 T-2 1.48 ×108T-2 5.388 × 1043T-2 5.776 × 105 1 1.667 × 1010

ppm-2 min-1 1.003 × 10-19 1.003 × 10-13 1.003 × 10-7 3.64 × 1028 3.46 × 10-5 6 × 10-11 1

m4 kN-2s-1 1.477 × 10-8T-2 1.477 × 10-2T-2 1.477 × 104T-2 5.248 × 1039T-2 56.25 9.74 × 10-5 1.623 × 106

1.027 × 104

6.16 × 10-7

1

From J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 9, 470, 1980, by permission of the authors and the copyright owner, the American Institute of Physics.



K21599_S01.indb 43

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Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation Units

Conversion between SI and Other Units

Quantity Activity Absorbed dose Absorbed dose rate Average energy per ion pair Dose equivalent Dose equivalent rate Electric current Electric potential difference Exposure Exposure rate

Symbol for quantity Expression in SI units A 1 per second D joule per kilogram ·˙ joule per kilogram D second W joule H ˙ H I U, V X˙ X

Expression Special in symbols name for for SI units SI units becquerel s–1 gray J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

coulomb per kilogram coulomb per kilogram second 1 per meter squared

C kg–1 C kg–1 s–1

φ

Fluence rate

Φ

Kerma Kerma rate

K ˙ K

Lineal energy

y

1 per meter squared second joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second joule per meter

Linear energy transfer

L

joule per meter

A W A–1

J kg–1 J kg–1 s–1

Mass energy transfer coefficient

µtr/ρ

meter squared per kilogram

m2 kg–1

Mass energy absorption coefficient Mass stopping power

µen/ρ

meter squared per kilogram

m2 kg–1

joule meter squared per kilogram

J m2 kg–1

Specific energy

1.602 × 10–19 J

sievert

rem rem per second

rem rem s–1

0.01 Sv 0.01 Sv s–1

volt

ampere volt

A V

1.0 A 1.0 V

R R s–1

2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 2.58 × 10–4 C kg–1 s–1

cm–2

1.0 × 104 m–2

cm–2 s–1

1.0 × 104 m–2 s–1

Gy Gy s–1

roentgen roentgen per second 1 per centimeter squared 1 per centimeter squared second rad rad per second

rad rad s–1

0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1

keV µm–1

1.602 × 10–10 J m–1

keV µm–1

1.602 × 10–10 J m–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

cm2 g–1

0.1 m2 kg–1

MeV cm2 g–1

1.602 × 10–14 J m2 kg–1

W Pa

kiloelectron volt per micrometer kiloelectron volt per micrometer centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram centimeter squared per gram MeV centimeter squared per gram watt torr

W torr

1.0 W (101325/760)Pa

molecules (100 eV)–1

1.04 × 10–7 mol J–1

Gy

molecules per 100 electron volts rad

rad

0.01 Gy

Sv Sv s–1 V

gray

J m–1 m2 kg–1

Radiation chemical yield

eV

J m–1

meter squared per kilogram

P p

electronvolt

m–2 s–1

µ/ρ

Power Pressure

Value of conventional unit in SI units 3.7 × 1010 Bq 0.01 Gy 0.01 Gy s–1

m–2

Mass attenuation coefficient

S/ρ

Symbol for conventional unit Ci rad rad s–1

J

joule per kilogram joule per kilogram second ampere watt per ampere

Fluence

Symbols using special Conventional names units Bq curie Gy rad Gy s–1 rad

G

joule per second newton per meter squared mole per joule

J s–1 N m–2 mol J–1

z

joule per kilogram

J kg–1

watt pascal

gray

1-44

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Conversion Factors for Ionizing Radiation

1-45

MBq 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 900 800

mCi 189. 162. 135. 108. 81. 54. 27. 24. 21.6

MBq 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 90 80

mCi 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7 2.4 2.16

MBq 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 9 8

mCi 1.89 1.62 1.35 1.08 810 540 270 240 220

MBq 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.9 0.8

mCi 189 162 135 108 81 54 27 24 21.6

MBq 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

mCi 18.9 16.2 13.5 10.8 8.1 5.4 2.7

Units

Conversion of Radioactivity Units from MBq to mCi and µCi

Conversion of Radioactivity Units from mCi and µCi to MBq mCi 200 150 100 90 80 70 60 50

MBq 7400 5550 3700 3330 2960 2590 2220 1850

mCi 40 30 20 10 9 8 7 6

MBq 1480 1110 740 370 333 296 259 222

5 4 3 2 1

mCi

MBq 185 148 111 74.0 37.0

µCi 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300

MBq 37.0 33.3 29.6 25.9 22.2 18.5 14.8 11.1

µCi 200 100 90 80 70 60 50 40

MBq 7.4 3.7 3.33 2.96 2.59 2.22 1.85 1.48

µCi 30 20 10 5 2 1

MBq 1.11 0.74 0.37 0.185 0.074 0.037

Conversion of Radioactivity Units 100 TBq (1014 Bq) 10 TBq (1013 Bq) 1 TBq (1012 Bq) 100 GBq (1011 Bq) 10 GBq (1010 Bq) 1 GBq (109 Bq) 100 MBq (108 Bq) 10 MBq (107 Bq) 1 MBq (106 Bq)

= = = = = = = = =

2.7 kCi (2.7 × 103 Ci) 270 Ci (2.7 × 102 Ci) 27 Ci (2.7 × 101 Ci) 2.7 Ci (2.7 × 100 Ci) 270 mCi (2.7 × 10–1 Ci) 27 mCi (2.7 × 10–2 Ci) 2.7 mCi (2.7 × 10–3 Ci) 270 µCi (2.7 × 10–4 Ci) 27 µCi (2.7 × 10–5 Ci)

100 kBq (105 Bq) 10 kBq (104 Bq) 1 kBq (103 Bq) 100 Bq (102 Bq) 10 Bq (101 Bq) 1 Bq (100 Bq) 100 mBq (10–1 Bq) 10 mBq (10–2 Bq) 1 mBq (10–3 Bq)

= = = = = = = = =

2.7 µCi (2.7 × 10–6Ci) 270 nCi (2.7 × 10–7 Ci) 27 nCi (2.7 × 10–8 Ci) 2.7 nCi (2.7 × 10–9 Ci) 270 pCi (2.7 × 10–10 Ci) 27 pCi (2.7 × 10–11 Ci) 2.7 pCi (2.7 × 10–12 Ci) 270 fCi (2.7 × 10–13 Ci) 27 fCi (2.7 × 10–14 Ci)

Conversion of Absorbed Dose Units SI Units 100 Gy (102 Gy) 10 Gy (101 Gy) 1 Gy (100 Gy) 100 mGy (10–1 Gy) 10 mGy (10–2 Gy) 1 mGy (10–3 Gy)

= = = = = =

Conventional 10,000 rad (104 rad) 1,000 rad (103 rad) 100 rad (102 rad) 10 rad (101 rad) 1 rad (100 rad) 100 mrad (10–1 rad)

SI Units 100 µGy (10–4 Gy) 10 µGy (10–5 Gy) 1 µGy (10–6 Gy) 100 nGy (10–7 Gy) 10 nGy (10–8 Gy) 1 nGy (10–9 Gy)

= = = = = =

Conventional 10 mrad (10–2 rad) 1 mrad (10–3 rad) 100 µrad (10–4 rad) 10 µrad (10–5 rad) 1 µrad (10–6 rad) 100 nrad (10–7 rad)

= = = = = =

10 mrem (10–2 rem) 1 mrem (10–3 rem) 100 µrem (10–4 rem) 10 µrem (10–5 rem) 1 µrem (10–6 rem) 100 nrem (10–7 rem)

Conversion of Dose Equivalent Units 100 Sv (102 Sv) 10 Sv (101 Sv) 1 Sv (100 Sv) 100 mSv (10–1 Sv) 10 mSv (10–2 Sv) 1 mSv (10–3 Sv)

K21599_S01.indb 45

= = = = = =

10,000 rem (104 rem) 1,000 rem (103 rem) 100 rem (102 rem) 10 rem (101 rem) 1 rem (100 rem) 100 mrem (10–1 rem)

100 µSv (10–4 Sv) 10 µSv (10–5 Sv) 1 µSv (10–6 Sv) 100 nSv (10–7 Sv) 10 nSv (10–8 Sv) 1 nSv (10–9 Sv)

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Values of the Gas Constant in Different Unit Systems Units

1 torr (mmHg) = 133.322 Pa [at 0 °C] 1 in Hg = 3386.38 Pa [at 0 °C] 1 in H2O = 249.082 Pa [at 4 °C] 1 ft H2O = 2988.98 Pa [at 4 °C]

In SI units the value of the gas constant, R, is: R = 8.314472 Pa m K mol = 8314.472 Pa L K-1 mol-1 = 0.08314472 bar L K-1 mol-1 3

-1

-1

This table gives the appropriate value of R for use in the ideal gas equation, PV = nRT, when the variables are expressed in other units. The following conversion factors for pressure units were used in generating the table: 1 atm = 101325 Pa 1 psi = 6894.757 Pa Units of V, T, n T n K mol lb·mol °R mol lb·mol K mol cm3 lb·mol °R mol lb·mol L K mol lb·mol °R mol lb·mol K mol m3 lb·mol °R mol lb·mol

V ft3

kPa 0.2936228 133.1851 0.1631238 73.99170 8314.472 3771381 4619.151 2095211 8.314472 3771.381 4.619151 2095.211 0.008314472 3.771381 0.004619151 2.095211

atm 0.00289784 1.31443 0.00160990 0.730242 82.0574 37220.6 45.5875 20678.1 0.0820574 37.2206 0.0455875 20.6781 0.0000820574 0.0372206 0.0000455875 0.0206781

Reference Mohr, P. J., Taylor, B. N., and Newell, D. B., “CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 2006”, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 1187, 2008.

psi 0.0425864 19.3168 0.0236591 10.7316 1205.91 546993 669.951 303885 1.20591 546.993 0.669951 303.885 0.00120591 0.546993 0.000669951 0.303885

Units of P mmHg 2.20236 998.973 1.22353 554.984 62363.8 282878000 34646.5 15715400 62.3638 28287.8 34.6465 15715.4 0.0623638 28.2878 0.0346465 15.7154

in Hg 0.0867070 39.3296 0.0481706 21.8498 2455.27 1113690 1364.03 618717 2.45527 1113.69 1.36403 618.717 0.00245527 1.11369 0.00136403 0.618717

in H2O 1.17881 534.704 0.654900 297.058 33380.4 15141100 18544.7 8411730 33.3804 15141.1 18.5447 8411.73 0.0333804 15.1411 0.0185447 8.41173

ft H2O 0.0982351 44.5587 0.0545751 24.7548 2781.71 1261760 1545.39 700979 2.78171 1261.76 1.54539 700.979 0.00278171 1.26176 0.00154539 0.700979

1-46

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Symbols

Section 2 Symbols, Terminology, and Nomenclature

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15 Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16 Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23 Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27 Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29 Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-43 Definitions of Scientific Terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-44 Thermodynamic Functions and Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-69 Nobel Laureates in Chemistry and Physics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-70

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SYMBOLS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL QUANTITIES

1. Ian Mills, Ed., Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1988. Third Edition: RSC Publishing, Cambridge, UK, 2007. 2. E. R. Cohen and P. Giacomo, Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, and Fundamental Constants in Physics, Document IUPAP–25, 1987; also published in Physica 146A, 1–68, 1987. 3. ISO Standards Handbook 2: Units of Measurement, International Organization of Standardization, Geneva, 1982.

GENERAL RULES The value of a physical quantity is expressed as the product of a numerical value and a unit, e.g.: T = 300 K V = 26.2 cm3 Cp = 45.3 J mol-1 K-1 Name Space and Time cartesian space coordinates spherical polar coordinates generalized coordinate position vector length special symbols: height breadth thickness distance radius diameter path length length of arc area volume plane angle solid angle time period frequency circular frequency, angular frequency characteristic time interval, relaxation time, time constant angular velocity velocity



K21599_S02.indb 1

Symbol x, y, z r, θ, φ q, qi r l h b d, δ d r d s s A, As, S V, (υ) α, β, γ, θ, φ… ω, Ω t T v, f ω τ, T ω υ, u, w, c, r˙

The symbol for a physical quantity is always given in italic (sloping) type, while symbols for units are given in roman type. Column headings in tables and axis labels on graphs may conveniently be written as the physical quantity symbol divided by the unit symbol, e.g.: T/K V/cm3 Cp/J mol-1 K-1

Symbols

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics (IUPAP) have jointly developed a set of recommended symbols for physical and chemical quantities. Consistent use of these recommended symbols helps assure unambiguous scientific communication. The list below is reprinted from Reference 1 with permission from IUPAC. Full details may be found in the following references:

The values in the table or graph axis are then pure numbers. Subscripts to symbols for physical quantities should be italic if the subscript refers to another physical quantity or to a number, e.g.: Cp – heat capacity at constant pressure Bn – nth virial coefficient Subscripts that have other meanings should be in roman type: mp – mass of the proton Ek – kinetic energy The following tables give the recommended symbols for the major classes of physical and chemical quantities. The expression in the Definition column is given as an aid in identifying the quantity but is not necessarily the complete or unique definition. The SI Unit gives one (not necessarily unique) expression for the coherent SI unit for the quantity. Other equivalent unit expressions, including those that involve SI prefixes, may be used. Definition

r = xi + yj + zk

SI unit m m, 1, 1 (varies) m m

T = t/N v = 1/T ω = 2πv

m2 m3 rad, 1 sr, 1 s s Hz rad s–1, s–1

τ = |dt/dlnx| ω= dφ/dt υ = dr/dt

s rad s–1, s–1 m s–1

α = s/r ω = A/r2

2-1

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2-2 Name speed acceleration

Symbols

Classical Mechanics mass reduced mass density, mass density relative density surface density specific volume momentum angular momentum, action moment of inertia force torque, moment of a force energy potential energy kinetic energy work Hamilton function Lagrange function pressure surface tension weight gravitational constant normal stress shear stress linear strain, relative elongation modulus of elasticity, Young’s modulus shear strain shear modulus volume strain, bulk strain bulk modulus, compression modulus viscosity, dynamic viscosity fluidity kinematic viscosity friction coefficient power sound energy flux acoustic factors reflection factor acoustic absorption factor transmission factor dissipation factor Electricity and Magnetism quantity of electricity, electric charge charge density surface charge density electric potential electric potential difference electromotive force electric field strength electric flux electric displacement capacitance permittivity permittivity of vacuum relative permittivity dielectric polarization (dipole moment per volume) electric susceptibility electric dipole moment

K21599_S02.indb 2

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol υ, u, w, c a, (g) m µ ρ d ρA, ρS υ p L I, J F T, (M) E Ep, V, Φ Ek, T, K W, w H L p, P γ, σ G, (W, P) G σ τ ε, e E γ G θ K η, µ φ v µ, (f ) P P, P­a ρ αa, (α) τ δ Q ρ σ V, φ U, ∆V, ∆φ E E Ψ D C ε ε0 εr P χe p, µ

Definition v = |υ| a = dυ/dt

SI unit m s–1 m s–2

Ep = ∫F ∙ ds Ek = 1/2mv2 W = ∫F ∙ ds H(q, p) = T (q, p) + V(q) L(q, ˙q) = T (q, ˙q) – V (q) p = F/A y = dW/dA G = mg F = Gm1 m2/r2 σ = F/A τ = F/A ε = ∆l/l E = σ/ε γ = ∆x/d G = τ/γ θ = ∆V/V0 K = – V0(dp/dV) τx,z = η(dvx/dz) φ = 1/η v = η/ρ Ffrict = µFnorm P = dW/dt P = dE/dt

kg kg kg m–3 1 kg m–2 m3 kg–1 kg m s–1 Js kg m2 N Nm J J J J J J Pa, N m–2 N m–1, J m –2 N N m2 kg –2 Pa Pa 1 Pa 1 Pa 1 Pa Pa s m kg –1 s m2 s–1 1 W W

ρ = Pr/P0 αa = 1 – ρ τ = Ptr/P0 δ = αa – τ

1 1 1 1

ρ = Q/V σ = Q/A V = dW/dQ U = V2 – V1 E = ∫(F/Q) ∙ ds E = F/Q = – grad V Ψ = ∫D ∙ dA D = εE C = Q/U D = εE ε0 = µ0–1 c0–2 εr = ε/ε0 P = D – ε0E

C C m–3 C m–2 V, J C–1 V V V m–1 C C m–2 F, C V–1 F m–1 F m–1 1 C m–2

χe = εr – 1 p = Qr

1 Cm

µ = m1m2/(m1 + m2) ρ = m/V d = ρ/ρ ρA = m/A υ = V/m = 1/ρ p = mv L=r×p I = Σmiri2 F = dp/dt = ma T=r×F

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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol I j, J B Φ H µ µ0 µr

Definition I = dQ/dt I = ∫j ∙ dA F = Qv × B Φ = ∫B ∙ dA B = µH B = µH µr = µ/µ0

SI unit A A m–2 T A m–2 A m–2 N A–2, H m–1 H m–1 1

M χ, κ, (χm) χm m, µ R G δ X Z Y B ρ κ, γ, σ L M, L1 2 A S

M = B/µ0 – H χ = µr – 1 χm = Vmχ Ep = – m ∙ B R = U/I G = 1/R δ = (π/2) + φI – φU X = (U/I)sin δ Z = R + iX Y = 1/Z Y = G + iB ρ = E/j κ = 1/ρ E = – L(dI/dt) E1 = L1 2(dI2 /dt) B=∇×A S=E×H

A m–1 1 m3 mol–1 A m2, J T–1 Ω S 1, rad Ω Ω S S Ωm S m–1 H H Wb m–1 W m–2

Quantum Mechanics momentum operator

p˙

p˙ = – ih∇

m–1 J s

kinetic energy operator

Tˆ

Tˆ = –(h2/2m)∇2

J

Ĥ = Tˆ + V Ĥψ = Eψ P = ψ*ψ ρ = – eP S = – iћ(ψ*∇ψ – ψ∇ψ*)/2me j = – eS Aij = ∫ψi*Âψjdτ 〈A〉 = ∫ψ*ÂΨdτ (†)ij = (Aji)*

J (m–3/2) (m–3) (C m–3) (m–2 s–1) (A m–2) (varies) (varies) (varies)

Hamiltonian operator wavefunction, state function probability density charge density of electrons probability current density electric current density of electrons matrix element of operator  expectation value of operator  hermitian conjugate of Â

ˆ commutator of  and B anticommutator spin wavefunction coulomb integral resonance integral overlap integral Atoms and Molecules nucleon number, mass number proton number, atomic number neutron number electron rest mass mass of atom, atomic mass atomic mass constant mass excess elementary charge, proton charge Planck constant Planck constant/2π Bohr radius Hartree energy Rydberg constant fine structure constant

K21599_S02.indb 3

Ĥ Ψ, ψ, φ P ρ S j Aij, 〈i|Â|j〉 〈A〉, Ā †

ˆ ], [Â, Bˆ ]– [Â, B ˆ ]+ [Â, B α; β HAA HAB SAB A Z N me ma , m mu ∆ e h ћ a0 Eh R∞ α

ˆ ] = Â Bˆ – Bˆ Â [Â B

(varies)

ˆ ] = Â Bˆ + Bˆ Â [Â, B +

(varies) 1 J J 1

HAA = ∫ψA*ĤψAdτ HAB = ∫ψA*ĤψBdτ SAB = ∫ψA*ψBdτ

N=A–Z

mu = ma(12C)/12 ∆ = ma – Amu ћ = h/2π a0 = 4πε0ћ2/mee2 Eћ = ћ2/mea02 R∞ = Eh/2hc α = e2/4πε0ћc

Symbols

Name electric current electric current density magnetic flux density, magnetic induction magnetic flux magnetic field strength permeability permeability of vacuum relative permeability magnetization (magnetic dipole moment per volume) magnetic susceptibility molar magnetic susceptibility magnetic dipole moment electrical resistance conductance loss angle reactance impedance (complex impedance) admittance (complex admittance) susceptance resistivity conductivity self-inductance mutual inductance magnetic vector potential Poynting vector

2-3

1 1 1 kg kg kg kg C Js Js m J m–1 1

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2-4

Symbols

Name ionization energy electron affinity dissociation energy from the ground state from the potential minimum principal quantum number (H atom) angular momentum quantum numbers magnetic dipole moment of a molecule magnetizability of a molecule Bohr magneton nuclear magneton magnetogyric ratio (gyromagnetic ratio) g factor Larmor circular frequency Larmor frequency longitudinal relaxation time transverse relaxation time electric dipole moment of a molecule quadrupole moment of a molecule quadrupole moment of a nucleus electric field gradient tensor quadrupole interaction energy tensor electric polarizability of a molecule activity (of a radioactive substance) decay (rate) constant, disintegration (rate) constant half life mean life level width disintegration energy cross section (of a nuclear reaction) Spectroscopy total term transition wavenumber transition frequency electronic term vibrational term rotational term spin orbit coupling constant principal moments of inertia rotational constants, in wavenumber in frequency inertial defect asymmetry parameter centrifugal distortion constants, S reduction A reduction harmonic vibration wavenumber vibrational anharmonicity constant vibrational quantum numbers Coriolis zeta constant angular momentum quantum numbers degeneracy, statistical weight electric dipole moment of a molecule transition dipole moment of a molecule molecular geometry, interatomic distances, equilibrium distance zero–point average distance

K21599_S02.indb 4

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol Ei Eea Ed, D D0 De n see under Spectroscopy m,µ ξ µB µN γ g ωL vL T1 T2 p, µ Q; Θ eQ q χ α A λ t1/2, T1/2 τ Γ Q σ T ~ v, (v) v Te G F

Definition

E = – hcR/n2 Ep = – m ∙ B m = ξB µB = eћ/2me µN = (me/mp)µB γ = µ/L ωL = (e/2m)B vL = ωL/2π Ep = – p ∙ E Ep = 1/2Q: V˝ = 1/3Θ: V˝ eQ = 2 ∙ 〈ΘZZ 〉 qαβ = – ∂2V/∂α∂β χαβ = eQqαβ p (induced) = αE A = – dNB/dt A = γNB Γ = ħ/τ

T = Etot /hc ~ v = T´ – T˝ v = (E´ – E˝)/h Te = Ee/hc G = Evib/hc F = Erot/hc

J J J J J 1

SI unit

J T–1 J T–2 J T–1 J T–1 C kg–1 1 s –1 Hz s s Cm C m2 C m2 V m–2 J C m2 V–1 Bq s –1 s s J J m2 m–1 m–1 Hz m–1 m–1 m–1

A I A; IB; IC

Ts.o. = A〈 Lˆ ∙ Ŝ〉 I A ≤ IB≤ IC

m–1 kg m2

; B  ; C A A; B; C ∆ κ

à = h/8π2cI A A = h/8π2I A ∆ = IC – I A – IB

m–1 Hz kg m2 1

DJ ; DJK ; DK ; d1 ; d2 ∆J ; ∆JK ; ∆K ; δJ ; δK ωe ; ωr ωexe ; xrs ; gu’ υr ; lt ζrsα see additional information below g, d, β p, µ M, R re rz

κ=

(2B − A − C ) (A − C)

m–1 m–1 m–1 m–1 1 1

Ep = – p ∙ E M = ∫ψ´pψ˝dτ

1 Cm Cm m m

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Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities

Angular momentum electron orbital one electron only electron spin one electron only electron orbital + spin

Symbol r0 rs

Definition

SI unit m m

Ri , ri , θj , etc. Si

(varies) (varies)

Qr qr

kg1/2 m 1

f, (k) fij Fij φrst…, krst… γ σA δ JAB DAB T1 T2 γ g a, A T

f = ∂2V/∂r2

J m–2

fij = ∂2V/∂ri∂rj Fij = ∂2V/∂Si∂Sj

(varies) (varies) m–1

γ = µ/Iħ BA = (1 – σA)B δ = 106(v – v0)/v0 Ĥ/h = JAB Î A ∙ ÎB

C kg–1 1 1 Hz Hz s s

γ = µ/sħ hν = gµBB

C kg–1 1

Ĥhfs /h = aŜ ∙ Î Ĥhfs /h = Ŝ ∙ T ∙ Î

Hz Hz

Quantum number symbol Total Z–axis

Operator symbol Lˆ lˆ Ŝ ŝ

Symbols

Name ground state distance substitution structure distance vibrational coordinates, internal coordinates symmetry coordinates normal coordinates mass adjusted dimensionless vibrational force constants, diatomic polyatomic, internal coordinates symmetry coordinates dimensionless normal coordinates nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), magnetogyric ratio shielding constant chemical shift, δ scale (indirect) spin–spin coupling constant direct (dipolar) coupling constant longitudinal relaxation time transverse relaxation time electron spin resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance (ESR, EPR), magnetogyric ratio g factor hyperfine coupling constant, in liquids in solids

2-5

z-axis

L

ML

Л

l S s

ml MS ms

λ Σ σ

Lˆ + Ŝ



Ω=Л+∑

nuclear orbital (rotational)

Rˆ

R



nuclear spin internal vibrational

Iˆ

KR, kR

I

MI

lˆ

l(lζ)

spherical top other

ĵ, πˆ



Kl



l(lζ) K, k K, k

sum of R + L(+ j) sum of N + S

Nˆ Ĵ

N J

sum of J + I

Fˆ

MJ

F

MF

Electromagnetic Radiation Name wavelength speed of light in vacuum in a medium wavenumber in vacuum wavenumber (in a medium) frequency circular frequency, pulsatance refractive index Planck constant

K21599_S02.indb 5

Symbol λ c0 c v~ σ v ω n h

Definition

c = c0/n v~= v/c0 = 1/nλ σ = 1/λ v = c/λ ω = 2πv n = c0/c

SI unit m m s–1 m s–1 m–1 m–1 Hz s–1, rad s –1 1 Js

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2-6 Name Planck constant/2π radiant energy radiant energy density spectral radiant energy density in terms of frequency in terms of wavenumber

Symbols

in terms of wavelength Einstein transition probabilities spontaneous emission stimulated emission stimulated absorption radiant power, radiant energy per time radiant intensity radiant exitance (emitted radiant flux) irradiance, (radiant flux received) emittance Stefan–Boltzmann constant first radiation constant second radiation constant transmittance, transmission factor absorptance, absorption factor reflectance, reflection factor (decadic) absorbance napierian absorbance absorption coefficient (linear) decadic (linear) napierian molar (decadic) molar napierian

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol ħ Q, W ρ, w

Definition ħ = h/2π

ρv , wv ρv , wv

ρ = dρ/dv ρ ν = dρ / dν

J m–2

ρλ , wλ

ρλ = dρ/dλ

J m–4

dNn/dt = – AnmNn

s–1

Anm

SI unit Js J J m–3

ρ = Q/V

J m–3 Hz–1

Bnm Bmn Φ, P I M E, (I) ε σ c1 c2 τ, T α ρ A B

dNn/dt = – ρ v (vnm ) × BnmNn dN /dt = – ρ v (vnm ) B N

s kg–1 s kg–1 W W sr–1 W m–2 W m–2 1 W m–2 K–4 W m2 Km 1 1 1 1 1

a, K α ε κ

a = A/l α = B/l ε = a/c = A/cl κ = α/c = B/cl

m–1 m–1 m2 mol–1 m2 mol–1

n

Φ = dQ/dt I = dΦ/dΩ M = dΦ/dAsource E = dΦ/dA ε = M/Mbb Mbb = σT4 c1 = 2πhc02 c2 = hc0/k τ = Φtr /Φ0 α = Φabs /Φ0 ρ = Φrefl /Φ0 A = –lg(1 – αi) B = –ln(1 – αi)

mn

m

absorption index

k

k = α/4π v

1

complex refractive index

nˆ

nˆ = n + ik

1

molar refraction angle of optical rotation Solid State lattice vector fundamental translation vectors for the crystal lattice (circular) reciprocal lattice vector (circular) fundamental translation vectors for the reciprocal lattice lattice plane spacing Bragg angle order of reflection order parameters short range long range Burgers vector particle position vector equilibrium position vector of an ion displacement vector of an ion Debye–Waller factor Debye circular wavenumber Debye circular frequency Grüneisen parameter

R, Rm

R=

(n − 1) Vm (n 2 + 2 ) 2

α R, R0 a1 ; a2 ; a3 , a; b; c

1, rad

R = n1a1 + n2 a2 + n3 a3

m m

G b1 ; b2 ; b3 , a*; b*; c*

G ∙ R = 2πm ai ∙ bk = 2πδik

m–1 m–1

d θ n

nλ = 2d sin θ

m 1, rad 1

σ s b r, Rj R0 u B, D qD ωD γ, Γ

γ = αV/κCv

Madelung constant

α, M

Ecoul =

density of states (spectral) density of vibrational modes

NE Nω, g

NE = dN(E)/dE Nω = dN(ω)/dω

K21599_S02.indb 6

m3 mol–1

u = R – R0

αN A z + z _ e 2 4 πε 0 R0

1 1 m m m m 1 m–1 s–1 1 1 J–1 m–3 s m–3

4/2/14 2:24 PM

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities

diffusion length characteristic (Weiss) temperature Curie temperature Néel temperature

Symbol ρik σik λik ρR τ L AH , RH E Π µ, (τ) Φ n, (p) Eg Ed Ea EF , εF k, q uk(r) ρ m* µ b D L

µ = υdrift/E b = µn/µp dN/dt = – DA(dn/dx)

SI unit Ωm S m–1 W m–1 K–1 Ωm s V2 K–2 m3 C–1 V V V K–1 J m–3 J J J J m–1 m–3/2 C m–3 kg m2 V–1 s–1 1 m2 s–1

L = Dτ

m

τ = l/υF L = λ/σT E = ρ ∙ j + RH(B × j)

Φ = E∞ – EF

k = 2π/λ ψ(r) = uk(r) exp(ik · r) ρ(r) = – eψ*(r)ψ(r)

θ, θw TC TN

K K K

N

1

Statistical Thermodynamics number of entities number density of entities, number concentration Avogadro constant Boltzmann constant gas constant (molar) molecular position vector molecular velocity vector molecular momentum vector velocity distribution function (Maxwell)

n, C L, NA k, kB R r (x, y, z) c(cx , cy , cz), u(ux , uy , uz ) p(px , py    , pz ) f(cx )

speed distribution function (Maxwell– Boltzmann)

F(c)

average speed generalized coordinate generalized momentum volume in phase space probability statistical weight, degeneracy density of states partition function, sum over states, for a single molecule

Definition E=ρ∙j σ = ρ–1 Jq = – λ ∙ grad T

c , u , 〈c〉, 〈u〉 q p Ω P g, d, W, ω, β ρ(E) q, z

n = N/V

R = Lk c = dr/dt p = mc f(cx ) = (m/2πkT)1/2 × exp (– mcx2/2kT) F(c) = (m/2πkT)3/2 × 4πc2exp (– mc2/2kT) c = ∫cF(c)dc p = ∂L/∂q˙ Ω = (1/h)∫pdq

ρ(E) = dN/dE q = ∑ g i exp( – ε i /kT )

Symbols

Name resistivity tensor conductivity tensor thermal conductivity tensor residual resistivity relaxation time Lorenz coefficient Hall coefficient thermoelectric force Peltier coefficient Thomson coefficient work function number density, number concentration gap energy donor ionization energy acceptor ionization energy Fermi energy circular wave vector, propagation vector Bloch function charge density of electrons effective mass mobility mobility ratio diffusion coefficient

2-7

m–3 mol–1 J K–1 J K–1 mol–1 m m s–1 kg m s–1 m–1 s m–1 s m s–1 (m) (kg m s–1) 1 1 1 J–1 1

i

for a canonical ensemble (system, or assembly) microcanonical ensemble grand (canonical ensemble) symmetry number reciprocal temperature parameter characteristic temperature

K21599_S02.indb 7

Q, Z Ω Ξ σ, s β Θ

β = 1/kT

1 1 1 1 J–1 K

4/2/14 2:24 PM

2-8 Name

Symbols

General Chemistry number of entities (e.g. molecules, atoms, ions, formula units) amount (of substance) Avogadro constant mass of atom, atomic mass mass of entity (molecule, or formula unit) atomic mass constant molar mass relative molecular mass (relative molar mass, molecular weight) molar volume mass fraction volume fraction mole fraction, amount fraction, number fraction (total) pressure partial pressure mass concentration (mass density) number concentration, number density of entities amount concentration, concentration solubility molality (of a solute) surface concentration stoichiometric number extent of reaction, advancement degree of dissociation Chemical Thermodynamics heat work internal energy enthalpy thermodynamic temperature Celsius temperature entropy Helmholtz energy (Helmholtz function) Gibbs energy (Gibbs function) Massieu function Planck function surface tension molar quantity X specific quantity X pressure coefficient relative pressure coefficient compressibility, isothermal isentropic linear expansion coefficient cubic expansion coefficient heat capacity, at constant pressure at constant volume ratio of heat capacities Joule–Thomson coefficient second virial coefficient compression factor (compressibility factor) partial molar quantity X chemical potential (partial molar Gibbs energy) absolute activity

K21599_S02.indb 8

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol

Definition

N

SI unit 1

mu = ma(12C)/12 MB = m/nB Mr,B = mB /mu

mol mol–1 kg kg kg kg mol–1 1

Vm w φ

Vm ,B = V/nB wB = mB /Σmi φB = VB /ΣVi

m3 mol–1 1 1

x, y p, P pB γ, ρ

xB = nB /Σni

1 Pa Pa kg m–3

n L, NA ma, m mf , m mu M Mr

C, n c s m, (b) Γ v ξ α

nB = NB /L

pB = yB p γB = mB /V CB = NB /V cB = nB /V sB = cB (saturated solution) mB = nB /mA ΓB = nB/A ∆ξ = ∆nB /vB

m–3 mol m–3 mol m–3 mol kg–1 mol m–2 1 mol 1

q, Q w, W U H T θ, t S A G J Y γ, σ Xm x β αp

θ/ºC = T/K – 273.15 dS ≥ dq/T A = U – TS G = H – TS J = – A/T Y = – G/T γ = (∂G/∂As )T , p Xm = X/n x = X/m β = (∂p/∂T)v αp = (1/p)(∂p/∂T)V

J J J J K ºC J K–1 J J J K–1 J K–1 J m–2, N m–1 (varies) (varies) Pa K–1 K–1

κT κS αl α, αV , γ

κT = – (1/V)(∂V/∂p)T κS = – (1/V)(∂V/∂p)S αl = (1/l)(∂l/∂T) α = (1/V)(∂V/∂T)p

Pa–1 Pa–1 K–1 K–1

Cp CV γ, (κ) µ, µJT B Z XB, (X´B ) µ

Cp = (∂H/∂T)p CV = (∂U/∂T)V γ = Cp/CV µ = (∂T/∂p)H pVm = RT(1 + B/Vm + …) Z = pVm /RT XB = (∂X/∂nB )T, p, nj ≠ B µB = (∂G/∂nB ) T, p, nj ≠ B

J K–1 J K–1 1 K Pa–1 m3 mol–1 1 (varies) J mol–1

λB = exp (µB /RT)

1

λ

∆U = q+ w H = U + pV

4/2/14 2:24 PM

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol µ , µo

Definition

SI unit

J mol–1

standard partial molar entropy

SB

SB = – (∂µB /∂T)p

J mol–1 K–1

standard reaction enthalpy

∆rH

standard reaction entropy

∆rS

equilibrium constant equilibrium constant,

K ,K

φ

φ

φ

A, (A)

A = −(∂G / ∂ξ) p ,T = − ∑ νB µ B

J mol–1

∆ r H = ∑ νB H B

J mol–1

∆ r S = ∑ ν B SB

J mol–1 K–1

B

φ

B

φ

φ

φ

φ

B

φ

φ

φ

J mol–1

B

φ

affinity of reaction

∆ r G* = ∑ νB µ B φ

φ

∆rG

φ

standard reaction Gibbs energy (function)

φ

J mol–1

φ

HB = µB + TSB φ

HB

φ

standard partial molar enthalpy

K = exp( – ∆rG /RT)

1

pressure basis

Kp

K p = ∏pB νB

PaΣv

concentration basis

Kc

K c = ∏cB νB

(mol m–3)Σv

molality basis

Km

K m = ∏mB νB

(mol kg–1)Σv

f, p~

fB = λB

φ a

φB = fB /pB

1 1

f

fB = aB/xB

1

 µ − µB  am,B = exp  B  RT 

1

fugacity coefficient activity and activity coefficient referenced to Raoult’s law, (relative) activity activity coefficient activities and activity coefficients referenced to Henry’s law, (relative) activity, molality basis

am

B

B

lim (p / λ ) p→0 B B T

 µ − µB *  aB = exp  B  RT 

φ

fugacity

B

Symbols

standard chemical potential

φ

Name

2-9

Pa

ac

 µ − µB *  ac,B = exp  B  RT 

1

mole fraction basis

ax

 µ − µB *  ax ,B = exp  B  RT 

1

γm

am, B = γm, BmB/m

γc γx

ac, B = γc, BcB/c ax, B = γx, BxB

1 1

Im , I Ic , I

Im = ½ ΣmBzB2 Ic = ½ ΣcBzB2

mol kg–1 mol m–3

φm = (µA* – µA )/(RTMAΣmB) φx = (µA – µA *)/(RT1nxA) Π = cBRT (ideal dilute solution)

1 1

φ

φ

concentration basis

concentration basis mole fraction basis ionic strength, molality basis concentration basis osmotic coefficient, molality basis mole fraction basis osmotic pressure

φm φx Π

φ

molality basis

φ

activity coefficient,

(i) Symbols used as subscripts to denote a chemical process or reaction These symbols should be printed in roman (upright) type, without a full stop (period). vaporization, evaporation (liquid → gas) sublimation (solid → gas) melting, fusion (solid → liquid) transition (between two phases) mixing of fluids solution (of solute in solvent) dilution (of a solution) adsorption displacement immersion

K21599_S02.indb 9

1

Pa

vap sub fus trs mix sol dil ads dpl imm

4/2/14 2:24 PM

2-10

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities reaction in general atomization combustion reaction formation reaction

(ii) Recommended superscripts

Symbols

Name

standard pure substance infinite dilution ideal activated complex, transition state excess quantity Symbol

r at c f ,º * ∞ id ‡

o

E

Definition

SI unit

Chemical Kinetics rate of change of quantity X rate of conversion rate of concentration change (due to chemical reaction) rate of reaction (based on amount concentration) partial order of reaction overall order of reaction rate constant, rate coefficient Boltzmann constant half life relaxation time energy of activation, activation energy pre-exponential factor volume of activation collision diameter collision cross-section collision frequency collision number collision frequency factor standard enthalpy of activation standard entropy of activation standard Gibbs energy of activation quantum yield, photochemical yield Electrochemistry elementary charge (proton charge) Faraday constant charge number of an ion ionic strength mean ionic activity mean ionic molality mean ionic activity coefficient charge number of electrochemical cell reaction electric potential difference (of a galvanic cell) emf, electromotive force standard emf, standard potential of the electrochemical cell reaction standard electrode potential emf of the cell, potential of the electrochemical cell reaction pH inner electric potential outer electric potential

K21599_S02.indb 10

X

X = dX/dt

(varies)

ξ

ξ = dξ/dt

mol s–1

rB,vB

rB = dcB/dt

mol m–3 s–1

v nB n k k, kB t1/2 τ Ea , E A ∆‡V d σ ZA ZAB, ZAA zAB, zAA ∆‡H o , ∆H‡ ∆‡S o , ∆S‡ ∆‡G o , ∆G‡ φ e F z Ic , I a± m± γ± n, (z)

 v = ξ /V = vB–1dcB/dt v = kΠcBnB n = ΣnB v = kΠcBnB c(t1/2) = c0/2 τ = 1/(k1 + k–1) Ea = RT2 d ln k/dT k = A exp( – Ea /RT) ∆‡V = – RT × (∂ln k/∂p)T dAB = rA + rB σAB = πdAB2 zAB = ZAB/LcAc­B

mol m–3 s–1 1 1 (mol–1 m3)n – 1 s–1 J K–1 s s J mol–1 (mol–1 m3)n – 1 s–1 m3 mol–1 m m2 s–1 m–3 s–1 m3 mol–1 s–1 J mol–1 J mol–1 K–1 J mol–1 1

F=eL zB = QB/e Ic = ½ Σcizi2 a± = m±γ±/m o m±(v+ + v–) = m+v+m–v– γ±(v+ + v–) = γ+v+γ–v–

C C mol-1 1 mol m–3 1 mol kg–1 1 1

∆V, E, U

∆V = VR – VL

V

E

E = lim ∆V

V

Eo Eo E pH φ ψ

I →0

E o = – ∆rG o /nF = (RT/nF) ln K  o E = E o – (RT/nF) × Σviln ai

V V V

 c(H + )  pH ≈ − lg  −3   mol dm 

1

∇φ = –E ψ = Q/4πε0r

V V

4/2/14 2:24 PM

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol χ ∆φ ∆ψ

Definition χ=φ–ψ ∆αβφ = φβ – φα ∆αβψ = ψβ – ψα

electrochemical potential electric current (electric) current density (surface) charge density

µ

electrode reaction rate constant mass transfer coefficient, diffusion rate constant thickness of diffusion layer

k kd δ

kd,B = |vB|II,B/nFcA δB = DB/kd,B

transfer coefficient (electrochemical)

α

αc =

I j σ

µ

V V V

= (∂G/∂nBα) I = dQ/dt j = I/A σ = Q/A B

SI unit

J mol–1 A A m–2 C m–2

α

n

k ox = I a /(nFA∏ ci i ) i

− | v | RT ∂ ∂ ln| I c | ∂E nF

η = EI – EI = 0 – IRu

(varies) m s–1 m 1

overpotential electrokinetic potential (zeta potential) conductivity conductivity cell constant molar conductivity (of an electrolyte) ionic conductivity, molar conductivity of an ion electric mobility transport number reciprocal radius of ionic atmosphere

η ζ κ, (σ) Kcell Λ

κ = j/E Kcell = κR ΛB = κ/cB

V V S m–1 m–1 S m2 mol–1

λ u, (µ) t κ

λB = |zB|FuB uB = vB/E tB = jB/Σji κ = (2F2I/εRT)1/2

S m2 mol–1 m2 V–1 s–1 1 m–1

Colloid and Surface Chemistry specific surface area surface amount of B, adsorbed amount of B surface excess of B surface excess concentration of B

a, as, s nBs, nBa n Bσ ΓB, (ΓBσ)

a = A/m

m2 kg–1 mol mol mol m–2

ΓB = nBσ/A Γ = ∑ Γi

total surface excess concentration

Γ, (Γ σ)

area per molecule area per molecule in a filled monolayer surface coverage contact angle film thickness thickness of (surface or interfacial) layer surface tension, interfacial tension film tension reciprocal thickness of the double layer average molar masses number–average mass–average Z–average sedimentation coefficient van der Waals constant retarded van der Waals constant van der Waals–Hamaker constant surface pressure

a, σ am, σm θ θ t, h, δ τ, δ, t γ, σ Σf κ

aB = A/NBσ am,B = A/Nm,B θ = NBσ/Nm,B

Mn Mm MZ s λ β, B AH π s, π

Mn = ΣniMi/Σni Mm = ΣniMi2/ΣniMi MZ = ΣniMi3/ΣniMi2 s = v/a

π s = γ0 – γ

kg mol–1 kg mol–1 kg mol–1 s J J J N m–1

JX , J

JX = A–1 dX/dt

(varies)

qv = dV/dt

m3 s–1

qm = dm/dt

kg s–1 m s–1 W W m–2 W K–1 K W–1 W m–1 K–1

Transport Properties flux (of a quantity X) volume flow rate mass flow rate mass transfer coefficient heat flow rate heat flux thermal conductance thermal resistance thermal conductivity

K21599_S02.indb 11

qV, V  q , m m

kd φ Jq G R λ, k

i

γ = (∂G/∂As )T,p Σf = 2γf κ = [2F2Ic/εRT]1/2

φ = dq/dt Jq = φ/A G = φ/∆T R = 1/G λ = Jq/(dT/dl)

Symbols

Name surface electric potential Galvani potential difference volta potential difference

2-11

mol m–2 m2 m2 1 1, rad m m N m–1, J m–2 N m–1 m–1

4/2/14 2:24 PM

2-12 Name coefficient of heat transfer thermal diffusivity diffusion coefficient

Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities Symbol h, (k, K, α) a D

Definition h = Jq/∆T a = λ/ρcp D = Jn/(dc/dl)

SI unit W m–2 K–1 m2 s–1 m2 s–1

Symbols

The following symbols are used in the definitions of the dimensionless quantities: mass (m), time (t), volume (V), area (A), density (ρ), speed (v), length (l), viscosity (η), pressure (p), acceleration of free fall (g), cubic expansion coefficient (α), temperature (T), surface tension (γ), speed of sound (c), mean free path (λ), frequency (f), thermal diffusivity (a), coefficient of heat transfer (h), thermal conductivity (k), specific heat capacity at constant pressure (cp), diffusion coefficient (D), mole fraction (x), mass transfer coefficient (kd), permeability (μ), electric conductivity (κ), and magnetic flux density (B). Name Reynolds number Euler number Froude number Grashof number Weber number Mach number Knudsen number Strouhal number Fourier number Péclet number Rayleigh number Nusselt number Stanton number Fourier number for mass transfer Péclet number for mass transfer

Symbol Re Eu Fr Gr We Ma Kn Sr Fo Pe Ra Nu St Fo* Pe*

Grashof number for mass transfer

Gr*

Nusselt number for mass transfer Stanton number for mass transfer Prandtl number Schmidt number Lewis number magnetic Reynolds number Alfvén number Hartmann number Cowling number

Nu* St* Pr Sc Le Rm, Rem Al Ha Co

K21599_S02.indb 12

Definition Re = pvl/η Eu = ∆p/ρv2 Fr = v/(lg)1/2 Gr = l3gα∆Tρ2/η2 We = ρv2l/γ Ma = v/c Kn = λ/l Sr = lf/v Fo = at/l2 Pe = vl/a Ra = l3gα∆Tρ/ηa Nu = hl/k St = h/ρvcp Fo* = Dt/l2 Pe* = vl/D

SI unit 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

 ∂p   ∆xp  Gr * = l 3 g     ∂x  T , p  η 

1

Nu* = kdl/D St* = kd/v Pr = η/ρa Sc = η/ρD Le = a/D Rm = vµκl Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B Ha = Bl (κ/η)1/2 Co = B2/µρv2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4/2/14 2:24 PM

In general, the result of a measurement is only an approximation or estimate of the true value of the quantity subject to measurement, and thus the result is of limited value unless accompanied by a statement of its uncertainty. Much (but not all) of the scientific data appearing in the literature does include some indication of the uncertainty, but this may be stated in many different ways and is often explained poorly. In an effort to encourage consistency in uncertainty statements, the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) initiated a project, in collaboration with several other international organizations, to prepare a set of guidelines expressing international consensus on the recommended method of stating uncertainties. This project resulted in the publication of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (Reference 1), which is often referred to as GUM. The recommendations of GUM have been summarized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology in NIST Technical Note 1297, Guidelines for Evaluating the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results (Reference 2). In the notation of GUM, we are concerned with the measurand, i.e., the quantity that is being measured. In physics and chemistry this is usually called a physical quantity and represents some inherent characteristic of a material, system, or process that can be expressed in numerical terms — specifically as the product of a number and a reference, commonly called a unit. Thus the density of water at room temperature is (approximately) 0.998 g/mL (grams per milliliter) or, alternatively 998 kg m–3 (kilograms per meter cubed). This statement gives the most likely value of the measurand, to this level of precision, but gives no information on how much the stated value might differ from the true value. It is important to differentiate between the terms error and uncertainty. The error in a measurement is the difference between the measured value and the true value; the error can be stated if the true value is known (to some level of accuracy). The uncertainty is an estimate of the maximum reasonable extent to which the measured value is believed to deviate from the true value, in a situation where the true value is not known (most often the case). The result of a measurement can unknowably be very close to the true value, and thus have negligible error, even though its uncertainty is large. The uncertainty of the result of a measurement generally consists of several components, which may be grouped in two types according to the method used to estimate their numerical values: Type A. Those which are evaluated by statistical methods Type B. Those which are evaluated by other means The terms “random uncertainty” and “systematic uncertainty” are often used, but these terms do not always correspond in a simple way to the A and B categories. This is because the nature of an uncertainty component is conditioned by how the quantity appears in the mathematical model that describes the current measurement process. An uncertainty component arising from a systematic effect may in some cases be evaluated by methods of Type A while in other cases by methods of Type B. In the GUM formulation, each component of uncertainty, whether in the A or B category, is represented by an estimated standard deviation, termed standard uncertainty, symbol ui, and equal to the positive square root of the estimated variance ui2. For an uncertainty component of Type A, ui = si, where si is the statistically estimated standard deviation, as determined from a

K21599_S02.indb 13

series of observations by appropriate statistical analysis. Any valid statistical method may be used. Examples are calculating the standard deviation of the mean of a series of independent observations; using the method of least squares to fit a curve to data in order to estimate parameters of the curve and their standard deviations; and carrying out an analysis of variance (ANOVA) in order to identify and quantify random effects in certain types of measurements. Details of statistical analysis are given in References 4–7 and many other places. In a similar manner, each uncertainty component of Type B is represented by a quantity uj , which is obtained from an assumed probability distribution based on all the available information about the measurement process. Since uj is treated like a standard deviation, the standard uncertainty in each Type B component is simply uj. The evaluation of uj is usually based on scientific judgment using all the relevant information available, which may include • • • • •

Symbols

EXPRESSION OF UNCERTAINTY OF MEASUREMENTS

previous measurement data experience with, or general knowledge of, the behavior and properties of relevant materials and instruments manufacturer’s specifications data provided in calibrations and other reports uncertainties assigned to reference data taken from handbooks.

The specific approach to evaluating the standard uncertainty uj of a Type B uncertainty will depend on the detailed model of the measurement process. The following are examples of steps that may be used: 1. Convert a quoted uncertainty (for example, in a calibration factor) that is a stated multiple of an estimated standard deviation to a standard uncertainty by dividing the quoted uncertainty by the multiplier. 2. Convert a quoted uncertainty that defines a “confidence interval” having a stated level of confidence, such as 95% or 99%, to a standard uncertainty by treating the quoted uncertainty as if a normal distribution had been used to calculate it (unless otherwise indicated) and dividing it by the appropriate factor for such a distribution. These factors are 1.960 and 2.576 for the two levels of confidence given. 3. Model knowledge of the quantity in question by a normal distribution and estimate lower and upper limits a– and a+ such that the best estimated value of the quantity is (a+ + a–)/2 (i.e., the midpoint of the limits) and there is 1 chance out of 2 (i.e., a 50 percent probability) that the value of the quantity lies in the interval a– to a+. Then uj ≈ 1.48 a, where a = (a+ – a–)/2 is the half-width of the interval. 4. Model knowledge of the quantity in question by a normal distribution and estimate lower and upper limits a– and a+ such that the best estimated value of the quantity is (a+ + a–)/2 and there is about a 2 out of 3 chance (i.e., a 67 percent probability) that the value of the quantity lies in the interval a– to a+. Then uj ≈ a, where a = (a+ – a–)/2. 5. Estimate lower and upper limits a– and a+ for the value of the quantity in question such that the probability that the value lies in the interval a– to a+ is, for all practical purposes, 100 percent. Provided that there is no contradictory information, treat the quantity as if it is equally probable for its value to lie anywhere within the interval a– to a+; 2-13

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Expression of Uncertainty of Measurements

2-14

Symbols

that is, model it by a uniform or rectangular probability distribution. The best estimate of the value of the quantity is then (a+ + a–)/2 with uj = a/√3 where a = (a+ – a–)/2. If the distribution used to model the quantity is triangular rather than rectangular, then uj = a/√6. The rectangular distribution is a reasonable default model in the absence of any other information. But if it is known that values of the quantity in question near the center of the limits are more likely than values close to the limits, a triangular or a normal distribution may be a better model. When all the standard uncertainties of Type A and Type B have been determined in this way, they should be combined to produce the combined standard uncertainty (suggested symbol uc), which may be regarded as the estimated standard deviation of the measurement result. This process, often called the law of propagation of uncertainty or “root-sum-of-squares,” involves taking the square root of the sum of the squares of all the ui. In many practical measurement situations, the probability distribution characterized by the measurement result y and its combined standard uncertainty uc(y) is approximately normal (Gaussian). When this is the case, uc(y) defines an interval y – uc(y) to y + uc(y) about the measurement result y within which the value of the measurand Y estimated by y is believed to lie with a level of confidence of approximately 68 percent. That is, it is believed with an approximate level of confidence of 68 percent that y – uc(y) ≤ Y ≤ y + uc(y), which is commonly written as Y = y ± uc(y). In fundamental metrological research (involving physical constants, calibration standards, and the like) the combined standard uncertainty uc is normally used as the statement of uncertainty in a measurement. In most cases, however, it is desirable to use a measure of uncertainty that defines an interval about the measurement result y within which the value of the measurand Y is confidently believed to lie. The measure of uncertainty intended to meet this requirement is termed expanded uncertainty, suggested symbol U, and is obtained by multiplying uc(y) by a coverage factor, suggested symbol k. Thus U = kuc(y) and it is believed with high confidence that y – U ≤ Y ≤ y + U, which is commonly written as Y = y ± U. The value of the coverage factor k is chosen on the basis of the desired level of confidence to be associated with the interval defined by U = kuc. Typically, k is in the range 2 to 3. When the normal distribution applies, U = 2uc (i.e., k = 2) defines an interval having a level of confidence of approximately 95 percent, and U = 3uc defines an interval having a confidence level greater than 99 percent. In current international practice it is most common to use k = 2, corresponding to about 95 percent confidence, but the

K21599_S02.indb 14

value of k should be stated in each case to avoid confusion. See References 1 and 2 for methods of calculating k when a value other than k = 2 is needed for a specific requirement.

Summary of Key Steps • •

• •

Group the uncertainty components into Type A (can be evaluated by statistical methods) and Type B (must be evaluated by other means). Determine the standard uncertainty for each component of Type A by statistical methods and for each component of Type B by other suitable methods, based on modeling the measurement process. Take the square root of the sum of the squares of all the standard uncertainties to get the combined standard uncertainty uc. Specify a coverage factor k which, when multiplied by uc, gives the expanded uncertainty U. In fundamental metrological research k = 1 is usually chosen; in other cases, k = 2 (corresponding to a confidence level of about 95%) is the most common choice.

References 1. ISO, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1993. Several supplements have been published; see Bich, W., Cox, M. C., and Harris, P. M., “Evolution of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement,” Metrologia 43, S161, 2006. 2. Taylor, B. N., and Kuyatt, C. E., Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results, NIST Technical Note 1297, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1994; available for free download at . 3. Bell, S., A Beginner’s Guide to Uncertainty of Measurement, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, UK, 2001; available on the Internet through . 4. Eisenhart, C., “Realistic Evaluation of the Precision and Accuracy of Instrument Calibration Systems,” J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 67C, 161, 1963. 5. Mandel, J., The Statistical Analysis of Experimental Data, Dover Publishers, New York, 1984. 6. Nantrella, M. G., Experimental Statistics, NBS Handbook 91, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1966. 7. Box, G. E. P., Hunter, J. S., and Hunter, W. G., Statistics for Experimenters: Design, Innovation, and Discovery, 2nd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2005.

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The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) maintains several commissions that deal with the naming of chemical substances. In general, the approach of IUPAC is to present rules for arriving at names in a systematic manner, rather than recommending a unique name for each compound. Thus there are often several alternative “IUPAC names,” depending on which nomenclature system is used, each of which may have advantages in specific applications. However, each of these names will be unambiguous. Organizations such as the Chemical Abstacts Service and the Beilstein Institute that prepare indexes to the chemical literature must adopt a system for selecting unique names in order to avoid excessive cross referencing. Chemical Abstracts Service uses a system which groups together compounds derived from a single parent compound. Thus most index names are inverted (e.g., Benzene, bromo rather than bromobenzene; Acetic acid, sodium salt rather than sodium acetate). Recommended names for the most common substituent groups, ligands, ions, and organic rings are given in the two following tables, “Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands” and “Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems.” For the basics of macromolecular nomenclature, see “Nomenclature for Organic Polymers” in Section 13. Some of the most useful recent guides to chemical nomenclature, prepared by IUPAC and other organizations such as the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) and the American Chemical Society are listed below. These books contain citations to the more detailed nomenclature documents in each area. Two very useful web sites providing links to nomenclature documents are: www.iupac.org/publications/index.html www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/

Inorganic Chemistry

Block, B. P., Powell, W. H., and Fernelius, W. C., Inorganic Chemical Nomenclature, Principles and Practice, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1990. Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry - IUPAC Recommendations 2005. Connelly, N.G., Damhus, T., Hartshorn, R. M., and Hutton, A. T., The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005.

Organic Chemistry

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Class Names of Organic Compounds and Reactive Intermediates Based on Structure, Moss, G. P., Smith, P. A. S., and Tavernier, D., Eds., Pure & Appl. Chem. 67, 1307, 1995. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Basic Terminology of Stereochemistry, Moss, G. P., Ed., Pure & Appl. Chem. 68, 2193, 1996. Rhodes, P. H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995.

Symbols

Nomenclature for Chemical Compounds

Macromolecular Chemistry

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, Metanomski, W. V., Ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1991. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Glossary of Basic Terms in Polymer Science, Jenkins, A.D., Kratochvil, P., Stepto, R. F. T., and Suter, U. W., Eds., Pure & Appl. Chem. 68, 2287, 1996.

Biochemistry

International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, 2nd Edition, 1992, Portland Press, London, 1993; includes recommendations of the IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, Academic Press, Orlando, FL, 1992. IUPAC-IUBMB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Nomenclature of Carbohydrates, Recommendations 1996, McNaught, A. D., Ed., Pure & Appl. Chem. 68, 1919, 1996.

General

Chemical Abstracts Service, Naming and Indexing Chemical Substances for Chemical Abstracts, Appendix IV, Chemical Abstracts 1994 Index Guide. Principles of Chemical Nomenclature: a Guide to IUPAC Recommendations, Leigh, G. J., Favre, H. A., and Metanomski, W. V., Blackwell Science, 1998.

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Recommendations 1993, Panico, R., Powell, W. H., and Richer, J.-C., Eds., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1993.



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2-15

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Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands Willem H. Koppenol

Symbols

The entries below were selected from Table IX of Connelly, N. G., Damhus, T., Hartshorn, R. M. and Hutton, A. T., Eds., Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005. Two changes were made: in the case of the hypohalides, the oxidohalogenate names are listed, not the new halooxygenate names. Thus, for BrO− the still acceptable name “oxidobromate(1−)” is listed, not the more correct, but less palatable, “bromooxygenate(1−).” Similarly, and for reasons of consistency, ClO• is not named oxygen (mono)chloride, but chlorine mono(o) oxide. The symbol ‘ ’ is used for dividing names when this is made necessary by a line break. When the name is reconstructed

from the name given in the table, this symbol should be omitted. Thus, all hyphens in the table are true parts of the names. The symbols ‘>’ and ‘O, oxy, epoxy (in rings) =O, oxo

oxygen (general) O•+, oxygen(•1+)

oxide (general) O•−, oxidanidyl, oxide(•1−) O2−, oxide(2−); oxide −O−, oxido

O2−, oxido

O2

O2, dioxygen O22•, dioxidanediyl, dioxygen(2•) −OO−, dioxidanediyl; peroxy

O2•+, dioxidanyliumyl, dioxygen(•1+) O22+, dioxidanebis(ylium), dioxygen(2+)

O2•−, dioxidanidyl, dioxide(•1−); superoxide (not hyperoxide) O22−, dioxidanediide, dioxide(2−); peroxide

dioxido (general) O2, dioxygen O2•−, dioxido(•1−); superoxido O22−, dioxidanediido, dioxido(2−); peroxido

O3

O3, trioxygen; ozone −OOO−, trioxidanediyl

O3•−, trioxidanidyl, trioxide(•1−); ozonide

O3, trioxygen; ozone O3•−, trioxido(•1−); ozonido

HO

HO•, oxidanyl, hydridooxygen(•); hydroxyl −OH, oxidanyl; hydroxy

HO+, oxidanylium, hydridooxygen(1+); hydroxylium

HO−, oxidanide, hydroxide

HO−, oxidanido; hydroxido

HO2

HO2•, dioxidanyl, hydridodioxygen(•) hydrogen dioxide −OOH, dioxidanyl; hydroperoxy

HO2+, dioxidanylium, hydridodioxygen(1+)

HO2−, dioxidanide, hydrogen(peroxide)(1−)

HO2−, dioxidanido, hydrogen(peroxido)(1−)

S

sulfur (general) S, monosulfur =S, sulfanylidene; thioxo −S−, sulfanediyl

sulfur (general) S+, sulfur(1+)

sulfide (general) S•−, sulfanidyl, sulfide(•1−) S2−, sulfanediide, sulfide(2−); sulfide −S−, sulfido

sulfido (general) S•−, sulfanidyl, sulfido(•1−) S2−, sulfanediido, sulfido(2−)

K21599_S02.indb 17

Symbols

ClO−, oxidochlorate(1−); hypochlorite

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Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

2-18

Symbols

S2

S2, disulfur −SS−, disulfanediyl >S=S, sulfanylidene-λ4sulfanediyl; sulfinothioyl

S2•+, disulfur(•1+)

S2•−, disulfanidyl, disulfide(•1−) S22−, disulfide(2−), disulfanediide −SS−, disulfanidyl

S22−, disulfido(2−), disulfanediido

HS

HS•, sulfanyl, hydridosulfur(•) −SH, sulfanyl

HS+, sulfanylium, hydridosulfur(1+)

HS−, sulfanide, hydrogen(sulfide)(1−)

HS−, sulfanido, hydrogen(sulfido)(1−)

SO

SO, sulfur mon(o)oxide [SO], oxidosulfur >SO, oxo-λ4-sulfanediyl; sulfinyl

SO•+, oxidosulfur(•1+) (not sulfinyl or thionyl)

SO•−, oxidosulfate(•1−)

[SO], oxidosulfur

SO2

SO2, sulfur dioxide [SO2], dioxidosulfur >SO2, dioxo-λ6-sulfanediyl; sulfuryl, sulfonyl

SO2•−, dioxidosulfate(•1−) SO22−, dioxidosulfate(2−), sulfanediolate

[SO2], dioxidosulfur SO22−, dioxidosulfato(2−), sulfanediolato

SO3

SO3, sulfur trioxide

SO3•−, trioxidosulfate(•1−) SO32−, trioxidosulfate(2−); sulfite −S(O)2(O−), oxidodioxo-λ6-sulfanyl; sulfonato

SO4

−ΟS(O)2Ο−, sulfonylbis(oxy)

SO4•−, tetraoxidosulfate(•1−) SO42−, tetraoxidosulfate(2−); sulfate

S2O3

selenium

SO32−, trioxidosulfato(2−); sulfito

SO42−, tetraoxidosulfato(2−); sulfato

S2O3•− = SO3S•−, trioxido-1κ3O-disulfate(S−S) (•1−), trioxidosulfidosulfate(•1−) S2O32− = SO3S2−, trioxido-1κ3O-disulfate(S−S) (2−), trioxidosulfidosulfate(2−); thiosulfate, sulfurothioate

S2O32− = SO3S2−, trioxido-1κ3O-disulfato(S−S) (2−), trioxidosulfidosulfato(2−); thiosulfato, sulfurothioato

selenide (general) Se•−, selanidyl, selenide(•1−) Se2−, selanediide, selenide(2−); selenide

selenido (general) Se•−, selanidyl, selenido(•1−) Se2−, selanediido, selenido(2−)

Se

Se (general) Se, monoselenium >Se, selanediyl =Se, selanylidene; selenoxo

SeO

SeO, selenium mon(o)oxide [SeO], oxidoselenium >SeO, seleninyl

SeO2

SeO2, selenium dioxide [SeO2], dioxidoselenium >SeO2, selenonyl

SeO22−, dioxidoselenate(2−)

[SeO2], dioxidoselenium SeO22−, dioxidoselenato(2−)

SeO3

SeO3, selenium trioxide

SeO3•−, trioxidoselenate(•1−) SeO32−, trioxidoselenate(2−); selenite

SeO32−, trioxidoselenato(2−); selenito

SeO42−, tetraoxidoselenate(2−); selenate

SeO42−, tetraoxidoselenato(2−); selenato

telluride (general) Te•−, tellanidyl, telluride(•1−) Te2−, tellanediide, telluride(2−); telluride

tellurido (general) Te•−, tellanidyl, tellurido(•1−) Te2−, tellanediido, tellurido(2−)

[SeO], oxidoselenium

SeO4 Te

tellurium >Te, tellanediyl =Te, tellanylidene; telluroxo

CrO2

CrO2, chromium dioxide, chromium(IV) oxide

UO2

UO2, uranium dioxide

K21599_S02.indb 18

tellurium

UO2+, dioxidouranium(1+) [not uranyl(1+)] UO22+, dioxidouranium(2+) [not uranyl(2+)]

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Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

2-19

NpO2, neptunium dioxide

NpO2+, dioxidoneptunium(1+) [not neptunyl(1+)] NpO22+, dioxidoneptunium(2+) [not neptunyl(2+)]

PuO2

PuO2, plutonium dioxide

PuO2+, dioxidoplutonium(1+) [not plutonyl(1+)] PuO22+, dioxidoplutonium(2+) [not plutonyl (2+)]

N

nitrogen N•, nitrogen(•), mononitrogen −NNH, azanediyl =NH, azanylidene; imino

NH+, azanyliumdiyl, hydridonitrogen(1+) NH2+, azanebis(ylium), hydridonitrogen(2+)

NH−, azanidyl, hydridonitrate(1−) NH2−, azanediide, hydridonitrate(2−); imide −NH−, azanidyl; amidyl

NH2−, azanediido, hydridonitrato(2−); imido

NH2

NH2•, azanyl, dihydridonitrogen(•); aminyl −NH2, azanyl; amino

NH2+, azanylium, dihydridonitrogen(1+)

NH2−, azanide, dihydridonitrate(1−); amide

NH2−, azanido, dihydridonitrato(1−), amido

NH3

NH3, azane (parent hydride name), amine (parent name for certain organic derivatives), trihydridonitrogen; ammonia

NH3•+, azaniumyl, trihydridonitrogen(•1+) −NH3+, azaniumyl; ammonio

NH3•−, azanuidyl, trihydridonitrate(•1−)

NH3, ammine

NH4

NH4•, λ5-azanyl, tetrahydridonitrogen(•)

NH4+, azanium; ammonium

H2NO

H2NO•, aminooxidanyl, dihydridooxidonitrogen(•); aminoxyl HONH•, hydroxyazanyl, hydridohydroxidonitrogen(•) −NH(OH), hydroxyazanyl, hydroxyamino −ONH2, aminooxy −NH2(O), oxo-λ5-azanyl; azinoyl

HONH−, hydroxyazanide, hydridohydroxidonitrate(1−) H2NO−, azanolate, aminooxidanide, dihydridooxidonitrate(1−)

NHOH−, hydroxyazanido, hydridohydroxidonitrato(1−) H2NO−, azanolato, aminooxidanido, dihydridooxidonitrato(1−)

N2H2

HN=NH, diazene N=NH2+, diazen-2-ium-1-ide H2NN2•, diazanylidene, hydrazinylidene =NNH2, diazanylidene; hydrazinylidene • ΗΝNH•, diazane-1,2-diyl; hydrazine-1,2-diyl −ΗΝNH−, diazane-1,2-diyl; hydrazine-1,2-diyl

HNNH2−, diazane-1,2-diide, hydrazine-1,2-diide H2NN2−, diazane-1,1-diide, hydrazine-1,1-diide

HN=NH, diazene − N=NH2+, diazen-2-ium-1-ido HNNH2−, diazane-1,2-diido, hydrazine-1,2-diido H2NN2−, diazane-1,1-diido, hydrazine-1,1-diido

K21599_S02.indb 19

−

HNNH2+, diazynediium

Symbols

NpO2

N3−, nitrido(3−), azanetriido

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Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

2-20

Symbols

N2H3

H2NNH•, diazanyl, trihydrido dinitrogen(N−N)(•); hydrazinyl −NHNH2, diazanyl; hydrazinyl 2− NNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1,1-diide

H2N=NH+, diazenium

N2H4

H2NNH2, diazane (parent hydride name), hydrazine (parent name for organic derivatives) − NHNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1-ide

H2NNH2•+, diazaniumyl, bis(dihydridonitrogen) (N−N)(•1+); hydraziniumyl H2N=NH22+, diazenediium

NO

NO, nitrogen mon(o)oxide (not nitric oxide) NO•, oxoazanyl, oxidonitrogen(•); nitrosyl −N=O, oxoazanyl; nitroso >N(O)−, oxo-λ5-azanyl; azoryl =N(O)−, oxo-λ5-azanylidene; azorylidene ≡N(O), oxo-λ5-azanylidyne; azorylidyne −Ο+=Ν−, azanidylideneoxidaniumyl

NO+, oxidonitrogen(1+) (not nitrosyl) NO•2+, oxidonitrogen(2+)

NO−, oxidonitrate(1−) NO(2•)−, oxidonitrate(2•1−)

NO, oxidonitrogen (general); nitrosyl = oxidonitrogen-κN (general) NO+, oxidonitrogen(1+) NO−, oxidonitrato(1−)

NO2

NO2, nitrogen dioxide NO2• = ONO•, nitrosooxidanyl, dioxidonitrogen(•); nitryl −NO2, nitro −ONO, nitrosooxy

NO2+, dioxidonitrogen(1+) (not nitryl)

NO2−, dioxidonitrate(1−); nitrite NO2•2−, dioxidonitrate(•2−)

NO2−, dioxidonitrato(1−); nitrito NO2•2−, dioxidonitrato(•2−)

NO3

NO3, nitrogen trioxide NO3• = O2NO•, nitrooxidanyl, trioxidonitrogen(•) ONOO•, nitrosodioxidanyl, (dioxido)oxidonitrogen(•) −ONO2, nitrooxy

NO3−, trioxidonitrate(1−); nitrate NO3•2−, trioxidonitrate(•2−) [NO(OO)]−, (dioxido)oxidonitrate(1−); peroxynitrite

NO3−, trioxidonitrato(1−); nitrato NO3•2−, trioxidonitrato(•2−) [NO(OO)]−, oxidoperoxidonitrato(1−); peroxynitrito

N2O

N2O, dinitrogen oxide (not nitrous oxide) NNO, oxidodinitrogen(N—N) −Ν(Ο)=N−, azoxy

N2O•−, oxidodinitrate(•1−)

N2O, dinitrogen oxide (general) NNO, oxidodinitrogen(N—N) N2O•−, oxidodinitrato(•1−)

N2O3

N2O3, dinitrogen trioxide O2NNO, trioxido-1κ2O,2κOdinitrogen(N−N) NO+NO2−, oxidonitrogen(1+) dioxidonitrate(1−) ONONO, dinitrosooxidane, µ-oxidobis(oxidonitrogen)

N2O32− = [O2NNO]2−, trioxido-1κ2O,2κOdinitrate(N−N)(2−)

N2O4

N2O4, dinitrogen tetraoxide O2NNO2, bis(dioxidonitrogen) (N−N) ONOONO, 1,2-dinitrosodioxidane, 2,5-diazy-1,3,4,6-tetraoxy-[6] catena NO+NO3−, oxidonitrogen(1+) trioxidonitrate(1−)

N2O5

N2O5, dinitrogen pentaoxide O2NONO2, dinitrooxidane, NO2+NO3−, dioxidonitrogen(1+) trioxidonitrate(1−)

NS

NS, nitrogen monosulfide NS•, sulfidonitrogen(•) −N=S, sulfanylideneazanyl; thionitroso

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NS+, sulfidonitrogen(1+) (not thionitrosyl)

H2NNH−, diazanide, hydrazinide

NNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1,1-diido H2NNH−, diazanido, hydrazinido 2−

H2NNH2, diazane, hydrazine NHNH3+, diazan-2-ium-1-ido

−

NS−, sulfidonitrate(1−)

NS, sulfidonitrogen, sulfidonitrato, thionitrosyl (general) NS+, sulfidonitrogen(1+) NS−, sulfidonitrato(1−)

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Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

2-21

phosphorus (general) P•, phosphorus(•), monophosphorus >P−, phosphanetriyl

phosphorus (general) P+, phosphorus(1+)

phosphide (general) P−, phosphide(1−) P3−, phosphide(3−), phosphanetriide; phosphide

PO

PO•, oxophosphanyl, oxidophosphorus(•), phosphorus mon(o)oxide; phosphoryl >P(O)−, oxo-λ5-phosphanetriyl; phosphoryl =P(O)−, oxo-λ5-phosphanylidene; phosphorylidene ≡P(O), oxo-λ5-phosphanylidyne; phosphorylidyne

PO+, oxidophosphorus(1+) (not phosphoryl)

PO−, oxidophosphate(1−)

PO2

−P(O)2, dioxo-λ5-phosphanyl

P3−, phosphido, phosphanetriido

Symbols

P

PO2−, dioxidophosphate(1−)

PO2−, dioxidophosphato(1−)

PO3

PO3−, trioxidophosphate(1−) PO3•2−, trioxidophosphate(•2−) PO33−, trioxidophosphate(3−); phosphite (PO3−)n = (P(O)2O) nn−, catena-poly[(dioxidophosphateµ-oxido)(1−)]; metaphosphate −P(O)(O−)2, dioxidooxo-λ5phosphanyl; phosphonato

PO3−, trioxidophosphato(1−) PO3•2−, trioxidophosphato(•2−) PO33−, trioxidophosphato(3−); phosphito

PO4

PO4•2−, tetraoxidophosphate(•2−) PO43−, tetraoxidophosphate(3−); phosphate

PO43−, tetraoxidophosphato(3−); phosphato

AsO3

AsO33−, trioxidoarsenate(3−); arsenite, arsorite −As(=O)(O−)2, dioxidooxo-λ5-arsanyl; arsonato

AsO33−, trioxidoarsenato(3−); arsenito, arsorito

AsO4

AsO43−, tetraoxidoarsenate(3−); arsenate, arsorate

AsO43−, tetraoxidoarsenato(3−); arsenato, arsorato

CO•−, oxidocarbonate(•1−)

CO, oxidocarbon, oxidocarbonato (general); carbonyl = oxidocarbon-κC (general) CO•+, oxidocarbon(•1+) CO•−, oxidocarbonato(•1−)

CO2•−, oxidooxomethyl, dioxidocarbonate(•1−)

CO2, dioxidocarbon CO2•−, oxidooxomethyl, dioxidocarbonato(•1−)

CO3•−, trioxidocarbonate(•1−), OCOO•−, (dioxido)oxidocarbonate(•1−), oxidoperoxidocarbonate(•1−) CO32−, trioxidocarbonate(2−); carbonate

CO32−, trioxidocarbonato(2−); carbonato

CS•−, sulfidocarbonate(•1−)

CS, sulfidocarbon, sulfidocarbonato, thiocarbonyl (general); CS•+, sulfidocarbon(•1+) CS•−, sulfidocarbonato(•1−)

CS2•−, sulfidothioxomethyl, disulfidocarbonate(•1−)

CS2, disulfidocarbon CS2•−, sulfidothioxomethyl, disulfidocarbonato(•1−)

PS

PS•, sulfidophosphorus(•); −PS, thiophosphoryl

PS+, sulfidophosphorus(1+) (not thiophosphoryl)

VO

VO, vanadium(II) oxide, vanadium mon(o)oxide

VO2+, oxidovanadium(2+) (not vanadyl)

CO

CO, carbon mon(o)oxide >C=O, carbonyl =C=O, carbonylidene

CO•+, oxidocarbon(•1+) CO2+, oxidocarbon(2+)

CO2

CO2, carbon dioxide, dioxidocarbon

CO3

CS

carbon monosulfide >C=S, carbonothioyl; thiocarbonyl =C=S, carbonothioylidene

CS2

CS2, disulfidocarbon, carbon disulfide

K21599_S02.indb 21

CS•+, sulfidocarbon(•1+)

4/2/14 2:24 PM

Nomenclature for Inorganic Ions and Ligands

2-22 CN

CN•, nitridocarbon(•); cyanyl −CN, cyano −NC, isocyano

CNO

CN+, azanylidynemethylium, nitridocarbon(1+)

nitridocarbonato (general) CN−, nitridocarbonato(1−); cyanido = [nitridocarbonato(1−)-κC]

OCN•, nitridooxidocarbon(•) −OCN, cyanato −NCO, isocyanato −ONC, λ2-methylidene azanylylideneoxy −CNO, (oxo-λ5azanylidynemethyl

OCN−, nitridooxidocarbonate(1−); cyanate ONC−, carbidooxidonitrate(1−); fulminate OCN•2−, nitridooxidocarbonate(•2−)

OCN−, nitridooxidocarbonato(1−); cyanato ONC−, carbidooxidonitrato(1−); fulminato

CNS

SCN•, nitridosulfidocarbon(•) −SCN, thiocyanato −NCS, isothiocyanato −SNC, λ2-methylidene azanylylidenesulfanediyl −CNS, (sulfanylidene-λ5azanylidynemethyl

SCN−, nitridosulfidocarbonate(1−); thiocyanate SNC−, carbidosulfidonitrate(1−)

SCN−, nitridosulfidocarbonato(1−); thiocyanato SNC−, carbidosulfidonitrato(1−)

CNSe

SeCN•, nitridoselenidocarbon(•) −SeCN, selenocyanato −NCSe, isoselenocyanato −SeNC, λ2-methylidene azanylylideneselanediyl −CNSe, (selanylidene-λ5azanylidynemethyl

SeCN−, nitridoselenidocarbonate(1−); selenocyanate SeNC−, carbidoselenidonitrate(1−)

SeCN−, nitridoselenidocarbonato(1−); selenocyanato SeNC−, carbidoselenidonitrato(1−)

Symbols

CN−, nitridocarbonate(1−); cyanide

Where an element symbol occurs in the first column, the unmodified element name is listed in the second and third columns. The unmodified name is generally used when the element appears as an electropositive constituent in the construction of a stoichiometric name (Sections IR-5.2 and IR-5.4). Names of homoatomic cations consisting of the element are also constructed using the element name, adding multiplicative prefixes and charge numbers as applicable (Sections IR-5.3.2.1 to IR-5.3.2.3). The sections mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. b Where an element symbol occurs in the first column, the fourth column gives the element name appropriately modified with the ending ‘ide’ (hydride, nitride, etc.). The ‘ide’ form of the element name is generally used when the element appears as an electronegative constituent in the construction of a stoichiometric name (Sections IR-5.2 and IR-5.4). Names of homoatomic anions consisting of the element in question are also constructed using this modified form, adding multiplicative prefixes and charge numbers as applicable (Sections IR-5.3.3.1 to IR-5.3.3.3). Examples are given in the Table of names of some specific anions, e.g. chloride(1−), oxide(2−), dioxide(2−). In certain cases, a particular anion has the 'ide' form itself as an accepted short name, e.g., chloride, oxide. If specific anions are named, the ‘ide’ form of the element name with no further modification is given as the first entry in the fourth column, with the qualifier ‘(general)’. The sections mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. c Ligand names must be placed within enclosing marks whenever necessary to avoid ambiguity, cf. Section IR-9.2.2.3. Some ligand names must always be enclosed. For example, if ‘dioxido’ is cited as is, it must be enclosed so as to distinguish it from two ‘oxido’ ligands; if combined with a multiplicative prefix it must be enclosed because it starts with a multiplicative prefix itself. A ligand name such as ‘nitridocarbonato’ must always be enclosed to avoid interpreting it as two separate ligand names, ‘nitrido’ and ‘carbonato’. In this table, however, these enclosing marks are omitted for the sake of clarity. Note that the ligand names given here with a charge number can generally also be used without if it is not desired to make any implication regarding the charge of the ligand. For example, the ligand name ‘[dioxido(•1−)]' may be used if one wishes explicitly to consider the ligand to be the species dioxide(•1−), whereas the ligand name '(dioxido)' can be used if no such implications are desirable. The section mentioned refer to parts of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry. IUPAC Recommendations 2005, see above. a

K21599_S02.indb 22

4/2/14 2:24 PM

The first part of this table lists substituent groups and their line formulas. A substituent group is defined by IUPAC as a group that replaces one or more hydrogen atoms attached to a parent structure. Such groups are sometimes called radicals, but IUPAC now reserves the term radical for a free molecular species with unpaired electrons. IUPAC does not recommend some of these names, which are marked here with asterisks (e.g., amyl*), but they are included in this list because they are often encountered in the older literature. Substituent group names that are formed

by systematic rules (e.g., methyl from methane, ethyl from ethane, etc.) are included here only for the first few members of a homologous series. In the second part of the table a number of common organic ring compounds are shown, with the conventional numbering of the ring positions indicated. The help of Warren H. Powell in preparing this table is greatly appreciated. Pertinent references may be found in the table “Nomenclature of Chemical Compounds.”

Symbols

Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems

Substituent Groups acetamido (acetylamino) acetoacetyl acetonyl acetyl acryloyl* (1-oxo-2-propenyl) alanyl (from alanine) β-alanyl allyl (2-propenyl) allylidene (2-propenylidene) amidino (aminoiminomethyl) amino amyl* (pentyl) anilino (phenylamino) anisidino anthranoyl (2-aminobenzoyl) arsino azelaoyl (from azelaic acid) azido azino azo azoxy benzal* (benzylidene) benzamido (benzoylamino) benzhydryl (diphenylmethyl) benzoxy* (benzoyloxy) benzoyl benzyl benzylidene benzylidyne biphenylyl biphenylene butoxy sec-butoxy (1-methylpropoxy) tert-butoxy (1,1-dimethylethoxy) butyl sec-butyl (1-methylpropyl) tert-butyl (1,1-dimethylethyl) butyryl (1-oxobutyl) caproyl* (hexanoyl) capryl* (decanoyl) capryloyl* (octanoyl) carbamido (carbamoylamino) carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) carbamyl (aminocarbonyl) carbazoyl (hydrazinocarbonyl) carbethoxy (ethoxycarbonyl) carbonyl carboxy cetyl* (hexadecyl) chloroformyl (chlorcarbonyl)



K21599_S02.indb 23

CH3CONHCH3COCH2COCH3COCH2CH3COCH2=CHCOCH3CH(NH2)COH2N(CH2)2COCH2=CHCH2CH2=CHCH= H2NC(=NH)H2NCH3(CH2)4C6H5NHCH3OC6H4NH2-H2NC6H4COAsH2-OC(CH2)7CON3=N-N= -N=N-N(O)=NC6H5CH= C6H5CONH(C6H5)2CHC6H5COOC6H5COC6H5CH2C6H5CH= C6H5C= C6H5C6H5-C6H4-C6H4C4H9OC2H5CH(CH3)O(CH3)3COCH3(CH2)3CH3CH2CH(CH3)(CH3)3CCH3(CH2)2COCH3(CH2)4COCH3(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)6COH2NCONHH2NCOH2NCOH2NNHCOC2H5OCO=C=O HOOCCH3(CH2)15ClCO-

cinnamoyl cinnamyl (3-phenyl-2-propenyl) cinnamylidene cresyl* (hydroxymethylphenyl) crotonoyl crotyl (2-butenyl) cyanamido (cyanoamino) cyanato cyano decanedioyl decanoyl diazo diazoamino disilanyl disiloxanyloxy disulfinyl dithio enanthoyl* (heptanoyl) epoxy ethenyl (vinyl) ethynyl ethoxy ethyl ethylene ethylidene ethylthio formamido (formylamino) formyl furmaroyl (from fumaric acid) furfuryl (2-furanylmethyl) furfurylidene (2-furanylmethylene) glutamoyl (from glutamic acid) glutaryl (from glutaric acid) glycylamino glycoloyl; glycolyl (hydroxyacetyl) glycyl (aminoacetyl) glyoxyloyl; glyoxylyl (oxoacetyl) guanidino guanyl (aminoiminomethyl) heptadecanoyl heptanamido heptanedioyl heptanoyl hexadecanoyl hexamethylene (1,6-hexanediyl) hexanedioyl hippuryl (N-benzoylglycyl) hydrazino hydrazo hydrocinnamoyl

C6H5CH=CHCOC6H5CH=CHCH2C6H5CH=CHCH= HO(CH3)C6H4CH3CH=CHCOCH3CH=CHCH2NCNHNCONC-OC(CH2)8COCH3(CH2)8CON2= -NHN=NH3SiSiH2H3SiOSiH2O-S(O)S(O)-SSCH3(CH2)5CO-OCH2=CHHC≡CC2H5OCH3CH2-CH2CH2CH3CH= C2H5SHCONHHCO-OCCH=CHCOOC4H3CH2OC4H3CH= -OC(CH2)2CH(NH2)CO-OC(CH2)3COH2NCH2CONHHOCH2COH2NCH2COHCOCOH2NC(=NH)NHH2NC(=NH)CH3(CH2)15COCH3(CH2)5CONH-OC(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)5COCH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)6-OC(CH2)4COC6H5CONHCH2COH2NNH-HNNHC6H5(CH2)2CO-

2-23

4/2/14 2:24 PM

Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems

2-24

Symbols

hydroperoxy hydroxyamino hydroxy imino iodoso* (iodosyl) iodyl isoamyl* (isopentyl; 3-methylbutyl) isobutenyl (2-methyl-1-propenyl) isobutoxy (2-methylpropoxy) isobutyl (2-methylpropyl) isobutylidene (3-methylpropylidene) isobutyryl (2-methyl-1-oxopropyl) isocyanato isocyano isohexyl (4-methylpentyl) isoleucyl (from isoleucine) isonitroso* (hydroxyamino) isopentyl (3-methylbutyl) isopentylidene (3-methylbutylidene) isopropenyl (1-methylethenyl) isopropoxy (1-methylethoxy) isopropyl (1-methylethyl) isopropylidene (1-methylethylidene) isothiocyanato (isothiocyano) isovaleryl* (3-methyl-1-oxobutyl) lactoyl (from lactic acid) lauroyl (from lauric acid) lauryl (dodecyl) leucyl (from leucine) levulinoyl (from levulinic acid) malonyl (from malonic acid) mandeloyl (from mandelic acid) mercapto mesityl methacryloyl (from methacrylic acid) methallyl (2-methyl-2-propenyl) methionyl (from methionine) methoxy methyl methylene methylthio myristoyl (from myristic acid) myristyl (tetradecyl) naphthyl naphthylene neopentyl (2,2-dimethylpropyl) nitramino (nitroamino) nitro nitrosamino (nitrosoamino) nitrosimino (nitrosoimino) nitroso nonanoyl (from nonanoic acid) oleoyl (from oleic acid) oxalyl (from oxalic acid) oxo palmitoyl (from palmitic acid) pentamethylene (1,5-pentanediyl) pentyl tert-pentyl phenacyl phenacylidene phenethyl (2-phenylethyl) phenoxy phenyl

K21599_S02.indb 24

HOOHONHHOHN= OIO2I(CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2C=CH(CH3)2CHCH2O(CH3)2CHCH2(CH3)2CHCH= (CH3)2CHCOOCNCN(CH3)2CH(CH2)3C2H5CH(CH3)CH(NH2)COHON= (CH3)2CH(CH2)2(CH3)2CHCH2CH= CH2=C(CH3)(CH3)2CHO(CH3)2CH(CH3)2C= SCN(CH3)2CHCH2COCH3CH(OH)COCH3(CH2)10COCH3(CH2)11(CH3)2CHCH2CH(NH2)COCH3CO(CH2)2CO-OCCH2COC6H5CH(OH)COHS2,4,6-(CH3)3C6H2CH2=C(CH3)COCH2=C(CH3)CH2CH3SCH2CH2CH(NH2)COCH3OH3CH2C= CH3SCH3(CH2)12COCH3(CH2)13(C10H7)-(C10H6)(CH3)3CCH2O2NNHO2NONNHONN= ONCH3(CH2)7COCH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO-OCCOO= CH3(CH2)14CO-(CH2)5CH3(CH2)4CH3CH2C(CH3)2C6H5COCH2C6H5COCH= C6H5CH2CH2C6H5OC6H5-

phenylene (benzenediyl) phosphino* (phosphanyl) phosphinyl* (phosphinoyl) phospho phosphono phthaloyl (from phthalic acid) picryl (2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) pimeloyl (from pimelic acid) piperidino (1-piperidinyl) pivaloyl (from pivalic acid) prenyl (3-methyl-2-butenyl) propargyl (2-propynyl) 1-propenyl 2-propenyl (allyl) propionyl* (propanyl) propoxy propyl propylidene pyrryl (pyrrolyl) salicyloyl (2-hydroxybenzoyl) selenyl* (selanyl; hydroseleno) seryl (from serine) siloxy silyl silylene sorboyl (from sorbic acid) stearoyl (from stearic acid) stearyl (octadecyl) styryl (2-phenylethenyl) suberoyl (from suberic acid) succinyl (from succinic acid) sulfamino (sulfoamino) sulfamoyl (sulfamyl) sulfanilyl [(4-aminophenyl)sulfonyl] sulfeno sulfhydryl (mercapto) sulfinyl sulfo sulfonyl (sulfuryl) terephthaloyl tetramethylene thienyl (from thiophene) thiocarbonyl (carbothionyl) thiocarboxy thiocyanato (thiocyano) thionyl* (sulfinyl) threonyl (from threonine) toluidino [(methylphenyl)amino] toluoyl (methylbenzoyl) tolyl (methylphenyl) α-tolyl (benzyl) tolylene (methylphenylene) tosyl [(4-methylphenyl) sulfonyl)] triazano trimethylene (1,3-propanediyl) trityl (triphenylmethyl) valeryl* (pentanoyl) valyl (from valine) vinyl (ethenyl) vinylidene (ethenylidene) xylidino [(dimethylphenyl)amino] xylyl (dimethylphenyl) xylylene [phenelenebis(methylene)]

-C6H4H2PH2P(O)O2P(HO)2P(O)1,2-C6H4(CO-)2 2,4,6-(NO2)3C6H2-OC(CH2)5COC5H10N(CH3)3CCO(CH3)2C=CHCH2HC´CCH2-CH=CHCH2 CH2=CHCH2CH3CH2COCH3CH2CH2OCH3CH2CH2CH3CH2CH= C3H4N2-HOC6H4COHSeHOCH2CH(NH2)COH3SiOH3SiH2Si= CH3CH=CHCH=CHCOCH3(CH2)14COCH3(CH2)17C6H5CH=CH-OC(CH2)6CO-OCCH2CH2COHOSO2NHH2NSO24-H2NC6H4SO2HOSHSOS= HO3S-SO21,4-C6H4(CO-)2 -(CH2)4(C4H3S)=CS HOSCNCS-SOCH3CH(OH)CH(NH2)COCH3C6H4NHCH3C6H4COCH3C6H4C6H5CH2-(CH3C6H3)4-CH3C6H4SO2H2NNHNH-(CH2)3(C6H5)3CCH3(CH2)3CO(CH3)2CHCH(NH2)COCH2=CHCH2=C= (CH3)2C6H3NH(CH3)2C6H3-CH2C6H4CH2-

4/2/14 2:24 PM

Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems

2-25

Organic Ring Compounds

3 2

Cyclopropane N 1

5 4

1 2

3

1 4

5 4

Cyclobutane

Spiropentane H N

2 3

2 3

O

H N

5 4

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

Furan

Thiophene

Pyrrole (Azole)

2 3

Cyclopentane

H N

S

S

S

5 1 2S 4 3

H N

2 3

3H-Pyrrole (3H-Azole)

Pyrazole (1,2-Diazole)

O

O

N

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

2H-Pyrrole (2H-Azole)

S

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2S 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

N 1

O

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

5 1 2N 5 1 2N N N N S 4 3 4 3 2H-Imidazole Thiazole Oxazole Isoxazole N N (1,3-Diazole) 1,2,3-Triazole 1,2,4-Triazole 1,2-Dithiole 1,3-Dithiole 3H-1,2-Oxathiole (1,2-Oxazole) (1,3-Thiazole) (1,3-Oxazole)

S

O

O

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2N 4 3

N 1,2,4-Oxadiazole

N 1,2,3-Oxadiazole

Isothiazole (1,2-Thiazole)

O

O

O

5 1 2O 4 3

5 1 2O 4 3

N5

1 2N 4 3

O

5 1 2N 4 3

5 1 2 4 3

1,2,5-Oxadiazole (Furazan)

N N 1,3,4-Oxadiazole

O

H

5 1 2N 4 3

O

O

H

5 1 2 4 3

N5

O

1 2S 3

1 2N 3

N 1,2,3,5-Oxatriazole

1

6 5

5 1 2 4 3

O

4

N N 1,2,3,4-Oxatriazole

O

4

N5

Symbols

5 4

1

1

4

6 5

2 3

1

2 3

4

N N O O S H 1,2,4-Dioxazole 1,3,2-Dioxazole 1,3,4-Dioxazole 5H-1,2,5-Oxathiazole 1,3-Oxathiole Benzene Cyclohexane 3H-1,2,3-Dioxazole N

O

O

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-Pyran

4H-Pyran

6 5

H N 1

6 1 2 5 3 4

O

2H-Pyran-2-one (2-Pyrone)

N

6 1 2 5 3 N 4 N

2 3

O

O

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 5

N 1

O

O

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 1 2O 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4 O

O 4H-Pyran-4-one (4-Pyrone)

1,2-Dioxin

1,3-Dioxin

2N 3

6 5

N 1

N 1 4

6 1 2N 5 3 4

2 3

6 5

N 1 4

2N 3

6 5

Pyridazine

Pyridine

O

O

2N 3

6 5

O

4

N 1

6 5

2 3

N

4

2 3

N Pyrazine

Pyrimidine

O

O

6 1 2N 5 3 4

6 1 2 5 3 4 N

6 1 2 5 3 4 N

N 1

6 1 2 5 3 4

4 4 N N N 1,3,5-Triazine 1,2,4-Triazine 1,2,3-Triazine 4H-1,2-Oxazine 2H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,3-Oxazine 6H-1,2-Oxazine 1,4-Oxazine (s-Triazine) (as-Triazine) (v-Triazine) Piperazine 4

N H

O

6 1 2N 5 3 4

H

O

O

Oxepin

6 5

7 4

N6 5

O

O

1 2S 3 4

O

6 1 2N 5 3 4

H N

O

7 1 2 6 3 5 4

6 1 2 5 3 4

6 1 2 N5 4 3N

N N N 1,2,5-Oxathiazine 1,2,6-Oxathiazine 1,3,5-Oxadiazine H Morpholine Azepine 1,2,4-Oxadiazine 4H-1,4-Oxazine

S

N

7 1 2N 6 3 5 4

7 1 2 6 3 5 4

1 2S 3

6 5

6 5

7 4

H N

1 2 3

Indole

6 5

7 4

N

1 2 3

3H-Indole

7

1

4

2 3

6 5

7 4

1

6 5

1 2 3

7 4

6 5

2H-Indene (Isoindene)

Indene

4H-1,2-Diazepine

Thiepin

Benzo[c]thiophene

K21599_S02.indb 25

6 1 2S N5 4 3

6 1 2 5 3 4

2H-1,2-Oxazine

7 1 2 6 3 5 4

O

2N 3

1H-Indole

3 2

4 1

7 4

O

1 2 3

Benzofuran

5

6 7

N Cyclopenta[b]pyridine

O6 5

7 4

6 5

7 4

1 2O 3

6 5

Isobenzofuran

N 1

2 3

Pyrano[3,4-b]pyrrole

6 5

7 4

S

7

1 2 3

4

Benzo[b]thiophene

H N

1 2N 3

Indazole

6 5

7 4

O

1 2N 3

Benzisoxazole (Indoxazene)

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Organic Substituent Groups and Ring Systems

2-26

6 5

O

7

1 2 3

6 5

N

4

N 1

7 4

2O 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

8

1 4

5

2 3

O

8

7 6

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

O

8

O

1 2 3 4

5

Octahydronaphthalene 2H-1-Benzopyran 2H-1-Benzopyran-2-one 1,2,3,4-Tetra(Decalin) hydronaphthalene (Coumarin) (2H-Chromene) (Tetralin)

Benzoxazole 2,1-Benzisoxazole Naphthalene

Symbols

O 7 6

O

8

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

O 4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one (Chromen-4-one)

N 7 6

N

8

5

6

1,8-Naphthyridine

7 6

8

1

5

4

4

5

2O 3

1 2 3 4

5

2O 3

7 6

N

1H-2,3-Benzoxazine

8

1

5

4

5

N

8

7 6

1 2 3 4

5

N

1,7-Naphthyridine

1

7 6

N

7 6

N

4H-3,1-Benzoxazine

O

1 2N 3 4

8 5

1 2 3 4

5

7 6

8

1

5

4

N

8

1 2 3 4

5

H 7 6

7 6

N

4

5

2N 3

5

1 9 8

7

2

7 6

3

6

4 5

8

9

5

1 4

Fluorene

2 3

7 6

8

1

5

4

2 3

7 6

8

9

1

5

10

4

Carbazole

O

Xanthene

2 3

6 7

5 8

N

4

9

1

3 2

Acridine

1 2 3 4 N

5

O

8

1 2 3 4

5

N

2H-1,4-Benzoxazine

8

9

1

5

10

4

4

2 3

Anthracene

10

N

8

Quinazoline

7 6

4H-1,4-Benzoxazine

H N 9

7 6

Cinnoline

1 2 3 4 N

7 6

N H

2H-1,2-Benzoxazine

1

2H-1,3-Benzoxazine

1 2 3 4

5

N

8

7 6

O

8

O

8

2N 3

Isoquinoline

Quinoline

1,6-Naphthyridine

1,5-Naphthyridine

2O 3

N

8

7 6

O 3H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isochromen-3-one)

N

8

2O 4 3

8

7 6

1H-2-Benzopyran-1-one (Isocoumarin)

N7

1 2 3 4

1

8

6 7

3 2 1

5 8

9

10

Phenanthrene

2 1 3 4 7 6 5

Norpinane (Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane)

N1

2

6 3

N

H N 5 4

7 8 9

N

7H-Purine

Phenalene

R' R 2 3

1 4

H 11 12 13

10 5

14

R'' 17

16 15

9

8 H 6 7H

H

R = Nearly always methyl R' = Usually methyl R'' = Various groups

Steroid ring system

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REPRESENTATION OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURES WITH THE IUPAC INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL IDENTIFIER (InChI) The IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) is a freely available, non-proprietary identifier for chemical substances that can be used in both printed and electronic data sources. It is generated from a computerized representation of a molecular structure diagram, which can be produced by chemical structuredrawing software. Its use enables linking of diverse data compilations and unambiguous identification of chemical substances. A full description of the Identifier and software for its generation are available from the IUPAC Web site (Ref. 1), and a helpful compilation of answers to frequently asked questions has been put together at the Unilever Centre for Molecular Science Informatics (Ref. 2). Commercial structure-drawing software that will generate the Identifier is available from several organizations, listed on the IUPAC Web site. The conversion of structural information to the Identifier is based on a set of IUPAC structure conventions, and rules for normalization and canonicalization (conversion to a single, predictable sequence) of an input structure representation. The resulting InChI is simply a series of characters that serve to uniquely identify the structure from which it was derived. The InChI uses a layered format to represent all available structural information relevant to compound identity. InChI layers are listed below. Each layer in an InChI representation contains a specific type of structural information. These layers, automatically extracted from the input structure, are designed so that each successive layer adds additional detail to the Identifier. The specific layers generated depend on the level of structural detail available and whether or not allowance is made for tautomerism. Of course, any ambiguities or uncertainties in the original structure will remain in the InChI. This layered structure design offers a number of advantages. If two structures for the same substance are drawn at different levels of detail, the one with the lower level of detail will, in effect, be contained within the other. Specifically, if one substance is drawn with stereo-bonds and the other without, the layers in the latter will be a subset of the former. The same will hold for compounds treated by one author as tautomers and by another as exact structures with all H-atoms fixed. This can work at a finer level. For example, if one author includes double bond and tetrahedral stereochemistry, but another omits stereochemistry, the latter InChI will be contained in the former. The InChI layers are 1. Formula 2. Connectivity (no formal bond orders) a. disconnected metals b. connected metals 3. Isotopes 4. Stereochemistry a. double bond (Z/E) b. tetrahedral (sp3) 5. Tautomers (on or off ) Charges are not part of the basic InChI, but rather are added at the end of the InChI string. Two examples of InChI representations are given below. It is important to recognize, however, that InChI strings are intended for use by computers and end users need not understand any of their

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details. In fact, the open nature of InChI and its flexibility of representation, after implementation into software systems, may allow chemists to be even less concerned with the details of structure representation by computers.

Symbols

Stephen R. Heller and Alan D. McNaught

InChI=1/C5H5N5O/c6-5-9-3-2(4(11)10-5)7-1-8-3/ h1H,(H4,6,7,8,9,10,11)/f/h8,10H,6H2

InChI=1/C5H9NO4.Na/c6-3(5(9)10)1-2-4(7)8;/h3H,12,6H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);/q;+1/p-1/t3-;/m1./s1/fC5H8NO4.Na/ h7H;/q-1;m The layers in the InChI string are separated by the ‘/’ character followed by a lowercase letter (except for the first layer, the chemical formula), with the layers arranged in predefined order. In the examples the following segments are included InChI version number /- chemical formula /c connectivity-1.1 (excluding terminal H) /h connectivity-1.2 (locations of terminal H, including mobile H attachment points) /q charge /p proton balance /t sp3 (tetrahedral) parity /m parity inverted to obtain relative stereo (1 = inverted, 0 = not inverted) /s stereo type (1 = absolute, 2 = relative, 3 = racemic) /f chemical formula of the fixed-H structure if it is different /h connectivity-2 (locations of fixed mobile H) /q charge /t sp3 (tetrahedral) parity /m parity inverted to obtain relative stereo (1 = inverted, 0 = not inverted, . = inversion does not affect the parity) /s stereo type (1 = absolute, 2 = relative, 3 = racemic) One of the most important applications of InChI is the facility to locate mention of a chemical substance using Internet-based search 2-27

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Representation of Chemical Structures with the IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) gines. The usefulness of the InChIKey as a search tool is enhanced by its derivation from a “standard” InChI. i.e., an InChI produced with standard option settings for features such as tautomerism and stereochemistry. An example is shown below; the “standard” InChI is denoted by the letter “S” after the version number.

Use of InChIKey also allows searches based solely on atomic connectivity (first 14 characters). Software for generating InChIKey is available from the IUPAC Web site (Ref. 1). The enormous databases compiled by organizations such as PubChem (Ref. 4), the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI), and ChemSpider (Ref. 5) contain millions of InChIs and InChIKeys, which allow sophisticated searching of these collections. PubChem provides InChI-based structure-search facilities for both identical and similar structures (Ref. 6), and ChemSpider offers both search facilities and Web services enabling a variety of InChI and InChIKey conversions (Ref. 7). The NCI Chemical Structure Lookup Service (Ref. 8) provides InChI-based search access to over 39 million chemical structures from over 80 different public and commercial data sources.

References

Symbols

engines. This is made easier by using a shorter (compressed) form of InChI, known as InChIKey. The InChIKey is a 27-character representation that, because it is compressed, cannot be reconverted into the original structure, but it is not subject to the undesirable and unpredictable breaking of longer character strings by some search en-

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

http://www.iupac.org/inchi http://wwmm.ch.cam.ac.uk/inchifaq/ Pure Appl. Chem., in preparation. http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov http://www.chemspider.com http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search http://www.chemspider.com/InChI.asmx http://cholla.chemnavigator.com/cgi-bin/lookup/new/search

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SCIENTIFIC ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, AND SYMBOLS

A Å A AH Ar a a

a0 AAA Aad AAF AAN AAO AAS ABA Abe ABL ABS abs Abu Ac ac, AC ACAC Aces ACS ACT ACTH A/D Ad Ada Ade ADI



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ampere; alanine; adenine (in genetic code) ångström absorbance; area; Helmholtz energy; mass number Hall coefficient atomic weight (relative atomic mass) atto (SI prefix for 10–18) absorption coefficient; acceleration; activity; van der Waals constant Bohr radius acetoacetanilide 2-aminoadipic acid 2-(acetylamino)fluorene aminoacetonitrile acetaldehyde oxime atomic absorption spectroscopy abscisic acid; acrylonitrile-butadiene acrylate abequose

α-acetylbutyrolactone acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer absolute 2-aminobutanoic acid acetyl; acetate alternating current acetylacetone 2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid acrylonitrile-chlorinated polyethylene-styrene copolymer activated complex theory adrenocorticotropic hormone analog to digital adamantyl [(carbamoylmethyl)imino]diacetic acid adenine acceptable daily intake

References 1. Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Third Edition, IUPAC 2007, RSC Publishing, 2007. 2. Kotyk, A., Quantities, Symbols, Units, and Abbreviations in the Life Sciences, Humana Press, Totawa, NJ, 1999. 3. Rhodes, P. H., The Organic Chemist’s Desk Reference, Chapman & Hall, London, 1995. 4. Minkin, V., Glossary of Terms used in Theoretical Organic Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. 71, 1919–1981, 1999. 5. Brown, R. D., Ed., Acronyms Used in Theoretical Chemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. 68, 387–456, 1996. 6. Quantities and Units, ISO Standards Handbook, Third Edition, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, 1993. 7. Cohen, E. R., and Giacomo, P., Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, and Fundamental Constants in Physics, Physica 146A, 1–68, 1987. 8. Chemical Acronyms Database, Indiana University, . 9. Acronyms and Symbols, . 10. IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (Gold Book), . 11. IUPAC-IUB Joint Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature, Pure & Appl. Chem. 56, 595, 1984. Ado ADP

AF AFM Ahx AI AIBN AICA AIM AIP Al Ala

adenosine adenosine diphosphate; ammonium dihydrogen phosphate adsorption appearance energy eon (109 years) 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol atomic emission spectroscopy; Auger electron spectroscopy audio frequency atomic force microscopy 2-aminohexanoic acid artificial intelligence 2,2’-azobis[isobutyronitrile] 5-amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide atoms in molecules (method) aluminum isopropoxide Alfén number alanine

alc ALE aliph. alk. All Alt AM Am am AMA AMMA AMP AMPD AMS

alcohol atomic layer epitaxy aliphatic alkaline allose altrose amplitude modulation amyl amorphous solid acrylate maleic anhydride terpolymer acrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymer adenosine monophosphate 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol accelerator mass spectrometry

ads AE ae AEP AEPD AES

Symbols

This table lists some abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols encountered in the physical sciences. Most entries in italic type are symbols for physical quantities; for more details on these, see the table “Symbols and Terminology for Physical and Chemical Quantities” in this section. Additional information on units may be found in the table “International System of Units (SI)” in Section 1. Many of the terms to which these abbreviations refer are included in the tables “Definitions of Scientific Terms” in Section 2 and “Techniques for Materials Characterization” in Section 12. Useful references for further information are given below. Publication practices vary with regard to the use of capital or lower case letters for many abbreviations. An effort has been made to follow the most common practices in this table, but much variation is found in the literature. Likewise, policies on the use of periods in an abbreviation vary considerably. Periods are generally omitted in this table unless they are necessary for clarity. Periods should never appear in SI units. The SI prefixes (m, k, M, etc.) are included here, but they should never be used alone. Selected combinations of these prefixes with SI units (e.g., mg, kV, MW) are also included. Abbreviations are listed in alphabetical order without regard to case. Entries beginning with Greek letters fall at the end of the table.

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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

2-30

Symbols

AMTCS amu AN anh, anhyd ANOVA antilog ANTU AO AOM AP APAD APAP Ape API Api APM Apm APO APPI APS APW aq Ar Ara Ara-ol Arg ARPES AS ASA ASC ASCII ASE Asn Asp at ATCP ATEE ATLC atm ATP ATR at.wt. AU AUC av avdp B B b b BA BAL BAP, BaP bar bbl

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amyltrichlorosilane [trichloropentylsilane] atomic mass unit (recommended symbol is u) acetonitrile; acrylonitrile anhydrous analysis of variance antilogarithm 1-naphthalenylthiourea atomic orbital angular overlap model ethylene-propylene copolymer 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide acetyl p-amino phenol (acetaminophen) 2-aminopentanoic acid atmospheric pressure ionization apiose atomic probe microanalysis 2-aminopimelic acid amorphous polyolefin atmospheric pressure photoionization appearance potential spectroscopy; adenosine phosphosulfate augmented plane wave aqueous aryl arabinose arabinitol arginine angular resolved photoelectron spectroscopy acrylonitrile styrene copolymer acetylsalicylic acid; acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylonitrile block copolymer 4-(acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride American National Standard Code for Information Interchange aromatic stabilization model asparagine aspartic acid atomization 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxlic acid N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester adsorption thin layer chromatography standard atmosphere adenosine triphosphate attenuated total internal reflection atomic weight astronomical unit (ua is also used); polyurethane area under the time-concentration curve average avoirdupois bel; asparagine or aspartic acid (unspecified) magnetic flux density; second virial coefficient; susceptance barn van der Waals constant; molality benzyladenine British anti-Lewisite [2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol] benzo[a]pyrene bar (pressure unit) barrel

BBP BCB bcc BCF BCG BCME BCNU BCP BCPB BCPE BCS BDE BDEA BDMA Bé BEBO BEI BEM BEP Bes BET BeV BGE BHA BHC Bhn BHT Bi Bicine BIRD Bistris Bistrispropane BLO BN BNS BO BOD BON BP bp BPB BPG BPL BPO bpy Bq Br BRE BrUrd BS BSE BSSE BTMSA Btu BTX

benzyl butyl phthalate bromocresol blue body centered cubic bioconcentration factor bromocresol green bis(chloromethyl) ether N,N’-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea bromocresol purple bromochlorophenol blue 1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (theory) bond dissociation energy butyldiethanolamime benzyldimethylamine Baumé bond energy bond order (method) biological exposure index biological effect monitoring 2-butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (isotherm) billion electronvolt butyl glycidyl ether tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole benzene hexachloride [hexachlorobenzene] Brinell hardness number butylated hydroxytoluene [2,6-di-tert-butyl-4methylphenol] biot N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine blackbody infrared radiative dissociation 2-[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-2-(hydroxymethyl) propane-1,3-diol 1,3-bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino]propane γ-butyrolactone bond number; benzonitrile nuclear backscattering spectroscopy Born-Oppenheimer (approximation); bond order biochemical oxygen demand

β-hydroxynaphthoic acid base peak (in mass spectrometry); benzo[a]pyrene boiling point; base pair bromophenol blue 2,3-bis(phospho)-D-glycerate β-propiolactone benzoyl peroxide 2,2’-bipyridine becquerel butyryl bond resonance energy 5-bromouridine Birge-Sponer extrapolation back scattered electron(s) basis set superposition error 1,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene British thermal unit benzene, toluene, and xylene

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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

Ches CHF Chl Cho CHT Ci CI CID CIDEP

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butyl bushel butyl vinyl ether benzoyl benzyl coulomb; cysteine; cytosine (in genetic code) degree Celsius capacitance; heat capacity; number concentration centi (SI prefix for 10–2); combustion reaction amount concentration; specific heat; velocity speed of light in vacuum collisional activation; cellulose acetate approximately cellulose acetate butyrate computer-assisted drug design calorie calculated adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate) ceric ammonium nitrate carbon fiber coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy complete active space Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number computerized axial tomography; clear air turbulence chemical beam epitaxy complete basis set (of orbitals) coupled cluster; combustion calorimetry cubic centimeter charge-coupled device circular dichroism candela; condensed (phase) 2-chloro-N,N-diallylacetamide complete neglect of differential overlap cytidine 5’-diphosphate 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene (1,2-cyclohexylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid monohydrate charge density waves cohesive energy density channel electron multiplier counter electrophoresis coupled electron-pair approximation compare chlorofluorocarbon compound cubic feet per minute carbon reinforced plastics centimeter-gram-second system 3-[3-(cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1propanesulfonic acid 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethanesulfonic acid coupled Hartree-Fock (method) chlorophyll choline 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene curie configuration interaction; chemical ionization; color index charge-injection device; collision-induced dissociation chemically induced dynamic electron polarization

CIDNP CIE cir CKFF CL CLT cm c.m. CMC c.m.c. CMO CMP CN CNDO Co COC COD conc const COOP cos cosh COSY COT cot coth CP Cp Cp* cP cp CPA CPC cpd CPE CPL CPR cps CPT CPU CPVC CR cr, cryst CRF CRU CSA csc CSR CT ct CTA CTEM CTFE CTP CTR cu

chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization countercurrent immunoelectrophoresis circular Cotton-Kraihanzel force field cathode luminescence (spectroscopy) central limit theorem centimeter center of mass carboxymethylcellulose critical micelle concentration canonical molecular orbital cytidine 5’-monophosphate; chemical measurement process coordination number; cellulose nitrate complete neglect of differential overlap Cowling number cycloolefin copolymer chemical oxygen demand; 1,4-cyclooctadiene concentrated; concentration constant crystal orbital overlap population cosine hyperbolic cosine correlation spectroscopy 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene cotangent hyperbolic cotangent chemically pure cyclopentadienyl pentamethylcyclopentadienyl centipoise candle power coherent potential approximation centrifugal partition chromatography contact potential difference chlorinated polyethylene circular polarization of luminescence chlorophenol red cycles per second charge conjugation/space inversion/time inversion (theorem) central processing unit chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) chloroprene rubber (neoprene) crystalline (phase) charge remote fragmentation constitutional repeating unit (in polymer nomenclature) camphorsulfonic acid cosecant charge stripping reaction charge transfer carat cellulose triacetate conventional transmission electron microscopy chlorotrifluoroethylene cytidine 5’-triphosphate controlled thermonuclear reaction cubic

Symbols

Bu bu BVE Bz Bzl C °C C c c c0 CA ca. CAB CADD cal calc cAMP CAN CAR CARS CAS CASRN CAT CBE CBS CC cc CCD CD cd CDAA CDNO CDP CDT CDTA CDW CED CEM CEP CEPA cf. CFC cfm CFRP cgs Chaps

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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

2-32

Symbols

CV CVD cw cwt Cy Cya Cyd cyl Cys Cyt D D d d 2,4-D D/A Da DA da DAA DAB Dab DACH DAIP DAP DART dB DBA DBCP DBED DBM DBMC DBMS DBP DBPC dc, DC DCB DCBP DCEE DCHA DCM DCNP DCP DCPD DDM DDT DE DEA Dec dec DEET deg DEK den DEP DES

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cyclic voltammetry chemical vapor deposition continuous wave hundredweight (112 pounds) cyclohexyl cysteic acid cytidine cylinder cysteine cytosine debye unit; aspartic acid diffusion coefficient; dissociation energy; electric displacement day; deuteron; deci (SI prefix for 10–1) distance; density; dextrorotatory 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid digital to analog dalton donor-acceptor (complex) deka (SI prefix for 101) diacetone alcohol 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene 2,4-diaminobutanoic acid trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane diallyl isophthalate plasticizer diammonium phosphate direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry decibel dibenz[a,h]anthracene; dibenzylamine 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane dibenzyl ethylene diamine dibutyl maleate 2,4-di-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol database management system dibutyl phthalate; 2,3-dibromo-1-propanol 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol direct current dicyanobenzene 4,4’-dichlorobenzophenone dichloroethyl ether dicyclohexylamine dichloromethane 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol 2,4-dichlorophenol dicyclopentadiene 4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane delocalization energy; delayed extraction N,N-diethylaniline; diethanolamine decyl decomposes diethyltoluamide [N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide] degree diethyl ketone density 2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanediol diethyl sulfate

DESI det dev DFT dGlc DHBA DHH DHR DHU DI diam DIBA DIBK dil DIM DIPA dm DMA DMAB DMAC DMAE DMBA DME DMF DMP DMS DMSO DMT DN DNA DNase DNB DNMR DNP Dod DOP DOS doz DP, d.p. DPA DPG dpl Dpm dpm dps DPU dr DRE dRib DRIFT DRP DRS DS DSC DTA DTBP

desorption electrospray ionization (in mass spectrometry) determinant deviation density functional theory 2-deoxyglucose 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid dehydroheliotridine dehydroretronecine dihydrouridine desorption ionization diameter diisobutyl adipate diisobutyl ketone dilute; dilution diatomics in molecules (method); digital imaging microscopy diisopropanolamine decimeter N,N-dimethylaniline 4-(dimethylamino)azobenzene N,N-dimethylacetamide N,N-dimethylethanolamine 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene 1,2-dimethoxyethane N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl phthalate dimethyl sulfide dimethyl sulfoxide dimethyl terephthalate; dimethyl tartrate donor number deoxyribonucleic acid deoxyribonuclease 1,3-dinitrobenzene dynamic NMR spectroscopy dinitropyrene dodecyl dioctyl phthalate density of states; digital operating system; dioctyl sebacate dozen degree of polymerization diphenylamine N,N’-diphenylguanidine displacement 2,6-diaminopimelic acid disintegrations per minute disintegrations per second N,N’-diphenylurea dram Dewar resonance energy 2-deoxyribose diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform dynamic reaction path diffuse reflectance spectroscopy degree of substitution differential scanning calorimetry differential thermal analysis di-tert-butyl peroxide

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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

Eh e e EA EAA EAK EAN EC ECD ECP ECR ECTFE ED EDAX EDB EDC EDI EDS EDTA EEA EEDQ EEL EELS EES EFF EFFF EG EGA EGG EHMO, EHT EIMS EIS ELISA ELS EM EMAC emf EMPA, EMA emu en ENDOR EOS EP EPDS EPM EPR EPS EPT-76 EPTC

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divinylbenzene dyne double-zeta (type of basis set) exa (SI prefix for 1018); glutamic acid electric field strength; electromotive force; energy; Young’s modulus of elasticity; entgegen (trans configuration) Hartree energy electron; base of natural logarithms elementary charge; linear strain electron affinity ethylene acrylic acid copolymer; ethyl acetoacetate ethyl amyl ketone (3-octanone) effective atomic number ethyl cellulose electron capture dissociation effective core potential electron cyclotron resonance ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer electron diffraction energy dispersive analysis by x-rays ethylene dibromide [1,2-dibromoethane] ethylene dichloride [1,2-dichloroethane] estimated daily intake energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid ethylene-ethyl acetate copolymer ethyl 2-ethoxy-1(2H)-quinolinecarboxylate environmental exposure level electron energy loss spectroscopy excitation emission spectrum empirical force field energy factored force field equilibrium in the gas phase evolved gas analysis Einstein-Guth-Gold equation extended Hückel molecular orbital (theory) electron impact mass spectrometry electron impact spectroscopy; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay energy loss spectroscopy extended molarity; electron microscopy ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer electromotive force electron probe microanalysis electromagnetic unit system ethylenediamine electron-nuclear double resonance equation of state epoxy resin electron photodetachment spectroscopy ethylene-propylene copolymer electron paramagnetic resonance; ethylene propylene rubber expanded polystyrene provisional low temperature scale of 1976 dipropylcarbamothioic acid, S-ethyl ester

EPXMA eq, eqn eqQ erf erg ES ESA ESCA ESD e.s.d. ESI ESR est esu ET Et ETA ETFE Etn ETO ETS ETU EU Eu e.u. eV EVA EVE EXAFS EXELFS exp expt ext F °F F f

electron probe x-ray microanalysis equation quadrupole coupling constant error function erg (energy unit) equilibrium in solution electrostatic energy analyzer electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis electron stimulated desorption estimated standard deviation electrospray ionization electron spin resonance estimated electrostatic unit system ephemeris time; electron transfer ethyl electrothermal analysis ethylene tetrafluoroethylene polymer ethanolamine ethylene oxide electron tunneling spectroscopy ethylene thiourea polyether polyurethane Euler number entropy unit electronvolt ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer ethyl vinyl ether extended x-ray absorption fine structure (spectroscopy) extended energy loss fine structure exponential function experimental external farad; phenylalanine degree Fahrenheit Faraday constant; force; angular momentum formation reaction; femto (SI prefix for 10–15)

f

activity coefficient; aperture ratio; focal length; force constant; frequency; fugacity fast atom bombardment flavine adenine dinucleotide high-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry flowing afterglow – selected ion-flow tube face centered cubic field desorption free electron laser field emission microscopy free electron molecular orbital fluorinated ethylene propylene field effect transistor field ionization free induction decay field ion microscopy far infrared fluid (phase) frequency modulation Fourier number

FAB FAD FAIMS FA-SIFT fcc FD FEL FEM FEMO FEP FET FI fid FIM FIR fl FM Fo

Symbols

DVB dyn DZ E E

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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

2-34

Symbols

fp fpm fps Fr Fr FRP Fru FSGO FT ft ft-lb FTIR FTMS FTNMR fus FVP FWHM G G g g GABA Gal gal GalN GB GC GC-MS GDMS GDP gem GeV GF GIAO GIBMS gl Gla GLC Glc GlcA GlcN GlcNAc GlcU Gln GLP Glu Glx Gly GMP GMT GPC gpm gps Gr gr

K21599_S02.indb 34

freezing point feet per minute feet per second; foot-pound-second system franklin Froude number fibrous glass reinforced polyester; fiber reinforced plastic fructose floating spherical gaussian orbitals Fourier transform foot foot pound Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform mass spectrometry Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance fusion (melting) flash vacuum pyrolysis full width at half maximum gauss; guanine (in genetic code); giga (SI prefix for 109); glycine electrical conductance; Gibbs energy; gravitational constant; sheer modulus gram; gas (phase) acceleration due to gravity; degeneracy; Landé g-factor; statistical weight γ-aminobutyric acid gal; galactose gallon galactosamine gas-phase basicity gas chromatography gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy glow discharge mass spectroscopy guanosine 5’-diphosphate geminal (on the same carbon atom) gigaelectronvolt glass reinforced gauge invariant atomic orbital guided ion beam mass spectrometry glacial 4-carboxyglutamic acid gas-liquid chromatography glucose gluconic acid glucosamine N-acetylglucosamine glucuronic acid glutamine good laboratory practice glutamic acid glutamine or glutamic acid (unspecified) glycine guanosine 5’-monophosphate Greenwich mean time gel-permeation chromatography gallons per minute gallon per second Grashof number grain

Gra Gri Grn Gro GTO GTP Gua Gul Guo GUT GVB GWS Gy H H H0 h h Ha ha HAM hav Hb HCA HCB hcp Hcy HCZ, HCTZ HDL HDPE HDS HEIS HEP Hepes Hepps HF HFA HFO hfs HHPA HIPS His HMC HMDA HMO HMT HMX HN1 HOAc HOC HOMAS HOMO HOSE Hp hp HPLC

glyceraldehyde glyceric acid glycerone [dihydroxyacetone] glycerol gaussian-type orbital guanosine 5’-triphosphate guanine gulose guanosine grand unified theory generalized valence bond (method) Glashow-Weinberg-Salam (theory) gray; gigayear henry; histidine enthalpy; Hamiltonian function; magnetic field Hubble constant helion; hour; hecto (SI prefix for 102) Planck constant Hartmann number hectare hydrogenic atoms in molecules haversine hemoglobin heterocyclic amine; hexachloroacetone hexachlorobenzene hexagonal closed packed homocysteine hydrochlorothiazide high-density lipoprotein high-density polyethylene hydrodesulfurization high-energy ion scattering high energy physics 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinepropanesulfonic acid high frequency; Hartree-Fock (method) hexafluoroacetone Hartree-Fock orbital hyperfine structure hexahydrophthalic anhydride high-impact polystyrene histidine high strength molding compound hexamethylenediamine Hückel molecular orbital hexamethylenetetramine cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine 2-chloro-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethylethanamine acetic acid halogenated organic compound(s) harmonic oscillator model of aromatic stabilization highest occupied molecular orbital harmonic oscillator stabilization energy heptyl horsepower high-performance liquid chromatography

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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

i i I/O IAT IC ICD ICP ICR ICVTST ID id Ido IdoA IDP IE i.e.p. IEPA IF IGLO IIR IKES Ile Im IMFP imm IMP IMPATT IMS in. InChI INDO Ino INS Ins int IP IPA IPMA IPN IPR

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high pressure mass spectrometry p-hydroquinone hour Hückel resonance energy high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy high resolution electron microscopy hard-soft acid-base (theory) homodesmotic stabilization energy homoserine homovanillic acid hexyl 5-hydroxylysine hypoxanthine; 4-hydroxyproline hertz isoleucine; inositol; ionomer electric current; ionic strength; moment of inertia; nuclear spin angular momentum; radiant intensity square root of minus one electric current input/output international atomic time integrated circuit induced circular dichroism inductive-coupled plasma ion cyclotron resonance improved canonical variational transition-state theory inside diameter ideal (solution) iodose iduronic acid inosine 5’-diphosphate ionization energy isoelectric point independent electron pair approximation intermediate frequency individual gauge for localized orbitals isobutylene-isoprene rubber (butyl rubber) ion kinetic energy spectrometry isoleucine imaginary part inelastic mean free path (of electrons) immersion inosine 5’-monophosphate impact ionization avalanche transit time ion mobility spectrometry inch IUPAC International Chemical Identifier immediate neglect of differential overlap inosine inelastic neutron scattering; ion neutralization spectroscopy myo-inositol internal ionization potential isopropyl alcohol ion probe microanalysis interpenetrating polymer network isotope perturbation of resonance

IPTS IQ IR IRAS IRC IRMPD IRMS IRS isc ISE ISS IT ITP ITS IU IVE J J j JT K K k k kat kb KC-MS kcal KDP KE KERD keV KG kg kgf KIE kJ km Kn kPa KS kt KTP kV kva kW kwh L L l l Lac LAH lat. lb

International Practical Temperature Scale 2-amino-3-methyl-3H-imidazo(4,5-f )quinoline infrared infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy intrinsic reaction coordinate infrared multiphoton dissociation isotope ratio mass spectrometry infrared spectroscopy intersystem crossing ion-selective electrode; isodesmic stabilization energy ion scattering spectroscopy ion trap; information technology inosine 5’-triphosphate International Temperature Scale (1990) international unit isobutyl vinyl ether joule; leucine or isoleucine (unspecified) angular momentum; electric current density; flux; Massieu function angular momentum; electric current density Jahn-Teller (effect) kelvin; lysine absorption coefficient; bulk modulus; equilibrium constant; kinetic energy kilo (SI prefix for 103) absorption index; Boltzmann constant; rate constant; thermal conductivity; wave vector katal (unit of catalytic activity) kilobar; kilobases (DNA or RNA) Knudson cell mass spectrometry kilocalorie potassium dihydrogen phosphate kinetic energy kinetic energy release distributions kiloelectronvolt kinetics in the gas phase kilogram kilogram force kinetic isotope effect kilojoule kilometer Knudsen number kilopascal kinetics in solution karat potassium titanium phosphate kilovolt kilovolt ampere kilowatt kilowatt hour liter; lambert; leucine Avogadro constant; inductance; Lagrange function; angular momentum liter; liquid (phase) angular momentum; length; mean free path; levorotatory lactose lithium aluminum hydride latitude pound

Symbols

HPMS HQ hr HRE HREELS HREM HSAB HSE Hse HVA Hx Hyl Hyp Hz I I

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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

2-36

Symbols

lbf LC LC-MS lc LCAO LD LDA LDL LDPE LDV Le LE LEC LED LEED LEIS Leu LFER LFL LI lim LIMS liq LIT LLCT lm LMCT LMMS LMO LMR ln LNDO log LOMO long. LPE LPG LPHP LPU LSFE LSI LST LT LTE LUMO lx ly l.y. Lys Lyx M M Mr m

K21599_S02.indb 36

pound force liquid chromatography; liquid crystal liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry liquid crystal (phase) linear combination of atomic orbitals lethal dose; laser desorption local density approximation; lithium diisopropylamide low-density lipoprotein low-density polyethylene laser-Doppler velocimetry Lewis function localization energy liquid exchange chromatography light emitting diode low-energy electron diffraction low-energy ion scattering leucine linear free energy relationships lower flammable limit laser ionization limit laser ionization mass spectroscopy; laboratory information management system liquid linear ion trap ligand to ligand charge transfer lumen ligand to metal charge transfer laser microprobe mass spectrometry localized molecular orbital laser magnetic resonance logarithm (natural) local neglect of differential overlap logarithm (common) lowest occupied molecular orbital longitude linear polyethylene liquid petroleum gas laser-powered homogeneous pyrolysis law of propagation of uncertainty linear field stabilization energy liquid secondary ionization local sidereal time local time local thermodynamic equilibrium lowest unoccupied molecular orbital lux langley light year lysine lyxose molar (as in 0.1 M solution); mega (SI prefix for 106); methionine magnetization; molar mass; mutual inductance; torque; angular momentum component; median molecular weight (relative molar mass) meter; molal (as in 0.1 m solution); metastable (isotope); milli (SI prefix for 10–3)

m Ma MA MAAc Mal Man MASNMR max Mb MBE MBER MBK MBOCA MBPT MBS MC MCAA MCD MCP MCPA MCPF MCS MCSCF MD MDI MDPE Me MeCCNU MeIQ MeIQx MEK MEP MERP Mes MESFET Met MeV meV MF mg MHD mi MIAK MIBK MIC MIK MIKES min MINDO MIPK MIR misc MKS MKSA mL, ml MM

magnetic dipole moment; mass; molality; angular momentum component; meta (locant on aromatic ring) Mach number maleic anhydride methyl amyl acetate maltose mannose magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance maximum myoglobin molecular beam epitaxy molecular beam electron resonance methyl butyl ketone 4,4’-methylenebis[2-chloroaniline] many body perturbation theory methyl methacrylate butadiene styrene terpolymer Monte Carlo (method) monochloroacetic acid magnetic circular dichroism microchannel plate (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid modified coupled pair functional Monte Carlo simulation multiconfigurational self-consistent field (approximation) molecular dynamics (method) methylene diphenylisocyanate medium density polyethylene methyl 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea 2-amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f ]quinoxaline methyl ethyl ketone molecular electrostatic potential minimum energy reaction path 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid metal-semiconductor field-effect transistor methionine megaelectronvolt millielectronvolt molecular formula; melamine-formaldehyde resin milligram magnetohydrodynamics mile methyl isoamyl ketone methyl isobutyl ketone methyl isocyanate methyl isobutyl ketone mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry minimum; minute modified INDO (method) methyl isopropyl ketone mid infrared miscible meter-kilogram-second system meter-kilogram-second-ampere system milliliter molecular mechanics

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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

NAA NAAD NAD NADH NADP NANA NAO NBO

K21599_S02.indb 37

millimeter microwave-microwave double resonance magnetomotive force millimeter of mercury m-nitroaniline modified neglect of diatomic overlap m-nitrotoluene N-methyl-N-nitrosourea molecular orbital; methyl orange microwave-optical double resonance mole molecular weight monomeric form 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid metal-oxide semiconductor metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor melting point megapascal Mulliken population analysis megaparsec 2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol multiphoton ionization 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine methyl red multireference double substitution (method) magnetic resonance imaging messenger RNA mass spectroscopy millisecond methanesulfonic acid Material Safety Data Sheet methanesulfonyl fluoride mass spectroscopy – kinetic method mean sea level methyl tert-butyl ether maximum tolerable dose muramic acid millivolt methyl vinyl ketone megawatt; microwave; molecular weight milliwatt molecular weight distribution maxwell newton; asparagine angular momentum; neutron number; number density Avogadro constant neutron; nano (SI prefix for 10–9) amount of substance; number density; principal quantum number; refractive index; normal (in chemical formulas) nuclear activation analysis; 1-naphthaleneacetic acid nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide reduced NAD NAD phosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid natural atomic orbital natural bond orbital

nbp NBR NDELA NEDOR NEM Neu NEXAFS ng NHO NHOMO NICI NICS NIR nm NMN NMR Nn NNDO NO NOE NOEL NOx NP NPA NQR NR NRA ns NSE NTA NTP Nu Nu o OAA obs, obsd Oc OD ODMR Oe OFGF ONA ORD Oro oz P P p p

normal boiling point nitrile butadiene rubber [poly(butadiene-coacrylonitrile)] N-nitrosodiethanolamine nuclear electron double resonance N-ethylmorpholine neuraminic acid near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure nanogram natural hybrid orbital next-to-highest occupied molecular orbital negative ion chemical ionization nuclear independent chemical shift near infrared; ribosylnicotinamide nanometer

Pa

β-nicotinamide mononucleotide nuclear magnetic resonance nonyl neglect of nonbonded differential overlap natural orbital nuclear Overhauser effect no-observed-effect level nitrogen oxides nitropyrene natural population analysis nuclear quadrupole resonance natural rubber nuclear reaction analysis nanosecond neutron spin echo nitrilotriacetic acid normal temperature and pressure nucleophile Nusselt number ortho (locant on aromatic ring) oxaloacetic acid observed octyl optical density; outside diameter optically detected magnetic resonance oersted outer valence Green’s function (method) o-nitroaniline optical rotatory dispersion orotate; orotidine ounce poise; peta (SI prefix for 1015); proline power; pressure; probability; sound energy flux proton; pico (SI prefix for 10–12) dielectric polarization; electric dipole moment; momentum; pressure; bond order; para (as aromatic ring locant) pascal

PA PAA PABA PABS PAC

proton affinity; pyrrolizidine alkaloid; polyamide (nylon) poly(acrylic acid) p-aminobenzoic acid p-aminobenzenesulfonamide photoacoustic calorimetry

Symbols

mm MMDR mmf mmHg MNA MNDO MNT MNU MO MODR mol mol.wt. mon Mops MOS MOSFET mp MPa MPA Mpc MPD MPI MPTP MR MRD MRI mRNA MS ms MSA MSDS MSF MS-K MSL MTBE MTD Mur mV MVK MW mW MWD Mx N N NA n n

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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

2-38

Symbols

PAH PAI PAL PAM PAN PAR PARA PAS PB PBA PBAN PBB PBD PBI PBMA PBS PBT PC pc PCB PCHO PCL PCM PCNB PCP PCR PCT PCTFE PD PDB pdl PDMS PE Pe Pe pe PEA PEEK PEG PEI PEK PEL PEO PES PET peth PEX PF pf PFOA pg Ph pH Phe PhIP PHPMS

K21599_S02.indb 38

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(s) polyamide-imide polyaniline polyacrylamide 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol; polyacrylonitrile 4-(2’-pyridylazo)resorcinol polyaryl amide photoacoustic spectroscopy; polyarylsulfone polybutylene poly(butyl acrylate) polybutylene-acrylonitrile copolymer polybrominated biphenyl poly(1,3-butadiene) polybenzimidazole poly(butyl methacrylate) polybutadiene-styrene copolymer poly(butylene terephthalate) paper chromatography; photocalorimetry; polycarbonate parsec polychlorinated biphenyl paraldehyde (2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-trioxane) polycaprolactone polarizable continuum model pentachloronitrobenzene pentachlorophenol polymerase chain reaction poly(cyclohexylene terephthalate) polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene potential difference p-dichlorobenzene poundal poly(dimethylsiloxane) polyethylene pentyl Péclet number probable error poly(ethyl acrylate) poly(ether ether ketone) poly(ethylene glycol) polyetherimide polyetherketone permissible exposure limit poly(ethylene oxide) photoelectron spectroscopy; potential energy surface; polyethersulfone positron emission tomography; poly(ethylene terephthalate); pentaerythritol tetranitrate petroleum ether crosslinked polyethylene phenol-formaldehyde resin power factor perfluorooctanoic acid picogram phenyl negative log of hydrogen ion concentration phenylalanine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine pulsed high pressure mass spectrometry

PI pI PIB PIMS PIN Pipes PIV PIXE pK PLM PLOT PLS pm PMA PMAC PMMA PMO PMP PMS PNA PNDO PNO PNRA PNT PO POAV pol POM POx PP ppb PPC PPE ppm PPO PPOX PPP PPS PPSU PPT ppt Pr Pr PRDDO Pro PS ps PSD psi psia psig PT pt PTFE PTME PTMS PTP

polyimide isoelectric point polyisobutylene photoionization mass spectrometry p-intrinsic-n (diode) 1,4-piperazinediethanesulfonic acid particle-image velocimetry particle induced x-ray emission negative log of ionization constant principle of least motion porous-layer open-tabular (column) partial least squares picometer poly(methyl acrylate) phenylmercuric acetate poly(methyl methacrylate) perturbation MO (theory) polymethylpentene polymethylstyrene; p-methylstyrene p-nitroaniline partial neglect of differential overlap pair natural orbitals prompt nuclear reaction analysis p-nitrotoluene polyolefin

π-orbital axis vector polymeric form polyoxymethylene phosphorus oxides polypropylene parts per billion chlorinated polypropylene poly(phenylene ether) parts per million poly(phenylene oxide) polypropylene oxide Pariser-Parr-Pople (method) poly(phenylene sulfide) poly(phenylene sulfone) poly(propylene terephthalate) parts per thousand; precipitate propyl Prandtl number partial retention of diatomic differential overlap proline photoelectron spectroscopy; polystyrene picosecond photon stimulated desorption pounds per square inch pounds per square inch absolute pounds per square inch gage perturbation theory pint poly(tetrafluoroethylene) poly(tetramethylene terephthalate) propyltrimethoxysilane p-terphenyl

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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

q QCD QCI QCT QED Q.E.D. QIT QMRE QMS QSAR QSO qt quad Qui q.v. R °R R r r RA rad RAIRS RAM RBS Rbu, Rul RCI RDA RDS RDX Re RE RED REELS REM

K21599_S02.indb 39

phenylthiourea polyurethane purine poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(vinyl acetate) poly(vinyl chloride) physical vapor deposition poly(vinylidene chloride) poly(vinylidene fluoride) poly(vinyl fluoride) poly(vinyl carbazole) poly(methyl vinyl ether) poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) pressure-volume-temperature pyrimidine pyrolysis mass spectrometry point of zero charge electric charge; heat; partition function; quadrupole moment; radiant energy; vibrational normal coordinate; glutamine electric field gradient; flow rate; heat; wave vector (phonons) quantum chromodynamics quadratic configuration interaction quasi-classical trajectory (method) quantum electrodynamics quod erat demonstrandum (which was to be proved) quadrupole ion trap quantum mechanical resonance energy quadrupole mass spectrometry quantitative structure-activity relations quasi-stellar object quart quadrillion BTU (=1.055•1018 joules) quinovose quod vide (which you should see) roentgen; arginine; alkyl radical (in chemical formulas) degree Rankine electrical resistance; gas constant; molar refraction; Rydberg constant; coefficient of multiple correlation reaction (as in ∆rH) position vector; radius right ascension radian reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy random access memory Rutherford back scattering ribulose ring current index rubidium dihydrogen arsenate rate determining step Royal Demolition Explosive (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro1,3,5-triazine) real part resonance energy radial electron distribution reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy reflection electron microscopy

rem REMPI REPE RF RGA Rha RHEED RHF RI RIA Rib Ribulo rms RNA RNase ROHF ROM ROMP ROP RPA RPH RPLC rpm rps RRK RRKM rRNA RRS RS RSC Ry S S s s SAED SALC SALI SAM SAMS SANS SAR Sar sat, satd SAXS SB SBS Sc SC SCD SCE SCF SCP SCR SCRF

roentgen equivalent man resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization resonance energy per electron radiofrequency residual gas analyzer rhamnose reflection high-energy electron diffraction restricted Hartree-Fock (theory) resonance ionization radioimmunoassay ribose ribulose root-mean-square ribonucleic acid ribonuclease restricted open shell Hartree-Fock read only memory ring opening metathesis polymerization ring opening polymerization random phase approximation reaction path Hamiltonian reversed-phase liquid chromatography revolutions per minute revolutions per second Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel (theory) Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (theory) ribosomal RNA resonance Raman spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy reaction-solution calorimetry rydberg siemens; serine area; entropy; probability current density; Poynting vector; symmetry coordinate; spin angular momentum second; solid (phase) path length; spin angular momentum; symmetry number; sedimentation coefficient; solubility; symmetrical (as stereochemical descriptor) selected area electron diffraction symmetry adapted linear combinations surface analysis by laser ionization scanning Auger microscopy self-assembled monolayers small angle neutron scattering structure-activity relationship sarcosine saturated small angle x-ray scattering styrene butadiene copolymer styrene butadiene styrene block copolymer Schmidt number spin-coupled (method) state correlation diagram saturated calomel electrode self-consistent field (method); supercritical fluid single cell protein silicon-controlled rectifier self-consistent reaction field (method)

Symbols

PTU PU Pu PVA PVAc PVC PVD PVDC PVDF PVF PVK PVME PVOH PVP PVT Py PyMS p.z.c. Q

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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

2-40

Symbols

sd SDA SDW SE SEBS SEC sec sec SECSY Sed SEELFS SEM sepn Ser SERS SET SEXAF SFC Sh Shy SI SID SILAR SIM SIMS sin sinh SIPN SIS SLAM SLUMO SMILES SMMA SMO SMOW SNMS Sno SNU SOJT sol soln, sln SOMO Sor sp gr SPM SPST sq Sr sr Srd SSMS St St std, stnd STEL STEM

K21599_S02.indb 40

standard deviation sulfadiazine spin density wave strain energy styrene ethylene butylene styrene block copolymer size exclusion chromatography secant; second secondary (in chemical name) spin-echo correlated spectroscopy sedoheptulose surface extended energy loss fine structure scanning electron microscopy; standard error of the mean separation serine surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy single electron transfer surface extended x-ray absorption fine structure supercritical fluid chromatography Sherwood number thiohypoxanthine International System of Units; surface ionization surface-induced dissociation successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction selected ion monitoring secondary-ion spectroscopy sine hyperbolic sine semi-interpenetrating polymer network styrene isoprene styrene block copolymer scanning laser acoustic microscopy second lowest unoccupied molecular orbital simplified molecular input line entry system styrene methyl methacrylate copolymer semiempirical molecular orbital Standard Mean Ocean Water (Vienna) sputtered neutral mass spectroscopy thiouridine solar neutrino unit second-order Jahn-Teller (effect) soluble; solution solution singly occupied molecular orbital sorbose specific gravity scanned probe microscopy single-pulse shock tubes square Strouhal number steradian 6-thioinosine source spark mass spectroscopy stoke Stanton number standard (state) short-term exposure limit scanning transmission electron microscope

STM STO STP sub, subl Suc, Sac Sur Sv SWIFT T T t t TAC TAI Tal tan tanh Taps TBE TBP TC TCA TCB, TCBA TCE TCG TCNE TCNQ TCP TCSCF TDA TDI tDNA TE TEA TED TEDA TEELS TEM temp TEO TEPP tert Tes TFD TFE TGA Thd THEED theor thf, THF THQ Thr Thy TI

scanning tunneling microscopy Slater-type orbital standard temperature and pressure sublimes; sublimation sucrose thiouracil sievert stored waveform inverse Fourier transform tesla; tera (SI prefix for 1012); threonine kinetic energy; period; term value; temperature (thermodynamic); torque; transmittance metric tonne; triton Celsius temperature; thickness; time; transport number time-to-amplitude converter International Atomic Time talose tangent hyperbolic tangent 3-{[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino}-1propanesulfonic acid 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane tributyl phosphate titration calorimetry trichloroacetic acid 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoic acid trichloroethylene Geocentric Coordinated Time tetracyanoethylene tetracyanoquinodimethane tricresyl phosphate two configuration self-consistent field toluene-2,4-diamine toluene diisocyanate transfer DNA transverse electric triethanolamine; triethylamine transferred electron device; transmission electron diffraction triethylenediamine transmission electron energy loss spectroscopy transverse electromagnetic; transmission electron microscope temperature thermoplastic elastic olefin tetraethyl pyrophosphate tertiary (in chemical name) 2-{[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]amino}-1propanesulfonic acid Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (method) tetrafluoroethylene thermogravimetric analysis ribosylthymine transmission high energy electron diffraction theoretical tetrahydrofuran 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline threonine thymine thermal ionization

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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

K21599_S02.indb 41

triisopropanolamine thermoluminescence thin-layer chromatography threshold limit value transverse magnetic tetrabutylammonium bromide trimethylamine oxide tri-m-cresyl phosphate N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-1,2-ethanediamine threshold molecular weight value tetramethylsilane 2,4,6-trinitroaniline 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene tetranitromethane 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene tri-o-cresyl phosphate turnover frequency time-of-flight mass spectrometer tolyl turnover number trioctylphosphine oxide torr (pressure unit) tri-o-tolyl phosphate thermoplastic elastomer triphenyltin acetate triphenyltin chloride topological resonance energy trehalose N-[2-hydroxy-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]glycine 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol time-resolved microwave conductivity transfer RNA tryptophan transition transition state transition state spectroscopy generalized transition-state theory tetrathiofulvalene tyrosine uracil (in genetic code) electric potential difference; internal energy unified atomic mass unit Bloch function; electric mobility; velocity astronomical unit (AU is also used) Urey-Bradley force field 1,1-dimethylhydrazine uridine 5’-diphosphate ultrahigh frequency; unrestricted Hartree-Fock (method) ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene ultra low density polyethylene ultra linear polyethylene uridine 5’-monophosphate unsymmetrical (as chemical descriptor) ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy uracil uridine United States Pharmacopeia

UT UTC UTP UV V V v v/v VA Val vap VAT VB VCD VDW VHF vic VIS vit VLDPE VLPP VMA VOC VOFF VPC VSEPR VSIP VSLI VSMOW VTCS VUV W W w w/v w/w WAXS Wb We WKB WLF WLN wt X X x X, Xaa XAFS Xan XANES Xao Xle XLPE Xlu, Xul XPS, XPES

universal time coordinated universal time uridine 5’-triphosphate ultraviolet volt; valine electric potential; potential energy; volume reaction rate; specific volume; velocity; vibrational quantum number; vicinal (as chemical descriptor) volume per volume (volume of solute divided by volume of solution, expressed as percent) vinyl acetate, vanillic acid valine vaporization vibration assisted tunneling valence band; valence bond (theory) vibrational circular dichroism van der Waals interaction very high frequency vicinal (on adjacent carbon atom) visible region of the spectrum vitreous (phase) very low density polyethylene very low pressure pyrolysis vanilmandelic acid volatile organic compound(s) valence orbital force field vapor phase chromatography valence shell electron-pair repulsion (method) valence state ionization potential very large scale integrated (circuit) Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water vinyltrichlorosilane vacuum ultraviolet watt; tryptophan radiant energy; statistical weight; work energy density; mass fraction; velocity; work weight per volume (mass of solute divided by volume of solution, usually expressed as g/100 mL) weight per weight (mass of solute divided by mass of solution, expressed as percent) wide angle x-ray scattering weber Weber number Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin (approximation) Williams-Landel-Ferry (equation) Wiswesser line notation weight X unit; halogen (in chemical formula) reactance mole fraction unspecified amino acid x-ray absorption fine structure xanthine x-ray absorption near-edge structure xanthosine leucine or isoleucine (unspecified) crosslinked polyethylene xylulose x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Symbols

TIPA TL TLC TLV TM TMAB TMAO TMCP TMEDA TMMV TMS TNA TNB TNM TNT TOCP TOF TOF-MS tol TON TOPO Torr TOTP TPE TPTA TPTC TRE Tre Tricine Tris TRMC tRNA Trp trs TS TSS TST TTF Tyr U U u u ua UBFF UDMH UDP UHF UHMWPE ULDPE ULPE UMP uns, unsym UPS, UPES Ura Urd USP

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Scientific Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Symbols

2-42

Symbols

XRD XRF XRS Xyl Y Y y y y, yr YAG yd YIG Z Z z z ZDO ZINDO ZPE, ZPVE ZULU α α β β γ γ

Γ ∆ δ ε

K21599_S02.indb 42

x-ray diffraction x-ray fluorescence x-ray spectroscopy xylose yotta (SI prefix for 1024); tyrosine admittance; Planck function; Young’s modulus yocto (SI prefix for 10–24) mole fraction for gas (when x refers to liquid phase) year yttrium aluminum garnet yard yttrium iron garnet zetta (SI prefix for 1021); glutamine or glutamic acid (unspecified) atomic number; compression factor; collision number; impedance; partition function; zusammen (cisconfiguration) zepto (SI prefix for 10–21) charge number (of an ion); collision frequency factor zero differential overlap Zerner’s INDO method zero point vibrational energy Greenwich mean time alpha particle absorption coefficient; degree of dissociation; electric polarizability; expansion coefficient; fine structure constant beta particle reciprocal temperature parameter (= 1/kT)

photon; gamma (obsolete mass unit = µg) activity coefficient; conductivity; magnetogyric ratio; mass concentration; ratio of heat capacities; surface tension Grüneisen parameter; level width; surface concentration inertial defect; mass excess chemical shift; Dirac delta function; Kronecker delta; loss angle emittance; Levi-Civita symbol; linear strain; molar absorption coefficient; permittivity

ζ η κ λ Λ µ µ

µF µg µm µs ν νe ν Π π ρ σ τ Φ φ χ χe

ψ Ω Ω ω

Coriolis coupling constant; electrokinetic potential overpotential; viscosity compressibility; conductivity; magnetic susceptibility; molar absorption coefficient absolute activity; radioactive decay constant; thermal conductivity; wavelength angular momentum; ionic conductivity muon; micro (SI prefix for 10–6) chemical potential; electric dipole moment; electric mobility; friction coefficient; Joule-Thompson coefficient; magnetic dipole moment; mobility; permeability microfarad microgram micrometer microsecond frequency; kinematic velocity; stoichiometric number neutrino wavenumber osmotic pressure; Peltier coefficient pion density; reflectance; resistivity electrical conductivity; cross section; normal stress; shielding constant (NMR); Stefan-Boltzmann constant; surface tension; standard deviation transmittance; chemical shift; shear stress; relaxation time magnetic flux; potential energy; radiant power; work function electrical potential; fugacity coefficient; osmotic coefficient; quantum yield; wavefunction magnetic susceptibility electric susceptibility wavefunction ohm axial angular momentum; solid angle circular frequency; angular velocity; harmonic vibration wavenumber; statistical weight

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Greek, Russian, and Hebrew Alphabets The following table presents the Hebrew, Greek, and Russian alphabets, their letters, the names of the letters, and the English equivalents. aleph

’

2

‫ ב‬

beth

b, bh

‫ ג‬

gimel

g, gh

‫ ד‬

daleth

d, dh

‫ ה‬

he

h

‫ ו‬

waw

w

‫ ז‬

zayin

z

‫ ח‬

heth

‫ ט‬

h.

teth

‫ י‬

t.

yodh

y

‫ ך כ‬

kaph

k, kh

‫ ל‬

lamedh

l

‫ ם מ‬

mem

m

‫ ן נ‬

nun

n

‫ ס‬

samekh s

‫ ע‬

ayin

‘

‫ ף פ‬

pe

p, ph

‫ ץ צ‬

sadhe

‫ ק‬

s.

qoph

q

‫ ר‬

resh

r

‫ שׂ‬

sin

ś

‫ שׁ‬

shin

sh

‫ ת‬

taw

t, th

Α α

Greek4

alpha

a

Β β

beta

b

Γ γ

gamma g, n

∆ δ

delta

Ε ε

epsilon e

Ζ ζ

zeta

z

Η η

eta

ē

Θθ

theta

th

Ι ι

iota

i

Κ κ

kappa

k

Λ λ

lambda l

Μ µ

mu

m

Ν ν

nu

n

Ξ ξ

xi

x

Ο ο

omicron o

Π π

pi

p

Ρ ρ

rho

r, rh

d

Σ σ ς sigma

s

T τ

tau

t

ϒ υ

upsilon y, u

Φ φ

phi

ph

Χ χ

chi

ch

Ψ ψ

psi

ps

Ω ω

omega ō

Russian

А а Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ж ж З з И и Й й К к Л л М м Н н О о П п Р р C с Т т У у Фф Хх Ц ц Чч Ш ш Щщ Ъ ъ5 Ы ы Ь ь6 Э э Юю Яя

a b v g d e zh z i, ĭ k l m n o p r s t u f kh ts ch sh shch ” y ’ e yu ya

Symbols

‫ א‬

Hebrew1,3

Where two forms of a letter are given, the second one is the form used at the end of a word. Not represented in transliteration when initial. 3 The Hebrew letters are primarily consonants; a few of them are also used secondarily to represent certain vowels, when provided at all, by means of a system of dots or strokes adjacent to the consonated characters. 4 The letter gamma is transliterated “n” only before velars; the letter upsilon is transliterated “u” only as the final element in diphthongs. 5 This sign indicates that the immediately preceding consonant is not palatized even though immediately followed by a palatized vowel. 6 This sign indicates that the immediately preceding consonant is palatized even though not immediately followed by a palatized vowel. 1 2



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Definitions of Scientific Terms Brief definitions of selected terms of importance in chemistry, physics, and related fields of science are given in this section. The selection process emphasizes the following types of terms:

Symbols

d d d d

Physical quantities Units of measure Classes of chemical compounds and materials Important theories, laws, and basic concepts.

Individual chemical compounds are not included. Definitions have taken wherever possible from the recommendations of international or national bodies, especially the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO). For physical quantities and units, the recommended symbol is also given. The source of such definitions is indicated by the reference number in brackets following the definition. In many cases these official definitions have been edited in the interest of stylistic consistency and economy of space. The user is referred to the original source for further details. An asterisk (*) following a term indicates that further information can be found by consulting the index of this handbook under the entry for that term.

Ab initio method - An approach to quantum-mechanical calculations on molecules which starts with the Schrödinger equation and carries out a complete integration, without introducing empirical factors derived from experimental measurement. Absorbance (A) - Defined as -log(1-α) = log(1/τ), where α is the absorptance and τ the transmittance of a medium through which a light beam passes. [2] Absorbed dose (D) - For any ionizing radiation, the mean energy imparted to an element of irradiated matter divided by the mass of that element. [1] Absorptance (α) - Ratio of the radiant or luminous flux in a given spectral interval absorbed in a medium to that of the incident radiation. Also called absorption factor. [1] Absorption coefficient (a) - The relative decrease in the intensity of a collimated beam of electromagnetic radiation, as a result of absorption by a medium, during traversal of an infinitesimal layer of the medium, divided by the length traversed. [1] Absorption coefficient, molar (ε) - Absorption coefficient divided by amount-of-substance concentration of the absorbing material in the sample solution (ε = a/c). The SI unit is m2/mol. Also called extinction coefficient, but usually in units of mol–1dm3cm–1. [2] Acceleration - Rate of change of velocity with respect to time. Acceleration due to gravity (g)* - The standard value (9.80665 m/s2) of the acceleration experienced by a body in the earth’s gravitational field. [1] Acenes - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consisting of fused benzene rings in a rectilinear arrangement. [5] Acid - Historically, a substance that yields an H+ ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH1) and their intramolecular hemiacetals. [5] Aldoximes - Oximes of aldehydes: RCH=NOH. [5] Alfvén number (Al) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Al = v(ρµ)1/2/B, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] Alfvén waves - Very low frequency waves which can exist in a plasma in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. Also called magnetohydrodynamic waves. Alicyclic compounds - Aliphatic compounds having a carbocyclic ring structure which may be saturated or unsaturated, but may not be a benzenoid or other aromatic system. [5] Aliphatic compounds - Acyclic or cyclic, saturated or unsaturated carbon compounds, excluding aromatic compounds. [5] Alkali metals - The elements lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium. Alkaline earth metals - The elements calcium, strontium, barium, and radium. [7] Alkaloids - Basic nitrogen compounds (mostly heterocyclic) occurring mostly in the plant kingdom (but not excluding those of animal origin). Amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acids, and amino sugars are not normally regarded as alkaloids. [5] Alkanes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having the general formula CnH2n+2, and therefore consisting entirely of hydrogen atoms and saturated carbon atoms. [5] Alkenes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having one carbon-carbon double bond and the general formula CnH2n. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one double bond are alkadienes, alkatrienes, etc. [5] Alkoxides - Compounds, ROM, derivatives of alcohols, ROH, in which R is saturated at the site of its attachment to oxygen and M is a metal or other cationic species. [5] Alkyl groups - Univalent groups derived from alkanes by removal of a hydrogen atom from any carbon atom: CnH2n+1-. The groups derived by removal of a hydrogen atom from a terminal carbon atom of unbranched alkanes form a subclass of normal alkyl (n-alkyl) groups. The groups RCH2-, R2CH-, and R3C- (R not equal to H) are primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl groups, respectively. [5]

K21599_S02.indb 45

2-45 Alkynes - Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having a carbon-carbon triple bond and the general formula CnH2n–2, RC≡CR´. Acyclic branched or unbranched hydrocarbons having more than one triple bond are known as alkadiynes, alkatriynes, etc. [5] Allotropy - The occurrence of an element in two or more crystalline forms. Allylic groups - The group CH2=CHCH2- (allyl) and derivatives formed by substitution. The term ‘allylic position’ or ‘allylic site’ refers to the saturated carbon atom. A group, such as OH, attached at an allylic site is sometimes described as “allylic”. [5] Amagat volume unit - A non-SI unit previously used in high pressure science. It is defined as the molar volume of a real gas at one atmosphere pressure and 273.15 K. The approximate value is 22.4 L/mol. Amides - Derivatives of oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by an amino or substituted amino group. [5] Amine oxides - Compounds derived from tertiary amines by the attachment of one oxygen atom to the nitrogen atom: R3N+O–. By extension the term includes the analogous derivatives of primary and secondary amines. [5] Amines - Compounds formally derived from ammonia by replacing one, two, or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups, and having the general structures RNH2 (primary amines), R2NH (secondary amines), R3N (tertiary amines). [5] Amino acids* - Compounds containing both a carboxylic acid group (-COOH) and an amino group (-NH2). The most important are the α-amino acids, in which the -NH2 group in attached to the C atom adjacent to the -COOH group. In the β-amino acids, there is an intervening carbon atom. [4] Ampere (A)* - The SI base unit of electric current. [1] Ampere’s law - The defining equation for the magnetic induction B, viz., dF = Idl × B, where dF is the force produced by a current I flowing in an element of the conductor dl pointing in the direction of the current. Ångström (Å) - A unit of length used in spectroscopy, crystallography, and molecular structure, equal to 10–10 m. Angular momentum (L) - The angular momentum of a particle about a point is the vector product of the radius vector from this point to the particle and the momentum of the particle; i.e., L = r × p. [1] Angular velocity (ω) - The angle through which a body rotates per unit time. Anilides - Compounds derived from oxoacids R(C=O)(OH) by replacing the -OH group by the -NHPh group or derivative formed by ring substitution. Also used for salts formed by replacement of a nitrogen-bound hydrogen of aniline by a metal. [5] Anion - A negatively charged atomic or molecular particle. Antiferroelectricity* - An effect analogous to antiferromagnetism in which electric dipoles in a crystal are ordered in two sublattices that are polarized in opposite directions, leading to zero net polarization. The effect vanishes above a critical temperature. Antiferromagnetism* - A type of magnetism in which the magnetic moments of atoms in a solid are ordered into two antiparallel aligned sublattices. Antiferromagnets are characterized by a zero or small positive magnetic susceptibility. The

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2-46

Symbols

susceptibility increases with temperature up to a critical value, the Néel temperature, above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Antiparticle - A particle having the same mass as a given elementary particle and a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Appearance potential* - The lowest energy which must be imparted to the parent molecule to cause it to produce a particular specified parent ion. This energy, usually stated in eV, may be imparted by electron impact, photon impact, or in other ways. More properly called appearance energy. [3] Appearance potential spectroscopy (APS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Are (a) - A unit of area equal to 100 m2. [1] Arenes - Monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. See aromatic compounds. [5] Aromatic compounds - Compounds whose structure includes a cyclic delocalized π-electron system. Historical use of the term implies a ring containing only carbon (e.g., benzene, naphthalene), but it is often generalized to include heterocyclic structures such as pyridine and thiophene. [5] Arrhenius equation - A key equation in chemical kinetics which expresses the rate constant k as k = Aexp(-Ea/RT), where Ea is the activation energy, R the molar gas constant, and T the temperature. A is called the preexponential factor and, for simple gas phase reactions, may be identified with the collision frequency. Arsines - AsH3 and compounds derived from it by substituting one, two or three hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbyl groups. RAsH2, R2AsH, R3As (R not equal to H) are called primary, secondary and tertiary arsines, respectively. [5] Aryl groups - Groups derived from arenes by removal of a hydrogen atom from a ring carbon atom. Groups similarly derived from heteroarenes are sometimes subsumed in this definition. [5] Astronomical unit (AU)* - The mean distance of the earth from the sun, equal to 1.49597870 × 1011 m. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Atomic mass* - The mass of a nuclide, normally expressed in unified atomic mass units (u). Atomic mass unit (u)* - A unit of mass used in atomic, molecular, and nuclear science, defined as the mass of one atom of 12C divided by 12. Its approximate value is 1.66054 × 10–27 kg. Also called the unified atomic mass unit. [1] Atomic number (Z) - A characteristic property of an element, equal to the number of protons in the nucleus. Atomic weight (Ar)* - The ratio of the average mass per atom of an element to 1/12 of the mass of nuclide 12C. An atomic weight can be defined for a sample of any given isotopic composition. The standard atomic weight refers to a sample of normal terrestrial isotopic composition. The term relative atomic mass is synonymous with atomic weight. [2] Attenuated total reflection (ATR) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1.

K21599_S02.indb 46

Definitions of Scientific Terms Auger effect - An atomic process in which an electron from a higher energy level fills a vacancy in an inner shell, transferring the released energy to another electron which is ejected. Aurora - An atmospheric phenomenon in which streamers of light are produced when electrons from the sun are guided into the thermosphere by the earth’s magnetic field. It occurs in the polar regions at altitudes of 95—300 km. Avogadro constant (NA)* - The number of elementary entities in one mole of a substance. Azeotrope - A liquid mixture in a state where the variation of vapor pressure with composition at constant temperature (or, alternatively, the variation of normal boiling point with composition) shows either a maximum or a minimum. Thus when an azeotrope boils the vapor has the same composition as the liquid. Azides - Compounds bearing the group -N3, viz. -N=N+=N–; usually attached to carbon, e.g. PhN3, phenyl azide or azidobenzene. Also used for salts of hydrazoic acid, HN3, e.g. NaN3, sodium azide. [5] Azines - Condensation products, R2C=NN=CR2 , of two moles of a carbonyl compound with one mole of hydrazine. [5] Azo compounds - Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein both hydrogens are substituted by hydrocarbyl groups, e.g., PhN=NPh, azobenzene or diphenyldiazene. [5] Balmer series - The series of lines in the spectrum of the hydrogen atom which corresponds to transitions between the state with principal quantum number n = 2 and successive higher states. The wavelengths are given by 1/λ = RH(1/4 - 1/n2), where n = 3,4,... and RH is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen. The first member of the series (n = 2 ⇌ 3), which is often called the Hα line, falls at a wavelength of 6563 Å. Bar (bar) - A unit of pressure equal to 105 Pa.´ Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory - A theory of superconductivity which is based upon the formation of electron pairs as a result of an electron-lattice interaction. The theory relates the superconducting transition temperature to the density of states and the Debye temperature. Barn (b) - A unit used for expressing cross sections of nuclear processes, equal to 10–28 m2. Barrel - A unit of volume equal to 158.9873 L. Baryon - Any elementary particle built up from three quarks. Examples are the proton, neutron, and various short-lived hyperons. Baryons have odd half-integer spins. Base - Historically, a substance that yields an OH– ion when it dissociates in solution, resulting in a pH>7. In the Brönsted definition, a base is a substance capable of accepting a proton in any type of reaction. The more general definition, due to G.N. Lewis, classifies any chemical species capable of donating an electron pair as a base. Becquerel (Bq)* - The SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to s–1. [1] Beer’s law - An approximate expression for the change in intensity of a light beam that passes through an absorbing medium, viz., log(I/I0) = -εcl, where I0 is the incident intensity, I is the final intensity, ε is the molar (decadic) absorption coefficient, c is the molar concentration of the absorbing substance, and l is the path length. Also called the Beer-Lambert law Binding energy* - A generic term for the energy required to decompose a system into two or more of its constituent parts. In nuclear physics, the binding energy is the energy differ-

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ence between a nucleus and the separated nucleons of which it is composed (the energy equivalent of the mass defect). In atomic physics, it is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom. Biot (Bi) - A name sometimes used for the unit of current in the emu system. Birefringence - A property of certain crystals in which two refracted rays result from a single incident light ray. One, the ordinary ray, follows the normal laws of refraction, while the other, the extraordinary ray, exhibits a variable refractive index which depends on the direction in the crystal. Black body radiation* - The radiation emitted by a perfect black body, i.e., a body which absorbs all radiation incident on it and reflects none. The wavelength dependence of the radiated energy density ρ (energy per unit volume per unit wavelength range) is given by the Planck formula

ρ=

8πhc λ 5 (e hc/λkt − 1)

where λ is the wavelength, h is Planck’s constant, c is the speed of light, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Black hole - A very dense object, formed in a supernova explosion, whose gravitational field is so large that no matter or radiation can escape from the object. Bloch wave function - A solution of the Schrödinger equation for an electron moving in a spatially periodic potential; used in the band theory of solids. Bohr magneton (µB)* - The atomic unit of magnetic moment, defined as eh/4πme, where h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is the moment associated with a single electron spin. Bohr, bohr radius (a0)* - The radius of the lowest orbit in the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, defined as εoh2/πmee2, where εo is the permittivity of a vacuum, h is Planck’s constant, me the electron mass, and e the elementary charge. It is customarily taken as the unit of length when using atomic units. Boiling point - The temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance are in equilibrium at a specified pressure. The normal boiling point is the boiling point at normal atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa). Boltzmann constant (k)* - The molar gas constant R divided by Avogadro’s constant. Boltzmann distribution - An expression for the equilibrium distribution of molecules as a function of their energy, in which the number of molecules in a state of energy E is proportional to exp(-E/kT), where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature. Bond strength - See Dissociation energy. Born-Haber cycle* - A thermodynamic cycle in which a crystalline solid is converted to gaseous ions and then reconverted to the solid. The cycle permits calculation of the lattice energy of the crystal. Bose-Einstein distribution - A modification of the Boltzmann distribution which applies to a system of particles that are bosons. The number of particles of energy E is proportional to [e(E–µ)/kT-1]–1 , where µ is a normalization constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and T is the temperature. Boson - A particle that obeys Bose-Einstein Statistics; specifically, any particle with spin equal to zero or an integer. This includes

K21599_S02.indb 47

2-47 the photon, pion, deuteron, and all nuclei of even mass number. Boyle’s law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at constant temperature. Bragg angle (θ) - Defined by the equation nλ = 2dsinθ, which relates the angle θ between a crystal plane and the diffracted x-ray beam, the wavelength λ of the x-rays, the crystal plane spacing d, and the diffraction order n (any integer). Bravais lattices* - The 14 distinct crystal lattices that can exist in three dimensions. They include three in the cubic crystal system, two in the tetragonal, four in the orthorhombic, two in the monoclinic, and one each in the triclinic, hexagonal, and trigonal systems. Breakdown voltage - The potential difference at which an insulating substance undergoes a physical or chemical change that causes it to become a conductor, thus allowing current to flow through the sample. Bremsstrahlung - Electromagnetic radiation generated when the velocity of a charged particle is reduced (literally, “braking radiation”). An example is the x-ray continuum resulting from collisions of electrons with the target in an x-ray tube. Brewster angle - The angle of incidence for which the maximum degree of plane polarization occurs when a beam of unpolarized light is incident on the surface of a medium of refractive index n. At this angle, the angle between the reflected and refracted beams is 90°. The value of the Brewster angle is tan–1n. Brillouin scattering - The scattering of light by acoustic phonons in a solid or liquid. Brillouin zone - A region of allowed wave vectors and energy levels in a crystalline solid, which plays a part in the propagation of waves through the lattice. British thermal unit (Btu) - A non-SI unit of energy, equal to approximately 1055 J. Several values of the Btu, defined in slightly different ways, have been used. Brownian motion - The random movements of small particles suspended in a fluid, which arise from collisions with the fluid molecules. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method (BET) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Buffer* - A solution designed to maintain a constant pH when small amounts of a strong acid or base are added. Buffers usually consist of a fairly weak acid and its salt with a strong base. Suitable concentrations are chosen so that the pH of the solution remains close to the pKa of the weak acid. Calorie (cal) - A non-SI unit of energy, originally defined as the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C. Several calories of slightly different values have been used. The thermochemical calorie is now defined as 4.184 J. Candela (cd)* - The SI base unit of luminous intensity. [1] Capacitance (C) - Ratio of the charge acquired by a body to the change in potential. [1] Carbamates - Salts or esters of carbamic acid, H2NC(=O)OH, or of N-substituted carbamic acids: R2NC(=O)OR´, (R´ = hydrocarbyl or a cation). The esters are often called urethanes or urethans, a usage that is strictly correct only for the ethyl esters. [5] Carbenes - The electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univa-

Symbols

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Definitions of Scientific Terms

2-48

Symbols

lent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state). [5] Carbinols - An obsolete term for substituted methanols, in which the name carbinol is synonymous with methanol. [5] Carbohydrates - Originally, compounds such as aldoses and ketoses, having the stoichiometric formula Cn(H2O)n (hence “hydrates of carbon”). The generic term carbohydrate now includes mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides, as well as their reaction products and derivatives. [5] Carboranes - A contraction of carbaboranes. Compounds in which a boron atom in a polyboron hydride is replaced by a carbon atom with maintenance of the skeletal structure. [5] Carboxylic acids - Oxoacids having the structure RC(=O)OH. The term is used as a suffix in systematic name formation to denote the -C(=O)OH group including its carbon atom. [5] Carnot cycle - A sequence of reversible changes in a heat engine using a perfect gas as the working substance, which is used to demonstrate that entropy is a state function. The Carnot cycle also provides a means to calculate the efficiency of a heat engine. Catalyst - A substance that participates in a particular chemical reaction and thereby increases its rate but without a net change in the amount of that substance in the system. [3] Catenanes, catena compounds - Hydrocarbons having two or more rings connected in the manner of links of a chain, without a covalent bond. More generally, the class catena compounds embraces functional derivatives and hetero analogues. [5] Cation - A positively charged atomic or molecular particle. Centipoise (cP) - A common non-SI unit of viscosity, equal to mPa s. Centrifugal distortion - An effect in molecular spectroscopy in which rotational levels are lowered in energy, relative to the values of a rigid rotor, as the rotational angular momentum increases. The effect may be understood classically as a stretching of the bonds in the molecule as it rotates faster, thus increasing the moment of inertia. Ceramic - A nonmetallic material of very high melting point. Cerenkov radiation - Light emitted when a beam of charged particles travels through a medium at a speed greater than the speed of light in the medium. It is typically blue in color. Cgs system of units - A system of units based upon the centimeter, gram, and second. The cgs system has been supplanted by the International System (SI). Chalcogens - The Group VIA elements (oxygen, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium). Compounds of these elements are called chalcogenides. [7] Chaotic system - A complex system whose behavior is governed by deterministic laws but whose evolution can vary drastically when small changes are made in the initial conditions. Charge - See Electric charge. Charles’ law - The empirical law, exact only for an ideal gas, which states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure. Charm - A quantum number introduced in particle physics to account for certain properties of elementary particles and their reactions. Chelate - A compound characterized by the presence of bonds from two or more bonding sites within the same ligand to a central metal atom. [3]

K21599_S02.indb 48

Chemical potential - For a mixture of substances, the chemical potential of constituent B is defined as the partial derivative of the Gibbs energy G with respect to the amount (number of moles) of B, with temperature, pressure, and amounts of all other constituents held constant. Also called partial molar Gibbs energy. [2] Chemical shift* - A small change in the energy levels (and hence in the spectra associated with these levels) resulting from the effects of chemical binding in a molecule. The term is used in fields such as NMR, Mössbauer, and photoelectron spectroscopy, where the energy levels are determined primarily by nuclear or atomic effects. Chiral molecule - A molecule which cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. A common example is an organic molecule containing a carbon atom to which four different atoms or groups are attached. Such molecules exhibit optical activity, i.e., they rotate the plane of a polarized light beam. Chlorocarbons - Compounds consisting solely of chlorine and carbon. [5] Chromatography* - A method for separation of the components of a sample in which the components are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves. In gas chromatography the gas moves over a liquid or solid stationary phase. In liquid chromatography the liquid mixture moves through another liquid, a solid, or a gel. The mechanism of separation of components may be adsorption, differential solubility, ion-exchange, permeation, or other mechanisms. [6] Clapeyron equation - A relation between pressure and temperature of two phases of a pure substance that are in equilibrium, viz., dp/dT = ∆trsS/∆trs V, where ∆trs S is the difference in entropy between the phases and ∆trsV the corresponding difference in volume. Clathrates - Inclusion compounds in which the guest molecule is in a cage formed by the host molecule or by a lattice of host molecules. [5] Clausius (Cl) - A non-SI unit of entropy or heat capacity defined as cal/K = 4.184 J/K. [2] Clausius-Clapeyron equation - An approximation to the Clapeyron equation applicable to liquid-gas and solid-gas equilibrium, in which one assumes an ideal gas with volume much greater than the condensed phase volume. For the liquid-gas case, it takes the form d(lnp)/dT = ∆vap H/RT2, where R is the molar gas constant and ∆vap H is the molar enthalpy of vaporization. For the solid-gas case, ∆vap H is replaced by the molar enthalpy of sublimation, ∆sub H. Clausius-Mosotti equation - A relation between the dielectric constant εr at optical frequencies and the polarizability α:



ε r − 1 ρN A α = εr + 2 3 M ε0

where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Clebsch-Gordon coefficients - A set of coefficients used to describe the vector coupling of angular momenta in atomic and nuclear physics. Codon - A set of three bases, chosen from the four primary bases found in the DNA molecule (uracil, cytosine, adenine, and guanine), which specifies the production of a particular amino

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acid or carries some other genetic instruction. For example, the codon UCA specifies the amino acid serine, CAG specifies glutamine, etc. There are a total of 64 codons. Coercive force - The magnetizing force at which the magnetic flux density is equal to zero. [10] Coercivity* - The maximum value of coercive force that can be attained when a magnetic material is symmetrically magnetized to saturation induction. [10] Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) - See Techniques for Materials Characterization, page 12-1. Colloid - Molecules or polymolecular particles dispersed in a medium that have, at least in one direction, a dimension roughly between 1 nm and 1 µm. [3] Color center - A defect in a crystal that gives rise to optical absorption, thus changing the color of the material. A common type is the F-center, which results when an electron occupies the site of a negative ion. Compressibility (κ)* - The fractional change of volume as pressure is increased, viz., κ = -(1/V)(dV/dp). [1] Compton wavelength (λC)* - In the scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free particle (e.g., electron, proton), λC = h/mc is the increase in wavelength, at a 90° scattering angle, corresponding to the transfer of energy from radiation to particle. Here h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, and m the mass of the particle. Conductance (G)* - For direct current, the reciprocal of resistance. More generally, the real part of admittance. [1] Conductivity, electrical (σ)* - The reciprocal of the resistivity. [1] Conductivity, thermal - See Thermal conductivity. Congruent transformation - A phase transition (melting, vaporization, etc.) in which the substance preserves its exact chemical composition. Constitutional repeating unit (CRU) - In polymer science, the smallest constitutional unit, the repetition of which constitutes a regular macromolecule, i.e., a macromolecule with all units connected identically with respect to directional sense. [8] Copolymer - A polymer derived from more than one species of monomer. [8] Coriolis effect - The deviation from simple trajectories when a mechanical system is described in a rotating coordinate system. It affects the motion of projectiles on the earth and in molecular spectroscopy leads to an important interaction between the rotational and vibrational motions. The effect may be described by an additional term in the equations of motion, called the Coriolis force. Cosmic rays* - High energy nuclear particles, electrons, and photons, originating mostly outside the solar system, which continually bombard the earth’s atmosphere. Coulomb (C)* - The SI unit of electric charge, equal to A s. [1] Coulomb’s law - The statement that the force F between two electrical charges q1 and q2 separated by a distance r is F = (4πε0)–1 q1q2/r2, where ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Covalent bond - A chemical bond between two atoms whose stability results from the sharing of two electrons, one from each atom. Cowling number (Co) - A dimensionless quantity used in plasma physics, defined by Co = B2/µρv2, where ρ is density, v is velocity, µ is permeability, and B is magnetic flux density. [2] CPT theorem - A theorem in particle physics which states that any local Lagrangian theory that is invariant under proper

K21599_S02.indb 49

2-49 Lorentz transformations is also invariant under the combined operations of charge conjugation, C, space inversion, P, and time reversal, T, taken in any order. Critical point* - In general, the point on the phase diagram of a two-phase system at which the two coexisting phases have identical properties and therefore represent a single phase. At the liquid-gas critical point of a pure substance, the distinction between liquid and gas vanishes, and the vapor pressure curve ends. The coordinates of this point are called the critical temperature and critical pressure. Above the critical temperature, it is not possible to liquefy the substance. Cross section (σ)* - A measure of the probability of collision (or other interaction) between a beam of particles and a target which it encounters. In rough terms it is the effective area the target particles present to the incident ones; however, the precise definition depends on the nature of the interaction. A general definition of σ is the number of encounters per unit time divided by nv, where n is the concentration of incident particles and v their velocity. Crosslink - In polymer science, a small region in a macromolecule from which at least four chains emanate, and formed by reactions involving sites or groups on existing macromolecules or by interactions between existing macromolecules. [8] Crown compounds - Macrocyclic polydentate compounds, usually uncharged, in which three or more coordinating ring atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) are or may become suitably close for easy formation of chelate complexes with metal ions or other cationic species. [5] Crust* - The outer layer of the solid earth, above the Mohorovicic discontinuity. Its thickness averages about 35 km on the continents and about 7 km below the ocean floor. Cryoscopic constant (Ef )* - The constant that expresses the amount by which the freezing point Tf of a solvent is lowered by a non-dissociating solute, through the relation ∆Tf = Ef m, where m is the molality of the solute. Curie (Ci) - A non-SI unit of radioactivity (disintegrations per unit time), equal to 3.7 × 1010 s–1. Curie temperature (TC)* - For a ferromagnetic material, the critical temperature above which the material becomes paramagnetic. Also applied to the temperature at which the spontaneous polarization disappears in a ferroelectric solid. [1] Cyanohydrins - Alcohols substituted by a cyano group, most commonly, but not limited to, examples having a CN and an OH group attached to the same carbon atom. They are formally derived from aldehydes or ketones by the addition of hydrogen cyanide. [5] Cycloalkanes - Saturated monocyclic hydrocarbons (with or without side chains). See alicyclic compounds. Unsaturated monocyclic hydrocarbons having one endocyclic double or one triple bond are called cycloalkenes and cycloalkynes, respectively. [5] Cyclotron resonance - The resonant absorption of energy from a system in which electrons or ions that are orbiting in a uniform magnetic field are subjected to radiofrequency or microwave radiation. The resonance frequency is given by ν = eH/2πm*c, where e is the elementary charge, H is the magnetic field strength, m* is the effective mass of the charged particle, and c is the speed of light. The effect occurs in both solids (involving electrons or holes) and in low pressure gasses (involving ions)

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Definitions of Scientific Terms

2-50

Symbols

Dalton (Da) - A name sometimes used in biochemistry for the unified atomic mass unit (u). De Broglie wavelength - The wavelength associated with the wave representation of a moving particle, given by h/mv, where h is Planck’s constant, m the particle mass, and v the velocity. De Haas-Van Alphen effect - An effect observed in certain metals and semiconductors at low temperatures and high magnetic fields, characterized by a periodic variation of magnetic susceptibility with field strength. Debye equation* - The relation between the relative permittivity (dielectric constant) εr, polarizability α, and permanent dipole moment µ in a dielectric material whose molecules are free to rotate. It takes the form



ε r − 1 ρN A = εr + 2 3 Mε0

 µ2   α + 3kT 

where ρ is density, NA is Avogadro’s number, M is molar mass, and ε0 is the permittivity of a vacuum. Debye length - In the Debye-Hückel theory of ionic solutions, the effective thickness of the cloud of ions of opposite charge which surrounds each given ion and shields the Coulomb potential produced by that ion. Debye temperature (θD)* - In the Debye model of the heat capacity of a crystalline solid, θD = hνD/k, where h is Planck’s constant, k is the Boltzmann constant, and νD is the maximum vibrational frequency the crystal can support. For T 1 atm) 1.107925 1.467420

69

Acetyl fluoride

Ethanoyl fluoride

C2H3FO

557-99-3

62.042

vol liq or gas

-84

22(7)

1.03225

70 71

N-Acetylglutamic acid N-Acetylglycine

Aceturic acid

C7H11NO5 C4H7NO3

1188-37-0 543-24-8

199 206

72

Oxaceprol

C7H11NO4

73

trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-Lproline 1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole

189.166 pr (w) 117.104 lo nd (w, MeOH) 33996-33-7 173.167 cry (Ac)

C5H6N2O

2466-76-4

110.114

104.5

74 75 76 77

Acetyl iodide Acetyl isothiocyanate N6-Acetyl-L-lysine N-Acetyl-DL-methionine

Ethanoyl iodide

C2H3IO C3H3NOS C8H16N2O3 C7H13NO3S

507-02-8 13250-46-9 692-04-6 1115-47-5

169.948 101.127 188.224 191.248

48

66

K21599_PCOC.indb 6

Synonym

liq

79

nD

Solubility

0.839020 1.453520 msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace s ace 0.785720 1.344230 msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 1.028120 1.537220 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, con sulf, chl

s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, lig vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, tfa

187.5

193

1.081841 1.54741

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs H2O, eth, EtOH s H2O; msc EtOH vs H2O vs eth msc eth, bz, chl; s ace msc eth, ace, bz, chl; s ctc vs H2O s H2O, EtOH; i eth

109.5

132

109(5) 132.5

2.067320 1.549120 1.152313 1.523118

sl H2O, eth, bz; s EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, CS2; s ace, bz, chl msc H2O; s ace; sl bz, lig msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; sl CS2 s H2O, EtOH vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, THF vs eth s eth, CS2

265 dec 114.5

4/2/14 2:50 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

N HN

N

N

N

N

N

37

Acetone (1-methylethylidene)hydrazone

O O P S O

O

S NH2

36

3-7

38

Acetone thiosemicarbazide

39

Acetonitrile

40

Acetophenone

H N

O O

O

41

Acetophenone azine

Acetoxon

O O S Cl

HO

O

O

42

N-Acetylacetamide

HO O

HO

O N H

H N

NH

OH

OH

O O

NH

44

N-Acetyl-L-alanine

HN

O

O

O

43

OH

HO

47

4-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

2-(Acetylamino)benzoic acid

2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-glucose

Organic

4-(Acetylamino)benzenesulfonyl chloride

O

46

45

HO

O O

HO

NH

HN

OH

HO

N H

O

48

50

2-(Acetylamino)fluorene

HO

O

O

O

51

4-(Acetylamino)fluorene

HO HO

OH

H N

O

O

49

2-(Acetylamino)-2-deoxy-D-mannose

O

52

6-(Acetylamino)hexanoic acid

4-Acetylanisole

O

O

O

O O

O O

O

53

54

2-Acetylbenzoic acid

55

3-Acetylbenzoic acid

O

O

56

4-Acetylbenzoic acid

O Br

Cl

57

Acetyl benzoylperoxide

58

Acetyl bromide

Acetyl chloride

O O

O Br N

O

Cl N

O

59

O

I N

O

60

Acetylcholine bromide

O

O

OH NH

O

O

61

Acetylcholine chloride

O

HS

62

Acetylcholine iodide

63

2-Acetylcyclohexanone

64

2-Acetylcyclopentanone

N-Acetyl-L-cysteine

O O O

O

O

OH HO

65

H

66

3-Acetyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone

N H

H

67

1-Acetyl-2,5-dihydroxybenzene

F

68

Acetylene

O HO

O

OH

69

N-Acetylethanolamine

Acetyl fluoride

NH OH O

O

70

N-Acetylglutamic acid

O

HO H N

N

OH COOH

N

O

N

71

N-Acetylglycine

K21599_PCOC.indb 7

O O

O

O

O

72

trans-1-Acetyl-4-hydroxy-L-proline

73

1-Acetyl-1H-imidazole

O I

74

Acetyl iodide

N

75

C

S

Acetyl isothiocyanate

S

O

HO NH2

N H

76

OH

N6-Acetyl-L-lysine

OH HN O

77

N-Acetyl-DL-methionine

4/2/14 2:50 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-8 No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

78 79

Methionamine Aspidospermine

C7H13NO3S C22H30N2O2

65-82-7 466-49-9

Dehydroacetic acid

C5H9NO2 C8H15NO C8H8O4

83

N-Acetyl-L-methionine 1-Acetyl-17-methoxyaspidospermidine N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide 1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine 3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran2,4(3H)-dione 4-Acetylmorpholine

84 85 86

N-Acetylneuraminic acid Acetyl nitrate 2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

Aceneuramic acid

87 88

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

den g cm –3

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

105.5 208

2202

1113-68-4 4593-16-2 520-45-6

191.248 354.485 nd or pr (al) nd (peth) 115.131 liq 141.211 liq 168.148

-25 -13.6 109

195 239 270

1.066325 1.450225 0.968425 1.473125

C6H11NO2

1696-20-4

129.157

14.5

15250

1.114520 1.482720

C11H19NO9 C2H3NO4 C9H8O4

131-48-6 591-09-3 50-78-2

186 60 exp

1.2415

4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid 2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic 5-Bromoacetylsalicylic acid acid 4-(Acetyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone

C9H8O4 C9H7BrO4

2345-34-8 1503-53-3

309.271 105.050 180.158 nd (w), mcl tab (w) 180.158 259.054 nd (al)

C10H10O4

881-68-5

194.184

78

C10H10O3

2243-35-8

178.184 orth pl

49

91

1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone

Acetoxyacetone

C5H8O3

592-20-1

116.116

92 93 94 95 96

(Acetyloxy)tributylstannane (Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane 4-Acetylphenyl acetate N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester

Tributyltin acetate Triphenyltin acetate

C14H30O2Sn C20H18O2Sn C10H10O3 C11H13NO3 C13H17NO3

56-36-0 900-95-8 13031-43-1 2018-61-3 2361-96-8

80 81 82

Organic

89 90

Acetylsalicylic acid

98

Acetyl phosphate

C2H5O5P

99 100 101

C7H13NO C7H11NO2 C22H28N6O14P2

102 103 104

1-Acetylpiperidine 1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone 3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide 4-Acetylthioanisole Acetyl thiocholine iodide N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan

349.097 409.066 178.184 207.226 235.279 cry (EtOH aq) 3618-96-0 221.252 nd (peth) or visc oil (chl) 590-54-5 140.032 unstab in soln 618-42-8 127.184 liq 32161-06-1 141.168 86-08-8 662.436 solid

C9H10OS C7H16INOS C13H14N2O3

1778-09-2 1866-15-5 1218-34-4

105

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine

C11H13NO4

106 107 108 109 110

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester N-Acetyl-L-valine Acid Fuchsin Fuchsin, acid Acifluorfen 5-[2-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)­ phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid Aconine

111 112

Aconitine 9-Acridinamine

113

97

C12H15NO3

3-Acetyl NAD

136(4)

Solubility sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl msc H2O; i eth vs H2O vs H2O, eth; sl EtOH, chl msc H2O; s EtOH, ace, ctc

s H2O, eth, chl; vs EtOH; sl bz

188.5 60

270

1.116965 1.503665

171

1.075720 1.414120

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz, lig vs H2O, eth, EtOH

84.7 125.2(0.5) s ctc, CS2 s EtOH

173.5 93 91

-13.4

226.5 218

81.5 205 189.5

C13H17NO4 C7H13NO3 C20H17N3Na2O9S3 C14H7ClF3NO5

166.239 289.177 246.261 nd (dil MeOH) 537-55-3 223.226 cry (w); pl (diox) 840-97-1 251.279 96-81-1 159.183 3244-88-0 585.539 50594-66-6 361.658

C25H41NO9

509-20-6

499.596 amor

132

Aminacrine

C34H47NO11 C13H10N2

302-27-2 90-45-9

645.737 orth lf 194.231 ye nd (ace or al)

204 241

Acridine

Dibenzo[b,e]pyridine

C13H9N

260-94-6

110.06(0.05) 346.9(1)

114

3,6-Acridinediamine

Proflavine

C13H11N3

92-62-6

285

115

9(10H)-Acridinone

C13H9NO

578-95-0

179.217 orth nd or pr (al) 209.246 ye nd (al or w) 195.216 ye lf (al)

116

Acrolein

2-Propenal

C3H4O

107-02-8

56.063

liq

-87.8(0.9)

52.3(0.1)

117

Acrylamide

2-Propenamide

C3H5NO

79-06-1

71.078

lf (bz)

85(1)

192.6

118

Acrylic acid

2-Propenoic acid

C3H4O2

79-10-7

72.063

acrid liq

13.56(0.05)

142(2)

119

Acrylonitrile

Propenenitrile

C3H3N

107-13-1

53.063

liq

-83.51(0.05) 77.2(0.2)

120

Acyclovir

C8H11N5O3

59277-89-3 225.205 cry (EtOH)

K21599_PCOC.indb 8

nD

1.0119 1.14625

1.479025 vs H2O, EtOH 1.502620

s H2O, EtOH, alk

153 80.5 164 sl H2O, EtOH 164.3(0.5)

1.00520

>300

0.84020

1.401720

1.051120 1.422420

0.800725 1.391120

s H2O, EtOH, chl; sl eth, lig vs bz, EtOH, chl s EtOH, ace; sl DMSO; vs dil HCl i H2O; sl ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth, bz i H2O, eth, bz; sl EtOH; s HOAc, alk vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl vs H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, ace msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

225

4/2/14 2:50 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-9

N

O S

OH HN

N O

78

N

H O

O

O

79

N-Acetyl-L-methionine

O

OH O

H O

O

80

1-Acetyl-17-methoxyaspidospermidine

N

N O

81

N-Acetyl-N-methylacetamide

1-Acetyl-3-methylpiperidine

O

O

O

82

83

3-Acetyl-6-methyl-2H-pyran-2,4(3H )-dione

4-Acetylmorpholine

OH

O

O O COOH OH OH CH2OH OH

HO O

OH

O N

O

84

O

O

O O

Br

87

2-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

O

O

O

86

Acetyl nitrate

O

O

O

85

N-Acetylneuraminic acid

HO

O

O

88

4-(Acetyloxy)benzoic acid

89

2-(Acetyloxy)-5-bromobenzoic acid

4-(Acetyloxy)-3-methoxybenzaldehyde

Organic

NH

O O O O

OH

O

O

O O

Sn O

Sn O

O

O O

O

90

91

2-(Acetyloxy)-1-phenylethanone

HN

92

1-(Acetyloxy)-2-propanone

93

(Acetyloxy)tributylstannane

O

95

94

(Acetyloxy)triphenylstannane

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine

4-Acetylphenyl acetate

NH2 N O CH2O P O O

O

O

O

O

O

HN

HN

O

O

96

97

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, ethyl ester

O P OH O OH

98

N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, methyl ester

Acetyl phosphate

N N O O P OCH2 O OH COCH3

102

4-Acetylthioanisole

O

N

O

O

99

101

100

1-Acetylpiperidine

103

3-Acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide

1-Acetyl-4-piperidinone

I N

S

OH OH

O

Acetyl thiocholine iodide

H2N

HN

O

OH

N H

HO

105

N-Acetyl-L-tryptophan

106

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine

OH

HO F O F

O O N O

H

N HO

109

O

Acid Fuchsin

O O

H H

N OH

O

HO

O

H O

O OH

NH2

O

O

110

Acifluorfen

NH2

108

N-Acetyl-L-valine

OH

O OH H OH

H O

107

N-Acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester

O Cl

O

O

O S OH O

O S NaO O

HN

HN

O

104

OH

O

HN

HO

NH

O S NaO O

O

O OH

O

F

O

OH OH

O N N

S N

111

Aconine

N

N

112

113

9-Acridinamine

Aconitine

Acridine

O H O H2N O H2N

N

114

3,6-Acridinediamine

K21599_PCOC.indb 9

NH2

N H

115

9(10H )-Acridinone

O

116

Acrolein

N

N N

N O

O NH2

117

Acrylamide

N

OH

118

Acrylic acid

119

Acrylonitrile

OH

120

Acyclovir

4/2/14 2:50 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-10 No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

121

Adenine

1H-Purin-6-amine

C5H5N5

73-24-5

122 123

Adenosine Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate) Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate

β-D-Ribofuranoside, adenine-9 C10H13N5O4 cAMP C10H12N5O6P

124

3’-Adenylic acid, 5’-(dihydrogen phosphate) Adenosine, 5’-[hydrogen (phosphonomethyl)­ phosphonate] 3’-Adenylic acid ATP

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

360 dec

220 sub

Organic

58-61-7 60-92-4

135.128 orth nd (+3w) 267.242 n(w+3/2) 329.206 cry

C10H15N5O10P2

1053-73-2

427.202 amor pow

C11H17N5O9P2

3768-14-7

425.229 cry (w)

204

C10H14N5O7P C10H16N5O13P3 C14H20N6O5S C10H14N5O7P

84-21-9 56-65-5 979-92-0 61-19-8

347.222 col nd 507.181 384.411 347.222

195 dec 144 dec 210 dec 195 dec

C6H11NO3 C20H26ClNO2

334-25-8 50-42-0

145.156 nd (w) 347.879 cry

161.5 113.5

den g cm –3

nD

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH

235.5 219

s H2O

125

Adenosine 5’-methylenediphosphonate

126 127 128 129

Adenosine 3’-phosphate Adenosine 5’-triphosphate S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine 5’-Adenylic acid

130 131

Adipamic acid Adiphenine hydrochloride

132

Adipic acid

1,6-Hexanedioic acid

C6H10O4

124-04-9

146.141 mcl pr (w, ace, lig)

151.5(0.6)

337.5

1.36025

133

Adiponitrile

Hexanedinitrile

C6H8N2

111-69-3

108.141 nd (eth)

2.2(0.4)

295

0.967620 1.438020

134

Adrenalone

C9H11NO3

99-45-6

181.188 nd

235 dec

135

Affinin

C14H23NO

25394-57-4 221.339 ye oil

23

136 137 138 139

Aflatoxin B1 Aflatoxin B2 Aflatoxin G1 Agaritine

C17H12O6 C17H14O6 C17H12O7 C12H17N3O4

1162-65-8 7220-81-7 1165-39-5 2757-90-6

268 287.5 245 207 dec

C20H26N2O2

4360-12-7

Adenosine 5’-monophosphate

N-(2-Methylpropyl)-2,6,8decatrienamide

140

L-Glutamic acid, 5-[2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)­ phenyl]hydrazide] Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α) Ajmaline

141 142

Alachlor DL-Alanine

DL-2-Aminopropanoic acid

C14H20ClNO2 C3H7NO2

143

D-Alanine

2-Aminopropanoic acid, (R)

144

L-Alanine

145

β-Alanine

146

312.273 cry 314.289 328.273 cry 267.281 cry (dil al)

206

C3H7NO2

326.432 pl (+3.5w) (aq AcOEt) 15972-60-8 269.768 302-72-7 89.094 orth pr or nd (w) 338-69-2 89.094 nd (w, al)

2-Aminopropanoic acid, (S)

C3H7NO2

56-41-7

89.094

3-Aminopropanoic acid

C3H7NO2

107-95-9

89.094

Alantolactone

C15H20O2

147 148 149 150

Aldicarb Aldosterone Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide Aldrin

151

Alizarin

152 153

orth (w)

297 dec

250 sub

C7H14N2O2S C21H28O5 C7H14N2O4S C12H8Cl6

116-06-3 52-39-1 1646-88-4 309-00-2

190.263 360.444 cry (HOAc) 222.262 cry 364.910

101.1(0.4) 166.5 141 103.8(0.3)

1,2-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H8O4

72-48-0

Alizarin Red S Alizarin Yellow R

Sodium alizarinesulfonate

C14H7NaO7S C13H9N3O5

130-22-3 2243-76-7

154

Alizurol purple

1-Hydroxy-4-[(4methylphenyl)­amino]-9,10anthracenedione

C21H15NO3

81-48-1

240.212 oran or red 289.5 tcl nd or pr (al) 342.257 287.227 oran-br nd 253 dec (dil HOAc) 329.349 flat viol nd

155

Alkannin

C16H16O5

149

156

Allantoic acid

C4H8N4O4

23444-65-7 288.295 br-red pr (bz) 99-16-1 176.132 nd

157

Allantoin

C4H6N4O3

97-59-6

158.116 mcl pl or

239

158

Allene

C3H4

463-49-0

40.064

-136.4(0.5)

159 160

Allethrin Allicin

C19H26O3 C6H10OS2

584-79-2 539-86-6

302.407 162.272

K21599_PCOC.indb 10

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz

sub

76

1.513425

vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i HOAc, lig sl H2O, eth; s chl, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O

vs H2O

314 dec

546-43-0

col gas

1620.5

1000.02 250 sub

200 dec

Bis[(aminocarbonyl) amino]­acetic acid

vs H2O; s EtOH, 10% HCl

42(2) 300 dec

nd, orth pr (al) 232.319 nd

Solubility

1.13325 1.42425

s H2O; vs EtOH s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH, py; i eth, ace s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl

1.43222 1.43719

275 1.19525

sl H2O i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i chl vs H2O; s EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2SO4

140 sub

vs EtOH

-34.8(0.3)

1.4168

sl H2O, os, dil acid sl H2O; s EtOH, NaOH; i eth, MeOH vs bz, peth

1.56120

vs H2O

170 dec

dec

0.58425 (p>1 atm) 1.01020 1.11220

4/2/14 2:50 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-11 NH2

NH2 N

N NH2 N

O

O

121

O

O

O

O

OH

OH

OH

N

N

124

HO

N

N

HO

127

N

O

O

H O

O H N

137

NH2

H H O

O

N H

O

O

Aflatoxin B1

O N

H

O

OH

140

Agaritine

OH NH2

NH2

143

H2N

145

Cl

O

O

150

OH O

148

O N O

O

151

OH

152

OH COOH O

H2N

OH O

155

Alkannin

N H

N H

156

Allantoic acid

O

O NH2

H2N

N H

157

Allantoin

O

N N

N H

O HN

OH

154

Alizurol purple

H

O O

H

H C

O

H

H

158

Allene

OH

HO

Alizarin Yellow R

N

N H

149

153

Alizarin Red S

O

Aldoxycarb S,S-dioxide

O SO3Na

Alizarin

N

O O Aldosterone

OH

O

O

O OH

O

Aldrin

OH OH O

N H

Cl

Cl

DL-Alanine

S

Aldicarb

Cl

K21599_PCOC.indb 11

N

147

Alantolactone

OH

Cl Cl

S

146

β-Alanine

L-Alanine

142

Alachlor

O

O OH

144

D-Alanine

O

O

OH

O

141

Ajmalan-17,21-diol, (17R,21α)

O O

Cl

OH

O O

N

NH2

139

Aflatoxin G1

O

136

Affinin

N H Me

O

O

O

135

OH

H N

138

Aflatoxin B2

H N

Adrenalone

HO

H O

O

131

Adiphenine hydrochloride

HO

O

O

130

Adipamic acid

134

O

N

O

O

OH

O

O

H

O

O

OH Adiponitrile

O

HO

O

133

Adipic acid

H

HCl

HO

N

132

O

126

Adenosine 3’-phosphate

NH2

5’-Adenylic acid

O O

OH

OH

125

129

S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine

OH

OH

Adenosine 5’-methylenediphosphonate

O

HO

O HO

O

OH

128

Adenosine 5’-triphosphate

O HO P O

N

N

O HO P

O

OH

OH

O

O

N

N

NH2

OH

N

N HO

N

N

NH2 N

S

O

O

N

HO

Adenosine 3’,5’-diphosphate

NH2 N

N

OH

OH

Adenosine cyclic 3’,5’-(hydrogen phosphate)

NH2 N HO P O P O P O

OH

123

Adenosine

O O HO P P O OH OH

O HO P O

HO

122

Adenine

O

N

N

N

OH

O

O P OH OH

NH2

N

N

HO P O

N

N

O

N H

N

N

N

HO N

N

N

NH2 N

N

Organic

NH2

159

Allethrin

O O S

S

160

Allicin

4/2/14 2:50 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-12 No.

Name

161

Allopregnane-3β,21-diol11,20-dione

162 163

Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one Allopurinol

164 165 166

D-Allose Alloxanic acid Alloxantin

167

Allyl acetate

168

Synonym

Organic

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

C21H32O4

566-02-9

C21H34O2 C5H4N4O

516-58-5 315-30-0

C6H12O6 C4H4N2O5 C8H6N4O8

2595-97-3 470-44-0 76-24-4

C5H8O2

Allyl acetoacetate

169

Allyl acrylate

170

Allyl alcohol

171

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

348.477 cry (aq, ac, +w) nd (bz, ac) 318.494 136.112 cry

190

128 162 dec 254 dec

591-87-7

180.155 cry (w) 160.085 tcl pr (eth) 286.156 orth pr (w+2) 100.117

C7H10O3

1118-84-9

142.152 liq

-85

C6H8O2

999-55-3

112.127

2-Propen-1-ol

C3H6O

107-18-6

58.079

liq

Allylamine

2-Propen-1-amine

C3H7N

107-11-9

57.095

liq

172

N-Allylaniline

Allylphenylamine

C9H11N

589-09-3

133.190

173

Allylbenzene

2-Propenylbenzene

C9H10

300-57-2

118.175 liq

174 175

α-Allylbenzenemethanol Allyl benzoate

C10H12O C10H10O2

936-58-3 583-04-0

176

Allyl butanoate

C7H12O2

177 178 179 180

Allyl carbamate Allylchlorodimethylsilane Allyl chloroformate Allyl trans-cinnamate

C4H7NO2 C5H11ClSi C4H5ClO2 C12H12O2

181 182 183 184 185 186

1-Allylcyclohexanol 1-Allylcyclohexene Allylcyclopentane Allyldiethoxymethylsilane Allyldiethylamine Allyldimethylamine

187

Allyl ethyl ether

188

Allyl formate

189

Allyl 2-furancarboxylate

190 191 192

Allyl glycidyl ether Allyl hexanoate Allyl (hydroxymethyl)­ carbamate Allyl isocyanate Allyl isothiocyanate Allyl methacrylate 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol

193 194 195 196

197

5α-Pregnan-20β-ol-3-one 1,5-Dihydro-4H-pyrazolo[3,4d]pyrimidin-4-one

den g cm –3

nD

Solubility

195(3) 350 vs H2O vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, eth sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth s H2O, lig; msc EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, acid msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, ace; msc eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc

104(2)

0.927520 1.404920

198(19)

1.036620 1.439820

121

0.944120 1.432020

-129

96.9(0.5)

0.854020 1.413520

-88.2

54(2)

0.75820

219

0.973625 1.56320

158(2)

0.892020 1.513120

148.201 162.185

228.5

2051-78-7

128.169

142

2114-11-6 4028-23-3 2937-50-0 1866-31-5

101.105 134.680 120.535 hyg liq 188.222

111 109.5 268 dec

1123-34-8 13511-13-2 3524-75-2 18388-45-9 5666-17-1 2155-94-4

140.222 122.207 liq 110.197 liq 174.314 113.201 85.148

190 159(9) 127(4) 155 110 62(4)

1.00418 1.528921 1.056915 1.517820 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, MeOH 0.901720 1.415820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc sl ctc 0.896420 1.419520 1.136 1.422020 1.04823 1.53020 i H2O; vs EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc 0.934122 1.475622

557-31-3

86.132

65(4)

C4H6O2

1838-59-1

86.090

83.6

C8H8O3

4208-49-5

152.148

207.5

C6H10O2 C9H16O2 C5H9NO3

106-92-3 114.142 123-68-2 156.222 24935-97-5 131.130 cry (tol)

Eugenol

C4H5NO C4H5NS C7H10O2 C10H12O2

1476-23-9 57-06-7 96-05-9 97-53-0

83.089 99.155 liq 126.153 164.201 liq

-7.5

88 160(6) 6750 254(7)

1,3,4-Eugenol acetate

C12H14O3

93-28-7

206.237 pr (al)

30.5

281

2835-39-4 1873-92-3 111-45-5

142.196 155.099 102.132

C9H10O C9H10O

1745-81-9 501-92-8

134.174 liq 134.174

C9H10O

1746-13-0

134.174

3-Acetoxypropene

Allyl trans-3-phenyl-2-propenoate

C9H16O C9H14 C8H14 C8H18O2Si N,N-Diethyl-2-propen-1-amine C7H15N N,N-Dimethyl-2-propen-1C5H11N amine C5H10O 1-(2-Propenyl)cyclohexene

Allyl 2-furanoate

198 199 200

4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate Allyl 3-methylbutanoate Allylmethyldichlorosilane 2-(Allyloxy)ethanol

C8H14O2 C4H8Cl2Si Ethylene glycol monoallyl ether C5H10O2

201 202

2-Allylphenol 4-Allylphenol

Chavicol

203

Allyl phenyl ether

K21599_PCOC.indb 12

bp/˚C

-40(4)

-110.6(0.1)

154 186

0.79325 0.857225 0.747725 0.709425

1.420520

1.441220 s chl 1.410420 1.420920 1.401020

0.765120 1.388120 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 0.946020 sl H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 1.11525 1.494520 s eth, ace; sl ctc 0.969820 1.433220 0.886920

57

-80

154 119.5 158.5

-6 15.8

220 238 190.5(0.8)

1.012620 1.530620 vs bz, eth, EtOH 0.933520 1.436020 1.065220 1.540520 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl, HOAc, oils 1.080620 1.520520 i H2O; s EtOH; sl ctc 1.075820 1.441920 0.958020 1.435820 msc H2O; vs EtOH; s bz, ctc, MeOH 1.024615 1.518120 vs eth 1.020315 1.544118 vs eth, EtOH, chl 0.981120 1.522320 i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth; sl ctc

4/2/14 2:50 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds H OH

O

OH H

H

H

HN HO

O

H

161

162

Allopregnane-3β,21-diol-11,20-dione

O

163

Allopregnan-20β-ol-3-one

O

N N H

N

H

CHO OH OH OH OH CH2OH

H H H H

O

Allopurinol

168

O

N H

H N

O O OH

H N

N H

HO O O

N H

O

O

165

D-Allose

169

170

171

Allyl alcohol

Alloxanic acid

H2N

O

173

N-Allylaniline

Allylbenzene

Allyl butanoate

O

174

184

185

Allyldiethylamine

180

181

Allyl trans-cinnamate

O

186

187

Allyldimethylamine

O

O

188

Allyl ethyl ether

Allyl formate

O

191

Allyl hexanoate

H N

1-Allylcyclohexene

O

O

N

182

1-Allylcyclohexanol

O

189

Allyl 2-furancarboxylate

O O

190

Allyl glycidyl ether

O O

HO

Allyl benzoate

HO

OH O

175

α-Allylbenzenemethanol

O

Allyl chloroformate

N

Allyldiethoxymethylsilane

O

O

179

Allylchlorodimethylsilane

O Si O

183

Cl

178

Allyl carbamate

Allylcyclopentane

O

Si Cl

177

Allyl acetate

O

O

176

167

Alloxantin

OH

172

Allylamine

O

O

O

NH2

OH

Allyl acrylate

O

166

H N O

Allyl acetoacetate

O OH H N O

164

O O

HO

Organic

O

3-13

O O

O

O O

N

192

Allyl (hydroxymethyl)carbamate

C

O N

193

194

Allyl isocyanate

C

S

Allyl isothiocyanate

O

195

Allyl methacrylate

196

4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol

197

4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenyl acetate

OH OH O O

198

Allyl 3-methylbutanoate

K21599_PCOC.indb 13

Cl Si

199

O Cl

Allylmethyldichlorosilane

O

200

OH

2-(Allyloxy)ethanol

201

2-Allylphenol

202

4-Allylphenol

203

Allyl phenyl ether

4/2/14 2:51 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-14 Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

Organic

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

204 205 206 207 208

Allyl propanoate N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine Allyl propyl disulfide 3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S)Allylthiourea

2-Propenyl propanoate Diallylamine

C6H10O2 C6H11N C6H12S2 C6H11NO3S C4H8N2S

2408-20-0 124-02-7 2179-59-1 556-27-4 109-57-9

209 210 211 212

Allyltrichlorosilane Allyltriethoxysilane Allyltrimethylsilane Allylurea

Trichloro-2-propenylsilane

C3H5Cl3Si C9H20O3Si C6H14Si C4H8N2O

107-37-9 2550-04-1 762-72-1 557-11-9

114.142 97.158 148.289 177.221 nd (dil ac) 116.185 mcl or orth pr (w) 175.517 204.339 114.261 100.119 nd (al)

213

Allyl vinyl ether

3-(Ethenyloxy)-1-propene

C5H8O

3917-15-5

84.117

214

Aloin A

C21H22O9

1415-73-2

418.395

215 216 217 218

Alphaprodine Alstonidine Alstonine D-Altrose

C16H23NO2 C22H24N2O4 C21H20N2O3 C6H12O6

15867-21-7 25394-75-6 642-18-2 1990-29-0

261.360 380.437 348.395 180.155

219 220 221 222

Aluminum 2-butoxide Aluminum distearate Aluminum ethanolate Aluminum isopropoxide

2-Butanol, aluminum salt Hydroxyaluminum distearate Aluminum ethoxide

C12H27AlO3 C36H71AlO5 C6H15AlO3 C9H21AlO3

2269-22-9 300-92-5 555-75-9 555-31-7

246.322 610.928 wh pow 145 162.163 liq/wh solid 140 204.243 hyg wh 119 solid

19720

223

Alverine

N-Ethyl-bis(3-phenylpropyl)­ amine

C20H27N

150-59-4

281.435 oil

1660.3

224 225 226 227 228

α-Amanitin Amaranth dye Ametryn Amminetrimethylboron 19-Amino-8,11,13-abieta­ triene 2-Aminoacetamide

C39H54N10O14S C20H11N2Na3O10S3 C9H17N5S C3H12BN C20H31N

23109-05-9 915-67-3 834-12-8 1830-95-1 1446-61-3

918.970 nd 604.472 dk red pow 227.330 72.945 285.467 cry

C2H6N2O

598-41-4

74.081

hyg nd (chl) 67.5

C2H4N2 C2H5ClN2

540-61-4 6011-14-9

56.066 92.527

hyg cry (al)

C8H10ClNO

5468-37-1

171.624

194 dec

C10H18ClN

665-66-7

187.710 cry (al-eth)

360 dec

vs H2O, EtOH

C6H11NO4

626-71-1

161.156 pl (w)

207.0

2,3-Diaminopropionic acid 1-Aminoanthraquinone

C3H8N2O2 C14H9NO2

515-94-6 82-45-1

104.108 hyg rosettes 110 223.227 red nd (al) 253.5

2-Aminoanthraquinone

C14H9NO2

117-79-3

223.227 red nd (al, HOAc)

sl H2O, EtOH, eth vs H2O vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O, eth; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, chl sl H2O, lig; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl; i lig s eth, acid s H2O, EtOH, eth, acid s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; vs AcOEt sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s alk; sl os

229

230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237

Aminoacetonitrile Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride 1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride 2-Aminoadipic acid 3-Aminoalanine 1-Amino-9,10-anthracene­ dione 2-Amino-9,10-anthracene­ dione

Alliin Thiosinamine

Adamantanamine hydrochloride

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

No.

123(5) 112(3) 7913 165 77(3) 35

118(3) 10050 85

85

66 149.3

cry cry (eth) ye nd (ace) pr (MeOH,al)

103 189 207 dec 103.5

vs H2O

2007 13510

i H2O dec H2O; sl xyl reac H2O; s EtOH, bz, peth, chl

254 dec s H2O 83.6(0.5) 73.5 44.5

5815

vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz; s ace, chl vs EtOH

165 dec

304.5

sub sub

4-Aminoazobenzene

C12H11N3

60-09-3

197.235 oran mcl nd 125(1) (al)

>360

239

2-Aminobenzaldehyde

C7H7NO

529-23-7

121.137 silv lf

40.5

802

240 241

3-Aminobenzaldehyde 4-Aminobenzaldehyde

C7H7NO C7H7NO

1709-44-0 556-18-3

121.137 nd (AcOEt) 121.137 pl (w)

29 71.5

242

2-Aminobenzamide

C7H8N2O

88-68-6

136.151

110.5 dec

243

4-Aminobenzamide

C7H8N2O

2835-68-9

183

244

α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±)4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid

α-Phenylglycine

C8H9NO2

2835-06-5

136.151 ye cry (+1/4w) 151.163 pl

292 dec

p-Aminophenylacetic acid

C8H9NO2

1197-55-3

151.163 pl (w)

195(1)

K21599_PCOC.indb 14

Solubility

vs ace, EtOH

238

245

nD

0.914020 1.410520 s EtOH, eth, ace 1.438720 s EtOH, eth 1.521920 vs H2O 1.21720 1.593678 s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz 1.201120 1.446020 0.903020 1.407220 0.715825 1.407420 i H2O msc H2O, EtOH; sl eth, chl; i peth 0.790020 1.406220 i H2O; s eth, ace, chl s H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz; i chl

255 sub

i H2O; sl EtOH, DMSO

4/2/14 2:51 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-15 O

O O

N H

204

205

Allyl propanoate

S

S H2N

S

206

N-Allyl-2-propen-1-amine

S

HO

O

207

Allyl propyl disulfide

OH O

O

N

OH

213

212

214

Allyl vinyl ether

211

Allyltriethoxysilane

Allyltrimethylsilane

N

N O

O

O

O

216

218

217

Alstonidine

Alphaprodine

H

CHO H OH OH OH CH2OH

HO H H H

H

O

215

Aloin A

OH

D-Altrose

Alstonine

Organic

Allylurea

N H O

HO O

Si

210

Allyltrichlorosilane

N

O

O NH2

209

Allylthiourea

OH

N H

O O Si O

OH

O

O

Cl Cl Si Cl

NH2

208

3-(Allylsulfinyl)-L-alanine, (S)-

OH HO

N H

O Al

O

OH

O H3C(CH2)16

O

Al

O

219

O O

(CH2)16CH3

O

220

Aluminum 2-butoxide

O Al

O

N

O

O

221

Aluminum distearate

O Al

222

Aluminum ethanolate

223

Aluminum isopropoxide

Alverine

OH

HN H HO

CONH H

CO

OC H

CONH

OC

S NHCO

OH N H

O

S

ONa

S

O

CONH

O

N

O

NaO

CH2OH

O OH

H N

N

NH

HN

NHCO

N

H

O S O ONa

CONH2

S

225

224

α-Amanitin

N N

B NH3

N H

226

Amaranth dye

227

Ametryn

Amminetrimethylboron

H 2N

NH2

229

2-Aminoacetamide

N

H2N

N

H2N

230

NH2

NH2

O

O

OH

NH2

232

233

α-Aminoacetophenone hydrochloride

Aminoacetonitrile monohydrochloride

O

OH HCl

HCl

HCl

231

Aminoacetonitrile

228

19-Amino-8,11,13-abietatriene

NH2

O O

H H2N

234

1-Aminoadamantane hydrochloride

2-Aminoadipic acid

O O

NH2

OH O

H2N

NH2 NH2

O

235

3-Aminoalanine

O

236

237

1-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

238

2-Amino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O O

O

NH2

NH2

3-Aminobenzaldehyde

K21599_PCOC.indb 15

4-Aminobenzaldehyde

2-Aminobenzamide

OH

OH NH2

242

2-Aminobenzaldehyde

NH2

NH2

NH2

241

239

4-Aminoazobenzene

NH2

240

NH2

N N

243

4-Aminobenzamide

O

244

α-Aminobenzeneacetic acid, (±)-

O

H2N

245

4-Aminobenzeneacetic acid

4/2/14 2:51 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-16 Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C8H7NO4

99-31-0

C8H11NO C7H10N2 C7H9NO

Sulfanilamide

2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

252

No.

Name

246 247 248 249

5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid 4-Aminobenzeneethanol 2-Aminobenzenemethanamine 2-Aminobenzenemethanol

250

4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

251

Physical Form

den g cm –3

Organic

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

181.147 pr(al), pl(w)

360

sub

i H2O; sl EtOH

104-10-9 4403-69-4 5344-90-1

137.179 nd (al) 122.167 123.152

108 61 83.5

269 273

C6H8N2O2S

63-74-1

172.205 lf (dil al)

162.2(0.4)

Orthanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

88-21-1

173.190 pr (+ 1/2w) >320 dec

3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

Metanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

121-47-1

253

4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

Sulfanilic acid

C6H7NO3S

121-57-3

254

p-Sulfanilyl fluoride

C6H6FNO2S

98-62-4

255 256 257

4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride 2-Aminobenzenethiol 4-Aminobenzenethiol 2-Aminobenzonitrile

173.190 nd, pr (w dec +1) 173.190 orth pl or 288 mcl (w+2) 175.181 68.5

vs EtOH s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; vs bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; sl chl, peth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, EtOH; i eth sl H2O; i EtOH, eth

C6H7NS C6H7NS C7H6N2

137-07-5 1193-02-8 1885-29-6

125.192 125.192 118.136 ye pr (CS2) nd (peth)

26 46 51

234 14317 263

258

3-Aminobenzonitrile

C7H6N2

2237-30-1

53(2)

289

259

4-Aminobenzonitrile

C7H6N2

873-74-5

118.136 nd (dil al or CCl4) 118.136 pr or pl (w)

86.2(0.5)

260

4-Aminobenzophenone

C13H11NO

1137-41-3

197.232 lf (dil al)

123(2)

261

C12H14N2O5

4271-30-1

266.249 cry (w)

173

262 263

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-Lglutamic acid N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine 2-Aminobiphenyl

C9H10N2O3 C12H11N

61-78-9 90-41-5

194.186 pr or nd (w) 198.5 169.222 lf (dil al) 49.13(0.04)

264

3-Aminobiphenyl

C12H11N

2243-47-2

169.222 nd

31.5

265

4-Aminobiphenyl

C12H11N

92-67-1

169.222 lf (dil al)

51.0(0.6)

266 267

C7H6BrNO2 C14H8BrNO5S

5794-88-7 116-81-4

216.033 nd 382.187 red nd (w)

219.5

268

2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid 5-Bromoanthranilic acid 1-Amino-4-bromo-9,101-Amino-4-bromoanthraquidihydro-9,10-dioxo-2none-2-sulfonic acid anthracenesulfonic acid DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

2835-81-6

103.120 lf (w)

304 dec

269

L-2-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

1492-24-6

270

DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

2835-82-7

103.120 lf (dil al), cry 292 dec (al) 103.120 nd (al) 194.3

271

4-Aminobutanoic acid

C4H9NO2

56-12-2

272

2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)-

273

4-Amino-1-butanol

274

275

4-Amino-N-[(butylamino)­ carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide Aminocarb

276

N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide

277

[4-[(Aminocarbonyl)­amino]­ phenyl]arsonic acid

278

N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo2-ethylbutanamide N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo3-methylbutanamide

279

K21599_PCOC.indb 16

Synonym

p-Aminohippuric acid

p-Biphenylamine

1.0825

1.48525

nD

Solubility

1.460620 s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; i peth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH, eth, HOAc

24613

vs ace, bz, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl DMSO, peth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl s DMSO

298.3(0.2)

302

sub

1.230020

C4H11NO

103.120 pr or nd (al) 203 dec lf (MeOHeth) 13054-87-0 89.136 liq -1.0

178(9)

C4H11NO

13325-10-5 89.136

203(11)

0.916220 1.448925 msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 0.96712 1.462520 s H2O, EtOH; i eth

C11H17N3O3S

339-43-5

271.336

144.5

C11H16N2O2

2032-59-9

208.257 cry

95.0(0.3)

C3H6N2O2

591-07-1

102.092

218

Carbarsone

C7H9AsN2O4

121-59-5

260.079 nd (w)

174

Carbromal

C7H13BrN2O2

77-65-6

237.094 orth (dil al)

118

Bromisovalum

C6H11BrN2O2

496-67-3

223.067 nd or lf (to)

154

γ-Aminobutyric acid

Carbutamide

180 sub

1.54425 sub

1.5615

vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz vs H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz vs H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth, bz

sl H2O, bz; s ace sl H2O, eth; s EtOH sl H2O, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, chl; s alk sl H2O, chl; s ace, bz vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

4/2/14 2:51 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

3-17 NH2 O S O

OH NH2 OH

OH

H2N

NH2

NH2

NH2

H2N

O

246

NH2

247

5-Amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid

248

4-Aminobenzeneethanol

249

2-Aminobenzenemethanamine

OH O S O

OH O S O

OH O S O

OH

250

2-Aminobenzenemethanol

251

4-Aminobenzenesulfonamide

F O S O

SH

2-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

N

N

SH NH2

NH2

252

3-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

NH2

253

NH2

254

4-Aminobenzenesulfonic acid

255

4-Aminobenzenesulfonyl fluoride

2-Aminobenzenethiol

N

4-Aminobenzenethiol

O

O N H

NH2

H2N

NH2

259

260

4-Aminobenzonitrile

HO

2-Aminobenzonitrile

3-Aminobenzonitrile

H2N

OH O

NH2

NH2

262

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)-L-glutamic acid

263

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl)glycine

O

O

258

O

OH

261

4-Aminobenzophenone

257

OH

H N

O O

NH2

256

NH2

NH2

264

2-Aminobiphenyl

O S OH O

3-Aminobiphenyl

O

O

OH

OH

NH2

O

Br

265

266

4-Aminobiphenyl

NH2

NH2

Br

267

2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid

268

1-Amino-4-bromo-9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid

269

DL-2-Aminobutanoic acid

O H N

L-2-Aminobutanoic acid

H N

O S

O

OH

270

DL-3-Aminobutanoic acid

H2N

N

O

OH

NH2 O

OH NH2

O

271

272

4-Aminobutanoic acid

2-Amino-1-butanol, (±)-

Organic

NH2

NH2

OH

H2N

N H

NH2

273

O

274

4-Amino-1-butanol

275

4-Amino-N-[(butylamino)carbonyl]benzenesulfonamide

Aminocarb

OH O As OH

O H2N

O N H

276

N-(Aminocarbonyl)acetamide

K21599_PCOC.indb 17

Br HN O

277

[4-[(Aminocarbonyl)amino]phenyl]arsonic acid

Br

H N

NH2 O

278

H N

NH2 O

N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-2-ethylbutanamide

O

NH2 O

279

N-(Aminocarbonyl)-2-bromo-3-methylbutanamide

4/2/14 2:51 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-18 Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

280

Salicylamide O-acetic acid

C9H9NO4

25395-22-6 195.172

221

C10H12N2O5S C14H8ClNO2

957-68-6 117-11-3

272.277 cry 257.673

212

C6H8ClN3O4S2

121-30-2

285.729

254.5

6-Chlorometanilic acid

C6H6ClNO3S

88-43-7

207.635 nd (w)

280 dec

2-Benzoyl-4-chloroaniline

C7H6ClNO2 C7H6ClNO2 C13H10ClNO

635-21-2 89-54-3 719-59-5

171.582 171.582 231.677 ye nd

211 188 100.5

88-51-7

221.662 short nd (w)

95-85-2 52-52-8

143.571 129.157 cry (al-w)

297

[2-(Aminocarbonyl)­phenoxy]­ acetic acid 7-Aminocephalosporanic acid 1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10anthracenedione 4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3benzenedisulfonamide 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid 5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid 2-Amino-5-chlorobenzo­ phenone 2-Amino-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid 2-Amino-4-chlorophenol 1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid 7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid 1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol 2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose 1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10anthracenedione 3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid 2-Amino-2’,5-dichlorobenzophenone 2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol

298

4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol

299

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7methyl-6H-purin-6-one 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4phthalazinedione

281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290

Organic

291 292 293 294 295 296

300

301

1-Amino-5-chloroanthraquinone Chloraminophenamide

2-Chloro-p-toluidine-5-sulfonic C7H8ClNO3S acid 2-Hydroxy-5-chloroaniline C6H6ClNO Cycloleucine C6H11NO2

181.187 cry (MeOH) 179.171 381.020 red nd (xyl)

127

C7H5Cl2NO2

133-90-4

206.027

202(1)

C13H9Cl2NO

2958-36-3

266.122

≈80

C6H5Cl2NO

527-62-8

95.5

70 sub

C6H5Cl2NO

5930-28-9

178.016 long nd (CS2) 178.016 nd or lf (w, bz)

168

sub

7-Methylguanine

C6H7N5O

578-76-7

165.153

370

Luminol

C8H7N3O2

521-31-3

177.161 ye nd (al)

330.5

Thioguanine

C5H5N5S

154-42-7

167.193

>360

Isoguanine

C5H5N5O

3373-53-3

151.127

>360

Me-IQ

C12H12N4

77094-11-2 212.250 cry

297

Picramic acid

C6H5N3O5

96-91-3

168(1)

Taurine Acetaldehyde ammonia Diglycolamine

C2H7NO3S C2H7NO C4H11NO2 C4H10N2O

107-35-7 75-39-8 929-06-6 1001-53-2

C9H13N3O2

642-44-4

C5H14N2O

305 306 307 308

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid 1-Aminoethanol 2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide

309

314

6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allylAminometradine 2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 1-[(2-Aminoethyl)­amino]-2N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)­ propanol ethylenediamine 4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benDopamine hydrochloride zenediol, hydrochloride α-(1-Aminoethyl)­ benzenemethanol, [S-(R*,R*)]α-(1-Aminoethyl)­ benzenemethanol, hydro­chloride N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine

315

4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

316

N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3propanediamine 2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol

310 311 312

313

317

K21599_PCOC.indb 18

sl DMSO

488-43-7 3416-24-8 81-49-2

199.121 dk red nd (al) pr (chl) 125.147 mcl pr (w) 61.083 orth (eth-al) 105.136 102.134

Solubility

vs EtOH vs H2O, EtOH, peth, chl

140 330 dec

C6H15NO5 C6H13NO5 C14H7Br2NO2

Chloramben

nD

1.51915

241 dec

Glucamine D-Glucosamine

den g cm –3

s alk

22252-43-3 214.241

304

303

bp/˚C

C8H10N2O3S

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6Hpurine-6-thione 6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2Hpurin-2-one 2-Amino-3,4dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]­ quinoline 2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol

302

mp/˚C

vs H2O, EtOH vs H2O

226

328 97 -12.5 51

sl DMSO

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace; sl bz, HOAc

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; vs alk; s HOAc

i H2O

vs bz, EtOH

110 dec 223.1(0.1)

vs H2O s H2O; sl eth 1.057220 s H2O, EtOH, bz; i eth

143

123-84-2

195.218 cry (+1w, w) 118.177

C8H12ClNO2

62-31-7

189.640 nd (w)

241 dec

vs H2O, MeOH

C9H13NO

492-39-7

151.205 pl(MeOH)

77.5

vs eth, EtOH, chl

C9H14ClNO

53631-70-2 187.666

198.5

s H2O

C4H12N2O

111-41-1

104.150

242(5)

Tyramine

C8H11NO

51-67-2

137.179 pl or nd (bz, 164.5 w), cry (al)

20625

N-(3-Aminopropyl)­ ethylenediamine

C5H15N3

13531-52-7 117.193

C5H13NO2

115-70-8

119.163

943

37.5

0.983725 1.473820

873

1.028620 1.486320 msc H2O, EtOH; s ace; sl bz, lig sl H2O, bz, DMSO; s EtOH, xyl; i tol 1.480525

15210

1.09920

1.49020

msc H2O

4/2/14 2:51 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

O

H

H2N OH

NH2

S

O

O

HO

O

O

Cl

281

[2-(Aminocarbonyl)phenoxy]acetic acid

7-Aminocephalosporanic acid

OH O S O

HO

HO

O

H

H2N O

NH2

O

Br

O

291

1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid

O

H HO H H

S

HO

Cl

288

O

2-Amino-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

CH2NH2 OH H OH OH CH2OH

H HO H H

292

7-Aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid

OH

Cl

2-Amino-5-chlorobenzophenone

N

O

290

2-Amino-4-chlorophenol

OH O S O

NH2

Cl

Cl

289

4-Amino-6-chloro-1,3-benzenedisulfonamide

287

5-Amino-2-chlorobenzoic acid

OH HO H2N

NH2

NH2

286

2-Amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid

NH2

283

H2N

285

5-Amino-2-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid

282

O

S

Cl

Cl

284

NH2 O

O

NH2

H2N

O

1-Amino-5-chloro-9,10-anthracenedione

O

Cl

NH2 O S O

NH2 Cl

N

O

280

O

293

1-Amino-1-deoxy-D-glucitol

NH2

CHO NH2 H OH OH CH2OH

Organic

O

3-19

2-Amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose

OH

OH Cl

Cl

NH2

Cl

Cl O

NH2

Cl

Br

294

Cl

295

1-Amino-2,4-dibromo-9,10-anthracenedione

3-Amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid

NH2

Cl

296

297

2-Amino-2’,5-dichlorobenzophenone

298

2-Amino-4,6-dichlorophenol

4-Amino-2,6-dichlorophenol

NH2

NH2 O O H

N

N

H2N

N N

N

N

H H

299

300

O

O N

N

O S OH O

O

304

2-Amino-4,6-dinitrophenol

O H2N

OH

305

306

2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid

H2N

O

2-(2-Aminoethoxy)ethanol

N H

308

N-(2-Aminoethyl)acetamide

OH

HO N H

OH NH2

HCl

OH

310

6-Amino-3-ethyl-1-allyl-2,4(1H,3H )-pyrimidinedione

311

1-[(2-Aminoethyl)amino]-2-propanol

312

α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, [S-(R *,R *)]-

4-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, hydrochloride

OH

HO

NH2 HCl

NH2 α-(1-Aminoethyl)benzenemethanol, hydrochloride

K21599_PCOC.indb 19

O

H2N

NH2

309

313

OH

307

1-Aminoethanol

N N

302

6-Amino-1,3-dihydro-2H-purin-2-one

NH2

O

H2N

N

N H

O

H N

NH2

O

2-Amino-3,4-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline

N

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

H2N

303

N

N

OH

N

N

H N

301

5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione

NH2

S N

H2N

O

2-Amino-1,7-dihydro-7-methyl-6H-purin-6-one

N

H

H2N

N H

314

H2N

OH

N-(2-Aminoethyl)ethanolamine

HO

315

4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol

N H

316

NH2

N-(2-Aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine

HO

NH2

317

2-Amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol

4/2/14 2:51 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-20 No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

318

L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid

2-Aminoadipic acid

C6H11NO4

542-32-5

319 320

6-Aminohexanenitrile 6-Aminohexanoic acid

5-Cyano-1-pentylamine ε-Aminocaproic acid

C6H12N2 C6H13NO2

321 322

6-Amino-1-hexanol 1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10anthracenedione 3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzo­ hydrazide 2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid 4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

323 324 325 326

Organic

327

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C 205 dec

2432-74-8 60-32-2

161.156 cry (EtOH, w) 112.172 liq 131.173 lf (eth)

C6H15NO C14H9NO3

4048-33-3 116-85-8

117.189 239.226

57 216.5

C6H7NO4S

98-37-3

189.190 orth (w+1)

>300

C7H9N3O2

6946-29-8

167.165 nd (al)

195

C7H7NO3

548-93-6

153.136 lf (w)

253.5

p-Aminosalicylic acid

C7H7NO3

65-49-6

153.136 nd, pl (al-eth)

150 dec

Mesalamine

C7H7NO3

89-57-6

153.136

281.0(0.5)

γ-Hydroxy-β-aminobutyric acid C4H9NO3

589-44-6

119.119 pr

216

C4H9NO3

924-49-2

218

C8H11NO3

138-65-8

119.119 pr (w), cry (dil al) 169.178

C15H11NO4

2379-90-0

269.253

5-Hydroxymethylcytosine

C5H7N3O2

1123-95-1

141.129

1-Naphthol-8-amino-3,6disulfonic acid 1-Amino-2-naphthol-4sulfonic acid

C10H9NO7S2

90-20-0

319.311

C10H9NO4S

116-63-2

239.248 gray nd

C6H5N5O C4H6N4O

2236-60-4 360-97-4

163.137 ye cry 126.117 cry (EtOH)

>360 170

C5H12N4O3

543-38-4

176.174 cry (al)

172

C2H6N4O

141-83-3

102.095 pr

105

p-Aminosalicylic acid hydrazide

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

nD

Solubility sl H2O, EtOH, eth

11816 205

vs H2O; i EtOH; sl MeOH 13730 s EtOH, ace sl H2O; i EtOH, eth vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, peth, chl sl H2O; i EtOH

338

5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid 4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)1,2-benzenediol, (±)1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2methoxy-9,10-anthracene­ dione 4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)2(1H)-pyrimidinone 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7naphthalenedisulfonic acid 4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine 5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4carboxamide O-[(Aminoiminomethyl) amino]-L-homoserine (Aminoiminomethyl)urea

339

2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid

C7H6INO2

5326-47-6

263.033

220 dec

340

C8H6N2O2

2518-24-3

162.146

269.5

Cycloserine

C3H6N2O2

68-41-7

102.092

155 dec

s H2O; sl MeOH

1-Amino-2-methylanthraquinone Phenylethanolamine

C15H11NO2

82-28-0

237.254

205.5

C8H11NO

7568-93-6

137.179

56.5

i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth vs H2O; s EtOH

4-Amino-3-phenylbutyric acid

C10H13NO2

1078-21-3

179.216

252 dec

C7H9NO3S

88-44-8

187.216 lt ye nd

132 dec

vs H2O

Tranexamic acid

C8H15NO2

1197-18-8

157.211

249(4)

vs H2O

Diacetonamine

C6H13NO

625-04-7

115.173

250.14

348

4-Amino-1H-isoindole1,3(2H)-dione 4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, (R)1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10anthracenedione α-(Aminomethyl)­ benzenemethanol β-(Aminomethyl)­ benzenepropanoic acid 2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid trans-4-(Aminomethyl)­ cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone 2-Amino-4-methylphenol

C7H9NO

95-84-1

sub

349

4-Amino-2-methylphenol

C7H9NO

2835-96-3

123.152 cry (w), orth 136 (bz), lf or nd 123.152 nd or lf (bz) 176.5

350

4-Amino-3-methylphenol

C7H9NO

2835-99-6

351 352

(Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3propanediol L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol 2-Aminoisobutanol

CH6NO3P C4H11NO2

328 329 330 331

332 333 334 335 336 337

341 342 343 344 345 346 347

353 354

K21599_PCOC.indb 20

Canavanine

vs H2O; sl EtOH, chl, eth, AcOEt vs H2O

189 dec sl chl

>300 dec sl H2O, EtOH, eth i H2O, EtOH, bz; s alk

vs H2O 160 dec

s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz

16017

s H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig sl H2O, bz; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s DMSO

sub

1066-51-9 115-69-5

123.152 pr (dil al) cry (bz) 111.038 cry 105.136

179 309 110.93(0.05) 15110

C4H9NO2

144-90-1

103.120 cry (w)

185

C4H11NO

124-68-5

89.136

25.5

163.8(0.8)

vs H2O; s EtOH

0.93420

1.44920

msc H2O; s ctc

4/2/14 2:51 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds OH

3-21 O

NH2

O

OH

NH2 OH

O

O

OH

NH2

N

318

H2N

319

L-2-Aminohexanedioic acid

6-Aminohexanenitrile

OH O S O

OH

321

6-Aminohexanoic acid

H N

O

H2N

O

320

322

6-Amino-1-hexanol

1-Amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

HO

NH2 OH

O

O

OH

HO

OH

O OH

NH2 NH2

325

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide

3-Amino-4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid

H2N

NH2

OH

324

323

326

2-Amino-3-hydroxybenzoic acid

327

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

5-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

OH

O

NH2

NH2 OH O

NH2 O HO

328

OH

N N H

S

S

OH O S O

OH

O OH NH2

333

5-Amino-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamide

NH O

HO

N H

NH2

N H

H N

H2N

NH2

O-[(Aminoiminomethyl)amino]-L-homoserine

O N H

NH2

339

(Aminoiminomethyl)urea

O

NH2

I

338

340

2-Amino-5-iodobenzoic acid

4-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione

NH2 H2N

OH

O

O

NH2 O

N H

NH2

2-Amino-4-hydroxypteridine

O

NH2

NH O

337

O H2N

N H

335

4-Amino-3-hydroxy-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

HO O

N

334

4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

N

N

NH2

O

336

O N OH

332

H2N

1-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

4-Amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(1H )-pyrimidinone

H2N

OH

331

4-(2-Amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-1,2-benzenediol, (±)-

O

O

HO

O

330

4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid, (±)-

NH2 HO

HO

329

3-Amino-4-hydroxybutanoic acid

O

HO

H2N

OH

Organic

NH2

OH

OH

O

341

342

4-Amino-3-isoxazolidinone, (R)-

343

344

α-(Aminomethyl)benzenemethanol

1-Amino-2-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

β-(Aminomethyl)benzenepropanoic acid

OH

OH

OH O S O

NH2 NH2 NH2 O

NH2

345

346

2-Amino-5-methylbenzenesulfonic acid

NH2

347

trans-4-(Aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

348

4-Amino-4-methyl-2-pentanone

2-Amino-4-methylphenol

349

4-Amino-2-methylphenol

OH

NH2

350

4-Amino-3-methylphenol

K21599_PCOC.indb 21

H2N

O OH P OH

351

(Aminomethyl)phosphonic acid

O H2N HO

352

OH

2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol

H2N

OH

353

L-3-Amino-2-methylpropanoic acid

OH NH2

354

2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol

4/2/14 2:51 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-22 No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

355

4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H)pyrimidinone 3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5trimethylcyclohexanol 3-Amino-2-naphthalene­ carboxylic acid 2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione

5-Methylcytosine

C5H7N3O

554-01-8

125.129 pr (w+1/2)

270 dec

1-Hydroxy-3-aminomethyl3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane 3-Amino-2-naphthoic acid

C10H21NO

15647-11-7 171.280

45.5

C11H9NO2

5959-52-4

187.195 ye lf (dil al)

216.5

s EtOH, eth

C10H7NO2

2348-81-4

173.169

207

7-Amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 4-Amino-1,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 4-Amino-1,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

Amido-G-Acid

C10H9NO6S2

86-65-7

2-Naphthylamine-1,5-disulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4,7-disulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4,6-disulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid 1-Naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid

C10H9NO6S2

117-62-4

303.311 mcl pr or nd 274 (w+4) 303.311 >300

i H2O, alk; s EtOH, eth, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH

C10H9NO6S2

85-75-6

303.311

vs H2O

C10H9NO6S2

85-74-5

303.311

vs H2O, EtOH

C10H9NO3S

81-16-3

223.248 sc(hot w)

s DMSO

C10H9NO3S

84-86-6

1-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid 2-Naphthylamine-5-sulfonic acid Badische acid

C10H9NO3S

84-89-9

223.248 wh nd (w+1/2) red-br cry 223.248 wh cry

C10H9NO3S

81-05-0

223.248 nd(w)

i H2O, EtOH, eth

C10H9NO3S

86-60-2

vs HOAc

1-Naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid Bronner acid

C10H9NO3S

82-75-7

223.248 nd (w+1), pl (aq ace) 223.248 nd

C10H9NO3S

93-00-5

223.248 lf

1,7-Cleve’s acid

C10H9NO3S

119-28-8

223.248 nd or pr (w)

i cold H2O; sl hot H2O sl EtOH; s eth

1-Amino-6-hydroxynaphthalene

C10H9NO

83-55-6

159.184

170

sl DMSO

C10H9NO

2834-92-6

159.184 silvery lf (bz, eth)

150 dec

C10H9NO

118-46-7

159.184 nd (w, al)

206

182.134 oran pr (dil 269 al) 182.134 lf (al), ye nd 278(5) (w, dil al)

sl H2O, eth; s EtOH; vs dil alk, acid s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, lig i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s xyl i H2O, bz, chl, xyl; s EtOH, eth sl DMSO sl H2O sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, HOAc s H2O, EtOH, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl DMSO sl H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; s HOAc sl H2O; i EtOH, eth; vs alk, acid vs H2O, EtOH

356 357 358

359 360 361 362

Organic

363 364

365

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

nD

s H2O, acid; sl EtOH; i eth 265

dec

0.96925

1.490420

1.670325

371 372

1-Amino-2-naphthol

373

8-Amino-2-naphthol

374

2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H6N2O4

619-17-0

375

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid

C7H6N2O4

616-79-5

376 377 378

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile 3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine 2-Amino-4-nitrophenol

C7H5N3O2 CH5N5O2 C6H6N2O3

17420-30-3 163.134 18264-75-0 119.084 99-57-0 154.123 oran pr (+w)

379 380

2-Amino-5-nitrophenol 4-Amino-2-nitrophenol

C6H6N2O3 C6H6N2O3

121-88-0 119-34-6

381

2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)-

C8H17NO2

644-90-6

154.123 205.8 154.123 dk red pl or 131 nd (w, al) 159.227 lf (w) 270

382

Aminooxoacetohydrazide

C2H5N3O2

515-96-8

103.080

221 dec

383

C4H5NO3

557-24-4

115.088 cry (al)

172.5

C5H9NO3 C4H11ClN2O6

106-60-5 2921-14-4

131.130 cry (EtOH) 218.592

118 152.5

386 387

cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic Maleamic acid acid 5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid 5-Aminolevulinic acid (Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1) 6-Aminopenicillanic acid Penicin 5-Aminopentanoic acid

C8H12N2O3S C5H11NO2

551-16-6 660-88-8

216.257 cry (w) 117.147 lf (dil al)

208 157 dec

dec

388

5-Amino-1-pentanol

C5H13NO

2508-29-4

103.163

38.5

221.5

0.948817 1.461817

389

2-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

95-55-6

109.126 wh orth bipym nd (bz)

173.5(0.3)

267(19)

1.32825

367 368 369 370

384 385

K21599_PCOC.indb 22

8-Amino-β-naphthol

Semioxamazide

i H2O; sl EtOH; s MeOH, py s H2O; i eth

5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid 5-Amino-1-naphthol

366

Solubility

vs gl HOAc

sub

203.5 187.8 146

11012 sub

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz, lig msc H2O, EtOH, ace s H2O, eth; vs EtOH; sl bz, tfa

4/2/14 2:51 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

OH

N

NH2

H2N O

O

O

N H

OH O S O

O

OH

NH2

355

356

4-Amino-5-methyl-2(1H )-pyrimidinone

S

NH2

357

3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanol

OH O S O

O

358

3-Amino-2-naphthalenecarboxylic acid

OH O S O

NH2

HO

HO

OH O S O

S

O O

NH2

362

4-Amino-1,6-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

NH2

NH2

361

360

2-Amino-1,5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

7-Amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

O

OH

359

2-Amino-1,4-naphthalenedione

O O S O OH

O

363

4-Amino-1,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

OH O S O

2-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH O S O

Organic

NH2

3-23

OH O S O H2N

NH2

NH2

364

H2N

365

4-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

366

5-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

O S

OH

NH2

O

369

8-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

O

OH

O

373

O

374

8-Amino-2-naphthol

OH O N

NH2 O

O

378

N O

OH

5-Amino-4-oxopentanoic acid

HO O

O 0.5 HCl NH2

385

(Aminooxy)acetic acid, hydrochloride (2:1)

O

H

N H

O

O

NH2

NH2

383

cis-4-Amino-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid

OH NH2

OH

H2N

6-Aminopenicillanic acid

O

HO

Aminooxoacetohydrazide

O

COOH

386

377

S

N

O N N NH2 O

3-Amino-1-nitroguanidine

382

2-Aminooctanoic acid, (±)-

H2N

O

K21599_PCOC.indb 23

381

4-Amino-2-nitrophenol

H N

O H 2N

O

380

2-Amino-5-nitrophenol

H2N

376

NH2

NH2

O

384

O

H2N

N O

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzonitrile

OH

379

2-Amino-4-nitrophenol

N O

2-Amino-5-nitrobenzoic acid

OH

NH2

O

375

2-Amino-4-nitrobenzoic acid

OH

NH2

NH2

NH2

372

1-Amino-2-naphthol

N

OH

NH2

O

371

5-Amino-1-naphthol

8-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH

N

NH2

370

6-Amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

O

OH

O

H 2N

368

NH2

OH

S

O

N

7-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

OH

OH H2N O S O

O

367

6-Amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid

387

5-Aminopentanoic acid

OH

H2N

388

5-Amino-1-pentanol

389

2-Aminophenol

4/2/14 2:51 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-24 Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

591-27-5

391

4-Aminophenol

C6H7NO

392

N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide

393

N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide

394

395

No.

Name

390

Physical Form

Organic

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

109.126 pr (to)

122.5(0.3)

16411

123-30-8

109.126 wh pl (w)

186(7)

1100.3

C8H10N2O

102-28-3

150.177 nd or pl (bz) 88

p-Aminoacetanilide

C8H10N2O

122-80-5

150.177 nd (w)

166.5

(4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid

Arsanilic acid

C6H8AsNO3

98-50-0

217.055 mcl nd (w, al)

232

4,4’-Diaminodiphenylamine

C12H13N3

537-65-5

199.251 lf (w)

158

dec

396

N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4benzenediamine 2-Amino-1-phenylethanone

Phenacylamine

C8H9NO

613-89-8

135.163 ye cry

20

251

397

1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone

m-Aminoacetophenone

C8H9NO

99-03-6

98.5

289.5

398

1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone

p-Aminoacetophenone

C8H9NO

399

1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone 1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone N-[(4-Aminophenyl)­sulfonyl]­ acetamide

400 401

402

5-[(4-Aminophenyl) sulfonyl]-2-thiazolamine 4-Aminophthalimide

Synonym

p-Aminopropiophenone

C9H11NO

Sulfacetamide

C8H10N2O3S

135.163 pa ye pl (al), lf (eth) 99-92-3 135.163 ye mcl pr (al) 38237-74-0 177.243 cry (bz-peth) 70-69-9 149.189 pl (al, w), nd (w) 144-80-9 214.241

Thiazolsulfone

C9H9N3O2S2

473-30-3

255.316 nd (al)

3676-85-5

162.146

C11H15NO

404

5-Amino-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)- C8H6N2O2 dione 3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±)C3H9NO2

405 406

3-Aminopropanenitrile 2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)-

3-Aminopropionitrile

407 408

3-Amino-1-propanol 1-Amino-2-propanol

Propanolamine Isopropanolamine

409

α-(1-Aminopropyl)­ α-(α-Aminopropyl)benzyl benzenemethanol alcohol N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl1,3-propanediamine Aminopropylon 4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±)- Hydroxyamphetamine

403

410 411 412 413 414 415

416 417 418

419 420 421 422 423 424

K21599_PCOC.indb 24

nD

Solubility s H2O, tol; vs EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO sl H2O, tfa; vs EtOH; i bz, chl; s alk vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; sl EtOH, DMSO; i ace, bz vs eth, EtOH

267 1.957110

1.616020 i H2O; s eth; sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH

105(1)

294

vs eth, EtOH

74.5

1613

i H2O; s EtOH, eth s DMSO

220 dec

140 182.0(0.4)

sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth; vs ace, alk vs ace, eth, EtOH, diox 2240.5

13552-31-3 91.109

265 dec

C3H6N2 C3H9NO

151-18-8 6168-72-5

70.093 75.109

185 174.5

C3H9NO C3H9NO

156-87-6 1674-56-2

75.109 75.109

C10H15NO

5897-76-7

165.232 pl (bz-eth)

C7H19N3

105-83-9

145.246

C16H22N4O2 C9H13NO

3690-04-8 1518-86-1

302.372 pr (bz) 151.205 cry (bz)

181 125.5

C6H17N3

56-18-8

131.219

-5.1(0.3)

C19H20N8O5 C10H10N4O2S

54-62-6 116-44-9

440.413 ye cry 250.277 nd (PhNO2)

262 dec 251

C4H4N4

16617-46-2 108.102 cry (w)

173

C6H6N2O2

5345-47-1

138.124

296 dec

C6H6N2O2

3167-49-5

312

Sulfapyridine

C11H11N3O2S

144-83-2

138.124 cry (dil HOAc, +2w) 249.289 ye oran (al)

190(2)

5-Aminouracil

C4H5N3O2

932-52-5

127.102 nd (w)

dec

C4H5N3O2

873-83-6

127.102 cry (w)

dec

2-Thiocytosine

C4H5N3S

333-49-3

127.168

sl DMSO

Uramil

C4H5N3O3

118-78-5

143.101 nd or pl (w) >400

Sulfadiazine

C10H10N4O2S

68-35-9

250.277 cry (w), wh pow

s H2O, chl; i eth, bz sl H2O, EtOH, ace, DMSO

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3Bis(3-aminopropyl)amine propanediamine Aminopterin 4-Amino-N-pyrazinylbenzene- Sulfapyrazine sulfonamide 3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-43-Amino-4-cyanopyrazole carbonitrile 2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic 6-Aminonicotinic acid acid 4-Amino-N-2-pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide 5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 4-Amino-2(1H)-pyrimidinethione 5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione 4-Amino-N-2-pyrimidinyl­ benzenesulfonamide

den g cm –3

liq

12.1(1) 1.7(0.2)

185(4) 141(12)

1.175220 1.491025 s H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz 0.958420 1.439620 1.450220 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 0.982426 1.461720 s H2O, EtOH, eth 0.961120 1.447920 msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc

79.5 232(3)

261(3)

15150

0.902320 1.470525

0.93825

1.481020

vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl, AcOEt s chl

i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s py; sl ace

sl H2O

i H2O, bz, ctc; s EtOH i H2O; s alk, acid vs H2O

4/2/14 2:51 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-25 O

OH O

OH

NH2

390

NH2

391

392

4-Aminophenol

OH O As OH

NH2

NH2

NH

NH2

3-Aminophenol

NH

393

N-(3-Aminophenyl)acetamide

H2N

394

N-(4-Aminophenyl)acetamide

NH

NH2

395

(4-Aminophenyl)arsonic acid

N-(4-Aminophenyl)-1,4-benzenediamine

O NH O S O

O O

O

O

O

NH2

397

2-Amino-1-phenylethanone

H2N

1-(3-Aminophenyl)ethanone

NH NH2

402

1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-pentanone

HO

1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone

404

3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, (±)-

4-Aminophthalimide

H N

H2N

409

NH2

H2N

N H

N

N NH2

N H

N

N H

413

NH2

2-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

O S NH O

H2N

O H2N

N N H

N

6-Amino-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

O

3-Amino-1H-pyrazole-4-carbonitrile

O O S NH O

H2N

6-Amino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

422

H2N

NH

N

N H

419

O

420

4-Amino-N-2-pyridinylbenzenesulfonamide

5-Amino-2,4(1H,3H )-pyrimidinedione

O H2N

N N H

N

416

415

4-Amino-N-pyrazinylbenzenesulfonamide

N

418

NH

K21599_PCOC.indb 25

NH2

O

NH2

NH2

421

N

OH

OH

417

N H

4-(2-Aminopropyl)phenol, (±)-

OH

414

O

O

412

Aminopropylon

Aminopterin

OH

NH2

HO

N

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine

N

O

N

411

N-(3-Aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine

O

H2N

N

NH2

410

α-(1-Aminopropyl)benzenemethanol

1-Amino-2-propanol

N

3-Amino-1-propanol

O

O

NH2

OH

407

2-Amino-1-propanol, (±)-

3-Aminopropanenitrile

N

OH

H2N

406

405

OH

408

N-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]acetamide

OH

N

OH

403

NH2

401

NH2

NH2

NH2

O

5-[(4-Aminophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-thiazolamine

NH2

400

O

N S

H2N

399

1-(4-Aminophenyl)ethanone

H2N

O S O

H2N

398

Organic

NH2

NH2

396

S

4-Amino-2(1H )-pyrimidinethione

O

NH N H

423

O

5-Amino-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H )-pyrimidinetrione

H2N

O S NH O

N N

424

4-Amino-N-2-pyrimidinylbenzenesulfonamide

4/2/14 2:51 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-26 No.

Name

425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433

Organic

434 435 436 437 438 439 440

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Aminopyrine

C13H17N3O

58-15-1

4-Amino-N-2-quinoxalinylben- Sulfaquinoxaline zenesulfonamide 4-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoic acid Carzenide

C14H12N4O2S

N-[4-(Aminosulfonyl)­phenyl]­ acetamide 5-Amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole2(3H)-thione 2-Amino-4(5H)-thiazolone

Acetylsulfanilamide

N-(Aminothioxomethyl)­ acetamide N-Amino-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 1-Amino-2,2,2-trichloro­ ethanol 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2pyridinecarboxlic acid 11-Aminoundecanoic acid Amiton Amitraz

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

59-40-5

247.5

C7H7NO4S

138-41-0

201.201 pr or lf (w)

291 dec

C8H10N2O3S

121-61-9

214.241 nd (HOAc)

219.5

C2H3N3S2

2349-67-9

133.195

243.0

C3H4N2OS

556-90-1

116.141 pr or nd (w) 256 dec

Acetylthiourea

C3H6N2OS

591-08-2

3-Aminorhodanine

C3H4N2OS2

1438-16-0

118.157 pr (w), orth (al) 148.206

101.5

Chloral ammonia

C2H4Cl3NO

507-47-1

164.418 nd (al)

73

Picloram

C6H3Cl3N2O2

1918-02-1

241.459

218.5

C11H23NO2 C10H24NO3PS C19H23N3

2432-99-7 201.307 78-53-5 269.342 liq 33089-61-1 293.406

189.0 86

1.12820

C20H23N C6H12FeN3O12 C8H4F15NO2

50-48-6 277.404 cry 14221-47-7 374.017 3825-26-1 431.100 solid

196 (HCl) 165 dec

1.7817.5

C3H9NO2 C11H18N2O3

17496-08-1 91.109 hyg cry 57-43-2 226.272

45 153(1)

C20H23NO2

76-65-3

43.4

N-Methylbis(2,4-xylyliminomethyl)amine

444 445 446

Amoxicillin Amphecloral Amphotericin B

C16H19N3O5S C11H12Cl3N C47H73NO17

26787-78-0 365.404 cry (w) 5581-35-1 264.579 1397-89-3 924.080 ye pr (DMF) 170 dec

447 448

Ampicillin Ampyrone

C16H19N3O4S C11H13N3O

69-53-4 83-07-8

449

Amygdalin

450

309.403 cry (peth)

sl H2O; i EtOH, eth sl H2O, eth; s DMSO, EtOH s DMSO 100 dec

vs bz, eth, EtOH

760.01

Amolanone

200 dec 109

C20H27NO11

349.405 cry 203.240 pa ye cry (bz) 29883-15-6 457.428

Anacardic acid

C22H32O3

11034-77-8 344.487 cry (ace)

35.5

451

Anagyrine

C15H20N2O

486-89-5

452

Androstane

C19H32

453

455 456 457

Androstane-17-carboxylic acid, (5β,17β) Androstane-3,17-diol, (3α,5α,17β) 5α-Androstane-3,17-dione 5β-Androstane-3,17-dione Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione

458

Androst-4-ene-3,11,17-trione Adrenosterone

459

Anemonin

460 461

Anhalamine Anhalonidine

462

Anhalonine

463

2,5-Anhydro-3,4-dideoxyhexi- Tetrahydro-2,5-furandimethatol nol

1.465527

vs H2O; i EtOH

s H2O vs bz, EtOH, chl

1932.0

1.561425

960.5

1.530

s H2O i H2O; sl DMF; s DMSO sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, chl vs eth, EtOH, peth s H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl; i lig vs ace, eth, EtOH, peth

224.5

244.332 pe ye glass

Solubility vs H2O, bz, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, ace; s aq alk i H2O; vs EtOH; sl eth; i bz s H2O, EtOH, ace

165

443

5-Ethyl-5-isopentyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione 3-[2-(Diethylamino)­ethyl]-3phenyl-2(3H)-benzofuranone

nD

107.5

441 442

K21599_PCOC.indb 26

den g cm –3

231.293 pr or pl (lig or AcOEt) 300.336

Amitriptyline Ammonium ferric oxalate Ammonium perfluorooctanoate Ammonium propanoate Amobarbital

454

bp/˚C

26512

Etiocholanic acid

C20H32O2

24887-75-0 260.457 lf 50 (aceMeOH) 438-08-4 304.467 nd (gl HOAc) 228.5

600.003

Epiandrostanediol

C19H32O2

1852-53-5

292.456 nd (ace aq)

4-Androstene-3,17-dione

C19H28O2 C19H28O2 C19H26O2

846-46-8 1229-12-5 63-05-8

C19H24O3

382-45-6

288.424 cry (MeOH) 130(3) 288.424 cry (ace-hx) 135 286.408 143(form a); 173(form b) 300.392 nd (al) 222 sub

160 sub

223

158

187.5 160.5

vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH

C12H15NO3

192.169 orth pl (chl) nd (al or bz) 643-60-7 209.242 nd (al) 17627-77-9 223.268 oct cry (bz, eth) 519-04-0 221.252 rhom nd

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl vs chl

86

1400.02

C6H12O3

104-80-3

300

C14H14O2S

599-66-6

246.325 pr(bz), nd(w,al)

150(8)

406

C15H16N2S

137-97-3

256.366 nd (al, sub)

C15H30N2

64168-11-2 238.412

13.7

21550

C3H8S2 C10H20N2O2

1618-26-4 1723-94-0

75

148 285

C6H9BiO6 C7H5BiO4

s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl sl EtOH, chl

133

47.5

108.226 200.278 wh-ye (eth,lig) 22306-37-2 386.111 col tablets 14882-18-9 362.093 pr

1.598220 1.437120

1.171111

0.925

Di-p-tolylmercury C14H14Hg 2,2’-p-Phenylenebis(4-methyl- C26H20N2O2 5-phenyloxazole) Di-p-tolyl sulfide C14H14S

i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl bz, DMSO

s ctc

231

C14H14O C18H22O2

Solubility

250

1.557020 i H2O; s EtOH, ace; vs eth vs bz, eth, EtOH

sl chl i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; sl chl sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, bz, chl, CS2 vs bz, EtOH, chl 0.896225 1.480425

vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH i H2O i H2O, EtOH; reac alk

4/2/14 2:54 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds HO

N

3-57

OH OH

N

HO

H2N

OH

1002

1003

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)methylamine

N

HO

OH

1004

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylaniline

S

OH

O

1007

O OH

O

1008

1,2-Bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)ethane

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate

HO

1009

Bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)methanone

1,3-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-imidazolidone

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propane

O

O O

O O

O

O

O O

O

O

O OH

O O

HO

1012

1011

O HO

OH

1014

HO

1015

Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane

O O S

O O

OH

O

HO

1016

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane

OH

1017

2,2-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane dimethacrylate

Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone

O

O O

O

1019

O

O

N H

Bis(2-methallyl) carbonate

N N

O HN

1024

Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanedione

O

1025

O

1026

Bis(4-methylphenyl) disulfide

N

N

O

O

Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)peroxide

O O S

H N

1023

1,4-Bis(methylamino)-9,10-anthracenedione

O

1027

Bis(4-methylphenyl) ether

S

O HN

O

1022

S 1,3-Bis(1-methylethenyl)benzene

Bis(2-mercaptoethyl) sulfide

O

Bis(4-methoxyphenyl)diazene, 1-oxide

S

SH

S

1018

O

1021

Bis(2-methoxyethyl)amine

HS

O

O

1020

OH

1013

2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, tri(2-propenoyl) ester

2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, tetra(2-propenoyl) ester

O

OH

1010

Organic

S

OH

OH

N N

HO

O

1006

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide

OH

O

O HO

1005

N,N-Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-propanediamine

OH O

OH

S

O

H N

Hg

1028

Bis(4-methylphenyl)mercury

N

N

S

1029

1,4-Bis(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazol-2-yl)benzene

1030

1031

Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfide

O N

N S

S

1034

Bis(methylthio)methane

K21599_PCOC.indb 57

1032

Bis(4-methylphenyl) sulfone

O

N,N’-Bis(2-methylphenyl)thiourea

O O

O Bi

O

1,2-Bis(N-morpholino)ethane

O

O

O

1035

1033

1,3-Bis(1-methyl-4-piperidyl)propane

1036

Bismuth acetate

O

O Bi

OH

1037

Bismuth subsalicylate

4/2/14 2:54 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-58 Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C12H8N2O4S2

1155-00-6

308.333

198.5

Nitrophenide

C12H8N2O4S2

537-91-7

308.333

84

4,4’-Dinitrobibenzyl

C12H8N2O4S2 C14H12N2O4

100-32-3 736-30-1

308.333 182 272.256 ye nd (al,bz) 181.8

N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea 4,4’-Dinitrocarbanilide Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt Cobalt(II) bis(acetylacetonate) Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine 1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1hydroxyethyl)urea 1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)­ benzene Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate Triphosgene

C13H10N4O5 C10H14CoO4 C16H19N C14H8Br6O2

587-90-6 14024-48-7 10024-74-5 37853-59-1

C5H6Cl6N2O3

116-52-9

302.242 257.149 bl-viol cry 225.329 687.637 nd (bz/ EtOH) 354.831

C8H4Cl6

68-36-0

312.836 cry (bz, eth) 109

C3Cl6O3 C32H62O4S C8H5F6N C8H4F6 C8H4F6

433-19-2

C2F6S2 C8H18Si2 C12H4N6O12S

372-64-5 202.141 14630-40-1 170.400 2217-06-3 456.258 ye cry

26 230

1056 1057 1058

Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate Ditridecyl thiodipropionate 3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline 1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)­ benzene 1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)­ benzene Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide 1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) Dipicryl sulfide sulfide Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether Diethylene glycol divinyl ether Bithionol 2,2’-Bithiophene

32315-10-9 296.748 cry (eth, peth) 10595-72-9 542.897 328-74-5 229.123 402-31-3 214.108

C8H14O3 C12H6Cl4O2S C8H6S2

764-99-8 97-18-7 492-97-7

158.195 356.052 166.264

188 31.1(0.4)

1059

Bixin

C25H30O4

6983-79-5

394.504 viol pr (ace) 198

1060 1061 1062

Boldenone Boldine Bomyl

Dehydrotestosterone

C19H26O2 C19H21NO4 C9H15O8P

846-48-0 476-70-0 122-10-1

286.408 327.375 cry (eth) 282.184 ye oil

1063 1064

Borane carbonyl Borneol, (±)-

Borine carbonyl

CH3BO C10H18O

13205-44-2 41.845 col gas 6627-72-1 154.249 lf (lig)

-137 206(7)

-64 213(7)

1.01120

1065

l-Bornyl acetate

C12H20O2

5655-61-8

27

223.5

0.98225

1066

Bornylamine

C10H19N

32511-34-5 153.265

163

1067

Bornyl chloride

C10H17Cl

464-41-5

128(6)

1068

C15H26O2

53022-14-3 238.366

C2H6BF3O

353-42-4

113.874

1070

Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1R)Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex Boron trifluoride etherate

C4H10BF3O

109-63-7

141.927 liq

1071

Brilliant Green

C27H34N2O4S

633-03-4

1072

Brilliant Yellow

C26H20N4Na2O8S2

3051-11-4

482.635 small gold cry 626.569 ye cry (w)

1073

Brodifacoum

C31H23BrO3

56073-10-0 523.417 off-wh pow 230

1074

Bromacil

C9H13BrN2O2

314-40-9

1075

Bromadiolone

C30H23BrO4

28772-56-7 527.406 ye-wh pow

205

1076

Bromal hydrate

C2H3Br3O2

507-42-6

46.0(0.7)

1077

Bromdian

C15H12Br4O2

79-94-7

298.756 mcl pr (w+1) 543.871

1078

N-Bromoacetamide

C2H4BrNO

79-15-2

137.963 nd (chl-hx)

103.5

No.

Name

1038

Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide

1039

Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide

1040 1041

Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide 1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane

1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047

Organic

1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055

1069

K21599_PCOC.indb 58

Synonym

2-Chloro-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, endo d-Bornyl isovalerate

Trifluoroboron etherate

5-Bromo-3-sec-butyl-6methyluracil

Tetrabromobisphenol A

Physical Form

mp/˚C

172.695 nd

261.115

den g cm –3

nD

Solubility i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc sl EtOH, chl; s eth sl EtOH, HOAc i EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, HOAc

2550.1

312 dec 167 296.5

1.01815

1.573

222 196

79

214.108 liq

196.286

bp/˚C

vs ace, EtOH s chl 203

1.629080

2650.25 8515 116

vs EtOH 1.48725 1.433520 1.379025 1.391625 i H2O

115 34.6 134

vs EtOH, peth 0.77020

1.41320

8110 1.7325

vs ace i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ctc, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, HOAc

260

165 163 16017

1.462620

207.5 257.5

0.95525

-14

127 dec

1.241020 1.30220

-60.4

125.5

1.12525

dec H2O; vs eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH s H2O, EtOH; sl ace i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; s ace, chl

157.8(0.5)

179

1.34820

vs EtOH, chl sl H2O; vs ace, EtOH, xyl dec H2O i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs bz, eth, EtOH, peth vs eth, EtOH

1.5525

dec

2.566140

vs DMF; sl ace, chl, EtOH, eth; i hx vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs eth

4/2/14 2:54 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O O N

O N O O O N S S

O N O

S

1038

S S

1039

O N O

O N O

O N O

1040

Bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide

1041

Bis(4-nitrophenyl) disulfide

1,2-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)ethane

H N

Br

O

N O

O

O

Co

O

1042

O

1043

N,N’-Bis(4-nitrophenyl)urea

Cl

O

O

Br

1044

Bis(2,4-pentanedionato)cobalt

Cl

Br

N H

O

Br

1045

Bis(1-phenylethyl)amine

1,2-Bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane

O

Cl

NH2

O Cl Cl

Cl

H N

Cl

H N

OH O

S

Cl Cl

Cl

OH

1046

F

Cl

F

O O

Cl O

O

Cl Cl

F F

O

1048

1,4-Bis(trichloromethyl)benzene

F

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

1047

N,N’-Bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl)urea

F

1049

Bis(trichloromethyl) carbonate

F

1051

F

O O N OO N

F F

F

1052

1,3-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene

F F

F

3,5-Bis(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

F F F

F

1050

Bis(tridecyl) thiodipropanoate

F

F

Br Br

Organic

H N N O

O N O S

Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide

O

3-59

S

S

O N O

F F

Si

F

N OO N O O

Si

1054

1053

1,4-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene

1055

1,2-Bis(trimethylsilyl)acetylene

Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide

O N O

S

Bis(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl) sulfide

OH HO Cl O

O

O

Cl

1056

O

Cl

S

O

Cl

1057

Bis[2-(vinyloxy)ethyl] ether

S

S

OH O

1058

Bithionol

1059

2,2’-Bithiophene

Bixin

HO OH

N H

O

H

O

O

O

1060

1061

Boldenone

P O

O H 3B

O

OH

O

O

1062

Boldine

O

1063

Bomyl

1064

Borane carbonyl

1065

Borneol, (±)-

l-Bornyl acetate

Cl

NH2

O

OH

1066

1067

Bornylamine

Bornyl chloride

N

O

1068

1069

Bornyl 3-methylbutanoate, (1R)-

HO

F O B F F

F O B F F

O

N

HSO4

1070

Boron trifluoride - dimethyl ether complex

1071

Boron trifluoride etherate

Brilliant Green

N N N N

S O O O O S Na O O Na

O Br O

1072

O

O

1074

Brodifacoum

Bromacil

OH

OH

Br HO

O Br

1075

Bromadiolone

K21599_PCOC.indb 59

N N H

1073

Brilliant Yellow

O

Br

OH

OH

Br Br

OH

1076

Bromal hydrate

Br

Br

HO

OH

O Br

Br

1077

Bromdian

N H

Br

1078

N-Bromoacetamide

4/2/14 2:55 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-60 No.

Name

1079

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Bromoacetic acid

C2H3BrO2

79-08-3

1080

Bromoacetone

C3H5BrO

1081

α-Bromoacetophenone

ω-Bromoacetophenone

1082

4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl

2-Bromo-4’-phenylacetophenone

1083 1084 1085

Bromoacetyl bromide Bromoacetylene 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-secbutylbarbituric acid 5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-isopropylbarbituric acid

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

den g cm –3

bp/˚C

138.948 hex or orth cry

50

208

598-31-2

136.975 liq

-36.5

138

C8H7BrO

70-11-1

13518

C14H11BrO

135-73-9

199.045 nd (al) orth 51(1) pr (al) pl(peth) 275.140 nd (95% al) 127

598-21-0 593-61-3 1142-70-7

201.844 104.933 col gas 303.152

148.5 4.7

Butallylonal

C2H2Br2O C2HBr C11H15BrN2O3

Propallylonal

C10H13BrN2O3

545-93-7

181

30.9(0.5)

229

1.57820

nD

Solubility

1.933550 1.480450 msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace, bz; sl chl 1.63423 1.469715 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 1.64720 i H2O; s EtOH, peth; vs eth, bz, chl

2.31222

131.5

1.544920 s ace, ctc vs eth vs eth, EtOH

1087

2-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

615-36-1

289.125 cry (dil HOAc, dil al) 172.023

1088

3-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

591-19-5

172.023

18.5

250(3)

1.579320 1.626020

1089

4-Bromoaniline

C6H6BrN

106-40-1

78.2(0.5)

220(6)

1.4970100

1090

2-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

578-57-4

172.023 orth bipym nd (60% al) 187.034

1.3

216

1091

3-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

2398-37-0

187.034

1092

4-Bromoanisole

C7H7BrO

104-92-7

187.034

13.5

215

1093

2-Bromobenzaldehyde

C7H5BrO

6630-33-7

185.018

21.5

230

1094

3-Bromobenzaldehyde

C7H5BrO

3132-99-8

185.018

1095

4-Bromobenzaldehyde

C7H5BrO

1122-91-4

185.018 lf (dil al)

61.1(0.4)

1096

Bromobenzene

C6H5Br

108-86-1

157.008 liq

-30.74(0.03) 155.9(0.2)

1097

4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid

C8H7BrO2

1878-68-8

215.045 nd (w)

116

1098

4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

C8H6BrN

48.0

1099

α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

16532-79-9 196.045 pa ye cry (al) 5798-79-8 196.045 ye cry (dil al)

1.501820 1.572720 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.563520 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2 1.456420 1.564220 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s ctc 1.592520 i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl ctc 1.593520 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; sl chl 1.495020 1.559720 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz, EtOH

29

255(9)

1100

2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol

C6H5BrO2

583-69-7

189.007 lf (lig), cry (chl)

111.5

sub

1101

C6H4BrClO2S

98-58-8

C6H5BrS

106-53-6

255.517 tcl or mcl pl 76 (eth) 189.073 lf (al) 73

15315

1102

4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride 4-Bromobenzenethiol

230.5

1.526083

1103

2-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

88-65-3

201.018 mcl pr (w), nd

149.0(0.9)

295(18)

1.92925

1104

3-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

585-76-2

285(15)

1.84520

1105

4-Bromobenzoic acid

C7H5BrO2

586-76-5

1106

2-Bromobenzonitrile

C7H4BrN

2042-37-7

201.018 mcl nd (dil 156.7(0.5) al) 201.018 nd (eth), lf 254(1) (w), mcl pr 182.018 nd (w) 55.5

1107

3-Bromobenzonitrile

C7H4BrN

6952-59-6

182.018

39.5

225

1108

4-Bromobenzonitrile

C7H4BrN

623-00-7

182.018 nd (w, al)

114

236

1109

6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene

C20H11Br

223

1110 1111

2-Bromobenzoyl chloride 4-Bromobenzoyl chloride

C7H4BrClO C7H4BrClO

21248-00-0 331.205 cry (ace/ MeOH) 7154-66-7 219.463 nd 586-75-4 219.463 nd (peth)

11 37(1)

238(14) 245(11)

1112 1113

2-Bromobiphenyl 3-Bromobiphenyl

C12H9Br C12H9Br

2052-07-5 2113-57-7

0.8

297 300

1086

Organic

mp/˚C

K21599_PCOC.indb 60

Phenyl bromide

α-Bromobenzyl cyanide

p-Brosyl chloride

C8H6BrN

233.103 233.103

211

234 672

sub

1.53929

1.89420 252

1.217526

1.611320

sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, ace, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl, lig; s HOAc i H2O; vs eth; s chl sl H2O, EtOH; vs eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH; sl chl vs EtOH, eth; sl chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

1.596320 sl ctc vs EtOH, eth, bz, lig 1.624825 vs eth, EtOH 1.641120 i H2O

4/2/14 2:55 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-61 O

O OH

Br

Bromoacetic acid

Bromoacetone

1079

O

Br

O

Br

1080

1081

1082

α-Bromoacetophenone

N H

1084

5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-sec-butylbarbituric acid

O O

Br

O

Br

1087

1088

2-Bromoaniline

Br Br

Br

1089

3-Bromoaniline

1090

4-Bromoaniline

Br

1091

2-Bromoanisole

1092

3-Bromoanisole

4-Bromoanisole

O Br

1094

3-Bromobenzaldehyde

1095

4-Bromobenzaldehyde

1096

N

O

Br

1098

4-Bromobenzeneacetic acid

HO

HO

O

1099

α-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

4-Bromobenzeneacetonitrile

HO

SH

N

Br

1097

Bromobenzene

Br

Br

OH

Br

Cl O S O

O

Br

1101

1102

4-Bromobenzenethiol

Br

1104

1103

1105

3-Bromobenzoic acid

2-Bromobenzoic acid

N

4-Bromobenzoic acid

Cl

Br 4-Bromobenzonitrile

K21599_PCOC.indb 61

6-Bromobenzo[a]pyrene

2-Bromobenzonitrile

1107

3-Bromobenzonitrile

O Br

Br

Br

Br

1109

Br

1106

O Br

1108

1100

2-Bromo-1,4-benzenediol

Br Br

Cl

OH

N

N

O

Br Br 4-Bromobenzenesulfonyl chloride

1093

2-Bromobenzaldehyde

OH

O

Br

O

O

O

Br

1086

N H

1085

Bromoacetylene

NH2

5-(2-Bromoallyl)-5-isopropylbarbituric acid

NH O

Br

Bromoacetyl bromide

NH2

NH2

NH O

Br

1083

4-(Bromoacetyl)biphenyl

O Br

O Br

Organic

O Br

Br

1110

2-Bromobenzoyl chloride

1111

4-Bromobenzoyl chloride

1112

2-Bromobiphenyl

1113

3-Bromobiphenyl

4/2/14 2:55 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-62 Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

4-Bromobiphenyl

C12H9Br

92-66-0

1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)­ benzene 1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl)­ benzene 1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl)­ benzene

C7H6Br2

No.

Name

1114

1115 1116 1117

1118

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

233.103 pl (al)

87.0(0.2)

309(3)

0.932725

3433-80-5

249.931 cry (al, lig)

31

12919

C7H6Br2

823-78-9

249.931 nd or lf

42

12212

p-Bromobenzyl bromide

C7H6Br2

589-15-1

249.931 nd (al)

63

1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane p-Bromophenacyl bromide

C6H6Br2N2

35691-65-7 265.933

52

C8H6Br2O

99-73-0

277.941 nd (al)

111

Synonym

Physical Form

1120 1121

2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)­ pentanedinitrile 2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl)­ ethanone 2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene 1-Bromobutane

Butyl bromide

C4H5Br C4H9Br

1822-86-2 109-65-9

132.987 137.018 liq

-112.5(0.3)

1122 1123

2-Bromobutane, (±)Bromobutanedioic acid, (±)-

(±)-sec-Butyl bromide Bromosuccinic acid

C4H9Br C4H5BrO4

5787-31-5 584-98-5

137.018 liq 196.985

-112.6(0.2) 161

1124 1125 1126 1127 1128

4-Bromobutanenitrile 2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±)4-Bromobutanoic acid 3-Bromo-2-butanone cis-1-Bromo-1-butene

C4H6BrN C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO2 C4H7BrO C4H7Br

5332-06-9 2385-70-8 2623-87-2 814-75-5 31849-78-2

148.002 167.002 167.002 151.002 135.003

1129

trans-1-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

32620-08-9 135.003 liq

-100.3

95(3)

1130

2-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

23074-36-4 135.003 liq

-133.4

81(3)

1131

4-Bromo-1-butene

C4H7Br

5162-44-7

135.003

98.5

1132

1-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

4784-77-4

135.003

98(4)

1133

cis-2-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

3017-68-3

135.003 liq

-111.2(0.5)

89(3)

1134

trans-2-Bromo-2-butene

C4H7Br

3017-71-8

135.003 liq

-115.4(0.5)

86(3)

1135 1136

(4-Bromobutoxy)benzene 1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene

C10H13BrO C10H13Br

1200-03-9 3972-65-4

229.113 cry (al) 213.114

41 19

15418 231(10)

1137

C8H6BrClO

41011-01-2 233.490 nd

40

397.5

1138

2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone 1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

694-80-4

191.453 liq

-12.6(0.3)

204

1139

1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

108-37-2

191.453 liq

-21.4(0.3)

196(6)

1140

1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene

C6H4BrCl

106-39-8

191.453 nd or pl (al, 64.78(0.05) eth)

197(3)

1141

1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane

C4H8BrCl

6940-78-9

171.464

161(11)

1142 1143

CBrClF2 C5H6BrClN2O2

353-59-3 126-06-7

165.365 col gas 241.471

-159.5 162

1144 1145

Bromochlorodifluoromethane 3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5dimethylhydantoin 1-Bromo-1-chloroethane 1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

C2H4BrCl C2H4BrCl

593-96-4 107-04-0

143.410 143.410 liq

-16.7(0.3)

101(12) 106(2)

1146

Bromochlorofluoromethane

CHBrClF

593-98-6

147.374 liq

-115

39(15)

1147

Bromochloromethane

Halon 1011

CH2BrCl

74-97-5

129.384 liq

-87.9(0.2)

67.9(0.4)

1148

1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl)­ benzene 2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)­ ethanone

p-Bromobenzyl chloride

C7H6BrCl

589-17-3

205.480 nd (al, peth) 42(4)

4-Chlorophenacyl bromide

C8H6BrClO

536-38-9

233.490 nd

1119

Organic

1149

K21599_PCOC.indb 62

DL-α-Bromobutyric acid

3-Chlorophenacyl bromide

Halon 1211

2-Chloro-1-bromoethane

-2.0 33

nD

42165 101.4(0.7)

1.39720 1.498820 1.275820 1.440120

91(4)

1.258520 1.436620 2.07325

198(7) 217 dec 14225 3611 86(5)

1.496720 1.481820 1.564120

Solubility i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; sl chl vs eth, EtOH, HOAc s chl sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; vs eth, CS2 i H2O; vs ace, bz, DMF i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc; s chl vs ace, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH; sl HOAc s EtOH, eth, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth

1.326515 1.453620 i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc 1.320915 1.452720 i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc 1.320915 1.452720 i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc 1.323020 1.462220 sl H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH 1.337125 1.482220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz 1.341615 1.463119 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz 1.332315 1.460216 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; vs chl, bz sl EtOH, ctc 1.228620 1.543620 i H2O; s eth, bz, chl vs EtOH 1.638725 1.580920 i H2O; vs bz; sl ctc 1.630220 1.577120 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.57671 1.553170 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl 1.48920 1.488520 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc

-3.9(0.7)

236

1.66710 1.466020 1.739220 1.490820 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 1.97710 1.414425 i H2O; s eth, ace, chl 1.934420 1.483820 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s peth

96.5

4/2/14 2:55 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-63 Br

Br Br

N Br

Br

1115

1114

Br

1116

1-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)benzene

4-Bromobiphenyl

O

N

Br Br

Br

1118

1117

1-Bromo-3-(bromomethyl)benzene

2-Bromo-2-(bromomethyl)pentanedinitrile

1-Bromo-4-(bromomethyl)benzene

Br OH Br

OH

O

Br

Br

1120

1119

1121

2-Bromo-1,3-butadiene

2-Bromo-1-(4-bromophenyl)ethanone

Br

1122

1-Bromobutane

Br

Br

O

1123

2-Bromobutane, (±)-

N

1124

Bromobutanedioic acid, (±)-

4-Bromobutanenitrile

Organic

Br

O O OH

1125

2-Bromobutanoic acid, (±)-

O

Br

Br

Br

OH

1126

1127

4-Bromobutanoic acid

Br

Br

3-Bromo-2-butanone

1128

Br

1129

cis-1-Bromo-1-butene

1130

trans-1-Bromo-1-butene

Br

1131

2-Bromo-1-butene

1132

4-Bromo-1-butene

1-Bromo-2-butene

Br O Br

O

Br

Br

Br Cl

Br Cl

1133

cis-2-Bromo-2-butene

1134

1135

trans-2-Bromo-2-butene

1136

(4-Bromobutoxy)benzene

1137

1-Bromo-4-tert-butylbenzene

2-Bromo-3’-chloroacetophenone

Br

O

Br

Cl

1139

1-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene

F

Cl

1140

Br

N Cl

Br F

1141

1-Bromo-4-chlorobenzene

1142

1-Bromo-4-chlorobutane

Br Cl Br

1145

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

K21599_PCOC.indb 63

Cl

O Br

1143

Bromochlorodifluoromethane

1144

3-Bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin

1-Bromo-1-chloroethane

O

Br

Cl

Br N

Cl Cl

1138

1-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene

Br

Cl H

H

H

F

Br

1146

1147

Bromochlorofluoromethane

Bromochloromethane

Cl

1148

1-Bromo-4-(chloromethyl)benzene

Cl

1149

2-Bromo-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanone

4/2/14 2:55 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-64 Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

1-Bromo-2-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

3017-96-7

157.437

118

1.53120

1151

1-Bromo-3-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

109-70-6

157.437 liq

143(6)

1.596920

1152

2-Bromo-1-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

3017-95-6

157.437

117

1.53720

1153

2-Bromo-2-chloropropane

C3H6BrCl

2310-98-7

157.437

95

1.49520

1154

1156

1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-triflu- Halothane oroethane Bromocresol Green Bromcresol Green

C2HBrClF3

354-06-3

197.381

52.4(0.2)

1.857425

C2HBrClF3

151-67-7

197.381

50(1)

1.856325 1.36970

C21H14Br4O5S

76-60-8

Bromcresol Purple Cycloheptyl bromide

C21H16Br2O5S C7H13Br

115-40-2 2404-35-5

698.014 wh or red (+7w) ye (HOAc) 540.222 177.082

1157 1158

Bromocresol Purple Bromocycloheptane

1159

Bromocyclohexane

Cyclohexyl bromide

C6H11Br

108-85-0

163.055 liq

1160 1161 1162

trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol 2-Bromocyclohexanone 3-Bromocyclohexene

C6H11BrO C6H9BrO C6H9Br

32388-22-0 179.054 pl (hx) 822-85-5 177.038 1521-51-3 161.039

1163 1164

Bromocyclopentane 1-Bromodecane

C5H9Br C10H21Br

137-43-9 112-29-8

1165 1166

2-Bromodecanoic acid 1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene

C10H19BrO2 C6H3BrCl2

1167

4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene

1168 1169

Bromodichlorofluoromethane Bromodichloromethane

1170 1171 1172 1173 1174

No.

Name

1150

1155

Organic

1175 1176 1177 1178 1179 1180

Synonym

-56.28(0.07) 165.9(0.8)

1.308020 1.499620 i H2O; vs eth, chl 1.335920 1.495720 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

81.5 11432 8140

18282-59-2 225.898 pr

25

237

CBrCl2F CHBrCl2

353-58-2 75-27-4

181.819 liq 163.829 liq

-56.0(0.4)

52.8 90(2)

4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol 2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane 4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline

C6H3BrCl2O C6H13BrO2 C10H14BrN

1940-42-7 2032-35-1 2052-06-4

241.897 nd 197.070 228.129 nd or pr

Bromodifluoromethane 3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)- α-Bromo-γ-butyrolactone furanone 5-Bromo-N,2-dihydroxybenza- 5-Bromosalicylhydroxamic mide acid 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene 2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane 4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline

CHBrF2 C4H5BrO2

1511-62-2 5061-21-2

130.920 164.986

-145(4)

C7H6BrNO3

5798-94-7

232.032 cry (al)

232 dec

C8H9BrO2

1.34025 1.508525 1.389020 1.532020 i H2O; s eth, bz, chl 1.387320 1.488620 sl ctc 1.070220 1.455720 i H2O; vs eth, chl; s ctc 1.191224 1.459524 vs eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; vs bz i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl 1.9522 1.98020 1.496420 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc

70.8(0.5) 170 270

1.28320

-15.6(0.5) 13020

1.5516 1.820

1.438720 s EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O; vs EtOH 1.505920

25245-34-5 217.060 oil

262

1.445

1.570020

C8H9BrO2

2859-78-1

217.060

254.5

1.70225

1.574320

C4H9BrO2

7252-83-7

169.017

149

1.43020

1.445020 s eth, ace, chl

C8H10BrN

586-77-6

200.076

55

264

1.3220100

C8H9Br

583-70-0

185.061 liq

-17

204(8)

1.341920 1.550120

C8H9Br

556-96-7

185.061

203(8)

1.36220

C8H9Br

576-22-7

185.061

204(6)

1.555220

C8H9Br

553-94-6

185.061 lf or pl

9

207(6)

1.358218 1.551418

C8H9Br

583-71-1

185.061 liq

-0.2

215(7)

1.370820 1.553020

C10H17Br

6138-90-5

217.146

10112

1.094022 1.502720

C5H11Br

630-17-1

151.045

108(11)

262.018 ye nd (al or HOAc) 247.003 ye nd (al)

1.199720 1.437020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl vs EtOH, ace; s HOAc vs EtOH

1817-73-8

1188

1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene

C6H3BrN2O4

584-48-5

K21599_PCOC.indb 64

10140

C6H3BrCl2

C6H4BrN3O4

1185

sl H2O; s peth

241.5

1402 232

2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline

1184

Solubility

1.474520 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.486420 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl 1.479520 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz 1.457520 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.373820

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, AcOEt; s bz

2.0 83

1187

1183

nD

218.5

2623-95-2 251.161 19752-55-7 225.898 pr (al)

1186

1182

-58.8(0.2)

137.5 240.6

Halon 1121

149.029 221.178 liq

mp/˚C

-29.3(0.5)

Cyclopentyl bromide Decyl bromide

1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene 1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene 2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene 2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene 4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl- trans-Geranyl bromide 2,6-octadiene 1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

1181

Physical Form

38

153.5 75

sub

1.546222

i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace vs eth; s ace, bz vs eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH; s bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth

4/2/14 2:55 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-65 Cl

Cl

Br Br

Cl

1150

Br

OH

Br

Br

Br Cl

1152

1-Bromo-3-chloropropane

Br

HO

Cl

Br

1151

1-Bromo-2-chloropropane

F

1153

2-Bromo-1-chloropropane

HO

Br Br F

F

F

1154

2-Bromo-2-chloropropane

1-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

OH

Br

O

Br

O S O O

1156

Br Br

1158

1157

1159

Bromocycloheptane

Bromocresol Purple

1160

Bromocyclohexane

trans-4-Bromocyclohexanol

1161

2-Bromocyclohexanone

Organic

Bromocresol Green

1155

2-Bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

OH Br

Br

O S O O

F F

Cl

Br

O

Br

OH Br

Br

1162

3-Bromocyclohexene

1163

Br

1164

Bromocyclopentane

1-Bromodecane

1-Bromo-3,5-dichlorobenzene

N

OH Cl

Cl Br Cl

1167

4-Bromo-1,2-dichlorobenzene

Br F

Br

Cl

H

Cl

Cl

Cl

Br

1168

1169

1170

Br

Bromodichlorofluoromethane

Bromodichloromethane

H N

Br

Br H F

O

1173

Bromodifluoromethane

O

1172

4-Bromo-N,N-diethylaniline

O Br

O

O

Br

1176

5-Bromo-N,2-dihydroxybenzamide

N

2-Bromo-1,1-diethoxyethane

O

1175

3-Bromo-4,5-dihydro-2(3H)-furanone

Br

O

1171

OH OH

Br

1174

O

4-Bromo-2,5-dichlorophenol

O

2-Bromo-1,4-dimethoxybenzene

1177

4-Bromo-1,2-dimethoxybenzene

Br Br

Br

Br

Br

O

O

1178

2-Bromo-1,1-dimethoxyethane

Br

1179

4-Bromo-N,N-dimethylaniline

1180

1-Bromo-2,4-dimethylbenzene

1181

1-Bromo-3,5-dimethylbenzene

1182

2-Bromo-1,3-dimethylbenzene

O

Br

1184

4-Bromo-1,2-dimethylbenzene

K21599_PCOC.indb 65

Cl

1166

2-Bromodecanoic acid

Cl

F

Cl

1165

Br

Br

1185

trans-1-Bromo-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadiene

1186

1-Bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

O N

1183

2-Bromo-1,4-dimethylbenzene

NH2

O N

Br Br

O

N

1187

O

2-Bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline

O

N

O

O

1188

1-Bromo-2,4-dinitrobenzene

4/2/14 2:55 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-66 No.

Name

1189

α-Bromodiphenylmethane

1190

1-Bromododecane

1191

2-Bromododecanoic acid

1192

Bromoethane

1193

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C13H11Br

776-74-9

C12H25Br

Physical Form

den g cm –3

Organic

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

247.130

45

18420

143-15-7

249.231 liq

-9.6(0.4)

275(20)

1.039920 1.458320

C12H23BrO2

111-56-8

279.214 pl

32

1582

1.147474 1.458524

Ethyl bromide

C2H5Br

74-96-4

108.965 liq

-118.4(1)

38.2(0.6)

1.460420 1.423920

2-Bromoethanol

Ethylene bromohydrin

C2H5BrO

540-51-2

124.964

142(4)

1.762920 1.491520

1194

Bromoethene

Vinyl bromide

C2H3Br

593-60-2

106.949 vol liq or gas

-139.5(0.2)

16(16)

1.493320 1.438020

1195 1196

1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene 1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene

C8H9BrO C8H9BrO

583-19-7 588-96-5

201.060 201.060

2.0

223 231

1.422320 1.407125 1.551720

1197

(2-Bromoethoxy)benzene

C8H9BrO

589-10-6

201.060

39

240 dec

1.355520

1198

1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane

C4H9BrO

592-55-2

153.017

127(4)

1.38520

1.444720

1199

2-Bromoethyl acetate

C4H7BrO2

927-68-4

167.002 liq

-13.8

159(5)

1.51420

1.45723

1200

C2H7Br2N

2576-47-8

204.892

174.0

1201 1202

2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide (1-Bromoethyl)benzene (2-Bromoethyl)benzene

C8H9Br C8H9Br

585-71-7 103-63-9

185.061 185.061 liq

-55.9(0.2)

201(8) 216(4)

1203

1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene

C8H9Br

1973-22-4

185.061 liq

-67.5(0.2)

202(4)

1204 1205

1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene 1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene

C8H9Br C8H9Br

2725-82-8 1585-07-5

185.061 185.061 liq

-43.4(0.2)

203(11) 204(4)

1206 1207 1208 1209 1210 1211

(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide 1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene 1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene 1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene

C8H15Br C10H8BrNO2 C8H5Br C6H4BrF C6H4BrF C6H4BrF

1647-26-3 574-98-1 766-96-1 1072-85-1 1073-06-9 460-00-4

191.109 liq 254.081 nd (w) 181.030 174.998 174.998 174.998 liq

1212 1213

1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane Bromofluoromethane

C2H4BrF CH2BrF

762-49-2 373-52-4

1214

2-Bromofuran

C4H3BrO

584-12-3

126.955 112.929 vol liq or gas 146.970

1.353525 1.554325 1.364320 1.537220 i H2O; s eth, bz; sl ctc 1.354820 1.547220 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.349320 1.546520 1.342320 1.544520 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.235720 1.489920 vs eth; sl chl s chl 1.073821 1.533720 1.708120 1.525720 s ctc 1.59315 1.531015 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl 1.704425 1.423620 vs eth, EtOH s EtOH; vs chl

1215

3-Bromofuran

C4H3BrO

22037-28-1 146.970

106(6)

1216

C5H3BrO2

1899-24-7

174.981 cry (50% al) 83.5

201

1217 1218

5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde 1-Bromoheptadecane 1-Bromoheptane

Heptyl bromide

C17H35Br C7H15Br

3508-00-7 629-04-9

319.364 179.098 liq

28.4(0.4) -56.1(0.3)

345(13) 179(5)

1219

2-Bromoheptane

2-Heptyl bromide

C7H15Br

1974-04-5

179.098

47

166(6)

1220

4-Bromoheptane

4-Heptyl bromide

C7H15Br

998-93-6

179.098

1221 1222 1223

1-Bromohexadecane 2-Bromohexadecanoic acid 1-Bromohexane

Hexyl bromide

C16H33Br C16H31BrO2 C6H13Br

112-82-3 305.337 18263-25-7 335.320 111-25-1 165.071 liq

1224

2-Bromohexane

C6H13Br

3377-86-4

165.071

139(9)

1225

3-Bromohexane

C6H13Br

3377-87-5

165.071

143(4)

1226 1227 1228 1229 1230

2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±)6-Bromohexanoic acid 6-Bromohexanoyl chloride 1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

C6H11BrO2 C6H11BrO2 C6H10BrClO C12H17BrO C7H5BrO2

2681-83-6 4224-70-8 22809-37-6 30752-19-3 1761-61-1

195.054 195.054 cry (peth) 213.499 257.166 201.018 nd (al), lf (eth)

K21599_PCOC.indb 66

Synonym

Lauryl bromide

2-Bromoethyl ethyl ether

2-Bromoethanamine hydrobromide

-57 81.5(0.5) 64.5

-17.4

212(3) 8916 154 150 150(2) 58(12) 23(12) 103(6)

163(9) 17.5(0.4) 52.8 -84.9(0.4)

2.0 35

105.5

336 156(4)

242(11) 16720 1016 15613

nD

Solubility s EtOH, chl; vs bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc; msc ace vs bz, eth, EtOH, lig sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl lig i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl vs eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth

1.650020 1.498020 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1.660620 1.495820 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH 0.991620 1.462520 i H2O; vs chl 1.140020 1.450220 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc; s chl 1.127720 1.450320 i H2O; vs bz; s ctc, chl 1.135120 1.449520 i H2O; s bz, ctc, chl 0.999120 1.461825 i H2O; s eth 1.174420 1.447820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; vs chl 1.165820 1.483225 i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace; sl ctc 1.179920 1.447220 vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 1.281033 s EtOH, eth vs peth 1.230620 1.526220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl

4/2/14 2:55 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-67

Br

O OH Br

1189

1190

α-Bromodiphenylmethane

1191

1-Bromododecane

Br

1193

1192

2-Bromododecanoic acid

OH

Br

Br

Br

1194

2-Bromoethanol

Bromoethane

Bromoethene

Br Br O

O

O

Br

O

1195

1196

1197

1-Bromo-4-ethoxybenzene

1198

(2-Bromoethoxy)benzene

Br

O

1199

1-Bromo-2-ethoxyethane

Br

HBr H2N

1200

2-Bromoethyl acetate

2-Bromoethylamine hydrobromide

Organic

1-Bromo-2-ethoxybenzene

Br

O

Br Br

Br

O

Br N

Br

Br

Br O

1202

1201

(2-Bromoethyl)benzene

(1-Bromoethyl)benzene

1203

1204

1-Bromo-2-ethylbenzene

1205

1-Bromo-3-ethylbenzene

Br

1207

1206

1-Bromo-4-ethylbenzene

N-(2-Bromoethyl)phthalimide

(2-Bromoethyl)cyclohexane

Br Br

Br

F

1208

1209

1-Bromo-4-ethynylbenzene

Br

F

F

1-Bromo-2-fluorobenzene

F

F

1210

1211

1-Bromo-3-fluorobenzene

H Br

1212

1-Bromo-4-fluorobenzene

1-Bromo-2-fluoroethane

H Br

Br

O

1213

O

1214

Bromofluoromethane

1215

2-Bromofuran

3-Bromofuran

O

Br

Br

O

1216

Br

1217

5-Bromo-2-furancarboxaldehyde

Br

1218

1-Bromoheptadecane

Br

1219

1-Bromoheptane

1220

2-Bromoheptane

4-Bromoheptane

Br O Br

Br

OH

1221

1222

1-Bromohexadecane

Br

1223

2-Bromohexadecanoic acid

1224

1-Bromohexane

2-Bromohexane

Br

O

Br O OH

Br

1225

3-Bromohexane

K21599_PCOC.indb 67

OH

Br

1226

2-Bromohexanoic acid, (±)-

Br

O

1227

6-Bromohexanoic acid

OH

Cl O

1228

6-Bromohexanoyl chloride

O

Br

1229

1-Bromo-4-(hexyloxy)benzene

1230

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

4/2/14 2:55 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-68 No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1231

4-Bromo-αhydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzenemethanol 5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5methoxybenzaldehyde

p-Bromomandelic acid

C8H7BrO3

7021-04-7

231.044

119

vs H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl

Bromosaligenin

C7H7BrO2

2316-64-5

203.034 lf (bz)

113

C7H5BrO3

89-55-4

217.017 nd (w, dil al) 169.8

C8H7BrO3

2973-76-4

231.044 pl (HOAc), nd, pl (al)

167.0

vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc; s ace i H2O; sl EtOH, HOAc i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth vs chl vs eth

1232 1233 1234

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

nD

100 sub

Organic

1235

1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene

C6H4BrI

583-55-1

282.904

2.1(0.5)

257

1236

1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene

C6H4BrI

591-18-4

282.904 liq

-9.3(0.6)

252

1237

1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene

C6H4BrI

589-87-7

90.37(0.05)

252

1238 1239

CH2BrI C7H4BrNO

557-68-6 2493-02-9

1240

Bromoiodomethane 1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene 1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene

282.904 pr or pl (eth-al) 220.835 198.017 nd

C9H11Br

586-61-8

199.087 liq

1241 1242

4-Bromoisoquinoline Bromomethane

C9H6BrN CH3Br

1532-97-4 74-83-9

208.055 cry (peth) 94.939 col gas

1243 1244 1245

1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane Bromomethoxymethane 2-Bromo-4-methylaniline

C3H7BrO C2H5BrO C7H8BrN

1246

4-Bromo-2-methylaniline

1247

(Bromomethyl)benzene

1248 1249 1250 1251

4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid 3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile 1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL

1252

1-Bromo-3-methylbutane

1253 1254

2-Bromo-2-methylbutane 3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid 1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene

2.257025 1.661825

136(14) 226

2.92617

-22.4(0.2)

219(3)

41.5 -93.7(0.4)

282.5 3.4(0.1)

6482-24-2 138.991 13057-17-5 124.964 583-68-6 186.050 lf

26

112(4) 87 240

C7H8BrN

583-75-5

186.050 cry (al)

59.5

240

C7H7Br

100-39-0

171.035 liq

-1.5

191(4)

1.314520 1.556920 i H2O; s eth, bz, chl; sl ctc vs eth 1.675520 1.421820 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, chl, CS2 1.462320 1.4475320 1.597620 1.456220 1.51020 1.599920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; s EtOH; vs eth, HOAc 1.438025 1.575220 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

C8H7BrO2 C8H6BrN C8H6BrN C5H11Br

6232-88-8 28188-41-2 17201-43-3 5973-11-5

215.045 196.045 196.045 151.045

226.3 96.5 114

1304

Isopentyl bromide

C5H11Br

107-82-4

151.045 liq

-112

tert-Pentyl bromide β-Bromoisovaleric acid

C5H11Br C5H9BrO2

507-36-8 5798-88-9

151.045 181.028 nd (lig)

74

C5H9Br

870-63-3

149.029

121(18)

C7H6BrCl

611-17-6

205.480

10910

C3H8BrClSi

16532-02-8 187.539

131

1.37525

C7H13Br

13905-48-1 177.082

181

C7H13Br C7H6BrF

2550-36-9 456-41-7

7626 8820

1.267615 1.497920 i H2O; vs eth; s bz 1.28320 1.490730 vs bz, eth, chl 1.547420

C8H17Br C8H9Br

18908-66-2 193.125 89-92-9 185.061 pr

C8H9Br

620-13-3

185.061

C8H9Br

104-81-4

185.061 nd (al)

34(2)

220

1265

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene (Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane 1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohex- 3-Methylcyclohexyl bromide ane (Bromomethyl)cyclohexane 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene 3-(Bromomethyl)heptane 1-(Bromomethyl)-2-methylbenzene 1-(Bromomethyl)-3-methylbenzene 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-methylbenzene 1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

C11H9Br

3163-27-7

56(2)

18318

1266

2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

C11H9Br

939-26-4

221.093 cry (peth, al) 221.093 lf (al)

56

213100

1267

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene 1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

C7H6BrNO2

3958-57-4

216.033 nd or pl (al) 59.3

C7H6BrNO2

100-11-8

216.033 nd (al)

1255 1256 1257 1258 1259 1260 1261 1262 1263 1264

1268

K21599_PCOC.indb 68

p-Bromophenyl isocyanate

Methyl bromide

Benzyl bromide

119 121(1)

105(8)

177.082 189.025

21

6710 217 212.5

99(2)

16213

1.641020

Solubility

1.220520 1.445220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs chl 1.207120 1.442020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc; vs chl 1.19718 1.4421 vs bz, eth, EtOH 1.293015 1.493015 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

1.463025

1.381123 1.573020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 1.371123 1.566020 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.32425 i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc

4/2/14 2:55 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-69 O OH

OH

O

OH

OH

OH O

O

Br

HO

Br

1231

1232

4-Bromo-α-hydroxybenzeneacetic acid, (±)-

1234

1233

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzenemethanol

Br OH

Br

3-Bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzaldehyde

5-Bromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

Br Br

Br Br

Br

Br

Br

I

I I

1235

1236

1-Bromo-3-iodobenzene

O

I

H

1237

1238

1-Bromo-4-iodobenzene

C

N N

1239

Bromoiodomethane

1240

1-Bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene

1241

1-Bromo-4-isopropylbenzene

4-Bromoisoquinoline

Organic

1-Bromo-2-iodobenzene

H

O Br

Br

H H

Br

Br

O

H

Br

1243

1242

O

Br

1244

1-Bromo-2-methoxyethane

Bromomethane

OH

NH2

NH2

1245

Bromomethoxymethane

Br

1246

2-Bromo-4-methylaniline

1247

4-Bromo-2-methylaniline

(Bromomethyl)benzene

1248

4-(Bromomethyl)benzoic acid

N

N

3-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile

OH

Br

Br

1249

Br

Br

Br Br

1250

O

1251

4-(Bromomethyl)benzonitrile

1252

1-Bromo-2-methylbutane, DL

1253

1-Bromo-3-methylbutane

2-Bromo-2-methylbutane

Br

1254

3-Bromo-3-methylbutanoic acid

Br

Br Cl

1-Bromo-3-methyl-2-butene

Si

Br

Br

1255

1256

Cl

1257

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-chlorobenzene

1258

(Bromomethyl)chlorodimethylsilane

1-Bromo-3-methylcyclohexane

1259

(Bromomethyl)cyclohexane

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br F

1260

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-fluorobenzene

1261

1262

3-(Bromomethyl)heptane

1-(Bromomethyl)-2-methylbenzene

1263

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-methylbenzene

1264

1-(Bromomethyl)-4-methylbenzene

Br

Br Br Br

1265

1-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

K21599_PCOC.indb 69

1266

2-(Bromomethyl)naphthalene

N O

1267

O

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-nitrobenzene

O

N

O

1268

1-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrobenzene

4/2/14 2:55 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-70 No.

Name

1269 1270

2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol (Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)-

1271 1272 1273 1274 1275

1-Bromo-2-methylpentane 1-Bromo-4-methylpentane 2-Bromo-2-methylpentane 3-Bromo-3-methylpentane 2-Bromo-4-methylphenol

1276

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenoxy- 3-Phenoxybenzyl bromide benzene 2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl)­ ethanone N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide 2-(Bromomethyl)-1H-isoindole1,3(2H)-dione 1-Bromo-2-methylpropane Isobutyl bromide

1277 1278 1279

Organic

1280 1281

Synonym

2-Methylpentyl bromide

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

C7H6BrNO3

772-33-8

232.032

C3H5BrO

82584-73-4 136.975 liq

-40

138(3)

1.61514

C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C6H13Br C7H7BrO

25346-33-2 626-88-0 4283-80-1 25346-31-0 6627-55-0

1.162420 1.168320

55.3(0.5)

139(8) 145 142.5 130 213.5

C13H11BrO

51632-16-7 263.129 oil

C9H9BrO

619-41-0

213.070 nd or lf (al)

51

15714

C9H6BrNO2

5332-26-3

240.054 pr (chl, bz)

151.5

C4H9Br

78-77-3

137.018 liq

-117.8(0.7)

91.3(0.5)

1.27215

C4H9Br C4H7BrO2

507-19-7 2052-01-9

137.018 liq 167.002 cry (peth)

-16.8(0.9) 48.5

73.3 199

1.427820 1.427820 1.496960

C4H6Br2O

20769-85-1 229.898

163

1.406714

C4H7Br C4H7Br C5H9BrO

3017-69-4 1458-98-6 1192-30-9

91(7) 92(18) 170

1.33620 1.31320 1.467920 1.485020 s EtOH, eth

C4H11BrSi C10H7Br

18243-41-9 167.120 90-11-9 207.067 oily liq

6.1(0.1)

116.5 280(2)

281(9)

1.17025 1.446020 1.478520 1.65820 s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc 1.60525 1.638260 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc

165.071 165.071 165.071 165.071 187.034 nd (peth)

mp/˚C

1286 1287

1288

2-Bromonaphthalene

C10H7Br

580-13-2

207.067 pl or orth lf (al)

58(2)

1289

C12H5BrO3

81-86-7

277.070

222

1290

4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride 1-Bromo-2-naphthol

C10H7BrO

573-97-7

1291

4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline

C6H5BrN2O2

875-51-4

1292

1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene

C6H4BrNO2

577-19-5

223.066 orth pr 84 (bz-lig) nd (HOAc) 217.020 oran-ye nd 111.5 (w) 202.006 pa ye (al) 38.5(0.2)

1293

1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene

C6H4BrNO2

585-79-5

202.006 orth

1294

1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene

C6H4BrNO2

586-78-7

1295 1296

CH2BrNO2 C3H6BrNO4

1297 1298

Bromonitromethane 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propane- Bronopol diol 1-Bromononane 1-Bromooctadecane

1299

1-Bromooctane

1300

1283 1284 1285

1-Naphthyl bromide

1-Bromo-β-naphthol

nD

135.003 135.003 165.028

1.183520 1.542225

1.484120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1.449520 vs eth, chl 1.4490 vs eth, chl 1.44223 vs eth, chl 1.452520 vs eth, chl 1.577220 sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl

vs eth, EtOH

1.434820

130

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH

sub 1.624580

54(3)

265

1.703620 1.597920

133.0(0.2)

252(5)

1.94825

563-70-2 52-51-7

202.006 orth or mcl pr (al) 139.937 199.989

C9H19Br C18H37Br

693-58-3 112-89-0

207.151 liq 333.391 cry (al)

-29.0(0.2) 27.6(0.4)

221.4 357(17)

C8H17Br

111-83-1

193.125 liq

-55.0(0.3)

199(6)

2-Bromooctane, (±)-

C8H17Br

60251-57-2 193.125

1301 1302

8-Bromooctanoic acid 1-Bromopentadecane

C8H15BrO2 C15H31Br

17696-11-6 223.108 nd (peth) 629-72-1 291.311

38.5 18.6(0.3)

1472 322

1303 1304 1305

Bromopentafluorobenzene Bromopentafluoroethane 1-Bromopentane

C6BrF5 C2BrF5 C5H11Br

344-04-7 354-55-2 110-53-2

246.960 liq 198.917 col gas 151.045 liq

-31 -88.0(0.2)

133(2) -21 126(3)

1306

2-Bromopentane

C5H11Br

107-81-3

151.045 liq

-95.5

117(5)

1307

3-Bromopentane

C5H11Br

1809-10-5

151.045 liq

-126.2

118(5)

1308

5-Bromopentanenitrile

C5H8BrN

5414-21-1

162.029

K21599_PCOC.indb 70

Octyl bromide

Pentyl bromide

149

s ace; sl bz, chl; vs AcOEt i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl, bz; s ctc i H2O; sl ctc

vs ace, CS2

253(6)

p-Nitrobromobenzene

Solubility

148

2-Bromo-2-methylpropane 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid 2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide 1-Bromo-2-methylpropene 3-Bromo-2-methylpropene 2-(Bromomethyl)­ tetrahydrofuran (Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane 1-Bromonaphthalene

1282

tert-Butyl bromide α-Bromoisobutyric acid

Mol. Form.

1.488020

i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl vs EtOH

131.5

188.5

11112

1.084525 1.452225 0.984820 1.463120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 1.107225 1.450325 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl ctc 1.087825 1.444225 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs bz, eth, EtOH 1.067520 1.461120 i H2O; s ace; vs chl 1.98125 1.449020 1.809825 1.218220 1.444720 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl; sl ctc; msc eth 1.207520 1.441320 vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 1.21420 1.444120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1.398920 1.478020

4/2/14 2:55 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-71

OH Br Br

N

O

O

1269

2-(Bromomethyl)-4-nitrophenol

1270

1271

(Bromomethyl)oxirane, (±)-

OH

Br

Br

Br

O

1272

1-Bromo-2-methylpentane

1273

1-Bromo-4-methylpentane

O

O

Br

1274

2-Bromo-2-methylpentane

Br

3-Bromo-3-methylpentane

O

Br N Br

1276

2-Bromo-4-methylphenol

1277

1-(Bromomethyl)-3-phenoxybenzene

Br

2-Bromo-1-(4-methylphenyl)ethanone

Br

OH

Br

1280

N-(Bromomethyl)phthalimide

1282

1281

1-Bromo-2-methylpropane

Br

O

Br

1283

2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoyl bromide

2-Bromo-2-methylpropanoic acid

1279

Br

O

2-Bromo-2-methylpropane

1278

Organic

1275

Br

O

Br

1284

1-Bromo-2-methylpropene

3-Bromo-2-methylpropene

O

O

O

Br Br Si

Br

O

1285

Br

1286

2-(Bromomethyl)tetrahydrofuran

1287

(Bromomethyl)trimethylsilane

NH2 O N

Br

Br

1288

1-Bromonaphthalene

2-Bromonaphthalene

Br

O

O N

O

HO

Br

Br

N O

Br

1291

1-Bromo-2-naphthol

4-Bromo-1,8-naphthalenedicarboxylic anhydride

Br

OH

1290

1289

1292

4-Bromo-2-nitroaniline

O

1293

1-Bromo-2-nitrobenzene

1-Bromo-3-nitrobenzene

NO2 OH

O N

O N

Br

O

1294

1-Bromo-4-nitrobenzene

Bromonitromethane

Br

1296

Br

1297

2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol

O

1295

1298

1-Bromononane

1-Bromooctadecane

OH Br

Br

Br

1299

1300

1-Bromooctane

O

Br

1301

2-Bromooctane, (±)-

1302

8-Bromooctanoic acid

1-Bromopentadecane

F F

Br

F

F F

1303

Bromopentafluorobenzene

K21599_PCOC.indb 71

F F

F Br

1304

F F

Bromopentafluoroethane

Br

Br

Br

Br

1305

1-Bromopentane

N

1306

2-Bromopentane

1307

3-Bromopentane

1308

5-Bromopentanenitrile

4/2/14 2:56 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-72

Organic

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

9-Phenanthryl bromide

C5H9BrO2 C5H9Br C14H9Br

2067-33-6 1119-51-3 573-17-1

2-Bromophenol

C6H5BrO

1313

3-Bromophenol

1314

4-Bromophenol

1315

Bromophenol Blue

1316 1317 1318

1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene (4-Bromophenoxy)­ trimethylsilane N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide

1319 1320

No.

Name

1309 1310 1311

5-Bromopentanoic acid 5-Bromo-1-pentene 9-Bromophenanthrene

1312

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

181.028 149.029 257.125 pr (al)

40.0 64.5

14213 125.5 >360

95-56-7

173.007

5.6

194.5

C6H5BrO

591-20-8

173.007

33

236.5

C6H5BrO

106-41-2

173.007

63(1)

238

Bromphenol Blue

C19H10Br4O5S

115-39-9

4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether

C12H9BrO C9H13BrOSi

669.960 hex pr (HOAcace) 101-55-3 249.102 17878-44-3 245.188

p-Bromoacetanilide

C8H8BrNO

103-88-8

214.060 nd (60% al) 168

1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone 1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone

p-Bromoacetophenone

C8H7BrO C8H7BrO

2142-63-4 99-90-1

199.045 199.045 lf (al)

7.5 50.5

1321

(4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

(p-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

C6H7BrN2

589-21-9

108

1322

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1Hindene-1,3(2H)-dione (4-Bromophenyl)­ phenylmethanone 2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone

Bromindione

C15H9BrO2

1146-98-1

187.037 nd (w), lf (lig), cry (al) 301.135 cry (lig)

C13H9BrO

90-90-4

261.113 lf (al)

82.5

C9H9BrO

2114-00-3

213.070

C8H8BrCl2PS

2104-96-3

317.999 ye cry

56.3(0.3)

1410.01

1323 1324

279 dec

18.7(0.2)

1263.5 12625

13319 257

247.5

Bromophos-ethyl 1-Bromopropane

Propyl bromide

C10H12BrCl2O3PS C3H7Br

4824-78-6 106-94-5

394.049 pale-ye liq 122.992 liq

-110.1(0.3)

1220.004 70.8(0.2)

1328

2-Bromopropane

Isopropyl bromide

C3H7Br

75-26-3

122.992 liq

-88.9(0.5)

59.34(0.09)

1329

3-Bromopropanenitrile

C3H4BrN

2417-90-5

133.975

1330

2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)-

C3H5BrO2

10327-08-9 152.975 pr

25.7

203.5

1331

3-Bromopropanoic acid

C3H5BrO2

590-92-1

152.975 pl (CCl4)

62.5

14145

1332

3-Bromo-1-propanol

C3H7BrO

627-18-9

138.991

105185

1333

1-Bromo-2-propanol

C3H7BrO

19686-73-8 138.991

146.5

1334 1335 1336

2-Bromopropanoyl bromide 2-Bromopropanoyl chloride cis-1-Bromopropene

C3H4Br2O C3H4BrClO C3H5Br

563-76-8 7148-74-5 590-13-6

215.871 171.420 120.976 liq

-113

153 132 58(3)

1337 1338

trans-1-Bromopropene 2-Bromopropene

C3H5Br C3H5Br

590-15-8 557-93-7

120.976 120.976 liq

-126

61(5) 49(4)

1339

3-Bromopropene

C3H5Br

106-95-6

120.976 liq

-119.3(0.5)

70.1(0.5)

1340 1341 1342

C9H9Br C9H11BrO C3H9Br2N

4392-24-9 588-63-6 5003-71-4

197.071 nd (al, eth) 215.086 218.918

34 10.7 171.5

13010 12718

C17H16Br2O3

18181-80-1 428.115

1344 1345

(3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene (3-Bromopropoxy)benzene 3-Bromopropylamine 3-Bromo-1-propanamine hydrobromide hydrobromide Bromopropylate 4,4’-Dibromobenzilic acid isopropyl ester (3-Bromopropyl)benzene 3-Bromo-1-propyne Propargyl bromide

C9H11Br C3H3Br

637-59-2 106-96-7

199.087 118.960

1346

2-Bromopyridine

C5H4BrN

109-04-6

157.997 liq

K21599_PCOC.indb 72

s chl 1.258120 1.464020 1.409310 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2; sl chl 1.492420 1.58920 sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, alk sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl, alk 1.84015 s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc 1.608820 1.608420 i H2O; s eth, ctc 1.261920 1.514520

1.64725

1.575520 1.647

350

1326 1327

1343

Solubility

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz i H2O; s ace, bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, HOAc vs eth, EtOH, lig

138

Bromophos

Allyl bromide

nD

1.71725

1325

β-Bromopropionic acid

den g cm –3

9225

76.0(0.5)

1.353720 1.434320 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc 1.314020 1.425120 sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl; msc EtOH, eth 1.615220 1.480020 vs EtOH, eth; sl ctc 1.700020 1.475320 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl 1.4825 s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, chl 1.537420 1.483425 s H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1.558530 1.480120 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 2.061116 1.69711 1.478020 s eth, chl; sl ctc 1.429120 1.456020 i H2O; s eth, ace, chl 1.396516 1.446716 i H2O; s eth, ace, chl 1.39820 1.469720 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc, chl, CS2 1.342830 1.61320 vs EtOH 1.36416 vs eth

1.5920 219.5 73(14)

-40.1

1.429820 1.572020

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, peth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc sl H2O; s eth, ctc, tol

193

1.310625 1.544025 i H2O; vs eth 1.57919 1.492220 s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, chl 1.633720 1.573420 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc

4/2/14 2:56 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-73 OH Br

Br

Br

OH Br Br

OH

OH

OH

O

Br

O Br

OH

1309

Br

1310

5-Bromopentanoic acid

1311

5-Bromo-1-pentene

1312

9-Bromophenanthrene

1313

2-Bromophenol

3-Bromophenol

Br

S O O

Br

1314

1315

4-Bromophenol

Bromophenol Blue

O O

Si

O

HN

HN

O

NH2

Br

Br

1316

Br

Br

1318

1317

1-Bromo-4-phenoxybenzene

Br

1319

N-(4-Bromophenyl)acetamide

(4-Bromophenoxy)trimethylsilane

O

O

O

O

Br

1-(4-Bromophenyl)ethanone

S O P O Cl

O

Br

Br

1322

1323

2-(4-Bromophenyl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H )-dione

(4-Bromophenyl)phenylmethanone

1325

2-Bromo-1-phenyl-1-propanone

S O P O Cl

Br

Br

Br

1324

1321

(4-Bromophenyl)hydrazine

Cl

Cl

O

Br

1320

1-(3-Bromophenyl)ethanone

1326

Bromophos

1327

Bromophos-ethyl

1-Bromopropane

Br O

N

1329

2-Bromopropane

3-Bromopropanenitrile

2-Bromopropanoic acid, (±)-

Br

1331

3-Bromopropanoic acid

Br

OH

1332

3-Bromo-1-propanol

1333

1-Bromo-2-propanol

Br

O

1336

2-Bromopropanoyl chloride

Br

Br

Br

1335

Br

O

1334

2-Bromopropanoyl bromide

O

Br

Br

1337

cis-1-Bromopropene

Br

OH

OH

1330

Cl Br

O

OH

Br

Br

1328

Br

Organic

O

trans-1-Bromopropene

1338

1339

2-Bromopropene

3-Bromopropene

1340

(3-Bromo-1-propenyl)benzene

1341

(3-Bromopropoxy)benzene

O HO

O Br

H2N

Br

1342

HBr

3-Bromopropylamine hydrobromide

K21599_PCOC.indb 73

Br

Br

1343

Bromopropylate

1344

(3-Bromopropyl)benzene

Br

N

1345

3-Bromo-1-propyne

Br

1346

2-Bromopyridine

4/2/14 2:56 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-74

Organic

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

157.997 liq

-27.3

172(3)

1.6450

1120-87-2 51-20-7

157.997 190.983

0.5 310

290.4

1.64500

C9H6BrN C9H6BrN

5332-24-1 5332-25-2

208.055 ye oil 208.055

13.3 24

275 281

N-Bromosuccinimide

C4H4BrNO2

128-08-5

177.985 cry (bz)

174

C14H29Br C3H2BrNS C6H5BrOS

112-71-0 3034-53-5 5370-25-2

277.284 164.024 205.072 nd (al)

5.7(0.4)

1356

1-Bromotetradecane 2-Bromothiazole 1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)­ ethanone 2-Bromothiophene

C4H3BrS

1003-09-4

1357

3-Bromothiophene

C4H3BrS

1358 1359

Bromothymol Blue 2-Bromotoluene

1360

No.

Name

1347

3-Bromopyridine

1348 1349 1350 1351

4-Bromopyridine 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione 3-Bromoquinoline 6-Bromoquinoline

1352

1353 1354 1355

Synonym

5-Bromouracil

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C5H4BrN

626-55-1

C5H4BrN C4H3BrN2O2

Physical Form

2.09825

nD

Solubility

1.569420 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.569420 s ace, bz

1.664120 s chl; vs HOAc s EtOH, eth, acid sl H2O, AcOEt, eth; vs ace; i hx 1.460320 vs ace, bz, EtOH 1.592720 sl EtOH; s ctc

307 171 1034

1.017020 1.8225

163.036

141(6)

1.68420

872-31-1

163.036

149(7)

1.73520

C27H28Br2O5S C7H7Br

76-59-5 95-46-5

624.381 171.035 liq

201 -27.5(0.8)

182(2)

1.423220

3-Bromotoluene

C7H7Br

591-17-3

171.035 liq

-38.1(0.2)

184(2)

1.409920

1361

4-Bromotoluene

C7H7Br

106-38-7

171.035 cry (al)

26.2(0.7)

184(4)

1.395935

1362 1363 1364 1365

Bromotrichloromethane 1-Bromotridecane Bromotriethylsilane 2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

CBrCl3 C13H27Br C6H15BrSi C2H2BrF3

75-62-7 765-09-3 1112-48-7 421-06-7

-5.6(0.2) 5.9(0.3) -49.3 -93.9

103(5) 292 163 26

2.01225 1.023425 1.14320 1.788120

1366 1367 1368

C2BrF3 CBrF3 C7H4BrF3

598-73-2 75-63-8 392-83-6

-174.4(0.2)

-2.5 -57.8(0.4) 167.5

1.580020 i H2O; vs chl 1.65225 1.481720

C7H4BrF3

401-78-5

225.006

1

151.5

1.61325

1.471620

C7H4BrF3

402-43-7

225.006

160

1.60725

1.470525

C9H11Br

576-83-0

199.087 liq

-1

225

1372 1373 1374 1375

Bromotrifluoroethene Bromotrifluoromethane 1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)­ benzene 1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)­ benzene 1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)­ benzene 2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene Bromotrinitromethane Bromotriphenylmethane 1-Bromoundecane 11-Bromoundecanoic acid

198.274 liq 263.257 195.173 liq 162.936 vol liq or gas 160.920 col gas 148.910 col gas 225.006

CBrN3O6 C19H15Br C11H23Br C11H21BrO2

560-95-2 596-43-0 693-67-4 2834-05-1

229.931 323.226 235.205 liq 265.188 nd (liq)

18(1) 153 -9.9(0.4) 57

5610 23015 258.8 18818

1376 1377 1378

(1-Bromovinyl)benzene (cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene (trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

C8H7Br C8H7Br C8H7Br

98-81-7 588-73-8 588-72-7

183.046 183.046 183.046

-44 -7 7

8614 552 219 dec

1379 1380 1381

1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene 1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene 1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene

C8H7Br C8H7Br C8H7Br

2039-88-5 2039-86-3 2039-82-9

183.046 liq 183.046 183.046

-52.7(0.2)

215(2) 9220 213(1)

1382 1383

Brompheniramine Brucine

C16H19BrN2 C23H26N2O4

86-22-6 357-57-3

1384

Brucine hydrochloride

319.239 ye oily liq 394.463 mcl pr (w +4) 430.924 pr

1.319110 1.551020 i H2O; vs eth; s bz; sl ctc 2.031220 1.480820 vs EtOH, chl 1.550020 1.049425 1.455225 sl ctc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.402523 1.588120 1.432210 1.599022 1.426916 1.609320 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 1.416020 1.592720 1.405920 1.593320 1.398420 1.594720 i H2O; vs chl; s HOAc s dil acid sl H2O, eth, bz; vs EtOH, chl vs H2O, EtOH

1385

Brucine sulfate heptahydrate

1386

Bucolome

1387 1388

1369 1370 1371

K21599_PCOC.indb 74

2-Thienyl bromide

Bromthymol Blue

Halon-1301

Triphenylmethyl bromide

2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10- C23H27ClN2O4 one, monohydrochloride 2,3-Dimethoxystrychnidin-10- C46H68N4O19S one, sulfate, heptahydrate

5786-96-9

94.5

5(2)

1500.5 178

60583-39-3 1013.113 nd (w)

s H2O; sl EtOH, chl, tfa; vs MeOH; i bz

C14H22N2O3

841-73-6

266.336 nd (MeOH)

84

Bufotalin

C26H36O6

471-95-4

444.560 cry (+1 al)

223 dec

Bulbocapnine

C19H19NO4

298-45-3

325.359 pr (al)

199.5

5-Butyl-1-cyclohexyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione

1.586820 i H2O; vs eth, ace; s ctc 1.591920 i H2O; s ace, bz; sl chl vs eth, EtOH 1.556520 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; msc ctc 1.551020 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, chl; msc eth; sl ctc 1.547720 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc 1.506520 vs eth, EtOH 1.457425 i H2O; vs chl 1.456120 1.333120

1860.8

i H2O; s EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs chl

4/2/14 2:56 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-75 O

Br

Br

N

Br N

N H

N

1347

1348

3-Bromopyridine

H Br

O

N

1349

4-Bromopyridine

Br

O

1351

1350

5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H )-pyrimidinedione

1352

6-Bromoquinoline

3-Bromoquinoline

O

N Br

N

N-Bromosuccinimide

Br N Br

1354

1-Bromotetradecane

S

O

2-Bromothiazole

Br

S

1355

S

1356

1-(5-Bromo-2-thienyl)ethanone

1357

2-Bromothiophene

3-Bromothiophene

OH

Br

Organic

HO

Br

S

1353

Br

Br

Br Br

O S O O

Br

Br Cl

Cl Br

Cl

1358

1359

Bromothymol Blue

1360

2-Bromotoluene

1361

3-Bromotoluene

1362

4-Bromotoluene

1363

Bromotrichloromethane

1-Bromotridecane

Br Br Si

Br F

1364

F F

1365

Bromotriethylsilane

Br

F

F

F

Br

F

F

F F

F

F

F

1366

2-Bromo-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

Br

1367

Bromotrifluoroethene

1368

Bromotrifluoromethane

F F

1369

1-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

1-Bromo-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Br Br Br

Br F

F

O2N

F

1370

1371

1-Bromo-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

NO2 NO2

Br

1372

2-Bromo-1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

1374

1373

Bromotrinitromethane

1-Bromoundecane

Bromotriphenylmethane

Br

Br Br

O Br

Br

OH

1375

1376

11-Bromoundecanoic acid

1377

(1-Bromovinyl)benzene

1378

(cis-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

N

Br

N

O

1381

1-Bromo-3-vinylbenzene

N

H

O

Br

1380

H

O

N

1382

1-Bromo-4-vinylbenzene

HCl

H N

H

O

O

1383

Brompheniramine

NH

O

H H

1-Bromo-2-vinylbenzene

O

H

Br

1379

(trans-2-Bromovinyl)benzene

H

O

1384

Brucine

Brucine hydrochloride

O O

O NH

O H O

N O

O

N

O H

O

H

O OH

H

HO

O

1385

Brucine sulfate heptahydrate

K21599_PCOC.indb 75

N

H2SO4.7H2O

H

1386

Bucolome

O

N H

O HO O

H

1387

Bufotalin

1388

Bulbocapnine

4/2/14 2:56 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-76 Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

Organic

No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

1389

sec-Bumeton

C10H19N5O

26259-45-0 225.291

1390

BUSAN 72A

N2-sec-Butyl-N4-ethyl-6methoxy-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine (2-Benzothiazolylthio)methyl thiocyanate

C9H6N2S3

21564-17-0 238.352 liq

1391 1392

Butachlor 1,2-Butadiene

Methylallene

C17H26ClNO2 C4H6

23184-66-9 311.847 590-19-2 54.091 vol liq or gas

1 atm 5840 0.94525 1.469020 2.3 7611 0.928620 1.608925 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz -35(3) 10(2) 0.73640 1.41895 vs H2O, eth, ace; s chl, EtOH 138.5 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl; i lig -96.86(0.02) 74.8(0.2) 0.801620 1.384320 s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl -29.5 152(9) 0.92320 vs H2O, ace, bz; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 116(1) 231.8(1) 0.8850120 1.4087130 sl H2O, eth; i bz; s EtOH -138.3(0.1) -0.5(0.5) 0.57325 1.332620 i H2O; vs EtOH, (p>1 eth, chl atm) 170 dec 1.06520 1.426218 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH 21.9(0.4) 156(10) 0.87725 1.496920 s H2O 280 dec sub vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, MeOH 196.42(0.06) 1.002420 1.437820 s H2O, EtOH, ace -77 208.2(0.1) 1.005320 1.440120 20.43(0.02) 229.5(0.4) 1.017120 1.446020 msc H2O; s EtOH, DMSO; sl eth 7(2) 178(3) 1.003320 1.431025 msc H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, chl 12 233(6) 1.047915 1.425115 830.3 1.10525 266 1.125 1.461120

C4H10O2

1413 1414

den g cm –3

87

88.151 lf 161.073 nd or lf (al, w) 26171-83-5 90.121

1412

bp/˚C

-4.6(0.2)

290 1334

1.02520

-1.2

87.5(0.8)

0.980818

76.8

185.5

543-20-4 1191-08-8

101.105 pr (chl), lf (w) 154.980 pl or lf 122.252 liq

16.7(0.6) -53.9

190(5) 195.5

C4H7N

109-74-0

69.106

-111.76(0.05) 117.6(0.4)

1-Butanesulfonyl chloride 1,4-Butane sultone 1,2-Oxathiane 2,2-dioxide 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid 1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol Erythritol

C4H9ClO2S C4H8O3S C8H10O8

2386-60-9 1633-83-6 1703-58-8

C4H10O4

149-32-6

1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol tetranitrate, (R*,S*)1-Butanethiol

Erythrityl tetranitrate

C4H6N4O12

7297-25-8

156.631 136.170 liq 234.160 lf (w) cry (ace) 122.120 bipym tetr pr 302.111

Butyl mercaptan

C4H10S

109-79-5

90.187

liq

liq

liq

13.5 236.5 118.1(0.7)

1.374820 1.00210 0.793620

7510 1354

1.33120

330.5

1.45120

61 -115.66(0.06) 98.4(0.5)

1.449525 vs ace, eth, EtOH, lig 1.456020 sl H2O i H2O; sl EtOH, ace 1.395120 vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, ctc sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl; s alk 1.468320 s eth, ace, bz 1.529020 i H2O; vs EtOH; sl ctc 1.384220 sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth; s bz 1.455920 1.464020 vs H2O, EtOH s H2O; i eth, bz vs EtOH

0.841620 1.444020 sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth

4/2/14 2:56 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-77 O

HN N O

N N

Cl

N

O N

N

O

S

N H

S

1389

C

S

1390

sec-Bumeton

1391

BUSAN 72A

O

1392

Butachlor

1393

1,2-Butadiene

1394

1,3-Butadiene

1395

1,3-Butadien-1-ol acetate

trans-1,3-Butadienylbenzene

O

O

1396

N H

H O

O

1397

1,3-Butadiyne

N

O

1398

Butalbital

1399

Butanal

O

NH2

OH

1400

Butanal oxime

1401

Butanamide

1402

Butane

NH2

H2N

O

Organic

N

1403

Butanedial

1,4-Butanediamine

OH NH2 2HCl

H2N

OH

1404

O

O

OH

1405

1,4-Butanediamine dihydrochloride

O

OH

OH

1406

1,2-Butanediol, (±)-

O

O

O

1410

1411

S

1414

1,4-Butanediol dimethylsulfonate

O

1415

1421

1,4-Butane sultone

K21599_PCOC.indb 77

1417

2,3-Butanedione monooxime

COOH COOH

1422

1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid

Cl Cl

N OH

1416

2,3-Butanedione

HOOC

O

O

O

O

O

1413

1,4-Butanediol dimethacrylate

O O

COOH O S O O

1409

1,3-Butanediol dimethacrylate

O O

O O

O

1,4-Butanediol diacetate

1412

1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether

O O S O

O

O

O

O

O

O 1,4-Butanediol diacrylate

1408

2,3-Butanediol

1,4-Butanediol

O

O

OH

1407

1,3-Butanediol

O

OH

HO

Butanedioyl dichloride

H H

CH2OH OH OH CH2OH

1423

1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol

HS

SH

1418

H H

N

1419

1,4-Butanedithiol

Cl O S O

Butanenitrile

1420

1-Butanesulfonyl chloride

CH2ONO2 ONO2 ONO2 CH2ONO2

1424

1,2,3,4-Butanetetrol tetranitrate, (R*,S*)-

SH

1425

1-Butanethiol

4/2/14 2:56 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-78 Mol. Wt.

Organic

No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

1426

2-Butanethiol

sec-Butyl mercaptan

C4H10S

91840-99-2 90.187

1427 1428

1,2,4-Butanetriol Butanilicaine

1429

Butanoic acid

C4H10O3 2-(Butylamino)-N-(2-chloro-6- C13H19ClN2O methylphenyl)acetamide Butyric acid C4H8O2

1430 1431

Butanoic anhydride 1-Butanol

Butyric anhydride Butyl alcohol

1432

2-Butanol

1433

2-Butanone

1434 1435

2-Butanone (1-methylpropylidene)hydrazone 2-Butanone oxime

1436 1437 1438 1439

2-Butanone peroxide Butanoyl chloride Butaperazine Butazolamide

1440

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

liq

-165

85.0(0.7)

den g cm –3

3068-00-6 3785-21-5

106.120 254.755 cry

46

19018 1450.001

107-92-6

88.106

-5.12(0.09)

163.7(0.1)

C8H14O3 C4H10O

106-31-0 71-36-3

158.195 liq 74.121 liq

-75.0(0.6) 195(1) -88.60(0.02) 117.6(0.2)

sec-Butyl alcohol

C4H10O

78-92-2

74.121

liq

-88.44(0.07) 99.4(0.2)

Methyl ethyl ketone

C4H8O

78-93-3

72.106

liq

-86.67(0.01) 79.6(0.2)

C8H16N2

5921-54-0

140.226

C4H9NO

96-29-7

87.120

1338-23-4 141-75-3 653-03-2 16790-49-1

176.211 col liq 106.551 liq 409.587 250.298 cry

261 dec

trans-2-Butenal

N-[5-(Aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4thiadiazol-2-yl]butanamide trans-Crotonaldehyde

C8H16O4 C4H7ClO C24H31N3OS C6H10N4O3S2 C4H6O

123-73-9

70.090

liq

-76.6(0.3)

1441

1-Butene

1-Butylene

C4H8

106-98-9

56.107

col gas

-185.33(0.02) -6.3(0.2)

1442

cis-2-Butene

C4H8

590-18-1

56.107

col gas

-138.89(0.02) 3.72(0.08)

1443

trans-2-Butene

C4H8

624-64-6

56.107

col gas

-105.52(0.02) 0.88(0.09)

1444

trans-2-Butenedinitrile

C4H2N2

764-42-1

78.072

nd (bz-peth) 96.0(0.8)

1445 1446 1447 1448 1449 1450

cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride cis-2-Butenenitrile trans-2-Butenenitrile 3-Butenenitrile

Fumaric acid dichloride Isocrotononitrile Crotononitrile Allyl cyanide

C4H8O2 C4H8O2 C4H2Cl2O2 C4H5N C4H5N C4H5N

6117-80-2 821-11-4 627-63-4 1190-76-7 627-26-9 109-75-1

88.106 88.106 152.964 67.090 67.090 67.090

1451

cis-2-Butenoic acid

Isocrotonic acid

C4H6O2

503-64-0

86.090

1452

trans-2-Butenoic acid

Crotonic acid

C4H6O2

107-93-7

86.090

1453

3-Butenoic acid

C4H6O2

625-38-7

86.090

1454 1455 1456

2-Butenoic anhydride cis-2-Buten-1-ol trans-2-Buten-1-ol

C8H10O3 C4H8O C4H8O

623-68-7 4088-60-2 504-61-0

154.163 72.106 72.106

1457

3-Buten-1-ol

C4H8O

627-27-0

72.106

112(5)

1458 1459

3-Buten-2-ol 3-Buten-2-one

C4H8O C4H6O

598-32-3 78-94-4

72.106 70.090

97(4) 81(4)

0.86420

1460 1461

2-Butenoyl chloride trans-1-Butenylbenzene

C4H5ClO C10H12

10487-71-5 104.535 1005-64-7 132.202 liq

121(8) 201(4)

1.090520 0.901920

1462 1463 1464

2-Butenylbenzene 3-Butenylbenzene 1-Buten-3-yne

C10H12 C10H12 C4H4

1560-06-1 768-56-9 689-97-4

182(6) 183(4) 6.0(0.9)

0.883120 0.883120 0.70940

K21599_PCOC.indb 78

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide n-Butyryl chloride

Crotonic acid anhydride cis-Crotyl alcohol trans-Crotyl alcohol

Methyl vinyl ketone

Vinylacetylene

liq

170(7) liq

-29.5(0.5)

151.5(0.6)

-89.0(0.5)

exp 101(3) 2750.05

11.0(0.5) 27(1) pa ye lig liq liq liq

-51.5 -87

nd or pr 15 (peth) mcl pr or nd 71.3(0.2) (w, lig) liq -35

132.202 132.202 liq 52.075 col gas

1 eth; s bz atm) 0.61625 1.3931-25 i H2O; vs EtOH, (p>1 eth; s bz atm) 0.59925 1.3848-25 s bz (p>1 atm) 0.9416111 1.4349111 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl; sl peth 1.069820 1.478220 s H2O; vs EtOH 1.070020 1.475520 vs H2O, EtOH 1.40820 1.500418 0.823920 1.422520 s eth, ace 0.834120 1.406020 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1.026720 1.445020 vs H2O; s EtOH 0.960477 1.424977 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, lig 1.009120 1.423920 s H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1.039720 1.474520 vs eth 0.866220 1.434225 s H2O 0.852120 1.428820 vs H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s chl 0.842420 1.422420 s H2O, ace; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl 1.408120 s H2O, EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace; sl ctc 1.46018 vs ace 1.542020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 1.510120 1.505920 i H2O; s eth, bz 1.41611 i H2O; s bz

4/2/14 2:56 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds Cl HO

H N

OH

SH

1427

2-Butanethiol

1433

1431

Butanoic anhydride

1-Butanol

O O

N

N

1434

2-Butanone

OH

1435

2-Butanone (1-methylpropylidene)hydrazone

Cl O

O O

1436

2-Butanone oxime

1437

2-Butanone peroxide

Butanoyl chloride

Organic

2-Butanol

OH

1430

Butanoic acid

O

1432

O O

1429

Butanilicaine

N

O

O

1428

1,2,4-Butanetriol

OH

OH

N H

O

OH

1426

3-79

N

O H N

N O

S

1438

S

O

O NH2

S

N N

O

1439

Butaperazine

1440

Butazolamide

1441

trans-2-Butenal

1-Butene

1442

cis-2-Butene

1443

trans-2-Butene

Cl O

N HO

N

1444

1445

trans-2-Butenedinitrile

N

1450

3-Butenenitrile

HO

OH

OH

1446

cis-2-Butene-1,4-diol

O

O

1451

O

cis-2-Butenoic acid

O OH

1452

trans-2-Butenenitrile

O OH

1454

3-Butenoic acid

1449

cis-2-Butenenitrile

O

1453

trans-2-Butenoic acid

1448

trans-2-Butenedioyl dichloride

OH

N

N

1447

trans-2-Butene-1,4-diol

HO

O Cl

2-Butenoic anhydride

1455

cis-2-Buten-1-ol

OH

1456

trans-2-Buten-1-ol

O OH

1457

3-Buten-1-ol

K21599_PCOC.indb 79

OH

1458

3-Buten-2-ol

Cl

O

1459

3-Buten-2-one

1460

2-Butenoyl chloride

1461

trans-1-Butenylbenzene

1462

2-Butenylbenzene

1463

3-Butenylbenzene

1464

1-Buten-3-yne

4/2/14 2:56 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-80 No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1465

Butethamine hydrochloride

2-Isobutylaminoethyl 4-aminobenzoate

C13H21ClN2O2

553-68-4

272.771 cry

1466

Buthalital sodium

C11H15N2NaO2S

510-90-7

262.304

1467 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 1473

Buthiazide Buthiobate Butonate Butoxyacetylene 4-Butoxyaniline 4-Butoxybenzaldehyde 2-Butoxyethanol

C11H16ClN3O4S2 C21H28N2S2 C8H14Cl3O5P C6H10O C10H15NO C11H14O2 C6H14O2

2043-38-1 51308-54-4 126-22-7 3329-56-4 4344-55-2 5736-88-9 111-76-2

353.846 372.590 ye oil 327.527 98.142 165.232 178.228 118.174 liq

1474

2-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)­ethoxy]­ ethanol 2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl Lethane 384 thiocyanate 1-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-2-propanol 2-Butoxyethyl acetate Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4-dichloro2,4-D 2-Butoxyethyl ester phenoxy)acetate 2-Butoxyethyl (2,4,5-trichloro- 2,4,5-T Butoxyethyl ester phenoxy)acetate 4-Butoxy-N-hydroxybenzeBufexamac neacetamide 1-Butoxy-4-methylbenzene 4-Butoxyphenol

C10H22O4

143-22-6

206.280

278

C9H17NO2S

112-56-1

203.302 liq

1220.25

C9H20O3

124-16-3

176.253 col liq

C8H16O3

112-07-2

160.211 liq

191.1(0.9)

C14H18Cl2O4

1929-73-3

321.197

1591

1.23220

C14H17Cl3O4

2545-59-7

355.642

1641

1.28020

C12H17NO3

2438-72-4

223.268 nd (ace)

C11H16O C10H14O2

10519-06-9 164.244 122-94-1 166.217

229.5 1254

0.920525 1.497020 s eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

C17H27NO3

140-65-8

293.401

1966

1484

4-[3-(4-Butoxyphenoxy)propyl] Pramoxine morpholine 1-Butoxy-2-propanol

C7H16O2

5131-66-8

132.201

172(3)

1485

Butralin

C14H21N3O4

33629-47-9 295.335

59.3(0.5)

1350.5

1486 1487

N-Butylacetamide Butyl acetate

C6H13NO C6H12O2

1119-49-9 123-86-4

115.173 116.158 liq

-77.0(0.1)

229 126.0(0.1)

1488

sec-Butyl acetate

C6H12O2

105-46-4

116.158 liq

-98.9

108(4)

1489

tert-Butyl acetate

C6H12O2

540-88-5

116.158 liq

1490 1491

tert-Butylacetic acid Butyl acetoacetate

C6H12O2 C8H14O3

1070-83-3 591-60-6

116.158 158.195

6(2) -35.6

184(2) 12750

1492

Butyl acrylate

C7H12O2

141-32-2

128.169 liq

-63.6(0.5)

146.6(0.6)

1493 1494

tert-Butyl acrylate Butylamine

1-Butanamine

C7H12O2 C4H11N

1663-39-4 109-73-9

128.169 liq 73.137 liq

-49(1)

120 77.0(0.2)

1495

sec-Butylamine

2-Butanamine, (±)-

C4H11N

33966-50-6 73.137

liq

-104.5(0.6)

62.71(0.08)

1496

tert-Butylamine

2-Methyl-2-propanamine

C4H11N

75-64-9

73.137

liq

-66.92(0.06) 44.02(0.07)

1497 1498

Butylamine hydrochloride Butyl 4-aminobenzoate

1-Butanamine hydrochloride Butamben

C4H12ClN C11H15NO2

3858-78-4 94-25-7

213 57(2)

1499

2-(Butylamino)ethanol

C6H15NO

111-75-1

109.598 193.243 cry (al or bz) 117.189

1500 1501

C6H15NO C10H19NO2

4620-70-6 3775-90-4

117.189 185.264

44

C11H14N2S2

95-31-8

238.372

108

1503

2-(tert-Butylamino)ethanol N-tert-Butylaminoethyl methacrylate 2-(tert-Butylaminothio)­ benzothiazole 2-sec-Butylaniline

C10H15N

1504 1505 1506

4-Butylaniline 4-sec-Butylaniline 4-tert-Butylaniline

C10H15N C10H15N C10H15N

1475

Organic

1476 1477 1478 1479 1480 1481 1482 1483

1502

K21599_PCOC.indb 80

Denmert

Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether

4-tert-Butyl-N-sec-butyl-2,6dinitroaniline

1-Methylpropyl acetate

N-tert-Butyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

nD

194

s H2O; sl EtOH, bz, chl; i eth vs H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, bz

221.5 32

-74.8

-90

Solubility

1290.5 104 1324 14810 171(2)

234(14)

1.086525 1.59626

i H2O; s os

0.820020 1.4067

vs eth, EtOH

0.901520 1.419820 msc H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ctc 0.989020 1.438920 vs EtOH, MeOH i H2O; vs os 0.93120

s H2O

s ctc

154

65.5

0.88220

1.416820 s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, MeOH

180(16) 10212

0.896025 1.438825 0.882520 1.394120 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl 0.874820 1.388820 sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth 0.866520 1.385520 s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc 0.912420 1.409620 s EtOH, eth 0.967125 1.413720 sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, lig 0.889820 1.418520 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; sl ctc 0.87925 1.411020 0.741420 1.403120 msc H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.724620 1.393220 s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 0.695820 1.378420 msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl 0.98220 sl H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl 0.890720 1.443720 vs H2O, EtOH, eth 0.881820 s chl

55751-54-7 149.233

12016

0.957420

104-13-2 149.233 pa ye 30273-11-1 149.233 769-92-6 149.233 ye rd (peth) 17

261 238 241

0.94520 0.94915 1.536029 0.952515 1.538020

97.9(1)

1738 199

s EtOH, ace, bz; sl ctc sl ctc vs bz, eth sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs bz; s ctc

4/2/14 2:56 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-81 N N O

H2N O

N H

O

NH

HCl O

1465

H2N

O

O

NH O

1468

Buthiazide

Buthiobate

O

O

1470

Butonate

Butoxyacetylene

O

O

O

1474

O

O

O

O O

2-Butoxyethyl acetate

1-(2-Butoxyethoxy)-2-propanol

O

O Cl

H N

Cl Cl

1478

N

1481

4-Butoxy-N-hydroxybenzeneacetamide

O

O

O

1480

2-Butoxyethyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate

O

OH

O

O

1479

2-Butoxyethyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate

O N

NH O N

H N

O 4-[3-(4-Butoxyphenoxy)propyl]morpholine

O

1-Butoxy-2-propanol

O O

O

O

OH

1489

1490

tert-Butyl acetate

tert-Butylacetic acid

1491

Butyl acetoacetate

O

NH2

1497

tert-Butylamine

Butylamine hydrochloride

1486

Butralin

O

1487

N-Butylacetamide

1488

Butyl acetate

sec-Butyl acetate

O O

1493

Butyl acrylate

NH2

NH2

O

1492

1498

Butyl 4-aminobenzoate

H N

1499

1494

tert-Butyl acrylate

1495

Butylamine

H N

OH

OH

2-(Butylamino)ethanol

NH2

sec-Butylamine

1500

2-(tert-Butylamino)ethanol

NH2

H N

O O

1501

N-tert-Butylaminoethyl methacrylate

NH2

NH2

N S

O O

O

NH2

NH2 HCl

1496

1485

O O

4-Butoxyphenol

O O

OH

1484

1482

1-Butoxy-4-methylbenzene

O

O

1483

OH

O

Cl

Cl

O

1477

1476

2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate

O

2-Butoxyethanol

O

O

N

1475

2-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol

1473

4-Butoxybenzaldehyde

S

O

OH

O

1472

4-Butoxyaniline

OH

O

O

1471

Organic

O

1469

S HN

1502

2-(tert-Butylaminothio)benzothiazole

K21599_PCOC.indb 81

S

1467

Buthalital sodium

P O O

O

S

Cl Cl

O

O

S

NH2

Cl

O

O

1466

Butethamine hydrochloride

O

N H

H N

Cl

Na+

S S

1503

2-sec-Butylaniline

1504

4-Butylaniline

1505

4-sec-Butylaniline

1506

4-tert-Butylaniline

4/2/14 2:56 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-82

Organic

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

N-Butylaniline N-tert-Butylaniline

C10H15N C10H15N

1126-78-9 937-33-7

C18H16O2

1510 1511 1512 1513

2-tert-Butyl-9,10-anthracenedione tert-Butyl azidoformate tert-Butyl carbonazidate 4-Butylbenzaldehyde 4-tert-Butylbenzaldehyde Butylbenzene 1-Phenylbutane

1514

sec-Butylbenzene, (±)-

1515

tert-Butylbenzene

1516 1517 1518

No.

Name

1507 1508 1509

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

149.233 liq 149.233

-14.4

254(9) 215

84-47-9

264.319

99

C5H9N3O2 C11H14O C11H14O C10H14

1070-19-5 1200-14-2 939-97-9 104-51-8

143.144 unstab >80 162.228 162.228 liq 134.218 liq -87.81(0.05)

2-Phenylbutane

C10H14

36383-15-0 134.218 liq

-75.5(0.3)

(1,1-Dimethylethyl)benzene

C10H14

98-06-6

134.218 liq

-57.84(0.04) 169.1(0.3)

C10H14O2 C10H14O2 C11H17N

98-29-3 1948-33-0 3378-72-1

166.217 166.217 163.260

54(2) 128

1519 1520

4-tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediol 2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzenediol N-tert-Butylbenzenemethanamine 4-tert-Butylbenzenemethanol Butyl benzoate

C11H16O C11H14O2

877-65-6 136-60-7

164.244 178.228 liq

-22.4(0.4)

1521 1522 1523

2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid 4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid

C11H14O2 C11H14O2 C11H14O2

1077-58-3 7498-54-6 98-73-7

178.228 pl (dil al) 178.228 nd (peth) 178.228 nd (dil al)

80.5(0.3) 127.3(0.5) 164(2)

1524 1525 1526 1527 1528

4-Butylbenzoyl chloride 4-tert-Butylbenzoyl chloride 2-Butyl-1,1’-biphenyl tert-Butyl bromoacetate Butyl butanoate

C11H13ClO C11H13ClO C16H18 C6H11BrO2 C8H16O2

28788-62-7 1710-98-1 54532-97-7 5292-43-3 109-21-7

196.673 196.673 210.314 liq 195.054 144.212 liq

1529 1530 1531 1532 1533 1534

Butyl cis-2-butenedioate Butyl carbamate Butyl chloroacetate tert-Butyl chloroacetate Butylchlorodimethylsilane Butyl chloroformate

Monobutyl maleate

C8H12O4 C5H11NO2 C6H11ClO2 C6H11ClO2 C6H15ClSi C5H9ClO2

925-21-3 592-35-8 590-02-3 107-59-5 1000-50-6 592-34-7

172.179 oil 117.147 pr 150.603 150.603 150.722 136.577

1535

Buclosamide

C11H14ClNO2

575-74-6

227.688

1536 1537 1538

N-Butyl-4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide Butyl 2-chloropropanoate Butyl 3-chloropropanoate tert-Butyl chromate

C7H13ClO2 C7H13ClO2 C8H18CrO4

1539 1540 1541 1542 1543 1544 1545 1546 1547 1548

Butyl citrate Butyl cyanoacetate Butylcyclohexane sec-Butylcyclohexane tert-Butylcyclohexane 2-tert-Butylcyclohexanol cis-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol trans-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol 4-tert-Butylcyclohexanone Butylcyclohexylamine N-Butylcyclohexanamine

C18H32O7 C7H11NO2 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20 C10H20O C10H20O C10H20O C10H18O C10H21N

54819-86-2 164.630 27387-79-7 164.630 1189-85-1 230.223 red cry (peth) 77-94-1 360.443 5459-58-5 141.168 1678-93-9 140.266 liq 7058-01-7 140.266 3178-22-1 140.266 liq 13491-79-7 156.265 937-05-3 156.265 21862-63-5 156.265 98-53-3 154.249 10108-56-2 155.281

23322 231 -74.68(0.05) 180.9(0.6) 179.3(0.5) -41.2(0.3) 171.6(0.4) 45 13995 82(3) 11215 83 11215 48(3) 909 208.3

1549 1550

Butyl cyclohexyl phthalate Butylcyclopentane

C18H24O4 C9H18

84-64-0 2040-95-1

-107.95(0.05) 156(1)

1551 1552

Butyl dichloroacetate Butyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) 2,4-D Butyl ester acetate 5-Butyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone Butyldimethylamine N,N-Dimethyl-1-butanamine

C6H10Cl2O2 C12H14Cl2O3

29003-73-4 185.048 94-80-4 277.143

C8H14O2 C6H15N

104-50-7 927-62-8

142.196 101.190

1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene

C12H18

98-19-1

162.271 liq

1553 1554 1555

K21599_PCOC.indb 82

Synonym

p-tert-Butylbenzoic acid

304.382 col liq 126.239 liq

7370 1237 10711 183.3(0.3)

173.3(0.4)

286(1)

den g cm –3

-91.5(0.1)

Solubility

1.5265 0.970 1.527020 0.860120 1.489820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 0.862120 1.490220 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, ctc 0.866520 1.492720 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz s tfa

755

-9.6(0.2)

nD

0.932320 1.534120 vs eth, EtOH 1.527020 s EtOH; vs ace, bz, chl s ctc, CS2

1.495125

236 249(3)

0.92825 1.00020

15526 266 292(3) 7325 164.95(0.1)

1.05125 1.00725 0.967620 0.870020

1.517920 1.494025 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace; sl ctc vs EtOH vs EtOH, peth i H2O; vs EtOH, bz; s chl 1.535120 1.536420 1.560420 1.443020 vs eth, EtOH 1.407520 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc

1.0925 53

204 dec 181(3) 150 139 142

vs EtOH; sl chl 1.070420 1.429720 vs eth, EtOH 1.426020 dec H2O 0.87620 1.514520 1.07425 1.411420 msc eth; s ace; sl ctc

184 10422

1.025320 1.426320 vs eth 1.037020 1.432120 vs H2O, eth reac H2O

91.5

-5 -20

9

-18(2)

1.04320 1.001020 0.790220 0.813120 0.812720 0.90225

1.446020 1.420020 1.440820 i H2O 1.446720 i H2O; s ace 1.446920 i H2O

1.07625 0.784620 1.431620

sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O; misc os vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

193.5 1331

1.182020 1.442020

13220 92.2(0.7)

0.979619 1.445119 s EtOH; sl ctc 0.720620 1.397020 msc H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz 0.866820 s ctc

207(1)

4/2/14 2:56 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-83

H N

O O

1507

1508

N-Butylaniline

N-tert-Butylaniline

O

1509

N

N

N

1510

2-tert-Butyl-9,10-anthracenedione

1511

tert-Butyl azidoformate

1512

4-Butylbenzaldehyde

OH

OH

N H

OH

1514

1515

tert-Butylbenzene

1517

1516

HO HO

O

1518

2-tert-Butyl-1,4-benzenediol

4-tert-Butyl-1,2-benzenediol

HO

Butylbenzene

OH

OH

sec-Butylbenzene, (±)-

1513

4-tert-Butylbenzaldehyde

1519

N-tert-Butylbenzenemethanamine

O

O

O

O

Cl

4-tert-Butylbenzenemethanol

Organic

H N

O

O

O

Cl

O

O

1520

1521

Butyl benzoate

2-tert-Butylbenzoic acid

O Br

1522

O O

O

O

O

O

Cl

Butyl chloroformate

O

N-Butyl-4-chloro-2-hydroxybenzamide

OH

N

O

O O Cr O O

O Cl

Cl

1535

O

tert-Butyl chloroacetate

O O

1534

Butylchlorodimethylsilane

Butyl chloroacetate

O

1532

H N OH

Cl

O Cl

O

1531

Butyl carbamate

O

1533

1526

2-Butyl-1,1’-biphenyl

O Cl

O

1530

Butyl cis-2-butenedioate

O

Cl Si

4-tert-Butylbenzoyl chloride

O H2N

1529

Butyl butanoate

1525

4-Butylbenzoyl chloride

O O O

1528

tert-Butyl bromoacetate

1524

4-tert-Butylbenzoic acid

HO O

1527

1523

3-tert-Butylbenzoic acid

1536

O

1537

Butyl 2-chloropropanoate

Butyl 3-chloropropanoate

1538

tert-Butyl chromate

O O

1539

1540

Butyl citrate

1541

Butyl cyanoacetate

OH

1542

Butylcyclohexane

OH

sec-Butylcyclohexane

O

1543

tert-Butylcyclohexane

O

OH

O O

H N O

1544

1545

2-tert-Butylcyclohexanol

1546

cis-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol

trans-4-tert-Butylcyclohexanol

O O Cl

Cl

1550

Butylcyclopentane

K21599_PCOC.indb 83

1548

4-tert-Butylcyclohexanone

Butylcyclohexylamine

1549

Butyl cyclohexyl phthalate

O

O Cl

1547

1551

Butyl dichloroacetate

O O

Cl

1552

Butyl (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate

1553

O

5-Butyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone

N

1554

Butyldimethylamine

1555

1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene

4/2/14 2:57 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-84 Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C14H18N2O5

81-14-1

294.303 ye cry

135.5

C12H18O

1879-09-0

178.270

22.3

247(9)

0.91780

1.518320 i alk

C12H18O

17696-37-6 178.270

71.2

262(27)

0.93980

1.531120 s alk

C12H18O

879-97-0

178.270

82.4

248

0.91680

s alk

C12H15N3O6

81-15-2

297.263 pl, nd (al)

111.5(0.2)

C10H12N2O5 C26H54 C26H54 C16H32O2 C6H15N

1420-07-1 55282-16-1 13475-76-8 106-18-3 13360-63-9

240.212 ye solid 366.707 366.707 256.424 101.190

126 208

C12H18 C6H14O

7364-19-4 628-81-9

162.271 liq 102.174 liq

-38.4 -124

C6H14O

2679-87-0

102.174

C6H14O

637-92-3

102.174 liq

-94.0(0.3)

72.7(0.1)

C12H18O C9H20O2

96-70-8 115-84-4

178.270 160.254 wh cry

23 43(2)

250 269.0(0.2)

C10H16N2O3

77-28-1

212.245

123(1)

C6H14S C6H14S C5H11NO C5H10O2

638-46-0 14290-92-7 2425-74-3 592-84-7

118.240 118.240 101.147 102.132

C5H10O2

589-40-2

102.132

93.6(0.3)

Butyl enanthate

C5H10O2 C7H14O2 C11H22O2

762-75-4 2426-08-6 5454-28-4

102.132 liq 130.185 186.292 liq

-68(1)

83(6) 171(18) 225(4)

Butyl caproate

C10H20O2

626-82-4

172.265 liq

-50.0(0.5)

204(3)

C4H13ClN2

7400-27-3

124.612

192.5

Monobutyl succinate

C8H14O4 C4H10O2

5150-93-6 75-91-2

174.195 90.121 liq

8.6 6

136.53 89 dec

tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole

Butylated hydroxyanisole

C11H16O2

25013-16-5 180.244 wax

51

268

1586 1587

Butyl 2-hydroxybenzoate Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

C11H14O3 C11H14O3

2052-14-4 94-26-8

194.227 liq 194.227

-5.9 68.5

271

Butylparaben

1588

Butyl ricinoleate

C22H42O3

151-13-3

354.566

27513

1589

Butyl cis-12-hydroxy-9octadecenoate, (R)tert-Butyl hypochlorite

1.073220 1.436020 0.896020 1.401520 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ctc, chl i H2O; s peth, EtOH 1.072820 1.511520 sl ctc sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH 0.905822 1.456622 vs eth

C4H9ClO

507-40-4

108.566 ye liq

77.5

0.958318 1.40320

1590

Butyl isobutyl ether

C8H18O

17071-47-5 130.228 liq

135(8)

0.76315

1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596

tert-Butyl isobutyl ether Butyl isocyanate Butyl isocyanide tert-Butyl isopropyl ether Butyl isothiocyanate sec-Butyl isothiocyanate, (±)-

C8H18O C5H9NO C5H9N C7H16O C5H9NS C5H9NS

112.9(0.3) 125(3) 120 87.3(0.3) 167(7) 159.5

0.88020 1.406020 0.7820 0.736525 0.954620 1.50120 0.94412

1597

tert-Butyl isothiocyanate

33021-02-2 111-36-4 2769-64-4 17348-59-3 592-82-5 11672411-9 590-42-1

140

0.918710

1598 1599 1600

Butyl lactate Butyl methacrylate tert-Butyl methacrylate

7710 163.7(0.8) 135.2

0.974427 vs eth, EtOH 0.893620 1.424020 vs eth, EtOH

No.

Name

1556

1561 1562 1563 1564 1565

4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5- Musk ketone dinitroacetophenone 2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol 4-tert-Butyl-2,5-dimethylphenol 4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol 1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethyl2,4,6-trinitrobenzene 2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol 5-Butyldocosane 11-Butyldocosane Butyl dodecanoate Butylethylamine N-Ethyl-1-butanamine

1566 1567

1-tert-Butyl-4-ethylbenzene Butyl ethyl ether

1568

sec-Butyl ethyl ether

1569

tert-Butyl ethyl ether

1570 1571

1573 1574 1575 1576

2-tert-Butyl-4-ethylphenol 2-Butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol 5-Butyl-5-ethyl2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione Butyl ethyl sulfide tert-Butyl ethyl sulfide N-tert-Butylformamide Butyl formate

1577

sec-Butyl formate

1578 1579 1580

tert-Butyl formate Butyl glycidyl ether Butyl heptanoate

1581

Butyl hexanoate

1582 1583 1584

tert-Butylhydrazine hydrochloride Butyl hydrogen succinate tert-Butyl hydroperoxide

1585

1557 1558 1559 1560

Organic

1572

K21599_PCOC.indb 84

Synonym

Ethyl butyl ether

Ethyl tert-butyl ether

Butethal

2-Methyl-2-propanethiol

1,1-Dimethylethyl formate

1-Isothiocyanatobutane 2-Isothiocyanatobutane, (±)

2-Isothiocyanato-2-methylpro- C5H9NS pane C7H14O3 C8H14O2 C8H14O2

Physical Form

34451-18-8 146.184 97-88-1 142.196 585-07-9 142.196

bp/˚C

liq liq liq liq

-95.1(0.2) -85.9(0.3) 16 -90.0(0.4)

-88.3(0.4)

10.5

den g cm –3

nD

Solubility vs chl

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl 24410 242.510 18018 104.8(0.8) 211 89(2)

81(4)

130.228 liq 99.131 83.132 116.201 liq 115.197 115.197 115.197

mp/˚C

144.2(0.8) 120.4(0.6) 202 106.1(0.1)

0.805820 1.450320 0.804120 1.449920 0.739820 1.404020 msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz 0.864120 0.749520 1.381820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 0.750320 1.380220 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 0.73625 1.375620 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 0.92750

1.458725 sl H2O, ace; s EtOH

0.837620 1.449210 vs EtOH; s chl 0.903 1.433020 0.895820 1.388720 sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth 0.884620 1.386520 sl H2O; s ace; msc EtOH, eth 0.872 1.379020 0.91820 0.863820 1.420420 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 0.865320 1.415220 i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth

1.407721

i H2O; vs eth, bz; s ace vs ace, eth, EtOH

vs eth, EtOH s chl vs eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

4/2/14 2:57 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-85

O

OH

OH

OH O

N O

N O

O

1556

1557

4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethyl-3,5-dinitroacetophenone

O

O N

O N

N

O

1558

2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dimethylphenol

O

O

O N

O

N

O

1561

1562

2-tert-Butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol

1563

5-Butyldocosane

11-Butyldocosane

Organic

1-tert-Butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene

4-tert-Butyl-2,6-dimethylphenol

OH

O

1560

1559

4-tert-Butyl-2,5-dimethylphenol

OH O

O

H N

O

1564

1565

Butyl dodecanoate

O

O

1566

Butylethylamine

1567

1-tert-Butyl-4-ethylbenzene

1568

Butyl ethyl ether

1569

sec-Butyl ethyl ether

tert-Butyl ethyl ether

1570

2-tert-Butyl-4-ethylphenol

O N OH HO

O

1571

2-Butyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol

N H

H S

H N

1574

1575

O

O

S

1572

5-Butyl-5-ethyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H )-pyrimidinetrione

O

O

1573

Butyl ethyl sulfide

tert-Butyl ethyl sulfide

N-tert-Butylformamide

O

O

1576

1577

Butyl formate

sec-Butyl formate

O O O

O

O

O

1578

O

1579

tert-Butyl formate

O

1580

Butyl glycidyl ether

1581

Butyl heptanoate

O

O

OH

O

1583

tert-Butylhydrazine hydrochloride

Butyl hydrogen succinate

O

O

O

O

O

tert-Butyl hydroperoxide

OH

1585

1586

tert-Butyl-4-hydroxyanisole

Butyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

1590

1591

Butyl isobutyl ether

tert-Butyl isobutyl ether

N

C

1592

Butyl isocyanate

O N

1596

C

N S

sec-Butyl isothiocyanate, (±)-

C

1597

S

tert-Butyl isothiocyanate

1588

Butyl 4-hydroxybenzoate

O

1589

OH

1587

O

Cl

tert-Butyl hypochlorite

K21599_PCOC.indb 85

NH2 HCl

OH

1584

O

OH

O

1582

Butyl hexanoate

OH O

H N

O

Butyl cis-12-hydroxy-9-octadecenoate, (R)-

N

O

O N

C

1593

1594

Butyl isocyanide

tert-Butyl isopropyl ether

O O

OH

1598

Butyl lactate

C

S

1595

Butyl isothiocyanate

O O

1599

Butyl methacrylate

O

1600

tert-Butyl methacrylate

4/2/14 2:57 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-86

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

164.244

19.1(0.3)

223(5)

0.938320 1.503920

83-66-9

268.265 pa ye lf (al)

85

18516

C11H16O2 C11H16O2 C5H13N C11H16

121-00-6 88-32-4 110-68-9 1074-92-6

180.244 180.244 87.164 148.245 liq

1-tert-Butyl-3-methylbenzene 3-tert-Butyltoluene

C11H16

1075-38-3

148.245 liq

-41.36(0.08) 204(5)

1608

1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene 4-tert-Butyltoluene

C11H16

98-51-1

148.245 liq

-52.49(0.08) 193(3)

1609 1610 1611

Butyl 2-methylbutanoate Butyl 3-methylbutanoate Butyl methyl ether

C9H18O2 C9H18O2 C5H12O

15706-73-7 158.238 109-19-3 158.238 628-28-4 88.148 liq

179(7)

1612

sec-Butyl methyl ether

C5H12O

1613

2-tert-Butyl-4-methylphenol

C11H16O

11678323-4 2409-55-4

164.244

52.3(0.9)

236(7)

1614

2-tert-Butyl-5-methylphenol

C11H16O

88-60-8

164.244

46.5

12711

1615 1616

2-tert-Butyl-6-methylphenol 4-tert-Butyl-2-methylphenol

C11H16O C11H16O

2219-82-1 98-27-1

164.244 164.244

29(1) 27.5

233(7) 256(4)

1617 1618 1619

Butyl methyl sulfide tert-Butyl methyl sulfide 4-Butylmorpholine

C5H12S C5H12S C8H17NO

628-29-5 6163-64-0 1005-67-0

104.214 liq 104.214 liq 143.227 liq

-97.81(0.05) 123.4(0.5) 98.9(0.3) -57.1 213.5

1620

1-Butylnaphthalene

C14H16

1634-09-9

184.277 liq

-19.7(0.2)

288(5)

1621 1622

2-Butylnaphthalene Butyl nitrate

C14H16 C4H9NO3

1134-62-9 928-45-0

184.277 liq 119.119

-7(4)

286(5) 133

1623 1624

Butyl nitrite tert-Butyl nitrite

C4H9NO2 C4H9NO2

544-16-1 540-80-7

103.120 103.120 pa ye liq

78 64(2)

1625

sec-Butyl nitrite

C4H9NO2

924-43-6

103.120

65(2)

1626

C8H18N2O2

3817-11-6

174.241

1150.01

1627 1628 1629

4-(Butylnitrosoamino)-1butanol 5-Butylnonane Butyl nonanoate Butyl octanoate

C13H28 C13H26O2 C12H24O2

17312-63-9 184.361 50623-57-9 214.344 589-75-3 200.318 liq

1630 1631 1632 1633 1634

2-Butyl-1-octanol Butyl oleate tert-Butyl 3-oxobutanoate Butyl 4-oxopentanoate Butyl palmitate

C12H26O C22H42O2 C8H14O3 C9H16O3 C20H40O2

3913-02-8 142-77-8 1694-31-1 2052-15-5 111-06-8

186.333 338.567 ye cry 158.195 172.221 312.531 cry (dil al)

1635

Butyl pentanoate

C9H18O2

591-68-4

158.238 liq

1636

sec-Butyl pentanoate

C9H18O2

158.238

174.5

1637 1638 1639

4-(1-Butylpentyl)pyridine tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate 2-Butylphenol

C14H23N C11H14O3 C10H14O

11683632-9 2961-47-9 614-45-9 3180-09-4

205.340 194.227 150.217 liq

-20(2)

265 750.2 234(5)

1640 1641

2-sec-Butylphenol 2-tert-Butylphenol

C10H14O C10H14O

89-72-5 88-18-6

150.217 150.217 liq

18(3) -5.6(0.2)

229(3) 224.3(0.6)

1642 1643

3-Butylphenol 3-tert-Butylphenol

C10H14O C10H14O

4074-43-5 585-34-2

150.217 150.217 nd (peth)

47(1)

249(4) 240

1644

4-Butylphenol

C10H14O

1638-22-8

150.217

22

251(4)

1645

4-sec-Butylphenol

C10H14O

99-71-8

150.217

60(1)

243(3)

No.

Name

1601

1603 1604 1605 1606

1-tert-Butyl-4-methoxybenzene 1-tert-Butyl-2-methoxy-4methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene 2-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol 3-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol Butylmethylamine N-Methyl-1-butanamine 1-tert-Butyl-2-methylbenzene 2-tert-Butyltoluene

1607

1602

Organic

K21599_PCOC.indb 86

Synonym

Butyl o-toluate Butyl p-toluate

N-Butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)­ nitrosamine Butyl pelargonate

Butyl cis-9-octadecenoate Butyl levulinate Butyl hexadecanoate

Benzoyl tert-butyl peroxide

4-(1-Methylpropyl)phenol

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C11H16O

5396-38-3

C12H16N2O5

Physical Form

nD

Solubility

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, chl

18450 65 -50.3(0.2)

-115.7(0.1)

88.148

91(2) 200(4)

70.1(0.3)

59.1

-38.0(0.7) -42.9(0.5)

-26.4

219(5) 12320 240(4) 248(23) 22715 71.511 237.5

16(2) -83.77(0.02) 186(5)

0.763715 0.889720 1.507620 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 0.865720 1.494420 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 0.861220 1.491820 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, chl; s ace, bz 0.862020 1.413520 1.405825 0.739225 1.373620 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 0.741520 1.368025 vs ace, eth, EtOH 0.924775 1.496975 sl H2O; s ace, bz, chl 0.92280 1.525020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace 0.924080 1.519520 0.96520 1.523020 i H2O; s eth, ace, bz 0.842620 1.447720 vs EtOH, MeOH 0.906820 1.445120 vs H2O, ace, bz, EtOH 0.973820 1.581920 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 0.967320 1.577720 vs ace, bz, EtOH 1.022830 1.401323 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl ctc 0.911425 1.376220 msc EtOH, eth 0.867020 1.36820 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, CS2 0.872620 1.371020 vs eth, EtOH, chl

0.763518 1.427318 0.852025 1.426225 0.862820 1.423225 vs ace, eth, EtOH 0.89120 0.870415 1.448025 vs EtOH 0.975620 1.418020 0.973520 1.429020 sl chl 1.431250 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.871015 1.412820 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.860520 1.407020 vs bz, eth, py, EtOH 0.887825 1.484625 1.02125 1.499020 0.97520 1.518025 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk 0.980425 1.520025 0.978320 1.516020 s EtOH, ctc, alk; vs eth 0.97420 vs eth, EtOH s EtOH, alk; vs eth 0.97622 1.516525 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, alk; sl ctc 0.98620 1.518221 i H2O; s EtOH, alk; vs eth

4/2/14 2:57 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-87 OH

OH

O

O

O O O

1601

N O

N O

O

1602

1-tert-Butyl-4-methoxybenzene

1603

1-tert-Butyl-2-methoxy-4-methyl-3,5-dinitrobenzene

H N

1604

2-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol

1605

3-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol

Butylmethylamine

O

O O

1606

1607

1-tert-Butyl-2-methylbenzene

1608

1-tert-Butyl-3-methylbenzene

O

1609

1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene

Butyl 2-methylbutanoate

1610

Butyl 3-methylbutanoate

Organic

OH OH OH

OH

O

O

1611

1612

Butyl methyl ether

1613

sec-Butyl methyl ether

1614

2-tert-Butyl-4-methylphenol

1615

2-tert-Butyl-5-methylphenol

2-tert-Butyl-6-methylphenol

1616

4-tert-Butyl-2-methylphenol

N

O

S S

O

1617

1618

Butyl methyl sulfide

N

O

1619

tert-Butyl methyl sulfide

O O

N

N

N N

O

Butyl nitrate

O OH

1627

1626

sec-Butyl nitrite

O

1622

2-Butylnaphthalene

1625

tert-Butyl nitrite

Butyl nitrite

1621

1-Butylnaphthalene

O

O

1624

1623

1620

4-Butylmorpholine

N O

5-Butylnonane

4-(Butylnitrosoamino)-1-butanol

O O

O O

O

OH O

1628

1629

Butyl nonanoate

1630

Butyl octanoate

1631

2-Butyl-1-octanol

Butyl oleate

O O

O

O

O O

1632

tert-Butyl 3-oxobutanoate

O O

O

O

1633

1634

Butyl 4-oxopentanoate

Butyl palmitate

1636

sec-Butyl pentanoate

Butyl pentanoate

OH

O

O

O

O

1635

HO

O

N

1637

4-(1-Butylpentyl)pyridine

1638

tert-Butyl peroxybenzoate

1639

2-Butylphenol

1640

2-sec-Butylphenol

OH OH

OH OH

1641

2-tert-Butylphenol

K21599_PCOC.indb 87

OH

1642

3-Butylphenol

1643

3-tert-Butylphenol

1644

4-Butylphenol

1645

4-sec-Butylphenol

4/2/14 2:57 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-88 Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

4-tert-Butylphenol

C10H14O

98-54-4

150.217 nd (lig)

100(2)

244(5)

0.90880

C30H39O4P

78-33-1

494.602

C13H18O2

3101-60-8

206.281

C12H17NO C12H16O

91-49-6 943-27-1

191.269 176.254

1651 1652 1653

4-tert-Butylphenol, phosphate (3:1) [(4-tert-Butylphenoxy)­methyl]­ oxirane N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide 1-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)­ ethanone Butyl phenyl ether Butoxybenzene N-Butylpiperidine Butylpropanedioic acid n-Butylmalonic acid

16714

1.03625

24.5(0.2) 17.7

281 263

0.991220 1.514620 sl chl 0.963520 1.51815

C10H14O C9H19N C7H12O4

1126-79-0 4945-48-6 534-59-8

150.217 liq 141.254 160.168 pr (w)

-19.4

210(1) 174(3)

590-01-2

130.185 liq

-89.5(0.5)

C7H14O2 C7H13NO C7H16O

591-34-4 107-58-4 3073-92-5

130.185 127.184 cry (bz) 116.201

128

C9H13N C10H13NO2

3978-81-2 536-69-6

135.206 liq 179.216

-39.7(0.5) 97

197(5)

0.935120 1.496920 s eth, ace 0.824520 1.446720 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.875420 1.401420 sl H2O, ctc; msc EtOH, eth 0.865720 1.395220 s EtOH, eth sl H2O; i peth 0.77720 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 0.91525 1.495820 s ctc, CS2

1654

Butyl propanoate

Butyl propionate

C7H14O2

1655 1656 1657

sec-Butyl propanoate N-tert-Butyl-2-propenamide Butyl propyl ether

N-tert-Butylacrylamide

1658 1659 1660

4-tert-Butylpyridine 5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid Butyl stearate

C22H44O2

123-95-5

340.583

26.56(0.02)

343

0.85425

1661

Butyl thiocyanate

C5H9NS

628-83-1

115.197

186

0.956315

1662 1663 1664

2-Butylthiophene Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate Butyl 2-thiophenecarboxylate Butyl 4-toluenesulfonate

C8H12S C9H12O2S C11H16O3S

1455-20-5 140.246 56053-84-0 184.255 778-28-9 228.308

179(17) 580.15 1656

0.953720

1665 1666

C6H9Cl3O2 C12H13Cl3O3

3657-07-6 93-79-8

219.493 311.588

1667

Butyl trichloroacetate Butyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)­ 2,4,5-T Butyl ester acetate Butyltrichlorosilane Trichlorobutylsilane

C4H9Cl3Si

7521-80-4

191.559

1668 1669

Butyl trifluoroacetate Butylurea

C6H9F3O2 C5H12N2O

367-64-6 592-31-4

1670 1671

sec-Butylurea tert-Butylurea

(1-Methylpropyl)urea

C5H12N2O C5H12N2O

689-11-2 1118-12-3

170.129 116.161 tab (w), nd (bz) 116.161 pr (w) 116.161

1672 1673

1-tert-Butyl-4-vinylbenzene Butyl vinyl ether

p-tert-Butylstyrene 1-(Ethenyloxy)butane

C12H16 C6H12O

1746-23-2 111-34-2

160.255 liq 100.158 liq

-36.9 -92

9914 94(1)

1674

tert-Butyl vinyl ether

C6H12O

926-02-3

100.158 liq

-112

75

1675

1-Butyne

2-(Ethenyloxy)-2-methylpropane Ethylacetylene

0.8920 0.788820 1.402620 i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz 0.769120 1.392220

C4H6

107-00-6

54.091

-125.7(0.2)

8.1(0.3)

0.67830

1676

2-Butyne

Dimethylacetylene

C4H6

503-17-3

54.091

-32.2(0.1)

27.1(0.5)

0.691020

1677

2-Butynediamide

Cellocidin

C4H4N2O2

543-21-5

vol liq or gas 112.087 cry (dil MeOH)

1678 1679

2-Butynedinitrile 2-Butynedioic acid

C4N2 C4H2O4

1071-98-3 142-45-0

76.056 114.057

20(1) 166(3)

76.5

0.970825

1680

2-Butyne-1,4-diol

Bis(hydroxymethyl)acetylene

C4H6O2

110-65-6

86.090

57(1)

238(8)

1681 1682

2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetate 2-Butynoic acid

1,4-Diacetoxy-2-butyne

C8H10O4 C4H4O2

1573-17-7 590-93-2

78

12210 203

0.964120

1683 1684 1685

2-Butyn-1-ol 3-Butyn-1-ol 3-Butyn-2-ol

C4H6O C4H6O C4H6O

764-01-2 927-74-2 2028-63-9

170.163 84.074 pl (eth, peth) 70.090 liq 70.090 liq 70.090 liq

-1.1 -63.5(0.4) -1.5

140(5) 129(5) 106.5

0.937020 0.925720 0.861820

1686 1687 1688

3-Butyn-2-one 3-Butynylbenzene γ-Butyrolactone

C4H4O C10H10 C4H6O2

1423-60-5 68.074 16520-62-0 130.186 96-48-0 86.090 liq

84 177(8) -43.36(0.08) 204.6(0.4)

1689

Cacotheline

C21H21N3O7

561-20-6

>300

No.

Name

1646 1647 1648 1649 1650

Organic

K21599_PCOC.indb 88

Synonym

Fusaric acid

1-Thiocyanatobutane

Ethynyl methyl ketone Oxolan-2-one

Physical Form

104.5 145.1(0.1) 133 117(4)

28.5

204 337 148.5

col gas

pl (bz, AcOEt)

427.408 ye cry

104.5(0.4) 96.3(0.9)

nD

Solubility

1.4787114 s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl, alk i EtOH; sl eth, bz 1.514520

1.432850 i H2O; s EtOH; vs ace 1.436020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.509020

1.131920 1.505020 i H2O; s eth; sl ctc 1.277820 1.452525 s ctc

1.160620 1.436320 s eth, bz, tol, AcOEt 1.026822 1.35322 s chl vs H2O, EtOH; sl chl

169 176.6(0.7)

s H2O; vs EtOH; sl bz

217 dec

0.879320 0.925820 1.129620

1.396220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.392120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth, gl HOAc 1.464725 vs H2O, EtOH, eth 1.480420 vs H2O, EtOH, ace; sl eth; i bz, peth 1.461120 s ctc vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl 1.453020 vs eth, EtOH 1.440920 vs H2O, EtOH 1.420720 vs H2O, eth, EtOH 1.407020 1.520820 1.434120 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O

4/2/14 2:57 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-89

O O P O O

OH

O O

O

O

N

1647

O

OH O

O

1655

Butyl propanoate

sec-Butyl propanoate

1660

Butyl propyl ether

C

Cl Cl

O

1663

1664

Butyl thiophene-2-carboxylate

H N

O

O

F

O

1676

1677

O

Cl

1666

1667

Butyltrichlorosilane

O O

1671

1672

N

OH

O

tert-Butyl vinyl ether

Butyl vinyl ether

HO

O OH

O

1679

2-Butynedinitrile

1674

1673

1-tert-Butyl-4-vinylbenzene

HO N

Cl Cl Si Cl

Butyl (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetate

tert-Butylurea

1678

2-Butynediamide

Cl

NH2

O NH2

1662

2-Butylthiophene

O

sec-Butylurea

H2N 2-Butyne

H N

NH2

1670

Butylurea

S

O

Cl

O

1669

1668

Butyl trifluoroacetate

O

Butyl trichloroacetate

H N

NH2

N

Cl O

1665

Butyl 4-toluenesulfonate

O

4-tert-Butylpyridine

Butyl thiocyanate

O

O O S O

N

1658

1661

Butyl stearate

O

1675

N-tert-Butyl-2-propenamide

S

5-Butyl-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid

1-Butyne

O

1657

O

1659

F F

O

1656

O

OH O

S

Butyl phenyl ether

1-(4-tert-Butylphenyl)ethanone

H N O

1654

Butylpropanedioic acid

N

O

O

1653

N-Butylpiperidine

1651

1650

N-Butyl-N-phenylacetamide

[(4-tert-Butylphenoxy)methyl]oxirane

OH

N

1652

1649

1648

4-tert-Butylphenol, phosphate (3:1)

Organic

1646

4-tert-Butylphenol

O

O

1680

2-Butynedioic acid

O O

1681

2-Butyne-1,4-diol

2-Butyne-1,4-diol diacetate

H

O

N H

O OH

OH

O

1682

2-Butynoic acid

K21599_PCOC.indb 89

2-Butyn-1-ol

O

OH

OH

1683

O

1684

3-Butyn-1-ol

O

1685

3-Butyn-2-ol

1686

3-Butyn-2-one

1687

3-Butynylbenzene

1688

O

γ-Butyrolactone

N

N H H

H

O

O O

OH

1689

Cacotheline

4/2/14 2:57 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-90

Physical Form

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

C15H24 C10H20CdN2S4

39029-41-9 204.352 14239-68-0 408.950 wh cry

3,7-Dihydro-1,3,7-trimethyl1H-purine-2,6-dione

C8H10N4O2

58-08-2

19-Oxogomphoside

C29H40O9

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

12612

0.918215 1.316620

90 sub

1.2319

Organic

Name

1690 1691 1692

γ-Cadinene Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate) Caffeine

1693

Calactin

1694

Calcium ascorbate

1695

Calcium citrate

1696 1697 1698 1699

Calcium cyanamide Calcium cyclamate Calcium gluconate Calcium iodobehenate

1700 1701

Calcium lactate Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate

1702

Calcium thioglycollate

1703

Calotoxin

1704

Calotropin

1705 1706

Calusterone Camphene, (+)

1707

Camphene, (-)

1708

d-Camphocarboxylic acid

1709

Camphor, (±)-

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]­ heptan-2-one, (±)

C10H16O

1710

Camphor, (+)

C10H16O

464-49-3

152.233 pl

178.7(0.5)

1711

Camphor, (-)

1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]­ heptan-2-one, (1R) 1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]­ heptan-2-one, (1S)

C10H16O

464-48-2

152.233

180(2)

0.985318

1712

(±)-Camphoric acid

5394-83-2

200.232 pr, lf

202

1.186

1713

d-Camphorsulfonic acid

3144-16-9

232.297 pr (HOAc)

195 dec

1714 1715

Canadine, (±)Cannabidiol

DL-Tetrahydroberberine

1716

Cannabinol

6,6,9-Trimethyl-3-pentyl-6Hdibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol

1717 1718

Canrenone Cantharidin

1719

Caprolactam

1720

Capsaicin

1721

Capsanthin

1722 1723 1724

Captafol Captan Captopril

1725

Carbachol

1726 1727 1728

Carbamic chloride Carbamodithioic acid Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate

K21599_PCOC.indb 90

Synonym

Mol. Wt.

No.

nD

Solubility

255

C12H14CaO12

194.191 wh nd 236.1(0.2) (w+1), hex pr (sub) 20304-47-6 532.623 small pr 271 (ace) 5743-27-1 390.310 tricl cry (w)

Tricalcium citrate

C12H10Ca3O14

813-94-5

498.433 cry (w)

Calcium carbimide

CCaN2 C12H24CaN2O6S2 C12H22CaO14 C44H84CaI2O4

156-62-7 139-06-0 299-28-5 1319-91-1

80.102 396.536 430.373 971.023

C6H10CaO6 C10H14CaO4 C4H6CaO4S2

814-80-2 218.217 wh pow (w) 19372-44-2 238.294 col cry dec (MeOH) 814-71-1 222.297 pr (w) 220 dec

C29H40O10

20304-49-8 548.622 cry (EtOH)

268

C29H40O9

1986-70-5

221

C21H32O2 C10H16

17021-26-0 316.483 cry (ace) 5794-03-6 136.234 nd

157.5 52

161

0.895050 1.457025 vs eth

C10H16

5794-04-7

52

158

0.844650 1.456454 vs eth

C11H16O3

18530-30-8 196.243 pr (eth, 50% 127.5 al) 21368-68-3 152.233 wh rhom 177.7(0.2) cry (EtOH)

Iododocosanoic acid, calcium salt Calcium acetylacetonate

4’β-Hydroxy-19oxogomphoside

2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, (1R)2,2-Dimethyl-3-methylenebicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, (1S)-

1,2,2-Trimethyl-1,3-cyclopen- C10H16O4 tanedicarboxylic acid C10H16O4S

6-Hexanelactam

532.623 pl (EtOH)

136.234

s H2O; i MeOH, EtOH sl H2O; i EtOH sub

dec H2O vs H2O i EtOH, os i H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl s H2O; i EtOH

s H2O, EtOH; i eth

vs bz, eth, EtOH sub

209(31)

29074-38-2 339.386 mcl nd (al) 13956-29-1 314.462 rods (peth)

134 67

1882

C21H26O2

521-35-7

310.430 pl, lf (peth)

77

1850.05

C22H28O3 C10H12O4

976-71-6 56-25-7

340.455 cry (AcOEt) 196.200 orth pl

150 218

84 sub

C6H11NO

105-60-2

113.157 lf (lig)

69.16(0.01)

270.8(0.1)

C18H27NO3

404-86-4

305.412 mcl pl or sc 65 (peth)

465-42-9

584.871

CH2ClNO CH3NS2 CH4NO5P

2.29

s H2O, chl; sl EtOH; i eth, bz

C20H21NO4 C21H30O2

3,3’-Dihydroxy-β,κ-caroten-6’- C40H56O3 one, (3R,3’S,5’R) C10H9Cl4NO2S C9H8Cl3NO2S 1-(3-Mercapto-2-methyl-1C9H15NO3S oxypropyl)proline C6H15ClN2O2

Carbamyl chloride

col hex cry cry cry wh-ye pow

≈100 dec (hyd) ≈1340

sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, ctc; s chl, py

0.99025

1.04040

1.5462

1.540420

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, HOAc; s ace, bz sl H2O; s chl, eth, EtOH vs H2O; i eth; sl HOAc vs EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth, alk i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s HOAc vs H2O, bz, EtOH, chl i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, peth; sl con HCl

2150.01

176

2425-06-1 349.061 cry 133-06-2 300.590 cry (CCl4) 62571-86-2 217.285 cry (AcOEt)

159.0(0.9) 173.9(0.3) 105

51-83-2

182.648

208(6)

463-72-9 594-07-0 590-55-6

79.486 93.172 141.021 unstab in soln

1.7425

vs chl s H2O, EtOH, chl vs H2O, MeOH; sl EtOH; i eth, chl

62 dec vs EtOH, eth

4/2/14 2:57 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-91 O O

CH2O

H S

H

N

O

O

1691

γ-Cadinene

O

N S

O

O

3Ca

N

Ca

2

N

2 Calcium gluconate

O HO

2

Ca

O

Ca

O

O

2

1700

Calcium iodobehenate

Calcium 2,4-pentanedioate

O

O O

O

O HS

O

Ca

O

HO

H

OH H O

O

O

H

1702

O

OH O

H

H

O

1703

Calcium thioglycollate

OH

H

OH

2

2

O

H

1704

Calotoxin

1705

Calotropin

Calusterone

O

COOH

1707

Camphene, (+)

1708

Camphene, (-)

O

1709

d-Camphocarboxylic acid

OH

HO

O

O

1706

O

1701

Calcium lactate

OH H O

O

Ca

O

2

2

1699

HO

2

Ca

1698

Calcium cyclamate

O

HO

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

2

1697

Calcium cyanamide

I

H HO H H

Ca2

O

2

1696

Calcium citrate

Calcium ascorbate

O

O 2

2

1694

Calactin

S

Ca2

O

HO HO

H

Caffeine

H N

1695

O

H

1693

2

O

OH

O

1692

Cadmium bis(diethyldithiocarbamate)

OH O

H OH

N

N

O

OH H O

N

N

Cd S

1690

O

S

HO

Organic

O

1710

Camphor, (±)-

O

O

1711

Camphor, (+)

1712

Camphor, (-)

(±)-Camphoric acid

O N

O

OH

OH

O

O O S O OH

HO

O

1713

O

1714

d-Camphorsulfonic acid

1715

Canadine, (±)-

1716

Cannabidiol

Cannabinol

O O

O O

O O

O

O

N H

O

1717

1718

Canrenone

O

HO

1719

Cantharidin

1720

Caprolactam

Capsaicin

O

O

H

N S OH

HO

1721

OH O

O

SH

1724

Captopril

K21599_PCOC.indb 91

N S H

1722

N

O

1725

O

NH2

O

Carbachol

H2N

Captan

S Cl

1726

Carbamic chloride

H2N

Cl O Cl Cl

1723

Captafol

Cl

O

Cl

O Cl Cl Cl

Capsanthin

N

N H

O SH

1727

Carbamodithioic acid

H2N

O

O OH P OH

1728

Carbamoyl dihydrogen phosphate

4/2/14 2:57 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-92

Organic

No.

Name

1729 1730

Carbaryl Carbazole

1731

9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid

1732

Carbendazim

1733 1734 1735

Carbetapentane N-Carbethoxyphthalimide Carbic anhydride

1736 1737 1738 1739 1740

Carbimazole Carbobenzoxyhydrazine Carbofuran Carboimidic difluoride γ-Carboline

1741

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Dibenzopyrolle

C12H11NO2 C12H9N

63-25-2 86-74-8

201.221 167.206 pl or lf

142.7(0.7) 245(2)

C14H11NO2

524-80-1

225.243 lf (AcOEt)

215

Carbamic acid, 1H-benzimid- C9H9N3O2 azol-2-yl-, methyl ester Pentoxyverine C20H31NO3 N-(Ethoxycarbonyl)phthalimide C11H9NO4 C9H8O3

Physical Form

10605-21-7 191.186

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

354.6(0.2)

1.22825 1.29725

300 dec

5H-Pyrido[4,3-b]indole

C7H10N2O2S C8H10N2O2 C12H15NO3 CHF2N C11H8N2

Carbon dioxide

Carbonic anhydride

CO2

124-38-9

44.010

col gas

-56.561 tp​ (0.008)

-78.464 sp

1742 1743

Carbon diselenide Carbon disulfide

Carbon selenide Carbon bisulfide

CSe2 CS2

506-80-9 75-15-0

169.93 76.141

ye liq col liq

-43.6(0.3) -111.7(0.3)

125.5 46.2(0.1)

1744 1745 1746

Carbonic acid Carbonic dihydrazide Carbon monoxide

Carbohydrazide Carbon oxide

CH2O3 CH6N4O CO

463-79-6 497-18-7 630-08-0

62.025 90.085 28.010

nd (dil al) col gas

154 -205.1(0.1)

1747

C7H4ClNO4

7693-46-1

201.565

80

C8H6ClNO4

4457-32-3

215.592

32.8

C3H2Cl4O2

17341-93-4 211.859

6311

1750

Carbonochloridic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester Carbonochloridic acid, (4-nitrophenyl)methyl ester Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl ester Carbonothioic dichloride

Thiophosgene

CCl2S

463-71-8

114.982 red liq

73

1751

Carbonothioic dihydrazide

1,3-Diamino-2-thiourea

CH6N4S

2231-57-4

1752

Carbon oxyselenide

Carbonyl selenide

COSe

1603-84-5

1753

Carbon oxysulfide

Carbonyl sulfide

COS

463-58-1

106.151 nd, pl (w) nd, pl (w) 106.97 col gas; unstab 60.075 col gas

1754 1755 1756

Carbon suboxide Carbonyl bromide Carbonyl chloride

1,2-Propadiene-1,3-dione Bromophosgene Phosgene

C3O2 CBr2O CCl2O

504-64-3 593-95-3 75-44-5

68.031 col gas 187.818 98.916 col gas

6.8 64(4) -127.77(0.02) 7.5(0.4)

1757 1758

Carbonyl chloride fluoride Carbonyl dicyanide

Carbonic chloride fluoride

CClFO C3N2O

353-49-1 1115-12-4

82.461 80.044

-148 -36

1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764

N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole Carbonyl fluoride Carbophenothion Carbosulfan Carboxin 2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid

C7H6N4O CF2O C11H16ClO2PS3 C20H32N2O3S C12H13NO2S C9H8O4

530-62-1 353-50-4 786-19-6 55285-14-8 5234-68-4 89-51-0

162.149 cry (bz) 66.007 col gas 342.866 380.544 235.302 180.158

1765

C9H18N4O4

34522-32-2 246.264 nd (w)

281

C6H9NO6 C5H9NO4S C14H10O5

53861-57-7 191.138 cry 638-23-3 179.195 nd 552-94-3 258.226

167 206 147

1769 1770 1771

N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-LOctopine arginine L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine Carbocysteine 2-Carboxyphenyl Salsalate 2-hydroxybenzoate 3-Carene, (+) Carisoprodol Carminic acid

C10H16 C12H24N2O4 C22H20O13

498-15-7 78-44-4 1260-17-9

92 136 dec

1772

Carnitine

C7H15NO3

541-15-1

1773

Carnosine

C9H14N4O3

305-84-0

1748 1749

1766 1767 1768

K21599_PCOC.indb 92

4-Amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid trimethylbetaine N-β-Alanyl-L-histidine

col gas liq

136.234 260.330 cry 492.386 red mcl pr (aq, MeOH) 161.199 cry (al-ace), hyg 226.232

Solubility vs ace, DMF i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s ace vs eth, EtOH, chl, HOAc

1.45

77-23-6 333.465 22509-74-6 219.194 129-64-6 164.158 orth cry (peth) 22232-54-8 186.231 cry, pow 5331-43-1 166.177 1563-66-2 221.252 2712-98-3 65.023 gas 244-69-9 168.195 nd

Benzyl carbazate

nD

1650.01 91 163(3) 123.5 69.5 153.2(0.5) -90 225

1.41725

1.18 -13 dec 1.352

-191.51​ (0.09) 16019

-124.4

-21.7

-138.8(0.1)

-50.2(0.3)

-112.5

1.50815

1.544220 dec H2O, EtOH; s eth vs H2O dec H2O

1.02817

1.24-87

1.1140 1.45380 2.5215 1.371925 (p>1 atm

-47.2 65.5

1.12420

-84.5 820.01 126

1.27120 1.05620

96(7) 184.5

sl H2O, bz; vs MeOH; s EtOH sl H2O

0.72025 (p>1 atm) 2.682320 1.845420 i H2O; vs ctc, tol 1.263220 1.631920 s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth Aq. soln. of CO2 1.61620 vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s bz, 0.7909-19 HOAc

170 dec

119 -111.2

vs ace, bz, EtOH, chl vs ace, chl

1.391920

sl H2O; s EtOH; vs KOH s eth, bz, CS2 reac H2O sl H2O; s bz, ctc, chl, tol, HOAc reac H2O s eth, ace, ctc, chl reac H2O

1.410020

s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl

sl ace 171

0.854930 1.4693

197 dec

vs ace, bz, eth s os s H2O, EtOH; sl eth; i bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH

260

vs H2O

4/2/14 2:57 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-93

O O

N H

NH

OH N H

1729

1731

Carbazole

O N

N O

O O

O

O

1734

1733

Carbetapentane

O

H N

NH2

O

F F

O

1737

Carbimazole

Carbic anhydride

N H

O

1736

1735

N-Carbethoxyphthalimide

O

N

O

Carbendazim

O S

N

O

O

O

1732

9H-Carbazole-9-acetic acid

O

O

N H

O

1730

Carbaryl

O

N

N

1738

Carbobenzoxyhydrazine

N

F N H

NH

1739

Carbofuran

1740

γ-Carboline

Carboimidic difluoride

Se C Se

S C S

1741

1742

1743

Carbon dioxide

Carbon diselenide

O

HO

H2N OH

1744

Carbon disulfide

O

O

O O C O

Organic

Cl O

N H

N H

NH2

Carbonic acid

O

C O

1745

1746

Carbonic dihydrazide

N

O

1747

Carbon monoxide

Carbonochloridic acid, 4-nitrophenyl ester

Cl O O

O

N

Cl Cl

O

1748

O Cl

Cl

1749

Carbonochloridic acid, (4-nitrophenyl)methyl ester

O C C C O

1753

Br

1754

Carbon oxysulfide

Cl

Cl

Br

N H

Cl

F

O C Se

1752

Carbon oxyselenide

O

O Cl

N

1757

Carbonyl chloride

NH2

Carbonothioic dihydrazide

O

1756

Carbonyl bromide

N H

1751

Carbonothioic dichloride

O

1755

Carbon suboxide

H2N

1750

Carbonochloridic acid, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl ester

O O C S

S

S

Cl

N

N

1758

Carbonyl chloride fluoride

N

N

N

1759

Carbonyl dicyanide

N,N’-Carbonyldiimidazole

OH S

S

O Cl

F

F

1760

O

S O P O

O

S

N

S

O

O

1762

Carbophenothion

OH

O

H N

O N

1761

Carbonyl fluoride

O

1763

Carbosulfan

1764

Carboxin

2-Carboxybenzeneacetic acid

HO O OH

HO

N H

NH

OH

OH

NH2

H N

O

H 2N

O

1765

N-(D-1-Carboxyethyl)-L-arginine

OH

O

O O

OH O

O

S NH2

OH

1766

O

O

OH

1767

L-γ-Carboxyglutamic acid

1768

S-(Carboxymethyl)-L-cysteine

1769

2-Carboxyphenyl 2-hydroxybenzoate

3-Carene, (+)

HO O OH

OH O

OH H2N

O O

O

1770

Carisoprodol

K21599_PCOC.indb 93

H N

O

OH

OH O

O

OH HO

O

OH OH O

1771

Carminic acid

N

O

1772

Carnitine

N

H2N

OH

NH O

N H

1773

Carnosine

4/2/14 2:58 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-94 No.

Name

1774

Synonym

Organic

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

α-Carotene

C40H56

7488-99-5

1775

β-Carotene

C40H56

7235-40-7

1776

β,ψ-Carotene

γ-Carotene

C40H56

472-93-5

1777

ψ,ψ-Carotene

trans-Lycopene

C40H56

502-65-8

1778

β,β-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R)-

Zeaxanthin

C40H56O2

144-68-3

1779

β,ε-Carotene-3,3’-diol, (3R,3’R,6’R)-

Xanthophyll

C40H56O2

1780

β,β-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)-

Cryptoxanthin

C40H56O

1781

β,ψ-Caroten-3-ol, (3R)-

Rubixanthin

C40H56O

1782

ψ,ψ-Caroten-16-ol

Lycoxanthin

C40H56O

1783 1784

Caroverine Carpaine

C22H27N3O2 C28H50N2O4

1785

Cartap hydrochloride

1786 1787

Carvenone, (S)(R)-Carvone

1788

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

nD

Solubility

536.873 red pl or pr (peth, bz-MeOH) 536.873 red br hex pr (bz-MeOH) 536.873 red pr (bz-MeOH), viol pr (eth) 536.873 red pr or nd (peth)

187.5

1.0020

vs bz, eth, chl

183(2)

1.0020

i H2O; sl EtOH, chl; s eth, ace, bz i H2O, EtOH; sl eth, peth; s bz, chl

215.5

C7H16ClN3O2S2

568.872 ye pr (MeOH) orth (chl-eth) 127-40-2 568.872 ye or viol pr (ethMeOH) 472-70-8 552.872 garnet red pr (bz-MeOH) 3763-55-1 552.872 dk red nd (bz-MeOH) oran-red (bz-peth) 19891-74-8 552.872 red pl (bz-MeOH) 23465-76-1 365.468 cry 3463-92-1 478.708 mcl pr (al, ace) 22042-59-7 273.804 cry

p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, (R)

C10H16O C10H14O

10395-45-6 152.233 6485-40-1 150.217

25.2

233 231

0.928920 1.480520 0.959320 1.498820

(S)-Carvone

p-Mentha-1,8-dien-6-one, (S)

C10H14O

2244-16-8

150.217

175 dec

C6H4ClNO2

5326-23-8

157.555

198 dec

C5H5Cl2N

7379-35-3

150.006

C18H26ClN3

54-05-7

319.872

2279 2280 2281 2282 2283

2293 2294 2295

K21599_PCOC.indb 118

sec-Propylene chlorohydrin

6-Chloropurine

216(14) 177 91

1.439020

Solubility

1.439220

1.429020

1.092620 1.585120 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.1830 1.538820 sl H2O; s os 1.05621 1.516025 sl ctc 1.292625 1.445620 i H2O 1.07725 1.418325

170(2)

1.20515

151(20) 151(20)

1.200025

1.532020 1.530420

210 sub 90

4/2/14 3:00 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-119 O

N

Mg

N

N

N

N

N

N

Mg

O

N

HN N H O S O O

O O

O O

O

O

Cl

O

2256

2257

α-Chlorophyll

Cl

1-Chloropropane

2261

2-Chloropropane

HO

OH

Cl

2260

OH

2262

2263

2268

Cl

2269

2-Chloro-1-propanol

2270

3-Chloro-1-propanol

O

N

3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol dinitrate

1-Chloro-2-propanol

Cl

2272

3-Chloropropanoyl chloride

3-Chloropropanenitrile

cis-1-Chloropropene

trans-1-Chloropropene

Cl

H N

OH

2277

2278

2-Chloropropene

Cl

2275

N

2276

3-Chloropropene

2-Chloro-2-propenenitrile

O

O

O

Cl Cl

Cl

2279

trans-(3-Chloro-1-propenyl)benzene

3-Chloropropanoic acid

O

O

2-Chloropropenoic acid

2-Chloropropanoic acid

2274

OH

2267

Cl

2273

HO Cl

2266

Cl

Cl

2271

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

O

O

O

2265

O

OH OH

Cl

OH

Cl

2264

2-Chloro-1,3-propanediol

2-Chloropropanal

Cl

NO2

O

O2N

2259

Chloropropamide

Cl

Cl

OH 3-Chloro-1,2-propanediol

Cl OH

2258

β-Chlorophyll

Cl

O

Cl

2280

Chloropropham

Organic

O

O

2281

Chloropropylate

O

Cl

2282

(3-Chloropropyl)benzene

3-Chloropropyl chloroformate

Cl O O Si O

Cl

2283

(3-Chloropropyl)trimethoxysilane

Si

Cl

2284

(3-Chloropropyl)trimethylsilane

Cl

6-Chloro-1H-purine

3-Chloro-1-propyne

O

Cl

OH OH

N

2291

4-Chloropyridine

K21599_PCOC.indb 119

N

Cl

2292

N

N

2286

2285

2-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

Cl

NH2

N

HN

Cl

N

N

N

2287

2288

6-Chloro-3-pyridazinamine

N

2293

6-Chloro-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

NH2

5-Chloro-2-pyridinamine

N

Cl

N

2289

2290

3-Chloropyridine

2-Chloropyridine

Cl

O Cl

Cl

HN

N

HCl N

Cl

2294

4-Chloropyridine, hydrochloride

N

2295

Chloroquine

4/2/14 3:00 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-120 Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2-Chloroquinoline

C9H6ClN

612-62-4

2297

4-Chloroquinoline

C9H6ClN

2298

6-Chloroquinoline

2299

8-Chloroquinoline

2300 2301

5-Chloro-8-quinolinol 2-Chlorostyrene

2302

No.

Name

2296

Physical Form

den g cm –3

Organic

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

163.604 nd (aq al)

38.4(0.5)

266

611-35-8

163.604 cry

34.9(0.5)

262

C9H6ClN

612-57-7

45.9(0.5)

262(22)

C9H6ClN

611-33-6

163.604 pr (eth), nd (al) 163.604 liq

-20

288.5

1.283414 1.640814 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

C9H6ClNO C8H7Cl

130-16-5 2039-87-4

179.603 cry (al) 138.595 liq

130 -63.1

188.6(1)

3-Chlorostyrene

C8H7Cl

2039-85-2

138.595

2303

4-Chlorostyrene

C8H7Cl

1073-67-2

138.595

15.9

2304

N-Chlorosuccinimide

C4H4ClNO2

128-09-6

133.534 pl (CCl4)

150

2305

1-Chlorotetradecane

C14H29Cl

2425-54-9

232.833

4.9

296(4)

2306

C11H20ClN5

580-48-3

257.764 oily liq

27

1559

C2HClF4

354-25-6

136.476 col gas

-117

-13(6)

C2HClF4

2837-89-0

136.476 col gas

-199.15

-11.96(0.09)

2309

6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine 1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane 1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro- HCFC-124 ethane Chlorothalonil

1.100020 1.564920 s EtOH, eth, ace, ctc, HOAc; msc peth 1.103320 1.562520 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.086820 1.566020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc 1.6525 sl H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s ace, HOAc 0.865420 1.447420 i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs ace, bz; sl ctc 1.095620 1.532020 vs bz, chl, EtOH, lig

C8Cl4N2

1897-45-6

265.911

253.1(0.7)

350

2310 2311 2312

Chlorothen Chlorothiazide 2-Chlorothiophene

C14H18ClN3S C7H6ClN3O4S2 C4H3ClS

148-65-2 58-94-6 96-43-5

295.831 295.724 118.585 liq

15510 350 dec -71.85(0.05) 126(2)

2313

C5H3ClOS

7283-96-7

146.595

C13H7ClOS

86-39-5

246.712

153.5

2315

5-Chloro-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde 2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9one 2-Chlorotoluene

1-Chloro-2-methylbenzene

C7H7Cl

95-49-8

126.584 liq

-35.9(0.7)

158.8(0.4)

2316

3-Chlorotoluene

1-Chloro-3-methylbenzene

C7H7Cl

108-41-8

126.584 liq

-47.8

162.1(0.4)

2317

4-Chlorotoluene

1-Chloro-4-methylbenzene

C7H7Cl

106-43-4

126.584 liq

7.4(0.2)

161.8(0.2)

2318

C3H4ClN5

3397-62-4

145.551

>330

C7H4Cl4

2136-89-2

229.919

29.4(0.2)

C7H4Cl4

5216-25-1

229.919

2321 2322 2323 2324

6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4diamine 1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl)­ benzene 1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl)­ benzene Chlorotriethoxysilane Chlorotriethylplumbane Lead triethyl chloride Chlorotriethylsilane 1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

C6H15ClO3Si C6H15ClPb C6H15ClSi C2H2ClF3

4667-99-6 1067-14-7 994-30-9 421-04-5

-51 123 dec

2325

1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

C2H2ClF3

431-07-2

2326 2327 2328 2329

2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chlorotrifluoroethene Chlorotrifluoroethylene Chlorotrifluoromethane Refrigerant 13 2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)­ aniline 4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)­ aniline 1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)­ o-Chlorobenzotrifluoride benzene

C2H2ClF3 C2ClF3 CClF3 C7H5ClF3N

75-88-7 79-38-9 75-72-9 121-50-6

198.720 liq 329.8 150.722 118.485 vol liq or gas 118.485 vol liq or gas 118.485 col gas 116.469 col gas 104.459 col gas 195.570

C7H5ClF3N

320-51-4

195.570

36.5

13227

C7H4ClF3

88-16-4

180.555 liq

-6(2)

153(3)

2307 2308

2314

2319 2320

2330 2331

K21599_PCOC.indb 120

Synonym

Cloxyquin

Chloromethapyrilene 2-Thienyl chloride

636 191(2)

77.55

263(3)

nD

Solubility

1.246425 1.634225 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 1.25125 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s dil HCl 1.611056

1.725

i H2O; sl ace, cyhex

1.175125 1.286320 1.548720 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; sl chl 1.603625 sl chl

1.082520 1.526820 i H2O; s EtOH, bz; msc eth, ace, chl 1.07520 1.521419 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, ctc, chl; msc eth 1.069720 1.515020 i H2O; s EtOH, ctc, chl; msc eth

245

1.518720 1.583620 i H2O; s eth, ace; sl ctc 1.446320 vs ace, eth

156

1.03020

146(3) 16(19)

0.896720

1.399920 vs EtOH s H2O 1.431420

1.3890 1.54-60

1.30900 1.380

1.42825

1.497520

17.3 -105.5 6.0(0.6) -158.14(0.05) -28.3(0.3) -181.2 -81.37 10325

s bz, chl i H2O

1.254030 1.451325 s chl

4/2/14 3:00 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-121 Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

N

2296

N

2297

2-Chloroquinoline

2299

6-Chloroquinoline

2300

8-Chloroquinoline

2301

5-Chloro-8-quinolinol

2-Chlorostyrene

2302

2303

3-Chlorostyrene

O

N Cl

OH

Cl

2298

4-Chloroquinoline

O

N

N N

Cl

2304

4-Chlorostyrene

N-Chlorosuccinimide

Cl

2305

N

N

H2N

Cl

N

S

S

F

Cl

Cl

2312

S

O

F

F

Cl

Cl

N

Cl

2308

2309

Chlorothalonil

Cl Cl

Cl

S

2313

2-Chlorothiophene

Chlorothiazide

F

1-Chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

Cl S

Cl

F

1-Chloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

NH

2311

Chlorothen

F

O

O O

O O

2310

Cl

2307

6-Chloro-N,N,N’,N’-tetraethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

N

F

F

2306

1-Chlorotetradecane

S

Cl

N N

Cl

Cl

N

N N

Organic

N

2314

5-Chloro-2-thiophenecarboxaldehyde

2-Chloro-9H-thioxanthen-9-one

2315

2-Chlorotoluene

2317

2316

4-Chlorotoluene

3-Chlorotoluene

Cl NH2 N N

Cl

Cl

Cl

N

Cl Cl

Cl

NH2

2318

6-Chloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine

2319

Cl

O O Si Cl O

Cl

2320

1-Chloro-2-(trichloromethyl)benzene

1-Chloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene

2321

2322

Chlorotriethoxysilane

2323

Chlorotriethylplumbane

NH2

Chlorotriethylsilane

Cl

F F

2325

1-Chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

Cl F

2326

F F

2-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

F F

Cl F

2327

Chlorotrifluoroethene

Cl F

F F

2328

Chlorotrifluoromethane

F F

Cl

F

2324

1-Chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Cl Cl

F

2329

F F

NH2 Cl

F

K21599_PCOC.indb 121

Si Cl

Pb Cl

2-Chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F

2330

F

F F

4-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline

F F

2331

1-Chloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

4/2/14 3:00 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-122

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

180.555 liq

-56

126(10)

1.331125 1.443825

98-56-6

180.555 liq

-33

138.5

1.334025 1.443130

C3H4ClF3

460-35-5

132.512 liq

-93.73(0.06) 45.1

1.325320 1.335020 i H2O

C8H17Cl

6111-88-2

148.674

-26

0.874620 1.430820 vs EtOH

C3H9ClSn C6H2ClN3O6

1066-45-1 88-88-0

199.266 38.5 247.549 wh nd or pl 82(1) (chl, al-lig)

148

Chlorotrinitromethane

CClN3O6

1943-16-4

185.480

5.8(0.2)

156(18)

2339

Chlorotriphenylmethane

C19H15Cl

76-83-5

278.775 nd or pr (bz-peth)

109.2(0.5)

310

2340 2341 2342 2343 2344 2345 2346

Chlorotriphenylsilane Chlorotriphenylstannane Chlorotripropylstannane Chlorovinyldimethylsilane Chloroxuron Chlorozotocin Chlorphenesin carbamate

C18H15ClSi C18H15ClSn C9H21ClSn C4H9ClSi C15H15ClN2O2 C9H16ClN3O7 C10H12ClNO4

76-86-8 639-58-7 2279-76-7 1719-58-0 1982-47-4 54749-90-5 886-74-8

294.851 385.475 283.426 120.653 290.745 313.692 cry 245.660 cry (bz)

2347 2348 2349

Chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine maleate Chlorphentermine

C16H19ClN2 C20H23ClN2O4 C10H14ClN

132-22-9 113-92-8 461-78-9

274.788 oily liq 390.861 183.678 liq

2350

Chlorpromazine

C17H19ClN2S

50-53-3

318.864

2351

Chlorprothixene

C18H18ClNS

113-59-7

315.861 pale ye cry

97.1(0.3)

2352 2353 2354 2355

Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos-methyl Chlorsulfuron Chlortetracycline

C9H11Cl3NO3PS C7H7Cl3NO3PS C12H12ClN5O4S C22H23ClN2O8

2921-88-2 5598-13-0 64902-72-3 57-62-5

350.586 322.534 357.773 478.879 gold-ye

43(1) 46.0(0.5) 176 168.5

2356

Chlorthalidone

C14H11ClN2O4S

77-36-1

225 dec

2357

Chlorthion

C8H9ClNO5PS

500-28-7

338.766 wh pow or cry 297.653 ye cry

2358 2359

Chlorthiophos Chlortoluron

2360 2361

Cholane Cholan-24-oic acid

2362

Cholesta-3,5-diene

2363

Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)

2364 2365

Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α) Cholestane, (5α)

2366

No.

Name

2332

2336 2337

1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)­ m-Chlorobenzotrifluoride benzene 1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)­ p-Chlorobenzotrifluoride benzene 3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane 2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane Chlorotrimethylstannane 2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene Picryl chloride

2338

2333 2334 2335

Synonym

Organic

Triphenyltin chloride

Chloroprophenpyridamine 2-(4-Chlorobenzyl)-2-propylamine 2-Chloro-N,N-dimethyl-10Hphenothiazine-10-propanamine

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C7H4ClF3

98-15-7

C7H4ClF3

C11H15Cl2O3PS2 N’-(3-Chloro-4-methylphenyl)- C10H13ClN2O N,N-dimethylurea C24H42 Cholanic acid C24H40O2

Physical Form

21923-23-9 361.245 15545-48-9 212.675 cry

150(8)

1.79720

12313 82.3(0.4)

s H2O vs ace, EtOH, diox 1421

132.5 231 2020.8

21

1250.1

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s dil HCl i H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

1.43720

1.566120

i H2O, eth; sl EtOH, ace, bz; s diox s alk, EtOH; sl eth i H2O; vs bz, eth, EtOH

1500.001 147

sl H2O; s os 1900.001

C27H44

80

26013

C27H44O

434-16-2

150.5

C27H44O

128-33-6

28,29,30-Trinorlanostane

C27H48

481-21-0

Cholestane, (5β)

Coprostane

C27H48

481-20-9

2367 2368 2369

Cholestanol Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α) Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3β)

Dihydrocholesterol Epicholestanol Allocholesterol

C27H48O C27H48O C27H46O

80-97-7 516-95-0 517-10-2

2370

Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)

Epicholesterol

C27H46O

474-77-1

2371

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate

C29H48O2

604-35-3

K21599_PCOC.indb 122

s H2O, chl, os i H2O; s EtOH, bz; sl eth; vs ace, tol vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl; s ace

s chl 1.267828 1.4910228 s ctc, os 0.874420 1.414120

152.0(0.9) 147 dec 90

90 163.5

384.637 pl (+1w), (ethMeOH) 384.637 pl (MeOH),nd 372.670 sc or pl (eth-al, ace) 372.670 orth nd (al, ace) 388.669 sc (al,+1w) 388.669 nd (al) 386.653 nd (ethMeOH) 386.653 cry (al, chl-MeOH) 428.690 wh nd (ace, al)

1.676920 1.450020

Solubility

24135 103.5 -23.5

548-98-1 330.590 pr (al) 25312-65-6 360.574 nd (al), cry (HOAc) 747-90-0 368.638 wh nd (al)

7-Dehydrocholesterol

nD

110

1600.001

78.6(0.5)

2501

72 141.5 185.5 132

0.925100

0.909088 1.488788

s EtOH, chl, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, bz, chl; vs lig i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, ace s ace, chl, MeOH i H2O; sl EtOH; vs eth, bz, chl

0.911987 1.488488 vs eth, chl

141.5

vs eth, chl s chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl sl EtOH

114.6(0.5)

vs bz, eth, chl

4/2/14 3:00 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-123

Cl Cl

F

F

F F

F

2332

F

F

Cl

2333

1-Chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

Cl

F F

2334

1-Chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

O O N

O N O

2336

Cl Si

NO2 NO2 Cl NO2

N O O

2337

Chlorotrimethylstannane

2-Chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane

Cl

Cl Sn Cl

2335

3-Chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane

2338

2-Chloro-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene

2339

Chlorotrinitromethane

2340

Chlorotriphenylmethane

Chlorotriphenylsilane

HO O

2341

2342

Chlorotriphenylstannane

OH O O

2349

Chlorphentermine

Chlorpheniramine maleate

O

N Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

S

S

2350

2351

Chlorpromazine

N

Cl

S O P O O

N

Cl

Cl

N

S O P O O

S

O

NH2

O O

O O N O

2356

Chlortetracycline

O O O S N H

2354

S

Cl

2358

Chlorthion

N O

Cl

Cl

2357

Chlorthalidone

H N

Cl

O P O S

Cl

Chlorsulfuron

O O P S O

O

2355

N H

Chlorpyrifos-methyl

Cl

NH

N N

2353

Chlorpyrifos

HO

OH NH2

HO OH O HO O

Cl

2352

Chlorprothixene

N

NH2

Cl

2348

Chlorpheniramine

N

H

Chlorozotocin

HO

N

Cl

2347

Chlorphenesin carbamate

OH H

Cl

2345

N

N

Cl

2346

N

N

NH2 O

Cl

ON

Chloroxuron

N O

O

HN

2344

Chlorovinyldimethylsilane

OH O

N O

O

Cl

2343

Chlorotripropylstannane

OH

H N

Cl

Organic

Sn Cl Si

Cl

OH

OH

Cl Sn

2359

Chlorthiophos

Chlortoluron

O OH H HO

2361

2360

Cholane

HO

2362

H

2365

Cholesta-8,24-dien-3-ol, (3β,5α)

Cholesta-5,7-dien-3-ol, (3β)

HO

H

H

2364

2363

Cholesta-3,5-diene

Cholan-24-oic acid

2366

Cholestane, (5α)

H

2367

Cholestane, (5β)

Cholestanol

H

H O

HO

2368

Cholestan-3-ol, (3α,5α)

K21599_PCOC.indb 123

HO

HO

H

2369

Cholest-4-en-3-ol, (3β)

O

2370

Cholest-5-en-3-ol, (3α)

2371

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), acetate

4/2/14 3:00 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-124 Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C34H50O2

604-32-0

490.760 wh nd

150(1)

C43H76O2

601-34-3

79.7(0.5)

C45H78O2

303-43-5

625.062 wh nd (eth al) 651.100

i EtOH; s eth, chl vs bz, chl

47.9(0.5)

s chl

C27H44O C27H46O

601-57-0 57-88-5

C24H40O5

81-25-4

384.637 nd or pl (al) 81.5 386.653 orth or tcl lf 148.2(0.8) (al), nd (eth) 408.572 198

C5H14ClNO C5H15ClNO4P

67-48-1 107-73-3

139.624 hyg cry 219.604 visc liq

C10H10O6 C6CrO6

617-12-9 226.182 cry 148 13007-92-6 220.056 col orth cry dec 130

Chromium(II) oxalate

C2CrO4

814-90-4

2386 2387

Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedio- Chromium acetylacetonate ate Chromotrope 2B Chrysamminic acid 1,8-Dihydroxy-2,4,5,7-tetranitro-9,10-anthracenedione 6-Chrysenamine 6-Aminochrysene Chrysene Benzo[a]phenanthrene

2388

Ciafos

2389

2391 2392

8,10,12-Heptadecatriene-4,6- C17H22O2 diyne-1,14-diol C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium Direct Blue 6 C32H20N6Na4O14S4 salt Cimetidine C10H16N6S Cinchonamine C19H24N2O

2393

Cinchonidine

C19H22N2O

2394

Cinchonine

C19H22N2O

118-10-5

2395

Cinchotoxine

C19H22N2O

69-24-9

2396

trans-Cinnamaldehyde

3-Phenyl-2-propenal, (E)-

C9H8O

14371-10-9 132.159 ye liq

-7.5

2397

Cinnamedrine

90-86-8

281.392

75

2398

cis-Cinnamic acid

C19H23NO α-[1-[Methyl(3-phenylallyl)­ amino]ethyl]benzenemethanol 3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (Z) C9H8O2

102-94-3

148.159 mcl pr (w)

42

2399

trans-Cinnamic acid

3-Phenyl-2-propenoic acid, (E) C9H8O2

140-10-3

148.159 mcl pr (dil al)

134(2)

2400 2401

trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate Cinnamyl cinnamate

C16H15NO2 C18H16O2

87-29-6 122-69-0

253.296 cry 264.319 nd (al)

64 44

2402

Cinnamyl formate

C10H10O2

104-65-4

162.185

0

252

2403

Cinnoline

C8H6N2

253-66-7

38

1140.3

2404

Cinoxate

104-28-9

130.147 pa ye cry (lig) 250.291 col liq

-25

1852

1.10225

2405 2406 2407 2408 2409

Cinquasia Red Ciodrin C.I. Pigment Red 170 C.I. Pigment Yellow 1 C.I. Pigment Yellow 12

1047-16-1 7700-17-6 2786-76-7 2512-29-0 6358-85-6

312.321 314.271 454.478 340.334 629.492

1350.03

1.1925

No.

Name

2372

2375 2376

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9-octadecenoate Cholest-4-en-3-one Cholesterol

2377

Cholic acid

2378 2379 2380 2381

Choline chloride Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate Chorismic acid Chromium carbonyl

2382 2383

2373 2374

Organic

2384 2385

2390

Synonym

3,7,12-Trihydroxycholan-24oic acid, (3α,5β,7α,12α)

Phosphorylcholine

K21599_PCOC.indb 124

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

1.06720

sub

1.77

C15H21CrO6

140.015 ye-grn pow (hyd) 21679-31-2 349.320 red mcl cry 208.7(0.5)

345

1.34

C16H9N3Na2O10S2 C14H4N4O12

548-80-1 517-92-0

513.366 red-br pow 420.202 ye pl or lf

dec

C18H13N C18H12

2642-98-0 218-01-9

C9H10NO3PS

2636-26-2

243.303 lf (al) 210.5 228.288 red bl fl or 255.0(0.1) orth pl (bz, HOAc) 243.219 ye to red-ye 15 liq

3-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-2C14H18O4 propenoic acid, 2-ethoxyethyl ester Quinacridone C20H12N2O2 C14H19O6P C26H22N4O4 C17H16N4O4 C32H26Cl2N6O4

505-75-9

nD

0.9413200

2450.03 459(20)

Cicutoxin

3-Phenyl-2-propen-1-ol, formate 1,2-Benzodiazine

Physical Form

i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; s bz, HOAc; vs diox sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk; vs eth, chl vs H2O, EtOH

305 dec

300 exp

448

s H2O i H2O, EtOH; s eth, chl i H2O, EtOH; s dil acid i H2O; s bz s H2O; i EtOH vs eth, EtOH

1.27420

1200.09 dec

1.540432

258.356 pr (eth/peth) 54

932.752 dk bronze pow 51481-61-9 252.339 cry 482-28-0 296.406 orth nd (al) orth pr (MeOH) 485-71-2 294.390 or pl or pr (al)

Solubility

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz, CS2; s tol sl H2O; vs chl, EtOH, ace, MeOH s hot H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

2602-46-2

294.390 pr nd (al, eth) 294.390 nd or pr (eth)

142 186

210.5

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl sub

i H2O, bz; s EtOH, chl, py; sl eth

265 59

246

300

1.049720 1.619520

vs EtOH, HOAc, lig i H2O, lig; vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz

1.24754

1.15654

i H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth

1.08625 vs eth, EtOH

red-viol cry 390 red solid ye cry ye cry

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i lig

1.56720

i H2O; msc EtOH

i H2O, os

256 317

4/2/14 3:00 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-125

H H

H O

O O

O

H

O

O

O

2372

2373

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β), benzoate

2374

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, hexadecanoate

2375

Cholest-5-en-3-ol (3β)-, cis-9-octadecenoate

Cholest-4-en-3-one

O HO

OH

O

H

H HO

HO

OH

H

2376

HO

2377

Cl

2378

Cholic acid

Cl

N

OH

O

CO

CO CO

2381

Chorismic acid

Choline chloride dihydrogen phosphate

Cr

OC

2380

2379

Choline chloride

CO

OC

OH

O

Chromium carbonyl

Organic

Cholesterol

N

O O P OH OH

OH

O O O

O

O

O

Cr

O Cr

2

O N

O OH OH O

N

O

2383

Chromium(II) oxalate

O

P

O N

OH O

OH O N

O

N O

2384

Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

O

O

SO3 Na

Na O3S

2382

O

N

O

O

O

N

NH2

O

2385

Chromotrope 2B

2386

Chrysamminic acid

S

NH2

O O S O

OH

S

O

OH

2388

HO N N O

N O N

H2N

S

O S O O

O

O

O

2389

Ciafos

Chrysene

4 Na

OH

O

N

2387

6-Chrysenamine

2390

Cicutoxin

C.I. Direct Blue 6, tetrasodium salt

NH N

H N

S

H N N

N H

N

2391

HO

OH

H

H

O N

2393

Cinchonamine

N

N

2394

Cinchonidine

2395

Cinchonine

OH

O

O

2399

cis-Cinnamic acid

N

2402

O O

2404

O

N H

O

Cinnoline

Cinnamyl cinnamate

O

O

2403

Cinnamyl formate

O

N

2401

trans-Cinnamyl anthranilate

H N O

O

O O

2400

trans-Cinnamic acid

O O

NH2

OH

2398

Cinnamedrine

trans-Cinnamaldehyde

O

OH

2397

2396

Cinchotoxine

O N

2405

Cinoxate

O

O P O O

2406

Cinquasia Red

Ciodrin

NH2 O

N

O

N

N

N H H

2392

Cimetidine

HO

N

N

N OH H N

O

O

O N H N

O N

O N

O

N H NH O N

Cl

Cl

O

O N N

O

N N

HN

NH O

O

O

2407

C.I. Pigment Red 170

K21599_PCOC.indb 125

2408

C.I. Pigment Yellow 1

2409

C.I. Pigment Yellow 12

4/2/14 3:01 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-126 No.

Name

2410 2411

Cisapride Citral

2412

β-Citraurin

2413

Citrazinic acid

2414

Citric acid

2415

Citric acid monohydrate

2416

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

Organic

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal

C23H29ClFN3O4 C10H16O

81098-60-4 465.945 cry (hp) 141-27-5 152.233

C30H40O2

650-69-1

432.638 pl (bz-peth), 147 cry (al)

1,2-Dihydro-6-hydroxy-2-oxo- C6H5NO4 4-pyridinecarboxylic acid 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetriC6H8O7 carboxylic acid

99-11-6

155.109 ye pow

>300 dec

77-92-9

192.124 orth (w+1)

153

5949-29-1

210.138 cry (w)

135

Citrinin

2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetriC6H10O8 carboxylic acid, monohydrate Antimycin C13H14O5

518-75-2

178 dec

2417

Citrulline

N5-(Aminocarbonyl)-L-ornithine C6H13N3O3

372-75-8

2418 2419

Citrus Red 2 C.I. Vat Blue 6

2420 2421

C.I. Vat Yellow 4 Clayton Yellow

2422 2423

Clemastine fumarate Clindamycin

2424 2425

Cloconazole Clofentezine

2426 2427 2428

Clofibrate Cloforex Clomazone

2429 2430

Clomiphene Clonazepam

2431 2432 2433

Clonidine Clopidol Clopyralid

2434 2435

Clorophene Clotrimazole

C9H9Cl2N3 C7H7Cl2NO 3,6-Dichloro-2-pyridinecarbox- C6H3Cl2NO2 ylic acid C13H11ClO C22H17ClN2

2436 2437

Clozapine Cobalt carbonyl

Clozaril Dicobalt octacarbonyl

2438 2439 2440

Cobalt hydrocarbonyl Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate Cocaine

Tetracarbonylhydrocobalt Cobalt(III) acetylacetonate

2441 2442

7,16-Dichloro-6,15-dihydro5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone Anthanthrone Thiazol Yellow G

3,6-Bis(2-chlorophenyl)1,2,4,5-tetrazine

2-(2-Chlorobenzyl)-4,4dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3one

mp/˚C

229

C18H16N2O3 C28H12Cl2N2O4

6358-53-8 130-20-1

250.247 ye nd (MeOH) 175.185 pr (aq MeOH) 308.331 cry 511.312 viol-bl pow

C24H12O2 C28H19N5Na2O6S4

128-66-5 1829-00-1

332.351 ye cry 695.721 ye-br pow

C25H30ClNO5 C18H33ClN2O5S C18H15ClN2O C14H8Cl2N4

14976-57-9 459.963 18323-44-9 424.983 ye amorp solid 77175-51-0 310.777 74115-24-5 303.147

C12H15ClO3 C13H18ClNO2 C12H14ClNO2

637-07-0 242.698 14261-75-7 255.741 cry 81777-89-1 239.698

52.8

C26H28ClNO C15H10ClN3O3

911-45-5 1622-61-3

405.959 315.711 wh cry

117 237.5

4205-90-7 2971-90-6 1702-17-6

230.093 cry 192.043 pow 192.000

137 >320 151

dec

222 156

nD

Solubility

0.888820 1.489820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, bz; sl lig s H2O, alk; sl HCl 1.66520 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, AcOEt; i bz, chl 1.542 vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz s H2O; i EtOH, MeOH sl H2O; s EtOH

s H2O, EtOH, H2SO4 181

73 182

s EtOAc

14920 890.005 1.19220

48.5 148

C18H19ClN4 C8Co2O8

5786-21-0 326.824 ye cry 10210-68-1 341.947 oran cry

183(1) 51 dec

C4HCoO4 C15H21CoO6 C17H21NO4

16842-03-8 171.982 ye liq or gas ≈-30 21679-46-9 356.257 dark grn cry 213 50-36-2 303.354 mcl pr (al) 98

Coclaurine Codamine

C17H19NO3 C20H25NO4

486-39-5 285.338 pl (al) 21040-59-5 343.418 pr (bz, eth)

2443

Codeine

C18H21NO3

76-57-3

299.365 orth cry (w, 157.5 dil al, eth)

2444

Codeine phosphate

C18H24NO7P

52-28-8

2445

Coenzyme A

C21H36N7O16P3S

85-61-0

2446

Coenzyme I

C21H27N7O14P2

53-84-9

397.361 lf or pr (dil 227 dec al) 767.535 pow; unstab in air 663.425 hyg pow

2447

Coenzyme II

C21H28N7O17P3

53-59-8

2448

Colchiceine

C21H23NO6

477-27-0

2449

Colchicine

C22H25NO6

64-86-8

K21599_PCOC.indb 126

den g cm –3

132

120-32-1 218.678 23593-75-1 344.836 cry

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

bp/˚C

i H2O, bz; sl ace, MeOH, chl i H2O

1613.5

1.18558

s ctc, CS2 sl H2O, bz; s ace, chl, AcOEt, DMF

1.78

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 s os s bz, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, py; s CS2

10 1870.1

1.502298

220.5 127

743.405 gray-wh pow 385.411 pa ye nd 178.5 (diox) 399.437 ye pl (w + 156 1/2) ye cry (bz)

25022

1.3225

vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth vs EtOH, chl s H2O s H2O s H2O

1.2425

sl H2O; vs EtOH, chl; i eth, bz vs H2O, EtOH

4/2/14 3:01 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-127

O Cl HN H2N

O

N

O

O

O

O

F

O

HO

HO

2410

2412

2411

Cisapride

OH

β-Citraurin

Citral

N

OH

2413

Citrazinic acid

O O

Cl O

O COOH

OH

COOH

HOOC

HOOC

OH

2414

COOH COOH

O

HO

H 2O

O O

2415

Citric acid

HO

2416

Citric acid monohydrate

N H

NH2

OH

N

O

NH O OH

NH2

Cl O

2417

Citrinin

O HN

N

2418

Citrulline

2419

Citrus Red 2

C.I. Vat Blue 6

N N N HN

S

N

OH SO3 Na

O

2420

2422

Clemastine fumarate

Clayton Yellow

Cl

Cl NH

N O

HO

O

O O

Cl

2421

C.I. Vat Yellow 4

N

HO

O

N

S

SO3 Na

Organic

O

N

OH

Cl

O

N

N

O

N

S OH

O

N

Cl

2423

2424

Clindamycin

Cloconazole

H N

Cl O O

N

Cl

2430

N H

Cl

Cl Cl

N H Clopidol

OC Co OC CO

N H

2436

H CO Co CO CO

OC Co CO

Clozapine

Clorophene

O

O O

O

O

N

O

N H H

HO

O

O OH

2439

Cobalt hydrocarbonyl

Cobalt carbonyl

2434

Clopyralid

CO

2438

2437

Co

O

CO

Cl

2433

O O O C C

OH

N O

2432

O

N

Clotrimazole

OH

Cl

N

Clonidine

Cl

2435

Cl

Clomazone

O Cl

N Cl

N

2428

Cloforex

OH Cl

N

N

2427

Clofibrate

2431

Clonazepam

N

2426

H N

Cl

Cl

Clomiphene

O

O

N

2429

O O

Cl

Clofentezine

N

N O

O

Cl

2425

O

H N

2440

Cobalt(III) 2,4-pentanedioate

2441

Cocaine

Coclaurine

NH2 O

O

O O

N H

HO

O

H O

N

HO

2442

HO

2443

Codamine

O

Codeine

O O O O P P OH O O NH2

O HO

N

O

O O O O P P O OH O

OH

NH2

O

OH Coenzyme A

N N

N O

HO

O O P OH OH

O

O NH

O

O N

O N

O

O NH

O O

O

O

O HO

HO

OH

2446

Coenzyme I

K21599_PCOC.indb 127

N

N

O O O O P P OH OH

2445

Codeine phosphate

N

O

HO

N

O N H

NH2 N

N

H

N H

2444

NH2 N

HS

H2PO4

O

O

N

N

OH

O

OH

2447

Coenzyme II

2448

Colchiceine

2449

Colchicine

4/2/14 3:01 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-128

Organic

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C53H100N16O13

7722-44-3

1169.47 amor pow

C27H20O12 C20H22O6

27267-69-2 536.441 oran pr (chl- 281 MeOH) 546-97-4 358.385 nd (MeOH) 195.5

Conessine

C24H40N2

546-06-5

356.588 lf or pl (ace) 125.5

2454

Congo Red

C32H22N6Na2O6S2

573-58-0

696.663 pow

>360

2455

Conhydrine

C8H17NO

495-20-5

143.227 lf (eth)

121

226

2456

Conhydrine, (+)

C8H17NO

495-20-5

143.227 lf (eth)

121

226

2457

Coniferin

C16H22O8

531-29-3

342.341 nd (w+2)

186

2458

Conquinamine

C19H24N2O2

464-86-8

312.406 ye tetr

123

2459

Convallatoxin

C29H42O10

508-75-8

238

2460

Copaene

C15H24

3856-25-5

550.637 pr (eth/ MeOH) 204.352

2461

Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate

Bis(ethylacetoacetato)copper

C12H18CuO6

192

2462 2463 2464

Copper(II) gluconate Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate Copper(II) phthalocyanine

Cupric gluconate Copper(II) acetylacetonate Pigment Blue 15

C12H22CuO14 C10H14CuO4 C32H16CuN8

14284-06-1 321.813 grn cry (EtOH) 527-09-3 453.841 bl-grn cry 13395-16-9 261.762 bl pow 147-14-8 576.069 bl-purp cry

156 284 dec

sub

2465

Coronene

C24H12

191-07-1

300.352 ye nd (bz)

437.3(0.3)

525

2466

Corticosterone

C21H30O4

50-22-6

181

2467

Corybulbine

C21H25NO4

518-77-4

346.461 nd (al, pl) (ace) 355.429 nd (al)

2468 2469

Corycavamine Corydaline

C21H21NO5 C22H27NO4

521-85-7 518-69-4

367.396 pr (eth, al) 369.454 pr (al)

149 136

2470

Corydine

C20H23NO4

476-69-7

341.402 tetr pr (eth)

149

2471 2472

Corynantheine Cotarnine

C22H26N2O3 C12H15NO4

18904-54-6 366.452 82-54-2 237.252 nd (bz), cry (eth)

165.5 132 dec

2473 2474

Coumaphos Coumestrol

C14H16ClO5PS C15H8O5

56-72-4 479-13-0

362.766 268.222 cry rods

95.2(0.2) 385 dec

1.474

2475

Creatine

C4H9N3O2

57-00-1

303 dec

1.3325

2476

Creatinine

C4H7N3O

60-27-5

2477

o-Cresol

2-Methylphenol

C7H8O

95-48-7

131.133 mcl pr (w+1) 113.118 orth pr (w+2) lf (w) 108.138

31.0(0.6)

191.0(0.1)

2478

m-Cresol

3-Methylphenol

C7H8O

108-39-4

108.138 liq

12.2(0.3)

202.2(0.1)

2479

p-Cresol

4-Methylphenol

C7H8O

106-44-5

108.138 pr

34.77(0.05)

201.9(0.1)

2480 2481

o-Cresolphthalein o-Cresolphthalein complexone Metalphthalein

C22H18O4 C32H32N2O12

596-27-0 2411-89-4

346.376 cry (al) 636.602 ye cry pow

223 186

2482

Cresol Red

C21H18O5S

1733-12-6

2483 2484 2485 2486

p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate Crimidine Cromolyn Crufomate

No.

Name

2450

Colistin A

2451

Collinomycin

2452

Columbin

2453

K21599_PCOC.indb 128

Synonym

α-Rubromycin

2-(α-Hydroxypropyl)piperidine

3,9-Dihydroxy-6Hbenzofuro[3,2-c][1] benzopyran-6-one

o-Cresolsulfonphthalein

Cromoglicic acid

C19H17O4P C7H10ClN3 C23H16O11 C12H19ClNO3P

Physical Form

382.430 red-br cry pow 78-31-9 340.309 col liq 535-89-7 171.627 br wax 16110-51-3 468.366 col cry 299-86-5 291.711

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

Solubility sl H2O, EtOH, hx; s acids, MeOH vs ace, diox, chl

1660.1

248.5

0.899620 1.489420

1.37125

237.5

i H2O; sl ace, AcOEt, MeOH; s chl sl H2O; s chl, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl sl H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl s H2O, py; sl EtOH; i eth sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl s EtOH, ace; sl chl; i eth i H2O; s eth, ace, HOAc, lig s EtOH, chl sl EtOH; i os sl H2O; s chl i H2O, EtOH; s conc H2SO4 i H2O, con sulf; sl bz i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HCl vs EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, NH4OH i H2O; sl EtOH, ace; i eth

300 dec

>300 -40 87 241 dec 60.1(0.5)

nD

1.032735 1.538635 s H2O; vs EtOH, eth; msc ace, bz, ctc 1.033920 1.540120 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 1.018540 1.531220 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, ace, alk vs H2O, EtOH 1.20825

1434

s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth s H2O; sl EtOH; i eth, ace, chl

i H2O; s os vs EtOH

1180.01

4/2/14 3:01 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-129 O

O

H

O

O

HO

O

H O H

OH

N

N

N

H SO3Na

2452

Collinomycin

NH2 N

N

O

2451

NH2

H

O

O

HO

N

O

O

O

O HO

O

H

SO3Na

2453

Columbin

2454

Conessine

Congo Red

O O

OH OH O O O O

H N H

N H

OH

2455

HO HO

OH

2456

Conhydrine

H HO H H

O

H

O O

O

Cu

O

H

O

2460

2461

Copaene

COO OH H OH OH CH2OH

N

2

Cu

N O

N H

Coronene

O

O N

O

N

O

O

O

H

O O

2468

Corybulbine

O

HO O

O

O

2469

Corycavamine

N H

2470

Corydaline

Corydine

OH O

H

O

O

2471

O

O HN HO

O

2473

Cotarnine

NH2

O

OH

2472

Corynantheine

Cl

S O P O O

N

O

O

O

2474

Coumaphos

2475

Coumestrol

Creatine

HO

OH

O

H

OH

NH2

N

2476

Creatinine

OH

NH

O

O

2477

2478

2479

m-Cresol

2480

p-Cresol

OH O

O

O

o-Cresol

HO

OH

OH

N

N

N

O OH

O

OH

N

O

O

N

2465

Copper(II) phthalocyanine

N

N H H

N N

2464

Copper(II) 2,4-pentanedioate

2467

Corticosterone

N

N

O

2463

O

2466

Cu

N

O

O

O

O

Cu

O

2

Copper(II) gluconate

O

2459

Convallatoxin

N

HO

OH

HO

OH

OH

2458

Conquinamine

2462

Copper(II) ethylacetoacetate

O

HO HO

Coniferin

H OH

O O

OH

2457

Conhydrine, (+)

O H N

Organic

HO

N H

N O

OH

OH

2481

o-Cresolphthalein

o-Cresolphthalein complexone

HO OH

O O P O O

O

O

2482

Cresol Red

K21599_PCOC.indb 129

HO

N

S O O

N

2483

p-Cresyl diphenyl phosphate

O

O

O

HO

N

2484

Crimidine

Cl

O

Cl OH

O

O

O

2485

Cromolyn

O O P O NH

2486

Crufomate

4/2/14 3:01 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-130 Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

Organic

No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

2487

Cryptopine

Cryptocavine

C21H23NO5

482-74-6

2488 2489

Crystal Violet Cubebin

Gentian violet

C25H30ClN3 C20H20O6

369.412 pr or pl (bz) 223 nd (chlMeOH) 548-62-9 407.979 grn pow 215 dec 18423-69-3 356.369 nd (al, bz) 131.5

2490 2491 2492 2493 2494

Cucurbitacin B Cucurbitacin C Cupferron Cupreine Curan-17-ol, (16α)

Geissoschizoline

C32H46O8 C32H48O8 C6H9N3O2 C19H22N2O2 C19H26N2O

6199-67-3 5988-76-1 135-20-6 524-63-0 18397-07-4

2495

Curcumin

Turmeric

C21H20O6

458-37-7

2496

Curine

C36H38N2O6

436-05-5

2497

Cuscohygrine

C13H24N2O

454-14-8

2498

Cusparine

C19H17NO3

529-92-0

2499 2500

Cyamemazine Cyanamide

Cyanogenamide

C19H21N3S CH2N2

3546-03-0 420-04-2

2501 2502

Cyanazine Cyanic acid

Hydrogen cyanate

C9H13ClN6 CHNO

2503 2504

2-Cyanoacetamide Cyanoacetic acid

C3H4N2O C3H3NO2

21725-46-2 240.692 420-05-3 43.025 unstab liq or gas 107-91-5 84.076 pl (w) 372-09-8 85.062

2505 2506 2507

Cyanoacetohydrazide Cyanoacetylene 3-Cyanobenzoic acid

C3H5N3O C3HN C8H5NO2

140-87-4 1070-71-9 1877-72-1

2508

4-Cyanobenzoic acid

C8H5NO2

619-65-8

2509

4-Cyanobutanoic acid

C5H7NO2

39201-33-7 113.116 hyg cry

45

2510 2511 2512 2513 2514

2-Cyanoethyl acrylate Cyanofenphos Cyanogen Cyanogen bromide Cyanogen chloride

Bromine cyanide Chlorine cyanide

C6H7NO2 C15H14NO2PS C2N2 CBrN CClN

106-71-8 13067-93-1 460-19-5 506-68-3 506-77-4

83 -27.83 52 -6.55

2515 2516 2517

Cyanogen fluoride Cyanogen iodide Cyanoguanidine

Fluorine cyanide Iodine cyanide Dicyanodiamide

CFN CIN C2H4N4

1495-50-7 506-78-5 461-58-5

125.126 303.317 52.034 col gas 105.922 nd 61.471 col vol liq or gas 45.016 col gas 152.922 nd (al, eth) 84.080

2518

Cyanomethylmercury

Methylmercurynitrile

C2H3HgN

2597-97-9

241.64

cry (chl)

92

2519 2520 2521 2522

(4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid 2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide 4-Cyanothiazole Cyanuric acid

C9H7NO3 C9H8N2O C4H2N2S C3H3N3O3

1878-82-6 621-03-4 1452-15-9 108-80-5

177.157 160.172 110.137 129.074

cry (w) nd (al) nd wh cry

178 199.5 58 >330

2523 2524 2525 2526

Cyanuric fluoride Cycasin Cyclandelate Cyclizine

2,4,6-Trifluoro-1,3,5-triazine

C3F3N3 C8H16N2O7 C17H24O3 C18H22N2

675-14-9 14901-08-7 456-59-7 82-92-8

135.047 252.222 nd (ace aq) 276.371 266.381 cry (peth)

154 dec 52 106

19314

2527

Cycloate

Carbamothioic acid, C11H21NOS cyclohexylethyl-, S-ethyl ester

1134-23-2

215.356

11.5

14510

K21599_PCOC.indb 130

2-[2-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)­ ethyl]-4-methoxyquinoline

Cyacetacide

1,3,5-Triazine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione

558.702 560.718 155.154 310.390 298.421

cry (EtOH) cry (AcOEt)

pr (eth) pa ye amor pow 368.380 oran ye pr, orth pr (MeOH) 594.696 pr, nd (chlMeOH) 224.342 oil

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

nD

1.31520

Solubility i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl, HOAc vs H2O, chl vs eth, EtOH, chl

181 207.5 163.5 202 135 dec 183

sl DMSO vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, chl vs EtOH, HOAc

221

vs ace, bz, py

16923

307.343 (α) wh or ye 92(α; 111(β) nd (peth); (β) amber pr 323.455 ye pow 92 42.040 nd 45.55(0.04)

0.973320 1.483220 vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

2120.25 14019

1.28220

165.6(0.5) -86

23

1.14020

114.1(0.3) 66

160 dec

99.091 pr (al) 51.047 147.132 nd (w)

114.5 5 223(1)

61(18) sub

0.816717 1.386825

147.132

220(1)

10812

1.06220

-21.1 61.5 13

0.9537-21 2.01520 1.18620

-82 146.7 207(2)

-46 sub

i H2O; s EtOH 1.441848 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl CS2 vs H2O, bz, eth, chl vs H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl chl, HOAc vs H2O, EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth, HOAc; sl tfa s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz

1.583925 sl H2O s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth

2.8418 1.40414

vs eth, EtOH s H2O, EtOH, ace; i eth, bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, bz; s eth

1.7525

sl hot H2O, ace, bz, EtOH; s conc HCl

72.8 i H2O i H2O; s chl; sl EtOH 1.015630

4/2/14 3:01 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-131

N

N

O

HO

O

O O

N

O

O

O

H

O H

HO

O OH

O N

O

2487

Cl

Cryptopine

2489

Crystal Violet

2490

Cubebin

Cucurbitacin B

O

HO

O

O H

N

O

H OH

HO

O

OH

O

2488

N N

HO

O

N

H

HO

N H H

NH4

O

OH

N

2492

2491

2494

2493

Cupferron

Cucurbitacin C

H OH

Organic

O

O

Curan-17-ol, (16α)

Cupreine

O O

O

O

OH

OH

OH

2495

O

N

N

N

O

2497

Curine

2498

Cuscohygrine

Cusparine

Cl

N N

N H2N

S

2499

N H

N

2500

Cyamemazine

N N

NH2

N H

N

HO

2501

Cyanamide

O O

O

O

2496

Curcumin

N

H N

O

O

HO

O

O

N H

N

N

2502

Cyanazine

O

2503

Cyanic acid

H N

OH N

N

O

2504

2-Cyanoacetamide

NH2

O

N

2505

Cyanoacetic acid

Cyanoacetohydrazide

2506

Cyanoacetylene

OH

OH O O N

N

N

2507

N

OH

2509

2508

3-Cyanobenzoic acid

O

N

N

2510

4-Cyanobutanoic acid

4-Cyanobenzoic acid

O

S P O N

2511

2-Cyanoethyl acrylate

Br

2512

Cyanofenphos

N

2513

Cyanogen

Cyanogen bromide

O O

H2N Cl

N

2514

Cyanogen chloride

F

N

I

2515

Cyanogen fluoride

Cyanogen iodide

O

N

H2N

Hg

2517

N N

N N H

2522

N

O

Cyanuric acid

K21599_PCOC.indb 131

F

H

F

(4-Cyanophenoxy)acetic acid

OH

2523

Cyanuric fluoride

2-Cyano-N-phenylacetamide

S

2521

4-Cyanothiazole

N

O

OH O

N

N

S

O

HO F

2520

N

O

O O N

N

2519

Cyanomethylmercury

N O

N

2518

Cyanoguanidine

HO

O H

N

2516

N

N

N

H N

OH

N

OH

2524

Cycasin

2525

Cyclandelate

2526

Cyclizine

2527

Cycloate

4/2/14 3:01 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-132

Organic

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C12H16N2O3

52-31-3

236.266 lf (w)

173

Aminocyclobutane Tetramethylene

C4H9N C4H8

2516-34-9 287-23-0

71.121 56.107

-90.7(0.3)

83(20) 12.5(0.2)

Cyanocyclobutane

C5H7N C5H8O2

4426-11-3 3721-95-7

81.117 100.117 liq

-7(1)

148(1) 192(4)

C6H8O4

5445-51-2

144.126 pr (w, eth)

158.0

C4H8O C4H6O

2919-23-5 1191-95-3

72.106 70.090

liq

-50.9

Cyclobutene

C4H6

822-35-5

54.091

col gas

2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542

Cyclochlorotine Cyclodecane 1,2-Cyclodecanedione Cyclodecanol Cyclodecanone α-Cyclodextrin

Cyclomaltohexaose

C24H31Cl2N5O7 C10H20 C10H16O2 C10H20O C10H18O C36H60O30

12663-46-6 293-96-9 96-01-5 1502-05-2 1502-06-3 10016-20-3

572.439 nd (MeOH) 140.266 168.233 156.265 154.249 amor pow 972.843 hx pl or nd

2543 2544

β-Cyclodextrin γ-Cyclodextrin

Cyclomaltoheptaose Cyclomaltooctaose

C42H70O35 C48H80O40

2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554

Cyclododecane Cyclododecanol Cyclododecanone 1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene CDT cis-Cyclododecene trans-Cyclododecene cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one Civetone 1,3-Cycloheptadiene Cycloheptanamine Cycloheptane

C12H24 C12H24O C12H22O C12H18 C12H22 C12H22 C17H30O C7H10 C7H15N C7H14

7585-39-9 1134.984 mcl cry (w) 17465-86-0 1297.125 sq pl or rods 294-62-2 168.319 nd (al) 1724-39-6 184.318 830-13-7 182.302 4904-61-4 162.271 liq 1129-89-1 166.303 1486-75-5 166.303 542-46-1 250.419 4054-38-0 94.154 liq 5452-35-7 113.201 291-64-5 98.186 liq

2555 2556

1,2-Cycloheptanedione Cycloheptanol

C7H10O2 C7H14O

3008-39-7 502-41-0

126.153 114.185

2557

Cycloheptanone

Suberone

C7H12O

502-42-1

112.169

2558

1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene

Tropilidene

C7H8

544-25-2

92.139

2559 2560

2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one Cycloheptene

C7H6O C7H12

539-80-0 628-92-2

2561

1,3-Cyclohexadiene

C6H8

2562

1,4-Cyclohexadiene

2563 2564

No.

Name

2528

Cyclobarbital

2529 2530

Cyclobutanamine Cyclobutane

2531 2532

Cyclobutanecarbonitrile Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid

2533 2534 2535

1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid Cyclobutanol Cyclobutanone

2536

Synonym

Hydroxycyclobutane

Physical Form

vol liq or gas

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

nD

Solubility i H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, dil alk; sl HOAc

124(8) 98.8(0.6)

2.5(0.4) 255 dec 10.4(0.9) 41(3) 42(3) 23(2)

den g cm –3

0.832820 1.436319 0.70380 1.37520 i H2O; vs EtOH, ace; msc eth; s bz 1.059920 1.440020 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl lig 0.921815 1.437120 0.95470 1.421520 s H2O, eth, bz, chl, tol; vs EtOH; i peth 0.7330 vs ace; s bz, peth

202.3(0.3) 10410 12512 10613

0.853825 1.471620

0.8280

-8.0(0.2)

244.0(0.5) 286 12712 240 13335 11317 343 120.5 5411 118.8(0.2)

-40 7.15(0.05)

10817 185

1.058322 0.955420

180.4(0.9)

0.950820

-75.18(0.06) 116.3(0.7)

0.887519

106.122 96.170 liq

-5(2) -55.3(0.2)

11315 115(3)

1.09522 0.822820

592-57-4

80.128

liq

-89

80.3(0.3)

0.840520

C6H8

628-41-1

80.128

liq

-49(1)

89.5(0.2)

0.847120

3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione

C6H4O2

583-63-1

108.095 red pl or pr

C6H6N2O2

105-11-3

138.124 pa ye nd (w) 240 dec

2565

2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4dione, dioxime Cyclohexane

C6H12

110-82-7

84.159

6.7(0.2)

80.7(0.7)

2566

Cyclohexaneacetic acid

C8H14O2

5292-21-7

142.196 nd (HCO2H)

28.9(1)

245

2567 2568 2569 2570

Cyclohexanecarbonitrile Cyclohexyl cyanide Cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride Cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid Hexahydrobenzoic acid

C7H11N C7H11ClO C7H12O C7H12O2

766-05-2 2719-27-9 2043-61-0 98-89-5

109.169 liq 146.614 112.169 128.169 mcl pr

12.0(0.3)

28(3)

188(3) 183(6) 155(12) 233(6)

2571 2572

cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine cis-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane C6H14N2 trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine trans-1,2-Diaminocyclohexane C6H14N2

1436-59-5 1121-22-8

114.188 liq 114.188

14.8

402 8015

0.773925 1.423525 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc 1.042318 1.477520 sl H2O; s eth, ace 0.919 1.450520 1.096215 1.471129 0.903520 1.449620 s H2O, eth 1.033422 1.453020 sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, bz, chl 0.95220 1.495120 0.95120

K21599_PCOC.indb 132

Sebacil

1,4-Dihydrobenzene

Hexahydrobenzene

liq; cub cry (-80¯C)

liq

0.960620 1.492620 s EtOH 0.965420 1.480620 vs bz, eth, chl vs cold H2O; i hot H2O

260 dec

60.8(0.4) 62.4(0.3) -17

32.5 -110.4

≈65 dec

0.905966 1.457160 0.84100 1.484020 vs bz, chl 1.485020 vs bz, chl 0.86825 0.809820

1.497820 1.472420 1.443620 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s bz, chl 1.468922 s EtOH 1.4070520 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.460820 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.534320 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; vs bz, chl 1.617222 vs bz, chl 1.455220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl; sl ctc 1.475520 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, peth; vs eth 1.472520 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, peth s eth, ace, bz; i peth s H2O

4/2/14 3:01 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-133

O

O

N H

H

2528

HO

2531

Cyclobutane

N

2533

Cyclobutanecarboxylic acid

2534

1,1-Cyclobutanedicarboxylic acid

Cl

2535

Cyclobutanol

O

OH

2538

2539

Cyclodecane

O

O

O

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

4

OH

OH

O OH

Cyclodecanone

OH

OH

O

2541

Cyclodecanol

O

O OH

OH

O

2540

1,2-Cyclodecanedione

OH

OH

O

O

OH

OH

O

OH

5

O

2542

2543

α-Cyclodextrin

HO

β-Cyclodextrin

HO

O

O

OH

Cyclobutene

OH

Cl

O

2537

HO

2536

Cyclobutanone

O

Cyclochlorotine

OH

O

OH

O

2532

Cyclobutanecarbonitrile

OH

OH

NH O O O H N N H

O

2530

Cyclobutanamine

H N

O

OH

2529

Cyclobarbital

HO

O

N

NH2

O

Organic

N

O

OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

OH

OH

OH 6

O

2544

2545

γ-Cyclodextrin

2546

Cyclododecane

Cyclododecanol

2547

2548

Cyclododecanone

O

NH2

2549

1,5,9-Cyclododecatriene

cis-Cyclododecene

O

OH

O

2550

trans-Cyclododecene

O

2551

cis-9-Cycloheptadecen-1-one

2552

2553

1,3-Cycloheptadiene

2554

Cycloheptanamine

2555

Cycloheptane

1,2-Cycloheptanedione

2556

N O

2,4,6-Cycloheptatrien-1-one

N

Cycloheptanone

OH OH O

N

2560

2561

Cycloheptene

1,3-Cyclohexadiene

O

Cl

2562

1,4-Cyclohexadiene

O

2563

3,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,2-dione

O

OH

2564

2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione, dioxime

OH

NH2

2567

K21599_PCOC.indb 133

2568

Cyclohexanecarbonyl chloride

2569

Cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde

2570

Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid

2565

Cyclohexane

2566

Cyclohexaneacetic acid

NH2 NH2

Cyclohexanecarbonitrile

2558

1,3,5-Cycloheptatriene

O O

2559

2557

Cycloheptanol

2571

cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine

NH2

2572

trans-1,2-Cyclohexanediamine

4/2/14 3:01 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-134 Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

trans-1,4-Cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid

C8H12O4

619-82-9

C8H18N2

2575 2576

1,3-Cyclohexanedimethanamine 1,4-Cyclohexanedimethanol cis-1,2-Cyclohexanediol

2577

trans-1,4-Cyclohexanediol

2578

1,2-Cyclohexanedione

2579

No.

Name

2573

2574

Physical Form

den g cm –3

Organic

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

172.179 pr (w)

312.5

300 sub

2579-20-6

142.242

350

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; s AcOEt i H2O; s chl, ace, eth; vs EtOH

100.4(0.5) 165 dec

1.2020

1.506320

160 sub

s H2O 1.584513

vs H2O s H2O vs H2O i H2O; s EtOH, chl

C18H22N2 C16H16N2O4 C8H15N5S C10H18N2O3 C22H29FO5 C8H10N3NaO3S

Dexpanthenol

C9H19NO4

81-13-0

205.252 hyg oil

C18H28N2O4S C18H26BrNO

51-63-8 125-69-9

368.491 >300 352.309 wh cry pow 123

2821

Dextroamphetamine sulfate Dextromethorphan hydrobromide Diacetone alcohol

C6H12O2

123-42-2

116.158 liq

-47(2)

167.9

0.938720 1.421320

2822

3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene

C7H10O4

869-29-4

158.152 liq

-37.6

176(18)

1.076020 1.419320

2823

1,3-Diacetylbenzene

C10H10O2

6781-42-6

162.185

32

15215

2824 2825

1,4-Diacetylbenzene 4-Acetylacetophenone N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’-diaminobiphenyl Diacetylmorphine Diacetylperoxide Acetyl peroxide Dialifor Diallate Diallylcyanamide

C10H10O2 C16H16N2O2

1009-61-6 613-35-4

162.185 268.310 nd (HOAc)

113.0 328.3

1283

C21H23NO5 C4H6O4 C14H17ClNO4PS2 C10H17Cl2NOS C7H10N2

561-27-3 110-22-5 10311-84-9 2303-16-4 538-08-9

369.412 orth 118.089 nd (eth) lf 393.846 270.219 122.167

173 30 68.1(0.5)

27312 6321

2826 2827 2828 2829 2830

K21599_PCOC.indb 144

4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone

vs H2O; sl ace; i ace, eth i H2O; s EtOH, tol i H2O; s os sl H2O

vs H2O, ace, EtOH

560.684 cry (EtOH aq) 50-47-5 266.381 13684-56-5 300.309 1014-69-3 213.304 cry 533-48-2 214.261 lo nd (H2O) 50-02-2 392.460 140-56-7 251.238 ye-br pow

Sodium dimethylaminobenzenediazosulfonate

Solubility

0.81220 1.434620 0.765520 1.426520 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.769020 1.433120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth

139 1730.02 121.7(0.5) 85 157 262

s H2O sl H2O; s DMF dec

1.2020

1.49720

1.1525

1509 14290

1.5625

vs H2O, EtOH, MeOH; sl eth vs H2O s EtOH, chl; i eth msc H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc vs EtOH; sl chl

vs bz, chl vs eth, EtOH

s EtOH; sl eth, ctc

4/2/14 3:02 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-145 OH OH OH

O

HO

OH

OH O

O

2787

O O

N

O

O Br

O

O

O

2793

Delphinine

HO

N

S

2795

Demeton

N

OH

N

O

O

P

O O

O

P

OH

O

OH

O

O

N

N

P

NH2 N

N

CH2OH OH O

H

O

OH

HO

2798

P

O O

N

O

OH HO

H

2799

2’-Deoxyadenosine 5’-triphosphate

2’-Deoxyadenosine

OH

OH O

HO

OH

2797

N

O

OH

Demeton-S-methyl

O

S O P O O

Demecarium bromide

S

2796

Br

NH2

NH2

N

N

2794

Deltamethrin

N

Br

O

Br

2792

N

O N

Organic

O

H

O O P S O

Delphinidin

O

N

O

2791

Dehydroabietic acid

O

H

H

2790

5-Decyne

1-Decyne

OH O

2789

2788

Decyl vinyl ether

OH

OH

2801

2800

6-Deoxy-L-ascorbic acid

2’-Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate

Deoxycholic acid

O

F

HN O O

HO

H2N OH

N

O

HO

P

O

O

OH HO

HO

2802

H

OH

2805

2’-Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate

CH2NHMe OH H OH OH CH2OH

O OH

O OH

HO

OH

2806

2-Deoxy-D-chiro-inositol

O

HO

OH

2807

1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol

2808

6-Deoxy-3-O-methylgalactose

D-2-Deoxyribose

N H O

NH2

O

O O

HO

2804

2-Deoxy-D-glucose

H

O

OH

2803

2’-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine

H HO H H

OH

OH

OH OH

N

N

OH

O

N H

N

HN

O

N

O

O

Cl

O

2809

O

N N

H2N

N H

OH N

H N

N OH

O Desferrioxamine

O N H

N N H

N S

O

2813

2812

O OH

HO HO

N N

H

NH O

N H

N H

2814

Desmedipham

Desipramine

OH

HN O

N H

N OH

2811

Desethyl atrazine

O

O N H

O

2810

Deserpidine

O

O

2815

Desmetryne

O N N S O Na O

N

F

O

2816

Desthiobiotin

2817

Dexamethasone

Dexon

O

O

HBr OH HO

O

H N

OH

O

NH2

2818

2819

Dexpanthenol

0.5 H2SO4

Dextroamphetamine sulfate

H

2820

N

Dextromethorphan hydrobromide

OH O

O

O O

2821

Diacetone alcohol

O

O

O

2822

2823

3,3-Diacetoxy-1-propene

1,3-Diacetylbenzene

2824

1,4-Diacetylbenzene

O O

O O O

O HN

NH

2825

N,N’-Diacetyl-4,4’-diaminobiphenyl

K21599_PCOC.indb 145

O

O

H

N

O

N

O O

O

2826

Diacetylmorphine

2827

Diacetylperoxide

O

Cl S S P O O

2828

Dialifor

O Cl

S

N N N

Cl

2829

Diallate

2830

Diallylcyanamide

4/2/14 3:03 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-146

Organic

No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2831

Diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate)

C12H18O7

142-22-3

274.267 col liq

2832 2833 2834

Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate Diallyldimethylsilane Diallyl disulfide Diallyl ether

C8H16Si C6H10S2 C6H10O

1113-12-8 2179-57-9 557-40-4

140.299 146.273 98.142 liq

2835

Diallyl fumarate

C10H12O4

2807-54-7

196.200

1403

2836

Diallyl isophthalate

C14H14O4

1087-21-4

246.259

1765

2837 2838

Diallyl maleate Diallyl oxalate

C10H12O4 C8H10O4

999-21-3 615-99-6

196.200 170.163

12910 217

2839

N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine Triallylamine

C9H15N

102-70-5

137.222

94

2840

5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)pyrimidinetrione Diallyl sulfide Diallyl trisulfide Diamantane 1,2-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

C10H12N2O3

52-43-7

208.213 lf

172(1)

C6H10S C6H10S3 C14H20 C14H10N2O2

592-88-1 2050-87-5 2292-79-7 1758-68-5

114.208 liq 178.338 188.309 cry 238.241 viol nd

-85

2841 2842 2843 2844

Allyl ether

Di-2-propenyl 1,3-benzenedicarboxylate

Allobarbital

Congressane

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

-4

1612

1.1420

-6

137.9(0.3) 10048 94(3)

0.767920 1.442020 1.023715 0.826020 1.416320 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; s chl 1.076820 1.467025 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

1,4-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

128-95-0

238.241 dk viol nd (py)

268

2846

1,5-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

129-44-2

238.241 dk red nd (al, HOAc)

319

2847

1,8-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

129-42-0

238.241 red nd (al, HOAc)

265

2848

2,6-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H10N2O2

131-14-6

238.241 red-br pr (aq-py)

320 dec

2849

4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene

C12H12N4

538-41-0

2850

3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid

C7H8N2O2

535-87-5

212.250 ye nd (al), 250.5 oran-ye pr (al) 152.151 nd (+1w) 228

2851

2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

C4H10N2O2

305-62-4

118.134 hyg cry

118.1

2852

C4H4N4

1187-42-4

108.102

178.5

C14H10N2O4

128-94-9

270.240 bl nd (xyl)

2854 2855

cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile 1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy9,10-anthracenedione 4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether 4,4-Oxydianiline 4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane 4,4’-Methylenedianiline

C12H12N2O C13H14N2

101-80-4 101-77-9

2856

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide

C12H12N2S

139-65-1

200.235 192.2(0.2) 198.263 pl or nd (w) 90(1) pl (bz) 216.301 nd (w) 108.5

2857 2858

3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone 3,3’-Sulfonyldianiline meso-2,6-Diaminoheptane2,6-Diaminopimelic acid dioic acid 1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10anthracenedione 1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10anthracenedione 2,4-Diaminophenol

C12H12N2O2S C7H14N2O4

599-61-1 922-54-3

248.300 190.197 nd (w)

168.5 314 dec

C15H12N2O3

2872-48-2

268.267

242(1)

C14H9N3O4

82-33-7

283.239

278

C6H8N2O

95-86-3

124.140 lf

79 dec

C6H10Cl2N2O

137-09-7

197.061 nd

235 dec

Thionine

C12H10ClN3S

581-64-6

263.745

Prontosil

C12H14ClN5O2S

103-12-8

327.790

249.5

Amsonic acid

C3H10N2O C14H14N2O6S2

616-29-5 81-11-8

90.123 cry 370.400 ye nd

42.8 300

C3H5N5O

645-92-1

127.105 nd (aq Na2CO3)

dec

2859 2860 2861 2862 2863

2864 2865 2866 2867

2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride 3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5ium chloride 4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)­azo]­ benzenesulfonamide 1,3-Diamino-2-propanol 4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin2(1H)-one

K21599_PCOC.indb 146

4,4’-Thiodianiline

138(5) 11716

Solubility i H2O; s os

1.07520 1.469920 s chl 1.158220 1.448120 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl 0.80920 1.450220 s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, acid sl H2O, DMSO; s EtOH, eth, bz 0.887727 1.487025 vs eth, EtOH 1.084515 vs eth

244.73(0.05) 303.5

2845

2853

150(2)

nD

sl EtOH, eth, chl, xyl; s py, con sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, PhNO2; vs py i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2 i H2O; s EtOH, py; sl eth, HOAc sl H2O; s EtOH, chl, con sulf, xyl, py sl H2O, lig; s EtOH; vs bz, chl sl H2O, tfa; s EtOH; vs eth s H2O; sl EtOH, MeOH

sub

1.4120 i H2O; s bz, xyl, EtOH >300 379(3)

sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz; s tfa vs H2O, EtOH s H2O

vs H2O, ace, EtOH vs H2O sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s bz, chl, acid sl H2O; s EtOH, ace, oils, fats i eth, bz sl H2O i H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, HOAc; s acid, alk

4/2/14 3:03 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-147 O

O O

O

O O

O

O

S

Si

O

2831

2832

Diallyl diethylene glycol carbonate

O

S

2833

Diallyldimethylsilane

2834

Diallyl disulfide

O O

2835

Diallyl ether

Diallyl fumarate

O O O O O

O

2836

O

2838

Diallyl maleate

2839

Diallyl oxalate

NH2

O

2840

N,N-Diallyl-2-propen-1-amine

O

N H

O

N

O

2837

Diallyl isophthalate

NH

O

O

5,5-Diallyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H )-pyrimidinetrione

O

NH2

O

O

NH2

NH2 O

Organic

O

O O

NH2

NH2 S

S

2841

S

S

O

2842

Diallyl sulfide

2843

Diallyl trisulfide

NH2 O

NH2

2844

Diamantane

2845

1,2-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

NH2

O

2847

2848

1,8-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

NH2

H2N

2849

2,6-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

H2N

OH NH2

NH2

2850

4,4’-Diaminoazobenzene

NH2 O

OH H2N

N N

2851

3,5-Diaminobenzoic acid

2,4-Diaminobutanoic acid

NH2

N

N

1,5-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

O H2N

H2N O

2846

1,4-Diamino-9,10-anthracenedione

O

NH2

OH O

2852

H2N

OH

2853

cis-2,3-Diamino-2-butenedinitrile

H2N

NH2

2854

1,8-Diamino-4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

NH2

2855

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl ether

4,4’-Diaminodiphenylmethane

O S

H2N

O

S

O

O

NH2

OH

2857

4,4’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfide

O

NH2

NH2

2856

3,3’-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone

NH2

O

O

HO

NH2

H2N

NH2

NH2

O

2858

2859

meso-2,6-Diaminoheptanedioic acid

1,4-Diamino-2-methoxy-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

OH NH2

NH2 N

O

N

O

O

2 HCl

NH2

2861

1,4-Diamino-5-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

N N

2864

2,4-Diaminophenol

O S NH2 O

4-[(2,4-Diaminophenyl)azo]benzenesulfonamide

K21599_PCOC.indb 147

2862

NH2 Cl

S

2863

2,4-Diaminophenol, dihydrochloride

OH O S O

NH2 H2N

H2N

NH2

NH2

2860

3,7-Diaminophenothiazin-5-ium chloride

NH2

NH2 N

OH H2N

NH2

2865

1,3-Diamino-2-propanol

O S O OH

H2N

2866

4,4’-Diamino-2,2’-stilbenedisulfonic acid

O

N N H

NH2

2867

4,6-Diamino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H )-one

4/2/14 3:03 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-148 Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

Organic

No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

2868

8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid

Crocetin

C20H24O4

27876-94-4 328.403 brick red orth

286

2869

Diatrizoic acid

C11H9I3N2O4

117-96-4

300

2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875

Diazenedicarboxamide Diazinon Diazomethane Dibenz[a,h]acridine Dibenz[a,j]acridine Dibenz[c,h]acridine

N,N’-Diacetyl-3,5-diamino2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid Azodicarbonamide

C2H4N4O2 C12H21N2O3PS CH2N2 C21H13N C21H13N C21H13N

123-77-3 333-41-5 334-88-3 226-36-8 224-42-0 224-53-3

2876

Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

C22H14

53-70-3

2877

Dibenz[a,j]anthracene

C22H14

224-41-9

278.346 oran lf or nd 198.2 (bz)

2878

Carbamazepine

C15H12N2O

298-46-4

236.268

190.2

2879 2880 2881 2882 2883 2884

5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5carboxamide Dibenzepin 7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole 13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin Dibenzofuran

Diphenylene dioxide 2,2’-Biphenylene oxide

C18H21N3O C20H13N C20H13N C26H16 C12H8O2 C12H8O

4498-32-2 194-59-2 239-64-5 217-54-9 262-12-4 132-64-9

295.379 267.324 cry (EtOH) 267.324 328.405 184.191 nd (MeOH) 168.191 lf or nd (al)

117 157(1) 221.3 400 117.5(0.2) 82.16(0.05)

2885

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

Naphtho[1,2,3,4-def]chrysene

C24H14

192-65-4

302.368 pa ye nd(xyl)

247.0(0.6)

2886 2887 2888

Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene

Dibenzo[b,def]chrysene Benzo[rst]pentaphene Dibenzo[def,p]chrysene

C24H14 C24H14 C24H14

189-64-0 189-55-9 191-30-0

318(1) 283.6(0.3) 164.5

2750.05

2889

Dibenzothiophene

C12H8S

132-65-0

302.368 oran pl 302.368 302.368 ye pl (bz/ EtOH) 184.257 nd (dil al, lig)

98.67(0.02)

331.6(0.4)

2890

Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione

C14H8O3

6050-13-1

2891

Dibenzoyl disulfide

Benzoyl disulfide

C14H10O2S2

644-32-6

2892

Dibenzylamine

N-Benzylbenzenemethanamine C14H15N

103-49-1

224.212 nd (HOAc or 217 bz) 274.358 pr(al), 134.5 sc(chlpeth) 197.276 -26(1)

2893

Dibenzyl disulfide

C14H14S2

150-60-7

246.391 lf (al)

68.6(0.2)

2894

N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine Dibenzyl ether

Benzathine

C16H20N2

140-28-3

240.343 oily lig

26

1954

Benzyl ether

C14H14O

103-50-4

198.260 liq

1.8

298

C20H18O

897-78-9

274.356

117.5

19020

C17H16O4 C14H15O3P C14H14S

-2.5 48.3(0.5)

1872 1620.1 335(6)

152

290 dec

2895

2896

7-Azadibenz[a,j]anthracene

1,2:5,6-Dibenzanthracene

613.913 cry (EtOH aq) 116.079 304.345 42.040 ye gas 279.335 ye cry 279.335 279.335 ye cry (EtOH) 278.346 pl (dil ace)

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

Solubility

225(1) -145 226.6(0.7) 219.6(0.9) 189

870.05 -23

1.108820 1.492220 vs eth, diox i H2O

269(6)

i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz, CS2 i H2O, HOAc; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s peth

1850.01 i H2O

285.2(0.3)

sub dec

300 dec

2897 2898 2899 2900

Dibenzyl sulfone

C14H14O2S

15014-25-2 284.307 17176-77-1 262.241 538-74-9 214.326 pl (eth or chl) 620-32-6 246.325 nd (al-bz)

2901

Dibenzyl sulfoxide

C14H14OS

621-08-9

230.325 lf (al, w)

135(3)

210 dec

2902 2903

N,N’-Dibenzylurea Dibromoacetic acid

C15H16N2O C2H2Br2O2

1466-67-7 631-64-1

240.300 nd (al) 217.844 hyg cry

170(1) 49

195250

2904 2905

Dibromoacetonitrile 2,4-Dibromoaniline

C2HBr2N C6H5Br2N

3252-43-5 615-57-6

2906 2907

3,5-Dibromoaniline 9,10-Dibromoanthracene

C6H5Br2N C14H8Br2

626-40-4 523-27-3

198.844 250.919 orth bipym 79.5 (chl) nd or lf (al) 250.919 nd (dil al) 57 336.022 ye nd (to or 226 xyl)

K21599_PCOC.indb 148

nD

sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz; s py; vs NaOH

2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone Dibenzyl malonate Dibenzyl phosphite Dibenzyl sulfide

Benzyl sulfide

den g cm –3

169 15674

sub

1.088699 1.607999 i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth, HOAc sl EtOH, ace, bz, HOAc; s tol, con sulf

i H2O; s chl, MeOH; vs EtOH, bz i H2O; sl eth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s CS2 1.025622 1.578120 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, MeOH 1.02420 1.563520 vs bz, eth, EtOH 1.042820 1.561820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc sl EtOH; s bz, HOAc 1.13725 1.544720 1.552118 1.058350 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, CS2 i H2O; sl EtOH; vs ace; s bz, HOAc i H2O; vs EtOH, eth vs EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; vs EtOH, eth 2.36920 1.539320 2.26020 s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc vs EtOH, eth, bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, bz; s chl

4/2/14 3:03 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-149 O

O

O HO

I

N H

OH O

2868

OH

I

O

O H2N

N H

I

S

N

O P O O

NH2

2870

Diatrizoic acid

N

N

O

2869

8,8’-Diapo-ψ,ψ-carotenedioic acid

N

H C N

N

2871

Diazenedicarboxamide

2872

Diazinon

Diazomethane

N

N O

N

2873

2875

Dibenz[a,j]acridine

2876

Dibenz[c,h]acridine

2877

Dibenz[a,h]anthracene

NH2

2878

Dibenz[a,j]anthracene

5H-Dibenz[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide

Organic

Dibenz[a,h]acridine

2874

N

H

N O N O N

N H

N H

2879

2880

Dibenzepin

O

2881

7H-Dibenzo[c,g]carbazole

2882

13H-Dibenzo[a,i]carbazole

O

2883

Dibenzo[b,k]chrysene

2884

Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]dioxin

Dibenzofuran

O

O

O

S

2885

Dibenzo[a,e]pyrene

2886

2887

Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene

2888

Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene

2889

Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene

O S

S

S

N H

O

2891

2892

Dibenzoyl disulfide

S

O

O O

2896

O

2895

N,N’-Dibenzyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O P

O

Dibenzyl ether

S

O

O

2897

2,6-Dibenzylidenecyclohexanone

O

2894

Dibenzyl disulfide

O

Dibenz[c,e]oxepin-5,7-dione

H N

N H

2893

Dibenzylamine

2890

Dibenzothiophene

2898

Dibenzyl malonate

2899

Dibenzyl phosphite

Dibenzyl sulfone

NH2

S O

2901

Dibenzyl sulfoxide

K21599_PCOC.indb 149

N H

Br Br

N H

2902

N,N’-Dibenzylurea

Br

OH

Br

Br

O

Br

O

2900

Dibenzyl sulfide

O

S

NH2

N

2903

Dibromoacetic acid

Br

2904

Dibromoacetonitrile

2905

2,4-Dibromoaniline

Br

Br

2906

3,5-Dibromoaniline

Br

2907

9,10-Dibromoanthracene

4/2/14 3:03 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-150 No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2908

o-Dibromobenzene

1,2-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

583-53-9

2909

m-Dibromobenzene

1,3-Dibromobenzene

C6H4Br2

2910

p-Dibromobenzene

1,4-Dibromobenzene

2911 2912

4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone 4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl

Bis(4-bromophenyl) ketone

2913

2915 2916 2917

1,3-Dibromo-2,2Pentaerythritol tetrabromide bis(bromomethyl)propane 3,5-Dibromo-N-(4Tribromsalan bromophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide 1,1-Dibromobutane 1,2-Dibromobutane α-Butylene dibromide 1,3-Dibromobutane

2918

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

235.904

6(2)

220.4(0.3)

108-36-1

235.904 liq

-6.9(0.5)

214(14)

C6H4Br2

106-37-6

235.904 pl

87.3(0.1)

222(3)

C13H8Br2O C12H8Br2

3988-03-2 92-86-4

177 164

394(24) 357.5

C5H8Br4

3229-00-3

C13H8Br3NO2

87-10-5

340.010 pl (al) 312.000 mcl pr (MeOH) 387.734 cry (ace), nd (lig) 449.921

C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2 C4H8Br2

62168-25-6 215.915 533-98-2 215.915 liq 107-80-2 215.915

-65.4(0.4)

158 161(4) 176.4(0.4)

1,4-Dibromobutane

C4H8Br2

110-52-1

215.915 liq

-21.1(0.5)

197(4)

2919 2920

2,3-Dibromobutane trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene

C4H8Br2 C4H6Br2

5408-86-6 821-06-7

215.915 liq 213.899 pl (peth)

-24 53.4

158(5) 203

2921

1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne

C4H4Br2

2219-66-1

211.883

2922

α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor

C10H14Br2O

514-12-5

310.025

2923 2924 2925

Dibromochlorofluoromethane 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2trifluoroethane 2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±)1,10-Dibromodecane Decamethylene dibromide

CBr2ClF C3H5Br2Cl C2Br2ClF3

353-55-9 96-12-8 354-51-8

226.270 236.333 276.277

C3H2Br2N2O

10222-01-2 241.868 cry (bz)

126

C6H10Br2

5183-77-7

241.951

-2.0

145100

C10H20Br2

4101-68-2

300.074 pl (al)

28

1619

C2H2Br2Cl2

75-81-0

256.751 liq

-26

195

C2H2Br2Cl2

683-68-1

256.751 liq

-26

195

CBr2Cl2

594-18-3

242.725

38

150.2

C2H2Br2F2

75-82-1

223.842 liq

-61.3

92.5

CBr2F2

75-61-6

-110.1

22.79(0.08)

2914

Organic

2926 2927 2928 2929 2930 2931 2932 2933

1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane 1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane Dibromodichloromethane 1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane Dibromodifluoromethane

Genetron 132b-B2

160.29(0.05) 305.5

den g cm –3

nD

226.4(0.5)

9215 61

50

80.3 200(13) 92.8(0.2)

1.78425 1.498825 1.791520 1.402520 i H2O; s eth, chl 1.80020 1.50720 i H2O; s eth, chl; sl ctc 1.819925 1.516725 i H2O; sl ctc; s chl 1.789322 1.513322 i H2O; s eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, peth; s ace 2.01418 1.58818 s eth, ace; vs chl 1.85421 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, bz, chl; s AcOEt 2.317322 1.457020 2.09314 1.55314 i H2O

1.775920 1.544519 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 1.33530 1.492725 i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth 2.13520 1.566220 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 2.13520 1.566220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 2.4225 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 2.223820 1.445620

C5H6Br2N2O2

77-48-5

C5H10Br2

5434-27-5

229.941

185(11)

2936

1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethylDibromantine 2,4-imidazolidinedione 1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane 1,12-Dibromododecane

209.816 vol liq or gas 285.922

C12H24Br2

3344-70-5

328.127 nd (al,HOAc) 41

21515

2937

1,1-Dibromoethane

Ethylidene dibromide

C2H4Br2

557-91-5

187.861 liq

-63

109(4)

2.055520 1.512820

2938

1,2-Dibromoethane

Ethylene dibromide

C2H4Br2

106-93-4

187.861 liq

9.8(0.1)

131.3(0.3)

2.168325 1.535625

2939

cis-1,2-Dibromoethene

cis-1,2-Dibromoethylene

C2H2Br2

590-11-4

185.845 liq

-53

111(1)

2.246420 1.542820

2940

trans-1,2-Dibromoethene

trans-1,2-Dibromoethylene

C2H2Br2

590-12-5

185.845 liq

-6.5

107(3)

2.230820 1.550518

2941 2942 2943

1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane 1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate (1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene

C4H8Br2O C4H6Br2O2 C8H8Br2

2983-26-8 231.914 24442-57-7 245.898 liq 93-52-7 263.958

1.732020 1.504420 1.9120

73(1)

8020 89.516 13319

2934 2935

K21599_PCOC.indb 150

Solubility

1.984320 1.615520 i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz, ctc 1.952320 1.608317 i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 2.26117 1.5742 i H2O; s EtOH, bz; vs eth, ace, CS2 vs bz, HOAc, chl i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz 2.59615 s EtOH, bz, tol; sl eth, chl

s H2O, eth, ace, bz

198 dec 1.677520 1.5090 i H2O; vs EtOH, chl; s eth, HOAc i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz; sl chl; vs eth vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, chl vs EtOH, chl s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc, MeOH, lig

4/2/14 3:03 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-151

Br Br

Br

O

Br

Br Br

Br

2908

2909

o-Dibromobenzene

2910

m-Dibromobenzene

Br

Br

2912

2911

p-Dibromobenzene

Br

2913

4,4’-Dibromo-1,1’-biphenyl

4,4’-Dibromobenzophenone

1,3-Dibromo-2,2-bis(bromomethyl)propane

Br Br

Br

Br Br

Br

Br

2914

2915

3,5-Dibromo-N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide

1,1-Dibromobutane

2921

1,3-Dibromobutane

2922

2919

1,4-Dibromobutane

2,3-Dibromobutane

F F Br

Br

Cl Cl

Br

2923

α,α’-Dibromo-d-camphor

1,4-Dibromo-2-butyne

Br

2918

Br F

Br O

Br

Br

Br

2917

1,2-Dibromobutane

Br

Br

Br

2916

Br

O

N

Br Br

1,2-Dibromo-1-chloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

Br Br

Br

2927

Cl Cl

2928

trans-1,2-Dibromocyclohexane, (±)-

2926

F

2932

1,2-Dibromo-1,1-difluoroethane

1,2-Dibromo-1,2-dichloroethane

2931

Dibromodichloromethane

Br N

Br

Br

Cl Br

2930

1,2-Dibromo-1,1-dichloroethane

O

Br Cl

Br Cl

2929

1,10-Dibromodecane

F

Br

Br

Br

NH2

2,2-Dibromo-2-cyanoacetamide

Cl Br

F

trans-1,4-Dibromo-2-butene

Br

2925

1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane

Br

2920

Cl F

2924

Dibromochlorofluoromethane

Br

Organic

N H

Br

Br

Br

OH O Br

Br

Br Br

F

O

Br

N Br

2933

2934

Dibromodifluoromethane

Br

Br

Br

Br

2935

1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione

2936

1,3-Dibromo-2,2-dimethylpropane

1,12-Dibromododecane

Br Br

Br Br

2937

1,1-Dibromoethane

K21599_PCOC.indb 151

Br

Br

2938

1,2-Dibromoethane

Br

H

H

2939

cis-1,2-Dibromoethene

Br

H

H

2940

Br

trans-1,2-Dibromoethene

Br Br

O O

2941

1,2-Dibromo-1-ethoxyethane

Br

Br O

2942

Br

1,2-Dibromoethyl acetate

2943

(1,2-Dibromoethyl)benzene

4/2/14 3:03 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-152 No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

2944

Dibromofluoromethane

Fluorodibromomethane

CHBr2F

1868-53-7

191.825 liq

2945 2946

1,2-Dibromoheptane 1,7-Dibromoheptane

Heptamethylene dibromide

C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2

42474-21-5 257.994 4549-31-9 257.994

2947 2948 2949

2,3-Dibromoheptane 3,4-Dibromoheptane 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3hexafluoropropane 1,2-Dibromohexane 1,6-Dibromohexane

C7H14Br2 C7H14Br2 C3Br2F6

21266-88-6 257.994 21266-90-0 257.994 661-95-0 309.830

C6H12Br2 C6H12Br2

624-20-4 629-03-8

3,5-Dibromosalicylaldehyde

C6H12Br2 C7H4Br2O2

3,5-Dibromosalicylic acid

2950 2951 2952 2953

Organic

2954 2955 2956

2957

3,4-Dibromohexane 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde 3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid 3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile Dibromomethane

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

-78

64.9

2.42120

41.7

228 247(12)

1.508620 1.530620

10117 10724 72.8

1.513920 1.518220 2.163020

-1.2

10336 245.5

89583-12-0 243.967 90-59-5 279.914 pa ye pr

86

8013 sub

1.577420 1.502420 vs bz, eth, chl 1.602525 1.505425 i H2O; s eth, ace, chl; sl ctc 1.602720 1.504320 vs bz, eth, chl

C7H4Br2O3

3147-55-5

295.913 nd

228

Bromoxynil

C7H3Br2NO

1689-84-5

276.913

190.5(0.8)

Methylene bromide

CH2Br2

74-95-3

173.835 liq

-52.1(0.7)

97.0(0.6)

2,5-Dibromotoluene

C7H6Br2

615-59-8

249.931

6(1)

236(11)

2.496920 1.542020 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc 1.812717 1.598218 i H2O

C7H6Br2

31543-75-6 249.931

-10(1)

10311

1.817625 1.596425

C7H6Br2

618-31-5

249.931

1.0

15623 6217 265 dec 139(2) 310

1.836528 1.614720 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1.671720 1.572925 s chl 1.782720 1.511920 s EtOH, eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl HOAc sl H2O; s HOAc

243.967 243.967 liq

2959

1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene 2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene (Dibromomethyl)benzene

2960 2961 2962 2963

2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane 2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol 1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane 1,4-Dibromonaphthalene

C5H10Br2 C7H6Br2O C4H8Br2 C10H6Br2

594-51-4 609-22-3 594-34-3 83-53-4

229.941 265.930 nd (peth) 215.915 285.963

7 58 10.5 83

2964

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline

C6H4Br2N2O2

827-94-1

207

2965

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol

C6H3Br2NO3

99-28-5

295.916 ye nd (al, HOAc) 296.901 pa ye pr or lf (al)

2966 2967 2968

1,9-Dibromononane 1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane 1,8-Dibromooctane

C9H18Br2 C4Br2F8 C8H16Br2

4549-33-1 335-48-8 4549-32-0

286.047 liq 359.838 272.021

-22.5

2969 2970 2971

1,2-Dibromopentane 1,4-Dibromopentane 1,5-Dibromopentane

C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2 C5H10Br2

3234-49-9 626-87-9 111-24-0

229.941 229.941 229.941 liq

2972 2973

2,4-Dibromopentane 2,4-Dibromophenol

C5H10Br2 C6H4Br2O

2974

2,6-Dibromophenol

2975

1,2-Dibromopropane

2976

2958

145 dec

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl ace, bz, HOAc

15.5

-34.4 -40.0(0.4)

179(13) 146150 222.3

19398-53-9 229.941 615-58-7 251.903 nd (peth)

40(2)

7521 238.5

C6H4Br2O

608-33-3

251.903 nd (w)

56.5

255

C3H6Br2

78-75-1

201.888 liq

-55.4(0.3)

140(1)

1,3-Dibromopropane

C3H6Br2

109-64-8

201.888 liq

-35(1)

164(1)

2977

2,2-Dibromopropane

C3H6Br2

594-16-1

201.888

2978 2979 2980

2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid 2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol

C3H4Br2O2 C3H6Br2O C3H6Br2O

600-05-5 96-13-9 96-21-9

231.871 217.887 217.887 ye liq

2981

C9H15Br6O4P

126-72-7

697.610

2982 2983

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1) 1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone 1,1-Dibromo-1-propene

C3H4Br2O C3H4Br2

816-39-7 215.871 nd 13195-80-7 199.872

2984 2985

1,2-Dibromo-1-propene 2,3-Dibromo-1-propene

C3H4Br2 C3H4Br2

26391-16-2 199.872 513-31-5 199.872

K21599_PCOC.indb 152

Propylene dibromide

DBP

Tris(2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate 1,3-Dibromoacetone

Solubility

1.468520 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl 1.498620 1.503420 i H2O; s eth, ace, bz, ctc, chl 1.499220 1.501020 i H2O

s ace

269(10) 98(25) 271

Octamethylene dibromide

nD

113 66.5

16020 219 219 dec

26

9722 125 131.5 142(18)

1.422920 1.459425 1.497125 i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl 1.66818 1.622220 1.508620 1.692825 1.510225 i H2O; s bz, chl; sl ctc 1.665920 1.498720 2.070020 sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth, bz s H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.932420 1.520120 s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc 1.970125 1.520425 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; sl ctc 1.88020 vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH 2.12020 2.136420 1.549525 vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl 2.167018 vs eth, CS2 1.976720 1.526020 sl H2O; s bz, ctc, chl 2.007620 2.034525 1.541625 i H2O; s eth, ace, chl

4/2/14 3:03 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-153 Br

Br

F Br

F Br F

Br

Br

Br

Br

H

2944

2945

Dibromofluoromethane

Br

2946

1,2-Dibromoheptane

2947

1,7-Dibromoheptane

2948

2,3-Dibromoheptane

Br

Br Br

F F F F

Br

Br

2949

3,4-Dibromoheptane

1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane

2950

1,2-Dibromohexane

N HO

O Br

Br

O OH

OH

Br Br

Br

Br

2951

Br

2952

Br

Br

2953

3,4-Dibromohexane

Br

OH

Br

2956

3,5-Dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile

3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

H H

2955

2954

3,5-Dibromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde

Br

2957

Dibromomethane

1,4-Dibromo-2-methylbenzene

Organic

1,6-Dibromohexane

Br

Br

OH Br

Br

Br

NH2

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br

Br Br

Br

2958

2,4-Dibromo-1-methylbenzene

2959

2961

2960

(Dibromomethyl)benzene

Br

Br 2,4-Dibromo-6-methylphenol

2,3-Dibromo-2-methylbutane

1,4-Dibromonaphthalene

1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane

N

O

Br

2963

2962

O

2964

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitroaniline

OH Br

Br F F F F Br O

N

Br

O

Br

2965

2966

2,6-Dibromo-4-nitrophenol

Br

2967

1,9-Dibromononane

Br

Br

F F F F

2968

1,4-Dibromooctafluorobutane

Br Br

Br

2969

1,8-Dibromooctane

1,2-Dibromopentane

Br

2970

1,4-Dibromopentane

OH Br Br Br

Br

2971

1,5-Dibromopentane

OH Br

Br

O Br

Br Br

Br

2972

2973

2,4-Dibromopentane

2,4-Dibromophenol

2974

2,6-Dibromophenol

2975

Br

Br Br

1,2-Dibromopropane

Br

OH

Br

2976

1,3-Dibromopropane

Br

OH

Br

2977

2978

2,2-Dibromopropane

2,3-Dibromopropanoic acid

Br

2979

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol

Br Br Br Br

Br OH

2980

1,3-Dibromo-2-propanol

K21599_PCOC.indb 153

O

O P O O Br

2981

Br Br

2,3-Dibromo-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)

Br

O Br

Br

2982

1,3-Dibromo-2-propanone

Br

Br

2983

1,1-Dibromo-1-propene

Br Br

Br

2984

1,2-Dibromo-1-propene

2985

2,3-Dibromo-1-propene

4/2/14 3:04 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-154 Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C5H3Br2N

625-92-3

C9H5Br2NO

521-74-4

No.

Name

2986

3,5-Dibromopyridine

2987

5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol

Broxyquinoline

2988 2989

2,6-Dibromoquinone-4chlorimide 1,14-Dibromotetradecane

2,6-Dibromo-4-(chloroimino)- C6H2Br2ClNO 2,5-cyclohexadien-1-one Tetradecamethylene dibromide C14H28Br2

2990 2991 2992

1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane Refrigerant 114B2 2,3-Dibromothiophene 2,5-Dibromothiophene

2993 2994

2996

3,4-Dibromothiophene 1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoro- Halon 2302 ethane 2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5-trihydroxy- Dibromogallic acid benzoic acid 3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002

Dibucaine Dibucaine hydrochloride 1,4-Dibutoxybenzene 1,2-Dibutoxyethane Dibutoxymethane Dibutyl adipate

3003

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

236.893 nd (al)

112

222

302.950 nd (al)

196

sub

537-45-1

C4H2Br2S C2HBr2F3

3141-26-2 354-04-1

C7H4Br2O5

602-92-6

C9H9Br2NO3

50.4

1908

-110(1) -17.5 -6

47.1(0.2) 218.5 210.3

241.932 241.832

4.5

217(17) 76(4)

150

300-38-9

327.912 nd, pr or lf (w+1) 338.980 nd or pl

Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether Butylal Dibutyl hexanedioate

C20H29N3O2 C20H30ClN3O2 C14H22O2 C10H22O2 C9H20O2 C14H26O4

85-79-0 61-12-1 104-36-9 112-48-1 2568-90-3 105-99-7

343.463 hyg cry 379.924 222.324 174.281 liq 160.254 liq 258.354

64 94 dec 45.5 -69.1 -59(1) -32.4

15815 198(10) 179.7(0.7) 16510

Dibutylamine

N-Butylbutanamine

C8H19N

111-92-2

129.244 liq

-61.8(0.5)

162(2)

3004 3005 3006

Di-sec-butylamine 2-Dibutylaminoethanol N,N-Dibutylaniline

N-sec-Butyl-2-butanamine

C8H19N C10H23NO C14H23N

626-23-3 102-81-8 613-29-6

129.244 173.296 205.340 liq

-32.2(0.2)

135(7) 11418 274.8

3007

1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene

C14H22

1012-72-2

190.325 nd (MeOH)

77.63(0.04)

237.3(0.5)

3008

2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)­ stannane Dibutyl carbonate

C14H22O2

88-58-4

213.5

C32H68S2Sn

1185-81-5

222.324 cry (aq HOAc) 635.722 col liq

C9H18O3

542-52-9

174.237

2995

Organic

83

C2Br2F4 C4H2Br2S C4H2Br2S

299.347 ye pr (al or HOAc) 37688-96-3 356.180 lf (al-eth) cry (al) 124-73-2 259.823 liq 3140-93-0 241.932 liq 3141-27-3 241.932 liq

3009 3010

Cinchocaine

Dibutyltin bis(dodecyl sulfide)

3013

C14H20O2

719-22-2

220.308

69

600.01

C17H29NO

88-27-7

263.418 pl (EtOH)

94

17940

C12H20O4Sn

78-04-6

346.995 ye solid

110

3016

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol 2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin-4,7-dione Dibutyl disulfide

C8H18S2

629-45-8

178.359 oil

3017 3018

Di-tert-butyl disulfide cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene

C8H18S2 C10H20

110-06-5 692-47-7

178.359 140.266 liq

3019

Dibutyl ether

C8H18O

142-96-1

130.228 liq

3020 3021 3022

Di-sec-butyl ether Di-tert-butyl ether N,N’-Di-tert-butylethylenediamine 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol N,N-Dibutylformamide Dibutyl fumarate N,N’-Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

C8H18O C8H18O C10H24N2

6863-58-7 6163-66-2 4062-60-6

C16H26O

3027

K21599_PCOC.indb 154

1.419124

s chl s ctc 0.831925 1.411225 0.833920 1.407217 0.961320 1.436920 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 0.767020 1.417720 s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth 0.753420 1.416220 vs H2O; s EtOH 0.903720 1.518620 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz; s ctc 0.985020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth

0.925120 1.411720 i H2O; s EtOH, eth vs EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, HOAc

174(14)

3024 3025 3026

2.27427

203(4) 40 152.5

3023

2.14223

1.36125 1.630422 1.628820 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc

1.0520

34619-03-9 174.237 cry (al) 2460-77-7 220.308 ye cry (al)

N,N’-Di-tert-butylethanediamine

2.14925

vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O

1220.3

C9H18O3 C14H20O2

cis-2,2,5,5-Tetramethyl-3hexene Butyl ether

Solubility sl H2O; s EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace, bz, chl, HOAc; sl eth vs EtOH

245

Di-tert-butyl carbonate 2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

3015

nD

vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH; i eth; s alk, acid

3011 3012

3014

den g cm –3

s tol, hp

236(4)

0.93820

-2.5

8821 144(6)

0.922620 0.74420

-96(3)

141.6(0.3)

130.228 liq 130.228 liq 172.311 cry

53.3

121.9(0.3) 107.1(0.7) 189

0.768420 1.399220 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace; sl ctc 0.75625 0.765820 1.394920 0.69

4130-42-1

234.376

44

272

C9H19NO C12H20O4 C14H32N2

761-65-9 105-75-9 4835-11-4

157.253 228.285 liq 228.417

-18.0(0.4)

281(4) 1383.5

C15H22O3

19715-19-6 250.334

163.3

1.492320 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1.489920 1.427020

i alk s ctc, CS2 0.977520 1.446920 i H2O; s ace, chl 1.447025 s chl

4/2/14 3:04 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O Br

Br

Br Br

N

N

OH

2986

2987

3,5-Dibromopyridine

N

F F

Br

Cl

Br

2988

5,7-Dibromo-8-quinolinol

2,6-Dibromoquinone-4-chlorimide

Br

F

Br

S

2992

2993

2,5-Dibromothiophene

N

3,4-Dibromothiophene

Br

HO

N

OH

OH NH2

O

OH

2995

1,2-Dibromo-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

H N

O

HO

2994

2,3-Dibromothiophene

Br

N

2996

2,6-Dibromo-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid

O

2997

3,5-Dibromo-L-tyrosine

Dibucaine

O

H N

O

F

S

2991

1,2-Dibromotetrafluoroethane

Br

Br

S

OH

Br Br F

Br F

2990

1,14-Dibromotetradecane

Br

Br

Br F

2989

O Br

Br

Organic

Br Br

3-155

N

HCl

O O

O

2998

Dibucaine hydrochloride

O

O

O

3000

2999

O

O

3001

1,2-Dibutoxyethane

1,4-Dibutoxybenzene

O

O

3002

Dibutoxymethane

Dibutyl adipate

OH N N H

H N

N

3004

3005

OH

3003

Dibutylamine

Di-sec-butylamine

OH

3006

3007

N,N-Dibutylaniline

2-Dibutylaminoethanol

1,4-Di-tert-butylbenzene

3008

2,5-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzenediol

O O

Sn S S

O

3009

O O

O

3010

Dibutylbis(dodecylthio)stannane

O

O

3011

Dibutyl carbonate

3012

Di-tert-butyl carbonate

2,5-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

OH O

O

O Sn O N

O

3013

O

3014

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol

S

3015

S

S

3016

2,2-Dibutyl-1,3,2-dioxastannepin-4,7-dione

S

3017

Dibutyl disulfide

Di-tert-butyl disulfide

OH

O

O

3018

cis-1,2-Di-tert-butylethene

3019

3020

Dibutyl ether

Di-sec-butyl ether

H N

O

3021

N H

3022

Di-tert-butyl ether

N,N’-Di-tert-butylethylenediamine

3023

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol

O

OH OH

O O

O

O N

3024

N,N-Dibutylformamide

K21599_PCOC.indb 155

H N

N H

O

3025

Dibutyl fumarate

3026

N,N’-Dibutyl-1,6-hexanediamine

3027

3,5-Di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzoic acid

4/2/14 3:04 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-156 Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Di-tert-butyl ketone

C9H18O

815-24-7

3029 3030

Dibutyl maleate Dibutyl malonate

C12H20O4 C11H20O4

3031 3032 3033

Di-tert-butyl malonate Dibutylmercury 2,4-Di-tert-butyl-5-methylphenol

3034

2,4-Di-tert-butyl-6-methylphenol 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol

No.

Name

3028

3035

Synonym

DBMC

Physical Form

Organic

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

142.238 liq

-25.2(0.2)

152(4)

105-76-0 1190-39-2

228.285 216.275 liq

1 atm) 1.45525 (p>1 atm) 1.01020

C4H2Cl2S

3172-52-9

153.030 liq

-40.5

165(4)

3299 3300 3301 3302 3303

2,3-Dichlorotoluene 2,4-Dichlorotoluene 2,5-Dichlorotoluene 2,6-Dichlorotoluene 3,4-Dichlorotoluene

32768-54-0 95-73-8 19398-61-9 118-69-4 95-75-0

161.029 161.029 liq 161.029 161.029 161.029 liq

6 -13.5 2.5 25.8 -15.2(0.2)

207.5 200(8) 200 194(11) 208(18)

1.442220 1.562620 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 1.245820 1.551120 vs bz 1.247620 1.551120 i H2O; s ctc 1.253520 1.544920 i H2O; s bz 1.268620 1.550720 i H2O; s chl 1.256420 1.547120 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

No.

Name

3268 3269 3270

3-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2propenoic acid Dichlorophenylsilane 1,1-Dichloropropane

3271

1,2-Dichloropropane, (±)-

3272

3278

3294

3297

K21599_PCOC.indb 168

Synonym

2,2-Dichloropropionic acid

Chloroxine

C7H6Cl2 2,4-Dichloro-1-methylbenzene C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 C7H6Cl2 1,2-Dichloro-4-methylbenzene C7H6Cl2

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

nD

234

Solubility s DMSO

181 88.4(0.5)

s DMSO 198 14810

sl chl

sl EtOH, ace, chl, DMSO; s alk, bz, peth i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl, HOAc

1.454820

4/2/14 3:09 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds Cl HSi

OH Cl

Cl Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

3268

3269

3-(2,4-Dichlorophenyl)-2-propenoic acid

Cl

O O P O O

Cl

Cl

3276

1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol

Cl

Cl

3277

3278

2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol, phosphate (3:1)

2,3-Dichloropropanoyl chloride

OH

Cl

Cl

3275

3274

2,2-Dichloropropane

2,3-Dichloro-1-propanol

2,2-Dichloropropanoic acid

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

3273

1,3-Dichloropropane

O Cl

Cl

O

Cl

3272

1,2-Dichloropropane, (±)-

Cl

Cl OH

Cl

3271

1,1-Dichloropropane

OH

Cl Cl

Cl

3270

Dichlorophenylsilane

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

3279

3280

1,1-Dichloropropene

3281

cis-1,2-Dichloropropene

Organic

O

3-169

3282

trans-1,2-Dichloropropene

cis-1,3-Dichloropropene

Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl

Cl

Cl

3283

trans-1,3-Dichloropropene

Cl

3284

N

N

N

Cl

3285

2,3-Dichloropropene

N

3286

3,6-Dichloropyridazine

Cl

N

3291

2,3-Dichloroquinoxaline

N

Cl N

NH2

Cl

N

3287

Cl

Cl

3288

4,6-Dichloro-2-pyrimidinamine

2,4-Dichloropyrimidine

N

N

OH

3289

3290

4,7-Dichloroquinoline

5,7-Dichloro-8-quinolinol

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

2,6-Dichloropyridine

F

Cl

F

F

F F

Cl

N

Cl

Cl

F

3292

3293

2,5-Dichlorostyrene

F

F

3294

1,2-Dichloro-3,4,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene

F

Cl F

Cl F

Cl

F Cl

3295

1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

Si

Si

Cl

3296

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane

Cl Si Cl

O

Cl Si Cl

3297

1,3-Dichloro-1,1,3,3-tetramethyldisiloxane

K21599_PCOC.indb 169

Cl

S

3298

Cl

2,5-Dichlorothiophene

Cl

3299

2,3-Dichlorotoluene

Cl Cl

3300

2,4-Dichlorotoluene

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl

Cl

3301

2,5-Dichlorotoluene

3302

2,6-Dichlorotoluene

3303

3,4-Dichlorotoluene

4/2/14 3:09 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-170 No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3304

Dichlorocyanuric acid

C3HCl2N3O3

2782-57-2

197.964 cry

C7H3Cl5

13014-24-9 264.364

Refrigerant 123a

C2HCl2F3

354-23-4

HCFC-123

C2HCl2F3

306-83-2

Refrigerant 123b

C2HCl2F3

812-04-4

152.930 vol liq or gas 152.930 vol liq or gas 152.930

2,4-Dichlorobenzotrifluoride

C7H3Cl2F3

320-60-5

215.000

Chloroflurazole

C8H3Cl2F3N2

3615-21-2

255.024

3311 3312

1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione 1,2-Dichloro-4(trichloromethyl)benzene 1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane 2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane 1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2,4-Dichloro-1(trifluoromethyl)benzene 4,5-Dichloro-2(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazole Dichlorovinylmethylsilane Dichlorvos

124-70-9 62-73-7

141.072 220.976

3313

Diclofop-methyl

3314 3315 3316 3317

Dicrotophos Dicumarol Dicyanamide o-Dicyanobenzene

C3H6Cl2Si Phosphoric acid, 2,2-dichloro- C4H7Cl2O4P ethenyl dimethyl ester Methyl 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophe- C16H14Cl2O4 noxy)phenoxy]propanoate C8H16NO5P C19H12O6 Cyanocyanamide C2HN3 o-Phthalodinitrile C8H4N2

3318

m-Dicyanobenzene

m-Phthalodinitrile

3319

p-Dicyanobenzene

p-Phthalodinitrile

3320 3321

Dicyclohexyl adipate Dicyclohexylamine

3322

Dicyclohexylamine nitrite

3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Dicyclohexyl disulfide Dicyclohexyl ether Dicyclohexylmethanone Dicyclohexylphosphine Dicyclohexyl phthalate

3329 3330 3331 3332 3333 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338

N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea N,N’-Dicyclohexylurea Dicyclomine hydrochloride Dicyclopentadiene Dicyclopentyl ether Dicyclopropyl ketone Didecylamine Didecyl ether Didecyl phthalate 3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten16’-oic acid

3339

2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine

3340

2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo- Cymarose hexose

C7H14O4

3341 3342

Didodecanoyl peroxide Didodecylamine

C24H46O4 C24H51N

purp nd (MeOHeth) 69655-05-6 236.227 wh cry (EtOH aq) 579-04-4 162.184 pr (eth-peth) nd (ace) 105-74-8 398.620 wh pl 3007-31-6 353.669

3343 3344

Didodecyl phosphate Didodecyl phthalate

C24H51O4P C32H54O4

7057-92-3 2432-90-8

3345

Dieldrin

C12H8Cl6O

3346

Dienestrol

3347

1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane

3305 3306 3307 3308 3309 3310

Organic

K21599_PCOC.indb 170

Physical Form

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

25.8

283.1

1.591320 1.588620

-78

30.0(0.1)

1.5025

-107

27.8(0.6)

1.463825

mp/˚C

nD

sl H2O

30.2 1.480220 213.5

93.7(0.5) 14020

51338-27-3 341.186

42.1(0.5)

1.086820 1.427020 dec H2O 1.41525

1760.1

141-66-2 66-76-2 504-66-5 91-15-6

237.191 336.294 nd 290 67.049 aq soln only 128.131 nd (w, lig) 140.6(0.9)

400

1.21615

15010

1.125025

C8H4N2

626-17-5

128.131 nd(al)

162

sub

0.99240

C8H4N2

623-26-7

128.131 nd (w, MeOH)

224

sub

Dicyclohexyl hexanedioate C18H30O4 N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine C12H23N

849-99-0 101-83-7

310.429 181.318 liq

35(1) -0.1

251(4)

0.912320 1.484220

N-Cyclohexylcyclohexanamine, C12H24N2O2 nitrite C13H22N2 C12H22S2 C12H22O C13H22O C12H23P C20H26O4

3129-91-7

228.331 cry

179.5(0.6)

538-75-0 2550-40-5 4645-15-2 119-60-8 829-84-5 84-61-7

206.327 230.433 liq 182.302 liq 194.313 198.285 330.418 pr (al)

34.5

1236 19520 242.5 15920 281 2254

0.922720 0.9860 0.90425 1.38320

1212-29-9 2387-23-7 67-92-5 1755-01-7 10137-73-2 1121-37-5 1120-49-6 2456-28-2 84-77-5 514-92-1

240.408 224.342 345.948 132.202 154.249 110.153 297.562 298.546 446.663 564.840

Torularhodin

C13H24N2S C13H24N2O C19H36ClNO2 C10H12 C10H18O C7H10O C20H43N C20H42O C28H46O4 C40H52O2

Didanosine

C10H12N4O3

Dicycloverine hydrochloride Cyclopentyl ether N-Decyl-1-decanamine

Lauroyl peroxide N-Dodecyl-1-dodecanamine

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, didodecyl ester

Limonene diepoxide

Solubility

226.6

cry (MeOH) cry

-36 57 66 180 233.8 165 32

liq

16 2.5 211

170 dec 8013 161 359.0 19615.5 2403

sl H2O, lig; vs EtOH, bz; s eth, ace sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; i peth i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz; vs HOAc s chl sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz

1.474120 1.486020 s eth, ace, ctc 1.516320 1.43120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl

0.930235 1.505035 vs eth, EtOH 0.97725

1.467020

0.818720 0.963920 vs py, chl, CS2

162 101

vs H2O, ace, EtOH

49 46.9(0.5)

26327

434.633 cry (MeOH) 502.769

59 22.0

2561

60-57-1

380.909

178.8(0.3)

C18H18O2

84-17-3

266.335 cry (dil al)

227.5

C10H16O2

96-08-2

168.233

242

i H2O; s chl vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl 0.938920 1.7525

130 sub

i H2O; sl EtOH; s ace, bz vs ace, eth, EtOH

4/2/14 3:09 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-171

Cl Cl

O H

N

N

O

N Cl

Cl

F

O

Cl

3304

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

3305

1,3-Dichloro-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H )-trione

F

F Cl

F

F

3307

1,2-Dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane

Cl Cl

F

Cl

3306

1,2-Dichloro-4-(trichloromethyl)benzene

F

F F

3308

2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

1,1-Dichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane

Cl Cl

Cl Cl

Cl F

F

N H

F

3309

Si

3310

2,4-Dichloro-1-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

O

Cl F

F

F

N

O O P O O

Cl Cl

3311

4,5-Dichloro-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzimidazole

O

Cl

O

3312

Dichlorovinylmethylsilane

Cl

O

3313

Dichlorvos

Diclofop-methyl

Organic

N N O O P O O

OH

N

OH N

N

N O

O

OO

3314

N H

O

3315

Dicrotophos

Dicumarol

O O

3318

o-Dicyanobenzene

O Dicyclohexyl adipate

3322

Dicyclohexylamine

p-Dicyanobenzene

N

H N

3321

3319

m-Dicyanobenzene

HNO2

3320

N

N

3317

Dicyanamide

H N

O

N

3316

Dicyclohexylamine nitrite

C N

S S

3323

3324

Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

Dicyclohexyl disulfide

O O

O O

H P

O

H N

O

3325

3326

Dicyclohexyl ether

3327

Dicyclohexylmethanone

Dicyclohexylphosphine

Dicyclohexyl phthalate

H N

H N

S

O

3329

3330

N,N’-Dicyclohexylthiourea

N,N’-Dicyclohexylurea

H

HCl O

3328

H N

N

O

O

H

3331

Dicyclomine hydrochloride

3332

Dicyclopentadiene

HN

O

3333

3334

Dicyclopentyl ether

O

3335

Dicyclopropyl ketone

3336

Didecylamine

Didecyl ether

OH

O

N

O O

HO

OH

O

O N

N N

O

3337

3338

Didecyl phthalate

3339

3’,4’-Didehydro-β,ψ-caroten-16’-oic acid

2’,3’-Dideoxyinosine

O O HO

OH O

O O

3340

2,6-Dideoxy-3-O-methyl-ribo-hexose

3341

3342

Didodecanoyl peroxide

O

O O

3344

Didodecyl phthalate

Didodecyl phosphate

OH

Cl Cl Cl H Cl

H

O

3343

Didodecylamine

O

K21599_PCOC.indb 171

O O P HO O

HN O

3345

Dieldrin

Cl

Cl

HO

O

O

3346

Dienestrol

3347

1,2:8,9-Diepoxy-p-menthane

4/2/14 3:09 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-172

Organic

No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

3348

Diethanolamine

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amine

C4H11NO2

111-42-2

105.136

3349 3350

Diethatyl, ethyl ester 4,4’-Diethoxyazobenzene

C16H22ClNO3 C16H18N2O2

38727-55-8 311.804 cry 588-52-3 270.326 ye lf (al)

3351 3352

3,4-Diethoxybenzaldehyde 1,2-Diethoxybenzene

C11H14O3 C10H14O2

2029-94-9 2050-46-6

3353

1,4-Diethoxybenzene

C10H14O2

3354 3355 3356 3357 3358

4,4-Diethoxy-1-butanamine 1,1-Diethoxy-N,N-dimethylmethanamine Diethoxydimethylsilane Diethoxydiphenylsilane 2,2-Diethoxyethanamine

3359

1,1-Diethoxyethane

3360

1,2-Diethoxyethane

3361 3362

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

27.9(0.2)

271.2(0.7)

46(1) 162

dec

den g cm –3

nD

Solubility

1.096620 1.477620 vs H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz

279 219

122-95-2

194.227 22 166.217 pr (peth, dil 44 al) 166.217 pl (dil al) 72

C8H19NO2 C7H17NO2

6346-09-4 1188-33-6

161.243 147.216

196 129

0.93325 0.85925

C6H16O2Si C16H20O2Si C6H15NO2

78-62-6 2553-19-7 645-36-3

148.276 liq 272.415 133.189 liq

-87 -78

113(3) 296(3) 163

Acetal

C6H14O2

105-57-7

118.174 liq

-106.1(0.6)

102(2)

Ethylene glycol diethyl ether

C6H14O2

629-14-1

118.174 liq

-74.0(0.2)

120.6(0.7)

1,1-Diethoxyethene Diethoxymethane

C6H12O2 C5H12O2

2678-54-8 462-95-3

116.158 104.148 liq

-66(2)

68100 86(2)

3363 3364 3365 3366 3367

2-(Diethoxymethyl)furan Diethoxymethylphenylsilane Diethoxymethylsilane 1,1-Diethoxypentane 1,1-Diethoxypropane

C9H14O3 C11H18O2Si C5H14O2Si C9H20O2 C7H16O2

13529-27-6 775-56-4 2031-62-1 3658-79-5 4744-08-5

170.205 210.346 134.250 160.254 132.201

191.5 217(3) 98 5912 121(1)

3368

2,2-Diethoxypropane

C7H16O2

126-84-1

132.201

101(5)

3369

3,3-Diethoxy-1-propene

C7H14O2

3054-95-3

130.185

123.5

3370

3,3-Diethoxy-1-propyne

C7H12O2

10160-87-9 128.169

139

3371

N,N-Diethylacetamide

C6H13NO

685-91-6

115.173

199(10)

3372

Diethyl 2-acetamidomalonate

C9H15NO5

1068-90-2

96.3

3373 3374 3375

N,N-Diethylacetoacetamide Diethyl acetylphosphonate Diethyl 2-acetylsuccinate

C8H15NO2 C6H13O4P C10H16O5

2235-46-3 919-19-7 1115-30-6

217.219 cry (al,bzpeth) 157.211 liq 180.138 216.231

0.86525 1.381120 s ctc 1.032920 1.526920 0.915925 1.412325 vs H2O, eth, EtOH, chl 0.825420 1.383420 s H2O, chl; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace 0.835125 1.389825 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 0.793220 1.364321 0.831920 1.374818 s H2O; msc EtOH; vs ace, bz; sl chl 0.997620 1.445120 vs EtOH 0.962720 1.469020 0.82925 0.82922 1.402922 0.82520 1.392419 s H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth 0.820021 1.389120 s EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth; sl ctc 0.854315 1.400020 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 0.894222 1.414020 vs ace, eth, EtOH, chl 0.913017 1.437417 s H2O, EtOH; msc eth, ace, bz; sl ctc sl H2O, eth; s tfa, EtOH

3376

Diethyl adipate

C10H18O4

141-28-6

202.248 liq

-20(2)

3377

Diethyl 2-allylmalonate

C10H16O4

2049-80-1

200.232

3378

Diethylamine

N-Ethylethanamine

C4H11N

109-89-7

73.137

3379

Diethylamine hydrochloride

N-Ethylethanamine hydrochloride

C4H12ClN

660-68-4

109.598 lf (al-eth)

228.5

3380 3381

(Diethylamino)acetonitrile 4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde

C6H12N2 C11H15NO

3010-02-4 120-21-8

112.172 177.243 ye nd (w)

41

169(6) 17210

3382

2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide 2-(Diethylamino)-N-(2,6dimethylphenyl)acetamide, monohydrochloride 2-Diethylaminoethanol

C14H22N2O

137-58-6

234.337 nd (bz, al)

68(1)

1814

C14H23ClN2O

73-78-9

270.798

128

C6H15NO

100-37-8

117.189 hyg

C8H19NO2

140-82-9

161.243

C9H17NO2

2426-54-2

171.237

3383

3384

3385 3386

2-[2-(Diethylamino)­ethoxy]­ ethanol 2-(Diethylamino)ethyl acrylate

K21599_PCOC.indb 172

Dimethyldiethoxysilane

Acrolein, diethyl acetal

Diethyl hexanedioate

Lidocaine

246

18520

7613 11420 255 250(11) 222.5

liq

-50(2)

1.010022 1.007520 1.508325

i H2O; sl EtOH; s eth, bz, chl; vs HOAc vs EtOH s EtOH, ctc; vs eth vs EtOH; s eth, bz, ctc, chl

55.4(0.1)

1.427520 1.400720

1.100520 1.420026 1.08120 1.434620 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl 1.007620 1.427220 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.009820 1.430520 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 0.705620 1.386420 vs H2O; msc EtOH; s eth, ctc 1.047722 vs H2O, EtOH 0.866020 1.426020 s H2O vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc vs bz, eth, EtOH, chl vs H2O

162.13(0.09) 0.892120 1.441220 msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, peth; sl ctc 221.5 0.942125 1.448020 270

Name

Synonym

3426

Diethyl dicarbonate

Pyrocarbonic acid diethyl ester C6H10O5

3427

Diethyl [(diethanolamino)­ methyl]phosphonate 5,5-Diethyldihydro-2H-1,3oxazine-2,4(3H)-dione Diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate Diethyldimethyllead Diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-3,5pyridinedicarboxylate Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole2,4-dicarboxylate

3428 3429

3430 3431 3432

Organic

bp/˚C

No.

3433

Diethyl disulfide

3434 3435

N,N-Diethyldodecanamide Diethylene glycol

3436

Diethylene glycol, Oxydi-2,1-ethanediyl bischloroformate carbonochloridate Diethylene glycol diacetate Diethylene glycol dibenzoate Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether Bis(2-butoxyethyl) ether Diethylene glycol diethyl ether Bis(2-ethoxyethyl) ether

3437 3438 3439 3440 3441 3442 3443 3444

3445 3446 3447 3448 3449 3450 3451 3452

3453 3454

3455

Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether Diethylene glycol dinitrate Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monododecanoate Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine Diethyl ether

Diglycol

Mol. Form.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

5113 301

1.7920

-101.5(0.1)

154.0(0.6)

0.993120 1.507320

-10.3(0.3)

1662 245.5(0.2)

0.84725 1.454520 1.119715 1.447220

1265

1.3920

200 28024 255(4) 185(4)

1.106815 1.434820 vs EtOH 1.169015 vs H2O, EtOH 0.88525 1.423520 0.906320 1.411520 vs H2O, EtOH; s eth 1.082120 1.457125

18 33.5 -60.2(0.2) -44.3(0.2)

>200

C16H32O4

141-20-8

288.423 lt ye

C6H14O3

111-90-0

134.173 hyg liq

Carbitol acetate

C8H16O4

112-15-2

176.211 liq

-25

218(1)

2-[2-(Hexyloxy)ethoxy]ethanol

C10H22O3

112-59-4

190.280 col liq

-28

259(2)

2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol

C5H12O3

111-77-3

120.147

C7H16O3

6881-94-3

148.200 liq

C6H16N2

100-36-7

116.204

144

C6H16N2

111-74-0

116.204

146

Ethyl ether

C4H10O

60-29-7

74.121

2-Ethoxy-1,1bis(ethoxycarbonyl)ethene

C10H16O5

87-13-8

216.231

280 dec

C9H14O4 C9H16O4

1462-12-0 133-13-1

186.205 188.221

11617 208

202(3)

194(2)

liq

-53.3

-116.22(0.04) 34.4(0.5)

3456 3457 3458

Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate

C15H20O4

76-67-5

264.318

17019

3459

Diethyl ethylphosphonate

C6H15O3P

78-38-6

166.155

198

3460

N,N-Diethylformamide

C5H11NO

617-84-5

101.147

175(10)

3461 3462 3463 3464

Diethyl fumarate Diethyl glutarate 3,4-Diethylhexane Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate

C8H12O4 C9H16O4 C10H22 C20H36O4

623-91-6 818-38-2 19398-77-7 142-16-5

172.179 188.221 syr liq 142.282 340.498

0.8 -24.1

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl, lig i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, HOAc sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth s chl s H2O, EtOH, eth, chl

1.454220

0.943420 1.409720 msc H2O, EtOH, eth 0.955320 1.430620 msc H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace; s bz 0.98520 1.426220 vs ace, eth, EtOH 0.9625 msc EtOH, eth, ace; s bz, tol 0.988520 1.430020 msc H2O, EtOH, ace, bz; vs eth 1.009620 1.421320 vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

1.03520

1.426420 msc H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth

214.8(0.4)

Diethyl (ethoxymethylene)­ malonate Diethyl ethylidenemalonate Diethyl ethylmalonate

K21599_PCOC.indb 176

Solubility

1.396020 vs ace, EtOH, lig

sl H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2; vs chl

2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl acetate 2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethyl laurate Carbitol

N,N-Diethylethylenediamine

nD

214(5) 237(3) 160(5) 1567

0.828020 1.434020 msc H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, tol 0.828020 1.434020 vs H2O, eth, EtOH, tol 0.713820 1.352620 sl H2O; msc EtOH, bz, eth; vs ace 1.460020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 1.040420 1.430817 vs eth, EtOH 1.00620 1.416620 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl 1.07120 1.489625 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 1.025920 1.416320 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth 0.908019 1.432125 msc H2O, ace, bz; vs EtOH, eth 1.045220 1.441220 i H2O; s ace, chl 1.022020 1.424120 vs eth 0.747225 1.419020 0.9420

4/2/14 3:10 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O P O O

OH O

N

O

O

O

O

3-177

N O

HO

3426

3427

Diethyl dicarbonate

O

O H

O Pb

N H

O

3428

Diethyl [(diethanolamino)methyl]phosphonate

O

O

3429

5,5-Diethyldihydro-2H-1,3-oxazine-2,4(3H )-dione

3430

Diethyl 1,4-dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate

Diethyldimethyllead

O O

O

O

O O

O

N

N H

3431

3432

O

S

3434

Diethyl disulfide

O

Cl

O

O

O

O

O

3436

O O

O

3440

O

O

O

O N

O

O

O

3443

OH

3444

Diethylene glycol dinitrate

OH

3446

O

OH

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether

3450

O

N

OH

3452

Diethylene glycol monopropyl ether

O

O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

3448

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate

H N

NH2

N,N-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

O

O

3447

3451

Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether

OH

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether

O

OH

O

O

O

Diethylene glycol monododecanoate

Diethylene glycol monohexyl ether

O

O

O

O O

O

3449

O

Diethylene glycol dibutyl ether

O

3445

O

O N

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

O

O

O

O

3442

Diethylene glycol dimethacrylate

Diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate

O

O

O

3439

Diethylene glycol dibenzoate

O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

3438

3441

Diethylene glycol diethyl ether

O O

O

Diethylene glycol diacetate

O

Diethylene glycol

O

3437

Diethylene glycol, bischloroformate

O

O

O

Cl

OH

3435

N,N-Diethyldodecanamide

O O

O

HO

3433

Diethyl 3,5-dimethylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylate

Diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylate

N

S

Organic

O

N H

O

3453

3454

N,N’-Diethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

Diethyl ether

O P O O

N

O

O

3455

Diethyl (ethoxymethylene)malonate

3456

3457

Diethyl ethylidenemalonate

Diethyl ethylmalonate

3458

Diethyl ethylphenylmalonate

3459

O

O O

O

O O

3461

Diethyl fumarate

K21599_PCOC.indb 177

O

O

3460

Diethyl ethylphosphonate

N,N-Diethylformamide

O

O

O

O

3462

Diethyl glutarate

3463

3,4-Diethylhexane

3464

Di-2-ethylhexyl maleate

4/2/14 3:10 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-178 No.

Name

3465 3466

1,2-Diethylhydrazine Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate Diethyl hydrogen phosphate N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3methoxybenzamide Diethyl iminodiacetate Diethyl isobutylmalonate

3467 3468 3469 3470 3471 3472

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

nD

135

85.5 250 dec

0.79726 1.3248

1.420420 vs bz, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH

203 dec

1.180020 1.417020 vs eth s chl

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Diethyl bicarbamate

C4H12N2 C6H12N2O4

1615-80-1 4114-28-7

Diethyl phosphate Ethamivan

C4H11O4P C12H17NO3

598-02-7 304-84-7

C8H15NO4 C11H20O4

6290-05-7 189.210 orth cry 10203-58-4 216.275

247 dec

C12H14O4 C10H16O4

636-53-3 6802-75-1

222.237 200.232

11.5

88.151 176.170 nd (chl), pr (w) 154.101 syr 223.268

95

298(6) 176.5

Organic

3473

Diethyl isophthalate Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate Diethyl isopropylmalonate

Ethyl isopropylmalonate

C10H18O4

759-36-4

202.248

215

3474

Diethyl ketomalonate

Ethyl mesoxalate

C7H10O5

609-09-6

174.151 pa ye grn oil -30

210

3475 3476

Diethyl malate Diethyl maleate

Diethyl hydroxybutanedioate

C8H14O5 C8H12O4

7554-12-3 141-05-9

190.194 172.179 liq

-8.8

253 222(8)

3477

Diethyl malonate

Ethyl malonate

C7H12O4

105-53-3

160.168 liq

-50(2)

200(3)

3478 3479

Diethyl mercury Diethylmethylamine

N-Ethyl-N-methylethanamine

C4H10Hg C5H13N

627-44-1 616-39-7

258.71 87.164

-196

159 65.9(0.3)

3480

N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline

C11H17N

606-46-2

163.260 liq

-60

209

3481

N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline

C11H17N

613-48-9

163.260

229

3482

N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide 1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene

DEET

C12H17NO

134-62-3

191.269

16019

C11H16

2050-24-0

148.245 liq

-74.1(0.3)

4-N,N-Diethyl-1,4-diamino-2- C11H19ClN2 methylbenzene, hydrochloride

2051-79-8

214.735 cry

250 dec

Isovaleryl diethylamide

C9H19NO

533-32-4

157.253

3486

N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4benzenediamine, monohydrochloride N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide Diethyl methylenesuccinate

C9H14O4

2409-52-1

186.205

3487

Diethyl methylmalonate

C8H14O4

609-08-5

174.195

198.1(0.8)

3488

Diethyl methylphosphonate

C5H13O3P

683-08-9

152.129

181(6)

3489

C10H21N3O

90-89-1

199.293

49.5(0.5)

C10H17NO2

125-64-4

183.248

75.5

C14H17N

84-95-7

199.292

3492

N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1piperazinecarboxamide 3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4piperidinedione N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline

C10H14N2O2

2216-15-1

3493

N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline

C10H14N2O

120-22-9

3494

Diethyl nonanedioate

Diethyl azelate

C13H24O4

624-17-9

194.230 ye nd (lig) pl 77.5 (al) 178.230 grn mcl pr 87.5 (eth) grn lf (ace) 244.328 liq -18.5

289(15)

3495

Diethyl oxalate

Ethyl oxalate

C6H10O4

95-92-1

146.141 liq

186(1)

3496

Diethyl oxobutanedioate

Diethyl oxalacetate

C8H12O5

108-56-5

188.178

13124

3497

Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate 3,3-Diethylpentane N’,N’-Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine 2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide Diethyl 2-pentenedioate

Diethyl 1,3-acetonedicarboxyl- C9H14O5 ate Tetraethylmethane C9H20 Novoldiamine C9H22N2

105-50-0

202.204

250

1067-20-5 140-80-7

128.255 liq 158.284

-33.04(0.06) 146.2(0.3) 201

Novonal Diethyl glutaconate

512-48-1 2049-67-4

155.237 wh pow 186.205

75.5

3483

3484

3485

3490 3491

3498 3499 3500 3501

K21599_PCOC.indb 178

Diethylcarbamazine

C9H17NO C9H14O4

liq

58.5

205

0.980420 1.423620 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 1.123917 1.50818 i H2O 1.028218 1.448617 vs ace, EtOH 0.996120 1.418821 sl H2O, ctc; vs EtOH, eth; s chl 1.141916 1.431022 vs H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl; i CS2 1.129020 1.066220 1.441620 i H2O; s EtOH, eth; sl chl 1.055120 1.413920 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; vs ace, bz 2.4320 s eth; sl EtOH 0.70325 1.387925 vs H2O, EtOH, eth 0.928620 1.515320 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ctc 0.924216 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth 0.99620 1.521220 vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH 0.874820 1.502720 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, lig, ctc

211

0.876420 1.442220 vs eth, EtOH

228

1.046720 1.437720 msc EtOH; s eth, bz; vs ace 1.022520 1.412620 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl 1.040630 1.410130 s H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz

1103

285

-40.6(0.3)

Solubility

1.01320 1.22525 1.2415

237

1.596120

s H2O, bz, chl, EtOH s EtOH, eth, bz; sl ctc s EtOH; sl lig sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl

0.972920 1.435120 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.078520 1.410120 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace; s ctc 1.13120 1.456117 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, bz; vs ace 1.11320 sl H2O; msc EtOH 0.753620 1.420620 i H2O; s eth, bz 0.81420 1.442920 vs eth, EtOH 1.049620 1.441120 vs eth, EtOH

4/2/14 3:10 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-179 O

O N H

H N

O

3465

H N

N H

O O P O OH

O O

3466

1,2-Diethylhydrazine

O

O OH

3467

Diethyl 1,2-hydrazinedicarboxylate

N

3468

Diethyl hydrogen phosphate

O

H N

O

O

3469

N,N-Diethyl-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzamide

Diethyl iminodiacetate

O O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O O

O

O

O O

O

O

3470

OH O

O

O

O

3471

Diethyl isobutylmalonate

O O

3472

Diethyl isophthalate

3473

Diethyl isopropylidenemalonate

O

3474

Diethyl isopropylmalonate

3475

Diethyl ketomalonate

Diethyl malate

Organic

O

N N O

O

O

O

O

O

O

3476

O

3477

Diethyl maleate

N

Hg

3478

Diethyl malonate

3479

Diethyl mercury

3480

Diethylmethylamine

3481

N,N-Diethyl-2-methylaniline

N,N-Diethyl-4-methylaniline

HCl NH2 O

N

O

O N

O

O

N

3482

N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

3483

1,3-Diethyl-5-methylbenzene

3484

N4,N4-Diethyl-2-methyl-1,4-benzenediamine, monohydrochloride

O O

3485

N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbutanamide

N

3486

Diethyl methylenesuccinate

O N

N

O

O

O

O O P O

O

3487

N

3488

Diethyl methylmalonate

Diethyl methylphosphonate

N

N H

3489

N,N-Diethyl-4-methyl-1-piperazinecarboxamide

O

3490

3,3-Diethyl-5-methyl-2,4-piperidinedione

3491

N,N-Diethyl-1-naphthalenamine

N O O

O

N

N

O

3492

O

O

Diethyl nonanedioate

O

Diethyl 3-oxo-1,5-pentanedioate

3498

3,3-Diethylpentane

3499

N ,N -Diethyl-1,4-pentanediamine 1

1

O

3495

O

3500

2,2-Diethyl-4-pentenamide

O

3496

Diethyl oxalate

Diethyl oxobutanedioate

NH2 N

O

O

O

NH2 O

3497

K21599_PCOC.indb 179

3494

N,N-Diethyl-4-nitrosoaniline

O O

O

3493

N,N-Diethyl-4-nitroaniline

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

O

3501

Diethyl 2-pentenedioate

4/2/14 3:10 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-180 CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

Diethylperoxide

C4H10O2

628-37-5

90.121

liq

-70

46(9)

N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiDiethazine azine-10-ethanamine N,N-Diethylbenzhydrylamine N,N-Diethyl-αphenylbenzenemethanamine Diethyl phenylmalonate Diethyl phenylphosphonite 5,5-Diethyl-1-phenylPhenetharbital 2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-pyrimidinetrione Diethylphosphine Diethyl phosphonate O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate Diethyl phthalate

C18H22N2S

60-91-3

298.446 oil

C17H21N

519-72-2

239.356

58.5

17017

C13H16O4 C10H15O2P C14H16N2O3

83-13-6 1638-86-4 357-67-5

236.264 198.199 260.288

16.5

291(17) 235

1.095020 1.497720 vs ace, EtOH 1.03216 vs EtOH

C4H11P C4H11O3P C4H11O2PS2

627-49-6 762-04-9 298-06-6

90.104 138.102 186.233

85 546

0.78620

C12H14O4

84-66-2

222.237 liq

-40.5

298(2)

1.23214

C9H15NO2

77-03-2

169.221 nd (w)

104

C7H15NO C7H18N2

1114-51-8 104-78-9

129.200 130.231

191 165(2)

0.897220 0.82220

C7H12O4

510-20-3

160.168 pr (w,bz)

127 dec 61.3(0.5)

Name

3502 3503 3504 3505 3506 3507

3508 3509 3510 3511

Organic

Mol. Form.

No.

3512

Synonym

178

nD

s ctc s H2O 1.500021 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, bz, ctc vs H2O, EtOH, chl, MeOH 1.442520 vs EtOH 1.44320

3515 3516

2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol

C7H16O2

115-76-4

132.201

3517

Diethyl 2-propylmalonate

C10H18O4

2163-48-6

202.248

3518

C10H14N2O

59-26-7

25

C10H14N2O

530-40-5

178.230 ye solid or visc liq 178.230

C9H13NO2

77-04-3

167.205

90.7

3521

N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarbox- Nikethamide amide N,N-Diethyl-4-pyridinecarbox- Isonicotinic acid diethylamide amide 3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H)Pyrithyldione pyridinedione Diethyl sebacate

C14H26O4

110-40-7

258.354

2.5

305

3522 3523 3524

Diethyl selenide Diethylsilane trans-Diethylstilbestrol

C4H10Se C4H12Si C18H20O2

627-53-2 542-91-6 56-53-1

137.08 pa ye 88.224 liq 268.351 pl (bz)

55 -134.3 172(3)

108 57

3525

Clinestrol

C24H28O4

130-80-3

380.477 pr (MeOH)

104

Mestilbol

C19H22O2

18839-90-2 282.377 nd (bz-peth) 117.5

1900.3

3527

trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether Diethyl succinate

Ethyl succinate

C8H14O4

123-25-1

174.195 liq

-21.6(0.8)

217(1)

1.040220 1.420120

3528

Diethyl sulfate

C4H10O4S

64-67-5

154.185 oil

-26.0(0.5)

208

1.17225

3529

Diethyl sulfide

Ethyl sulfide

C4H10S

352-93-2

90.187

-103.9(0.1)

92.1(0.2)

0.836220 1.443020

3530 3531

Diethyl sulfite Diethyl sulfone

Ethyl sulfite Ethyl sulfone

C4H10O3S C4H10O2S

623-81-4 597-35-3

138.185 122.186 orth pl

70(4)

158 264(14)

1.120 1.35720

3532

Diethyl sulfoxide

C4H10OS

70-29-1

106.186 syr

14

10425

1.009222

3533

Diethyl DL-tartrate

C8H14O6

57968-71-5 206.193

18.7

281

1.204620 1.443820

3534 3535

Diethyl telluride Diethyl terephthalate

C4H10Te C12H14O4

627-54-3 636-09-9

43.2(0.6)

137.5 303(8)

1.59915 1.518215 1.098945

3536 3537

Diethyl thiodipropionate N,N’-Diethylthiourea

C10H18O4S C5H12N2S

673-79-0 105-55-5

185.72 red-ye 222.237 mcl pr (al, peth) 234.313 132.227

17415 287(17)

1.103420 1.465520

76.9(0.4)

3538

C7H19NSi

996-50-9

145.319

126.3

0.762720 1.411220

3539 3540

N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1-trimethylsi- (Diethylamino)trimethylsilane lanamine Diethyltrisulfide N,N-Diethylurea

C4H10S3 C5H12N2O

3600-24-6 634-95-7

154.317 116.161 pl, nd (eth)

8526 950.02

1.108220 1.568913

3541

N,N’-Diethylurea

C5H12N2O

623-76-7

116.161 tab (lig), hyg 110.3(0.4) nd (al)

263

1.041525 1.461640

3519 3520

3526

K21599_PCOC.indb 180

Diethylmalonic acid

liq

244(12)

1.05020

1.457425

221

0.98920

1.419720

280 dec

1.06025

1.52520

1191

-72.6 75.3(0.2)

Solubility

0.824019 1.371517 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth i H2O; s dil HCl

3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione N,N-Diethylpropanamide N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine Diethylpropanedioic acid

3513 3514

Piperidione

1670.5

den g cm –3

1.52520

vs H2O, EtOH, eth; sl bz, chl vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s chl sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl DMSO vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH

0.964620 1.430620 sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, ace; i bz 1.230020 1.476820 0.684320 1.392120 i H2O vs eth, EtOH, chl vs bz, eth, EtOH

1.398920

1.431020

vs ace, eth, EtOH i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, chl i H2O; msc EtOH, eth sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth s EtOH, eth s H2O, eth; vs bz; i peth vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc vs EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH, eth s H2O, EtOH; vs eth; sl ctc

vs H2O, EtOH, bz, lig; s eth vs H2O, EtOH, eth

4/2/14 3:10 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-181

N

O

N O

O

O

O

N

O

O P

O

S

3502

3503

Diethylperoxide

3505

3504

N,N-Diethyl-10H-phenothiazine-10-ethanamine

3506

Diethyl phenylmalonate

N,N-Diethyl-α-phenylbenzenemethanamine

Diethyl phenylphosphonite

O

O

N

H

O

O

O O P O H

P H

3507

3508

5,5-Diethyl-1-phenyl-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H )-pyrimidinetrione

S O P SH O

3510

3511

O,O’-Diethyl phosphorodithionate

Diethyl phosphonate

N

H2N

N

HO

O

3513

3514

N,N-Diethylpropanamide

O

OH

O O

N

OH OH

3515

N,N-Diethyl-1,3-propanediamine

3,3-Diethyl-2,4-piperidinedione

O

O

O

N

3516

Diethylpropanedioic acid

O

3512

Diethyl phthalate

O O

N H

O

3509

Diethylphosphine

O O O

Organic

N

3517

2,2-Diethyl-1,3-propanediol

3518

Diethyl 2-propylmalonate

N,N-Diethyl-3-pyridinecarboxamide

O

N

O N H

N

3519

O

O

O

3520

N,N-Diethyl-4-pyridinecarboxamide

3521

3,3-Diethyl-2,4(1H,3H )-pyridinedione

3522

Diethyl sebacate

3523

Diethyl selenide

O

OH

Si H2

Se

O

Diethylsilane

OH O

O

O

O

O

HO

O

3524

O

3525

trans-Diethylstilbestrol

O

3526

trans-Diethylstilbestrol dipropanoate

3527

trans-Diethylstilbestrol monomethyl ether

Diethyl succinate

O O O O S O O

S

3528

3529

Diethyl sulfate

Diethyl sulfide

O O

S Diethyl thiodipropionate

O O

S O

3531

3532

S O

3530

Diethyl sulfite

Diethyl sulfone

OH O

O

O

N H

N H

3533

Diethyl sulfoxide

3537

N,N’-Diethylthiourea

Si N

3538

N,N-Diethyl-1,1,1-trimethylsilanamine

Te

OH O

3534

Diethyl DL-tartrate

S

O

3536

K21599_PCOC.indb 181

O

O S

Diethyl telluride

N S

S

O

S

3539

Diethyltrisulfide

NH2

O

O

3535

Diethyl terephthalate

H N

H N

O

O

3540

3541

N,N-Diethylurea

N,N’-Diethylurea

4/2/14 3:10 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-182

Organic

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Zinc diethyl

C6H13O3P C4H10Zn

682-30-4 557-20-0

164.139 123.531 col liq

C19H17Cl2N3O3 C18H20N2O4S

119446406.262 68-3 43222-48-6 360.428

158.5(0.5)

C14H9ClF2N2O2

35367-38-5 310.683

228(1)

1,2-Difluorobenzene

C2H2F2O2 C6H5F2N C6H4F2

381-73-7 367-25-9 367-11-3

96.033 liq 129.108 liq 114.093 liq

-1 -7.5 -47.1(0.1)

m-Difluorobenzene p-Difluorobenzene

1,3-Difluorobenzene 1,4-Difluorobenzene

C6H4F2 C6H4F2

372-18-9 540-36-3

114.093 liq 114.093 liq

-69.11(0.01) 83.0(0.5) -23.5(0.2) 88.9(0.3)

3552

4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

4,4’-Difluorodiphenyl

C12H8F2

398-23-2

190.189 mcl pr (al) lf 90(2) (w)

254.5

3553 3554 3555 3556

1,1-Difluorocyclohexane 3,3-Difluorocyclopropene Difluorodimethylsilane 1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene Difluorodiphenylsilane 1,1-Difluoroethane

C6H10F2 C3H2F2 C2H6F2Si C6H2F2N2O4

371-90-4 56830-75-2 353-66-2 327-92-4

120.140 liq 76.045 liq 96.152 col gas 204.088

-87.5 75.5

99.5 34 2.5 1322

C12H10F2Si C2H4F2

312-40-3 75-37-6

220.290 66.050 col gas

-118.6

246 -24.05

C2H4F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 C2H2F2 CH2F2 C3H3F5O

624-72-6 75-38-7 1630-77-9 1630-78-0 75-10-5 1885-48-9

66.050 64.034 64.034 64.034 52.024 150.047

CH3BF2 C6H3F2NO2 C3H6F2

373-64-8 446-35-5 420-45-1

63.843 gas 159.091 80.077 col gas

C3H6F2O C10H6O4

453-13-4 492-94-4

C10H8N2O4

522-27-0

96.076 190.153 ye nd (al), cry (bz) 220.182

C13H10O3

886-77-1

No.

Name

3542 3543

Diethyl vinylphosphonate Diethyl zinc

3544

Difenoconazole

3545

Difenzoquat methyl sulfate

3546

Diflubenzuron

3547 3548 3549

Difluoroacetic acid 2,4-Difluoroaniline o-Difluorobenzene

3550 3551

3557 3558

3559 3560 3561 3562 3563 3564

1H-Pyrazolium, 1,2-dimethyl3,5-diphenyl-, methyl sulfate N-[[(4-Chlorophenyl)­amino]­ carbonyl]-2,6difluorobenzamide

Ethylidene difluoride

3565 3566 3567

1,2-Difluoroethane 1,1-Difluoroethene cis-1,2-Difluoroethene trans-1,2-Difluoroethene Difluoromethane 2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1trifluoroethane Difluoromethylborane 2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene 2,2-Difluoropropane

Ethylene difluoride Vinylidene fluoride cis-1,2-Difluoroethylene trans-1,2-Difluoroethylene Methylene fluoride Difluoromethyl 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether

3568 3569

1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol Di-2-furanylethanedione

3570

Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime 1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one

α-Furildioxime

3572 3573 3574 3575

Difurfuryl disulfide Difurfuryl ether Digitonin Digitoxigenin

Furfuryl disulfide Furfuryl ether

3576

Physical Form

mp/˚C

1102 -33.34(0.02) 133(6) 76

vol liq col gas col gas col gas col gas col liq

bp/˚C

-144

-136.8(0.2)

9.8 -104.8

133 170 93.9(0.5)

-78.5287 207 0(3)

127 166.3 167 1814

C10H10O2S2 C10H10O3 C56H92O29 C23H34O4

10

16713 1012

Digitoxin

C41H64O13

71-63-6

764.939 pr (dil al)

255.5

3577

Digitoxose

C6H12O4

527-52-6

3578 3579

Diglycidyl ether Diglycolic acid

C6H10O3 C4H6O5

2238-07-5 110-99-6

3580

Digoxigenin

C23H34O5

1672-46-4

148.157 cry (MeOH​ 112 +eth) 130.141 134.088 mcl pr (w + 148 1) 390.513 pr (AcOEt) 222

3581

Digoxin

C41H64O14

3582

Diheptylamine

N-Heptyl-1-heptanamine

3583 3584 3585 3586

Diheptyl ether Diheptyl phthalate Diheptyl sulfide Dihexylamine

Heptyl ether

K21599_PCOC.indb 182

Heptyl sulfide N-Hexyl-1-hexanamine

sl EtOH 1.14517 0.89625 (p>1 atm)

1.522125 1.3011-72

i H2O; s EtOH

vs EtOH 1.140520 1.508820 i H2O

237.5 253

s EtOH; vs MeOH sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth, chl, MeOH, py vs H2O, ace; s py, AcOEt 1.119520

C14H31N

20830-75-5 780.939 trc pl (dil al, 249 dec py) 2470-68-0 213.403 nd 31.5

266(8)

0.795621

C14H30O C22H34O4 C14H30S C12H27N

629-64-1 3648-21-3 629-65-2 143-16-8

258(4) 360 295(11) 236

0.800820 1.427520

70 -13.0(0.2)

vs bz, eth, chl vs eth, EtOH

reac H2O 1.457114 1.514914 sl chl 0.920520 1.290420 (p>1 atm 1.2425 1.372520 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl sl EtOH, eth, bz, lig vs eth, EtOH, chl

260 269(18)

214.387 362.503 230.453 185.349 liq

Solubility

1.52625 1.347020 1.26825 1.506320 1.159918 1.445118 i H2O; s ace, bz, chl 1.157220 1.437420 i H2O; s ace, bz 1.170120 1.442220 i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc i H2O; vs EtOH, bz, chl; s eth, ace

26 -85.5(0.8) -45(19) -53.1 -51.65(0.07) 1.2139-52 29.2(0.2)

60.5

Bis(2,3-epoxypropyl) ether 2,2’-Oxydiacetic acid

nD

1.06825 1.429020 1.206520 1.493620 dec H2O; msc eth, peth, bz

2200.03

214.216 hyg pr (peth) ye pr (lig) 4437-20-1 226.315 4437-22-3 178.184 11024-24-1 1229.312 143-62-4 374.514

3571

den g cm –3

vs H2O, eth, EtOH vs EtOH, MeOH; sl chl vs EtOH sl H2O; s EtOH; vs eth vs eth, EtOH

0.841620 1.460620 i H2O; s eth 0.788920 1.433920 s EtOH, eth

4/2/14 3:10 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-183

N N

N

F

O

O O P O

Cl O Cl

Zn

3542

N

SO4 2

O

3543

Diethyl vinylphosphonate

N

H N

3545

Difenoconazole

O

F

O

3546

Difenzoquat methyl sulfate

OH

F

3547

Diflubenzuron

Difluoroacetic acid

F

NH2 F

F

F F F F

F F

F

F

3549

3548

O N

F

O

F F Si

3557

F O

Difluorodimethylsilane

3560

1,2-Difluoroethane

N

F

F

F

3561

1,1-Difluoroethene

F

F

3562

cis-1,2-Difluoroethene

F

3564

B

3563

trans-1,2-Difluoroethene

Difluoromethane

O

3567

3566

Difluoromethylborane

F

O

O O

OH

F

3565

2-(Difluoromethoxy)-1,1,1-trifluoroethane

O F

F F F

H H

F F F

F

N

3555

3,3-Difluorocyclopropene

F F

3559

1,1-Difluoroethane

O

F

F

F

3558

Difluorodiphenylsilane

3554

1,1-Difluorocyclohexane

F F

3556

3553

4,4’-Difluoro-1,1’-biphenyl

F

O

1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

F Si F

F

3552

p-Difluorobenzene

m-Difluorobenzene

F N

3551

3550

o-Difluorobenzene

2,4-Difluoroaniline

F

Organic

F

O

F

O

Cl

3544

Diethyl zinc

H N

3568

2,2-Difluoropropane

2,4-Difluoro-1-nitrobenzene

3569

1,3-Difluoro-2-propanol

Di-2-furanylethanedione

OH O

O

O

N

HO

O

3570

3571

Di-2-furanylethanedione dioxime

S S

O

O

O

O

O

1,5-Di-2-furanyl-1,4-pentadien-3-one

O

3573

3572

Difurfuryl ether

Difurfuryl disulfide

O O O

HO O O

O

O

OH

OH

HO

HO

OH HO HO

HO O

O

HO

HO

O

OH

OH

O O

H O

O

O O O

OH

O O

OH

HO

OH

3574

OH

HO

H

OH

3575

Digitonin

3576

Digitoxigenin

Digitoxin

H N

O

O HO

H

O O OH OH

OH

HO

O

O

OH

O

O

HO

O

OH

3577

3582

Diheptylamine

3578

Digitoxose

Diglycidyl ether

O

OH

O

O

O O O

HO

O

H

OH

3583

Diheptyl ether

O

O O OH O

O O

HO

3579

Diglycolic acid

OH OH

HO

H

O

OH

3580

3581

Digoxigenin

3584

Digoxin

Diheptyl phthalate

S

N H

3585

3586

Diheptyl sulfide

K21599_PCOC.indb 183

O O

HO

Dihexylamine

4/2/14 3:10 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-184 No.

Name

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3587

Dihexyl ether

Hexyl ether

C12H26O

112-58-3

186.333

3588 3589 3590 3591 3592

Dihexyl hexanedioate Dihexyl phthalate Dihexyl sulfide 15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1 9,10-Dihydroanthracene

C18H34O4 C20H30O4 C12H26S C17H14O7 C14H12

110-33-8 84-75-3 6294-31-1 7241-98-7 613-31-0

314.461 liq 334.450 202.399 330.289 180.245 tab or pr

-9

3593

6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18anthrazinetetrone

Indanthrene

C28H14N2O4

81-77-6

442.422 bl nd

485 dec

3594

1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]­ aceanthrylene

Cholanthrene

C20H14

479-23-2

254.325 pa ye lf (bz-al)

170.4

3595

9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]Triptycene benzenoanthracene 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimid2-Benzimidazolethiol azole-2-thione 1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol2-one 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin 2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran Coumaran

C20H14

477-75-8

254.325 cry (cyhex)

253.99(0.01)

C7H6N2S

583-39-1

316.3(0.8)

vs EtOH

C7H6N2O

615-16-7

150.201 pl (dil al or NH3) 134.135 lf (w or al)

318 dec

sl H2O, eth, bz; s ace; vs EtOH

C8H8O2 C8H8O

493-09-4 496-16-2

136.149 120.149 liq

-21.5

213(1) 187(19)

1.18020 1.05825

3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran Isochroman 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopy4-Chromanone ran-4-one

C9H10O C9H10O C9H8O2

493-05-0 493-08-3 119-84-6

134.174 134.174 148.159 lf

4.35(0.02) -3.31(0.02) 25

11025 215.6(0.8) 272

1.06725 1.07220 1.16918

C9H8O2

491-37-2

148.159

39.1(0.4)

16050

1.1291100

6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]­thiophen- 4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-4-benzo4(5H)-one thiophenone 2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4-one 4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1HTolazoline imidazole 7,8-Dihydrobiopterin Dihydrocodeine

C8H8OS

13414-95-4 152.214

C9H8OS

3528-17-4

164.224

29

15412

1.248714 1.639520

C10H12N2

59-98-3

160.215 cry (peth)

67

C9H13N5O3 C18H23NO3

6779-87-9 125-28-0

C17H14

482-66-6

239.231 hyg nd (w) 301.381 cry (aq, 112.5 MeOH) 218.293 nd (al, petr) 135.5

C14H13N

494-19-9

195.260

C15H12O

1210-35-1

208.255

C6H10O3

332-77-4

130.141

C11H13NO3

493-49-2

C11H12N2O

60-80-0

C4H6O2 C15H8O4

543-75-9 117-78-2

C14H8O8S2

117-14-6

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6anthracenedisulfonic acid 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1anthracenesulfonic acid

C14H8O8S2

84-50-4

207.226 mcl pr (w, al) 188.225 lf or sc (eth, bz) 86.090 252.223 ye nd (HOAc) 368.339 ye nd (HCl +4w) pl (dil HOAc) 368.339

C14H8O5S

82-49-5

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt 7,8-Dihydrofolic acid 2,3-Dihydrofuran

C14H8O5S

84-48-0

288.276 lf (HOAc) ye 216.0 lf (conc HCl, +3w) 288.276 ye lf (+3w)

C14H7NaO5S

128-56-3

310.258 ye lf (w)

vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth sl H2O

C14H7NaO5S

131-08-8

310.258

sl DMSO

C19H21N7O6 C4H6O

4033-27-6 1191-99-7

443.413 ye cry 70.090

3596

Organic

3597 3598 3599 3600 3601 3602 3603

3604 3605 3606 3607 3608 3609 3610 3611

3612 3613 3614 3615 3616 3617

3618 3619

3620 3621

3622

3623 3624

Hexyl sulfide Aflatoxin G2

16,17-Dihydro-15H1,2-Cyclopentenophenancyclopenta[a]phenanthrene threne 10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]­ azepine 10,11-Dihydro-5Hdibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5one 2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxyCorydaldine 1(2H)-isoquinolinone 1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2- Antipyrine phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2anthracenecarboxylic acid 9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5anthracenedisulfonic acid

K21599_PCOC.indb 184

Sodium anthraquinone-1sulfonate

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C 220(4) 344(16) 2105 230

239.3 109.00(0.01) 305

32.4(0.5)

den g cm –3

nD

Solubility

0.793620 1.420420 i H2O; s eth; sl ctc 0.94120 0.841120 1.458620 1.21520

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl i H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz; s PhNO2, dil alk i H2O; s EtOH, bz, HOAc, lig, tol

1.548520 1.549720 vs eth, EtOH, chl 1.544420 1.544420 s H2O; msc os 1.556320 i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ctc; s chl 1.5750 s EtOH; vs eth, ace, bz, chl; sl ctc sl chl

s H2O 24815 i H2O; s EtOH, peth s chl 2037

1.163520 1.632420

161

1.07325

1.433920

175 108.0(0.2)

319

291

94.1 sub

310 dec

vs H2O, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O, EtOH 1.083620 1.437220 s ctc sl EtOH, HOAc; i eth, bz; s ace vs H2O, EtOH, HOAc vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth, bz vs H2O, HOAc; s EtOH

54.5(0.2)

0.92725

1.423920

4/2/14 3:10 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-185 O O O

O O

O O

O

O

3587

3588

Dihexyl ether

S

3589

Dihexyl hexanedioate

3590

Dihexyl phthalate

Dihexyl sulfide

O O

O

O HN

O

H

NH O

O

O O

O

3591

3592

15,16-Dihydroaflatoxin G1

H N S

O

3597

1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazole-2-thione

O

O

2,3-Dihydrobenzofuran

3601

3,4-Dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran

O N S

O

N H

S

3604

2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

O

3600

O

3603

3,4-Dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

3599

2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin

O

O

O

3598

1,3-Dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one

3602

9,10-Dihydro-9,10[1’,2’]-benzenoanthracene

O

O N H

3596

3595

1,2-Dihydrobenz[j]aceanthrylene

6,15-Dihydro-5,9,14,18-anthrazinetetrone

H N

N H

3594

3593

9,10-Dihydroanthracene

Organic

H O

3605

6,7-Dihydrobenzo[b]thiophen-4(5H )-one

3606

2,3-Dihydro-4H-1-benzothiopyran-4-one

4,5-Dihydro-2-benzyl-1H-imidazole

O OH

O N

OH

N H

O

NH N

H

NH2

N N H

O

3610

3611

HO

3607

3608

7,8-Dihydrobiopterin

3609

Dihydrocodeine

16,17-Dihydro-15H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthrene

10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenz[b,f]azepine

10,11-Dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one

O

O O

O

O

N

O

3613

2,5-Dihydro-2,5-dimethoxyfuran

3614

3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-1(2H )-isoquinolinone

3615

1,2-Dihydro-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

O

O S

3617

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1,5-anthracenedisulfonic acid

OH OO S O

OH

SO3 Na

O

O

O

3618

3619

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2,6-anthracenedisulfonic acid

3621

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt

K21599_PCOC.indb 185

O

S

OH O

O

3620

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-1-anthracenesulfonic acid

HO

O SO3 Na

O

O

S

HO O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenecarboxylic acid

O

O HO

3616

2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dioxin

OH OO S O

O S OO OH

O

O

O

3612

OH

O

NH

O O

N

O

O

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid

O

N H

O N H

N N H

O

3622

9,10-Dihydro-9,10-dioxo-2-anthracenesulfonic acid, sodium salt

3623

7,8-Dihydrofolic acid

NH N

NH2

O

3624

2,3-Dihydrofuran

4/2/14 3:11 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-186 No.

Name

3625 3626

3628 3629

2,5-Dihydrofuran 2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1methyl-1H-indole-5,6-dione 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5amine 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol 2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol

3630

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one

3631

1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one

3632

1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2b]oxirene 2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole

3627

3633

Organic

3634 3635 3636 3637 3638 3639 3640 3641

Synonym

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Adrenochrome

C4H6O C9H9NO3

1708-29-8 54-06-8

70.090 179.172

C9H11N

24425-40-9 133.190 nd (peth)

37.5

248

C9H10O C9H10O

6351-10-6 1470-94-6

134.174 pl (peth) 134.174

55(2) 58

220 253

C9H8O

83-33-0

40(2)

243(8)

1.094340 1.56125

C9H8O

615-13-4

132.159 ta, nd (w + 3) 132.159 nd (al, eth)

58(3)

218 dec

1.071269 1.53867

C9H8O

768-22-9

132.159

24.5

11320

1.125524

C8H9N

496-15-1

119.164

230(13)

1.06920

C8H7NO C8H7NO

59-48-3 480-91-1

133.148 nd (w) 133.148 nd (w)

1.592320 sl H2O; s eth, ace, bz s H2O, EtOH, eth vs eth, EtOH, chl

C8H16O2S2 C11H12O2

462-20-4 1078-19-9

C6H10O2

4454-05-1

208.342 ye liq 176.212 cry (MeOH, lig) 114.142 liq

127(23)

1.006

1.442020

C21H16

56-49-5

268.352 ye nd (bz)

28080

1.2820

C9H10O

1746-11-8

134.174

197.5

1.06125

C5H4O3

2170-03-8

68(1)

C5H6O2

547-65-9

112.084 orth bipym pr (eth, chl) 98.101

C5H6O3

4100-80-5

114.100

36.8(0.8)

C5H8O2

1679-47-6

C5H8O2

1679-49-8

C5H8O2

57129-69-8 100.117 liq

Lysidine

C4H8N2

534-26-9

84.120

Methimazole

C4H6N2S

60-56-0

114.169 lf (al)

767-58-8

132.202

1590-08-5

160.212

15

89-36-1

254.262 nd (w+1)

≈300 dec

2-Indanone

1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one 2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1one 6,8-Dimercaptooctanoic acid Dihydro-α-lipoic acid 3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H)- 6-Methoxy-α-tetralone naphthalenone 3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2Hpyran 1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j]­ 3-Methylcholanthrene aceanthrylene 2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5furandione

3642

Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)furanone

3643

Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)2-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone furanone Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H)3-Methyl-γ-butyrolactone furanone Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H)(±)-γ-Valerolactone furanone, (±)-

3644 3645 3646

3647 3648

3649 3650 3651

3652 3653 3654 3655 3656 3657 3658 3659 3660

3661

4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1Himidazole 1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2Himidazole-2-thione

α-Methylene butyrolactone

2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1HC10H12 indene 3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2H)C11H12O naphthalenone 4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5C10H10N2O4S oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)­ benzenesulfonic acid 1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-25-Hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl- C10H10N2O phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one pyrazole 2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2C10H10N2O phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one 3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2HC6H10O pyran 4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole C4H7NS 1,2-Dihydronaphthalene C10H10 1,4-Dihydronaphthalene C10H10 Δ 2-Dialin 3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-naphthaleC10H10O none 1,2-Dihydro-5-nitroacenaphC12H9NO2 thylene 1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3-pyridineC6H5NO3 carboxylic acid Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H)furanone

K21599_PCOC.indb 186

4-Hydroxynonanoic acid lactone

C9H16O2

Physical Form

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

nD

Solubility

1.431120 125 dec

128 151

22723 338

78.1(0.5)

1450.2 17111

178.0(0.2)

i H2O 1.5308

13930

sl eth; vs chl

221(16)

1.120620 1.465020 s H2O, eth, ace, bz; sl ctc; vs EtOH 1.2225

100.117 liq

200

1.057020 1.432520

100.117 liq

7611

1.05820

-31

204(4)

107

196.5

146

280 dec

191(7)

1.055120 1.432820 msc H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl ctc vs H2O, EtOH; i eth; s chl vs H2O; s EtOH, chl; sl eth, bz, lig 0.93825 1.526620 i H2O

13616

1.05725

hyg

8510

vs H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz sl H2O, chl; s eth, ace, bz vs bz, EtOH, chl sl H2O, peth; vs EtOH, eth; s sulf sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; vs EtOH, eth, ace, chl s chl

1.433920

1.553520

19735-89-8 174.198

128

287105

1.260020 1.637

89-25-8

127

287105

1.637

174.198 mcl pr (w)

16302-35-5 98.142 2346-00-1 447-53-0 612-17-9 530-93-8

101.171 liq 130.186 liq 130.186 pl 146.185

-101 -8.77(0.05) 24.6(0.9) 18

602-87-9

199.205

103

5006-66-6

139.109 nd(w)

310 dec

104-61-0

156.222 oil

s H2O, EtOH; sl bz; i peth

118(6)

0.91225

1.449520

145 210.2(0.7) 210(5) 237

1.06725 0.997420 0.992833 1.105527

1.520020 1.581420 1.557720 1.559820 i H2O; s eth, bz

sub

s H2O, EtOH, eth, lig sl H2O, tfa; i EtOH, eth, bz, chl

13412

4/2/14 3:11 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds OH

O

H2N

3626

2,5-Dihydrofuran

HO

3627

2,3-Dihydro-3-hydroxy-1-methyl-1H-indole-5,6-dione

3628

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-amine

3631

3632

O HS

OH

O

3634

SH

3635

1,3-Dihydro-2H-indol-2-one

3636

2,3-Dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one

Dihydro-α-lipoic acid

Organic

2,3-Dihydro-1H-indole

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-one

NH

N H

3633

1a,6a-Dihydro-6H-indeno[1,2-b]oxirene

3630

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-5-ol

O N H

1,3-Dihydro-2H-inden-2-one

3629

2,3-Dihydro-1H-inden-1-ol

O

O

O

OH

N

O

O

3625

3-187

O

O

O

3637

3,4-Dihydro-6-methoxy-1(2H )-naphthalenone

O

O

O

3639

3638

3640

1,2-Dihydro-3-methylbenz[j]aceanthrylene

3,4-Dihydro-2-methoxy-2H-pyran

O

O

3641

2,3-Dihydro-2-methylbenzofuran

Dihydro-3-methylene-2,5-furandione

N O

O

O

3642

Dihydro-3-methylene-2(3H)-furanone

O

O

O

3643

3644

Dihydro-3-methyl-2,5-furandione

O

O

Dihydro-3-methyl-2(3H)-furanone

O

O

3645

O

3646

Dihydro-4-methyl-2(3H )-furanone

3647

Dihydro-5-methyl-2(3H )-furanone, (±)-

4,5-Dihydro-2-methyl-1H-imidazole

H N

O

NH

N H

O S OH O

N S

N

O

3648

1,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-2H-imidazole-2-thione

O N H

3649

2,3-Dihydro-1-methyl-1H-indene

O

N

3650

3651

3,4-Dihydro-2-methyl-1(2H )-naphthalenone

4-(4,5-Dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonic acid

N

N

N O

3652

1,2-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

3653

2,4-Dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3H-pyrazol-3-one

S

3654

3655

3,6-Dihydro-4-methyl-2H-pyran

4,5-Dihydro-2-methylthiazole

3656

1,2-Dihydronaphthalene

3657

1,4-Dihydronaphthalene

O OH

O O

3658

3,4-Dihydro-2(1H )-naphthalenone

K21599_PCOC.indb 187

N

3659

O

1,2-Dihydro-5-nitroacenaphthylene

O

N H

3660

1,6-Dihydro-6-oxo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid

O

O

3661

Dihydro-5-pentyl-2(3H )-furanone

4/2/14 3:11 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-188 No.

Name

3662 3663

9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene 2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4H-1benzopyran-4-one 4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)1H-imidazole, monohydrochloride 4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2oxazolamine 1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5Htetrazole-5-thione Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)furanone 2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2thioxo-4(1H)-pyrimidinone

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C14H12 C15H12O2

776-35-2 487-26-3

C10H13ClN2

Aminorex

Physical Form

den g cm –3

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

180.245 nd (MeOH) 224.255 nd (lig)

33.36(0.05) 76.3(0.5)

16815

59-97-2

196.676

174

C9H10N2O

2207-50-3

162.187 cry (bz)

137

1-Phenyl-5-mercapto-1Htetrazole γ-Propyl-γ-butyrolactone

C7H6N4S

86-93-1

178.215

145

C7H12O2

105-21-5

128.169

Propylthiouracil

C7H10N2OS

51-52-5

170.231 w pow (w)

6-Mercaptopurine

C5H4N4S

50-44-2

C5H8O

110-87-2

152.178 ye pr (w, + l 313 dec w) 84.117

85.5(0.2)

0.92119

C5H8O C5H6O3

3174-74-1 108-55-4

84.117 liq 114.100

95 15815

0.9419 1.411020

C3H6N2

109-98-8

70.093

144

1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedi- Maleic hydrazide one Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidin- 5,6-Dihydrouracil edione 2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole 3-Pyrroline

C4H4N2O2

123-33-1

112.087 cry (w)

307

1.020017 1.479617 vs H2O, eth, EtOH sl H2O, EtOH, tfa

C4H6N2O2

504-07-4

114.103 nd (w)

275.5

C4H7N

109-96-6

69.106

3677 3678

3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone Hydrocarbostyril 1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxaline- 2,3-Quinoxalinediol dione

C9H9NO C8H6N2O2

553-03-7 147.173 pr (al, eth) 15804-19-0 162.146 nd (w)

163.5 410

3679 3680

Dihydrotachysterol Dihydrothebaine

C28H46O C19H23NO3

67-96-9 561-25-1

398.664 cry (MeOH) 313.391

131 162.5

3681

4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine

C3H6N2S

1779-81-3

102.158 nd or lf (bz) 85.3

dec

3682 3683 3684

2,3-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H)pyrimidinedione 2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H)pyrimidinone

1120-59-8 1708-32-3 77-79-2

86.156 86.156 118.155

112(13) 122.4

3-Sulfolene

C4H6S C4H6S C4H6O2S

64.0(0.4)

2-Thiobarbituric acid

C4H6OS C4H4N2O2S

1003-10-7 504-17-6

102.155 144.152 pl (w)

235 dec

2-Thiouracil

C4H4N2OS

141-90-2

128.152 pr (w, al)

>340 dec

C2H3N3S

3179-31-5

101.130

222.5

C13H15NO

84-83-3

201.264

C18H20

3910-35-8

236.352 tcl pr (al)

52(1)

308.5

C12H15N

147-47-7

173.254

26.5

260

Quinizarin

C14H8O4

81-64-1

240.212 ye red lf (eth) dk red nd 240.212 pa ye pl (gl HOAc)

199.7(0.4)

280

sub

240.212 red or red-ye nd or lf (al) 240.212 ye nd (al)

193

sub

3664

3665 3666 3667 3668

3669

Organic

3670 3671 3672 3673 3674 3675 3676

3685 3686 3687

3688 3689

3690 3691 3692

1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6thione 3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran 3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H)dione 4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole

1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4triazole-3-thione (1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl2H-indol-2-ylidene) acetaldehyde 2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl3-phenyl-1H-indene 1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline 1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

Synonym

2-Pyrazoline

3693

1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

Anthrarufin

C14H8O4

117-12-4

3694

1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

Danthron

C14H8O4

117-10-2

3695

2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H8O4

84-60-6

3696

2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

C14H8O4

572-93-0

K21599_PCOC.indb 188

nD

845

1.438525

219

56.3

Solubility

1.075740 1.641520 s chl i H2O; s ace, bz; sl ctc

sl H2O, chl, DMSO, EtOH; i eth, bz i H2O; s alk

90(5)

1.440219 s H2O, EtOH; sl chl

0.909720 1.466420

20145

vs H2O; s EtOH, chl, MeOH vs H2O, ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH vs H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s bz, DMSO, HOAc i H2O; s os i H2O; s EtOH, bz, AcOEt vs H2O, EtOH, bz, chl

s chl 11152

1.1825

1.523020 sl H2O; s EtOH, dil alk, dil HCl sl H2O, EtOH, DMSO; s anh HF s DMSO s chl

360 dec

240.212 ye nd (+1w, 353.8 dil al) nd (sub)

sub

1.000920 1.568120 i H2O; s EtOH, bz, MeOH

s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz, KOH, sulf i H2O; sl EtOH, eth, ace, CS2; s bz i H2O; sl EtOH, eth; s ace, HOAc, alk sl H2O, EtOH; i eth, bz, chl; s alk i H2O; s EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl

4/2/14 3:11 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-189

O N

N O

3663

3664

2,3-Dihydro-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

HN N N N

S

3665

4,5-Dihydro-2-(phenylmethyl)-1H-imidazole, monohydrochloride

4,5-Dihydro-5-phenyl-2-oxazolamine

O

S NH

O

3666

N H

O

3667

1,4-Dihydro-1-phenyl-5H-tetrazole-5-thione

S

N

N

3668

Dihydro-5-propyl-2(3H)-furanone

H N

HN

O

3669

2,3-Dihydro-6-propyl-2-thioxo-4(1H )-pyrimidinone

3670

1,7-Dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione

3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyran

Organic

3662

9,10-Dihydrophenanthrene

N H

HCl

NH2

O

O O O

O

3671

O

N H

O

3672

3,6-Dihydro-2H-pyran

N

O

3673

Dihydro-2H-pyran-2,6(3H )-dione

N H

NH

NH

N H

3674

4,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrazole

N H

O

3675

1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione

3676

Dihydro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione

2,5-Dihydro-1H-pyrrole

O

N H

O

3677

3,4-Dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone

H N

O

N H

O

O

3678

3679

1,4-Dihydro-2,3-quinoxalinedione

N

N

H O

HO

S

3680

Dihydrotachysterol

NH2

S

3681

Dihydrothebaine

3682

4,5-Dihydro-2-thiazolamine

2,3-Dihydrothiophene

O

O

NH

NH S

O

3683

S

O

S

3684

2,5-Dihydrothiophene

O

O

3685

2,5-Dihydrothiophene 1,1-dioxide

N H

N H

S

3686

Dihydro-2(3H)-thiophenone

S

3687

Dihydro-2-thioxo-4,6(1H,5H )-pyrimidinedione

2,3-Dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H )-pyrimidinone

S HN N

NH

3688

1,2-Dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thione

O

OH

N

O

N H

3689

3690

(1,3-Dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)acetaldehyde

O

OH

3691

2,3-Dihydro-1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenyl-1H-indene

OH O

OH

1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline

O

O OH

HO

OH

HO O

3692

OH

1,4-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

K21599_PCOC.indb 189

OH O

3693

1,5-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

3694

1,8-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

O

O

3695

3696

2,6-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

2,7-Dihydroxy-9,10-anthracenedione

4/2/14 3:11 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-190 No.

Name

3697

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

Organic

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene

C12H10N2O2

2050-14-8

3698

2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

C7H6O3

24677-78-9 138.121 ye nd

108

235

3699

2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

C7H6O3

95-01-2

138.121 nd (eth-lig)

135

22622

3700

2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

C7H6O3

1194-98-5

138.121 ye nd (bz)

100.0

3701

3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

Protocatechualdehyde

C7H6O3

139-85-5

138.121 lf (w, to)

153 dec

3702

N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide

Salicylhydroxamic acid

C7H7NO3

89-73-6

153.136 nd (HOAc)

168

3703

Homogentisic acid

C8H8O4

451-13-8

C7H6O4

303-38-8

3705

2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

β-Resorcylic acid

C7H6O4

89-86-1

168.148 pr (w+1), lf (al-chl) 154.121 pr or nd (w+1) 154.121 cry (+w)

153

3704

2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

3706

2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

Gentisic acid

C7H6O4

490-79-9

154.121 nd or pr (w) 204(3)

3707

2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O4

303-07-1

154.121 nd (+w)

171(1)

3708

3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O4

99-50-3

202(1)

3709

3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

C7H6O4

99-10-5

154.121 mcl nd (w+1) 154.121 pr or nd

3710

2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Bis(2-hydroxyphenyl) ketone

C13H10O3

835-11-0

214.216

59.5

3711

4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) ketone

C13H10O3

611-99-4

214.216 nd (lig), cry (w)

210

3712

6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopy- Esculetin ran-2-one

C9H6O4

305-01-1

sub

3713

7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopy- Daphnetin ran-2-one

C9H6O4

486-35-1

178.142 nd (w), pr 276 (HOAc) lf (sub) 178.142 ye nd (dil al) 262

3714 3715

2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid 3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,6α)

C4H8O4 C24H40O4

1518-62-3 83-49-8

120.105 liq 392.573 cry (AcOEt)

963

Hyodeoxycholic acid

198.5

3716

3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7β) 3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7α)

Ursodiol

C24H40O4

128-13-2

392.573 pl (al)

203

Chenodiol

C24H40O4

474-25-9

392.573 nd (EtOAc​ +hep)

119

3717

Synonym

β-Resorcylaldehyde

Protocatechuic acid

mp/˚C

214.219 gold-ye lf 173 (bz), nd (al)

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

1400.001

sub

205(4)

1.54220

229(1)

1.5244

235.3(0.8) 333 1.133131

sub

nD

Solubility i H2O; sl EtOH, bz; vs eth; s con alk vs ace, EtOH, HOAc s H2O, HOAc; vs EtOH, eth, chl; sl bz vs H2O, EtOH, chl s H2O; vs EtOH, eth sl H2O, DMSO; vs EtOH, eth; s HOAc vs H2O, EtOH, eth; i bz, chl s H2O, EtOH, eth; sl ace s H2O, EtOH, eth, bz; i CS2 vs H2O, EtOH, eth; s ace; i bz, chl, CS2 s H2O, EtOH, eth; i chl; sl tfa sl H2O; vs EtOH; s eth; i bz sl H2O, ace; vs EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace; i bz, CS2 sl H2O, eth; s EtOH, ace, chl, AcOEt s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, bz, chl, CS2 sl H2O, eth, ace, bz; s EtOH, HOAc vs EtOH; sl eth i H2O, bz; vs EtOH, ace; s eth, HOAc sl EtOH, MeOH, thf, AcOEt sl H2O, ace, DMSO; s EtOH, HOAc; i eth s H2O, EtOH; sl eth, ace, AcOEt; i bz

3718

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Calcitriol

C27H44O3

32222-06-3 416.636 wh cry pow 115

3719

2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

C6H4O4

615-94-1

140.094 dk ye nd

211

3720

2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten- Reductic acid 1-one

C5H6O3

80-72-8

114.100

212

3721

2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl- Di(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl) 4-heptanone ketone 2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmeth- 2,2’-Methylenebisphenol ane 4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide 4,4’-Thiobisphenol

C9H18O3

3682-91-5

174.237 pale ye cry

C13H12O2

2467-02-9

200.233

118.3

C12H10O2S

2664-63-3

151

Aloe-emodol

C15H10O5

481-72-1

218.271 mcl pr or lf (al) 270.237 oran ye nd (to, al)

Dihydroxymaleic acid

C4H4O6

526-84-1

148.071 pl (w+2)

155 dec

C9H10O5

55-10-7

198.172 sc (bz-eth)

132 dec

sl H2O, eth, MeOH; s EtOH vs H2O, ace, eth

C10H8O5

574-84-5

208.168 pl (dil al)

231

vs EtOH

3722 3723 3724

3725 3726 3727

1,8-Dihydroxy-3(hydroxymethyl)-9,10anthracenedione 2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid

Vanilmandelic acid α,4-Dihydroxy-3methoxybenzeneacetic acid 7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2H- Fraxetin 1-benzopyran-2-one

K21599_PCOC.indb 190

223.5

363

sub

1.28025 sl H2O, EtOH, eth, CS2 vs bz, eth, EtOH

4/2/14 3:11 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-191 O

HO

O O

OH

N N

O OH

OH OH

3697

3699

2,3-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

HO

OH

O

3703

O

OH

OH

3705

2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

HO

OH

OH

3707

2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

3708

2,6-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

3710

O

HO

OH

3711

O

3,6-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,6α)

O

HO

3716

3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7β)

HO

OH

2,5-Dihydroxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

OH

3718

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

OH

S

O

OH

HO

3720

HO

OH

3721

2,3-Dihydroxy-2-cyclopenten-1-one

3722

2,6-Dihydroxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone

OH

3723

2,2’-Dihydroxydiphenylmethane

4,4’-Dihydroxydiphenyl sulfide

OH

OH HO OH

1,8-Dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

OH

HO

OH O

O

3724

OH

H

3,7-Dihydroxycholan-24-oic acid, (3α,5β,7α)

HO O

H

3717

OH

3719

OH OH

O

OH

2,4-Dihydroxybutanoic acid

O

OH

H

3714

3713

OH

HO

3715

OH OH

7,8-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

OH

HO

O

OH

6,7-Dihydroxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

OH

O

O

3712

4,4’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

O

K21599_PCOC.indb 191

3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

HO

2,2’-Dihydroxybenzophenone

O

OH

3709

3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

O

OH HO

HO

HO

OH

3706

2,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid

OH

O

HO

H

OH

OH

HO

OH

3704

2,5-Dihydroxybenzeneacetic acid

OH O

OH

N,2-Dihydroxybenzamide

3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

O O

OH

OH

3702

3701

2,5-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

O

OH

OH OH

3700

2,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

HO O

OH

HO

OH

3698

2,2’-Dihydroxyazobenzene

HO

N H OH

OH

Organic

O

OH

O

3725

2,3-Dihydroxymaleic acid

O

HO O

3726

α,4-Dihydroxy-3-methoxybenzeneacetic acid

O HO

O

O

OH

3727

7,8-Dihydroxy-6-methoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

4/2/14 3:11 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-192 No.

Name

3728

5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4methoxyphenyl)-4H-1benzopyran-4-one (2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyCotoin phenyl)phenylmethanone 1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9H- Gentisin xanthen-9-one 1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10- Chrysophanic acid anthracenedione

3729 3730 3731

Synonym

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

C16H12O5

491-80-5

284.263

C14H12O4

479-21-0

C14H10O5

437-50-3

244.243 ye pr (chl) lf 130.5 or nd (w) 258.226 ye orth 266.5

C15H10O4

481-74-3

C8H8O4

480-64-8

254.238 ye hex or mcl nd (sub) 168.148 nd (dil HOAc, +1w) 192.169 nd (al), lf (HOAc)

mp/˚C

196

Organic

2107-76-8

3734

6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H1-benzopyran-2-one 5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

C10H8O4

529-84-0

192.169 ye nd (dil al) 275

C10H6O4

475-38-7

Chromotropic acid

C10H8O8S2

148-25-4

Alizarin Blue

C17H9NO4

568-02-5

Alizarin Orange

C14H7NO6

568-93-4

190.153 dk red mcl 243(1) pr (bz) redbr nd (al) 320.296 nd or lf (w+2) 291.258 br-viol nd 269 (bz) 285.209 oran nd or 244 dec pl (HOAc)

Phloionic acid

C18H34O6

23843-52-9 346.459 cry (al)

126

9,10-Dihydroxystearic acid

C18H36O4

120-87-6

316.477

90

Chrysin

C15H10O4

480-40-0

254.238 lt ye pr (MeOH)

285(2)

3739 3740 3741

9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R*,R*)-(±)9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid 5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H1-benzopyran-4-one

3742

1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)­ ethanone

Resacetophenone

C8H8O3

89-84-9

152.148 nd or lf

146

3743

(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)­ phenylmethanone

Benzoresorcinol

C13H10O3

131-56-6

214.216 nd (w)

144

3744

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2propenoic acid Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide 17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4diene-3,11,20-trione 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,20-dione 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene3,11,20-trione

Caffeic acid

C9H8O4

331-39-5

180.158 ye pr, pl (w) 225 dec

Benzenestibonic acid Prednisone

C6H7O3Sb C21H26O5

535-46-6 53-03-2

248.878 nd (HOAc) 358.428

139 234 dec

152-58-9

346.461

215

53-06-5

360.444

222

C3H6O3

56-82-6

90.078

145

Glyceric acid

C3H6O4

6000-40-4

nd or pr (40% MeOH) 106.078 thick gum

Dihydroxyacetone

C3H6O3

96-26-4

90.078

74(3)

C13H26O4

2277-23-8

246.343 pr (peth)

53

C11H22O4

26402-26-6 218.291 cry (peth)

C10H7NO4

59-00-7

205.168 ye micry cry 289 (w)

Dihydroxytartaric acid 3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5Digallic acid trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy] benzoic acid 2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9H-xanthen- Fluorescin 9-yl)benzoic acid

C4H6O8 C14H10O9

76-30-2 536-08-3

182.086 322.224 nf (dil al + 1w)

C20H14O5

518-44-5

Diiodoacetylene

C2I2

624-74-8

334.322 col or ye nd 126 (eth), pl (bz) 277.830 orth nd (lig) 81.5

3745 3746 3747 3748

3749

2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)-

3750

2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, (R)1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone

3751 3752 3753 3754

3755 3756

3757

3758

11-Deoxy-17-hydrocorticoste- C21H30O4 rone Cortisone C21H28O5

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl Decanoic acid glycerol decanoate monoester 2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate Octanoic acid glycerol monoester 4,8-Dihydroxy-2-quinolinecar- Xanthurenic acid boxylic acid

K21599_PCOC.indb 192

sub

0.9225

vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; vs EtOH; i ace; s py vs bz, HOAc

sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; vs EtOH, alk s H2O, EtOH, HOAc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s HOAc

C10H8O4

3738

Solubility

283

5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H1-benzopyran-2-one

3737

nD

s EtOH, eth

3733

4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid 5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f] quinoline-7,12-dione 1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10anthracenedione

den g cm –3

176 dec

2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid

3736

bp/˚C

214.8

3732

3735

o-Orsellinic acid

Mol. Form.

sub

s H2O, alk; i EtOH, eth vs bz, gl HOAc sub

sl H2O; s EtOH, bz, chl, sulf, HOAc

1.18141

1450.8

1.45318

i H2O; sl EtOH, eth i H2O; s EtOH, ace; sl eth, bz, CS2 i H2O, chl; s EtOH, py; sl eth, bz i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl bz, chl vs EtOH

vs ace, EtOH, chl sl H2O, eth, bz, chl; s EtOH, ace s H2O; sl EtOH, eth; i bz, peth, lig

s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace; i lig

40 i H2O; s EtOH, dil HCl; sl eth, bz

114.5 269 dec

vs ace, EtOH

247(16)

i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

4/2/14 3:11 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-193

O

OH O

OH O

O

OH

HO HO

O

O

3728

OH O

O

OH

3729

5,7-Dihydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

HO

OH

O

3730

(2,6-Dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

1,7-Dihydroxy-3-methoxy-9H-xanthen-9-one

O OH

OH

HO OH

3732

1,8-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-anthracenedione

2,4-Dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid

OH O

O

HO

O

S

HO

3735

O

HO

O

O

3734

6,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

O

OH

N

OH

OH

N O

O

OH O

O

OH

3736

5,8-Dihydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione

O

5,7-Dihydroxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

OH

S

O

O

3733

OH

O

3737

4,5-Dihydroxy-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

O

3738

5,6-Dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-f]quinoline-7,12-dione

1,2-Dihydroxy-3-nitro-9,10-anthracenedione

OH

OH

O

OH

HO OH

OH

O

OH

3739

3740

9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanedioic acid, (R *,R *)-(±)-

9,10-Dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid

O

OH O

O OH

HO

Organic

HO

O

3731

O

OH

OH

O

HO OH

3741

OH

3742

5,7-Dihydroxy-2-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one

1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone

O O HO Sb OH

3744

3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoic acid

(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)phenylmethanone

O

OH OH

O

OH

3743

O

OH OH

OH OH

O

OH O

O

3745

3746

Dihydroxyphenylstibine oxide

17,21-Dihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,11,20-trione

3747

O HO

3749

17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione

2,3-Dihydroxypropanal, (±)-

O O

OH

3750

OH

N

HO

OH

O

3754

4,8-Dihydroxy-2-quinolinecarboxylic acid

OH O HO OH

3755

Dihydroxytartaric acid

3753

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl octanoate

OH HO

O HO OH O

OH OH

2,3-Dihydroxypropyl decanoate

OH HO

O

3752

1,3-Dihydroxy-2-propanone

O

OH

OH OH

3751

2,3-Dihydroxypropanoic acid, (R)-

O O

HO

OH

K21599_PCOC.indb 193

3748

17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

O

HO

O

O

O

OH

O

OH

HO

OH

OH

OH

3756

3,4-Dihydroxy-5-[(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)oxy]benzoic acid

3757

2-(3,6-Dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid

I

I

3758

Diiodoacetylene

4/2/14 3:11 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-194 No.

Name

3759

2,4-Diiodoaniline

3760 3761

o-Diiodobenzene m-Diiodobenzene

3762

p-Diiodobenzene

3763

Synonym

Organic

Mol. Form.

CAS RN

C6H5I2N

533-70-0

1,2-Diiodobenzene 1,3-Diiodobenzene

C6H4I2 C6H4I2

615-42-9 626-00-6

1,4-Diiodobenzene

C6H4I2

1,4-Diiodobutane

3764

1,2-Diiodoethane

3765 3766

cis-1,2-Diiodoethene 4,4’-Diiodofluorescein

cis-1,2-Diiodoethylene

C2H2I2 C20H10I2O5

3767

1,6-Diiodohexane

Hexamethylene diiodide

3768

Diiodomethane

3769

Mol. Wt.

Physical Form

mp/˚C 95.5

624-38-4

344.920 br nd or orth cry (al) 329.905 pl or pr (lig) 329.905 orth pl or pr (eth-al) 329.905 orth lf (al)

C4H8I2

628-21-7

309.916

5.9(0.4)

C2H4I2

624-73-7

23.5(0.7) 34.2(0.6)

bp/˚C

den g cm –3 2.74825

287 285

2.5420 2.4725

129.25(0.05) 285

nD

Solubility vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH

1.717920 i H2O; sl EtOH i H2O; vs eth, EtOH, chl i H2O; s EtOH; vs eth; sl chl 1.618425 i H2O; sl ctc; s os 1.87120 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, chl i H2O; s eth, chl sl H2O; s alk, EtOH 1.583725 i H2O; vs EtOH, eth 1.741120 sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs EtOH

12515 dec

2.349425

200

3.32520

72.516

3.062520

C6H12I2

281.862 ye mcl pr or 83 orth (eth) 590-26-1 279.846 -13(2) 38577-97-8 584.099 oran-red pow 629-09-4 337.968 nd 9.4(0.5)

16317

2.034225

Methylene iodide

CH2I2

75-11-6

267.836 ye nd or lf

6.0(0.2)

182

3.321120

2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol

Disophenol

C6H3I2NO3

305-85-1

157

3770 3771 3772

1,5-Diiodopentane 1,2-Diiodopropane 1,3-Diiodopropane

Pentamethylene diiodide

628-77-3 598-29-8 627-31-6

9

14920

Trimethylene diiodide

C5H10I2 C3H6I2 C3H6I2

390.902 lt ye cry (gl HOAc) 323.942 295.889 295.889

-20

222(12)

3773

5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol

Iodoquinol

C9H5I2NO

83-73-8

396.951 ye nd 210 (HOAc, xyl)

3774

3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

C9H9I2NO3

300-39-0

213

3775 3776 3777

Diisobutyl adipate Diisobutylaluminum chloride Diisobutylaluminum hydride

Diisobutyl hexanedioate Diisobutyl aluminum chloride

C14H26O4 C8H18AlCl C8H19Al

141-04-8 1779-25-5 1191-15-7

432.981 ye nd (w, 70% al) 258.354 176.664 hyg col liq 142.219 liq

-40

288(16) 15210 1404

3778

Diisobutylamine

2-Methyl-N-(2-methylpropyl)1-propanamine

C8H19N

110-96-3

129.244 liq

-73.5(0.4)

139.6

3779

Diisobutyl carbonate

C9H18O3

539-92-4

174.237

190(6)

3780

Diisobutyl ether

1,1’-Oxybis[2-methylpropane]

C8H18O

628-55-7

130.228

122.7(0.7)

3781 3782 3783 3784 3785 3786

Diisobutyl phthalate Diisobutyl sulfide 1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene 1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene Diisodecyl phthalate Diisononyl phthalate

Bis(8-methylnonyl)phthalate Bis(7-methyloctyl)phthalate

C16H22O4 C8H18S C8H4N2O2 C8H4N2O2 C28H46O4 C26H42O4

84-69-5 592-65-4 123-61-5 104-49-4 26761-40-0 28553-12-0

278.344 146.294 160.130 160.130 446.663 418.609

2.169225 1.598725 i H2O; s eth, chl 2.49018 vs eth, EtOH 2.561225 1.639125 i H2O; s eth, ctc, chl sl H2O, bz, chl, eth; vs EtOH; s alk sl H2O; i EtOH, eth, bz 0.954319 1.430120 0.905 1.450620 s eth, hx s cyhex, eth, bz, tol 1.409020 sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz 0.913820 1.407220 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 0.76115 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth 1.049015 s ctc 0.836310

3787 3788 3789

Diisooctyl adipate Diisooctyl phthalate Diisopentylamine

1330-86-5 370.566 27554-26-3 390.557 544-00-3 157.297 liq

3790

Diisopentyl ether

3-Methyl-N-isopentyl-1butanamine Diisoamyl ether

C22H42O4 C24H38O4 C10H23N C10H22O

544-01-4

158.281 col liq

3791 3792

Diisopentyl phthalate Diisopentyl sulfide

Diisoamyl phthalate Isopentyl sulfide

C18H26O4 C10H22S

605-50-5 544-02-5

306.397 174.347 liq

-74.6

367(16) 211

3793

Diisopropanolamine

1,1’-Iminobis-2-propanol

C6H15NO2

110-97-4

133.189 cry

44.5

250

3794

Diisopropyl adipate

Diisopropyl hexanedioate

C12H22O4

6938-94-9

230.301

-0.6

1206.5

3795

Diisopropylamine

N-Isopropyl-2-propanamine

C6H15N

108-18-9

101.190 liq

-61

84(3)

3796 3797

2,6-Diisopropylaniline 1,2-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H19N C12H18

24544-04-5 177.286 liq 577-55-9 162.271 liq

-45 -57(4)

272(9) 204.7(0.6)

3798

1,3-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H18

99-62-7

-63(2)

203(3)

K21599_PCOC.indb 194

Diisooctyl hexanedioate

liq cry cry liq col liq

162.271 liq

-105.5(0.5) 51 95 -50

296.5 173(4) 1038 11714 2534

-44

2104 370 187(5) 172(2)

0.96620

i H2O; s os i H2O; s ace, MeOH; bz, eth

0.767221 1.423520 i H2O; s EtOH; msc eth 0.777720 1.408520 i H2O; vs ace, EtOH, chl 1.020916 1.487120 vs EtOH 0.832320 1.452020 i H2O; msc EtOH; vs eth 0.98920 s H2O, EtOH; sl eth 0.956920 1.424720 vs ace, eth, EtOH 0.715320 1.392420 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH 0.9425 1.533220 0.870120 1.496020 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 0.855920 1.488320 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc

4/2/14 3:11 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-195 O

I I

O

I

I I

I

I

3759

3760

2,4-Diiodoaniline

3761

o-Diiodobenzene

I

I

3762

m-Diiodobenzene

3763

p-Diiodobenzene

I

I

3764

1,4-Diiodobutane

I

cis-1,2-Diiodoethene

H O

I

3768

N

I

O

3769

Diiodomethane

I

3770

2,6-Diiodo-4-nitrophenol

I I

3771

1,5-Diiodopentane

1,2-Diiodopropane

I

N

I

OH

O

NH2

HO

OH

3772

O

O O

I

3773

1,3-Diiodopropane

1,6-Diiodohexane

O I

I

I

3767

4,4’-Diiodofluorescein

I H

I

I

3766

I

I

OH

I

3765

1,2-Diiodoethane

OH I

O

HO

I

I

5,7-Diiodo-8-quinolinol

3774

3775

3,5-Diiodo-L-tyrosine

Organic

NH2

Diisobutyl adipate

N

C

O

O O O

O Cl Al

H Al

H N

3776

3777

3778

Diisobutylaluminum chloride

N

C

Diisobutylaluminum hydride

Diisobutylamine

O

O

3779

Diisobutyl carbonate

C

O

O

S

3780

3781

3782

Diisobutyl ether

3783

Diisobutyl sulfide

1,3-Diisocyanatobenzene

O O O

N

O O

O

3784

O O

O O

O

3785

1,4-Diisocyanatobenzene

3786

Diisodecyl phthalate

3787

Diisononyl phthalate

O

Diisooctyl adipate

O O O

O O N H

O

3788

3790

Diisopentylamine

3794

Diisopropyl adipate

3792

Diisopentyl phthalate

Diisopentyl sulfide

H N

OH

3793

Diisopropanolamine

NH2 O

O

S

3791

Diisopentyl ether

O O

OH

O

O

3789

Diisooctyl phthalate

K21599_PCOC.indb 195

Diisobutyl phthalate

O O

O

N C O

N H

3795

Diisopropylamine

3796

2,6-Diisopropylaniline

3797

1,2-Diisopropylbenzene

3798

1,3-Diisopropylbenzene

4/2/14 3:11 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-196 Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

1,4-Diisopropylbenzene

C12H18

100-18-5

C12H18O2 C13H18N2S2

3802 3803 3804

p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide N,N-Diisopropyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide Diisopropyl disulfide N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine

3805

Diisopropyl ether

3806

3811

Diisopropyl methylphosphonate 2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene Diisopropyl oxalate Diisopropyl phosphonate O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate Diisopropyl phthalate

3812

No.

Name

3799

3800

Physical Form

den g cm –3

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

162.271 liq

-17.0(0.1)

210.3(0.2)

98-49-7

194.270 waxy cry

30.1

1231

0.856820 1.489820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth, ace, bz, ctc 0.993220 i H2O

95-29-4

266.425

59.0

C7H14N2 C6H14S2 N,N-Diisopropyl-2-aminoetha- C8H19NO nol Isopropyl ether C6H14O

693-13-0 4253-89-8 96-80-0

126.199 150.305 liq 145.243

-69.0(0.3)

147 177(1) 195(5)

0.80625 1.432020 0.943520 1.491620 0.82625 1.441720

108-20-3

102.174 liq

-85.37(0.05) 68.4(0.2)

C7H17O3P

1445-75-6

180.182

C16H20 C8H14O4 C6H15O3P C6H15O2PS2

24157-81-1 615-81-6 1809-20-7 107-56-2

212.330 cry (MeOH) 174.195 166.155 214.286 liq

C14H18O4

605-45-8

250.291

Diisopropyl sulfide

C6H14S

625-80-9

118.240 liq

3813

Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)-

C10H18O6

58167-01-4 234.246

34

3814

Diisopropyl dixanthogen

C8H14O2S4

105-65-7

52

3815

Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate 1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene

Bitoscanate

C8H4N2S2

4044-65-9

3816 3817 3818 3819

Diketene Dilactic acid Dimefline Dimefox

3820

Dimemorfan

3821

3823 3824

2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid, (R*,S*) 1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol 2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether 2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol

3825

Dimetan (R)-

3826

Dimethipin

3827

Dimethirimol

3828

2-[(3-Butyl-1-isoquinolinyl)­ C17H24N2O oxy]-N,N-dimethylethanamine Dimethoxane 2,6-Dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-4-ol C8H14O4 acetate 2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone C10H12O3 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene Methyleugenol C11H14O2

3801

Organic

3807 3808 3809 3810

3822

3829 3830 3831 3832

Synonym

1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisopropyl ester

C4H4O2 C6H10O5 C20H21NO3 Tetramethylphosphorodiamidic C4H12FN2OP fluoride 3,17-Dimethylmorphinan, (9 C18H25N α,13 α,14 α)Succimer C4H6O4S2 2,2’-Oxybispropanoic acid

2-Mercaptoethyl ether Dimercaprol

189(8) 9740 713 13012 -78.03(0.04) 120.0(0.3)

192.261 nd (ace, HOAc) 674-82-8 84.074 liq 19201-34-4 162.140 orth 1165-48-6 323.386 115-26-4 154.122 liq

132

36309-01-0 255.399 ye oil

92

304-55-2

193

-6.5 112.5 109.5

127.0(0.6)

1.087720 1.437920

8615

1.115120 1.426720

7634-42-6

C4H10OS2 C3H8OS2

2150-02-9 59-52-9

138.251 liq 124.225

-80

217 830.8

C11H17NO3

122-15-6

211.258 cry

46

17511

42.5

55290-64-7 210.271

165

5221-53-4

209.288 nd

102

86-80-6

272.385

146

828-00-2

174.195 liq

1201-38-3 93-15-2

180.200 cry 178.228 liq

C12H14O4

523-80-8

C8H11NO2

vs H2O, eth s chl vs H2O, bz, eth

1330.3

s chl

1563

1.114 1.246320 1.574920 s EtOH, eth, oils; sl chl s H2O, cyhex; vs EtOH, eth, ace 20

1.548620

sl H2O; vs chl, xyl; s EtOH, ace s H2O, EtOH

8610

1.065520 1.431020 msc H2O; s os

21 -2.0

15614 254.7

222.237 nd

29.2(0.2)

294

2735-04-8

153.179 pl (lig)

33.5

262.0

82.5

270(21)

1.139 1.544120 1.039620 1.534020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.01520 1.536020 vs ace, bz, EtOH, lig sl H2O, chl; s EtOH, eth, bz, lig s H2O, EtOH, chl, lig s eth, chl i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz; sl chl sl H2O; s EtOH, eth sl H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth

3833

3834

2,5-Dimethoxyaniline

C8H11NO2

102-56-7

153.179

3835 3836

3,4-Dimethoxyaniline 2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

C8H11NO2 C9H10O3

6315-89-5 613-45-6

153.179 lf (eth) 87.5 166.173 nd (al or lig) 72

15914 290

3837

2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

C9H10O3

93-02-7

166.173

52

270

3838

3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

C9H10O3

120-14-9

166.173 nd (eth, lig, to)

43

281

K21599_PCOC.indb 196

1.00220 1.410020 vs eth, EtOH 0.997018 1.0920 s EtOH, bz, ace, ctc, chl 1.061515 1.490020

275

4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3benzodioxole 2,4-Dimethoxyaniline

Veratraldehyde

0.719225 1.365825 sl H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace, ctc 16 1.4120

0.814220 1.443820 i H2O; s EtOH, eth 1.116620 vs ace, eth, EtOH s chl

C4H10O2S2

Dimethisoquin

Solubility

70

182.219 wh cry (MeOH) 154.251

2,3-Dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4- C6H10O4S2 dithiin, 1,1,4,4-tetraoxide 5-Butyl-2-(dimethylamino)-6- C11H19N3O methylpyrimidin-4(1H)-one

Apiole

270.456

663

nD

4/2/14 3:11 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds O

3-197

OH N S N S

3799

3800

1,4-Diisopropylbenzene

p-Diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide

S

N C N

3802

3801

O

3803

N,N’-Diisopropylcarbodiimide

N,N-Diisopropyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide

OH

N

S

3804

Diisopropyl disulfide

3805

N,N-Diisopropylethanolamine

Diisopropyl ether

O O O P O

O

O O

3806

Diisopropyl methylphosphonate

3807

2,6-Diisopropylnaphthalene

3808

Diisopropyl oxalate

O O

O O P O H

S O P O SH

O

S

3809

3810

3811

3812

Diisopropyl phosphonate

Diisopropyl phthalate

O,O-Diisopropyl phosphorodithioate

Diisopropyl sulfide

Organic

O

O O

OH

S O

O

O

S

S

OH O

S

3813

Diisopropyl tartrate, (±)-

N

3814

3820

N C S

3815

HO

O

3816

O O

O OH

N

N

3817

Diketene

O

O

3818

Dilactic acid

3819

Dimefline

Dimefox

O SH

3821

3822

1,4-Dimercapto-2,3-butanediol

HS

O

HS

OH

2,3-Dimercaptobutanedioic acid, (R *,S*)

N

O O S

HS

O

P F

OH OH

SH

O

1,4-Diisothiocyanatobenzene

SH

HO

Dimemorfan

S C N

Diisopropyl thioperoxydicarbonate

O H

O

O

SH

3823

2,2’-Dimercaptodiethyl ether

OH

O

SH

3824

O

S O O

N

3825

2,3-Dimercapto-1-propanol

3826

Dimetan (R)-

Dimethipin

O O

OH N N

O

O

N

3827

O

N

3829

Dimethisoquin

NH2

O

Dimethoxane

O O

O

3830

2’,5’-Dimethoxyacetophenone

3831

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene

3832

4,7-Dimethoxy-5-allyl-1,3-benzodioxole

O

NH2 O

O

O

O

3828

Dimethirimol

O

O

N

O O

O

NH2 O

O O

O

3833

2,4-Dimethoxyaniline

K21599_PCOC.indb 197

O

O

3834

2,5-Dimethoxyaniline

3835

3,4-Dimethoxyaniline

O O

3836

2,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

O

O

3837

2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

3838

3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

4/2/14 3:12 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-198 Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

C9H10O3

7311-34-4

C8H10O2

1,3-Dimethoxybenzene

3842

No.

Name

3839

3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

3840

1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

3841

Physical Form

den g cm –3

mp/˚C

bp/˚C

166.173

46.3

15116

91-16-7

138.164 liq

22.5(0.2)

206(1)

1.081025 1.582721

C8H10O2

151-10-0

138.164 liq

-35.3(0.4)

216(5)

1.052125 1.523120

1,4-Dimethoxybenzene

C8H10O2

150-78-7

138.164 lf (w)

56.2(0.7)

213(5)

1.037555

3843

3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid

C10H12O4

93-40-3

98

3844

3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine 3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol 3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine Dianisidine

C10H15NO2

120-20-7

196.200 cry (bz-peth) nd (w+1) 181.232

C9H13NO2

5763-61-1

167.205

15612

1.14325

C9H12O3

93-03-8

168.189 visc oil

298

1.17817

C14H16N2O2

119-90-4

244.289 lf or nd (w)

137

C16H12N2O4

91-93-0

296.277 cry

112

C9H10O4

91-52-1

182.173

107.2(0.4)

C9H10O4 C9H10O4

1466-76-8 93-07-2

186 dec 181

sub

i H2O; vs EtOH, eth; sl chl

C9H10O4

1132-21-4

185.5

sub

vs eth, EtOH

3845 3846

Organic

3847

3848

Synonym

Veratrole

16414

nD

s chl 1.55517

3850 3851

2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid 3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

3852

3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

3853

4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin

p-Anisoin

C16H16O4

119-52-8

182.173 182.173 nd (w or HOAc) orth (sub) 182.173 nd (w), pr (al) 272.296 pr (dil al)

3854

5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

Limettin

C11H10O4

487-06-9

206.195 pr or nd (al) 149

200 dec

3855

4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

C14H14O2

2132-80-1

214.260 lf (bz)

175

sub

3856

Dimethoxyborane

C2H7BO2

4542-61-4

73.887

-130.6

25.9

3857 3858

4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone 2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexa- 2,6-Dimethoxy-p-quinone diene-1,4-dione

C6H12O3 C8H8O4

5436-21-5 530-55-2

132.157 168.148 ye mcl pr (HOAc)

256

505 sub

3859 3860 3861 3862 3863

Dimethoxydimethylsilane Dimethoxydiphenylsilane 1,1-Dimethoxydodecane 2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine 1,2-Dimethoxyethane

Lauraldehyde, dimethyl acetal Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether

C4H12O2Si C14H16O2Si C14H30O2 C4H11NO2 C4H10O2

1112-39-6 6843-66-9 14620-52-1 22483-09-6 110-71-4

120.223 244.362 230.387 105.136 90.121 liq

-78 -69.0(0.2)

82 286 1335 13795 85.0(0.1)

3864 3865

(2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene 4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b] quinoline

Fagarine

C10H14O2 C13H11NO3

101-48-4 524-15-2

166.217 229.231 pr (al)

142

3866

1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane

C18H38O2

2791-29-9

286.494

10

1442

C10H12O4

90-24-4

196.200 cry (al)

82

18520

C11H12O3 C10H10O4

2107-69-9 569-31-3

192.211 194.184 wh nd (w)

119.5 102.5

C3H8O2

109-87-5

76.095

-105.11(0.03) 42.3(0.2)

0.859320 1.351320

C9H12O2

494-99-5

152.190 pr (eth)

24

221(4)

1.050925 1.525725

C9H12O2

4179-19-5

152.190

244

1.047815 1.523420

C9H12O2

24599-58-4 152.190

3867 3868 3869

Palmitaldehyde, dimethyl acetal 2,4-Dimethoxy-6-hydroxyace- Xanthoxylin tophenone 5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone 6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3H)-isoben- Meconin zofuranone

3870

Dimethoxymethane

3871

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene 1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene 1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene

3872 3873

K21599_PCOC.indb 198

Methylal

liq

s H2O, EtOH i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl

3849

vol liq or gas

sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, bz sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc, sulf sl H2O; s EtOH, chl; vs eth, bz s H2O, chl; vs EtOH, eth

1.546420 s ctc

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’diisocyanate 2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

Veratric acid

Solubility

sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, chl, HOAc

109(3)

sl H2O, chl, EtOH, eth; s ace sl H2O; vs EtOH, ace, chl; i eth, lig i H2O, peth; vs EtOH, bz, chl; sl eth dec H2O s ctc sl H2O, EtOH, eth; s tfa; vs alk, HOAc dec H2O

0.864620 1.370820 1.077120 1.544720 1.431025 vs eth, EtOH 0.96625 1.417020 0.863725 1.377025 s H2O, EtOH, eth, ace, bz, chl, ctc

193.5

21

0.854220 1.438225

sl H2O, peth; s EtOH, eth, bz, chl vs ace, eth, EtOH vs eth, EtOH sl ctc sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz, HOAc, chl s H2O; vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH i H2O; sl ctc; vs os vs bz, eth, EtOH

214.0

4/2/14 3:12 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-199 O

O

OH

O

O O

O

3839

3840

3,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde

3841

1,2-Dimethoxybenzene

3842

1,3-Dimethoxybenzene

O

O

O

O

O

O

3843

1,4-Dimethoxybenzene

3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneacetic acid

3844

3,4-Dimethoxybenzeneethanamine

O NH2

O

OH

O

O

O

O

3845

3846

3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanamine

O

OH

N C O

O

3848

3849

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine-4,4’-diisocyanate

O

3851

O

OH

O

3852

3,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

O

O

O O

2,6-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

O C N

3,3’-Dimethoxybenzidine

O

3850

NH2

O

2,4-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

OH

OH

O

O

3847

3,4-Dimethoxybenzenemethanol

O O

O

H2N

O

OH

Organic

O

NH2

O

O

3853

3,5-Dimethoxybenzoic acid

O

O

O

3854

4,4’-Dimethoxybenzoin

5,7-Dimethoxy-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one

O

O

3855

4,4’-Dimethoxy-1,1’-biphenyl

O O H B

O

O O

O

3856

3857

Dimethoxyborane

O

O

O Si O

O Si O

3858

3859

3860

O

4,4-Dimethoxy-2-butanone

2,6-Dimethoxy-2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-dione

Dimethoxydimethylsilane

O O

3861

Dimethoxydiphenylsilane

1,1-Dimethoxydodecane

O

O O O

O NH2

O

3862

2,2-Dimethoxyethanamine

O

O

3863

O

O

3864

1,2-Dimethoxyethane

O

N

O

O

3865

(2,2-Dimethoxyethyl)benzene

4,8-Dimethoxyfuro[2,3-b]quinoline

O O

O

O

O

3868

5,6-Dimethoxy-1-indanone

K21599_PCOC.indb 199

3869

O

O

6,7-Dimethoxy-1(3H )-isobenzofuranone

O

3866

1,1-Dimethoxyhexadecane

O

Dimethoxymethane

3871

2,4-Dimethoxy-6-hydroxyacetophenone

O

O

3870

3867

O

O

O

O

HO

1,2-Dimethoxy-4-methylbenzene

3872

1,3-Dimethoxy-5-methylbenzene

O

3873

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-methylbenzene

4/2/14 3:12 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-200 Mol. Form.

CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

N-(Dimethoxymethyl)­ Dimethylformamide dimethyl dimethylamine acetal 2,2-Dimethoxy-N-methylethanamine Dimethoxymethylphenylsilane 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-nitrobenzene

C5H13NO2

4637-24-5

C5H13NO2

3888

1,4-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol 3,5-Dimethoxyphenol 1-(3,4-Dimethoxyphenyl)­ ethanone 1,1-Dimethoxypropane 2,2-Dimethoxypropane 3,3-Dimethoxy-1-propene trans-1,2-Dimethoxy-4-(1propenyl)benzene 4,5-Dimethoxy-6-(2propenyl)-1,3-benzodioxole 1,2-Dimethoxy-4-vinylbenzene Dimethylacetal

3889

N,N-Dimethylacetamide

3890

2,7-Dimethyl-3,6-acridinediamine, monohydrochloride Dimethyl adipate

No.

Name

3874 3875 3876 3877

3878 3879 3880 3881

Organic

3882 3883 3884 3885 3886 3887

3891

bp/˚C

den g cm –3

nD

119.163

104

0.89725

1.397220

122-07-6

119.163

140

0.92825

1.411520

C9H14O2Si C8H9NO4

3027-21-2 709-09-1

182.292 183.162 ye nd (al-w) 98

12979 23015

1.1888133

C8H9NO4

89-39-4

C8H10O3 C8H10O3 C10H12O3

91-10-1 500-99-2 1131-62-0

183.162 gold-ye nd (dil al) 154.163 mcl pr (w) 154.163 180.200 pr (dil al)

Isoeugenyl methyl ether

C5H12O2 C5H12O2 C5H10O2 C11H14O2

4744-10-9 77-76-9 6044-68-4 6379-72-2

104.148 104.148 liq 102.132 178.228

Apiole (Dill)

C12H14O4

484-31-1

222.237 oil

C10H12O2

6380-23-0

164.201

C4H10O2

534-15-6

90.121

liq

-113.2

63(2)

N,N-Dimethylethanamide

C4H9NO

127-19-5

87.120

liq

-19(1)

165.9(0.2)

Acridine Yellow

C15H16ClN3

135-49-9

273.761 red cry pow

Dimethyl 1,6-hexanedioate

C8H14O4

627-93-0

174.195 cry

10.3(0.5)

11513

1.060020 1.428320 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, ctc, HOAc

7.3(0.4)

0.68040

136(6)

0.864920 1.409520

Synonym

Physical Form

mp/˚C

72.5 56.5 37 51

285

1.159815 1.530517 1.571120 s chl

246.092 cry (MeOH)

3893

C2H7N

124-40-3

45.084

col gas

-93(2)

3894

Dimethylamine hydrochloride

C2H8ClN

506-59-2

81.545

orth nd (al)

171

3895 3896

(Dimethylamino)acetonitrile 4’-(Dimethylamino)­ 4-Acetyl-N,N-dimethylaniline acetophenone 10-[(Dimethylamino)­acetyl]Ahistan 10H-phenothiazine 4-(Dimethylamino)azobenzene

C4H8N2 C10H13NO

926-64-7 2124-31-4

84.120 163.216 nd (w, peth) 105.5

C16H16N2OS

518-61-6

284.375 cry

144.5

C14H15N3

60-11-7

225.289 ye lf (al)

116(1)

4-o-Tolylazo-o-toluidine

C14H15N3

97-56-3

225.289 ye lf (al)

102

Ehrlich’s reagent

C9H11NO

100-10-7

149.189 lf (w)

73.1(0.8)

3898

3899 3900

2’,3-Dimethyl-4-aminoazobenzene 4-(Dimethylamino)­ benzaldehyde

261(22) 19935 287

29.5

358-72-5

3897

1.1666132

18

C5H12O7P2

N-Methylmethanamine hydrochloride

17617

4-(Dimethylamino)­ benzalrhodanine

C12H12N2OS2

536-17-4

264.365 dp red nd (xyl)

270 dec

3902

2-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 3-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 4-(Dimethylamino)benzoic acid 4,4’-Dimethylaminobenzophe- Brilliant Oil Yellow nonimide (Dimethylamino)dimethylborane 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4diphenyl-3-heptanone 6-(Dimethylamino)-4,4Normethadone diphenyl-3-hexanone 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate 3-[2-(Dimethylamino)­ethyl]Bufotenine 1H-indol-5-ol

C9H11NO2

610-16-2

165.189 pr, nd (eth)

72

C9H11NO2

99-64-9

165.189 nd (w)

152.5

C9H11NO2

619-84-1

165.189 nd (al)

242.5

C17H21N3

492-80-8

136

C4H12BN

1113-30-0

267.369 ye or col pl (al) 84.956 liq

C21H27NO

76-99-3

309.445

99.5

C20H25NO

467-85-6

295.419 oily liq

C7H13NO2

2439-35-2

143.184

200

3944

2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde

C9H10O

15764-16-6 134.174 liq

-9

218

3945

2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde

C9H10O

5779-94-2

0.993120 1.568420 sl H2O; vs EtOH, eth; s ctc 0.972320 1.556920 sl H2O, ctc; s EtOH, eth, bz 0.979021 1.559121 sl H2O; s eth, ctc 0.984220 1.561020 vs eth, EtOH 1.07618 sl H2O, chl; s eth; vs lig 0.970620 1.558120 sl H2O; s eth, ctc 0.970920 1.564920 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 0.966020 1.555725 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 0.934855 1.556820 i H2O; msc EtOH, eth; s ace 0.955720 1.558220 sl H2O; s EtOH, eth, ace, bz; vs chl 1.115619 vs H2O, EtOH, chl 0.961914 1.505314 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, ctc 0.962715 1.511020 i H2O; s EtOH, eth, bz, CS2; sl ctc i H2O i H2O; sl EtOH; s bz, xyl, HOAc 1.20829 vs ace, bz, eth, EtOH vs H2O; s EtOH; i eth s EtOH; s eth, ace, bz; sl chl 0.950020 vs EtOH; s eth, ace, bz, ctc

3913

3914

Organic

3919 3920 3921 3922 3923 3924 3925 3926

K21599_PCOC.indb 202

Dansyl chloride

4-(Dimethylamino)­ benzophenone

Cacodylic acid

Isoxylaldehyde

134.174

10(1)

193(1)

183(11)

36

220

4/2/14 3:12 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-203 Cl O S O

N

O

N

N O

3911

3912

2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate

N

3913

4-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]phenol

3914

N-[2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl]-N,N’,N’-trimethyl-1,2-ethanediamine

OH

OH

N

N

HO

5-(Dimethylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonyl chloride

O O

3915

O

N

OH

N

3919

3921

3-(Dimethylamino)propanenitrile

2-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol

3-(Dimethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-propanone, hydrochloride

N

OH

N

OH

3922

3923

3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propanol

1-(Dimethylamino)-2-propanol

NH2

N

N

N

N

3920

3-[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]-2-propenal

3918

[4-(Dimethylamino)phenyl]phenylmethanone

4-(Dimethylamino)phenol

N

N

3917

3916

3-(Dimethylamino)phenol

N

N

N H

S

3925

2-Dimethylaminopurine

HCl

N

N

N

Organic

N

3924

3-(Dimethylamino)-1-propyne

NH2 NH2

NH2

NH2

NH2

N

3926

3927

2-(p-Dimethylaminostyryl)benzothiazole

3928

2,3-Dimethylaniline

2,4-Dimethylaniline

3929

3930

2,5-Dimethylaniline

3931

2,6-Dimethylaniline

3,4-Dimethylaniline

3932

3,5-Dimethylaniline

NH NH

NH

3933

3934

N

N

O

O

HCl N,2-Dimethylaniline

3935

N,3-Dimethylaniline

N,4-Dimethylaniline

3936

N,N-Dimethylaniline

3937

3938

N,N-Dimethylaniline hydrochloride

2,6-Dimethylanisole

3939

3,5-Dimethylanisole

O

O

O

O

3940

9,10-Dimethylanthracene

K21599_PCOC.indb 203

3941

1,4-Dimethyl-9,10-anthracenedione

H As

3942

Dimethylarsine

O As OH

3943

Dimethylarsinic acid

3944

2,4-Dimethylbenzaldehyde

3945

2,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde

4/2/14 3:12 PM

Physical Constants of Organic Compounds

3-204 CAS RN

Mol. Wt.

3,5-Dimethylbenzaldehyde

C9H10O

5779-95-3

134.174

N,N-Dimethylbenzamide 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a] 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzananthracene thracene 4,5-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,2-benzenediamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,3-benzenediamine N,N-Dimethyl-1,4-benzenedi- Dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine amine

C9H11NO C20H16

611-74-5 57-97-6

272.0

C8H12N2

3171-45-7

149.189 43.8(0.5) 256.341 pa ye pl (al, 123(1) HOAc) 136.194 128

C8H12N2

2836-03-5

136.194 oil

218

0.99522

C8H12N2

2836-04-6

136.194

700

40 >5 140 40 30% 115 >1

7.59

>300

6,2 1 6 6,2 4,5 4,5 1 6,4 6,2,3 1 1 1 1 6 1 6,2 6,2,3 1,2,6 6 1 4 1 1,3,6

7-48

K21599_S07.indb 48

4/3/14 11:17 AM

Chemical Constituents of Human Blood Component

7-49

Lithium Magnesium Manganese Mercury Molybdenum Nickel Oxygen (arterial) Oxygen (venous) Phosphorus (inorganic) Potassium

S,P S S S S,P S WB WB S S

Rubidium Selenium Silver Sodium

S,P S,P S,P S

Strontium Sulfur (total) Tellurium Titanium Tin Vanadium Zinc Zirconium

S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P

Unit μg/L mg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L % saturation % saturation mg/L mmol/L mg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L mmol/L g/L μg/L mg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L μg/L mg/L μg/L

Normal Range Low High 8 18 30 0.3 1.0 0.5 3 0.3 1.3 0.1 1.3 96% 100% 60% 85% 30 45 3.5 5.0 137 196 100 300 40 160 1 135 145 3.11 3.34 57 780 30 33 1 0.02 1.0 0.5 1.2 400

Critical Values

15

4,5 4 4,5 4,5 4,5 6 6,2,4 4,5

Acetoacetate ion Acetone Alanine Arginine Asparagine Cholesterol, total HDL Cholesterol LDL Cholesterol Citrulline Creatine Creatinine Fructose Glucosamine Glucose (fasting) Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Histidine Homocysteine Isoleucine Lactate (venous) Leucine Lysine Methionine Ornithine Phenylalanine Proline Serine

K21599_S07.indb 49

P S,P S,P S,P S,P P P P S,P S,P S WB S,P S S,P S,P S,P S,P P S,P P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P S,P

mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

3 30 12 5.4 1000 400 0 2.1 2.8 5 5 760 600 4.3 61 13.4 7.9 0.54 6.9 50 14 25 3.3 6.2 5.8 20 10.1

2400 >1900

>50

1300

1 1 4 4 4 1,4 1 1 4 4 1 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 1 4 1 4 4 4 4 1 4 4

Biochem

Organic

4/3/14 11:17 AM

Chemical Constituents of Human Blood

7-50

Component

Taurine Threonine Triglyceride Tyrosine Urea Urea nitrogen (BUN) Uric acid (males) Uric acid (females) Valine

S,P S,P S S,P S S S S S,P

Unit mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mmol/L mg/L (of N) mg/L mg/L mg/L

Normal Range Low High 4.1 8.2 12 17 250 1750 8.1 14.5 3.5 7.0 100 200 25 80 13 60 24 37

Critical Values

28 800

Ref. 4 4 1 4 1 1 1 1 4

* Measured as the percent of hemoglobin bound to CO. Typical value for heavy smokers is 5%–10%. Major symptoms begin around 30%, and respiratory failure sets in at >60%. ** This is the desirable upper limit. Values between 2000 and 2400 mg/L are considered borderline high.

Biochem K21599_S07.indb 50

4/3/14 11:17 AM

Chemical Composition of the Human Body

Element Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus Sulfur Potassium Sodium Chlorine Magnesium Silicon Iron Fluorine Zinc Rubidium Strontium Bromine Lead Copper Aluminum Cadmium Boron Barium Tin Manganese Iodine Nickel Gold Molybdenum Chromium Cesium Cobalt Uranium Beryllium Radium



K21599_S07.indb 51

References 1. Padikal, T. N., and Fivozinsky, S. P., Medical Physics Data Book, National Bureau of Standards Handbook 138, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1981. 2. Snyde, W. S., et al., Reference Man: Anatomical, Physiological, and Metabolic Characteristics, Pergamon, New York, 1975.

Amount (g) 43,000 16,000 7000 1800 1000 780 140 140 100 95 19 18 4.2 2.6 2.3 0.32 0.32 0.20 0.12 0.072 0.061 0.050 104; mass/charge range = 103 to 104, resolution (at m/z = 1000) 103 to 104 for most ions; welldeveloped hardware and software; used in standard protocols.

Co-elution of compounds compromise library identifications; often user must interpret fragmentation patterns; SIM mode provides higher sensitivity but for target ions only, sensitivity decreases with increasing number of SIM ions; Scan/SIM methods must balance scan and SIM sensitivity requirements.

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS (ion trap, IT)

Scan or selected ion monitoring (SIM); tandem MS-MS; gas or liquid chemical ionization

High sensitivity, compact design; tandem Space charge effects can lead to relatively poor dynamic range, however, for “clean” mass spectrometry is possible; dynamic range = 104, but typically limited to < 104; samples, the dynamic range can be as high mass/charge range = 104 to 105, as single quadrupole units; specific resolution (at m/z = 1000) 104; welllibraries are limited; SIM is for target ions developed hardware and software; used only with a sensitivity lower than that in standard protocols. obtainable by a SIM analysis via single quadrupole, above; MS-MS analyses are limited to approximately 120 to 150 compounds per analysis; MS-MS analysis is typically slower than that done with a tandem MS-MS (process is done in time rather than space).

Gas Chromatography (time of Scan or selected ion flight) Mass Spectrometry, monitoring low resolution GC-TOF

Analytical

Comprehensive Gas Chromatography (time of flight) Mass Spectrometry, low resolution GCXGC-TOF

Identification possible with good chromatographic separations, dynamic range = 104, mass/charge range = 105, resolution (at m/z = 1000) 103 to 104

Unit mass resolution limits identification capability; libraries are limited; if chromatographic separation is poor, comprehensive (GCXGC) might be needed; cannot distinguish neutral losses.

Unit mass resolution limits identification Scan or selected ion Identification possible with good capability; libraries are limited; GCXGC monitoring; normal column chromatographic separations in two may not remedy all aspects of component configuration (nonpolar – dimensions on a nonpolar (long) and a coelution. polar) or reversed column polar (short) column; identification of configuration (polar families with help of principal nonpolar) component analysis tools; dynamic range = 104, mass/charge range = 105, resolution (at m/z = 1000) 103 to 104, well-developed hardware and software; used in standard protocols.

8-24

K21599_S08.indb 24

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Varieties of Hyphenated Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry Method (with accepted acronyms and abbreviations) Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (triple quadrupole) GC-MS(QQQ, or QqQ)

Modes Multiple and selected reaction monitoring

Advantages

8-25

Limitations

Provides product and precursor ion scans; Unit mass, making identification ambiguous due to multiple structures as very sensitive for target compounds or source of breakdown mass; empirical functional groups; developed to provide formula determination can be difficult, enhanced daughter ion resolution; spectra and fragmentations must often be relatively simple construction with interpreted manually; full scan data can straightforward scanning procedures; no high voltage arcing; dynamic range = 105, be acquired (similar to the single quad mass/charge range = 103 to 104, procedure) by turning off the collision resolution (at m/z = 1000) 103 - 104. cell.

Very large data files (currently approaching Gas Chromatography (time of Scan or selected ion Might obviate the need for GCXGC 2 Gb), software is currently flight) Mass Spectrometry, monitoring, tandem MS-M separations with accurate mass developmental. high resolution determinations; deconvolution software GC-TOF can aid in identification of multiple components under peaks; sensitivity intermediate between multiple reaction monitoring and product ion scan of a QQQ; dynamic range = 104, mass/charge range = 105, resolution (at m/z = 1000) 103 to 104. Might obviate the need for GCXGC separations with accurate mass determinations; isolation of parent ions and subsequent fragmentation provides identification; will detect any daughter ion passed into the TOF; sensitivity intermediate between multiple reaction monitoring and product ion scan of a QQQ dynamic range = 104, mass/charge range = 105, resolution (at m/z = 1000) 103 to 104.

Large data files are produced; Sophisticated software is needed for processing and deconvolution; requires accurate mass and high resolution.

Analytical

Gas Chromatography Tandem Scan or selected ion Mass Spectrometry monitoring, tandem GC-QTOF MS-MS

K21599_S08.indb 25

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos While trapping sorbents have been used for many years in headspace analysis (most commonly with gas chromatography), the modern techniques of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) are particularly applicable to survey analyses (Ref. 1). In the following tables, we provide information for the selection and application of the various fibers, and data on salting out reagents (Refs. 1 to 5). For information on other trapping sorbents, chelating agents, resins, and polymeric phases used for headspace analysis, see Ref. 1.

Phase Material Characteristics Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS):

Similar in properties to the OV-1 or SE-30 silicone phases (Ref. 1); non-polar fluid suitable for non-polar or slightly polar analytes; thicker coatings extract more analyte, but require longer extraction times; thicker coatings may show carryover effects; useful for hydrocarbons, aldehydes, ketones, and esters.

Polyacrylate:

References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 2. Haynes, W. M., Ed., CRC Handbook for Chemistry and Physics, 92nd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 3. NIST Chemistry Web Book, www.webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/, 2009. 4. Machata, G., Clin. Chem. Newsletter 4, 29, 1972. 5. Ioffe, B. V., and Vitenberg, A. G., Head Space Analysis and Related Methods in Gas Chromatography, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1983.

Rigid solid material; moderate polarity; diffusion of analytes through bulk is relatively slow because of rigidity of material; relatively higher desorption temperatures required because of rigidity of material; can be oxidized easily at higher temperatures; must use oxygen-free carrier gas and ensure gas chromatographic system is leak-free; fibers are very solvent resistant; darkens to a brown color upon exposure to temperatures in excess of 280 oC, but fiber is generally still usable until color becomes black; useful for alcohols.

Carbowax (polyethylene glycol, PEG):

Fiber Selection Criteria The main fiber selection parameters are polarity and relative molecular mass. The table below provides general guidelines on the applicability of available fibers relative to these two parameters. The fibers are characterized by the extraction mechanism, either adsorption or absorption. Adsorbent fibers contain particles suspended in polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) or polyethylene glycol (PEG, Carbowax). Fiber

Type of Fiber

Polarity

RMM Range

7 µm PDMS 30 µm PDMS 85 µm Polyacrylate 100 µm PDMS 50 µm Carbowax (PEG) PDMS-DVB Carbowax-DVB PDMS-DVB-Carboxen PDMS-Carboxen Carbopak Z-PDMS

Absorbent Absorbent Absorbent Absorbent Adsorbent Adsorbent Adsorbent Adsorbent Adsorbent Adsorbent

Nonpolar Nonpolar Moderately polar Nonpolar Polar Bipolar Polar Bipolar Bipolar Nonpolar

150–700 80–600 60–450 55–400 50–400 50–350 50–350 40–270 35–180 50–500

Analytical

PDMS – Polydimethylsiloxane DVB – Divinylbenzene (3 µm to 5 µm particles) PEG – Polyethylene glycol Carboxen – Carboxen 1006 (contains micro-, meso-, and macro-tapered pores) (3 µm to 5 µm particles) RMM Range – Relative molecular mass range that is the ideal range for optimum extraction. Ranges can be extended by varying extraction times, but results will not be optimized

Similar in properties to the PEG coatings used extensively in chromatography; moderately polar; highly crosslinked to counteract water solubility; sensitive to attack by oxygen at temperatures in excess of 220 oC, at which point the fiber will darken and become powdery; requires use of high purity carrier gas (typically He at 99.999 % mass/mass) treated for oxygen contamination.

Divinylbenzene (DVB):

Similar to the properties of divinylbenzene porous polymer phases; higher polarity than Carbowax, and when combined with Carbowax results in a more polar phase; like polyacrylate, it is a solid particle that must be carried in a liquid to coat on a fiber.

Carboxen:

Similar to the material used in Carboxen porous-layer open tubular (PLOT) columns; structure has an approximately even distribution of macro-, meso-, and micro-pores, making it valuable for smaller analytes; larger analytes can show hysteresis that must be addressed by desorption at 280 oC; useful for hydrocarbons, ethers, aldehydes, ketones.

Extraction Capability of Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents

This table shows the extraction capability of the fibers for acetone, a small, moderately polar analyte, for 4-nitrophenol, a medium size polar analyte, and benzo(GHI)perylene, a large nonpolar analyte. This provides a general guideline for fiber selection.

8-26

K21599_S08.indb 26

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Solid-Phase Microextraction Sorbents Fiber 7 µm PDMS 30 µm PDMS 85 µm Polyacrylate 100 µm PDMS 50 µm Carbowax (PEG) PDMS-DVB Carbowax-DVB PDMS-DVB-Carboxen PDMS-Carboxen Carbopak Z-PDMS

8-27

Approx. Linear Conc. Range Approx. Linear Conc. Range Acetone 10 min Exta (FID) 4-Nitrophenol 20 min Extb (GC/MS) 100 ppm and up Not extracted 10 ppm and up 10 ppm and up 1 ppm to 1000 ppm 5 ppb to 100 ppm 500 ppb to 1000 ppm 500 ppb to 500 ppm 1 ppm to 1000 ppm 5 ppb to 50 ppm 50 ppb to 100 ppm 25 ppb to 10 ppm 100 ppb to 100 ppm 5 ppb to 10 ppm 25 ppb to 10 ppm 50 ppb to 10 ppm 5 ppb to 5 ppm 100 ppb to 10 ppm 10 ppm to 500 ppm 5 ppm to 100 ppm

Approx. Linear Conc. Range Benzo(GHI) Perylene 20 min Ext 100 ppt to 500 ppb 100 ppt to 10 ppm 500 ppt to 10 ppm 500 ppt to 10 ppm 25 ppb to 10 ppm 10 ppb to 1 ppm 50 ppb to 5 ppm 100 ppb to 1 ppm poorly desorbed Not desorbed 500 ppt to 100 ppb

Note: In each case, the concentration is expressed on a mass basis (e.g., ppm mass/mass). a Water sample contains 25% NaCl (mass/mass) b Water sample contains 2% NaCl (mass/mass) acidified to pH = 2 with 0.05 M phosphoric acid 1 ppm = 1 part in 1 × 106 1 ppb = 1 part in 1 × 109 1 ppt = 1 part in 1 × 1012

Typical Phase Volumes of SPME Fiber Coatings

Type of Fiber Core Fiber Core Diameter/mm Phase Volume/mm3 or µL Fused silica 0.110 0.612 Metal 0.130 0.598 Fused silica 0.110 0.132 Metal 0.130 0.136 Fused silica 0.110 0.028 Metal 0.130 0.030 Fused silica 0.110 0.543 Metal 0.130 0.358 Metal 0.130 0.068 Fused silica 0.120 0.418 Proprietary 0.130 0.440 Metal 0.130 0.440 Fused silica 0.120 0.502 Proprietary 0.130 0.528 Metal 0.130 0.528 Metal 0.130 0.151 0.190 0.377 Metal 0.130 0.151 0.190 0.377 Proprietary 0.160 0.459

Salting-Out Reagents for Headspace Analysis The following table provides data on the common salts used for salting out in chromatographic headspace analysis, as applied to direct injection methods and to solid-phase microextraction. Data are provided for the most commonly available salts, although others are possible. Sodium citrate, for example, occurs as the dihydrate and the pentahydrate. The pentahydrate is not as stable as Salt Potassium carbonate Ammonium sulfate Sodium citrate (dihydrate) Sodium chloride Ammonium chloride c d e a

b

K21599_S08.indb 27

20 oC 100 oC 0 oC 25 oC Specific gravity, 25 oC/4 oC

the dihydrate, however, and dries out on exposure to air, forming cakes. Potassium carbonate occurs as the dihydrate, trihydrate, and sesquihydrate; however, data are provided only for the anhydrous material. The solubility is provided as the number of grams that can dissolve in 100 mL of water at the indicated temperature. The vapor enhancement cited is the degree of increase of the concentration of vapor over the solution of a 2 % (mass/mass) ethanol solution in water at 60 oC.

Formula Rel. Mol. Mass Density/g cm 138.21 2.428 at 14 °C K2CO3 132.13 1.769 at 50 °C (NH4)2SO4 294.10 Na3C6H5O7 × 2H2O NaCl 58.44 2.165e 53.49 1.527 NH4Cl

–3

Solubility/g mL–1 H2O Vapor Cold Water Hot Water Enhancement 112a 156b 8 70.6c 103.8b 5 72d 167b 5 37.5a 39.12b 3 29.7c 75.8b 2

Analytical

Fiber Coating Thickness/Type PDMS 100 µm PDMS 30 µm PDMS 30 µm PDMS 7 µm PDMS 7 µm PDMS 85 µm PA 60 µm PEG 15 µm Carbopack Z/PDMS 65 µm PDMS/DVB 65 µm PDMS/DVB 65 µm PDMS/DVB 75 µm Carboxen-PDMS 85 µm Carboxen-PDMS 85 µm Carboxen-PDMS 50/30 µm DVB/Carboxen Carboxen layer DVB layer 50/30 µm DVB/Carboxen Carboxen layer DVB layer 60 µm PDMS-DVB HPLC

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices Thomas J. Bruno The interpretation of results from chromatographic measurements can often be augmented with an appropriate mathematical treatment of the solute retention that is observed. The goal of the treatment is to make the resulting metric as independent of the instrument as possible. A typical situation that arises from analysis by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry is that the library search routine produces “hits” that are ambiguous if not nonsensical (Ref. 1). The correct interpretation of the mass spectrum must then be done manually (Refs. 2, 3), and the mass spectral data should be augmented by additional analytical techniques. The specific techniques that should be used must be determined on a case-by-case basis by a qualified person. One additional datum that is typically already present in gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection is chromatographic retention. The raw datum from a chromatographic measurement is a retention time, tr, of each eluted peak, and a corresponding intensity. Here, we will not treat other aspects of the output, such as the width and shape of the chromatographic signal. The retention time (for a given stationary phase) is dependent on the column temperature, column pressure, column geometry (length and inside diameter; phase ratio), and ambient (atmospheric) pressure. If the volumetric carrier gas flow rate (at the column exit) is measured and multiplied by the retention time, the retention volume, VR, is obtained. The adjusted retention volume, VR′, is the retention volume corrected for the void volume (or mobile phase holdup) of the column. It is obtained by simply subtracting the retention volume of an unretained solute (VM):

VR′ = VR - VM.

(1)

While it is possible to calculate the corresponding adjusted retention time, tr′, by subtracting the retention time of the unretained peak, tm, it is better to work with volumes since average flow-rate variations between individual analyses are then accounted for. Note that with each level of refinement beyond the raw retention time, a facet of instrument dependence from the resulting parameter is removed. VR is independent of the flow rate; VR′ is, further, independent of column geometry. Continuing with this approach, the net retention volume, VN, is defined, by applying a factor, j, to account for the pressure drop across the column:

VN = jVR′,

(2)

where j is usually the Martin-James compressibility factor : 3

Analytical

  Pi  2  -1   3  P  j=  o 3   2   Pi     -1      P o

(3)

In Eq. 3, Pi is the inlet pressure (absolute) and Po is the outlet pressure (usually atmospheric pressure). The net retention volume is important because it is independent of the inlet and outlet pressures, as well as being independent of the carrier gas flow rate and column geometry. The specific retention volume, Vg, corrects the net retention volume for the amount of stationary phase actually on the column, and the column temperature is adjusted or corrected to 0 oC:



V g = (273.15)

VN , (W sT col )

(4)

where Tcol is the column temperature (in K), and Ws is the mass of the stationary phase in the column. The Vg value is a characteristic for a particular solute on a particular stationary phase, and is instrument independent. This is a quantity that may be compared from instrument to instrument, and laboratory to laboratory with a high level of confidence provided the stationary phase used is a single, pure compound or a well characterized mixture. If the mass of the stationary phase is not known, or is not meaningful, one may use the net retention volume directly, or one may correct the net retention volume to a column temperature of 0 oC (represented by VN0) by simply not including the term for Ws (that is, setting it equal to unity). It is also extremely valuable to calculate a relative retention, ra/b:

 V bg   V bN  r a/b =  a  =  a  V g V N

(5)

where the numerical superscripts refer to the retention volumes of solutes “a” and “b.” In this case, solute “a” is a reference compound. The relative retention is dependent only on the column temperature and the type of stationary phase. For reasons of operational simplicity, this parameter is usually one of the best to use for qualitative analysis. It can account for small differences in the column temperature, stationary phase considerations, column history, and minor disturbances in the carrier gas flow rate. It is possible to account for the column temperature by plotting the logarithm of the retention parameters against 1/T, where T is the thermodynamic temperature. The column pressure is accounted for by variations in the volume measurement; therefore, there is no pressure dependence to these parameters. We can go beyond the simple retention parameters discussed earlier to incorporate a logarithmic interpolation on a uniform scale by use of the Kovats’ retention index (Ref. 4). The isothermal Kovats’ retention index is calculated by use of the following defining equation:

 log X S − log X L  I sample (T ) = 100  + nL  log X − log X H L  

(6)

Here, Isample is the dimensionless Kovats’ retention index that is a function of both temperature and the stationary phase employed. The terms represented by X are retention parameters of the sample and standards. Following this convention, XS is the retention parameter of the sample under consideration. Any retention parameter, such as the adjusted retention time, t´, the net retention volume, VN, the adjusted net retention volume, VN0, and the relative retentions, ra/b, can be used. XS is the retention parameter of the sample under consideration, XL is the retention parameter of a normal alkane (that is, straight chain or unbranched) of carbon number nL that elutes earlier than the sample, and XH is the retention parameter of a normal alkane having a carbon number greater than nL+1 that elutes after the sample. The retention index of a sample is, therefore, 100 multiplied by the carbon number of a hy-

8-28

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Gas Chromatographic Retention Indices

8-29

pothetical normal alkane that shows the same retention parameter on the stationary phase at that temperature. Thus, a sample that has a retention index of 785, for example, would co-elute with a hypothetical normal alkane that has 7.85 carbon atoms. By definition, the retention indices of the normal alkanes (on any stationary phase) are equal to 100 multiplied by the carbon number. Thus, for n-hexane, I = 600, and so on for the other n-alkanes in this homologous series. The zero point in the scale is defined for hydrogen, for which I = 0. Kovats’ retention indices have been determined for selected compounds on the most common stationary phases [Refs. 5-7]. The temperature dependence of I for a given sample is known to follow a hyperbolic form similar to the familiar Antoine equation used to represent vapor pressure: I sample (T ) = A +



B (T + C )

(7)

In this equation, A, B, and C are empirically determined constants, and T is the temperature (in oC). A nonlinear fitting routine should be used to determine these constants. When retention indices are available for at least three temperatures, initial values for A, B, and C can be determined by use of the following equations:



C=

(T2 − T1 ) ( I 3T3 − I1T1 ) + (T3 − T1 )( I1T1 − I 2T2 ) , (T3 − T1 )( I 2 − I1 ) − (T2 − T1 )( I 3 − I1 )

(8)

I 2T2 − I1T 1 +C ( I 2 − I1 ) , T2 − T1

(9)

A=

B = ( I 2 − A)(T2 + C ) .

(10)



 t r(unknown) − t r(n)  , I = 100 × n + ( N − n )  t r(N) − t r(n)  

(11)

where I is the retention index, n is the number of carbon atoms in the smaller n-alkane, N is the the number of carbon atoms in the larger n-alkane, and tr is the retention time of the indicated peak. A useful alternative to the Kovats’ system is the Lee retention index (isothermal and temperature dependent), based on the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) standard compounds: naphthalene (I = 200), phenanthrene (I = 300), chrysene (I = 400), and picene or benzo(g,h,i)perylene (I = 500). Isothermal (and temperature-dependent) Kovats’ and Lee retention indices for many compounds are tabulated in the NIST Chemistry Web Book (Ref. 8).

References 1. NIST/EPA/NIH (NIST 11) Mass Spectral Database, NIST Standard Reference Database 1A, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standard Reference Data Program, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, 2011. 2. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006. 3. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N, CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd. Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 4. Kovats, E., Helv. Chim. Acta 41, 1915, 1958. 5. Lubek, A. J., and Sutton, D. L., J. High Res. Chromatogr. and Chromatogr. Commun. 6, 328, 1983. 6. Bruno, T. J., Wertz, K. H., and Cacairi, M., Anal. Chem. 68, 1347, 1996. 7. Miller, K. E., and Bruno, T. J., J. Chromatogr. A 1007, 117, 2003. 8. NIST Chemistry Web Book, NIST Standard Reference Database Number 69, Standard Reference Data Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, 2012.

Analytical

In these equations, I1, I2, and I3 are retention indices of the sample measured at temperatures T1, T2, and T3. When additional retention indices are available at other temperatures, we advocate the use of minimum deviation estimates from these three equations to furnish the starting values for the nonlinear fit. When retention indices at four temperatures are available, the best starting values are obtained from the I1, I2, and I3 triplet that minimizes the deviation with the experimental value with that produced by Eq. 7. This approach provides the fastest convergence, and also helps avoid converging to local minima. Predictions made by use of Eq. 7

can be used for retention indices within the measured temperature range as well as extrapolation somewhat beyond that range on a case-by-case basis. It is also of value to report and use the temperature dependence as a slope coefficient, δIsample/10 oC, the variation of Isample for a particular stationary phase over a particular temperature range. While not as reliable as the Antoine-type fit, this coefficient is useful for predictions within the range of the measured results. In all of the above discussion, one must understand that the column temperature is fixed. The Kovats’ retention indices can be made applicable to temperature programmed analysis by use of

K21599_S08.indb 29

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Eluotropic Values of Solvents on Octadecylsilane and Octylsilane Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos The following table provides, for comparative and interpretive purposes, eluotropic values on bonded octadecylsilane (ODS) and octylsilane (OS) for common solvents used in HPLC (Refs. 1–3). For additional information on common, specific and chiral stationary phases for HPLC, and for solvents, derivatizing reagents, and detectors, see Ref. 3.

Solvent Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile 1,4-dioxane Dimethyl-formamide Methanol Ethanol n-Propanol 2-Propanol Tetrahydrofuran

References 1. Krieger, P. A., High Purity Solvent Guide, Burdick and Jackson Laboratories, McGaw Park, IL, 1984. 2. Ahuja, S., Trace and Ultratrace Analysis by HPLC, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1992. 3. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011.

Eluotropic Value, Eluotropic Value, ODS OS — 8.8 3.1 11.7 7.6 1.0 3.1 10.1 8.3 3.7

2.7 9.3 3.3 13.5 9.4 1.0 3.2 10.8 8.4 —

Analytical

8-30

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Detectors For Liquid Chromatography Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos The following table provides some comparative data for interpretation of results from the more common detectors applied to high-performance liquid chromatography (Refs. 1-6). In general, the operational parameters provided are for optimized systems, and represent the maximum obtainable in terms of sensitivity and linearity. In this table, the molar extinction coefficient is represented by ε.

References 1. Pryde, A., and Gilbert, M. T., Applications of High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chapman and Hall, London, 1979. 2. Hamilton, R. J., and Sewell, P. A., Introduction to High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Chapman and Hall, London, 1977. 3. Ahuja, S., Trace and Ultratrace Analysis by HPLC, Chemical Analysis Series, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991. 4. Snyder, L. R., Kirkland, J. J., and Glajch, J., Practical HPLC Method Development, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1997. 5. Bruno, T. J., Sep. Purif. Meth. 29, 63, 2000. 6. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N, CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd. Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011.

Sensitivity 1 × 10-9 g (for compounds of e = 10 000 to 20 000)

Linearity 1 × 104

Selectivity For UV-active functionalities, on the basis of absorptivity.

Comments Relatively insensitive to flow and temperature fluctuations; non-destructive, useful with gradient elution; use mercury lamp for 254 nm, and quartziodine lamp for 350 nm to 700 nm; often a diodearray instrument is used to obtain entire UV-vis spectrum. Universal, dependent Relatively insensitive to flow fluctuations, but on refractive-index sensitive to temperature fluctuations; nondifference with destructive, cannot be used with gradient elution; mobile phase solvents must be degassed to avoid bubble formations; laser-based RI detectors offer higher sensitivity.

Refractive index detector (RID)

1 × 10-7 g

1 × 104

Fluorometric detector

1 × 10-11 g

1 × 105

For fluorescent species with conjugated bonding and/or aromaticity

Electrochemical detectors Amperometric 1 × 10-9 g

Relatively insensitive to temperature and flow fluctuations; non-destructive; can be used with gradient elution; often, chemical derivatization is done on analytes to form fluorescent species; uses deuterium lamp for 190 nm to 400 nm, or tungsten lamp for 350 nm to 600 nm.

1 × 104

Responds to –OH functionalities

Conductivity detector

1 × 10-9 g

2 × 104

Specific to ionizable compounds

Mass spectrometers

Interface dependent

Interface dependent

Universal, within limits imposed by interface

Used for aliphatic and aromatic –OH compounds, amines, and indoles; pulsed potential units are most sensitive, can be used with gradient elution and organic mobile phases; senses compounds in oxidatitive or reductive modes; mobile phases must be highly pure and purged of O2. Uses post-column derivatization to produce ionic species; especially useful for certain halogen, sulfur, and nitrogen compounds Complex, expensive devices highly dependent on an efficient interface; electrospray and thermospray interfaces are most common; linear response is difficult to achieve.

Analytical

Detector Ultraviolet spectrophotometer



K21599_S08.indb 31

8-31

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Solvents for Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry This table lists some solvents commonly used for sample preparation for ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The properties given are: λc: cutoff wavelength, below which the solvent absorption becomes excessive. ε: dielectric constant (relative permittivity); the temperature in °C is given as a superscript. tb: normal boiling point.

Analytical

Name Acetic acid Acetone Acetonitrile Benzene 2-Butanol Butyl acetate Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride 1-Chlorobutane Chloroform Cyclohexane 1,2-Dichloroethane Dichloromethane Diethyl ether N,N-Dimethylacetamide N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl sulfoxide 1,4-Dioxane Ethanol Ethyl acetate Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether Glycerol Heptane Hexadecane Hexane Methanol Methylcyclohexane Methyl ethyl ketone Methyl isobutyl ketone 2-Methyl-1-propanol N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone Nitromethane Pentane Pentyl acetate 1-Propanol 2-Propanol Pyridine Tetrachloroethylene Tetrahydrofuran Toluene 1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane 2,2,4-Trimethylpentane Water o-Xylene m-Xylene p-Xylene

References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, IV/6, Static Dielectric Constants of Pure Liquids and Binary Liquid Mixtures, Springer–Verlag, Heidelberg, 1991. λc/nm 260 330 190 280 260 254 380 265 220 245 210 226 235 218 268 270 265 215 210 255 240 210 210 207 197 200 210 210 210 330 335 230 285 380 210 212 210 210 330 290 220 286 231 215 191 290 290 290

ε 6.2020 21.0120 36.6420 2.2820 17.2620 5.0720 2.6320 2.2420 7.2820 4.8120 2.0220 10.4220 8.9325 4.2720 38.8521 38.2520 47.2420 2.2220 25.320 6.0820 7.3024 13.3825 17.225 46.5320 1.9220 2.0520 1.8920 33.020 2.0220 18.5620 13.1120 17.9320 32.5520 37.2720 1.8420 4.7920 20.820 20.1820 13.2620 2.2730 7.5222 2.3823 2.4125 1.9420 80.1020 2.5620 2.3620 2.2720

tb/°C 117.9 56.0 81.6 80.0 99.5 126.1 46 76.8 78.6 61.1 80.7 83.5 40 34.5 165 153 189 101.5 78.2 77.1 85 135 124.1 290 98.5 286.8 68.7 64.6 100.9 79.5 116.5 107.8 202 101.1 36.0 149.2 97.2 82.3 115.2 121.3 65 110.6 47.7 99.2 100.0 144.5 139.1 138.3

8-32

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Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos

References 1. Willard, H. H., Merritt, Jr., L. L., Dean, J. A., and Settle, F. A., Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 7th Edition, Wadsworth Publishing Co., Belmont, CA, 1988. Chromophore Ether Thioether Amine Amide Thiol Disulfide Bromide Iodide Nitrile Acetylide (alkyne) Sulfone Oxime Azido Alkene Ketone Thioketone Esters Aldehyde Carboxyl Sulfoxide Nitro Nitrite Azo Nitroso Nitrate Conjugated hydrocarbon Conjugated hydrocarbon Conjugated hydrocarbon Conjugated hydrocarbon Conjugated hydrocarbon Conjugated hydrocarbon Conjugated system Conjugated system Conjugated system Phenyl



K21599_S08.indb 33

2. Silverstein, R. M., and Webster, F. X., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 6th Edition, Wiley, New York, 1998. 3. Lambert, J. B., Shurvell, H. F., Lightner D. A., Verbit, L. and Cooks, R. G., Organic Structural Spectroscopy, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1998. 4. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 5. Woodward, R. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 63, 1123, 1941. 6. Woodward, R. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 64, 72, 1942. 7. Woodward, R. B., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 64, 76, 1942. 8. Fieser, L. F., and Fieser, M., Natural Products Related to Phenanthrene, Third Edition, Reinhold, New York, 1949.

λmax/nm 185 194 195 C=N– 190 –C=C– 190 >C=O 195 >C=S 205 –COOR 205 –CHO 210 –COOH 200–210 210 >S→O –NO2 210 –ONO 220–230 –N=N– 285–400 –N=O 302 –ONO2 270 (shoulder) –(C=C)2– (acyclic) 210–230 –(C=C)3– 260 –(C=C)4– 300 –(C=C)5– 330 –(C=C)2– (alicyclic) 230–260 219 C=C–C≡C C=C–C=N 220 C=C–C=O 210–250 C=C–NO2 229 184 Functional Group –O– –S– –NH2– –CONH2 –SH –S–S– –Br –I

εmax 1000 4600 2800 — 1400 5500 300 400 — 6000 — 5000 5000 8000 1000 strong 50 strong 50–70 1500 strong 1000–2000 3–25 100 12 21 000 35 000 52 000 118 000 3000–8000 6500 23 000 10 000–20 000 9500 46 700

λmax/nm

εmax

215

1600

255

400

270–285

18–30

280–300

11–18

300–4000

10

202

6900

λmax/nm

εmax

300–350

weak

255

Analytical

The following table presents a correlation between common chromophoric functional groups and the expected absorptions from ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. While not as informative as infrared correlations, UV can often provide valuable qualitative information. In these tables, λmax is the wavelength in nm at which the maximum absorption occurs, and εmax is the extinction coefficient.

170

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Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities

8-34 Chromophore Diphenyl

Functional Group

λmax/nm

εmax

λmax/nm 246

Naphthalene

220

112 000

275

5600

Anthracene

252

199 000

375

7900

174

80 000

195

227

37 000

218

80 000

Pyridine

N

Quinoline

εmax 20 000

λmax/nm

εmax

312

175

6000

251

1700

270

3600

314

2750

266

4000

317

3500

N Isoquinoline

N

Note: φ denotes a phenyl group.

Wavenumber Adjustments for Bathochromic Shifts (Woodward’s Rules) Conjugated systems show bathochromic shifts in their π→π* transition bands. Empirical methods for predicting those shifts were originally formulated by Woodward (References 5–7) and Fieser and Fieser (Reference 8). This section includes the most important conjugated system rules. The reader should consult References 6 and 8 for more details on how to apply the wavelength increment data. (a) Rules for Diene Absorption Base value for diene: 214 nm Increments for each (in nm): Heteroannular diene Homoannular diene Extra double bond Alkyl substituent or ring residue Exocyclic double bond Polar groups:   –OOCR   –OR   –S–R   halogen   –NR2 λ Calculated

+0 +39 +30 +5 +5 +0 +6 +30 +5 +60 = Total

(b) Rules for Enone Absorption*

Analytical



δ γ β α –C=C–C=C–C– | | | | || O Base value for acyclic (or six-membered) α,βunsaturated ketone: 215 nm Base value for five-membered α,β-unsaturated ketone: 202 nm Base value for α,β-unsaturated aldehydes: 210 nm

Base value for α,β-unsaturated esters or carboxylic acids: 195 nm Increments for each (in nm): Heteroannular diene Homoannular diene Double bond Alkyl group:   α–   β–   γ– and higher Polar groups:   –OH    α–    β–    δ–   –OOCR    α, β, γ, δ   –OR    α–    β–    γ–    δ–   –SR    β–   –Cl    α–    β–   –Br    α–    β–   –NR2    β– Exocyclic double bond λ Calculated

+0 +39 +30 +10 +12 +18

+35 +30 +50 +6 +35 +30 +17 +31 +85 +15 +12 +25 +30 +95 +5 = Total

*Solvent corrections should be included. These are: water (-8), chloroform (+1), dioxane (+5), ether (+7), hexane (+11), and cyclohexane (+11). No correction is included for methanol or ethanol.

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Correlation Table for Ultraviolet Active Functionalities (c) Rules for monosubstituted benzene derivatives Parent Chromophore (benzene): 250 nm Substituent –R –COR –CHO –OH –OR –COOR

Increment (in nm) –4 –4 0 –16 –16 –16

where R is an alkyl group, and the substitution is on C6H5–.

8-35 (d) Rules for disubstituted benzene derivatives Parent Chromophore (benzene): 250 nm Substituent –R –COR –OH –OR –O– –Cl –Br –NH2 –NHCOCH3 –NHCH3 –N(CH3)2

Increment (in nm) o– m– p– +3 +3 +10 +3 +3 +10 +7 +7 +25 +7 +7 +25 +11 +20 +78 (variable) +0 +0 +10 +2 +2 +15 +13 +13 +58 +20 +20 +45 — — +73 +20 +20 +85

Analytical

R indicates an alkyl group.

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Wavelength-Wavenumber Conversion Table Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N Svoronos

References

The following table provides a conversion between wavelength and wavenumber units, for use in infrared spectrophotometry (Refs. 1 and 2). Because spectra are presented in different formats, this table is an aid in interpretation.

1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 2. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006. Wavenumber/cm–1

Analytical

Wavelength/μm

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

5000 4762 4545 4348 4167 4000 3846 3704 3571 3448

4975 4739 4525 4329 4149 3984 3831 3690 3559 3436

4950 4717 4505 4310 4232 3968 3817 3676 3546 3425

4926 4695 4484 4292 4115 4953 3802 3663 3534 3413

4902 4673 4464 4274 4098 3937 3788 3650 3521 3401

4878 4651 4444 4255 4082 3922 3774 3636 3509 3390

4854 4630 4425 4237 4065 3006 3759 3623 3497 3378

4831 4608 4405 4219 4049 3891 3745 3610 3484 3367

4808 4587 4386 4202 4032 3876 3731 3597 3472 3356

4785 4566 4367 4184 4016 3861 3717 3584 3460 3344

3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9

3333 3226 3125 3030 2941 2857 2778 2703 2632 2654

3322 3215 3115 3021 2933 2849 2770 2695 2625 2558

3311 3205 3106 3012 2924 2841 2762 2688 2618 2551

3300 3195 3096 3003 2915 2833 2755 2681 2611 2545

3289 3185 3086 2994 2907 2825 2747 2674 2604 2538

3279 3175 3077 2985 2899 2817 2740 2667 2597 2532

3268 3165 3067 2976 2890 2809 2732 2660 2591 2525

3257 3155 3058 2967 2882 2801 2725 2653 2584 2519

3247 3145 3049 2959 2874 2793 2717 2646 2577 2513

3236 3135 3040 2950 2865 2786 2710 2639 2571 2506

4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

2500 2439 2381 2326 2273 2222 2174 2128 2083 2041

2494 2433 2375 2320 2268 2217 2169 2123 2079 2037

2488 2427 2370 2315 2262 2212 2165 2119 2075 2033

2481 2421 2364 2309 2257 2208 2160 2114 2070 2028

2475 2415 2358 2304 2252 2203 2155 2110 2066 2024

2469 2410 2353 2299 2247 2198 2151 2105 2062 2020

2463 2404 2347 2294 2242 2193 2146 2101 2058 2016

2457 2398 2342 2288 2237 2188 2141 2096 2053 2012

2451 2387 2336 2283 2232 2183 2137 2092 2049 2008

2445 2387 2331 2278 2227 2179 2132 2088 2045 2004

5.0 5.1 5.2

2000 1961 1923

1996 1957 1919

1992 1953 1916

1988 1949 1912

1984 1946 1908

1980 1942 1905

1976 1938 1901

1972 1934 1898

1969 1931 1894

1965 1927 1890

5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9

1887 1852 1818 1786 1754 1724 1695

1883 1848 1815 1783 1751 1721 1692

1880 1845 1812 1779 1748 1718 1689

1876 1842 1808 1776 1745 1715 1686

1873 1838 1805 1773 1742 1712 1684

1869 1835 1802 1770 1739 1709 1681

1866 1832 1799 1767 1736 1706 1678

1862 1828 1795 1764 1733 1704 1675

1859 1825 1792 1761 1730 1701 1672

1855 1821 1788 1757 1727 1698 1669

6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9

1667 1639 1613 1587 1563 1538 1515 1493 1471 1449

1664 1637 1610 1585 1560 1536 1513 1490 1468 1447

1661 1634 1608 1582 1558 1534 1511 1488 1466 1445

1668 1631 1605 1580 1555 1531 1508 1486 1464 1443

1656 1629 1603 1577 1553 1529 1506 1484 1462 1441

1653 1626 1600 1575 1550 1527 1504 1481 1460 1439

1650 1623 1597 1572 1548 1524 1502 1479 1458 1437

1647 1621 1595 1570 1546 1522 1499 1477 1456 1435

1645 1618 1592 1567 1543 1520 1497 1475 1453 1433

1642 1616 1590 1565 1541 1517 1495 1473 1451 1431

8-36

K21599_S08.indb 36

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Wavelength-Wavenumber Conversion Table

K21599_S08.indb 37

Wavenumber/cm–1

Wavelength/μm

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9

1429 1408 1389 1370 1351 1333 1316 1299 1282 1266

1427 1406 1387 1368 1350 1332 1314 1297 1280 1264

1425 1404 1385 1366 1348 1330 1312 1295 1279 1263

1422 1403 1383 1364 1346 1328 1311 1294 1277 1261

1420 1401 1381 1362 1344 1326 1309 1292 1276 1259

1418 1399 1379 1361 1342 1325 1307 1290 1274 1258

1416 1397 1377 1359 1340 1323 1305 1289 1272 1256

1414 1395 1376 1357 1339 1321 1304 1287 1271 1255

1412 1393 1374 1355 1337 1319 1302 1285 1269 1253

1410 1391 1372 1353 1335 1318 1300 1284 1267 1252

8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9

1250 1235 1220 1205 1190 1176 1163 1149 1136 1124

1248 1233 1218 1203 1189 1175 1161 1148 1135 1122

1247 1232 1217 1202 1188 1174 1160 1147 1134 1121

1245 1230 1215 1200 1186 1172 1159 1145 1133 1120

1244 1229 1214 1199 1185 1171 1157 1144 1131 1119

1242 1227 1212 1198 1183 1170 1156 1143 1130 1117

1241 1225 1211 1196 1182 1168 1155 1142 1129 1116

1239 1224 1209 1195 1181 1167 1153 1140 1127 1115

1238 1222 1208 1193 1179 1166 1152 1139 1126 1114

1236 1221 1206 1192 1178 1164 1151 1138 1125 1112

9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9

1111 1099 1087 1075 1064 1053 1042 1031 1020 1010

1110 1098 1086 1074 1063 1052 1041 1030 1019 1009

1109 1096 1085 1073 1062 1050 1040 1029 1018 1008

1107 1095 1083 1072 1060 1049 1038 1028 1017 1007

1106 1094 1082 1071 1059 1048 1037 1027 1016 1006

1105 1093 1081 1070 1058 1047 1036 1026 1015 1005

1104 1092 1080 1068 1057 1046 1035 1025 1014 1004

1103 1091 1079 1067 1056 1045 1034 1024 1013 1003

1101 1089 1078 1066 1055 1044 1033 1022 1012 1002

1100 1088 1076 1065 1054 1043 1032 1021 1011 1001

10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9

1000 990 980 971 962 952 943 935 926 917

999 989 979 970 961 951 943 934 925 917

998 988 978 969 960 951 942 933 924 916

997 987 978 968 959 950 941 932 923 915

996 986 977 967 958 949 940 931 923 914

995 985 976 966 957 948 939 930 922 913

994 984 975 965 956 947 938 929 921 912

993 983 974 964 955 946 937 929 920 912

992 982 973 963 954 945 936 928 919 911

991 981 972 962 953 944 935 927 918 910

11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 11.9

909 901 893 885 877 870 862 855 847 840

908 900 892 884 876 869 861 854 847 840

907 899 891 883 876 868 861 853 846 839

907 898 890 883 875 867 860 853 845 838

906 898 890 882 874 867 859 852 845 838

905 897 889 881 873 866 858 851 844 837

904 896 888 880 873 865 858 850 843 836

903 895 887 880 872 864 857 850 842 835

903 894 887 879 871 864 856 849 842 835

902 894 886 878 870 863 855 848 841 834

12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7

833 826 820 813 806 800 794 787

833 826 819 812 806 799 793 787

832 825 818 812 805 799 792 786

831 824 818 811 805 798 792 786

831 824 817 810 804 797 791 785

830 823 816 810 803 797 791 784

829 822 816 809 803 796 790 784

829 822 815 808 802 796 789 783

828 821 814 808 801 795 789 782

827 820 814 807 801 794 788 782

12.8 12.9

781 775

781 775

780 774

779 773

779 773

778 772

778 772

777 771

776 770

776 770

Analytical

8-37

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Wavelength-Wavenumber Conversion Table

8-38 Wavelength/μm

Wavenumber/cm–1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9

769 763 758 752 746 741 735 730 725 719

769 763 757 751 746 740 735 729 724 719

768 762 756 751 745 740 734 729 724 718

767 762 756 750 745 739 734 728 723 718

767 761 755 750 744 739 733 728 723 717

766 760 755 749 743 738 733 727 722 717

766 760 754 749 743 737 732 727 722 716

765 759 754 748 742 737 732 726 721 716

765 759 753 747 742 736 731 726 720 715

764 758 752 747 741 736 730 725 720 715

14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 14.8 14.9

714 709 704 699 694 690 685 680 676 671

714 709 704 699 694 689 684 680 675 671

713 708 703 698 693 689 684 679 675 670

713 708 703 698 693 688 684 679 674 670

712 707 702 697 693 688 683 678 674 669

712 707 702 697 692 687 683 678 673 669

711 706 702 696 692 687 682 678 673 668

711 706 701 696 691 686 682 677 672 668

710 705 701 695 691 686 681 677 672 668

710 705 700 695 690 685 681 676 672 667

Analytical K21599_S08.indb 38

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D.N. Svoronos

References

The following charts provide characteristic middle-range infrared absorptions obtained from particular functional groups on molecules (Refs. 1 and 2). These include a general mid-range correlation chart, a chart for aromatic absorptions, and a chart for carbonyl moieties. Charts for near infrared absorptions and for inorganic moieties can be found in the cited references.

1. Bruno, T. J. and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 2. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006.

Notes: AR = aromatic b = broad sd = solid sn = solution sp = sharp ? = unreliable

Strong Medium Weak Variable

Multiple Single O

4000 cm−1

B.

C, H

C

H,

COO

3000

H,

S

Bond H

Stretch 2000

∆

sp

C, H, O COMPOUNDS Alcohols 1° 2° 3° R Ethers R O R C O R epoxide Aldehydes R, R =CKetones R, R =CCyclic Ketones 3,4,5,6,7

free O-H

assoc.

b

sp

sp

m = monomer

b

d = dimer

4,5,6 2.5 µ

K21599_S08.indb 39

H,

COMPOUNDS ∆, CH3, CH2, CH CH CH2 C CH2 CH CH C CH C C CH C CH2 CH CH CH CH2 C C H Aromatic mono ortho meta para

Acids Esters Lactones Anhydrides



N

Stretch

Analytical

A.

H,

Bond

3.0

4.0

5.0

8-39

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts

8-40 Multiple 2000

A. C, H

B.

Bond

COMPOUNDS ∆, CH3, CH2, CH CH CH2 C CH2 CH CH C CH C C CH C CH2 CH CH CH CH2 C C H Aromatic mono ortho meta para C, H, O COMPOUNDS Alcohols 1° 2° 3° R Ethers R O R C O R epoxide Aldehydes R, R =CKetones R, R =CCyclic Ketones 3,4,5,6,7 Acids Esters Lactones Anhydrides

Stretch

C

1800

1600

Single Bond in-plane bending

1400

CH3 + CH2

trans

H

Stretch C

and Bend H out-of-plane bending

1000

800

1200

CH3CH

600

400

200

(CH2)n ≥ 4

∆

trans

cis

trans

=CH2

cis C

t ct

c

cis

t

+

H

Very Weak Benzene Substitution Patterns assoc. O

H

free

b

C

O

b Oe

assoc. O

free

H

Oa ?

R R =C3

4

m

5

4

4,5,6

R =C-

7 d

m

d

d

R

m

m

6

d

5

d

5

d

? 3,4

7

5 6

5.0

6.0

7.0

9.0

8.0

11

10

12

14

16

25

20

50 µ

Multiple Single O

H,

N

Bond H,

C

4000 cm−1 C. C, H, N, O COMPOUNDS Amines, H+ 1° 2° 3° R 1° Amides 2° 3° Lactams 4,5,6 N N N, .N N., .C N, C N Nitroso( Nitro

D.

N

O),

N

( NO2)

H

COO

H,

Stretch

Bond S

H

3000

2000 H

+

b, sp sn sd

sn

N

O

Analytical

+ X, S, P COMPOUNDS Fluoride Chloride a = anti-C Bromide g = gauche Iodide S SULPHUR C S S O SO2

S

P

PHOSPHOROUS H, X, OH P O, S C, P P O, P S SILICON BORON

OH

S

H

b

N

C N C O

N

C

C

C

N

P

N N

N C

S H

SiH B H 2.5 µ

K21599_S08.indb 40

+

Stretch

H,

3.0

4.0

5.0

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts 0XOWLSOH

%RQG

6WUHWFK &







&&+12&203281'6

';63&203281'6 )OXRULGH &KORULGH D DQWL& %URPLGH J JDXFKH ,RGLGH 6 68/3+85 & 6 6 2 62

%RQG

+

LQSODQHEHQGLQJ



 &

5

&

VQ



1

1

RSHQFKDLQ 1



&

5

2

RXWRISODQHEHQGLQJ 

1





1 1

1

E

+

E

1

1

1 2 5

&

;

1

2

1

15

1

&

1

5 ;

&)

2

1

1

J

D

2 J J

D & =

& &

= 6

6

&

3+263+25286 +;2+ 3 26 &3 3 23 6 6,/,&21 %2521

3

%



+

3

5 3

6

2

IUHH

2

%% 5 % 1





6 6

2+ 32& 6L % 2

2

&

6

=

6

2 39

3+

5

1

&

%

6L

+



2



3&, 36&

3 6 6L & % &,

6L





1

&

1

& &

< &6 6&

2 & 6

3,,, )

)



56&

6

3 2+ 323

DVVSF



& 6

62

1

1

&) D

6



1

&

51

%HQG

+

& 1 &

VG

DQG &

& 1

"

VQ

6WUHWFK



+



1

6LQJOH



+

$PLQHV+

° ° ° 5 $PLGHV ° ° ° /DFWDPV  1 1. 1 1. .& 1 & 1 1LWURVR 1 2  1 2  1 2 1LWUR

8-41

6 2 6

2 363

&,







µ

Aromatic Substitution Bands IR Spectrum 1900

1800

1700

800

700

100 %T

%T

90 Monosub’d

s

s 0 100

100 %T

%T

90 1,2-Disub’d

s

0 100

100 %T

%T

m 90 1,3-Disub’d

ms 0 100

s

100 %T

%T

90 1,4-Disub’d

s

0 100

100 %T

%T m

90 1,2,3-Trisub’d

s

0 100

100 %T 90 1,2,4-Trisub’d 2000

K21599_S08.indb 41

100

Analytical

Substituted benzene ring

%T m 1900

1800 1700 cm1

900

s 800

700

0

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts

8-42

Aromatic Substitution Bands Substituted benzene ring

IR Spectrum 1900

1800

1700

800

700

100 %T

1,3,5-Trisub’d

%T

90

s

s

0 100

100 %T

%T

1,2,3, 90 4-Tetrasub’d

s

0 100

100 %T

%T

1,2,3, 90 5-Tetrasub’d

m

0 100

100 %T

%T

1,2,4, 90 5-Tetrasub’d

m

0 100

100 %T

%T

1,2,3, 90 4,5-Pentasub’d

m

0 100

100 %T

Hexasub’d

100

No C

H Band

%T

90 2000

1900

1800

1700

900

800

700

0

cm-1 Carbonyl Group Absorptions Group

Wavenumber, cm–1 1850

1800

Acid, Chlorides, Aliphatic

1750

1700

1650

1600

1550

1810–1795

Acid Chlorides, Aromatic

1785–1765

Aldehydes, Aliphatic

1740–1718

Analytical

Aldehydes, Aromatic

1710–1685

Amides

1695–1630*

Amides, typical value, 1°

1684

Amides, typical value, 2°

1669

Amides, typical value, 3°

1667 5.41

5.56

5.71

5.88

6.06

6.25

6.45

Wavelength, Pm

Electron withdrawing groups at the D-position to the carbonyl will raise the wavenumber of the absorption.

K21599_S08.indb 42

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts

8-43

Carbonyl Group Absorptions (continued) Wavenumber, cm1

Group

1850

1800

Anhydrides, acyclic, non-conjugated

1750

1700

1825–1815***

Anhydrides, acyclic, conjugated

1780– 1770***

Anhydrides, ayclic non-conjugated

1870– 1845

Anhydrides, cyclic conjugated

1860–1850

1650

1600

1550

6.25

6.45

1755– 1745** 1725–1715**

1800–1775** 1780–1760** 1740– 1683

Carbamates Carbonates, acyclic

1780– 1740

Carbonates, five-membered ring

1850– 1790 1761

Carbonates, vinyl, typical value 5.41

5.56

5.71

5.88

6.06

Wavelength, Pm

This band is the more intense of the two.

Intensity weakens as colinearity is approached. Carbonyl Group Absorptions (continued) Group Carboxylic acid, monomer Carboxylic acid, dimer Carboxylic acid, salts Carboxylic acid, conjugated Carboxylic acid, non-conjugated

Wavenumber, cm1 1800

1750

1700

1650

1600

1550 1450

1400

1350

1800–1740 1720– 1680 1650–1540

1450–1360

1695– 1680 1720– 1700

Esters, formate

1725–1720 1750– 1735

Esters, saturated Esters, conjugated

1735–1715* 5.56

5.71

5.88

6.06

6.25

6.45 6.90

7.14

7.41

Wavelength, µm

Analytical

* Electron withdrawing groups in the α-position to the carbonyl will raise the wavenumber adsorption.

K21599_S08.indb 43

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Middle-Range Infrared Absorption Correlation Charts

8-44

Carbonyl Group Absorptions (continued) Group Esters, phenyl, typical value Esters, thiol, non-conjugated Esters, thiol, conjugated Esters, vinyl, typical value Esters, vinylidene, typical value

Wavenumber, cm1 1800

1750

1700

1650

1600

1550 1450

1400

1350

6.45 6.90

7.14

7.41

1770 1710– 1680 1700– 1640 1770 1764 1725–1705

Ketones, dialkyl Ketones, D, E- unsaturated Ketones, D, E, and D', E' conjugated

1700–1670

5.56

5.71

5.88

6.06

1680 1640

6.25

Wavelength, µm Carbonyl Group Absorptions (continued) Group

Wavenumber, cm–1

1850

1800

1750

Ketones, in a 5 membered non-conjugated ring

1700

1650

1600

1550

1750– 1740 1670– 1630

Ketones, o-hydroxy aryl

1640– 1580

Diketones, 1, 3-enol form 1780– 1730

Lactams, 4 membered ring

1750– 1700

Lactams, 5 membered ring 1795– 1740

Lactones, 5 membered ring Lactones, 6 membered ring

1750–1715 5.41

5.56

5.71

5.88

6.06

6.25

6.45

Wavelength, µm

Analytical K21599_S08.indb 44

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Common Spurious Infrared Absorption Bands Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos The following table provides some of the common potential sources of spurious infrared absorptions that might appear on a spectrum (Refs. 1 and 2]. Occasionally, the spectral lines of some impurities can be used as diagnostics; the reader is referred to the references for more details. Approximate Wavenumber/cm–1 Wavelength/μm

References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 2. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Fundamental Spectroscopic Correlation Charts, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2006.

Compound or Group

Origin

3700

2.70

H2O

Water in solvent (thick layers)

3650

2.74

H2O

Water in some quartz windows

3450

2.9

H2O

2900

3.44

–CH3, >CH2

2350 2330

4.26 4.30

CO2 CO2

Atmospheric absorption, or dissolved gas from a dry ice bath

2300 and 2150

4.35 and 4.65

CS2

Leaky cells, previous analysis of samples dissolved in carbon disulfide

1996

5.01

BO2–

Metaborate in the halide window

1400–2000

5–7

H2O

1820

5.52

COCl2

Hydrogen-bonded water, usually in KBr disks Paraffin oil, residual from previous mulls

Atmospheric absorption Phosgene, decomposition product in purified CHCl3

1755

5.7

1700–1760

5.7–5.9

Phthalic anhydride Decomposition product of phthalate esters or resins; paint off-gas product >C=O

1720

5.8

Phthalates

1640

6.1

H2O

Water of crystallization entrenched in sample Leaky cells, previous analysis

Bottle-cap liners leached by sample Phthalate polymer plastic tubing

1520

6.6

CO2

1430

7.0

CO3–2

Contaminant in halide window

1360

7.38

NO3–

Contaminant in halide window Silicone oil or grease

1270

7.9

>SiO–

1000–1110

9–10

–>Si–O–SiC–Cl

Dissolved R-12 (Freon-12, CCl2F2)

837

11.95

NO3–

823

12.15

KNO3

794

12.6

CCl4 vapor

Leaky cells, from CCl4 used as a solvent

788

12.7

CCl4 liquid

Incomplete drying of cell or contamination, from CCl4 used as a solvent

720 and 730

13.7 and 13.9

Polyethylene

728

13.75

–>Si–F

SiF4, found in NaCl windows

667

14.98

CO3–2

Atmospheric carbon dioxide

Any

Any

Fringes

Glass; silicones From decomposition of sulfates in KBr pellets

Contaminant in halide window From decomposition of nitrates in KBr pellets

Various experimental sources

Analytical

If refractive index of windows is too high, or if the cell is partially empty, or the solid sample is not fully pulverized



K21599_S08.indb 45

8-45

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy David R. Lide This table presents the following data relevant to nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: Z: Atomic number Isotope: Element symbol and mass number Abundance: Natural abundance of the isotope in percent. An * indicates a radioactive nuclide; if no value is given, the nuclide is not present in nature or its abundance is highly variable. I: Nuclear spin ν: Resonant frequency in megahertz for an applied field H0 of 1 tesla (in cgs units, 10 kilogauss). The resonant frequency scales with H0. Relative sensitivity: Sensitivity relative to 1H (=1) assuming an equal number of nuclei and constant temperature. Values were calculated from the expressions: For constant H0: 0.0076508(μ/μN)3(I + 1)/I2 For constant ν: 0.23871(μ/μN)(I + 1) μ/μN: Nuclear magnetic moment in units of the nuclear magneton μN Q: Nuclear quadrupole moment in units of femtometers squared (1 fm2 = 10-2 barn). Because the determination of quadrupole moments requires knowledge of the electron configu-

Analytical

Z 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 19

Isotope 1 n 1 H 2 H 3 H 3 He 6 Li 7 Li 9 Be 10 B 11 B 13 C 14 N 15 N 17 O 19 F 21 Ne 23 Na 25 Mg 27 Al 29 Si 31 P 33 S 35 Cl 37 Cl 37 Ar 39 Ar 39 K 40 K 41 K

Abundance % 99.9885 0.0115 * 0.000134 7.59 92.41 100 19.9 80.1 1.07 99.636 0.364 0.038 100 0.27 100 10.00 100 4.685 100 0.75 75.76 24.24 * * 93.2581 0.0117 6.7302

I 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1 3/2 3/2 3 3/2 1/2 1 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 4 3/2

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 29.1647 42.5775 6.5359 45.4148 32.4380 6.2661 16.5483 5.9842 4.5752 13.6630 10.7084 3.0777 4.3173 5.7742 40.0776 3.3631 11.2688 2.6083 11.1031 8.4655 17.2515 3.2717 4.1765 3.4765 5.819 3.46 1.9893 2.4737 1.0919

ration near the nucleus, values of Q in the literature tend to scatter considerably. The values quoted here come mainly from the review of Pyykkö (Ref. 3), otherwise from Ref. 1. The table includes all stable nuclides of non-zero spin for which spin and magnetic moment values have been measured, as well as selected radioactive nuclides of current or potential interest. At least one isotope is included for each element through Z = 95 for which data are available. See Reference 1 for a complete listing of spins and moments. The assistance of P. Pyykkö in providing data on nuclear quadrupole moments is gratefully acknowledged.

References 1. Holden, N. E., “Table of the Isotopes”, in Haynes, W. M., Ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 93rd Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2012. 2. Raghavan, P., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 42, 189, 1989. 3. Pyykkö, P., Mol. Phys. 106, 1965, 2008. 4. Stone, N. J., At. Data Nucl. Data Tables 90, 75, 2005. 5. IUPAC Commission on Physiochemical Symbols, Terminology and Units, Quantities, Units, and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Third Edition, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2007. Relative Sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.32139 0.6850 1.00000 1.0000 0.00965 0.4094 1.21354 1.0667 0.44220 0.7619 0.00850 0.3925 0.29356 1.9434 0.01388 0.7028 0.01985 1.7193 0.16522 1.6045 0.01591 0.2515 0.00101 0.1928 0.00104 0.1014 0.02910 1.5822 0.83400 0.9413 0.00246 0.3949 0.09270 1.3234 0.00268 0.7147 0.20689 3.0424 0.00786 0.1988 0.06652 0.4052 0.00227 0.3842 0.00472 0.4905 0.00272 0.4083 0.01276 0.6833 0.01130 1.7080 0.00051 0.2336 0.00523 1.5493 0.00008 0.1282

μ/μN –1.91304272 +2.792847337 +0.857438228 +2.9789625 –2.127750 +0.8220467 +3.25644 –1.1776 +1.800645 +2.688649 +0.7024118 +0.4037610 –0.2831888 –1.89379 +2.628868 –0.661797 +2.217522 –0.85545 +3.641507 –0.55529 +1.13160 +0.6438212 +0.8218743 +0.6841236 +1.145 –1.59 +0.3914662 –1.298100 +0.2148701

Q/fm2

+0.2860

–0.0808 –4.01 +5.288 +8.459 +4.059 +2.044 –2.558 +10.155 +10.4 +19.94 +14.66

–6.78 –8.165 –6.435 +7.6 –12 +5.85 –7.3 +7.11

8-46

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Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy

K21599_S08.indb 47

Isotope 43 Ca 45 Sc 47 Ti 49 Ti 50 V 51 V 53 Cr 55 Mn 57 Fe 59 Co 61 Ni 63 Cu 65 Cu 67 Zn 69 Ga 71 Ga 73 Ge 75 As 77 Se 79 Br 81 Br 83 Kr 85 Rb 87 Rb 87 Sr 89 Y 91 Zr 93 Nb 95 Mo 97 Mo 99 Tc 99 Ru 101 Ru 103 Rh 105 Pd 107 Ag 109 Ag 111 Cd 113 Cd 113 In 115 In 115 Sn 117 Sn 119 Sn 121 Sb 123 Sb 123 Te 125 Te 127 I 129 Xe 131 Xe 133 Cs 135 Ba 137 Ba 138 La 139 La 137 Ce 139 Ce 141 Ce 141 Pr

Abundance % 0.135 100 7.44 5.41 0.250 99.750 9.501 100 2.119 100 1.1399 69.15 30.85 4.102 60.108 39.892 7.76 100 7.63 50.69 49.31 11.500 72.17 27.83 7.00 100 11.22 100 15.90 9.56 * 12.76 17.06 100 22.33 51.839 48.161 12.80 12.22 4.29 95.71 0.34 7.68 8.59 57.21 42.79 0.89 7.07 100 26.4006 21.2324 100 6.592 11.232 0.090 99.910 * * * 100

I 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 6 7/2 3/2 5/2 1/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 9/2 5/2 3/2 9/2 1/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 9/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 7/2 3/2 3/2 5 7/2 3/2 3/2 7/2 5/2

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 2.8697 10.3591 2.4041 2.4048 4.2505 11.2133 2.4115 10.5763 1.3816 10.077 3.8114 11.3188 12.1027 2.6685 10.2478 13.0208 1.4897 7.3150 8.1568 10.7042 11.5384 1.6442 4.1253 13.9814 1.8525 2.0949 3.9748 10.4523 2.7874 2.8463 9.6294 1.9553 2.1916 1.3477 1.957 1.7331 1.9924 9.0692 9.4871 9.3655 9.3856 14.0077 15.2610 15.9660 10.2551 5.5532 11.2349 13.5446 8.5778 11.8604 3.5159 5.6234 4.2617 4.7634 5.6615 6.0612 4.88 5.39 2.37 13.0359

Relative Sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.00643 1.4154 0.30244 5.1094 0.00210 0.6588 0.00378 1.1861 0.05571 5.5905 0.38360 5.5307 0.00091 0.2832 0.17881 2.8981 0.00003 0.0324 0.27841 4.9703 0.00359 0.4476 0.09393 1.3292 0.11484 1.4213 0.00287 0.7312 0.06971 1.2035 0.14300 1.5291 0.00141 1.1547 0.02536 0.8590 0.00703 0.1916 0.07945 1.2570 0.09951 1.3550 0.00190 1.2744 0.01061 1.1304 0.17704 1.6419 0.00272 1.4358 0.00012 0.0492 0.00949 1.0892 0.48821 8.1013 0.00327 0.7638 0.00349 0.7799 0.38174 7.4635 0.00113 0.5358 0.00159 0.6005 0.00003 0.0317 0.00113 0.5364 0.00007 0.0407 0.00010 0.0468 0.00966 0.2130 0.01106 0.2228 0.35121 7.2589 0.35348 7.2745 0.03561 0.3290 0.04605 0.3584 0.05273 0.3750 0.16302 2.8101 0.04659 2.7390 0.01837 0.2639 0.03219 0.3181 0.09540 2.3504 0.02162 0.2786 0.00282 0.4129 0.04838 2.7736 0.00501 0.5005 0.00700 0.5594 0.09404 5.3189 0.06058 2.9895 0.00752 0.5729 0.01012 0.6326 0.00364 1.1709 0.33483 3.5720

μ/μN –1.317643 +4.756487 –0.78848 –1.10417 +3.345689 +5.1487057 –0.47454 +3.46872 +0.0906230 +4.627 –0.75002 +2.2273456 +2.38161 +0.875205 +2.01659 +2.56227 –0.8794677 +1.439475 +0.5350422 +2.106400 +2.270562 –0.970669 +1.35298 +2.75131 –1.093603 –0.1374154 –1.30362 +6.1705 –0.9142 –0.9335 +5.6847 –0.6413 –0.7188 –0.08840 –0.642 –0.1136796 –0.1306906 –0.5948861 –0.6223009 +5.5289 +5.5408 –0.91883 –1.00104 –1.04728 +3.3634 +2.5498 –0.7369478 –0.8884509 +2.813273 –0.7779763 +0.6918619 +2.582025 +0.838627 +0.937365 +3.713646 +2.7830455 0.96 1.06 1.09 +4.2754

Q/fm2 –4.08 –22.0 +30.2 +24.7 +21 –5.2 –15 +33 +16 +42 +16.2 –22.0 –20.4 +15.0 +17.1 +10.7 –19.6 +31.4 +31.3 +26.2 +25.9 +27.6 +13.35 +30.5 –17.6 –32 –2.2 +25.5 –12.9 +7.9 +45.7 +66.0

+75.9 +77.0

–54.3 –69.2

–69.6 –11.4 –0.343 +16.0 +24.5 +45 +20.0

Analytical

Z 20 21 22 22 23 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 29 30 31 31 32 33 34 35 35 36 37 37 38 39 40 41 42 42 43 44 44 45 46 47 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 55 56 56 57 57 58 58 58 59

8-47

–5.9

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Nuclear Spins, Moments, and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy

8-48

Analytical K21599_S08.indb 48

Z 60 60 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 65 66 66 67 68 69 70 70 71 71 72 72 73 74 75 75 76 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 81 81 82 83 84 86 87 88 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95

Isotope 143 Nd 145 Nd 143 Pm 147 Pm 147 Sm 149 Sm 151 Eu 153 Eu 155 Gd 157 Gd 159 Tb 161 Dy 163 Dy 165 Ho 167 Er 169 Tm 171 Yb 173 Yb 175 Lu 176 Lu 177 Hf 179 Hf 181 Ta 183 W 185 Re 187 Re 187 Os 189 Os 191 Ir 193 Ir 195 Pt 197 Au 199 Hg 201 Hg 203 Tl 205 Tl 207 Pb 209 Bi 209 Po 211 Rn 223 Fr 223 Ra 225 Ra 227 Ac 229 Th 231 Pa 235 U 237 Np 239 Pu 243 Am

Abundance % 12.2 8.3 * * 14.99 13.82 47.81 52.19 14.80 15.65 100 18.889 24.896 100 22.869 100 14.28 16.13 97.41 2.59 18.60 13.62 99.988 14.31 37.40 62.60 1.96 16.15 37.3 62.7 33.832 100 16.87 13.18 29.52 70.48 22.1 100 * * * * * * * 100 0.7204 * * *

I 7/2 7/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 7/2 5/2 5/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 5/2 5/2 7/2 7/2 1/2 1/2 5/2 7/2 7 7/2 9/2 7/2 1/2 5/2 5/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 1/2 3/2 5/2 3/2 7/2 5/2 1/2 5/2

ν/MHz for H0 = 1 T 2.319 1.429 11.59 5.62 1.7748 1.4631 10.5856 4.6745 1.312 1.720 10.23 1.4654 2.0508 9.0883 1.2281 3.531 7.5261 2.0730 4.8626 3.451 1.7282 1.0856 5.1627 1.7957 9.7176 9.8170 0.9856 3.3536 0.7658 0.8319 9.2922 0.7406 7.7123 2.8469 24.7316 24.9749 9.0340 6.9630 11.7 9.16 5.95 1.3746 11.187 5.6 1.40 10.2 0.83 9.57 3.09 4.6

Relative Sensitivity Const. H0 Const. ν 0.00339 1.1440 0.00079 0.7047 0.23510 3.1748 0.04827 2.7714 0.00152 0.8754 0.00085 0.7216 0.17929 2.9006 0.01544 1.2809 0.00015 0.1541 0.00033 0.2020 0.06945 1.2019 0.00048 0.4015 0.00130 0.5619 0.20423 4.4826 0.00050 0.6057 0.00057 0.0829 0.00552 0.1768 0.00135 0.5680 0.03128 2.3984 0.03975 6.0518 0.00140 0.8524 0.00055 0.8414 0.03744 2.5464 0.00008 0.0422 0.13870 2.6628 0.14300 2.6900 0.00001 0.0231 0.00244 0.3938 0.00003 0.0899 0.00004 0.0977 0.01039 0.2182 0.00003 0.0870 0.00594 0.1811 0.00149 0.3343 0.19598 0.5809 0.20182 0.5866 0.00955 0.2122 0.14433 5.3968 0.02096 0.2757 0.00997 0.2152 0.01362 0.6982 0.00017 0.1614 0.01814 0.2627 0.01131 0.6565 0.00042 0.3843 0.06903 1.1995 0.00015 0.4082 0.13264 2.6234 0.00038 0.0727 0.01446 1.2532

μ/μN –1.065 –0.656 +3.80 +2.58 –0.8149 –0.6718 +3.4718 +1.5331 –0.2582 –0.3385 +2.014 –0.4806 +0.6726 +4.173 –0.5639 –0.2316 +0.49367 –0.67989 +2.2327 +3.169 +0.7935 –0.6409 +2.3705 +0.1177848 +3.1871 +3.2197 +0.06465189 +0.659933 +0.1507 +0.1637 +0.60952 +0.145746 +0.5058855 –0.5602257 +1.6222579 +1.6382146 +0.59258 +4.1106 +0.77 +0.601 +1.17 +0.2705 –0.7338 +1.1 +0.46 2.01 –0.38 +3.14 +0.203 +1.5

Q/fm2 –63 –33 +74 –26 +7.4 +90.3 +241 +127 +135 +143.2 +250.7 +265 +358 +356.5 –120 +280 +349 +497 +336.5 +379.3 +317 +218 +207 +85.6 +81.6 +75.1 +54.7 +38.7

–51.6

+117 +121 +170 +430 –172 +493.6 +388.6 +421

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Properties of Important NMR Nuclei Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos The following table lists the magnetic properties at higher field strengths required for choosing the nuclei to be used in NMR experiments (Refs. 1–15). The reader is referred to several excellent texts and the literature for guidelines in nucleus selection. For more detailed information on these and other less common nuclei at 10 kG, the reader should consult the table entitled Nuclear Spins, Moments and Other Data Related to NMR Spectroscopy in this section.

References 1. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 5th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1991. 2. Yoder, C. H., and Shaeffer, C. D., Introduction to Multinuclear NMR, Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA, 1987. 3. Gordon, A. J., and Ford, R. A., The Chemist’s Companion, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1971. 4. Silverstein, R. M., and Webster F. X., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 6th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1998. Natural Spin Number Isotope Abundance I H1 1 H2 1 3 H * 1 13 C 6 N14 7 N15 7 17 O 8 19 F 9 Si29 14 P31 15 S33 16 35 S * 16 35 Cl 17 Cl36* 17 76 Br * 35 79 Br 35 Br81 35 183 W 74

99.985 0.015 — 1.108 99.635 0.365 0.037 100 4.70 100 0.76 — 75.53 — — 50.54 49.46 14.40

1/2 1 1/2 1/2 1 1/2 5/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 3/2 3/2 3/2 2 1 3/2 3/2 1/2

5. Becker, E. D., High Resolution NMR, Theory and Chemical Applications, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1980. 6. Gunther, H., NMR Spectroscopy: Basic Principles, Concepts and Applications in Chemistry, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2003. 7. Rahman, A.-u., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986. 8. Harris, R. K., Chem. Soc. Rev. 5, 1, 1976. 9. Kitamaru, R., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Principles and Theory, Elsevier Science, 1990. 10. Lambert, J. B., Holland, L. N., and Mazzola, E. P., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Introduction to Principles, Applications and Experimental Methods, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2003. 11. Bovey, F. A., and Mirau, P. A., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1988. 12. Harris, R. K., and Mann, B. E., NMR and the Periodic Table, Academic Press, London, 1978. 13. Hore, P. J., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995. 14. Nelson, J. H., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 2003. 15. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011.

NMR Frequencya at Indicated Field Strength in kG

10.000

14.092

42.5759 6.53566 45.4129 10.7054 3.0756 4.3142 5.772 40.0541 8.4578 17.235 3.2654 5.08 4.1717 4.8931 4.18 10.667 11.498 1.7716

60.0000 9.21037 63.9980 15.0866 4.3343 6.0798 8.134 42.3537 11.9191 24.288 4.6018 7.16 5.8790 6.8956 5.89 15.032 16.204 2.4966

21.139

23.487

51.567

90.0000 100.0000 220.0000 13.81555 15.35061 33.77134 95.9971 106.6634 234.6595 22.6298 25.1443 55.3174 6.5014 7.2238 15.924 9.1197 10.1330 22.2925 12.201 13.557 29.825 63.5305 94.0769 206.9692 17.8787 19.8652 43.7035 36.433 40.481 89.057 6.9026 7.6696 16.8731 10.74 11.932 26.250 8.8184 9.7983 21.5562 10.3434 11.4927 25.2838 8.84 9.82 21.60 22.549 25.054 55.119 24.305 27.006 59.413 3.7449 4.1610 9.1543

93.950

400.0000 61.40262 426.6542 100.5735 28.9104 40.5306 54.1811 376.2515 79.4638 161.9828 30.6826 47.7267 39.1948 45.9638 39.2768 100.2133 108.0258 16.6430

140.925

223.131

600.0000 950.0000 92.10380 145.9830 639.9813 1013.3024 150.8659 2388.5150 43.3615 68.6557 60.7960 96.2601 81.3186 128.5801 564.3781 893.5963 119.1956 188.72 242.9741 384.7086 46.0238 72.8710 71.5875 113.3508 58.7902 93.0876 68.9432 109.1639 58.9130 93.2822 150.3202 238.0064 162.0386 256.5608 24.9646 39.5272

Nucleus is radioactive 1 kG = 10–1 T, the corresponding SI unit 1 b = 10–28 m2

*

Analytical

a



K21599_S08.indb 49

8-49

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos The following table gives the region of the expected nuclear magnetic resonance absorptions of major chemical families (Refs. 1–12). These absorptions are reported in the dimensionless units of parts per million (ppm) versus the standard compound tetramethylsilane (TMS, structure provided), which is recorded as 0.0 ppm. CH 3 | CH 3 –Si–CH 3 | CH 3



The use of this unit of measure makes the chemical shifts independent of the applied magnetic field strength or the radio frequency. For most proton NMR spectra, the protons in TMS are more shielded than almost all other protons. The chemical shift in this dimensionless unit system is then defined by:

δ=

v s − vr × 10 6 vr

where vs and vr are the absorption frequencies of the sample proton and the reference (TMS) protons (twelve, magnetically equivalent), respectively. In these tables, the proton(s) whose proton NMR shifts are cited are indicated by underscore. Reference 1 provides additional details on the absorptions of other moieties, as well as correlation charts. Family

References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 2. Silverstein, R. M., and Webster, F. X., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 6th Edition, Wiley, New York, 1998. 3. Rahman, A.-u., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Springer Verlag, New York, 1986. 4. Gordon, A. J., and Ford, R. A., The Chemist’s Companion, Wiley Interscience, New York, 1971. 5. Becker, E. D., High Resolution NMR, Theory and Chemical Applications, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1980. 6. Gunther, H., NMR Spectroscopy: Basic Principles, Concepts and Applications in Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 2003. 7. Kitamaru, R., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Principles and Theory, Elsevier Science, 1990. 8. Lambert, J. B., Holland, L. N., and Mazzola, E. P., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Introduction to Principles, Applications and Experimental Methods, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ , 2003. 9. Bovey, F. A., and Mirau, P. A., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1988. 10. Hore, P. J., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995. 11. Nelson, J. H., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, Wiley, New York, 2003. 12. Abraham, R. J., Fisher, J., and Loftus, P., Introduction to NMR Spectroscopy, Wiley, New York, 1988.

δ of Protons Underlined

Alkanes

CH3–R ~0.8 ppm –CH2–R ~1.1 ppm >CH–R ~1.4 ppm (Cyclopropane 0.2 ppm)

Alkenes

CH3–C=C< –CH2–C=C< >CH–C=C< >C=C–H

~1.6 ppm ~2.1 ppm ~2.5 ppm 4.2 ppm to 6.2 ppm

CH3–C–C=C< ~1.0 ppm –CH2–C–C=C< ~1.4 ppm >CH–C–C=C< ~1.8 ppm

Alkynes

CH3–C≡C– –CH2–C≡C– >CH –C≡C– R–CºC–H

~1.7 ppm ~2.2 ppm ~2.7 ppm ~2.4 ppm

CH3–C–C≡C– ~1.2 ppm >CH2–C–C≡C– ~1.5 ppm >CH –C–C≡C– ~1.8 ppm

Aromatics

C6H5–G G

Range: 8.5 ppm to 6.9 ppm

o– m– p– Analytical

When G=Electron withdrawing (e.g., >C=O, –NO2, –C≡N) o- and p-hydrogens relative to –G are closer to 8.5 ppm (more downfield)

When G=Electron donating (e.g., –NH2, –OH, –OR, –R) o- and p-hydrogens relative to –G are closer to 6.9 ppm (more upfield)

8-50

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4/3/14 11:32 AM

Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families

8-51

Organic Oxygen Compounds Family

Approximate δ of Protons Underlined

Alcohols

CH3–OH 3.2 ppm CH3–C-OH 1.2 ppm R–O–H

RCH2–OH 3.4 ppm R2CH–OH 3.6 ppm RCH2–C–OH 1.5 ppm R2CH–C–OH 1.8 ppm (1 ppm to 5 ppm — depending on concentration)

Aldehydes

CH3–CHO 2.2 ppm CH3–C–CHO 1.1 ppm

RCH2–CHO 2.4 ppm RCH2–C–CHO 1.6 ppm

Amides

See organic nitrogen compounds

Anhydrides, acyclic

CH3–C(=O)O– 1.8 ppm CH3–C–C(=O)O– 1.2 ppm

RCH2–C(=O)O– 2.1 ppm RCH2–C–C(=O)O– 1.8 ppm

Anhydrides, cyclic

3.0 ppm

7.1 ppm

O

2.5 ppm

R2CH–C(=O)O– 2.3 ppm R2CH–C–C(=O)O– 2.0 ppm

O C

C

CH2

R2CH–CHO

CH O

O CH

CH2

C

C

O

O



Carboxylic acids

CH3–COOH 2.1 ppm CH3–C–COOH 1.1 ppm R–COO–H

RCH2–COOH 2.3 ppm R–CH2–C–COOH 1.6 ppm 11 ppm to 12 ppm

Cyclic ethers

Oxacyclopropane (oxirane)

2.5 ppm

R2CH–COOH 2.5 ppm R2CH–C–COOH 2.0 ppm

O

Oxacyclobutane (oxetane) 2.7 ppm

O

4.7 ppm

Oxacyclopentane (tetrahydrofuran) 1.9 ppm

O

3.8 ppm

Oxacyclohexane (tetrahydropyran) 1.6 ppm 1.6 ppm

O

3.6 ppm

Analytical

1,4-dioxane O 3.6 ppm

O 1,3-dioxane 1.7 ppm

3.8 ppm Furan

O

4.7 ppm

6.3 ppm O

K21599_S08.indb 51

O

7.4 ppm

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families

8-52 Family

Approximate δ of Protons Underlined

Cyclic ethers (continued) Dihydropyran 1.9 ppm 4.5 ppm

6.2 ppm

O Epoxides

See cyclic ethers

Esters

R = alkyl R = aryl

CH3–COOR 1.9 ppm 2.0 ppm CH3–C–COOR 1.1 ppm CH3–OOC–R 3.6 ppm CH3–C–OOC–R 1.3 ppm

Cyclic esters

2.1 ppm

4.4 ppm

2.3 ppm

RCH2–COOR 2.1 ppm 2.2 ppm RCH2–C–COOR 1.7 ppm RCH2–OOC–R 4.1 ppm RCH2–C–OOC–R 1.6 ppm

1.6 ppm

O

CH3–O–R 3.2 ppm 3.9 ppm CH3–C–O–R 1.2 ppm 1.3 ppm

O O



Ethers

R = alkyl R = aryl R = alkyl R = aryl

Isocyanates

See nitrogen compounds

Ketones

CH3–C(=O)– RCH2–C(=O)– 1.9 ppm R = alkyl 2.1 ppm 2.4 ppm R = aryl 2.7 ppm CH3–C(=O)– RCH2–C(=O)– 1.1 ppm R = alkyl 1.6 ppm 1.2 ppm R = aryl 1.6 ppm Cyclic ketones (n = number of ring carbons) (CH2)n O α–hydrogens β–hydrogens

1.6 ppm 4.1 ppm

2.3 ppm

O

R2CH–COOR 2.3 ppm 2.4 ppm R2CH–C–COOR 1.9 ppm R2CH–OOC–R 4.8 ppm R2CH–C–OOC–R 1.8 ppm

RCH2–O–R 3.4 ppm 4.1 ppm RCH2–C–O–R 1.5 ppm 1.6 ppm

R2CH–O–R 3.6 ppm 4.5 ppm R2CH–C–O–R 1.8 ppm 2.0 ppm

R2CH–C(=O)– 2.3 ppm 3.4 ppm R2CH–C(=O)– 2.0 ppm 2.1 ppm

2.0 ppm to 2.3 ppm (n > 5) 3.0 ppm (n = 4) 1.7 ppm (n = 3) 1.9 ppm to 1.5 ppm

Lactones

See esters, cyclic

Nitro-compounds

See organic nitrogen compounds

Phenols

Ar–O–H

9 ppm to 10 ppm (Ar = aryl group)

Organic Nitrogen Compounds Amides:

δ of Proton(S) (Underlined)

Primary Secondary Tertiary R–C(=O)NH2 R–C(=O)NHR1 R–C(=O)NR1R2 δ/ppm δ/ppm δ/ppm

Analytical

(i) N-substitution R–C(=O)N–H

— 5–12

5–12

—

–C(=O)N–CH3

—

~2.9

~2.9

–C(=O)N–CH2–

—

~3.4

~3.4

–C(=O)N–CH–

—

~3.8

~3.8

(a) alpha

(b) Beta –C(=O)N–C–CH3

~1.1

~1.1

~1.1

–C(=O)N–C–CH2–

~1.5

~1.5

~1.5

–C(=O)N–C–CH–

~1.9

~1.9

~1.9

K21599_S08.indb 52

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families

δ of Proton(S) (Underlined)

8-53

Primary Secondary Tertiary R–C(=O)NH2 R–C(=O)NHR1 R–C(=O)NR1R2 δ/ppm δ/ppm δ/ppm

(ii) C-substitution (a) alpha CH3–C(=O)N

~1.9

~2.0

~2.1

RCH2–C(=O)N

~2.1

~2.1

~2.1

R2CH–C(=O)N

~2.2

~2.2

~2.2

CH3–C–C(=O)N

~1.1

~1.1

~1.1

CH2–C–C(=O)N

~1.5

~1.5

~1.5

–CH–C–C(=O)N

~1.8

~1.8

~1.8

(b) Beta

Amines:

Primary Secondary Tertiary δ of Proton(s) (Underlined) R–NH2 δ/ppm RN–HR δ/ppm RRRN δ/ppm

(i) Apha protons >N–CH3

~2.5

2.3–3.0

~2.2

>N–CH2–

~2.7

2.6–3.4

~2.4

>N–CH
N–C–CH3

~1.1

>N–C–CH2–

~1.4

>N–C–CH
CH–N=C=S

Analytical

–CH–N=C=O ~3.6

~3.4 ~3.7 ~4.0

Nitriles δ/ppm –CH2–O–N=O ~4.8

K21599_S08.indb 53

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families

8-54 Nitrocompounds δ/ppm CH3–NO2

~ 4.1

–CH2–NO2

CH3–C–NO2

~1.6

–CH2–C–NO2 ~2.1 –CH–C–NO2

~4.2 –CH–NO2

~4.4 ~2.5

Organic Sulfur Compounds Family

d of Proton(S) Underlined

Benzothiopyrans sp3 C–H sp3 C–H sp3 C–H

~3.3 ppm sp2 C–H 5.8–6.4 ~3.2 ppm sp2 C–H 5.9–6.3 1.9 ppm to 2.8 ppm

Disulfides

CH3–S–S–R CH2–S–S–R CH–S–S–R

~2.4 ppm ~2.7 ppm ~3.0 ppm

Isothiocyanates

CH3–N=C=S –CH2–N=C=S –CH–N=C=S

~2.4 ppm ~2.7 ppm ~3.0 ppm

2H–1– 4H–1– 2,3,4H–1–

Mercaptans (thiols) CH3–S–H –CH2–S–H –CH–S–H

~2.1 ppm ~2.6 ppm ~3.1 ppm

S-methyl salts

>S+–CH3

Sulfates

(CH3–O)2S(=O)2 ~3.4 ppm

CH3–C–S–S–R ~1.2 ppm CH2–C–S–S–R ~1.6 ppm CH–C–S–S–R ~2.0 ppm

CH3–C–S–H –CH2–C–S–H –CH–C–S–H

~1.3 ppm ~1.6 ppm ~1.7 ppm

~3.2 ppm

Family

δ/ppm of Proton(S) Underlined CH3–S– R–CH2–S– R–CHR–S– Ar–CH2–S– Ar–CHR–S– Ar2–CH–S–

1.8–2.1 1.9–2.4 2.8–3.4 4.1–4.2 3.6–4.2 5.1–5.2

Sulfilimines

CH3(R)S=N–R2

~2.5 ppm ~3.0 ppm

Sulfides

aromatic ~6.8 aromatic ~6.9 aromatic ~7.1

Sulfonamides

CH3–SO2NH2

Sulfonates

CH3–SO2–OR

~3.0 ppm

Sulfones

CH3–SO2–R2

~2.6 ppm

Sulfonic acids CH3–SO3H

CH3–CH2–S– CH3–CHR–S– CH3–CHAr–S– CH3–CR2–S– Ar–CH2–CHR–S– >C=C–CH2–CHAr–S– >C=C–CH2–CAr2–S– R2CH–CH2–S– Ar2 CH–CH2–S– >C=C–CHR–CHAr–S– >C=C–CHR–CAr2–S–

1.1–1.2 0.8–1.2 1.3–1.4 1.0 3.0–3.2 2.4–2.6 2.5 2.6–3.0 4.0–4.2 2.3–2.4 2.8–3.2

~3.0 ppm

Sulfoxides

CH3–S(=O)R –CH2–S(=O)R

~2.5 ppm ~3.1 ppm

Thiocyanates

CH3–S–C≡N –CH2–S–C≡N –CH–S–C≡N

~2.7 ppm ~3.0 ppm ~3.3 ppm

Thiols

See mercaptans

Note: Ar represents aryl.

Analytical K21599_S08.indb 54

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Proton NMR Absorption of Major Chemical Families

8-55

Some Useful 1H Coupling Constants The following chart gives the values of some useful proton NMR coupling constants (in Hz). The single numbers indicate a typical or average value, while in some cases, the range is provided. 1. Freely rotating chains.

H

(–)

0–30

12–15

2. Alcohols with no exchange as in DMSO. 1° = triplet 2° = doublet (broad) 3° = singlet Upon addition of TFA, a sharp singlet results.

H

7 6–8

C

C

H

C

H C

H

∼O

4–10 5 OH

3. Alkenes H C

10 9–13

H C

+1.5

C

C

2.5

to

H (–)

H C

12–18 17

C

0–3 H

C H

10

1–2

H C

H

3–11

H C

C

C

7

6–12 4. Alkynes H C

1–2

(–)

C C

5. Aldehydes H

H

C

1–2

H

H

C C C

C

2–3

H

8

H

C

5–8 C

O

O

H C C

6. Aromatic H

8

1–3 H

6–10 H

∼0.5

Analytical

0–1

K21599_S08.indb 55

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Proton NMR Correlation Chart for Major Organic Functional Groups The chart below summarizes the range of chemical shifts for protons in several classes or organic compounds and substituent groups. The chemical shifts δ are given in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane.

Reference Mohacsi, E., J. Chem. Edu. 41, 38, 1964 (with permission).

Analytical

8-56

K21599_S08.indb 56

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents

Compound

References 1. Lide, D. R., Editor, Properties of Organic Compounds, ; Lide, D. R., and Milne, G. W. A., Editors, Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds, Third Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993. 2. Spectral Database for Organic Compounds, SDBS, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan, .

Solvent

H NMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)

1

CDCl3

2.10

Acetic anhydride

CCl4

2.2

1

Acetone

CDCl3

2.1

1

Acetonitrile

CCl4

1.9

Acrolein (2-Propenal)

CDCl3

6.4

Acrylonitrile

CDCl3

6.3

Allyl alcohol

CDCl3

3.6

4.1

5.1

5.3

6.0

1

Allylamine

CDCl3

1.5

3.3

5.0

5.1

5.9

1

2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (2-Aminoisobutanol)

CCl4

1.1

2.8

3.2

Aniline (Benzenamine)

CCl4

3.3

6.4

6.6

Anisole (Methoxybenzene)

CDCl3

3.8

7.1

1

Benzaldehyde

CDCl3

7.7

10.0

1

Benzene

CDCl3

7.34

Benzeneacetonitrile (Benzyl cyanide)

CCl4

0.8

0.9

Benzenethiol (Phenyl mercaptan)

CCl4

3.2

6.9

Benzonitrile

CCl4

7.5

Benzyl acetate

CDCl3

2.1

5.1

7.3

1

Benzyl alcohol

CDCl3

2.4

4.6

7.3

1

Bis(2-aminoethyl)amine (Diethylenetriamine)

CDCl3

1.23

2.69

2.79

2

Bis(2-chloroethyl) ether

CDCl3

3.66

3.77

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

CCl4

0.9

1.5

4.2

Bis(2-hydroxyethyl) sulfide

CDCl3

2.8

3.8

4.2

Bromobenzene

CCl4

7.1

7.4

1-Bromobutane (Butyl bromide)

CCl4

1.0

1.4

1.8

3.4

1

2-Bromobutane (sec-Butyl bromide)

CDCl3

1.1

1.7

1.8

4.1

1

1-Bromo-2-chloroethane

CDCl3

3.3

4.0

Bromochloromethane

CCl4

5.2

1-Bromodecane (Decyl bromide)

CCl4

0.9

1.8

Bromoethane (Ethyl bromide)

CDCl3

1.7

3.4

2-Bromo-2-methylpropane (tert-Butyl bromide)

CCl4

1.8

1-Bromonaphthalene

CCl4

7.4

8.1

1-Bromopentane (Pentyl bromide)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

1.9

1-Bromopropane (Propyl bromide)

CCl4

1.0

1.9

3.4

2-Bromopropane (Isopropyl bromide)

CDCl3

1.7

4.3

2-Bromopropene

CDCl3

2.3

5.3

5.5

Butanal

CDCl3

1.0

1.7

2.4

Butanenitrile

CCl4

1.1

1.7

2.3

1-Butanethiol (Butyl mercaptan)

CDCl3

0.9

1.2

1.5

2.5

1

Butanoic acid

CCl4

0.9

1.7

2.3

12.0

1

Butanoic anhydride

CCl4

1.0

1.7

2.4

1-Butanol (Butyl alcohol)

CDCl3

0.94

1.39

1.53



K21599_S08.indb 57

11.4

Ref.

Acetic acid

2

1 9.5

1 1

1 7.0

1

2 1.6

2.3

1 1 1

2 7.4

7.7

1 1 1

1 1 3.3

1 1 1 1 3.3

1 1 1 1

9.7

Analytical

The table below lists the 1H chemical shifts for over 300 organic solvents and liquid reagents. The solvent in which the shift was measured is given in the second column. Shifts are given in parts per million relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) and are listed in order of smallest to largest shift. In many cases the peaks show additional small splittings. Compounds are listed by the name used in this Handbook, with other common names given in parentheses.

1 1

1 2.24

3.63

2

8-57

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents

8-58 Compound

Solvent

H NMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)

1

Ref.

2-Butanol (sec-Butyl alcohol)

CDCl3

0.93

1.17

1.46

2-Butanone (Methyl ethyl ketone)

CDCl3

1.06

2.14

2.45

trans-2-Butenal (trans-Crotonaldehyde)

CDCl3

2.0

6.1

6.9

9.5

1

2-Butoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether)

CCl4

0.9

1.3

3.3

3.7

1

Butyl acetate

CDCl3

0.9

1.4

2.0

4.1

1

Butylamine

CDCl3

0.92

1.33

1.43

1.77

tert-Butylamine

CDCl3

1.1

1.2

Butylbenzene

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.6

7.1

sec-Butylbenzene

CCl4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.5

tert-Butylbenzene

CCl4

1.3

7.2

Butyl formate

CDCl3

0.9

1.5

4.2

8.1

1-tert-Butyl-4-methylbenzene

CDCl3

1.30

2.31

7.11

7.26

Butyl vinyl ether

CCl4

0.9

1.4

3.6

3.8

CDCl3

4.4

Caprolactam

CDCl3

1.7

2.4

2-Chloroaniline

CCl4

3.8

6.8

Chlorobenzene

CDCl3

7.3

2-Chlorobutane (sec-Butyl chloride)

CCl4

1.1

1.5

Chloroethane (Ethyl chloride)

CDCl3

1.5

3.6

2-Chloroethanol (Ethylene chlorohydrin)

CDCl3

2.8

3.7

(Chloromethyl)benzene (Benzyl chloride)

CCl4

4.5

7.3

1-Chloro-3-methylbutane (Isopentyl chloride)

CDCl3

0.9

1.7

3.6

1

1-Chloro-2-methylpropane (Isobutyl chloride)

CCl4

1.0

1.9

3.3

1

2-Chloro-2-methylpropane (tert-Butyl chloride)

CCl4

1.6

1-Chloronaphthalene

CCl4

7.1

7.5

8.2

1-Chlorooctane (Octyl chloride)

CCl4

0.9

1.3

1.8

1-Chloropentane (Pentyl chloride)

CCl4

0.9

1.6

3.4

1-Chloropropane (Propyl chloride)

CCl4

1.0

1.8

3.4

3-Chloropropene (Allyl chloride)

CCl4

4.0

5.2

5.3

2-Chlorotoluene

CDCl3

2.4

7.2

1

3-Chlorotoluene

CCl4

2.3

7.1

1

Cyclohexane

CDCl3

1.43

Cyclohexanol

CCl4

1.6

3.5

Cyclohexanone

CCl4

1.8

2.3

Cyclohexene

CCl4

1.6

2.0

5.6

1

Cyclohexylamine

CCl4

1.4

1.5

2.6

1

Cyclopentane

CCl4

1.5

Cyclopentanone

CCl4

2.0

cis-Decahydronaphthalene (cis-Decalin)

CDCl3

1.42

1.62

trans-Decahydronaphthalene (trans-Decalin)

CDCl3

0.87

0.93

Decane

CCl4

0.9

1.3

Diacetone alcohol

CDCl3

1.3

2.2

1,2-Dibromoethane

CDCl3

3.65

Dibromomethane

CCl4

4.9

1,2-Dibromopropane

CCl4

1.8

3.5

3.8

4.2

1

Dibutylamine

CCl4

0.5

0.9

1.4

2.5

1

Dibutyl ether

CCl4

0.9

1.4

3.3

Dibutyl sebacate

CCl4

1.0

1.5

2.2

o-Dichlorobenzene

CCl4

7.2

m-Dichlorobenzene

CCl4

7.2

7.4

1

1,1-Dichloroethane

CDCl3

2.06

5.90

2

1,2-Dichloroethane

CCl4

3.7

γ-Butyrolactone

Analytical

K21599_S08.indb 58

2.37

3.71

2 2

2.68

2 1 1

7.1

1 1 1 2

4.0

6.3

1 1

3.2

7.8

1 1 2

1.7

3.9

1 1

3.8

1 1

1 1 3.5

1 1 1

5.9

1

2 4.2

1 1

1 1 2 1.23

1.54

1.67

2 1

2.6

3.7

1 2 1

1 4.0

1 1

1

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents Solvent

H NMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)

1

Ref.

1,1-Dichloroethene

CCl4

5.5

1

cis-1,2-Dichloroethene

CDCl3

6.28

2

trans-1,2-Dichloroethene

(CH3)4Si

6.24

2

Dichloromethane (Methylene chloride)

CCl4

5.3

1

(Dichloromethyl)benzene (Benzal chloride)

CCl4

6.6

7.4

1,2-Dichloropropane

CDCl3

1.61

3.59

3.74

2,4-Dichlorotoluene

CCl4

2.3

7.0

7.3

3,4-Dichlorotoluene

CCl4

2.3

7.0

1

Diethanolamine

D2O

2.7

3.7

1

1,1-Diethoxyethane (Acetal)

CDCl3

1.2

1.3

3.5

1,2-Diethoxyethane (Ethylene glycol diethyl ether)

CDCl3

1.22

3.54

3.58

1

Diethylamine

CCl4

0.9

1.0

2.6

1

Diethyl carbonate

CDCl3

1.3

4.2

1

Diethylene glycol

CDCl3

3.7

4.2

1

Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether (Diglyme)

CDCl3

3.3

3.5

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Carbitol)

CCl4

1.2

3.1

3.5

3.6

Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate

CDCl3

1.22

2.08

3.54

3.71

Diethylene glycol monomethyl ether

CDCl3

3.3

3.4

3.6

Diethyl ether

CDCl3

1.21

3.47

Diethyl sulfide

CCl4

1.2

2.5

Diisopropylamine

CCl4

0.7

1.0

Diisopropyl ether

CCl4

1.0

3.5

1

1,2-Dimethoxybenzene (Veratrole)

CCl4

3.7

6.8

1

1,2-Dimethoxyethane (Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether)

CCl4

3.3

3.4

1

Dimethoxymethane (Methylal)

CCl4

3.2

4.4

N,N-Dimethylacetamide

CDCl3

2.1

2.9

3.0

2,4-Dimethylaniline (2,4-Xylidine)

CCl4

2.0

2.2

3.4

6.4

6.7

1

2,2-Dimethylbutane (Neohexane)

CCl4

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.1

1.3

1

2,3-Dimethylbutane

CCl4

0.9

1.5

N,N-Dimethylformamide

CDCl3

2.9

3.0

8.0

1

Dimethyl glutarate

CDCl3

2.0

2.4

3.7

1

2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone (Isovalerone)

CCl4

0.9

2.1

1

2,5-Dimethylhexane

CCl4

0.9

1.4

1

Dimethyl maleate

CCl4

3.7

6.2

2,2-Dimethylpentane

CDCl3

0.9

0.9

1.2

1

2,4-Dimethylpentane

CCl4

0.9

1.1

1.6

1

2,4-Dimethyl-3-pentanone (Diisopropyl ketone)

CCl4

1.0

2.6

2,4-Dimethylpyridine (2,4-Lutidine)

CDCl3

2.3

2.5

7.0

2,6-Dimethylpyridine (2,6-Lutidine)

CDCl3

2.51

6.93

7.42

Dimethyl sulfoxide

CDCl3

2.62

2

1,4-Dioxane

CDCl3

3.69

2

1,3-Dioxolane

CDCl3

3.88

4.90

Dipentyl ether (Amyl ether)

CDCl3

0.9

1.4

Dipropylamine

CDCl3

1.5

2.6

Dodecane

CCl4

0.9

1.3

1-Dodecene

CCl4

0.9

1.3

2.0

5.4

Epichlorohydrin

CCl4

2.6

2.8

3.2

3.5

3.6

1

1,2-Epoxybutane (Ethyloxirane)

CCl4

1.0

1.5

2.3

2.6

2.7

1

1,2-Ethanediamine

CCl4

1.2

2.6

1,2-Ethanediol (Ethylene glycol)

D2O

3.7

1,2-Ethanediol, diacetate (Ethylene glycol diacetate)

CCl4

2.0

4.2

Ethanol

CDCl3

1.23

2.61

K21599_S08.indb 59

1 4.14

2 1

3.7

4.7

2

1 1 4.23

2 1 2 1

2.9

1

1 1

1

1

1 7.0

8.4

1 2

2 3.4

1 1 1

Analytical

Compound

8-59

1

1 1 1 3.69

2

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents

8-60 Compound

Solvent

H NMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)

1

Ref.

Analytical

Ethanolamine

CDCl3

2.7

2.8

3.5

Ethoxybenzene (Phenetole)

CCl4

1.3

3.9

6.9

2-Ethoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Cellosolve)

CDCl3

1.22

2.70

3.55

3.72

2-Ethoxyethyl acetate (Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate)

CCl4

1.2

2.0

3.4

3.5

Ethyl acetate

CDCl3

1.26

2.04

4.12

Ethyl acetoacetate

CDCl3

1.3

1.9

2.2

3.3

4.1

Ethyl acrylate (Ethyl propenoate)

CCl4

1.3

4.1

5.7

6.1

6.3

Ethylamine

D2O

1.1

2.6

Ethylbenzene

CDCl3

1.3

2.7

7.2

Ethyl benzoate

CCl4

1.3

4.3

7.4

8.0

Ethyl butanoate

CCl4

0.9

1.2

1.7

2.2

Ethyl cyanoacetate

CCl4

1.3

3.4

4.3

1

Ethylcyclohexane

CDCl3

0.9

1.9

1.4

1

Ethylene carbonate

CDCl3

4.5

Ethyl formate

CCl4

1.3

4.2

7.9

2-Ethyl-1,3-hexanediol

CDCl3

1.0

1.4

3.8

2-Ethyl-1-hexanol

CDCl3

0.9

1.3

1.8

3.5

1

Ethyl 3-methylbutanoate

CDCl3

1.0

1.3

1.9

4.1

1

3-Ethyl-2-methylpentane

CCl4

0.9

0.9

1.5

Fluorobenzene

CCl4

7.0

2-Fluorotoluene

CCl4

2.2

6.9

3-Fluorotoluene

CCl4

2.3

6.9

4-Fluorotoluene

CCl4

2.2

6.8

Furan

CDCl3

6.38

7.44

Furfural

CDCl3

6.6

7.3

7.7

9.7

Furfuryl alcohol

CDCl3

2.8

4.6

6.3

7.4

Glycerol

D2O

3.6

Glycerol triacetate (Triacetin)

CDCl3

2.1

4.2

4.3

Heptane

CDCl3

0.88

1.27

1.30

1-Heptanol

CCl4

0.9

1.4

3.4

3.5

1

3-Heptanol

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.3

3.4

1

2-Heptanone (Methyl pentyl ketone)

CCl4

0.9

1.3

2.0

2.3

1

3-Heptanone (Ethyl butyl ketone)

CCl4

1.0

1.4

2.3

1-Heptene

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.0

Hexane

CDCl3

0.89

1.27

1.29

Hexanedinitrile (Adiponitrile)

CDCl3

1.8

2.5

Hexanenitrile

CDCl3

0.9

1.5

2.3

Hexanoic acid (Caproic acid)

CDCl3

0.9

1.4

2.4

11.4

1-Hexanol

CDCl3

0.90

1.32

1.56

1.79

Hexyl acetate

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.0

4.0

3-Hydroxypropanenitrile (Hydracrylonitrile)

CDCl3

2.6

3.4

3.9

Iodobenzene

CCl4

6.8

7.5

7.7

1-Iodobutane (Butyl iodide)

CDCl3

1.0

1.7

1.9

4.2

1

2-Iodobutane (sec-Butyl iodide)

CDCl3

1.0

1.7

1.9

4.2

1

Iodoethane (Ethyl iodide)

CDCl3

1.2

2.6

3.7

Iodomethane (Methyl iodide)

CDCl3

2.2

1-Iodopropane (Propyl iodide)

CCl4

1.0

1.8

2-Iodopropane (Isopropyl iodide)

CDCl3

1.9

4.3

Isobutanal (2-Methyl-1-propanal)

CCl4

1.1

2.4

9.6

Isobutyl acetate

CCl4

0.9

1.9

2.0

3.8

1

Isobutylbenzene

CCl4

0.9

1.9

2.4

7.1

1

Isobutyl formate

CDCl3

1.0

2.0

3.9

8.0

1

K21599_S08.indb 60

1 1 2 4.1

1 2 4.9

1 1 1 1 1

4.1

1

1 1 1

1 1 1 1

7.0

1 2 1 1 1 5.2

1 2

1 4.9

5.7

1 2 1 1 1

3.62

2 1 1 1

1 1

3.2

1 1 1

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents Solvent

H NMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)

Ref.

1

Isobutyl isobutanoate

CCl4

0.9

1.2

1.9

2.5

Isopentyl acetate

CDCl3

0.9

1.5

2.0

4.0

1

Isophorone

CDCl3

1.04

1.95

2.19

5.88

2

Isopropyl acetate

CDCl3

0.9

1.4

1.6

2.4

1

Isopropylbenzene (Cumene)

CDCl3

1.3

2.4

2.9

7.3

1

1-Isopropyl-4-methylbenzene (p-Cymene)

CDCl3

1.2

2.3

2.9

7.1

1

Isoquinoline

CDCl3

8.5

9.3

d-Limonene (Citrene)

CCl4

1.4

1.7

1.9

4.6

Mesityl oxide

CDCl3

1.89

2.14

2.16

6.09

Methanol

CDCl3

3.43

3.66

2-Methoxyethanol (Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether)

CDCl3

2.5

3.4

3.5

3.7

2-Methoxyethyl acetate (Ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate)

CDCl3

2.09

3.39

3.59

4.22

Methyl acetate

CCl4

2.0

3.7

2-Methylacrylonitrile

CDCl3

2.0

5.7

5.8

2-Methylaniline (o-Toluidine)

CCl4

2.0

3.2

6.7

3-Methylaniline (m-Toluidine)

CCl4

2.2

3.3

6.4

6.9

N-Methylaniline

CCl4

2.7

3.3

6.4

6.6

Methyl benzoate

CCl4

3.8

7.4

8.0

3-Methylbutanoic acid (Isovaleric acid)

CCl4

1.0

2.2

11.0

3-Methyl-1-butanol (Isopentyl alcohol)

CCl4

0.9

1.5

3.5

Methyl cyanoacetate

CDCl3

3.5

3.8

Methylcyclohexane

CCl4

0.9

1.4

cis-4-Methylcyclohexanol

CDCl3

0.9

1.5

2.9

N-Methylformamide

CDCl3

2.82

7.4

8.16

Methyl formate

CDCl3

3.76

8.07

2-Methylheptane

CCl4

0.9

1.3

4-Methylheptane

CDCl3

0.8

0.9

1.4

2-Methylhexane

CDCl3

0.9

0.9

1.4

5-Methyl-2-hexanone (Methyl isopentyl ketone)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.0

2.3

1

Methyl methacrylate (Methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate)

CDCl3

2.0

3.8

5.6

6.1

1

2-Methyloctane

CCl4

0.9

1.0

1.3

1

2-Methylpentane

CCl4

0.8

0.9

1.5

1

3-Methylpentane

CCl4

0.8

1.5

2-Methyl-2,4-pentanediol (Hexylene glycol)

CCl4

1.1

1.2

1.3

4-Methylpentanenitrile

CCl4

1.0

1.6

2.3

4-Methyl-2-pentanol

CCl4

0.9

1.1

3-Methyl-3-pentanol

CCl4

0.9

4-Methyl-2-pentanone (Methyl isobutyl ketone)

CDCl3

2-Methylpropanenitrile (Isobutyronitrile)

CDCl3

2-Methylpropanoic acid (Isobutyric acid)

3.8

1

1 5.3

1 2 2

3.5

3.7

1 2 1 1 1 1

7.1

1 1 1

4.1

1 1 1

3.9

1 2 2 1 1 1

1 1.4

1.6

4.2

1.3

1.8

3.5

3.7

1.1

1.4

1.8

0.9

2.1

2.3

1.3

2.7

CCl4

1.2

2.6

2-Methyl-1-propanol (Isobutyl alcohol)

CCl4

0.9

1.7

2-Methyl-2-propanol (tert-Butyl alcohol)

CDCl3

1.3

1.4

2-Methylpyridine (2-Picoline)

CCl4

2.5

3-Methylpyridine (3-Picoline)

CCl4

N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone

4.7

4.9

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3.3

4.0

6.9

7.4

8.4

1

2.3

7.0

7.4

8.4

1

CDCl3

2.1

2.4

2.8

3.4

Methyl salicylate

CCl4

3.9

6.7

6.9

7.3

2-Methylthiophene

CDCl3

2.5

6.7

6.9

7.0

Morpholine

CDCl3

2.59

2.86

3.67

2

Nitrobenzene

CCl4

7.52

7.65

8.19

2

Nitroethane

CDCl3

1.6

4.3

Nitromethane

CCl4

4.2

1-Nitropropane

CDCl3

1.0

K21599_S08.indb 61

1 1

1 7.7

10.6

Analytical

Compound

8-61

1 1

1 1

2.1

4.4

1

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents

8-62 Compound

Solvent

H NMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)

Ref.

1

Nonane

CDCl3

0.9

1.3

Octane

CDCl3

0.88

1.26

1-Octanol

CDCl3

0.88

1.29

1.5

2.40

2-Octanone (Hexyl methyl ketone)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.1

2.4

1-Octene

CCl4

0.9

1.3

2.1

4.8

Pentane

CDCl3

0.88

1.26

1.30

1,5-Pentanediol (Pentamethylene glycol)

D2O

1.5

3.6

2,4-Pentanedione (Acetylacetone)

CCl4

2.0

2.2

3.5

Pentanenitrile (Valeronitrile)

CCl4

1.0

1.6

2.3

Pentanoic acid (Valeric acid)

CCl4

0.9

1.5

2.3

11.7

1-Pentanol (Amyl alcohol)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

3.5

4.4

2-Pentanol (sec-Amyl alcohol)

CDCl3

0.9

1.2

1.3

2.2

3-Pentanol (Diethyl carbinol)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

3.3

3.4

1

2-Pentanone (Methyl propyl ketone)

CCl4

0.9

1.6

2.0

2.3

1

3-Pentanone (Diethyl ketone)

CCl4

1.0

2.4

Pentyl acetate (Amyl acetate)

CCl4

0.9

1.4

2.0

4.0

Pentylamine (Amylamine)

CDCl3

0.9

1.4

2.7

CDCl3

0.84

1.16

1.27

Piperidine

CDCl3

1.53

2.18

2.79

Propanal

CDCl3

1.1

2.4

9.8

1,2-Propanediol (1,2-Propylene glycol)

CDCl3

1.1

3.4

3.9

1,3-Propanediol (Trimethylene glycol)

D2O

1.8

3.7

1

Propanenitrile

CCl4

1.3

2.3

1

Propanoic acid

CDCl3

1.1

2.4

Propanoic anhydride

CCl4

1.2

2.4

1-Propanol (Propyl alcohol)

CDCl3

0.9

1.6

2.3

2-Propanol (Isopropyl alcohol)

CDCl3

1.2

1.6

4.0

Propargyl alcohol (3-Hydroxy-1-propyne)

CDCl3

2.5

2.8

4.3

Propyl acetate

CCl4

0.9

1.6

2.0

4.0

1

Propylamine

CCl4

0.9

1.5

2.1

2.7

1

Propylbenzene

CDCl3

0.9

1.6

2.6

Propyl formate

CCl4

1.0

1.7

4.1

Pyridine

CDCl3

7.23

7.62

8.59

2

Pyrrole

CDCl3

6.2

6.7

8.0

1

Pyrrolidine

C6H6

1.5

2.4

2.7

1

2-Pyrrolidone

CDCl3

2.2

3.4

7.7

1

Quinoline

CCl4

7.1

7.8

8.8

Salicylaldehyde (2-Hydroxybenzaldehyde)

CDCl3

7.0

7.4

9.8

11.0

1

Styrene

CCl4

5.1

5.6

6.6

7.2

1

Sulfolane

CDCl3

2.2

3.0

CDCl3

1.02

1.77

2.09

2.28

1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane

CDCl3

4.29

1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane

CDCl3

5.91

Tetraethylene glycol

CCl4

3.5

3.6

1

Tetrahydrofuran

CDCl3

1.84

3.73

2

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydronaphthalene

CDCl3

1.8

2.8

Tetrahydropyran

CCl4

1.6

3.6

1

Tetrahydrothiophene

CDCl3

1.9

2.8

1

Tetramethylsilane

CCl4

0.0

1

Tetramethylurea

CCl4

2.8

1

Thiophene

CDCl3

7.1

7.3

1

Toluene

CDCl3

2.34

7.18

2

α-Pinene

α-Terpinene Analytical

K21599_S08.indb 62

1 1 3.60

2 1

4.9

5.7

1 2 1

5.4

14.7

1 1 1 1

3.7

1

1 1 1 1.66

1.93

2.19

2.33

5.19

2 2 1

4.3

1

10.5

1 1 3.6

1 1 1

1 7.9

1

1

1 5.59

5.62

2 2 2

7.1

1

4/3/14 11:32 AM

Proton NMR Shifts of Common Organic Solvents Compound

8-63 Solvent

H NMR shifts (ppm relative to TMS)

1

Ref.

Tribromomethane (Bromoform)

CCl4

6.8

Tributylamine

CCl4

0.9

1,1,1-Trichloroethane

CCl4

2.7

1,1,2-Trichloroethane

CDCl3

4.0

Trichloroethene

CCl4

6.5

1

Trichloroethylsilane

CCl4

1.3

1

Trichloromethane (Chloroform)

CCl4

7.2

(Trichloromethyl)benzene (Benzotrichloride)

CCl4

7.3

7.8

1

Tridecane

CCl4

0.9

1.3

1

1 1.3

2.3

1 1

5.8

1

1

Triethanolamine

D2O

2.7

3.6

1

Triethylamine

CCl4

1.0

2.4

1

Triethylene glycol

CDCl3

3.5

3.7

1

Triethyl phosphate

CDCl3

1.4

4.1

1

2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol

CDCl3

3.4

3.9

1

(Trifluoromethyl)benzene (Benzotrifluoride)

CCl4

7.5

Trimethylamine

CCl4

2.12

1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene (Hemimellitene)

CDCl3

2.2

2.3

1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene (Pseudocumene)

CCl4

2.2

6.8

1

1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene (Mesitylene)

CDCl3

2.3

6.8

1

2,2,3-Trimethylbutane (Triptane)

CCl4

0.8

1.3

1

2,2,5-Trimethylhexane

CCl4

0.9

1.2

2,3,3-Trimethylpentane

CCl4

0.8

0.8

2,3,4-Trimethylpentane

CCl4

0.8

1.9

Trimethyl phosphate

CDCl3

3.78

2,4,6-Trimethylpyridine (2,4,6-Collidine)

CCl4

2.2

2.4

6.6

1-Undecene

CCl4

0.9

1.3

2.0

4.8

Vinyl acetate

CDCl3

2.1

4.6

4.9

7.3

o-Xylene

CDCl3

2.22

7.07

m-Xylene

CDCl3

2.28

6.95

p-Xylene

CDCl3

2.30

7.05

1 2 7.0

1

1 1.4

1 1 2 1 4.9

5.6

1 1 2 2 2

Analytical

7.11

K21599_S08.indb 63

4/3/14 11:32 AM

13

C-NMR Absorptions of Major Functional Groups Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos

The table below lists the 13C chemical shift ranges (in ppm) with the corresponding functional groups in descending order. Some typical simple compounds for every family are given to illustrate the corresponding range. The shifts for the carbons of interest are given in parentheses, either for each carbon as it appears from left to right in the formula, or by the underscore (Refs. 1–17). In Ref. 1, the reader can find additional details, correlation charts, additivity rules and the expected 13C peaks attributed to common solvents.

References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011. 2. Yoder, C. H., and Schaeffer, C. D., Jr., Introduction to Multinuclear NMR: Theory and Application, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Co., Menlo Park, CA, 1987. 3. Brown, D. W., J. Chem. Educ. 62, 209, 1985. 4. Silverstein, R. M., and Webster F. X., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, 6th Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1998. 5. Becker, E. D., High Resolution NMR, Theory and Chemical Applications, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1980.

δ/ppm

Group

Family

6. Gunther, H., NMR Spectroscopy: Basic Principles, Concepts and Applications in Chemistry, Wiley, New York, 2003. 7. Kitamaru, R., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Principles and Theory, Elsevier Science, 1990. 8. Lambert, J. B., Holland, L. N., and Mazzola, E. P., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Introduction to Principles, Applications and Experimental Methods, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 2003. 9. Bovey, F. A., and Mirau, P. A., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 1988. 10. Harris, R. K., and Mann, B. E., NMR and the Periodic Table, Academic Press, London, 1978. 11. Hore, P. J., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1995. 12. Nelson, J. H., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, Wiley, New York, 2003. 13. Levy, G. C., Lichter, R. L., and Nelson, G. L., Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, 2nd Edition, Wiley, New York, 1980. 14. Pihlaja, K., and Kleinpeter, E., Carbon-13 NMR Chemical Shifts in Structural and Stereochemical Analysis, VCH, New York, 1994. 15. Aldrich Library of 1H and 13C FT-NMR Spectra, Aldrich Chemical Company, Milwaukee, WI, 1996. 16. Balci, M., Basic 1H- and 13C-NMR Spectroscopy, Elsevier, London, 2005. 17. http://www.chem.wisc.edu/areas/reich/handouts/nmr-c13/cdata.htm, 2009. Example (δ of Underlined Carbon)

220–165

>C=O

(CH3)2CO (CH3)2CHCOCH3 CH3CHO Aldehydes α,β-unsaturated carbonyls CH3CH=CHCHO CH2=CHCOCH3 HCO2H Carboxylic acids CH3CO2H HCONH2 Amides CH3CONH2 CH3CO2CH2CH3 Esters CH2=CHCO2CH3

140–120

>C=C
C–O– |

Esters, alcohols

CH3OOCCH2CH3 HOCH3 HOCH2CH3

(57.6, 67.9) (49.0) (57.0)

CH3NH2 CH3CH2NH2

(26.9) (35.9)

Sulfides (thioethers)

C6H5–S–CH3

15.6

Alkanes, cycloalkanes

CH4 CH3CH3 CH3CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 Cyclohexane

(–2.3) (5.7) (15.8, 16.3) (13.4, 25.2) (13.9, 22.8, 34.7) (26.9)

Analytical

>C–OH | 40–20

>C–NH2 Amines |

30–15

–S–CH3

30–(–2.3) >CH–

8-64

K21599_S08.indb 64

4/3/14 11:32 AM

13

C NMR Chemical Shifts of Common Organic Solvents

The following table gives the expected carbon-13 chemical shifts, relative to tetramethylsilane, for various useful NMR solvents. In some solvents, slight changes can occur with change of concentration.2,3

References 1. Bruno, T. J., and Svoronos, P. D. N., CRC Handbook of Basic Tables for Chemical Analysis, 3rd Edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011.

Formula CD3COOD (CH3)2C=O (CD3)2C=O CD3C≡N C6H6 C6D6 CS2 CCl4 CHCl3 CDC13 C6D12 CD2C12 (CD3)2NCDO (CD3)2S=O C4D3O2 DCOOD CD3OD CD3NO2 C5H5N C5D5N CDC12CDC12 C4D8O CFC13

Chemical shift (ppm) 20.0 (CD3) 205.8 (C=O) 30.7 (CH3) 206.7 (C=O) 29.2 (CD3) 204.1 (C=O) 1.3 (CD3) 117.1 (C≡N) 128.5 128.4 192.3 96.0 77.2 77.05 27.5 53.6 31 (CD3) 36 (CD3) 162.4 (C=O) 39.6 67.4 165.5 49.3 57.3 123.6 (C3) 135.7 (C4) 149.8 (C2) 123.9 (C3) 135.9 (C4) 150.2 (C2) 75.5 25.8 (C2) 67.9 (C1) 117.6

Analytical

Solvent Acetic acid-d4 Acetone Acetone-d6 Acetonitrile-d3 Benzene Benzene-d6 Carbon disulfide Carbon tetrachloride Chloroform Chloroform-d3 Cyclohexane-d12 Dichloromethane-d2 Dimethylformamide-d7 Dimethylsulfoxide-d6 Dioxane-d8 Formic acid-d2 Methanol-d4 Nitromethane-d3 Pyridine Pyridine-d5 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane-d2 Tetrahydrofuran-d8 Trichlorofluoromethane

2. Silverstein, R. M., Bassler, G. C., and Morrill, T. C., Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds, John Wiley & Sons, Now York, 1981. 3. Rahman, A.-U., Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Basic Principles, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1986. 4. Pretsch, E., Clerc, T., Seibl, J., and Simon, W., Spectral Data for Structure Determination of Organic Compounds, Second Edition, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1989.



K21599_S08.indb 65

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4/3/14 11:32 AM

15

N-NMR Chemical Shifts of Major Chemical Families Thomas J. Bruno and Paris D. N. Svoronos

The following table contains 15N NMR chemical shifts of various organic nitrogen compounds. Chemical shifts are expressed relative to different standards (NH3, NH4Cl, CH3NO2, NH4NO3, HNO3, etc.) and are interconvertible. Chemical shifts are sensitive to hydrogen bonding and are solvent dependent as seen in the case of pyridine (see footnote a below). Consequently, the reference as well as the solvent should always accompany chemical shift data. All shifts are relative to ammonia unless otherwise specified (Refs. 1–16). A section of “miscellaneous” data gives the chemical shift of special compounds relative to unusual standards. In Ref. 16, the reader can find additional details, correlation charts, and spin-spin coupling ranges.

References 1. Levy, G. C., and Lichter, R. L., Nitrogen-15 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1979. 2. Yoder, C. H., and Schaeffer, C. D., Jr., Introduction to Multinuclear NMR, Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, CA, 1987. Chemical Shift Range/ppm

Family

Analytical

53.1 ± 6.8 208.4 ± 9.6 584 ± 42 ≥435.67 ± 0.77 843.85 ± 0.10 115 19 ± 8 58.2 ± 10.6 20.3 ± 10 7.55 64.9 ± 3.0 ~24.9 95.8 ± 3.9 98.64 ± 0.29 6.4 ~9.04 37 ± 19 ~28.6 40.87 ± 0.13 509 ± 15 >251 220 ± 7 576.8 ± 9.6 688 ± 11 501.7 ± 20.3 404.7 ± 0.2 73.28 ± 0.12 267 ± 84 352.9 441.4 309.6 596 ± 32 753 ± 15

Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A+ −B Ne+ −H Ne+ −He Ne+ −Ne Ni+ −Ar Ni+ −Br Ni+ −C Ni+ −Cl Ni+ −D Ni+ −F Ni+ −H Ni+ −He Ni+ −I Ni+ −Ne Ni+ −Ni Ni+ −O Ni+ −S Ni+ −Si Np+ −F Np+ −O Np+–S O+ −Ar O+ −F O+ −H O+ −N O+ −O Os+ −H Os+ −O P+ −C P+ −Cl P+ −F P+ −H P+ −N P+ −O P+ −P P+ −S Pa+ −O Pa+–S Pb+ −Br Pb+ −Cl Pb+ −F Pb+ −O Pb+ −Pb Pb+ −S Pb+ −Se Pb+ −Te Pd+ −C Pd+ −H Pd+ −O Pd+ −Pd Pd+ −S Pd+ −Si Pr+ −Au Pr+ −Br Pr+ −Cl Pr+ −F Pr+ −I Pr+ −O Pt+ −Ar Pt+ −B Pt+ −C Pt+ −Cl

Do298 / kJ mol–1 1239 13.0 ± 0.8 125.29 ± 1.93 53.9 >289 418 192 ± 4 166.0 ± 7.7 ≥456 158.1 ± 7.7 12.4 ± 0.4 >297 9.9 ± 0.4 208 275.9 ± 7.7 241.0 ± 3.9 326 ± 6.7 730 ± 100 760 ± 10 491 ± 52 33.8 301.8 ± 8.4 487.9 ± 0.34 1050.64 ± 0.13 647.75 ± 0.17 240.1 ± 9.6 418 ± 50 512 ± 42 289 490.6 ± 8.4 329.6 ± 2.1 483 ± 21 791.3 ± 8.4 481 ± 50 606 ± 34 800 ± 50 525 ± 86 260 ± 63 285 ± 63 347 ± 32 247 ± 8.4 214 ± 29 227.7 ± 10.6 169.4 ± 6.3 163 ± 63 528 ± 5 208.4 ± 8.7 145 ± 11 197 ± 29 197 ± 6 289 ± 50 317 ± 81 357.7 445.0 557 ± 63 317.0 796 ± 15 36.4 ± 8.7 398 ± 105 530.5 ± 4.8 249.8 ± 14.5

Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 20 1 1 1 1 1 22 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 20 1 1 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4/3/14 11:40 AM

Bond Dissociation Energies Pt+ −H Pt+ −N Pt+ −O Pt+ −Pt Pt+ −Si Pt+ −Xe Pu+ −F Pu+ −O Pu+–S Rb+ −Ar Rb+ −Br Rb+ −Cl Rb+ −I Rb+ −Kr Rb+ −Na Rb+ −Ne Rb+ −O Rb+ −Rb Rb+ −Xe Re+ −C Re+ −H Re+ −O Rh+ −C Rh+ −H Rh+ −O Rh+ −S Ru+ −C Ru+ −H Ru+ −O Ru+ −S S+ −C S+ −F S+ −H S+ −N S+ −O S+ −P S+ −S Sc+ −C Sc+ −Cl Sc+ −F Sc+ −Fe Sc+ −H Sc+ −O Sc+ −S Sc+ −Se Sc+ −Si Se+ −F Se+ −H Se+ −P Se+ −S Se+ −Se Si+ −Au Si+ −B Si+ −Br Si+ −C Si+ −Cl Si+ −F Si+ −H Si+ −O Si+ −P Si+ −Pd

K21599_S09.indb 89

Do298 / kJ mol–1

275 ± 5 326.9 ± 9.6 318.4 ± 6.7 318 ± 23 515 ± 50 86.6 ± 28.9 562 ± 50 651 ± 19 420 ± 23 12.0 17.6v5.1 10.5 ± 10.5 27 ± 42 14.9 50.1 ± 3.9 6.95 29 75.6 ± 9.6 21.5 497.7 ± 3.9 224.7 ± 6.7 435 ± 59 414 ± 17 164.8 ± 3.8 295.0 ± 5.8 251.8 ± 11.6 594.3 ± 6.8 160.2 ± 5.0 372 ± 5 293.3 ± 9.6 620.8 ± 1.3 343.5 ± 4.8 348.2 ± 1.7 516 ± 34 524.3 ± 0.4 573 ± 21 522.4 ± 0.5 326 ± 6 410 ± 42 605 ± 32 201 ± 21 235 ± 8 689 ± 5 529.7 ± 17.4 475.8 ± 8.4 242.3 ± 10.5 364 ± 42 304 514 ± 25 392 ± 19 413 ± 19 175 ± 50 351 ± 15 276 ± 96 365 ± 50 591.0 ± 0.6 684.1 ± 5.4 316.6 ± 2.1 478 ± 13.4 272 ± 50 237 ± 50

Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 15 1 1 15 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A+ −B Si+ −Pt Si+ −S Si+ −Si Si+ −Te Sm+ −Br Sm+ −Cl Sm+ −F Sm+ −I Sm+ −O Sn+ −Br Sn+ −Cu Sn+ −F Sn+ −O Sn+ −S Sn+ −Se Sn+ −Sn Sn+ −Te Sr+ −Ar Sr+ −Br Sr+ −Cl Sr+ −F Sr+ −H Sr+ −I Sr+ −Kr Sr+ −Ne Sr+ −O Sr+ −Sr Ta+–C Ta+ −H Ta+ −O Ta+ −-Ta Tb+ −Cu Tb+ −O Tc+ −H Tc+ −O Te+ −H Te+ −O Te+ −P Te+ −Se Te+ −Si Te+ −Te Th+ −Cl Th+ −F Th+ −O Th+ −Pt Th+ −Rh Th+–S Ti+ −C Ti+ −Cl Ti+ −F Ti+ −H Ti+ −N Ti+ −O Ti+ −Pt Ti+ −S Ti+ −Si Ti+ −Ti Tl+ −Br Tl+ −Cl Tl+ −F Tl+ −I

Do298 / kJ mol–1

525 ± 50 387.5 ± 6.0 334 ± 19 347 ± 50 343.3 435.4 620.9 299.1 569 ± 15 335 ± 50 184 ± 96 364 ± 29 281 ± 10 240 ± 19 174 ± 6.3 193 168.7 ± 8.4 13.32 ± 2.92 378.1 ± 8.4 427 ± 8.4 615 ± 50 209 ± 5 308.2 18.13 ± 6.94 4.52 ± 9.6 298.7 108.5 ± 1.6 369.4 ± 3.9 230 ± 6 688.7 ± 11.6 666 245 ± 34 722 ± 15 197.5 >167 305 ± 12 339 ± 50 415 ± 97 342 ± 19 339.6 278 ± 29 499 ± 29 682 ± 29 843 ± 25 388 ± 193 504 ± 67 570 ± 75 395 ± 23 426.8 ≥456 226.6 ± 10.6 501 ± 13 667 ± 7 82 ± 96 461.1 ± 6.8 249 ± 16 229 52 ± 50 26 ± 4 13 ± 21 133 ± 21

Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 14 1 1 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A+ −B Tl+ −Tl Tm+ −Br Tm+ −Cl Tm+ −F Tm+ −I Tm+ −O U+ −Br U+ −C U+ −Cl U+ −D U+ −F U+ −H U+ −N U+ −O U+ −P U+ −S V+ −Ar V+ −C V+ −D V+ −Fe V+ −H V+ −Kr V+ −N V+ −Nb V+ −O V+ −S V+ −Si V+ −V V+ −Xe W+ −C W+ −F W+ −H W+ −O Xe+ −Ar Xe+–F Xe+ −H Xe+ −Kr Xe+ −N Xe+ −Ne Xe+ −Xe Y+ −C Y+ −F Y+ −H Y+ −O Y+ −Pt Y+ −S Y+ −Si Y+ −Te Y+ −Y Yb+ −Br Yb+ −Cl Yb+ −F Yb+ −I Yb+ −O Yb+ −Yb Zn+ −Ar Zn+ −H Zn+ −O Zn+ −S Zn+ −Si Zn+ −Zn

Do298 / kJ mol–1

22 ± 50 312.2 407.9 537 ± 16 266.8 482 ± 15 345 ± 29 300 ± 96 431 ± 34 283.4 ± 9.6 668 ± 29 284 ± 8 ~485 774 ± 13 186 500 ± 60 39.39 ± 0.12 373 ± 13.5 202 ± 6 314 ± 21 202 ± 6 49.46 ± 0.18 448.6 ± 5.8 403.5 ± 0.2 581.6 ± 9.6 358.9 ± 8.7 229 ± 15 302 66.4 ± 0.6 464.9 ± 17.4 444 ± 96 222.5 ± 5 656.9 ± 6.8 13.4 188 355 41.65 ± 0.08 66.4 ± 9.6 2.1 ± 0.8 99.6 281 ± 12 677 ± 21 260.5 ± 5.8 718 ± 25 466 ± 192 533.9 ± 8 243 ± 13 360 ± 96 281 ± 21 307.4 399.6 557.5 ± 14.4 262.0 376 ± 15 238 ± 96 28.7 ± 1.2 216 ± 15 161.1 ± 4.8 198 ± 12 274.1 ± 9.6 60 ± 19

Ref. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14 1 20 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 23 1 1 10 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Molecular

A+ −B

9-89

4/3/14 11:40 AM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-90 A+ −B Zr+ −Ar Zr+ −C Zr+ −H

Do298 / kJ mol–1

36.09 ± 0.24 445.8 ± 15.4 218.8 ± 9.6

A+ −B

Ref.

Zr+ −N Zr+ −O Zr+ −S

1 1 1

Do298 / kJ mol–1

443 ± 46 753 ± 11 549.0 ± 9.6

A+ −B

Ref.

Zr+ −Zr

1 1 1

Do298 / kJ mol–1

Ref.

407.0 ± 9.6

1

References 1. Luo, Y. R., Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, CRC Press, Boca, Raton, 2007. 2. Parke, L. G., Hinton, C. S., and Armentrout, P. B., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 254, 168, 2006. 3. Li, F.-X., Zhang, X.-G., and Armentrout, P. B., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 255/256, 279, 2006. 4. Li, F.-X., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys. 125, 133114/1, 2006. 5. Chattopadhyaya, S., Pramanik, A., Banerjee, A., and Das, K. K., J. Phys. Chem. A 110, 12303, 2006. 6. Li, J., Hao, Y., Yang, J., Zhou, C., and Mo, Y., J. Chem. Phys. 127, 104307/1, 2007. 7. Gibson, J. K., Haire, R. G., Santos, M., Pires de Matos, A., and Marçalo, J., J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 11373, 2008. 8. Merritt, J. M., Kaledin, A. L., Bondybey, V. E., and Heaven, M. C., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 10, 4006, 2008. 9. Schröder, D., J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 13215, 2008. 10. Hinton, C. S., Li, F.-X., and Armentrout, P. B., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 280, 226, 2009. 11. Armentrout, P. B., and Kretzschmar, I., J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 10955, 2009.

12. Armentrout, P. B., and Kretzschmar, I., Inorg.. Chem. 48, 10371, 2009. 13. Li, M., Liu, S.-R., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys. 131, 144310, 2009. 14. Marçalo, J., and Gibson, J. K., J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 12599, 2009. 15. Armentrout, P. B., and Kretzschmar, I., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 4078, 2010. 16. Tzeli, D., and Mavridis, A., J. Chem. Phys. 132, 194312, 2010. 17. Hinton, C. S., Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys. 133, 124307, 2010. 18. Li, F.-X., Hinton, C. S., Citir, M., Liu, F., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys. 134, 024310, 2011. 19. Li, F.-X., Gorham, K., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Phys. Chem. A 114, 11043, 2010. 20. Pereira, C. C. L., Marsden, C. J., Marçalo, J., and Gibson, J. K., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 13, 12940, 2011. 21. Armentrout, P. B., and Kretzschmar, I., J. Chem. Phys., 132, 024306, 2010. 22. Hinton, C. S., Citir, M., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys., 135, 234302, 2011. 23. Wnorowski, K., Stano, M., Barszczewska, W., Jówko, A., and Matejčik, Š., Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 314, 42–48, 2012.

TABLE 7. Bond Dissociation Energies in Polyatomic Cations This Table has been arranged on the basis of the Periodic Table with the IUPAC notation for Groups 1 to 18, see inside front cover of this Handbook. The boldface in the species indicates the dissociated fragment. Bond

Molecular K21599_S09.indb 90

(1) Group 1 Li+−H2 Li+−CO Li+−H2O Li+−NH3 Li+−CH4 Li+−CH3OH Li+−CH3OCH3 Li+−pyridine Li+−Gly (glycine) Na+−H2 Na+−N2 Na+−CO Na+−CO2 Na+−SO2 Na+−O3 Na+−H2O Na+(H2O)−H2O Na+(H2O)2−H2O Na+(H2O)3−H2O Na+(glycine)−H2O Na+(glutamine)−H2O Na+−NH3 Na+−HNO3 Na+−CH4 Na+−CH3OH

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 27.2

57 ± 13 139 ± 8 156 ± 8 130

156 ± 8 167 ± 10 183.0 ± 14.5 220 ± 9 10.4 ± 0.8 33.5 31 ± 8 66.5 79.1 52.3

91.2 ± 6.3 82.0 ± 5.8 66.1

52.7 ± 0.8 75.1 ± 5.3 52 ± 1 106.2 ± 5.4 86.2 30.1 98.8 ± 5.7

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Bond Na+−CH3CN Na+−C2H4 Na+−CH3OCH3 Na+−CH3C(O)H Na+− MeCOMe Na+−C6H6 Na+−pyrrole Na+ −Gly (glycine) Na+ −Ala (alanine) Na+−GlyGly (glycylglycine) K+−H2 K+−CO2 K+−H2O K+(H2O)2−H2O K+(H2O)3−H2O K+(H2O)4−H2O K+(H2O)5−H2O K+(H2O)6−H2O K+−NH3 K+−C6H6 K+−adenine K+−indole K+−Phe (phenylalanine) K+−Tyr (tyrosine) Rb+−H2O Rb+−NH3 Rb+−CH3CN

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 125.5 ± 9.6 44.6 ± 4.4 101.4 ± 5.7 114.4 ± 3.4 131.3 ± 4.1 97.0 ± 5.9 103.7 ± 4.8 166.7 ± 5.1 167 ± 4 203 ± 8 6.1 ± 0.8 35.6 74.9 67.4 55.2 11.8 44.8 41.8 79 ± 7 80.3

95.1 ± 3.2 104.6 ± 12.6 150.5 ± 5.8 165.0 ± 5.8 66.9 ± 12.6 78.2

86.6 ± 1.3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4/3/14 11:40 AM

Bond Dissociation Energies

Rb −C6H5OH Cs+−H2O Cs+−C6H5NH2 (2) Group 2 CH3Be+−CH3

tert-C(CH3)3Be+−tert-C(CH3)3 Mg+−OH Mg+−CO Mg+−CO2 Mg+−H2O Mg+−NH3 Mg+−CH4 Mg+−MeOH Mg+−C6H6 Mg+−pyridine Mg+−imidazole Mg2+(H2O)5−H2O Mg2+(Me2CO)5−Me2CO

Ca+−OH Ca+−H2O Ca+−C6H6 Ca+−imidazole Ca2+(H2O)4−H2O Ca2+(Me2CO)5−Me2CO Sr+−CO Sr+−CO2 Sr+−H2O Sr+−C6H6 Sr2+(H2O)5−H2O Ba+−OH Ba2+(H2O)4−H2O (3) Group 3 Sc+−H2

Sc+−CH2 Sc+−CH3 Sc+−C2H2 Sc+−C2H4 Sc+−C6H6 Sc+−H2O Sc+−NH Sc+−NH2 Sc+−pyridine Y+−CH2 Y+−CH3 Y+−C2H2 Y+−C2H4 Y+−CO Y+−CS Y+(O)−CO2 La+−CH La+−CH2 La+−CH3 La+−C2H2 La+−C2H4 Lu+−CH2

K21599_S09.indb 91

Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 70.2 ± 3.7 57.3

1 1 1

192.9 ± 13.4 121.8 ± 13.4 314 ± 33 43.1 ± 5.8 58.4 ± 5.8 122.5 ± 12.5 158.9 ± 11.6 29.8 ± 6.8 147.6 ± 6.8 155.2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

70.8 ± 4.5

200.0 ± 6.4 243.9 ± 10.4 101.3 93.3

435.1 ± 14.5 117.2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

134

186.3 ± 3.9 110.0 ± 5.9 101.3 20.3

1 1 1 1 1

41.9 144.3

1 1

117 87.4

1 1 1 1

530.7 ± 19.3 90.8 23.0 ± 1.3 412 ± 22 233 ± 10 240 ± 20 ≥131 222 ± 21 131

483 ± 10 347 ± 5 231.5 ± 10.3 398 ± 13 249 ± 5.0 218 ± 13 >138 29.9 ± 10.6 137.0 ± 7.7 86 ± 5 523 ± 33 401 ± 7 217 ± 15 262 ± 30 192.5 >230 ± 6

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Lu −CH3 U+(F)−F U+(F)2−F U+(F)3−F U+(F)4−F U+(F)5−F +

(4) Group 4 Ti+−CH Ti+−CH2 Ti+−CH3 Ti+−CH4 Ti+−C2H2 Ti+−C2H4 Ti+−C6H6 Ti+−CO Ti+−H2O Ti+−NH Ti+−NH2

Ti+−NH3 Ti+−pyridine Ti+−imidazole Zr+−CH Zr+−CH2 Zr+−CH3 Zr+−C2H2 Zr+−CO Zr+−CS Hf+−CH Hf+−CH2 Hf+−CH2 Hf+−C2H2

(5) Group 5 (CO)6V+−H V+−H2 V+−CH V+−CH2 V+−CH3 V+−C2H2 V+−C2H4 V+−(η5-C5H5) V+−C6H6 V+−CO V+−CO2 V+−H2O V+−NH V+−NH2 V+−NH3 V+−pyridine V+−imidazole Nb+−H2 Nb+−CH Nb+−CH2 Nb+−CH3 Nb+−CH3NH2 Nb+−C3H6

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 176 ± 20 552 ± 44 523 ± 38 381 ± 19 243 ± 17 26 ± 11

1 1 1 1 1 1

478 ± 5 391 ± 15 213.8 ± 3 70.3 ± 2.5 213 ± 13 146 ± 11 259 ± 9 117.7 ± 5.8 157.7 ± 5.9 466 ± 12 356 ± 13

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2

197 ± 7 217.2 ± 9.3 ≤232.4 ± 8.2 568 ± 13 444.8 ± 5 227.7 ± 9.6 273 ± 14 77 ± 10 257.6 ± 10.6 492.1 ± 14.5 421.6 ± 6.8 204.5 ± 25.1 150.6

220 ± 14 42.7 ± 2.1 470 ± 5 326 ± 6 193 ± 7 172 ± 8 124 ± 8 530.7

234 ± 10 114.8 ± 2.9 72.4 ± 3.8 149.8 ± 5.0 423 ± 29 293 ± 6 192 ± 11 218.7 ± 13.5 ≤243.4 ± 8.0 61.9 581 ± 19 428.4 ± 8.7 198.8 ± 10.6 134 117.7

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Molecular

Bond +

9-91

4/3/14 11:40 AM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-92 Bond (NbFe) −C3H4 +

Nb+−CO Nb+−CS Nb7+−N2 Ta+−CH Ta+−CH2 Ta+−CH3 Ta+−C6H6

(6) Group 6 (CO)6Cr+−H

(η5-C5H5)(NO)(CO)2Cr+−H Cr+−H2 Cr+−CH Cr+−CH2 Cr+−CH3 Cr+−C6H6 Cr+−indole Cr+−CO Cr+−OH Cr+−H2O Cr+−N2 Cr+−NH3 (CO)6Mo+−H Mo+−CH Mo+−CH2 Mo+−CH3 Mo+−CO Mo+−CO2 Mo+−CS Mo+−CS2 Mo+−NH Mo+−pyrrole (CO)6W+−H W+−CH W+−CH2 W+−CH3 (PMe3)3(CO)3W+−H W+−pyrrole (7) Group 7 (CO)5Mn+−H

Molecular K21599_S09.indb 92

Mn+−H2 Mn+−CH2 Mn+−CH3 Mn+(CO)5−CH3 Mn+(CO)5−CH4 Mn+−(η5-C5H5) Mn+−C6H6 Mn+−OH Mn+−CO Mn+−H2O Mn+−CH3OH Mn+−OC(CH3)2 Mn+−CS Mn+−NH2

Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. >163

95.5 ± 4.8 242.2 ± 10.6 209 172 ± 10 7.9 ± 1.7 295 ± 13 215 ± 10 132 ± 15 >30

326.1 ± 9.6 145 ± 10 332 ± 24 25 ± 10 121.8 ± 5.9 134 ± 29 159 ± 14 80.0 ± 21 254 ± 20

1 1 1 1 6 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Mn −NH3 Tc+−CH2 Tc+−C2H2 Re+(CH3)(CO)5−H (PMe3)(CO)2Re+−H +

(8) Group 8 Fe+(O)−H

Fe+(CO)−H Fe+(H2O)−H Fe+(η5-C5H5)−H (CO2)5Fe+−H Fe+−H2 Fe+−CH Fe+−CH2 Fe+−CH3 Fe+−CH4 Fe+−C2H2 Fe+−C2H3

Fe+−C2H4 Fe+−C2H5 Fe+−C2H6 Fe+−OH Fe+−CO Fe+D−CO Fe+−CO2 Fe+−H2O Fe+−N2 Fe+−NH3 Fe+−CS2 Fe+−imidazole Fe+−SiH Fe+−SiH2 Fe+−SiH3 Ru+(η5-C5H5)2−H (η5-C5Me5)2Ru+−H Ru+−CH Ru+−CH2 Ru+−CH3 Ru+−CS OsO4+−H

(9) Group 9 (η5-C5H5)(CO)2Co+−H (CH3OD)Co+−H Co+−H2 (η5-C5H5)Co+−H2 Co+−CH Co+−CH2 Co+−CH3 Co+−CH4 Co+−C60 Co+−CO Co+−H2O Co+−CS Co+−N2

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 147 ± 8 28.9 ± 4.8 146.7 ± 11.6

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

257.6 ± 7.7 170.8 ± 7.7 64.6 ± 4.8

1 1 1 1 1

536.4 ± 9.6 471

218.1 ± 8.7 59.8 ± 4.8 274 ± 12 229.7 51.9 ± 0.4

1 1 1 1 1

Cu −CH2 Cu+−CH3 Cu+−C2H2 Cu+−C2H4 Cu+−C6H6 Cu+−CO Cu+−N2 Cu+−NO Cu+−H2O Cu+−NH2 Cu+−NH3 Cu+−CS Cu+−SiH Cu+−SiH2 Cu+−SiH3 Ag+−CH2 Ag+−CH3 Ag+−C2H5 Ag+−C6H6 Ag+−O2 Ag+−CO Ag+−H2O Ag+−CS Ag+−NH3 Au+−CH2 Au+−CH3 Au+−C2H4 Au+−C6H6 Au+−CO Au+−H2O Au+−H2S Au+−NH3 Au+−PH3 +

(12) Group 12 Zn+−H2 Zn+−CH3 Zn+−OH Zn+−H2O Zn+−NO Zn+−pyrimidine Zn+−CS Cd+−CH3 Cd+(CH3)−CH3 Cd+−C6H6 Hg+−CH3 Hg+(CH3)−CH3 (13) Group 13 B+−H2 HB+−H2 (CH3)2B+−CH3 Al+−H2 Al+−N2 Al+−CO2 Al+−H2O

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 267.3 ± 6.8 111 ± 7 >21.2 ± 9.6 176 ± 14 218.0 ± 9.6 149 ± 7 89 ± 30 109.0 ± 4.8 160.7 ± 7.5 192 ± 13 237 ± 15 238.3 ± 11.6 246 ± 27 ≥231 ± 7 97 ± 25 ≥107 ± 4 66.6 ± 4.8 65.7 ± 7.5 167 ± 19 29.7 ± 0.8 89 ± 5 134 ± 8 152 ± 20 170 ± 13 357.0 ± 6.8 209.4 ± 23.2 344.5

289 ± 29 201 ± 8 164.0 ± 9.6 230 ± 25 297 ± 29 402 ± 33

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

15.7 ± 1.7 280 ± 7 127.2 163

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

15.9 ± 0.8 61.5 ± 2.1 32.6 ± 4.2 5.6 ± 0.6 5.6

1 1 1 1

76.2 ± 9.6 209.6 ± 7.7 149 ± 23 228 ± 3 109 ± 3 136 ± 19 285 ± 3 96 ± 3

≥29.3 104 ± 15

1 1 1

Molecular

Bond +

9-93

4/3/14 11:40 AM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-94 Bond Al −MeOH Al+−EtC(O)Et Al+−C6H6 Al+−pyridine Al+−phenol Al+−imidazole Ga+−NH3 In+−NH3 +

(14) Group 14 C58+−C2 C60+−C2 C62+−C2 C78+−C2 HC2+−H C6H5+−H C2H3+−Cl C2H5+−Br C6H5+−Br C2H3+–I

Molecular K21599_S09.indb 94

CH3+−H2 CH5+−H2 C2H5+−H2 CH3+−O2 CO+−N2 H2CH+−N2 CO+−CO CO+(CO)−CO CO+(CO)2−CO CO+(CO)3−CO (CO2)+−CO2 (CO2)+(CO2)−CO2 (CO2)+(CO2)2−CO2 (CO2)+(CO2)3−CO2 CH3+−N2O CH3+−SO2 CH3+−OCS CH3+−CS2 CH3+−H2O CH3+(H2O)−H2O CH3+(H2O)2−H2O CH3+(H2O)3−H2O CH3+(H2O)4−H2O CH3+−H2S CH2+−CH2O CH3+−NH3 (CH3)+−CH3 CH3+−CH4 CF3+−CH4 (CH5)+−CH4 C6H6+−CH4 CH3+−CH3F CH3+−CF3Cl CH3+−CH3Cl tert-C4H9+−CH3OH tert-C4H9+−CH3CN

Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 139.7 191.2

147.3 ± 8.4 190.3 ± 10.3 154.8 ± 16.7 232.4 ± 8.2 122.5 111.0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

955 ± 15 822.0 ± 12.5 846.2 ± 10.6 938.8 ± 10.6 574.749

1 1 1 1 1 1 7 7 1

196.2 ± 1.4 186

7 1 1

376.3 ± 4.8 249 ± 1.0 206.3 ± 1.0 266.3

7.9 ± 0.4 17

80 ± 7 67.5 ± 19.3 31.8

173.7 ± 14.6 52.3 30.2 18.4

1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1

70.3 34.7 21.3

20.1 ± 1.3 221.3

1 1 1 1 1

253.6 239.3

1 1

251.9 279 106.3 87.9 61.9 48.5 344.8

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

303.0 ± 2.9 431.4 209.2 ± 4.2 166.5 19.0

28.7 ± 1.3 12.0 230 221 259 63 85

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

tert-C4H −SO2F2 CH3+−C2H3O CH3+−CF3ClOCl tert--C4H9+−(CH3)2S tert-C4H9+−C2H5OH tert-C4H9+−C3H8 tert-C4H9+−t-C4H9Cl tert-C4H9+−(CH3)3CH tert-C4H9+−C6H6 (C6H6)+−C6H6 (C6H6)+−indole C6F6+−C6F6 C60+−C60 PhSiH2+−H Si+(CH3)3−Cl SiH3+−CO SiF3+−CO (CH3)3Si+−H2O (CH3)3Si+−NH3 Si+(CH3)(Cl)2−CH3 Si+(CH3)2(Cl)−CH3 Si+−CH3 Si+(CH3)−CH3 Si+(CH3)2−CH3 Si+(CH3)3−CH3 (CH3)3Si+−CH3OH (CH3)3Si+−(C2H5)2O (CH3)3Si+−C6H6 (CH3)3Si+−CH3NH2 (CH3)3Ge+−H2O (C2H5)3Ge+−H2O (CH3)3Sn+−NH3 (CH3)3Sn+−H2O (CH3)3Sn+−(CH3)2CO (CH3)3Sn+−C3H7SH Pb+−H2O Pb+−NH3 Pb+−CH3OH Pb+−CH3NH2 Pb+−C6H6 + 9

(15) Group 15 H2N+−H H3N+−H Me3N+−H Et3N+−H (imidazole)+ −Zn N2H+−H2 ON+−O2 N+−N2 ON+−N2 N2+−N2 HN2+−N2 N3+−N2 O2N+−N2 H4N+−N2

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 338.7 ± 2.9 252 185 85

43.5

1 1 1 1 1

27.6 339 30.1

1 1 1

92 73.6 54.8

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

30.1 ± 4 35.89 ± 7.72 159 178.5 ± 1.9 ≥151 174.1 ± 1.3 125.9 ± 7.9 194.6

60.8 ± 2.9 41.5 ± 1.9 413.9 ± 5.8 123 ± 48 513 ± 27 66.6 ± 5.8 164.0 184.9 100.0 231.8

119.7 ± 2.1 104.2 ± 2.1 154 108 157 143 93.7

118.4 ± 0.8 97.5 ± 0.8 148.1 ± 1.3 110 ± 2

544.43 ± 0.10 515.1 376 362 216.1 ± 3.9 24.7 ± 0.8 14.2 303.8 21.3

102.3 ± 14.6 60.7 18.8 ± 1.3 19.2 ± 1.3 54 ± 21

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4/3/14 11:40 AM

Bond Dissociation Energies

ON −NO ON+−CO ON+−O3 ON+−CO2 N2O+−ON2 NO+−ON2 (HON2)+−ON2 ON+−H2O ON+(H2O)−H2O ON+(H2O)2−H2O H4N+−H2O H4N+(H2O)−H2O H4N+(H2O)2−H2O H4N+(H2O)3−H2O H4N+(H2O)4−H2O (glycine)H+−H2O (tryptophan)H+−H2O (tryptophanylglicine)H+−H2O H4N+−H2S H+(NH3)−NH3 H+(NH3)2−NH3 H+(NH3)3−NH3 H+(NH3)4−NH3 H+(NH3)5−NH3 H+(NH3)6−NH3 NH4+−CH4 ON+−CH3OH O2N+−CH3OH ( CH3CNH)+−CH3CN (pyridineH)+−pyridine (valine H)+−valine (betainH)+−betaine H4P+−H2O (H4P)+−PH3 AsH2+−H I2As+−acetone I2As+−benzene Bi+−H2O Bi+−NH3 Bi+−C6H6 (16) Group 16 (H3O)+−H2 O+−O2 O+(O2)1−O2 O+(O2)2−O2 O2+−O2 O2+(O2)−O2 O2+(O2)2−O2 O2+(O2)3−O2 O2+(O2)4−O2 O2+(O2)5−O2 O+−N2 O2+−N2 (H3O)+−N2 O4+−N2

K21599_S09.indb 95

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 59.4 ± 0.8 27.2 ± 1.3 67 87.4 56.9 49.8 44.8 164.0 140.2 93.3 71.1 64.0 54.4 49.0 43.1 100.8 115.6 104.6 100.4 82.8 43.5 41.0 78.0 66.4 137.7 229.3 77.0 71.5 62.8 144 74

96.5 ± 9.6 33.5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

115.8 ± 19.3 136.4 195.4 94.1 125.1

1 1 1 1 1 1

166 150.6 104.2 46.4 57.7 63.6

1 1 1 1 1 1

Molecular

Bond +

9-95

4/3/14 11:40 AM

Bond Dissociation Energies

9-96 Bond OCS −OCS OCS+−CO2 SO2+−CO2 H3S+−H2O thiopheneH+−H2O H3S+−H2S H3S+−CH4 (CH3)2Se•+−Se(CH3)2 (CH3)2Te•+−Te(CH3)2 +

(17) Group 17 HF+−HF (H2Cl)+ −Cl HCl+−HCl Cl+−CCl3 Cl+−C2H3 HBr+−HBr I+−CH3 I+(CH3I)−CH3

Bond

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 100.0

1

72.0 42.7 91.6 42.7

1 1 1 1 1

53.6 ± 6.3 16.3 ~95 ± 3 97 ± 2

He (He)2−He Ne+(Ne)−Ne Ne+(Ne)2−Ne Ar+(Ar)−Ar Ar+(Ar)2−Ar Ar+(N2)−Ar Ar+(N2)(Ar)−Ar Ar+(N2)(Ar)2−Ar Kr+(Kr)−Kr Kr+(Kr)2−Kr Xe+(Xe)−Xe Xe+(Xe)2−Xe Ar+−H2 Ar+−N2 Ar+(N2)−N2 Ar+(N2)2−N2 Ar+−CO Ar+(CO)−CO Kr+−CO Kr+−CO2 +

1 1 1

≥138 39.6 83.9

446.7 ± 9.6 685.0 ± 4.8 96

1 1 1 1 1 1

I+(CH3I)2−CH3

330.0 51.1 112.9

1 1 1

(18) Group 18 He+(He)1−He

17.6

1

Do298/kJ mol–1 Ref. 2.7 ± 0.6 10.3 ± 0.6 3.3 ± 0.6 20.4 ± 0.6 7.0 ± 0.6 25.1 7.1 7.1

23.3 ± 0.6 9.0 ± 0.6 25.2 ± 0.6 11.0 ± 0.6 93.7 127.6 31.0 10.9 75 ± 17 13

103.3 ± 7.5 79.1 ± 2.9

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

References 1. Luo, Y. R., Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2007. 2. Parke, L. G., Hinton, C. S., and Armentrout, P. B., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 254, 168, 2006. 3. Li, F.-X., Zhang, X.-G., and Armentrout, P. B., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 255/256, 279, 2006. 4. Meloni, G., Zou, P., Klippenstein, S. J., Ahmed, M., Leone, S. R., Taatjes, C. A., and Osborn, D. L., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 13559, 2006. 5. Li, F.-X., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Chem. Phys. 125, 133114/1, 2006.

6. Parke, L. G., Hinton, C. S., and Armentrout, P. B., J. Phys. Chem. C 111, 17773, 2007. 7. Shuman, N. S., Ochieng, M. A., Sztáray, B., and Baer, T., J. Phys. Chem. A 112, 5647, 2008. 8. Armentrout, P. B., and Kretzschmar, I., J. Phys. Chem. A 113, 10955, 2009. 9. Armentrout, P. B., and Kretzschmar, I., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 12, 4078, 2010.

Molecular K21599_S09.indb 96

4/3/14 11:40 AM

Electronegativity Electronegativity is a parameter originally introduced by Pauling which describes, on a relative basis, the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract bonding electrons. While electronegativity is not a precisely defined molecular property, the electronegativity difference between two atoms provides a useful measure of the polarity and ionic character of the bond between them. This table gives the electronegativity X, on the Pauling scale, for the most common oxidation state. Other scales are described in the references. Symbol H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge

X 2.20 — 0.98 1.57 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98 — 0.93 1.31 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 — 0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65 1.81 2.01

Z 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64

1. Pauling, L., The Nature of the Chemical Bond, Third Edition, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1960. 2. Allen, L. C., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 111, 9003, 1989. 3. Allred, A. L., J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 17, 215, 1961.

Symbol As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd

X 2.18 2.55 2.96 — 0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.6 2.16 2.10 2.2 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.1 2.66 2.60 0.79 0.89 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.14 — 1.17 — 1.20

Z 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94

Symbol Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac Th Pa U Np Pu

X — 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 — 1.0 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 — 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.3 1.3

Molecular

Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

References



K21599_S09.indb 97

9-97

4/3/14 11:40 AM

Force Constants for Bond Stretching David R. Lide Representative force constants (f) for stretching of chemical bonds are listed in this table. Except where noted, all force constants are derived from values of the harmonic vibrational frequencies ωe. Values derived from the observed vibrational fundamentals ν, which are noted by a, are lower than the harmonic force constants, typically by 2 to 3% in the case of heavy atoms (often by 5 to 10% if one of the atoms is hydrogen). Values are given in the SI unit newton per centimeter (N/cm), which is identical to the commonly used cgs unit mdyn/Å. Bond

Molecule

f/(N/cm)

H-H Be-H B-H C-H

H2 BeH BH CH CH4 C2H6 CH3CN CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 HCN NH OH H2O PH SH H2S HF HCl HBr HI LiH NaH KH RbH CsH C2 CCl2=CH2 C2H6 CH3CN CF CH3F CCl CH3Cl CCl2=CH2 CH3Br CH3I CO CO2 OCS CH3OH CS CS2

5.75 2.27 3.05 4.48 5.44 4.83 5.33 5.02 5.57 6.22 5.97 7.80 8.45 3.22 4.23 4.28 9.66 5.16 4.12 3.14 1.03 0.78 0.56 0.52 0.47 12.16 8.43 4.50 5.16 7.42 5.71 3.95 3.44 4.02 2.89 2.34 19.02 16.00 16.14 5.42 8.49 7.88

N-H O-H P-H S-H F-H Cl-H Br-H I-H Li-H Na-H K-H Rb-H Cs-H C-C

C-F C-Cl

C-Br C-I C-O

C-S

Note

References 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure. IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979. 2. Shimanouchi, T., The Molecular Force Field, in Eyring, H., Henderson, D., and Yost, W., Eds., Physical Chemistry: An Advanced Treatise, Vol. IV, Academic Press, New York, 1970. 3. Tasumi, M., and Nakata, M., Pure and Appl. Chem., 57, 121–147, 1985. Bond C-N

b a,b,c b a,b,c b

C-P Si-Si Si-O Si-F Si-Cl N-N N-O P-P P-O O-O S-O

a,c

a,c a,c b a,c a,c

a,c

S-S F-F Cl-F Br-F Cl-Cl Br-Cl Br-Br I-I Li-Li Li-Na Na-Na Li-F Li-Cl Li-Br Li-I Na-F Na-Cl Na-Br Na-I Be-O Mg-O Ca-O

Molecule OCS CN HCN CH3CN CH3NH2 CP Si2 SiO SiF SiCl N2 N2O NO N2O P2 PO O2 O3 SO SO2 S2 F2 ClF BrF Cl2 BrCl Br2 I2 Li2 LiNa Na2 LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI BeO MgO CaO

f/(N/cm) 7.44 16.29 18.78 18.33 5.12 7.83 2.15 9.24 4.90 2.63 22.95 18.72 15.95 11.70 5.56 9.45 11.77 5.74 8.30 10.33 4.96 4.70 4.48 4.06 3.23 2.82 2.46 1.72 0.26 0.21 0.17 2.50 1.43 1.20 0.97 1.76 1.09 0.94 0.76 7.51 3.48 3.61

Note

a,c

a a

Molecular

Derived from fundamental frequency, without anharmonicity correction. Average of symmetric and antisymmetric (or degenerate) modes. c Calculated from Local Symmetry Force Field (see Reference 2). a

b

9-98

K21599_S09.indb 98

4/3/14 11:40 AM

Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules David R. Lide This table lists the fundamental vibrational frequencies of selected three-, four-, and five-atom molecules. Both stable molecules and transient free radicals are included. The data have been taken from evaluated sources. In general, the selected values are based on gas-phase infrared, Raman, or ultraviolet spectra; when these were not available, liquid-phase or matrix-isolation spectra were used. Molecules are grouped by structural type. Within each group, related molecules appear together for convenient comparison. The vibrational modes are described by their approximate character in terms of stretching, bending, deformation, etc. However, it should be emphasized that most such descriptions are only approximate, and that the true normal mode usually involves a mixture of motions. Abbreviations are:

sym. antisym. str. deform. scis. rock. deg.

In the case of free radicals, strong interactions may exist between the electronic and bending vibrational motions. Details can be found in References 3 and 4. The references should be consulted for information on the accuracy of the data and for data on other molecules not listed here. All fundamental frequencies (more precisely, wavenumbers) are given in units of cm–1.

XY2 Molecules

XY2 Molecules

Point groups D∞h(linear) and C2v(bent)

CO2 CS2 C3 CNC NCN BO2 BS2 KrF2 XeF2 XeCl2 H 2O D2O F2O Cl2O O3 H 2S D2S SF2 SCl2 SO2 H2Se D2Se

Structure

Sym. str.

Bend

Antisym. str.

Molecule

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

1333 658 1224

667 397 63 321 423 447 120 233 213

2349 1535 2040 1453 1476 1278 1015 590 555 481 3756 2788 831 686 1042 2626 1999 813 535 1362 2358 1696

NH2 NO2 NF2 ClO2 CH2 CD2 CF2 CCl2 CBr2 SiH2 SiD2 SiF2 SiCl2 SiBr2 GeH2 GeCl2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 PbF2 PbCl2 ClF2

1197 1056 510 449 515 316 3657 2671 928 639 1103 2615 1896 838 525 1151 2345 1630

1595 1178 461 296 701 1183 855 357 208 518 1034 745

Point groups D∞h(linear) and C2v(bent) Structure

Sym. str.

Bend

Antisym. str.

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

3219 1318 1075 945

1497 750 573 445 963 752 667 333 196 990 729 345

3301 1618 942 1111

XYZ Molecules

K21599_S09.indb 99

920 159 197 120 80 165 99

1114 748 641 2022 1468 870 505 400 1864 374 571 334 231 507 299 576

XYZ Molecules

Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)



1225 721 595 2032 1472 855 515 403 1887 399 593 352 244 531 314 500

Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

HCN DCN FCN ClCN BrCN ICN CCN CCO HCO HCC

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Bent Linear

3311 2630 1077 744 575 486 1060 1063 2485 3612

712 569 451 378 342 305 230 379 1081

2097 1925 2323 2216 2198 2188 1917 1967 1868 1848

OCS NCO NNO HNB HNC HNSi HBO FBO ClBO BrBO

Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear

2062 1270 2224 3675 3653 3583

520 535 589

859 1921 1285 2035 2032 1198 1817 2075 1958 1937

676 535

523 754 500 404 374

Molecular

Molecule

symmetric antisymmetric stretch deformation scissors rocking degenerate

9-99

4/3/14 11:41 AM

Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules

9-100 XYZ Molecules

XYZ Molecules

Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)

Point Groups C∞v (linear) and Cs(bent)

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

Molecule

Structure

XY str.

Bend

YZ str.

FNO ClNO BrNO HNF HNO HPO HOF HOCl HOO FOO

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

766 596 542

520 332 266 1419 1501 983 886 1242 1392 376

1844 1800 1799 1000 1565 1179 1393 725 1098 1490

ClOO BrOO HSO NSF NSCl HCF HCCl HSiF HSiCl HSiBr

Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent Bent

407

373

1443 1487 1009 640 414 1181 815 834 522 408

2684 2095 3537 3609 3436 579

1372 1325

1913 1548

1063 366 273 1407 1201 860 808 774

Symmetric XY3 Molecules

Molecule C2H2 C2D2 C2N2

Sym. XY str. 3374 2701 2330

Point Groups D3h (planar) and C3v (pyramidal)

Molecule

Structure

NH3 ND3 PH3 AsH3 SbH3 NF3 PF3 AsF3 PCl3 PI3 AsI3 AlCl3 SO3 BF3 BH3 CH3 CD3 CF3 SiF3

Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Pyram. Planar Planar Planar Planar Planar Pyram. Pyram.

Sym. str. 3337 2420 2323 2116 1891 1032 892 741 504 303 219 375 1065 888

1090 830

Sym. deform. 950 748 992 906 782 647 487 337 252 111 94 183 498 691 1125 606 453 701 427

Deg. str. 3444 2564 2328 2123 1894 907 860 702 482 325 224 595 1391 1449 2808 3161 2369 1260 937

Deg. deform. 1627 1191 1118 1003 831 492 344 262 198 79 71 150 530 480 1640 1396 1029 510 290

Linear XYYX Molecules

Planar X2YZ Molecules

Point Group D∞h

Point Group C2v

Antisym. XY str. 3289 2439 2158

YY str. 1974 1762 851

Bend

Bend

612 505 507

730 537 233

Molecule H2CO D2CO F2CO Cl2CO O2NF O2NCl

Sym.XY str.

YZ str.

YX2 scis.

2783 2056 965 567 1310 1286

1746 1700 1928 1827 822 793

1500 1106 584 285 568 370

Antisym. XY str. 2843 2160 1249 849 1792 1685

YX2 rock 1249 990 626 440 560 408

YX2 wag 1167 938 774 580 742 652

Molecular K21599_S09.indb 100

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Fundamental Vibrational Frequencies of Small Molecules

References

Tetrahedral XY4 Molecules Point Group Td Molecule

Sym. str.

Deg. deform.(e)

Deg. str.(f )

Deg. deform.(f )

2917 2109 909 459 267 178 2187 1558 800 424 2106 1504 396 366 389 377 382 885 965

1534 1092 435 217 122 90 975 700 268 150 931 665 134 104 114 98 102 322 333

3019 2259 1281 776 672 555 2191 1597 1032 621 2114 1522 453 403 498 418 390 921 960

1306 996 632 314 182 125 914 681 389 221 819 596 172 134 136 113 112 336 329

1. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume I, Natl. Stand. Ref. Data Ser., Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), 39, 1972. 2. T. Shimanouchi, Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies, Consolidated Volume II, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 6, 993, 1977. 3. G. Herzberg, Electronic Spectra and Electronic Structure of Polyatomic Molecules, D. Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, NJ, 1966. 4. M. E. Jacox, Ground state vibrational energy levels of polyatomic transient molecules, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 13, 945, 1984.

Molecular

CH4 CD4 CF4 CCl4 CBr4 CI4 SiH4 SiD4 SiF4 SiCl4 GeH4 GeD4 GeCl4 SnCl4 TiCl4 ZrCl4 HfCl4 RuO4 OsO4

9-101

K21599_S09.indb 101

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Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules David R. Lide This table lists the leading spectroscopic constants and equilibrium internuclear distance re in the ground electronic state for selected diatomic molecules. The constants are those describing the vibrational and rotational energy through the expressions:

Evib/hc = ωe(v + ½) – ωexe(v + ½)2 + •••



Erot/hc = Bv J(J + 1) – Dv[ J(J + 1)]2 + •••

where

Bv = Be – αe(v + ½) + •••



Dv = De + •••

Here v and J are the vibrational and rotational quantum numbers, respectively, h is Planck’s constant, and c is the speed of light. In this customary formulation the constants ωe , Be , etc. have dimensions of inverse length; in this table they are given in units of cm–1. Users should note that higher order terms in the above energy expressions are required for very precise calculations. The references contain constants for many of these higher terms, as well as more precise values of the lower constants. Also, if the ground electronic state is not 1Σ, additional terms are needed to account for the interaction between electronic and pure rotational angular momentum. For some molecules in the table the data have been analyzed in terms of the Dunham series expansion:

E/hc = Σlm Ylm(v + ½)l J m(J + 1)m

In such cases it has been assumed that Y10 = ωe , Y01 = Be , etc., although in the highest approximations these identities are not precisely correct. Some of the values of re in the table have been corrected for breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation, which can affect the last decimal place. Because of differences in the method of data analysis and limitations in the model, care should be taken in comparing re values for different molecules to a precision beyond 0.001 Å. Entries in the ωe column that are marked by * give the interval between v = 0 and v = 1 states instead of a value of ωe. Molecules are listed in alphabetical order by formula as most commonly written. In most cases this form places the more electropositive element first, but there are exceptions such as OH, NH, CH, etc. References 1–5 are evaluated compilations covering many molecules and giving references to the original literature.

References 1. Huber, K. P., and Herzberg, G., Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure IV. Constants of Diatomic Molecules, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1979.

Molecule

State

Ag Br Ag35Cl 107 Ag19F 107 Ag1H 107 Ag2H

1

107

Molecular

107

79

Σ Σ+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1

+

ωe cm–1 249.57 343.49 513.45 1759.9 1250.70

ωexe cm–1

Be cm–1

0.63 1.17 2.59 34.06 17.17

0.064833 0.12298388 0.2657020 6.449 3.2572

2. Landolt-Börnstein, Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series, II/6 (1974), II/14a (1982), II/14b (1983), II/19a (1992), II/19d-1 (1995), II/24a (1998), Molecular Constants, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg. 3. Lovas, F. J., and Tiemann, E., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 3, 609, 1974. 4. Irikura, K. K., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 35, 389, 2007. 5. Lovas, F. J., Tiemann, E., Coursey, J. S., Kotochigova, S. A., Chang, J., Olsen, K., and Dragoset, R. A., Diatomic Spectral Database (version 2.0). Available: http://physics.nist.gov/Diatomic, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, November 2009. 6. Wormsbecher, R. F., Hessel, M. M., and Lovas, F. J., J. Chem. Phys. 74, 6893, 1981. 7. Hedderich, H. G., Dulick, M., and Bernath, P. F., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8363, 1993. 8. Ram, R. S., and Bernath, P. F., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 176, 320, 1996. 9. Miller, C. E., and Drouin, B. J., J. Mol. Spectrosc.. 205, 312, 2001. 10. Tellinghuisen, P. C., Tellinghuisen, J., Coxon, J. A., Velazco, J. E., and Setser, D. W., J. Chem. Phys. 68, 5187, 1978. 11. Muntianu, A., Guo, B., and Bernath, P. F., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 176, 274, 1996. 12. Yamada, C., Chang, M. C., and Hirota, E., J. Chem. Phys. 86, 3804, 1987. 13. Wang, X., Magnes, J., Marjatta Lyyra, A., Ross, A. J., Martin, F., Dove, P. M., and Le Roy, R. J., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 9339, 2002. 14. Yamada, C., and Hirota, E., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8489, 1993. 15. James, A. M., Kowalczyk, P., Fournier, R., and Simard, B., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8504, 1993. 16. Campbell, J. M., Dulick, M., Klapstein, D., White, J. B., and Bernath, P. F., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8379, 1993. 17. White, J. B., Dulick, M., and Bernath, P. F., J. Chem. Phys. 99, 8371, 1993. 18. Shayesteh, A., Appadoo, D. R. T., Gordon, I., Le Roy, R. J., and Bernath, P. F., J. Chem. Phys. 120, 10002, 2004. 19. Sanz, M. E., McCarthy, M. C., and Thaddeus, P., J. Chem. Phys. 119, 11715, 2003. 20. Müller, W., and Meyer, W., J. Chem. Phys. 80, 3311, 1984. 21. Staanum, P., Pashov, A., Knöckel, H., and Tiemann, E., Phys. Rev. A 75, 042513, 2007. 22. Lovas, F. J., Maki, A. G., and Olson, W. B., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 87, 449, 1981. 23. Bogey, M., Demuynck, C., and Destombes, J. L., Chem. Phys. 66, 99, 1982. 24. Babou, Y., Rivière, Ph., Perrin, M. Y., and Soufiani, A., Int. J. Thermophys. 30, 416, 2009. 25. Skatrud, D. D., DeLucia, F. C., Blake, G. A., and Sastry, K. V. L. N., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 99, 35, 1983. 26. Le Floch, A., Mol. Phys. 72, 133, 1991. 27. George, T., Urban, W., and Le Floch, A., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 165, 500, 1994. 28. Mürtz, P., Thümmel, H., Pfelzer, C., and Urban, W., Mol. Phys. 86, 1362, 1995. 29. Maki, A. G., Lovas, F. J., and Suenram, R. D., J. Mol. Spectrosc. 91, 424, 1982. 30. Engelke, F., Ennen, G., and Meiwes, K. H., Chem. Phys. 66, 391, 1982. 31. Tanaka, T., Tamura, M., and Tanaka, K., J. Mol. Struct. 413, 153, 1997. αe cm–1 0.0002361 0.00059541 0.0019206 0.201 0.0722

De 10–6 cm–1 0.0175 0.06305 0.284 344 85.9

re Å 2.39311 2.28079 1.98318 1.618 1.6180

Ref. 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2

9-102

K21599_S09.indb 102

4/3/14 11:41 AM

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules State

Ag I Ag16O 27 Al2 27 Al79Br 27 Al35Cl 27 Al19F 27 Al1H 27 Al2H 27 Al127I 27 Al16O 27 Al32S 75 As2 75 As1H 75 As2H 75 As14N 75 As16O 197 Au2 197 Au1H 197 Au2H 11 B2 11 79 B Br 11 35 B Cl 11 19 B F 11 1 BH 11 2 BH 11 14 B N 11 16 B O 11 32 B S 138 Ba79Br 138 Ba35Cl 138 Ba19F 138 Ba1H 138 Ba2H 138 Ba127I 138 Ba16O 138 Ba32S 9 Be19F 9 Be1H 9 Be2H 9 Be16O 9 Be32S 209 Bi2 209 79 Bi Br 209 35 Bi Cl 209 19 Bi F 209 1 Bi H 209 2 Bi H 209 127 Bi I 79 Br2 79 Br35Cl 79 Br19F 79 Br16O 12 C2 12 35 C Cl 12 19 C F 12 1 CH 12 2 CH 12 14 C N 12 16 C O 12 31 C P

Σ Π1/2 3 Πu 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 3 Σg– 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 3 Π 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σg+ O+ O+ O+ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ O+ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 1 Σg+ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ

107

107

K21599_S09.indb 103

127

1 2

+

ωe cm–1 206.50 490.2 285.8 378.0 481.77 802.32 1682.37 1211.77 316.1 979.49 617.11 429.55 2130* 1484* 1068.54 967.08 190.9 2305.01 1634.98 1051.3 684.31 840.29 1402.16 2366.73 1703.3 1514.6 1885.29 1179.91 193.77 279.92 468.9 1168.31 829.77 152.14 669.76 379.42 1247.36 2061.24 1530.32 1487.32 997.94 172.71 209.62 308.18 513.0 1635.73 1173.32 164.12 325.32 444.28 670.75 779 1855.01 876.90 1307.93 2860.75 2101.05 2068.65 2169.81 1239.79

ωexe cm–1

Be cm–1

0.46 3.1 0.9 1.28 2.10 4.85 29.05 15.06 1.0 7.01 3.33 1.12

0.04486821 0.3020 0.17127 0.15919713 0.24393007 0.55248021 6.3937842 3.3183929 0.11769985 0.6413856 0.2800368 0.10179 7.3067 3.6688 0.54551 0.48482 0.028013 7.2401 3.6415 1.212 0.4894 0.684282 1.51674399 12.025755 6.54 1.666 1.781110 0.79478 0.0415082 0.08396717 0.2159 3.38285 1.7071 0.02680587 0.3126140 0.10331 1.4889 10.31992 5.6872 1.6510 0.79059 0.022781 0.04321526 0.9212553 0.22998897 5.137 2.592 0.02722281 0.082107 0.152470 0.35584 0.429598 1.82010 0.697137 1.41626 14.45988 7.8079823 1.8997830 1.931280985 0.79886775

5.41 4.85 0.42 43.12 21.65 9.35 3.52 5.49 11.82 49.34 28 12.3 11.69 6.25 0.41 0.82 1.79 14.50 7.32 0.27 2.03 0.88 9.12 37.33 20.71 11.83 6.14 0.34 0.52 1.09 2.35 31.6 16.1 0.32 1.08 1.84 4.05 6.8 13.56 5.45 11.08 64.44 34.73 13.10 13.29 6.83

αe cm–1 0.0001414 0.0025 0.0008 0.00086045 0.00161108 0.00498426 0.1870527 0.0698773 0.00055859 0.0057796 0.0017823 0.000333 0.2117 0.003366 0.003299 0.0000723 0.2136 0.07614 0.014 0.0035 0.006812 0.01904848 0.421565 0.17 0.025 0.016516 0.00578 0.0001219 0.00033429 0.0012 0.06599 0.02363 0.00006634 0.0013921 0.0003188 0.0176 0.3084 0.1225 0.0190 0.00664 0.000055 0.00013269 0.0004020 0.00150262 0.148 0.054 0.00006979 0.0003187 0.000770 0.00261 0.003639 0.01801 0.006853 0.01844 0.53654 0.212240 0.0173717 0.01750439 0.00596933

De 10–6 cm–1 0.00847 0.45 0.11285 0.25017 1.0464 368.53 99.42 1.08 0.22 327 90 0.53 0.49 0.00250 279 70.9 1.00 1.80 7.11 1242 400 8.1 6.32 1.4 0.00762 0.03022 0.175 112.67 28.77 0.00333 0.2724 0.0306 8.28 1022 313.8 8.20 2.00 0.00150 0.007347 0.0329 0.185 183 50.6 0.00300 0.02092 0.07183 0.401 0.523 6.96 1.9 6.6 1450 420 6.4034 6.1216 1.33

re Å

Ref.

2.54463 2.003 2.701 2.29481 2.13014 1.65437 1.64736 1.64637 2.53710 1.61782 2.02828 2.1026 1.52315 1.5306 1.6184 1.6236 2.4719 1.5239 1.5238 1.590 1.888 1.71528 1.26267 1.23217 1.2324 1.281 1.20475 1.60935 2.84449 2.68276 2.163 2.23175 2.2304 3.08476 1.93969 2.5074 1.3610 1.34241 1.3419 1.3309 1.7415 2.6596 2.60950 2.47152 2.05154 1.805 1.804 2.80050 2.2811 2.13607 1.75894 1.717 1.24244 1.64518 1.27218 1.1199 1.11887 1.17181 1.12832 1.56198

1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 7 4,5 17 17 1,2,3 4 4 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,29 4 4 1,2 1,2 4 4 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 4 1,2 1,2 1 1,2 5 5 5 1,2 1,2 5 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 24 4 4 4 4 24,25 24,26,27 4

Molecular

Molecule

9-103

4/3/14 11:41 AM

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules

9-104 Molecule

State

C S C80Se 40 Ca79Br 40 Ca35Cl 40 Ca19F 40 Ca1H 40 Ca2H 40 Ca127I 40 Ca16O 40 Ca32S 114 Cd1H 114 Cd2H 35 Cl2 35 Cl19F 35 Cl16O 52 Cr1H 52 Cr2H 52 Cr16O 133 Cs2 133 Cs79Br 133 Cs35Cl 133 Cs19F 133 Cs1H 133 Cs2H 133 Cs127I 133 Cs16O 63 Cu2 63 Cu79Br 65 Cu35Cl 63 Cu19F 63 Cu1H 63 Cu2H 63 Cu127I 63 Cu16O 63 Cu32S 19 F2 19 16 F O 56 Fe16O 69 Ga81Br 69 Ga35Cl 69 Ga19F 69 Ga1H 69 Ga2H 69 Ga127I 69 Ga16O 74 Ge79Br 74 Ge35Cl 72 Ge1H 72 Ge2H 74 Ge16O 74 Ge32S 74 Ge80Se 74 Ge130Te 1 H2 2 H2 3 H2 1 81 H Br 2 81 H Br 1 35 H Cl 2 35 H Cl

Σ Σ+ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 6 + Σ 6 + Σ 5 Π 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 1 Σg+ 2 Π3/2 5 ∆ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 Σg+ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ

12

12

Molecular K21599_S09.indb 104

32

1 1

+

ωe cm–1

ωexe cm–1

Be cm–1

1285.15 1035.36 285.3 367.53 581.1 1298.34 910* 238.70 732.03 462.23 1337.1*

6.50 4.86 0.86 1.31 2.74 19.10

0.00591835 0.00379 0.00040360 0.0007990 0.0026 0.0970 0.035 0.0002634 0.003282 0.0008270

559.75 783.45 853.64 1581* 1182* 898.4 42.02 149.66 214.17 352.56 891.0 619.1* 119.18 357.5* 264.55 314.8 415.29 622.7 1941.26 1384.14 264.5 640.17 415.0 916.93 1053.01 965* 263.0 365.67 622.2 1603.94 1143.23 216.38 767.5 295 407.6 1833.77 1320.09 986.49 575.8 408.7 323.9 4401.21 3115.50 2546.5 2648.97 1884.75 2990.92 2145.16

2.69 4.95 5.52

0.82004356 0.5750 0.09446622 0.1522302 0.339 4.2766 2.1769 0.0693263 0.444441 0.1766757 5.323 2.704 0.24415 0.5164805 0.62345797 6.220 3.14 0.5231 0.0127 0.03606925 0.07209149 0.18436969 2.7099 1.354 0.02362736 0.223073 0.10874 0.10192625 0.17628802 0.3794029 7.9441 4.0381 0.07328742 0.44454 0.1891 0.889294 1.0587076 0.650 0.081839 0.1499046 0.3595161 6.1434095 3.1218854 0.0569359 0.4271

6.726 3.415 0.4856981 0.18656576 0.09634051 0.06533821 60.853 30.444 20.335 8.46488 4.245596 10.5933002 5.448796

0.192 0.070 0.0030787 0.00074910 0.00028904 0.00017246 3.062 1.0786 0.5887 0.23328 0.084 0.3069985 0.113292

0.63 4.83 1.78

6.8 0.08 0.37 0.73 1.62 12.9 0.25 1.02 0.96 1.58 3.95 37.51 18.97 0.60 4.43 1.75 11.32 9.92 0.81 1.25 3.2 28.41 14.43 0.47 6.24 0.7 1.36 37 19 4.47 1.80 1.36 0.75 121.34 61.82 41.23 45.22 22.72 52.80 27.18

αe cm–1

0.00152 0.0043585 0.0059357 0.179 0.0070 0.0000264 0.00012401 0.00033756 0.0011756 0.0579 0.00006826 0.001303 0.000614 0.00045214 0.00099647 0.0032298 0.2563 0.0917 0.00028390 0.00456 0.0125952 0.013295 0.0003207 0.0007936 0.0028642 0.1906376 0.0689978 0.0001897

De 10–6 cm–1 1.336 0.71 0.0413 0.1029 0.45 183.7 47.9 0.0234 0.6541 0.1032 314 76 0.186 0.88 1.33 347 88.8 0.00464 0.00838 0.03268 0.20168 113 20 0.00371 0.348 0.0716 0.04274 0.12706 0.563 520 136.2 0.02244 0.85 0.18 3.3 4.2823 0.72 0.032 0.1008 0.50 359.70 93.021 0.015770 0.37

326 83.2 0.4709 0.07883 0.02207 0.012 47100 11410 345.8 88.32 531.94 140

re Å 1.53482 1.67609 2.59358 2.43676 1.967 2.0025 2.002 2.82859 1.8221 2.31775 1.781 1.775 1.9872 1.62831 1.56962 1.656 1.664 1.615 4.47 3.07225 2.90627 2.34535 2.4938 2.505 3.31519 2.3007 2.2197 2.17344 2.05118 1.74493 1.46263 1.4626 2.33832 1.7244 2.051 1.41264 1.35411 1.444 2.35248 2.20169 1.77437 1.66208 1.66113 2.57464 1.744

1.5880 1.5874 1.62464 2.01209 2.13463 2.34017 0.74144 0.74152 0.74142 1.41444 1.4145 1.27456 1.27458

Ref. 1,4 1,2,3 1,5 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 4 4 4 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 4 9 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 16 16 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 4 1,2

4/3/14 11:41 AM

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules State

ωe cm–1

ωexe cm–1

Be cm–1

H F H19F 1 127 H I 202 Hg1H 202 Hg2H 127 I2 127 79 I Br 127 35 I Cl 127 19 I F 127 16 I O 115 In81Br 115 In35Cl 115 In19F 115 In1H 115 In2H 115 In127I 39 K2 39 79 K Br 39 35 K Cl 39 19 K F 39 1 KH 39 2 KH 39 127 K I 39 23 K Na 139 La16O 7 Li2 7 79 Li Br 7 35 Li Cl 7 133 Li Cs 7 19 Li F 7 1 Li H 7 2 Li H 7 127 Li I 7 39 Li K 7 23 Li Na 7 16 Li O 24 Mg2 24 Mg35Cl 24 Mg19F 24 Mg1H 24 Mg2H 24 Mg16O 24 Mg32S 55 Mn1H 55 Mn2H 14 N2 14 79 N Br 14 35 N Cl 14 19 N F 14 1 NH 14 2 NH 14 16 N O 14 32 N S 23 Na2 23 Na79Br 23 Na35Cl 23 Na19F 23 Na1H 23 Na2H 23 Na127I

Σ Σ+ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π3/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π 1 Σg+ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 7 Σ 7 Σ 1 Σg+ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 Σg+ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ

4138.39 2998.19 2309.01 1203.24* 896.12* 214.50 268.64 384.29 610.24 681.5 221.0 317.39 535.4 1476.0 1048.2 177.08 92.02 213 281 426.26 983.6 707 186.53 124.03 812.8 351.41 563.2 642.95 184.70 910.57 1405.50 1054.94 496.85 207 256.99 814.62 51.12 462.12* 711.69* 1492.78 1077.30 785.21 528.74 1548.0 1103 2358.56 691.75 827.96 1141.37 3282.72 2399.13 1904.20 1218.7 159.09 302 364.68 535.66 1171.97 826.1* 258

89.94 45.76 39.64

20.953712 11.0102 6.4263650 5.3888 2.739 0.03737 0.0568325 0.1141587 0.2797111 0.34026 0.05489468 0.1090583 0.2623241 4.995 2.523 0.03686702 0.056743 0.08122109 0.1286348 0.27993741 3.416400 1.754 0.06087473 0.09519989 0.35252001 0.672530 0.555399 0.7065225 0.188003 1.34525715 7.5137315 4.23308131 0.4431766 0.265 0.376833 1.212830 0.09287 0.2456154 0.51922 5.825523 3.034344 0.5748414 0.26797 5.6841 2.8957 1.998236 0.444 0.64976739 1.205679 16.66792 8.9087 1.67195 0.769602 0.15473537 0.1512533 0.21806302 0.43690153 4.90327 2.557089 0.1178056

2

19

1 1

+

0.61 0.81 1.50 3.12 4.3 0.65 1.03 2.6 25.61 12.4 0.34 0.28 0.80 1.30 2.45 14.3 7.7 0.57 0.50 2.22 2.58 3.5 4.47 1.00 8.21 21.17 13.06 2.85 1.66 7.78 1.64

29.85 15.52 5.13 2.70 28.8 13.9 14.32 4.72 5.30 8.99 79.04 42.11 14.07 7.28 0.71 1.5 1.78 3.58 19.70 1.1

αe cm–1 0.7933704 0.3017 0.1689

0.000114 0.0001969 0.0005354 0.0018738 0.00270 0.00018672 0.0005177 0.0018798 0.143 0.051 0.00010411 0.000165 0.00040481 0.0007899 0.00233492 0.085313 0.0318 0.00026776 0.00044966 0.00142365 0.007046 0.005644 0.0080102 0.001248 0.02028749 0.2163911 0.09149428 0.0040862 0.003810 0.017899 0.00378 0.0016204 0.00470 0.177298 0.066607 0.0053223 0.00176 0.1570 0.051 0.017310 0.0040 0.00641432 0.014889 0.65038 0.2546 0.0171 0.0064 0.0086375 0.0009410 0.00162479 0.0045592 0.1370 0.051600 0.0006478

De 10–6 cm–1 2150 594 206.9 395.3 91 0.0043 0.0102 0.0403 0.2356 0.36 0.01350 0.0515 0.252 223 58 0.00639 0.0863 0.04462 0.1087 0.4829 163.55 50 0.02593 0.2206 0.2626 9.79 2.159 3.409 0.7784 11.75 859 272 1.4104 3.340 0.1079 1.22 0.2723 1.080 354.56 96.25 1.233 0.276 303.9 79.5 5.737 1.596 5.4 1710 491.7 0.5 1.2 0.58 0.1554 0.31202 1.16296 343.8 93.46 0.0973

re Å 0.91685 0.91694 1.60916 1.7662 1.757 2.666 2.46899 2.32088 1.90976 1.8676 2.54315 2.40117 1.98540 1.8380 1.837 2.75364 3.9051 2.82078 2.66665 2.17146 2.243 2.240 3.04784 3.49958 1.82591 2.6733 2.17043 2.02067 3.6681 1.56386 1.59490 1.59526 2.39192 3.27 2.88851 1.68822 3.891 2.19639 1.7500 1.72972 1.72916 1.74817 2.1425 1.7311 1.7310 1.09769 1.79 1.61071 1.31698 1.03719 1.03665 1.15077 1.4940 3.07858 2.50204 2.36080 1.92595 1.8870 1.88654 2.71145

Ref. 4 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 6 1,2 13 1,2,3 1,5 21 4,5 4,5 4,5 1,2,3 1,20 4,30 3,14 1 1,2 1,2 18 18 28,4 1 1,2 1,2 24 1,2 1,5 4 4 8 1,24 1,2,3 1,4,20 1,2,3 4,5 11 4,5 1,2 1,2,3

Molecular

Molecule 1

K21599_S09.indb 105

9-105

4/3/14 11:41 AM

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules

9-106 Molecule

State

Na O Nb2 93 Nb16O 58 Ni1H 58 Ni2H 16 O2 16 1 OH 16 2 OH 31 P2 31 35 P Cl 31 19 P F 31 1 PH 31 2 PH 31 14 P N 31 16 P O 208 Pb2 208 Pb79Br 208 Pb35Cl 208 Pb19F 208 Pb1H 208 Pb16O 208 Pb32S 208 Pb80Se 208 Pb130Te 195 Pt12C 195 Pt1H 195 Pt2H 85 Rb79Br 85 Rb35Cl 85 Rb19F 85 Rb1H 85 Rb127I 85 Rb16O 32 S2 32 19 S F 32 1 SH 32 2 SH 32 16 S O 121 Sb35Cl 121 Sb19F 121 Sb1H 121 Sb2H 121 Sb14N 121 Sb16O 45 Sc19F 80 Se2 80 Se1H 80 Se2H 80 Se16O 28 Si2 28 35 Si Cl 28 19 Si F 28 1 Si H 28 2 Si H 28 14 Si N 28 16 Si O 28 32 Si S 28 80 Si Se 120 Sn79Br 120 Sn35Cl

Π Σg– 4 – Σ 2 ∆5/2 2 ∆5/2 3 Σg– 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 1 Σg+ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2

23

93

Molecular K21599_S09.indb 106

16

2

3

Π1/2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 ∆5/2 2 ∆5/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 3 Σg– 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 3 – Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 3 Σg– 2 Π3/2 2 Π3/2 3 – Σ 3 Σg– 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 2

ωe cm–1 492.3 424.89 989.0 1926.6 1390.1 1580.19 3737.76 2720.24 780.77 551.38 846.73 2363.77 1699.2 1336.95 1233.34 110.5 207.5 303.9 502.73 1564.1 720.96 429.17 277.6 212.0 1051.13 2294.68* 1644.3* 169.46 228 376 936.9 138.51 388.4* 725.71 837.64 2696.25 1885 1149.2 374.7 605.0

942.0 816 735.6 385.30 2400* 1708* 914.69 510.98 535.59 857.33 2042.52 1469.32 1151.28 1241.54 749.64 580.0 247.2 351.1

ωexe cm–1 0.94 3.8 38 19 11.98 84.88 44.05 2.84 2.23 4.49 43.91 23.0 6.90 6.56 0.35 0.50 0.88 2.28 29.75 3.52 1.26 0.51 0.43 4.86

0.46 0.92 1.9 14.21 0.33 2.86 4.47 48.74 31 5.6 0.6 2.6

5.6 4.2 3.8 0.96

4.52 2.02 2.18 4.83 36.06 18.23 6.46 5.97 2.58 1.78 0.6 1.06

Be cm–1

αe cm–1

De 10–6 cm–1

re Å

0.424630 0.084054 0.4321 7.700 3.992 1.445622 18.911 10.021 0.30362 0.2528748 0.5667427 8.53904 4.4081 0.7864844 0.733223657

0.004506 0.000242 0.0021 0.23 0.092 0.015933 0.7242 0.276 0.00149 0.0015119 0.004639 0.2534 0.0928 0.0055337 0.005466162

1.2638 0.016 0.22 481 130 4.839 1938 537.4 0.188 0.2124 1.0156 4.462 116 1.091 1.3

2.05155 2.0778 1.691 1.476 1.465 1.20752 0.96966 0.9698 1.8934 2.01461 1.58933 1.42218 1.4220 1.49087 1.47637

0.22875 4.971 0.30730373 0.11632307 0.05059953 0.03130774 0.53044 7.1963 3.640 0.04752798 0.0876404 0.2106640 3.020 0.03283293 0.246481 0.29539516 0.555173 9.60025 4.95130 0.7208171

0.001473 0.144 0.00190977 0.00043510 0.00012993 0.00006743 0.003273 0.1996 0.071 0.00018596 0.0004537 0.0015228 0.072 0.00010946 0.002174 0.00159754 0.004459 0.27990 0.10308 0.005737

0.183 201 0.2138 0.03418 0.0070 0.0027 0.546 261 66 0.01496 0.04947 0.2684 123 0.00738 0.397 0.19 0.975 480 130 1.134

2.0575 1.839 1.92181 2.28678 2.40218 2.59492 1.6767 1.52852 1.524 2.94474 2.78673 2.27033 2.367 3.17688 2.25420 1.88941 1.59624 1.34061 1.34049 1.48109

0.2792 5.684 2.8782

0.0020

0.23 240 45

1.918 1.723 1.7194

0.3580 0.3950 0.08992 8.02 3.94 0.4655 0.2390 0.256103 0.58125735 7.503898 3.8840 0.730927 0.7267521 0.30352788 0.1920117

0.0022 0.00266 0.000288 0.23

0.270 0.024 330

0.00323 0.0014 0.001582 0.00503859 0.21814 0.0781 0.005685 0.0050379 0.00147308 0.0007767

0.5 0.21 0.25 1.065 400 105.4 1.2 0.9923 0.201 0.0842

1.826 1.788 2.166 1.48 1.48 1.648 2.246 2.05794 1.60100 1.51966 1.5199 1.57207 1.50975 1.92926 2.05832

0.1117

0.0004

2.361

Ref. 1,2 15 1,2 1,2 1,2 24 1,2,3 1,2 1 1,2 12 8 1,2 4 1,4 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 4 4,5 4 1,2 1,19,23 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 4 31 4 1,2 4 1,19,22 1,19 1,2,3 1,2 1,2

4/3/14 11:41 AM

Spectroscopic Constants of Diatomic Molecules Molecule

State

Sn F Sn1H 120 Sn2H 120 Sn127I 120 Sn16O 120 Sn32S 120 Sn80Se 120 Sn130Te 88 Sr79Br 88 Sr35Cl 88 Sr19F 88 Sr1H 88 Sr2H 88 Sr127I 88 Sr16O 181 Ta16O 130 Te2 (130) Te1H 130 Te16O 232 Th16O 48 16 Ti O 205 Tl81Br 205 Tl35Cl 205 Tl19F 205 Tl1H 205 Tl2H 205 Tl127I 51 16 V O (132) Xe19F 89 35 Y Cl 89 19 Y F 89 16 Y O 174 Yb1H 174 Yb2H 64 Zn35Cl 64 Zn19F 64 Zn1H 64 Zn2H 64 Zn127I 90 Zr16O

Π1/2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 2 Π1/2 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 1 + Σ 2 ∆3/2 3 Σg– 2 Π3/2 0+ 1 + Σ 3 ∆1 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 1 + Σ 4 – Σ 2 Σ 1 Σ 1 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 Σ 2 Σ 2 + Σ 2 + Σ 2 Σ 1 + Σ

118

120

19

2 2

ωe cm–1

ωexe cm–1

577.6

2.69

1188.0* 199.0 822.13 487.26 331.2 259.5 216.60 302.3 502.4 1206.2 841 173.77 653.5 1028.69 247.07

0.6 3.72 1.36 0.74 0.50 0.52 0.95 2.3 17.0 8.6 0.35 3.96 3.51 0.51

797.11 895.77 1009.02 192.10 284.71 476.86 1390.7 987.7 150* 1011.3 225.4 380.7 631.29 861.0 1249.54 886.6 390.5 628 1607.6 1072 223.4 969.8

4.00 2.39 4.50 0.39 0.86 2.24 22.7 12.04 4.86 10.9 1.3 2.50 2.9 21.06 10.57 1.6 3.5 55.14 28 0.6 4.9

9-107 Be cm–1 0.2727 5.31488 2.6950

αe cm–1 0.0014

De 10–6 cm–1

re Å

0.049

0.26 207.5 53.4

1.944 1.78146 1.7770

0.35571998 0.13686139 0.0649978 0.04247917 0.0541847

0.00214432 0.00050563 0.0001705 0.00009543 0.0001827

0.26638 0.0424 0.011 0.0055 0.01356

1.83251 2.20898 2.32557 2.52280 2.73522

0.2505346 3.6751 1.8609 0.0367097 0.33798 0.40284 0.039681 5.56 0.3554 0.332644 0.53541 0.0423899 0.09139702 0.22315014 4.806 2.419 0.0271676 0.54825 0.19326 0.1160 0.29042 0.3881 3.9931 2.01162

0.0015513 0.0814 0.0292 0.0001060 0.00219 0.00182 0.000106

0.2498 135 34.7 0.00655 0.36 0.2450 0.0044

0.00237 0.001302 0.00301 0.0001276 0.00039784 0.00150380 0.154 0.057 0.0000664 0.00352 0.00699 0.0003 0.00163 0.0018 0.0957 0.03425

0.27 0.1833 0.603 0.0083 0.0377 0.1955 254 60 0.0036 0.6 0.536 0.09 0.237 0.32 161.8 41.60

2.07537 2.1456 2.1449 2.94364 1.91983 1.68746 2.5574 1.74 1.825 1.84032 1.6202 2.61817 2.48483 2.08439 1.870 1.869 2.81361 1.5893 2.293 2.41 1.9257 1.790 2.0526 2.0516

6.6794 3.350

0.2500

466 124

1.5949 1.6054

0.42263

0.0023

0.319

1.7116

Ref. 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2 1,2 1,2,3 1,2 10 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1,2

Molecular

* Indicates a value for the interval between v = 0 and v = 1 states instead of a value of ωe.

K21599_S09.indb 107

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Atomic

Section 10 Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics

Line Spectra of the Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 Atomic Transition Probabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-93 Electron Affinities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-147 Proton Affinities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-168 Atomic and Molecular Polarizabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-187 Ionization Energies of Atoms and Atomic Ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-197 Ionization Energies of Gas-Phase Molecules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-200 X-Ray Atomic Energy Levels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-218 Electron Binding Energies of the Elements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-222 Natural Width of X-Ray Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-228 Photon Attenuation Coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-229 Classification of Electromagnetic Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-234 Sensitivity of the Human Eye to Light of Different Wavelengths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-236 Blackbody Radiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-237 Characteristics of Infrared Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-239 Index of Refraction of Inorganic Crystals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-240 Refractive Index and Transmittance of Representative Glasses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-244 Index of Refraction of Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-245 Index of Refraction of Liquids for Calibration Purposes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-246 Index of Refraction of Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-247 Index of Refraction of Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-248 Characteristics of Laser Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-249 Infrared Laser Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-255 Infrared and Far-Infrared Absorption Frequency Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-262

K21599_S10.indb 1

4/3/14 11:51 AM

K21599_S10.indb 2

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Joseph Reader and Charles H. Corliss

The original tables from which this table was derived were prepared under the auspices of the Committee on Line Spectra of the Elements of the National Academy of Sciences National Research Council. The table contains the outstanding spectral lines of neutral (I) and singly ionized (II) atoms of the elements from hydrogen through plutonium (Z = 1–94); selected strong lines from doubly ionized (III), triply ionized (IV), and quadruply ionized (V) atoms are also included. Listed are lines that appear in emission from the vacuum ultraviolet to the far infrared. These lines were selected from much larger lists in such a way as to include the stronger observed lines in each spectral region. A more extensive list may be found in Reference 1. The data were compiled by the following contributors.

J. G. Conway — Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory C. H. Corliss — National Bureau of Standards R. D. Cowan — Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory C. R. Cowley — University of Michigan Henry M. and Hannah Crosswhite — Argonne National Laboratory S. P. Davis — University of California, Berkeley V. Kaufman — National Bureau of Standards R. L. Kelly — Naval Postgraduate School J. F. Kielkopf — University of Louisville W. C. Martin — National Bureau of Standards T. K. McCubbin — Pennsylvania State University L. J. Radziemski — Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory J. Reader — National Bureau of Standards C. J. Sansonetti — National Bureau of Standards G. V. Shalimoff — Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory R. W. Stanley — Purdue University J. O. Stoner, Jr. — University of Arizona H. H. Stroke — New York University D. R. Wood — Wright State University E. F. Worden — Lawrence Livermore Laboratory J. J. Wynne — International Business Machines Corporation R. Zalubas — National Bureau of Standards All wavelengths are given in Ångstrom units (10–10 m). Below 2000 Å the wavelengths are in vacuum (except for the Cu II line at 1999.698 Å, which is in air); above 2000 Å the wavelengths are in air. Wavelengths given to three decimal places have an uncertainty of less than 0.001 Å and are therefore suitable for calibration purposes. In the air region, the elements used most commonly for calibration are Ne, Ar, Kr, Fe, Th, and Hg; in the vacuum region, the most common are C, N, O, Si, Cu. All data refer to natural isotopic abundance of the elements except that Kr I and Kr II lines below 11,000 Å given to three decimal



K21599_S10.indb 1

places are for 86Kr. A separate table for 198Hg contains accurately known wavelengths that are frequently used for calibration. A large number of the lines for neutral and singly ionized atoms were extracted from the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) Tables of Spectral Line Intensities (Reference 2). The intensities of these lines represent quantitative estimates of relative line strengths that take into account varying detection sensitivity at different wavelengths. They are on a linear scale. For nearly all of the other lines the intensities represent qualitative estimates of the relative strengths of lines not greatly separated in wavelength. Because different observers frequently use different scales for their intensity estimates, these intensities are useful only as a rough indication of the appearance of a spectrum. In some cases the intensity scale is not intended to be linear. In the first and second spectra the intensities of the lines of the singly ionized atom (II) relative to those of the neutral atom (I) should be used with caution, inasmuch as the concentration of ions in a light source depends greatly on the excitation conditions. Descriptive symbols that follow the wavelength have the following meanings:

Atomic

Line Spectra of the Elements

c — complex d — line consists of two unresolved lines h — hazy l — shaded to longer wavelengths s — shaded to shorter wavelengths p — perturbed by a close line r — easily reversed w — wide

The table is arranged alphabetically by element name (not symbol); for each element the lines are listed by wavelength. References to the sources of data for each element are given at the end of the table, starting on page 10-89.

General References 1.  Reader, J., Corliss, C. H., Wiese, W. L., and Martin, G. A., Tables of Line Spectra of the Elements, Part 1. Wavelengths and Intensities, Nat. Stand. Ref. Data Sys.- Nat. Bur. Standards (U.S.), No. 68, 1980. 2.  Meggers, W. F., Corliss, C. H., and Scribner, B. F., Tables of Spectral Line Intensities, Part 1. Arranged by Elements, Nat. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Monograph 145, 1975. 3.  Fuhr, J. R., Martin, W. C., Musgrove, A., Sugar, J., and Wiese, W. L., “NIST Atomic Spectroscopic Database” ver. 1.1, January 1996. NIST Physical Reference Data, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. Available at the WWW address: http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/contents.html

10-1

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-2 Intensity

Wavelength/Å

Atomic

Actinium Ac Z = 89 2000 h 2952.55 2000 h 3392.78 3000 3487.59 2000 s 3863.12 3000 s 4088.44 3000 s 4168.40 100 4179.98 20 4183.12 20 4194.40 20 l 4384.53 20 4396.71 2000 h 4413.09 20 4462.73 3000 h 4569.87 1000 5910.85 20 6359.86 20 l 6691.27

III III III II II II I I I I I III I III II I I

Aluminum Al Z = 13 900 125.53 800 126.07 800 130.41 1000 130.85 900 131.00 900 131.44 800 160.07 1000 278.69 900 281.39 70 486.884 30 486.912 250 511.138 150 511.191 500 560.317 200 560.433 100 670.068 200 671.118 500 695.829 400 696.217 200 725.683 300 726.915 400 855.034 500 856.746 400 892.024 50 893.887 450 893.897 800 1042.17 50 1191.812 900 1237.19 900 1257.62 800 1264.18 1000 1272.76 150 1350.18 800 1384.13 800 1447.51 800 1494.79 1000 1526.14 800 1537.54 800 1539.830 1000 1557.25 100 1569.385

V V V V V V IV V V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV II IV IV IV IV II III IV IV V IV II IV II

K21599_S10.indb 2

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

900 800 125 700 100 800 150 800 100 100 1000 100 800 500 900 500 900 350 300 290 500 700 450 300 450 400 450 1000 600 400 250 1000 300 700 120 1000 600 200 150 200 400 150 300 200 150 220 700 150 150 100 200 700 150 300 100 200 400 120 140 460 110

1582.04 1584.46 1596.059 1605.766 1611.814 1611.874 1625.627 1639.06 1644.235 1644.809 1670.787 1686.250 1719.440 1721.244 1721.271 1724.952 1724.984 1760.104 1761.975 1763.00 1763.869 1763.952 1765.64 1765.815 1766.38 1767.731 1769.14 1818.56 1828.588 1832.837 1834.808 1854.716 1855.929 1858.026 1859.980 1862.311 1862.790 1929.978 1931.048 1932.377 1934.503 1934.713 1935.840 1935.949 1936.907 1939.261 1990.531 2016.052 2016.234 2016.368 2074.008 2094.264 2094.744 2094.791 2095.104 2095.141 2269.10 2269.22 2321.56 2367.05 2367.61

IV IV II III III III II IV II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II I IV II II II III II II II II III II II II II II III III II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 180 140 160 850 170 110 240 480 110 150 200 160 650 150 360 450 150 4500 r 7200 r 1800 r 150 150 900 800 450 360 290 870 220 110 150 290 450 4500 r 9000 r 110 290 870 150 110 550 110 110 150 290 150 110 220 150 180 110 450 1200 1000 110 220 290 220 450 150

2368.11 2369.30 2370.22 2372.07 2373.12 2373.35 2373.57 2567.98 2575.10 2637.70 2652.48 2660.39 2669.17 2816.19 3041.28 3050.07 3057.14 3074.64 3082.153 3092.710 3092.839 3428.92 3443.64 3492.23 3508.46 3586.56 3587.07 3587.45 3601.63 3651.06 3651.10 3654.98 3655.00 3900.68 3944.006 3961.520 3995.86 4226.81 4529.19 4585.82 4588.19 4666.80 4898.76 4902.77 5280.21 5283.77 5285.85 5312.32 5316.07 5371.84 5557.06 5557.95 5593.23 5696.60 5722.73 5853.62 5971.94 6001.76 6001.88 6006.42 6061.11

I I I I I I I I I II I I II II II I I II I I I II I IV IV II II II III II II II II II I I II II III II II II II II II II II II II II I I II III III II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

290 110 450 110 150 290 220 450 h 450 360 290 360 450 450 360 230 110 140 230 290 110 290 360 450 110 180 140 150 110 150 110 140 110 230 450 570 570 450 230 300 140 300 360

6068.43 6068.53 6073.23 6181.57 6181.68 6182.28 6182.45 6183.42 6201.52 6201.70 6226.18 6231.78 6243.36 6335.74 6696.02 6698.67 7361.57 7362.30 7835.31 7836.13 8075.35 8640.70 8772.87 8773.90 8828.91 8841.28 8923.56 9290.65 9290.75 10076.29 10768.36 10782.04 10872.98 10891.73 11253.19 11254.88 13123.41 13150.76 16718.96 16750.56 16763.36 21093.04 21163.75

Antimony Sb Z = 51 15 722.86 15 732.33 861.5 4 876.84 4 921.07 6 983.57 15 999.62 6 1001.13 6 1009.43 40 1011.94 6 1052.21 8 1056.27 8 1057.32 40 1065.90 6 1073.81 30 1075.82 1087.6

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I II I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III IV II II II III II II III II II II III II III IV

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

8 30 40 50 50 12 6 8 20 8 6 8 20 6 8 20 r 40 h 12 50 r 12 120 r 80 r 6 8 7 80 r 10 200 w 100 w 20 100 w 15 15 80 r 150 r 150 r 15 100 r 100 h 100 r 100 r 150 50 r 80 r 100 50 r 300 r 150 r 100 200 r 60 r 70 r 150 r 1000 r 100 50 r 80 r 100 r 50 r

K21599_S10.indb 3

Wavelength/Å 1104.32 1151.49 1157.74 1199.1 1205.20 1210.64 1226.00 1230.30 1274.98 1306.69 1327.40 1358.04 1384.70 1404.18 1407.83 1436.49 1486.57 1491.36 1499.2 1505.70 1512.57 1524.47 1532.74 1535.06 1565.51 1576.11 1581.36 1599.96 1606.98 1612.8 1623.3 1657.04 1662.6 1673.89 1711.84 1716.93 1717.45 1723.43 1725.33 1736.19 1765.76 1780.87 1788.24 1800.18 1810.50 1814.20 1829.50 1868.17 1871.15 1882.56 1927.08 1950.39 2029.49 2039.77 2049.57 2068.33 2079.56 2098.41 2118.48 2127.39 2137.05

V III III IV III III V II II III II II II III II II I I IV V I V I I II II II I II I I II I III III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 r 10 50 r 100 r 1500 r 250 r 200 r 300 r 150 r 100 120 r 300 r 120 150 r 300 r 2500 r 150 400 h 300 h 100 150 250 400 r 400 150 100 2000 r 15 10 150 15 1500 r 500 r 300 r 12 200 r 20 300 r 200 r 120 150 r 400 r 1000 r 15 500 r 600 r 20 700 r 15 25 250 20 200 r 20 200 20 20 15 15 20 20

2139.69 2141.80 2141.83 2144.86 2175.81 2179.19 2201.32 2208.45 2220.73 2221.98 2224.93 2262.51 2288.98 2293.44 2306.46 2311.47 2315.89 2373.67 2383.64 2395.22 2422.13 2426.35 2445.51 2478.32 2480.44 2510.54 2528.52 2528.54 2567.75 2574.06 2590.13 2598.05 2598.09 2612.31 2617.17 2652.60 2669.39 2670.64 2682.76 2692.25 2718.90 2769.95 2877.92 2980.96 3029.83 3232.52 3241.28 3267.51 3498.46 3637.80 3637.83 3722.78 3722.79 3850.22 4033.55 4033.56 4133.63 4140.54 4195.17 4219.07 4314.32

I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I III I I I III I III I I I I I I II I I II I II II I II I II I II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

15 30 20 15 30 20 40 20 20 30 20 20 20 15 15 20 20 40 h 100 l 30 60 h 100 20 30 50 20 20 30 30 h 80 200 60 150 100 400 400 200 300 200 1000 800 80 600 200 400 300 150 5

4514.50 4596.90 4599.09 4604.77 4647.32 4675.74 4711.26 4757.81 4765.36 4784.03 4802.01 4832.82 4877.24 4947.40 5044.56 5238.94 5354.24 5556.10 5632.02 5639.75 5830.34 6005.21 6053.41 6079.80 6130.04 6154.94 6611.49 6647.44 7648.28 7844.44 7924.65 8411.69 8572.64 8619.55 9518.68 9949.14 10078.49 10261.01 10585.60 10677.41 10741.94 10794.11 10839.73 10868.58 10879.55 11012.79 11266.23 12116.06

Argon Ar Z = 18 3 336.56 3 337.56 6 338.00 2 338.43 2 339.01 3 339.89 3 350.88 4 396.87 4 398.55 2 436.67 5 446.00 8 446.95

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I II II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V V V V V IV IV V V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

4 18 4 3 2 6p 3 7 30 50 30 30 3 5 6 30 200 70 2 70 5 70 30 70 30 70 30 30 6 3 500 30 200 1000 3000 70 30 30 200 10 7 12 p 6 8 3 5 4 3 200 3000 2 500 70 200 200 70 4 5 12 5 10

447.53 449.06 449.49 458.12 458.98 461.23 462.42 463.94 487.227 490.650 490.701 519.327 522.09 524.19 527.69 542.912 543.203 547.461 554.50 556.817 558.48 573.362 576.736 580.263 583.437 597.700 602.858 612.372 623.77 635.12 661.867 664.562 666.011 670.946 671.851 676.242 677.952 679.218 679.401 683.28 688.39 689.01 699.41 700.28 705.35 709.20 715.60 715.65 718.090 723.361 725.11 725.548 730.930 740.269 744.925 745.322 754.20 761.47 769.15 800.57 801.09

V V V V V V V V II II II II V V V II II II V II V II II II II II II II IV V II II II II II II II II II IV IV IV IV IV V V V V II II V II II II II II IV IV III IV IV

Atomic

Intensity

10-3

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-4

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10 5 20 100 60 30 40 50 120 70 80 4 120 120 5 3 150 4p 100 2 15 100 20 25 180 150 10 9 180 r 12 8 180 r 9 10 150 5 9 1000 1000 1000 r 500 r 7 7 7 9 7 10 15 10 10 15 10 20 25 8 10 15 7 10 7 7

801.41 801.91 802.859 806.471 806.869 807.218 807.653 809.927 816.232 816.464 820.124 822.16 825.346 826.365 827.05 827.35 834.392 834.88 835.002 836.13 840.03 842.805 843.77 850.60 866.800 869.754 871.10 875.53 876.058 878.73 879.62 879.947 883.18 887.40 894.310 900.36 901.17 919.781 932.054 1048.220 1066.660 1669.67 1673.42 1675.48 1914.40 1915.56 2125.16 2133.87 2138.59 2148.73 2166.19 2168.26 2170.23 2177.22 2184.06 2188.22 2192.06 2248.73 2279.10 2281.22 2282.21

K21599_S10.indb 4

Intensity IV IV I I I I I I I I I V I I V V I V I V IV I IV IV I I III III I III III I III III I IV IV II II I I III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

12 4 10 15 9 15 12 10 10 9 7 9 10 12 10 7 10 5 12 12 7 8 8 7 12 12 10 6 9 10 15 12 10 7 12 10 7 12 6 12 12 7 15 10 8 9 9 10 14 7 10 12 14 7 16 10 7 8 6 9 25

Wavelength/Å 2293.03 2299.72 2300.85 2302.17 2317.00 2317.47 2318.04 2319.13 2319.37 2345.17 2351.67 2360.26 2395.63 2399.15 2413.20 2415.61 2418.82 2420.456 2423.52 2423.93 2443.69 2447.71 2472.95 2476.10 2488.86 2513.28 2516.789 2518.40 2525.69 2534.709 2562.087 2562.17 2568.07 2569.53 2599.47 2608.06 2608.44 2615.68 2619.98 2621.36 2624.92 2631.90 2640.34 2654.63 2674.02 2678.38 2682.63 2724.84 2757.92 2762.23 2776.26 2784.47 2788.96 2797.11 2809.44 2830.25 2842.88 2855.29 2874.40 2884.12 2891.612

III IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II III III III IV III III III IV II IV IV II II IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV III III III IV III IV III IV IV IV IV IV IV III III IV III II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

12 11 200 100 10 12 50 6 12 10 8 10 50 7 7 8 20 25 25 20 20 15 7 7 25 20 25 15 7 7 25 25 15 7 7 9 8 7 9 70 20 20 50 100 12 15 70 8 70 70 70 7 100 100 70 25 50 70 7 25 20

2913.00 2926.33 2942.893 2979.050 3010.02 3024.05 3033.508 3037.98 3054.82 3064.77 3077.40 3078.15 3093.402 3110.41 3127.90 3200.37 3243.689 3285.85 3293.640 3301.88 3307.228 3311.25 3319.34 3323.59 3336.13 3344.72 3350.924 3358.49 3361.28 3373.47 3376.436 3388.531 3391.85 3393.73 3417.49 3424.25 3438.04 3461.07 3471.32 3476.747 3478.232 3480.55 3491.244 3491.536 3499.67 3503.58 3509.778 3511.12 3514.388 3545.596 3545.845 3554.306 3559.508 3561.030 3576.616 3581.608 3582.355 3588.441 3606.522 3622.138 3639.833

IV IV II II III III II IV III III IV III II III III I II III II III II III I III III III II III III I II II III I III III III I III II II III II II III III II III II II II I II II II II II II I II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

35 70 50 150 50 20 20 25 20 25 50 7 70 10 35 7 35 50 25 70 7 35 8 20 35 50 6 50 20 150 50 100 200 70 25 35 25 150 300 5 35 400 50 35 50 100 50 200 400 25 25 25 100 100 25 200 100 70 150 550 20

3718.206 3729.309 3737.889 3765.270 3766.119 3770.369 3770.520 3780.840 3795.37 3803.172 3809.456 3834.679 3850.581 3858.32 3868.528 3907.84 3925.719 3928.623 3932.547 3946.097 3947.505 3948.979 3960.53 3979.356 3994.792 4013.857 4023.60 4033.809 4035.460 4042.894 4044.418 4052.921 4072.005 4072.385 4076.628 4079.574 4082.387 4103.912 4131.724 4146.70 4156.086 4158.590 4164.180 4179.297 4181.884 4190.713 4191.029 4198.317 4200.674 4218.665 4222.637 4226.988 4228.158 4237.220 4251.185 4259.362 4266.286 4266.527 4272.169 4277.528 4282.898

II II II II II I II II III II II I II III II III II II II II I I III II II II III II II II I II II II II II II II II III II I I II I I I I I II II II II II I I I II I II II

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 4300.101 4300.650 4309.239 4331.200 4332.030 4333.561 4335.338 4345.168 4348.064 4352.205 4362.066 4367.832 4370.753 4371.329 4375.954 4379.667 4385.057 4400.097 4400.986 4426.001 4430.189 4430.996 4433.838 4439.461 4448.879 4474.759 4481.811 4510.733 4522.323 4530.552 4545.052 4564.405 4579.350 4589.898 4596.097 4609.567 4628.441 4637.233 4657.901 4702.316 4721.591 4726.868 4732.053 4735.906 4764.865 4806.020 4847.810 4865.910 4879.864 4889.042 4904.752 4933.209 4965.080 5009.334 5017.163 5062.037 5090.495 5141.783 5145.308 5151.391 5162.285

K21599_S10.indb 5

I II II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II I II I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

25 20 20 7 5 10 25 5 25 10 35 20 10 5 10 15 25 50 15 5 7 5 5 70 35 10 20 7 10 100 10 7 150 10 10 5 25 7 15 7 20 70 25 15 15 25 20 50 5 5 25 100 35 150 5 15 20 150 5 10 50

5165.773 5187.746 5216.814 5221.271 5421.352 5451.652 5495.874 5506.113 5558.702 5572.541 5606.733 5650.704 5739.520 5834.263 5860.310 5882.624 5888.584 5912.085 5928.813 5942.669 5987.302 5998.999 6025.150 6032.127 6043.223 6052.723 6059.372 6098.803 6105.635 6114.923 6145.441 6170.174 6172.278 6173.096 6212.503 6215.938 6243.120 6296.872 6307.657 6369.575 6384.717 6416.307 6483.082 6538.112 6604.853 6638.221 6639.740 6643.698 6660.676 6664.051 6666.359 6677.282 6684.293 6752.834 6756.163 6766.612 6861.269 6871.289 6879.582 6888.174 6937.664

II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I II I I I I I II I I II II II I I II I II I I I II I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

7 7 10000 150 10000 100 25 25 1000 15 70 15 7 2000 35 25 5 70 200 20 10000 20 15 10 25 10 20000 15000 25000 15000 10000 10 20000 20000 25000 7 20000 35000 10000 20 15000 20000 15000 7 4500 20 180 20 35000 550 15000 400 1600 25000 4500 180 30 100 1600 13 180

6951.478 6960.250 6965.431 7030.251 7067.218 7068.736 7107.478 7125.820 7147.042 7158.839 7206.980 7265.172 7270.664 7272.936 7311.716 7316.005 7350.814 7353.293 7372.118 7380.426 7383.980 7392.980 7412.337 7425.294 7435.368 7436.297 7503.869 7514.652 7635.106 7723.761 7724.207 7891.075 7948.176 8006.157 8014.786 8053.308 8103.693 8115.311 8264.522 8392.27 8408.210 8424.648 8521.442 8605.776 8667.944 8771.860 8849.91 9075.394 9122.967 9194.638 9224.499 9291.531 9354.220 9657.786 9784.503 10052.06 10332.72 10467.177 10470.054 10478.034 10506.50

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 11 7 30 30 7 11 30 12 400 200 12 200 50 50 200 200 100 200 150 30 12 200 50 500 200 200 200 100 500 1000 1000 30 1000 11 30 400 200 1000 10 10 200 100 25 10 30 30 500 12 50 30 20 20

10673.565 10681.773 10683.034 10733.87 10759.16 10812.896 11078.869 11106.46 11441.832 11488.109 11668.710 11719.488 12112.326 12139.738 12343.393 12402.827 12439.321 12456.12 12487.663 12702.281 12733.418 12746.232 12802.739 12933.195 12956.659 13008.264 13213.99 13228.107 13230.90 13272.64 13313.210 13367.111 13499.41 13504.191 13573.617 13599.333 13622.659 13678.550 13718.577 13825.715 13907.478 14093.640 15046.50 15172.69 15329.34 15989.49 16519.86 16940.58 18427.76 20616.23 20986.11 23133.20 23966.52

Arsenic As Z = 33 510 871.7 325 889.0 325 927.5 325 937.2 325 953.6 325 963.8 250 987.7

I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Atomic

Intensity 100 25 70 200 50 100 50 25 800 50 25 50 200 70 50 150 50 70 200 400 150 50 50 20 35 100 200 100 20 20 400 20 400 400 15 550 7 35 400 15 20 550 50 300 800 550 150 50 800 70 20 35 200 50 70 70 20 100 70 5 15

10-5

III III III III III III V

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-6

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

340 250 340 500 615 555 555 615 615 340 800 800 340 760 965 870 800 965 800 800 715 715 715 340 760 965 760 965 800 1000 760 800 800 500 500 500 100 r 500 340 1000 r 500 800 r 585 r 170 r 100 r 100 r 230 r 100 r 200 350 r 200 350 r 100 r 135 r 250 250 170 r 200 340 170 r 300

1021.96 1029.5 1082.35 1139.40 1149.31 1181.51 1189.87 1196.38 1196.56 1207.44 1211.17 1218.10 1223.15 1241.31 1243.08 1245.67 1258.58 1263.77 1266.34 1267.59 1280.99 1287.54 1305.70 1307.74 1333.15 1341.55 1355.93 1369.77 1373.65 1375.07 1375.78 1394.64 1400.31 1448.59 1558.88 1570.99 1593.60 1660.55 1860.34 1890.42 1912.94 1937.59 1972.62 1990.35 1991.13 1995.43 2003.34 2009.19 2263.2 2288.12 2301.0 2349.84 2370.77 2381.18 2417.5 2454.0 2456.53 2461.4 2602.00 2780.22 2830.359

K21599_S10.indb 6

II V II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II I I I I I I I IV I IV I I I IV IV I IV II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 100 r 300 80 615 300 300 340 325 715 615 615 500 500 500 500 425 375 615 615 715 340 715 500 800 850 615 715 615 340 340 340 340 340 500 425 500 340 425 425 425 500 300 300 300 340 300 200 230 290 230 170 290 290 170

2831.164 2860.44 2884.406 2926.3 2959.572 3003.819 3116.516 3842.60 3922.6 4190.082 4197.40 4242.982 4315.657 4323.867 4336.64 4352.145 4352.864 4371.17 4427.106 4431.562 4458.469 4461.075 4466.348 4474.46 4494.230 4507.659 4539.74 4543.483 4602.427 4629.787 4707.586 4730.67 4888.557 5105.58 5107.55 5231.38 5331.23 5497.727 5558.09 5651.32 6110.07 6170.27 6511.74 7092.27 7102.72 7990.53 8174.51 9300.61 9597.95 9626.70 9833.76 9915.71 9923.05 10024.04 10614.07

Astatine At Z = 85 8 2162.25 10 2244.01 Barium Ba Z = 56 14 555.48

II I II III II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

14 18 300 150 1000 40000 300 50000 200 200 400 300 200

587.57 647.27 719.86 721.85 766.87 794.89 877.41 923.74 946.26 1486.72 1504.01 1554.38 1572.73 1573.92 1630.40 1674.51 1694.37 1697.16 1761.75 1771.03 1786.93 1904.15 1924.70 1985.60 1999.54 2001.30 2009.20 2023.95 2052.68 2054.57 2214.7 2245.61 2254.73 2304.24 2331.10 2335.27 2347.58 2512.28 2523.83 2528.51 2559.54 2596.64 2634.78 2681.89 2702.63 2771.36 2785.28 3071.58 3079.14 3108.21 3132.60 3135.72 3137.70 3155.34 3155.67 3158.05 3158.54 3165.60 3173.69 3183.16 3183.96

100 400

100 500 300 10 400

500 800 1000 1400 60 2000 190 40 40 60 50 8h 100 40 8 18 15 100 r 40 10 h 8 8h 10 10 10 12 12 h 25 15 h 30 15

III III V V V IV V IV V II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II III II II III III II III I II III I II I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10 25 h 30 40 50 60 r 40 15 50 80 h 50 60 r 20 70 r 25 30 h 40 200 r 80 h 30 h 80 h 20 h 100 200 100 30 80 h 200 40 40 h 20 h 400 200 200 100 20 1400 l 20 40 500 25 50 20 200 500 25 80 30 300 200 30 h 1500 h 20 200 500 800 100 300 200 800 20 h

3193.91 3203.70 3221.63 3222.19 3261.96 3262.34 3281.50 3281.77 3322.80 3356.80 3368.18 3377.08 3377.39 3420.32 3421.01 3421.48 3463.74 3501.11 3524.97 3531.35 3544.66 3547.68 3552.45 3567.73 3576.28 3577.62 3579.67 3596.57 3630.64 3636.83 3688.47 3735.75 3816.69 3842.80 3854.76 3889.33 3891.78 3892.65 3909.91 3914.73 3926.85 3935.72 3937.87 3939.67 3949.51 3993.06 3993.40 3995.66 4036.26 4083.77 4084.86 4130.66 4132.43 4166.00 4216.04 4267.95 4283.10 4287.80 4297.60 4309.32 4323.00

I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I II II II I I II I I I II II II II I II I I II III I I II II III I I II II I II I II II II I II II II I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 4325.73 4326.74 4329.62 4350.33 4402.54 4405.23 4431.89 4488.98 4493.64 4505.92 4509.63 4523.17 4524.93 4554.03 4573.85 4579.64 4599.75 4619.92 4628.33 4644.10 4673.62 4691.62 4700.43 4708.94 4726.44 4843.46 4847.14 4850.84 4877.65 4899.97 4902.90 4934.09 4947.35 4957.15 4997.81 5013.00 5159.94 5267.03 5361.35 5391.60 5421.05 5424.55 5428.79 5480.30 5519.05 5535.48 5620.40 5680.18 5777.62 5784.18 5800.23 5805.69 5826.28 5853.68 5907.64 5971.70 5981.25 5997.09 5999.85 6019.47 6063.12

K21599_S10.indb 7

II II II I I II I I I I II I II II I I I I I II I I I II I II II II I II I II I II II II I I II II II I II II I I I I I II I I I II I I II I II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 400 20000 150 500 10 90 150 12000 300 150 3000 150 1500 1800 1000 600 300 h 1000 6000 2400 hs 600 600 hl 3000 1200 300 900 hl 600 450 hl 600 hl 1800 1200 180 h 1500 600 900 h 8 1800 h 100 100 300 h 300 450 300 300 300 h 1500 300 8 450 900 300 h 1500 hl 900 600 1200 h 300 120 hl 180 hl 150 h 240

6110.78 6135.83 6141.72 6341.68 6378.91 6383.76 6450.85 6482.91 6496.90 6498.76 6527.31 6595.33 6654.10 6675.27 6693.84 6769.62 6865.69 6867.85 6874.09 7059.94 7120.33 7195.24 7228.84 7280.30 7392.41 7417.53 7459.78 7488.08 7636.90 7642.91 7672.09 7780.48 7839.57 7905.75 7911.34 8210.24 8308.69 8559.97 8710.74 8737.71 8799.76 8860.98 8914.99 9219.69 9308.08 9324.58 9370.06 9455.92 9521.76 9589.37 9608.88 9645.72 9830.37 10001.08 10032.10 10233.23 10471.26 10791.25 11012.69 11114.42 11303.04

I II II I II III I I II I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I II II I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

120 h 120 120 120 120 120 150 150

11697.45 13207.30 13810.50 14077.90 15000.40 20712.00 25515.70 29223.90

Beryllium Be Z = 4 58.13 58.57 59.32 60.74 64.06 75.93 1h 76.10 2 76.48 3 78.53 4 78.66 1h 78.92 5 81.89 10 82.38 82.58 20 83.20 83.66 30 84.76 50 88.31 89.16 89.80 90.04 90.21 90.67 91.06 91.36 91.74 92.19 92.61 93.14 93.42 93.93 94.78 95.76 96.29 97.24 97.44 97.86 97.97 98.12 98.37 98.66 98.94 99.19 100 100.25 100.86 101.20 102.13 102.49 104.40 104.67 105.80 107.26

Intensity I I I I I I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III II III II III III I II II I I II II II I II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I III I I I II II I I I

3 2 6 4 8 4 5 5 7 2 8 20 2 10 10

8 5 15 1 20 60 2 1 2 1 10 5 1 2 20 60 100 2h 15 20

3 5 10 60 h 50 5

60

50

Wavelength/Å 107.38 509.99 549.31 582.08 661.32 675.59 714.0 725.59 725.71 743.58 746.23 767.75 775.37 842.06 865.3 925.25 943.56 973.27 981.4 1020.1 1026.93 1036.32 1048.23 1114.69 1143.03 1155.9 1197.19 1213.12 1214.32 1362.25 1401.52 1421.26 1422.86 1426.12 1435.17 1440.77 1491.76 1512.30 1512.43 1661.49 1754.69 1776.12 1776.34 1907. 1909.0 1912. 1917.03 1919. 1929.67 1943.68 1954.97 1956. 1964.59 1985.13 1997.95 1997.98 1998.01 2033.25 2033.28 2033.38 2055.90

I III III III III III II III II II III III II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II III III III III III III I III III I II II I III II II I II I III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I

Atomic

Intensity 600 200 300 80 60 400 40 60 h 50 h 40 200 60 h 130 65000 40 80 30 20 h 25 h 300 30 35 20 800 40 800 300 200 30 h 400 15 20000 8 1000 300 1000 20 h 20 800 1000 200 100 200 300 200 1000 r 20 h 10 400 800 100 20 150 2800 15 100 800 100 300 100 200

10-7

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-8

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 75 h 60 h 25 15 h 10 20 15 h 5 25 55 55 5

2056.01 2076.94 2080.38 2118.56 2122.27 2125.57 2125.68 2127.20 2137.25 2145. 2174.99 2175.10 2191.57 2273.5 2324.6 2337.0 2348.61 2350.66 2350.71 2350.83 2413.34 2413.46 2453.84 2480.6 2494.54 2494.58 2494.73 2507.43 2617.99 2618.13 2650.45 2650.55 2650.62 2650.69 2650.76 2697.46 2697.58 2728.88 2738.05 2764.2 2898.13 2898.19 2898.25 2986.06 2986.42 3019.33 3019.49 3019.53 3019.60 3046.52 3046.69 3090.3 3110.81 3110.92 3110.99 3120. 3130.42 3131.07 3136. 3150. 3160.6

950 20 60 200 2 16 20 35 35 100 16 5 20 100 60 200 60 100 5 20 20 30 20 10 20 30 10 60 30 30 20 10 30 10 10 20 480 320

K21599_S10.indb 8

Intensity I III III III III I I III III I I I III II II I I I I I II II II I I I I II II II I I I I I II II II I II I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II II I I I

20 20 30 20 60 2 10 30 15 100 30 30 30 30 220 20 60 5 300 20 300 10 100

100 700 40 80 1 6 100 90 h 100 60 300 500 400 2 100 h 1 140 h

12 700 1000 6 200 40 2h 80 8 20 3

Wavelength/Å 3163. 3168. 3180.7 3187. 3193.81 3197.10 3197.15 3208.60 3220. 3229.63 3233.52 3241.62 3241.83 3269.02 3274.58 3274.67 3282.91 3321.01 3321.09 3321.34 3345.43 3367.63 3405.6 3451.37 3455.18 3476.56 3515.54 3555. 3720.36 3720.92 3722.98 3736.30 3813.45 3865.13 3865.42 3865.51 3865.72 3866.03 4249.14 4253.05 4253.76 4360.66 4360.99 4407.94 4485.52 4487.30 4495.09 4497.8 4526.6 4548. 4572.66 4673.33 4673.42 4709.37 4828.16 4849.16 4858.22 5087.75 5218.12 5218.33 5255.86

I I II I I II II I I I II II II I II II I I I I I I II I I I I I III III III I I I I I I I III I I II II I III III III III I I I II II I II I II I II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

64 500 20 20

5270.28 5270.81 5403.04 5410.21 5558. 6142.01 6229.11 6279.43 6279.73 6473.54 6547.89 6558.36 6564.52 6636.44 6756.72 6757.13 6786.56 6884.22 6884.44 6982.75 7154.40 7154.65 7209.13 7401.20 7401.43 7551.90 7618.68 7618.88 8090.06 8158.99 8159.24 8254.07 8287.07 8547.36 8547.67 8801.37 8882.18 9190.45 9243.92 9343.89 9392.74 9476.43 9477.03 9847.32 9895.63 9895.96 9939.78 10095.52 10095.73 10119.92 10331.03 11066.46 11173. 11173.73 11496.39 11625.16 11659. 11660.25 12095.36 12098.18 14643.92

140 h 10 16 30 30 60 60 30 2h 1 2 30 1h 6h 100 6h 40 h 100 3 2 10 10 h 20 h 60 5h 10 h 4 10 h 30 60 300 6 40 20 h 1h 40 2 16 20 10 h 20 h 80 16 20 60 80 30 1 120 2h 2 100 30 100

II II II II I III I II II I II II I II II II I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I I II II II I I II II I II II II II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

60 200 80 120 100 160 200

14644.75 16157.72 17855.38 17856.63 18143.54 31775.05 31778.70

Bismuth Bi 6 6 2 3 5 6 5 10 4 6 6 8 10 9 12 15 d 15 12 15 25 50 h 30 15 20 10 24 20 50 10 15 10 10 15 10 60 20 40 20 60 20 25 15 20 35 35 45 25 50 60 h 25 35 20 40

Z = 83 420.7 431.2 488.39 563.62 670.76 686.88 730.71 738.17 775.16 790.5 790.6 792.5 820.3 822.9 824.9 864.45 872.6 923.9 943.3 1039.99 1045.76 1051.81 1058.88 1085.47 1099.20 1103.4 1139.01 1224.64 1225.43 1232.78 1241.05 1265.35 1283.73 1306.18 1317.0 1325.46 1326.84 1329.47 1346.12 1350.07 1372.61 1376.02 1393.92 1423.33 1423.52 1436.83 1447.94 1455.11 1461.00 1462.14 1486.93 1502.50 1520.57

I I I I I I I IV IV V V III V V V III IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV III III III II II II IV III III II II II II II II IV II III II III II II II II III III II II II III II II II II

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å

40 30 35 20 40 60 25 60 h 40 40 20 20 80 60 70 70 100 9000 7000 25 7000 9000 45 h 4600 2500 15 15 60 40 h 360 1700 340 100 100 16 12 100 190 75 h 10 25 70 20 h 700 100 100 12 280 c 20 140 d 100 100 360 100 15 11 12 140 c 100 80 h 4000

1533.17 1536.77 1538.06 1563.67 1573.70 1591.79 1601.58 1606.40 1609.70 1611.38 1652.81 1749.29 1777.11 1787.47 1791.93 1823.80 1902.41 1954.53 1960.13 1989.35 2021.21 2061.70 2068.9 2110.26 2133.63 2143.40 2143.46 2186.9 2214.0 2228.25 2230.61 2276.58 2311. 2326. 2368.12 2368.25 2376. 2400.88 2414.6 2501.0 2515.69 2524.49 2544.5 2627.91 2629. 2677. 2693.0 2696.76 2713.3 2730.50 2767. 2772. 2780.52 2786. 2803.42 2803.70 2805.3 2809.62 2842. 2855.6 2897.98

K21599_S10.indb 9

II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II I I II I I II I I II II II II I I I IV IV II II IV I III II I I II I IV IV II I II I IV IV I IV II II II I IV III I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 100 100 15 3200 20 12 2800 700 100 2400 60 100 9000 c 140 35 100 550 c 10 12 40 h 40 35 500 c 380 c 45 100 12 100 50 50 100 70 h 12 20 10 30 100 40 h 10 140 140 75 h 25 70 h 12 h 25 h 12 h 25 h 60 h 600 c 30 20 40 h 12 10 12 20 45 h 10 50 h

2924. 2933. 2936. 2936.7 2938.30 2950.4 2963.4 2989.03 2993.34 3012. 3024.64 3034.87 3042. 3067.72 3076.66 3115.0 3239. 3397.21 3430.83 3431.23 3451.0 3473.8 3485.5 3510.85 3596.11 3613.4 3643. 3654.2 3682. 3695.32 3695.68 3734. 3792.5 3811.1 3815.8 3845.8 3863.9 3868. 4079.1 4097.2 4121.53 4121.86 4259.4 4272.0 4301.7 4339.8 4340.5 4379.4 4476.8 4705.3 4722.52 4730.3 4749.7 4797.4 4908.2 4916.6 4969.7 4993.6 5079.3 5091.6 5124.3

IV IV IV II I II II I I IV I I IV I I III IV I II II III III III I I III IV II IV III III IV II II II II II IV II II I I II II II II II II II II I II II III II II II II III II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

60 h 20 75 h 40 h 10 10 c 3 20 40 h 6 12 20 20 15 15 6 3 3 15 10 40 h 50 h 4h 12 2 10 h 2 10 h 10 3 2 20 40 12 h 50 15 15 30 2 1 25 2 3 25 2 2000 d 40 20 15 20 20 50 1500 d 40 200 200 100 200 50 60

5144.3 5201.5 5209.2 5270.3 5397.8 5552.35 5599.41 5655.2 5719.2 5742.55 5818.3 5860.2 5973.0 6059.1 6128.0 6134.82 6475.73 6476.24 6497.7 6577.2 6600.2 6808.6 6991.12 7033. 7036.15 7381. 7502.33 7637. 7750. 7838.70 7840.33 7965. 8008. 8050. 8070. 8328. 8388. 8532. 8544.54 8579.74 8653. 8754.88 8761.54 8863. 8907.81 9657.04 9827.78 10104.5 10138.8 10300.6 10536.19 11072.44 11710.37 11999.49 12165.08 12690.04 12817.8 14330.5 16001.5 22551.6

Intensity II II II II II I I II II I II II II II II I I I II II II II I II I II I II II I I II III II III II II II I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Wavelength/Å

Boron B Z = 5 41.00 30 48.59 10 52.68 30 60.31 194.37 262.37 160 344.0 450 385.0 40 411.80 285 418.7 20 510.77 40 510.85 512.53 150 518.24 75 518.27 110 677.00 160 677.14 40 693.95 40 731.36 40 731.44 749.74 40 758.48 70 758.67 110 882.54 110 882.68 40 984.67 110 1081.88 110 1082.07 70 1112.2 450 1168.9 70 1170.9 110 1230.16 220 1362.46 70 1600.46 120 1600.73 160 1623.58 110 1623.77 220 1624.02 70 1624.16 160 1624.34 100 1663.04 150 1666.87 200 1667.29 150 1817.86 200 1818.37 300 1825.91 300 1826.41 110 1842.81 20 1953.83 550 2065.78 250 2066.38 250 2066.65 100 2066.93 300 2067.19 450 2067.23 160 2077.09 500 2088.91 500 2089.57 70 2220.30 40 2234.09

V V IV IV V V IV IV III IV III III V III III III III II II II V III III II II II II II IV IV IV II II I I II II II II II I I I I I I I II III III I I I I III III I I II III

Atomic

Intensity

10-9

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-10

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

70 40 40 40 220 40 40 1000 1000 70 160 450 70 285 160 110 70 110 110 450 285 110 40 70 110 110 220 360 70 110 110 70 70 40 110 70 20 70 800 570 125 200 250 235

2234.59 2323.03 2328.67 2393.20 2395.05 2459.69 2459.90 2496.77 2497.73 2524.7 2530.3 2821.68 2824.57 2825.85 2918.08 3032.26 3179.33 3323.18 3323.60 3451.29 4121.93 4194.79 4242.98 4243.61 4472.10 4472.85 4487.05 4497.73 4784.21 4940.38 6080.44 6285.47 7030.20 7031.90 7835.25 7841.41 8667.22 8668.57 11660.04 11662.47 15629.08 16240.38 16244.67 18994.33

III II II II II II II I I IV IV IV IV IV II II II II II II II II III III II II III III II II II II II II III III I I I I I I I I

Bromine Br 700 700 800 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Z = 35 379.73 400.37 482.11 531.97 545.43 547.90 559.76 569.19 576.59 585.10 586.71 597.51 600.09 601.27 607.03 617.85

IV IV V V IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

K21599_S10.indb 10

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 700 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1200 1200 7500 1200 1500 1000 1500 1200 1200 1000 1000 3000 3000 1000 2000 12000 3000 50000 30000 25000 30000 20000 25000 75000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 700 1000 600 1000 1100 h 500 h

619.87 630.14 642.23 661.53 683.51 697.72 715.39 731.00 800.12 812.95 813.66 850.81 889.23 948.97 1015.54 1049.00 1069.15 1112.13 1143.56 1189.28 1189.50 1210.73 1221.13 1223.24 1224.41 1226.90 1232.43 1243.90 1251.66 1255.80 1259.20 1261.66 1266.20 1279.48 1286.26 1309.91 1316.74 1317.37 1317.70 1384.60 1449.90 1488.45 1531.74 1540.65 1574.84 1576.39 1582.31 1633.40 2133.79 2145.02 2257.21 2272.73 2307.40 2408.16 2411.58 2491.14 2581.19 2661.40 2842.88 2907.71 2972.26

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV V II II II II V V V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 500 500 500 500 500 1200 1500 1000 2000 1000 1500 10000 10000 20000 1000 3000 15000 3000 2500 2500 4000 1600 4000 1200 1200 1800 1600 2400 40000 2000 1500 60000 2500 1800 1000 20000 1500 50000 c 1000 1800 20000 1500 50000 c 20000 10000 8000 2000 2000 2200 6500 1600 c 1800 10000 2000 10000 40000 1600 1800 2000 30000

3041.18 3074.42 3349.64 3380.56 3540.16 3562.43 3815.65 3992.36 4223.89 4365.14 4365.60 4425.14 4441.74 4472.61 4477.72 4490.42 4513.44 4525.59 4575.74 4614.58 4752.28 4780.31 4785.19 4979.76 5395.48 5466.22 5852.08 5940.48 6122.14 6148.60 6177.39 6335.48 6350.73 6410.32 6483.56 6514.62 6544.57 6548.09 6559.80 6571.31 6579.14 6582.17 6620.47 6631.62 6682.28 6692.13 6728.28 6760.06 6779.48 6786.74 6790.04 6791.48 6861.15 7005.19 7260.45 7348.51 7512.96 7591.61 7595.07 7616.41 7803.02

IV III III IV III III I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1200 2500 s 2500 2500 30000 c 3000 3000 8000 10000 30000 2000 2500 30000 1000 c 10000 25000 5000 15000 75000 c 20000 10000 1200 40000 4000 1500 1000 1000 20000 4000 10000 c 15000 25000 4000 30000 6000 1800 9000 30000 15000 20000 40000 15000 6000 10000 3000 6000 1000 1500 30000 1000 3000 1700 1800 1250 1800 1200 3500 1000 1000 1200 4000

7827.23 7881.45 7881.57 7925.81 7938.68 7947.94 7950.18 7978.44 7978.57 7989.94 8026.35 8026.54 8131.52 8152.65 8153.75 8154.00 8246.86 8264.96 8272.44 8334.70 8343.70 8384.04 8446.55 8477.45 8513.38 8557.73 8566.28 8638.66 8698.53 8793.47 8819.96 8825.22 8888.98 8897.62 8932.40 8949.39 8964.00 9166.06 9173.63 9178.16 9265.42 9320.86 9793.48 9896.40 10140.08 10237.74 10299.62 10377.65 10457.96 10742.14 10755.92 13217.17 14354.57 14888.70 16731.19 18568.31 19733.62 20281.73 20624.67 21787.24 22865.65

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 23513.15 28346.50 30380.85 31630.13 38345.75 39964.36

I I I I I I

Cadmium Cd Z = 48 50 427.01 50 447.85 60 480.90 70 493.00 70 495.13 70 498.14 70 498.53 80 504.09 70 504.20 70 504.50 80 506.31 60 508.01 50 508.95 70 509.55 70 511.40 80 513.00 70 514.50 60 519.42 80 524.41 70 524.47 70 525.10 60 525.19 70 527.07 80 531.09 80 531.51 70 534.29 70 536.77 60 540.90 70 541.74 80 542.60 80 546.55 60 553.06 80 554.05 60 567.01 150 1118.16 100 1164.65 100 1183.40 100 1256.00 150 1296.43 100 1326.50 60 1370.48 150 1370.91 60 1418.89 200 1514.26 50 1545.17 200 1571.58 100 1668.60 50 1702.47 40 1707.16 40 1722.95 50 1724.41 40 1747.67 40 1773.06 100 1785.84

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II II II IV II IV II III II II II III III II III III II

K21599_S10.indb 11

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

75 40 100 50 40 40 200 150 300 100 40 30 200 100 50 75 40 50 75 150 50 1000 r 50 100 1000 1000 1500 r 1000 200 40 50 50 40 40 50 30 25 h 50 50 25 3 500 50 30 25 h 50 40 75 40 50 h 25 50 100 25 50 75 50 1000 100 h 50 h 50

1793.40 1823.41 1827.70 1844.66 1851.13 1855.85 1856.67 1874.08 1922.23 1943.54 1965.54 1986.89 1995.43 2007.49 2032.45 2036.23 2039.83 2045.61 2087.91 2096.00 2111.60 2144.41 2155.06 2187.79 2194.56 2265.02 2288.022 2312.77 2321.07 2376.82 2418.69 2469.73 2487.93 2495.58 2509.11 2516.22 2525.196 2544.613 2551.98 2553.465 2565.789 2572.93 2580.106 2592.026 2602.048 2628.979 2632.190 2639.420 2659.23 2660.325 2668.20 2672.62 2677.540 2677.748 2707.00 2712.505 2733.820 2748.54 2763.894 2764.230 2774.958

III III II III III III III III II II II II II II II II III III III II III II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I I II I I II I I I I I I II I II II I I II I I II I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

30 200 25 100 200 r 50 r 200 50 200 1000 r 200 r 50 50 150 25 30 100 200 50 150 300 300 50 50 30 800 50 50 100 1000 800 25 150 25 100 100 1000 800 60 20 10 100 200 50 100 8 100 3 1000 30 8 200 30 300 50 50 1000 h 6 100 100 1000

2823.19 2836.900 2856.46 2868.180 2880.767 2881.224 2914.67 2927.87 2929.27 2980.620 2981.362 2981.845 3030.60 3080.822 3081.48 3082.593 3092.34 3133.167 3146.79 3250.33 3252.524 3261.055 3343.21 3385.49 3388.88 3403.652 3417.49 3442.42 3464.43 3466.200 3467.655 3483.08 3495.44 3499.952 3524.11 3535.69 3610.508 3612.873 3614.453 3649.558 3981.926 4029.12 4134.77 4141.49 4285.08 4306.672 4412.41 4412.989 4415.63 4440.45 4662.352 4678.149 4744.69 4799.912 4881.72 5025.50 5085.822 5154.660 5268.01 5271.60 5337.48

II I II I I I II II II I I I II I II I II I II II I I II II II I II II II I I II II I II II I I I I I II II II II I II I II II I I II I II II I I II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 200 40 50 300 100 100 30 400 500 2000 400 25 500 100 30 50 100 1000 50 5 20 15 35 80 55 d 25 35

5378.13 5381.89 5843.30 5880.22 6099.142 6111.49 6325.166 6330.013 6354.72 6359.98 6438.470 6464.94 6567.65 6725.78 6759.19 6778.116 7237.01 7284.38 7345.670 8066.99 8200.309 9289. 11652. 14487. 15708. 19120. 24371. 25448.

II II II II I I I I II II I II II II II I II II I II I I I I I I I I

Calcium Ca 250 250 300 250 265 400 300 400 300 450 c 500 300 300 300 250 c 250 450 250 200 750 600 250 750 500 500 400 300 400 750 300 500 24

Z = 20 190.46 196.97 199.55 200.51 257.98 267.77 270.31 280.99 284.98 286.96 322.17 323.22 330.94 334.55 342.45 343.93 352.92 377.18 387.08 425.00 434.57 437.77 443.82 450.57 558.60 637.93 643.12 646.57 656.00 656.76 669.70 1341.89

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V V V V IV IV IV IV V V V V IV V IV II

Atomic

Intensity 1000 500 500 600 150 120

10-11

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-12

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

12 20 20 60 20 40 40 60 20 40 17 16 16 19 21 19 20 10 15 3 19 170 180 150 20 12 19 20 13 18 20 30 40 170 180 20 30 230 220 50 60 30 40 50 50 24 22 22 25 20 23 22 20 19 25 26 25 30 28 20 20

1342.54 1433.75 1545.29 1649.86 1807.34 1814.50 1838.01 1840.06 1843.09 1850.69 2123.03 2152.43 2687.76 2881.78 2899.79 2924.33 2988.63 3006.86 3028.59 3055.32 3119.67 3158.87 3179.33 3181.28 3316.51 3361.92 3372.67 3461.87 3487.60 3537.77 3644.41 3683.70 3694.11 3706.03 3736.90 3755.67 3758.39 3933.66 3968.47 4097.10 4109.82 4110.28 4206.18 4220.07 4226.73 4283.01 4289.36 4298.99 4302.53 4302.81 4307.74 4318.65 4355.08 4399.59 4425.44 4434.96 4435.69 4454.78 4455.89 4456.61 4472.04

K21599_S10.indb 12

Intensity II II III II II II II II II II III III III III III III III I III I III II II II II I III II I III I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I III I I I III I I I I I I II

20 19 23 22 23 23 24 24 20 30 40 40 25 70 80 40 23 25 22 23 22 24 25 60 70 50 27 23 25 27 24 26 25 24 24 30 27 29 22 30 22 24 26 28 35 30 22 80 34 29 32 28 23 30 33 31 33 30 60 80 20

Wavelength/Å 4489.18 4499.88 4526.94 4578.55 4581.40 4581.47 4585.87 4585.96 4685.27 4716.74 4721.03 4799.97 4878.13 5001.48 5019.97 5021.14 5041.62 5188.85 5261.71 5262.24 5264.24 5265.56 5270.27 5285.27 5307.22 5339.19 5349.47 5512.98 5581.97 5588.76 5590.12 5594.47 5598.49 5601.29 5602.85 5857.45 6102.72 6122.22 6161.29 6162.17 6163.76 6166.44 6169.06 6169.56 6439.07 6449.81 6455.60 6456.87 6462.57 6471.66 6493.78 6499.65 6572.78 6717.69 7148.15 7202.19 7326.15 7575.81 7581.11 7601.30 7602.32

II III I I I I I I I II II II I II II II I I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40 60 20 20 70 100 110 70 130 170 160 100 110 110 90 100 110 25 100 110 80 80 110 90 100 20 20 25 24 25 30 21 24 20 22 21 20 24 30 48 49 47 50 35 34 23 24 25 30

7820.78 7843.38 8017.50 8020.50 8133.05 8201.72 8248.80 8254.73 8498.02 8542.09 8662.14 8912.07 8927.36 9213.90 9312.00 9319.56 9320.65 9416.97 9567.97 9599.24 9601.82 9854.74 9890.63 9931.39 10223.04 10343.81 11838.99 12816.04 12823.86 12909.10 13033.57 13086.44 13134.95 16150.77 16157.36 16197.04 18925.47 18970.14 19046.14 19309.20 19452.99 19505.72 19776.79 19853.10 19862.22 19917.19 19933.70 22624.93 22651.23

Carbon C Z = 6 110 34.973 450 40.268 110 227.19 250 244.91 160 248.66 160 248.74 200 289.14 250 289.23 570 312.42 500 312.46 250 371.69

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V IV V V IV IV IV IV III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

250 150 650 700 500 400 500 200 400 500 570 250 250 300 350 400 350 9 30 50 10 20 30 60 150 30 800 9 10 10 80 150 150 150 150 370 350 330 500 350 370 150 150 200 300 300 300 300 100 150 150 100 100 100 250 250 300 300 200 100 9

371.75 371.78 384.03 384.18 386.203 419.52 419.71 450.734 459.46 459.52 459.63 511.522 535.288 538.080 538.149 538.312 574.281 595.022 687.053 687.345 858.092 858.559 903.624 903.962 904.142 904.480 977.03 1009.86 1010.08 1010.37 1036.337 1037.018 1157.910 1158.019 1158.035 1174.93 1175.26 1175.59 1175.71 1175.99 1176.37 1188.992 1189.447 1189.631 1193.009 1193.031 1193.240 1193.264 1193.393 1193.649 1193.679 1194.064 1194.488 1261.552 1277.245 1277.282 1277.513 1277.550 1280.333 1311.363 1323.951

III III IV IV III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II I I I III III III III III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 1329.578 1329.600 1334.532 1335.708 1354.288 1355.84 1364.164 1459.032 1463.336 1467.402 1481.764 1548.202 1550.774 1560.310 1560.683 1560.708 1561.341 1561.438 1656.266 1656.928 1657.008 1657.380 1657.907 1658.122 1751.823 1930.905 2162.94 2270.91 2277.25 2277.92 2296.87 2478.56 2509.12 2512.06 2524.41 2529.98 2574.83 2697.75 2724.85 2725.30 2725.90 2741.28 2746.49 2836.71 2837.60 2982.11 2992.62 3876.19 3876.41 3876.66 3918.98 3920.69 4056.06 4067.94 4068.91 4070.26 4074.52 4075.85 4162.86 4186.90 4267.00

K21599_S10.indb 13

I I II II I I I I I I I IV IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I III V V V III I II II IV IV II III III III III II II II II III II II II II II II III III III III II II III III II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 200 600 520 375 200 w 200 200 200 5 5 200 350 350 350 570 400 300 250 350 450 250 200 150 570 350 200 250 110 150 300 250 800 570 200 150 250 150 h 250 250 250 200 350 800 1000 150 90 w 200 200 300 h 150 520 300 250 200 200 250 450 300 800 150

4267.26 4325.56 4647.42 4650.25 4651.47 4658.30 4665.86 4771.75 4932.05 4943.88 4944.56 5052.17 5132.94 5133.28 5143.49 5145.16 5151.09 5380.34 5648.07 5662.47 5695.92 5801.33 5811.98 5826.42 5889.77 5891.59 6001.13 6006.03 6007.18 6010.68 6013.22 6014.84 6578.05 6582.88 6587.61 6744.38 6783.90 7037.25 7113.18 7115.19 7115.63 7116.99 7119.90 7231.32 7236.42 7612.65 7726.2 7860.89 8058.62 8196.48 8332.99 8335.15 8500.32 9061.43 9062.47 9078.28 9088.51 9094.83 9111.80 9405.73 9603.03

II III III III III IV III I I V V I II II II II II I II II III IV IV III II II I I I I I I II II I III II III I I II I II II II III IV I I III III I III I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

250 300 200 300 12 23 13 47 24 85 142 114 11 17 30 26 20 38 16 61 12 13 12 50 10 11 13 23

9620.80 9658.44 10683.08 10691.25 11619.29 11628.83 11658.85 11659.68 11669.63 11748.22 11753.32 11754.76 11777.54 11892.91 11895.75 12614.10 13502.27 14399.65 14403.25 14420.12 14429.03 14442.24 16559.66 16890.38 17338.56 17448.60 18139.80 19721.99

Cerium Ce 300 200 40 30 75 75 100 100 10000 10000 10000 10000 15000 10000 10000 10000 10000 20000 10000 340 270 250 10000 10000 400 10000 50000 95000 20000 40000 20000 680

Z = 58 399.36 482.96 741.79 754.60 1332.16 1372.72 2000.42 2009.94 2318.64 2372.34 2380.12 2431.45 2439.80 2454.32 2469.95 2483.82 2497.50 2531.99 2603.59 2651.01 2830.90 2874.14 2923.81 2931.54 2976.91 3022.75 3031.58 3055.59 3056.56 3057.23 3057.58 3063.01

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III II II II III III II III III III III III III II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40000 20000 30000 30000 20000 20000 20000 710 990 710 880 710 20000 710 990 20000 10000 30000 40000 30000 40000 60000 710 50000 60000 770 50000 1200 1000 1800 880 880 1000 1000 1400 800 860 2500 800 1000 1100 860 860 1200 1200 1100 1500 1000 770 980 770 770 770 2000 2700 770 3100 980 770 770 770

3085.10 3106.98 3110.53 3121.56 3141.29 3143.96 3147.06 3194.83 3201.71 3218.94 3221.17 3227.11 3228.57 3234.16 3272.25 3353.29 3395.77 3427.36 3443.63 3454.39 3459.39 3470.92 3485.05 3497.81 3504.64 3539.08 3544.07 3560.80 3577.45 3655.85 3660.64 3667.98 3709.29 3709.93 3716.37 3728.42 3786.63 3801.52 3803.09 3808.11 3838.54 3848.59 3853.15 3854.18 3854.31 3878.36 3882.45 3889.98 3907.29 3912.44 3918.28 3931.09 3940.34 3942.15 3942.75 3943.89 3952.54 3956.28 3960.91 3967.05 3978.65

III III III III III III III II II II II II III II II III III III III III III III II III III II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Atomic

Intensity 120 120 150 300 100 150 120 100 200 120 150 1000 900 150 400 400 100 400 150 120 300 120 120 150 500 1000 250 40 5 20 800 800 250 350 200 l 300 s 250 h 150 110 l 150 l 150 l 350 l 250 1000 800 200 800 h 350 350 350 570 800 150 200 250 250 250 350 l 150 250 h 800

10-13

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-14

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

770 700 910 2800 910 2700 910 840 840 840 2100 910 700 1100 1800 1500 1500 910 770 980 980 2700 2000 770 980 1400 1300 3500 840 910 1500 770 980 1100 2000 1500 770 770 980 700 910 910 700 1700 980 770 2400 1400 700 700 840 770 840 840 840 2100 1100 840 1700 310 470

3984.68 3992.39 3993.82 3999.24 4003.77 4012.39 4014.90 4024.49 4028.41 4031.34 4040.76 4042.58 4053.51 4071.81 4073.48 4075.71 4075.85 4083.23 4118.14 4123.87 4127.37 4133.80 4137.65 4142.40 4149.94 4151.97 4165.61 4186.60 4198.72 4202.94 4222.60 4227.75 4239.92 4248.68 4289.94 4296.67 4300.33 4306.72 4337.77 4349.79 4364.66 4382.17 4386.84 4391.66 4418.78 4449.34 4460.21 4471.24 4479.36 4483.90 4486.91 4523.08 4527.35 4528.47 4539.75 4562.36 4572.28 4593.93 4628.16 4737.28 5079.68

K21599_S10.indb 14

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

280 280 370 260 260 340 450 300 280 260 300 370 240 230 55 55 55 75 110 10000 110 55 10000 45 45 35 35 35 35 23 28 45 35 28 23 35 35 35 28 23 35 23 35 28 35 23 45 23 22 30 22 26 35 30 35 30 30 35 35 22 25

5159.69 5161.48 5187.46 5223.46 5245.92 5274.23 5353.53 5393.40 5409.23 5512.08 5696.99 5699.23 5719.03 5940.86 6001.90 6005.86 6006.82 6013.42 6024.20 6032.54 6043.39 6047.40 6060.91 6098.34 6123.67 6143.36 6186.17 6208.98 6228.94 6232.45 6237.45 6272.05 6295.58 6299.51 6300.21 6310.01 6343.95 6371.11 6386.84 6393.02 6430.07 6436.40 6458.03 6467.39 6473.72 6513.59 6555.65 6579.10 6612.06 6628.93 6652.72 6700.66 6704.27 6774.28 6775.59 6924.81 6986.02 7061.75 7086.35 7238.36 7252.75

Intensity I I II I I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I III II I III II I II I I I II I II I II I I II II I II I I I I I II I I I I II I I II I I I II II II I

25 25 25 25 22 22 30 25 30 Cesium Ce 10000 2000 2500 5000 3500 15000 20000 20000 5000 12000 15000 15000 7500 35000 15000 40000 25000 c 17 c 12 10 20 c 11 12 12 25 25 c 12 17 710 120 330 540 410 210 200 1000 230 390 1600 1600 890 410 1400 430 16000 390 6200 370 710 390 270

Wavelength/Å 7329.91 7397.77 7616.11 7689.17 7844.94 7857.54 8025.56 8772.14 8891.20

I I II II II II II II II

Z = 55 614.01 638.17 666.25 691.60 703.89 718.14 721.79 722.20 731.56 740.29 808.76 813.84 830.39 901.27 920.35 926.66 1054.79 1673.99 1705.25 1801.83 1822.40 1823.93 1824.70 1841.80 1915.50 1923.29 1961.33 1996.56 2035.11 2056.43 2076.43 2077.30 2088.68 2101.63 2141.47 2316.88 2325.95 2340.49 2455.81 2477.57 2485.45 2495.07 2525.67 2573.05 2596.86 2610.12 2630.51 2700.32 2701.20 2776.44 2810.87

III III III III III II III III III III II II III II III II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

630 3100 200 180 3200 210 1700 1100 c 1400 8400 1300 550 430 1200 400 580 480 7200 1300 2300 300 c 520 4800 640 430 2100 c 2900 600 c 2700 680 c 3100 420 520 14000 18000 w 370 1200 940 530 12000 1200 590 20000 1000 c 460 c 99900 420 h 210 25000 140 19000 37000 370 27000 75000 29000 11000 10000 c 22000 230 60 c

2845.70 2859.32 2893.85 2921.13 2976.86 3001.28 3066.59 3149.36 3152.36 3268.32 3315.51 3340.60 3344.02 3349.46 3463.45 3476.83 3559.82 3597.45 3608.31 3618.19 3641.34 3651.08 3661.40 3699.50 3837.46 3876.15 3888.37 3888.61 3925.60 4001.70 4006.55 4006.78 4043.42 4264.70 4277.13 4403.86 4410.22 4425.68 4471.48 4501.55 4506.72 4522.86 4526.74 4555.28 4593.17 4603.79 4620.61 4665.52 4830.19 4851.59 4870.04 4952.85 5035.72 5043.80 5227.04 5249.38 5274.05 5349.13 5370.99 5380.79 5465.94

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III I III I III III III III III II II III III III III II III III II I I II III III II III II II III II II II II II II III I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å

37 39000 100 210 c 27 24000 59 c 300 51000 140 110 640 c 86 150 870 9800 330 1000 170 450 320 c 510 8300 10000 w 490 97 8800 3300 c 9600 400 200 300 37000 4800 16000 980 13000 w 1900 c 790 130 1100 2600 c 3300 22000 3500 510 4500 59000 c 15000 c 61000 c 18000 5200 19000 4800 26000 2900 38000 c 8400 5700 55000 c 820

5502.88 5563.02 5635.21 5664.02 5745.72 5831.14 5838.83 5845.14 5925.63 5950.14 5979.97 6010.49 6034.09 6043.99 6079.86 6128.61 6150.42 6213.10 6217.60 6242.96 6354.55 6456.33 6495.53 6536.44 6586.51 6628.66 6646.57 6723.28 6724.47 6753.12 6824.65 6870.45 6955.50 6973.30 6979.67 6983.49 7149.54 7219.60 7228.53 7279.90 7279.96 7608.90 7943.88 7997.44 8015.73 8078.94 8079.04 8521.13 8761.41 8943.47 9172.32 9208.53 10024.36 10123.41 10123.60 13424.31 13588.29 13602.56 13758.81 14694.91 16535.63

K21599_S10.indb 15

I II I I I II I I II III III I I III III II III I I III I III II II I I II I II III I I II I II I II III I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1500 760 880 1100 3900 4400 850 890 d 500 680 c 2800 610 c 1100 190 2c 2d 1

17012.32 20138.47 22811.86 23037.98 23344.47 24251.21 24374.96 25763.51 25764.73 29310.06 30103.27 30953.06 34900.13 36131.00 39177.28 39421.25 39424.11

Chlorine Cl 500 800 800 700 600 900 500 600 800 600 1000 600 1000 500 700 600 700 600 700 700 350 700 700 700 400 800 500 500 500 700 600 800 700 800 1000 1000 1000 1300 2000 1500 1500 1500 2000

Z = 17 392.43 486.17 534.73 535.67 536.15 537.61 538.03 538.12 542.23 542.30 545.11 546.33 547.63 549.22 552.02 553.30 554.62 556.23 556.61 557.12 559.305 561.53 561.68 561.74 571.904 574.406 601.50 604.59 606.35 618.057 619.982 620.298 626.735 635.881 636.626 650.894 659.811 661.841 663.074 682.053 687.656 693.594 725.271

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V IV IV IV IV IV V IV V V V V V IV IV IV IV III III III II III III III II II IV IV III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2500 2000 5000 5000 5000 500 500 6000 8000 600 5000 2000 2000 2000 500 600 40 700 25 25 75 500 600 150 700 90 6000 3000 9000 6000 5000 5000 200 200 250 400 350 250 250 400 350 350 400 250 300 200 200 500 800 800 3000 1200 900 3000 10000 5000 12000 2500 20000 25000 20000

728.951 777.562 787.580 788.740 793.342 834.84 834.97 839.297 839.599 840.93 851.691 888.026 893.549 961.499 973.21 977.56 978.284 984.95 998.372 998.432 1002.346 1005.28 1008.78 1013.664 1015.02 1025.553 1063.831 1067.945 1071.036 1071.767 1075.230 1079.080 1084.667 1085.171 1085.304 1088.06 1090.271 1090.982 1092.437 1094.769 1095.148 1095.662 1095.797 1096.810 1097.369 1098.068 1099.523 1107.528 1139.214 1167.148 1179.293 1188.774 1201.353 1335.726 1347.240 1351.657 1363.447 1373.116 1379.528 1389.693 1389.957

II II II II II IV IV II II IV II II II II IV IV I IV I I I III III I III I II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

12000 500 500 500 500 500 600 500 500 500 500 450 h 450 350 h 350 h 700 500 500 700 600 500 600 600 600 700 600 600 500 500 600 500 500 500 600 700 500 500 700 600 500 600 600 800 900 700 700 800 900 800 800 900 800 900 800 700 700 700 700 600 600 800

1396.527 1441.470 1528.569 1542.942 1558.144 1565.050 1822.50 1828.40 1857.488 1901.61 1983.61 1997.370 2032.116 2088.583 2091.458 2253.07 2268.95 2278.34 2283.93 2323.50 2336.45 2340.64 2359.67 2370.37 2416.42 2447.14 2448.58 2486.91 2532.48 2580.67 2603.59 2632.67 2633.18 2665.54 2710.37 2724.03 2751.23 2782.47 2965.56 3063.13 3076.68 3104.46 3139.34 3191.45 3289.80 3320.57 3329.06 3340.42 3392.89 3393.45 3530.03 3560.68 3602.10 3612.85 3622.69 3656.95 3670.28 3682.05 3705.45 3707.34 3720.45

I II II II II II III III II III III II II II II III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV IV III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Atomic

Intensity

10-15

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-16

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

800 500 10000 25000 500 700 600 600 500 500 10000 h 500 40 50 80 45 40 45 13000 99000 29000 16000 81000 47000 26000 10000 26000 30 56000 23000 15000 99000 10000 19000 10000 40 50 d 45 30 50 200 160 150 300 300 600 7500 5000 550 550 700 11000 2300 450 7000 10000 2200 650 2200 1700 3000

3748.81 3779.35 3850.99 3860.83 3925.87 3991.50 4018.50 4059.07 4104.23 4106.83 4132.50 4608.21 4623.938 4654.040 4661.208 4691.523 4721.255 4740.729 4781.32 4794.55 4810.06 4819.47 4896.77 4904.78 4917.73 4995.48 5078.26 5099.789 5217.94 5221.36 5392.12 5423.23 5423.51 5443.37 5444.21 5532.162 5796.305 5799.914 5856.742 6019.812 6140.245 6194.757 6434.833 6932.903 6981.886 7086.814 7256.62 7414.11 7462.370 7489.47 7492.118 7547.072 7672.42 7702.828 7717.581 7744.97 7769.16 7771.09 7821.36 7830.75 7878.22

K21599_S10.indb 16

III III II II III III III III III III II III I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2300 1800 3000 2100 1700 650 1500 1300 600 2900 2200 1100 400 1700 2200 3000 1300 2500 2200 2200 800 18000 3000 20000 18000 99900 400 15000 2200 2200 20000 750 75000 450 300 3500 2200 3000 2000 2500 1000 2000 7500 3000 500 4000 1500 3500 500 1000 3500 250 1000 250 200 400 331 300 269 1000 350

7899.31 7915.08 7924.645 7933.89 7935.012 7952.52 7974.72 7976.97 7980.60 7997.85 8015.61 8023.33 8051.07 8084.51 8085.56 8086.67 8087.73 8194.42 8199.13 8200.21 8203.78 8212.04 8220.45 8221.74 8333.31 8375.94 8406.199 8428.25 8467.34 8550.44 8575.24 8578.02 8585.97 8628.54 8641.71 8686.26 8912.92 8948.06 9038.982 9045.43 9069.656 9073.17 9121.15 9191.731 9197.596 9288.86 9393.862 9452.10 9486.964 9584.801 9592.22 9632.509 9702.439 9744.426 9807.057 9875.970 10392.549 11123.05 11409.69 11436.33 13243.8

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

310 550 525 294 269 381 1094 1487 2780 277 342 735 283 259 717 100

13296.0 13346.8 13821.7 14931.7 15108.0 15465.1 15520.3 15730.1 15869.7 15883.3 15928.9 15960.0 15970.5 16198.5 19755.3 24470.0 39716.0 40085.5 40089.5 40532.2

Chromium Cr Z = 24 100 438.62 100 464.02 100 620.66 100 629.26 80 630.30 100 666.55 100 693.92 60 1030.47 100 1033.69 100 1036.03 80 1055.89 80 1068.41 100 1116.48 150 1121.07 150 1127.63 100 1263.50 100 1417.42 150 1465.86 150 1497.97 170 1519.03 220 1579.70 170 1591.72 150 1603.19 120 1672.66 120 1758.51 140 1802.72 130 1812.41 200 1837.44 140 1873.89 140 1967.18 120 1972.07 19000 2055.52 14000 2061.49 8900 2065.42 200 2226.72 200 2235.91 150 2237.59 150 2244.10 150 2284.44 150 2324.88

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V IV IV IV IV IV III III III IV III V V V V IV V V V V V V IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV II II II III III III III III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

130 140 170 110 190 110 390 190 160 130 150 100 380 250 250 320 440 280 350 280 1800 320 230 280 180 180 110 140 170 420 h 280 h 170 h 250 110 h 330 390 280 110 h 150 350 750 750 250 h 610 180 180 2500 110 1700 1200 120 880 610 440 790 750 610 480 210 110 160

2383.33 2408.62 2496.31 2502.53 2504.31 2516.92 2519.52 2527.12 2549.54 2560.69 2571.74 2577.65 2591.85 2653.59 2658.59 2663.42 2666.02 2668.71 2671.81 2672.83 2677.16 2678.79 2687.09 2691.04 2698.41 2698.69 2701.99 2712.31 2722.75 2726.51 2731.91 2736.47 2743.64 2748.29 2748.98 2750.73 2751.87 2752.88 2757.10 2757.72 2762.59 2766.54 2769.92 2780.70 2822.37 2830.47 2835.63 2840.02 2843.25 2849.84 2851.36 2855.68 2858.91 2860.93 2862.57 2865.11 2866.74 2867.65 2870.44 2871.63 2873.48

I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I I I II I II II II I I II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2875.99 2876.24 2877.98 2879.27 2887.00 2889.29 2893.25 2894.17 2896.75 2905.49 2909.05 2910.90 2911.14 2967.64 2971.11 2971.91 2975.48 2979.74 2980.79 2985.32 2985.85 2986.00 2986.47 2988.65 2989.19 2991.89 2994.07 2995.10 2996.58 2998.79 3000.89 3005.06 3013.03 3013.71 3014.76 3014.92 3015.19 3017.57 3018.50 3018.82 3020.67 3021.56 3024.35 3029.16 3030.24 3031.35 3034.19 3037.04 3040.85 3050.14 3053.88 3118.65 3120.37 3124.94 3128.70 3132.06 3136.68 3147.23 3155.15 3163.76 3180.70

K21599_S10.indb 17

II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II II II II II II I I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

220 170 140 120 130 130 130 110 170 160 430 140 170 360 210 270 140 270 160 140 170 170 190 130 100 120 130 130 330 h 19000 160 h 130 17000 350 13000 130 350 630 220 220 170 220 130 120 130 130 130 150 480 570 340 230 260 130 130 120 130 140 200 530 110

3197.08 3209.18 3217.40 3245.54 3251.84 3257.82 3339.80 3342.59 3358.50 3360.30 3368.05 3382.68 3403.32 3408.76 3421.21 3422.74 3433.31 3433.60 3436.19 3441.44 3445.62 3447.43 3453.33 3455.60 3460.43 3550.64 3566.16 3573.64 3574.80 3578.69 3584.33 3585.30 3593.49 3601.67 3605.33 3632.84 3636.59 3639.80 3641.83 3649.00 3653.91 3656.26 3663.21 3685.55 3686.80 3687.25 3730.81 3732.03 3743.58 3743.88 3749.00 3757.66 3768.24 3791.38 3792.14 3793.29 3793.88 3797.13 3797.72 3804.80 3806.83

II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 180 180 130 130 380 190 140 290 140 190 110 140 260 660 570 380 260 360 960 120 hd 120 190 1900 600 600 410 1900 120 1600 1600 960 190 160 960 160 190 160 120 120 190 160 120 140 120 140 170 170 110 20000 110 16000 10000 780 1100 380 1900 380 2300 570 530

3807.93 3815.43 3819.56 3826.42 3830.03 3841.28 3848.98 3849.36 3850.04 3852.22 3854.22 3855.29 3855.57 3857.63 3883.29 3885.22 3886.79 3894.04 3902.92 3908.76 3911.82 3915.84 3916.24 3919.16 3921.02 3928.64 3941.49 3963.69 3969.06 3969.75 3976.66 3983.91 3984.34 3989.99 3991.12 3991.67 3992.84 4001.44 4012.47 4026.17 4039.10 4048.78 4058.77 4126.52 4153.82 4163.62 4174.80 4179.26 4209.37 4254.35 4263.14 4274.80 4289.72 4337.57 4339.45 4339.72 4344.51 4351.05 4351.77 4359.63 4371.28

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 530 110 660 380 380 240 240 240 140 600 120 120 360 360 480 240 600 550 1600 570 840 240 d 190 240 120 140 340 190 120 110 140 130 260 110 70 110 60 70 70 70 85 5300 8400 11000 85 290 530 180 95 h 70 h 340 70 h 660 85 340 h 70 h 780 380 40 1400

4374.16 4384.98 4458.54 4496.86 4526.47 4530.74 4535.72 4540.50 4540.72 4544.62 4545.96 4565.51 4571.68 4580.06 4591.39 4600.75 4613.37 4616.14 4626.19 4646.17 4651.28 4652.16 4698.46 4708.04 4718.43 4730.71 4737.35 4756.11 4789.32 4801.03 4829.38 4870.80 4887.01 4922.27 4936.33 4942.50 4954.81 5013.32 5166.23 5184.59 5192.00 5196.44 5204.52 5206.04 5208.44 5224.94 5247.56 5264.15 5265.72 5275.17 5276.03 5296.69 5297.36 5298.27 5300.75 5328.34 5329.17 5345.81 5348.32 5400.61 5409.79

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Atomic

Intensity 320 230 180 120 170 700 370 190 210 180 260 260 250 480 480 210 480 190 350 110 480 1500 2100 660 160 480 230 300 700 210 1100 750 140 710 710 1400 710 2800 430 240 430 2800 1100 170 710 140 390 550 550 110 710 240 430 470 120 590 140 140 100 100 240

10-17

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-18

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

24 7 24 24 40 24 24 24 h 30 h 24 h 19 h 60 h 180 h 35 22 19 21 h 27 h 30 h 85 130 150 40 19

5628.64 5642.36 5664.04 5694.73 5698.33 5702.31 5712.78 5783.11 5783.93 5785.00 5785.82 5787.99 5791.00 6330.10 6362.87 6661.08 6883.03 6924.13 6978.48 7355.90 7400.21 7462.31 8947.15 8976.83

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Cobalt Co Z = 27 20 355.52 18 355.88 12 356.06 66 609.16 70 609.21 64 609.28 10 1018.36 10 1021.14 15 1231.73 50 1277.01 80 1299.58 80 1306.95 50 1345.67 1000 1696.01 800 1697.99 1000 1707.35 5000 1760.35 5000 1773.57 2000 1780.05 3000 1782.97 1000 1787.08 1000 1789.07 1000 1823.08 2000 1830.09 2000 1831.44 5000 1835.00 1500 1842.34 1800 1847.89 1800 1852.71 2400 1855.05 2000 1863.83 1500 1878.28 1800 1936.58 1500 1946.79 1500 1951.90 1800 1954.22

V V V IV IV IV V V V V II II V III III III III III III III III III III III III III I I I I III I I I I I

K21599_S10.indb 18

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1800 1500 1500 1500 h 1500 h 3000 1800 h 1800 h 1500 1800 2400 h 1500 1800 1500 l 1500 900 50 1200 h 900 50 50 900 1500 1200 50 1500 h 900 900 900 900 900 900 1200 1500 1500 900 900 s 900 900 900 1100 200 200 150 200 1000 200 300 d 300 800 d 2600 500 500 300 200 p 2400 300 p 200 d 500 1400 1600

1955.17 1958.55 1961.59 1968.69 1968.93 1970.71 1971.16 1972.52 1973.85 1976.97 1980.89 1989.80 1990.34 1998.49 2002.32 2008.04 2011.51 2014.58 2016.17 2022.35 2027.04 2031.96 2039.95 2041.11 2065.54 2077.76 2085.67 2087.55 2089.35 2093.40 2094.86 2095.77 2097.51 2104.73 2106.80 2108.98 2117.68 2137.78 2138.97 2163.03 2174.60 2193.60 2256.73 2260.00 2283.52 2286.15 2291.98 2293.38 2301.40 2307.85 2309.02 2311.60 2314.05 2314.96 2317.06 2323.14 2324.31 2326.11 2326.47 2335.99 2338.67

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II I II II II II I II II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 1600 200 d 2000 500 400 1400 200 300 p 1400 200 500 200 1100 d 200 p 5300 5300 1600 4800 4800 300 4100 3300 2900 2400 200 200 d 200 p 200 200 200 200 570 500 360 200 860 500 4300 200 h 300 500 2900 200 p 720 860 200 d 2900 860 300 1700 200 340 310 310 300 200 960 500 1100 960

2347.39 2352.85 2353.41 2353.42 2363.80 2378.62 2380.48 2381.76 2383.45 2384.86 2386.36 2388.92 2397.38 2402.06 2404.16 2407.25 2411.62 2412.76 2414.46 2415.30 2417.65 2424.93 2432.21 2436.66 2439.05 2442.63 2446.03 2447.69 2450.00 2464.20 2486.44 2498.82 2504.52 2506.46 2506.88 2511.16 2517.87 2519.82 2521.36 2524.65 2524.97 2528.62 2528.97 2530.09 2530.13 2532.18 2533.82 2535.96 2536.49 2541.94 2544.25 2546.74 2548.34 2553.37 2555.07 2559.41 2560.03 2562.15 2564.04 2567.35 2574.35

II I II I II II I II II I II II II I II I I I I I II I I I I II II II II II II II I II I II I II I II II II I II I I II I I II I II I I I II II I II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

800 300 d 500 500 200 100 p 100 100 100 p 100 100 310 770 100 100 200 100 100 100 200 200 190 100 80 190 100 190 100 100 100 100 150 80 80 80 190 100 100 100 690 690 60 3100 1700 80 1100 2200 11000 4500 6700 2200 2700 50 2500 4500 1600 8800 50 4100 2100 21000

2580.32 2582.22 2587.22 2587.52 2588.91 2605.71 2612.50 2614.36 2628.77 2632.26 2636.07 2646.42 2648.64 2653.72 2663.53 2666.73 2675.85 2684.42 2702.02 2706.62 2707.35 2715.99 2727.78 2734.54 2745.10 2753.22 2764.19 2766.70 2774.97 2791.00 2793.73 2815.56 2835.63 2847.35 2871.22 2886.44 2918.38 2930.24 2954.73 2987.16 2989.59 3022.59 3044.00 3061.82 3387.70 3388.17 3395.38 3405.12 3409.18 3412.34 3412.63 3417.16 3423.84 3431.58 3433.04 3442.93 3443.64 3446.39 3449.17 3449.44 3453.50

II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II II II II I II II II I II II II I I II I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 3455.23 3462.80 3465.80 3474.02 3483.41 3489.40 3495.69 3501.72 3502.28 3506.32 3507.77 3509.84 3510.43 3512.64 3513.48 3518.35 3520.08 3521.57 3523.43 3523.51 3526.85 3529.03 3529.81 3533.36 3545.03 3560.89 3561.07 3569.38 3574.95 3574.96 3575.32 3575.36 3577.96 3585.16 3587.19 3594.87 3602.08 3621.21 3627.81 3643.61 3681.35 3745.50 3842.05 3845.47 3873.12 3873.96 3894.08 3935.97 3963.10 3995.31 3997.91 4020.90 4045.39 4066.37 4092.39 4110.54 4118.77 4121.32 4190.71 4469.56 4530.96

K21599_S10.indb 19

I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I II I II I II I II I I I I II I II II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

90 140 190 120 85 110 100 150 80 h 50 50 50 50 50

4549.66 4565.59 4581.60 4629.38 4663.41 4792.86 4840.27 4867.88 4964.18 5212.71 5230.22 5247.93 5342.71 5352.05

I I I I I I I I II I I I I I

Z = 29 685.141 709.313 718.179 724.489 735.520 736.032 779.295 797.455 810.998 813.883 826.996 848.808 851.303 858.487 861.994 865.390 869.336 873.263 876.723 877.012 877.555 878.699 884.133 885.847 886.943 890.567 892.414 893.678 894.227 896.759 896.976 901.073 906.113 914.213 922.019 924.239 935.232 935.898 943.335 945.525 945.965 954.383 956.290 958.154 960.414 968.042

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Copper Cu 80 100 100 150 200 250 80 100 150 200 300 150 250 250 400 400 250 150 200 250 200 500 100 250 600 600 500 800 400 600 400 600 400 800 600 500 400 600 600 600 500 200 250 400 200 250

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 250 100 250 300 300 300 300 250 500 500 250 200 600 600 600 800 800 500 600 400 600 400 600 600 600 200 200 500 300 200 300 250 150 200 300 100 150 300 150 150 150 300 300 100 100 150 250 150 300 200 200 250 200 300 r 200 r 100 100 150 150 100

974.759 977.567 987.657 992.953 1004.055 1008.569 1008.728 1010.269 1012.597 1018.707 1027.831 1028.328 1030.263 1036.470 1039.348 1039.582 1044.519 1044.744 1049.755 1054.690 1055.797 1056.955 1058.799 1059.096 1060.634 1063.005 1065.782 1066.134 1069.195 1073.745 1088.395 1094.402 1097.053 1119.947 1142.640 1144.856 1250.048 1265.506 1275.572 1282.455 1287.468 1298.395 1308.297 1314.337 1320.686 1326.395 1350.594 1351.837 1355.305 1358.773 1359.009 1362.600 1367.951 1371.840 1376.79 1377.49 1393.128 1398.642 1402.777 1407.169 1414.898

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III III II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

250 250 200 400 250 150 150 200 200 250 200 300 250 200 400 200 400 200 250 200 150 300 r 200 200 750 300 250 250 350 150 250 200 300 350 200 200 500 200 500 600 200 200 150 500 300 250 250 500 200 300 300 750 400 100 300 300 500 250 400 500 300

1418.426 1421.759 1427.829 1430.243 1434.904 1436.236 1442.139 1445.984 1449.058 1450.304 1452.294 1458.002 1459.412 1463.752 1463.838 1466.070 1470.697 1472.395 1473.978 1474.935 1476.059 1481.23 1481.544 1485.328 1488.831 1492.834 1493.366 1495.430 1496.687 1503.368 1504.757 1505.388 1508.632 1510.506 1512.465 1513.366 1514.492 1517.631 1519.492 1519.837 1520.540 1524.860 1525.764 1531.856 1532.131 1533.986 1535.002 1537.559 1540.239 1540.389 1540.588 1541.703 1544.677 1547.958 1550.653 1551.389 1552.646 1553.896 1555.134 1555.703 1558.345

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Atomic

Intensity 1000 5100 5100 8000 1900 4800 2400 50 9600 7000 50 2900 1400 4800 3800 4800 1300 2700 3800 60 6400 2700 7300 1900 50 1100 80 8800 50 1600 60 2500 60 1000 6700 1900 1600 100 1000 80 60 1100 1400 6900 5500 2800 7900 1500 80 h 6000 970 350 370 350 830 550 2800 4400 90 90 690

10-19

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-20

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

400 400 100 300 300 400 500 400 600 500 r 400 400 200 300 400 250 150 200 600 400 250 100 1000 r 250 30 r 200 200 300 100 30 30 30 r 50 r 150 50 r 100 50 r 150 200 r 100 r 250 250 100 200 150 150 500 300 250 270 250 350 300 100 110 320 300 320 350 350 420

1565.924 1566.415 1569.416 1579.492 1580.626 1581.995 1583.682 1590.165 1593.556 1593.75 1598.402 1602.388 1604.848 1605.281 1606.834 1608.639 1610.296 1617.915 1621.426 1622.428 1630.268 1636.605 1642.21 1649.458 1655.32 1656.322 1660.001 1663.002 1672.776 1688.09 1691.08 1703.84 1713.36 1717.721 1725.66 1736.551 1741.57 1753.281 1774.82 1825.35 1929.751 1944.597 1946.493 1957.518 1970.495 1977.027 1979.956 1989.855 1999.698 2035.854 2037.127 2043.802 2054.980 2078.663 2098.398 2104.797 2112.100 2117.310 2122.980 2126.044 2134.341

K21599_S10.indb 20

II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II III II I II II II II I I I I II I II I II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

900 400 150 1300 r 250 1600 r 700 1700 r 700 900 400 1700 r 1300 r 100 200 750 1600 r 250 1000 r 750 2100 r 150 1600 r 350 2500 r 1100 r 900 2300 r 1000 1300 r 2200 r 150 200 100 2500 r 170 1000 150 2500 r 120 1500 1000 r 100 2000 r 150 120 300 100 150 200 2500 r 200 750 700 650 700 650 300 120 270 2500 r

2135.981 2148.984 2161.320 2165.09 2174.982 2178.94 2179.410 2181.72 2189.630 2192.268 2195.683 2199.58 2199.75 2200.509 2209.806 2210.268 2214.58 2215.106 2215.65 2218.108 2225.70 2226.780 2227.78 2228.868 2230.08 2238.45 2242.618 2244.26 2247.002 2260.53 2263.08 2263.786 2276.258 2286.645 2293.84 2294.368 2303.12 2369.890 2392.63 2403.337 2406.66 2441.64 2485.792 2492.15 2506.273 2526.593 2544.805 2571.756 2590.529 2600.270 2618.37 2666.291 2689.300 2700.962 2703.184 2713.508 2718.778 2721.677 2737.342 2745.271 2766.37

II II II I II I II I II II II I I II II II I II I II I II I II I I II I II I I II II II I II I II I II I I II I II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

800 200 170 100 1250 r 350 100 600 270 2500 r 100 2000 2000 2500 2500 1400 1500 1250 2000 1400 h 1500 1400 1500 h 10000 r 10000 r 1400 h 400 1500 h 110 250 2500 h 200 1500 150 200 450 300 200 100 1250 h 1250 2000 1400 1400 1000 150 170 100 140 160 280 150 170 140 120 120 150 140 1250 100 600

2769.669 2791.795 2799.528 2810.804 2824.37 2837.368 2857.748 2877.100 2884.196 2961.16 2986.335 2997.36 3010.84 3036.10 3063.41 3073.80 3093.99 3099.93 3108.60 3126.11 3194.10 3208.23 3243.16 3247.54 3273.96 3282.72 3290.418 3290.54 3300.881 3301.229 3307.95 3316.276 3337.84 3338.648 3365.648 3370.454 3374.952 3380.712 3384.945 3483.76 3524.23 3530.38 3599.13 3602.03 3686.555 3786.270 3797.849 3818.879 3826.921 3864.137 3884.131 3892.924 3903.177 3920.654 3933.268 3987.024 3993.302 4003.476 4022.63 4032.647 4043.484

II II II II I II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I II I II II II II II II I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 2000 120 500 200 300 500 370 400 500 500 320 200 950 300 500 400 100 400 150 150 500 100 120 2000 120 320 300 450 100 400 120 300 100 150 1000 500 200 900 120 700 500 400 350 400 350 200 300 900 400 500 450 350 450 420 350 1500 250 2000 100 100

4043.751 4062.64 4068.106 4131.363 4143.017 4153.623 4161.140 4164.284 4171.851 4179.512 4211.866 4230.449 4255.635 4275.11 4279.962 4292.470 4365.370 4444.831 4506.002 4516.049 4541.032 4555.920 4596.906 4649.271 4651.12 4661.363 4671.702 4673.577 4681.994 4758.433 4812.948 4851.262 4854.988 4873.304 4901.427 4909.734 4918.376 4926.424 4931.698 4943.026 4953.724 4985.506 5006.801 5009.851 5012.620 5021.279 5039.016 5047.348 5051.793 5058.910 5065.459 5067.094 5072.302 5088.277 5093.816 5100.067 5105.54 5124.476 5153.24 5158.093 5183.367

II I II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 5218.20 5269.991 5276.525 5292.52 5368.383 5700.24 5782.13 5805.989 5833.515 5897.971 5937.577 5941.196 5993.260 6000.120 6023.264 6072.218 6080.343 6099.990 6107.412 6114.493 6150.384 6154.222 6172.037 6186.884 6188.676 6198.092 6204.261 6208.457 6216.939 6219.844 6261.848 6273.349 6288.696 6301.009 6305.972 6312.492 6326.466 6373.268 6377.840 6403.384 6423.884 6442.965 6448.559 6466.246 6470.168 6481.437 6484.421 6517.317 6530.083 6551.286 6577.080 6624.292 6641.396 6660.962 6770.362 6806.216 6809.647 6823.202 6844.157 6868.791 6872.231

K21599_S10.indb 21

I II II I II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

270 220 150 150 200 300 400 300 250 1000 270 500 700 1000 150 450 800 750 1500 1000 350 300 700 1500 400 400 1200 2000 500 800 250 750 200 500 250 200 600 600 200 550 500 550 450 500 450 550 550 650 450

6879.404 6937.553 6952.871 6977.572 7022.860 7194.896 7326.008 7331.694 7382.277 7404.354 7434.156 7562.015 7652.333 7664.648 7681.788 7744.097 7778.738 7805.184 7807.659 7825.654 7860.577 7890.567 7902.553 7933.13 7944.438 7972.033 7988.163 8092.63 8277.560 8283.160 8503.396 8511.061 8609.134 9813.213 9827.978 9830.798 9861.280 9864.137 9883.969 9916.419 9917.954 9925.594 9938.998 9960.354 10006.588 10022.969 10038.093 10054.938 10080.354

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Dysprosium Dy Z = 66 260 2356.91 240 2410.01 260 2439.84 220 2585.30 440 2634.80 220 2755.75 300 2816.39 390 2913.95 610 3038.28 830 3135.38 500 3141.14

II II II I II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1200 670 1000 470 830 490 490 1200 890 490 1100 780 1000 780 510 510 5300 610 3800 1300 5300 1300 530 780 530 1900 560 1300 3800 830 2700 1300 4400 720 560 560 d 1300 4400 560 830 830 830 1300 560 4400 22000 4400 5500 4400 1700 1400 4400 2200 440 h 440 2200 560 780 1400 4400 1700

3156.52 3162.83 3169.99 3215.19 3216.63 3235.89 3245.12 3251.27 3280.09 3282.77 3308.88 3316.32 3319.88 3341.00 3353.58 3368.11 3385.02 3388.85 3393.57 3396.16 3407.80 3413.78 3414.82 3419.63 3425.06 3434.37 3440.93 3441.45 3445.57 3446.99 3454.32 3456.56 3460.97 3468.43 3471.14 3471.53 3477.07 3494.49 3496.34 3498.71 3504.53 3505.45 3506.81 3517.26 3523.98 3531.70 3534.96 3536.02 3538.52 3542.33 3546.83 3550.22 3551.62 3558.23 3559.30 3563.15 3563.69 3573.83 3574.15 3576.24 3576.87

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

830 440 3300 1400 560 1100 560 560 1800 560 1800 440 560 470 1100 4000 440 1100 11000 1000 700 990 420 1400 2200 640 820 1300 4700 990 540 440 440 420 1600 930 1200 1400 1400 1200 4700 640 640 420 3300 1600 700 510 580 470 470 1400 700 2300 1400 420 420 1200 420 560 1600

3577.98 3580.04 3585.06 3585.78 3586.11 3591.41 3591.81 3592.11 3595.04 3600.38 3606.12 3618.51 3620.16 3624.27 3629.42 3630.24 3632.78 3640.25 3645.40 3648.78 3664.62 3672.30 3672.70 3674.08 3676.59 3678.51 3684.85 3685.78 3694.81 3698.21 3701.63 3707.57 3708.22 3710.07 3724.45 3739.34 3747.82 3753.51 3753.75 3757.05 3757.37 3767.63 3773.05 3781.47 3786.18 3788.44 3791.87 3804.14 3806.27 3812.27 3813.67 3816.76 3825.68 3836.50 3841.31 3846.34 3847.02 3853.03 3858.40 3868.45 3868.81

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II II II II II II II I II II II I II I I I II II II II II I II II II II II II I II I II I

Atomic

Intensity 2500 100 100 1650 100 1500 1500 150 100 200 120 400 100 650 100 250 150 150 160 300 600 750 500 550 400 300 470 450 750 700 500 1000 350 900 550 400 120 400 750 400 850 200 750 170 950 750 400 220 400 120 200 750 800 450 100 300 400 320 250 320 270

10-21

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-22

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

820 7000 1200 470 5800 540 540 540 d 420 540 2100 10000 800 14000 2700 1400 1600 800 540 1600 8000 420 540 540 540 420 520 d 520 420 420 12000 1600 520 2500 7400 3900 860 1500 490 990 1200 990 5700 930 12000 2200 6800 800 680 680 16000 1800 3700 4400 4400 2700 1000 540 740 420 2100

3869.86 3872.11 3873.99 3879.11 3898.53 3914.87 3915.59 3917.29 3927.86 3930.14 3931.52 3944.68 3957.79 3968.39 3978.57 3981.92 3983.65 3984.21 3991.32 3996.69 4000.45 4005.84 4011.29 4013.82 4014.70 4027.78 4028.32 4032.47 4033.65 4036.32 4045.97 4050.56 4055.14 4073.12 4077.96 4103.30 4103.87 4111.34 4124.63 4129.42 4143.10 4146.06 4167.97 4183.72 4186.82 4191.64 4194.84 4198.02 4201.30 4202.24 4211.72 4213.18 4215.16 4218.09 4221.11 4225.16 4308.63 4409.38 4449.70 4577.78 4589.36

K21599_S10.indb 22

II II II II II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II II II II II I II II II II II I II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

990 170 120 h 480 70 160 95 120 80 80 130 h 190 110 80 290 95 70 130 65 55 160 65 85 80 70 95 65 100 55 h 80 70 h 55 55 h 70 120 140 140 100 270 160 75 180 80 65 55 55 80 100

4612.26 4731.84 4775.79 4957.34 5022.12 5042.63 5070.68 5077.67 5090.38 5110.32 5120.04 5139.60 5169.69 5185.30 5192.86 5197.66 5259.88 5260.56 5267.11 5282.07 5301.58 5340.30 5389.58 5419.13 5423.32 5451.11 5547.27 5639.50 5645.99 5652.01 5718.46 5745.53 5868.11 5945.80 5974.49 5988.56 6088.26 6168.43 6259.09 6579.37 6667.86 6835.42 6852.96 6899.32 7426.86 7543.73 7662.36 8201.57

I II I II I I I I II I I II II I II II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II II I I II

45

8791.39

II

Erbium Er Z = 68 600 2277.65 290 2586.73 490 2670.26 500 2739.27 610 2755.63 1000 2904.47 1500 2910.36 1500 2964.52 1200 3002.41 1000 3055.10

III II II III II II II II II III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 610 720 610 770 1500 870 870 610 2300 2700 720 720 2000 2300 770 770 1300 1400 1400 d 7700 970 1700 2300 770 970 610 970 6700 610 610 820 1500 1000 920 1000 610 610 1000 3100 720 1000 1600 900 7900 1300 900 900 1800 1600 4000 3600 680 7500 1500 1200 4200 5200 11000 3200 2100

3070.40 3073.34 3082.08 3084.02 3122.72 3166.25 3181.92 3220.73 3223.31 3230.58 3264.78 3279.33 3280.22 3301.23 3312.42 3323.19 3332.70 3346.04 3364.08 3368.02 3372.71 3374.17 3385.08 3392.00 3441.13 3471.71 3479.41 3485.85 3499.10 3502.78 3524.91 3549.84 3558.02 3559.90 3570.75 3580.52 3590.76 3599.50 3599.83 3616.56 3628.04 3633.54 3638.68 3645.94 3692.65 3729.52 3742.64 3747.43 3786.84 3810.33 3816.78 3830.48 3855.90 3862.85 3880.61 3882.89 3892.68 3896.23 3906.31 3937.01 3938.63

III II II II II III II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II II I II II II I II I II II II II I II I III II I I II II I II II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

3200 2700 3200 1400 810 1100 810 14000 1100 3000 1000 940 690 3500 1100 6900 1000 1400 690 40000 20000 810 1000 570 15000 2000 250 200 210 120 130 120 130 170 130 160 150 140 80 90 60 180 90 80 80 60 70 80 90 70 70 100 290 70 70 430 100 120 140 120 8000

3944.42 3973.04 3973.58 3974.72 3977.02 3982.33 3987.66 4007.96 4012.58 4020.51 4046.96 4055.47 4059.78 4087.63 4098.10 4151.11 4190.70 4218.43 4286.56 4290.06 4386.86 4409.34 4606.61 4675.62 4735.56 4783.12 5007.25 5035.94 5042.05 5124.56 5127.41 5131.53 5133.83 5164.77 5172.78 5188.90 5206.52 5255.93 5272.91 5348.06 5414.63 5456.62 5468.32 5485.97 5593.46 5611.82 5622.01 5626.53 5640.36 5664.95 5719.55 5739.19 5762.80 5784.66 5800.79 5826.79 5850.07 5855.31 5872.35 5881.14 5903.30

I I I II I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I III III I I II III III I I II I II I II II I II I II I I II I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I III

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å

70 70 60 360 55 60 130 55 55 60 70 70 35 70 55 55 120 35 35 35 30 35 55 9

6022.56 6061.25 6076.45 6221.02 6262.56 6268.87 6308.77 6326.13 6492.35 6583.48 6601.11 6759.87 6790.92 6848.10 6865.13 7459.55 7469.51 7680.01 7797.47 7921.85 7937.84 8312.82 8409.90 8866.84

I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II

Europium Eu Z = 63 30 2124.69 200 2350.51 4000 2375.46 100 d 2435.14 1000 2444.38 4000 2445.99 2000 2513.76 200 2522.14 160 2564.17 110 2568.17 230 2577.14 1000 2638.77 380 2641.27 640 2668.34 110 2673.42 250 2678.29 250 2685.66 550 2692.03 700 2701.14 800 2701.90 240 2705.28 180 2709.99 700 2716.98 4200 2727.78 160 2740.62 120 2744.26 480 2781.89 1900 2802.84 220 2811.75 3400 2813.94 550 2816.18 2000 2820.78 400 cw 2828.72 260 2859.67 280 2862.57 200 2892.54

III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I

K21599_S10.indb 23

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

140 360 3200 160 850 200 cw 260 300 100 c 200 c 320 cw 120 220 120 320 950 120 50 c 50 c 420 1000 420 150 210 150 140 140 950 110 140 190 280 150 150 130 470 cw 150 180 150 6400 20000 cw 350 260 39000 cw 140 190 150 28000 cw 32000 cw 30000 cw 180 150 120 120 33000 cw 60000 cw 150 240 14000 cw 3000 11000

2893.03 2893.83 2906.68 2908.99 2925.04 2952.68 2960.21 2991.33 3023.93 3026.79 3054.94 3058.98 3077.36 3097.45 3106.18 3111.43 3130.73 3171.00 3183.78 3210.57 3212.81 3213.75 3272.77 3277.78 3301.95 3308.02 3313.33 3334.33 3350.40 3369.06 3391.99 3396.58 3425.02 3441.00 3461.38 3521.09 3542.15 3552.52 3603.20 3688.42 3724.94 3741.31 3761.12 3819.67 3844.23 3865.57 3884.75 3907.10 3930.48 3971.96 4011.69 4017.58 4039.19 4085.38 4129.70 4205.05 4298.73 4355.09 4435.56 4522.57 4594.03

I I II I II II II II III III II I II II I I II III III I I I II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II I II II II I II II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

9800 8300 110 150 180 180 170 110 170 170 210 270 210 200 110 120 750 300 120 200 390 110 150 120 120 540 120 110 120 450 380 260 120 120 200 150 200 120 210 330 180 170 600 cw 330 480 cw 170 240 110 420 170 420 140 240 240 120 330 110 260 cw 140 240 170

4627.22 4661.88 4867.62 4907.18 4911.40 5013.17 5022.91 5029.54 5114.37 5129.10 5133.52 5160.07 5166.70 5199.85 5200.96 5206.44 5215.10 5223.49 5239.24 5266.40 5271.96 5272.48 5282.82 5291.26 5294.64 5357.61 5361.61 5376.94 5392.94 5402.77 5451.51 5452.94 5488.65 5510.52 5547.44 5570.33 5577.14 5580.03 5645.80 5765.20 5783.69 5818.74 5830.98 5966.07 5967.10 5972.75 5992.83 6012.56 6018.15 6029.00 6049.51 6057.36 6083.84 6099.35 6118.78 6173.05 6178.76 6188.13 6195.07 6262.25 6299.77

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

230 120 cw 120 cw 180 140 830 120 1400 50 140 360 120 330 570 570 540 720 300 160 60 cw 70 35 24 cw 21 cw 18

6303.41 6350.04 6400.93 6410.04 6411.32 6437.64 6457.96 6645.11 6666.35 6802.72 6864.54 7040.20 7077.10 7194.81 7217.55 7301.17 7370.22 7426.57 7583.91 7742.57 7746.19 7887.99 8209.80 8642.67 8870.30

Fluorine F Z = 9 50 148.00 50 163.56 90 165.98 100 166.18 50 186.84 60 190.57 70 190.84 50 196.39 60 196.45 70 200.09 80 201.16 90 208.25 90 240.08 100 251.03 140 419.65 150 420.05 160 420.73 100 429.51 110 430.15 150 430.76 90 464.29 120 465.98 130 490.57 160 491.00 50 497.38 60 497.83 70 498.80 90 506.16 100 508.08 120 508.39 60 514.08 90 525.29 100 526.30 120 567.69 110 567.75

II I I I I II I II III I I I II II II II II II I I I I I I I

Atomic

Intensity

10-23

V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III IV III V IV IV IV IV IV V V III V V V III III

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-24

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

140 140 150 160 90 100 90 100 110 130 120 130 110 140 140 140 130 150 130 160 60 150 125 500 1000 750 500 20 350 100 40 100 60 70 80 80 90 70 70 110 120 110 140 130 110 100 110 100 100 100 100 130 140 100 120 150 110 140 160 110 170

570.64 571.30 571.39 572.66 605.67 606.80 630.20 647.77 647.87 654.03 656.12 656.87 657.23 657.33 658.33 676.12 677.15 677.22 678.99 679.21 757.04 806.96 809.60 951.87 954.83 955.55 958.52 972.40 973.90 976.22 976.51 977.75 1082.31 1088.39 1219.03 1266.87 1267.71 1297.54 1359.92 1498.93 1502.01 1504.18 1504.79 1506.30 1506.77 1553.02 1557.59 1563.73 1565.54 1623.40 1650.76 1670.39 1677.40 1716.99 1770.09 1770.67 1772.93 1773.36 1791.65 1803.03 1805.90

K21599_S10.indb 24

IV IV IV IV II II III V V V III III V V III IV IV IV IV IV V I I I I I I I I I I I V V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 120 110 100 120 120 50 40 120 50 130 130 120 150 120 120 130 120 130 140 130 140 120 130 160 120 160 40 50 140 150 150 120 140 150 120 140 160 140 140 120 h 130 120 130 120 160 150 140 160 180 140 140 140 180 170 120 200 200 200 6 12

1839.30 1839.97 1840.14 2027.44 2030.32 2217.17 2298.29 2451.58 2452.07 2456.92 2464.85 2470.29 2478.73 2484.37 2542.77 2580.04 2583.81 2593.23 2595.53 2599.28 2625.01 2629.70 2656.44 2755.55 2759.63 2788.15 2811.45 2820.74 2826.13 2833.99 2835.63 2860.33 2862.86 2887.58 2889.45 2905.30 2913.29 2916.34 2932.49 2994.28 2997.21 2997.53 2999.47 3039.25 3039.75 3042.80 3049.14 3113.62 3115.70 3121.54 3124.79 3134.23 3146.99 3174.17 3174.76 3214.00 3501.45 3501.57 3502.96 3594.10 3668.17

III III III III III III IV IV III IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

270 260 250 5 8 5 5 240 220 230 200 200 200 140 h 120 h 120 h 140 h 6 150 160 15 12 18 12 10 20 12 15 40 90 18 25 25 140 120 12 25 70 50 150 80 900 100 150 140 800 400 130 13000 10000 140 8000 450 300 400 1800 400 7000 1500 9000 50000

3847.09 3849.99 3851.67 3898.48 3930.69 3934.26 3948.56 4024.73 4025.01 4025.49 4103.51 4246.23 4299.17 4420.30 4427.35 4432.32 4479.99 4960.65 5012.54 5110.99 5230.41 5279.01 5540.52 5552.43 5577.33 5624.06 5626.93 5659.15 5667.53 5671.67 5689.14 5700.82 5707.31 5753.17 5761.20 5950.15 5959.19 5965.28 5994.43 6015.83 6038.04 6047.54 6080.11 6091.82 6125.50 6149.76 6210.87 6233.57 6239.65 6348.51 6363.05 6413.65 6569.69 6580.39 6650.41 6690.48 6708.28 6773.98 6795.53 6834.26 6856.03

II II II I I I I II II II II II II III III III III I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III I I I I I I I I III III I I III I I III I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

8000 15000 6000 4000 45000 30000 15000 1000 15000 700 5000 120 130 10000 4000 2200 2500 900 5000 5000 7000 18000 15000 300 500 350 300 80 1000 900 350 350 600 300 600 300 350 2500 3000 500 1500 2000 600 900 1000 300 350 400 350 200 25 12 25 15 12 80 h 15 20

6870.22 6902.48 6909.82 6966.35 7037.47 7127.89 7202.36 7309.03 7311.02 7314.30 7331.96 7336.77 7354.94 7398.69 7425.65 7482.72 7489.16 7514.92 7552.24 7573.38 7607.17 7754.70 7800.21 7879.18 7898.59 7936.31 7956.32 8016.01 8040.93 8075.52 8077.52 8126.56 8129.26 8159.51 8179.34 8191.24 8208.63 8214.73 8230.77 8232.19 8274.62 8298.58 8302.40 8807.58 8900.92 8912.78 9025.49 9042.10 9178.68 9433.67 9505.30 9662.04 9734.34 9822.11 9902.65 10047.98 10285.45 10862.31

Francium Fr Z = 87 7177.

I I I I I I I I I I I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å

Gadolinium Gd Z = 64 1200 1007.24 1200 1063.84 1600 1476.98 1500 1705.03 1600 1706.01 2000 1736.24 1500 1815.32 2200 1975.24 3400 2018.07 2800 2359.31 1400 2397.87 2800 2697.39 2800 2703.28 2700 2727.89 9000 2904.73 9500 2955.53 1200 2999.04 2100 3010.13 1900 3027.60 2100 3032.84 1600 3034.05 2100 3081.99 3500 3100.50 930 3145.00 980 3156.53 980 3161.37 4000 3176.66 1400 3331.38 1100 3336.18 5400 3350.47 4300 3358.62 5400 3362.23 1100 3392.53 1100 d 3407.56 6900 3422.47 1700 3439.21 2700 3439.99 1400 3450.38 1100 3451.23 2700 3463.98 1700 3467.27 1700 3468.99 1400 3473.22 2200 3481.28 1700 3481.80 1700 3494.40 1400 3505.51 1100 3512.50 4300 3545.80 3900 3549.36 1400 3557.05 5400 3584.96 1100 3592.71 1100 3604.87 6100 3646.19 3900 3654.62 3100 3656.15 1400 3662.26 2700 3664.60 2000 3671.20

K21599_S10.indb 25

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III IV III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2000 3100 2000 1300 2700 2000 1400 2000 1800 d 1500 4500 1400 8700 1400 2900 5100 3700 3300 5100 4300 1600 1500 2200 1200 1400 1200 1100 1100 1400 1600 1300 2200 2600 2600 1900 1300 2800 1500 1100 2600 2200 1100 2400 2400 2200 1300 4800 1700

3684.13 3687.74 3697.73 3699.73 3712.70 3713.57 3716.36 3717.48 3719.45 3730.84 3743.47 3758.31 3768.39 3770.69 3783.05 3796.37 3813.97 3850.69 3850.97 3852.45 3866.99 3894.70 3916.51 3934.79 3945.54 3957.67 4023.14 4028.15 4037.33 4045.01 4049.43 4049.86 4053.64 4058.22 4063.39 4078.44 4078.70 4085.56 4092.71 4098.61 4130.37 4132.28 4175.54 4184.25 4190.78 4212.00 4225.85 4251.73

I II II II II I II I II II II II II II I II II II II II I II II I I II I I II I II II I I II II I II I II II II I II I II I II

1600 1100 1800 2600 d 1900 1000 2200 1400 1400 1100 1100 910 520

4262.09 4306.34 4313.84 4325.57 4327.12 4344.30 4346.46 4401.86 4422.41 4430.63 4519.66 4537.81 4614.50

I I I II I II I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

700 410 470 300 320 280 750 75 5000 130 910 180 120 860 190 410 280 130 320 120 140 280 280 220 280 130 280 110 170 300 200 300 240 3000 150 4000 3000 190 110 260 3000 390 120 240 220 280 110 170 85 85 65 110 h 430 75 40 40 40 h 55 50 35 85

4694.33 4743.65 4767.24 4784.62 4821.69 4934.12 5015.04 5039.09 5091.70 5098.38 5103.45 5108.91 5125.56 5155.84 5176.28 5197.77 5219.40 5233.93 5251.18 5252.14 5255.80 5283.08 5301.67 5302.76 5307.30 5321.50 5321.78 5327.32 5333.30 5343.00 5348.67 5350.38 5353.26 5365.96 5370.63 5553.30 5587.88 5617.91 5632.25 5643.24 5658.98 5696.22 5733.86 5791.38 5851.63 5856.22 5904.56 5911.45 5930.29 5936.84 5937.71 5988.02 6114.07 6305.15 6331.35 6380.95 6538.15 6564.78 6634.36 6681.23 6730.73

I I I I I I I I III II I II II I II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I III III I I I III I II I I I I II I I I I I II I II I I II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

50 26 100 100 50 75 60 45 35 170 28 28 35 40 55 80 35 35 25 18 21 21 h 14 h 18 h 5000

6752.67 6786.33 6828.25 6916.57 6985.89 6991.92 6996.76 7006.16 7122.57 7168.37 7189.57 7262.66 7441.85 7464.36 7562.97 7733.50 7846.35 7856.93 7930.25 8146.15 8668.63 8832.06 8849.14 8867.31 14332.88

II II I I II I II II I I II I I I I I II I II I I II I I III

Gallium Ga 14 61 30 30 30 41 30 30 30 30 40 40 50 30 40 40 40 30 30 25 16 50 40 90 90 50 20 40 40 90 90 120 80 90 80

Z = 31 294.53 295.67 298.44 300.01 302.86 304.99 307.03 308.26 311.79 313.68 319.41 322.31 322.99 323.10 324.25 324.95 326.14 326.77 328.65 423.18 439.92 620.00 622.01 806.51 817.30 828.70 878.17 973.21 989.75 1014.47 1019.71 1050.48 1054.56 1058.12 1066.69

IV IV V V V IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV III III III III III V V V V V V V V V

Atomic

Intensity

10-25

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-26

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

60 80 90 110 60 80 250 80 90 100 80 160 140 60 75 70 80 120 130 120 100 130 67 130 90 70 120 35 70 25 75 48 40 68 40 73 73 75 69 72 80 63 50 60 60 75 83 81 82 90 81 15 80 80 60 82 83 82 80 80 60

1069.60 1073.77 1078.83 1079.60 1080.99 1085.00 1085.01 1087.37 1091.71 1094.36 1095.10 1102.83 1103.03 1105.61 1105.62 1106.17 1118.34 1126.40 1128.10 1128.53 1129.94 1136.07 1137.06 1150.23 1150.27 1156.10 1156.51 1157.74 1163.60 1169.40 1170.58 1171.71 1178.95 1185.23 1186.06 1190.89 1193.02 1195.02 1201.54 1206.89 1213.17 1216.15 1228.03 1236.38 1238.59 1245.53 1258.77 1264.66 1267.15 1267.16 1279.24 1283.64 1285.33 1293.46 1295.36 1295.86 1299.46 1303.53 1309.68 1314.82 1323.15

K21599_S10.indb 26

V V V V V III V V V V V V V III V V V V V V V V IV V III IV V V IV V IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV V IV III III IV IV IV IV IV III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

85 77 76 70 74 60 77 70 73 90 50 10 15 20 90 90 15 10 10 20 15 50 80 100 10 10 10 10 15 10 h 10 40 100 150 100 150 10 20 15 10 2000 1000 10 h 20 h 30 h 10 h 50 h 100 h 15 h 20 h 100 h 200 h 200 h 200 h 300 h 100 h 400 200 60 60 70

1338.09 1347.03 1351.06 1353.92 1364.63 1395.54 1402.55 1405.32 1465.87 1495.07 1534.46 1813.98 1845.30 2091.34 2417.70 2423.98 2424.36 2632.66 2665.05 2700.47 2780.15 3521.77 3581.19 3589.34 3731.10 3806.60 4032.99 4172.04 4251.16 4254.04 4255.77 4262.00 4380.69 4381.76 4863.00 4993.78 5808.28 5848.25 5993.51 6334.2 6396.56 6413.44 7251.4 7403.0 7464.0 7620.5 7734.77 7800.01 8002.55 8074.25 8311.86 8386.49 9492.92 9493.12 9589.36 10905.95 11949.12 12109.78 14996.64 22016.81 22568.71

Intensity IV IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV III III II II II III III III I I II II III III III III III I I II II II II III III III III III III III II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Wavelength/Å

Germanium Ge Z = 32 700 294.51 1000 295.64 200 304.98 20 621.52 50 724.21 60 746.88 60 760.05 10 862.234 15 875.493 15 905.977 20 920.554 300 971.35 300 990.66 50 999.101 300 1004.38 100 1016.638 900 1045.71 700 1072.66 100 1075.072 300 1085.51 40 1088.45 800 1089.49 200 1098.71 500 1106.74 1000 1116.94 500 1120.46 700 1163.39 200 1164.27 500 1181.19 500 1181.65 200 1188.73 20 1188.99 300 1191.26 700 1222.30 20 1229.81 500 1237.059 500 1261.905 100 1264.710 200 1401.24 200 1538.091 500 1576.855 75 1581.070 100 1602.486 3r 1615.57 2r 1624.130 2r 1630.173 3r 1636.31 4r 1639.730 2 1647.531 200 1649.194 2 1651.528 4r 1651.955 3 1661.345 4r 1663.539 10 h 1665.275 4 1667.802 3r 1670.608 100 r 1691.090 200 r 1716.784 100 h 1739.102

V V V V V V V II II II II V V II V II V V II II III V II II V II V II II II II IV II V IV II II II II II II II II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 50 200 100 100 h 100 h 50 h 200 200 100 h 75 h 200 h 200 h 100 h 100 h 100 h 200 500 r 100 300 r 100 500 r 50 h 30 300 r 100 h 500 r 10 h 100 r 500 100 r 500 30 s 200 200 500 30 h 30 200 200 300 h 300 500 r 200 1700 2400 r 1600 r 420 220 h 750 r 2600 r 420 2000 r 25 240 95 h 50 h 340 r 15 18 18

1742.195 1746.065 1750.043 1758.279 1764.185 1765.284 1766.433 1774.176 1785.046 1793.071 1801.432 1841.328 1842.410 1844.410 1845.872 1846.958 1853.134 1860.086 1865.052 1874.256 1895.197 1904.702 1908.434 1912.409 1917.592 1923.467 1929.826 1934.048 1937.483 1938.008 1938.300 1938.891 1944.116 1944.731 1955.115 1962.013 1963.373 1965.383 1970.880 1979.274 1987.849 1988.267 1998.887 2011.29 2019.068 2041.712 2043.770 2054.461 2057.238 2065.215 2068.656 2086.021 2094.258 2104.45 2105.824 2124.744 2186.451 2198.714 2220.375 2256.001 2314.201

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I III I I I I I I I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å

24 15 20 10 15 130 30 30 90 500 70 20 3 28 500 8 1200 500 500 850 400 40 650 70 80 1000 1000 750 600 20 35 40 110 40 300 60 50 200 70 200 150 10 1000 1000 50 100 200 3 6 6 8 8 6 7 6 5 9 6 5 6 9

2327.918 2359.233 2379.144 2389.472 2397.885 2417.367 2436.412 2488.25 2497.962 2500.54 2533.230 2542.44 2556.298 2589.188 2592.534 2644.184 2651.172 2651.568 2691.341 2709.624 2729.78 2740.426 2754.588 2793.925 2829.008 2831.843 2845.527 3039.067 3067.021 3124.816 3211.86 3255.05 3269.489 3434.03 3499.21 3554.19 3676.65 4178.96 4226.562 4260.85 4291.71 4685.829 4741.806 4814.608 4824.097 5131.752 5178.648 5194.583 5265.892 5513.263 5564.741 5607.010 5616.135 5621.426 5664.226 5664.842 5691.954 5701.776 5717.877 5801.029 5802.093

K21599_S10.indb 27

I I I I I I I IV I II I IV I I I I I I I I II I I I I II II I I I III III I III II IV IV III I III III I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 500 75 100 100 6 50 30 5 7 10 10 6 10 10 9 5 5 6 20 20 4 7 5 4 10 10 8 8 10 230 600 1300 1050 235 470 150 135 70 62 28

5893.389 6021.041 6283.452 6336.377 6484.181 6557.488 7049.369 7145.390 7353.334 7384.208 7833.575 8031.039 8044.165 8256.013 8482.21 8700.60 9068.785 9095.957 9398.868 9474.993 9475.645 9492.559 9625.664 10039.436 10200.952 10382.427 10404.913 10734.068 10947.416 11125.130 11252.83 11714.76 12069.20 12391.58 13107.61 14822.38 16759.79 17214.34 18811.86 19279.24 20673.64

Gold Au Z = 79 100 843.44 100 845.14 200 945.10 100 1040.63 80 1044.49 80 1046.81 100 h 1239.96 100 1278.51 100 1314.84 100 h 1328.37 200 1336.72 180 1341.68 100 1348.89 150 1350.32 150 1355.61 150 1356.13 50 1363.98 500 1365.40 200 1367.17

II II II II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III I III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

60 70 50 180 150 150 125 200 80 50 300 100 180 60 180 50 100 70 100 225 250 100 100 125 150 300 80 250 275 50 250 300 200 150 250 250 100 150 100 150 100 300 250 200 250 200 200 100 100 200 200 200 150 200 200 150 70 200 250 100 500

1368.62 1374.82 1375.76 1377.73 1378.69 1379.98 1380.53 1381.36 1382.75 1385.33 1385.79 1389.41 1391.46 1392.27 1396.00 1402.12 1402.91 1407.38 1408.45 1409.50 1413.80 1414.27 1417.09 1417.39 1427.42 1428.93 1429.19 1430.06 1433.37 1435.79 1435.81 1439.12 1441.21 1446.37 1448.42 1454.95 1464.72 1471.28 1474.73 1481.10 1481.76 1487.15 1487.91 1489.47 1500.37 1502.47 1503.74 1542.00 1548.50 1567.54 1574.85 1579.44 1584.10 1587.16 1589.56 1593.41 1598.24 1600.51 1617.16 1617.78 1621.93

I I I III III III III III I I III III III I III I III I I III III III III III III III I III III I III III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III III III III III III III I III III I III III III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 300 d 250 50 100 150 250 250 100 100 125 1000 150 200 200 200 200 100 250 200 100 300 500 100 d 300 150 500 500 500 300 100 800 200 100 60 300 150 500 200 400 100 400 400 150 500 150 100 150 100 100 200 100 400 150 11000 2600 150 300 60 100 80

1624.34 1629.13 1638.88 1639.90 1644.17 1646.67 1652.74 1664.77 1665.76 1668.11 1673.93 1693.94 1697.09 1698.98 1699.34 1700.00 1702.25 1707.53 1710.16 1715.69 1716.71 1717.83 1727.31 1733.17 1738.48 1744.39 1746.10 1756.92 1761.95 1767.42 1774.42 1775.17 1776.40 1780.57 1783.22 1786.11 1792.65 1793.76 1801.98 1805.24 1809.81 1821.17 1844.89 1848.83 1861.80 1871.92 1879.83 1918.28 1932.04 1935.42 1948.79 1958.47 1989.63 1996.85 2012.00 2021.38 2082.09 2083.09 2110.68 2159.08 2167.33

I III III I III I III III I III III III III III I III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II III III III III III III III III III III III I III III III III III III III I I II III II III III

Atomic

Intensity

10-27

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-28

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 100 500 70 80 300 180 100 120 150 150 2600 60 250 3400 1100 100 1000 300 100 100 h 300 100 100 300 300 100 100 300 300 100 100 h 300 320 300 100 1600 100 100 300 300 300 100 100 100 100 h 100 100 300 300 100 100 h 300 100 h 100 100 100 100 100 h 400 300

2172.20 2184.11 2188.97 2248.56 2263.62 2322.27 2352.65 2382.40 2387.75 2402.71 2405.12 2427.95 2533.52 2641.48 2675.95 2748.25 2780.82 2802.04 2819.79 2822.55 2825.44 2837.85 2846.92 2856.74 2883.45 2891.96 2893.25 2907.04 2913.52 2918.24 2954.22 2990.27 2994.80 3029.20 3065.42 3122.50 3122.78 3194.72 3227.99 3230.63 3308.30 3309.64 3309.86 3320.12 3355.15 3391.31 3395.40 3467.21 3557.36 3586.73 3611.57 3631.31 3637.90 3645.02 3650.74 3709.62 3796.01 3874.73 3892.26 3897.86 3909.38

K21599_S10.indb 28

III III III II II III I III I III III I II I I I I II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II I I II I I III I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 400 700 100 100 200 120 h 250 900 h 100 h 500 100 100 300 100 h 100 100 h 300 100 h 300 h 600 100 600 10 10

3927.69 4040.93 4065.07 4084.10 4241.80 4315.11 4437.27 4488.25 4607.51 4620.56 4792.58 4811.60 5147.44 5230.26 5261.76 5655.77 5721.36 5837.37 5862.93 5956.96 6278.17 6562.68 7510.73 8145.06 9254.28

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Hafnium Hf 220 180 200 200 400 600 200 270 180 180 180 180 180 270 245 180 180 160 160 160 270 200 160 160 160 440 270 160 370 370 270 270 160 220 370

Z = 72 545.41 600.00 618.27 644.54 647.39 665.65 673.49 867.25 875.88 885.58 896.14 901.54 919.10 921.67 951.62 960.12 964.74 971.51 1092.76 1201.76 1232.03 1233.59 1237.42 1239.53 1244.46 1396.66 1400.09 1401.70 1407.17 1408.38 1412.28 1413.51 1421.96 1422.53 1433.43

V V IV IV IV IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

370 500 370 270 100 270 550 750 750 440 1000 1000 500 370 270 6200 8500 300 1200 200 h 200 h 200 200 200 540 200 320 160 250 620 200 h 230 580 300 300 200 300 200 230 320 540 250 250 170 450 670 540 370 320 390 450 400 430 210 2000 290 580 580 1000 890 340

1437.27 1437.73 1445.40 1457.91 1717.21 1719.32 1729.08 1731.83 1733.96 1741.74 1749.11 1750.19 1760.89 1765.62 1774.02 2012.78 2028.18 2070.94 2096.18 2099.30 2110.31 2155.66 2183.50 2195.44 2210.82 2234.59 2254.01 2255.15 2266.83 2277.16 2313.44 2321.14 2322.47 2323.25 2324.89 2332.97 2336.47 2337.33 2343.32 2347.44 2351.22 2380.30 2383.540 2393.18 2393.36 2393.83 2405.42 2410.14 2417.69 2447.25 2460.49 2461.74 2464.19 2469.18 2495.16 2496.99 2512.69 2513.03 2515.16 2516.88 2531.19

V V V V IV V V V V V V V V V V II II III II III III III III III II III II II II II III II II II II II III II II II II II III II II II II II II II II III II II III II II II III II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 320 400 h 250 300 h 890 320 320 300 320 390 450 230 450 160 1100 1100 160 670 160 210 290 200 670 210 250 710 200 360 500 450 160 170 980 180 390 230 230 170 230 200 1200 490 180 410 270 270 180 180 760 760 2100 210 800 1800 1200 890 2000 580 320 180

2537.33 2551.40 2560.74 2563.61 2567.46 2571.67 2573.90 2576.82 2578.14 2582.54 2606.37 2607.03 2613.60 2622.74 2637.00 2638.71 2641.41 2642.75 2647.29 2657.84 2661.88 2683.35 2687.22 2705.61 2712.42 2718.59 2738.76 2743.64 2751.81 2753.60 2761.63 2766.96 2773.02 2773.36 2774.02 2779.37 2808.00 2813.86 2814.48 2817.68 2819.74 2820.22 2822.68 2833.28 2845.83 2849.21 2850.96 2851.21 2860.56 2861.01 2861.70 2866.37 2887.14 2889.62 2898.26 2904.41 2904.75 2916.48 2918.58 2919.59 2924.62

II II III II III II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II II II III I II I II I II III I I I II II I II II II I I II II I I II I II I II II I I I I I I I I II I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2929.63 2929.90 2937.80 2940.77 2944.71 2950.68 2954.20 2958.02 2964.88 2966.93 2968.81 2975.88 2980.81 2982.72 3000.10 3005.56 3012.90 3016.78 3016.94 3018.31 3020.53 3031.16 3050.76 3057.02 3067.41 3072.88 3074.10 3074.79 3080.84 3096.76 3101.40 3109.12 3131.81 3134.72 3139.65 3145.32 3148.41 3156.63 3159.82 3162.61 3168.39 3172.94 3176.86 3181.01 3193.53 3194.19 3196.93 3206.11 3210.98 3217.30 3220.61 3247.66 3249.53 3253.70 3255.28 3273.66 3279.67 3279.98 3291.05 3306.12 3310.27

K21599_S10.indb 29

II I II I I I I I I I II II I I II I II I II I I II I I I I I I I I II II I II II II I I I II I I II I II II I I I II II I I II II II III II I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

670 180 890 370 230 180 180 230 170 800 230 230 230 230 2300 170 180 230 230 410 200 250 710 200 480 250 250 980 1200 980 980 760 180 540 1300 270 1100 210 540 800 320 800 320 200 220 200 480 2200 280 240 340 1000 650 160 460 160 400 170 200 1400 1400

3312.86 3317.99 3332.73 3352.06 3358.91 3360.06 3378.93 3384.70 3386.21 3389.83 3392.81 3394.59 3397.26 3397.60 3399.80 3400.21 3402.51 3410.17 3417.34 3419.18 3428.37 3438.24 3472.40 3478.99 3479.28 3495.75 3497.16 3497.49 3505.23 3523.02 3535.54 3536.62 3548.81 3552.70 3561.66 3567.36 3569.04 3597.42 3599.87 3616.89 3630.87 3644.36 3649.10 3651.84 3665.35 3672.27 3675.74 3682.24 3696.51 3699.72 3701.15 3717.80 3719.28 3729.10 3733.79 3737.88 3746.80 3766.92 3768.25 3777.64 3785.46

I II I II I I I II I II I II I I II I I II I I II II I II II II I I II I II I I II II I II II I I II II I I II I I I I II II I II I I II I II I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

650 850 d 320 1300 280 800 600 230 200 160 380 200 200 200 620 620 200 320 410 160 200 180 230 180 540 1100 160 190 170 170 170 200 170 320 160 180 250 180 160 200 250 500 d 230 210 120 160 310 130 120 95 95 75 230 110 120 110 110 75 230 230 95

3793.37 3800.38 3811.78 3820.73 3830.02 3849.18 3858.31 3860.91 3872.55 3877.10 3880.82 3882.52 3889.23 3889.33 3899.94 3918.09 3923.90 3931.38 3951.83 3968.01 3973.48 4032.27 4062.84 4083.35 4093.16 4174.34 4206.58 4209.70 4228.08 4232.44 4260.98 4263.39 4272.85 4294.79 4330.27 4336.66 4356.33 4370.97 4417.91 4438.04 4565.94 4598.80 4620.86 4655.19 4699.01 4782.74 4800.50 4859.24 4975.25 5018.20 5047.45 5170.18 5181.86 5243.99 5294.87 5354.73 5373.86 5452.92 5550.60 5552.12 5613.27

II I I I I I I I II II II I I I I II II I I I I I I I II I II I I II I I II I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

160 95 95 85 160 160 570 650 410 360 110 310 130 250 130 150 160 40 65

5719.18 6098.67 6185.13 6789.27 6818.94 7063.83 7131.81 7237.10 7240.87 7624.40 7740.17 7845.35 7920.71 7994.73 8204.58 8546.48 8640.06 8711.24 9004.73

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Z=2 231.454 232.584 234.347 237.331 243.027 256.317 303.780 303.786 320.293 505.500 505.684 505.912 506.200 506.570 507.058 507.718 508.643 509.998 512.098 515.616 522.213 537.030 584.334 591.412 958.70 972.11 992.36 1025.27 1084.94 1215.09 1215.17 1640.34 1640.47 2385.40 2511.20 2577.6 2723.19 2733.30 2763.80 2818.2 2829.08

II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I I I

Helium He 15 20 30 50 100 300 1000 500 10 2 3 4 5 7 10 15 20 25 35 50 100 400 1000 50 5 6 8 15 30 35 50 120 180 7 9 50 1 12 2 10 4

Atomic

Intensity 490 450 710 2000 160 1200 1100 540 1400 620 710 890 1100 210 170 800 1100 540 1100 980 1200 410 710 1100 850 2100 170 250 430 200 340 710 710 850 170 220 220 450 270 710 450 890 450 220 360 670 200 310 180 180 180 360 220 890 270 180 200 h 270 160 210 340

10-29

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-30

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10 40 20 3 15 1 2 1 3 2 3 1 10 1 500 20 1 50 5 12 2 3 10 3 200 25 6 30 30 4 20 100 10 5 500 100 8 100 3 200 30 50 1 2 2 2 10 4 3 1 1 3 6 2 15 1 10 2 3 300 1000

2945.11 3013.7 3187.74 3202.96 3203.10 3354.55 3447.59 3587.27 3613.64 3634.23 3705.00 3732.86 3819.607 3819.76 3888.65 3964.729 4009.27 4026.191 4026.36 4120.82 4120.99 4143.76 4387.929 4437.55 4471.479 4471.68 4685.4 4685.7 4713.146 4713.38 4921.931 5015.678 5047.74 5411.52 5875.62 5875.97 6560.10 6678.15 6867.48 7065.19 7065.71 7281.35 7816.15 8361.69 9063.27 9210.34 9463.61 9516.60 9526.17 9529.27 9603.42 9702.60 10027.73 10031.16 10123.6 10138.50 10311.23 10311.54 10667.65 10829.09 10830.25

K21599_S10.indb 30

I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2000 9 3 4 30 20 50 20 7 10 2 12 200 1 6 500 200 100 20 1000 80 10 20 3 4

10830.34 10913.05 10917.10 11626.4 11969.12 12527.52 12784.99 12790.57 12845.96 12968.45 12984.89 15083.64 17002.47 18555.55 18636.8 18685.34 18697.23 19089.38 19543.08 20581.30 21120.07 21121.43 21132.03 30908.5 40478.90

Holmium Ho Z = 67 170 2502.91 170 2533.80 190 2605.86 270 2750.35 270 2769.89 300 2824.20 270 c 2831.69 270 2849.10 360 2880.26 460 2880.98 570 c 2909.41 410 c 2979.63 410 2987.64 480 c 3049.38 410 c 3054.00 500 c 3057.45 500 c 3082.34 910 3084.36 430 c 3086.54 760 3118.50 580 c 3166.62 810 3173.78 810 c 3181.50 980 c 3281.97 630 c 3337.23 980 c 3343.58 8100 c 3398.98 810 c 3410.26 1400 c 3414.90 5400 3416.46 1200 3421.63 2000 c 3425.34 2000 c 3428.13 3200 3453.14 16000 c 3456.00

I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I II I II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1600 810 c 5400 c 6300 2500 c 810 c 810 4100 c 410 c 630 1600 1100 c 410 410 c 630 c 810 410 410 630 c 1100 cw 540 c 410 430 c 490 430 c 430 c 1600 c 1400 720 670 720 580 410 490 c 430 450 1100 810 3200 cw 8900 c 8900 c 410 c 1300 cw 410 c 1100 490 c 1800 c 2700 c 3000 c 13000 c 1300 cw 580 490 2700 5400 c 8100 1700 720 8900 2900 1500

3461.97 3473.91 3474.26 3484.84 3494.76 3498.88 3510.73 3515.59 3519.94 3540.76 3546.05 3556.78 3560.15 3573.24 3574.80 3579.12 3580.75 3581.83 3592.23 3598.77 3600.95 3618.43 3626.69 3627.25 3631.76 3638.30 3662.29 3667.97 3679.19 3679.70 3682.65 3690.65 3700.04 3702.35 3712.88 3720.72 3731.40 3736.35 3748.17 3796.75 3810.73 3835.35 3837.51 3842.05 3843.86 3846.73 3854.07 3861.68 3888.96 3891.02 3905.68 3955.73 3959.68 4040.81 4045.44 4053.93 4065.09 4068.05 4103.84 4108.62 4120.20

II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II I II II II II II I II II II II I I I I I I I II I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II I II I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1300 4300 1500 980 cw 8100 2500 540 2000 1300 cw 490 1300 300 290 80 130 130 c 290 100 c 65 290 250 c 220 90 130 80 140 130 110 160 90 c 130 c 90 65 90 80 90 100 70 65 140 140 c 140 c 140 c 70 c 70 70 cw 70 90 230 c 120 70 70 c 70 260 120 55 cw 55 c 40 cw 45 cw 140 40 c

4125.65 4127.16 4136.22 4152.61 4163.03 4173.23 4194.35 4227.04 4254.43 4264.05 4350.73 4477.64 4629.10 4701.69 4709.84 4717.52 4742.04 4757.01 4782.92 4939.01 4967.21 4979.97 4995.05 5042.37 5093.07 5127.81 5142.59 5143.22 5149.59 5167.88 5182.11 5190.11 5251.82 5301.25 5330.11 5359.99 5407.08 5566.52 5627.60 5659.58 5691.47 5696.57 5860.28 5882.99 5921.76 5948.03 5972.76 5973.52 5982.90 6081.79 6208.65 6305.36 6550.97 6604.94 6628.99 6694.32 6785.43 6939.49 6950.39 7555.09 7628.42

I I I II I I I I I I I II II II II I II I I I II I I I I I II II II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

50 c 60 cw 60 50 40 90 Hydrogen H 15 20 30 50 100 300 1000 500 5 6 8 15 30 80 120 180 5 7 12 20 40 5 8 15 4 6

Wavelength/Å 7693.15 7815.48 7894.64 8512.94 8670.19 8915.98

I I I I I II

Z=1 926.226 930.748 937.803 949.743 972.537 1025.722 1215.668 1215.674 3835.384 3889.049 3970.072 4101.74 4340.47 4861.33 6562.72 6562.852 9545.97 10049.4 10938.1 12818.1 18751.0 21655.3 26251.5 40511.6 46525.1 74578.

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Indium In Z = 49 17 378.61 17 386.21 14 388.91 25 393.89 25 400.57 25 402.39 622 472.71 689 479.39 709 498.62 10 882.24 10 890.84 10 915.87 85 954.67 87 973.50 86 991.60 89 1024.68 85 1024.79 88 1031.45 82 1031.98 80 1054.43 84 1063.03 83 1068.25 82 1069.82 86 1077.64 90 1082.10 83 1086.33

K21599_S10.indb 31

V V V V V V IV IV IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

82 84 85 80 90 85 80 89 83 84 90 90 85 88 85 83 90 88 85 85 87 90 88 81 100 100 30 40 30 50 40 100 c 90 d 70 d 80 h 110 d 70 h 100 110 d 90 80 100 90 d 110 d 100 100 160 d 1100 200 90 d 100 d 140 d 140 d 80 1600 300 80 130 d 700 90 d 180 c

1096.81 1097.18 1116.10 1124.06 1131.46 1144.43 1145.41 1146.62 1154.11 1154.60 1157.71 1157.82 1159.78 1176.50 1191.58 1204.87 1206.55 1221.50 1221.90 1233.58 1235.84 1373.20 1398.77 1412.09 1625.42 1748.83 1842.41 1850.30 2154.08 2205.28 2281.64 2306.05 2313.21 2327.95 2334.57 2382.63 2427.20 2447.90 2488.62 2488.95 2498.59 2499.60 2500.99 2512.31 2521.37 2527.41 2554.44 2560.15 2601.76 2654.70 2662.63 2668.65 2674.56 2683.12 2710.26 2713.94 2726.15 2749.75 2753.88 2818.97 2836.92

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I III II I I II II II II II I I III II I II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

80 120 d 1100 100 100 110 c 100 8000 110 d 180 c 130 c 80 c 130 d 150 100 c 90 c 90 d 13000 3000 90 c 100 c 110 d 180 c 95 c 380 w 120 c 160 c 160 c 170 w 230 c 250 c 200 c 100 100 100 c 250 w 120 c 140 d 100 150 410 w 100 100 17000 140 c 100 d 110 d 100 150 d 150 c 18000 110 c 140 c 180 w 180 w 140 c 170 c 250 c 150 w 170 c 140 c

2865.68 2890.18 2932.63 2941.05 2982.80 2999.40 3008.08 3039.36 3099.80 3101.8 3138.60 3142.75 3146.70 3155.77 3158.40 3176.30 3198.11 3256.09 3258.56 3338.50 3404.28 3438.40 3693.91 3708.13 3716.14 3718.30 3718.72 3723.40 3795.21 3799.21 3834.65 3842.18 3852.82 3889.78 3902.07 3962.35 4004.66 4013.92 4023.77 4032.32 4056.94 4071.57 4072.93 4101.76 4205.14 4213.04 4219.66 4252.68 4372.87 4500.78 4511.31 4549.01 4570.85 4578.02 4578.40 4616.08 4617.17 4620.14 4620.70 4627.30 4637.04

II II I II III II III I II II II II II II II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II III III II III III I II II II III II II I II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

380 c 220 c 360 c 320 w 190 c 450 w 90 d 150 c 80 h 100 w 140 c 270 c 200 w 80 d 240 c 140 c 200 150 c 80 140 c 220 w 130 c 140 c 320 c 250 w 130 c 190 w 240 c 200 w 100 160 c 100 c 100 210 c 490 w 260 w 120 c 130 c 250 c 210 c 180 w 230 w 240 w 320 w 150 c 90 140 c 190 w 80 180 w 200 100 c 280 w 140 w 270 w 290 w 300 w 210 c 190 c 180 c 100 c

4638.16 4644.58 4655.62 4656.74 4681.11 4684.8 4907.06 4973.77 5109.36 5115.14 5117.40 5120.80 5121.75 5129.85 5175.42 5184.44 5248.77 5309.45 5411.41 5418.45 5436.70 5497.50 5507.08 5513.00 5523.28 5536.50 5555.45 5576.90 5636.70 5645.15 5708.50 5721.80 5819.50 5853.15 5903.4 5915.4 5918.78 6062.9 6095.95 6108.66 6115.9 6128.7 6129.4 6132.1 6140.0 6143.23 6148.10 6149.5 6161.15 6162.45 6197.72 6224.28 6228.3 6231.1 6304.8 6362.3 6469.0 6541.20 6751.88 6765.9 6783.72

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II II II II

Atomic

Intensity

10-31

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-32

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

320 w 380 w 180 c 210 c 180 c 320 c 100 c 100 c 210 c 100 c 180 c 90 c 240 c 100 w 80 c 120 c 120 c 220 w 160 d 100 200 100 h 20 20 10 9 7 6 7

6891.5 7182.9 7255.0 7276.5 7303.4 7350.6 7632.7 7682.9 7740.7 7776.96 7789.0 7840.9 8227.0 8813.5 8832.6 9197.7 9202.0 9213.0 9241.1 9977.86 10257.03 10744.31 11334.72 11731.48 12912.59 13429.96 14719.08 22291.06 23879.13

Iodine I Z = 53 30 363.78 36 380.74 45 565.53 50 607.57 6 612.46 6 666.81 8 705.11 7 784.64 7 784.80 8 795.52 7 919.28 10000 1034.66 8 1094.20 10000 1139.80 10000 1160.56 20000 1166.48 10000 1178.65 15000 1187.34 10000 1190.85 200 1218.41 20000 1220.89 600 1224.05 600 1224.08 500 1228.89 20000 1234.06 600 1251.34 8 1252.35 2500 1259.15 3000 1259.51 800 1261.27 600 1267.57

K21599_S10.indb 32

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I V V V V IV III III III III III IV II III II II II II II II I II I I I II I III I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

600 1500 3000 10000 3000 3000 3000 2000 20000 5000 3000 5000 3000 2500 2500 4000 3000 2000 2000 8000 5000 5000 5000 5000 10000 2500 4000 2500 1000 5000 5000 5000 15000 2500 5000 5000 2500 15000 12000 5000 75000 15000 2000 7 6 7 8 9 8 8 8 7 8 5000 200 200 100 d 500 d 250 1000 200

1267.60 1275.26 1289.40 1300.34 1302.98 1313.95 1317.54 1330.19 1336.52 1355.10 1357.97 1360.97 1361.11 1367.71 1368.22 1383.23 1390.75 1392.90 1400.01 1425.49 1446.26 1453.18 1457.39 1457.47 1457.98 1458.79 1459.15 1465.83 1485.92 1492.89 1507.04 1514.68 1518.05 1526.45 1593.58 1617.60 1640.78 1702.07 1782.76 1799.09 1830.38 1844.45 2061.63 2361.13 2372.45 2376.46 2387.11 2426.10 2475.35 2519.74 2545.67 2545.71 2652.23 3078.75 4102.23 4129.21 4134.15 4321.84 4763.31 4862.32 4916.94

I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV II I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10000 3000 c 1000 3000 c 10000 5000 c 600 c 3000 2000 c 10000 2000 c 4000 c 1000 d 2000 5000 300 2000 d 2000 c 1000 2000 c 800 500 800 1000 500 800 400 2000 1000 500 1000 2000 1000 5000 500 500 c 400 4000 500 500 1200 2000 1000 400 d 700 1000 500 5000 1000 500 5000 500 c 2000 500 d 2000 c 600 500 1000 99000 300 d 1000

5119.29 5161.20 5234.57 5245.71 5338.22 5345.15 5427.06 5435.83 5464.62 5625.69 5690.91 5710.53 5764.33 5894.03 5950.25 5984.86 6024.08 6074.98 6082.43 6127.49 6191.88 6213.10 6244.48 6293.98 6313.13 6330.37 6333.50 6337.85 6339.44 6359.16 6566.49 6583.75 6585.27 6619.66 6661.11 6697.29 6732.03 6812.57 6989.78 7120.05 7122.05 7142.06 7164.79 7191.66 7227.30 7236.78 7237.84 7402.06 7410.50 7416.48 7468.99 7490.52 7554.18 7556.65 7700.20 7897.98 7969.48 8003.63 8043.74 8065.70 8090.76

I II I II II II I II II II II II I I II I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

800 c 500 d 4000 10000 c 1000 1500 c 500 c 250 d 1000 2000 3000 1000 d 400 400 5000 15000 1000 12000 600 600 1000 4000 3000 2000 2000 3000 d 5000 500 750 1000 400 400 5000 400 350 320 450 300 150 60 140 200 100 225 105 150 15 20 15 35 110 50 10 220 150 30 32 12 9 10 8

8169.38 8222.57 8240.05 8393.30 8486.11 8664.95 8700.80 8748.22 8853.24 8853.80 8857.50 8898.50 8964.69 8993.13 9022.40 9058.33 9098.86 9113.91 9128.03 9227.74 9335.05 9426.71 9427.15 9598.22 9649.61 9653.06 9731.73 10003.05 10131.16 10238.82 10375.20 10391.74 10466.54 11236.56 11558.46 11778.34 11996.86 12033.69 12304.58 13149.16 13958.27 14287.02 14460.00 15032.57 15528.65 16037.33 18275.71 18348.52 18982.41 19070.17 19105.12 19370.02 20648.69 22183.03 22226.53 22309.21 24420.82 27365.42 27573.05 30361.93 30383.88

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10 9 3 2

Wavelength/Å 34295.73 34513.11 40228.54 41633.80

Iridium Ir Z = 77 9900 2010.65 8700 2022.35 15000 2033.57 6200 2052.22 5000 2060.64 3700 2083.22 3100 2085.74 17000 2088.82 14000 2092.63 2700 2112.68 1800 2119.54 2000 2125.44 4500 2126.81 2000 2127.52 4500 2127.94 3700 2148.22 2500 2150.54 3500 2152.68 2900 2155.81 7900 2158.05 2100 2162.88 5800 2169.42 4500 2175.24 2700 2178.17 1600 2187.43 1100 2190.38 740 2191.64 910 2208.09 1300 2220.37 790 2221.07 2500 2242.68 620 2245.76 2100 2253.38 2100 2255.10 1400 2255.81 350 2258.51 1400 2258.86 830 2264.61 1100 2266.33 1000 2268.90 660 2280.00 950 2281.02 660 2281.91 330 2284.60 330 2295.08 790 2298.05 460 2299.53 910 2300.50 2700 2304.22 410 2305.47 210 2307.27 910 2308.93 460 2315.38 410 2321.45 410 2321.58 210 2327.98

K21599_S10.indb 33

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I II I I II II I II I II II II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 540 740 580 1600 740 580 230 410 500 2500 370 3500 290 250 250 500 540 210 1300 2500 2700 230 290 290 290 540 370 620 210 370 290 540 540 1300 270 250 250 910 1300 230 210 210 870 3300 210 2100 620 210 250 4100 210 990 1100 580 580 7900 790 210 210 910 210

Wavelength/Å 2333.30 I 2333.84 I 2334.50 I 2343.18 I 2343.61 I 2355.00 I 2357.53 II 2358.16 I 2360.73 I 2363.04 I 2368.04 II 2372.77 I 2375.09 II 2377.28 I 2377.98 I 2379.38 I 2381.62 I 2383.17 I 2386.89 I 2390.62 I 2391.18 I 2407.59 I 2409.37 I 2410.17 I 2410.73 I 2413.31 I 2415.86 I 2418.11 I 2424.89 I 2424.99 I 2425.66 I 2427.61 I 2431.24 I 2431.94 I 2435.14 I 2445.34 I 2447.76 I 2452.81 I 2455.61 I 2455.87 I 2457.03 I 2457.23 I 2467.30 I 2475.12 I 2478.11 I 2481.18 I 2493.08 I 2496.27 I 2502.63 I 2502.98 I 2513.71 I 2533.13 I 2534.46 I 2537.22 I 2542.02 I 2543.97 I 2546.03 I 2551.40 I 2555.35 I 2564.18 I 2569.88 I

Intensity 230 740 740 740 700 1800 210 330 210 250 700 250 3500 210 1800 350 2700 520 520 330 270 3000 330 250 520 330 540 1600 380 410 680 1200 820 1100 820 3800 380 380 270 820 650 260 260 200 440 230 4400 1200 880 250 2700 230 200 1200 200 440 300 220 600 270 380

Wavelength/Å 2572.70 I 2577.26 I 2592.06 I 2599.04 I 2608.25 I 2611.30 I 2614.98 I 2617.78 I 2619.88 I 2625.32 I 2634.17 I 2639.42 I 2639.71 I 2644.19 I 2661.98 I 2662.63 I 2664.79 I 2669.91 I 2671.84 I 2673.61 I 2692.34 I 2694.23 I 2772.46 I 2775.55 I 2781.29 I 2785.22 I 2797.35 I 2797.70 I 2798.18 I 2800.82 I 2823.18 I 2824.45 I 2836.40 I 2839.16 I 2840.22 I 2849.72 I 2875.60 I 2875.98 I 2877.68 I 2882.64 I 2897.15 I 2901.95 I 2904.80 I 2907.24 I 2916.36 I 2918.57 I 2924.79 I 2934.64 I 2936.68 I 2938.47 I 2943.15 I 2946.97 I 2949.76 I 2951.22 I 2974.95 I 2980.65 I 2996.08 I 3002.25 I 3003.63 I 3017.31 I 3029.36 I

Intensity 330 300 300 300 1600 320 240 390 510 510 340 200 3400 490 370 370 610 370 5100 300 470 200 390 200 560 660 410 3200 220 410 320 1200 320 220 660 220 300 300 320 200 200 530 3100 230 480 480 400 590 460 350 370 150 100 140 90 260 220 160 65 110 55

Wavelength/Å 3039.26 I 3047.16 I 3049.44 I 3057.28 I 3068.89 I 3083.22 I 3086.44 I 3088.04 I 3100.29 I 3100.45 I 3120.76 I 3121.78 I 3133.32 I 3168.88 I 3177.58 I 3198.92 I 3212.12 I 3219.51 I 3220.78 I 3229.28 I 3241.52 I 3262.01 I 3266.44 I 3322.60 I 3368.48 I 3437.02 I 3448.97 I 3513.64 I 3515.95 I 3522.03 I 3558.99 I 3573.72 I 3594.39 I 3609.77 I 3628.67 I 3636.20 I 3661.71 I 3664.62 I 3674.98 I 3687.08 I 3731.36 II 3747.20 I 3800.12 I 3817.24 I 3902.51 I 3915.38 I 3934.84 I 3976.31 I 3992.12 I 4033.76 I 4069.92 I 4070.68 I 4092.61 I 4115.78 I 4172.56 I 4268.10 I 4311.50 I 4399.47 I 4403.78 I 4426.27 I 4478.48 I

Atomic

Intensity

10-33

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-34

Atomic

Intensity 55 30 35 75 26 50 26 65 30 50 26 25 25 30 30 35 75 45 35 20 12 10 6

Wavelength/Å 4545.68 I 4548.48 I 4568.09 I 4616.39 I 4656.18 I 4728.86 I 4756.46 I 4778.16 I 4795.67 I 4938.09 I 4970.48 I 4999.74 I 5002.74 I 5014.98 I 5123.66 I 5364.32 I 5449.50 I 5625.55 I 5894.06 I 6110.67 I 6288.28 I 6686.08 I 7834.32 I

Iron Fe Z = 26 350 386.16 350 386.88 400 387.20 400 387.50 400 387.76 400 387.78 400 395.90 400 404.62 400 405.50 800 407.42 600 407.44 400 407.49 500 407.75 400 409.71 400 410.20 600 411.55 700 417.39 700 418.04 500 418.47 700 421.06 500 421.78 500 422.31 500 426.06 500 426.11 350 426.97 17 525.69 15 526.29 13 526.63 14 536.61 15 537.10 13 537.26 14 537.79 13 537.94 13 552.14 14 607.53 13 608.80 10 813.38

K21599_S10.indb 34

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III

Intensity 10 10 p 10 10 10 10 w 12 15 15 15 12 18 12 12 12 12 15 12 12 12 12 18 12 15 12 12 12 400 400 400 400 600 700 600 500 500 800 400 600 800 400 500 400 600 400 600 800 13 800 400 800 700 400 700 500 400 500 700 500 400 500

Wavelength/Å 844.28 III 861.83 III 891.17 III 950.33 III 981.37 III 983.88 III 1055.27 II 1068.36 II 1071.60 II 1096.89 II 1099.12 II 1112.09 II 1121.99 II 1122.86 II 1128.07 II 1130.43 II 1133.41 II 1133.68 II 1138.64 II 1142.33 II 1143.23 II 1144.95 II 1147.41 II 1148.29 II 1151.16 II 1267.44 II 1272.00 II 1317.86 V 1323.27 V 1330.40 V 1359.01 V 1361.82 V 1373.59 V 1373.67 V 1376.34 V 1378.56 V 1387.94 V 1397.97 V 1400.24 V 1402.39 V 1406.67 V 1406.82 V 1407.25 V 1409.45 V 1415.20 V 1420.46 V 1430.57 V 1431.43 IV 1440.53 V 1442.22 V 1446.62 V 1448.85 V 1449.93 V 1456.16 V 1459.83 V 1460.73 V 1462.63 V 1464.68 V 1465.38 V 1466.65 V 1469.00 V

Intensity 500 10 h 13 13 14 13 15 13 14 10 h 13 14 12 h 13 14 13 13 13 13 10 h 13 13 13 13 13 15 13 17 14 13 13 13 15 13 13 16 14 12 14 13 14 13 13 15 14 13 13 17 15 14 13 18 15 15 14 16 14 12 15 15 12

Wavelength/Å 1479.47 V 1505.17 III 1526.60 IV 1530.26 IV 1532.63 IV 1532.91 IV 1533.86 IV 1533.95 IV 1536.58 IV 1538.63 III 1542.16 IV 1542.70 IV 1550.20 III 1566.26 IV 1568.27 IV 1591.51 IV 1592.05 IV 1598.01 IV 1600.58 IV 1601.21 III 1601.67 IV 1603.18 IV 1603.73 IV 1604.88 IV 1605.68 IV 1605.97 IV 1606.98 IV 1609.10 IV 1609.83 IV 1610.47 IV 1611.20 IV 1613.64 IV 1614.02 IV 1614.64 IV 1615.00 IV 1616.68 IV 1617.68 IV 1618.47 II 1619.02 IV 1621.16 IV 1621.57 IV 1623.38 IV 1623.53 IV 1626.47 IV 1626.90 IV 1628.54 IV 1630.18 IV 1631.08 IV 1631.12 II 1632.40 IV 1634.01 IV 1635.40 II 1636.32 II 1639.40 II 1639.40 IV 1640.04 IV 1640.16 IV 1641.76 II 1641.87 IV 1647.09 IV 1647.16 II

Intensity 15 15 13 13 15 14 13 13 13 13 12 14 13 14 13 15 15 12 13 15 14 14 14 14 14 14 16 13 12 20 20 18 13 13 13 10 12 10 12 13 11 20 10 s 19 15 15 10 p 18 15 14 30 25 14 10 l 14 s 12 50 10 12 25 30

Wavelength/Å 1651.58 IV 1652.90 IV 1653.41 IV 1656.11 IV 1656.65 IV 1660.10 IV 1662.32 IV 1662.52 IV 1663.54 IV 1668.09 IV 1670.74 II 1671.04 IV 1673.68 IV 1675.66 IV 1681.36 IV 1687.69 IV 1698.88 IV 1702.04 II 1709.81 IV 1711.41 IV 1712.76 IV 1717.90 IV 1718.16 IV 1719.46 IV 1722.71 IV 1724.06 IV 1725.63 IV 1761.08 IV 1761.38 II 1785.26 II 1786.74 II 1788.07 II 1792.10 IV 1796.93 IV 1827.98 IV 1869.83 III 1877.99 III 1882.05 III 1886.76 III 1890.67 III 1893.98 III 1895.46 III 1907.58 III 1914.06 III 1915.08 III 1922.79 III 1926.01 III 1926.30 III 1930.39 III 1931.51 III 1934.538 I 1937.269 I 1937.34 III 1938.90 III 1943.48 III 1945.34 III 1946.988 I 1950.33 III 1951.01 III 1951.571 I 1952.59 I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

K21599_S10.indb 35

Wavelength/Å 1952.65 III 1953.005 I 1953.32 III 1953.49 III 1954.22 III 1957.823 I 1958.58 III 1960.144 I 1960.32 III 1961.25 I 1962.111 I 1963.11 II 1987.50 III 1991.61 III 1994.07 III 1995.56 III 1996.42 III 2061.55 III 2068.24 III 2078.99 III 2084.122 I 2084.35 III 2090.14 III 2097.48 III 2097.69 III 2103.80 III 2107.32 III 2151.78 III 2157.71 III 2157.794 I 2158.47 III 2161.27 III 2166.773 I 2166.95 III 2171.04 III 2174.66 III 2178.118 I 2180.41 III 2186.486 I 2186.892 I 2187.195 I 2191.839 I 2196.043 I 2200.390 I 2200.724 I 2208.41 II 2208.85 III 2213.65 II 2218.26 II 2220.38 II 2221.83 III 2229.27 III 2232.43 III 2232.69 III 2235.91 III 2238.16 III 2241.54 III 2250.790 I 2251.874 I 2259.511 I 2261.59 III

Intensity 60 80 10 80 50 150 150 80 150 150 300 10 15 200 600 80 300 50 100 150 120 150 10 p 10 200 10 p 10 100 100 300 10 p 200 10 600 80 150 200 250 200 150 120 200 80 80 80 80 120 300 150 120 120 80 120 150 1000 300 200 1000 300 800 250

Wavelength/Å 2264.389 I 2267.085 I 2267.42 III 2267.469 I 2270.862 I 2272.070 I 2276.026 I 2279.937 I 2284.086 I 2287.250 I 2292.524 I 2293.06 III 2295.86 III 2297.787 I 2298.169 I 2299.220 I 2300.142 I 2301.684 I 2303.424 I 2303.581 I 2308.999 I 2313.104 I 2317.70 III 2319.22 III 2320.358 I 2321.71 III 2326.95 III 2327.40 II 2331.31 II 2332.80 II 2336.77 III 2338.01 II 2338.96 III 2343.49 II 2343.96 II 2344.28 II 2348.11 II 2348.30 II 2359.12 II 2360.00 II 2360.29 II 2364.83 II 2365.76 II 2368.59 II 2369.456 I 2369.95 II 2371.430 I 2373.624 I 2373.74 II 2374.518 I 2376.43 II 2379.27 II 2380.76 II 2381.835 I 2382.04 II 2388.63 II 2389.973 I 2395.62 II 2399.24 II 2404.88 II 2406.66 II

Intensity 80 300 200 150 80 60 60 150 120 120 80 60 150 150 100 250 100 50 100 60 100 1500 150 80 100 100 1500 50 800 60 600 80 80 800 1000 200 600 60 120 1200 100 80 100 10000 300 1000 50 800 100 100 120 4000 100 80 1000 50 3000 100 2000 100 100

Wavelength/Å 2406.97 II 2410.52 II 2411.07 II 2413.31 II 2417.87 II 2420.396 I 2423.089 I 2424.14 II 2428.36 II 2430.08 II 2432.26 II 2438.182 I 2439.30 II 2439.74 I 2442.57 I 2443.872 I 2444.51 II 2445.212 I 2445.57 II 2447.709 I 2453.476 I 2457.598 I 2458.78 II 2461.28 II 2461.86 II 2462.181 I 2462.647 I 2463.730 I 2465.149 I 2467.732 I 2468.879 I 2470.67 II 2470.965 I 2472.336 I 2472.895 I 2473.16 I 2474.814 I 2476.657 I 2479.480 I 2479.776 I 2480.16 II 2482.12 II 2482.66 II 2483.271 I 2483.533 I 2484.185 I 2485.990 I 2486.373 I 2486.691 I 2487.066 I 2487.370 I 2488.143 I 2488.945 I 2489.48 II 2489.750 I 2489.913 I 2490.644 I 2490.71 II 2491.155 I 2491.40 II 2493.18 II

Intensity 500 60 50 100 600 150 1000 50 80 500 50 1000 120 80 400 80 300 800 150 50 4000 200 500 100 200 300 2000 800 250 150 200 120 100 120 400 200 200 100 100 150 50 200 600 80 300 250 150 800 80 100 80 80 600 400 200 150 300 100 1500 650 90

Wavelength/Å 2493.26 II 2494.000 I 2494.251 I 2495.87 I 2496.533 I 2498.90 I 2501.132 I 2501.693 I 2506.09 II 2507.900 I 2508.753 I 2510.835 I 2511.76 II 2512.275 I 2512.365 I 2516.570 I 2517.661 I 2518.102 I 2519.629 I 2522.480 I 2522.849 I 2523.66 I 2524.293 I 2525.02 I 2525.39 II 2526.29 II 2527.435 I 2529.135 I 2529.55 II 2529.836 I 2530.687 I 2533.63 II 2534.42 II 2535.49 II 2535.607 I 2536.792 I 2536.80 II 2538.80 II 2538.91 II 2538.99 II 2539.357 I 2540.66 II 2540.972 I 2541.10 II 2542.10 I 2543.92 I 2544.70 I 2545.978 I 2546.67 II 2548.74 II 2549.08 II 2549.39 II 2549.613 I 2562.53 II 2563.48 II 2574.36 II 2576.691 I 2582.58 II 2584.54 I 2585.88 II 2591.54 II

Atomic

Intensity 11 30 13 10 10 w 60 11 60 13 30 50 12 15 14 13 12 12 10 12 14 100 10 12 15 12 12 10 15 12 50 12 10 40 12 12 15 300 12 250 60 120 250 150 80 80 15 10 p 20 12 20 10 10 10 10 10 10 12 p 50 60 300 12

10-35

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-36

Atomic

Intensity 90 650 2000 300 60 300 800 650 600 320 320 250 90 400 200 150 250 250 100 300 50 200 300 60 600 500 400 10 h 200 80 400 60 200 80 50 50 250 4000 100 50 1500 400 150 50 80 200 50 80 1000 60 50 500 50 500 120 400 250 800 200 150 200

K21599_S10.indb 36

Wavelength/Å 2593.73 II 2598.37 II 2599.40 II 2599.57 I 2605.657 I 2606.51 II 2606.827 I 2607.09 II 2611.87 II 2613.82 II 2617.62 II 2618.018 I 2620.41 II 2623.53 I 2625.67 II 2628.29 II 2631.05 II 2631.32 II 2632.237 I 2635.809 I 2641.646 I 2643.998 I 2666.812 I 2666.965 I 2679.062 I 2684.75 II 2689.212 I 2695.13 III 2699.106 I 2706.012 I 2706.582 I 2708.571 I 2711.655 I 2714.41 II 2716.257 I 2717.786 I 2718.436 I 2719.027 I 2719.420 I 2720.197 I 2720.903 I 2723.578 I 2724.953 I 2726.235 I 2727.54 II 2728.020 I 2728.820 I 2728.90 II 2733.581 I 2734.005 I 2734.268 I 2735.475 I 2735.612 I 2737.310 I 2737.83 I 2739.55 II 2742.254 I 2742.405 I 2743.20 II 2743.565 I 2744.068 I

Intensity 80 300 100 500 1200 80 150 100 800 250 100 120 150 150 120 120 80 250 300 600 3000 200 400 1500 10 p 2500 300 600 50 120 1500 120 200 200 1000 100 800 50 50 80 50 12 10 12 120 120 1200 60 1000 600 250 150 1500 120 800 1200 500 600 1000 1000 250

Wavelength/Å 2744.527 I 2746.48 II 2749.32 II 2749.48 II 2750.140 I 2753.29 II 2754.032 I 2754.426 I 2755.73 II 2756.328 I 2757.316 I 2761.780 I 2761.81 II 2762.026 I 2762.772 I 2763.109 I 2766.910 I 2767.522 I 2772.07 I 2778.220 I 2788.10 I 2797.78 I 2804.521 I 2806.98 I 2813.24 III 2813.287 I 2823.276 I 2825.56 I 2825.687 I 2828.808 I 2832.436 I 2835.950 I 2838.119 I 2843.631 I 2843.977 I 2845.594 I 2851.797 I 2869.307 I 2872.334 I 2874.172 I 2894.504 I 2904.43 III 2907.50 III 2907.70 III 2912.157 I 2929.007 I 2936.903 I 2941.343 I 2947.876 I 2953.940 I 2957.364 I 2965.254 I 2966.898 I 2969.36 I 2970.099 I 2973.132 I 2973.235 I 2981.445 I 2983.570 I 2994.427 I 2994.502 I

Intensity 500 120 800 12 60 12 h 200 500 120 15 60 60 500 1500 600 500 150 500 80 60 60 800 80 800 600 1000 250 120 120 80 100 100 60 100 10 p 10 80 10 10 150 250 500 800 200 80 50 100 200 200 60 50 80 60 300 600 80 50 120 300 100 80

Wavelength/Å 2999.512 I 3000.451 I 3000.948 I 3001.62 III 3001.655 I 3007.28 III 3007.282 I 3008.14 I 3009.569 I 3013.17 III 3017.627 I 3018.983 I 3020.491 I 3020.639 I 3021.073 I 3024.032 I 3025.638 I 3025.842 I 3030.148 I 3031.214 I 3034.484 I 3037.389 I 3041.637 I 3047.604 I 3057.446 I 3059.086 I 3067.244 I 3075.719 I 3091.577 I 3098.189 I 3099.895 I 3099.968 I 3100.303 I 3100.665 I 3136.43 III 3174.09 III 3175.445 I 3175.99 III 3178.01 III 3184.895 I 3191.659 I 3193.226 I 3193.299 I 3196.928 I 3199.500 I 3205.398 I 3211.88 I 3214.011 I 3214.396 I 3215.938 I 3217.377 I 3219.583 I 3219.766 I 3222.045 I 3225.78 I 3227.796 I 3233.967 I 3234.613 I 3236.222 I 3239.433 I 3244.187 I

Intensity 80 80 50 13 50 11 150 10 120 200 400 80 60 120 50 50 60 50 150 150 80 500 250 60 500 60 6000 2500 1000 200 1200 2000 500 2500 500 10 250 300 400 100 60 60 60 100 200 300 250 80 400 200 400 1000 1200 800 120 100 60 60 4000 150 150

Wavelength/Å 3246.005 I 3265.046 I 3265.617 I 3266.88 III 3271.000 I 3276.08 III 3286.75 I 3288.81 III 3305.97 I 3306.343 I 3355.227 I 3355.517 I 3369.546 I 3370.783 I 3378.678 I 3380.110 I 3383.978 I 3392.304 I 3392.651 I 3399.333 I 3404.353 I 3407.458 I 3413.131 I 3424.284 I 3427.119 I 3428.748 I 3440.606 I 3440.989 I 3443.876 I 3445.149 I 3465.860 I 3475.450 I 3476.702 I 3490.574 I 3497.840 I 3501.76 III 3513.817 I 3521.261 I 3526.040 I 3526.166 I 3526.237 I 3526.381 I 3526.467 I 3533.199 I 3536.556 I 3541.083 I 3542.075 I 3553.739 I 3554.925 I 3556.878 I 3558.515 I 3565.379 I 3570.097 I 3570.25 I 3571.996 I 3573.393 I 3573.829 I 3573.888 I 3581.19 I 3582.199 I 3584.660 I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

K21599_S10.indb 37

Wavelength/Å 3584.929 I 3585.319 I 3585.705 I 3586.04 III 3586.103 I 3586.984 I 3594.633 I 3600.94 III 3603.204 I 3603.88 III 3605.454 I 3606.680 I 3608.859 I 3610.16 I 3612.068 I 3617.788 I 3618.768 I 3621.462 I 3622.004 I 3623.19 I 3631.096 I 3631.463 I 3632.041 I 3638.298 I 3640.389 I 3643.717 I 3647.842 I 3649.506 I 3650.279 I 3651.467 I 3670.024 I 3670.089 I 3676.311 I 3677.629 I 3679.913 I 3682.242 I 3683.054 I 3684.107 I 3685.998 I 3687.456 I 3689.477 I 3694.008 I 3695.051 I 3701.086 I 3704.462 I 3705.566 I 3707.041 I 3707.821 I 3707.919 I 3709.246 I 3716.442 I 3719.935 I 3722.563 I 3724.377 I 3725.491 I 3727.093 I 3727.619 I 3732.396 I 3733.317 I 3734.864 I 3735.324 I

Intensity 6000 100 400 6000 1200 3000 80 3000 1500 400 1500 400 600 60 250 100 250 250 150 400 120 250 400 200 80 600 60 1500 2500 150 80 2500 1500 1200 1000 120 500 800 120 80 200 120 2500 150 10000 150 60 250 150 250 2000 4000 200 300 800 1200 400 250 80 600 1200

Wavelength/Å 3737.131 I 3738.306 I 3743.362 I 3745.561 I 3745.899 I 3748.262 I 3748.964 I 3749.485 I 3758.232 I 3760.05 I 3763.788 I 3765.54 I 3767.191 I 3776.452 I 3785.95 I 3786.68 I 3787.880 I 3790.092 I 3794.34 I 3795.002 I 3797.518 I 3798.511 I 3799.547 I 3805.345 I 3806.696 I 3812.964 I 3813.059 I 3815.840 I 3820.425 I 3821.179 I 3824.306 I 3824.444 I 3825.880 I 3827.823 I 3834.222 I 3839.257 I 3840.437 I 3841.047 I 3843.256 I 3846.800 I 3849.96 I 3850.817 I 3856.372 I 3859.212 I 3859.911 I 3865.523 I 3867.215 I 3872.501 I 3873.761 I 3878.018 I 3878.573 I 3886.282 I 3887.048 I 3888.513 I 3895.656 I 3899.707 I 3902.945 I 3906.479 I 3916.731 I 3920.258 I 3922.911 I

Intensity 1200 2000 60 60 50 50 16 60 250 60 11 100 80 10 w 40 50 60 200 40 400 60 100 10 50 4000 11 1500 50 50 1200 40 12 40 40 150 10 11 11 40 400 80 40 15 13 200 800 40 50 60 18 13 50 13 60 50 50 120 50 120 120 80

Wavelength/Å 3927.920 I 3930.296 I 3948.774 I 3949.953 I 3951.164 I 3952.601 I 3954.33 III 3956.454 I 3956.68 I 3966.614 I 3968.72 III 3969.257 I 3977.741 I 3979.42 III 3981.771 I 3983.956 I 3994.114 I 3997.392 I 3998.053 I 4005.241 I 4009.713 I 4021.867 I 4035.42 III 4040.638 I 4045.813 I 4053.11 III 4063.594 I 4066.975 I 4067.977 I 4071.737 I 4076.629 I 4081.00 III 4100.737 I 4107.489 I 4118.544 I 4120.90 III 4122.02 III 4122.78 III 4127.608 I 4132.058 I 4134.676 I 4136.997 I 4137.76 III 4139.35 III 4143.415 I 4143.869 I 4153.898 I 4154.500 I 4156.799 I 4164.73 III 4166.84 III 4172.744 I 4174.26 III 4174.912 I 4175.635 I 4177.593 I 4181.754 I 4184.891 I 4187.038 I 4187.795 I 4191.430 I

Intensity 40 150 40 300 40 80 80 400 100 50 11 50 200 100 13 250 50 12 50 200 300 40 800 250 1200 12 h 12 1200 14 h 80 16 h 250 18 h 1200 20 h 150 1500 80 80 11 h 14 h 18 h 800 3000 1200 300 12 600 400 120 80 80 200 50 50 30 30 50 120 60 30

Wavelength/Å 4195.329 I 4198.304 I 4199.095 I 4202.029 I 4203.984 I 4206.696 I 4210.343 I 4216.183 I 4219.360 I 4222.212 I 4222.27 III 4225.956 I 4227.423 I 4233.602 I 4235.56 III 4235.936 I 4238.809 I 4243.75 III 4247.425 I 4250.118 I 4250.787 I 4258.315 I 4260.473 I 4271.153 I 4271.759 I 4273.40 III 4279.72 III 4282.402 I 4286.16 III 4291.462 I 4296.85 III 4299.234 I 4304.78 III 4307.901 I 4310.36 III 4315.084 I 4325.761 I 4352.734 I 4369.771 I 4372.31 III 4372.53 III 4372.81 III 4375.929 I 4383.544 I 4404.750 I 4415.122 I 4419.60 III 4427.299 I 4461.652 I 4466.551 I 4476.017 I 4482.169 I 4482.252 I 4489.739 I 4528.613 I 4647.433 I 4736.771 I 4859.741 I 4871.317 I 4872.136 I 4878.208 I

Atomic

Intensity 120 300 150 10 200 400 100 11 150 11 200 500 1500 250 60 150 1500 200 150 150 100 1200 60 100 200 80 1500 250 80 200 120 150 100 150 1500 200 120 150 120 500 120 150 120 150 80 1200 60 150 300 600 120 8000 1500 120 60 60 500 150 1200 5000 120

10-37

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-38

Atomic

Intensity 100 250 30 150 500 1500 80 30 100 60 30 150 30 30 25 150 40 100 25 12 80 2500 80 500 50 80 200 10 30 25 150 60 1000 250 10 18 13 l 100 1200 800 14 15 30 16 60 12 11 12 25 14 w 10 10 150 800 300 100 80 500 11 12 12

K21599_S10.indb 38

Wavelength/Å 4890.754 I 4891.492 I 4903.309 I 4918.992 I 4920.502 I 4957.597 I 5001.862 I 5005.711 I 5006.117 I 5012.067 I 5014.941 I 5041.755 I 5049.819 I 5051.634 I 5074.748 I 5110.357 I 5139.251 I 5139.462 I 5151.910 I 5156.12 III 5166.281 I 5167.487 I 5168.897 I 5171.595 I 5191.454 I 5192.343 I 5194.941 I 5199.08 III 5204.582 I 5215.179 I 5216.274 I 5226.862 I 5227.150 I 5232.939 I 5235.66 III 5243.31 III 5260.34 III 5266.555 I 5269.537 I 5270.357 I 5272.98 III 5276.48 III 5281.789 I 5282.30 III 5283.621 I 5284.83 III 5298.12 III 5299.93 III 5302.299 I 5302.60 III 5306.76 III 5322.74 III 5324.178 I 5328.038 I 5328.531 I 5332.899 I 5339.928 I 5341.023 I 5346.88 III 5353.77 III 5363.76 III

Intensity 10 400 11 l 40 300 250 250 100 200 120 25 20 30 30 60 120 200 20 50 11 10 20 18 10 30 15 30 10 p 18 p 10 14 12 30 12 h 18 16 13 11 11 40 30 40 40 40 30 30 40 20 80 30 20 30 20 20 30 200 60 20 20 40 25

Wavelength/Å 5368.06 III 5371.489 I 5375.47 III 5393.167 I 5397.127 I 5405.774 I 5429.695 I 5434.523 I 5446.871 I 5455.609 I 5497.516 I 5501.464 I 5506.778 I 5569.618 I 5572.841 I 5586.755 I 5615.644 I 5624.541 I 5662.515 I 5719.88 III 5756.38 III 5762.990 I 5833.93 III 5854.62 III 5862.353 I 5891.91 III 5914.114 I 5920.13 III 5929.69 III 5952.31 III 5953.62 III 5979.32 III 5986.956 I 5989.08 III 5999.54 III 6032.59 III 6036.56 III 6048.72 III 6054.18 III 6065.482 I 6102.159 I 6136.614 I 6137.694 I 6191.558 I 6213.429 I 6219.279 I 6230.726 I 6246.317 I 6247.56 II 6252.554 I 6393.602 I 6399.999 I 6411.647 I 6421.349 I 6430.844 I 6456.38 II 6494.981 I 6546.239 I 6592.913 I 6677.989 I 7164.443 I

Intensity 80 30 30 40 60 80 60 80 60 50 150 120 20 120 30 15 60 150 52 87 91 255 160 230 160 580 225 1030 96 72 50 40 94 41 105

Wavelength/Å 7187.313 I 7207.381 I 7445.746 I 7495.059 I 7511.045 I 7937.131 I 7945.984 I 7998.939 I 8046.047 I 8085.176 I 8220.41 I 8327.053 I 8331.908 I 8387.770 I 8468.404 I 8514.069 I 8661.898 I 8688.621 I 11422.32 I 11439.12 I 11593.59 I 11607.57 I 11638.26 I 11689.98 I 11783.26 I 11882.84 I 11884.08 I 11973.05 I 14400.56 I 14512.23 I 14555.06 I 14826.43 I 15294.58 I 15769.42 I 18856.65 I

Krypton Kr 30 150 100 250 120 200 30 60 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 40 30 50 35 50 35 40 45

Z = 36 467.35 472.16 484.39 496.25 500.77 507.20 540.86 548.04 565.64 569.16 571.98 579.83 585.14 585.96 593.70 594.10 596.41 600.17 603.67 605.86 606.47 611.12 616.72 621.45 622.80

III V V V V V III V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity 50 30 45 50 35 120 50 60 50 50 30 40 35 35 35 35 45 45

45 50 30 50 600 50 100 p 60 30 200 100 60 200 60 p 200 100 60

7 18 60 60 50 22 100 50 60 60 60 40 50 200 1000 400 75 200 2000 50 50

Wavelength/Å 625.02 III 625.76 III 628.59 III 630.04 III 633.09 III 637.87 V 639.98 III 646.41 III 651.20 III 659.72 III 664.86 III 672.34 III 672.85 III 676.57 III 680.13 III 683.68 III 686.25 III 687.98 III 690.86 V 691.75 V 691.93 III 695.61 III 698.05 III 708.36 III 708.85 V 714.00 III 722.04 III 729.40 II 746.70 III 761.18 II 763.98 II 766.20 II 771.03 II 773.69 II 782.10 II 783.72 II 785.97 III 793.44 IV 794.11 IV 805.76 IV 810.70 V 816.82 IV 818.15 II 830.38 II 837.66 III 842.04 IV 844.06 II 854.73 III 862.58 III 864.82 II 868.87 II 870.84 III 876.08 III 884.14 II 886.30 II 891.01 II 897.81 III 911.39 II 917.43 II 945.44 I 946.54 I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

K21599_S10.indb 39

Wavelength/Å 951.06 I 953.40 I 963.37 I 964.97 II 987.29 III 1001.06 I 1003.55 I 1030.02 I 1158.74 III 1164.87 I 1235.84 I 1638.82 III 1914.09 III 2237.34 IV 2291.26 IV 2329.3 IV 2336.75 IV 2348.27 IV 2358.5 IV 2388.05 IV 2393.94 III 2416.9 IV 2428.04 IV 2442.68 IV 2451.7 IV 2459.74 IV 2464.77 II 2474.06 IV 2492.48 II 2494.01 III 2517.0 IV 2518.02 IV 2519.38 IV 2524.5 IV 2546.0 IV 2547.0 IV 2558.08 IV 2563.25 III 2586.9 IV 2606.17 IV 2609.5 IV 2615.3 IV 2621.11 IV 2639.76 III 2680.32 III 2681.19 III 2712.40 II 2730.55 IV 2748.18 IV 2774.70 IV 2829.60 IV 2833.00 II 2836.08 IV 2841.00 III 2851.16 III 2853.0 IV 2859.3 IV 2870.61 III 2892.18 III 2909.17 III 2952.56 III

Intensity 60 50 80 50 30 60 40 60 30 100 60 3 100 80 6 40 40 300 3 150 100 30 30 30 50 200 60 50 100 40 100 70 100 200 100 100 h 200 30 250 80 150 100 80 30 300 h 200 150 200 150 80 500 500 3 5 40 h 150 h 150 200 5 100 100 h

Wavelength/Å 2992.22 III 3022.30 III 3024.45 III 3046.93 III 3056.72 III 3063.13 III 3097.16 III 3112.25 III 3120.61 III 3124.39 III 3141.35 III 3142.01 IV 3189.11 III 3191.21 III 3224.99 IV 3239.52 III 3240.44 III 3245.69 III 3261.70 IV 3264.81 III 3268.48 III 3271.65 III 3285.89 III 3304.75 III 3311.47 III 3325.75 III 3330.76 III 3342.48 III 3351.93 III 3374.96 III 3439.46 III 3474.65 III 3488.59 III 3507.42 III 3564.23 III 3607.88 II 3631.889 II 3641.34 III 3653.928 II 3665.324 I 3669.01 II 3679.559 I 3686.182 II 3690.65 III 3718.02 II 3718.595 II 3721.350 II 3741.638 II 3744.80 II 3754.245 II 3778.089 II 3783.095 II 3809.30 IV 3860.58 IV 3868.70 III 3875.44 II 3906.177 II 3920.081 II 3934.29 IV 3994.840 II 3997.793 II

Intensity 300 300 50 500 250 100 40 250 40 150 1000 100 600 200 500 h 400 1000 150 h 100 3000 500 200 800 300 h 200 100 500 600 600 800 800 400 h 600 400 h 200 h 800 300 150 h 500 1000 800 2000 500 100 200 3000 300 1000 300 300 800 700 150 300 20 h 200 250 400 h 500 200 500

Wavelength/Å 4057.037 II 4065.128 II 4067.37 III 4088.337 II 4098.729 II 4109.248 II 4131.33 III 4145.122 II 4154.46 III 4250.580 II 4273.969 I 4282.967 I 4292.923 II 4300.49 II 4317.81 II 4318.551 I 4319.579 I 4322.98 II 4351.359 I 4355.477 II 4362.641 I 4369.69 II 4376.121 I 4386.54 II 4399.965 I 4425.189 I 4431.685 II 4436.812 II 4453.917 I 4463.689 I 4475.014 II 4489.88 II 4502.353 I 4523.14 II 4556.61 II 4577.209 II 4582.978 II 4592.80 II 4615.292 II 4619.166 II 4633.885 II 4658.876 II 4680.406 II 4691.301 II 4694.360 II 4739.002 II 4762.435 II 4765.744 II 4811.76 II 4825.18 II 4832.077 II 4846.612 II 4857.20 II 4945.59 II 5016.45 III 5022.40 II 5086.52 II 5125.73 II 5208.32 II 5308.66 II 5333.41 II

Intensity 200 10 500 2000 80 100 400 200 h 100 3000 200 60 10 h 60 10 h 10 300 100 200 150 60 100 250 100 80 400 400 60 200 100 300 1000 2000 150 1000 1200 250 150 800 200 180 200 120 100 1500 4000 6000 60 3000 200 80 3000 100 1500 5000 100 3000 150 6000 2000 500

Wavelength/Å 5468.17 II 5501.43 III 5562.224 I 5570.288 I 5580.386 I 5649.561 I 5681.89 II 5690.35 II 5832.855 I 5870.914 I 5992.22 II 5993.849 I 6037.17 III 6056.125 I 6078.38 III 6310.22 III 6420.18 II 6421.026 I 6456.288 I 6570.07 II 6699.228 I 6904.678 I 7213.13 II 7224.104 I 7287.258 I 7289.78 II 7407.02 II 7425.541 I 7435.78 II 7486.862 I 7524.46 II 7587.411 I 7601.544 I 7641.16 II 7685.244 I 7694.538 I 7735.69 II 7746.827 I 7854.821 I 7913.423 I 7928.597 I 7933.22 II 7973.62 II 7982.401 I 8059.503 I 8104.364 I 8112.899 I 8132.967 I 8190.054 I 8202.72 II 8218.365 I 8263.240 I 8272.353 I 8281.050 I 8298.107 I 8412.430 I 8508.870 I 8764.110 I 8776.748 I 8928.692 I 9238.48 II

Atomic

Intensity 20 50 50 2000 50 100 100 100 30 200 650 6 6 3 6 3 4 4 3 3 40 4 3 5 4 6 100 h 5 60 40 4 5 6 5 5 6 4 30 3 5 10 8 7 60 30 40 80 h 3 8 6 3 100 3 30 30 5 3 50 100 30 50

10-39

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-40

Atomic

Intensity 500 hl 200 h 300 100 200 h 200 h 500 500 h 400 h 200 200 h 2000 500 500 1000 100 200 150 500 150 1500 600 160 100 1100 1000 2400 800 200 600 150 550 140 180 2000 100 1600 550 450 400 120 140 1700 130 1500 700 200 180 120 200 2000 1000 2400 1600 1800 600 700 120 150 650 700

K21599_S10.indb 40

Wavelength/Å 9293.82 II 9320.99 II 9361.95 II 9362.082 I 9402.82 II 9470.93 II 9577.52 II 9605.80 II 9619.61 II 9663.34 II 9711.60 II 9751.758 I 9803.14 II 9856.314 I 10221.46 II 11187.108 I 11257.711 I 11259.126 I 11457.481 I 11792.425 I 11819.377 I 11997.105 I 12077.224 I 12861.892 I 13177.412 I 13622.415 I 13634.220 I 13658.394 I 13711.036 I 13738.851 I 13974.027 I 14045.657 I 14104.298 I 14402.22 I 14426.793 I 14517.84 I 14734.436 I 14762.672 I 14765.472 I 14961.894 I 15005.307 I 15209.526 I 15239.615 I 15326.480 I 15334.958 I 15372.037 I 15474.026 I 15681.02 I 15820.09 I 16726.513 I 16785.128 I 16853.488 I 16890.441 I 16896.753 I 16935.806 I 17098.771 I 17367.606 I 17404.443 I 17616.854 I 17842.737 I 18002.229 I

Intensity 2600 100 150 300 170 200 140 300 140 600 1800 120 180 120 180 600 180 1000 150 140 300 300 300 500 1100 220 100 1400 1100 500 300 1300 250

Wavelength/Å 18167.315 I 18399.786 I 18580.896 I 18696.294 I 18785.460 I 18797.703 I 20209.878 I 20423.964 I 20446.971 I 21165.471 I 21902.513 I 22485.775 I 23340.416 I 24260.506 I 24292.221 I 25233.820 I 28610.55 I 28655.72 I 28769.71 I 28822.49 I 29236.69 I 30663.54 I 30979.16 I 39300.6 I 39486.52 I 39557.25 I 39572.60 I 39588.4 I 39589.6 I 39954.8 I 39966.6 I 40306.1 I 40685.16 I

Lanthanum La Z = 57 100 344.12 400 390.72 1000 432.11 2500 435.28 10000 463.14 5000 482.16 7000 498.08 15000 499.54 10000 503.58 12000 526.76 10000 531.07 15000 533.23 8000 547.44 40000 552.02 5000 600.24 30000 631.26 400 796.99 2000 870.40 1000 882.34 400 942.86 50000 1081.61 95000 1099.73 2000 1255.63 10000 1349.18 25000 1368.04 20000 1463.47 15000 1507.87

IV V V V IV V V IV V V V V V IV V IV III III III III III III III III IV IV IV

Intensity 10000 4000 5000 4000 c 770 25000 w 50000 45000 95000 w 70000 w 420 50000 w 30000 c 70000 w 90000 c 1000 1500 510 550 800 1500 870 1500 320 1000 550 2400 3700 3900 600 1600 3400 1700 1300 1100 2200 9000 4400 3600 2800 3000 850 2800 5500 4400 550 1100 1500 1600 480 600 600 440 4600 550 2000 850 420 400 400 410

Wavelength/Å 1523.79 III 1808.66 IV 1902.97 IV 2197.45 IV 2256.76 II 2417.58 IV 2532.75 IV 2582.05 IV 2597.50 IV 2662.75 IV 2808.39 II 2848.30 IV 2962.58 IV 3009.51 IV 3056.68 IV 3171.63 III 3171.74 III 3245.13 II 3265.67 II 3303.11 II 3337.49 II 3344.56 II 3380.91 II 3628.83 II 3645.42 II 3713.54 II 3759.08 II 3790.83 II 3794.78 II 3840.72 II 3849.02 II 3871.64 II 3886.37 II 3916.05 II 3921.54 II 3929.22 II 3949.10 II 3988.52 II 3995.75 II 4031.69 II 4042.91 II 4067.39 II 4077.35 II 4086.72 II 4123.23 II 4141.74 II 4151.97 II 4196.55 II 4238.38 II 4269.50 II 4286.97 II 4296.05 II 4322.51 II 4333.74 II 4354.40 II 4429.90 II 4522.37 II 4526.12 II 4558.46 II 4574.88 II 4613.39 II

Intensity 410 540 360 230 230 500 390 320 320 850 1000 1000 370 340 370 720 210 470 470 450 290 580 850 260 720 520 340 370 370 180 500 470 240 180 370 320 450 140 320 720 260 d 450 250 180 110 160 50 110 w 110 w 75 cw 50 85 40 75 85 95 65 300 40 35 120

Wavelength/Å 4619.88 II 4655.50 II 4662.51 II 4692.50 II 4728.42 II 4740.28 II 4743.09 II 4748.73 II 4860.91 II 4899.92 II 4920.98 II 4921.79 II 4949.77 I 4970.39 II 4986.83 II 4999.47 II 5050.57 I 5114.56 II 5122.99 II 5145.42 I 5158.69 I 5177.31 I 5183.42 II 5188.22 II 5211.86 I 5234.27 I 5253.46 I 5271.19 I 5301.98 II 5303.55 II 5455.15 I 5501.34 I 5648.25 I 5740.66 I 5769.34 I 5789.24 I 5791.34 I 5821.99 I 5930.62 I 6249.93 I 6262.30 II 6394.23 I 6455.99 I 6709.50 I 7045.96 I 7066.23 II 7161.25 I 7282.34 II 7334.18 I 7483.50 II 7498.83 I 7539.23 I 7964.83 I 8086.05 I 8324.69 I 8346.53 I 8545.44 I 8583.45 III 8674.43 I 8825.82 I 9184.38 III

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 9212.63 III 10284.79 III

Lead Pb Z = 82 10 496.38 12 499.94 14 529.78 20 570.16 10 648.50 20 703.73 12 749.46 10 752.52 10 761.09 18 767.45 18 769.49 14 771.42 14 782.79 15 797.02 18 802.07 12 802.82 18 809.63 10 812.59 10 827.41 12 832.60 12 845.94 18 857.64 16 862.33 20 863.97 14 870.44 6 873.71 12 879.96 18 883.90 14 884.96 14 884.99 14 888.37 8 889.68 16 890.72 14 894.40 12 896.08 12 908.51 14 915.71 12 917.90 12 918.09 12 920.28 12 920.66 10 922.12 12 922.49 10 927.64 14 932.20 12 954.35 10 967.23 10 986.71 10 995.89 10 1016.61 14 1028.61 20 1032.05 16 1041.24 18 1044.14 12 1048.9 10 1049.82 10 1050.77 10 1051.26

K21599_S10.indb 41

IV IV IV IV IV V V V IV V V V V V IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV II IV V IV IV V II IV V V IV V IV V V V IV IV IV IV V II II II II IV IV IV IV III II II V

Intensity 15 10 12 18 20 10 10 10 10 20 10 10 10 18 14 12 14 20 10 10 11 10 20 10 10 12 10 16 18 10 10 10 14 20 10 10 20 10 10 10 7 12 16 10 5r 10 12 8r 12 6 10 15 500 r 7 12 7 8 10 20 20 25

Wavelength/Å 1056.53 IV 1060.66 II 1072.09 IV 1080.81 IV 1084.17 IV 1088.86 V 1103.94 II 1108.43 II 1109.84 II 1116.08 IV 1119.57 II 1121.36 II 1133.14 II 1137.84 IV 1144.93 IV 1157.88 V 1185.43 V 1189.95 IV 1203.63 II 1231.20 II 1233.50 V 1291.10 IV 1313.05 IV 1331.65 II 1335.20 II 1343.06 IV 1348.37 II 1388.94 IV 1400.26 IV 1404.34 IV 1433.96 II 1512.42 II 1535.71 IV 1553.1 III 1671.53 II 1682.15 II 1726.75 II 1796.670 II 1822.050 II 1904.77 I 1921.471 II 1959.34 IV 1973.16 IV 1998.83 V 2022.02 I 2042.58 IV 2049.34 IV 2053.28 I 2079.22 IV 2111.758 I 2115.066 I 2154.01 IV 2170.00 I 2175.580 I 2177.46 IV 2187.888 I 2189.603 I 2203.534 II 2237.425 I 2246.86 I 2246.89 I

Intensity 20 150 16 180 550 r 140 320 r 320 r 16 15 150 r 160 r 130 r 80 r 500 r 900 r 160 4 10 700 10 25000 r 100 14000 r 35000 r 6 14000 r 3 15 15 15 4 10 150 10 10 600 100 400 200 35000 50000 r 20000 70000 r 10 25000 12 15000 95000 14000 10 10000 8 200 10 6 16 7 10 6 1000

Wavelength/Å 2259.01 V 2332.418 I 2359.53 IV 2388.797 I 2393.792 I 2399.597 I 2401.940 I 2411.734 I 2417.61 IV 2424.81 V 2443.829 I 2446.181 I 2476.378 I 2577.260 I 2613.655 I 2614.175 I 2628.262 I 2634.256 II 2657.094 I 2663.154 I 2697.541 I 2801.995 I 2822.58 I 2823.189 I 2833.053 I 2840.557 II 2873.311 I 2914.442 II 2966.460 I 2972.991 I 2980.157 I 2986.876 II 3043.85 III 3118.894 I 3137.81 III 3176.50 III 3220.528 I 3229.613 I 3240.186 I 3262.355 I 3572.729 I 3639.568 I 3671.491 I 3683.462 I 3713.982 II 3739.935 I 3854.08 III 4019.632 I 4057.807 I 4062.136 I 4157.814 I 4168.033 I 4272.66 III 4340.413 I 4496.15 IV 4499.34 III 4534.60 IV 4571.21 III 4579.051 II 4761.12 III 5005.416 I

Intensity 100 50 10 2000 10 40 200 2000 500 500 40 50 100 50 c 20000 10 20 5 10 6 5 40 20 10 5 10 8 15 15 15 200 100 50 15 40

Wavelength/Å 5006.572 I 5089.484 I 5107.242 I 5201.437 I 5372.099 II 5692.346 I 5895.624 I 6001.862 I 6011.667 I 6059.356 I 6081.409 II 6110.520 I 6235.266 I 6660.20 II 7228.965 I 7346.676 I 7809.259 I 7896.737 I 8168.001 I 8191.886 I 8217.711 I 8272.690 I 8409.384 I 8478.492 I 8722.810 I 8857.457 I 9293.476 I 9438.05 I 9604.297 I 9674.351 I 10290.458 I 10498.965 I 10649.249 I 10886.688 I 10969.53 I 13512.6 I 14743.0 I 15349.6 I 39039.4 I

Lithium Li Z = 3 102.9 103.4 104.1 105.5 108.0 113.9 125.5 135.0 136.5 140.5 167.21 168.74 171.58 178.02 199.28 207.5 456. 483. 540. 540.0 729.

Atomic

Intensity 100 140

10-41

III III III III III III II III II II II II II II II II II II II III II

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-42 Intensity Atomic 3 5 1 3 5 1

h

K21599_S10.indb 42

Wavelength/Å 729.1 III 800. II 820. II 861. II 905.5 II 917.5 II 936. II 945. II 965. II 972. II 988. II 1018. II 1032. II 1036. II 1093. II 1103. II 1109. II 1116. II 1132.1 II 1141. II 1166.4 II 1198.09 II 1215. II 1238. II 1253.8 II 1420.89 II 1424. II 1492.93 II 1492.97 II 1493.04 II 1555. II 1653.08 II 1653.13 II 1653.21 II 1681.66 II 1755.33 II 2009. II 2039. I 2068. II 2131. II 2164. II 2173.4 I 2183. II 2214. II 2222. II 2237. II 2249.21 II 2286.82 II 2302.57 II 2303.33 II 2304.59 I 2304.92 I 2305.36 I 2305.83 I 2306.29 I 2306.82 I 2307.44 I 2308.97 I 2309.88 I 2310.94 I 2312.11 I

Intensity

3 5 2

1

3

10

24 15 2 3

5 2 3 1 5

2 2 5 1 3 3 3 4 1 9 4

Wavelength/Å 2313.49 I 2315.08 I 2316.95 I 2319.18 I 2321.88 I 2325.11 I 2329.02 I 2329.84 II 2333.94 I 2336.88 II 2336.91 II 2337.00 II 2340.15 I 2348.22 I 2358.93 I 2373.54 I 2381.54 II 2383.20 II 2394.39 I 2402.33 II 2410.84 II 2425.43 I 2429.81 II 2460.2 I 2475.06 I 2506.94 II 2508.78 II 2518. I 2539.49 II 2551.7 II 2559. II 2562.31 I 2605.08 II 2657.29 II 2657.30 II 2674.46 II 2728.24 II 2728.29 II 2728.32 II 2730.47 II 2730.55 II 2741.20 I 2766.99 II 2790.31 II 2801. I 2846. I 2868. I 2895. I 2934.02 II 2934.07 II 2934.12 II 2934.25 II 2968. I 3029.12 II 3029.14 II 3144. I 3155.31 II 3155.33 II 3196.26 II 3196.33 II 3196.36 II

Intensity 5 2 17

1 5 6d 8 7d 10 1 3 6 20 20 10 10 40 40 20 20 5 5 1 13 13

6 2 3 1

4 4 1 8 8

600 c 600 c 320 320 3600 3600

Wavelength/Å 3199.33 II 3199.43 II 3232.66 I 3249.87 II 3306.28 II 3488. I 3579.8 I 3618. I 3662. I 3684.32 II 3714.00 II 3714.16 II 3714.27 II 3714.29 II 3714.40 II 3714.41 II 3714.51 II 3714.58 II 3718.7 I 3794.72 I 3915.30 I 3915.35 I 3985.48 I 3985.54 I 4132.56 I 4132.62 I 4196. I 4273.07 I 4273.13 I 4325.42 II 4325.47 II 4325.54 II 4516.45 II 4602.83 I 4602.89 I 4607.34 II 4671.51 II 4671.65 II 4671.70 II 4678.06 II 4678.29 II 4760. I 4763. II 4788.36 II 4843.0 II 4881.32 II 4881.39 II 4881.49 II 4971.66 I 4971.75 I 5037.92 II 5271. I 5315. I 5395. I 5440. I 5483.55 II 5485.65 II 6103.54 I 6103.65 I 6707.76 I 6707.91 I

Intensity 48 48

Wavelength/Å 8126.23 I 8126.45 I 8517.37 II 9581.42 II 10120. II 12232. I 12782. I 13566. I 17552. I 18697. I 19290. I 24467. I 40475. I

Lutetium Lu Z = 71 100 563.72 500 810.73 2000 832.28 100 861.92 400 876.80 100 880.32 100 891.81 100 914.72 400 1001.18 100 1272.42 800 1333.79 400 1429.38 200 1441.76 200 1453.35 200 1468.99 400 1472.12 200 1473.71 200 1485.58 400 1511.26 600 1772.57 100 c 1786.25 1000 1854.57 1500 2065.35 1500 c 2070.56 600 c 2086.47 1000 c 2104.41 1000 c 2108.31 1700 h 2195.54 1000 2236.14 2000 2236.22 95 2276.94 190 2297.41 1300 2392.19 120 2399.14 80 2419.21 130 2459.64 370 2536.95 930 2571.23 1700 2578.79 4500 c 2603.35 1800 2613.40 18000 2615.42 1800 2619.26 2700 2657.80 570 h 2685.08 4200 2701.71 180 d 2719.09

V III III V IV V V V III IV IV IV V V V V V V IV IV V III III III IV IV IV II III III II II II II II II II II II III II II II II I II I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

K21599_S10.indb 43

Wavelength/Å 2728.95 I 2754.17 II 2765.74 I 2772.55 III 2796.63 II 2834.35 II 2845.13 I 2847.51 II 2885.14 I 2894.84 II 2900.30 II 2903.05 I 2911.39 II 2949.73 I 2951.69 II 2963.32 II 2969.82 II 2989.27 I 3020.54 II 3056.72 II 3057.86 III 3077.60 II 3080.11 I 3081.47 I 3118.43 I 3171.36 I 3191.80 II 3198.12 II 3254.31 II 3278.97 I 3281.74 I 3312.11 I 3359.56 I 3376.50 I 3385.50 I 3391.55 I 3396.82 I 3397.07 II 3472.48 II 3507.39 II 3508.42 I 3554.43 II 3567.84 I 3596.34 I 3623.99 II 3636.25 I 3647.77 I 3756.70 I 3756.79 I 3800.67 I 3841.18 I 3876.65 II 3918.86 I 3968.46 I 4054.45 I 4122.49 I 4124.73 I 4131.79 I 4154.08 I 4184.25 II 4277.50 I

Intensity 250 330 d 150 190 c 190 3300 100 h 1000 85 h 150 85 460 180 800 800 140 2700 170 500 140 c 100 2100 550 80 690 cw 140 1400 440 150 600 160 2100 80 160 70 h 1100 29 55 c 35 cw 23 c 30 c 45 23 45 14 ch 11 c 9c 17 35 10 d 29 c 35 c

Wavelength/Å 4281.03 I 4295.97 I 4309.57 I 4430.48 I 4450.81 I 4518.57 I 4648.21 I 4658.02 I 4659.03 I 4785.42 II 4815.05 I 4904.88 I 4942.34 I 4994.13 II 5001.14 I 5134.05 I 5135.09 I 5196.61 I 5402.57 I 5421.90 I 5437.88 I 5476.69 II 5736.55 I 5800.59 I 5983.9 II 5997.13 I 6004.52 I 6055.03 I 6159.94 II 6198.13 III 6199.66 II 6221.87 II 6235.36 II 6242.34 II 6345.35 I 6463.12 II 6477.67 I 6523.18 I 6611.28 II 6677.14 I 6793.77 I 6917.31 I 7031.24 I 7125.84 II 7237.98 I 7441.52 I 8178.16 I 8382.08 I 8459.19 II 8478.50 I 8508.08 I 8610.98 I

Magnesium Mg Z = 12 400 146.95 20 186.51 20 187.20 10 188.53 100 231.73 80 234.26 35 276.58 4000 320.99

IV III III III III III V IV

Intensity 3000 30 150 50 250 300 300 800 300 600 900 500 800 300 1000 500 1000 300 300 400 400 350 300 300 5 500 10 400 15 40 50 20 40 50 30 300 9 25 20 20 3 20 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 4 5

Wavelength/Å 323.31 IV 353.09 V 857.29 IV 919.03 IV 1037.41 IV 1210.99 IV 1342.19 IV 1346.57 IV 1346.68 IV 1352.05 IV 1384.46 IV 1385.77 IV 1387.53 IV 1404.68 IV 1409.36 IV 1437.53 IV 1437.64 IV 1447.42 IV 1459.54 IV 1459.62 IV 1481.51 IV 1490.45 IV 1495.50 IV 1607.11 IV 1668.43 I 1683.02 IV 1683.41 I 1698.81 IV 1707.06 I 1734.84 II 1737.62 II 1747.80 I 1750.65 II 1753.46 II 1827.93 I 1844.17 IV 2025.82 I 2064.90 III 2091.96 III 2177.70 III 2329.58 II 2395.15 III 2449.57 II 2557.23 I 2560.94 I 2562.26 I 2564.94 I 2570.91 I 2572.25 I 2574.94 I 2577.89 I 2580.59 I 2584.22 I 2585.56 I 2588.28 I 2591.89 I 2593.23 I 2595.97 I 2602.50 I 2603.85 I 2606.62 I

Intensity 1 2 3 3 6 8 2 3 4 8 8 6 8 10 3 5 6 8 10 12 5 7 38 32 90 8 32 36 1000 600 3 2 1 12 12 14 14 16 16 6000 2 4 3 10 12 2 13 20 22 14 9 8 6 6 7 2 17 6 9 7 8

Wavelength/Å 2613.36 I 2614.73 I 2617.51 I 2628.66 I 2630.05 I 2632.87 I 2644.80 I 2646.21 I 2649.06 I 2660.76 II 2660.82 II 2668.12 I 2669.55 I 2672.46 I 2693.72 I 2695.18 I 2698.14 I 2731.99 I 2733.49 I 2736.53 I 2765.22 I 2768.34 I 2776.69 I 2778.27 I 2779.83 I 2781.29 I 2781.42 I 2782.97 I 2795.53 II 2802.70 II 2809.76 I 2811.11 I 2811.78 I 2846.72 I 2846.75 I 2848.34 I 2848.42 I 2851.65 I 2851.66 I 2852.13 I 2902.92 I 2906.36 I 2915.45 I 2936.74 I 2938.47 I 2942.00 I 2942.00 I 3091.08 I 3092.99 I 3096.90 I 3104.71 II 3104.81 II 3168.98 II 3172.71 II 3175.78 II 3197.62 I 3329.93 I 3332.15 I 3336.68 I 3535.04 II 3538.86 II

Atomic

Intensity 480 h 3600 750 h 2000 2700 270 c 330 h 3000 570 h 6300 4500 300 9000 270 h 1200 4200 2400 1800 3000 2100 1000 7500 390 5100 h 3000 2400 260 1400 4800 3800 7600 6200 7600 6200 950 160 h 1400 4100 4800 8300 c 1600 4800 4800 340 800 680 2600 110 110 150 2700 530 50 480 670 310 3100 150 c 460 1600 150

10-43

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-44

Atomic

Intensity 7 8 140 300 500 8 7 3 3 4 6 8 10 15 20 9 10 8 9 14 13 28 10 7 75 220 400 8 7 9 6 30 10 9 7 10 9 11 7 8 7 8 10 10 12 20 19 17 15 12 13 10 9 8 10 20 10 11 10 15 10

K21599_S10.indb 44

Wavelength/Å 3549.52 II 3553.37 II 3829.30 I 3832.30 I 3838.29 I 3848.24 II 3850.40 II 3878.31 I 3895.57 I 3903.86 I 3938.40 I 3986.75 I 4057.50 I 4167.27 I 4351.91 I 4384.64 II 4390.59 II 4428.00 II 4433.99 II 4481.16 II 4481.33 II 4571.10 I 4730.03 I 4851.10 II 5167.33 I 5172.68 I 5183.61 I 5264.21 II 5264.37 II 5401.54 II 5528.41 I 5711.09 I 6318.72 I 6319.24 I 6319.49 I 6346.74 II 6346.96 II 6545.97 II 6781.45 II 6787.85 II 6812.86 II 6819.27 II 7193.17 I 7291.06 I 7387.69 I 7657.60 I 7659.15 I 7659.90 I 7691.55 I 7877.05 II 7896.37 II 8098.72 I 8115.22 II 8120.43 II 8209.84 I 8213.03 I 8213.99 II 8234.64 II 8310.26 I 8346.12 I 8710.18 I

Intensity 12 13 10 17 11 14 10 11 20 10 14 13 12 30 10 10 25 17 19 20 12 11 15 15 17 18 14 35 11 10 25 27 28 15 14 45 30 28 35 30 25 10 30 5

Wavelength/Å 8712.69 I 8717.83 I 8734.99 II 8736.02 I 8745.66 II 8806.76 I 8824.32 II 8835.08 II 8923.57 I 8997.16 I 9218.25 II 9244.27 II 9246.50 I 9255.78 I 9327.54 II 9340.54 II 9414.96 I 9429.81 I 9432.76 I 9438.78 I 9631.89 II 9632.43 II 9953.20 I 9983.20 I 9986.47 I 9993.21 I 10092.16 II 10811.08 I 10914.23 II 10951.78 II 10953.32 I 10957.30 I 10965.45 I 11032.10 I 11033.66 I 11828.18 I 12083.66 I 14877.62 I 15024.99 I 15040.24 I 15047.70 I 15765.84 I 17108.66 I 26392.90 I

Manganese Mn Z = 25 600 410.30 600 410.60 600 415.62 650 415.98 600 428.59 600 435.67 1000 441.72 850 442.49 60 579.79 60 581.44 60 581.65 60 585.21 90 1242.25 90 1244.50 95 1251.93 95 1257.28

V V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

Intensity 90 500 400 300 1000 800 500 h 1000 2000 500 80 80 20 30 50 40 30 20 20 85 85 80 80 30 20 50 20 75 30 20 d 100 20 30 80 20 20 30 50 30 500 800 20 20 20 500 1000 30 20 d 30 20 500 30 9700 14000 18000 1000 w 500 w 50 40 40 500

Wavelength/Å 1264.41 IV 1283.58 III 1287.59 III 1291.62 III 1360.72 III 1365.20 III 1609.17 III 1614.14 III 1620.60 III 1633.80 III 1667.00 IV 1698.30 IV 1726.47 II 1732.70 II 1733.55 II 1734.49 II 1737.93 II 1740.16 II 1742.00 II 1742.10 IV 1766.27 IV 1795.65 IV 1795.79 IV 1853.27 II 1857.92 II 1902.95 II 1907.84 II 1910.25 IV 1911.41 II 1914.68 II 1915.10 II 1918.64 II 1919.64 II 1921.25 II 1923.07 II 1923.34 II 1925.52 II 1926.59 II 1931.40 II 1941.28 III 1943.21 III 1945.15 II 1947.93 II 1950.14 II 1952.36 III 1952.52 III 1953.23 II 1954.81 II 1959.25 II 1969.24 II 1978.95 III 1994.23 II 1996.06 I 1999.51 I 2003.85 I 2027.83 III 2028.14 III 2037.31 II 2037.64 II 2039.97 II 2049.68 III

Intensity 500 1000 30 900 800 600 1500 500 20 500 500 20 1700 30 1000 700 900 800 800 290 540 900 770 1000 20 20 50 30 30 20 30 50 30 20 30 20 20 20 50 50 30 80 100 30 100 50 80 50 100 50 30 75 30 95 30 150 30 580 480 12000 550

Wavelength/Å 2066.38 III 2069.02 III 2076.21 II 2077.38 III 2084.23 III 2090.05 III 2092.16 I 2094.78 III 2097.46 II 2097.93 III 2099.97 III 2102.50 II 2109.58 I 2113.96 II 2169.78 III 2174.15 III 2176.87 III 2181.86 III 2184.87 III 2208.81 I 2213.85 I 2220.55 III 2221.84 I 2227.42 III 2373.36 II 2427.38 II 2427.72 II 2427.94 II 2437.37 II 2437.84 II 2452.49 II 2499.00 II 2507.60 II 2516.60 II 2516.74 II 2521.66 II 2530.72 II 2531.80 II 2532.78 II 2533.33 II 2534.10 II 2534.22 II 2535.66 II 2535.98 II 2537.92 II 2541.11 II 2542.92 II 2543.45 II 2548.75 II 2551.85 II 2553.27 II 2556.57 II 2556.89 II 2558.59 II 2559.41 II 2563.65 II 2565.22 II 2572.76 I 2575.51 I 2576.10 II 2584.31 I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

K21599_S10.indb 45

Wavelength/Å 2588.97 II 2589.71 II 2592.94 I 2593.73 II 2595.76 I 2598.90 II 2602.72 II 2603.72 II 2605.69 II 2610.20 II 2618.14 II 2622.90 I 2624.04 I 2624.80 II 2625.58 II 2632.35 II 2638.17 II 2639.84 II 2650.99 II 2655.91 II 2666.77 II 2667.03 II 2672.59 II 2673.37 II 2674.43 II 2680.34 II 2680.68 II 2681.25 II 2684.55 II 2685.94 II 2688.25 II 2693.19 II 2695.36 II 2698.97 II 2701.00 II 2701.17 II 2701.70 II 2703.98 II 2705.74 II 2707.53 II 2708.45 II 2709.96 II 2710.33 II 2711.58 II 2716.80 II 2717.53 II 2719.01 II 2719.74 II 2722.10 II 2724.46 II 2728.61 II 2794.82 I 2798.27 I 2799.84 I 2801.06 I 2809.11 I 2815.02 II 2816.33 II 2870.08 II 2872.94 II 2879.49 II

Intensity 70 160 55 50 80 140 h 190 h 1100 1500 250 h 1900 30 55 30 330 120 200 30 250 140 170 170 160 140 h 220 1000 300 850 330 650 100 310 310 220 180 180 200 720 50 360 360 h 290 180 140 50 100 360 1100 1300 1100 390 2200 720 1400 720 290 150 420 420 360

Wavelength/Å 2886.68 II 2889.58 II 2892.39 II 2898.70 II 2900.16 II 2914.60 I 2925.57 I 2933.06 II 2939.30 II 2940.39 I 2949.20 II 3019.92 II 3031.06 II 3035.35 II 3044.57 I 3045.59 I 3047.04 I 3050.65 II 3054.36 I 3062.12 I 3066.02 I 3070.27 I 3073.13 I 3178.50 I 3212.88 I 3228.09 I 3230.72 I 3236.78 I 3243.78 I 3248.52 I 3251.14 I 3252.95 I 3256.14 I 3258.41 I 3260.23 I 3264.71 I 3330.78 II 3441.99 II 3460.03 II 3460.33 II 3474.04 II 3474.13 II 3482.91 II 3488.68 II 3495.84 II 3496.81 II 3497.54 II 3531.85 I 3532.12 I 3547.80 I 3548.03 I 3548.20 I 3569.49 I 3569.80 I 3577.88 I 3586.54 I 3595.12 I 3601.72 III 3607.54 I 3608.49 I 3610.30 I

Intensity 290 220 140 100 280 180 210 130 130 260 110 3200 700 2100 390 200 480 1300 350 670 350 120 130 150 190 150 1500 150 27000 19000 11000 1500 5600 210 d 1100 150 1900 210 1100 150 730 730 290 730 730 1100 1100 200 150 120 150 120 370 510 190 290 290 270 50 350 210

Wavelength/Å 3619.28 I 3623.79 I 3629.74 I 3660.40 I 3693.67 I 3696.57 I 3706.08 I 3718.93 I 3731.93 I I 3790.22 3800.55 I 3806.72 I 3809.59 I 3823.51 I 3823.89 I 3829.68 I 3833.86 I 3834.36 I 3839.78 I 3841.08 I 3843.98 I 3926.47 I 3982.58 I 3985.24 I 3986.83 I 3987.10 I 4018.10 I 4026.44 I 4030.76 I 4033.07 I 4034.49 I 4035.73 I 4041.36 I 4045.13 I 4048.76 I 4055.21 I 4055.54 I 4057.95 I 4058.93 I 4059.39 I 4061.74 I 4063.53 I 4070.28 I 4079.24 I 4079.42 I 4082.94 I 4083.63 I 4110.90 I 4131.12 I 4135.04 I 4176.60 I 4189.99 I 4235.14 I 4235.29 I 4239.72 I 4257.66 I 4265.92 I 4281.10 I 4323.63 II 4414.88 I 4436.35 I

Intensity 800 160 130 160 110 210 270 150 510 290 200 130 170 240 240 160 180 130 1000 180 750 300 500 940 1000 19 30 200 150 60 50 50 85 160 19 95 95 50 95 35 85 35 150 12 60 200 40 30 50 40 21 200 140 200 290 200 17 24 14 h 12 14

Wavelength/Å 4451.59 I 4453.00 I 4455.01 I 4455.32 I 4455.82 I 4457.55 I 4458.26 I 4461.08 I 4462.02 I 4464.68 I 4470.14 I 4472.79 I 4490.08 I 4498.90 I 4502.22 I 4709.72 I 4727.48 I 4739.11 I 4754.04 I 4761.53 I 4762.38 I 4765.86 I 4766.43 I 4783.42 I 4823.52 I 5004.91 I 5074.79 I 5079.20 III 5100.03 III 5117.94 I 5150.89 I 5196.59 I 5255.32 I 5341.06 I 5349.88 I 5377.63 I 5394.67 I 5399.49 I 5407.42 I 5413.69 I 5420.36 I 5432.55 I 5454.07 III 5457.47 I 5470.64 I 5474.68 III 5481.40 I 5505.87 I 5516.77 I 5537.76 I 5551.98 I 5946.65 III 6013.50 I 6016.64 I 6021.80 I 6231.21 III 6440.97 I 6491.71 I 6942.52 I 6989.96 I 7069.84 I

Atomic

Intensity 30 45 250 6200 250 95 30 45 4300 190 500 140 150 40 200 190 130 80 27 60 30 30 110 55 55 45 30 30 55 55 110 27 55 27 85 50 160 100 130 80 110 45 80 110 30 30 30 50 30 30 55 6200 5100 220 3700 110 60 30 60 30 80

10-45

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-46

Atomic

Intensity 12 24 h 35 h 50 12 12 h 12 h 17 h 30 h

Wavelength/Å 7184.25 I 7283.82 I 7302.89 I 7326.51 I 7680.20 I 8672.06 I 8701.05 I 8703.76 I 8740.93 I

Mercury 198 Hg Z = 80 80 1250.564 8 1259.242 100 1268.825 5 1307.751 20 1402.619 10 1435.503 1000 1849.492 60 2262.210 20 2302.065 20 2345.440 100 2378.325 20 2380.004 40 2399.349 20 2399.729 20 2446.900 15 2464.064 40 2481.999 30 2482.713 40 2483.821 90 2534.769 15000 2536.506 25 2563.861 25 2576.290 250 2652.043 400 2653.683 100 2655.130 50 2698.831 80 2752.783 20 2759.710 40 2803.471 30 2804.438 750 2847.675 50 2856.939 150 2893.598 150 2916.227 60 2925.413 1200 2967.283 300 3021.500 120 3023.476 30 3025.608 50 3027.490 400 3125.670 320 3131.551 320 3131.842 80 3341.481 2800 3650.157 300 3654.839 80 3662.883 240 3663.281 30 3701.432 35 3704.170

K21599_S10.indb 46

I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity 30 20 60 200 1800 150 40 250 400 4000 80 1100 160 240 280 20 30 160 250 240

Wavelength/Å 3801.660 I 3901.867 I 3906.372 I 3983.839 II 4046.572 I 4077.838 I 4108.057 I 4339.224 I 4347.496 I 4358.337 I 4916.068 I 5460.753 I 5675.922 I 5769.598 I 5790.663 I 6072.713 I 6234.402 I 6716.429 I 6907.461 I 11287.407 I

Mercury Hg 3 2 2 1 400 300 150 200 100 50 1 2 5 800 2 80 8 100 5 300 400 400 80 200 20 200 10 15 120 20 150 50 200 9 100 100 120 250 15 20

Z = 80 621.44 679.68 878.59 886.48 893.08 915.83 923.39 940.80 962.74 969.13 988.89 1009.29 1068.03 1099.26 1161.95 1250.58 1259.24 1268.82 1307.75 1307.93 1321.71 1331.74 1350.07 1361.27 1402.62 1414.43 1435.51 1619.46 1623.95 1628.25 1649.94 1653.64 1672.41 1681.40 1702.73 1707.40 1727.18 1732.14 1759.75 1775.68

III III III III II II II II II II III III III II III I I I I II II II II II I II I II II II II II II III II II II II III I

Intensity 40 30 200 60 30 40 400 5 1000 160 300 200 1 20 30 300 100 200 150 90 90 70 5 60 20 7 15 5 20 20 100 20 4 40 20 10 60 50 8 5 20 15 5 40 30 40 7 90 15000 25 25 5 2 4 15 5 250 400 100 3 5

Wavelength/Å 1783.70 II 1796.22 II 1796.90 II 1798.74 II 1803.89 II 1808.29 II 1820.34 II 1832.74 I 1849.50 I 1869.23 II II 1870.55 1875.54 II 1894.77 III 1900.28 II 1927.60 II 1942.27 II 1972.94 II 1973.89 II 1987.98 II 2026.97 II 2052.93 II 2148.00 II 2247.55 I 2262.23 II 2302.06 I 2314.15 III 2323.20 I 2340.57 I 2345.43 I 2352.48 I 2378.32 I 2380.00 I 2380.55 III 2399.38 I 2399.73 I 2400.49 I 2407.35 II 2414.13 II 2431.65 III 2441.06 I 2446.90 I 2464.06 I 2480.56 III 2482.00 I 2482.72 I 2483.82 I 2484.50 III 2534.77 I 2536.52 I 2563.86 I 2576.29 I 2578.91 I 2612.92 III 2617.97 III 2625.19 I 2639.78 I 2652.04 I 2653.69 I 2655.13 I 2670.49 III 2674.91 I

Intensity 50 50 80 70 80 20 6 40 30 2 2 150 3 750 50 150 150 60 150 400 1200 300 120 30 50 15 400 320 320 400 400 5 12 80 100 8 5 400 3 4 200 5 2800 300 80 240 30 35 30 15 100 20 60 100 200 1800 150 40 70 10 100

Wavelength/Å 2698.83 I 2699.38 I 2705.36 II 2724.43 III 2752.78 I 2759.71 I 2769.22 III 2803.46 I 2804.43 I 2805.34 I 2806.77 I 2814.93 II 2844.76 III 2847.68 II 2856.94 I 2893.60 I 2916.27 II 2925.41 I 2935.94 II 2947.08 II 2967.28 I 3021.50 I 3023.47 I 3025.61 I 3027.49 I 3090.05 III 3125.67 I 3131.55 I 3131.84 I 3208.20 II 3264.06 II 3283.02 III 3312.28 III 3341.48 I 3385.25 II 3389.01 III 3450.77 III 3451.69 II 3500.35 III 3538.88 III 3549.42 II 3557.24 III 3650.15 I 3654.84 I 3662.88 I 3663.28 I 3701.44 I 3704.17 I 3801.66 I 3803.51 III 3806.38 II 3901.87 I 3906.37 I 3918.92 II 3983.96 II 4046.56 I 4077.83 I 4108.05 I 4122.07 III 4140.34 III 4216.74 III

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

K21599_S10.indb 47

Wavelength/Å 4339.22 I 4347.49 I 4358.33 I 4398.62 II 4470.58 III 4552.84 III 4660.28 II 4797.01 III 4855.72 II 4869.85 III 4883.00 I 4889.91 I 4916.07 I 4970.37 I 4973.57 III 4980.64 I 5102.70 I 5120.64 I 5128.45 II 5137.94 I 5210.82 III 5290.74 I 5316.78 I 5354.05 I 5384.63 I 5460.74 I 5549.63 I 5675.86 I 5695.71 III 5769.60 I 5789.66 I 5790.66 I 5803.78 I 5859.25 I 5871.73 II 5871.98 I 6072.72 I 6149.50 II 6220.35 III 6234.40 I 6418.98 III 6501.38 III 6521.13 II 6584.26 III 6610.12 III 6709.29 III 6716.43 I 6907.52 I 7081.90 I 7091.86 I 7346.37 II 7485.87 II 7517.46 III 7728.82 I 7808.10 III 7944.66 II 7946.75 III 7984.51 III 8151.64 III 10139.75 I 11287.40 I

Intensity 120 140 60 80 500 450 200 500 100 400 300 500 400 20 20 20 70 30 50 40 250

Wavelength/Å 13209.95 I 13426.57 I 13468.38 I 13505.58 I 13570.21 I 13673.51 I 13950.55 I 15295.82 I 16881.48 I 16920.16 I 16942.00 I 17072.79 I 17109.93 I 17116.75 I 17198.67 I 17213.20 I 17329.41 I 17436.18 I 18130.38 I 19700.17 I 22493.28 I 23253.07 I 32148.06 I 36303.03 I

Molybdenum Mo Z = 42 50 867.92 100 884.19 60 886.05 50 891.74 100 1169.33 100 1254.93 100 1258.52 100 1262.21 100 1263.74 100 1274.37 100 1276.40 200 1277.40 200 1277.58 200 1278.40 150 1281.90 150 1283.60 100 1854.73 80 1926.26 100 1929.24 80 1971.06 70 2010.92 19000 2015.11 40000 2020.30 21000 2038.44 17000 2045.98 50 2060.38 4800 2081.68 2400 2089.52 2200 2092.50 4000 2093.11 2700 2100.84 1500 2104.29 1400 2108.02 100 2184.37 100 2211.02 400 2269.69

IV IV IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV IV IV II II II II IV II II II II II II II III III II

Intensity 150 200 160 160 150 110 190 100 110 140 120 85 200 440 330 80 85 250 250 400 440 330 720 410 600 370 640 480 560 h 640 720 250 1000 95 640 880 560 480 190 290 85 140 80 330 160 80 h 290 110 220 240 160 190 1700 65 880 400 100 400 1700 220 80

Wavelength/Å 2269.71 III 2294.97 III 2304.25 II 2306.97 II 2330.93 III 2332.12 II 2341.59 II 2359.76 III 2389.20 II 2403.61 II 2413.01 II 2498.28 II 2506.19 III 2538.46 II 2542.67 II 2558.88 II 2564.34 II 2593.70 II 2602.80 II 2616.78 I 2629.85 I 2636.67 II 2638.76 II 2640.99 I 2644.35 II 2646.49 II 2649.46 I 2653.35 II 2655.03 I 2660.58 II 2672.84 II 2673.27 II 2679.85 I 2681.36 II 2683.23 II 2684.14 II 2687.99 II 2701.42 II 2713.51 II 2717.35 II 2726.97 II 2729.68 II 2730.20 II 2732.88 II 2736.96 II 2737.88 II 2746.30 II 2756.07 II 2763.62 II 2769.76 II 2773.78 II 2774.39 II 2775.40 II 2777.86 II 2780.04 II 2784.99 II 2807.74 III 2807.76 II 2816.15 II 2817.44 II 2827.74 II

Intensity 80 80 160 1700 370 370 220 1700 85 220 65 1300 95 190 950 140 70 290 80 600 1100 120 1300 140 1100 800 95 110 150 140 95 125 95 240 70 95 250 210 70 250 80 95 95 100 800 250 800 85 800 270 190 560 560 1400 290 14000 110 220 55 6000 8700

Wavelength/Å 2834.39 II 2835.33 II 2842.15 II 2848.23 II 2853.23 II 2863.81 II 2866.69 II 2871.51 II 2872.88 II 2879.05 II 2888.15 II 2890.99 II 2891.28 II 2892.81 II 2894.45 II 2897.63 II 2900.80 II 2903.07 II 2907.12 II 2909.12 II 2911.92 II 2918.83 II 2923.39 II 2924.32 II 2930.50 II 2934.30 II 2940.10 II 2941.22 II 2944.82 II 2946.69 II 2947.28 II 2947.32 III 2955.84 II 2956.06 II 2956.90 II 2960.24 II 2963.79 II 2965.27 II 2971.91 II 2972.61 II 2975.40 II 2992.84 II 3027.77 II 3060.78 II 3064.28 I 3065.04 II 3074.37 I 3077.66 II 3085.62 I 3087.62 II 3092.07 II 3094.66 I 3101.34 I 3112.12 I 3122.00 II 3132.59 I 3138.72 II 3152.82 II 3155.64 II 3158.16 I 3170.35 I

Atomic

Intensity 250 400 4000 100 15 12 90 50 80 10 5 5 80 5 80 5 20 40 100 20 30 20 5 60 30 1100 30 160 6 240 100 280 140 60 60 20 20 1000 25 30 35 40 80 10 6 30 160 250 250 200 40 100 12 20 7 100 25 50 5 2000 240

10-47

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-48

Atomic

Intensity 95 160 120 d 7600 880 3000 560 880 600 1100 950 65 950 480 800 200 1100 950 190 100 190 640 1300 95 1600 950 950 1900 130 640 1300 640 130 3200 640 950 640 800 560 480 640 520 400 1400 1400 1000 400 540 590 1300 65 180 1400 500 80 29000 520 940 1700 29000 580

K21599_S10.indb 48

Wavelength/Å 3172.03 II 3172.74 II 3187.59 II 3193.97 I 3205.88 I 3208.83 I 3215.07 I 3228.22 I 3229.79 I 3233.14 I 3237.08 I 3240.71 II 3256.21 I 3264.40 I 3270.90 I 3271.69 III 3289.02 I 3290.82 I 3292.31 II 3313.62 II 3320.90 II 3323.95 I 3344.75 I 3346.40 II 3358.12 I 3363.78 I 3379.97 I 3384.62 I 3395.36 II 3404.34 I 3405.94 I 3437.22 I 3446.08 II 3447.12 I 3449.07 I 3456.39 I 3460.78 I 3504.41 I 3508.12 I 3521.41 I 3537.28 I 3558.10 I 3563.14 I 3581.89 I 3624.46 I 3635.43 I 3657.35 I 3664.81 I 3672.82 I 3680.60 I 3688.31 II 3692.64 II 3694.94 I 3727.69 I 3744.37 II 3798.25 I 3826.70 I 3828.87 I 3833.75 I 3864.11 I 3869.08 I

Intensity 580 19000 65 1400 2300 1300 940 730 630 2900 480 2500 1500 890 1200 1400 680 890 840 1900 2500 990 480 630 400 460 640 700 770 410 410 180 80 65 100 50 200 100 100 130 130 80 150 110 80 100 160 d 230 h 160 h 110 50 50 80 65 100 460 h 230 h 110 h 100 150 65

Wavelength/Å 3886.82 I 3902.96 I 3941.48 II 4062.08 I 4069.88 I 4081.44 I 4084.38 I 4107.47 I 4120.10 I 4143.55 I 4185.82 I 4188.32 I 4232.59 I 4276.91 I 4277.24 I 4288.64 I 4292.13 I 4293.21 I 4326.14 I 4381.64 I 4411.57 I 4434.95 I 4457.36 I 4474.56 I 4536.80 I 4626.47 I 4707.26 I 4731.44 I 4760.19 I 4819.25 I 4830.51 I 5014.60 I 5029.00 I 5030.78 I 5047.71 I 5055.00 I 5059.88 I 5080.02 I 5096.65 I 5097.52 I 5109.71 I 5114.97 I 5145.38 I 5147.39 I 5163.19 I 5167.76 I 5171.08 I 5172.94 I 5174.18 I 5200.17 I 5200.74 I 5211.86 I 5219.40 I 5231.06 I 5234.26 I 5238.20 I 5240.88 I 5242.81 I 5245.51 I 5259.04 I 5261.14 I

Intensity 65 210 55 55 55 80 65 560 hl 110 hl 65 50 55 65 50 7800 5200 50 55 2500 100 330 50 230 55 460 80 210 620 520 55 h 50 h 520 50 820 50 h 160 h 35 1300 40 40 35 100 230 50 110 50 35 40 35 110 150 40 40 140 27 40 h 45 h 45 h

Wavelength/Å 5279.65 I 5280.86 I 5292.08 I 5295.47 I 5313.89 I 5354.88 I 5356.48 I 5360.56 I 5364.28 I 5394.52 I 5400.47 I 5435.68 I 5437.75 I 5501.54 I 5506.49 I 5533.05 I 5543.12 I 5556.28 I 5570.45 I 5610.93 I 5632.47 I 5634.86 I 5650.13 I 5674.47 I 5689.14 I 5705.72 I 5722.74 I 5751.40 I 5791.85 I 5849.73 I 5851.52 I 5858.27 I 5869.33 I 5888.33 I 5893.38 I 5928.88 I 6025.49 I 6030.66 I 6101.87 I 6357.22 I 6401.07 I 6424.37 I 6619.13 I 6650.38 I 6733.98 I 6746.27 I 6753.97 I 6838.88 I 6914.01 I 7109.87 I 7242.50 I 7245.85 I 7391.36 I 7485.74 I 7720.77 I 8328.44 I 8389.32 I 8483.39 I

Neodymium Nd Z = 60 75 2764.98 80 2993.20

I II

Intensity 95 95 95 140 130 160 240 260 290 220 170 170 150 220 220 320 290 410 320 410 470 370 410 470 540 540 580 1200 440 410 410 470 640 d 470 410 410 780 410 710 470 1000 d 440 1000 580 510 930 930 510 1400 710 580 510 2400 370 1200 2500 470 540 440 580 710

Wavelength/Å 3007.97 II 3014.19 II 3018.35 II 3056.71 II 3069.73 II 3075.38 II 3092.92 II 3115.18 II 3133.60 II 3134.90 II 3141.46 II 3142.44 II 3203.47 II 3259.24 II 3265.12 II 3275.22 II 3285.10 II 3328.28 II 3353.59 II 3560.75 II 3587.51 II 3615.82 II 3653.15 II 3662.26 II 3665.18 II 3672.36 II 3673.54 II 3685.80 II 3687.30 II 3689.69 II 3697.56 II 3713.70 II 3714.73 II 3715.68 II 3718.54 II 3721.35 II 3723.50 II 3724.87 II 3728.13 II 3730.58 II 3735.54 II 3737.10 II 3738.06 II 3752.49 II 3757.82 II 3758.95 II 3763.47 II 3769.65 II 3775.50 II 3779.47 II 3780.40 II 3781.32 II 3784.25 II 3801.12 II 3803.47 II 3805.36 II 3807.23 II 3808.77 II 3809.06 II 3810.49 II 3814.73 II

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

K21599_S10.indb 49

Wavelength/Å 3822.47 II 3826.42 II 3828.85 II 3829.16 II 3830.47 II 3836.54 II 3838.98 II 3841.82 II 3848.24 II 3848.52 II 3850.22 II 3851.66 II 3863.33 II 3869.07 II 3875.87 II 3878.58 II 3879.55 II 3880.38 II 3880.78 II 3887.87 II 3889.93 II 3890.58 II 3890.94 II 3891.51 II 3892.06 II 3894.63 II 3897.63 II 3900.21 II 3901.84 II 3905.89 II 3907.84 II 3911.16 II 3912.23 II 3915.13 II 3915.95 II 3920.96 II 3927.10 II 3934.82 II 3936.11 II 3938.86 II 3941.51 II 3951.16 II 3952.20 II 3958.00 II 3962.21 II 3963.12 II 3973.30 II 3973.69 II 3976.85 II 3979.49 II 3986.25 II 3990.10 II 3991.74 II 3994.68 II 4000.50 II 4004.02 II 4007.43 II 4012.25 II 4012.70 II 4020.87 II 4021.34 II

Intensity 1000 1200 410 1200 3000 410 410 850 850 4700 1100 710 470 470 1400 2500 510 410 470 510 3000 510 410 810 2400 640 470 470 440 1300 2000 850 410 470 710 5400 470 1100 510 540 680 850 470 d 710 540 510 580 1400 740 410 250 340 340 340 300 510 340 250 300 310 470

Wavelength/Å 4021.78 II 4023.00 II 4030.47 II 4031.82 II 4040.80 II 4043.59 II 4048.81 II 4051.15 II 4059.96 II 4061.09 II 4069.28 II 4075.12 II 4075.28 II 4080.23 II 4109.08 II 4109.46 II 4110.48 II 4123.88 II 4133.36 II 4135.33 II 4156.08 II 4156.26 II 4168.00 II 4175.61 II 4177.32 II 4179.59 II 4205.60 II 4211.29 II 4227.73 II 4232.38 II 4247.38 II 4252.44 II 4261.84 II 4282.44 II 4284.52 II 4303.58 II 4314.52 II 4325.76 II 4327.93 II 4338.70 II 4351.29 II 4358.17 II 4374.93 II 4385.66 II 4400.83 II 4411.06 II 4446.39 II 4451.57 II 4462.99 II 4501.82 II 4516.36 II 4541.27 II 4542.61 II 4563.22 II 4621.94 I 4634.24 I 4641.10 I 4645.77 II 4649.67 I 4683.45 I 4706.54 II

Intensity 240 240 350 280 350 220 240 280 210 330 470 260 290 290 250 360 360 360 340 680 500 630 330 310 450 250 720 360 590 680 220 500 290 160 240 220 140 d 220 130 160 100 160 80 70 80 55 45 45 55 45 45 55 65 45 45 40 40 35 40 29 24

Wavelength/Å 4719.02 I 4811.34 II 4825.48 II 4859.02 II 4883.81 I 4890.70 II 4891.07 I 4896.93 I 4901.84 I 4920.68 II 4924.53 I 4944.83 I 4954.78 I 4959.13 II 4989.94 II 5076.59 II 5092.80 II 5107.59 II 5123.79 II 5130.60 II 5191.45 II 5192.62 II 5200.12 II 5212.37 II 5234.20 II 5239.79 II 5249.59 II 5255.51 II 5273.43 II 5293.17 II 5311.46 II 5319.82 II 5361.47 II 5431.53 II 5594.43 II 5620.54 I 5675.97 I 5688.53 II 5702.24 II 5708.28 II 5729.29 I 5804.02 II 5811.57 II 5825.87 II 5842.39 II 5858.91 I 6007.67 I 6034.24 II 6066.03 I 6178.59 I 6223.39 I 6310.49 I 6385.20 II 6630.14 I 6650.57 II 6740.11 II 6900.43 II 7037.30 II 7066.89 II 7129.35 II 7189.42 II

Intensity 20 15 12 10 10 12 17 12 10 12 10 10 12 12 12 12 15 12 12 10 12 12 12 10 10 12 17

Wavelength/Å 7192.01 II 7236.54 II 7316.81 II 7406.62 II 7418.18 II 7511.16 II 7513.73 II 7528.99 II 7538.26 II 7696.56 II 7750.95 II 7808.47 II 7863.04 II 7917.01 II 7958.95 I 7965.73 II 7982.09 II 7982.68 II 8000.76 II 8120.93 II 8122.07 II 8141.75 II 8143.27 II 8231.52 II 8307.72 II 8346.36 II 8839.10 II

Neon Ne Z = 10 66 119.01 200 122.52 66 125.12 45 131.99 50 132.04 150 140.76 150 140.79 100 142.44 100 142.50 150 142.72 100 143.27 150 143.34 150 147.13 66 151.23 120 151.42 15 151.82 15 152.23 45 154.50 15 158.65 15 158.82 100 164.02 100 164.14 80 172.62 500 173.93 80 177.16 150 186.58 100 194.28 100 208.48 100 208.73 80 208.90 150 212.56 140 223.24 120 223.60

Atomic

Intensity 410 1200 540 440 510 740 1700 410 d 1700 d 1500 470 2400 d 3700 d 850 470 1100 1000 780 1200 540 1300 1300 1300 580 470 810 440 2000 1300 1700 510 2000 850 440 610 1100 510 610 410 510 2000 2000 810 590 510 1400 1100 740 740 740 470 1400 1000 1100 410 540 410 3700 540 1000 1000

10-49

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V IV IV V V IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-50

Atomic

Intensity 140 120 20 20 20 40 40 20 40 160 110 40 220 220 220 40 90 60 50 400 500 200 500 90 60 1000 220 125 100 150 120 800 150 200 300 250 180 150 200 10 120 90 1000 500 140 200 180 140 250 150 250 500 285 220 450 70 220 360 120 140 80

K21599_S10.indb 50

Wavelength/Å 234.32 IV 234.70 IV 251.14 III 251.56 III 251.73 III 267.06 III 267.52 III 267.71 III 283.18 III 283.21 III 283.69 III 283.89 III 301.12 III 313.05 III 313.68 III 313.95 III 352.956 I 354.962 I 357.83 IV 357.96 V 358.47 V 358.72 IV 359.38 V 361.433 II 362.455 II 365.59 V 379.31 III 387.14 IV 388.22 IV 405.854 II 407.138 II 416.20 V 421.61 IV 445.040 II 446.256 II 446.590 II 447.815 II 454.654 II 455.274 II 456.275 II 456.348 II 456.896 II 460.728 II 462.391 II 469.77 IV 469.82 IV 469.87 IV 469.92 IV 480.41 V 481.28 V 481.36 V 482.99 V 488.10 III 488.87 III 489.50 III 489.64 III 490.31 III 491.05 III 521.74 IV 521.82 IV 541.13 IV

Intensity 100 150 400 250 500 250 800 35 35 35 70 100 75 35 70 170 170 170 120 200 200 1000 400 60 70 90 100 90 20 110 160 90 90 90 120 180 100 100 200 500 300 200 100 c 80 65 110 80 150 200 300 240 400 180 120 200 300 200 30 200 200 240

Wavelength/Å 542.07 IV 543.89 IV 568.42 V 569.76 V 569.83 V 572.11 V 572.34 V 587.213 I 589.179 I 589.911 I 591.830 I 595.920 I 598.706 I 598.891 I 600.036 I 602.726 I 615.628 I 618.672 I 619.102 I 626.823 I 629.739 I 735.896 I 743.720 I 993.88 I 1068.65 I 1131.72 I 1131.85 II 1229.83 I 1255.03 III 1255.68 III 1257.19 III 1418.38 I 1428.58 I 1436.09 I 1681.68 II 1688.36 II 1888.11 II 1889.71 II 1907.49 II 1916.08 II 1930.03 II 1938.83 II 1945.46 II 2007.01 II 2018.44 IV 2022.19 IV 2025.56 II 2085.47 II 2086.96 III 2089.43 III 2092.44 III 2095.54 III 2096.11 II 2096.25 II 2161.22 III 2163.77 III 2180.89 III 2203.88 IV 2209.35 III 2211.85 III 2213.76 III

Intensity 300 10 75 110 65 250 65 175 240 65 110 200 250 550 30 250 250 450 700 250 250 110 350 65 350 300 240 200 200 80 p 90 w 800 600 400 300 240 200 80 80 90 w 80 200 200 80 600 500 80 90 80 100 80 80 90 90 80 80 80 80 w 80 90 150

Wavelength/Å 2216.07 III 2220.81 IV 2227.42 V 2232.41 V 2245.48 V 2258.02 IV 2259.57 V 2262.08 IV 2263.21 III 2263.39 V 2264.54 IV 2264.91 III 2265.71 V 2285.79 IV 2293.14 IV 2293.49 IV 2350.84 IV 2352.52 IV 2357.96 IV 2362.68 IV 2363.28 IV 2365.49 IV 2372.16 IV 2384.20 IV 2384.95 IV 2412.73 III 2412.94 III 2413.78 III 2473.40 III 2562.12 II 2567.12 II 2590.04 III 2593.60 III 2595.68 III 2610.03 III 2613.41 III 2615.87 III 2623.11 II 2629.89 II 2636.07 II 2638.29 II 2638.70 III 2641.07 III 2644.10 II 2677.90 III 2678.64 III 2762.92 II 2792.02 II 2794.22 II 2809.48 II 2906.59 II 2906.82 II 2910.06 II 2910.41 II 2911.14 II 2915.12 II 2925.62 II 2932.10 II 2940.65 II 2946.04 II 2955.72 II

Intensity 150 150 100 15 100 12 150 120 p 300 300 100 120 100 100 100 100 100 120 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 120 100 120 100 100 100 100 120 10 300 100 100 p 100 100 100 120 500 60 120 120 150 150 120 120 200 120 120 150 100 100 100 100 150 150 300

Wavelength/Å 2963.24 II 2967.18 II 2973.10 II 2974.72 I 2979.46 II 2982.67 I 3001.67 II 3017.31 II 3027.02 II 3028.86 II 3030.79 II 3034.46 II 3035.92 II 3037.72 II 3039.59 II 3044.09 II 3045.56 II 3047.56 II 3054.34 II 3054.68 II 3059.11 II 3062.49 II 3063.30 II 3070.89 II 3071.53 II 3075.73 II 3088.17 II 3092.09 II 3092.90 II 3094.01 II 3095.10 II 3097.13 II 3117.98 II 3118.16 II 3126.199 I 3141.33 II 3143.72 II 3148.68 II 3164.43 II 3165.65 II 3188.74 II 3194.58 II 3198.59 II 3208.96 II 3209.36 II 3213.74 II 3214.33 II 3218.19 II 3224.82 II 3229.57 II 3230.07 II 3230.42 II 3232.02 II 3232.37 II 3243.40 II 3244.10 II 3248.34 II 3250.36 II 3297.73 II 3309.74 II 3319.72 II

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

K21599_S10.indb 51

Wavelength/Å 3323.74 II 3327.15 II 3329.16 II 3334.84 II 3344.40 II 3345.45 II 3345.83 II 3355.02 II 3357.82 II 3360.60 II 3362.16 II 3362.71 II 3367.22 II 3369.808 I 3369.908 I 3371.80 II 3378.22 II 3388.42 II 3388.94 II 3392.80 II 3404.82 II 3406.95 II 3413.15 II 3416.91 II 3417.69 II 3417.904 I 3418.006 I 3428.69 II 3447.703 I 3454.195 I 3456.61 II 3459.32 II 3460.524 I 3464.339 I 3466.579 I 3472.571 I 3479.52 II 3480.72 II 3481.93 II 3498.064 I 3501.216 I 3515.191 I 3520.472 I 3542.85 II 3557.80 II 3561.20 II 3568.50 II 3574.18 II 3574.61 II 3593.526 I 3593.640 I 3600.169 I 3633.665 I 3643.93 II 3664.07 II 3682.243 I 3685.736 I 3694.21 II 3701.225 I 3709.62 II 3713.08 II

Intensity 250 800 1000 100 120 150 100 120 120 70 150 100 200 150 150 100 100 100 p 100 p 150 p 150 p 120 100 10 10 100 15 12 10 10 15 10 12 10 10 10 4 10 10 25 20 8 60 5 10 5 12 80 12 40 500 100 100 60 60 100 100 100 120 80 100

Wavelength/Å 3727.11 II 3766.26 II 3777.13 II 3818.43 II 3829.75 II 4219.74 II 4233.85 II 4250.65 II 4369.86 II 4379.40 II 4379.55 II 4385.06 II 4391.99 II 4397.99 II 4409.30 II 4413.22 II 4421.39 II 4428.52 II 4428.63 II 4430.90 II 4430.94 II 4457.05 II 4522.72 II 4537.754 I 4540.380 I 4569.06 II 4704.395 I 4708.862 I 4710.067 I 4712.066 I 4715.347 I 4752.732 I 4788.927 I 4790.22 I 4827.344 I 4884.917 I 5005.159 I 5037.751 I 5144.938 I 5330.778 I 5341.094 I 5343.283 I 5400.562 I 5562.766 I 5656.659 I 5719.225 I 5748.298 I 5764.419 I 5804.450 I 5820.156 I 5852.488 I 5872.828 I 5881.895 I 5902.462 I 5906.429 I 5944.834 I 5965.471 I 5974.627 I 5975.534 I 5987.907 I 6029.997 I

Intensity 100 80 60 100 120 250 150 150 60 100 120 200 150 60 150 70 90 20 100 90 100 50 80 100 150 150 100 150 40 90 100 150 80 60 100 120 300 120 400 700 2000 2000 100 1000 600 3000 2500 100 2500 800 6000 100 1500 100 8000 1000 4000 1500 800 5000 600

Wavelength/Å 6074.338 I 6096.163 I 6128.450 I 6143.063 I 6163.594 I 6182.146 I 6217.281 I 6266.495 I 6304.789 I 6334.428 I 6382.992 I 6402.246 I 6506.528 I 6532.882 I 6598.953 I 6652.093 I 6678.276 I 6717.043 I 6929.467 I 7024.050 I 7032.413 I 7051.292 I 7059.107 I 7173.938 I 7213.20 II 7235.19 II 7245.167 I 7343.94 II 7472.439 I 7488.871 I 7492.10 II 7522.82 II 7535.774 I 7544.044 I 7724.628 I 7740.74 II 7839.055 I 7926.20 II 7927.118 I 7936.996 I 7943.181 I 8082.458 I 8084.34 II 8118.549 I 8128.911 I 8136.406 I 8259.379 I 8264.81 II 8266.077 I 8267.117 I 8300.326 I 8315.00 II 8365.749 I 8372.11 II 8377.606 I 8417.159 I 8418.427 I 8463.358 I 8484.444 I 8495.360 I 8544.696 I

Intensity 1000 4000 6000 3000 15000 4000 100 5000 5000 2000 4000 12000 10000 500 7000 1000 1000 3000 2000 100 6000 6000 4000 2000 2000 1000 200 6000 1500 3000 6000 2000 5000 3000 5000 5000 3000 120 1000 100 800 2000 1500 2000 3000 3500 1600 1100 3000 1500 950 500 1200 300 2000 1500 500 1000 3000 800 1000

Wavelength/Å 8571.352 I 8591.259 I 8634.647 I 8647.041 I 8654.383 I 8655.522 I 8668.26 II 8679.492 I 8681.921 I 8704.112 I 8771.656 I 8780.621 I 8783.753 I 8830.907 I 8853.867 I 8865.306 I 8865.755 I 8919.501 I 8988.57 I 9079.46 II 9148.67 I 9201.76 I 9220.06 I 9221.58 I 9226.69 I 9275.52 I 9287.56 II 9300.85 I 9310.58 I 9313.97 I 9326.51 I 9373.31 I 9425.38 I 9459.21 I 9486.68 I 9534.16 I 9547.40 I 9577.01 II 9665.42 I 9808.86 II 10295.42 I 10562.41 I 10798.07 I 10844.48 I 11143.020 I 11177.528 I 11390.434 I 11409.134 I 11522.746 I 11525.020 I 11536.344 I 11601.537 I 11614.081 I 11688.002 I 11766.792 I 11789.044 I 11789.889 I 11984.912 I 12066.334 I 12459.389 I 12689.201 I

Atomic

Intensity 1000 150 100 200 150 300 150 200 120 200 120 100 120 12 40 100 500 150 120 300 100 120 100 120 120 50 15 120 60 50 100 100 25 30 30 60 150 200 200 25 30 25 150 120 120 100 250 100 200 50 30 15 20 150 200 20 12 200 10 150 250

10-51

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-52

Atomic

Intensity 1100 700 800 400 400 1000 350 250 2500 2000 1200 250 1200 2000 1000 1200 300 400 900 1600 350 550 1200 750 300 350 2250 400 600 1000 1050 850 3500 300 1100 1800 600 1000 200 500 600 1500 800 400 700 300 550 250 650 125 150 250 450 1300 2200 600 100 120

Wavelength/Å 12912.014 I 13219.241 I 15230.714 I 17161.930 I 18035.80 I 18083.21 I 18221.11 I 18227.02 I 18276.68 I 18282.62 I 18303.97 I 18359.12 I 18384.85 I 18389.95 I 18402.84 I 18422.39 I 18458.65 I 18475.79 I 18591.55 I 18597.70 I 18618.96 I 18625.16 I 21041.295 I 21708.145 I 22247.35 I 22428.13 I 22530.40 I 22661.81 I 23100.51 I 23260.30 I 23373.00 I 23565.36 I 23636.52 I 23701.64 I 23709.2 I 23951.42 I 23956.46 I 23978.12 I 24098.54 I 24161.42 I 24249.64 I 24365.05 I 24371.60 I 24447.85 I 24459.4 I 24776.46 I 24928.88 I 25161.69 I 25524.37 I 28386.21 I 30200. I 33173.09 I 33352.35 I 33901. I 33912.10 I 34131.31 I 34471.44 I 35834.78 I

Neptunium Np Z = 93 300 3481.93 300 h 3501.50

K21599_S10.indb 52

I I

Intensity 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 300 l 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 s 300 h 1000 s 300 l 3000 s 300 300 l 300 s 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 300 s 300 s 1000 l 300 l 1000 l 300 s 300 1000 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 h 300 s

Wavelength/Å 3986.89 I 5044.66 I 5601.70 I 5652.75 I 5784.39 I 5878.04 I 6011.22 I 6056.09 I 6073.90 I 6080.05 I 6120.49 I 6188.59 I 6200.00 I 6215.90 I 6317.84 I 6341.38 I 6566.11 I 6720.68 I 6751.32 I 6795.21 I 6802.62 I 6805.81 I 6816.44 I 6865.45 I 6907.13 I 6912.91 I 6930.31 I 6963.63 I 6972.09 I 7014.02 I 7018.91 I 7039.14 I 7080.01 I 7174.83 I 7184.93 I 7284.28 I 7292.29 I 7332.52 I 7370.60 I 7381.03 I 7381.65 I 7402.70 I 7512.22 I 7515.15 I 7546.05 I 7624.83 I 7626.85 I 7681.01 I 7685.25 I 7735.14 I 7761.61 I 7765.75 I 7776.07 I 7787.46 I 7791.38 I 7851.44 I 7887.88 I 7901.71 I 7975.98 I 8080.32 I 8124.59 I

Intensity 300 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 l 300 s 300 l 300 s 1000 l 300 300 l 3000 3000 1000 s 1000 s 1000 1000 s 1000 l 10000 l 3000 l 3000 s 3000 l 3000 s 3000 l 10000 l 10000 s 10000 l 10000 l 10000 s 10000 s 10000 l 10000 l

Wavelength/Å 8155.11 I 8167.42 I 8183.06 I 8188.61 I 8247.82 I 8287.11 I 8287.75 I 8306.22 I 8313.66 I 8339.12 I 8356.79 I 8367.11 I 8372.88 I 8529.96 I 8696.23 I 8906.02 I 8942.70 I 9004.75 I 9006.31 I 9016.18 I 9141.30 I 9379.33 I 9468.66 I 9679.13 I 9930.55 I 10091.99 I 10817.45 I 11695.15 I 11776.64 I 12148.18 I 12377.42 I 12407.99 I 13834.33 I

Nickel Ni Z = 28 55 315.24 56 315.71 72 354.18 76 354.42 68 354.49 500 630.71 500 676.94 300 713.33 300 713.38 500 718.48 300 722.09 500 729.82 400 731.70 300 732.16 300 747.99 300 750.05 300 757.80 400 770.22 500 778.81 300 788.04 500 811.57 500 826.14 500 842.14 400 845.24 300 847.43 300 860.64 300 862.88

V V V V V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III

Intensity 300 300 300 400 500 76 74 70 73 76 73 72 75 74 74 76 73 75 74 300 300 400 1000 800 650 500 400 500 300 1000 300 550 300 400 800 500 2000 400 300 300 800 400 650 800 300 1000 2000 2000 1500 2500 3000 5000 4000 6000 1000 2000 1600 630 1000 2000 1700

Wavelength/Å 863.22 III 867.51 III 973.79 III 979.59 III 1317.22 II 1398.19 IV 1411.45 IV 1438.82 IV 1449.01 IV 1452.22 IV 1482.25 IV 1489.83 IV 1525.31 IV 1527.68 IV 1527.80 IV 1534.71 IV 1537.25 IV 1543.41 IV 1546.23 IV 1604.54 III 1652.87 III 1687.90 III 1692.51 III 1709.90 III 1715.30 III 1719.46 III 1722.28 III 1738.25 III 1739.78 III 1741.55 II 1741.96 III 1747.01 III 1752.43 III 1753.01 III 1764.69 III 1767.94 III 1769.64 III 1776.07 III 1807.24 III 1819.28 III 1823.06 III 1830.01 III 1847.28 III 1854.15 III 1858.75 III 2165.55 II 2169.10 II 2174.67 II 2175.15 II 2185.50 II 2192.09 II 2205.55 II 2206.72 II 2216.48 II 2264.46 II 2270.21 II 2289.98 I 2300.78 I 2303.00 II 2310.96 I 2312.34 I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

K21599_S10.indb 53

Wavelength/Å 2313.66 I 2313.98 I 2316.04 II 2317.16 I 2320.03 I 2321.38 I 2325.79 I 2329.96 I 2345.54 I 2347.52 I 2375.42 II 2386.58 I 2394.52 II 2416.13 II 2419.31 I 2472.06 I 2798.65 I 2821.29 I 2943.91 I 2981.65 I 2992.60 I 2994.46 I 3002.49 I 3003.63 I 3012.00 I 3037.94 I 3050.82 I 3054.32 I 3057.64 I 3064.62 I 3101.55 I 3101.88 I 3134.11 I 3232.96 I 3243.06 I 3315.66 I 3331.88 II 3369.57 I 3380.57 I 3391.05 I 3392.99 I 3414.76 I 3423.71 I 3433.56 I 3437.28 I 3446.26 I 3452.89 I 3458.47 I 3461.65 I 3472.54 I 3483.77 I 3492.96 I 3500.85 I 3510.34 I 3515.05 I 3519.77 I 3524.54 I 3566.37 I 3571.87 I 3597.70 I 3610.46 I

Intensity 530 6600 200 130 180 260 160 80 120 150 60 600 700 700 110 1200 110 110 85 55 65 75 110 45 45 40 45 45 50 100 100 65 40 h 40 h 180 23 16 10 10 10 10 10 13 16 22 10 26 16 16 23 13 19 23 16 19 19 10 13 1000 700 9

Wavelength/Å 3612.74 I 3619.39 I 3664.10 I 3669.24 I 3670.43 I 3674.15 I 3688.42 I 3693.93 I 3722.48 I 3736.81 I 3739.23 I 3775.57 I 3783.53 I 3807.14 I 3831.69 I 3858.30 I 3973.56 I 4401.55 I 4459.04 I 4470.48 I 4605.00 I 4648.66 I 4714.42 I 4786.54 I 4855.41 I 4904.41 I 4980.16 I 4984.13 I 5017.59 I 5035.37 I 5080.52 I 5081.11 I 5146.48 I 5155.76 I 5476.91 I 5709.56 I 5754.68 I 5857.76 I 5892.88 I 6108.12 I 6176.81 I 6191.18 I 6256.36 I 6643.64 I 6767.77 I 6914.56 I 7122.20 I 7393.60 I 7409.35 I 7422.28 I 7522.76 I 7555.60 I 7617.00 I 7714.32 I 7727.61 I 7748.89 I 7788.94 I 7797.59 I 8096.75 II 8121.48 II 8862.55 I

Intensity 500 w

Wavelength/Å 9900.92 II

Niobium Nb 80 80 80 80 60 400 500 500 100 150 100 60 80 80 80 100 80 100 80 80 100 60 80 60 100 100 80 80 80 100 100 100 100 100 100 60 100 60 3300 65 3000 2000 1700 1100 80 h 1500 80 100 80 100 80 100 370 280 100 100 80 90 80

Z = 41 464.55 468.32 763.77 774.02 993.54 1005.72 1007.05 1010.19 1116.08 1120.02 1258.87 1314.56 1445.43 1445.98 1447.09 1456.68 1484.73 1495.94 1498.02 1499.45 1501.99 1502.30 1513.81 1524.36 1524.91 1590.21 1598.86 1604.72 1639.51 1682.77 1705.44 1707.14 1758.33 1877.34 1892.92 1922.41 1938.84 1978.22 2029.32 2032.53 2032.99 2109.42 2125.21 2126.54 2130.24 2131.18 2273.92 2275.23 2279.36 2281.51 2284.40 2290.36 2295.68 2302.08 2313.30 2338.09 2344.12 2349.21 2355.54

V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV V III III III III III III III III III III IV III IV III III III III III III III III V V III IV III IV II IV II II II II III II III III III III III III II II III III III III III

Intensity 100 80 80 100 170 110 100 140 80 45 160 80 55 55 140 100 160 140 100 75 40 45 40 28 65 65 100 55 65 80 80 110 65 65 35 100 110 110 390 100 110 130 80 130 110 390 390 80 80 200 320 330 330 310 80 110 110 110 400 200 200

Wavelength/Å 2362.06 III 2362.50 III 2365.70 III 2372.73 III 2376.40 II 2387.09 II 2387.41 III 2387.52 II 2388.23 III 2388.27 II 2398.48 II 2404.89 III 2405.34 II 2405.85 II 2412.46 II 2413.94 III 2416.99 II 2418.69 II 2421.91 III 2433.80 II 2435.95 II 2437.42 II 2442.14 II 2442.68 II 2451.87 II 2453.95 II 2456.99 III 2458.09 II 2462.89 I 2468.72 III 2475.87 III 2477.38 II 2478.29 II 2479.94 II 2483.88 II 2499.73 III 2511.00 II 2521.40 II 2544.80 II 2545.64 III 2551.38 II 2556.94 II 2557.94 III 2562.41 II 2571.33 II 2583.99 II 2590.94 II 2598.86 III 2633.17 III 2642.24 II 2646.26 II 2647.50 I 2654.45 I 2656.08 II 2657.99 III 2665.25 II 2666.59 II 2667.30 II 2671.93 II 2673.57 II 2675.94 II

Atomic

Intensity 1400 1400 1000 1400 2600 1900 1400 940 1200 400 1000 240 1000 2000 240 160 150 250 500 570 500 1000 4000 2200 3700 1700 3500 1500 1900 500 2600 1300 2900 1100 600 660 2000 2900 3300 1300 3300 8200 1600 2600 990 4800 1300 5000 5000 1600 550 5500 660 2600 6600 660 8200 5000 990 1300 1300

10-53

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-54

Atomic

Intensity 160 1000 320 320 150 470 470 310 110 240 310 270 110 190 250 280 160 240 100 500 800 270 530 100 570 280 470 400 470 670 470 1100 110 870 110 h 110 110 1100 400 320 210 200 330 470 80 140 350 300 100 100 220 110 100 110 100 400 110 1800 140 270 1500

K21599_S10.indb 54

Wavelength/Å 2691.77 II 2697.06 II 2698.86 II 2702.20 II 2702.52 II 2716.62 II 2721.98 II 2733.26 II 2737.09 II 2768.13 II 2773.20 I 2780.24 II 2793.05 II 2827.08 II 2841.15 II 2842.65 II 2846.28 II 2861.09 II 2865.61 II 2868.52 II 2875.39 II 2876.95 II 2877.03 II 2880.72 II 2883.18 II 2888.83 II 2897.81 II 2899.24 II 2908.24 II 2910.59 II 2911.74 II 2927.81 II 2931.47 II 2941.54 II 2945.88 II 2946.12 II 2946.90 II 2950.88 II 2972.57 II 2974.10 II 2977.68 II 2982.11 II 2990.26 II 2994.73 II 3001.84 III 3024.74 II 3028.44 II 3032.77 II 3044.76 II 3055.52 II 3064.53 II 3069.68 II 3070.90 II 3071.56 II 3073.24 II 3076.87 II 3080.35 II 3094.18 II 3099.19 II 3127.53 II 3130.79 II

Intensity 80 390 1200 150 390 300 150 1000 120 300 390 800 140 400 200 120 320 230 160 200 160 320 400 120 130 1300 1300 1700 420 340 1700 130 340 130 350 170 350 230 180 230 230 230 180 180 200 100 500 460 200 200 200 2000 1300 250 500 300 1000 630 630 1500 5000

Wavelength/Å 3142.26 III 3145.40 II 3163.40 II 3175.78 II 3180.29 II 3191.10 II 3191.43 II 3194.98 II 3203.35 II 3206.34 II 3215.60 II 3225.48 II 3229.56 II 3236.40 II 3247.47 II 3248.94 II 3254.07 II 3260.56 II 3263.37 II 3283.46 II 3292.02 II 3296.01 I 3312.60 I 3319.58 II 3341.60 II 3341.97 I 3343.71 I 3349.06 I 3349.52 I 3354.74 I 3358.42 I 3365.58 II 3366.96 I 3369.16 II 3374.92 I 3386.24 II 3392.34 I 3408.68 II 3409.19 II 3412.94 II 3425.42 II 3426.57 II 3432.70 II 3440.59 II 3479.56 II 3484.05 II 3498.63 I 3507.96 I 3510.26 II 3515.42 II 3517.67 II 3535.30 I 3537.48 I 3540.96 II 3544.02 I 3550.45 I 3554.66 I 3563.50 I 3563.62 I 3575.85 I 3580.27 I

Intensity 500 750 500 500 500 300 420 400 200 630 900 1500 330 3300 480 2700 2700 670 1700 530 350 530 870 1700 1300 3500 2700 2700 670 530 670 530 530 210 670 350 350 530 870 670 1100 670 580 670 530 670 520 910 d 1100 16000 c 350 12000 440 6700 310 5300 670 770 2300 440 2700

Wavelength/Å 3584.97 I 3589.11 I 3589.36 I 3593.97 I 3602.56 I 3619.51 II 3649.85 I 3651.19 II 3659.61 II 3660.37 I 3664.70 I 3697.85 I 3711.34 I 3713.01 I 3716.99 I 3726.24 I 3739.80 I 3740.73 II 3742.39 I 3763.49 I 3765.08 I 3771.85 I 3781.01 I 3787.06 I 3790.15 I 3791.21 I 3798.12 I 3802.92 I 3803.88 I 3804.74 I 3810.49 I 3811.03 I 3815.51 I 3818.86 II 3824.88 I 3835.18 I 3863.38 I 3877.56 I 3878.82 I 3883.14 I 3885.44 I 3885.68 I 3891.30 I 3914.70 I 3920.20 I 3937.44 I 3943.67 I 3966.09 I 4032.52 I 4058.94 I 4060.79 I 4079.73 I 4100.40 I 4100.92 I 4116.90 I 4123.81 I 4129.43 I 4129.93 I 4137.10 I 4139.44 I 4139.71 I

Intensity 350 870 4400 870 4400 4000 3500 310 1200 870 870 1300 310 350 870 350 420 420 770 420 400 580 580 390 350 390 330 150 530 480 370 720 480 1200 170 450 450 450 340 240 580 530 320 130 c 260 150 220 c 130 c 190 230 150 210 170 130 750 420 170 170 210 250 250

Wavelength/Å 4143.21 I 4150.12 I 4152.58 I 4163.47 I 4163.66 I 4164.66 I 4168.13 I 4184.44 I 4190.88 I 4192.07 I 4195.09 I 4195.66 I 4198.51 I 4201.52 I 4205.31 I 4214.73 I 4217.94 I 4229.15 I 4262.05 I 4266.02 I 4286.99 I 4299.60 I 4300.99 I 4311.27 I 4326.33 I 4331.37 I 4410.21 I 4503.04 I 4523.41 I 4546.82 I 4564.53 I 4573.08 I 4581.62 I 4606.77 I 4616.17 I 4630.11 I 4648.95 I 4663.83 I 4666.24 I 4667.22 I 4672.09 I 4675.37 I 4685.14 I 4706.14 I 4708.29 I 4713.50 I 4749.70 I 4967.78 I 4988.97 I 5017.75 I 5026.36 I 5039.04 I 5058.01 I 5065.25 I 5078.96 I 5095.30 I 5100.16 I 5120.30 I 5134.75 I 5160.33 I 5164.38 I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 5180.31 I 5189.20 I 5193.08 I 5195.84 I 5232.81 I 5251.62 I 5271.53 I 5276.20 I 5318.60 I 5344.17 I 5350.74 I 5437.27 I 5551.35 I 5642.11 I 5664.71 I 5665.63 I 5729.19 I 5760.34 I 5819.43 I 5838.64 I 5900.62 I 5983.22 I 6221.96 I 6430.46 I 6544.61 I 6660.84 I 6677.33 I 6723.62 I 6828.11 I 6990.32 I 7046.81 I 7159.43 I 7372.50 I 7515.93 I 7574.58 I 7726.68 I 7885.31 I 8135.20 I 8320.93 I 8346.08 I 8905.78 I

Nitrogen N 400 52 62 400 400 500 500 500 500 500 500 90 500 500 d 500 d 800 w 800 600 w 600 w

Z=7 181.75 186.069 186.153 191.7 192.9 196.87 197.23 202.60 205.94 205.97 206.03 209.303 217.20 217.90 223.4 225.12 225.21 234.12 234.20

K21599_S10.indb 55

IV V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

Intensity 600 w 550 500 500 w 600 500 w 900 90 120 500 w 500 w 500 w 500 650 700 800 600 800 500 500 500 150 200 500 650 250 300 350 600 600 w 700 650 90 500 150 200 90 150 120 150 200 120 600 300 500 500 500 w 500 700 120 150 150 90 300 350 500 500 250 300 650 285

Wavelength/Å 234.25 IV 236.07 IV 237.99 IV 238.7 IV 238.80 IV 239.62 IV 247.20 IV 247.561 V 247.706 V 248.43 IV 248.46 IV 248.48 IV 257.95 III 258.50 III 259.19 III 260.09 III 260.45 IV 261.28 III 262.91 III 265.23 III 265.27 III 266.196 V 266.379 V 268.70 III 270.99 IV 283.42 IV 283.48 IV 283.58 IV 285.56 IV 297.7 IV 297.82 IV 300.32 IV 303.123 IV 303.28 IV 314.715 III 314.850 III 314.877 III 315.053 IV 322.503 IV 322.570 IV 322.724 IV 323.175 IV 323.26 III 335.050 IV 338.35 III 340.20 III 351.93 IV 351.98 III 353.06 IV 362.833 III 362.881 III 362.946 III 362.985 III 374.204 III 374.441 III 387.48 III 420.77 IV 451.869 III 452.226 III 463.74 IV 644.634 II

Intensity 360 450 140 360 170 285 150 160 170 500 570 650 500 350 90 150 285 150 200 500 570 570 250 300 350 200 150 650 90 90 80 40 450 450 550 650 520 500 480 520 90 100 130 1000 130 115 70 650 700 900 700 1000 150 w 90 60 90 450 600 430 650 175

Wavelength/Å 644.837 II 645.178 II 647.50 I 660.286 II 671.016 II 671.386 II 671.630 II 671.773 II 672.001 II 684.996 III 685.513 III 685.816 III 686.335 III 692.70 I 713.518 V 713.860 V 746.984 II 748.195 V 748.291 V 763.336 III 764.359 III 765.148 IV 771.544 III 771.901 III 772.385 III 772.891 III 772.975 III 775.965 II 885.67 I 909.697 I 910.278 I 910.645 I 915.612 II 915.962 II 916.012 II 916.701 II 921.992 IV 922.519 IV 923.057 IV 924.283 IV 953.415 I 953.655 I 953.970 I 955.335 IV 963.990 I 964.626 I 965.041 I 979.842 III 979.919 III 989.790 III 991.514 III 991.579 III 1036.16 IV 1067.614 I 1068.612 I 1078.71 IV 1083.990 II 1084.580 II 1085.546 II 1085.701 II 1097.237 I

Intensity 115 115 105 40 90 360 385 410 105 130 60 105 270 105 60 195 230 105 195 500 570 90 410 385 360 175 160 130 160 1000 900 360 315 290 250 230 315 115 115 150 360 700 490 640 90 200 l 350 l 1000 250 775 700 570 350 650 150 200 150 90 w 350 400 200

Wavelength/Å 1098.095 I 1098.260 I 1100.360 I 1100.465 I 1101.291 I 1134.165 I 1134.415 I 1134.980 I 1143.65 I 1163.884 I 1164.206 I 1164.325 I 1167.448 I 1168.334 I 1168.417 I 1168.536 I 1176.510 I 1176.630 I 1177.695 I 1183.031 III 1184.550 III 1188.01 IV 1199.550 I 1200.223 I 1200.710 I 1225.026 I 1225.37 I 1228.41 I 1228.79 I 1238.821 V 1242.804 V 1243.179 I 1243.306 I 1310.540 I 1310.95 I 1319.00 I 1319.68 I 1326.57 I 1327.92 I 1387.371 III 1411.94 I 1492.625 I 1492.820 I 1494.675 I 1549.336 V 1616.33 V 1619.69 V 1718.55 IV 1729.945 III 1742.729 I 1745.252 I 1747.848 III 1751.218 III 1751.657 III 1804.486 III 1805.669 III 1846.42 III 1860.37 V 1885.06 III 1885.22 III 1907.99 III

Atomic

Intensity 230 190 170 150 150 150 d 270 130 c 250 460 340 110 85 170 130 170 130 110 110 130 d 190 cw 150 75 85 c 65 210 cw 150 cw 130 c 85 85 190 c 130 190 cw 65 170 c 75 c 35 40 29 cw 29 35

10-55

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-56

Atomic

Intensity 150 150 300 150 200 200 250 120 90 90 160 70 110 90 90 110 160 90 200 150 160 160 110 220 160 285 90 w 160 150 110 70 110 160 220 110 250 300 350 250 w 90 160 110 110 60 l 160 90 l 150 w 250 w 60 w 220 90 120 360 90 570 500 400 90 90 120 285

K21599_S10.indb 56

Wavelength/Å 1919.55 III 1919.77 III 1920.65 III 1920.84 III 1921.30 III 2064.01 III 2064.42 III 2068.68 III 2071.09 III 2080.34 IV 2095.53 II 2096.20 II 2096.86 II 2117.59 III 2121.50 III 2130.18 II 2142.78 II 2147.31 III 2188.20 III 2188.38 III 2206.09 II 2286.69 II 2288.44 II 2316.49 II 2316.69 II 2317.05 II 2318.09 IV 2461.27 II 2477.69 IV 2496.83 II 2496.97 II 2520.22 II 2520.79 II 2522.23 II 2590.94 II 2645.65 IV 2646.18 IV 2646.96 IV 2682.18 III 2689.20 III 2709.84 II 2799.22 II 2823.64 II 2859.16 V 2885.27 II 2974.52 V 2980.78 V 2981.31 V 2998.43 V 3006.83 II 3078.25 IV 3367.34 III 3437.15 II 3463.37 IV 3478.71 IV 3482.99 IV 3484.96 IV 3747.54 IV 3754.67 III 3771.05 III 3838.37 II

Intensity 360 90 450 1000 150 200 360 550 360 150 250 140 200 185 285 120 150 285 285 220 450 90 120 300 285 650 90 120 360 550 350 90 450 360 250 450 870 90 120 550 285 450 180

Wavelength/Å 3919.00 II 3938.52 III 3955.85 II 3995.00 II 3998.63 III 4003.58 III 4035.08 II 4041.31 II 4043.53 II 4057.76 IV 4097.33 III 4099.94 I 4103.43 III 4109.95 I 4176.16 II 4195.76 III 4200.10 III 4227.74 II 4236.91 II 4237.05 II 4241.78 II 4332.91 III 4345.68 III 4379.11 III 4432.74 II 4447.03 II 4510.91 III 4514.86 III 4530.41 II 4601.48 II 4603.73 V 4606.33 IV 4607.16 II 4613.87 II 4619.98 V 4621.39 II 4630.54 II 4634.14 III 4640.64 III 4643.08 II 4788.13 II 4803.29 II 4847.38 I

90 150 285 160 210 200 w 160 350 285 450 650 360 870 550 450 360 360 550

4858.82 4867.15 4895.11 4914.94 4935.12 4944.56 4950.23 4963.98 4987.37 4994.36 5001.48 5002.70 5005.15 5007.32 5010.62 5016.39 5025.66 5045.10

III III II I I V I I II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity 185 140 90 200 150 450 285 650 550 870 450 450 285 700 240 265 235 360 550 285 650 285 160 210 285 360 150 185 210 210 210 185 235 90 185 120 300 265 750 360 300 325 160 210 185 750 185 185 235 185 235 210 185 210 160 265 685 785 900 185 60 w

Wavelength/Å 5281.20 I 5292.68 I 5314.35 III 5320.82 III 5327.18 III 5495.67 II 5535.36 II 5666.63 II 5676.02 II 5679.56 II 5686.21 II 5710.77 II 5747.30 II 5752.50 I 5764.75 I 5829.54 I 5854.04 I 5927.81 II 5931.78 II 5940.24 II 5941.65 II 5952.39 II 5999.43 I 6008.47 I 6167.76 II 6379.62 II 6380.77 IV 6411.65 I 6420.64 I 6423.02 I 6428.32 I 6437.68 I 6440.94 I 6454.11 III 6457.90 I 6467.02 III 6468.44 I 6481.71 I 6482.05 II 6482.70 I 6483.75 I 6484.80 I 6491.22 I 6499.54 I 6506.31 I 6610.56 II 6622.54 I 6636.94 I 6644.96 I 6646.50 I 6653.46 I 6656.51 I 6722.62 I 7398.64 I 7406.12 I 7406.24 I 7423.64 I 7442.29 I 7468.31 I 7608.80 I 7618.46 V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

450 400 400 250 300 570 400 400 550 500 570 650 500 220 700 650 500 110 110 h 500 160 h 570 500 250 200 500 570 250 200 160 h 110 h 160 h 220 h 160 h 220 h 285 h 220 h 220 h 160 h 250 300 350 400 110 h 250 200 380 225 290 310 180 510 920 500 840 180 180 290 250 100 160

7762.24 8184.87 8188.02 8200.36 8210.72 8216.34 8223.14 8242.39 8438.74 8567.74 8594.00 8629.24 8655.89 8676.08 8680.28 8683.40 8686.15 8687.43 8699.00 8703.25 8710.54 8711.70 8718.83 8728.89 8747.36 9386.80 9392.79 9460.68 9863.33 9865.41 9868.21 9887.39 9891.09 9961.86 9969.34 10023.27 10035.45 10065.15 10070.12 10105.13 10108.89 10112.48 10114.64 10126.27 10539.57 12074.51 12186.82 12288.97 12328.76 12381.65 12438.40 12461.25 12469.62 13429.61 13581.33 13587.73 13602.27 13624.18 14757.07 14868.87 14966.60

II I I I I I I I II I I I I II I I I II II I II I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 15582.27 17516.58 17584.86 17878.26

I I I I

Osmium Os 9600 13000 17000 29000 14000 14000 18000 26000 8600 13000 7800 4200 7200 14000 2900 2900 2900 6000 5300 2100 4800 5300 2600 1300 1200 3100 1100 2100 1100 1300 2000 1400 1400 500 2600 1700 1100 200 1400 110 1800 110 530 4500 2600 2400 780 1000 1000 1800 3800 1900 1900 2100 3000 1300

Z = 76 2001.45 2003.73 2010.15 2018.14 2022.76 2028.23 2034.44 2045.36 2058.69 2061.69 2067.21 2070.67 2076.95 2079.97 2082.54 2089.03 2089.21 2097.60 2100.63 2117.66 2117.96 2137.11 2154.59 2157.84 2158.53 2166.90 2167.75 2171.65 2234.61 2252.15 2255.85 2264.60 2282.26 2367.35 2377.03 2387.29 2395.88 2423.07 2424.97 2454.91 2461.42 2468.90 2486.24 2488.55 2498.41 2513.25 2538.00 2542.51 2590.76 2613.06 2637.13 2644.11 2658.60 2689.82 2714.64 2720.04

I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I II I II I II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I

K21599_S10.indb 57

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

960 2800 5100 2300 1500 1500 9600 2100 2100 1100 h 1400 4400 1100 2900 120 8600 1100 3100 180 150 1900 3100 3100 1200 7600 960 960 620 620 620 1200 1200 620 95 480 3700 2100 730 1000 730 960 1200 2500 1200 1200 4900 560 560 4900 540 670 55 45 35 35 35 90 55 140 40 270

2770.71 2806.91 2838.63 2844.40 2850.76 2860.96 2909.06 2912.33 2919.79 2948.23 2949.53 3018.04 3030.70 3040.90 3042.74 3058.66 3077.72 3156.25 3173.93 3213.31 3232.06 3262.29 3267.94 3290.26 3301.56 3336.15 3370.59 3387.84 3401.86 3504.66 3528.60 3560.86 3598.11 3604.48 3670.89 3752.52 3782.20 3876.77 3963.63 3977.23 4066.69 4112.02 4135.78 4173.23 4211.86 4260.85 4293.95 4311.40 4420.47 4550.41 4793.99 5031.83 5039.12 5072.88 5074.77 5079.09 5103.50 5110.81 5149.74 5193.52 5202.63

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

35 45 55 40 110 120 45 28 55 22 22 28 22 270 22 80 35 22 28 28 170 22 170 40 110 28 65 35 22 22 27 22 26 7

5203.23 5255.82 5265.15 5298.78 5376.79 5416.34 5416.69 5417.51 5443.31 5446.93 5457.30 5470.00 5509.33 5523.53 5546.82 5584.44 5620.08 5642.56 5645.25 5680.88 5721.93 5765.05 5780.82 5800.60 5857.76 5860.64 5996.00 6227.70 6269.41 6403.15 6729.56 7145.54 7602.95 8041.29

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Oxygen O Z = 8 80 124.616 110 135.523 80 138.109 110 139.029 80 151.447 110 151.477 150 151.546 80 164.574 110 164.657 80 164.709 80 166.235 150 167.99 110 170.219 450 172.169 250 185.745 375 192.751 450 192.799 520 192.906 80 193.003 200 194.593 150 195.86 200 196.01 80 202.161 80 202.224 80 202.283 80 202.334

V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV V V V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

150 110 150 100 200 100 110 150 300 150 200 250 250 520 80 80 150 80 80 80 150 140 150 110 200 110 90 180 110 110 110 150 300 250 80 d 110 110 150 150 150 300 375 110 150 110 80 110 120 150 150 140 160 160 250 200 250 190 300 190 200 150

202.393 203.78 203.82 203.85 203.89 203.94 207.18 207.24 207.794 215.040 215.103 215.245 216.018 220.352 227.372 227.469 227.511 227.549 227.634 227.689 231.823 233.46 233.50 233.52 233.56 233.60 238.36 238.57 248.459 252.56 252.95 253.08 260.39 260.56 264.34 264.48 266.97 266.98 267.03 277.38 279.63 279.94 285.71 285.84 286.448 295.62 295.66 295.72 303.41 303.46 303.52 303.62 303.69 303.80 305.60 305.66 305.70 305.77 305.84 306.62 306.88

V V V V V V IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV III III III III III III IV IV IV IV V III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV IV

Atomic

Intensity 180 120 s 100 l 100

10-57

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-58

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

450 300 250 300 110 90 80 200 190 150 210 200 300 190 200 210 450 300 800 900 1000 1000 250 300 220 200 150 700 775 850 700 700 1000 580 110 640 160 200 100 270 150 200 520 580 640 1000 150 200 150 230 70 800 800 900 1000 900 600 70 700 640 580

320.979 328.45 328.74 345.31 355.14 355.33 355.47 359.02 359.22 359.38 373.80 374.00 374.08 374.16 374.33 374.44 395.558 434.98 507.391 507.683 508.182 525.795 537.83 538.26 539.09 539.55 539.85 553.330 554.075 554.514 555.261 597.818 599.598 608.398 609.70 609.829 610.04 610.75 610.85 616.952 617.005 617.036 624.617 625.130 625.852 629.730 644.148 672.95 673.77 681.272 685.544 702.332 702.822 702.899 703.850 718.484 718.562 744.794 758.678 759.441 760.228

K21599_S10.indb 58

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II II II IV IV IV IV III III IV III IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV IV V II II II V I III III III III II II I V V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

775 640 700 70 90 520 70 200 315 360 200 640 520 700 70 300 200 160 90 70 70 80 240 600 450 780 600 600 800 40 130 160 80 200 130 90 40 90 40 160 40 250 90 160 60 40 900 600 300 200 130 230 640 160 160 w 285 160 315 w 160 220 110

760.445 761.128 762.003 770.793 771.056 774.518 775.321 779.734 779.821 779.912 779.997 787.711 790.109 790.199 791.973 796.66 802.200 802.255 804.267 804.848 805.295 805.810 832.762 832.927 833.332 833.742 834.467 835.096 835.292 877.879 921.296 921.366 922.008 923.367 923.433 935.193 948.686 971.738 976.448 988.773 990.204 1025.762 1027.431 1039.230 1040.942 1152.152 1302.168 1304.858 1306.029 1338.612 1342.992 1343.512 1371.292 1476.89 1506.72 1590.01 1591.33 1643.68 1707.996 1760.12 1760.42

V V V I I V I IV IV IV IV IV IV IV I II IV IV I I I I II III II III II III III I IV IV I IV IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV IV V III V III III V V III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

220 220 750 550 360 110 110 220 160 160 220 110 110 285 285 285 160 110 110 220 110 110 360 160 220 160 30 d 30 d 110 200 30 d 30 d 30 d 50 d 30 d 30 d 200 d 80 110 80 80 250 80 d 80 d 80 300 200 200 200 200 200 200 230 200 200 80 110 300 110 1000 920

1763.22 1764.48 1767.78 1768.24 1771.67 1773.00 1773.85 1779.16 1781.03 1784.85 1789.66 1848.26 1856.62 1872.78 1872.87 1874.94 1920.04 1920.75 1921.52 1923.49 1923.82 1926.94 2013.27 2026.96 2045.67 2052.74 2283.42 2284.89 2293.32 2300.35 2313.05 2316.12 2316.79 2319.68 2322.15 2339.31 2390.44 2394.33 2411.60 2422.84 2425.55 2433.56 2436.06 2438.83 2444.26 2445.55 2449.372 2450.040 2454.99 2493.44 2493.77 2507.73 2509.19 2517.2 2558.06 2687.53 2695.49 2733.34 2747.46 2781.01 2786.99

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II II II II II II II II III III II III II II II III II II IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV III III III II II V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

775 160 160 200 210 80 265 250 80 80 80 200 110 460 410 80 160 220 110 450 285 160 160 80 200 300 80 220 220 220 360 160 160 80 110 230 270 160 200 220 130 360 360 285 270 360 220 230 160 410 230 80 80 285 200 160 230 270 80 80 80

2789.85 2836.26 2921.45 2941.33 2941.65 2959.68 2972.29 2983.78 3017.63 3023.45 3043.02 3047.13 3059.30 3063.42 3071.61 3121.71 3122.62 3129.44 3132.86 3134.82 3138.44 3144.66 3209.66 3238.57 3260.98 3265.46 3267.31 3270.98 3273.52 3277.69 3287.59 3305.15 3306.60 3312.30 3340.74 3348.08 3349.11 3354.27 3375.40 3377.20 3378.06 3381.20 3385.52 3390.25 3396.79 3403.52 3407.38 3409.66 3409.84 3411.69 3413.64 3444.10 3455.12 3470.81 3489.83 3492.24 3560.39 3563.33 3698.70 3702.75 3703.37

V IV IV V V III I III III III III III III IV IV III II II III II II V IV III III III III II II II II II II III III IV IV IV IV II IV IV IV II IV IV II IV II IV IV III III II IV IV IV IV III III III

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 3707.24 3712.75 3715.08 3725.93 3727.33 3729.03 3736.85 3739.92 3744.00 3744.89 3749.49 3754.67 3757.21 3759.87 3791.26 3803.14 3823.41 3911.96 3919.29 3947.29 3947.48 3947.59 3954.37 3954.61 3961.59 3973.26 3982.20 4069.90 4072.16 4075.87 4083.91 4087.14 4089.27 4097.24 4105.00 4119.22 4123.99 4132.81 4146.06 4153.30 4185.46 4189.79 4233.27 4253.74 4253.98 4275.47 4303.78 4317.14 4336.86 4345.56 4349.43 4366.90 4368.25 4395.95 4414.91 4416.98 4448.21 4452.38 4465.45 4466.28 4467.83

K21599_S10.indb 59

III II III IV II IV IV II III IV II III III III III II I II II I I I II I III II II II II II II II II II II II V II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

50 360 285 80 d 160 360 450 160 360 285 220 285 160 230 w 220 135 160 190 90 110 135 120 110 130 160 190 80 160 190 110 100 400 450 490 80 100 100 100 320 360 400 130 80 100 360 450 210 400 450 320 210 100 120 120 100 870 810 750 80 100 100

4469.41 4590.97 4596.17 4609.39 4638.85 4641.81 4649.14 4650.84 4661.64 4676.23 4699.21 4705.36 4924.60 4930.27 4943.06 5329.10 5329.68 5330.74 5435.18 5435.78 5436.86 5577.34 5592.37 5597.91 5958.39 5958.58 5995.28 6046.23 6046.44 6046.49 6106.27 6155.98 6156.77 6158.18 6256.83 6261.55 6366.34 6374.32 6453.60 6454.44 6455.98 6500.24 6604.91 6653.83 7001.92 7002.23 7156.70 7254.15 7254.45 7254.53 7476.44 7477.24 7479.08 7480.67 7706.75 7771.94 7774.17 7775.39 7886.27 7943.15 7947.17

II II II II II II II II II II II II II V II I I I I I I I III V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

235 210 185 110 135 190 135 250 400 265 265 325 120 120 810 1000 935 325 160 d 120 80 80 80 235 450 490 450 400 540 590 490 640 185 120 120 d 235 140 265 160 235 210 120 120 100 100 120 160 80 65 235 235 120 140 120 160 120 d 590 640 490 490 490

7947.55 7950.80 7952.16 7981.94 7982.40 7986.98 7987.33 7995.07 8221.82 8227.65 8230.02 8233.00 8235.35 8426.16 8446.25 8446.36 8446.76 8820.43 9057.01 9118.29 9134.71 9150.14 9151.48 9156.01 9260.81 9260.84 9260.94 9262.58 9262.67 9262.77 9265.94 9266.01 9399.19 9481.16 9482.88 9487.43 9492.71 9497.97 9499.30 9505.59 9521.96 9523.36 9523.96 9528.28 9622.13 9625.29 9677.38 9694.66 9694.91 9741.50 9760.65 9909.05 9936.98 9940.41 9995.31 10421.18 11286.34 11286.91 11287.02 11287.32 11295.10

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

540 590 265 490 450 120 160 700 750 640 160 120 590 120 120 120 140 540 140

11297.68 11302.38 11358.69 12464.02 12570.04 12990.77 13076.91 13163.89 13164.85 13165.11 16212.06 17966.70 18021.21 18041.48 18042.19 18046.23 18229.23 18243.63 26173.56

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Palladium Pd Z = 46 200 705.49 200 727.72 500 763.06 500 766.42 2000 781.02 500 794.08 500 797.52 500 800.03 500 800.10 500 803.67 500 825.35 500 840.58 500 856.47 500 864.04 500 880.59 500 888.84 1000 889.29 300 1596.89 500 1741.62 4000 1782.55 400 1843.49 1500 1851.59 2000 1852.27 1000 1859.21 1500 1874.63 2000 1885.83 1000 1887.40 1500 1891.34 4000 1914.62 1000 1930.33 2000 1941.64 800 2002.16 1000 2004.47 500 2055.11 500 2149.82 500 2177.55 500 2177.63 100 r 2231.59 200 r 2296.53 100 2426.87 100 2430.94

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II II II II

Atomic

Intensity 110 220 110 315 w 285 360 410 160 110 230 360 150 80 250 110 160 120 450 160 185 160 140 220 100 200 450 220 160 285 450 80 d 50 d 150 d 110 220 285 100 160 50 220 285 450 80 50 d 50 d 50 d 50 d 285 160 220 285 220 100 220 450 285 160 160 50 50 d 50

10-59

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-60

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 100 150 1100 100 150 100 1700 250 300 200 150 150 150 100 150 1900 150 h 100 h 200 100 h 100 h 520 650 1500 1100 2600 11000 2700 3500 3600 5000 24000 13000 5000 6400 7700 10000 2000 12000 12000 4500 20000 20000 5500 1400 1500 1500 2200 1500 290 2500 180 160 120 55 75 55 h 65 75 120

2433.11 2435.32 2446.17 2447.91 2457.29 2469.29 2471.18 2476.42 2486.52 2488.92 2498.81 2505.73 2551.84 2565.51 2569.56 2658.75 2763.09 2776.85 2787.92 2854.59 2871.37 2878.01 2922.49 3002.65 3027.91 3065.31 3114.04 3242.70 3251.64 3258.78 3302.13 3373.00 3404.58 3421.24 3433.45 3441.40 3460.77 3481.15 3489.77 3516.94 3553.08 3571.16 3609.55 3634.70 3690.34 3718.91 3799.19 3832.29 3894.20 3958.64 4087.34 4212.95 4473.59 5163.84 5295.63 5542.80 5670.07 5695.09 6784.52 7368.12 7764.03

K21599_S10.indb 60

II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

45 55 45 65

7915.80 8132.82 8300.83 8761.35

Phosphorus P Z = 15 250 328.78 150 359.899 500 388.318 250 389.50 300 390.70 300 445.158 375 475.60 120 498.180 520 542.57 600 544.92 200 569.853 200 581.831 350 629.008 400 629.914 500 631.779 450 673.90 10 810.24 650 823.179 700 824.730 800 827.932 300 847.669 350 855.624 500 859.652 10 865.44 450 865.45 600 871.39 700 877.476 300 913.971 300 917.120 350 918.665 1000 950.655 250 1003.598 570 1025.563 500 1028.096 570 1030.517 500 1033.111 500 1035.517 900 1117.98 570 1118.551 700 1128.01 20 1249.82 20 1301.87 20 1304.47 15 1304.68 35 1305.48 60 1310.70 500 1334.808 650 1344.327 300 1344.845 500 1366.695 15 1372.033 400 1372.674 15 1373.500 10 1374.732 15 1377.080 15 1377.937

I I I I V IV IV V V IV V III V V III III IV IV IV V II IV IV IV III III III II V V IV III III III IV III IV IV IV IV IV V IV V II II II II II II III III III IV I IV I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

25 25 15 500 400 350 80 120 450 150 200 140 100 180 140 140 600 600 140 100 100 100 100 600 500 400 140 140 100 140 100 500 400 140 650 180 140 280 280 180 400 400 400 400 400 280 500 180 450 250 750 950 750 500 250 300 400 400 500 250 450

1379.429 1381.469 1381.637 1484.507 1487.788 1502.228 1532.51 1535.90 1610.50 1618.632 1618.907 1671.070 1671.510 1671.680 1672.035 1672.474 1674.591 1679.695 1685.976 1694.028 1694.486 1706.376 1707.553 1774.951 1782.838 1787.656 1834.801 1847.165 1849.820 1851.194 1852.069 1858.886 1859.393 1864.348 1888.523 1905.481 1906.403 1907.665 2023.489 2024.516 2032.432 2033.477 2135.465 2136.182 2149.145 2152.940 2154.080 2235.732 2440.93 2478.256 2533.976 2535.603 2553.262 2554.915 2605.506 2632.713 2644.295 2728.770 2739.309 2739.872 2978.55

I I I IV IV III II II V III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I V IV I I I I IV III IV IV IV IV V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

700 520 300 400 650 570 400 300 350 400 300 500 350 400 250 250 250 500 500 600 300 300 500 300 300 100 100 100 140 140 180 300 140 400 250 300 180 100 250 300 400 100 400 140 180 140 140 100 100 250 500 400 500 250 150 350 180 350 500 180 140

3175.09 3204.04 3219.307 3233.602 3347.736 3364.467 3371.122 3957.641 3978.307 4059.312 4080.084 4222.195 4246.720 4420.71 4479.776 4540.288 4541.112 4588.04 4589.86 4602.08 4626.70 4658.31 4943.53 4954.39 4969.71 5079.381 5098.221 5100.974 5109.628 5154.844 5162.290 5253.52 5293.539 5296.13 5316.07 5344.75 5345.851 5364.631 5378.20 5386.88 5425.91 5428.094 5450.74 5458.305 5477.672 5477.860 5478.267 5514.774 5516.997 5588.34 6024.18 6034.04 6043.12 6055.50 6083.409 6087.82 6097.690 6165.59 6199.024 6210.499 6375.681

V V III III IV IV IV III III III III III III II III IV IV II II II II II II II II I I I I I I II I II II II I I II II II I II I I I I I I II II II II II III II I II I I I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 6388.579 6435.32 6459.99 6503.46 6507.97 6717.411 6992.690 7102.200 7158.367 7165.465 7175.102 7176.660 7443.657 7845.63 8046.801 8113.528 8278.058 8367.856 8531.475 8613.835 8637.578 8741.529 8872.174 9175.819 9193.85 9278.88 9304.94 9323.50 9435.069 9441.86 9452.83 9493.56 9525.73 9545.18 9556.81 9563.439 9593.50 9609.04 9638.939 9676.24 9706.533 9734.750 9736.680 9750.77 9790.21 9796.85 9834.80 9903.68 9976.67 10084.27 10511.58 10529.52 10581.57 10596.90 10681.40 10813.13 11183.23 11186.75 14241.64 14307.83 15711.52

K21599_S10.indb 61

I II II II II I III I I I I I IV II I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

228 296 203 1627 588 225 221 419 471 289 299 287 311

15962.53 16254.77 16292.97 16482.92 16590.07 16613.05 16738.68 16803.39 17112.48 17286.91 17423.67 23844.97 29097.16

I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Platinum Pt 30 30 30 50 r 30 30 40 50 50 30 30 30 30 30 40 3200 4400 100 40 5500 1500 3000 1000 30 950 30 1900 100 600 1500 30 400 50 h 320 50 h 30 h 100 150 30 30 h 190 30 h 280 50 h 30 150 150

Z = 78 1621.66 1723.13 1751.70 1777.09 1781.86 1879.09 1883.05 1889.52 1911.70 1929.25 1929.68 1939.80 1949.90 1983.74 2014.93 2030.63 2032.41 2036.46 2041.57 2049.37 2067.50 2084.59 2103.33 2115.57 2128.61 2130.69 2144.23 2144.24 2165.17 2174.67 2190.32 2202.22 2202.58 2222.61 2233.11 2240.99 2245.52 2249.30 2251.52 2251.92 2268.84 2271.72 2274.38 2287.50 2288.20 2289.27 2292.40

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II I I I I II I II I II I I II I II I II II II I II II I II I II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

240 50 90 220 100 170 280 180 50 130 40 120 35 70 200 100 50 80 50 25 180 650 60 440 35 1000 25 200 160 240 50 120 50 60 240 140 40 50 160 18 50 50 70 30 50 30 1100 130 1000 500 20 2800 40 440 200 2000 1600 60 1300 130 1800

2308.04 2310.96 2315.50 2318.29 2326.10 2340.18 2357.10 2368.28 2377.28 2383.64 2386.81 2389.53 2396.17 2401.87 2403.09 2418.06 2424.87 2428.04 2428.20 2429.10 2436.69 2440.06 2450.97 2467.44 2471.01 2487.17 2488.74 2490.12 2495.82 2498.50 2505.93 2508.50 2514.07 2515.03 2515.58 2524.30 2529.41 2536.49 2539.20 2549.46 2552.25 2596.00 2603.14 2616.76 2619.57 2625.34 2628.03 2639.35 2646.89 2650.86 2658.17 2659.45 2674.57 2677.15 2698.43 2702.40 2705.89 2713.13 2719.04 2729.92 2733.96

I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

70 70 80 200 30 500 40 20 50 50 100 40 h 140 10 50 30 h 1400 70 16 80 h 40 h 40 h 100 h 25 25 600 300 60 120 120 70 30 1700 30 30 25 60 1800 35 220 30 30 h 130 800 3200 30 130 320 140 120 320 30 20 20 40 160 25 25 120 500 60

2738.48 2747.61 2753.86 2754.92 2769.84 2771.67 2773.24 2774.00 2774.77 2793.27 2794.21 2799.98 2803.24 2808.51 2818.25 2822.27 2830.30 2834.71 2853.11 2860.68 2865.05 2875.85 2877.52 2888.20 2893.22 2893.86 2897.87 2905.90 2912.26 2913.54 2919.34 2921.38 2929.79 2942.76 2944.75 2959.10 2960.75 2997.97 3001.17 3002.27 3017.88 3031.22 3036.45 3042.64 3064.71 3071.94 3100.04 3139.39 3156.56 3200.71 3204.04 3230.29 3233.42 3250.36 3251.98 3255.92 3268.42 3281.97 3290.22 3301.86 3315.05

I I I I I I I I II I II II I I I II I I I II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Atomic

Intensity 100 250 600 600 600 100 150 100 100 180 180 180 200 250 100 150 140 100 140 140 180 400 100 180 950 600 1250 500 950 950 600 1250 1700 1500 280 1700 280 750 400 500 180 1500 280 1500 600 1700 280 400 280 229 458 962 1235 415 435 265 764 402 479 256 714

10-61

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-62

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

35 340 35 60 160 120 70 70 50 80 80 35 18 80 40 110 35 100 20 110 80 40 18 18 80 14 25 12 35 12 14 30 35 40 12 12 14 14 6 20 8 6 7 8 9 10 20 60 20 10

3323.80 3408.13 3427.93 3483.43 3485.27 3628.11 3638.79 3643.17 3663.10 3671.99 3674.04 3699.91 3706.53 3818.69 3900.73 3922.96 3948.40 3966.36 3996.57 4118.69 4164.56 4192.43 4327.06 4391.83 4442.55 4445.55 4498.76 4520.90 4552.42 4879.53 5044.04 5059.48 5227.66 5301.02 5368.99 5390.79 5475.77 5478.50 5763.57 5840.12 5844.84 6026.04 6318.37 6326.58 6523.45 6710.42 6760.02 6842.60 7113.73 8224.74

Plutonium Pu Z = 94 10000 2806.11 10000 2950.06 10000 3000.31 10000 3200.23 10000 3418.88 10000 3805.93 10000 4097.12 10000 4170.95 10000 4367.41 10000 5590.54

K21599_S10.indb 62

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10000 10000 3000 3000 3000

7068.90 8691.94 9533.07 12144.46 16897.38

I I I I I

Polonium Po Z = 84 1500 w 2450.08 1500 w 2558.01 2500 w 3003.21 1200 4170.52 800 4493.21 500 8618.26

I I I I I I

Potassium K Z = 19 100 214.35 150 271.82 100 273.06 150 282.35 150 293.33 300 294.84 200 296.17 200 297.06 200 300.25 200 300.50 200 311.24 250 312.77 200 315.18 250 327.38 25 330.68 300 340.46 150 340.74 30 341.92 15 348.00 200 349.50 300 354.93 150 356.26 300 359.73 200 359.91 250 362.08 150 362.15 150 363.02 500 372.15 200 372.46 200 372.77 300 375.96 300 375.96 250 377.76 30 379.12 300 379.12 300 379.88 25 380.48 250 380.48 200 381.70 30 382.23 300 382.23 150 382.49 200 382.65 300 382.91 250 384.10 200 386.61 300 387.80

V IV IV V V V V V V V V V V V III IV IV III III V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V V V IV V V III V IV III IV IV III IV IV IV IV IV IV V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

250 250 250 250 250 300 200 200 500 250 200 15 200 200 400 20 300 250 150 30 250 40 50 30 250 200 30 150 30 30 400 300 500 75 50 250 25 200 300 75 200 250 75 750 200 200 250 400 400 75 100 75 45 10 40 10 10 200 200 30 75

388.92 389.07 389.07 390.11 390.42 390.57 391.46 392.47 393.14 395.40 398.36 398.63 398.88 399.75 400.21 402.10 402.91 403.97 404.41 406.48 408.08 408.96 413.79 414.87 415.05 415.79 416.00 417.28 417.54 418.62 422.18 425.16 425.59 434.72 435.68 438.02 441.81 442.30 443.57 444.34 445.61 446.83 448.60 448.60 449.71 452.90 455.67 456.33 456.33 466.79 470.09 471.57 474.92 476.03 479.18 482.11 482.41 482.71 483.75 495.14 497.10

IV IV V V IV IV IV IV IV V V III V V IV III IV IV IV III IV III III III V V III IV III III V V V III III V II IV IV III IV IV III IV V V V IV V III III III III II III III III V V II III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

10 50 250 25 200 150 40 15 15 750 250 500 30 250 400 25 30 250 750 300 20 300 400 600 500 500 500 400 300 150 400 20 30 150 150 35 20 10 15 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 5 5 4 3 7 6 11 10 3 4 18 17 10 11

514.94 520.61 523.00 523.79 526.45 527.62 529.80 539.71 546.12 580.32 585.51 586.32 600.77 602.27 603.43 607.93 612.62 638.67 646.19 687.50 708.84 720.43 724.42 731.86 737.14 741.95 745.26 746.35 749.99 754.19 754.67 765.31 765.64 770.29 771.46 778.53 872.31 873.86 874.04 2550.02 2635.11 2689.90 2938.45 2986.20 2992.42 3052.07 3056.84 3062.18 3101.79 3102.04 3217.16 3217.62 3446.37 3447.38 3648.84 3648.98 4044.14 4047.21 4641.88 4642.37

III III IV III IV IV III III III V V V II V V II II V IV V III V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III III V V III III III III III III III III III III III III II I I I I I I I I I I I I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 4740.91 4744.35 4753.93 4757.39 4786.49 4791.05 4799.75 4804.35 4849.86 4856.09 4863.48 4869.76 4942.02 4950.82 4956.15 4965.03 5084.23 5097.17 5099.20 5112.25 5323.28 5339.69 5342.97 5359.57 5782.38 5801.75 5812.15 5831.89 6120.27 6307.29 6911.08 6936.28 6938.77 6964.18 6964.67 7664.90 7698.96 7955.37 7956.83 8078.11 8079.62 8250.18 8251.74 8390.22 8503.45 8505.11 8763.96 8767.05 8902.19 8904.02 8923.31 8925.44 9347.24 9349.25 9351.59 9595.70 9597.83 9949.67 9954.14 10479.63 10482.15

K21599_S10.indb 63

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

8 17 16 17 16 17

10487.11 11019.87 11022.67 11690.21 11769.62 11772.83 12522.11 13377.86 13397.09 15163.08 15168.40 40158.37

Praseodymium Pr Z = 59 7000 865.90 5000 869.17 2000 1228.59 5000 1293.22 5000 1295.28 5000 1321.36 5000 1333.57 5000 1354.66 2000 1360.64 2000 1365.77 5000 1374.41 5000 1435.56 2000 1520.98 5000 1574.55 5000 1575.10 3000 1578.38 2000 1622.30 10000 1884.87 2000 2083.23 3300 2246.20 2000 c 2378.98 40 h 2598.04 100 h 2707.37 60 2760.35 270 3168.24 200 d 3195.99 190 3219.48 200 3584.21 250 3645.66 250 3646.30 370 3668.83 290 3714.05 410 3739.18 680 3761.87 680 3800.30 390 3811.84 1300 h 3816.02 680 3818.28 310 3821.80 960 3830.72 480 3840.99 580 3846.59 1200 3850.79 720 c 3851.55 960 3852.80 480 c 3865.45 480 3876.19 1700 c 3877.18

I I I I I I I I I I I I V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

680 440 c 440 c 770 c 630 310 1300 c 420 960 480 370 370 730 c 900 c 900 c 380 470 560 1600 c 560 c 500 320 620 c 320 1300 c 340 1600 560 c 320 620 c 730 1900 620 730 620 470 360 360 c 730 c 960 730 470 1300 340 450 2200 2200 450 3400 500 c 500 c 790 500 560 380 2900 c 1700 c 340 1500 c 2700 1700 c

3880.47 3885.19 3889.34 3908.05 3912.90 3913.55 3918.85 3919.63 3925.47 3927.46 3929.29 3935.82 3947.63 3949.43 3953.51 3956.75 3962.45 3964.26 3964.81 3966.57 3971.16 3971.67 3972.14 3974.85 3989.68 3992.16 3994.79 3997.04 3999.12 4000.17 4004.70 4008.69 4010.60 4015.39 4020.96 4022.71 4025.54 4029.72 4031.75 4033.83 4038.45 4039.34 4044.81 4047.08 4051.13 4054.88 4056.54 4058.80 4062.81 4079.77 4080.98 4081.85 4083.34 4096.82 4098.40 4100.72 4118.46 4130.77 4141.22 4143.11 4164.16

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

620 730 5200 2500 560 c 2500 c 500 320 320 3800 3800 320 320 c 960 340 840 c 500 320 790 c 470 c 790 c 450 c 1500 1300 360 620 cw 470 c 340 450 410 c 1200 320 430 1700 410 1200 c 730 960 1100 790 340 c 340 270 c 270 c 290 250 200 320 380 270 320 360 560 410 620 360 360 560 680 340 c 340

4171.82 4172.25 4179.39 4189.48 4191.60 4206.72 4208.32 4211.86 4217.81 4222.93 4225.35 4233.11 4236.15 4241.01 4243.51 4247.63 4254.40 4269.09 4272.27 4280.07 4282.42 4298.98 4305.76 4333.97 4338.70 4344.30 4347.49 4350.40 4354.91 4359.79 4368.33 4371.62 4405.83 4408.82 4413.77 4429.13 4449.83 4468.66 4496.46 4510.15 4534.15 4535.92 4628.74 4672.09 4695.77 4736.69 4924.60 4939.74 4951.37 5034.41 5045.52 5110.38 5110.76 5129.52 5173.90 5206.55 5219.05 5220.11 5259.73 5292.02 5292.62

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I II I II II II II II II II II II II

Atomic

Intensity 4 6 5 7 5 7 6 8 7 8 8 9 8 9 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 12 14 16 17 15 17 8 7 19 12 20 7 12 25 24 5 4 7 6 9 8 3 11 10 4 3 13 12 5 4 7 3 6 15 14 6 5 9 5

10-63

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-64

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

430 65 150 110 90 90 90 160 d 90 90 160 7000 w 90 110 90 150 150 140 65 9000 w 65 65 5000 190 270 45 110 55 c 55 45 45 45 45 55 75 55 75 35 c 55 cw 35 cw 7000 40 5000 4500 20 24 16 20 c 14 20 16 14 14 10 cw 11 5000 w 10

5322.76 5509.15 5535.17 5623.05 5624.45 5756.17 5779.28 5815.17 5823.72 5859.68 5939.90 5956.05 5956.60 5967.82 6006.33 6017.80 6025.72 6055.13 6087.52 6090.02 6114.38 6148.23 6160.24 6161.18 6165.94 6244.35 6281.28 6359.03 6411.23 6429.63 6431.84 6486.55 6566.77 6616.67 6656.83 6673.41 6673.78 6747.09 6798.60 6827.60 6910.14 7021.51 7030.39 7076.62 7114.55 7227.70 7407.56 7451.74 7541.02 7645.66 7721.84 7871.67 8067.44 8122.78 8141.10 8602.74 8714.59

Promethium Pm Z = 61 1000 3892.15 1000 3910.26 1000 3919.10

K21599_S10.indb 64

II II II II II II I II II II II III II II II II II I II III II I III II II II II I I II II I II I II II II I I II III II III III I II II II II II I I I II I III II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 1000 r 1000 900 r 900 1000 d

3957.74 3998.96 4417.96 4728.36 6100.21 6520.45

Protactinium Pa Z = 91 3000 2599.16 3000 2699.22 3000 2822.79 3000 h 2871.42 3000 h 2891.14 3000 l 3011.10 3000 s 3033.59 3000 l 3071.24 3000 l 3093.23 3000 l 3126.23 3000 l 3146.28 3000 l 3170.89 3000 l 3171.54 3000 l 3240.58 3000 3274.46 3000 l 3332.69 3000 s 3346.66 3000 l 3452.82 3000 3504.97 3000 s 3530.65 3000 3570.56 3000 3571.82 3000 3618.07 10000 3636.52 3000 3702.74 3000 3752.67 3000 3873.35 3000 3931.83 3000 s 3952.62 10000 l 3957.85 3000 s 3970.07 3000 3981.82 10000 3982.23 3000 l 4012.96 3000 s 4018.21 3000 4030.16 3000 s 4046.93 10000 s 4056.20 10000 s 4070.40 3000 l 4176.18 10000 l 4217.23 10000 s 4248.08 3000 s 4291.34 3000 s 4601.43 3000 l 6035.78 3000 6162.56 3000 l 6358.61 3000 6379.25 3000 l 6438.97 3000 h 6792.75 10000 6945.72 3000 6960.09 3000 h 6961.78 3000 s 6992.73

II II II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I I I I I I I I II II II I I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

3000 3000 h 10000 s 3000 h 3000 3000 10000 l 3000 h 10000 h 3000 h 10000 h 10000 10000 s 10000 3000 10000 h 3000 3000 l 10000 10000 h 10000 10000 3000 s 3000 s 3000 h 10000 h 10000 s 3000 h 3000 h 10000 3000 10000 10000 3000

7076.27 7100.94 7114.89 7171.55 7227.13 7318.79 7368.25 7471.89 7493.15 7558.26 7608.20 7626.79 7635.18 7669.34 7679.20 7749.19 7872.95 7945.56 8039.34 8099.84 8199.04 8271.87 8358.98 8369.60 8441.04 8532.66 8572.96 8639.91 8653.51 8735.27 10923.32 11791.73 14344.76 18478.61

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Radium Ra 100 200 100 100 100 50 50 50

Z = 88 3649.55 3814.42 4340.64 4682.28 4825.91 5660.81 7141.21 8019.70

II II II II I I I II

Radon Rn Z = 86 100 4349.60 200 7055.42 100 7268.11 300 7450.00 100 7809.82 100 8099.51 100 8270.96 100 8600.07

I I I I I I I I

Rhenium Re 25000 16000 27000 10000 9800 3400 3700

Z = 75 2003.53 2017.87 2049.08 2085.59 2097.12 2139.04 2156.67

I I I I I II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

4900 3400 4200 c 5200 c 2900 2700 390 610 680 800 300 860 230 680 250 1200 570 520 220 320 370 340 230 320 320 210 d 210 1500 740 320 270 1200 300 300 2500 490 420 340 c 230 250 610 610 390 800 c 1200 390 980 370 370 570 230 270 1800 c 570 540 370 570 740 d 370 300 370

2167.94 2176.21 2214.26 2275.25 2287.51 2294.49 2298.09 2302.99 2306.54 2322.49 2328.66 2344.78 2349.39 2352.07 2356.50 2365.90 2367.68 2369.27 2370.76 2375.07 2379.77 2388.57 2393.65 2394.37 2396.79 2400.72 2401.68 2405.06 2405.60 2406.70 2410.37 2419.81 2421.73 2421.88 2428.58 2431.54 2432.18 2441.47 2442.51 2444.94 2446.98 2449.71 2461.20 2461.84 2483.92 2485.81 2487.33 2496.04 2501.72 2502.35 2504.60 2505.94 2508.99 2520.01 2521.50 2534.80 2540.51 2544.74 2545.48 2552.02 2554.63

I I II II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I II

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2556.51 2559.08 2564.19 2568.64 2571.81 2586.79 2599.86 2603.89 2608.50 2611.54 2635.83 2636.64 2642.75 2649.05 2651.90 2654.12 2663.63 2674.34 2688.53 2715.47 2732.21 2733.04 2758.00 2763.79 2767.74 2768.85 2769.32 2770.42 2783.57 2791.29 2814.68 2819.95 2834.08 2843.00 2850.98 2867.19 2887.68 2896.01 2902.48 2905.58 2909.82 2927.42 2930.61 2943.14 2962.27 2965.11 2965.76 2976.29 2978.15 2980.82 2982.19 2988.47 2992.36 2999.60 3001.14 3004.14 3016.02 3016.49 3030.45 3047.25 3067.40

K21599_S10.indb 65

I I I II II I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

320 260 550 340 700 700 340 340 c 340 420 260 250 440 330 360 c 220 700 220 440 260 600 1100 1100 260 260 220 1100 c 380 600 600 300 280 280 280 240 320 280 240 600 2000 1600 810 320 240 d 240 320 320 240 4000 650 650 240 320 320 810 8000 400 300 320 400 16000 c

3069.94 3071.16 3082.43 3088.76 3100.67 3108.81 3110.86 3118.19 3121.36 3128.94 3134.02 3141.38 3151.64 3153.79 3158.31 3164.52 3168.37 3174.61 3177.71 3178.61 3182.87 3184.76 3185.57 3190.78 3192.36 3198.58 3204.25 3235.94 3258.85 3259.55 3268.89 3296.70 3296.99 3301.60 3302.23 3303.21 3303.75 3313.95 3322.48 3338.18 3342.24 3344.32 3346.20 3356.33 3377.74 3379.06 3379.70 3389.43 3399.30 3404.72 3405.89 3408.67 3409.83 3417.77 3419.41 3424.62 3426.19 3427.61 3437.71 3449.37 3451.88

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

240 55000 c 40000 c 400 240 400 320 240 560 320 320 320 240 240 360 810 c 650 810 320 810 440 320 860 c 1500 c 520 240 360 c 4000 240 c 810 910 300 cw 700 240 240 240 380 c 550 280 350 c 220 240 240 c 240 cw 1800 700 220 220 650 3600 c 260 c 380 360 cw 2600 260 500 2200 cw 220 1300 1600 cw 100

3453.50 3460.46 3464.73 3467.96 3476.44 3480.38 3480.85 3482.23 3503.06 3516.65 3517.33 3537.46 3549.89 3570.26 3579.12 3580.15 3580.97 3583.02 3617.08 3637.84 3651.97 3670.53 3689.50 3691.48 3703.24 3709.93 3717.28 3725.76 3735.01 3735.31 3740.10 3745.44 3787.52 3869.94 3875.26 3876.86 3917.27 3929.85 3961.04 3962.48 4033.31 4081.43 4110.89 4133.42 4136.45 4144.36 4182.90 4183.06 4221.08 4227.46 4257.60 4358.69 4394.38 4513.31 4516.64 4522.73 4889.14 4923.90 5270.95 5275.56 5667.88

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 c 110 cw 550 200 200 100 cw 180 c 260 50 cw 65 cw

5752.93 5776.83 5834.31 6307.70 6321.90 6605.19 6813.41 6829.90 7640.94 7912.94

I I I I I I I I I I

Rhodium Rh Z = 45 50 813.44 80 882.51 100 925.75 150 937.28 500 991.62 400 992.48 500 d 1009.60 200 1012.22 200 1015.17 200 1073.87 150 1784.24 200 1784.94 150 1796.50 200 1816.03 1000 1832.05 500 1859.85 800 1880.66 500 1884.91 500 1887.36 700 1888.62 800 1901.32 500 1910.16 600 1919.37 500 1927.07 700 1931.79 500 1954.25 500 1994.26 800 2013.71 500 2017.47 500 2028.53 800 2036.72 600 2037.61 1000 2040.18 3000 2048.67 2000 2064.11 800 2076.84 1000 2118.53 1000 2118.63 1000 2139.44 1000 2152.23 3000 2158.17 3000 2163.19 3000 2167.33 150 2276.21 140 2288.57 110 2309.82 350 2322.58 140 2326.47 190 2334.77 300 2361.92

III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III II I I I I II I

Atomic

Intensity 1000 250 340 540 370 380 290 290 660 610 d 310 550 270 270 660 400 220 940 220 1300 220 610 220 210 310 220 220 350 550 220 220 880 310 220 270 240 2900 490 830 c 210 550 830 c 270 440 270 720 1500 310 210 220 220 220 1800 5500 350 220 500 300 380 240 1600

10-65

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-66

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 270 230 270 80 130 230 110 330 90 130 150 100 130 300 150 350 300 200 130 110 350 550 150 230 100 110 400 100 400 100 180 160 100 130 150 180 280 110 140 160 65 180 130 130 230 160 450 110 50 130 50 180 140 240 130 140 470 190 520 520

2368.34 2382.89 2383.40 2386.14 2415.84 2427.68 2429.52 2437.90 2440.34 2461.04 2473.09 2487.47 2490.77 2502.46 2504.29 2505.67 2509.70 2511.03 2515.75 2520.53 2537.04 2545.70 2555.36 2622.58 2625.88 2630.42 2647.28 2652.66 2680.63 2703.73 2715.31 2718.54 2728.94 2771.51 2783.03 2826.43 2826.68 2862.94 2878.66 2882.37 2907.21 2910.17 2924.02 2929.11 2931.94 2968.66 2977.68 2986.20 3004.46 3006.43 3023.91 3052.44 3083.96 3121.76 3123.70 3155.78 3189.05 3191.19 3197.13 3263.14 3271.61

K21599_S10.indb 66

I I I II II I I I I II I I II I II I I II I II II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I III I III I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2300 2300 280 210 260 50 4200 330 280 420 1100 110 110 5600 820 160 820 330 120 d 8200 1400 120 120 400 180 220 5900 180 4700 120 4700 2100 110 1200 5900 2800 8800 880 d 280 1200 1800 1200 4700 4700 5900 3100 1800 8200 1300 560 1900 9400 940 280 380 7600 940 650 420 420 1200

3280.55 3283.57 3289.14 3294.28 3300.46 3310.69 3323.09 3338.54 3360.80 3368.38 3372.25 3377.14 3385.78 3396.82 3399.70 3406.55 3412.27 3421.22 3424.38 3434.89 3440.53 3447.74 3450.29 3455.22 3457.07 3457.93 3462.04 3469.62 3470.66 3472.25 3474.78 3478.91 3494.44 3498.73 3502.52 3507.32 3528.02 3538.14 3541.91 3543.95 3549.54 3570.18 3583.10 3596.19 3597.15 3612.47 3626.59 3657.99 3666.22 3681.04 3690.70 3692.36 3695.52 3698.26 3698.60 3700.91 3713.02 3735.28 3737.27 3744.17 3748.22

I I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

240 380 490 1000 2300 490 380 1000 1300 3800 4900 760 1300 470 760 1300 3800 2300 2000 5900 490 380 120 240 2000 590 3800 45 380 240 240 380 120 560 140 120 1100 1500 2100 240 330 3300 820 4200 130 150 70 70 60 60 95 130 95 160 40 29 40 35 130 35 14

3754.12 3754.27 3755.58 3760.40 3765.08 3769.97 3778.13 3788.47 3792.18 3793.22 3799.31 3805.92 3806.76 3815.01 3816.47 3818.19 3822.26 3828.48 3833.89 3856.52 3870.01 3877.34 3913.51 3922.19 3934.23 3942.72 3958.86 3964.54 3975.31 3984.40 3995.61 3996.15 4023.14 4082.78 4097.52 4119.68 4121.68 4128.87 4135.27 4154.37 4196.50 4211.14 4288.71 4374.80 4569.00 4675.03 4745.11 5090.63 5155.54 5175.97 5193.14 5354.40 5390.44 5599.42 5686.38 5792.66 5806.91 5831.58 5983.60 6102.72 6199.99

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

16 29 40 13 11 20 65 16 16 18 15 18 35 18 h 12 12 11 29 55 21 29 15 8

6253.72 6319.53 6752.35 6827.33 6857.68 6879.94 6965.67 6979.15 7001.58 7101.64 7104.45 7268.18 7270.82 7442.39 7475.74 7495.24 7557.67 7791.61 7824.91 8029.91 8045.36 8136.20 8425.59

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Rubidium Rb Z = 37 30 465.85 40 481.118 500 482.83 500 489.66 600 493.48 90 497.430 20 508.434 150 513.266 300 530.173 75 533.801 1200 535.86 40 542.887 200 555.036 1200 556.19 1500 566.71 1000 572.82 1500 576.65 2500 579.63 1500 581.26 2500 589.419 1000 594.94 1300 595.88 1200 598.49 1500 643.878 25 663.76 3000 697.049 6000 711.187 25 716.24 50 740.85 10000 741.456 5000 769.04 25 776.89 2500 815.28 15 850.18 1000 1604.12 5000 1760.50 2000 2068.92

III II III III III II II II II II III II II III III III III III III II III III III II IV II II IV IV II III IV III IV II II II

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2075.95 2143.83 2217.08 2291.71 2472.20 2631.75 2956.07 3086.84 3111.36 3148.90 3157.54 3227.98 3286.41 3348.72 3350.82 3587.05 3591.57 3600.60 3600.64 3940.51 4201.80 4215.53 4244.40 4273.14 4571.77 4648.57 4775.95 5087.987 5132.471 5150.134 5152.08 5165.023 5165.142 5195.278 5233.968 5260.034 5260.228 5322.380 5362.601 5390.568 5431.532 5431.830 5578.788 5647.774 5653.750 5724.121 5724.614 6070.755 6159.626 6206.309 6298.325 6299.224 6458.33 6560.81 7279.997 7408.173 7618.933 7757.651 7759.436 7800.27 7947.60

K21599_S10.indb 67

II II II II II III III III III II I I III I I I I II II II I I II II II II II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40 l 30 40 l 30 30 l 20 l 2000 c 35 l 30 l 100 20 30 75 1000 800 150 20 4

8271.41 8271.71 8868.512 8868.852 9522.65 9540.18 9689.05 10075.282 10075.708 13235.17 13442.81 13443.57 13665.01 14752.41 15288.43 15289.48 22529.65 27314.31

Ruthenium Ru Z = 44 250 850.09 200 850.30 250 919.74 500 940.09 500 966.54 750 974.14 900 979.43 500 981.35 900 986.84 900 994.56 300 1001.65 500 1009.13 900 1009.87 500 1014.68 800 1190.51 500 1200.07 500 1207.17 500 1209.77 300 1211.31 500 1941.35 500 2009.28 2400 2076.43 2600 2083.77 2400 2090.89 690 2255.52 780 2272.09 780 2279.57 480 2317.80 120 2334.96 190 h 2342.85 310 2351.33 170 2357.91 780 2402.72 150 2407.92 180 2455.53 150 2456.44 370 2456.57 280 2478.93 140 2498.42 140 2498.57 260 2507.01 110 2513.32

I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III I I I I I I I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 150 550 370 830 460 330 400 330 690 330 200 690 140 310 1800 100 110 350 1700 350 400 640 420 550 1800 740 370 1100 180 370 550 170 140 550 1400 460 440 330 310 390 330 830 740 490 370 930 3100 4900 6400 8300 640 790 690 6400 6900 6400 1300 3100 6200 830

2517.32 2535.59 2549.58 2609.06 2612.07 2642.96 2651.84 2659.62 2661.61 2678.76 2692.06 2712.41 2719.52 2725.47 2734.35 2735.72 2778.38 2787.83 2810.03 2810.55 2818.36 2829.16 2854.07 2861.41 2866.64 2874.98 2886.54 2908.88 2916.26 2945.67 2949.50 2965.16 2965.55 2976.59 2976.92 2988.95 2994.96 3006.59 3017.24 3020.88 3064.84 3096.57 3099.28 3100.84 3294.11 3301.59 3339.55 3417.35 3428.31 3436.74 3498.94 3514.49 3539.37 3570.59 3589.22 3593.02 3596.18 3599.76 3634.93 3661.35 3663.37

II II I I I I I I II II II II I II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

650 550 8700 11000 7100 3500 870 2800 760 870 1200 600 600 1500 600 3900 6000 760 7600 7600 600 760 760 650 550 760 930 760 1300 650 1300 650 760 1500 3300 600 760 600 600 870 1500 600 1400 710 760 980 6000 930 1900 2000 650 870 550 550 7600 1500 5400 760 930 550 760

3669.49 3726.10 3726.93 3728.03 3730.43 3742.28 3742.78 3745.59 3753.54 3755.93 3759.84 3761.51 3767.35 3777.59 3782.74 3786.06 3790.51 3798.05 3798.90 3799.35 3812.72 3817.27 3819.03 3822.09 3824.93 3831.80 3839.70 3850.43 3857.55 3862.69 3867.84 3892.21 3909.08 3923.47 3925.92 3931.76 3945.57 3978.44 3979.42 3984.86 4022.16 4023.83 4051.40 4054.05 4068.37 4076.73 4080.60 4097.79 4112.74 4144.16 4145.74 4167.51 4197.58 4198.88 4199.90 4206.02 4212.06 4214.44 4217.27 4230.31 4241.05

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Atomic

Intensity 10000 30000 10000 5000 50000 1000 2000 500 500 5000 c 25 50 500 60 75 100 40 5000 10000 25000 1000 500 90000 15000 20000 10000 30000 2 2 10 10000 1 2 15 2 20 1 3 40 4 75 3 6 40 20 60 3 75 30 c 75 c 120 c 5 10000 5000 100 l 150 200 l 300 60 90000 c 45000 c

10-67

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-68

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

760 760 550 3700 930 550 550 710 870 2400 870 1300 1700 1600 1100 5400 1700 720 1400 500 550 160 450 120 200 530 170 250 110 500 920 180 130 260 110 130 110 h 80 130 90 290 180 65 55 80 21 h 16 35 18 26 26 18 16 26 h 21 55 21 30 21 26 110

4243.06 4284.33 4295.93 4297.71 4307.60 4319.87 4342.07 4354.13 4361.21 4372.21 4385.39 4385.65 4390.44 4410.03 4460.04 4554.51 4584.44 4647.61 4709.48 4757.84 4869.15 5011.23 5057.33 5076.32 5093.83 5136.55 5142.76 5147.24 5151.07 5155.14 5171.03 5195.02 5284.08 5309.27 5335.93 5361.77 5401.04 5484.32 5510.71 5559.75 5636.24 5699.05 5814.98 5919.34 5921.45 5973.38 5988.67 5993.65 6116.77 6199.42 6225.20 6295.22 6390.23 6444.84 6663.14 6690.00 6766.95 6775.02 6824.17 6911.48 6923.23

K21599_S10.indb 68

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

26 26 35 16 18 26 70 26 18 18 22 30 80 18 22

6982.01 7027.98 7238.92 7393.93 7468.91 7485.79 7499.75 7559.61 7621.50 7722.87 7791.86 7847.80 7881.49 8264.96 8710.84

Samarium Sm Z = 62 150 2789.38 410 3152.52 720 3183.92 600 3211.73 530 3216.85 600 3218.61 720 3230.56 720 3236.64 720 3239.66 720 3250.37 850 3254.38 1700 3306.39 1200 3321.18 1200 3365.86 1200 3382.40 4200 3568.27 4200 3592.60 1700 3604.28 3400 3609.49 1700 3621.23 3400 3634.29 2200 3661.36 2200 3670.84 1100 3693.99 1600 3728.47 2100 3731.26 1600 3735.98 2900 3739.12 1200 3743.87 930 3745.46 800 3756.41 1200 3757.53 1900 3760.69 1100 3764.37 370 d 3773.33 1100 3778.14 1500 3788.12 1600 3793.97 1600 3797.73 1600 3826.20 1100 3831.50 560 3834.48 1600 3843.50 530 3853.30 2700 3854.21

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II I II II II II II II I II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

480 400 3700 1600 1300 2500 1900 1300 470 1500 1500 620 1000 1500 1400 1000 1900 1200 1000 1100 1000 1200 2100 1300 1200 2200 710 470 1600 1900 470 1800 440 1300 880 1100 440 530 1600 410 470 1500 2900 470 1600 1800 530 440 710 1300 1200 1000 2200 810 370 440 380 470 d 1100 370 530

3854.56 3858.74 3885.29 3896.98 3903.42 3922.40 3928.28 3941.87 3951.89 3963.00 3971.40 3974.66 3976.43 3990.00 4064.58 4092.27 4118.55 4152.21 4188.13 4203.05 4225.33 4236.74 4256.39 4262.68 4279.68 4280.79 4282.21 4282.83 4296.74 4318.94 4319.53 4329.02 4330.02 4334.15 4336.14 4347.80 4362.91 4380.42 4390.86 4401.17 4419.33 4420.53 4424.34 4429.66 4433.88 4434.32 4441.81 4442.28 4445.15 4452.73 4454.63 4458.52 4467.34 4470.89 4499.11 4581.73 4649.49 4670.75 4674.60 4688.73 4704.40

I I II II II II II II I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II I II I II I II I I II I I II II I II II I I I II II II II I I I I I II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

730 770 470 730 580 350 970 730 630 350 430 400 540 510 350 360 470 250 260 400 250 220 230 230 140 140 120 85 70 60 70 d 60 60 65 65 50 50 65 50 50 45 45 h 45 100 140 110 50 120 d 95 120 120 90 90 90 90 90 26 30 30 26 85 d

4716.10 4728.42 4745.68 4760.27 4783.10 4785.86 4841.70 4883.97 4910.40 4913.25 4918.99 5044.28 5071.20 5117.16 5122.14 5155.03 5175.42 5200.59 5251.92 5271.40 5282.91 5453.00 5493.72 5516.09 5550.40 5659.86 5696.73 5706.20 5773.77 5778.33 5786.98 5788.38 5800.52 5802.84 5867.79 5874.21 5898.96 5965.71 6045.00 6070.06 6084.12 6159.56 6256.54 6267.28 6569.31 6589.72 6671.51 6731.84 6794.20 6860.93 6955.29 7020.44 7039.22 7042.24 7051.52 7082.37 7088.30 7095.50 7104.54 7115.96 7149.60

I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I II II II I II II I II II II II II II I I I I II

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 7213.82 7240.90 7347.30 7444.56 7445.41 7470.76 7645.09 7645.82 7835.08 7895.96 7928.14 8048.70 8065.16 8068.46 8305.79 8383.71 8485.99 8708.43 8913.66

I II I I I I II I II I II II I II II I II II II

Scandium Sc Z = 21 350 180.14 500 243.87 500 252.85 500 253.73 900 283.91 800 284.45 600 288.29 900 289.59 15 289.85 1000 d 291.93 800 293.25 15 296.31 15 299.04 700 300.00 1000 573.36 600 587.94 10 785.12 25 1168.61 15 1550.80 180 1603.06 150 1610.19 160 2010.42 12 2118.97 11 2185.43 11 2205.46 14 2222.22 11 2271.33 110 2438.62 560 2545.22 2900 2552.37 560 2555.82 2300 2560.25 1100 2563.21 11 2586.93 120 2692.78 350 2699.07 360 2706.77 210 2707.95 580 2711.35 230 2734.05 340 2965.86

V V V V V V V V IV V V IV IV V V V IV III IV III III III IV IV IV IV IV I II II II II II IV I III I I I III I

K21599_S10.indb 69

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1200 1400 340 2200 2700 360 120 h 130 990 1500 4400 5500 110 d 270 9900 2000 1700 1700 4000 6600 130 200 200 270 530 270 180 130 d 110 200 2700 6600 6100 13000 9900 7700 4000 4000 28000 110 20000 13000 6600 110 5300 110 290 75 h 270 610 20000 23000 4400 5500 530 20000 20000 220 140 220 200

2974.01 2980.75 2988.95 3015.36 3019.34 3030.76 3056.31 3065.11 3251.32 3255.69 3269.91 3273.63 3343.28 3352.05 3353.73 3359.68 3361.27 3361.94 3368.95 3372.15 3418.51 3429.21 3429.48 3431.36 3435.56 3457.45 3462.19 3469.65 3471.13 3498.91 3535.73 3558.55 3567.70 3572.53 3576.35 3580.94 3589.64 3590.48 3613.84 3617.43 3630.75 3642.79 3645.31 3646.90 3651.80 3664.25 3666.54 3717.10 3833.07 3843.03 3907.49 3911.81 3933.38 3996.61 4014.49 4020.40 4023.69 4030.67 4031.39 4043.80 4046.48

I I I I I I I II II I I I II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II II II I II II II I II II II I II II I I I I II I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2700 120 5500 220 100 160 h 160 6100 200 400 440 h 530 h 720 1100 h 110 h 110 h 180 200 400 15000 290 350 4200 3300 2400 180 110 2000 130 1100 880 120 h 160 h 350 120 120 200 490 590 690 790 1200 200 220 170 90 90 90 170 120 150 140 530 250 530 250 2100 1200 1100 750 390

4047.79 4049.95 4054.55 4056.59 4068.66 4074.97 4078.57 4082.40 4086.67 4087.16 4133.00 4140.30 4152.36 4165.19 4218.26 4219.73 4231.93 4233.61 4238.05 4246.83 4294.77 4305.71 4314.09 4320.74 4325.01 4354.61 4358.64 4374.46 4384.81 4400.37 4415.56 4557.24 4573.99 4670.40 4706.97 4709.34 4728.77 4729.23 4734.10 4737.65 4741.02 4743.81 4753.16 4779.35 4839.44 4909.76 4922.84 4934.25 4954.06 4973.66 4980.37 4991.92 5031.02 5064.32 5070.23 5075.81 5081.56 5083.72 5085.55 5086.95 5087.14

I I I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II II II II I II II II II I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

270 390 620 370 180 150 320 390 280 350 280 210 120 350 120 210 530 270 370 270 120 750 530 570 660 660 70 110 80 250 1500 1200 1100 10 190 880 230 180 14 620 320 120 110 80 250 750 60 90 60 65 50 50 90 55 h 30 19 h 50 30 h 400

5089.89 5096.73 5099.23 5101.12 5109.06 5112.86 5116.69 5210.52 5219.67 5239.82 5258.33 5285.76 5341.05 5349.30 5349.71 5355.75 5356.10 5375.35 5392.08 5446.20 5451.34 5481.99 5484.62 5514.22 5520.50 5526.82 5564.86 5591.33 5640.98 5657.88 5671.81 5686.84 5700.21 5706.82 5708.61 5711.75 5717.28 5724.08 5771.63 6210.68 6239.78 6245.63 6249.96 6256.01 6258.96 6305.67 6378.82 6413.35 6604.60 6737.87 6819.52 6835.03 7449.16 7741.17 7800.44 8761.40 8829.78 8834.35 22051.86

I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II II I I I IV I I I I IV I I II I III I I I I II I I I III I I I III I I

150

22065.05

I

Atomic

Intensity 23 60 26 30 26 13 45 12 40 w 16 90 40 16 45 40 w 19 45 w 45 w 95

10-69

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-70 Intensity Atomic

Selenium Se 360 360 450 360 450 450 360 360 360 450 360 360 360 360 360 450 360 360 450 450 360 360 360 450 360 450 450 285 285 285 120 120 150 150 250 150 200 150 150 150 150 200 150 150 250 200 150 150 250 250 250 250 300 300 250 400 350 300 500 500

K21599_S10.indb 70

Wavelength/Å Z = 34 613.0 652.7 670.1 724.3 746.4 759.1 808.7 830.3 832.7 839.5 843.0 845.8 912.9 959.6 974.8 996.7 1013.4 1014.0 1033.6 1049.6 1057.4 1094.7 1099.1 1119.2 1141.9 1192.3 1227.6 1291.0 1308.9 1314.4 1435.3 1435.8 1449.2 1500.9 1530.4 1531.3 1531.8 1575.3 1577.6 1577.9 1579.5 1580.0 1587.5 1593.2 1606.5 1617.4 1621.2 1643.4 1671.2 1675.3 1690.7 1793.3 1795.3 1855.2 1858.8 1898.6 1913.8 1919.2 1960.9 2039.8

V IV IV III IV V V V II V III V II IV III IV II II II II II V III III II II V II II IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

285 500 285 500 600 300 360 285 285 220 160 450 450 450 450 450 450 450 360 450 285 285 220 285 500 400 300 285 360 450 360 100 120 110 285 285 285 450 285 200 360 285 285 150 120 100 200 150 300 200 250 150 300 200 150 150 180 150 200 180 150

2057.5 2074.8 2136.6 2164.2 2413.5 2548.0 2665.5 2724.3 2767.2 2773.8 2951.6 3387.2 3413.9 3457.8 3637.6 3738.7 3800.9 4169.1 4175.3 4180.9 4382.9 4446.0 4449.2 4467.6 4730.8 4739.0 4742.2 4840.6 4845.0 5227.5 5305.4 5365.5 5369.9 5374.1 5522.4 5566.9 5866.3 6056.0 6303.8 6325.6 6444.2 6490.5 6535.0 6831.3 6990.690 6991.792 7010.809 7013.875 7062.065 7575.1 7583.4 7592.2 8001.0 8036.4 8093.2 8094.7 8149.3 8152.0 8157.7 8163.1 8182.9

III I IV I I I IV IV III III IV III III III III III III III II II II II II II I I I II II II II I I I II II II II III I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

150 150 150 300 200 200 100 200 377 900 640 275 170 205 315 410 500 320 265 395 360 505 205 235 680 415 270 240 150 265 375 255 510

8440.47 8450.38 8742.33 8918.86 9001.97 9038.61 9432.50 10217.25 10307.45 10327.26 10386.36 11946.87 11952.64 11972.93 14817.93 14917.47 15151.44 15471.00 15520.97 15618.40 16659.44 16813.78 16866.54 21374.24 21442.56 21473.48 21716.36 21730.60 23388.85 24148.18 24385.99 25017.51 25127.43

Silicon Si Z = 14 10 85.18 15 96.44 10 97.14 20 117.86 20 118.97 4 457.82 8 566.61 8 653.33 7 815.05 8 818.13 9 823.41 40 h 845.77 100 889.72 200 892.00 9 967.95 100 989.87 200 992.68 10 993.52 13 994.79 16 997.39 50 1023.69 8 1066.63 14 1108.37 16 1109.97 18 1113.23 8 1122.49 10 1128.34

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V V V IV III III IV IV III II II II III II II III III III II IV III III III IV IV

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 200 250 100 30 30 9 10 50 100 150 200 100 150 100 150 200 40 50 1000 2000 200 17 14 15 18 14 16 100 50 h 200 13 100 100 150 100 100 15 12 13 90 h 100 h 12 10 9 100 h 50 h 60 p 500 1000 150 100 300 200 100 100 100 200 200 200 100 h

1190.42 1193.28 1194.50 1197.39 1206.51 1206.53 1207.52 1210.46 1226.81 1227.60 1228.75 1229.39 1246.74 1248.43 1250.09 1250.43 1251.16 1256.49 1258.80 1260.42 1264.73 1265.02 1294.54 1296.73 1298.89 1298.96 1301.15 1303.32 1304.37 1305.59 1309.27 1312.59 1346.87 1348.54 1350.06 1352.64 1353.72 1393.76 1402.77 1417.24 1485.02 1485.51 1500.24 1501.19 1501.87 1509.10 1512.07 1516.91 1526.72 1533.45 1594.55 1622.87 1629.43 1629.92 1667.62 1668.52 1672.59 1675.20 1696.20 1697.94 1770.92

II II II II III III III III II II II II II II II II II I I II II II III III III III III III II II II III II II II II II IV IV III II II III III III II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 1776.83 1799.12 1808.00 1814.07 1816.92 1836.51 1841.44 1842.55 1843.77 1845.51 1847.47 1848.14 1850.67 1852.46 1874.84 1881.85 1887.70 1893.25 1901.33 1902.46 1910.62 1941.67 1949.56 1954.97 2058.65 2059.01 2072.02 2072.70 2124.12 2136.56 2207.98 2210.89 2211.74 2216.67 2218.06 2296.87 2308.19 2356.30 2357.18 2357.97 2435.15 2449.48 2506.90 2514.32 2516.113 2517.51 2519.202 2524.108 2528.509 2532.381 2541.82 2546.09 2559.21 2563.679 2568.641 2577.151 2631.282 2640.79 2655.51 2817.11 2881.579

K21599_S10.indb 71

I I II I II I I III I I I I I I I I I I I II II II II I II II II II I II I I I I I III III II II II I III I I I IV I I I I III III III I I I I III III III I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 500 55 150 50 75 100 h 9 100 h 50 h 150 h 25 20 16 9 16 13 150 150 100 14 200 100 h 200 h 15 75 12 14 15 12 10 300 500 15 9 20 8 20 c 25 30 100 h 500 h 200 h 300 20 10 70 9 300 h 500 h 100 h 50 9 30 25 20 100 150 9h 10 h 9

2904.28 2905.69 2970.355 2987.645 3006.739 3020.004 3030.00 3040.93 3043.69 3048.30 3053.18 3086.24 3093.42 3096.83 3165.71 3185.13 3186.02 3188.97 3193.09 3195.41 3196.50 3199.51 3203.87 3210.03 3210.55 3214.66 3230.50 3233.95 3241.62 3258.66 3276.26 3333.14 3339.82 3486.91 3525.94 3590.47 3762.44 3791.41 3796.11 3806.54 3853.66 3856.02 3862.60 3905.523 3924.47 4088.85 4102.936 4116.10 4128.07 4130.89 4190.72 4198.13 4338.50 4552.62 4567.82 4574.76 4621.42 4621.72 4631.24 4654.32 4683.02

II II I I I I II III II II II III III III IV III III II II II III II II II III II III III III III III II II III III III IV III III III II II II I III IV I IV II II II II III III III III II II IV IV III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

16 50 35 80 15 16 18 30 40 1000 1000 10 h 100 100 h 200 h 500 h 100 h 100 h 100 h 500 h 500 h 100 h 200 h 35 100 h 150 h 30 100 h 200 h 90 150 h 80 1000 h 120 300 h 100 90 200 h 100 h 160 20 45 45 45 45 70 70 90 100 150 h 200 50 300 h 40 10 h 150 200 500 500 90 85

4716.65 4782.991 4792.212 4792.324 4813.33 4819.72 4828.97 4947.607 5006.061 5041.03 5055.98 5091.42 5181.90 5185.25 5192.86 5202.41 5405.34 5438.62 5456.45 5466.43 5466.87 5469.21 5496.45 5517.535 5540.74 5576.66 5622.221 5632.97 5639.48 5645.611 5660.66 5665.554 5669.56 5684.484 5688.81 5690.425 5701.105 5701.37 5706.37 5708.397 5739.73 5747.667 5753.625 5754.220 5762.977 5772.145 5780.384 5793.071 5797.859 5800.47 5806.74 5846.13 5868.40 5873.764 5898.79 5915.22 5948.545 5957.56 5978.93 6125.021 6131.574

III I I I III III III I I II II III II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II II I II I II I II I I II II I III I I I I I I I I II II II II I III II I II II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

90 100 100 160 160 40 125 125 180 45 1000 1000 45 45 45 50 h 100 7 50 h 100 50 30 80 180 180 90 250 6h 200 100 100 180 160 400 375 200 275 425 9h 12 h 100 6h 30 400 500 30 90 120 140 35 35 70 9h 11 h 35 9h 40 40 60 40 120

6131.850 6142.487 6145.015 6155.134 6237.320 6238.287 6243.813 6244.468 6254.188 6331.954 6347.10 6371.36 6526.609 6527.199 6555.462 6660.52 6671.88 6701.21 6717.04 6721.853 6829.82 6848.568 6976.523 7003.567 7005.883 7017.646 7034.903 7047.94 7165.545 7226.206 7235.326 7250.625 7275.294 7289.173 7405.774 7409.082 7415.946 7423.497 7466.32 7612.36 7680.267 7723.82 7800.008 7848.80 7849.72 7849.967 7918.386 7932.349 7944.001 7970.306 8035.619 8093.241 8102.86 8103.45 8230.642 8262.57 8443.982 8501.547 8502.221 8536.165 8556.780

I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I II II IV II I II I I I I I I IV I I I I I I I I I I III III I IV I II II I I I I I I I III III I III I I I I I

Atomic

Intensity 100 h 100 h 150 500 h 200 200 200 9 200 300 400 200 500 200 500 h 200 200 200 h 1000 h 100 h 50 h 50 100 100 50 50 200 200 100 50 h 110 115 110 120 120 10 10 100 h 30 h 50 h 300 11 425 375 500 7 350 425 450 110 25 10 14 30 85 45 190 11 14 9 1000

10-71

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-72

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

50 40 75 100 35 100 100 30 120 120 120 30 30 60 30 80 140 60 130 30 30 80 30 80 370 220 440 190 95 110

8648.462 8728.011 8742.451 8752.009 8790.389 9412.72 9413.506 10371.269 10585.141 10603.431 10660.975 10694.251 10727.408 10749.384 10784.550 10786.856 10827.091 10843.854 10869.541 10882.802 10885.336 10979.308 10982.061 11017.965 11984.19 11991.57 12031.51 15888.39 16060.03 19722.50

Silver Ag Z = 47 25 730.83 30 752.80 400 799.41 15 1005.32 10 1065.49 12 1072.23 250 1074.22 150 1107.03 150 1112.46 60 1195.83 50 1223.33 50 1240.80 50 1246.87 55 1256.81 55 1257.55 50 1266.63 70 1273.67 65 1297.51 85 1311.20 55 1313.81 50 1314.61 60 1323.84 60 1342.09 50 1342.57 70 1346.62 50 1353.54 150 1364.50 100 1396.00 100 1410.93 90 1419.72

K21599_S10.indb 72

I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

95 100 50 50 r 100 r 50 r 100 100 60 50 700 120 500 10 50 125 750 10 h 75 600 700 100 600 500 600 150 150 200 100 80 r 60 600 50 60 100 r 500 75 r 75 30 h 700 70 r 80 r 70 r 80 r 70 50 h 75 90 r 100 r 80 80 60 50 h 60 60 75 100 h 30 h 90 100 55000 r

1432.60 1464.72 1466.23 1507.37 1515.63 1548.58 1555.16 1644.50 1651.52 1652.10 1656.18 1682.82 1693.51 1708.11 1709.27 1736.44 1751.03 1766.14 1790.37 1917.08 1957.62 1967.38 1975.92 1977.03 2000.24 2015.96 2033.98 2061.17 2069.85 2113.82 2145.60 2161.89 2186.76 2229.53 2246.43 2246.51 2248.74 2280.03 2309.56 2310.04 2317.05 2320.29 2324.68 2331.40 2357.92 2375.02 2411.41 2413.23 2437.81 2447.93 2473.84 2506.63 2575.63 2660.49 2721.77 2767.54 2824.39 3130.02 3180.70 3267.35 3280.68

II II II I I I II II I I III II III I I II III I II III III II III III III II II I I II II III II II II III II II I III II II II II II I II II II II II II I II I II I I II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

28000 r 30 70 80 50 50 h 75 30 80 50 h 200 50 100 h 50 h 50 50 h 70 60 100 h 70 100 h 80 100 90 h 100 50 50 h 30 h 80 50 60 h 30 h 100 30 h 100 80 1000 1000 100 100 10 h 320 25 500 25 30 h 10 h 12 15 10 60 20 15 15

3382.89 3469.16 3475.82 3495.28 3542.61 3624.68 3682.46 3682.50 3683.34 3709.20 3810.94 3811.78 3840.74 3907.41 3909.31 3914.40 3920.10 3949.43 3981.58 3985.19 4055.48 4085.91 4185.48 4210.96 4212.82 4311.07 4476.04 4615.69 4620.04 4620.46 4668.48 4677.60 4788.40 4847.82 4874.10 5027.35 5209.08 5465.50 5471.55 5667.34 6268.50 7687.78 8005.4 8273.52 8403.8 8645.70 8704.85 8747.6 9000.9 12551.0 16819.5 17416.7 18307.9 18382.3

I I II II I I II I II I I I I I II I II II I II I II II I I I I I II II I I II I I II I I I I I I II I II I I II II I I I I I

Sodium Na 7 8 9 8 8 8

Z = 11 142.232 146.064 150.298 150.687 155.510 156.537

IV IV IV IV IV IV

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

12 10 12 10 5 10 10 8 8 8p 8 8 15 50 c 30 25 70 50 50 20 p 20 10 300 350 100 70 12 10 15 10 13 11 11 d 12 12 d 11 12 11 15 c 20 d 12 11 12 d 30 16 20 h 300 18 17 300 300 25 18 20 1000 25 17 20 10 70 35

162.448 163.190 168.411 168.546 183.95 190.445 199.772 202.49 202.76 203.06 203.28 203.33 229.87 250.52 251.37 266.90 267.65 267.87 268.63 272.08 272.45 319.644 372.08 376.38 378.14 380.10 408.684 409.614 410.372 411.334 412.242 1582.18 1583.98 1584.14 1587.05 1615.92 1618.57 1655.47 1701.97 1887.47 1960.76 1965.08 2106.33 2230.33 2232.19 2246.70 2315.65 2386.99 2394.03 2420.99 2424.73 2459.31 2468.85 2474.73 2493.15 2497.03 2510.26 2543.84 2543.87 2593.87 2593.92

IV IV IV IV III IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV II II III III IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV III IV IV IV III III III II III III II II III III III II III III I I I I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2611.81 2661.00 2671.83 2680.34 2680.43 2841.72 2852.81 2853.01 2893.62 2904.92 2917.52 2919.05 2919.85 2920.95 2923.49 2951.24 2952.40 2977.13 2979.66 2980.63 2984.19 3124.42 3135.48 3137.86 3149.28 3163.74 3179.06 3189.79 3212.19 3257.96 3285.60 3301.35 3302.37 3302.98 3304.96 3318.04 3426.86 3533.05 3631.27 4238.99 4242.08 4249.41 4252.52 4273.64 4276.79 4287.84 4291.01 4321.40 4324.62 4341.49 4344.74 4390.03 4393.34 4419.88 4423.25 4494.18 4497.66 4541.63 4545.19 4664.811 4668.560

K21599_S10.indb 73

II II II I I II I I I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

20 30 200 400 40 80 280 70 560 80000 40000 120 240 130 130 130 20 10 50 25 4400 800 8800 100 60 25 40 60 80 20 60 200 80 120 35 50 400 1000 400 60 100 60 100 400 50 25 60 100

4747.941 4751.822 4978.541 4982.813 5148.838 5153.402 5682.633 5688.193 5688.205 5889.950 5895.924 6154.225 6160.747 6530.70 6544.04 6545.75 7373.23 7373.49 7809.78 7810.24 8183.256 8194.790 8194.824 8649.92 8650.89 8942.96 9153.88 9465.94 9961.28 10566.00 10572.28 10746.44 10749.29 10834.87 11190.19 11197.21 11381.45 11403.78 12679.17 14767.48 14779.73 16373.85 16388.85 18465.25 22056.44 22083.67 23348.41 23379.13

Strontium Sr Z = 38 15 298.12 15 300.12 125 330.67 500 351.62 75 358.80 250 363.49 150 371.21 20 378.53 75 392.44 50 393.00 50 396.22 1000 437.24

I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV III III III III III IV IV IV IV III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1875 1250 3750 10 2500 25 30 25 50 25 200 35 100 12 50 35 50 1400 1400 100 100 50 160 100 40 40 100 200 10 100 50 50 100 400 650 50 950 600 1300 46000 32000 9 340 65000 9 3200 2200 1400 4800 3600 3000 2000 1000 8000 1300 800 h 1400 2000 2000 2800 4800

491.79 507.04 514.38 517.28 562.75 578.01 624.93 642.23 649.21 660.94 664.43 686.23 710.35 747.82 1025.23 1125.49 1236.23 2152.84 2165.96 2273.71 2340.13 2346.97 2428.10 2486.52 2555.60 2571.04 3002.61 3012.32 3019.29 3021.73 3061.43 3182.61 3235.39 3351.25 3380.71 3430.76 3464.46 3969.26 4030.38 4077.71 4215.52 4298.57 4305.45 4607.33 4685.08 4722.28 4741.92 4784.32 4811.88 4832.08 4872.49 4876.32 4891.98 4962.26 4967.94 5156.07 5222.20 5225.11 5229.27 5238.55 5256.90

III III III V III V V V V V IV V IV V III III III II II III III IV I III IV IV III III IV III III III III I II III II I I II II IV II I IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40 40 1500 7000 3500 2600 2000 2000 1000 900 h 600 h 9000 5500 1000 1700 3000 1800 4800 1200 5500 2500 500 400 h 200 h 120 200 100 400 h 600 300 100 100 h 300 1000 200 700 100 60 40 75 100 50 230 120 30

5257.71 5443.48 5450.84 5480.84 5504.17 5521.83 5534.81 5540.05 6380.75 6386.50 6388.24 6408.47 6504.00 6546.79 6550.26 6617.26 6791.05 6878.38 6892.59 7070.10 7309.41 7621.50 7673.06 8422.80 8505.69 8688.91 9294.10 9448.95 9596.00 9624.70 9638.10 9647.70 10036.66 10327.31 10914.88 11241.25 12014.76 12445.90 12495.00 12974.70 13123.80 17447.40 20261.40 20700.70 26023.60

Sulfur S Z = 16 5 437.4 5 438.2 5 439.6 20 519.3 20 520.1 40 520.8 20 522.0 20 522.5 20 551.2 40 652.5 40 653.0 70 653.6 40 654.0 70 655.6 20 655.9

III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II II II II I II II I II II I I I I

Atomic

Intensity 850 850 1000 200 100 1000 400 200 2 1100 1100 1100 1200 1300 1000 1200 1100 1000 1100 1100 1300 1700 2500 1700 2000 2000 1000 1700 1600 1500 1700 1700 1200 600 1500 1000 50 1500 1200 6 10 1 2 15 20 2 3 30 40 3 5 40 60 5 8 60 100 10 15 120 200

10-73

V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-74

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 40 70 40 160 110 40 40 70 20 40 110 40 20 70 110 70 70 110 110 110 110 285 70 70 70 70 70 110 70 70 160 110 220 110 110 40 40 40 40 40 160 160 70 285 40 70 70 40 40 110 110 275 250 280 275 235 235 245 260 265

657.3 658.3 659.8 660.9 661.4 663.2 663.7 664.8 666.1 678.1 680.3 680.9 681.6 693.5 729.5 732.42 735.2 738.5 744.9 748.4 750.2 753.8 786.5 789.0 796.7 800.5 804.0 809.7 816.0 824.9 836.3 849.2 852.2 854.8 857.9 860.5 906.9 910.5 912.7 937.4 937.7 1062.7 1073.0 1073.5 1077.1 1102.3 1194.0 1201.0 1234.1 1250.5 1253.8 1259.5 1270.782 1277.216 1295.653 1302.337 1302.863 1303.110 1303.430 1305.883 1310.194

K21599_S10.indb 74

IV V V IV IV V IV IV IV V V V V V III III III III IV IV IV IV V III III IV IV IV IV III III V V V V V II II II II II IV IV IV III II III III II II II II I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

355 290 375 355 775 710 960 640 775 1000 300 510 425 300 300 425 550 300 355 485 300 330 390 20 20 680 640 710 680 640 710 550 20 40 110 110 160 160 220 70 220 110 110 220 110 220 220 110 285 110 160 110 160 160 110 110 160 110 160 160 285

1316.542 1316.618 1323.515 1326.643 1381.552 1385.510 1388.435 1389.154 1392.588 1396.112 1409.337 1425.030 1433.280 1436.968 1448.229 1472.972 1473.995 1474.380 1481.665 1483.039 1483.233 1485.622 1487.150 1624.0 1629.2 1666.688 1687.530 1807.311 1820.343 1826.245 1900.286 1914.698 2387.0 2398.9 2460.5 2489.6 2496.2 2499.1 2508.2 2636.9 2665.4 2691.8 2702.8 2718.9 2721.4 2726.8 2731.1 2741.0 2756.9 2775.2 2785.5 2863.5 2904.3 2986.0 3097.5 3497.3 3632.0 3709.4 3717.8 3838.3 3867.6

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV IV I I I I I I I IV IV III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III III IV III III III III III I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

285 160 360 450 280 360 450 450 360 450 285 160 280 450 360 450 285 360 650 1000 1000 1000 280 1000 450 450 280 650 450 160 450 450 280 450 450 450 280 280 280 360 160 285 450 450 450 285 450 1000 160 285 450 450 450 450 450 450 285 450 360 110 220

3902.0 3928.6 3933.3 4120.8 4142.3 4145.1 4153.1 4162.7 4253.6 4694.1 4695.4 4696.2 4716.2 4815.5 4924.1 4925.3 4993.5 5428.6 5432.8 5453.8 5473.6 5509.7 5564.9 5606.1 5640.0 5640.3 5647.0 5659.9 5664.7 5706.1 5819.2 6052.7 6286.4 6287.1 6305.5 6312.7 6384.9 6397.3 6398.0 6413.7 6743.6 6748.8 6757.2 7579.0 7629.8 7686.1 7696.7 7924.0 7928.8 7930.3 7931.7 7967.4 7967.4 8314.7 8314.7 8585.6 8680.5 8694.7 8874.5 8882.5 8884.2

I III II I II II II II III I I I II II II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

160 450 450 450 285 285 285 650 450 450 450 285 285 285 285 285 285 285

9035.9 9212.9 9228.1 9237.5 9413.5 9421.9 9437.1 9649.9 9672.3 9680.8 9693.7 9697.3 9739.7 9932.3 9949.8 9958.9 10455.5 10459.5

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Tantalum Ta Z = 73 60 493.07 1000 890.87 500 947.30 67 999.34 79 1116.10 78 1136.17 85 1175.51 80 1189.28 80 1192.67 85 1213.09 500 1213.42 85 1215.53 90 1223.73 88 1238.12 95 1240.06 87 1258.34 94 1264.91 98 1272.42 94 1275.48 86 1275.94 92 1308.51 87 1315.58 92 1332.38 86 1343.30 92 1365.88 5000 1392.56 91 1398.78 93 1413.40 91 1454.32 92 1464.41 93 1469.82 90 1495.25 95 1514.19 85 1607.70 7000 1709.10 85 1712.16 85 1716.13 85 2055.75 1100 2140.13 1500 2146.87 1200 2182.71 1100 2193.88

V V V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV V IV IV IV II II II II

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2196.03 2199.58 2199.67 2207.64 2210.03 2239.48 2250.76 2261.42 2262.30 2272.59 2285.25 2286.59 2289.16 2302.24 2302.93 2312.60 2315.46 2331.98 2332.19 2357.30 2361.09 2364.24 2371.58 2387.06 2400.63 2416.89 2427.64 2429.71 2432.70 2470.90 2474.62 2484.95 2488.70 2490.46 2504.45 2507.45 2526.35 2532.12 2559.43 2562.10 2577.37 2603.49 2608.63 2635.58 2636.90 2647.47 2653.27 2656.61 2661.34 2675.90 2685.17 2694.52 2698.30 2710.13 2714.67 2727.44 2748.78 2749.83 2752.49 2758.31 2761.68

K21599_S10.indb 75

II IV II IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II I II II II I II II II I I II I I I I II I I II II I II I I I I I II II II I I I II I I II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

770 680 680 510 640 560 1500 1900 360 470 380 770 560 310 410 310 1700 470 1200 510 340 1500 770 770 340 430 1800 290 d 530 530 360 560 380 380 270 320 270 600 300 1100 680 330 d 640 360 450 490 380 490 750 980 500 210 210 210 410 310 300 360 c 340 260 450

2775.88 2796.34 2797.76 2806.58 2844.25 2848.52 2850.49 2850.98 2861.98 2871.42 2880.02 2891.84 2902.05 2915.49 2925.19 2932.70 2933.55 2940.06 2940.22 2951.92 2953.56 2963.32 2965.13 2965.54 2969.47 2975.56 3012.54 3027.48 3049.56 3069.24 3077.24 3103.25 3124.97 3130.58 3132.64 3170.29 3173.59 3180.95 3223.83 3311.16 3318.84 3330.99 3371.54 3385.05 3406.94 3480.52 3497.85 3511.04 3607.41 3626.62 3642.06 3918.51 3970.10 3996.17 4061.40 4067.91 4205.88 4510.98 4574.31 4619.51 4681.88

I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 100 110 100 100 330 110 110 d 140 200 130 90 150 130 130 90 130 240 130 90 90 130 240 190 c 100 250 100 100 65 130 150 150 150 75 65 75 65 90 65 250 200 380 65 100 100 100 110 75 100 180 75 c 75 160 c 210 180 150 140 140 65 180 110 d

5037.37 5067.87 5115.84 5141.62 5143.69 5156.56 5212.74 5218.45 5341.05 5402.51 5419.19 5518.91 5645.91 5664.90 5776.77 5780.71 5811.10 5877.36 5882.30 5901.91 5918.95 5939.76 5944.02 5997.23 6020.72 6045.39 6047.25 6101.58 6144.56 6154.50 6256.68 6268.70 6309.58 6325.08 6341.17 6356.16 6360.84 6389.45 6428.60 6430.79 6450.36 6485.37 6505.52 6514.39 6516.10 6574.84 6611.95 6621.30 6673.73 6675.53 6740.73 6771.74 6813.25 6866.23 6875.27 6902.10 6927.38 6928.54 6951.26 6966.13 6995.22

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

75 150 110 140 160 140 c 100 90 cw 160 100 75 75

7006.96 7148.63 7172.90 7301.74 7346.41 7352.86 7356.96 7369.09 7407.89 7882.37 8026.50 8281.62

I I I I I I I I I I I I

Technetium Tc Z = 43 10000 c 3636.07 20000 c 4031.63 15000 4095.67 20000 4262.27 30000 4297.06 20000 4853.59

I I I I I I

Tellurium Te Z = 52 8 802.28 8 1059.51 8 1077.66 10 1161.42 10 1174.34 12 1175.79 9 1208.54 9 1220.98 9 1253.62 9 1270.52 10 1324.92 9 1363.24 8 1366.73 10 1374.80 10 1608.41 10 1613.15 5 1655.4 5 1688.5 6 1700.0 5 1708.0 10 1822.4 26000 2002.02 6500 2081.16 18000 2142.81 3200 2147.25 500 2259.02 1200 2383.26 1500 2385.78 50 2438.69 120 2530.72 100 2649.66 80 2661.10 110 2677.13 100 2858.29 150 2895.41 70 2967.29 70 3047.00 100 3175.14 60 3256.80 60 3329.22

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II II I II II II II I II II

Atomic

Intensity 1500 90 1500 90 1400 d 1400 1200 840 990 990 790 600 990 440 440 440 420 690 550 250 260 600 320 1400 2400 320 360 360 480 380 600 500 600 500 600 600 1200 d 600 1200 460 600 600 1400 1200 860 2400 2600 1900 1500 770 1500 470 1000 1200 2600 470 1200 860 410 1000 430

10-75

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-76

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

150 50 50 50 100 50 50 70 100 80 100 60 80 150 75 170 80 100 70 100 180 200 100 100 100 100 100 150 150 130 200 8 50 50 150 150 100 200 150 100 50 10 h 20 h 20 h 15 h 20 h 12 15 15 15 10 30 h 10 20 15 15 10 205 81 5660 532

3406.79 3442.25 3521.11 3552.19 3611.78 3617.57 4006.52 4127.32 4169.77 4225.73 4261.11 4273.43 4285.85 4364.00 4385.10 4478.63 4537.07 4557.78 4630.62 4641.12 4654.37 4686.91 4696.38 4706.53 4766.05 4784.87 4827.14 4831.28 4842.90 4865.12 4866.24 5083.0 5449.84 5487.95 5576.35 5649.26 5666.20 5708.12 5755.85 5974.68 6367.13 6790.0 6837.6 6854.7 7191.1 7263.5 7460.98 7468.75 7921.69 7943.14 7950.34 8061.4 8122.44 8186.44 8273.53 8672.95 8733.81 8758.18 9004.37 9722.74 9868.92

K21599_S10.indb 76

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I I I I I II II II II II I II II II II II I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

689 325 5950 4097 381 397 745 1880 10200 508 6620 1580 1050 1480 2430 3760 1960 2780 1020 464 74 38

9956.30 9977.13 10051.41 10091.01 10118.08 10300.56 10493.57 10918.34 11089.56 11163.74 11487.23 13247.75 14513.51 15452.45 15546.23 16403.90 17303.54 18291.59 21043.73 21602.50 22555.29 26539.17

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Terbium Tb 1000 1000 1000 5000 2000 2000 1000 1000 110 110 130 140 190 270 320 250 230 230 460 460 670 480 480 480 440 480 480 1100 1200 480 760 760 1000 1500 3800 760 760 810

Z = 65 1259.40 1327.67 1373.86 1595.39 1633.19 2027.79 2089.98 2332.54 2584.61 2608.57 2628.69 2669.29 2704.07 2769.53 2897.44 2956.21 3010.59 3016.18 3053.55 3070.05 3078.86 3082.36 3089.58 3102.96 3139.64 3187.26 3199.56 3218.93 3219.98 3252.32 3280.31 3281.40 3285.04 3293.07 3324.40 3349.42 3364.93 3454.06

IV IV IV IV IV IV IV IV II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

810 d 810 5700 1300 1100 810 3200 810 4200 1600 1100 710 810 1600 810 2300 810 2000 3800 810 450 450 4700 2400 1000 d 650 870 870 1100 650 1700 2100 600 410 760 d 1500 540 920 d 3700 3500 w 480 490 2400 1600 480 650 760 810 d 2200 d 1800 970 1900 760 870 2100 430 410 1300 650 1100 350

3472.79 3500.84 3509.17 3523.66 3540.24 3543.89 3561.74 3567.35 3568.52 3568.98 3579.20 3585.03 3596.38 3600.44 3625.54 3650.40 3654.88 3658.88 3676.35 3682.26 3693.58 3700.12 3702.86 3703.92 3711.76 3745.04 3747.17 3747.34 3755.24 3759.35 3765.14 3776.49 3783.53 3789.92 3806.85 3830.26 3833.42 3842.50 3848.73 3874.17 3888.22 3894.64 3899.20 3901.33 3908.06 3915.43 3925.45 3939.52 3976.84 3981.87 4002.59 4005.47 4012.75 4032.28 4033.03 4054.12 4060.37 4061.58 4105.37 4144.41 4158.53

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I II II II I II II II I I II I I II I I II II II I I II I I I II II II II II II II I II I I I I II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

390 650 600 480 480 650 760 cw 450 2200 600 600 3000 600 870 600 1700 700 870 330 300 260 350 240 240 430 75 110 110 110 110 210 65 65 75 d 95 65 65 h 85 210 260 cw 80 80 80 70 c 80 80 200 110 80 70 410 cw 180 100 80 80 95 65 85 110 75 85

4196.74 4203.74 4206.49 4215.09 4232.82 4266.34 4278.52 4310.42 4318.83 4322.23 4325.83 4326.43 4332.12 4336.43 4337.64 4338.41 4340.62 4356.81 4382.45 4388.23 4390.91 4423.10 4436.12 4448.04 4493.07 4514.31 4549.07 4550.45 4556.46 4563.69 4578.69 4584.84 4591.56 4626.32 4626.94 4632.07 4636.59 4641.00 4641.98 4645.31 4647.23 4662.79 4676.90 4681.87 4688.63 4693.11 4702.41 4707.94 4739.93 4747.80 4752.53 4786.78 4813.77 4875.57 4881.15 4915.90 4931.79 4993.82 5078.25 5089.12 5186.13

I I I I I I II I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II II II II II II I I II II II I I I I II II II II I I II I I II II I I II I II I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 5228.12 5248.71 5262.11 5281.05 5304.72 5319.23 5337.90 5354.88 5369.72 5375.98 5424.10 5459.81 5509.61 5514.54 5524.12 5747.58 5795.64 5803.13 5815.36 5851.07 5870.62 5920.78 5967.34 6331.68 6518.68 6581.82 6677.94 6702.61 6794.58 6896.37 6899.95 6901.98 7204.28 7257.73 7348.88 7496.12 7582.03 7590.24 7596.44 7627.81 7737.63 7855.79 7927.90 8025.42 8085.06 8194.82 8212.57 8450.06 8511.80 8583.45 8603.40 8765.74

I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I II II I I II I II II I I I I II I II I I I I II II II II II I II I II I II

Thallium Tl 10 5r 15 r 5r 10 r 5r 8r 30

Z = 81 570.49 670.87 696.30 709.23 817.18 836.34 1018.85 1028.69

IV II II II II II II IV

K21599_S10.indb 77

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

20 20 10 r 8r 5r 30 10 r 15 r 10 r 10 r 12 r 5r 10 15 r 8r 25 r 8r 10 r 10 8r 10 r 10 r 15 r 10 r 7r 5h 5 10 r 12 r 25 r 100 r 100 r 30 140 900 h 20 700 420 4400 d 10 2800 20 15 15 15 1200 15 15 9 20000 5000 8 9 12000 w 10 10 7 6 20 40 20

1034.73 1036.61 1049.73 1050.30 1074.97 1079.68 1130.17 1162.55 1167.43 1183.41 1194.84 1246.00 1266.33 1307.50 1310.20 1321.71 1330.40 1373.52 1477.14 1489.65 1499.30 1507.82 1561.58 1568.57 1593.26 1616. 1685.40 1792.76 1814.85 1908.64 2007.56 2210.71 2298.04 2315.98 2379.69 2530.86 2580.14 2709.23 2767.87 2849.80 2918.32 3091.56 3185.51 3186.56 3187.74 3229.75 3291.01 3369.15 3456.34 3519.24 3529.43 3540.08 3560.68 3775.72 3832.30 3887.15 4109.85 4269.81 4274.98 4306.80 4737.05

IV IV II II II IV II II II II II II III II II II II II III I II II II II II I I II II II I I II I I II I I I II I II II II II I II II III I I II II I II II III III II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

15 25 25 18000 15 d 10 25 10 10 16 h 10 10 20 10 10 20 20 40 20 30 40 1000 150 700

4981.35 5078.54 5152.14 5350.46 5384.85 5410.97 5949.48 6179.98 6378.32 6549.84 6966.5 7815.80 8373.6 8474.27 8664.1 9130. 9130.5 9509.4 9930.4 10011.9 10488.80 11512.82 12736.4 13013.2

II II II I II II II II II I II I I I II II I I I I I I I I

Thorium Th 150 200 200 200 200 200 200 500 480 520 410 800 1200 100 550 100 100 420 450 670 480 510 100 510 510 480 100 420 420 420 1100 770 560 560 480 590

Z = 90 1707.37 1959.02 2002.34 2413.50 2427.94 2431.68 2441.24 2565.593 2692.415 2747.156 2752.166 2832.315 2837.295 2848.084 2870.406 2936.086 2943.729 3049.092 3067.729 3078.828 3080.217 3108.296 3116.263 3119.526 3122.963 3125.507 3136.216 3139.306 3142.835 3175.726 3180.193 3188.233 3221.292 3229.009 3235.84 3238.116

IV IV IV III III III III II II II II II II I II I I II II II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

910 180 910 620 910 620 240 480 510 840 250 620 620 310 980 620 250 1300 200 250 200 250 390 270 980 770 1300 170 200 670 180 170 200 530 200 270 270 980 200 480 270 210 170 220 280 700 150 170 180 340 590 770 1300 310 650 180 590 450 840 450 210

3256.274 3257.366 3262.668 3287.789 3291.739 3292.520 3301.650 3304.238 3321.450 3325.120 3330.476 3334.604 3337.870 3348.768 3351.228 3358.602 3374.974 3392.035 3396.727 3398.544 3405.558 3413.012 3421.210 3423.989 3433.998 3435.976 3469.920 3471.218 3486.552 3539.587 3544.018 3549.595 3555.013 3559.451 3576.557 3592.780 3598.120 3609.445 3612.427 3615.133 3635.943 3642.248 3649.735 3663.202 3669.968 3675.567 3682.486 3692.566 3698.105 3706.767 3719.435 3721.825 3741.183 3747.539 3752.569 3770.056 3803.075 3828.384 3839.746 3863.405 3875.374

II I II II II II I I II II I II II I II II I II I I I I I I II II II I I II I I I II I I I II I II I I I I I II I I I I I II II I II I I I II II I

Atomic

Intensity 120 75 75 w 75 65 110 65 w 160 75 75 50 55 55 50 65 85 c 75 75 65 65 65 65 c 75 35 35 cw 35 90 40 cw 130 55 45 h 40 65 40 45 45 27 h 45 65 30 30 30 27 30 30 65 95 40 30 h 45 30 65

10-77

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-78

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

340 590 200 390 200 150 530 220 220 280 4200 250 250 250 700 700 150 840 240 280 1100 200 200 450 620 620 110 110 480 700 130 1300 1100 110 280 90 50 280 260 110 120 95 110 95 60 60 95 70 85 60 50 50 50 50 60 50 50 h 55 30 30 30

3895.419 3929.669 3932.911 3967.392 3972.155 3980.089 3994.549 4008.210 4009.056 4012.495 4019.129 4030.842 4036.047 4063.407 4086.520 4094.747 4100.341 4108.421 4112.754 4115.758 4116.713 4127.411 4134.067 4149.986 4178.060 4208.890 4253.538 4260.333 4277.313 4282.042 4337.277 4381.860 4391.110 4498.940 4510.527 4723.438 4840.843 4863.163 5017.255 5067.974 5148.211 5216.596 5231.160 5247.654 5343.581 5587.026 5707.103 5760.551 5989.044 6169.822 6182.622 6274.116 6274.117 6355.911 6457.283 6462.614 6531.342 6989.656 7045.795 7084.171 7168.896

K21599_S10.indb 78

I II I I I I II I I I II I I I II II I II I I II I I II II II I I II II I II II I II I I II II I II II I II I I II I II I I II II II I I I I II I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

40 35 50 30 30 40 20 20 20 30 20 20 15 10

7191.132 7208.006 7525.508 7647.380 8330.451 8967.641 9833.42 10726.93 10942.24 11230.259 11984.67 17208.22 18811.88 22264.35

II I II I I I I I II I II II I II

Thulium Tm 5000 360 20000 5000 20000 5000 5000 6000 6000 3000 3000 4000 450 450 770 30000 2000 1300 3000 130 10000 360 540 430 170 h 810 730 5000 2000 3000 540 3000 4000 680 730 2000 580 200 1600 1000 490 1000 1500 360 7400 2300

Z = 69 2185.94 2284.79 2296.21 2305.03 2311.16 2312.72 2326.19 2328.50 2329.29 2331.80 2357.05 2406.63 2409.02 2426.17 2480.13 2489.44 2504.71 2509.08 2519.78 2527.02 2552.46 2552.76 2561.65 2588.27 2596.49 2607.06 2624.33 2682.32 2707.03 2719.47 2721.19 2724.44 2727.56 2794.60 2797.27 2806.77 2827.92 2854.17 2869.23 2947.72 2973.22 2998.28 3015.30 3081.12 3131.26 3133.89

III II III III III III III III III III III III II II II III III II III I III I II II I II II III III III II III III II II III II I II III I III II I II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1900 1500 450 2300 1200 1600 2300 320 1900 1600 1200 1100 1200 1200 2300 2000 1200 230 4000 1700 850 340 340 6400 340 4900 4900 8500 210 340 340 420 340 250 1700 420 210 340 420 1300 420 280 2100 1000 380 1100 4800 3800 7700 2400 5000 1700 6000 4800 7100 770 600 290 1300 290 8900

3151.04 3157.34 3172.65 3172.83 3236.81 3240.23 3241.54 3246.96 3258.05 3266.64 3267.40 3276.81 3283.40 3285.61 3291.00 3302.46 3309.80 3349.99 3362.61 3397.50 3410.05 3412.59 3416.59 3425.08 3429.33 3441.50 3453.66 3462.20 3467.51 3476.69 3480.98 3487.38 3499.95 3517.60 3535.52 3537.91 3555.82 3560.92 3563.88 3566.47 3567.36 3586.07 3608.77 3629.09 3638.41 3668.09 3700.26 3701.36 3717.91 3734.12 3744.06 3751.81 3761.33 3761.91 3795.75 3798.54 3807.72 3826.39 3838.20 3840.87 3848.02

II II I II II II II I II II II II II II II II II I II II I I I II I II II II I I I I I I II I I I I II I I II III I II II II I II I I II II II I I I II I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

6800 1800 5400 440 3500 1500 1500 1800 220 380 10000 9500 1100 8800 6000 380 3000 270 150 2700 1400 200 140 120 540 150 260 110 270 300 80 95 110 120 160 120 110 680 70 80 140 160 160 150 95 80 650 80 270 520 40 35 190 35 240 140 200 95 110 120 80

3883.13 3883.44 3887.35 3896.62 3916.48 3949.27 3958.10 3996.52 4024.23 4044.47 4094.19 4105.84 4138.33 4187.62 4203.73 4222.67 4242.15 4271.71 4298.36 4359.93 4386.43 4394.42 4396.50 4454.03 4481.26 4519.60 4522.57 4548.60 4599.02 4615.94 4626.33 4626.56 4634.26 4655.09 4681.92 4691.11 4724.26 4733.34 4759.90 4831.20 4957.18 5009.77 5034.22 5060.90 5113.97 5213.38 5307.12 5346.49 5631.41 5675.84 5684.76 5709.97 5764.29 5838.76 5895.63 5971.26 6460.26 6604.96 6779.77 6844.26 6845.76

I II I I I I II II I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I II I I II II II II I I I I I I II I II II I I I I II I I II II I II I I I I I I I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 6937.37 7017.90 7034.34 7106.14 7272.62 7310.51 7432.18 7481.08 7490.20 7558.33 7731.53 7856.08 7927.51 7930.84 8017.90 8472.01

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II

Tin Sn Z = 50 7 169.47 150 361.01 100 753.01 200 910.92 500 956.25 7 985.13 500 1019.72 1000 1044.49 1000 1073.41 200 1089.35 8 1108.19 1000 1119.34 1000 1139.29 1000 1158.33 200 1160.74 10 1161.43 1000 1184.25 2000 1210.52 9 1219.07 13 1223.70 11 1243.00 2000 1251.38 1000 1259.92 20 1290.86 200 1294.36 1000 1305.97 1000 1314.55 20 1316.59 1000 1327.34 1000 1347.65 1000 1386.74 25 1400.52 1000 1437.52 20 1475.15 9 1489.22 1000 1570.36 10 r 1737.21 15 r 1751.46 20 r 1764.98 30 r 1790.75 80 r 1804.60 15 1811.34 500 1811.71 40 r 1815.74

II V III III IV II IV IV IV V II IV III III V II III III II II II V III II V III IV II III III III II IV II II III I I I I I II III I

K21599_S10.indb 79

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

120 r 9 50 r 200 r 80 100 12 50 80 500 150 50 h 80 50 50 70 80 100 100 200 100 100 r 50 40 r 20 r 30 80 150 r 300 r 400 r 80 r 400 r 60 400 r 200 r 600 r 300 r 1000 r 22 100 800 r 1000 r 15 300 13 10 200 400 500 r 200 200 r 700 r 150 1400 r 1000 r 700 r 850 r 12 550 r 550 r 50

1823.00 1831.89 1848.75 1860.32 1886.05 1891.40 1899.91 1909.30 1925.31 1941.86 1952.15 1977.6 1984.20 2040.66 2054.03 2058.31 2068.58 2072.89 2073.08 2096.39 2100.93 2113.93 2121.26 2148.73 2151.43 2151.54 2171.32 2194.49 2199.34 2209.65 2231.72 2246.05 2251.17 2268.91 2286.68 2317.23 2334.80 2354.84 2368.33 2408.15 2421.70 2429.49 2448.98 2483.39 2483.48 2486.99 2495.70 2546.55 2571.58 2594.42 2661.24 2706.51 2779.81 2839.99 2863.32 3009.14 3034.12 3047.50 3175.05 3262.34 3283.21

I II I I I I II I I III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II I II II I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

110 60 10 11 280 r 10 20 25 500 15 50 100 150 250 100 400 200 150 100 70 25 20 10 13 100 100 h 200 80 300 400 50 h 50 h 80 h 150 50 100 h 300 h 500 54 70 56 200 200 258 96 106 254 48 111 42 42 89 187 187 68 378 144 40 4

3330.62 3351.97 3472.46 3575.45 3801.02 5332.36 5561.95 5588.92 5631.71 5799.18 5925.44 5970.30 6037.70 6069.00 6073.46 6149.71 6154.60 6171.50 6310.78 6453.50 6844.05 7191.40 7387.79 7741.80 7754.97 8030.5 8114.09 8357.04 8422.72 8552.60 8681.7 9410.86 9415.37 9616.40 9741.1 9742.8 9805.38 9850.52 10894.00 11191.85 11277.66 11454.59 11616.26 11739.78 11825.18 11835.82 11932.99 12009.50 12313.24 12530.87 12536.5 12888.5 12981.7 13018.5 13081.5 13460.2 13608.2 20861.7 24738.2

Titanium Ti Z = 22 17 252.96

I II II II I II II II I II I I I I I I I I I II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

15 14 13 18 20 20 23 20 11 10 20 18 180 190 190 22 25 360 24 210 190 190 130 23 24 23 22 270 340 510 300 640 800 950 250 250 190 180 280 450 340 1100 1300 1600 22 1300 d 1100 1600 2300 3600 720 500 780 1000 1600 2400 1000 3100 3800 780 1100

498.26 502.08 526.57 779.07 1298.66 1298.97 1455.19 1467.34 1717.40 1841.49 2067.56 2103.16 2273.28 2279.96 2305.67 2413.99 2516.05 2525.60 2527.84 2529.85 2531.25 2534.62 2535.87 2540.06 2563.44 2565.42 2567.56 2599.92 2605.15 2611.28 2619.94 2641.10 2644.26 2646.64 2742.32 2802.50 2841.94 2877.44 2884.11 2912.08 2928.34 2942.00 2948.26 2956.13 2984.75 3066.22 3072.97 3075.22 3078.64 3088.02 3119.72 3161.20 3161.77 3162.57 3168.52 3186.45 3190.87 3191.99 3199.92 3202.54 3217.06

V V V IV III III III IV V V IV IV I I I III III II III I II II II III III III III I I I I I I I I I II II II I I I I I III II II II II II I II II II II I II I I II II

Atomic

Intensity 10 10 12 10 17 14 14 75 75 140 80 40 55 110 95 27

10-79

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-80

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1300 6600 5200 4100 2600 1200 1200 1200 1200 840 2900 2100 1800 1100 5700 4300 12000 4100 7200 1100 4300 5700 2900 d 1400 5700 1400 1400 1100 890 600 600 480 890 600 17 600 4800 6600 7200 600 3100 600 2900 3300 330 5200 3300 2900 840 500 530 2600 500 500 15 1100 890 1100 4500 4500 5200

3222.84 3234.52 3236.57 3239.04 3241.99 3248.60 3252.91 3254.25 3261.60 3314.42 3322.94 3329.46 3335.20 3340.34 3341.88 3349.04 3349.41 3354.64 3361.21 3370.44 3371.45 3372.80 3377.48 3380.28 3383.76 3385.95 3387.84 3394.58 3444.31 3461.50 3477.18 3491.05 3504.89 3510.84 3576.44 3610.16 3635.46 3642.68 3653.50 3671.67 3685.20 3689.91 3729.82 3741.06 3741.64 3752.86 3759.30 3761.32 3786.04 3882.89 3900.54 3904.78 3913.46 3914.34 3915.47 3924.53 3929.88 3947.78 3948.67 3956.34 3958.21

K21599_S10.indb 80

II II II II II II II II II I II II II II I II II I II I I II I II II I II II II II II II II II IV I I I I I II I I I II I II II I I II I II I III I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

950 950 4800 570 5700 7800 950 1200 840 890 840 950 840 840 2000 200 2900 4100 6000 1200 330 890 230 840 550 840 950 1100 240 530 780 1000 1000 780 6000 240 3600 2400 1200 1200 720 950 240 15 950 720 240 15 d 950 480 720 840 950 470 400 380 5800 4600 4000 3600 3200 d

3962.85 3964.27 3981.76 3982.48 3989.76 3998.64 4008.93 4024.57 4078.47 4286.01 4287.40 4289.07 4290.94 4295.76 4298.66 4300.05 4300.56 4301.09 4305.92 4314.80 4395.04 4427.10 4443.80 4449.15 4450.90 4453.32 4455.33 4457.43 4468.50 4481.26 4512.74 4518.03 4522.80 4527.31 4533.24 4533.97 4534.78 4535.58 4535.92 4536.05 4544.69 4548.77 4549.63 4549.84 4552.46 4555.49 4571.98 4572.20 4617.27 4623.09 4656.47 4667.59 4681.92 4840.87 4885.08 4899.91 4981.73 4991.07 4999.51 5007.21 5014.19

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I II I II I I I I I II I I I I I I II I I I I I I II III I I II III I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

840 840 1200 840 740 1200 1400 1100 1300 1400 17 20 340 270 320 250 130 95 95 85 400 230 120 150 120 300 200 270 340 110 120 120 120 17 380 380 300 55 65 75 18 18 80 20 18 260 130 130 120 90 60 60 55 75 100 100 75 120 170 490 240

5020.03 5022.87 5035.91 5036.47 5038.40 5039.95 5064.66 5173.75 5192.98 5210.39 5278.12 5398.93 5512.53 5514.35 5514.54 5644.14 5675.44 5689.47 5715.13 5739.51 5866.46 5899.32 5918.55 5922.12 5941.76 5953.17 5965.84 5978.56 5999.04 6064.63 6085.23 6091.17 6126.22 6246.65 6258.10 6258.70 6261.10 6546.28 6554.23 6556.07 6621.58 6667.99 6743.12 7072.64 7084.57 7209.44 7244.86 7251.72 7344.72 7357.74 7364.11 7978.88 8024.84 8364.24 8377.85 8382.54 8396.87 8412.36 8426.52 8434.94 8435.70

I I I I I I I I I I III IV I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IV I I I I I I III III I III III I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

20 90

8466.87 8675.39

III I

Tungsten W 5800 13000 5100 4100 4100 7300 15000 5300 9700 6100 2100 2400 1500 1300 460 510 530 d 340 440 460 390 d 320 580 850 510 670 730 560 560 1700 d 610 870 1800 580 780 870 630 780 780 1100 1400 480 1200 870 1500 480 d 580 390 390 630 680 75 310 780 270 780 430 780

Z = 74 2001.71 2008.07 2009.98 2010.23 2014.23 2026.08 2029.98 2049.63 2079.11 2094.75 2118.87 2121.59 2166.32 2204.48 2249.80 2277.58 2294.49 2309.02 2313.17 2321.63 2326.56 2354.61 2360.44 2363.07 2374.47 2384.82 2397.09 2397.73 2397.98 2405.58 2415.68 2424.21 2435.96 2444.06 2451.48 2452.00 2454.98 2455.51 2456.53 2459.30 2466.85 2472.51 2474.15 2480.13 2481.44 2482.10 2484.74 2487.50 2489.23 2495.26 2504.70 2510.47 2520.46 2521.32 2522.04 2523.41 2527.76 2533.64

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I II I I I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2547.14 2550.38 2551.35 2561.97 2580.49 2584.39 2589.17 2601.96 2606.39 2608.32 2613.08 2613.82 2620.25 2622.21 2625.22 2632.48 2632.70 2633.13 2638.62 2646.18 2646.73 2656.54 2662.84 2671.47 2677.28 2681.42 2695.67 2699.59 2700.01 2706.58 2708.59 2708.80 2715.50 2718.91 2724.35 2725.03 2748.84 2762.34 2764.27 2769.74 2770.88 2774.00 2774.48 2792.70 2799.93 2818.06 2831.38 2833.63 2848.02 2896.44 2935.00 2944.40 2946.99 2979.71 3013.79 3016.47 3017.44 3024.93 3026.67 3041.73 3043.80

K21599_S10.indb 81

I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

440 810 180 180 d 370 240 240 230 260 290 320 190 390 390 520 1000 190 210 210 210 d 730 440 440 440 390 230 240 400 650 240 1900 650 400 570 810 510 680 1000 340 1000 290 190 260 1400 1100 730 1800 730 8600 540 910 730 5000 1000 540 450 220 250 540 1400 4100

3046.44 3049.69 3073.28 3084.83 3093.50 3107.23 3108.02 3117.57 3120.18 3163.42 3176.60 3181.82 3191.57 3198.84 3207.25 3215.56 3232.49 3254.36 3259.66 3266.62 3300.82 3311.38 3326.20 3331.69 3373.75 3429.59 3443.00 3495.24 3545.22 3570.65 3617.52 3682.08 3683.30 3688.06 3707.92 3757.92 3760.13 3768.45 3773.71 3780.77 3809.22 3810.38 3810.79 3817.48 3835.06 3846.22 3867.99 3881.41 4008.75 4015.22 4045.59 4069.95 4074.36 4102.70 4137.46 4171.17 4207.05 4219.37 4244.36 4269.38 4294.61

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2200 200 180 200 640 170 640 640 790 380 220 820 770 220 65 55 45 40 55 55 55 40 45 35 40 17 13 15 13 15 9 11 10 15 15 10 17 17 13 11 22 22 13 10 27 10 13

4302.11 4378.48 4384.85 4408.28 4484.19 4588.73 4659.87 4680.51 4843.81 4886.90 4982.59 5053.28 5224.66 5514.68 5648.37 5735.09 5804.85 5902.64 5947.57 5965.86 6012.78 6021.52 6292.02 6404.21 6445.12 6611.62 6678.42 6693.08 6984.27 7140.52 7162.64 7200.16 7278.24 7285.81 7296.55 7509.00 7569.92 7614.15 7688.97 7784.15 8017.19 8055.64 8123.82 8338.08 8585.11 8594.42 8865.53

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Uranium U 440 610 830 870 630 630 870 680 920 970 1200 780 780

Z = 92 2565.41 2635.53 2793.94 2802.56 2807.05 2817.96 2821.12 2828.90 2832.06 2865.68 2889.62 2906.80 2908.28

II II II II II II II II II II II II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

580 530 p 1300 830 580 580 580 530 630 630 580 630 630 580 580 580 970 530 680 530 680 530 730 680 730 1100 730 580 580 630 680 1600 530 630 780 1600 630 530 1200 680 1200 2300 530 630 3200 840 2800 1100 600 680 950 600 1900 570 1900 750 2000 1200 2400 4900 1900

2931.41 2940.37 2941.92 2943.90 2956.06 2967.94 2971.06 2984.61 3022.21 3031.99 3050.20 3057.91 3062.54 3072.78 3093.01 3102.39 3111.62 3119.35 3124.95 3139.61 3149.24 3153.11 3229.50 3232.16 3291.33 3305.89 3390.38 3424.56 3435.49 3466.30 3482.49 3489.37 3496.41 3500.08 3507.34 3514.61 3533.57 3540.47 3550.82 3555.32 3561.80 3566.59 3569.08 3578.72 3584.88 3638.20 3670.07 3701.52 3738.04 3746.42 3748.68 3751.17 3782.84 3793.10 3811.99 3826.51 3831.46 3839.63 3854.64 3859.57 3865.92

II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II I I II I II I I I II II II I I I I II I I II II II II II I II II I II II I II II II

Atomic

Intensity 1200 780 2700 730 870 390 390 370 680 370 970 480 400 400 400 400 400 810 400 d 650 400 1600 810 810 650 2100 650 650 400 400 400 400 d 400 2100 2600 400 650 400 400 400 810 810 810 810 400 810 1600 810 810 1500 690 2400 2400 730 d 360 520 770 210 310 d 440 d 270

10-81

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-82

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1500 1000 2200 2000 1200 1200 1000 1600 880 2200 810 880 1400 1000 600 620 170 150 110 170 80 70 80 70 70 160 70 70 230 100 90 55 90 110 90 45 50 35 75 30 100 75 100 100 100 100 100 75 100 75 75

3871.03 3881.45 3890.36 3932.02 3943.82 3985.79 4042.75 4050.04 4062.54 4090.13 4116.10 4153.97 4171.59 4241.67 4472.33 4543.63 4689.07 4756.81 5008.21 5027.38 5160.32 5280.38 5475.70 5480.26 5481.20 5492.95 5780.59 5798.53 5915.39 5976.32 6077.29 6372.46 6395.42 6449.16 6826.92 7533.93 7881.94 8445.39 8607.95 8757.76 10554.93 11167.84 11384.13 11859.42 11908.83 12250.46 13185.16 13306.23 13961.58 18634.43 21910.22

Vanadium V Z = 23 20 225.46 20 251.66 20 286.84 35 483.01 50 633.94 200 677.34 500 684.37 400 737.85 100 864.27

K21599_S10.indb 82

I II II II I II I II II II II I II II II II II I II I II I II II II II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V V V V III IV IV IV III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 500 100 1000 1000 100 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 300 500 400 500 2100 500 1000 2500 2500 1000 240 410 210 80 h 230 250 250 80 h 180 1100 680 530 640 180 240 900 900 1400 900 2400 710 2400 1700 900 1100 410 600 1200 1400 2400 3800 3000 2600 2000 1500 3200 5300 3800 410 530

1006.46 1149.94 1426.65 1643.03 1650.14 1680.20 1694.78 1760.07 1788.26 1794.60 1812.19 1861.56 1939.06 1951.43 1997.72 2092.44 2268.30 2292.86 2330.42 2371.06 2382.46 2507.78 2526.22 2527.90 2570.72 2574.02 2593.05 2595.10 2645.54 2661.42 2687.96 2700.94 2706.17 2715.69 2731.35 2864.36 2891.64 2892.66 2893.32 2906.46 2908.82 2923.62 2924.02 2924.64 2941.37 2944.57 2962.77 2968.38 3056.33 3060.46 3066.38 3093.11 3102.30 3110.71 3118.38 3125.28 3183.41 3183.98 3185.40 3187.71 3188.51

III III IV III III V III III III III III IV IV IV IV I IV III III III III I I II IV I III III IV I II II II II I I II II II II II I II II II II I II I I I II II II II II I I I II II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

750 1100 900 750 80 h 560 560 560 560 560 490 560 100 1300 1000 1500 1000 3800 1800 320 250 280 520 1100 570 570 1000 1300 1700 2600 1200 3000 1300 1500 700 2400 700 540 430 170 1100 1800 890 2800 590 2800 2300 8900 4300 1800 2000 3100 3100 2300 20 360 560 460 460 430 460

3190.68 3267.70 3271.12 3276.12 3514.25 3517.30 3533.68 3545.20 3556.80 3589.76 3592.02 3592.53 3679.86 3688.07 3690.28 3692.22 3695.86 3703.58 3704.70 3715.47 3727.34 3732.76 3790.32 3794.96 3799.91 3803.47 3813.49 3818.24 3828.56 3840.75 3855.37 3855.84 3864.86 3875.08 3890.18 3902.25 3909.89 3990.57 3998.73 4005.71 4090.58 4092.69 4095.49 4099.80 4102.16 4105.17 4109.79 4111.78 4115.18 4116.47 4123.57 4128.07 4132.02 4134.49 4200.32 4232.46 4268.64 4271.55 4276.96 4284.06 4330.02

II II II II IV II I II II II II I III I I I I I I II II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

510 760 1000 12000 7000 4800 3600 1400 2300 2800 3600 4600 640 640 640 830 640 610 1000 2000 610 510 640 830 1300 230 100 130 160 130 110 130 130 130 150 120 320 480 620 740 110 110 110 110 110 110 100 140 140 100 200 400 110 110 310 1200 920 570 850 230 230

4332.82 4341.01 4352.87 4379.24 4384.72 4389.97 4395.23 4400.58 4406.64 4407.64 4408.20 4408.51 4416.47 4421.57 4437.84 4441.68 4444.21 4452.01 4459.76 4460.29 4462.36 4577.17 4580.40 4586.36 4594.11 4619.77 4635.18 4646.40 4670.49 4776.36 4786.51 4796.92 4807.53 4827.45 4831.64 4832.43 4851.48 4864.74 4875.48 4881.56 5128.53 5138.42 5192.99 5194.83 5234.07 5240.87 5401.93 5415.26 5584.50 5592.42 5624.60 5627.64 5657.44 5668.36 5670.85 5698.52 5703.56 5706.98 5727.03 5731.25 5737.06

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 6039.73 6081.44 6090.22 6119.52 6199.19 6216.37 6230.74 6243.10 6251.82 6268.82 6274.65 6285.16 6292.83 6296.49 6531.43 6753.00 6766.49 6784.98 7338.92 7356.54 8027.39 8116.80 8161.07 8919.85

Xenon Xe Z = 54 8 657.8 8 660.1 9 673.8 9 674.0 9 676.6 10 694.0 20 698.5 12 705.1 10 721.2 15 731.0 10 733.3 350 740.41 15 742.6 10 756.0 10 761.5 10 769.1 25 779.1 15 792.9 12 796.1 15 802.0 350 803.07 25 823.2 30 824.9 25 853.0 600 880.80 350 885.54 15 889.3 20 894.0 20 896.0 600 925.87 250 935.40 10 965.5 800 972.77 700 976.68 35 1003.4 35 1017.7

K21599_S10.indb 83

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III III III III III III III III III III III II III III III III III III III III II III III III II II III III III II II III II II III III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 700 1100 10 1000 1200 12 2000 600 1200 30 600 250 800 p 250 25 600 250 1000 600 80 100 30 40 30 40 30 200 80 w 60 w 30 150 h 30 50 40 80 w 40 60 40 40 80 w 400 40 30 100 h 100 40 50 30 300 100 w 80 c 40 100 80 30 80 w 40 30 200 h 80

1032.44 1037.68 1041.31 1047.8 1048.27 1051.92 1066.4 1074.48 1083.86 1100.43 1130.3 1158.47 1169.63 1183.05 1192.04 1232.1 1244.76 1250.20 1295.59 1469.61 2668.98 2717.33 2814.45 2815.91 2827.45 2847.65 2862.40 2864.73 2871.10 2871.24 2871.7 2895.22 2896.62 2906.6 2911.89 2912.36 2940.2 2945.2 2947.5 2948.1 2970.47 2979.32 2992.87 3004.25 3017.43 3023.81 3083.5 3091.1 3106.46 3128.87 3138.3 3150.82 3185.2 3242.86 3268.98 3287.82 3301.55 3331.6 3358.0 3366.72 3384.12

II II II III II II III II II II III II II II I III II I I I III III III III III III III II III III III II III III III III III III III III III II III III II III III III III II III III III III III III III III III II III

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

2 2 2 3 60 70 100 w 100 h 40 4 4 5 80 50 10 50 10 40 100 80 100 w 100 40 15 8 100 w 40 600 6 10 50 40 40 40 300 100 200 60 100 l 500 300 100 200 200 l 60 100 h 100 100 200 l 1000 h 500 h 300 h 100 h 300 h 100 300 h 400 h 500 h 100 l 30 500 h

3400.07 3418.37 3420.00 3442.66 3444.2 3454.2 3458.7 3461.26 3468.22 3469.81 3472.36 3506.74 3522.83 3542.3 3549.86 3552.1 3554.04 3561.4 3579.7 3583.6 3595.4 3606.06 3607.0 3610.32 3613.06 3615.9 3623.1 3624.08 3633.06 3669.91 3676.67 3685.90 3693.49 3776.3 3781.02 3841.5 3877.8 3880.5 3907.91 3922.55 3950.59 4037.59 4050.07 4057.46 4060.4 4098.89 4109.1 4145.7 4158.04 4180.10 4193.15 4208.48 4209.47 4213.72 4215.60 4223.00 4238.25 4245.38 4251.57 4285.9 4296.40

I I I I III III III II III I I I III III I III I III III III III III III I I III III III I I III I I III III III III III II III III II III II III II III III II II II II II II II II II II II III II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 h 1000 l 200 h 100 l 500 h 500 l 200 l 150 l 50 500 h 100 w 1000 h 500 l 100 l 100 w 100 w 100 w 30 60 30 600 100 w 150 500 400 300 40 500 500 200 l 400 300 100 l 200 200 1000 300 100 100 300 400 100 60 500 500 2000 300 1000 2000 200 30 200 500 100 50 3000 800 300 200 400 1000

4310.51 4330.52 4369.20 4373.78 4393.20 4395.77 4406.88 4416.07 4434.2 4448.13 4462.1 4462.19 4480.86 4521.86 4569.1 4570.1 4641.4 4673.7 4683.57 4723.60 4734.152 4757.3 4792.619 4807.02 4829.71 4843.29 4869.5 4916.51 4923.152 4971.71 4972.71 4988.77 4991.17 5028.280 5044.92 5080.62 5122.42 5125.70 5178.82 5188.04 5191.37 5192.10 5239.0 5260.44 5261.95 5292.22 5309.27 5313.87 5339.33 5363.20 5367.1 5368.07 5372.39 5392.80 5401.0 5419.15 5438.96 5445.45 5450.45 5460.39 5472.61

II II II II II II II II III II III II II II III III III III III III I III I I I I III I I II II II II I II II II II II II II II III II II II II II II II III II II I III II II II II II II

Atomic

Intensity 450 480 1300 600 450 450 430 710 280 130 170 200 200 170 110 65 c 50 c 40 40 35 29 c 120 w 70 c 60 c

10-83

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-84

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 l 40 200 600 100 300 300 600 150 100 200 200 500 500 300 300 100 300 150 100 300 100 200 100 500 300 2000 200 1000 2000 600 1500 400 100 100 150 120 300 500 100 60 100 25 60 60 500 400 100 100 250 500 400 600 200 100 300 150 120 100 200 h 300

5494.86 5524.4 5525.53 5531.07 5566.62 5616.67 5659.38 5667.56 5670.91 5695.75 5699.61 5716.10 5726.91 5751.03 5758.65 5776.39 5815.96 5823.89 5824.80 5875.02 5893.29 5894.99 5905.13 5934.17 5945.53 5971.13 5976.46 6008.92 6036.20 6051.15 6093.50 6097.59 6101.43 6115.08 6146.45 6178.30 6179.66 6182.42 6194.07 6198.26 6205.97 6220.02 6221.7 6238.2 6259.05 6270.82 6277.54 6284.41 6286.01 6300.86 6318.06 6343.96 6356.35 6375.28 6397.99 6469.70 6472.84 6487.76 6498.72 6504.18 6512.83

K21599_S10.indb 84

II III II II I II II II II I II II II II II II II I I I II I II I II II II II II II II II II II II I I I II I III II III III III II II II I II I II II II II I I I I I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

200 100 1000 100 400 100 150 300 200 150 100 1000 200 100 300 80 100 800 h 100 2000 150 500 50 s 200 500 100 200 200 100 150 300 200 80 500 100 200 60 100 100 300 500 100 200 150 100 150 h 100 700 10000 500 7000 2000 100 2000 50 h 200 50 h 250 100 200 50 h

6528.65 6533.16 6595.01 6595.56 6597.25 6598.84 6668.92 6694.32 6728.01 6788.71 6790.37 6805.74 6827.32 6872.11 6882.16 6910.22 6925.53 6942.11 6976.18 6990.88 7082.15 7119.60 7147.50 7149.03 7164.83 7284.34 7301.80 7339.30 7386.00 7393.79 7548.45 7584.68 7618.57 7642.02 7643.91 7670.66 7787.04 7802.65 7881.32 7887.40 7967.34 8029.67 8057.26 8061.34 8101.98 8151.80 8171.02 8206.34 8231.635 8266.52 8280.116 8346.82 8347.24 8409.19 8515.19 8576.01 8604.23 8648.54 8692.20 8696.86 8716.19

II I II I II II I II I II II II I I I II I II I II II I II II II II II II I I II I II I I II II I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I II I II I II I I I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 100 5000 300 200 200 1000 100 200 400 500 100 100 200 50 h 150 50 l 100 2000 3000 100 90 375 100 300 2500 250 2000 1250 800 375 140 3000 100 2500 150 250 100 1000 125 1500 1500 350 150 3000 250 1250 110 1800 175 2000 2500 250 750 300 150 100 100 600 1500 100

8739.39 8758.20 8819.41 8862.32 8908.73 8930.83 8952.25 8981.05 8987.57 9045.45 9162.65 9167.52 9374.76 9513.38 9591.35 9685.32 9698.68 9718.16 9799.70 9923.19 10838.37 11742.01 12235.24 12257.76 12590.20 12623.391 13544.15 13657.055 14142.444 14240.96 14364.99 14660.81 14732.806 15099.72 15418.394 15557.13 15979.54 16039.90 16053.28 16554.49 16728.15 17325.77 18788.13 20187.19 20262.242 21470.09 23193.33 23279.54 24824.71 25145.84 26269.08 26510.86 28381.54 28582.25 29384.41 29448.06 29649.58 29813.62 30253.14 30475.46 30504.12

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 6000 125 550 100 1800 3500 150 450 170 5000 110 250 150 450 850 140 175 270 120

30794.18 31069.23 31336.01 31607.91 32293.08 32739.26 33666.69 34014.67 34335.27 34744.00 35070.25 35246.92 36209.21 36231.74 36508.36 36788.83 38685.98 38737.82 38939.60 39955.14

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

Ytterbium Yb Z = 70 1000 1050.24 1000 1054.46 5000 1134.43 900 1316.04 800 1326.36 900 1350.26 80 1561.42 80 h 1765.21 800 1791.06 100 1863.32 800 1873.91 500 1898.25 500 1998.82 900 2116.65 2500 2116.67 800 2123.32 3000 2126.74 800 2139.99 20000 2144.77 15000 2154.18 370 2161.60 850 2185.71 640 2224.46 300 2240.11 300 2305.32 140 2320.81 170 2390.74 460 2464.50 140 2512.06 270 2538.67 2000 2567.61 1000 2579.57 800 2599.14 600 2621.11 1000 2642.56 1000 2651.74 700 2652.25 990 2653.75 200 2665.04 2000 2666.13

IV IV IV IV IV IV III III IV III III III III IV II IV II IV IV IV II II II III III II II I II II III III III III III III III II II III

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 2666.99 2671.96 2672.66 2718.35 2748.66 2750.48 2776.28 2795.60 2803.43 2816.92 2818.72 2821.15 2830.99 2847.18 2851.13 2859.80 2861.21 2867.06 2873.49 2888.04 2891.38 2898.30 2906.31 2914.21 2915.28 2919.35 2934.36 2945.91 2970.56 2983.99 2994.80 2998.00 3005.77 3017.56 3026.67 3029.49 3031.11 3092.50 3100.74 3107.90 3117.81 3126.01 3138.58 3140.94 3162.29 3191.35 3192.88 3201.16 3228.58 3239.58 3289.37 3305.25 3305.73 3319.41 3325.51 3337.17 3342.93 3375.48 3384.01 3387.50 3412.45

K21599_S10.indb 85

III I II II II II II III III III III II II II II II II II I II II III III II II II I II II II II III II II II III II III I II II III III II I III II II III I II I II I III II II II III I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

140 360 240 85 500 190 d 360 2400 500 500 50 230 35 200 170 360 200 240 70 90 240 140 32000 70 400 180 550 80 60 h 170 340 340 140 500 32000 930 50 2000 70 440 470 120 340 300 150 d 120 70 120 60 h 60 h 440 85 h 100 85 h 640 200 70 140 40 190 170 h

3418.39 3426.04 3431.11 3452.40 3454.08 3458.29 3460.27 3464.37 3476.30 3478.84 3517.00 3520.29 3559.03 3560.33 3560.70 3585.47 3619.80 3637.76 3648.15 3655.73 3669.69 3675.08 3694.19 3700.58 3711.91 3734.69 3770.10 3774.32 3791.74 3839.91 3872.85 3900.85 3911.27 3931.23 3987.99 3990.88 4007.36 4028.14 4052.28 4089.68 4149.07 4174.56 4180.81 4213.64 4218.56 4231.97 4277.74 4305.97 4393.69 4430.21 4439.19 4482.42 4517.58 4563.95 4576.21 4582.36 4589.21 4590.83 4684.27 4726.08 4781.87

I I I I II II I I II II I II I II II II II II I I II II II I III I I I I I I I I III I I I III I I I I II III II I I I I I I I III I I I I I I II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

170 35 40 40 h 27 710 140 30 70 220 50 60 85 100 150 h 170 30 h 150 30 40 60 40 17 85 h 2400 60 220 27 35 35 27 17 40 60 60 200 35 h 35 h 340 180 25 690 9h 8h 10 h 16 h 25 30 h 750 100 70 h 200 100

4786.61 4816.43 4837.46 4894.60 4912.36 4935.50 4966.90 5067.80 5069.14 5074.34 5076.74 5196.08 5211.60 5244.11 5277.04 5335.15 5351.29 5352.95 5363.66 5449.27 5481.92 5505.49 5524.54 5539.05 5556.47 5651.98 5719.99 5771.66 5833.99 5837.14 5854.51 5989.33 5991.51 6152.57 6274.78 6328.52 6400.35 6417.91 6489.06 6667.82 6727.61 6799.60 7244.41 7305.22 7313.05 7350.04 7448.28 7527.46 7699.48 7971.46 8922.56 10110.60 10830.36

Yttrium Y Z = 39 150 264.64 150 273.03 900 333.09 500 333.80 400 335.14 500 336.62 500 339.02

II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I I II I II II II I I II II II III I I I I II I I I I I I I I III II III III IV IV V V V V V

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

500 900 300 300 400 500 300 300 600 300 4000 2000 5000 7000 15000 25000 5000 4000 4000 10000 16000 350 10000 10000 50 50000 40000 560 60 95 70 140 90000 45 70 95 160 99000 390 350 480 750 140 130 190 95 110 220 70 2300 2200 2200 3900 6200 4700 85 85 170 1700 3900 130

344.59 355.86 370.42 372.05 379.96 386.82 403.45 420.74 425.03 473.10 584.98 630.97 805.20 809.92 989.21 996.37 1314.51 1334.04 2068.98 2127.98 2191.16 2243.06 2284.34 2327.31 2354.20 2367.23 2414.64 2422.20 2694.21 2723.00 2742.53 2760.10 2817.04 2822.56 2854.43 2886.48 2919.05 2946.01 2948.40 2964.96 2974.59 2984.26 2996.94 3021.73 3045.37 3095.88 3173.06 3179.41 3191.31 3195.62 3200.27 3203.32 3216.69 3242.28 3327.89 3388.59 3412.47 3485.73 3496.09 3549.01 3551.80

V IV IV V V IV V V IV IV V V III III III III III III III III III II III III I III III II I I I I III I II I I III I I I I I I I II II II I II II II II II II I I I II II I

Atomic

Intensity 2000 390 390 170 230 1300 170 600 1000 600 1000 140 190 230 h 360 430 140 200 45 200 3600 600 1000 170 140 280 35 140 2000 200 170 800 310 160 160 2000 920 3000 28 170 190 4000 1000 230 28 800 390 240 2000 35 18000 130 140 80 2000 240 280 d 240 2000 140 50

10-85

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-86

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

540 170 190 260 3300 300 100 2800 10000 6200 7800 4300 1900 7800 3000 170 13000 1200 10000 1400 7400 1300 4000 80 480 4400 3600 940 2400 9400 2000 9900 8900 7500 100 h 2400 2000 8000 160 280 h 600 2200 300 360 h 2800 110 440 h 120 800 120 12000 150 h 100 1800 890 100 130 170 180 160 110

3552.69 3558.76 3571.43 3576.05 3584.52 3587.75 3589.69 3592.92 3600.73 3601.92 3611.05 3620.94 3628.71 3633.12 3664.61 3692.53 3710.30 3747.55 3774.33 3776.56 3788.70 3818.35 3832.88 3876.82 3878.28 3950.36 3982.60 4039.83 4047.64 4077.38 4083.71 4102.38 4128.31 4142.85 4157.63 4167.52 4174.14 4177.54 4217.80 4220.63 4235.73 4235.94 4251.20 4302.30 4309.63 4330.78 4348.79 4357.73 4358.73 4366.03 4374.94 4375.61 4387.74 4398.02 4422.59 4443.66 4446.63 4475.72 4476.96 4477.45 4487.28

K21599_S10.indb 86

I I I I II I I I II II II I II II II I II II II II II II II I II II II I I I I I I I I I I II I I II I I I II I I I II I II I I II II I I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 500 890 440 100 100 130 95 2000 200 h 2000 180 170 160 410 120 170 180 140 120 770 550 410 120 890 330 1900 95 1100 100 150 120 100 75 75 1100 180 960 1500 10000 180 75 220 90 190 710 100 240 300 250 120 740 120 180 620 120 560 120 120 740 90

4487.47 4505.95 4527.25 4527.80 4544.32 4559.37 4596.55 4604.80 4643.70 4658.32 4674.84 4696.81 4728.53 4752.79 4760.98 4781.04 4786.89 4799.30 4819.64 4822.13 4839.87 4845.68 4852.69 4854.25 4854.87 4859.84 4883.69 4893.44 4900.12 4906.11 4921.87 4974.30 5006.97 5070.21 5072.19 5087.42 5135.20 5200.41 5205.72 5238.10 5240.81 5380.62 5402.78 5424.37 5438.24 5466.46 5468.47 5497.41 5503.45 5509.90 5521.63 5527.54 5544.50 5577.42 5581.87 5606.33 5630.13 5644.69 5648.47 5662.94 5675.27

I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I II I II I I I I I I II I II II III I I II I I I I II I II I I I I I I I I I II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

160 90 75 100 120 120 120 150 1200 300 1000 90 70 95 40 150 70 190 21 45 29 24 h 24 29 35 35 50 29 9000 35 29 110 10000 24 10000 95 19 h

5706.73 5743.85 5765.64 5781.69 6009.19 6023.41 6135.04 6138.43 6191.73 6222.59 6435.00 6538.60 6557.39 6613.75 6650.61 6687.58 6700.71 6793.71 6815.16 6845.24 6887.22 6950.31 6979.88 7052.94 7191.66 7264.17 7346.46 7450.30 7558.71 7563.13 7855.52 7881.90 7991.43 8344.43 8796.21 8800.62 8835.85

I I I II I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I II I II III I I II III I III I II

Zinc Zn Z = 30 200 425.90 200 428.54 200 430.59 1000 677.63 750 677.96 200 713.90 60 1193.23 50 1239.12 50 1249.69 500 1265.74 500 1306.66 200 1456.72 200 1459.98 300 1499.42 300 1500.42 300 1505.92 300 1515.85 300 1552.30 90 1572.99 200 1629.19 200 1639.33 200 1673.05 80 d 1735.61

IV IV IV III III III II IV IV IV IV III IV III III III III III II III III III II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

100 100 100 d 100 d 100 100 100 100 d 100 d 100 100 100 500 500 200 120 300 200 800 r 1000 150 1000 300 200 300 200 300 300 200 300 300 400 100 200 200 300 500 r 800 700 r 800 500 50 300 400 400 800 500 200 500 500 500 500 1000 h 300 300 100 100 100 100 20 20

1767.69 1797.64 1811.05 1833.57 1864.12 1866.08 1872.13 1918.96 1929.67 1969.40 1982.11 1986.99 2025.48 2062.00 2064.23 2079.08 2099.94 2102.18 2138.56 2501.99 2515.81 2557.95 2582.49 2608.56 2608.64 2670.53 2684.16 2712.49 2756.45 2770.86 2770.98 2800.87 2801.06 3035.78 3072.06 3196.31 3282.33 3302.58 3302.94 3345.02 3345.57 3883.34 4680.14 4722.15 4810.53 4911.62 4924.03 5181.98 5894.33 6021.18 6102.49 6214.61 6362.34 7588.5 7732.5 11054.25 13053.63 13150.59 14038.70 16483.45 16491.98

III II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I II I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I II II I II II II II I II II I I I I I I

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements Wavelength/Å 16505.23 24375.02

I I

Zirconium Zr Z = 40 500 304.01 60 480.66 60 497.23 60 500.22 600 628.66 500 633.56 50 690.39 2000 740.61 10000 800.00 10000 806.89 10000 812.05 3000 841.40 300 863.65 500 864.59 9000 1183.97 9000 1201.77 10000 1219.86 500 1303.93 500 p 1323.81 1000 1469.47 10000 1546.17 10000 1598.95 5000 1607.95 100 1612.38 700 1725.02 200 1790.19 150 1793.56 125 1798.13 600 1860.86 200 1940.25 600 2028.54 125 2070.43 200 2086.78 10000 2091.49 10000 2092.36 600 2132.42 10000 2163.68 100 2175.80 100 2191.15 10000 2286.67 100 2301.60 90 2539.65 570 2567.64 1600 2568.87 2100 2571.39 250 2620.56 200 2643.79 150 2664.26 1800 2678.63 90 2687.75 750 2700.13 1300 2722.61 800 2726.49 1400 2734.86 1100 2742.56 660 2745.86 660 2752.21 530 2758.81

V IV IV IV IV IV III V V V V V IV IV IV IV IV V V IV IV IV IV III V III III III V III V III III IV IV V IV III III IV III I II II II III III III II I II II II II II II II II

K21599_S10.indb 87

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

620 390 530 710 660 350 350 340 490 300 270 320 320 320 320 320 320 320 820 320 820 350 500 880 350 d 690 690 350 500 500 350 690 540 880 880 540 540 760 630 630 760 1000 1300 880 540 880 380 380 380 760 380 760 540 380 570 760 5700 570 570 760 380

2814.90 2818.74 2825.56 2837.23 2844.58 2848.52 2851.97 2869.81 2875.98 2915.99 2918.24 2926.99 2948.94 2955.78 2960.87 2962.68 2968.96 2978.05 2985.39 3003.74 3011.75 3020.47 3028.04 3029.52 3036.39 3054.84 3106.58 3120.74 3129.18 3129.76 3132.07 3138.68 3164.31 3165.97 3182.86 3191.21 3212.01 3214.19 3231.69 3234.12 3241.05 3273.05 3279.26 3284.71 3305.15 3306.28 3322.99 3326.80 3334.25 3340.56 3344.79 3356.09 3357.26 3374.73 3387.87 3388.30 3391.98 3393.12 3404.83 3410.25 3414.66

I II II I II I II II I II II II II II I II II II I II I II II I II II II I II II I II II II II I I II II I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

1000 4700 600 410 820 600 1200 1300 4100 820 1000 2000 440 440 630 1800 630 1800 2100 1100 2100 1100 1300 880 3500 690 1100 1100 1100 1100 390 800 390 960 720 560 880 480 480 340 720 560 560 2200 1300 550 550 550 2900 770 990 1500 2900 2000 610 1200 940 490 990 660 770

3430.53 3438.23 3447.36 3457.56 3463.02 3471.19 3479.39 3481.15 3496.21 3505.67 3509.32 3519.60 3525.81 3533.22 3542.62 3547.68 3550.46 3551.95 3556.60 3566.10 3572.47 3575.79 3576.85 3586.29 3601.19 3611.89 3613.10 3614.77 3623.86 3663.65 3671.27 3674.72 3697.46 3698.17 3709.26 3745.98 3751.60 3764.39 3766.72 3766.82 3780.54 3791.40 3822.41 3835.96 3836.76 3843.02 3847.01 3849.25 3863.87 3864.34 3877.60 3885.42 3890.32 3891.38 3921.79 3929.53 3958.22 3966.66 3968.26 3973.50 3991.13

II II I II II I II II II II I I II I II I I II II I II I II I I II II II I I II II II II II II II I I II I I I I II II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I II

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

770 400 770 990 400 490 400 610 490 400 610 770 600 1500 2000 240 2000 400 1200 400 400 660 400 610 610 610 400 2000 2000 770 770 1200 550 550 550 1000 290 310 350 550 610 490 490 350 700 2300 510 1900 1400 870 700 250 360 470 300 200 100 270 160 160 340

3998.97 4023.98 4024.92 4027.20 4029.68 4030.04 4035.89 4043.58 4044.56 4045.61 4048.67 4055.03 4055.71 4064.16 4072.70 4078.31 4081.22 4121.46 4149.20 4161.21 4166.36 4187.56 4194.76 4199.09 4201.46 4208.98 4213.86 4227.76 4239.31 4240.34 4241.20 4241.69 4282.20 4294.79 4341.13 4347.89 4359.74 4360.81 4366.45 4507.12 4535.75 4542.22 4575.52 4602.57 4633.98 4687.80 4688.45 4710.08 4739.48 4772.31 4815.63 5046.58 5064.91 5078.25 5155.45 5158.00 5191.60 5385.14 5664.51 5797.74 5879.80

II I I I II I I I I II II I I I I I I I II II I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I II I I I I

Atomic

Intensity 20 10

10-87

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Line Spectra of the Elements

10-88

Atomic

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

170 170 680 340 440

6045.85 6121.91 6127.44 6134.55 6143.20

I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

300 150 150 540 280

6313.02 6953.84 6990.84 7097.70 7102.91

I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

170 590 160 160 150

7103.72 7169.09 7944.61 8005.27 8063.09

I I I I I

Intensity

Wavelength/Å

790 390 280

8070.08 8132.99 8212.53

I I I

Sources of Data for Each Element Numbers following the element name refer to the references on the following pages. Actinium: 193 Aluminum: 6,8,81,89,127,144,146,227,228,282 Americium: 92 Antimony: 164,167,194,386,406 Argon: 190,203,204,219,367,368,372,373,374,375,414,421 Arsenic: 163,168,197,244,280 Astatine: 188 Barium: 1,78,111,252,259,277,279 Berkelium: 53,339 Beryllium: 15,44,73,102,115,134,135,171,175,198,335 Bismuth: 1,357,358,359,360,361 Boron: 66,69,74,94,104,171,221,222 Bromine: 42,122,124,139,142,240,243,246,248,249,250,316 Cadmium: 44,285,296,353,399 Calcium: 16,25,70,150,270 Californium: 52,331 Carbon: 22,66,211 Cerium: 1,136,166,261,305 Cesium: 78,82,154,155,200,201,259,263,325 Chlorine: 11,28,30,31,85,233,238,239 Chromium: 1,379,380,412 Cobalt: 1,100,125,159,236,276,291 Copper: 199,273,290,295,324 Curium: 51,332 Dysprosium: 1 Einsteinium: 333 Erbium: 1,301 Europium: 1,312 Fluorine: 68,169,224,225,226 Francium: 408 Gadolinium: 1,46,137,151,152 Gallium: 2,19,62,132,140,141,143,195,281 Germanium: 5,119,293,340,341,342 Gold: 38,72,234,393,395 Hafnium: 1,369,404,410,425 Helium: 16,94,173,183,317 Holmium: 1 Hydrogen: 214 Indium: 1,132,348,349,350,351,352,353,435,436 Iodine: 20,21,58,84,124,153,161,176,184 Iridium: 1 Iron: 56,63,71,101,105,138,174,278,381,382 Krypton: 61,121,123,147,208,232,366,390,409,417,421 Lanthanum: 1,78,79,220,309 Lead: 54,64,106,256,274,297,283,329,330 Lithium: 3,15,17,18,37,44,112,284,321,335 Lutetium: 1,148,310,401 Magnesium: 4,7,49,83,103,128,129,177,217,269,315,335 Manganese: 1,126,385,405,433

K21599_S10.indb 88

Mercury (198): 43,50,69,145,229,242 Mercury (Natural): 34,45,90,117,133,189,235,304,327,328,343 Molybdenum: 1,383,420 Neodymium: 1 Neon: 56,58,69,118,150,230,364,365,371,388,389,400,402,413, 430 Neptunium: 93 Nickel: 1,294,415,416,422 Niobium: 1,392,407,431 Nitrogen: 66,107,108,212,213,318 Osmium: 1 Oxygen: 23,24,36,66,69,209,210,215 Palladium: 1,287,424 Phosphorus: 179,180,182,336 Platinum: 1,288 Plutonium: 91 Polonium: 47,48 Potassium: 32,59,60,75,76,86,150,160,172,268,314,322 Praseodymium: 1,149,306,308,337,338 Promethium: 196,260 Protactinium: 96 Radium: 253,254 Radon: 251 Rhenium: 1 Rhodium: 1,396 Rubidium: 12,109,130,241,257,258,262,264 Ruthenium: 1,423 Samarium: 1 Scandium: 1,88,150,298,323 Selenium: 9,80,181,216,245,247,275 Silicon: 87,170,237,292,319,320 Silver: 13,99,255,286,289,363,387,398 Sodium: 178,205,206,207,268,299,334 Strontium: 1,109,110,218,231,265,279,313 Sulfur: 29,144,202,209,210,266 Tantalum: 1,411,426 Technetium: 35 Tellurium: 1,344,345,346,347 Terbium: 1,302 Thallium: 1,195,348,354,355,356 Thorium: 1,97,98,156,157,165,434 Thulium: 1,307 Tin: 187,191,399,423 Titanium: 1,378,427,428 Tungsten: 1 Uranium: 1,303 Vanadium: 1,394,397,432 Xenon: 33,116,118,120,232,384,391,429 Ytterbium: 1,40,192,311 Yttrium: 1,77,265,419 Zinc: 39,55,113,131,185,186,370,376,377 Zirconium: 1,362,403,418

4/3/14 11:51 AM

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Atomic

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Atomic

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229. Peck, E. R., Khanna, B. N., and Anderholm, N. C., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 52, 53, 1962. 230. Persson, W., Phys. Scr., 3, 133, 1971. 231. Persson, W. and Valind, S., Phys. Scr., 5, 187, 1972. 232. Petersson, B., Ark. Fys., 27, 317, 1964. 233. Phillips, L. W. and Parker, W. L., Phys. Rev., 60, 301, 1941. 234. Platt, J. R. and Sawyer, R. A., Phys. Rev., 60, 866, 1941. 235. Plyer, E. K., Blaine, L. R., and Tidwell, E., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 55, 279, 1955. 236. Poppe, R., van Kleef, T. A. M., and Raassen, A. J. J., Physica, 77, 165, 1974. 237. Radziemski, L. J., Jr. and Andrew, K. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 55, 474, 1965. 238. Radziemski, L. J., Jr. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 59, 424, 1969. 239. Radziemski, L. J., Jr. and Kaufman, V., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 64, 366, 1974. 240. Ramanadham, R. and Rao, K. R., Indian J. Phys., 18, 317, 1944. 241. Ramb, R., Ann. Phys., 10, 311, 1931. 242. Rank, D. H., Bennett, J. M., and Bennett, H. E., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 40, 477, 1950. 243. Rao, A. S. and Krishnamurty, S. G., Proc. Phys. Soc. London, 46, 531, 1943. 244. Rao, K. R., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 134, 604, 1932. 245. Rao, K. R. and Badami, J. S., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 131, 154, 1931. 246. Rao, K. R. and Krishnamurty, S. G., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 161, 38, 1937. 247. Rao, K. R. and Murti, S. G. K., Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 145, 681, 1934. 248. Rao, Y. B., Indian J. Phys., 32, 497, 1958. 249. Rao, Y. B., Indian J. Phys., 33, 546, 1959. 250. Rao, Y. B., Indian J. Phys., 35, 386, 1961. 251. Rasmussen, E., Z. Phys., 80, 726, 1933. 252. Rasmussen, E., Z. Phys., 83, 404, 1933. 253. Rasmussen, E., Z. Phys., 86, 24, 1934. 254. Rasmussen, E., Z. Phys., 87, 607, 1934. 255. Rasmussen, E., Phys. Rev., 57, 840, 1940. 256. Rau, A. S. and Narayan, A. L., Z. Phys., 59, 687, 1930. 257. Reader, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 286, 1975. 258. Reader, J., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 988, 1975. 259. Reader, J., J. Opt Soc. Am., 73, 349, 1983. 260. Reader, J. and Davis, S., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. A, 71, 587, 1967, and unpublished. 261. Reader, J. and Ekberg, J. O., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 464, 1972. 262. Reader, J. and Epstein, G. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 1467, 1972. 263. Reader, J. and Epstein, G. L., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 65, 638, 1975. 264. Reader, J. and Epstein, G. L., Natl. Bur. Stand., unpublished. 265. Reader, J., Epstein, G. L., and Ekberg, J. O., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 62, 273, 1972. 266. Kaufman, V., Phys. Scr., 26, 439, 1982. 267. Ricard, R., Givord, M., and George, F., C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 205, 1229, 1937. 268. Risberg, P., Ark. Fys., 10, 583, 1956. 269. Risberg, G., Ark. Fys., 28, 381, 1965. 270. Risberg, G., Ark. Fys., 37, 231, 1968. 271. Robinson, H. A., Phys. Rev., 49, 297, 1936. 272. Robinson, H. A., Phys. Rev., 50, 99, 1936. 273. Ross, C. B., Jr., Doctoral dissertation, Purdue University, 1969. 274. Ross, C. B., Wood, D. R., and Scholl, P. S., J. Opt. Soc. Am., 66, 36, 1976. 275. Ruedy, J. E. and Gibbs, R. C., Phys. Rev., 46, 880, 1934. 276. Russell, H. N., King, R. B., and Moore, C. E., Phys. Rev., 58, 407, 1940. 277. Russell, H. N. and Moore, C. E., J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand., 55, 299, 1955. 278. Russell, H. N., Moore, C. E., and Weeks, D. W., Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., 34(2), 111, 1944. 279. Saunders, F., Schneider, E., and Buckingham, E., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 20, 291, 1934. 280. Sawyer, R. A. and Humphreys, C. J., Phys. Rev., 32, 583, 1928. 281. Sawyer, R. A. and Lang, R. J., Phys. Rev., 34, 712, 1929. 282. Sawyer, R. A. and Paschen, F., Ann. Phys., 84(4),1, 1927. 283. Scholl, P. S., M.S. thesis, Wright State Univ., 1975.

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Atomic

Line Spectra of the Elements

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10-92

Atomic

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J. R. Fuhr, W. L. Wiese, L. I. Podobedova, and D. E. Kelleher For the 91st edition of this Handbook, we include new, more accurate data for H, He, Li, Be, B, C I and C II, N I and N II, Na I – IV, Mg I – IV, Al I – III, and Si I – V. The new printed tables contain critically evaluated atomic transition probabilities for about 9000 selected lines of all elements for which reliable data are available on an absolute scale. The material is largely for neutral and singly ionized spectra, but also includes some prominent lines of doubly and more highly charged ions of important elements. A more extensive database can be found in the Internet and CD-ROM editions of the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Most of the data are obtained from comprehensive compilations of the Data Center on Atomic Transition Probabilities at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Specifically, data have been taken from recent critical compilations on H, He, and Li (Ref. 1); on Be and B (Ref. 2); on neutral and singly-ionized C and N (Ref. 3); and on Na (Ref. 4), Mg (Ref. 4), Al (Ref. 5), and Si (Ref. 6). Material from earlier compilations for the elements H through Ne (Refs. 7 and 8) and Na through Ca (Ref. 9) was supplemented by some more recent material taken directly from the original literature. Most of the original literature is cited in the above tables and in recent bibliographies (Refs. 10 and 11); for lack of space, individual literature references are not cited here. The wavelength range for the neutral species is normally the visible spectrum or shorter wavelengths; only the very prominent near infrared lines are included. For the higher ions, most of the strong lines are located in the far UV. The tabulation is limited to electric dipole - including intercombination - lines and comprises essentially the fairly strong transitions with estimated uncertainties in the 10 % to 50 % range. With the exception of hydrogen, helium, and the alkali metals, most transitions are between states with low principal quantum numbers. The transition probability, A, is given in units of 108 s–1 and is listed with as many digits as is consistent with the indicated accuracy. Generally, the estimated uncertainties of the A-values are in the range from 25 % to 50 % for two-digit numbers, 10 % to 25 % for three-digit numbers and 1 % or better for four- and five-digit numbers. Each transition is identified by the wavelength λ in angstroms and the statistical weights, gi and gk, of the lower (i) and upper (k) states [the product gkA (or gi f ) is needed for many applications]. Whenever the wavelengths of individual lines within a multiplet are extremely close, only an average wavelength for the multiplet as well as the multiplet A-value are given, and this is indicated by an asterisk (*) to the left of the wavelength. This also has been done when the transition probability for an entire multiplet has been taken from the literature and values for individual lines cannot be determined because of insufficient knowledge of the coupling of electrons. The wavelength data have been taken either from recent compilations or from the original literature cited in bibliographies published by the Atomic Energy Levels Data Center (Refs. 12 and 13) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Wavelength values are consistent with those given in the table “Line Spectra of the Elements,” which appears elsewhere in this Handbook. In addition to the transition probability A, the atomic oscillator strength f and the line strength S are often used in the literature. The conversion factors between these quantities are (for electricdipole transitions):

K21599_S10.indb 93

gi f = 1.499∙10–8 λ2gkA = 303.8 λ–1 S

where λ is in Å, A is in 108 s–1, and S is in atomic units, which are a02e2 = 7.188∙10–59 m2 C2. The table for hydrogen is presented first, followed by the tables for other elements in alphabetical sequence by element name (not symbol). Within each element, the tables are ordered by increasing ionization stage (e.g., Al I, Al II, etc.). The transition probabilities for hydrogen and hydrogen-like ions are known precisely. Because of the hydrogen degeneracy, a “transition” is actually the sum of all fine-structure transitions between the principal quantum numbers; therefore, the hydrogen table gives weighted average A-values. For hydrogen-like ions of nuclear charge Z, the following scaling laws hold:

Atomic

Atomic Transition Probabilities

AZ = Z4AHydrogen fZ = fHydrogen SZ = Z–2SHydrogen λZ = Z–2λHydrogen

For very highly-charged hydrogen-like ions, starting at about Z > 25, relativistic values must be used.

References 1. Wiese, W. L., and Fuhr, J. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 38, 565, 2009.

2. Fuhr, J. R., and Wiese, W. L., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 39, 013101, 2010. 3. Wiese, W. L., and Fuhr, J. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 36, 1287, 2007. 4. Kelleher, D. E., and Podobedova, L. I., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 267, 2008. 5. Kelleher, D. E., and Podobedova, L. I., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 709, 2008. 6. Kelleher, D. E., and Podobedova, L. I., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 37, 1285, 2008. 7. Wiese, W. L., Smith, M. W., and Glennon, B. M., Atomic Transition Probabilities (H through Ne - A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 4, Vol. I, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1966. 8. Wiese, W. L., Fuhr, J. R., and Deters, T. M., Atomic Transition Probabilities of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Monograph 7, 1996. 9. Wiese, W. L., Smith, M. W., and Miles, B. M., Atomic Transition Probabilities (Na through Ca - A Critical Data Compilation), National Standard Reference Data Series, National Bureau of Standards 22, Vol. II, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1969. 10. Fuhr, J. R., Miller, B. J., and Martin, G. A., Bibliography on Atomic Transition Probabilities (1914 through October 1997), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 505, 1978; Miller, B. J., Fuhr, J. R., and Martin, G. A., Bibliography on Atomic Transition Probabilities (November 1977 through February 1980), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 505, Supplement 1, 1980. 11. Wiese, W. L., Reports on Astronomy, Trans. Int. Astron. Union 18A, 116, 1982; 19A, 122, 1985; 20A, 117, 1988, Reidel, D., Ed., Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 12. Moore, C. E., Bibliography on the Analyses of Optical Atomic Spectra, National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 306 - Section 1, 1968; Sections 2-4, 1969. 13. Hagan, L., and Martin, W. C., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1968 through June 1971), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, 1972; Hagan, L., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1971 through June 1975), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 1, 1977; Zalubas, R., and Albright, A., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1975 through June 1979), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 2, 1980; Musgrove, A., and Zalubas, R., Bibliography on Atomic Energy Levels and Spectra (July 1979 through December 1983), National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 363, Supplement 3, 1985.

10-93

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-94

Atomic

λ Å

gk

A 108 s–1

Hydrogen HI 912.765 912.837 912.916 913.004 913.102 913.212 913.337 913.478 913.639 913.823 914.036 914.284 914.574 914.917 915.327 915.821 916.427 917.178 918.127 919.349 920.961 923.148 926.223 930.748 937.803 949.743 972.537 1025.72 1215.67 3662.23 3663.37 3664.65 3666.07 3667.65 3669.43 3671.45 3673.73 3676.33 3679.32 3682.78 3686.80 3691.52 3697.12 3703.82 3711.94 3721.91 3734.34 3750.12 3770.60 3797.87 3835.35 3889.02 3970.08 4101.74 4340.47 4861.34

K21599_S10.indb 94

Weights gi

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

1800 1682 1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32 18 8 1800 1682 1568 1458 1352 1250 1152 1058 968 882 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 32

5.1673∙10–6 6.1221∙10–6 7.2967∙10–6 8.7524∙10–6 1.0571∙10–5 1.2862∙10–5 1.5776∙10–5 1.9519∙10–5 2.4380∙10–5 3.0769∙10–5 3.9276∙10–5 5.0767∙10–5 6.6540∙10–5 8.8574∙10–5 1.1997∙10–4 1.6572∙10–4 2.3409∙10–4 3.3927∙10–4 5.0659∙10–4 7.8340∙10–4 1.2631∙10–3 2.1425∙10–3 3.8694∙10–3 7.5684∙10–3 1.6440∙10–2 4.1250∙10–2 1.2785∙10–1 5.5751∙10–1 4.6986 2.8474∙10–6 3.3742∙10–6 4.0224∙10–6 4.8261∙10–6 5.8304∙10–6 7.0963∙10–6 8.7069∙10–6 1.0777∙10–5 1.3467∙10–5 1.7005∙10–5 2.1719∙10–5 2.8093∙10–5 3.6851∙10–5 4.9101∙10–5 6.6583∙10–5 9.2102∙10–5 1.3032∙10–4 1.8927∙10–4 2.8337∙10–4 4.3972∙10–4 7.1225∙10–4 1.2156∙10–3 2.2148∙10–3 4.3889∙10–3 9.7320∙10–3 2.5304∙10–2 8.4193∙10–2

Weights

λ Å

gi

gk

6562.83 8392.19 8413.11 8437.75 8467.04 8502.27 8545.17 8598.18 8664.80 8750.25 8862.55 9014.67 9228.77 9545.70 10049.4 10938.1 12818.1 16406.4 16805.7 17361.2 18173.2 18751.0 19444.5 21655.2 26251.4 27573.0 28719.8 30381.1 32957.8 37391.4 40511.4 43747.2 46524.9 46706.2 51279.2 59072.4 74598.3 75009.1 123718.6

8 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 32 32 32 32 18 32 32 32 50 50 50 50 50 32 72 50 72 72 72 50 72 72

18 800 722 648 578 512 450 392 338 288 242 200 162 128 98 72 50 288 242 200 162 32 128 98 72 288 242 200 162 128 50 288 98 242 200 162 72 128 98

2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4

4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 4 2 6 4

A 108 s–1 4.4101∙10–1 1.5167∙10–5 1.9643∙10–5 2.5804∙10–5 3.4442∙10–5 4.6801∙10–5 6.4901∙10–5 9.2117∙10–5 1.3431∙10–4 2.0207∙10–4 3.1558∙10–4 5.1558∙10–4 8.9050∙10–4 1.6506∙10–3 3.3585∙10–3 7.7829∙10–3 2.2008∙10–2 1.6205∙10–4 2.5565∙10–4 4.2347∙10–4 7.4593∙10–4 8.9860∙10–2 1.4242∙10–3 3.0415∙10–3 7.7110∙10–3 1.4024∙10–4 2.2460∙10–4 3.7999∙10–4 6.9078∙10–4 1.3877∙10–3 2.6993∙10–2 1.2884∙10–4 3.2528∙10–3 2.1096∙10–4 3.6881∙10–4 7.0652∙10–4 1.0254∙10–2 1.5609∙10–3 4.5608∙10–3

Aluminum Al I 2118.312 2123.362 2129.663 2134.733 2145.555 2150.699 2168.805 2174.028 2199.150 2204.590 2204.660 2210.046 2257.999 2263.462 2263.731 2269.096 2269.220

1.03∙10–1 1.22∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 2.06∙10–1 2.46∙10–1 2.96∙10–1 3.53∙10–1 1.75∙10–2 3.49∙10–2 4.37∙10–1 5.20∙10–1 3.77∙10–2 6.83∙10–1 7.50∙10–2 7.58∙10–1 1.26∙10–1

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

2367.052 2372.070 2373.124 2373.349 2378.368 2567.984 2575.094 2575.393 2652.484 2660.393 3082.1529 3092.7099 3092.8386 3944.0058 3961.5200 5557.063 5557.948 6696.015 6698.673 7835.309 7836.134 8772.866 8773.896 8828.909 8841.277 8912.900 8923.555 8925.504

2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 4 4

4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 6 8 6 8 2 2 4 6 4

7.61∙10–1 5.76∙10–2 9.07∙10–1 1.51∙10–1 1.14∙10–1 1.92∙10–1 3.60∙10–1 5.99∙10–2 1.42∙10–1 2.84∙10–1 5.87∙10–1 7.29∙10–1 1.16∙10–1 4.99∙10–1 9.85∙10–1 2.30∙10–3 2.29∙10–3 1.00∙10–2 1.00∙10–2 3.71∙10–2 3.97∙10–2 6.47∙10–2 6.95∙10–2 6.72∙10–3 1.34∙10–2 2.28∙10–3 2.73∙10–3 4.54∙10–4

Al II 1047.8893 1048.5588 1049.9233 1189.1854 1190.0518 1191.8111 1350.1782 1539.8303 1670.7867 1719.4400 1721.2435 1721.2714 1724.9519 1724.9838 1760.1044 1761.9751 1763.8692 1763.9521 1765.8150 1767.7308 1772.802 1774.002 1774.770 1776.975 1777.825 1818.352 1820.124 1855.9286 1858.0262 1862.3111

1 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 7 3 1 3 5

3 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 7 5 7 3 3 3 3

2.33∙10–1 3.14∙10–1 4.17∙10–1 9.30∙10–1 1.12 1.48 4.80 6.70 1.41∙101 6.55 4.93 8.82 2.97 1.18∙101 3.13 4.12 3.04 9.21 1.23∙101 5.13 9.41 1.26∙101 7.01 1.67∙101 4.18 5.45 4.57 8.38∙10–1 2.49 4.08

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

1904.326 1906.4082 1906.596 1906.674 1910.8252 1911.013 1931.0481 1958.77 1990.5310 2192.604 2194.189 2195.502 2816.185 2994.277 2995.525 2998.150 3088.516 3649.184 3649.232 3651.065 3651.096 3654.981 3654.998 3703.219 3731.952 3733.908 3738.015 3866.160 3900.675 4663.056 5388.48 5593.302 5613.291 5853.62 5861.53 5867.81 5971.980 5999.70 5999.83 6001.76 6001.88 6006.410 6061.124 6066.32 6066.44 6068.43 6068.53 6073.198 6226.18 6231.745 6243.36 6335.701 6816.69 6823.48 6837.14 6917.93 6919.96 7042.06 7056.60 7063.64

K21599_S10.indb 95

Weights gi 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 7 3 7 7 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 7 5 3 3 1 1 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 3 3

gk

A 108 s–1

3 5 3 1 5 3 1 5 5 9 7 5 1 3 5 7 5 3 3 5 5 7 7 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 9 7 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 7 1 5 3 1

2.70 2.00 2.00 8.20 5.80 3.40 1.04∙101 5.70 1.38∙101 2.47 2.74∙10–1 2.07 3.57 4.04∙10–2 5.44∙10–2 7.26∙10–2 1.08∙10–1 1.26∙10–1 1.26∙10–1 1.70∙10–1 1.70∙10–1 2.26∙10–1 2.26∙10–1 3.80∙10–1 4.30∙10–2 1.30∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 3.70∙10–1 4.80∙10–3 5.81∙10–1 1.20∙10–2 9.26∙10–1 3.43∙10–2 1.28∙10–1 1.14∙10–1 2.00∙10–1 4.90∙10–2 2.07∙10–2 2.07∙10–2 2.79∙10–2 1.55∙10–2 3.40∙10–2 7.60∙10–2 8.88∙10–3 8.88∙10–3 2.66∙10–2 2.66∙10–2 4.20∙10–2 6.20∙10–1 8.40∙10–1 1.11 1.40∙10–1 1.10∙10–1 3.40∙10–1 5.70∙10–1 1.60∙10–1 9.60∙10–1 5.78∙10–1 5.74∙10–1 5.73∙10–1

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

7449.42 7471.41 7624.48 7627.85 7635.33 8354.318 8359.23 8359.492 8363.251 8363.469 8640.705

3 5 1 3 5 7 7 5 5 3 1

5 7 3 5 7 9 7 7 5 5 3

1.20∙10–1 5.57∙10–1 4.59∙10–2 6.20∙10–2 9.00∙10–2 4.27∙10–1 4.75∙10–2 3.79∙10–1 6.64∙10–2 4.20∙10–1 3.00∙10–1

Al III 560.390 560.390 695.817 696.212 1162.66 1162.66 1162.67 1352.857 1352.857 1352.857 1379.670 1384.140 1605.7661 1611.8141 1611.8735 1854.7164 1862.7895 1935.8404 1935.8404 1935.9489 3283.316 3287.302 3601.628 3601.926 3612.356 3702.106 3713.123 3980.14 3980.14 4149.915 4150.173 4357.562 4364.642 4512.564 4528.942 4529.194 4701.148 4701.412 4904.10 4904.10 5696.603 5722.728

2 2 2 2 6 6 4 6 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 6 6 4 2 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 8 6 4 2 2

4 2 4 2 6 8 6 8 6 6 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 8 6 6 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 8 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 2

6.10∙10–1 6.31∙10–1 6.83∙10–1 7.17∙10–1 1.39∙10–1 2.09 1.95 4.26 2.84∙10–1 3.98 4.61 9.22 1.16∙101 2.30 1.38∙101 5.44 5.36 1.19∙101 7.92∙10–1 1.11∙101 1.99∙10–2 2.29∙10–2 1.31 1.46∙10–1 1.45 1.13 2.27 2.33∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 2.05 1.91 7.40∙10–2 8.67∙10–2 2.09 4.15∙10–1 2.49 7.67∙10–2 7.31∙10–2 3.51∙10–1 3.27∙10–1 8.77∙10–1 8.65∙10–1

1

3 5.36

Argon Ar I 1048.22

λ Å 1066.66 3948.98 4044.42 4158.59 4181.88 4190.71 4191.03 4198.32 4200.67 4259.36 4266.29 4272.17 4300.10 4333.56 4335.34 4510.73 4752.94 4768.68 4798.74 4835.97 4876.26 4886.29 4887.95 4894.69 4956.75 4989.95 5048.81 5054.18 5060.08 5070.99 5087.09 5118.21 5151.39 5162.29 5177.54 5194.02 5210.49 5214.77 5221.27 5241.09 5246.24 5252.79 5254.47 5286.07 5309.52 5317.73 5373.50 5410.48 5421.35 5439.99 5442.24 5451.65 5457.42 5473.46 5492.09 5495.87 5506.11 5524.96 5534.49 5558.70

Weights gi 1 5 3 5 1 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 7 3 7 3 3 7 5 3 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 7 3 7 5 7 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 7 3 5 5 3 7 5 7 5 3

gk

A 108 s–1

3 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 7 1 5 3 5 5 3 1 3 5 9 9 5 9 3 1 9 7 5 3 9 3 7 7 1 3 5 1 7 3 9 5 7 7 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 3 7 5 3 3 1 9 7 7 3 5

1.29 4.55∙10–3 3.33∙10–3 1.40∙10–2 5.61∙10–3 2.80∙10–3 5.39∙10–3 2.57∙10–2 9.67∙10–3 3.98∙10–2 3.12∙10–3 7.97∙10–3 3.77∙10–3 5.68∙10–3 3.87∙10–3 1.18∙10–2 4.5∙10–3 8.6∙10–3 8.8∙10–4 9.3∙10–4 7.8∙10–3 1.2∙10–3 1.3∙10–2 1.8∙10–2 1.8∙10–3 1.1∙10–3 4.6∙10–3 4.5∙10–3 3.7∙10–3 2.6∙10–3 1.6∙10–3 2.7∙10–3 2.39∙10–2 1.90∙10–2 2.4∙10–3 7.8∙10–3 1.1∙10–3 2.1∙10–3 8.8∙10–3 1.3∙10–3 1.2∙10–3 5.4∙10–3 3.6∙10–3 9.6∙10–4 1.2∙10–3 2.6∙10–3 2.7∙10–3 2.0∙10–3 6.0∙10–3 1.9∙10–3 9.3∙10–4 4.7∙10–3 3.6∙10–3 2.0∙10–3 5.6∙10–3 1.69∙10–2 3.6∙10–3 1.7∙10–3 2.7∙10–3 1.42∙10–2

Atomic

λ Å

10-95

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-96

Atomic K21599_S10.indb 96

λ Å 5559.66 5572.54 5588.72 5597.48 5606.73 5618.01 5623.78 5635.58 5639.12 5650.70 5659.13 5681.90 5683.73 5700.87 5739.52 5772.11 5773.99 5802.08 5882.62 5888.58 5928.81 5942.67 5949.26 5968.32 5971.60 5987.30 5999.00 6005.73 6013.68 6025.15 6043.22 6052.73 6064.76 6090.79 6098.81 6101.16 6105.64 6128.73 6145.44 6155.24 6165.12 6170.17 6173.10 6212.50 6215.94 6248.41 6296.87 6307.66 6364.89 6369.58 6384.72 6416.31 6466.55 6538.11 6604.02 6660.68 6664.05 6698.88 6719.22 6752.84

Weights gi 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 7 7 3 5 5 1 3

gk

A 108 s–1

5 7 5 7 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 1 7 5 3 5 3 7 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 3 7 5 1 5 3 3 5

2.2∙10–3 6.6∙10–3 1.5∙10–3 4.2∙10–3 2.20∙10–2 2.1∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 9.6∙10–4 2.1∙10–3 3.20∙10–2 2.6∙10–3 2.0∙10–3 2.0∙10–3 5.9∙10–3 8.7∙10–3 2.0∙10–3 1.1∙10–3 4.2∙10–3 1.23∙10–2 1.29∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 1.8∙10–3 1.5∙10–3 1.8∙10–3 1.1∙10–2 1.2∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 9.0∙10–3 1.47∙10–2 1.9∙10–3 5.8∙10–4 3.0∙10–3 5.2∙10–3 3.3∙10–3 1.21∙10–2 8.6∙10–4 7.6∙10–3 5.1∙10–3 9.89∙10–4 5.0∙10–3 6.7∙10–3 3.9∙10–3 5.7∙10–3 6.8∙10–4 9.0∙10–3 6.0∙10–3 5.6∙10–3 4.2∙10–3 4.21∙10–3 1.16∙10–2 1.5∙10–3 1.1∙10–3 2.8∙10–3 7.8∙10–3 1.5∙10–3 1.6∙10–3 2.4∙10–3 1.93∙10–2

λ Å 6754.37 6756.10 6766.61 6779.93 6827.25 6851.88 6871.29 6879.59 6887.10 6888.17 6925.01 6937.67 6951.46 6960.23 6965.43 6992.17 7030.25 7067.22 7068.73 7086.70 7107.48 7125.83 7147.04 7158.83 7206.98 7229.93 7265.17 7270.66 7272.93 7285.44 7311.72 7316.01 7350.78 7353.32 7372.12 7383.98 7392.97 7412.33 7422.26 7425.29 7435.33 7436.25 7484.24 7503.84 7510.42 7514.65 7618.33 7628.86 7635.11 7670.04 7704.81 7723.76 7724.21 7798.55 7868.20 7891.08 7916.45 7948.18 8006.16 8014.79

Weights gi 3 5 5 1 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 7 5 5 1 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 1 5 3 1 3 5

gk

A 108 s–1

3 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 1 7 9 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 1 5 1 5 5 5 3 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 5

2.1∙10–3 3.6∙10–3 4.0∙10–3 1.21∙10–3 2.4∙10–3 6.7∙10–4 2.78∙10–2 1.8∙10–3 1.3∙10–3 2.5∙10–3 1.2∙10–3 3.08∙10–2 2.2∙10–3 2.4∙10–3 6.39∙10–2 7.5∙10–3 2.67∙10–2 3.80∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 1.5∙10–3 4.5∙10–3 6.0∙10–3 6.25∙10–3 2.1∙10–2 2.48∙10–2 6.6∙10–4 1.7∙10–3 1.1∙10–3 1.83∙10–2 1.2∙10–3 1.7∙10–2 9.6∙10–3 1.2∙10–2 9.6∙10–3 1.9∙10–2 8.47∙10–2 7.2∙10–3 3.9∙10–3 6.6∙10–4 3.1∙10–3 9.0∙10–3 2.7∙10–3 3.4∙10–3 4.45∙10–1 4.5∙10–3 4.02∙10–1 2.9∙10–3 2.9∙10–3 2.45∙10–1 2.8∙10–3 6.3∙10–4 5.18∙10–2 1.17∙10–1 8.7∙10–4 3.50∙10–3 9.5∙10–3 1.2∙10–3 1.86∙10–1 4.90∙10–2 9.28∙10–2

λ Å 8037.23 8046.13 8053.31 8066.60 8103.69 8115.31 8264.52 8384.73 8408.21 8424.65 8490.30 8521.44 8605.78 8620.46 8667.94 8761.69 8784.61 8799.08 8962.19 9075.42 9122.97 9194.64 9224.50 9291.53 9354.22 9657.78 9784.50 10470.05 10478.0 10950.7 11078.9 11393.7 11441.8 11467.5 11488.11 11668.7 11719.5 12026.6 12112.2 12139.8 12343.7 12402.9 12439.2 12456.1 12487.6 12554.4 12702.4 12733.6 12746.3 12802.7 12933.3 12956.6 13008.5 13214.7 13273.1 13313.4 13504.0 13599.2 13622.4 13678.5

Weights gi 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 1 7 3 5 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 3 3

gk

A 108 s–1

3 1 3 5 3 7 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 3 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 7 5 7 5 5 5

3.59∙10–3 1.12∙10–2 8.6∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 2.5∙10–1 3.31∙10–1 1.53∙10–1 2.4∙10–3 2.23∙10–1 2.15∙10–1 9.6∙10–4 1.39∙10–1 1.04∙10–2 9.2∙10–3 2.43∙10–2 9.5∙10–3 2.4∙10–3 4.6∙10–3 1.6∙10–3 1.2∙10–2 1.89∙10–1 1.76∙10–2 5.03∙10–2 3.26∙10–2 1.06∙10–2 5.43∙10–2 1.47∙10–2 9.8∙10–3 2.44∙10–2 3.96∙10–3 8.3∙10–3 2.22∙10–2 1.39∙10–2 3.69∙10–3 1.9∙10–3 3.76∙10–2 9.52∙10–3 4.2∙10–3 3.1∙10–2 4.5∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 4.9∙10–2 8.9∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 1.2∙10–3 7.1∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 1.0∙10–1 7.4∙10–2 8.9∙10–2 8.1∙10–2 1.5∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 2.2∙10–2 7.3∙10–2 6.2∙10–2

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

K21599_S10.indb 97

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

14093.6 14739.1 15046.4 15172.3 15329.6 15555.5 15734.9 15816.8 15989.3 16122.7 16180.0 16264.1 16520.1 16739.8 16940.4 20317.0 20616.5 20812.0 21332.2 21534.9 22039.2 22077.4 23133.4 23844.8 23967.5

1 5 1 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 9 3

3 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 3 5 1 3 3 7 1

4.3∙10–2 8.8∙10–4 5.2∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 1.2∙10–3 9.8∙10–5 2.9∙10–4 8.7∙10–4 1.9∙10–2 3.9∙10–4 1.2∙10–3 3.0∙10–4 2.6∙10–3 3.1∙10–3 2.5∙10–2 1.6∙10–3 3.9∙10–3 7.6∙10–4 3.2∙10–4 1.1∙10–3 1.2∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 1.7∙10–3 1.1∙10–2 3.6∙10–3

Ar II 2942.9 2979.1 3139.0 3169.7 3181.0 3243.7 3249.8 3263.6 3281.7 3454.1 3476.7 3491.2 3491.5 3509.8 3514.4 3520.0 3521.3 3535.3 3548.5 3559.5 3565.0 3576.6 3581.6 3582.4 3588.4 3656.0 3717.2 3729.3 3763.5 3780.8 3799.4 3826.8 3841.5

4 2 6 4 6 4 2 2 2 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 2 6 2 4 8 6 6 6 8 8 6 6 4

4 2 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 2 6 6 8 4 4 8 4 8 4 6 10 6 8 4 6 8 4 6 2

5.3∙10–1 4.16∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 3.7∙10–1 1.06 6.3∙10–1 1.55∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 3.14∙10–1 1.25 1.79 2.31 2.55 1.36 5.2∙10–1 2.27∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 8.7∙10–1 2.88 5.5∙10–1 2.75 1.76 2.53 3.03 7.6∙10–2 5.2∙10–2 4.80∙10–1 1.78∙10–1 7.7∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 2.81∙10–1 2.69∙10–1

Weights

λ Å

gi

3844.7 3850.6 3868.5 3872.1 3880.3 3900.6 3928.6 3932.5 3952.7 3979.4 4013.9 4042.9 4052.9 4072.0 4079.6 4131.7 4228.2 4237.2 4266.5 4277.5 4282.9 4300.6 4331.2 4332.0 4348.1 4352.2 4362.1 4370.8 4371.3 4376.0 4379.7 4400.1 4401.0 4412.9 4426.0 4430.2 4431.0 4474.8 4481.8 4545.1 4579.4 4589.9 4598.8 4609.6 4637.2 4657.9 4726.9 4732.1 4735.9 4764.9 4806.0 4847.8 4879.9 4889.0 4904.8 4933.2 4965.1 4972.2 5009.3 5017.2

6 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 8 4 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 8 6 4 2 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 6 2 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1

8 4 6 4 2 6 4 4 4 2 8 4 4 6 4 2 6 4 6 4 2 6 4 2 8 2 6 4 4 2 2 4 6 8 6 4 6 2 6 4 2 6 4 8 6 2 4 4 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 4 4 2 6 6

4.8∙10–2 3.87∙10–1 1.4 1.5∙10–1 2.32∙10–1 7.2∙10–2 2.44∙10–1 9.3∙10–1 2.08∙10–1 9.8∙10–1 1.05∙10–1 4.06∙10–1 6.7∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 1.19∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 1.31∙10–1 1.12∙10–1 1.64∙10–1 8.0∙10–1 1.32∙10–1 5.7∙10–2 5.74∙10–1 1.92∙10–1 1.17 2.12∙10–1 5.5∙10–2 6.6∙10–1 2.21∙10–1 2.05∙10–1 1.00 1.60∙10–1 3.04∙10–1 6.1∙10–2 8.17∙10–1 5.69∙10–1 1.09∙10–1 2.90∙10–1 4.55∙10–1 4.71∙10–1 8.0∙10–1 6.64∙10–1 6.7∙10–2 7.89∙10–1 7.1∙10–2 8.92∙10–1 5.88∙10–1 6.7∙10–2 5.80∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 7.80∙10–1 8.49∙10–1 8.23∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 3.7∙10–2 1.44∙10–1 3.94∙10–1 9.7∙10–2 1.51∙10–1 2.07∙10–1

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

5062.0 5141.8 5145.3 6114.9 6172.3 6243.1 6483.1 6638.2 6639.7 6643.7 6666.4 6684.3 6756.6 6863.5 7233.5 7380.4 7589.3

2 6 4 10 8 8 4 6 4 10 2 8 4 6 2 4 6

4 8 6 8 6 6 2 4 2 8 2 6 4 6 4 4 4

2.23∙10–1 8.1∙10–2 1.06∙10–1 2.00∙10–1 2.00∙10–1 3.0∙10–2 1.06∙10–1 1.37∙10–1 1.69∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 8.8∙10–2 1.07∙10–1 2.0∙10–2 2.5∙10–2 3.7∙10–2 5.6∙10–2 1.07∙10–1

Ar III 769.15 871.10 875.53 878.73 879.62 883.18 887.40 3024.1 3027.2 3054.8 3064.8 3078.2 3285.9 3301.9 3311.3 3336.1 3344.7 3352.1 3358.5 3361.3 3472.6 3480.6 3499.7 3500.6 3502.7 3503.6 3511.7

5 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 7

3 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 9 7 7 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 5

6.0 1.59 3.74 2.79 9.2∙10–1 1.22 9.0∙10–1 2.6 6.4∙10–1 1.9 1.0 1.4 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.8 2.2∙10–1 1.6 3.0∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 1.6 1.3 2.6∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 1.2 2.6∙10–1

Ar IV 840.03 843.77 850.60

4 4 4

2 2.73 4 2.70 6 2.63

Ar VI 292.15 294.05

2 4

2 6.9∙101 2 1.36∙102

Ar VII *250.41 *477.54 585.75

9 9 1

3 2.78∙102 15 9.92∙101 3 7.83∙101

gk

108 s–1

Atomic

λ Å

10-97

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-98

Atomic

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

*637.30

9

9 6.7∙101

Ar VIII 158.92 159.18 229.44 230.88 337.09 337.26 338.22 519.43 526.46 526.87 700.24 713.81

2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2

4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2

Ar IX 48.739

1

3 1.69∙103

Ar XIII 162.96 *163.08 184.90 186.38 *207.89 *245.10

5 9 5 1 9 9

3 3 5 3 9 15

3.4∙102 5.3∙102 1.66∙102 8.8∙101 9.5∙101 3.7∙101

Ar XIV 180.29 183.41 187.95 191.35 194.39 203.35

2 2 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 2 2

4.5∙101 1.69∙102 1.97∙102 7.5∙101 4.6∙101 7.8∙101

Ar XV 25.05 221.10 *265.3

1 1 9

3 1.7∙104 3 9.55∙101 9 8.1∙101

Ar XVI *23.52 *24.96 353.88 389.11 1268 1401 2975 3514

2 6 2 2 2 2 2 4

6 10 4 2 4 2 4 6

1.43∙104 4.4∙104 1.5∙101 1.1∙101 1.9 1.4 9.0∙10–2 6.5∙10–2

4 4 4 6 2 4 4

6 4 2 4 4 2 4

2.0 2.0 2.0 2.8 3.5∙10–1 3.1 6.0∙10–1

1.1∙102 1.11∙102 1.12∙102 2.21∙102 1.2∙101 1.0∙102 1.1∙102 6.3∙101 7.2∙101 1.2∙101 2.55∙101 2.4∙101

Arsenic As I 1890.4 1937.6 1972.6 2288.1 2344.0 2349.8 2369.7

K21599_S10.indb 98

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

2370.8 2456.5 2492.9 2745.0 2780.2 2860.4 2898.7

4 6 4 2 4 2 4

6 4 2 4 4 2 2

4.2∙10–1 7.2∙10–2 1.2∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 7.8∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 9.9∙10–2

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 9 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 7

3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 5 3 1 3 1 1 7 5 7

5.60∙10–3 4.60∙10–3 4.20∙10–1 3.50∙10–1 1.10∙10–2 1.50∙10–2 4.99∙10–4 5.42∙10–4 6.11∙10–4 6.65∙10–4 6.70∙10–4 7.93∙10–4 8.43∙10–4 9.24∙10–4 9.90∙10–4 1.03∙10–3 1.13∙10–3 1.28∙10–3 1.36∙10–3 1.58∙10–3 1.78∙10–3 8.80∙10–2 2.70∙10–1 2.80∙10–1 1.95∙10–1 1.21 7.00∙10–1 4.07∙10–1 2.70∙10–2 6.10∙10–2 3.30∙10–1 1.39∙10–1 5.40∙10–2 9.00∙10–4 5.70∙10–1 1.19 8.00∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 2.39∙10–1 4.50∙10–1 1.62∙10–1 2.80∙10–1 8.10∙10–1 5.60∙10–1 1.10∙10–1 6.00∙10–2 1.16∙10–1 1.10∙10–1 5.40∙10–1

gk

108 s–1

Barium Ba I 2427.41 2472.74 3071.58 3501.11 3889.33 4132.43 4181.09 4181.66 4182.27 4182.94 4183.64 4184.40 4185.25 4186.16 4187.15 4188.25 4189.44 4190.76 4192.20 4193.81 4195.59 4323.00 4402.54 4488.98 4493.64 4573.85 4579.64 4599.72 4619.92 4700.42 4726.43 4801.30 4902.85 5169.53 5519.04 5535.48 5777.62 5784.04 5800.23 5826.27 5971.70 5997.09 6019.47 6063.11 6083.39 6129.23 6341.68 6450.85 6498.76

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

6527.31 6527.40 6595.33 6675.27 6693.84 6986.80 7059.94 7120.33 7195.23 7213.60 7280.30 7392.41 7417.54 7488.08 7528.18 7610.48 7644.90 7672.09 7780.48 7877.80 7905.75 8147.70 8560.00 8654.08 9370.12 9645.60 9704.31 9821.48 10370.30 10540.10 10649.10 11303.00 11373.70 12342.30 14723.10 14999.90 17186.90 18202.80 21567.70 30685.30

5 15 3 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 5 3 7 7 5 5 9 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5

5 15 3 3 5 3 9 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 5 7 5 5 1 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 3

3.30∙10–1 6.15∙10–1 3.80∙10–1 1.89∙10–1 1.46∙10–1 5.20∙10–3 5.00∙10–1 1.10∙10–1 5.60∙10–2 6.50∙10–4 3.20∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 7.70∙10–3 7.30∙10–2 2.70∙10–2 1.10∙10–2 5.03∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 7.60∙10–2 1.60∙10–2 2.65∙10–1 6.30∙10–2 2.00∙10–1 3.10∙10–3 7.60∙10–2 1.10∙10–1 1.60∙10–1 5.50∙10–2 1.30∙10–2 1.80∙10–2 2.70∙10–2 1.10∙10–3 1.30∙10–1 9.00∙10–4 8.60∙10–3 2.50∙10–3 2.70∙10–2 1.20∙10–2 2.60∙10–3 6.50∙10–3

Ba II 2528.41 2634.78 3891.78 4130.65 4166.00 4267.92 4309.26 4325.75 4524.93 4554.03 4708.90 4843.48 4899.93 4934.08 4957.09 5012.95 5361.35 5391.59

2 4 2 4 4 6 8 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 6 8 4 6

4 6 4 6 4 8 10 6 2 4 4 6 2 2 8 10 6 8

6.91∙10–1 7.33∙10–1 2.17 2.18 3.54∙10–1 3.10∙10–1 3.10∙10–1 5.65∙10–2 6.63∙10–1 1.11 8.47∙10–2 9.34∙10–2 1.04 9.53∙10–1 5.13∙10–1 5.15∙10–1 4.01∙10–2 4.22∙10–2

gk

108 s–1

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

5784.15 5853.67 5981.26 6135.60 6141.71 6378.92 6496.90 6769.48 6874.08 7115.03 8496.80 8661.90 8703.69 8710.77 8737.75 8760.61 8897.46 9603.12 10115.00 10212.80 10768.00 11088.50 11127.50 11519.50 11577.10 11931.90 12475.00 13057.80 14211.50 17738.90 18530.70 18729.70 19642.60 19845.10 22994.70 24612.50 24699.00 25923.20 27687.20 29058.90 30196.00 42934.70 43294.30 47520.80

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 8 8 2 6 4 6 4 8 6 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 6 8 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 4 6

4 4 6 2 4 2 2 8 10 10 4 4 6 8 6 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 2 4 2 8 10 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 8 6 6

1.59∙10–1 6.00∙10–2 1.73∙10–1 6.64∙10–2 4.12∙10–1 1.18∙10–1 3.10∙10–1 9.35∙10–1 9.26∙10–1 8.80∙10–3 3.31∙10–2 1.27∙10–2 3.69∙10–2 7.88∙10–1 7.29∙10–1 1.17∙10–2 4.93∙10–2 4.16∙10–1 4.27∙10–1 6.92∙10–2 5.56∙10–2 6.11∙10–2 1.01∙10–2 2.47∙10–2 1.75∙10–1 4.44∙10–2 2.80∙10–1 2.14∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 2.16∙10–1 1.96∙10–1 1.23∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 2.07∙10–2 6.18∙10–2 4.75∙10–3 9.98∙10–2 3.66∙10–2 6.10∙10–2 2.89∙10–2 4.70∙10–2 4.82∙10–3 4.39∙10–3 2.37∙10–4

1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 1

3 5 7 3 5 7 3 3 5 7 5 3

7.23∙10–2 5.12∙10–2 6.82∙10–2 5.43∙10–2 7.32∙10–2 9.77∙10–2 8.15∙10–2 6.12∙10–2 1.10∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 3.67∙10–2 1.31∙10–1

Beryllium Be I 1661.48 1929.62 1929.71 1943.59 1943.62 1943.71 1964.54 1964.56 1964.56 1964.65 1964.65 1997.95

K21599_S10.indb 99

λ Å 1997.98 1997.98 1998.07 1998.07 2032.72 2055.88 2055.90 2055.90 2056.00 2056.00 2125.57 2125.68 2174.96 2174.99 2174.99 2175.10 2175.10 2348.61 2350.66 2350.70 2350.83 2494.54 2494.58 2494.58 2494.73 2494.73 2494.73 2650.45 2650.55 2650.60 2650.62 2650.70 2650.76 3193.83 3229.62 3282.91 3321.01 3321.08 3321.34 3367.63 3476.56 3515.54 3736.30 3813.45 4407.94 4572.66 5252.81 5365.49 5546.45 5857.01 6085.75 6229.11 6319.62 6473.54 6564.52 6711.74 6711.74 6711.74 6711.91 6711.91

Weights gi 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 3 3 5 5

gk

A 108 s–1

5 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 3 3 3 3 3 7 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 5

1.76∙10–1 9.80∙10–2 5.88∙10–2 2.35∙10–1 5.3∙10–2 2.28∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 3.08∙10–1 1.03∙10–1 4.11∙10–1 6.1∙10–2 1.01∙10–1 4.51∙10–1 3.39∙10–1 6.09∙10–1 2.03∙10–1 8.13∙10–1 5.54 4.68∙10–2 1.41∙10–1 2.35∙10–1 1.07 1.44 8.02∙10–1 5.35∙10–2 1.93 4.81∙10–1 1.06 1.41 1.06 3.17 4.23 1.76 5.08∙10–2 7.17∙10–2 1.06∙10–1 1.70∙10–1 5.10∙10–1 8.50∙10–1 1.64∙10–1 3.11∙10–2 2.73∙10–1 5.09∙10–2 4.87∙10–1 1.01∙10–1 7.61∙10–1 3.12∙10–3 3.65∙10–3 5.4∙10–3 7.0∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 2.26∙10–2 2.2∙10–3 7.7∙10–3 3.49∙10–2 3.62∙10–3 4.89∙10–3 2.71∙10–3 6.52∙10–3 1.63∙10–3

λ Å 6725.96 6786.56 6786.56 6884.26 6884.26 6884.26 6884.44 6884.44 7049.72 7049.72 7049.91 7154.46 7154.46 7154.46 7154.65 7154.65 7209.13 7308.29 7434.42 7434.42 7434.63 7448.87 7498.42 7551.90 7618.66 7618.66 7618.66 7618.88 7618.88 7714.38 7792.05 8090.07 8153.74 8158.98 8158.98 8159.23 8254.07 8286.90 8547.36 8547.36 8547.36 8547.63 8547.63 8547.63 8801.37 8882.16 8882.16 8882.16 8979.19 9190.45 9190.45 9190.45 9190.45 9243.88 9392.74 9392.74 9392.74 9392.74 9392.74 9847.31

Weights gi 5 3 3 3 3 1 5 5 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 5 5 5 5 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 5 7 3 5

gk

A 108 s–1

3 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 7 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 7 5 1 5 3 1 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 7 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 7 5 7 5 5 3 3 5 5 1 3

3.1∙10–3 1.7∙10–3 1.7∙10–3 3.81∙10–3 6.86∙10–3 5.08∙10–3 9.16∙10–3 2.29∙10–3 9.66∙10–4 2.90∙10–3 4.83∙10–3 5.55∙10–3 7.39∙10–3 9.99∙10–3 1.33∙10–2 3.33∙10–3 5.71∙10–2 3.33∙10–3 1.53∙10–3 4.59∙10–3 7.64∙10–3 5.63∙10–3 4.46∙10–3 4.3∙10–3 1.51∙10–2 1.12∙10–2 8.41∙10–3 2.02∙10–2 5.05∙10–3 8.21∙10–3 6.02∙10–3 3.29∙10–3 1.27∙10–2 2.65∙10–3 7.94∙10–3 1.32∙10–2 3.38∙10–1 8.00∙10–3 1.31∙10–2 1.74∙10–2 2.36∙10–2 3.14∙10–2 7.86∙10–3 8.73∙10–4 9.58∙10–2 1.34∙10–3 1.06∙10–3 1.59∙10–3 2.13∙10–2 1.43∙10–2 1.35∙10–2 1.79∙10–3 2.50∙10–3 9.47∙10–3 1.86∙10–3 6.19∙10–4 3.71∙10–4 2.08∙10–3 2.47∙10–3 5.2∙10–3

Atomic

λ Å

10-99

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-100

Atomic

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

9895.58 9895.58 9895.95 9939.78 9939.78 9939.78 9939.78

3 1 5 5 5 7 3

3 3 3 7 5 7 5

1.59∙10–2 5.30∙10–3 2.65∙10–2 2.51∙10–2 4.40∙10–3 3.14∙10–3 2.38∙10–2

Be II 973.276 1026.89 1026.96 1036.30 1142.96 1143.04 1512.27 1512.41 1512.42 1776.10 1776.31 2296.81 2296.91 2302.96 2302.98 2381.95 2381.98 2413.34 2413.45 2453.84 2507.41 2507.45 2617.99 2618.13 2697.59 2728.85 2728.89 3046.52 3046.69 3046.70 3130.42 3131.07 3197.10 3197.15 3197.16 3233.54 3241.63 3241.83 3274.59 3274.67 4360.66 4360.99 4361.03 4673.33 4673.42 4673.45 4702.34 4702.52 4828.12 4828.18 5218.12

4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 6 6 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 2

6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 6 8 6 8 4 6 4 6 8 4 6 2 6 8 4 6 4 4 2 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 4 2 4

9.69∙10–1 1.46 1.76 1.720 3.14 3.76 9.217 1.106∙101 1.843 1.361 2.722 1.09∙10–1 1.30∙10–1 7.28∙10–2 7.80∙10–2 1.13∙10–1 1.22∙10–1 1.64∙10–1 1.97∙10–1 1.06∙10–1 1.82∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 2.65∙10–1 3.18∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 3.23∙10–1 3.46∙10–1 4.66∙10–1 5.60∙10–1 9.33∙10–2 1.1292 1.1285 6.82∙10–1 7.31∙10–1 4.87∙10–2 3.37∙10–2 1.39∙10–1 2.78∙10–1 1.41∙10–1 1.41∙10–1 9.12∙10–1 1.09 1.82∙10–1 2.06 2.21 1.47∙10–1 4.73∙10–2 5.68∙10–2 7.89∙10–2 8.77∙10–2 7.08∙10–2

K21599_S10.indb 100

λ Å 5218.34 5218.34 5270.27 5270.81 5416.12 5416.36 6279.42 6279.74 6279.74 6756.75 6757.12 7401.20 7401.43 9048.14 9048.49 9048.49 9476.41 9477.03 9477.14

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4

6 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4

8.49∙10–2 1.41∙10–2 3.234∙10–1 6.466∙10–1 2.84∙10–2 5.68∙10–2 1.12∙10–1 2.23∙10–2 1.34∙10–1 4.90∙10–2 9.80∙10–2 2.54∙10–2 2.54∙10–2 2.47∙10–2 2.96∙10–2 4.94∙10–3 1.81∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 3.62∙10–2

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 6 6 2 2 2 2 2 4 4

6 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4

1.2 6.0∙10–2 9.9∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 2.6∙10–2 8.9∙10–1 2.6 2.5∙10–1 4.3∙10–2 4.7∙10–1 6.4∙10–2 3.09∙10–1 3.6∙10–2 1.53 1.23 5.5∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 8.8∙10–1 2.07 3.5∙10–2 1.81∙10–1 1.6∙10–2 6.8∙10–2 1.98∙10–1 6.9∙10–2 1.64∙10–1 1.6∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 1.17∙10–1 1.8∙10–2

4 2 2 4

4 4 2 4

2.44 3.42 1.37∙101 1.71∙101

Bismuth Bi I 1954.5 2021.2 2061.7 2110.3 2177.3 2228.3 2230.6 2276.6 2515.7 2627.9 2696.8 2780.5 2798.7 2898.0 2938.3 2989.0 2993.3 3024.6 3067.7 3076.7 3397.2 3402.9 3510.9 3596.1 3888.2 4121.5 4308.5 4493.0 4722.5 6134.8 Boron BI 1151.42 1378.65 1378.87 1378.94

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

1379.17 1465.56 1465.66 1465.79 1566.66 1587.38 1587.45 1587.59 1587.66 1587.75 1600.37 1600.76 1666.85 1667.27 1818.35 1825.89 1826.40 1826.40 2066.38 2066.65 2066.73 2066.93 2067.20 2067.20 2088.89 2089.57 2496.77 2497.72 5761.90 5942.62 5942.73 6244.56 6244.68 6819.52 6819.66 7208.59 8211.79 8211.79 8212.00 8667.23 8668.57 9576.21 9576.34

4 2 4 6 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 6

2 4 4 4 6 4 2 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 2 2 8 8 6 8 6 8 6 2 8 6 6 2 2 6 8

6.84 3.3 6.6 9.9 3.36∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 1.4 5.0∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 1.2 4.67∙10–1 5.60∙10–1 8.66∙10–1 1.04 6.22∙10–1 1.70 2.04 3.39∙10–1 6.8∙10–1 1.6 9.4∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 1.0 1.9 3.61∙10–1 4.32∙10–1 8.37∙10–1 1.67 5.7∙10–3 8.4∙10–3 7.8∙10–3 1.3∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 1.72∙10–2 3.42∙10–2 2.28∙10–3 3.19∙10–2 1.83∙10–2 3.67∙10–2 5.01∙10–3 5.37∙10–3

B II 882.676 984.698 1230.17 1624.02 2005.87 2123.86 2220.30 2918.08 3323.21 3323.60 3451.30 4121.93 4121.93 4121.93 4121.93

5 5 3 5 7 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 5 7 7

7 7 5 5 7 7 3 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 7

2.44∙101 2.62∙101 1.36∙101 6.48 2.22 1.58 3.49 6.57∙10–1 8.62∙10–1 1.15 5.41∙10–1 3.68∙10–1 2.10 2.36 2.63∙10–1

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

4121.93 4472.15 4472.86 4784.20 4940.37 6148.91 6148.91 6148.91 6285.51 6571.12 6717.65 7030.27 7032.03 7032.33 7159.55 7160.16 7165.11 7168.46 7170.45 7176.02 7228.46 7638.62 7638.62 7638.62 8655.83 9121.00 9226.43 9226.43 9226.43 9226.43 9226.43 9446.36 9659.49

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

K21599_S10.indb 101

gi

gk

A 108 s–1

3 3 5 7 5 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 1 5 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 3 3

5 3 3 5 7 7 5 9 3 5 7 5 3 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 7 5 3 3 1 9 7 5 7 5 5 5

1.98 5.44∙10–1 9.07∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 1.88 1.96∙10–1 1.85∙10–1 2.20∙10–1 3.30∙10–1 1.14∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 3.97∙10–1 3.97∙10–1 3.97∙10–1 1.19∙10–1 1.59∙10–1 1.19∙10–1 4.75∙10–1 3.56∙10–1 1.97∙10–1 1.39∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 9.5∙10–2 6.4∙10–2 3.23∙10–1 4.37∙10–1 3.88∙10–1 3.67∙10–1 4.87∙10–2 6.8∙10–2 2.08∙10–1 6.3∙10–2

8446.6 8638.7

4 6

4 1.2∙10–1 4 9.7∙10–2

Br II 4704.9 4785.5 4816.7

5 5 5

7 1.1 5 9.4∙10–1 3 1.1

Cd I 2288.0 2836.9 2880.8 2881.2 2980.6 2981.4 3261.1 3403.7 3466.2 3467.7 3610.5 3612.9 4140.5 4662.4 4678.1 4799.9 5085.8 6438.5

1 1 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 3

3 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5

5.3 2.8∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 5.9∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 4.06∙10–3 7.7∙10–1 1.2 6.7∙10–1 1.3 3.5∙10–1 4.7∙10–2 5.5∙10–2 1.3∙10–1 4.1∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 5.9∙10–1

Cd II 2144.4 2265.0 2572.9 2748.5 4415.6

2 2 2 4 4

4 2 2 2 6

2.8 3.0 1.7 2.8 1.4∙10–2

4 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 6 2 2

4 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 8 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 2

1.2 1.4 2.0∙10–1 2.1∙10–2 8.1∙10–2 7.5∙10–3 4.2∙10–3 7.5∙10–3 9.3∙10–3 1.3∙10–2 2.8∙10–3 7.2∙10–3 1.6∙10–2 5.4∙10–3 2.6∙10–3 3.1∙10–3 7.6∙10–3 1.2∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 5.3∙10–2 1.9∙10–1 3.8∙10–2 2.2∙10–1

Calcium 5 5 3 5 7 5 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3

5 7 5 7 9 7 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5

7.5∙10–1 2.23∙10–1 2.97∙10–1 3.55∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 9.0∙10–1 2.18 4.34∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 4.66∙10–1 1.36 1.99 7.4∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 4.98∙10–1 6.7∙10–1 3.42∙10–1 8.7∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 4.1∙10–1 1.76∙10–1

Bromine Br I 1488.5 1540.7 1574.8 1576.4 1633.4 4365.1 4425.1 4441.7 4472.6 4477.7 4513.4 4525.6 4575.7 4614.6 4979.8 5245.1 5345.4 7348.5 7513.0 7803.0 7938.7 8131.5 8343.7

Weights

λ Å

Cadmium

Ca I 3006.9 3361.9 3630.8 3644.4 4098.5 4108.5 4226.7 4283.0 4289.4 4299.0 4302.5 4307.7 4318.7 4355.1 4425.4 4435.0 4435.7 4454.8 4455.9 4526.9 4578.6

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

4581.4 4585.9 4878.1 5041.6 5188.9 5261.7 5262.2 5264.2 5265.6 5270.3 5582.0 5588.8 5590.1 5594.5 5598.5 5601.3 5602.9 5857.5 6102.7 6122.2 6162.2 6169.1 6169.6 6439.1 6449.8 6462.6 6471.7 6493.8 6499.7

5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 1 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 7 3 5

7 9 7 3 5 3 1 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 9 5 7 7 5 5

2.09∙10–1 2.29∙10–1 1.88∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 9.1∙10–2 4.4∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 6.0∙10–2 4.9∙10–1 8.3∙10–2 3.8∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 8.6∙10–2 1.4∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 9.6∙10–2 2.87∙10–1 3.54∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 5.3∙10–1 9.0∙10–2 4.7∙10–1 5.9∙10–2 4.4∙10–1 8.1∙10–2

Ca II 1341.9 1342.5 1649.9 1652.0 1673.9 1680.1 1680.1 1807.3 1814.5 1814.7 1843.1 1850.7 2103.2 2112.8 2113.2 2197.8 2208.6 3158.9 3179.3 3181.3 3706.0 3736.9 3933.7 3968.5

2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2

4 2 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 2

1.5∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 3.2∙10–3 3.1∙10–3 2.24∙10–1 2.65∙10–1 4.41∙10–2 3.54∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 7.0∙10–2 1.6∙10–1 3.08∙10–1 8.2∙10–1 9.7∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 3.1 3.6 5.8∙10–1 8.8∙10–1 1.7 1.47 1.4

Ca III 357.97 439.69 490.55

1 1 1

3 8.8∙102 3 1.9∙10–1 3 1.6∙10–2

gk

108 s–1

Atomic

λ Å

10-101

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-102

Atomic

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

Ca V 558.60 637.93 643.12 646.57 647.88 651.55 656.76

5 5 3 5 3 1 3

3 3 1 5 3 3 5

2.2∙101 3.9 9.1 6.9 2.3 2.9 2.1

Ca VII 550.20 624.39 630.54 630.79 639.15 640.41

5 1 3 3 5 5

5 3 5 3 7 5

1.8∙101 3.3 4.5 2.2 5.7 1.3

Ca VIII 182.71 184.16

2 4

2 1.6∙102 2 3.2∙102

Ca IX 163.23 371.89 373.81 378.08 395.03 466.24 498.01 506.18 515.57

5 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 5

3 3 5 7 5 3 5 5 3

3.76∙102 8.8∙101 1.16∙102 1.5∙102 2.2∙102 1.12∙102 2.49∙101 7.2∙101 3.75∙101

Ca X 110.96 111.20 151.84 153.02 206.57 206.75 207.39 411.70 419.75 420.47 557.76 574.01

2 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2

4 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2

2.9∙102 2.92∙102 2.3∙102 4.5∙102 2.9∙101 2.6∙102 2.8∙102 8.3∙101 9.5∙101 1.6∙101 3.50∙101 3.2∙101

Ca XI 30.448 30.867 35.212

1 1 1

3 6.2∙103 3 4.9∙104 3 2.0∙103

Ca XII 140.05 147.27

4 2

2 3.7∙102 2 1.6∙102

Ca XV 141.69 *142.23 161.00

5 9 5

3 4.08∙102 3 6.3∙102 5 1.9∙102

K21599_S10.indb 102

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

Ca XVII 19.558 21.198 192.82 218.82 223.02 228.72 232.83 244.06

1 3 1 3 1 3 5 5

3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3

3.8∙104 4.9∙104 1.21∙102 2.76∙101 3.44∙101 2.37∙101 6.5∙101 3.28∙101

Ca XVIII *18.71 *19.74 302.19 344.76

2 6 2 2

6 10 4 2

2.31∙104 7.0∙104 2.0∙101 1.3∙101

1 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 1 1 3 3 5 1 1 3 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 1 1 3 5 3 3 5 5 1 3 1 3 5 5 3

3 1 3 3 3 5 5 7 7 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 7 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 7 3 1 3 3 3 5 3

1.74∙10–2 1.10∙10–1 3.50∙10–2 3.60∙10–2 3.96∙10–2 8.49∙10–2 6.71∙10–2 3.38∙10–2 1.06∙10–1 9.04∙10–2 2.03∙10–2 2.73∙10–2 7.25∙10–2 3.58∙10–2 2.37∙10–2 1.83∙10–2 1.55∙10–1 4.96∙10–2 5.80∙10–2 4.79∙10–2 1.02∙10–1 1.61∙10–1 3.98∙10–2 1.82∙10–2 1.70∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 3.46∙10–2 4.86∙10–2 1.19∙10–1 6.41∙10–2 7.29∙10–2 2.22∙10–2 4.84∙10–2 4.13∙10–2 2.31∙10–1 1.70∙10–2 7.31∙10–2 8.98∙10–2 1.60∙10–1 6.24∙10–2

Carbon CI 1121.52 1121.64 1121.66 1121.92 1122.00 1122.00 1122.10 1122.18 1122.33 1122.45 1122.52 1122.65 1122.79 1123.11 1128.07 1128.17 1128.25 1128.28 1128.63 1128.69 1128.75 1128.82 1128.90 1129.03 1129.13 1129.20 1129.32 1129.40 1129.42 1129.59 1129.62 1129.87 1129.92 1138.38 1138.56 1138.56 1138.60 1138.95 1139.09 1139.30

λ Å 1139.43 1139.51 1139.65 1139.77 1139.79 1139.81 1139.86 1140.01 1140.01 1140.12 1140.32 1140.36 1140.57 1140.64 1155.81 1155.98 1156.03 1156.20 1156.39 1156.56 1157.33 1157.41 1157.77 1157.77 1157.91 1158.02 1158.03 1158.13 1158.13 1158.32 1158.40 1158.54 1158.67 1158.73 1158.91 1158.97 1188.83 1188.99 1189.07 1189.25 1189.45 1189.63 1191.84 1192.22 1192.83 1193.01 1193.03 1193.24 1193.26 1193.39 1193.65 1193.68 1194.00 1194.06 1194.23 1194.30 1194.41 1194.49 1194.61 1260.74

Weights gi 5 3 5 3 1 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 3 1 5 3 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 3 5 5 1

gk

A 108 s–1

7 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 7 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 3 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 7 3 3 5 3 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 1 7 3 3

4.31∙10–2 2.72∙10–1 2.26∙10–2 4.63∙10–2 2.11∙10–1 2.96∙10–1 1.30∙10–2 9.45∙10–2 6.10∙10–2 1.84∙10–1 1.15∙10–1 6.39∙10–2 4.17∙10–2 6.29∙10–2 8.21∙10–2 3.74∙10–1 1.14∙10–1 2.39∙10–2 1.51∙10–1 2.69∙10–1 3.99∙10–2 7.50∙10–2 2.50∙10–2 2.62∙10–1 3.52∙10–1 5.57∙10–1 3.10∙10–1 1.98∙10–1 2.58∙10–1 1.09∙10–1 8.20∙10–2 3.36∙10–2 2.19∙10–1 5.11∙10–2 8.37∙10–2 7.22∙10–2 1.95∙10–1 7.18∙10–1 2.01∙10–1 1.09∙10–1 2.96∙10–1 5.28∙10–1 2.91∙10–2 2.15∙10–2 2.19∙10–2 7.91∙10–1 6.39∙10–1 1.11 4.29∙10–1 3.46∙10–1 2.25∙10–2 2.54∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 2.98∙10–1 8.34∙10–2 4.10∙10–2 4.40∙10–1 6.77∙10–2 1.77∙10–1 5.70∙10–1

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

1260.93 1261.00 1261.12 1261.43 1261.55 1274.11 1276.48 1276.75 1277.19 1277.25 1277.28 1277.51 1277.55 1277.72 1277.95 1279.89 1280.14 1280.33 1280.40 1280.60 1280.85 1328.83 1329.09 1329.10 1329.12 1329.58 1329.60 1459.03 1463.34 1467.40 1470.09 1472.23 1481.76 1560.31 1560.68 1560.71 1561.34 1561.37 1561.44 1656.27 1656.93 1657.01 1657.38 1657.91 1658.12 1751.83 1763.91 1930.90 2478.56

3 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 1 5 1

1 3 5 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3

1.81 4.68∙10–1 4.00∙10–1 7.51∙10–1 1.34 1.20∙10–2 5.04∙10–2 9.38∙10–2 1.81∙10–2 1.26 1.70 9.24∙10–1 2.28 6.30∙10–1 5.94∙10–2 3.43∙10–1 3.55∙10–1 6.38∙10–1 1.87∙10–1 8.82∙10–1 3.62∙10–1 7.31∙10–1 2.22 5.39∙10–1 5.55∙10–1 1.64 9.19∙10–1 5.45∙10–1 1.79 5.49∙10–1 1.41∙10–2 7.79∙10–3 3.45∙10–1 6.54∙10–1 8.82∙10–1 4.89∙10–1 2.93∙10–1 3.25∙10–2 1.17 8.72∙10–1 1.16 2.61 8.66∙10–1 3.47 1.44 8.38∙10–1 2.44∙10–2 3.39 2.80∙10–1

C II 687.053 687.345 687.352 806.384 806.533 806.568 806.677 806.687 806.830

2 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4

4 6 4 6 4 6 4 2 2

2.35∙101 2.82∙101 4.70 2.53 3.51 5.89 1.12 1.40 7.01

K21599_S10.indb 103

λ Å 806.861 858.092 858.559 903.623 903.962 904.142 904.480 1009.86 1010.08 1010.37 1036.34 1037.02 1065.89 1065.92 1066.13 1126.99 1127.13 1127.27 1127.41 1127.63 1323.86 1323.91 1323.95 1324.00 1334.53 1335.66 1335.71 1384.00 1384.36 1490.38 1720.46 1721.01 1721.68 1722.24 1760.40 1760.47 1760.82 1915.32 1916.01 2323.50 2324.69 2325.40 2326.93 2328.12 2509.13 2511.74 2512.06 2836.71 2837.60 3183.50 3187.70 3922.08 4309.31 4309.58 4312.80 4735.46 4737.97 4744.77 4747.28 6578.05

Weights gi 6 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 2 6 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 4 2

gk

A 108 s–1

4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4

3.79 1.49 2.93 6.78 2.70∙101 3.39∙101 1.36∙101 5.65 1.13∙101 1.69∙101 7.38 1.46∙101 1.30∙101 1.44 1.45∙101 1.01∙10–6 5.55∙10–7 1.91∙10–7 9.06∙10–8 1.78∙10–6 4.94∙10–1 4.38 4.55 3.27∙10–1 2.41 4.76∙10–1 2.88 4.07∙10–1 3.88∙10–1 2.02∙10–6 8.65∙10–1 3.46 4.33 1.72 3.68∙10–1 4.08∙10–2 4.09∙10–1 9.36∙10–2 9.50∙10–2 1.40∙10–8 5.99∙10–7 4.43∙10–7 8.49∙10–8 6.78∙10–7 4.71∙10–1 9.27∙10–2 5.61∙10–1 3.30∙10–1 3.29∙10–1 2.40∙10–7 8.09∙10–7 1.44∙10–7 3.92∙10–3 3.52∙10–2 3.92∙10–2 9.05∙10–5 5.47∙10–4 5.98∙10–4 2.33∙10–4 3.67∙10–1

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

6582.88 7231.33 7236.42 7237.17

2 2 4 4

2 4 6 4

3.66∙10–1 3.49∙10–1 4.18∙10–1 6.96∙10–2

C III 310.170 386.203 459.466 459.514 459.627 574.281 977.020 1174.93 1175.26 1175.59 1175.71 1175.99 1176.37 1247.38 2296.87 2849.05 3703.70 4325.56 4647.42 4650.25 4651.02 4651.47 4652.05 4659.06 4663.64 4665.86 4673.95 5244.66 5253.58 5272.52 5695.92 5858.34 5863.25 5871.68 5880.56 5894.07 6727.48 6731.04 6742.15 6744.39 6762.17 6773.39 6851.18 6853.68 6857.24 6862.69 6868.78 6872.04 6881.10 7353.88 7707.43 7771.76 7780.41 7796.00

1 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 7 7 5 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 1 5 3 3 3 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1 3 5

6.56 3.46∙101 5.91∙101 7.97∙101 1.06∙102 6.24∙101 1.767∙101 3.293 4.385 3.287 9.856 1.313∙101 5.468 2.082∙101 1.376 1.95∙10–1 5.90∙10–1 1.24∙10–1 7.26∙10–1 7.25∙10–1 2.28∙10–1 7.24∙10–1 3.04∙10–1 2.27∙10–1 9.05∙10–1 6.78∙10–1 3.75∙10–1 5.30∙10–2 1.58∙10–1 2.61∙10–1 4.27∙10–1 1.34∙10–1 3.35∙10–2 1.00∙10–1 1.99∙10–2 1.11∙10–1 1.12∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 8.32∙10–2 1.99∙10–1 4.95∙10–2 5.47∙10–3 7.60∙10–3 5.64∙10–3 3.79∙10–2 3.51∙10–2 1.26∙10–2 4.46∙10–2 7.80∙10–3 3.09∙10–2 1.30∙10–1 1.77∙10–1 1.76∙10–1 1.75∙10–1

Atomic

λ Å

10-103

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-104

Atomic

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

8500.32 9593.32 9651.47 9696.48 9696.54 9699.57 9701.10 9705.41 9706.44 9715.09 9717.75 9718.79

1 3 5 5 3 7 1 3 3 5 5 5

3 3 5 7 5 9 3 5 3 7 5 3

1.01∙10–1 5.32∙10–3 1.57∙10–2 7.53∙10–3 7.12∙10–3 8.47∙10–3 4.40∙10–2 5.93∙10–2 3.29∙10–2 7.88∙10–2 1.97∙10–2 2.19∙10–3

C IV *312.43 *384.13 1548.19 1550.77 5801.31 5811.97

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

4.63∙101 1.76∙102 2.65 2.64 3.17∙10–1 3.16∙10–1

CV 34.9728 40.2678 *227.19 247.315 *248.71 *260.19 267.267 *2273.9 3526.66 8420.72 *8433.2 8448.12 8449.19

1 1 3 1 9 9 3 3 1 3 3 3 3

3 3 9 3 15 3 5 9 3 5 9 1 3

2.554∙10 8.873∙103 1.363∙102 1.278∙102 4.247∙102 6.680∙101 3.947∙102 5.646∙10–1 1.663∙10–1 6.898∙10–2 6.868∙10–2 6.832∙10–2 6.829∙10–2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4

7.6∙10–6 7.9∙10–6 8.5∙10–6 9.4∙10–6 1.19∙10–5 1.49∙10–5 1.7∙10–5 1.07∙10–7 2.0∙10–5 1.43∙10–7 2.5∙10–5 1.97∙10–7 2.8∙10–5 2.63∙10–7 3.45∙10–5 3.7∙10–7 4.25∙10–5 7.0∙10–7 5.6∙10–5 9.8∙10–7 1.0∙10–4

3

Cesium Cs I 3203.5 3205.3 3207.5 3210.0 3212.8 3216.2 3220.1 3220.2 3224.8 3225.0 3230.5 3230.7 3237.4 3237.6 3245.9 3246.2 3256.7 3257.1 3270.5 3271.0 3288.6

K21599_S10.indb 104

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

3289.3 3313.1 3314.0 3347.5 3348.8 3397.9 3400.0 3476.8 3480.0 3611.4 3617.3 3876.1 3888.6 4555.3 4593.2 8521.1 8943.5

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

2.7∙10–6 1.6∙10–4 5.2∙10–6 2.2∙10–4 1.1∙10–5 4.0∙10–4 2.4∙10–5 6.6∙10–4 6.6∙10–5 1.5∙10–3 2.5∙10–4 3.8∙10–3 9.7∙10–4 1.88∙10–2 8.0∙10–3 3.276∙10–1 2.87∙10–1

Cl I 1188.8 1188.8 1201.4 1335.7 1347.2 1351.7 1363.4 4323.3 4363.3 4379.9 4389.8 4526.2 4601.0 4661.2 7256.6 7414.1 7547.1 7717.6 7745.0 7769.2 7821.4 7830.8 7878.2 7899.3 7924.6 7935.0 7997.9

4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 2 6 6 4 6 4 2 6 4

6 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 8 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 8 4

2.33 2.71∙10–1 2.39 1.74 4.19 3.23 7.5∙10–1 1.1∙10–2 6.8∙10–3 1.4∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 5.1∙10–2 4.2∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 1.5∙10–1 4.7∙10–2 1.2∙10–1 3.0∙10–2 6.3∙10–2 6.0∙10–2 9.8∙10–2 9.7∙10–2 1.8∙10–2 5.1∙10–2 2.1∙10–2 3.9∙10–2 2.1∙10–2

Cl II 3329.1 3522.1 3798.8 3805.2 3809.5 3851.0 3851.4 3854.7 3861.9 3868.6

5 7 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 7

7 7 7 9 5 7 5 5 7 9

1.5 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.5 1.8 1.6 2.2 2.4 2.7

gk

108 s–1

Chlorine

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

3913.9 3990.2 4132.5 4276.5 4768.7 4781.3 4794.6 4810.1 4819.5 4904.8 4917.7 5078.3 5219.1 5392.1

9 5 5 9 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7 3 5

9 7 5 7 5 7 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 7

Cl III 2298.5 2340.6 2370.4 2531.8 2532.5 2577.1 2580.7 2601.2 2603.6 2609.5 2617.0 2661.6 2665.5 2691.5 2710.4 3340.4 3392.9 3393.5 3530.0 3560.7 3602.1 3612.9 3720.5

4 6 8 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 8 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4

4 6 6 4 6 6 8 4 6 8 10 6 8 4 6 6 4 6 8 6 8 6 6

4.2 4.2 2.8 4.4 5.3 4.3 4.7 4.6 5.0 5.7 6.6 3.4 4.8 3.5 3.5 1.5 1.9 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.2 1.7

9 5 7 9 9 7 7 5 3 5 5 7 9 3 1 3 9

9 7 5 7 9 7 9 7 5 7 3 5 7 5 3 3 11

1.4 7.5∙10–1 1.1 1.4 6.6∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 3.9∙10–1 7.1∙10–1 8.9∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 2.0 1.6 9.2∙10–1 8.3∙10–1 1.63 1.5 2.91

gk

108 s–1 8.2∙10–1 8.4∙10–1 1.6 7.6∙10–1 7.7∙10–1 1.0 1.04 9.9∙10–1 1.00 8.1∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 7.7∙10–1 8.6∙10–1 1.0

Chromium Cr I 1999.95 2726.50 2769.90 2780.70 2889.22 2893.25 2967.64 2971.10 2975.48 2988.64 2996.57 3000.88 3005.06 3013.72 3015.20 3020.67 3021.58

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

3024.36 3030.25 3037.05 3040.84 3053.87 3148.44 3155.16 3163.76 3237.73 3578.68 3593.48 3605.32 3639.80 3743.89 3757.66 3768.24 3804.80 3963.69 3969.75 3983.90 3991.12 4001.44 4039.10 4048.78 4058.78 4065.71 4165.52 4204.48 4254.33 4263.15 4274.81 4275.98 4280.42 4289.73 4291.97 4297.75 4298.05 4300.52 4301.19 4302.78 4337.25 4373.65 4376.80 4413.86 4422.70 4424.29 4432.77 4490.55 4492.31 4495.28 4500.29 4506.84 4540.72 4564.17 4595.60 4622.47 4665.90 4689.38 4698.46 4708.02

K21599_S10.indb 105

Weights gi 5 7 9 7 9 9 11 13 9 7 7 7 13 13 7 5 9 13 11 7 5 9 15 13 11 9 11 13 7 15 7 11 13 7 7 11 9 9 11 11 5 9 13 7 5 9 15 9 5 9 7 13 11 11 13 7 3 7 9 11

gk 5 7 9 5 7 11 13 15 9 9 7 5 11 13 7 5 9 15 13 9 7 11 15 13 11 11 13 11 9 17 7 11 15 5 5 13 9 7 9 11 7 9 13 5 5 7 15 7 3 7 7 11 11 13 13 7 3 5 7 9

A 108 s–1 1.27 1.1 5.4∙10–1 7.4∙10–1 7.97∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 1.3 1.48 1.50 1.62 1.8 7.61∙10–1 4.13∙10–1 5.10∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 1.3 1.2 1.05 1.07 6.8∙10–1 6.7∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 6.7∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 3.15∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 3.07∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 3.16∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 3.9∙10–1 4.47∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 3.14∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 4.1∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 4.31∙10–1

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

4718.43 4730.69 4737.33 4741.09 4752.07 4756.09 4792.49 4801.02 4816.13 4870.79 4887.01 4922.28 5204.51 5206.02 5208.42 5243.38 5297.37 5297.99 5328.36 5329.17 5783.11 5783.89 5787.97

13 7 9 3 13 11 7 9 9 7 9 11 5 5 5 5 7 7 9 9 3 5 5

11 5 7 5 13 9 5 7 9 9 11 13 3 5 7 3 9 7 11 9 3 5 7

3.4∙10–1 3.83∙10–1 3.38∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 3.06∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 5.09∙10–1 5.14∙10–1 5.06∙10–1 2.19∙10–1 3.88∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 2.25∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 2.02∙10–1 2.35∙10–1

Cr II 2653.57 2658.59 2666.02 2668.71 2671.80 2672.83 2744.97 2787.61 2822.38 2835.63 2840.01 2843.24 2849.83 2851.35 2856.77 2857.40 2860.92 2862.57 2866.72 2867.09 2867.65 2870.43 2873.81 2880.86 2898.53 2921.81 2930.83 2935.12 2953.34 2966.03 2971.90 2979.73 2985.32 2989.18 3118.64

4 2 6 4 6 8 4 6 14 10 10 8 6 8 4 6 2 8 4 4 2 6 4 6 10 8 2 6 2 10 14 12 10 8 2

6 4 8 2 4 6 6 6 16 12 12 10 8 10 6 8 4 8 4 4 2 6 2 4 12 10 4 8 2 8 14 12 10 8 4

3.5∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 5.9∙10–1 1.4 1.0 5.5∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 1.5 2.3 2.0 2.7 6.4∙10–1 9.2∙10–1 2.2 4.3∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 6.3∙10–1 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.3 8.8∙10–1 7.9∙10–1 1.2 9.0∙10–1 1.1 1.8 1.8 5.4∙10–1 2.0 1.8 2.2 2.2 1.7

λ Å 3120.36 3122.59 3128.69 3136.68 4588.22

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

4 12 4 6 8

6 12 4 6 6

1.5 4.4∙10–1 8.1∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 1.2∙10–1

Co I 2407.25 2414.46 2415.29 2424.93 2432.21 2436.66 2439.04 2511.02 2521.36 2528.97 2535.96 3405.12 3409.17 3412.34 3433.05 3443.64 3449.17 3453.51 3462.80 3474.02 3489.40 3495.68 3502.28 3506.32 3512.64 3518.34 3529.82 3569.37 3587.19 3845.47 3894.07 3995.31 4121.32 5146.75 5212.70 5280.63 5352.05 6082.43 6455.00 7838.12 8093.93 8372.79

10 6 4 10 8 6 4 10 10 8 6 10 8 8 4 8 6 10 4 6 8 4 10 8 6 6 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 8 10 10 12 10 8 8 12 10

12 8 6 10 8 6 4 10 8 6 4 10 8 10 4 8 6 12 6 8 6 6 8 6 4 4 10 8 6 10 8 10 10 8 10 8 10 10 10 10 10 10

3.6 3.4 3.6 3.2 2.6 2.6 2.7 9.2∙10–1 3.0 2.8 1.9 1.0 4.2∙10–1 6.1∙10–1 1.0 6.9∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 1.1 7.9∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 1.3 4.9∙10–1 8.0∙10–1 8.2∙10–1 1.0 1.6 4.6∙10–1 1.6 1.4 4.6∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 5.4∙10–2 9.0∙10–2 5.4∙10–2 2.0∙10–1 8.7∙10–2

Co II 2286.15 2307.85 2311.61 2314.05 2314.97 2330.36 2344.28

11 9 7 5 3 5 3

13 11 9 7 5 3 3

3.3 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.7 1.32 1.5

Atomic

λ Å

10-105

Cobalt

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-106

Atomic

λ Å 2353.41 2363.80 2378.62 2383.45 2388.92 2389.54 2404.17 2417.66

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

7 9 11 9 11 5 3 9

7 9 9 7 11 3 3 9

1.9 2.1 1.9 1.8 2.8 1.5 1.5 8.5∙10–1

Cu I *2024.3 2165.1 2178.9 2181.7 2225.7 2244.3 2441.6 2492.2 2618.4 2766.4 2824.4 2961.2 3063.4 3194.1 3247.5 3274.0 3337.8 4022.6 4062.6 4249.0 4275.1 4480.4 4509.4 4530.8 4539.7 4587.0 4651.1 4704.6 5105.5 5153.2 5218.2 5220.1 5292.5 5700.2 5782.1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 2 6 2 4 4 6 8 10 8 6 2 4 4 8 4 4

6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 8 4 4 4 2 8 4 6 2 8 2 2 2 4 6 8 8 4 4 6 4 8 4 2

9.8∙10–2 5.1∙10–1 9.13∙10–1 1.0 4.6∙10–1 1.19∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 3.11∙10–2 3.07∙10–1 9.6∙10–2 7.8∙10–2 3.76∙10–2 1.55∙10–2 1.55∙10–2 1.39 1.37 3.8∙10–3 1.90∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 1.95∙10–1 3.45∙10–1 3.0∙10–2 2.75∙10–1 8.4∙10–2 2.12∙10–1 3.20∙10–1 3.80∙10–1 5.5∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 6.0∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 1.09∙10–1 2.4∙10–3 1.65∙10–2

Cu II 2489.7 2544.8 2689.3 2701.0 2703.2 2713.5 2769.7

5 9 7 5 3 5 7

5 7 7 5 3 5 7

1.5∙10–2 1.1 4.1∙10–1 6.7∙10–1 1.2 6.8∙10–1 6.1∙10–1

Copper

Dysprosium Dy I 2862.7

K21599_S10.indb 106

17

15 6.5∙10–2

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

2964.6 3147.7 3263.2 3511.0 3571.4 3757.1 3868.8 3967.5 4046.0 4103.9 4186.8 4194.8 4211.7 4218.1 4221.1 4225.2 4268.3 4276.7 4292.0 4577.8 4589.4 4612.3 5077.7 5301.6 5547.3 5639.5 5974.5 5988.6 6010.8 6088.3 6168.4 6259.1 6579.4

17 15 15 15 15 17 17 17 17 13 17 17 17 15 15 13 15 13 15 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 15 15 15 17 17

17 17 13 13 13 19 17 19 15 11 17 17 19 15 17 15 15 13 15 19 15 15 17 15 17 19 17 15 15 13 17 19 15

13 13 13

13 2.5 15 2.6 11 1.8

gk

108 s–1 6.5∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 3.0 3.1 8.7∙10–1 1.5 1.7 1.32 7.2∙10–1 2.08 1.85 1.52 4.5 3.6∙10–2 7.3∙10–1 5.8∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 1.3∙10–1 8.2∙10–2 5.7∙10–3 1.1∙10–2 2.7∙10–3 4.7∙10–3 4.0∙10–3 5.3∙10–3 2.6∙10–2 3.5∙10–2 2.5∙10–2 8.5∙10–3 7.5∙10–3

Erbium Er I 3862.9 4008.0 4151.1 Europium Eu I 2372.9 2375.3 2379.7 2710.0 2724.0 2892.5 2893.0 2909.0 3106.2 3111.4 3168.3 3210.6 3212.8 3213.8 3334.3 4594.0 4627.2

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

6 8 10 10 8 8 6 10 10 10 10 8 8 6 6 10 8

1.9∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 6.9∙10–2 5.5∙10–2 3.0∙10–1 6.9∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 1.4 1.3

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

4661.9 5765.2 6018.2 6864.5

8 8 8 8

6 8 10 10

1.3 1.1∙10–2 8.5∙10–3 5.8∙10–3

4 2 4 4 2 2 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2

6 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 2 6 4 2 4 2 8 2 6 4 6 2 4 2 2 6 4 4 6 4

3.3 2.8 2.6 5.77 5.1 1.3 2.5∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.4∙10–2 1.0∙10–1 5.2∙10–2 2.1∙10–1 4.94∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 3.9∙10–1 4.8∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 2.85∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 5.6∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 5.2∙10–2 7.8∙10–2 1.0∙10–1 7.0∙10–2 3.82∙10–1 2.1∙10–1

2 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4

2 2 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 2 2 4 6 2 2

1.9∙10–2 3.3∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 4.3∙10–2 3.1∙10–2 3.1∙10–2 7.0∙10–2 5.8∙10–2 9.8∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 1.0∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 2.3∙10–1

gk

108 s–1

Fluorine FI 806.96 809.60 951.87 954.83 955.55 958.52 6239.7 6348.5 6413.7 6708.3 6774.0 6795.5 6834.3 6856.0 6870.2 6902.5 6909.8 6966.4 7037.5 7127.9 7309.0 7311.0 7314.3 7332.0 7398.7 7425.7 7482.7 7489.2 7514.9 7552.2 7573.4 7607.2 7754.7 7800.2 Gallium Ga I 2195.4 2199.7 2214.4 2235.9 2255.0 2259.2 2294.2 2297.9 2338.2 2371.3 2418.7 2450.1 2500.2 2659.9 2719.7

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities A

gi

2874.2 2943.6 2944.2 4033.0 4172.0

2 4 4 2 4

4 6 4 2 2

Ga II 829.60 1414.4

1 1

3 2.2∙10–1 3 1.88∙101

gk

108 s–1 1.2 1.4 2.7∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 9.2∙10–1

A

gi

6484.2

4

2 8.5∙10–1

2 2 6 4

4 2 4 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 9 9 9 9 1 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 9 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 9 9 3 3 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 15 3 15 3 3 15 3 15 3 15 5 1 3 5 1 9 5 1 3 5 1 15 3 5 1 5 1

gk

108 s–1

Gold Au I 2427.95 2675.95 3122.78 6278.30

1.99 1.64 1.90∙10–1 3.4∙10–2

Helium

Germanium Ge I 1944.7 1955.1 1988.3 1998.9 2041.7 2065.2 2068.7 2086.0 2094.3 2105.8 2256.0 2417.4 2498.0 2533.2 2589.2 2592.5 2651.2 2651.6 2691.3 2709.6 2754.6 3039.1 3124.8 3269.5 4226.6 4685.8

3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 1

1 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 3

7.0∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 1.1 8.5∙10–1 1.2 4.0∙10–1 9.7∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 3.2∙10–2 9.6∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 5.1∙10–2 7.1∙10–1 2.0 8.5∙10–1 6.1∙10–1 2.8 1.1 2.8 3.1∙10–2 2.9∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 9.5∙10–2

Ge II 999.10 1016.6 1017.1 1055.0 1075.1 1237.1 1261.9 1264.7 1602.5 1649.2 4741.8 4814.6 4824.1 5131.8 5178.5 5178.6 5893.4 6021.0 6336.4

2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2

4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 6 8 4 2 2

1.9 2.1 3.5∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 1.3 1.9∙101 2.2∙101 3.5 3.4 6.5 4.6∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 8.6∙10–2 1.9 1.3∙10–1 2.0 9.2∙10–1 8.4∙10–1 4.4∙10–1

K21599_S10.indb 107

Weights

λ Å

He I 507.058 507.718 508.643 509.998 512.099 515.617 522.213 537.030 584.334 *2677.13 *2696.12 *2723.19 *2763.80 *2829.08 *2945.10 *3187.74 3231.270 3258.273 3296.773 3354.555 3447.589 *3554.42 *3562.99 *3587.28 *3599.32 3613.642 *3634.25 *3652.00 *3705.02 *3732.88 *3819.62 3833.549 3838.100 *3867.49 3871.786 3878.177 *3888.64 3926.544 3935.945 3964.729 4009.256 4023.980 *4026.21 *4120.84 4143.759 4168.971 4387.929 4437.553

1.5929∙10–1 2.1826∙10–1 3.1031∙10–1 4.6224∙10–1 7.3174∙10–1 1.2582 2.4356 5.6634 1.7989∙101 4.4174∙10–3 6.0234∙10–3 8.4996∙10–3 1.2508∙10–2 1.9389∙10–2 3.2006∙10–2 5.6361∙10–2 5.1015∙10–3 6.9627∙10–3 9.8432∙10–3 1.4537∙10–2 2.2691∙10–2 7.5971∙10–3 4.8363∙10–3 1.8107∙10–2 6.7245∙10–3 3.8022∙10–2 2.6062∙10–2 9.7444∙10–3 3.9528∙10–2 1.4895∙10–2 6.4351∙10–2 9.6470∙10–3 3.7425∙10–3 2.4466∙10–2 1.3386∙10–2 5.1753∙10–3 9.4746∙10–2 1.9371∙10–2 7.4475∙10–3 6.9507∙10–2 2.9612∙10–2 1.1281∙10–2 1.1600∙10–1 4.4529∙10–2 4.8812∙10–2 1.8298∙10–2 8.9889∙10–2 3.2689∙10–2

Weights

λ Å

gi

*4471.50 *4713.17 4921.931 5015.678 5047.738 *5875.66 6678.152 *7065.25 7281.350 *7298.04 *7499.85 *7816.14 8094.115 8265.701 *8361.73 8518.036 *8582.64 *8632.74 *8776.74 *8849.18 8914.772 8999.736 *9063.32 9085.421 9111.026 *9174.52 *9210.34 9303.163 9340.143 *9463.58 *9516.60 9603.441 9625.697 9682.388 *9702.65 10138.424 10233.102 *10311.27 *10667.71 *10830.17 *10913.00 *10996.65 11013.072 11044.983 11225.937 *10969.11 *12527.48 12755.688 *12846.01 12968.430 *12984.88 13411.683

9 9 3 1 3 9 3 9 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 1 9 9 9 9 1 5 9 3 3 9 15 3 3 3 9 1 3 3 9 3 3 9 9 3 15 15 1 3 3 9 3 5 9 3 15 3

15 3 5 3 1 15 5 3 1 9 9 9 3 3 9 3 15 3 15 3 3 7 15 5 1 3 21 5 1 9 15 3 5 1 3 5 1 15 3 9 21 9 3 5 1 15 9 3 3 5 9 1

2 4 2 4

4 6 4 6

gk

A 108 s–1 2.4578∙10–1 9.5209∙10–2 1.9863∙10–1 1.3372∙10–1 6.7712∙10–2 7.0703∙10–1 6.3705∙10–1 2.7853∙10–1 1.8299∙10–1 1.2913∙10–3 1.7942∙10–3 2.5748∙10–3 1.3791∙10–3 1.8722∙10–3 3.8126∙10–3 2.6252∙10–3 4.1927∙10–3 2.7471∙10–3 5.7758∙10–3 3.8377∙10–3 3.8260∙10–3 2.8406∙10–3 8.2702∙10–3 3.6807∙10–3 2.2000∙10–3 5.5996∙10–3 4.7381∙10–3 5.1030∙10–3 3.0562∙10–3 5.6868∙10–3 1.2439∙10–2 5.8286∙10–3 7.3744∙10–3 4.4271∙10–3 8.6511∙10–3 1.1248∙10–2 6.7731∙10–3 1.9945∙10–2 1.4471∙10–2 1.0216∙10–1 1.9801∙10–2 1.4253∙10–3 9.2496∙10–3 1.8457∙10–2 1.1168∙10–2 3.4781∙10–2 7.0932∙10–3 1.2754∙10–3 2.7317∙10–2 3.3615∙10–2 2.7292∙10–3 2.0572∙10–2

Atomic

Weights

λ Å

10-107

Indium In I 2560.2 2710.3 3039.4 3256.1

4.0∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 1.3 1.3

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-108 Weights

A

Atomic

λ Å

gi

4101.8 4511.3

2 4

2 5.6∙10–1 2 1.02

In II 2941.1

3

1 1.4

4 4

4 2.71 6 1.6∙10–1

gk

108 s–1

Iodine II 1782.8 1830.4 Iridium Ir I 2475.12 2502.98 2639.71 2661.98 2664.79 2694.23 2849.72 2924.79 2934.64 3220.78 3573.72 3661.71 4033.76 4069.92 4913.35

10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 8 6 12

10 12 10 10 8 12 10 12 10 8 10 10 10 8 12

2.1∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 4.8∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 1.42∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 5.4∙10–2 4.0∙10–2 2.7∙10–2 3.6∙10–2 3.3∙10–2

9 5 3 1 9 13 11 11 9 9 11 7 7 5 9 3 3 7 1 5 3 9 9 9 9 7 7

7 5 3 3 9 13 11 11 9 9 11 7 7 5 11 3 3 9 3 7 5 9 11 7 11 9 9

2.7 1.2 1.2 8.9∙10–1 3.09∙10–1 3.46 3.12 4.81∙10–1 5.85∙10–1 4.35∙10–1 2.40∙10–1 1.30 6.13∙10–1 1.74 4.80 2.26 6.40∙10–1 4.20 2.31 3.44 2.91 3.25∙10–1 2.15∙10–1 6.75∙10–1 2.56∙10–1 2.04∙10–1 1.93∙10–1

Iron Fe I 2166.77 2191.84 2196.04 2200.39 2298.17 2439.74 2442.57 2457.60 2462.65 2465.15 2468.88 2472.89 2474.81 2479.78 2483.27 2484.19 2487.07 2488.14 2489.75 2490.64 2491.16 2491.99 2496.53 2501.13 2505.01 2506.57 2507.90

K21599_S10.indb 108

λ Å 2510.83 2518.10 2522.85 2524.29 2527.27 2527.44 2529.14 2529.31 2533.14 2535.61 2537.17 2540.97 2542.10 2543.92 2545.98 2549.61 2584.54 2606.83 2609.22 2623.53 2635.81 2656.15 2669.49 2679.06 2706.01 2706.58 2708.57 2719.03 2719.06 2719.42 2720.90 2723.58 2728.82 2733.58 2735.48 2737.31 2737.64 2742.25 2742.41 2750.14 2762.03 2767.52 2769.30 2788.10 2789.80 2804.86 2806.98 2813.29 2825.56 2832.44 2843.98 2851.80 2894.50 2899.41 2901.91 2907.52 2918.02 2923.29 2923.85 2925.36

Weights gi 7 5 9 3 13 7 5 5 11 1 13 3 11 9 5 7 11 9 7 7 5 13 11 11 13 7 9 9 7 11 7 5 9 11 9 3 13 7 5 7 7 9 13 11 11 9 9 9 7 7 5 3 5 5 11 9 13 11 11 7

gk 5 3 9 1 13 7 5 7 11 3 15 5 13 11 7 9 13 11 7 9 7 15 13 11 13 5 9 7 7 11 5 3 9 9 7 3 11 5 5 7 7 9 13 13 9 7 11 11 9 9 7 5 5 3 11 11 13 11 11 9

A 108 s–1 1.29 1.93 2.13 3.23 3.46∙10–1 1.93 9.91∙10–1 4.86 2.07∙10–1 9.59∙10–1 3.70 9.59∙10–1 4.47 4.70 7.16∙10–1 2.31∙10–1 3.15∙10–1 2.43∙10–1 4.60∙10–1 2.13∙10–1 2.11∙10–1 1.63∙10–1 1.34∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 2.28∙10–1 2.69∙10–1 6.49∙10–1 1.42 7.40∙10–1 3.20∙10–1 1.04 5.69∙10–1 2.98∙10–1 7.10∙10–1 5.03∙10–1 7.25∙10–1 1.14∙10–1 3.41∙10–1 4.70∙10–1 2.74∙10–1 1.76∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 1.80∙10–1 5.92∙10–1 2.36∙10–1 2.40∙10–1 1.15∙10–1 3.42∙10–1 1.32∙10–1 2.38∙10–1 3.17∙10–1 3.37∙10–1 4.83∙10–1 4.68∙10–1 1.78∙10–1 1.61∙10–1 1.18 1.39 2.97∙10–1 1.69∙10–1

λ Å 2929.12 2936.90 2947.88 2948.43 2953.49 2959.99 2966.90 2973.24 2980.53 2981.85 2983.57 2990.39 2994.43 2999.51 3000.95 3008.14 3009.57 3011.48 3020.49 3020.64 3021.07 3025.64 3025.84 3030.15 3037.39 3047.60 3057.45 3059.09 3067.00 3067.24 3075.72 3079.99 3083.74 3100.30 3100.67 3125.68 3132.52 3143.99 3156.27 3157.04 3157.89 3160.66 3166.44 3171.35 3175.44 3178.01 3180.22 3181.52 3182.97 3188.82 3192.80 3193.30 3196.12 3196.93 3199.53 3205.40 3210.23 3210.83 3211.99 3214.01

Weights gi 9 9 7 9 7 11 9 7 7 7 9 9 7 11 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 13 1 11 3 5 11 7 11 9 7 9 5 5 7 13 9 9 7 9 5 9 9 9 11 11 7 7 5 3 3 5 11 9 9 3 9 5 11 7

gk 9 9 7 9 7 13 11 9 7 9 7 11 5 11 3 1 9 9 5 9 7 13 3 11 5 7 9 9 13 7 5 11 3 5 7 11 7 9 7 11 7 9 7 7 11 9 9 5 7 5 5 7 9 11 9 3 11 3 9 7

A 108 s–1 1.53 1.40∙10–1 1.83∙10–1 3.32∙10–1 3.64∙10–1 5.02∙10–1 2.72∙10–1 1.83∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 1.86∙10–1 2.79∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 4.39∙10–1 1.70∙10–1 6.42∙10–1 1.07 1.43∙10–1 3.79∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 7.59∙10–1 4.55∙10–1 5.86∙10–1 3.48∙10–1 5.04∙10–1 2.91∙10–1 2.84∙10–1 3.13∙10–1 1.63∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 3.12∙10–1 3.14∙10–1 8.35∙10–2 3.08∙10–1 1.87∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 8.46∙10–2 3.39∙10–1 6.10∙10–1 6.36∙10–1 1.26∙10–1 1.61∙10–1 1.93∙10–1 1.14∙10–1 1.85∙10–1 1.44∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 4.42∙10–1 1.84∙10–1 1.42∙10–1 2.53∙10–1 5.01∙10–1 3.07∙10–1 1.40∙10–1 5.97∙10–1 2.23∙10–1 9.77∙10–1 1.15∙10–1 9.24∙10–1 4.64∙10–1 8.38∙10–1

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

3214.06 3215.94 3217.38 3219.58 3219.80 3222.07 3225.79 3227.80 3228.25 3229.99 3230.21 3230.96 3233.05 3233.97 3239.43 3244.19 3248.20 3253.60 3254.36 3265.62 3271.00 3280.26 3282.89 3286.75 3292.02 3292.59 3305.97 3306.34 3306.35 3307.23 3314.74 3322.47 3323.74 3328.87 3355.23 3369.55 3370.78 3380.11 3392.65 3399.33 3402.26 3404.35 3406.44 3407.46 3410.17 3413.13 3417.84 3418.51 3422.66 3424.28 3425.01 3426.67 3427.12 3428.19 3440.61 3440.99 3445.15 3450.33 3459.91 3469.01

K21599_S10.indb 109

Weights gi 7 5 11 7 9 11 11 9 5 9 5 7 13 9 9 9 7 7 11 7 5 9 3 7 7 3 5 9 3 13 5 9 5 11 9 9 11 7 7 5 13 5 3 7 3 5 3 3 3 7 9 11 7 5 9 7 5 3 5 9

gk 5 5 9 9 7 11 13 7 3 11 5 5 15 9 9 11 7 9 13 5 3 11 5 7 9 3 7 9 5 13 7 11 5 11 9 9 11 7 7 5 13 7 5 9 5 7 3 1 5 7 7 11 9 5 7 5 7 3 3 9

A 108 s–1 1.18 6.19∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 4.64∙10–1 3.61∙10–1 8.65∙10–1 1.18 4.96∙10–1 3.72∙10–1 1.06∙10–1 2.06∙10–1 3.7∙10–1 4.19∙10–1 2.08∙10–1 2.95∙10–1 3.06∙10–1 1.92∙10–1 1.62∙10–1 4.24∙10–1 3.06∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 4.21∙10–1 3.42∙10–1 5.99∙10–1 5.77∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 4.05∙10–1 5.74∙10–1 4.84∙10–1 1.97∙10–1 7.25∙10–1 8.21∙10–2 2.8∙10–1 2.21∙10–1 2.59∙10–1 2.15∙10–1 2.89∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 1.88∙10–1 2.76∙10–1 2.19∙10–1 1.09∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 6.09∙10–1 5.07∙10–1 3.23∙10–1 4.01∙10–1 9.88∙10–1 1.38∙10–1 1.61∙10–1 2.57∙10–1 1.07∙10–1 5.04∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 1.24∙10–1 2.34∙10–1 2.34∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 8.58∙10–2

λ Å 3476.34 3489.67 3495.29 3497.10 3508.47 3526.24 3526.38 3526.47 3526.67 3527.79 3529.82 3530.39 3533.01 3533.20 3536.56 3537.89 3540.12 3541.08 3542.08 3543.67 3545.64 3547.19 3552.83 3553.74 3554.92 3556.88 3558.52 3559.50 3560.70 3565.38 3567.03 3568.82 3570.10 3572.00 3573.39 3573.89 3575.25 3575.37 3576.76 3581.19 3582.20 3584.66 3584.79 3584.96 3585.32 3586.11 3586.98 3587.24 3588.61 3588.92 3589.45 3594.63 3597.02 3599.63 3602.46 3602.53 3603.20 3605.45 3605.50 3606.68

Weights gi 7 11 9 7 9 7 7 5 5 9 3 13 1 3 5 11 7 9 7 3 9 9 5 11 11 9 5 3 7 7 5 7 9 11 5 9 11 5 11 11 13 11 7 11 7 13 5 7 11 5 9 9 5 11 7 7 11 9 13 11

gk 7 13 7 7 11 9 7 5 5 9 3 13 3 5 7 11 9 11 9 5 9 9 5 9 13 11 7 3 9 9 7 9 11 11 7 7 9 5 9 13 11 11 5 9 7 11 5 9 11 3 7 9 3 9 7 5 11 9 11 13

A 108 s–1 2.70∙10–1 7.47∙10–2 9.46∙10–2 9.02∙10–2 6.46∙10–2 1.70∙10–1 4.13∙10–1 1.29∙10–1 5.26∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 7.75∙10–1 4.65∙10–2 8.52∙10–1 8.25∙10–1 9.95∙10–1 8.0∙10–2 9.48∙10–2 8.65∙10–1 9.51∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 2.05∙10–1 7.13∙10–2 1.74∙10–1 1.09 1.40 4.1∙10–1 1.77∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 7.4∙10–2 4.29∙10–1 8.34∙10–2 6.72∙10–2 6.76∙10–1 2.89∙10–1 1.05∙10–1 5.73∙10–1 7.43∙10–2 3.06∙10–1 8.8∙10–2 1.02 2.35∙10–1 3.29∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 6.74∙10–1 1.17∙10–1 7.02∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 7.73∙10–2 1.19∙10–1 2.15∙10–1 1.05∙10–1 3.14∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 2.33∙10–1 1.02∙10–1 2.12∙10–1 2.59∙10–1 4.66∙10–1 2.12∙10–1 8.29∙10–1

λ Å 3608.14 3608.86 3610.16 3612.07 3617.79 3618.39 3618.77 3621.46 3621.72 3622.00 3623.19 3625.14 3630.35 3631.10 3631.46 3632.04 3634.33 3636.22 3637.87 3638.30 3640.39 3645.82 3647.42 3647.84 3649.51 3650.03 3650.28 3651.47 3655.46 3659.52 3667.25 3669.15 3669.52 3670.09 3676.31 3677.31 3677.63 3682.17 3682.24 3684.11 3684.14 3686.00 3687.46 3687.66 3688.46 3689.46 3690.73 3694.01 3695.05 3697.43 3701.09 3703.69 3704.46 3707.92 3709.25 3711.41 3716.44 3719.93 3721.50 3724.38

Weights gi 9 3 13 11 5 9 5 9 11 7 13 11 9 11 7 3 9 5 9 7 9 1 3 9 11 7 11 7 5 9 9 9 9 11 9 5 7 7 5 9 9 9 11 9 7 9 11 5 7 7 7 9 11 7 9 3 9 9 5 5

gk 11 5 13 13 7 9 7 11 9 7 13 9 7 11 9 5 7 7 9 9 11 3 3 11 9 7 11 9 5 9 7 7 7 13 11 7 5 5 5 7 7 11 9 9 9 9 11 7 9 7 9 11 9 5 7 5 7 11 5 7

A 108 s–1 6.22∙10–2 8.13∙10–1 5.90∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 7.09∙10–1 8.88∙10–2 7.22∙10–1 4.45∙10–1 1.07∙10–1 5.14∙10–1 6.68∙10–2 8.15∙10–2 1.04∙10–1 2.15∙10–1 5.17∙10–1 6.74∙10–1 1.05∙10–1 2.20∙10–1 5.9∙10–2 2.36∙10–1 3.57∙10–1 4.87∙10–1 3.38∙10–1 2.91∙10–1 3.94∙10–1 2.26∙10–1 6.15∙10–2 5.83∙10–1 1.18∙10–1 6.31∙10–2 1.3∙10–1 8.03∙10–2 2.34∙10–1 7.20∙10–2 4.63∙10–2 2.28∙10–1 6.08∙10–1 1.04∙10–1 1.5 2.97∙10–1 9.29∙10–2 3.34∙10–1 8.00∙10–2 7.38∙10–2 7.3∙10–2 3.70∙10–1 2.99∙10–1 8.35∙10–1 2.01∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 6.35∙10–1 6.31∙10–2 1.42∙10–1 3.32∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 3.49∙10–1 1.62∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 1.04∙10–1

Atomic

λ Å

10-109

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-110

Atomic

λ Å 3726.93 3727.09 3727.62 3727.81 3730.39 3732.40 3734.86 3735.32 3737.13 3738.31 3740.24 3742.62 3743.36 3743.47 3744.10 3745.56 3746.93 3748.96 3749.49 3753.61 3756.94 3758.23 3759.15 3760.05 3763.79 3765.54 3767.19 3778.51 3785.95 3786.19 3787.16 3787.88 3793.48 3795.00 3797.51 3799.55 3801.98 3805.34 3806.22 3806.70 3807.54 3810.76 3813.88 3815.84 3817.64 3820.43 3821.18 3825.88 3827.82 3834.22 3836.33 3839.26 3840.44 3841.05 3843.26 3846.41 3846.80 3849.97 3859.21 3859.91

K21599_S10.indb 110

Weights gi 5 9 7 7 9 5 11 9 7 11 7 9 5 11 5 5 7 9 9 7 11 7 13 13 5 13 3 7 11 5 5 3 7 5 13 7 11 9 3 11 3 5 13 9 11 11 11 9 7 7 5 9 5 5 9 11 7 3 13 9

gk 5 7 5 5 11 5 11 9 9 13 9 9 3 11 3 7 7 11 9 5 11 7 11 15 5 15 3 5 13 5 5 5 7 7 13 9 13 11 3 11 5 3 11 7 11 9 13 7 5 5 5 9 3 3 7 9 7 1 11 9

A 108 s–1 4.57∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 2.24∙10–1 1.91∙10–1 9.73∙10–2 2.69∙10–1 9.01∙10–1 2.70∙10–1 1.41∙10–1 3.44∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 6.75∙10–2 2.60∙10–1 6.05∙10–1 3.17∙10–1 1.15∙10–1 2.33∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 7.63∙10–1 1.22∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 6.34∙10–1 4.55∙10–2 4.47∙10–2 5.44∙10–1 9.51∙10–1 6.39∙10–1 1.17∙10–1 4.14∙10–2 1.3∙10–1 9.9∙10–2 1.29∙10–1 7.92∙10–2 1.15∙10–1 4.57∙10–1 7.31∙10–2 3.7∙10–2 8.60∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 4.35∙10–1 9.37∙10–2 1.94∙10–1 6.62∙10–2 1.12 7.7∙10–2 6.67∙10–1 5.54∙10–1 5.97∙10–1 1.05 4.52∙10–1 3.29∙10–1 2.35∙10–1 4.70∙10–1 1.36 3.70∙10–1 1.68∙10–1 6.20∙10–1 6.05∙10–1 7.25∙10–2 9.69∙10–2

λ Å 3865.52 3867.22 3871.75 3872.50 3873.76 3878.02 3878.67 3878.73 3883.28 3888.51 3888.82 3891.93 3893.39 3894.01 3897.89 3900.52 3902.95 3903.90 3906.75 3916.73 3918.42 3918.64 3925.94 3926.01 3928.08 3935.81 3941.28 3942.44 3946.99 3948.10 3948.77 3951.16 3955.34 3956.46 3956.68 3957.02 3963.10 3967.42 3967.96 3969.26 3971.32 3973.65 3976.61 3983.96 3985.39 3996.96 3997.39 3998.05 4005.24 4006.31 4014.53 4021.87 4024.73 4030.49 4043.90 4045.59 4045.81 4062.44 4063.59 4067.98

Weights gi 3 5 11 5 11 7 9 3 7 5 5 3 11 5 11 7 7 9 5 13 3 7 1 7 9 5 5 3 9 7 11 3 3 13 11 5 3 9 7 9 11 5 3 9 5 9 9 11 7 11 9 7 7 9 7 9 9 3 7 9

gk 3 5 11 5 9 7 7 3 7 5 3 3 11 5 13 7 7 9 7 11 1 7 3 7 9 5 5 5 11 9 9 5 3 11 13 7 5 7 9 7 9 7 5 7 5 9 11 9 5 9 7 9 9 11 7 7 9 3 7 9

A 108 s–1 1.55∙10–1 3.16∙10–1 5.83∙10–2 1.05∙10–1 6.57∙10–2 7.72∙10–2 7.02∙10–2 5.34∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 2.50∙10–1 1.95∙10–1 2.71∙10–1 1.00∙10–1 1.03∙10–1 6.20∙10–2 7.9∙10–2 2.14∙10–1 7.61∙10–2 7.05∙10–2 9.83∙10–2 4.22∙10–1 1.17∙10–1 1.67∙10–1 7.26∙10–2 5.64∙10–2 1.14∙10–1 9.1∙10–2 9.62∙10–2 3.91∙10–2 1.31∙10–1 2.08∙10–1 4.29∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 1.76∙10–1 1.22∙10–1 1.67∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 6.09∙10–2 2.26∙10–1 4.97∙10–2 5.81∙10–2 1.20∙10–1 5.72∙10–2 8.53∙10–2 7.95∙10–2 1.26∙10–1 5.70∙10–2 2.04∙10–1 5.1∙10–2 1.53∙10–1 8.55∙10–2 8.09∙10–2 1.04∙10–1 8.69∙10–2 7.39∙10–2 8.62∙10–1 1.85∙10–1 6.65∙10–1 1.51∙10–1

λ Å 4070.77 4071.74 4073.76 4076.63 4084.49 4085.30 4098.18 4107.49 4109.80 4112.96 4118.55 4125.62 4126.18 4127.61 4132.06 4132.90 4134.68 4137.00 4142.59 4143.41 4143.87 4149.37 4153.90 4154.50 4154.81 4156.80 4157.78 4158.79 4172.12 4175.64 4181.75 4184.89 4187.04 4187.80 4191.43 4195.33 4196.21 4198.25 4198.30 4198.63 4199.10 4200.92 4202.03 4203.94 4203.98 4210.34 4217.55 4219.36 4222.21 4224.17 4224.51 4225.45 4227.43 4233.60 4235.94 4238.81 4247.43 4250.12 4250.79 4260.47

Weights gi 7 5 5 9 11 7 7 5 3 11 11 9 11 1 5 3 5 3 3 9 7 11 7 5 9 5 5 3 7 3 5 5 7 9 5 11 7 9 11 5 9 7 9 13 3 3 3 11 7 9 3 5 11 3 9 7 9 5 7 11

gk 5 5 3 9 9 7 7 3 3 13 13 11 11 3 7 5 7 5 5 9 9 13 9 3 11 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 5 7 3 11 7 9 9 5 11 9 9 13 5 3 5 13 7 11 5 7 13 5 9 9 11 7 7 11

A 108 s–1 1.1∙10–1 7.64∙10–1 1.68∙10–1 1.32∙10–1 8.66∙10–2 8.92∙10–2 7.49∙10–2 1.74∙10–1 1.51∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 4.96∙10–1 9.9∙10–2 4.2∙10–2 1.43∙10–1 1.18∙10–1 7.70∙10–2 1.25∙10–1 2.75∙10–1 7.5∙10–2 2.70∙10–1 1.33∙10–1 4.23∙10–2 2.05∙10–1 2.64∙10–1 1.40∙10–1 1.20∙10–1 2.18∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 9.80∙10–2 1.14∙10–1 2.32∙10–1 1.03∙10–1 2.15∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 2.73∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 1.09∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 8.03∙10–2 1.25∙10–1 4.92∙10–1 6.25∙10–2 8.22∙10–2 2.97∙10–2 7.37∙10–2 1.48∙10–1 2.46∙10–1 2.88∙10–1 5.76∙10–2 1.06∙10–1 6.81∙10–2 1.65∙10–1 5.29∙10–1 1.85∙10–1 1.88∙10–1 2.41∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 2.07∙10–1 1.02∙10–1 3.99∙10–1

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

4271.15 4271.76 4282.40 4299.23 4307.90 4315.08 4325.76 4327.10 4369.77 4383.55 4388.41 4401.29 4404.75 4415.12 4433.22 4443.19 4455.03 4466.55 4469.38 4476.02 4484.22 4485.68 4528.61 4547.85 4556.13 4619.29 4654.61 4667.45 4673.16 4678.85 4736.77 4789.65 4800.65 4859.74 4871.32 4872.14 4878.21 4890.76 4891.49 4903.31 4918.99 4920.50 4957.30 4957.60 4966.09 4973.10 4978.60 4985.25 4988.95 5001.86 5006.12 5014.94 5021.59 5022.24 5048.44 5068.77 5074.75 5090.77 5121.64 5137.38

K21599_S10.indb 111

Weights gi 7 9 7 9 7 5 5 5 9 9 7 7 7 5 5 1 9 5 5 3 7 3 7 5 7 7 7 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 7 3 1 5 9 3 7 11 9 13 11 3 5 5 7 9 11 7 7 5 3 9 9 7 5 11

gk 9 11 5 11 9 5 7 5 9 11 7 7 9 7 3 3 7 7 7 5 9 3 9 7 5 5 7 9 7 9 11 7 9 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 9 9 11 11 3 3 5 7 7 11 5 9 3 5 7 11 5 5 9

A 108 s–1 1.82∙10–1 2.28∙10–1 1.21∙10–1 1.29∙10–1 3.38∙10–1 7.76∙10–2 5.16∙10–1 1.12∙10–1 6.09∙10–2 5.00∙10–1 1.03∙10–1 6.4∙10–2 2.75∙10–1 1.19∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 1.02∙10–1 4.1∙10–2 1.20∙10–1 1.59∙10–1 1.01∙10–1 5.04∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 5.44∙10–2 4.48∙10–2 1.05∙10–1 5.2∙10–2 3.68∙10–2 6.03∙10–2 3.81∙10–2 4.97∙10–2 4.78∙10–2 4.57∙10–2 3.01∙10–2 1.62∙10–1 2.44∙10–1 2.54∙10–1 1.21∙10–1 2.25∙10–1 3.08∙10–1 6.58∙10–2 1.79∙10–1 3.58∙10–1 1.18∙10–1 4.22∙10–1 3.31∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 1.19∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 5.2∙10–2 3.7∙10–1 5.87∙10–2 2.64∙10–1 6.18∙10–2 2.4∙10–1 4.88∙10–2 3.37∙10–2 1.4∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 7.9∙10–2 1.0∙10–1

λ Å 5139.25 5139.46 5184.27 5191.46 5192.34 5208.59 5215.18 5226.86 5232.94 5235.39 5242.49 5263.31 5266.56 5273.16 5281.79 5283.62 5302.30 5324.18 5339.93 5364.87 5367.47 5369.96 5373.71 5383.37 5393.17 5398.28 5404.15 5410.91 5415.20 5463.28 5473.90 5476.29 5476.56 5563.60 5569.62 5572.84 5576.09 5586.76 5594.66 5602.95 5615.64 5624.54 5633.95 5638.26 5649.99 5655.18 5658.82 5662.52 5679.02 5686.53 5705.99 5753.12 5762.99 5816.37 5905.67 6301.50 6400.00 6411.65 6419.95 6469.19

Weights gi 7 9 5 5 7 7 5 5 9 9 13 5 7 1 5 7 3 9 5 5 7 9 7 11 7 5 9 7 11 9 7 7 9 5 5 7 3 9 9 3 11 5 11 9 3 7 7 11 5 9 7 3 5 9 5 5 7 5 7 3

gk 5 9 7 3 7 5 3 5 11 7 11 5 9 3 7 7 5 9 7 7 9 11 9 13 9 5 11 9 13 9 7 9 9 7 3 5 1 7 9 3 9 5 13 7 5 9 7 9 7 11 9 5 7 11 3 5 9 7 7 3

A 108 s–1 9.16∙10–2 8.69∙10–2 3.8∙10–2 2.32∙10–1 1.34∙10–1 6.23∙10–2 1.10∙10–1 1.36∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 3.75∙10–2 2.38∙10–2 6.36∙10–2 1.10∙10–1 8.12∙10–2 5.00∙10–2 1.02∙10–1 9.04∙10–2 2.06∙10–1 6.36∙10–2 5.59∙10–1 7.13∙10–1 7.22∙10–1 3.7∙10–2 7.81∙10–1 4.91∙10–2 9.0∙10–2 6.92∙10–1 6.33∙10–1 7.67∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 5.2∙10–2 2.87∙10–2 8.70∙10–2 3.4∙10–2 2.34∙10–1 2.28∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 2.19∙10–1 5.20∙10–2 1.00∙10–1 2.64∙10–1 7.41∙10–2 7.7∙10–2 4.4∙10–2 5.1∙10–2 4.7∙10–2 4.34∙10–2 6.18∙10–2 3.7∙10–2 6.71∙10–2 6.1∙10–2 8.26∙10–2 9.6∙10–2 4.49∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 6.43∙10–2 9.27∙10–2 4.43∙10–2 1.2∙10–1 8.3∙10–2

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

6496.47 6569.22 6633.75 6841.34 6855.16 7187.32 7511.02 8220.38 8699.45 9012.07 9401.11 9414.04 9443.80 9569.91 9626.50 9738.57 9763.38 9861.74 9889.04 22473.28 23566.67 24547.95 24729.10

5 7 7 5 7 9 11 13 7 11 9 7 5 11 9 11 3 7 9 11 9 11 13

5 9 7 7 9 11 11 11 9 9 11 9 7 11 9 13 5 9 11 11 11 9 11

7.8∙10–2 6.0∙10–2 3.44∙10–2 3.4∙10–2 2.86∙10–2 8.36∙10–2 1.35∙10–1 1.69∙10–1 4.08∙10–2 4.46∙10–2 2.64∙10–2 3.98∙10–2 6.39∙10–2 2.50∙10–2 4.51∙10–2 7.64∙10–2 5.42∙10–2 5.49∙10–2 2.22∙10–2 3.32∙10–2 2.21∙10–2 3.72∙10–2 5.08∙10–2

Fe II 1055.26 1063.97 1068.35 1071.58 1096.88 1112.05 1121.97 1122.84 1125.45 1128.05 1130.44 1133.40 1133.67 1138.63 1142.37 1143.23 1144.94 1147.41 1148.28 1151.15 1267.42 1272.61 1371.02 1563.79 1580.63 1608.45 1610.92 1618.47 1621.69 1623.09 1625.52 1625.91 1629.16 1631.13 1633.91

10 10 8 6 10 10 10 8 10 2 6 8 10 8 10 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 14 8 8 10 10 8 8 8 8 6 6 6 6

8 8 8 8 8 12 8 6 8 4 8 10 8 8 8 10 12 8 10 8 6 4 12 8 10 8 10 8 6 8 10 8 6 4 8

4.6∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 1.59 1.14 2.26 2.0∙10–1 1.92 1.81 1.03 1.40 3.1∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 9.8∙10–1 3.52 1.24 3.35 2.23 9.3∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 1.74 1.33 5.8∙10–1 1.91 1.94∙10–1 5.53∙10–1 1.32 1.99∙10–1 4.04∙10–1 1.02∙10–1 8.66∙10–1 6.93∙10–1 3.85∙10–1

gk

108 s–1

Atomic

λ Å

10-111

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-112

Atomic

λ Å 1634.35 1635.40 1636.33 1637.40 1639.40 1641.76 1647.16 1670.75 1676.86 1702.04 1761.37 1785.27 1786.75 1788.08 1818.52 2020.75 2078.16 2162.02 2182.36 2191.98 2201.59 2208.41 2209.03 2213.66 2218.26 2220.38 2228.73 2249.18 2253.13 2255.77 2260.08 2267.59 2279.92 2327.40 2327.88 2331.31 2332.80 2338.01 2338.54 2343.50 2343.96 2344.28 2345.34 2348.12 2348.30 2351.20 2351.67 2352.31 2353.47 2353.68 2354.48 2354.89 2359.11 2359.60 2360.00 2360.29 2360.53 2361.73 2362.02 2363.86

K21599_S10.indb 112

Weights gi 4 8 4 10 2 6 6 10 8 10 8 6 6 6 8 6 10 10 10 8 6 10 10 14 8 12 6 10 8 6 10 6 8 6 10 10 8 4 10 10 8 2 14 10 6 12 6 2 12 8 10 6 4 10 10 8 6 8 8 8

gk 6 6 4 8 4 4 6 8 8 12 8 8 6 4 8 8 10 10 8 8 8 10 8 14 10 12 8 8 8 4 10 8 10 4 12 8 6 4 12 8 6 4 12 8 6 10 6 4 14 8 8 4 6 10 10 6 8 8 8 10

A 108 s–1 3.21∙10–1 2.28 9.63∙10–1 3.57∙10–1 6.85∙10–1 1.76 4.98∙10–1 1.06 6.75∙10–2 1.02 1.42 1.2∙101 1.2∙101 4.6 5.70∙10–2 1.83∙10–1 2.84∙10–2 2.54∙10–1 8.6∙10–2 7.54∙10–1 7.77∙10–1 1.59 1.27 3.26∙10–1 1.57 4.19∙10–1 1.59 3.00∙10–2 4.41∙10–2 4.75∙10–1 3.18∙10–2 3.69∙10–2 4.49∙10–2 6.55∙10–1 1.08 3.17∙10–1 1.31 1.13 5.6∙10–2 1.73 3.13∙10–1 9.27∙10–1 7.3∙10–1 6.50∙10–1 1.15 7.19∙10–1 1.80 4.38 4.98 1.30 8.13∙10–1 2.67∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 2.25∙10–1 3.59∙10–1 6.23∙10–1 2.22∙10–1 2.40∙10–1 1.41∙10–1 5.3

λ Å 2364.83 2365.76 2366.59 2366.88 2368.60 2369.95 2370.50 2373.74 2375.19 2376.43 2378.55 2378.70 2379.28 2379.42 2380.76 2382.04 2382.36 2382.90 2383.06 2383.24 2384.39 2385.01 2388.39 2388.63 2390.10 2390.76 2391.48 2394.00 2395.42 2395.63 2396.72 2399.24 2400.05 2401.29 2402.45 2402.63 2404.43 2404.89 2406.66 2410.27 2410.52 2411.07 2411.81 2412.01 2413.31 2416.45 2417.87 2418.44 2419.89 2422.69 2422.93 2423.21 2424.15 2424.39 2424.59 2424.65 2428.36 2428.80 2429.04 2429.39

Weights gi 8 6 6 8 6 10 4 10 4 12 8 8 8 10 6 10 4 12 8 6 4 6 10 8 14 6 8 12 6 8 10 6 12 6 10 8 4 6 4 8 4 2 10 6 2 8 12 6 10 6 10 4 10 6 6 8 8 4 2 4

gk 8 6 6 10 4 12 4 10 2 14 8 8 8 10 8 12 6 14 6 6 4 8 12 8 16 6 10 10 4 10 12 6 14 8 10 8 2 8 4 8 6 2 12 8 4 10 12 8 10 8 8 6 12 8 6 8 10 4 4 4

A 108 s–1 5.90∙10–1 2.16 1.01∙10–1 3.51∙10–2 6.06∙10–1 5.9 1.73∙10–1 4.25∙10–1 9.81∙10–1 6.4 1.70∙10–1 1.49∙10–1 2.73∙10–1 3.68∙10–1 3.10∙10–1 3.13 3.19∙10–2 1.62∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 3.59∙10–1 3.22∙10–1 3.60∙10–2 2.02∙10–1 1.05 5.5 1.17 3.77∙10–2 9.4∙10–2 2.67∙10–1 2.59 2.15∙10–1 1.39 4.57 1.89 5.8∙10–1 8.19∙10–1 6.44∙10–1 1.96 1.61 7.65∙10–1 1.55 2.37 4.33 1.66∙10–1 1.02 2.38 9.5∙10–1 2.28 2.2∙10–2 1.46 2.94∙10–2 1.40 2.21 1.61∙10–1 1.24 6.55∙10–2 2.68 1.38 1.23 6.9∙10–1

λ Å 2429.86 2430.08 2432.26 2432.87 2433.50 2434.06 2434.24 2434.73 2434.95 2435.00 2436.62 2439.30 2440.42 2441.13 2442.38 2443.71 2444.52 2445.11 2445.57 2445.80 2446.11 2446.47 2447.21 2447.33 2447.76 2449.96 2450.21 2453.98 2454.58 2455.71 2455.90 2457.10 2458.78 2458.97 2460.44 2461.28 2461.86 2463.28 2464.01 2464.91 2465.91 2466.50 2466.67 2466.82 2468.30 2469.37 2469.52 2470.41 2470.67 2471.28 2472.61 2473.32 2475.12 2475.54 2476.27 2477.35 2478.57 2480.16 2481.05 2482.12

Weights gi 8 8 6 14 10 8 8 12 4 8 6 12 6 10 10 8 6 12 4 4 8 12 6 4 12 4 2 8 14 8 4 6 10 6 10 6 8 12 10 6 8 2 4 6 10 10 8 6 8 10 8 2 4 6 8 8 6 10 12 14

gk 8 10 8 14 12 6 10 12 6 8 8 14 8 10 12 10 8 12 6 6 8 14 6 2 10 4 4 10 12 8 6 4 12 4 12 8 10 10 8 4 6 4 2 4 10 8 6 6 6 8 10 2 6 8 10 8 6 8 12 14

A 108 s–1 1.51 1.91 1.57 2.86 1.30∙10–1 7.2∙10–1 2.01 2.79 1.39 2.02 2.70 2.25 1.18 8.95∙10–1 2.75 1.44 2.78 2.03 2.07 1.23 1.06 2.99∙10–1 1.15 2.56 1.97 1.24 1.26 1.31 1.16 1.01 1.73 4.71∙10–1 2.31 2.51 5.39 2.34 2.43 7.1∙10–1 1.32 2.22 1.62 2.40 2.64 1.77 9.8∙10–2 2.23∙10–2 2.58 6.0∙10–1 1.54 4.15∙10–1 3.22 2.74 3.72 3.18 9.7∙10–2 1.70∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 1.55 1.46∙10–1 6.5∙10–1

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

2482.33 2482.66 2482.87 2483.72 2484.24 2484.44 2489.48 2489.83 2490.71 2490.86 2491.40 2492.34 2493.26 2493.88 2494.12 2497.82 2500.92 2501.35 2502.39 2503.33 2503.54 2503.57 2503.88 2506.09 2506.80 2508.34 2510.57 2511.76 2513.15 2514.38 2517.14 2519.05 2521.09 2521.82 2525.39 2525.92 2526.08 2526.29 2527.10 2527.71 2528.68 2529.08 2529.23 2529.55 2530.10 2533.63 2534.42 2535.36 2535.49 2536.67 2536.81 2536.84 2537.14 2538.21 2538.40 2538.50 2538.68 2538.91 2538.99 2539.81

K21599_S10.indb 113

Weights gi 4 12 6 8 4 8 12 12 10 8 10 10 14 6 12 6 6 2 8 12 8 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 10 8 2 8 6 8 14 8 10 6 12 10 10 4 12 10 4 12 8 6 10 12 10 12 10 14 6 8 6 10 14 8

gk 4 10 4 10 6 8 12 12 12 8 8 12 16 6 10 6 8 2 8 12 8 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 8 8 4 6 4 8 14 8 8 6 10 8 8 6 10 10 6 12 8 4 8 12 10 14 10 12 8 6 8 8 12 8

A 108 s–1 2.23 1.25 1.69 5.4∙10–1 8.3∙10–2 2.16 5.1∙10–1 1.94 1.44 8.8∙10–1 1.01 2.30∙10–1 3.04 1.74 2.97∙10–2 1.68 2.41 1.48 1.43 7.3∙10–1 3.32∙10–1 2.53∙10–1 2.23 9.9∙10–1 1.98 3.79∙10–1 1.54∙10–1 2.30 2.49∙10–1 2.11 9.2∙10–1 2.10 2.05 2.36 1.91 7.4∙10–1 3.52∙10–1 2.47 3.67∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 2.3∙10–2 1.80 3.27∙10–1 2.20 6.6∙10–1 1.92 1.83 2.46 7.47∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 1.69 6.8∙10–1 1.44 1.26 3.7∙10–2 5.9∙10–1 7.4∙10–1 1.28 1.93 5.6∙10–2

λ Å 2540.52 2540.66 2541.10 2541.84 2542.74 2543.38 2543.43 2544.97 2545.22 2545.44 2546.67 2547.34 2548.32 2548.59 2548.74 2548.92 2549.08 2549.40 2549.46 2549.77 2550.03 2550.15 2550.57 2550.68 2551.20 2554.94 2555.07 2555.45 2557.08 2557.51 2559.24 2559.77 2559.93 2560.28 2562.09 2562.54 2563.48 2566.22 2566.40 2566.62 2566.91 2568.41 2568.89 2569.78 2570.85 2571.55 2572.97 2573.21 2573.76 2574.37 2576.86 2577.92 2581.11 2582.41 2582.58 2583.05 2585.62 2585.88 2586.06 2587.95

Weights gi 2 6 8 8 2 10 6 4 8 8 8 8 4 10 4 12 10 4 6 8 10 8 12 12 10 8 6 4 8 10 8 6 6 4 4 8 6 8 8 10 4 2 8 2 8 10 6 8 8 6 10 2 6 6 4 8 10 10 6 8

gk 2 8 6 6 2 12 4 6 10 10 8 8 6 10 2 10 8 4 6 6 10 10 12 12 8 8 8 6 10 8 8 8 8 4 2 6 4 10 6 12 2 4 8 4 6 10 8 10 8 4 12 2 6 8 4 10 10 8 4 10

A 108 s–1 1.26 1.70 9.6∙10–1 8.2∙10–1 1.61 6.7∙10–1 8.3∙10–1 3.93∙10–1 5.3∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 7.98∙10–1 2.28∙10–1 2.69∙10–1 2.67∙10–1 2.43 6.0∙10–1 1.89 1.65 1.12 2.35∙10–1 1.74 3.91∙10–1 1.6∙10–2 1.07 2.48∙10–1 2.6∙10–2 1.96∙10–1 2.49∙10–1 2.8∙10–2 1.53∙10–1 6.4∙10–2 2.42∙10–1 2.47∙10–1 1.77 1.62 1.79 1.51 2.61 2.29 7.1∙10–2 1.15 4.77∙10–1 2.8∙10–2 1.11 1.84 2.89∙10–2 7.89∙10–2 1.42∙10–1 2.3∙10–2 2.43 1.32 1.24 7.61∙10–2 2.22∙10–1 8.80∙10–1 2.16∙10–2 3.09∙10–1 8.94∙10–1 5.8∙10–2 1.69

λ Å 2588.19 2588.80 2590.55 2591.54 2592.79 2593.73 2594.96 2598.37 2599.40 2604.05 2605.04 2605.31 2605.43 2605.90 2606.52 2607.09 2608.85 2609.13 2609.44 2609.87 2611.07 2611.87 2613.57 2613.82 2614.19 2614.59 2614.87 2617.62 2619.08 2620.17 2620.41 2620.70 2621.67 2623.13 2623.72 2625.49 2625.67 2626.50 2626.70 2628.29 2628.58 2629.59 2630.07 2631.05 2631.32 2631.61 2633.20 2636.70 2637.50 2637.64 2639.57 2641.12 2642.01 2646.21 2649.47 2650.48 2652.57 2654.63 2657.92 2658.25

Weights gi 2 8 4 6 14 2 8 8 10 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 10 8 6 8 4 8 10 4 8 10 8 6 10 6 4 8 2 14 6 12 8 4 8 2 6 6 4 4 6 10 6 4 6 2 2 4 6 12 6 6 10 4 10 8

gk 2 8 6 6 16 4 8 6 10 8 8 4 6 2 6 4 8 10 8 8 6 8 12 2 10 8 6 6 10 6 4 8 2 14 6 14 10 6 8 4 6 8 6 6 8 12 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 10 8 8 8 4 10 8

A 108 s–1 1.5∙10–1 8.4∙10–2 7.9∙10–2 5.72∙10–1 2.74 1.63∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 1.43 2.35 1.49∙10–1 2.34 1.99 3.40∙10–1 1.27 2.31 1.73 5.0∙10–2 2.77∙10–1 6.0∙10–2 1.34∙10–1 7.28∙10–2 1.20 2.0∙10–2 2.12 3.3∙10–2 3.37∙10–2 3.5∙10–2 4.88∙10–1 2.48∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 4.30∙10–2 3.43∙10–1 5.60∙10–1 8.8∙10–2 1.92∙10–1 2.55 3.52∙10–1 3.48∙10–1 1.94∙10–2 8.74∙10–1 3.4∙10–2 7.2∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 8.16∙10–1 6.29∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 1.21 8.8∙10–2 6.2∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 8.0∙10–1 3.7∙10–2 2.29∙10–1 1.44∙10–2 1.98 1.60 4.45∙10–2 8.1∙10–1 3.2∙10–2 2.12∙10–1

Atomic

λ Å

10-113

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-114

Atomic

λ Å 2662.56 2664.66 2666.64 2667.22 2669.93 2670.38 2671.39 2680.23 2682.51 2683.00 2684.75 2691.74 2692.60 2693.86 2697.33 2697.46 2697.73 2699.20 2703.99 2704.58 2707.13 2709.06 2711.84 2712.39 2714.41 2716.22 2716.44 2716.57 2717.88 2718.64 2719.30 2721.81 2722.06 2722.74 2724.88 2726.52 2727.38 2727.54 2728.91 2730.73 2732.01 2732.94 2736.97 2739.55 2741.39 2743.20 2744.90 2746.48 2746.98 2749.18 2749.32 2749.49 2750.01 2751.13 2752.15 2753.29 2754.89 2755.74 2756.51 2757.03

K21599_S10.indb 114

Weights gi 2 8 6 4 2 6 2 6 8 4 8 10 10 8 4 4 10 4 8 8 4 4 12 10 8 6 6 14 16 10 6 12 8 6 6 6 12 6 8 4 10 8 4 8 6 2 6 4 6 4 6 2 10 4 4 10 8 8 6 10

gk 2 10 8 6 4 8 4 8 10 6 10 8 12 6 4 2 8 4 8 8 6 6 14 12 6 6 6 12 14 8 8 10 8 8 6 8 10 4 10 4 8 6 2 8 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 2 10 4 4 12 6 10 8 8

A 108 s–1 1.33 1.91 1.87 1.02 5.2∙10–1 6.0∙10–2 6.5∙10–1 1.10∙10–1 9.2∙10–1 7.3∙10–1 1.57 5.04∙10–2 1.40 4.2∙10–2 2.48∙10–1 1.65 2.6∙10–2 6.2∙10–1 1.38 1.66∙10–2 8.3∙10–1 3.88∙10–1 4.36∙10–1 1.29∙10–1 5.70∙10–1 1.15 2.8∙10–2 1.35 1.51 1.18 4.44∙10–1 5.1∙10–2 1.42∙10–1 8.2∙10–1 9.58∙10–2 5.0∙10–2 3.12∙10–1 9.38∙10–1 1.25∙10–1 2.79∙10–1 7.05∙10–2 9.5∙10–1 1.22 2.21 2.03∙10–1 1.97 3.62∙10–2 2.05 1.69 1.21 2.16 1.16 1.8∙10–2 2.92∙10–1 7.7∙10–1 1.89 1.21 2.15 7.3∙10–2 8.07∙10–2

λ Å 2761.81 2762.33 2762.45 2763.66 2763.91 2764.79 2765.13 2767.50 2768.93 2769.15 2769.35 2770.50 2771.19 2774.69 2776.18 2776.91 2779.30 2779.91 2780.05 2783.69 2784.28 2785.19 2787.24 2790.56 2793.89 2796.63 2797.92 2799.29 2805.32 2805.79 2809.78 2811.27 2812.49 2813.61 2817.09 2819.34 2826.03 2827.43 2828.63 2831.56 2833.09 2835.71 2836.19 2836.51 2837.30 2838.22 2839.51 2839.80 2840.34 2840.65 2840.76 2842.08 2843.32 2843.48 2844.96 2845.60 2847.77 2848.11 2848.32 2848.91

Weights gi 2 6 6 14 8 12 10 12 4 8 12 12 10 2 6 8 10 2 2 12 2 12 8 8 10 10 10 10 4 8 8 12 4 8 6 12 8 12 12 4 6 4 4 2 10 4 10 8 12 2 10 8 10 4 2 8 4 6 6 12

gk 4 6 4 12 6 12 8 14 6 10 14 10 12 4 8 8 8 4 2 10 4 10 6 10 12 10 10 8 6 8 8 10 4 10 4 12 6 14 10 6 6 6 4 4 12 2 8 10 12 4 12 8 10 6 2 6 4 6 4 10

A 108 s–1 1.38∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 3.3∙10–2 1.34 2.9∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 1.47 1.58 4.75∙10–2 6.6∙10–2 2.07∙10–1 4.08∙10–2 4.3∙10–2 2.73∙10–1 2.66∙10–2 4.08∙10–1 1.00 2.56∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 1.06 3.4∙10–2 1.53 1.83∙10–1 2.1∙10–2 1.26∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 3.2∙10–2 1.55∙10–1 2.5∙10–2 3.22∙10–2 3.10∙10–1 1.2∙10–2 2.9∙10–2 3.40∙10–2 3.37∙10–1 9.7∙10–3 4.5∙10–2 2.4∙10–2 6.9∙10–2 7.6∙10–1 4.55∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 5.4∙10–2 9.8∙10–2 1.9∙10–2 8.6∙10–1 1.47 5.8∙10–1 7.7∙10–2 7.6∙10–1 1.49∙10–1 1.5∙10–2 1.40∙10–2 9.6∙10–2 5.5∙10–1 1.57 5.1∙10–1 9.9∙10–1 1.59 5.3∙10–2

λ Å 2849.61 2853.21 2855.67 2856.15 2856.38 2856.91 2857.17 2857.42 2858.34 2864.97 2869.16 2869.31 2871.06 2871.13 2872.38 2873.40 2875.35 2876.80 2879.25 2880.76 2883.71 2884.76 2885.93 2888.10 2894.78 2895.22 2897.27 2902.46 2906.12 2910.76 2917.08 2922.02 2926.59 2944.40 2947.65 2949.18 2953.77 2954.05 2959.60 2959.84 2964.13 2964.62 2965.03 2969.94 2970.52 2970.69 2982.06 2984.82 2985.54 2997.30 3000.06 3002.32 3002.65 3036.96 3044.84 3048.99 3056.80 3062.24 3065.32 3070.69

Weights gi 10 6 8 10 6 8 6 6 10 8 8 4 10 12 10 8 8 8 10 8 12 6 14 4 10 8 6 10 2 8 6 8 8 4 6 10 6 8 8 8 8 2 4 8 4 10 4 6 2 6 8 6 4 6 8 4 14 12 6 10

gk 12 6 10 10 8 8 8 6 12 8 10 6 12 10 8 10 10 8 8 8 14 8 12 6 12 10 4 10 4 8 8 10 10 2 4 8 8 8 6 6 6 2 4 6 6 8 6 6 4 8 6 8 6 6 10 4 12 10 6 8

A 108 s–1 4.6∙10–2 2.3∙10–2 9.2∙10–2 5.0∙10–2 4.42∙10–1 1.32 1.22∙10–1 2.0∙10–2 4.85∙10–1 4.3∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 4.04∙10–1 2.2∙10–2 3.0∙10–2 1.70∙10–1 4.56∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 9.56∙10–2 3.6∙10–2 2.21∙10–2 1.48∙10–1 2.46∙10–1 3.8∙10–2 6.1∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 1.09∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 3.2∙10–2 4.4∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 2.7∙10–2 3.8∙10–2 5.1∙10–2 3.5∙10–1 2.01∙10–1 2.45∙10–1 5.2∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 9.7∙10–2 1.36∙10–1 4.6∙10–2 6.5∙10–2 9.43∙10–2 2.28∙10–1 2.70∙10–2 4.15∙10–2 2.41∙10–1 4.29∙10–1 2.39∙10–1 8.6∙10–2 3.0∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 1.79∙10–1 2.22∙10–1 1.2∙10–2 3.84∙10–1 1.7∙10–2 1.36∙10–1 2.9∙10–2 1.28∙10–2

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

3071.12 3076.44 3077.17 3078.68 3089.38 3096.29 3105.17 3105.55 3106.57 3114.30 3114.69 3116.58 3133.05 3135.36 3144.75 3154.20 3162.80 3167.86 3177.53 3179.50 3180.15 3186.74 3187.30 3192.91 3193.80 3193.86 3196.07 3210.44 3213.31 3227.74 3231.71 3232.78 3237.82 3243.72 3247.17 3258.77 3259.05 3276.60 3289.35 3323.06 3366.97 3381.01 3453.62 3468.68 3493.47 3621.27 3748.48 3759.46 3906.04 3935.96 3938.97 4233.17 4522.63 4549.19 4549.47 4583.84 4635.32 4923.93 4990.51 5001.96

K21599_S10.indb 115

Weights gi 2 4 14 6 6 8 4 2 8 4 2 6 4 6 8 10 8 8 8 6 4 4 10 6 2 8 6 2 4 6 6 8 2 10 4 6 8 6 8 8 8 6 8 8 10 2 6 4 6 8 4 6 6 4 8 10 6 6 6 12

gk 4 6 12 8 8 8 2 2 8 4 4 4 6 6 6 10 8 8 8 8 6 4 10 6 2 8 8 4 6 8 8 6 4 8 6 8 10 8 8 10 6 4 10 8 10 4 4 2 8 10 6 8 4 6 6 8 8 4 8 14

A 108 s–1 2.59∙10–1 3.75∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 2.2∙10–2 1.9∙10–2 7.5∙10–2 7.0∙10–2 1.88∙10–2 6.4∙10–2 2.5∙10–2 5.5∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 8.8∙10–2 2.7∙10–2 2.06∙10–1 5.5∙10–2 1.59∙10–1 1.74∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 7.7∙10–2 3.85∙10–2 5.0∙10–2 1.27∙10–2 5.4∙10–2 3.86∙10–2 1.61∙10–2 3.63∙10–2 6.12∙10–2 8.9∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 5.0∙10–2 6.8∙10–2 5.1∙10–2 7.1∙10–2 9.39∙10–2 6.7∙10–2 1.0∙10–2 2.1∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 3.0∙10–2 8.5∙10–3 2.0∙10–2 3.2∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 3.4∙10–2 3.2∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 8.3∙10–3 8.4∙10–3 7.22∙10–3 8.4∙10–3 9.2∙10–3 1.00∙10–2 7.22∙10–3 1.0∙10–2 4.28∙10–2 5.2∙10–1 1.57

λ Å

Weights gi

A

gk

108 s–1

5018.44 5030.63 5035.71 5144.35 5149.47 5169.03 5197.58 5227.48 5247.95 5251.23 5264.18 5272.40 5276.00 5306.18 5316.22 5316.62 5387.06 5395.86 5402.06 5427.83 5429.99 5465.93 5482.31 5493.83 5506.19 5510.78 5529.05 5544.76 5783.63 5885.01 5902.83 5955.70 5961.71 5965.62 6175.15 6305.30 6331.95 6446.41 6456.38

6 10 10 4 8 6 6 12 4 6 8 6 10 6 14 12 12 6 10 12 8 6 10 8 12 10 6 12 8 4 8 6 10 10 8 10 6 8 8

6 10 12 6 10 8 4 14 6 8 10 6 8 8 14 10 14 8 12 10 10 8 12 10 14 12 6 12 10 6 10 8 12 10 8 10 8 10 6

2.0∙10–2 7.1∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 9.0∙10–1 4.22∙10–2 5.4∙10–3 1.22 1.43 8.0∙10–1 4.76∙10–1 3.9∙10–3 3.76∙10–3 3.28∙10–1 3.69∙10–1 3.89∙10–3 5.2∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 5.9∙10–3 6.0∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 4.78∙10–1 4.01∙10–1 1.14 2.28∙10–1 2.01∙10–1 2.49∙10–1 4.62∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 4.98∙10–1 4.19∙10–1 7.4∙10–1 2.19∙10–1 1.8∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 1.8∙10–3 1.3∙10–3 1.7∙10–3

Fe III 1843.4 1844.3 1846.9 1854.38 1865.20 1893.98 1896.80 1904.3 1907.58 1915.08 1922.79 1930.39 1931.51 1937.35 1943.48 1950.33 1951.01 1952.65 1953.32

9 7 5 3 7 11 13 5 15 13 11 9 9 7 5 13 11 9 7

7 5 3 1 7 9 11 5 13 15 13 11 11 9 7 15 11 9 7

4.8 4.9 5.5 5.7 6.1 5.5 5.0 5.7 5.3 6.0 5.5 5.1 5.3 5.1 5.0 5.5 5.3 4.9 5.1

λ Å

Weights gi

A

gk

108 s–1

1987.50

13

13 4.9

Fe VII 150.807 150.852 151.023 151.046 151.145 151.432 151.512 151.675 151.782 154.307 154.335 154.363 154.565 154.650 154.848 154.921 154.941 154.949 155.994 158.481 165.087 165.919 166.365 173.441 176.744 176.928 177.172 235.221 240.053 243.379

5 7 9 7 9 5 5 7 9 3 5 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 9 9 1 7 9 9 9 7 5 5 3 9

7 9 11 7 9 7 5 7 9 1 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 7 11 9 3 5 7 9 9 7 5 3 1 7

1.3∙103 1.3∙103 1.6∙103 2.2∙102 2.1∙102 2.2∙102 5.3∙102 3.9∙102 2.4∙102 8.9∙102 1.2∙103 4.2∙102 3.5∙102 8.8∙102 7.7∙102 9.7∙102 2.4∙102 1.0∙103 1.8∙103 2.3∙102 6.9∙102 2.8∙103 2.9∙103 3.6∙103 2.7∙103 2.4∙103 1.5∙103 1.7∙102 1.3∙102 2.1∙102

Fe VIII 112.472 112.486 116.196 117.197 167.486 168.172 168.545 168.929 185.213 186.601

4 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4

4 6 6 8 4 6 4 2 8 6

3.6∙102 4.3∙102 4.5∙102 3.8∙102 3.0∙103 3.1∙103 2.0∙103 2.1∙103 1.0∙103 9.4∙102

Fe X 76.822 77.865 100.026 101.733 101.846 102.095 102.192 102.829 103.319 103.724 104.638 174.534 175.266

2 4 8 6 4 10 10 4 6 6 8 4 2

2 6 10 8 6 12 12 6 8 8 10 6 4

1.8∙103 1.6∙103 2.6∙103 1.8∙103 1.7∙103 2.9∙103 2.9∙103 2.1∙103 2.6∙103 1.7∙103 2.1∙103 1.8∙103 1.72∙103

Atomic

λ Å

10-115

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-116

Atomic

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

Fe XI 72.166 72.310 72.635 91.394 91.472 91.63 91.63 91.63 91.733 92.81 92.87 93.433 179.762

5 5 5 5 7 3 7 5 9 9 11 9 5

7 5 7 7 9 5 9 7 11 11 13 11 7

2.9∙103 1.5∙103 1.6∙103 2.6∙103 2.5∙103 2.3∙103 3.4∙103 2.8∙103 4.1∙103 3.7∙103 3.9∙103 3.2∙103 1.67∙103

Fe XII 65.905 66.526 66.960 67.164 67.821 68.382 80.541 81.943 82.226 84.48 84.48 84.52 84.52 84.85 85.14 85.477 186.880 192.394 193.509 195.119

4 6 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 10 6 6 8 10 6 4 4 4

4 8 6 2 6 4 6 4 2 6 10 12 8 8 10 12 8 2 4 6

2.0∙103 1.7∙103 1.6∙103 1.1∙103 1.4∙103 1.7∙103 8.7∙102 1.4∙103 1.9∙103 4.5∙103 4.9∙103 5.2∙103 4.0∙103 2.3∙103 3.4∙103 4.6∙103 1.0∙103 9.0∙102 9.1∙102 8.6∙102

Fe XIII 62.353 62.46 62.699 63.188 64.139 74.845 75.892 76.117 78.452 84.270 107.384

1 5 3 5 1 5 5 5 9 7 7

3 7 5 7 3 5 3 3 11 9 5

2.0∙103 1.2∙103 2.3∙103 3.9∙103 2.1∙103 1.0∙103 7.7∙102 2.1∙103 6.3∙103 5.5∙103 1.8∙103

Fe XIV 72.80 76.022 76.152 190 211.316 216 217 217

10 4 6 6 2 6 6 6

12 6 8 8 4 8 8 6

7.9∙103 6.6∙103 7.0∙103 2.8∙102 3.6∙102 1.7∙102 4.0∙102 2.6∙102

K21599_S10.indb 116

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

219 219 219.123 220 221 226 264.787 268 280 283 288.45

2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 6

4 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 8 4

4.8∙102 2.4∙102 3.9∙102 3.2∙102 5.9∙102 3.9∙102 3.38∙102 2.1∙102 2.8∙102 2.7∙102 1.6∙102

Fe XV 38.95 52.911 59.404 63.959 65.370 65.612 66.238 68.860 69.7 69.942 69.989 70.052 70.224 70.53 70.59 73.199 73.473 233.857 235 243 243 243.790 248 284.160

1 1 3 5 1 3 5 9 3 3 5 7 1 7 7 7 5 5 1 1 5 3 3 1

3 3 5 7 3 3 3 11 1 5 7 9 3 5 7 9 7 7 3 3 7 5 1 3

1.69∙103 2.94∙103 3.4∙103 1.6∙103 3.2∙102 9.8∙102 1.6∙103 9.2∙103 1.9∙103 7.4∙103 7.9∙103 8.8∙103 4.13∙103 2.6∙102 1.7∙103 8.8∙103 6.2∙103 2.2∙102 2.5∙102 2.4∙102 2.3∙102 4.2∙102 5.4∙102 2.28∙102

Fe XVI 39.827 40.153 40.199 40.245 46.661 46.718 50.350 54.142 54.728 62.879 63.719 66.263 66.368 66.392 76.502 76.796 80.192 80.270 85.587 86.133 96.256

2 4 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4

4 6 6 8 6 8 4 4 6 2 2 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 6

2.1∙103 2.5∙103 1.7∙103 1.8∙103 3.46∙103 3.7∙103 1.86∙103 3.41∙103 4.16∙103 1.05∙103 2.18∙103 9.39∙103 1.00∙104 6.69∙102 6.7∙102 7.72∙102 5.2∙102 5.4∙102 4.0∙102 4.8∙102 8.7∙102

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

96.348 117.2 117.7 123.4 124.5 144.06 144.25 148 266.7 267.0

6 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 6

8 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 6 8

9.3∙102 3.93∙102 3.9∙102 5.9∙102 7.0∙102 1.6∙103 1.6∙103 6.5∙102 3.9∙102 4.3∙102

Fe XVII 11.023 12.123 12.264 12.526 12.681 13.823 13.891 15.015 15.262 16.777 17.054 41.37 49.427 50.26 58.76

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 3 7 9

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 11 3 9 11

2.1∙104 8.0∙104 5.9∙104 3.0∙103 3.5∙103 3.3∙104 3.4∙103 2.28∙105 6.0∙104 8.29∙103 9.33∙103 4.8∙103 4.0∙103 6.0∙103 1.2∙104

Fe XIX 13.413 13.426 13.47 13.520 13.56 13.68 13.69 13.700 13.71 13.738 13.796 13.83 13.934 13.961 14.668 14.671 14.929 14.966 14.995 15.015 16.668

5 5 3 5 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 1 3

3 7 1 7 5 1 7 3 5 7 7 5 3 3 7 3 3 3 5 3 1

1.3∙104 4.8∙104 1.5∙105 2.0∙105 1.0∙104 8.0∙104 2.3∙104 2.7∙105 2.2∙104 1.0∙104 7.0∙104 1.4∙104 4.51∙104 2.0∙104 1.1∙104 1.1∙104 1.2∙104 2.5∙104 2.2∙104 1.4∙104 1.1∙104

Fe XX 12.77 12.78 12.78 12.82 12.88 12.89 12.90 12.93

4 4 2 4 6 4 4 4

4 2 4 4 4 4 6 6

2.1∙105 6.9∙104 1.4∙105 1.1∙105 2.7∙104 4.4∙104 1.4∙105 1.6∙105

gk

108 s–1

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities A

gi

12.98 12.99 13.01 13.03 13.13 13.79

2 6 2 4 2 6

2 6 4 2 4 6

6.7∙104 5.1∙104 3.0∙104 8.6∙104 8.9∙104 1.2∙104

Fe XXI 8.56 8.64 8.65 9.42 9.44 9.45 9.47 9.67 12.02 12.13 12.18 12.21 12.21 12.25 12.28 12.30 12.36 12.37 12.47 12.47 12.49 12.53 12.57 12.73 12.95 13.03

5 5 5 3 3 1 5 1 1 3 5 3 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 3 5

7 7 7 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 7 1 3 3 3 7 3 7 7 3 7 5 3 5 5 5

2.0∙104 1.5∙104 3.9∙104 3.3∙104 1.7∙104 5.2∙104 4.9∙104 5.7∙104 1.3∙104 1.8∙104 2.2∙104 1.5∙105 1.2∙105 2.1∙105 5.2∙104 2.1∙105 3.6∙104 3.1∙105 5.8∙104 1.3∙104 1.3∙104 1.5∙104 7.2∙104 8.2∙103 6.2∙103 1.3∙104

Fe XXII 9.002 9.006 9.006 9.163 9.183 9.241 11.748 11.748 11.748 11.763 11.789 11.789 11.797 11.823 11.837 11.837 11.886 11.898 11.922 11.976 12.027 12.045 12.045 12.053

4 6 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 6 6 6 4 2 4 6 2 6 4 4

6 8 6 6 8 6 4 6 2 4 2 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 4 8 4 6

5.5∙104 5.7∙104 5.3∙104 6.9∙104 8.3∙104 5.1∙104 1.2∙105 1.6∙105 1.8∙105 1.6∙105 2.6∙105 1.2∙105 1.7∙105 7.9∙104 2.3∙105 1.7∙105 1.3∙105 8.2∙104 1.8∙105 5.9∙104 6.9∙104 2.4∙105 9.7∙104 6.1∙104

K21599_S10.indb 117

gk

108 s–1

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

12.077 12.077 12.095 12.193 12.193 12.325

2 4 6 2 4 2

4 6 6 4 6 2

1.0∙105 2.4∙105 7.8∙104 7.2∙104 9.9∙104 1.5∙105

Fe XXIII 8.614 8.752 10.927 10.934 11.165 11.298 11.325 11.338 11.433 11.441 11.445 11.485 11.519 11.520 11.524 11.593 11.613 11.691 11.698 11.737 11.898

5 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 1 5 5 3 5 5 3 1

7 7 7 5 5 3 5 3 3 7 5 5 5 3 7 7 5 7 5 5 3

7.7∙104 1.2∙105 6.0∙104 5.4∙104 6.7∙104 1.3∙105 1.7∙105 9.3∙104 1.2∙105 2.2∙105 5.6∙104 1.40∙105 1.16∙105 2.16∙105 2.3∙105 3.58∙105 1.0∙105 7.7∙104 7.3∙104 1.8∙105 2.03∙105

Fe XXIV 1.8523 1.8552 1.8563 1.8572 1.858 1.8614 1.8626 1.8627 1.8637 1.8655 1.8672 1.8678 1.8721 1.8721 1.8730 1.8739 1.891 1.897 8.231 8.316 10.619 10.663 11.030 11.171

2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4

2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 4 6

1.0∙105 4.82∙106 2.43∙106 3.06∙106 1.2∙105 6.24∙106 3.16∙106 5.47∙106 1.91∙106 2.14∙106 1.63∙106 3.5∙105 3.2∙105 2.0∙105 1.5∙105 8.3∙104 9.7∙104 9.8∙104 6.10∙104 7.07∙104 7.28∙104 7.51∙104 1.84∙105 2.18∙105

Fe XXV 1.4607 1.4945 1.5730

1 1 1

3 2.54∙105 3 5.05∙105 3 1.24∙106

gk

108 s–1

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

1.5749 1.778 1.782 1.787 1.787 1.788 1.788 1.789 1.790 1.791 1.791 1.792 1.792 1.793 1.794 1.797 1.798 1.800 1.802 1.810 1.8502 1.8593 10.038

1 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 1 1 3

3 3 1 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 1 3 3 3

1.5∙105 8.7∙104 4.69∙106 2.57∙106 1.19∙106 2.68∙106 1.63∙106 1.78∙106 1.23∙106 4.10∙106 2.59∙106 4.92∙106 2.81∙106 2.67∙106 2.22∙106 8.8∙105 1.0∙105 8.6∙104 4.1∙105 5.9∙105 4.57∙106 4.42∙105 8.08∙104

1 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 1 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5

3 3 5 1 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 1 5 1 3 3 3 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 5 3

3.16 3.12 2.6∙10–2 3.2∙10–2 8.4∙10–3 5.6∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 4.4∙10–3 9.7∙10–3 7.8∙10–3 2.3∙10–2 9.2∙10–3 2.8∙10–3 2.1∙10–2 3.7∙10–3 1.8∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 5.1∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 5.6∙10–2 2.3∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 3.7∙10–1

gk

108 s–1

Atomic

Weights

λ Å

10-117

Krypton Kr I 1164.9 1235.8 4274.0 4351.4 4362.6 4376.1 4400.0 4410.4 4425.2 4453.9 4463.7 4502.4 5562.2 5570.3 5649.6 5870.9 6904.7 7224.1 7587.4 7601.5 7685.2 7694.5 7854.8 8059.5 8104.4 8112.9 8190.1 8263.2 8281.1 8298.1 8508.9 8776.7 8928.7

4/3/14 11:51 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-118

Atomic

λ Å Kr II 4250.6 4292.9 4355.5 4431.7 4436.8 4577.2 4583.0 4615.3 4619.2 4633.9 4658.9 4739.0 4762.4 4765.7 4811.8 4825.2 4832.1 5208.3 5308.7 7407.0

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

4 4 6 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 6

4 4 8 2 4 8 4 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 6

1.2∙10–1 9.6∙10–1 1.0 1.8 6.6∙10–1 9.6∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 8.1∙10–1 7.1∙10–1 6.5∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 6.7∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 7.3∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 2.4∙10–2 7.0∙10–2

1 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 5 1 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 5

3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 5 7 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 3

5.2∙10–2 1.2∙10–1 1.5 1.9∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 1.9 3.1∙10–2 9.8∙10–4 7.1∙10–1 1.6 2.6∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 3.7∙10–1 9.9∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 1.5 7.3∙10–1 3.5∙10–2 8.9∙10–1 9.2∙10–1 1.2∙10–2 2.7∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 8.9∙10–3

Lead Pb I 2022.0 2053.3 2170.0 2401.9 2446.2 2476.4 2577.3 2613.7 2614.2 2628.3 2657.1 2663.2 2802.0 2823.2 2833.1 2873.3 3572.7 3639.6 3671.5 3683.5 3739.9 4019.6 4057.8 4062.1 4168.0 5005.4 5201.4 7229.0

K21599_S10.indb 118

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

*2562.3 *2741.2 *3232.7 *3671.7 *3720.9 *3746.6 *3795.1 *3835.6 *3915.3 *3985.5 *4132.6 *4273.1 *4602.9 *4971.7 *6103.6 *6707.8 *8126.4 *10510 *11032 *12237 *12782 *12929 *13557 *17545 *18697 *19276 *24463 *26880 *38079 *41792

2 2 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 2 6 6 6 6 10 10 6 6 10 10 6 2 6 10

6 6 6 10 10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 10 2 10 6 2 10 2 10 14 6 2 10 14 6 2 6 10 6

8.865∙10–3 1.248∙10–2 1.002∙10–2 1.678∙10–2 2.413∙10–2 1.01∙10–2 3.649∙10–2 1.56∙10–2 5.957∙10–2 2.59∙10–2 1.08∙10–1 4.76∙10–2 2.322∙10–1 1.038∙10–1 6.8563∙10–1 3.6891∙10–1 3.3466∙10–1 1.97∙10–2 1.46∙10–2 3.49∙10–2 4.578∙10–2 2.28∙10–3 2.84∙10–2 6.791∙10–2 1.383∙10–1 5.375∙10–3 7.453∙10–2 3.738∙10–2 1.37∙10–2 2.77∙10–3

Li II 199.279 *935.88 *944.72 *965.13 *1017.9 1093.43 1102.46 *1131.9 *1198.1 1237.28 1420.89 *1493.0 *1653.1 1681.66 1755.33 *2329.8 *2674.4 *3684.7 *5484.5 9581.43 *21061

1 9 3 9 9 1 3 9 3 3 1 9 9 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3

3 15 9 15 15 3 5 15 9 5 3 15 3 5 1 9 9 9 9 3 9

2.5569∙102 6.1345∙10–1 1.4329 1.0002 1.8076 1.3533 1.4070 3.8492 2.8969 3.1179 2.8309 1.1215∙101 2.8585 1.0069∙101 2.0499 1.1758∙10–1 1.9081∙10–1 3.0580∙10–1 2.2727∙10–1 5.1423∙10–2 2.5664∙10–2

Lutetium

Lithium Li I *2394.4 *2425.4 *2475.1

λ Å

2 2 2

6 2.664∙10–3 6 3.823∙10–3 6 5.735∙10–3

Lu I 3376.5 3567.8 3620.3

4 4 6

4 2.23 6 5.9∙10–1 4 1.1∙10–2

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

3841.2 4518.6

6 4

6 2.5∙10–1 4 2.1∙10–1

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 7 5 3 1 3 5 1 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 1 3 5 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 1

gk

108 s–1

Magnesium Mg I 1683.412 1707.061 1747.794 1827.934 2025.824 2731.993 2733.493 2736.542 2776.690 2778.270 2779.831 2779.831 2781.416 2782.972 2809.761 2811.112 2811.781 2846.716 2848.342 2851.660 2852.127 2915.453 2936.739 2938.473 2941.995 3091.065 3092.984 3096.890 3329.919 3332.146 3336.674 3829.3549 3832.2996 3832.3037 3838.2918 3838.2943 3890.241 3891.906 3893.304 3895.572 3898.120 3938.400 3986.7533 4057.5052 4167.2712 4351.9056 4571.0956 4702.9909 4730.0285 5167.3216 5172.6843 5183.6042 5528.4047 5711.0880

1.88∙10–2 3.28∙10–2 6.62∙10–2 1.60∙10–1 6.12∙10–1 6.97∙10–2 9.37∙10–2 1.25∙10–1 1.32 1.82 1.36 4.09 5.43 2.14 2.50 1.96 2.11 1.31∙10–1 1.77∙10–1 2.35∙10–1 4.91 4.09 1.37∙10–2 4.12∙10–2 6.83∙10–2 3.09∙10–1 3.74∙10–1 4.96∙10–1 3.09∙10–2 1.02∙10–1 1.70∙10–1 8.99∙10–1 6.74∙10–1 1.21 1.61 4.03∙10–1 1.31 1.77 9.81∙10–1 2.35 5.88∙10–1 5.47∙10–2 7.30∙10–2 1.02∙10–1 1.38∙10–1 1.84∙10–1 2.54∙10–6 2.19∙10–1 1.34∙10–2 1.13∙10–1 3.37∙10–1 5.61∙10–1 1.39∙10–1 3.86∙10–2

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

6318.716 6319.236 6319.493 7291.060 7657.603 7659.152 7659.902 7881.667 7930.806 7930.806 7947.07 7953.39 8047.73 8049.854 8054.232 8098.724 8098.724 8209.839 8213.034 8303.313 8305.596 8310.264 8346.120 8346.120 8710.175 8712.689 8717.825 8736.021 8736.021 8806.757 8923.569 9246.499 9255.778 9414.964 9414.964 9414.964 9429.814 9432.764 9438.783 9665.54 9983.20 9986.475 9993.209

3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 7 3 1 5 1 3 5 7 3 5 5 1 3 5 7 3 1 3 5 7 3 3 1 5 5 5 7 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 5

5 3 1 3 5 3 1 7 9 5 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 3 7 3 5 7 9 5 3 5 7 9 5 5 3 3 7 7 9 5 3 5 7 5 3 3 3

2.63∙10–3 2.64∙10–3 2.63∙10–3 6.27∙10–4 1.23∙10–2 1.23∙10–2 1.23∙10–2 4.56∙10–3 5.38∙10–3 4.52∙10–3 2.91∙10–4 1.45∙10–3 3.53∙10–3 4.78∙10–3 6.36∙10–3 7.68∙10–3 6.46∙10–3 1.81∙10–3 4.38∙10–2 5.16∙10–3 9.28∙10–3 9.24∙10–3 1.15∙10–2 9.59∙10–3 7.97∙10–3 1.07∙10–2 1.43∙10–2 1.83∙10–2 1.54∙10–2 1.27∙10–1 5.86∙10–3 2.99∙10–3 7.95∙10–2 2.88∙10–2 3.24∙10–2 2.72∙10–2 1.34∙10–2 1.81∙10–2 2.41∙10–2 2.44∙10–3 1.57∙10–3 4.70∙10–3 7.81∙10–3

Mg II 870.2 870.2 884.7 884.7 907.4 907.4 946.703 946.769 1025.962 1026.108 1239.936 1240.399 1248.511 1249.932 1271.243

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2

4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4

1.04∙10–2 1.08∙10–2 1.38∙10–2 1.44∙10–2 1.94∙10–2 2.02∙10–2 2.69∙10–2 2.81∙10–2 3.43∙10–2 3.63∙10–2 1.35∙10–2 1.52∙10–2 3.83∙10–2 7.64∙10–2 1.23∙10–2

K21599_S10.indb 119

λ Å 1271.943 1272.725 1273.427 1306.711 1307.877 1308.282 1309.439 1365.545 1367.260 1367.704 1369.425 1476.004 1478.013 1480.890 1482.902 1734.845 1737.618 1750.654 1753.456 2329.578 2329.578 2449.590 2449.590 2660.755 2660.817 2790.776 2795.528 2797.998 2802.704 2928.634 2936.509 2968.020 2969.145 2971.839 3104.722 3104.809 3165.878 3168.951 3172.706 3175.783 3534.972 3538.813 3549.516 3553.366 3613.781 3615.583 3848.209 3848.335 3850.385 4384.637 4390.564 4427.994 4433.990 4436.486 4436.598 4481.130 4481.327 4630.878 4631.405 4739.588

Weights gi 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6

gk

A 108 s–1

2 6 2 4 2 6 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 8 6 8 6 8 6 4 4 6 2 2 2 6 2 2 8 6 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 2 8 6 8 6 4 2 8

4.49∙10–2 1.44∙10–2 8.97∙10–2 2.19∙10–2 6.72∙10–2 2.58∙10–2 1.34∙10–1 4.53∙10–2 5.35∙10–2 1.08∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 1.10∙10–1 1.30∙10–1 1.93∙10–1 3.85∙10–1 4.29∙10–1 5.09∙10–1 4.00∙10–1 7.98∙10–1 1.36∙10–1 1.27∙10–1 2.16∙10–1 2.02∙10–1 3.81∙10–1 3.56∙10–1 4.01 2.60 4.79 2.57 1.15 2.30 1.98∙10–2 2.25∙10–2 4.49∙10–2 7.97∙10–1 7.44∙10–1 2.89∙10–2 3.43∙10–2 3.41∙10–2 6.81∙10–2 5.80∙10–2 6.90∙10–2 5.64∙10–2 1.12∙10–1 1.79∙10–3 1.56∙10–3 2.96∙10–2 3.29∙10–3 3.24∙10–2 1.45∙10–1 1.73∙10–1 1.05∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 6.38∙10–2 5.95∙10–2 2.33 2.17 2.75∙10–3 3.01∙10–3 8.09∙10–2

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

4739.712 4868.845 4868.845 5068.937 5069.802 5264.215 5264.368 5434.039 5434.039 5451.259 5460.019 5464.136 5916.429 5918.158 5923.366 5928.233 5938.629 5943.499 6346.737 6346.962 6620.440 6620.569 6781.451 6787.851 6812.860 6819.270 7786.500 7790.978 7877.051 7896.368 8115.220 8120.434 8213.989 8234.639 8734.990 8745.657 8824.323 8835.082 9218.248 9244.266 9631.888 9632.435

4 6 8 6 4 6 4 6 8 2 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 6 4 6 8 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 6 4

6 4 6 4 2 8 6 4 6 4 2 2 4 2 4 6 2 2 8 6 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 8 6

7.55∙10–2 1.50∙10–3 1.41∙10–3 3.97∙10–3 4.35∙10–3 1.27∙10–1 1.19∙10–1 2.45∙10–3 2.33∙10–3 1.03∙10–2 1.11∙10–2 2.22∙10–2 6.42∙10–3 7.04∙10–3 1.40∙10–2 1.66∙10–2 1.36∙10–2 2.71∙10–2 2.20∙10–1 2.05∙10–1 4.61∙10–3 4.37∙10–3 2.49∙10–2 2.96∙10–2 2.11∙10–2 4.21∙10–2 1.97∙10–3 1.84∙10–3 6.58∙10–1 7.86∙10–1 1.22∙10–2 1.34∙10–2 2.65∙10–1 5.29∙10–1 5.34∙10–2 6.37∙10–2 3.69∙10–2 7.36∙10–2 3.64∙10–1 3.61∙10–1 4.21∙10–1 3.93∙10–1

Mg III 186.5149 187.1977 188.5296 231.7333 234.2631 1229.389 1239.827 1274.831 1350.156 1378.700 1393.391 1405.170 1422.118 1431.136 1435.550 1439.770

1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 1 3

1.86∙102 1.26∙102 2.5 9.12∙10 4.98 5.72∙10–1 1.82 2.53 3.50∙10–1 5.32 6.38 1.54 1.80∙10–1 4.30 3.04 3.54∙10–1

Atomic

λ Å

10-119

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-120

Atomic

λ Å 1443.738 1446.254 1447.260 1458.172 1462.305 1467.188 1482.67 1493.097 1506.826 1550.82 1572.712 1586.237 1592.360 1626.093 1635.946 1642.826 1648.822 1652.218 1659.244 1663.287 1675.710 1679.470 1687.091 1697.282 1703.108 1703.731 1704.368 1714.783 1722.041 1730.733 1730.778 1731.786 1738.835 1739.475 1743.947 1745.009 1747.561 1748.932 1757.176 1757.888 1761.740 1763.805 1772.982 1775.942 1783.253 1787.927 1791.375 1793.207 1794.582 1800.662 1803.087 1820.421 1820.896 1826.750 1828.974 1838.336 1839.878 1847.561 1858.186 1868.225

K21599_S10.indb 120

Weights gi 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 7 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 1 5 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 5

gk

A 108 s–1

3 1 3 1 5 3 5 5 5 1 5 3 1 3 5 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 3 5 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 5 3 3 5 7 5 3 3 3 1 7 5 7 3 5

1.81 4.15∙10–1 2.22 3.21 1.21 9.37∙10–1 1.55∙10–1 1.02 3.91∙10–1 1.04∙10 6.92 8.02 8.53 1.77∙10–1 2.44∙10–1 9.17∙10–1 5.38∙10–1 9.10∙10–1 8.48∙10–1 1.68∙10–1 4.19∙10–1 5.88∙10–1 1.41 2.14 1.71∙10–1 2.97 1.79∙10–1 4.76∙10–1 3.23 1.03 1.44 1.60 1.14∙10 3.26∙10–4 3.76∙10–1 5.37∙10–2 7.38 8.71 2.04∙10–1 2.10 3.16∙10–3 3.17 7.67 1.28∙10–1 9.39 1.46 2.32 3.36∙10–1 7.73 8.21 1.03∙10–1 2.98 3.05∙10–2 1.32∙10–1 4.97∙10–1 1.09 4.55∙10–1 3.74∙10–2 1.28 1.94

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

1879.492 1887.308 1896.304 1901.572 1901.572 1908.500 1918.777 1921.374 1923.896 1930.374 1930.672 1937.843 1938.936 1941.500 1941.500 1954.831 1962.145 1971.514 1977.554 1979.327 1979.43 2004.860 2039.553 2055.491 2064.902 2085.891 2091.963 2094.207 2097.936 2112.773 2134.054 2177.694 2273.414 2318.125 2395.149 2467.751 2490.534 2529.190 2618.011 2905.419

5 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 1 5 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 1 1

5 3 3 5 3 1 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 5 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3

1.76 7.56∙10–1 4.20∙10–1 3.78∙10–1 5.47∙10–1 5.15 1.98 2.26∙10–1 1.37 8.30∙10–1 1.70 1.46 8.97∙10–1 1.23∙10–1 3.27∙10–1 7.97∙10–1 7.76∙10–1 2.06 4.94∙10–1 1.22 4.10∙10–1 3.33∙10–1 1.54 2.35 4.21 1.61 2.57 1.21∙10–1 1.50 1.69 2.36 2.12 1.27∙10–2 4.44∙10–2 1.67 6.91∙10–1 1.61 1.89∙10–1 8.72∙10–1 6.84∙10–3

Mg IV 129.857 320.9943 323.3076 840.366 842.087 1346.543 1352.020 1384.425 1437.61

4 4 2 6 8 6 4 8 6

6 2 2 4 6 8 6 10 8

5.61∙102 1.13∙102 5.52∙101 1.24∙101 1.19∙101 1.07∙101 6.59 1.45∙101 1.21∙101

6 6 6 10 8

8 6 4 12 8

3.7 3.6 3.7 2.9∙10–1 5.9∙10–1

Manganese Mn I 2794.82 2798.27 2801.08 3016.45 3043.36

λ Å 3044.57 3045.59 3047.03 3082.71 3228.09 3230.72 3243.78 3256.14 3267.79 3268.72 3270.35 3273.02 3463.66 3511.83 3577.87 3601.27 3608.49 3660.40 3675.67 3676.96 3680.15 3682.09 3684.87 3706.08 3718.92 3731.94 3771.44 3773.86 3800.55 3806.72 3823.51 3834.37 3841.07 3889.46 3924.08 3926.48 3952.84 3982.90 4011.91 4018.11 4030.76 4041.36 4048.75 4052.48 4055.55 4058.94 4065.08 4066.24 4079.42 4082.95 4083.63 4089.94 4105.37 4135.03 4141.06 4148.80 4176.61 4189.99 4201.78 4235.30

Weights gi 10 10 12 14 10 8 6 4 14 6 12 10 8 12 10 12 6 12 6 10 12 8 6 12 10 8 14 12 6 10 8 6 4 12 2 6 6 6 8 10 6 10 6 6 8 4 12 10 2 4 6 8 10 12 10 8 14 12 10 8

gk 8 10 12 14 12 8 6 6 14 8 12 10 8 12 8 10 6 14 8 12 10 10 8 14 12 10 14 12 8 12 10 8 6 14 4 8 6 4 8 8 8 10 4 8 8 2 14 8 4 6 8 10 8 12 10 8 12 10 8 6

A 108 s–1 5.7∙10–1 6.7∙10–1 6.1∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 5.3∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 7.3∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 1.4 9.6∙10–1 1.0 1.9∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 5.9∙10–1 5.21∙10–1 4.29∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 4.1∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 2.54∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 7.87∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 4.31∙10–1 7.25∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 2.95∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 9.17∙10–1

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

4265.93 4281.10 4411.87 4414.89 4419.77 4436.36 4451.58 4453.01 4455.82 4457.55 4458.26 4461.09 4462.03 4464.68 4470.14 4479.40 4490.08 4498.90 4502.22 4605.37 4626.54 4709.71 4727.46 4739.11 4754.05 4761.53 4762.38 4765.86 4766.43 4783.43 4823.53 6013.48 6021.79

4 6 12 8 10 6 8 4 4 6 6 8 8 6 4 8 2 4 6 10 12 8 6 4 6 2 8 4 6 8 10 4 8

4 6 10 6 8 4 8 2 6 6 8 8 10 6 4 10 4 6 8 12 14 8 6 4 8 4 10 6 8 8 8 6 6

4.92∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 2.93∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 4.37∙10–1 7.98∙10–1 5.44∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 4.27∙10–1 4.62∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 7.00∙10–1 4.39∙10–1 3.00∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 2.49∙10–1 2.49∙10–1 1.86∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 1.72∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 2.40∙10–1 3.03∙10–1 5.35∙10–1 7.83∙10–1 4.1∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 4.01∙10–1 4.99∙10–1 1.72∙10–1 3.32∙10–1

Mn II 2593.72 2605.68 2933.05 2939.31 2949.20 3441.99 3460.32 3474.13 3482.90 3488.68

7 7 5 5 5 9 7 5 5 3

7 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 5 3

2.6 2.7 2.0 1.9 1.9 4.3∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 2.5∙10–1

Mn VI 307.999 309.440 309.579 310.058 310.182 311.748 320.598 320.681 320.874 320.979 321.176 321.541 325.146

9 9 7 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 9

9 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7

3.7∙101 5.7∙101 4.4∙101 3.4∙101 2.8∙101 5.7∙101 1.5∙101 2.2∙101 7.8∙101 2.2∙101 6.0∙101 2.7∙101 1.3∙102

K21599_S10.indb 121

λ Å

Weights gi

328.431 328.558 329.043 1236.23 1255.77 1285.10 1333.87

gk

A 108 s–1

5 3 1 5 3 5 7

5 5 3 3 1 7 9

4.4∙101 1.2∙101 1.1∙101 1.3∙101 1.2∙101 1.1∙101 1.0∙101

1 3 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 1 3 1 3

3 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 7 5 5 5 3 7 5 3 1 1 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1

8.00∙10–2 3.88∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 6.10∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 1.6∙10–1 7.7∙10–2 4.5∙10–1 5.09∙10–1 9.4∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 6.56∙10–1 1.68∙10–1 1.3 1.8∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 4.0∙10–2 3.0∙10–2 2.88∙10–2 8.4∙10–2 5.57∙10–1 5.8∙10–2 2.7∙10–4 4.87∙10–1 2.36∙10–1 5.3∙10–3 4.3∙10–3 2.8∙10–2 9.7∙10–3 2.71∙10–1

3 5 5 7 7 9 7 9 9 5 7 9 9 7 9 11

5 7 5 5 9 7 7 11 9 7 9 11 7 7 9 11

7.34∙10–1 7.75∙10–1 7.57∙10–1 1.20 9.84∙10–1 4.08∙10–1 6.43∙10–1 1.31 4.18∙10–1 2.95∙10–1 2.54∙10–1 2.06∙10–1 2.85∙10–1 4.23∙10–1 2.84∙10–1 4.74∙10–1

Mercury Hg I 2536.52 2652.04 2655.13 2752.78 2856.94 2893.60 2925.4 2967.3 3021.50 3023.48 3027.49 3125.66 3341.48 3650.15 3654.83 4046.56 4077.81 4108.1 4339.22 4347.50 4358.34 4916.07 5025.64 5460.75 5769.59 6234.4 6716.4 6907.5 7728.8 10139.79 Molybdenum Mo I 2616.79 2629.85 2638.30 2640.98 2649.46 2655.02 2658.11 2679.85 2684.16 2733.39 2751.47 2761.53 2787.83 2826.75 2876.54 2886.60

λ Å 2906.06 2915.38 2936.50 2945.43 2959.48 2977.27 2987.92 2988.23 2989.80 3000.85 3013.39 3016.78 3025.00 3036.31 3041.70 3046.80 3047.31 3055.32 3061.59 3064.27 3065.04 3069.96 3070.89 3074.37 3079.88 3080.40 3085.62 3089.71 3094.66 3100.88 3101.34 3117.54 3132.59 3135.90 3136.75 3142.75 3147.35 3155.19 3158.17 3170.34 3171.38 3175.59 3179.78 3183.03 3184.58 3185.10 3185.71 3188.10 3188.41 3192.79 3193.98 3194.88 3195.96 3198.85 3205.22 3205.43 3205.89 3208.84 3210.97 3214.44

Weights gi 3 5 11 7 9 9 3 5 9 5 7 9 5 3 13 13 11 9 7 13 13 11 9 11 9 7 9 5 7 7 5 13 7 9 9 3 13 7 7 7 5 13 11 11 7 7 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 15 1 9 9 7 7 9

gk 3 3 11 7 11 7 5 7 7 7 5 9 5 5 11 11 9 7 5 13 13 11 11 11 11 9 9 7 7 9 5 13 9 11 11 5 11 7 7 7 7 11 13 9 5 7 3 9 7 11 5 11 7 13 3 11 9 5 5 7

A 108 s–1 8.04∙10–1 7.31∙10–1 2.33∙10–1 3.66∙10–1 1.75∙10–1 3.28∙10–1 8.43∙10–1 4.28∙10–1 9.27∙10–1 2.58∙10–1 6.06∙10–1 2.75∙10–1 8.49∙10–1 5.81∙10–1 5.94∙10–1 1.63∙10–1 5.01∙10–1 4.29∙10–1 4.41∙10–1 8.46∙10–1 3.08∙10–1 2.72∙10–1 1.87∙10–1 1.42 9.55∙10–1 3.61∙10–1 1.63 2.34∙10–1 1.63 1.20 1.92 1.89∙10–1 1.79 3.68∙10–1 1.57∙10–1 4.10∙10–1 2.41∙10–1 2.75∙10–1 4.63∙10–1 1.37 2.03∙10–1 8.40∙10–1 2.33∙10–1 3.98∙10–1 2.77∙10–1 2.54∙10–1 6.10∙10–1 3.45∙10–1 4.40∙10–1 1.88∙10–1 1.53 1.75∙10–1 4.10∙10–1 7.22∙10–1 4.27∙10–1 2.55∙10–1 5.35∙10–1 2.77∙10–1 6.94∙10–1 2.01∙10–1

Atomic

λ Å

10-121

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-122

Atomic

λ Å 3215.07 3216.78 3221.73 3228.21 3229.79 3233.14 3237.06 3251.65 3256.21 3259.16 3262.63 3264.40 3265.14 3266.16 3270.90 3285.35 3289.01 3290.82 3305.91 3323.95 3336.56 3344.73 3346.83 3358.12 3361.37 3363.78 3375.65 3378.46 3379.96 3384.61 3385.87 3389.79 3392.17 3393.65 3404.33 3413.37 3415.27 3415.61 3416.14 3420.04 3422.31 3425.13 3427.90 3434.79 3435.45 3437.21 3445.03 3445.26 3447.12 3449.07 3449.85 3452.60 3456.15 3460.78 3466.19 3466.96 3467.85 3469.22 3469.63 3470.92

K21599_S10.indb 122

Weights gi 3 15 3 5 9 13 7 3 5 11 7 11 5 9 7 9 9 7 7 9 9 3 11 5 9 5 7 13 5 7 9 5 9 11 7 11 9 7 9 5 9 11 11 7 15 11 7 7 9 7 5 7 5 9 9 7 5 5 13 3

gk 5 13 1 7 11 13 9 5 3 13 9 9 7 11 7 7 9 5 9 7 9 5 11 7 9 7 9 13 5 9 11 7 9 11 7 11 9 9 11 5 9 11 13 7 15 9 9 5 11 9 7 7 5 7 7 7 7 3 15 5

A 108 s–1 4.20∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 1.41 3.85∙10–1 1.44∙10–1 6.33∙10–1 2.95∙10–1 3.05∙10–1 6.89∙10–1 1.62∙10–1 3.62∙10–1 5.42∙10–1 2.60∙10–1 1.95∙10–1 3.59∙10–1 4.49∙10–1 5.08∙10–1 5.44∙10–1 3.06∙10–1 2.82∙10–1 1.64∙10–1 6.04∙10–1 1.13∙10–1 7.59∙10–1 1.38∙10–1 2.74∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 3.75∙10–1 4.11∙10–1 7.32∙10–1 3.30∙10–1 1.85∙10–1 1.97∙10–1 2.08∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 1.25∙10–1 1.83∙10–1 1.29∙10–1 2.45∙10–1 3.28∙10–1 2.52∙10–1 2.29∙10–1 4.09∙10–1 1.75∙10–1 1.50 8.06∙10–1 1.53∙10–1 2.96∙10–1 8.75∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 1.65∙10–1 2.48∙10–1 3.60∙10–1 6.03∙10–1 2.11∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 2.63∙10–1 6.96∙10–1 1.51∙10–1 2.91∙10–1

λ Å 3475.03 3479.42 3489.43 3504.41 3505.31 3508.11 3510.77 3517.55 3518.21 3521.38 3521.41 3524.98 3538.92 3540.57 3542.17 3552.71 3555.64 3558.09 3566.05 3566.74 3570.64 3573.88 3580.54 3581.88 3585.57 3590.74 3595.55 3598.88 3600.73 3601.88 3602.94 3604.07 3615.16 3623.22 3624.46 3624.62 3638.20 3638.21 3640.62 3647.84 3657.36 3658.13 3659.36 3662.15 3662.99 3663.27 3664.81 3669.34 3672.81 3672.82 3680.68 3681.72 3687.96 3688.97 3690.59 3694.94 3696.04 3708.55 3715.75 3718.48

Weights gi 3 7 7 7 7 9 13 11 3 9 9 7 11 5 7 9 3 5 9 7 15 3 13 11 7 7 5 13 9 7 5 9 7 11 9 5 5 5 7 7 5 9 7 7 11 7 11 9 9 9 11 9 5 11 11 5 11 7 9 5

gk 3 5 7 9 9 9 13 11 3 9 11 9 11 3 5 7 3 7 9 7 15 5 11 13 5 9 5 11 9 9 7 7 9 9 11 7 3 3 5 7 7 9 9 9 11 5 13 7 11 9 11 7 7 9 9 7 11 9 7 7

A 108 s–1 4.68∙10–1 2.26∙10–1 3.27∙10–1 8.06∙10–1 2.25∙10–1 1.59∙10–1 4.75∙10–1 5.41∙10–1 3.64∙10–1 1.39∙10–1 6.06∙10–1 2.25∙10–1 2.24∙10–1 4.46∙10–1 4.93∙10–1 3.64∙10–1 3.46∙10–1 5.43∙10–1 2.67∙10–1 1.43∙10–1 7.18∙10–1 3.58∙10–1 5.49∙10–1 3.81∙10–1 3.95∙10–1 2.23∙10–1 2.32∙10–1 5.67∙10–1 2.07∙10–1 1.15∙10–1 2.96∙10–1 3.25∙10–1 1.96∙10–1 5.58∙10–1 5.27∙10–1 1.37∙10–1 3.51∙10–1 3.33∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 2.11∙10–1 2.03∙10–1 1.86∙10–1 6.70∙10–1 1.45∙10–1 3.48∙10–1 2.30∙10–1 9.54∙10–1 2.16∙10–1 1.95∙10–1 1.13∙10–1 2.96∙10–1 1.68∙10–1 2.12∙10–1 3.26∙10–1 2.07∙10–1 6.36∙10–1 3.59∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 2.38∙10–1 1.34∙10–1

λ Å 3720.25 3725.55 3727.68 3728.50 3733.02 3733.41 3735.62 3742.28 3747.19 3748.48 3755.16 3758.52 3759.60 3760.88 3768.73 3769.99 3777.72 3788.25 3794.43 3798.25 3801.84 3805.99 3819.78 3824.78 3827.15 3828.88 3830.81 3831.07 3832.11 3833.75 3846.18 3848.30 3851.99 3864.10 3866.69 3874.15 3902.95 3909.54 3919.55 3955.48 3973.76 3977.90 3980.20 3991.85 4010.13 4021.01 4051.18 4062.08 4069.88 4076.19 4084.37 4107.46 4120.09 4131.92 4148.98 4157.40 4157.90 4185.82 4188.32 4194.56

Weights gi 7 7 9 7 7 13 11 7 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 13 7 9 7 9 5 9 5 7 7 5 7 9 9 7 9 11 7 3 7 7 9 11 13 11 9 5 11 5 9 13 11 13 9 9 7 13 9 9 13 9 11 11 11

gk 9 7 11 9 7 13 11 7 7 11 9 9 7 9 9 9 11 9 9 9 7 5 11 7 7 7 5 9 9 9 7 9 9 7 5 5 5 7 13 11 13 7 3 9 3 11 11 9 11 9 7 5 15 11 11 11 11 13 13 11

A 108 s–1 2.86∙10–1 1.60∙10–1 1.51∙10–1 2.20∙10–1 1.45∙10–1 2.80∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 3.07∙10–1 3.95∙10–1 2.48∙10–1 1.22∙10–1 1.82∙10–1 2.16∙10–1 2.88∙10–1 2.46∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 2.87∙10–1 1.22∙10–1 6.90∙10–1 3.16∙10–1 2.44∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 1.40∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 1.83∙10–1 1.20∙10–1 3.05∙10–1 1.70∙10–1 1.26∙10–1 1.26∙10–1 1.78∙10–1 6.24∙10–1 1.74∙10–1 1.67∙10–1 6.17∙10–1 1.13∙10–1 2.24∙10–1 1.71∙10–1 4.39∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 2.70∙10–1 1.29∙10–1 4.38∙10–1 2.65∙10–1 1.36∙10–1 1.96∙10–1 3.25∙10–1 1.16∙10–1 1.94∙10–1 2.02∙10–1 6.05∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 1.60∙10–1 3.82∙10–1 3.32∙10–1 2.70∙10–1

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

4232.59 4240.83 4246.02 4251.88 4254.95 4269.28 4276.91 4277.24 4317.92 4325.80 4326.14 4340.74 4381.63 4382.41 4409.94 4411.69 4434.95 4446.42 4457.35 4474.57 4491.65 4536.80 4598.23 4624.23 4633.08 4652.24 4686.08 4688.21 4707.25 4718.86 4723.05 4731.44 4758.50 4760.18 4764.11 4811.05 4819.25 4830.51 4858.39 4868.02 5037.18 5044.36 5163.18 5171.06 5172.94 5174.18 5191.45 5238.21 5240.87 5242.80 5261.53 5280.85 5355.52 5356.46 5360.51 5364.28 5460.50 5493.76 5506.49 5533.03

K21599_S10.indb 123

Weights gi 9 5 11 13 7 11 7 9 15 3 5 5 13 11 13 11 9 11 7 5 11 13 1 9 3 5 3 13 7 5 9 9 11 11 9 13 11 9 13 7 9 7 9 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 5 5 9 11 9 9 5 7 5 5

gk 11 5 13 11 9 11 9 11 15 3 7 7 13 13 13 11 9 11 7 5 11 15 3 9 5 7 3 15 9 5 9 11 9 13 7 11 9 7 11 5 7 5 11 7 5 3 9 9 7 5 7 5 9 11 11 9 3 5 7 5

A 108 s–1 3.17∙10–1 1.68∙10–1 2.00∙10–1 1.76∙10–1 2.01∙10–1 1.36∙10–1 2.85∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 1.84∙10–1 2.56∙10–1 1.23∙10–1 2.93∙10–1 3.83∙10–1 1.38∙10–1 2.63∙10–1 2.51∙10–1 1.90∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 2.09∙10–1 5.03∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 1.32∙10–1 2.35∙10–1 1.55∙10–1 1.72∙10–1 1.54∙10–1 3.63∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 1.23∙10–1 4.49∙10–1 3.01∙10–1 4.67∙10–1 2.16∙10–1 4.36∙10–1 2.71∙10–1 4.07∙10–1 1.24∙10–1 3.11∙10–1 1.14∙10–1 1.31∙10–1 2.03∙10–1 1.84∙10–1 4.11∙10–1 5.83∙10–1 1.62∙10–1 3.74∙10–1 3.89∙10–1 2.01∙10–1 1.13∙10–1 1.28∙10–1 1.21∙10–1 2.11∙10–1 6.19∙10–1 2.26∙10–1 3.46∙10–1 2.13∙10–1 3.61∙10–1 3.72∙10–1

λ Å 5570.44 5849.71 5851.50 5893.36 5895.93 5926.37 5928.88 7154.11

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

5 3 3 5 5 7 7 9

3 3 5 5 7 7 9 9

3.30∙10–1 3.02∙10–1 1.55∙10–1 2.60∙10–1 3.12∙10–1 1.63∙10–1 5.32∙10–1 3.45∙10–1

16 14 10 8 10 12 18 10 16 18 16 14 14 14 12 18 18 8 16 14 12 10 12 16 14 12 22 20 18 12 16 20 14 12 18 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 16 12

18 16 12 10 10 12 18 12 16 20 18 16 16 12 14 16 18 10 16 14 10 10 14 18 16 10 20 18 16 10 14 18 12 10 16 20 18 16 18 14 16 10 12 10 18 10

1.4∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 4.9∙10–2 1.5∙10–1 6.1∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 6.3∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 6.8∙10–2 3.7∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 8.5∙10–2 4.7∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 4.0∙10–2 6.8∙10–2 2.5∙10–1 6.4∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 1.2∙10–2 1.6∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 5.1∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 7.0∙10–2 1.3∙10–1 5.9∙10–2 8.7∙10–2 5.6∙10–2 7.2∙10–2 4.6∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 1.1∙10–2

Neodymium Nd II 3780.4 3805.4 3807.2 3863.3 3941.5 3951.2 3973.3 3979.5 3990.1 4012.3 4061.1 4106.6 4109.5 4133.4 4156.1 4205.6 4284.5 4303.6 4325.8 4358.2 4382.7 4400.8 4451.6 4456.4 4463.0 4958.1 5130.6 5192.6 5249.6 5276.9 5293.2 5302.3 5311.5 5319.8 5357.0 5371.9 5485.7 5594.4 5620.6 5688.5 5718.1 5726.8 5740.9 5804.0 5865.1 6051.9

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

Neon Ne I 615.63 618.67 619.10 626.82 629.74 735.90 743.72 3369.8 3369.9 3375.6 3417.9 3418.0 3423.9 3447.7 3450.8 3454.2 3460.5 3464.3 3466.6 3472.6 3498.1 3501.2 3510.7 3515.2 3520.5 3593.5 3593.6 3600.2 3633.7 3682.2 3685.7 3701.2 4536.3 4702.5 4708.9 4955.4 5113.7 5120.5 5154.4 5191.3 5326.4 5333.3 5341.1 5400.6 5418.6 5433.7 5652.6 5662.5 5852.5 5868.4 5881.9 5913.6 5939.3 5944.8 5961.6 5975.5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 5

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 5 1 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 3

Atomic

λ Å

10-123

3.8∙10–1 9.3∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 7.4∙10–1 4.8∙10–1 6.11 4.86∙10–1 1.0∙10–3 7.6∙10–3 2.2∙10–3 9.2∙10–3 2.2∙10–3 1.0∙10–3 2.1∙10–2 4.9∙10–3 3.7∙10–2 7.0∙10–3 6.7∙10–3 1.3∙10–2 1.7∙10–2 5.1∙10–3 1.2∙10–2 2.2∙10–3 6.9∙10–3 9.3∙10–2 9.9∙10–3 6.6∙10–3 4.3∙10–3 1.1∙10–2 1.6∙10–3 3.9∙10–3 2.2∙10–3 5.0∙10–3 2.1∙10–3 4.2∙10–2 3.3∙10–3 1.0∙10–2 5.6∙10–3 1.9∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 6.8∙10–3 5.3∙10–3 1.1∙10–1 9.0∙10–3 5.2∙10–3 2.83∙10–3 8.9∙10–3 6.9∙10–3 6.82∙10–1 1.4∙10–2 1.15∙10–1 4.8∙10–2 2.00∙10–3 1.13∙10–1 3.3∙10–2 3.51∙10–2

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-124 Weights

Atomic

λ Å

gi

6030.0 6046.1 6074.3 6096.2 6118.0 6128.5 6143.1 6150.3 6163.6 6217.3 6266.5 6273.0 6293.7 6304.8 6328.2 6330.9 6334.4 6351.9 6383.0 6401.1 6402.2 6506.5 6532.9 6599.0 6602.9 6652.1 6678.3 6717.0 6721.1 6929.5 7024.1 7032.4 7051.3 7059.1 7173.9 7245.2 7304.8 7438.9 7472.4 7535.8 7937.0 8082.5 8118.5 8128.9 8259.4 8571.4 8582.9 8647.0 8681.9 8767.5 8771.7 8783.8 8865.3 9201.8 9433.0 9486.7 9534.2 10621 11409 11525

3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

K21599_S10.indb 124

gk

A 108 s–1

3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

5.61∙10–2 2.26∙10–3 6.03∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 6.09∙10–3 6.7∙10–3 2.82∙10–1 1.5∙10–2 1.46∙10–1 6.37∙10–2 2.49∙10–1 9.7∙10–3 6.39∙10–3 4.16∙10–2 3.39∙10–2 2.3∙10–2 1.61∙10–1 3.45∙10–3 3.21∙10–1 1.39∙10–2 5.14∙10–1 3.00∙10–1 1.08∙10–1 2.32∙10–1 5.9∙10–3 2.9∙10–3 2.33∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 4.9∙10–4 1.74∙10–1 1.89∙10–2 2.53∙10–1 3.0∙10–2 6.8∙10–2 2.87∙10–2 9.35∙10–2 2.55∙10–3 2.31∙10–2 4.0∙10–2 4.3∙10–1 7.8∙10–3 1.2∙10–3 4.9∙10–2 7.2∙10–3 2.03∙10–2 5.5∙10–2 1.00∙10–2 3.91∙10–2 2.1∙10–1 1.1∙10–3 1.6∙10–1 3.13∙10–1 9.4∙10–3 9.1∙10–2 1.1∙10–3 2.5∙10–2 6.3∙10–2 2.4∙10–3 4.2∙10–2 8.4∙10–2

Weights

λ Å

gi

11767 12459

3 3

Ne II *357.03 *361.77 *406.28 *446.37 460.73 462.39 1907.5 1916.1 1930.0 1938.8 2858.0 2870.0 2873.0 2876.3 2876.5 2878.1 2888.4 2891.5 2897.0 2906.8 2910.1 2910.4 2916.2 2925.6 2933.7 2955.7 3001.7 3017.3 3027.0 3028.7 3028.9 3034.5 3037.7 3045.6 3047.6 3054.7 3092.9 3097.1 3118.0 3134.1 3140.4 3151.1 3154.8 3164.4 3165.7 3173.6 3176.1 3187.6 3188.7 3190.9 3194.6 3198.6 3198.9 3209.0 3209.4 3213.7

6 6 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 2 6 6 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 6 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 6 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 4 8 2 2

gk

A 108 s–1

3 6.9∙10–2 3 1.5∙10–2

10 2 10 6 2 2 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 6 4 8 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 2 4 8 4 2 6 4 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 6 6 4 8 4 8 4 4

3.8∙101 1.6∙101 1.8∙101 4.07∙101 4.7∙101 2.3∙101 2.8∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 7.9∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 7.8∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 6.9∙10–2 7.0∙10–2 6.1∙10–2 5.2∙10–2 5.5∙10–1 1.7 5.9∙10–1 9.6∙10–2 5.6∙10–1 6.9∙10–2 1.2 8.7∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 1.4 8.5∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 3.1 2.1 2.5 1.8 9.4∙10–1 1.3 1.3 4.2∙10–2 2.6∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 4.8∙10–2 1.8∙10–2 1.6∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 4.5∙10–2 6.0∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 3.9∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 1.7 2.3∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 1.7

Weights

λ Å

gi

3214.3 3218.2 3224.8 3229.5 3229.6 3230.1 3230.4 3232.0 3232.4 3243.4 3244.1 3248.1 3255.4 3263.4 3269.9 3270.8 3297.7 3309.7 3310.5 3311.3 3314.7 3319.7 3320.2 3323.7 3327.2 3329.2 3330.7 3334.8 3336.1 3344.4 3345.5 3345.8 3353.6 3355.0 3356.3 3357.8 3360.3 3360.6 3362.9 3371.8 3374.1 3378.2 3379.3 3386.2 3388.4 3390.6 3392.8 3404.8 3407.0 3411.4 3413.2 3414.9 3416.9 3417.7 3438.9 3440.7 3453.1 3454.8 3456.6 3457.1

4 8 6 8 8 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 6 4 4 4 6 4 8 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 2 4

gk 6 10 8 8 10 6 6 4 4 6 8 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 6 2 6 4 4 8 6 8 6 2 4 4 2 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 6 8 2 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 4 4 6

A 108 s–1 2.2 3.6 3.5 1.3∙10–1 3.6 1.8 1.4∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 1.6 2.3∙10–1 1.5 2.4∙10–1 3.8∙10–2 3.9∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 5.7∙10–2 4.3∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 6.9∙10–2 2.6∙10–1 4.4∙10–2 1.6 2.1∙10–1 1.6 9.1∙10–1 8.8∙10–1 3.9∙10–2 1.8 1.1 1.5 1.4 2.2∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.3 2.0∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 8.6∙10–1 8.2∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 1.7 3.0∙10–1 5.5∙10–2 2.2 7.7∙10–2 4.4∙10–1 1.9 2.3 6.1∙10–1 1.8 1.8∙10–2 6.4∙10–1 1.6 1.4 3.5∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 1.6 9.6∙10–1 9.9∙10–2

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities A

gi

3459.3 3475.2 3477.6 3481.9 3503.6 3522.7 3538.0 3539.9 3542.2 3542.9 3546.2 3551.6 3557.8 3561.2 3565.8 3568.5 3571.2 3574.2 3574.6 3590.4 3594.2 3612.3 3628.0 3632.7 3643.9 3644.9 3659.9 3664.1 3679.8 3694.2 3697.1 3701.8 3709.6 3713.1 3721.8 3726.9 3727.1 3734.9 3744.6 3751.2 3753.8 3766.3 3777.1 3800.0 3818.4 3829.8 3942.3

6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4

6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 6 2 6 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 4 6 6

1.6 1.2∙10–2 4.3∙10–1 1.4 2.0 2.3∙10–2 7.6∙10–1 3.6∙10–2 6.0∙10–1 1.2 6.3∙10–2 3.7∙10–2 1.9∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 1.4 6.3∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 1.3 3.6∙10–2 1.3 2.6∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 9.9∙10–1 6.7∙10–2 7.0∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 1.0 2.8∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 1.1 1.3 2.0∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 9.8∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 4.5∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 3.7∙10–1 6.1∙10–1 8.4∙10–1 1.0∙10–2

Ne V *142.61 *143.32 147.13 151.23 154.50 *167.69 *358.93 365.59 *482.15 *571.04 2259.6

9 9 5 5 1 9 9 5 9 9 3

9 15 7 5 3 9 3 3 9 15 5

6.7∙102 1.2∙103 1.5∙103 3.38∙102 7.0∙102 1.5∙102 2.1∙102 1.35∙102 3.01∙101 1.0∙101 1.9

K21599_S10.indb 125

gk

108 s–1

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

2265.7

5

7 2.4

Ne VII 97.502 *115.46 116.69 127.66 465.22 558.61 559.95 561.38 561.73 562.99 564.53

1 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5

3 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3

1.07∙103 4.8∙102 1.6∙103 1.9∙102 4.09∙101 8.11 1.07∙101 7.99 2.39∙101 3.17∙101 1.31∙101

Ne VIII *88.09 *98.208 770.41 780.32 2820.7 2860.1

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

8.4∙102 2.77∙103 5.90 5.69 7.20∙10–1 6.88∙10–1

7 5 3 5 7 9 7 7 5 7 9 5 7 5 9 7 7 5 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 3 9 5 7 7 3 7 5 5

9 7 5 5 5 7 7 7 5 5 11 7 9 3 7 5 7 5 5 7 9 5 3 7 7 5 7 3 7 9 3 7 5 7

1.1 8.3∙10–1 9.3∙10–1 2.6 6.9∙10–1 2.1 7.5∙10–1 5.5 5.0 3.8 6.9 5.6 3.5 5.3 2.2 5.5∙10–1 8.0∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 1.3 2.8∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 1.0 6.3∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 7.3∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.3 2.4∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 9.8∙10–2

gk

108 s–1

Nickel Ni I 1976.87 1990.25 2014.25 2085.57 2158.31 2289.98 2300.77 2312.34 2313.98 2317.16 2320.03 2321.38 2325.79 2329.96 2345.54 2346.63 3002.48 3003.62 3012.00 3037.93 3050.82 3054.31 3057.64 3101.56 3101.88 3134.11 3369.56 3380.57 3392.98 3414.76 3423.71 3433.56 3446.26 3452.88

λ Å 3458.46 3461.66 3472.55 3492.96 3510.33 3515.05 3524.54 3566.37 3619.39 4027.67 4295.88 4401.54 4462.46 4470.48 4600.37 4604.99 4606.23 4648.66 4686.22 4701.54 4714.42 4715.78 4732.47 4752.43 4756.52 4786.54 4829.03 4831.18 4838.64 4855.41 4904.41 4912.03 4913.97 4918.36 4935.83 4937.34 4953.20 4980.17 5000.34 5012.46 5017.58 5035.37 5042.20 5048.85 5080.53 5081.11 5082.35 5084.08 5099.95 5115.40 5129.37 5155.14 5155.76 5176.57 5371.33 5476.91 5637.12 5664.02 5695.00 6086.29

Weights gi 3 7 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 9 9 3 5 5 9 5 11 5 9 13 7 7 3 9 11 5 9 9 5 5 3 1 9 7 9 5 9 7 7 11 7 3 7 9 7 3 7 7 11 7 5 5 5 7 1 3 5 3 3

gk 5 9 7 3 1 7 5 5 7 7 7 11 5 7 3 7 3 9 5 9 11 7 9 3 9 11 7 7 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 9 5 11 7 7 11 9 5 7 11 9 3 9 7 9 5 5 7 5 7 3 3 7 3 5

A 108 s–1 6.1∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 9.8∙10–1 1.2 4.2∙10–1 1.0 5.6∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 9.3∙10–2 2.0∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 9.5∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 1.1∙10–1

Atomic

Weights

λ Å

10-125

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-126

Atomic

λ Å

Weights gi

A

gk

108 s–1

6175.42 7122.24 7381.94 7422.30 7727.66

3 5 9 7 7

3 7 11 5 7

1.7∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 9.7∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 1.1∙10–1

Ni II 2165.55 2169.10 2174.67 2175.15 2184.61 2201.41 2206.72 2216.48 2220.40 2222.96 2224.86 2226.33 2253.85 2264.46 2270.21 2278.77 2287.09 2296.55 2297.14 2297.49 2298.27 2303.00 2316.04 2334.58 2375.42 2394.52 2416.13 2437.89 2510.87

10 8 8 6 4 4 6 10 6 10 8 6 4 6 8 8 6 8 6 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 6 8 8

10 8 10 6 4 6 8 12 8 10 8 6 6 8 10 6 4 8 4 2 6 6 8 8 8 10 8 10 10

2.4 1.58 1.43 1.77 2.90 1.3 1.66 3.4 2.3 9.8∙10–1 1.55 1.3 1.98 1.43 1.56 2.8 2.8 1.98 2.70 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.88 8.0∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 1.70 2.1 5.4∙10–1 5.8∙10–1

Ni III 1692.51 1709.90 1719.46 1722.28 1724.52 1741.96 1752.43 1760.56 1769.64 1823.06

11 9 5 3 3 9 7 5 11 9

13 11 7 5 1 7 5 3 11 9

7.9 6.3 6.0 5.9 6.7 5.7 5.5 6.5 6.2 5.6

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

6 4 6 4 2 2 4 6

Nitrogen NI 951.079 951.295 952.303 952.415 952.523 953.415 953.655 953.970

K21599_S10.indb 126

8.29∙10–3 1.71∙10–3 1.12∙10–1 1.45∙10–1 7.62∙10–2 1.90 1.81 1.62

λ Å 954.104 955.264 955.437 955.529 955.882 959.494 960.201 963.990 964.626 965.041 1003.37 1003.38 1134.17 1134.41 1134.98 1159.82 1160.94 1163.88 1164.00 1164.21 1164.32 1165.59 1165.72 1165.84 1165.88 1166.00 1167.45 1167.74 1167.86 1168.22 1168.33 1168.42 1168.54 1169.69 1170.16 1170.28 1170.42 1170.54 1170.67 1171.08 1171.20 1176.51 1176.63 1177.69 1183.28 1183.40 1184.24 1184.36 1184.98 1199.55 1200.22 1200.71 1243.17 1243.18 1243.31 1243.31 1310.54 1310.94 1310.95 1312.87

Weights gi 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 4

gk

A 108 s–1

6 6 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 6 4 2 6 6 4 4 8 6 6 4 4 8 4 4 6 6 6 6 8 6 6 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6

1.95∙10–1 3.37∙10–3 1.40∙10–4 2.63∙10–3 4.29∙10–3 3.75∙10–3 1.69∙10–3 5.94∙10–1 5.66∙10–1 5.52∙10–1 1.86∙10–6 8.40∙10–6 1.51 1.49 1.44 4.94∙10–4 2.72∙10–4 3.25∙10–1 2.53∙10–3 2.98∙10–2 2.82∙10–1 1.69∙10–2 8.31∙10–4 1.99∙10–3 2.43∙10–4 6.79∙10–4 1.10 1.17∙10–4 7.03∙10–4 1.30∙10–2 1.24∙10–1 3.38∙10–2 9.32∙10–1 2.79∙10–2 3.03∙10–3 3.06∙10–2 4.91∙10–4 1.11∙10–3 5.86∙10–2 1.25∙10–1 3.93∙10–3 8.52∙10–1 9.91∙10–2 1.03 1.88∙10–5 2.16∙10–6 2.45∙10–3 3.34∙10–4 1.78∙10–3 4.07 4.03 4.00 3.33∙10–1 3.22 3.10 2.36∙10–1 7.68∙10–1 6.05∙10–1 1.75∙10–1 5.53∙10–4

λ Å 1313.07 1313.08 1313.28 1313.28 1314.97 1314.98 1315.43 1315.44 1316.04 1316.29 1318.50 1318.82 1318.83 1319.00 1319.00 1319.67 1319.68 1326.56 1326.57 1327.92 1327.92 1335.18 1336.39 1336.40 1337.19 1337.20 1411.93 1411.94 1411.95 1492.63 1492.82 1494.68 1742.72 1742.73 1745.25 1745.26 6884.31 6900.36 7380.10 7403.39 7405.68 7421.94 7423.64 7442.30 7447.81 7468.31 8184.86 8188.01 8200.36 8210.72 8216.34 8223.13 8242.39 8567.74 8594.00 8629.24 8655.88 8664.39 8680.28 8683.40

Weights gi 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 6 2 2 4 4 2 6 4

gk

A 108 s–1

4 4 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 8 6

2.79∙10–3 7.66∙10–5 2.37∙10–3 1.15∙10–3 1.14∙10–3 6.83∙10–4 3.65∙10–3 7.40∙10–4 1.06∙10–3 1.12∙10–2 1.36∙10–4 1.45∙10–5 1.00∙10–2 4.59∙10–1 2.28∙10–1 1.70∙10–1 5.76∙10–1 9.72∙10–3 6.71∙10–2 9.47∙10–2 4.43∙10–2 3.25∙10–6 1.02∙10–4 5.93∙10–4 3.16∙10–4 1.22∙10–4 4.46∙10–1 1.01∙10–1 5.34∙10–1 3.11 3.26∙10–1 3.46 2.12∙10–1 1.05 8.35∙10–1 4.01∙10–1 2.90∙10–6 1.27∙10–5 1.94∙10–5 1.14∙10–4 4.39∙10–5 1.63∙10–4 5.64∙10–2 1.19∙10–1 1.49∙10–4 1.96∙10–1 8.21∙10–2 1.25∙10–1 4.68∙10–2 5.23∙10–2 2.26∙10–1 2.62∙10–1 1.31∙10–1 4.86∙10–2 2.09∙10–1 2.67∙10–1 1.07∙10–1 1.63∙10–3 2.53∙10–1 1.88∙10–1

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

8686.15 8703.25 8711.70 8718.84 8728.90 8747.37 8758.21 8767.35 9020.69 9028.92 9060.48 9386.81 9392.79 9419.39 9460.68 9464.17 9493.77 9660.12 9708.45 9716.46 9740.39 9742.12 9776.90 9786.78 9788.29 9798.56 9810.01 9814.02 9822.75 9834.61 9863.33 9872.15 9883.38 9905.52 9909.22 9931.47 9965.75 9968.51 9980.42

2 2 4 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 6 4 8 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 2 4 2 4 4 6 4

4 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 6 2 4 2 8 6 4 8 6 2 2 4 4 6 4 6

1.15∙10–1 2.16∙10–1 1.29∙10–1 6.54∙10–2 3.75∙10–2 9.65∙10–3 2.62∙10–4 1.22∙10–3 3.68∙10–3 3.20∙10–1 3.21∙10–1 2.13∙10–1 2.51∙10–1 2.93∙10–4 3.73∙10–2 3.50∙10–3 4.06∙10–6 2.49∙10–4 3.18∙10–5 1.34∙10–4 9.03∙10–5 4.91∙10–7 1.40∙10–2 1.18∙10–2 3.83∙10–2 3.33∙10–2 5.42∙10–2 7.00∙10–3 5.74∙10–2 4.50∙10–2 1.03∙10–1 2.97∙10–2 1.83∙10–2 1.83∙10–3 4.07∙10–3 2.02∙10–2 3.48∙10–3 2.23∙10–3 4.86∙10–3

N II 525.983 526.118 526.345 528.529 529.355 529.413 529.491 529.637 529.722 529.867 533.511 533.581 533.650 533.729 533.815 533.884 534.637 534.872 536.300

1 3 5 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 3

3 3 3 7 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 5 5

3.94∙10–2 8.74∙10–4 5.91∙10–3 1.86∙10–2 7.17 2.44∙101 6.86 4.83 1.04∙101 1.96∙101 2.46∙101 3.29∙101 1.70∙101 4.24∙101 9.35 9.54∙10–1 4.96∙10–2 7.14∙10–4 6.40∙10–2

K21599_S10.indb 127

λ Å 536.365 536.536 572.069 574.650 576.060 576.232 580.802 580.904 582.156 583.925 584.128 599.644 599.819 600.115 635.197 640.121 644.634 644.837 645.178 646.209 660.286 670.296 670.515 670.884 671.016 671.386 671.411 671.630 671.773 672.001 693.774 694.169 715.254 745.841 746.984 747.606 748.369 775.965 816.740 834.070 834.740 835.163 858.376 860.205 915.612 915.962 916.012 916.020 916.701 916.710 1064.95 1064.96 1083.99 1084.56 1084.58 1085.53 1085.55 1085.70 1162.50 1275.04

Weights gi 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 1 1 1 3 5 1 5 1 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 3 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 7

gk

A 108 s–1

7 5 3 7 3 5 7 5 5 7 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 1 5

1.52∙10–1 2.35∙10–2 4.24∙10–3 3.83∙101 4.22∙10–4 3.23∙10–2 1.39∙10–2 1.38∙10–1 2.74∙101 2.32∙10–2 2.35∙10–1 1.02∙10–4 1.69∙10–3 3.15∙10–4 2.58∙101 2.30∙10–2 1.19∙101 3.56∙101 5.94∙101 1.43∙10–2 3.17∙101 3.80∙10–1 3.02∙10–1 3.68∙10–1 2.84 8.52 3.40 2.53 1.13∙101 4.38 5.66∙10–5 4.14∙10–4 1.06∙10–3 1.35∙101 3.69∙101 7.17∙10–5 3.81 3.14∙101 1.85∙10–4 8.13∙10–7 2.42∙10–7 3.04∙10–8 2.56∙10–1 2.65∙10–2 4.23 1.27∙101 3.14 3.21 9.55 5.27 2.30∙10–5 5.16∙10–5 2.10 1.54 2.82 9.96∙10–2 9.10∙10–1 3.72 8.42∙10–5 5.10∙10–1

λ Å 1275.25 1275.28 1276.20 1276.22 1276.80 1299.81 1300.04 1304.77 1304.79 1306.71 1343.34 1343.57 1345.08 1345.31 1345.34 1346.41 1346.44 1381.97 1382.00 1538.57 1627.35 1627.38 1628.90 1628.92 1629.08 1629.83 1675.73 1675.75 1675.92 1678.89 1740.31 1743.20 1743.23 1745.05 1745.08 1745.26 1805.24 1805.28 1805.47 2139.01 2142.77 3329.70 3408.13 3437.14 3775.61 3919.00 3955.85 3977.31 3995.00 4046.74 4109.59 4114.33 4123.12 4236.36 4319.06 4374.99 4379.58 4393.85 4412.50 4445.03

Weights gi 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 3 1 7 5 7 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 5 1 3 3 5 1 1 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5

gk

A 108 s–1

5 5 3 3 1 5 7 3 3 3 7 7 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 1 1 5 3 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 3 1 5 3 7 7 7

9.34∙10–2 6.32∙10–3 4.54∙10–1 1.54∙10–1 6.08∙10–1 7.33∙10–6 4.14∙10–5 6.74∙10–4 2.32∙10–4 2.06∙10–5 6.40∙10–2 7.55∙10–3 1.27∙10–2 4.90∙10–2 1.03∙10–2 1.94∙10–2 5.28∙10–2 1.30∙10–7 7.07∙10–5 1.59∙10–5 7.03∙10–3 2.39∙10–2 5.17∙10–3 1.98∙10–2 7.93∙10–3 3.21∙10–2 2.70∙10–1 4.39∙10–1 9.09∙10–2 3.62∙10–6 2.21∙10–1 1.67∙10–1 5.40∙10–2 9.07∙10–2 5.97∙10–3 1.23∙10–1 2.48∙10–4 3.05∙10–5 4.06∙10–5 5.15∙10–7 1.27∙10–6 2.01∙10–2 1.91∙10–1 1.91 6.61∙10–6 7.56∙10–1 1.21∙10–1 7.79∙10–5 1.22 1.44∙10–5 1.24∙10–6 1.65∙10–3 4.37∙10–4 1.93∙10–3 5.59∙10–5 6.31∙10–3 1.76∙10–3 5.21∙10–4 2.93∙10–5 1.20∙10–6

Atomic

λ Å

10-127

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-128

Atomic

λ Å 4447.03 4459.94 4464.13 4465.53 4475.89 4476.27 4477.68 4488.09 4507.56 4564.76 4601.48 4607.15 4613.87 4621.39 4630.54 4643.09 4654.53 4667.21 4674.91 4709.44 4774.24 4779.72 4781.19 4788.14 4793.65 4803.29 4810.30 4860.17 4874.57 4895.12 4897.54 4987.38 4994.37 5001.13 5001.47 5002.70 5005.15 5007.33 5010.62 5016.38 5025.66 5040.71 5045.10 5073.59 5114.28 5123.53 5138.90 5238.18 5355.00 5383.72 5390.69 5452.07 5454.22 5462.58 5478.09 5480.05 5493.23 5495.65 5666.63 5674.00

K21599_S10.indb 128

Weights gi 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 7 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 1 7 3 3 5 7 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3

gk

A 108 s–1

5 1 5 3 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 3 7 5 5 5 3 5 1 3 5 7 3 9 5 3 5 7 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 5 5

1.12 7.99∙10–2 5.85∙10–8 1.59∙10–2 3.96∙10–4 3.40∙10–5 6.44∙10–2 8.62∙10–3 7.39∙10–2 1.65∙10–2 2.22∙10–1 3.15∙10–1 2.12∙10–1 9.04∙10–1 7.48∙10–1 4.39∙10–1 1.92∙10–2 2.31∙10–2 8.54∙10–2 1.49∙10–3 3.07∙10–2 2.49∙10–1 1.92∙10–2 2.50∙10–1 7.73∙10–2 3.17∙10–1 4.75∙10–2 1.87∙10–2 2.17∙10–5 3.04∙10–2 5.61∙10–6 6.98∙10–1 7.11∙10–1 9.65∙10–1 1.04 8.33∙10–2 1.14 7.43∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 1.59∙10–1 1.04∙10–1 3.65∙10–3 3.37∙10–1 2.43∙10–2 3.88∙10–4 5.69∙10–5 3.34∙10–5 3.16∙10–5 7.02∙10–5 3.69∙10–3 2.04∙10–3 9.82∙10–2 3.70∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 5.22∙10–2 1.44∙10–1 3.11∙10–4 2.66∙10–1 3.45∙10–1 4.82∙10–7

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

5676.02 5679.56 5686.21 5710.77 5730.66 5747.30 5767.45 5927.81 5931.78 5940.24 5941.65 5952.39 5960.91 6065.00 6086.54 6284.32 6285.69 6286.11 6309.25 6366.79 6379.62 6433.44 6457.68 6472.43 6482.05 6610.56 6802.17 6826.23 7262.55 7528.12 7545.36 7559.05 7762.24 8089.08 8128.14 8687.43 9399.64

1 5 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 1

3 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 5 3 7 5 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 5 1 3

2.80∙10–1 4.96∙10–1 1.78∙10–1 1.17∙10–1 1.26∙10–2 3.27∙10–2 2.39∙10–2 3.19∙10–1 4.23∙10–1 2.22∙10–1 5.47∙10–1 1.24∙10–1 1.29∙10–2 2.57∙10–3 5.87∙10–5 4.63∙10–2 1.10∙10–3 4.50∙10–4 1.71∙10–4 8.14∙10–5 3.52∙10–2 1.22∙10–4 1.17∙10–4 1.13∙10–4 2.58∙10–1 6.01∙10–1 1.43∙10–5 2.49∙10–4 1.42∙10–7 6.61∙10–5 4.53∙10–4 1.90∙10–5 8.49∙10–2 1.01∙10–4 5.55∙10–4 1.16∙10–2 1.04∙10–4

N III 374.198 451.871 452.227 684.998 685.515 685.817 686.336 763.334 764.351 771.545 771.901 772.384 772.889 772.955 979.832 979.905 989.799 991.511 991.577 1747.85 1751.22

2 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 6 6 4 4 6 2 4 4 2 4

4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 6 4 4

9.89∙101 1.03∙101 2.05∙101 9.63 3.83∙101 4.54∙101 1.95∙101 9.58 1.85∙101 8.19 1.64∙101 2.45∙101 2.09∙101 2.34∙101 8.84 9.21 4.18 8.17∙10–1 4.97 1.28 2.48∙10–1

λ Å 1751.66 2972.55 2977.33 2978.84 2983.64 3342.76 3353.98 3354.32 3355.46 3358.78 3360.98 3365.80 3367.36 3374.07 3745.95 3752.63 3754.69 3762.60 3771.03 3771.36 3792.97 3934.50 3938.51 3942.88 4097.36 4103.39 4195.74 4200.07 4215.77 4318.78 4321.22 4321.39 4325.43 4327.69 4327.88 4332.95 4337.01 4345.81 4351.11 4510.88 4510.96 4514.85 4518.14 4523.56 4530.86 4534.58 4547.30 4634.13 4640.64 4641.85 4858.70 4858.98 4861.27 4867.12 4867.17 4873.60 4881.78 4884.14 4896.58 5260.86

Weights gi 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 2 2 4 4 6 6 8 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 2 4 4 2 4 6 4 8 6 6 8 8 2

gk 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 8 2 4 2 6 4 4 6 4 4 6 8 4 10 6 4 8 6 2

A 108 s–1 1.51 6.67∙10–1 3.32∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 8.24∙10–1 3.80∙10–1 7.66∙10–1 5.51∙10–1 7.51∙10–1 3.05∙10–1 2.44∙10–1 1.52 1.27 8.13∙10–1 1.90∙10–1 6.67∙10–2 3.78∙10–1 4.24∙10–2 5.59∙10–1 8.28∙10–2 1.03∙10–1 7.49∙10–1 8.96∙10–1 1.49∙10–1 8.70∙10–1 8.67∙10–1 9.37∙10–1 1.12 1.85∙10–1 5.40∙10–2 1.08∙10–1 5.03∙10–2 8.60∙10–2 3.06∙10–2 1.07∙10–1 1.23∙10–1 7.47∙10–2 1.82∙10–1 4.01∙10–2 2.84∙10–1 4.77∙10–1 6.80∙10–1 5.65∙10–1 3.61∙10–1 1.12∙10–1 2.01∙10–1 3.33∙10–2 6.36∙10–1 7.60∙10–1 1.26∙10–1 4.35∙10–1 4.66∙10–1 5.32∙10–1 1.73∙10–1 6.18∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 1.22∙10–2 8.71∙10–2 5.86∙10–3 2.80∙10–2

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

5270.57 5272.68 5282.43 5297.75 5298.95 5314.36 5320.87 5327.19 5352.46 6365.84 6394.75 6445.34 6450.79 6454.08 6463.09 6467.02 6468.57 6478.76 6487.84 7371.51 7404.54 8307.51 8344.95 8386.39 8424.56

2 4 4 4 6 6 6 4 6 2 2 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 2 4 4

4 2 4 6 4 6 8 6 6 2 4 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 2

6.95∙10–2 1.39∙10–1 2.21∙10–2 4.93∙10–2 7.38∙10–2 1.14∙10–1 5.68∙10–1 5.29∙10–1 3.72∙10–2 2.18∙10–1 2.15∙10–1 8.89∙10–2 1.77∙10–1 1.49∙10–1 1.13∙10–1 2.11∙10–1 3.52∙10–2 6.31∙10–2 1.05∙10–2 3.53∙10–2 3.61∙10–2 1.65∙10–2 6.52∙10–2 8.03∙10–2 3.17∙10–2

N IV 247.205 *283.52 *322.64 335.047 387.356 765.147 *923.16 955.334 1718.55 2649.88 3052.20 3059.60 3075.19 3443.61 3445.22 3454.65 3461.36 3463.36 3474.53 3478.72 *3480.8 3483.00 3484.93 3689.94 3694.14 3707.39 3714.43 3735.43 3747.54 4057.76 4740.26 4747.96 4752.49

1 9 9 3 3 1 9 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 3 3 3 3 5

3 15 3 5 1 3 9 1 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 7

1.19∙102 3.05∙102 8.99∙101 1.845∙102 2.55∙101 2.320∙101 1.759∙101 2.919∙101 2.321 1.07 1.33∙10–1 3.95∙10–1 6.48∙10–1 3.46∙10–1 4.60∙10–1 3.42∙10–1 1.36 1.02 5.61∙10–1 1.06 1.06 1.06 1.06 9.10∙10–2 2.27∙10–2 6.73∙10–2 1.34∙10–2 7.37∙10–2 9.92∙10–1 6.62∙10–1 1.53∙10–2 7.60∙10–2 1.13∙10–2

K21599_S10.indb 129

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

4762.09 4769.86 4786.92 4796.66 5200.41 5204.28 5205.15 5226.70 5245.60 5272.35 5288.25 5736.93 5776.31 5784.76 5795.09 5812.31 5826.43 5843.84 6380.75 7103.24 7109.35 7111.28 *7116.8 7122.98 7127.25 7127.25 9165.07 9182.16 9222.99 9247.04 9311.55

5 5 7 7 3 5 1 3 5 5 5 3 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 1 3 3 9 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7

5 3 7 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 3 15 7 5 3 5 7 9 5 7

6.99∙10–2 2.50∙10–2 8.79∙10–2 1.53∙10–2 2.67∙10–1 3.55∙10–1 1.97∙10–1 1.46∙10–1 8.66∙10–2 9.48∙10–3 3.22∙10–2 1.84∙10–1 1.85∙10–2 5.51∙10–2 1.37∙10–2 1.36∙10–2 2.25∙10–2 4.01∙10–2 1.42∙10–1 6.28∙10–2 8.46∙10–2 4.70∙10–2 1.12∙10–1 1.12∙10–1 2.80∙10–2 3.11∙10–3 4.23∙10–2 4.45∙10–2 4.95∙10–2 7.66∙10–3 5.36∙10–3

NV *209.29 *247.66 1238.82 1242.80 4603.74 4619.97

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

1.21∙102 4.26∙102 3.40 3.37 4.14∙10–1 4.10∙10–1

N VI 24.8980 28.7870 *161.220 173.275 *173.93 185.192 *1901 2896.4 *6991.1 9622.0

1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3

5.158∙103 1.809∙104 2.859∙102 2.697∙102 8.756∙102 8.205∙102 6.780∙10–1 2.079∙10–1 8.384∙10–2 3.276∙10–2

5 1 3 5 5

5 3 5 3 5

Oxygen OI 791.973 792.938 792.967 877.798 877.879

4.94 2.19 1.64 2.85 5.12

λ Å 922.008 935.193 1028.16 1152.15 1217.65 1302.17 1304.86 1306.03 3823.41 3823.87 3824.35 3825.02 3825.19 3855.01 3947.29 3947.48 3947.59 3951.93 3952.98 3953.00 3954.52 3954.61 3997.95 4217.09 4222.77 4222.82 4233.27 4368.19 4368.24 4967.38 4967.88 4968.79 5019.29 5020.22 5329.11 5329.69 5330.74 5435.18 5435.77 5436.86 5512.60 5512.77 5554.83 5555.00 5958.39 5958.58 6046.23 6046.44 6046.49 6155.99 6156.78 6158.19 6324.84 6453.60 6454.44 6455.98 6726.28 6726.54 7001.92 7002.23

Weights gi 5 5 1 5 1 5 3 1 7 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 1 5 3 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 1 3 5 7 7 3 5 7 5 5 3 5

gk

A 108 s–1

7 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 7 3 5 3 7 5 7 5 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 3 5 1 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 7 9 5 5 5 5 5 3 5 7

1.23 1.33 4.22∙10–1 5.28 2.06 3.41 2.03 6.76∙10–1 6.63∙10–3 1.87∙10–3 5.19∙10–3 5.59∙10–3 8.31∙10–4 1.63∙10–2 4.91∙10–3 4.88∙10–3 4.87∙10–3 3.10∙10–3 1.29∙10–3 1.03∙10–3 7.73∙10–4 2.32∙10–3 2.41∙10–2 5.44∙10–3 2.26∙10–3 1.81∙10–3 4.04∙10–3 7.56∙10–3 7.59∙10–3 4.43∙10–3 8.44∙10–3 1.27∙10–2 7.13∙10–3 9.98∙10–3 9.48∙10–3 1.81∙10–2 2.71∙10–2 7.74∙10–3 1.29∙10–2 1.80∙10–2 2.69∙10–3 3.58∙10–3 5.83∙10–3 9.71∙10–3 6.80∙10–3 9.06∙10–3 1.05∙10–2 1.75∙10–2 3.50∙10–3 2.67∙10–2 5.08∙10–2 7.62∙10–2 3.76∙10–5 1.65∙10–2 2.75∙10–2 3.85∙10–2 1.18∙10–5 6.44∙10–6 2.65∙10–2 3.53∙10–2

Atomic

λ Å

10-129

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-130

Atomic

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

7254.15 7254.45 7254.53 7771.94 7774.17 7775.39 7981.94 7982.40 7986.98 7987.33 7995.07 8221.82 8227.65 8230.00 8233.00 8235.35 8446.25 8446.36 8446.76 8820.42 9260.81 9260.85 9260.94 9262.58 9262.67 9262.78 9265.83 9265.93 9266.01 9482.89 9622.11 9622.16 9625.26 9625.30 9694.66 9694.91 9695.06

3 5 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 5 5 3 7 7 5 5 5

3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 5 5 7 7 3 5 3 5 1 5 3 7 1 3 5 3 5 7 5 7 9 3 3 3 5 7 7 5 3

2.24∙10–2 3.73∙10–2 7.45∙10–3 3.69∙10–1 3.69∙10–1 3.69∙10–1 2.33∙10–4 3.09∙10–4 4.19∙10–4 1.41∙10–4 5.63∙10–4 2.89∙10–1 8.13∙10–2 2.26∙10–1 2.43∙10–1 4.86∙10–2 3.22∙10–1 3.22∙10–1 3.22∙10–1 2.93∙10–1 4.46∙10–1 3.34∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 2.60∙10–1 2.97∙10–1 2.97∙10–2 1.48∙10–1 4.45∙10–1 2.34∙10–1 5.22∙10–4 1.57∙10–3 3.25∙10–4 1.85∙10–3 4.54∙10–4 4.54∙10–4 4.54∙10–4

O II 429.918 430.041 430.176 483.760 483.980 484.027 485.087 485.470 485.518 2290.85 2293.30 2300.33 2302.81 2365.14 2375.72 2406.38 2407.48 2411.60 2411.64 2415.13 2418.46

4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 6 6 4 4 2 4 6

2 4 6 2 4 4 8 6 6 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 6

4.25∙101 4.13∙101 4.36∙101 2.05∙101 1.80∙101 3.22 2.60∙101 1.20 1.93∙101 7.41∙10–2 3.25∙10–1 4.17∙10–1 1.67∙10–1 1.52∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 1.85∙10–1 2.25∙10–1 2.05∙10–1 1.10∙10–1 2.20∙10–1 2.30∙10–1

K21599_S10.indb 130

λ Å 2425.57 2433.54 2436.06 2444.25 2445.53 2517.96 2523.21 2526.87 2530.28 2571.46 2575.28 3134.73 3273.43 3377.15 3390.21 3407.28 3712.74 3727.32 3749.48 3833.07 3842.81 3843.58 3847.89 3850.80 3851.03 3851.47 3856.13 3857.16 3863.50 3864.13 3864.43 3864.67 3874.09 3875.80 3882.19 3882.45 3883.14 3893.52 3907.45 3911.96 3912.12 3919.27 3945.04 3954.36 3973.26 3982.71 4069.62 4069.88 4072.15 4075.86 4078.84 4084.65 4085.11 4092.93 4094.14 4096.53 4097.22 4103.00 4104.72 4104.99

Weights gi 6 2 4 4 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 8 8 2 2 6 2 4 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 8 4 6 6 2 6 6 2 8 8 4 8 4 6 6 4 4 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 4

gk 6 4 4 4 6 6 2 4 8 4 6 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 4 6 2 6 4 8 2 6 8 2 6 4 4 6 8 4 6 6 6 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 8 10 4 8 6 8 4 6 4 2 6 4

A 108 s–1 1.77∙10–1 4.21∙10–1 1.69∙10–1 7.56∙10–2 4.98∙10–1 7.72∙10–2 9.63∙10–2 1.20∙10–1 8.16∙10–2 1.15∙10–1 1.37∙10–1 1.23 9.99∙10–1 1.27 1.22 1.02 2.84∙10–1 5.81∙10–1 9.31∙10–1 1.02∙10–2 7.45∙10–2 3.55∙10–2 1.95∙10–1 6.00∙10–3 1.59∙10–1 2.72∙10–2 2.28∙10–1 6.59∙10–2 6.49∙10–2 9.12∙10–2 2.15∙10–1 1.80∙10–1 3.26∙10–2 3.38∙10–2 5.50∙10–1 8.94∙10–2 1.13∙10–1 1.89∙10–2 8.64∙10–2 1.09 1.41∙10–1 1.22 2.05∙10–1 8.57∙10–1 1.04 4.27∙10–1 1.52 1.53 1.98 2.11 5.52∙10–1 7.28∙10–2 4.55∙10–1 2.65∙10–1 4.70∙10–2 1.73∙10–1 3.62∙10–1 5.09∙10–1 3.14∙10–1 9.14∙10–1

λ Å 4106.02 4109.84 4110.19 4110.79 4112.02 4113.83 4119.22 4120.28 4120.55 4121.46 4129.32 4132.80 4140.70 4153.30 4156.53 4169.22 4185.44 4189.58 4189.79 4192.51 4196.27 4196.70 4317.14 4319.63 4319.87 4325.76 4327.46 4327.85 4328.59 4331.47 4331.86 4336.86 4345.56 4347.22 4347.41 4349.43 4351.26 4351.46 4359.40 4366.89 4369.27 4395.93 4405.98 4414.90 4416.97 4443.01 4443.52 4447.68 4448.19 4452.38 4466.24 4467.46 4563.18 4590.97 4595.96 4596.18 4638.86 4641.81 4649.13 4650.84

Weights gi 8 6 6 4 6 8 6 6 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 8 6 4 4 2 4 2 2 6 6 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 8 4 2 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 6 2

gk 6 6 4 2 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 4 4 6 4 6 8 8 10 4 4 2 4 6 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 4 4 6 6 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 4 2 4 8 6 6 4 6 8 2

A 108 s–1 1.70∙10–2 1.21∙10–2 2.54∙10–1 7.70∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 2.41∙10–1 1.33 2.15∙10–1 2.60∙10–1 5.60∙10–1 1.79∙10–1 9.13∙10–1 4.09∙10–2 7.91∙10–1 2.11∙10–1 2.71∙10–1 1.91 7.06∙10–2 1.98 3.21∙10–1 3.56∙10–2 3.56∙10–1 3.70∙10–1 2.55∙10–1 5.62∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 6.76∙10–1 7.24∙10–2 1.12 4.82∙10–2 6.50∙10–1 1.57∙10–1 8.31∙10–1 1.19∙10–1 9.32∙10–1 6.91∙10–1 9.89∙10–1 5.82∙10–2 1.44∙10–2 3.98∙10–1 3.57∙10–1 3.91∙10–1 4.30∙10–2 8.34∙10–1 7.13∙10–1 5.05∙10–1 1.89∙10–2 2.52∙10–2 5.10∙10–1 1.37∙10–1 9.00∙10–1 9.00∙10–1 7.18∙10–3 8.85∙10–1 4.87∙10–2 8.34∙10–1 3.71∙10–1 5.96∙10–1 7.81∙10–1 6.86∙10–1

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

4661.63 4673.73 4676.23 4690.89 4691.42 4696.35 4698.44 4699.01 4699.22 4701.18 4701.71 4703.16 4705.35 4710.01 4741.70 4751.28 4752.69 4844.92 4856.39 4856.76 4860.97 4864.88 4871.52 4872.02 4890.86 4906.83 4924.53 4941.07 4943.01 4955.71 5159.94 5175.90 5190.50 5206.65 5583.22 5611.07 6627.37 6641.03 6666.66 6677.87 6717.75 6721.39 6810.48 6844.10 6846.80 6869.48 6884.88 6895.10 6906.44 6907.87 6910.56

4 4 6 2 2 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6 4 8 6 4 10 8 4 6

4 2 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 8 6 6 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 4 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 8 6 8 6 4 8 6 2 4

4.10∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 2.05∙10–1 1.86∙10–1 7.43∙10–1 3.25∙10–2 6.59∙10–2 9.88∙10–1 9.36∙10–1 9.23∙10–1 3.69∙10–1 9.20∙10–1 1.10 2.98∙10–1 4.71∙10–2 6.39∙10–2 1.45∙10–2 1.02∙10–2 5.58∙10–2 1.00∙10–1 4.70∙10–1 8.07∙10–2 5.60∙10–1 9.34∙10–2 4.80∙10–1 4.54∙10–1 5.43∙10–1 5.87∙10–1 7.78∙10–1 1.82∙10–1 3.29∙10–1 1.49∙10–1 1.26∙10–1 3.58∙10–1 2.17∙10–2 2.14∙10–2 1.73∙10–1 9.88∙10–2 6.78∙10–2 3.37∙10–2 1.33∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 1.64∙10–3 2.97∙10–3 3.17∙10–2 5.35∙10–2 6.12∙10–2 2.72∙10–1 2.48∙10–1 3.03∙10–1 2.43∙10–1

O III 305.656 305.767 320.978 328.448 345.312 507.680 508.178

3 5 5 5 1 3 5

5 7 7 5 3 3 3

1.62∙102 2.16∙102 2.17∙102 1.04∙102 1.35∙102 4.82∙101 8.04∙101

K21599_S10.indb 131

λ Å 525.794 599.590 835.289 1760.41 1764.46 1766.63 1772.28 1772.97 2390.43 2454.97 2665.68 2674.58 2683.66 2686.15 2687.55 2695.48 2959.69 2983.78 2996.48 3004.34 3017.62 3023.43 3024.54 3035.41 3042.07 3047.10 3059.28 3064.98 3068.13 3068.67 3074.14 3074.72 3075.13 3075.95 3083.65 3084.64 3088.04 3095.79 3115.67 3121.63 3132.79 3201.14 3207.61 3216.07 3260.86 3265.33 3267.20 3281.83 3284.45 3299.39 3312.33 3326.06 3330.30 3330.32 3332.41 3332.93 3336.67 3340.76 3344.20 3344.51

Weights gi 5 5 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 3 5 3 7 3 3 3 3 3 5 7 3 1 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 9 9 3 3 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 5 7 1 3 3 3 3 5 5 3 5 5 5

gk

A 108 s–1

3 5 7 5 5 3 1 3 3 1 5 5 1 5 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 9 7 1 3 5 3 5 7 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 3 5 5 3 7 3 3 5 7

9.60∙101 5.41∙101 5.99 8.38∙10–1 2.50 1.11 3.29 1.37 1.62 3.43 6.75∙10–1 1.11 1.85 1.54 1.84 1.82 1.83 2.15 4.64∙10–1 4.27∙10–1 5.38∙10–1 4.79∙10–1 6.16∙10–1 4.59∙10–1 1.94 1.49 8.72∙10–1 2.17∙10–1 6.49∙10–1 2.27∙10–1 1.84∙10–1 3.76∙10–1 1.61∙10–1 1.07∙10–1 3.20∙10–1 2.55∙10–1 5.30∙10–1 1.35∙10–1 1.39 1.38 1.37 4.77∙10–1 4.40∙10–1 5.58∙10–1 1.68 1.88 1.58 2.89∙10–1 2.06∙10–1 1.64∙10–1 4.60∙10–1 2.65∙10–1 6.81∙10–1 4.76∙10–1 7.92∙10–1 5.04∙10–1 3.76∙10–1 6.57∙10–1 1.25∙10–1 3.48∙10–1

λ Å 3347.98 3350.62 3350.92 3355.86 3362.31 3376.61 3376.76 3377.26 3382.61 3383.31 3383.81 3384.90 3394.22 3395.43 3406.88 3408.13 3415.26 3428.63 3430.57 3444.05 3446.68 3447.15 3447.97 3450.91 3451.30 3454.84 3454.99 3459.94 3466.13 3520.94 3531.22 3534.90 3555.24 3556.78 3695.38 3698.72 3703.36 3704.75 3707.27 3709.54 3712.49 3714.03 3715.09 3720.89 3721.95 3725.31 3728.51 3728.84 3729.80 3734.83 3742.63 3746.90 3754.70 3757.23 3759.88 3774.03 3791.28 3961.57 4072.64 4073.98

Weights gi 7 5 7 7 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 7 7 1 3 3 3 5 5 3 1 5 7 3 5 9 7 9 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 7 3 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 7 3 7 5 7 3 1 5 3 5 5 1 3

gk 5 3 7 7 5 1 3 5 7 3 5 9 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 9 3 5 11 7 9 3 1 5 3 5 5 7 9 3 5 1 5 3 7 7 3 5 7 9 5 5 5 7 5 3 7 3 5 7 3 5

A 108 s–1 4.86∙10–1 1.12 9.91∙10–1 6.89∙10–1 6.87∙10–1 1.49 1.12 5.20∙10–1 9.86∙10–1 3.70∙10–1 8.62∙10–1 1.48 4.88∙10–1 9.75∙10–2 1.93∙10–1 5.79∙10–1 1.44∙10–1 1.42∙10–1 2.37∙10–1 4.21∙10–1 9.71∙10–1 8.09∙10–1 1.19 1.44 8.06∙10–1 6.89∙10–1 1.72 5.14∙10–1 2.84∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 4.45∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 1.82∙10–1 3.26∙10–1 4.01∙10–1 7.62∙10–1 1.14 8.53∙10–1 7.34∙10–1 1.13 6.59∙10–1 4.06∙10–1 9.73∙10–1 3.74∙10–1 2.80∙10–1 2.41∙10–1 1.29 1.45 1.22 7.40∙10–2 2.24∙10–1 1.59∙10–1 7.53∙10–1 5.56∙10–1 9.79∙10–1 3.91∙10–1 2.24∙10–1 1.25 3.37∙10–1 4.54∙10–1

Atomic

λ Å

10-131

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-132

Atomic

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

4081.02 4089.30 4103.07 4440.09 4447.69 4461.61 4524.22 4532.78 4535.29 4555.39 4557.91 5268.30 5508.24 5592.25

5 3 5 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 5 3

7 3 5 3 5 7 1 3 3 5 5 3 5 3

6.02∙10–1 2.49∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 4.42∙10–1 4.40∙10–1 4.36∙10–1 3.38∙10–1 1.40∙10–1 8.40∙10–2 2.49∙10–1 8.27∙10–2 3.50∙10–1 1.06∙10–1 3.27∙10–1

O IV 238.570 554.513 625.853 779.820 779.912 923.367 1343.51 2132.64 2493.39 2493.75 2507.73 2509.22 2510.58 2517.37 2805.87 2816.53 2836.27 2916.31 2921.46 3063.43 3071.60 3194.78 3209.65 3348.06 3349.11 3354.27 3362.55 3375.40 3378.02 3381.21 3381.30 3385.52 3390.19 3396.80 3409.70 3411.30 3411.69 3489.89 3492.21 3560.39 3563.33 3725.89 3725.94 3729.03

4 4 6 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 2 2 6 8 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 2 4 6

6 4 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 6 2 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 6 8 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 4 8 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 8 4 6 8

3.54∙102 6.06∙101 3.19∙101 1.31∙101 1.36∙101 1.10∙101 2.57 1.29 1.18 8.48∙10–1 2.32 1.94 1.19 1.24 2.90∙10–1 5.74∙10–1 8.43∙10–1 1.06 1.27 1.30 1.29 1.71∙10–1 2.53∙10–1 8.51∙10–1 1.02 7.71∙10–1 7.65∙10–1 7.56∙10–1 1.66∙10–1 7.19∙10–1 4.28∙10–1 1.02 8.49∙10–1 5.40∙10–1 3.00∙10–1 1.69∙10–1 1.02 7.29∙10–1 6.06∙10–1 1.03 1.10 5.61∙10–1 6.01∙10–1 6.86∙10–1

K21599_S10.indb 132

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

3736.68 3736.85 3744.89 3758.39 3974.58 3977.09 3995.08 4687.03 4772.60 4779.10 4783.42 4794.18 4798.27 4813.15 5305.51 5362.51 6931.60 7004.11 7061.30

4 8 6 8 4 6 6 2 2 2 4 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 4

4 10 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 2 6 4 8 6 4 6 2 4 2

2.23∙10–1 7.95∙10–1 1.92∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 6.62∙10–2 9.91∙10–2 1.52∙10–1 2.79∙10–1 1.23∙10–1 2.45∙10–1 2.06∙10–1 1.56∙10–1 2.91∙10–1 8.65∙10–2 6.10∙10–2 6.12∙10–2 7.35∙10–2 8.90∙10–2 3.48∙10–2

OV 172.169 *192.85 *215.17 220.353 248.460 629.732 758.677 759.442 760.227 760.446 761.128 762.004 774.518 1371.30 2729.31 2731.45 2743.61 2752.23 2755.13 2769.69 2781.01 *2784.0 2786.99 2789.85 3058.68 3144.66 3219.24 3222.29 3227.54 3239.21 3248.28 3263.54 3275.64 3297.62 3690.17 3698.36 3702.72 3717.31 3725.63

1 9 9 3 3 1 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 5 5 5 7 3 3 5 5 5

3 15 3 5 1 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 1 5 5 1 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 5 3 7 5 3

2.94∙102 6.90∙102 1.83∙102 4.292∙102 5.59∙101 2.872∙101 5.547 7.373 5.514 1.652∙101 2.197∙101 9.125 3.804∙101 3.336 4.52∙10–1 5.90∙10–1 4.38∙10–1 1.82 1.37 7.88∙10–1 1.40 1.40 1.39 1.38 1.39 8.86∙10–1 1.54∙10–1 1.16∙10–1 3.38∙10–2 3.28∙10–1 1.18∙10–1 1.86∙10–2 4.76∙10–1 1.30∙10–1 1.97∙10–2 1.03∙10–1 1.41∙10–2 9.63∙10–2 2.91∙10–2

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

3746.64 3761.58 4119.37 4120.49 4123.96 4125.49 4134.11 4153.27 4158.86 4178.46 4213.35 4522.66 4554.53 5114.06 5339.94 5349.74 5372.71 5414.59 5428.38 5471.12 5571.81 5580.12 5583.23 *5589.9 5597.89 5604.27 5607.41 6330.05 6460.12 6466.14 6500.24 6543.77 6601.28 6764.72 6789.62 6817.40 6828.95 6878.76

7 7 3 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 1 1 3 3 3 5 5 1 3 3 9 5 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 1 3 3 5 5

7 5 5 1 7 3 3 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 15 7 5 3 7 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 3 7 5

1.18∙10–1 1.61∙10–2 3.66∙10–1 3.33∙10–1 4.81∙10–1 2.70∙10–1 3.34∙10–1 1.92∙10–1 3.39∙10–1 1.12∙10–1 1.19∙10–2 1.02∙10–2 2.41∙10–1 1.80∙10–1 1.85∙10–2 7.04∙10–2 1.42∙10–2 9.29∙10–3 2.68∙10–2 4.86∙10–2 8.33∙10–2 1.11∙10–1 6.20∙10–2 1.49∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 3.68∙10–2 4.08∙10–3 1.21∙10–1 9.37∙10–2 1.01∙10–1 1.11∙10–1 1.64∙10–2 1.14∙10–2 4.37∙10–2 5.79∙10–2 3.00∙10–2 7.35∙10–2 1.65∙10–2

O VI *150.10 *173.03 1031.91 1037.61 3811.35 3834.24

2 6 2 2 2 2

6 10 4 2 4 2

2.62∙102 8.78∙102 4.16 4.09 5.14∙10–1 5.05∙10–1

O VII 18.6270 21.6020 *120.33 128.411 *128.46 135.820 *1630.3 2448.98 *5933.1 8241.76

1 1 3 1 9 3 3 1 3 1

3 3 9 3 15 5 9 3 9 3

9.365∙103 3.309∙104 5.334∙102 8.982∙102 1.615∙103 1.523∙103 7.935∙10–1 2.514∙10–1 1.002∙10–1 3.864∙10–2

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

Phosphorus PI 1671.7 1674.6 1679.7 1775.0 1782.9 1787.7 2135.5 2136.2 2149.1 2152.9 2154.1 2154.1 2534.0 2535.6 2553.3 2554.9

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4

2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 6 4 4 2 2

3.9∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 3.9∙10–1 2.17 2.14 2.13 2.11∙10–1 2.83 3.18 4.85∙10–1 1.73∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 2.00∙10–1 9.5∙10–1 7.1∙10–1 3.00∙10–1

P II 1301.9 1304.5 1304.7 1305.5 1309.9 1310.7 4475.3 4499.2 4530.8 4554.8 4588.0 4589.9 4602.1 4943.5 5253.5 5425.9 6024.2 6043.1

1 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 3 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5

3 1 3 5 3 5 7 7 5 5 7 5 9 5 5 5 5 7

5.0∙10–1 1.5 3.7∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 1.1 1.3 1.4 1.0 9.6∙10–1 1.7 1.6 1.9 6.3∙10–1 1.0 6.9∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 6.8∙10–1

P III 1334.8 1344.3 1344.8 4057.4 4059.3 4080.1

2 4 4 4 6 4

4 6 4 4 4 2

5.5∙10–1 6.4∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 9.0∙10–1 9.9∙10–1

2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

4 2 2 2 2 2 4 6 2

1.24∙10–2 1.24∙10–2 3.50∙10–3 7.0∙10–3 6.3∙10–3 1.26∙10–2 4.0∙10–3 4.6∙10–3 1.23∙10–2

Potassium KI 4044.1 4047.2 5084.2 5099.2 5323.3 5339.7 5343.0 5359.6 5782.4

K21599_S10.indb 133

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

5801.8 5812.2 5831.9 6911.1 6938.8 7664.9 7699.0

4 2 4 2 4 2 2

2 4 6 2 2 4 2

K II 607.93

1

3 1.3∙10–2

K III 2550.0 2635.1 2992.4 3052.1 3202.0 3289.1 3322.4 3421.8

6 4 6 4 4 4 6 2

4 4 8 6 4 6 6 4

K XVI 206.27

1

3 9.4∙101

K XVII 22.020 22.163 22.18 22.60 22.76

2 4 4 2 4

4 6 4 2 2

gk

108 s–1 2.46∙10–2 2.8∙10–3 3.2∙10–3 2.72∙10–2 5.4∙10–2 3.87∙10–1 3.82∙10–1

2.0 1.2 2.5 1.7 1.8 2.0 1.3 1.5

4.7∙104 5.6∙104 9.3∙103 2.5∙103 4.7∙103

Praseodymium Pr II 3997.0 4062.8 4100.7 4143.1 4179.4 4222.9 4241.0 4359.8 4405.8 4429.3 4449.8 4468.7 4510.2 4534.2 4734.2 4879.1 4886.0 4912.6 5034.4 5110.8 5135.1 5173.9 5219.1 5220.1 5251.7 5259.7

15 13 17 15 13 11 17 15 17 15 13 11 13 15 15 15 15 17 19 21 17 19 15 17 15 15

15 15 19 17 15 13 15 15 17 15 13 13 15 17 13 15 15 15 19 19 17 17 15 15 13 13

1.87∙10–1 1.00 8.4∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 3.91∙10–1 2.30∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 9.0∙10–2 2.28∙10–1 1.24∙10–1 1.54∙10–1 1.16∙10–1 4.9∙10–2 2.5∙10–2 1.8∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 2.78∙10–1 1.25∙10–1 3.18∙10–1 9.5∙10–2 2.35∙10–1 1.1∙10–2 2.24∙10–1

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

5292.6 5810.6 5879.3 6200.8 6278.7 6398.0

13 17 15 15 13 11

13 19 15 17 15 13

9.3∙10–2 2.3∙10–2 7.6∙10–2 1.8∙10–2 2.6∙10–2 1.9∙10–2

6 6 6 6 8 6 8 10 6 6 4 6 4 10 6 8 4 6 4 8 6 6 4 8 8 6 6 10 8 4 8 8 6 6 6 6 6 8 8 4 6 4 6 6 6 8 6 8 6 8

6 6 6 4 8 8 10 10 8 6 4 6 6 10 8 8 4 6 6 10 4 8 2 8 6 8 4 8 10 6 6 8 6 4 6 6 4 10 8 2 8 4 4 6 8 8 8 10 8 10

1.1∙10–1 3.03∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 2.36∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 6.3∙10–1 6.5∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 3.32∙10–1 2.12∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 4.65∙10–1 2.22∙10–1 1.82∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 5.9∙10–1 8.90∙10–1 6.0∙10–2 8.8∙10–1 8.4∙10–2 3.23∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 3.9∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 6.2∙10–2 5.8∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 5.9∙10–1 1.58∙10–1 7.15∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 9.8∙10–2 1.73∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 3.9∙10–2 1.62∙10–1 6.1∙10–2 1.64∙10–1

gk

108 s–1

Atomic

λ Å

10-133

Rhodium Rh I 3121.76 3189.05 3263.14 3271.61 3280.55 3283.57 3323.09 3396.82 3399.70 3462.04 3470.66 3478.91 3498.73 3502.52 3507.32 3528.02 3543.95 3549.54 3570.18 3583.10 3596.19 3597.15 3612.47 3654.87 3657.99 3666.22 3690.70 3692.36 3700.91 3788.47 3793.22 3799.31 3806.76 3818.19 3822.26 3828.48 3833.89 3856.52 3934.23 3942.72 3958.86 3984.40 4082.78 4121.68 4128.87 4135.27 4196.50 4211.14 4288.71 4374.80

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-134

Atomic

λ Å 5983.60

Weights gi 10

gk

A 108 s–1

10 2.1∙10–2

Rubidium Rb I 3022.5 3032.0 3044.2 3060.2 3082.0 3112.6 3113.1 3157.5 3158.3 3228.0 3229.2 3348.7 3350.8 3587.1 3591.6 4201.8 4215.5 7800.3 7947.6

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2

4.13∙10–5 4.93∙10–5 8.2∙10–5 1.05∙10–4 1.49∙10–4 2.5∙10–4 1.3∙10–4 3.38∙10–4 2.0∙10–4 6.4∙10–4 3.8∙10–4 1.37∙10–3 8.9∙10–4 3.97∙10–3 2.9∙10–3 1.8∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 3.70∙10–1 3.40∙10–1

4 6 4 6 4 6 4 6 6 8 6 4 2 6 4 6 8 6 8 4 6 8 6 4 6 8 10 4 6 4 6 6 4

6 8 2 4 6 8 4 6 6 8 8 6 4 8 6 8 8 6 8 6 8 8 6 2 4 6 8 2 4 4 6 4 4

7.8∙10–1 8.7∙10–1 3.13 2.81 1.66 1.79 1.63 1.65 2.9∙10–1 3.11∙10–1 1.91∙10–1 3.7∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 3.7∙10–1 1.19 1.17 1.77∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 7.1∙10–1 2.81∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 1.16∙10–1 1.93∙10–1 1.10 8.8∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 9.8∙10–1 8.4∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 2.58∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 2.09∙10–1 2.30∙10–1

Scandium Sc I 3015.37 3019.35 3269.90 3273.63 3907.48 3911.81 4020.39 4023.68 4031.38 4043.80 4067.00 4074.96 4078.56 4086.66 4132.98 4140.27 4161.85 4233.59 4238.05 4706.94 4709.31 4728.77 4729.24 4734.11 4737.65 4741.02 4743.82 4973.67 4980.36 4983.43 4991.91 5018.41 5021.52

K21599_S10.indb 134

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

5070.17 5081.56 5083.72 5085.55 5086.94 5099.27 5339.43 5341.07 5349.34 5355.79 5356.10 5375.37 5392.06 5446.20 5451.37 5472.19 5482.01 5484.63 5514.23 5520.52 5671.83 5686.86 5700.19 5711.79 5717.31 6262.22 7741.16 7800.42

6 10 8 6 4 4 6 4 6 6 8 8 10 8 6 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 6 4 8 4 10 8

8 10 8 6 4 6 6 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 6 8 10 12 10 8 6 8 6 10 8

1.16∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 1.06∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 5.9∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 9.7∙10–2 5.2∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 4.1∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 4.5∙10–1 7.5∙10–2 8.4∙10–2 3.8∙10–2 5.1∙10–2

Sc II 1880.6 2064.3 2068.0 2273.1 2545.20 2552.35 2555.79 2560.23 2563.19 2611.19 2667.70 2746.36 2782.31 2789.15 2801.31 2819.49 2822.12 2826.64 2870.85 2912.98 2979.68 2988.92 3039.92 3045.73 3052.92 3060.54 3065.12 3075.36 3128.27 3133.07

5 7 5 1 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 5 7 9 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 7 5 7 7 9 9 3 5

3 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 1 5 7 9 5 7 9 3 3 5 7 9 7 9 7 11 9 3 5

5.0 2.2 2.0 7.7 4.0∙10–1 2.21 6.9∙10–1 2.01 2.70 2.2 1.5 3.9 1.3 1.3 1.3 2.3 2.5 2.8 1.1 1.1 1.2 2.9 3.5 3.68 3.92 3.0∙10–1 4.00 2.5∙10–1 1.9 1.8

λ Å 3139.72 3190.98 3199.33 3312.72 3320.40 3343.23 3353.72 3359.67 3361.26 3361.93 3368.94 3372.15 3379.16 3535.71 3558.53 3567.70 3572.53 3576.34 3580.93 3589.63 3590.47 3613.83 3630.74 3642.78 3645.31 3651.80 3859.59 4246.82 4314.08 4320.75 4325.00 4374.46 4400.39 4415.54 4670.41 5031.01 5239.81 5526.79 5657.91 5669.06

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

7 3 5 5 5 9 5 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 7 5 7 5 9 7 5 9 7 5 5 5 1 9 5 3

7 3 3 7 3 7 7 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 5 7 5 3 3 5 9 7 5 7 5 5 5 7 5 3 9 7 5 7 3 3 7 5 1

2.1 1.1 1.9 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.51 2.16∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 1.17 8.3∙10–1 9.9∙10–1 2.5 6.1∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 1.38 1.06 1.23 4.6∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 1.48 1.20 1.13 2.74∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 1.1 1.29 4.1∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 1.43∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 1.16∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 1.39∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 1.04∙10–1 1.31∙10–1

1 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 5 3 1 5 3 3 5 5

3 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 3

2.62∙10–1 3.46∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 4.54∙10–1 1.09∙10–1 1.05∙10–2 7.91∙10–3 1.32∙10–2 1.73∙10–3 5.47∙10–1 7.39∙10–1 1.68 5.49∙10–1 2.22 9.04∙10–1 2.17

Silicon Si I 2207.98 2210.89 2211.74 2216.67 2218.06 2218.91 2438.77 2443.36 2452.12 2506.90 2514.32 2516.113 2519.202 2524.108 2528.509 2881.579

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

2970.355 2987.645 3006.739 3020.004 3905.523 4102.936 4782.991 4792.212 4792.324 4947.607 5006.061 5622.221 5645.611 5665.554 5684.484 5690.425 5701.105 5708.397 5754.220 5772.145 5780.384 5793.071 5797.859 5948.545 6331.954 6555.462 6721.853 6976.523 7003.567 7005.883 7680.267 7918.386 7932.349 7944.001 7970.306 8035.619 8093.241 9413.506

5 5 3 5 1 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 5 3 1 3 5 3 3 7 3 3 5 7 3 3 5 7 5 7 3 3

5 3 5 5 3 3 3 1 5 1 5 3 5 3 3 3 1 5 3 1 3 5 7 5 3 9 5 5 7 9 5 5 7 9 5 7 3 1

6.00∙10–4 1.34∙10–2 1.1∙10–5 3.3∙10–5 1.33∙10–1 6.09∙10–4 1.7∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 1.7∙10–2 4.2∙10–2 2.8∙10–2 1.6∙10–2 9.7∙10–3 6.31∙10–3 2.6∙10–2 9.26∙10–3 1.83∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 1.23∙10–2 3.6∙10–2 9.8∙10–3 1.3∙10–2 2.53∙10–3 2.2∙10–2 1.0∙10–4 6.9∙10–3 3.4∙10–2 3.26∙10–2 3.42∙10–2 3.83∙10–2 4.62∙10–2 5.22∙10–2 5.13∙10–2 5.75∙10–2 7.11∙10–3 8.11∙10–3 1.5∙10–2 2.26∙10–1

Si II 843.72 845.77 889.72 892.00 899.41 901.74 989.87 992.68 1020.70 1023.69 1190.42 1193.28 1194.50 1197.39 1224.25 1224.97 1226.81 1226.89 1226.99 1227.60

2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 6 2 6

4 4 4 4 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 6 2 4 4 6

7.05∙10–1 1.42∙10–1 1.43 2.88∙10–1 4.63∙10–1 9.23∙10–1 6.81 7.11 8.91∙10–1 1.77 6.53 2.69∙101 3.45∙101 1.40∙101 6.72 4.39 2.77∙101 6.55 1.39∙101 1.46∙101

K21599_S10.indb 135

λ Å 1228.44 1228.62 1228.75 1229.39 1246.74 1248.43 1251.16 1260.42 1264.73 1265.02 1304.37 1309.27 1348.54 1350.06 1350.52 1350.66 1352.64 1353.72 1410.22 1509.10 1512.07 1526.72 1533.45 1808.00 1816.92 1817.45 2072.02 2072.70 2334.40 2334.61 2344.20 2350.17 2682.21 2887.51 2904.28 2905.69 3203.87 3210.03 3333.14 3339.82 3853.66 3856.02 3862.60 4075.45 4076.78 4128.07 4130.89 4621.42 4621.72 5041.03 5055.98 5466.43 5466.87 5632.97 5660.66 5669.56 5681.44 5688.81 5701.37 5706.37

Weights gi 4 4 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 2 4 2 6 4 2 4 6 6 6 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 8 6 10 4 8 6 4

gk

A 108 s–1

2 4 6 8 4 4 4 4 6 4 2 2 4 6 4 2 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 6 8 2 6 4 2 4 4 6 8 4 6 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 6 8 6 8 4 6 6 6 8 6 8 4 6 4 2

5.53 1.77∙101 2.32∙101 2.25∙101 4.03 8.30 1.30∙101 2.57∙101 3.04∙101 4.73 3.64 6.23 3.36 5.34 1.61 2.02 6.12 3.22 3.47 2.85 3.15 3.81 7.52 2.54∙10–2 2.65∙10–2 3.23∙10–3 9.6∙10–1 1.0 5.51∙10–5 2.44∙10–5 1.31∙10–5 4.70∙10–5 3.49∙10–2 6.39∙10–2 3.58∙10–1 3.83∙10–1 4.45∙10–1 5.29∙10–1 1.00∙10–1 2.00∙10–1 5.11∙10–2 4.40∙10–1 3.91∙10–1 4.00∙10–2 4.00∙10–2 1.49 1.74 1.28∙10–1 1.37∙10–1 7.00∙10–1 1.45 2.16∙10–1 1.54∙10–2 4.00∙10–2 7.00∙10–2 5.00∙10–1 1.00∙10–1 4.60∙10–1 4.50∙10–1 6.10∙10–1

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

5957.56 5978.93 6347.10 6371.36 6660.52 6665.00 6671.88 6699.38 6750.28 6818.45 6829.82 7848.80 7849.72 9412.72

2 4 2 2 4 2 6 2 6 2 4 4 6 8

2 2 4 2 6 4 8 2 6 4 4 6 8 8

5.60∙10–1 1.13 5.84∙10–1 6.80∙10–1 3.64∙10–1 2.16∙10–1 4.80∙10–1 4.20∙10–1 1.49∙10–1 1.08∙10–1 2.16∙10–2 3.73∙10–1 3.99∙10–1 4.65∙10–2

Si III 566.61 652.22 653.33 673.48 673.48 800.07 823.41 883.40 939.09 967.95 993.52 994.79 997.39 1005.37 1031.16 1033.92 1037.05 1083.22 1108.37 1109.97 1113.23 1140.55 1141.58 1142.28 1144.31 1144.96 1145.18 1155.00 1155.96 1158.10 1160.26 1161.58 1174.37 1174.43 1206.51 1206.53 1207.52 1210.46 1235.43 1280.35 1294.54 1296.73 1298.89 1298.96

1 3 5 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 5 5 3 5 5 5 1 3 5 1 3 3 5 5 5 1 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 5 5 1 5 3 1 3 5

3 3 3 5 3 1 5 7 3 7 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 7 5 5 3 1 5 3 5 3 5 3 5 5 7 3 7 5 3 3 5

1.21 2.67 4.40 8.44∙10–2 9.33∙10–3 4.13 5.85 5.79∙102 1.11·101 4.68 2.68 8.05 1.35∙101 7.06∙10–1 2.72 8.11 4.46 3.65 1.54∙101 2.07∙101 2.74∙101 1.96∙101 2.67∙101 1.75∙101 3.86∙101 1.19∙101 1.38 9.34 2.22∙101 7.88 8.65 1.42∙101 1.00 1.00 2.55∙101 4.17∙101 2.43∙101 1.60∙101 2.77∙101 1.04∙101 5.35 7.10 5.29 1.59∙101

Atomic

λ Å

10-135

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-136

Atomic

λ Å 1301.15 1303.32 1312.59 1341.47 1342.39 1343.39 1361.60 1362.37 1363.47 1365.26 1367.05 1369.44 1373.03 1387.99 1417.24 1433.69 1435.77 1436.17 1457.25 1500.24 1501.19 1501.87 1506.06 1673.32 1842.55 2176.89 2295.48 2300.93 2308.19 2449.48 2483.20 2541.82 2546.09 2559.21 2640.79 2655.51 2817.11 2831.49 2839.62 2959.15 2980.52 3013.09 3034.73 3037.29 3040.93 3043.93 3045.08 3068.24 3086.24 3086.46 3093.42 3093.65 3096.83 3126.27 3147.37 3161.61 3185.13 3186.02 3196.50 3210.55

K21599_S10.indb 136

Weights gi 3 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 5 1 5 7 5 3 3 5 5 9 5 7 9 5 7 3 5 5 5 7 9 7 5 5 5 5 5 7 9 7 5 5 7 5 5 3 3 5 5 5 3 5 7 9

gk 1 3 1 7 5 3 5 1 3 5 3 1 5 3 1 7 7 3 3 9 7 5 3 7 3 7 7 7 11 5 9 5 5 7 3 9 7 5 3 3 3 5 7 7 11 5 3 3 5 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 1 7 9 11

A 108 s–1 2.11∙101 8.71 6.66 8.96 7.54 8.16 1.06∙101 1.06∙101 8.53 9.40 1.05∙101 1.04∙101 8.00 2.09∙10–1 2.17∙101 8.67 4.22 7.79 1.07∙101 2.10∙101 1.86∙101 1.76∙101 1.24∙101 6.70 2.99 1.80 6.69∙10–1 5.80∙10–2 7.16∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 1.33∙10–1 3.22∙10–1 6.1∙10–1 1.63 1.83 1.35 2.22∙10–1 2.12∙10–1 2.37∙10–1 1.48∙10–1 2.37∙10–3 5.67∙10–2 4.50∙10–1 3.93∙10–2 4.87∙10–1 2.51∙10–1 2.24∙10–1 5.15∙10–1 1.46 2.61∙10–1 1.30 4.33∙10–1 1.73 4.67∙10–1 2.53∙10–1 4.91∙10–1 4.04 1.13 1.14 1.20

λ Å 3216.25 3230.50 3233.95 3241.62 3253.40 3253.74 3254.80 3258.66 3270.46 3276.26 3279.26 3486.91 3525.94 3569.67 3590.47 3622.54 3639.45 3645.12 3681.40 3682.15 3791.41 3796.11 3806.54 3842.46 3924.47 3947.49 3963.84 3981.24 4102.42 4115.50 4338.50 4341.40 4377.63 4405.90 4406.72 4494.05 4552.62 4554.00 4567.82 4574.76 4619.66 4638.28 4665.87 4683.02 4683.80 4716.65 4730.52 4800.43 4813.33 4819.72 4828.97 5113.76 5114.12 5197.26 5451.46 5473.05 5704.60 5716.29 5739.73 5898.79

Weights gi 5 1 3 5 5 7 9 7 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 7 5 5 3 1 3 5 3 7 5 7 3 5 7 1 3 7 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 1 5 7 9 5 9 3 3 5 7 9 1 7

gk 7 3 3 3 5 5 7 5 3 3 1 7 3 1 5 7 9 5 3 3 3 5 7 5 9 7 5 3 3 9 3 1 5 5 9 3 5 3 3 1 5 3 3 5 1 7 3 3 7 9 11 7 11 5 5 7 5 7 3 9

A 108 s–1 1.90∙10–1 4.75∙10–1 1.42 2.35 1.82∙10–1 1.75∙10–1 1.81∙10–1 1.01 2.99∙10–1 8.91∙10–1 1.18 1.54 2.48∙10–1 5.78∙10–1 2.53 1.25∙10–1 2.24∙10–1 9.58∙10–2 2.51∙10–1 1.50∙10–1 1.76 2.36 3.14 1.73∙10–1 3.47 5.59∙10–2 3.63∙10–2 2.09∙10–3 2.46∙10–1 4.07∙10–1 1.47∙10–1 5.25∙10–3 4.14∙10–2 4.84∙10–2 3.10∙10–1 4.19∙10–1 1.26 6.75∙10–1 1.25 1.24 2.89∙10–1 3.79∙10–1 2.79∙10–1 8.30∙10–1 1.10 1.32 4.47∙10–1 2.76∙10–1 2.10 2.12 2.25 3.82∙10–1 4.17∙10–1 2.47∙10–1 4.60∙10–1 6.07∙10–1 1.86∙10–1 1.91∙10–1 5.41∙10–1 4.86∙10–1

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

6314.46 6524.36 6831.56 7461.89 7462.62 7466.32 7612.36 8190.43 8191.16 8191.68 8262.57 8265.64 8269.32 8271.38 8271.94

3 7 5 3 5 7 3 5 7 9 5 5 3 3 1

1 9 3 1 3 5 5 7 7 11 7 5 5 3 3

1.18 3.82∙10–1 5.83∙10–1 4.99∙10–1 3.75∙10–1 4.19∙10–1 9.94∙10–1 8.09∙10–1 7.05∙10–2 8.78∙10–1 7.18∙10–1 1.80∙10–1 5.36∙10–1 2.98∙10–1 3.96∙10–1

Si IV 457.82 458.16 515.12 516.35 645.76 645.76 645.76 749.94 749.94 815.05 818.13 1066.63 1122.49 1128.34 1393.76 1402.77 1722.53 1727.38 2120.18 2127.47 2287.04 2287.04 2287.04 2366.76 2370.99 2482.82 2485.38 2672.19 2675.12 2675.25 2677.57 2723.81 2723.81 2971.52 2971.52 2971.52 3149.56 3165.71 3244.19 3762.44 3773.15 4031.39 4038.06

2 2 2 4 6 6 4 6 6 2 4 6 2 4 2 2 6 4 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 2 2 2 6 8 4 6 6 6 6 8 2 4 4 4 4 2 4

4 2 2 2 6 8 6 6 8 2 2 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 2 2 6 8 6 2 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 8 6 6 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 2 2

3.90 4.05 4.66 9.32 4.61∙10–1 6.92 6.46 9.33∙10–1 1.40∙101 1.18∙101 2.37∙101 2.54 2.14∙101 2.53∙101 8.80 8.63 4.92 5.47 3.06 6.14 4.27∙10–1 6.41 5.98 5.18∙10–1 1.04 6.62∙10–2 7.06∙10–2 2.49∙10–2 2.74∙10–1 2.61∙10–1 4.51∙10–3 1.10 7.34∙10–2 4.62∙10–3 9.70∙10–2 9.24∙10–2 4.02 4.77 4.21∙10–1 2.33∙10–1 2.33 2.29∙10–1 4.59∙10–1

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

4088.85 4116.10 4212.41 4212.41 4314.10 4328.18 4403.73 4403.73 4403.73 4411.65 4611.27 4611.27 4950.11 4950.11 4950.11 5304.97 5304.97 5309.49 6667.56 6701.21 6998.36 6998.36 6998.36 7047.94 7068.41 7630.50 7654.56 8240.61 8240.61 8240.61 8957.25 9018.16

2 2 6 6 2 4 6 6 4 2 4 4 6 8 6 6 4 4 2 4 6 6 4 6 4 2 4 6 6 8 2 2

4 2 8 6 2 2 8 6 6 4 6 4 6 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 6 8 6 4 2 2 2 6 4 6 4 2

1.56 1.53 1.63 1.09∙10–1 1.06 2.12 4.09∙10–1 2.73∙10–2 3.82∙10–1 1.74∙10–2 2.23∙10–2 3.71∙10–3 9.46∙10–3 1.89∙10–1 1.99∙10–1 1.90∙10–1 2.11∙10–2 2.10∙10–1 1.15 1.36 3.65∙10–2 5.48∙10–1 5.11∙10–1 9.05∙10–1 1.00 4.40∙10–1 8.82∙10–1 5.85∙10–3 1.23∙10–1 1.17∙10–1 4.26∙10–1 4.17∙10–1

Si V 96.44 97.14 98.21 117.86 118.97

1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3

2.36∙103 2.42∙102 6.88 3.57∙102 3.84∙101

2 2 2 2 2 4 4

4 2 4 2 4 6 4

3.1∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 1.4 1.3 7.5∙10–1 8.6∙10–1 1.4∙10–1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2

4 2 4 2 4 2 4

4.46∙10–4 4.35∙10–4 8.13∙10–4 7.96∙10–4 1.84∙10–3 1.81∙10–3 5.38∙10–3

Silver Ag I 2061.2 2069.9 3280.7 3382.9 5209.1 5465.5 5471.6 Sodium Na I 2543.84 2543.87 2593.87 2593.92 2680.34 2680.43 2852.81

K21599_S10.indb 137

λ Å 2853.01 3302.37 3302.98 4238.99 4242.08 4242.08 4249.41 4252.52 4273.64 4276.79 4276.79 4287.84 4291.01 4321.40 4324.62 4324.62 4341.49 4344.74 4390.03 4393.34 4393.34 4419.88 4423.25 4494.18 4497.66 4497.66 4541.63 4545.19 4664.811 4668.560 4668.560 4747.941 4751.822 4978.541 4982.813 5148.838 5153.402 5682.633 5688.193 5688.205 5889.950 5895.924 6154.225 6160.747 7373.23 7373.49 7809.78 7810.24 8183.256 8194.790 8194.824 8649.92 8650.89 8942.96 8942.96 9153.88 9153.88 9465.94 9465.94 9961.28

Weights gi 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

gk

A 108 s–1

2 4 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 2 2 4 4 6 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 4 2 6 8 6 8 6 8 6

5.31∙10–3 2.75∙10–2 2.73∙10–2 2.90∙10–3 5.8∙10–4 3.46∙10–3 8.7∙10–4 1.73∙10–3 3.91∙10–3 7.8∙10–4 4.69∙10–3 1.19∙10–3 2.38∙10–3 5.5∙10–3 1.09∙10–3 6.6∙10–3 3.26∙10–3 6.50∙10–3 9.83∙10–3 1.95∙10–3 1.17∙10–2 2.82∙10–3 5.61∙10–3 1.23∙10–2 2.44∙10–3 1.46∙10–2 3.76∙10–3 7.50∙10–3 2.08∙10–2 4.14∙10–3 2.49∙10–2 6.19∙10–3 1.23∙10–2 4.09∙10–2 4.88∙10–2 1.14∙10–2 2.27∙10–2 1.01∙10–1 2.02∙10–2 1.21∙10–1 6.16∙10–1 6.14∙10–1 2.50∙10–2 4.98∙10–2 5.42∙10–4 5.30∙10–4 9.91∙10–4 9.72∙10–4 4.29∙10–1 8.57∙10–2 5.14∙10–1 2.25∙10–3 2.21∙10–3 2.47∙10–4 3.71∙10–3 3.5∙10–4 5.3∙10–3 6.38∙10–4 9.57∙10–3 8.45∙10–4

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

9961.28

6

8 1.27∙10–2

Na II 300.15 300.20 301.44 302.45 372.08 376.38 2315.65 2493.15 2506.30 2515.46 2531.54 2594.96 2661.00 2671.83 2678.09 2808.71 2829.87 2839.56 2872.95 2881.15 2886.26 2893.95 2901.14 2904.72 2919.05 2920.95 2930.88 2934.08 2937.74 2945.70 2951.24 2952.40 2960.12 2970.73 2974.24 2974.99 2977.13 2979.66 2980.63 3004.15 3009.14 3015.40 3053.67 3055.35 3057.38 3058.72 3064.38 3066.54 3080.25 3087.06 3094.45 3095.55 3104.40 3124.42 3125.21 3135.48 3137.86

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 3 7 7 7 1 5 5 5 7 7 5 5 5 5 1 3 5 7 3 3 5 5 1 5 5 3 3 3 3 5 3 3 5 3 1 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3 5 1 3 5 3 1 7 5 7 5 1 5 1 7 5 5 3 3 7 5 7 9 5 5 7 5 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 1 5 5 1 7 3 3 3

Atomic

λ Å

10-137

1.18∙101 1.17∙101 3.33∙101 1.4 3.13∙101 1.70 1.05∙10–1 4.15 2.73∙10–1 2.25∙10–1 8.44∙10–1 3.71∙10–1 1.65 2.64 3.01 1.93∙10–2 3.36∙10–1 1.11 2.63∙10–1 2.50 1.07 1.48 2.89∙10–1 1.04∙10–1 7.94∙10–2 6.66∙10–1 9.83∙10–1 3.17 1.28 2.50∙10–2 4.33 1.29 5.60∙10–1 1.03∙10–1 2.02∙10–1 6.47∙10–1 1.05∙10–1 1.96 3.30∙10–3 9.44∙10–2 1.73∙10–1 1.51∙10–1 2.99 8.80∙10–2 4.51∙10–1 2.18∙10–1 7.62∙10–2 3.74∙10–1 2.81 1.66∙10–1 1.91∙10–3 3.97∙10–3 5.63∙10–1 2.56 9.72∙10–2 7.42∙10–1 1.41

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-138

Atomic

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

3145.71 3163.74 3179.06 3234.93 3257.96 3260.21 3274.22 3301.35 3304.96 3318.04 3327.69 3711.07 4123.08 4344.11 4368.60

3 5 5 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 3 1 1 1 1

5 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 3

7.23∙10–3 1.05 3.94∙10–1 1.83∙10–1 1.03 4.65∙10–1 4.29∙10–1 4.54∙10–2 3.60∙10–1 4.14∙10–1 9.45∙10–1 1.02∙10–1 3.71∙10–1 4.32∙10–1 3.59∙10–1

Na III 202.15 202.49 202.71 202.72 202.76 203.28 215.86 216.12 229.87 267.87 378.14 380.10 1336.76 1337.36 1340.67 1342.39 1342.73 1355.28 1361.90 1372.34 1420.89 1444.19 1449.31 1562.87 1565.29 1598.18 1711.12 1728.27 1731.11 1835.22 1838.94 1844.36 1849.56 1850.38 1855.92 1856.71 1861.21 1887.47 1918.45 1926.26 1927.24 1932.74 1933.89

4 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 6 2 4 6 2 2 8 6 8 4 4 4 6 4 2 6 8 6 6 4 2 4 2 10 4 8 2 4 6

4 2 4 2 4 2 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 2 6 2 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 8 6 8 4 2 6 4 12 4 10 4 6 8

1.40∙101 1.59∙102 6.40∙101 6.72∙101 1.26∙102 9.24∙101 1.72∙101 1.57∙101 2.91∙101 7.56∙101 8.42∙101 4.13∙101 4.27 1.61 2.29 8.44∙10–1 1.06 3.44 2.24 5.81∙10–1 5.73 4.07 5.12 2.98 3.95∙10–1 7.96∙10–1 1.52 4.10 1.87 3.31 3.31 3.00 6.87 4.37 5.77 4.22 2.34 1.25∙101 2.29 8.94 5.66 5.37 6.33

K21599_S10.indb 138

λ Å 1946.43 1950.91 1951.24 1977.16 1985.57 1995.68 2004.21 2005.22 2008.47 2011.87 2014.17 2017.03 2028.56 2031.13 2035.90 2041.66 2043.29 2044.82 2045.44 2051.48 2060.36 2066.60 2140.72 2144.54 2202.83 2225.93 2230.33 2232.19 2246.70 2251.47 2278.42 2285.66 2309.99 2386.99 2394.03 2406.59 2459.31 2468.85 2474.73 2497.03 2510.26 2530.25 2542.80 Na IV 136.551 136.854 142.232 142.359 146.064 146.302 150.298 150.543 150.687 151.299 155.083 155.240 156.537 162.448 163.190

Weights gi 6 8 6 4 4 6 2 2 4 6 4 6 8 4 2 6 4 4 6 6 4 4 6 4 6 4 6 4 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 4 4 2 6 6 4 4 2

5 5 5 5 5 3 5 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

gk

A 108 s–1

8 10 4 6 4 6 4 4 6 8 6 8 8 6 2 8 2 4 6 6 6 4 6 4 6 4 8 4 6 4 2 4 2 8 6 4 6 4 4 6 2 4 2

5 7 7 5 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 3 7 7 5

8.28 8.55 2.38 8.46 1.78 8.12∙10–1 2.07 9.67∙10–1 1.45 6.37 4.88 5.44 1.93 3.08 6.23 1.64 4.02 4.00 1.05 4.36 8.12∙10–1 1.53 3.80 3.88 8.53∙10–1 1.82 3.64 2.34 2.72 1.66 2.98 7.73∙10–1 3.08 3.05 2.80 5.1∙10–1 3.0 2.4 1.38 1.99 2.19 3.65∙10–1 3.39∙10–1

2.08∙102 1.56∙102 3.06∙102 2.77∙102 6.69∙10 2.00∙102 2.38∙102 1.71∙102 9.87∙10 6.70∙10 1.33∙102 1.88∙102 2.92∙102 6.04∙102 4.32∙102

λ Å 168.411 168.546 319.644 360.76 408.684 409.614 410.372 411.334 412.242 1580.50 1582.18 1582.33 1583.98 1584.14 1587.05 1613.95 1615.92 1618.57 1655.47 1701.97 1702.41 1960.76 1965.08 1967.60 2018.39

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

3 1 5 1 5 3 5 1 3 7 3 3 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 5 3 5 5 5 3

3 3 3 3 3 1 5 3 5 9 3 5 5 7 9 7 9 11 9 7 5 7 5 3 5

1.37∙102 1.81∙102 2.52∙102 1.38∙101 2.66∙101 6.34∙101 4.73∙101 2.09∙101 1.55∙101 6.27 7.16 3.34 5.55 6.34 9.46 8.74 8.89 9.23 8.72 7.93 5.95 3.71 3.68 3.67 3.44

Sr I 2206.2 2211.3 2217.8 2226.3 2237.7 2253.3 2275.3 2307.3 2354.3 2428.1 2569.5 2931.8 4607.3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

6.6∙10–3 8.5∙10–3 1.2∙10–2 1.6∙10–2 2.3∙10–2 3.7∙10–2 6.7∙10–2 1.2∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 5.3∙10–2 1.9∙10–2 2.01

Sr II 2018.7 2051.9 2282.0 2322.4 2324.5 2423.5 2471.6 3464.5 3474.9 4077.7 4161.8 4215.5 4305.5 4414.8 4417.5 4585.9

2 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 4 4 4

2 2 4 6 4 2 2 6 4 4 2 2 2 6 4 2

1.2∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 8.3∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 4.8∙10–1 3.1 5.1∙10–1 1.42 6.5∙10–1 1.27 1.4 1.1∙10–1 1.8∙10–2 7.0∙10–2

Strontium

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities A

gi

5303.1 5379.1 5385.5 5723.7 5819.0 8688.9 8719.6

2 4 4 2 4 4 4

4 6 4 2 2 6 4

1.9∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 3.7∙10–2 7.1∙10–2 1.4∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 9.7∙10–2

5 5 3 3 3 5 1 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 5 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 1 5 1 1 5 3 1 5 5 5 3 5 7 15 3 5 7

5 3 5 3 1 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 5 3 3 3 7 7 5 3 5 5 3 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 7 5 3 5 5 5 25 5 5 5

4.9 2.7 1.8 1.6 6.6 1.9 2.4 9.1∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 4.5 1.2 3.3 1.9 2.4 7.3 4.2∙10–1 1.6 5.0∙10–1 6.2∙10–2 1.7∙10–1 1.2 7.5∙10–1 8.7∙10–1 6.3 9.4∙10–1 1.9 3.8 2.2 7.2∙10–1 6.7∙10–3 6.7∙10–3 6.5∙10–3 5.7∙10–3 9.5∙10–3 1.3∙10–2 7.9∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 2.8∙10–2

gk

108 s–1

Sulfur SI 1295.7 1296.2 1302.3 1302.9 1303.1 1303.4 1305.9 1401.5 1409.3 1412.9 1425.0 1425.2 1433.3 1433.3 1437.0 1448.2 1473.0 1474.0 1474.4 1474.6 1481.7 1483.0 1483.2 1487.2 1666.7 1687.5 1782.3 1807.3 1820.3 1826.2 4694.1 4695.4 4696.2 6403.6 6408.1 6415.5 *6751.2 7679.6 7686.1 7696.7 S II 1124.4 1125.0 1131.0 1131.6 1250.5 1253.8 1259.5

K21599_S10.indb 139

2 4 2 4 4 4 4

4 4 2 2 2 4 6

1.0 4.6 3.5 1.4 4.6∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 3.4∙10–1

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

4463.6 4483.4 4486.7 4524.7 4525.0 4552.4 4656.7 4716.2 4815.5 4885.6 4917.2 4924.1 4925.3 4942.5 4991.9 5009.5 5014.0 5027.2 5032.4 5047.3 5103.3 5142.3 5201.0 5201.3 5212.6 5212.6 5320.7 5345.7 5345.7 5428.6 5432.8 5453.8 5473.6 5509.7 5526.2 5536.8 5556.0 5564.9 5578.8 5606.1 5616.6 5640.0 5645.6 5647.0 5659.9 5664.7 5819.2 6305.5 6312.7

8 6 4 4 6 4 2 4 6 2 2 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 6 4 6 2 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 8 4 4 6 6 10 4 4 6 2 6 4 4 8 6

6 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 2 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 6 2 4 2 4 4 6 6 8 6 6 4 6 8 2 4 8 6 2 6 6 8 4 6 4 4 4 2 4 6 4

5.3∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 9.3∙10–2 1.2 1.2 9.0∙10–2 2.9∙10–1 8.8∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 7.0∙10–1 8.4∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 8.1∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 6.5∙10–2 9.8∙10–2 8.5∙10–1 9.2∙10–1 8.8∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 6.8∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 7.3∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 8.1∙10–2 6.6∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 1.8∙10–2 5.7∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 8.5∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 3.0∙10–1

S III 2496.2 2508.2 2636.9 2665.4 2680.5 2691.8 2702.8 2718.9 2721.4

7 5 3 5 1 3 3 3 5

5 3 5 5 3 3 1 3 3

2.5 2.3 4.5∙10–1 1.4 6.2∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 1.9 1.2 7.7∙10–1

gk

108 s–1

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

2726.8 2731.1 2756.9 2785.5 2856.0 2863.5 2872.0 2950.2 2964.8 3662.0 3717.8 3778.9 3831.8 3837.8 3838.3 3860.6 3899.1 4253.6 4285.0

3 5 7 3 5 7 3 3 5 3 5 3 1 3 5 3 5 5 3

5 5 7 3 7 9 5 5 7 3 3 5 3 3 5 1 3 7 5

6.0∙10–1 1.1 1.4 6.1∙10–1 5.1 5.7 4.7 3.0 4.0 6.4∙10–1 1.0 4.4∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 1.3 1.6 6.7∙10–1 1.2 9.0∙10–1

8 4 8 4 6 8 6 8 10 4 10 4 2 4 10 10 2 4 8 10 6 8 6 4 6 2 10 6 10 4 6 8 6 6 6 2 6

10 6 8 6 8 6 8 10 12 6 8 4 4 4 10 12 4 4 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 4 8 8 12 6 8 8 4 4 6 4 6

8.5∙10–2 6.8∙10–2 1.91∙10–2 2.62∙10–2 4.9∙10–2 2.72∙10–2 4.6∙10–2 7.1∙10–2 5.5∙10–2 4.3∙10–2 1.30∙10–2 3.98∙10–2 3.35∙10–2 3.60∙10–2 2.8∙10–2 7.3∙10–3 6.5∙10–2 3.83∙10–2 1.82∙10–2 1.79∙10–2 2.8∙10–2 8.9∙10–3 2.08∙10–2 1.0∙10–2 2.28∙10–2 2.53∙10–2 9.0∙10–3 1.36∙10–2 1.56∙10–2 2.42∙10–2 9.5∙10–3 2.5∙10–2 5.3∙10–2 2.85∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 4.08∙10–2 1.4∙10–2

gk

108 s–1

Atomic

Weights

λ Å

10-139

Tantalum Ta I 3170.3 3406.9 3419.7 3463.8 3497.9 3505.0 3607.4 3626.6 3642.1 3784.3 3848.1 3922.8 3996.2 4026.9 4029.9 4040.9 4061.4 4064.6 4136.2 4147.9 4175.2 4205.9 4303.0 4386.1 4402.5 4415.7 4441.7 4473.5 4511.0 4530.9 4553.7 4565.9 4619.5 4669.1 4681.9 4691.9 4706.1

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-140 Weights

Atomic

λ Å

gi

4740.2 4758.0 4769.0 4780.9 4812.8 4825.4 4832.2 4852.2 4884.0 4904.6 4921.3 4926.0 4936.4 4969.7 5012.5 5037.4 5043.3 5067.9 5087.4 5090.7 5136.5 5143.7 5147.6 5161.8 5218.7 5295.0 5336.1 5349.6 5435.3 5499.4 5518.9 5620.7 5640.2 5645.9 5811.1 5877.4 5939.8 5944.0 5997.2 6020.7 6045.4 6047.3 6249.8 6258.7 6309.6 6360.8 6428.6 6430.8 6450.4 6485.4 6514.4 6516.1 6612.0 6673.7 6771.7 6866.2 6927.4 6928.5 6951.3 6953.9

4 4 8 10 4 6 4 4 6 12 2 4 8 4 4 10 6 8 6 8 2 6 6 4 8 6 6 6 4 10 8 8 6 6 8 10 2 4 10 2 6 8 6 6 4 6 6 8 8 10 6 6 6 2 4 8 10 10 10 6

K21599_S10.indb 140

gk 4 6 8 8 4 6 4 4 8 10 4 4 6 4 4 8 4 6 4 6 2 4 4 6 6 6 8 4 6 10 10 10 8 8 6 12 4 6 10 4 8 10 6 8 6 8 6 8 10 10 4 8 4 4 4 6 12 8 10 8

A 108 s–1 5.0∙10–2 7.5∙10–3 2.8∙10–2 2.16∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 2.63∙10–2 1.7∙10–2 1.7∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 1.95∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 4.5∙10–2 1.0∙10–2 1.9∙10–2 4.4∙10–2 2.73∙10–2 2.92∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 9.5∙10–3 4.5∙10–2 1.7∙10–2 9.0∙10–3 6.3∙10–3 8.2∙10–3 7.5∙10–3 5.5∙10–3 2.2∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 6.1∙10–3 3.8∙10–2 6.0∙10–3 4.9∙10–3 1.43∙10–2 5.7∙10–3 2.3∙10–2 1.6∙10–2 2.13∙10–2 2.4∙10–2 1.0∙10–2 2.6∙10–2 9.0∙10–3 3.5∙10–3 3.3∙10–3 1.83∙10–2 4.6∙10–3 6.0∙10–3 2.9∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 5.8∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 1.25∙10–2 1.9∙10–2 9.0∙10–3 5.8∙10–3 2.58∙10–2 1.01∙10–2 1.69∙10–2 3.7∙10–3 8.3∙10–3

Weights

λ Å

gi

6966.1 6969.5 7407.9

8 10 6

gk

A

8 1.2∙10–2 10 2.9∙10–3 4 2.0∙10–2

Thallium Tl I 2104.6 2118.9 2129.3 2151.9 2168.6 2237.8 2316.0 2379.7 2507.9 2538.2 2580.1 2609.0 2609.8 2665.6 2709.2 2710.7 2767.9 2826.2 2918.3 2921.5 3229.8 3519.2 3529.4 3775.7 5350.5

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4

4 2 4 2 4 4 2 4 2 2 2 6 4 2 6 4 4 2 6 4 2 6 4 2 2

4.0∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 5.8∙10–2 3.1∙10–2 9.8∙10–2 1.9∙10–1 7.8∙10–2 4.4∙10–1 1.1∙10–2 1.6∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 1.9∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 1.7∙10–1 3.7∙10–2 1.26 8.0∙10–2 4.2∙10–1 7.6∙10–2 1.73∙10–1 1.24 2.20∙10–1 6.25∙10–1 7.05∙10–1

8 8 8 8 8 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 8 8

10 8 10 6 10 6 6 8 6 8 8 8 6 6 8 10 8 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 10

6.9∙10–2 1.7∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 6.1∙10–2 2.0∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 7.7∙10–2 1.0∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 8.8∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 5.1∙10–2 3.0∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 5.7∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 9.8∙10–2 4.2∙10–2

Thulium Tm I 2513.8 2527.0 2596.5 2601.1 2622.5 2841.1 2854.2 2914.8 2933.0 2973.2 3046.9 3081.1 3122.5 3142.4 3172.7 3233.7 3247.0 3251.8 3380.7 3406.0 3410.1 3416.6 3418.6 3563.9 3567.4

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

3744.1 3751.8 3798.5 3807.7 3883.1 3887.4 3916.5 3949.3 4022.6 4044.5 4094.2 4105.8 4138.3 4158.6 4187.6 4203.7 4222.7 4271.7 4359.9 4386.4 4394.4 4643.1 4681.9 4691.1 5307.1 5658.3 5675.8 5760.2

8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 8 8 6 6 6 6 8 6 8 6

8 10 4 6 6 8 8 6 8 4 6 10 4 8 8 10 8 6 6 8 4 6 8 6 10 8 10 6

9.5∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 1.2 3.9∙10–1 1.0 3.8∙10–1 1.5 1.0 4.0∙10–2 2.9∙10–1 9.0∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 7.0∙10–1 5.5∙10–2 6.1∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 4.2∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 3.4∙10–2 3.9∙10–2 3.9∙10–2 2.3∙10–2 1.0∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 1.3∙10–2

1 3 5 1 5 5 5 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 3 3 5

3 5 5 3 7 5 7 3 5 5 3 7 7 3 5 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 5 5

3.6∙10–2 2.9∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 1.6 1.2 3.1∙10–1 2.0 6.6∙10–1 1.7 3.1∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 2.5 1.5 8.0∙10–3 1.1∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 2.1∙10–1 1.7∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 7.4∙10–2 2.1∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 4.5∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 1.1∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 3.7∙10–3

108 s–1

gk

108 s–1

Tin Sn I 2073.1 2199.3 2209.7 2246.1 2268.9 2286.7 2317.2 2334.8 2354.8 2380.7 2408.2 2421.7 2429.5 2433.5 2455.2 2476.4 2483.4 2491.8 2495.7 2523.9 2546.6 2558.0 2571.6 2594.4 2636.9 2661.2 2706.5 2761.8

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities A

gi

2779.8 2785.0 2788.0 2812.6 2813.6 2840.0 2850.6 2863.3 2913.5 3009.1 3032.8 3034.1 3141.8 3175.1 3218.7 3223.6 3262.3 3330.6 3655.8 3801.0 4524.7 5631.7 5970.3 6037.7 6069.0 6073.5 6171.5

5 5 1 1 5 5 5 1 1 3 1 3 1 5 1 5 5 5 1 5 1 1 5 5 1 3 3

7 3 3 3 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 5 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 1 3

1.8∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 1.7 3.3∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 8.3∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 2.0 1.9∙10–1 1.0 4.7∙10–2 1.2∙10–3 2.7 2.0∙10–1 4.1∙10–2 2.8∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 2.4∙10–2 9.6∙10–2 5.0∙10–2 4.6∙10–2 6.3∙10–2 4.9∙10–2

Sn II 2368.3 2449.0 2487.0 3283.2 3352.0 3472.5 3575.5 5332.4 5562.0 5588.9 5596.2 5797.2 5799.2 6453.5 6761.5 6844.1

4 4 6 4 6 2 4 2 4 4 4 6 6 2 2 2

2 6 8 6 8 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 8 4 2 2

4.4∙10–3 3.7∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 1.0 1.0 1.6∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 8.6∙10–1 1.2 8.5∙10–1 1.5∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 8.1∙10–1 1.2 3.2∙10–1 6.6∙10–1

7 9 5 5 5 7 9 5 7 9 5

5 7 5 7 5 7 9 7 9 11 7

1.4 1.5 1.9 1.3 1.0 9.3∙10–1 9.7∙10–1 8.0∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 6.5∙10–1

gk

108 s–1

Titanium Ti I 2644.28 2646.65 2733.27 2912.07 2942.00 2948.26 2956.13 3186.45 3191.99 3199.92 3341.88

K21599_S10.indb 141

λ Å 3354.63 3371.45 3377.58 3385.94 3635.46 3642.68 3653.50 3724.57 3741.06 3752.86 3786.04 3958.21 3981.76 3989.76 3998.64 4186.12 4266.23 4284.99 4289.07 4393.93 4417.27 4449.14 4450.90 4453.31 4453.71 4455.32 4457.43 4465.81 4481.26 4496.15 4518.02 4522.80 4533.24 4534.78 4548.76 4552.45 4563.43 4617.27 4623.10 4639.94 4742.79 4758.12 4759.27 4778.26 4805.42 4856.01 4885.08 4913.62 4928.34 4981.73 4989.14 4991.07 4999.50 5000.99 5007.21 5014.28 5036.47 5038.40 5224.30 5259.98

Weights gi 7 9 7 9 5 7 9 9 7 9 5 9 5 7 9 9 5 5 5 9 11 11 9 5 7 7 9 5 7 7 7 5 11 9 7 9 9 7 5 3 9 11 13 9 5 13 11 7 3 11 7 9 7 9 5 3 7 5 11 5

gk 9 11 5 7 7 9 11 9 7 9 3 7 5 7 9 9 5 5 5 11 9 11 9 5 7 7 9 7 7 5 9 7 11 9 5 7 11 9 7 3 9 11 13 9 7 15 13 9 5 13 5 11 9 7 7 5 9 7 11 7

A 108 s–1 6.9∙10–1 7.2∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 8.04∙10–1 7.74∙10–1 7.54∙10–1 9.1∙10–1 4.17∙10–1 5.04∙10–1 1.4 4.05∙10–1 3.76∙10–1 3.79∙10–1 4.08∙10–1 2.10∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 9.7∙10–1 9.6∙10–1 5.98∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 4.8∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 3.28∙10–1 5.7∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 1.72∙10–1 1.9∙10–1 8.83∙10–1 6.87∙10–1 2.85∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 2.1∙10–1 8.51∙10–1 5.74∙10–1 6.64∙10–1 5.3∙10–1 7.13∙10–1 7.40∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 4.90∙10–1 4.44∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 6.60∙10–1 3.25∙10–1 5.84∙10–1 5.27∙10–1 3.52∙10–1 4.92∙10–1 6.8∙10–1 3.94∙10–1 3.87∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 2.3∙10–1

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

5351.07 5503.90 5774.04 5785.98 5804.27 6098.66 6220.46

7 11 9 11 13 9 9

7 9 11 13 15 7 7

3.4∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 6.1∙10–1 6.8∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 1.8∙10–1

Ti II 2635.44 2638.56 2642.02 2645.86 2746.54 2751.59 2752.68 2757.62 2758.35 2804.82 2810.30 2817.83 2819.87 2821.26 2827.12 2828.06 2828.64 2828.83 2834.02 2836.47 2839.64 2845.93 2856.10 2877.47 2884.13 2926.64 2931.10 2936.02 2938.57 2941.90 2942.97 2945.30 2954.59 2958.80 2979.06 2990.06 3017.17 3022.64 3023.67 3075.23 3078.65 3081.52 3088.04 3089.44 3103.81 3106.26 3127.86 3128.50 3168.55 3181.73 3189.49

4 6 8 10 6 8 8 6 4 6 8 10 8 6 8 12 6 10 10 8 12 10 12 8 10 10 6 4 6 8 8 10 10 8 4 6 12 10 8 6 8 10 10 8 10 6 6 8 10 6 4

4 6 8 10 8 10 10 8 6 8 10 12 8 8 10 14 6 10 12 8 12 10 12 8 10 8 6 6 8 10 8 12 12 10 6 8 12 10 8 4 6 8 8 6 8 6 6 8 8 8 4

1.9 1.7 1.9 2.7 2.6 3.7 1.1 7.2∙10–1 9.9∙10–1 4.6 5.1 3.8 6.5∙10–1 7.9∙10–1 1.0 4.4 1.2 9.1∙10–1 7.9∙10–1 1.2 8.3∙10–1 1.2 1.5 5.7∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 8.9∙10–1 3.2 2.7 2.4 1.8 1.1 2.7 4.0 4.0 1.2 5.6∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 1.2 1.0 1.13 1.09 1.1 1.25 1.3 1.1 7.8∙10–1 1.6 1.1 4.1∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 9.2∙10–1

Atomic

Weights

λ Å

10-141

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-142

Atomic

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

3190.91 3202.56 3224.25 3228.62 3232.29 3234.51 3236.58 3239.04 3239.66 3241.99 3278.28 3278.91 3282.32 3287.66 3321.70 3322.94 3332.11 3361.23 3372.80 3383.77 3456.40 3483.63 3492.37 3504.90 3510.86 3535.41 3741.64 3759.30 3761.33 4911.18

6 4 12 4 8 10 8 6 6 4 4 6 2 8 4 10 6 8 6 4 4 10 8 10 8 4 6 8 6 6

8 6 10 2 6 10 8 6 4 4 4 4 2 10 4 10 4 10 8 6 4 8 6 10 8 6 6 8 6 4

Ti III 865.79 1002.37 1004.67 1005.80 1007.16 1008.12 1286.37 1289.30 1291.62 1293.23 1298.97 1327.59 1420.44 1421.63 1422.41 1424.14 1455.19 1498.70 2007.36 2007.60 2010.80 2097.30 2099.86 2104.86 2105.09 2199.22 2237.77 2331.35

5 5 7 3 5 3 9 7 5 9 7 5 1 3 5 5 9 5 3 1 5 5 3 3 1 3 7 3

3 5 5 3 3 1 9 7 5 7 5 3 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 5 3 3 3 7 1

K21599_S10.indb 142

A 108 s–1 1.3 1.1 7.0∙10–1 2.0 6.0∙10–1 1.38 1.11 9.87∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 1.16 9.6∙10–1 1.0 1.6 1.4 7.2∙10–1 3.96∙10–1 1.1 1.1 1.11 1.09 8.2∙10–1 9.7∙10–1 9.8∙10–1 8.2∙10–1 9.3∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 9.9∙10–1 3.2∙10–1

6.6∙101 7.6 4.3∙101 1.3∙101 3.8∙101 5.1∙101 2.0 2.2 2.4 1.0 4.9 3.2 1.2 4.0 3.0 1.6 6.4 2.8 3.4 1.2 5.4 3.3 2.5 1.1 1.7 5.7 2.4 4.3

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

2331.66 2339.00 2346.79 2374.99 2413.99 2516.05 2567.56 2984.75 3066.51 3228.89 3278.31 3320.94 3340.20 3346.18 3354.71 3397.24 3404.46 3417.62 3915.47 4119.14 4213.26 4215.53 4247.62 4248.54 4250.09 4259.01 4269.84 4285.61 4288.66 4296.70 4319.56 4343.25 4378.94 4433.91 4440.66 4533.26 4576.53 4628.07 4652.86 4874.00 4914.32 4971.19 5083.80 5278.33 7506.87

3 5 7 5 5 7 3 5 3 3 7 3 7 9 11 3 3 3 9 5 9 9 11 5 3 11 9 13 11 11 9 3 3 11 1 3 9 3 7 5 3 9 5 3 11

3 3 5 3 7 9 3 5 3 3 9 5 9 11 13 1 3 5 11 5 11 11 13 7 5 13 11 15 13 13 11 1 5 13 3 5 7 1 9 7 3 11 3 3 13

1.2 3.0 3.3 4.0 3.8 3.4 2.3 1.9 2.5 1.5 3.4 2.8 3.7 3.7 4.4 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.1 9.9∙10–1 2.2 2.2 1.1 2.3 9.5∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 1.7 3.0 1.1 1.6 1.1 1.0 1.6 1.8 1.2 1.5 1.3 1.5 2.6 1.5 1.1 2.1 9.7∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 1.1

Ti IV 423.49 424.16 433.63 433.76 729.36 1183.64 1195.21 1451.74 1467.34 2067.56 2103.16 2541.79 2546.88

4 6 4 6 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 6

6 8 2 4 2 2 2 4 6 4 2 6 8

4.9∙101 5.3∙101 5.5 5.0 5.7 6.9 1.4∙101 1.8∙101 2.1∙101 5.1 5.0 6.9 7.4

λ Å 2862.60 3576.44

Weights gi 4 4

A

gk

108 s–1 2 4.1 6 4.6

Tungsten WI 2879.4 2911.0 2923.5 2935.0 3013.8 3016.5 3017.4 3024.9 3046.4 3049.7 3064.9 3084.9 3093.5 3107.2 3108.0 3145.5 3170.2 3176.6 3183.5 3184.4 3191.6 3198.8 3207.3 3208.3 3215.6 3221.9 3223.1 3232.5 3235.1 3259.7 3300.8 3311.4 3363.3 3371.0 3371.4 3386.1 3413.0 3459.5 3510.0 3545.2 3570.6 3606.1 3617.5 3631.9 3675.6 3682.1 3707.9 3757.9 3760.1 3768.5 3780.8 3809.2 3817.5 3829.1

1 1 7 3 7 9 7 3 3 7 5 5 7 5 7 9 7 3 7 5 1 7 7 5 9 5 5 9 7 7 7 7 9 7 3 7 7 9 7 1 5 3 7 3 9 9 7 7 5 3 7 7 7 3

3 3 9 5 9 11 9 3 5 5 7 5 9 7 9 9 5 5 7 3 3 9 9 5 11 7 3 9 5 7 9 5 7 5 3 7 9 9 9 3 3 5 7 5 11 11 7 9 7 3 5 5 7 3

2.4∙10–1 7.7∙10–2 1.54∙10–2 1.5∙10–1 6.4∙10–2 9.27∙10–2 1.21∙10–1 1.4∙10–1 5.8∙10–2 1.7∙10–1 1.1∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 4.4∙10–2 2.33∙10–2 1.58∙10–2 4.8∙10–3 6.0∙10–3 2.12∙10–2 2.64∙10–3 2.3∙10–2 3.2∙10–2 4.6∙10–2 3.0∙10–2 4.4∙10–2 2.1∙10–1 1.61∙10–2 3.53∙10–3 2.4∙10–2 2.68∙10–3 1.3∙10–2 8.1∙10–2 5.6∙10–2 6.6∙10–3 1.0∙10–2 6.7∙10–3 2.64∙10–3 9.7∙10–3 2.04∙10–3 5.2∙10–3 3.2∙10–2 6.7∙10–3 9.6∙10–3 1.1∙10–1 1.3∙10–2 1.20∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 2.9∙10–2 1.38∙10–2 1.99∙10–2 3.47∙10–2 4.2∙10–2 9.0∙10–3 3.1∙10–2 3.83∙10–3

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

gi

3835.1 3846.3 3847.5 3864.3 3868.0 3881.4 3968.5 3975.5 4001.4 4008.8 4019.3 4028.8 4045.6 4055.2 4070.0 4070.6 4074.4 4088.3 4102.7 4115.6 4137.5 4171.2 4203.8 4219.4 4244.4 4269.4 4283.8 4294.6 4302.1 4355.2 4361.8 4378.5 4458.1 4466.3 4472.5 4484.2 4492.3 4495.3 4504.8 4552.5 4586.8 4592.6 4609.9 4613.3 4634.8 4659.9 4680.5 4720.4 4729.6 4752.6 4757.5 4757.8 4788.4 4843.8 4886.9 4924.6 4931.6 4948.6 4972.6 4982.6

5 3 1 5 7 7 1 9 9 7 5 1 7 7 7 3 7 5 9 11 5 7 9 9 9 7 9 7 7 9 9 7 3 7 13 3 9 11 9 9 1 7 7 9 9 1 7 3 7 3 7 11 9 5 9 13 7 9 9 1

K21599_S10.indb 143

gk 5 5 3 5 9 7 3 11 9 9 3 3 5 9 5 5 7 3 7 11 7 9 7 7 11 5 7 5 7 9 7 5 5 5 11 5 11 11 7 9 3 9 9 9 9 3 7 5 5 3 5 9 11 5 11 11 5 11 11 3

A 108 s–1 5.2∙10–2 2.14∙10–2 8.3∙10–3 5.6∙10–3 4.6∙10–2 3.6∙10–2 5.07∙10–3 4.1∙10–3 5.6∙10–3 1.63∙10–1 6.7∙10–3 2.0∙10–2 2.88∙10–2 1.79∙10–3 3.60∙10–2 5.6∙10–3 1.0∙10–1 4.13∙10–3 4.9∙10–2 4.8∙10–3 8.4∙10–3 8.6∙10–3 4.9∙10–3 6.1∙10–3 1.38∙10–2 3.04∙10–2 1.69∙10–3 1.2∙10–1 3.6∙10–2 5.1∙10–3 1.64∙10–3 3.48∙10–3 4.2∙10–3 1.5∙10–2 1.55∙10–3 5.6∙10–3 3.6∙10–3 3.3∙10–3 7.0∙10–3 1.42∙10–3 4.20∙10–3 3.4∙10–3 1.42∙10–2 2.9∙10–3 8.8∙10–3 1.0∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 3.22∙10–3 7.8∙10–3 5.20∙10–3 2.72∙10–3 4.1∙10–3 2.6∙10–3 1.9∙10–2 8.1∙10–3 1.75∙10–3 1.0∙10–2 1.36∙10–3 3.9∙10–3 4.17∙10–3

Weights

λ Å

gi

4986.9 5006.2 5015.3 5040.4 5053.3 5071.5 5117.6 5124.2 5141.2 5224.7 5243.0 5254.5 5268.6 5500.5 5514.7 5537.7 5617.1 5631.9 5660.7 5675.4 5796.5 5891.6 5947.6 5965.9 6021.5 6081.4 6203.5 6285.9 6292.0 6303.2 6404.2 6439.7 6445.1 6532.4 6538.1 6563.2 6814.9 7285.8 7569.9 7664.9 8017.2 8358.7 9381.4

11 9 7 3 3 13 11 5 7 7 9 7 9 11 5 9 7 9 13 5 9 7 5 7 5 5 7 7 3 9 5 9 7 3 11 5 9 13 5 5 5 5 9

gk 9 7 9 5 3 11 11 5 9 5 7 5 9 9 3 11 7 7 11 5 7 7 7 5 3 3 7 5 5 9 7 9 5 5 9 5 9 11 3 3 7 7 7

A 108 s–1 6.3∙10–3 1.2∙10–2 5.4∙10–3 5.2∙10–3 1.9∙10–2 3.4∙10–3 1.61∙10–3 4.0∙10–3 1.12∙10–3 1.2∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 3.86∙10–3 1.4∙10–3 6.9∙10–3 7.3∙10–3 2.2∙10–3 1.47∙10–3 1.43∙10–3 6.8∙10–3 2.20∙10–3 2.21∙10–3 1.47∙10–3 2.40∙10–3 1.0∙10–2 8.7∙10–3 4.7∙10–3 3.0∙10–3 6.6∙10–3 2.26∙10–3 1.84∙10–3 1.50∙10–3 1.29∙10–3 6.4∙10–3 4.6∙10–3 2.7∙10–3 2.04∙10–3 1.46∙10–3 1.47∙10–3 3.73∙10–3 3.80∙10–3 1.6∙10–3 1.89∙10–3 1.53∙10–3

Uranium UI 3553.0 3553.0 3553.4 3554.5 3554.9 3555.3 3555.8 3556.9 3557.8 3558.0 3558.6 3559.4 3560.3

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

3561.4 3561.5 3561.8 3563.7 3563.8 3565.0 3566.0 3566.6 3568.8 3569.1 3569.4 3570.1 3570.2 3570.6 3570.7 3571.2 3571.6 3572.9 3573.9 3574.1 3574.8 3577.1 3577.5 3577.8 3577.9 3578.3 3580.0 3580.2 3580.4 3580.9 3582.6 3584.6 3584.9 3585.4 3585.8 3587.8 3588.3 3589.7 3589.8 3590.7 3591.7 3593.0 3593.2 3593.7

15 9 13 13 7 13 13 11 13 17 9 13 11 13 15 11 17 13 13 13 13 17 15 11 13 13 9 11 11 13 13 7 13 11 11 9 7 11 15 9 11 11 13 11

13 9 11 13 7 11 15 11 13 15 9 11 9 15 15 11 15 15 11 15 15 15 13 11 13 11 9 9 13 13 13 5 15 11 9 11 9 13 13 7 9 11 15 11

5.5∙10–2 2.5∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 2.9∙10–2 1.1∙10–2 2.9∙10–2 1.7∙10–2 2.4∙10–1 3.8∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 1.5∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 5.3∙10–3 2.7∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 6.3∙10–3 1.3∙10–1 1.5∙10–2 4.0∙10–2 3.5∙10–2 1.9∙10–2 4.3∙10–2 7.8∙10–3 8.3∙10–3 2.3∙10–2 2.0∙10–2 1.2∙10–2 2.9∙10–2 7.5∙10–3 2.1∙10–2 2.9∙10–2 2.4∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 1.9∙10–2 2.8∙10–2 1.3∙10–2 1.8∙10–2 2.1∙10–2 5.9∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 5.3∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 4.2∙10–2 7.2∙10–2

4 6 8 10 6 8 4 10 8 10 6 6

4 6 8 10 8 10 6 12 10 12 6 8

1.3 1.3 1.4 2.1 2.4 2.5 2.4 2.7 1.3 1.4 6.0∙10–1 5.2∙10–1

gk

108 s–1

Atomic

Weights

λ Å

10-143

Vanadium 13 9 15 11 15 13 13 13 13 11 9 7 9

13 7 13 9 17 15 11 11 13 13 7 9 7

2.0∙10–2 1.4∙10–2 2.2∙10–2 8.4∙10–3 7.9∙10–3 2.7∙10–2 4.1∙10–3 7.5∙10–3 2.9∙10–2 1.6∙10–2 3.9∙10–2 1.5∙10–2 6.4∙10–2

VI 3053.65 3056.33 3060.46 3066.37 3183.41 3183.96 3183.98 3185.38 3205.58 3212.43 3377.62 3533.68

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-144

Atomic

λ Å 3663.60 3667.74 3672.41 3673.41 3676.70 3680.12 3686.26 3687.50 3688.07 3692.22 3695.34 3695.86 3703.57 3704.70 3706.03 3708.71 3794.96 3806.79 3840.75 3855.85 3871.07 3902.26 3930.02 3934.01 3992.80 3998.73 4050.96 4051.35 4090.57 4092.68 4095.48 4099.78 4102.15 4104.77 4105.16 4109.78 4111.78 4115.18 4116.47 4123.50 4128.06 4131.99 4134.49 4232.46 4232.95 4268.64 4271.55 4276.95 4284.05 4291.82 4296.10 4297.67 4298.03 4379.23 4384.71 4389.98 4395.22 4406.64 4407.63 4408.20

K21599_S10.indb 144

Weights gi 4 6 12 8 14 10 10 12 8 6 14 4 10 8 10 12 10 10 8 10 10 10 10 8 12 14 10 12 8 8 6 6 4 10 4 2 10 8 6 4 6 8 10 10 8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 10 8 6 4 10 8 6

gk 6 8 12 10 14 12 12 14 8 6 16 4 8 6 10 12 10 10 6 8 8 10 10 8 10 12 10 12 10 10 8 8 6 8 6 4 10 8 6 2 4 6 8 10 8 14 12 10 8 14 12 10 8 12 10 8 6 10 8 6

A 108 s–1 3.1 2.7 9.2∙10–1 2.7 1.3 2.2 2.3∙10–1 2.9 3.5∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 2.8 6.6∙10–1 9.2∙10–1 6.6∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 2.5∙10–1 5.48∙10–1 5.78∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 2.68∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 1.2 1.0 1.4 1.3 8.5∙10–1 2.30∙10–1 7.2∙10–1 4.10∙10–1 7.1∙10–1 2.1 4.9∙10–1 5.00∙10–1 1.01 5.80∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 1.00 7.70∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 2.90∙10–1 9.8∙10–1 7.7∙10–1 1.2 9.6∙10–1 9.4∙10–1 1.2 8.8∙10–1 7.7∙10–1 7.0∙10–1 7.8∙10–1 1.1 1.1 6.9∙10–1 5.5∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 6.0∙10–1

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

4452.01 4457.75 4460.33 4462.36 4468.00 4469.71 4474.04 4496.06 4524.21 4529.58 4545.40 4560.72 4571.79 4578.73 4757.47 4766.62 4776.36 4786.50 4796.92 4807.52 5193.00 5195.39 5234.08 5240.87 5415.25 5487.91 5507.75 6090.21

14 10 10 12 8 10 10 8 12 10 10 8 6 4 4 6 8 10 12 14 12 8 10 12 12 12 10 8

16 12 8 14 10 12 8 6 10 8 12 10 8 6 2 4 6 8 10 12 12 8 10 12 14 10 8 6

9.2∙10–1 2.7∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 2.4∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 7.0∙10–1 6.0∙10–1 6.8∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 4.7∙10–1 4.8∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 2.3∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 3.1∙10–1 2.9∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 2.60∙10–1

V II 2527.90 2528.47 2528.83 2554.04 2589.10 2640.86 2677.80 2679.33 2683.09 2687.96 2689.88 2690.25 2690.79 2700.94 2706.17 2734.22 2753.41 2784.20 2787.91 2825.86 2843.82 2847.57 2854.34 2862.31 2868.11 2869.13 2882.49 2884.78 2889.61 2891.64

13 9 11 9 9 5 3 7 1 9 3 7 5 9 7 9 13 9 7 9 7 9 11 11 5 13 5 3 3 5

13 9 11 9 9 7 5 7 3 9 1 5 3 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 5 7 9 11 3 11 5 3 1 3

6.1∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 5.3∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 7.7∙10–1 1.2 3.4∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 9.2∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 3.4∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 1.3 5.0∙10–1 1.2 9.9∙10–1 4.6∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 3.6∙10–1 2.1 4.8∙10–1 4.2∙10–1 5.6∙10–1 1.9 1.4

λ Å

Weights gi

A

gk

108 s–1

2892.43 2892.65 2893.31 2903.07 2906.45 2908.81 2910.01 2910.38 2911.05 2912.46 2915.88 2924.02 2924.63 2930.80 2941.37 2944.57 2948.08 2952.07 2955.58 2968.37 2972.26 2973.98 2985.18 3001.20 3014.82 3016.78 3020.21 3048.21 3063.25 3100.94 3113.56 3122.89 3134.93 3136.50 3139.73 3151.32 3190.69 3250.78 3251.87 3271.12 3276.12 3279.84 3287.71 3337.85 3517.30 3530.77 3545.19 3556.80 3592.01 3618.92

9 7 9 3 7 11 5 3 7 11 9 11 9 7 11 9 9 7 7 7 5 9 7 7 5 7 9 11 9 7 11 11 13 11 9 3 9 11 5 7 9 9 5 5 9 5 7 9 7 3

9 5 7 5 7 9 5 3 9 9 7 11 9 7 9 7 11 5 9 9 7 11 9 7 3 5 7 13 11 7 11 13 13 11 9 5 9 9 7 9 11 11 7 7 7 3 5 7 5 5

3.6∙10–1 1.3 1.2 3.4∙10–1 7.8∙10–1 1.6 1.1 1.2 3.7∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 4.9∙10–1 1.7 1.2 5.8∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 7.2∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 7.0∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 8.9∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 7.0∙10–1 1.0 5.8∙10–1 5.0∙10–1 7.6∙10–1 5.9∙10–1 5.3∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 3.3∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 3.5∙10–1 6.9∙10–1 5.2∙10–1 5.8∙10–1 7.5∙10–1 5.3∙10–1 3.8∙10–1 4.5∙10–1 4.3∙10–1 5.1∙10–1 4.4∙10–1 3.3∙10–1

V III 2318.06 2323.82 2330.42 2331.75 2334.21 2337.13 2343.10 2358.73

8 6 10 8 6 4 6 6

10 8 10 8 6 4 8 8

4.6 3.8 3.2 2.5 2.2 2.7 3.6 4.2

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities Weights gi

108 s–1

2366.31 2371.06 2373.06 2382.46 2393.58 2404.18 2516.14 2521.55 2548.21 2554.22 2593.05 2595.10

8 10 4 8 6 4 10 8 6 8 6 8

10 12 6 10 8 6 10 8 4 6 6 8

V IV 677.345 680.632 681.145 682.455 682.923 684.450 691.530 723.537 724.068 724.809 737.854 750.110 884.146 1071.05 1110.72 1112.20 1112.44 1127.84 1131.26 1194.46 1226.52 1243.72 1247.07 1272.97 1304.17 1305.42 1308.06 1309.50 1312.72 1317.57 1321.92 1326.81 1329.29 1329.97 1330.36 1331.67 1332.46 1334.49 1355.13 1356.53 1395.00 1400.42 1403.62 1412.69 1414.41 1414.84

9 9 7 7 5 7 5 3 5 5 9 5 1 5 3 7 5 7 9 7 5 3 5 3 3 5 7 5 7 5 7 3 5 3 1 3 5 9 7 5 5 5 7 3 5 5

9 7 5 7 5 5 3 1 5 3 7 5 3 5 3 7 5 5 7 5 5 1 3 1 5 7 9 5 7 7 9 5 5 3 3 1 3 9 9 3 7 7 9 3 7 5

K21599_S10.indb 145

A

gk 4.2 5.2 2.9 5.0 4.3 2.5 3.7 3.5 2.0 1.2 2.8 2.8

6.7 1.2∙101 1.1∙101 6.5 6.9 7.7 1.1∙101 1.5∙101 1.1∙101 5.6 2.4∙101 1.0∙101 4.7 6.1 5.0 6.3 5.0 8.9 9.4 1.0∙101 1.5∙101 9.4 4.7 2.7∙101 1.5∙101 7.0 7.9 8.7 8.6 8.7 9.9 4.0 1.5∙101 4.8 6.0 1.7∙101 7.5 8.3 2.5∙101 4.9 1.4∙101 7.5 8.4 1.1∙101 1.2∙101 4.6

λ Å 1418.53 1419.58 1423.72 1426.65 1429.11 1434.84 1451.04 1454.00 1520.14 1522.49 1601.92 1611.88 1806.18 1809.85 1817.68 1825.84 1861.56 1939.07 1951.43 1963.10 1997.72 2084.43 2120.05 2141.20 2146.83 2149.85 2151.09 2155.34 2446.80 2570.72 3284.56 3496.42 3514.25

Weights gi 7 7 3 9 5 7 3 5 5 3 3 7 5 3 5 7 5 7 5 3 7 5 7 3 7 5 7 11 9 9 7 7 9

gk

A 108 s–1

7 9 5 11 5 7 3 3 7 5 3 7 3 1 3 5 7 9 7 5 7 5 9 5 9 7 9 13 11 11 9 9 11

5.2 1.3∙101 7.1 2.2∙101 5.0 5.4 7.0 1.1∙101 7.2 5.5 1.2∙101 5.2 7.3 7.2 4.8 5.3 6.6 5.8 5.0 4.8 4.7 4.0 8.1 7.0 6.6 5.1 4.3 1.2∙101 5.3 7.6 5.3 4.4 4.7

Xenon Xe I 1043.8 1047.1 1050.1 1056.1 1061.2 1068.2 1085.4 1099.7 1110.7 1129.3 1170.4 1192.0 1250.2 1295.6 1469.6 4501.0 4524.7 4624.3 4671.2 4807.0 7119.6 7967.3 8409.2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 5 5 3 7 1 5

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 7 1 9 3 3

5.9∙10–1 1.3 8.5∙10–2 2.45 1.9∙10–1 3.99 4.10∙10–1 4.34∙10–1 1.5 4.4∙10–2 1.6 6.2 1.4∙10–1 2.46 2.81 6.2∙10–3 2.1∙10–3 7.2∙10–3 1.0∙10–2 2.4∙10–2 6.6∙10–2 3.0∙10–3 1.0∙10–2

Weights

A

λ Å

gi

Xe II 4180.1 4330.5 4414.8 4603.0 4844.3 4876.5 5260.4 5262.0 5292.2 5372.4 5419.2 5439.0 5472.6 5531.1 5719.6 5976.5 6036.2 6051.2 6097.6 6270.8 6277.5 6805.7 6990.9

4 6 6 4 6 6 2 4 6 4 4 4 8 8 4 4 6 8 6 4 4 8 10

4 8 6 4 8 8 4 4 6 2 6 2 8 6 6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 8

2.2 1.4 1.0 8.2∙10–1 1.1 6.3∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 8.5∙10–1 8.9∙10–1 7.1∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 7.4∙10–1 9.9∙10–2 8.8∙10–2 6.1∙10–2 2.8∙10–1 7.5∙10–2 1.7∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 3.6∙10–2 6.1∙10–2 2.7∙10–1

Yb I 2464.5 2672.0 3464.4 3988.0 5556.5

1 1 1 1 1

3 3 3 3 3

9.1∙10–1 1.18∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 1.76 1.14∙10–2

Yb II 3289.4 3694.2

2 2

4 1.8 2 1.4

gk

108 s–1

Atomic

λ Å

10-145

Ytterbium

Yttrium YI 2984.25 4077.36 4102.36 4128.30 4142.84 4167.51 4235.93 4379.33 4476.95 4514.01 4527.78 4544.31 4559.36 4643.70 4653.78 4674.85 4781.03 4799.30 4804.31

6 4 6 6 4 6 6 6 8 4 8 6 2 4 4 6 8 6 6

8 6 8 6 4 6 4 4 6 6 6 6 4 6 6 8 10 8 4

4.8∙10–1 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.6 2.38∙10–1 3.0∙10–1 7.83∙10–1 2.8∙10–1 3.34∙10–1 8.33∙10–1 4.10∙10–1 4.0∙10–1 1.8∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 1.3∙10–1 1.0∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 2.6∙10–1

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Atomic Transition Probabilities

10-146

Atomic

λ Å

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

4804.80 4845.67 4852.68 4856.71 4859.84 4893.44 4900.08 4906.11 5380.63 5424.36 5466.47 5513.65 5527.56 5606.34 5630.14 5675.27 5732.09 6087.94 6437.17 6538.57 6815.15 7035.15

4 8 6 6 4 6 8 10 6 6 10 6 8 10 4 6 6 6 10 10 2 4

4 8 6 6 4 4 6 8 4 4 12 6 10 10 6 6 6 4 8 10 4 4

3.84∙10–1 6.8∙10–1 6.2∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 7.26∙10–1 2.2∙10–1 2.0∙10–1 1.2∙10–1 3.2∙10–1 3.47∙10–1 6.3∙10–1 2.39∙10–1 5.4∙10–1 5.84∙10–2 4.9∙10–1 9.3∙10–2 7.5∙10–2 1.1∙10–1 4.8∙10–2 1.5∙10–1 7.18∙10–2 6.3∙10–2

Y II 3112.03 3179.42 3195.62 3200.27 3203.32 3216.69 3242.28 3448.81 3467.88 3496.08 3549.01 3584.51 3600.74 3601.91

1 3 3 5 3 5 7 5 5 1 5 3 7 3

3 5 3 5 1 3 5 5 3 3 7 5 7 3

1.3∙10–2 3.8∙10–2 8.23∙10–1 4.8∙10–1 2.77 2.0 2.0 4.1∙10–2 2.7∙10–2 3.49∙10–1 3.97∙10–1 4.02∙10–1 1.4 1.13

K21599_S10.indb 146

λ Å 3611.04 3628.70 3664.62 3710.29 3747.55 3774.34 3776.56 3788.70 3818.34 3832.90 3878.29 3930.66 3950.36 3951.59 3982.60 4124.91 4177.54 4199.27 4204.69 4235.73 4309.62 4358.73 4374.95 4398.01 4422.59 4682.33 4786.58 4823.31 4854.87 4881.44 4883.69 4900.11 4982.13 5087.42 5119.11 5200.41 5205.73 5289.82

Weights gi 5 5 7 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 7 5 3 5 5 5 5 3 1 5 7 3 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 5 9 7 7 9 5 5 7 7

gk

A 108 s–1

5 3 5 9 3 7 3 5 5 7 5 5 5 3 5 7 5 5 3 5 5 3 5 3 1 5 7 5 3 3 7 5 9 9 7 5 7 5

1.04 3.3∙10–1 3.7∙10–1 1.5 1.9∙10–1 1.1 2.42∙10–1 8.1∙10–1 9.70∙10–2 3.0∙10–1 2.9∙10–2 2.1∙10–2 2.80∙10–1 1.5∙10–2 2.7∙10–1 1.8∙10–2 5.27∙10–1 5.36∙10–3 2.20∙10–2 2.3∙10–2 1.29∙10–1 5.55∙10–2 9.97∙10–1 1.16∙10–1 1.83∙10–1 1.9∙10–2 2.1∙10–2 4.3∙10–2 3.9∙10–1 1.5∙10–3 4.7∙10–1 4.51∙10–1 1.5∙10–2 2.0∙10–1 1.6∙10–2 1.3∙10–1 1.6∙10–1 6.7∙10–3

λ Å 5320.78 5473.39 5480.73 5497.41 5509.90 5544.61 5546.01 5728.89 6613.74 6832.48 7264.16

Weights gi

gk

A 108 s–1

9 3 1 5 5 3 5 5 5 5 5

7 5 3 5 5 1 3 5 7 5 3

3.9∙10–3 4.3∙10–2 7.62∙10–2 1.2∙10–1 4.24∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 5.8∙10–2 3.0∙10–2 1.7∙10–2 3.3∙10–3 1.3∙10–2

Zn I 748.29 765.60 792.05 793.85 809.92 1109.1 2138.6 3075.9 3282.3 3302.6 3302.9 3345.0 3345.6 3345.9 6362.3 11054

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 5 5 3 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 3 7 5 3 5 1

6.0∙10–2 7.6∙10–2 5.7∙10–2 1.8∙10–1 2.6∙10–1 3.05∙10–1 7.09 3.29∙10–4 9.0∙10–1 1.2 6.7∙10–1 1.7 4.0∙10–1 4.5∙10–2 4.74∙10–1 2.43∙10–1

Zn II 2025.5 2064.2 2099.9 2102.2 4911.6

2 2 4 4 4

4 4 6 4 6

3.3 4.6 5.6 9.3∙10–1 1.6

Zinc

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Thomas M. Miller Electron affinity is defined as the energy difference between the lowest (ground) state of the neutral and the lowest state of the corresponding negative ion. The accuracy of electron affinity measurements has been greatly improved since the advent of laser photodetachment experiments with negative ions. Electron affinities can be determined with optical precision, though a detailed understanding of atomic and molecular states and splittings is required to specify the photodetachment threshold corresponding to the electron affinity. Atomic and molecular electron affinities are discussed in two excellent articles reviewing photodetachment studies which appear in Gas Phase Ion Chemistry, Vol. 3, Bowers, M. T., Ed., Academic Press, Orlando, 1984: Chapter 21 by Drzaic, P. S., Marks, J., and Brauman, J. I., “Electron Photodetachment from Gas Phase Negative Ions,” p. 167, and Chapter 22 by Mead, R. D., Stevens, A. E., and Lineberger, W. C., “Photodetachment in Negative Ion Beams,” p. 213. Persons interested in photodetachment details should consult these articles and the critical reviews of Andersen, T., Haugen, H. K., and Hotop, H., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 1511, 1999, Hotop, H., and Lineberger, W. C., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 14, 731, 1985, and Andersen, T., Haugen, H. K., and Hotop, H. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 28, 1511, 1999. For simplicity in the tables below, any electron affinity which was discussed in the articles by Drzaic et al. or Hotop and Lineberger is referenced to these sources, where original references are given. The development of cluster-ion photodetachment apparatuses has brought an

explosion of electron affinity estimates for atomic and molecular clusters. The policy in this tabulation is to list the electron affinities for the atoms, diatoms, and triatoms, if adiabatic electron affinities have been determined, but to refer the reader to original sources for higher-order clusters. Additional data on molecular electron affinities may be found in Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 17, (Supplement No. 1), 1988 and on the NIST WebBook at the Internet address http://webbook.nist.gov/. For the present tabulation, the 2010 CODATA value e/(hc) = 8065.54429 ± 0.00018 cm–1 eV–1 (http://physics.nist.gov/constants/) has been used to convert electron affinities from the units used in spectroscopic work, cm–1, into eV for these tables. Experimental measurements have improved to the level that the 25 ppb uncertainty in e/(hc) will make a difference in a few cases. For this reason, very accurate electron affinities will be given in cm–1 with the relevant references. Abbreviations used in the tables: calc = calculated value; PT = photodetachment threshold using a lamp as a light source; LPT = laser photodetachment threshold; LPES = laser photoelectron spectroscopy; DA = dissociative attachment; attach = electron attachment/detachment equilibrium; e-scat = electron scattering; kinetic = dissociation kinetics; Knud = Knudsen cell; CT = charge transfer; CD = collisional detachment; and ZEKE = zero electron kinetic energy spectroscopy.

Atomic

Electron Affinities

TABLE 1. Atomic Electron Affinities Atomic number 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16



K21599_S10.indb 147

Atom H D D T He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S S

Electron affinity in eV 0.754195 0.75420817 0.754593 0.75465629 0.75480545 not stable 0.618049 not stable 0.279723 1.262119 not stable 1.4611135 3.4011897 not stable 0.547926 not stable 0.43283 1.3895211 0.746607 2.07710403 2.0771043

Uncertainty in eV Method Ref. 0.000019 — 0.000074 — — — 0.000020 — 0.000025 0.000020 — 0.0000009 0.0000024 — 0.000025 — 0.00005 0.0000013 0.000010 0.00000051 0.0000011

LPT calc LPT calc calc calc LPT calc LPES LPT DA LPT LPT calc LPT e-scat LPES LPES LPT LPT LPT

89 205 89 deuterium 205 deuterium 205 tritium 1 185 1 191 28 1 4 227 1 1 1 208 4 377 334 32S 334 34S

10-147

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Electron Affinities

10-148

Atomic K21599_S10.indb 148

Atomic number 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 63 65 66 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80

Atom Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe Cs Ba La Ce Pr Nd Eu Tb Dy Tm Yb Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg

Electron affinity in eV 3.612725 not stable 0.50147 0.02455 0.188 0.079 0.525 0.666 not stable 0.151 0.662 1.156 1.235 not stable 0.43 1.232712 0.804 2.020670 3.3635882 not stable 0.48592 0.048 0.307 0.426 0.916 0.748 0.55 1.05 1.137 0.562 1.302 not stable 0.3 1.112067 1.046 1.970876 3.0590368 not stable 0.471626 0.14462 0.47 0.65 0.962 >1.916 0.864 >1.165 >0 1.029 –0.020 0.34 0.014 0.322 0.81626 0.15 1.1 1.5638 2.128 2.30863 not stable

Uncertainty in eV Method Ref. 0.000027 — 0.00010 0.00010 0.020 0.014 0.012 0.012 — 0.003 0.003 0.010 0.005 — 0.03 0.000015 0.002 0.000025 0.0000019 — 0.00002 0.006 0.012 0.014 0.005 0.002 0.20 0.15 0.008 0.005 0.007 — 0.2 0.000015 0.005 0.000007 0.0000010 — 0.000025 0.00006 0.02 0.03 0.024 — 0.024 — — 0.022 — 0.01 — 0.012 0.00007 0.15 0.2 0.0005 0.002 0.00003 —

LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc LPES LPES LPES LPES e-scat LPES LPES LPES LPT LPT calc LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES calc calc LPES LPES LPES e-scat PT LPES LPES LPT LPES calc LPT LPT LPT LPT LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES LPES calc LPT calc LPES LPES calc calc LPT LPT LPT e-scat

52 1 1 44 1 1 1 1 1 27 27 1 37 1 183 28 352 1 74 1 1 122 1 1 311 127 1 1 1 116 1 1 1 28 108 261 92 1 1 195 184 269 225 342 268 342 342 264 196 223 343 1 360 1 1 141 1 1 1

4/3/14 11:52 AM

Electron Affinities

10-149

Atom

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 118 114 121 57–71   89–103

Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn Fr Ra Ac ekaradon — ekaactinium lanthanides actinides

Electron affinity in eV 0.377 0.364 0.942362 1.9 2.8 not stable 0.486 0.10 0.35 0.056 0.2 μs < 0.2 μs

< 0.02 μs < 0.03 μs 0.15 s

0+ 1/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ 3/2+ 0+ 7/2-

ann.rad./ 0.678/79. ann.rad./ 1.2662(5)/1.2

0.48793

+0.64382

–0.068

+1.00

+0.047

0+

0.9083(4)/0.06 3.1033(2)/94.2 0.1962(4)/0.2 1.9421(3)/84. 1.301/52. 1.697/44. (0.2116-1.874)

0+

(0.118-2.912)

0+

/ < 4. / ~ 40 0+ /18. /54.

β+, p/11.98

0.986, 1.52/0.7 0.762–2.75 9.47/50. /0.05 /0.026 4.51/98.

31.98569

297. ms

33

Cl

32.9774519

2.511 s

β+ /12.69 β+, α β+, p β+ /5.583

32.2 m

β+/ I.T./

K21599_S11.indb 11

ann.rad./

0+

Cl

Cl

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0+

32

34m

4.42/78. 5.08/20. 4.39/99.

0.1674/100.

43

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+ 5/2+

β- /0.1672

S

42

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

p/2.26, 7.80

87.2 d

38

41

Spin (h/2π) 0+

β+ /13.79 β+, p/ β+ /6.138

32

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. S 16 26 S 27 S 28 S 29 S

11-11

1.35/24. 2.47/28.

3/2+

1+

1.11

3/2+

+0.752

3+

ann.rad./ 2.234 1.249-4.045 ann.rad./ 2.2305/92 (1.55–4.77) ann.rad./ 0.8409/0.52 1.966/0.45 2.866/0.44 ann.rad./ 0.1457(8)/42. 2.1276(5)/42.

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-12 Natural Elem. Abundance or Isot. (Atom %) 34 Cl 35 Cl 75.76(10) 36 Cl

39

Cl

38.968008

40

Cl

39.97042

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 1.528 s β+ /5.4922 4.50/100. 0+ 3/2+ 3.01 × 105 a β- /0.7086 0.7093/98. 0+ β+, EC/1.1421 0.115/0.002 3/2+ 0.715 s I.T./ 537.2 m β- /4.9168 1.11/31. 22.77/11. 4.91/58. 55.6 m β- /3.442 1.91/85. 3/2+ 2.18/8. 3.45/7. 1.38 m β- /7.48 2-

Cl Cl 43 Cl 44 Cl

40.9707 41.9733 42.9741 43.9783

34. s 6.8 s 3.3 s ~ 0.43 s

45

Cl

44.9803

0.40 s

46

Cl

45.984

0.23 s

47

Cl

46.989

0.10 s

Cl 49 Cl 50 Cl 51 Cl Ar 18 30 Ar 31 Ar

47.995 48.000 50.008 51.014 39.948(1) 30.0216 31.0121

> 0.2 μs > 0.17 s

Ar

31.997638

98. ms

Cl 38m Cl 38 Cl 37

24.24(10)

Atomic Mass or Weight 33.9737628 34.96885268 35.9683070 36.96590259

Nuclear

37.9680104

41 42

48

β- /5.7 β- /9.4 β- /8.0 β-/12.3 β-, n β-/11. β-, n β-/14.9 β-, n β-/15. β-, n

3.8/

p/2.08/100. /55. /2.5 /0.11

4.94/93.

< 0.02 μs ~ 14.1 ms

Ar

33.9802712

0.844 s

35

Ar

34.975258

1.77 s

β+/5.965

35.0 d

EC/.813

268. a

β-/0.565

0.565/100.

1.82 h

β-/2.492

1.198/

K21599_S11.indb 12

0.0629(7) 99.6035(25)

ann.rad./ 0.6714/100 1.64216/33.3 2.16760/44.8

2.05

0.25026(1)/47. 1.26720(5)/54. 0.986–1.517 0.6431(3)/6. 1.4608(1)/77. 2.8402(2)/17. (0.167–1.359)

> 0.2 μs

34

35.96754511 36.9667763 37.9627324 38.964313 39.962383123 40.9645006

–0.0646

/ < 3.

174. ms

0.3336(21)

+0.68412

/ ~ 60

32.9899257

Ar Ar 38 Ar 39 Ar 40 Ar 41 Ar

–0.082 –0.018

/24.

Ar

37

+0.82187 +1.28547

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./

/ < 8.

33

36

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(0.352-4.247)

β+ /18.4 β+, p β+, 2p β+, 3p β+ /11.2 β+, p β+ /11.62 β+, p/ β+/6.061

32

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0+ 5/2+

0+ 3.98–6.40/22.7 3.17,2.10 (1.32–5.72) 5.0/95.

1/2+

ann.rad./ –0.72

0+

3/2+

0+ 3/2+ 0+ 7/20+ 7/2-

+0.6322

–0.08

+1.15

+0.076

–1.59

–0.12

ann.rad./ 0.810(2)/48. ann.rad./ 0.6658(1)/2.5 3.1290(1)/1.3 ann.rad./ 1.2185(5)/1.22 1.763(1)/0.25 2.964(1)/0.2

1.29364(5)/99. 1.6770(3)/0.05

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 33. a β-/0.60 0.60/100. 0+ 5.4 m β-/4.6

44 45

Ar Ar

43.964924 44.968040

11.87 m 21.5 s

β-/3.55 β-/6.9

0+ 7/2-

46 47

Ar Ar

45.96809 46.9722

8.4 s 1.23 s

β-/5.70 β-

0+

47.9745 48.981 49.984 50.992 51.997 53.005 39.0983(1) 32.022 33.0073 33.9984 34.98801

0.48 s 0.17 s ~ 0.085 s > 0.2 μs 10 ms

Ar Ar 50 Ar 51 Ar 52 Ar 53 Ar K 19 32 K 33 K 34 K 35 K 48 49

36

37

K

35.98129

K

36.9733759

K

38m

38

K

39

K K K K

40

41 42

< 0.025 μs < 0.04 μs 0.19 s

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4791(2)/10. 0.7380(1)/43. 0.9752(1)/100. 1.4400(3)/39. 0.182–1.866 0.0610/25. 1.020/35. 3.707/34. 1.944/ 0.36/100 1.66/53 1.74/41 (2.02–4.01)

β+ /11.88 β+, p/

n// ~ 65. n// ~ 35.

0+ 0+

3/2+

0.392

2+

+0.548

β+, p

5.3/42. 9.9/44. /0.048

1.23 s

β+ /6.149

5.13/

3/2+

+0.2032

924.5 ms

β+ /6.742 IT ββ+ /5.913

5.02/100. /0.033 /0.4 × 1016 a 4.536 d

β- /0.257 β-ββ-/1.992

47.952534

β-βββ- /5.262

β- /4.97

54

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1743(5)/80. 1.2607(8)/7. 1.7056(6)/69. 2.3542(5)/14. 1.347(1)/91. 3.700(5)/28. 0.56474(3)/15. 0.58575(3)/85. 2.0131/100 0.67122(1)/4. 0.6723(5)/20. 0.78016(1)/32. 3.83153(7)/80. 2.025/ 2.252/ 1.027/21.7 3.46/3.9 (1.976-4.035) 2.563/25.2 2.377/6.9 1.027/0.55 2.22/15.3 2.56/51.5

//68(10) /2.23/0.218 //79(12) /1.040/0.216 3/2+ //85(19)

55

Ca Ca 41 Ca 42 Ca 43 Ca 44 Ca 45 Ca 46 Ca 47 Ca 39 40

96.941(156) 0.647(23) 0.135(10) 2.086(110) 0.004(3)

48

Ca

49

Ca

48.955674

4.4 × 1019 a >7.1 × 1019 a 8.72 m

50

Ca

49.95752

14. s

K21599_S11.indb 14

0.187(21)

0+ p/1.43/49 1.9–8.8 p/2.61/32 p/1.71/7 p/3.19/40.7 p/(0.899–2.00)

0+

ann.rad./

3/2+

ann.rad./ 1.369 ann.rad./ 1.5677(5)/25. 3.210(2)/1. ann.rad./

0+

5.49/100.

0.257/100. 0.684/84. 1.98/16.

3/2+ 0+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 7/2-

1.02168

0.04

–1.5948

–0.090

–1.31764

–0.055

–1.327

+0.05

–1.38

+0.02

1.297/75 (0.041–1.88)

0+ 0.89/7. 1.95/92.

3/2-

3.12/

0+

3.0844(1)/90.7 4.0719(1)/8.12 (0.143–4.738) 0.2569/98.

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Ca Ca 53 Ca 54 Ca 55 Ca 56 Ca 57 Ca 58 Ca Sc 21 36 Sc 37 Sc 38 Sc 39 Sc 40 Sc 51 52

41

Atomic Mass or Weight

43

10. s 4.6 s 0.4 s 0.1 s 22 ms 11 ms

44.955912(6) 36.0149 37.0031 37.9947 38.98479 39.977967

0.102 s 0.181 s < 0.3 μs < 0.3 μs 0.182 s

p β+ /14.320

β+ /6.4953 β+ /

Sc Sc

41.9655164 42.961151

0.682 s 3.89 h

β+ /6.4259 β+, EC/2.221

58.2 h 3.93 h

I.T./0.27 EC/3.926 β+, EC/3.653

45.955172

18.7 s 83.81 d

I.T./0.14253 β- /2.367

Sc Sc 46 Sc 45

43.959403 100.

5.73/50. 7.53/15. 8.76/15. 9.58/20. 5.61/100. 2.82/

+5.431

–0.156

0+ 7/2-

+4.50

–0.21

6+

+3.81

–0.20

1.47/

2+

+2.51

+0.18

+4.75649

–0.220

0.357/100.

7/214+

+3.04

+0.12

0.439/69. 0.601/31. 0.655/

7/2-

+5.34

–0.22

6+

3.72

5.32/100. 0.82/22. 1.22/78.

7/27+

Sc

46.952408

3.349 d

β- /0.600

48

Sc

47.95223

43.7 h

β- /3.99

49

Sc Sc

48.950024 49.95219

57.3 m 1.71 m

β- /2.006 β- /6.89

2.00/99.9. 3.05/76. 3.60/24.

7/2(5+)

Sc

50.95360

12.4 s

β- /6.51

4.4/ 5.0/

7/2-

Sc Sc 54m Sc 54 Sc

51.9567 52.9596

8.2 s > 3. ms 2.8 μs 0.53 s

β- /9.0 β- /8.1 I.T. β- /11.6

Sc Sc

54.968

0.103 s 0.06 s

β- /13

51

52 53

55

56m

K21599_S11.indb 15

53.9633

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) (0.0715–1.59)

2.11/56 0.247/65

4-

47

50

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(3/2-) 0+

44.955912

46m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0+

0.596 s 61.6 s

Sc

Spin (h/2π)

0+

40.9692511

Sc

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

β- /7.3 β- /8.0 β- /10.9

Sc Sc

44m

44

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

50.9615 51.965 52.9701 53.974 54.981 55.986

42m

42

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-15

ann.rad./ 0.752/41. 3.732/99.5 (1.12–3.92) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.4375(5)/100. 1.2270(5)/100. 1.5245(5)/100. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3729(1)/22. 0.27124(1)/87. (1.00–1.16) ann.rad./ 1.157/100 0.14253(2)/62. 0.8893/100 1.121/100 0.15938(1)/68. 0.9835/100 1.03750(1)/97. 1.3121/100 1.7619(3)/0.05 0.5235(1)/88. 1.1210(1)/100. 1.5537(2)/100. 1.4373(4)/52. 0.718–2.144

(3+) (5+)

0.110/IT 0.100/50 1.70/40 0.50/40 0.593(1)/40 1.161/21 0.690/19

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-16

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 56 Sc 57 Sc 58 Sc 59 Sc 60 Sc 61 Sc Ti 22 38 Ti 39 Ti 40 Ti

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 55.973 56.978 57.984

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 35. ms β(1+) 13. ms β12. ms β-

47.867(1) 38.0098 39.0016 39.9905

< 0.12 μs 29. ms 52. ms

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+ β+ /15.4 β+ /11.7 β+, p

p//94 p/2.16/29 3.73/23 1.70/22 0.242–5.74 p/4.73/107 3.10/67 3.75/39 0.744–6.73 6.0/48

0+

2.467/8.5

3/2+

ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./ 0.6107(5)/56. ann.rad./ 0.06787/91 0.07832/97 ann.rad./ (0.36–1.66)

41

Ti

40.9832

83. ms

β+, p/12.93

42

Ti

41.97303

0.208 s

β+ /7.000

43

Ti Ti

42.96852 43.959690

0.50 s 59. a

β+ /6.87 EC/0.268

5.80/

7/20+

0.85

Ti

44.958126

3.078 h

β+/86/2.062 EC/14/

1.04

7/2-

0.095

~ 0.015

–0.78848

+0.30

–1.10417

+0.25

44

45

Ti Ti 48 Ti 49 Ti 50 Ti 51 Ti 46 47

8.25(3) 7.44(2) 73.72(3) 5.41(2) 5.18(2)

45.952632 46.951763 47.947946 48.947870 49.944791 50.946615

5.76 m

β- /2.471

0+ 5/20+ 7/20+ 3/2-

52

Ti

51.94690

1.7 m

β- /1.97

1.50/92. 2.13/ 1.8/100.

53

Ti

52.9497

33. s

β- /5.0

(2.2–3)/

54

Ti Ti

53.9511 54.9553

1.5 s 1.3 s

β- /4.3 β- /7.4

0+

Ti Ti 58 Ti 59 Ti 60 Ti 61 Ti 62 Ti 63 Ti V 23 40 V 41 V 42 V 43 V

55.9582 56.9640 57.967 58.973 59.978 60.983

0.20 s 98. ms 53. ms 30. ms 22. ms > 0.3 μs

β- /7.0 β- /11. βββ-

0+

50.9415(1) 40.0111 40.9998 41.9912 42.9807

< 0.055 μs 79. ms

55

56 57

K21599_S11.indb 16

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.129/48

β+ /11.3

0+ 3/2-

0.3197(2)/93. 0.6094–0.9291 0.0170(5)/100. 0.1245/100 0.1008(1)/20. 0.1276(1)/45. 0.2284(1)/39. 1.6755(5)/45. (1.72–2.8)/ 0.672/44 (0.32–1.83)

0+

0.114

0+

p// < 2.5

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.09 s 0.54 s 0.4223 s 32.6 m

Particle Energy/ Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) β+, α/13.7 β+ /7.13 7/2β+ /7.051 6.03/100. 0+ β+, EC/2.928 1.90/99.+ 3/2-

47.952254

15.98 d

β+ /4.012

0.698/50.

48.948516 49.947159

337. d 1.4 × 1017 a

EC/0.602 EC β-

/82.7 /17.3

50.943960 51.944776 52.944338

3.76 m 1.56 m

β- /3.976 β- /3.436

2.47/ 2.52/

V V

53.94644

0.9 μs 49.8 s

I.T. β- /7.04

55

V

54.9472

6.5 s

β- /6.0

56

V

55.9505

0.22 s

β- /9.1

57

V

56.9526

0.35 s

β- /8.1

58

V

57.9567

0.19 s

β- /11.6

V V 60 V 61 V 62 V 63 V 64 V 65 V 66 V Cr 24 42 Cr

58.9602

β- /9.9

59.9650 60.9685 61.9738 62.978 63.983

97. ms 0.12 s 0.07 s 47. ms 34. ms 17. ms > 0.3 μs

51.9961(6) 42.0064

13. ms

β+, p

48

V

49

V V

50

V V 53 V 51 52

0.250(4) 99.750(4)

54m 54

59

60m

Cr

42.9977

21. ms

β+, p

44

Cr Cr

43.98555 44.9796

43. ms 61. ms

β+, (p)/10.3 β+, p/12.5

Cr Cr 48 Cr

45.96836 46.96290 47.95403

0.3 s 0.51 s 21.6 h

β+ /7.60 β+ /7.45 EC/1.66

46 47

K21599_S11.indb 17

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

2.01

7/26+

4.47 +3.34569

+0.21

7/23+ 7/2-

+5.148706

–0.04

(5+) 3+

(7/2-)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 1.7949(8)/0.19 (0.2–2.16) ann.rad./ 0.9835/100 (1.3–2.4)

4+

β- /14.

43

45

1.00/5. 2.00/12. 2.95/45. 5.20/11. 6.0/

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Nuclear

Atomic Mass or Weight 43.9741 44.96578 45.960201 46.954909

Elem. or Isot. 44 V 45 V 46 V 47 V

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-17

1.4341(1)/100. 1.0060(5)/90. 1.2891(3)/10. 0.108/IT 0.8348/97. 0.9887/80. 2.259/46. (0.56–3.38) 0.5177/73. (0.224–1.21) 1.01/30. 0.688/26. (0.82 – 1.32) 0.268/52. 0.692/20. (0.25 – 1.31) 0.880/62 1.056/28 2.217/13 (1.04 – 1.57) 0.90/80. 0.102–0.208 (0.071-1.144)

p/1.90/29 p/1.50–3.7 p/3.83/18 p/4.29/15 p/1.01–4.59 p/0.95–3.1 p/2.088/19.6 p/(0.945–1.61)

0+

0+ 7/20+ 3/20+

1.623/35 1.555/35 0.838/6.2 1.937/1.8 0.677/59. ann.rad./ (1.08-1.37) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-18 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Nuclear

49

Cr

50

Cr Cr

4.345(13)

Cr Cr 54 Cr 55 Cr

83.789(18) 9.501(17) 2.365(7)

51

52 53

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

48.951336

42.3 m

β+, EC/2.631

49.946044 50.944767

>1.3 × 1018 a 27.70 d

Atomic Mass or Weight

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.39/ 1.45/ 1.54/

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

5/2-

0.476

β+EC EC/0.7527

0+ 7/2-

–0.934

51.940508 52.940649 53.938880 54.940840

3.497 m

β- /2.603

2.5/

0+ 3/20+ 3/2-

–0.47454

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.3201/9.8 0.00543/2.6 0.00495/0.02 –0.22 1.5282(2)/0.04 (0.13–2.37) 0.026(2)/100. 0.083(3)/100. 0.850/8. (0.083-2.62) (0.131–0.683) 0.208/IT 0.193 0.102 1.236

56

Cr

55.940653

5.9 m

β- /1.62

1.50/100.

0+

57

Cr

56.943613

21. s

β- /5.1

3.3/ 3.5/

3/2-

58

Cr Cr

57.9444

7.0 s 0.10 ms

β- /4.0 I.T.

Cr Cr 61 Cr 62 Cr 63 Cr 64 Cr 65 Cr 66 Cr 67 Cr 68 Cr Mn 25 44 Mn 45 Mn 46 Mn

58.9486 59.9500 60.9547 61.9566 62.9619 63.9644 64.9702 65.973 66.980

1.0 s 0.6 s 0.23 s 0.19 s 0.129 s 0.043 s 0.027 s 0.01 s > 0.3 μs

β- /7.7 β- /6.0 β- /8.8 β- /7.3 ββββ-

54.938045(5) 44.0069 44.9945 45.9867

< 0.105 μs < 0.07 μs 36. ms

Mn Mn

46.9761 47.9685

88. ms 0.15 s

β+ /17.1 β+, p β+ /12.3 β+ /13.5

Mn

48.95962

0.38 s

β+ /7.72

p/3.00/6.5 // ~ 58 p// 0.1 ms 87 ms 0.092 s 64 ms 45 ms ~ 28 ms 14 ms

55.845(2) 45.0146 46.0008 46.9929 47.9805 48.9736

2.6 ms 13. ms 21.9 ms 45. ms 65. ms

2p /1.14 β+ /13.1 β+ /15.6 β+ /11.2 β+ /13.0

54

55 56

57 58

59

Mn Mn

100.

60m 60

61 62

63

64m

49.9630 50.95682

0.15 s 0.31 s 46. s

β+ /8.2 β+ /8.02 β+ /4.4

Fe

51.94811

8.28 h

β+ /57/2.37 EC/43/ I.T./ I.T./3.0407

51

52

Fe

53m

K21599_S11.indb 19

2.6 m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

6+

+3.063

+0.5

7/23+

5.035 +3.306

+0.16 +0.37

5/23+

+3.4687 +3.2266

+0.32 +0.5

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) (0.7–4.8) ann.rad./ 0.74421(1)/90. 1.4341/100 0.8340/100

//1.3 × 10–7 0.718/18. 1.028/34.

3.8/ 5.1/

5/23+

(5/2)(3+)

β- /11.8 β- /10.

Fe Fe 52m Fe 50

0.575/

Spin (h/2π)

p// ~ 59. p// 79. p//87. p//16. p/1.977/34.5 p/(1.161–1.550)

0+ 0+ (7/2-) 0+ (5/2-) (12+)

0.804/

0+

19/2-

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-19

0.84675/98.9 1.81072(4)/26.3 2.113/13.8 (1.04 – 3.37) 0.45916(2)/20. 0.81076(1)/82. 1.32309(5)/53. 0.726/ 0.473/ 0.287–2.35 0.824/ 0.8234/12.2 1.150/5.0 1.523/3.0 0.877/ 0.942–1.299 0.356,0.450 0.135/IT 0.746 0.366 0.471

0.493/23. 0.892/76. 0.313/63. 0.797/23.7 (0.261-1.279) 0.651 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.622–2.286)/ ann.rad./ 0.16868(1)/99. 0.377 (I.T.)/ 0.7011(1)/99. 1.0115(1)/87. 1.3281(1)/87. 2.3396(1)/13.

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-20 Elem. or Isot. 53 Fe

Fe Fe 56 Fe 57 Fe 58 Fe 59 Fe

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 8.51 m β+ /3.743 2.40/42. 7/22.80/57.

53.939611 54.938293 55.934938 56.935394 57.933276 58.934876

>3.1 × 1022 a 2.73 a

44.51 d

β-/1.565

0.273/48. 0.475/51.

Fe Fe

59.934072

2.6 × 106 a 0.25 μs

β- /0.237 I.T.

0.184/100.

61

Fe

60.93675

6.0 m

β- /3.98

62

Fe Fe

61.93677 62.9404

68. s 6. s

β- /2.53 β- /6.3

2.5/13. 2.63/54. 2.80/31. 2.5/100.

Fe Fe 65 Fe 66 Fe 67m Fe 67 Fe

63.9412

β- /4.9

66.9510

2.0 s 1.1 s 0.8 s 0.44 s ~ 0.04 ms 0.48 s

Fe Fe 70 Fe 71 Fe 72 Fe 73 Fe 74 Fe Co 27 47 Co 48 Co 49 Co 50 Co

67.954 68.959 69.961 70.967 71.970

0.19 s 0.11 s 0.10 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

58.933195(5) 47.0115 48.0018 48.9897 49.9815

< 0.035 μs 39. ms

β+ /17.0

69. ms 0.12 s 0.25 s 0.24 s 1.46 m

β+ /12.8 β+ /14.0 β+, p/ β+ /8.30 β+ /8.44

54

5.845(35)

Atomic Mass or Weight 52.945308

55

Nuclear

60

91.754(36) 2.119(10) 0.282(4)

61m

63

64

65m

68 69

Co Co 53m Co 53 Co 54m Co 51 52

54 55

56

64.9454 65.9468

50.9707 51.9636 52.95422

EC-EC EC/0.2314

0+ 3/20+ ½0+ 3/2-

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.3779(1)/42. (1.2–3.2) Mn x-ray

+0.0906

0.16

–0.336

1.099/57 1.292/43. (0.14–1.48) 0.0586/100 0.654/IT 0.207 1.205/44. 1.028/43. (0.12–3.37) 0.5061(1)/100. 0.995/ (1.365–1.427)

0+ (9/2+)

0+ 5/20+

β- /7.9 β- /5.7 I.T. β- /8.8

0+ (5/2-)

β- / ~ 7.6

0+

(0.413-2.996) (0.128-1.997) 0.471–1.425 0.367/IT 0.189/85 2.089/14

0+ 0+

p/2.770/41. p/(1.874–2.296) p// < 3.8

4.25/100.

0.2614/64. (0.482-1.308)

19/27/27+

Co Co

53.948460 54.941999

0.1932 s 17.53 h

β+ /8.2430 β+ /3.4513 EC/

7.34/100. 0.53/ 1.03/ 1.50/

0+ 7/2-

+4.822

Co

55.939839

77.3 d

β+/4.566

1.459/18.

4+

3.85

K21599_S11.indb 20

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

~+0.25

0.849–1.942 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.411(1)/99. 1.130(1)/100. 1.408(1)/100. ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.9312/75. 0.4772/20. (0.092–3.11) ann.rad./

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

57

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

59

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

Co

56.936291

271.8 d

EC/0.8361

7/2-

+4.72

+0.5

Co Co

57.935753

9.1 h 70.88 d

I.T./ β+ /2.307 EC/

5+ 2+

+4.04

+0.22

10.47 m

7/22+

+4.63 +4.4

+0.41 ~+0.3

0.315/99.7

5+

+3.799

+0.44

58m 58

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Co Co

100.

58.933195

60

Co

59.933817

5.271 a

I.T./99.8/0.059 β- /0.2/1.56 β- /2.824

61

Co

60.932476

1.650 h

β- /1.322

1.22/95.

7/2-

13.9 m

β- /

0.88/25. 2.88/75.

5+

1.03/10. 1.76/5. 2.9/20. 4.05/60. 3.6/

2+

7.0/

1+ (7/2)(8-)

60m

Co

62m

62

Co

61.93405

1.50 m

β- /5.32

63

Co

62.93361

27.5 s

β- /3.67

Co Co 66m2 Co

63.93581 64.93648

0.30 s 1.14 s > 0.1 ms

β- /7.31 β- /5.96 I.T.

64 65

66

Co Co 67 Co

65.9398 66.9409

1.2 μs 0.25 s 0.43 s

I.T. β- /10.0 β- /8.4

Co Co 70 Co

67.9449 68.9463 69.951

0.19 s 0.20 s 0.12 s

β- /11.7 β- /9.3 β- 13.

71

Co

70.953

97. ms

72

Co

71.958

60. ms

ββ-,n ββ-,n

66m1

68 69

73

Co

72.960

41. ms

74

Co

73.965

30. ms

Co 76 Co Ni 28 48 Ni 49 Ni 50 Ni

74.968

0.03 s

58.6934(4) 48.020 49.0097 49.9959

~ 2.1 ms 12. ms 12. ms

75

K21599_S11.indb 21

ββ-,n ββ-,n β-,n

2p β+, p

7/2-

(5+)

0.0586/2.0 1.1732/100 1.3325/100 0.0674/86. 0.842–0.909 1.1635(3)/70. 1.1730(3)/98. 2.0039(3)/19. 1.1292(3)/13. 1.1730(3)/83. 1.9851(1)/3. 2.3020(1)/19. 0.08713(1)/49. 0.9817(3)/2.6 0.156–2.17 (0.063-1.273) 0.252/IT 0.214 0.175 0.175/IT (1.245–1.425) 0.694 (0.189-2.769)

1.26/102 0.97/100 (0.45 – 0.92) 0.566/100 (0.25 – 0.77) 1.096/100 0.845 (0.455 – 1.197) 0.524/100 (0.24 – 0.76) 0.739 1.024

// > 3 // > 6

// < 7.9 // ~ 18 //< 16

p // ~ 25 p //~83 p //70.

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8468/99.9 1.2383/68. (0.26–3.61) 0.12206/86 (0.014–0.706) 0.02489/0.035 ann.rad./ 0.81076/99

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-21

0+ 0+

0.965/82 0.063

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-22 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Nuclear

51

Ni

50.9877

24. ms

β+ /16.0

52

Ni

51.9757

38. ms

β+ /11.7

53

Ni

52.9685

55. ms

β+, p/13.3

Ni Ni 56 Ni

53.95791 54.95133 55.94213

0.10 s 0.20 s 6.08 d

β+ /8.80 β+ /8.70 EC/2.14 β+ /4 × 1019 a ~ 7.6 × 104 a

EC-EC EC/

Ni Ni

65.929139

Ni

66.931569

54 55

57

Ni Ni 60 Ni 61 Ni 62 Ni 63 Ni 64 Ni 65 Ni 58

68.077(19)

59

66

26.223(15) 1.1399(13) 3.6345(40) 0.9255(19)

67m

67

Ni Ni

68m2 68m1

68

Ni Ni

67.931869

69m2

Ni Ni

69m1 69

68.935610

Ni

70m

Ni Ni 72 Ni 73 Ni 74 Ni 75 Ni 76 Ni 77 Ni 70 71

K21599_S11.indb 22

69.9365 70.9407 71.9421 72.9465 73.9481 74.9529 75.955 76.961

Particle Energy/ Intensity Spin (MeV/%) (h/2π) p /1.97/14 p/4.66/8.7 p/1.08–5.66 p//87. p//31. 0+ p/1.35/9 p//23. 7/2p/1.93/5.4 0+ 7.66/ 7/20+

0.712/10. 0.849/76.

3/2-

0+ 3/20+ 3/20+ ½0+ 5/2-

101. a

β- /0.066945

0.065/

2.517 h

β- /2.137

0.65/30. 1.020/11. 2.140/58.

54.6 h 13.3 μs

β- /0.23 I.T.

21. s

β- /3.56

0.34 μs 0.86 ms

I.T.

(5-)

29. s 0.44 μs

β- /2.06 I.T.

0+ (17/2)

3.5 s 11. s

β- /5.4

0.21 μs

I.T.

(8+)

6.0 s 2.56 s 1.6 s 0.84 s 0.9 s 0.34 s 0.24 s 0.13 s

β- /3.5 β- /6.9 β- /5.2 β- /9. β- /7. β-,n β-,n β-,n

0+

3.8/

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.98

–0.798

–0.75002

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.090 0.765/73 1.087/29 1.546-1.743 2.418/38 0.142 ann.rad./ 0.849/13 0.937 ann.rad./ 0.15838/99 0.81185(3)/87. 0.2695–0.7500 ann.rad./ 1.3776/78. (0.127–3.177)

+0.16

0.69

0.36627(3)/5. 1.11553(4)/16. 1.48184(5)/23.

0+ 9/2+

0.56

½-

+0.601

0.313/IT 0.694 1.0722/100. 1.6539/100. (0.10–1.98) 0.511 0.814/IT 2.033 0.148/IT 0.593 1.959 0.6807(3)/100. (0.207–1.213) 0.183/IT 0.448 0.970 1.259

0+ 0+ /10 /14 / ~ 30

0+

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) ~ 0.11 s

63.546(3) 51.9972 52.9856 53.9767 54.9661 55.9586

< 0.3 μs < 0.075 μs ~ 27. ms 93. ms

Cu Cu

56.94921 57.944539

196. ms 3.21 s

β+ /8.77 β+ /8.563 EC/

59

Cu

58.939498

1.36 m

β+ /4.800

60

Cu

59.937365

23.7 m

61

Cu

60.933458

62

Cu

63

Cu Cu

69.15(15)

Cu Cu

30.85(15)

57 58

64

65 66

67

Cu

K21599_S11.indb 23

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.511/233 2.700/100 0.9507–3.287 0.77–3.01 ann.rad./ 0.0403(4)/5. 1.4483(2)/11. 1.4546(2)/16. ann.rad./ 0.3393(1)/8. 0.8780(1)/12. 1.3015(1)/15. (0.4–2.6) ann.rad./ 1.3325/88. 1.7915/45. (0.12–5.048) ann.rad./ 0.2830/13. 0.6560/11. (0.067–2.123) ann.rad./ 1.17302(1)/0.6 (0.87–3.37)

+1.91

β+ /6.127 EC/

2.00/69. 3.00/18. 3.92/6.

2+

+1.219

3.35 h

β+ /2.237

3/2-

+2.14

61.932584

9.67 m

β+ /98/3.948 EC/

0.56/3. 0.94/5. 1.15/2. 1.220/51. 2.93/98.

1+

–0.380

62.929598 63.929764

β- /38/0.579 β+ /19/1.6751 EC/41/

0.578/ 0.65/

3/21+

+2.2273 –0.217

–0.211

12.701 h

64.927790 65.928869

β- /2.642

+2.3817 –0.282

66.927730

2.580 d

β- /0.58

1.65/6. 2.7/94. 0.395/56. 0.484/23. 0.577/20.

3/21+

–0.195

5.09 m

3/2-

+2.54

3.79 m

I.T./86/ β- /14/1.8

6-

+1.24

31. s

β- /4.46

1+

+2.48

0.36 μs

I.T.

(13/2+)

+1.5

2.8 m

β- /2.68

3/2-

+2.84

67.929611

68.929429

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

p//15.

3/2-

Cu

Cu

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1.9/ 3.75/

69m

69

Spin (h/2π) 0+

+2.58 +0.48

Cu

Cu

β+ /13.2 β+ /15.3

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

3/21+

68m

68

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

4.5/15. 7.439/83.

3.5/40. 4.6/31.

2.48/80.

Nuclear

Atomic Mass or Weight 77.963

Elem. or Isot. 78 Ni 79 Ni Cu 29 52 Cu 53 Cu 54 Cu 55 Cu 56 Cu

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-23

ann.rad./35.1 1.3459(3)/0.47

0.8330(1)/0.22 1.0392(2)/9.2 0.09125(1)/7. 0.09325(1)/17. 0.18453(1)/47. 0.0843(5)/70. 0.1112(5)/18. 0.5259(5)/74. (0.64–1.34) 1.0774(5)/58. 1.2613(5)/17. (0.15–2.34) 0.075/IT 0.190/IT 0.680 1.871 0.5307(3)/3. 0.8340(5)/6.

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-24 Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Cu

6.6 s

β/93

Cu

33. s

IT/7 β- /52 IT/48

44.5 s

β- /6.60

0.28 μs

I.T.

(19/2)

3/2(4-)

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

70m2

70m1

Nuclear Cu

70

69.932392

Cu

71m

Cu Cu

70.932677

20. s 1.76 μs

β- /4.56 I.T.

Cu Cu

71.935820 72.936675

6.6 s 4.2 s

β- /8.2 β- /6.3

Cu Cu 76m Cu 76 Cu

73.93988 74.942

β- /9.9 β- /7.9

75.94528

1.59 s 1.2 s 1.2 s 0.64 s

Cu

76.9479

0.47 s

71

72m

72 73

74 75

77

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π) 1+

+1.9

2.52/10.

3-

–3.5

5.42/54. 6.09/46.

6-

+1.5

5.8/43 6.25/42

β- /11. β-,n β- / ~ 10. β-,n β- /12. β-,n β- /11. β-,n

/88. /7.

p//87 p//91. p//86.

+1.743

(5/2)

+1.006

0.33 s

79

Cu

78.9546

0.2 s

Cu 81 Cu 82 Cu Zn 30 54 Zn 55 Zn 56 Zn 57 Zn 58 Zn 59 Zn

79.961

~ 0.17 s

65.38(2) 53.9930 54.9840 55.9724 56.9648 57.95459 58.94926

~ 3.2 ms 20. ms 30. ms 47. ms 0.09 s 183. ms

2p

Zn

59.94183

2.40 m

β+ /97/4.16 EC/3/

Zn

60.93951

1.485 m

β+ /5.64

4.38/68.

3/2-

Zn

61.93433

9.22 h

β+ /3/1.63 EC/93/

0.66/7.

0+

60

61

62

K21599_S11.indb 24

β+, p/14.6 β+ β+, p/9.09

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0065(8)/10. 0.8849/100 1.072/19 0.141/ IT 0.8848(2)/100. 0.9017(2)/90. 1.2517(5)/60. (0.39–3.06) 0.8848(2)/100. 0.9017/99.7 (0.438–3.062) 0.133/IT 0.494 0.939 1.189 0.490/ 0.051/IT 0.082 0.138 0.652/ 0.450/100 0.307–1.559

0.5057 (.1147-3827)

/30 /35 /65

77.9520

80

+2.275

(1+) (3/2)

Cu

78

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

/7

8.1/

0+ 0+ (7/2-) 0+ 3/20+

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.491–0.914) ann.rad./ 0.669/47. (0.062–0.947) ann.rad./ 0.4748/17. (0.15–3.52) ann.rad./ 0.0408/25 0.5967/26. (0.20–1.526)/

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 62.933212

Zn Zn

49.17(75)

Zn Zn 68 Zn 69m Zn 69 Zn 70 Zn 71m Zn

27.73(98) 4.04(16) 18.45(63)

65.926033 66.927127 67.924844

0.61(10)

68.926550 69.925319

64 65

66 67

63.929142 64.929241

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 38.5 m β+ /93/3.367 1.02/ 3/2EC/7/ 1.40/ 1.71/ 2.36/84. >7. × 1020 a EC-β+ 0+ 244. d β+ /98/1.3514 0.325/ 5/2EC/1.5/ 0+ 5/20+ 13.76 h I.T./99+/0.439 9/2+ 56. m β- /0.906 0.905/99.9 ½>2.3 × 1017 a β-β0+ 3.97 h β- / 1.45/ 9/2+

71

Zn

70.92772

2.4 m

β- /2.81

72

Zn

71.92686

46.5 h

β- /0.46

Zn Zn

72.92978

6. s 24. s

Zn

73.92946

Zn Zn 77m Zn 77 Zn 78m Zn 78 Zn 79 Zn

74.9329 75.9333

Zn

0.25/14. 0.30/86.

0+

β- /4.29

I.T./0.196 4.7/

(7/2+) (1/2-)

1.60 m

β- /2.3

2.1/

0+

β- /6.0 β- /4.2 β- / β- /7.3

3.6/

0+ (1/2-)

77.9384 78.9427

10.2 s 5.7 s 1.0 s 2.1 s > 0.03 ms 1.5 s 1.0 s

79.9443

0.56 s

73m 73

74

75 76

80

76.9370

Zn

80.9505

0.29 s

Zn 83 Zn 84 Zn 85 Zn Ga 31 56 Ga 57 Ga 58 Ga 59 Ga 60 Ga

81.9544 82.9610

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

69.723(1) 55.9949 56.9829 57.9743 58.9634 59.9571

< 0.043 μs 0.07 s

81

82

K21599_S11.indb 25

½-

β- /6.4 β- /8.6 β-,n β- /7.3 β-,n β- /11.9 β-,n

4.8/ 0+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) –0.28164

Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.29 ann.rad./ 0.66962(5)/8.4 0.96206(5)/6.6 (0.24–3.1)

+0.7690

–0.023

+0.8753

+0.15

ann.rad./ 1.1155/50.2

1.157

0.4390(2)/95. 0.318/

1.05

0.3864/93. 0.4874/62. 0.6203/57. (0.099–2.489) 0.5116(1)/30. 0.9103(1)/7.5 (0.12–2.29) 0.0164(3)/8. 0.1447(1)/83. 0.1915(2)/9.4 0.042 0.216(1)/100. 0.496–0.911 0.0565/ 0.1401/ (0.05–0.35) 0.229/ 0.119/ 0.772 0.189/ 1.070 0.225/ 0.702/

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 63 Zn

11-25

/2 0+ / 2.4 × 1026 a 14.10 h

Ga

72.925175

74.87 h

β- /1.59

Ga Ga

73.926946

10. s 8.1 m

I.T./ β- /5.4

2.6/

1+ 3-

75

Ga

74.926500

2.10 m

β- /3.39

3.3/

3/2-

76

Ga

75.928828

29. s

β- /7.0

77

Ga

76.929154

13.0 s

β- /5.3

78

Ga

77.931608

5.09 s

β- /8.2

71 72

73

Ga Ga

39.892(9)

74m 74

K21599_S11.indb 26

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

3/2-

EC/0.2/0.655 β- /99.8/1.656 ββ- /4.001

70

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.1755(5)/0.15 1.042(5)/0.48

1.65/99. 0.64/40. 1.51/9. 2.52/8. 3.15/11.

+0.104 +0.52

+1.836

–0.29

+2.020

–0.21

3-

5.2/ 3+

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.088–1.362 ann.rad./ 0.954/0.085 (0.851-5.92) ann.rad./ 0.6271(2)/10. 0.6370(2)/11. 1.0652(4)/45. 0.0429 ann.rad./ 0.80785(1)/14. 0.99152(1)/43. 1.38727(1)/12. 3.3659(1)/13. ann.rad./ 0.1151(2)/55. 0.1530(2)/96. 0.2069(2)/39. (0.06–2.4) ann.rad./ 1.03935(8)/38. 2.7523(1)/23. (0.28–5.01) 0.09332/37. 0.18459/20. 0.30024/17. (0.091–0.89) ann.rad./ 1.0774(1)/3. (0.57–2.33)/

0.8340/95.53 2.202/26.9 0.630/26.2 (0.113–3.678) 0.05344(5)/10. 0.29732(5)/47. (0.01–1.00)/ 0.0565(1)/75. 0.5959/92. 2.354/45. (0.23–3.99) 0.2529/ 0.5746/ (0.12–2.10) 0.5629/66. 0.5455/26. (0.34–4.25) 0.469/ 0.459/ 0.619/77.

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Ga Ga 81 Ga

78.9329 79.9365 80.9378

2.85 s 1.68 s 1.22 s

Ga

81.9430

0.599 s

79 80

82

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) β- /7.0 β- /10.4 β- /8.3 β-,n β- /12.6 β-,n β- /~ 11.5 β- /14 β-,n

Ga Ga

82.9470 83.9527

0.308 s ~ 0.085 s

Ga 86 Ga 87 Ga Ge 32 58 Ge 59 Ge 60 Ge 61 Ge 62 Ge 63 Ge 64 Ge

84.9570 85.963

> 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

72.63(1) 57.9910 58.9818 59.9702 60.9638 61.9547 62.9496 63.94165

> 0.11 μs ~ 44. ms 0.13 s 0.15 s 1.06 m

65

Ge

64.9394

31. s

66

Ge

65.93384

2.26 h

67

Ge

66.932734

19.0 m

β+ /96/4.225 EC/4/

68

Ge Ge

67.92809 68.927965

270.8 d 1.63 d

EC/0.11 β+ /36/2.2273 EC/64/

83 84

85

69

Ge Ge 71 Ge 72 Ge 73 Ge 74 Ge 75m Ge 75 Ge

20.57(27)

Ge Ge

7.73(12)

70

76

77m

K21599_S11.indb 27

70.924951 71.922076 72.923459 73.921178 74.922859 75.921403

Spin (h/2π)

4.6/ 10./ 5.1/ / 1.8 × 1023 a

β-

48. s 1.380 h

I.T./ β- /1.177

1.6 × 1021 a 53. s

β-βI.T./20/ β- /80/2.861

0+

0.82/10. 1.39/19. 2.113/56. 2.237/15. //0.011 0+

1.6/ 2.3/ 3.15/ 0.70/ 1.2/

69.924247

71m

27.45(32) 7.75(12) 36.50(20)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-27

I.T./0.0234

1.19/

½-

0+ 5/2-

0+ 9/2+ ½0+ 9/2+ 0+ 7/2+ ½0+ ½-

2.9/

0.735

0.02

–1.041 +0.547

~ 0.34

–0.879468

–0.17

+0.510

ann.rad./ 0.1282(2)/11. 0.4270(3)/37. 0.6671(3)/17. ann.rad./ 0.0620/27. 0.6497/33. 0.8091/21. (0.19–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.0438/29. 0.3819/28. (0.022–1.77) ann.rad./ 0.1670/84. (0.25–3.73) Ga k x-ray/39. ann.rad./ 0.574/13. 1.1068/36. (0.2–2.04) 0.1749

0.13968(3)/39. 0.26461(5)/11. 0.41931(5)/0.2 1.605/0.22 1.676/0.16 0.195–1.482

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-28 Elem. or Isot. 77 Ge

78

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 76.923549

Nuclear

Ge

77.922853

1.45 h

β- /0.95

Ge Ge

78.9254

39. s 19.1 s

β- /IT β- /4.2

Ge

79.92537

29.5 s

β- /2.67

2.4/

0+

~ 7.6 s

β- /

3.75/

½+

79m 79

80

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 11.25 h β- /2.702 0.71/23. 7/2+ 1.38/35. 2.19/42.

Ge

81m

0.70/

4.0/20. 4.3/80.

7/2+ ½-

Ge

80.9288

~ 7.6 s

β- /6.2

3.44/

9/2+

82

Ge Ge

81.9296 82.9346

4.6 s 1.9 s

1.093/80

0+

Ge 85 Ge 86 Ge 87 Ge 88 Ge 89 Ge 90 Ge As 33 60 As 61 As 62 As 63 As 64 As 65 As 66m2 As 66m1 As 66 As 67 As

83.9375 84.9430 85.9465 86.9525 87.957 88.964

0.98 s 0.54 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /4.7 β- /8.9 β-,n β- /7.7 β- /10.

84

74.92160(2) 59.993 60.981 61.9732 62.9637 63.9576 64.9496

65.945 66.9392

< 0.043 μs 0.02 s 0.13 s 8. μs 1.1 μs 95.8 ms 42. s

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

81

83

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.1096/21. (0.10–2.59) 0.5427(4)/15. 0.1104(4)/6. 0.2656(4)/25. 0.3362(4)/ 0.7935(4)/ 0.1976(4)/21. 0.3362(4)/100. 1.093/

/63 0+ 0+ 0+

β+ /9.4

β+ /9.55 β+ /6.0 EC/

5.0/

5/2-

68

As

67.93677

2.53 m

β+ /8.1

69

As

68.93227

15.2 m

β+ /98/4.01 EC/2/

2.95/

5/2-

+1.623

70

As

69.93092

52.6 m

1.44/

4+

+2.1061

+0.09

71

As

70.927112

2.72 d

β+ /84/6.22 EC/16/2.14 /2.89 β+ /32/2.013 EC/68/

5/2-

+1.6735

–0.02

72

As

71.926752

26.0 h

β+ /77/4.356

0.669/5.

2-

–2.1566

–0.08

K21599_S11.indb 28

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2110/29. 0.2155/27. 0.2644/51. (0.15–2.35) 0.2773(5)/96. 0.2939(5)/4.

3+

0.121/ 0.123/ 0.244/ ann.rad./ 0.652/32. 0.762/33. 1.016/77. (0.61–3.55) ann.rad./ 0.0868(5)/1.5 0.1458(3)/2.4 ann.rad./ 1.0395(7)/82. (0.17–4.4)/ ann.rad./ 0.1749(2)/84. 1.0957(2)/4.2 ann.rad./

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.884/12. 2.498/62. 3.339/19.

73

As

72.923825

80.3 d

EC/0.341

74

As

73.923829

17.78 d

β+ /31/2.562 EC/37/ β- /1.353

0.94/26. 1.53/3. 0.71/16. 1.35/16.

0.54/3. 1.785/8. 2.410/36. 2.97/51. 0.70/98.

As As 76 As

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

3/2-

2-

–1.597

3/22-

+1.43947 –0.903

3/2-

+1.295

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.83395(5)/80. 1.0507(1)/9.6 (0.1–4.0) 0.0133/0.1 0.0534/10.5 Se k x-ray/90. ann.rad./ 0.59588(1)/60. 0.6084(1)/0.6 0.6348(1)/15.

0.017 s

75m 75

Spin (h/2π)

100.

74.921597 75.922394

26.3 h

β- /2.962

77

As

76.920647

38.8 h

β- /0.683

78

As

77.92183

1.512 h

β- /4.21

1.21 μs

I.T.

As

79m

3.00/12. 3.70/17. 4.42/37.

2-

9/2+

+0.31 0.5591(1)/45. 0.65703(5)/6.2 1.21602(1)/3.4 (0.3–2.67) 0.2391(2)/1.6 0.2500(3)/0.4 0.5208/0.43 0.6136(3)/54. 0.6954(3)/18. 1.3088(3)/10. 0.542/IT 0.231 0.0955(5)/16. 0.3645(5)/1.9 0.6662(2)/42. (2.5–3.0) 0.4676(2)/20. 0.4911(2)/8. 0.6544(1)/77. 0.344/65. (0.561 – 1.894)

79

As

78.92095

9.0 m

β- /2.28

1.80/95.

3/2-

80

As

79.92253

16. s

β- /5.64

3.38/

1+

81

As

80.92213

33. s

β- /3.856

13.7 s

β- /

3.6/

5-

7.2/80.

(2-)

0.6544(1)/54. (0.755 – 3.667) 0.7345/100. 1.1131/34. 2.0767/28. 0.6671(2)/21. 1.4439(5)/49. (0.325–5.150) 0.667(1)/42. 1.4551(2)/100. 0.704/ 0.704/

As

82m

3/2-

82

As

81.9245

19. s

β- /7.4

83

As

82.9250

13.4 s

β- /5.5

As As

83.9291

0.6 s 4. s

ββ-, n/7.2

1-

As

84.9320

2.03 s

β-, n/8.9

3/2-

As As 88 As 89 As 90 As 91 As 92 As Se 34 64 Se

85.9365 86.9399 87.9449 88.9494 89.956 90.960 91.967 78.96(3)

0.95 s 0.49 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β-, n/11.4 β-, n/10.

84m 84

85

86 87

K21599_S11.indb 29

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-29

> 0.18 μs

0+

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-30

Se Se

65.9552 66.9501

68

Se

67.94180

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 0.011 s β+ /60/14. β+, p 3.55/ 0.03 s 0+ 0.13 s β+ /10.2 β+, (p)/ 36. s β+ /4.7 0+

69

Se

68.93956

27.4 s

70

Se

69.9334

41.1 m

71

Se

70.93224

72

Se Se

71.92711

73

Se

74

Se Se

0.89(4)

Se Se 77 Se 78 Se 79m Se 79 Se 80 Se 81m Se

9.37(29)

Elem. or Isot. 65 Se 66 67

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 64.965

Nuclear

β+ /6.78 EC/ β+, p β+ /2.4

5.006/

4.7 m

β+ /4.4 EC/

3.4/36.

8.5 d 40. m

EC/0.34 I.T./73/0.0257 β+ /27/2.77

72.92677

7.1 h

β+ /65/2.74 EC/35/

73.922476 74.922523

> 5.5×1018 a 119.78 d

EC-EC EC/0.864

17.4 s

I.T./

73m

75

76

81

Se

82

Se Se

7.63(16) 23.77(28)

76.919914 77.917309

49.61(41)

78.918499 79.916521

8.73(22)

3.92 m 3.3 × 105 a

I.T./ β- /0.151

57.3 m

I.T./99/0.1031

80.917993

18.5 m

β- /1.585

81.916699

>9.5 × 1019 a 1.17 m

β-ββ- /3.96

83m

0.85 1.45/ 1.70/ 0.80/ 1.32/95. 1.68/1.

5/2-

0+ 3/2-

9/2+

0.86

0+ 5/2+

0.68

0+ 7/2+ ½0+

1.0

0.13600/55 0.26465/58 (0.024–0.821) 0.1619(2)/52.

+0.53506 0.09573(3)/9.5

7/2+ 0+ 7/2+

1.6/98.

2.88/ 3.92/

½-

0+ ½-

Se

82.919118

22.3 m

β- /3.668

0.93/ 1.51/

9/2+

84

Se Se

83.91846 84.92225

3.3 m 32. s

β- /1.83 β- /6.18

1.41/100. 5.9/

0+ 5/2+

K21599_S11.indb 30

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./ 0.352 ann.rad./ (0.050–0.426) ann.rad./ 0.0664(4)/27. 0.0982(4)/63. ann.rad 0.04951(5)/35. 0.4262(2)/29. ann.rad 0.1472(3)/47. 0.8309(3)/13. 1.0960(3)/10. 0.0460(2)/57. ann.rad. 0.0257(2)/27. 0.2538(1)/2.5 ann.rad 0.0670(1)/72. 0.3609(1)/97. (0.6–1.5)

0+

83

85

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

// ~ 0.045

75.919214

77m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

–1.02

+0.8 0.1031(3)/9.7 0.2602(2)/0.06 0.2760/0.06 0.2759/0.85 0.2901/0.75 0.8283/0.32 0.35666(6)/17. 0.9879(1)/15. 1.0305(1)/21. 2.0514(2)/11. (0.19–3.1) 0.22516(6)/33. 0.35666(6)/69. 0.51004(8)/45. (0.21–2.42) 0.4088(5)/100. 0.3450(1)/22.

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

86

Se

85.92427

15. s

β- /5.10

0+

87

Se

86.92852

5.4 s

5/2+

Se Se 90 Se 91 Se 92 Se 93 Se 94 Se 95 Se Br 35 67 Br 68 Br 69 Br 70m Br 70 Br 71 Br 72 Br 73 Br

87.93142 88.9365 89.9400 90.9460 91.950 92.956 93.960

1.5 s 0.41 s > 0.3 μs 0.27 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /7.28 n/ β-, n/6.85 β-, n/9.0

88 89

79.904(1) 66.9648 67.9585 68.9501 69.9446 70.939 71.9366 72.93169

Br

74m

< 1.5 μs < 0.024 μs 2.2 s ~ 0.08 s 21. s 1.31 m 3.4 m

0+ 0+ 0+

β+ /9.6 9+ β+ /10.0 β+ /6.9 β+ /8.7 β+ /4.7

/0.75 3 3/2-

0.6

3.7/

46. m

β+ /

4.5/

4-

1.82

+0.75

73.92989

25.4 m

β+ /6.91

75

Br

74.92578

1.62 h

β+ /76/3.03

3/2-

1.4 s

I.T./5.05

4+

76

Br

75.92454

16.0 h

β+ /57/4.96

Br Br

76.921379

4.3 m 2.376 d

I.T./0.1059 EC/99/1.365

Br

77.921146

6.45 m

β+ /92/3.574 EC/8/

4.86 s

I.T./0.207

4.42 h

I.T./0.04885

77m 77

78

Br Br 80m Br 79m 79

K21599_S11.indb 31

50.69(7)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6094(1)/41. 2.0124(1)/24. 2.4433(8)/100. 2.6619(1)/49. 0.468(1)/100. 1.4979(1)/23. 0.5346/

β-, n/8.

Br

Br

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

74

76m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-31

78.918337

1.9/ 3.68/

1.2/ 2.5/

1-

0.54821

0.270

9/2+ 3/2-

0.973

+0.53

1+

0.13

9/2+ 3/25-

+2.106400 +1.3177

+0.31 +0.70

0.4547–1.317 ann.rad 0.065–0.700 ann.rad 0.6348 0.7285 (0.2–4.38) ann.rad 0.6341 0.6348 (0.2–4.7) ann.rad 0.28650 (0.1–1.56) 0.104548 0.05711 ann.rad 0.55911 1.85368 (0.4–4.6) 0.1059 ann.rad. 0.23898 0.52069 (0.08–1.2) ann.rad. 0.61363 (0.7–3.0) 0.2072 Br k x-ray 0.03705/39.1 0.04885/0.3

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-32 Elem. or Isot. 80 Br

81

Br Br

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

49.31(7)

Atomic Mass or Weight 79.918529

Half–life/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) 17.66 m β- /92/2.004 EC/5.7/1.8706 β+ /2.6/

80.916291 6.1 m

82

Br

81.916804

1.471 d

I.T./98/0.046 β- /2 /3.139 β- /3.093

83

Br

82.915180

2.40 h

β- /0.972

6.0 m

β- /4.97

82m

Nuclear

Br

84m

84

Br

83.91648

31.8 m

β- /4.65

85

Br

84.91561

2.87 m

β- /2.87

86

Br

85.91880

55.5 s

87

Br

86.92071

55.6 s

Br Br

87.92407

5.1 μs 16.3 s

89

Br

88.92640

4.35 s

90

Br

89.9306

1.91 s

91

Br

90.9340

0.54 s

92

Br

91.93926

0.31 s

93

Br

92.9431

0.10 s

88m 88

Br Br 96 Br 97 Br 98 Br Kr 36 69 Kr 70 Kr 71 Kr 72 Kr 94 95

K21599_S11.indb 32

93.9487 94.9529 95.959 96.963

0.07 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

83.798(2) 68.9652 69.9553 70.950 71.94209

0.03 s 0.06 s 100. ms 17.1 s

Particle Energy/ Intensity Spin (MeV/%) (h/2π) 1.38 β-/7.6 1+ 1.99 β-/82 0.85 β+ /2.8 3/22-

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) 0.5140

0.444/

5-

+1.6270

0.395/1 0.925/99 2.2/100

3/2(6-)

2.70/11 3.81/20 4.63/34 2.57

2-

β- /7.63

3.3 7.4

(2-)

β- /6.85 n/

6.1/

3/2-

3/2-

β- /8.96 n/

1-

β- /8.16 n/ β- /10.4 n/

3/2-

β- /90 /9.80 β- n/10 / β- /12.20 β- n/ β- /11 β- n β- n/

β+, (p)

8.3/ 9.8/

+2.270562

2-

2.

Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.18 ann.rad. 0.6169/6.7 (0.64–1.45) +0.26 0.046/0.24 (0.62–2.66) 0.69 0.5544/71 0.61905/43 0.77649/84 (0.013–1.96) 0.52964 (0.12–0.68) 0.4240/100 0.8817/98 1.4637/101 0.8816/41 1.8976/13 (0.23–4.12) 0.80241/2.56 0.92463/1.6 (0.09–2.4) 1.56460/64 2.75106/21 (0.5–6.8) 1.41983/55. 1.578/45. (0.173–1.76) 0.7649 0.7753 0.8021 (0.1–6.99) 0.7753 1.0978 0.6555 0.7071 1.3626 0.263 0.803 0.740 0.117 (0.237–3.606)

//11

4.07/ 0+

β+, EC/10.1 β+ /5.0 EC/

0+

(0.198–0.207) ann.rad 0.3099/15.3

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

73

Kr

72.93929

28. s

74

Kr

73.933084

11.5 m

75

Kr

74.93095

4.3 m

β+ /4.90 EC/

76

Kr

75.925910

14.8 h

EC/1.31

77

Kr

76.924670

1.24 h

β+ /80/3.06 EC/20/

Kr Kr 79 Kr

0.355(3)

Kr Kr 81 Kr

2.286(10)

Kr Kr

11.593(31)

Kr Kr 85m Kr

11.500(19) 56.987(15)

78

77.920365

79m

80

78.920082

80.916592

83 84

Kr Kr 87 Kr 86

17.279(41)

3.2/

5/2+

–0.531

+1.1

5/2+

–0.583

+0.9

0+ 7/2+ ½-

–0.786 +0.536

+0.40

0+

1.55/ 1.70/ 1.87/

EC-EC I.T./0.1299 β+ /7 /1.626 EC/93 /

13.1 s 2.1 × 105 a

I.T./0.1904 EC/0.2807

0+ ½7/2+

+0.586 –0.908

1.86 h

I.T./0.0416

0+ ½-

+0.591

82.914136 83.911507

84.912527 85.9106107 86.9133549

10.73 a

β- /79 / I.T./21 /0.305 β- /0.687

1.27 h

β- /3.887

0.83/79

1.33/8 3.49/43 3.89/30

0.15/0.4

9/2+ 0+ ½9/2+ 0+ 5/2+

88

Kr

87.91445

2.84 h

β- /2.91

89

Kr

88.9176

3.15 m

β- /4.99

3.8/ 4.6/ 4.9/

5/2+

90

Kr

89.91952

32.3 s

β- /4.39

2.6/77

0+

K21599_S11.indb 33

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

>1.5 × 1021 a 53. s 1.455 d

4.48 h

85

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

/0.25

81.913484

83m

Spin (h/2π)

5/2-

79.916379

81m

82

β+ /6.7 EC/ β+, p/ β+ /3.1 EC/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

–0.970669

+0.644

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4150/12.8 (0.305 – 3.305) ann.rad. 0.1781/66 (0.06–0.86) ann.rad. 0.08970/31 0.2030/20 (0.010–1.06) ann.rad. 0.1325/68 0.1547/21 (0.02–1.7) Br k x-ray 0.270/21 0.3158/39 (0.03–1.07) ann.rad. 0.1297/80 0.1465/38 (0.02–2.3)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-33

Kr x-ray ann.rad. 0.2613/13 0.39756/19 0.6061/8 (0.04–1.3) 0.1904 Br k x-ray 0.2760 Kr k x-ray 0.00940 0.03215/0.055

+0.259

+0.633 1.005

+0.443

–1.023

–0.30

–0.330

+0.16

0+

0.30487 0.15118 0.51399 0.40258/49.6 2.5548/9.2 (0.13–3.31) 0.19632/26. 2.392/34.6 (0.03–2.8) 0.19746 0.2209/19.9 0.5858/16.4 1.4728/6.8 (0.2–4.7) 0.12182/32.9

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-34 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Nuclear

91

Kr

90.9235

8.6 s

β- /6.4

92

Kr

91.92616

1.84 s

93

Kr

92.9313

1.29 s

β- /5.99 n/ β- /8.6 n/

94

Kr

93.9344

0.21 s

Kr Kr 97 Kr 98 Kr 99 Kr 100 Kr 101 Kr Rb 37 71 Rb 72 Rb 73 Rb 74 Rb 95 96

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 2.8/6

4.33/ 4.59/

7.1/

n//1.0

β- /9.7 β- ,n β- ,n β- ,n β- ,n

n//2.9 n//3.7 n//7. n//7. n// ~ 11.

0.10 s ~ 80 ms 0.06 s 0.05 s 0.04 s > 0.34 μs

85.4678(3) 70.9653 71.9591 72.9506 73.944265

< 1.5 μs < 0.03 μs 64.8 ms

β+ /10.4

5/2+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

–0.583

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+0.30

0+

β- /7.3 n

94.9398 95.9431 96.9486 97.952 98.958 99.9611

Spin (h/2π)

½+

–0.413

0+

–0.410 0+ 0+ 0+

75

Rb

74.93857

19. s

β+ /7.02

2.31/

76

Rb

75.935072

39. s

β+ /8.50

4.7/

1-

–0.372623

+0.4

77

Rb

76.93041

3.8 m

β+ /5.34

3.86/

3/2-

+0.654468

+0.70

5.7 m

I.T./0.1034 β+ / EC/ β+ /7.22 EC/

4-

+2.549

+0.81

5/2+

+0.3358

–0.10

Rb

78m

78

Rb

77.92814

17.7 m

79

Rb

78.92399

23. m

β+ /84/3.65 EC/16 /

80

Rb

79.92252

34. s

β+ /5.72

30.5 m

I.T./0.85 β+, EC/ β+ /27/2.24 EC/73

Rb

81m

81

Rb

Rb

82m

K21599_S11.indb 34

80.91900

4.57 h

6.47 h

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5395/28.6 1.1187/36.2 (0.1–4.2) 0.10878/43.5 0.50658/19. (0.2–4.4) 0.1424/66. (0.14–3.7) 0.1820 0.2534/42. 0.32309/24.6 (0.057–4.03) 0.2196/67 0.6293/100. (0.098–0.985)

β+/26/

3.4 0+

4.1/22 4.7/74 1.4

1+

–0.0836

+0.35

9/2+

+5.598

–0.74

1.05/

3/2-

+2.060

+0.40

0.80/

5-

+1.51001

+1.0

0.456/0.0025 (0.053 – 4.244) ann.rad 0.179 ann.rad 0.4240/92. (0.064–1.68) ann.rad 0.0665/59 (0.04–2.82) ann.rad 0.4553/81. (0.103–4.01) ann.rad 0.4553/63. (0.42–5.57) ann.rad. 0.68812/23. (0.017–3.02) ann.rad. 0.6167/25. ann.rad. (0.085–1.9) ann.rad./ 0.19030/64. (0.05–1.9) ann.rad./

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/74/

82

Rb

81.918209

1.258 m

β+/96/4.40 EC/4/

83

Rb

82.91511

86.2 d

Rb

Rb Rb 86 Rb 87 Rb 88 Rb 85

EC/0.91

5/2-

+1.425

+0.20

20.3 m

I.T./0.216

6-

+0.21293

+0.6

32.9 d

β+/22/2.681 EC/75 / β-/3/0.894

2-

–1.32412

–0.015

85.9111674 86.90918053 87.9113156

1.018 m 18.65 d 4.88 × 1010 a 17.7 m

I.T./0.5560 β-/1.775 β-/0.283 β-/5.316

5/2623/22-

+1.353 +1.815 –1.6920 +2.7512 0.508

+0.28 +0.37 +0.19 +0.13

89

Rb

88.91228

15.4 m

β-/4.50

3/2-

+2.38

+0.14

4.3 m

β-/4.50

4-

+1.616

+0.20

+2.182

+0.15

0.780/11 1.658/11 0.893/

84.91178974

86m

27.83(2)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+0.19

83.914385

72.17(2)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

+0.554508

Rb

3.3/

Spin (h/2π)

1+

84m

84

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Rb

90m

1.774/8.8 0.273/100 5.31

1.26/38 1.9/5 2.2/34 4.49/18 1.7/ 6.5/

90

Rb

89.91480

2.6 m

β-/6.59

6.6

1-

91

Rb

90.91654

58.0 s

β-/5.861

5.9

3/2-

92

Rb

91.91073

4.48 s

β-/8.11

8.1/94

1-

93

Rb

92.92204

5.85 s

β-/7.46 n/1

7.4/

5/2-

+1.410

+0.18

94

Rb

93.92641

2.71 s

β-/10.31 n/10

9.5/

3

+1.498

+0.16

95

Rb

94.92930

0.377 s

β-/9.30 n/8

8.6/

5/2-

+1.334

+0.21

β-/11.76 n/13/ β-/10.42 n/27/

10.8/

2+

+1.466

+0.25

10.0

3/2+

+1.841

+0.58

Rb

1.7 μs

96m

96

Rb

95.93427

0.199 s

97

Rb

96.93735

0.169 s

K21599_S11.indb 35

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5544/63. 0.7765/85. (0.092–2.3) ann.rad./ 0.7665/13. (0.47–3.96) Kr x-ray 0.5205/46. (0.03–0.80) 0.2163/34. 0.2482/63. 0.4645/32. ann.rad./ 0.8817/68. (1.02–1.9)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-35

0.556/98. 1.0768/8.8 0.8980/14.4 1.8360/22.8 (0.34–4.85) 1.032/58. 1.248/42. 2.1960/13 (0.12–4.09) 0.1069(IT) 0.8317/94 (0.20–5.00) 0.8317/28. (0.31–5.60) 0.0936/34. (0.35–4.70) 0.8148/8. (0.1–6.1) 0.2134/4.8 0.4326/12.5 0.9861/4.9 (0.16–5.41) 0.8369/87. 1.5775/32. (0.12–6.35) 0.352/65. 0.680/22. (0.20–2.27) 0.2999 0.4612 0.2400 0.093–0.369 0.815/76. (0.20–5.42) 0.167/100. 0.585/79. 0.599/56.

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-36 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Rb

97.94179

0.107 s

Rb 100 Rb

98.9454 99.9499

59. ms 53. ms

β-/12.34 n/13 β-/11.3 β- /13.5

Rb Rb 103 Rb Sr 38 73 Sr 74 Sr 75 Sr 76 Sr 77 Sr

100.9532 101.9589

0.03 s 0.09 s

β- /11.8 β-

87.62(1) 72.966 73.9563 74.9499 75.94177 76.93795

> 25 ms > 1.5 μs 88. ms 7.9 s 9.0 s

Sr Sr

77.93218 78.92971

2.7 m 2.1 m

β+ ,p β+ /6.1 β+ /6.9 β+, p β+ /3.76 β+ /5.32

80

Sr

79.92452

1.77 h

β+ /1.87

81

Sr

80.92321

22.3 m

β+ /87/3.93 EC/13/

Sr Sr 83 Sr

81.91840

25.36 d 5.0 s 1.350 d

EC/0.18 I.T./0.2591 β+/24/2.28 EC/76/

1.127 h 64.85 d

I.T./87/0.2387 EC/13 EC/1.065

2.81 h

I.T./0.3884

98

99

Nuclear

101 102

78 79

82

83m

84

Sr Sr

82.91756

0.56(1)

Sr Sr 87m Sr 87 Sr 88 Sr 89 Sr 90 Sr 91 Sr 86

9.86(1) 7.00(1) 82.58(1)

84.912933 85.909260

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.258/52. (0.14–2.08) (0.07–3.68) 0.129 (0.058–4.483)

0+

86.908877 87.905612 88.907451 89.907738 90.910203

50.6 d 28.9 a 9.5 h

β-/1.497 β-/0.546 β-/2.70

92

Sr

91.911038

2.64 h

β-/1.91

93

Sr

92.91403

7.4 m

β-/4.08

K21599_S11.indb 36

Spin (h/2π)

0.144/

p//5.

0.144/4.5 0+

5.6 //0.08 4.1

0+ 3/2-

–0.348

+1.4

–0.474

+0.71

0+

2.43/ 2.68/

0.465/ 0.803/ 1.227/

83.913425

85m

85

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.492/100 0.546/100 0.61/7 1.09/33 1.36/29 2.66/26 0.55/96 1.5/3 2.2/10

1/2-

+0.544

0+ ½7/2+

+0.582 –0.8298

0+ ½-

+0.600

9/2+ 0+ ½9/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

+0.76

(0.047–0.793) ann.rad./ 0.039/28. 0.105/22. (0.135–0.612) ann.rad./ 0.174/10. 0.589/39. (0.24–0.55) ann.rad./ 0.148/31. 0.1534/35 (0.06–1.7) Rb x-ray 0.2591/87.5 ann.rad./ 0.3816/12. 0.3816 0.7627/30. (0.094–2.15) 0.2318/84. (0.15–0.24) 0.51399/99.3

–1.001

+0.28

+0.63 –1.0936

+0.305

–1.148

–0.3

0.9092

–0.885

+0.05

–0.793

+0.26

0.5556/61. 0.7498/24. 1.0243/33. (0.12–2.4) 1.3831/90. (0.24–1.1) 0.5903/

0.3884(IT)

0+ 5/2+

0.147

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

94

Sr

93.91536

1.25 m

β-/3.511

95

Sr

94.91936

25.1 s

β-/6.08

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 2.6/25 3.2/65

2.1/ 3.3/

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

½+

–0.537

6.1/50

96

Sr

95.92170

1.06 s

β-/5.37

4.2/

0+

97

Sr

96.92615

0.42 s

β-/7.47

5.3

(1/2+)

98

Sr

97.92845

0.65 s

β-/5.83

5.1

0+

Sr Sr 101 Sr 102 Sr 103 Sr 104 Sr 105 Sr 106 Sr 107 Sr Y 39 76 Y 77 Y 78m Y 78 Y

98.9332 99.9354 100.9405 101.9430 102.9490 103.952 104.959

0.27 s 0.201 s 0.115 s 68. ms > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β-/8.0 β-/7.1 β-/9.5 β-/8.8

99

100

88.90585(2) 75.9585 76.9497 77.9436

Y Y 80 Y

78.9374

81

82

> 0.2 μs ~ 57. ms 5.8 s 53 ms

–0.26

0+ 0+

(5+) β+/10.5

β+/7.1

79.9343

β+/7.0

5.5 5.0/

Y

80.9291

1.21 m

β+/5.5

3.7/ 4.2/

Y

81.9268

9.5 s

β+/7.8

6.3/

80m

K21599_S11.indb 37

0.8

0+

15. s 4.8 s 30. s

79

–0.498

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7104 0.87573 0.8883/ (0.17–3.97) 0.6219 0.7043 0.7241 0.8064 1.4283 0.6859 0.8269 2.7173 2.9332 0.1222 0.5305 0.8094 0.9318 0.2164 0.3071 0.6522 0.9538 1.2580 1.9050 0.0365 0.1190 0.4286 0.4447 0.5636

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-37

(4-)

1+

0.279/100 0.504/90 0.713/40 (0.152–1.106) 0.2285 ann.rad./ 0.3858/100 0.5951/42 0.756–1.396 ann.rad./ 0.428 0.469 ann.rad./

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-38 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Y

83m

Nuclear

83

Y

82.92235

Y

84m

84

Y

83.9204

Y

85m

85

Y

84.91643

Y

86m

86

Y

85.91489

Y

87m

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

β+/95/4.6 EC/5 /

2.9

1/2-

7.1 m

β+/4.47 EC/

3.3

9/2+

4.6 s

β+/ EC/ β+/6.4 EC/

40. m

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

1+ 1.64/47 2.24/25 2.64/21 3.15/7

5-

β+/70/ EC/30/

2.6 h

β+/55/3.26 EC/45/

48. m

I.T./99/ β+/ EC/

8+

4.8

14.74 h

β+/5.24 EC/

4-

0.2 μs 0.06 s ~ 4.5 s

Zr Zr 83m Zr 83 Zr

80.9372 81.9311 82.9287

5.3 s 32. s 7. s 44. s

β+ /7.2 β+ /4.0 β+ /7.0 β+ /5.9 EC

Zr

83.9233

26. m

β+ /2.7 EC/

0+

10.9 s

I.T./0.2922 β+, EC/

½-

100

Nuclear

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Y Y 101 Y 102 Y 103 Y 104 Y 105 Y 106 Y 107 Y 108 Y 109 Y 100m

78 79

81 82

84

Zr

85m

0.94 s 0.73 s 0.43 s 0.36 s 0.23 s 0.18 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

3+ 1+ (5/2+)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

+3.22

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

–1.5

0+ β+ /8.0

0+ 6.1 3. 4.8

(3/2-) 0+ (7/2+) (1/2-)

Zr

84.9215

7.9 m

β+ /4.7 EC/

86

Zr

85.91647

16.5 h

EC/1.47

0+

14.0 s

I.T./0.3362

½-

+0.64

β+ /3.67 EC/

9/2+

–0.895

+0.42

(8+) 0+ ½-

–1.81

+0.51

Zr

Zr

86.91482

1.73 h

Zr Zr 89m Zr

87.91023

1.4 μs 83.4 d 4.18 m

87

88m 88

K21599_S11.indb 40

EC/0.67 I.T./94/0.5877 β+ /1.5/ EC/4.7/

3.1

0.290 0.538

85

87m

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.7242 1.0130

2.26

7/2+

+0.80

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0556 0.1050 0.2560 0.474 1.525 ann.rad./ 0.0449 0.1125 0.3729 0.667 ann.rad./ 0.2922(IT) 0.4165 ann.rad./ 0.2663 0.4163 0.4543 0.0280 0.243 0.612 0.1352(IT) 0.2010 ann.rad./ 0.3811 1.228 0.077 0.3929 ann.rad./ 0.5877(IT) 1.507

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 88.908889

Zr

90m

Zr Zr 92 Zr 93 Zr 94 Zr 95 Zr 90 91

96

Zr

Zr Zr 99 Zr 97 98

51.45(40) 11.22(5) 17.15(8) 17.38(28)

2.80(9)

89.904704 90.905646 91.905041 92.906476 93.906315 94.908043

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 3.27 d β+ /23/2.832 0.9/ 9/2+ EC/77/ 0.809 s I.T./ 5-

1.5 × 106 a >1017 a 64.02 d

β- /0.091 β-ββ- /1.125

96.910953 97.91274 98.91651

2.3 × 1019 a >1.7 × 1018 a 16.75 h 30.7 s 2.2 s

β-βββ- /2.658 β- /2.26 β- /4.56

95.908273

0.366/55 0.400/44

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+

1.91/ 2.2/100 3.9/ 3.5/

½0+ ½+

Zr

99.91776

7.1 s

β- /3.34

101

Zr

100.92114

2.1 s

β- /5.49

102

Zr

101.92298

2.9 s

β- /4.61

0+

102.9266 103.9288 104.9331 105.9359 106.9408 107.944 108.9492 109.953

1.3 s 1.2 s ~ 1. s > 0.24 μs > 0.24 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /7.0 β- /5.9 β- /8.5

0+

92.90638(2) 80.949 81.9431 82.9367 83.9336

0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /4.57 β- / β- /7.21 β- /5.53 β-, n/ β-, n/8.1 β-, n/6.5 β-, n/9.3 β-, n/7.9 β, n/ β, n/ β, n/

95.96(2) 82.9487 83.9401 84.9366 85.9307 86.9273 87.92195

~ 6. ms ~ 2.2 s 3.2 s 19. s 14. s 8.0 m

100

101

102m

101.91804 102.9191

Mo

89m

89

90

½-

β+ /5.58 EC/

9/2+

89.91394

1.2 μs 5.7 h

Mo

K21599_S11.indb 43

(0.193–0.590)

I.T./0.118

Mo Mo

91m

0.2960–2.184

0.19 s 2.2 m

1.08 m

0+

+0.5

–1.39 β+ /25/2.489 EC/75 /

I.T./50/0.653

1.085/

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6451 0.7874 1.0243 0.0978/100 (0.138–3.010) 0.0977 0.1378/3.1

5/2+

0+ ½+ 0+

88.91948

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

Nb k x-ray 0.159 0.6364 1.0637 0.5354 0.6001–1.566 0.1105–0.810

β+ /6. β+/8.1 β+ /4.8 EC, β+/6.5 β+ /3.4 EC

Mo

90m

7.2/ 5.3/ n/0.06 n/0.05 n/1.7 n/4.5 n/6.0 n/6.2 n/31 n/40

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 98 Nb

11-43

0+

½-

0.58

(0.752–1.004) ann.rad./ 0.0800 0.1399 0.1707 0.118(IT) 0.268 ann.rad./ 0.659 0.803 1.155 1.272 0.063 ann.rad./ 0.04274 0.12237 0.25734 ann.rad./

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-44 Elem. or Isot.

Mo

92

Mo Mo

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Particle Energy/ Decay Mode/ Intensity Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) β+, EC/50 / 2.5/ 2.8/ 4.0/

90.91175

15.5 m

β+ /94/4.43 EC/6/

91.906811

> 3 × 1017 a 6.9 h

β+-EC I.T./99+ /2.425

0+ 21/2+

92.906813 93.905088 94.905842 95.904680 96.906022 97.905408 98.907712

3.5 × 103 a

EC/0.405

2.7476 d

β- /1.357

5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ ½+

99.90748 100.91035

6 × 1020 a 14.8 m

β-ββ- /2.82

Atomic Mass or Weight

Nuclear

91

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

14.53(30)

93m

Mo Mo 95 Mo 96 Mo 97 Mo 98 Mo 99 Mo 93 94

100 101

Mo Mo

9.15(9) 15.84(11) 16.67(15) 9.60(14) 24.39(37)

9.82(31)

3.44/94

0.45/14 0.84/2 1.21/84

2.23/ 0.7/

0+ 1/2+

Mo

101.91030

11.3 m

β- /1.01

103

Mo

102.9132

1.13 m

β- /3.8

3/2+

104

Mo

103.9138

1.00 m

β- /2.16

0+

105

Mo

104.9170

36. s

β- /4.95

3/2+

106

Mo

105.91814

8.4 s

β- /3.52

0+

Mo Mo 109 Mo 110 Mo

106.9217 107.9235 108.9278 109.9297

3.5 s 1.1 s 0.5 s 0.27 s

β- /6.2 β- /5.1 β- /7.2 β- /5.7

Mo Mo 113 Mo 114 Mo 115 Mo 116 Mo

110.9344 111.937 112.942 113.945 114.950

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

108

111 112

K21599_S11.indb 44

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

9/2-

102

107

1.2/

Spin (h/2π)

0+

+9.9

0.26306(IT) 0.68461 1.47711 0.0304

–0.9142

–0.02

–0.9335

+0.26

0.375

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6529 1.2081 1.5080 2.2407 ann.rad./ 1.6373 2.6321 3.0286 (0.1–4.2)

0.144048 0.18109 0.36644 0.73947 0.0063 0.19193 0.5909 (0.0809–2.405) 0.1493/89. 0.2116/100. 0.2243/32. 0.1028(2)/ 0.1440(2) 0.2511(2) 0.0686(1)/100. 0.4239(4)/21. 0.0642/ 0.0856/ 0.2495/ 0.1894(2)/22. 0.3644(2)/6. 0.3723(2)/12.

0+

(0.028–0.636)

0+

Tc k x-ray 0.142 (0.039–0.599)

0+ 0+ 0+

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

90

Tc

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

84.9488 85.9429 86.9365 87.9327 88.9272

89.9236

Tc

91m

91 92

Tc Tc

90.9184 91.91526

Tc

93m

93

Tc

92.910249

Tc

94m

94

Tc

93.909657

Tc

95m

95

Tc

94.90766

Tc

96m

96

Tc

K21599_S11.indb 45

95.90787

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) > 0.15 μs

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

< 0.1 ms 0.05 s 2.4 s 5.8 s 13. s 13. s 49.2 s

β+ /7.5 β+

8.3 s

β+ /8.9

3.3 m

β+ EC

3.14 m 4.4 m

β+ /6.2 β+ /7.87 EC

43. m

I.T./13 EC/20

2.73 h

β+ /13/3.201 EC/87/

52. m

β+ /72/4.33 EC/28/

2+

4.88 h

β+ /11/4.256 EC/89/

7+

62.0 d

I.T./4/ β+ /0.3 EC/96

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

β+ /11.9 β+ /8.6 β+ /10.1

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 117 Mo Tc 43 85 Tc 86 Tc 87 Tc 88 Tc 89m Tc 89 Tc 90m Tc

11-45

5.3/

6+

7.0/15 7.9/95.

1+ ½+

5.2 4.1

9/2+ 8+

½-

0.81

9/2+

6.3

5.12

1/20.5/ 0.7/

20.0 h

EC/100/1.691

9/2+

52. m

I.T./90/ β+, EC/2/

4+

4.3 d

EC/2.973

7+

5.9

+5.1

ann.rad./ 0.9479/ 1.0542/ ann.rad./ 0.9479/ ann.rad./170. 0.8110(5)/5. 1.6052(1)/7.8 1.6339(1)/9.1 1.9023(1)/6. 2.4509(1)/13.5 ann.rad./200. ann.rad./200. 0.0850/ 0.1475 0.3293 0.7731 1.5096 0.3924(IT) 0.9437 2.6445 ann.rad./ 1.3629 1.4771 1.5203 (0.1–3.0) ann.rad./ 0.8710 1.8686 ann.rad./ 0.4491 0.7026 0.8496 0.8710 ann.rad./ 0.0389(IT) 0.2041 0.5821 0.5821 0.8351 0.7657 1.0738 0.0342(IT) 0.7782 1.2002 Mo k x-ray

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-46 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Tc

91. d

97m

Nuclear

97 98

Tc Tc

96.906365 97.907216

Tc

4.2 × 106 a ~ 6.6 × 106 a 6.01 h

99m

99

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

I.T./0.0965 EC EC/100/0.320 β- /1.80 EC I.T./100/0.142

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

1/2-

0.40/100 // 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β-, n

/1.3

101.07(2) 86.949 87.9403 88.9361 89.9299

> 1.5 μs 1.2 s 1.4 s 12. s

β+ .p/8. β+ /5.9

0+

109 110

112 113

Tc Tc 116 Tc 117 Tc 118 Tc 119 Tc 120 Tc Ru 44 87 Ru 88 Ru 89 Ru 90 Ru 114 115

(3)

0+

90.9263

7.9 s

β+, EC/7.4

9/2+

92

Ru

91.9201

3.7 m

β+ /53/4.5 EC/47/

0+

10.8 s

I.T./21/ β+, EC/79/

1/25.3/

93

Ru

92.9171

1.0 m

β+ /6.3 EC/

9/2+

94

Ru

93.91136

52. m

EC/100/1.59

0+

95

Ru

94.91041

1.64 h

EC/85/2.57 β+ /15/

96

Ru

95.90760

>3.1 × 1016 a

β+β+

K21599_S11.indb 47

5.54(14)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 2.7893 0.1027 0.1063 0.1770 0.4587 0.2422 0.4656 0.7078 0.7326 1.5835

0.0985/100 0.0658–1.520

Ru

Ru

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.2407 0.150/92.7 0.063–1.435

91

93m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-47

1.20/ 0.91/

5/2+

0.86

ann.rad./ 0.155–1.551 ann.rad./ (0.205-1.998) ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.2138 0.2593 ann.rad./ 0.7344 1.1112 1.3962 2.0931 ann.rad./ 0.6807 1.4349 (0.5–4.2)weak 0.3672 0.5247 0.8922 ann.rad./ 0.3364/71 1.097/16.4 0.6268/15.9 0.036–2.424

0+

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-48 Elem. or Isot. 97 Ru

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Ru Ru 100 Ru 101 Ru 102 Ru 103 Ru

1.87(3) 12.76(14) 12.60(7) 17.06(2) 31.55(14)

Ru Ru

18.62(27)

Atomic Mass or Weight 96.90756

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 2.84 d EC/1.12 5/2+

97.90529 98.905939 99.904220 100.905582 101.904349 102.906324

39.26 d

β- /0.763

0.223

103.905433 104.907753

4.44 h

β- /1.917

1.11/22 1.134/13 1.187/49

Ru Ru

105.90733 106.9099

1.020 a 3.8 m

β- /0.0394 β- /2.9

0.0394/100 2.1/ 3.2/

0+

Ru

107.9102

4.5 m

β- /1.4

1.2/

0+

Ru

108.9132

34.5 s

β- /4.2

110

Ru

109.9141

15. s

β- /2.81

0+

Ru Ru 113m Ru 113 Ru

110.9177 111.9190

β- /5.5 β- /4.5

0+

112.9225

1.5 s 4.5 s 0.6 s 0.80 s

Ru

113.9243

0.57 s

β- /6.1

Ru Ru 116 Ru 117 Ru 118 Ru 119 Ru

114.9287 115.931 116.936 117.938 118.943

0.08 s 0.32 s 0.20 s 0.14 s 0.12 s > 0.15 μs

98 99

Nuclear

104 105

106 107

108

109

111 112

114

115m 115

K21599_S11.indb 48

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/2+ 0+ 3/2+

0+ 3/2+

β- /7. 0+

β- /8.

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) –0.79

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

–0.64

+0.079

–0.72

+0.46

0.206

+0.62

–0.3

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Tc k x-ray 0.2157 0.3245 0.4606

0.05329 0.29498 0.4438 0.49708 0.55704 0.61033 (0.04–1.6) 0.12968 0.1491 0.2629 0.31664 0.46943 0.67634 0.72420 (0.1–1.8) 0.1939 0.3741 0.4625 0.8488 0.0923 0.1651 0.4339 0.4975 0.6189 0.1164 0.3584 0.1121 0.3737 0.4397 0.7967

0.2632 0.048–2.418 0.127/24 (0.053–0.180) 0.0617 0.292

0+ 0+

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

94

Rh

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 119.945

102.90550(2) 88.9488 89.9429 90.9366 91.9320 92.9257

93.9217

Rh

95m

95

Rh

94.9159

Rh

96m

96

Rh

95.91446

Rh

97m

97

Rh

K21599_S11.indb 49

96.91134

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) > 0.15 μs

> 0.15 μs ~ 12. ms 1.0 s 1.5 s 1.5 s 0.5 s 4.7 s 12. s 25.8 s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π) 0+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 120 Ru 121 Ru 122 Ru 123 Ru 124 Ru Rh 45 89 Rh 90m Rh 90 Rh 91m Rh 91 Rh 92m Rh 92 Rh 93 Rh 94m Rh

11-49

IT

β+ /11.1 β+ /8.1 β+ /

8+

1.18 m

β+ /9.6

6.4/

1.96 m

I.T./88/ β+, EC/12/

5.0 m

β+ /5.1

3.2

1.51 m

I.T./60/0.052 β+, EC/40/

4.70/

4+

½+

9/2+

2+

9.6 m

β+/6.45 EC/

3.3/

5+

46. m

I.T./5 / β+, EC/95/

2.6/

1/2-

31.0 m

β+ /3.52

2.1/

9/2+

0.387 (0.438-0.973) 0.866 (0.163-0.991) (0.138–1.493) ann.rad./ 0.1264 0.3117 0.7562 1.0752 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.1461 0.3117 0.7562 1.4307 ann.rad./ 0.5433(IT) 0.7837 ann.rad./ 0.2293 0.4103 0.6610 0.9416 1.3520 (0.2–3.8) ann.rad./ Tc,Ru x-rays 0.8326 1.0985 1.6921 (0.4–3.3) ann.rad./ 0.4299 0.6315 0.6853 0.7418 0.8326 (0.2–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.1886 0.4215 2.2452 ann.rad./ 0.1886

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-50 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Rh

98m

Nuclear 98

Rh

97.91071

Rh

99m

99

Rh

98.90813

Rh

100m

100

Rh

99.90812

Rh

101m

101

Rh

100.90616

Rh

102m

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

3.5 m

β+ /

8.7 m

β+ /90/5.06

3.4/

2+

4.7 h

β+ /8/ EC/92/

.74/

9/2+

16. d

β+/4/2.10 EC/97/

0.54/ 0.68/

1/2-

4.7 m

I.T./99/ β+ /0.4/

20.8 h

β+ /3.63 EC/

4.35 d

EC/92/ I.T./8/0.1573

9/2+

3.3 a

EC/0.54

1/2-

3.74 a

EC/2.323 IT/0.0419 β+

6+

> 1.2 × 106 a

102

Rh

Rh Rh

101.906843

103m 103

K21599_S11.indb 50

100.

102.905504

207. d

EC/62 β- /19/ β+ /14/

56.12 m

IT

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

5+

5.67

5+

2.62/ 2.07/

1-

+5.47

4.04

/ 1.5 μs 1.0 s 1.2 s

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0.3489 0.1285 (0.103-1.923) (0.276-0.783)

1+

106.42(1) 90.949 91.9404 92.9359

94

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

–0.66

0.1248 0.4995 ann.rad./ 0.2653 0.4752 0.7927 (0.2–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.0677 0.1125 0.6630 0.8379 ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.2636 0.6734 (0.2–2.85) 0.03271 0.0748 0.0840 ann.rad./ 0.0244

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Pd Pd

1.02(1)

Pd Pd 106 Pd 107m Pd

11.14(8) 22.33(8) 27.33(3)

102 103

104 105

Pd Pd 109m Pd 107 108

109

Pd

110

Pd Pd

26.46(9)

Atomic Mass or Weight

101.905609 102.906087

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

16.99 d

EC/0.543

0+ 5/2+

20.9 s

I.T./0.2149

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 11/2-

6.5 × 106 a

β- /0.033

4.75 m

I.T./0.1889

13.5 h

β- /1.116

5.5 h

I.T./73/0.172 β- /27/

103.904036 104.905085 105.903486

106.905133 107.903893

108.905950 11.72(9)

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

0.03/

1.028

109.905153

111m

Spin (h/2π)

5/2+ 0+ 11/25/2+ 0+ 11/2-

0.35 0.77

Pd

110.90767

23.4 m

β- /2.19

2.2/95

5/2+

Pd Pd 113 Pd

111.90731

β- /0.29 β- / β- /3.34

0.28/

0+ 5/2+

112.91015

21.04 h 1.48 m 1.64 m

Pd

113.91036

2.48 m

β- /1.45

0+

Pd Pd

114.9137

50. s 25. s

β- /4.58

(9/2-) (3/2+)

Pd

115.9142

12.7 s

β- /2.61

0+

Pd Pd

116.9178

19. ms 4.4 s

β- /5.7

(9/2-) (3/2+)

118

Pd

117.9190

2.4 s

β- /4.1

0+

119

Pd

118.9231

0.9 s

β- /6.5

120

Pd

119.9247

0.49 s

β- /5.0

111

112

113m

114

115m 115

116

117m 117

K21599_S11.indb 53

0+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2963 0.5904 Rh k x-ray 0.03975 0.3575 0.4971

–0.642

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-53

+0.66 Pd k x-ray 0.2149(IT)

Pd x-ray 0.1889(IT) 0.0880 (0.08–1.0) 0.0704 0.1722 0.3912 (0.1–1.97) 0.0598 0.2454 0.5800 0.6504 1.3885 1.4590 0.018 0.0959 0.0958 0.4824 0.6436 0.7394 0.1266 0.2320 0.5582 0.5760 0.089 0.1255 0.2554 0.3428 0.1015 0.1147 0.1778 0.203 0.2473 0.077–0.403 0.1254 0.028–0.596 0.2566 0.070–0.326 0.1581

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-54 Elem. or Isot. Pd Pd 123 Pd 124 Pd 125 Pd 126 Pd 127 Pd 128 Pd Ag 47 93 Ag 94m2 Ag 121 122

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 120.9289 121.9306 122.935 123.9369

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.29 s 0.18 s 0.17 s ~ 0.04 s

Nuclear

0.40 s

Ag

0.60 s

94

Ag

93.9428

0.03 s

95

Ag Ag

94.9355

2.0 s 4.4 s

Ag

95.9307

96m

7. s

β+ β+,p β+ β+,p β+ β+,p β+, p/ β+ β+, p β+ /11.6 EC/ β+, p

96.9240

19. s

β+ /7.0 EC/

98

Ag

97.9216

47.6 s

β+ /8.4 EC/ β+, p

Ag

99m

98.9176

Ag

100m

100

Ag

Ag

101m

K21599_S11.indb 54

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.053–0.595

0+

Ag

Ag

Spin (h/2π)

0+

97

99

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

107.8682(2) 92.950

94m1

96

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

99.9161

p/1.01/2.2 p/0.79/1.9

21+

(0.153-1.132)

7+

(0.659-0.905)

p//20. 0+ (0.089–2.940) 8+ /8. 2+ /18.

5+ /36. /0.11

11. s

I.T./100/

½-

2.07 m

β+ /87 5.4 EC/13/

9/2+

2.3 m

β+ / EC/

2+

2.0 m

β+/7.1 EC/

3.1 s

I.T./0.23

4.7/

5+

½-

ann.rad./ 0.1248 0.4995 (0.1066–1.416) ann.rad./ 0.6862 1.2941 (0.352–3.294) ann.rad./ 0.5711 0.6786 0.8631 (0.153–1.185) Ag k x-ray 0.1636(IT) 0.3426 ann.rad./ 0.2199 0.2645 0.8056 0.8323 (0.2–3.5) ann.rad./ 0.6657 1.6941 ann.rad./ 0.2807 0.4503 0.6657 0.7508 0.7732 Ag k x-ray 0.0981 0.176(IT)

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 100.9128

Ag

102m

102

Ag

101.91169

Ag

103m

103

Ag

102.90897

Ag

104m

104

Ag

103.90863

Ag

105m

105

Ag

104.90653

Ag

106m

106

Ag

105.90667

Ag

Ag Ag

108m

K21599_S11.indb 55

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) 5.7

7.8 m

β+ /38/ EC/13/ I.T./49/

3.4

2+

+4.1

13.0 m

β+ /78/5.92 EC/22/

2.26/

5+

~ 4.6

5.7 s

I.T./0.134

1.10 h

β+ /28/2.69 EC/72/

1.7 1.3

7/2+

+4.47

33. m

β+ /64/ EC/36/ I.T./0.07/

2.71/

2+

+3.69

69. m

β+ /16/4.28 EC/84/

0.99/

5+

3.92

7.2 m

I.T./98/0.0255 EC/2 /

7/2+

+4.41

41.3 d

EC/1.35

1/2-

0.101

8.4 d

EC/

6+

3.71

24.0 m

β+ /59/2.965 EC/41 / I.T./0.093

1+

+2.9

7/2+

+4.40

1.0

1/26+

–0.113680 3.58

+1.3

44.2 s

107m

107

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 11.1 m β+ /69/4.2 2.7/ 9/2+ EC/31/ 2.18/ 2.73/ 3.38/

51.839(8)

106.905097 418. a

EC/92/ I.T./8 /0.079

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

1/2-

/1.96

+1.1

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.2610 0.2747 0.3269 0.4392 0.6673 1.1739 (0.2–3.1) ann.rad./ 0.5567 0.9777 1.8347 2.0545 2.1594 3.2386 ann.rad./ 0.5564 0.7193 0.163–2.242 Ag k x-ray 0.1344 ann.rad./ 0.1187 0.1482 ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.7657 (0.5–3.4) ann.rad./ 0.5558 0.9259 0.9416 (0.18–2.27) Ag x-ray 0.3063 0.3192 (0.1–1.0) 0.0640 0.2804 0.3445 0.4434 Pd k x-ray 0.4510 0.5118 0.7173 1.0458 ann.rad./ 0.5119 Ag x-ray 0.0931

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 101 Ag

11-55

Ag k x-ray Pd k x-ray 0.43392

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-56 Elem. or Isot.

108

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Ag

Atomic Mass or Weight

107.905956

Nuclear

Ag

109m

109

Ag Ag

48.161(8)

Ag

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

2.39 m

β- /97/1.65 EC/2/ β- /1/1.92

1.02/1.7 1.65/96 0.88/0.3

39.8 s

I.T./0.088

249.8 d

β- /99/ I.T./1 /0.1164

0.087 0.530

24.6 s

β- /2.892

2.22/5 2.89/95

1.08 m

IT/99/0.0598 β- /1/

108.904752

110m

110

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

109.906107

Ag

111m

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1+

+2.6884

7/2+

+4.40

+1.0

1/26+

–0.13069 +3.61

+1.4

1+

+2.727

0.2

7/2+

111

Ag

110.905294

7.47 d

β- /1.037

1.035/

1/2-

–0.146

112

Ag

111.90701

3.13 h

β- /3.96

3.94/ 3.4

2-

0.0547

1.14 m

I.T./80 /0.043 β- /20 /

1.5

Ag

113m

7/2+

113

Ag

112.90657

5.3 h

β- /2.02

2.01/

1/2-

114

Ag

113.90880

4.6 s

β- /5.08

4.9/

1+

18.7 s

β- /

7/2+

20. m

β- /3.10

1/2-

20. s 9.8 s

β-,IT/7 β-/92 /

2.68 m

I.T./8 β- /6.16

IT/0.0479 3.2/ 2.9 IT/.0809 5.3

5.3 s

β- /

3.2/

Ag

115m

115

Ag

114.90876

Ag Ag

116m2 116m

116

Ag

Ag

117m

K21599_S11.indb 56

115.91136

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

5+

2-

7/2+

0.159

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.61427 0.72290 ann.rad./ 0.43392 0.61885 0.63298 Ag k x-ray 0.0880 0.65774 0.76393 0.88467 0.93748 1.38427 (0.447–1.56) 0.65774 0.8154 1.1257 Ag k x-ray 0.0598 0.2454 0.2454 0.3421 0.6067 0.6174 1.3877 (0.4–2.9) 0.1422 0.2983 0.3161 0.3923 0.2588 0.2986 0.5582 0.5760 1.9946 0.1134 0.1315 0.2288 0.3887 0.1316 0.2128 0.2291 0.4727 (0.13–2.49) 0.5134 0.7055 (0.255–2.838) 0.5134 0.6993 2.4779 0.1354 0.2981

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

117

Ag

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

116.91168

Ag

118m

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.22 m

β- /4.18

2.3

2.8 s

β- /59/ I.T./41 /0.1277

118

Ag

117.9146

4.0 s

β- /7.1

119

Ag

118.9157

2.1 s

β- /5.35

0.40 s

β- /63. I.T./37.

1.23 s

β- /8.2 β-,n

Ag

120m

120

Ag

119.9188

Ag

120.9199

0.78 s

β- /6.4

Ag Ag

121.9235

1. s 0.44 s

β- / β- /9.2

Ag Ag 125 Ag

122.9249 123.9286 124.9304

0.28 s 0.17 s 0.17 s

β- /7.4 β- /10.1 β-

Ag Ag 128 Ag 129m Ag 129 Ag 130 Ag Cd 48 95 Cd 96 Cd 97 Cd 98 Cd

125.9345 126.9368 127.9412

0.11 s 0.11 s 58 ms 0.16 s ~ 46. ms ~ 35 ms

βββ-

121

122m 122

123 124

126 127

99

Cd Cd

100

K21599_S11.indb 57

128.9437 129.9505 112.411(8) 94.950 95.9398 96.9349 97.9274 98.9250 99.9203

1.0 s 3. s 9.2 s 16. s 1.1 m

Spin (h/2π)

1/2-

7/2+

n//1.9 × 1019 a 6.52 h

Cd Cd

0.89(3)

107.90418 108.904982

Cd Cd

12.49(18)

Cd Cd 113m Cd 113 Cd

12.80(12) 24.13(21)

110.904178 111.902758

12.22(12)

112.904402

Cd

28.73(42)

113.903359

Nuclear

102

107

108 109

110

112

114

5/2+

–0.7393

+0.43

EC, EC EC/99+/1.417 β+ /

0+ 5/2+

–0.615055

~ +0.68

Ag k x-ray 0.0931 0.8289

>4.1 × 1017 a 462.0 d

EC EC EC/0.214

0+ 5/2+

–0.827846

~ +0.69

Ag k x-ray 0.08804/.0366

48.5 m

I.T./

0+ 11/2-

–1.105

~ –0.85

Cd k x-ray 0.1508(IT) 0.2454

14.1 y 8.04 × 1015 a

β- /99.9/0.59 β-

1/2+ 0+ 11/21/2+

–1.087784 –0.622301

~ –0.71

0.2637

>1.3 × 1018 a

β-β-

44.6 d

β- /1.629

0.68/1.6 1.62/97

11/2-

–1.041034

~ –0.54

114.905431

2.228 d

β- /1.446

0.593/42 1.11/58

1/2+

–0.648426

0.48450 0.93381 1.29064 0.23141 0.26085 0.33624 0.49227 0.52780

116

Cd Cd

117m

K21599_S11.indb 58

7.49(18)

115.904756

3.8 × 1019 a 3.4 h

β-ββ- /2.66

1.69/

109.903002

Cd

Cd

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) In k x-ray 0.0985 1.7225 0.31–2.84 ann.rad./ 0.0974 0.4810 1.0366 1.3598 ann.rad./ Ag k x-ray 1.0799 1.4487 1.4618 (0.1–2.8) Ag k x-ray 0.0835 0.7093 Ag k x-ray 0.3469 0.6072 0.9618 1.3025 (0.25–2.4)

~ –0.8

115m

115

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

–0.81

111m

111

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.59/99.9

–0.594886

0+

0.72/

0+ 11/2-

0.1586 0.5529 0.37–2.42

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 116.907219

Cd Cd

117.90692

119

Cd

120

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 2.49 h β- /2.52 0.67/51 1/2+ 2.2/10

50.3 m 2.20 m

β- /0.52 β- /

118.9099

2.69 m

β- /3.8

~ 3.5/

1/2+

Cd Cd

119.90985

50.8 s 8. s

β- /1.76 β- /

1.5/

0+ 11/2-

Cd

120.9130

13.5 s

β- /4.9

(3/2+)

Cd Cd 123 Cd 124 Cd

121.91333

5.3 s 1.9 s 2.09 s 1.24 s

β- /3.0 β- / β- /6.12 β- /4.17

0+

0.66 s 0.68 s 0.52 s 0.0175 ms 0.4 s 0.28 s 0.24 s 0.162 s

β- / β- /7.16 β- /5.49

118

119m

121m

121

122

123m

Cd Cd 126 Cd 127m Cd 127 Cd 128 Cd 129 Cd 130 Cd

122.91700 123.9177

125m 125

Cd Cd 133 Cd In 49 97 In 98m In 98 In 99 In 100 In 101 In 102 In 131 132

In In

124.9213 125.9224 126.9264 127.9278 128.9322 129.9339 130.9407 131.9456 114.818(3) 96.950 97.9421 98.9342 99.9311 100.9263 101.9241

0.7 s 0.5 s ~ 3.8 s 5.9 s 15. s 23. s

102.91991

34. s 1.1 m

103m 103

K21599_S11.indb 59

68 ms 0.10 s 0.06 s

0+ 11/2-

3+ 0+

3/2+ 0+

β- /8.5 β- /7.1 β- /5.9 β- / β-, n

3/2+ 0+

/~ 3.5

β-, n/

/60

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2209 0.2733 0.3445 1.3033 0.1056 0.7208 1.0250 2.0213 0.1340 0.2929 0.3429

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 117 Cd

11-59

0.1008 0.9878 1.0209 1.1815 2.0594 0.2102 0.3242 0.3492 1.0403

0.0365 0.0628 0.1799

0.2601 (0.110-0.849) 0.247 0.281

0+ (0.844-6.039)

β+ /8.9 β+, (p)/10.5 β+ /7.3 EC/8.9

β+, EC/6.05 EC

0+

(0.297-1.365)

4.2 /45

(5)

0.1566 0.7767 (0.397–0.923)

9/2+

ann.rad./ 0.1879 (0.157–3.98)

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-60 Elem. or Isot. 104m In 104 In

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 103.9183

In

105m

Nuclear

105

In

104.91467

In

106m

106

In

105.91347

In

107m

107

In

106.91030

In

108m

108

In

107.90970

In

109m

109

In

108.90715

In

110m

110

In

In

111m

K21599_S11.indb 60

109.90717

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 16. s IT/0.0935 1.84 m β+, EC/7.9 4.8 5+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+4.44

+0.7

+5.675

+0.83

+4.92

~ +0.97

43. s

I.T.

½-

5.1 m

β+, EC/4.85

3.7

9/2+

5.3 m

β+ /85/ EC/15/

4.90

3+

6.2 m

β+ /65/6.52 EC/35/

2.6

7+

51. s

I.T./0.6786

32.4 m

β+ /35/3.43 E.C/65/

2.20/

9/2+

+5.59

+0.81

57. m

β+ /53/ EC/47/

1.3

6+

+4.94

+0.47

40. m

β+ /33/5.15 EC/67/

3.49/

3+

+4.561

+1.01

1.3 m

I.T./0.650

4.17 h

β+ /8/2.02 EC/92/

9/2+

+5.54

+0.84

4.9 h

EC/

7+

+4.71

+1.00

1.15 h

β+ /62/3.88 EC/38/

2+

+4.37

+0.35

7.7 m

I.T./0.537

½-

+5.53

½-

½0.79/

2.22/

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.6580 0.8341 0.8781 In k x-ray 0.6740 0.1310 0.2600 0.6038 ann.rad./ 0.6326 0.8611 1.7164 ann.rad./ 0.2259 0.6327 0.8611 0.9978 1.0091 In k x-ray 0.6785 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2050 0.3209 0.5055 (0.2–2.99) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6329 1.9863 3.4522 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2429 0.6331 0.8756 In k x-ray 0.6498 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.2035 0.6235 Cd k x-ray 0.6577 0.8847 0.9375 (0.1–1.98) ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6577 (0.6–3.6) In k x-ray

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

111

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

In

Atomic Mass or Weight 110.905103

In

112m

112

In

111.90553

In

In In

4.29(5)

113.904914

In

20.8 m

I.T./0.155

4+

+5.227

+0.71

14.4 m

β+ /22/2.586 EC/34/ β- /0.663 I.T./0.3917

1+

+2.82

~ +0.087

½-

–0.21074

9/2+ 5+

+5.5289 +4.65

1+

+2.82

1.984/

+0.80 +0.74

4.4 × 1014 a 2.16 s

9/2+ 8-

+5.5408 +3.22

+0.81 +0.31

54.1 m

β- /0.495 I.T./0.162 EC β- /

/0.023 1.0

5+

+4.44

+0.80

14.1 s

β- /3.274

3.3/99

1+

2.788

0.11

1.94 h

β- /53/1.769 I.T./47 /

1.77/

½-

–0.25174

44. m

β- /1.455

0.74/

9/2+

+5.519

+0.83

In

8.5 s

(8-)

+3.32

+0.44

In

4.40 m

I.T./98/ β- /2/ β- /

1.3 2.0

5+

+4.23

+0.80

5.0 s

β- /4.42

4.2/

1+

17.9 m

2.7/

½-

–0.32

2.3 m

β- /97/ I.T./3/0.311 β- /2.36

1.6/

9/2+

+5.52

+0.85

47 s

β- /6.1

8-

+3.692

+0.53

In In

95.71(5)

114.903878

In

115.905260

In

117m

In

116.90451

118m2

118m1

In

117.90635

In

119m

119

+0.80

–0.2440

In

118

+5.50

1.198 m

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

½-

116m1

117

9/2+

I.T./97/0.190 EC/3 / β- /97/1.989 EC/3/1.453

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

I.T./95/0.336 β- /5 /0.83

116m2

116

EC/0.866

Spin (h/2π)

4.486 h

115m

115

2.8049 d

49.51 d

In

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

112.904058

114m

114

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

1.658 h

113m

113

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

In

In

120m2

K21599_S11.indb 61

118.90585

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.537 Cd k x-ray 0.1712 0.2453 In k x-ray 0.1555 ann.rad./ Cd k x-ray 0.6171 In k x-ray 0.3917

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-61

In k x-ray 0.19027 Cd k x-ray 0.5584 0.5727 1.2998 In k x-ray 0.3362 0.4974 In k x-ray 0.1624 0.13792 0.41688/27 1.09723/58.5 1.29349/85 0.46313 1.2526 1.29349 In k x-ray 0.15855 0.31531 0.55294 0.15855 0.3966 0.55294 In k x-ray 0.1382 0.2086 0.6833 1.2295 0.5282 1.1734 1.2295 2.0432 0.3114 0.7631 0.0239 0.6495 0.7631 1.2149 1.171

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-62 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

In

120m1

120

In

119.90796

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

46. s

β- /5.8

2.2/

5+

3.1 s

β- /5.37

5.6/ 3.1/

(1+)

3.8 m

β- /99/ I.T./1/0.313

3.7/

1/2-

–0.355

23. s

β- /3.36

2.5

9/2+

+5.50

+0.81

10. s

β- /

4.4/

8-

+3.78

+0.59

1.5 s

β- /6.37

5.3/

(1+)

47. s

β- /

4.6/

(1/2-)

–0.400

6.0 s

β- /4.39

3.3/

(9/2+)

+5.49

+0.76

3.4 s

β-

8-

+3.89

+0.66

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +4.30

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b) +0.81

Nuclear In

121m

121

In

120.90785

In

122m

122

In

121.91028

In

123m

123

In

122.91044

In

124m

124

In

123.91318

3.18 s

β- /7.36

5/

3+

+4.04

+0.61

In In

124.91360

12.2 s 2.33 s

β- / β- /5.42

5.5/ 4.1/

1/29/2+

–0.433 +5.50

+0.71

4.9/

3+

+4.03

+0.49

+4.061

125m 125

In

1.53 s

126m

126

In

125.91646

In

127m

127

In

K21599_S11.indb 62

126.91735

1.63 s

β- /8.21

4.2/

8-

3.73 s

β- /

6.4/

(1/2-)

1.14 s

β- /6.51

4.9/

(9/2+)

+5.52

+0.59

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.023 1.171 1.023 0.4146 0.5924 0.8637 1.0232 1.1714 (0.4–2.7) 0.0601 0.3136 0.9256 1.0412 1.1022 1.1204 0.2620 0.6573 0.9256 1.0014 1.1403 0.2391 1.0014 1.1403 1.164 1.1903 0.1258 1.170 3.234 0.6188 1.0197 1.1305 0.1029 0.9699 1.0729 1.1316 0.7070 0.9978 1.1316 3.2142 (0.3–4.6) 0.1876 0.4260 1.0318 1.3350 0.9086 0.9696 1.1411 0.1118 0.9086 1.1411 0.2523 3.074 0.4680 0.6461

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.7 s

β- /

5.4/

(8-)

0.80 s

β- /8.98

5.0/

3+

1.23 s

β- /98/ n/2/

~ 7.5/

1/2-

0.63 s

β- /7.66

5.5/

9/2+

In

0.53 s

β- /

8.8/

5+

In

0.51 s

β- /

6.1/

10-

β- /10.25 β- / β- / β- /9.18

10.0/

1(21/2+) (1/2-) (9/2+)

6.0/ 8.8/

Atomic Mass or Weight

In

128m

128

In

127.92017

In

129m

129

In

128.9217

130m2

130m1

In In 131m1 In 131 In

129.92497

130.92685

0.29 s 0.3 s 0.35 s 0.28 s

In

131.9330

~ 0.206 s

β- /13.6

132.9378 133.9442 134.9493 118.710(7) 98.949 99.939 100.9361

0.165 s 0.14 s 0.09 s

β-, (n)

1.0 s 1.9 s

β+ /7.3 β+ /9.

101.9303 102.9281

3.8 s 7. s

β+ /5.8 β+ /7.7 β+,p EC β+, EC/4.5 β+ /6.3 β+, p β+ /20/3.18 EC/80/

130

131m2

132

In In 135 In Sn 50 99 Sn 100 Sn 101 Sn 133 134

102 103

Sn Sn

Sn Sn

103.9231 104.9214

21. s 32.7 s

106

Sn

105.91688

2.0 m

107

Sn

106.9156

2.92 m

104 105

K21599_S11.indb 63

6.4/

Spin (h/2π)

(7-)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.8051 1.5977 1.8670 1.9739 (0.1205–2.12) 0.9352 1.1688 3.5198 4.2970 0.3153 0.9067 1.2220 0.2853 0.7693 1.8650 2.1180 0.0892 0.7744 1.2212 0.0892 0.1298 0.7744 1.2212 1.9052

Nuclear

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-63

0.3328 2.433 0.1320 0.2992 0.3747 4.0406 (0.354–2.005)

EC/5.0 β+ /

3.4/

0+

0+ p//1.2 / 20. 0+ EC//42. p//0.11 0+

1.2/

0.352 1.065 (0.069-1.425) 1.3558 (0.351-2.813) (0.913-1.846) In-x-ray (0.288–3.819) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.3865 0.4772 0.4218 0.6105

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-64 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

Sn

107.91193

10.3 m

β+ /1/2.09 EC/99/

0.36/

0+

109

Sn

108.91128

18.0 m

β+ /9/3.85 EC/91/

1.52/

7/2+

110

Sn

109.90784

4.17 h

EC/0.64

111

Sn

110.90773

35. m

β+ /31/2.45 EC/69/

112

Sn Sn

111.904818

> 1.8 × 1019 a 21.4 m

Ec/ec I.T./92/0.077 EC/8/

0+ 7/2+

115.1 d

EC/1.036

½+

I.T./0.3146

0+ ½+ 0+ 11/2-

I.T./0.0896

½+ 0+ 11/2-

Nuclear

108

0.97(1)

113m

113

Sn

112.905171

Sn Sn 116 Sn 117m Sn

0.66(1) 0.34(1) 14.54(9)

Sn Sn 119m Sn

7.68(7) 24.22(9)

Sn Sn 121m Sn

8.59(4) 32.58(9)

114 115

117 118

119 120

Sn Sn 123m Sn 122

123

Sn

124

Sn Sn

118.903308 119.902195 44. a

121

4.63(3)

5.79(5)

1.5/

116.902952 117.901603 293. d

–1.08

+0.3

7/2+

+0.61

+0.2

½+ 0+ 11/2-

–0.879

–0.9188 –1.396

–0.4

Sn k x-ray 0.15856

0.21

Sn k x-ray 0.02387

–1.388

–0.14

Sn k x-ray 0.03715

0.698

~ –0.02

–1.0010 –1.4 –1.0473

1.128 d

0.354/ 0.383/100

40.1 m

β- /1.428

1.26/99

3/2+ 0+ 3/2+

122.905721

129.2 d

β- /1.404

1.42/99.4

11/2-

–1.370

~ +0.03

123.905274

>2.2 × 1018 a 9.51 m

β-ββ- /2.387

2.03/98

0+ 3/2+

+0.764

+0.8

–1.348

~ +0.1

120.904236 121.903439

125

Sn

124.907784

9.63 d

β- /2.364

2.35/82

11/2-

126

Sn

125.90765

2.0 × 105 a

β- /0.38

0.25/100

0+

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6785 1.0013 1.1290 1.542 In k x-ray 0.2724 0.3965 (0.105–1.68) ann.rad./ In k x-ray 0.6498 1.0992 In k x-ray 0.283 In k x-ray 0.7620 1.1530 1.9147 Sn k x-ray In x-ray 0.0774 In k x-ray 0.25511 0.39169

I.T./78/0.006 β- /22/ β- /0.388

125m

K21599_S11.indb 64

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

113.902779 114.903342 115.901741 14.0 d

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.1603 0.3814 0.1603 1.0302 1.0886 0.3321 1.4040 1.0671 (0.2–2.3) 0.0643 0.0876 0.4148 0.6663

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Sn

127m

127

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

4.15 m

β- /3.21

2.72/

3/2+

+0.757

+0.60

2.42/ 3.2/

11/2-

–1.33

+0.3

Sn

126.91036

2.12 h

β- /3.20

Sn Sn

127.91054

6.5 s 59.1 m

IT/0.091 β- /1.27

128m 128

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

0.48/ 0.63/

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

(7-) 0+

Sn Sn 130m Sn

128.91348

6.9 m 2.4 m 1.7 m

β- / β- /4.0 β- /

Sn

129.91397

3.7 m

β- /2.15

1.10/

0+

1.02 m

β- /

3.4/

11/2-

–1.28

+0.747

129m 129

130

Sn

131m

11/23/2+ (7-)

Sn Sn

130.91700 131.91782

39. s 40. s

β- /4.69 β- /3.12

3.8/ 1.8/

3/2+ 0+

Sn Sn 135 Sn

132.92383 133.9283 134.9347

1.44 s 1.04 s 0.53 s

7.5/

7/20+

Sn 137 Sn 138 Sn Sb 51 103 Sb 104 Sb 105 Sb 106 Sb 107 Sb

135.9393 136.946

0.25 s 0.19 s 0.15 s

β- /7.8 β- /6.8 ββ-,n β-, n β-, n

131 132

133 134

136

121.760(1) 102.9397 103.9365 104.9315 105.9288 106.9242

> 1.5 μs 0.5 s 1.1 s 0.6 s 4.0 s

β+,p β+ /10.5 β+ /7.9

107.9222 108.91813

7.0 s 17.3 s

β+ /9.5 β+ /6.38 EC/

110

Sb

109.9168

24. s

β+ /9.0 EC/

111

Sb

110.91316

1.25 m

β+ /87/4.47

109

K21599_S11.indb 65

–1.30 +0.754 –0.381

~ –0.2 ~ +0.05 –0.4

~ –0.04

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.6950 0.4909 1.3480 1.5640 0.8231 1.0956 (0.120–2.84) 0.4823 0.5573 0.6805 1.1611 0.6456 0.1449 0.8992 0.0700 0.1925 0.7798 0.3043 0.4500 0.7985 1.2260 (0.08–3.21) see 131mSn 0.0855 0.2467 0.3402 0.8985 (0.053-2.417) (0.053-0.830) 0.733–1.855

0+ 0+

Sb Sb

108

/21. /30. /~ 58

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-65

p// 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /9.3

127.60(3) 104.9436 105.9375 106.9350

~ 0.63 μs 0.07 ms 3.1 ms

α α/4.3 α/ 70/ β+, EC/10.1 α /68 / β+, EC/32 /6.8 β+ EC/96 /8.7 α/4 / β+, EC/4.5

134m 134

135

136 137

108

Te

107.9294

2.1 s

109

Te

108.9274

4.6 s

110

Te

K21599_S11.indb 68

109.9224

19. s

8-

7/2+

Α/4.70 /100 3.86(1)/

0+

3.314(4)/

0+

3.00

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1808 0.3594 0.4596 0.5447 0.8128 0.9146 1.0301 0.1023 0.7934 0.8394 0.1823 0.3309 0.4680 0.7394 0.8394 0.6423 0.6579 0.9331 0.9434 0.1034 0.3538 0.6968 0.9739 0.9896 0.1034 0.1506 0.6968 0.9739 0.4235 0.6318 0.8165 1.0764 0.1152 0.2970 0.7063 1.2791 1.127 1.279

(0.090-0.721)

3.107(4)/ 0+

0.7523 0.287–2.045 ann.rad./

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

111

Te

110.9211

19.3 s

β+, EC/8.0

(7/2+)

112

Te

111.9170

2.0 m

β+, EC/4.3

0+

113

Te

112.9159

1.7 s

β+ /85/5.7 EC/15/

114

Te

113.91209

15. m

β+ /40/3.2 EC/60/

0+

6.7 m

β+ /45/ EC/55/

(1/2+)

Te

115m

115

Te

114.91190

5.8 m

β+ /45/4.6 EC/55/

116

Te

115.90846

2.49 h

EC/1.5

117

Te

116.90865

1.03 h

EC/75/3.54 β+ /25/

118

Te Te

117.90583

6.00 d 4.69 d

EC/0.28 EC/

119

Te

118.90640

16.0 h

β+ /2/2.293 EC/98/

120

Te Te

119.90402

1.9×1017 a ~ 154. d 16.8 d

β+ EC I.T. (89%) EC (11%) EC/1.04

119.7 d

I.T./0.247

119m

0.09(1)

121m

121

Te

122

Te Te

123m

K21599_S11.indb 69

120.90494

2.55(12)

121.903044

4.5/

2.7/

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

(7/2+)

7/2+

0+ 1.78/

0.627/

½+

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2191 0.6059 ann.rad./ 0.267 0.322 0.341 ann.rad./ 0.2962 0.3727 0.4187 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.8144 1.0181 1.1812 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.0838 0.0903 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 0.7704 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.7236 1.3268 1.3806 (0.22–2.7) Sb k x-ray 0.0937 ann.rad./ Sb k x-ray 0.9197 1.7164 2.3000 Sb k x-ray Sb k x-ray 0.15360 0.2705 1.21271 ann.rad. Sb k x-ray 0.6440 0.6998

0+ 11/2-

0.89

½+

0.25

0+ 11/2-

0.90

Te k x-ray 0.2122 Sb k x-ray 0.5076 0.5731

–0.93

Te k x-ray 0.1590/84.1

½+

0+ 11/2-

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-69

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-70 Natural Elem. Abundance or Isot. (Atom %) 123 Te 0.89(3) 124 Te 4.74(14) 125m Te Te Te 127m Te 125 126

Nuclear

Te Te 129m Te

7.07(15) 18.84(25)

129

Te

130

Te Te

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) >9.2 × 1016 a EC/0.051 ½+ 0+ 58. d I.T./0.145 11/2-

124.904431 125.903312 109. d

127 128

Atomic Mass or Weight 122.904270 123.902818

31.74(8)

34.08(62)

126.905226 127.904463

9.30 h 2.2 × 1024 a 33.6 d

I.T./98/0.088 β- /2/0.77 β- /0.698 β-βI.T./63/0.105 β- /37/

128.906598

1.16 h

β- /1.498

129.906224

8 × 1020 a 1.35 d

β-ββ- /78/2.4 I.T./22/0.18

131m

½+ 0+ 11/20.696/

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) –0.736948

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

–0.99

–0.06

Te k x-ray 0.0355

~ 0.2

Te k x-ray 0.0883 0.3603 Te k x-ray 0.45984 0.6959 0.0278 0.45984 0.48728

–0.8885 –1.04

3/2+ 0+ 11/2-

0.635 –1.09

0.40

3/2+

0.702

0.06

0+ 11/2-

–1.04

~ 0.25

1.35/12 1.69/22 2.14/60 0.215

3/2+

0.70

1.60/ 0.99/9 1.45/89

0.42/

131

Te

130.908524

25.0 m

β- /2.233

132

Te

131.90855

3.26 d

β- /0.51

55.4 m

β- /82/ I.T./18/0.334

2.4/30

11/2-

–1.13

0.3

0.85

0.2

0.7

0.3

Te

133m

0+

133

Te

132.91096

12.4 m

β- /2.94

2.25/25 2.65

3/2+

134

Te

133.91137

42. m

β- /1.51

0+

135

Te

134.9165

19.0 s

β- /6.0

0.6/ 0.7/ 5.4/ 6.0

136

Te

135.92010

17.5 s

β- /5.1

2.5/

0+

137

Te

136.9253

2.5 s

6.8

7/2-

Te Te 140 Te 141 Te 142 Te 143 Te I 53 108 I

137.9292 138.9347 139.9389 140.9447 141.949

1.4 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /98 /6.9 n/2 / β- /6.4

126.90447(3) 107.9435

0.04 s

138 139

K21599_S11.indb 70

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.0811 0.1021 0.14973 0.77369 0.79375 0.85225 0.14973 0.45327 0.49269 0.049725 0.11198 0.22830 Te k x-ray 0.0949 0.1689 0.3121 0.3341 0.3121 0.4079 1.3334 0.7672/29 (0.079–0.926) 0.267 0.603 0.870 2.0779/25 (0.087–3.235) 0.2436

0+ 0+ 0+

α/91/4.

3.95

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 108.9382

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) 93.5 μs p α α//0.014

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

110

I

109.9352

0.65 s

111

I

110.9303

2.5 s

β+, EC/83/11.4 α/17/~ 3.6 3.457(10)/ p/11/ β+, E.C./8.5

112

I

111.9280

3.4 s

β+, EC/10.2

113

I

112.9236

5.9 s

β+, EC/7.6

114

I

113.9219

2.1 s

β+, EC/8.7

115

I

114.9181

1.3 m

β+, EC/6.7

116

I

115.9168

2.9 s

β+ /97/7.8 EC/3/

6.7/

1+

117

I

116.91365

2.22 m

β+, EC/4.7

3.2/

(5/2+)

3.1

8.5 m

β+, EC/ I.T.

4.9/

7-

4.2

2-

2.0

(5/2+)

+2.9

I

118m

5/2+

118

I

117.91307

14. m

β+, EC/7.0

119

I

118.91007

19. m

β+ /54/3.5 EC/46/

2.4/

53. m

β+ /80/ EC/20/

3.8

1.36 h

β+ /56/5.62 EC/

4.03 4.60

I

120m

120

I

K21599_S11.indb 71

119.91005

4.2

2-

1.23

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.593/100 0.717/63 (0.496–1.057) ann.rad./

ann.rad./ 0.2665 0.3215 0.3412 ann.rad./ 0.6889 0.7869 ann.rad./ 0.4625/100 0.6224/74 0.0550–1.422 ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ 0.275 0.284 0.460 0.709 ann.rad./ 0.5402 0.6789 ann.rad./ 0.2744 0.3259 ann.rad./ 0.104 0.5998 0.6052 0.6138 ann.rad./ 0.5448 0.6052 1.3384 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2575 ann.rad. Te k x-ray 0.4257 0.5604 0.6147 1.3459 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5604 0.6411 1.5230

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 109 I

11-71

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-72 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

I

120.90737

2.12 h

β+ /13/2.27 EC/87/

1.2/

5/2+

2.3

122

I

121.90759

3.6 m

β+ /4.234 EC/

3.1/

1+

+0.94

123

I

122.905589

13.2 h

EC/1.242

5/2+

2.82

124

I

123.906210

4.18 d

β+ /23/3.160 EC/77/

2-

1.446

125

I

124.904630

59.4 d

EC/0.1861

5/2+

2.82

126

I

125.905624

13.0 d

EC/ β+ /2.155 β- /1.258/47

2-

1.438

Nuclear

121

127 128

129

I I

100.

I

β- /2.118 EC/1.251

2.13/

5/2+ 1+

+2.8133

25.00 m

128.904988

1.7 × 107 a

β- /0.194

0.15/

7/2+

+2.6210

9.0 m

I

130

I

129.906674

12.36 h

I.T./83/0.048 β- /17/ β- /2.949

131

I

130.906125

8.021 d

β- /0.971

131.90800

1.39 h 2.283 h

IT β- /14/3.58 I.T./86/

9. s

I.T./1.63

20.8 h

β- /1.77

I

132m

I

I

133m

133

I

K21599_S11.indb 72

132.907797

–0.78

1.13/ 0.87/ 1.25/

126.904473 127.905809

130m

132

1.54/ 2.14/ 0.75/

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

–0.71

–0.50

2+ 1.04/ 0.62

5+

3.35

0.606/

7/2+

+2.742

–0.35

84+

3.09

0.08

+2.86

–0.24

0.80/ 1.03/ 1.2/ 1.6/ 2.16/

19/2-

1.24/85

7/2+

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) (0.111–3.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.2122 (0.14–1.1) ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.5641 Te k x-ray 0.1590 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.6027/62.9 0.7228/10.3 1.6910/11.2 (0.31–1.73) Te k x-ray 0.0355 ann.rad./ Te k x-ray 0.3887 0.6622 Te k x-ray 0.44287 0.52658 Xe k x-ray 0.0396 I k x-ray 0.5361 0.4180 0.5361 0.6685 0.7395 0.08017 0.28431 0.36446 0.63699 I k x-ray 0.0980 0.5059 0.52264 0.63019 0.6506 0.66768 0.77260 0.95457 I kx-ray 0.0730 0.6474 0.9126 0.51056 0.52989

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

I

134m

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

3.7 m

I.T./98/0.316 β- /2/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π) 8-

134

I

133.90974

52.6 m

β- /4.05

1.2/

4+

135

I

134.91005

6.57 h

β- /2.63

0.9/ 1.3/

7/2+

47. s

β- /

4.7/ 5.2/

6-

I

136m

136

I

135.91465

1.39 m

β- /6.93

4.3/ 5.6/

2-

137

I

136.91787

24.5 s

β- /5.88

5.0/

(7/2+)

138

I

137.9224

6.5 s

β- /7.8

6.9/ 7.4/

2-

139

I

138.92610

2.30 s

β- /6.81 n/

140

I

139.9310

0.86 s

β- /8.8 n/

I I 143 I 144 I 145 I Xe 54 109 Xe

140.9350 141.9402 142.9446 143.9500

0.45 s ~ 0.2 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

β- /7.8 β-

13. ms

α

0.11 s

β+ /9.2 α

141 142

110

Xe

K21599_S11.indb 73

131.293(6)

109.9443

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

(3)

2.940

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.87537 I k x-ray 0.0444 0.2719 0.1354 0.84702 0.88409 0.2884 0.41768 0.52658 1.13156 1.26046 0.1973 0.3468 0.3701 0.3814 1.3130 (0.16–2.36) 0.3447 1.3130 1.3211 2.2896 (0.3–6.1) 0.6010 1.2180 1.2201 1.3026 1.5343 (0.25–4.4) 0.4836 0.5888 0.8752 (0.4–5.3) 0.192 0.198 0.273 0.382 0.386 0.468 0.683 1.313 0.372 0.377 0.457

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-73

α/3.92 α/4.06 0+ /~ 64

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-74

Xe Xe 114 Xe

111.9356 112.9333 113.92798

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 0.9 s EC, β+ 0.7 s EC, β+ /10.6 α/ 3.58(1)/ 3. s EC, β+ /7.2 α/0.8/ 0+ 2.8 s EC, β+ /9.1 10.0 s β+, EC/5.9 0+

Xe Xe

114.92629 115.92158

18. s 56. s

β+, EC/7.6 β+, EC/4.3

117

Xe

116.92036

1.02 m

β+, EC/6.5

118

Xe

117.91618

~ 4. m

β+, EC/3.

2.7/

0+

119

Xe

118.91541

5.8 m

β+, EC/5.0

3.5/

7/2+

120

Xe

119.91178

46. m

β+, EC/97/1.96 β+ /3/

121

Xe

120.91146

39. m

β+ /44/3.73 EC/56/

122

Xe

121.90837

20.1 h

EC/0.9

123

Xe

122.90848

2.00 h

β+ /23/2.68 EC/77/

124

Xe Xe

123.905893

> 1017 a 57. s

β-βI.T./0.252

17.1 h

EC/1.653

Elem. or Isot. 111m Xe 111 Xe

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

110.9416

112 113

Nuclear

115 116

Atomic Mass or Weight

0.0952(3)

125m

125

Xe

K21599_S11.indb 74

124.906395

3.3/

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(5/2+) 0+

(5/2+)

–0.594

+1.16

–0.654

+1.31

–0.701

+1.33

0+

2.8/

5/2+

0+ 1.51/

0.47/

½+

–0.150

0+ (9/2-)

–0.745

½+

–0.269

+0.42

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./ 0.1031 0.1616 0.3085 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1042 0.1916 0.2477 0.3107 0.4127 ann.rad./ 0.2214 0.5190 0.6389 0.6613 ann.rad./ 0.0535 0.0600 0.1199 0.0873 0.1000 0.2318 0.4615 I k x-ray 0.0251 0.0726 0.1781 (0.1–1.03) ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1328 0.2527 0.4452 (0.1–3.1) I k x-ray 0.3501 ann.rad./ I k x-ray 0.1489 0.1781 (0.1–2.1) ×e k x-ray 0.1111 0.141 I k x-ray

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

126

Xe Xe

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

0.0890(2)

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

1.15 m

I.T./0.297

0+ (9/2-)

–0.884

36.34 d

EC/0.662

½+

–0.504

8.89 d

I.T./0.236

0+ 11/2-

–0.89122

I.T./0.164

½+ 0+ 11/2-

2.19 d

I.T./0.233

3/2+ 0+ 11/2-

132.905911

5.243 d

β- /0.427

133.905394

>1.1 × 1016 a 15.3 m

β- βI.T./

134.907227

9.10 h

β-/1.15

135.90722 136.91156

>8.5 × 1021 a 3.82 m

β-ββ- /4.17

Atomic Mass or Weight

125.90427

127m

127

Xe

128

Xe Xe

126.905184

1.9102(8)

127.903531

129m

Xe Xe 131m Xe

26.4006(82) 4.0710(13)

Xe Xe 133m Xe

21.2324(30) 26.9086(33)

129 130

131 132

133

Xe

134

Xe Xe

128.904779 129.903508 11.9 d

10.4357(21)

130.905082 131.904153

135m

135

Xe

136

Xe Xe

137

8.8573(44)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.346/99

0.91/

4.1/ 3.6/

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1884 0.2434

+0.69

×e k x-ray 0.1246 0.1725 I k x-ray 0.1721 0.2029 0.3750

+0.64

×e k x-ray 0.0396 0.1966

–0.99405

+0.73

×e k x-ray 0.16398

+0.69186

–0.12

–1.082

+0.77

3/2+

+0.813

+0.14

0+ 11/2-

1.1030

+0.62

3/2+

0.903

+0.21

0+ 7/2-

–0.97

–0.48

–0.30

+0.40

+0.010

–0.58

Spin (h/2π)

138

Xe

137.91395

14.1 m

β- /2.77

0.8/ 2.4/

139

Xe

138.91879

39.7 s

β- /5.06

4.5/ 5.0/

140

Xe

139.9216

13.6 s

β- /4.1

2.6

0+

141

Xe

140.9266

1.72 s

β- /6.2

6.2/

5/2+

K21599_S11.indb 75

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-75

–0.77798

0+

×e k x-ray 0.23325 Cs k x-ray 0.080998 0.1606 ×e k x-ray 0.52658 0.24975 0.60807 0.45549 0.8489 0.9822 1.2732 1.7834 2.8498 0.1538 0.2426 0.2583 0.4345 1.76826 2.0158 0.1750 0.2186 0.2965 (0.1–3.37) 0.0801 0.6220 0.8055 1.4137 (0.04–2.3) 0.1187 0.9095

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-76 Elem. or Isot. 142

Xe

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

141.9297

1.22 s

β- /5.0

142.9351 143.9385 144.9441 145.9478 146.9536

0.96 s 0.30 s 1.2 s 0.9 s > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

ββ- /7.3 β- /6.1 β-, (n)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 3.7/ 4.2/

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

Nuclear Xe Xe 144 Xe 145 Xe 146 Xe 147 Xe 148 Xe Cs 55 112 Cs 113 Cs 114 Cs 143m 143

115

132.9054519(2) 111.9503 0.5 ms 112.9445 17. μs 113.9414 0.58 s

116

~ 1.4 s 0.7 s

β+, EC/8.4 β, EC/

Cs

115.9334

3.8 s

β+, EC/10.8

117.92656

6.5 s ~ 8.4 s 17. s 14. s

β+, EC/ β+, EC/7.5 β+, EC/ β+, EC/9.

Cs Cs

118.92238

29. s 43. s

Cs Cs

119.92068

Cs Cs 118m Cs 118 Cs 117

116.9287

119m 119

120m 120

p p β+, EC/11.8

114.9359

117m

Cs

121m

K21599_S11.indb 76

+0.93

0+ 0+

Cs Cs

116m

–0.460

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) (0.05–2.55) 0.0338 0.0729 0.2038 0.3091 0.4145 0.5382 0.5718 0.6181 0.6448

0.81 0.96 1+

ann.rad./ 0.6826 0.7088 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.3935 ann.rad./ 0.3935 0.5243 0.6151 0.6223 ann.rad./

2

5. +3.88

+1.4

β+, EC/6.3

3/2 9/2+

+0.84 +5.46

+0.9 +2.8

60. s 64. s

β+, EC/ β+, EC/7.92

2+

+3.87

+1.45

2.0 m

I.T./60/ β+ /40/

(9/2+)

+5.41

+2.7

4.4

ann.rad./ 0.3372 0.4727 0.5865 0.5906 ann.rad./ 0.169 0.176 0.224 0.257 ann.rad./ 0.3224 0.4735 0.5534 (0.3–3.28) ann.rad./ 0.1794 0.1961

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 120.91723

Cs Cs

122m2 122m1

Cs

121.91611

122

Cs

123m

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 2.3 m β+, EC/5.40 4.38/ 3/2+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +0.77

4.4 m 0.36 s

β+, EC IT

8-

+4.77

21. s

β+, EC/7.1

(1+)

–0.133

1.6 s

I.T./

Cs

122.91300

5.87 m

β+ /75/4.20 EC/25/

Cs Cs

123.91226

6.3 s 30. s

IT β+ /9 /5.92 EC/8 /

Cs

124.90973

45. m

Cs

125.90945

Cs

5.8/

11/2-

Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.84 ann.rad./ 0.1537 (0.08–0.56) +3.3 ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.4971 0.6385 (0.27–2.22) –0.19 ann.rad./ 0.3311 0.5120 0.8179 Cs k x-ray 0.0946 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.0974 0.5964

3.0/

1/2+

+1.38

~ 5.

7+ 1+

+0.673

β+ /40/3.09 EC/60/

2.06/

1/2+

+1.41

1.64 m.

β+ /81/4.83 EC/19/

3.4 3.7/

1+

+0.78

126.90742

6.2 h

β+ /96/2.08 EC/4/

0.65/ 1.06

1/2+

+1.46

Cs

127.90775

3.62 m

β+ /68/3.930 EC/32 /

2.44/ 2.88/

1+

+0.97

Cs

128.90606

1.336 d

EC/1.195

1/2+

+1.49

130

Cs Cs

129.90671

3.5 m 29.21 m

51+

+0.629 +1.46

+1.45 –0.06

Cs 132 Cs

130.90546 131.906434

9.69 d 6.48 d

IT, β+, EC β+ /55/2.98 EC/43/ β- /1.6/0.37 EC/0.352 EC/98/ β+ /0.3/2.120 β- / /1.280

5/2+ 2-

+3.543 +2.22

–0.58 +0.51

7/2+ 8-

+2.58291 +1.0978

–0.00355 +1.0

123

124m 124

125

126

127

128

129

130m

131

Cs Cs

133

134m

K21599_S11.indb 77

100.

132.90545193 2.91 h

I.T./0.139

1.98/

–0.74

–0.68

–0.57

0.44/1.6

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 121 Cs

11-77

ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3539 0.4925 0.9418 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.112 0.526 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.3886 0.4912 0.9252 Xe k x-ray 0.1247 0.4119 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.4429 Xe k x-ray 0.3719 0.4115 ann.rad./ Xe k x-ray 0.5361 Xe k x-ray Xe k x-ray 0.4646 0.6302 0.66769 Cs k x-ray 0.12749

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-78 Elem. or Isot. 134 Cs

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 133.90671848

Cs

135m

Nuclear

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 2.065 a β- /2.059 0.089/27 4+ 0.658/70 EC/1.22

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +2.994

53. m

I.T./1.627

19/2-

+2.18

β- /0.269 I.T./ β- /2.548

0.341/

7/2+ 85+

+2.7324 +1.32 +3.71

Cs Cs 136 Cs

134.905977 135.907312

2.3 × 106 a 19. s 13.16 d

Cs

136.907089

30.2 a

β- /1.176

0.514/95

7/2+

+2.851

2.9 m

I.T./75 β- /25 /

/0.080 3.3

6-

+1.71

135

136m

137

Cs

138m

0.205/100

138

Cs

137.91102

32.2 m

β- /5.37

2.9/

3-

+0.700

139

Cs

138.913364

9.3 m

β- /4.213

4.21

7/2+

+2.70

140

Cs

139.91728

1.06 m

β- /6.22

5.7/ 6.21/

1-

+0.133895

141

Cs

140.92005

24.9 s

β- /5.26

5.20/

7/2+

+2.44

142

Cs

141.92430

1.8 s

β- /7.31

6.9/ 7.28

143

Cs

142.92735

1.78 s

β- /6.24

6.1

(3/2+)

+0.87

144

Cs

143.93208

1.01 s

β- /8.47

8.46/ 7.9/

1

–0.546

145

Cs

144.93553

0.59 s

β- /7.89

7.4/ 7.9/

3/2+

+0.784

146

Cs Cs

145.9403 146.9442

0.322 s 0.227 s

β-, (n)/9.38 β-, (n)/9.3

~ 9.0

2-

–0.515

147

K21599_S11.indb 78

Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.389 0.56327 0.56935 0.60473 0.79584 +0.9 0.7869 0.8402 +0.050 +0.7 +0.23 0.06691 0.34057 0.81850 1.04807 +0.051 Ba k x-ray 0.66164 –0.40 Cs k x-ray 0.0799 0.1917 0.4628 1.43579 +0.12 0.1381 0.46269 1.00969 1.43579 2.21788 –0.07 0.6272 1.2832 (0.4–3.66) –0.11 0.5283 0.6023 0.9084 (0.41–3.94) –0.4 Ba k x-ray 0.0485 0.5616 0.5887 1.1940 (0.05–3.33) 0.3596 0.9668 1.1759 1.3265 +0.47 0.1955 0.2324 0.3064 (0.17–1.98) +0.30 0.1993 0.5598 0.6392 0.7587 +0.6 0.1126 0.1755 0.1990 +0.22 (0.024-2.2798)

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 147.9492 148.9529 149.9582 150.9622 137.327(7) 113.9507

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) 0.15 s β-, (n)/10.5 > 50 ms > 50 ms > 50 ms

Ba Ba 117 Ba 118 Ba 119 Ba 120 Ba

114.947 115.9414 116.9385 117.9330 118.9307 119.9260

0.45 s 1.3 s 1.8 s 5.2 s 5.4 s 24. s

β+, (p) α β+, (p) β+, (p) β+, (p), EC/8.4 β+, β+, EC/8. β+, EC/5.0

Ba Ba 123 Ba

120.9241 121.91990 122.91878

30. s 2.0 m 2.7 m

β+, EC/6.8 β+, EC/3.8 β+, EC/5.5

5/2+ 0+

Ba

123.91509

12. m

β+, EC/2.65

0+

Ba Ba

124.9145

8. m 3.5 m

β+, EC/ β+, EC/4.6

Ba

125.91125

1.65 h

β+ /2/1.67 EC/98 /

0+

Ba Ba

126.91109

1.9 s 12.9 m

IT β+ /54/3.5 EC/46/

7/21/2+

Ba

127.90832

2.43 d

EC/0.52

0+

2.17 h

EC/98/ β+ /2/

2.2 h

β+ /20/2.43 EC/80/

115 116

121 122

124

125m 125

126

127m 127

128

Ba

129m

129

Ba

K21599_S11.indb 79

128.90868

0.43 s

p/20 /0.9 p/ 0.15 μs

β- /5.75 β-, n/5.11 β-, (n)/7.3

0+ 0+

EC, β+ /11.

124.92082

2.8 s 5.3 s 9. s 17. s 30. s 0.39 s 1.2 m

La La

125.9195

< 50. s 54. s

β+, EC/7.6

127

La

126.91638

3.8 m

β+, EC/4.7

3/2+

128

La

127.9156

5.0 m

β+ /80/6.7 EC/20/

(5-)

La La

128.91269

0.56 s 11.6 m

IT β+ /58/3.72 EC/42/

130

La

129.91237

8.7 m

β+ /78/5.6 EC/22/

131

La

130.91007

59. m

β+ /76/3.0 EC/24/

129m 129

K21599_S11.indb 81

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0644 0.2513 0.3270 0.3329 0.3622

0+

p

126

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

5.5/

23 ms

126m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 146 Ba

11-81

0.806/

3/2+

EC, β+/~ 9.7 EC/7. EC/ ~ 8.8

(7+)

β+, EC/5.6

11/2-

2.42/

(11/2-) 3/2+

3+

1.42/ 1.94/

3/2+

ann.rad./ 0.0436 0.0676 ann.rad./ 0.256 0.455 0.117–3.853 ann.rad./ 0.025 0.0562 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.2841/87 0.4793/54 (0.315–2.212) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1105 0.2786 (0.1–1.8) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.3573/81 0.5506/27 (0.1965–1.989) ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.1085 0.3658 0.5263

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-82 Elem. or Isot. 132m La

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 24. m I.T./76/ 6β+, EC/24/

Nuclear

132

La

131.91010

4.8 h

β+ /40/4.71 EC/60/

2.6/ 3.2 3.7/

2-

133

La

132.90822

3.91 h

β+ /4/2.2 EC/96/

1.2/

5/2+

134

La

133.90851

6.5 m

β+ /63/3.71 EC/37/

2.67/

1+

135

La

134.90698

19.5 h

EC/1.20

136

La

135.9076

9.87 m

β+ /36/2.9 EC/64/

137

La La

136.90649 137.907112

6 × 104 a 1.06 × 1011 a

EC/0.60

138.906353 139.909478

1.678 d

β- /3.762

La La

140.910962 141.91408

3.90 h 1.54 h

β- /2.502 β- /4.505

La La 145 La 146m La 146 La 147 La 148 La 149 La

142.91606 143.91960 144.9216 145.9258 146.9282 147.9322 148.9347

14.1 m 40.7 s 24. s 10.0 s 6.3 s 4.02 s 1.1 s 1.10 s

β- /3.43 β- /5.5 β- /4.1 β- /6.7 β- /6.6 β- /5.0 β- /7.26 β- /5.5

La

149.9388

0.51 s

150.9417 151.9462 152.950 153.955 154.958 140.116(1) 118.953 119.947 120.943 121.9379 122.9354 123.9304

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

138

139 140

141 142

La La

143 144

150

La La 153 La 154 La 155 La Ce 58 119 Ce 120 Ce 121 Ce 122 Ce 123 Ce 124 Ce 151 152

K21599_S11.indb 82

0.08881(71) 99.91119(71)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

5/2+ 1.8/

1.35 1.24/ 1.67/ 2.43/ 2.11/ 2.98/ 4.52/ 3.3/ 4.1/ 4.1/ 5.5/ 6.2/ 4.6/

1+

+3.7

~ –0.4

7/2+ 5+

+2.70 +3.71365

+0.21 +0.44

7/2+ 3-

+2.783046 +0.73

+0.20 +0.09

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) La k x-ray 0.1352 0.4645 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.4645 0.5671 Ba k x-ray 0.2788 0.2901 0.3024 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.6047 (0.5–1.9) Ba k x-ray 0.4805 ann.rad./ Ba k x-ray 0.8185 0.2836 1.4358/65 0.7887/35

7/2+ 2-

7/23/2+ (6) (2-) 20.1335 0.009–1.709 x-ray (0.097–0.209)

0+ 1.1 s

β+, p

3.8 s 6. s

β+, EC/~ 8.6 EC/~ 5.6

0+ ann.rad./ 0+

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

Ce Ce

125.92397 126.9227

50. s 29. s

EC/4. β+, EC/6.1

0+

128

Ce

127.91891

4.1 m

β+, EC/3.2

0+

129

Ce

128.91810

3.5 m

β+, EC/5.6

130

Ce

129.91474

26. m

β+, EC/2.2

5. m

β+ EC

10. m

β+, EC/4.0

9.4 ms

IT/2.340

3.5 h

EC/1.3

0+

1.6 h

β+, EC/

½+

126 127

Atomic Mass or Weight

Ce

131m

131

Ce

130.91442

Ce

132m

132

Ce

131.91146

Ce

133m

132.91152

5.4 h

β+/8/2.9 EC/92/

134

Ce

133.90892

3.16 d

EC/0.5

0+

20. s

I.T./0.446

11/2-

134.90915

17.7 h

β+/1 /2.026 EC/99 /

135.90717

>0.7 × 1014 a > 4.2 × 1015 a 1.43 d

EC EC β- βI.T./99 /0.254 EC/0.8 /

Ce

135

Ce

136

Ce Ce

137m

K21599_S11.indb 83

0.185(2)

1.3/

0.8/

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./ (0.058–1.961) ann.rad./ (0.023–0.880) ann.rad./ (0.0675–1.015) ann.rad./ La k x-ray 0.047–1.431 ann.rad./ 0.2304 0.3955 0.4213 ann.rad. 0.119 0.169 0.414 0.3255 0.10–0.955 La k x-ray 0.1554 0.1821 ann.rad. 0.0769 0.0973 0.5577 ann.rad. 0.0584 0.1308 0.4722 0.5104 La k x-ray 0.1304 0.1623 0.6047 Ce k x-ray 0.0826 0.1497 0.2134 La k x-ray 0.0345 0.2656 0.3001 0.6068

2.8/

Ce

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

ann.rad./ 0.1346 0.1666 0.056–1.329

0+

133

135m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

9/2-

1/2+

Nuclear

124.9284

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 2. m 9.6 s β+, EC/7. 7/2-

Elem. or Isot. 125m Ce 125 Ce

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-83

0+ 11/2-

1.0

Ce k x-ray 0.1693

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-84 Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

136.90781

9.0 h

β+/1.222

3/2+

137.90599

>3.7 × 1014 a 56.4 s

EC EC I.T./0.7542

0+ 11/2-

138.90665

137.6 d

EC/0.28

3/2+

1.06

139.905439 140.908276

32.50 d

β-/0.581

0+ 7/2-

1.1

Pr k x-ray 0.14544/48.0

141.909244 142.912386

>1.6 × 1017 a 1.38 d

β- ββ-/1.462

0+ 3/2-

0.43

Ce

143.913647

284.6 d

β-/0.319

0.185/20 0.318/

0+

Ce

144.91723

3.00 m

β-/2.54

1.7/24 1.3

3/2-

Ce

145.9188

13.5 m

β-/1.04

0.7/90

0+

Ce Ce

146.92267 147.92443

56. s 56. s

β-/3.29 β-/2.1

3.3/ 1.66/

0+

Ce

148.9284

5.2 s

β-/4.2

Ce Ce

149.93041 150.9340

4.4 s 1.8 s

β-/3.0 β-/5.3

0+

152

Ce

151.9365

1.4 s

β-/4.4

0+

Pr k x-ray 0.0574 0.2933 Pr k x-ray 0.0801 0.1335 Pr k x-ray 0.0627 0.7245 Pr k x-ray 0.0986 0.2182 0.3167 0.0930 0.2687 0.0904 0.0985 0.1212 0.2918 0.0577 0.0864 0.3800 0.1099 0.0526 Pr k x-ray (0.035-0.637) 0.098 0.115

Ce Ce 155 Ce 156 Ce 157 Ce Pr 59 121 Pr 122 Pr 123 Pr 124 Pr 125 Pr

152.9406 153.9434 154.948 155.951 156.956 140.90765(2) 120.955 121.9518 122.946 123.943 124.9378

> 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs > 0.15 μs

Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Ce

137

Ce Ce

138

0.251(2)

Atomic Mass or Weight

139m

Nuclear

Ce

139

Ce Ce

88.450(51)

Ce Ce

11.114(51)

140 141

142 143

144

145

146

147 148

149

150 151

153 154

K21599_S11.indb 84

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.436/69 0.581/31 1.404/ 1.110/47

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) 0.96

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.2543 La k x-ray 0.4472 Ce k x-ray 0.7542 La k x-ray 1.320/72.1 0.255/59.6 0.825/45.8 (0.231-2.364)

0+ 0+

0.01 s

p

1.2 s ~ 3.3 s

β+, EC/12. β+

p/0.882

ann.rad./ ann.rad./

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

126

Pr

125.9353

3.1 s

β+, EC/~ 10.4

127

Pr

126.9308

4.2 s

β+ /~ 7.5

128

Pr

127.92879

3.0 s

β+, EC/~ 9.3

129

Pr

128.92510

32 s

β+, EC/5.8

Pr Pr 131 Pr

129.9236

β+, EC/8.1

130.9203

40. s 5.7 s 1.7 m

Pr

131.9193

1.6 m

β+, EC/7.1

1.1 s

IT/0.192

6.5 m

β+, EC/4.3

~ 11. m

β+, EC/

130

131m

132

Pr

133m

133

Pr

132.91633

Pr

134m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

β+, EC/5.3

5/2+

Pr

133.91571

17. m

β+, EC/6.2

135

Pr

134.91311

24. m

β+, EC/3.7

2.5/

3/2+

136

Pr

135.91269

13.1 m

β+ /57 /5.13 EC/43

2.98/

2+

137

Pr

136.91071

1.28 h

β+ /26 /2.70 EC/74 /

1.68/

5/2+

2.1 h

β+ /24 / EC/76 /

1.65/

7-

Pr

K21599_S11.indb 85

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

~ 5.5

134

138m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

2+

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1358 ann.rad./ (0.170–0.985) ann.rad./ (0.028–0.8949) ann.rad./ 0.207/100 0.400–1.373 ann.rad./ (0.0395–1.865) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.16) ann.rad./ (0.059–0.980) ann.rad./ 0.325 0.496 0.533 0.1305 0.0617 ann.rad./ 0.074 0.1343 0.2419 0.3156 0.3308 0.4650 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.460 0.495 0.632 ann.rad./ 0.294 0.495 ann.rad./ 0.0826 0.2135 0.2961 0.5832 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.5398 0.5522 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.4339 0.5140 0.8367 (0.16–1.8) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3027 0.7887

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-85

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-86 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

Pr

137.91075

1.45 m

β+ /75 /4.44 EC/25 /

3.42/

1+

139

Pr

138.90894

4.41 h

β+ /8 /2.129 EC/92 /

1.09/

5/2+

140

Pr

139.90908

3.39 m

β+ /51 /3.39 EC/49 /

2.37/

1+

14.6 m 19.12 h

I.T./0.004 β- /2.162 EC/0.744 β- /0.934 IT/99+/0.059 β- /

c.e. 0.58/4 2.16/96 0.933/

0.807/1 2.30/ 2.996/98 1.80/97

0-

2.2/30 3.7/10 4.2/40 1.5/ 2.1/

2-

4.0/ 3.8/ 0.77/36 4.8/ 4.5/ 3.0

(4)

Nuclear

138

Pr Pr 142 Pr 141

100.

140.907653

142m

141.910045

Pr Pr

142.910817

13.57 d 7.2 m

144

Pr

143.913305

17.28 m

β- /2.998

145

Pr

144.91451

5.98 h

β- /1.81

146

Pr

145.9176

24.2 m

β- /4.2

147

Pr

146.91900

13.4 m

β- /2.69

2.0 m

β- /

143

144m

Pr

148m

148

Pr

147.92213

2.27 m

IT β- /4.9

149

Pr

148.9237

2.3 m

β- /3.40

150

Pr

149.92667

6.2 s

β- /5.7

152

Pr Pr

Pr Pr 155 Pr 156 Pr 153 154

K21599_S11.indb 86

150.92832 151.9315

22.4 s 3.2 s

β- /4.2 β- /6.7

152.9338 153.9375 154.9401 155.9443

4.3 s 2.3 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /5.5 β- /7.9

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

5/2+ 52-

+4.275 2.2 +0.234

–0.08

7/2+ 3-

+2.70

+0.8

7/2+

3/2+

1– (5/2+)

1– ~ 5.5

151

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

4+

+0.03

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.0378 (0.07–2.0) ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.7887 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.2551 1.3473 1.6307 ann.rad./ Ce k x-ray 0.3069 1.5965

0.5088 1.57580 0.7420 Pr k x-ray 0.0590 0.6965 0.8142 0.69649 1.48912 2.18562 0.0725 0.6758 0.7483 0.4539/48 1.5247 0.3146/24. 0.5779/16 0.6413/19. 0.3016 0.4506 0.6975 0.3017 0.1085 0.1385 0.1651 0.1302 0.8044 0.8527 0.0726 0.164 0.285

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

0.6 s

β+, p β+, EC/9. β+, EC/6.

128.9332

1.8 s 4. s 2.6 s 4.9 s

β+, EC/8.

5/2(-)

Nd Nd

129.92851 130.92725

28. s 0.5 m

β+, EC/5. β+, EC/6.6

0+

132

Nd

131.92332

1.5 m

β+, EC/3.7

0+

133

Nd

132.92235

1.2 m

β+, EC/5.6

134

Nd

133.91879

~ 8.5 m

β+ /17 /2.8 EC/83 /

Nd Nd

134.91818

5.5 m 12. m

β+ / β+ /65 /4.8 EC/35 /

Nd

135.91498

50.6 m

EC/94 /2.21 β+ /6 /

1.6 s

I.T./0.5196

130 131

Atomic Mass or Weight 156.9474 157.952 158.956 144.242(3) 123.952 124.9489 125.9432 126.9405 127.9354

135m 135

136

Nd

137m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

0+ (5/2)

9/2-

1.04/

β+ /40 /3.69 EC/60 /

138

Nd

137.91195

5.1 h

EC/1.1

5.5 h

I.T./12 /0.231 β+ /88 /

1.17/

11/2-

1.77/

3/2+

Nd

138.91198

30. m

β+ /25 /2.79 EC/75 /

140

Nd Nd

139.90955

3.37 d 1.04 m

EC /0.22 IT/99+/0.756

K21599_S11.indb 87

+1.9

11/2-

38. m

139

–0.78

0+

136.91457

141m

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.134,0.399 ann.rad./ (0.091–0.875) ann.rad./ ann.rad./ (0.09–0.36) ann.rad./ (0.099–0.567) ann.rad./ (0.06–0.37) ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.1631/58 (0.09–1.00)

0+

Nd

Nd

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

137

139m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1.7/20 2.40/20

1/2+

–0.63

0+

0+ 11/2-

+0.91

+0.3

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 157 Pr 158 Pr 159 Pr Nd 60 124 Nd 125 Nd 126 Nd 127 Nd 128 Nd 129m Nd 129 Nd

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

11-87

ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0415/23. 0.204/51. (0.11–1.8) Pr k x-ray 0.0401/21. 0.1091/35. (0.10–0.97) Nd k x-ray 0.1084 0.1775 0.2337 ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.0755 0.5806 Pr k x-ray 0.1995 0.3258 Nd k x-ray Pr k x-ray 0.1139/34. 0.7382/30. ann.rad./ Pr k x-ray 0.4050 Pr k x-ray Nd k x-ray 0.7565

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-88 Elem. or Isot. 141 Nd Nd Nd 144 Nd 145 Nd 146 Nd 147 Nd 142 143

Nuclear

148 149

150 151

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

27.152(40) 12.174(26) 23.798(19) 8.293(12) 17.189(32)

Nd Nd

5.756(21)

Nd Nd

5.638(28)

141.907723 142.909814 143.910087 144.912574 145.913117 146.916100

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 2.49 h EC/98 /1.823 0.802/ 3/2+ β+ /2 / 0+ 7/22.1 × 1015 a α 1.83 0+ 7/20+ 10.98 d β- /0.896 0.805/ 5/2-

147.916893 148.920149

1020 a 1.73 h

β- ββ- /1.691

149.920891 150.923829

1.33 × 1020 a 12.4 m

β-ββ- /2.442

Atomic Mass or Weight 140.909610

1.03/25 1.13/26 1.42/

1.2/

0+ 5/2-

0+ (3/2+)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +1.01

Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +0.3 Pr k x-ray (0.15–1.7)

–1.07

–0.60

–0.66

–0.31

0.58

0.9

Pr k x-ray 0.53102 0.09111–0.686

0.35

1.3

Pr k x-ray 0.1143/19. 0.2113/27. (0.026–1.6) Pm k x-ray 0.1168 0.2557 1.1806 (0.10–1.9)m 0.2785/29. 0.2501/18. (0.016–0.66) 0.418 0.1519 0.7998 0.1807 0.0848

152

Nd

151.92468

11.4 m

β- /1.1

0+

153

Nd Nd

152.92770 153.9295

28.9 s 25.9 s

β- /3.6 β- /2.8

0+

Nd Nd 157 Nd 158 Nd 159 Nd 160 Nd 161 Nd Pm 61 128 Pm 129 Pm 130 Pm

154.9329 155.9350 156.9390 157.9416 158.946 159.949 160.954

8.9 s 5.5 s > 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /5.0 β- /4.1

0+

127.9484 128.9432 129.9405

1.0 s ~ 2.4 s 2.5 s

β+, p

ann.rad.

β+, EC/11.

Pm

130.9359

~ 6.3 s

β+

131.9338 132.92978 133.9284

6. s 12. s 24. s

β+, EC/10. β+, EC/~ 7.0 β+, EC/~ 8.9

Pm Pm

134.9249 135.9236

0.8 m 1.8 m

β+, EC/6.0 β+ /89 /7.9 EC/11 /

11/2(3+)

Pm

136.92048

2.4 m

β+, EC/5.6

(11/2-)

0.1589 0.326–1.062 0.185 0.220 0.146 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.294 0.495 (0.13–0.47) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.3735 0.6027 ann.rad./ 0.1086

154

155 156

131

Pm Pm 134 Pm 132 133

135 136

137

K21599_S11.indb 88

0+ 0+

(5+)

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Pm

138m

Pm Pm 139 Pm 138

137.91955

139m

138.91680

Pm

140m

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

3.2 m

β+ /50 /~ 7.0 EC/50 /

3.9/

3+

10. s 0.18 s 4.14 m

β+ /6.9 IT/ β+ /68 /4.52 EC/32 /

6.1/ 3.52/

1+ (11/2-) (5/2+)

5.87 m

β+ /70 / EC/30 /

3.2

7/2-

140

Pm

139.91604

9.2 s

β+ /89 /6.09 EC/11 /

5.07/74

1+

141

Pm

140.91356

20.9 m

β+ /52 /3.72 EC/48 /

2.71

5/2+

Pm Pm

141.91287

67 μs 40.5 s

β+ /86 /4.87 EC/20 /

3.8/

1+

143

Pm

142.910933

265. d

144

Pm

143.912591

360. d

145

Pm

144.912749

146

Pm

145.914696

142m 142

147

Pm

146.915139

Pm

148m

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

3.

EC/1.041 β+ /< 6 × 10–6/ EC/2.332 β+ /7 × 10–6/

5/2+

3.8

5-

1.7

17.7 a

EC/0.163

5/2+

+3.8

+0.2

5.53 a

EC/63 /1.472 β- /37 /1.542

0.795/

2.623 a

β- /0.224

0.224/

7/2+

+2.6

+0.6

41.3 d

β- /95 /2.6 I.T./5 /0.137

0.4/60 0.5/17 0.7/21 1.02/ 2.47/

6-

1.8

1-

+2.0

3.3

3-

148

Pm

147.91748

5.37 d

β- /2.47

149

Pm

148.918334

2.212 d

β- /1.071

0.78/9 1.072/90

7/2+

150

Pm

149.92098

2.68 h

β- /3.45

1.6/ 2.3/ 1.8/

(1-)

K21599_S11.indb 89

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

~ +0.2

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1775 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.5209 0.7290 ann.rad./ 0.1887 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4028 (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.4199 0.7738 1.0283 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.7738 1.4898 ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.8862 1.2233 (0.208-0.882) ann.rad./ Nd k x-ray 0.6414 1.5758 Nd k x-ray 0.7420 Nd k x-ray 0.6180 0.6965 Nd k x-ray 0.0723 Nd k x-ray 0.4538 0.7362 0.7474 0.1213 0.1974 0.5503/94. 0.6300/89. 0.7257/33 0.5503 0.9149 1.4651 0.2859 0.5909 0.8594 0.3339/69. 1.1658/16. 1.3245/17.

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-89

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-90 Elem. or Isot. 151

Pm

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 150.92121

Pm Pm

152m2 152m1

Nuclear

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

1.183 d

β- /1.187

0.84/

15. m 7.5 m

β-, I.T./ β- /

Pm

151.92350

4.1 m

β- /3.5

153

Pm

152.92412

5.4 m

β- /1.90

3.5/20 3.50/60 1.7/

2.7 m

β- /

2.0/

1.9/

Pm

Pm

153.92646

1.7 m

β- /4.1

Pm Pm 157 Pm 158 Pm 159 Pm 160 Pm 161 Pm 162 Pm 163 Pm Sm 62 129 Sm 130 Sm 131 Sm 132 Sm 133 Sm

154.92810 155.93106 156.9330 157.9366 158.9390 159.9430 160.9459 161.950 162.954 150.36(2) 128.954 129.9489 130.9461 131.9407 132.9387

48. s 26.7 s 10.9 s 5. s 1.5 s

β- /3.2 β- /5.16 β- /4.6 β- /6.3

~ 0.55 s

β+, p

1.2 s 4.0 s 2.9 s

β+, EC/ β+ β+, EC/~ 8.4

Sm Sm 136 Sm 137 Sm 138 Sm

133.9340 134.9325 135.92828 136.92697 137.92324

11. s 10. s 42. s 45. s 3.0 m

β+, EC/5. β+, EC/7. β+, EC/4.5 β+, EC/6.1 β+, EC/3.9

10. s

I.T./94 /0.457 β+ /6 /

154

155 156

134 135

Sm

139m

139

Sm

K21599_S11.indb 90

138.92230

5/2+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +1.8

(>6) (4-)

152

154m

Spin (h/2π)

1+ (5/2-)

(5/2-)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b) 1.9

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) (0.25–2.9) 0.1677/8 0.2751/7 0.3401/22 (0.14–1.4) 0.1218 0.2447 0.3404 1.0971 1.4375 0.1218 (0.12–2.1) 0.0910 0.1198 0.1273 0.0820 0.1848 1.4403 0.0820 0.8396 1.3940 2.0589 (0.08–2.8) (0.05–0.78)

(0.072-0.261)

0+

2.6 m

β+ /75 /5.5 EC/25 /

ann.rad./ 0+ 5/2+

0+ 7/2+ 0+ 0+

(11/2-)

1.1

½+

–0.53

4.7

4.1/

ann.rad./ 0.3696 0.0845 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.0536 0.0747 Sm k x-ray 0.1118 0.1553 0.1901 0.2673 Pm k x-ray 0.3678

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

140

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Sm

Atomic Mass or Weight

139.91900

Sm

141m

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

14.8 m

β+, EC/3.4

1.9/

0+

22.6 m

β+ /32 / EC/68 / I.T./0.3 /0.1758

1.6/ 2.19/

11/2-

–0.84

–0.74

Spin (h/2π)

141

Sm

140.91848

10.2 m

β+ /52 /4.54 EC/48 /

3.2/

½+

142

Sm

141.91520

1.208 h

β+ /6 /2.10 EC/94 / IT/99/0.7540

1.0/

0+

2.47/

Sm

1.10 m

143m

143

Sm

144

Sm Sm

145

Sm Sm 148 Sm 149 Sm 150 Sm 151 Sm 152 Sm 153 Sm

3.07(7)

146 147

154 155

Sm Sm

14.99(18) 11.24(10) 13.82(7) 7.38(1) 26.75(16)

22.75(29)

8.83 m

β+ /46 /3.443 EC/54 /

143.911999 144.913410

340. d

EC/0.617

1.03 × 108 a 1.06 × 1011 a 7 × 1015 a 1016 a

α/ α/ α/ α/

2.50/ 2.23/ 1.96/

96. a

β- /0.0768

0.076/

1.930 d

β- /0.808

0.64/ 0.69/

153.922209 154.924640

22.2 m

β- /1.627

1.52

+1.01

+0.4

0+ 7/2-

–1.12

–0.6

–0.815

–0.26

–0.672

+0.075

–0.363

+0.7

0.02154

–0.0216

+1.3

Eu k x-ray 0.0697/4.7 0.10318/28 0.075–0.714

1.1

Eu k x-ray 0.1043/75. 0.0872 0.1657 0.2038 Eu k x-ray 0.1964 0.1978 0.3942 0.1894/100. 0.3636/82. 0.1898 0.110 0.264 (0.036-0.741)

0+ 7/20+ 7/20+ 5/20+ 3/2+

0+ 3/2-

Sm

155.92553

9.4 h

β- /0.72

0.43/ 0.71/

0+

157

Sm

156.92836

8.0 m

β- /2.7

2.4/

3/2-

158

Sm

157.9300

5.5 m

β- /2.0

0+

Sm Sm 161 Sm 162 Sm 163 Sm

158.9332 159.9351 160.9388 161.941 162.945

11.3 s 9.6 s ~ 4.8 s 2.4 s

β- /3.8 β- /3.6

0+

160

K21599_S11.indb 91

+1.6

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4028 (0.27–2.4) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1396 0.2255 (0.07–1.7) ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.1966 0.4318 0.7774 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 0.4382 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray Sm k x-ray 0.7540 ann.rad./ Pm k x-ray 1.0565

3/2+

156

159

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

11/2-

142.914628

145.913041 146.914898 147.914823 148.917185 149.917276 150.919932 151.919732 152.922097

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0+

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-91

Pm k x-ray 0.0613 0.4924

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-92

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 164 Sm 165 Sm Eu 63 130 Eu 131 Eu 132 Eu 133 Eu 134 Eu 135 Eu 136m Eu 136 Eu 137 Eu 138 Eu 139 Eu 140m Eu 140 Eu 141m Eu

141

Eu

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 163.948 164.953 151.964(1) 129.964 130.9578 131.9544 132.9492 133.9465 134.9418 135.9396 136.9356 137.93371 138.92979 139.9281

140.92493

Eu

142m

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.9 ms ~ 26. ms

p β+, p

1.027/ p/0.95

0.5 s 1.5 s ~ 3.2 s ~ 3.9 s 11. s 12. s 18. s 0.125 s 1.51 s 3.0 s

EC, β+ EC, β+ /~ 8.7

40. s

7+ 1+ 11/27+

EC, β+ /10. EC/~ 7.5 EC, β+ /~ 9.2 EC, β+ /6.7 EC, β+ EC, β+ /8.4 β+ /58 / EC/9 / I.T./33 /0.0964 β+ /81 /5.6 EC/15 /

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Spin (h/2π) 0+

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

5 6

111/2-

+1.37

+0.31

5/2+

+3.49

+0.85

1.22 m

β+ /83 / EC/17 /

4.8/

8-

+2.98

+1.4

β- /94/7.4 EC/6 / β+ /72/5.17 EC/28/

7.0/

1+

+1.54

+0.12

4.1/ 5.1/

5/2+

+3.67

+0.51

142

Eu

141.92343

2.4 s

143

Eu

142.92030

2.62 m

144

Eu

143.91882

10.2 s

β+ /86 /6.33 EC/13 /

5.31/

1+

+1.89

+0.10

145

Eu

144.916265

5.93 d

β+ /2 /2.660 EC/98 /1.71

0.79/

5/2+

+4.00

+0.29

146

Eu

145.91721

4.57 d

β+ /5 /3.88 EC/95 /

1.47/

4-

+1.42

–0.18

147

Eu

146.916746

24.4 d

EC/99. /1.722 β+ /0.4 /

5/2+

+3.73

+0.53

148

Eu

147.91809

54.5 d

EC/3.11

5-

+2.34

+0.35

K21599_S11.indb 92

0.92

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.255 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray (0.09–1.6) ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.3845 0.3940 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.5566 0.7680 1.0233 ann.rad./ 0.7680 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.1107/7 1.5368/3. 1.9127/2. ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 1.6601 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6535 0.8937 1.6587 ann.rad./ Sm k x-ray 0.6336 0.6341 0.7470 (0.27–2.64) Sm k x-ray 0.12113/20.6 0.19725/24.0 (0.601-1.077) Sm k x-ray

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

149

Eu

148.917931

93.1 d

EC/0.692

5/2+

+3.57

+0.75

150

Eu

149.91970

36. a

EC/2.26

5-

+2.71

+1.13

12.8 h

β- /92 / β+ /0.4 / EC/8 /

+3.472

+0.90

Eu

150m

151

Eu Eu

47.81(6)

150.919850

152m2

Eu

152m1

152

Eu

153

Eu Eu

151.921745

52.19(6)

>1.7x1018 a 1.60 h

1.013/ 1.24/

5/2+ 8-

I.T./0.1478

9.30 h

β- /72 / EC/28 /

1.85/ 0.89/

0-

13.5 a

EC/72 /1.874 β- /28 /1.818

0.69/ 1.47/

3-

–1.941

+2.71

+2.41

I.T./~ 0.16

5/2+ 8-

+1.533

46.1 m

0.27/29 0.58/38 0.84/17 0.98/4 1.87/11 0.15/

3-

–2.01

+2.8

5/2+

+1.520

+2.50

0.30/11 0.49/30 1.2/12 2.45/31 0.98/ 1.30/41

1+

≈1.1

(5/2+)

+1.50

+2.6

152.921230

154m

0-

154

Eu

153.922979

8.59 a

β- /99.9/1.969 EC/0.02/0.717

155

Eu

154.922893

4.76 a

β- /0.252

156

Eu

155.92475

15.2 d

β- /2.451

157

Eu

156.92542

15.13 h

β- /1.36

158

Eu

157.9279

45.9 m

β- /3.5

2.5/

(1-)

+1.44

+0.7

159

Eu

158.92909

18.1 m

β- /2.51

2.4/ 2.57/

(5/2+)

+1.38

+2.7

K21599_S11.indb 93

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5503/99. 0.6299/71. (0.067–2.17) Sm k x-ray 0.2770/4.1 0.3275/4.8 Sm k x-ray 0.3340 0.4394 0.5843 (0.25–1.8) Sm k x-ray 0.3339 0.4065

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-93

Eu k x-ray 0.0898 Sm k x-ray 0.12178 0.84153 0.96334 Sm k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.12178 0.34427 1.40802 (0.252–1.528) Eu k x-ray 0.0682 0.1009 Gd k x-ray 0.12299/40. 0.72331/20. 1.2745/36 (0.059-1.90) Gd k x-ray 0.0865/30 0.1053/20 0.08899/9. 0.64623/7. 0.723441/6. 0.8118/10. Gd k x-ray 0.0639/100. 0.3705/48. 0.4107/76. 0.0795 0.8976 0.9442 0.9771 0.0678 0.0786 0.0957

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-94 Elem. or Isot. 160 Eu

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 159.9320

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 38. s β- /4.1 2.7/ (0-) 4.1/

Nuclear

Eu Eu 163 Eu 164 Eu 165 Eu 166 Eu 167 Eu Gd 64 135 Gd 136 Gd 137 Gd 138 Gd 139m Gd 139 Gd 140 Gd 141m Gd 141 Gd 142 Gd 143m Gd

160.9337 161.9370 162.9392 163.943 164.946 165.950 166.953 157.25(3) 134.953 135.9473 136.9450 137.9401

143

Gd

142.9268

39. s

β+ /82 /6.0 EC/18 /

144

Gd

143.92296

4.5 m

β+ /45 /4.3 EC/55 /

1.44 m

I.T./95 /0.749 β+ /4 /5.7

161 162

138.9382 139.93367 140.93213 141.92812

Gd

145m

27. s 11. s

β- /3.7 β- /5.6

1.1 s

β+

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0753 0.1735 0.4131 0.5155 0.8217 0.9110 0.9246 0.0719

(0.163–0.360) 0+

7. s ~ 4.7 s ~ 4.8 s 5. s 16. s 25. s 21. s 1.17 m 1.84 m

EC, β+ /~ 8.8 EC, β+

0+

EC, β+ /~ 7.7 EC/4.8 EC, β+ / β+ /7.3 EC, β+ /4.2 β+ /67 / EC/33 / I.T./

0+ 11/2½+ 0+ 11/2-

1/2+

3.3/

0+

11/2-

–1.0

–0.74

145

Gd

144.92171

23.4 m

β+ /33 /5.05 EC/67 /

2.5/

1/2+

146

Gd

145.918311

48.3 d

EC/99.9 /1.03 β+ /0.2

0.35/

0+

147

Gd

146.919094

1.588 d

EC/99.8 /2.188 EC/0.2 /

0.93/

7/2-

K21599_S11.indb 94

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1.0

ann.rad./ 0.0647 0.1216 0.104–0.323 0.1748 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.1176 0.2719 0.5880 0.6681 0.7999 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.2048 0.2588 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 0.3332 0.0273 0.3295 0.3866 0.7214 ann.rad./ Eu k x-ray 1.7579 1.8806 (0.32–3.69) Eu k x-ray 0.1147 0.1155 0.1546 Eu k x-ray 0.2293

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

148 149

150 151

152 153

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

71. a 9.3 d

α/3.27 EC/1.32

3.1828/

Gd Gd

149.91866 150.920348

1.8 × 106 a 124. d

α/2.80 EC/0.464

2.73/

151.919791 152.921750

240. d

Gd Gd

0.20(1)

Gd Gd 156 Gd 157 Gd 158 Gd 159 Gd

2.18(3) 14.80(12) 20.47(9) 15.65(2) 24.84(7)

Gd Gd

21.86(19)

0.8

Eu k x-ray 0.1536 0.2432

EC/0.485

0+ 3/2-

0.4

Eu k x-ray 0.09743 0.10318

0+ 3/20+ 3/20+ 3/2-

153.920867 154.922622 155.922123 156.923960 157.924104 158.926389

18.6 h

β- 0.971

159.927054 160.929669

>1.9 × 1019 a 3.66 m

β- ββ- /1.956

1.56/85

0+ 5/2-

1.0/

0+

β- /1.39

163

Gd

162.9340

1.13 m

β- /3.1

163.9359 164.9394 165.942 166.946 167.948 168.953 158.92535(2)

45. s 10 s ~ 4.8 s

β- /2.3 β-

0.9 ms

p

Tb

139.946

2.4 s

β+, EC/11

Tb Tb 142m Tb 142 Tb 143 Tb 144m Tb

140.9415

3.5 s 25 μs 0.30 s 0.60 s 12. s 4.1 s

β+, EC/~ 8.3

K21599_S11.indb 95

141.9387 142.9351

–0.258

+1.30

–0.340

+1.36

–0.44

Tb k x-ray 0.36351 0.058-0.855 Tb k x-ray 0.1023 0.3149 0.3609 0.4030 0.4421 0.2868 0.214 1.685

0+ (0.040-1.015)

0+

1.6 s

142m2

0.971/58 0.913/29 0.607/12

0+

137.9532 138.9483

141

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3699 0.3960 0.9289 (0.1–1.8)

0+ 7/2-

8.4 m

Gd Gd 166 Gd 167 Gd 168 Gd 169 Gd Tb 65 135 Tb 138 Tb 139 Tb

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

Eu k x-ray 0.1496 0.2985 0.3465

161.930985

165

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0.9

Gd

164

Spin (h/2π)

0+ 7/2-

162

140

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

147.918115 148.919341

155

161

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Gd Gd

154

160

Atomic Mass or Weight

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-95

β+, EC/ β+, EC/10. β+, EC/7.4 IT

p/1.179 0.109 0.120 0.329 0.355–0.740

40+ 11/25-

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-96 Elem. or Isot. 144 Tb 145m Tb

145

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 143.93305

Nuclear

Tb Tb

144.9293

Tb Tb

145.92725

Tb

146.92405

147m

147

Tb

148m

148

Tb

147.92427

Tb

149m

149

Tb

148.923246

Tb

150m

150

Tb

Tb

151m

K21599_S11.indb 96

β+, EC/6.5 β+ /76 / EC/24 /

½+ (5-)

~ 8. s 1.8 m

β+ /8.1 β+ /35 / EC/65 /

1+ 11/2-

1.6 h

β+ /42 /4.61 EC/58 /

5/2+

2.3 m

β+ /25 / EC/75 /

9+

1.00 h

β+, EC/5.69

2-

4.16 m

EC/88 / β+ /12 /

11/2-

4.13 h

β+ /4 /3.636 α/16/

6.0 m

β+ /17 / EC/83 /

3.3 h

25. s

23. s

146m

146

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) < 1.5 s β+, EC/8.4 1+ 30. s β+, EC/~ 6.6 11/2-

149.92366

1.8/ 3.97/

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ 0.2577 0.5370 0.9876 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.0789 1.5795

+1.70

–1.75

½+

+1.35

β+, EC/4.66

2-

–0.90

I.T./95 / β+, EC/7 /

11/2-

–0.3

ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 1.3977 1.7978 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.6944 1.1522 (0.120–3.318) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3945 0.6319 0.7845 0.8824 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4888 0.7845 (0.14–3.8) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.7960 Gd k x-ray 0.1650 0.3522 0.3886 (0.1–3.2) ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.4384 0.6380 0.6504 0.8275 ann.rad./ 0.4963 0.6380 (0.3–4.29) 0.0229 0.0495 0.3797 0.8305

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 150.923103

Tb

152m

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 17.61 h β+/1 /2.565 0.70/ 1/2+ EC/99 /

4.3 m

I.T./79 /0.5018 EC/21 /4.35

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +0.92

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

2-

–0.58

+0.3

+1.1

(8+)

152

Tb

151.92407

17.5 h

β+ /20 /3.99 EC/80 /

153

Tb

152.923435

2.34 d

EC/1.570

5/2+

+3.44

Tb

23.1 h

EC/98 / I.T./2 /

(7-)

0.9

Tb

10.0 h

β+ /78 / I.T./22 /

(3-)

+1.7

+3.

+2.01

+1.41

154m2

154m1

2.5/ 2.8/

154

Tb

153.92468

21.5 h

EC/99 /3.56 β+ /1 /

155

Tb

154.92351

5.3 d

EC/0.82

3/2+

Tb

1.02 d

I.T./

(7-)

Tb

5.3 h

I.T./0.0884

(0+)

156m2

156m1

1.86/ 2.45

0-

156

Tb

155.924747

5.3 d

EC/2.444

3-

~ 1.7

+2.

157

Tb

156.924025

1.1 × 102 a

EC/0.0601

3/2+

+2.01

+1.4

10.5 s

I.T./0.11

0-

157.925413

1.8 × 102 a

EC/80 /1.220 β- /20 /0.937

3-

+1.76

+2.7

158.925347 159.927168

72.3 d

β- /1.835

3/2+ 3-

+2.014 +1.79

+1.43 3.8

Tb

158m

158

Tb

159

Tb Tb

160

K21599_S11.indb 97

100.

0.57/47

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Gd k x-ray 0.1083 0.2517 0.2870 (0.1–1.8) Tb k x-ray Gd k x-ray 0.2833 0.3443 0.4111 ann.rad./ Gd k x-ray 0.3443 (0.2–2.88) Gd k x-ray 0.2119 (0.05–1.1) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.3467 1.4199 Gd k x-ray 0.1231 0.2479 0.5401 (0.12–2.57) Gd k x-ray 0.1231 1.2744 2.1872 (0.12–3.14) Gd k x-ray 0.08654 0.10530 Tb k x-ray 0.0496 Tb k x-ray 0.0884 Gd k x-ray 0.08896 0.19921 0.53435 1.22245 Gd k x-ray 0.0545 Gd k x-ray 0.0110 Gd k x-ray 0.0795 0.9442 0.9621

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 151 Tb

11-97

Dy k x-ray

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-98 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.86/27

Spin (h/2π)

Tb

160.927570

6.91 d

β- /0.593

0.46/23 0.52/66 0.6/10

3/2+

162

Tb

161.92949

7.6 m

β- /2.51

1.4

(1/2-)

163

Tb

162.930648

19.5 m

β- /1.785

0.80/

3/2+

164

Tb

163.9334

3.0 m

β- /3.9

1.7/

(5+)

165

Tb

164.9349

2.1 m

β- /3.0

166

Tb Tb

165.9380 166.9401

26 s 19 s

β-/

Tb Tb 170 Tb 171 Tb Dy 66 139 Dy 140 Dy 141 Dy 142 Dy 143 Dy 144 Dy 145m Dy 146m Dy 146 Dy 147m Dy

167.944 168.946 169.950 170.953 162.500(1) 138.960 139.954 140.9514 141.9464 142.9438 143.93925 144.9365

8s

147

Dy

148

149

Nuclear

161

167

168 169

β+, p

0.9 s 2.3 s 3.9 s 9.1 s 14. s 0.15 s 30. s 56. s

EC, β+ /9. EC, β+ /7.1 EC, β+ /~ 8.8 EC, β+ /~ 6.2 EC, β+ I.T. EC, β+ /5.2 I.T./40 / β+, EC/60 /

146.93109

75. s

EC, β+ /6.37

Dy

147.92715

3.1 m

β+ /4 /2.68 EC/96 /

Dy

148.92731

4.2 m

β+, EC/3.81

K21599_S11.indb 98

2.2

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+1.2

3/2+

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.08678 0.29857 0.87936 0.96615 Dy k x-ray 0.02565 0.04892 0.07458 Dy k x-ray 0.2600 0.8075 0.8882 Dy k x-ray 0.3511 0.3897 0.4945 Dy k x-ray 0.1689 0.2157 0.6110 0.6885 0.7548 0.5389 1.1785 1.2920 1.6648 0.057 0.070 (0.075–0.227)

0.6 s

145.93285

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0+ 0+

1.2/

0+ 11/210+ 0+ (11/2-)

–0.66

½+

–0.92

+0.7

0+

(7/2-)

–0.12

–0.62

Dy k x-ray 0.072 0.6787 ann.rad./ 0.1007 0.2534 0.3653 ann.rad./ Tb k x-ray 0.6202 ann.rad./

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

150

Dy

149.925585

7.18 m

151

Dy

150.926185

17. m

152

153

154 155

156 157

158 159

Dy

151.92472

Dy

152.925765

Dy Dy

Dy Dy

0.056(3)

Dy Dy

0.095(3)

Dy Dy 162 Dy 163 Dy 164 Dy 165m Dy 160 161

2.329(18) 18.889(42) 25.475(36) 24.896(42) 28.260(54)

2.37 h 6.3 h

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

β+, EC/67 /1.79 α/33 / β+ /5 /2.871 EC/89 / α /6 /

EC/0.60 α/ β+ /1 /2.171 EC/99 / α /0.01 /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+ 4.233/ 7/2-

(7/2-)

–0.78

~–0.15

0+ 3/2-

–0.385

+1.04

Tb k x-ray 0.0655 0.2269

0+

3.46/

2.87/ 0.845/

0.3967 Tb k x-ray 0.1764 0.3030 0.3861 0.5463 (0.16–2.09) Tb k x-ray 0.2569 Tb k x-ray 0.0807 0.0997 0.2137 (0.08–1.66)

–0.30

4.067/

3.63/ 0.89/

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1008 0.1063 0.2534 0.6536 0.7894 1.7765 1.8062 Tb k x-ray

–0.95

153.92442 154.92575

3. × 106 a 9.9 h

α/2.95 β+ /2 /2.095 EC/98 /

155.92428 156.92547

8.1 h

EC/1.34

0+ 3/2-

–0.301

+1.30

Tb k x-ray (0.061–1.319)

157.924409 158.925739

144. d

EC/0.366

0+ 3/2-

–0.354

+1.37

Tb k x-ray 0.3262

–0.480

+2.51

+0.673

+2.65

159.925198 160.926933 161.926798 162.928731 163.929175 1.26 m

I.T./98 /0.108 β- /2 /

0+ 5/2+ 0+ 5/20+ 1/2-

165

Dy

164.931703

2.33 h

β- /1.286

1.29/

7/2+

166

Dy

165.932807

3.400 d

β- /0.486

0.40/

0+

167

Dy

166.9357

6.2 m

β- /~ 2.35

1.78

(1/2-)

168

Dy

167.9371

8.5 m

β- /1.6

K21599_S11.indb 99

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

0+

–0.52

–3.5

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-99

Dy k x-ray 0.1082 0.5155 Ho k x-ray 0.09468/3.8 Ho k x-ray 0.0282 0.0825 Ho k x-ray 0.2593 0.3103 0.5697 (0.06–1.4) Ho k x-ray 0.1925 0.4867

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-100

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 169 Dy 170 Dy 171 Dy 172 Dy 173 Dy Ho 67 140 Ho 141m Ho 141 Ho Ho Ho 144 Ho 145 Ho 146 Ho 147 Ho 148m Ho 148 Ho 142 143

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 168.9403 169.9424 170.9462 171.9488 172.953 164.93032(2) 139.969 140.963 141.960 142.9546 143.9515 144.9472 145.9446 146.94006 147.9377

Ho

149m

149

Ho Ho

148.93378

Ho

149.93350

150m

150

Ho

151m

151

Ho

150.93169

Ho

152m

152

Ho

Ho

153m

K21599_S11.indb 100

151.93171

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) ~ 39. s β- /3.2

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0+ 0+

6 ms 8 μs 4.1 ms

p/ p/ β+, p

p/1.09 p/1.23 p/1.17/99.3 p/0.97/0.7

0.4 s > 0.2 μs 0.7 s 2.4 s 3.3 s 5.8 s 9.6 s 2. s

EC/β+, p β+, EC/12 β+ β+, EC/10.7 β+, EC/8.2 β+, EC/ β+, EC/9.4

(10+) 11/241+

21. s

β+, EC/

11/2-

> 30. s 25. s

β+, EC/6.01 β+, EC/

1/2+ (9+)

1.3 m

β+, EC/6.6

47. s

β+, EC/87 / α/13

0.307

ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.6615 1.6883 ann.rad./ 1.0733 1.0911

4.605/

35.2 s

β+, EC/80/5.13 α/20 / 4.519/

50. s

β+, EC/90/ α/10/

(9+)

+5.9

–1.3

~ +0.1

4.453/

2.4 m

β+, EC/88/6.47 α/12/ 4.387/

(3+)

–1.02

9.3 m

β+, EC/99+/4.12 α/

5/2

+1.19

4.01/

ann.rad./ 0.3939 0.5511 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.5913 0.6534 0.8034 ann.rad./ 0.2102 0.4889 0.6948 0.7762 ann.rad./ 0.3522 0.5274 0.9676 1.0471 ann.rad./ 0.4929 0.6138 0.6474 0.6835 ann.rad./ 0.6140 0.6476 ann.rad./ 0.0905

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

153

Ho

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

152.93020

Ho

154m

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

2.0 m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

β+, EC/99+/4.13 α/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

11/2-

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

+6.8

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

–1.1

3.91/

3.3 m

β+, EC/

(8+)

5.7

–1.0

154

Ho

153.93060

12. m

β+, EC/5.75

1-

–0.64

+0.2

155

Ho

154.92910

48. m

β+/6/3.10 EC/94 /

(5/2+)

+3.51

+1.5

5.8 m

I.T./0.0352 β+ /25 / EC/75 /

+2.99

+2.3

7/2-

+4.35

+3.0

+2.44

+1.6

+3.77

+4.1

Ho

156m

1.8/ 2.9/

156

Ho

155.92984

56. m

β+, EC/4.4

157

Ho

156.92826

12.6 m

β+/5/2.54 EC/95/

Ho

28. m

I.T./44/ EC/56/

2-

Ho

21. m

β+, EC/

(9+)

11.3 m

β+/8/4.24 EC/92/

158m2

158m1

158

Ho

K21599_S11.indb 101

157.92894

(5+)

1.18/

1.30/

5+

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1089 0.1618 0.2302 0.2707 0.3659 0.4565 ann.rad./ 0.2958 0.3346 0.4381 0.6383 ann.rad./ 0.3346 0.4124 0.4771 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.3346 0.5700 0.8734 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0474 0.1363 0.3254 (0.06–2.24) ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.1378 0.2666 (0.28–2.9) ann.rad./ 0.1378 0.2665 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.2800 0.3411 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray 0.0989 0.2182 ann.rad./ 0.0981 0.1664 0.2182 0.3205 0.4062 0.9774 1.0532 0.4846 ann.rad./ Dy k x-ray

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-101

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-102 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Ho

159m

Nuclear

159

Ho

158.927712

Ho Ho

160m

Ho

159.92873

Ho

161m

161

Ho

160.927855

Ho

162m

162

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

8.3 s

IT/0.206

1/2+

33.0 m

EC/1.838

7/2-

+4.28

+3.2

1+ 2-

+2.52

+1.8

5+

+3.71

+4.0

3. s 5.0 h

160m2

160

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Ho

161.929096

Ho

163m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

IT/67/0.060 EC/33/3.35

0.57/

Spin (h/2π)

β+, EC/3.29

6.8 s

IT/0.211

2.48 h

EC/0.859

7/2-

+4.25

+3.2

1.12 h

IT/61/ EC/39/

6-

+3.60

+4.

15. m

EC/96 /0.295 β+ /4 /

1+

1.09 s

I.T./0.298

(1/2+) +4.23

+3.6

+4.17 3.6

+3.6 ~ –3.

162.928734

4.57 × 103 a 36.4 m

EC/0.00258 I.T./0.140

7/2(6-)

164

Ho

163.930234

29. m

EC/58 /0.987 β- /42 /0.963

1+

165

Ho Ho

1.2 × 103 a

β- /

164m

166m

K21599_S11.indb 102

100.

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

25.6 m

Ho Ho

163

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

164.930322

7/27-

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0989 0.2182 0.9488 Ho k x-ray 0.1660 0.2059 Dy k x-ray 0.1210 0.1320 0.2529 0.3096 (0.06–1.2) 0.0868 0.1970 0.6464 0.7281 0.8791 0.9619 0.9658 See Ho[166m] 0.7282 0.8794 Ho k x-ray 0.2112 Dy k x-ray 0.0256 0.0592 0.0774 0.1031 Dy k x-ray Ho k x-ray 0.0807 0.1850 0.2828 0.9372 1.2200 Dy k x-ray 0.0807 1.3196 1.3728 Ho k x-ray 0.2798 Dy M x-ray Ho k x-ray 0.0373 0.0566 0.0940 Dy k x-ray 0.0734 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.18407

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

166

Ho

165.932284

1.117 d

β- /1.855

1.776/48 1.855/51

0-

167

Ho

166.93313

3.1 h

β- /1.007

0.31/43 0.61/21 0.96/15 0.97/15

(7/2-)

Ho Ho

167.93552

2.2 m 3.0 m

I.T./ β- /2.91

2.0/

3+

Ho

168.93687

4.7 m

β- /2.12

1.2/ 2.0/

(7/2-)

168m 168

169

Ho

170m

43. s

β- /

1+

6+

170

Ho

169.93962

2.8 m

β- /3.87

171

Ho Ho

170.941 171.9448

53 s 25. s

β- / β- /

172

Ho Ho 175 Ho Er 68 144 Er 145m Er 145 Er 146 Er 147m Er 147 Er 148 Er 149m Er 149 Er 150 Er

172.9473 173.951 174.954 167.259(3) 143.9604

148.94231 149.93791

> 0.2 μs 1.0 s 0.9 s ~ 1.7 s 25. s 2.5 s 4.5 s 10. s 10.7 s 18. s

Er

150.93745

23. s

173 174

151

K21599_S11.indb 103

144.9574 145.9520 146.9495 147.9446

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.71169 0.81031 Er k x-ray 0.08057 1.37943 Er k x-ray 0.0793 0.0835 0.2379 0.3213 0.3465

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-103

Er k x-ray 0.7413 0.8159 0.8211 (0.08–2.34) 0.1496 0.7610 0.7784 0.7884 0.8529 0.0787 0.8123 1.8940 1.9726 Er k x-ray 0.1816 0.2582 0.8902 0.9321 0.9414 1.1387 Er k x-ray (0.077–1.186)

0+ β+ β+

0.067 0.049 0+ 0.683

E.C, β+ /~ 9.1 β+, EC/6.8 IT ECβ+ /8.1 β+ /36 /4.11 EC/64 /

0+ 11/2½+ 0+

β+, EC/5.2

7/2-

ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.4758 ann.rad./

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-104 Elem. or Isot. 152 Er

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 151.93505

Nuclear

Half–life/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) 10.2 s β+, EC/10/3.11 α/90/ 37.1 s α/ β+, EC/47/4.56 3.7 m β+, EC/99+/2.03 α/0.5/ 5.3 m β+, EC/47/3.84 EC/53 /

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π) 0+

4.804/ 4.674 4.35/

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./

–0.934

–0.42

0.351 (0.0945–1.70) ann.rad./

–0.669

–0.27

–0.412

+0.92

–0.304

+1.17

ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.1101 0.2415 ann.rad./ 0.0298 0.0352 0.0522 0.1336 ann.rad./ 0.117 0.385 1.320 1.660 1.820 2.000 Ho k x-ray 0.0719 0.2486 0.3868 ann.rad./ Ho k x-ray 0.6245 0.6493 (0.07–2.5) Ho k x-ray (0.05–0.96) Ho k x-ray 0.8265 (0.07–1.74)

153

Er

152.935063

154

Er

153.93278

155

Er

154.93321

156

Er

155.93107

20. m

β+, EC/1.7

0+

157

Er

156.93192

25. m

β+, EC/3.5

3/2-

158

Er

157.92989

2.2 h

EC/99.5 /1.78 β+ /0.5 /

159

Er

158.930684

36. m

β+ /7 /2.769 EC/93 /

3/2-

160

Er

159.92908

1.191 d

EC/0.33

0+

161

Er

160.93000

3.21 h

EC/2.00

3/2-

–0.37

+1.36

162

Er Er

0.139(5)

161.928778 162.93003

1.25 h

EC/1.210

0+ 5/2-

+0.557

+2.55

Ho k x-ray 0.4361 0.4399 1.1135

Er Er 166 Er 167m Er

1.601(3)

10.36 h

EC/0.376

+0.643

+2.71

Ho k x-ray

2.27 s

I.T./0.208

0+ 5/20+ ½-

Er Er 169 Er

22.869(9) 26.978(18)

7/2+ 0+ ½-

Er Er

14.910(36)

163

164 165

167 168

170 171

K21599_S11.indb 104

33.503(36)

163.929200 164.930726 165.930293

166.932048 167.932370 168.934590

9.40 d

β- /0.351

169.935464 170.938030

7.52 h

β- /1.491

0+ 4.166/ (7/2-)

0.74/

0.35/~ 100

0+

0+ 5/2-

Er k x-ray 0.2078 –0.5639

+3.57

+0.485

0.66

Tm k x-ray 0.1098 0.1182 2.9

Tm k x-ray

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

172

Er

171.939356

2.05 d

β-/0.891

173

Er

172.9424

1.4 m

β- /2.6

(7/2-)

174

Er

173.9442

3.1 m

β- /1.8

0+

174.9478 175.9501 176.954 168.93421(2)

1.2 m

β-

Er Er 177 Er Tm 69 144 Tm 145 Tm 175 176

144.9701

Tm

146m

146

147

~ 1.9 μs 3.1 μs

p p// ~ 10

0.198 s

β+, p

145.9664

73 ms

β+/14. p

Tm Tm

146.9610

0.4 ms 0.56 s

147.9578

0.7 s

β+, p EC, β+/85 p/15/ β+, EC/12.

148.9527 149.9500 150.94548

0.9 s 2.3 s 4. s 8. s 5. s 1.6 s

Tm Tm 149 Tm 150 Tm 151 Tm 152m Tm 152 Tm 153 Tm 148m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.11160 0.29591 0.30832 (0.08–1.4) Tm k x-ray 0.0597 0.4073 0.6101 Tm k x-ray 0.1928 0.1992 0.8952 Tm k x-ray (0.100–0.152) (0.0765–1.17)

0+

Tm

147m

0.28/48 0.36/46

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-105

1.70, 1.43 1.73/91 1.40/~9.6 p/1.12/99 p/0.89/~1 p/1.19/68 p/1.01/~18 p/0.94/~14 p/1.115 ~ 10.7 1.052/ ann.rad./

148

151.9444 152.94201

Tm

3.3 s

154m

154

Tm

153.94157

8.1 s

155

Tm

154.93920

30. s

Tm Tm

156m 156

157

Tm

K21599_S11.indb 105

155.93898

156.93697

19. s 1.40 m

3.6 m

β+, EC/~ 9.2 β+, EC/~ 11.5 β+, EC/7.5 β+, EC/ β+, EC/8.8 β+,EC/10 /6.46 α/90 / β+, EC/15 / α/ β+, EC/56 /7.4 α/44 / β+, EC/5.58 α/

11/26-

(0.101–2.177) ann.rad./

9+

5.109/ α/5.031/100 4.84/0.24 α/4.956/100 4.83/0.45

(11/2-)

6.9

~ +0.5

(9+)

+5.9

~ –0.2

(2-)

–1.14

~ +0.4

4.46/

β+, EC/4.5

2.6

ann.rad./ 0.4605–0.796 ann.rad./ 0.0315 0.0638 0.0881 0.2268 0.5320 0.6067

4.46/

α/ β+, EC/7.6 α/

ann.rad./ ann.rad./

2-

+0.40

½+

+0.48

4.23/

–0.5

ann.rad./ 0.3446 0.4529 0.5860 ann.rad./

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-106 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Particle Energy/ Decay Mode/ Intensity Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) α/ 3.97/

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

Tm

157.93698

4.0 m

β+, EC/74 /6.5 EC/26 /

(2-)

+0.04

+0.7

159

Tm

158.93498

9.1 m

β+/23 /3.9 EC/77 /

5/2+

+3.42

+1.9

Tm Tm

159.93526

1.24 m 9.4 m

IT β+/15 /5.9 EC/85 /

(5) 1-

+0.16

+0.58

Tm

160.93355

31. m

β+, EC/3.2

7/2+

+2.40

+2.9

24. s

I.T./90 / β+, EC/10 /

5+

+0.69

Nuclear

158

160m 160

161

Tm

162m

162

Tm

161.93400

21.7 m

β+ /8 /4.81 EC/92 /

1-

+0.07

163

Tm

162.93265

1.81 h

EC/98 /2.439 β+ /1 /

½+

–0.082

5.1 m

I.T./80 / β+, EC/20 /

6-

2.0 m

β+ /36 /3.96 EC/64 /

Tm

164m

164

Tm

K21599_S11.indb 106

163.93356

2.94/

1+

+2.38

+0.71

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1104 0.3484 0.3855 0.4550 (0.1–1.58) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1921 0.3351 0.6280 1.1498 (0.18–2.81) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0591 0.0848 0.2713 (0.05–1.27) ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1264 0.2642 0.7285 0.8544 0.8614 1.3685 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.0595 0.0844 1.6481 (0.04–2.15) Tm k x-ray Er k x-ray 0.0669 0.8115 0.9003 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray 0.1020 0.7987 (0.1–3.75) Er k x-ray 0.0692 0.1043 0.2414 0.0914 0.1394 0.2081 0.2405 0.3149 ann.rad./ Er k x-ray

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

165

Tm

164.932435

1.253 d

EC/1.593

½+

–0.139

166

Tm

165.93355

7.70 h

EC/98 /3.04 β+ /2 /

2+

+0.092

167

Tm

166.932852

9.24 d

EC/0.748

½+

–0.197

168

Tm

167.934173

93.1 d

EC/1.679

3+

+0.23

+3.2

169

Tm Tm

168.934213 169.935801

128.6 d

½+ 1-

–0.231 +0.246

–1.2 +0.74

½+

–0.228

100

171

Tm

170.936429

1.92 a

β- /99.8/0.968 EC/0.2 /0.314 β- /0.096

172

Tm

171.93840

2.65 d

β- /1.88

173

Tm

172.939604

8.2 h

β- /1.298

0.80/21 0.86/71

½+

Tm Tm

173.94217

2.29 s 5.4 m

β- /3.08

0.70/14 1.20/83

(4-)

175

Tm

174.94384

15.2 m

β- /2.39

0.9/36 1.9/23

(1/2+)

176

Tm

175.9470

1.9 m

β-/4.2

2.0/ 1.2/

(4+)

176.9490 177.9526 178.955 173.054(5)

1.4 m

β-

170

174m 174

Tm Tm 179 Tm Yb 70 177 178

K21599_S11.indb 107

0.883/24 0.968/76 0.03/2 0.096/98 1.79/36 1.88/29

2-

+2.14

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.0914 Er k x-ray 0.0472 0.0544 0.29728 0.80636 Er k x-ray 0.0806 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524 Er k x-ray 0.0571 0.20778 Er k x-ray 0.19825 0.4475 0.81595

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-107

Yb k x-ray 0.08425 0.06674 Yb k x-ray 0.07879 1.38722 1.46601 1.52982 1.60861 Yb k x-ray 0.3988 0.4613 Yb k x-ray 0.07664 0.17669 0.27332 0.3666 0.99205 (0.08–1.6) Yb k x-ray 0.36396 0.51487 0.94125 0.98247 Yb k x-ray 0.1898 0.3819 1.0691

(7/2-)

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-108

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 148 Yb 149 Yb 150 Yb 151 Yb 152 Yb 153 Yb 154 Yb 155

156

157

Yb Yb Yb

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 147.967 148.964 149.9584 150.9554 151.9503 152.9495 153.94639 154.9458 155.94282 156.94263

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 0.7 s > 0.2 μs 1.6 s 3.2 s 4. s 0.40 s 1.7 s 26. s 39. s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

β+, p

p/2.5–6.4/

β+ /8.5 β+ EC/5.5 β+ EC/6.7 β+ EC/7 /4.49 α/93 / β+, EC/16 /6.0 α/84 / β+, EC/21/3.57 α/79 / β+, EC/99+/5.5 α/0.5/

Spin (h/2π) 0+

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.647

0+ (1/2+) 0+ 0+

ann.rad./

5.32/ (7/2-)

–0.91

–0.5

ann.rad./

5.19/ 0+

ann.rad./

4.69/ 7/2-

–0.64

4.69/

158

Yb

157.93987

1.5 m

β+, EC/1.9

0+

159

Yb

158.94005

1.4 m

EC, β+/5.1

5/2-

160

Yb

159.93755

4.8 m

β+, EC/2.0

0+

161

Yb

160.93790

4.2 m

β+, EC/3.9

3/2-

162

Yb

161.93577

18.9 m

β+, EC/1.7

0+

163

Yb

162.93633

11.1 m

β+ /26 /3.4

164

Yb

163.93449

1.26 h

EC/1.0

165

Yb

164.93528

9.9 m

β+ /10 /2.76 EC/90 /

166

Yb

165.93388

2.363 d

EC/0.30

K21599_S11.indb 108

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

1.4/

3/2-

–0.37

–0.22

–0.33

+1.03

–0.37

+1.24

+0.48

+2.48

0+

1.58/

(5/2-)

0+

ann.rad./ 0.231 (0.035–0.670) ann.rad./ 0.0741 0.2526 Tm k x-ray 0.1661 0.1772 0.3297 0.3903 ann.rad./ 0.1404 0.1737 0.2158 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0782 0.5999 0.6315 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.1188 0.1635 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0636 0.8603 (0.06–1.9) Tm k x-ray 0.0914 0.6752 ann.rad./ Tm k x-ray 0.0801 1.0903 Tm k x-ray 0.0828 0.1844 0.7789 1.2734 2.0524

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

168

Yb Yb

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

0.123(3)

Atomic Mass or Weight 166.934950

167.933897

169m

169

Yb

Yb Yb 172 Yb 173 Yb 174 Yb 175 Yb 170 171

168.935190

2.982(39) 14.09(14) 21.68(13) 16.103(63) 32.026(80)

169.934762 170.936326 171.936382 172.938211 173.938862 174.941277

Yb

176m

176

Yb Yb

12.996(83)

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 17.5 m β+ /0.5 /1.954 0.639/ 5/2EC/99.5 /

175.942572

177m

46. s

I.T./0.0242

0+ 1/2-

+0.51

32.02 d

EC/0.909

7/2+

–0.63

4.19 d

β- /0.470

0+ 1/20+ 5/20+ 7/2-

11.4 s

I.T./1.051

(8-)

1026 a 6.41 s

β-βI.T./0.3315

0+ 1/2-

0.466/73 0.071/21 0.353/6.2

177

Yb

176.945261

1.9 h

β- /1.399

1.40

9/2+

178

Yb

177.94665

1.23 h

β- /0.65

0.25/

0+

Yb Yb 181 Yb 182 Yb Lu 71 150m Lu 150 Lu 151m Lu 151 Lu 152 Lu 153 Lu 154 Lu 155m Lu 155 Lu

178.9502 179.9523 180.9562

8. m 2. m

β- /2.4 β-

(1/2-) 0+

p/1.29 p p/1.31 p/1.231

(3/2+) (11/2-)

154.95432

0.045 ms 43. ms 16 μs 0.08 s 0.7 s 0.9 s 1.0 s 2.6 ms 0.07 s

155.9530

0.20 s ~ 0.5 s

179 180

Lu 156 Lu

174.9668(1) 149.973 150.9676 151.9641 152.9588 153.9575

156m

Lu

157m

K21599_S11.indb 109

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +0.62

~ 9.6 s

Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +2.70 Tm k x-ray 0.06296 0.10616 0.11337 0.17633

+3.5

Yb L x-ray 0.0242 0.1979/35.9 0.3078/10.05 0.0207–0.261

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 167 Yb

11-109

+0.49367 –0.67989 0.77

+2.80 Lu k x-ray 0.3963/13 (0.114–0.28) Yb k x-ray 0.0961 0.1901 0.2929 0.3897 Yb k x-ray 0.1131 0.2084 Lu k x-ray 0.1504 0.1415 0.3246 0.3516 0.3815 0.6125 0.1028–0.442

11/2β+, EC/10.8 α/7.41 EC/8.0 α/ α/ β+, EC/9.5 α/ α

(25/2-) (11/2-) 5.66/90 5.57/

9+ 2-

ann.rad./

5.45/ 4.925/

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-110 Elem. or Isot. 157 Lu

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 156.95010

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 4.8 s β+, EC/94 /6.93 α/ 5.00/ 10.4 s β+, EC/99 /8.0 2α/ 4.67/

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

Nuclear

158

Lu

157.94931

159

Lu

158.94663

12.3 s

β+, EC/6.0

160

Lu

159.9460

36.1 s

β+, EC/7.3

161

Lu

160.94357

1.2 m

β+, EC/5.3

1/2+

+0.223

Lu Lu

161.9433

~ 1.5 m 1.37 m

EC/ β+, EC/6.9

41-

+0.055

163

Lu

162.94118

4.1 m

β+, EC/4.6

1/2+

+0.077

164

Lu

163.94134

3.14 m

β+, EC/6.3

1.6/ 3.8/

1-

+0.059

165

Lu

164.93941

10.7 m

β+, EC/3.9

2.06/

1/2+

–0.0245

Lu

2.1 m

β+ /35 / EC/65 /

(0-)

Lu

1.4 m

β+, EC/58 / I.T./42 /0.0344

(3-)

+0.189

+2.72

2.8 m

β+ /25 /5.5

(6-)

+2.91

+4.33

162m 162

166m2

166m1

166

Lu

K21599_S11.indb 110

165.93986

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./

ann.rad./ 0.3682 0.4770 ann.rad./ 0.1505 0.1875 0.3693 ann.rad./ 0.2434 0.3957 0.5773 ann.rad./ 0.0437 0.0671 0.1003 0.1108 0.1562 0.2562 +0.52

+0.61

ann.rad./ 0.1666 0.6314 ann.rad./ 0.0539 0.0581 0.1504 0.1631 0.3717 0.1238 0.2621 0.7404 0.8639 0.8804 ann.rad./ 0.1206 0.1324 0.1742 0.2036 (0.04–2.0) ann.rad./ Yb k x-ray 1.0673 1.2566 2.0986 ann.rad./ 0.1024 0.2281 0.2861 0.8119 0.8301 ann.rad./

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

167

Lu

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

166.93827

Lu

168m

168

Lu

167.93874

Lu

169m

169

Lu

168.93765

Lu

170m

170

Lu

169.93848

Lu

171m

171

Lu

170.937913

Lu

172m

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV) EC/75 /

52. m

β+ /2 /3.1 EC/98 /

6.7 m

β+ /12 / EC/88 / IT/ 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

β- /

Hf Hf 187 Hf 188 Hf 185 186

K21599_S11.indb 114

0+

0+

–0.641 +9.

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.20836 0.22847 0.37851 Hf k x-ray 0.32555 0.42635 0.089–0.574 Hf k x-ray 0.21342 0.32555 0.42635 Hf k x-ray 0.1227 0.1461 0.3626 0.4537 Hf k x-ray 0.1607 0.2141

+3.86 +4.6

Hf k x-ray 0.2152 0.3323 0.4432

Ta k x-ray 0.13294/36.6 0.48200/67.7 0.3459/13.5 Hf k x-ray 0.0509 0.2244 0.3441 0.4558 0.5066 0.9428 Ta k x-ray 0.2704/79 (0.098–0.270) Ta k x-ray 0.0732 0.4591 0.7837 Ta k x-ray 0.0414 0.1391 0.3449 0.165 0.738

0+

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

180.94788(2) 154.975 155.9723

3. ms 0.11 s

157

Ta

156.9682

10 ms

158

Ta

157.9667

37. ms

159

Ta

158.96302

0.6 s

160

Ta

159.9615

1.4 s

161

Ta

Ta Ta 164 Ta 162 163

160.9584 161.9573 162.95433 163.95353

3.16 s 4. s 10.6 s 14.2 s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

p/1.44 β+ /~ 11.6 p/ α/ p/ α/ β+, EC/20 /8.5 α/80 / β+, EC/10.1 α β+, EC/7.5 α/ EC/8.6 EC/6.8 β+ /8.5 α/

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

ann.rad./ 5.41/ ann.rad./ 5.15

3+

ECβ+/5.9 β+ /82 /7.7 EC/18 /

Ta Ta

166.94809 167.94805

1.4 m 2.4 m

β+, EC/5.6 β+ /77 /6.7 EC/23 /

169

Ta

168.94601

4.9 m

β+, EC/4.4

170

Ta

169.94618

6.8 m

β +/70 /6.0 EC/35 /

(3+)

171

Ta

170.94448

23.3 m

β+, EC/3.7

(5/2-)

172

Ta

171.94490

36.8 m

β+ /25 /4.9 EC/75 /

(3-)

173

Ta

172.94375

3.6 h

β+ /24 /3.7 EC/76 /

(5/2-)

168

K21599_S11.indb 115

ann.rad./ 0.2110 0.3768

4.62/

31. s 34. s

167

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

ann.rad./

164.95077 165.95051

166

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

1.02/~ 100 6.117 0.927/3.4 6.05/100 5.97/100 α/5.52/34 5.60/55

Ta Ta

165

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 189 Hf 190 Hf Ta 73 155 Ta 156 Ta

11-115

3+

1.70

–1.9

ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1587 0.3117 0.8101 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1241 0.2619 0.7518 (0.307–1.985) ann.rad./ 0.0288 0.1535 0.1924 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.1008 0.2212 0.0496 0.5018 0.5064 (0.05–1.02) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.21396 1.10923 (0.09–3.8) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.06972

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-116 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

Nuclear

174

Ta

173.94445

1.12 h

β+ /27 /3.8 EC/73 /

(3+)

175

Ta

174.94374

10.5 h

EC/2.0

7/2+

176

Ta

175.94486

8.1 h

EC/3.1

1-

177

Ta

176.944472

2.356 d

EC/1.166

7/2+

2.4 h

EC/

(7-)

177.94578

9.29 m

EC/99 /1.9 β+ /1 /

1+

+2.74

+0.65

178.945930

1.8 a 3.65 × 1016 a 4.5 × 1016 a > 2.0 × 1016 a 8.15 h

EC/0.110

7/2+ (9-)

+2.29 +4.82

3.37 +4.95

Ta

178m

178

Ta

179

Ta Ta

180m

180

181

0.01201(32)

Ta

Ta Ta

179.947465

99.98799(32)

βEC EC/87 /0.854 β- /13 /0.708

15.8 m

I.T./0.5198

2.25

1+

Hf k x-ray W k x-ray 0.09333 0.10340

7/2+ 10-

+2.370

182

Ta

181.950152

114.43 d

β- /1.814

0.25/30 0.44/20 0.52/40

3-

+3.02

183

Ta

182.951373

5.1 d

β- /1.070

0.45/5 0.62/91

7/2+

+2.36

184

Ta

183.95401

8.7 h

β- /2.87

1.11/15 1.17/81

(5-)

Ta Ta

184.95556

17 ms 49. m

β- /1.99

1.21/5 1.77/81

(7/2+)

185m 185

K21599_S11.indb 116

+3.6

0.61/3 0.71/10

180.947996

182m

2.27

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.17219 (0.06–2.7) ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.09089 0.20638 (0.09–3.64) Hf k x-ray 0.2077 0.2671 0.3487 Hf k x-ray 0.08837 1.15735 Hf k x-ray 0.11295 (0.07–1.06) Hf k x-ray 0.08886 0.21342 0.32555 0.42635 ann.rad./ Hf k x-ray 0.09316 Hf k x-ray

+3.3

+2.6

Ta k x-ray 0.14678 0.17157 W k x-ray 1.12127/100 1.22138/79 0.085–1.289 W k x-ray 0.0847 0.0991 0.1079 0.2461 0.3540 W k x-ray 0.2528/44. 0.4140/74. (0.09–1.4) 0.280 W k x-ray 0.0697

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

β- /3.9

2.2/

Ta

185.9586

10.5 m

Ta Ta 188 Ta 189 Ta 190 Ta 191 Ta 192 Ta W 74 157 W 158m W 158 W 159 W 160 W 161 W

186.9605

> 0.3 μs 20 s ~ 4.4 μs 1.3 μs 5. s

186

187

188m

162

W

187.9637 188.9658

183.84(1)

157.975 158.9729 159.9685 160.9674

0.28 s 0.14 ms 1.3 ms 7. ms 0.08 s 0.41 s

161.9635

1.39 s

W

162.9625

2.7 s

164

W

163.95895

6. s

166

167 168

W W W W

164.95828 165.95503 166.95482 167.95181

5.1 s 16. s 20. s 53. s

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1739 0.1776 W k x-ray 0.1979 0.2149 0.5106 (0.09–1.5) (0.143–0.434) 0.292 (0.207–0.357) 0.219

(7/2-) α α/ α/ α/ β+, EC/18 /8.1 α/82 / β+, EC/54 /5.8 α/46 / β+, EC/59 /7.5 α/41 / β+, EC/97 /5.0 α/3 / β+, EC/99 /7.0 α/1 / β+, EC/99 /4.2 α/1 / EC/5.6 EC/3.8 α/10–5/

169

W

168.95178

1.3 m

EC/5.4

170

W

169.94923

2.4 m

EC/2.2

171

W

170.94945

2.4 m

EC/4.6

172

W

171.94729

6.6 m

β+, EC/2.5

173

W

172.94769

6.3 m

EC/4.0

K21599_S11.indb 117

(3-)

2. s

163

165

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-117

8.28(3)/ 6.433/96

0+

5.92/

0+

5.78/ 0+ 5.54/ 5.38/ 0+

ann.rad./

5.15/ ann.rad./ 4.91/ 0+

ann.rad./

0+

ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1755 (0.037–0.573) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.123 (0.097–0.699) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3162 (0.060–0.144) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.1842 (0.052–0.479) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.0389 (0.034–0.674) ann.rad./

4.74/

4.40(1)

0+

0+

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-118 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

W

173.94608

35. m

EC/1.9

0+

175

W W

174.94672 175.94563

35. m 2.5 h

EC/2.9 β+, EC/0.8

½0+

177

W

176.94664

2.21 h

EC/2.0

(1/2-)

178

W W

177.94588

21.6 d 6.4 m

0+ (1/2-)

179

W

178.94707

38. m

EC/0.091 IT/99.7/0.222 EC/0.3/ EC/1.06

180

W W

0.12(1)

179.946704 180.948197

1.8 × 1018 a 121.1 d

α/ EC/0.188

0+ 9/2+

W W

26.50(16)

181.948204

>7.7 × 1021 a 5.15 s

α/ I.T./

0+ (11/2+)

>4.1 × 1021 a >8.9 × 1021 a 1.6 m

α/ α/ I.T./0.1974

½0+ 11/2+

+0.1177848

β- /0.433 α/ IT β- /1.311

3/20+ 11/2+ 3/2-

+0.54

186.957161

74.8 d >8.2 × 1021 a 1.6 μs 23.9 h

Nuclear

174

176

179m

181

182

183m

W W 185m W 183 184

W W 187m W 187 W

14.31(4) 30.64(2)

185 186

28.43(19)

182.950223 183.950931

184.953419 185.954364

(7/2-)

0.433/99.9 0.411 0.624/66 1.315/16 0.081–1.18 0.349/99

188

W

187.958489

69.78 d

β- /0.349

189

W

188.9619

9.7 m

β- /2.5

1.4/ 2.5/

(3/2-)

W W

189.9632

~ 0.11 ms 30. m

β- /1.3

0.95/

0+

W

190.9666

> 0.3 μs

190m 190

191

K21599_S11.indb 118

0+

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Ta k x-ray 0.4576 (0.035–0.623) ann.rad./ Ta k x-ray 0.3287 0.4288 (0.056–0.429) (0.015–0.27) 0.03358 0.06129 0.09487 0.10020 Ta k x-ray 0.15505 0.18569 0.42694 Ta k x-ray W k x-ray 0.2220 Ta k x-ray 0.0307 Ta k x-ray 0.13617 0.15221 W k x-ray 0.0465 0.0526 0.0991 0.1605

0.62

W k x-ray 0.0659 0.1315 0.1737 0.12536 (0.014–0.287) Re k x-ray 0.68572/33 0.134–0.773 0.0636 0.2271 0.2907 0.2604 (0.1262–1.466) (0.0585–0.694) Re k x-ray 0.1576 0.1621

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 191.968

186.207(1)

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) > 0.3 μs

~ 0.02 ms

160

Re

159.9821

0.7 ms

161

Re

160.9776

14 ms

162

Re

161.9760

0.10 s

163

Re

162.97208

0.26 s

164

Re

163.9703

~ 0.85 s

Re 165 Re

164.96709

~ 2.37 s 2.6 s

Re

165.9658

2.5 s

Re 167 Re

166.9626

6.2 s 3.4 s

Re

167.96157

4.4 s

165m

166

167m

168

Re

169m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

α p p/ α/ α/ p α/

8.1 s

β+, EC/9.0 α/ β+, EC/10.7 α/ α/ β+, EC/87 /8.1 α/ β+, EC/9.4 α/ α, EC/ β+, EC/7.4 α/ β+, EC/9.1 α/ α

Re Re

168.95879 169.95822

16. s 9.2 s

β+, EC/9.0

Re Re

170.95572

15.2 s 55. s

EC/~ 5.7 β+, EC/

172

Re

171.9554

15. s

β+, EC/7.3

173

Re Re

172.95324 173.95312

2.0 m 2.4 m

EC/~ 3.9 β+, EC/5.6

Re Re

174.95138 175.95162

5.8 m 5.3 m

β+, EC/4.3 β+, EC/5.6

Re

176.95033

14. m

EC/78 /3.4 β+ /22 /

169 170

171

172m

174

175 176

177

K21599_S11.indb 119

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π) 0+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

α/6.78/7.5 p/1.80 1.261(6)/91 6.54/ 6.24 1.35 6.12/94 6.09/94 α/5.87/32 5.92/66

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 192 W 193 W 194 W 195 W Re 75 159 Re

11-119

5.78/ 5.502/ 5.49/ < 5. 5.50/

5.015/ 4.833/ 4.70/ 4.87/

0.1117

0.1560 0.3055 0.4125 (2)

(3+)

(5/2-)

ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 0.3504 ann.rad./ 0.1234 0.2537 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1119 0.2430 ann.rad./ ann.rad./ 0.1089 0.2406 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.0797 0.0843 0.1968

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-120 Elem. or Isot. 178 Re

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 177.95099

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 13.2 m β+ /11 /4.7 3.3/ (3+) EC/89 /

Re Re

178.94999

0.47 ms 19.7 m

180

Re

179.95079

181

Re

180.95007

179m

Nuclear

179

Re

182m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

EC/99 /2.71 β+ /1 /

0.95/

(5/2+)

2.8

2.45 m

EC/92 /3.80 β+ /8 /

1.76/

1-

1.6

20. h

EC /1.74

5/2+

3.19

12.7 h

EC/

2+

3.3

+1.8

0.55/ 1.74/

182

Re

181.9512

2.67 d

EC/2.8

(7+)

2.8

+4.1

183

Re

182.95082

70. d

EC/0.56

(5/2+)

+3.16

+2.2

165. d

I.T./75 /0.188 EC/25 /

8+

+2.9

35. d

EC/1.48

3-

+2.53

+3.0

+2.19

I.T./0.150

5/2+ 8+

+3.1871

2.0 × 105 a 185.954986

3.718 d

β- /92 /1.070 EC/8 /0.582

0.973/21 1.07/71

1-

+1.739

+0.62

186.955753

4.16 × 1010 a 18.6 m

β- /0.00266 I.T./0.172

0.0025/

5/2+ (6-)

+3.2197

+2.07

17.00 h

β- /2.120

1.962/20

1-

+1.788

Re

184m

184

Re

185

Re Re

183.952521

37.40(2)

184.952955

186m

186

Re

187

Re Re

62.60(2)

188m

188

Re

K21599_S11.indb 120

187.958114

+0.57

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1059 0.2373 0.9391 W k x-ray 0.1199 0.2900 0.4154 0.4302 1.6803 ann.rad./ W k x-ray 0.1036 0.9028 (0.07–2.2) W k x-ray 0.3607 0.3655 0.6390 W k x-ray 0.0677 1.1214 1.2215 (0.06–2.2) W k x-ray 0.0678 0.2293 1.1213 1.2214 W k x-ray 0.16232 Re k x-ray 0.1047 0.2165 0.92093 (0.10–1.1) W k x-ray 0.79207 08948 0.90328 Re k x-ray 0.0590 W k x-ray 0.1227/0.6 0.1372/9.5 (0.63–0.77) Re k x-ray 0.0925 0.1059 Os k x-ray

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

189

Re

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

188.95923

Re

190m

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 2.118/79

24. h

β- /1.01

1.01/

3.0 h

β- /51 / I.T./49 /

189.9618

3.0 m

β- /3.2

1.8/

Re Re 192 Re 193m Re 193 Re 194 Re 195 Re 196 Re 197 Re 198 Re Os 76 161 Os 162 Os 163 Os 164 Os 165 Os 166 Os

190.96313

9.7 m ~ 0.12 ms 16. s ~ 0.08 ms 0.07 ms 1.0 s 6. s 3. s

β- /2.05 ββ- /4.2

1.8/

161.984 162.9827 163.9780 164.9768 165.97269

0.64 ms 1.8 ms 5.5 ms 0.04 s 0.07 s 0.18 s

166.9716

0.84 s

α α/ α/ α α β+, EC/28 /6.3 α/72 / β+, EC/76 /8.2 α/24 / β+, EC/51 /5.7 α/49 / β+, EC/89 /7.7 α/13 /

191

192m

167

Os

191.9660 192.9675 193.9704

190.23(3)

168

Os

167.96780

2.2 s

169

Os

168.96702

3.3 s

170

Os

169.96358

7.1 s

171

Os

170.96319

8.4 s

172

Os

171.96002

19. s

173

Os

172.95981

16. s

174

Os

173.95706

44. s

175

Os

K21599_S11.indb 121

174.95695

1.4 m

(5/2+)

(6-)

Re

190

Spin (h/2π)

(2-)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.15502 0.309–2.022 0.1471 0.2167 0.2194 0.2451 Re k x-ray 0.1191 0.2238 0.6731 (0.1–1.79) Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.5580 0.6051

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-121

(0.0606–0.146) (0.2–0.75) (0.061–0.146)

~ 2.5/

ββ-

β+, EC/5.0 α/ β+, EC/98 /7.1 α/19 / β+, EC/99 /4.5 α/1.1/ β+, EC/6.3 α/0.4 / β+, EC/3.9 α/0.02 /

β+, EC/5.3

/5.5 6.60 6.51 /96 /88 6.27/ 5.98/84

(7/2-) 0+ 0+ 0+

ann. rad./ ann.rad./

5.84/ 0+ 5.57/80 5.51/12 5.54/8

ann.rad./

0+ 5.40/ α/5.24/93.5 5.17/6.5 0+ 5.10/ 4.94/ 0+ 4.76/

ann. rad./

ann.rad./ (0.162–0.216) ann.rad./ 0.190–0.705 ann.rad./ (0.063–1.120) ann.rad./ 0.142–0.299 0.118 0.138/0.001 0.158 0.325 0.125 0.181

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-122 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

Os

175.95481

3.6 m

β+, EC/3.2

0+

Os

176.95497

2.8 m

β+, EC/4.5

(1/2-)

Os

177.95325

5.0 m

β+, EC/2.3

0+

Os

178.95382

7. m

β+, EC/3.7

Os

179.95238

21.5 m

β+, EC/1.5

0+

1.75 h

EC/

(1/2-)

176

Nuclear

177

178

179

180

Os

181m

Os

180.95324

2.7 m

EC/2.9

(7/2-)

Os

181.95211

21.5 h

EC/0.9

0+

9.9 h

EC/84 / I.T./16 /

½-

182.95313

13. h

EC/2.1

9/2+

183.952489 184.954042

93.6 d

EC/1.013

0+ ½-

2. × 1015 a

α/

181

182

Os

183m

Os

183

Os Os

0.02(1)

Os Os 188 Os 189m Os

1.59(3) 1.96(2) 13.24(8)

Os Os

16.15(5)

184 185

186 187

189

190m

K21599_S11.indb 122

185.953838 186.955750 187.955838

5.8 h

I.T./0.0308

0+ ½0+ 9/2-

9.9 m

I.T./1.705

3/2+ 10-

188.958148

~ 2.75/

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

–0.79

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+3.1

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.248 0.8155 0.7758 0.8573 1.2093 1.2909 0.0848 0.1958 0.3002 1.2686 ann.rad./ 0.5946 0.6850 0.9687 1.3311 ann.rad./ 0.0654 0.2186 0.5938 Re k x-ray 0.0202–0.7174 ann.rad./ 0.0489 ann.rad./ 0.11794 0.23868 0.8267 (0.07–2.64) Re k x-ray 0.1802 0.5100 Os k x-ray Re k x-ray 1.1020 1.1080 Re k x-ray 0.1144 0.3818 Re k x-ray 0.6461 0.8748 0.8805

+0.0646519 Os L x-ray 0.0308 +0.659933 –0.6

+0.9 Os k x-ray 0.1867 0.3611 0.5026 0.6161

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

191

Os

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

13.1 h

I.T./0.0744

15.4 d

β- /0.314

6.0 s

I.T./2.0154

191.961481 192.964152

30.0 h

β- /1.141

1.04/20

0.054/33 0.096/67 2.0/ 0.84/

Atomic Mass or Weight 189.958447

190.960930

Os

192m

192 193

Os Os

40.78(19)

194

Os

193.965182

6.0 a

β- /0.097

195

Os Os

194.968 195.96964

6.5 m 34.9 m

β- /2.0 β- /1.16

2.8 m

β-

196

197

Os

Os Os 200 Os Ir 77 164 Ir 165 Ir

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0.140/100

Spin (h/2π) 0+ 3/29/2-

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

+0.96

+2.5

+0.730

+0.47

(10-)

0+ 3/2-

0+

0+

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Os k x-ray 0.0744 Ir k x-ray 0.1294 Os k x-ray 0.2058/65.9 0.5692/70 (0.201–1.000)

Nuclear

Natural Elem. Abundance or Isot. (Atom %) 190 Os 26.26(2) 191m Os

11-123

Ir k x-ray 0.1389 0.4605 Ir L x-ray 0.0429 0.1262/5 0.4079/5.9 0.2239 (0.0412–0.406)

198 199

192.217(3) 163.9922 164.9875

5. s 6. s

Ir

166.98167

32. ms

Ir Ir 169 Ir 170 Ir

167.9799 168.97630 169.9750

0.17 s 280. ms 353. ms 0.81 s

p p/87 α/13 α/98.2 p/1.8 α/93 p/6.9 α/48, β+ p/32 α/80, β+ p/0.4 α/82 α/ α/ α/

Ir Ir

170.97163 171.9705

1.3 s 2.1 s

α/ α/

6.12/59 5.99/42 6.01/ 6.05/ 5.95/ 6.12/ 5.91/ 5.811/

173

Ir

172.96750

3.0 s

α/

5.665/

174

Ir

173.96686

4. s

α/

5.478/

175

Ir Ir

174.96411 175.96365

~ 4.5 s 10.9 s

5.393/

Ir

176.96130

30. s

α/ EC, β+/80 α/3.2/ EC, β+/5.7 α/0.06/

Ir

14.3 ms

166m

166

Ir

165.9858

Ir

168

169m

171 172

176

177

K21599_S11.indb 123

0.010 s 26. ms

167m

167

0.06 ms 0.3 ms

1.78 1.71 6.72 6.545 1.32 6.56 1.15 6.39/90 1.25/0.42 6.35/48 1.06/39.3

5.118/ 5.011/

0.175

0.228 (0.379–0.475) 0.0493 (0.092–0.296) 0.1587 (0.276–1.33) 0.1056 0.260 (0.135–0.415) 0.184 (0.062–0.194)

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-124 Elem. or Isot. 178 Ir

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 177.96108

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) 12. s β+, EC/6.3

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

Nuclear

179

Ir

178.95912

4. m

EC/4.9

180

Ir

179.95923

1.5 m

EC/6.4

181

Ir

180.95763

4.9 m

β+, EC/4.1

182

Ir

181.95808

15. m

β+ /44 /5.6 EC/56 /

+2.6

~ –1.7

183

Ir

182.95685

57. m

β+, EC/3.5

+2.4

~ –1.8

184

Ir

183.95748

3.0 h

β+ /12 /4.6 EC/88 /

5-

0.70

+2.41

185

Ir

184.95670

14. h

β+ /3 /2.4 EC/97 /

(5/2-)

2.60

–2.1

1.7 h

EC /

(2-)

0.64

+1.46

Ir

186m

(7/2+)

2.3/ 2.9/

186

Ir

185.95795

15.7 h

EC/98 /3.83 β+ /2 /

(5+)

3.9

–2.55

187

Ir

186.95736

10.5 h

EC/1.50

3/2+

+0.17

+0.94

188

Ir

187.95885

1.72 d

β+ /2.81 EC/99+ /

(2-)

0.30

+0.48

189

Ir

188.95872

13.2 d

EC/0.53

3/2+

+0.14

+0.88

3.09 h

β+, EC/95 / I.T./5 / I.T. /0.0263 EC/2.0

(11-)

0.04

+2.8

Ir

190m2

Ir

190m1 190

Ir

K21599_S11.indb 124

189.960546

1.12 h 11.8 d

1.13/ 1.64/

7+ (4+)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1320 0.2667 0.3633 0.0975 (0.045–0.220) 0.2765 (0.132–1.106) ann.rad./ 0.1076 (0.020–1.715) ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.1273 0.2370 ann.rad./ 0.0877 0.2285 0.2824 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.11968 0.2640 0.3904 ann.rad./ Os k x-ray 0.2543 1.8288 Os k x-ray 0.1371 0.7675 Os k x-ray 0.1372 0.2968 0.4348 (0.13–3.0) Os k x-ray 0.0743 0.4009 0.4271 0.6109 0.9128 Os k x-ray 0.1550 0.4780 0.6330 2.2146 Os k x-ray 0.2449 0.376 Ir L x-ray Os k x-ray 0.1867

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Ir

191m

191

Ir

37.3(2)

Ir

191.962605

Ir

193m

193

Ir Ir

62.7(2)

Ir

193.965078

Ir

195m

195

Ir

194.965980

Ir

196m

196

Ir

195.96840

Ir

4.93 s

I.T./0.1714

11/2-

+0.603

I.T./0.161 I.T./0.0580

3/2+ (9+) (1+)

+0.151

241. a 1.44 m

73.83 d

β- /1.460

(4-)

+1.92

+2.15

10.53 d

I.T./0.0802

11/2+0.75

β- /

3/2+ 11

+0.164

170. d

19.3 h

β-/2.247

1.92/9 2.25/86

1-

+0.39

3.9 h

β- /

0.41/ 0.97/

(11/2-)

2.8 h

β- /1.120

(3/2+)

1.40 h

β-/

1.0/80 1.11/13 1.16/

52. s

β- /3.21

2.1/15 3.2/80

0-

8.9 m

197

Ir

196.96965

5.8 m

β- / I.T./ β- /2.16

198

Ir

197.9723

8. s

β- /4.1

198.97380

6. s

β- /

197m

Ir Ir 201 Ir 202 Ir 199

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

192.962926

194m

194

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

190.960594

Ir 192m1 Ir 192m2

192

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Spin (h/2π)

(11/2-) 1.5/ 2.0/

(3/2+)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4072 0.5186 0.5580 0.6051 (0.2–1.4) Ir k x-ray 0.1294

+0.82

+0.34

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-125

Ir k x-ray Ir L x-ray 0.0580 0.3165 Pt k x-ray 0.31649/83. 0.46806/48. Ir L x-ray 0.0803 Pt k x-ray 0.3284 0.4829 0.5624 0.2935 0.3284 0.6451 (0.1–2.2) Pt k x-ray 0.3199/9.6 0.3649/9.5 0.4329/9.6 0.6849/9.6 Pt k x-ray 0.0989/9.7 Pt k x-ray 0.3557 0.3935 0.4471 0.5214 0.6473 0.3329 0.3557 0.7796 0.3465 see Ir[197m] 0.0531 0.1351 0.4306 0.4697 0.4074 0.5070

200

K21599_S11.indb 125

11 s

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-126 Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

195.084(9) 165.995 166.930 167.9882

0.3 ms 0.9 ms 2.1 ms

α/ α/ α

7.11/ 6.98/ 6.82

Pt Pt

168.9867 169.98250

7.0 ms 14.0 ms

α α

6.69 6.55

171

Pt

170.9812

0.048 s

α

6.45

172

Pt Pt

171.97735 172.9764

0.10 s 0.36 s

6.31/94 6.23 6.20/

Pt

173.97282

0.89 s

α/ β+, EC/8.2 α/ β+, EC/17 /5.6 α/83 / β+, EC/65 /7.6 α/35 /

Elem. or Isot. 203 Ir Pt 78 166 Pt 167 Pt 168 Pt Nuclear

169 170

173

174

175

176

Pt

Pt

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

174.97242

175.96895

2.5 s

6.3 s

β+, EC/60 /5.1 α/40 /

177

Pt

176.96847

11. s

EC/91 /6.8 α/9 /

178

Pt

177.96565

21. s

EC/93 /4.5 α/7 /

179

Pt

178.96536

33. s

Pt

179.96303

52. s

Pt 182 Pt

180.96310 181.96117

51. s 2.7 m

180

181

Pt

183m

β+, EC/5.7 α/ β+, EC/99.7 /3.7 α/0.3 / β+, EC/5.2 β+, EC/2.9

43. s

β+, EC/ I.T./

183

Pt

182.96160

7. m

β+, EC/4.6

184

Pt

183.95992

17.3 m

β+, EC/2.3

K21599_S11.indb 126

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

0+ 0+

0.582/69 0.594/69 0.725/62

0+

0.509/100 0.662/86 0.214–0.726 0.4450 (0.1564-1.208)

0+

0+ 6.040/ 0.0774 0.1354 0.2128

5.831/5 5.96/54 6.038/ 0+

ann.rad./ 0.2277

5.528/0.6 5.750/41 5.53/ 5.485/3 5.525/6

0.0908

0+ 5.286/0.2 5.442/7 +0.43 5.16/ 0+ 5.140/ +0.48 0+

(7/2-)

+0.78

+0.50

0+

+3.4

ann.rad./ 0.1360 0.1460 0.2100 ann.rad./ 0.3132/26 0.3164/59 0.6296/100 0.058–1.75 ann.rad./ 0.119/100 0.307/93 0.260/90 0.058–1.377 ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.1919

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.5484

+0.50 –0.75

+4.

–0.40

–1.0

ann.rad./ 0.1353 0.1974 0.2296 0.2551 ann.rad./ 0.6115 0.6892 ann.rad./ Ir k x-ray 0.1064 0.1100 0.2015 0.2849 0.7092 Ir k x-ray 0.1876 0.1951 Ir k x-ray 0.0943 0.6076 0.7214 (0.09–1.47)

Pt Pt

184.96062

33. m 1.18 h

β+, EC/ β+, EC/3.8

½(9/2+)

186

Pt

185.95935

2.0 h

β+, EC/1.38

0+

187

Pt

186.96059

2.35 h

β+, EC/3.1

3/2-

188

Pt

187.95940

10.2 d

EC/0.51

0+

189

Pt

188.96083

10.9 h

β+, EC/1.97

3/2-

–0.43

–1.2

190

Pt Pt

0.012(2)

189.95993 190.961677

4.5 × 1011 a 2.86 d

α EC/1.02

0+ (3/2-)

–0.50

–0.9

Pt Pt

0.782(24)

4.33 d

I.T./0.1498

0+ 13/2+

–0.75

60. a

EC/0.0566

4.01 d

I.T./0.2952

185m 185

191

192

191.961038

193m

Pt Pt 195m Pt 193 194

Pt Pt 197m Pt 195 196

197

Pt

198

Pt Pt

32.86(40)

33.78(24) 25.21(34)

192.962988 193.962680

194.964791 195.964952

196.967340

7.356(130)

+0.6095

0.51

I.T./97 / β- /3 /

19.9 h

β- /0.719

1/2-

13.6 s

I.T./0.424

0+ 13/2+

199

Pt

198.970593

30.8 m

β- /1.70

200

Pt

199.971441

12.5 h

β- /~ 0.66

0.90/18 1.14/14

–0.61

(5/2-)

0+

Ir k x-ray 0.3599 0.4094 0.5389 Pt k x-ray 0.1355 Ir k x-rays

+0.60

1/20+ 13/2+

1.590 h

197.967893

199m

K21599_S11.indb 127

(1/2-) 0+ 13/2+

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-127

~ +1.4

Pt k x-ray 0.0989

Pt k x-ray 0.0530 0.3465 Au k x-ray 0.1914 0.2688 Pt k x-ray 0.3919 0.3170/3.88 0.49375/4.47 0.5430/11.7 (0.055–1.293) Au k x-ray 0.13590

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-128 Elem. or Isot.

201

Pt

Nuclear

Pt Pt 203 Pt 204 Pt 205 Pt Au 79 170m Au

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

200.97451

2.5 m

β- /2.66

201.9757

0.3 ms 1.8 d

Atomic Mass or Weight

202m 202

170

Au

196.966569(4)

169.9961

Au

Au Au 172 Au 173m Au 173 Au 174 Au 175m Au 175 Au 176 Au

Au Au

0.62 ms 0.30 ms 1.09 ms

170.99188

172m

171.9900 172.98624 173.9848 174.98127 175.9801

0.022 ms 8. ms 22. ms 15 ms 0.02 s 0.14 s 0.14 s 0.15 s 0.9 s

p/58 α/42 p/89 α/11 α/66 p/34 p/100 α/7.02 α/92 α/94 α α α β+, EC/10.5 α/

1.0 s 1.5 s

α α/

Au Au 180 Au

177.9760 178.97321 179.97252

2.6 s 7.5 s 8.1 s

α/ α/ EC/8.6 α/

181

Au

180.97008

11.4 s

182

Au

181.96962

21. s

EC/97.5/6.3 α/2.7/ β+, EC/6.9 α/0.13/

183

Au

182.96759

42. s

EC/5.5 α/0.8/

Au Au

183.96745

48 s 21. s

I.T. EC, β+/7.1 α/0.013/ β+, EC/ I.T./0.145

178 179

184m 184

Au

185m

K21599_S11.indb 128

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(5/2-)

0+

176.97687

177m 177

Spin (h/2π)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.22747 0.24371 0.070 0.152 0.222 1.760 (0.535–0.719) 0.440

0.055 ms

171m

171

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

6.8 m

1.74/ 7.11/ 1.46/ 7.00/ 6.995 1.694 1.437 6.80 6.76 6.732 6.672 6.54 6.43/90

6.260/80 6.290/20 6.12/66 6.16/40 6.150/ 5.920/ 5.85/ 5.65 5.61 5.50

0.1522 0.2564 0.5242 0.6765 0.8084 0.8597

5.482/ (2+)

1.3

+1.97

(2+) (5+)

+1.44 +2.07

+1.9 +4.7

ann.rad./ 0.1549 0.2649 (0.13–1.4) 0.1630 0.2730 0.3625 0.069(IT)

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 184.96579

188

190

–1.28

+3.1

Au Au

186.96457

2.3 s 8.3 m

IT β+, EC/3.60

9/21/2+

+0.53

Au

187.96532

8.8 m

β+, EC/5.3

(1-)

–0.07

Au Au

188.96395

4.6 m 28.7 m

β+, EC/ EC/96 /3.2 β+ /4 /

11/21/2+

+6.19 +0.49

Au

189.96470

43. m

β+ /2 /4.44 EC/98 /

1-

–0.07

0.9 s

I.T./0.2663

(11/2-)

6.6

3/2+

+0.137

+0.72

1-

–0.011

–0.23

189m 189

Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) –1.1 ann.rad./

185.96595

187m 187

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +2.17

Au Au

186m 186

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 4.3 m β+, EC/4.71 (5/2-) α/0.26/ < 2. m β+, EC/ 10.7 m β+, EC/6.0 3α/8(10)–4/

Au

191m

191

Au

190.96370

3.2 h

EC/1.83

192

Au

191.96481

4.9 h

β+ /5 /3.52 EC/95 /

3.9 s

I.T./0.2901

11/2-

6.2

+1.98

3/2+

+0.140

+0.66

1-

+0.076

–0.24

Au

193m

2.19/ 2.49/

193

Au

192.96415

17.6 h

EC/1.07

194

Au

193.96537

1.64 d

β+ /3 /2.49 EC/97 /

30.5 s

I.T./0.3186

11/2-

6.2

+1.9

186.10 d 9.7 h

EC/0.227 I.T./0.5954

3/2+ 12-

+0.149 5.7

+0.61

8.1 s 6.17 d

I.T./0.0846 EC/92 /1.506

8+ 2-

+0.591

~ 0.81

Au

195m

195

Au Au

194.965035

196m2

Au Au

196m1 196

K21599_S11.indb 129

195.966570

1.49/

0.1915 ann.rad./ 0.1915 0.2988 ann.rad./ 0.9152 1.2668 1.3321 1.4081 ann.rad./ 0.2660 0.3404 0.6061 0.1667 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.4478 0.7133 0.8128 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2958 0.3018 0.5977 Au k x-ray 0.2414 0.2526 Pt k x-ray 0.5864/16 (0.088–1.30) ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2959 0.3165 Au k x-ray 0.2580 Pt k x-ray 0.1862 0.2556 ann.rad./ Pt k x-ray 0.2935 0.3284/61 Au k x-ray 0.2617 Pt k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.1478 0.1883 0.0847 Pt k x-ray

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 185 Au

11-129

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-130 Elem. or Isot. 197m Au

197

Au Au

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

100.

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 7.8 s I.T./0.4094 11/2β- /8 /0.686

196.966569

198m

2.30 d

I.T./0.812

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +6.0

+0.14575 +5.9

2-

+0.5934

3/2+

~ +0.2715

12-

5.9

Nuclear

3/2+ (12-)

198

Au

197.968242

2.695 d

β- /1.372

199

Au

198.968765

3.14 d

β- /0.453

18.7 h

β- /84 /1.0 I.T./16 /

199.97073

48.4 m

β- /2.24

0.7/15 2.2/77

1-

Au Au 203 Au 204 Au

200.971657 201.9738 202.975155 203.9777

26. m 29. s 1.0 m 40. s

β- /1.28 β- /3.0 β- /2.14 β- /4.5

1.27/82

3/2+ (1-) 3/2+ (2-)

Au Au 207 Au 208 Au 209 Au 210 Au Hg 80 171 Hg 172 Hg 173 Hg 174 Hg 175 Hg 176 Hg 177m Hg 177 Hg 178 Hg

204.9799

31. s

β- /

0.06 ms 0.3 ms 0.8 ms 1.9 ms 0.02 s 21 ms 1.5 μs 0.13 s 0.26 s

α α α α α α IT α EC/50 /6.1 α/50 / EC/8.0 α/ EC/5.5 α/

Au

200m

200

Au

201 202

205

0.290/1 0.961/99 0.25/22 0.292/72 0.462/6 0.56/

~ 1.9/

Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) +1.7 Au k x-ray 0.1302 0.2790 +0.55 Au k x-ray 0.0972 0.1803 0.2419 +0.64 Hg k x-ray 0.411794/95.3 +0.51 Hg k x-ray 0.15837 0.20820 Au k x-ray 0.2559/71 0.3680/77 0.4978/73 0.5793/72 0.084–0.904) 0.3679/19 1.2254/10.6 (0.077–1.570) (0.027–0.732) 0.4396 (0.04–0.37) 0.4366 1.5113 (0.38–1.33)

206

200.59(2) 171.0038 171.9988 172.9972 173.99286 174.9914 175.98736 176.9863 177.98248

179

Hg

178.98183

1.05 s

180

Hg

179.97827

2.6 s

Hg Hg

181m 181

K21599_S11.indb 130

180.97782

0.48 ms 3.6 s

β+ EC/76 /~ 7.3 α/24 /

7.49 7.36 7.20 7.07 6.74/94

0+ 0+ 0+ 0.246

6.58 0+ 6.43/ 6.29/ 0+

0.1250 0.3005 0.3812

6.12/33 5.69/.03 (13/2+) (1/2-)

+0.507

0.0663 0.0811 0.0924

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

182

183

184

Hg

Hg

Hg

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

181.97469

182.97445

183.97171

Hg

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

10.8 s

9. s

30.9 s

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

β+, EC/85/5.0 α/15/ β+, EC/77/6.3 α/ β+, EC/99/4.1 α/1/

21. s

β+, EC, IT, α/

184.97190 185.96936

51. s 1.4 m

Hg 187 Hg

186.96981

1.9 m 2.4 m

β+, EC/95/5.8 β+, EC/3.3 α β+, EC/ β+, EC/4.9

Hg

187.96758

3.2 m

185m

185 186

Hg Hg

187m

188

Hg

189m

β+, EC/2.3 α

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+ 5.87/8.6 5.45/0.03 ½-

+0.524

5.83/ 5.91/ 0+ 5.54/1.3 5.07/0.002 5.37/

13/2+

–1.02

~ +0.2

½0+

+0.509

13/2+ 3/2-

–1.04 –0.594

+0.5 –0.8

5.09/0.02

0+ 4.61

8.6 m

EC/

13/2+

–1.06

+0.7

–0.609

–0.8

189

Hg

188.96819

7.6 m

EC/4.2

3/2-

190

Hg

189.96632

20.0 m

EC/1.5

0+

51. m

β+ /6 / EC/94 /

13/2+

–1.07

+0.6

–0.62

–0.8

Hg

191m

191

Hg

190.96716

50. m

β+, EC/3.2

(3/2-)

192

Hg

191.96563

5.0 h

EC/~ 0.5

0+

K21599_S11.indb 131

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.1474 0.1587 0.2142 0.2398 0.129/122 0.2176/66 0.0256–0.543 0.0714 0.0874 0.1538 0.1565/102 0.2367/100 0.2384/18 (0.018–0.4227) 0.211 0.292 0.02–0.55 0.1119 0.2518 see Hg[187m] 0.1034/32 0.2334/100 0.2403/33 0.27151/31 0.3763/38 0.5254/30 0.10–2.18 0.0988 0.1148 0.1424 0.1900 0.0780 0.3210 0.4345 0.5655 (0.08–2.170) 0.2005 0.2038 0.2386 0.2485 0.1296 0.1426 ann.rad./ Au k x-ray 0.2741 0.4203 0.5787 (0.07–1.9) 0.1963 0.2247 0.2524 Au k x-ray 0.1572 0.2748

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-131

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-132 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Hg

193m

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

11.8 h

β+, EC/91 / I.T./9 /0.2901

13/2+

–1.058430

~ +0.92

Nuclear 193

Hg

192.96667

3.8 h

EC, B+/2.34

3/2-

–0.6276

–0.7

194

Hg Hg

193.96544

520. a 1.67 d

EC/0.04 I.T./(54)/0.3186 EC/(46)/

0+ 13/2+

–1.04465

+1.1

195

Hg

194.96672

10.5 h

EC/1.51

1/2-

+0.541475

196

Hg Hg

195.965833

>2.5 × 1018 a 23.8 h

α I.T./(93)/0.2989

0+ 13/2+

–1.027684

2.69 d

EC/0.600

1/2-

+0.527374

42.7 m

I.T./0.532

0+ 13/2+

–1.014703

195m

0.15(1)

197m

197

Hg

198

Hg Hg

196.967213 9.97(20)

197.9667690

199m

Hg Hg 201 Hg 202 Hg 203 Hg 199 200

204 205

206

Hg Hg Hg

Hg Hg 209 Hg 210 Hg 211 Hg 212 Hg 213 Hg 214 Hg 215 Hg 216 Hg 207 208

Tl

81

176

Tl

K21599_S11.indb 132

16.87(22) 23.10(19) 13.18(9) 29.86(26)

6.87(15)

198.9682799 199.9683260 200.970302 201.970643 202.972873

46.61 d

β- /0.492

0.213/100

1/20+ 3/20+ 5/2-

203.9734939 204.976073

5.2 m

β- /1.531

1.33/4

0+ 1/2-

205.97751

8.2 m

β- /1.31

0.935/34 1.3/63

206.9826 207.9859 208.9910 209.9945

2.9 m 41. m 36 s > 0.3 μs

β- /4.8 βββ-

204.382– 204.385 176.0006

5 ms

p

0+

(9/2+) 0+

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.3065 Hg k x-ray 0.1866 0.2580 0.4076 0.5733 0.9324 (0.1–1.96) 0.1866 0.2580 0.8611 Au L x-ray Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.2617 0.5603 0.7798 Au k x-ray 0.0614 0.7798

+1.2

Hg k x-ray Au k x-ray 0.13398 Au k x-ray 0.07735

+1.2

Hg k x-ray 0.15841

+0.505885 –0.560226

+0.37

+0.8489

+0.34

+0.6009

Tl k x-ray 0.279188 0.20378 (0.2–1.4) Tl k x-ray 0.3052 0.6502 0.474 0.324

0+

1.26/~ 100

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

177

Tl

176.99643

178

Tl

177.9949

Tl

1.5 ms

179m

179 180

Tl Tl

178.99109 179.9899

Tl

181m

181 182

Tl Tl

180.98626 181.9857

Tl

183m

183 184

Tl Tl

182.98219 183.98187

Tl

185m

Tl Tl 186 Tl 185

184.9788

186m

185.9783

Tl Tl 188m Tl

186.97591

Tl

187.97601

187m 187

188

Tl

189m

189

Tl

Tl

190m

K21599_S11.indb 133

Half–life/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) 0.23 ms p/51 α/49 0.017 s α/73 p/27 0.25 s α/

188.97359

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.95 7.48

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

6.704 6.785 6.62 6.859 /7.21/80 /7.10/20 6.57/ 6.28/30 6.36/30 6.21/18 6.56/15 6.47/7 6.58/96 6.97/2.6 6.19/100

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 177m Tl

11-133

0.3 s 1.09 s

α α α α//8

1.4 ms

α

3.2 ms 3. s

α/ < 10 β+, EC/10.9

53. ms

α//1.5

5. s 11. s

β+, EC/7.7 β+, EC/(98)/9.2 α/(2)/ 6.16/

½+

1.8 s

(9/2-)

20. s 4. s 28. s

I.T./0.453 α/5.97 EC/β+/6.6 I.T./0.374 β+, EC/7.5

15.6 s 50. s 1.18 m

I.T./~ 0.33 β+, EC/6.0 β+, EC/

(9/2+) ½+ (7+)

+3.79 1.6

1.2 m

β+, EC/7.8

(2-)

+0.48

+0.129

1.4 m

β+, EC/

(9/2-)

+3.88

–2.29

2.3 m

β+, EC/5.2

(1/2+)

3.7 m

β+, EC/

+0.495

+0.29

6.33/80 6.38/16 6.46/4

0.351 (0.26–0.41) 0.0618 (0.046–0.0894)

9/2-

0.208 0.2868 0.3399 0.3667 0.1688 0.2840

6.01

4.2/

(7+)

–2.4

0.3738 0.3567 0.4026 0.4053 0.2995 Hg k x-ray 0.4129 0.5043 0.5921 see Tl[188m] 0.4129 0.2156 0.2284 0.3175 0.4452 0.3337 0.4510 0.5223 0.9422 0.1968 0.4164 0.7311

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

11-134 Elem. or Isot. 190 Tl

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 189.97388

Tl

191m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) +0.254

5.2 m

β+, EC/(98)/

(9/2+)

+3.903

2.2 m 10.8 m

β+, EC/

(1/2) (7+)

+1.588 +0.518

+0.46

Nuclear

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 2.6 m β+, EC/7.0 5.7/ (2-)

191

Tl Tl

190.97179

Tl

191.97223

9.6 m

β+, EC/6.4

(2-)

+0.200

–0.33

Tl Tl

2.1 m 22. m

I.T./(75)/ β+, EC/3.6

(9/2-) (1/2+)

+3.948 +1.591

–2.20

192.9707

32.8 m

β+ /(20)/~ 0.30 EC/(80)/

(7+)

+0.540

+0.61

33.0 m

β+, EC/5.3

2-

+0.140

–0.28

3.6 s

I.T./0.483

9/2-

1.16 h

EC/97/2.8 β+ /(3)/

1/2+

+1.58

1.41 h

β+, EC/95/4.9

(7+)

+0.55

+0.76

1.84 h

β+ /(15)/4.4 EC/(85)/

2-

+0.072

–0.18

0.54 s

IT/53/0.608 β+, EC/47/

9/2-

192m

192

193m 193

Tl

194m

194

Tl

193.9712

Tl

195m

195

Tl

194.96977

Tl

196m

196

Elect. γ-Energy/ Quadr. Intensity Mom. (b) (MeV/%) –0.33 0.4164 0.6254 0.6838 1.0999 –2.2 0.2157 0.2647 0.3256 0.3359

Tl

Tl

197m

K21599_S11.indb 134

195.97048

0.1740 0.4228 0.6348 0.7863 0.7455 0.3975 0.4228 0.6908 0.3650 0.2077 0.3244 0.3440 0.6761 1.0447 1.5793 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4282 0.6363 0.7490 0.4279/75.2 0.6452/10.8 (0.395–1.623) Tl k x-ray 0.0990 0.3836 ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.2422 0.5635 0.8845 1.3639 (0.13–2.5) 0.0840 0.4261 0.6353 0.6954 (0.08–1.0) ann.rad./ Hg k x-ray 0.4257 0.6105 (0.03–2.4) Tl k x-ray 0.2262

4/3/14 11:59 AM

Table of the Isotopes

197

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Tl

Atomic Mass or Weight

196.96958

Tl

198m

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

1/2+

+1.58

1.87 h

β+, EC/(53)/ IT/47/0.5347

7+

+0.64

197.9405

5.3 h

EC, β+ /(1)/3.5

199

Tl

198.96988

7.4 h

EC/1.4

200

Tl

199.97096

1.087 d

EC/2.46

201

Tl

200.97082

3.038 d

202

Tl

201.97211

203

Tl Tl

29.52(1)

202.972344 203.973864

Tl Tl

70.48(1)

206

Tl

205.976110

Tl

207m

207 208

209

1.4/ 2.1/ 2.4/

2-

1/2+

+1.60

2-

0.04

EC/0.48

1/2+

+1.605

12.47 d

EC/1.36

2-

0.06

3.78 a

β- /97/0.7637 EC/(3)/0.347

1/2+ 2-

+1.622258 0.09

I.T./2.644

1/2+ 12-

+1.638215

3.76 m

4.20 m

β- /1.533

1.3 s

I.T./1.350

1.07/ 1.44/

0.763/97

204.974428

206m

1.53/99.9

011/2-

Tl Tl

206.97742 207.982019

4.77 m 3.053 m

β- /1.423 β- /5.001

1.43/99.8 1.28/23 1.52/22 1.796/51

1/2+ (5+)

Tl

208.98536

2.16 m

β-/3.98

1.8 /100

(1/2+)

K21599_S11.indb 135

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

β+ /(1)/2.18 EC/(99)/

Tl

205

Spin (h/2π)

2.83 h

198

204

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

+1.88 +0.29

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.1522/8.2 0.4258 Hg k x-ray Tl k x-ray 0.4118 0.5872 0.6367 Hg k x-ray 0.4118 0.6367 0.6759 (0.23–2.8) Hg k x-ray 0.2082 0.2473 0.4555 Hg k x-ray 0.36799 1.2057 (0.11–2.3) Hg k x-ray 0.13528 0.16740/10.0 Hg k x-ray 0.43957

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-135

Hg k x-ray

Tl k x-ray 0.2166 0.2661 0.4534 0.6866 1.0219 Pb k x-ray 0.80313 Tl k x-ray 0.3501 1.0000 0.89723 Pb k x-ray 0.27728 0.51061 0.58302 2.61448 Pb k x-ray 1.5670/100 0.4651/95 (0.12–1.33)

4/3/14 12:00 PM

Table of the Isotopes

11-136 Elem. or Isot. 210 Tl

Tl Tl 213 Tl 214 Tl 215 Tl 216 Tl 217 Tl Pb 82 178 Pb 179 Pb 180 Pb 181 Pb 182 Pb 183m Pb 211 212

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Nuclear

Atomic Mass or Weight 209.99007

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 1.30 m β- /5.48 1.3/25 (5+) 1.9/56

210.9935 211.9982

> 0.3 μs > 0.3 μs

ββ-

~ 0.2 ms ~ 3.5 ms 4.2 ms 0.036 s 55 ms 0.42 s

α α/ α/ α α

207.2(1) 178.00383 179.0022 179.99792 180.9966 181.99267

182.99187

0.54 s

α/

Pb Pb 185 Pb

183.98814 184.98761

0.48 s 4.3 s 6.3 s

α/~ 80 α α/

Pb

185.98424

5. s

β+, EC/95/5.5 α/(5)/

184

185m

186

Pb

187m

187

188

Pb

Pb

186.98392

187.98087

189

190

β+, EC/ α/12

18.3 s

EC/7.2 α/7

6.08/

188.98081

39 s 51. s

Pb

189.97808

1.2 m

Pb

191m

K21599_S11.indb 136

2.2 m

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Pb k x-ray 0.081 0.2981 0.79788

EC/(78)/4.8 α/(22)/

EC/6.1 α/ β+ (13)/4.1 EC/(86)/ α/(0.9)/

β+, EC/

0+ 0+ 13/2+

–1.25

~ 1.7

(3/2-)

–1.16

~ 0.6

0+ 13/2+ 3/2-

–1.19 –1.10

~ 0.9 ~ 0.2

(1/2-)

–1.21

~ –0.5

13/2+

–1.13

~ –0.4

–1.19 –1.08

~ –1.3 ~ 0.5

0.205 0.269

0+

15.2 s

Pb Pb

189m

7.35 7.25 7.02 6.90 6.70/82.7 6.86/1.9 6.57/4.3 6.78/11.0 6.63/ 6.41/100 6.29/56 6.49/44 6.55/ 4 × 1010 a

α/5.992 sf/< 10–10

231

U

231.036294

4.2 d

EC/0.36 α/(10–3)

228

232

U

K21599_S11.indb 157

232.037156

70. a 2.6 × 1015 a

α/5.414 sf/2.7 × 10–12

0+ 0+

8.78(4)/ 8.46/100 7.87/83 7.82/15 7.63/2 7.56/86 7.38/14 6.870/ 6.404(6)/0.6 6.440(5)/0.7 6.589(5)/29 6.681(6)/70 6.223/3 6.297(3)/11 6.332(3)/20 6.360(3)/64 5.5866(3)/0.01 5.6624(3)/0.26 5.6663(3)/0.38 5.8178(3)/32 5.8887(3)/67

0+

0+

0+

(3/2+)

0+

(5/2-) 5.46/1.6 × 10–3 5.47/1.4 × 10–3 5.40/1. × 10–3 4.9979(1)/0.003 5.1367(1)/0.3 5.2635(1)/31

0.095 0.152 0.187 0.246

Th L x-ray 0.07218 0.15421 0.23034 (0.081–0.8565) Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.02564 0.08420

0+

4/3/14 12:00 PM

Table of the Isotopes

11-158 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

233.039635

1.590 ×105 a >2.7 × 1017 a

α/4.909 sf/6 × 10–11

2.453 ×105 a 1.5 × 1016 a

α/4.856 sf/1.6 × 10–9

26. m 7.03 × 108 a 1.0 × 1019 a

IT/0.0007 α/4.6793 sf/7 × 10–9

Atomic Mass or Weight

U

234

U

0.0054(5)

234.040952

U U

0.7204(6)

235.043930

Nuclear

233

235m 235

Particle Energy/ Intensity Spin (MeV/%) (h/2π) 5.3203(1)/69 4.7830(8)/13.2 5/2+ 4.8247(8)/84.4 4.510–4.804 4.604(1)/0.24 4.7231(1)/27.5 4.776(1)/72.5 4.1525(9)/0.9 4.2157(9)/6. 4.3237(9)/4.6 4.3641(9)/19. 4.370(4)/6 4.3952(9)/57. 4.4144(9)/2.1 4.5025(9)/1.7 4.5558(9)/4.2 4.5970(9)/4.8 4.332(8)/0.26 4.445(5)/26 4.494(3)/74

1/2+ 7/2-

U

236.045568

2.342 ×107 a 2.5 × 1016 a

α/4.569 SF// 9 × 10–8

237

U

237.048730

6.75 d

β- /0.519

0.24/ 0.25/

1/2+

238

U

238.050788

4.47 × 109 a 8.2 × 1015 a

α SF// 5 × 10–5

0+

239

U

239.054293

23.5 m

β- /1.265

240

U

240.05659

14.1 h

β- /0.39

4.0395/0.23 4.147(5)/23 4.196(5)/77 1.2/ 1.3/ 0.36/

U Np 93 225 Np 226 Np 227 Np

242.0629

16.8 m

β- /~ 1.2

225.0339 226.0352 227.0350

> 2 μs 0.03 s 0.51 s

α/ α/

228

Np

228.0362

61. s

229

Np Np

229.0363 230.0378

4.0 m 4.6 m

Np

231.03825

48.8 m

242

230

231

232

Np

K21599_S11.indb 158

232.0401

14.7 m

EC/60(7)/ α/40(7)/, sf α/7.010 EC/97 /3.6 α/3 EC/98 /1.8 α/2 /6.368 EC/99 /2.7

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

5/2+ 0+

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

+0.59

3.66

Th L x-ray 0.04244 0.09714 (0.0252–1.119) 0.05323/0.156 0.12091

–0.38

4.94

Th L x-ray Th k x-ray 0.10917 0.14378/0.134 0.16338/0.067 0.18574/0.806 0.1949/0.009 0.20533/0.774 0.2214/0.0014 (0.03–0.79) Th L x-ray 0.04946/100 0.11279/24.1 0.17115/0.080 Np L x-ray Np k x-ray 0.05953 0.20801 Th L x-ray 0.04955/.06 0.1135/.01 (0135–1.102)

0+

236

99.2742(10)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Np L x-ray 0.04410 0.05558 0.06760

0+

8.04(2)/ 7.65(2)/ 7.68(1)/

6.890(20) 6.660(20) 5/2 6.280/2 (4-)

0.2629 0.3475 0.3703 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.3268 0.81925

4/3/14 12:00 PM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

233

Np

233.04074

36.2 m

EC/1.2

234

Np

234.04290

4.4 d

β+, EC/1.81

235

Np

235.044063

1.085 a

EC/99.9 /0.124 α/0.001/5.191 EC/52 / β- /48 /

Np

22.5 h

236m

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

0.79/

(0+)

5/2+ (1-)

Np

236.04657

1.55 × 105 a

EC/91 /0.94 β- /9 /0.49

237

Np

237.048173

2.14 × 106 a 1 × 1018 a

α/4.957 sf/2.1 × 10–10

238

Np

238.050946

2.117 d

β- /1.292

239

Np

239.052939

2.355 d

β- /0.722

0.341/30 0.438/48

5/2+

7.22 m

β- /99.9 / IT/0.1 /

2.18/

(1+)

Np

(6-)

4.6395(5)/6.5 4.766(5)/9.7 4.7715(5)/22.7 4.7884(5)/47.8 4.558–4.873 1.2/

5/2+

2+

240

Np

240.05616

1.032 h

β- /2.20

0.89/

5+

241

Np

241.0583

13.9 m

β- /1.3

1.3/

5/2+

2.2 m

β- /

5.5 m

β- /2.7

Np

242m

242

Np

K21599_S11.indb 159

242.0616

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

(5/2+)

236

240m

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

(1+)

2.7/

6+

+3.14

+3.87

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 0.86683 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.29887 0.31201 U L x-ray U k x-ray 1.5272 1.5587 1.6022 U k x-ray

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot.

11-159

U L x-ray Pu L x-ray U k x-ray 0.64235 0.68759 U L x-ray U k x-ray 0.10423 0.16031 Pa L x-ray Pa k x-ray 0.029378/15 0.08653/12 (0.03–0.28) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.98447/25.2 1.02855/18.3 (.044–1.026) Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.10613 0.228186/11 0.27760/15 (0.04–0.50) 0.25143 0.26333 0.55454 0.59735 0.1471/ 0.5664 0.6008 0.1330/ 0.1740 0.280 0.15910 0.2651/ 0.78570 0.9448/ 0.6209 0.73620 0.78074

4/3/14 12:00 PM

Table of the Isotopes

11-160 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

Np Np Pu 94 228 Pu 229 Pu

243.06428 244.0679

1.9 m 2.3 m

228.03874 229.0402

~ 1.1 s 1.1 m

230

Pu

230.03965

1.7 m

231

Pu

231.04110

8.6 m

232

Pu

232.04119

34. m

243 244

Nuclear

233

234

235

Pu

Pu

Pu

233.04300

234.04332

235.04529

237

8.8 h

25.3 m

Pu Pu

236.046058

1.2 μs 2.87 a 1.5 × 109 a

Pu

237.048410

45.7 d

236m 236

20.9 m

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

α/ α/50 EC/50 SF < 7 α/ EC/90 α/10 EC/>80/1.1 α/ 2.4 × 10–14

< 6 × 1016 a

K21599_S11.indb 160

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%)

Spin (h/2π)

7.81(2)/ 7.46/

0+

7.06/81 7.00/19

0+

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 1.47340 (0.04–2.37)

6.72 0+ 6.542(10)/38 6.600(10)/62 0.1503 0.1804 0.2353 0.5002 0.5346/ 1.0352/

6.300(20)/0.1

0+ 6.035(3)/0.024 6.149(3)/1.9 6.200(3)/4. (5/2+) 5.850(20)/0.003 5.611/0.21 5.7210/30.5 5.7677(1)/69.3

0+

7/25.334(4)/0.0015 5.356(4)/0.0006 5.650(4)/0.0007

5.3583(1)/0.10 5.465(1)/28.3 5.4992(1)/71.6 5.055/0.047 5.076/0.078 5.106/11.9 5.144/17.1 5.157/70.8 (4.74–5.03) 5.0212(1)/0.07 5.1237(1)/26.4 5.1681(1)/73.5 (4.492–4.863) 4.853/3 × 10–4 4.897/0.002

0+

1/2+

+0.203

0+

5/2+

–0.68

+6.

0.0476/0.07 0.109/0.02 (0.17–0.97) Np L x-ray Np k x-ray 0.026344 0.03319 0.05954 (0.03–0.5) U k x-ray 0.04347 (0.04–1.1) U k x-ray 0.05162 0.05682 0.12928 0.37502 0.41369 U L x-ray 0.04524 0.10423 (0.04–0.97) 0.14854 0.1600

4/3/14 12:00 PM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight 242.058743

243

Pu

243.062003

244

Pu

244.064204

245

Pu

246

Half–life/ Particle Energy/ Resonance Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Width (MeV) Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) 3.75 × 105 a α/4.983 4.7546(7)/0.098 0+ sf/5.5 × 10–4 4.8564(7)/22.4 6.77 × 1010 a 4.9006(7)/78 4.956 h β- /0.582 0.49/21 7/2+ 0.58/60

245.06775

8.12 × 107 a 6.6 × 1010 a 10.5 h

α/99.9/4.665 sf/0.12 β- /1.21

4.546(1)/19.4 4.589(1)/80.5 0.93/57 1.21/11

Pu

246.07021

10.85 d

β- /0.40

0.150/85 0.35/10

Pu Am 95 230 Am 232 Am 233 Am 234 Am 235 Am

247.0741

2.3 d

232.0466 233.0464 234.0478 235.0480

0.9 m ~ 3.2 m 2.3 m 10.3 m

247

Am Am 237 Am 236m 236

238

Am

236.0496 237.0500

238.05198

2.9 m 3.6 m 1.22 h

1.63 h

EC/~ 5.0 α EC/4.2 EC α

(9/2-)

0+

6.46/0.4 (1-) (5-) (5/2-)

EC EC/99.98 /1.7 α/0.02 /6.20

6.042(5)/0.02

EC/2.26 α/0.0001 /6.04

5.940/0.0001

1+

239.053025

11.9 h

EC/99.99/0.803 α/0.01/5.924 5.734(2)/0.001 5.776(2)/0.008

5/2-

240

Am

240.05530

2.12 d

EC/1.38 α/5.592

(3-)

K21599_S11.indb 161

241.056829

432.7 a 1.2 × 1014 a

α/5.637 sf/3.6 × 10–10

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) U L x-ray 0.04491 0.10350 Am L x-ray 0.0417 0.0839 U L x-ray 0.0439 Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.2804 / 0.30832 0.32752 0.56014 (0.03–1.2) Am L x-ray Am k x-ray 0.04379 0.22371

6.78

Am

Am

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

0+

239

241

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Nuclear

Elem. or Isot. 242 Pu

11-161

5.378/16 × 10–4

5.2443(1)/0.002 5.3221(1)/0.015 5.3884(1)/1.4 5.4431(1)/12.8 5.4857(1)/85.2 5.5116(1)/0.20

5/2-

+1.58

+3.1

Pu K x-ray 0.291/100 (0.170–0.828) (0.583–0.713) (0.158–1.038) Pu k x-ray 0.14559 0.28026 0.43845 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.91870 0.96278 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.18172 0.22818 0.27760 Pu L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.88878 0.98764 (0.1–1.3) Np L x-ray 0.02634 /.024 0.0332/.00126 0.05954/0.359 (0.03–1.128)

4/3/14 12:00 PM

Table of the Isotopes

11-162 Elem. or Isot.

Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Am

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV) 141. a

242m

> 3 × 1012 a

Decay Mode/ Energy (/MeV)

Particle Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) 5.5442(1)/0.34

IT/99.5/0.048 α/0.5/5.62 sf/< 4.7 × 10–9

5.141(4)/0.026 5.2070(2)/0.4

Spin (h/2π)

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm)

Elect. Quadr. Mom. (b)

5-

+1.0

+7.

Nuclear

242

Am

242.059549

16.02 h

β- /83 /0.665 EC/17 /0.750

0.63/46 0.67/37

1-

+0.388

~ –2.4

243

Am

243.061381

7.37 × 103 a 2. × 1014 a

α/5.438 sf/3.7 × 10–9

5.1798(5)/1.1 5.2343(5)/11 5.2766(5)/88 5.394(5)/0.12 5.3500(5)/0.16

5/2-

+1.50

+2.86

Am Am

244.064285

~ 26. m 10.1 h

β- /1.498 β- /1.428

Am

245.066452

2.05 h

β- /0.894

0.65/19 0.90/77

(5/2+)

25.0 m

β- /

1.3/79. 1.60/14 2.1/7

2-

1.2/

(7-)

244m 244

245

Am

246m

246

Am

246.06978

39. m

β- /2.38

247

Am

247.0721

22. m

β- /1.7

Am Am Cm 96 232 Cm 233 Cm

233.0508

~ 23 s

α/20 EC/80 α/27 EC/71 SF/~2

(1-)

γ-Energy/ Intensity (MeV/%) Am L x-ray 0.04863 0.08648 0.10944 0.16304 Pu L x-ray Cm L x-ray Pu k x-ray 0.0422 0.04453 0.04354 0.07467 0.08657 0.11770 0.14197 0.0429 Am L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.7460 0.9000 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.25299 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.27002 0.79881 1.06201 1.07885 (0.04–2.29) Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.1529 0.2046 0.6786 Cm L x-ray Cm k x-ray 0.2267 / 0.2853 /

248 249

234

Cm

234.05016

~ 51. s

235

Cm Cm

235.0514 236.0514

6.8 m

236

237

Cm

K21599_S11.indb 162

237.0529

EC/1.7/82 α/18 SF/< 0.1 EC/2.5

7.34/ 7.24/

0+

0+ 6.95

4/3/14 12:00 PM

Table of the Isotopes Natural Abundance (Atom %)

Atomic Mass or Weight

Half–life/ Resonance Width (MeV)

238

Cm

238.05303

2.4 h

239

Cm

239.0550

~ 3. h

240

241

242

243

244

245

Cm

Cm

Cm

Cm

Cm

Cm

240.055530

241.057653

242.058836

243.061389

244.062753

245.065491

Particle Energy/ Decay Mode/ Intensity Spin Energy (/MeV) (MeV/%) (h/2π) α/90 /0.97 α/6.558/86 0+ α/ 95 α// < 5 α α/7.719/98.5 SF// 1.5 EC/3.3 α/7.60 α/7.509 sf/ 10. a sf/0.045

Nuclear Magnetic Mom. (nm) 2.9

276. d > 2.5 × 107 a 40. d

4.35

2.6 × 103 a 7.6 h

α/ sf/< 3 × 10–6 β- /92 /0.29 α/8 / sf/0.0042 β- /

Es Es 258 Es Fm 100 241 Fm 242 Fm 243 Fm

256.0936 257.0960

25. m 7.7 d

β-/1.7 β-

242.0734 243.0744

0.8 ms 0.22 s

Fm Fm

244.0741 245.0754

3.2 ms 4. s

Fm

246.07530

1.2 s

SF// > 96 α/ sf/< 0.4 sf/> 97 α/ sf/98.7 α// 94 /3.1 α/10 EC/>50 /3.9 α/12 >12→atm >12 atm atm atm 0.125 0.03 atm atm atm HP c.w. atm >7.5 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >2.0

Pearson symbol oC4 hP4 cF4 oC8 hP4 cF4 hP2 cF4 cI2 tI2 cI2 cF4 cF4 ? cF4 oC4 hP2 cI2 hR3 hP2 hP4 cF4 cI2 mC8 cP16 cI2 cF4 cI2 hP2 oC8 tI2 oC40 hP2 cI2 hR3 cF8 tI4 tP12 cI16 cF4 hP2 hP2 cF4 cI2 hP2 cl2 hR1 tI2 hR1 hP2 hR3 oC8 tI2 cF4 cI2 cF4 hP4 cF4 cI2 cF4

Space group Cmcm P63 /mmc Fm3m Cmca P63 /mmc Fm3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m I4/mmm Im3m Fm3m Fm3m … Fm3m Cmcm P63 /mmc Im3m R3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m C2/c Pm3n Im3m Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc Cmca I4/mmm Cmcm P63 /mmc Im3m R3m Fd3m I41/amd P41212 Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc Im3m R3m I4/mmm ? P63 /mmc R3m Cmca I4/mmm Fm3m Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m Fm3m

Struktur­ bericht designation A20 A3´ A1 … A3´ A1 A3 A1 A2 … A2 A1 A1 … A1 … A3 A2 … A3 A3´ A1 A2 … … A2 A1 A2 A3 A11 A6 … A3 A2 … A4 A5 … … A1 A3 A3 A1 A2 A3 A2 A10 … … A3 … … A6 A1 A2 A1 A3´ A1 A2 A1

Lattice parameters, nm Prototype αU αLa Cu Cl αLa Cu Mg Cu W α´Cr W Cu Cu … Cu α´Dy Mg W αSm Mg αLa Cu W αF γO W Cu W Mg αGa In γGa Mg W αSm C (diamond) βSn σGe γSi Cu Mg Mg Cu W Mg W αHg βHg … Mg αSm Cl In Cu W Cu αLa Cu W Cu

a 0.3049 0.339 ? 0.624 0.3496 0.4382 0.25071 0.35447 0.28848 0.2882 0.6141 0.6465 0.5800 … 0.36146 0.3595 0.35915 0.403 0.3436 0.35592 ? ? 0.45827 0.550 0.667 0.28665 0.36467 0.29315 0.2468 0.45186 0.2808 1.0593 0.36336 0.406 0.361 0.56574 0.4884 0.593 0.692 0.5338 0.3776 0.3555 0.4240 0.4110 0.31946 0.3610 0.3005 0.3995 … 0.35778 0.334 0.72697 0.3253 0.38392 0.5321 0.5810 0.37740 0.5303 0.426 0.517

b 0.5998 … … 0.448 … … … … … … … … … … … 0.6184 … … … … … … … 0.338 … … … … … 0.76570 … 1.3523 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.47903 … … … … … … … …

c 0.5215 1.1015 … 0.826 1.1331 … 0.40686 … … 0.2887 … … … … … 0.5678 0.56501 … 2.483 0.55850 … … … 0.728 … … … … 0.396 0.45258 0.4458 0.5203 0.57810 … 2.603 … 0.2692 0.698 … … 0.6162 0.5798 … … 0.50510 … … 0.2825 … 0.56178 2.45 0.97942 0.49470 … … … 1.2171 … … …

Comment, c/a or α or β … 2*1.625 … … 2*1.621 … 1.6228 … … 1.002 … … … … … … 1.5732 … 4.5*1.606 1.5692 … … … β = 102.17o … … … … 1.603 … 1.588 … 0.5910 … 4*1.60 … 0.551 1.18 … … 1.632 1.631 … … 1.5811 … α = 70.53o 0.707 … 1.5702 4.5*1.63 … 1.5210 … … … 2*1.6125 … … …

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements

K21599_S12.indb 17

Pressure, GPa atm atm c.w. atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >3.3 atm atm atm atm atm >5.0 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >10.3 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >4.0 atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm >1.08 >2.05 atm atm atm atm atm >5.0 >7.5 >14.0

Pearson symbol hP2 cI2 cF4 hP2 hP2 cl58 cP20 cF4 cI2 cI2 cP8 hP4 tP4 hP2 cI2 cI2 hP4 cI2 cF4 cF4 cF4 oP8 tP4 cI2 mC4 hR2 cP16 hP2 oC8 tI2 cI2 cF4 hP2 cF4 hP4 cI2 cP1 hR1 hP4 cI2 cF4 cF4 mP16 mI34 oF8 cF4 tI2 cI2 cI2 cI2 ? ? hP2 cF4 hP2 oF128 hR2 cP1 hP2 mP3

Space group P63 /mmc Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc I43m P4132 Fm3m Im3m Im3m Pa3 P63 /mmc P42 /mnm P63 /mmc Im3m Im3m P63 /mmc Im3m Fm3m Fm3m Fm3m Pnma P4212 Im3m C2m R3m Pm3n P63 /mmc Cmca I4/mmm Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc Fm3m P63 /mmc Im3m Pm3m R3m P63 /mmc Im3m Fm3m Fm3m P21/m I2/m Fddd Fm3m I4/mmm Im3m Im3m lm3m … … P63 /mmc Fm3m P63/mmc Fddd R3m Pm3m P63 /mmc ?

Struktur­ bericht designation A3 A2 A1 A3 A3 A12 A13 A1 A2 A2 … … … A3 A2 A2 A3´ A2 A1 A1 A1 Ac Ad A2 … … … A3 … Aa A2 A1 A3 A1 A3´ A2 Ah … A3´ A2 A1 A1 … … … A1 A6 A2 A2 A2 … … A3 A1 A3 A16 A7 Ah A3 …

Lattice parameters, nm Prototype Mg W Cu Mg Mg αMn βMn Cu W W αN βN γN Mg W W αLa W Cu Cu Cu αNp βNp W αO βO γO Mg P (black) αPa W Cu Mg Cu αLa W αPo βPo αLa W Cu Cu αPu βPu γPu Cu In W W W … … Mg Cu Mg αS αAs αPo Mg …

a 0.3111 0.35093 0.4388 0.35052 0.32094 0.89126 0.63152 0.3860 0.3080 0.31470 0.5661 0.4050 0.3957 0.3767 0.42906 0.33004 0.36582 0.413 0.480 0.4462 0.35240 0.6663 0.4883 0.352 0.5403 0.4210 0.683 0.27341 0.33136 0.3921 0.381 0.49502 0.3265 0.38903 0.365 (0.410) 0.3366 0.3373 0.36721 0.413 0.488 0.39236 0.6183 0.9284 0.31587 0.46371 0.33261 0.36343 0.5148 0.5705 … … 0.27609 0.38032 0.27058 1.0464 0.45067 0.2992 0.3376 0.556

b … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.4723 … … 0.3429 … … … 1.0478 … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.4822 1.0463 0.57682 … … … … … … … … … … 1.28660 … … … 0.404

c 0.5093 … … 0.55494 0.52107 … … … … … … 0.6604 0.5109 0.6154 … … 1.17966 … … … … 0.4887 0.3389 … 0.5086 … … 0.43918 0.43763 0.3235 … … 0.5387 … 1.165 … … … 1.18326 … … … 1.0963 0.7859 1.0162 … 0.44630 … … … … … 0.4458 … 0.42816 2.44860 … … 0.5341 0.422

Comment, c/a or α or β 1.637 … … 1.5832 1.6236 … … … … … … 1.631 1.291 1.634 … … 2*1.6124 … … … … … 0.694 … β = 132.53o α = 46.27o … 1.6063 … 0.825 … … 1.650 … 2*1.60 … … α = 98.08o 2*1.6111 … … … β = 101.97o β = 92.13o … … 1.3418 … … … … … 1.6145 … 1.5824 … α = 57.11o … 1.582 β = 86.0o

Solids

Element αLi βLi γLi Lu Mg αMn βMn γMn σMn Mo αN βN γN αNa βNa Nb αNd βNd γNd Ne Ni αNp βNp γNp αO βO γO Os P (black) αPa βPa αPb βPb Pd αPm βPm αPo βPo αPr βPr γPr Pt αPu βPu γPu σPu σ´Pu єPu Ra αRb βRb γRb Re Rh Ru αS αSb βSb γSb σSb

Temper­ ature, °C 1079 >1143 25 125 >215 >320 >463 >483 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25

12-17

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Crystal Structures and Lattice Parameters of Allotropes of the Elements

12-18

Solids

Element αSc βSc γSe αSi βSi γSi σSi αSm βSm γ´Sm σSm αSn βSn γSn αSr βSr β´Sr Ta α´Tb aTb βTb γTb Tc αTe βTe γTe αTh βTh αTi βTi ωTi αTl βTl γTl Tm αU βU γU V W Xe αY βY αYb βYb γYb Zn αZr βZr ωZr

K21599_S12.indb 18

Temper­ ature, °C 25 >1337 25 25 25 25 25 25 >734 >922 25 547 25 25 1289 25 25 25 25 25 25 >1360 25 >882 25 25 >230 25 25 25 >668 >776 25 25 1478 795 25 25 >863 25

Pressure, GPa atm atm atm atm >9.5 >16.0 >16→atm atm atm atm >4.0 atm atm >9.0 atm atm >3.5 atm atm atm atm >6.0 atm atm >2.0 >7.0 atm atm atm atm HP→atm atm atm HP atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm atm HP→atm

Pearson symbol hP2 cI2 hP3 cF8 tI4 cI16 hP4 hR3 hP2 cI2 hP4 cF8 tI4 tI2 cF4 cI2 cI2 cI2 oC4 hP2 cI2 hR3 hP2 hP3 hR2 hR1 cF4 cl2 hP2 cl2 hP3 hP2 cI2 cF4 hP2 oC4 tP30 cI2 cI2 cI2 cF4 hP2 cI2 hP2 cF4 cI2 hP2 hP2 cI2 hP2

Space group P63 /mm Im3m P3121 Fd3m I41/amd Im3m P63 /mmc R3m P63 /mmc Im3m P63 /mmc Fd3m I41/amd ? Fm3m Im3m Im3m Im3m Cmcm P63 /mmc Im3m R3m P63 /mmc P3121 R3m R3m Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc Im3m P6/mmm P63 /mmc Im3m Fm3m P63 /mmc Cmcm P42 /mnm Im3m Im3m Im3m Fm3m P63/mmc Im3m P63 /mmc Fm3m Im3m P63 /mmc P63 /mmc Im3m P6/mmm

Struktur­ bericht designation A3 A2 A8 A4 A5 … A3´ … A3 A2 A3´ A4 A5 … A1 A2 A2 A2 … A3 A2 … A3 A8 A7 … A1 A2 A3 A2 … A3 A2 A1 A3 A20 Ab A2 A2 A2 A1 A3 A2 A3 A1 A2 A3 A3 A2 …

Lattice parameters, nm Prototype Mg W γSe C (diamond) βSn γSi αLa αSm Mg W αLa C (diamond) βSn γSn Cu W W W α´Dy Mg W αSm Mg γSe αAs βPo Cu W Mg W ωTi Mg W Cu Mg αU βU W W W Cu Mg W Mg Cu W Mg Mg W ωTi

a 0.33088 (0.373) 0.43659 0.54306 0.4686 0.6636 0.380 0.36290 0.36630 (0.410) 0.3618 0.64892 0.58318 0.370 0.6084 0.487 0.4437 0.33030 0.3605 0.36055 (0.407) 0.341 0.2738 0.44566 0.469 0.3002 0.50842 0.411 0.29506 0.33065 0.4625 0.34566 0.3879 ? 0.35375 0.28537 1.0759 0.3524 0.30240 0.31652 0.6350 0.36482 (0.410) 0.38799 0.54848 0.444 0.26650 0.32316 0.36090 0.5036

b … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.6244 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 0.58695 … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

c 0.52680 … 0.49537 … 0.2585 … 0.628 2.6207 0.58448 … 1.166 … 0.31818 0.337 … … … … 0.5706 0.56966 … 2.45 0.4393 0.59264 … … … … 0.46835 … 0.2813 0.55248 … … 0.55540 0.49548 0.5656 … … … … 0.57318 … 0.63859 … … 0.49470 0.51475 … 0.3109

Comment, c/a or α or β 1.5921 … 1.1346 … 0.552 … 1.653 4*1.6048 1.5956 … 2*1.611 … 0.5456 0.91 … … … … … 1.5800 … 4*1.60 1.604 1.3298 α = 53.30o α = 103.3o … … 1.59873 … 0.6082 1.5983 … … 1.5700 … 0.526 … … … … 1.5711 … 1.6459 … … 1.8563 1.5929 … 0.617

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Phase Transitions in the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure

Element Americium

Beryllium Boron

Calcium Californium Cerium

Cobalt Curium Dysprosium

Fluorine Gadolinium Hafnium Iron

Lanthanum

Lithium Manganese

Neodymium Neptunium



K21599_S12.indb 19

Symbol Am Am Am Be Be B B B Ca Ca Cf Cf Ce Ce Ce Ce Co Co Cm Cm Dy Dy Dy F2 F2 Gd Gd Hf Hf Fe Fe Fe La La La Li Li Mn Mn Mn Mn Nd Nd Np Np Np

Transition α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→δ δ→liq ε→α α→liq α→β β→liq α’→α α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→γ γ→δ δ→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→δ δ→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq

t/°C 769 1077 1176 1270 1287 1100 1500 2075 443 842 590 900 –177 61 726 799 422 1495 1277 1345 –187 1381 1412 –227.60 –219.67 1235 1313 1743 2233 912 1394 1538 277 860 920 –193 180.50 727 1100 1138 1246 855 1016 280 576 644

References 1. Massalski, T. B., Ed., Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams, Second Edition, ASM International, Metals Park, OH, 1990. 2. Cordfunke, E. H. P., and Konings, R. J. M., Eds., Thermochemical Data for Reactor Materials and Fission Products, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1990. 3. Greenwood, N. N., and Earnshaw, A., Chemistry of the Elements, Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1997. 4. Rhyne, J. J., “Magnetic Phase Transitions of the Elements”, Bull. Alloy Phase Diag. 3, 402, 1982. Comments

Solids

This table gives the phase transition temperatures for the elements that can exist in two or more crystalline forms (allotropes). The crystal phases are labeled by Greek letters in the most common conventions, although some variation is found. All data refer to normal atmospheric pressure.

β-Ce and γ-Ce are magnetic

magnetic transition at 1115 °C magnetic transition at –221 °C

magnetic transitions in α-Dy at –184 °C and –94 °C

magnetic transition in α-Fe at 771 °C

magnetic transition in α-Mn at –100 °C

magnetic transition in α-Nd at –253 °C

12-19

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Phase Transitions in the Solid Elements at Atmospheric Pressure

12-20 Element Nitrogen Oxygen

Phosphorus

Plutonium

Polonium Solids

Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Samarium

Scandium Selenium Sodium Strontium Sulfur Terbium

Thallium Thorium Tin Titanium Uranium

Ytterbium

Yttrium Zirconium

K21599_S12.indb 20

Symbol N2 N2 O2 O2 O2 P P P Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Pu Po Po Pr Pr Pm Pm Pa Pa Sm Sm Sm Sc Sc Se Se Na Na Sr Sr S S Tb Tb Tb Tl Tl Th Th Sn Sn Ti Ti U U U Yb Yb Yb Y Y Zr Zr

Transition α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq brown→β-white β-white→α-white α-white→liq α→β β→γ γ→δ δ→δ’ δ’→ε ε→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→liq α-red→gray gray→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α’→α α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq α (gray)→β (white) β (white)→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→γ γ→liq α→β β→liq α→β β→liq

t/°C –237.54 –210.0 –249.29 –229.35 –218.79 –190 –76.9 44.15 124.5 214.8 320.0 462.9 482.6 640 54 254 795 931 890 1042 1170 1572 734 922 1072 1337 1541 180 220.8 –233 97.794 547 777 95.3 115.21 –53 1289 1359 230 304 1360 1750 13.2 231.928 882 1668 669 776 1135 3 795 824 1478 1522 866 1854.7

Comments

several amorphous phases (red, black, gray) exist (Ref. 3)

magnetic transition in α-Pm at –175 °C

magnetic transition in α-Sm at –167 °C

many allotropes exist (Ref. 3)

many allotropes exist (Ref. 3)

magnetic transition in α-Tb at –230 °C

defining fixed point on ITS-90

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Lattice Energies H. D. B. Jenkins and H. K. Roobottom THERMOCHEMICAL CYCLE AND CALCULATED VALUES

METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF VALUES NOT TABULATED

Table 1 contains calculated values of the lattice energies (total lattice potential energies), UPOT , of crystalline salts, MaXb. UPOT is expressed in units of kilojoules per mole, kJ mol–1. M and X can be either simple or complex ions. Substances are arranged by chemical class. Also listed in the table is the lattice energy, UPOTBFHC, obtained from the application of the Born–Fajans–Haber cycle (BHFC) described below, using the “Standard Thermochemical Properties of Chemical Substances” table in Section 5 of this Handbook, References 1 through 4, and certain other data that are given in Table 3 below. The lattice enthalpy, ∆HL, is given by the cycle:

In cases where the lattice energy is not tabulated and we want to furnish an estimate, then the Kapustinskii equation (Ref. 5) can be used to obtain a value (in kJ mol–1): U POT =

 121.4 z a zb v  1− 0.0345   (ra + rb )  (ra + rb )

where za and zb are the moduli of the charges on the v ions in the lattice and ra and rb (in nm) are the thermochemical radii given in Table 2. The ra for metal ions is taken to be the Goldschmidt radius (Ref. 6). To cite an example, if we wish to estimate the lattice energy of the salt [NH+4][HF–2] using the above procedure, we see that Table 2 gives the thermochemical radius (ra ) for NH+4 to be 0.136 nm and that for HF–2 (rb ) to be 0.172 nm. The lattice potential energy is then estimated to be 700 kJ mol–1 compared with the calculated value of 705 kJ mol–1 and the Born–Fajans–Haber cycle value of 658 kJ mol–1.

Solids



References

where (ss) is the standard state of the element concerned. The lattice enthalpy, ∆HL, is obtained using the equation:

∆H L = a∆ f H o (M b+ , g ) + b∆ f H o (X a− , g ) − ∆ f H o (M a X b , c)

and is further related to the total lattice potential energy, UPOT, by the relationship:

 n  n  ∆H L = U POT +  a M − 2+ b  X − 2 RT     2   2

where nM and nX equal 3 for monatomic ions, 5 for linear polyatomic ions and 6 for polyatomic non-linear ions.



K21599_S12.indb 21

1. Wagman, D. D., Evans, W. H., Parker, V. B., Schumm, R. H., Halow, I., Bailey, S. M., Churney, K. L., and Nuttall, R. L., The NBS Tables of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 11, Suppl. 2, 1982. 2. Chase, M. W., Davies, C. A., Downey, J. R., Frurip, D. J., McDonald, R. A., and Syverud, A. N., JANAF Thermochemical Tables, Third Edition, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 14, Suppl. 1, 1985. 3. Lias, S. G., Bartmess, J. E., Liebman, J. F., Holmes, J. L., Levin, R. D., and Mallard, W. G., Gas-Phase Ion and Neutral Thermochemistry, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, Vol. 17, Suppl. 1, 1988. 4. Jenkins, H. D. B., and Pratt, K. F., Adv. Inorg. Chem. Radiochem. 22, 1, 1978. 5. Kapustinskii, A. F., Quart. Rev. 10, 283, 1956. 6. Goldschmidt, V. M., Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akad. Oslo, I, Mat.Naturn. Kl, 1926. See also Dasent, W. E., Inorganic Energetics, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, 1982.

12-21

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Lattice Energies

12-22 Table 1. Lattice Energies (kJ mol–1) Substance Acetates Li(CH3COO) Na(CH3COO) K(CH3COO) Rb(CH3COO) Cs(CH3COO)

Calc. UPOT

UPOTBHFC

Solids

– 828 749 715 682

843 807 726 – –

Acetylides CaC2 SrC2 BaC2

2911 2788 2647

2902 2782 2652

Azides LiN3 NaN3 KN3 RbN3 CsN3 AgN3 TlN3 Ca(N3)2 Sr(N3)2 Ba(N3)2 Mn(N3)2 Cu(N3)2 Zn(N3)2 Cd(N3)2 Pb(N3)2

861 770 697 674 665 854 689 2186 2056 2021 2408 2730 2840 2446 –

875 784 – 691 674 910 742 2316 2187 – 2348 2738 2970 2576 2300

Bihalide Salts LiHF2 NaHF2 KHF2 RbHF2 CsHF2 NH4HF2 CsHCl2 Me4NHCl2 Et4NHCl2 Bu4NHCl2

821 755 657 627 607 705 601 427 346 290

847 748 660 631 – 658 – – – –

Bicarbonates NaHCO3 KHCO3 RbHCO3 CsHCO3 NH4HCO3

820 741 707 678 –

656 573 522 520 577

5146 5104 5021 7447 7406 10083 7447 7447 7406 7447 5104 7489 7489 7489

– – – – – – – – – – – – – –

Borides CaB6 SrB6 BaB6 YB6 LaB6 CeB6 PrB6 NdB6 PmB6 SmB6 EuB6 GdB6 TbB6 DyB6

K21599_S12.indb 22

Substance HoB6 ErB6 TmB6 YbB6 LuB6 ThB6

Calc. UPOT 7489 7489 7489 5146 7489 10167

UPOTBHFC – – – – – –

Borohydrides LiBH4 NaBH4 KBH4 RbBH4 CsBH4

778 703 655 648 628

– 694 638 – –

Borohalides LiBF4 NaBF4 KBF4 RbBF4 CsBF4 NH4BF4 KBCl4 RbBCl4 CsBCl4

699 657 611 577 556 582 506 489 473

749 674 616 590 565 – 497 486 –

Carbonates Li2CO3 Na2CO3 K2CO3 Rb2CO3 Cs2CO3 MgCO3 CaCO3 SrCO3 BaCO3 MnCO3 FeCO3 CoCO3 CuCO3 ZnCO3 CdCO3 SnCO3 PbCO3

2523 2301 2084 2000 1920 3138 2804 2720 2615 3046 3121 3443 3494 3121 2929 2904 2728

2254 2016 1846 1783 1722 3122 2811 2688 2554 3092 3169 3235 – 3273 3052 – 2750

Cyanates LiNCO NaNCO KNCO RbNCO CsNCO NH4NCO

849 807 726 692 661 724

– 816 734 – – –

Cyanides LiCN NaCN KCN RbCN CsCN Ca(CN)2 Sr(CN)2 Ba(CN)2 NH4CN AgCN

874 766 692 638 601 2268 2138 2001 617 (741)

759 686 – – 2240 – 2009 691 935

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Lattice Energies Calc. UPOT 2809 2583

UPOTBHFC 2817 2591

865 791 713 685 651 715

– 804 722 – – –

7991 7301 6987 6653

– 7306 – 6643

Halates LiBrO3 NaBrO3 KBrO3 RbBrO3 CsBrO3 NaClO3 KClO3 RbClO3 CsClO3 LiIO3 NaIO3 KIO3 RbIO3 CsIO3

883 803 740 720 694 770 711 690 – 975 883 820 791 761

880 791 722 705 681 785 721 703 679 974 876 780 – –

Halides LiF LiCl LiBr LiI NaF NaCl NaBr NaI KF KCl KBr KI RbF RbCl RbBr RbI CsF CsCl CsBr CsI FrF FrCl FrBr FrI CuCl CuBr CuI AgF AgCl AgBr

1030 834 788 730 910 769 732 682 808 701 671 632 774 680 651 617 744 657 632 600 715 632 611 582 992 969 948 953 910 897

1049 864 820 764 930 790 754 705 829 720 691 650 795 695 668 632 759 670 647 613 – – – – 996 978 966 974 918 905

Germanates Mg2GeO4 Ca2GeO4 Sr2GeO4 Ba2GeO4

K21599_S12.indb 23

Substance AgI AuCl AuBr AuI InCl InBr InI TlF TlCl TlBr TlI Me4NCl Me4NBr Me4NI PH4Br PH4I BeF2 BeCl2 BeBr2 BeI2 MgF2 MgCl2 MgBr2 MgI2 CaF2 CaCl2 CaBr2 CaI2 SrF2 SrCl2 SrI2 BaF2 BaCl2 BaBr2 BaI2 RaF2 RaCl2 RaBr2 RaI2 ScCl2 ScBr2 ScI2 TiF2 TiCl2 TiBr2 TiI2 VCl2 VBr2 VI2 CrF2 CrCl2 CrBr2 CrI2 MoCl2 MoBr2 MoI2 MnF2 MnCl2 MnBr2 MnI2 FeF2

Calc. UPOT 881 1013 1029 1027 – – – – 738 720 692 566 553 544 616 590 3464 3004 2950 2780 2926 2477 2406 2293 2640 2268 2132 1971 2476 2142 1984 2347 2046 1971 1862 2284 2004 1929 1803 2380 2291 2201 2724 2439 2360 2259 2607 – – 2778 2540 2377 2269 2737 2742 2630 2644 2510 2448 2212 2849

UPOTBHFC 892 1066 1059 1070 764 767 733 850 751 734 710 – – – – – 3526 3033 2914 2813 2978 2540 2451 2340 2651 2271 – 2087 2513 2170 1976 2373 2069 1995 1890 – – – – – – – – 2514 2430 2342 2593 2534 2470 2939 2601 2536 2440 2746 2753 – – 2551 2482 – 2967

Solids

Substance Zn(CN)2 Cd(CN)2 Formates Li(HCO2) Na(HCO2) K(HCO2) Rb(HCO2) Cs(HCO2) NH4(HCO2)

12-23

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Lattice Energies

12-24

Solids

Substance FeCl2 FeBr2 FeI2 CoF2 CoCl2 CoBr2 CoI2 NiF2 NiCl2 NiBr2 NiI2 PdCl2 PdBr2 PdI2 CuF2 CuCl2 CuBr2 CuI2 AgF2 ZnF2 ZnCl2 ZnBr2 ZnI2 CdF2 CdCl2 CdBr2 CdI2 HgF2 HgCl2 HgBr2 HgI2 SnF2 SnCl2 SnBr2 SnI2 PbF2 PbCl2 PbBr2 PbI2 ScF3 ScCl3 ScBr3 ScI3 YF3 YCl3 YI3 TiF3 TiCl3 TiBr3 TiI3 ZrCl3 ZrBr3 ZrI3 VF3 VCl3 VBr3 VI3 NbCl3 NbBr3 NbI3 CrF3

K21599_S12.indb 24

Calc. UPOT 2569 2515 2439 3004 2707 2640 2569 3098 2753 2729 2607 2778 2741 2748 3046 2774 2715 2640 2942 3021 2703 2648 2581 2809 2552 2507 2441 2757 2657 2628 2628 2551 2297 2251 2193 2535 2270 2219 2163 5492 4874 4729 4640 4983 4506 4240 5644 5134 5012 4845 – – – 5895 5322 5214 5121 5062 4980 4860 6033

UPOTBHFC 2641 2577 2491 3042 2706 2643 2561 3089 2786 2721 2637 2818 2751 2760 3102 2824 2774 – 2967 3053 2748 2689 2619 2830 2565 2517 2455 – 2664 2639 2624 – 2310 2256 2206 2543 2282 2230 2177 5540 4901 4761 – – 4524 4258 – 5153 5023 – 4791 4758 4591 – 5329 5224 5136 – – – 6065

Substance CrCl3 CrBr3 CrI3 MoF3 MoCl3 MoBr3 MoI3 MnF3 MnCl3 MnBr3 MnI3 TcCl3 TcBr3 TcI3 FeF3 FeCl3 FeBr3 FeI3 RuCl3 RuBr3 RuI3 CoF3 RhCl3 IrF3 IrBr3 NiF3 AuF3 AuCl3 ZnCl3 ZnBr3 ZnI3 AlF3 AlCl3 AlBr3 AlI3 GaF3 GaCl3 GaBr3 GaI3 InCl3 InBr3 InI3 TlF3 TlCl3 TlBr3 TlI3 AsBr3 AsI3 SbF3 SbCl3 SbBr3 SbI3 BiCl3 BiI3 LaF3 LaCl3 LaBr3 LaI3 CeCl3 CeI3 PrCl3

Calc. UPOT 5518 5355 5275 6459 5246 5156 5073 6017 5544 5448 5330 5270 5215 5188 5870 5364 5333 5117 5245 5223 5222 5991 5641 (6112) (4794) (6111) (5777) (4605) 5832 5732 5636 5924 5376 5247 5070 5829 5217 4966 4611 4736 4535 4234 5493 5258 5171 5088 5497 4824 5295 5032 4954 4867 4689 3774 4682 4263 4209 3916 4394 – 4322

UPOTBHFC 5529 – 5294 – 5253 – – – – – – – – – – 5436 5347 – 5257 5232 5235 – 5665 – – – – – – – – 6252 5513 5360 5227 6238 5665 5569 5496 5183 5117 5001 – 5278 – – 5365 5295 5324 4857 4776 4692 4707 – – 4242 – 3986 4348 4061 4387

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Lattice Energies

Hydrides LiH NaH KH

K21599_S12.indb 25

Calc. UPOT – 4343 4376 4393 4406 4481 4501 4527 4548 – – 4096 4243 4268 4289 (3959) 4293 10012 9431 9288 9108 8853 8021 7661 7155 8795 8556 8510 8427 8355 7970 9519 5795 5753 5669 5448 5381 5330 2891 2853 2803 2753 2694 2669 5711 5653 5569 5339 5272 5209 845 766 699 674 636 678 736 916 807 711

UPOTBHFC 4101 4415 4450 4490 4495 4529 4572 4591 4608 4340 4651 – – – – – – 9908 – 9059 8918 8971 8144 7984 7801 – 9603 9500 – 8930 8852 – – – – – 5429 5370 – – – – – – – – – – – – – 756 689 – – – 685 918 807 713

Substance RbH CsH VH NbH PdH CuH TiH ZrH HfH LaH TaH CrH NiH PtH AgH AuH TlH GeH PbH BeH2 MgH2 CaH2 SrH2 BaH2 ScH2 YH2 LaH2 CeH2 PrH2 NdH2 PmH2 SmH2 GdH2 AcH2 ThH2 PuH2 AmH2 TiH2 ZrH2 CuH2 ZnH2 HgH2 AlH3 FeH3 ScH3 YH3 LaH3 FeH3 GaH3 InH3 TlH3

Calc. UPOT 686 648 1184 1163 979 828 996 916 904 828 1021 1050 929 937 941 1033 745 950 778 3205 2791 2410 2250 2121 2711 (2598) 2380 2414 2448 2464 2519 2510 2494 2372 2711 2519 2544 2866 2711 2941 2870 2707 5924 5724 5439 5063 4895 5724 5690 5092 5092

UPOTBHFC 684 653 (1344) (1633) 1368 1254 1407 1590 – – – – – – – 1108 – – – 3306 2718 2406 2265 2133 2744 2733 2522 2509 2405 2394 – 2389 2651 – 2738 – – 2864 2999 – – – 5969 – – 4910 4493 – – – –

Hydroselenides NaHSe KHSe RbHSe CsHse

703 644 623 598

732 712 689 669

Hydrosulphides LiHS NaHS RbHS

768 723 655

862 771 682

Solids

Substance PrI3 NdCl3 SmCl3 EuCl3 GdCl3 DyCl3 HoCl3 ErCl3 TmCl3 TmI3 YbCl3 AcCl3 UCl3 NpCl3 PuCl3 PuBr3 AmCl3 TiF4 TiCl4 TiBr4 TiI4 ZrF4 ZrCl4 ZrBr4 ZrI4 MoF4 MoCl4 MoBr4 MoI4 SnCl4 SnBr4 PbF4 CrF2Cl CrF2Br CrF2I CrCl2Br CrCl2I CrBr2I CuFCl CuFBr CuFI CuClBr CuClI CuBrI FeF2Cl FeF2Br FeF2I FeCl2Br FeCl2I FeBr2I LiIO2F2 NaIO2F2 KIO2F2 RbIO2F2 CsIO2F2 NH4IO2F2 AgIO2F2

12-25

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Lattice Energies

12-26

Solids

Substance CsHS NH4HS Ca(HS)2 Sr(HS)2 Ba(HS)2

Calc. UPOT 628 661 2184 2063 1979

Hydroxides LiOH NaOH KOH RbOH CsOH Be(OH)2 Mg(OH)2 Ca(OH)2 Sr(OH)2 Ba(OH)2 Ti(OH)2 Mn(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 Co(OH)2 Ni(OH)2 Pd(OH)2 Cu(OH)2 CuOH AgOH AuOH TlOH Zn(OH)2 Cd(OH)2 Hg(OH)2 Sn(OH)2 Pb(OH)2 Sc(OH)3 Y(OH)3 La(OH)3 Cr(OH)3 Mn(OH)3 Al(OH)3 Ga(OH)3 In(OH)3 Tl(OH)3 Ti(OH)4 Zr(OH)4 Mn(OH)4 Sn(OH)4

1021 887 789 766 721 3477 2870 2506 2330 2142 – 2909 2653 2786 2832 – 2870 1006 918 1033 705 2795 2607 2669 2489 2376 5063 4707 4443 5556 6213 5627 5732 5280 5314 9456 8619 10933 9188

1028 892 796 765 732 3620 2998 2637 2474 2330 2953 3008 3044 3109 3186 3189 3229 – 845 – 874 3151 2909 – 2721 – 5602 – – 6299 – – 6368 – – – – – 9879

Imides CaNH SrNH BaNH

3293 3146 2975

– – –

Metavanadates Li3VO4 Na3VO4 K3VO4 Rb3VO4 Cs3VO4

3945 3766 3376 3243 3137

– – – – –

848 755 685 662

854 763 694 671

Nitrates LiNO3 NaNO3 KNO3 RbNO3

K21599_S12.indb 26

UPOTBHFC 657 718 (2171) – (1956)

Substance CsNO3 AgNO3 TlNO3 Mg(NO3)2 Ca(NO3)2 Sr(NO3)2 Ba(NO3)2 Mn(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 Co(NO3)2 Ni(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2 Zn(NO3)2 Cd(NO3)2 Sn(NO3)2 Pb(NO3)2

Calc. UPOT 648 820 690 2481 2268 2176 2062 2318 – 2560 – – 2376 2238 2155 2067

UPOTBHFC 650 832 707 2521 2247 2151 2035 2478 (2580) 2647 2729 2739 2649 2462 2254 2208

Nitrides ScN LaN TiN ZrN VN NbN CrN

7547 6876 8130 7633 8283 7939 8269

7506 6793 8033 7723 8233 8022 8358

Nitrites NaNO2 KNO2 RbNO2 CsNO2

774 699 724 690

772 687 765 –

Oxides Li2O Na2O K2O Rb2O Cs2O Cu2O Ag2O Tl2O LiO2 NaO2 KO2 RbO2 CsO2 Li2O2 Na2O2 K2O2 Rb2O2 Cs2O2 MgO2 CaO2 SrO2 KO3 BeO MgO CaO SrO BaO TiO VO MnO

2799 2481 2238 2163 2131 3273 3002 2659 (878) 799 741 706 679 2592 2309 2114 2025 1948 3356 3144 3037 697 4514 3795 3414 3217 3029 3832 3932 3724

2814 2478 2232 2161 2063 3189 2910 2575 (872) 821 751 721 696 2557 22717 2064 1994 1512 3526 3132 2977 707 4443 3791 3401 3223 3054 3811 3863 3745

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Lattice Energies

Perchlorates LiClO4 NaClO4 KClO4 RbClO4 CsClO4 NH4ClO4

K21599_S12.indb 27

Calc. UPOT 3795 3837 3908 3736 4135 4142 3806 3907 3919 3652 3520 13557 12705 12452 12661 12703 12736 12811 12878 12945 12996 13071 13138 13180 13263 13322 13380 13665 12573 – 15096 15276 15146 14309 15916 15590 13928 (14841) 9627 10397 10573 10644 10707 10786 10799 10832 12150 11188 11648 12970 13125 12828 11807 11217

UPOTBHFC 3865 3910 4010 – 4050 3971 – – – – – 13708 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 14149 14520 14957 15035 14774 – 15220 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – –

709 643 599 564 636 583

715 641 595 576 550 580

Substance Ca(ClO4)2 Sr(ClO4)2 Ba(ClO4)2 Permanganates NaMnO4 KMnO4 RbMnO4 CsMnO4 Ca(MnO4)2 Sr(MnO4)2 Ba(MnO4)2

Calc. UPOT 1958 1862 1795

UPOTBHFC 1971 1862 1769

661 607 586 565 1937 1845 1778

– – – – – – –

11632 10602 10125 9652 7397 7251 8201 7427 7381

11407 10479 10075 9654 – 7300 – 7507 –

Selenides Li2Se Na2Se K2Se Rb2Se Cs2Se Ag2Se Tl2Se BeSe MgSe CaSe SrSe BaSe MnSe

2364 2130 1933 1837 1745 2686 2209 3431 3071 2858 2736 2611 3176

– – – – – – – – – 2862 – – –

Selenites Li2SeO3 Na2SeO3 K2SeO3 Rb2SeO3 Cs2SeO3 Tl2SeO3 Ag2SeO3 BeSeO3 MgSeO3 CaSeO3 SrSeO3 BaSeO3

2171 1950 1774 1715 1640 1879 2113 3322 3012 2732 2586 2460

– 1916 1749 1675 – – 2148 – 2998 – 2588 2451

Selenates Li2SeO4 Na2SeO4 K2SeO4 Rb2SeO4 Cs2SeO4 Cu2SeO4 Ag2SeO4 Tl2SeO4 Hg2SeO4 BeSeO4

2054 1879 1732 1686 1615 2201 2033 1766 2163 3448

– – – – – – – – – –

Phosphates Mg3(PO4)2 Ca3(PO4)2 Sr3(PO4)2 Ba3(PO4)2 MnPO4 FePO4 BPO4 AlPO4 GaPO4

Solids

Substance FeO CoO NiO PdO CuO ZnO CdO HgO GeO SnO PbO Sc2O3 Y2O3 La2O3 Ce2O3 Pr2O3 Nd2O3 Pm2O3 Sm2O3 Eu2O3 Gd2O3 Tb2O3 Dy2O3 Ho2O3 Er2O3 Tm2O3 Yb2O3 Lu2O3 Ac2O3 Ti2O3 V2O3 Cr2O3 Mn2O3 Fe2O3 Al2O3 Ga2O3 In2O3 Pb2O3 CeO2 ThO2 PaO2 VO2(g) NpO2 PuO2 AmO2 CmO2 TiO2 ZrO2 MoO2 MnO2 SiO2 GeO2 SnO2 PbO2

12-27

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Lattice Energies

12-28 Substance MgSeO4 CaSeO4 SrSeO4

Calc. UPOT 2895 2632 2489

UPOTBHFC – – –

Solids

Sulphates Li2SO4 Na2SO4 K2SO4 Rb2SO4 Cs2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 Cu2SO4 Ag2SO4 Tl2SO4 Hg2SO4 CaSO4 SrSO4 BaSO4 MnSO4

2229 1827 1700 1636 1596 1766 2276 2104 1828 – 2489 2577 2469 2920

2142 1938 1796 1748 1658 1777 2166 1989 1722 2127 2480 2484 2374 2825

Sulphides Li2S Na2S K2S Rb2S Cs2S (NH4)2S Cu2S Ag2S Au2S Tl2S

2464 2192 1979 1929 1892 2008 2786 2606 2908 2298

2472 2203 (2052) 1949 1850 (2026) 2865 2677 – 2258

Ternary Salts Cs2CuCl4 Rb2ZnCl4 Cs2ZnCl4 Rb2ZnBr4 Cs2ZnBr4 Cs2ZnI4 CsGaCl4 NaAlCl4 CsAlCl4 NaFeCl4 Rb2CoCl4 Cs2CoCl4 K2PtCl4 Cs2GeF6 (NH4)2GeF6 Cs2GeCl6 K2HfCl6 K2IrCl6 Na2MoCl6 K2MoCl6 Rb2MoCl6 Cs2MoCl6 K2NbCl6 Rb2NbCl6 Cs2NbCl6 K2OsCl6 Cs2OsCl6 K2OsBr6 K2PdCl6 Rb2PdCl6

1393 1529 1492 1498 1454 1386 494 556 486 492 1447 1391 1574 1573 1657 1404 1345 1442 1526 1418 1399 1347 1375 1371 1381 1447 1409 1396 1481 1449

– – – – – – – – – – – – 1550 – – 1419 1461 1440 1504 1412 1399 1347 1398 1385 1344 1447 – – 1493 –

K21599_S12.indb 28

Substance Cs2PdCl6 Rb2PbCl6 Cs2PbCl6 (NH4)2PbCl6 K2PtCl6 Rb2PtCl6 Cs2PtCl6 (NH4)2PtCl6 Tl2PtCl6 Ag2PtCl6 BaPtCl6 K2PtBr6 Ag2PtBr6 K2PtI6 K2ReCl6 Rb2ReCl6 Cs2ReCl6 K2ReBr6 K2SiF6 Rb2SiF6 Cs2SiF6 Tl2SiF6 K2SnCl6 Rb2SnCl6 Cs2SnCl6 Tl2SnCl6 (NH4)2SnCl6 Rb2SnBr6 Cs2SnBr6 Rb2SnI6 Cs2SnBr6 K2TeCl6 Rb2TeCl6 Cs2TeCl6 Tl2TeCl6 (NH4)2TeCl6 K2RuCl6 Rb2CoF6 Cs2CoF6 K2NiF6 Rb2NiF6 Rb2SbCl6 Rb2SeCl6 Cs2SeCl6 (NH4)2SeCl6 (NH4)2PoCl6 Cs2PoBr6 Cs2CrF6 Rb2MnF6 Cs2MnF6 K2MnCl6 Rb2MnCl6 (NH4)2MnCl6 Cs2TeBr6 Cs2TeI6 K2TiCl6 Rb2TiCl6 Cs2TiCl6 Tl2TiCl6 K2TiBr6 Rb2TiBr6

Calc. UPOT 1426 1343 1344 1355 1468 1464 1444 1468 1546 1773 2047 1423 1791 1421 1416 1414 1398 1375 1670 1639 1604 1675 1363 1361 1358 1437 1370 1309 1306 1226 1243 1318 1321 1323 1392 1318 1451 1688 1632 1721 1688 1357 1409 1397 1420 1338 1286 1603 1688 1620 1462 1451 1464 1306 1246 1412 1415 1402 1560 1379 1341

UPOTBHFC – 1343 – – 1471 – – – – 1881 2070 1392 2276 – 1442 – – 1375 1765 1673 1498 – 1390 1363 – – 1344 – – – – 1320 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – 1447 1416 1384 1553 1379 1331

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Lattice Energies Calc. UPOT 1339 1504 1484 1473 1459 1398 1397 1392 1408 1361 1362 1339 1341 1339

Tellurides Li2Te Na2Te K2Te Rb2Te Cs2Te Cu2Te Ag2Te Tl2Te BeTe MgTe CaTe

UPOTBHFC 1306 – – – – 1423 1434 1366 1408 1391 1332 1371 – 1307

2212 1997 1830 1837 1745 2706 2607 2084 3319 2878 2721

– 2095 – – – 2683 2600 2172 – 3081 –

Substance

Calc. UPOT

Thiocyanates LiCNS NaCNS KCNS RbCNS CsCNS NH4CNS Ca(CNS)2 Sr(CNS)2 Ba(CNS)2 Mn(CNS)2 Zn(CNS)2 Cd(CNS)2 Hg(CNS)2 Sn(CNS)2 Pb(CNS)2 Vanadates LiVO3 NaVO3 KVO3 RbVO3 CsVO3

UPOTBHFC

764 682 623 623 623 605 2184 2063 1979 2280 2335 2201 2146 2117 2058

(765) 682 616 619 568 611 2118 1957 1852 2351 2560 2374 2492 2142 –

810 761 686 657 628

– – – – –

Solids

Substance Cs2TiBr6 Na2UBr6 K2UBr6 Rb2UBr6 Cs2UBr6 K2WCl6 Rb2WCl6 Cs2WCl6 K2WBr6 Rb2WBr6 Cs2WBr6 K2ZrCl6 Rb2ZrCl6 Cs2ZrCl6

12-29

TABLE 2. Thermochemical Radii (nm) Ion Singly Charged Anions AgF4AlBr4AlCl4AlF4AlH4AlI4AsF6AsO2Au(CN)2AuCl4AuF4AuF6B(OH)4BF4BH4BrBrF4BrO3CF3SO3CH3CO2ClClO2ClO3ClO4ClS2O6CNCr3O8CuBr4FFeCl4-

K21599_S12.indb 29

Radius 0.231 0.321 0.317 0.214 0.226 0.374 0.243 0.211 0.266 0.288 0.240 0.235 0.229 0.205 0.205 0.190 0.231 0.214 0.230 0.194 0.168 0.195 0.208 0.225 0.260 0.187 0.276 0.315 0.126 0.317

± 0.019 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.023 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

GaCl4HH2AsO4H2PO4HCO2HCO3HF2HSO4II2BrI3I4IBr2ICl2ICl4IO2F2IO3IO4IrF6MnO4MoF6MoOF5N3NCONbCl6NbF6Nb2F11NbO3NH2NH2CH2COONO2-

Ion

0.328 0.148 0.227 0.213 0.200 0.207 0.172 0.221 0.211 0.261 0.272 0.300 0.251 0.235 0.307 0.233 0.218 0.231 0.242 0.220 0.241 0.241 0.180 0.193 0.338 0.254 0.311 0.194 0.168 0.252 0.187

Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.049 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Lattice Energies

12-30

Solids

NO3O 2O 3OHOsF6PaF6PdF6PF6PO3PtF6PuF5ReF6ReO4RuF6S 6SCNSbCl6SbF6Sb2F11Sb3F14SeCl5SeCNSeHSHSO3FS3N3S3N3O4TaCl6TaF6TaO3UF6VF6VO3WCl6WF6WOF5-

Ion

Doubly Charged Anions AmF62Bi2Br82Bi6Cl202CdCl42CeCl62CeF62CO32CoCl42CoF42CoF62Cr2O72CrF62CrO42CuCl42CuF42GeCl62GeF62HfF62HgI42IrCl62MnCl62MnF42MnF62MoBr62-

K21599_S12.indb 30

0.200 0.165 0.199 0.152 0.252 0.249 0.252 0.242 0.204 0.247 0.239 0.240 0.227 0.242 0.305 0.209 0.320 0.252 0.312 0.374 0.258 0.230 0.195 0.191 0.214 0.231 0.252 0.352 0.250 0.192 0.301 0.235 0.201 0.337 0.246 0.241

Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.034 ± 0.019 ± 0.020 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

0.255 0.392 0.501 0.307 0.352 0.249 0.189 0.306 0.209 0.256 0.292 0.253 0.229 0.304 0.213 0.335 0.244 0.248 0.377 0.332 0.314 0.219 0.241 0.364

± 0.019 ± 0.055 ± 0.073 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.031 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

MoCl62MoF62MoO42NbCl62NH2Ni(CN)42NiF42NiF62O2O22OsBr62OsCl62OsF62PbCl42PbCl62PbF62PdBr62PdCl42PdCl62PdF62PoBr62PoI62Pt(NO2)3Cl32Pt(NO2)4Cl22Pt(OH)22Pt(SCN)62PtBr42PtBr62PtCl42PtCl62PtF62PuCl62ReBr62ReCl62ReF62ReF82ReH92ReI62RhF62RuCl62RuF62S2S2O32S2O42S2O52S2O62S2O72S2O82S3O62S4O62S6O62ScF62Se2SeBr62SeCl62SeO42SiF62SiO32SmF42Sn(OH)62SnBr62-

Ion

0.338 0.274 0.231 0.343 0.128 0.322 0.211 0.249 0.141 0.167 0.365 0.336 0.276 0.279 0.347 0.268 0.354 0.313 0.333 0.252 0.380 0.428 0.364 0.383 0.333 0.451 0.324 0.363 0.307 0.333 0.245 0.349 0.371 0.337 0.256 0.276 0.257 0.421 0.240 0.336 0.248 0.189 0.251 0.262 0.270 0.283 0.275 0.291 0.302 0.325 0.382 0.276 0.181 0.363 0.336 0.229 0.248 0.195 0.218 0.279 0.374

Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.026 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.020 ± 0.019

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Lattice Energies Ion

Multi-Charged Anions AlH63AsO43CdBr64CdCl64CeF63CeF73Co(CN)63Co(NO2)63CoCl53CoF63Cr(CN)63CrF63Cu(CN)43Fe(CN)63FeF63HfF73InF63Ir(CN)63Ir(NO2)63Mn(CN)63Mn(CN)65MnCl64N3Ni(NO2)63-

K21599_S12.indb 31

0.345 0.265 0.427 0.204 0.218 0.363 0.337 0.244 0.260 0.419 0.220 0.383 0.353 0.430 0.238 0.424 0.360 0.263 0.356 0.335 0.252 0.354 0.256 0.204 0.363 0.339 0.237 0.334 0.335 0.306 0.219 0.384 0.334 0.306 0.348 0.258

Radius ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019

0.256 0.237 0.374 0.352 0.278 0.282 0.349 0.343 0.320 0.258 0.351 0.254 0.312 0.347 0.298 0.277 0.268 0.347 0.338 0.350 0.401 0.349 0.180 0.342

± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038

Ni(NO2)64NiF63O3P3PaF83PO43PrF63Rh(NO2)63Rh(SCN)63TaF83TbF73Tc(CN)65ThF73TiBr63TlF63UF73YF63ZrF73-

Ion

Singly Charged Cations N(CH3)4+ N2H5+ N2H62+ NH(C2H5)3+ NH3C2H5+ NH3C3H7+ NH3CH3+ NH3OH+ NH4+ NH3C2H4OH+ As3S4+ As3Se4+ AsCl4+ Br2+ Br3+ Br3Br5+ BrClCNH2+ BrF2+ BrF4+ C10F8+ C6F6+ Cl(SNSCN)2+ Cl2C=NH2+ Cl2F+ Cl3+ ClF2+ ClO2+ GaBr4I2+ I3+ I5+ IBr2+ ICl2+ IF6+ N(S3N2)2+ N(SCl)2+ N(SeCl)2+ N(SF2)2+ N2F+ NO+ NO2+

0.383 0.250 0.288 0.224 0.299 0.230 0.281 0.345 0.428 0.284 0.290 0.410 0.282 0.315 0.271 0.285 0.275 0.273

Radius ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038 ± 0.042 ± 0.038 ± 0.038

0.234 0.158 0.158 0.274 0.193 0.225 0.177 0.147 0.136 0.203 0.244 0.253 0.221 0.155 0.204 0.238 0.229 0.175 0.183 0.172 0.265 0.228 0.347 0.173 0.165 0.182 0.147 0.118 0.317 0.185 0.225 0.263 0.196 0.175 0.209 0.258 0.186 0.246 0.214 0.156 0.145 0.153

± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.029 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.019 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.036 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027

Solids

SnCl62SnF62SnI62SO32SO42TcBr62TcCl62TcF62TcH92TcI62Te2TeBr62TeCl62TeI62TeO42Th(NO3)62ThCl62ThF62TiBr62TiCl62TiF62UCl62UF62VO32WBr62WCl62WO42WOCl52ZnBr42ZnCl42ZnF42ZnI42ZrBr42ZrCl42ZrCl62ZrF62-

12-31

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Lattice Energies

12-32

Solids

Ion O 2+ O2(SCCF3Cl)2+ ONCH3CF3+ OsOF5P(CH3)3Cl+ P(CH3)3D+ PCl4+ ReOF5S(CH3)2Cl+ S(N(C2H5)3)3+ S2(CH3)2Cl+ S2(CH3)2CN+ S2(CH3)3+ S2Br5+ S2N+ S2N2C2H3+ S2NC2(PhCH3)2+ S2NC3H4+ S2NC4H8+ S3(CH3)3+ S3Br3+ S3C3H7+ S3C4F6+ S3CF3CN+ S3Cl3+ S3N2+ S3N2Cl+ S4N3+ S4N3(Ph)2+ S4N4H+ S5N5+ S7I+ Sb(NPPh3)4+ SBr3+ SCH3O2+ SCH3P(CH3)3+ SCH3PCH3Cl2+ SCl(C2H5)2+ SCl2CF3+ SCl2CH3+ SCl3+ Se3Br3+ Se3Cl3+ Se3N2+ Se3NCl2+ Se6I+ SeBr3+ SeCl3+ SeF3+ SeI3+ SeN2Cl+ SeNCl2+ (SeNMe3)3+ SeS2N2+ SF(C6F5)2+ SF2CF3+ SF2N(CH3)2+ SF3+ SFS(C(CF3)2)2+ SH2C3H7+ SN+ SNCl5(CH3CN)-

0.140 0.275 0.200 0.246 0.197 0.196 0.235 0.245 0.207 0.439 0.265 0.223 0.233 0.267 0.159 0.211 0.310 0.218 0.225 0.239 0.245 0.199 0.261 0.263 0.233 0.201 0.232 0.231 0.316 0.178 0.257 0.262 0.518 0.220 0.183 0.248 0.205 0.207 0.207 0.204 0.185 0.253 0.245 0.288 0.163 0.260 0.182 0.192 0.179 0.238 0.196 0.157 0.406 0.282 0.294 0.198 0.210 0.172 0.275 0.210 0.158 0.290

Radius ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.034 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.042 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.042 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.038

Ion (SNPMe3)3+ SNSC(CH3)N+ SNSC(CN)CH+ SNSC(Ph)N+ SNSC(Ph)NS3N2+ SNSC(PhCH3)N+ (Te(N(SiMe3)2)2+ Te(N3)3+ Te4Nb3OTe2I6+ TeBr3+ TeCl3+ TeCl3(15-crown-5)+ TeI3+ Xe2F11+ Xe2F3+ XeF+ XeF3+ XeF5+ XeOF3+

0.308 0.225 0.209 0.251 0.327 0.264 0.371 0.226 0.407 0.235 0.216 0.282 0.243 0.266 0.221 0.174 0.183 0.186 0.186

Radius ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027 ± 0.027

Doubly Charged Cations Co2S2(CO)62+ FeW(Se)2(CO)2+ I42+ Mo(Te3)(CO)42+ S192+ S2(S(CH3)2)22+ S2I42+ S3N22+ S3NCCNS32+ S3Se2+ S4N42+ S6N42+ S82+ Se102+ Se172+ Se192+ Se2I42+ Se3N22+ Se42+ Se4S2N42+ Se82+ SeN2S22+ (SNP(C2H5)3)22+ TaBr6Te(trtu)42+ Te(tu)42+ Te2(esu)4Br22+ Te2(esu)4Cl22+ Te2(esu)4I22+ Te2Se22+ Te2Se42+ Te2Se82+ Te3S32+ Te3Se2+ Te42+ Te82+ W(CO)4(h3-Te)2+ W2(CO)10Se42+

0.263 0.260 0.207 0.234 0.292 0.230 0.231 0.184 0.220 0.326 0.186 0.232 0.182 0.253 0.236 0.296 0.218 0.182 0.152 0.224 0.186 0.182 0.312 0.351 0.328 0.296 0.356 0.361 0.342 0.192 0.222 0.252 0.217 0.193 0.169 0.187 0.234 0.290

± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.049 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035 ± 0.035

Multi-Charged Cations I153+ Te2(su)64+

0.442 0.453

± 0.051 ± 0.034

Ligand abbreviations: su = selenourea; esu = ethyleneselenourea; tu = thiourea; ph = phenyl.

K21599_S12.indb 32

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Lattice Energies

12-33

Species AsO43– BrO3– ClO4– CNCO32– Fe(NO3)2 HF2– HfCl62– IO2F2– IO3– IrCl62– LiCH3O2 NbCl62– NH2CH2CO2– O22– PdCl62– PO43– PtCl62– ReBr62– ReCl62– Ti(OH)2

K21599_S12.indb 33

State g g g g g c g g g g g c g g g g g g g g c

∆fHo (289) –145 –344 66 –321 (–448) –774 –1640 –693 –208 –785 (–745) –1224 –564 553 –749 291 –774 –689 –919 –778

Solids

Table 3. Ancillary Thermochemical Data (kJ mol–1)

4/3/14 12:40 PM

The Madelung Constant and Crystal Lattice Energy If U is the crystal lattice energy and M is the Madelung constant, thena U=

Substance

NMzi z j e 2 r

(1 − 1/n )

Solids

Ion type

Crystal formb

Sodium chloride, NaCl

–

M ,X

FCC

1.74756

Cesium chloride, CsCl

M+, X–

BCC

1.76267

Calcium chloride, CaCl2

M++, 2X–

Cubic

2.365

Calcium fluoride (fluorite), CaF2

M++, 2X–

Cubic

2.51939

Cadmium chloride, CdCl2

–

M , 2X

Hexagonal

2.244c

Cadmium iodide (α), CdI2

M++, 2X–

Hexagonal

2.355c

Magnesium fluoride, MgF2

M , 2X

Tetragonal

2.381c

Cuprous oxide (cuprite), Cu2O

2M+, X– –

Cubic

2.22124

Zinc oxide, ZnO

M ,X

Hexagonal

1.4985c

Sphalerite (zinc blende), ZnS

M++, X– –

FCC

1.63806

Wurtzite, ZnS

M ,X

Hexagonal

1.64132c

Titanium dioxide (anatase), TiO2

M4+, 2X– –

Tetragonal

2.400c

Titanium dioxide (rutile), TiO2

M , 2X

Tetragonal

2.408c

β-Quartz, SiO2

M , 2X

Hexagonal

2.2197c

Corundum, Al2O3

2M3+, 3X– –

Rhombohedral

4.1719

+

++

++

++

++

4+ 4+

–

––

––

–– ––

M

a

N is Avogadro’s number, zi and zj are the integral charges on the ions (in units of e), and e is the charge on the electron in electrostatic units (e = 4.803 × 10–10 esu). r is the shortest distance between cation–anion pairs in centimeters. Then U is in ergs (1 erg = 10–7 J).

b c

FCC = face centered cubic; BCC = body centered cubic.

For tetragonal and hexagonal crystals the value of M depends on the details of the lattice parameters.

The Born Exponent, n is: Ion type He, Li

n 5

+

Ne, Na+, F–

7

Ar, K , Cu , Cl +

+

–

9

Kr, Rb+, Ag+, Br–

10

Xe, Cs+, Au+, I–

12

For a crystal with a mixed-ion type, an average of the values of n in this table is to be used (6 for LiF, for example).

12-34

K21599_S12.indb 34

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals H. P. R. Frederikse This table gives selected values of elastic constants for single crystals. The values believed most reliable were selected from the original literature. The substances are arranged by crystal system and, within each system, alphabetically by name. A reference to the original literature is given for each value; a useful compilation of published values from many sources may be found in Reference 1. Data are given for the single-crystal density and for the elastic constants cij, in units of 1011 N/m2, which is equivalent to 1012 dyn/cm2.

General References 1. Simmons, G., and Wang, H., Single Crystal Elastic Constants and Calculated Aggregate Properties: A Handbook, Second Edition, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1971. 2. Gray, D. E., Ed., American Institute of Physics Handbook, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972.

CUBIC CRYSTALS



K21599_S12.indb 35

Formula

Aluminum Aluminum antimonide Ammonium bromide Ammonium chloride Argon Barium fluoride Barium nitrate Calcium fluoride Calcium telluride Cesium Cesium bromide Cesium chloride Cesium iodide Chromite Chromium Cobalt oxide Cobalt zinc ferrite Copper Gallium antimonide Gallium arsenide Gallium phosphide Garnet (yttrium-iron) Germanium Gold Indium antimonide Indium arsenide Indium phosphide Iridium Iron Lead Lead fluoride Lead nitrate Lead telluride Lithium Lithium bromide Lithium chloride Lithium fluoride Lithium iodide Magnesium oxide Magnetite Manganese oxide Mercury telluride Molybdenum Nickel Niobium

Al AlSb NH4Br NH4Cl Ar BaF2 Ba(NO3)2 CaF2 CaTe Cs CsBr CsCl CsI FeCr2O4 Cr CoO CoZnFeO2 Cu GaSb GaAs GaP Y3Fe2(FeO4)3 Ge Au InSb InAs InP Ir Fe Pb PbF2 Pb(NO3)2 PbTe Li LiBr LiCl LiF LiI MgO Fe3O4 MnO HgTe Mo Ni Nb

ρ/g cm–3 2.6970 4.3600 2.4314 1.5279 1.7710 4.8860 3.2560 3.810 5.8544 1.9800 4.4560 3.9880 4.5250 4.4500 7.20 6.44 5.43 8.932 5.6137 5.3169 4.1297 5.17 5.313 19.283 5.7890 5.6720 4.78 22.52 7.8672 11.34 7.79 4.547 8.2379 0.5326 3.47 2.068 2.638 4.061 3.579 5.18 5.39 8.079 10.2284 8.91 8.578

T/K

Ref.

298 300 300 290 4.2 298 293 298 298 78 298 298 298 RT 298 298 303 298 298 298 300 298 298 296.5 298 293 RT 300 298 296 300 293 303.2 298 RT 295 RT RT 298 RT 298 290 273 298 300

 1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9 10 11 11 11 12 13 14 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 32 20 32 35 36 37 15 38

C11

1.0675 0.8939 0.3414 0.3814 0.0529 0.9199 0.2925 1.6420 0.5351 0.0247 0.3063 0.3644 0.2446 3.2250 3.398 2.6123 2.660 1.683 0.8839 1.1877 1.4120 2.680 1.2835 1.9244 0.6720 0.8329 1.0220 5.80 2.26 0.4966 0.8880 0.3729 1.0795 0.1350 0.3940 0.4927 1.1397 0.2850 2.9708 2.730 2.23 0.548 4.637 2.481 2.4650

C12

0.6041 0.4427 0.0782 0.0866 0.0135 0.4157 0.2065 0.4398 0.3681 0.0206 0.0807 0.0882 0.0661 1.4370 0.586 1.4699 1.530 1.221 0.4033 0.5372 0.6253 1.106 0.4823 1.6298 0.3670 0.4526 0.5760 2.42 1.40 0.4231 0.4720 0.2765 0.0764 0.1144 0.1880 0.2310 0.4767 0.1400 0.9536 1.060 1.20 0.381 1.578 1.549 1.3450

C44

0.2834 0.4155 0.0722 0.0903 0.0159 0.2568 0.1277 0.8406 0.1994 0.0148 0.0750 0.0804 0.0629 1.1670 0.990 0.8300 0.780 0.757 0.4316 0.5944 0.7047 0.766 0.6666 0.4200 0.3020 0.3959 0.4600 2.56 1.16 0.1498 0.2454 0.1347 0.1343 0.0878 0.1910 0.2495 0.6364 0.1350 1.5613 0.971 0.79 0.204 1.092 1.242 0.2873

Solids

Name

12-35

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

12-36 CUBIC CRYSTALS

Solids K21599_S12.indb 36

Name

Formula

Palladium Platinum Potassium Potassium bromide Potassium chloride Potassium cyanide Potassium fluoride Potassium iodide Pyrite Rubidium Rubidium bromide Rubidium chloride Rubidium iodide Silicon Silver Silver bromide Sodium Sodium bromate Sodium bromide Sodium chlorate Sodium chloride Sodium fluoride Sodium iodide Spinel Strontium fluoride Strontium nitrate Strontium oxide Strontium titanate Tantalum Tantalum carbide Thallium bromide Thorium Thorium oxide Tin telluride Titanium carbide Tungsten Uranium carbide Uranium dioxide Vanadium Zinc selenide Zinc sulfide Zinc telluride Zirconium carbide

Pd Pt K KBr KCl KCN KF KI FeS2 Rb RbBr RbCl RbI Si Ag AgBr Na NaBrO3 NaBr NaClO3 NaCl NaF NaI MgAl2O4 SrF2 Sr(NO3)2 SrO SrTiO3 Ta TaC TlBr Th ThO2 SnTe TiC W UC UO2 V ZnSe ZnS ZnTe ZrC

ρ/g cm–3 12.038 21.50 0.851 2.740 1.984 1.553 2.480 3.128 5.016 1.58 3.350 2.797 3.551 2.331 10.50 5.585 0.971 3.339 3.202 2.485 2.163 2.804 3.6689 3.6193 4.277 2.989 4.99 5.123 16.626 14.65 7.4529 11.694 9.991 6.445 4.940 19.257 13.63 10.97 6.022 5.262 4.088 5.636 6.606

T/K 300 300 295 298 298 RT 295 300 RT 170 300 300 300 298 300 300 299 RT 300 RT 298 300 300 298 300 293 300 RT 298 RT 298 300 298 300 RT 297 300 298 300 298 298 298 298

Ref. 39 40 41 11 11 32 33 42 43 44 45 45 45 46 47 48 49 32 33 50 11 51 52 53 54 29 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 107 64 65 66 67 68 68 68 63

C11

2.2710 3.4670 0.0370 0.3468 0.4069 0.1940 0.6490 0.2710 3.818 0.0296 0.3152 0.3624 0.2556 1.6578 1.2399 0.5920 0.0739 0.5450 0.3970 0.4920 0.4947 0.9700 0.3007 2.9857 1.2350 0.4255 1.601 3.4817 2.6023 5.05 0.3760 0.7530 3.670 1.1250 5.00 5.2239 3.200 3.960 2.287 0.8096 1.0462 0.7134 4.720

C12

1.7604 2.5070 0.0314 0.0580 0.0711 0.1180 0.1520 0.0450 0.310 0.0250 0.0500 0.0612 0.0382 0.6394 0.9367 0.3640 0.0622 0.1910 0.1001 0.1420 0.1288 0.2380 0.0912 1.5372 0.4305 0.2921 0.435 1.0064 1.5446 0.73 0.1458 0.4890 1.060 0.0750 1.13 2.0437 0.850 1.210 1.190 0.4881 0.6534 0.4078 0.987

C44

0.7173 0.7650 0.0188 0.0507 0.0631 0.0150 0.1232 0.0364 1.094 0.0171 0.0380 0.0468 0.0278 0.7962 0.4612 0.0616 0.0419 0.1500 0.0998 0.1160 0.1287 0.2822 0.0733 1.5758 0.3128 0.1590 0.590 4.5455 0.8255 0.79 0.0757 0.4780 0.797 0.1172 1.75 1.6083 0.647 0.641 0.432 0.4405 0.4613 0.3115 1.593

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

12-37 TETRAGONAL CRYSTALS

Name

Formula

ρ/g cm–3

T/K

Ref.

Ammonium dihydrogen arsenate (ADA) Ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) Barium titanate Calcium molybdate Indium Magnesium fluoride Nickel sulfate hexahydrate Potassium dihydrogen arsenate (KDA) Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) Rubidium dihydrogen phosphate (RDP) Rutile Tellurium oxide Tin (white) Zircon

NH4H2AsO4 NH4H2PO4

2.3110 1.8030

298 293

69 69

0.6747 –0.106 0.1652 0.6200 –0.050 0.1400

C12

C13

C16

C33

C44

C66

BaTiO3 CaMoO4 In MgF2 NiSO4·6H2O KH2AsO4

5.9988 4.255 7.300 3.177 2.070 2.867

298 298 RT RT RT RT

70 79 71 72 73 12

2.7512 1.447 0.4450 1.237 0.3209 0.530

1.7897 0.664 0.3950 0.732 0.2315 –0.060

1.5156 0.466 0.4050 0.536 0.0209 –0.020

1.6486 0.134 1.265 0.4440 1.770 0.2931 0.370

0.5435 0.369 0.0655 0.552 0.1156 0.120

1.1312 0.451 0.1220 0.978 0.1779 0.070

KH2PO4 RbH2PO4 TiO2 TeO2 Sn ZrSiO4

2.388 2.800 4.260 5.99 7.29 4.70

RT 298 298 RT 288 RT

71 74 75 76 77 78

0.7140 0.5562 2.7143 0.5320 0.7529 2.585

–0.049 –0.064 1.7796 0.4860 0.6156 1.791

0.1290 0.0279 1.4957 0.2120 0.4400 1.542

0.5620 0.4398 4.8395 1.0850 0.9552 3.805

0.1270 0.1142 1.2443 0.2440 0.2193 0.733

0.0628 0.0350 1.9477 0.5520 0.2336 1.113

0.3022 0.0685 0.0639 0.3000 0.0910 0.0610

Solids

C11

ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS Name

Formula

ρ/g cm

T/K

Ref.

Acenaphthene Ammonium sulfate Aragonite Barite Benzene Benzophenone Bronzite Calcium sulfate Celestite Cesium sulfate Fosterite Iodic acid Lithium ammonium tartrate Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Natrolite Nickel sulfate heptahydrate Olivine Potassium pentaborate Potassium sulfate Rochelle salt Rubidium sulfate Sodium ammonium tartrate Sodium tartrate Strontium formate dihydrate Sulfur Thallium sulfate Topaz Uranium (alpha) Zinc sulfate heptahydrate

C12H10 (NH4)2SO4 CaCO3 BaSO4 C6H6 (C6H5)2CO (MgFe)SiO3 CaSO4 SrSO3 Cs2SO4 Mg2SiO4 HIO3 LiNH4C4H4O6·4H2O

1.220 1.774 2.93 4.40 1.061 1.219 3.38 2.962 3.96 4.243 3.224 4.630 1.71

293 293 RT RT 250 RT RT RT RT 293 298 RT RT

80 81 82 82 83 32 78 84 12 81 85 73 12

0.1380 0.3607 1.5958 0.8941 0.0614 0.1070 1.876 0.9382 1.044 0.4490 3.2848 0.3030 0.3864

0.0210 0.1651 0.3663 0.4614 0.0352 0.0550 0.686 0.1650 0.773 0.1958 0.6390 0.1194 0.1655

0.0410 0.1580 0.0197 0.2691 0.0401 0.0169 0.605 0.1520 0.605 0.1815 0.6880 0.1169 0.0875

0.1262 0.2981 0.8697 0.7842 0.0656 0.1000 1.578 1.845 1.061 0.4283 1.9980 0.5448 0.5393

0.0460 0.1456 0.1597 0.2676 0.0390 0.0321 0.561 0.3173 0.619 0.1800 0.7380 0.0548 0.2007

0.1117 0.3534 0.8503 1.0548 0.0583 0.0710 2.085 1.1180 1.286 0.3785 2.3530 0.4359 0.3624

0.0265 0.1025 0.4132 0.1190 0.0197 0.0203 0.700 0.3247 0.135 0.1326 0.6515 0.1835 0.1190

0.0290 0.0717 0.2564 0.2874 0.0378 0.0155 0.592 0.2653 0.279 0.1319 0.8120 0.2193 0.0667

0.0185 0.0974 0.4274 0.2778 0.0153 0.0353 0.544 0.0926 0.266 0.1323 0.8088 0.1736 0.2326

MgSO4·7H2O

1.68

RT

86

0.325

0.174

0.182

0.288

0.182

0.315

0.078

0.156

0.090

(Na,Al)SiO3 NiSO4·7H2O

2.25 1.948

RT RT

78 86

0.716 0.353

0.261 0.198

0.297 0.201

0.632 0.311

0.297 0.201

1.378 0.335

0.196 0.091

0.248 0.172

0.423 0.099

(MgFe)SiO4 KB5O8·4H2O

3.324 1.74

RT RT

87 71

3.240 0.582

0.590 0.229

0.790 0.174

1.980 0.359

0.780 0.231

2.490 0.255

0.667 0.164

0.810 0.046

0.793 0.057

K2SO4 NaK(C4H4O6)·4H2O Rb2SO4 NaNH4C4H4O6·4H2O

2.665 1.79 3.621 1.587

293 RT 293 RT

81 71 81 12

0.5357 0.255 0.5029 0.3685

0.1999 0.141 0.1965 0.2725

0.2095 0.116 0.1999 0.3083

0.5653 0.381 0.5098 0.5092

0.1990 0.146 0.1925 0.3472

0.5523 0.371 0.4761 0.5541

0.195 0.134 0.1626 0.1058

0.1879 0.032 0.1589 0.0303

0.1424 0.098 0.1407 0.0870

Na2C4H4O6·2H2O Sr(CHO2)2·2H2O

1.794 2.25

RT RT

12 12

0.461 0.286 0.320 0.547 0.352 0.665 0.124 0.031 0.4391 0.1037 –0.149 0.3484 –0.014 0.3746 0.1538 0.1075

0.098 0.1724

S TlSO4 Al2SiO3(OH,F)2 U ZnSO4·7H2O

2.07 6.776 3.52 19.0453 1.970

RT 293 RT 293 RT

12 81 82 88 86

0.240 0.4106 2.8136 2.1486 0.3320

0.076 0.0751 1.3089 0.7454 0.0830

K21599_S12.indb 37

–3

C11

C12

0.133 0.2573 1.2582 0.4622 0.1720

C13

0.171 0.2288 0.8464 0.2176 0.2000

C22

0.205 0.3885 3.8495 1.9983 0.2930

C23

0.159 0.2174 0.8815 1.0764 0.1980

C33

0.483 0.4268 2.9452 2.6763 0.3200

C44

0.043 0.1125 1.0811 1.2479 0.0780

C55

0.087 0.1068 1.3298 0.7379 0.1530

C66

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

12-38 MONOCLINIC CRYSTALS

Solids

Name

Formula

ρ/g cm–3

Aegirine Anthracene Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Diopside Dipotassium tartrate Feldspar (microceine) Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Naphthalene Potassium tartrate Sodium thiosulfate Stilbene Triglycine sulfate (TGS)

(NaFe)Si2O6 C14H10 CoSO4·7H2O (CaMg)Si2O6 KHC4H4O6 KAlSi3O8 FeSO4·7H2O Li2SO4·H2O C10H8 K2C4H4O6 Na2S2O3 (C6H5CH)2 (NH2CH2COOH)3· H2SO4

3.50 1.258 1.948 3.31 1.97 2.56 1.898 2.221 1.127 1.987 1.7499 1.60 1.68

C25 0.094 –0.0170 –0.018 –0.196 0.0176 –0.148 –0.019 0.0571 –0.0270 0.0182 0.0983 –0.005 –0.0036

C33 2.344 0.1522 0.371 2.380 0.6816 1.215 0.360 0.5400 0.1190 0.5540 0.4590 0.0790 0.2630

Name Aegirine Anthracene Cobalt sulfate heptahydrate Diopside Dipotassium tartrate Feldspar (microceine) Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate Lithium sulfate monohydrate Naphthalene Potassium tartrate Sodium thiosulfate Stilbene Triglycine sulfate (TGS)

K21599_S12.indb 38

C23 0.626 0.0375 0.158 0.482 0.1173 0.192 0.172 0.0368 0.0230 0.1330 0.1713 0.0485 0.2080

T/K

Ref.

C11

C12

C13

RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT RT

89 90 86 91 12 92 86 32 93 32 12 94 32

1.858 0.0852 0.335 2.040 0.4294 0.664 0.349 0.5250 0.0780 0.3110 0.3323 0.0930 0.4550

0.685 0.0672 0.205 0.884 0.1399 0.438 0.208 0.1715 0.0445 0.1720 0.1814 0.0570 0.1720

0.707 0.0590 0.158 0.0883 0.3129 0.259 0.174 0.1730 0.0340 0.1690 0.1875 0.0670 0.1980

C35 0.214 –0.0187 –0.047 –0.336 0.0294 –0.131 –0.014 –0.0254 0.0290 0.0710 –0.0678 –0.005 –0.0500

C44 0.692 0.0272 0.060 0.675 0.0961 0.143 0.064 0.1400 0.0330 0.0870 0.0569 0.0325 0.0950

C46 0.077 0.0138 0.016 –0.113 –0.0044 –0.015 0.001 –0.0054 –0.0050 0.0072 –0.0268 0.0050 –0.0026

C15 0.098 –0.0192 0.016 –0.193 –0.0105 –0.033 –0.020 –0.0196 –0.006 0.0287 0.0225 –0.003 –0.030

C55 0.510 0.0242 0.058 0.588 0.1270 0.238 0.056 0.1565 0.0210 0.1040 0.1070 0.0640 0.1110

C22 1.813 0.1170 0.378 1.750 0.3460 1.710 0.376 0.5060 0.0990 0.3900 0.2953 0.0920 0.3210

C66 0.474 0.0399 0.101 0.705 0.0841 0.361 0.096 0.2770 0.0415 0.0826 0.0598 0.0245 0.0620

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

12-39 HEXAGONAL CRYSTALS

Formula

ρ/g cm

T/K

Ref.

Ca5(PO4)3(OH,F,Cl) Be3Al2Si6O18 Be BeO Cd CdSe CdS Co Dy Er Gd Hf H2O(solid) In Mg Re Ru Tl Ti TiB2 Y Zn ZnO ZnS Zr

3.218 2.68 1.8477 3.01 8.652 5.655 4.824 8.836 8.560 9.064 7.888 12.727 0.920 7.2788 1.7364 21.024 12.3615 11.560 4.5063 4.95 4.472 7.134 5.6760 4.089 6.505

RT RT 300 RT 300 298 298 298 298 298 298 298 250 300 298 298 298 300 298 RT 300 295 298 298 298

  12   12   95   96   97   68   98   99 100 100 101 102 103 104 105 100 100 106 102 107 108 109 110   96 102

C11

Name

Formula

ρ/g cm–3

T/K

Ref.

C11

Aluminum oxide Aluminum phosphate Antimony Bismuth Calcite Hematite Lithium niobate Lithium tantalate Quartz Selenium Sodium nitrate Tourmaline

Al2O3 AlPO4 Sb Bi CaCO3 Fe2O3 LiNbO3 LiTaO3 SiO2 Se NaNO3

3.986 2.556 6.70 9.80 2.712 5.240 4.70 7.45 2.6485 4.838 2.27 3.05

300 RT 295 295 300 RT RT RT 298 300 RT RT

111   73 112 112 113   82 114 114 115 116   12   82

4.9735 1.0503 1.0130 0.6370 1.4806 2.4243 2.030 2.330 0.8680 0.1870 0.8670 2.7066

1.667 2.800 2.923 4.70 1.1450 0.7046 0.8431 3.071 0.7466 0.8634 0.6667 1.881 0.1410 0.4535 0.5950 6.1820 5.6260 0.4080 1.6240 6.90 0.7790 1.6368 2.0970 1.2420 1.434

C12

0.131 0.990 0.267 1.68 0.3950 0.4516 0.5208 1.650 0.2616 0.3050 0.2499 0.772 0.0660 0.4006 0.2612 2.7530 1.8780 0.3540 0.9200 4.10 0.2850 0.3640 1.2110 0.6015 0.728

C13

0.655 0.670 0.140 1.19 0.3990 0.3930 0.4567 1.027 0.2233 0.2270 0.2132 0.661 0.0624 0.4151 0.2180 2.0780 1.6820 0.2900 0.6900 3.20 0.2100 0.5300 1.0510 0.4554 0.653

C33

1.396 2.480 3.364 4.94 0.5085 0.8355 0.9183 3.581 0.7871 0.8554 0.7191 1.969 0.1515 0.4515 0.6155 6.8350 6.2420 0.5280 1.8070 4.40 0.7690 0.6347 2.1090 1.4000 1.648

C55

0.663 0.658 1.625 1.53 0.1985 0.1317 0.1458 0.755 0.2427 0.2809 0.2089 0.557 0.0288 0.0651 0.1635 1.6060 1.8060 0.0726 0.4670 2.50 0.2431 0.3879 0.4247 0.2864 0.320

Solids

Name Apatite Beryl Beryllium Beryllium oxide Cadmium Cadmium selenide Cadmium sulfide Cobalt Dysprosium Erbium Gadolinium Hafnium Ice Indium Magnesium Rhenium Ruthenium Thallium Titanium Titanium diboride Yttrium Zinc Zinc oxide Zinc sulfide Zirconium

–3

TRIGONAL CRYSTALS

K21599_S12.indb 39

C12

1.6397 0.2934 0.3450 0.2490 0.5578 0.5464 0.530 0.470 0.0704 0.0710 0.1630 0.6927

C13

1.1220 0.6927 0.2920 0.2470 0.5464 0.1542 0.750 0.800 0.1191 0.2620 0.1600 0.0872

C14

–0.2358 –0.1271 0.2090 0.0717 –0.2058 –0.1247 0.090 –0.110 –0.1804 0.0620 0.0820 –0.0774

C33

4.9911 1.3353 0.4500 0.3820 0.8557 2.2734 2.450 2.750 1.0575 0.7410 0.3740 1.6070

C44

1.4739 0.2314 0.3930 0.1123 0.3269 0.8569 0.600 0.940 0.5820 0.1490 0.2130 0.6682

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Elastic Constants of Single Crystals

12-40

References

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Solids

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K21599_S12.indb 40

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Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals

T/K

1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

T/K

1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900



K21599_S12.indb 41

Aluminum 0.000100 0.000193 0.000755 0.0181 0.0959 0.245 0.442 1.006 1.587 2.417 2.650 2.709 2.733 3.87 4.99 6.13 7.35 8.70 10.18 Gold 0.0220 0.0226 0.035 0.141 0.308 0.481 0.650 1.061 1.462 2.051 2.214 2.255 2.271 3.107 3.97 4.87 5.82 6.81 7.86

References 1. C. Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 183–322, 1983; 13, 1069– 1096, 1984; 13, 1097–1130, 1984, 13, 1131–1172, 1984. 2. R. A. Matula, J. Phys Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 1147–1298, 1979. 3. T. C. Chi, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 8, 339–438, 1979; 8, 439–498, 1979. 4. K. H. Hellwege, Ed., Landolt-Börnstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, Group III, Vol. 15, Subvolume a, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1982. 5. L. A. Hall, Survey of Electrical Resistivity Measurements on 16 Pure Metals in the Temperature Range 0 to 273 K, NBS Technical Note 365, U.S. Superintendent of Documents, 1968.

Electrical Resistivity in 10–8 Ω m

Barium 0.081 0.189 0.94 2.91 4.86 6.83 8.85 14.3 20.2 30.2 33.2 34.0 34.3 51.4 72.4 98.2 130 168 216

Hafnium 1.00 1.00 1.11 2.52 4.53 6.75 9.12 15.0 21.0 30.4 33.1 33.7 34.0 48.1 63.1 78.5

Beryllium 0.0332 0.0332 0.0336 0.0367 0.067 0.075 0.133 0.510 1.29 3.02 3.56 3.70 3.76 6.76 9.9 13.2 16.5 20.0 23.7 Iron 0.0225 0.0238 0.0287 0.0758 0.271 0.693 1.28 3.15 5.20 8.57 9.61 9.87 9.98 16.1 23.7 32.9 44.0 57.1

Calcium 0.045 0.047 0.060 0.175 0.40 0.65 0.91 1.56 2.19 3.11 3.36 3.42 3.45 4.7 6.0 7.3 8.7 10.0 11.4 Lead

4.9 6.4 9.9 13.6 19.2 20.8 21.1 21.3 29.6 38.3

Cesium 0.0026 0.243 0.86 1.99 3.07 4.16 5.28 8.43 12.2 18.7 20.5 20.8 21.0

Lithium 0.007 0.008 0.012 0.074 0.345 1.00 1.73 3.72 5.71 8.53 9.28 9.47 9.55 13.4

Chromium

1.6 4.5 7.7 11.8 12.5 12.6 12.7 15.8 20.1 24.7 29.5 34.6 39.9 Magnesium 0.0062 0.0069 0.0123 0.074 0.261 0.557 0.91 1.84 2.75 4.05 4.39 4.48 4.51 6.19 7.86 9.52 11.2 12.8 14.4

Solids

The first part of this table gives the electrical resistivity, in units of 10–8 Ω m, for 28 common metallic elements as a function of temperature. The data refer to polycrystalline samples. The number of significant figures indicates the accuracy of the values. However, at low temperatures (especially below 50 K) the electrical resistivity is extremely sensitive to sample purity. Thus the low-temperature values refer to samples of specified purity and treatment. The references should be consulted for further information on this point, as well as for values at additional temperatures. The second part of the table gives resistivity values in the neighborhood of room temperature for other metallic elements that have not been studied over an extended temperature range.

Copper 0.00200 0.00202 0.00280 0.0239 0.0971 0.215 0.348 0.699 1.046 1.543 1.678 1.712 1.725 2.402 3.090 3.792 4.514 5.262 6.041 Manganese 7.02 18.9 54 116 131 132 132 136 139 143 144 144 144 147 149 151 152

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Electrical Resistivity of Pure Metals

12-42

Solids

T/K

Molybdenum 0.00070 0.00089 0.00261 0.0457 0.206 0.482 0.858 1.99 3.13 4.85 5.34 5.47 5.52 8.02 10.6 13.1 15.8 18.4 21.2

T/K

Sodium 0.0009 0.0015 0.016 0.172 0.447 0.80 1.16 2.03 2.89 4.33 4.77 4.88 4.93

1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1 10 20 40 60 80 100 150 200 273 293 298 300 400 500 600 700 800 900

Element Antimony Bismuth Cadmium Cerium (β, hex) Cerium (γ, cub) Cobalt Dysprosium Erbium Europium Gadolinium Gallium Holmium Indium Iridium Lanthanum Lutetium Mercury Neodymium Niobium

K21599_S12.indb 42

T/K

273 273 273 290–300 298 273 290–300 290–300 290–300 290–300 273 290–300 273 273 290–300 290–300 298 290–300 273

Nickel 0.0032 0.0057 0.0140 0.068 0.242 0.545 0.96 2.21 3.67 6.16 6.93 7.12 7.20 11.8 17.7 25.5 32.1 35.5 38.6

Palladium 0.0200 0.0242 0.0563 0.334 0.938 1.75 2.62 4.80 6.88 9.78 10.54 10.73 10.80 14.48 17.94 21.2 24.2 27.1 29.4

Platinum 0.002 0.0154 0.0484 0.409 1.107 1.922 2.755 4.76 6.77 9.6 10.5 10.7 10.8 14.6 18.3 21.9 25.4 28.7 32.0

Potassium 0.0008 0.0160 0.117 0.480 0.90 1.34 1.79 2.99 4.26 6.49 7.20 7.39 7.47

Rubidium 0.0131 0.109 0.444 1.21 1.94 2.65 3.36 5.27 7.49 11.5 12.8 13.1 13.3

Strontium 0.80 0.80 0.92 1.70 2.68 3.64 4.58 6.84 9.04 12.3 13.2 13.4 13.5 17.8 22.2 26.7 31.2 35.6

Tantalum 0.10 0.102 0.146 0.751 1.65 2.62 3.64 6.19 8.66 12.2 13.1 13.4 13.5 18.2 22.9 27.4 31.8 35.9 40.1

Tungsten 0.000016 0.000137 0.00196 0.0544 0.266 0.606 1.02 2.09 3.18 4.82 5.28 5.39 5.44 7.83 10.3 13.0 15.7 18.6 21.5

Vanadium

Zinc 0.0100 0.0112 0.0387 0.306 0.715 1.15 1.60 2.71 3.83 5.46 5.90 6.01 6.06 8.37 10.82 13.49

Electrical resistivity 10–8 Ω m 39 107 6.8 82.8 74.4 5.6 92.6 86.0 90.0 131 13.6 81.4 8.0 4.7 61.5 58.2 96.1 64.3 15.2

0.0145 0.039 0.304 1.11 2.41 4.01 8.2 12.4 18.1 19.7 20.1 20.2 28.0 34.8 41.1 47.2 53.1 58.7

Element Osmium Polonium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Rhenium Rhodium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Uranium Ytterbium Yttrium

T/K

273 273 290–300 290–300 273 273 273 273 290–300 290–300 290–300 273 273 290–300 273 273 273 290–300 290–300

Silver 0.00100 0.00115 0.0042 0.0539 0.162 0.289 0.418 0.726 1.029 1.467 1.587 1.617 1.629 2.241 2.87 3.53 4.21 4.91 5.64 Zirconium 0.250 0.253 0.357 1.44 3.75 6.64 9.79 17.8 26.3 38.8 42.1 42.9 43.3 60.3 76.5 91.5 104.2 114.9 123.1

Electrical resistivity 10–8 Ω m 8.1 40 70.0 75 est. 17.7 17.2 4.3 7.1 94.0 56.2 115 15 14.7 67.6 11.5 39 28 25.0 59.6

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys

Wt % Al 99a 95a 90b 85b 80b 70b 60b 50b 40c 30c 25f 15h 10g 5c 1b

Wt % Al 99c 95c 90c 10b 5b 1a

Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70c 60c 50c 40c 30c 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c



K21599_S12.indb 43

Values of the resistivity are given in units of 10–8 Ω m. General comments in the preceding table for pure metals also apply here.

Reference C. Y. Ho, et al., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 12, 183–322, 1983.

Aluminum-Copper 293 K 300 K

100 K

273 K

0.531 0.895 1.38 1.88 2.34 3.02 3.49 4.00

2.51 2.88 3.36 3.87 4.33 5.03 5.56 6.22 7.57 11.2 16.3

8.71 7.92 3.22

10.8 9.43 4.46

100 K

273 K

0.958 3.01 5.42 14.0 9.93 2.78

2.96 5.05 7.52 17.1 13.1 5.92

3.18 5.28 7.76 17.4 13.4 6.25

100 K

273 K

Copper-Gold 293 K

0.520 1.21 2.11 3.01 3.95 5.91 8.04 9.88 11.44 12.43 12.59 11.38 9.33 5.91 2.00

1.73 2.41 3.29 4.20 5.15 7.12 9.18 11.07 12.70 13.77 13.93 12.75 10.70 7.25 3.40

1.86 2.54 4.42 4.33 5.28 7.25 9.13 11.20 12.85 13.93 14.09 12.91 10.86 7.41 3.57

2.74 3.10 3.59 4.10 4.58 5.31 5.88 6.55 7.96 11.8 17.2 12.3 11.0 9.61 4.60

350 K

400 K

2.82 3.18 3.67 4.19 4.67 5.41 5.99 6.67 8.10 12.0 17.6

3.38 3.75 4.25 4.79 5.31 6.16 6.77 7.55 9.12 13.5 19.8

3.95 4.33 4.86 5.42 5.99 6.94 7.63 8.52 10.2 15.2 22.2

11.1 9.68 4.65

11.7 10.2 5.00

12.3 10.7 5.37

Aluminum-Magnesium 293 K 300 K 3.26 5.36 7.85 17.6 13.5 6.37 300 K 1.91 2.59 3.46 4.38 5.32 7.30 9.36 11.25 12.90 13.99 14.14 12.96 10.91 7.46 3.62

350 K 3.82 5.93 8.43 18.4 14.3 7.20 350 K 2.24 2.92 3.79 4.71 5.65 7.64 9.70 11.60 13.27 14.38 14.54 13.36 11.31 7.87 4.03

Solids

These values were obtained by fitting all available measurements to a theoretical formulation describing the temperature and composition dependence of the electrical resistivity of metals. Some of the values listed here fall in regions of temperature and composition where no actual measurements exist. Details of the procedure may be found in the reference.

400 K 4.39 6.51 9.02 19.2 15.2 8.03 400 K 2.58 3.26 4.12 5.05 5.99 7.99 10.05 11.94 13.65 14.78 14.94 13.77 11.72 8.28 4.45

12-43

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Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys

12-44

Solids

Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70i 60i 50i 40c 30i 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c

Wt % Cu 99c 95c 90c 85c 80c 70c 60c 50c 40c 30c 25c 15c 10c 5c 1c

Wt % Cu 99b 95b 90b 85b 80b 70b

Wt % Au 99c 95c 90i 85b 80b 70c 60b 50a 40a 30b 25b 15a 10a 5a 1a

K21599_S12.indb 44

100 K 1.45 6.19 12.08 18.01 23.89 35.73 45.76 50.22 36.77 26.73 22.22 13.49 9.28 5.20 1.81 100 K 0.91 2.99 5.69 8.30 10.74 15.67 20.45 26.07 33.53 45.03 44.12 31.79 23.00 13.09 8.97

273 K 2.71 7.60 13.69 19.63 25.46 36.67 45.43 50.19 47.42 40.19 33.46 22.00 16.65 11.49 7.23 273 K

Copper-Nickel 293 K 2.85 7.71 13.89 19.83 25.66 36.72 45.38 50.05 47.73 41.79 35.11 23.35 17.82 12.50 8.08

2.23 4.35 7.03 9.61 12.12 17.01 21.87 27.79 35.51 46.66 46.45 36.99 29.51 20.75 12.67

100 K

273 K

Copper-Zinc 293 K

0.671 1.54 2.33 2.93 3.44 4.08

1.84 2.78 3.66 4.37 5.01 5.87

100 K

273 K 2.69 5.21 8.01 10.50 12.75 18.23 26.70 27.23 24.65 20.82 18.86 15.08 13.25 11.49 10.07

2.91 7.82 13.96 19.90 25.72 36.76 43.35 50.01 47.82 42.34 35.69 23.85 18.26 12.90 8.37

Copper-Palladium 293 K 300 K

2.10 4.21 6.89 9.48 11.99 16.87 21.73 27.62 35.31 46.50 46.25 36.52 28.90 20.00 11.90

1.31 3.88 6.70 9.14 11.23 16.44 24.64 23.09 19.40 14.94 12.72 8.54 6.54 4.58 3.01

300 K

1.97 2.92 3.81 4.54 5.19 6.08 Gold-Palladium 293 K 2.86 5.35 8.17 10.66 12.93 18.46 26.94 27.63 25.23 21.49 19.53 15.77 13.95 12.21 10.85

2.27 4.40 7.08 9.66 12.16 17.06 21.92 27.86 35.57 46.71 46.52 37.16 29.73 21.02 12.93 300 K 2.02 2.97 3.86 4.60 5.26 6.15 300 K 2.91 5.41 8.22 10.72 12.99 18.54 27.02 27.76 25.42 21.72 19.77 16.01 14.20 12.46 11.12

350 K 3.27 8.22 14.40 20.32 26.12 36.85 45.20 49.73 48.28 44.51 39.67 27.60 21.51 15.69 10.63 350 K 2.59 4.74 7.41 10.01 12.51 17.41 22.30 28.25 36.03 47.11 46.99 38.28 31.19 22.84 14.82 350 K 2.36 3.33 4.25 5.02 5.71 6.67 350 K 3.32 5.79 8.56 11.10 13.45 19.10 27.63 28.64 26.74 23.35 21.51 17.80 16.00 14.26 12.99

400 K 3.62 8.62 14.81 20.70 26.44 36.89 45.01 49.50 48.49 45.40 42.81 31.38 25.19 18.78 13.18 400 K 2.92 5.08 7.74 10.36 12.87 17.78 22.69 28.64 36.47 47.47 47.43 39.35 32.56 24.54 16.68 400 K 2.71 3.69 4.63 5.44 6.17 7.19 400 K 3.73 6.17 8.93 11.48 13.93 19.67 28.23 29.42 27.95 24.92 23.19 19.61 17.81 16.07 14.80

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Electrical Resistivity of Selected Alloys

Wt % Fe 99a 95c 90c 85c 80c 70b 60c 50d 40d 30c 25b 15c 10c 5c 1b

Wt % Ag 99b 95b 90b 85k 80k 70k 60i 50k 40m 30b 25k 15i 10i 5b 1a

100 K

273 K

Gold-Silver 293 K

1.20 3.16 5.16 6.75 7.96 9.36 9.61 8.96 7.69 6.15 5.29 3.42 2.44 1.44 0.627

2.58 4.58 6.57 8.14 9.34 10.70 10.92 10.23 8.92 7.34 6.46 4.55 3.54 2.52 1.69

2.75 4.74 6.73 8.30 9.50 10.86 11.07 10.37 9.06 7.47 6.59 4.67 3.66 2.64 1.80

100 K

273 K

Iron-Nickel 293 K

10.9 18.7 24.2 27.8 30.1 32.3 53.8 28.4 19.6 15.3 14.3 12.6 11.4 9.66 7.17

12.0 19.9 25.5 29.2 31.6 33.9 57.1 30.6 21.6 17.1 15.9 13.8 12.5 10.6 7.94

3.32 10.0 14.5 17.5 19.3 20.9 28.6 12.3 7.73 5.97 5.62 4.97 4.20 3.34 1.66 100 K 0.839 2.528 4.72 6.82 8.91 13.43 19.4 29.3 40.8 37.1 32.4 21.0 14.95 8.91 3.97

273 K 1.891 3.58 5.82 7.92 10.01 14.53 20.9 31.2 42.2 40.4 36.67 27.08 21.69 15.98 11.06

2.80 4.79 6.78 8.36 9.55 10.91 11.12 10.42 9.11 7.52 6.63 4.72 3.71 2.68 1.84 300 K 12.4 20.2 25.9 29.7 32.2 34.4 58.2 31.4 22.5 17.7 16.4 14.2 12.9 10.9 8.12

Silver-Palladium 293 K 300 K 2.007 3.70 5.94 8.04 10.13 14.65 21.1 31.4 42.2 40.6 37.06 26.68 22.39 16.72 11.82

Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 2%. Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 3%. c Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 5%. d Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 7% below 300 K and ± 5% at 300 and 400 K. e Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 7%. f Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 8%. g Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 10%. h Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 12%. i Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 4%. j Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 1%. k Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 3% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K. m Uncertainty in resistivity is ± 2% up to 300 K and ± 4% above 300 K. a

300 K

2.049 3.74 5.98 8.08 10.17 14.69 21.2 31.5 42.2 40.7 37.19 27.89 22.63 16.98 12.08

350 K 3.22 5.19 7.19 8.75 9.94 11.29 11.50 10.78 9.46 7.85 6.96 5.03 4.00 2.96 2.12

400 K 3.63 5.59 7.58 9.15 10.33 11.68 11.87 11.14 9.81 8.19 7.30 5.34 4.31 3.25 2.42

Solids

Wt % Au 99b 95a 90j 85j 80j 70j 60j 50j 40j 30a 25a 15a 10a 5i 1b

12-45

400 K 18.7 26.8 33.2 37.3 40.0 42.4 73.9 43.7 34.0 27.4 25.1 21.1 18.9 16.1 12.8 350 K 2.35 4.04 6.28 8.38 10.47 14.99 21.6 32.0 42.3 41.3 38.1 29.3 24.3 18.8 13.92

400 K 2.66 4.34 6.59 8.68 10.78 15.30 22.0 32.4 42.3 41.7 38.8 30.6 25.9 20.5 15.70

b

K21599_S12.indb 45

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Electrical Resistivity of Graphite Materials L. I. Berger

Solids

At normal conditions, the only stable crystallographic modification of carbon is graphite. The quasi-stable diamond turns into graphite starting from about 1000  ºC in air. In industry, a graphitic material is commonly called either carbon, if it consists of small and low-oriented crystallites, or graphite, the material with highly ordered structure. In the 1970s, the first carbon filaments of about 7 nm in diameter were grown by Morinobu Endo at the University of Orleans, France, by the vapor-growth technique. In 1985, Sir Harold Walter Kroto of Sussex University, UK, and Richard E. Smalley and co-workers at Rice University discovered spherical carbon molecules, C60 (or C60), consisting of combinations of carbon atoms organized into hexagons and pentagons, named buckminsterfullerenes or fullerenes and possessing very promising mechanical and electrical properties. In 1991, Sumio Iijima, NEC Labs, Japan, and David S. Bethune, IBM Almaden Labs, observed the carbon atomic groups in the form of tubes capped by halves of the fullerene molecules and formed on the cathodes of carbon arc devices. The length of the tubes could be up to tens of micrometers and the diameter, naturally, is equal to that of the fullerene molecule. These tubes, called nanotubes, may be single wall (SWNT) or consist of several concentric tubes with a common axis (multi-walled nanotubes, MWNT). Twodimensional graphene is another crystallographic modification of

Material

Electrical resistivity ρ at R. T. mΩ cm [µΩ inch]

graphite (Saroj Nayak, Rensselaer U., 2004) that is a flat hexagonal network of carbon atoms with a thickness equal to the carbon atom size. The nanotube may be considered as formed by strips of graphenes turned into a cylinder. The character of the electrical conductivity (metallic or semiconductive) of a SWNT depends on orientation of the carbon hexagons of the nanotube surface regarding its axis (the chiral angle [Ref. 1]). The following table contains some typical data on electrical and electronic properties of graphite materials.

References 1. M. S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, and Ph. Avouris (Eds.), Carbon Nanotubes. Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications, Springer-Verlag, 2001. 2. ESPI Metals Catalog, 2007. 3. SPI Supplies Catalog, 2007. 4. F. L. Vogel, J. Mater. Sci. 12, 982–986, 1977. 5. K. S. Novoselov et al., Nature 438, 197–200, 2005. 6. Y. Zhang et al., Nature 438, 201–204, 2005. 7. N. Tombros et al., Nature 448, 571–574, 2007. 8. H. Dai, in Ref. 1, pp. 29–53. 9. CTI Carbon Nanotube Cat., 2007. 10. L. Matija et al., Sci. Forum 413, 49–52, 2003. Energy gap at R. T. Electron mobility (1/ρ)dρ/dt near R. T. 10–4 °C–1 Ref. eV cm2/V s

Bulk graphite Electromet graphite

1.90 [750]

–5

2

Electro graphite

1.60 [630]

–5

2

Aeromet graphite

1.47 [580]

–5

2

ESPI Superconductive

1.75 [690]

–5

2

Radioelectronics data

30 [11,800]

–5.6

3

Highly ordered pyrolytic graphite

Parallel 0.04 [15.7]

3

Across 150 [59000] Single crystal graphite, normal to c-axis

4

1•10-6

Graphenes n-Graphene

≈5 (М); ≈10 (Г)c

p-Graphene

106

5,6

10

7

4

Carbon nanotubes Metallic SWNT Semiconducting SWNT MWNT

1

12 kΩa 0.7 – 0.9

b

128

d

1 9

102

Carbon fullerenes Fullerene (C60) a b c d

1012

1.95

10

Minimum resistance of individual nanotubes [Ref. 8] Est. from Ref. 1, p. 47 Est. from Ref. 1, p. 116 Est. from Ref. 1, p. 179.

12-46

K21599_S12.indb 46

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids H. P. R. Frederikse This table lists the permittivity ε, frequently called the dielectric constant, of a number of inorganic solids. When the material is not isotropic, the individual components of the permittivity are given. A superscript S indicates a measurement made under constant strain (“clamped” dielectric constant). If the constraint is removed, the measurement yields εT, the “unclamped” or free dielectric constant. The temperature of the measurement is given when available; the symbol r.t. indicates a value at nominal room temperature. The

Ag3AsS3

Name Silver thioarsenate (Proustite)

Reference

Young, K. F., and Frederikse, H. P. R., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 2, 313, 1973.

T/K

εijk T 11

S 11

T 33

S 11

ε = 16.5, ε = 14.5 ε = 20.0, ε = 18.0

AgBr AgCN AgCl AgNO3 AgNa(NO2)2 Ag2O (AlF)2SiO4

Silver bromide Silver cyanide Silver chloride Silver nitrate Silver sodium nitrite Silver oxide Aluminum fluosilicate (topaz)

Al2O3

Aluminum oxide (alumina)

AlPO4 AlSb AsF3 BN BaCO3 Ba(COOH)2

Aluminum phosphate Aluminum antimonide Arsenic trifluoride Boron nitride Barium carbonate Barium formate

BaCl2 BaCl2 ⋅ 2H2O BaF2 Ba(NO3)2

Barium chloride Barium chloride dihydrate Barium fluoride Barium nitrate

Ba2NaNb5O15

Barium sodium niobate (“Bananas”)

12.50 5.6 11.15 9.0 4.5 ± 0.5 8.8 ε 11 = 6.62 ε 22 = 6.58 ε 33 = 6.95 ε 11 = ε 22 = 9.34 ε33 = 11.54 T ε11 = 6.05

11.21 5.7 7.1 8.53 ε 11 = 7.9 ε22 = 5.9 ε33 = 7.5 9.81 9.00 7.32 4.95 S T ε11 = 222, ε11 = 235 S 22

T 22

ε = 227, ε = 247 S 33

T 33

ε = 32, ε = 51 BaO BaO2 BaS BaSO4 BaSnO3 BaTiO3

Barium oxide (baria) Barium peroxide Barium sulfide Barium sulfate Barium stannate Barium titanate

34 ± 1 10.7 19.23 11.4 18 T ε11 = 3600

Barium tungstate

BaZrO3

Barium zirconate



K21599_S12.indb 47

r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 293 r.t. r.t. 297 297 297 298 298

2 × 107

r.t. 300 r.t. r.t. 291 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 292 292

103 i.r.

296

104

106 5 × 105 9.4 ×109 7 × 103 7 × 103 7 × 103 102 – 8 × 109 102 – 8 × 109

i.r. 2 × 105 103 103 103 103 5 × 102 – 1011 2 × 105

296 296 248, 333 r.t. r.t. 288 298

60 × 107 2 × 106 7.25 × 106 108 25 × 105 105

298

2.5 × 108

T 33

298

105

S 33

298

2.5 × 108

ε = 80

BaWO4

2 × 107

298

ε = 150

Barium titanium niobate

r.t.

S 11

ε = 2300

Ba6Ti2Nb8O30

ν/Hz

ε11 = ε22 ≈ 190 ε33 ≈ 220 ε 11 = ε22 = 35.5 ± 0.2 ε33 = 37.2 ± 0.2 43

Solids

Formula

frequency of the measurement is given in the last column (i.r. indicates a measurement in the infrared). Substances are listed in alphabetical order by chemical formula.

298 298 297.5 297.5 r.t.

1.6 × 103 1.6 × 103

12-47

4/3/14 12:40 PM

Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Inorganic Solids

12-48

Solids

Formula Be3Al2Si6O18

Name Beryllium aluminum silicate (Beryl)

BeCO3 BeO BiFeO3

Beryllium carbonate Beryllium oxide (beryllia) Bismuth iron oxide

Bi12GeO20 Bi(GeO4)3 Bi2O3 Bi4Ti3O12 C

C4H4O6

Bismuth germanite Bismuth germanate Bismuth sesquioxide Bismuth titanate Diamond Type I Type IIa Tartaric acid

C6H14N2O6

Ethylene diamine tartrate (EDT)

εijk ε33 = 5.95 ε11 = ε22 = 6.86 9.7 7.35 ± 0.2 40 ± 3 S ε11 = 38

16 18.2 112 5.87 ± 0.19 5.66 ± 0.04 ε11 = ε22 = 4.3 ε33 = 4.5 ε13 = 0.55 T ε11 = 5.0

293 293

T ε11 = 4.0

r.t.

19

Colemanite

CaCO3

Calcium carbonate

CaCeO3 CaF2 CaMoO4

Calcium cerate Calcium fluoride Calcium molybdate

Ca(NO3)2 CaNb2O6 Ca2Nb2O7 CaO CaS CaSO4 ⋅ 2H2O

Calcium nitrate Calcium niobate Calcium pyroniobate Calcium oxide Calcium sulfide Calcium sulfate dihydrate

CaTiO3 CaWO4

Calcium titanate Calcium tungstate

Cd3As2 CdBr2 CdF2 CdS

Cadmium arsenide Cadmium bromide Cadmium fluoride Cadmium sulfide

ε11 = 20 ε33 = 25 ε11 = 8.67 ε22 = 8.69 ε33 = 8.31 21 6.81 ε11 = ε22 = 24.0 ± 0.2 ε33 = 20.0 ± 0.2 6.54 ε11 = 22.8 ± 1.9 ~45 11.8 ± 0.3 6.699 ε11 = 5.10 ε22 = 5.24 ε33 = 10.30 165 ε11 = ε22 = 11.7 ± 0.1 ε33 = 9.5 ± 0.2 ε33 = 18.5 8.6 8.33 ± 0.08 ε11 = ε22 = 8.7 ε33 = 9.25 ε11 = ε22 = 8.37 ε33 = 9.00 εT11 = 8.48

103 103

293

T ε13 = 0.7

Methyl ammonium alum (MASD)

103

197

T 33

ε = 9.48

293 293 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 300 297.5 297.5 292 r.t. r.t. 283 r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. r.t. 297.5 297.5 4 293 300 300 300 8 8

103 103 9.4 × 1010 9.4 × 1010 9.4 × 1010 5 × 102–1011 Tmp 93 177 95 271 224 398, 357, 305, 255 266 185 432

Name or acronym

Solids

12-56

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4/3/14 12:41 PM

Properties of Antiferroelectric Crystals H. P. R. Frederikse Some important antiferroelectric crystals are listed here with their Curie temperatures TC. The last column gives the constant T0 which appears in the Curie–Weiss law describing the dielectric constant of these materials above the Curie temperature: ε = const./(T – T0)

Name or acronym ADP ADA ADDP ADDA AdDDP AdDDA Sodium niobate Lead hafnate Lead zirconate Lead metaniobate Lead metatantalate Tungsten trioxide Potassium strontium niobate Sodium nitrite Sodium trihydrogen selenite Sodium trideuterium selenite Ammonium trihydrogen periodate



K21599_S12.indb 57

Formula NH4H2PO4 NH4H2AsO4 NH4D2PO4 NH4D2AsO4 ND4D2PO4 ND4D2AsO4 NaNbO3 PbHfO3 PbZrO3 PbNb2O6 PbTa2O6 WO3 KSr2Nb5O15 NaNO2 NaH3(SeO3)2 NaD3(SeO3)2 (NH4)2H3IO6

TC/K 148 216 242, 245 299 243 304 911, 793 476 503 843 543 1010 427 437 193 271 245

T0/K

Solids



378 475 530 533 413 437 192 245

12-57

4/3/14 12:41 PM

Dielectric Constants of Glasses

Solids

Type Corning 0010 Corning 0080 Corning 0120 Pyrex 1710 Pyrex 3320 Pyrex 7040 Pyrex 7050 Pyrex 7052 Pyrex 7060 Pyrex 7070 Vycor 7230 Pyrex 7720 Pyrex 7740 Pyrex 7750 Pyrex 7760 Vycor 7900 Vycor 7910 Vycor 7911 Corning 8870 G. E. Clear (silica glass) Quartz (fused) a

Dielectric constant at 100 MHz (20 °C) 6.32 6.75 6.65 6.00 4.71 4.65 4.77 5.07 4.70 4.00 3.83 4.50 5.00 4.28 4.50 3.9 3.8 3.8 9.5 3.81 3.75 (4.1 at 1 MHz)

Volume resistivity (in MΩ cm at 350 °C) 10 0.13 100 2,500 – 80 16 25 13 1,300 – 16 4 50 50 130 1,600 4,000 5,000 4,000–30,000 –

Loss factora 0.015 0.058 0.012 0.025 0.019 0.013 0.017 0.019 0.018 0.0048 0.0061 0.014 0.040 0.011 0.0081 0.0023 0.00091 0.00072 0.0085 0.00038 0.0002 (1 MHz)

Power factor × dielectric constant equals loss factor.

12-58

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4/3/14 12:41 PM

Properties of Superconductors L. I. Berger and B. W. Roberts The following tables include superconductive properties of selected elements, compounds, and alloys. Individual tables are given for thin films, elements at high pressures, superconductors with high critical magnetic fields, and high critical temperature superconductors. The historically first observed and most distinctive property of a superconductive body is the near total loss of resistance at a critical temperature (Tc) that is characteristic of each material. Figure 1(a) below illustrates schematically two types of possible transitions. The sharp vertical discontinuity in resistance is indicative Ho

–4πM

Normal

Solids

ρ

of that found for a single crystal of a very pure element or one of a few well-annealed alloy compositions. The broad transition, illustrated by broken lines, suggests the transition shape seen for materials that are not homogeneous and contain unusual strain distributions. Careful testing of the resistivity limit for superconductors shows that it is less than 4 × 10–23 ohm cm, while the lowest resistivity observed in metals is of the order of 10–13 ohm cm. If one compares the resistivity of a superconductive body to that of copper at room temperature, the superconductive body is at least 1017 times less resistive.

Hc Superconducting

0 (a)

Tc

0

(b)

Tc

0

Hcl Hc Mixed state (c)

Hc2

Hc3

FIGURE 1. Physical properties of superconductors. (a) Resistivity vs. temperature for a pure and perfect lattice (solid line); impure and/or imperfect lattice (broken line). (b) Magnetic-field temperature dependence for Type-I or “soft” superconductors. (c) Schematic magnetization curve for “hard” or Type-II superconductors.

The temperature interval ∆Tc, over which the transition between the normal and superconductive states takes place, may be of the order of as little as 2 × 10–5 K or several K in width, depending on the material state. The narrow transition width was attained in 99.9999% pure gallium single crystals. A Type-I superconductor below Tc, as exemplified by a pure metal, exhibits perfect diamagnetism and excludes a magnetic field up to some critical field Hc, whereupon it reverts to the normal state as shown in the H-T diagram of Figure 1(b). The magnetization of a typical high-field superconductor is shown in Figure 1(c). The discovery of the large current-carrying capability of Nb3Sn and other similar alloys has led to an extensive study of the physical properties of these alloys. In brief, a highfield superconductor, or Type-II superconductor, passes from the perfect diamagnetic state at low magnetic fields to a mixed state and finally to a sheathed state before attaining the normal resistive state of the metal. The magnetic field values separating the four stages are given as Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. The superconductive state below Hc1 is perfectly diamagnetic, identical to the state of most pure metals of the “soft” or Type-I superconductor. Between Hc1 and Hc2 a “mixed superconductive state” is found in which fluxons (a minimal unit of magnetic flux) create lines of normal flux in a superconductive matrix. The volume of the normal state is proportional to –4πM in the “mixed state” region. Thus at Hc2 the fluxon density has become so great as to drive the interior volume of the superconductive body completely normal. Between Hc2 and Hc3 the superconductor has a sheath of current-carrying superconductive material at the body surface, and above Hc3 the normal state exists. With several types of careful measurement, it is possible to determine Hc1, Hc2, and Hc3. Table 6 contains some of the available data on high-field superconductive materials.

K21599_S12.indb 59

High-field superconductive phenomena are also related to specimen dimension and configuration. For example, the Type-I superconductor, Hg, has entirely different magnetization behavior in high magnetic fields when contained in the very fine sets of filamentary tunnels found in an unprocessed Vycor glass. The great majority of superconductive materials are Type-II. The elements in very pure form and a very few precisely stoichiometric and well annealed compounds are Type I with the possible exceptions of vanadium and niobium. Metallurgical Aspects. The sensitivity of superconductive properties to the material state is most pronounced and has been used in a reverse sense to study and specify the detailed state of alloys. The mechanical state, the homogeneity, and the presence of impurity atoms and other electron-scattering centers are all capable of controlling the critical temperature and the current-carrying capabilities in high-magnetic fields. Well-annealed specimens tend to show sharper transitions than those that are strained or inhomogeneous. This sensitivity to mechanical state underlines a general problem in the tabulation of properties for superconductive materials. The occasional divergent values of the critical temperature and of the critical fields quoted for a Type-II superconductor may lie in the variation in sample preparation. Critical temperatures of materials studied early in the history of superconductivity must be evaluated in light of the probable metallurgical state of the material, as well as the availability of less pure starting elements. It has been noted that recent work has given extended consideration to the metallurgical aspects of sample preparation. Symbols in tables: Tc: Critical temperature; Ho: Critical magnetic field in the T = 0 limit; θD: Debye temperature; and γ: Electronic specific heat. 12-59

4/3/14 12:41 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-60

Solids

Element Al Am* (α,?) Am* (β,?) Be Cd Ga Ga (β) Ga (γ) Ga (∆) Hf Hg (α) Hg (β) In Ir La (α) La (β) Lu Mo Nb Os Pa Pb Re Ru Sn Ta Tc Th Ti Tl U V W Zn Zr Zr (ω)

TABLE 1. Selective Properties of Superconductive Elements Tc(K) Ho(oersted) θD(K) 1.175 ± 0.002 104.9 ± 0.3 420 0.6 1.0 0.026 0.517 ± 0.002 28 ± 1 209 1.083 ± 0.001 58.3 ± 0.2 325 5.9, 6.2 560 7 950, HFa 7.85 815, HF 0.128 12.7 4.154 ± 0.001 411 ± 2 87, 71.9 3.949 339 93 3.408 ± 0.001 281.5 ± 2 109 0.1125 ± 0.001 16 ± 0.05 425 4.88 ± 0.02 800 ± 10 151 6.00 ± 0.1 1096, 1600 139 0.1 ± 0.03 350 ± 50 0.915 ± 0.005 96 ± 3 460 9.25 ± 0.02 2060 ± 50, HF 276 0.66 ± 0.03 70 500 1.4 7.196 ± 0.006 803 ± 1 96 1.697 ± 0.006 200 ± 5 4.5 0.49 ± 0.015 69 ± 2 580 3.722 ± 0.001 305 ± 2 195 4.47 ± 0.04 829 ± 6 258 7.8 ± 0.1 1410, HF 411 1.38 ± 0.02 1.60 ± 3 165 0.40 ± 0.04 56 415 2.38 ± 0.02 178 ± 2 78.5 0.2 5.40 ± 0.05 1408 383 0.0154 ± 0.0005 1.15 ± 0.03 383 0.85 ± 0.01 54 ± 0.3 310 0.61 ± 0.15 47 290 0.65, 0.95

γ(mJ mol–1K–1) 1.35

0.21 0.69 0.60

2.21 1.81 1.37 1.672 3.19 9.8 11.3 1.83 7.80 2.35 3.1 2.35 2.8 1.78 6.15 6.28 4.32 3.3 1.47 9.82 0.90 0.66 2.77

TABLE 2. Range of Critical Temperatures Observed for Superconductive Elements in Thin Films Condensed Element Al Be Bi Cd (Disordered) (Ordered) Ga Hg In La Mo a

K21599_S12.indb 60

Tc Range (K) 1.15–5.7 5–9.75 6.17–6.6 0.79–0.91 0.53–0.59 2.5–8.5 3.87–4.5 2.2–5.6 3.55–6.74 3.3–8.0

Usually at Low Temperatures

Comments HFa HF

HF HF

HF denotes high magnetic field superconductive properties.

Element Nb Pb Re Sn Ta Tc Ti Tl V W Zn

Tc Range (K) 2.0–10.1 1.8–7.5 1.7–7 3.5–6 13 0.12 0.18 0.55 3.7 2.8 1.2c 0.263 0.257 0.39 0.50 >25 >25 14–21 18–28 14–20 19–26 75c 98.7c 36–38 15 >25 30

3.06 3.7 3.35 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 1.2 4.2 1.2 1.2

Tobs, Ka

Solids

Substance Al2CMo3 AlNb3 BaxO3Sr1-xTi Bi0.5Cd0.1Pb0.27Sn0.13 BixPb1-x Bi0.56Pb0.44 Bi7.5w/oPb92.5w/ob Bi0.099Pb0.901 Bi0.02Pb0.98 Bi0.53Pb0.32Sn0.16 Bi1-0.93Sn0-0.07 Bi5Tl3 C8K (excess K)

0 0 0 1.2 1.2

0.12 0.25 0.35 2.65 5.5

22–33 37–43 20–37 26–37

4.2 2.93 2.76 2.94 3.12 4.2 4.2 0 3.3 3.25 3.21 3.16 0.76 1.3 1.25 4.2 1.3 4.2 1.3 0 0 3.0 4.2

4/3/14 12:41 PM

Properties of Superconductors

12-72 Substance 15.2 16.1

NNbxO1-x NNbxZr1-x N0.93Nb0.85Zr0.15 Na0.086Pb0.914 Na0.016Pb0.984 Nb

13.5–17.0 9.8–13.8 13.8 9.15

Hc1, kOe

0.19 0.28

Solids

Nb Nb (unstrained) Nb (strained) Nb (cold-drawn wire) Nb (film) NbSc Nb3Sn

0.4–1.1 1.1–1.8 1.25–1.92 2.48

Nb0.1Ta0.9 Nb0.2Ta0.8 Nb0.65-0.73Ta0.02-0.10Zr0.25 NbxTi1-x

0.084

Nb0.222U0.778 NbxZr1-x

1.98

O3SrTi O3SrTi PbSb1 w/o(quenched) PbSb1 w/o(annealed) PbSb2.8 w/o(quenched) PbSb2.8 w/o(annealed) Pb0.871Sn0.129 Pb0.965Sn0.035 Pb1-0.26Tl0-0.74 PbTl0.17 Re0.26W0.74 Sb0.93Sn0.07 SiV3 SnxTe1–x Ta (99.95%)

Ta0.5Nb0.5 Ta0.65-0Ti0.35-1 Ta0.5Ti0.5 Te TcxW1-x Ti Ti0.75V0.25 Ti0.775V0.225 Ti0.615V0.385 Ti0.516V0.484 Ti0.415V0.585 Ti0.12V0.88 Ti0.09V0.91 Ti0.06V0.94

K21599_S12.indb 72

Tc , K

N(12.8 w/o)Nb NNb (wires)

0.170

0.43 0.33

7.20–3.68 6.73 17.0

0.0049c 0.00195c

0.45 0.53

0.55 0.00043–0.00236 0.425 0.325 0.275 0.090

4.4–7.8 3.3 5.75–7.88

0.25c

5.3 4.7 7.07 7.20 7.49

0.029c 0.024c 0.050 0.062 0.078

Hc2, kOe

>9.5 153c 132 95 53 38 4- >130 >130 6.0 2.05 2.020 1.710 3–5.5 3.40 3.44 4.10 >25 >30 221 70 54 34 17 0.154 10 >70–>90 148 max. 120 max. 23 127 max. 94 max. 0.504c 0.420c >1.5 >0.7 >2.3 >0.7 1.1 0.56 2–6.9c 4.5c >30 0.12 156e 0.005–0.0775 1.850 1.425 1.175 0.375 3.55 >14–138 138 8–44 199c 172c 34 28 25 17.3 14.3 8.2

Hc3, kOe

13.2 0 4.2 8 12

Tobs, Ka

4.2 4.2

6–9.1 6.0–8.7 ≈10

1.4 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 14.15 15 16 17 4.195 4.2 4.2 1.2 4.2 1.2 1.2 4.2 0 0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 0 0 3.7

2.7

28.1 16.4 12.7

0.012–0.079 1.3 2.27 2.66 3.72 4.2 1.2 1.2 0 4.2 4.2 0 0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2

4/3/14 12:41 PM

Properties of Superconductors Substance

12-73 Tc , K

Ti0.03V0.97 TixV1-x V

5.31

V0.26Zr0.74

≈5.9

W (film)

1.7–4.1

Hc1, kOe

0.8 0.75 0.45 0.30 0.238 0.227 0.185 0.165

Hc2, kOe

3.8 108 max. 3.4 3.15 2.2 1.2

>34

6.8

Hc3, kOe

4.2 1.2 1.79 2 3 4 1.05 1.78 3.04 3.5 1

Tobs, Ka

Temperature of critical field measurement. b w/o denotes weight percent. c Extrapolated. d Linear extrapolation. e Parabolic extrapolation.

Solids

a

References 1. B. W. Roberts, in Superconductive Materials and Some of Their Properties. Progress in Cryogenics, Vol. IV, 1964, pp. 160–231. 2. B. W. Roberts, Superconductive Materials and Some of Their Properties, NBS Technical Notes 408 and 482, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966 and 1969; B. W. Roberts, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 5, 581, 1976. 3. B. W. Roberts, Properties of Selected Superconductive Materials, 1978 Supplement, NBS Technical Note 983, 1978. 4. T. Claeson, Phys. Rev., 147, 340, 1966. 5. C. J. Raub, W. H. Zachariasen, T. H. Geballe, and B. T. Matthias, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 24, 1093, 1963. 6. T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, V. B. Compton, E. Corenzwit, G. W. Hull, Jr., and L. D. Longinotti, Phys. Rev., 1A, 119, 1965. 7. C. J. Raub, V. B. Compton, T. H. Geballe, B. T. Matthias, J. P. Maita, and G. W. Hull, Jr., J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 2051, 1965. 8. R. D. Blaugher, J. K. Hulm, and P. N. Yocom, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 26, 2037, 1965. 9. T. Claeson and H. L. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 27, 1081, 1966. 10. S. C. Ng and B. N. Brockhouse, Solid State Comm., 5, 79, 1967. 11. O. I. Shulishova and I. A. Shcherbak, Izv. AN SSSR, Neorg. Materials, 3, 1495, 1967. 12. T. F. Smith and H. L. Luo, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 28, 569, 1967. 13. A. C. Lawson, J. Less-Common Metals, 23, 103, 1971. 14. R. Chevrel, M. Sergent, and J. Prigent, J. Solid State Chem., 3, 515, 1971. 15. M. Marezio, P. D. Dernier, J. P. Remeika, and B. T. Matthias, Mat. Res. Bull., 8, 657, 1973. 16. J. K. Hulm and R. D. Blaugher in Superconductivity in d- and f-Band Metals, D. H. Douglass, Ed., American Institute of Physics, 4, 1, 1972. 17. R. N. Shelton, A. C. Lawson, and D. C. Johnston, Mat. Res. Bull., 10, 297, 1975. 18. H. D. Wiesinger, Phys. Status Sol., 41A, 465, 1977. 19. O. Fisher, Applied Phys., 16, 1, 1978. 20. D. C. Johnston, Solid State Comm., 24, 699, 1977. 21. H. C. Ku and R. H. Shelton, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1441, 1980. 22. H. Barz, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1489, 1980. 23. G. P. Espinosa, A. S. Cooper, H. Barz, and J. P. Remeika, Mat. Res. Bull., 15, 1635, 1980. 24. E. M. Savitskii, V. V. Baron, Yu. V. Efimov, M. I. Bychkova, and L. F. Myzenkova, in Superconducting Materials, Plenum Press, 1981, p. 107. 25. R. Fluckiger and R. Baillif, in Topics in Current Physics, O. Fischer and M. B. Maple, Eds., Springer Verlag, 34, 113, 1982. 26. R. N. Shelton, in Superconductivity in d- and f-Band Metals, W. Buckel and W. Weber, Eds., Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe, 1982, p. 123. 27. D. C. Johnston and H. F. Braun, Topics in Current Phys., 32, 11, 1982.

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28. R. Chevrel and M. Sergent, Topics in Current Phys., 32, 25, 1982. 29. G. P. Espinosa, A. S. Cooper, and H. Barz, Mat. Res. Bull., 17, 963, 1982. 30. R. Muller, R. N. Shelton, J. W. Richardson, Jr., and R. A. Jacobson, J. Less-Comm. Met., 92, 177, 1983. 31. You-Xian Zhao and Shou-An He, in High Pressure in Science and Technology, North Holland, 22, 51, 1983. 32. You-Xian Zhao and Shou-An He, Solid State Comm., 24, 699, 1983. 33. G. P. Meisner and H. C. Ku, Appl. Phys., A31, 201, 1983. 34. R. J. Cava, D. W. Murphy, and S. M. Zahurak, J. Electrochem. Soc., 130, 2345, 1983. 35. R. N. Shelton, J. Less-Comm. Met., 94, 69, 1983. 36. B. Chevalier, P. Lejay, B. Lloret, Wang Xian–Zhong, J. Etourneau, and P. Hagenmuller, Annales de Chemie, 9, 191, 1984. 37. G. Venturini, M. Meot-Meyer, E. McRae, J. F. Mareche, and B. Rogues, Mat. Res. Bull., 19, 1647, 1984. 38. J. M. Tarascon, F. G. DiSalvo, D. W. Murphy, G. Hull, and J. V. Waszczak, Phys. Rev., 29B, 172, 1984. 39. G. V. Subba and G. Balakrishnan, Bull. Mat. Sci., 6, 283, 1984. 40. B. Batlog, Physica, 126B, 275, 1984. 41. M. J. Johnson, Ames Lab (USA) Report IS-T-1140, 1984. 42. I. M. Chapnik, J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 4, 370, 1985. 43. W. Rong-Yao, L. Q-Guang, and Z. Xiao, Phys. Status Sol., 90A, 763, 1985. 44. W. Xian-Zhong, B. Chevalier, J. Etourneau, and P. Hagenmuller, Mat. Res. Bull., 20, 517, 1985. 45. H. R. Ott, F. Hulliger, H. Rudigier, and Z. Fisk, Phys. Rev., 31B, 1329, 1985. 46. P. Villars and L. D. Calver, Pearson’s Handbook of Crystallographic Data for Intermetallic Phases, Vol. 1–3, ASM, 1985. 47. G. V. Subba Rao, K. Wagner, G. Balakhrishnan, J. Jakani, W. Paulus, and R. Scollhorn, Bull. Mat. Sci., 7, 215, 1985. 48. J. G. Bednorz and K. A. Muller, Zs. Physik, B64, 189, 1986. 49. W. Rong-Yao, Phys. Status Sol., 94A, 445, 1986. 50. H. D. Yang, R. N. Shelton, and H. F. Braun, Phys. Rev., 33B, 5062, 1986. 51. G. Venturini, M. Kanta, E. McRae, J. F. Mareche, B. Malaman, and B. Roques, Mat. Res. Bull., 21, 1203, 1986. 52. W. Rong-Yao, J. Mat. Sci. Lett., 5, 87, 1986. 53. M. K. Wu, J. R. Ashburn, C. J. Torng, P. H. Hor, R. L. Meng, L. Gao, Z. J. Huang, Y. Q. Wang, and C. W. Chu, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 908, 1987. 54. R. J. Cava, R. B. Van Dover, B. Batlog, and E. A. Rietman, Phys. Rev. Lett., 58, 408, 1987. 55. L. C. Porter, T. J. Thorn, U. Geiser, A. Umezawa, H. H. Wang, W. K. Kwok, H-C. I. Kao, M. R. Monaghan, G. W. Crabtree, K. D. Carlson, and J. M. Williams, Inorg. Chem., 26, 1645, 1987. 56. A. M. Kini, U. Geiser, H-C. I. Kao, K. D. Carlson, H. H. Wang, M. R. Monaghan, and K. M. Williams, Inorg. Chem., 26, 1834, 1987.

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12-74

Solids

57. T. Penney, S. von Molnar, D. Kaiser, F. Holtzberg, and A. W. Kleinsasser, Phys. Rev., B38, 2918, 1988. 58. Y. K. Tao, J. S. Swinnea, A. Manthiram, J. S. Kim, J. B. Goodenoug, and H. Steinfink, J. Mat. Res., 3, 248, 1988. 59. G. G. Peterson, B. R. Weinberger, L. Lynds, and H. A. Krasinski, J. Mat. Res., 3, 605, 1988. 60. J. B. Torrance, Y. Tokura, A. Nazzai, and S. S. P. Parkin, Phys. Rev. Lett., 60, 542, 1988. 61. K. Kourtakis, M. Robbins, P. K. Gallagher, and T. Teifel, J. Mat. Res., 4, 1289, 1989. 62. J. C. Phillips, Physics of High-Tc Superconductors, Academic Press, 1989, p. 336. 63. Shui Wai Lin and L. I. Berger, Rev. Sci. Instrum., 60, 507, 1989. 64. M. Tinkham, Introduction to Superconductivity, McGraw–Hill, New York, 1975. 65. O. Fischer and M.B. Maple, Eds., Topics in Current Physics, Volume 32: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds I; Volume 34: Superconductivity in Ternary Compounds II, Springer–Verlag, Berlin, 1982. 66. K. J. Dunn and F. P. Bundy, Phys. Rev., B25, 194, 1982. 67. A. Barone and G. Paterno, Physics and Applications of the Josephson Effect, Wiley, New York, 1982.

K21599_S12.indb 74

Properties of Superconductors 68. D. H. Douglass, Ed., Superconductivity in d- and f-Band Metals, Plenum Press, New York, 1976. 69. D. M. Ginsberg, Ed., Physical Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, (Volume II, 1990; Volume III, 1992; Volume V, 1996), World Scientific, Singapore. 70. T. Ishiguro and K. Yamji, Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. 71. Sh. Okada, K. Shimizu, T. C. Kobayashi, K. Amaya, and Sh. Endo., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn., 65, 1924, 1996. 72. A. Bourdillon and N. X. Tan Bourdillon, High Temperature Superconductors: Processing and Science, Academic Press, 1994. 73. J. M. Williams, J. R. Ferraro, R. J. Thorn, K. Carlson, U. Geiser, H. H. Wang, A. M. Kini, and M.-H. Whangbo, Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes): Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Theory, Prentice–Hall, 1992. 74. J. Nagamatsu, N. Nakagawa, T. Muranaka, Y. Zenitani, and J. Akimitsu, Nature (London), 410, 63, 2001. 75. Y. Boguslavsky, G. K. Perkins, X. Qi, L. F. Cohen, and A. D. Caplin, Nature (London), 410, 563, 2001. 76. B. Q. Fu, Y. Feng, G. Yan, Y. Zhao, A. K. Pradhan, C. H. Cheng, P. Ji, X. H. Liu, C. F. Liu, L. Zhou, and K. F. Yau, J. Appl. Phys., 92, 7341, 2002.

4/3/14 12:41 PM

High-Temperature Superconductors C. N. R. Rao and A. K. Raychaudhuri The following tables give properties of a number of high-temperature superconductors. Table 1 lists the crystal structure (space group and lattice constants) and the critical transition temperature Tc for the more important high-temperature superconductors studied so far. Table 2 gives the energy gap, critical current density, and penetration depth in the superconducting state. Table 3 gives electrical and thermal properties of some of these materials in the normal state. The tables were prepared in November 1992 and updated in November 1994.

References

2. Rao, C. N .R., Ed., Chemistry of High-Temperature Superconductors, World Scientific, Singapore, 1991. 3. Shackelford, J. F., The CRC Materials Science and Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1992, 98–99 and 122–123. 4. Kaldis, E., Ed., Materials and Crystallographic Aspects of HTcSuperconductivity, Kluwer Academic Publ., Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1992. 5. Malik, S. K. and Shah, S. S., Ed., Physical and Material Properties of High Temperature Superconductors, Nova Science Publ., Commack, N.Y., 1994. 6. Chmaissem, O. et al., Physica, C230, 231–238, 1994. 7. Antipov, E. V. et al., Physica, C215, 1–10, 1993.

Solids

1. Ginsburg, D. M., Ed., Physical Properties of High-Temperature Superconductors, Vols. I–III, World Scientific, Singapore, 1989–1992.

Table 1. Structural Parameters and Approximate Tc Values of High-Temperature Superconductors Material

La2CuO4+δ La2-xSrx(Bax)CuO4 La2Ca1-xSrxCu2O6 YBa2Cu3O7 YBa2Cu4O8 Y2Ba4Cu7O15 Bi2Sr2CuO6 Bi2CaSr2Cu2O8 Bi2Ca2Sr2Cu3O10 Bi2Sr2(Ln1-xCex)2Cu2O10 Tl2Ba2CuO6 Tl2CaBa2Cu2O8 Tl2Ca2Ba2Cu3O10 Tl(BaLa)CuO5 Tl(SrLa)CuO5 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2CuO5 TlCaBa2Cu2O7 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)CaSr2Cu2O7 TlSr2Y0.5Ca0.5Cu2O7 TlCa2Ba2Cu3O8 (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2Ca2Cu3O9 TlBa2(La1-xCex)2Cu2O9 Pb2Sr2La0.5Ca0.5Cu3O8 Pb2(Sr,La)2Cu2O6 (Pb,Cu)Sr2(La,Ca)Cu2O7 (Pb,Cu)(Sr,Eu)(Eu,Ce)Cu2Ox Nd2-xCexCuO4 Ca1-xSrxCuO2 Sr1-xNdxCuO2 Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 Rb2CsC60 NdBa2Cu3O7 SmBaSrCu3O7 EuBaSrCu3O7 GdBaSrCu3O7 DyBaSrCu3O7 HoBaSrCu3O7 ErBaSrCu3O7 (multiphase) TmBaSrCu3O7 (multiphase) YBaSrCu3O7 HgBa2CuO4 HgBa2CaCu2O6 (annealed in O2) HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8 HgBa2Ca3Cu4O10



K21599_S12.indb 75

Structure

Bmab; a = 5.355, b = 5.401, c = 13.15 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.779, c = 13.23 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.825, c = 19.42 Å Pmmm; a = 3.821, b = 3.885, c = 11.676 Å Ammm; a = 3.84, b = 3.87, c = 27.24 Å Ammm; a = 3.851, b = 3.869, c = 50.29 Å Amaa; a = 5.362, b = 5.374, c = 24.622 Å A2aa; a = 5.409, b = 5.420, c = 30.93 Å A2aa; a = 5.39, b = 5.40, c = 37 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.888, c = 17.28 Å A2aa; a = 5.468, b = 5.472, c = 23.238 Å; I4/mmm; a = 3.866, c = 23.239 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.855, c = 29.318 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.85, c = 35.9 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.83, c = 9.55 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.7, c = 9 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.738, c = 9.01 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.856, c = 12.754 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.05 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.80, c = 12.10 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.853, c = 15.913 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.81, c = 15.23 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.8, c = 29.5 Å Cmmm; a = 5.435, b = 5.463, c = 15.817 Å P2212; a = 5.333, b = 5.421, c = 12.609 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.820, c = 11.826 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.837, c = 29.01 Å I4/mmm; a = 3.95, c = 12.07 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.902, c = 3.35 Å P4/mmm; a = 3.942, c = 3.393 Å Pm3m; a = 4.287 Å a = 14.493 Å Pmmm; a = 3.878, b = 3.913, c = 11.753 I4/mmm; a = 3.854, c = 11.62 I4/mmm; a = 3.845, c = 11.59 I4/mmm; a = 3.849, c = 11.53 Pmmm; a = 3.802, b = 3.850, c = 11.56 Pmmm; a = 3.794, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 Pmmm; a = 3.787, b = 3.846, c = 11.54 Pmmm; a = 3.784, b = 3.849, c = 11.55 Pmmm; a = 3.803, b = 3.842, c = 11.54 I4/mmm; a = 3.878, c = 9.507 I4/mmm; a = 3.862, c = 12.705 Pmmm; a = 3.85, c = 15.85 Pmmm; a = 3.854, c = 19.008

Tc/K (maximum value) 39 35 60 93 80 93 10 92 110 25 92 119 128 40 40 40 103 90 90 110 120 40 70 32 50 25 30 110 40 31 31 58 84 88 86 90 87 82 88 84 94 127 133 126

12-75

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High-Temperature Superconductors

12-76 Table 2. Superconducting Properties

Jc (0): Critical current density extrapolated to 0 K λab: Penetration depth in a-b plane kB: Boltzmann constant Material Y Ba2Cu3O7 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Tl2Ba3CaCu2O8 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.15 Nd2-xCexCuO4

Form Single Crystal Single Crystal Ceramic Ceramic Ceramic

Energy gap (∆) 2∆ƒit/kBTc† 2∆pp/kBTc* 5–6 4–5 8–9 5.5–6.5 6–7 4–6 7–9 4–6 8 4–5

10–6 × Jc (0)/A cm–2 30 (film) 2 10 (film, 80 K)

λab/Å 1400 2700 2000

0.2 (film)

* Obtained from peak to peak value. † Obtained from fit to BCS-type relation.

Solids ρab: ρc: +ve: –ve: nH: k: in plane: out of plane: Material YBa2Cu3O7 YBa2Cu4O8 Bi2Sr2CuO6 Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 Tl2Ba2CuO6 Tl2Ba2Ca2Cu3O10 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.12 La2-xSrxCuO4, x = 0.20 Nd2–xCexCuO4, x = 0.17



x = 0.15

Table 3. Normal State Properties

Resistivity in the a-b plane Resistivity along the c axis ρc has positive temperature coefficient of resistivity ρc has negative temperature coefficient of resistivity Hall density Thermal conductivity Along a-b plane Perpendicular to a-b plane ρab/µΩ cm ρc/mΩ cm Form 300 K 100 K 300 K Single crystal 110 35 5 Film 200–300 60–100 Single crystal 75 20 10 Film 100–200 20–50 Single crystal 300 150 5000 Single crystal 150 50 >1000 Single crystal 300–400 50–75 200–300 Ceramic ∗∗∗ ∗∗ Single crystal 900 350 200 Single crystal 400 200 80 Film 400 160 Single crystal 500 275 Film 140–180 35

dρc/dT

10–21 × nH/cm–3 300 K 100 K

+ve

11–16 5–9

4–6 2–3

–ve

14 22

17

–ve

6

5

–ve

4

3

+ve

3.1

2.5 ≈ 2*

+ve for T >225 K +ve for T >150 K

k/(mW/cm K) at 300 K in plane out of plane 120

3

60

8

50 (for x = 0.04)

20

2.5 10 8.4

6.3

53 32

17 11

250 (for x = 0.15)

* At 200 K ** ρ ~0.4 mΩ cm at 120 K *** ρ ~1.5 mΩ cm at 300 K

K21599_S12.indb 76

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Organic Superconductors H. P. R. Frederikse Figure 2a, while Figure 2b illustrates how the alkali atoms fit into the A3C60 molecule to form the A15 crystallographic structure. Their superconducting transition temperatures range from 8 to 31.3 K (see Table 3).

References 1. Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. 2. Williams, J. M. et al., Organic Superconductors (Including Fullerenes), Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1992. 3. The Fullerenes, Ed.: Krato, H. W., Fisher, J. E., and Cox, D. E., Pergammon Press, Oxford, 1993. 4. Schluter, M. et al., in The Fullerenes (Ref. 3), p. 303.

Solids

Although the vast majority of organic compounds are insulators, a small number of organic solids show considerable electrical conductivity. Some of these materials appear to be superconductors. The superconducting organics fall primarily into two groups: those containing fulvalenes (pentagonal rings containing sulfur or selenium) and those based on fullerenes, involving the nearly spherical cluster C60. The transition temperatures Tc of the fulvalene derivatives are shown in Table 1. The abbreviations of the various molecular groups are listed in Table 2 and their chemical structures are depicted in Figure 1. Most of the Tc’s are between 1 and 12 K. Several of the compounds only show superconductivity under pressure. The fullerenes are A3C60 compounds, where A represents a single or a combination of alkali atoms. The C60 cluster is shown in

Table 1. Critical Pressure and Maximum Critical Temperature of Organic Superconductors Material (TMTSF)2PF6 (TMTSF)2AsF6 (TMTSF)2SbF6 (TMTSF)2TaF6 (TMTSF)2ClO4 (TMTSF)2ReO4 (TMTSF)2FSO3 (ET)4(ReO4)2 βL-(ET)2I3 βH-(ET)2I3 γ-(ET)3I2.5 ε-(ET)2I3(I8)0.5 α-(ET)2I3I2-doped αt-(ET)2I3 ε→β-(ET)2I3a θ-(ET)2I3 κ-(ET)2I3

Pc/kbar

6.5 9 11 12 0 9.5 5 4.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tc/K

1.2 1.3 0.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 3 2 1.4 8.1 2.5 2.5 3.3 8 6 3.6 3.6

Material β-(ET)2IBr2 β-(ET)2AuI2 (ET)4Hg2.89Cl8 (ET)4Hg2.89Br8 (ET)3Cl2(H2O)2 κ-(ET)2Cu(NCS)2 κ-(d-ET)2Cu(NCS)2 (DMET)2Au(CN)2 (DMET)2AuI2 (DMET)2AuBr2 (DMET)2AuCl2 (DMET)2I3 (DMET)2lBr2 (MDT-TTF)2AuI2 TTF[Ni(dmit)2]2 TTF[Pd(dmit)2]2 (CH3)4N[Ni(dmit)2]2

Pc/kbar

0 0 0 12 16 0 0 1.5 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 20 7

Tc/K

2.8 4.8 4.2 1.8 2 10.4 11.4 0.9 0.6 1.9 0.9 0.6 0.7 3.5 1.6b 6.5 5

Converted from ε-type to β-type by thermal treatment. For 7 kbar. From Ishigura, T. and Yamaji, K., Organic Superconductors, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990. With permission. a

b

Table 2. List of Symbols and Abbreviations

TTF TMTSF BEDT-TTF or “ET” MDT-TTF DMET dmit Tc Pc



K21599_S12.indb 77

tetrathiafulvalene tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene [dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene] 4,5-dimercapto-1,3-dithiole-2-thione transition temperature to superconducting state minimum pressure required for superconducting transition

12-77

4/3/14 12:41 PM

Organic Superconductors

12-78 H3C

Se

Se

CH3

S

S

H3C

Se

Se

CH3

S

S

TMTSF

TTF

Tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene H H H H

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

Tetrathiafulvalene

H H H H

Me

Se

S

S

Me

Se

S

S

BEDT − TTF or ET

DMET

Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene Dimethyl(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene Solids

S

S

S

S S

S

S

S

C

C

S

S C S

S M

C

n–

S

S C S

C S

MDT − TTF

M=Ni, Pd, Pt M(dmit)22–

Methylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene

Ligand is 4,5-dimercapto-1.3-dithiole-2-thione

FIGURE 1. Structures of various donor molecules and acceptor species.

(001)

(010)

(100)

(a) (b) FIGURE 2. (a) C60 cluster placed in a fcc lattice. Each crystal axis crosses a double bond shared by two hexagons. (b) A hypothetical A3C60 with the A15 structure. The structure can be seen to be an ordered defect structure of A6C60.

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Organic Superconductors

12-79 Table 3. Unit Cell and Tc for FCC-A3 C60

Na2Rb0.5Cs0.5C60 Na2CsC60 No. 1a Na2CsC60 No. 2a K3C60 K2RbC60 Rb2KC60 No. 1a Rb2KC60 No. 2a Rb3C60 Rb2CsC60

Lattice parameter(s) (Å) 14.148(3) 14.132(2) 14.176(9) 14.253(3) 14.299(2) 14.336(1) 14.364(5) 14.436(2) 14.493(2)

Tc/K 8.0 10.5 14.0 19.3 21.8 24.4 26.4 29.4 31.3

Samples labeled No. 1 and No. 2 have the same nominal composition. From Schluter, M et al., The Fullerenes, Ed.: Krato, H.W., Fisher, J.E., and Cox, D.E., Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1993. With permission.

Solids

a

K21599_S12.indb 79

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Properties of Semiconductors L. I. Berger

Solids

The term semiconductor is applied to a material in which electric current is carried by electrons or holes and whose electrical conductivity, when extremely pure, rises exponentially with temperature and may be increased from its low “intrinsic” value by many orders of magnitude by “doping” with electrically active impurities. Semiconductors are characterized by an energy gap in the allowed energies of electrons in the material that separates the normally filled energy levels of the valence band (where “missing” electrons behave like positively charged current carriers “holes”) and the conduction band (where electrons behave rather like a gas of free negatively charged carriers with an effective mass dependent on the material and the direction of the electrons’ motion). This energy gap depends on the nature of the material and varies with direction in anisotropic crystals. It is slightly dependent on

temperature and pressure, and this dependence is usually almost linear at normal temperatures and pressures. Data are presented in five tables. Table 1 lists the main crystallographic and semiconducting properties of a large number of semiconducting materials in three main categories: “Tetrahedral Semiconductors” in which every atom is tetrahedrally coordinated to four nearest neighbor atoms (or atomic sites) as for example in the diamond structure; “Octahedral Semiconductors” in which every atom is octahedrally coordinated to six nearest neighbor atoms—as for example the halite structure; and “Other Semiconductors.” Table 2 gives electrical, magnetic, and optical properties, while Tables 3 and 4 give more details on the semiconducting properties and band structures of the most common semiconductors. Table 5 lists semiconducting minerals with typical resistivity ranges.

TABLE 1. Physico-Chemical Properties of Semiconductors (Listed by Crystal Structure)

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Substance weight weight (Å, room temp.) 1.1. Tetrahedral (Adamantine) Semiconductors

Density (g/cm3)

Melting point (K)

Microhard­ ness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

Debye temp. (K)

Coefficient of Thermal thermal linear conductivity expansion [mW/cm·K [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]

471.5

2340

1.18

9900(I) 23200(IIA) 13600(IIB)

702 321.9 213

645 374 230

2.6 5.8 5.4 (220 K)

1240 640

490 381 276 270

240 207 181

12.1 15.4 19.2

8.4 12.5 16.8

232

134

–2.5

4.2

5.0 (M) 1780

494 472

416 530

2.9 6.36

234 251

1350 900

339 264

400 223

7.2 8.19

140 108

1.1.1. Diamond Structure Elements (Strukturbericht symbol A4, Space Group Fd3m-Oh7 ) C (Diamond) 12.01 3.56683 3.513 ≈4713 10 (M) (12.4 GPa) Transition to graphite > 980 Si 28.09 5.43072 2.329 1687 11270 Ge 72.64 5.65754 5.323 1211.35 7644 α-Sn 118.71 6.4912 5.769 505.1 (Tr. 286.4)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

1.1.2. Sphalerite (Zinc Blende) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B3 Space Group F43m-Td2 ) CuF CuCl CuBr Cul AgBr

82.54 98.99 143.45 190.45 187.77

41.27 49.49 71.73 95.23 93.89

4.255 5.4057 5.6905 6.60427

AgI

234.77

117.39

6.502

I-VII Compounds 1181 3.53 695 2.3 (M) 4.98 770 2.5 (M) 5.63 878 192 6.473 >1570 (Tr. 2.5 (M) 410) 5.67 831 2.5 (M)

BeS BeSe BeTe BePo ZnO ZnS

41.08 87.97 136.61 (2318) 81.39 97.46

20.54 43.99 68.31 (109) 40.69 48.72

4.865 5.139 5.626 5.838 4.63 5.4093

2.36 4.315 5.090 7.3 5.675 4.079

ZnSe ZnTe ZnPo

144.34 192.99 (274)

72.17 96.5 (137)

5.6676 6.101 6.309

5.42 6.34

II-VI Compounds dec.

2248 2100 (Tr. 1295) 1790 1568

12-80

K21599_S12.indb 80

4/3/14 12:41 PM

Properties of Semiconductors

12-81

Lattice parameters (Å, room temp.) 5.832 6.05 6.477 6.665 5.8517 6.084 6.4623

BN BP(L.T.) BAs AlP AlAs AlSb GaP GaAs GaSb InP InAs InSb

24.82 41.78 85.73 57.95 101.90 148.74 100.70 144.64 191.48 145.79 189.74 236.58

12.41 20.87 42.87 28.98 50.95 74.37 50.35 72.32 95.74 72.90 94.87 118.29

3.615 4.538 4.777 5.451 5.6622 6.1355 5.4905 5.65315 6.0954 5.86875 6.05838 6.47877

MnS MnSe β-SiC (3-C SiC) Ga 2Se3 Ga2Te3 In2Te3(H.T.) MgGeP2 ZnSnP2 ZnSnAs2(H.T.) ZnSnSb2

87.00 133.90 40.10 376.32 522.24 608.44 158.84 246.00 333.90 427.56

43.5 66.95 20.1 75.26 104.45 121.7 39.71 61.5 82.38 106.89

5.011 5.82 4.348 5.429 5.899 6.173 5.652 5.65 5.851 6.281

Density Melting (g/cm3) point (K) 4.826 1750 5.674 1512 5.86 1365

Debye temp. (K) 219 181 200

Coefficient of thermal linear expansion [10–6 K–1 (300K)] 4.7 3.8 4.9

Thermal conductivity [mW/cm·K (300K)] 200 90 58.5

7.73 8.25 8.17

3 (M) 2.5 (M) 300

151 242

5.46 4.6

10 20

3.49 2.9 2.42 3.81 4.218 4.13 5.316 5.619 4.787 5.66 5.775

1820 1070 943

III-V Compounds 3239 10 (M) 1398 (dec) 37000 ≈2300 19000 ≈2100 5.5 (M) 2013 5000 1330 4000 1750 9450 1510 7500 980 4480 1330 4100 1215 3300 798 2200

210 178 164 793

320 268 144

≈1900 ≈980 ≈625 588 417 292 446 344 265 321 249 202

200

3.5 4.2 5.3 5.4 6.1 4.6 4.7 4.7

920 840 600 752 560 270 800 290 160

Solids

Substance CdS CdSe CdTe CdPo HgS HgSe HgTe

Average Molecular atomic weight weight 144.48 72.24 191.37 95.68 240.01 120.00 (321) (161) 232.66 116.33 279.55 139.78 328.19 164.10

Microhard­ ness, Specific N/mm2 heat, (M-Mohs J/kg·K Scale) (300 K) 1250 330 1300 255 600 205

Other Sphalerite Structure Compounds

3.21 4.92 5.75 5.8

3070 1020 1063 940

3160 2370 1660

5.53 5.67

1200 1050 870

2500

2.9 8.9

4.9 50 47 69

76 76

1.1.3. Wurtzite (Zincite) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B4, Space Group P 6 3 mc -C6v4 ) CuCl CuBr Cul Agl

99.0 143.45 190.45 234.77

49.5 71.73 95.23 117.40

3.91 4.06 4.31 4.580

6.42 6.66 7.09 7.494

BeO MgTe ZnO ZnS ZnTe CdS CdSe CdTe

25.01 151.9 81.37 97.43 192.99 144.48 191.37 240.01

12.51 76.0 40.69 48.72 46.50 72.23 95.68 120.00

2.698 4.54 3.24950 3.8140 4.27 4.1348 4.299 4.57

4.380 7.39 5.2069 6.2576 6.99 6.7490 7.010 7.47

BP(H.T.) AlN GaN

41.79 40.99 83.73

20.90 20.50 41.87

3.562 3.111 3.190

5.900 4.978 5.189

K21599_S12.indb 81

I-VII Compounds 703 770

3.85 5.66 4.1 4.82 5.66

II-VI Compounds 2800 ≈2800 2250 2100 1568 1748 1512

600 460 401 316

III-V Compounds 3.26 6.10

≈2500 1500

823 656

4/3/14 12:41 PM

Properties of Semiconductors

12-82

Substance InN

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density Melting weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3) point (K) 128.83 64.42 3.533 5.693 6.88 1200

MnS MnSe SiC MnTe Al2S3 Al2Se3

87.00 133.90 40.10 182.54 150.14 290.84

43.5 66.95 20.1 91.27 30.03 58.17

3.985 4.12 3.076 4.078 3.579 3.890

6.45 6.72 5.048 6.701 5.829 6.30

Microhard­ ness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

Debye temp. (K)

Coefficient of Thermal thermal linear conductivity expansion [mW/cm·K [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)] 556

Other Wurtzite Structure Compounds 3.248

2.55 3.91

1400 1250

12 1.1.4. Chalcopyrite Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E11 , Space Group I 4 2d -D24 )

Solids

I-III-VI2 Compounds 3.47 2500 4.70 2260 5.50 2550 4.35 2300 5.56 1970 4200 5.99 2400 3500 4.75 1400 2550 5.77 1600 2050 6.10 1660 400 6.32 7.11 900 4.088 1135 850

CuAlS2 CuAlSe2 CuAlTe2 CuGaS2 CuGaSe2 CuGaTe2 CuInS2 CuInSe2 CuInTe2 CuTlS2 CuTlSe2(L.T.) CuFeS2 CuFeSe2 CuLaS2 AgAlS2 AgAlSe2 AgAlTe2 AgGaS2 AgGaSe2 AgGaTe2 AgInS2(L.T.) AgInSe2 AgInTe2 AgFeS2

154.65 248.45 345.73 197.39 291.19 388.47 242.49 336.29 433.57 322.05 425.85 183.51 277.31 266.58 198.97 292.77 390.05 241.71 335.51 432.79 286.87 380.61 477.89 227.83

38.66 62.11 86.43 49.53 72.80 97.12 60.62 84.07 108.39 83.01 106.46 45.88 69.33 66.65 49.74 73.19 97.51 60.43 83.88 108.2 71.70 95.15 119.47 56.96

5.323 5.617 5.976 5.360 5.618 6.013 5.528 5.785 6.179 5.580 5.844 5.29

10.44 10.92 11.80 10.49 11.01 11.93 11.08 11.56 12.365 11.17 11.65 10.32

5.65 5.707 5.968 6.309 5.755 5.985 6.301 5.828 6.102 6.42 5.66

10.86 10.28 10.77 11.85 10.28 10.90 11.96 11.19 11.69 12.59 10.30

3.94 5.07 6.18 4.72 5.84 6.05 5.00 5.81 6.12 4.53

ZnSiP2 ZnGeP2 ZnSnP2 CdSiP2 CdGeP2 CdSnP2 ZnSiAs2 ZnGeAs2 ZnSnAs2 CdSiAs2 CdGeAs2 CdSnAs2

155.40 199.90 246.00 202.43 246.94 243.03 242.20 287.80 333.90 290.34 334.83 380.93

38.85 49.98 61.5 50.61 61.74 73.26 60.55 71.95 83.48 72.58 83.71 95.23

5.400 5.465

10.441 10.771

3.39 4.17

5.678 5.741 5.900 5.61 5.672 5.8515 5.884 5.9427 6.0944

10.431 10.775 11.518 10.88 11.153 11.704 10.882 11.2172 11.9182

4.00 4.48 4.70 5.32 5.53 5.60 5.72

275

195

5.4 6.9

42 27

6.6 7.1

37 49

1220 1000 1120 990 1053 965

4400 1800 2250 1850

II-IV-V2 Compounds 1640 1100 1295 8100 6500 ≈1470 10500 1049 5650 840 5000 1311 9200 1150 6800 1048 4550 >1120 6850 938 4700 880 3450

212

10 30 9.49, 0.69

180 282 195

110 140

263 271

110 150 48 40

1.1.5. Other Ternary Semiconductors with Tetrahedral Coordination Cu2SiS3(H.T.)

K21599_S12.indb 82

251.36

41.89

3.684

6.004

3.81

I2-IV-VI3 Compounds 1200

23

4/3/14 12:41 PM

Properties of Semiconductors

12-83

Cu3PS4 Cu3AsS4 Cu3AsSe4 Cu3SbS4 Cu3SbSe4

349.85 393.79 581.37 440.64 628.22

40.73 49.22 72.67 55.08 78.53

7.44 6.43 5.570 5.38 5.654

CuSi2P3 CuGe2P3 AgGe2P3

212.64 301.65 345.97

35.44 50.28 57.66

5.25 5.375

6.19 6.14 10.957 16.76 11.256

Density (g/cm3) 3.63 5.47 4.45 4.46 5.57 5.92 5.02 5.94 6.51

Melting point (K)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

Debye temp. (K)

Coefficient of Thermal thermal linear conductivity expansion [mW/cm·K [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]

1210

4550

510

254

7.2

12

1030

3840 2890 2770 2510 1970

340

168

8.4

440 310

214 148

7.8 8.9

24 130 28 35 144

169

3.2 9.5

30.2 19

131

12.4

14.6

8.21

37.6

1110 960 680 810

Solids

Substance Cu2SiS3(L.T.) Cu2SiTe3 Cu2GeS3(H.T.) Cu2GeS3(L.T.) Cu2GeSe3 Cu2GeTe3 Cu2SnS3 CuSnSe3 Cu2SnTe3 Ag2GeSe3 Ag2SnSe3 Ag2GeTe3 Ag2SnTe3

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters weight weight (Å, room temp.) 5.290 10.156 537.98 89.66 5.93 295.88 49.31 5.317 5.327 5.215 436.56 72.76 5.589 5.485 582.51 97.09 5.958 5.935 341.98 57.00 5.436 482.66 80.44 5.687 628.61 104.77 6.048 525.21 87.54 571.31 95.22 671.13 111.86 717.23 119.54

Microhard­ ness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

600 I3-V-VI4-Compounds 4.37 5.61 4.90 6.0

931 733 830 700 I-IV2-V3 Compounds

4.318

1113 1015

8500 6150

429

1.1.6. “Defect Chalcopyrite” Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht Symbol E3, Space Group I 4 -S 42 ) 435.18 62.17 5.503 10.90 4.37 ZnAl2Se4 629.74 84.96 5.904 12.05 4.95 ZnAl2Te4(?) 333.06 47.58 5.274 10.44 3.80 ZnGa2S4(?) 520.66 74.38 5.496 10.99 5.21 ZnGa2Se4(?) 715.22 102.17 5.937 11.87 5.67 ZnGa2Te4(?) 610.86 87.27 5.711 11.42 5.44 1250 ZnIn2Se4 805.42 115.06 6.122 12.24 5.83 1075 ZnIn2Te4 294.61 42.09 5.564 10.32 3.06 CdAl2S4 482.21 68.89 5.747 10.68 4.54 CdAl2Se4 676.77 97.68 6.011 12.21 5.10 CdAl2Te4(?) 380.09 54.30 5.577 10.08 4.03 CdGa2S4 567.69 81.10 5.743 10.73 5.32 CdGa2Se4 762.25 108.89 6.093 11.81 5.77 CdGa2Te4 852.45 121.78 6.205 12.41 5.9 1060 CdIn2Te4 382.79 54.68 5.488 10.26 4.11 HgAl2S4 570.39 82.48 5.708 10.74 5.05 HgAl2Se4 764.48 109.28 6.004 12.11 5.81 HgAl2Te4(?) 468.27 66.90 5.507 10.23 5.00 HgGa2S4 655.87 93.70 5.715 10.78 6.18 HgGa2Se4 746.07 106.58 5.764 11.80 6.3 1100 HgIn2Se4 940.63 134.38 6.186 12.37 6.3 980 HgIn2Te4(?) 1.1.7. Other Adamantine Compounds α−SiC 40.10 20.10 2163.19 144.21 Hg5Ga2Te8 2253.39 150.23 Hg5In2Te8 657.89 93.98 Cdln2Se4

K21599_S12.indb 83

3.0817 15.12 6.235 6.328 a = c = 5.823

3.21

3070

4/3/14 12:41 PM

Properties of Semiconductors

12-84

Substance

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters weight weight (Å, room temp.)

Density (g/cm3)

Melting point (K)

Microhard­ ness, N/mm2 (M-Mohs Scale)

Specific heat, J/kg·K (300 K)

Debye temp. (K)

Coefficient of Thermal thermal linear conductivity expansion [mW/cm·K [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (300K)]

1.2. Octahedral Semiconductors 1.2.1. Halite Structure Semiconductors (Strukturbericht Symbol B1, Space Group Fm3m-Oh5 ) GeTe 200.21 100.10 5.98 6.14 SnSe 197.67 98.83 6.020 1133 SnTe 246.31 123.15 6.313 6.45 1080 (max) PbS 239.3 119.63 5.9362 7.61 1390 PbSe 286.2 143.08 6.1243 8.15 1340 PbTe 334.8 167.4 6.454 8.16 1180

Solids

1.2.2. Selected Other Binary Halites BiSe 287.94 143.97 BiTe 336.58 168.29 EuSe 230.92 115.46 GdSe 236.21 118.11 NiO 74.69 37.35 CdO 128.41 64.21 SrS 119.69 59.84

5.99 6.47 6.191 5.771 4.1684 4.6953 6.0199

7.98

880

6.6 3.643

2300 2400 2260 1700 3000

1.3.1. Antifluorite Structure Compounds ( Fm3m-Oh5 ) 76.70 25.57 6.338 Mg2Si 121.22 40.4 6.380 Mg2Ge 167.32 55.77 6.765 Mg2Sn 225.81 85.27 6.836 Mg2Pb

1.88 3.08 3.53 5.1

1375 1388 1051 823

5 1.3.2. Tetradymite Structure Compounds (R3m-D3d ) 626.3 125.26 4.25 30.3 Sb2Te3 654.84 130.97 4.14 28.7 Bi2Se3 800.76 160.15 4.38 30.45 Bi2Te3

6.44 7.51 7.73

895 979 858

6.73

>1270 1230 1123

91 23 17 23

2.4

7

1.3. Other Semiconductors

1.3.3. Skutterudite Structure Compounds (Im3-Th5 ) 151.85 37.96 7.7073 CoP3 286.70 71.65 8.2060 CoAs3 424.18 106.05 9.0385 CoSb3 283.45 70.86 8.330 NiAs3 195.83 48.96 7.9951 RhP3 327.67 81.92 8.4427 RhAs3 468.16 117.04 9.2322 RhSb3 285.14 71.29 8.0151 IrP3 416.98 104.25 8.4673 IrAs3 557.47 139.37 9.2533 IrSb3 1.3.4. Selected Multinary Compounds 387.54 96.88 AgSbSe2 484.82 121.2 AgSbTe2 (or Ag19Sb29Te52) AgBiS2(H.T.) 380.97 95.24 474.77 118.69 AgBiSe2(H.T.) 143.01 AgBiTe2(H.T.) 572.05 486.43 60.80 Cu2CdSnS4

7.36 9.12 9.35

5.786 6.078

6.60 7.12

910 830

5.648 5.82 6.155 5.586

10.83

K21599_S12.indb 84

12.6

167 155

92

24 30

16

307

50

6.43 >1470 >1270 1170 >1470 >1470 1170

1.3.5. Some Elemental Semiconductors B 10.81 4.91

11.5 15.0 9.9 10.0

2.34

2348

100

90 303 10.5 86

9.5 (M)

1277

1370

8.3

600

4/3/14 12:41 PM

Properties of Semiconductors

Substance Se(gray)

12-85

Average Lattice Molecular atomic parameters Density Melting weight weight (Å, room temp.) (g/cm3) point (K) 78.96 4.36 4.95 4.81 493

Te

127.60

4.45

5.91

6.23

Microhard­ ness, Specific N/mm2 heat, (M-Mohs J/kg·K Scale) (300 K) 350 292.6

723

Debye temp. (K)

196.5

Coefficient of thermal linear expansion [10–6 K–1 (300K)] (||C) 17.89 (⊥C) 74.09 16.8

Thermal conductivity [mW/cm·K (300K)] (||C) 45.2 (⊥C) 13.1 (||C) 33.8 (⊥C) 19.7

Mobility Minimum (room temp.) Heat of Atomic room (cm2/V·s) formation Volume Static magnetic temperature [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap Electrons Holes Substance (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV)

Optical transition

Breakdown voltage kV/mm

Remarks

2.1. Adamantine Semiconductors 2.1.1. Diamond Structure Elements (Strukturbericht symbol A4, Space Group Fd 3m-Oh7 ) C 714.4 18 5.7 –5.88 2.419 5.4 (589 nm) Si 324 0.306 11.9 –3.9 3.49 1.12 (589 nm) Ge 291 0.768 16 –0.12 3.99 0.67 (589 nm) α-Sn 267.5 24 2.75 0.0; 0.8 (589 nm)

1800

1400

i*

500

1900

500

i

30

3800

1820

i

2500

2400

Solids

TABLE 2. Basic Thermodynamic, Electrical, and Magnetic Properties of Semiconductors (Listed by Crystal Structure)

2.1.2. Sphalerite (Zinc Blende) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B3 Space Group F 43m-Td2) CuF CuCl CuBr Cul AgBr AgI BeS BeSe BeTe BePo ZnO ZnS

I-VII Compounds 481 481 439 486 389

0.26 0.26 0.27 0.41

7.9 7.9 6.5 12.4 10

477

8.9

ZnSe ZnTe ZnP CdS CdSe CdTe CdPo HgS

422 376

9.2 10.4

HgSe HgTe

247 242

BN

815

K21599_S12.indb 85

1.93 2.12 2.346 2.253 2.22

–9.9

3.17 2.91 2.95 2.50 2.22

4000 30

d d d i d

II-VI Compounds 4.17 3.61 1.45

20

i i d

2.356

3.54

180

5(400°C) d

2.89 3.56

2.58 2.26

540 340

28 100

Nantokite Marshite Bromirite Miersite

See 2.1.3. See also 2.1.3.

d d See 2.1.3. See 2.1.3.

339

7.2

2.50

1.44

2.85

1200

50

250 2.10 (α) –0.06

III-V Compounds 4.6

20000 25000

d d

≈1.5 350

s s

Metacinna­ barite Tiemannite Coloradoite Borazone

4/3/14 12:41 PM

Properties of Semiconductors

12-86

Solids

Heat of formation Volume Static [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric Substance (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant BP(L.T.) BAs AlP AlAs 627 10.9 AlSb 585 0.571 11 GaP 635 0.110 11.1 GaAs 535 0.771 13.2 GaSb 493 0.457 15.7 InP 560 0.735 12.4 InAs 477 0.549 14.6 InSb 447 0.442 17.7

Minimum Mobility Atomic room (room temp.) magnetic temperature (cm2/V·s) susceptibility Index of energy gap (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV) Electrons Holes ≈2.1 500 70 ≈1.5 2.45 80 2.16 1200 420 3.2 1.60 200–400 550 –13.8 3.2 2.24 300 150 –16.2 3.30 1.35 8800 400 –14.2 3.8 0.67 4000 1400 –22.8 3.1 1.27 4600 150 –27.7 3.5 0.36 33000 460 –32.9 3.96 0.163 78000 750

Optical transition

Breakdown voltage kV/mm

Remarks Ignites 470K

i i i i d d d d d

* i = indirect, d = direct, s = semimetal. Other Sphalerite Structure Compounds

MnS

See also 2.1.3. See also 2.1.3.

MnSe β-SiC Ga2Te3 In2Te3 (H.T.) MgGeP2 ZnSnP2 ZnSnAs2 (H.T.) ZnSnSb2

2.697 271 198

–13.5 –13.6

2.3 1.35 1.04

4000 50 50

2.1 ≈0.7

El–Td12 Same Same

0.4

Same

2.1.3. Wurtzite (Zincite) Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol B4, Space Group P6 3 mc -C6v4) I-VII Compounds

CuCl CuBr CuI AgI BeO MgTe ZnO ZnS ZnTe CdS CdSe CdTe BP(H.T.) AlN GaN InN MnS MnSe SiC

K21599_S12.indb 86

2.63

Iodargirite

II-VI Compounds

–350 –206 –163 8.45; 9.12

2.32

3.2 3.67

180

2.42 1.74 1.50

350 900 650

40 50

d d

Greenockide Cadmoselite

III-V Compounds 6.02 3.34 2.0 Other Wurtzite Structure Compounds

2.654

4/3/14 12:41 PM

Properties of Semiconductors

12-87

Minimum Mobility Heat of Atomic room (room temp.) formation Volume Static magnetic temperature (cm2/V·s) [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap Substance (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV) Electrons Holes MnTe ≈1.0 426 4.1 Al2S3 Al2Se3 367 3.1

Optical transition

Breakdown voltage kV/mm

Remarks

12 2.1.4. Chalcopyrite Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E11, Space Group I42d -D2d )

ZnSiP2 ZnGeP2 ZnSnP2 CdSiP2 CdGeP2 CdSnP2 ZnSiAs2 ZnGeAs2 ZnSnAs2

0.106 0.141 0.227 0.141 0.187 0.278

Solids

I-III-VI2 Compounds 2.5 2.67 0.88 2.38 0.96, 1.63 0.82, 1.0 1.2 0.86, 0.92 0.95

0.106

CuAlS2 CuAlSe2 CuAlTe2 CuCaS2 CuGaSe2 CuGaTe2 CuInS2 CuInSe2 CuInTe2 CuTlS2 CuTlSe2 (L.T.) CuFeS2 CuFeSe2 CuLaS2 AgAlS2 AgAlSe2 AgAlTe2 AgGaS2 AgGaSe2 AgGaTe2 AglnS2 (L.T.) AgInSe2 AgInTe2 AgFeS2

1.07 0.53 0.16

0.7 0.56 1.66 1.1 1.9 1.18

0.150 0.182 0.280 0.185 0.238 0.338

0.96, 0.52

312 293 275 0.103 289 270 290 271 252

–14.4 –18.4

II-IV-V2 Compounds 2.3 2.2 1.45 2.2 1.8 1.5 1.7 0.85 0.65

0.143

CdSiAs2 CdGeAs2

266

CdSnAs2

247

Chalcopyrite

13.7

1000

1000

50 300

Disorders at 910 K Disorders at 903 K

–23.4

1.6 0.53

70

25

–21.5

0.26

22000

250

2.1.5. Other Ternary Semiconductors with Tetrahedral Coordination Cu2SiS3 (H.T.)

K21599_S12.indb 87

II2-IV-VI3 Compounds

Wurtzite

4/3/14 12:41 PM

Properties of Semiconductors

12-88

Solids

Heat of formation Volume Static [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric Substance (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant Cu2SiS3 (L.T.) Cu2SiTe3 Cu2GeS3 (H.T.) Cu2GeS3 (L.T.) Cu2GeSe3 211.5 Cu2GeTe3 190.2 Cu2SnS3 CuSnSe3 Cu2SnTe3 Ag2GeSe3 Ag2SnSe3 Ag2GeTe3 Ag2SnTe3 Cu3PS4 Cu3AsS4 Cu3AsSe4 Cu3SbS4 Cu3SbSe4 CuSi2P3 CuGe2P3 AgGe2P3

Minimum Mobility Atomic room (room temp.) magnetic temperature (cm2/V·s) susceptibility Index of energy gap (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV) Electrons Holes

–15.8 –13.1 –8.3 –20.5

127.1

Tetragonal

0.94

238

0.91 0.66

405 870

Same Same Cubic Cubic Cubic

0.91 (77K) 0.81 0.25 0.08

Famatinite Famatinite

El El

0.90

2.1.6. “Defect Chalcopyrite” Structure Compounds (Strukturbericht symbol E3, Space Group ZnAl2Se4 ZnAl2Te4 (?) ≈3.4 ZnGa2S4 (?) ≈2.2 ZnGa2Se4 (?) 1.35 ZnGa2Te4 (?) 1.82 ZnIn2Se4 206 ZnIn2Te4 198 1.2 CdAl2S4 CdAl2Se4 CdAl2Te4 (?) 256 3.44 CdGa2S4 CdGa2Se4 216 2.43 CdGa2Te4 Cdln2Te4 195 (1.26 or 0.9) HgAl2S4 HgAl2Se4 HgAl2Te4 (?) 249 2.84 HgGa2S4 HgGa2Se4 204 1.95

K21599_S12.indb 88

Enargite

1.24 0.88 0.74 0.31 II-IV2-V3 Compounds

0.12

Remarks Tetragonal

360

II3-V-VI4 Compounds 269.6 161.3

Breakdown voltage kV/mm

Cubic Cubic

–18.7

–21.3 –23.4 –18.2 –21.0 –28.4 –29.6 –29.5 –31.4 –31.0

Optical transition

I4 -S 42 )

35

60 33 4000

400

4/3/14 12:41 PM

Properties of Semiconductors

12-89

Minimum Mobility Heat of Atomic room (room temp.) formation Volume Static magnetic temperature (cm2/V·s) [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap Substance (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV) Electrons Holes 0.6 290 HgIn2Se4 196 HgIn2Te4 188 0.86 200 (?) 2.1.7. Other Adamantine Compounds α−SiC Hg5Ga2Te8

10.2

–6.4

2.67

2.86

400

Hg5ln2Te8

0.7

2000

Cdln2Se4

1.55

Optical transition

Breakdown voltage kV/mm

Remarks

6H structure B3 with superlattice B3 with superlattice

2.2.1. Halite Structure Semiconductors (Strukturbericht symbol B1, Space Group Fm3m-Oh5 ) GeTe SnSe SnTe PbS 435 0.5 600 PbSe 393 161 0.37 1000 PbTe 393 280 0.26 1600 360 0.25 2.2.2. Selected Other Binary Halites BiSe BiTe EuSe GdSe NiO CdO 531 SrS

Solids

2.2. Octahedral Semiconductors

600 900 600

Altaite

0.4 1.8 2.0 or 3.7 2.5 4.1

4 100

0.77 0.74 0.36 0.1

405 520 320

2.3. Other Semiconductors 2.3.1. Antifluorite Structure Compounds (Fm3m-Oh5 ) 79.08 Mg2Si Mg2Ge Mg2Sn 76.57 Mg2Pb 52.72 5 2.3.2. Tetradymite Structure Compounds (R3 -D3d ) Sb2Te3 Bi2Se3

Bi2Te3

2.3.3. Skutterudite Structure Compounds (Im3-Th5 ) CoP3 CoAs3 CoSb3 RhP3 RhAs3 RhSb3 IrSb3 2.3.4. Selected Multinary Compounds AgSbSe2

K21599_S12.indb 89

0.3

360

0.35 0.21

600 1140

0.43 0.69 0.63

70

0.85 0.80 1.18

70 110 260

680

R3m (166)

~4000 ~3000 700 ~3000 ~7000 1500

0.58

4/3/14 12:41 PM

Properties of Semiconductors

12-90 Minimum Mobility Heat of Atomic room (room temp.) formation Volume Static magnetic temperature (cm2/V·s) [kJ/mol compressibility dielectric susceptibility Index of energy gap Substance (300K)] (10–10m2/N) constant (10–6 cgs) refraction (eV) Electrons Holes 0.7, 0.27 AgSbTe2 (or Ag19​ Sb29Te52) AgBiS2 (H.T.) AgBiSe2 (H.T.) AgBiTe2 (H.T.) 1.16