Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History I 9780860540717, 9781407323442
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English Pages [282] Year 1979
Polecaj historie
Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History
List of Contributors
List of Illustrations
1. Romano-British Place-Names in Bede
2. Saxon Mucking - A Post-Excavation Note
3. On the Origin and Chronology of the Early Anglo-Saxon Disc Brooch
4. Eastry in Anglo-Saxon Kent: its Importance, and a newly-found Grave
5. Note on an Aquitanian Buckle-plate said to have come from Lakenheath, Suffolk
6. The Body in the Ship at Sutton Hoo
7. The ‘Dancer’ on the Codford Cross
8. The System of Measurement used in Town Planning from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Centuries
9. Anglo-Saxon Kemble. The Life and Works of John Mitchell Kemble 18017-1857, Philogist, Historian, Archaeologist
Citation preview
Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History
I edited by
Sonia Chadwick Hawkes, David Brown and James Campbell
B A R British Series 7 2 1 979
B.A.R.,
B.A.R.
122 Banbury Road,
Oxford OX2 7BP, England
GENERAL EDITORS
A. R. H ands, B.Sc., ;\I.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, ;\I. A.
B. A. R. 72, 1979. !'Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History. I." © The Individual Authors. The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540717 paperback ISBN 9781407323442 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540717 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
CONTENTS
P age v i
Ang lo-Saxon S tud ies i n Archaeo logy a nd H is tory L is t o f C on tr ibu tors
v i i
L is t o fI l lus tra t ions
v i i i
1 .
C o lin Sm i th
R o mano-Br i t ish P lace-Na mes
1
i n B ede 2 .
Margare t U . J ones
S axon Muck ing —a p os t E xcava t ion
2 1
Note 3 .
Tania M . D ick inson
O n t he Or ig in a nd C hrono logy o f
3 9
t he E ar ly A ng lo-Saxon D isc B rooch 4 .
S on ia C hadw ick H awkes
E as try i n A ng lo-Saxon K en t :
i t s
8 1
Impor tance a nd a n ew ly f ound Grave 5 .
Teresa B r iscoe
N ote o n a n Aqu i tan ian B uck le-p la te
1 15
s a id t o h ave c o me f ro m L akenhea th , S uf folk 6 .
V era I .Ev ison
The B ody i n t he S h ip a t S ut ton H oo
1 21
7 .
M ichae l Swan ton
T he ' Dancer ' o n t he C odford C ross
1 39
8 .
Ph i lip C ru m my
The S ys te m o f Measure ment u sed
1 49
i n T own P lann ing f ro m t he N in th t o t he Th ir teen th C en tur ies 9 .
Raymond A . Wi ley
Ang lo-Saxon Ke mb le .
The L ife a nd
Works o fJ ohn M i tche l l K e mb le 1 807-1857 , P h i lo log is t , H is tor ian , Archaeo log is t
1 65
ANGLO-SAXON S TUD IES I N ARCHAEOLOGY AND H ISTORY
An ew o ccas iona l s er ies c oncerned w i th t he a rchaeo logy a nd h is tory o f E ng land a nd i t s n e ighbours d ur ing t he Ang lo-Saxon p er iod . The e ssence o ft h is n ew s er ies i s t ha t i tw i l l b e p ub lished a s of ten a s i tc an b e f i l led r a ther t han a t f i xed i n terva ls .
I n t h is way , n o g ood ma ter ia l n eed b e
r e jected , n or n eed i nadequa te ma ter ia l b e a ccep ted . p roduce a t l eas t o ne i ssue a y ear ;
T he e d i tors e xpect t o
b u t i f more s ui tab le ma ter ia l i s o f fered ,
t he p er iod ica l w i l l a ppear more f requen t ly .
E ach i ssue w i l l p robab ly c on ta in
2 00-250 p ages . The e d i tors i n terpre t ' Eng land 's n e ighbours ' i n t he w ides t s ense a nd w i l l b e p leased t o c ons ider c on tr ibu t ions o n C e lt ic a nd C on t inen ta l t op ics a s we l l a s o n E ng lish o nes .
They w i l l we lco me r epor ts o f r esearch i n p rogress ; s urvey ,
r ev iew a nd d iscuss ion a r t ic les ; o n t heses ;
d escr ip t ions o fn ew ma ter ia l ; p apers b ased
a nd s hor ter n otes d escr ibing s ing le o b jects a nd n ew d iscover ies .
A l though p r imar i ly a rchaeo log ica l a nd h is tor ica l , i ti s h oped t o i nc lude a r t ic les b ased o n n um isma t ics , p lace-names , a nd o ther r e la ted f i e lds o f s tudy . There i s n o l imi t t o t he l eng th o f c on tr ibu t ions , a nd a ny th ing f rom a n ote o f ap age o r t wo t o a monograph o f ah undred p ages o r more may b e s ubmi t ted . The BAR f orma t c o mb ines p ages o f d raw ings a nd p ho tographs w i th at ex t p r in ted d irec t ly f rom t ypescr ip t o f A4 s ize .
T here i s n o l imi t t o t he n u mber
o f i l lus tra t ions t ha t c an b e i nc luded , t hough t hey mus t b e o fg ood q ua li ty . N otes , r eferences a nd b ib l iograph ies w i l l b e p laced a t t he e nd o f e ach c ont r ibu t ion ;
t here i s n o ' house s ty le ', a nd a ny s e lf-exp lana tory a nd i n terna l ly
c ons is ten t s ys tem may b e u sed .
Ad e ta i led ' No tes f or C on tr ibu tors ' i s a va i l-
a b le . A l l c orrespondence s hou ld b e a ddressed , n o t t o BAR , b u t t o o ne o f t he e di tors . They w i l l b e h appy t o d iscuss c on tr ibu t ions s t i l l i n t he p repara tory s tage . ANGLO-SAXON S TUD IES i s e d i ted b y S on ia C hadw ick Hawkes ( I ns t i tu te o f Archaeo logy , 3 4-6 B eaumon t S tree t , Oxford ) D av id Brown ( Dep t . o f An t iqu it ies , Ashmo lean Museu m , Oxford ) a nd J ames C ampbe l l ( Worces ter C o l lege , Oxford ) w i th t he a ss is tance o f a dv isory e d i tors : h am ) , P . T . V . M .
Margare t G e l ling ( B irming-
C hap la is ( Oxford ) , D . R . D u mv i l le ( Cambr idge ) , D . M .
Me tca lf ( Oxford ) a nd M ichae l Win terbo t to m ( Oxford ) . I f ANGLO-SAXON STUD IES i s c ons idered t oo l ong a n a bbrev ia t ion , i n b ib l iog raph ica l r eferences , t he e d i tors r eco m mend A SSAH a s as ui tab le a cronym .
v i
L IST OF CONTR IBUTORS
Lady B r iscoe , 0 . B . E . L i t t le Acres , S toke P oges , B uck inghamsh ire SL2 4 JG ( U . K . ) P h i l ip C ru m my , M .A . D irector f or t he E xcava t ion C o m mi t tee o ft he C o lches ter Archaeo log ica l T rus t , Eas t H i l l H ouse , 7 6 H igh S tree t , C o lches ter CO1 1 UF , E ssex ( U . K . ) Mrs . Tan ia D ick inson , M . A ., D . P h i l ., F . S .A . L ec turer i n t he D epar t men t o f Archaeo logy , U niversi ty o f Y ork , M ick lega te H ouse , M ick lega te , Y ork YO1 1 JZ ( U . K . ) P rofessor V era I . E v ison , B . A . ,D . L i t . ,F . S .A . P rofessor o f A rchaeo logy o f t he Ang lo-Saxon P er iod , U n ivers i ty o f L ondon ,
B irkbeck C o l lege , Ma let S tree t , I nndon EC1E 7HZ ( U . K . )
Mrs . S on ia Chadw ick Hawkes , M . A ., F . S .A . L ecturer i n E uropean A rchaeo logy , U n ivers i ty o f Oxford I ns t i tute o f Archaeo logy , 3 4-6 B eau mon t S tree t , Oxford OX1 2PG ( U . K . ) Mrs . Margare t U . J ones , B . A ., F . S .A . S ecre tary a nd D irec tor o f t he Muck ing P os t-Excava t ion U n i t Thurrock Museu m , O rse t t R oad , G rays , E ssex RM 1 7 5DX ( U . K . ) P rofessor C o l in Sm i th , M . A ., P h . D . P rofessor o f S pan ish , U n ivers i ty o f Cambr idge S t . Ca ther ine 's C o l lege , Cambr idge CB2 1RL ( U . K . ) M ichae l S wanton , B .A ., P h . D ., F . S .A ., F . R . H is t . S . R eader i n Med ieva l E ng l ish S tud ies , U n ivers i ty o f E xe ter Q ueen 's B ui ld ing , T he Q ueen 's D rive , E xe ter EX4 4Q 1 1 ( U . K . ) P rofessor R aymond A . Wi ley , B . A ., M . A ., P h . D . P rofessor o f G erman , L e Moyne C o l lege , S yracuse , N . Y . 1 3214 ( U . S .A . )
v i i
L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS F igure
Page
2 .1
Muck ing , E ssex .
Overa l l p lan o f t he mu l t i-per iod f ea tures
2 2
2 .2 2 .3
Muck ing , E ssex . Muck ing , E ssex .
S chema t ic p lan o f t he S axon f ea tures D e ta i l o f t he n or th e nd o ft he s e t t lement
2 3 2 4
2 .4
Muck ing , E ssex .
S axon s et t le men t p o t tery
2 6
2 .5
Muck ing , E ssex .
S axon s et t le ment p ot tery
2 8
2 .6
Muck ing , E ssex .
P lans o f e igh t S axon s unken h uts
3 0
2 .7
Muck ing , E ssex .
H is togra m o f S axon s unken h ut measure men ts
3 2
2 .8
Muck ing , E ssex .
P lans o f f our S axon g roundleve l b ui ldings
3 4
3 .1
Map o f s i tes men t ioned i n c onnect ion w i th A ng lo-Saxon d isc b rooches
3 .2
6 9
D isc b rooches a nd o ther o b jec ts f ro m L ong Wi t tenha rn Ia nd O rp ing ton
7 0
3 .3
D isc b rooches a nd o ther o b jects f ro m Orp ing ton a nd Abingdon I
71
3 .4
D isc b rooches a nd o ther o b jects f ro m M ins ter L ove l g rave 3
7 2
3 .5
D isc b rooches a nd o ther o b jects f ro m M i tcham , H ighdown ,
3 .6
D isc b rooches f ro m L in ton H ea th , Harnham H i l l , S tra t ton ,
3 .7
D isc a nd e qua l-ar med b rooches f ro m Kempston , B er insf ie ld a nd Abingdon I
7 5
3 .8
O b jects f ro m H ighdown a nd A lfr iston
7 6
3 .9 3 .1G
D isc a nd s quare-headed b rooches f ro m B righ thampton g rave 5 1 D isc b rooches a nd o ther o b jects f ro m G rea t C hes terford ,
7 7
L ong Wit tenham Ia nd Abingdon I
7 8
Fa irford a nd Ewe l l
7 3
Wi n ter s low H u t a nd B edd ingham H i l l
3 .11
D isc a nd o ther b rooches f ro m S t . J ohn 's C o l lege , C a mbr idge , East S hef ford a nd L ong Wi t tenham I
3 .12
4 .2
7 9
D isc a nd o ther b rooches f ro m L ong Wi t tenham I , F aversham a nd H igham
4 .1
7 4
8 0
Ear ly A ng lo-Saxon e as t Ken t : E astry , K en t .
t he k ingdo m o f t he C antware
1 07
S i tua t ion a nd p lan o f t he E as try H ouse b ur ia l
s i te
1 08
4 .3
P lan o f Eas try H ouse , g rave 1
1 09
4 .4
T he f i nds f ro m E as try H ouse , g rave 1
1 10
4 .5
Eas try H ouse , g rave 1 , s quare-headed b rooch a nd d isc b rooch
1 11
4 .6
Eastry H ouse , g rave 1 , s quare-headed b rooch w i th d isc moun ted o n b ow c o mpared w i th a b ow-bu t ton-brooch f ro m G ot land
1 12
4 .7
E astry i n e ar ly Ang lo-Saxon t imes , at opograph ica l s ke tch map
1 13
5 .1
An Aqu i ta n ian b uck le-p la te s a id t o h ave c o me f rom L akenhea th , S uf fo lk
5 .2
1 16
T he Aqui tan ian b uck le-p la te c o mpared w i th a F rank ish b uck le a nd p la te f ro m Wes t S tow , S uf fo lk v i i i
1 17
F igure 6 .1
Page I ron c of f in c lea ts f ro m S ut ton H oo , S uf folk , D over g rave 4 1
1 33
a nd L yminge g rave 4 4 , K ent 6 .2
P lan o fg rave 4 1 , D over , K ent
1 34
6 .3
P lan o f t he S u t ton H oo s h ip b uria l w i th s ke le ton a nd c of f in
1 35
i nser ted i n d educed p os i t ions 6 .4
Ac on te mporary p lan o f t he Tap low b ur ia l
1 37
6 .5
P lan o f i nhu ma t ion 3 1 , S pong H i l l , N orfo lk
1 38
7 .1
C ross-shaf t a t C odford S t . P e ter , Wi l tsh ire
1 40
7 .2
F igure f ro m t he C odford C ross ; d ancer a nd mus ic ian f ro m
1 41
t he P sa l teriu m A ureu m ;
K ing E dgar f ro m t he New M ins ter
Char ter 7 .3
S cu lp tured p ane ls f ro m H exham , N or thu mber land ;
7 .4
Des igns f ro m
C o . D urha m ;
J arrow ,
1 42
R u thwe l l , D u mfriessh ire s cu lptured c ross-shaf ts a t H a l ton , L ancash ire ;
S hef f ie ld , Y orksh ire ;
B radbourne , Derbysh ire ;
Auck land , C o . D urham ;
1 44
B ishop
C odford S t . P eter , Wi ltsh ire ;
B akewe l l , Derbysh ire 7 .5
Archer f i gures f ro m t he C orb ie P sa lter; c ross ;
a n i vory p ectora l
1 45
t he Ae lfr ic P en ta teuch
8 .1
Par t o f S a l isbury t own p lan
1 57
8 .2
W inches ter t own p lan
1 58
8 .3
Par t o f L ondon t own p lan
1 59
8 .4
B ury S t . E d munds t own p lan
1 61
8 .5 8 .6
C o lches ter t own p lan C o lches ter : p lann ing p hases
1 63 1 64
8 .7
Marg ins o f e rror
1 64
9 .1
J ohn M i tche l l K emb le a s ay oung man
1 71
9 .2
Ke mb le 's f a ther a nd mo ther a nd h is own me mor ia l b us t
1 89
9 .3
Kemb le 's s choo l a nd t wo o f h is h ouses
2 07
9 .4
Maps o f K e mb le 's C on t inenta l a nd E ng l ish t rave ls
2 35
9 .5
Map o f K e mb le 's a ct iv i t ies i n N orth G er many , 1 849-1855
2 49
i x
1 .
ROMANO-BR ITISH PLACE-NA MES I N BEDE C o l in Sm i th
Work f or ab ook o n P lace-na mes o f R o man B r i ta in ( PNRB )1 h as s erved t o e nhance f or me t he i n teres t a nd impor tance o f t he t opony m ic r eferences i n B ede 's H is tor ia E ccles ias t ica .
Enough i n for ma t ion i s a va i lab le a bou t t he
s ources , f or ms , a nd u se o f t he R o mano-Br i t ish n ames b y B ede t o warran t a sse mbl ing i ti n t h is p aper , i n t he h ope t ha t c onc lus ions c an b e d rawn o f i n tere s t b o th f or B ede s tud ies a nd f or o ur k nowledge o f t he way i n wh ich a modes t measure o f R o mano-Br i t ish c on t inu i ty was a ssured . I n af irs t c a tegory o ne may p lace t hose n a mes wh ich B ede k new f ro m C lass ica l La t in l i terary s ources , r ecogn ized s ince a t l eas t P lum mer 's d ay a nd r egu lar ly i den ti f ied i n n o tes t o t he e d i t ions .
2
These n a mes a re a n a tura l
p ar t o f t he i n forma t ion a bou t R o man B r i ta in wh ich B ede d er ived f ro m P l iny , S o l inus , Oros ius , a nd ( a l lowing h im f or t he mo men t t o b e ac lassica l l i terary a u thor i ty ) G i ldas , a nd wh ich h e b u i l t u p i n to t he f irs t c hap ters o f h is Book I . The n a mes s o d er ived a re wor th l i s t ing h ere , p ar t ly f or c o mp leteness , p ar t ly b ecause i n s evera l c ases t here i s s o me th ing t o a dd t o wha t e d i tors h ave s a id a bou t t he m . A lbion :
I n a lphabe t ic s equence , t hese n ames a re :
' Br i t tan ia O cean i i nsu la , c u i q uonda m A lbion n o men f u i t '
Th is i s f ro m P l iny NH I V .1 02 , ' A lbion i ps i n o men f u i t c um B r i tann iae v ocaren tur omnes '. B r i t tan ia , B r i t tan i , B ret tones :
These n a mes c ou ld h ave c o me f ro m a l arge
n umber o f s ources k nown t o B ede ;
t he s pe l l ing w i th
ti-
a nd n- ( ear l ier
Br i tann ia , e tc .) i s c o m mon i n t he l a ter I mper ia l t ex ts . P oss ib ly s o me d is t inct ion was i n tended b e tween B r i t tan i ' i nhabi tan ts o f R o man B r i ta in ' , af orm u sed b y B ede u p t o 1 .17 b u t n o t t herea f ter , a nd B re t tones
' Br i tons
o f p os t-Ro man t imes ' , b u t t h is i s f ar f ro m c ons is ten t , s ince B ede u ses t he l a t ter f or m t hroughou t , a nd i n 1 .15 , f or e xamp le , u ses t he t wo f or ms i nd i f feren t ly w i th in a f ew l i nes . E boracum ( York ) :
I bique a pud E boracu m o pp idum morbo o bi i t ' ( 1 .5 :
d ea th o f S everus ) . a re i den t ica l .
o n t he
Th is i s t aken f ro m Oros ius V I I .17.v i i i , whose words
S ee f ur ther b e low .
Mevan iae ( Ang lesey + Man ) :
' Meuan ias B re t tonum i nsu las , q uae i n ter H ibern iam
e t B r i t tan iam s i tae s un t , Ang lorum s ubiec i t i mper io ' ( I I .5 ) ;
' Meuan ias
i nsu las , s icu t e t s upra d ocu i mus , i mper io s ubiugau i t Ang loru m ' ( I I .9 ). B o th men t ions u se Meuan ias t o mean ' Ang lesey a nd Man ' , a cqu ired f or Eng l ish r u le b y K ing E dwin i n s o me y ear a f ter 6 25 . P lu mmer a nd o ther e d i tors s ta te n o s ource f or t h is n a me , a nd t he ma tter i s o f s o me i n teres t . Bede i s t he o n ly wr i ter t o l ink t he t wo ( t o u s ) v ery d is t inc t i s lands u nder aj oin t p lura l n ame , a nd h e was mis taken i n t h is a nd i n i t s f or m .
1
I n
c lass ica l t ex ts Ang lesey was a lways Mona a nd was n o t c on fused i n a ny way w i th Man , u n less Caesar s u f fered s o me c on fus ion when d escr ibing Mona a s midway b e tween B r i ta in a nd I re land , ' i n h oc med io c ursu 1 ( BG V .13 .i i ) .
The c orrec t R o mano-Br i t ish n ame o f Man was , s o f ar a s we
h ave b een a b le t o d e term ine i ti n PNRB , *Manav ia , a nd i t a ppears i n n ear ly c orrec t f or m o n ly i n t he R avenna C os mography ( Ray .) , Manav i 1 0819 , wh ich was n o t k nown t o B ede ( i t was a c o mp i la t ion o f t he e ar ly 8 th c en tury ).
B ede d id n o t t ake t he n a me f ro m P l iny , who i n s urv iv ing
MSS h as t he s evere ly d is tor ted f or m Monap ia .
S o f ar a s we k now i t
was Oros ius who f irs t u sed t he f or m Mevan ia ( 1 .2. b cxx i i ) , e i ther b ecause h e f ound t h is i n as ource n o t k nown t o u s o r b ecause h e h i mse l f p roduced t he s cr iba l me ta thes is o f _ v -n or _ f l -v : ' Hu ic [ t o I re land ] e t ia m Mevan ia _f _ i nsu la p rox i ma e s t , e t i psa s pa t io n on p arva , s o lo c o m moda ...' Oros ius was f ol lowed b y J u l ius H onor ius ( 1 6) - i fh e i s i n f ac t l a ter t han O ros ius —and J ordanes ( I .3 ) , b o th o f who m men t ion Mevan ia ; i ts ee ms , k nown t o B ede .
b u t t hese were n o t ,
We may t ake i ta s c er ta in t ha t B ede d rew t he
n ame f ro m Oros ius u s ing Oros ius 's e rroneous f or m , i mproper ly c onvert ing i ti n to a p lura l d es igna t ion f or i s lands n ever o therw ise p a ired .
Th is
i s p erhaps a f ur ther i nd ica t ion o f B ede 's l ack o f i n for ma t ion f ro m C e l t ic s ources , a nd , i n t h is i ns tance , u nwi l l ingness t o c heck B r i t ish n ames w i th B r i t ish i n for man ts .
There a re t wo f ur ther p o in ts .
B ede 's p hrasing
a bou t t he Meuan ias c lose ly im i ta tes t ha t u sed b y h i m when n o t ing t ha t C laud ius a dded t he O rkneys t o t he R o man Emp ire ( see Orcades , b e low ). Moreover , i t was p robably f ro m P l iny t ha t t he p hrasing a bou t t he l oca t ion o f t he i s lands ' i n ter H ibern ia m e t B r i t tan iam 1 was t aken b y B ede , f or P l iny h eads a l i s t o f i s lands b y s aying t ha t t hey a re ' i n ter H ibern ia m a c B r i tann iam ' ( NH I V .104 ) .
B ede was , i fn eg lec t fu l o f C e l t ic i n for ma t ion ,
ac arefu l weaver o f d i f feren t s trands o f p hras ing f ro m t he La t in a u thor it ies . Orcades ( Orkneys ) :
' A t ergo a u te m , w ade O ceano i n fin i to p a te t , Orcadas
i nsu las h abet ' ( I .1 ) .
Th is e choes p rec ise ly words o f Oros ius ( 1 .2. l xxv i i i ) ;
B ede a dop ts Oros ius 's f lowery p hrase ' un c le O ceano ...' , b u t w i thou t g o ing o n t o a dop t wha t o ne
migh t t h ink Oros ius 's more e ssen t ia l i n for-
ma t ion a bou t t he n umber o f t he i s lands , i n t o ta l , d eser ted , a nd i nhabi ted . Fur ther , ' [C laud ius ] O rcades e t iam i nsu las u l tra Br i t tan ia m i n O ceano p os i tas R o mano a d ieci t imper io ' ( 1 .3 ) .
Th is e rroneous i n for ma t ion
( repea ted i n V .24 ) i s t aken f ro m Oros ius a lso , who a t V I I I . 6 .x h as p rec ise ly t he wording wh ich B ede e choes .
B efore O ros ius , t he e rroneous
s ta te men t a bou t t he C laud ian c onques t a ppears i n Eu tropius a nd J ero me , a nd may u l t i ma te ly d er ive f ro m Tac i tus 's w ord d o mu i t ( Agr ico la 1 0 ).
3
The i s lands , a s we k now , s ub m i t ted t o Agr ico la d ur ing h is n ava l e xp lorat i on o f t he n or thern s eas ;
b u t Taci tus was n o t k nown t o B ede , a nd i fh e
h ad b een , o ne s enses t ha t B ede wou ld h ave p re ferred t o t rus t t he i n forma t ion o f t he C hr is t ian Oros ius . Ru tub i p or tus ( R ichborough ) :
1. .ciu i tas
q uae d ic i tur R u tubi p or tus , ag en te
Ang loru m n unc c orrup te R ep tacaes t ir u oca ta ' ( 1 .1 ).
There a re n umerous
c lass ica l s ources f or t h is n a me , b u t Oros ius I .2 .1xxv i i s t he o n ly o ne ( apar t f ro m t he An ton ine I t inerary a nd Mar i t i me I t inerary, wh ich c an h ard ly h ave b een k nown t o B ede ) t o c a l l i tt hus :
2
1. .cu ius
p rox imum
l i tus t rans mean t ibus c iu i tas a per i t , q uae d ic i tur Ru tup i p or tus '. Among t he v ar ian ts r ecorded i n Oros ius 's t ex ts t here f igure Ru thubi p or tus a nd Ru tubi p or tus , t hese b e ing t he o n ly a nc ien t t ex ts i n wh ich t he n a me a ppears w i th t he s a me b- a s i n B ede ;
i t migh t t herefore b e p oss ible t o d eter m ine
t o wh ich b ranch o f O ros ius MSS t ha t u sed b y B ede b e longed . T a mer is is ( Tha mes ) :
1. .inde
a d f lumen Tamens im p ro fec tus ' ( I .2 ) .
Th is
p hrase , c oncern ing C aesar 's s econd e xped i t ion , i s t aken v erba t im f ro m O ros ius V 1 .9 .v i .
On t hree l a ter o ccas ions B ede u ses t h is R o mano-
B r i t ish n ame f or t he r iver , i n d i f feren t c ases :
Ta mense ( abl .) i n 1 .3 ,
Tamens is ( gen .) i n 1 1 .22 , a nd Ta mense m ( acc.) i n I V .6 , f o l lowing f or t hese t he f or m wh ich h e h ad l earned f ro m Oros ius i n t he p lace c i ted . a u thgr i t ies b e fore O ros ius t he n a me i s Tamesa o r Ta mes is ;
I n
Oros ius
s ee ms t o h ave d ev ised t he f or m w i th ns, n o d oub t b y a na logy w i th t he n u merous a d ject iva l-subs tan t ive words i n ()ens is , o r b ecause h e t hough t h e s hou ld r es tore t o c lass ica l f or m a n a me wh ich s howed t he Vu lgar La t in d eve lop men t ns->-s.
G i ldas ( 2 a nd 1 1 ) h as Ta mes is , w i th v ar .
Ta men-
s is i n o ne MS . Tana tos ( Thane t ):
' Es t a u te m a d o r ien ta le m C an t iae p lagam Tana tos i nsu la
n on mod ica —quam a c on t inen t i t erra s ecern i t f luu ius Uan tsu m V ( I .25 ). Th is c oncerns Augus t ine 's l anding i n 5 97. t h is .
N o e d i tor s ta tes a s ource f or
A t f irs t s igh t t he n a me migh t s ee m t o d er ive f ro m S o l inus , who m
B ede k new ;
h is f or m i s Tana tus .
Bu t b o th t he f or m o f t he n a me a nd t he
c on tex tua l p hrasing i nd ica te t ha t t he s ource was I s idore , who i n E ty m . X IV .6.i i i r efers t o ' Thana tos , i nsu la O cean i , f re to G a l l ico a B r i tann ia a es tuar io t enu i s epara ta ' , a nd g oes o n t o e xp la in t he n ame ( f o l lowing S o l inus , who h as a n imag ina t ive a ssocia t ion w i th G reek e l ivaTog f or t he n a me o f Thanet , ' a mor te s erpen tu m ' a s I s idore s ays , ap ic turesque n o te wh ich B ede d ecided n o t t o i nc lude ). Vec ta ( W igh t ):
There a re t we lve men t ions o f t h is n a me :
i n t he P reface ,
U ectae i nsu lae ( gen .) , t hen i n av ar ie ty o f c ases i n I .3 ( twice ) , 1 .15 ( tw ice ) , I V 1 3 , I V 1 6 ( f our t imes ) , V .19 a nd V .23. I n 1 ,15 t he 'r ' a ppear t he Wic tuar i i , h oc e s t e a g ens q uae U ec tam t ene t i nsu lam ' , a n e thn ic n a me a pparen t ly f or med o n t he a na logy o f t he C an tuar i i ( see b e low ).
The mos t
impor tan t o f t hese r eferences i s t ha t i n 1 .3 , Tespas ianus we t iam U ecta m i nsu la m , B r i t tan iae p rox i ma m a mer id ie , R o manorum d ic ion i s ubiugau i t ' , wh ich P lu m mer n o tes a s d er ived f ro m Eu tropius V IL19. Th is i s t rue s o f ar a s t he i n forma t ion a bou t V espas ian i s c oncerned , b u t n o t f or t he f or m o f t he n ame , s ince i n s urv iv ing t ex ts o f Eu tropius/Paean ius t h is i s B g wr r iv .( Bec te m , a cc ., s uppos ing a n om ina t ive Vec t is ) . The f or m o f t h is n a me mus t t herefore h ave r eached B ede f ro m a no ther s ource .
Th is
c anno t h ave b een P l iny , who h as V ect is a nd i t s e rroneous d up l ica t ion M ic t im ( acc.) , a s d o o ther e ar ly a u thors , i nc lud ing S ueton ius , who f irs t r ecorded V espas ian 's c onques t o f i ti n s im i lar words , ' i nsu la m Vecte m B r i tann iae p rox i mam i n d ic ione m r edeg i t ' ( Vespas ianus 4 ).
V ecta a ppears
o n ly i n t he Mar i t ime I t inerary 5 09 2 , wh ich B ede c anno t h ave k nown , a nd i n Panegyr ic V I I I ( V ) , 1 5 .1 , t apud V ec ta m i nsu la m ' , c oncern ing a n e ven t o f A .D. 2 97. Th is Panegyr ic i s n o t men t ioned b y B ede s cho lars a s k nown t o h im , o r a t l eas t t he n otes o f P lum mer a nd o ther e d i tors g ive n o h in t o f i t , b u t t he p oss ib i l i ty h as t o b e c ons idered . 3
I n h is P re face B ede s ta tes
t he o r ig in o f s o me o f h is i n for ma t ion a bou t t h is r eg ion :
' Dan ie l , t he
e s tee med b ishop o f t he Wes t S axons who s t i l l s urv ives , c o m mun ica ted t o me i n wr i t ing s o meth ing o f t he h is tory o f t he c hurch i n h is o wn k ingdo m , a s we l l a s o f t he n e ighbour ing k ingdo ms o f S ussex a nd t he I s le o f Wigh t '. I ti s p oss ible t ha t Dan iel k new t he n ame V ec ta f ro m c hurch t rad i t ion i n Winches ter —wh ich wou ld b r ing t he
n a me w i th in t he ambi t o f t he o ther
t ypes o f s ource s tud ied b e low —bu t t h is s ee ms u n l ike ly , a nd a l i terary s ource i n t he P anegyr ic i s more l i ke ly.
B u t i ti s j us t p oss ib le t ha t B ede 's
Vecta , w i th e nd ing a d jus ted t o p roduce af irs t-dec lens ion f em in ine , mere ly h appens t o c o incide w i th t he Panegyr ic 's f orm ; s im i lar n ew f or ms i n a a re d iscussed a s ag roup b e low . I n mos t o f t he a bove i ns tances i ti s c lear t ha t o n c om ing a cross t he R o manoBr i t ish n a me i n h is l i terary s ource ,
B ede h ad n o d i f f icu l ty i n r ecogn izing i t
a s t he o r ig in o f t he e qu iva len t p lace-na me o f h is o wn d ay , f or a l l h ad s urv ived f ro m R o mano-Br i t ish u sage i n to Ang lo Saxon s peech .
E ven Ru tubi p or tus
c aused h im n o t rouble , b eing i den ti f iab le f ro m O ros ius a s t he p r inc ipa l p or t o f e n try f or t rave l lers f ro m t he C on t inen t .
On ly t he i ns tance o f Meuan ias i s
s urpr is ing , a nd was , a s we h ave s een , a mis take o n B ede 's p ar t wh ich c o mp ounded a n e ar l ier e rror , p robably o f Oros ius 's mak ing . A s econd , more i n teres t ing a nd p uzzling , c a tegory o f n a mes c on ta ins s even r e la ted t o p laces i n n or thern Eng land ( t o wh ich o ne c ou ld we l l a dd t he n ame o f York , b u t i n v iew o f t he s pecia l p rob le ms wh ich i tr a ises t h is i s r eserved f or s epara te d iscuss ion ) .
F our o f t hese n a mes p er ta in t o t hree r ela t ive ly minor
p laces a nd o ne r iver i n wha t i s n ow Yorksh ire , a nd i ti s s urpr is ing t ha t B ede s hou ld h ave k nown t he m : Ca lcar ia ( Tadcas ter ) :
' . ..secess i t a d c iu i ta te m C a lcar ia m , q uae a g en te
Ang lorum Kae lcacaes t ir a ppe l la tur ' ( IV.23 ). c lass ica l l i terary s ources k nown t o B ede ;
Th is n a me i s i n n one o f t he
o ur o n ly a ccura te s ource f or
i ti s t he An ton ine I t inerary ( A l ) 4 685 ( I ter I ) , a nd t he o n ly o ther t ex t i n wh ich i ta ppears i s Ray ., t here c on f la ted w i th p ar t o f t he n a me C a mpodunum ( Pa mpoca l ia , 1 07 7 ) . B ede c ou ld n o t h ave d educed t he c orrec t a nc ien t f or m f ro m c on te mporary Kae lcacaes t ir . The r eference i s t o t he a bbess H i lda . Ca mpodunu m ( Leeds ) :
' [ Pau l inus ] A t ta men i n C a mpodono , u b i t une e t ia m u i l la
r eg ia e ra t , f eci t b as i l icam , q ua m p os t modum p agan i , aq u ibus E du in i r ex o ccisus e s t , c um t o ta e ade m u i l la s uccenderun t ;
p ro q ua r eges p os ter iores
f ecere s ibi u i l lam i n r eg ione q uae u oca tur L o id is ' ( 1 1 .14 ). s oon a f ter 6 27.
Th is t ook p lace
I n PNRB we i den t i fy Ca mbodunu m f or t he f irs t t ime a s
t he n a me o f a n u nd iscovered R o man f or t a t L eeds , a t t he c on f luence o f S heepscar B eck w i th t he r iver A ire .
There i s n o r eason why B ede 's
r e ference s hou ld n o t b e t o as e t t le men t a t o r n ear t h is f or t , s ince h is u nders tand ing i s t ha t t he n a me L o id is ( Leeds ) i s t ha t o f aw ider r eg ion . N ow Ca mboduno ( var . Campoduno )i s l i s ted among a nc ien t s ources o n ly b y t he A l 4 686 ( I ter I ) a nd b y Ray ., c on f la ted ( see a bove ) , a nd n e i ther o f t hese was k nown t o B ede . Ev iden t ly Bede 's s ource men t ioned t he n a me 'w i th t he s ame a ssi m i la tion o f B r i t ish * cambo- t o La t in c a mpus , a nd s ince t h is i s f ound w i th 2- a lso i n Ray . a nd i n t he v ar . o f A l , we c an c onc lude t ha t i t was a g enu ine s poken a ss im i la t ion b yu sers o f La t in i n t he a rea i n R o mano-Br i t ish t imes ( i .e . i t was n o t ac asua l a ss im i la t ion b y t he
4
C on t inen ta l c o mp i lers o r s cr ibes o f t hese t ex ts ;
s ee PNRB , a nd c o mpare
t he s a me , C ambodunum > C a mpodunum > K e mp ten i n Aus tr ia ).
The
a u then t ici ty o f t h is f or m C a mpodono i n B ede 's t ex t i s c on f ir med b y t he Ang lo-Saxon v ers ion Dona fe ld , au n ique o ccurrence a nd p la in ly a n a d h oc t rans la t ion r a ther t han a v ers ion t ha t h ad a ny r ea l c urrency.
P lu m mer
n o tes t ha t fe ld t rans la tes Campo, a nd o ne may a dd t ha t Dona- s ee ms t o r epresen t dono . B ede 's n a me s ee ms t o h ave mys ti f ied t he Ang lo-Saxon t rans la tor , a nd h e made wha t h e c ou ld o f i te ty mo log ica l ly r a ther t han b y g iv ing t he n a me o f ar ea l p lace o f h is d ay . C a taracta , C a taractone ( Ca tter ick ) :
' u icu m C a tarac tam ' ( I I .1 4 ) , w i th r e ference
t o P au l inus b ap tizing c onver ts i n t he r iver S wa le ; ( I 1 .20 ;
a nd ' i ux ta C a tarac ta m '
v ar . C a taractum ) , i n t he s tory o f J a mes t he Deacon , who a ppears
t o h ave l i ved t o b e o ver 9 0 a nd d ied i n B ede 's own d ay .
S ince J a mes l i ved
' i n av i l lage n ear C a tter ick ' t h is a nc ien t n a me migh t , i nb o th i ns tances , h ave b een made k nown o ra l ly t o B ede b y t he o ld man .
Bu t t he ma t ter i s
c o mp l ica ted b y at h ird men t ion , ' a u ico Ca tarac tone ' ( 1 1 1.14 ) , c oncern ing t he k i l l ing o f K ing O sw ine i n 6 42 .
Th is d i f feren t f or m i s p la in ly f ro m
a no ther s ource , a nd B ede s ee ms t o h ave b een u naware o f a ny a no ma ly . The h is tory o f t he n a me i s c o mp lex ( see PNRB ) , b u t C a tarac ta i s p robably s econdary ;
an a t ive B r i t ish n ame , p erhaps i nvo lving B r i t ish * ca tu- ' ba t t le ' ,
was r ein terpre ted b y La t in s peakers a s t hough i tc on ta ined L a t in c a tarac ta , b y wrong a ssocia t ion w i th t he f a l ls o f t he S wa le , a nd i ti s t h is s econdary , l a te I mper ia l f or m wh ich B ede r ecords i n t wo i ns tances .
On t he o ther
h and C a tarac tone a nd s im i lar i s t he f or m o f t he A l 4 65 2 ( I ter I ) , 4 68 2 ( I ter I ) a nd 4 76 2 ( I ter V ) , a lso o f P to le my a nd R ay .;
s ince t hese t ex ts
were n o t k nown t o B ede , i t mus t b e c onc luded t ha t s o me t ex t f ro m Imper ia l o r p os t-I mper ia l t imes , n o l onger e x tan t , r ecorded t he n a me i n t h is f or m a nd was u l t i ma te ly a va i lab le t o h im . D erven t io ( R . D erwen t , Yorks .) :
' i ux ta amne m Deruuen t ione m ' ( 1 1 .9 ;
v ars .
Doruuen t ione m , Deruen t ione m ) a nd ' u l tra amne m D eruuen t ione m ' ( 1 1 .13 ; v ar . Doruuen t ione m ) . These r e la te t o s ecu lar ma t ters . Th is Derwen t i s n o t r ecorded i n a ny a nc ien t s ource n ow k nown t o u s , b u t o f t he s evera l D erven t io n a mes ( see PNRB ) we d o k now t ha t t ha t wh ich we h ave d es igna ted Derven t iol a ppl ied t o t he R o man f or t a t Ma l ton ( Yorks .) , o n t he r iver o f t he s a me n a me . T h is n a me i s B r i t ish * Deruen t iü , t ha t i s * daru- * deru' oak ' , w i th s u f fixes , i n a l l s ign i fying ' oak-r iver , r iver i n t he o akwood '. B ede 's v ers ion w i th uu- migh t s how t ha t t he n a me c ame t o h im i n ar ea na lysed C e l t ic f or m wh ich s upposed ab ase i n * deru- p lus p erhaps * I len t (a ), f or h e d oes n o t i n o ther R o mano-Br i t ish n ames emp loy uu- t o r epr esen t s i mp le u- ( Doruuern i , b e low , i s n o t c o mparable ) . S ee a lso t he n ex t e n try . * Derven t io i s an o t iona l n om ina t ive ; a nc ien t s ources f or a l l t he D erwen t n a mes r egu lar ly g ive Derven t ione , as tandard o bl ique f or m . S ince n one o f t h is g roup o f f our n ames i s p resen t i n t he La t in l i terary t ex ts k nown t o B ede , a nd s ince h e a ppears n o t t o h ave k nown t he A l a nd o ther n onl i terary t ex ts i n wh ich t hey ( w i th t he e xcep t ion o f Derven t ione ) d o o ccur , t heir p rovenance i s o pen t o s pecu la t ion .
I ti s t o b e n o ted t ha t a l l f our ( or f ive , i f
we c oun t t he t wo f or ms f or C a t ter ick s epara te ly ) a re , o r a re c lose i n f or m t o , t he s tandard R o mano-Br i t ish n a mes .
I n t he n a ture o f t h ings t hey c a me t o B ede ,
t hen , n o t f ro m s o me o ra l B r i t ish s ource b u t i n s o me La t in t ex t o r t ex ts n o t n ow
5
k nown t o u s ;
a nd s ince t he n ames a re t hose o f r e la t ive ly u n i mpor tan t p laces
a nd a l ess t han ma jor r iver , t ha t La t in t ex t i s l i kely t o h ave b een a l oca l o ne made a nd p reserved w i th in B r i ta in .
One c an o n ly l ook t owards r ecords o f t he
e ar ly B r i t ish c hurch i n a n a rea t ha t l ong r e ma ined C e l t ic-speak ing b u t whose wr i t ten l anguage was —e i ther s o le ly o r mos t ly , a nd c er ta in ly f or r e l ig ious p urposes—La t in . S uch a n a rea was t he k ingdo m o f E l met , wh ich r e ta ined i t s i ndependence i n to t he 7 th c en tury. The b oundar ies o f t h is k ingdo m a re n o t p recise ly k nown , b u t i nc luded L eeds ( Campodono ) a nd T adcas ter ( Ca lcar ia ) ;4 a nd a l though Ca t ter ick a nd t he D erwen t a re we l l t o t he n or th , a me mory o f t he ir R o mano-Br i t ish n a mes , t oge ther w i th t ha t o f York a s t he n eares t c i ty o f impor tance ( see b e low ) c ou ld we l l h ave s ubs is ted , i n a wr i t ten La t in t ex t , a nd c ou ld h ave b een p assed t o n ew C hr is t ian a u thor i t ies b o th R o man a nd S axon . These a u thor i t ies c ou ld h ave i nc luded s uch men a s Pau l inus a nd J ames t he Deacon , o r t hose who r ecorded t he ir d eeds .
F or C a t ter ick we h ave t o s uppose
t wo d is t inc t s ources , b o th wr i t ten a nd i n La t in , o ne u l t i ma te ly o f l a ter p rov enance ( wi th t he s econdary f or m Ca tarac ta ) , t he o ther more o f f ic ia l o r more c lass ica l ( w i th C a taractone —wh ich i s r ea l ly a n i nvar iab le o b l ique c ase , e xac t ly a s i n A I
a nd d oes n o t s uppose a n om ina t ive * Ca taracto a s i ndexed b y P lum mer ).
I n n or th-wes t Eng land we f ind : Derven t io ( R . D erwen t , C u mbr ia ) : q uo D eruuen t ion is ( var .:
' qu i i n i nsu la s tagn i i l l ius p ergrand is , d e
Doruuen t ion is ) f luu i i p r i mord ia e rumpun t '
2 9 , i n t he s tory o f S t H erber t ) .
These words a re p recise ly a s i n B ede 's
L i fe o f S t C u thber t .5 H owever , B ede 's u l t i ma te s ource f or t he n ame o f t he C umbr ian r iver i s n o t k nown , f or t he a nony mous L i fe o f C u thber t6 o n wh ich B ede b ased h is d oes n o t men t ion i t , s aying mere ly t ha t H erber t c a me ' ab i nsu l is o cciden ta l is man s ' ( t ha t i s , ' mere ' , w i th t he s a me r e fe rence t o Derwen twa ter ) w i thou t n am ing i t .
I ti s p oss ib le t ha t B ede ,
k now ing t he C umbr ian r iver was a D erwen t , s i mply e x trapo la ted f ro m wha t h e k new o f t he Yorksh ire r iver . Luguba l ia ( Car l is le ) :
' ad c iu i ta te m Luguba l ia m ' ( IV .2 9 ) , i n t he s a me a ccoun t
o f S t H erber t a nd S t Cu thber t .
Th is i s a ga in p receded w i th in B ede 's own
works b y u se o f t he n a me t wice i n h is L i fe o f S t Cu thber t :
' Uen i t a d
Luguba l ia m c iui ta tem q uae a p opu l is Ang lorum c orrup te Lue l u oca tur ' ( XXV I I ) , a nd ' ad e ande m Luguba l ia m c iu i ta te m ' ( XXV I I I ).
Bu t e qua l ly ,
a ga in , t h is n ame was n o t t aken b y B ede f ro m t he a nony mous L i fe o f C u thber t , f or t h is , i n t he c orresponding p laces , s ays ' ad c iu i ta te m Lue l ' ( IV .8 ) a nd ' ad e ande m s uprad ic tam c iu i ta te m Lue l ' ( IV A ) .
The R o mano-Br i t ish
n ame was Luguva lium , r ecorded i n A l a nd Ray ., b u t p robably i n n o l i terary s ource .
7
B ede t ook t h is , t hen , f ro m a s ource s o f ar u nknown .
I ti s
l ike ly t ha t C ar l is le , at own o f s o me s ubs tance i n l a te R o man t imes a nd b eyond , wh ich was a ble t o p rov ide g u ides t o t ake C u thber t o n at our o f i t s R o man r e ma ins i n 6 85 , e i ther p reserved a n a ccura te me mory o f i t s a nc ien t n ame o r h ad L a t in d öcu men ts wh ich s ta ted i t , o ne o r b o th o f t hese b eing made a va i lab le t o B ede when we wro te h is p rose L ife o ft he s a in t ( and n eeded h ere a nd t here b e t ter i nfor ma t ion t han t ha t p rov ided b y t he a nonymous L ife ) .
A n a l terna t ive s ource f or t h is n ame , i n c o m mon w i th o thers
s how ing t he c hange t o e nd ings i n a , i s s ugges ted b e low . C iy i tas L eg ionum ( Ches ter ) :
' . .. a d C iu i ta te m L eg ionum , q uae a g en te Ang lorum
L egacaes t ir , aB re t ton ibus a u te m r ec t ius C ar leg ion a ppe l la tur '
6
Th is c hap ter b eg ins w i th Augus t ine 's mee t ing (s ) w i th t he Br i t ish b ishops ; Augus t ine 's t hrea t o r p rophecy t ha t ' i f t hey wou ld n o t p reach t he way o f l i fe t o t he Eng l ish n a t ion , t hey wou ld o ne d ay s u f fer t he v engeance o f d ea th a t t he ir h ands ' l eads o n t o t he b a t t le o f C hes ter p os t h aec ( la ter o n ') , w i th t he n am ing o f t he c i ty a s a bove , a nd t he s laugh ter o f t he monks o f Bangor when t hey were d eser ted b y B roc ma i l a nd h is men .
I ft he Br i t ish
n a me c i ted b y B ede h ad e ndured , i t wou ld h ave p roduced a no ther C aer leon ; C hes ter was i ndeed Caer L leon i n O ld We lsh .
B ede 's i s n o t t he o n ly r ef-
e rence t o t he c i ty b y t h is n a me , f or i n ' Nenn ius ' Ar thur 's n in th b a t t le i s s a id t o h ave t aken p lace i n u rbe L eg ion is , i den ti f ied b y C raw ford a s C hes ter .
8
H ere u rbs L eg ion is i s e v iden t ly a t rans la t ion o f Br i t ish C aer
L leon o r ar ecord o f ac on tinu ing t rad i t ion o f as im i lar n a me , wh ich ( s ince u rbs was n o t as poken word i n l a te La t in ) c an o n ly h ave b een * Cas tra L eg ion is .
S uch n am ing a f ter t he l eg ion—wi th d isregard o f a n e ar ly ' proper '
n a me — may we l l h ave b een c o m mon i n l a ter Imper ia l t imes , i n v iew o f Br i t ish C aer leon i n Mon mou thsh ire ( Urbs L eg ionum i n G i ldas ) , t he d es ign a t ions S ex tae a nd Ad L eg ione m S ex ta m f or Y ork ( see PNRB ) , a nd L e _g ione( m ) >
L er n i n S pa in , L a j jun i n P a les t ine .
B ede 's t r i l ingua l men t ion o f
C hes ter h ere s hows , a s i n o ther i ns tances , h is a wareness o f d i f fer ing t opony m ic t rad i t ions a nd h is c oncern t o r ecord f u l l i n for ma t ion ; b u t h is C iu i ta te m L eg ionu m i s at rans la t ion o f e i ther t he B r i t ish o r Ang lo-Saxon n a mes , n o t af or m o f a ny r ea l c urrency , a nd h e was mis taken ( wi th G i ldas ) i n a ss ign ing p lura l ' l eg ions ' t o t he o r ig ina l f or tress .
Moreover , i t s ee ms
t ha t h e h ad n o k now ledge o f t he s tandard n a me o f C hes ter i n R o mano-Br i t ish t imes , Deva
wh ich i s we l l r ecorded b u t n o t p resen t i n s ources k nown t o
B ede . I ti s u sua l ly h eld t ha t B ede h ad n o i n for ma t ion f ro m C e l t ic s ources , b u t i ti s o bv ious ly f ro m s uch a s ource t ha t h e t ook t he n ame C ar leg ion a nd r er endered i ti n La t in a s C iv i tas L eg ionu m .
H e d id n o t a dop t t he s a me p hras ing
when men t ion ing C aer leon ( Mon mou thsh ire ) i n c onnect ion w i th t he s tory o f t he mar tyrs Aaron a nd J u l ius , f or t here h e s i mply a dop ted U rbs L eg ionu m f ro m G i ldas ( see b e low ) , a nd e i ther d id n o t t rouble t o i nqu ire wha t t he c on te mporary Br i t ish n a me was , o r h ad n o means o f f ind ing o u t b ecause C aer leon was s o much more r e mote f ro m h im t han was C hes ter .
One i s t e mp ted , t hen , t o
t h ink t ha t B ede a cqu ired t he n ame o f C hes ter o ra l ly , f ro m a B r i t ish-speak ing i n for man t .
H owever , P ro fessor Duncan k ind ly e xp la ins t o me h is v iew t ha t
B ede 's s ource f or t he l a ter p ar t o f c hap ter 1 .2 was i ndeed a C e l t ic s ource , b u t o f c ourse wr i t ten i n La t in :
al a men t i n t he manner o f G i ldas f or t he i l ls
wh ich h ad b e fa l len t he B r i t ish a nd e spec ia l ly Bangor , p resumably p roceed ing f ro m t he Bangor monas tery . I n t h is a n a ccoun t o f t he s laugh ter a t Ches ter was n a tura l ly i nc luded , w i th men t ion o f t he n a me o f t he c i ty i n i t s c on te mporary Br i t ish f or m , C ar leg ion . We may p lace i n at h ird c a tegory a f ew n ames wh ich B ede p robably t ook f ro m G i ldas 's Deexc id io : U rbs L eg ionu m ( Caer leon ) : a s ' Leg ionu m u rb is
B ede 's men t ion o f t he mar tyrs Aaron a nd J u l ius ( 1 .7) p recise ly e choes words o f G i ldas ( 10 ) .
Th is u rbs L eg ionu m ( aga in , e rroneous ly p lura l ) i s a no ther v ersion o f a c on te mporary B r i t ish * Caer L eg ion r epresen t ing p erhaps a l a te R o manoB r i t ish * Cas tra L eg ion is , i n ap rocess d iscussed a bove f or Ches ter .
7
V ero la m iu m ( S t A lbans ) :
' Passus e s t a u te m b ea tus A lbanus : .iux ta c iu i ta te m
U ero la m i tun , q uae n unc a g en te Ang lorum U er lamacaes t ir s iue Uaec ling acaes t ir a ppe l la tur t ( 1 ;7 ) . Th is i s p robably t aken f ro m G i ldas ( 10 ) , who men t ions t he mar tyred A lbanus a s Vero la m iense m ( ace .) .
I t wou ld
n o t h ave b een .h ard f or B ede t o d educe U erola m ium f ro m G i ldas 's a d ject iva l f or m , a nd i ti s n o tewor thy t ha t B ede e choes G i ldas 's Vero. a u thor i t ies d i f fer i n t he f or m o f t he n a me :
The a nc ien t
Tac i tus h as V eru, P to le my
Uro, A l V ero- ( 4 71 3 ,4 76 8 a nd 4 79 8) , Ray . V iro, a nd t he B r i t ish e ty mon i s v ery u ncer ta in .
H owever , i ti s p oss ib le t ha t B ede k new a h ag iograph ica l
t ex t a bou t A lbanus wh ich i s n o l onger e x tan t b u t wh ich men t ioned U erol am ium i n t ha t f or m ;
t he e x ta n t Pass io A lban i ( Vers io I I ) , u sed b y B ede
f or mos t o f 1 .7 , d oes n o t c on ta in t he n a me . S abr ina ( R . . S evern ):
' u l tra amne m S abr ina m ' ( V .23 ) .
t he d el im i ta t ion o f a n e p iscopa l s ee .
The r e ferer ce i s t o
The n ame i s i n Taci tus , P to le my ,
a nd R ay ., b u t i ti s l ike ly t ha t Bede k new i tf ro m G i ldas ( 3 ) , who h as S abr inae ( gen .) . I n af our th a nd l as t s ec t ion we may c ons ider t hose n a mes o f b ishopr ics wh ich were im mense ly impor tan t f or p roper e ccles ias t ica l j urs id ic t ion : Dorubrev i ( Roches ter ):
' I us t tun u ero i n i psa Can t ia Augus t inus e p iscopum
o rd inau i t i n c iu i ta te D orubreu i , q ua m g ens Ang lorum a p r imar io q uonda m i l l ius , q u i d iceba tur H rof , Hro faesces trae c ogno minat ' ( 1 1 .3 ) .
E lsewhere
B ede u ses t he Ang lo-Saxon f or m o f t he n ame , ' ad c iu i ta te m H ro f i ' , e tc . ( 1 1 .6 , I V .2 , I V .12 , e tc .) , a nd ' ep iscopus c as te l li C an tuar ioru m q uod d ic i tur Hro faescaes t ir t ( IV .5 ).
H ro f a s a n e pony mous l eaper i s i n f ac t
d er ived f ro m t he f irs t s y l lab les o f t he R o mano-Br i t ish n a me ( t hough B ede c an b e e xcused f or n o t r ecogn izing t h is ) : t h is was c lass ica l ly Durobr ivae , k nown t o u s i n a l l b u t o ne o f t he t ex ts i n t he f oss i l ized l oca t ive p lura l f or m Durobr iv is ( AI , Ray ., P eu t inger Table ).
The n ame i s B r i t ish * düro-
' f or t ' p lus * briva ' br idge ' , a nd when k nown t o B ede h ad a lready u ndergone s l igh t c hanges :
Doro- f or Düro- i s an or ma l d eve lop men t o f l a te La t in
( many C on t inen ta l e xa mp les o f Doro, e and i n B r i ta in L ac todoro i n A l ) , wh i le t he s econd e le men t s ee ms t o h ave b een a ss im i la ted t o La tin b rev is . B ede 's f or m i s a pparen t ly a k ind o f f oss i l ized l oca t ive , a nd h e u ses i t ( as h e d oes t he n ex t n a me ) w i thou t c oncord . H is r eference c oncerns t he y ear 6 04 . Doruuern i ( Can terbury ) :
' i n Doruuern i metropo l i t ( 1 .26 ) , ' a Doruuern i '
' i n Doruuern i c iu i ta te ' ( V .23 ) , t hese w i th s ee m ing ly i ndec l inable l oca t ive f or m , a s a bove , b u t a lso t he e rra t ic ' c iu i ta t is Doruuern is ' , g en i t ive ( IV .17).
One f inds a lso ' i n c iu i ta te Doruuernens i ' ( I .25 ) a nd many o ther
i ns tances o f t h is a d jec t iva l f or m .
The R o mano-Br i t ish n a me was
Durovernum , s o t ha t B ede h as t he f irs t e le men t D oru- d eve loped a s i n t he p rev ious n a me . E buracum/Eboracu m ( York ) :
I n a dd i t ion t o t he men t ion o f t he c i ty i n c onnec t ion
w i th t he d ea th o f S everus t apud E boracu m o pp idum ' ( I .5 ) , wh ich h e t ook f ro m Oros ius , B ede h as many a l lus ions t o York .
F or r e l ig ious a nd
s ecu lar r eferences w i thou t d is t inc t ion , h e u ses b o th E buracu m a nd E boracu m , a nd d ec l ines t he n ame :
8
' ab E buraco t ( 1 .13 ) , ' Eburaci ' ( l oc .,
1 .14 ) , ' Eboraci t ( gen ., V .3 ) , a nd s o o n ; a l l , s ix s pe l led E bor- a nd s ix E bur-.
t here a re t we lve men t ions i n
I n t he n umerous R o mano-Br i t ish
s ources , i nc lud ing i nscr ip t ions , t he n ame i s c lass ica l ly E buracum ( based e i ther o n B r i t ish * ebüro- ' yew ' o r o n ap ersona l n a me E büros ) , b u t i n t he ma jor i ty o f t ex ts i s E boracu m , w i th t he u sua l Vu lgar La t in d eve lop men t o f ü> o .
The s ame v owe l v ar ia t ion i s p resen t i n B ede i n t he f requen t
a d jec t iva l E buracens is/Eboracens is , w i th f our i ns tances o f e ach .
I t
s ee ms , t hen , t ha t B ede was f o l lowing a t l eas t t wo t rad i t ions f or t he n a me. Bu t o ne i s t hen s urprised t o f i nd f ive men t ions o f t he c i ty a s af em in ine E buraca ( 1 .29 , t hree t imes ;
V .19 , t w ice ).
Th is i s f ur ther d iscussed
b e low. L indocol ina/-o ( L inco ln ) : L indoco l ino ' ( 1 1 .18 ) .
' praefec tum L indocol inae c iu i ta t is ' ( 1.16) , ' i n The R o mano-Br i t ish n a me , we l l d ocumen ted , was
L indu m , b u t med ieva l a nd modern f or ms p roceed f ro m a l a te R o manoB r i t ish *L indoco lon ia .
I ti s v ery s urpr is ing t ha t i n t wo n ear ly a d jacen t
c hapters B ede s hou ld h ave d iverse t er m ina t ions f or t he n a me ;
b o th r e f-
e rences c oncern a c t iv i t ies o f Pau l inus . B o th f or ms s how t ha t d er iva t ion f ro m L a t in c o lon ia was n o t r ecognized a s t he t rue o ne ; t he f or ms migh t h ave c o me t o B ede f ro m s o me e cc les ias t ica l s ource , o r h e migh t h ave p roceeded h imse lf t o ar e la t in iza t ion , a s h e of ten d id , i n b o th i ns tances p erhaps o n t he b as is o f a wrong ly a ssumed d i minu t ive o f c o l l is ( c f . S pan ish c o l ina ' h i l l ' ) . Lundon ia ( London ) :
Th is i s o ne o f t he mos t s tar t l ing f ea tures o f B ede 's
t opony m ic u sage .
There a re i n a l l e leven men t ions o f t he c i ty a s Lundon ia ,
a nd t he n ame i s d ec l ined a s af em in ine ( 1 .29 , 1 .3 t w ice , 1 .4 , I ,7 , 1 1.7, I V .6 , I V .11 t w ice , I V .12 , I V .22 ) ;
a lso Lundon ienses " peop le o f L ondon '
( 1 1 .6 ) , a nd t he a d jec t ive Lundon iens is ( Pre face , I .29 t wice , V .23 ).
I ti s
p erhaps t oo much t o a ssume t ha t B ede mus t h ave k nown t he s tandard R o mano-Br i t ish n ame L ond in ium , s o we l l-recorded a nd , o ne migh t t h ink , u n forgo t ten i n t he me mory a nd s urv iv ing d ocumen ts o f Br i ta in .
I fh e d id
i nf ac t h ave a c ho ice —wh ich i s b y n o means s ure —the r eason f or h is d ecis ion i s ac lear o ne , a s w i l l b e s hown .
A l l t he r e ferences a re t o
e cc les ias t ica l a f fa irs . Ven ta ( W inches ter ) :
' i n U en ta m c iu i ta te m ' ( 1 1 1.7) , ' i n c iu i ta te U en ta , q uae a
g en te S axonu m U in tancaes t ir a ppe l la tur ' ( 11.7) , ' i n U en ta c iu i ta te ' ( IV .15 ) , ' ep iscopum U en tae c iu i ta t is ' ( V .23 ) ;
a lso t he a d jec t ive , ' ad c iu i ta t is
U en tanae wparroch iam ' ( V .18 ) , Man ihe le U en tano ' ( V .23 ). I ti s n o table t ha t Bede e i ther d id n o t k now , o r d is m issed , t he t r iba l a d junc t o f t he R o mano-Br i t ish n ame , Ven ta B e lgarum , o bv ious ly i rre levan t l ong b e fore h is t ime ;
t h is migh t h ave b een a r egu lar om iss ion i n l a te R o man t imes ,
f or t he N o t i t ia D ign i ta tu m o f t he e ar ly 5 th c en tury r efers ( X I60 )s i mply t o t he ' Procura tor g ynaec i i i n B r i tann is Ven tens is ' ( hav ing n o men t ion o f t he o ther t wo , a nd l esser , B r i t ish V en ta p laces , V . I cenorum a nd V . S i lurum , s o t ha t n o p oss ib i l i ty o f c on fus ion a rose w i th in t ha t t ex t ). a d jec t ive Ven tanus l ooks l ike a n ew c o in ing ;
B ede 's
h e e v iden t ly d id n o t k now
a ny a ncien t t ex t h av ing t he Ven tens is o f t he N o t i t ia , a nd f or s o me r eason , d id n o t f or m a n -Wens is a d ject ive a s h e d id i n o ther i ns tances . Can t ia ( Ken t ) :
Though n o t ac i ty-name , t h is b e longs w i th t he g roup .
There
a re n u merous r eferences t o K en tb y t h is n a me , f ro m 1 .15 o nward .
9
The
c lass ica l n a me was C an t iu rn i n C aesar a nd S trabo , o r ig ina l ly p erhaps t ha t o f ap ro mon tory r a ther t han o f t he r eg ion ( s ee PNRB ) ;
b u t t hese
were n o t k nown t o B ede , a nd h is f or m i s ar ela t ive ly n ew o ne i n wh ich o ne a ga in n o tes t he e ccen tr ic f em in ine e nd ing .
The n ame u sed b y B ede f or
t he p eop le o f K en t , Can tuar i i ( Preface , 1 .15 , e tc .) i s e v iden t ly a l a t in iz a t ion o f c on te mporary Ang lo-Saxon Can tware ' men o f K en t ' ;
t h is i s f ound
i n t he Ang lo-Saxon C hron ic le s .a . 6 94 , wh ich o f c ourse may n o t b e a p rec ise ly c on te mporary e n try , a nd Mr C a mpbe l l p o in ts o u t t o me t ha t t he f irs t c er ta in r ecord o f t h is e thn ic n a me i s i n t he C an twaraburg o f 7 54 . The R o mano-Br i t ish n ame f or t he p eop le —a u n ion o f t r ibes c rea ted b y t he R o man a dm in is tra t ion—had b een C an t iac i ( as i n Durovernu m C an t iac orum ) ;
P to le my 's K6 C VT L O
i d =
C an t i i i s a l mos t c er ta in ly e rroneous .
The n ames i n t h is l as t s ec t ion were o f impor tance i n c hurch a f fa irs n o t mere ly h is tor ica l ly ( as were t hose i n my o ther g roups ) b u t c on te mporaneous ly w i th B ede , a nd , o ne migh t s ay , i n wha t was t o h im t he n ear f u ture , i n t he s ense t ha t i n wha t was s t i l l ay ou th fu l c hurch t here w ou ld d oubt less c o me many c hanges i n e p iscopa l a nd o ther f or ms o f o rgan iza t ion , when q ues t ions o f p rec edence a nd j ur isd ic t ion wou ld i nev i tably a r ise .
A s h as b een s hown , t hese
s even n a mes e cho b u t d o n o t , e xcep t p ar t ia l ly f or Winches ter a nd York , p rec ise ly r epresen t t he a u then t ic R o mano-Br i t ish n a mes .
The ir p rovenance i s
n o t t he a ccura te o r e ven g arb led me mory o f R o mano-Br i t ish t radi tion w i th in Br i ta in , b u t i s a l mos t c er ta in ly t he r ecords o f t he p apa l c ur ia i n R o me .
T he
o bv ious o ccas ion f or t h is r enewa l o f a ncien t n a mes , o r o f n a mes t hen t hough t a ncien t , was t he miss ion o f Augus t ine a nd h is c o mpan ions i n 5 97.
Their a im
was a n amb i t ious o ne , t heir b ack ing t he s tronges t , a nd i ti s o bv ious t ha t w i th in R o me e i ther P ope G regory wou ld h ave h ad a s earch made o f h is a rch ive , o r t ha t Augus t ine h i mse l f ( pr ior o f t he monas tery o f S t Andrew i n R o me ) wou ld h ave u nder taken t he work , i n o rder t o p repare t he miss ionar ies i n s o me d egree f or t he ir d i f f icu l t u nder tak ing .
I ft he miss ion was s uccess fu l , moreover , i t
was t o b e e xpec ted t ha t t err i tor ia l d iv is ion i n to e p iscopa l s ees wou ld f o l low . Th is p ropos i t ion was s er ious ly d oub ted b y Z achr isson :9 I th as b een s ugges ted t ha t t he s urv iva l o f t he R o mano-Br i t ish t own n a mes was d ue s i mp ly t o t he c onsc ious a n t iquar ian is m o f t he C hr is t ian miss ionar ies o f t he 6 th a nd 7 th c en tur ies —Augus t ine , Pau l inus , a nd o thers —who d e l ibera te ly s ough t o u t a nd r ena med t he d eser ted s i tes , w i th a v iew t o d e mons tra t ing i n a n empha t ic manner t he r es tored c onnex ion w i th R o me . Imus t c on fess t ha t t o me t h is t heory a ppears q u i te u n tenab le , f or i tp os tu la tes a d egree o f a n t iq uar ian k now ledge o n t he p ar t o f I ta l ian e cc les ias t ics o f t ha t a ge wh ich i s , t o s ay t he l eas t , s o mewha t improbab le . Had t here b een a ny s en t i men t o f c onsc ious a n t iquar ian is m i n Augus t ine 's mind It h ink t ha t h e wou ld h ave t aken c are t o c a l l h is e pis copa l c api ta l b y i t s R o mano-Br i t ish n a me [ as n o ted a bove , we d o n o t k now wha t Augus t ine d id c a l l C an terbury i n a bou t 6 00 - C .S . ] ,n o t b y ab arbar ian a ppe l la t ion wh ich h e c ou ld h ard ly p ronounce .
When we
s urvey t he e cc les ias t ica l o rgan iza t ion o f E ng land , a s i tf ina l ly e vo lved i n t he 8 th c en tury , t here a re s even teen a rchb ishoprics a nd b ishopr ics , o f wh ich o n ly f ive a re e s tabl ished a t R o mano-Br i t ish s i tes b ear ing t he ir a ncien t n a mes :
L ondon , R oches ter , W inches ter , D orches ter-
1 0
o n-Tha mes , a nd York .
On t he h ypo thes is o f c onscious R o man izing
a n t iquar ian is m , t he b ishopr ic o f t he Hwiccas s hou ld h ave b een l ocat ed a t C or in ium o r G levum ;
t ha t o f Wes t Mercia a t D eva ...
Aga ins t t h is , t he s i mp le a nswer i s t ha t a n t iquar ian is m f or i t s o wn s ake c ann o t h ave b een i n q ues t ion : a nyth ing t ha t Augus t ine f ound i n h is r esearches was i n tended t o b e p u t t o p rac t ica l u se , a nd a s aR o man Augus t ine wou ld h ave a ssu med , l og ica l ly , t ha t a nc ien t Imper ia l o rgan iza t ion b y p rov inces a nd b y c iv i tas-cap i ta ls was p robab ly s t i l l wor th im i ta t ing i n an ew R o man-Saxon Church i n B r i ta in .
Augus t ine , l ike t he P ope h i msel f , a ssumed t ha t L ondon
a nd York ( on wh ich s ee b e low ) wou ld b e t he t win p o les o f t he n ew o rgan iza t ion , a nd t ha t a l l o f i t wou ld b e c i ty-based .
Bu t t h is d isregarded b o th t he p o li t ics o f
s ou thern Eng land , a s Augus t ine was t o d iscover ( London b e ing u nder t he r u le o f t he s t i l l p agan Eas t S axons ) , a nd t he f ac t t ha t t he S axons , a s p agans a nd a s Chr is t ians , h ad n o g rea t l ove o f c i t ies ( t hough t he ir a n t ipa thy t o t he m h as p erh aps b een e xaggera ted ) . Tha t Augus t ine a nd h is c o l leagues a nd s uccessors were e xpec ted b y Ro me t o im i ta te R o mano-Br i t ish o rgan iza t ion t o s o me e x ten t i n t he n ew Church c an b e g auged f ro m G regory 's l e t ter t o Augus t ine i n 6 01 ( 1 .29 ) , i n wh ich t he P ope e nv isaged t he e s tabl ishmen t o f s uper ior b ishops a t L ondon a nd York .
H e may
h ave d one t h is , s t ipu la t ing L ondon r a ther t han C an terbury , b ecause ' Gregory h ad s een d ocu men ts wh ich r ecorded t he p resence o f B r i t ish b ishops o f L ondon a nd York a t c ounc i ls o ft he C hurch a nd s o c ons idered t hese t wo c i t ies t he impor tan t c en tres o f e cc les ias t ica l l i fe ' ( no te o f C o lgrave & Mynors t o 1 .29 ) , o r a l terna t ively , i n t he v iew o f J . W. L a mb , b ecause ' t here was i n e x is tence a n e ar l ier N o t i t ia a va i lab le i n t he p apa l l ibrary wh ich r ecorded t he d e tai ls c oncern ing t he d iv is ion o f B r i ta in i n to t wo p rov inces b y t he Emperor S everus '.
1 0
B ishops o f L ondon a nd Y ork were i ndeed o n r ecord a s a t tend ing t he C ounci l o f Ar les i n 3 14 , a nd p robab ly t hey a t tended l a ter C ounci ls a lso ;
a nd u nder S everus 's
d iv is ion , L ondon a nd York were i ndeed t he c ap i ta ls o f Br i tann ia S uper ior a nd I n fer ior .
I ti s a n a t trac t ive n o t ion t ha t t here o nce e x is ted a * No t i t ia Br i tan-
n iaru m a na logous t o , a nd o f t he s a me d a te ( l a te 4 th o r e ar ly 5 th c en tury ) a s , t he N o t i t ia G a l l iaru m , ad ocumen t wh ich e ven i fo f s ecu lar o r ig in was p u t t o e cc les ias t ica l u se . T h is migh t h ave b een r e ta ined i n R o me , a nd wou ld h ave r ef lec ted t he o rgan iza t ion o f R o man B r i ta in a nd o f t he B ri t ish C hurch a s i tt hen e x is ted .1 1 Bu t i ft he a na logy o f t he N o t i t ia f or G au l i s a ny g u ide , t h is h ypot he t ica l t ex t migh t n o t a f ter a l l h ave g iven p lace-na mes i n t he f or ms i n wh ich we f ind t he m i n B ede , a s ag lance a t s peci men e n tr ies f or G au l s hows .1 2 Moreover , s uch a l a te B r i t ish *No t i t ia wou ld h ave r e f lec ted t he 4 th-cen tury d iv is ion i n to f ive , n o t t wo p rov inces ,
a nd a l though L ondon a nd York c on t inued
a s p rov incia l c ap i ta ls u nder t h is a rrange men t , G regory 's l e t ter t o Augus t ine wou ld , h ad i tb een b ased o n s uch a N o t i t ia , h ave men t ioned t hree o ther p rov inc ia l c ap i ta ls a lso a s t he s ea ts o f p o ten t ia l b ishops . A par t f ro m t hese p rac t ica l c ons idera t ions i n t he r e-na m ing p rocess , i t i s p oss ible , a s Mr C ampbe l l p o in ts o u t t o me , t ha t —desp i te Z achr isson —a d egree o f ' conscious a n t iquar ian is m ' d id e x is t among l earned c hurchmen o f t he t ime.
Bede 's i n teres t i n n ames f or t he ir own s ake , when h e g ives d ouble a nd
t r ip le r e ferences t o p laces , s hows c lear ly .
A t t imes h e s hows t h is i n teres t
when p rov id ing r e ferences a l mos t g ra tu i tous ly , a s when d escr ibing t he wes tern e nd o f t he An ton ine Wa l l ( I .12 ) o r when g iv ing t he n ames o f U trech t ( V .11 ) . 1 1
B ede 's l earn ing was o f c ourse e xcep t iona l , b u t s ome p ar t o f i t , a nd s im i lar i ns t inc ts , may s afe ly b e c red i ted i n t he l a te 6 th a nd 7 th c en tur ies b o th t o I ta l ian c hurch men , s uch a s Augus t ine a nd h is c o mpan ions a nd s uccessors , a nd t o t he A ng lo-Saxon c lergy who m t hey i n f luenced .
Z achr isson i s s urely
r igh t t o s ay t ha t R o man miss ionar ies d id n o t s eek o u t a nd r e-na me d eser ted s i tes , b u t t hey may s t i l l h ave f el t a n impu lse t o f i nd t he ' r igh t ' , t ha t i s a nc ien t , n a mes f or p laces t hey d id o ccupy.
Th is p rocess wou ld n o t , t hen , h ave b een
l im i ted t o a n i n i t ia l s tage r epresen ted b y Augus t ine , b u t wou ld h ave c on t inued d ur ing t he 7 th c en tury a s n ew a reas were c hr is t ian ized a nd a s b o th I ta l ian a nd Ang lo-Saxon c lergy t rave l led f ro m o ne c oun try t o t he o ther , p rov id ing a t r ick le o f f ur ther i n for ma t ion .
I n t h is way i tc ou ld b e a rgued t ha t t he a ncien t n a me
o f R oches ter c a me l a te t o Eng land , f or B ede 's men t ion o f Dorubreu i i n I .3 i s u n ique .
Th is n a me was n o t u sed i n t he r ecord o f t he C ounc i l o f P ar is i n
6 14 ( when i t s b ishop was ' Ex c iu i ta te C as tro u l tra mare I us tus e p iscopus ' , M GH , C onc i l ia , I , p . 1 92 ) , a nd i n t he r ecord o f t he C ounc i l o f H er tford i n 6 72 t he b ishop was ' episcopus c as te l l i C an tuar ioru m q uod d ici tur H ro faescaes t ir ' , I V .5 ) ; t he R o mano-Br i t ish n a me d oes n o t a ppear i n t he e ar ly c har ters .1 3 H ence i tc ou ld b e t hough t t ha t Dorubreu i c a me a f ter 6 72 , o r a t l eas t i ndependen t ly o f Theodore , a nd t ha t i n t h is t he n a me c on tras ts s trong ly w i th t ha t o f C an terbury ( see b e low ) .
Y et , a s w i l l b e s hown , B ede 's i t inerary-type r e ference t o
Dorubreu i makes i tl i ke ly t ha t t he n ame was b rough t b y Augus t ine i n 5 97 , e ven i fn o u see was t hen made o f i tf or a l ong t ime . S ince w e h ave d oub ted whe ther a * No t i t ia B r i tann iaru m , h ad i te x is ted , c ou ld h ave g iven t he s or t o f i n for ma t ion wh ich Augus t ine a nd h is s uccessors h ad , a nd wh ich u l t i ma te ly a ppears i n B ede , we s t i l l h ave t o s ugges t s ources . As we h ave s hown i n PNRB , t he Ravenna C os mographer i n t he e ar ly 8 th c ent ury d rew h is e nor mous l i s t o f n ames l arge ly f ro m l a te R o man maps , o f wh ich ap r inc ipa l o ne was a map o f t he who le R o man wor ld r ese mbl ing i n t ype t he e x tan t P eu t inger T able , t hough more d e ta i led ;
b u t h e a lso h ad a va i lab le , f or
e xamp le f or c er ta in p ar ts o f B r i ta in , d e ta i led maps o f o ther k inds .
These
h e h ad i n R avenna . The C os mographer r ece ived s o me i n for ma t ion f ro m Ang loS axon Eng land , p erhaps i nd irect ly , a nd u sed i ti nt he i n troduct ion t o h is s ect ion o n B r i ta in .
H is l a te-Ro man map s ources c an h ard ly h ave b een u n ique
i n I ta ly a nd e lsewhere a t t ha t t ime , a nd h is c hanne l f or t he s crap o f i n for ma t ion a bou t Ang lo-Saxon Eng land may n o t h ave b een u sed f or t ha t p urpose a lone o r h ave o pera ted i n o ne d irec tion o n ly. Whe ther a c opy o f t he P eu t inger Table s urv ived i n Eng land i n t he 7 th c en tury , o r ac opy o f ar ela ted map , we c anno t b e s ure , b u t i ti s a t l eas t p oss ible .
Mo m msen i n e d i t ing ' Nenn ius ' ( MGH AA ,
X I I I , p . 1 15 ) t hough t t ha t t h is a u thor may h ave k nown t he A fr ican s ec t ion o f t he P eu t inger T able o r as im i lar map .
H owever , we a re o n s tronger g round
i n p os tu la t ing t ha t s o me k ind o f i n forma t ion u l t i ma te ly d er ived f ro m t he An ton ine I t inerary was k nown t o B ede .
As h as b een s a id s evera l t imes a bove ,
i ti s c er ta in t ha t t he c o mp le te t ex t o f t h is , o r s ubs tan t ia l s ec t ions i n a ny p ure f or m , c anno t h ave b een k nown t o B ede .
The p roo f o f t h is i s t ha t Bede , h ad
h e k nown i t , wou ld h ave made f ar more e x tens ive u se o f i t , a nd t he f or ms o f h is n a mes w ou ld b e t he a u thor i ta t ive o nes g iven b y t he A l , b u t t hey a re n o t . H owever , w e k now t ha t A l c on t inued t o b e k nown a nd a va i lable i n B ede 's d ay i n s evera l p ar ts o f t he C on t inen t , f or e ar ly med ieva l c op ies w ere made o f i t ; o ne , t he e ar l ies t MS n ow e x tan t , t ha t d es igna ted ' P ' , was made i n To ledo i n t he l a te 7 th c en tury , t ha t i s i n t he l as t d ecades o f V is igo th ic S pa in . 1 2
Tha t a
f u l l t ex t was a va i lable i n R o me i s h igh ly p robab le , a nd o ne may s ugges t w i th s o me c on f idence t ha t when Augus t ine o r o ne o f h is s uccessors c a me f ro m R o me t o B r i ta in , af ew t opograph ica l j o t t ings were made f or h im f ro m a t ex t o f t he A l .
I n t h is c onnec t ion we h ave wha t i s v ir tua l ly a p roo f .
I n 1 .3 B ede s ays
o f R oches ter , Dorubreu i , t ha t i t ' d is ta t a u te m a Doruuern i mi l ibus p assuu m f er me XX 1 I I I a d o cciden te m '.
Th is i s t he o n ly o ccas ion i n t he work where
s uch a n o te o f d is tance r e la ting t o a nc ien t p laces w i th Ro mano-Br i t ish n a mes o ccurs .1 4 B ede may h ave f e l t o bl iged t o men t ion t he d is tance b ecause i t migh t h ave s ee med t o s o me t ha t R oches ter was u ndu ly c lose t o C an terbury f or a no ther b ishop t o h ave b een e s tabl ished t here ( i n 1 .3 , ' I us tum u ero i n i psa C an t ia Augus t inus e p iscopum o rd inau i t i n c iu i ta te Dorubreu i ...').
B u t t he
i n for ma t ion i s e n t ire ly R o man i n c harac ter , a nd A l ( I ters I , I I a nd I V ) d oes i ndeed g ive t he d is tance b etween C an terbury a nd R oches ter a s 2 5 mi les . P erhaps Augus t ine was p rov ided , t hen , i n R o me , w i th d eta i ls d er ived f ro m A l o f t he r ou te wh ich h e was e xpec ted t o f o l low o n l anding i n Eng land , t ha t a long t he r oad R ichborough-Can terbury-Roches ter-London , a nd p erhaps t he p ar t icu lar s crap o f i n for ma t ion a bou t R oches ter ( wi th t he d is tance ) was l a ter
p assed b y A lbinus t o B ede .
I n 1 .1 , f ur ther more , B ede 's s ta te men t t ha t t he
l eng th o f t he s ea-cross ing b etween B ou logne a nd R ichborough was 5 0 mi les ' s iue , u t q u ida m s cr ipsere , s tad iorum CCCCL ' , may we l l h ave b een t aken a lso f ro m A l u l t i ma te ly ; P lum mer n o ted t ha t C ass ius D io a nd A l g ive t h is f igure , b u t s ince B ede s ee ms n o t t o d epend e lsewhere o n D io , A l i s t he more l ike ly s ource .
I ti s n o t who l ly impossib le t ha t ac o mp le te t ex t o f A l e x is ted
i n Eng land i n t he 7 th c en tury , a nd t ha t i t was f ro m t h is , r a ther t han f ro m R o me , t ha t t he e x trac ts k nown t o B ede emana ted ;
l a ter i n t he Midd le Ages a MS o f
t he A l e x is ted a t C an terbury , n o l ess , b u t o f c ourse t h is c ou ld h ave c o me o ver w i th N or man c lergy r a ther t han h ave b een c on t inuous ly p resen t t here .1 5 The n a mes i n o ur f our th c a tegory a re n o t , o f c ourse , o f p rec ise ly s im i lar k ind w i th r egard t o d a te , p rovenance a nd u sage .
S o me o f t he m d id n o t h ave
t o c o me , a s i t were , w i th A ugus t ine , b u t were p resen t i n p apa l l e t ters s en t t o Br i ta in .
Thus L undon ia a nd E boraca f igure i n G regory 's l e t ter wh ich B ede
c i tes i n f u l l i n 1 .29 , a nd t hencefor th t hese n a mes may h ave b een s tandard i n t he u sage o f t he C hurch i n Eng land , f or i n t he L i fe o f B ishop Wil fred ( co mp osed c . 7 10-20 ) E boraca f igures c o m mon ly a nd t here i s Lundon ia i n C h . XLI I I .
1 6
The n a me o f C an terbury , i n B ede Doruuern i , was e ar ly k nown ,
b e ing f irs t r ecorded f or u s when t he l as t man i n t he w i tnessl is t o f t he C ounc i l o f P ar is i n 6 14 s igns h i mse l f ' Pe ter a bba d e Dorouerno ' ( MGH , C onc i l ia p . 1 92 ) .
I ,
I fi tn eeded c on f ir ma t ion , t ha t c ou ld h ave c o me f ro m R o me when
Theodore a rr ived t o b e i t s b ishop ( 6 69 ) , f or a t t he C ounci l o f H er t ford i n 6 72 h e d ec lared h imse lf ' des t ina tus Doruuernens is e ccles iae e p iscopus ' ( Bede I V .5 , t he A c ts o f t he C ounci l ) .
The n a me i s f requen t i n e ar ly c har ters a lso .
B eyond t hese s pecu la t ions , B ede o f c ourse t e l ls u s i n h is P re face o f s o me o f h is s ources . F ro m A lbinus o f Can terbury h e r ece ived i n for ma t ion a bou t t he e ar ly c hr is t ian iza t ion o f K en t a nd n eighbour ing k ingdo ms . N o t the lm o f L ondon ' wen t t o R o me a nd g o t p er m iss ion f ro m t he p resen t P ope G regory t o s earch t hrough t he a rch ives o f t he h oly R o man c hurch a nd t here f ound s o me l e t ters o f S t G regory a nd o f o ther p opes ' , a nd c onveyed h is f ind ings t o B ede .
( I t i s
t hus h ard t o s ay whe ther t he l e t ter o f G regory t o Augus t ine i n 6 01 —in B ede I .29 —was k nown t o t he h is tor ian f ro m a n o r ig ina l k ep t a t C an terbury a nd r ead b y A lbinus f or B ede , o r was s een b y N o t the lm i n R o me i n t he f or m o f ac opy 1 3
k ep t t here ).
Fur ther , ' Dan ie l , t he e s tee med b ishop o f t he Wes t S axons who
s t i l l s urv ives , c o m mun ica ted t o me i n wr i t ing s o me th ing o f t he h is tory o f t he c hurch i n h is own k ingdo m , a s we l l a s o f t he n eighbour ing k ingdo ms o f S ussex a nd t he I s le o f Wigh t ' , h ence p erhaps B ede 's k now ledge o f t he n a me V en ta ( W inches ter ) , t hough t h is t oo mus t u l t i ma te ly h ave c o me f ro m R o me a t s o me s tage .
The n a me o f K en t , t he k ingdo m wh ich was Augus t ine 's f irs t o b ject ive ,
mus t h ave c o me a t a n e ar ly s tage , b u t t he mys ter ious L indoco l ina/-o c ou ld we l l b e a n a d h oc l a t in iza t ion , a nd a n e rroneous o ne , b y B ede . Var ious o bserva t ions c an b e made a bou t t he f or ms o ft he n a mes i n o ur f our th c a tegory. As we h ave s a id , t hey h ave s uf fered minor d is tor t ions a nd a re n o t ( excep t f or E buracum , Ven ta ) t he a u then t ic R o mano-Br i t ish n a mes wh ich t he A l o r a n u nknown N o t i t ia wou ld h ave o f fered . A l l we c an s ay i s t ha t i n s o me r ecord k ep t p robably i n R o me , f ro m wh ich e x trac ts were made f or u se i n Eng land , af ew Vu lgar La t in d eve lop men ts were s hown ( Dor- Dor- E bor) , t oge ther w i th o ther c hanges wh ich c an o n ly b e i mpu ted t o c are less c opying . Thus Doru- h as a who l ly u nna tura l , n on-spoken u , a nd breu i i s e i ther a misc opying o r as cr iba l a ss im i la t ion . f em in ine f or m g iven t o E boraca ,
Mos t s ign i f ican t o f a l l t he f ea tures i s t he L undon ia , C an t ia
a nd ( af actor wh ich migh t
b r ing i ti n to t he f our th c a tegory ) Luguba l ia , t o wh ich p oss ibly Vec ta ( i f n o t d er ived f ro m t he P anegyr ic ) s hou ld b e a dded .
T hese f or ms c an n ever h ave
h ad a ny s poken c urrency a nd d o n o t s ign i fy i n t he d eve lop men t o f l a ter f or ms o f t he n a mes o f t hese p laces ; c en tury a nd o f B ede .
t hey a re p ecu liar ly C hurch u sage o f t he 7 th
One o f s evera l e xp lana t ions i s p oss ible .
I t c ou ld b e
t ha t i n R o me —whence c a me , i n G regory 's l e t ter , E buraca a nd Lundon ia , t hus p robably Can t ia a lso ( and E buraca a ga in , t w ice , i n t he r ecord o f Pope Aga tho 's S ynod a t R o me , V .19 ) —by t he q u irk o f s o me o f f ic ia l n ew f or ms were d ev ised f or u se i n t he C hurch o f a n a bou tto-be-evange lized p rovince , f or ms wh ich were t o b e r ecogn izab ly r e la ted t o a nc ien t R o mano-Br i t ish n ames b u t d ec lens iona l ly p ur i f ied .
We h ave n o e v idence , h owever , o f s uch n ew n am ing e lse-
where i n Europe a t t he t ime , b u t t hen i n t he C on t inen ta l l ands , C hr is t ian i ty h ad n ever l apsed , a nd Eng land ( d iscoun t ing , a s i t were , t he d ev ian t C el t ic C hurch ) was a s pecia l c ase o f e vange l iza t ion . A s econd p oss ib i li ty i s t ha t i n t he u ncer ta in R o man s ourcetex t , R o manoBr i t ish n ames a ppeared i n t he s tandard o bl ique c ase o f t he l a te Emp ire , E boraco , L ond in io , C an t io a nd L uguva l io , a nd t ha t t h is f i na l o was miscopied a s a when e x tracts were made f or Augus t ine a nd o thers . s tances , t hough n o t c o m mon ly , i n A I ( e .g .
There a re s im i lar i n-
B annaven ta 4 70 5 = B ennavan to 4 79 ,
C rococa lana 4 778 = C rococa lano 4 7811 ) a nd i n R ay . ( e .g . Med io lano 1 06 43 = Med iolana i n o ne MS ) .
I ti s t hen c ur ious t ha t B ede d id n o t h ar mon ize h is
f or ms f or E boracum/Eboraca ( a lso E buracum/Eburaca ) ;
o ne migh t h ave
e xpec ted h im t o r egard E buraca , s en t b y P ope G regory , a s more a u thor i ta t ive f or a Chr is t ian h is tor ian t han t he more a ncien t b u t a lso p agan E boracum a nd t hus t o h ave imposed i tt hroughou t , b u t h e d id n o t d o s o a nd s ee ms s i mp ly t o h ave f o l lowed wha tever h e f ound i n h is s ources .1 7
Ye t t he p a t tern o f a e nd ings
i n t he t wo impor tan t n a mes i n G regory 's l e t ter may h ave h ad s u f f icien t a u tho r i ty f or i tt o e x tend i tse l f t o C an t ia , Luguba l ia , a nd Vecta . At h ird e xp lana t ion i s s ugges ted t o me b y Mr
C a mpbe l l .
H e n o tes t ha t
mos t men t ions o f E buraca ( f our o u t o f f ive ) a nd o f Lundon ia ( e igh t o u t o f e lev en ) , a nd t he s ing le men t ion o f Luguba l ia , a re a cco mpan ied b y c iv i tas ;
1 4
a lso
t ha t a l l t we lve men t ions o f Vec ta a re a cco mpan ied b y i nsu la .
The o ne men t ion
o f f em in ine L indoco l ina i s a cco mpan ied b y c iv i tas , a nd c on tras ts w i th i n L indoco l ino .
C ou ld i tb e t ha t B ede t hough t * Eburacus , * Lundon ius a nd
* Luguba l ius , e ven * Vec tus , a nd s o o n , were a d jec t ives , s o t ha t ac ons truct ion e p iscopus E buracae c iu i ta t is ( V .19 ) was p recise ly e qu iva len t , i n g ra m ma t ica l t er ms , t o E buracens is e cc les iae ... e p iscopus i s i n a n o bv ious ly a d jec t iva l f or m?
( 1 1 1.28 ) i n wh ich t he c i ty-na me
B ede 's f irs t u se o f t he n a me o f York i n
1 .5 , a pud E boracum o ppidum , i n ap hrase t aken f ro m Oros ius , c ou ld h ave s ugges ted w i th i ts n eu ter n oun t ha t h ere E boracum was a n a d jec t ive w i th g ra m ma t ica l c oncord .
Our r e ma in ing a berran t f em in ine , Can t ia , i s n a tura l ly
u sed a lone , s o t he s ame r eason ing c ou ld n o t a pp ly ;
p erhaps o ne c ou ld s ugges t
t ha t af em in ine s ee med t o B ede more n a tura l i n t he n a me o f ar eg ion o r k ingd om , i n l ine w i th B ern ic ia , F r is ia , G a l l ia , a nd s o o n .
Wh i le Iam g ra tefu l
f or Mr C ampbe l l 's s ugges t ion a nd t h ink t ha t i tc anno t b e d is m issed , t here a re s evera l f actors wh ich make i tu n l ike ly .
We s hou ld h ave t o s uppose t ha t Bede ,
w i th in h is g enera l ly a dm irable L a t in , s uf fered s o me b as ic c on fus ion a bou t wha t was a n a d jec t ive
( co m mand ing a s h e d id s uch t ru ly a d jec t iva l f or ms a s
E boracens is a nd Lundon iens is ) ;
o r , we s hou ld h ave t o a ssume t ha t P ope
G regory a nd h is R o man s ecre tar ies were weak i n La t in g ra m mar a lso , s ince E buraca a nd Lundon ia f irs t make t he ir a ppearance i n G regory 's l e t ter ( 1 .29 ). The e xcep t ions i n B ede 's t ex t a re s trong i nd ica t ions t oo . u ses Lundon ia b y i t se l f i n ap la in n oun f unc t ion : 1 .7) , Lw adon ia m ( IV .22 ) .
H e t hree t imes
L undon iae e p iscopus ( 1 1.4 ,
N or d oes c iv i tas a lways a t trac t f em in ine E buraca ,
f or we f ind i n c iu i ta te E boraci ( IV .12 ) .
N one o f o ur t hree e xp lana t ions f or
t h is g roup Q f e ccen tr ic f em in ine f or ms i s f u l ly s a t is factory , a nd t he p roble m r e ma ins u nsolved . I n t he c ase o f L undon ia , t here i s af ur ther a spec t o f i n teres t .
I f uf or o
( Lun) a nd f ina l a c ou ld b e p ure ly s cr iba l , s tressed o f or i ( Lond in) c er ta in ly i s n ot , b u t r epresen ts a g enu ine ly d i f feren t f or m o f t he n a me . o u t b y P rofessor J ackson ,
1 8
A s i s p o in ted
a l though L ondin iu m was t he s tandard R o mano-
B r i t ish f or m , t he n ame a s h eard b y t he Ang lo-Saxons —presu mably f ro m s peakers o f B r i tish —had t he B r i t ish s u f fix *onion , g iv ing e ven tua l ly L ondon . There i s s o me e v idence a lso f or Lun- r a ther t han L ou- i n R o man t imes : 4 77
A l
1 0 , 4 7910 a nd 4 80 8 h ave Lundin io , a ga ins t L on- more f requen t ly e lsewhere
i n t h is t ex t , a nd Am m ianus Marce l l inus i n t he l a te 4 th c en tury wro te Lund in iu m t hree t imes ( XX .1.3 , XXV I I .8 .7 , XXV I I I .3.1 ). I tc ou ld t hus b e t ha t t here was a l a te I mper ia l s poken f or m * Lund in io , a nd t here was c er ta in ly * London io ; o ne o f t hese f or ms was t ha t r ecorded l a te i n Imper ia l t imes a t R o me a nd was ( w i th miscopied o r c onven t iona l f ina l a ) t ha t p assed b ack t o B r i ta in i n G regory 's l e t ter , where i tc oinc ided w i th a r e la t in iza t ion o f t he n ame a s k nown i n c urren t Ang lo-Saxon s peech . Ih ave n a tura l ly e xc luded f ro m c ons idera t ion n a mes wh ich a re p ure ly a d h oc l a t in iza t ions b y B ede , s uch a s ' monas ter i i , q uod u oca tur A d C aprae C apu t ' ( 1 1 1 .21:
G a teshead ) ,
wh ich h ad n o r ea l c urrency.
The e x is tence o f t hese
o bv ious c ases e nab les o ne t o d is m iss ' Ad Lapide m '
( IV .16:
s o me h ave c la i med a s ag enu ine R o mano-Br i t ish n a me .
S toneha m ) , wh ich
On t he o ther h and i t
i s h ard t o k now whe ther t o i nc lude t he n ames wh ich B ede g ives f or t he T yne : ' i n ter f luen te T ino amne t ( V .2 ) , ' i ux ta o s t iu m T in i ' ( V .6 ) , f o l lowed b y a n e rrat i c f em in ine , l ux ta amne m T ina ' ( V .21 ).
1 5
Th is n a me was a lready p resen t i n
B ede 's p rose L i fe o f S t C u thber t , ' a b h os t io T in i f lu m in is ' ( I I I a nd XXXV ) , b u t i s n o t i n t he p reced ing a nonymous L ife . The R o mano-Br i t ish n a me was p rob ab ly T ina o r T inea , b u t i ti s r ecorded f or u s o n ly b y Ray .; mos t p robab ly B ede was s i mp ly l a t in izing t he c on te mporary n a me , b u t j us t p oss ibly i tb elongs w i th t he n a mes i n my s econd c a tegory , wh ich a lready i nc ludes t he t wo D erwen t r ivers .
Ih ave a lso e xc luded P en ta e in r ipa P en tae amn is t , 1 1 .22 ;
v ars .
Paen te , Pan te , e tc .) , t he E ssex r iver B lackwa ter , p robab ly a n a nc ien t n a me b u t o ne f or wh ich we h ave n o e ar l ier s ource ;
s ee PNRB , A ppendix .
T he s ame
e xc lus ion a pp l ies t o s uch f or ms a s ' i n c iu i ta te Do m moc ' ( I I .15 ) a nd ' i n c iu i ta te q uae h ac tenus a b e ius n om ine Tunnacaes t ir c ogno m ina tur ' ( 1V .22 ) , i n wh ich B ede i s v ery p oss ibly o f fer ing e volved f or ms o f g enu ine R o mano-Br i t ish n a mes n o t o therw ise r ecorded i n a ncien t s ources ;
a l though B ede e xp la ins Tunna-
c aes t ir a s n amed f ro m a n a bbo t Tunna , t h is may b e n o more t han a f a lse ly e pony mous s o lu t ion , a s o f ten , a nd t he n a me migh t we l l d er ive f ro m a R o manoBr i t ish I t una- ( >Eden r ivers o f C u mbr ia a nd F ile ) . O f s o me s ign i f icance , f ina l ly , a re c ases i n wh ich B ede d id n o t k now t he R o mano-Br i t ish n ames o f p laces h e c i tes .
R ecu lver i s ' Racuu l fe ' ( V .8 ) ;
i t s
a nc ien t n ame , R egu lbium , i s r ecorded f or u s o n ly i n t he N o t i t ia D ign i ta tu m ( Regu lbi , R egu lbio ) a nd was n o t k nown t o B ede . L ich f ie ld , L e toce tu m , was n o t k nown t o h im ; f ro m a map-source t o R ay . 1 06 48
The c lass ica l n a me o f
i ti s i n A I 4 702 , a nd was k nown
( s tr ic t ly , t he n a me i s t ha t o f t he R o mano-
Br i t ish s e t t le men t a t Wa l l n ear L ichf ie ld ) .
Whe ther t he ' monas ter ium ...
c ons truc tu m i n c as tro q uoda m q uod l ingua Ang lorum Cnobheresburg , i d e s t Vrbs C nobher i , u oca tur ' ( I I I .19 ) was i n f ac t b u i l t w i th in t he S axon S hore f or t o f G ar iannu m ( Burgh C as t le ) i s u nsure .
B ede d id n o t k now t he c lass ica l n a mes
f or t he r ivers T ren t , H u mber , Wear , a nd A lne ( o f N or thu mber land ) , b u t t h is i s h ard ly s urpr ising , f or t he ir n a mes a re n o t p resen t i n a nc ien t s ources k nown t o h im . We c anno t s ay t ha t , b eyond t he l im i ted s cope o f h is f ew o pen ing c hap ters , Bede was e spec ia l ly i n teres ted i n R o man B r i ta in a s s uch . H is c ons tan t h ost i l i ty t owards t he B r i t ish C hurch o f h is d ay b ecause o f i t s u ncoopera t ive a t t i tude f ro m A ugus t ine 's t ime o nward p reven ted h im f ro m t rying t o a cqu ire f ro m i t s me mbers o r d ocumen ts i n for ma t ion a bou t C hr is t iani ty i n B r i ta in f ro m p erhaps t he 3 rd t o t he 6 th c en tur ies , t hough o ur s uppos i t ion a bou t a s ource u l t i ma te ly d er ived f ro m t he B r i t ish K ingdo m o f E l me t , a nd P ro fessor Duncan 's p os tu la t ion o f a Bangor t ex t , s hou ld b e b orne i n mind .
On t he o ther
h and B ede 's r espect f or t he I r ish was g rea t a nd h is c on tact ( v ia L ind is farne ) c lose , b u t t he I r ish C hurch p resumably h ad v ery l i t t le i n for ma t ion t o g ive a bou t e ar l ier B r i t ish C hr is t ian i ty , e ven i fB ede h ad b een i n teres ted i n a cqu iring i t .
When B ede d oes h ave c ause t o g ive t opony m ic i n for ma t ion , h owever , h e
s o me t i mes g oes wel l b eyond t he mere ly p er func tory .
G iven h is c are fu l ,
a l mos t p ro fess iona l ly p h i lo log ica l , a t ten t ion t o t hese ma t ters o n c hosen o ccas ions , h is i ncons is tencies i n t he n am ing o f af ew p laces a re t he more s tar t l ing , a nd i t may b e t ha t f ur ther t hough t a bou t t hese w i l l r evea l s o me th ing o f h is work ing me thods a nd h is s ources . The i n teres t a nd v a lue o f h is i n for ma t ion a bou t R o mano-Br i t ish n ames r e ma in , i n a ny c ase , e nor mous . 1 9
1 6
NOTES 1 .
A . L . F . R ive t a nd C o l in Sm i th , P lace-na mes o f R o man B r i ta in ( London , Ba ts ford ;
1 979 ) .
2 . Ih ave u sed f or q uo ta t ions t he e d i t ion o f B . C o lgrave a nd R . A . B . Mynors ( Ox ford , 1 969 ) , w i th o ccas iona l r e ferences t o i t s n o tes ;
b u t h ave c on-
s tan t ly c onsu l ted P lu m mer , whose i n troduc t ion a nd n o tes a re s t i l l f undamen ta l , a nd P . F . J ones ,
A C oncordance t o t he ' H istoria E cc lesiast ica '
o f B ede ( Ca mbr idge , Mass ., 1 929 ).
O ther t ex ts u sed a re t hose c i ted i n
PNRB . 3 .
On t h is p roble m , s ee C . E . S tevens 's n o te ' C laud ius a nd t he O rcades ', The C lass ica l R ev iew ? N .S ., 1 ( 1951 ) , 7 -9.
4 .
On t he b oundar ies o f t he K ingdo m o f E l me t a nd much e lse o f i n teres t , s ee G . R . J . J ones ,
' Ear ly Terr i tor ia l Organ iza t ion i n Gwynedd a nd E l me t t ,
N or thern H is tory , 1 0 ( 1975 ) , 3 -27. 5 . Quo ta t ions a re f ro m t he e d i t ion o f B . C o lgrave , Two L ives o f S t C u thbert ( Ca mbr idge , 1 940 ) . 6 .
E d i ted b y C o lgrave , a s a bove .
The a nony mous L i fe i s b y a monk o f
L ind is farne who wro te i n s o me y ear b e tween 6 98 a nd 7 05 . 7 .
Un less , t ha t i s , t he p lace-na me p roper ly f igures i n t he H is tor ia Augus ta , S everus , 2 4.4 , i n wh ich H . P e ters p roposed b y a n emenda t ion t o r ead Luguva l lu m .
We h ave n o t a ccep ted t h is emenda t ion i n PNRB .
There may
h ave b een a n i nscr ip t ion s t i l l who le a nd v is ible i n B ede 's d ay wh ich g ave t he n a me ;
t he o n ly o ne n ow k nown i s N o . 2 015 o f The R o man I nscr ip t ions
o f Br i ta in , wh ich i s f ragmen tary a nd was i nv is ible i n B ede 's t ime ( i t was b u i l t i n to t he f ounda t ions o f Hadr ian 's Wa l l a t O ld Wa l l , s o me s ix mi les f ro m C ar l is le , p resu mably d ur ing r epa ir work i n l a te R o man t imes ). 8 . 0 . G . S . C rawford i n An t iqu i ty , 9( 1935 ) , 2 87.
The e qua t ion w i th C hes ter
r es ts u pon t he f ac ts t ha t Caer leon-on-Usk was a lways d escr ibed a s ' on U sk ' i n We lsh v ernacu lar wr i t ing , a nd t ha t York was n ever s o k nown ; t hese a re t he t hree l eg ionary f or tresses o f B r i ta in .
S ee a lso K enne th
J ackson , ' Nenn ius a nd t he Twen ty-e igh t C i t ies o f Br i tain ' , An t iqu ity , 1 2 ( 1938 ) , 4 4-55 , a t 4 7. 9 . R . E . Z achr isson , R o mans , K e l ts a nd S axons i n Ancien t B ri ta in ( Uppsa la & L e ipzig , 1 927 ) , 2 9 . 1 0 .
The Archbishopr ic o f C an terbury ( London , 1 971 ) , 2 0 .
L a mb g oes o n :
' The p rec ise t erms i n wh ich G regory d es igna ted t he c i ties o f L ondon a nd York t o b e t he s ea ts o f me tropo l i tan b ishopr ics a ppear t o c on f ir m t ha t h e h ad a ccess t o s o me f or m o f N o t i t ia , wh ich i ncluded t he n a mes o f t he me tropo l i tan c i t ies o f t he c iv i l a dm in is tra t ion o f t he t wo p rov inces i n B r i ta in d ur ing t he t ime o f S everus , s im i lar t o t he N o t i t ia D ign i ta tu m i n wh ich r e ferences a re made t o t he me tropo l i tan c i t ies o f G au l .' 1 1 .
Ac onven ien t s urvey o f a spec ts o f t he N o t i t ia G a l l iaru m i s t ha t o f A . L . F . R ive t i n R . G oodburn a nd P . Bar tho lo mew ( eds .) , Aspec ts o f t he ' No t i t ia D ign i ta tu m ' ( B .A .R . S upple men tary S er ies , 1 5 ; 1 7
Ox ford , 1 976 ) , 1 19-26 ,
w i th t he t ex t o f t he N o t i t ia a nd maps i n a n a ppend ix .
The e x is tence o f
t he c orrespond ing N o t i t ia B r i tann iarum was d ear t o t he h ear t o f t he l a te C . E . S tevens , a nd h e made o u t ag ood c ase f or i ti n ' G i ldas a nd t he C iv i ta tes o f B r i ta in ' , EHR , 5 2 ( 1 937) , 1 93-201 .
B e fore S tevens , F .
H aver f ie ld a dumbra ted t he i dea when c o m men t ing o n ap assage o f G ira ldus C ambrens is who wro te i n a bou t 1 205 : 2 24-25 .
Archaeo log ia Oxon iens is , 1 892-95 ,
S ee a lso S tevens 's f ascina ting p aper ' The N o t i t ia D ign i ta tu m i n
Eng land ' i n t he G oodburn & Bar tho lo mew v o lume , 2 11-24 . 1 2.
T yp ica l e n tr ies i n t he N ot i t ia o f G au l a re i n t he f or m Metropo l is c iv itas Lugdunens iu m ... C iv i tas A eduorum ... C iv i tas L ingonum ; t ha t i s , b y c iv i tas p lus t r iba l n a me. A s im i lar l i s t ing o f B r i t ish c iv i ta tes w ou ld n o t h ave g iven a s eeker t he t own-na mes ; l i s ted a s *Civ i tas C an t iacoru m
e .g . C an terbury wou ld h ave b een
a nd n o t a s D urovernu m .
However , p rac-
t ice may h ave d i f fered b etween G au l a nd B r i ta in a bou t A . D. 4 00 ; we k now t ha t t he t owns o f G au l were t hen b eing d es igna ted b y t r iba l n a mes , s ince modern f orms d er ive f ro m t he m ( e .g . Rhe ims < R em is , n o t < Durocor torum ) , whereas i n B r i ta in t here i s l i t t le s ign o f s uch n am ing . 1 3.
I n Char ters o f R oches ter e d i ted b y A . Ca mpbe l l ( London , 1 973 ) , t he t own i s g enera l ly c a l led H ro fe gceas ter , Hro f i , e tc .
Char ter 1 , wh ich c la i ms
t o b e ad ocu men t o f A e the lber t Io f K en t , A .D. 6 04 , men t ions l and i n c iu i ta te Hrof ibreu i ;
t h is c har ter i s al a te f abr ica t ion a nd g ives n o s or t
o f e v idence f or t opony m ic u sage i n B ede 's d ay , b u t e ven s o , t he b as tard f or m Hrof ibreu i s hows k now ledge o f * (Duro )breu i . 8 68 we f ind i n c iu i ta te Dorobreu ia ;
I n C har ter 2 6 o f A .D.
Ca mpbe l l c a l ls t he c har ter ' o f u nusua l
f or m ' b u t d oes n o t impugn i t s a u then t ic i ty. 1 4.
On many o ccas ions B ede g ives p os i t ions a nd d is tances i n t er ms wh ich im i ta te t he p hraseo logy o f 1 .3 , a nd i n s o me i ns tances h e u ses f er me . Exa mples a re i n 1 1 .14 , 1 1 .17 , 1 1 .22 , I V .3 , I V .27, a nd V .4 , b u t t hese d o n o t i nvo lve t wo R o mano-Br i t ish p laces n or a re t he measure men ts a long R o man r oads .
I n 1 1.14 , Ca t ter ick i s i n q ues t ion , b u t t he i n for ma t ion
r e la tes t o a n Eng lish s e t t le men t :
' . .. a l oco , q u i u oca tur U i l faraesdun ,
i d e s t mons U i l far i , e t e s t au ico Ca taractone X f erme mi l ibus p assuu m c on tra s ols t i t ia le m o ccasum s ecre tus '.
A t mos t o ne c ou ld s ay t ha t i n
s uch c ases B ede u ses i t inerarytype p hraseo logy f or n on-Ro man ma ter ia l . 1 5 .
I n a bou t 1 285 a n I t inerar ium p rov inciarum A n ton i i Augus t i i s r ecorded a s p resen t i n t he l i brary o f C hr is t C hurch monas tery , C an terbury , i n ac odex b ound u p w i th t hree o ther works ( i nc lud ing J ordanes o n t he G o ths a nd ' E th icus d e C os mograph ia ' ) .
I n 1 011 Can terbury was s acked b y t he Danes ,
a nd t he l i brary o f C hr is t C hurch was r es tocked a f ter t he C onques t b y Lan franc , Ansel m , a nd o thers . 1 6. 1 7.
The L i fe o f B ishop Wil l
i s e d i ted b y B . C o lgrave ( Cambr idge , 1 927) .
L i terary s ources f or t h is n ame ( i n a dd i t ion t o Oros ius , o n t he d ea th o f S everus , men t ioned e ar l ier ) a re n umerous .
Among t hose a pparen t ly
k nown t o B ede were Eu tropius/Paean ius ( ' Epop6x (t) = E boraci , l oca t ive , t w ice —I I I .19.i , X .1 , i i ) , P rosper T iro ( bo th E burac i , 7 64 , a nd E boraci , 9 76 , l oca t ives ) , a nd t he g ood C hr is t ian a u thor i ty o f S t J ero me i n e n tr ies f or A . D. 2 12 a nd 3 09 i n h is 1 n terpre ta t io C hron icae E usebi i .
1 8
I ti s p ossib le
t ha t i nscr ip t ions s t i l l v is ible i n t he c i ty i n B ede 's t ime g ave t he n a me ( see s urv iv ing s peci mens i n R IB ) . 1 8 .
Language a nd H is tory i n Ear ly B r i ta in ( Ed inburgh , 1 953 ) , 3 08 , n o te ; a lso i n B r i tann ia , 1( 1970 ) , 7 6.
1 9.
Ad ra f t o f t h is p aper was r ead b y Pro fessor A . A . M. Duncan ( Un ivers i ty o f G lasgow ) , P ro fessor A . L . F . R ive t ( Un ivers i ty o f K ee le ) , a nd Mr J . Campbe l l ( Worces ter C ol lege , Ox ford ) .
Iam d eep ly g ra te fu l t o t he m f or
al arge n umber o f h e lp fu l i nd ica t ions a nd p roduc t ive c r i t icis ms .
1 9
2 .
S AXON MUCK ING - A POST-EXCAVATION NOTE
An amended v ers ion o f t he e n try i n S achsen u nd Ange lsachsen , 1 978 , t he C a ta logue o f t he E xh ibi t ion h e ld a t t he H e l ms- Museu m , H amburg , 1 978-9 M. U . J ones
E xcava t ion b e fore q uarrying o n a1 00 f oo t t errace g rave l o u t l ier a t t he h ead o f t he T ha mes e s tuary h as b rough t t o l igh t t he mos t e x tens ive s e t t le men t o f t he Migra t ion p er iod i n Eng land .
C rop marks i nb ar ley h ad i nd ica ted a nc ien t
s e t t le men t , t hough Muck ing was t o b e t he f irs t s i te t o c on f ir m c rop- marks o f s unken h u ts .
( S t . J oseph 1 964 , J ones e t a l . 1 968 , 1 974a ,b , 1 975 ) .
De ta i led p rocess ing o f t he r esu l ts o f t h is mu l t i-per iod l andscape i nves t ig a t ion ( F ig . 2 .1) wh ich t ook p lace b e tween 1 965 a nd 1 978 , a nd e s tab l ished o ccupa t ion s ince t he N eol i th ic , i s n o t y e t f ar a dvanced . p reh is tor ic s equence s ee ms t o b e a s f o l lows .
H owever , t he ma in
AM idd le B ronze Age f i eld
s ys te m ( w i th a ssoc ia ted d o mes tic p i ts ) was r e la ted t o ab arrow c e me tery. Two La te B ronze Age c ircu lar h i ll for ts c o m manded r espec t ive ly a r idgeway , l ead ing t n t he n a tura l c ross ing p o in t a t t he h ead o f t he e s tuary , a nd Muck ing c reek ( Jones f or thco m ing 1 979 ).
An I ron Age o ccupa t ion i nc luded n ear ly 1 00
r ound h ouse s i tes ( so me w i th r ela ted c o mpounds ) , as er ies o f s ub-enc losures a nd a s ub-rec tangu lar d e fens ive e ar thwork .
P reh is tor ic c oncern w i th d efence
a nd/or s tra tegy c on t inued i n to t he f irs t c en tury A .D . when a p aram i l i tary , r ec tangu lar , p ar t ly d oub le d i tched , e ar thwork was d ug o n t he s a me s i te a s t he l arger LBA h i l l for t . Dur ing t he R o man p er iod h owever , t he l andscape was d iv ided i n to f ie lds o n t he t errace s lopes , l eav ing t he t errace t op a s o u t f ie ld o r was te . A l though t he d o mes t ic b u i ld ings o f t he v i l la wh ich t hese f i e lds imp ly were n o t l oca ted , i t s e x is tence i s a t tes ted b y p re fabr ica ted r oof , f l oor a nd f lue t i les , w indow g lass a nd p a t terned d aub , b y f our c e me ter ies , t hree c orndr iers , a bou t t en p r im i t ive a nd s ix o r thodox R o mano-Br i t ish p o t tery k i lns , a nd b y n ine we l ls . Th is was t he l andscape wh ich t he f irs t S axons o ccup ied .
Their p resence
i s s een i n t wo c e meter ies ; i n 2 13 s unken h u ts ; i n p erhaps 5 0 g round l eve l p os t-ho le b u i ld ings ( F ig . 2 .2 ) ; i n o ccas iona l p i ts ; a nd i n r ubb ish a ccumul a ted i n wha t were s t i l l h o l lows i n t he g round — the s i tes o f l arger d i tches a nd we l ls . There i s n o v is ib le b oundary t o S axon s e t t le men t e xcep t p erhaps t he r es tra in t o n t he NE l im i t o f C e me tery 2 i mposed b y aR o mano-Br i t ish f i e ld d i tch . S tra teg ic e ar thworks a re l ack ing . S axon f inds a nd f ea tures a re d is tr ibu ted t hroughou t t he 1 km l eng th a nd t he 3 50 m w id th o f t he a rea i nves t iga ted ( Fig . 2 .2 ) .
Though o ccupa t ion ( o f
a l l p er iods ) d im in ishes a long t he l andward s ide , R o mano-Br i t ish c er ta in ly , 2 1
O vera l l p lan o f t he mu l t i-per iod f ea tures .
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a nd S axon s e t t le men t a pparen t ly , c on t inues d own t he t errace s lopes t owards t he r iver .
T o t he s ou th i s t he L inford ( quarry , Muck ing ) s i te ( Bar ton 1 962 )
wh i le o n t he n or th , b eyond a n a rea wh ich h ad a lready b een q uarr ied , t wo s unken h u ts were e xcava ted c lose t o t he sma l ler L a te Bronze Age h i l l for t , s o me 3 50 m d is tan t f ro m t he ma in e xcava t ion a rea ( Bond , f or thco m ing ).
I ti s c lear
t ha t t he a rchaeo log ica l e xp lora t ion o f s o me 2 0 h ec tares h as r escued o n ly p ar t o f al arge s e t t le men t c o mp lex . O ther e ar ly S axon d iscover ies i n T hurrock a re q u i te c lose , a nd a re a l l o n g rave l .
F our s unken h u ts a nd S axon r ubb ish i n l a te d i tch f i l ls l i e 2 .2 km
a way a t Orse t t C ock ( To l ler , f or thco m ing ) ;
t wo S axon g raves were e xcava ted
b es ide t he O rse t t N eo l i th ic e nc losure ( Hedges & Buck ley 1 979 , s im i lar d is tance ;
P .
2 55 ) a t a
a nd o ne s unken h u t a t Wes t T i lbury ( B ing ley 1 972-3 ) , l i ke
Muck ing , ' over look ing t he Tha mes , i s 2 .5 km a way. N o o bv ious p a t tern c an b e s een i n t he s i t ing o f S axon f ea tures .
Two f ac-
t ors h owever a re t o b e s een i n t heir d is tr ibu t ion o r h or izon ta l s tra t igraphy. One i s t he a pprox i ma te ly E -W o r ien ta tion o f b o th h u ts a nd p os t-ho le b u i ld ings ( wh ich i s e v iden t a lso i n mos t Eng l ish a nd C on t inen ta l s i te p lans ) .
The o ther
i s ad ua l c oncen tra t ion o f h u ts , o n e i ther s ide o f t he t wo c e me ter ies .
I tc an
b e r e marked f ur ther t ha t mos t o f t he p os t-ho le b u i ld ings s een b e long t o wha t migh t b e c a l led t he n or th s e t t le men t , where o r ien ta t ion o f b u i ld ings a nd h u ts d i f fers b y a bou t 3 00 f ro m t hose o f t he s ou th s e t t le men t . Ver t ica l s tra t igraphy i s r are , mos t S axon f ea tures b eing f rees tand ing . There a ir 'i ns tances o f h u ts d ug i n h o l lows ;
t wo i nb ack f i l led we l ls , a bou t 2 0
s tradd l ing h o mano-Br i t ish a nd e ar l ier d i tches ( Jones 1 968 , p . 2 16 a nd 1 974 , p . 1 88 ) ;
a nd t here a re s evera l e xamp les o f o ver lapp ing h u ts , a nd o f p i ts
( probably h ear ths ) d ug i n to d i tch f i l ls .
O f t he t wo s unken h u ts l y ing w i th in
Ang lo-Saxon c e me tery 2 , o ne was c u t b y o ne i nhu ma t ion , t he o ther c u t t wo i nhu ma t ions .
I tr e ma ins t o b e s een , f ro m c lose s tudy o f t he c o mp lex p os t-
h o le p a t terns , n o tably i n t he n or thern s ec tor o f t he s e t t le men t , whe ther a ny p os t-bu i l t g roundleve l s tructures a lso o ver lapped e ach o ther ( Fig . 2 .3 ). S tra t igraph ic d a ting , whe ther v er t ica l o r h or izon ta l , w i l l c lear ly b e e nhanced b y c o mpu ter p lo t t ing o f t he t housands o f c o m mon a r tefac ts , s uch a s g rasst e mpered s herds , wh ich s hou ld c lar i fy s peci f ic s e t t le men t a reas . The i nco mp le teness o f t he e xcava ted S axon s e t t le men t a rea i s imp l ic i t i n o ther ways .
T he a rea e xp lored i nc luded t he o u t lying f i e lds o f a n o therw ise
u nd iscovered R o man v i l la , a nd o n ly t hose , moreover , whose margina l c haracter i s emphas ised b y t he e xcep t iona l c lar i ty o f t he c rop marks .
S uch p oor l and ,
o n t he t op o f ag rave l t errace , c ould n o t h ave p rov ided a n a dequa te b as is f or a gr icu l tura l s el f-su f f iciency f or t he l arge S axon p opu la t ion , a n i ma l a nd h uman , wh ich s o many b u i ld ings mus t i nd ica te . The v ery p lacing o f t he d we l l ings i n a ny c ase i nd ica tes t ha t t he S axon f i e lds , a rable a nd p as ture a l ike , mus t h ave l a in e lsewhere ;
p resu mab ly d own t he h i l l b eyond t he e xcava ted a rea .
I n o ur
u se o f s uch e v idence a s we h ave , t he p oor s urv iva l o f b one i n t he f ree d rain ing a c id s o i l , a nd t he c o mpara t ive a bsence o f o ther e nv ironmen ta l d a ta , s uch a s p o l len , s eeds , e tc ., h as u n for tuna te ly r obbed u s o f a ny o ppor tun i ty t o c o mpare t he f ar m ing p ract ices a t Muck ing w i th , f or e xa mp le , t hose a t Wes t S tow , S u f fo lk .
2 5
6
\1 0 1 2
,= =
I
c •
r •
F ig . 2 .4
Muck ing , E ssex ,
S axon s et t le men t p o ttery.
6 , a l l-over p er fora t ions ; 1 3 , l ug .
7 , 1 0 , c o mbed ;
9 , 1 2 , r us tica ted;
( Th is f igure a ppeared a s f ig . 5 4 i n R ecen t Archae-
o log ica l Excava t ions i n Europe , p ubl ishers R ou t ledge a nd Kegan Pau l ).
2 6
There i s s o me e v idence f or meta lwork ing .
Fragmen ts o f ac lay p iece-
mou ld f or c as t ing a g rea t s quare h eaded b rooch ( Jones 1 977 , f ro m o ne h u t f i l l .
P .
1 17) c a me
I n a no ther , me l ted l ead i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th l ead a r te fac ts
( l oo mweigh ts ) was f ound , wh i le me ta l l ic s lag i s af a ir ly c o m mon f ind i n h u t f i l ls .
H owever , t here i s h ard ly e nough t o p os tu la te i ndus try o n as ca le l arge
e nough t o i nd ica te a t rad ing p os t . S awn b one s ugges ts b onework ing , wh i le t here i s f requen t e v idence f ro m h u t f i l ls f or c lo th mak ing : l oo mweigh ts o f r aw a nd f ired c lay a nd l ead , a nd s p ind lewhor ls o f c lay , s ha le a nd p o tsherds . Th is a c t iv i ty n eed n o t b e r egarded a s more t han a c o t tage i ndus try , h owever ( W i lson 1 976 , p . 2 71 ) .
I n c ons ider ing t he e cono m ic b as is o f t he S axon s e t t le-
men t o ne c an a n t icipa te t he l ayou t o f p ar ishes a long t h is a rea o f t he n or th Thames b ank , a l lowing e ach t o i nc lude b o th marsh a nd g rave l , a nd t he h igh v a lue a t tached t o t he marsh i n t he m idd le a ges ( Gr ieve 1 959 , p . 5 ) .
B u t t he
c onclus ion s ee ms t o b e i nescapab le t ha t t here a re r easons o ther t han a gr icu l tura l f or t he s i t ing , i fn o t a lso t he s ize , o f t he Muck ing s e t t le men t(s ).
N ew i n ter-
p re ta t ions o f t he Muck ing p lacena me a s ' or ig ina l ly ( a ) s trea m —or c reekna me ' m igh t b e t aken t o emphas ise t he r iver s tra tegy a spec t ( Ge l l ing 1 978 , p p . 1 191 22 ).
These r easons c an b e s een i n b o th a n i m med ia te a nd w ider c on tex t .
The s tra teg ic v a lue o f t he s i te h ad a lready b een e v iden t d ur ing t he La te B ronze Age a nd R o man c onques t p er iods when e ar thworks c o m manded f ro m h igh l and t he f irs t c ross ing o f t he Tha mes a t t he h ead o f i t s e s tuary .
I n aw ider c on tex t
—as E v ison a nd Myres made c lear i n t he ir i n i t ia l s tud ies ( Ev ison 1 968 , p . 2 41 , Myres 1 968 ,
P .
2 26) — Muck ing g uards t he r iver a pproaches t o L ondon , wh i le
i n t he N or th s ea l i t tora l t he T ha mes p rov ides a n a tura l e n try i n to Br i ta in f ro m t he c on t in . Fro m t he ir s epara te p o in ts o f v iew , E v ison a nd Myres h ad c oncluded t ha t t he s e t t le men t h ad a n e ar ly mi l i tary b eg inn ing i n t he f i f th c en tury , a nd o ne l ooks f orward t o t he p ossibi l i ty o f t he ir f ur ther s tud ies p roduc ing a r e f ine men t o f t he i n i t ia l d a te o f s e t t le men t . I n a n e ar l ier p aper ( Jones 1 974b , p . 3 2 ) t h is wr i ter p os tu la ted t ha t a R o man - S axon t rans i t ion was n o t b orne o u t b y t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence , a nd n o th ing h as s ince c o me t o l i gh t t o c hange t ha t v iew .
H owever , t he s ub-
s equen t d iscovery o f a min i-hoard o f s cea t tas ( R igo ld 1 977 , p . 3 21 ) i n ap os it i on wh ich makes i tv ir tua l ly c er ta in t ha t a t l eas t o ne s unken h u t was s t i l l i n u se a t t he e nd o f t he s even th c en tury , n ow p rov ides a h is tor ic d a te ( t he e ar ly 6 90s ) f or t he l a ter s tages , i fn o t t he e nd o f s e t t le men t .
An ew s tudy o f whee l-
t hrown p o t tery ( Ev ison 1 979 ) s hou ld a lso b e r e levan t t o S axon d eser t ion , s ince t h is p o t tery h as c ome f ro m b o th c eme tery a nd h u t c on tex ts .
N o I psw ich ware
h owever ( Hurs t 1 976 , p . 3 18) h as b een r ecogn ised , wh ich s ugges ts a bandonmen t i n t he e igh th c en tury . I n s um we h ave o ne o r t wo i nco mple te s e t t le men ts , s praw l ing a cross 1 km o f p oor h i l l l and , i n e x is tence f ro m e ar ly f i f th t o e ar ly e igh th c en tury A .D. T h is t hen i s t he ' s i te ' wh ich p rov ides t he f irs t g ood o ppor tun i ty a f ter more t han ac en tury , d ur ing wh ich c e me ter ies h ave p rov ided v ir tua l ly t he o n ly ' se t t le men t ' e v idence , t o c o mpare a l arge s a mp le o f r ela ted c e me tery a nd s e tt le men t d a ta . I ti s n o t , h owever , a l l e n t ire ly s tra igh t forward c o mpar ison . A l though c e me tery 2 s ee ms c o mp le te , t hough s o me s ha l low c re ma t ions may h ave b een l os t t hrough p lough ing , o n ly p ar t o f c e me tery 1 c ou ld b e r escued .
Whe ther
o r n o t o ne a ccep ts t ha t t here a re t wo s e t t le men ts ( and t hey a re n o t a bso lu te ly d is t inc t ) i ti s n o t c lear why t wo s epara te c e me ter ies wh ich o ver lap i n t ime 2 7
1
-
(
11
1 7
F ig . 2 .5
Muck ing , Essex . s herds .
S axon s e tt le men t p ot tery:
c arina ted
( Th is f igure a ppeared a s f ig . 5 3 i n Recen t Archae-
o log ica l Excava tions i n Europe , p ublishers Rou t ledge a nd Kegan Pau l ).
2 8
s hou ld b e s i ted s o c lose t ogether . There i s a lso t he p oss ib i l i ty t ha t t he c e met er ies ' c a tchmen t a rea migh t b e much g rea ter t han t he g eograph ica l s i te wh ich t he s e t t le men t(s ) o ccupy.
The d iscovery o f t wo e n t ire S axon p o ts n earby
s ugges ts t he p oss ibi l i ty t ha t t wo more c e me ter ies migh t h ave e x is ted i n Muck ing p ar ish ( Med ieva l A rchaeo logy XV I I 1 973 , p . 1 42 ) . Ap rov is iona l t ab le o f c o mpar isons b etween t he t wo e xcava ted c e meter ies ( Jones W . T . 1 974 , p . 2 9 ) c an h ave l i t t le amendmen t u n t i l d raw ing , d e ta i led s yn thes is o f f i nds , a nd s tud ies b y P rofessor E v ison a nd D r . Myres a re c o mp le te .
Af ew o b jec ts h ave a lready b een p ub l ished i n d e ta i l ( Ev ison 1 968 , 1 977 ,
a nd f or thcoming ) .
S evera l h undred r epor ts o n t ex t i les b y M iss E . C ro w foo t
p rov ide a d e ta i led a ccoun t o f l oo m a nd t able t weav ing i n woo l a nd f l ax , wh ich c o mple men ts t he e v idence o f weaving i n t he h u t f i l ls r eferred t o a bove . c e me ter ies Weapons :
s e t t le men t(s )
s words , s pears
+( yes )
0( no )
f ranc iscas , s h ie ld b osses
+ +
0 +
b ronze
+
+
i ron
+
+
mi l i tary
+
+
e qua l a r med
+
0
b ronze
+
+
i ron g arnet i p ,, iid me ta lwork
+ +
+ +
b eads :
s tr ings
+
0
g lass , amber
+
+
ame thys t
0
+
c law b eaker
+
s crap
c one b eaker
+
p erhaps
+ +
+ ( ev idence f or ) 0
l oo mweigh t
0
+
t ex t i le i den t i f ica t ions :
+
0
i ron n a i ls
0
+
k n ives b uck les :
b rooches :
g lass v esse ls :
wooden v esse ls l ead : v esse l
p o t tery : f abr ics :
f or ms : l ugs :
h and made g rass t e mpered
+
+
h and made s andy
+
+
whee lthrown f ace ted c ar ina ted
+ +
+ +
u pr igh t , s wa l low 's n es t s i mp le
0 +
+ +
h and les
0
+
a l l-over p er fora ted s ur face t rea t men t :
d ecora t ive mo t i fs :
0
4 -
r us t ica ted
0
+
c o mbed
0
+
s ch l ickung
0
+
b osses
+
4
s ta mps
+
+
mu l t ip le g rooves
+
+
d i mp les
+
+
2 9
5
1 25
1 24
1 73
F ig . 2 .6
Muck ing , E ssex .
R e l ief p lans o f e igh t S axon s unken h u ts .
3 0
The c o mpar ison o f c e me tery a nd s e t t le men t p o t tery i s f ar f ro m b eing a s i mp le ma t ter .
Mos t c e me tery p o ts , whe ther c re ma t ion o r i nhuma t ion , c an
b e c ons idered a ga ins t t he ma jor i ty o f t he 3 470 p o ts f ro m 3 41 s i tes c onven ien t ly c o l la ted i n Myres ' C orpus ( Myres 1 977 ,
P .
x v i i ) .
F or m a nd s che mes o f
d ecora t ion a re t he c h ief c r i ter ia f or t he ir c lass i f ica t ion , a nd f abr ic i s l i t t le r egarded ( Myres 1 977 , p . 1 ) . The s e t t le men t p o t tery f ro m Muck ing h owever , i s r are ly b e t ter t han sma l l s herds h av ing i nco mp le te s ec t ions a nd o ccas iona l ly s howing t races o f d ecora t ive s che mes ( Figs . 2 .4 , 5 ) . f au l t , mus t b e s tud ied i n o ther ways .
S uch p o t tery , b y d e-
T h is means t ha t —a l though t he C orpus
mus t a s f ar a s p oss ib le b e t he b as is o f c lass if ica t ion , t hough i ti s p rov ing d if f ic u l t t o r e la te s herds t o f or ms —a n o table e xcep t ion b eing c ar ina ted s herds ( J ones 1 975 , f ig . 5 3 ) —as many o ther c r i ter ia a s p oss ible mus t b e s ough t . S ur face t rea t men t o f p o t tery i s a n o bv ious v ariab le , a nd s ch lickung ( van E s 1 967 , p . 2 73 ) , f inger p inched r us t ica t ion a nd c o mbing a re p rov ing e spec ia l ly u se fu l .
C er ta in t ypes o f p o t tery —rare ly i fe ver u sed i nb ur ia l —are e as i ly
r ecogn isable f ro m sma l l s herds . Among t hese a re swa l low 's n es t l ugs a nd a l l o ver p erfora t ions ( Jones 1 973 ) . I tc an b e s een t ha t t here i s l im i ted d up l ica t ion o f f inds f ro m c e me tery a nd s e t t le men t c on tex ts ; o f t he ir d a t ing .
wh i le t here i s a n a x io ma t ic d i f ference i n t he p r incip les
G rave g roups a re r egarded a s c on te mporary u n less i tc an b e
s hown , f or e xa mp le b y e xcep t iona l wear , o r h e ir loo m s ta tus b ased o n e x terna l d a t ing , t ha t i nd iv idua l i t e ms were a lready o ld when b ur ied .
Whe ther o r n o t
g roups o f o b jec ts f ound t oge ther i n s e t t le men t c on tex ts a re a rchaeolog ica l a sse mbla, 7es s en su s tr ic to mus t h owever b e c ons idered i n t he l igh t o f t he i nd iv idua l c ircu ms tances o f t he ir d epos i t ion . O b jec ts f ro m p i ts ( wh ich a re f ew i n n umber ) , a nd , t o al esser e x ten t , f ro m l a te d i tch a nd p i t f i l ls a re p robably c on te mporary.
However , t he b u lk
o f t he s e t t le men t f inds c o mes f ro m t he f i l ls o f t he 2 13 s unken h u ts , s ince p os t-ho le b u i ldings r are ly c on ta in f inds .
The p robabi l i ty o f g roups o f f inds
f ro m t hese f ea tures b e ing c on te mporary d epends i n t urn o n t he i n terpre ta t ion o f t he s truc tura l f unc t ion o f t heir s unken a reas . I th as a lready b een s ta ted ( Jones 1 974b , p . 2 4 ) t ha t t here h as b een n o e v idence a t Muck ing t o d oubt t he t rad i t iona l i n terpre ta t ion t ha t t he b o t to ms o f t he s unken f ea tures f unc t ioned a s a ctua l h u t f loors ( Ahrens 1 966) whe ther o r n o t t hey h ave b een c overed w i th p lanks ( van E s 1 967, p l . 6 , 2 ) . Th is means t ha t a l though sma l l i nd iv idua l o b jec ts o f t he t ype r egarded a s a cciden ta l l osses may we l l h ave b een t ra mp led i n to t he f loor ( such a s ag arnet i n la id b ronze p in f ro m h u t 4 2 , o r ab ronze s aucer b rooch f ro m h u t 1 6 ) , l arger p ieces o f o bv ious r ubb ish c anno t .
Thus ab roken b u t a l mos t e n t ire f aceted c ar ina ted
b ow l l y ing o n t he f l oor o f h u t 2 12 ;
al arge c ar ina ted s herd l ying a ga ins t t he
g rave l s ide o f t he s unken a rea i n h u t 1 7;
t he c arpe t o f 1 40 r aw c lay l oo m-
we igh ts o n h u t 8 4 f loor , a nd o f ming led s herds a nd l oo mweigh ts o n h u t 1 05 f l oor , mus t a l l p os t d a te t he o ccupa t ion o f t hese h u ts , e ven t hough t he t ime i n terva l may n o t h ave b een more t han a f ew h ours .
The mass o f a n i ma l b ones
i n h u t 3 3 s ugges ts t ha t— fo l lowing a bandonmen t— i ts s unken a rea b eca me a r ubbish d u mp ( Done 1 975 ).
The many sma l l R o mano-Br i t ish s herds t hroughou t
t he f i l l o f h u t 8 0 a nd o ver lying S axon r aw c lay l oo mwe igh ts r ef lec ts t he f act t ha t t h is h u t was d ug p ar t ly i n to t he s tokeho le o f R o mano-Bri t ish p o t tery k i ln I V .
The n umerous p reh is tor ic s herds i n t he f i l ls o f h u ts 1 87 a nd 2 11 h ad 3 1
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h u t measure men ts .
3 2
o bv ious ly s p i l t f ro m t he p reh is tor ic p i ts wh ich t he d igg ing o u t o f t heir f l oors h ad b reached . I ft he ir r es idua l c harac ter c an b e d e mons tra ted f or t hese s peci f ic R o manoB r i t ish a nd p reh is tor ic s herds , h ow i s o ne t o r egard t he l ess i n tense p o t tery s ca t ters i n many o ther h u ts?
N o-one wou ld s uppose t ha t p reh is tor ic s herds
a re c on te mporary w i th S axon . T hese a re i n tr ins ica l ly r es idua l , a nd mus t h ave f ound t heir way i n to t he h u t f i l ls f ro m b e ing i n o r o n t he g round n earby , whe ther t hey g o t i n to t he f i l l b y d e l ibera te b ack f i l l o r b y n a tura l s i l t ing .
The
r ea l p roble m l i es w i th R o mano-Br i t ish a nd e spec ia l ly l a te R o mano-Br i t ish s herds .
We i n tend t o u se s ta t is t ica l me thods t o t es t t he h ypo thes is t ha t p re-
S axon f inds w i th in h u t f i l ls a re a c onsequence o f t he h u ts h av ing b een b u i l t i n a reas o f p reh is tor ic a nd/or R o mano-Br i t ish o ccupa t ion .
Fro m o ur who le b ig
s a mp le o f 2 13 h u ts s pread o ver a bou t 2 0 h ec tares , we s ha l l c o mpare t he v arying f requency o f s uch f inds i n l o wer a nd u pper f i l ls w i th t he v ary ing d ens i ty o f p re-Saxon o ccupa t ion . On ly t hen w i l l i tb e p oss ible t o s ee wha t , i f a ny , e xcep t ions t here may b e . The s unken h u ts ( F ig . 2 .6) h ave s o f ar b een c ons idered mos t ly o n t he b as is o f t he ir c on ta ined f inds .
Ad eta i led s ta t is t ic o f t he ir d i mens ions i s n o t
y e t a va i lab le , t hough F ig . 2 .7 s hows a p rov is iona l h is togra m o f t he r ange o f b as ic measure men ts ;
l eng th , b read th a nd t he d is tance b e tween g able p os ts .
Hu ts a re a s l arge a s 8m x 6 m ; a s sma l l a s 2m x 2 .50 m ; d eep a s 1m ; a nd a s s ha l low a s 0 .10 m .
The ir f l oors h ave a lready b een men t ioned .
E xcep t
f or o ccas iona l s takeho les a nd t imber t races l i n ing t he e dge o f t he s unken a rea , e v idence f or wa l ls o r f or e n trances i n l ack ing . o bv ious
On ly o ne h u t , 1 26 , h ad a n
‘ _ 2r th p i t .
Very l i t t le c an b e s a id e i ther , a t t h is s tage , a bou t t he a rch i tec ture o f t he g round l eve l b u i ld ings , s ince t heir f loor l eve ls a re e n t ire ly l ack ing .
Their
s hape a nd s ize —indeed t he ir v ery e x is tence — is i nd ica ted s o le ly b y p os t-ho les wh ich n or ma l ly o u t l ine a n a rea a bout 1 2 m l ong a nd h a lf a s w ide ( F ig . 2 .3 ) . Th is d ouble s quare p lan s ee ms t o b e emerg ing a s ab as ic Eng l ish S axon t ype . I ti s s een a lso a t B ishops tone ( Be l l 1 977) , C a tho l me ( Losco-Brad ley 1 974 ) , C ha l ton ( Addy man 1 973 ) a nd Wes t S tow ( Wes t 1 978 ) .
I n af ew o f t he b e t ter
s urv iv ing e xa mp les , t here a re o pposed g aps c en tra l i n t he l onger s ides , a nd a n i n terna l p ar t i t ion a t t he e as t e nd ( Fig . 2 .8 ) . H owever , c o mpared w i th t he s oph is t ica ted f ar mhouse p lans o f c on t inen ta l s i tes , s uch a p lan i s s een a s v ery s i mp le a nd b as ic , a nd i t s f unc t ion u ncer ta in .
There a re p erhaps f i f ty s uch
b u i ld ings , b u t n o t a l l p lans a re e n t ire ly c onv inc ing a nd t he ir d eta i led a na lys is i s n o t y e t c o mp le te . I den t i f ica t ion p roble ms a re we l l i l lus tra ted b y t he maze o f p os t-ho les a t t he n or thern e nd o f t he s i te ( F ig . 2 .3 ). I n Eng land t he s unken h u t r epresen ts a n ew a l ien b u i ld ing t ype , wh ich i s , o n t he c on t inen t , emp loyed n o t s o much f or dwe l l ings a s f or o u thouses a nd workshops ( van E s 1 967 , p . 7 7 , S ternquis t 1 967) .
Fac tors i n t heir i n terpre-
t a t ion a re t heir g rouping w i th h a l l-houses , a nd t he o b jec ts i n t he ir f i l ls wh ich r e la te t o s uch c ra f ts a s woo lsp inn ing , c lo th weav ing , a nd b one work ing .
F ew
s i tes w i th s uch e x tended b u i ld ing h ierarch ies h ave y e t b een d iscovered i n B r i ta in ;
wh i le c ra f t o b jec ts migh t , a s a lready men t ioned , r e f lec t c o t tage
i ndus try a s much a s v i l lage workshops .
Where s i tes a re e xcep t iona l—as
Muck ing s ee ms t o b e —there s ee ms n o r eason why s unken h u ts s hou ld n o t b e
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r egarded a s makeshi f t h ous ing ( Jones 1 974 ,
P .
3 4 ).
The a rgu men t h as b een
p u t f orward more t han o nce t ha t s uch ' m iserable dwe l l ings ' c an o n ly h ave b een l ived i nb y p ersons o f l ow d egree , b u t t h is i s t o i gnore t ha t i n ap ioneer ing s tage many s ocia l n icet ies mus t p erforce b e a bandoned .
For e ar ly S axon
s e t t le men t i n Eng land s unken h u ts migh t p oss ibly b e e qua ted w i th t he s od h ouses o f European p ioneers s et t l ing i n t he Amer ican p la ins n o t much more t han a c en tury a go . Fo l lowing i ts i n i t ia l mi l i tary p hase , Muck ing c ou ld t hen b e s een a s t he a rchaeo log ica l e xpression o f o ne o f t he h is tor ian 's ' na tura l p oin ts o f e n try , s erving a s c en tres i n to wh ich i m migran ts p oured a nd f ro m wh ich f ur ther i nt ens ive s e t t le men t p rogressed ' ( Loyn 1 962 , p . 3 0 ) —perhaps i n to t he u pper Tha mes .
B IBLIOGRAPHY Addy man , P . V ., 1 973.
' The Ang lo-Saxon v i l lage a t Cha l ton , Han ts .' ,
Med ieva l Archaeology , XV I I , p p . 1 -25. Ahrens , C ., 1 966.
' Vorgesch ich te d es Kreises P inneberg u nd d er I nsel
H e lgo land ' , Vor- u nd F rühgesch ich t l iche Denk mä ler u nd Funde i n S ch leswig-Hols te in , V I I , p p. 2 05-32. B ar ton , K . J ., 1 962.
' Set t le men t o f t he e ar ly I ron Age a nd p agan S axon
p er iods a t L inford ( quarry , Muck ing , )E ssex ', Transact ions o f t he E ssex Archaeo loa lca l S ociety s er ies 3 , I , p p . 5 7-104 . B e l l , M., 1 977.
' Excava tions a t B ishops tone ', S ussex Archaeolog ica l
C o l lec t ions , 1 15. ' The Ang lo-Saxon p eriod ,' p p . 1 93-241 . B ing ley , R ., 1 972-3.
J ourna l o f t he Thurrock Loca l H is tory S ocie ty , 1 6,
p p. 3 9-52. B ond , D ., 1 979.
i n La ter Bronze Age S et t le men t , f or thco ming i n B . A . R .
e ds . Barrett J . & Brad ley , R . Done , G . C ., 1 975 .
E ssex Archaeo log ica l S ociety N ews le t ter , 5 1 , p . 9 .
E v ison , V . I . , 1 968 .
' Quoi t b rooch s tyle b uck les ' , An t iquar ies J ourna l ,
XLV I I I , p p . 2 31-249 . E v ison , V . I . , 1 977.
' Suppor ting a rm b rooches a nd e qua l-ar med b rooches
i n Eng land ' , S tud ien z ur S achsen forschung , p p . 1 27-147. E v ison , V . I . , 1 979 . G e l l ing , M ., 1 978 . G r ieve , H ., 1 959 .
Whee l-thrown P o ttery i n Ang lo-Saxon G raves . S ignpos ts t o t he Pas t , p p. 1 19-123.
T he G rea t T ide , p . 5 .
H edges , J . & Buck ley , D ., 1 979.
' Excava t ions a t aN eol i th ic G ausewayed
Enclosure , Orset t , Essex , 1 975 ' , P roceedings o f t he Preh is toric S ociety , 4 4 , p . 2 55. Hurs t , J . G ., 1 976.
' The P ot tery ' , The Archaeo logy o f Ang lo-Saxon
Eng land , e d. Wi lson , D . M., p p . 2 83-348 .
3 5
J ones , M. U . e t a l ., 1 968 .
' Crop- mark s i tes a t Muck ing , Essex ' , An t iquar ies
J ourna l , XLV I I I , p p. 2 10-230 . J ones , M. U ., 1 973 .
' ? Woo lco mb war mers f ro m Muck ing , Essex ' ,
An t iquar ies J ourna l , L I I I , p . 4 11. J ones , M. U ., 1 974a .
' Excava t ions a t Muck ing , Essex -a s econd i n ter im
r epor t ' , An t iquar ies J ourna l , L IV , p p . 1 83-199. J ones , M. U ., 1 974b.
' An Ear ly S axon l andscape a t Muck ing , Essex :
s et t le-
men t ' , Ang lo-Saxon S et t le men t a nd Landscape , B . A. R . 6 , e d . R ow ley T . , p p . 2 0-28 . J ones , M. U ., & W. T ., 1 975 .
' Crop- mark s i tes a t Muck ing , Essex ,
Eng land ' , R ecen t Archaeolog ica l Excava t ions i n Europe , e d . BruceMi t ford R ., p p. 1 33-187. J ones , M. U ., 1 977.
' Meta l lurg ica l f inds f ro m a mu l t i-per iod s e t t le men t
a t Muck ing , E ssex ' , Aspects o f e ar ly me ta l lurgy , e d . Oddy W. A ., p p. 1 17-120. J ones , M. U ., 1 979.
i n La ter Bronze Age S e tt le men t , f or thco m ing i n B . A. R.
e ds . Barret t , J . & Brad ley , R . J ones , W. T ., 1 974.
' An e ar ly S axon l andscape a t Muck ing , E ssex :
c e me-
t er ies ' , Ang lo-Saxon S et t le men t a nd Landsca e , B . A. R . 6 , e d . R owley , T .,p p . 2 9-35 . L osco-Bra : Iley , S ., 1 974.
' The Ang lo-Saxon S et t le men t a t Ca thol me , Bar ton-
u nder.Nc‘ .dwood , S ta f fs . i n ter im r epor t ' , Tren t Va l ley Archaeo log ica l Research C o m mi ttee , r epor t n o. 8 , p p . 3 -34. Loyn , H . R ., 1 962.
Ang lo-Saxon Eng land a nd t he N or man C onques t , p . 3 0.
Myres , J . N . L ., 1 968 .
' The Ang lo-Saxon p o t tery f ro m Muck ing ' , An t iquar ies
J ourna l , XLV I II , p p. 2 22-28 . Myres , J . N . L ., 1 977. Per iod . R igold , S . E ., 1 977.
A C orpus o f Ang lo-Saxon Po t tery o f t he Pagan
' A g roup o f ' Pr i mary S cea t tas ' f ro m Muck ing , E ssex ' ,
An t iquar ies J ourna l , LV I I , p p . 3 21-2. S ternquis t , B ., 1 967.
' Das Proble m d er G rübenhauser i n S üdschweden ' ,
J ahrbuch d es Rö m isch-Ger manischen Z en tra l museums Ma inz , 1 4 , p p. 1 44-152. S t . J oseph , J . K ., 1 964.
' A ir R econna issance ;
Recen t R esu l ts ' , An t iqu i ty
XXXVI I I , p p. 1 51 , 2 17-8 , P l . m v i i ( b ). To l ler , H .,
f or thco m ing .
v an Es , W. A ., 1 967.
' Excava tions a t Orset t C ock , Essex '.
Wi js ter -a n a t ive v i l lage b eyond t he Imper ia l f ron t ier ,
1 50-425 A . D. Wes t , S . E ., 1 978 .
' D ie S ied lung Wes t S tow i n S u f fo lk ' , S achsen u nd Angel-
s achsen , e d . Ahrens , C . ,p p . 3 95-412 . Wi lson , D . M., 1 976.
' Cra f t a nd i ndus try ' , The Archaeo logy o f Ang lo-Saxon
Eng land , e d . Wi lson , D . M., p . 2 71.
3 6
Z i m mer mann , W. H ., 1 978 .
' Econo my o f t he R o man I ron Age s e tt le men t
a t F lögeln , Kr . C uxhaven . Lower S axony-husbandry ,
c a t t le f ar m ing a nd
manufactur ing ' , L owland I ron Age C o m mun i t ies i n Europe , e ds . eun li f fe , B . &R owley , T ., p p . 1 47-165 .
3 7
B . A . R . S -48,
3 .
ON THE OR IG IN AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE EARLY ANGLO-SAXON D ISC BROOCH Tan ia M . D ick inson
I NTRODUCTION Ear ly Ang lo-Saxon d isc b rooches —no t t o b e c on fused w i th t he s im i lar ly n a med b u t l uxury g arne t-in la id d isc b rooches o f K en t —are u nprepossess ing a r te fac ts .
They a re r ound b rooches o f modes t s ize , c as t i n ac opper a l loy ,
a nd t hey c an b e o rnamen ted w i th c oncen tr ic g rooves o r mou ld ings , n otches o n t he p er i me ter , ' bu l ls ' e yes ' , a nd a v ar ie ty o f s ta mps .
They s how n o o b-
v ious f or ma l d evelop men t , n or d o t hey f a l l i n to c onv incing t ypo log ica l g roups . I ti s h ard ly s urpr is ing t ha t t hey h ave a t tracted l i t t le s cho lar ly a t ten t ion , a nd t ha t t heir o r ig in a nd c hrono logy i s p oor ly u nders tood . Ba ldwin B rown d is m issed t he m i n af ew l ines , d oub t less b ecause t hey l acked a ny " typo logy o r e vo lu t ion" , t hough h e d id r e mark o n t he ir w idespread d is tr ibu t ion a nd e ar ly d a ting .
1
B y 1 945 L eeds c ou ld r e fer t o 2 40 e xa mp les ,
b u t h e t oo a t te mp ted n o c lassi f ica tion , a nd h is d iscuss ion was c orrespond ing ly b r ie f .
H e d id make t wo p er t inen t c o m men ts , h owever :
f irs t , d isc b rooches
a re f oun i . : e ssen tia l ly i n s ou thern a nd ' Saxon ' d is tr ic ts o f Eng land , i n c on tras t w i th , f or e xamp le , t he more 'Ang l ian ' l arge f la t a nnu lar b rooches ;
s econd ,
s ince t here a re n o N or th European p ro to types , t he d isc b rooch may h ave e vo lved f ro m s o me R o mano-Br i t ish f or m i n much t he s ame way t ha t L eeds e nv isaged Ang lo-Saxon p enannu lar a nd f la t a nnu lar b rooches d eve loping f ro m R o mano-Ce l t ic e xe mp lars .
2
S ince L eeds wro te , s tudy h as b een l im i ted t o
d iscussion o f i ndiv idua l b rooches , ma in ly i n t he c on tex t o f s i te o r c e me tery r epor ts .
L eeds ' i dea o f aR o man b ackground h as b een r ei tera ted , a nd a n
u ndef ined d a t ing o f ' f i f th a nd s ix th c en tur ies ' i s c o m mon ly a dvanced .3 H owever , Morr is h as a rgued t ha t f i f th-cen tury e xa mp les a re r are a nd t ha t d a table p ieces a re s ix th-cen tury , mos t ly l a te s ix th-cen tury ; h is r eason ing h as b een f o l lowed b y o ther wr i ters .4
T he mos t d e ta i led d iscuss ion o f d isc-brooch c hrono logy
y e t h as r ecen t ly b een p ubl ished b y We lch :
wh i le a cknow ledg ing t he s ix th-
c en tury e v idence , h e c i tes a f ew e xa mp les f or wh ich t he g rave-assoc ia t ions i mp ly a d a te i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he f i f th c en tury .
5
I n t he c ourse o f s tudying t he g rave- ma ter ia l f ro m t he U pper Tha mes R eg ion —in wh ich d isc b rooches a re t he mos t c o m mon s ing le b rooch-for m ( 181 s pec i mens ) a nd s o c ou ld s carce ly b e i gnored —I r ea l ised t ha t d iscussion c ou ld b e f ur ther a dvanced .
I n t urn , s o me l igh t may b e c as t o n t he d i f f icu l t
p roble m o f d a t ing g raves i n g enera l a t t h is p er iod a nd a lso o n t he r ecurren t q ues t ion o f t he r e la t ionsh ip b e tween t he i mm igran t Ang lo-Saxons a nd t he i nd ig enous R o mano-Br i t ish p opu la t ion .
Imake n o c la i ms , h owever , t o h ave
c o mpi led a f u l l c orpus o f d isc b rooches , n or t o h ave made a n e xhaus t ive s tudy o f t he m ;
r a ther Ih ave a dded t o my p ar t icu lar k now ledge o f t he U pper Tha mes
3 9
s er ies ( wh ich , i n 1 945 , a ccoun ted f or h a l f o f L eeds ' e xa mp les ) a more g enera l a cqua in tance w i th t he p ubl ished a nd s o me o f t he u npubl ished ma ter ia 1 .6
On
t h is b as is Ih ope t o i l lus tra te a f ew a spec ts o f d isc-brooch h is tory. CLASS IFICATION AND MANUFACTURE A t p resen t l i t t le h eadway c an b e made w i th a d eta i led c lassi f ica t ion , a nd h ence c hrono logy , f or d isc b rooches . They v ary r e markably l i t t le i n s ize : t he d ia me ters o f t he U pper Thames e xa mp les l i e w i th in t he r ange 2 6 mm t o 4 5 mm , w i th 8 0% f a l l ing w i th in o ne s tandard d ev ia t ion ( 4 mm ) o f t he mean ( 3 6 mm ) .
Measure men ts wh ich Ih ave t aken o nb rooches f ro m o ther a reas
s ugges t t ha t t h is p a t tern i s t rue o f t he e n t ire c orpus . u nusua l ly u n i for m , e ven r egu la ted , p roduc t ion .
I f s o , i t imp l ies a n
B u t a na lys is o f t he d ecora t ive
s che mes i nd ica tes n o s uch r egu lar i ty , r a ther a r ando m p roduct ion o f d es igns b u i l t u p f ro m e ssen t ia l ly s i mp le d ev ices .
On t he o ne h and , s im i lar d es igns
( e .g . aq u incunx o f ' bu l ls ' e yes ' ( F igs . 3 .2 , a -b ;
3 .4 , a ;
3 .5 , c ;
o r c oncen tr ic g rooves a round a c en tra l d epress ion ( F igs . 3 .4 , b ;
3 .7 , c ) 3 .13 , d )
d o r ecur , b u t g iven t he ir v ery s i mp lici ty i t wou ld b e f oo l ish t o i nfer a c o m mon manufac turing s ource o r d a te ;
t hey c ou ld e as i ly h ave b een c rea ted i ndepen-
d en t ly a nd o n s evera l d if feren t o ccas ions .
O n t he o ther h and , t he p o ten t ia l
n u mber o fp er muta t ions o f t he i nd iv idua l d ecora t ive d ev ices i s v ery g rea t , s o t ha t more e labora te d es igns a re r are ly r epea ted .
I n b oth c ases t he me thod o f
d ecora t ion v i t ia tes a r e l iab le c lass if ica t ion . I n af ew c ases s im i lar i t ies b e tween b rooches a re s u f f ic ien t ly marked t o p er m i t a n a ccep tab le g rouping , t hough e ven h ere t here a re q ua l i f ica t ions . Ag ood e xa mp le i s as er ies d ecora ted w i th a nnu le t a nd t r ip le-do t-intr iang le s ta mps t o w ru ) . b o th Brown a nd We lch h ave r ecen t ly made r e ference .
7
The
ma in g roup c ons is ts o f p a irs f ro m Harnha m H i l l g rave 1 1 , Wi l ts . ( F ig . 3 .6, b ) , L in ton H ea th g rave 1 9 , C a mb. ( Fig . 3 .6 , a ) a nd Orp ing ton g rave 5 8 , K en t ( Fig . 3 .3 , d ) , a nd s ing le tons f ro m B i frons g rave 6 , K en t , Orp ing ton g rave 4 ( F ig . 3 .3 , b ) a nd S tra t ton ( poss ibly t he ' Bar ton ' s i te a t C irences ter ) , G los . ( Fig . 3 .6 , c ) . 8 A l l h ave a c en tra l d epress ion o r p er fora t ion a nd f our c oncen tr ic r ings o f s ta mps : t r iang les , a p ices o u twards , s urround t he c en tre , a nd a re e nc irc led i n t urn b y as econd r ing o f t r iang les , a p ices t o t he c en tre , ar ing o f a nnu le ts , a nd a f ina l o u ter r ing o f t r iang les , a p ices a ga in o u twards . These r ings c an b e s epara ted b y g rooves a nd t he c en tra l d epress ion s urrounded b y c oncen tr ic c hanne ls , t he ir n umber a nd a rrangmen t v arying b etween e xa mp les . Mos t o f t he b rooches h ave a wh i te me ta l s ur face , a nd t he ir d ia me ters v ary b e tween 3 5 mm a nd 3 7 mm .
D espi te t he ir r e markab le c ons is tency , Iam f ar
f ro m c er ta in t ha t t hey were a l l d ecora ted w i th t he s a me s tamp ing t oo ls . Ac o mparable b u t q u i te d is t inct g roup c ons is ts o f t hree p a irs f ro m Barr ing ton A , C a mb. ( Ash mo lean Museu m 1 909.291 ) , H ighdown g rave 1 6, S ussex , 9 a nd K e mps ton , B eds . ( Br i t ish Museum 9 1 , 6 -24 , 1 4 & 1 5 ; F ig . 3 .7 , a ) .
They a re s im i lar i n s ize t o t he f irs t g roup , b u t a l l h ave mu l t ip le
g rooves a round t he c en tra l d epress ion , t wo r ings ( one a round t he c en tre , t he o ther a round t he e gge ) o f t r ip le-do tin-tr iang le s ta mps , a p ices o u twards , a nd a med ian r ing o f a nnu le ts wh ich i s s epara ted f ro m t he o u ter mos t r ing b y ab lank p ane l .
The b rooch f ro m Win ters low H u t ,
Wi l ts . ( Sa l isbury Museu m ;
F ig . 3 .6 , d ) , men t ioned b y Brown , a nd t he o ne f ro m B eddingham H i l l , S ussex ( Fig . 3 .6 , e ) , men t ioned b y We lch ,
1 0
t hough emp loying t r ip le-dot -intr iang le
4 0
s ta mps , d o s o i n q u i te d i f feren t d es igns f ro m t hose o f t he t wo g roups u nder d iscuss ion , a nd s hou ld n o t b e n umbered w i th t he m . The d i f f icu l ties o f c lassi fying d isc b rooches migh t b e l essened b y ab e t ter u nders tand ing o f h ow t hey were made .
The b rooches s ee m t o b e c as t ;
a t
l eas t , t he l ugs f or p in-ho lder a nd c a tchp la te s ee m t o b e c as t i n o ne w i th t he b rooch a s o n o ther c as t b rooches o f t he p er iod . n or ma l ly a pp l ied a f ter c as t ing :
H owever , d ecora t ion was
c oncen tr ic l ines a nd a rcs were i nc ised e i ther
w i th a c o mpass o r f reehand ( e .g . F igs . 3 .5 , f ;
3 .8 , b ) , c en tra l p erfora t ions
may h ave b een d r i l led , s ta mps were i mpressed w i th p unches , a nd ' bu l ls ' e yes ' may h ave b een p roduced w i th a r o ta t ing t ubu lar i ns trumen t , s uch a s a ppears we l l i l lus tra ted o n ab rooch f ro m H ighdown ( Fig . 3 .8 , a ) .1 1 D e ta i led s tudy o f s tamps a nd ' bu l ls ' e yes ' migh t h e lp t o r e la te b rooches , t hough v a l id c r i ter ia f or d i f feren t ia t ing c o m mon s ta mps w i l l h ave t o b e e s tabl ished : i ti s e v iden t t ha t t he a ng le a nd f orce o f impac t c an a l ter a n i nd iv idua l s ta mp 's a ppearance , mak ing c o mpar isons b e tween b rooches d i f f icu l t .
Many d isc b rooches were
f in ished b y a n a pp l ica t ion o f al ayer o f wh i te me ta l , p robab ly t in o r h igh-t in b ronze , t o t he ir u pper s ur face .1 2 A bou t 4 5% o f t he U pper Thames b rooches e xh ibi t t h is , a nd i ti s e v iden t t ha t i t was u sed e spec ia l ly o n t he more o rna te b rooches ;
o n ly 1 8% o f t he u ndecora ted b rooches h ad t h is f in ish .
Un t i l a more d e ta i led s ubd iv is ion c an b e e s tabl ished , d isc b rooches w i l l h ave t o b e t rea ted a s a who le.
N ever the less , t heir p er iod o f u se c an b e more
c lose ly d e f ined , a nd s o me c o m men ts c an b e made a bou t t heir l i ke ly o r ig in . CHRONOLOGY Ib ase L _y a rgu men t o n a bou t f or ty c losed f inds wh ich c on ta in d isc b rooches i n a ssocia t ion w i th d a table o b jec ts .
B y ' da table o b jec ts ' Imean i t e ms f or
wh ich a g enera l p er iod o f c urrency a s g rave-goods c an b ee s tabl ished b y r e fe rence , i n t urn , t o e xa mp les f ro m we l l a ssocia ted c on tex ts a nd u l t i ma te ly t o a sse mblages f or wh ich a f i xed d a te i n a bso lu te t ime i s o bta inable .
The i nheren t
weaknesses o f t h is method , n o tab ly t he l i abi l i ty t o c ircu lar a rgu men t , a re we l l k nown , 1 3 b u t i n t he a bsence o f i nsu lar c hrono log ies b ased o n h or izon ta l s tra t igraphy o r s equence-da t ing o f al arge s er ies o f g rave-asse mblages , i t w i l l h ave t o s u f f ice . My s a mp le may s ee m sma l l ( i t p robably r epresen ts 1 0% t o 1 5% o f a l l d isc b rooches ) , b u t i s u n l ike ly t o b e sma l ler t han t he n u mber o f a ssoc ia ted g roups a va i lable f or many o ther c lasses o f a r te fac t . b o th t he s a mp le a nd t he means o f d a t ing may b e b iased .
H owever ,
A l though Ih ave d rawn
h a lf f ro m t he U pper Tha mes R eg ion , t he s ource p robab ly o f h a l f o f a l l d isc b rooches , Ih ave c o l lec ted t he o ther h a l f f ro m j us t ah and fu l o f museums a nd f ro m r e ferences wh ich Ih ave c o me a cross ; i s t ru ly r ando m .
i ti s d i f f icu l t t o s ay whe ther t h is
' Da t ing b y a ssocia t ion ' d epends o n c urren t k nowledge o f
a r te fac t c hrono logy , wh ich h as a dvanced c ons iderably f ur ther i n s o me q uar ters t han o thers .
F or e xa mp le , i n my s tudy o f t he U pper Tha mes ma ter ia l Ia rgued
t ha t b eads o f amber , r ock c rys ta l a nd me ta l-in-g lass were e ssen t ia l ly s ix thc en tury. 1 4 Ih ave u sed t h is h ere t o d a te a n umber o f g rave-groups t o t he s ix th c en tury , a nd b y s o d o ing h ave we igh ted t he a rgu men t , f or Ic anno t , i n c o mpar is on , p o in t t o a ny s pec if ica l ly f if th-cen tury b ead-types .
I n t h is c onnec t ion , i ti s
n o table t ha t o n ly o ne o f t he g rave-groups f or wh ich Ip ropose a f i f th-cen tury d a te c on ta ins a no ther b rooch-for m , whereas t hree i nc lude p o ts a nd f our h ave b e l t-f i t t ings .
Th is c on tras ts w i th t he s ix th-cen tury a sse mblages i n wh ich o ther
4 1
b rooch-for ms a nd b eads a re t he ma in a ssocia t ions .
N o d oub t t h is t oo r ef lec ts
o ur u neven k now ledge , b u t i t may e qua l ly i nd ica te a g enu ine c hrono log ica l d is t inct ion i n g rave-asse mb lages . Wi th t hese p oin ts i n mind Is ha l l r ev iew i n d e ta i l t he d a t ing e v idence. I n b r ief , t he a ssoc ia ted f inds s ugges t t ha t t he c h ie f p er iod i n wh ich d isc b rooches were b ur ied was t he h undred y ears o r s o b e tween a bou t A .D. 4 50 a nd 5 50 . A s ign i f ican t n u mber o f f inds f ro m t he Tha mes Va l ley a nd f ar ther s ou th a re f ro m p robable f i f th-cen tury c on tex ts ;
av ery f ew migh t e ven b e e ar ly f i f th-
c en tury p roduc ts . On t he o ther h and , t he n u mber o f b rooches f ound w i th l a ter s ix th-cen tury o b jec ts i s —pace Morr is —no tably sma l l , a nd s evera l o f t he b rooches f ro m s ix th-cen tury b ur ia ls s how e v idence o f e x tre me wear a nd r epa ir . B u t n ow f or t he d e ta i ls .
Ib eg in w i th t en f i f th-cen tury d epos i ts , wh ich I
s ha l l d iscuss a ccord ing t o t he t ype o f a ssocia ted o b ject .
B er ins f ie ld g rave 8 ,
Oxon . ( Fig . 3 .7 , b ) , c on ta ined t he o n ly a ssocia t ion w i th a no ther b rooch-for m —an e qua l-ar med b rooch wh ich l acks t he u sua l ' ch ip-carved ' d ecora t ion . I n s ize , p ro f i le a nd g enera l d ecora t ion i tc o mpares we l l w i th a b rooch f ro m Aa lden i n t he N ether lands wh ich B öhme c lassi f ied w i th h is ' Sah lenburg ' t ype a nd d a ted t o p erhaps t he f irs t h a l f o f t he f i f th c en tury .
Bu t E v ison h as p er-
s uas ive ly a rgued t ha t i ti s as i mp li f ied c opy o f c er ta in i nsu lar e qua l-ar med b rooches , wh ich , s he t h inks , were p robably made a f ter t he midd le o f t he f i f th c en tury .1 5 I ti s t en y ears n ow s ince E v ison e n larged o ur u nders tand ing o f ' Quoi tB rooch S tyle
o y p o in t ing t o i t s b eg inn ings i n t he e ar ly f i f th c en tury a nd i t s
r ole i n t he p roduc t ion o fb e l t-f i t t ings o f e ssen t ia l ly La te R o man f or m .
One
o f h er c h ief e xamp les —a b uck le f ro m O rp ing ton g rave 5 1 —was f ound w i th a d isc b rooch ( F ig . 3 .2 , d -e ) . 1 6 S ince t he b uck le p la te h ad b een c u t a cross a nd t he p in r ep laced b y o ne o f i ron , t he b e l t may h ave b een o ld when b ur ied , t hough a d a te o f d epos i t ion w i th in t he f i fth c en tury i s s t i l l a dm iss ible .
E v ison
a lso d rew a t ten t ion t o ab uck le , l ikewise b ur ied w i th a p a ir o f d isc b rooches , f ro m L ong Wi t tenha m I , g rave 1 65 , B erks . ( Fig . 3 .2 , a -c ) .
1 7
i n t he l ap o f t he s ke le ton a nd c ou ld h ave b een f as ten ing ab e l t .
I t was f ound I tb e longs t o
a sma l l s ub-group o f Hawkes ' T ype I A i nsu lar L a te R o man b uck les wh ich a re c harac ter ised b y t he ir e x tre me c rud i ty a nd b y l oops w i th r ounded ( no t a ngu lar o r r ec tangu lar ) f ron ts a nd , o f ten , l apped-over h inge-bars ; t hey may b e a l oca l p roduct o f t he U pper Tha mes R eg ion o r i t s e nv irons d ur ing t he f i f th c en tu r y .
Tha t T ype I A b uck les c on t inued i n to t he f i f th c en tury h as a lways
1 8
b een r ecogn ised , a nd t he d iscovery o f a n a ngu larlooped e xa mp le a t B eddingha m H i l l t e mp ted We lch t o s ugges t t ha t i t migh t h ave b een a ssocia ted w i th t he d isc b rooch f ro m t h is s i te ( above , p . 4 0 )a nd s o b e a no ther h in t o f f i f th-cen tury d a t ing .
1 9
Un for tuna te ly , t here i s n o g ood e v idence f or t he a ssoc ia t ion , s o I
e xc lude t h is e xa mp le f ro m my a rgumen t .
A l fr is ton g rave 1 4 , S ussex , c on-
t a ined a d isc b rooch t oge ther w i th ab uck le o f H awkes ' T ype I IB , a n e ar ly f i f th-cen tury c on t inen ta l t ype , a nd a ' Quo i t-Brooch S ty le ' D -sec t ioned t ubu lar b e l t-f i t t ing ( Fig . 3 .8 , b ) .
2 0
The b uck le i s worn a nd b roken , a nd s ince t he
p os i t ion o f t hese o b jec ts i n t he g rave i s u nrecorded , i t migh t b e a rgued t ha t t hey were p ar t o f ap urse-co l lec t ion , h oarded a s s crap- me ta l , c ur ios o r t a l is mans .
2 1
Bu t s ince t h is g rave was t ha t o f a man ( i t c on ta ined a s pearhead )
a nd s ince p urse-co l lec t ions a re u sua l ly a f e ma le p erqu is i te , t h is o b jec t ion may b e o verco me ;
t he g rave may b e f i f th-cen tury. 4 2
I ti s r e levan t h ere t o n o te t ha t b e l tf i t t ings , e spec ia l ly f ro m La te R o man ( i .e . f our th-cen tury ) m i l i tary b e l ts , a re n o t u nco m mon i n wo men 's p ursec o l lec t ions . b ur ia l .
C onsequen t ly , s uch ma ter ia l c anno t s uppor t a n e ar ly d a te f or
S o Ie xc lude f ro m c ons idera t ion , f or e xa mp le , t he d isc b rooch
2 2
f ound w i th af ragmen t o f a Hawkes ' T ype I o penwork b e l t-p la te i n Lu ton g rave 8 , B eds .
‚ 23
a nd t he r ecen t d iscovery o f ap a ir o f b rooches i n H arwel l g rave
8 , B erks ., t oge ther w i th v ar ious b ronze o dd men ts i nc lud ing a p ropel lers haped b e l t-s t i f fener .2 4
Ano ther p rope l ler-shaped s t i f fener was f ound i n
M ins ter L ovel l g rave 3 , Oxon ., w i th a R o man me lon b ead , o ne b ead o f j e t a nd s even o f g lass , as e t o f t o i le t i mp le men ts w i th f ace ted s te ms , a nd t wo d i f feren t d isc b rooches , o ne o f wh ich h ad h ad i t s b roken p in-f i t t ings r ep laced b y c rude ' s tap led ' a t tachmen ts ( Ash molean Museum ;
F ig . 3 .4 , a , b , d -g ).
Tha t t h is was i ndeed a f i f th-cen tury , p oss ibly e ven a n e ar ly f i f th-cen tury , b ur ia l may b e i nd ica ted b y a n u nusua l k n i fe a lso f ound i n i t ;
i th as a l ong
n arrow t ang a nd i s b es t p ara l le led b y at ype f ound i n L ower S axony d ur ing t he l a ter f our th a nd e ar ly f i f th c en tury ( F ig . 3 .4 , c ) .
2 5
There s ee ms n o g ood
r eason t o a rgue t ha t t h is i s a n ' he ir loo m ' , a nd s o M ins ter L ove l l g rave 3 s hou ld b e f i f th-cen tury .
I f s o , i t s o ne r epa ired b rooch migh t b e e v idence t ha t
d isc-brooch manufac ture b egan q u i te e ar ly i n t he c en tury. My l as t e xa mp le o f a n a ssocia t ion w i th b e l t-f i t t ings i s f ro m Orping ton g rave 4 :
i tc on ta ined ab ronze r ibbed k idney-shaped b uck leloop ( Fig . 3 .3 ,
a -c ) .2 6 A l though k idney-shaped b uck les a ppear o n La te R o man b e l ts a nd c on t inue i n to t he e ar ly s ix th c en tury , t hey a re p ar t icu lar ly a f ea ture o f t he f i f th c en tury.
2 7
The b ronze e xa mp les a re u sua l ly r ibbed , p ara l le l ing t he
s i lverin la id i ron v ers ions , wh ich a re e qua l ly t yp ica l o f t h is c en tury. Three g rave-groups c on ta in p o ts . t he f i f th c en tury p osed b y Myres .
2 8
I n e ach c ase , t hey wou ld b e p laced i n
a ccord ing t o t he a rgu men ts a nd c lassi f ica tory s che me p ro2 9
R ecen t ly , h owever , t here h as b een a r eac t ion a ga ins t
t he r a ther p rec ise a nd o f ten v ery e ar ly d a tes wh ich Myres h as a t tr ibu ted t o much o f t he Eng l ish p o t tery .
Doub ts h ave a r isen p ar t icu lar ly a bou t t he c r i ter ia
t o b e u sed i n p ara l le l ing o ne p o t w i th a no ther , a nd a bou t t he r e l iabi l i ty o f d a t ing p o t tery ' by a ssoc ia t ion '.
3 0
S o Ic i te t he p o t tery a ssocia t ions a dv ised ly.
Two may a rguably r epresen t e ar ly s ix th- r a ther t han f i f th-cen tury b ur ia ls , b u t t he t h ird , f ro m O rp ing ton g rave 5 8 , h as a g ood c la im t o b e r egarded a s g enu ine ly e ar ly. 3 1 I ti s n o tewor thy t ha t t h is i s t he t h ird f if th-cen tury f ind wh ich Ih ave c i ted f ro m Orp ing ton—a c e me tery wh ich h as a n u nusua l ly h igh n umber o f r ecogn isably l a ter f i f th-cen tury g raves a nd p robab ly wen t o u t o f u se b y a bou t A .D. 5 50. 3 2 The p o t ( Fig . 3 .3 , e ) i s b icon ica l w i th a c oncave c y l inder n eck a nd i s d ecora ted w i th l inear s tehende B ogen a nd t hree fold a rrangmen ts o f d i mp les ;
t o Myres i ti s ac lass ic e xa mp le o f at ype f ound
f ro m H o ls te in t hrough L ower S axony t o Fr is ia i n t he l a ter f our th a nd e ar l ier f i f th c en tu r y .
3 3
A l though t he i nd iv idua l mo t i f o f s tehende B ogen c on tinued
i n u se i n t he s ix th c en tury ,
3 4
i t s c o mbina t ion w i th a n u mber o f o ther e ar ly
f ea tures o n t he Orp ing ton u rn l ends s uppor t t o af i f th-cen tury d a t ing i n t h is c ase . The h or izon ta l s tra t igraphy a t S pong H i l l , N or fo lk , may c on f ir m s uch ad a t ing f or t h is p o t-s ty le. 3 5 A l mos t c er ta in ly a ssoc ia ted w i th t he d isc b rooches i n M i tcha m g rave 1 11 , S urrey , was a g lobu lar u rn w i th s hor t u pr igh t n eck .3 6 F or Myres i t s f or m i s t yp ica l o f l a te f our th- a nd f i f th-cen tury p o t tery f ro m F yn a nd S ch leswig , 4 3
wh i le i t s d ecora t ion , b und les o f v er t ica l o r c hevron l ines b enea th h or izon ta l g rooves , t hough f ound more o f ten i n L ower S axony a nd F r is ia , i s t o b e d er ived u l t i ma te ly f ro m e ar ly Ang l ian t rad i t ions .
The c lass ic e xpress ion o f t hese
t rad i t ions , t he p o t tery o f F yn a nd S ch leswig w i th massed r ec t i l inear d ecora t ion , i s n ow t hough t t o h ave p ers is ted t hroughou t t he f i f th c en tury ,
3 7
s o ad a te e ar ly
i n t he f i f th c en tury n eed n o t b e c la i med f or t he M i tcha m p o t , a nd , g iven i t s r a ther c rude a nd s i mp le o rna men t , ad a te a f ter t he f i f th c en tury s hou ld p erh aps n o t b e e xc luded .
A bingdon I , g rave 1 4 , B erks ., c on ta ined t hree p o ts
a nd may l ikewise b e f i f th-cen tury o r a rguab ly e ar ly s ix th-cen tury. b ow l a nd d ish a re u nda table ,
3 8
The p la in
b u t t he p edes ta l-foo ted a nd b ossed v ase ( F ig .
3 .3 , f )i s r e la ted t o as er ies o f z oo morph ic b ossed p o ts wh ich b o th Myres a nd Ev ison h ave p laced i n t he f i f th c en tury.
E v ison , c oncerned p ar t icu lar ly w i th
t he e xa mp le f ro m G rea t C hes ter ford g rave 3 3 , E ssex , p re ferred a d a te e ar ly i n t he f i f th c en tury ; b u t Myres , s ince h e d a ted B ucke lurnen a f ter t he m idd le o f t he c en tury , a nd s ince h e s aw s ty l is t ic l i nks b e tween z oo morph ic b ossed p o ts a nd h is e ar ly s ix th-cen tury ' l ong-boss ' b ow ls , a dvanced a d a te i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he c en tury.
3 9
The A b ingdon b rooches ( F ig . 3 .7 , c ) a re s im i lar b u t f or t he ir b order d es ign t o ab rooch f ound i n We l l 1 35 a t P or tches ter C as t le , Han ts .
We lch
d a ted i tt o t he l a te f i f th o r e ar ly s ix th c en tury , b as ins h is a rgu men t o n s o me o f t he g rave-groups wh ich Ih ave a lready men t ioned . 4 ° The b rooch l ay i n t he l ower p ar t o f as even-foo t d eep s i l t-f i l led wa ter-ho le , wh ich was s ubsequen t t o a nd s ea led t he s i l ted-up s ha f t o f ap robab ly L a te R o man we l l . l eve ls o f t he l a t ter was a f i f th-cen tury f ires tee 1 .4 1
I n t he u pper
At ur f l ayer c on ta in ing
s tamped s herds s ea led t he wa terho le , a nd was t hen c u t t hrough i n t he d igg ing o f an ew we l l .
I n wha t Cun l i f fe i n terprets a s t he c lay u pcas t f ro m t h is o pera t ion
was a n ear c o mp le te p o t d ecora ted w i th s ta mped s tehende B ogen .
Myres d a tes
t h is t o b efore 5 00 , wh i le Cun l i f fe p u ts i ti n t he s ix th c en tury. 4 z I f Myres i s r igh t , t hen t he d isc b rooch mus t b e f i f th-cen tury t oo , b u t t h is wou ld i mpose av ery c o mpressed c hrono logy o n t he e n t ire we l l-sequence . 43 S ince , a s I h ave n o ted a bove ( p . 4 3 ) , Myres a ccep ts t ha t s tamped s tehende B ogen d es igns were made i n t he s ix th c en tury , Cun li f fe 's d a t ing may b e p referred . B u t t he o vera l l s tra t igraphy o f t he we l l s hou ld s t i l l i mp ly a l a te f i f th-cen tury d a te f or t he d isc b rooch . Ic o me n ow t o f ive g rave-groups wh ich migh t b e e i ther l a ter f i f th- o r e ar l ier s ix th-cen tury.
Mi tcham g rave 2 29 c on ta ined b es ides i t s d isc b rooch
a n i ron b uck le , p oss ibly i n la id w i th s i lver w ire , af ragmen t o f ab road f l a t a nnu lar o r q uo i t b rooch , a pparen t ly s uspended f ro m ab e l t , a nd a l ong c as t b ronze p in d ecora ted w i th f ace ts , k nobs a nd b eads —a ' K lappersch muck ' p in ( Fig . 3 .5 , a -c ) . 44
A s im i lar p in was a lso f ound w i th a p a ir o f d isc b rooches
i n L eagrave g rave 1 , B eds . 45 On t he C on t inen t s uch p ins were u sed f or t he h a ir a nd d a te f ro m t he l a te f our th a nd f i f th c en tur ies , 46 b u t t hree e xa mp les f ro m A l fr is ton ( graves 2 9 , 6 2 a nd 6 5 ) s ee m , o n t he b as is o f t he ir a ssoc ia t ions , a l l t o h ave b een b ur ied i n t he f irs t h a l f o f t he s ix th c en tury .4 7 The b uck le i n t he M i tcha m g rave wou ld b e c ons is ten t w i th a f i f th-cen tury d a te , b u t p la in ly i ts d a te o f b ur ia l i s o pen t o a rgumen t . Among t he g rave-goods f ro m G rea t C hes ter ford g rave 1 32 were t en b eads ( f ive o f amber , f ive o f b lue g lass ) , ap a ir o f d isc b rooches , a nd ab one c o mb w i th a l ong l ow t r iangu lar b ack a nd ' bu l ls ' e ye ' d ecora t ion ( Fig . 3 .10 , a ) . 4 4
The c o mb may b e long t o T ype I Var ian t 2o f T ho mas ' c lass if ica t ion , t hough i ti s l onger t han h er e xa mp les a nd i s d is t ingu ished b y w inged e nd-p ieces . 48 B u t t he e longa ted p ro f i le i s s hared b y ac o mb f ro m I ssendor f g rave 4 2 , Kr . S tade , L ower S axony , f ound i n af i f th-cen tury u rn , b y a no ther f ro m L i t t le Wi lbraha m , C amb. T ho mas ' d a t ing
5 0
4 9
a nd t o al esser d egree
B o th t hese f inds h e lp c on for m
o f t he t ype f ro m t he mid f i f th t o m id s ix th c en tury , wh ich
o therwise r e l ied o n f ew d a tab le g rave- a ssocia t ions .
They may a lso i nd ica te
al i ke ly d a te f or t he G rea t Ches ter ford b ur ia l .5 1 Two ma le g raves w i th d isc b rooches a nd s pearheads may a lso b e long s o mewhere i n t he l a ter f i f th o r e ar l ier s ix th c en tury .
These a re Dorches ter
l i la ( Burco t o r S i te V I I R ound Barrow ) , g rave 2 , Oxon ., w i th a s pearhead o f S wan ton 's T ype L ( Ash mo lean Museu m 1 947.410 ) , a nd R ead ing I , g rave 3 , B erks ., w i th o ne o f
S wan ton 's T ype H 2 .
5 2
I n h is d iscuss ion o f t he P or tches ter me ta lwork , We lch d a ted t wo d iscb rooches t o t he f irs t h a l f o f t he s ix th c en tury .
Barr ing ton B g rave 2 8 , C a mb.,
c on ta ined a n a ppl ied s aucer b rooch w i th s ix-po in t s tar d ecora t ion , a s we l l a s 7 1 g lass b eads a nd t wo o f b ronze ,
5 3
wh i le B i frons g rave 6 i nc luded t wo
s quare-headed sma l llong b rooches , p erhaps s i mp li f ied v ers ions o f t he K en t ish sma l l s quare-headed b rooches , a nd a p er fora ted s poon .
5 4
C rude , b u t r e l ief-
d ecora ted , v ers ions o f t he K en t ish s quare-headed s er ies o ccur i n t wo U pper Tha mes R eg ion g raves t ogether w i th c as t c aucer b rooches o rna men ted w i th a ' weak ' s tar a nd z igzag b order , f or wh ich Iwou ld p ropose a d a te i n t he e ar l ier o r midd le s ix th c en tu r y . t a ined a d isc b rooch .
5 5
One o f t hese g raves , B er ins f ie ld 7 7 , a lso c on-
5 6
The g i_ a t s quare-headed b rooch a ssoc ia ted w i th d isc b rooches i n B r igh th amp ton g rave 5 1 , Oxon . ( Fig . 3 .9 , a -b ) , 5 7 p erhaps i nd ica tes a d a te o f b ur ia l w i th in t he t wo c en tra l q uar ters o f t he s ix th c en tury , t hough u n t i l at horough n ew s urvey o f g rea t s quare-headed b rooches r ep laces L eeds ' s tudy o f 1 949 , o bv ious ly o u tda ted n ow , t h is mus t r e ma in t en ta t ive .
The B r igh tha mp ton
e xa mp le , l i ke o ther g rea t s quare-headed b rooches f ro m t he U pper Thames R eg ion , b e longs t o a n i n terre la ted s er ies f ound i n s ou thern a nd wes tern a reas ; t he ir a ssocia ted g rave-goods s ugges t ab ur ia l-hor izon o f C . 5 25-575 .
5 8
T he
L eeds ' T ype A 3 b rooch f ro m L in ton H ea th g rave 4 1 may d a te f ro m t h is p er iod o r l a ter .5 9 A l though t he s im i lar b rooch f ro m B arr ing ton A g rave 1 1 was f ound w i th a p a ir o f s ix-scro l l s aucer b rooches , p robably o f t he e ar l ier s ix th c en tury , o ther i t e ms c o m mon ly a ssocia ted w i th t h is t ype i mp ly a l a ter d a t ing— the midd le a nd l a ter s ix th c en tury .
6 0
S tyl is t ic c ons idera t ions c on f ir m t h is :
t he
a n i ma l-head p ro ject ions a nd p la in f in ia ls l ink t he A 3 t ype t o Ä berg 's G roups I V a nd V c ruci for m b rooches . 61 Bu t wha tever t he p rec ise d a te o f b ur ia l w i th in t he f u l l o r l a ter s ix th c en tury , t he d isc b rooch i n L in ton H ea th 4 1 h ad b y t hen l os t i t s p r i mary f unc t ion ;
i th ung w i th a n u mber o f o b jec ts f ro m a c hä te la ine .
Three f ur ther g rave-groups t ury .
may b elong i n t he midd le o r l a ter s ix th c en-
The p infi t t ings o n t he d isc b rooch f ro m L ong Wi t tenham I , g rave 9 5
h ave b een c o mp le te ly r e moved a nd r ep laced b y t wo h o les p er fora t ing t he b rooch ( F ig . 3 .10 , b ) ;
t hus i t may h ave b een o ld when b ur ied .
The a ssocia ted s aucer
b rooch ( F ig . 3 .10 , c ) b e longs t o t he l a ter s er ies o f t hese b rooches wh ich s pans t he mid s ix th t o e ar ly s even th c en tur ies , t hough i ti s mos t l i ke a g roup wh ich may d a te f ro m t he e ar l ier p ar t o f t ha t p er iod .
4 5
6 2
I n A lves ton g rave 8 9 , Warks .,
ad isc b rooch was p a ired w i th a n a pp l ied b rooch b ackp la te ;
b o th were f ound
w i th 4 1 amber a nd 4 g lass b eads a nd a r epa ired g rea t s quare-headed b rooch o f p robab ly l a te d a te ( New P lace Museum , S tra t ford-upon-Avon ) .
Af a ir ly
6 3
l a te d a te o f b ur ia l i s a lso imp l ied f or M i tcha m g rave 1 16 b y t he f ragmen t o f aL eeds ' T ype B 6 g rea t s quare-headed b rooch f ound among t he i t e ms o f a p urse-col lec t ion .
Ad isc b rooch a nd a p ane l led s quare-headed sma l l-long
b rooch s erved a s d ress-fas teners .
6 4
An umber o f g raves c an b e d a ted t o t he s ix th c en tury g enera l ly .
They
a re mos t ly s o d a ted b ecause t hey c on ta in a q uan t i ty o f amber b eads a nd/or b eads o f r ock c rys ta l a nd meta l-in-g lass ( ' pear l ' b eads ) , o r s i lver f inger r ings .
6 5
Ic an g ive a f u l l l i s t f ro m t he U pper Tha mes R eg ion o f s uch zraves :
i tc o mpr ises A b ingdon I , B 7 , B 53 ( d isc b rooches r a ther worn ) , B 78 , " Eas t S he f ford I X a nd X I I I , B erks . ,67 a nd Whea t ley 2 7 , Oxon .
6 9
L ong Wi t tenha m I , 5 8 , 1 00 , 1 50 , 1 71 , 1 87 ,
e xamp les f ro m e lsewhere :
t here mus t b e more b es ides G rea t C hes ter ford
g rave 1 8 ( Br i t ish Museum
1 964 ,7-2 ,74 t o 9 4 ) ,
L in ton H ea th g rave 4 5 .
6 8
Bu t Ih ave g a thered o n ly a sma l l s e lec t ion o f G u i ldown g rave 7 7 ,
7 0
a nd
A s im i lar d a te i s s ugges ted f or A bingdon I , g rave
7 1
B 93 b y at r iangu lar v andyke o rna men ted w i th f ace- mask a nd C -scro l ls ( Fig . 3 .10 , d ). I ti s c o mparable w i th t he v andykes o n ad is t inc t ive s er ies o f c ont inen ta l a nd Eng l ish b ucke ts o ft he s ix th c entury .7 2 A ssocia t ions w i th c ruci form b rooches o f Ä berg 's G roup I V may a lso i nd ic a te a s ix th-cen tury d a te .
Un for tuna tely , ac loser d a t ing i s n o t y e t p oss ible
s ince R e ichs tein e xc luded t hese f ro m h is r ecen t s tudy a nd V ierck 's r eexa m in a t ion o f t he m h as s t i l l t o b e p ub l ished .
7 3
One e xa mp le i s S t . J ohn 's C o l lege
C r icke t G round , C ambr idge , ' Group V I ' ( F ig . 3 .11 , a -b ) . 74
L eeds c i ted
a no ther f ro m " Ick l ingham ( Warren H ea th ) 2 " , b u t Ih ave b een u nab le t o t race h is s ource . There a re t wo b ur ia l s i tes a t I ck l ingha m — M i tche l l 's H i l l a nd Warren H i l l . F en ton r ecords a g rave f ro m t he l a t ter s i te i n 1 875 wh ich c on ta ined " a c ruci for m f ibu la
a nd n ear b y t wo c ircu lar f i bu lae" , b u t Ih ave n o t l o-
c a ted t he ir p resen t whereabou ts .
The Br i t ish Museum p ossesses a G roup I V
c ruci for m b rooch a nd a p a ir o f d isc b rooches f ro m Warren H i l l , b u t t hey were a ccessed s epara te ly i n 1 852 a nd 1 853 , a nd t here i s n o r eason t o s uppose t ha t t hey were o r ig ina l ly a ssoc ia ted . 75 Two o ther g rave-groups s hou ld a lso p robably b e omi t ted f ro m c ons idera t ion . One i s ' Group
f ro m G ir ton C o l legr , C a mbr idge , wh ich i s s a id t o h ave c on-
t a ined a p a ir o f d isc b rooches , a n Aberg 's G roup I V many o ther s ix th-cen tury i t e ms .
7 8
c ruci for m b rooch a nd
I t was o ne o f s evera l g roups " found i n
Cambr idge Museum , l abe l led ' G ir ton C ol lege , 1 881 ' , "wh ich H o l l ingwor th a nd O 'Re i l ly a ssumed t o b e u nrecorded b u t g enu ine g rave-groups .
H owever ,
t here i s r eason t o s uspect t ha t g rave- ma ter ia l f ro m G ir ton was mudd led t og ether a nd r easse mbled i n to a r ti f ic ia l g roups a t s o me t ime a f ter t he e xcava t ion .7 7 Ano ther d ubious g rave-group , t he ' Su f fo lk ' g roup f ro m t he R idgeway C o l lec t ion , was i ncluded b y L eeds i n h is n o tes b u t l ef t u npub l ished ; n ow i n t he C a mbr idge Museum ( 2 7.691) , i ti nc ludes a L eeds ' T ype A 4 g rea t s quare-headed b rooch a nd t wo n on- ma tch ing d isc b rooches .
S ir Wi l l iam R idgeway h i msel f r e fers
t o t he g roup , b e l iev ing i tt o h ave c o me f ro m a g enu ine g rave , b u t h e f a i ls t o i nc lude t he a l li mpor tan t g rea t s quare-headed b rooch i n i ts l i s t o f c on ten ts .
4 6
7 8
T able 1 s um mar ises t he e ssen t ia ls o f t h is n ecessar i ly d e ta i led d iscuss ion . N o d oubt my d a tes f or s o me g rave-groups w i l l g ive r ise t o d isagree men t , b u t t here s hou ld b e n o a rgumen t a bou t t he e ar ly p opu lar i ty o f d isc b rooches ( unl ess a l l Ang lo-Saxon c hrono logy i s t o b e r ad ica l ly r earranged , f or wh ich t here i s n o r eason ) .
O f t he 3 9 c losed f inds , Iwou ld d a te t en i n t he f i f th c en tury ;
wh i le mos t o f t hese p robably b e long i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he c en tury , M ins ter L ove l l 3a nd Orping ton 5 8 , a t l eas t, c ou ld b e e ar l ier .
D isc b rooches
p la in ly c on t inued t o b e worn a nd b ur ied i n to t he s ix th c en tury , b u t i ti s n o table t ha t o n ly f our g raves c an b e p laced i n i t s s econd h a l f .
I n o ne o f t hese , L in ton
H ea th 4 1 , t he d isc b rooch n o l onger s erved i t s p r i mary p urpose , s o t he g raveg roup may b e i rre levan t t o t he d a t ing o f d isc brooch u se .
Were t he e xact
d a tes o f t he 1 6 b ur ia ls a scr ibed t o t he ' s ix th-cen tury g enera l ly ' t o b e k nown , t he p ic ture wou ld b e much more d ef in i te .
I ft hese were d is tr ibu ted i n t ime i n
t he s a me p ropor t ions a s t he e igh t s ix th-cen tury f inds wh ich h ave a ' more p recise ' d a ting , t hen d isc b rooches mus t h ave b een u sed i nb ur ia l f a ir ly c ons is ten t ly t hroughou t t he c en tury.
Bu t i ft he f our midd le/ la ter s ix th-cen tury
g raves a re c ons idered i n r e la t ion t o a l l t he ' more p recise ly ' d a ted f inds ( 23 ) , t hen i ti s e v iden t t ha tb ur ia ls w i th d isc b rooches p repondera te i n t he p er iod b e fore t he mid s ix th c en tury.
Th is wou ld b e e ven more marked i fa l lowance
were made f or t he L in ton H ea th 4 1 a sse mb lage .
The g rea t ma jor i ty o f ' s ix th
c en tury g enera l ly ' g raves may , i n f ac t , b e long i n t he e ar l ier h a l f o f t he c ent ury .
S ta t is t ica l a rgumen ts c anno t b e u sed w i th s uch a sma l l s a mp le , b u t i n
my o pin ion i td oes s ugges t t ha t d isc b rooches were c urren t b etween a bou t t he mid f i f th a nd mid s ix th c en tur ies ;
a f ter t ha t t ime t hey b eco me n o t iceably r are .
N o d oubt a s more g rave-groups b eco me k nown , e specia l ly f ro m l arge a nd r ec en t ly e xcava ted c e me ter ies , t h is h ypo thes is w i l l b e p u t t o t he t es t .
TABLE 1 :
DATABLE CLOSED F INDS WITH D ISC BROOCHES
F ind
Da table Associa t ions
A b ingdon I , B 14
B ossed p edes ta l-foo ted v ase
A l fr is ton 1 4
Hawkes I IB b uck le ;
Da te
D-sec t ion
t ube B er ins f ie ld 8
E qua l-ar med b rooch
L ong Wi t tenha m I , 1 65
Hawkes I A b uck le
( ma in ly mid t o
Mins ter L ove l l 3
C on t inen ta l l ong- t anged k n i fe
l a te )
Mi tcham 1 11
R ect i linear-decora ted p o t
Orp ing ton 4
K idney-shaped b uck le
Orp ing ton 5 1
' Quoi t-Brooch S tyle ' b uck le
Orp ing ton 5 8
S tehende B ogen p o t
F i f th C en tury
P or tches ter We l l 1 35 Dorches ter Ma , 2
S wan ton T ype L s pearhead
G rea t Ches ter ford 1 32
Tr iangu lar-backed c o mb
L eagrave 1
K lapperschmuck p in
La ter F i f th o r
M i tcha m 2 29
K lappersch muck p in , i n la id
Ear l ier S ix th
b uck le
C en tury
R ead ing I , 3
S wan ton T ype H 2 s pearhead •
4 7
Da te
Da tab le Associa t ions
F ind Barr ing ton B , 2 8
6 -poin t s tar a pp l ied b rooch
B er ins f ie ld 7 7
D ick inson 4 .1 s aucer b rooch ,
B i frons 6
' Ken t ish ' sma l l s quare-headed
Ear ly t o M id
b rooch P la in sma l l s quare-headed
S ix th C en tury
b rooch , p er fora ted s poon , c rys ta l b a l l Br igh thamp ton 5 1
L eeds B 3 g rea t s quare-headed
M idd le Quar ters
b rooch
o f S ix th C en tury
A lves ton 8 9
L eeds B u nc lassi f ied g rea t s quare-headed b rooch
L in ton H ea th 4 1
L eeds A 3 g rea t s quare-headed
Mid t o La te S ix th
b rooch , s i lver r ibbed b race le t
C en tury
L ong Wi t tenha m I , 9 5
D ick inson 1 5 .2 s aucer b rooch
Mi tcham 1 16
L eeds B 6 g rea t s quare-headed b rooch
A b ingdon I , B 7
5 amber b eads , 1o f c rys ta l
A bingdon I , B 53
8 6 amber b eads , s i lver f inger r ing
A bingdon I , B 78
1 4 amber a nd 7 ' pear l ' b eads
A b ingdon I , B 93
Tr iangu lar b ucke t v andyke
Eas t S he f ford I X
2 8 amber b eads
S ix th C en tury
Eas t S he f ford X II I G rea t Ches ter ford 1 8
1 20 amber b eads
G enera l ly
G u i ldown 7 7
Face ted c rys ta l b ead
S t . J ohn 's C ol lege V I
Ä berg G roup I V c ruci for mbrooch
5 5 amber b eads
L in ton H ea th 4 5
2s i lver f inger r ings
L ong Wi t tenha m I , 5 8
2 2 amber a nd 3 ' pear l ' b eads
L ong Wi t tenha m I , 1 00
1c rys ta l b ead , 2 amber b eads
L ong Wi t tenha m I , 1 50
3 4 amber b eads
L ong Wi t tenha m I , 1 71
2 4 amber b eads , 1c rys ta l b ead
L ong Wi t tenha m I , 1 87
2 amber b eads , 1c rys ta l b ead
Whea t ley 2 7
6 1 a nt her b eads
OR IG INS As f ar a s Iam a ware , L eeds ' s ta te men t t ha t t here a re n o p re- migra t ion c on t inen ta l mode ls f or S axon c as t d isc b rooches i s s t i l l t rue . C o mparable b rooches d o o ccur i n l im i ted n u mbers o n t he C on t inen t , b u t t hey a re e i ther c on te mporary w i th o r l a ter t han t he Eng l ish s er ies .
S evera l h ave b een f ound
i n t he c e me tery a t Vron ( So m me ) i n France . They a ppear t here a s al oca l ised t ype o f t he f i f th c en tury , b u t t hey may b e impor ts f ro m Eng land , f or t h is c e metery a nd a f ew o thers e xcava ted r ecen t ly i n t he C aen P la in h ave p rod uced s evera l S axo-Ju t ish o b jects o f l a ter f i f th- a nd e ar l ier s ix th-cen tury d a te ; 79
t hey a re , a t l eas t , a dd i t iona l e v idence f or my p roposed d a t ing o f d isc
4 8
b rooches .
S o me o f t he d isc b rooches f ound i n S cand inav ia migh t b e i mpor ts ,
b u t mos t a ppear t o b e l oca l p roducts ( ? c opies ). t han t he Eng l ish s er ies a nd l a ter i n d a te :
They a re sma l ler o n a verage
t hose p ubl ished b y Orsnes b e long
t o h is P hase 1 , t he l a ter s ix th a nd e ar l ier s even th c en tur ies , a nd h e d a tes t he S wed ish e xamp les l a te t oo . "
D isc b rooches , o f ten w i th a c en tra l b oss , a re
a lso f ound i n Merov ing ian c e meter ies , b u t t hey a re i n terpre ted a s c heap im it a t ions o f s ix th- a nd s even th-cen tury c lo isonné b rooches .
8 1
G iven t h is l ack o f o bv ious c on t inen ta l p ro to types f or Ang lo-Saxon d isc b rooches a nd t he f ir m e v idence f or t heir f i f th-cen tury , e ven e ar ly f i f th-cen tury , b eg inn ing , i ti s wor th r econs ider ing i n s o me d e ta i l L eeds ' s ugges t ion t ha t t hey r epresen t " a s urv iva l o f t he n a tive e le men t i n t he more R o man ized s ou th" . The l a te M. R . H u l l 's mass ive b u t a s y et u npubl ished C orpus o f R o mano B r i t ish B rooches h as p rov ided me w i th a mos t c onven ien t s tar t ing p o in t , f or i tl i s ts s o me t h ir ty-three d i f feren t t ypes o f d isc b rooch , s evera l o f wh ich migh t b e a nces tra l t o t he S axon f or m .
T o d e mons tra te t h is c onv inc ing ly , h owever ,
8 2
i s d i f f icu l t , f or t he c hrono logy o f R o man b rooches i s f ar l ess we l l d ocumen ted t han t heir t ypo logy a nd d is tr ibu t ion ;
t here i s s t i l l al a men table s hor tage o f
we l l s tra t i f ied o r a ssocia ted e xa mp les . When L eeds wro te o f ap o ten t ia l R o mano-Br i t ish p recursor f or t he S axon d isc b rooch , h e was p robab ly t h ink ing o f b rooches o f H u l l 's T ypes 2 52B , 2 57A a nd 2 59.
The f irs t t wo h ave a c irc le o f b ronze s po ts l ef t i n r e l ief a ga ins t a n
e na me l led b ackground , wh i le t he l as t h as e na me l led c en tra l a nd s urrounding ' bu l ls ' e yes ' ( e .g . F ig . 3 .11 , d ) .
8 3
Ena me l led b rooches a re c us to mar i ly
g iven a f l oru i t i n t he s econd c en tury , t hough t hey were c er ta in ly a lso manuf ac tured b oth b e fore a nd a f ter t ha t d a te .
8 4
S o Hu l l d a ted h is T ype 2 57 t o t he
s econd c en tury a nd p oss ibly i n to t he t h ird , a nd , wh i le a cknow ledg ing t he l ack o f s peci f ic d a t ing e v idence , a ss igned t he o ther t wo t ypes t o t he s a me p er iod . I fh e i s c orrec t , t hen , a s L eeds o bserved , t hese b rooches a re t oo e ar ly t o h ave b een t he im med ia te p recursors o f t he S axon f or m ; t he ir s i mi lar i ty may b e f or tu i tous . A t f irs t g lance , Hu l l 's T ypes 2 70 a nd 2 71 may n o t l ook much l ike t he S axon b rooches e i ther , b u t t hey a re i n f ac t t he mos t p ro m ising c and ida tes f or t he r o le o f p ro to type .
T ype 2 70A i s c ircu lar w i th a r a ised c en tra l s e t t ing o f g lass
o r s tone s urrounded b y af lange ;
t h is f l ange , o f ten g i lded , i s d iv ided b y c on-
c en tr ic r ibs i n to c hanne ls f i l led w i th s ta mped d ecora t ion ; b e t inned ( F ig . 3 .11 , c ) .
t he u nders ide c an
T ypes 2 71A a nd 2 71B a re s im i lar b u t o va l , T ype
2 71B b e ing f ur ther d is t ingu ished b y f our s ubs id iary s e t t ings ( Fig . 3 .12 , a ) .
8 5
The e igh ty-n ine e xa mp les l i s ted b y Hu l l a re d is tr ibu ted ma in ly i n t he s ou thern h a l f o f Eng land , t hough a f ew o ccur a s f ar n or th a s Hadr ian 's Wa l l . The ir c oncen tra t ion i n s ou thern Eng land a nd r ar i ty a broad l ed Hu l l t o a rgue q u i te r easonably f or t he ir manu fac ture i n Eng land . h e d a ted t he m t o t he f our th c en tury . o f t he S axon s er ies :
L ike mos t o ther c o m men ta tors ,
H ere i ndeed c ou ld b e t he R o man o r ig in
a l though t he c abochon s e t t ings c on tras t w i th t he p lane
a spec t o f t he S axon d isc b rooch , o ther f ea tures , e specia l ly t he c oncen tr ic c irc les o f s ta mped d ecora t ion , a re r ead i ly c o mparab le . The ma in imped i men t t o t h is a t tract ive p ropos i t ion i s t he d a t ing o f T ypes 2 70 a nd 2 71 .
A l though t here i s s o me e v idence f or t he ir u se i n t he e ar ly f our th
c en tury , t heir c on t inued manu facture t hroughou t t ha t c en tury c anno t b e c on-
4 9
v inc ing ly c hron ic led .
F or Hu l l , a s f or o ther s cho lars ,
8 6
ad ecid ing f actor
i n t he d a t ing was t he o ccurrence o f s o me e xa mp les i n Ang lo-Saxon g raves ; h e a rgued t ha t t hese " on t he who le a gree b e t ter w i th a l a te d a te t han a n e ar ly o ne" .
L ike t he c o mp le men tary a rgu men t t ha t s uch R o man o b jec ts i nd ica te
a n e ar ly ( t ha t i s f i f th-cen tury ) d a te f or t he S axon b ur ia ls i n wh ich t hey o ccur , t h is n o tion i s q u i te =accep table a s ag enera l p r inc ip le .
Mos t R o man o b jects
i n S axon g raves a re f ound o n n eck laces o r i n p urse-col lec t ions a nd a re c lear ly s erv ing a s econdary f unc t ion .
A l though L a te R o man o b jec ts a re c o m mon ,
e ven e ar l ier i t e ms a re b y n o means u nco m mon , a nd p re-Saxon o b jec ts c an o ccur i n f i f th, s ix th, a nd s even th-cen tury g raves , r egard less o f t he ir d a te o f manu fac ture .
8 7
I f s uch e v idence i s t o b e u sed f or v a l id c hrono log ica l
a rgu men ts , i t mus t b e d ep loyed w i th d iscr im ina t ion . Hu l l 's T ypes 2 70/271 r epresen t ap ar t icu lar ly n ice c ase , f or i t migh t b e a rgued t ha t t hey d id i ndeed o ver lap i n t ime w i th t he e ar l ies t p hase o f Ang lo-Saxon b ur ia l : i n t he U pper Thames R eg ion , a nd p erhaps e lsewhere , t hey a re t he mos t f requen t s ing le R o man b rooch-for m t o b e f ound i n S axon g raves , a nd o ccas iona l ly t hey a re f ound i n p os i t ions where t hey c ou ld h ave f u l f i l led t he ir p r i mary p urpose a s d ress-fas teners .
Ev ison h as s ugges ted t ha t t wo s im i lar , b u t n on- ma tch ing ,
e xa mp les f ro m Eas t S hef ford ( Fig . 3 .11 , c ) were i n f ac t worn a s ap a ir i n t yp ica l ' Saxon ' manner ;
=for tuna te ly , t hey l ack a ny k nown b ur ia l c on tex t .
8 8
The e v idence f ro m L ong Wi t tenha m I , g rave 1 29 ( Fig . 3 .12 , a ) i s al i t t le b e t ter :
t he R o man d isc b rooch may o r ig ina l ly h ave f as tened a d ress a t t he
l e f t s hou lder ; f or i t was f ound e i ther a t t he t hroa t o r u nder t he a rm , a nd i t was a c tua l ly ' pa ired ' w i th a S axon d isc b rooch o n t he r igh t s hou lder .
8 9
Ano ther e xa mp le , f ro m G i l ton g rave 8 7 , K en t , i s l ess e asy t o i n terpre t i n t h is way f or i tl ay j us t b e low t he n eck , where i tc ou ld e i ther h ave f as tened ag ar men t o r h ave b een s uspended w i th t he c o l lec t ion o f g lass b eads o n an eckl ace ; moreover , t he l ong c hä te la ine t er mina t ing i n as e t o f b ronze amu le ts , wh ich t he d ead wo man wore a t h er wa is t , s ugges ts a d a te o f b ur ia l i n t he s even th c en tury . "
I n t h is c on tex t , F i lk ins g rave 3 , Oxon ., may p erhaps
s erve a s ac au t ionary r em inder :
i tc on ta ined a l a te La T bne b ow b rooch , a n
Ear ly R o man t ru mpe t b rooch , a nd a s ix th-cen tury s aucer b rooch , a l l a pparen t ly f ound i n f unc t iona l p os i t ions !
9 1
On b a lance , Id o n o t t h ink t ha t t here i s s u f f i-
c ien t e v idence i n t he c ase o f Hu l l 's T ypes 2 70/271 t o b reak t he g enera l r u le t ha t t he b ur ia l o f R o man o b jec ts i n S axon g raves n e i ther i nd ica tes a ' l a te ' d a te f or t he o ne , n or a n ' ear ly ' d a te f or t he o ther . 9 2 The c hrono logy o f t hese R o man d isc b rooches mus t b e b ased o n t he ir o ccurrence i n ' da tab le ' R o man c on tex ts : f o l low ing Bushe-Fox ,
9 3
b u t t hese a re p i t ifu l ly f ew .
H u l l ,
n o tes t hree t h ird-cen tury e xa mp les f ro m t he C on t inen t .
Two , f ro m t he c e me tery a t R egensburg o n t he Danube , a re g iven t he d a t ing a ss igned t o t he m b y La mprech t , A . D. 2 30-250 ;
b u t i n t he r ecen t r epub l ica t ion
o f t h is s i te o n ly o ne i s l i s ted , f ro m Brandgrab 7 22 , t he c re ma t ion g raves b eing g iven ab road d a te-range o f l a ter s econd t o l a ter t h ird c en tury.
The
9 4
t h ird e xa mp le c o mes f ro m Z ugman te l , af or t o n t he Rh ine n ear Ma inz wh ich i s u sua l ly a ssu med t o h ave b een a bandoned b y t he l a ter t h ird c en tury , b u t wh ich , Hu l l s pecu la ted , may h ave b een s ubsequen t ly r eoccup ied .9 5 A . B öh me a dds t wo f ur ther e xa mp les f ro m Z ugman tel , o ne f ro m Os terbuken ( on t he U pper G er man Rhaet ian L i mes ) , a nd t wo f ro m S aa lburg i n t he T a mus : s ugges ts t ha t p roduc t ion b egan i n t he t h ird c en tury.
9 6
I n Eng land , ab rooch
f ro m E l mswe l l , E . R . Yorks ., migh t b e s econd-cen tury o r l a ter :
5 0
s he
i t was
f ound w i th a v ery worn c o in o f An ton inus P ius i n ap i t , wh ich was s ea led b y ad epos i t o f t h ird- a nd f our th-cen tury p o t tery.
Ano ther was f ound a t t he
9 7
b o t to m o f We l l Ra t Marg idunum , N o t ts ., b elow a d epos i t o f t h ird-cen tury p o t tery a nd t wo c o ins , o ne o f T e tr icus S en ior , t he o ther o f C araus ius .
9 8
The T ype 2 71A b rooch f ro m F ishbourne , Han ts ., was f ound i n al a te t h irdo r e ar ly f our th-cen tury r obber t rench .
9 9
Hu l l a lso r efers t o a n u npubl ished
T ype 2 70A b rooch f ro m Ka te 's C abin Far m , S i te 3 , Wa ter N ew ton , N or than ts .; i t was a pparen t ly f ound o n t he s ur face o f ay ard t oge ther w i th q uan t i t ies o f t h ird- a nd f our th-cen tury c oins .
Two r ecen t ly p ubl ished b rooches f ro m
N ewgrange i n I reland may b e a dded t o Hu l l 's l i s t :
t hey a re mos t l ike ly t o
d a te f ro m t he l a te t h ird o r f our th c en tury , t hough R o man ma ter ia l a ppears o n t h is s i te a s e ar ly a s t he s econd h a l f o f t he f irs t c en tury . 1 00 I tw i l l b e a pprec ia ted t ha t t hese f ew a nd p oor e xa mp les c anno t s uppor t f ir m c onclus ions .
A s tr ic t a pp l ica t ion o f t er m inus p os t q ue m d a t ing c ou ld
b u t n eed n o t ) p lace mos t i n t he f our th c en tury.
S urpr is ing ly , n one i s s ecure ly
s o d a ted , a nd i t wou ld s ee m t ha t p roduct ion h ad a lready b egun i n t he t h ird c en tury.
I fH u l l 's a rgumen t i s f o l lowed — tha t t he h o mogene i ty o f T ypes 2 70/
2 71 i s i ncons is ten t w i th a n e x tended p er iod o f p roduc t ion— then i t may b e a moo t p oin t whe ther t h is l as ted t hroughou t t he f our th c en tury. 1 01 Desp i te t hese d i f f icu l t ies , ac onnect ion b etween S axon d isc b rooches a nd R o man b rooches o f H u l l 's T ypes 2 70/271 s hou ld n o t b e a bandoned t oo p recip i ta tely; 1 02
f or t here a re s o me i n tr igu ing s im i lar i t ies b e tween b o th t hese
c lasses o f b rooch a nd t wo p roducts o f t he ' Quo i t-Brooch S tyle S choo l ' , a s choo l wh ich I wou ld a ccep t was e s tabl ished i n t he e ar ly f i f th c en tury b y s ubR o mano-Br i t ish c ra f ts men .
1 03
B o th Hawkes a nd E v ison h ave c o m men ted o n
t he s im i lar i ty b e tween t he R o man d isc b rooches a nd t wo b ronze d isc b rooches w i th ' Quo i t-Brooch S tyle ' d ecora t ion f ro m F aversha m a nd H igha m i n K en t ( Fig . 3 .12 , b -c );
t hey n o te t ha t t he c abochon s e t t ings , r iveted t o t he c en tre
o f e ach b rooch , a re t yp ica l o f b o th La te R o man a nd ' Quo i t-Brooch S tyle ' me ta lwork .
1 04
These t wo b rooches s how a t l eas t t ha t d isc b rooches i n t he
R o man t rad i t ion were s t i l l b eing made i n t he e ar l ier f i f th c en tury. H owever , t hey a re l arger a nd , w i th t heir s i lver p la t ing a nd z oo morph ic d ecora t ion , s o mewha t g rander p ieces t han e i ther t he R o man o r t he S axon s er ies ;
a nd i t
i s p la in t ha t t hey were n o t as ign i f ican t p ar t o f t he ' Quoi t-Brooch S tyle ' works hops ' o vera l l o u tpu t .
1 05
They may p erhaps p rov ide a s lender b r idge b e tween
R o man a nd S axon d isc b rooches , p ar t icu lar ly s ince t here a re s o me o ther h in ts o f ar e la t ionsh ip b e tween S axon d isc b rooches a nd a s ub-Ro man mi lieu . The t echn iques u sed t o make a nd o rnamen t t he S axon d isc b rooch a re r oo ted i n L a te R o man me ta lwork ing t rad i t ions :
f or e xa mp le , ' bu l ls ' e yes ' , s ta mps ,
n icked e dges , a nd e ven t he r a ther r ough c as t ing a re a l l f ea tures o f La te R o man mi l i tary b e l t-equ ip men t .1 06 S ta mps were a lso u sed o n t he p roducts o f t he ' Quo i t-Brooch S tyle S choo l ' , mos t p ar t icu lar ly o n t hose made i n i t s r e la ted workshops . a t ten t ion .
Among t hese , ag roup o f sma l l q uo i t b rooches d eserves s pecia l They a re made i n t inned s hee t b ronze w i th V -shaped p in-s lo ts
f lanked b y b a l l-headed r ive ts , a nd a re d ecora ted s i mp ly w i th c oncen tr ic l ines a nd s tamps .
1° 7
There i s g ood r eason t o e ndorse L eeds ' a rgu men t t ha t t hese
f or m o ne s tage i n t he d eve lop men t o f t he Ang lo-Saxon f la t a nnu lar b rooch f ro m t he s ub-Ro man s i lver q uo i t b rooch .1 08
The g roup i s wel l r epresen ted i n t he
' Saxon ' a reas o f s ou thern Eng land , e spec ia l ly i n S ussex a t H ighdown ( e .g .
5 1
F ig . 3 .5 , d ) , a nd i n t he Thames Va l ley a t Muck ing .
A t Muck ing s im ilar ly
d ecora ted b rooches o ccur b u t w i thou t t he r ive ted p in-s tops .
Ev idence f or
t heir p roduc t ion w i th in t he f u l l f i f th c en tury i s r e la t ively g ood , a nd i s f ur ther c orrobora ted b y t he r ecen t p ub l ica t ion o f Muck ing g rave 6 37 wh ich c on ta ined a sma l l q uo i t b rooch a nd a p la in ' i nsu lar ' e qua l-ar med b rooch .
1 09
I n s ou thern
Eng land t he c as t v ers ions o f t he f la t a nnu lar b rooch h ave b road h oops a nd a re o f ten d ecora ted w i th s tamps a nd ' bu l ls ' e yes ' j us t l i ke d isc b rooches ( e .g . F ig .
3. 5 ,
e ) .110
I ft he f la t a nnu lar b rooch d eve loped f ro m t he s ub-Ro man
mi l ieu o f t he ' Quo i t-Brooch S tyle S choo l ' , i ti s f eas ible t ha t t he d isc b rooch d id t oo . I ti s an o table f ac t t ha t a l l t en o f t he g rave-groups w i th d isc b rooches wh ich a re d a tab le t o t he f i f th c en tury c o me f ro m t he Tha mes Va l ley o r s ou th o f i t .
I t was o f c ourse i n t he d is tr ic ts s ou th o f t he Tha mes t ha t ' Quo i t-Brooch
S tyle ' workshops f l our ished .
I s i tn o more t han c o inc idence t ha t d isc b rooches
a lso s ee m t o h ave e vo lved i n t h is a rea?
I f i t may b e p os tu la ted t ha t t hey were
f irs t made b y s ub-Ro mano•Br i t ish c ra f ts men , a dap t ing a n a t ive f or m t o s u i t t he n eeds o f t he n ew G erman ic im m igran ts , i tn eed n o t mean t ha t t hey c on t inued t o monopo l ise t he s upply .
Ang lo-Saxons migh t h ave t aken o ver e x is t ing work-
s hops , l earned f ro m a nd c opied t he m , a nd s o b een a ble t o c on t inue p roduc t ion o n t he ir o wn .
The c oncen tra ted d is tr ibu t ion o f d isc b rooches i n t he U pper
Tha mes R eg ion s ugges ts t ha t t h is was a ma jor p roduc t ion c en tre .
Y et ' Quo i t-
Brooch S tyle ' o b jects a nd f la t a nnu lar b rooches a re r are g rave-f inds t here : t hey a re u n l ike ly t o h ave c o me f ro m t he s a me s ource a s t he d isc b rooches . I tc ou ld t hen b e a rgued t ha t d isc b rooches were f irs t d eve loped i n s ou thern d is tr ic ts b y c ra f ts men c onnec ted w i th t he ' Quo i t-Brooch S ty le S choo l ' a nd t ha t s ubsequen t ly Ang lo-Saxon me ta lworkers i n t he U pper Tha mes R eg ion t ook u p a nd g rea t ly e xpanded o u tpu t .
Af ur ther e x tens ion o f t he p roduc t ion a rea may
b e i nd ica ted b y t he e xa mp les f ro m C ambr idgesh ire a nd t he M id lands where d a table o nes b e long , i n t he ma in , t o t he f u l l s ix th c en tury . There a re t wo d i f f icu l t ies w i th t h is h ypo thes is .
F irs t , t here i s n o o bv ious
t ypo log ica l d iv is ion o f t he b rooches wh ich migh t c orrespond w i th s uch a c hronol og ica l a nd r eg iona l p rogress ion . ( p . 4 0 )
The t wo s pec i f ic g roups d iscussed a bove
h ave a r e markably w ide d is tr ibu t ion i n s pace a nd p oss ib ly i n t ime .
S econd , o nce Ang lo-Saxon manu fac ture o f d isc b rooches i s c onceded , t here i s l ess r eason t o d eny t he ir i n i t ia l c rea t ion o f t he t ype a s we l l .
The ' La te
R o man ' a ppearance o f d isc b rooches may s i mp ly r e f lec t t he g enera l d eb t wh ich G er man ic meta lwork o wed t o R o man mode ls , 1 11 a n a ppearance wh ich i s a lso f ound o n o ther l ess c os t ly i t e ms o f j ewe l lery i n t he b arbar ian wor ld , s uch a s sma l llong b rooches o r t he ' cheap ' v ers ions o f s aucer b rooches p roduced i n t he f i f th-cen tury Rh ine land wh ich a re mos t r em in iscen t o f d isc b rooches . 1 12 L eeds ' f ina l o p in ion o n t he o r ig in o f d isc b rooches migh t t hen b e t he w iser : t ha t t hese b rooches were s i mp ly c heap v ers ions o f t he S axons ' p referred r ound b roochfor m .
1 13
There i s , h owever , a n impor tan t c oun ter-argumen t t o t h is .
The o n ly
r ound b rooch w i th wh ich t he S axons were f am i l iar o n t he C on t inen t a nd f or wh ich t he d isc b rooch c ou ld b e s een a s ac heap s ubs t i tu te i s t he a pp l ied s aucer b rooch .
Af ew o f t hese were b rough t t o Eng land b y t he e ar l ies t im m igran ts , 1 14
b u t c ur ious ly t here i s l i t t le e v idence a s y et f or t he ir i nsu lar manu fac ture b ef ore t he l a ter f i f th c en tury , e xcep t f or t he ' f lor ia te c ross ' t ype o f S urrey a nd
5 2
S ussex .
1 15
These s ou thern d is tr icts may a lso h ave w i tnessed t he b eg inn ings
o f c as t s aucer b rooch manu fac ture ( e .g . t he t igh t ly c oi led f ive-runn ing-scro l ls t ype ) i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he f i f th c en tury ;
b u t t he impor tan t U pper Tha mes
' i ndus try ' d id n o t g et u nder way u n t i l q u i te l a te i n t ha t c en tury . 1 16 C onseq uen t ly , d isc b rooches mus t h ave b een o ne o f t he p r inc ipa l t ypes o f t he f i f th c en tury , e spec ia l ly i n t he U pper Tha mes R eg ion ; we wou ld h ave t o a ssu me t ha t t hey were o ne o f t he f irs t t o h ave b een made b y t he n ew ly a rr ived S axon c ra f ts men .
Tha t t hey s hou ld h ave c rea ted t he d isc b rooch o n t he b as is o f
t he ir a nces tra l me ta lwork ing t rad i t ions a lone a nd w i thou t r eference t o n a t ive s ub-Ro mano-Br i t ish p roducts s ee ms i ncred ible . The e v idence f or a n a t ive Br i t ish o r ig in f or t he S axon d isc b rooch i s s l igh t , b u t s o t oo i s t he e v idence t ha t i ti s p ure ly G er man ic .
T ypo log ica l ly i ti s
d is t inc t b o th f ro m t he b roochtypes k nown t o t he S axons o n t he C on t inen t a nd f ro m R o man a nd ' Quo i t-Brooch S tyle ' d isc b rooches , t hough i td oes h ave a f f in i t ies w i th t he l a t ter . J us t a s ' Quo i t-Brooch S tyle ' i s ap ecu l iar ly i nsu lar p heno menon , s o t oo t he d isc b rooch i s a n Eng l ish d eve lop men t :
i to n ly emerged
o nce t he Ang lo-Saxons were s e t t led i n s ou thern Br i ta in a nd when t he e ar l ies t g enera t ions , f ar f ro m b e ing s el f-suf f ic ien t , h ad t o d epend o n a nd e xp lo i t t he e s tabl ished r esources o f t he n a t ive p opu la t ion . CONCLUS IONS Ih ave e ndeavoured t o d e mons tra te t ha t d isc b rooches c an b e s ecure ly d a ted i n t he f i f th c en tury , a nd t ha t t hey c on tinued t o b e u sed u n t i l a bou t t he midd le o f t he s ix th c en tury.
Ih ave s ugges ted t ha t t hey were f irs t u sed b y
S axon s e t t lers o f t he Tha mes Va l ley a nd d is tr ic ts t o t he s ou th o f i t , a nd l a ter a lso b ecame p opu lar w i th Ang lo-Saxons l i v ing i n C a mbr idgesh ire a nd t he S ou th M id lands .
I n t he U pper Tha mes R eg ion d isc b rooches e n joyed p ar t icu lar
p opu lar i ty a nd mus t h ave b een a ma jor e le men t i n f e ma le f ash ion f or t hose g enera t ions who s ucceeded t he f irs t im m igran ts w i th t he ir i mpor ted b rooches . Moreover , t hey c on t inued t o b e worn when t he e ar l ier g roups o f c as t s aucer b rooches b eca me a va i lab le i n t he a rea . D iscuss ion o f d isc-brooch o r ig ins h as i nd ica ted p oss ible l inks w i th s ubR o mano-Br i t ish me ta lwork ing i ndus tr ies . I t r a ises importan t q ues t ions a bou t t he o vera l l n a t ive c on tr ibu t ion t o t he d eve lop men t o f me ta lwork i n Eng land , a nd h ence a bou t t he R o mano-Br i t ish e le men t i n ' Ang lo-Saxon ' ma ter ia l c u l ture . E luc ida t ion o f t hese q ues t ions w i l l r equ ire d e ta i led e xa m ina t ion o f t he mass o f La te R o man me ta lwork a nd o f much h i ther to n eg lec ted ma ter ia l i n f i f th-cen tury Ang lo-Saxon c e meter ies .1 17 My a rgu men ts a lso h ave w ider i mpl ica t ions .
I fd isc b rooches a re i nd i-
c a t ive o f b ur ia ls w i th in t he p er iod C . 4 50-550 , t hen a g rea t many g raves , wh ich h ave p rev ious ly b een i gnored , c an n ow b e a l loca ted t o i t .
I ft h is p ro-
p osa l i s t aken w i th my o ther c hrono log ica l a rgumen ts t ha t amber b eads , s i lver f inger r ings , e tc . b e long t o t he s ix th c en tury ( above , p . 4 1) , c an b e d a ted s peci f ica l ly t o t he f irs t h a l f o f t he s ix th c en tury.
t hen s o me g raves Par t ly a s a
r esu l t o f t h is , Ih ave f ound t ha t i n t he U pper Tha mes R eg ion t he f irs t h a l f o f t he s ix th c en tury i s t he b es t r epresen ted p hase i n t he h is tory o f many c e me ter ies . Ad m i t ted ly , Ih ave p robably i n troduced a p os i t ive b ias where p rev ious ly t here was a n ega t ive o ne .
Bu t t h is n ew d a t ing e v idence mos t c er ta in ly g ives t he l i e
t o t he t heory t ha t i n t he a f ter ma th o f t he B r i t ish v ic tory a t Mons Badon icus
5 3
Ang lo-Saxon c e me ter ies , e specia l ly i n t he Wessex a rea , c on trac ted o r e ven were a bandoned . 1 18 I ta lso p rov ides v a luable i n for ma t ion o n t he p ace o f t he S axon s e t t le men t .
Brown h as a lready p o in ted o u t , f or e xamp le , t ha t Ang lo-
S axons were i n C irences ter l ong b e fore t he t rad i t iona l d a te o f A .D. 5 77 , r ec orded i n t he Ang lo-Saxon C hron ic le .1 19 Among t he e v idence i s t he ' S tra t ton ' d isc b rooch ( above , p . 40 ) , a nd a no ther f ro m t he sma l l b ody o f ma ter ia l r epresen t ing t he c e metery a t K e mb le I , j us t s ou th-wes t o f C irences ter .1 20 F ina l ly , r eassess men t o f d isc b rooches h e lps t o mod i fy L eeds ' t heory t ha t t he S axons o f t he U pper Tha mes R eg ion h ad migra ted t h i ther v ia t he I ckn ie ld Way f ro m t he C a mbr idgesh ire a rea .
H is t heory i s we l l k nown a nd
h as b een w ide ly a ccep ted , b u t more d e ta i led k now ledge o f t he ma ter ia l o n wh ich i t was b ased , e specia l ly s aucer b rooches , a nd t he a l terna t ive h ypo thes is t ha t t he i n i t ia l s e t t le men t was o ne o f f oedera t i make i tn o l onger t enable .1 21 The s aucer b rooches a nd o ther a r tefac ts d e mons tra te t ha t i n t he f i f th a nd e ar ly s ix th c en tury t he U pper Thames R eg ion was f ar more s trong ly l inked w i th d is tr ic ts t o i ts s ou th t han i t was w i th t he a rea t o t he n or th-eas t .
On ly f ro m
a bou t t he midd le o f t he s ix th c en tur y d o c onnec tions w i th t he l a t ter a rea b eco me marked , a nd e ven t hen , a t l eas t i n t he c ase o f s aucer b rooches , t he move men t was ma in ly wes t t o e as t .
The d isc b rooches a re impor tan t t es t i mony f or
r e la t ions a t a n e ar l ier d a te , b u t t hey t oo s ugges t t he i n f luence f lowed f ro m t he s ou th a nd n o t v ice v ersa . Ih ope t ha t t h is p aper w i l l e ncourage o ther s tuden ts o f t he Ang lo-Saxon p er iod t o r econs ider t he c on tr ibu t ion wh ich s tudy o f d isc b rooches ( and o ther b rooch-for ms ) c an make t o o vera l l u nders tand ing .
Ih ave d ea l t w i th o n ly t wo
a spec ts o f t heir h is tory , a nd i n af ar f ro m e xhaus t ive manner ;
f ur ther e xa m-
i na t ion o f t hese a nd o ther t opics , s uch a s who wore d isc b rooches a nd h ow , wou ld u ndoub ted ly p ay d iv idends i n e x tend ing o ur k nowledge .
ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS Iam e x tre me ly g ra tefu l t o v ar ious f r iends a nd c o l leagues who h ave p rov ided me w i th o r ig ina l d raw ings o r p er m i t ted me t o c opy f ro m t he ir p ub lished i l lus tra t ions :
Mr . D . B rown p rov ided t he o r ig ina ls f or F ig . 3 .4 , a nd Mrs .
S . Hawkes t hose f or F ig . 3 .5e a nd F ig . 3 .12 , b -c ;
P rof . V . Ev ison a nd Mr .
P . T es ter a l lowed me r espec i tve ly t o b ase F ig . 3 .2 o n E v ison 1 968 , f igs . 2 a-b a nd 4 a-c , a nd F ig . 3 .3 , a -e o n T es ter 1 968 , f ig . 4a nd T es ter 1 969 , f igs . 2a nd 4 .
The S oc iety o f An t iquar ies o f L ondon h as g iven i t s p er m iss ion
f or t he r eproduct ion o f i l lus tra t ions f ro m E v ison 1 968 a nd Hawkes 1 961. M iss S abina Tho mpson v ery k ind ly p repared a l l t he l ine d raw ings f or me ; t he p ho tographs a re my own , u n less o therw ise s ta ted .
5 4
NOTES 1 .
Ba ldwin Brown 1 915 , 2 75 .
2 .
Leeds 1 945 , 4 9-52.
3 .
E .g . H il ton 1 961 , I .v ;
4 .
B idder a nd Morr is 1 959 , 1 00-101;
5 .
We lch 1 976a , 2 05-206.
6 .
Brown 1 976 , 2 3.
D ick inson 1 976, 1 18-134.
Tes ter 1 969 , 4 4.
S ince 1 976 Ih ave s earched t he e n t ire c ol lec-
t ions o f t he Ash mo lean Museu m , Ox ford , t he Br i tish Museu m , London , a nd t he C a mbr idge Museu m o f Archaeology a nd E thno logy f or d isc b rooches f ro m a ssocia ted g rave-groups .
Iam mos t g ra tefu l t o Mr . Dav id Brown ,
Mrs . L es lie Webs ter a nd Miss Mary Cra 's ter r espect ively f or e nabl ing me t o d o t h is .
Ih ave a lso made u se o f ma ter ia l g a thered , t hough l ess
e xhaus tively , d ur ing e ar lier museu m t ours , p ar t icu lar ly f ro m B ir m ingha m C i ty Museu m , N ew P lace Museum , S tra t ford-upon-Avon , S a l isbury a nd S ou th Wi l tsh ire Museu m , a nd Warwick Museu m . 7 . 8 .
B rown 1 976 , 2 2-23 ;
Welch 1 976a , 2 05-206.
Aker man 1 853 , P l . X I I , 1 0 ; 4 ;
N ev i l le 1 854 , 1 00 ;
Tester 1 969 , 4 6, f ig .
G odfrey-Fausset t 1 876 , f ig . f acing 3 03 , a nd Ba ldwin Brown 1 915 ,
P l . XXXV , 6 ;
T ester 1 968 , 1 36 , f ig . 4 ;
Brown 1 976 , 2 2-23 , f ig . 3 .1 ,4 ,
Ic i te t he c oun ty n a mes i n e f fec t b efore t he l oca l g overn men t b oundary c hanges o f A pr i l 1 974 b ecause t hese a re b ibl iograph ica lly b o th more r elevan t a nd c onven ien t .
Is ha l l g ive t he c oun ty f or e ach s i te when i t
i s f irs t men t ioned , b u t n ot t herea f ter .
A l l Eng l ish s i tes r eferred t o i n
t he t ex t a re p lot ted o n F ig . 3 .1. 9 .
H i l ton 1 961;
We lch 1 976b , P l . 3 .
1 0.
Brown 1 976 , 2 3 ;
We lch 1 976a , 2 05 .
1 1.
Wor th ing Museum A .3398 .
Iam mos t g retefu l t o Mr . Dav id L eigh f or
d rawing my a t ten t ion t o t h is , a nd a l lowing me t o u se h is own c lose-up p ho tograph o f t he b rooch . 1 2.
Oddy 1 977.
1 3.
Wi lson 1 959;
1 4.
D ick inson 1 976 , 2 02-207, 2 10-211.
1 5 .
Böh me 1 974 , 1 6-17, T al . 5 8 , 4 ;
1 6.
Ev ison 1 968 , e sp . 2 43-244 , f ig . 2 b ;
1 7.
Ev ison 1 968 , 2 38 , f ig . 4 a .
1 8 .
K idd 1 977.
Evison 1 977, 1 33-135 , f ig . 5 c . Tes ter 1 969 , 4 0-42.
O ther e xa mp les c o me f ro m B lewbur ton H i l l g rave 2 , Berks. ( Hawkes a nd Dunn ing 1 961 , f ig . 1 4a ) , Hampnet t ( Burn G round ) g rave 6 , G los . ( an i ron b uck le whose z oo morph ic d ecora t ion was r evea led i n c lean ing : G louces ter Museum A .2586;
G r i mes 1 960 , 1 20-121 ) , S i lches ter , Han ts .
( Hawkes a nd Dunn ing 1 961 , 4 3 , f ig . 1 3 j) , K e mps ton ( Evison 1 968 , f ig . 4 e ) , G u i ldown , S urrey ( Low ther 1 931 , P l . XV I , 9 ) ; 5 5
D ick inson 1 976 ,
2 46-247.
I tw i l l b e n o ted t ha t a l l b u t o ne c o me f ro m Ang lo-Saxon
c e meter ies . 1 9 .
We lch 1 976a , 2 05-206;
Hawkes a nd Dunn ing 1 961 , e sp . 2 6 ;
Hawkes
1 974 , 3 87. 2 0 .
G r i f f i th a nd S a lz mann 1 914 , 3 2 ;
Hawkes a nd Dunn ing 1 961 , 3 6-39;
Ev ison 1 968 , 2 40-241. 2 1.
Brown 1 977.
2 2.
v . D ick inson 1 976 , 2 37-243 ;
c f . Ev ison 1 965 , 2 7-28 ;
s ee a lso b elow ,
p . 5 0 . 2 3 .
Hawkes a nd Dunn ing 1 961 , 6 8 .
2 4 .
Iam mos t g ra tefu l t o Mr . Dav id Brown f or a l lowing me t o e xa m ine t hese s oon a f ter t heir e xcava t ion.
2 5 .
Bahme 1 974 , 1 28 :
c f . e sp . Wes terha m m g rave A , Ta f .44 , 8 , a nd
Wes terwanna 1 319 , Ta f . 5 1 , 1 3 . 2 6.
Tes ter 1 968 , 1 31 , f ig . 4 .
2 7.
E .g . B öh me 1 974 , Text ta f . A 2 , Ta f . 8 7 , 6a nd 1 3 .
2 8 .
Ev ison 1 955 ;
f or Upper Tha mes R eg ion e xa mp les D ick inson 1 976 ,
2 48-249 . 2 9 .
Myres 1 969 ;
3 0 .
S ee e sp . K idd 1 977;
3 1.
Tes ter 1 969 , 4 4 , f ig . 2 ;
3 2 .
Tes ter 1 968 , 1 49 .
3 3 .
I n Tes ter 1 969 , 4 4 ;
3 4 .
Myres 1 977 , 3 0-31.
3 5 .
1 977. f or ab r ief o u t l ine , D ick inson 1 978, 4 06-8 . Myres 1 977 , f ig . 1 67 , n o. 3 680 .
a lso Myres 1 969 , 4 1-44 ;
H i l ls 1 977 , 2 2 , f igs . 4 7, 4 8 , 5 0 a nd 1 52.
1 977, 2 8-30.
I n r esponse t o We lch 's
s ugges t ion ( We lch 1 976a , 2 05 ) t ha t t he Orp ing ton u rn was a n h eir loo m , Tes ter ( Tes ter 1 977, 2 02 ) h as r ecen t ly r ep l ied t ha t t h is u rn s hows n o s ign o f wear , n or o f p rev ious b ur ia l . 3 6.
B idder a nd Morr is 1 959 , 1 13 , P l . X IX ;
3 7.
Myres 1 977 , 6 , 3 8-40 , e sp . 4 0 , n . 2 ;
3 8 .
Leeds a nd Harden 1 936, f ig . 6 .
3 9 .
Ev ison 1 969 , 1 58-160 ; 1 71 ;
K idd 1 977, 9 9.
Myres 1 969 , 4 8 ;
Myres 1 977 , 3 6-37,
4 0 .
Welch 1 976a , 2 05-206;
4 1.
Welch 1 976a , 1 95-197.
4 2 .
Cun li ffe 1 976 , 8 7, 1 83-184 .
4 3.
Myres 1 977 , f ig . 2 15 , n o. 2 616.
Myres i n Ev ison 1 969 , 1 70-
f ig . 2 06 , n o. 4 6.
Cun li f fe 1 976 , 8 3-94 .
I t a lso p resumes t ha t t he ' f ew ' s tamped s herds f ro m t he t ur f l ine a re l a ter f i f th-cen tury , a s Cun li f fe s ugges ts i n h is c onc lus ion , r a ther t han 5 6
s ix th-cen tury , a s h e s ta tes i n h is d iscuss ion o f t he wel l s tra t igraphy ( Cun l i f fe 1 976 , 8 7 , 1 29-130 ( nos . 1 4-23 f ro m l ayer 3 3 ) , 3 02). d oes n o t c o m men t o n t hese.
Myres
I t s hou ld a lso b e n o ted t ha t i n h is c onc lu-
d ing p aragraphs Cun l i f fe a bandons h is s ix th-cen tury d a te f or t he u rn , a pparen t ly i n f avour o f Myres ' d a t ing ;
t here i s n o e xp lana tion f or t h is
c hange a nd t he r esu l tan t i ncons is tency. 4 4 .
B idder a nd Morr is 1 959 , 7 5 ;
Ev ison 1 955 , 2 42 , P l . ) (XV I .
4 5 .
R ead 1 906 , 5 9-61.
4 6.
Böh me 1 974 , 3 5-39.
4 7.
G ri ff i th a nd S a lz mann 1 914 , 3 6 , 4 4-46, P l . V I I I .
4 8 .
Tho mas 1 960 , 1 01-102.
4 9.
J anssen 1 972 , 7 8 , T al . 7 .
J anssen i den ti fies t he a cco mpanying u rn
w i th P let tke 's T ype A 7a . 5 0 .
Ca mbr idge Museum o f Archaeolog y a nd E thno logy 5 3.102 ;
Myres 1 977,
f ig . 4 5 , n o. 2 624 ;
A lso a sso-
R eichs tein 1 977, 1 51 , Ta f . 1 15 ,
8 -13 .
c ia ted w i th t h is b ur ia l was a p a ir o f A be rg 's G roup I c ruci for m b rooches ; Re ichs te in c lass i fies t he m w i th h is H jel mhede T ype , f or wh ich h e s ugg es ts a much e ar lier d a t ing t han A berg , t he l a te f our th a nd f irs t h a l f o f f i f th c en tury ( Reichs tein 1 977, 4 5 , 9 7 , 1 07f f .). 5 1.
Iam mos t g ra tefu l t o P rof . V . I . Ev ison f or p er mission t o d iscuss t h is g rave-group ( Br i tish Museum 1 964 , 7 -2 , 4 16-422 ) i n a dvance o f h er own p ubl ica t ion , a nd t o p ubl ish F ig . 3 .10 , a .
S he a dvises me t ha t
t he t ip o f al igh t g reen c one b eaker , f ound b enea th t he s kele ton 's s hou ld er a nd wh ich migh t s ee m t o c on f ir m t he g enera l d a ting o f t he g rave , may i n f act h ave d er ived f ro m R o mano-Br i tish s et t le men t d ebris o ver t he s i te. 5 2.
A tk inson , P iggo t t a nd S andars 1 951 , 6 0 , f ig . 2 ; f igs . 1a nd 3 ;
S tevens 1 894 , 1 51 ,
S wan ton 1 973 , 1 07-111 , 1 36-137 , 2 01;
D ick inson 1 976,
3 09-310 , 3 18-319 , where S wan ton 's d a t ing i s s l igh t ly r ev ised . 5 3 . 5 4.
F os ter 1 880-84 , 1 8 ;
We lch 1 976a , 2 08 .
G od frey-Fausse t t 1 876, 3 03 ;
We lch 1 976a , 2 06;
f or t he s quare-headed
b rooch , L eeds 1 945 , 3 8-40 . 5 5 .
D ick inson 1 976 , 6 9 ;
5 6.
Mi les a nd Har man 1 976 , 6 8 , n o . 6 .
5 7.
Aker man 1 860b , 8 9-90.
5 8 .
my G roup 4 .1.
L eeds 1 949 , n o . 7 6, Type B 3 ;
t he s er ies t o wh ich i tb elongs i ncludes
Leeds ' T ypes B 2 , B 3 , B 4 a nd B 6; 5 9 .
N ev i l le 1 854 , 1 05 .
D ick inson 1 976, 1 51-171 , e sp. 1 69.
L eeds 1 949 p ass i m wrong ly g ives t he g rave n umber
a s 4 0 ( v . Kenne t t 1 971 , 2 7) :
g rave 4 0 c on ta ined a f lor id c ruc ifor m o f
Aberg 's G roup V ( c f . Leeds 1 945 , 2 2 ).
L eeds a lso f igures t he L in ton
Hea th 4 1 b rooch ( r ec te ) a s Barr ing ton A g rave 1 1 a nd v ice v ersa ( Leeds 1 949 , n os . 2 3 a nd 2 1 ) ;
t he Barr ing ton b rooch i s c orrect ly i l lustra ted
i n Fox 1 923 , P l . XXX IA ). 5 7
6 0.
E .g . ' Ke mps ton C ross ' a pp l ied s aucer b rooches a nd s ta mped a nd r ibbed s i lver b race lets ( Kenne t t 1 970 , 2 7-28 ;
1 971 ) ;
o ne o f t he l a t ter was f ound
i n L in ton H ea th 4 1. 6 1.
Ä berg 1 926, 4 8-56.
6 2.
Aker man 1 860a , 3 45 ;
6 3 .
D ick inson 1 976, 9 3 ;
L eeds 1 949 , n o . 1 21 , T ype B u nc lass i f ied .
D ick inson f or thco m ing . Iam g ra tefu l t o M iss J o
Ho l mes f or p roviding me w i th i n for ma t ion o n t h is g rave-group. 6 4.
B idder a nd Morr is 1 959 , 6 7-68 .
6 5 .
S ee a bove , p . 4 1;
6 6.
L eeds a nd Harden 1 936, 3 2 , 4 1 , 4 6.
6 7.
Peake a nd H oo ton 1 915 , Table f acing p . 1 20 .
6 8 .
Aker man 1 860a , 3 42 , 3 46;
6 9.
L eeds 1 916-17 , 5 4-55 .
7 0 .
L owther 1 931 , 3 5.
7 1.
N ev i l le 1 854 , 1 05 .
7 2.
L eeds a nd Harden 1 936, 4 8-49 ;
D ick inson 1 976, 1 99 .
1 863 , 1 40-142 .
Ev ison 1 969 , 1 66f f .;
P ir l ing 1 974 ,
1 12-114. 7 3. 7 4.
R eichs tein 1 977 , 1 9. L eeds 1 945 , 1 06;
Ca mbr idge Museu m o f Archaeology a nd E thno logy
4 883. 3 0 . 7 5 .
L eeds 1 945 , 1 06;
Pr igg 1 888 , 6 2.
Ih ave s earched f or t he g rave-goods
i n t he Ashmo lean Museu m , t he Br i t ish Museu m a nd t he C a mbr idge Museum ;
M iss E l izabe th Ow les k ind ly i n for ms me t ha t t hey a re n ot a t
Moyse 's Ha l l Museu m , Bury S t . Ed mund 's . 7 6. 7 7.
L eeds 1 945 , 1 06, where t he n umber i s wrong ly g iven a s " 71" . H o l l ingwor th a nd O 'Rei l ly 1 925 , 1 1 , 2 1-22.
Iam v ery g ra tefu l t o M iss
E l len Pader o f t he Facu l ty o f Archaeology a nd An thropology a t Ca mbr idge Un ivers i ty f or d iscuss ing w i th me t he r esu l ts o f h er r e-exa m ina t ion o f t he G ir ton ma ter ia l , a nd f or p er m i tt ing me t o q uo te h er o pin ion a bou t t he u nrel iabi li ty o f s o me ' grave-groups '. 7 8 .
L eeds Arch ives ; 1 45 .
L eeds 1 949 , 1 25 , n o. 3 9 ;
R idgeway 1 901 , 5 88 , f ig .
Miss Mary C ra 's ter k ind ly d rew my a t ten tion t o t he l as t r eference ,
a nd c on f irmed t ha t t here i s n o g ood e v idence t ha t t he ' Su f fo lk ' g roup i s ag enu ine g rave-asse mblage . 7 9.
S ei l l ier 1 976, 4 1-42;
1 978 , 8 4-85 , P l . X I I I ;
t en d isc b rooches h ave
b een f ound i n s ix g raves , t hose i n g rave 1 07A w i th a g lass b owl o f e ar l ier f i f th-cen tury d a te , a nd t ha t i n g rave 1 61A w i th a ' B ifrons ' b rooch o f l a te f i f th- a nd e ar ly s ix th-cen tury d a te . 1 977.
5 8
t ype ' ansa te '
V erren a nd P i let
8 0 .
Arrhenius 1 960 , 1 76-177;
Orsnes 1 966 , 1 28-133.
8 1.
Böhner 1 958 , 1 10 .
8 2.
Ih ave b een a ccorded f ree a ccess t o t he o r ig ina l g a l ley p roo fs o f t he c orpus , wh ich were l ef t b y Hu l l a t h is d ea th , t hrough t he g rea t k indness o f Dr . G race S i mpson .
S he i s n ow e d i t ing a nd r ev is ing t hese f or e ven-
t ua l p ubl ica t ion , a nd h as g enerous ly a l lowed me t o u se Hu l l 's d a ta i n t h is work . 8 3.
Leeds 1 945 , 5 2 . P l . XX I , n o. 6 3 ) ;
E .g . Type 2 52B : T ype 2 59:
R ichborough ( Cun li f fe 1 968 , 8 7,
Woodea ton ( K irk 1 949 , 1 2 , n o . 2 5 );
G adebr idge Park V i l la ( Nea l 1 974 , 1 28 ) ;
Type 2 57 c o mbines t he s po tted
d ecora t ion w i th mosa ic e na mel . 8 4.
C o l lingwood a nd R ichmond 1 969 , 2 99 ;
8 5 .
E .g . T ype 2 70A :
Hu l l C orpus , p ass im .
Wroxeter ( Bushe-Fox 1 913 , 2 3 , f ig . 9 , 1 ) ;
( Bushe-Fox 1 928 , 4 2 , P l . XVI I , 9 ;
Bushe-Fox 1 949 , 1 21 , n o . 6 3 ) ;
Lowbury H i l l ( A tk inson 1 916 , 3 5-36 , P l . I X , n o . 3 5 ) ; Lowbury H i l l ( i bid . n o. 3 6) ; 2 71B :
R ichborough
Type 2 71A :
S i lches ter ( Boon 1 974 , f ig . 1 9 , 1 ) ;
L ong Wi ttenha m I , g rave 1 29 ( Aker man 1 863 , 1 38 ;
Fur ther e xa mp les c ou ld b e a dded t o Hu l l 's l is ts :
Type
F ig . 3 . 1 2 ) .
f or e xa mp le , Ev ison
c i tes s o me f ro m Ang lo-Saxon g raves ( Ev ison 1 965 , 2 8 ).
Ih ave e xc luded
Hu ll 's T ype 2 70B , wh ich h as a wheel-like c en tre a nd b o tt le-shaped k nob , f or i t s ee ms t o me r a ther d i fferen t f ro m t he o thers o f t he s er ies ;
i ti s
r epresen ted b y v ery f ew e xa mp les . 8 6.
E .g . Bushe-Fox 1 913 , 2 3.
8 7.
D ick inson 1 976 , 2 38-243 ;
c f . E v ison 1 965 , 2 7, who s ta tes t ha t Ro man
o b jects a re more c o m mon i nf i f th-cen tury g raves . 8 8 .
Br i t ish Museu m 9 3 , 7 -16, 5 5 a nd 5 6;
E v ison 1 965 , 2 8 a nd 5 0 t o wh ich
r eference s hou ld b e made f or t he r e ma inder o f t h is p aragraph . 8 9.
Aker man 1 863 , 1 38 ;
9 0 .
Fausse t t 1 856, 2 8-29 ;
9 1.
Aker man 1 857a , 1 41.
9 2 .
c f . Aker man N o tes . D ick inson 1 973 , 2 54-255 .
I n t he l igh t o f t hese c o m men ts , Ic annot a ccep t Ev ison 's a rgumen t t ha t t hese R o man b rooches " were b eing worn j us t b efore a nd j us t a f ter t he b eg inn ing o f t he ( Saxon ) i nvas ion" ( Ev ison 1 965 , 5 0 ).
O ther r easons
f or a l ess c ons tr icted d a ting w i l l b eco me a pparen t i n t he s ubsequen t d iscussion . 9 3.
Bushe-Fox 1 928 , 4 2.
9 4.
La mprech t 1 907 , Tal . V II I , f ig . 7 ;
9 5 .
Fabr icius a nd v on S arwey 1 909 , 8 2 , n o . 9 1.
9 6.
Böh me A . 1 972 , 4 3.
9 7.
Brews ter 1 956-8 , 5 4.
9 8 .
Oswa ld 1 926.
5 9
v on S chnurbein 1 977, 7 22-723.
9 9 . t i n ) . 1 01.
t ' un li t te 1 971,
1 06 , f ig . 4 0 , n o . 4 3.
C ar t -a m a nd o 'ku lly 1 977, 5 2-53 . The t ypo log ica l r e la t ionsh ip b e tween Hu l l 's T ypes 2 71 a nd 2 60 ( ova l e na me l led b rooches w i th c en tra l c abochon s e t t ings ) may b e r e levan t t o t he c hrono log ica l a rgu men t .
Hu l l d a ted t he l a t ter ma in ly t o t he s econd
c en tury b ecause t hey a re e namel led .
Bu t a n e xa mp le f ro m b elow t he
r oad o f t he s tone f or t a t R ichborough i mpl ies a t er m inus a n te q ue m o f t he l a te t h ird c en tury ( Bushe-Fox 1 949 , 1 16 , P l . XXIX , n o . 4 8 ) ;
wh i le
a no ther f ro m C a mps f ie ld , Oxon ., was f ound i n t he u pper f i l l o f ac ornd ryer wh ich was t hough t t o h ave g one o u t o f u se a bou t A . D. 3 15 ( Hun ter a nd K irk 1 952 , e sp . 5 3 , 5 9 , f ig . 2 6, 1 ) .
T ype 2 60 c ou ld h ave l as ted
i n to t he t h ird c en tury a nd may h ave b een b o th t he p recursor o f a nd o ver lapped i n t ime w i th T ype 2 71. 1 02.
The l ack o f e xamp les f ro m wel l d a ted f our th-cen tury c on tex ts may r ef l ec t l imi ta t ions i n p as t a rchaeolog ica l me thod r a ther t han t he e v idence i t sel f :
f or e xa mp le , d id t he t wo R ichborough b rooches r ea l ly c o me f ro m
t he " top-soi l" ( above , n . 8 5 ) o r were t hey i n s o me s tra ti f ied b u t u nr ecogn ised l a te l eve l?
R ecen t a dvances i n e xcava t ion t echn ique a nd
p os t-excava t ion a na lys is may r eso lve t he p roble m ( see e sp . Barker 1 975 a nd 1 977 ). 1 03.
The b eg inn ing o f ' Quo i t-Brooch S tyle ' i n t he e ar ly f i f th c en tury i s n ow w idely a ccep ted ( Ev ison 1 968 ;
Hawkes 1 973 , 1 48 ;
t hough i t s e nd i s y e t t o b e a s f ir m ly e stabl ished . i s more d eba table:
Hase lo f f 1 974 , 5 ) , I t s c u l tura l c on tex t
n e i ther t he J u t ish mi l ieu o r ig ina l ly p roposed b y
Hawkes n or t he G a l lo-Ro man/Frank ish s ource a dvoca ted b y Ev ison h as met w i th g enera l a gree men t ( Hawkes 1 961;
E v ison 1 965 , 4 6-78 ;
1 968 ).
Haseloff 's a rgu men t , r ev iv ing t ha t o f L eeds , f or a n i nd igenous s ubRo mano-Br i t ish c on tex t h as much t o r eco m mend i t , t hough i t s t i ll l eaves s o me p roble ms ( Hase lo ff 1 974 , e sp . 5 ; 1 973 , 1 48 ) , .
L eeds 1 936 , 4 -7;
a lso H awkes
I n p ar t icu lar , was t he p roduc t ion o f mi l i tarytype b e l t-
e qu ip men t a nd q uo i t b rooches , o n wh ich t he n ew a r t s tyle ma in ly o ccurs , ap urely Br i t ish e n terpr ise o r , much more l ike ly , was i td eveloped t hough G er man ic p a tronage o f l oca l c ra f ts men a nd t o G er man ic o rder? I ft he l a t ter i s t rue , c an i te xp la in t he d ist inc t ive q ua l i ty o f ' Quo i t-Brooch S tyle ' wh ich s tands i n c on tras t w i th b o th e ar l ier i nsu lar a nd c on te mporary G a l lo-Ro man meta lwork?
Fur ther , e ven i f ' Quoi t-Brooch S tyle ' p roduc ts
were f i rs t made i n s ub-Ro mano-Br i t ish workshops , c ou ld Ang lo-Saxons h ave e ven tua lly t aken o ver s o me o f t hese , a nd s o l earned f ro m a nd c opied t he ir t echn iques? 1 04.
H awkes 1 961, 3 3-35 , 5 4 ;
E v ison 1 965 , 5 0 , 1 23 , 1 26-127 , P ls . 1 0a-b ,
1 5b . 1 05 .
A ssessmen t o f t he p osi t ion o f t hese t wo b rooches w i th in t he ' Quoi t-Brooch S tyle ' r eper toire may b e a f fected b y E v ison 's c o m men t t ha t s o c rude a re t he ir b oss- a nd p in-f i tt ings t ha t t hese migh t b e s econdary . p la te f ro m H ow le t ts ' grave 2 8 '. i lF 1
A s quare
K en t , t o wh ich b rooch-f i t t ings were a dded
as econdary f eature , wou ld t hus b e c o mparable ( Ev ison 1 965 , 1 23 ,
1 27).
H awke ! , t oo n o ted t he ir c rud i ty , b u t o bserved t ha t t he r ive t h oles
6 0
r ep laced n o o ther means o f a t tach men t ( Hawkes 1 961 , 3 4 ) .
Wi thou t a
me thod o f a t tachmen t , t he d iscs wou ld s carcely h ave b een u sable ;
a nd ,
s ince t hey a re made f ro m s hee t meta l , f i t t ings wou ld i nev i tably h ave b een r ive ted o r s oldered o n . 1 06.
B öh me 1 974 , 5 3 f f .
1 07.
Hawkes 1 961 , 4 6.
1 08 .
L eeds 1 945 , 4 6-48 .
1 09.
L eeds 1 945 , 4 6-48 ;
1 10 .
E .g . H ighdown ( W i lson 1 958 , P l . 3 , 8 ) ; 9 3 , 7 -16 , 7 2 ) ;
D ick inson 1 976 , 1 42-145 ;
E v ison 1 977, 1 40 .
E as t S he f ford ( Br i t ish Museu m
F a ir ford , G los . ( Br i t ish Museu m 1 926 , 7 -7 , 2a nd
L iverpoo l C i ty Museu m M .7729 —Fig . 3 .5 e ) . 1 11 .
S evera l s cho lars h ave r ecen t ly wr i t ten o n t he a r t is t ic a nd t echn ica l c on tr ibu t ion made b y t he R o man wor ld t o G erman ic meta lwork : 1 975 , 9 3-97; 1 64f f .
B öh me 1 977 , 2 6;
Hase lo f f 1 973 a nd 1 974 ;
Arrhen ius
V ierck 1 976 ,
I n t he c on tex t o f t he p resen t d iscuss ion , B öh me a nd Hase lo f f
( 1974 , 4 -5 ) a rgue , p aradox ica l ly , t ha t s uch q u in tessen t ia l ly S axon o b jects a s e qua l-armed b rooches a re n o t o n ly u n th inkable w i thou t p r ior k now ledge o f La te R o man ' ch ip-carved ' b ronzes , b u t were a c tua l ly made b y c ap tured R o man c ra f ts men . 1 12 .
B öhme 1 974 , 3 0 ;
h is ' Krefe ld-Ge l lep ' t ype .
1 13 .
L eeds 1 945 , 8 3 .
Ap a ir o f f la t a pp l ied b rooches f ro m L ong Wi t tenha m
I , g rave 7 5 migh t s uppor t t h is c onc lus ion , f or i t s f o i ls a re d ecora ted i n t he s a me way a s s o me d isc b rooches ( F ig . 3 .12 , d ) .
I t migh t s ugges t
ac er ta in c onnec t ion b e tween t he makers o f a pp l ied ( saucer ) b rooches a nd d isc b rooches , t hough t he d irec t ion i n wh ich t he i n f luence s pread r e ma ins u nes tabl ished . 1 14 .
B öhme 1 974 , 2 4-28;
3 50-352 ;
D ick inson 1 976 , 1 01-105 .
S ince s ub- ,
miss ion o ft h is a r t ic le , E v ison h as p ub lished a t wo-par t s urvey o f a pp l ied d isc ( saucer ) b rooches wh ich c ou ld a f fect my a rgu men ts ( Ev ison 1 978 ) .
S he l i s ts 5 6 E ng l ish g rave f i nds , a ss igning mos t t o t he f if th
c en tury a nd a n umber t o i t s f i rs t h a lf .
A lthough Iw ou ld q ues t ion h er
e ar ly d a t ing o f s evera l a nd t he i nsu lar o r ig in o f af ew o thers , i ti s p oss ib le t ha t t here a re more e ar ly f if th-century p roduc ts t han Ia l low . E v ison 's s tudy a lso c a l ls a t tent ion t o t he l arge n u mber o f sma l l f la t a pp lied d isc b rooches f ro m F ree G er many wh ich h ave d ecora t ion c o mp arab le w i th t he E ng lish c as t d isc b rooches ( concen tric d es igns , amul e ts , q u incunxes o f i n la id g lass ) ; b u t s ince t hese d a te e ssen t ia l ly f ro m t he t h ird a nd e ar ly f our th c en turies a nd h ave n o t b een f ound i n E ng land , If ee l j us t if ied i n e xc lud ing t he m a s p o ten tia l c on t inen ta l p ro to types . 1 15 .
Welch 1 975 ;
1 16.
D ick inson 1 976 , 5 O f f .
1 17.
1 976c .
Iam t h ink ing e spec ia l ly o f t he b i ts o f s trapf i t t ings , a ppl iqugs a nd o ther d ecora t ive a t tachmen ts c o m mon ly e ncoun tered i n t he l arge ly u nassoc ia ted c ol lec t ions o f ma ter ia l f ro m o ld e xcava t ions l ike t hose a t H ighdown , Eas t S hef ford o r Fa ir ford ,
Miss H i lary C oo l o f t he D epar t men t o f Archaeo logy ,
Un ivers i ty C o l lege , C ardi f f , i s c urren t ly p repar ing a Ph .D . t hes is o n 6 1
Ro mano-Br i t ish meta l sma l l-f inds s uch a s p ins , b racelets a nd f inger r ings . 1 18 .
Myres h as a t te mp ted t o a pp ly t he e v idence o f p o t tery t o t h is w ide ly h eld i dea ( Myres 1 969 , 1 15 ;
f ol lowed b y , f or e xa mp le , A lcock 1 971 , 1 15 ).
H e p o in ts t o a n a bsence o f ' bossed p anel s ty le ' a nd G roup V Buckelurnen f ro m t he Upper Tha mes Reg ion a s e v idence o f ar educ t ion i n s e t t le men t . The d istr ibu t ion o f as ing le a r tefact t ype s hou ld n o t b e a l lowed a lone t o e ngender s uch a n impor tan t t heory ;
a nyway , ' bossed p anel s tyle ' p ots
d o o ccur o ccas iona lly i n t he R eg ion ( e .g . Wanborough I , g rave 1 , Wi lts .; C unn ing ton 1 942 , 5 42 ;
Myres 1 977 , f ig . 3 34 , n o . 1 025 ) , wh i le G roup
V Buckelurnen s hou ld r a ther b e c ons idered a s as peci f ica l ly r eg iona l d eve lop men t o f t he Ang l ian a reas .
Ih ave d iscussed t h is i ssue i n
D ick inson 1 976 , 3 77f f ., e sp . 4 31-433. 1 19.
Brown 1 976 , 3 2-33.
1 20 .
Aker man 1 857b , 1 14 , n o . 8 .
1 21.
L eeds 1 925 ; 3 81;
1 933 ;
1 954 ;
Hawkes a nd Dunn ing 1 961 ;
Frere 1 967,
Myres 1 969 , 8 9-90 a nd 1 14 , where h e manages t o e spouse b oth
t he ' f oedera t i ' a nd ' I ckn ield Way ' t heses ;
D ick inson 1 976 , 1 13-114 ,
4 18 , 4 30 . B IBLIOGRAPHY Äberg , N ., 1 926.
The Ang lo-Saxons i n Eng land d ur ing t he Ear ly C en tur ies
a f ter t he I nvas ion ( Uppsa la ). Aker man , J . Y ., 1 853 .
' An a ccoun t o f e xcava t ions i n a n Ang lo-Saxon b ur ia l
g round a t Harnha m H i ll , n ear S a l isbury ' , Archaeolog ia 3 5 , 2 59-278 . Aker man , J . Y ., 1 857a .
' An a ccoun t o f r esearches i n Ang lo-Saxon c e meter ies
a t F ilk ins a nd a t Brough ton Poggs i n Ox fordsh ire ' , Archaeo log ia 3 7 , 1 40-143. Aker man , J . Y ., 1 857b.
' An a ccoun t o f t he d iscovery o f Ang lo-Saxon r e ma ins
a t Ke mble ' , Archaeolog ia 3 7 , 1 13-115 . Aker man , J . Y ., 1 860a .
' Repor t o n r esearches i n a n Ang lo-Saxon c e metery
a t Long Wi t tenha m , B erksh ire ' , Archaeolog ia 3 8 , 3 27-352. Aker man , J . Y ., 1 860b .
' Second r epor t o f r esearches i n ac e me tery o f t he
Ang lo-Saxon p eriod a t Br igh tha mp ton , Oxon .' , Archaeo log ia 3 8 , 8 4-97. Aker man , J . Y ., 1 863.
' Repor t o n f ur ther r esearches i n a n Ang lo-Saxon
b ur ia l g round a t L ong Wi t tenha m , B erksh ire , i n t he s u m mer o f 1 860 ' , • Archaeolog ia 3 9 , 1 35-142. Aker man , J . Y ., No tes .
N o tes o n e xcava t ions i n Ang lo-Saxon c e meter ies a t
Yel ford , Br igh tha mp ton , Oxon .;
L ong Wi t tenha m a nd Mi l ton , Berks .;
a nd D in ton Bucks . —conducted b y J . Y . Aker man 1 858-1860.
Transcr ip t
b y E . T . L eeds , J anuary 1 930 ( Ashmolean Museu m Arch ives ). A lcock , L ., 1 971. Arrhen ius , B .,
Ar thur 's Br i ta in ( London ).
1 960 .
Arrhen ius , B ., 1 975 .
' B kgraven f rän Augeru m ‚, T or 6 , 1 67-185 . ' D ie t echn ischen Vorausse tzungen f ür d ie En twick lung
d er g er man ischen T ierorna men tik ' , Früh mi t tela l ter l iche S tud ien 9 , 9 3-109. 6 2
A tk inson , D ., 1 916.
The Ro mano-Br i t ish S i te o n Lowbury H i l l i n B erksh ire
( Read ing ). A tk inson , R . J . C ., P iggot t , S . a nd S andars , N . K ., 1 951 .
Excava tions a t
Dorches ter , Oxon , F irst Repor t ( Ox ford ). Ba ldwin Brown , G ., 1 915 . Barker , P ., 1 975 . 1 966-74 :
The Ar ts i n Ear ly Eng land v ols . I I-IV ( London ).
' Excava t ions o n t he s i te o f t he Ba ths Basi l ica a t Wroxeter
a n i n ter im r epor t ' , Br i tann ia 6 , 1 06-117.
Barker , P ., 1 977.
Techn iques o f Archaeo log ica l Excava t ion ( London ).
B idder , H . F . a nd Morr is , J ., 1 959.
' The Ang lo-Saxon c e me tery a t Mi tcha m ' ,
S urrey Archaeo log ica l C o l lect ions 5 6, 5 1-131. B öh me , A ., 1 972.
' Die F ibeln d er Kaste l le S aa lburg u nd Zug man te l ' ,
S aa lburg J ahrbuch 2 9 , 5 -112. B öh me , H . W., 1 974 .
G erman ische G rabfunde d es 4 . b is 5 . J ahrhunder ts
zw ischenun terer E lbe u nd Lo ire:
S tud ien z ur Chrono log ie u nd B evolke-
r ungsgesch ich te ( Mun ich ). B ohme , H . W., 1 977.
' D ie B edeu tung d er s pä trö m ischen Chronolog ie
N ordga l l iens f ür d as n ordwes tdeu tsche Küs tengebie t im 4 .-5 . J ahrhunder t n . Chr .' , i n Kossack a nd R eichs tein 1 977 , 1 7-28 . B öhner , K ., 1 958 . Boon , G . C ., 1 974 .
D ie f ränk ischen A l ter tü mer d es Tr ierer Landes ( Ber lin ). S i lches ter :
The Ro man Town o f G a l leva Rev ised Ed .
( London ) . Brews ter , T . C . M., 1 956-8 .
' Four f inds f ro m Eas t Yorksh ire ' , Yorksh ire
Archaeolog ica l J ourna l 3 9 , 5 3-58 . Brown , D ., 1 976.
' Archaeo log ica l e v idence f or t he S axon p er iod ' , i n Mc Wh irr ,
A . ( ed .) , S tudies i n t he Archaeo logy a nd H is tory o f C irences ter , B . A. R . 3 0 ( Ox ford ). Brown , D ., 1 977.
' The s ign i f icance o f t he Londesborough r ing b rooch ' ,
An t iquar ies J ourna l 5 7, 9 5-97. Bushe-Fox , J . P ., 1 913 .
Excava t ions o n t he S i te o f t he Ro man Town a t
Wroxeter , S hropsh ire , i n 1 912 ( London .) . Bushe-Fox , J . P ., 1 928 .
S econd R epor t o n t he Excava t ions o f t he Ro man
For t a t R ichborough , Ken t ( London ). Bushe-Fox , J . P ., 1 949 .
Four th Repor t o n t he Excava t ions o f t he Ro man
For t a t R ichborough , Ken t ( London ). Carson , R . A . G . a nd O 'Ke lly , C ., 1 977.
' A c a ta logue o f t he Ro man c o ins
f ro m N ewgrange , C o . Mea th a nd N otes o n t he c oins a nd r e la ted f inds ', Proceed ings Roya l I r ish Acade my 7 7c , 3 5-55 . C oRingwood , R . G . a nd R ich mond , I . A ., 1 969.
The Archaeology o f Ro man
Br i ta in Rev ised e d . ( London ) . Cun li f fe , B . W., 1 968 . F i f th Repor t o n t he Excava t ions o f t he Ro man For t a t R ichborough , K en t ( London ). Cun li f fe , B . W., 1 971.
Excava t ions a t F ishbourne , 1 961-1969 v o l . I
( London ) . 6 3
Cun li f fe , B . W., 1 976. Par t I :
Excava t ions a t P or tches ter Cas t le , Ha mpsh ire ,
S axon ( London ).
Cunn ing ton , M. E ., 1 942.
' Saxon b ur ia ls a t Foxh i l l , Wanborough , 1 941 ' ,
Wi l tsh ire Archaeo log ica l Magazine 4 9 , 5 42-543. D ick inson , T . M., 1 973 .
' Excava t ions a t S tand lake Down i n 1 954:
t he Ang lo-
S axon g raves ' , Oxon iens ia 3 8 , 2 39-257. D ick inson , T . M., 1 976.
The Ang lo-Saxon Bur ia l S i tes o f t he U pper Tha mes
Reg ion , a nd t he ir b ear ing o n t he H is tory o f Wessex , c . A . D. 4 00-700. Unpubl ished D . Ph i l . Thes is , Ox ford Un ivers ity. D ick inson , T . M., 1 978 .
' Pos t-Ro man a nd Pagan Ang lo-Saxon ' , i n ' Br i t ish
An t iqu i ty , 1 976-77' , Archaeo log ica l J ourna l 1 34 ( f or 1 977) , D ick inson , T . M., f or thco m ing .
4 04-418 .
' The s aucer b rooch f ro m Luck in-S mi th 's ,
Head S treet ' , i n P . C ru m my ( ed .) , S axon a nd N or man C o lches ter ( Counci l f or Br i t ish Archaeo logy Publ ica tion ) . Ev ison , V . I . , 1 955 .
' Ear ly Ang lo-Saxon i n la id meta lwork ' , An t iquar ies
J ourna l 3 5 , 2 0-44. The F i f th C en tury I nvas ions S ou th o f t he Tha mes
Ev ison , V . I . , 1 965 . ( London ). Ev ison , V . I . , 1 968 .
' Quo i t-Brooch S tyle b uck les ' , An t iquar ies J ourna l 4 8 ,
2 31-249 . Ev ison , V . I . , 1 969.
' Five Ang lo-Saxon i nhu ma tion g raves c on ta in ing p o ts
a t G rea t Ches terford , Essex ' , B er ich t v . d . R i jksd iens t v . h . Oudheidk undig Bode monderzoek 1 9 , 1 57-173. Ev ison , V . I . , 1 973.
' Ang lo-Saxon g rave-goods f ro m Muck ing , Essex ' ,
An t iquar ies J ourna l 5 3 , 2 69-270 . Ev ison , V . I . , 1 977.
' Suppor t ing-ar m b rooches a nd e qua l-ar m b rooches i n
Eng land ' , i n H -J . Hass ler ( ed .) , S tud ien z ur S achsen forschung ( H i ldesh ei m ) , 1 27-148 . Ev ison ,
V . I . , 1 978 .
t he C on tinen t ;
' Ear ly Ang lo-Saxon a pp lied d isc b rooches : Par t I :
I n E ng land ,
Fabr ic ius , E . a nd v on S arwey , 0 .,
Par t I : On
Ant iquar ies J ourna l 5 8, 8 8-102 , 2 60-78
( eds .) , 1 909.
Der Oberger man ische-
Rhaet ische L i mes d es Rö merreiches Band I , B .8 ( Heidelberg ). Fausset t , B ., 1 856.
I nven tor ium S epu lchra le , e d . C . Roach Smi th ( London ).
Fos ter , W. K ., 1 880-84.
' Accoun t o f t he e xcava t ion o f a n Ang lo-Saxon
c e metery a t Barr ing ton , C a mbr idgesh ire ' , Ca mbr idge An t iquar ian C o m mun ica t ions 5 , 5 -32. F ox , C ., 1 923.
The Archaeo logy o f t he Ca mbr idge Reg ion ( Ca mbr idge ).
G ri f f i th , A . F . a nd S a lz mann , L . F ., 1 914.
S ussex Archaeo log ica l C ol lections
5 6, 1 6-53. G r i mes , W. F ., 1 960 .
Excava t ions o n Defence S i tes , 1 939-1945 .
1 . Ma in ly
Neoli th ic- Bronze Age ( London ) . G odfrey-Fausse tt , T . G ., 1 876. ' The S axon c e metery a t B i frons t , Archa eo log ia Can t iana 1 0 , 2 98-314. 6 4
Haselof f , G ., 1 973 .
' Zu m Ursprung d er g er man ischen T ierorna men tik-
d ie s pä trö mische Wurzel ' , Früh m i ttela l ter l iche S tud ien 7 , 4 06-442 . Haselo f f , G ., 1 974 .
'Min 's S tyle I ' , Med ieva l Archaeology 1 8 , 1 -15.
Hawkes , S . C ., 1 961.
' Ju t ish S tyle A .
A s tudy o f G er man ic a n i ma l a r t i n
s ou thern Eng land i n t he f i f th c en tury A . D.' , Archaeo log ia 9 8 , 2 9-74. Hawkes , S . C ., 1 973.
' A La te Ro man b uck le f ro m Tr ipon t iu m ' , Transact ions
B ir m ingha m a nd Warwicksh ire Archaeo log ica l S ociety 8 5 , 1 45-159. Hawkes , S . C ., 1 974 .
' So me r ecen t f inds o f La te Ro man b uck les ' , Br i tann ia
5 , 3 86-393. Hawkes , S . C . a nd Dunn ing , G . C ., 1 961.
' So ld iers a nd s e t t lers , f our th t o
f i f th c en tury B r i ta in ' , Medieva l Archaeo logy 5 , 1 -71. H i l ls , C . M., 1 977. I .
The Ang lo-Saxon C e me tery a t S pong H i l l , N or th E l mha m
Eas t Ang lian Archaeolog ica l R epor t 6( Gressenha l l ) .
H i l ton , p ., 1 961.
The C e meter ies a t Barr ing ton a nd Has l ing f ield i n Re la t ion
t o t he S e t t le men t o f Eng land .
Unpubl ished Ph . D. t hes is , Leeds Un iver-
s i ty. H o l lingwor th , E . J . a nd O 'Rei l ly , M. M., 1 925 .
The Ang lo-Saxon C e metery
a t G ir ton Co l lege , C a mbr idge ( Cambr idge ). Hu l l , M. R ., C orpus .
C orpus o f Ro mano-Br i t ish Brooches ( unpubl ished ).
Hun ter , A . G . a nd K irk , J . R ., 1 952.
' Excava t ions a t Ca mpsf ie ld , K idl ing ton ,
Oxon .' , Oxon iens ia 1 7, 3 6-62. J anssen , W., 1 972.
I ssendor f :
e in U rnen fr iedhof d er s pä ten Ka iserzei t
u nd d er Vö lkerwanderungszei t I( H i ldeshei m ). K ennet t , D . H ., 1 970 .
' Po t tery a nd o ther f inds f ro m t he Ang lo-Saxon c e me-
t ery a t S andy , B ed fordsh ire ' , Medieva l Archaeology 1 4 , 1 7-33. Kennet t , D . H ., 1 971.
' Appl ied b rooches o f t he " Ke mps ton" t ype a t S t . J ohn 's ,
Ca mbr idge ' , P roceed ings Ca mbr idge An t iquar ian S ociety 6 3 , 2 7-29. K idd , D . S . W., 1 977.
' So me q ues t ions o f me thod i n t he s tudy o f Migra t ion
Per iod p o ttery ' , i n Kossack a nd R eichs tein 1 977, 9 3-102. K irk , J . R ., 1 949.
' Bronzes f ro m Woodea ton , Oxon .
Kossack , G . a nd R eichs tein , J . ( eds .) , 1 977. Chrono log ie d er Völkerwanderungszei t .
Oxon iens ia 1 4 , 1 -45 .
Archäo log ische B ei träge z ur An tiqu i tas R eihe 3 , Band 2 0
( Bonn ). Lamprech t , H ., 1 907.
Der G rosse R öm ische Fr iedho f i n R egensburg .
Verhand lungen d es h is tor ischen Vereins f ür d en R egenkreis 5 8 ( Regensb urg ). L eeds , E . T ., 1 916-17.
' An Ang lo-Saxon c e me tery a t Whea t ley , Ox fordsh ire ' ,
Proceed ings S ociety o f An t iquar ies 2 nd s ., 2 9 , 4 8-63 . L eeds , E . T ., 1 925 .
' The Wes t S axon i nvas ion a nd t he I ckn ie ld Way ' ,
H is tory 1 0 , 9 7-109.
6 5
Leeds , E . T ., 1 933.
' The Ear ly S axon p ene tra t ion o f t he U pper Tha mes a rea ' ,
An t iquar ies J ourna l 1 3 , 2 29-251. Leeds , E . T ., 1 936.
Ear ly Ang lo-Saxon Ar t a nd Archaeo logy ( Ox ford ) .
Leeds , E . T ., 1 945 .
' The d is tr ibu t ion o f t he Ang les a nd S axons a rchaeolo-
g ica l ly c ons idered ' , Archaeo log ia 9 1 , 1 -106. A C orpus o f Ang lo-Saxon G rea t S quare-Headed Brooches
Leeds , E . T ., 1 949. ( Ox ford ).
' The g row th o f Wessex ' , Oxon iens ia 1 9 , 4 5-60 .
Leeds , E . T ., 1 954. Leeds Arch ives .
E . T . L eeds ' manuscr ip t n o tes h e ld i n t he Depar t men t o f
An t iqu i t ies , Ash molean Museu m , Ox ford . Leeds , E . T . a nd Harden , D . B ., 1 936.
The Ang lo-Saxon C e metery a t
Abingdon , B erksh ire ( Ox ford ). Low ther , A . W. G ., 1 931.
' The S axon c e me tery a t Gu i ldown , Gu i ld ford ,
S urrey ' , S urrey Archaeo log ica l C o l lect ions , 3 9 , 1 -50. Mi les , D . a nd Har man , M. 1 976.
' Ber ins f ield ' , C ounci l f or Br i t ish Archae-
o logy G roup 9 N ews letter 6 , 6 7-68 . Myres , J . N . L ., 1 969 .
Ang lo-Saxon P ot tery a nd t he S et t le men t o f Eng land
( Ox ford ) . Myres , J . N . L ., 1 977.
C orpus o f Ang lo-Saxon Po t tery o f t he Pagan Per iod
( Ca mbr idge ). N ea l , D . S ., 1 974.
The Excava t ion o f t he Ro man V i l la i n G adebr idge Park ,
He me l H e mpstead 1 963-8 ( London ) . N ev i l le , Hon . R . C ., 1 854.
' Ang lo-Saxon c e me tery o n L in ton H ea th ,
C a mbr idgeshire ', Archaeo log ica l J ourna l 1 1 , 9 5-115 . Peake , H . a nd Hooton , E . A ., 1 915 .
' Saxon g raveyard a t East S he f ford ,
Berks .' , J ourna l R oya l An thropo log ica l I ns t i tu te 4 5 , 9 3-130. Oddy , W. A ., 1 977.
' G i ld ing a nd t inn ing i n Ang lo-Saxon Eng land ' , i n W. A .
Oddy ( ed .) , Aspects o f Ear ly Meta l lurgy , Papers p resen ted a t as y mp os iu m o n e ar ly meta l lurgy o rgan ised b y t he H is tor ica l Meta l lurgy S ocie ty ( London ). Orsnes , M., 1 966.
For m o g S t i l :
IS ydskand inav iens Yngre G er manske
J erna lder ( Copenhagen ). Oswa ld , F ., 1 926.
' The p o t tery o f at h ird-cen tury wel l a t Marg idunu m ' ,
J ourna l R o man S tudies 1 6, 3 6-44. P ir l ing , R ., 1 974. Das R öm isch-Fränk isch G räber feld v on Krefeld-Ge l lep , 1 960-1963 ( Bonn ) . Pr igg , H ., 1 888 .
' The Ang lo-Saxon g raves , Warren H i l l , Mi ldenha l l ' ,
Proceed ings S uf fo lk I ns t i tu te o f Archaeo logy 6 , 5 7-72. Read , C . H ., 1 906.
' Saxon a n t iqu i t ies f ound a t L eagrave , B eds .' , P roceed ings
S ociety o f An t iquar ies 2 nd s ., 2 1 , 5 9-62.
6 6
R eichs tein , J ., 1 977.
D ie Kreuzför m ige F ibe l .
R idgeway , W., 1 901.
The Ear ly Age o f G reece I ( Ca mbr idge ).
S ei l l ier , C ., 1 976.
O f fa Bücher 3 4 ( Neu müns ter ).
' t ine n ecropole d e l ' gpoque d es i nvasions a Vron ( So m me ) ' ,
Archeo log ia 9 0 , 3 7-43. S e i l l ier , C ., 1 978 .
' Quelques t o mbes d u
y e
s iècle e t d u d ebu t d u V ie s iècle
d e l a n ecropole d e Vron ( France , S o m me ) ' , i n M. F leury a nd P . Per in ( eds .) , Proble mes d e Chrono log ie R ela t ive e t A bso lue c oncernan t l es C i met i res Merov ing iens d 'en tre L oire e t Rh in ( Par is ) , 8 1-85. S tevens , J ., 1 894.
' The d iscovery o f aS axon b uria l-p lace n ear R ead ing ' ,
J ourna l Br i tish Archaeolog ica l Associa t ion 5 0 , 1 50-157. S wan ton , M. W., 1 973.
The S pearheads o f t he Ang lo-Saxon S et t le men ts
( London ) . Tester , P . J ., 1 968 .
' An Ang lo-Saxon c e me tery a t Orp ington :
f irst i n ter im
r epor t ' , Archaeo log ia C an t iana 8 3 , 1 25-150 . T es ter , P . J ., 1 969.
' Excava t ions a t Fordcrof t , Orping ton :
c onclud ing
r epor t ' , Archaeo log ia Can t iana 8 4 , 3 9-77. Tes ter , P . J ., 1 977.
' Fur ther n o tes o n t he Ang lo-Saxon c e me tery a t Orp ing ton ' ,
Archaeolog ia C an t iana .9 3 , 2 01-202 . Tho mas , S ., 1 960 .
' S tudien z u d en g er man ischen Kä m men d er r öm ischen
Ka iserzei t ' , Arbei ts- u nd Forschungsber ich te z ur S ächs ischen Bodenkma lplege 8 , 5 4-215. Verren ,
G . a nd P i le t , C ., 1 977.
' Un n ouveau t e moin d e l a p resence a ng lo-
s axonne e n Basse Nor mand ie a l ' gpoque merov ing ienne :
l a f ibu le
c upel li for me d e V ierv i l le ( Manche ) ' , Archeolog ie Medieva le 7 , 8 3-93. V ierck , H ., 1 976.
' Eine s üdskandinav ische Re l ief f ibel :
z u m Feinguss im
f rühen Mi t te la l ter ' , i n Aus d er S amm lung d es S e minars f ür Ur- u nd Frühgesch ich te d er Un ivers i ta t Müns ter , Müns tersche B ei trage z ur Ur u nd F rühgesch ich te 9 , 1 37-209 . v on S chnurbe in , S ., 1 977.
Das R öm ische G räber fe ld v on Regensburg
( Ka l l münz). Welch , M. G ., 1 975 .
' M i tcha m g rave 2 05 a nd t he c hrono logy o f a ppl ied
b rooches w i th f lor ia te c ross d ecora t ion ' , An t iquar ies J ourna l 5 5 , 8 6-95. We lch , M. G ., 1 976a .
Un t i t led c on tr ibu t ions t o Cun li f fe 1 976 , 1 95-197 a nd
2 05-214. We lch , M. G ., 1 976b.
H ighdown a nd i t s S axon C e me tery ( Wor th ing Museu m ).
We lch , M. G ., 1 976c .
' L iebenau i nhuma t ion g rave 1/196 a nd t he d a t ing o f
t he Ang lo-Saxon c e me tery a t Mi tcha m ' , Medieva l Archaeo logy 2 0 , 1 341 36. Wheeler , R . E . M., 1 935. Wi lson , A . E ., 1 958 .
L ondon a nd t he S axons ( London ) .
A Gu ide t o t he Ang lo-Saxon C o l lection :
ad escr ip tion
o f t he ma teria lf ro m t he H ighdown H i l l c e metery ( Wor th ing Museu m ). Wi lson , D . M., 1 959 . 1 12-119 .
' A l mgren a nd C hrono logy ' , Med ieva l Archaeology 3 ,
6 7
I NDEX TO S ITES PLOTTED ON F IGURE 3 .1
Ang lo-Saxon C e meter ies 1 .
A bingdon I , B erksh ire
3 7.
Orp ing ton , Ken t
2 .
A l fr is ton , S ussex
3 8 .
R eading I , B erksh ire
3 .
A lveston , Warwicksh ire
3 9 .
S pong H i l l , N or folk
4 .
Barr ing ton A a nd B , C a mbr idge-
4 0 .
S tra t ton ( Cirences ter ) ,
5 .
B eddingha m H i l l , S ussex
4 1.
Wanborough I , Wi l tsh ire
6 .
B er ins f ield ( Dorches ter ) ,
4 2.
Whea t ley , Ox fordsh ire
Oxfordsh ire
4 3.
Win ters low Hu t , Wi ltsh ire
G louces tersh ire
s h ire
7 .
B i frons , K en t .
8 .
B lewbur ton H i ll , B erksh ire
9 .
Br igh tha mpton , Ox fordsh ire
R o mano-Br i t ish S i te/Ang lo-Saxon S e t t le men t
1 0.
Ca mbr idge ( G ir ton C o l lege a nd
1 1.
Dorches ter Ma ( Burcot ) , Ox ford-
1 2.
Eas t S hef ford , B erksh ire
1 3 .
Ewel l , S urrey
4 4.
S t . J ohn 's C o l lege C r icket G round ) s h ire
P or tches ter Cas t le , Ha mpsh ire
Ro mano-Br i tish S i tes 4 5 .
C a mps f ie ld ( K id l ing ton ) , Ox fordsh ire
4 6.
E l mswel l , Yorksh ire
1 4.
Fa ir ford , G louces tersh ire
4 7.
F ishbourne , Ha mpsh ire
1 5 .
Faversha m , Ken t
4 8 .
G adebr idge Park ( He mel L owbury H i l l , Berksh ire
1 6.
F i lk ins , Ox fordsh ire
1 7.
G i l ton , Ken t
4 9.
1 8 .
G rea t Ches ter ford , Essex
5 0 .
1 9.
Gu i ldown ( Gu i ld ford ) , S urrey
2 0.
Ha mpnett ( Burn G round ) , G louces tersh ire
5 2.
S i lches ter , Hampsh ire
2 1.
Harnha m H i l l , Wil tsh ire
5 3 .
Wa ter Newton , N or tha mp tonsh ire
2 2.
Harwel l , B erksh ire
2 3.
H igha m , K en t
5 4. 5 5 .
Woodea ton , Ox fordsh ire Wroxeter , S hropsh ire.
2 4 .
H ighdown , S ussex
2 5.
How le t ts , Ken t
2 6.
I ck l ingha m , S u f folk
2 7.
K e mble I , G louches tersh ire
2 8 .
Ke mps ton , B edfordsh ire
2 9.
L eagrave , Bedfordsh ire
H e mps tead ) , Her tfordsh ire
5 1.
3 0 .
L in ton H ea th , Ca mbr idgesh ire
3 1.
L i t t le Wi lbraha m , Ca mbr idgesh ire
3 2.
L ong Wi ttenha m I , Berksh ire
3 3.
Lu ton , B edfordsh ire
3 4.
Mins ter Love l l , Ox fordsh ire
3 5.
Mi tcham , S urrey
3 6.
Muck ing ,Essex
Marg idunum ( Cast le H i l l ) , N o t t ingha msh ire
6 8
R ichborough , K en t
A
R omano-B r i t ish S i te
•
Ang lo -Saxon C eme te ry
0
Ang lo -Saxon S e t t lemen t S e lec ted R oman R oads I c kn ie ld
2 0. 4 0
6
3 4
4 5
• •5 4
1 6 • 9 /\ 4 2 •• • 1• ie z e b:
2 7 4 10
Way
2 2. • 12
03 2 6 8
4 86 / , '
• ' 4 9
-
3 6 ( 3, 2 3
•3 8
1 3
•52
F ig . 3 .1
•
3 5 6
•37 1 5
Map o f s i tes men t ioned i n t he t ex t
6 9
• •54 , 1 2 5 • 1 7 7
a
fo
-
o -Q-O -o -Q 0-0 D -0 -9
-
, ree ee
F ig . 3 .2
a -c . 1 968) .
L ong Wit tenham I , 1 65 ; d -e . Orp ing ton 5 1 ( af ter E v ison S ca le 1 :1
b
C
d
e
F ig . 3 .3
a -c .
af ter Tes ter 1 968 ) ; Orp ing ton 4 (
d -e .
8 ( af ter Tes ter 1 969 ) ; Orp ing ton 5
14 . f . Ab ingdon I , B S ca le :
-f , 1 :4 a -d , 1 :1 ; e
F ig . 3 .4
M ins ter L ove l l 3 .
S ca le :
c . 1 :2 ;
r e ma inder 1 :1
U O 3
,
F ig . 3 .5
a -c . e .
M i tcha m 2 29 ; d . H ighdown A . 3 389; F a irford M . 7 729 ;
f . Ewe l l .
( a-c , f , a f ter Whee ler 1 935 ) .
S ca le 1 :1
C il 'avz . 1 9 4-8 . 1S3G - 3 7 a .
b .
d .
l iarnh
L in ton H ea th 1 9
i n
C .
e .
Win ters low H u t
S ca le
F ig . 3 .6
7 4
: 1
S tra t ton
B edd inghan i H i l l
a .
K e mps ton ( Br i t ish Museum )
b .
B er insf ie ld 8
Ab ingdon I , B 14
F ig . 3 .7
S ca le 1 :1
7 5
a .
I i ighdown ( Wor th ing Museu P ho to :
D . L e igh )
b .
F ig . 3 .8
A 3 398 .
A lfr is ton 1 4
S ea le
7 6
a , 1 2 :1 ; b , 1 :1
a.
b .
F ig . 3 .9
B r igh thamp ton 5 1 . 7 7
S ea le
1
a .
b .
Grea t C hes terford 1 32
c .
L ong Wi t tenham 1 , 9 5
d .
F i. 3 .10
L ong Wi t tenham 1 , 9 5
Ab ingdon 1 , 1 3 93
S ca le a , 1 :2 ;
7 8
bc l , 1 : 1
c . a .
S t . J ohn 's C o l lege V I
b .
S t . J ohn 's C o l lege V I
E as t S hef ford
( Br i t ish Museum )
d .
L ong Wi t tenham I ( Br i t ish Museu m )
F ig . 3 .1
S ca le 1 : 1
7 9
a .
b .
L ong Wit tenham I , 1 29
F aversham
C .
H igham
L ong Wi t tenham I , 7 5
1 2
S ca le 1 :1 ( b-c , a f ter H awkes 1 961 )
8 0
4 .
EASTRY I N ANGLO-SAXON KENT :
I TS I MPORTANCE , AND A NE WLY-FOUND GRAVE S on ia Chadw ick Hawkes
I NTRODUCTION The e arly Ang lo-Saxon k ingdo m o f K en t was t err itor ia l ly sma l l , a s a rchaeo logy makes c lear , c o mpr is ing o n ly t he e astern h a lf o f t he modern c oun ty a nd h av ing i t s western f ron t ier o n t he r iver Medway .
Thanks t o t he e ar ly
e stabl ish men t o f as table r oya l d ynasty , J u to-Dan ish i n it ia l ly b u t s oon a l l ied t o t he Frank ish Merov ing ians, K en t s ee ms t o b e t he f i rst o ft he Engl ish k ingdo ms t o b e p roper ly o rgan ised .
We k now more a bou t i t s a dm in istra t ive
s truc ture i n t he s ix th c en tury t han t ha t o f a ny o ther emergen t i nsu lar k ingdo m ( F ig. 4 .1). I n l arge p ar t t h is was i nher i ted : t hus e ast K en t 's t wo Ro man t owns s urv ived t o b eco me Can terbury , t he c ap i ta l , a nd Rochester , t he b r idge f or tress o n t he Medway , b oth o f t he m b ishop 's s ea ts f ro m e ar ly i n t he s eventh c en tury ; t he r oad s yste m t ha t l i nked t he m t ogether a nd t o t he Channel p orts c on t inued i n u se; a nd s uch o f t he p orts a s s urv ived t he f l ood ing a nd s i l t ing c onsequen t o n t he l a te Ro man mar ine t ransgress ion , n otably D over a nd F ordw ich n ear Can terbury , w ere u sed i n Ang lo-Saxon t imes t oo. Towns , r oads a nd p or ts a l l p layed t he ir p ar t i n t he d evelopmen t o f e x terna l t rade r ela t ions, s o monopol ist ic a s t o make K en t t he r ichest a nd most c os mopol itan r eg ion o f England .
Bu t Ro man s urv iva ls a re n ot t he whole s tory ;
t here w ere i nnova-
t i ons r esu l t ing f ro m t he b reakdown o f c en tra l ised Ro man a dm in istra t ion a nd e cono m ic o rder.
L ike med ieva l k ings a f ter t he m , Ang lo-Saxon k ings w ere
c on s tan tly o n t he move , w i th t he ir h ouseholds a nd a l l t he p arapherna l ia o f g overn men t , g et t ing t o k now t he l and a nd i t s p eop le , a dm in ister ing t he l aw i n t he f ur thest c orners o ft heir k ingdo ms a nd c onsu m ing t he p roduce o f t he ir e sta tes. I n Chr ist ian t imes t he ir s topp ing p laces a re r ecorded i n d ocu men ts , b u t f or p agan K en t w e h ave s o me p rec ious a nd n early u n ique i n for ma t ion f ro m a rcha ic p lace-names.
These t e l l u s t ha t t he e ar ly k ings o f K en t h ad
s evera l d istr ic t c ap i ta ls, p resu mably v i l lae r ega les , r oya l manors , wh ich s erved a s t he ir p r inc ipa l r es idences. There i s ap oss ible o ne a t Wester , n ear t he Medway s ou th o f Ma idstone, a nd d ef in i te o nes i n t he n or th-east a t S turry n ear Can terbury , i n t he s ou th a t L ym inge , a nd i n t he e x tre me e ast a t Eastry.
I n t he t hree l a t ter c ases c e metery e v idence , o f wea l thy s et t le men t
b eg inn ing i n t he f i f th c entury , r e in forces t he a n t iqu ity o f t he p lace-na mes , s uggest ing t ha t t hese s i tes w ere o pera t ing a s r oya l d istr ic t c ap ita ls f ro m a v ery e arly d a te i ndeed , a t l eas t f ro m t he r e ign o f E thelber t a nd p robably f ro m t he v ery b eg inn ing o f e stabl ished k ingsh ip i n K en t . S o c o mpel l ing i s t he e v idence t ha t i ts ee ms a l most i ncred ible t ha t n one o ft hese s i tes h as a t trac ted d el ibera te r esearch e xcava t ion .
N owhere i s t he
n eglec t more g lar ing t han a t Eastry , where , a s w e s ha l l s ee , t he Ang lo-Saxon
8 1
t opography i s c lear a nd c r ies o u t t o h ave i t s d e ta il f i l led i n . A s i ti s , t here h as b een a g ap o fo ver o ne h undred y ears b etween t he c asua l f ind ings f ro m f i f th-s ix th c en tury g raves i n t he l a te e igh teen th a nd n ineteen th c en tur ies a nd t he e qua l ly u np lanned d iscovery o f as ingle Ang lo-Saxon g rave i n 1 970.
The
l a t ter , i n t he g rounds o f Eastry H ouse , i s importan t n ot o n ly f or i t s own s ake , b ecause o ft he u nusua l c harac ter a nd q ua l ity o f i t s g rave-goods , b ut a lso b ecause i ti nd ica tes t he p resence o f as econd e ar ly Ang lo-Saxon b ur ia l-ground w ith in t he v il lage i t self , a mere f ew h undred y ards ( metres ) f ro m t he l ong k nown o ne a nd e ven c loser t o t he p resu med s i te o f t he r oya l p a lace. Th is a rt ic le b eg ins w ith a n a ccoun t o f t he n ew g rave-f ind a nd e nds w ith s o me g enera l r ef lec t ions o n t he t opography o f e ar ly Ang lo-Saxon Eastry . D ISCOVERY OF AN ANGLO-SAXON GRAVE AT EASTRY HOUSE Eastry H ouse , f or merly a p r ivate r es idence b u t n ow ma in ta ined b y K en t C oun ty C ounc il a s aHo me f or t he Aged , i s s i tua ted o n t he w est s ide o ft he H igh S tree t a bou t 2 00 metres n or th o f Eastry Cross ( Fig. 4 .2, A ). I n t he a u tu mn o f 1 970 a r ange o f o ld s tables a nd o u tbu ild ings h ad b een p u l led d own t o make way f or n ew s taf f a cco moda t ion a nd g arages , wh ile t wo o ld c ot tages o n t he s treet i t sel f w ere s hor t ly t o b e d e mol ished t o make improved a ccess ( Fig. 4 .2, B ). On 9 Oc tober , wh ile h and d igg ing a t rench f or t he ma in wa ter s upp ly t o t he n ew h ouses , o ne o f t he c on trac tor 's men b rough t u p o n h is s hovel ag arnet-set s quare-headed b rooch a nd a j ewel led g old d isc w ith f rag men tary s i lver b ackp la te.
On s earch ing t he s po il f ro m t h is p ar t o f t he t rench h e f ound
ab ead o f o paque r ed g lass a nd , wh ile b ack f il l ing a f terwards , h e g l i mpsed b ut f a iled t o r ecover a d ouble b ead o f o paque y el low g lass.
I t was a l ucky
c hance t ha t t h is man , Mr . P eter Rogers , was a me mber o f t he S andw ich H istor ica l S oc iety 's Archaeolog ica l Group : h e made a c arefu l n ote o f t he e xac t f ind-spo t a nd h anded o ver t he f i nds t o h is G roup 's l eader , Mr . A l fred S ou tha m .
R igh t ly s uspec t ing t he m t o h ave c o me f ro m a n Anglo-Saxon g rave ,
Mr .S ou tha m c onsu l ted t he l a te Mrs. Mary J a mes o f Updown House , av a lued a ss istan t o n my own e xcava t ions , a nd s he a t o nce c on tac ted me. With in a v ery f ew d ays Iwas t hus e nab led t o t ake c harge o f t he o b jec ts f or s tudy a nd c onserva t ion ( t he l a t ter u nder taken f or t he K .C .C . p r iva tely b y Mrs. K a th leen 1 0 . mber o ft he A sh molean Museu m , Ox ford ) , t o v is it t he s i te i t self a nd make a rrange men ts w ith Mr . S ou tha m f or a s yste ma t ic r e-excava t ion o ft he f inds po t. Th is e xcava t ion , c arr ied o u t b y k ind p er m iss ion o f t he K .C.C . a nd t he ir c on tractors , S . L . Wa t ts a nd S ons, was b egun b y me mbers o f t he S andw ich H istor ica l S oc iety d ur ing t he w eekend o f 7 -8 N ove mber a nd c o mp leted b y Mrs. J a mes a nd mysel f d ur ing t he t wo d ays f o l low ing. An a rea o f a pprox ima te ly f i ve s quare metres was o pened u p a t t he p lace i nd ica ted b y Mr . Rogers a nd t he r e ma ins o f af e ma le s keleton , w ith k n ife , b eads a nd a s i lver o rna men t , w ere f ound e xac t ly where e xpec ted ( F ig . 4 .3 ). An e x tens ion o n t he w es t s ide o f t he c u t t ing ( Fig . 4 .2, B ) s howed t ha t t here was n o o ther b ur ia l i n t he immed ia te v ic in ity , s o w e c an b e c er ta in t ha t a l l t he f inds h ere r epor ted c ame f ro m o ne a nd t he s ame s ource , h ere c a l led Eastry H ouse g rave 1 . Whether t h is was a s ing le b ur ia l o r p ar t o f ac e metery i s n ot c er ta in , t hough t he l a t ter s ee ms more l ikely.
There s ee m t o b e n o e ar l ier r ecords
8 2
o f A ng lo-Saxon f i nds f ro m t h is p ar t o f Eastry , a nd a ccord ing t o Mr. Rogers n o o ther b ur ia ls w ere e ncoun tered i n t he v ar ious f ounda t ion- a nd p ipetrenches o n t he b u ild ing s i te i t self , wh ich e x tended o ver s evera l h undred metres. There was c er ta in ly n oth ing t o b e s een i n t hose wh ich w ere s t il l o pen f or i ns pec t ion a t t he t ime o fe xcava t ion . On t he o ther h and , t he c ha lk h ere i s o verl a id b y at h ick d epos it o f s t if fb r ickear th ; wha t was l ef t o f t he f i l l ing o fg rave 1was i nd ist ingu ishable f ro m t he n a tura l s ubso il , s o t ha t o n ly t he f i nds a nd t he s parse r e ma ins o fb ones b etrayed i t s p resence; s ha l low g rave.
a nd t h is was a nyway a
D eeper g raves , o r g raves w ithou t s urv iv ing c on ten ts , c ou ld
e as i ly h ave e scaped n o t ice . The a rea a round g rave 1 i s s o c u t a bou t w ith o ld a nd n ew p ipetrenches a nd s o e ncu mbered w i th b u i ld ings a nd t ar mac , t ha t f ur ther e xp lora tory e xcava t ion c ou ld n ot b e u nder taken . Bu t i ts hou ld b e n o ted t ha t t he l ong g arden o f Eastry H ouse , e x tend ing u ph il l f ro m t he b u il t-up s treet f ron tage t owards t he p iece o f o pen g round k nown l oca l ly a s t he Gun Park , h as n ot y et b een e xp lored .
I ti s h ere , i fa nywhere , t ha t f ur ther
d iscover ies may b e f or thco m ing. DESCRIPTION OF THE F INDS Excava t ion d isc losed t ha t n o l ess t han f our p ipetrenches h ad c onverged o n t he s i te o ft h is b ur ia l :
t wo h ad m issed i t , a n o ld ma in d ra in may h ave
s haved i t , b u t t he 1 970 wa ter- ma in h ad c arr ied away a l l b u t t he l e ft s ide o f t he s keleton ( Fig. 4 .3 ). Fro m wha t s urv ived—a p oor ly p reserved l ef t c lav ic le, t i b ia a nd s ku l l f rag men t f ound i n s i tu , p lus s o me s craps o fb one f ro m r e-excava t ion o ft he wa ter- ma in t rench— it h ad b een e i ther a v ery sma l l a du l t o r ,
more p robab ly , aj uven ile f e ma le , l y ing a pprox i ma tely W-E.
O f h er g rave-goods, n os. 1 a nd 3 ( square-headed b rooch a nd d isc ) w ere d ug u pb y Mr. Peter Rogers f ro m a d ep th o f4 0 cm b elow modern g round s urface , f ro m t he N e dge o f t he p ipetrench i n wha t l a ter p roved t o b e t he c hes t a rea o f t he s ke le ton .
A more e xac t i nd ica t ion o ft he o r ig ina l p os i t ion
o fo ne o r b o th may b e t he g reen s ta in ing o ft he l ef t c lav ic le a nd t he s urv iva l b y i to f ap a tch o f d ecayed o rgan ic ma ter ia l , p robably t ex t ile, c aused b y t he p resence c lose b y o f as izeable b ronze o b jec t . N o. 2 ( s tud , p robably f ro m n o. 1 ) was f ound d ur ing r e-excava t ion o f t he t rench , a s w ere n o. 5 ( p in a tt achmen t f ro m a no ther b rooch ) a nd , n o t k ep t , s o me u n ident if iable s craps o f b ronze a nd s o me b ad ly smashed u p p ieces o f i ron , p erhaps o r ig ina l ly p ar ts o f k eys o r ac ha tela ine. No. 4 ( s ilver o rnamen t ) was f ound i n s i tu o n t he l ower c hest , b ead n o. 1 9 a t t he h ip , b eads 2 0-34 c lose u nder t he c lav ic le. B eads 1-18 w ere a dher ing t o t he u nders ide o f as lab o fg rave-f il l ing t ha t b roke a way , d ur ing r e-excava t ion o f t he t rench b y Mr. S ou tha m 's g roup , f ro m t he n eck a rea o f t he b ur ia l ;
b eads 8 -10 were l oose i n t he t rench f i l l ing ,
b ead 6 was t ha t g l i mpsed a nd b ead 7t ha t f ound b y Mr. Rogers i n Oc tober , a nd b ead 3 5 was f ound b y h i m when t i dy ing u p a f ter t he e xcava t ion . The k n ife, n o. 3 6, was f ound i n s i tu a t t he s keleton 's l ef t h ip .
The i ron c ou ld n ot b e
p reserved , b u t t he o ther o b jec ts h ave b een p resen ted b y t he K .C .C . t o D ea l Cast le Museu m . 1 .
J ewel led g il t-bronze s quare-headed b rooch ( Fig , 4 .4,1 ;
4 .6 , a ) l eng th 7 .9 cm .
4 .5 , a -c ;
The b as ic f or m o f t h is b rooch i s mass ively c ast i n
b ronze , n ow b ad ly a f fec ted b y c orros ion , e spec ia l ly o n t he u nders ide where
8 3
i t was n ot p ro tec ted b y g ild ing.
The f la t s ides o ft he h eadp la te b ear p ara l lel
g rooves ( Fig . 4 .5a ) wh ich s t il l r eta in t races o f t he t h ick g ild ing t ha t h as n ow worn of most o ft he r a ised s urfaces; t he f ron t o f t he h eadp la te i sb ordered b y as ing le g roove, a ccen tua ted b y p unched d o ts , a ga in w ith t races o f g ild ing ; t he c en tre i s r ecessed t o a cco m moda te a p anel o f c loisonne work , wh ich was s craped b y t he s pade o ft he e xcava tor a nd i s n ow d a maged a cross i t s c en tre. The c lo isons a re o fb ronze , p robably o nce g ilded , b u t whether t hey w ere s oldered t o t he b ackp la te o ft he p anel o r s i mp ly s et i n to t he wh i te c a lc i te p aste wh ich f i l ls i tn early t o t he s urface , c ou ld n o t b e d eter m ined w i thou t e xcava t ing o ne o ft he emp ty c el ls. I t was u nden iably a m istake t ha t t h is was n ot d one , a nd s a mp les o ft he p aste t aken f or a na lys is, b efore t he b rooch was c onserved . 1 The t hree o u ter s ides a re b ordered b y r ec tangu lar c el ls s e t w ith t abu lar g arnets 2 b acked b y d ie-sta mped c hequered g old f o ils . 3 I n t he i nner p anel s o f or med , t he u pper c orners c on ta in c oncen tr ic q uadran ta l c el ls , o f wh ich t he s et t ings s urv ive o n ly o n t he l ef t-hand s ide; g lass w ith in a n a rc o f wh i te c a lc i te p aste: s im ilar.
d ark b lue t ranslucen t
p resumab ly t he o ther c orner was
Between t hese c rescen ts i s ah em ispher ica l c el l , a nd , f ro m a l l
t hree , s tra igh t c lo isons r ad ia te t owards t he b ow .
A s f ar a s c an b e t o ld f ro m
s urv iv ing e v idence , t he o ther s e t t ings a re l ikely t o h ave b een g arnets. The s hort , s teep , f l a ttopped b ow i s t h ick ly g ilded o n i t s s lop ing s urfaces : i n a dd it ion t o l i nes o f p unched d o ts f ra m ing i t s l ower e dges , i tb ears d ecorat i on b y t wo d if feren t s ta mps;
a med ian r ow o f p a ired t r iang les , p laced a pex
t o a pex , d iv ided i n to e igh t c hequers , a nd e lsewhere a p ret ty r egu lar a pp l icat i on o f al ozenge-shaped s ta mp d iv ided i n to f our c hequers ( Fig . 4 .5, c ) . The f la t t op o f t he b ow i s c ircu lar a nd u ng i lded a nd h as a t i t s c en tre a n i ron r ivet , f lush o n t op a nd p ro jec t ing b eh ind , wh ich must h ave s ecured t he m iss ing b ow-d isc .
I th as t he l ook o f r ep lace men t r ivet r a ther t han a n o r ig ina l ,
a nd may p oss ibly h ave s erved t o a t tach t he d isc n o, 2 . The s ub-tr iangu lar f oo tp la te h as a t i t s c en tre a r ecessed p anel o f c loisonne work , a pparen t ly a s ty l ised h orse-head , f or med o f ma in ly r ec tangu lar c lo isons s et w i th f o il-backed g arnets. The u pper e dges a re o ccup ied b y e ag le-heads t ha t d roop d own f ro m t he b ow : i n empha t ic ' ch ip-carv ing ' s tyle;
t he ir i ncurved b eaks a re r endered
t he ir e yes b y p ro m inen t c ast r oundels
w i th i nner r ecesses f i l led f l ush w ith wh i te c a lc i te p aste (m iss ing o n t he l ef t s ide ) a nd b ases t r i m med w i th b eaded s i lver w ire ( m iss ing o n t he l ef t s ide ). B elow t he b eaks a re s im ilar c el ls s e t w ith f l a t g arnets o n c hequered f o il , t he r igh t-hand o ne a ga in w i th i t s b eaded s i lver w ire t r im i n tac t .
A t t he b ase
o ft he f ootp la te i s al arger r oundel w i th f rag men tary c el l wa l l a nd c av i ty b ear ing t races o f wh ite p aste a nd t he r e ma ins o f ac en tra l b ronze r ivet wh ich must h ave a t tached a d ecora t ive s et t ing. I ts ee ms o verwhel m ing ly l ikely t ha t t he l i t tle s tud s et w i th b lue g lass ( Fig . 4 .4 , 2 ) o nce f i t ted h ere , a s t he c en tra l f ea ture o f al arger s et t ing , most p robably o f s hel l o r c a lc i te. B ecause o f i t s f rag il ity t he b ack o f t he b rooch was s tab il ised r a ther t han c leaned , b u t w e c an c learly s ee t he t w in b ronze l ugs w ith i ron b ol t s t il l a tt ach ing p ar t o f t he p in ;
t he c a tchp la te w ith t he t i p o f t he p in s t il l i n i t ;
a nd
i nd ica t ions o f r ive ts b eh ind e ach o f t he r oundels o n t he f ootp la te. These p ro m inen t f ea tures may t herefore h ave b een c o mpos ite , w i th t he i nner c el ls t ha t c rad led t he s et t ings r iveted i n to t he c as t s ockets.
C orros ion a nd e xca-
v a t ion d a mage make i th ard t o b e s ure h ow much o f t he a pparen t w ear a nd
8 4
t ear i s o r ig ina l , b u t t he s urv iv ing g arnets , g i ld ing a nd s i lver w ire t r i ms l ook f a irly f resh . 2 .
P robably t h is was n ot a v ery o ld b rooch when i t was b ur ied .
J ewel led b ronze s tud ( Fig. 4 .4,2) , d ia m . 0 .55 cm .
I tc ons ists o f a
t i ny p iece o f t ranslucen t c oba l t b lue g lass e n c abochon , moun ted o n t he h ead o f ab ronze r ivet a nd e nc irc led b y ab eaded s i lver w ire t r im .
Found i n t he
b ack f il l o f t he p ipetrench , t h is i s a l most c erta in ly t he c en tre-p iece o f t he b roken s et t ing f ro m t he b asa l r oundel o f t he s quare-headed b rooch ( no.1). 3 .
J ewel led s i lver a nd g old d isc ( F igs. 4 .4, 3 ;
4 .5 ,d ,e;
4 .6 ,a ) ,
o vera l l d ia meter c . 3 .25 cm . Th is was d amaged b y t he e xcava tor a nd wha t s urv ives i s t an ta l is ing ly i nco mp lete. The b est p reserved p art o f t h is c o mpos i te o b jec t i s t he j ewel led g old d isc wh ich was moun ted i n t he n ow f rag men tary s i lver f ra me. I tc ons ists o f ad isc o f t h in b ea ten g old , d ia m . 2 .7 cm .‚ w ith ar oundel c u t o u t o ft he c en tre : t he e dges o f t h is a ppear e i ther t o h ave b een b ea ten u p o r t o h ave r ece ived a s oldered a dd it ion , t o f or m t he c el l wa l l t ha t c lasps t he c o mpos i te c en tra l s et t ing.
Th is h as a t i t s c en tre a f la t g arnet
b ack ed b y g old f o i l d ie-sta mped w ith a n i rregu lar s tandard c hequer p a t tern d iferen t f ro m t ha t o n t he b rooch ( no. 1 ) , e nc losed i n ag old c lo ison a nd i t self d ecora ted b y a ne ngraved r inglet i n la id w ith g old w ire.
I ti s s urrounded
b y at h in d isc o fv ery wh i te c a lc i te p aste , wh ich i s f l a t o n b oth s urfaces.
S o
f l aw less i s t he whole s et t ing , t he c a lc ite smoo th a nd u nsta ined b y c orros ion p roduc ts f ro m t he s i lver b ackp la te , t ha t i t must c er ta in ly h ave h ad ag old b ackp la te wh ich was n ot r ecovered f ro m t he p ipe-trench . The g old s urround i s t r i m med a round b o th e dges w i th b eaded g old w ire, s oldered o n , a nd s et w i th f i ve r egu lar ly s paced b u t i rregu larly s haped h exagona l c el ls. These w ere p robably t ack ed o n w i th s older b u t w ere t hen made t he s ea t ings f or t he s i lver r ive ts t ha t s ecured t he whole d isc t o t he b ackp la te :
t he f i ve r ivet h oles
s how o n t he b ack o ft he d isc a nd t hree s t il l h ave r e ma ins o f s i lver r ivets i n s i tu , wh ile a no ther a ppears o n t he s urv iv ing s eg men t o fb ackp la te. h a lves o f t he d isc w ere t hus o r ig ina l ly s ecurely j o ined t ogether.
The t wo
I ns ide t he
f i ve c el ls, t he r ive t h eads w ere c overed b y t he c hequered g old f o ils a nd g arnets , t wo o f wh ich a re n ow m iss ing. The e xposed f o ils l ook i den t ica l w ith t ha t b eh ind t he c en tra l g arnet .
B etween t hese f i ve c el ls , t he g old s urfaces
a re c overed w i th c losely p acked a nnu lets o f b eaded g old w ire f i l igree.
A l l
t ha t s urv ives o f t he s i lver b ackp late i s a sma l l e dge p iece , g ilded o n t he i ns ide, w i th r a ised f l a t r im d ecora ted w ith a d ouble r ow o f n iel loed t r iang les. Th is s hows f resh b reaks a nd was o bv iously smashed b y t he e xcava tor : t he r est was s earched f or b u t n ot f ound . 4 .
Orna men t o f s heet s i lver ( Fig. 4 .4 , 4 ) , w id th c . 2 .25 cm .
S hape
b as ica l ly c rescen t ic b u t w i th a dd i t iona l f ea tures s uggest i n g t ha t t he d es ign was a f or ma l ised r ender ing o f ap a ir o fb irds-of-prey s toop ing. The l oop , wh ich w il l h ave b een a t t he c en tre o f t he c onvex e dge , i s m iss ing a long w ith a bou t at h ird o ft he o b jec t , wh ich i s v ery c orroded a nd f rag ile. 5 . F rag men tary r e ma ins o f p in-a t tachmen t o f ab rooch ( not i l lustra ted ) , c o mpr ising t w in b ronze l ugs a nd i ron b ol t a nd b ack o f p in , l ess t han h a l f t he s ize o f t he c o mparable f eature o n t he s quare-headed b rooch ( no.1).
I ft h is
was n o t o r ig ina l ly a f f ixed t o t he s i lver b ackp la te o f t he d isc ( no. 3 ) , t he g rave must h ave c on ta ined a nother b rooch o therw ise t o ta l ly d estroyed . 8 5
6 .
Double b ead o f o paque y el low g lass , s im ilar t o n o. 2 8 ( l ost ).
7 , 8 , 9 , 1 4, 2 2 &2 3.
S hor t c y l indr ica l b eads ( F ig. 4 .4 ) o f o paque r ed-
b rown g lass , e nds q u i te f la t. 1 0 , 2 5 , 2 6.
C yl indr ica l b eads ( Fig. 4 .4 ) o f o paque p a le g rey ish-green
g lass , s o mewha t i rregu larly f or med w ith r ounded e nds. 1 3, 1 6, 3 0-32.
S hor t c yl indr ica l b eads ( F ig. 4 .4 ) o f o paque g rey ish-
wh ite g lass , e nds f l a t . 11, 2 4,35.
S hor t c y l indr ica l b eads ( F ig. 4 .4 ) o f o paque y el low g lass,
e nds f la t . 2 8.
J o ined p a ir o f c y l indr ica l b eads ( F ig . 4 .4 ) o f o paque y el low g lass ,
r ounded e nds. 1 5, 2 7 , 3 4.
C yl indr ica l b eads ( F ig. 4 .4 ) o f s em i-translucen t m id-blue
g lass , e nds f la t . 1 7 .
S hor t c y l indr ica l b ead ( F ig. 4 .4 ) o f d ark b lue s em i-translucen t g lass ,
e nds f lat . 1 2.
Barrel-shaped b ead ( Fig .4.4 ) o f o paque wh ite g lass w ith i n terlac ing
marvered t ra ils o f t ranslucen t b lue g lass , u nsk il lfu l ly a pp l ied . 1 8.
Barrel-shaped b ead ( Fig. 4 .4 ) o f o paque r ed-brown g lass w ith i n ter-
l ac ing marvered t ra ils a nd s po ts i n o paque y el low g lass , c o mpeten t ly a pp l ied . 2 9 .
A s im ilar b u t s hor ter b ead ( Fig. 4 .4) w ith t he y el low i n lays b ad ly
e roded . 2 1.
I rregu lar b arrel-shaped b ead ( F ig . 4 .4 ) o f o paque r ed-brown g lass
w i th marvered i n terlac ing t ra ils a nd s pots i n o paque wh i te g lass , c lu ms ily a pp l ied . 3 3.
J o ined p a ir o fg lobu lar b eads ( Fig . 4 .4 ) o f o paque r ed-brown g lass
w i th marvered i n terlac ing t ra ils a nd s po ts i n o paque wh i te g lass , n ea t ly e xecu ted . 2 0 .
Barrel-shaped b ead ( Fig . 4 .4 ) i nb lack g lass w ith marvered i n ter-
l ac ing wh ite t ra ils a nd s po ts , n ea t ly e xecu ted e xcep t where o ne l eng th o f t ra il h as o verrun . 1 9.
Barrel-shaped b ead ( F ig. 4 .4 ) o f t ranslucen t d ark b lue g lass w ith
o paque y el low s po ts a nd t he r e ma ins o f marvered t ra ils wh ich h ave l os t t heir i n lay ; 3 5.
d a maged .
I ron k n ife ( Fig. 4 .4 ) , l eng th C . 1 2.7 cm b u t t ang d a maged , b lade
s napped o f f a nd swol len b y c orros ion . D ISCUSSION The s quare-headed b rooch ( Figs. 4 .4, 1 ; 4 .5, a -c ;
4 .6 , a )
Th is i s o f ak ind , n ot o therw ise r epresen ted i n England , wh ich i s a l ead ing t ype o f t he e ar ly Vendel P er iod i n S cand inav ia .
I ti s an ew a nd i n ter-
e st ing a dd i t ion t o t he n u merous s er ies o f r ygg lmappspännen ( t o u se t he Swed ish
8 6
f or m o f t he ir n a me b ecause t hey a re mos t n u merous i n e ast S cand inav ia ) , wh ich may b e t ransla ted a s ' bow-bu t ton b rooches ' o r b rooches w i th d isc o n b ow . Th is s o mewha t c lu msy t er m was i nsp ired n ot o n ly b y t he ir mcs tp rom inen t f ea ture ( m iss ing o n t he Eastry b rooch ) b u t a lso b y t he n eed t o d ist ing u ish t he m f ro m t he s im ilarly s haped b rooches w ith c ast g eo metr ic a nd S ty le Io rnamen t , s o met i mes a lso w ith d isc o nb ow , wh ich S cand inav ian a rchaeolog ists c a l l ' r el ief b rooches '.
B ow-bu t ton b rooches h ave b een t he
s ub jec t o f much d iscuss ion s ince t he e ar l ier p ar t o f t h is c en tury , b u t t hough s o me u sefu l c orpus p ub l ica t ions o f r eg iona l g roups h ave a ppeared r ecen t ly , a s y et t here h as b een n o s a t isfac tory modern s tudy o f t he whole b ody o f ma ter ia l f ro m Sweden , N orway , D enmark a nd F r is ia . 4 Wha t f ol lows , t heref ore , s hou ld n ot b e r egarded a s d ef in it ive. Af ew a pparen t ly p ro totypa l f or ms o f t he b ow-bu t ton b rooch a re k nown f ro m most p ar ts o fS cand inav ia a nd s uggest a d evelopmen t , t owards t he m idd le o f t he s ix th c en tury , o u t o f a nd a longs ide r el ief b rooches w ith d isc o n b ow . 5 These a re sma l lb rooches o n wh ich a l l z oo morph ic e le men ts , e xcep t t he a nima l- o r b ird-head e xcrescences a t t he s ides o f t he f oo tp la te, h ave d isappeared a nd b een r ep laced b y s ing le c el ls s et w ith g arnets o r r ed g lass s urrounded b y much s ur face s ta mp-ornamen t o r f i l igree.
I n t he n ex t p hase
o f t he d evelop men t , s ee m ing ly p roduced ma in ly i n Go tland ic w orkshops ,
6
w e f i nd b ow-bu t ton b rooches c ast w ith c el ls f or s ing le o r s i mp le s tone s et t ings i n terspaced w ith o rnamen t i n ' ch ip-carv ing ' s tyle, s o me t i mes i n S tyle I , w ith t he f oo tp la tes d om ina ted b y p a irs o f o penjawed o r b eaked h eads.
7
S ta mped o rna men t i s n ow c on f ined t o t he f ew r e ma in ing f l a t s urfaces a nd t he b ow , where i ti s l argely h idden b y t he r ound b u t ton .
A t t he e nd o f N er man 's
f i rst Vendel P er iod ( 2 . 5 50-600 ) a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he s econd ( 2 . 6 00-650 ) , p anels o f c loisonne r ep laced t he s i mp le c el ls o n h eadp la tes , f ootp lates a nd b ow-d iscs o f most b ow-bu t ton b rooches. The t rad it iona l s ta mp ing s t il l o rnamen ted t he b ows b u t an ew i nnova t ion a ppeared i n t he f or m o f r i l led s ide e dges ,
8
f unc t ion less o n s uch s ol id c ast b rooches a nd a pparen t ly a dop ted a s
ad ecora t ive f ea ture b y c ra f ts men who h ad s een t he f urrowed s ide-str ips o f c o mpos ite b rooches s uch a s t he s i lver-g il t b ow-bu tton b rooch f ro m Hoogebei n tu m , Fr is ia ,
9
o r , n ot s o improbably n ow i n v iew o f o ur n ew f i nd f ro m
E as try, e xamp les o f t he c ircu lar s er ies f ro m K en t .
1 0
Bow-bu t ton b rooches
w ith c lo isonne were e xported t o , o r p roduced i n , ma in land Sweden , N orway a nd D en mark , a nd t he f or m c on t inued i n p roduct ion , w ith t he a dd it ion o f l a te i n terlace a nd S tyle I I o rna men t d own t o t he V ik ing p er iod .
The l a ter d evelop-
men ts d o n o t c oncern u s, h owever , f or t he Eastry b rooch , w i th i t s p anels o f c lo isonne , c onserva t ively s ta mped b ow , r i l led s ides t o t he h eadp la te a nd s i mp le f or m o fb ird-head w i th c urved b eak , i s v ery o bv iously a p roduc t o f t he e nd o f t he f i rst V endel P er iod o r t he b eg inn ing o f t he s econd , t ha t i s o f t he l a te s ix th o r e ar ly s even th c en tur ies. More p roble ma t ic i s i t s p lace o f o r ig in .
I ti s n ecessary n ow t o d raw
a t ten t ion t o t he f i ve r oundels o n t he f ootp la te , a nd p ar t icu larly t he p a ir , o f e qua l s ize t o t hose r epresen t ing t he b irds ' e yes , s et b etween t he b irds ' b eaks a nd t he l arger t er m ina l c el l . I th as l ong b een d oc tr ine i n S cand inav ia t ha t s uch e x tra r oundels , p resen t a lso o n most o f t he s o-ca l led p rototypes o f t he b ow-bu t ton b rooch , a re a l egacy f ro m d isc-on-bow r el ief b rooches w ith s ide l obes o n t he ir r ho mbo ida l p la tes , t he d istr ibu t ion o f wh ich i s ma in ly i n w est
8 7
a nd n or th S cand inav ia .
1 1
H ence t he d is t inc t ion , c er ta in ly o ver-for ma l ised
a nd r ig id , b etween a Got land ic f or m o fb ow-bu t ton b rooch w ith a s ing le l obe o n t he f oo t a nd a ma in land a nd western t ype w i th t hree ( t he b irds ' e yes a re n ot c oun ted ).
I n f ac t , t hough t he t ype w ith s ing le r oundel d oes p redo m ina te
i n Got land t hree-rounda l f or ms a lso o ccur :
o n t he ma in land , moreover , i n
Sweden , Norway a nd D en mark , t he t ype w i th s ing le r oundel i s b y n o means u nco m mon .
1 2
Ih ave f ound n o e xac t p ara l lel t o t he Eastry b rooch i n a ny p ar t o f S cand inav ia , b u t t h is i s n o t p ar t icu lar ly worry ing when o ne c ons iders t ha t e ven t he l arge n u mbers wh ich h ave c o me d own t o u s c an o n ly b e at iny p ercen tage o f a n o r ig ina l ly h uge a nd v ar ied o u tput o f s uch b rooches.
1 3
Wha t c h ief ly
makes i tu nusua l i s i t s l ack o ft w in r oundels o n t he h eadp la te , t hough a f ew Got land ic a nd w est S cand inav ian b ow-bu t ton b rooches a lso l ack t he m ,1 4 a nd t he r ela t ively l arge s ize o f i t s s ubs id iary r oundels.
O therw ise most o f i t s
f ea tures f ind a c oun terpar t s o mewhere , ma in ly i n t he Got land ic s er ies. c losest s ing le b rooch t o i ti s o ne f ro m G o t land i n t he B r i t ish Museu m ,
The
1 5
wh ich i s c o mparable i n s ize , h as s im ilar q uadran ta l c el ls o n t he h eadp la te , as im ilarly s haped r ecess f or c loisonne ( now m iss ing ) o n t he f oot a nd s im ilar s ta mp ing o n t he b ow ( Fig . 4 .6 , b ).
Ih ave b een a ble t o h and le o n ly a f ew o f
t he Go t land ic b rooches , a nd i n t he p ubl ished i l lus tra t ions d eta ils s uch a s b ow-sta mps a re u sua l ly h idden ,
1 6
b u t Ih ave n o t iced wha t a ppeared t o b e
i den t ica l s ta mps t o t hose o n t he b ow o f t he Eastry b rooch o n o ne f ro m Endre , 1 7 a nd d ec ided s im ilar it ies o n a no ther f ro m G rö t l ingbo . t he o n ly d istr ic t t o p roduce p ara l lels.
1 8
Bu t Go tland i s n o t
A lso f ro m e ast S cand inav ia , f ro m t he
I sland o f O land , c o mes a no ther b rooch w i th t hree r oundels o n t he f oo tp la te a nd q uadran ta l c el ls, l ike t hose f ro m Eastry , o n t he h eadp la te.
1 9
Mov ing
t o s ou th S cand inav ia , we f i nd t ha t t he o vera l l d istr ibu t ion o fb ow-bu t ton b rooches i s p redo m inan t ly e astern , w i th most c om ing f ro m t he i s land o f Bornhol m a nd S kAne , i nc lud ing a l l t he t hree roundel b rooches o f Orsnes 's g roups E 4 a nd E5. 20
The t o ta l i s sma l l , h owever , a nd o n ly t he b rooch f ro m
L ousgärd g rave 3 5 , Bornhol m , r ese mbles t he Eastry b rooch i n s ize a nd f or m o f t he c lo isonne p anel o n t he f ootp la te. 2 1 S ince Ih ave n o t made a n i n-dep th s tudy o f t he S cand inav ian b ow-bu t ton b rooches , t here may b e p ara l lels t ha t Ih ave m issed , s o i ti s w i th g rea t c au t ion t ha t Ic onc lude t ha t t he w e igh t o f t he e v idence s uggests t he Eastry House b rooch p robably c a me f ro m Go t land . The p roble m c ou ld h ave b een c leared u p more d ec is ively h ad i tb een p oss ible t o s tudy t he b ow-sta mps o f more o f t he S cand inav ian b ow-bu tton b rooches , b u t t h is s ee med a n i nappropr ia tely l arge p iece o f r esearch t o u nder take f or t he s ake o f as ing le b rooch wh ich f ound i t s way t o K en t . Wha tever t he o r ig ins o f t he Eastry b rooch , i t must o r ig ina l ly h ave h ad ac ast b ronze b ow-d isc , p robably s aucer-shaped w ith u pr igh t r im a nd f i l led w i th g arnet-set r ad ia l c lo isons a round a c en tra l s et t ing o f wh i te c a lc i te w ith ar ed o r b lue s tud i n t he m idd le.
Th is , t he mos t t yp ica l f or m o fb ow d ecora-
t ion o n c o mparable b rooches , a lready c i ted f ro m Go tland a nd Bornho lm , c an b e i nferred a lso f ro m t he s tyle o f d ecora t ion o n t he ma in b ody o ft he Eastry b rooch i t self .
8 8
The j ewel led d isc ( Figs. 4 ,4.3;
4 .5, d ,e;
4 .6 ,a )
I ft he s urv iv ing d isc e ver was a t tached t o t he b rooch , i t must h ave b een ar ep lace men t f or t he l ost o r ig ina l . N o t o n ly i s i t s c as t b ack made f ro m s i lver w i th a n iel loed r im , a nd t hus n o ma tch f or t he t h ick ly g i lded b ronze o ft he s quare-headed b rooch , b u t t he s et t ing o f g old f i l igree i s q u ite u n typ ica l . Ih ave f ound n o p ara l lel wha tever amongst t he b ow-bu t ton b rooches.
The a l l-
o ver r ing f i l igree a nd s parse s tone s et t ings o n t he l i t t le b ow-bu t ton ' pro to type ' f ro m L adeby , S jael land , l ook b ack t o t he Migra t ion P er iod r a ther t han f orward t o t he Vende1 ,
2 2
a nd a re more t yp ica l o f w estern S cand inav ia t han e astern .
Th is t ype o f p olychro me s ty le f l our ished i n t he n or th d ur ing t he g old-r ich y ears o f t he s econd h a lf o ft he f if th c en tury a nd t he e ar lier p ar t o ft he s ix th , when much l a te Ro man a nd B yzan t ine g old c o in was r each ing s outhern S cand inav ia , a pparen t ly t hrough t he i n ter med iacy o f t he O strogoths. 2 3
Th is
c onnec t ion a lso b rough t t o t he n or th k now ledge o f s ou th-eastern , c en tra l a nd s ou thern European g em s tyles a nd t he e xper t ise a nd ma ter ia ls w ith wh ich t o c arry t he m o u t .
I tl ed t o t he p roduc t ion i n D enmark o f af ine s er ies o f g old-
c lad r ectangu lar-headed d isc-on-bow b rooches :
t he l a te f i f th-cen tury b rooch
f ro m I ütnaes, S jael land , w ith a p a t tern o f r a ised s ing le c el ls, s e t w ith r ed , g reen a nd wh ite s tones, w idely s epara ted b y e xpanses o f f i l igree o f a l l k inds; 2 4 t he r ela ted b u t p robably l a ter b rooch f ro m E lsehoved , F yn ;2 5
t he s im ilar
b u t a ga in p robably l a ter b rooch f ro m S kodborg , J u t land , 26 w ith c o mpeten t c loisonne work , wh ich may b e d a ted t o t he e ar ly d ecades o f t he s ix th c en tury ; 27 a nd o ther l ess c o mp lete s pec i mens, n otably ab rooch f ro m Adslev , J u t land , d ecora ted w i th r ing f i l igree .28
A l l b u t t he I ü tnaes b rooch l a ck t he ir f i l igree
b ow-d iscs , b u t i ti s c lear t ha t b rooches o f t h is k ind m igh t h ave h ad a d isc l ike t ha t f ro m Eastry , t hough w ithou t t he n iel loed f rame.
I ts ee ms w ild ly
improbable , h owever , t ha t s uch a d el ica te p iece f ro m ab rooch o f t he e ar l ier s ix th c en tury c ou ld h ave b een k ep t i n tac t a nd i n g ood c ond it ion , whether i n D enmark i t self o r a f ter e xpor t t o K en t , t o b e u sed a s ar ep lace men t o n a Vend H P er iod b rooch a pparen t ly a t l east h a lf a c en tury l a ter.
Panels o f
f i l igree w i th g e m-set t ings o f s im ilar t ype o ccur a lso , i n a more r estr ic ted manner , o n r el ief b rooches , b u t a ga in t hey a re t oo e arly t o b e o f much r elevance h ere , a nd where t here a re b ow-d iscs t hey a re n o t c o mparable. 29 I ts ee ms p robable , t herefore , t ha t w e c an r u le o u t aS cand inav ian o r ig in f or t he d isc f ro m Eastry H ouse g rave 1 .
I fi t was made a s ab rooch i n i t s own
r igh t w e c an b e s ure o ft h is, f or d isc-brooches i n t h is s ty le a re u nknown i n S cand inav ia . A ssu m ing , a s It h ink we s a fely may , t ha t i ti s n o t Merov ing ian e ither , w e a re f aced w ith t he a l terna t ive p ropos it ion , t ha t t he o b jec t was made e ither a s ar ep lace men t b ow-d isc o r a s ad isc-brooch worn i ndependen t ly , p erhaps w ith t he p in a t tach men t ( no. 5 ) , i n K en t i t sel f . I ti s w el l k nown t ha t d isc-brooches w ere made a nd worn i n K en t i n g rea t n umbers f ro m t he m idd le o f t he s ix th c en tury , o r al i t tle b efore , a nd t ha t a t a ma ture s tage t owards e .600 t he j ewel lers w ere mak ing f or t he ir r icher c usto mers ' p la ted ' b rooches w ith c ast s i lver b ackp la tes a nd i nset g old d iscs d ecora ted w ith g e ms a nd f i l igree
3° .The
f ash ion a nd t he r equ ired t echn iques a nd ma ter ia ls w ere t hus
a l l a va ilable i n K en t a t t he t ime when o ne may imag ine t he Eastry r yggknappsp änne b e ing w orn o n t he d ress o f ab r ide f ro m S cand inav ia .
There a re p ro-
b le ms, h owever ; a nd t h is e xp la ins why i t was f i rst n ecessary t o e l im ina te aS cand inav ian o r ig in f or t he d isc . 8 9
The K en t ish ' p la ted ' b rooches t end t o c onfor m t o al im ited a nd i nstan t ly r ecogn isable r ange o f p a t terns, a nd t he Eastry d isc d ifers marked ly f ro m t he n or m .
To b eg in w ith i ti s c ons iderably sma l ler t han t he a verage ' p la ted '
b rooch a nd l acks t he r ounded o u ter r im w ith ' l igh t-and-shade ' d ecora t ion wh ich i s ar egu lar f ea ture i n t h is g roup .3 1 I ta lso l acks t he c harac ter ist ic r ing o f c loisonne w ork a round t he c en tra l s et t ing , a nd t he c o mb ina t ion o f t r iangu lar , s tepped a nd r ound c el ls wh ich g enera l ly a l terna te w ith o ne a no ther a ga inst t he b ackground o f f i l igree. 3 2 I t s q u in tet o f h exagona l c el ls i s q u ite u n ique.
On ly t he o vera l l u se o f r ing f i l igree , t hough b y n o means t he most
c o m mon ly u sed f or m , c an b e c onv inc ing ly p ara l le led : a nd i ti s amongs t t he sma l l g roup o f ' p la ted ' b rooches w i th r ing f i l igree t ha t w e f i nd s o me u nusua l p ieces wh ich , t hough n ot c losely l ike t he Eastry d isc , h ave o ther f ea tures i n c o m mon .
Fro m Faversha m c o mes a n i nco mp lete g old d isc , w i thou t c en tra l
s et t ing , wh ich i s n ear ly a s sma l l a s t ha t f ro m Eastry a nd p robably a lso l acked a ny i nner r ing o fc loisonne ; 3 3
f ro m Dover , Buck land , g rave F c o mes
al arger b rooch w i thou t a ny r ings o f c loisonne a t a l 1 . 34 The l a t ter e spec ia l ly l ooks , f ro m i t s s i mp le a l tera t ion o f s tepped a nd r ound c el ls , t o h ave b een mode l led d irect ly o n ac ast k eystone b rooch o f Aven t 's c lass 5 , 35 a nd m igh t t herefore b e a n e ar ly , o r a t l east e xper i men ta l , f or m o ft he ' p la ted ' t ype. The k nown c orpus o f t hese b rooches i s s o d om ina ted b y t he ma ture p roduc ts o f t he Faversha m w orkshop , s o many o f wh ich c ame f ro m t he r ich c e metery i nt he K ing 's F ield i t self ,3 6 t ha t p erhaps w e t oo e as ily f orget t he l ikel ihood o ft here b e ing o ther c en tres o f p roduc t ion mak ing d if feren t a nd p erhaps e ar l ier v ers ion s o ft he t ype.
The D over b rooches ,
3 7
f or e xamp le , l ook d iferen t
e nough t o h ave c o me f ro m a no ther s uch w orkshop , p erhaps i n t he p or t i t self ,3 8 a nd t here m igh t e as ily h ave b een a j ewel lers ' w orkshop a t tached t o t he r oya l v il l a t Eastry .
The f act t ha t n o c o mparably r ich c e metery t o t ha t a t Faver-
s ha m h as y et b een e xcava ted i n c oasta l e ast K en t may b e d istor t ing t he p ic ture . 39 C erta in ly t he Eastry d isc l ooks n o t merely u n typ ica l o f wha t w e c ons ider n or ma l i n a' p la ted ' b rooch , b u t a lso d isconcer t ingly e ar ly i n s o me o f i t s f ea tures. I n i t s sma l l d ia meter a nd l ack o f ' l igh t-and-shade ' b order , i tc orr esponds t o c ast k eystone d isc-brooches o f Aven t 's c lass 2 .1, 40 h is l a ter c lasses b e ing g enera l ly l arger. Moreover , i t s f l a t c en tra l s et t ing o f wh ite c a lc i te w ith f l a t g arnet i n t he m idd le c orresponds more c losely t o t hose o n
'
Aven t 's e ar l ier c lass 2b rooches t han a ny o f t he l a ter c ast , l e t a lone ' p la ted ' , b rooches :4 1 e n c abochon.
t hese h ave d o med c en tra l s et t ings mostly t opped w ith g arnets F ina l ly , f l a t g arnets w i th i nset g old r inglets s ee m a lso t o b e
ar ela t ively e arly f ea ture i n Eng land a nd a broad :
t hey o ccur o n t he S kodborg
b rooch , f or e xamp le , a nd i n K en t o n a sma l l s quare-headed b rooch f ro m How let ts w ith b ow-d isc o ft ype 2 .1 42
a nd a p a ir o f s quare-headed b rooches
f ro m L ym inge , g rave 4 4 , w i th wh ich were a ssoc ia ted t ype 2 .1 d isc-brooches . Though t he a bsolu te d a t ing o f t hese e ar ly c ast k eystone d isc-brooches , a nd t he s quare-headed b rooches wh ich w ere t he ir c on te mporar ies , i s b y n o means c er ta in ,44 i fw e s et t le f or t he p er iod c . 5 40-60 w e s ha l l p robably b e n o t f ar wrong . I tw il lb e s een , t herefore , t ha t t he Eastry d isc m igh t b e ap roduc t o f t he m id s ix th c en tury , a nd p erhaps t he e ar l iest ' p la ted ' d isc -brooch s o f ar r ecogn ised i n K en t .
9 0
4 3
Un l ike s ou th S cand inav ia , K en t d id n o t b eg in t o r ece ive s upp l ies o f g old c o in f ro m t he C on t inen t much b efore t he m idd le o f t he s ix th c en tury , a nd t hen a pparen t ly o n ly o n ar ela t ively sma l l s ca le b efore c . 6 00 . 45 I n c onsequence , g old j ewel lery i s r are b efore t he e nd o f t he c en tury . However , w e d o h ave s o me i nd ica t ion t ha t K en t ish c ra f ts men w ere c apable o f p roduc ing o b jec ts w i th f i l igree a nd g em s et t ings , a pparen t ly model led o n Dan ish i mports , d ur ing t he f i rst h a l f o f t he c en tury , s o t here may h ave b een a more c onv inc ing c on tex t t han w e n ow k now f or t he p roduc t ion o f t he Eastry d isc . 46
Bu t i fi t
r ea l ly was aK en t ish w ork o f t he m idd le o r t h ird q uar ter o f t he c en tury , b ur ied i n n ear m in t c ond i t ion , t hen w e a re f aced w ith d a t ing t he r est o f t he g raveg roup t o t he s a me e ar ly p er iod . By e labora te c ross-referenc ing t o C on t inent a l a nd Eng l ish ma ter ia l , A rrhen ius d a tes t he s tar t o f t he d evelopmen t o f t he n ord ic c lo isond e s ty le r epresen ted o n t he Eastry b ow-brooch t o c . 5 70 : 47 t he b rooch i t self i s t ypolog ica l ly a n e arly e xamp le o f i t s k ind a nd m igh t j ust p oss ibly b e a s e arly a s t h is. Bu t t he whole c hronolog ica l p os it ion i s s t il l v ery u ncer ta in , e spec ia l ly i n S cand inav ia , a nd t he Eastry d isc i s a t p resen t s uch a n o dd i ty t ha t i tm igh tb e b est n ot t o t ry t o b ase t oo much o n i t s a pparen t ly e ar ly f ea tures.
I fi tw ere d es igned a s ab ow-d isc , s o me o f t he m m igh t b e
e xp la ined b y t he n eed f or c o mpress ion , h ence t he sma l l s ize , t he e l im ina t ion o fc loisonne z ones e tc . Bu t i n f act , when t he d isc i s moun ted o n t he b ow o f t he s quare-headed b rooch ( Pl . 4 .6 ,a ) , a nd a l lowance made f or t he m iss ing p or t ions o f t he s i lver r im , i tw il l b e s een t ha t t he d isc i s t oo l arge f or t he b ow-brooch ; p ropor t iona l ly l arger t han t he b ow-d iscs o n n or ma l b ow-bu t ton b rooches f ro m b o th S cand inav ia a nd K en t . A l l t h ings c ons idered , i ts ee ms most l ikely t ha t t he E as try d isc was made a nd w orn a s ab rooch i n i t s own r igh t .
A s s uch i t s a pparen t ly o dd f ea tures c an f i nd n o e xcuse e xcep t o n t he
g rounds t ha t i ti s p erhaps t he e ar l iest ' p la ted ' b rooch y et r ecogn ised i n K en t a nd was p oss ibly made i n a workshop a t Eastry o r Dover whose o ther p roduc ts a re a t t he mo men t u nder-represen ted i n e xcava ted c e meter ies. The c rescen t ic s i lver p endan t ( Fig . 4 .4, 4 ) There i s ag roup , s em i-frag men tary , o f a t l east s even s im ilar t h in s i lver-g il t p endan ts f ro m Faversha m , 48 o n o ne o f wh ich t he d own-curv ing t er m ina ls t ake t he f or m o f p erfunc tor ily r endered b ird-of-prey h eads. The o thers , w i th p la in t er m ina ls l ike t he Eas try p endan t , l ook l ike s hort-hand v ers ions o ft he s a me mo t if , wh ich w e s ee more e xp l ic it ly r endered o n t he f oo tp la te o ft he Eastry r yggknappspänne a nd i t s S cand inav ian k indred . Preda tory b irds , e agle o r r aven , whether p or trayed a s whole f i gures o r a s h eads a lone, whether s ingly , o r p a ired , o r a ssoc ia ted w ith p rey s uch a s f i sh , w ere c rea tures p regnan t w ith my tholog ica l s ymbol is m wh ich h ad a l ong h istory i n t he works o f t he G er man ic g old-s m i ths.
They w ere much p ortrayed i n
V endel P er iod S cand inav ia a nd i n l a te s ix th a nd s even th c en tury Eng land . The Faversha m c e metery h as y ielded s evera l o ther v ar ian ts o f t he b ird-head mo t if o n d ress o rna men ts , n o tably t he p endan t w ith a t r iskele o f s uch h eads i n c lo isonne , 49 a nd a g old b uck le w i th f our h eads i n t w inned c rescen t ifor m a rrange men t . 50
Unhapp ily , n one o ft he Faversha m ma ter ia l i s i n g rave-
g roups a nd i s t herefore u nda teable b y a ssoc ia t ion .
E lsewhere w e a re l uck ier ,
h owever. Tw in e ag le-heads l i nked b y ac o m mon n eck f l ank t he a n i ma l-headed p in-ca tch o ft he f a mous c o mpos i te d isc-brooch f ro m K ings ton D own , g rave
9 1
2 05,
5 1
wh ich must s urely b e aw ork o f t he e ar ly s even th c en tury.
F ro m
K ingston Down g rave 1 61 c o me t hree o r f our s hee t-silver p endan ts r epresent i ng a f i sh b etween b ird-of-prey h eads ,
5 2
a nd w ith t he m w ere f ound amethyst
b eads a nd a c ast k eystone d isc-brooch o f Aven t 's c lass 3 .1,
5 3
wh ich , t hough
p robably made i n t he l ast t h ird o f t he s ix th c en tury , was b ur ied i n w orn c ond i t ion a f ter p erhaps a l i fet i me 's w ear , e ar ly i n t he s even th c en tury .5 4 Wingha m g rave 8 ,5 5 b ird-heads ,
5 6
Fro m
w e h ave a p in w ith c rescen t ifor m a rrange men t o f c loisonne
a ssoc ia ted w i th amethyst b eads , g old p endan ts a nd a ' p la ted '
d isc-brooch o f Aven t 's c lass 2 . 57 The d a te i s a ga in most p robab ly e ar ly i n t he s even th c en tury . I n Dover g rave 9 c rescen t ifor m s i lver p endan ts w i th s ty l ised b ird-of-prey h eads, a t tached t o t he s i lver r i ms o f ap a ir o f d r ink ing c ups o r h orns , w ere f ound b ur ied w ith a n im ita t ion o f aV is igoth ic c o in , a S cand inav ian g old D b rac tea te a nd o ther i t e ms i nc lud ing a c ast k eystone d iscb rooch o f Aven t 's c lass 6 .1. 58
The d a te h ere i s a s l ikely t o h ave b een l a te
i n t he s ix th c en tury a s e arly i n t he s even th .
Recen t ly , af rag men tary g old
p endan t o f c rescen t s hape , w i th c o iled t er m ina l s uggest ing ab ird-head , was f ound a t G il ton t ogether w i th t he g old f ron t-p la te o f ab rooch i n ter med ia te b etween t he ' p la ted ' a nd c o mpos ite f or ms. 59
I th as b een d a ted b etween 6 00
a nd 6 20 . " F ina l ly , w e may t urn t o t he g old-hoard f ro m Wieuwerd i n Fr iesl and ,
6 1
wh ich c on ta ined l ooped c o ins, a sse mbled i n Fr is ia n o l a ter t han 6 25 ,
a nd j ewel lery , s o me o f wh ich i s K en t ish .
Amongst t he p endan ts i s o ne s im ilar
t o t ha t f ro m Faversha m w i th c lo isonne b ird-heads a nd , more impor tan t i n t h is p resen t c on tex t , ap a ir o f c rescen t ic p endan ts d ecora ted i n r ing f i l igree a nd w i th c o iled t er m ina ls , r em in iscen t o f t he G ilton a nd s i mp ler Faversha m a nd Eastry p endan ts.
6 2
Fro m t h is v ery b r ief s urvey o f t he e v idence i ts hou ld a ppear t ha t b ird-ofp rey h eads d epend ing f ro m e ither e nd o f ac o m mon n eck w ere a f avour i te d eco ra t ive f ea ture o n j ewel lery o f a l l k inds d ur ing t he f i rst d ecades o f t he s even th c en tury , i fn o t a lready i n t he l a te s ix th . On p endan ts , t h is d es ign may e as ily h ave i nsp ired t he c rescen t f or m , a nd o nce e stabl ished a s as tandard p a t tern c rescen t-shaped p endan ts m igh t q u ick ly l ose e ven t he mos t p erfunc tory r end er ing o f t he b ird-head t er m ina ls.
I n t he c ase o f t he s i lver p endan ts , s i mp ly
c u t f ro m s heet meta l , i ti s e asy t o s ee h ow t he l oss o f d eta il m igh t o ccur w i th in a v ery s hor t s pace o f t ime.
The f act t ha t s o many o f t hese e x tre mely
f rag ile o b jec ts s urv ived t he r ough h and l ing o f t he ir d is in ter men t a t Faversha m , i n t he n ineteen th c en tury , s urely i nd ica tes t ha t t hey were b ur ied t here i n g rea t n u mbers.
Probably t hey w ere mass-produced i n Ang lo-Saxon w ork-
s hops t o meet a p opu lar d e mand , a nd a s t heir i n tr ins ic v a lue a nd a esthet ic a ppea l i s s l igh t c o mpared w ith most c on te mporary j ewel lery , t he ir a ppea l i s b es t e xp la ined a s p rophy lac t ic .
Wi th o r w i thou t r ecogn isable b irds ' h eads ,
p endan ts o f t h is k ind w ere p robably v a lued p r i mar ily a s amu lets wh ich wou ld p lace t he w earer u nder t he p ro tec t ion o f t he g od s y mbol ised b y t he r aven o r e ag le.
There c an b e l i t t le d oub t t ha t t h is was Woden h i mself , t he c h ief o f
t he p agan Ger man ic g ods.
6 3
Fro m t he d a t ing e v idence g iven a bove i tw il l
h ave b eco me a pparen t t ha t t hese h ea then t okens w ere i n f ash ion d ur ing a nd a f ter t he c onvers ion o f K en t t o Chr ist ian i ty.
They may h ave t o d o w i th p agan
r eac t ion i n t he e arly y ears o f t he r e ign o f Eadba ld , i n t he s econd d ecade o f t he s even th c en tury , o r t hey may s i mp ly b e aK en t ish r ef lec t ion o f ag enera l p heno menon o bserved b y Audrey Meaney.84
9 2
Throughout England i n t he s even th
c en tury t here was a g rea t u psurge o f d e mand f or , o r a t l eas t b ur ia l w ith , h ea then amu lets o f a l l k inds , a s i ft he n ew c onverts d oubted t he p owers o f t he Chr ist ian God a nd n eeded t he r eassurance o f more l ucky c har ms t han t hey h ad worn e ven i n p agan t imes.
6 5
The Beads ( Fig . 4 .4 ) These f or m a c losed a sse mblage wh ich s hou ld p rove u sefu l when A ngloS axon b eads a re e ven tua l ly s tud ied p roper ly .
A t p resen t t oo f ew n eck laces
h ave b een a dequa tely p ubl ished , a nd n owhere i s t h is t ruer t han i n K en t .
To
d a te, t he most u sefu l p ubl ica t ions o fb eads a re t hose f ro m Frank ish c e meteri es ,
6 6
t hough t hese s hou ld b e u sed w ith c au t ion s ince t he c ond it ions o f manu-
f acture, s upp ly a nd d e mand may h ave v ar ied o ver s uch a l arge a rea .
As
t he c on ten ts o f o ur g rave d a te t he b eads r a ther t han v ice-versa , t here i s n o n eed t o a t te mp t ad eta i led d iscuss ion .
The ma jor ity o fb eads i n t he a sse mblage
a re monochro me s hor t c yl inders , mos tly o paque r edd ish-brown , g rey ishwh i te a nd y el low , i nc lud ing j o ined p a irs i n y el low , l ucen t e xa mp les i n m id a nd d ark b lue.
6 7
w i th s o me s em itrans-
Beads o f t h is t ype a re g enera l ly a t tr i-
b u ted t o t he s even th c en tury , b u t t he wh ite o nes i n p ar t icu lar a re k nown f ro m l a ter s ix th c en tury c on tex ts.
The Eastry a sse mblage a lso i nc ludes a f a ir
n umber o fb eads w i th marvered i n terlac ing t ra ils a nd s po ts i n v ar ious c olours. These w ere amongst t he most c o m mon t ypes o f t he s ix th c en tury , b u t a re k nown t o h ave l i ngered o n i n u se i n to t he s even th .
When o ne n o tes t he a bsence
o f d iagnost ic b ead-types o f t he m idd le a nd l a ter s even th c en tury , s uch a s t he t runca ted b icones i n monochro me r ed , b r igh t y el low , l i gh t g reen o r t reac ley s em i-translucen t t urquo ise, i ts hou ld b e c lear t ha t t he g roup i s whol ly c ons is ten t w i th a d a te e ar ly i n t he s even th c en tury o r , p oss ibly , l a te i n t he s ix th . I n f act , e xcep t f or t he a bsence o f amethysts, i ts ee ms a model n eck lace o f i t s p er iod . C onc lus ion Th is g rave-group f ro m Eastry H ouse i s s o i n terest ing a nd u nusua l t ha t i ti s a ma t ter f or g rea t r egret t ha t i t was f ound b y c hance a nd s o b ad ly mau led b efore p roper e xcava t ion c ou ld t ake p lace.
The s po il f ro m t he d isturbed
r igh t s ide o f t he g rave was t oo w idely s ca t tered b y t he b u ilders i nb ack f il l ing t he ir t renches f or e very th ing t o b e r ecovered i n r e-excava t ion .
We a re t hus
l ef t w i th s o me t an ta l is ing u ncer ta in t ies. The e ar ly V endel P er iod b ow-bu t ton b rooch i s most l ikely t o h ave b een b rough t t o K en tb y aS cand inav ian b r ide :
p robably s he c a me f ro m Got land
b u t , i n v iew o f K en t 's c on t inu ing c onnex ion w ith s ou th S cand inav ia a t t h is p er iod , 68 s he may h ave c o me f ro m Den mark . L ack o f p rec is ion i n S cand in av ian a rchaeolog ica l c hronology makes i t imposs ible t o d a te h er c om ing w ith a ny c er ta in ty , t hough o ne wou ld s uggest n o t b efore c . 5 70 .
H ow l ong
t he b rooch was k ep t b efore b ur ia l i s d if icu l t t o e st i ma te b ecause o f c orros ion a nd s pade d a mage , b u t t here i s l i t t le s ign o f o r ig ina l wear :
t he l oss o f t he
o r ig ina l b ow-bu t ton may o r may n o t h ave t aken p lace i n a n t iqu ity.
The s i lver
moun ted g old d isc i s t he most p erp lex ing o b ject , whe ther moun ted o n t he b owb rooch o r n ot—and i ts ee ms most l ikely n o t .
Desp ite i n tens ive s earch f or
c o mparanda i tr e ma ins a n o dd ity , a pparen t ly a u n ique f or m o f t he K en t ish
9 3
' p la ted ' b rooch , w ith a d ec ided ly e arly l ook .
Ap oss ib il ity t ha t h as n o t b een
s tressed s o f ar i s t ha t t he o ccupan t o f Eastry H ouse g rave 1 was a c h ild : t he b ones w ere t oo f ar d ecayed t o t el l , b u t t he s keleton was c er ta in ly v ery sma l l f or a n a du l t. The ma t ter i s o f s o me impor tance b ecause g irl c h ildren o fg ood f am ily w ere f requen t ly b ur ied w ith o ld j ewel lery t ha t h ad b elonged t o mother o r f am ily. 69 However , b ur ied w i th a c h ild o r n o t , t he d isc-brooch s ee ms i n t oo f resh c ond i t ion t o h ave b een a n h e ir loo m . Tak ing a l l t h ings i n to c ons idera t ion , t herefore , t he p robab il ity i s t ha t Eastry House g rave d a tes f ro m t he l a t ter p ar t o ft he s ix th c en tury. The f act t ha t t he d eceased was w ear ing more t han o ne b rooch l ends s o me s uppor t t o t h is c onc lus ion : b y t he e arly s even th c en tury a n a r istocra t ic wo man i n K en t wou ld h ave b een w ear ing o n ly a s ing le l arge d isc-brooch . " EASTRY I N EARLY ANGLO-SAXON T I MES ( F ig . 4 .7 ) The d iscovery o f t h is b ur ia l i n t he g rounds o f Eastry H ouse c a me a s a c o mp lete s urpr ise. N o t o n ly h ad t here b een n o r epor t o f p rev ious d iscover ies o n t he s i te , b u t a no ther Ang lo-Saxon c e metery , wh ich h ad y ielded r ich a nd impor tan t g rave-goods o f t he f if th a nd s ix th c en tur ies ,7 1 w as k nown t o l i e a bou t 2 50 metres t o t he s ou th o n t he o ppos i te s ide o ft he H igh S treet. S ince Eastry H igh S treet i s o n t he l i ne o ft he Ro man r oad f ro m Dover t o R ichborough , wh ich r e ma ined a n impor tan t h ighway i n Anglo-Saxon t imes , i ts ee ms i nconc eivable t ha t o ur n ew b ur ia l s hou ld h ave f or med p ar t o f t he s ame c e metery . To d ist ingu ish t he t wo s i tes f or e ase o f f u ture r eference , i n t he manner most a ccep table ,
7 2
i tw il lb e a ppropr ia te t o n a me t he f i rst k nown c e me tery Eastry
Ia nd t he Eastry H ouse s i te Eastry H .
Th is h as t he a dded v irtue o f s upersed ing ,
o r a t l east p u t t ing i n to s econdary p os i t ion , t he p oss ibly m islead ing n a me o f Bu ttsole , wh ich h as b een u sed i n t he p ast f or t he Eastry Ic e metery . " I ti s s i tua ted i n o ne o ft he o ldest b u il t-up a reas o f t he v i l lage , a nd n o n ew f inds h ave b een r epor ted s ince 1 860 , b u t o ld a ccoun ts s uggest t ha t i t was b ounded t o t he n orth b y Eastry Cross a nd Brook S treet , p robably a n a nc ien t t rack-way , a nd t ha t i te x tended a long t he e astern s ide o f t he Ro man r oad f or a t l east 2 00 metres s ou thwards i n t he d irec t ion o f But tsole. 7 4 H ere t he Ro man r oad c rosses wha t i s n ow a d ry b o t to m , where , u n t il l a tely t here was a p ond , wh ich may i n Ang lo-Saxon t imes h ave b een a s pr ing. We d o n o t k now i t s e x ten t , b u t i tc ould h ave b een a l arge c e metery o ccupy ing much o f t he t r iang le o f h igh g round b etween t he r oads a nd t he o ld wa tercourse t hat r an f ro m Bu t tsole t o t he L ynch ,7 5 u nderly ing , i n e f fec t , v irtua l ly t he whole s ou th-eas tern c orner o ft he modern v i l lage. I n a dd it ion t o t hese t wo Anglo-Saxon b ur ia l p laces i n t he v il lage i t self , t here a re t wo more c lose b y w i th in t he p ar ish b oundary. T o t he s ou th o f Bu t tsole , t he Ro man r oad a scends q u ite s teep ly o n i t s way t o Dover , a nd a l i t t le way u pt h is h i l l , o n t he e as tern s ide o f t he r oad , c lose t o t he p ar ish b oundary , a er ia l p hotography h as r ecen tly d iscovered a l arge A ng lo-Saxon c e metery o f many h undreds o fg raves. 7 6
Fro m t he r esu l ts o f t he r escue
e xcava t ion o n t h is s i te , a nd f ro m t he f ac t t ha t p enannu lar-d itched g raves a re e verywhere t o b e s een , i ts ee ms v irtua l ly c er ta in t ha t t h is c e metery d oes n ot a n teda te t he s even th c en tury .7 7 I t s most n or therly g raves a re o n ly 9 00 metres f ro m Eastry Cross; Ic e metery .
7 00 f ro m t he n earest k nown g raves i n t he Eastry
Th is n ew c e metery h as b een n a med Updown , f ro m t he e sta te o n 9 4
wh ich i ti s n ow s i tua ted , b u t i ts hou ld a lso b e k nown a s Eastry I I .
F ina l ly ,
f our b ur ia ls were f ound t en y ears a go o n l and o nce b elong ing t o Eastry Mil l , a bou t 8 00 metres WS W o f Eastry Cross.
7 8
S ince o ne b ur ia l was a bou t 1 00
metres d istan t f ro m t he o thers, t h is c ou ld w el l b e a nother l arge c e metery , wh ich we s ha l l c a l l Eastry I V. A t p resen t t here i s n oth ing t o d a te i t . Th is c oncen tra t ion o f Ang lo-Saxon b ur ia l s i tes i n a nd a round Eastry wou ld s ee m a ston ish ing d id we n o t k now t ha t t h is n ow u nassu m ing v il lage h ad b een o ne o f t he ma jor a dm in istra t ive c en tres o f t he k ingdo m o f K en t .
I n t he
Do mesday S urvey i tf i gures a s t he c en tre o f t he L a the o f Eastry , a nd t hough a t t ha t t ime Eastry i t sel f was h eld b y t he Archb ishop o f Can terbury , a nd h ad b een , i n p art a t l east , a manor o f t he monks o f Chr ist C hurch , Can terbury , s ince t he n in th c en tury , e arl ier i th ad b een a r oya l v il l a nd t he s ea t o f ar oya l r eeve:7 9
A s s uch i t was o f c ourse a p ar tt i me r oya l r es idence , a nd i ti s
worth r eca l ling t ha t t he P ass io s anc toru m E the lber t i a tque E the lred i i s c onc erned w ith a n i nc iden t , ad ouble murder a nd a m irac le , wh ich i s s upposed t o h ave t aken p lace wh ile K ing Egber t o f K en t was h old ing c our t i n h is p a lace a t Eastry.
8 0
I ft here i s a ny t ru th i n t he t rad i t ion , a nd p ar ts a re s o c ircu m-
s tan t ia l a s t o s uggest t ha t t here may h ave b een s o me b as is o f t ru th b eh ind t he l a ter embro idery o f t he l egend , w e c an t ake t he d ocu men tary h istory o f r oya l Eastry b ack t o t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he s even th c en tury . o f t he p lace-na me s uggests a n e ven g rea ter a n t iqu ity.
A s ( a )
And t he f or m Eastorege ,
( 2 1 ) ) Eas terege, ( ad) Eastraege, i ti s r ecorded f irst i n c har ters o f t he e arly n in th c en tury , b y wh ich t ime t he t wo e le men ts o f t he n a me h ad b eco me f oss i l ised .
The f irst e le men t i s OF e aster ' eastern ' wh ich , l ike s uther a nd
w ester , i s a n a rcha ic f or m f ound o n ly i n t he e arl iest l i terary r ecord ( eg. Bede , Eastrangl i ) a nd s o me p lace-na mes.
The s econd e le men t i s OF Ge- ,
c orrespond ing t o Ger man Gau ' reg ion , d istr ic t , p rov ince ' , at er m wh ich i n Eng land b eca me o bsolete a t av ery e ar ly d a te i ndeed a nd s urv ives o n ly i n a sma l l h and fu l o f p lace-na mes i n t he s ou th-east .
8 1
Thus Eastry , l ike S turry
a nd L ym inge a lso i n K en t , p reserves t he n a me o f av ery a nc ien t t err itor ia l d iv ision w i th in t he K en t ish k ingdo m , wh ich was t he a ncestor o ft he l a ter l a the , a nd wh ich must , f ro m t he p r im it ive f or m o f t he n a me , h ave b een i n e x istence b efore wr i t ten r ecord .
N o d oubt t he Easter G g d a tes b ack t o t he v ery b eg in-
n ing o f r eg iona l a dm in istra t ion i n Anglo-Saxon K en t , a nd i ti s r easonable t o s uppose t ha t Eastry i t sel f was t he s i te o f ar oya l h a l l b y t he s ix th c en tury a t l a test . On t he n or th s ide o f t he p ar ish c hurch o f S t . Mary t he V irg in s tands Eastry Cour t , af ine e arly e igh teen th c en tury h ouse t ha t r ep laced t he l arge med ieva l s tone h ouse b elong ing t o Chr ist Church , Can terbury.
The s ite
wou ld r epay e xcava t ion , f or i ti s v ir tua l ly c er ta in t ha t t he med ieva l manor h ouse, where Archb ishop Tho mas Becket t ook r efuge o n h is way t o France a nd e x ile i n 164 , s tood o n o r n ear t he s i te o f t he e ar l ier r oya l p a lace.
The
p os it ion , j ust t o t he e ast o f t he Ro man r oad a nd o n r is ing g round a bove a s trea m , i s ac ho ice o ne. We a re s ad ly h a mpered b y l ack o f s et t le men t-s ite e v idence , b u t s o me impression o f Eastry i n e arly Ang lo-Saxon t imes b eg ins t o emerge.
We c an
s a fely l oca te t he r oya l p a lace i n t he n or th-east c orner o ft he modern v il lage. On ly o ne e ar ly Anglo-Saxon r oya l r es idence h as s o f ar b een e xcava ted , t he
9 5
h istor ica l ly d ocu men ted v i l la r ega l is o f t he N or thu mbr ian k ings a t Y eaver ing .
8 2
I tg ives u s av ery c lear i dea o ft he s ca le o f s uch a n e stabl ish men t a nd t he amoun t o f a cco m moda t ion d ee med n ecessary f or t he k ing h i mself , f am ily , h ouseho ld a nd g uests , a nd t he d u t ies h e h ad t o p erfor m i n t he a dm in istra t ive, l ega l , r el ig ious a nd p urely s oc ia l s pheres. The p a lace o f Edw in , t he c on te mp orary o f Eadba ld o f K en t , c ons is ted o f ag rea t h a l l a nd b ower , s epara ted b y at i ered a sse mbly p lace f ro m a c luster o f sma l ler b u ild ings wh ich must h ave i nc luded t he h a l l a nd d o mest ic q uar ters o f t he r es iden t r eeve , a t l east o ne g uest h a l l a nd , a pparen t ly , at e mp le l a ter c onverted t o ac hurch .
I fw e e xclude
t he h i l lfor t , t he whole c o mp lex o ccup ied a s pace l ess t han 2 00 me tres l ong a nd wou ld h ave f i t ted c o mfor tably i n to t he p resen t g rounds o f Eastry C our t . Yeaver ing was v ery r ura l a nd i sola ted c o mpared w ith Eastry , h owever , wh ich was s ituated o n a ma jor Ro man r oad o n ly 1 3 k i lo metres ( 8 m iles) f ro m t he p or t o f D over a nd o n ly 5 k i lo me tres ( 3 m iles ) f ro m S andw ich , wh ich s ee ms t o h ave s uperseded R ichborough a s t he p or t a t t he e astern e nd o f t he Wan tsu m C hannel a t l a test b y t he s even th c en tury.
8 3
Eastry was much n earer t he s ea
i n e arly Ang lo-Saxon t imes t han t oday a nd i ti s p oss ible t ha t b oa ts o f s ha l low d raugh t may e ven h ave b een a ble t o p u l l i n to t he c reek b elow t he p a lace s i te i t self .
8 4
G iven t h is c o mb ina t ion o ft opograph ica l a dvan tages , i tw ou ld b e
s urpr is ing i ft he r oya l v i l l h ad n o t a t trac ted t he g row th o f s o me s ort o f t owns h ip a t Eastry , p erhaps p ar tly i ndustr ia l a nd mercan t ile i n c harac ter. I t h as b een r e marked a bove ( p . g o )t ha t t here may w el l h ave b een a c en tre o f j ewel lery p roduc t ion a t Eastry , a nd a ma jor r oya l r es idence s uch a s t h is must h ave b een wou ld h ave r equ ired a l l manner o f o ther s pec ia l ist s erv ices , f ro m p eop le s uch a s w eapon sm i ths , a nd merchan ts t o p rov ide w ine a nd l uxury g oods , d own t o t he p urveyors o ft he b as ic n ecess it ies s uch a s c lo thes , a le a nd f ood .
We c annot k now h ow many o f t hese p eop le a nd t he ir v ar ious a c t iv i-
t i es w ere a cco m moda ted i n t he p a lace i t self , b u t f ro m t he n umber o f d if feren t c e meter ies a t Eastry , u nusua l e ven i n d ense ly p opu la ted K en t , i t wou ld s ee m t ha t t he o rgan isa t ion mus t h ave b een mu lt ifoca l r a ther t han c en tra l ised , a nd h ave c o mpr ised s evera l c o m mun i t ies s uf f ic ien t ly d iscrete t o warran t t he ir u s ing d i f feren t b ur ia l g rounds. I n e ar ly Ang lo-Saxon England , a nd most n o t iceably i n K en t where w ea l th o f g rave-goods h igh l igh ts t he u pper c lasses , a l l t he me mbers o f a ny g iven c o m mun i ty , f ro m t he a r istocrats d own t o t he ir s laves , s ee m n or ma l ly t o h ave b een b ur ied i n t he s a me c e metery .
Fa ilure t o l oca te a nd e xcava te t he p re-
C hr ist ian b ur ia ls a t Yeaver ing h as p erhaps d epr ived u s o f u sefu l i n for ma t ion o n whether t he s a me c us to m was o bserved o n r oya l e sta tes.
Thus a t Eastry ,
where t he c e metery e v idence i s a nyway s o f ragmen tary , w e c an d o n o more t han s pecu la te. C losest t o t he p a lace s i te , j ust o ppos ite a cross t he Ro man r oad , i s o ur Eastry I b ur ia l s i te , wh ile j ust t o t he s ou th a cross t he p oss ibly a nc ien t Brooks t rackway i s Eastry I . Presu mably o ne o ft hese b uria l g rounds s erved t he r oya l h ouseho ld .
A t p resen t t he d iscovery o f t he g irl 's g rave ,
w ith j ewel lery more e as i ly e xp l icable i n t he c on tex t o f t he r oya l c our t , w ith i t s S cand inav ian c onnex ions, t han a ny l ess e xa l ted m il ieu , t e mp ts o ne t o a scr ibe Eastry I t o t he p a lace a nd l eave Eastry If or a s epara te c o m mun ity o f ' t ownsfo lk ' s et tled a t t he Bu t tso le e nd o f t he p resen t v i l lage. But o n ly f ur ther e xcava t ion c an r esolve t he p roble m o ft he ir r ela t ive s ta tus.
S hou ld
t he ir r oles t urn o u t t o b e r eversed , t here i s amp le s pace o n t he w es t s ide
9 6
o f t he Ro man r oad f or a s izeable ' t own ' p opu la t ion u s ing Eastry I .
As t o
Eastry I I , t hough i t may p oss ibly h ave b elonged t o as epara te c o m mun ity o n Updown , n o s et t le men t t races s how u p i n t he a ir p ho tographs t hat r evea led t he c e metery a nd i ts ee ms b o th t oo l arge a nd t oo c lose t o h ave b een i ndepend en t .
The f ac t t ha t i ta ppears t o b e whol ly s even th-cen tury o pens u p t he
s trong p oss ib il ity t ha t i t was t he s uccessor o f Eastry Ia nd/or I ;
an ew
b ur ia l g round e stab l ished , p erhaps o n t he n eares t p iece o f o pen g round , a f ter t he C onvers ion h ad made i td es irable o r p erhaps o bl iga tory t o a bandon t he b ur ia l p laces o f t he h ea then.
The s h if t t o n ew a nd a pparen t ly e ar ly o r p ro to-
Chr ist ian c e meter ies i n t he s even th c en tury h as b een n o t iced e lsewhere ,
8 5
a nd i t wou ld b e s urpr is ing n ot t o f ind i th appen ing i n s uch a n impor tan t r oya l c en tre a s Eastry.
The Eastry I V c e metery l i es o u ts ide t he ma in c o mp lex o f
t he p resen t v i l lage a nd o verlooks t he n ex t s ha l low v a l ley :
p robably i tr epre-
s en ts a d iscrete s et t le men t , b u t i ti s t oo c lose n o t t o h ave b een i nvolved i n s o me way w ith t he work ings o f t he r oya l v ii i .
Aga in w e n eed more e xcava t ion
t o e s tabl ish i t s c harac ter. And t he s et t le men t h istory a nd t opography o f Eastry may h ave b een e ven more c o mp lex t han t he a rchaeolog ica l e v idence a s y et s uggests.
To t ake
o n ly o ne i nd ica t ion f ro m p lace-na me e v idence , o ne wonders whether t he g roup o f Wa l ton n a mes j ust n or th o f t he v il lage d er ive f ro m O ld Engl ish W(e )a la t un ,
8 6
as et t le men t o f Br itons, who p erhaps p layed a r ole , p resu mably ma in ly s erv ile, i n t he e cono my o f t he r oya l v ii i .
F ina l ly w e s hou ld r e me mber t ha t Woodnes-
b orough , OE Wodnesbeorge , as i te w ith o ne o f t he b est c la i ms i n K en t t o b e ah ea then p lace o f worsh ip , n or th o f Eastry .
8 7
i s s i tua ted o n ly s l igh t ly o ver a m ile ( 2 km )
The c lose j ux tapos it ion o f t he p agan r el ig ious c en tre a nd
t he r oya l v il l c an h ard ly b e c o inc iden ta l a nd s tresses t he impor tance o f Eastry a s ar oya l r es idence i n p re-Chr ist ian t imes.
NOTES 1 .
For t he i mpor tance o f t he a na lyses o fb ack ing p astes , s ee Arrhen ius ( 1971) , 6 1 f .
Un fortuna tely t he Eastry b rooch was c onserved b efore t h is
f unda men ta l work a ppeared , a nd t here was a nyway n o means o fg et t ing s uch a na lyses d one i n 1 970. 2 .
The t er m i s u sed l oosely .
Aga in n o a na lyses c ou ld b e d one t o d e ter m ine
h ow many o f t he s et t ing were t ru ly g arne ts a s o pposed t o r ed g lass . 3 .
The f o ils u sed o n t h is b rooch a ppear t o b e a l l o f t he s a me s tandard a nd r egu lar p a t tern . ( 1977 ).
4 .
F or t he impor tance o f f o il s tud ies s ee Aven t a nd L e igh
S a l in ( 1904 ) , 6 5 f .; Ä berg ( 1924 ) , 4 4 f .;
S t jerna ( 1905 ) , 1 61 f .; G jess ing ( 1929 ) , 1i f .
Arw idsson ( 1942) , 5 1 f .; S tro mberg ( 19 61) , 1 25 f .;
a nd ( 1934 ) , 1 35 f .;
S ern ing ( 1960 ) , 2 4;
Ypey ( 1960-61);
Qrsnes ( 1966 ) , 1 05 f .;
5 -10 , 9 7-103 , 1 57-166, 2 20 , 2 65-8 ; ( 1974 ) , 2 00 f .;
N er man ( 1919 ) , 2 5 f .;
N er man ( 1969 ) , p ls.
Arrhen ius ( 1971) , 1 79 f .;
S j 4 ; ivold
N er man a nd L unds trö m ( 1975 ) , 1 1 f ., 3 6 1 . , 5 2 f . ,
6 4 f . , 7 6 f . Excep t f or t he p ubl ica t ions o f Arrhen ius a nd Ypey , t he work d one s o f ar i s a l mos t e n t irely t ypolog ica l a nd s ty l ist ic a nd t oo l i t tle a t tent i on h as b een p a id t o workshop g roups a nd c haracter ist ics b y t echn ica l s tudy. 9 7
5 .
Äberg ( 1924 ) , f igs. 1 02, 1 05-8 ;
Orsnes ( 1966 ) , t ype E 0 , 1 07 , 1 11 f .
6 .
N er man ( 196 9 ) , p l . 6i f ., N er man a nd L unds trö m ( 1975 ) , 1 2 i f .
7 .
For a c lose s tudy o f s o me o f t hese s ee Arrhen ius ( 19 71) , 1 79 f ., f igs. 1 67 -8 , 17 1, 17 4.
8 .
N er man ( 1969 ) , p l . 9 , f i g . 7 1, p l . 9 8, f i gs .
8 47-8 , p 1 .99 , f i g .852, e tc .
9 .
Ypey ( 196 0 -61) , 5 69 f . , f igs. 27 a nd 30 , 1 ;
Arrhen ius ( 1971) , f ig . 1 38.
1O . 1 1.
Aven t ( 1975 ) , 4 8 f ., p ls. 6 0 f . S a l in ( 1904 ) , 6 5 f ., f i gs. 1 41-2. S t jerna a nd Ner man .
H e was f o l lowed b y Ä berg , G jess ing ,
For a more c r i t ica l v iew , s ee Orsnes ( 1966 ) , 12
f . 1 2.
S ern ing ( 19 60 ) , 2 4;
G jess ing ( 19 19 ) ;
SWvold ( 1974 ) , 2 00 f .;
Orsnes
( 1966) , t ypes E 2 a nd E 3 , 1 13 f ., f i gs. 6 0-4. 1 3.
The d iscovery o f n u merous mou ld-frag men ts f or r el ief b rooches a nd o ther o rna men ts a t H e lgö , n ear S tockho lm , h as r evolu t ion ised o ur a t t i tudes t o t he s tudy o f s uch meta lwork .
N ot o n ly d o w e n ow t h ink more
t echn ica l ly , b u t t he Helgö f inds h ave made i ta bundan t ly c lear t ha t o ur r ecovery r a te o f p roduc ts f ro m e ven s uch e v iden t ly p ro l if ic workshops i s v ery sma l l ( Hol mqv is t e t a l . ( 1972 );
L amm ( 19 73 )).
The b ow-bu t ton
b rooches a re a lso b as ica l ly c ast b rooches a nd t hus l ikely t o h ave b een p roduced u nder s im ilar s em i- mass-produc ing c ond i t ions .
The l arge
n u mbers t ha t h ave s urv ived , p ar t icu larly f ro m Got land , a nd t he g rea t d ivers i ty o f f or m a nd d ecora t ion , a re s trong i nd ica tors t ha t w e h ave t o e nv isage a v ery l arge-sca le i n it ia l p roduc t ion i ndeed . 1 4.
N er man ( 1969 ) , p l . 5 , f ig . 4 3, p l . 1 0 , f i g . 7 3 , p l . 9 9 , f i g .853;
Orsnes
( 1966) , f igs. 6 0-2, 6 5. 1 5.
Reg. n o. 19 21. 1-1. 2 20 .
Sm ith ( 19 23 ) , f i g . 2 19 , c en tre;
N er man
( 1969 ) , p l . 5 , f ig . 4 2. 1 6.
The s tandard o f v isua l a nd d escr ip t ive p resen ta t ion o f t he ma jor i ty o f S cand inav ian b ow-bu t ton b rooches , e ven i n r ecen t p ubl ica t ions, i s l a ment ably p oor , s o i ti s a l most imposs ible t o work w ith c onf idence f ro m t he l i tera ture a lone.
1 7 .
N er man ( 1969 ) , p l . 9 , f i g. 6 9 .
1 8.
N er man ( 1969 ), p l . 8 , f i g. 6 4.
1 9 .
S tockhol m Museu m , n o. 2 076:
2 0 .
Orsnes ( 1966 ), 1 11.
2 1.
Orsnes ( 19 66 ) , f ig . 8 4;
Arrhen ius ( 1971) , f i g . 5 8.
2 2.
Äberg ( 19 24 ) , f i g . 10 5;
Orsnes ( 1966 ) , 10 7 , f i g . 8 5.
2 3.
Fager l ie ( 1967 ).
7 .
The c o inage i t self i s b est r epresen ted o n t he i s lands
o f Got land , b land a nd Bornhol m , where i t may h ave b een u sed a s c urrency. On ma in land Den mark a nd Sweden t he s heer v olu me o f g o ld j ewel lery p rod uced a t t h is t ime s uggests t ha t most g old c o in was t rea ted a s b u ll ion a nd mel ted d own .
2 4.
Munksgaard ( 1966 ) , p l . 2 , f i gs. 7 -10 .
2 5.
Mackeprang ( 1952 ) , 7 3-4, n o te 8 , p l . 2 3, n os. 1 6-19 ; 1 4 , p l . i , B ;
Munksgaard ( 1966) , 1 4 , f i g . 1 2 .
L eeds ( 1957 ) ,
I t was f ound w i th c oins ,
t he l a test o f Anastas ius ( 491-518 ). 2 6.
Mackeprang ( 1952) , 1 34-5 , p l . 2 3 , n o. 8 ;
L eeds ( 1957 ) , 1 4 , p l . i , A ;
Munksgaard ( 1966) , 1 4 f . , f i g. 1 4. 2 7
On s ty lis t ic g rounds a nd b ecause o f i t s a ssocia t ion w i th e ar ly D b rac tea tes . A ccord ing t o B a ldm ( 1973 ) , t hese were f i rs t made c . 5 25 , b u t Ia gree w i th Ma l mer ( 1977 ) t ha t t hey may h ave c o me i n to p roduc t ion u p t o f if ty y ears e ar lier .
2 8.
Munksgaard ( 1966) , f i g . 1.
2 9 .
There a re f i l igree b ow-d iscs o n r el ief b rooches f ro m I ndre Arne , Hordal and , a nd S anda l , S ogn o g F jordana , N orway ( Sa l mn ( 1904 ) , f i g . 1 42; Ä berg ( 1924 ) , f igs.
8 9 a nd 9 1;
Hougen ( 1936 ) , p ls. 4 7 a nd 4 8 ).
The
r el ief b rooches w ith g e m-set p anels o f f i l igree , n o tably t he Dan ish b rooches f ro m D onzdorf , Würt te mburg ( Neu f fer ( 1972) , c olour f ron t isp iece a nd p l . 5 9 ;
Haselof f ( 19 74 ) , 1 2 f ., p l . v i , C );
( Sat in ( 1904 ) , f i g. 4 95; 1 , 2 ;
Ä berg ( 1924 ) , f ig . 6 3;
S trö mberg ( 1961) , 9 6 f . , p l . 5 6 , 3 b;
Granby , S lane
A lensta m ( 194 9 ) , f ig .
Haselof f ( 1974 ) , 9 ) ;
a nd
t he N orweg ian b rooches f ro m Fonnas , H ede marken ( Sa l mn( 1904 ) , f i g. 5 38; Ä berg ( 1924 ) , f ig . 7 8 ; Hougen ( 1936 ) , p l . 2 3 ) a nd Hauge , Roga land ( Sa l mn ( 19 04 ) , f ig. 5 40 ; Ä berg ( 1924 ) , f ig . 7 9 ; Hougen ( 1936 ) , p l . 3 5; Bakka ( 1973 ) , 6 2 f ,. p l . i x ) , a re a l l o f t he l a ter f i f th o r e ar ly s ix th c en tur ies. 3 0 .
Äberg ( 1926 ) , 1 06 f .;
L eeds ( 1936 ) , 1 15 f ., C lass I ;
3 1.
The t er m was c o ined b y L eeds ( 1936 ), 1 15.
Aven t ( 1975 ).
I n t he s ys te m o f Aven t
( 1975 ) , t h is i s h is r im f or m 2 , i n f ig . 4 . 3 2.
Aven t ( 1975 ) , f i gs. 5 a nd 6 , p ls. 4 9-58 , n os. 1 45-66.
3 3.
Aven t ( 1975 ) , p l . 5 7 , n o. 1 65.
3 4.
Aven t ( 1975 ) , p l . 5 8 , n o. 1 64.
3 5.
Aven t ( 1975 ), p ls. 3 2-4 , n os. 1 09-13.
3 6.
Aven t ( 1975 ) , map 6 o n p . 11, t able 2 o n p . 1 13.
3 7 .
Aven t ( 1975 ) , p ls. 5 7 , n o. 1 63 a nd 5 8 , n o. 1 64;
s ee a lso p l . 5 3 , n o.
1 54 , a nd t he l arge c ast d isc b rooches 1 14 o n p l . 3 4, a nd n o. 1 36 o n p l . 4 5, wh ich a re v ery d ist inc t ive. 3 8.
Recen t e xcava t ions i n t he p or t i t self i nd ica te a s e t t le men t o f s o me a ff luence a nd i nd iv idua ls o f s ta tus. 1 45;
Med ieva l Archaeology XVI I ( 1973 ) ,
K en t Archaeolog ica l Rev iew , 3 1 ( 1973 ) , 1O .
The e x istence o f
j ewel lers ' workshops a t t he Swed ish t rad ing s ta t ions o n H elga a nd B irka makes i tn o t improbable t ha t s im ilar e stabl ish men ts e x isted a t t he K ent i sh r oya l p or ts.
A c on f ir ma tory h in t a ppears i n Aven t a nd L e igh ( 1977 ) ,
P . 1 5 , who n o te t ha t ar are d es ign o fb acking f o i l , ' t he s pecia l b oxed f o i l ', o ccurs o n ly i n E as t K en t , f our t imes a t D over , o therw ise a t B ifrons a nd S arre , s ugges ting p roduc t ion i n a n E as t Ken t w orkshop , f ur ther e as t t han F aversha m . 9 9
3 9 . Rescue e xcava t ion o f al im ited a rea o f i ti n 1 976 , s uggests t ha t c oasta l e ast K en t 's a nswer t o Faversha m may b e t he v ery l arge s even th-century c e metery a t Up c lown , Eastry I I .
The q ua l ity o f t he g rave-goods a nd t he
p os i t ion o f t he c e metery i nd ica te t ha t i t may b e t he p ost-pagan b ur ia l g round o f t he r oya l v il l i t self . S ee n otes b y t he a u thor i n Archaeo log ia Can t iana , XC I I ( 1976 ) , 2 47-8 ; Med ieva l A rchaeology XX I ( 1977 ) , 2 09 . 4 0 . Aven t ( 1975 ) ,
p ls. 3 -7 , n os. 2 2;
3 6; Tab le 6 .
4 1. Bu t i th as t o b e a dm it ted t ha t t here i s n o e xac t p ara l lel . 4 2. Ä berg ( 1924 ) , f ig. 1 01; 2 9 .
Ä berg ( 1926 ) , f i g . 1 45;
Aven t ( 1975 ) , p l . 5 , n o.
4 3. Warhurst ( 1955 ) , 2 8f f ., p l . x i i. 4 4. A ven t ( 1975 ) , 5 6ff ., s ets o u t t he p roble ms a nd l im ita t ions o ft he d a t ing e v idence , b u t t h is s ec t ion o f h is w ork i s p erhaps t he l east r el iable.
He
makes t oo l i t tle u se o f a ssoc ia ted f inds f ro m t he C on t inen t i n p rov id ing af ra mework , a nd i s p erhaps t oo
u ncr i t ica l i n h is u se o f t he f ew a ssoc ia-
t ed c o ins a nd t en ta t ive d ates a rr ived a t f ro m g old a na lyses. c o m men ts i n ' Br it ish An t iqu i ty , 1 974-5: S axon ' , Archao log ica l J ourna l ,
S ee my
P ost-Ro man a nd Pagan Anglo-
1 32 ( 1975 ) , 3 42.
H e d a tes t he t ype 2 :1
b rooches o n t he l a te s ide. 4 5. Hawkes e t a l . ( 1966 ), 9 9 ; R igold ( 1975 ). — — 4 6. There i s ag old f i l igree d isc o n t he b ow o f t he S quare-headed b rooch f ro m A sh , C op S treet ( erroneously a t tr ibu ted t o R ichborough b y Ä berg ( 1926 ) , f i g. 1 40 ;
L eeds ( 1949 ) , p l . A l, n o. 5 ;
a nd Hase lof f ( 1974 ) , 1 4 ) .
The l a t ter , n ow t he l ead ing a u thor ity i n s uch ma t ters , r egards i ta s a n e arly s ix th -cen tury K en t ish c opy o f a Dan ish impor t.
Fro m S todmarsh
c o mes wha t l ooks l ike a K en t ish v ar ian t o f t he ' pro totypa l ' f or ms o f t he b ow-bu t ton b rooches , w ith a rrange men ts o f s ingle g e ms a nd s urroundi ng f i l igree o n h eadp la te , f oo tp la te a nd b ow-d isc ( Archaeo log ia , ) ( 30 (w ( 1855 ) , p l . x v i; Ä t berg ( 1926 ) , f ig . 1 46 ) , wh ich a ppears t o d a te f ro m t he s econd q uar ter o f t he s ix th c en tury . Tha t i ti s K en t ish r a ther t han S cand inav ian i s s uggested b y t he a rrange men t o fg arnet s e t t ings o n i t s h eadp la te , wh ich r ese mbles t ha t o nb uck les o f t he t ype o f Äberg ( 1926 ), f i g . 2 09 .
There i s ag o ld f i l igree a nd g e m-set p la te , t he c en tra l g arnet
w ith i nset g old r ing le t , f ro m Faversha m , wh ich p robably o nce d ecora ted ab uck le-p la te o f t he s a me t ype a nd i s l ikely t o b e o f K en t ish workmans h ip ( Bruce- M it ford ( 1974 ) , p l . 2 5 , f . ).
F ina l ly , o ne may r eca l l t he
l i t t le g old p la te w i th r ing f i l igree o n t he h i l t o f t he r uneinscr ibed
sword
f ro m Chessel Down , I sle o f Wigh t , wh ich m igh t a lso h ave b een K en t ish w ork , d esp i te wha t Haw les a nd Ev ison h ave b oth s a id t o t he c on trary ( Hawkes a nd Page ( 1967 ) , 1 2, f ig . 2 ; Ev ison ( 1967 ) , 7 5 , f i g. 1 1). 4 7. Arrhen ius ( 1971) , 1 79f f . 4 8 . A sh molean Museu m , Ox ford , r eg. n o. 1 942.217 . 4 9 . Sm ith ( 1923 ) , p l . i , 4 ; Ä berg ( 1926 ) , f ig. 2 43;
Bren t Col l . l o t 8 7 .
Bruce- M itford ( 1974 ) ,
p l . 2 6, c . 5 0. Sm ith ( 1923 ) , p l . i , 3 ;
Äberg ( 1926 ) , f i g . 2 26 , a nd n o te a lso f i g. 2 27 ;
B ruce- M it ford ( 1974 ) , p l . 2 6 , b . 1 00
5 1. Fausset t ( 18 56 ) , p l . i ; Bruce- M i tford ( 1974 ) , p l . 2 6, a ;
Aven t ( 19 75 ) ,
p l. 6 9 . 5 2. Fausset ( 1856) , 7 1, p l . x i , 2 2. 5 3. Fausset ( 1856 ) , p l . i i , 9 ; 5 4. Aven t ( 19 75 ) , 3 1.
Aven t ( 1975 ) , p l . 1 9 , n o. 8 1.
The a verage l i fe e xpec tancy f or a n a du l t wo man a t
t h is p er iod d id n o t e xceed 4 0 y ears. 5 5. Archaeolog ia , ) 00 ( ( 1844 ) , 5 50-1. 5 6. Sm ith ( 19 23 ) , f i g. 6 3;
Äberg ( 19 26 ) , f ig.
2 67 ; Bruce- M it ford ( 19 74 ) ,
p l . 2 5 , h . 5 7 ,
Aven t ( 1975 ) , p l . 5 4 , n o. 1 57 .
5 8. Av en t ( 1975 ) , p ar t i , 3 6 ;
p ar t i , p l . 3 4, n o. 1 14.
5 9. A sh molean Museu m , Ox ford , r eg. n o. 19 74.177 ;
Aven t ( 19 75 ) , p l . 7 8 ,
n o. 19 2. 6 0. Med ieva l Archaeology XVI I I ( 1974 ) , 1 79 f . 6 1. J anssen ( 1 867) ; X berg ( 19 26 ) , 1 49-51;
L a faur ie ( 1959-60 ) , 1 75f .;
L a faur ie
e t a l . ( 1961 ). 6 2. J anssen ( 186 7 ) , p l . 6 , 9 ; Ä berg ( 1926 ) , f i g . 2 95. 6 3. Dav idson ( 19 67 ) , 9 6. 6 4. Meaney a nd Hawkes ( 1970 ) , 3 2f . 6 5. The d ile m ma o f t he n ew c onver t i s wel l i l lus tra ted b y t he s tory o f Raedwa ld o f East Ang l ia , who was s cep t ica l e nough t o worsh ip t he Chr ist ian a nd p agan g ods t ogether i n o ne a nd t he s a me t e mp le.
Bede ,
H istor ia Eccles iast ica , i , 1 5. 6 6. The most u sefu l s urvey i s s t il l t ha t p ubl ished b y Böhner ( 19 58 ), 7 1f f ., p ls. 8 -9 , b u t t here i s f ur ther r eference ma ter ia l i n most o f t he l a ter v olu mes i n t he s a me s er ies B o f t he G er man ische D enkmä ler d er V e l lkerwanderungsze it , wh ich d ea l w i th t he Frank ish c e meter ies, a nd s er ies A wh ich d ea l ma in ly w ith t he A lamann ic . 6 7 .
D ick inson ( 1973 ) , 2 44f . ,2 52f . ,f i g . 5 , p ub l ishes p ara l le ls f or t he d oub le y e l low c y linder b eads f ro m a n e ar ly s even th c entury g rave a t S tand lake , Oxon ., c i t ing c o mparanda f ro m t he r es t o f t he U pper T ha mes r eg ion .
6 8 .
T he ma in tenance o f r e la t ions w i th t he Dan ish h o me land o f many o ft he K en t ings i s we l l d e mons tra ted b y d eve lop men ts i n o rna men ta l me ta lwork a nd p ar t icu lar ly s ty le .
Th is h as b een a b ly d e mons tra ted b y G eorge S peake ,
The B eg inn ings a nd Deve lop men t o f S a lin 's S ty le I i n E ng land ( Thes is p resen ted f or t he D egree o f D . P h i l . a t Oxford U n ivers i ty , 1 974 ) , s hor t ly t o b e p ub l ished b y t he OUP . 6 9 .
T he b es t k nown p ub l ished e xa mp le i s H o lywe l l R ow , g rave 1 1 , L e thbridge ( 1931 ) , 4 f f ., f i gs . 2 -3 .
The p heno menon was mos t marked i n t he U pdown
c e me tery , Eastry I I , where o u t o ft he v ery f ew f e ma le g raves e xcava ted , t wo were o fb aby g ir ls w i th a g rown-up 's worn d isc-brooch a nd t hread-box r espec t ive ly . 1 01
7 0. There was e v iden t ly a ma jor c hange i n f e ma le d ress a t t he e nd o f t he s ix th c en tury , wh ich made r edundan t t he c o mb ina t ions o f f ro m t wo t o f ive b rooches w orn p rev iously b e t he w ea l thy l ady o f f ash ion ( Hawkes ( 19 73) , 1 90 ). 7 1. For i t s f i rst n o t ice , a s e ar ly a s 1 792, w e a re i ndebted t o Mr. Wi l lia m Boteler o f Brook House , whose manuscr ip t a ccoun t o f t he d iscovery was q uoted a nd i l lustra ted n ear ly a c en tury l a ter b y S haw ( 1870 ), 2f . S ee a lso Proceed ings o f t he S oc iety o f An t iquar ies , 2 nd s er ., XV ( 1893-5 ) , 17 8-83; 7 07-8.
XX I I ( 19 09 ) , 3 63-7 , f i gs. 1 -4;
Ba ldw in Brown ( 19 15 ) , I V ,
The a u thor h opes s hor tly t o make a n ew p ubl ica t ion o f t he f inds
f ro m t h is c e metery . 7 2. Th is manner o f n u mber ing c e meter ies was u sed b y Meaney ( 1964 ) , a nd b een t aken f urther b y o thers s ince. 7 3. N o tably b y Ba ldw in Brown ( 1915 ) , I V , 7 07 , a nd Meaney ( 1964 ) , 13. 7 4. Wil l ia m Boteler made a manuscr ip t map , n ow i n Can terbury Ca thedra l Chap ter L ibrary , wh ich s hows t he g raves e x tend ing a long t he s treet f ron tage f ro m Eastry Cross t o a bou t h a lfway t o Bu t tsole p ond . 7 5. Th is i s s hown o n t he Ordnance S urvey 's Geolog ica l S urvey Dr if t map s hee t 2 90. 7 6. An t iqu i ty , 4 8 ( 19 74 ) , 2 13-15, p l . 3 0 (V i i i.
S ee a lso n o te 3 9 .
7 7 . The e xcava ted g raves a re a l l o f t he s econd h a lf o f t he s even th c en tury . P enannu lar-d i tched g raves s ee m n o t t o o ccur b efore t he s even th c en tury , Hawkes ( 1973 ) , 2 00 ;
Hogar th ( 19 73 ) , 1 18-9 .
7 8. Med ieva l Archaeology , X I I ( 1968 ) , 1 58. 7 9. A Reeve o f Eastry , A ethelnoth , i s men t ioned a s t he b enef ic iary o f K ing Cu thred i n ac har ter d a ted t o 8 05. S axon icu m , I( 1885 ) , n o. 3 18. n u mbered 3 32 a nd 3 80.
S ee W. d e Gray B irch Car tu lar iu m
The o ther c har ters r ela t ing t o Eastry a re
S ee a lso S haw ( 1870 ) , 7f .;
V .C. H. K en t , I I
( 1932 ) , 2 18. 8 0. Th is , t he martyrdo m o fS S. A ethelber t a nd A ethelraed , i s p ref ixed t o t he H istor ia Regu m .
S ee T . Arnold , S y meon is Monach i Opera , I
( Rol ls S er ies , 1 885 ) , 9 , a nd P . Hun ter B la ir , ' So me o bserva t ions o n t he ' H istor ia Regu m ' a t tr ibu ted t o S i meon o f Durha m ' , i n Nora K . Chadw ick e t a l ., C el t a nd S axon :
S tud ies i n t he e arly Br it ish Border ( Cambr idge,
" 1 963 ) , 7 8-82. 8 1. Sm ith ( 1956 ) a ,a nd ( 1956 )b , 8 2; 8 2. C olv in ( 1963 ) , 4i f ., f i g. 1 ;
Reaney ( 1961) , 5 9 .
Rah tz ( 1976 ) , 6 5 f ., f i g. 2 .7 .
8 3. Hawkes ( 1968 ) , 2 31. 8 4. Chadw ick ( 1958 ) , 5f ., f i g. 3 . 8 5. Hyslop ( 1963);
Meaney a nd Hawkes ( 1970 ) ;
D ick inson ( 19 73 ).
8 6 . Sm ith ( 19 56 ) a ,I , 2 42-4. 8 7. Gel l ing ( 19 61) , 1 0f .;
( 1973 ) , 1 26; 1 02
Dav idson a nd Webster ( 1967 ) , 6 -9 .
ABBREV IATIONS OF WOR K S C ITED
Ä berg ( 1924 ).
N . Ä berg , D en N ord iska Folkvandr ingst idens K ronolog i ( Kungl.
V it terhets H istor ie o ch An t ikv itets Akade m ien .
Monograf iser ien , 1 4.
S tockhol m , 1 924 ). Ä berg ( 1926 ).
N . Ä berg , The Ang lo-Saxons i n Eng land ( Uppsa la , 1 926 ).
A lensta m ( 1949 ).
B . A lensta m , ' Z we i Rel iefspangen a us Grönby ,
Meddelanden f rän L unds Un ivers itetets H istor iska Museu m ( 1949 ) , 6 9 f . A rrhen ius ( 1971).
B . Arrhen ius , Grana tsch muck u nd Ge m men a us N ord ischen
Funden d es f rühen Mit tela l ters ( Ac ta Un ivers i ta t is S tockhol mens is , 1 971). A rrw idson ( 1942).
G . Arrw idson , Vendelst ile, Ema il u nd G las im 7 .-8.
J ahrhunder t ( Va lsgärde S tud ien , I . Aven t ( 1975 ).
Uppsa la , 1 942).
R . A ven t , Anglo-Saxon D isc a nd C o mpos ite Brooches ( Br it ish
Archaeolog ica l Reports, 1 1, 2 v ols. Aven t a nd L e igh ( 1977 ).
Ox ford , 1 975 ).
R . Aven t a nd D . L e igh , ' A s tudy o f c ross-ha tched
g old f o ils i n Ang lo-Saxon j ewel lery ' , Med ieva l Archaeology , XX I ( 1977 ) , 1 -46. Bakka ( 1973).
E . Bakka ,
Goldbrak tea ten i n Norweg ischen Grabfunden :
Da t ierungsfragen t , Früh m it tela l terl iche S tud ien ;
J ahrbuch d es I ns t itu ts
f t ir Früh m it tela l terforschung d er Un ivers itä t Münster , V I I ( 1973 ) , 5 3 f . Ba ldw in Brown ( 1915 ).
G . Ba ldw in Brown , The Ar ts i n Ear ly Eng land ( L on-
d on , 1 915 ). f r öhner ( 1958 ).
K . B öhner , D ie Fränk ischen A l ter tü mer d es Tr ierer L andes
( Ger man ische D enkmä ler d er V ölkerwanderungsze i t . Fränk ischen A l ter tü mer d es Rhe in landes , 1 . Bruce- M it ford ( 1974 ). Archaeology : Chadw ick ( 1958 ). K en t :
S er ie B , D ie
B erl in , 1 958 ).
R . L . S . Bruce- M itford , A spec ts o f Anglo-Saxon
S u t ton Hoo a nd o ther D iscover ies ( London , 1 974 ). S . Chadw ick , ' The Ang lo-Saxon c e metery a t F ing lesha m ,
ar econs idera t ion ', Med ieva l Archaeology , I ( 1958 ) , 1i f .
Colv in ( 1963 ).
H . M. C olv in ( ed .), The H istory o f t he K ing 's Works , I
( London , 1 963). Dav idson ( 1967 ). D ick inson ( 1973 ).
H . R . E l l is Dav idson , Pagan S cand inav ia ( London , 1 967 ). T . M . D ick inson , ' Excava t ions a t S tand lake Down i n 1 954:
The Ang lo-Saxon Graves ', Oxon iens ia , XXXVI I I ( 1973 ) , 2 39 i f . Ev ison ( 1967 ).
V . I . Ev ison , ' The D over r ing-sword a nd o ther sword-r ings
a nd b eads ' , Archaeolog ia , C I ( 1967 ) , 6 3 f .
1 03
Fagerl ie ( 19 67 ).
J . M. Fagerl ie , L a te Ro man a nd Byzan t ine S ol id i Found
i n Sweden a nd D en mark ( Nu m is ma t ic N otes a nd Monographs, 1 57 .
N ew
York , 19 67 ). Fausset t ( 1856 ). B . Fausset t , I nven tor iu m S epu lchra le ( ed . C . Roach Sm ith , L ondon , 1 856 ). Gel l ing ( 19 61).
M. G el l ing , ' Place-na mes a nd Anglo-Saxon p agan is m ' ,
B ir m ingha m H istor ica l J ourna l , V I I I ( 19 61) , 7i f . Gel l ing ( 1973). M. G el l ing , ' Fur ther t hough ts o n p agan p lace-na mes ' , O t iu m e t N ego t iu m : S tud ies i n Ono ma tology a nd L ibrary S c ience p resen ted t o O lof v on F e il i tzen ( S tockho lm , 19 73 ) , 1 09 f . G jess ing ( 1929 ).
G . G jess ing , N orske Ryggknapspenner f ra Vendel t iden ( Det
N orske V idenskapernes S elskaps Sk r if ter , 8 . G jess ing ( 1934 ). Hawkes ( 1968 ).
Trondhe im , 19 29 ).
G . G jess ing , S tud ier iN orsk Merow inger t id .
( Oslo , 19 34 ).
S . Chadw ick Hawkes , Michborough — the p hys ica l g eography ' ,
R ichborough V ( Repor ts o f t he Research C o mm it tee o f t he S oc iety o f An t iquar ies o f L ondon , 2 0 (I I I , e d .
B . W. C un l if fe.
Ox ford , 19 68 ) , 2 24 i f .
Hawkes ( 1973 ). S . Chadw ick Hawkes, ' The d a t ing a nd s oc ia l s ign if icance o f t he b ur ia ls i n t he P olh il l c e metery ' , i n B . Ph ilp , Excava t ions i n West K en t , 19 60-1 9 70 ( 1973 ) , 1 86 f . Hawkes e t a l. ( 1966 ).
S . Chadw ick Hawkes e t a l.,
‚ X-Ray
f l uorescent a na lys is
o f s o me Dark Age c o ins a nd j ewel lery ' , Archaeo me try , l X ( 1966) , 9 8 i f . Hawkes a nd Page ( 19 67 ) .
S . Chadw ick Hawkes a nd R . I . Page , ' Swords a nd
r unes i n s ou th-east E ngland ', An t iquar ies J ourna l , XLVI I ( 19 67 ) , 1f . H ogarth ( 19 73 ).
A . C . Hogar th , ' S tructura l f ea tures i n Anglo-Saxon g raves ' ,
Archaeolog ica l J ourna l , CXXX ( 19 73), 1 04 f . H ol mqv ist e t a l . ( 1972).
W. Hol mqv ist e t a l ., E xcava t ions a t He lgo I V.
Workshop , p ar t 1( S tockhol m , 19 72). Hyslop ( 19 63).
M. Hyslop , ' Two Anglo-Saxon c e me ter ies a t Chamber la ins
Barn , L e igh ton Buzzard , Bed fordsh ire ' , Archaeolog ica l J ourna l , CXX ( 1963), 1 61 f . J anssen ( 186 7 ) .
L . J . F . J anssen , ' Der Merow ing ische Goldsch muck a us
Wieuwerd ' , Bonner J ahrbücher , XL I I I ( 1867 ) , 5 1 f . L a faur ie ( 1959-60 ).
J . L a faur ie , ' Le Tresor d 'Escharen i, Revue N um is ma-
t i que , 6 th s er , I ( 1959-60 ), 1 53 i f . L a faur ie e t a l . ( 1961).
J . L a faur ie , e t a l . , ' Le Tresor d e Wieuwerd ' ,
Oudhe idkund ige Mededel ingen v i t h e t R i jks museu m v an Oudheden t e L e iden , XL I I ( 19 61) , 7 8 f . L a mm ( 19 73 ).
K . L a mm , ' The manu facture o f j ewel lery d ur ing t he m igra t ion
p er iod a t H e lgö i n S weden ' , Bu l let in o f t he H istor ica l Meta l lurgy Group , V I I ( 1973 ) , 1f . L eeds ( 1936 ).
E . T . L eeds , Early Anglo-Saxon A rt a nd Archaeology ( Ox ford ,
19 36 ). 1 04
L eeds ( 194 9 ) .
E . T . L eeds , A Corpus o f E ar ly Anglo-Saxon S quare-Headed
Brooches ( Ox ford , 19 49 ) . L eeds ( 1957 ).
E . T . L eeds , ' Notes o n J u t ish Art i n Ken tb etween 4 50 a nd
5 75' , Med ieva l A rchaeology , I( 195 7 ) , 5f . L e thbr idge ( 19 31).
T . C . L ethbr idge , Recen t Excava t ions i n Anglo-Saxon
Ce me ter ies i n C ambridgesh ire a nd S u f folk ( Cambr idge An t iquar ian S oc iety .
Quarto P ubl ica t ions.
Mackeprang ( 19 52).
N ew S er ies.
M. B . Mackeprang , De N ord iske Gu ldbrak tea ter ( Jysk
Arkaeolog isk S e lskabs S kr if ter , I . Ma l mer ( 1977 ) .
I I , 19 31).
M . P . Ma l mer ,
Aarhus , 19 52 ).
C hrono log ie d er S o l id i u nd G o ldbrak tea ten ' ,
A rchno log ische B e i trnge z ur C hrono log ie d er V ö lkerwanderungsze i t ( ed . G . K ossack a nd J . R e ichs te in , B onn , 1 977 ) , 1 07f f . Meaney ( 19 64 ).
A . L . Meaney , A Gazet teer o f Early Anglo-Saxon Bur ia l
S i tes ( London , 1 964 ). Meaney a nd Hawkes ( 1970 ).
A . L . Meaney a nd S . Chadw ick Hawkes , Two
Anglo-Saxon C e meter ies a t Winn .a l l , Winchester , Ha mpsh ire ( Soc iety f or Med ieva l A rchaeology. Munksgaard ( 19 66 ).
Monograph S er ies , 4 , 19 70 ).
E . Munksgaard ,
‚ Guldfunde t
f ra K itnaes S trand v ed
J aegerspr is i , N a t iona l museets Arbe jds mark ( 19 66) , 5f . N er man ( 191 9 ). K r.
B . N er man , ' Grav fynden I A Got land u nder t iden 5 50-800 e .
An t ikvar isk T idskrif t WI -S verige , 2 . 0 ( II :4 ( 19 19 ) .
N er man ( 19 69 ) .
B . N er man , D ie V endelze i t Got lands.
I , Ta feln ( S tockhol m ,
19 69 ). N er man a nd L undströ m ( 19 75 ). z e i t Go t lands. N eu f fer ( 19 72 ).
B . N er man a nd A . L undströ m , D ie Vendel-
I ; 1 , Tex t ( S tockhol m , 19 75 ).
E .M . N eu f fer , Der Re ihengräberfriedhof v on Donzdorf
( Forschungen u nd Ber ich te z ur Vor-und Frühgesch ich te i n Baden- Württ e mberg , 2 . S tu t tgart , 19 72 ). O rsnes ( 19 66).
M. O rsnes , For m o g S t i l iS ydskand inav iens y ngre Ger manske
J erna lder ( Na t iona l musee ts S kr if ter. X I.
A rkaeolog isk-H istor isk r ekke ,
Aarhus , 19 66 ).
Rah tz ( 19 76 ).
P . Rah tz , ' Bu i ld ings a nd r ura l s e t t le men t ' , The A rchaeology
o f Ang lo-Saxon E ng land ( ed. D . M. Wilson . Reaney ( 19 61).
L ondon , 19 76 ), 4 9 f .
P . H . Reaney , ' Place-na mes a nd e arly s et t le ment i n Ken t ',
Archaeolog ia Can t iana , LXXV I ( 19 61), 5 8 f . R igold ( 19 75 ).
S . R igold , ' The S u t ton H oo c o ins i n t he l i gh t o f t he c on te mpo-
r ary b ackground o f c o inage i n Eng land ', i n R . L . S . Bruce- M i tford e t a l ., The S u t ton H oo S h ip Bur ia l , Volu me I ( Br i t ish Museu m , L ondon , 1 975 ), 6 53 f . S a l in ( 19 04 ).
B . S a l in , D ie A ltger man ische Th ierorna men t ik ( S tockhol m ,
19 04, r eprin ted 1 935 ). S ern ing ( 19 60 ).
J . S ern ing , Övre N orrlands J ärd ä lder ( U meä , 19 60 ) . 1 05
S haw ( 1870 ).
W. F . S haw , L iber Eastriae :
o r Me moria ls o f t he Royal V il le
a nd Parish o f Eastry i n t he Coun ty o f Ken t ( 1870 ). Sm ith ( 19 23 ).
R . A . Sm ith , A Gu ide t o t he Anglo-Saxon a nd Fore ign Teuton ic
An t iqu it ies ( Br it ish Museu m , L ondon , 19 23 ). Sm ith ( 19 56) a , A . H . Sm ith , Engl ish P lace-Na me E le men ts, p arts I , I ( Engl ish P lace-Na me S oc iety , XXV, XXVI .Ca mbridge , 1 956 ). Sm ith ( 19 56) b . A . H . Sm ith , ' Place-na mes a nd t he Anglo-Saxon s et tle men t ', Proceed ings o f t he Br it ish Acade my, XL I I ( 1956 ), 6 8 f . S t jerna ( 19 05).
K . S t jerna , ' Bidrag t i ll Bornhol ms b efolkn ings-h is tor ia
u nder j ärnA ldern ', An t ikvar isk T idskrif t f ie S verige , XVI I I :1 ( 1905 ). S trö mberg ( 19 61).
M. S trö mberg , Un tersuchungen z ur J ungeren E isenzei t
i n S chönen , p art I , I ( Ac ta Archaeolog ica L undens ia , S er ie i n 40 ,4 . L und , 19 61). S j9 ivold ( 1974 ).
T . e vold , The I ron Age S et t le men t o f Arc t ic N orway , I ,
( Norweg ian Un iversi t ies Press, 19 74). Warhurst ( 1955).
A . Warhurst , ' The J ut ish c e metery a t L ym inge ', Archaeo-
l og ia Can t iana , 1 . 4XD Ypey ( 19 60 -61),
( 1955) , 1f .
J . Ypey , ' Enkele g erein igde v roeg- m iddeleeuwse s ieraden
u it h et Fries Museu m t e L eeuwarden ', ROB, X-X I ( 1960-61), 5 69 f .
1 06
1 07 Can tware .
D ra ins & Water Ma ins
F ig . 4 .2 E as try . A .
S itua t ion a nd P lan o ft he E as try H ouse b ur ia l s i te .
B ased o n t he Ordnance S urvey Maps TR 3 054 a nd TR 3 154 , 1 :2500 , w i th p erm iss ion .
B .
C rown c opyr igh t .
Based o n t he Ken t C oun ty Arch i tec t 's s i te p lan , w i th p ermiss ion
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1 5
1 6
2 4
2 5
2 6
1 7
1 8
2 7
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F ig . 4 .4
3 3
3 4
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The F inds f ro m Eas try H ouse , G rave 1 . 3 6, 1 :2 :
S ca le :
1 -35 , 1 :1;
F ig . 4 .5 E as try H ouse Grave 1 : a -c , Square-headed b rooch , s ide o fh eadp la t t 2 , f ron t v iew , d iagona l v iew o fb ow d -e .
G o ld p la ted d isc b rooch , f ron t a nd b ack .
S ca le :
3 :2
F ig . 4 .6
a .
E as try H ouse g rave I .s quare head b rooch , moun ted o n b ow
b .
G ot land ie b ow-bu t ton b rooch , B r i t ish Museum . S ea le : 3 :2
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E as try i n e ar ly A ng lo-Saxon t imes , at opograph ica l s ke tch b ased o n a rchaeo log ica l ,a nd p lace-name e v idence
13
5 .
NOTE ON AN AQUITAN IAN BUCKLE-PLATE
S AID TO HAVE CO ME FRO M LAKENHEATH , S UFFOLK T eresa B r iscoe
Amongs t t he e xh ib i ts i n t he A shmolean Museu m , Ox ford , i s at inned b ronze b uck le-p la te ( Figs. 5 . 1 , 2 ) wh ich i s l abel led a s c om ing f ro m L akenh ea th i n S u f folk . The b as is f or t h is a t tr ibu t ion i s al abel r ead ing " H .264 S axon b uck le f or s wordbel t .
E agle 's C ol lec t ion , L akenhea th , S uf folk ."
The
b uck le c a me t o t he museu m a s p art o f S ir J ohn Evans ' C ol lec t ion a nd i s r eg istered a s 19 09 .734. S ir J ohn a cqu ired t he b uck le f ro m t he Ba te man C oll ec t ion i n 18 93. DESCR IPTION The b uck le-p la te i s o fb ronze a nd measures 1 2 x7 .8 cm. I ti s t r iangu lar i n s hape a nd c ons ists o f ac as t p la te , w ith t i nned u pper s urface , t o wh ich t hree c ol lared b osses a re f i xed b y means o f r ive ts a t t he c orners. The o u ter e dges o f t he p la te a re s urrounded b y t he r e ma ins o f ar a ised b order , c ast s epara tely a nd d ecora ted i n i m i ta t ion o f f i l igree. t he c ol lars f or t he t hree b osses.
Th is o uter f ra me a lso f or ms
The c en tra l p anel , d ecora ted b y e ngraving
a nd p unch-work , h as ab order c on ta in ing a z igzag l ine wh ich s urrounds a b old ly e xecu ted d ouble p la i t mot if .
The l oops o f t h is a re a ga in d ecora ted i n
im ita t ion o f f i l igree , a nd t he whole t h ing i s s et o f f a ga inst ab ackground o f p oin t il le d ecora t ion , wh ich g ives a g ranu lar e f fec t. The s epara tely f ra med r ectangu lar s pace b e tween t he t wo u pper b osses i s d iv ided i n to t hree a nd d ecora ted w i th c rosses s ur moun t ing h a l f-c irc les c on ta in ing p oin t il le. The p la te i s 0 .5 cm t h ick a nd t he u nders ide h as f our c ast-on l ugs p erforat ed f or a t tach men t ( Fig. 5 .1). The l ug a t t he p o in t o f t he t r iangle i s s e t a nd p ierced a t r igh t-angles t o t he o thers , wh ich l i e p ara l lel t o t he p la te 's l ong a x is. The o b jec t h as b een b roken a nd r epa ired a t s o me t ime , a nd p arts o f t he r a ised o u ter f ra me h ave b een l ost .
I ti s s hown ( Fig. 5 .2) w i th a n u npub-
l i shed Frank ish b uck le f ro m West S tow , S u ffolk , a lso i n t he Ashmolean Museum , t o s how t he d i f ference i n s ize a nd c onstruc t ion . D ISCUSS ION Aqu i tan ian b uck les a nd t he Aqu itan ian s tyle o f o rna men t h ave b een p ubl is hed a nd d iscussed most r ecen t ly b y D r. Edward J a mes, i n t he s ix th a nd s even th c en tur ies.
1
who p laces t he m
A s t he ir n a me s uggests , t he ma in d is tr i-
b u t ion i s i n s ou th-west F rance , t hough i sola ted f inds c o me f ro m a l l o ver t ha t c oun try a nd t here i s a nother , sma l ler, g roup i n t he L o ire v a l ley. 2 T he L akenhea th b uck le-p la te wou ld a ppear t o b e a n a dd it ion t o a sma l l g roup o f s even s uch b uck les w i th in h is Group I , wh ich , i ti s s uggested , may h ave b een made i n a workshop ' s i tua ted a t t he western e x tre m ity o f t he a rea p ro-
15
. 0~ i o ir dear i t i le r t 'Z i ‘ I ne bleh T 0--
4 1 1
i f bo t
5 8 m o g e , .
t . k . w .,A , ott4 ;
F ig . 5 .1 A n Aqui tanian b uck le-p la te i n t he A shmo lean Museu m , Oxford , s a id t o h ave c o me f ro m L akenhea th , S uf fo lk .
16
S ca le 1 :1
F ig . 5 .2 T he Aqu i tan ian b uck le-p la te c ompared w i th a F rank ish b uck le a nd p la te f rom Wes t S tow , S uf fo lk , b o th i n t he A s luno lean Museum , O xford . S ca le 1 :1 . ( Pho to : Ashmo lean Museum )
d uc ing t he Aqu i tan ian s ty le , p oss ibly a ssoc iated w ith t he myster ious g roup o f s e t t le men ts i n t he S a in tonge i n t he r eg ion o f H erpes.' 3 The f ra me a nd c en tra l i n terlac ing p anel o n t he L akenhea th b uck le-p late r ese mble t hose o n a b uck le f ro m S a in t-Gen is-d 'H iersac ( Charen te ). 4 I n v iew o f t he s ix th-cen tury c onnex ion b etween t he S a in tonge a nd K en t , a t tested p art icu larly b y f inds f ro m t he c e me tery a t Herpes ,5 i t may b e n o c o inc idence t ha t t he L akenhea th b uck lep late , a nd t o al esser e xten t s o me o f i t s c loser c oun terparts i n west Aqu i ta ine , g ive t he i mpress ion o f h av ing b een i n f luenced b y t he t r iangu lar-p la te b uck les , d ecora ted w i th z oo morph ic i n terlace i ng old f i l igree , wh ich were made i n K en t d uring t he l a te s ixth a nd e arly s eventh c en tur ies. 6 The ma teria l f ro m t he o r ig ina l Ang lo-Saxon c e metery a t L akenhea th , n ow i n t he Museum o f A rchaeology a nd E thnology a t Cambr idge , a ppears t o b e ma in ly s ix th-century i n d a te . 7 I ti nc ludes f l or id c ruciform a nd s quare-headed b rooches a nd a n a typ ica l sma l l-long b rooch . Ba ldw in Brown i l lustra tes a t refo il b rooch f ro m L akenhea th , b u t t h is i s a n e igh th-or n inth-century p iece wh ich i s most u n l ikely t o h ave c o me f ro m t he c e metery. 8 O ther u nusua l i t e ms f ro m t he p arish wou ld a ppear t o b e f i f th c en tury. 9 N oth ing s o f ar r ec overed f ro m L akenhea th s uggests a p laus ible c on tex t f or a ny th ing s o e xot ic a s a n Aqu i tan ian b uck le.
However , a n Aqu itan ian b el t-set o f Dr. J ames '
Group I D d id f ind i t s way t o K en t i n t he s eventh c en tury , where i t was b ur ied i n S ibertswold g rave 9 5,
1 0
s o t he c u l tura l c onnex ion w i th e as tern E ng land a t
t h is p er iod was n ot c on f ined t o t enuous s ty l ist ic i n f luences. The f ac t t ha t a j ewe l o ft he c a l ibre o ft he Wil ton C ross c a me f ro m t he L akenheath a reall h as s oc ia l i mp l ica t ions t ha t make i tn ot imposs ible t ha t o ur b uck le-p la te , t oo , was g enu inely o f l oca l p rovenance. The d a t ing o f t he t wo o b jects i s s im ilar , t he Aqu itan ian b uck le b elong ing , i n a l l p robab il i ty , t o t he e arly s even th c ent ury.
Un fortuna tely , t here c an b e n o c erta in ty a bou t al oca l p rovenance.
Mr. Wil l ia m S . E agle o r E ag les l ived a t L akenhea th i n t he e arly a nd mid n ineteenth c entury a nd owned a nd f ar med most o f t he l and t hereabou ts. He was a c ol lec tor o f ' an t iqu i t ies ' a nd a t o ne t ime owned t he Wil ton C ross. 1 2 A n ote s ub m i tted b y h i m was r ead a t a mee t ing o f t he S u f folk Archaeolog ica l I nst itute i n 1 850 . I n v iew o f t he f ac t t he Mr. E ag le must h ave a cqu ired t he Wil ton Cross f ro m i t s f inder , i t wou ld a ppear t ha t h e was i n t he marke t f or t h is t ype o fo b ject a nd , t hus , t ha t h e a lso a cqu ired t he b uck le-p la te b y p urc hase. S ince t he p rovenance o f L akenhea th was o rig ina l ly a t tr ibu ted i n e rror t o t he Wi l ton C ross , i ts ee ms p oss ible t ha t o ther t h ings i n Mr. E agle 's c oll ec t ion t ha t h ad l ost t he ir r ea l p rovenance were l abel led s im ilarly a f ter t he p lace where h e l i ved . Thus t he c hances a re t ha t o ur Aqu itan ian b uck lep late r eached t he h ands o f t h is c ol lec tor w ithou t a ny r ecord o f whence i tc ame. I t i s t an ta l ising n o t t o k now t he s cope o f Mr. E agle 's i n terests a nd whe ther h e b ough t o ther o b jec ts o f f ore ign o r ig in. Withou t f urther i n for ma t ion i ti s r ea l ly imposs ible t o s ay whether t h is Aqu i tan ian i mport c a me f ro m a n Ang lo-Saxon c e metery i n t he n e ighbourhood o f L akenhea th o r whether i t was s i mp ly a cqu ired f ro m a d ea ler.
1 18
ACKNO WLEGE MENTS My most g ra tefu l t hanks a re d ue t o Mr. Dav id Brown o f t he Dep t . o f An t iqu i t ies , Ash molean Museu m , f or p er m iss ion t o p ubl ish t he b uck le-p la te a nd f or h is h elp i n r ead ing a nd c orrec t ing t h is n ote.
He a lso was i nstru men-
t a l i n p rov id ing t he p hotograph a nd t he e xcel len t d raw ing b y N ick Gr if f iths. My t hanks , t oo , t o Mrs . S on ia Hawkes f or h er h e lp w i th t he f i na l p roduct ion . NOTES 1 .
Edward J a mes , The Merov ing ian Archaeology o f S ou th- West Gau l , BAR S upp le men tary S eries , 2 5 ( 1977 ) , Chap ter Four , Ca ta logue C .
2 .
I b id ., f ig. 1, p . 9 8.
3 .
I bid., p p . 1 15 a nd 3 74.
4 .
I bid., p l . 5 1, p . 1 18.
5 .
E . T . L eeds , Early Anglo-Saxon Art a nd Archaeology ( Ox ford , 1 936 ), p p . 5 6 f .;
H . V ierck , ' Zur Fernverkehr u ber S ee im 6 . J ahrhundert..'
i n K . Hauck , Goldbrak teaten a us S ievern ( Mun ich , 1 970 ) , p p . 3 55 f ., e sp . 3 91 f .; 6 .
J a mes , 2E . c i t i n n ote 1 , p p . 1 66 i f . a nd 4 32.
Fu l l p ubl ica t ion f orthco m ing b y George S peake , The Beg inn ings a nd Develop men ts o f S a l in 's S tyle I Orna men t i n Eng land ;
mean t i me , N i ls
Aberg , The Anglo-Saxons i n E ngland ( Uppsa la , 1 926 ), f igs. 1 , 2 15-221. 7 .
Audrey L . Meaney , A Gaze t teer o f Early Anglo-Saxon Bur ia l S ites ( London , 1 964 ) , p . 2 30.
8 .
G . Ba ldw in Brown , The Arts i n Early England , I I ( London , 19 15 ), x lv i i i , 4 ;
p l.
R . A . Sm ith , A Gu ide t o t he Anglo-Saxon a nd F ore ign T eu ton ic
An t iqu i t ies ( London , Br i t ish Museu m , 1 923 ), p . 1 59 , j udged t he t ype t o b e Carol ing ian . 9 .
S on ia Chadw ick Hawkes , ' Sold iers a nd S e tt lers i n Br ita in ..', Archaeology , V ( 1961) , F ig. 1 8 , j , p . 5 7 ;
Med ieva l
Teresa Br iscoe , ' The Anglo-
S axon " S"-shaped Brooch i n Br i ta in ' , Proceed ings o f t he Ca mbr idge An t iquarian S oc ie ty , LX I ( 19 68 ) , p . 5 3. 1 0. Bryan Fausset t , I nven tor iu m S epu lchra le ( ed . C . Roach Sm i th , L ondon , 1 856 ) , p l . v i i i , 1 , 1 0 , p . 1 17 ;
J a mes , o p c i t ., p . 3 69.
1 1. Rona ld J essup , Ang lo-Saxon J ewel lery ( London , 1 955 ), p l . x xv i i i , p p . 1 20-1. 1 2. Grace Briscoe ( ed.), A H istory o f L akenhea th , S u f folk ( 19 51) , p . 1 3.
1 19
6 .
THE BODY I N THE SH IP AT S UTTON 100 Vera I . E v ison
The c o mple te a bsence o f ab ody i n t he S u t ton H oo s h ip b ur ia l h as g iven r ise t o ag rea t d ea l o f d e ta i led s tudy t o a ccoun t f or t h is , a nd t he f irs t v o lu me o f t he d e f in i t ive r epor tl d evotes much s pace t o i nves t iga t ions o f t he c he m ica l c ond i t ions o f t he s o i l wh ich migh t h ave r esu l ted i n t he c o mp le te d isappearance o f t he b ones , a nd i n c he m ica l a na lys is t o d iscover t races o f p hospha te wh ich migh t b e tray t he p resence o f ab ody.
The c onc lus ions r eached a re t ha t t he
b ones c ou ld h ave d isappeared c o mp le te ly , a nd t ha t t races o f p hospha te , p art icu lar ly o n t he s word , i nd ica te t he e ar l ier p resence o f ab ody. s ke le ton i s t here fore d rawn o n t he p lan o f t he g rave f inds ,
2
An imag ined
t he s ku l l n ear t he
s h ie ld b oss a nd whe ts tone , t he f ee t s topping s hor t o f t he d r ink ing h orn c o mp lex , t he s hou lder c lasps i n t he a bdo men a nd t he p urse o n t he l ef t k nee . The p ecu liar p os i t ion o ft he s hou lder c lasps c ou ld n o t b e e xp la ined , a nd t he f aced ownwards p os i t ion o f many o f t he j ewe l lery p ieces was e xp la ined b y t he t heory t ha t t he h arness o n wh ich t hey were moun ted was o r ig ina l ly s uspended o ver t he b ody a nd d ropped i n to i t s f i na l p osi t ion a s t he wood o ft he c ha mber r ot ted . The t wo a l terna t ive t heories o f ac enotaph , o r ac re ma t ion ( wh ich a rose f ro m t he b urn t b one o n t he Anas tasius d ish ) , were d iscoun ted .
I n r ev iews o f t he
f i rs t S u t ton H oo v o lume t he c re ma tion t heory , mos t f u l ly a rgued b y H . V ierck , h as f ound a measure o f s uppor t , t heory .
3
a nd o thers h ave r al l ied b eh ind t he c eno taph
4
Dur ing t he e ar ly p os t-war y ears t he c eno taph t heory was p opu lar , b u t t he c re ma t ion t heory h ad n o t y e t b een p ro mo ted .
N ever the less , t he l ayou t o ft he
g rave g oods a s p ub l ished a t t ha t s tage s ee med t o me t o t e l l as i mple a nd o rd inary s tory , a nd t h is i s t he o ne Ih ave e ver s ince r e la ted t o c ap t ive a ud iences o f s tuden ts .
I n my v iew , a l though i t was o n ly b ased o n aq u i te s uper f ic ia l
n o t ice o f t he p ubl ished a ccoun ts , a s f ar a s t he u nusua l o pu lence o f t he b ur ia l wou ld a l low , t he g rave g oods were d epos i ted i n t he p os i t ions n or ma l i n Ang loS axon i nhu ma t ion p ract ice . The h el met was a l mos t u n ique among g rave g oods , b u t i t was p laced where o ne wou ld e xpec t i t , b es ide t he h ead . S i lver b owls were o n t he o ther s ide , ap os i t ion o f ten o ccup ied i n l ess o pu len t g raves b y a no ther t ype o f v esse l , ap o t o r b ucke t . Dr ink ing h orns , d ishes , e tc . w ere p laced o ver a nd b eyond t he f ee t . S o me o b jec ts a re o ccas iona l ly p laced o n t he f ee t o r l ower l egs , e .g . i n t he c e me tery a t Buck land E s ta te , Dover , K en t5 t he s h ield o f e ach o f f our men was p laced o n t he f ee t a nd l ower l egs ( graves 2 7, 7 1 , 9 3 a nd 9 6a ) , a s was t he s h ield i n t he p r ince 's g rave a t B ecku m , Wes tpha l ia .
6
The s word i s i n t he n or ma l p lace , i .e . p o m me l a bou t s hou lder
l eve l , l ying s tra igh t a long t he s ide o f t he b ody . I n t he Dover c e me tery , f or i ns tance , t we lve s words were i n t h is p os i t ion o n t he l e f t h and s ide o f t he b ody , a nd o ne o n t he r igh t .
The s hou lder c lasps a re i n t he c orrec t a na to m ica l
r ela t ionsh ip t o h e l me t , s ku l l a nd s word , b e ing o n al eve l w i th t he p o m mel , a nd t he f ac t t ha t t hey were l y ing c lose t oge ther c ou ld b e e xp la ined i ft he b ody
1 21
was l y ing o n i t s s ide w i th o ne s hou lder a bove t he o ther .
The magn i f icen t
a nd impor tan t g o ld b uck le wou ld t hen h ave b een i n i ts p roper p lace n ear t he wa is t , a nd t he b e l t moun ts a nd p urse a t wa is t o r h ip.
The p urse , wh ich was
l ying f ace d ownwards , a nd p erhaps s o me o f t he j ewe l led s trap moun ts t oo , wou ld h ave b een o n t he u nders ide o f t he b ody a s l a id i n t he g rave , e i ther o n i ts b ack o r i t s s ide .
The s word was s ure ly p laced i n t he g rave w i th i t s
j ewe l led b a ldr ic wrapped r ound i t , b es ide t he b ody o r o n t op o f t he a rm , s o t ha t t hese j ewe l led moun ts , t oo , h appened t o b e f acing d ownwards . The p os i t ion o f t he s words man b ur ied a t B eckum s hows t ha t t he b ody was n o t a lways l a id o u t s y m metr ica l ly s upine , a nd t he p os i t ions o f s word a nd l arge b uck le a t Morken , a nd o f s word a nd h e l me t a t Krefe ld G e l lep g rave 1 782 a re i den t ic a l w i th t he p os i t ions o f t hese o b jec ts a t S u t ton H oo .
7
Th is much h ad a lways b een c lear f ro m t he p os i t ion o f t he g rave g oods a lone , a nd t he t heory o f ac eno taph p u t f orward t o e xp la in t he a bsence o f a b ody d id n o t a ppea l t o t hose o f u s who h ad p ersona l ly e xcava ted l arge n umbers o f Ang lo-Saxon g raves a nd o f ten f ound n o s ubs tan t ia l t race o f ab ody , e ven when t he p os i t ion o f t he g rave g oods d e mons tra ted t ha t t hey h ad b een worn b y af u l ly-dressed f igure .
N ow , h owever , n ew i n for ma t ion o n t he S u t ton H oo
s h ip b ur ia l h as b een r e leased i n t he f irs t t wo v o lu mes o f t he f ina l p ub l ica t ion , a nd t h is e v idence makes i tq u i te p la in t ha t t here was a b ody i n t he g rave , s o t ha t c eno taph a nd c rema t ion t heor ies n eed n o t b e e n ter ta ined . Mos t r evea l ing i s t he i n for ma t ion o n t he i ron c lea ts wh ich a re n ow d esc r ibed a nd i l lus tra ted f or t he f irs t t ime .
Under ' M isce l laneous a nd d oubt fu l
i t e ms '9 t he f o l lowing d escr ip tion i s g iven : ' 219 ( a- m ) C lea ts , i ron , r e ma ins o f a t l eas t n ine o u t o f s o me t h ir teen r ecorded b y t he e xcava tors , c ons is t ing ma in ly o f h eav i ly e ncrus ted f la t o r s l igh t ly c urved s tr ips o r ig ina l ly f ixed b y l arge n a i ls a t e i ther e nd .
On ly o ne n a i l i s p resen t .
F ound i nb ur ia l c hamber , i rregu lar ly
s paced t o e i ther s ide o f t he p ar t o f t he d eposi t l a id o u t a long t he k ee ll ine ; p resumab ly c onnec ted w i th t he c ons truc t ion o f t he b ur ia l c hamb er o r w i th s o me f i t men t w i th in i t . p reserved l eng ths u p t o 6 A - i n . ( 16.5 cm ) w id ths u p t o l e i n . ( 4 .4 cm ) ' Ad rawing o f o ne o f t he c lea ts r econs truc ted f ro m a n X-ray i s g iven ( Fig . 6 .1a ) .1 0 These c lea ts a re d rawn i n o n t he p lan , 1 1 w here t hey a re l e t tered a nd n umbered A , B , C , 1 3 a nd 1 5 . I nd ica ted b y t he l e t ter A a re c lea ts r ecorded b y P h i l l ips o n h is p ubl ished p lan ( twe lve ) .1 2 The l e t ters B a nd C e ach r epresen t o ne c lea t r ecorded o n 1 939 p ho tographs o n ly .
Nu mber 1 3 i s
o ne c lea t r ecorded o n ap ho tograph , a nd n umber 1 5 i s a no ther . The S u t ton H oo c lea t ( F ig . 6 .1a ) may b e c o mpared w i th a s im i lar f i t t ing ( F ig . 6 .1b ) , where t he i ron b and i s s hor ter , b u t n o t a ppreciably n arrower , a nd w i th l onger n a i ls .
S even s uch f i t t ings were f ound i n g rave 4 1 a t Dover
( Fig . 6 .2 ) , wh ich c on ta ined t he r e ma ins o f as ke le ton , p ar ts o f t he l eg b ones a nd minu te s ku l l f ragmen ts , o n ly s u f f ic ien t e v idence f or t he b one s pec ia l is t ( Dr . D . B ro thwe l l ) t o r epor t o n t he m a s ' probab ly a du l t '. o r ien ta ted WN W-ESE a nd was d ug a bou t A .D . 6 00
The g rave was
A s pearhead was b es ide
t he s ku l l ( Fig . 6 .2 , 1 ) , w i th t he f erru le ( Fig . 6 .2 , 2 ) n ear t he f oo t o f t he
1 22
8
g rave , t he sword ( Fig . 6 .2 , 3 ) was l ying a long t he l e f t-hand s ide o f t he b ody w i th t he g r ip a t s ku l l l evel . 6 .2 , 5 ) were a t t he wa is t .
Ak n i fe ( F ig . 6 .2 , 4 ) a nd b ronze t weezers ( Fig . There were s even i ron c lea ts ( Fig . 6 .2 , 6 ) i n t h is
g rave , o ne a t t he h ead a nd t he o thers n ear t he g rave wa l l i n p a irs o ppos i te e ach o ther , b y t he s hou lders , h ips a nd b eyond t he f ee t o f t he s ke le ton , a nd a l l were a bou t 1 4 i n . ( 35 cm ) a bove t he f loor o f t he g rave .
T he p os i t ion o f
t he c lea t a t t he h ead i s n o t p rec ise ly c orrec t a s i t was moved s l igh t ly i n c lear ing a way t he t op s o i l f ro m t he g rave .
A s t he Dover n a i ls p ierced wood a t l eas t
1 .8 i n ( 4 cm ) t h ick , t hey may h ave f as tened t oge ther t wo o ver lapp ing p lanks , a nd i ti s l i ke ly t ha t t he c orroded S u t ton H oo n a i ls were a lso o r ig ina l ly o f t h is l eng th .
The e xac t measure men ts o f e ach e x tan t c lea t a t S u t ton H oo i s n o t
g iven i n t he c a ta logue q uo ted a bove .
On ly a max i mum l eng th o f 1 6.5 cm a nd
a max i mum w id th o f 4 .4 cm a re g iven , a nd i t may b e t ha t s o me o f t he m a re n earer i n s ize t o t he measure men ts o f t he Dover f i t t ing o f 8 .8 x 2 .6 cm . H owever , t he g rea ter s ize o f t he S u t ton Hoo c lea ts i s i n p ropor t ion t o t he s ize o f t he wooden s tructure c o mpared w i th t he sma l ler c o f f in a t Dover . Four s im i lar p la tes w i th n a i ls were f ound i n g rave 4 4 a t L ym inge K en t , ar ich ly f urn ished wo man 's g rave o f t he midd le o f t he s ix th c en tury .
1 3
Ap ho to-
g raph o f t he g rave was p ubl ished , b u t n o g rave p lan , a nd t he p os i t ion o f t he p la tes i n r e la t ion t o t he f loor o f t he g rave was n o t n o ted , b u t i t was d educed f ro m t he ir p os i t ions t ha t t hey f as tened a c o f f in 6 f t 3i n . ( 190 .5 cm ) l ong , 1f t 9i n . ( 53 .3 cm ) w ide a t t he h ead a nd 1 f t 6i n ( 45 .7 cm ) w ide a t t he f oo t . The o u t l ine o f t he c o f f in was c lear f ro m d isco lora t ion a nd b ecause l arge c ha lk l u mps h ad b een b anked u p r ound i t . were a lso n o ted .
P owdery r e ma ins o f t he l i d a nd b o t to m
T hese c lea ts mus t h ave b een f ound i n t he f our c orners , f or
t he e xcava tor r epor ted t ha t t hey f as tened t ogether t wo p lanks a nd t he n a i ls were l ong e nough t o p ass t hrough t he s ide p lanks a nd h o ld t he e nd p lanks i n p lace .
The p ub lished p hotograph o ft he g rave d oes n o t s how t hese c lear ly ,
b ut t wo s eem t o b e v is ib le a t t he f oo t o f t he g rave . s erved measured 5 3 /8 i n .
O ne c lea t wh ich was c on-
( 13 .8 cm ) x 1i n . ( 2 . 5 cm) , a nd was p ierced b y
t wo r ound-headed n a i ls 2 i n . ( 7 cm ) l ong , i .e . t hey were l arger t han t he c lea ts a t D over a nd n ear ly a s l arge a s t he l arges t o ne a t S ut ton H oo . f i g . 6 . l c , i s made f rom t he p ub l ished s ke tch a nd d escrip t ion .
T he d raw ing , 1 4
Four o ther s im i lar p la tes were f ound i n t he e ar ly e xcava t ions a t S arre , K en t , a nd a re i n Ma ids tone Museum .1 5 F our p la tes w i th n a i ls , b u t b en t i n to ar igh t a ng le , mus t h ave f or med c orner f ix tures f or a c o f f in a t G i l ton , where Fausse t t men t ions ' Much b lack d us t a nd c oa ls o f ac o f f in '. 1 6 I ron c orner f i t t ings t o c o f f ins h ave b een f ound i n Merov ing ian g raves o f n oble r ank , e .g . a t Morken a nd a t S t . S ever in 's C hurch , C o logne , g rave 7 3 , i n t he Rh ine land .1 7 There a re n o c orner f i t t ings a t S u t ton H oo , b u t i t may b e t ha t s o me o f t he n a i ls o f u n iden t i f ied p os i t ion migh t h ave p er for med t h is f unc t ion , a s t hey d id i n g rave 8 8 a t D ieue-sur- Meuse i n F rance .1 8
H ere t here were a ng le i rons
a t e ach c orner , b u t a lso a n a i l wh ich a ccord ing t o t he g ra in impressions l e f t o n i tf irs t p ene tra ted t ransverse ly a p lank 1 .8 cm t h ick a nd t hen a nother p lank l eng thw ise , i .e . i t was p laced i n t he c orner , f ix ing o ne p lank a t r igh t a ng les t o a no ther .
These e xa mp les , t o wh ich o thers c ou ld b e a dded , a re e nough t o
s how t ha t i ron f i t t ings were f requen t ly f ixed t o wooden c o f f ins o f t he s ix th a nd s even th c en tury i n Eng land a nd o n t he C on t inen t .
1 23
The a ccoun t o f t he S u t ton H oo c lea ts q uo ted a bove s peaks o f ' s o me t h irt een r ecorded b y t he e xcava tors ' , o f wh ich t he r e ma ins o f o n ly n ine a re e x tan t . The p os i t ions o f s ix teen c lea ts , h owever , a re s hown o n t he p lan 1 9
( F ig . 6 .3
b e low , s hown i n s o l id b lack ) o f wh ich a l l b u t t wo a re a l igned w i th a c er ta in amoun t o f r egu lar i ty a long t he n or th a nd s ou th s ides o f t he b ody s pace. I fa l ine i s d rawn o n t he S u t to H oo p lan t o c onnect t hese f i t t ings t o f orm a r ectang le , i t may b e s een t ha t t he c of f in wou ld h ave b een a bou t 1 0 f t 9i n . l ong (3 .27 m) a nd 5 f t 6i n . ( 1 .67 m ) w ide . T h is wou ld h ave b een a l arge c of f in , b u t t he l eng th , a t l eas t , i s d e f in i te , b ecause , a par t f rom t he e v idence o f t he e nd f i t t ings wh ich g ive a min i mu m measure men t , i ti s c lear t ha t t he c o f f in mus t h ave e nc losed t he s i lver d ish a nd b o t t le a t t he f oo t , a nd t he s i lver d ishes a nd h e l me t a t t he h ead . Fur ther i n for ma t ion r evea led o n t he n ew p lan ( F ig . 6 .3 ) c oncerns t he r e ma ins o f wood , u nconnec ted w i th t he wood o f t he s h ip , wh ich r uns u ndern ea th t he g rave g oods , e x tend ing f ro m a s tra igh t t ransverse l ine b y t he s i lver b ow ls a t t he wes t e nd , a nd e nd ing b y f o l low ing t he e as ternmos t e dge o f t he Anas tas ius d ish , p resumably p reserved b y c on tac t w i th t he me ta l o ft ha t b ow l . T he w id th o f t h is wood , o f wh ich t he g ra in r uns c ons is ten t ly f ro m w es t t o e as t , i s j us t o ver t wo f ee t f or mos t o f i t s l eng th , b u t a t t he wes t e nd i te x tends f urt her t o aw id th o f 2f t 9i nb y t he s i lver b ow ls . T h is mus t r epresen t t he b o t to m o f t he c o f f in , a nd t he l eng th o f i tc orresponds a l mos t e xac t ly t o t he l eng th o f c o f f in i nd ica ted b y t he i ron f i t t ings . T he n arrowness o f t he w id th mus t r epresen t t he a rea i n wh ich i t was p reserved b y p rox im i ty t o t he g rave g oods a nd b ody , a nd i t s p reserva t ion b y t he s i lver b ow ls g ives a min imum w id th measure men t a t t ha t p o in t . T he wood u ndernea th t he Anas tas ius d ish c o mp lex h as b een i n terpre ted a s e i ther t he d eck ing o f t he s h ip o r a wooden t ray ,
2 0
b u t i s n o d oub t p ar t o f t he c o f f in b o t to m f or , a s t he p lan s hows , t he
wood e x tends u nder t he g rave g oods f or t he who le l eng th o f t he b ody a rea . Traces o f wood were n o ted o n t op o f t he C op t ic b ow l a nd s pears g roup , t he Anas tas ius d ish a nd t he h orns c o mp lex ,
2 1
a nd t hese h ave b een i n terpre ted
a sb e ing t he r oo f t imbers o f t he c hamber . As t he g ra in o f t he wood o n t op o f t he d ish r uns wes t-eas t , h owever , i ti s p robable t ha t s o me o f i t , a t l eas t , r epresen ts t he l i d o f t he c o ff in . T here were t wo i ron c lea ts o u t o f a l ignmen t w i th t he n or th a nd s ou th r ows , o ne o n t op o f t he p urse , a nd o ne o n t he o ppos i te s ide o f t he b ody n or th o f t he b ucke t . l i d o f t he c o f f in .
These m igh t h ave b een f as ten ings o n t he
A t f irs t g lance t he w id th o f t he c o f f in i s n o t s o im med ia te ly c lear a s t he l eng th , a nd was n o d oub t l ess t han i ts ee ms i ron f i t t ings . N ever the less , i tc anno t h ave w id th o f 2f ti nd ica ted b y t he wood r e ma ins , h ave e xc luded t he s i lver b ow ls , t he h e l me t ,
a t f irs t f ro m t he p os i t ion o f t he c orresponded t o t he m in i mum a s ac o f f in o f t h is w id th wou ld g o ld b uck le a nd Anas tas ius d ish .
I f we l ook f or c on f ir ma t ion o f a n o u t l ine j us t b eyond t hese a r t ic les , w e f ind t ha t as tra igh t e dge t o t he g rave g oods i s g iven b y t he l ine o f t wo o b jec ts . These a re t he i ron a nd wood o b jec tb es ide t he g o ld b uck le o n t he n or th s ide , wh ich i n v o lume t wo was i den t i f ied a s ap robab le s pear f erru le w i th p ar t o f t he wooden s ha f t , a nd b y t he ' scramasax ' o n t he s ou th s ide , i den ti f ied i n v o lume 2a s as pearhead . 22 Th is s pearhead was c arefu l ly wrapped , f irs t i n l i nen a nd t hen i n woo l , a nd p laced c lose t o t he i nner e dge o f t he c of f in a nd p ara l le l t o i t . I ti s s ugges ted i n v o lume 2 t ha t t he f erru le ( I nv . 2 11 ) o n t he o ther s ide 1 24
o f t he b ody r eached i t s p ecu l iar p os i t ion u nre la ted t o t he s pearheads b y b eing ' t hrown o r f l ipped t o t h is p os i t ion , b e fore t he c hamber c o l lapsed , b y as harp b low wh ich s napped t he s t i l l r es i l ien t s ha f t '. 23 I t s p os i t ion , h owever , i s e qua l ly p rec ise i n r e la t ion t o t he n or th s ide o f t he c o f f in a s t he s pearhead i s t o t o t he s ou th s ide . T he mys tery o f wh ich s pearhead i tb e longed t o c an t heref ore b e s o lved a s i t mus t c lear ly b e long t o t he s pear I nv . 9 7 wh ich was b roken i n h a lf , t he p ar t w i th t he h ead b eing wrapped i n c lo th a nd p laced o n o ne s ide o f t he b ody , a nd t he l ower p ar t w i th t he f erru le b e ing p laced o n t he o ther s ide o f t he b ody p o in ting i n t he o ppos i te d irec t ion . De ta i ls o f t h is k ind o f r i tua l a re o f ten e ncoun tered i n Ang lo-Saxon g raves , e .g . a t D over where s o me s pearshaf ts a re b roken i n t h is way , a nd s pearheads a re s o me t i mes wrapped i n c lo th . The t wo h a lves o f t he s pear mus t h ave b een p laced a long t he v ery e dges o f t he c o f f in , wh ich means t ha t i th ad a w id th o f j us t l ess t han 4 f t ( 1 .21 m ) . The i ron f i t t ings wou ld h ave f ixed t oge ther t wo v er t ica l ly-set h or izon ta l p lanks s o t ha t t he f i t t ings wou ld h ave b een a l igned i n ar ow a bou t af oo t a bove t he f l oor o f t he c of f in , a nd when i td ecayed t hey c ou ld h ave f a l len o u twards , l and ing ad is tance a way f ro m t he g rave g oods . Th is t hey d id i n ar egu lar f ash ion o n t he n or th s ide ( f ig .6.3 ) . On t he s ou th s ide s o me a lso f e l l o u twards , b u t n o t s o f ar , p robab ly b ecause t hey were h e ld u p f or s o me t ime b y t he b ucke t s tandi ng t here , f or t he o ne f i t t ing o n t he b ody s ide o f t he b ucke t h as n o t moved f ro m i t s o r ig ina l p os i t ion .
T he c lea ts a re s hown i nb lack o n F ig . 6 .3 , w i th l i nes
i nd ica t ing t he ir s ugges ted o r ig ina l p os i t ion . Th is a rrange men t s hows t ha t t he mos t p recious p ersona l p ossess ions were p laced i n t he c o f f in , a nd o ther g oods mos t ly i n t he s pace l e f t b e tween t he h ead a nd f oo t o f t he c o f f in a nd t he e nds o f t he c hamber . There i s a sma l l s pace b e tween t he h ead a nd f oo t wa l ls o f t he c o f f in a nd t he g rave g oods o u ts ide b y t he wa l ls o f t he c hamber , j us t s u f f ic ien t f or t he f ee t o f t he p erson s tack ing t he m . On ly a t o ne p o in t i s t here a g roup o f o b jec ts wh ich d oes n o t s ee m t o r espec t t he o u t l ine o f t he c o f f in , a nd t ha t i s t he g roup o f i ron o b jec ts I nv . 1 06-8 , t wo o f wh ich were o u ts ide t he c o f f in a nd o ne i ns ide , a l though t he e xac t p os i t ion o f e ach i s n o t r ecorded . I t was t hough t t hese migh t b e f erru les b e long ing t o t he g roup o f s pears a nd a ngons , b u tb y t he t ime v o lume 2 was p ubl ished e xa mi na t ion h ad d iscovered t ha t o n ly o ne i s af erru le ( I nv . 1 06 ) . 24 I ft he p os i t ion o f t h is f erru le was o u ts ide t he c o f f in , t he s ha f t wou ld h ave b een l a id p ara l lel t o t he c o f f in s ide . I fi t was w i th in t he c o f f in l im i ts , t he s pear mus t h ave b een p laced o n t op o f t he c o f f in . I tc an h ave n o c onnec t ion w i th s pearhead I nv . 9 7 a s t he d is tance f ro m i ti s t oo s hor t f or a s pearsha f t . The p os i t ion s ugges ted i n t he S u t ton H oo v o lume 1f or t he b ody i s t heref ore n o t p oss ible a s i t wou ld b e h a l f i n a nd h al f o u t o f t he c of f in . Ap os i t ion f ur ther e as t , l i ke t he o ne s ugges ted h ere , was g iven s hor t c ons idera t ion , b u t was d is m issed b ecause n o e xp lana t ion c ou ld b e i mag ined f or t he s upposed d isa rray o f p urse a nd j ewe l lery , a nd b ecause o f t he s uppos i t ion t ha t s o me l eg b one s hou ld h ave s urv ived u nder t he t h ick c lo th a nd d rink ing h orn c o mp lex . T he i m med ia te r e jec t ion o f t h is i dea i s amazing i n v iew o f t he we l l-known e v id ence o f t he r ich g raves o f s words men a t Tap low , Bucks ., a nd B roo m f ield , E ssex , t he t wo g raves wh ich s ugges t t he mse lves mos t r ead i ly f or c o mpar ison w i th t he S u t ton H oo s h ip b ur ia l . Th is c o mpar ison i s s o c lose i n r egard t o t he d ispos i t ion o f t he g rave g oods t ha t i ts hou ld h ave s hown immed ia te ly h ow t he
1 25
S u t ton H oo b ody was p laced . Wi th o n ly s o me o f t he v er tebrae , t he j aw a nd a f e mur r e ma in ing a t T ap low , ac on te mporary p lan25 ( Fig . 6 .4 ) n ever theless e s tabl ishes t ha t , a par t f ro m t he f ac t t ha t t he h ead was a t t he e as t e nd , t he more i mpor tan t g rave g oods were i n t he s ame r e la t ionsh ip t o t he b ody. P ers ona l j ewe l lery was o n t he t orso , o ne b uck le o n t he l e f t s hou lder , t wo c lasps a t t he wa is t , t he g o ld b orders o f ag armen t c ross ing t he b ody , t he s word a nd s pear o n t he r igh t h and s ide a nd a c on ta iner w i th d r ink ing v esse ls o n t he l egs . I ti s l i ke ly t ha t t he b ody was i n ac o f f in , b u t j udg ing f ro m t he l ayou t o f t he g rave g oods t h is was p robab ly n o l arger t han n ecessary t o s pan t he l eng th f ro m h ead t o f ee t , a nd t o a cco mmoda te t he w id th o f t he b ody w i th t he l arge b ucke t o n t he l egs . The b ronze b ucke t b y t he r igh t l eg wou ld h ave b een o u ts ide a s a t S u t ton H oo , a nd t he o ther p ossess ions wou ld a lso h ave b een p laced i n t he c hamber . T he a ngon wál n o d oubt l a id o n t op o f t he c o f f in a s i tt ransgresses i t s p robab le o u t l ine a nd i s r ecorded a s h av ing b een l y ing i n as o mewha t h igher l eve l . I f t he c of f in were s l igh t ly l onger i tc ou ld h ave t aken i n t he r ing e as t o f t he h ead . T he s ame g enera l a rrangmen t , a l though l ess w e l l d ocumen ted , t ook p lace a t Broo m f ie ld . T he r e ma ins o f t he o b jec ts f ro m t hese t wo g raves h ave n o t y e t b een f u l ly s tud ied a nd p ubl ished , a nd o ne wonders whe ther s earch amongs t t he i ron f ragmen ts h oused a t t he B r i t ish Museum migh t r evea l f ragmen ts o f c o f f in f i t t ings . As s ugges ted a bove , t he s hou lder c lasps a t S u t ton H oo c ou ld e as i ly h ave f a l len i n to t heir f ina l p os i t ion c lose t o e ach o ther i ft he b ody was o n i t s s ide w i th o ne s hou lder a bove t he o ther . H owever , t here i s e v idence f or d is turbance i n t h is a rea . I ts hou ld b e n o t iced t ha t t here i s r oo m f or a no ther c lea t i n t he n or th r ow i m med ia te ly n or th o f t he s hou lder c lasps , a nd i n t he s ou th r ow i mmed ia te ly o ppos i te t wo c lea ts a re o u t o f a l ignmen t w i th o thers i n t he r ow , a l though n o t i n ap os i t ion t hey c ou ld n o t h ave r eached b y n or ma l d eco mpos i tion o f t he wooden c of fin .
There a re t wo c lea ts w i th in t he c o f f in a rea wh ich h ave
b een s ugges ted a bove a s l i d f i t t ings , b u t i ti s a lso p oss ible t ha t t hey m igh t h ave b een moved f ro m a n o r ig ina l a l ignmen t w i th t he o thers . T he s word was c ons iderably b roken u p , b u t whe ther t h is was c aused b y o u ts ide d is turbance , o r whe ther t he wooden b ox o n wh ich i t was l y ing c aused c rack ing b ecause i t p rov ided a n u neven b ase , c anno t b e d ecided a t t h is s tage . H owever , i ts ee ms v ery l i ke ly t ha t o ne s hou lder c lasp a t l eas t h ad b een moved . I th as b een s ugges ted i nt he S u t ton H oo v o lume t ha t t he c o l lapse o f t he r oo f o f t he c hamber c ou ld h ave s ca t tered a nd b roken s o me o f t hese o b jects , a nd i ft he f a l l o f t imbers was s udden , t h is c ou ld c er ta in ly h ave b een t he r esu l t . D isp lace men ts d ue t o a n i ma l a c t ion , r abbi t r uns , e tc ., h owever , a re f a ir ly c o m mon i n g raves , f or t he f i l l i s l oose a nd e as i ly moved c o mpared w i th t he d ense p ack ing o f t he s urround ing s o i l .
A t S u t ton H oo , moreover , s pac ious
l i v ing a cco mmoda t ion f or s ub terranean c rea tures was p rov ided f or a c ons ide rable t ime b y t he s uppor t ing t imbers o f t he c o f f in a nd t he c hamber . I n f ac t , i ts ee ms q u i te p robab le t ha t t here i s al i ne o f a n ima l d is turbance a cross t he h ead o f t he b ody i n t he a rea i nd ica ted o n t he p lan ( f ig .6 .3 ) b y ad ot ted o u t line , wh ich migh t a ccoun t f or miss ing o r d isp laced c lea ts h ere , t he b reak ing u p o f t he s word h i l t a nd t he d isp lace men t o f as hou lder c lasp . The g rea t g o ld b uck le a nd t he p urse c anno t h ave b een moved , b ecause o f t he we igh t o f t he b uck le a nd t he f ac t t ha t t he moun ts o n t he p urse a nd t he c o ins i tc on ta ined were i n s i tu . However , i ft here were a n i ma ls h ere , ac lea t wh ich was l oose i n t he f i l l a s i t
1 26
h ad b een a t tached t o wood o n ah igher l eve l , a s o pposed t o t he p urse a nd b uck le wh ich were f la t o n t he b ot to m o ft he g rave , w ou ld h ave b een c o mpara t ive ly e as i ly moveab le .
The sma l ler g o ld moun ts c ou ld a lso h ave b een moved .
I t
wou ld a ccoun t , t oo , f or t he s ca t ter ing o f t he p ieces o ft he h e l me t , a lso i n l ine , wh ich h as b een e xp la ined b y t he t heory o f i tb eing h ung u p o ver t he b uria l a nd f a l l ing w i th a c rash .
Th is e xp lana t ion c an n o l onger b e e n ter ta ined a s i tc an
b e s een t ha t e very th ing w i th in t he r ec tang le i n f i g . 6 .3 , i nc lud ing t he b ody was i ns ide a c of f in , a nd a l though s o me o f t he o b jec ts o u ts ide t he c of f in were n o d oub t l ean ing a ga ins t t he wa l l o ft he c ha mber o r h ang ing o n i t , s uch a n a rrangemen t c ou ld n o t a pp ly t o t he c on ten ts o ft he c of f in .
The s andy s oi l o ft he S u t ton
H oo c e me tery h as a t trac ted much a c tiv i ty b y modern r abb i ts , o ft he c hes t
c r ft he
2 6
a nd t he a rea
b ody , emp ty e xcep t f or t he h eavy s hou lder c lasps , g ives t he
i mpress ion t ha t i tc ou ld h ave b een c leared b y a n i ma l a c t iv i ty , t he sma l ler o b jec ts b eing k icked t o t he e dges o ft he b urrow o r n es t .
The s oi l d isco loura-
t i on t races o f s uch a c t iv i ty c ou ld h ave b een o b li tera ted i fy ears o r c en turies h ave i n tervene c r .
2 7
There i s t here fore n o a dequa te r eason t o d oub t t ha t af u l ly d ressed k ing , w i th h is s word a nd o ther v a luable p ossess ions , was b ur ied i n ac of f in , a nd t h is c o f f in was p laced w i th in a c hamber wh ich h oused o ther i t e ms o f h is r ega l ia , weaponry , p ossess ions a nd h ouseho ld g oods .
E xcep t f or t he f ac t t ha t t he who le
c on ta iner was s i tua ted o n as h ip , t h is t ype o f b ur ia l o f c of f in w i th in a c ha mber i s o ne t ha t was i n f ash ion i n t he e ar ly s even th c en tury i n t he Rh ine land a s a t Morken a nd e lsewhere .
Dr . C . H i l ls h as r ecen t ly n o ted o ther e xa mp les i n
c onnec t ion w i th h er e xcava t ion o f ac hamber g rave a t S pong H i l l , N or fo lk ,
2 8
a nd s he h as , moreover , p o in ted o u t t ha t t here a re i nd ica t ions i n t he r ecords t ha t r ich g raves e xcava ted i n t he l as t c en tury i n t h is c oun try a lso , s uch a s Tap low , Bucks ., a nd B roo m f ie ld , E ssex may h ave b een c o f f ined a nd/or c ha mb ered g raves . p laces .
S tou t p lanks were n o ted b o th a bove a nd b e low t he b ody a t b o th
Dr . H i l ls , h owever , r egards t he wooden s truc ture a t S pong H i l l a s
ac hamber , a nd t here i s r oo m f or c on fus ion h ere a s t he l eng th a nd w id th o f a c o f f in a nd a c hamber may b e p re t ty n ear e ach o ther , e .g . a t Morken t he c ha mb er i2 .65 m x 1 .8 m a nd t he c o f f in 2 .05 m x 0 .65 m , a nd a f ur ther d i f f icu l ty i s t ha t t he h e igh t i s u sua l ly n o t d ecipherab le o f e i ther s tructure .
One wou ld
e xpec t t he h e igh t o f ac hamber t o b e c ons iderably more t han t ha t o f ac o f f in a nd s u f f ic ien t f or a p erson t o s tand i n , a s i t was a t S u t ton H oo . A t S pong H i l l t he e xcava ted r ec tangu lar p i t o f g rave 3 1 ( Fig . 6 .5 ) 3 .4 m x2m a nd 1 m d eep i n t he s ubso i l , mus t i t sel f r epresen t t he c hamber , a nd t h is was p os i t ioned w i th in a r ing d i tch b es ide g rave 3 2 wh ich was a g rave o f more n or ma lp ropor t ions , 2 .9 m x 1 m x a bou t 9 0 cm d eep , b u t wh ich c on ta ined a c o f f ined b ur ia l .
I n g rave 3 1 t he r ec tangu lar wooden s truc ture , 2 .4 m x 1 .2 m ,
a t ta in ing i n o ne p lace a max i mu m h e igh t o f 4 0 cm , was b u i l t o f p lanks r unning l eng thw ise.
One sma l l i ron c la mp o r r ive t a t t he t op o f t he wa l l i n t he N .W .
c orner may h ave b een o ne o f i t s f ix tures , a nd a s t he o ther i ron f ragmen ts h ave n o t y e t b een c onserved t here may b e o thers , e .g . ' t he f ragmen ts o f i ron , p erhaps b roken b lades ' a long t he N e dge .
The e xper t e xcava t ion o f t h is g rave
a nd t he p ubl ished p lan a nd s ec t ions e nable u s t o s ee t ha t t he s truc ture h ad a l i d , o f wh ich a l arge p ar t , mos t ly a t t he wes tern e nd , h ad b een r e moved a nd t ossed a s ide i n ar obbery s oon a f ter b ur ia l .
The h e igh t max i mu m o f 4 0 cm
c o mpares c lose ly w i th t he h eigh t o f t he c o f f in wa l l i n g rave 4 1 a t Dover o f 3 5 cm , a nd t he measure men ts o f 2 .4 m x 1 .2 m c o mpared w ith t he measure men ts o f t he c o f f in a t S u t ton H oo o f 3 .27 m x 1 .21 m s how i tt o b e o f t he s a me w id th
1 27
b u t s o mewha t s hor ter . There i s s tone p ack ing a round t he c of f in a t S pong H i l l a s t here i s a round t he c o f f in i n L ym inge g rave 4 4 a nd i n many o ther g raves . I ft he wood r e ma ins o n wh ich t he s pear i s l y ing i s t he r e moved c of f in l i d ,t hen t he s pear mus t h ave b een i n t he c o f f in a nd l a id a s ide b y t he r obbers a s s ugg es ted b y C . H i l ls .
The p os i t ion o f t he f erru le i n t he s ou th-eas t c orner o f
t he c o f f in s hows t ha t i t mus t h ave b een o n t he r igh t h and s ide o f t he b ody .
I f
t he r obbers h ad t h is amoun t o f f reedo m o f move men t , i ti s p robab le t ha t t he r ec tangu lar p i t was n o t f i l led w i th e ar th l ike a g rave , b u t was r oo fed o ver a s ac ha mber , w i th t he t u mu lus s o i l h eaped o n t op .
Th is i s a lso s ugges ted b y
t he f ac t t ha t t he s h ie ld was s tand ing o n i t s e dge b e tween t he h ead o f t he c o f f in a nd t he wa l l o f t he c ha mber i n t he s a me p os i t ion a s a t S u t ton H oo , a nd p robab ly a lso a t Taplow .
There were n o s ke le ta l r e ma ins i n t he S pong H i l l g rave , a s
i s u sua l i n t ha t c e me tery .
The S pong H i l l man t herefore was p laced i n al arge ,
r ec tangu lar c o f f in l ike t he monarch a t S u t ton H oo , n o d oub t a cco mpan ied b y h is s word a nd wear ing a n o rna men ted b e l t .
H e mus t c er ta in ly h ave b een a
man o f s o me i mpor tance , a nd t he r obbers mus t h ave b een we l l c on ten t w i th t he ir h au l .
As t he g rave s ee ms t o b e long t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he s ix th c en-
t ury , i tp rov ides e v idence o f t he e ar l ier u se o f aw ide r ec tangu lar c o ff in i n a c ha mber f or a n impor tan t ma le p ersonage i n E as t Ang l ia . Any c ons idera t ion o f t he S u t ton H oo s h ip b ur ia l d e mands f ar w ider d isc ussion t han i s a ppropr ia te f or t h is p resen t e ssay wh ich a i ms mere ly t o d raw a t ten t ion t o s o me p o in ts wh ich h ave s o f ar e scaped c lose s cru tiny , a nd i ti s o bv ious ly n o t p oss ible o r p rof i table t o a t te mp t t o d ea l h ere w i th t he e normous d e ta i l o f a rgu men ts wh ich h ave b een b rough t f orward i n f avour o f ac eno taph , c re ma t ion o r d i f feren t p os ture .
I t may b e u se fu l , h owever , t o s um mar ise
t he p o in ts i n f avour o f t he a bove e xp lana t ion a s f o l lows : 1 .
The n or ma l a ppearance o f a n Ang lo-Saxon ma le g rave i s we l l k nown where i t e ms o f d ress a nd weapons a re worn o r p laced i n a ccus to med p os i t ions . Where ab ody i s miss ing , b u t i t e ms o f d ress o r weaponry a re p resen t , t he p os i t ion o f t he b ody c an b e a rr ived a t b y d educ t ion .
F o l low ing t h is
p r incip le , t he s hou lders o f t he b ody i n t he S u t ton H oo g rave s hou ld b e n ear t he s hou lder c lasps , s o t ha t t he h ead l i es b e tween t he h e l me t a nd t he b ow ls , a nd t he g rea t b uck le , p urse a nd o ther j ewe l led moun ts a re a t t he wa is t o r h ips . t he n or ma l way .
The s word was p laced a long t he s ide o f t he b ody i n There i s n o r eason why t he b ody c ou ld n o t h ave b een
l y ing s l igh t ly a skew i n t he g rave , s o t ha t i t s f ee t were a t t he s ide o f t he d r ink ing h orn c o mplex , a s a n Ang lo-Saxon b ody i s s o me t i mes p laced i n t h is f ash ion t o g ive r oo m f or a l arge o b jec t .
I ti s more l ike ly , h owever ,
t ha t t he b o t t les , e tc . were p laced o n t he l egs a s a t Tap low . The g rea t g o ld b uck le i s as hor t d is tance a way f ro m t he o ther g old a nd j ewe l led f i t t ings , o u ts ide t he midd le a x is o f t he g rave o ccup ied b y t he b ody a nd mos t o f t he g rave g oods . I tt herefore s ee ms p robab le t ha t t he p urse a nd o ther j ewe l led moun ts were worn o n t he p erson a nd t he g rea t b uck le was p laced b es ide t he b ody.
De f in i te c onc lus ions o n t h is p o in t a re n o t
p oss ible a s t he e xac t p os i t ion o f t he b ody w i l l n ever b e k nown .
H owever ,
i ft he b uck le f unct ioned a s ar e l iquary r a ther t han ab e l t b uck le , s uch a s pecia l p os i t ion i s u nders tandable . 29 2 .
Lack o f p ossess ions worn o n t he p erson , wh ich h as b een p ro mo ted a s a n a rgu men t a ga ins t i nhu ma t ion , i s n o t v a l id h ere .
1 28
Ang lo-Saxon men o f t he
p agan p er iod were n o t g iven t o wear ing f inger r ings , a nd t he r are o ccurr ence a t S nape i s a Merov ing ian impor t .
An Ang lo-Saxon warr ior c ou ld
b y c us to m wear l i t t le more i n t he way o f j ewe l lery t han b e l t moun ts a nd o rna men ted weapons , a nd t h is man was , i n a dd i t ion , e labora te ly d ecked o u t i n s hou lder c lasps a nd a s p lend id p urse f i t f or a k ing . 3 .
A s ke le ton c an d isappear w i thou t v is ib le t race .
The b ones o f a n a du l t
i n t he p r i me o f l i fe a re more r es is tan t t o d ecay t han a y oung o r o ld p ers on .
I ft he k ing was Raedwa ld , h e was p resumab ly i n h is l a te t wen t ies
a t l eas t when h e t ook o ver a s B re twa lda i n 6 16 , a nd s o c anno t h ave b een y ounger t han a pproach ing f or ty when h e d ied .
A t t h is a ge o r l a ter h is
b ones wou ld d is in tegra te more e as i ly t han t hose o f ay ounger man .
T ee th
a re u sua l ly t he mos t d urable f ea ture , b u t n o t a l l o ld p eop le h ave a ny t eeth l e f t when t hey a re b ur ied . 4 .
The o u t l ine o f t he c o f f in i s c lear ly v is ible f ro m t he i ron c o f f in f i t t ings , at ype wh ich h as b een r ecogn ised a s c o f f in f i t t ings i n o ther Ang lo-Saxon g raves .
5 .
Traces o f wood were f ound b o th u ndernea th a nd o n t op o f t he o b jec ts i n a n a rea i ns ide t he c of f in l im i ts , a nd t hey c an b e i n terpre ted a s t he wood o f t he f loor a nd l i d o f t he c of f in .
6 .
The g rave g oods s urround ing t he b ody , t he Anas tas ius d ish , t he p o t tery b o t t le , t he s pear a nd f erru le , t he s i lver b owls , a nd t he h e l met , a l l f i t n ea t ly j us t w i th in t he r ec tangu lar l im i ts o f t he c o f fin .
7 .
There i s e v idence o f d is turbance , p robably b y a n i ma ls , i n t he a rea o f t he c hes t , i n t he d isp lace men t o f s o me o f t he i ron c lea ts .
The i ron f i t-
t ings o ver t he p urse c ou ld h ave b een moved f ro m t he v acancy f or s uch a f i t t ing b es ide t he h e l me t .
S uch d is turbance wou ld a lso a ccoun t f or t he
b reak ing u p o f t he s word , t he s ca t ter ing o f t he h e l me t f ragmen ts , a nd p oss ib le move men t o f as hou lder c lasp a nd s o me o f t he b el t moun ts , a l though c o l lapse o f c hamber t imbers n o d oub t a lso p layed a p ar t . 8 .
Traces o f p hospha te a re f ound mos t ly o n t he s word wh ich was l y ing o n t he b ody.
9 .
Traces o f s o me k inds o f t ex t i le o ccur o n ly i ns ide t he c o f f in l im i ts , a nd s o me o n ly o u ts ide i n t he c hamber . The t ex t i les S H .17, 1 8 a nd 1 9 , wh ich a re p robably a r ug o r ma t , o n ly o ccur i n t he c ha mber o u ts ide t he c of f in . SH .10 , af ur-l ike c lo th w i th l ong s i lky p i le , wh ich i s t hough t t o h ave b een a c loak , c ou ld h ave b een o n t he b ody a s i to ccurred b y t he h e l me t , s i lver b ow ls a nd a t t he b o t to m o f t he mass o f t ex t i le o ver t he h orns .3 0
As men t ioned a bove , s o me o f t he i ron c lea ts o f t he c of f in were s hown o n Ph i l l ips ' p lan p ub l ished i n 1 940 . S ince t hen t he s ource o f i n for ma t ion mos t e as i ly a va i lable o n t he s h ip b ur ia l , a nd wh ich h as b een i n g enera l u se b ecause i th as p er iod ica l ly b een b rough t u p t o d a te , h as b een t he h andbook f irs t p ubl ished i n 1 947.
3 1
I n n one o f t he impress ions o r e di t ions d id t he p lan o f t he
b ur ia l i nc lude a ny i nd ica t ion o f t he i ron c lea ts o r t he wood t races , s o t ha t a mis leading impress ion o f t he b ur ia l h as b een e s tabl ished , a nd t heor ies r egard ing t he method o f b ur ia l h ave t here fore b een b ased o n i nadequa te i n for ma t ion . The p lan i n v olume 1 r e med ied t h is a t l as t , b u t ti s v ery u n for tuna te t ha t t he
1 29
o n ly p lan i n v o lu me 2 , i t s f ig . 1 , a nd t he p lan i n t he 1 979 v ers ion o f t he h andb ook , i t s f ig . 7 , c on t inue t he om iss ion o f t he i n for ma t ion o n t he i ron c lea ts , t he wood t races , a nd e ven o f t he s pear f erru le f ound i n 1 967. N ever the less , i ti s s urpr is ing t ha t t h is i n terpre ta t ion o f t he b ody i n t he s h ip b ur ia l h as n o t b een a dop ted b e fore , o r e ven s er ious ly p roposed i n p r in t . Two r ev iews o f t he S u t ton H oo v o lu me 1 s o f ar p ub l ished , o ne i nc l in ing t owards c re ma t ion a nd t he o ther f avour ing a c eno taph , s how t ha t i ti s n ecessary t o s ta te t h is i n terpre ta t ion , a nd i ti s t o b e h oped t ha t i tw i l l b e a ccep ted f or i t i s o f t he u t mos t impor tance a s ag u id ing l i ne i n f u ture r esearch .
On ly t he
t ea m wh ich h as a ccess t o t he r e ma ins a nd t he o f f ic ia l r ecords c an make t he f ina l j udge men ts , b u t i ft he p resence o f ab ody i n t h is p os i t ion i s k ept i n mind u nnecessary work i n i rre levan t f ie lds c an b e a vo ided , a nd e f for t c an b e c onc en tra ted o n v i ta l a spects o f t he b ur ia l .
There w i l l n o d oubt b e p ur is ts who
w i l l o b jec t t ha t t he p resence o f ac o f f in i s n o g uaran tee o f t he o r ig ina l p resence o f ab ody , b u t a s t he g rave c an n ow b e s een t o b e s o p a ten t ly t he mos t n or ma l t ype f or a n Ang lo-Saxon n ob le o f t he s ix th o r s even th c en tury , t he o nus i s n ow o n t he m t o p roduce i rrefu table p roo f i ft hey w ish t o p ropose s o me r e markable d ev ia t ion f ro m t he n or ma l r i tua l , s uch a s ac eno taph , o r ac re ma t ion w i thou t a ny b urn t g rave g oods .
NOTES 1 .
Bruce- M i t ford 1 975 .
2 .
I b id . f igs . 3 84 , 3 99.
3 .
V ierck 1 972 ;
4 .
Warren a nd Cameron 1 977.
5 .
Excava t ion b y V . E v ison o nb eha l f o f t he I nspec tora te o f Anc ien t Monumen ts , r epor t i n p rogress .
6 .
Winke l mann 1 962 , A bb. 4 ;
7 .
Böhner 1 959 , 4 2 ;
G raha m-Ca mpbe l l 1 977.
r eproduced B ruce- M i t ford 1 975 , f ig . 3 83 .
P ining 1 974 , Ta f . 1 54 , r eproduced Bruce- M i t ford
1 975 , f ig . 3 79. 8 .
Bruce- Mi t ford 1 975 , B ruce- M i t ford 1 978 .
9 .
Bruce- Mi tford 1 975 , 4 53 .
1 0 .
I b id . 2 19-20 ,
f ig . 1 52.
1 1.
I b id . f ig . 1 12.
1 2 .
Ph i l l ips 1 940 , p l . X )O CV I I .
1 3 .
Warhurs t 1 956 , 2 8-9 , p l . V .
1 4.
I b id . 2 8 , f ig . 4 , 4 .
1 5 .
Ma idstone Museu m KAS N os . 7 56-9 .
1 6.
Fausse t t 1 856 , 2 8 w i th f ig ., g rave .8 7.
1 7.
B öhner 1 959 , 4 2 ;
Bruce- M i t ford 1 975 , f ig . 3 80 .
1 30
1 8 .
Gu i l lau me 1 97 8 , 9 3-6 , f ig . 4 b.
1 9.
Bruce- Mi tford 1 975 , f ig . 1 12.
2 0.
I b id . f ig . 1 48 .
2 1.
I bid . f igs . 1 12 , 1 38 a nd 1 39 .
2 2.
Bruce- Mi tford 1 978 , 2 68-9 , 2 54-7, I nv . 9 7.
2 3 .
I b id . 2 71.
2 4.
I bid . 2 65-8.
Th is i n for ma t ion s upersedes Swan ton 1 974 , 8 6, f ig . 5 6,
where t hree c on ica l f erru les were l i s ted a t S u t ton H oo , a nd t hey were t here a ssocia ted w i th t hree a ngons , t ype A2. 2 5.
Bruce- Mi tford 1 949 , p l . XV ;
B ruce- M i tford 1 974 , p l . 1 6.
2 6.
Bruce- Mi t ford 1 975 , 3 21 , 3 23.
2 7.
On t he Tap low p lan t he l ower j aw f rag men t i s s o me d is tance f ro m t he t op o f t he v er tebrae , i .e. a no ther p robable e xa mp le o f a n i ma l d is turbance.
2 8 .
H i l ls 1 977.
2 9.
Bruce- Mi tford 1 97 8 , 5 56-63 .
3 0 .
Bruce- Mi t ford 1 975 , 4 47 , 4 49 , f igs . 3 52 a nd 3 63.
3 1.
R . Bruce- M i tford , The S u t ton Hoo S h ip Bur ia l , f irs t e d i t ion ( Prov is iona l Gu ide ) 1 947, f i f th impress ion ( revised ) 1 956, t en th impress ion 1 966 , n ew e d i t ion ( Handbook ) 1 96 8 , s econd e d i tion ( Handbook ) 1 972 , t h ird e d it ion ( Handbook ) 1 979 .
B IBLIOGRAPHY M iner , K ., 1 959.
Das G rab e ines Fränk ischen H erren a us Morken im
Rhe in land = Führer d es Rhein ischen Landes museu ms i n Bonn Nr . 4 . Bruce- Mi t ford , R ., 1 949 .
' The S u t ton Hoo S h ip-Bur ia l :
Recen t t heor ies
a nd s o me c o m men ts o n g enera l i n terpre ta t ion ' , Proceed ings o f t he S u f fo lk I nst i tu te o f Archaeology 2 5 , 1 -7 8 . Bruce- Mi t ford , R ., 1 974.
Aspects o f Ang lo-Saxon Archaeo logy.
Bruce- Mi tford , R ., 1 975 .
The S u t ton Hoo S h ip-Bur ia l , 1 , Br i tish Museum .
Bruce- Mi t ford , R ., 1 978 .
The S u t ton Hoo S h ip-Bur ia l , 2 , B r i t ish Museu m .
Bruce- M i tford , R ., 1 979.
The S u t ton H oo S h ip Bur ia l , A Handbook , B r i tish
Museu m . Fausse t t , B ., 1 856.
I nven tor ium S epu lchra le .
G raha m-Ca mpbel l , J ., 1 977.
Rev iew o f R . Bruce- Mi t ford , The S u t ton Hoo
S h ip-Bur ia l , v o l. 1 , An t iqu i ty 5 1 , 7 9-80 . Gu i l lau me , J ., 1 97 8 .
' La Chrono log ie d es N bcropoles Merov ing iennes d e
D ieue-sur- Meuse ( France , Meuse ) ' , Ed . M. F leury a nd P . Ptrin ,
1 31
Prob M mes d e C hrono log ie r e la t ive e t a bso lue c oncernan t l es c i me t i res mgrov ing iens d 'en tre L o ire e t Rh in , Actes d u Ie c o l loque a rchgolog ique d e l a I Ve S ec tion d e l 'Ecole Pra t ique d es Hau tes E tudes ( Par is 1 973 ) , 8 7-103. H i l ls , C ., 1 977.
' Cha mber g rave f ro m S pong H i l l , Nor th E l mha m , Nor folk ' ,
Med ieva l Archaeo logy 2 1 , 1 67-76. Ph i l lips , C . W., 1 940 .
' The Excava t ion o f t he S u t ton-Hoo S h ip-bur ia l ' ,
An t iquar ies J ourna l XX , 1 49-202. P ir l ing , R ., 1 974.
Das R ö misch-Fränk isch G räber fe ld v on Kre fe ld-Ge l lep
1 960-1963. S wan ton , M. J ., 1 973 . V ierck , H ., 1 972. Warhurs t , A ., 1 956.
The S pearheads o f t he Ang lo-Saxon S et t le men ts .
' Redwa lds Asche ' , O ffa 2 9 , 2 0-49. ' The J u t ish C e metery a t L ym inge ' , Archaeo log ia
Can t iana 9 9 , 1 -40. Warren , F . L . a nd Ca meron , J . M., 1 977.
' The C eno taph p roble m ' , Ang lo-
S axon Eng land 6 , 2 49-65 . Winke l mann , W., 1 962.
' Das Fürs tengrab v on Becku m l , D ie G locke.
1 32
_ _ .
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a
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C
F ig . 6 .1
a .
S ut ton H oo i ron c lea t d rawn f ro m a n X-Ray ( af ter Bruce- M i tford 1 975 )
b .
I ron c lea t f ro m g rave 4 1 , Dover , K en t
c .
I ron c lea t f ro m g rave 4 4 , Lyminge , K en t S ca le 1 :2
1 33
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P lan o f S u t ton H oo S h ip B ur ia l w i th s ke le ton a nd c of f in i nser ted i n d educed p os i t ions .
D ot ted l ine i nd ica tes p oss ib le a rea o f
d is turbance ( af ter B ruce- M i tford 1 975 w i th omiss ions a nd a dd i t ions )
F ig . 6 .4
Ac on te mporary p lan o ft he Tap low B ur ia l
( af ter Bruce- M i tford 1 975 )
1
d ecayed wood
F ig . 6 .5
P lan o f i nhu ma t ion 3 1 , S pong H i l l , N orfo lk ( af ter H i l ls 1 977) 1 38
7 .
THE ' DANCER ' ON THE CODFORD CROSS Michae l S wan ton
Wh ile t he t echn ica l a rt istry o f t he s cu lp tured c ross-shaf t a t C odford S t . P e ter , Wil ts. ( Fig. 7 .1) i s u nquest ionable , i t s i conography i s f ar l ess s ure. I t s v igorous d raw ing h as p rovoked a p ers isten t t endency i n r ecen t y ears t o c harac ter ize t he f igure a s i danc ing '. 1 S uch a n i n terpre ta t ion i sb oth i nheren tly a wkward a nd u nsupported b y e x terna l j us t if ica t ion .
O f i t sel f t he s tance n o
more p red ica tes d anc ing t han i td oes i n , f or e xamp le , t he d ep ic t ion o f K ing Edgar i n t he New Minster Charter ( Fig. 7 .2c ). H owever , t he a ssump t ion meri ts f urther c ons idera t ion , i fo n ly o n a ccoun t o f t he w ider s ign if icance s o me t i mes c la i med f or t h is p iece a s ac ri t ica l d ocumen t i n t he o rig ins o f t he Winchester s ty le. 2 I ft he C odford f i gure c ould c onv inc ingly b e d e monstra ted t o r epresen t a d ancer , t hen p resu mably t he s cene s hou ld b e u nderstood t o r efer t o t he o ne r elevan t i conograph ica l t rad i t ion i n wh ich d ancers o ccur —tha t i l lustra t ing t he c o mpos i t ion o f t he Psa l ms , wh ich was c o m mon ly f ound a s af ron t isp iece t o e arly med ieva l p sa l ters. The f u l lest f or m o f t he s cene s hows K ing Dav id a s t he c en tra l f i gure , h old ing a l yre a nd a pparen t ly i n t he a c t o f c ompos ing o r r ec i t ing , s urrounded b y v arious a t tendan ts , s cr ibes , mus ic ians a nd d ancers — i n wh ich t he d ance must b e p resu med t o r epresen t t he d ivine af la tus. 3 But t he d ancers s ee m t o b e t he l east n ecessary o f t hese e le men ts. They a re a bsen t f ro m a l terna t ive e arly i conograph ies f ound , f or e xa mp le , i n t he l a te e igh th-cen tury i vory c over t o t he Dagu lf Psa l ter, o r i n t he Bobb io P sa l ter , at en th-cen tury C on t inen ta l c opy o f a n e arl ier i nsu lar o r ig ina l ;4 a nd t hey a re d ispensed w i th i n t he d eveloped f or m o f t he s tandard i conography , a s , f or i nstance , i n t he V iv ian B ible ( 8 43-51). 5 I n terest ingly , o ne h igh ly c lass ic izing d evelopmen t f ound i n t he Psa l ter o f Charles t he Ba ld ( 8 42-69 ) a nd , f o l low ing t he c ourt s ty le , i n t he P sa l ter iu m Aureu m o f S t Ga l l ( 890-920 ) , d ep ic ts Dav id s urrounded merely b y d ancers a nd mus ic ians , t he f or mer
6
h old ing s carves o ver t he ir h eads i n t he a pproved Hel len ist ic manner , a nd t he l a t ter s o me t i mes s hown h old ing p a irs o f wha t a re p resu mably sma l l , s ta lked c ymba la .7 I ti s n ot imposs ible , ap rior i , t ha t t he C od ford f igure s hou ld h ave o rig ina ted a s t he m isunderstood c onf la t ion o f t hese v ers ions o f d ancer a nd mus ic ian ( Fig. 7 .2 a -b ). Further c onsidera t ion , h owever , s uggests t ha t s uch a p ropos i t ion i s u nt enable. ( a ) The d egree o f i conograph ic d issolu t ion i mp l ied wou ld r equ ire u naccep tably t oo l a te a d a te f or t he Cod ford p iece a s a whole. ( b ) The h igh ly c lassic ized f i gures i nvolved were p robably u nknown o u ts ide t he F rank ish c ourt c irc le ;
t he s ole e arly E ngl ish e xa mp le o f t he s cene , i n t he m id e igh th-cen tury
Vespas ian P sa l ter , i s much more s ta id , t he d ancers merely r a is ing t he ir h ands t o c lap a nd w ithou t a t tribu tes s uch a s s carves • 8 ( c ) We wou ld n o t e xpect t o f ind s o a l lus ive a r eference a s ad ancer s olus i n Anglo-Saxon r el ig ious 1 39
F ig . 7 .1 C ross-shaf t a t C odford S t . P e ter , Wi l tsh ire
F ig . 7 .2
a .
F igure f ro m t he C odford C ross
b .
Dancer a nd Mus ician f ro m P sa l ter ium Aureum , S t G a l l S t if tsbib l io thek MS . 2 2 , p . 2
c .
K ing E dgar f ro m N ew Mins ter C har ter , Br i t ish L ibrary MS . C ot ton V espasian Av i i i , f . 2 v
1 41
r
,
7 ? ---
/ 5 ' ) : I ,
a
7 .3
S cu lptured p ane ls f rom : a .
H exham , N or thumber land ( recons truc t ion f o l low ing C o l lingwood )
b .
J arrow , C o . Durham
c .
R u thwe l l , D u mfr iessh ire
1 42
i conography , wh ich i s i nvariably much more d irec t i n s uch a c ase ; o r i f a ny s i mp l if ied f or m w ere t o b e u sed , t hen t he e xpec ted a nd u sua l o ne wou ld b e t he s ign if ican t f i gure o f Dav id w i th t he l yre.
( d )
Even i ft h is h ypothe t ica l
s equence o f t rans m iss ion c ou ld b e p roven , i t s o ccurence o n a West S axon c ross-shaf t i s improbable i n t he e x tre me. I tw il l n ot h ave g one u nre marked t ha t t he s ole r eferen ts c i ted h ave b een t o t he F rank ish manuscr ip t t rad i t ion r a ther t han t o t ha t o f Anglo-Saxon s tone s cu lp ture. I n f ac t O ld Testa men t r epresen ta t ions a re r e markable l argely f or t he ir a bsence f ro m t he f igural r eperto ire o f Anglo-Saxon c ross-scu lp ture. 9 The Anglo-Saxon c oncep t ion o f t he C ross , u n l ike t ha t o f t he Cel t ic n orth a nd wes t o f Bri ta in , was p r i mari ly a Pau l ic ian o ne t o wh ich o n ly n ew c ovenan t s cenes , i fa ny , were t ru ly a pprop ria te. 1° ( e ) F ina l ly , a nd p erhaps c onclus ively , h ow s hou ld s uch a d anc ing f i gure b e c ons idered t o r ela te t o t he f ru i t ing b ranch a bove h is h ead , wh ich f i nds n o p lace i n t h is i conograph ica l t rad i t ion , a nd wh ich i s t o a l l i n ten ts a nd p urpose a p oin t less a dd i t ion . I nf ac t , t h is a pparen t ly i rrelevan t d eta il o f fers a s ubstan t ia l c lue t o a n a l terna t ive a nd more p laus ible i n terpreta t ion o f t he d es ign . T he s ign if icance o f t he C odford f i gure s ee ms i n t i ma tely a ssoc ia ted i n s o me way w i th t he f ru i t ing b ranch a bove h is h ead , i n to wh ich h e i s s tar ing s o f i xed ly a nd a t wh ich h e s ee ms t o b e c lu tch ing w ith o ne h and . And o f c ourse t he s ing le h u man f i gure a ssoc ia ted w i th f ol iage f al ls r ead ily i n to a n e as i ly r ecogn isable i conog raph ica l s equence t rad i t iona l i n Ang lo-Saxon c ross-scu lp ture— that o f t he a rcher i n t he v ine. The o r ig ins a nd d evelopmen t o f t he ' i nhab i ted v ine ' mot if i n Chr ist ian a rt a re s u f f ic ien t ly w el l d ocumen ted t o n eed n o f urther d escrip t ion . S u f f ic ien t merely t o s ay t ha t , r eferr ing t o t he words E go s um v i t is v era .. ( John x v 1 -7 ) a nd c onf la ted b y t he Psa lm ist 's a ccoun t o f t he ' t rees o f t he L ord ' b e ing t he r efuge o fb irds a nd b easts ( Psa lm C IV ), i ti s g enera l ly r ecogn ised a s a s ymbol o f Christ i n u n ion w i th h is Church , a nd t he h ar mon ious c oex istence o f t ransfor med n a ture i n t he l i v ing God. I n i t s East Med iterranean o rig ins h u man f i gures f or med a n a tura l p art o f t he c o mpos i t ion : sma l l n aked p u t t i p luck ing t he f ru i t o r o ccas iona l ly a c t ing a s h un ters s ta lk ing g ame t hrough t he t angled f o l iage.
I n t he d evelop ing e arly med ieva l e xeget ica l s che me , t he
b irds c ame t o r epresen t t he s ou ls o f t he e lect , wh ile t he a rcher a cqu ired a more e xp l ic i t s ign if icance , i den t if ied w i th t he d ev il , h is a rrows t he p ro mp ti ngs o f s in .1 1 I ti s o f c ourse a rguable t ha t t he a rcher h as n o o ther s ign if ic ance t han a r ea l ist ic a nd p urely s ecu lar o ne ; b u t i n a monu men t s o p acked w i th r el ig ious s ign if icance a s , f or e xamp le , t he s uperb c ross a t Ru thwel l , Du m friess., i t s i nc lus ion i s u n l ikely t o b e f ortu i tous. 1 2 I n a n e arly Ang lo-Saxon e xa mp le f ro m H exha m , N orthumberland ( Fig. 7 .3a ) t he Med iterranean c harac ter o f t he d esign i s s t il l e as ily r ecogn isable : t he n aked p u t t i c lass ica l i n f or m a nd p osture , a nd t he v ine n ot y et u ndergone i t s r ap id s ty l iza t ion i nu n fa m il iar n orthern c l i mes ; h ave b een t he work o f aS yrian h and .
p oss ibly t h is may e ven
And a l though t he v ine i s n ow f u l ly a c-
c l i ma t ized a nd s carcely r ecogn isable a s s uch , ac lass ica l mode l may h ave b een a va i lable f or t he h un ter i n ap anel f ro m J arrow , C o. Durha m ( Fig. 7 . 3 b ).
I n t he Anglo-Saxon c ross-shaf t , h owever, where t he v ine-scrol l mot if
r eaches i t s a pogee , f i na l d evelopmen t a nd d evolu t ion , t he f ol iage t ogether w i th i t s i nhab i tan ts h as t o b e a cco m moda ted t o n arrow , t apering a nd o f ten 1 43
a
b
f Fig. 7. 4
shafts at: Designs from sculptured crossb. Sheffield, Yorkshire a. Halton, Lancashire m d. Bishop Auckland, �q. J;)urha e c. Bradbourne, Derbyshi!" od Collingwo ) _ (reconstruction following . f-Bakeweil, Derbyshire re e. Codford St. Peter, Wiltshi 144
F ig . 7 .5
Archer f i gures f rom : a .
C orb ie P sa l ter , Am iens B ib liotheque Mun icipa le MS18
b .
I vory p ectora l c ross , V ic tor ia a nd A lber t Museu m , A 6-1966
c .
A e lfr ic P en ta teuch , Br i t ish L ibrary MS . C ot ton C laud ius B iv , f . 3 6v
1 45
c ra mped u prigh t p anels.
A t Ru thwel l t he a rcher i s c on ta ined w ith in o ne
d iscre te p anel a t t he v ery t op o f t he s haf t , a im ing o bl iquely u pwards a t a q uarry i n t he n ow m issing t ranso m ( Fig. 7 .3c ), Aga in r ela t ive ly e arly , a t Ha l ton , L ancs. ( Fig. 7 .4a ) , t he f igure o f t he a rcher, n ow p laced r ea l ist ica l ly a t t he b ot to m o f t he c o mpos it ion , i s s uf f ic ien t ly sma l l t ob e a l lowed t o a im u pwards i n to t he f o l iage , o bl ique ly , i fd irec t ly , a t t he b ird.
Gradua l ly t he
i nhab itan ts o f t he v ine c eased t o b e s ubord ina te , d isen tang l ing t he mselves f ro m t he f o l iage. And j ust a s wha t Br Ods ted t er med ' t he Ang l ian b eas t ' c o mes t o d om ina te t he v ine-scrol l i t sel f , s othe s ole h u man f i gure , t ha t o f t he a rcher , f i l ls t he b ot to m o f t he p ane l . Because o f h is p roport ions h e i s n ow o bl iged t o a im v ert ica l ly a nd u nrea l ist ica l ly u pwards , h is h ead c raned a t a n a wkward a ngle , h is b ody c on torted i nto a p osture wh ich s ee ms a l most t o r es e mble a d ance. I n t he s haf t f ro m S hef f ield , Y orks., t he f i gure i s a wkward ly t w is ted , a s t hough t he a rt ist was u nsure whe ther o r n ot t he p anel was t o b e v iewed h or izon ta l ly o r v ert ica l ly ( Fig. 7 .4b ). I n a much more c on f iden t c o mp os i t ion a t B ishop Auck land , C o. Durha m , t he a rcher f or ms p art o f a n a l mos t d iagra m ma t ic s che me ( Fig. 7 .4d ). Wha t i s a pparen t ly t he s a me t rad i t ion i s e vinced a t Bradbourne a nd a t Bakewel l , Derbs., a l though i nb o th c ases t he d raugh ts mansh ip i s l ess c o mpeten t ;
b o th monumen ts a re n ow f rag men tary ,
o n ly t he a rcher 's h and a nd b ow r e ma in , a im ing v ert ica l ly u pwards ( F ig . 7 . 4 c ,f ). I ts ee ms a t l east l ike ly t ha t t he C odford d es ign ( Fig. 7 .4e ) f a l ls a t t he e nd o f t h is s equence , r epresen t ing t he f urther d evolu t ion o f t he mo t if , t he a cco m moda t ion o f a n Ang l ian mode l t o a West S axon e nv iron men t a nd a p art i cu larly c ra mped , n arrow ly c onverg ing p anel . The f igure a dop ts t he t rad it i ona l a rcher 's p ose : o ne l eg s l igh t ly r a ised , b en t a t t he k nee , a n a rm r each ing d irec t ly a bove t he h ead t o c lu tch ab owed me mber;
t he h ead i sb en t
c onven t iona l ly a s a t B ishop Auck land , a nd d rawn c urled w ith f i l let a nd f r inge i n af ash ion t hat s ee ms c usto mary w i th t hese f i gures , where s cu lp ted i n s uff i c ien t d eta i l t o a l low i tt ob e s een , a nd c orrobora ted b y s im ilar s cenes more f inely d rawn i n c on te mporary manuscr ip ts , l i ke t he l a te e ighth-cen tury Corb ie P sa l ter ( Fig. 7 .5a ) , o r r a ther l a ter t he e leven th-cen tury Ael fr ic Pen ta teuch ( Fig. 7 .5c ) o r a n i vory p ec tora l c ross n ow i n t he V ic tor ia a nd A lber t Museu m ( Fig. 7 .5b ).
A s hea thed h un ter 's s eax i s s lung r ound t he n eck .
The f igure 's
l ef t h and h o lds wha t i s a pparen t ly , w i th in t he t er ms o f t he C od ford c o mpos i t ion , f ru it p lucked f ro m t he t ree a bove. Bu t l i ke t he f ru i ted b ranch i t self , t he c o mp os i t ion a s a whole i s o ver-styl ized a nd c onsequen tly n o l onger f u l ly u nders tood. I ft he C od ford p iece i s t o f ind a p lace w i th in a ny s ort o f a r t-h istor ica l f ra mework , t hen i t s d es ign i s a rguably c apable o f i n terpre ta t ion i n ak nown Anglo-Saxon s cu lp tura l t rad i t ion . Certa in ly , u n t i l a dd i t iona l e v idence , d ocumen tary o r a rt-h istor ica l , i s f orthco m ing , t he ' dancer ' l abel s hou ld n o t b e u sed w i thou t d ue c au t ion .
1 46
NOTES AND REFERENCES
1 .
T . D . Kendrick , S axon A rt t o A .D . 9 00 , L ondon , 19 38 , p . 1 79 f ;
D . T .
R ice , Engl ish Art 8 71-1200 , Ox ford , 1 952, p . 1 7 ; D .A . H in ton , A Cata logue o f t he Anglo-Saxon O rna men ta l Meta lwork 7 00-1100 i n t he Ashmolean Museu m , Ox ford , 1 974, p . 5 ;
A l fred 's K ingdo m , L ondon ,
1 977 , p . 5 3 f . 2 .
Kendr ick , l oc. c i t .;
R ice , 22 . c i t ., p p . 9 0-91.
Both c ons idered t he
f igure a n e arly f orerunner o f t he s hrugg ing , g est icu la t ing a t t itude c haract erist ica l ly p ortrayed b y l a te Anglo-Saxon d raugh ts men , a nd g raph ica l ly d escr ibed more t han a c entury a go b y L ew is Carrol l :
" Bu t h e 's c om ing
v ery s low ly—and wha t c ur ious a t t i tudes h e g oes i n to ! " ( For t he Messenger k ep t s k ipp ing u p a nd d own , a nd wr iggl ing l ike a n e el , a s h e c a me a long , w ith h is g rea t h ands s pread o u t l ike f ans o n e ach s ide. s a id t he K ing.
" Not a t a l l" ,
" He 's a n Ang lo-Saxon Messenger, a nd t hose a re Ang lo-
S axon a t t i tudes.
He o n ly d oes t he m when h e 's h appy."
( Through t he
L ook ing G lass , c ap . 7 ) . 3 .
A l though i tp robably o rig ina tes a s a merely s ecu lar a t tribu te o f t he e astern c ourt s cene , c f . A . Grabar, L 'e mpereur d ans Part Byzan t in , Par is , 19 36 , p . 6 6, p l . x i ;
a nd J ohn Chrysosto m , ' Ho m il ia i n Eu trop iu m t ,
Pa trolog ia Graeca L I I , 3 91 f . 4 .
P . L asko , Ars S acra 8 00-1200 , H ar mondsworth , 19 72, p l. 2 6;
Va t ican
L ibrary MS. L a t. 8 3A , f . 1 2v , G . L . M ichel i , L 'en lu m im ire d u Hau t Moyen Äge e t l es i nf luences I rlanda ises , Brusse ls , 19 39 , f i g. 2 35. 5 .
Par is B ibl io thdque Na t iona le MS . L a t. 1I . 2 15v , W. Oakeshot t , C lass ica l I nsp ira t ion i n Med ieva l Art , L ondon , 19 59 , p l . 6 7B.
6 .
Par is B ibl iotheque Na t iona le MS . L a t . 1 152 , f . l v , Oakshot t , o p . c i t ., p l . 6 7A ;
S t Ga l l S t i f tsb ibl iothek MS. 2 2, p . 2 , J . R . Rahn , Das Psa l te-
r iu m Aureu m v on S anc t Ga l len , S t Ga l l , 1 878 , p p . 2 6-8. 7 .
Bu t s ee g enera l ly J . W. McK innon , ' Mus ica l i nstru men ts i n med ieva l p sa lm c o m men tar ies a nd p sa l ters ', J ourna l o f t he American Mus icolog ic a l S oc ie ty , 2 0 ( 1 ( 1968 ) , 3 -20 ;
C . Page , ' Bibl ica l i nstru men ts i n med ie-
v al manuscr ip t i l lustra t ion ', Early Mus ic , V ( 1977 ) , 29 9-309. 8 .
Br i t ish L ibrary MS. p l . 5 1A.
Cot ton Vespas ian A l, f .30 v ,Oakshot t , o p. c i t .
9 .
The o ccas iona l i den t if ica t ion o f a sma l l s cene o n t he b ad ly wea thered s haf t a t Masha m , Yorks., a s Dav id w i th h is mus ic ians , i s d oubtfu l i n t he e x tre me ;
i ts ee ms much more l ikely t o r epresen t p art o f as a in t
l i fe s equence , W. G . C ol l ingwood , ' Ang l ian a nd Anglo-Dan ish s cu lp ture i n t he N orth R id ing o f Yorksh ire ', Yorksh ire Archaeolog ica l J ourna l ,
1 47
XD ( ( 1907 ), 3 60 f :
a nd t ha t t he s ing le s ea ted f igure a t Nunburnhol me ,
Yorks., i s Dav id , i s e qua l ly u ncerta in , G . B . Brown , The Ar ts i n Early Eng land , V I ( 2 ) , L ondon , 1 937 ,
P .
2 63.
1 0. C f. g enera l ly M. Swan ton , The Drea m o f t he Rood , Manches ter , 1 970 , p assi m . 1 1. For t he a rrows o f s in a nd r ela ted i mages s ee E . G . S tan ley , ' Old E ngl ish p oet ic d ic t ion ' , Ang lia , LXX 1I I ( 1955 ) , 4 181 . ;a nd f or t he d eve loped med iev a l image o f S a tan s ee G . K oonce , ' Sa tan t he f ow ler ' , Med ieva l S tud ies , XXI ( 1959 ) , 1 76-84. 1 2. For a v ar ie ty o f o ther p oss ible a l lus ions s ee Swan ton , o p. c i t ., p . 2 0 a nd r eferences t here c i ted .
1 48
8 .
THE S YSTE M OF MEASURE MENT USED I N TO WN PLANN ING FRO M THE N INTH TO THE TH IRTEENTH CENTUR IES Ph i l ip C rum my
An a venue o f r esearch wh ich h as b are ly b een e n tered i n to i s t he d e ta i led a na lys is o f t he p lans o f p lanned t owns i n a n a t te mp t t o d e tect t he o r ig ina l s che me o f l and d iv is ion a s c once ived b y t he t own p lanner .
C o mpared w i th
med ieva l e xamp les , many o f t he s o-ca l led l a te S axon p lanned t owns a s f irs t r ecogn ised b y M . B idd le a nd D . H i l l ( 1971 ) h ave s uper f ic ia l ly f a ir ly i rregu lar p lans a nd t he a sser t ion t ha t t hey e xh ib i t p lann ing i s l arge ly s ub ject ive .
To
d e mons tra te t ha t t he ir p lans c on ta in r hythm ic p a t terns o f measure men t b ased o n t he s tandard u n i ts o f t he t ime wou ld c lear ly b e o f much v a lue s ince t h is wou ld c on f ir m t ha t t hey h ad i ndeed b een p lanned .
E qua l ly , t he d e tec t ion o f
s im i lar p a t terns s hou ld b e p oss ible i n l a ter t owns where p lann ing i s i nd ispu table. The f o l lowing i s a n a t te mp t t o d o j us t t h is , b u t s hou ld b e s een a s at en ta t ive f orerunner o f t he much w ider a nd more r igorous s tudy t ha t t he s ub jec t mer i ts . I n t he med ieva l p er iod t he k ey u n i t o f l and measure men t was e qu iva len t i n s tandard measure t o 10 f ee t a nd was c a l led v ar ious ly t he p o le , r od o r p erch . F or ty o f t hese u n i ts e qua l led o ne f ur long a nd e igh t f ur longs e qua l led o ne mi le. A l though t hough t t o h ave b een d ev ised c . 1 600 ( Berr i man 1 953 :174 ) , t he c ha in , ' Gun ter 's c ha in ' , wou ld a ppear t o h ave b een b ased o n a measure men t wh ich p rev ious ly was c o m mon ly u sed i n l and-survey ing , v iz, f our p o les .
I n i ts
n ew ,f or m t h is was d e f ined a s b e ing e qua l t o ah undred n ew u n i ts , i .e . t he ' l ink '. The f or ma l isa t ion o f t he f our-po le u n i t i n t h is manner u nder l ines i t s impor tance i n s urveying a t l eas t i n t he 1 7th c en tury a nd , a s we s ha l l s ee , i ts d e tect ion n ow i n t own p lans c an p rov ide a n i ns igh t i n to t he s tra teg ies o f t he t own p lanners c oncerned . D i mens ions b ased o n mu l t ip les o f f our p o les h ad t he a dvan tage o f e nabl ing a reas o f l and t o b e c a lcu la ted e as i ly. The a cre was e qu iva len t t o 1 60 s quare p o les s o t ha t 1 0 o r 2 0 t imes a ny mu l t ip le o f f our p o les g ives a n a rea i n a cres o r r oods ( quar ter a cres ) .
Th is p roper ty o f 1 60 i s imp l ic i t i n t he S ta tu tu m d e
Admensura t ione T erre , as ta tu te b e l ieved t o d a te t o 1 305 ,
1
wh ich c ons is ts
p r incipa l ly o f ap ropor t iona l t able g iv ing t he l eng ths a nd b read ths o f a n a cre i n as er ies o f r ec tangu lar c on f igura t ions where o ne s ide r anges a t o ne-pole i n terva ls f ro m 1 0 t o 8 0 p o les .
Thus i n t he S ta tu tu m t he o n ly c a lcu la t ions
where t he s econd s ide d oes n o t i nc lude a f ract ion o f ap o le a re 1 0 x1 6 , 2 0 x8 , 3 2 x5 , 4 0 x4 , a nd 8 0 x 2p o les .
The a cre was u sua l ly d ef ined a s a n a rea
f our p o les w ide a nd a f ur long ( 40 p o les ) l ong ,
2
h ence u nder l in ing t he s ign if i-
c ance o f t he f our-po le u n i t i n l and measure men t . Thus , e very s tr ip o f l and o ne p o le w ide a nd a f ur long i n l eng th was o ne r ood i n a rea . The f ive t owns d iscussed b e low h ave b een s e lec ted s o t ha t s tree t p a t terns o f d i f fer ing f ounda t ion d a tes a nd h is tor ica l c on tex ts wou ld b e e xa m ined .
1 49
These
a re S a l isbury , Winches ter , L ondon , B ury S t . E d munds a nd C o lches ter .
The
p lans wh ich p rov ided t he b as is f or t he f igures a nd measure men ts b e low were t he modern Ordnance S urvey 1 :2500 s er ies e xcep t f or C o lches ter where t he 1 :1250 s er ies was u sed .
A f ter mak ing a l lowances f or t he s ca le a nd p recis ion
o f t he maps c onsu l ted , t he measure men ts c i ted c an b e r egarded a s a ccura te t o t he n eares t h a l f p o le .
3, 4
The f ron tages o f s tree ts r a ther t han t heir c en tre-
l ines were c hosen a s t he p o in ts f ro m wh ich t o t ake measure men ts b ecause i t s ee ms t ha t s tree ts were l a id o u t a s as econdary p rocess a f ter t he a reas i n q ues t ion h ad b een d iv ided u p o n t he b as is o f mu l t ip les o f f our p o les .
5
N ew S a l isbury was f ounded b y t he B ishop o f S a l isbury i n 1 219 a s ar ep lacemen t f or t he h i l ltop s i te a t O ld S arum . o f t he t own ;
F igure 8 .1 s hows t he n or thern p ar t
t he c a thedra l p rec inc t l i es s ou th o f s tree t f g .
I rregu lar i t ies
i n t he l ayou t o f t he s tree t , n o tably s tree t EK , may b e c aused b y p re-ex is t ing f ea tures a nd e s tabl ished ways t hrough t he c o m mon marsh a nd c o m mon f ie ld i n wh ich t he t own i s b el ieved t o h ave b een l a id o u t ( Rogers 1 969 :1) .
The f our
r ough ly p ara l le l n or th-sou th s tree ts ( AG , N a , PY a nd HL ) were l a id o u t o n a 1 6-po le u n i t a nd s ubd iv ided b y e as t-wes t s tree ts s paced ma in ly o n t he b as is o f a2 0-po le u n i t .
D is tance f g ( 60 p o les ) i s e qua l t o o ne a nd a h a l f f ur longs
i n l eng th . A t S a l isbury t he b ishop s t ipu la ted t ha t t he s tandard p lo t was t o measure 7x 3p o les ( Benson a nd Ha tcher 1 843 :728 ) a nd f ro m a n e xa m ina t ion o f t he s tree t p lan t he t own p lanner 's me thod o f a ch iev ing t h is c an b e d e tec ted .
T he s treets
a re a pprox i ma te ly t wo p o les w ide , l eav ing , i n o ur s tandard e as t-wes t 1 6-po le u n i t , 1 4-po le w ide b locks wh ich were d iv is ible i n to t wo s even-po le w ide s tr ips . S im i lar ly , t he n or th-sou th modu le o f 2 0 p o les wou ld , a f ter a l lowing f or a t wop o le w ide s tree t , e nable s ix t hree-po le w ide p lo ts t o b e l a id o u t .
( The c en tra l
n or th-sou th r ow o f b locks , e ach 1 6 p o les w ide , was s ubid ived o f f-cen tre t o make s even- a nd n ine-po le w ide p lo ts .) 6 t he i n tended d i mens ions emerge ;
Thus , f ro m t he h is tor ica l e v idence ,
b u t , f ro m t he p hys ica l e v idence , t he e f f ic i-
e ncy o f t he med ieva l s urveyor c an b e g auged .
T he l a t ter i s c lear ly d e mon-
s tra ted b y t he f our n ear ly p ara l le l n or th-sou th s tree ts wh ich c onverge s ou thwards b y o ne a nd a h a l f p o les o ver t he ir e n t ire l eng th . Turn ing n ow t o Winches ter t he s tree t s ys te m h ere ( Fig . 8 .2 ) i s s een a s b eing o f A l fred ian d a te ( B idd le 1 975 :27) .
The n or th-sou th s tree ts h ave c lear ly
b een l a id o u t o n a1 6-po le u n i t , t he a ccuracy o f wh ich a t t he H igh S tree t f ront age a ppears t o v ary b y a s much a s o ne a nd t hree-quar ter p o les .
Much o f t he
s tree t g r id s ou th o f t he H igh S tree t h as b een o bscured b y r oya l a nd e cc les ias t ica l b u i ldings . A t L ondon , a sma l l p ar t o f t he c o mp l ica ted s tree t s ys te m was l a id o u t a s an ea t g r id o f c lose ly-se t p ara l le l s tree ts a pparen t ly a t e igh t-po le i n terva ls .
7
These l i e wes t o f F ish S tree t H i l l a nd G racechurch S tree t ( F ig . 8 .3 , WS a nd S E r espec t ively ) a nd a re n ow p ar t ly o bscured b y l a ter s tree ts .
Par t o f t he
s ou thern f ron tage o f U pper Tha mes S tree t s ee ms t o h ave b een d iv ided u p o n t he b as is o f a2 4-po le u n i t ( XY a nd YZ ).
Th is i s p robably o f ad i f feren t p er iod
t o t he e igh t-po le s treet g r id , p ar t icu lar ly s ince t he t wo a reas were s epara ted b y t he Ro man t own wa l l wh ich s urv ived u n t i l a t l eas t t he l a te S axon p er iod ( Hobley a nd S cho f ield 1 977:45-51 a nd 5 9 ) .
1 50
The Do mesday B ook r ecords t ha t b e tween 1 065 a nd 1 086 B ury S t . Ed munds h ad b een e x tended o ver l and p rev ious ly p loughed a nd s own a nd h ad more t han d oubled i t s p opu la t ion ( Beres ford 1 967:333-4 ).
The g r idded a rea o f t he t own
l i es t o t he wes t o f t he monas tery g a te ( Fig . 8 .4 ) .
The main u n i t u sed i n t he
g r id h ere was 3 2 p oles s ubd iv ided i n to l eng ths o f 2 0 a nd 1 2 p o les .
The 3 2-
p o le u n i t i s d e tectable n o t o n ly n or th-sou th , i .e. BC/EF/NO a nd AB/LN , b u t a lso e as t-wes t , i .e . a c a nd c e .
A l though u n i ts b ased o n f our p o les c an
b e f ound a long s tree t S dX , t he s tree t c urves c ons iderab ly a nd may t here fore r e la te t o ab oundary o f t he f ie lds o ver wh ich t he t own e x tens ion was b u i l t . The n or th-sou th s tree ts c onverge n or thwards t o s uch a d egree t ha t t he modu les d e tec table wes t o f t he monas tery g a te a re l os t .
Th is d is tor t ion may b e t he
r esu l t o f c ons tra in ts i mposed o n t he n ew s tree t g r id b y p re-ex is t ing b oundar ies . F our p hases o f p lann ing a re n ow t hough t t o b e d e tec tab le i n C o lches ter 's med ieva l t own p lan ( F ig . 8 .6) .
The f irs t o f t hese r epresen ts t he s urv iva l
i n sma l l a reas o f t he o r ien ta t ion o f t he b u i ld ings o f t he u nder lying R o man t own a nd i s a pparen t ly c aused b y t he e x is tence a bove g round o f R o man s tructures i n t he p os t-Ro man p er iod .
The s econd p hase i s c oncerned w i th mos t o f t he
a rea w i th in t he t own wa l ls a nd was t he ma jor p os t-Ro man o rgan isa t ion o f t he t own 's t opography.
The t h ird i nvo lved t he r ep lann ing o f t he s ou thern f ron tage
o f t he H igh S tree t s o t ha t as er ies o f n ew p roper t ies e x tended u p t o an ew b ack l ane , s ubsequen t ly k nown a s C u lver S tree t .
Th is o pera t ion o b l i tera ted t he
u nder lying p ar ts o f t he s econd p hase o f t he s tree t s ys te m .
The f our th p hase
was c aused b y t he c ons truc t ion o f t he c as t le wh ich b egan c . 1 075 a nd r esu l ted i n t he H igh S treet b e ing d iver ted s ou thwards a round t he n ew b a i ley d e fences ( Crum my 1 980 ) . The measure men ts s hown i n F igure 8 .5 a re t o t he n eares t f oo t .
The
f igures i nb racke ts a re t he measure men ts e xpressed a s p o les c orrec t t o t he n eares t h a l f p o le.
8
The p hase o f r ep lann ing a t C o lches ter wh ich c oncerns u s h ere i s p hase t wo .
To t h is p er iod b e long mos t o f t he measure men ts s hown i n F igure 8 .5 .
A s er ies o f u n i ts b ased o n 1 2 p o les i s d e tec table n or th o f t he H igh S tree t a nd e as t o f N or th H i l l .
T hese a re mos t ly a ccura te t o w i th in q uar ter o f ap o le o f
a mu l t ip le o f t he f our-po le modu le a l though i n s o me p laces ( i .e . j k , lm ) t he d iscrepancy i s a s l arge a s o ne p o le . A long t he n or thern f ron tage o f t he H igh S tree t as er ies o f a ccura te mu l t ip les o f t he f our-po le modu le i s d e tec tab le , a l l w i th in t hree f ee t o r s o o f 4 0 , 1 2 o r 2 4 p o les .
Wes t o f N or th H i l l-Head
S tree t a nd s ou th o f C u lver S tree t a re a reas l a id o u t o n a4 0-po le u n i t .
L ike
t hose a long t he n or thern f ron tage o f t he H igh S tree t , t he t wo 4 0-po le u n i ts a long Cu lver S tree t a re w i th in q uar ter o f ap o le o f af ur long .
These a ppear
t o h ave b een f ur ther s ubd iv ided i n to u n i ts o f 1 6 a nd 2 4 p o les .
The a rea b e-
t ween t he H igh S tree t a nd C u lver S tree t was r ep lanned i n p hase t hree s o t ha t t he p hase t wo s ubd iv is ions h ave b een l os t .
H owever , d imens ion EF i s 1 08
p o les a nd s ugges ts t ha t t h is a rea may h ave o r ig ina l ly b een s ubd iv ided o n t he b as is o f a1 2-po le u n i t . S o me d i f f icu l t ies o f i n terpre ta t ion An imponderable d i f f icu l ty i s t he l oca l v ar ia t ions i n l and measure men ts . L oca l p o les c ou ld v ary f ro m a t l eas t n ine t o t wen ty f ee t i n l eng th ( 0 . E .D . s ub p o le ) a nd i ti s p oss ible t ha t s o me o f t he s tree t s ys te ms were n ot l a id o u t 1 51
w i th t he s tandard 1q- f tl ong p o le .
H owever , t ha t t he l a t ter was p robab ly
u sed f or measure men t i n e ar ly Eng l ish b urhs i s d e mons tra ted b y t he marked c orre la t ion b e tween t he l eng ths o f t he d e fences o f s o me o f t hese b urhs a s i nd ica ted i n t he Burgha l H idage a nd a s c an b e c hecked o n t he g round t oday ( H i l l 1 971 :91 ).
T h is c orre la t ion i s t o w i th in 1 % a t Winches ter ( B idd le 1 970 :
2 89 ) , i mp ly ing a p o le w i th in 2 i n . o f 1 6 1f t . I n t he f oregoing f igures , as ubs tan t ia l d egree o f i naccuracy h as b een t ac i t ly a ccep ted i n t he measure men ts a s t hey n ow a ppear o n modern maps a nd t here i s t here fore t he d anger o f d e tect ing measure men ts o r ' modu les ' b ased o n mu l t ip les o f f our p o les where t hese d o n o t e x is t . Moreover , where t here i s n o c ons is tency i n t he c ho ice o f t he s ides o f t he minor s tree ts f ro m wh ich o ur measure men ts a re t aken , t hen s pur ious mu l t ip les o f f our p o les a re made e ven e as ier t o f ind . A s a n e x tre me e xa mp le , i fi n a ny r ando m ly a rranged s ys te m a s d escr ibed a bove t he marg in o f i naccuracy p er m iss ible i s o ne p o le a nd t he s tree ts a re e xac t ly t wo p o les w ide , t hen i ti s a lways p oss ib le t o f ind a r ow o f d i mens ions b ased o n t he f our-po le modu le s ince t he c o mbined marg ins o f i naccuracy a t e ach s ide o f e ach s tree t p rov ide a f our-po le l ong d is tance w i th in wh ich mu l t ip les o f f our p o les a re b ound t o f a l l ( F ig . 8 .7 ) . Th is e xamp le i s i mpor tan t s ince t he a verage w id th o f t he s ide s tree ts e xam ined h ere i s a bou t t wo p o les . H owever , i ft he p er m iss ib le marg in o f i naccuracy were r educed t o h a l f a p o le , t hen t he s uccess r a te a t f ind ing mu l t ip les o f f our p o les wou ld b e r educed t o 5 0% s ince t he d is tances o n t he s tree t f ron tage f ro m wh ich t hese d i mens ions c an b e measured a re h a lved f ro m f our t o t wo p o les .
Th is w i l l h o ld t rue f or
a l l s tree ts v arying i n w id th b etween o ne a nd t hree p o les . I n g enera l t er ms ( F ig . 8 .7 ) , i tc an b e s ta ted t ha t i ft he p er m iss ible marg in o f i naccuracy were x p o les t hen a s earch f or mu l t ip les o f yp o les w i l l h ave a s uccess r a te o f
4x x
1 00% when y -2x> w
2 x where -w i s t he w id th o f
e ach s tree t . When w w
2 x .
Fur ther more ,
i ft he measure men ts a re a l l t aken f ro m t he s a me r e la t ive s ide o f t he ir r esp ec t ive s tree ts , t hen t he p robabi l i ty o f f ind ing n c onsecu t ive d i mens ions a s d escr ibed a bove i s r educed t o 0 .3125 1 . Aga in , i n g enera l t er ms , t h is c an b e s ta ted a s (2x)n r egard less o f t he v a lue o f w :
1 52
Two g ood e xa mp les o f t h is
a re p rov ided b y Winches ter a nd t he e igh t-po le g r id a t L ondon , a l though i n b o th c ases t he a ccuracy o f t he d i mens ions i s n o t g ood , b eing t o w i th in 1 , 1 p o les o f a mu l t ip le o f f our p o les .
D esp i te t hese i naccuracies , t he p oss ib i l i ty o f
t hese a rrange men ts b e ing t he r esu l t o f c hance i s v ery sma l l .
I n t he c ase o f
t he n or thern ma in s tree t f ron tage o f Winches ter , l a id o u t o n a1 6-po le u n i t , t he p oss ibi l i ty o f f ind ing s even s pur ious d i mens ions o f t h is s ize , o r mu l t ip les t hereo f , measur e f ro m t he s ame s ide o f e ach s tree t a nd a ccura te t o w i th in 1 21 p o les i s (
)7 = O .2 188 7 = 0 .0 0002 .
I n g enera l , s o me o f o ur measure men ts c ou ld r e la te t o a reas o f l and l e f t o ver a f ter t he t own p lanner h ad d es igned f or a n i rregu lar s i te a t own b ased o n f our-po le modu les , as i tua t ion wh ich mus t h ave b een t he n or m r a ther t han t he e xcep t ion .
G ood e xamp les o f t hese ' r e mnan t ' a nd t here fore s pur ious measure-
men ts a re p robably I J a nd FG a t S a l isbury. Ano ther d i f f icu l ty when e xa m in ing s tree t s ys te ms i s t ha t s o me o f t he p lann ing i n at own c ou ld b e c on fused w i th t he p iece mea l u se o f f our-po le mu lt ip les i n s ubsequen t r edeve lop men ts o f sma l l a reas .
Th is p roble m i s e spe-
c ia l ly r e levan t i n t owns s uch a s C olches ter where t here i s n o d is t inc t ive r epet i t ion o f t he s ame measure men ts s uch a s t he 1 6-po le u n i t a t Winches ter o r t he 1 6- a nd 2 0-po le u n i ts a t S a l isbury.
The w idespread u se o f f our-po le
mu l t ip les i n l and s urveying c ou ld t end t o o bscure t he o r ig ina l l ayou t o f p lanned t owns , a l though whe ther i n e x tre me c ases t h is c ou ld g ive a f a lse i mpress ion o f t own p lann ing where t h is d oes n o t e x is t i s p roble ma t ic . C onc lus ions The a na lys is o f t own p lans i n t he manner a bove h as o n ly j us t b egun . Desp i te t he s uper f ic ia l ly a na lyt ica l a pproach o f t h is s tudy , t he a ssess men t o f t he v a l id i ty o f o ur f our-po le modu le a nd t here fore t he a c t o f p lann ing i t se l f i s h ere l arge ly s ub jec t ive.
I n e ssence , t he d i f f icu l ty i s h ow t o r ecogn ise
mu l t ip le u n i ts a s s uch when t he ir v ar ia t ions i n l eng th c an b e l arge b y c o mpar is on w i th t he b as ic modu le , whether o r n o t t h is b e f our p o les .
A more r igorous
a pproach , wha tever i t s f or m , wou ld e n ta i l t abu la t ing f or e ach t own p lan a l l p oss ible d i mens ions c ons is ten t w i th p rede ter m ined c r i ter ia ( e .g . t hose o n ly a long s tree t f ron tages ) a nd e xa m in ing t hese f igures s ta t is t ica l ly f or n on-rando m c o mponen ts r a ther t han a s h ere p re judg ing t he i ssue a nd l ook ing f or d i mens ions l i t t le b et ter t han i n tu i t ive ly g uessed a t b e forehand .
There i s f ur ther more
t he q ues t ion o f b urgage p lo t s izes . A s a t S a l isbury , t hese may f or m a n i n teg ra l p ar t o f t he o vera l l p lan a nd t herefore where p oss ib le t hese a lso n eed t o b e s tud ied i n d eta i l . N ever the less , i td oes s ee m t ha t t he p lann ing o f c lass ic e ar ly med ieva l t owns s uch a s S a l isbury a nd N ew Winche lsea ,
9
a nd l a te S axon t owns o f wh ich
Winches ter i s t he k ey e xa mp le , c an b e p laced more f ir m ly i n t he s a me t rad it ion .
Their c o m mon r oo ts a re e xp l ic i t i n t heir c o m mon s ys te ms o f l and
d iv is ion a nd measuremen t .
Fur ther s tudy o f t own p lann ing may r evea l s ign i-
f ican t r eg iona l a nd t e mpora l d i f ferences . F or e xa mp le , s ub jec t t o a ppropr ia te d eta i led s tudy o f t he ir s tree t l ayou ts , ad is t inc t ive ' Wessex-s tyle ' p lan b ased o n 1 6-po le u n i ts c an b e p os tu la ted a t t he s ou thern t owns o f Ch iches ter , Wareha m a nd Wa l ling ford a s w e l l a s Winches ter .
Tha t t h is t ype s ee ms c on f ined t o t owns
l is ted i n t he Burgha l H idage s uppor ts a p re-10 th-cen tury d a te b u t i t s a bsence a t p laces s uch a s E xe ter a nd C o lches ter s ugges ts t ha t d i f feren t c ircu ms tances may l i e b eh ind t he o r ig ins o f t hese t own p lans . 1 53
F ina l ly , b y way o f ap os tscr ip t , t here r e ma ins t o b e c ons idered t he c irc ums tances whereby p re-ex is t ing t owns c ou ld b e r ep lanned .
Towns were
b u i l t o r e xpanded o ver v acan t f i e lds , a s a t S a l isbury a nd B ury S t E d munds r epec t ive ly , b u t t o r ep lace a n o ccup ied t own c en tre , w i th i t s b u i ld ings a nd p roper t ies , mus t h ave b een q u i te a d i f feren t ma t ter .
C ond i t ions were p er-
h aps o n ly r igh t i n t he l a t ter c ase i ft he b u i l t-up a reas h ad b een d es troyed b y ac a tas trophe .
F ire d a mage , whe ther a cciden ta l o r t he r esu l t o f a Dan ish
a t tack , f or e xa mp le , c ou ld p rov ide c on tex ts f or t he r ep lann ing o f l arge p ar ts o f t owns s uch a s p er iod 3 a t C o lches ter o r t he e igh t-po le p lann ing i n L ondon . C ou ld Winches ter p erhaps h ave b een e n t ire ly r ep lanned a f ter t he Dan ish a t tack o n t he c i ty c . 8 60 , ad a te c ons is ten t w i th t he a rchaeo log ica l e v idence b u t b ef ore Alred?
Acknow ledge men ts Iam g ra tefu l t o B ob Moyes who d rew f or p ub l ica t ion t he p lans o f C o lches ter a nd t o S tephen C rum my f or t he o ther s tree t p lans .
Iam a lso i ndebted t o Mr .
J . Doran a nd Mr . M. B idd le f or t he ir h e lp fu l c o m men ts a bou t t he t ex t . F ina l ly , t hanks a re d ue t o I an J enk ins who s aved me a t r ip o r t wo t o t he Br i t ish L ibrary.
N o tes 1 . 2 .
S ta tu tes o f t he R ea lm , 1 811 , s ub measure men t . E .g . c . 14 50 ( 0. E. D. s ub r od ) , 1 523 ( 0.E.D . s ub p erch ) a nd , o f u ncert a in d a te , C o mpos i t io U lnarum e t P er t icarum ( S ta tu tes o f t he R ea lm , 1 811 , s ub measure men t .
3 .
I t wou ld b e u sefu l t o c heck s o me o f t hese measure men ts o n t he g round . T he marg in o f e rror a ssumed h ere may we l l b e t oo l ow .
There i s t oo t he
p roble m o f e ncroachmen ts a nd o ther c hanges i n t he p os i t ions o f s tree t f ron tages c aused b y r ebu i ld ing .
Where t hese a re o bv ious , a l lowances i n
t he measure men ts t aken h ave b een made e .g . Ha t Winches ter ( Fig . 8 .2 ) a nd E , M a nd R a t S a l isbury ( F ig . 8 .1 ). 4 .
S tree ts l a id o u t o n s lop ing l and w i l l a ppear s horter o n p lan t han t hey r ea l ly a re , b u t t he e rrors i n troduced b y t h is e f fec t a re s l igh t .
As a v ery e x-
t re me e xamp le , a n e rror o f 2% w i l l b e i n troduced o n p lan b y as lope o f o ne i n f ive . 5 .
I n t he c ase o f ao ne i n t en s lope , t he e rror i s l ess t han 1 % .
Ag ood i l lus tra t ion o f t h is i s t o b e f ound a t S a l isbury where t he n or th-sou th s tree ts NRUXa a nd PSVY ( F ig . 8 .1 ) were f ormed o u t o f t he e as t a nd wes t 1 6-po le w ide b locks r espec t ive ly , l eav ing t he c en tra l o ne i n tac t ( see b e low ) .
6 .
S ee map i n R ogers 1 969. F igure 8 .1.
T he n or th-sou th b oundary i s s hown h ere i n
7 .
F igure 8 .3 i s b ased o n t he p lan o f t he med ieva l c i ty a s s hown i n B idd le a nd Hudson 1 973 w i th t he l a ter s tree ts om i t ted .
8 .
A l though t he p lan i s b ased o n t he modern 1 :1250 Ordnance S urvey maps , i th as b een a l tered t o i ncorpora te i n for ma t ion l os t b y r edeve lop men t b u t s urv iv ing a t t he t ime o f t he 1 875-6 s er ies o f O rdnance S urvey maps . 1 54
The
l a tter s er ies c ou ld n o t b e u sed a s t he b as is o f t he f igure s ince , a ccord ing t o t he r ecen t l arge-sca le Ordnance S urvey maps , many o f t he d i mens ions a re s l igh t ly i naccura te . 9 .
A lthough n o t s tud ied i n d eta i l , N ew Winche lsea a ppears t o h ave b een l a id o u t o n t he b as is o f 2 0 p oles ( east-west ) a nd 2 4 p oles ( nor th-sou th ).
Re ferences Bar ley , M. W. ( ed .) , 1 975 .
The P lans a nd Topography o f Med ieva l Towns
i n Eng land a nd Wa les , CBA Research R epor t n o . 1 4. B enson , Rober t a nd Ha tcher , Henry , 1 843.
' O ld a nd N ew S arum ' p ar t 2 ,
av o lume f ro m The H is tory o f Modern Wil tsh ire b y S ir R ichard C o lt Hoare. Beresford , Maur ice , 1 967. B err i man , A . E ., 1 953. B idd le , Mar t in , 1 970 .
N ew Towns o f t he Midd le Ages .
H is tor ica l Metro logy. ' Excava tions a t Winches ter , 1 969:
e igh th i n ter im
r epor t ' i n An t iquar ies J ourna l , 5 0 ( 1970 ):277-326. B idd le , Mar t in , 1 975 .
' The e volu t ion o f t owns :
p lanned t owns b efore 1 066'
i n Bar ley 1 975 :19-32. B idd le , Mar t in , 1 976.
' Towns ' i n Wi lson 1 976:99-150 .
B idd le , Mar t in a nd H i l l , David , 1 971.
' La te S axon p lanned t owns ' i n
An t iquar ies J ourna l , 5 1 ( 197 4 :70-85 . B idd le , Mar t in a nd Hudson , Daphne , 1 973. C ru m my , Ph i l ip , 1 980 .
The Fu ture o f London 's Pas t .
Aspects o f Ang lo-Saxon a nd N or man C o lches ter ,
f or thco m ing . H i l l , Dav id , 1 071.
' The Burgha l H idage :
t he e stablishmen t o f at ex t ' i n
Med ieva l Archaeo logy , 1 3 ( 1969 ):84-92. H obley , Br ian a nd S cho f ield , J ohn , 1 977.
' Excava t ions i n t he C i ty o f London :
f irst i n ter im r epor t , 1 974-5 ' i n An t iquaries J ourna l , 5 7 ( 1977) :31-66. L obel , M. D . ( ed .) , 1 969. O .E. D.
H is tor ic Towns .
Ox ford Eng l ish D ict ionary.
R ogers , K . H ., 1 969.
' Sa l isbury ' i n Lobel 1 969.
Wi lson , Dav id M. ( ed .) , 1 976.
The Archaeology o f Ang lo-Saxon Eng land .
1 55
F ig . 8 .1
S a lisbury Measure men ts ( i n p o les a nd g rouped b y a reas a s a ppropr ia te ) AB
2 4+4
BC/H I
2 0- V20-4
CD
2 0
DE/JK
2 0/20+e
EF/KL
4 0+4/40+
FG
2 0+14
MN/CR/TU/ WX/Za
1 6-1/16+4/16+1/16/16
NP/RS/UV/XY
1 6+ 16+4/16+
PQ/S I/VJ/KY
1 6+14/16 A/16+ U/16-i
16-4
MQ/Cl/TJ/ WK/ZL
4 8 A/48+i/48+4/48-i/48-Z
b e
2 0+4
d e
2 4
f g
6 0
I J
3 6-1
D i fferences b e tween e ach measure men t a nd t he n eares t mu l tiple o f f our p oles : d i f ferences ( i n p o les )
n o .
0
6
1 4 1 2 3 4-
5 5
1o r more
6
9 2 0
To ta l
1 1
3 1
1 56
0 0
F ig . 8 .1
8 'i'
1 6 2 4 ',' 1 3 00
3 2
4 0
6 00
p o les f ee t
P ar t o f S a l isbury ( ex tended c ap t ion o ppos i te )
1 57
N UNNAM INSTER
0
0 wi n
0
1 00 I
5 0
1 2
2 00 1
1 00
2 ? 3 00 4 00 1
3 0
5 00 6 00 1 1
1 5 0
F ig . 8 .2
2 00
7 00 8 00 9 00 f ee t 1 1 1
2 50
3 00
me t res
Winches ter Measure men ts ( i n p o les a nd g rouped b y a reas a s a ppropr ia te ) AB
FV l 6+1
1 6-1
AC
1 6
GH
1 6
CD
1 6+1
I J
1 6-1
JK
1 6 4
DE
1 6 1 a
EF
1 6+1
D i f ference b e tween e ach measure men t a nd t he n eares t mu l t ip le o f f our p o les : d i f ferences ( i n p o les )
n o .
0 1 1 2
2 3 6
3 4
0
1
1o r more
3
To ta l
3
9
1 58
F ig . 8 .3
Par t o f L ondon Measure men ts ( i n p o les a nd g rouped b y a reas a s a ppropr ia te ) DE
1 6
OP
8 +4
CD/KL/cd
8 -1/8/8
PQ/TU
8 /8-1
BC/JK/bc
81/8+1/8+1i
QR/UV
8 +1/8+i
FG
81
RS/V W
1 6-1/16
GH AB/ Wab
8 +1
XY
2 41
1 6/16/16-1
YZ
2 4
NO
8 -0 4
D i f ferences b e tween e ach measure men t a nd t he n eares t mu l t ip le o f f our p oles : d i f ference ( i n p o les )
n o .
0 1
8 3 1 5
4 1 2 3 4
4 3
1o r more
4
To ta l
7
2 2
1 59
F ig . 8 .4
Bury S t Ed munds Measure men ts ( i n p o les a nd g rouped b y a reas a s a ppropr ia te ) AB
3 2
BC/NO/EF
3 2- V32-14/32-4
RS
AC
1 2
UV
1 2+4
VW
2 0-4
DE
4 8+ 2 -
wx
2 0-2 -
GH
1 2+i
XY
1 2+ -Z
H I
8 -4
YZ
1 6
I J
1 2
UZ
8 0-4
JK/ST
3 2-4/32— A -
a b
1 6-1 1
GK
6 4-1
b e
1 6+1
LM
1 6-1
a c
3 2-1
MN
1 6
c e
3 2+
PQ
1 2+1
d f
2 0 1
QR
1 211
d e
1 2 1
D i f ferences b e tween e ach measure men t a nd t he n eares t mu l t iple o f f our p o les : d i f ferences ( i n p o les )
n o.
0
5
1 " 4 1
8 2 0
3 4
7 5
1o r more
4
Tota l
9
2 9
1 60
F ig . 8 .4
B ury S t . E d munds ( ex tended c ap t ion o ppos i te )
1 61
F ig . 8 .5
C o lches ter Measure men ts ( i n p oles a nd g roups b y a reas a s a ppropr ia te ) 4 0
EF
BC
1 2
UV
2 0-1
CD
2 4
S U
4 0+1
h i/YZ
3 6+4/36 4
S T
2 4-3
i j/Za
1 2 4/12-4
SR
4 0-1-2 1
lm/ jk/ac
2 4-1/24-1/24-3
GH/L M
2 4+4/24
WX/ab
1 2/12
G I/LN
4 0 4/40-3
b e
1 2-3
I J/NP
1 6-1/16-1
c d
3 6-4
I K/NQ
4 0/40+14
AB
1 08
D i f ferences b e tween e ach measure men t a nd t he n eares t mu l t ip le o f f our p o les : d i f ferences ( i n p o les )
n o. 8
0 1 4 1 2 3
7 1 9 4
4
4
1o r more
4
Tota l
8
2 7
1 62
0 0-
f ] 0 01
V
0 ( NI
0
5 ,)
S
1R E
5 , 0 c , , , , ,, G , ' c n c n
EI
BU R G H
-- c , . c
( s • o / ) . s i 3 9— 9 2
C l ) (Z)09 -
1 63
HE A o
s T R E EI
C o lches ter ( ex tended c ap t ion o ppos i te )
M , AI D E N
0
1 00
2 00
3 00
me tres p er iod 1
[22 ) p er iod 2
F ig . 8 .6
s t ree t
p er iod 3
C o lches ter
marg ins o f e rror
1p o le 4P :
( 1p o le 1p o le
S tree t
/ 1p o le
F ig . 8 .7
Marg ins o f Error
1 64
M
p er iod 4
9 .
ANGLO-SAXON KE MBLE
THE L IFE AND WORKS OF JOHN M ITCHELL KE MBLE 1 807-1857 PH ILOLOG IST , H ISTOR IAN , ARCHAEOLOG IST Raymond A . Wi ley
PREFACE A ng lo-Saxon K e mb le i s as tudy o ft he l i fe a nd works o f J ohn M i tche l l K emb le ( 1 807-1857 ) , t he o f f-s tage s cion o ft he g rea t E ng l ish a c t ing f a mi ly . S ince Kemb le l ived b are ly f if ty y ears a nd wro te n o me mo irs , much more i s k nown a bou t h is e ar ly l i fe a nd e duca t ion t han a bout h is l a ter l i fe . s is ter , F anny Ke mb le , b es t d escr ibed h is b oyhood .
H is f amous
H is Cambr idge f r iends ,
Wi l liam B odham D onne , E dward F i tzgera ld , R ichard Monck ton M i lnes , A lfred T ennyson a nd R . C . Trench , who d ubbed h im " Ang lo-Saxon K e mb le " , l ef tg limpses o f h is u n ivers i ty d ays .
K emb le 's p r iva te a nd p ub l ished l e t ters
a nd h is wr i t ings , b o th i n E ng l ish a nd i n G er man , h owever , a re a l mos t t he o n ly s ources o f i nforma t ion a bou t t he s econd h a lf o f h is l i fe f o l low ing h is f i rs t s cho lar ly B eowu lf e d i t ion . Ke mb le d oes n o t f i t i n to t he e xpec ted n ine teen th c en tury p a t tern o f c hurchmen , s ta tesmen o r l i terary men .
I nf luenced b y J akob G r im m 's works h e d id
p ioneer s tud ies i n E ng land c oncerning A ng lo-Saxon s cho larsh ip , c o mpara t ive T euton ic e tymo logy a nd i ns t itu t ions , r une s tudy a nd n or th E uropean a rchaeo logy . Af ter K emb le 's c o l lege c areer a nd r e la ted a ct iv i t ies h is l i fe a nd works a re t rea ted i n f our-to-six-year s egmen ts .
H is AS , p o li t ica l a nd a rchaeo logica l
p roduc t ions a re d iscussed a nd i n terwoven w i th a spects o f h is l i fe i n e ach s ec t ion .
I n t hese t he i n teres t i n t he t op ic of ten v ies w i th t ha t o ft he s tr ict
c hrono logy .
T h is a uthor i s r espons ib le f or a l l t rans la t ions f ro m G erman ,
a nd b ecause o ft he s ta te o f d iachron ic l i nguis t ics i n t he l as t c entury t he t erm " Ang lo-Saxon" i s u sed i ns tead o f " O ld E ng lish" . I n t he p repara t ion o ft h is b iography g ra t i tude i s d ue p ar t icu lar ly t o M iss Mary B arham J ohnson o f N orw ich , E ng land , J . M . K e mb le 's g rea t-grandd augh ter w i thou t whose h e lp i tc ou ld n o t h ave b een wr i t ten .
S he c op ied f or
t he a u thor o ver o ne h undred MS l e t ters f rom K e mb le 's p ersona l c orresponde nce i n h er p ossess ion , t he l i s t o f wh ich i s f ound o n p p . 2 64-65 .
A s i mi lar
d eb t o fg ra t i tude i s d ue t o t he p ub l isher E . J . B r i l l o f L e iden , H o l land f or p ermission t o q uo te c op ious ly f rom t he p resen t a u thor 's J ohn M i tche l l K e mb le a nd J akob G r im m , A C orrespondence :
1 832-1852 , L e iden , H o l land :
E . J .
B r i l l , 1 971 ; t o H . B . d eGroo t o ft he U n ivers i ty o f T oron to f or p er m iss ion t o q uo te i nforma t ion f rom h is u npub l ished L ondon U n ivers i ty t hes is : T he B r i t ish a nd F ore ign Rev iew , 1 835-1844 ; t o Trevor Kaye , S ub-L ibrar ian o f T i c ini ty C o l lege L ibrary , C ambr idge , f or h e lp i n o b ta in ing MSS a nd a p ho tograph o f K emb le 's b us t ;
t o t he S ocie ty f or t he P romo t ion o f C hr is t ian K now ledge ,
1 65
L ondon , f or i l lus tra t ions o f t he K e mb le f a mi ly ; t o C har les S cr ibner 's S ons , New Y ork , f or t he s ame ; t o S taa tsb ib l io thek d er S t if tung P reuss ischer K u lturb es i tz , B er l in , f or c op ies o f K e mb le 's l e t ters ; Museu m ; C ounci l ;
C ambr idge U n ivers i ty L ibrary ;
The H is tor ica l S ocie ty o f P ennsy lvania ;
h ungen , S tut tgar t ;
I ns t itu t fn. .A us landsbez ie-
T he J ohns H opk ins U n ivers i ty L ibrary ;
L ibrary o f G oucher C o l lege , B a l t i more ; L inco ln 's I nn L ibrary , L ondon ; E d munds ;
a nd t o o f f ic ia ls o ft he B r i t ish
C entra l New Y ork L ibrary R esources The J u lia R ogers
L e Moyne C o l lege L ibrary , S yracuse ;
P ub lic Record O f f ices i n L ondon a nd B ury S t .
among many o thers f or t heir h e lpfu l a ss is tance i n t h is u nder tak ing .
S pecia l t hanks a re d ue t o Mrs . Gw ieneverea Duncan o f D eW i t t , N . Y . f or t yp ing t he i n i t ia l d raf t a nd t o t he L e Moyne C o l lege C om m it tee o n F acu l ty Deve lopmen t a nd R esearch f or f i nancia l a nd s cho lar ly a ss is tance .
1 66
CONTENTS
P age Abbrev ia t ions a nd S ymbo ls
1 68
L is t o f I l lus tra t ions
1 69
S hort T i t le Abbrev ia t ions Used i n E ndnotes
1 70
Chapter
1 72
I R oots
C hap ter
I
B ir th , C h i ldhood , E duca t ion
1 74
Chapter
I I
Ques t f or Career
1 90
Chap ter
I V
Marr iage , Ed i torsh ip , R espons ibi l ity
2 08
Chapter
V
Man made Me teor
2 20
Chap ter
V I
A R est less S p iri t
2 36
C onc lus ion
2 50
Chap ter WI
S e lect B ib liography
2 55
J ohnson L et ters
2 64
I ndex
2 67
1 67
ABBREV IAT IONS AND SYMBOLS
A IM , OH] )
A l thochdeu tsch , O ld H igh D u tch ( German )
AS , A . S . ,a gs
A ng lo-Saxon , a nge lsächs isch
BFR
The Br i t ish a nd F oreign R ev iew
C orr .
Wi ley , J ohn M i tche l l K e mb le a nd J akob G r im m , A C orrespondence
FAK
F rances Anne ( Fanny ) K e mb le
G o t .
G oth ic
I E
I ndo-European
JG
J akob G r imm
JMK
J ohn M i tche l l Ke mb le
MI LD , MHG
M i t te lhochdeu tsch , M idd le H igh D u tch ( German )
MS , MSS
Manuscr ip t (s )
NH] ) , NHG
Neuhochdeu tsch , New H igh D utch ( Ger man )
OE
O ld E ng l ish
OF
O ld F r is ian
ON
O ld N orse
OS ( ax .)
O ld S axon
WBD
Wi l l ia m B odham Donne B racke ts i nd ica te ma ter ia l a dded b y t h is a u thor P aren theses i nd ica te c lar if ica t ion o fp reced ing word (s )
1 68
L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS
F igure 9 .1
P age J ohn M i tche l l K e mb le a s aY oung Man
1 71
P icture c op ied f ro m t ha t f ac ing p . 1 60 o f F rances M . Brookf ie ld 's T he C ambr idge " Apos t les" w i th p er miss ion o ft he p ub l isher , C har les S cr ibner 's S ons , New Y ork 9 .2
K e mb le 's F a ther a nd Mo ther a nd H is Me mor ia l B us t
1 89
C har les K e mb le 's p or tra i t i s t he s ame a s t ha t f ac ing p . 3 9 o f C . M . D uncan-Jones ' M iss M i tford a nd Mr . H arness , p rov ided t hrough t he c our tesy o ft he p ub l isher , S oc ie ty f or Pro mot ing C hr is t ian K now ledge , L ondon .
Mar ia Theresa K e mb le 's p or tra i t i s f ound a s
t he F ron t isp iece o f F anny K emb le 's F ur ther Records : 1 848-1883 , V o l . I .
B us t o f Ke mb le b y Tho mas Woo lner
was p ho tographed b y t he a u thor t hrough t he c our tesy o f Mr . T revor K aye , S ub-L ibrar ian o f Tr in i ty C o l lege L ibrary , C a mbr idge 9 .3
S i te o f K ing E dward V I F ree Gra m mar S choo l ,
2 07
B ury S t . E d munds , S uf fo lk ; dwe l l ings o ft he J ohn M i tche l l K e mb les i n L ondon a nd a t C hape lf ie lds , S urrey , p ho tographed b y t he a u thor 9 .4
Maps o f K emb le 's C on t inenta l a nd E ng l ish t rave ls
2 35
( drawn b y Maureen Wi ley , a uthor 's d augh ter ) 9 .5
Map o f Kemb le 's a c t iv i t ies i n N orth G er many , 1 849-1859 ( drawn b y Maureen Wi ley , a uthor 's d augh ter )
1 69
2 49
SHORT T ITLE ABBREV IATIONS I N CHAPTER ENDNOTES 1
Brookf ie ld
" Apos t les"
D ick ins
"Ke mb le 8 /O ld E ng l ish"
d eGroo t
" The BFR"
Gr im m
Gram ma t ik
J ohnson
Donne 8 / F r iends
K e mb le , F anny
F ur ther Records ;
Ke mb le , J . M .
" Ana lecta Rev iew"; C odex [ d ip lo ma t icus ]; " Eng . Prae ter i tes" ; "Gram ma t ik Rev iew "; " Jäke l Rev iew ";
L a ter R ecords ;
" Rev iew o f Cwdmon";
Record
S axons
M iche l
B ib l io theque
Re id
L ife , L et ters
T erhune
L ife o f F i tzGera ld
T rench
L et ters & Me mor ia ls
V enn
A lu mn i C an tab .
Wi ley
C orrespondence
Wr igh t
L e t ters & L i terary Re ma ins-F i tzGera ld ;
L et ters o f
F i tzGera ld t o F anny K e mb le
1 .
S ee f u l l t i t les i n t he S e lec t B ib l iography . F or c onven ience i n r ead ing t he t ex t a l l of ten c i ted s ource b ooks , s uch a s t hose o f F anny Ke mb le i n C hap ter I , a l l p ub l ished a nd p r in ted wr i t ings o f Ke mb le , a nd s o me f ew s econdary s ources a re f u l ly d ocu men ted i n t he f irs t p er t inen t e ndno te .
Thereaf ter c i ta t ions a re g iven b y v o lu me a nd/or
p age n u mber i n p arentheses i n t he t ex t p roper r igh t a f ter t he ir u se .
1 70
K e in h i e
J ohn
T HE M .
Y OUNG S CHOLAR A S B ROOKFIELD:
N EW
Y ORK:
F ig . 9 .1
P ORTRAYED
T HE C AMBRIDGE
I N
F RANCES
" APOSTLES,"
C HARLES S CRIBNER'S S ONS,1906
J ohn M i tche l l K emb le a s aY oung
Mal l
CHAPTER I ROOTS
B iographers c us to mar i ly b eg in b y wr i t ing p ed igrees o ft he ir s ub jec ts . Dur ing t he p as t f or ty y ears , among o thers , f our h ave t rea ted t he l i neage o f J ohn M i tche l l K e mb le , wh i le i n troducing r eaders t o we l l-known , t hea tr ica l r e la t ives :
h is s is ter , F anny K e mb le , A P ass iona te V ictor ian ;1 h is more
f a mous u nc le , J ohn P h i l ip K emb le ; 2 h is f a ther , C har les K e mb le , Man o ft he T hea tre ; 3 a nd f i na l ly , f rom a no ther v iewpoin t , F anny t he Amer ican K emb le .4 AK emb le F ami ly f l our ished i n t he wes tern mid lands i n t he s ix teen th c en tury , w i th a G eorge K e mb le a s p oss ib le p rogen i tor .
I n t he e ar ly s even-
t een th c en tury , e spec ia l ly i n H ereford , t he n ames o f Wi l l iam , Wa lter , J ane , J ohn , A nna a nd C har les K e mb le a ppear i n r ecords a s r ecusant C a tho lics , a nd l a ter s o me t wen ty-three K emb les were u nder s urve i l lance f or t he ir f a i th . B u t t he mos t f a mous e ar l ier a nces tra l Kemb le r e la t ions were :
G eorge
K emb le , who s aved t he l i fe o f C har les I af ter t he B a t t le o f Worces ter i n 1 651 ; h is n ephew t he V enerab le J ohn Kemb le , mar tyr ( 1599-1679 ) , aR o man C a tho l ic p r ies t e duca ted a t D oua i , who was h anged a nd t hen b eheaded a t H ereford i n h is e igh t ie th y ear i n t he f renzy o ft he i mag ined P op ish P lot , af ter h e c a lm ly a nd r es igned ly h ad h is l as t " Kemb le C up" o f s ack a nd h is " Kemb le P ipe" o ft obacco ;
a nd t he l a t ter 's n ephew , C ap ta in R ichard Kemb le , who
c la imed t he mu ti la ted b ody a nd b ur ied i ti n t he We lch New ton c hurchyard . L ess f a mous i n e ar ly e igh teen th c entury were : D anie l K emb le , i n 1 702 l i s ted a s o ne o ft he t wenty-four p r incipa l b urgesses i n T ewkesbury ; Tho mas , who h ad a c oa t o f a rms o n a monu men t i n T ewkesbury Abbey , a nd s evera l o thers who d ied a nd were b ur ied i n t he C irences ter c hurch : Tho mas , A nne a nd Wi l l iam . O f more immed ia te i n teres t were J ohn M i tche l l K e mb le 's g randfa ther R oger K e mb le ( 1 721-1802 ) a nd h is g randmother S arah Ward , who d ied 1 807 . Roger was t he s on o f aH ereford b arber a nd p er iw ig maker a lso n amed Roger a nd h is w ife E leanor F ord .
S arah was t he d augh ter o f S arah B utcher
a nd J ohn Ward , t he I r ish manager o f ab and o f s tro l l ing p erformers .
Af ter
t he ir marr iage i n 1 753 R oger s uccessfu l ly managed h is f a ther-inlaw 's s tro l lers o n t he ir c oun try r oad p erformances g enera l ly a round t he mouth o ft he S evern , mos t ly b efore r ude a ud iences i n b arns a nd r en ted b ui ld ings . H e a nd h is w ife , wh i le a c t ing t hus t hroughou t s o me t wen ty-f ive y ears , h ad t we lve c h i ldren , n ine b orn i n d if feren t p laces a nd n ine o f who m r eached ma tur i ty .
Three o f
t hese a ch ieved l as t ing f a me i n t he t hea ter : S arah S iddons , t he e ldes t , J ohn P h i l ip , t he n ex t , a nd C har les K e mb le ( 1 775-1854 ) , t he e leventh c h i ld , y ounges t s on , l a ter a c tor , owner a nd manager a t t he C oven t G arden T hea tre f or y ears ( F ig . 9 .2 ) .
Th is man who was a lso ap laywr igh t a nd a dap tor o f
many p lays b ecame t he f a ther o fJ ohn M i tche l l K e mb le .
1 72
R oger 's b oys w ere
i ni t ia l ly r eared i n t he C a tho l ic f a i th o ft he ir f a ther a nd t he g ir ls were Protest an ts l i ke t he ir mo ther .
J ohn P h i lip a nd C har les w ere e ven s en t t o t he E ng lish
C o l lege a t D oua i , t he f ormer o nce h opefu l ly d es t ined b y h is p aren t f or t he p r ies thood . u nc les were : Mason ;
Among t he o ther Ke mb le s ib l ings t o b e J ohn M i tche l l 's a un ts a nd A nn H a t ton ;
E l izabe th Wh i t lock , a ctress ;
S tephen , a c tor ; a nd F anny Tw iss , a c tress .
H enry , a ctor ; J ane
A nn was c ons idered
d isreputab le b y t he f a mi ly a nd s evera l o thers r e ma ined i n v ery p oor c ircums tances , d ependen t t o s ome e x ten t u pon t he p rov is ions o f R oger 's w i l l .
5
J ohn 's mother ( F ig . 9 .2 ) , Mar ia T heresa o r Mar ie T herese d eCamp ( 1774-1838 ) , was b orn i n V ienna , t he d augh ter o f aF rench C ap ta in G eorge d eCamp a nd a Sw iss g ir l , i n to a f am i ly o f mus icians a nd d ancers . t o E ng land a s ac h i ld s he a ppeared o n s tage b eg inn ing a t a ge s ix .
B rough t When s he
was t we lve h er f a ther r eturned i n p oor h ea lth t o G ermany t o d ie , l eav ing h er mo ther a nd f our y ounger s ib l ings , i nc lud ing Ade la ide a lso l a ter a n a ctress , who l ived w i th Mar ia a f ter t he l a t ter 's marr iage ; i n as choo l a t L ea ;
V ic toire , l a ter a g overness
a nd V ic tor , a n a c tor a nd s ubsequen t ly a c owboy i n
Amer ica , f or a l l o f who m s he b ecame t he s o le s uppor t .
Admired a s ac h i ld
b y G eorge , P r ince o f Wa les , a nd k nown a s t he " l i t t le F rench f a iry ," s he was i ns truc ted i n E ng l ish , w r i t ing a nd a r i thme t ic b y c o m mon a nd n ob le a du lt f r iends a nd p erformed many r o les i n ac areer t ha t i nc luded p lay ing i n Drury L ane a nd C oven t G arden .
S he a u thored s evera l p lays a nd l a ter h e lped h er
h usband i n p repar ing s o me o fh is .
S he was a d e l igh tfu l , d ark-eyed , d ark-
h a ired g ir l w i th e leva ted f eatures , who was i n 1 795 t he d es ired b u t n ever a t ta ined o b jec t o f ad runken , l us tfu l J ohn P h i l ip K e mb le .
6
H owever , s he
marr ied o n J u ly 2 , 1 806 h is f avour i te b ro ther C har les a nd c on t inued a t i nterv a ls h er s tage c areer t i l l 1 819 , mak ing o ne f i na l a ppearance i n 1 829 when J ohn 's s is ter F anny made h er d ebu t a s J u l ie t .
7
ENDNOTES 1 .
' Warp a nd Woof ,' p p . 1 -9 i n t he b iography b y Margare t Arms trong ( New Y ork , 1 938) .
2 .
' Pro logue ,' p p . 3 -18 o f H ersche l B aker 's s tudy ( Cambr idge , Mass ., 1 942 . ) .
3 .
' Pro logue ' a nd ' A L ong Apprent icesh ip , Wi l l iamson 's w ork ( L incoln , 1 970 ) .
4 .
B y F anny K e mb le Wis ter ( Amar i l lo , 1 972 ) , p p . 5 -7, 1 5-17 .
5 .
C onsu l ted a lso w ere : e d .
p p . 1 -16 a nd p ass im , o f J ane
J ohn Parker , e d ., Who 's Who i n t he Thea ter , 1 0 th
( London , 1 947 ) , p . 1 542 ;
a nd W . T . J . G un , ' A Ke mb le P ed igree ,
G enea log is ts Magaz ine , V I I ( Mar ., 1 933 ) , 1 2-13 . 6 .
J . P . K e mb le , p p . 1 91-192 .
7 .
C h ief s ource :
DNB , X , 1 266-67 .
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CHAPTER I B IRTH CH ILDHOOD EDUCATION
I n F anny K emb le 's w ords , h er b ro ther , J ohn M i tche l l , b orn i n L ondon , Apr i l 2 , 1 807 , " l ived t o d is t ingu ish h imse lf a s as cho lar , d evo t ing h is l i fe t o t he s tudy o fh is own l anguage a nd t he h is tory o fh is c oun try i n t he ir e ar l ies t p er iod , a nd t o t he k indred s ub jec t o f N or thern a rchaeo logy ." 3 - H e was n amed a f ter h is f a mous u nc le a nd h is g odfa ther , Mr . M i tche l l , aw or thy o ld L ondon merchan t a nd f a mi ly f r iend . ( I , 6 4 ) When t he f a mi ly l i ved o n Wes tbourne G reen , n o t f ar f rom P add ing ton C ana l , n ex t d oor t o Aun t S arah S iddons , t he a c tor C har les Y oung p layed w i th t he Ke mb le c hi ldren when h e v is i ted Mrs . S iddons .
A t t he n ex t h o me n ear t he
c hurchyard o ft he Padd ing ton c hurch t he c hi ldren p layed h ouse o n f l a t t o mbss tones w i th t he ir n urse ma id . When J ohn was a bou t s even a nd F anny was s e t t ing o ut f or t he s choo l r un b y Aun t F rances Kemb le Tw iss a t B a th , J ohn d isp layed a n e xamp le o fh is d eve lop ing b ib l io man ia b y g iv ing h is s is ter a who le c o l lect ion o fc h i ldren 's b ooks , wh ich h e h ad r ead a nd c arefu l ly p reserved . ( I , 1 4-20 ) I n 1 818 t he f am i ly l i ved o n Craven H i l l , B ayswa ter ,near ly f ive mi les f ro m t he f a ther 's w ork i n t he t hea tre , i n a modes t h ouse among s evera l o f s o me p re tens ion , wh ich h owever h ad ap re t ty g arden i n f ron t a nd v eranda i n t he r ear , g iv ing K emb le 's mo ther t he efec t o f r ura l i ty wh ich s he d es ired .
When
t he f am i ly r ented l odg ings i n G erard S tree t , S oho t hey w ere p rov ided w i th r oo ms o f L ou is Qu inze s ty le w i th r ococo o rnamen ta t ions a nd a b ack s ta ircase . J ohn was a t t h is t ime p ursu ing t he s tudy o f c hem is try , a nd h ad a n o ut-of-the way s or t o f s pare b edroo m a s al abora tory f or h is i l l-savored ma ter ia ls a nd s cient if ic p rocesses . F ro m t hese h is mo ther s uf fered a c hron ic t error o f s udden d ea th b y b low ing u p .
( I , 5 1-56 )
T he Ke mb le c h i ldren , wh ich i nc luded J ohn , F anny , H enry a nd Ade la ide , p layed t hea tre a nd made a nd c o loured c ardboard f i gures . p roduced b y t he c h i ldren were :
Among t he d ramas
B luebeard , T he G ypsy 's C urse , a nd a s s o me-
t h ing w or thy o fn o t ice a nd a pproba t ion a bout 1 821 t hey p roduced Amoroso , K ing o f L i t t le B r i ta in b efore t he ir p aren ts a nd o ther t hea tr ica l p eop le . F anny p ra ised J ohn 's g u idance a nd l eadersh ip i n a l l ma t ters o ft as te f or t hese p urposes : My b ro ther J ohn was a lways manager a nd s pokes man i n t hese p erf ormances , a nd when h e f i t ted u p o ur t hea ter w i th r ea l b lue s i lk c ur ta in t ha t w ou ld r o l l u p , a nd a r ea l s e t o f f oo t l igh ts t ha t wou ld b urn , a nd when h e c on tr ived , w i th s o me r es in a nd b r ims tone a nd s a lt , p ut i n ac up a nd s e t o n f i re , t o p roduce a d iabo l ica l s put ter a nd f l are a nd b ad sme l l , s ignif ican t o ft he b low ing u p o ft he mi ll i n T he M i l ler a nd H is Men , g rea t was o ur e xu l ta t ion .
1 74
( I , 6 2-64 )
As a b oy K e mb le a t tended , p robab ly a s ab oarder , as choo l a t n earby C lapha m , r un b y C har les R ichardson , who h ad p ub l ished I l lus tra t ions o f E ng lish P hi lo logy i n 1 815 2 a nd was t o p ub l ish A N ew D ic t ionary o ft he E ng lish L anguage 3 a s we l l a s O n t he S tudy o f L anguage .
4
B ecause R ichardson em-
p loyed t he a ss istance o fh is i n te l ligent p up i ls i n c o mp i ling h is d ic t ionary , K e mb le d eve loped t here h is f orma l i n teres t
i n t he s cience o f l anguage .
( I ,62 )
T he q ues t ions c oncern ing when h e b egan a nd h ow l ong h e r e ma ined a t C lapha m a re d if f icu l t t o a nswer .
H e i s l i s ted a t B ury S t . E dmunds a s b e ing i n t he
s ix th f orm i n May , 1 825 , t he l i s ts f or 1 823 a nd 1 834 a re miss ing a nd h e i s n o t o n t he 1 822 l is t .
5
O ne c an t herefore p resu me t ha t h e was p robab ly u nder
R ichardson 's t u te lage s o mewhere f ro m t he l a te t eens t hrough t he e ar ly t wen t ies o ft ha t c entury . I n a dd i t ion U nc le J ohn P h i l ip Ke mb le a nd Ke mb le 's f a ther were p h i lo log is ts a nd e x tre me ly f ond o ft he s tudy o f l anguage w i th g ram mar b e ing t he ir l i gh t r ead ing .
B o th were g ood L a t in s cho lars , r ead F rench , I ta l ian a nd S pan ish ,
a nd C har les e ven s tud ied G reek g ram mar , a l l o f wh ich i nf luence was n o t l os t o n J ohn .
( 1 ,82-83 )
I n t he mid twen t ies t he f a mi ly h ad a s u m mer r es idence i n Weybr idge f or t hree y ears .
H ere J ohn a nd H enry s hared f i sh ing o n t he Thames a nd p layed
c r icke t w i th F anny when h o me f ro m s choo l .
J ohn owned a r if le a nd a f ow l ing
p iece w i th wh ich h e t r ied t o f a mi l iar ize F anny .
( I , 1 20 , 1 31-35 )
When Ke mb le a s at eenager , c ame u p t o K ing E dward V I F ree G ra m mar S choo l a t B ury S t . E dmunds ( F ig . 9 .3 ) i n t he e ar ly 1 820s , t h is i ns t itu t ion was l oca ted i n al arge , t wo-s tor ied , d or mer-roofed a nd many-w indowed , i mpress ive R o man-Ce men t-faced b r ick e d if ice o n Nor thga te S tree t a bou t a h a lf mi le f ro m t he c en tre o ft own . o u tbui ld ings .
There were amp le g rounds a nd s evera l
T he s choo l t ook i t s n a me f ro m a c har ter o ft ha t monarch i ssued
i n 1 550 , a l though t he r oots o f a med ieva l s choo l c an b e t raced b ack t o t he t ime o f A the ls tan i n t he t en th c entury a nd t o t he s ubsequen t s choo l a d junct o f t he g rea t B ened ic t ine monas tery t here t i l l i t s d isso lut ion i n 1 539 .
6
A l l t he t ime Ke mb le s pen t a t B ury was u nder t he g uidance o fp erhaps t he g rea tes t h eadmas ter o ft ha t s choo l d ur ing i t s i ndependen t p er iod , Dr . B en ja m in H ea th Ma lk in , ag radua te o f H arrow , w i th b ache lor 's a nd mas ter 's d egrees f ro m Tr in i ty C o l lege , C ambr idge a nd t he D . C . L . f ro m Oxford .
H e was a
F e l low o ft he S ociety o f A n t iquar ies a nd l a ter P rofessor o f H is tory a t t he U n iversi ty o f L ondon . 7 U nder h im t he s choo l f l our ished , t he a t tendance was t he h ighes t y e t , c ons is t ing i n 1 821 o ft h ir ty-n ine R oya l is ts , t hose whose h o mes were i n t he t own 's b oundar ies , a nd o ne h undred a nd e igh teen Opp idans , wh ich t erm i nc luded c oun try b oys a nd b oarders .
Th is was a t r ibu te t o h is
a bi l i ty , i n t he words o fJ ames S pedd ing i n al et ter o f 1 850 , " for l ay ing t he f ounda t ion a nd e ncourag ing t he g row th o f man ly c harac ter a nd i ndependent mind ."
Ma lk in i s a lso r e me mbered f or h is c ord ia l i ty o f c haracter , s ympa thy
w i th b oyl ife , a nd h is u nef fec ted r espec t f or t hose q ua li t ies wh ich b oys r espect i n e ach o ther .
8
The h ead mas ter s o me t imes t ook g roups t o t he t hea tre i n
Wes tga te S tree t o r i nv i ted t he m " to d ine w i th t he d oc tor" where h e l i s tened t o h is g ues ts ' o p inions w i th b enevo lent i n teres t wh i le Mrs . Ma lk in c ontr ibu ted much t o t he s tudents ' l i fe b y h er sweet ness o f c harac ter a nd c harm ing c are . Af ew , s i mp le , d isc ip l inary r u les ma in ta ined a n o rder wh ich p erm it ted t he
1 75
b oys t o a dm in is ter j us t ice among t he mse lves b u t f orbade b u l ly ing , f agg ing a nd c on t inued f i gh t ing .
9
Ag l i mpse a t t he t ype o f e duca t ion a f forded K e mb le a t B ury c an b e s een i n Ma lk in 's p ub l ica t ion , C lass ica l D isquis i t ions a nd C ur ios i t ies ,
1 0
whose
T ab le o f C on ten ts i nc luded among many o ther C lass ica l n a mes , i t e ms o n Ar is to te l ian P h i losophy , C aesar 's C o m mentar ies , C icero , J osephus , S eneca , H orace , V irg i l a nd s uch p er t inen t g e ms i n K emb le 's c ase a s "M isce l laneous E tymo log ies a nd P ecu l iar Meanings a nd U sages o f Words , .. P opu lar Tr icks a nd S upers t i t ions ,... a ges ."
P oe t ica l G enea log ies a nd E xp lo i ts o f F abu lous P erson-
T he d ed ica t ion " To My F ormer P up i ls ," o n May 2 5 , 1 825 , g ave
Ma lk in 's p urposes o f aC lass ica l e duca t ion :
"t o i l lus tra te t he b ear ing o f
a nc ient u pon modern t as te , l i tera ture a nd o p in ions ."
Th is r esu l ted b ecause
aw ide c irc le o f i mpor tan t s ub jec ts c an b e i n troduced t hrough l anguage e ar l ier , b ecause G reek a nd L a t in c o mpos i t ion make c r i t ics o f s tuden ts , b ecause g rea t wr i ters t each g enera l p r inc ip les o f r e l ig ion a nd t he f ounda t ion o fo rder , a nd b ecause b oys a cqu ire w i th t he l anguages t he h ear t a nd s ou l o ft he a u thors , s uch a s t he g rea t l essons o fh u man v ir tue i n H o mer , V irgi l , T u l ly a nd De mos thenes . T he P ub l ic R ecord O ff ice a t B ury c on ta ins a d ocu men t o f E xh ib i t ions o n March 2 1 , 1 827 g iv ing t he " Sub jects o ft he E xam ina t ion f or Michae l mas T er m 1 826, L en t T er m 1 827 ."
A l though s hor t ly a f ter K e mb le 's t ime , i tg ives a
g ood s amp le o f wha t was e xpec ted d ur ing h is y ears : 1 .
G ospe l a ccord ing t o S t . L uke a nd t he A cts o ft he Apos t les
2 .
T he F irs t Two B ooks o f Xenophon 's A nabas is
3 .
C icero 's Ora t ion f or Mi lo
4 .
T he F irs t S ix B ooks o ft he I l iad a nd t he F irs t a nd S econd B ooks o f t he Odyssey
5 .
The F irs t S ix B ooks o ft he Aene id
6 .
T he Twen ty-f irs t B ook o f L ivy l l
E qua l ly i mpor tan t were K e mb le 's c lass ma tes a t B ury i nclud ing Wi l l iam B odham D onne , h is l i fe long f r iend ; t rans la tor ;
E dward F i tzGera ld , t he p oet , c r i t ic a nd
Ar thur T ho mas Ma lk in , s on o ft he h eadmas ter ;
Tho mas R o mi l ly a nd J ames S pedd ing , t he B acon s cho lar .
E dward a nd G .
F i tzGera ld l ef t a
r ecord o fh is i mpress ions o f K e mb le 's h is tr ion ic a bi l i t ies a t B ury : In ever h eard s uch a c ap i ta l d eclama t ion a s h is H o tspur 's s peech b eg inn ing "My L iege , Id id d eny n o p r isoners ," a nd A lexander 's F eas t ,... h e a bou t e igh teen a nd t hen w i th t he p rof i le o f A lexander h i mse lf , a s Ih ave s een i to n meda ls .
1 2
A ctua l ly K e mb le w i th h is s tud ious l i terary p roc l iv i t ies was a dmired b y t hese f r iends a s at ower ing i n te l lectua l . H e s o me t imes e ven o uts tr ipped h is t eachers , g o ing o n a head t o s how t he m t he r oad . 1 3 I n 1 825 K e mb le g a ined a t B ury a H ewer E xh ib i t ion wh ich g ave h im t he o pp or tun i ty o fg o ing o n t o T r in i ty C o l lege , C ambr idge .
Accord ing t o p apers i n
t he B ury P ub l ic R ecord O f f ice , E dward H ewer , d raper o f I ondon , i n h is w i l l o fJ anuary 6 , 1 568 made p rov is ion , p ayab le t w ice a nnua l ly , f or f our
1 ' 76
s cho lars o f B ury , o r ig ina l ly t wo e ach f or c iv i l l aw a nd f or p hys ik t o a t tend Oxford o r C ambr idge .
1 4
Records i nd ica te t ha t K e mb le was a dm it ted t o C ambr idge a s ap ens ioner , wh ich means t he o rd inary a dm iss ion w i thou t s cho larsh ip , o n J une 2 6 , 1 824 , b ut t ha t h e d id n o t ma tr icu la te t i l l M ichae lmas , S ep tember 2 9 , 1 826 .
1 5
O ne
c an r easonab ly s uspect t ha t h is a ch ievemen ts a t t he S peech Day a t B ury i n 1 824 may h ave s ecured h is a dm iss ion a nd t ha t t he Hewer E xh ib i t ion g ran t p a id o n ly ap or t ion o fh is f ees , t he r es t b e ing b orne b y h is f a ther . T here i s n o o f f icia l n ot ice t ha t K e mb le was a s pec tacu lar s tuden t d ur ing h is c o l lege d ays i n t he p rescr ibed c lass ics a nd ma thema t ics c ourses , f or h is n a me d oes n o t a ppear i n t he f i rs t o r s econd c lass l i s ts i n t he Tr ipos E xam inat i ons . 1 6 H owever , F anny K e mb le , wr i t ing o n J une 8 , 1 827 , e xpressed t he j oy o ft he e n t ire f a mi ly b ecause , " John h as a t l eng th e xer ted h imse lf s uccessf u l ly , a nd h as o b ta ined o ne o ft he h ighes t l i terary h onours c onferred b y C ambr idge o n i t s s tuden ts : t hese a re h is t utor 's v ery words ." I n D ece mber 1 827 s he a dded wha t Mr . P eacock , J ohn 's t u tor wro te t o t he ir f a ther : h as c overed h imse lf w i th g lory .
"' He
S uch a n o ra t ion a s h is h as n o t b een h eard
f or many y ears i n C a mbr idge , a nd i t was a s t as tefu l ly a nd modes t ly d e l ivered a s i t was we l l wr it ten . "1 7 K e mb le a rr ived h ome w i th t he t rophy i n J anuary 1 828 , b u t t here was n o i nd ica t ion o ft he s ub jec t o ft he a ddress e xcep t t ha t F anny f eared t he p ass iona te e agerness o fh is p ursu i ts , h is f renzy a nd e xci temen t a bou t p o l i t ica l q ues t ions a nd t he p oss ib le d anger t o h is f uture p rospects . ( I , 1 78-79 , 1 95 ) C oncern ing i n te l lectua l a nd p ersona l d eve lopmen t a t t he e nd o fh is f i rs t c o l lege y ear K emb le was f our th i n t he c lass i n h is p apers . H e was r ead ing i n t he s u m mer o f 1 827 i n t he B r i t ish Museu m a nd t each ing h is b ro ther H enry a no ther l anguage b y mak ing h im t rans la te , t hen a f ew d ays l a ter r e trans la te a s S ir Wi l l ia m J ones r eco m mended i n h is P ers ian G ram mar .
Kemb le f e l t
t ha t E ng l ish e duca t ion was i mprov ing a nd t ha t L ondon U n ivers i ty we lco med r evo lu t ion f ro m w i th in . I n d isagreemen t w i th B yron h e b e lieved t ha t man h ad d u t ies t o s ocie ty .
H e p lanned a C hr is tmas Dec la ma t ion o n " The Res tora-
t i on o f L e t ters i n E urope b y t he Arabs ."
I n 1 828 h e wro te o f r ead ing R ober t
B urns a nd S ir C har les J ames Nap ier 's P en insu lar Wars .
1 8
T hough n o t p hysica l ly t a l l K e mb le a s ay oung man was s trong a nd we l l made w i th c lear ly c u t f ea tures a nd d ark , b r igh t e yes ; w i th a f i ne v o ice f or s ong a nd r ec i ta t ion ; b r i l l ian t o fc onversa t ion a nd v ery p opu lar . H ence h is e x tracurr icu lar a nd s por ts mansh ip l i fe a t C ambr idge was v ery a c t ive , a nd t he a dd i t iona l f r iendsh ips h e f ormed were t o i nf luence h is l i fe f or s o me t ime . Among t hose f r iends were : C har les B u l ler , Ar thur H a l lam , J ohn F reder ick Den ison Maur ice , R ichard Monck ton M i Ines , J ohn S ter l ing , Tho mas S underl and , A lfred a nd F reder ick T ennyson , Wi l liam Makepeace Thackeray a nd R ichard C he nev ix T rench . Ke mb le b ecame a me mber o ft he C a mbr idge U n ion , ad eba t ing s ocie ty wh ich a lso p resen ted t hea tr ica l p erformances , a nd h e s erved a s i t s s ecre tary d ur ing t he L en t T erm 1 827 a nd a s i t s p res ident i n 1 828 a long w i th f e l low o f f icers d rawn f ro m f r iends g iven a bove . T ha t y ear h e s poke n o l ess t han s even teen t imes ! I n h is r ecord o ft he U n ion , P ercy C radock wro te t ha t K e mb le : 1 77
was d ark , c onf ident a nd e x travagan t .
H e h ad a lready t ha t wayward-
n ess o f l earn ing t ha t l ed h im b eyond t he n orma l amb i t ions o ft he l aw a nd t he c hurch , a nd e ventua l ly t o G ermany , t o J acob Gr imm , t he e d i tor o f B eowu lf , a nd t he c o mparab le l abours o ft he C odex d ip lo mat i cus .
1 9
L ord Pa l mers ton f ough t t he U n ivers i ty s ea t o n " Corn , C urrency a nd C a tho l ics" i n 1 826 a nd was r e turned b y Wh ig v o tes . Thus C a tho l ic Emancipat ion b eca me g rand p o l i t ica l ma t ter o ft he U n ion , was r epea ted ly b rough t u p a nd n arrow ly c arr ied i n p acked h ouses . 20 T ha t K emb le t ook p ar t i n s uch d eba tes i s e v iden t f ro m t wo o fh is MSS a t T r ini ty C o l lege L ibrary . The f i rs t , c a l led " Ca tho l ic Q ues t ion ," i s an ine-page s e t o f s o mewha t r ough o ut l ine n o tes t rac ing i n mixed c hrono log ica l o rder t he s i tua t ion , e spec ia l ly a s i tr el a ted t o I re land . 2 1 T he o ther MS i s al e t ter t o M i lnes c onta in ing f or h is i nspect i on a nd a pprova l ap e t i t ion t o P ar l iament i n f avor o f C a tho l ic Emanc ipa t ion wr it ten a t Tr in i ty C o l lege , o n ly b ecause h e , S under land a nd Trench f e l t t he s igna tures , e ven i ff ew , wou ld h ave
more e f fec t a nd t hen w ou ld i nduce o ther
c o l leges t o f o l low where t hey f eared t o l ead .
2 2
Dur ing t he s u m mer o f 1 827 K e mb le s hared w i th h is s is ter F anny h is a rgumen ts a nd o p in ions o f f avor i te a u thors , e spec ia l ly when t he f a mi ly was a t E as t lands C ot tage , Weybr idge . o fh is i n tense p o l i t ica l v iews :
I n J anuary 1 828 s he g ave a n i n t ima te p icture
He i s n e i ther T ory n or Wh ig , b ut a r ad ica l , au ti l i tar ian , a n a dorer o f B en tham , aw orsh ipper o f [ James ] M i l l , a n a dvoca te f or v o te b y b a ll ot , a n o pponen t o fh ered i tary a r is tocracy , t he c hurch e s tab l ishment , t he a r my a nd n avy , wh ich h e d ee ms s ources o fu nnecessary n a t iona l e xpense ; .. morn ing , n oon a nd n igh t , h e i s wr i t ing who le v o lumes o f a rgu men ts a ga ins t t he m , f u l l o f ag ood d ea l o f c arefu l s tudy a nd r ead ing , a nd i n c lose , c oncise , f orcib le s ty le , wh ich i s e xce l lent i n i t se lf , a nd t he e ssays a re c red i tab le t o h is l abor ious i ndus try ; b u t t hey w i l l n ot t each h im ma the ma t ics , o r g ive h im a s cho larsh ip o r h is d egree . Tha t h e w i l l d ist ingu ish h imse lf h ereaf ter , Ih ave n o d oub t ; b u t a t p resen t h e i s e ngrossed b y ap ass ion ( f or i ts eems t o me n o th ing l ess ) wh ich o ccup ies h is m ind a nd t ime , t o t he d e tr imen t , i fn o t t he e xc lusion o f a l l o ther s tud ies .
( I , 1 81 , 1 85 , 1 99 )
H owever d ur ing t he p reced ing s u m mer K e mb le h ad b een a dm i t ted t o t he I nner Te mp le i n L ondon o n J une 2 2 , 1 827 a nd i n tended t o r ead l aw wh i le a t Cambr idge .
2 3
A ctua l ly K emb le 's l aw r ead ing i nc luded S ir E dward C oke 's
I ns t itu tes o ft he L aws o f E ng land , b u t a s o ne l earns l a ter f ro m h is wr i t ings h e p referred t he i ncunabu la o ft he l aw t o i t s p rac t ica l a pp lica t ion i n al ega l c areer . T ha t K e mb le p ar took o ft he s por t o f a rchery s ee ms e v iden t f rom a mockh eroic p oe m e n t i t led " A N ob le Ba l lade o f Archery , B e ing t he T rag ica l L ife a nd Dea th o f aC ock S parrow ," f ound i n T r in i ty C o l lege . 24 Th is t we lves tanza b a l lad t e l ls t he s tory o f as parrow mock ing t he efor ts o ft he T r in i ty a rchers t o h i t t he t arge t .
Wr i t ten i n o lder s ty le t he s econd a nd t we lf th
s tanzas g ive a n i dea o fK e mb le 's o f f-the-top-of-h is-head , c arefree t hough ts ,
1 78
wh i le s how ing t he g enera l s ty le o ft he p oe m : Ne s tudy k eeped t he m [ archers ] i n t he ir wa l ls N e b okes p erp lexed t he ir b ra in , And t hey r eeked n o t o f C hape l , n e G a tes n e H a l ls , Th is g a l lan t Archer Tra in .
A nd a l l y e f oes o f Mer ie E ng londe B e s ure t ha t we o u[ th ] s ha l l s erve y e , F or l i ke t he C ocksparrow y e s ha l l f a l l b y t he a rrow O f o ur f a mous P res iden t Harvey .
2 5
K e mb le 's ma in o ther a c t iv i ty a t C ambr idge was h is me mbersh ip i n t he C a mbr idge C onversaz ione S ocie ty , more f am i l iar ly k nown a s t he " Apos t les ," b ecause a t o ne t ime t here h ad b een o n ly t we lve me mbers .
H ere h e made
a dd i t iona l f r iendsh ips w i th J oseph H enry B lakes ley , Wi l l ia m H enry B rookf ie ld , H enry L ush ing ton a nd G eorge S tov in V enab les , a l l o f who m l a ter o ccup ied i mpor tan t p os i t ions i n c hurch a nd s ta te .
T he g roup me t e very S a turday n igh t
a t t he r oo ms o fo ne o ft he me mbers who r ead a p aper , g enera l ly o n al i terary , t heo log ica l o r p o l i t ica l t op ic .
Wi th t he ir l i bera l v iews t hey a dm ired t he
G er man h is tor ian Bar tho ld G . N iebuhr , J eremy B entham a nd J ames M i l l . C har les Mer iva le l ef t a mos t i n teres t ing wh ims ica l g li mpse o ft he g roup i n t erms o f Ke mb le 's c on tr ibu t ions :
" The s ty le o fo ur l ucubra t ions may b e i l lus-
t ra ted p erhaps b y o ne o fo ur p rofound p h i loso ,phers , J ack Ke mb le : i s o ne g rea t t hough t , a nd Iam t h ink ing i t .
"z 6
' The wor ld
More s er ious a nd p erhaps l ess
F ich tean i s Ke mb le 's s onne t o ft h is p er iod : Ph i losophy Migh t , ma jes ty a nd w isdo m w ere t he d ower Tha t man i nher i ted ;
why h as h e s tr iven
T o c as t away t he p anop ly o fh eaven , Wi lfu l ly c rouch ing i n t he w or ld 's d ark p ower? F a i th , l ove a nd wa tchfu lness w ere a s at ower F ro m wh ich h e migh t o ter look t he wh ir l ing wave O fh opes a nd f ears ;
ar ock o f migh t t o s ave
The s h ipwreck 'd mar iner i n e v i l h our ; And t hese h e h a th d isda ined .
Woe i s me
Tha t , G od ,e ndowed , h e y e t s hou ld b ear t o c reep A long w i th n o iso me c rea tures o ft he d eep , S har ing t he b ois terous u nres t o ft he s ea , T i l l t u mu l t i s h is n a ture , a nd h is l i fe I s a s t he b i l lows , d ash ing h a te a nd s tr ife .
2 7
A l though a c yn ic migh t s ee s o me p rophecy i n t he l a t ter l i nes a s a pp licab le t o K e mb le 's l a ter l i fe o fu nset t led a f fa irs , h is c on te mporar ies , who t hen c a l led h im " Jacky" a nd l a ter " Ang lo-Saxon K e mb le ," s aw h im a s t he b r igh tes t a nd c heer ies t o ft heir n u mber . F or a t ime K e mb le p r in ted o n at oy h andp ress a s ix-inch-squared n ewspaper w i th p oe try a nd p rose c o mposi t ions t o t he d e l igh t o ft he c irc le who p erce ived h is e xce l lence i n v erse . 1 79
T hey e xpected
mos t f ro m h im a nd f u l ly a pprec ia ted h is o ra tor ica l p owers i n t he b i t terness o fp o l i t ics , n o t ing t ha t h is s peeches " never h ad t he i ns ip id i ty d ue t o l ack o f p re jud ice ."
They a lso r ea l ized t ha t h is c lass ics a nd ma the ma t ics s uf fered
a s ac onsequence o f h is p o l i t ica l e f for ts d ur ing c o l lege d ays , a nd t ha t h is v iews migh t n o t a l low h im t o g a in t he c onven t iona l r ewards a nd s a t isfac t ions l a ter i n l i fe .
A t f i rs t t hey t hough t h e w ou ld g o i nto t he C hurch :
" pu t t ha t e stab l ish-
men t i n o rder a nd , s o s oon a s h e s hou ld h ave a ch ieved t here in a s uff icien t ly a u thor i ta t ive p osi t ion , r e-arrange a nd c on tro l t he r e l ig ions a nd p o l i t ics o ft he e n t ire wor ld ." T ennyson :
K e mb le 's w i t c ou ld a lso h ur t a s when h e d escr ibed y oung
" In A lfred 's mind t he ma ter ia ls o ft he v ery g rea tes t w orks a re
h eaped i n a bundance wh ich i s a l mos t c onfus ion ."
H e c ou ld b eco me a ngry , a s
when s o meone p layfu l ly h id h is mor tarboard a t ac onv iv ia l p ar ty :
"Whosoever
i tw ere , h ad b e t ter h ave t ouched a s leep ing t i ger t han t ha t c ap . "2 8 When Ke mb le c ame u p t o q ua l ify f or h is b ache lor 's d egree i n 1 829 a f ter t he n or ma l t en t er ms , h e g ave ofense t o t he e xa m iners b y c onf in ing h is a nswers a bout L ocke a nd Pa ley t o a rgu men ts a ga ins t t he m .
O n F ebruary 2 ,
1 829 Manes d escr ibed t he h appen ing : [ Ke mb le ] h as b een v ery i l l-trea ted h ere , n obody k nows why , e xcep t t ha t i n h is e xa m ina t ion h e c a l led Pa ley a "miserab le s oph is t ," a nd t a lked o f L ocke 's " loa thso me i nf ide l i ty ," wh ich p leased o ne v ery much , b ut made t he e xam iners v ery a ngry .
S o me p roposed t o p luck
h im , b ut o ne s a id , "We w i l l n o t make h im a mar tyr . "2 9 T he a cade m ic y ear h ad n o t b een w i thou t c hanges i n t he l ives o f K e mb le 's c lose f r iend a nd f a mi ly .
Wi l l iam B odham D cnne h ad l ef t C ambr idge b ecause
h e c ou ld n ot i n c onscience s ubscr ibe t o t he T h ir ty-N ine Ar t ic les o f t he E s tabl ished C hurch , wh ich K e mb le d id n o t t h ink w ere t o b e t aken s er ious ly , a l though h e s t i l l a dm ired a nd r espec ted Donne . "
A t h o me Ke mb le 's f a ther f e l t b i t ter
d isappo in t men t a t J ohn 's f ai lure t o c o mp le te h is d egree , e specia l ly s ince h e h oped J ohn w ou ld o ne d ay b eco me L ord C hance l lor .
( I , 2 98 )
K e mb le v is i ted G er many w i th h is T r in i ty f r iend , C har les B ar ton , d ur ing t he s u m mer o f 1 829 .
S ter l ing h ad b een a pprehens ive o ft he r esu l t o f G er man
t hough t o n K e mb le , b ut D onne f e l t t ha t i t was g ood f or h im t o v is i t " h is s p ir i tua l c rad le ," t ha t h e was r egenera ted f ro m h is s pec ious d e lusion o f f a lsehood a nd misconcep t ion , e spec ia l ly s ince h is a f fect ions r e ta ined t he ir c h i ldhood f reshness .
Ke mb le imag ined h e f ound wha t h e wan ted among t he
G ermans w i th t he ir d eeper t one o ft hough t a nd more d e l ibera te me thods o f s tudy .
3 1
K e mb le d escr ibed a t yp ica l A ugus t d ay i n H eide lberg :
r ead ing
K an t 5o r 6A . M . t i l l 8 , a ga in a f ter b reakfas t t i l l 1 0 A . M ., n ex t a n h our 's S panish .
He v is i ted t he S tudent C lub , was i mpressed b y s tudents ' s e lf -
g overn men t a nd d evo t ion t o t he ir f a ther land , p lanned t o v is i t Munich t o g e t a dv ice f ro m t he p h i losopher S che l l ing , a nd h oped t o r egenera te E ng land .
3 2
A t Munich K e mb le me t p h i lo log is ts F r iedr ich Wi lhe lm T h iersch , G eorg An ton F . As t a nd G eorg F r . C reuzer .
H e s tud ied p h i lo logy u nder J ohann A .
S chme l ler , h eard Augus t Wi lhe lm v on S ch lege l r ead t he N ibe lunge N o t a nd l earned a bou t J akob G r im m 's my tho log ica l s tud ies f ro m H ans F erd inand Mass mann .
1 80
K e mb le n oted i n t wo s onne ts h is f ee lings o f We l tschmerz b efore c l if fs a nd c as t les o n t he Rh ine , a nd h is r ea l is t ic , i nner d e term ina t ion t o c arry o n i n l i fe , f or e xamp le i n t he o cte t o fo ne a nd i n t he s es te t o ft he o ther : Rhe infe ls Proud ly i n d ays g one b y h as t t hou l ooked d own , Thou r oya l p i le , o n r iver , t ower , a nd h i l l : N ow was t ing t ime wh ich a l l t ha t 's f a ir d o th k i l l Ha th t orn t hee p iece mea l ; o ver t hee h a th g rown I vy , d ecay 's b r igh t h arb inger , a nd t hrown Af resh d ress o n t he mass t o wh ich n o s k i l l I n man , n o e nergy o f Ar t o r Wi l l , C an g ive a ga in t he y ou thhood t ha t h a th f l own . The e ar th i s o ld a nd p a ls ied ;
s he h a th s een
Her p roudes t b u lwarks l eve l led , s he h a th h eard Av oice p roc la im ing t ha t h er p ower d o th f a i l . Y e t t o i l w e o n u ndaun ted a nd s erene ! The s p ir i t o f an ever-dy ing w ord L ives i n o ur s ong ; h ow c an w e weep o r wa i l !
3 3
When K emb le r ead i n a Mun ich n ewspaper i n t he f a l l o f 1 829 t ha t h is s is ter F anny was t o make h er s tage d ebu t , h e f e l t a s i f ac o ld s word h ad g one t hrough h is h ear t .
3 4
T h is f ee l ing o f c hagr in was t he v ery l eas t K e mb le c ou ld ofer ,
b ecause wh i le h e d eba ted p o l i t ics , amused h is c lassma tes , i rked h is a cade m ic mentors a nd imbued h imse lf w i th p hi lo logy , t he f a mi ly f i nances were i n b ad s hape .
T he f a ther 's i nco me was £ 800 i n 1 828 , a nd h is e xpenses a t c o l lege
were £ 300 .
( I , 2 24-25 , 2 74 ; I , 7 1 )
Af ter t he f a ther was a rres ted f or a
C oven t G arden Thea tre d eb t t he s i tua t ion was more d espera te , a nd a ccord ing ly F anny p layed t here v ery s uccessfu l ly h er f i rs t r o le a s J u lie t o n O ctober 5 , 5 1 829 . 3 P r ior t o h is a cademic t roub les a nd t r ip t o G ermany K e mb le h ad f e lt i nc l ined t o s a lu te t he h omes o fh is p ub l ic h eroes , J ere my B en tha m a nd J a mes M i l l . H e n ow r enounced h is i n ten t ion o fg o ing t o t he b ar a nd i n to p o l i t ica l l i fe i n o rder t o s tudy f or t he C hurch , d ue p erhaps t o t he s ober ing efect o fh is c o l lege d isappo in tmen t a nd t he i nf luence o fh is f r iends . G ermany h is f ami ly h eard o f a n a va i lab le C hurch l iv ing .
Wh ile h e was s t i l l i n ( I , 2 93 ;
I , 8 4 )
K e mb le was r ap id ly s u m moned h o me a nd a ccord ing t o M i kes was a t Cambr idge r ead ing me taphys ics b y O c tober 2 2 , 1 829 .
3 6
H owever t here was s o me c on-
f us ion o r i nd is t inc t me mory o n t he p ar t o f M i lnes o r o f B lakes ley , who wrote o n J anuary 2 4 , 1 830 t ha t e ar l ier i n t he month K emb le h ad p lanned t o r eturn f ro m Mun ich t o E ng land . o rfu l :
B lakes ley 's o ther d e ta i ls a bou t K emb le were c o l-
H e h ad b een mak ing a n e xped i t ion i n to t he Tyro l , a nd g ra t ify ing h is p re jud ices w i th t he s igh t o ft he g len where t en t housand F rench f e l l b enea th t he r if le-ba l ls o ft he p easan try . H e a lso i ngra t ia ted h imse lf i nto t he g ood g races o ft he p eop le b y wa ltz ing w i th c er ta in o f t he more g oodlook ing g ir ls , a nd t hen r eturned t o Mun ich t o r ead K ant , p ract i ce t he b roadsword , a nd wage bc r ipu vröv 7 t 6Xe t iov a ga ins t t ea a nd 1 81
c of fee , wh ich h e c ons iders t o v ie w i th t he d oc tr ines o f H e lve tius i n t he misch ief d one b y i tt o mank ind .
3 7
B ack i n E ng land K e mb le t ook h is d egree o n F ebruary 2 5 , 1 830 a nd r ema ined a t C ambr idge o s tens ib ly w i th t he i n ten t ion o fb e ing o rda ined .
H e was
s tudy ing t he B ib le , r ead ing i t ems i n A ng lo-Saxon w i th d i l igence a nd wr i t ing a cc idence , n o d oub t u nder t he i nf luence o f G r imm 's works .
H is o b jec t was
t o g ive a h is tory o ft he E ng l ish l anguage a nd t o s how t ha t p h i lo logy was a g rea t s cience . P erhaps t o c onv ince h i mse lf o ft he v a lue o f r eva la t ion h e was a lso wr i t ing a H u lsean p r ize e ssay a ga ins t R a t iona lis ts .
S ince t he C rown
L iv ing , p ro m ised t he f a mi ly b y L ord C hance l lor L yndhurs t , was n o t l i ke ly t o b e r a t if ied b y an ew k ing , B lakes ley t r ied t o p ersuade K e mb le t o b e o rda ined a t o nce , b efore K ing G eorge I Vd ied .
Y e t K emb le was o bs t ina te a nd s eemed
t o h ave b rough t more e n thus ias m t han g ood t as te f ro m G ermany . 3 8 A lfred Tennyson , o n l earning o f K e mb le 's d ec is ion t o e n ter t he C hurch , wrote t he f o l low ing s onne t wh ich s u ms u p t he r espec t a nd e xpec ta t ions o f many f r iends : T o J . M . K . My h ope a nd h ear t i s w i th t hee— thou w i l t b e Al a t ter L u ther , a nd a s o ld ier-pr ies t T o s care c hurch-harp ies f ro m t he mas ter 's f eas t ; Our d us ted v e lve ts h ave much n eed o f t hee : Thou a r t n o S abba th-draw ler o fo ld s aws , D is ti l l 'd f ro m s o me w orm-cankered h omi ly ; B u t s purr 'd a t h ear t w i th f i er ies t e nergy T o emba t ta i l a nd t o wa l l a bout t hy c ause Wi th i ron-worded p roof , h a t ing t o h ark The h umm ing o ft he d rowsy p u lp i t-drone Ha lf G od 's g ood S abba th , wh i le t he w ornou t c lerk Brow-bea ts h is d esk b e low .
T hou f rom at hrone
Moun ted i n h eaven w il l s hoo t i n to t he d ark Arrows o fl i gh tn ings .
Iw i l l s tand a nd mark .
3 9
H owever , K e mb le was amb iva len t a bou t ac hurch c areer . H e was a nnoyed a t o bs tac les o fb ir th a nd e duca t ion i n t he a scent o ft he E ng l ish C hurch , e spec ia l ly s ince h e c ou ldn 't b eg in d iv in i ty l ectures t i l l t he f a l l o f 1 830 , a nd w ou ld r a ther h ave s tayed i n G ermany w i th Trench .
Y e t s pr ing r em inded K emb le o f
n ew b ir th , o ft he u nso lved mys ter ies o f e x is tence a nd i nf in i ty .
I n K an t ian
t erms h e l oved t he b eau ty o fn ou mena more t hen t he p heno mena . H is f a i th i n t he r e l ig ion o fn ature , o ft he s ou l a nd o f C hr is t , h owever , n eeded i n te l lectua l b ases , a nd h is u nders tand ing of ten f ocused o n me taphys ica l o b jec ts o fl ove . B u t h e a lso f e l t w i th Wordswor th t ha t " poe try i s r e l ig ion ," a nd w ished h e c ou ld f a l l p ass iona te ly i n l ove t o g e t c loser t o G od i n p rayer . I n t hose d ays Ke mb le d id n ot p ub l ish a t rans la t ion o f K an t a s T rench u rged , b u t r ema ined af i rm p ro tector o ft he i dea ls o ft he C ambr idge " Apos t les . "40 Dur ing a nd s ubsequen t t o t he P en insu lar War i n S pa in ( 1 808-13 ) , i n wh ich Br i t ish mi l i tary l eadersh ip f i na l ly c aused t he e xpu ls ion o f K ing J oseph B onap ar te a nd t he r es tora t ion o ft he B ourbon K ing F erd inand V I I t o t he t hrone , S panish c ons t i tu t iona l l i bera ls a nd c onserva t ives , w ho h ad j o ined f orces
1 82
a ga ins t t he F rench , c lashed w i th e ach o ther f or c on tro l o ft he c oun try .
The
i mpo l i t ic k ing made l i bera l p ro m ises d ur ing a n i nsurrec t ion i n 1 820 wh ich h e l a ter d isavowed .
Aga in w i th t he s uppor t o f aF rench a rmy , h e p ro m ised a
modera te g overn men t i n a n 1 823 s trugg le when h e was a h os tage o ft he l ibera ls .
O nce a ga in i n p ower a nd a ga ins t t he w ishes o ft he F rench g enera l who
a ided h im , h e e xecu ted h undreds o fl i bera ls a nd j a i led o r e x i led h undreds more .
Among t h is l a t ter g roup o ne G enera l J ose Mar ia T orr i jos was t he
a cknow ledged l eader o ft hose e x i les who l i ved i n S o mers T own a nd g a thered a bou t E us ton S quare a nd S t . P ancras C hurch , L ondon . J ohn S ter l ing me t t he G enera l , who v is i ted h is h o me i n R egen t S tree t .
I n 1 830 S ter l ing p ersuaded
an u mber o ft he " Cambr idge D e mocra ts ," i nc lud ing C har les B ar ton , whose s is ter h e marr ied , T rench , a nd K e mb le t o a ssis t T orr i jos i n a t temp t ing a n o ver throw o ft he e x is t ing S pan ish g overn men t . They h oped t o f orce t he k ing t o s ubmi t t o h is C ortes a nd t o r u le b y c ons t itu t iona l means . I n to t h is c onsp ira cy c ame S ter l ing 's c ous in , L ieutenan t R ober t B oyd , ad ischarged U lster I r ishman w i th d ri l l e xper ience a nd a £ 5000 i nher i tance wh ich h e i nves ted f or t he p urchase a nd o u tf i t t ing o f a sma l l s h ip i n t he T hames R iver .
B ar ton p re-
s u mab ly wen t t o H o l land t o p urchase s upp l ies 4 .1 Thus i n t he s pr ing o f 1 830 , when b o th K e mb le a nd Trench w ere p lann ing t o t ake d iv in i ty l ectures a t C a mbr idge i n t he f a l l , t hey g ave t he ir y ou thfu l , f ear less e n thus ias m t o t h is e xped i t ion t o G ibra ltar .
S ince K emb le was n ot
y e t ma ture e nough t o make h is d ecis ion t o e n ter o r n o t t o e n ter t he C hurch , t h is was a t e mporary e scape . K e mb le 's p arents , n ot e ven c onv inced a bou t h is a bi li ty t o e scor t F anny t o t he C orona t ion o f K ing Wi l l iam a nd Queen Ade la ide o n J une 2 6, w ere d eceived c oncern ing h is whereabou ts .
H e l ef t
L ondon o n J u ly 7 o s tens ib ly t o v is i t D onne i n N orfo lk , b u t a ctua l ly h e wen t r igh t t o G ibra l tar t o o rgan ize t he r evo lt a head o ft he ma in p ar ty wh ich was t o l eave L ondon o n J u ly 1 1 .
K e mb le a nd T rench u sed Donne 's h o me a s ac enter
f or c orrespondence w h ich was t o c on ta in n o n ames t o i dent ify a ny o ft he p ar ty . Kernb le 's p aren ts wou ld t hus b e k ep t f ur ther i n t he d ark . Among s uch p lans T rench p a id t r ibu te t o K e mb le :
" There i s n o man w i th who m Iwou ld more
r e jo ice t o b e t hrown among t he e ven ts t o wh ich we a re h as tening . t r 42 I n L ondon t he ma in p ar ty 's s h ip was s urpr ised b y t he Thames p o lice , who were a ler ted b y t he S pan ish E nvoy a nd t he B r i t ish F ore ign S ecre tary , L ord Aberdeen . S ter l ing e scaped o n a sma l l b oa t a nd wen t t o Dea l o n t he Dover c oas t t o t e l l t he wa i t ing S pan ish g roup a nd E ng l ish v o lun teers t o g o t o G ibra lt ar b y o ther means . H e a cco mpan ied t he m i n a n o pen b oa t o n ly a s f ar a s S t . Va lery-en-Caux b efore r e turning h o me . 4 3 By Augus t 2 6 T rench h ad j o ined t he l oneso me K e mb le i n G ibra ltar . I f h e d idn 't r eturn Kemb le w an ted D onne t o h ave h is I l iad a nd Odyssey , a nd w an ted Dav id J enn ings V ipan , a Tr in i ty f r iend f ro m The tford , N orfo lk , t o k now a bou t h is wr i t ings o n t he G o th ic e le men t i n S pan ish a nd h is amp le ma t ter i n -L ondon f or a n e tymo log ica l g ram mar o f E ng l ish . P robab ly d ur ing t h is r e la t ive ly i nac t ive p er iod K e mb le c o mposed h is "L ove 's D irge ," f ar away f ro m E ng land 's wh ir l ing s team l oo ms a nd f l uf f ing c ot ton j enn ies , a n e cho o f h is own emo t iona l o u t look : 44
1 _ 83
1 . L ove h a th p er ished l ong a go , A las ! a nd we l l-away ; L ay h im i n t he c o ld g round l ow Nea th t he i ce a nd t he c r isp s now And t he w intry c lay . Where n o e ar th ly v io lets g row Where n o f resh S pr ing b reezes b low P eacefu l ly L e t h im d ie A s t he b ur ied may . 2 . When y oung h ear ts g rew d u l l a nd o ld L ove p ined a nd d ied When t he war m h and 's g rasp was c o ld And t he f r iend 's e ye s trange ly r o l led , Wha t was l ef tb es ide ? L ay h im i n t he Win try mou ld ; F ew h ear ts y e t h is k ne l l h ave l mo l led . S oon w i l l t hey F a in t away , L ay t he m b y h is s ide . 3 . They w ere h appy i n h is smi le As r oses i n f resh s howers : B u t h e i s s la in b y h a te a nd g u i le , They w i l l f o l low ; y e t awh i le F ir a f ew s ad h ours P i lgr ims t o ah o ly p i le T hey h ave w andered many a mi le H ere t o s hed O 'er h is h ead A l l L ife 's w i thered f l owers ! When t he o ther l i bera ls g a thered w i th K e mb le a nd Trench a t G ibra l tar t hey made p lans w i th T orr i jos a nd awa i ted n ews o ft he r ebel l ion i n S pa in t ha t t hey w ere t o j o in . K e mb le f e l t s uper ior t o D onne , who was marr ied a nd s et t led a t h o me .
4 5
H e g ave l i t t le t hough t t o t he p ro longed w orr ies o fh is
f am i ly o ver h im :4 6 They h ired a h ouse wh ich t hey d eno m ina ted C ons t i tu t ion Ha l l , where t hey p assed t he ir t ime smok ing a nd d r ink ing a le , J ohn h o ld ing f or th u pon G erman me taphys ics , wh ich g rew d ense i n p ropor t ion a s t he t obacco f u mes g rew t h ick a nd h is g lass g rew emp ty .
4 7
T he E ng l ish p ar t isans v owed n o t t o s have u n t i l S pa in was l ibera ted . A s h ope o f s uccess f aded b eards a nd mous taches were s haved o f f , b u t K e mb le
1 84
k ep t h is t he l onges t .
4 8
Among t he s ongs t hey s ang was o ne a bou t F rancisco
J av ier E l io , who was e xecu ted i n 1 822 f or h is s ever i t ies a ga ins t S pan ish l ibera ls : t ad , & c .
" S i u n E l i-o c on-sp i-ro a le-vo-so c on tra e l p ueblo y s u . .. 1 i-ber4 9
O ne a bor t ive a c t ion i n wh ich Ke mb le a nd h is p ar ty p ar t ic ipa ted h appened a t midn igh t , O c tober 2 4 , 1 830 .
The g roup were i n ab oa t of t he ma in land
v a in ly awa i t ing b eacon s igna ls f ro m t he S pan ish C ons t i tu t iona l is ts o n l and who were t o h ave murdered t he ir o ff icers b efore t he E ng l ish p ar t isans l anded . Actua l ly Br i t ish a u thor i t ies b oarded t he b oa t a nd r eturned K e mb le a nd t he o thers t o G ibra l tar .
5 0
Trench g ave u p t he c ause a nd r e turned h o me b y March 6 , 1 831 , s orry t ha t K e mb le d id n o tt hen c ome b ack t o h is c lear d u t ies .
5 1
S pedd ing t hough t
Ke mb le a g ay a nd p rof l iga te E ng l ishman , B lakes ley w ondered a bou t h is f uture s tatus i f s uccessfu l i n S pa in a nd Donne v is i ted t he K e mb le f a mi ly d ur ing a l l t he u ncer ta in ty .
5 2
K e mb le f i na l ly c ame h o me o n May 2 1 , 1 831 ,
5 3
wr i t ing T rench h is i nner-
mos t f ee l ings o n May 2 8 : Ih ave a t l eng th f o l lowed y our e xamp le , wh ich migh t h ave g iven me c ourage s ooner , i f Iwere l ess s ub ject t o f oo l ish a nd f a lse f anc ies o f my own .
Thank G od , h owever , t ha t s tep i s t aken .
Iam h ere i n t he
b oso m o f my f a mi ly , a nd v ery r eso lu te t o s hu t my e ars t o t he v oice e ven o f t he w ises t c har mers t ha t s ha l l t e mp t me a ga in t o l eave i t . The who le e p isode e nded w i th f oreseen s adness .
5 4
A ccord ing t o C ar ly le 's
a ccoun t T orr i jos , B oyd a nd s o me f if ty-four o thers l anded o n t he S pan ish c oas t o n N ove mber 3 0 , 1 831 , a nd were c aptured t he n ex t d ay .
A l l were e xecu-
t ed o n Dece mber 1 1 a t Ma laga , af ac t wh ich e ver a f ter d eep ly t roub led S ter l ing , who h ad b rough t h is k ins man B oyd a nd T orr i jos t oge ther . as harp a nd b it ter p a in o n h ear ing t he t rag ic n ews .
5 5
K e mb le t oo f e lt
5 6
I tt ook K e mb le o ver a y ear t o s ee a ny h u mor i n t he who le a f fa ir . When h e r eturned t o C ambr i d ge h e t o ld a S panish a dventure s tory i n t hree v ersions : I n t he f i rs t , s ay i n t he s tage o f f r iend ly c onf idence , h e w ou ld s ay— " I o nce s trayed b eyond o ur l i nes a lone a nd u narmed a nd s udden ly c ame u pon f if teen S panish Grenad iers , who were c los ing r ound me , when It ook t o my h ee ls , a nd t hough p ursued b y af ew s ho ts , e scaped w i th my l i fe a nd u nhar med ."
S o mewha t l a ter t he v ers ion b egan i n
t he s ame way a s t he f irs t , b u t p roceeded—"I d isar med t he m — mos t o f ' e rn —wounded s evera l —and t he r es t f l ed , w i th t he Dev i l t ake t he h ind mos t ."
T he t h ird , o r t hree o 'c lock i n t he morning v ers ion , c o m-
menced l i ke t he o thers , b u t c on t inued —"they f e l l a t my f ee t t o a man a nd i mp lored mercy . We l l , wha t d id y ou d o , J acky? d id y ou l et t he m g o? N o , b y G -, Is lew t he m a l l ! "5 7
1 85
ENDNOTES
1 . Record o f aG ir lhood ( L andon , 1 879 ) 2 .
L ondon .
3 .
L ondon , 1 836-37 , 2v o ls .
4 .
I mdon , 1 854 .
„ 1 2 .
5 . S ydenham Henry Augustus Hervey , B iograph ica l L is t o f B oys E duca ted a t K ing E dward V I F ree G ra m mar S choo l , B ury S t . E d munds f ro m 1 550 t o 1 900 ( Bury S t . E d munds , 1 908) , p p . 2 17 , 4 78 . 6 .
R . W . E l l iot t , T he S tory o f K ing E dward V I S choo l , B ury S t . E d munds ( Bury S t . E d munds , 1 963 ) , p p . 7 -11 .
7 .
Ma lk in ( 1770-1842 ) , h ead mas ter o f B ury , 1 809-28 .
8 .
Eliot t , S tory... B ury S t . E d munds , p p . 9 1 , 9 2 .
9 .
A lfred McK in ley Terhune , The L ife o f E dward F i tzG -era ld ( New Haven , 1 947 ) , p p . 1 3 , 1 4 .
1 0 .
L ondon , 1 825 , & C ambr idge , 1 830 , p p .
1 1 .
Papers .Re la t ing t o E xh ib i t ions , I t em E 5/9/ 606 . 4 .
1 2 .
Wi l l ia m A ld is Wr igh t , L e t ters a nd L i terary Re ma ins o f E dward F i tz-
XXV- XXVi,
G era ld ( London , 1 902 , 1 903 ) , I , 2 ; I V , 3 7-38 .
i ii,
vi-vii.
T erhune 's L ife o f F i tz -
G erald , p . 1 8 , g ives J une 2 4 , 1 824 a s t he S peech Day f or t he l at ter p resenta t ion . 1 3 .
F rances M . B rookf ie ld , The Ca mbr idge " Apos t les ," ( New Y ork , 1 906) , p p . 1 59-60 .
1 4 .
I t em E 5/9/201 . 7 .
I t em E 5/9/ 603 , N os . 2 0 , 2 4 a re JMK ‚s a cknow ledge-
men ts o f £ 40 a nd £ 20 r ece ived a t Tr in i ty o n May 1 1 , 1 826 a nd F eb . 2 9 , 1 828 . 1 5 .
J . A . V enn , A lu mn i C an tabr ig iens is ( Cambr idge , 1 951 ) , I V , Par t I , 1 3 .
1 6 .
J . R . T anner , e d ., The H is tor ica l Reg is ter o ft he U nivers i ty o f Cambr idge ( Ca mbr idge , 1 917 ) , I , 6 02 , 6 05 , 8 47 .
1 7 .
G eorge P eacock ( 1791-1858 ) , t u tor 1 823-39 , D . D . 1 839 , L owdean Prof . o f As trono my a nd G eo me try 1 837-58 .
1 8 .
J ohnson L et ters , N os . 1 , 2 .
1 9 .
Reco l lect ions o ft he C a mbr idge Un ion ; 1 815-1939 ( Ca mbr idge , 1 953 ) , p p . 1 70 , 1 6 , 2 0 .
S ee a lso Bruce D ick ins , " John M i tche l l K e mb le a nd O ld
E ng l ish S cho larsh ip ," Proceed ings o ft he B ri t ish Acade my , XXV ( 1939 ) , 5 4 . 2 0 .
Reco l lect ions , p . 2 1 .
2 1 .
MS . No . B . 1 14 .
1 86
2 2 .
MS . N o . B . 1 16 .
2 3 .
V enn , l oc .c i t .
2 4 .
MS . N o . B . 1 15 .
2 5 . H enry A ugustus Harvey ( 1809-38 ) , l a ter h ead mas ter o f The tford Gra m mar S choo l . 2 6 .
As q uo ted i n B rookf ie ld , " Apos t les ," p . 1 1 .
2 7 .
T he A thenaeu m a nd L i terary C hron ic le , I ( No . 6 9 , F eb . 1 8 , 1 829 ) , p . 1 04 .
P reced ing t h is i s JMK 's o ther s onne t o n " Ph i losophy ," t rac ing i t s
G reek f l ower ing , R o man n eg lec t a nd d es ire f or i ti n E ng land .
H is
e ar l ier p oe ms , " The F a iry 's C o mp la in t ," a nd"Thera menes ," a ppeared i n Me tropo li tan Q uar ter ly Magaz ine , I ( 1826) , 3 45 , 4 25-27 . 2 8 .
Brookf ie ld , " Apos t les ," p p . 1 59-63 ;
q uo tes , p p . 1 61-62 .
2 9 .
T . We myss Re id , The L ife , L e t ters , a nd F r iendsh ips o f R ichard Monck ton M i m es , F irs t L ord H ough ton ( London , 1 890 ) ,I , 6 0 .
3 0 .
J ohnson L e t ters , N o . 4 .
3 1 .
B rookf ie ld , " Apos t les ," p p . 1 63 , 1 68-69 .
3 2 .
J ohnson L e t ters , N o . 6 .
3 3 .
T he A thenaeu m , I ( No . 1 02 , O c t . 7 , 1 829 ) , 6 30 .
3 4 .
Re id , L ife , L et ters , I , 9 3 : M i lnes t o h is f a ther , Mar . 1 3 , 1 830 .
3 5 .
Wi l l ia mson , C har les Ke mb le , p p . 1 03-104 .
3 6 .
Re id , L ife , L et ters , I , 7 2 .
3 7 .
T rench , L e t ters & Me mor ia ls , I , 4 9 .
3 8 .
J ohnson L e t ters , N o . 8 .
F our a nnua l H u lsean L ectures , f ounded o n a
b eques t o f Rev . J ohn Hu lse i n 1 789 a nd d evoted t o C hr is t ian e v idences , were p robab ly p r ize e ssays i n JMK 's t i me . 3 9 .
P oe ms , Ch ief ly L yr ica l ( London , 1 830 ) , p . 1 52 .
4 0 . Trench , L e t ters & Me mor ia ls , I , 5 7 , 5 9-60 , 6 3 ,
6 4 :
JMK 's l et ter o f
Apr . 1 , 1 830 a nd Trench 's o f May 7 f ro m M i lan . 4 1 .
T ho mas C ar ly le , L ife o fJ ohn S ter ling , V o l . XX o f C ar ly le 's Works , C entenn ia l Me mor ia l E d i t ion ( Bos ton , 1 920 ) , p p . 6 7-69 .
4 2 .
Record , I , 3 05 ; J ohnson L e t ters , N o . 9 ;
Trench , L et ters & Me mor ia ls ,
I , 7 1 , 7 2 , 7 4 , 7 5 , 7 6 . 4 3 . Car ly le , L ife o f S ter l ing , p p . 7 0 ,73 . 4 4 .
J ohnson L et ters , N o . 1 1 ; v erse i n J ohnson , D onne & F r iends , p p . 1 3-14 .
4 5 .
Trench , L e t ters & Me mor ia ls , I , 8 1 , 8 2 .
4 6 .
Record , I , 1 78-81 , 2 05 , 2 10 , 2 15 , 2 19 .
4 7 .
I b id ., p . 2 81 .
1 87
4 8 . F rances Anne Kemb le , F ur ther R ecords :
1 848-1883 ( London , 1 890 ) , I ,
2 75 , 2 77 . 4 9 . Wi l l iam A ld is Wr igh t , e d ., L et ters o f E dward F i tzGera ld t o F anny K emb le : 1 871-1883 ( New Y ork , 1 895 ) , p . 1 16, i nc lud ing mus ica l n o ta t ion :•
•
1 5 1
un
s o c onf ra a l 5 0 . R ecord 5 1 .
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c . on
p vab - t o
l i -
b
e
e
-
-
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I , 2 82 .
T rench , L e t ters & Me mor ia ls , I , 8 5 .
5 2 . J ohnson L et ters , N o . 1 2 . 5 3 . R ecord , I L I , 2 5 . 5 4 . T rench , L e t ters
&
Me mor ia ls , I , 8 9 .
5 5 . C ar ly le , L ife o f S ter l ing , p p . 6 8 , 8 5-86 . 5 6 . Record , I I , 1 45 . 5 7 . Brookf ie ld , " Apost les ," p . 1 71 .
S ee a lso A . J . S ambrook , " Cambr idge
Apos t les a t aS panish T ragedy ," E ng l ish M isce l lany , XV I ( 1965 1 , 1 83-94 , f or c orrobora t ion o f s ome d a tes u sed a bove , a nd P e ter A l len 's c hap ter , " The S pan ish Adventure" i n h is T he C ambr idge Apos t les : Y ears ( Cambr idge :
The E ar ly
U n ivers i ty P ress , 1 978 ) , p p . 1 03-118 , f or mo t iva-
t i ona l , f i nancia l a nd a ct ive d e ta i ls , i nc lud ing JMK 's r ash t e mper a nd a t te mp t a t c aptur ing a S panish R oya l is t s h ip .
1 88
C H ARLES K E MBLE F A THER
M A R IA T H ERE SA K E MBLE M O THER T R IN ITY C O LLEGE B U ST O F J O HN M I TCHELL K E MBLE
F ig . 9 .2
K emb le 's F a ther a nd Mo ther a nd h is own Memor ia l B us t
CHAPTER I I QUEST FOR CAREER
K emb le 's r eturn t o t he ' boso m o fh is f ami ly" mus t h ave a t l eas t p ar t ia l ly o pened h is e yes t o h is s ick ly mother , h ard w ork ing a nd d eb t-r idden f a ther a nd h is f i nanc ia l ly h e lpfu l s is ter F anny . D ur ing h is S panish j unke t t he f a mi lyowned C oven t G arden T hea tre h ad b een i nvo lved i n s ix l awsui ts , a nd F anny h ad b een o f fered £ 450 f or t he p lay F rancis I , w h ich s he was j us t c omp le t ing .
1
K emb le h imse lf was a t f i rst d espondent , p u t o f f a ny i m med ia te d iv in i ty s tud ies a s we l l a s p lanned n ove l a bout B urgundy a nd was f requen t ly r ead ing a t t he B r i t ish Museum n ear t he f a mi ly h ome i n G rea t Russe l l S treet . 2 T here d ur ing 1 832 h e s tud ied G r im m 's L aw a nd s aw h imse lf a s at rans la tor a nd i l lustra tor o ft ha t f amous c onte mporary p h i lo log is t . H e p ra ised R asmus Rask 's AS G rammar i n B en jam in T horpe 's t rans la t ion . H e p lanned a n e d i t ion o f L ayamon w i th ap h i lo log ica l g lossary ,
g iv ing g ender o fn ouns a nd t he h is-
t or ica l p assage o f words , f or e xamp le t racing e ar th t hrough OE , AS a nd G o th ic .3 More s pecif ica l ly Ke mb le d irec ted h is a t ten t ion t o t he B r i t ish Museu m 's c opy o ft he B eowu lf MS .
H is p rev ious ly e xpressed i n terest i n a nc ien t E ng l ish
l aw , i n a n e tymo log ica l g ram mar o f E ng l ish , i n L ayamon a nd i n t he works o f J akob G r im m , Rask , T . C . M . Z ahn a nd E dward L ye p robab ly h ad l ed h im t o c ons ider t h is t ex t . H e t o ld Gr im m i n S ep tember 1 832 t ha t h e h ad c op ied f or h im t he who le MS , b ut t ha t f r iends h ad p ersuaded h im t o p ub l ish i tf i rs t . 4 T h is h e h ad i n mind a s e ar ly a s F ebruary 1 832 .
5
I n al e t ter t o D onne t ha t
y ear K e mb le s u m mar ized h is f i rs t f ee l ings a bou t t he p oem : Iam e ngaged a t t h is mo ment i n e d i t ing " Beowu lf ," t he o ldes t , f i nest , a nd h ardes t o ft he Ang lo-Saxon p oems ;
a nd o ne p ecu l iar ly v a luab le a s
b e ing t he o n ly h ero-poe m t hey h ave l ef t u s , o f a ny l eng th . I ti s s o my th ic , t ha t f ro m t ha t a nd o ther c ircums tances Iam i nc l ined t o t h ink i t mus t h ave a cco mpan ied o ur f orefa thers i n to E ng land .6 B efore c o mp le t ing h is B eowu lf e d i t ion K emb le was t o d eepen h is k nowl edge o fp h i lo logy a nd A ng lo-Saxon .
H e u nders tood f ro m Gr imm 's D eu tsche
G ram ma t ik t he d er iva t ion o fd ist inc t n ouns f ro m d if ferent p ar ts o f v erb s te ms , a nd " the d eep ly l og ica l &a l mos t mechan ica l s ys tem ." H e n o ted t ha t t he r oo t o f I E w ords c onta ined b as ic c oncep ts wh i le f orma t ive a nd i nf lec t ive s y l lab les g ave t he a pp lica t ions .
He c o mpared A lfred 's B oe th ius w i th C haucer 's
a nd p lanned t o u se many S axon w ords f rom S chme l ler 's H e l iand i n h is L ayamon G lossary .7 A ccord ing t o K e mb le 's f i rs t l et ter t o J akob G r im m , wr it ten i n t o lerab le German o n J une 3 0 , 1 832 , h e was a lso s tudy ing AS a ccen t f orms i n MSS o f
1 90
J ud i th , G ospe l F rag men ts a nd A e lfr ic 's G ram mar .
( Corr , ., 1 9-21 )
K emb le
p erused t he C ot ton H e l iand MS ., MHD a nd L a t in MSS i n E ng land a nd a nnounced t ha t Wi l l iam P icker ing w ou ld p ub l ish h is B eowu lf .
( Corr ., 2 3-31 )
N ever the less Kemb le 's f i rs t p os tgradua te s cho lar ly p ub l ica t ion was a r ev iew i n 1 832 o f E rns t J äke l 's D er g ermanische U rsprung d er l a te in ischen S prache , u nd d es r ö mischen V o lkes i n t he F ore ign Quar ter ly R ev iew . 8 T he t wen ty-f ive-year-o ld a uthor p ra ised f ore ign s cho lars a t t he e xpense o fn a t ives . H e u rged c o mpara t ive s tudy o f I E l anguages , e spec ia l ly t he Teu ton ic b ranch , a s ab as is f or a l l w ord s tudy .
H e d isp layed a f u l ly-grounded k now ledge o f
t he a va i lab le v o lu mes o f G r im m 's G ram ma t ik ,
9
e spec ia l ly where i tc oncerns
r oo ts , v erbs , n ouns a nd a r t ic les , a nd h e c au t ioned a ga ins t h as ty g enera lizat i ons i n p hi lo logy b efore g a in ing k now ledge o f t he o r ig ina l d ocu ments a nd h is tory o f ap eop le .
A l l t hese i deas f orm a n o u t line f or t he b u lk o f h is p rofes-
s iona l l i fe y e t t o c o me . K e mb le 's s pec if ic i ns igh ts i n t he a r t ic le were t hese :
o lder l anguages
h ave more c o mp le te a nd p erfect f orms , A s ia was t he c rad le o f I E l anguages ,G o th ic a nd L a t in d ec lens ion f or ms a re n o t d ependen t u pon t he a dd i t ion o f t he a r t icle , a nd a l l v erba l i nf lect ions a re n o t d er ived f ro m t he e nd ings o ft he v erb o fb e ing .
( 3 76, 4 08 , 4 10 )
Wh i le s how ing a ga in a n o u tward i n teres t i n l aw s tudy b y mas ter ing a l l t he f euda l i nves t iture f orms , K e mb le t hen s pent t he M ichae lmas a nd L en t T erms 1 832-33 a t C ambr idge r ead ing AS MSS , a nd was e ven s ke tched t here s ing ing G erman s ongs .
1 0
H ere h e r ev iewed i n 1 833 B en jam in T horpe 's t rans la t ion
o f Rask 's A G ra m mar o ft he A ng lo-Saxon T ongue w ith a P rax is , w i th p ra ise f or t he D ane i n c on tras t t o p as t a nd p resen t E ng l ish s cho lars .
1 1
A ccord ing
t o K e mb le R ask 's s pecies o fl i nguis t ic " compara t ive a na to my" a nd v erb c lass i f ica t ion made t he w ork a s ource f or a l l f u ture i nves t iga t ions i n to AS . I n t he Apr i l 1 833 i ssue o f T he G en t leman 's Magaz ine K emb le p ub lished a r ev iew o f T horpe 's e d i t ion o f C aedmon 's Me tr ica l P araphrase o f P ar ts o ft he H o ly S cr ip tures i n A ng lo-Saxon ; w i th a n E ng lish T rans la t ion .
1 2
K e mb le
wro te t h is r ev iew a t t he r eques t o ft he S oc ie ty o f Ant iquar ies ' S ecre tary , S ir H enry E l lis , who was a lso S uper intendent o ft he Br i t ish Museum . 1 3 K emb le f e l t t ha t p oor c r i t ica l e va lua t ion a nd s e lec t ion o f MSS h ad " rendered e very e d i t ion o f aS axon work p r inted i n E ng land h i ther to , u se less , o r w orse t han u se less , d ecep t ive ." ( 329 ) T here was p ra ise f or Rask 's a nd G r im m 's c orr ec t ive w ork o n AS t ex ts , f or R e inho ld S chm id 's e d i t ion o f AS L aws , f or N . F . S . G rund tv ig 's work o n B eowu lf , a nd e specia l ly f or T horpe . S ince h e was t ra ined i n t he s ound s choo l o fn or thern p h i lo log is ts K emb le f e lt t ha t h is C aed mon was t he b es t E ng l ish e d i t ion o f a ny AS a u thor .
H e u rged t he S ociety
o fA n t iquar ies t o p rov ide e d i t ions o ft he C odex E xoniens is , A lfred 's works t he r e l ig ious s ongs a nd h o mi lies b ecause o f t he ir v a lue f or h is tory , f or l anguage a nd f or t heo logy . ( 3 30-31 ) A s e ar ly a s May 2 8 , 1 833 K e mb le h ad o ther l ong r ange p ub l ica t ion g oa ls . H e p lanned a n e d i t ion o ft he AS G ospe ls , p ar t o f wh ich was p ub l ished p os th u mous ly , a nd a n AS " Lex icon p oe t icu m" n ever t o b e c o mp le ted . 1 4 H e was aware o f AS P sa l ms a va i lab le i n P ar is a nd d iscovered t he D ia logue o f • S a lo mon a nd S a turnus h e was t o e d i t i n 1 848 .
H e a sked G rimm t o g ive n ot ice
o ft he work o fh is f o l lowers i n E ng land a nd wrote a n e xce l lent a po logy f or AS s tud ies : 1 91
In eed n o t t e l l y ou h ow d eep ly Ih ave a t h ear t , t he s pread ing among my c ountrymen , aw ise & e n l igh tened k now ledge o f , &l ove f or t hese o ld r ecords ; w i thout w ish ing t hem t o t urn b ack t he s tream o ft he wor ld 's g rea t f l ow , a nd w i thou t c a l l ing u pon t hem t o b ecome o nce more Ang lo-Saxons , ap a tr iot may w ish t he m t o l ook b ackward a l i t t le u pon t he g rea t a nd g ood o f o lden t ime , a nd t o emu la te t he v irt ues o ft he ir f orefa thers , w i thout l os ing t he w isdom o f o ur own t imes .
( Corr ., 3 2-35 )
I n Ke mb le 's n ex t a r t ic le , " On E ng l ish P rae ter i tes" i n 1 833 ,
1 5
h e e xp la ined
w i th a ppropr ia te e xamp les f ro m G o th ic , weak a nd s trong v erbs a nd s ubd iv ided t he l a t ter i n to t wo k inds c on ta in ing t we lve i rregu lar c on juga t ions i n a l l . S ix i nvo lved r edup lica t ion i n t he p re ter i te a nd t he o thers h ad v owe l c hanges , ma in ta ined g enera l ly u p t o p resen t E ng l ish . T hen i n p recise a nd l eng thy d et a i l K emb le e nu mera ted a nd e xemp l if ied t he t en v owe l s ounds h e f e l t t he Teu ton ic l anguage h ad , t he e f fec t o f c onsonan ts o n v owe l c hanges , t he v ar iant s pe l l ings o ft he s ame G o th ic s ounds i n AS , a s w e l l a s t he c omb ina t ions o fo ne v owe l a nd o ne c onsonan t f ound t oge ther i n t he s ys tem . ( 3 76-77 ) K emb le r ev ea led h is k now ledge o f av as t amoun t o f AS , s uch a s t he Ang lo-Saxon C hron ic le , L ives o f S a in ts , A e lfr ic 's G enes is a nd S ermons i n t he C ambr idge U n ivers i ty L ibrary . 1 6 H e s corned t he S ocie ty o f A n t iquar ies a nd F reder ic Madden i n p ar t icu lar f or l ack o fk now ledge o f S axon , s how ing i n af ootnote h ow h e b e l ieved Madden mis trans la ted ap or t ion o fB eowu lf t o d escr ibe a f eas t o f " 12 ,000 b u ll ocks a nd s ea ls ," r a ther t han " 12 ,000 g ood b u l locks ." ( 3 80-82 )
Af ter a s um-
mary o fl i ngu is t ic c hanges i n G o th ic , AS a nd OE , e xamp les o f a ctua l p r inc ipa l p ar ts o fv erbs f ound i n a MS a nd a n e xp lana t ion o ft he d er iva t ive n a ture o f weak v erbs , K e mb le s tressed t ha t e tymo logy made c la i ms u pon b o th t he h ist or ian a nd t he p hi losopher .
( 3 83-88 )
K emb le c on t inued t o work o n h is u npub lished d ict ionary o f AS p oe try i n t he s u mmer o f 1 833 a t C ambr idge .
H e i nv i ted D onne , H a l lam a nd T ennyson t o
v is i t h im t here a nd c r i t icized c hanges i n T ennyson 's " Lotus E a ters ," b ased o n h is k now ledge o f my tho logy a nd a S pan ish s unse t . t o g ive p r in ted n o t ice o f Kembe l 's w ork , e d i t ion . ( Corr ., 3 8 )
1 8
1 7
I n J u ly G r imm p lanned
i nclud ing h is a nt icipa ted B eowu lf
Af if ty-one p age , c o mprehens ive r ev iew o ft he f i rs t t hree v o lumes o f Gr im m 's Deutsche G ram ma t ik , t he l onges t r ev iew y e t b y K emb le , was s e t u p i n t ype i n 1 833 f or t he F ore ign Q uar ter ly R ev iew b ut n ever p ub l ished . K e mb le h ad d raf ted i tb y S ep te mber 1 832 . P erhaps p ar t ly b ecause o f i t s h igh ly t echn ica l n ature i t was s cra tched a t t h is s tage , b u t K e mb le s ent p r in ted c op ies t o C ambr idge U n ivers i ty L ibrary a nd t o G r im m , a t l eas t .
G r imm i n
a cknow ledg ing r ece ip t o ft he r ev iew , b es t g uessed t he ma in r eason f or i t s r e ject ion : " Id o n ot wonder t ha t i ts ee med t o a l l o thers , e xcep t y ourse lf , a s i f wr it ten a l l w i th t oo much b ias ." ( Corr ., 2 8 , 5 9 ) I n a dd i t ion t o b e ing ap anegyr ic o n G r im m i t was a mas ter ly p iece o f r ev iew s cho larsh ip , v a luab le t o t h is d ay t o a ny s cho lar w ish ing t o g e t as ummary i n E ng l ish o ft he g rea ter p ar t o ft ha t f a mous work .
T he t ex t c overs
t he ma ter ia l a s f o l lows : I n troduc t ion 1 -6; Words a nd L et ters 7 -8 ; V owe ls 8 -13 ; C onsonan ts 1 3-37 , i nc lud ing t rea t ment a nd s amp les i n f our teen T eu ton ic l anguages o fl iqu ids , l ab ia ls , l i ngua ls a nd g uttura ls ;
1 92
Dec lens ion 3 7-39 ;
Word F orma t ion 3 9-41 ;
C onsonanta l D er iva t ion 4 1-45 ;
a nd F orma t ion o f
P ronouns , Adverbs , a nd S ubs tan t ives w i th t he ir G enders 4 5-49 . K emb le c o mp la ined t ha t t he v ery c o mp le teness o ft he work s ince i t s f i rs t e d i t ion i n 1 819 h ad p roduced f ar l ess e f fec t t han mer i ted .
" Very f ew p ersons
w i l l c onsequen t ly b e f ound e i ther c apab le o fp ursu ing e tymo log ica l i nquir ies , o r j us t if ied i n d o ing s o , .. "was a s ta te men t t ha t d id n o t w in e d i tor ia l f r iends f or K e mb le . H e c o m mended G r im m f or h av ing c onf ined h imse lf t o t he T eut on ic l anguage among t he I E f am i ly a s au n i t s uf f icien t t o e ngage h is f u l l l abors .
Ke mb le a ssured t he a u thor t ha t t here were men i n E ng land who " can
n ever t h ink a l i ne o f wha t h e h as wr i t ten ma t ter o f i nd if ference t o t hem ." t he e nd o f t he r ev iew h e p ra ised t he c h i ld l ike
A t
s ing leness o f h ear t o ft h is
g rea t h is tor ian , t rad i t iona l ist , l i ngu is t a nd a nt iquar ian who " cou ld y e t c ont en ted ly t rudge t hrough G er many c o l lec t ing n ursery t a les ..." a s c o mpi ler w i th h is b rother Wi lhe lm o f t he K inder u nd Haus märchen .
( 1 , 4 , 6 , 5 0 )
O f i ns igh ts g a ined o r s treng thened b y t h is work Ke mb le r e la ted f i rs t o f a l l t ha t l anguages w ere s ub jec t t o t wo i nf luences , o ne o ft ime , t he o ther o f f ore ign e le ments .
B o th o ft hese c aused c onfusion o f o nce we l l-def ined v owe l
s ounds , g radua l c ontrac t ion o f w ords b y omission o f s y l lab les i n t he b ody o f t he words i t se lf a nd t he d es truct ion o f i nf lect ions , s o t ha t n o l anguage r ema ined s ta t ionary .
T hough l anguage , w i th a l l i t s l aws a nd f orms , c ame d irect
f ro m G od t o man w i th t he u nders tand ing , y e t at housand c auses mod if ied i t . T hus wh i le t he p r inc ip les r e ma ined u na ltered , t he a ppearances o f words c ou ld s h if t w i th e very h is tor ica l c hange i n t he c ond i t ion o f t he s peakers . ( 2 , 3 ) One e xamp le o f t he p recise d e ta i l i n to wh ich K e mb le went was t he l i st ing o f f if teen o lder a nd y ounger b ranches o f t he T eu ton ic l anguages u nder f our d iv isions :
G o th ic , H igh G erman , L ow G erman a nd O ld N orse o r S cand inav ian .
H e t hen p ara l le led e ach o ft he s pecif ic l anguages w i th t he p r inc ipa l monu ments t hen k nown , f or e xamp le : t he E ddas ( I ce land ic ) .
U lf i las ( Goth ic ) , H e l ia nd ( OS ) ,B eowu lf ( AS ) a nd
( 5 , 6 )
P erhaps t he b es t e xa mp le o f K e mb le 's a na ly t ic work was h is p ara l le l t ab le o f t en T eu tonic v owe l s ounds a nd t he ir e qu iva len t a nd v ar ian t s pe l l ings i n e ach o ft he f if teen l anguages g iven , at ask t ha t i nc luded s o me t wo-hundred v owe l s ounds c o mp le te w i th d iacr i t ica l marks .
T he a ctua l t ab le o ccup ies
b u t o ne p age o ft he r ev iew a l though i t was c u l led f ro m o ver f i ve-hundred p ages o ft he G ram ma tik !
( 11-12 )
H owever , K e mb le 's f u ture was n o t v ery p ro m ising d ur ing much o f 1 833 a l though h e h ad r ece ived h is M . A . a t T r in i ty C o l lege , C a mbr idge t ha t y ear .
1 9
E dward F i tzGera ld k new t ha t h e h ad y e t n o d ef ini te p rospec ts i n s p i te o f h is f i ery i ndus try a nd d iscovery o f AS G ospe l MSS o f i mpor tance t o t he c hurch . 20 Y e t Ke mb le was s tudy ing S anskr i t , c o l lec t ing AS r unes a nd h op ing f or a n AS P rofessorsh ip a t Oxford . I ndeed t he f i rs t r ea l c hange f or t he b e t ter c ame t oward t he e nd o ft he y ear when K e mb le 's e d i t ion o f B eowu lf2 1 a ppeared i n o ne-hundred c op ies .
( Corr ., 4 2 , 4 5 , 4 7 )
K e mb le d ed ica ted t h is , h is f i rs t i ndependen t p ub l ica t ion , " To J ames G r im m ."
( ii )
H e p ub lic ly p ra ised t he g overn ment f or a t ten t ion p a id t o
a nces tra l l aws a nd a nna ls , a nd t he S ociety o f Ant iquar ies f or i t s e d i t ion o f
1 93
C aed mon .
( v )
P r iva te ly h e f e l t t ha t a l l p ub l ica t ions o ft he P ub l ic R ecord
C o mm iss ion were imperfect a nd i nco mp le te , t hough v ery c os t ly .
H e d oub ted
t ha t a ny o ft he l azy An t iquar ians c ou ld r ead t hree c onsecut ive l i nes o f AS p oe try .
( Corr ., 3 5 , 4 3 )
When Ke mb le p laced t he d a te o f e vents d escr ibed i n B eowu lf i n t he midd le o ft he f if th c entury h e d e mons tra ted t ha t h e h ad d one h is h o mework b y r ead ing mos t o ft he a va i lab le s ource ma ter ia l i n L a t in a nd Dan ish h istor ies , a nd e ven i n N orse g enea log ies a nd s agas , f or e xa mp le , i n S norr i S tur luson 's H elmsk r ing la .
H e s ough t o u t p ara l le l o r c on te mporaneous i t e ms i n t he N ibe lungen lied .
Wh i le d iscuss ing l i neage o fp ersons n amed i n B eowu lf ,Ke mb le r evea led a n i ns igh t h e was t o u se i n h is l a ter s tudy o n g enea log ies :
" No th ing i s more
c o m mon i n t rad i t iona l h istory , t han t he ment ion o ft he e ar l ies t p rogeni tors o f ar ace a s t he i m med ia te p redecessors o ft he p erson whose e xp loi ts a re i n t he c ourse o f c e lebra t ion ...
( v i-x i , x i i i )
By a v ery r igorous c o mpar ison o f t he h is tor ica l e vents , d ynas t ies a nd g eograph ica l a l lus ions i n B eowu lf a nd i n T he T rave l ler 's S ong K e mb le r eached t he c onc lus ion t ha t t he e xp lo i ts o f t he h ero t ook p lace i n wha t i s n ow D en mark a t at ime n o t f ar r e moved f ro m t he c om ing o f t he Ang lo-Saxons t o E ng land , a nd t ha t t he p oe m was p robab ly b rough t a long b y s uch p eop le . T he v agueness o ft he C on t inen ta l r eferences a nd t he a bsence o f a ny E ng l ish h is tor ica l e vents l ed h im t o t h is c onc lus ion .
( x iv-xx )
A l though l a ter r esearchers wou ld r e-
f i ne a nd c lar ify h is h ypo thes is r egard ing t ime a nd p lace o ft he a c t ion ,
e spe-
c ia l ly b y l i nk ing a r eference i n B eowu lf t o t he B a t t le o f R evenswood i n 5 21 , a s d escr ibed b y G regory o f T ours , K e mb le 's work i s t he f i rs t s er ious a t te mp t a t a nswer ing s uch q ues t ions . Regard ing t he MS . C ot ton V i te l lius A .x v , K e mb le h e ld t he t ex t t o b e s ubsequen t t o 5 97 , a nd a c are less c opy o f af ar o lder a nd c o mp le ter p oe m , p ar t ly b ecause o f a rcha ic w ord f or ms f ound a lone i n B eowu lf .
H e f e l t t ha t t he
l anguage o ft he i nvad ing H enges t was e ssent ia l ly t he s ame a s t ha t o f A lfred f our c entur ies l a ter , a nd t ha t t he o rig ina l B eowu lf h ad p robab ly b een wr it ten o n t he C on t inen t .
H e n o ted t wo h ands i n t he MS a nd b e lieved t he o lder p or t ion
s howed p ecu l iar i t ies o f AS n o t f ound i n a t l eas t t hree o ther o lder T eu tonic l anguages .
( xx-xx i i i )
K e mb le t hus d eve loped a c r i t ica l e d i t ion o f B eowu lf f ro m a MS wh ich h e t hough t t o b e ac opy o f t he o r igina l .
H e b e l ieved t ha t t he e rrors o f t he o ld
s cr ibes were v a luab le a s c lues t o t he i nner t endenc ies o ft he l anguage . h e p r in ted t he t ex t a s h e f ound i tb u t a dded c orrect ions i n f ootnotes .
H ence
A ny
i n terpo la t ions o f miss ing p ar ts o f t he MS e dges w ere p laced i n b racke ts , a nd i t e ms h ope less ly f a lse w ere marked i n as pecia l way .
T he o n ly e xcept ion t o
t h is g enera l p o licy was i n K e mb le 's a dd ing t he a ccentua t ion o f l ong v owe ls e verywhere , b ecause h e f e l t i t was i mpor tan t t o t he mean ing o f w ords . ( xx i i i-xxv i ) An e xp lana t ion o ft he p ract ica l i mposs ib i l i ty o fp r int ing e very word i n h is p repared g lossar ia l i ndex a nd o ft he s ubs t i tu t ion o f o n ly t he r are , d if f icu l t a nd u nusua l words p receded a n a t tack u pon t he mistakes a nd i nadequacy o f L ye 's D ic t ionar iu m :
1 94
T hose who h ave s tud ied i n t he d eep s choo l o f T eu tonic P h i lo logy , t he s ound i ronbound s ys te m a c ted u pon b y J . G r im m a nd Rask , k now t h is ; a nd t i l l ab e t ter w ord-book i s c o mp i led t han h as h i ther to a ppeared , w i th t he m t ha t k now ledge w i l l r ema in .
( xxv i i2o cv i i i )
K e mb le t hen g ave ah is tory o fp r ior e d i t ions a nd p araphrases o f a l l o r p ar ts o f B eowu lf . H e f ound g rea t f au l t w i th G r imus J . T horke l in 's C openhagen e d i t ion o f 1 815 a nd l ess f au l t w i th S haron T urner 's a nd C onybeare 's s e lect ions i n E ng land .
H e c onc luded h is p reface w i th t r ibutes o ft hanks f or h e lp t o
T horpe , J oseph S tevenson o ft he B r i t ish Museu m a nd G r im m .
T he f i na l a p-
p ea l was a n e xhor ta t ion t o j udge t he p oem b y t he t imes i td escr ibed , a ssur ing o ne " tha t t hese e choes f ro m t he p as t , i fl i stened t o i n as ober a nd u nderstandi ng s p ir i t , b r ing w i th t he m ma t ter b o th s treng then ing a nd p ur ify ing t he h ear t ." ( xxv i i i-xxx i i ) K e mb le n ex t p r in ted t he t ex ts o ft he t hree p oe ms i n h is t i t le a nd o n p age 2 43 b egan t he f if teen-page G lossary . o f P ersons , e tc ."
T h is i s f o l lowed b y as ix-page " Names
O n ly t wenty-three w ords a nd s even n ames w ere t rea ted ,
s ome o ccupy ing n ear ly t hree p ages o f c o mpara t ive e tymo logy , q uo ta t ions f ro m ON a nd o ther l anguages .
B as ic meaning o f a word was u sua l ly g iven i n L a t in ,
f o l lowed b y i t s f orms i n o ther l anguages q uo ted f ro m t he s ources a va i lab le t o t he e d i tor .
Two s uch s hor ter s amp les w i l l b e q uo ted t o s how t ha t K emb le
wen t t o g rea t p a ins t o b e a ccura te a nd e xhaus tive : h ere-pad ( f ) l or ica , v es t is b e l l ica , 1 .4 510 . G o t . Pä ida . t un ica . Ma t . v . 4 0 . Marc . v i . 6 . L uc . i i . 2 . 0 . S ax . p eda . H e l j . [ He l iand ] 1 66 . 8 54 .
Ohd . P fa i t o r P fe i t .
Mhd . P fe i t .
G l . C as .
[ G lossar ia C as t ig l ione ]
Dr . G r im m i s t herefore n o t q u i te c orrect when
h e s ays t he w ord i s n o t f ound i n S axon . G r . V o l . i i , 4 47 . T he f o l low ing a re e p i the ts f ormed w i th p id , s a lw ig-päd , q ui v es te m f u lvu m g ent . J ud i th . p . 2 4 . AE the lst . O de . I . 1 21 . ( 255 ) S im i lar ly , an ame f ro m h is T rave l ler 's S ong t ex t r an t hus : F r is ians .
F in , t he s on o f F o lcwa lda :
d escendant o f H oce ; Ha lfdane .
h is q ueen was H i ldeburh , t he
a nd h er s on , H naef , s la in i n b a t t le a ga ins t
H o l inga , v ery l i bera l ly g iven t o H naef b y s o me c o mmen-
t a tors i s n ot a l ady b u t a n a dverb .
A H un läf ing i s men t ioned a s t he
s layer o f H engest , b u t t h is may b e o n ly ap a tronym ic d eno t ing F in . O s läf a nd G u th läc r evenged t h is murder b y t he s laugh ter o f F in , t he d es truct ion o fh is c i ty , a nd t he a bduct ion o f h is t reasury a nd q ueen t o D en mark . A no ther F r is ian c h ief ta in , s la in b y B eowu lf was H ugu o r H ugh . ( 2 60 ) F ro m t he a bove e xamp les i ti s e v iden t t ha t K e mb le s pared n o e f for t t o u se t he h is tory o f ap eop le a s w e l l a s c ompara tive e tymo logy t o s o lve t ex tua l d if f icu l t ies .
G r imm v ery c asua l ly p ra ised t he e d t t ion a s ad ear ly d es ired
h andbook , b u t h e a nd mos t l a ter e d i tors d isagreed w i th K e mb le 's b reak ing o f t he l onger a l li tera t ive AS l i ne i n to s hor t l i nes . ( Corr . ,5 9 , 2 00 , 2 06) T he C orrespondence c on ta ins many f ur ther d iscuss ions o f i t ems i n K emb le 's c r i t ica l a pparatus a nd r evea ls a g row ing r espec t o n Gr imm 's s ide f or h is y ounger c on te mporary 's e f for ts .
2 2
1 95
Much o f K e mb le 's w ork o n B eowu lf h as b een s uperseded , b u t i ti s s ign if ic an t t ha t F r iedr ich K laeber i n t he b ib l iography o f h is r ecogn ized B eowu lf e d i t ions 2 3 c a l ls K e mb le 's 1 833 p ub l ica t ion : " Scho lar ly ; t he f i rs t r ea l e d i t ion ." H e a lso i nc ludes K e mb le 's s econd v o lume i n 1 837 a s t he f i rs t l i tera l p rose t rans la t ion o ft he w ork , h is Ü ber d ie S tamm tafe l d er Wes tsachsen 2 4 am ong s tud ies d evoted t o t he s uperna tura l a nd my th ic e lemen ts a nd h is S axons i n E ng land 25 i n w orks o n o ld G erman ic l i fe . K emb le 's n ame i t se lf i s g iven i n t he f i na l s ec t ion o n b iograph ica l a ccoun ts o f s o me p rom inen t B eowu lf s cho lars . Af u l ler e va lua t ion o f K e mb le 's w ork i n t h is r espect i s a t tached t o t he d iscuss ion o ft he t wo-vo lu me e d i t ion i n 1 837 . Ap leasan t c hange o fp ace f rom r ev iews a nd B eowu lf was K e mb le 's H is tory o ft he E ng lish L anguage ;
F irs t , o r A ng lo-Saxon P er iod ,
2 6
wh ich was t he
s y l labus-ou t line f or t wen ty l ec tures t o b e g iven a t C ambr idge d ur ing 1 834 . T he v a lue o ft h is p ro jec t ion i s t ha t o f ag limpse a t t he y oung s cho lar 's p lans a nd p r ior i t ies wh ich c an l a ter b e c o mpared w i th h is a ctua l a ch ievemen ts . More i m med ia te ly t o K e mb le , t he AS l anguage w as impor tan t f or t he r e l ig ious a nd p o l i t ica l h is tory o f E ng land , " and n o l ess a s aP h i lo log ica l means o f t racing t he h is tory , a nd i nves t iga t ing t he n ature o f o ur own l anguage :
a nd
t hrough t ha t , o fl anguage i n g enera l ." ( 3 ) I n t he s che me o ft he f i rs t l ecture h is t wofo ld p urpose was made c lear : O ur o b jec t i s t o p repare o urse lves b y s tudy o f s o me o f t he p oems , t he o n ly r ea l r epresen ta t ion o ft he S axon mind , t o u nders tand t he n a ture a nd c harac ter o ft he p eop le whose l anguage we a re t o e xa m ine . The s econd o b ject was t he mechanism o f t he l anguage i t se lf , " t o s ee where in i td if fers f ro m , a nd where in i tr esemb les i t s e ar l ier G ermanic s is ters , a nd h ow i tl ed t o t he E ng l ish t ongue wh ich i s i n d irec t d escen t f ro m i t . "( 3 ) L ecture Iwas a n a ppea l t o p h i lo log is ts , c hurchmen a nd h is tor ians . T o s how e ar l ier l anguage a s l ess c orrup t K emb le w ou ld s how r ea l r oo ts , f ormat ive s y l lab les a nd i nf lec t ions . H e w ou ld p robe t he a r t icu la t ion o f l anguage a s i ff o l lo w ing l aws o fh u man u nders tand ing t o d iscover u ni ty i n v ar ie ty a nd t o a rr ive a t at rue d ict ionary o ft he l anguage . T o a t trac t p rofessor ia l a pprova l a nd b roader i n teres t a t C ambr idge , K emb le wro te : T he C reed o ft he A ng lo-Saxon C hurch , j us t ify ing i n many i mpor tan t ma t ters , o ur l a ter s epara t ion f rom P opery , c la ims t he f i rs t p lace ; a nd we t herefore a sk wha t t ene ts o ur f orefa thers h e ld i n t he ma t ter o f 1 . T ransubs tan t ia t ion . 2 . J us t if ica t ion b y F a i th . 3 . T he P ower o ft he K eys .
4 . R ead ing t he S cr ip tures i n t he v u lgar t ongue . O p in ions
o f B eda , A lcu in , R aban Maur , a nd A e lfr ic u pon s ome o ft hese p o in ts . A lfred t he G rea t a nd h is p rose t rans la t ions w ou ld b e wa tched f or s ecu lar h is tory , K e mb le a dded . ( 4 ) A n o vera l l v iew o f B eowu lf b y i t s r ecen t e d i tor was p ro m ised i n L ecture I , e n t i t led a nd o u t l ined : B eowu lf t he G rea t .
B eowu lf i s n ot a n E p ic P oem i n t he s ense i n
wh ich we c a l l t he I l iad a nd N ibe lunge N o t E p ics :
f or w e h ave n o
e v idence wha tever t ha t h is e xp lo i ts were e ver t he t he me o fp opu lar
1 96
s ongs a nd t rad i t ions wh ich l a id t he f ounda t ion o ft he c ont inuous work . Y e t a s Ang l ia ( S lesw ic , & c . )t he c ountry t o wh ich we owe i t , e ar ly s uf fered f ro m f ore ign c onques t , t h is a bsence o f r ecords i s n o t s uff i c ien t t o c o mpe l u s t o b e l ieve t ha t i t was t he u nass is ted p roduct ion o fo ne man 's f ancy . O ther AS works o fi mag ina t ion n o ted i n t he s a me l ecture o u t line were : Apo l lonius , P r ince o f Tyre , L ife o f A lexander t he G rea t , P oems o fJ ud i th , B eorh tnoh t , B a t t le o f F u me s ha m , t he R ecord o f A the ls tan 's V ictory a t B runanburh a nd t he D ia logue o f S a lomon a nd S aturnus . ( 5 ) I n g enera l t he r e ma ining e igh teen l ectures were d iv ided b e tween d iscuss ions o fv ar ious c an tos o f B eowu lf a nd p h i lo log ica l p oin ts .
S o me were i l lus-
t ra ted b y t ab les , s uch a s G oth ic v owe ls a nd G r i mm 's L aw o f C onsonan ts . AS d ec lens ions , c on juga t ions , g ender , me ter , p ar t ic les a nd T eu ton ic c ompoundi ng were l i s ted . K emb le p lanned wha t e very t each ing s cho lar b efore a nd s ince h ad t r ied t o d o , n ame ly t o t urn t o l ecture a nd c lassroo m u se t he f rui t o fh is mos t r ecent y ears o f s tudy a nd p ub l ica t ion i n t he h ope o f s ecur ing a b et ter s ta tus o r p os i t ion .
( 6 -15 )
K e mb le 's o therw ise u nda ted l et ter t o D onne i n 1 834 ment ioned a s many a s n ine ty p eop le a t tend ing h is i n troduc tory l ecture , o f who m many v an ished b efore t he t h ird a nd f if th
l ec tures .
T he t heo log ica l a nd p h i lo log ica l i mpor t
o ft he l ec tures s ee med t o g a in s uppor t f or o f fer ing a C ha ir o f A ng lo-Saxon t o K e mb le , a nd a bou t t wenty p eop le i nc lud ing N ewe l l C onnop T h irwa l l w ere among K e mb le 's s tronges t f olowers .
S o g rea t was t he i n teres t t ha t h e h ad
t o g ive a no ther l ec ture e very T uesday o n B eowu lf a lone .
H e s poke o f h av ing
c o mp le ted t en l ectures p robab ly d ur ing L en t T erm 1 834 , a nd p lanned t o t ake u p t he r ema in ing h a lf o ft he s er ies d ur ing E as ter T erm a f ter v is i t ing D onne a t Ma t t isha l l . 2 7 O ne o b i tuary wr i ter l a ter r eca l led t he m a s n o t v ery s uccessf u l , a no ther a s h av ing a s l im b u t d is t ingu ished a ud ience t o t he l as t , a nd a t h ird i nd ica ted t ha t a ctua l ly o n ly t hree l ec tures were h e ld , t he f i rs t b e ing a s ickener , t he s econd w i th a n a ud ience o fo n ly t hree a nd t he l as t i n K e mb le 's r oo ms w i th a le a nd c heese a nd a n a ud ience o ft wo o n ly , t he wr i ter a nd K e mb le 's f a ther d ur ing a v is i t . Bruce D ick ins c ame c loses t t o t he t ru th i n wr i t ing t ha t t he p lanned n u mber o f l ectures was t h inned o ut a nd a s econd s er ies was n ever h e ld . 2 8 Never the less i n t he s pr ing o f 1 834 K e mb le was b usy w i th s evera l s cho lar ly a nd p rofess iona l d e ta i ls .
H e c o mpared AS g enea logies w i th t hose i n N orse
s agas a nd a lso s tud ied AS s upers t i t ions , s pe l ls a nd w i tchcraf t . When s end ing G r im m a c opy o f a n OHG p oe m a bou t K ings O t to a nd Henry , f ound i n C ambr idge , h e a lso c r i t icized MS e rrors i nF . J . Mone 's s ource b ook o f e ar l ier G ermanic l i tera ture .
2 9
H e n o l onger d es ired t he O xford AS Professorsh ip s ince i t
c ou ld o n ly l as t f i ve y ears , b u t h e s t i l l r e ta ined h ope o fb eco m ing a c lergyman . I n t ha t way h e c ou ld b et ter c ont inue h is AS s tud ies , wh ich i nc luded a s econd e d i t ion o f B eowu lf b ecause t he f i rs t was s o ld o u t .
( Corr ., 5 1-60 )
I n A pr i l
K emb le r ece ived p ub l ished p ra ise a nd e ncouragement f or h is T eu ton ic p hi lol ogy , h is B eowu lf a nd h is AS l ec tures , a nd h e l earned t ha t t here was e ven • h ope f or a n AS P rofessorsh ip s oon t o b e e s tab l ished a t C ambr idge . "
H e
b orrowed f rom C har les P urton C ooper , S ecre tary t o t he P ub lic R ecord C ommission , who h ad p ra ised h is B eowu lf , Thorke l in 's e d i t ion o f B eowu lf w i th 1 97
Rask 's MS n o tes .
H e o f fered C ooper h e lp w i th a ny MS a t C ambr idge a nd
r e turned t he b ook o n May 2 6, 1 834 .3 1 K emb le s ough t i n v a in t o r ev ise f or p ub l ica t ion t he MSS c a ta logue o f C ambr idge U n ivers i ty t hrough t he h e lp o f h is f ormer t utor , R ev . G eorge P eacock .
3 2
H owever when K e mb le p ub l ished h is r ev iew o f T horpe 's A na lec ta A ng loS axon ica i n t he Apr i l 1 834 i ssue o ft he G en t leman 's Magaz ine , h is c r i t ic is m a nd t he c ocky manner o f i t s p resen ta t ion , l i ke t he p roverb ia l s traw , b roke t he c ame l 's b ack a nd p rovoked t he i re o f s o me n a t ive s cho lars who w ere o ff ended o nce more b y h is a t t itude . ( N . S . I , 3 85-86) T h is r ev iew c oup led w i th h is p rev ious o ne o n T horpe 's C aed mon c a l led f or th a s a lvo o f " Le t ters t o t he E d i tor" wh ich c an b e l ooked u pon a s " The A ng lo-Saxon C on troversy" a nd wh ich h ad ap rofound e f fec t o n t he c ourse o f K emb le 's s ubsequen t c areer . K e mb le wro te t ha t T horpe 's p rev ious w orks " are we l l k nown t o a l l who d es ire t o s ee a s tr ic t a nd p h i losoph ica l me thod p reva i l , where l i t t le b u t t he mos t i nco mpe ten t i gnorance h as h i ther to b een w i tnessed . .." H e g o t e ven more p o in ted i n t h is a t tack b y a n i nnuendo wh ich n o O xon ian r ou ld r ead w i th e quanim i ty f ro m t he p en o f aC ambr idge a lu mnus .
H e a sked why , " when o ne
o fo ur U n ivers i t ies a c tua l ly p ossesses a P rofessorsh ip e xpress ly mean t f or i t s [ AS ] e ncourage men t , s o l i t t le s hou ld h ave r esu l ted f rom t he e f for ts made ." Af ter a c r i t ique o f s cho lars o fp rev ious c entur ies K e mb le w ro te t ha t , t he w ork h as n ever p roceeded ;
a nd h ad i tn o t b een f or t he i ndus try
o f D anes a nd G ermans , a nd t hose who d rew f rom t he we l lheads o f t he ir l earn ing , we migh t s t i l l b e where w e w ere , w i th i d le t ex ts , i d le g ra m mars , i d le d ic t ionar ies , a nd t he c onsequences o f a l l t hese —id le a nd i gnoran t s cho lars . K e mb le a lso f e l t t ha t t i l l Rask 's G ram mar t here h ad n o t b een a man s ince G eorge H ickes c apab le o f wr i t ing o ne . H e a t tacked L ye 's D ict ionar ium f or h eap ing t oge ther w ords f ro m e very d ia lec t a nd p er iod , b u t h av ing n one f ro m B eowu lf a nd t he C odex E xoniens is . h ave a g ood d ict ionary p ub l ished .
H e u rged t he S ociety o f A n t iquar ies t o ( I , 3 91-92 )
A t t he h a lfway p o in t i n t he r ev iew K emb le f i na l ly men t ioned t he A na lec ta w i th p ra ise o f T horpe f or i nc lud ing r e-ed i t ions o f s pecimens o fp oe try . K e mb le n o ted e x tracts f ro m MS i t e ms f or t he more a dvanced p hi lo log ica l i nqu irers " who k now t ha t t he d ownward h is tory o f at ongue w i l l a long g ive mas tery o ver i t ." H e men t ioned T horpe 's w ise j udgmen t i n r efus ing t o p r int a l l t he " s i l ly c harac ters wh ich p eop le c a l l S axon , e xcep t i n t he c ase o ft h a nd d h ," a l though o ne p or t ion r e ta ined t he m b ecause t he e d i tor k new " tha t i tw i l l s o me t ime b efore t he b ib l io man iaca l f oppery o fu s ing t hese t ypes c eases . " By e x tend ing h is e xce l len t g lossary , K emb le f e l t T horpe w ou ld " found a s choo l o f r eaders , t o who m s uch w orks may h ereaf ter b e u sefu l ; a t p resen t h is t rans la t ions a re r ead a nd h is t ex ts l e t a lone . " ( I , 3 93 ) W i th t he g aun t le t t hus t hrown d own K emb le h ad n o t l ong t o wa i t f or c o mb a t . F ro m J u ly t hrough D ece mber t he G ent leman 's Magazine r everbera ted w i th r esponses t o t h is u ps tar t y oung r ev iewer , a nd w i th a r e jo inder b y K e mb le .
A n a nonymous p amph le t t o t he s cho lars i n O xford a nd C ambr idge
a t tack ing K e mb le a nd h is s ys tem was i ssued i n March 1 835 b efore K emb le 's f ur ther a nswers . Thus t he c ontroversy i n E ng land , wh ich w as r ea l ly
1 98
p rovoked b y G r im m 's G ram ma t ik , was s ignif ican t f or t he d irec tion o f a l l f u ture AS s tudy . The f i rs t a dverse c r i t icis m o f K emb le 's r ev iews was i n al e t ter o n J u ly 2 0 f ro m Oxford .
Af ter r e mark ing t ha t t he p er iod ica l h ad b een a f r iend o f
C hurch a nd S ta te f or o ver a c entury , I . J . [ Dr . J a mes I ngram ] c ont inued : " There i s h owever a n a rt ic le ... wh ich i s s o f l ippan t , s o c onf ident , a nd y e t s o i ncorrec t i n i t s s ta tements , t ha t i te v iden t ly emana tes f ro m a mere t yro , a nd h as b y a cciden t s l ipped i n to y our p ages ." Af ter q uo t ing K e mb le 's p assage a bout t he i gnorance o f s o me S axon s cho lars t he wr i ter p ro m ised t o p rove i n h is n ex t l et ter t ha t s uch r emarks were more a pp licab le t o K e mb le .
( I I , 1 40 )
Th is p ledge was t aken u p i n al e t ter e n t i t led , " The S axon S cho lars o f E ng land"in S ep te mber b y T . W . [ Tho mas Wr igh t ], who s poke f or I ngra m i n b eha lf o fh is c a lumn ia ted f r iends . H e k new t ha t t he ir m inds a s we l l a s t he E d i tor 's were t oo w e l l i n formed a nd t he ir f ee l ings were , t oo a l ive t o t he r ea l w or th o f O ld E ng land t o b e c arr ied away b y t he f i ne-spun t heor ies o f af ew G erman L i tera t i , who i n d iv in i ty , p hi los ophy , a nd e ven i n p h i lo logy h ave w inged t he ir f l igh t s o f ar i n to t he h igher , o r r a ther l ower r eg ions , a s n o t o n ly t o e nter i n t9 p a lpab le d arkness t hemse lves , b u t b y t he ir mys t ic is m h ave d ecoyed a f ew i nexper ienced f o l lowers . S axon .
We h ave n o l onger A ng lo-Saxon b ut G erman-
S o me o fo ur h a lf-educa ted c oun trymen , af ter s pend ing a f ew
mon ths o n t he C on t inent , r eturn s urcharged n o t o n ly w i th g loo my i deas o n d iv in i ty , b u t e ven u pon p h i lo logy . ( I I , 2 59 ) T hen t he a u thor a t te mp ted t o r efu te K emb le b y d ec lar ing v a luab le t he works o f a u thors a t tacked b y h im .
H e s ta ted t ha t t he mere G lossary o f T horpe 's
A na lec ta c on ta ined w ords , " fro m t he w orks h e [ Kemb le ] c onde mns i n L ye ... a nd w i thou t r eference ." Wr igh t wro te t ha t i f" any o ne b e p erp lexed a s t o t he meaning o f aw ord , o r d oub t i t s u se i n g ood a u thors , t he f au l t i s i n h imse lf a nd n o t i n L ye ." ) I I , 2 59 ) There was r enewed a t tack o n K emb le 's d ependence o n D anes a nd G ermans : " He s ee ms t o b e s o f ond o ft he b road f igure , a nd d owdy d ress o f G ermans , t ha t n o th ing w i l l s a t isfy h im b u t t he c lo th ing o ft he S axon v owe ls i n t he ir d ress ."
H ere f o l low f our teen v owe ls a nd d iph thongs a ccen ted w i th t h ir teen
um lau ts a nd o ther d iacr i t ica l f orms .
H e f e l t t ha t K emb le p resu med t o a dd
i nnu merab le , u nwarran ted a ccen ts t o B eowu lf .
Af ter p ra is ing t he p rev ious
e d i t ions K e mb le 's a dversary a dded : When much l i gh t h ad b een t hrown o n t he p oe m , Mr . K e mb le c ame a nd p u t a l l i n to d arkness b y p ub l ish ing t he mere t ex t , l oaded w i th G erman a ccen ts , w i thou t e ven c o m mon p unc tua t ion t o g u ide t he s ense , o r aw ord o ft rans la t ion o r i l lus tra t ion . Th is i s e xcusab le , a s h e p ub l ished h is b ook f or G r imm , a nd t he f ew who a re c ha ined " in h is i ronbound s ys te m ," t o t hem t h is e d i t ion i s a ddressed . T he f i na l s ho t was f i red b y t urning K e mb le 's c r i t ic is m a bou t t he d oub tfu l v a lue o f L ye 's b ook a ga ins t Ke mb le 's B eowu lf . ( I I , 2 60 ) The n ex t i ns ta l l men t i n t he " Con troversy" was a l e t ter o n S ep te mber 1 f ro m C a mbr idge , b y M .N .
3 3
i n s upport o f K emb le a ga ins t t he t wo p rev ious
1 99
a t tacks .
The wr i ter s ta ted t ha t t he o ne p ro m ised p roof o f K e mb le 's i gnorance
a nd t he o ther mere ly e xh ib i ted h is o v vn .
T he c orresponden t a rgued t ha t t o o ne
c r i t ic Thorpe 's Ana lec ta G lossary was "megre" b ecause i td idn 't c over much p aper , a nd t ha t t he a t tacks o n K e mb le 's Beowu lf w ere o u t o fp lace t here .
T he
wr i ter f i na l ly a ppea led t o t he r eason a nd f a irness o f c r i t ics : L e t t he m e xam ine c and id ly t h is " German" s ys te m , a s t hey c a l l i t , l et t he m make t he mse lves a cqua in ted w i th i t , a nd i ft hey f i nd t ha t i t i s f a lse , t hen l e t t he m e xpose i to pen ly , a nd s how i t s d efec ts . b e u nsound i tw i l l n o t l ong s tand t he t es t .
I fi t
B u t Iam c er ta in t ha t n o
g ood c an c o me o fp eop le l augh ing a t wha t t hey w i l l n ot l abour a l i t t le f irs t t o u nders tand .
( I I , 3 62 )
B eg inning o n t he s a me p age was a no ther l e t ter o f Tho mas Wr igh t f ro m Oxford o n S ep te mber 6 . l et ter a s i n t he MS .
H e d en ied t ha t K e mb le 's B eowu lf t ex t was l e tter f or
H e f ound i n t he f i rs t f o l io a c hange i n word s pe l ling ,
a nd K e mb le 's s ubs t i tu t ion o f a n e th f or a t horn :
" I f i n t he f i rs t f ew l i nes , we
d iscover a ccen ts misp laced , a nd a n e rror i n t he l i tera l e xpress ion o f a word , wha t may we n o t e xpec t i n t he who le b ook?"
( I I , 3 62-63 )
I m med ia te ly f o l low ing t he a bove l e t ter was o ne o f S ep te mber 5 f ro m C ambr idge a nd s igned b y B [ Boswor th ] .
3 3
I tb egan :
" Tru th , a nd n o t t he p re-
d om inance o fp ar t , o ugh t t o b e t he p ursu i t o f e very s c ien t if ic a nd l i terary man ."
H e s howed t ha t a ccents f ound i n MSS a re u sefu l , b u t t ha t o n ly t hose
f ound a nd n o more s hou ld b e p r in ted .
T hen h e p ra ised t he n ea t a nd c heap
e d i t ion o f T horpe 's Apo l lon ius j us t p ub l ished , " P iers P louhman ."
3 4
a nd u rged Ke mb le t o e d i t
H e h oped t ha t K e mb le 's n ew e d i t ion o f B eowu lf , w i th a n
E ng l ish t rans la t ion , a nd a g lossary wou ld s a t isfy t he p resen t o b ject ions . ( I I , 3 63-64 ) The n ex t l e t ter o n O ctober 1 5 , wr it ten b y KN [ Freder ic Madden ] ,
3 3
was
l ong a nd r a ther f a ir ly e ven ly d iv ided b e tween t he c la i ms o ft he d ispu tan ts who a re i den t if ied a s " a S axon P rofessor i n p osse" o f T r in i ty C o l lege , C a mbr idge a nd " a S axon P rofessor i n e sse" o f T r ini ty C o l lege , Oxford .
Madden a dmi t ted
t he n eed f or c o mpara t ive p h i lo logy u rged b y K emb le , b u t f e l t h e was n o t i nf a l l ib le i n h is B eowu lf .
H e a lso r efu ted a n a t tack i n K e mb le 's p re ter i te a r t ic le
c oncerning h is e d i torsh ip o f L aya rnon w i th a s amp le o f f if ty l i nes t ha t were a n i mprove men t o ver a no ther v ers ion .
( I , 4 83-86) 35
Madden ' sn ex t l e t ter o f N ove mber 6 c onta ined c r i t ica l r e marks o n t wentys ix words i n t he G lossary o ft he Ana lec ta wh ich p er ta ined t o t he L ayamon s e lect ion . H e g ave a f avorab le i mpression o ft he g enera l a ccuracy o ft he e d i tor , b u t s howed K e mb le , " tha t mere k now ledge o f S axon i s n ot s uf f ic ien t t o e nsure a n e d i tor o f L azamon [ s ic ] f ro m o ccas iona l mis takes ."
( I I , 5 91-94 )
The l as t 1 834 l e t ter p ub lished i n t he c o lumns o f t he G en t leman 's Magaz ine was b y K e mb le h imse lf , d a ted Nove mber 1 5 , a f ter h e r eturned f ro m G er many , Sw i tzer land a nd F rance . H is i n ten t ion t o d isregard t he who le ma t ter was a l tered b y t he b it terness o ft he a t tack a nd t he f e l t n eed t o p u t Oxford , " upon t he s ame f oo t ing a t h o me a s i to ccup ies a broad .
I t s f ounda t ions a re n ei ther
w ide n or d eep . " ( I I , 6 01 ) Wh i le a dm i t t ing o n ly c ler ica l e rrors i n B eowu lf t he ma jor p or t ion o f Ke mb le 's s neer ing r ebu t ta l was t ex tua l e v idence o f e rrors i n p ars ing a nd i n 2 00
c oncordance e x trac ted f ro m Oxford 's c hamp ion Professor o f Ang lo-Saxon , J . J . C onybeare 's I l lus tra t ions o f Ang lo-Saxon P oe try .
3 6
These were e nu m-
e ra ted a nd s hown b y t he s evera l d ozen AS words a nd t he ir c orrespond ing L a t in mis trans la t ions , p refaced b y t he r e mark :
" These t h ings may d o a t
Oxford ; b u t t hey w i l l n o t d o a t G öt t ingen , a t Mun ich , o r a t C a mbr idge ."
One
e xamp le was Ke mb le 's s ta te men t , " tha t n av is i s i n t he p assage where t he P rofessor d id n ot f i nd i ta nd v acuu m , wh ich h e d id f i nd , i s n ot ." r em inded h is c r i t ics t ha t t h is a r t ic le p roved : mean t o p ay ."
K e mb le
" In ever p ro mise b u t where I
( I I , 6 03 , 6 04 , 6 05 )
K e mb le k new t ha t t he " AS C on troversy" was n o t y e t o ver when h e r eceived s hor t ly a f ter i t s i ssue a bou t March 1 , 1 835 t he f o l low ing p amph le t :
T he
Ang lo-Saxon Me teor ; o r L e t ters , i n D efense o f Oxford , Trea t ing o ft he Wond erfu l G o th ic A t ta in men ts o fJ ohn M . K e mb le , o f T r in i ty C o l lege , C a mbr idge . The c onten ts o ft h is f if teen-page p r int ing a dded much smoke a nd h ea t t o t he " Con troversy" b u t v ery l i t t le l igh t .
I n f or m i t was a b r ief c orrespondence
b e tween R . i n C a mbr idge a nd I . J . i n Oxford , b eg inn ing Apr i l 1 4 a nd e nd ing D ece mber 4 , 1 834 .
I n t he f our l e t ters i nc luded i n t he b ody o ft he p amph le t
e leven p ages were wr i t ten b y t he Oxford c orresponden t , who h ad a ccess t o Wr igh t 's p apers a nd K e mb le 's u npub l ished r ev iew o f G rim m 's Gra m ma t ik . d ed ica tory c ha l lenge p receded t he ma in l e t ters :
A
" I ft he s ys te m o fv owe ls b e
i ronbound o r im mu tab le , h ow i s i tt ha t Rask a nd Gr imm , a dop ters o f t he s a me s ys te m , s o g rea t ly d if fer .... P erhaps Mr . K e mb le w i l l t e l l u s . "3 7 The C a mbr idge wr i ter made a d h o mine m a t tacks a ga ins t K e mb le o n s evera l f ron ts .
H e r eferred t o h is u ndergradua te " harangues a t t he U n ion ," a nd h is
u se o ft he p hrase " the l anguages o ft he p eop les . " H e k new Ke mb le 's AS l ectures were n o t e s tab l ished b y t he U n ivers i ty , " bu t a re a mere s pecu la t ion o f Mr . K e mb le ."
A s o f Apr i l 1 4 , 1 834 , i t was r u moured t ha t t o a t trac t a t ten-
t ion o f f reshmen t he l ec tures wou ld c o m mence i n t he O c tober T er m , g ra tu it ous t o u ndergradua tes .
T he Oxford p ar ty was v exed t o h ear t ha t t hrough
Ke mb le a nd h is f r iends , Tr in i ty C o l lege i nf luenced t he P i t t Press t o p r int t he AS G ospe ls , " loaded w i th a ccents q u i te a t v ar iance w i th t he MSS . "3 8
He
s ugges ted t ha t t he H eads o f H ouses a t C a mbr idge were t oo d iscerning t o a pp o in t K e mb le t o a n AS C ha ir t ha t s hou ld b e e s tab l ished t here , t ha t G r imm t o ld t he c orresponden t t ha t h e h ad n ever me t Ke mb le , b u t t ha t t hey p ra ised e ach o ther b ecause " e ine H and wäsch t d ie a ndere .... " ( 3 , 4 , 8 , 9 , 1 0 , 1 1 ) A ctua l ly Gr im m s uppor ted Ke mb le a s a n h onorab le a nd s incere p erson a nd l a ter c a l led t h is c harge a l i e .
( Corr . ,9 6, 1 43 )
The l a t ter p ages o ft he p amph le t c on t inued t he b it terness .
T he r e jected
Gram ma t ik r ev iew h ad b een p r in ted b y " so me s tra tage m ." K e mb le wou ld g o f ur ther t han Gr im m i n h is o versys te ma t ized c on juga t ions .
H e was t oo Wh ig-
g ish t o b e aC a mbr idge g en t le man a nd h is b oas ted l ibera l is m c ontras ted w i th ab igo try a nd p ersecu t ion p robab ly o fp op ish o r igin . u nscho lar ly , u nfa ir a nd u nchr is t ian .
K e mb le was im mature ,
( 12-15 )
Ke mb le h ad t o ld Gr imm i n F ebruary 1 835 t ha t a f ter h is l et ter i n Dece mber h e wou ld wr i te n o more o n t he s ub ject , ( Corr . ,9 0 ) b u t t he a ppearance o ft he AS Me teor p robab ly c onv inced h im t o wr i te o ne more l et ter o n J une 1 2 t o t he G en t le man 's Magaz ine , e n t i t led , "Mr . Ke mb le o n Ang lo-Saxon A ccen ts . " ( IV , 2 6-30 )
R egard ing s uch i n AS MSS Ke mb le g ave t he mark ing o fl ong
2 01
v owe ls a s t he ir c h ief p urpose .
N ex t c ame a l i s t o ft en w ords where t he a ccen t
made a n a ctua l d if ference i n mean ing , s uch a s : g od=deus , g öd=bonus . Kemb le t hus h oped t o e n ligh ten t hose i gnoran t o f a ccentua t ion r egard ing t he ir p ious t wadd le a bou t t he S axons h av ing " bu t o ne w ord f or G od a nd g ood ." T h is h e s howed t o b e f a lse i n at ab le l i st ing t he t wo w ords i n s ix G erman ic l anguages . T o d efend h is a dd i t ion o f a ccen ts i n B eowu lf K emb le a sked i fa n e d i tor o f a Greek t ex t w ou ld l eave t he m o u t i ft he MS l acked wha t h e k new s hou ld b e u sed . ( IV , 2 6-27 , 2 8 ) F ina l ly K e mb le r ea l ized t ha t h is o ppos i t ion migh t n o t h ave c o me f ro m Oxford U n ivers i ty , a nd a po log ized f or words wh ich h ad g iven p a in t o a nyone i n t he " Con troversy" .
H e was i nd ignan t a t t he i ncogn i to-qua li ty o ft he a t tack
a ga ins t h imse lf , Gr im m a nd t he G ermans , c onc lud ing : T o a l l t hose , who i n t he s p ir i t o f f a ir a nd h onourab le c r i tcis m d ea l w i th my r e marks , o r my e d i t ions o fb ooks , Iam a ccus to med t o l i s ten w i th s uch r espect a s t he ir v iews d eserve ; a nd t o a l l , i n wha tever s choo l b rough t u p , who s er ious ly p u t t he ir s hou lder t o t he whee l w i th me , Ih o ld o u t t he r igh t h and o f f e l lowsh ip ; b ut a ga ins t a l l q uackery , a nd a l l q uacks , Ih o ld t he mot to —" Warto t he K n ife ." ( IV , 2 9-30 ) A ctua l r esu l ts o ft h is " Con troversy" a re h ard t o j udge w i th a ccuracy . Kemb le may h ave w on t he b a t t le b u t l os t t he war a ga ins t t he e s tab l ished f orces . He n ever g o t a n AS C ha ir a t C ambr idge o r O xford . H e was n ot a ppoin ted t o e i ther o ft wo g overn men ta l s ecre tarysh ips f or wh ich h e a pp l ied .
L ikew ise h e
was n o t a ppo in ted a s C ambr idge U n ivers i ty 's P rotob ib l io thecar ius i n 1 845 , n or a s R eg ius P rofessor o f Modern H is tory i n 1 849 .
H is s ubsequen t p o l i t ica l
a ct iv i ty a nd wr i t ing a lso c ontr ibu ted t o h is p rob le ms , b ut t h is e d i tor ia l b at t le f i rs t p ub l ic ly marked h im a s c on trovers ia l . I n r ea l i ty K e mb le h ad many o ther t h ings o n h is mind i n t he s u m mer a nd f a l l o f 1 834 b efore h e e n tered t he e d i tor ia l l i s ts d escr ibed a bove . H e h ad a sked t he G r i m ms f or t he ir p ictures o n J u ly 1 7 a nd was a lready o n t he r oad a s f ar a s A n twerp b y Augus t 7t o v is i t t hem i n G öt t ingen ( Corr ., 6 8) d ur ing aE uropean r esearch t r ip t ha t h e t hen e xpected t o l as t t wo mon ths .
3 9
A t G öt t ingen K e mb le s pent t hree weeks o r more mos t ly w i th t he G r im ms , much t o t he d is may o fJ akob , who was l ectur ing o n t he h is tory o f G erman l i tera ture f or t he f i rs t t ime . Wi lhe l m Gr im m g ave F r iedr ich B lume t he f o ll ow ing d escr ip t ion : T h is K e mb le i s t he f i rs t r ea l ly l ovab le E ng l ishman Ih ave e ver s een —young , h andso me , l i ve ly , g if ted , n o t c eremonious , a nd v ery l earned i n t he A ng lo-Saxon t ongue .... H e l aughed s o h ear ti ly.,a nd i ti s v ery n ice when a man who i s l earned c an l augh h ear ti ly . 40 A t G öt t ingen K e mb le h ad t ime f or p h i logyny a s w e l l a s p hi lo logy . H ere h e me t , s aw d a i ly a nd f e l l i n l ove w i th h is f uture w ife , Na ta l ie A ugus te Wend t , d augh ter o fp h i losophy p rofessor J ohann Amadeus Wend t a nd H enr iet te n ee Dö l i tzsch . ( Corr ., 9 5 ) T he mo t iva t ion f or t he c o ming marr iage was i nf lue nt ia l i n Ke mb le 's l i fe f or t he n ex t t wo y ears . Meanwh i le K e mb le l ef t t he G r i m ms f or f ur ther r esearch . t ime h e j o ined h is f a ther a nd s is ter Ade la ide a t H e ide lberg . 4 1 2 02
F or a b r ief T here h e
c opied t hree MHG s pe l ls wh ich G r imm u sed i n h is f or thco m ing Deu tsche Mytho log ie i n 1 835 , a nd c hecked o n o ther MSS f or G r i m m.
A f ter v is i t ing
Kar lsruhe h e a rr ived a t S t . G a l l , where h e d iscovered , a long w i th g enea log ic a l ma ter ia l , t he AS MS c on ta in ing B ede 's Dea th S ong , wh ich h e t ranscr ibed i n i ts N or thu mbr ian v ers ion , d iv ided i n to p oe t ic l i nes a nd t rans la ted i n to Wes t S axon p oe try f or G r im m .
Fro m S t . G a l l K e mble t raveled t o E pp ishausen ,
S wi tzer land t o v is i t t he MS l i brary o f J ose f F reiherr v on Lassberg , e d i tor o f t he N ibe lungelei t i n 1 821 , f am i ly .
4 2
a nd t hence t o Lucerne where h e r e jo ined h is
H e t hen g ave u p h is p ersona l w ish t o s ee t he AS MS a t Vercel l i , I ta ly
b ecause o f h is l ow f inanc ia l s ta te i n s p i te o f h is f a ther 's o f fer o f a ss is tance , a nd b ecause o f t he d es truc t ion o f t he S p l t igen p asses .
( Corr ., 6 9-77)
On t he
way h o me Trench me t K e mble i n Par is o n O ctober 1 1 a nd r em in isced w i th h im a bou t t he " Apos t les" o ver c o f fee a nd c igars . 43 Back a t Cambr idge K e mble b egan t o s or t o u t t he f ru i ts o f h is p h i lo log ica l r esearches o n t he C on t inen t a nd a t h o me . 1 9 , 1 834 44 B ook .
H e wro te t o C ooper o n Dece mber
r eques t ing t o s ee t he R ecord C omm iss ion 's c opy o f t he V erce l l i
H e a lso d escr ibed a t en th-cen tury p on t i f ica l s een i n Par is c on ta in ing
AS s er mons , l i turgy a nd c hurch b us iness . 45
On J anuary 4 , 1 835 h e s en t S ir
H enry E l l is c op ies46 o f La t in , AS a nd N or thu mbr ian t ex ts , e specia l ly C u thb er t 's L e t ter t o C u thw in . 47 K e mb le worked o n ar ev iew o f Wi lhel m G r imm 's Vr idankes B esche idenhe i t d esp i te a n i l lness t ha t h e e rroneous ly s uspec ted t o b e t ubercu los is .
H e f e l t t ha t R ichard P r ice 's 1 824 e d i t ion o f War ton 's H is tory
o f En g l ish P oe try was r e l iab le a nd h e b e l ieved t ha t n ear ly a l l Eng l ish r o mances were a dap ta t ions o f t he F rench . c an t ;
H is s ource a na lys is o f K ing H orn was s ign i f i-
"Horn i s Eng l ish c er ta in ly ; f ro m t h is c a me a F rench o ne , t hen a s econd
Eng l ish , d i f feren t a l toge ther f ro m t he f irs t ." H owever K e mble 's r ela t ions w i th o thers a t Tr in i ty C o l lege were b eco m ing s tra ined , a nd h e r ea l ized t ha t h e r e ma ined t here b y s uf ferance n o t b y r igh t , e specia l ly a f ter a n a l terca t ion w i th a " s ta ined c haracter . ' 48 I n t he e ar ly mon ths o f 1 835 K e mble c on t inued h is s tud ies a t Cambr idge i nc luding i t e ms h e was l a ter t o p ubl ish .
H e worked w i th ma ter ia ls o n AS
w i tchcraf t , l ega l p recedents a nd r unes , e specia l ly t hose o n t he R u thwe l l P i l lar a nd i n t he MS o f S a lo mon a nd S a turn , f or wh ich h e was p repar ing a g enera l i n troduct ion .
There was f ur ther work o n t he AS G ospe ls a nd t he s econd p r in t ing
o f h is B eowu l f t ex t w i th p ar t o f i t s g lossary a nd t rans la t ion .
The g rowing u n-
c er ta in ty o f h is s i tua t ion a t C a mbr idge a nd h is f ina l t oying w i th t he i dea o f t he p r ies thood a re e v iden t a t t he e nd o f h is l e t ter t o G r imm i n F ebruary: Ih ave t hough ts o f l eav ing t he Un ivers i ty s peed i ly , a nd e n ter ing u pon t he d u t ies o f ac oun try c lergy man . Is ha l l s e lec t a sma l l p ar ish , .. t ha t Imay s t i l l b e a b le t o c arry o n t he work .. o f S axon Ph i lo log is ts . ( Corr ., 8 0-93 ) A f ter b r ie f ly a nnounc ing h is r eques t f or t he h and o f N a ta l ie Wend t t o G r imm o n Apr i l 7 , 1 835 , K e mb le r e turned t o h is p aren ts i n L ondon where h e s ough t t o c onso l ida te h is r esources a nd p rospects .
B y May 1 0 h e was work ing o n h is
AS D ic t ionary , o n OHG G ospels a nd o n t he Verce l l i B ook r el ig ious p oe try . H e s en t G r imm a n AS s pel l f or i nc lus ion i n D eu tsche Mytho log ie , a nd h oped t o v is i t G ö t t ingen s oon a nd u se Wi lhe lm 's s nu f f b ox .
2 03
( Corr ., 9 5-96 , 9 8-105 )
K e mb le h ad l i t t le im med ia te s uccess i n p ubl ish ing r ev iews o n Vr idankes a nd o n Mass mann 's e di tion o f aG o th ic G ospel c o m men tary. 49
A lso b ecause
h e k new Ca mbr idge wou ld n o t f ound a n AS Cha ir f or a Wh ig l i ke h im , h e t urned t o t he p oss ibi l i ty o f g overn men t a ppo in t men ts .
Probably t hrough t he
h elp o f h is f a mi ly h e was b e ing c ons idered i n J u ly 1 835 f or t he p os i t ions o f p r iva te s ecretary t o t he F irs t Lord o f t he Ad m ira l ty a nd o f s ecretary t o t he G overnor G enera l o f Canada .
H e was h appy t o s acr i f ice a v is i t t o Na ta lie t hen
f or a p osi tion t ha t h e b oas ted o ne d ay migh t l ead t o h er wear ing a c oronet . ( Corr ., 1 06-114 ) A l though K e mble g o t n ei ther g overn men t p os t h e wen t t o s ee Gr imm a nd Na ta l ie Wend t l a ter i n t he s u m mer o f 1 835 .
B y O c tober 2 4 h e was i n L eipzig
g et t ing t o k now t he Wend ts a nd p lann ing t o s pend t he w in ter i n Mun ich s tudying w i th Mass mann a nd S ch me l ler .
( Corr ., 1 15-118 )
Thus Ke mble h ad c losed h is Ca mbr idge c areer t ha t y ear a nd h ad s er ious ly p lanned t o marry.
H e h ad n o t b een o rda ined a nd h e h ad a s y et f ound n o d ef in i te
o r s ecure p os i t ion w i th wh ich t o s uppor t aw i fe.
ENDNOTES 1 .
Record , I , 2 50 , 2 81 ;
2 .
Trench , L et ters & Me mor ia ls , I , 9 1 , 9 6 , 9 7.
3 .
J ohnson L et ters , N o . 1 4.
4 .
R . A . Wi ley , e d. J ohn M i tche l l K e mb le a nd J akob G r imm , A C orrespond ence :
5 . 6 .
Francis I ( London , 1 832 ).
Record
1 832-1852 ( Leiden , 1 971 ) , p . 2 3. I I , 1 82 , 1 87 , 1 89.
J ohnson , Donne & Fr iends , p . 1 3 , wr i t ten b etween J une a nd Aug ., 1 832 , a ccord ing t o Mary Barham J ohnson 's l e t ter t o t h is a u thor o n A pr il 2 1, 1 975.
7 .
J ohnson L et ters , N os . 1 5 , 1 6.
8 .
Bres lau , 1 830 , r ev iewed i n X ( Aug .-Oc t ., 1 832) , 3 65-411.
9 .
Ge t t ingen , I , 2 nd e d. ( 1822 ) , I ( 1826) , I I ( 1831 ).
1 0 .
D ick ins , " Ke mb le & O ld Eng lish , "p . 5 9 :
Wm . A ld is Wr igh t , e d .,
Let ters o f E dward F i tz G era ld t o Fanny K e mble , 1 871- 1 883 ( N . Y., 1 895 ) , p p. 1 53-54 , i nc luding mus ica l n o ta t ion . 1 1.
C openhagen , 1 830 , i n t he Fore ign Quar ter ly R ev iew , X I ( Apr . 1 833 ) , 2 27-28 .
1 2 .
L ondon , 1 833 ;
1 3.
J ohnson L et ters , N o. 1 9.
1 4.
i n C I I I , p p . 3 29-31.
"MS Ma ter ia ls f or a n Ang lo-Saxon G lossary ," a long w i th JM IVs o ther n otebooks were a cqu ired a t a n a uct ion i n L ondon a nd s old a f ew d ays l a ter o n Aug . 2 , 1 900 t o Prof . J a mes W. B r igh t o f J ohns Hopk ins Un iv ersi ty .
They a re n ow a va i lable i n t he J u l ia Rogers L ibrary o f G oucher 2 04
C o l lege , Ba l t imore.
The p resen t wr i ter h as v iewed t he m o n m icrof i lm
t hrough t he c our tesy o f t ha t i ns t i tu t ion . 1 5. 1 6.
P h i lo log ica l Museu m , I , 3 73-88 . I .e. o n 3f l y leaves o f t he 4 50-fo l io q uar to 1 V IS .I .i .1.33 , H o mi l iarum c anon icaru m , JMK d escr ibed l anguage a nd c on ten ts i n Eng . o f AS e n tr ies , g ave p robable d a te o f t ranscr ip t ion , c o mpared s o me i t e ms w i th s im i lar MSS a nd d es igned i t e ms a s metr ica l l egends , s er mons , e tc .
1 7.
J ohnson L et ters , N o . 1 9 ;
J ohnson , Donne & F r iends , p p . 1 5-16.
1 8 .
I ta ppeared i n G r im m 's r ev iew o f Carda le 's A lfred 's B oeth ius , G ö tt ing ische g elehr te Anzeigen , S t t ick 1 60 , p p. 1 594-95 .
1 9.
Venn , A lu mn i C an tab., I V , 1 3.
2 0 .
Wr igh t , L et ters & L i terary Re ma ins —F i tzGera ld , I , 2 5 .
2 1.
The Ang lo-Saxon Poe ms o f B eowu lf , The Travel ler 's S ong a nd t he Ba tt le o f F innesburh ( London , 1 833 ).
2 2.
S o me o f t hese a re :
a ccen ts 1 9 ;
g enea logy & mytho logy , 5 3 , 2 6 , 2 55 ;
g losses , 1 15 , 1 20 , 1 33 , 1 81;
6 1-62 ,
6 3 , 1 21;
AS
n ames o f B eowu l f , 6 5 , 1 25-
p lace n a mes , 1 91 , 2 59,
2 3.
B os ton , 1 922 , 1 928 , 1 936 , 1 941, p p. c xxv i i , c xxx , c x l i i , c lxxv i , c lxxx i ii .
2 4.
Mun ich , 1 836.
2 5.
2v o ls .,
2 6.
Cambr idge , 1 834 , 2 2 p p.
2 7.
J ohnson L et ters , N o . 2 0 .
2 8 .
A thenaeu m , N o . 1 535 ( Mar . 2 8 , 1 857) , p . 4 06 , a nd N o . 1 536 ( Apr . 4 ,
( London , 1 849 ).
1 857) , p . 4 39 ;
F raser 's Magazine , LV ( 1857) , 6 14 ;
D ick ins , " Ke mble
& O ld Eng lish , "p . 5 9. 2 9.
Que llen u nd F orschungen z ur G esch ich te d er t eu tschen L i tera tur ( Aachen . 1 830 ).
3 0 .
" No te o n t he V is ions o f P iers P lough man ," The G en t le man 's Magazine N .S . I( Apr . 1 834) , 3 85 . A l l s ubsequen t c i ta tions f ro m t h is j ourna l i n t h is c hap ter a re b y v o lu me a nd p ages i n p aren theses .
3 1.
L inco ln 's I nn L ibrary , MSS . N os . 2 45 , 2 46 , 2 47.
3 2.
JMK 's l e t ter t o P eacock , T r in i ty C o l l . L ib . Addi t iona l MS.b . Vo l . 4 9 , N o . 7 2.
3 3.
JMK i den t i fied t h is c on tr ibu tor a lso a s Tho mas Wr igh t , b u t f ro m t he c on tex t i t s ee ms d eba table . Madden 's n a me .
The l e t ters c ou ld e ven c o me f ro m Freder ic
H e i den ti f ied b y o ther l e t ters J oseph B oswor th a nd
Madden . S ee F rancisque Miche l , B ibl io theque Ang lo-Saxonne ( Par is . 1 837) , p . 1 53. 3 4.
Ang lo-Saxon Vers ion o f t he S tory o f A po l lon ius o f T yre , w i th t rans la t ion , ( London , Aug ., 1 834 ).
2 05
3 5.
S ee s u m mary o f G retchen P . Acker mann 's " John Mi tchel l K e mble a nd S ir F rederic Madden :
' Concei t a nd Too Much G er man is m '?" i n O ld
Eng lish N ews let ter , X I ( 1 978 ) , 3 3.
T h is p aper , d e l ivered a t a May 1 978
C on ference o n Med ieva l S tudies a nd s een i n MS b y t h is a u thor , g ives a s p ir i ted s u m mary o f r ela t ions b etween t hese men o ver a l ong p er iod . 3 6.
London , 1 826.
3 7.
Ang lo-Saxon Me teor , a n o r ig ina l p r in t ing i n The J ohns Hopk ins Un ivers i ty L ibrary , p . 2 .
3 8 .
The i n teres t o f t he s ynd ics o f t he U n ivers i ty P ress was ment ioned t o G r imm o n May 2 8 , 1 833 a nd a ga in i n O ct ., a nd Ke mble s en t t he l a t ter c lean s heets o f ap or t ion o f t he p r in ted G ospel o n May 1 0 , 1 835 . 3 3 , 4 3-44 , 9 7.
C orr .,
Thorpe p ubl ished S t . Ma t thew f or t he Un iversi ty i n 1 838 ,
b u t K e mble 's AS G ospe ld id n ot a ppear i n t he s a me p ress t i l l a f ter h is d ea th i n 1 858 , c oedi ted b y Char les Hardwick . 3 9.
Trench , Le t ters & Me mor ia ls , I , 1 62:
4 0 .
A lber t L ei tz mann , e d ., Br iefe d er Br t ider G r imm ( Jena , 1 923 ) , p p . 1 85 , 1 87;
4 1.
JMK t o Trench .
c f . D ick ins , "Ke mble & O ld Eng l ish ," p p. 6 1 , 7 4 , f n . 5 8 .
I b id ., p p. 1 85-86:
Wm . G r i m m men t ioned JMK 's s is ter o n t he C on t inen t ,
who c ou ld o n ly h ave b een Adela ide b ecause F anny h ad marr ied P ierce Bu t ler i n J une 1 834 a nd was l iv ing i n Amer ica . 4 2.
Da 3 i s t d er N ibelungelei t , e d i ted f ro m MS . C .
4 3.
Trench , L e t ters 8 / Me mor ia ls , I , 1 72 .
4 4.
L ibrary o f L incoln 's I nn , MS . N o. 2 48 .
4 5.
L is ted a s H om i ly &c ., B ibl io th k iue Na t iona le , La t . 9 43 , i n N . R . K er , Ca ta logue o f Manuscr ip ts C on ta in ing Ang lo-Saxon ( Ox ford , 1 957) , p p. 4 37-38 .
JMK p r in ted t he l e t ter o f E the lr ic , B ishop o f S herborne , i n h is
C odex d ip lo ma t icus , I I ( 1845 ) , N o . 7 08 . 4 6. 4 7.
Br i t ish Museu m , Add i t iona l MS . N o . 3 8626 , f . 1 84-85 . S t . G a l l MS . N o . 2 54.
JMK n o ted i ts a ge , i t s l anguage f ea tures a s c lose
t o t ha t o f t he e igh th c en tury Durha m B ook , a nd t he p robabi l i ty t ha t t he s peaker q uoted r a ther t han c o mposed o n h is d ea thbed . 4 8 .
JMK i nc luded t he G r imm , War ton a nd o ther i t e ms i n 3l e t ters t o I . T o thun ter a t B owne H ouse , C a mbr idge. MS . c . 8 9 , Nos . 7 4-76;
4 9 .
Tr in i ty C o l lege L ibrary A dd .
N o . 7 5 i s q uo ted .
H . F . Mass mann , e d ., S keireins A ivaggel jons Tha irh J ohannen ( Mun ich , 1 834 ).
2 06
K I NG E D WARD V I F R EE G RAMMAR S C HOOL B URY S T ,EDM UNDS , S U FFOLK
C H APELF IELDS A DDLESTONE , S URREY 1P A RK P LACE SfJ A MES , L O NDON
F ig . 9 .3
K e mb le 's S choo l a nd t wo o f h is H ouses
CHAPTER I V MARR IAGE
EDITORSH IP
RESPONS IB IL ITY
K e mble r e ma ined i n Mun ich w i th h is f r iend V ipan d ur ing t he e ar ly mon ths o f 1 836 t i l l March 2 8 s tudying , wr i t ing a nd h op ing f or a f avorable t urn o f e ven ts . H e p ubl ished h is S ta m m ta fe l d iscussed b e low a nd r ead t hrough G r imm 's Mytho log ie f our t imes . A f ter Mun ich K e mb le a nd V ipan wen t s low ly t o S tu t tgar t a nd t hen t o H eidelberg where t hey r e ma ined a w eek .
K e mble , b ecause o f h is
c onnec t ion w i th G er many h ad b een o ffered £ 300 p er y ear t o a ssu me e d i torsh ip o f t he o ne-and-one-ha l f-year-o ld B r i t ish a nd F ore ign R ev iew .
H e t hen r e turned
h o me t o a ccep t t he p os i t ion wh ich t hus wou ld e nab le h im t o marry N a ta l ie Wend t s ooner .
( Corr ., 1 19-24 )
Mary B arham J ohnson , K emble 's g rea t-
g randdaugh ter , f ro m a s urvey o f t he l e t ters o f K e mb le 's A un t V icto ire d eCamp i n h er p ossess ion , s uspec ts t ha t t he o f fer o f e d i torsh ip c a me t o h im b ecause h is a un t was a f r iend o f t he p ubl isher 's w i fe , Mrs . T ho mas Wen twor th B eau mon t .
1
K e mb le 's Ü ber d ie S ta m m ta fe l d er Wes tsachsen2 was t he f irs t o f s evera l works h e was t o wr i te i n G er man i n h is l i fe t i me .
T h is was a r e markable f ea t
f or t he t wen ty-n ine-year-old Eng l ish man a l though r a ised i n af am i ly where h is mo ther a nd ma iden Aun t A de la ide d eCa mp s poke G er man .
T hough p r iva te ly
c ircu la ted t o t he t wo G r i m ms , Kar l Lachmann , S ch mel ler a nd o thers a bou t t wo h undred c op ies were p r in ted , f irs t p r in t ing o f B eowuL f . K e mb le 's
mak ing t he e d i t ion t wice a s l arge a s K e mble 's
( ii i )
d ed ica tory l e t ter t o G r imm s howed , " tha t a l l n ames o f t hose who
a ppear a s a nces tors o f t he f irs t c onquerors , h over i n t he d ark t wi l igh t o f p ure ly mytho log ica l s agas ," ( 5 ) t ha t f i tness t o wear a c rown was a warded o n ly t o Woden 's g enu ine d escendan ts a nd t ha t t he wr i t ten g enea log ies o f Eng land b el onged t o a" Ger man Mytho logy , "f or t hey were t he o ldes t p reserved e p ic d ocumen ts o f t he G er mans . ( 7 ,9 )
I n s u m mary wro te K e mble , a f ter r educ ing
t wen ty-odd n a mes i n a l l i tera t ive p a irs t o s even b as ic n a mes , s uch n a mes r ep resen ted t he s a me g od a s u n iversa l p ower , a s f er t i l i ty g od o r a s s ea g od . E xcep t f or Woden , who b eca me a J udeo-Chr is t ian d ev i l , t he r e ma inder s urv ived o n ly i n g enea log ies .
( 2 6-27 )
G r imm g enera l ly l i ked K e mble 's S ta m m ta fe l b u t d isagreed w i th t he d er ivat ion o f t he n a me B eowu l f f ro m a h arves t g od a nd w i th s o me o f t he s upposed a l l i tera t ion o f n a mes . e nough f or a r ev iew .
( Corr ., 1 24-25 )
H owever h e d id f ee l i t s ign i f ican t
3
Ano ther r esu l t o f s tud ies w i th S chme l ler was K e mble 's q uo t ing a nd t ransl a t ing o f aS axon , g no m ic p roverb o f S t . B on i face i n t he G en t le man 's Magazine : " O f t d o th t he d i la tory man w i th j us t ice l ose/by h is d e lay , i n e very s uccess fu l u nder tak ing ;/ Therefore h e d ie th l one ly ." P erhaps K e mb le mean t t he p roverb a s
a Par th ian s ho t a t h is o pponen ts i n t he " Con troversy" , b u t h e c ou ld n o t
2 08
k now o n t he e ve o f h is marr iage t ha t t he l as t l ine was l a ter t o a pp ly more t o h i msel f . ( N . S . ,V , 6 11 ) K e mble a nd Na ta l ie Wend t were t o k now e ach o ther f or a l i t t le u nder t wo y ears p r ior t o marr iage , b u t a c tua l p ersona l v is i ts were l im i ted t o l i t t le more t han s evera l mon ths i n a l l .
S he b e longed t o aG er man p ro fessor ia l f am i ly ,
d i f feren t i n o u t look a nd t as tes f ro m K e mble 's L ondon r e la t ives o f s tage f a me .4 T he f ac t t ha t s he wou ld l i ve a l mos t e xc lus ive ly i n Eng land , f ar a way f ro m a ny r e la t ives a nd f or mer f r iends , made t h is i n terna t iona l ma tch a t i t s o u tse t ad i ff icu l t a d jus t men t .
When K e mble 's p reoccupa t ion w i th c on troversy a nd t he
d e mands o f s cho lar ly b u t g enera l ly u nrewarded p ubl ica t ions were a dded t o t he s i tua t ion , t here wou ld b e c ause e nough f or t rouble i n t he f u ture . K e mb le was a ga in i n G er many b y J u ly 5 , 1 836 b ecause h e f i led p apers a t t he R oya l M in is try o f E cc les ias t ica l a nd E duca t iona l A f fa irs i n H anover , s eek ing a d ispensa t ion f ro m t he p ubl ica t ion o f marr iage b anns i n L ondon . K e mb le g ot a f avorab le d ec is ion o n J u ly 1 6 c h ief ly b ecause o f t he wr i t ten t est imony o f h is c harac ter w i tnesses , G t I t t ingen p ro fessors G r imm , J . K . L . G ies ler , t he h is tor ian , a nd G . C . F . L t icke , t he t heo log ian .
5
K e mble 's b r ie f n o te t o G r imm r ece ived a t G d t t ingen o n J u ly 2 1 w i th t he r eques t f or a c opy o f F . C . Dah l mann 's D ie P o l i t ik a u f d en G rund u nd d as Mass d er g egebenen Z us tände z ur t ickgef t ihr t i nd ica ted r a ther h eavy r ead ing i n t he week p r ior t o h is marr iage . h is a nk le i n a sma l l t own .
Bu t h e h ad t o r es t a f ter h av ing s pra ined
( Corr ., 1 28 )
H owever , a ccord ing t o t he r ecords
o f S t . J a mes ' L u theran C hurch a t Gd t t ingen K e mble a nd Na ta l ie Wend t were marr ied i n ah ouse c ere mony o n S unday , J u ly 2 4 , 1 836.
6
The l eng th o f t he
h oney moon , i fa ny , a nd t he e xac t d a te o f t he c oup le 's r e turn t o L ondon were n o t k nown , b u t f ro m s ubsequen t c orrespondence i ti s c lear t ha t t hey s e t t led a t 3C raven P lace , B ayswa ter n ear L ondon , o n ah i l l f am i l iar t o K e mble f ro m p rev ious r es idence i n t he a rea w i th h is f am i ly.
F ro m c hanges o f a ddresses
i n t he im med ia tely s ubsequen t y ears i ti s p resu med t ha t t he q uar ters were r en ted o nes .
Trench d id n o t a t f irs t k now h is whereabou ts , s ta t ing t ha t
K e mb le wrong ly f e l t t he " Apos t les" h ad b roken o f f a l l i n tercourse w i th h im .
'
P erhaps K e mb le 's f ina l t urn ing a way f ro m a c hurch c areer a lso c aused t h is b e l ie f . P ubl ished d ur ing t he v ery s um mer o f h is marr iage i n t he p er iod ica l h e was a bou t t o e d i t , K e mble 's r ev iew o f Wi lhe lm G r imm 's V r idankes B esche idenhe i t was h is f irs t r ev iew i n wh ich h is tor ica l c onsidera t ions a nd me thods p redo min a ted o ver p h i lo log ica l o r g ram ma t ica l o nes . 8 T he r ev iew n o d oub t was mean t n o t o n ly a s at r ibu te o f r espec t t o Wi lhe lm , b u t a lso a s a n a nswer t o t he a nonymous i nuendo o f K e mble 's p opery i n t he AS Me teor o f 1 835 .
I n b r ie f i ts erved
a s K e mb le 's e xaggera ted man i fes to o f P ro tes tan t is m , i n wh ich t h ir ty o f i t s f or ty p ages were d evo ted t o t he s ubt i t le :
" The Emp ire a nd t he C hurch ."
I n t he b e l ie f t ha t Vr idank was a r ea l p erson o f g rea t " word ly w isdo m" , K e mb le s urveyed t he Empire a nd t he C hurch b ackground f ro m 7 50 t o 1 230 . A l though c iv i l iza t ion o wed i t s e x is tence a nd p rogress t o t he C hurch , ac ler ica l c lass , im mune f ro m a s ta te 's l aws , was n o t K e mble 's v iew o f t he r igh t a rrangemen t .
The " sound" AS C hurch g ave t he p ower o f t he k eys t o a l l b ishops a nd
p r ies ts , r e jec ted t ransubs tan t ia t ion a nd s pread H o ly S cr ip ture i n t he v ernacu lar . ( 2 4-26)
I n o ppos ing p apa l p ower t he f ar-s igh ted V r idank a r t icu la ted t h is u n-
2 09
d eve loped t hough t o f p r ior c en tur ies , a nd a n t ic ipa ted t h ings t o c o me .
( 35-36)
I nb r ie f s u m mary o f t he f i f ty-three c hap ters d iscuss ing , f or e xa mp le , c our t , h ere t ics , mass a nd p opes , K e mb le s e lec ted a nd t rans la ted p or t ions i n s uppor t o f h is t hes is , s uch a s :
" Ro m ish S a in t a nd R o man s way/ a re s corned a l ike b y
p r ies t a nd l ay:" ( 2 7-61) I n t he mean t i me K e mble 's marr iage a nd h is work o n t he Br i t ish a nd F oreign R ev iew were b o th we l l u nder way b y t he f a l l o f 1 836.
K e mb le a nd
Na ta l ie were g e t t ing s e t t led o n S ep te mber 2 1 , a nd h e e n joyed h is G er man w i fe 's d iv ine p iano p laying a nd g u idance o f h im .
B o th d e l igh ted i n t he g arden a nd
a pp les o f t he ir sma l l ish " Parad ise ." B y t he e nd o f t he mon th K e mb le was b ound l i ke Pro metheus t o p i les o f R ev iew a r t ic les ,
p roof-shee ts a nd l e t ters ,
c o mp la in ing a lready a bou t a u thor i nco mpe tence . 9 H e h ad s ucceeded G i lber t A ins l ie Young a s i t s e d i tor i n t ime t o p ub l ish t he D ece mber n u mber a nd wou ld h o ld t he p os i t ion t i l l t he d em ise o f t he j ourna l i n 1 844 .
1 0
A t t he v ery s tar t o f h is p er iod ica l e d i t ing K e mble s howed a c er ta in amoun t o f l i bera l a rbi trar iness e spec ia l ly i n wr i t ing t o D onne a nd t he " Apos t les ."
H e
f e l t t ha t t he R ev iew 's p oe t ic t as tes h ad b een e xecrable a nd t ha t i th ad a bused Wordswor th .
P o l i t ic ians were i nco mpe ten t r e for mers o r e x tre m is ts .
were n o t y e t p repared t o b e e duca tors .
Parsons
K e mb le s ounded l i ke a Modern is t :
" The c ler isy o f t he l and mus t n o l onger b e t he p arsonry o f t he l and :
f or t he
s ta te h as a r igh t t o t he minds , a s we l l a s t he b od ies & g oods o f i t s s ub jects ." 1 1 H e a lso t o ld Mi lnes t ha t " Apos to l ic" p roduc t ions were n o t a lways i n tel l igi b le . 1 2 I n s p i te o f i n i t ia l i nvo lve men t w i th h is e d i torsh ip a nd i ssues o f d o mes t ic a nd f ore ign p o l icy K e mb le k ep t a t AS s tud ies .
B e fore h e b eca me t oo d eep ly
c o mm i t ted t o R ev iew p o l i t ics h e c o mp le ted work o n h is s econd v o lume o f B eowu l f , wh ich was p ubl ished e ar ly i n 1 837 a long w i th a c orrec ted p r in t ing o f t he f irs t t ex t . " B y c i t ing o n t he f l ylea f o f t he n ew v o lu me a p assage f ro m S ch i l ler 's Wa l lens te in t r i logy ,
1 4
K e mble h in ted a t t he i mpor tance o f a l l p r im i t ive l i tera ture f or
a n u nders tand ing o f t he p resen t s ta te o f ar ace .
H ence for th h e wou ld s pend
h is c areer s tudying a nd e d i t ing AS wr i t ings a nd s um mar izing h is f ind ings i n The S axons i n Eng land i n 1 849 . K e mble 's a rrange men t a nd s cho lar ly a ppara tus i n B eowu l f I were i mpress ive f or t he t ime .
A f ter a s econd d ed ica t ion t o G r im m c a me f our p ages o f
MS a nd b ook t i t les c i ted , l ingu is t ic s hor t f or ms , Pre face ," ( i -lv ) p rose t rans la t ion , e n tr ies ,
( unpaged ) " Pos tscr ip t t o t he
( 1 -127) " G lossary" o f t h ir teen h undred
( 128-258 ) a nd a n " Append ix .
A ddenda .
C orr igenda , e tc ." o f f i f ty-
f our u nnumbered p ages wh ich r efer t o t he AS t ex t o f t he f irs t v o lume . A s aB eowu l f s cho lar K e mble h ad ma tured t hrough h is a nd G r imm 's s tud ies o n T eu ton ic my tho logy.
K e mble d ec lared n u l l a nd v o id h is a t tr ibu t ion o f d a tes
t o a ny p r ince o r h ero i n B eowu lf Ib ecause h e h ad l earned h ow t o t rea t t he g od-hero ma ter ia l o f t he g enea log ies a nd l egends o f t he Ang les .
( x l i i i-x l iv ,
x lix-l ) K e mble d e mons tra ted a g ood k now ledge o f ON s ources a nd v ocabu lary a nd e n tered AS c o mpound words i n t he "G lossary" u nder t he s econd p ar t o f t he word . ( 1 i )
H e t hanked Tho mas Wr igh t , h is " Con troversy" o pponen t f or
r ev is ing t he B eowu l f It ex t i n t he 1 835 p r in t ing f or i ssue i n 1 837 , C ooper , Thorpe , Mass mann , S chme l ler a nd mos t o f a l l G r imm f or t he ir h e lp . ( l i i-l iv )
2 10
A c o mpar ison o f t he t rans la t ion i t sel f , f or e xa mp le , C an to X I , c oncern ing t he b a t t le w i th G rende l ( 30-33 ) w i th t ha t o f t he P engu in e d i t ion o f D av id Wr igh t1 5 r evea ls a r e markab le modern i ty , a nd s hows o n ly minor d e fec ts i n K e mb le 's e f for t , wh ich were c lar i f ied i n t he c ourse o f t he n ex t c en tury.
F or e xa mp le ,
K e mb le 's v ers ion d escr ibes t he h a l l a s " var iega ted w i th v esse ls ," whereas t he modern t ex t g ives t he s a me a s " g l is ten ing w i th p la ted g o ld ."
B u t a s t he
f irs t c o mple te Eng l ish t rans la t ion K e mble 's s tands a lone , a nd w i thou t i tt here wou ld n o t h ave b een a t t ha t t ime a ny th ing t o improve . I n s um mary K e mb le 's t wo-vo lu me e d i t ion o f B eowu l f was f ar s uper ior t o t he t he e ar l ier o ne o f 1 833 .
H is mas tery o f G er man ic p h i lo logy s et i ta bove t he
1 6
work o f p rev ious c en tur ies s o c oncerned w i th t heo log ica l a nd l ega l d ispu tes . I t was t he a u thori ta t ive t ex t a nd c o m mentary f or t wen ty y ears t i l l s uperseded b y aG er man e d i t ion .
1 7
K e mble a cco mpl ished more t han a ny o ther t ex tua l
c r i t ic i n t wo ma in p o in ts : h e p rov ided t he t ex t w i th e igh teen a ccep ted r es torat i ons , c h ief ly t o v erbs a nd w i th f or ty-four a ccep ted emenda t ions b ased o n s cr iba l e rrors , metr ica l d e fec ts a nd g ra m ma t ica l mis takes .
H is t endency
t oward r egu lar iza t ion s l igh t ly marred t h is e d i t ion , a nd h e l acked t he t oo ls f or more a ccura te s tudy o f s o me p o in ts s uch a s E duard S ievers ' me tr ica l a na lys is f i f ty y ears l a ter .1 8 Wh i le s o me o f K e mb le 's f r iends t hough t h im p rosperous i n t he s pr ing o f 1 837 a nd w ished t o k now b e t ter h is " very n ice" w i fe , t hen p regnan t , h e was v ery b usy w i th d e ta i ls o f AS p h i lo logy a nd mytho lo g y .
1 9
H e n o ted N or thu mbr ian
f irs t p erson v erbs e nd ing i n oa nd AS p lace n ames s uch a s S aeteresbyr ig , d er ived f ro m S a turnus .
H e r epor ted a ga in o n r unes a t Ru thwe l l a nd c r i t ic ized
t he Dane F innur Magnussen 's r un ic i n terpre ta t ions . ac o l lec t ion o f AS c har ters .
H e a lso s aw t he n eed f or
( Corr ., 1 33 , 1 37 )
A pparen t ly d o mes tici ty , e d i tor ia l d u t ies a nd p h i lo l %j a lone were n o t e nough f or K e mble 's c on ten t ious n a ture .
B y March 2 6 h e h ad a nony mous ly p ub l ished
" a sma l l t rac t c a l led f or th b y t he p o l i t ica l t roubles ,... a ga ins t t he u surpa t ions . .o f t he Eng l ish c lergy." ( Corr ., 1 32 )
The t i t le o f K e mb le 's p amph le t was :
AF ew H is tor ica l R e marks U pon t he S upposed An t iqu i ty o f Church R a tes , a nd t he Three fo ld D iv is ion o f T i thes b y a Lay Me mber o f t he C hurch O f Eng land .
20
K e mble q uo ted i n t rans la t ion AS c har ters s uppor t ing h is d en ia l o f t he a n t iqu i ty a nd p ar l ia men tary n a ture o f t he l ev ies f or c hurch s uppor t , s upp lying o r ig ina l t ex ts i n n o tes .
H is p urpose was t o s ee j us t ice d one t o t he C hurchman a nd t o
t he D issen ter .
( 3 , 5 -24 , 2 7-30 )
K e mble c onc luded t ha t t he T or ies made i t
l ook l ike t he l i bera l c abine t min is ters wan ted " to p u l l d own t he c hurches ." Th is wou ld f orce Wh igs o u t o f o f f ice a nd e nd t he n a t iona l r efor ms .
( 24-25 )
K e mb le 's o pponen t who m h e p r iva te ly c a l led " so me s cio l is t i n t he p ay o f t he B ishop o f L ondon ," ( Corr ., 1 32 ) was R ev . Wi l l iam H a le , C hap la in t o t he L ord B ishop .
H is An t iqu i ty o f t he C hurch Ra te S ys te m 21
c on tended t ha t
K e mb le migh t e ven b e a ppo in ted t o r efor m Ox ford a nd C a mbr idge " in to a bodes o f l i bera l is m a nd n urser ies o f d issen t ."
H is c h ie f a rgu men ts were t ha t K e mble
r e l ied t oo much o n monas tery c har ters r a ther t han p ar ish c hurches , a nd t ha t t he AS C hurch h ad g enera l s uppor t .
H e c onc luded t ha t K e mble 's p oss ib ly
d eserved AS r epu ta t ion d id n o t n ecessar i ly make h im p ro f ic ien t i n ak now ledge o f Eng l ish e ccles ias t ica l h is tory .
2 2
Th is f inger-s lapping o f K e mble p robably
was e v idence o f aw idespread c onv ic t ion , f or a f or m o f c hurch t ax s urv ived i n Eng land t i l l 1 936. 2 11
K e mble 's f am i ly s oon a bsorbed much o f h is a t ten t ion when t o h is G er man w i fe N a ta l ie , ah ea l thy b aby g ir l , G er trude , was b orn o n A pr i l 2 4 , 1 837.
S he
b eca me t he w i fe o f t he b ar i tone s inger C har les S an t ley a nd l i ved t i l l 1 882. Th is e ven t p robab ly t e mpered K e mble 's p ugnac ious n a ture t e mporar i ly t o l ook o n t he g rea t mora l p rogress ion o f h uman i ty a bove t he s quabbles o f Wh igs a nd Tor ies f or p ower .
H owever K e mble 's f or mer AS p upi l , Tho mas Wr igh t , t hen
i rr i ta ted h im b y p ubl ish ing i n G er many w i thou t p er m iss ion K e mb le 's MS L a t in med ieva l p oe ms t ranscr ibed f or G r imm .
I n t he ma t ter o f i n tel lec tua l n ew
b ir ths K e mb le p ar t ic ipa ted i n f ound ing t he Eng l ish H is tor ica l S oc ie ty , wh ich was t o p ub l ish s ix teen t i t les i n t he n ex t e igh teen y ears , c h ief ly o f AS a nd l a ter c hron ic les i nc lud ing t he s ix v o lumes o f K e mb le 's AS C har ters .
( Corr ., 1 40-42 )
K e mb le s oon t ook u p ab one o f c on ten t ion f unda men ta l t o a nyone s eek ing t o o bta in t he u se o f t he o lder r ecords o f h is c oun try .
H e r ev iewed f or h is o wn
p er iod ica l t he R ecord C omm iss ion 's R epor t o f A ugus t 1 5 , 1 836 a s as pr ingb oard f or h is g r ievances . 23 H e h ad a lready f e l t m isrepresen ted b y C ooper 's s ta te men t t ha t h e c ons idered t he V erce l l i MS a s i l lus tra t ive o f AS c hron ic les a nd l aws , a nd f el t j us ti f ied i n c orrec t ing t h is e rror .
2 4
K e mble e xpressed
c oncern o ver s quandered t ax money a nd t he i naccess ibi l i ty o f o lder r ecords f or r eady e v idence a nd f or s tudy o f c us to ms a nd i ns t i tu t ions s t i l l i n f luen t ia l i n t he l i fe o f t he n a t ion .
( 120-23 )
H e b era ted S ir F rancis Pa lgrave ls v o lumes
o n t he Eng l ish C o m monwea l th a s imper fec t c oncern ing AS l aws , l anguage a nd f ee l ings .
( 126 )
P oor r ecord s torage f ac i l i t ies were a t tacked s uch a s t he r a t-
i n fes ted K ing 's Mews , where I r ish l aborers s pen t af or tn igh t b agg ing t he r o l l f or ms wh i le , " no th ing b u t s trong s t i mu lan ts s us ta ined t he men work ing am ids t s uch a mass o f p u tr id f i l th , s tench , d irt a nd d ecompos i t ion . "( 136-38 )
K emb le
d id n o t w in f r iends i n t he e s tab l ish men t b y s uch p ub l ic r e marks , a nd t hus made i td i f f icu l t f or G r imm l a ter t o g et a c opy o f t he R ecord C omm iss ion 's p r in ted V erce l l i C odex . I n c ons truc t ive c r i t ic is m K e mble s ugges ted o ne r ecord o f f ice w i th r espons ib le , p a id c omm iss ioners , t he e s tab l ishmen t o f ac har ter s choo l t o t ra in c lerks , t he i ns t i tu t ion o f AS l ec tures a t O xford o r C ambr idge .
( 149 , 1 67-68 )
I n t wo i ns tances K e mble 's a t ten t ion p aved t he way f or h is f u ture work .
H e
n o ted a s impor tan t t he V erce l l i f ragmen t a bou t a n a ddress o f ad epar ted s ou l t o t he b ody , wh ich h e wou ld l i nk t o t he t ex t o f t he R u thwe l l Runes i n 1 840 . K e mble a lso a f f ir med t he n ecess i ty o f p ubl ish ing a l l AS C har ters , ap ro jec t h e was t o u nder take b e tween 1 839 a nd 1 848 . ( 152-63 ) By t he s um mer o f 1 837 K e mble was g enera l ly p rosperous a nd h appy b o th d o mes t ica l ly a nd s oc ia l ly .
H e , N a ta l ie a nd i n fan t G er trude were l i v ing c loser
t o L ondon 's c en ter o n F i tzroy S quare . I n c om for table q uar ters N a ta l ie h ad f lower b oxes o n t he b a lcony a nd h er h usband 's b ooks b ound i n a pp le-p ie o rder , as i tua t ion wh ich s ee med t o i rk h im t hen .
I n J une h e s aw Donne a t t he " Pan-
A pos to l ic D inner ," a nd e ven a dv ised h im o n t he s cope o f t he Cambr idge b ache lor d egree e xa m ina t ions s ince D onne h oped f ina l ly t o t ake t he m . K e mb le a lso k ep t o u t o f p o l i t ics b ecause t here were n o Wh ig v acancies , a nd h e wou ld n o t s eek o f f ice i n av acan t T ory b orough .
2 5
T he o n ly s hadow o ver t he n ew p aren ts '
b l iss was t he k now ledge t ha t N a ta l ie 's mo ther , w idowed s ince t he p reced ing Oc tober , l i ved v ery s ec luded ly i n a l t t ingen . ( Corr ., 1 45 )
2 12
I n a dd i t ion to h is r ev iews o n Vr idank a nd o n t he R ecord C omm iss ion 's R epor t K e mb le wro te f our more a r t ic les , c oau thored t wo o thers a nd f urn ished i n p ar t a n e d i tor ia l " Pos tscr ip t" f or h is B r i t ish a nd F ore ign R ev iew b efore t he e nd o f t he d ecade.
F ive o f t hese i t e ms d e mons tra te h is g row ing i nvo lve men t
w i th u n ivers i ty , n a t iona l a nd i n terna t iona l p o l ic ies a nd t wo , d eserv ing o f more a t ten t ion , a re c oncerned w i th f e min is m a nd p h i lo logy , e spec ia l ly s ince t he f irs t i t em p robably h ad s o me e f fec t o n h is l a ter s epara t ion f ro m h is w i fe . I n t he f irs t r ev iew i n 1 837 s ubt i t led " Br i t ish a nd C a mbr idge , "2 6
F oreign Un ivers i t ies ,
K e mb le o f fered s ugges t ions f or r e for m w i th h is G er man u n i-
v ersi ty e xper ience a s ab ackground .
H e p referred t he t u tor ia l s ys te m i n
Eng land t o t he G er man s ys te m o f f orced a t tendance a t l ec tures .
Ye t h e w ished
t he Eng l ish s ys te m t o b e f ree o f c ra m m ing a nd b ru ta l c o mpe t i t ion t o f or m t he i dea l , r a t iona l , man ly c haracter f ro m t he s tudy o f t he C lass ics a nd ma thema ti cs .
U n like G er man s pecia l ized c urr icu la K emb le p roposed b roaden ing c ourses
i n h is tory , e cono my , s c ience , o r ien ta l a nd modern European l anguages . T yp ica l ly h e wou ld r e move e n forced a t tendance a t c hape l , c lergy c on tro l o f t he u n ivers i ty , r el ig ious t es ts a nd t he many r equ ired o a ths .
H e d en ied h e was
c augh t u p i n t he s pir i t o f t he a ge , b u t h e c ou ld n o t f oresee t he t rag ic r esu l ts o f t he c o mp lete ly s ecu lar ized s ys te ms o f European u n ivers i t ies i n t he t went ie th c en tury. The i t em s ubt i t led " A l l iance o f F rance a nd R uss ia , "2 7
was wr i t ten b y
K e mb le a nd Dav id Urquhar t t o o ppose a t rea ty b e tween t hose c oun tr ies .
2 8
The
r ev iewers e xpressed a n e d i tor ia l p o l icy o f o ppos ing Russ ian e xpans ion , o f e nc ourag ing f ree t rade , a nd o f b eing s o f t o n Aus tr ia 's i n terna l p o l icy b ecause t he c oun try a greed w i th Eng land i n o ppos ing Russ ia .
T he c onc lus ion d isplayed
K e mble 's b o mbas t a ga ins t t he t hrea ten ing " rude h ordes a nd s courage o f G od ... K e mble 's n ex t i n terna t iona l r ev iew , s ub t i t led , " The Hanover ian C oup d 'Eta t , "29 was a c tua l ly a d e fense o f t he G r i m ms a nd o ther p ro fessors o f t he f amous " Gd t t ingen S even ," who were e x i led f ro m t ha t k ingdo m .
I n l a te 1 837
t hey h ad p ro tes ted a ga ins t s wear ing a l leg iance t o K ing E rnes t Augus tus b ecause h e h ad a broga ted t he l i bera l c ons t i tu t ion o f h is p redecessor .
( Corr ., 1 55-56)
K e mb le a rgued w i th t yp ica l Eng l ish b ias t ha t Met tern ich e ng ineered t he k ing 's a bso lu t is t s tance t o f o men t t rouble a nd c ause P russ ia t o h e lp H anover .
T h is
wou ld weaken t he sma l ler s ta te b y a ssoc ia t ing w i th i tt he o d ium f e l t t owards Pruss ia .
I n t he r ev iew K e mble p ubl ished t he f irs t E ng l ish t rans la t ion o f t he
p ro tes t t ex t , a nd h e p ra ised i t s s igners , a dd ing t ha t , " Jakob G r im m ...en joys ... t he f irs t l i terary r epu ta t ion o f G er many ." ( 333 )
H owever , K e mble d id n o t i n
Augus t o f 1 838 t rans la te a nd p ubl ish a s r eques ted G r imm 's p ersona l d efense , Ü ber me ine En t lassung , b y t hen .
3 0
b ecause h e f e l t t he Eng l ish h ad f orgo t ten t he s t ir
( Corr ., 1 67)
A t t he w ish o f t he p ubl isher , T ho mas Wen twor th B eau mon t , K e mble a nd Urquhar t j o ined f orces a ga in t o wr i te a " Pos tscr ip t t o Ar t ic le I I ," i n t he J u ly 1 838 n u mber o f t he R ev iew .
3 1
I n s upp le men t ing t he e ar l ier a r t ic le o n
Turkey t hey emphas ized t ha t f or ty-e igh t p ercen t o f P ar l ia men t o pposed t he weak h and l ing o f t he Russ ian c ap ture o f t he Br i t ish s h ip V ixen i n t he B lack S ea , t he l ack o f p ro tec t ion f or merchan t v esse ls a nd t he d respec t o f t he Br i t ish f lag .
2 13
K e mb le 's R ev iew a r t ic le i n 1 839 e n t i t led , " The S ta te o ft he Na t ion , "32 was t hus f ar h is mos t p o l i t ica l ly mature s ta te men t .
H e c a lm ly s uggested
f ur ther d e mocra t ic r eforms s uch a s l onger p ar l ia men tary s ess ions , c onsc ie n t ious a nd c apab le l eaders a nd a l arge e x tens ion o f t he b a l lot .
K e mb le 's
AS b ackground was e v ident i n h is a rgu men t t ha t t he p ersona l f ranch ise was , " the i ndefeas ib le r igh t o ft hose T euton ic f ree men who i ssued f ro m t he ir f ores ts t o f ound ...the g rea tes t mora l a nd s oc ia l c o m mun i t ies wh ich t he C hr is t ian w or ld h as w i tnessed ."
( 302-303 )
P robab ly more s ign if ican t i n K e mb le 's h o me l i fe was t he l ong a r t ic le h e wro te w i th E . H . H and ley i n J u ly 1 838 a ga ins t t he C us tody o f I nfan ts B i l l , wh ich h ad a lready p assed i n C o m mons i n May . 3 3 Th is wou ld h ave a l lowed t he s epara ted mother c us tody o ft he c h i ldren i n c erta in c ircu ms tances . T he a r t ic le i mpu ted t o o ne Mrs . C aro line N or ton more s uppor t f or t he B i l l t han c an b e p roven . 34 The a ngry r ev iewers b randed a ny s uch s uppor ter o ft he B i l l a s ad eser t ing mother a nd a f e m me l i bre , a nd S er jeant Ta lfourd , i t s C o m mons s uppor ter , a s af o l lower o f S t . S imon , n o t S t . P au l .
Wo men w ere c lassed a s
n a tura l ly i nfer ior t o , a nd a s a dequa te ly r epresented b y men .
The wr i ters
s ugges ted t ha t t he B i l l 's p assage w ou ld c ause f uture p er jury o ft he marr iage c ere mony a nd t he r ep lace men t o fl ove b y l us t .
N o t e ven Harr ie t Mar t ineau ,
af r iend o f K e mb le 's t wo s isters , was s pared c r i t icis m . K e mb le c la imed i n S ep te mber t ha t t he a rt ic le , c ircu la ted a s ap amph le t i n t he H ouse o f L ords , k i l led t he B i l l .
Th is a t t i tude t o ward wo men a nd h is
w ife 's g r ief o ver t he l oss o f ab aby t ha t y ear p robab ly c ontr ibu ted t o ad e ter io ra t ion i n t he ir r e la t ions .
H is mascu l ine h augh t iness , s uppor ted b y t he l aw ,
was o bv ious ly p ar t o ft he r eason why K e mb le r e ta ined c us tody o ft he ir own c h i ldren af ter t heir s epara t ion i n 1 847 .
3 5
F or much t he s a me r eason h e
r efused G r im m 's r eques t i n May 1 839 t o r ev iew t he E ng l ish t rans la t ion o f B e t t ina v on Arni m 's G oe thes B r iefwechse l mi t e ine m K inde b ecause w i th s uch emo t iona l o u tbreaks t he E ng l ish , " shou ld n o t h ave a d ecent w ife l ef t ." ( Corr . , 1 74 ) K e mb le 's r ev iew o ft he E ng lish H is tor ica l S ocie ty 's e d i t ion o f B ede 's H is tor ia i n 1 838 e v idenced h is c ont inued i n teres t i n p h i lo logy .
3 6
P ra ise f or
i t s MS c o l la t ion , a ccura te c hrono logy a nd c r i t ica l i n troduc t ion was b r ief . Y e t t he o ld s p ir i t r eturned a s h e n o ted t he p auc i ty o f E ng l ish l earned b ooks c o mpared t o t hose o n t he C on t inent . g u ide h is own h is tor ica l wr i t ings : f as t i ;
T he r esearch s teps s ugges ted w ere t o
c o l lec t ion o f ma ter ia ls , f orma t ion o f
i nves t iga t ion o f l aw , my tho logy a nd t rade ;
a nd t he s ys te ma tic i ns truc-
t ion i n l anguages , p a leography a nd c hrono logy o f e ar lier p er iods .
H e u rged
t h is p r iva te s oc ie ty t o p ub lish a l l c har ters d own t o t he C onques t , at ask h e h imse lf was t o p erform .
B u t K e mb le 's s um mary o ft he q ua l i t ies o f ag ood
h is tor ian t aunted h is c ountrymen :
" Now t h is u n ion o f i n tense l abor , s evere
a na lys is a nd s tr ic t h ones ty , w i th t he h igher o r r e-co mpos ing q ua l i ty o f i mag ina t ion i s .. c harac ter is t ic o ft he G er man mind ...." ( 173 ) Ke mb le 's r ap id w ork f or e ach q uar ter ly n u mber o f t he R ev iew h ad s t i l l l ef t h im t ime f or AS s tud ies , h is f i rs t a nd r ea l ly o n ly " love . " ( Corr . ,1 51 ) Thus h is p refa tory l e t ter t o F . X . M iche l 's B ib l iotheque A ng lo-Saxonne , p ub l ished i n 1 837 3 7
was a no ther f i t t ing P ar th ian s hot a t h is d etrac tors i n t he
" AS C on troversy ."
H is c r i t ica l s u m mary o f a l l p r ior AS w orks h ad a
2 14
0 0 1 -1 0 0
7 o 7 2 1
0 0 rI
2 15 • -c I e c i ) o o Z
T o ta l 2 37
o ver h a lf o f
T o H aro ld & N orman
2 55
C O
C D
0 0 r I
t i ons t o t hose i n V o ls . f i t t ing n owhere
o ver L a t .
d o mina tes
AS u sed i n
• e •
A .D . 1 018-1066+
CO C Z
7 27-981
c ons t i tu t ion
r e ign t o C nu t 's
SI
V o l . d ocu-
( 3 3
1 0 p p . d ocu men t l i s t
3p p . d ocu men t l i s t
C C O O
C lose o f E the lred 's
r I C • 1 C Z
1 99
` . ,
A ng les p redo m ina te
I ndex o f o ver
Append ices ,
C L )
r d
F • 4
0 0 M t i C O
f am i l iar r ing c oncern ing E ng l ishmen , s uch a s :
" H ickes ' Thesaurus , ..tha t
mirac le o f i l l-d irec ted i ndus try a nd mis taken l earn ing . "( 13 )
I n p ra is ing
G ermans a nd S cand inav ians K emb le 's a l legory f or t he a u thor o f t he G ram mat ik was t ha t , " th is f a lcon t owers i n h is p r ide o fp lace , .. t oo h igh t o b e a ny ... mous ing ow l h awked a t o r k i l led ." K emb le s t i l l d id n o t t h ink i tq u i te r igh t f or t he C ont inen ta ls t o h ave a l l t he k now ledge wh i le t he E ng l ish h ad a l l t he AS MSS!
H owever h is r e la t ions w i th t he F rench b ib l iographer p roved t o b e o n ly
a marr iage o f c onven ience , f or b y 1 842 K emb le l i s ted h im a s a" char la tan ." ( Corr . ,2 27 ) K e mb le p ub l ished i n 1 839 t he f i rs t o f s ix v o lu mes o ft he C odex d ip lo ma t icus • 8 a a ev i S axonrc i ,3 cknow ledged t o b e h is g rea tes t a nd mos t l as t ing c on tr ibu t ion t o AS s cho larsh ip . T he a cco mpany ing o u t l ine g ives d e ta i ls o ft he i n tr ica te a nd i nspir ing n ine-year p ub lica t ion o f a l l t hen k nown c har ters .
G a ther ing
t i t les , w i l ls , l eases a nd s im i lar d ocu men ts f or f i ve p rev ious y ears K e mb le s urmised c orrect ly t ha t t hese b es t e xemp l if ied t he f a mi ly-cen tered T eu ton ic l aws , ( I , i v ) a ided c hrono logy , ( I , v i ) a nd p or trayed c us to ms o therw ise u nk nown s uch a s t he AS morgeng ifu , o r g if t o ft he h usband t o t he w ife o n t he morn ing a f ter c onsu m ma t ion o ft he ir marr iage .
( I , c x )
S cho lars h ave n o t h es i ta ted t o a cknow ledge K e mb le 's mer i ts a nd h is l im it a t ions i n t h is aweso me p ro jec t . L ega l h is tor ians F . W . Ma i t land a nd F . P o l lock r ecogn ized t he e normous p receden t K e mb le s e t : " I t was K e mb le 's g rea tes t a ch ieve ment t o make t he way p la in t o t he a pprec ia t ion a nd u se o f t h is c lass o f e v idence .... K e mb le 's w ork of ten r equ ires c orrec t ion ; b u t i f K e mb le 's w ork h ad n o t b een , t here wou ld b e n o th ing t o c orrec t . "3 9
G . P .
G ooch s u m mar ized e f for t a nd r esu l ts s ta t ing t ha t K e mb le 's : f if teen h undred d ocu men ts i n c hrono log ica l o rder , .. c o l lected f ro m c o l leg ia te , c a thedra l a nd o ther l i brar ies , .. s upp ly i nforma t ion c onc erning t he l aw o f r ea l p roper ty , t he n a ture o f t enure , t he a u thor i ty o ft he K ing , t he n ob i l i ty a nd t he C hurch , wh i le h ouseho ld a rrangemen ts , a nd t he d ispos i t ion o f r ea l a nd p ersona l e s ta te a re k nown b y t he Wi l ls . 40 C loser t o t he p resen t D ick ins n oted K emb le 's d epartures f ro m s o me o r igina l MSS , p ra ised t he g enera l ly a ccura te d a t ing a nd g ood j udgment o n a uthen tic i ty a nd s aw t he w ork a s ac ont inu ing l and mark f or T eu ton ic s cho lars .
4 1
Wh i le t he R ev iew e d i torsh ip w i th i t s s a lary i ncrease t o f our-hundred g u ineas p er y ear i n 1 837 42 was e nab l ing K e mb le t o a ccomp l ish s ome o u ts tand ing p h i lo log ica l g oa ls b y t he e nd o ft he d ecade , h e was a t t he s ame t ime p ass ing t hrough l i fe 's n orma l s orrows a nd j oys .
H is mo ther d ied i n t he
s u m mer o f 1 838 a f ter much s uf fer ing a nd s orrow , i n a l p robabi li ty l eav ing h im h er c o t tage i n A dd les tone , S urrey ( F ig . 9 .3 ) , wh ich h e a nd N a ta l ie t hen u sed . d r ives .
H ere K e mb le k ep t ah orse a nd a l i gh t c arr iage f or f a mi ly c oun try B e tween D ece mber a nd F ebruary o f 1 838-1839 K e mb le a nd h is w ife
c rossed t he A lps i n ac arr iage t o a t tend t o h is i l l f a ther a t t he t ime o f h is s is ter A de la ide 's s uccessfu l V en ice o pera d ebu t i n t he t i t le r o le o f B e l lin i 's N orma . ( Corr ., 1 72 ) A t a ge t wo h is d augh ter G er trude was a b le t o s ing e ven G erman n ursery s ongs . ( Corr ., 1 75 ) F ina l ly h is s on , H enry C har les , who a s ar e t ired c o lone l i n t he B enga l C ava lry w ou ld l i ve t i l l 1 907 , was b orn o n S ep te mber 1 6 , 1 839 .
4 3
2 16
B o th K e mb le 's emp loymen t a nd p h i lo log ica l p ursu i ts h ad t hus f ar i n teresti ng s ide ligh ts a nd s o me f r ict ion . I n J anuary 1 838 h e s pent t en d ays w oodcocks hoo t ing , d r ink ing a nd e a ting a t B ret ton Park i n Y orksh ire , a s ag ues t o f h is emp loyer B eau mon t .
4 4
Ke mb le o pposed a merger b e tween h is R ev iew a nd t he
L ondon a nd Wes tm ins ter a s p roposed b y t he more r ad ica l ly- m inded J ohn S tuar t M i l l i n t he f a l l o f 1 839 .
A l though h e k ep t p or tra i ts o ft he B ro thers
G r im m i n h is d in ing r oo m a nd t o ld J akob a bou t t he CYNE WULF R unes i n t he E xe ter a nd V erce l l i B ooks , G r im m was s t i l l u nab le t o g e t ap r inted c opy o f t he l a t ter b ecause o f misunders tand ings b e tween K e mb le a nd C ooper , t he R ecord C o m miss ion 's ä ecre tary .
( Corr ., 1 66, 1 59-60 )
Ke mb le a lso h ad l ong-range p lans i n AS s tud ies a nd r e l ig ious o bserva t ions o n t he s ta te o f man .
When t h ir ty y ears o ld K e mb le p ro jected f our s epara te
b ooks h e h oped t o wr i te :
o n AS l anguage , o n AS my tho logy a nd C hr is t iani ty ,
o n AS l aw a nd o n AS p o l i ty .
H e a dhered t o C hr is t ian f a i th a s t he k eys tone o f
c iv i liza t ion e ven i n i t s c urren t c hurch-s ta te s trugg les .
H e e xpressed t h is
s p ir i t o fh ope e spec ia l ly i n t hree l i nes o f as onne t wr it ten t o D onne :
" Ange ls
o f G od k eep wa tch , w i th p ower t o s ave , /E ven a s o f o ld a h ea l ing s p ir i t o f l i fe/ Arose i n S a le m f ro m t he t roub led wave . " Ke mb le h ad a lso l earned t o work w i th o thers w i th who m h e d id n o t a lways
a gree i n p h i lo log ica l c oncerns .
B efore t he r e-ed i t ion o f T ho mas War ton 's
H is tory o f E ng l ish P oe try i n 1 840 , K e mb le , Madden a nd Wr igh t h ad e d e xp lana tory c o m men ts .
c on tribut-
A l though f ar l ess t han Madden , K emb le h ad s ix
l ong n o tes a nd t wen ty-one c i t ings f ro m h is B eowu lf i n d iscuss ing s o me f if teen AS words , f or e xa mp le t he d if ference b e tween b eorn meaning c h ief ta in a nd b eam nmean ing c h i ld .
4 7
ENDNOTES 1 .
I n al et ter t o t h is wr i ter o n J u ly 2 1 , 1 976 .
2 .
Mun ich , 1 836 .
3 .
G öt t ing ische g e lehr te A nze igen , Apr . 2 8 , 1 836 ;
r epr in ted i n K leinere
S chr if ten , V , 2 40-45 . 4 .
F or g limpses o f G er man i n te l lec tua l l i fe o ft ha t t ime s ee Wend t r efe rences i n P ercy Ma tenko , L et ters t o a nd F ro m L udw ig T ieck a nd H is C irc le ( Chape l H i l l , 1 967) .
5 .
C ons is tor ia l ia , Hanover , 1 13 , K ap i te l I , 2 390 , N r . 9 32 .
6 .
Trau -Reg is ter , J ahrgang 1 836, p . 1 62 , N o . 9 .
7 .
T rench , L e t ters & Me mor ia ls , I , 2 17 .
8 .
"Freydank 's B esche idenhe i t , W . K . G rim m , G öt tingen , 1 835 ," BFR , I I ( Ju ly , 1 836 ) , 2 3-61 .
9 .
J ohnson , D onne & F r iends , p p . 2 5-28 .
1 0 .
H . B .
d eGroot ,
" The B r i t ish a nd F ore ign R ev iew , 1 835-44 , " D iss .
U n ivers i ty o f L ondon 1 969 , p p . 2 0 , 2 6 , 2 7 ; t ha t a u thor , J u ly 2 9 , 1 970 .
a nd p r iva te l e t ter f ro m
I n h is e xhaus t ive s tudy d eGroo t d e ta i ls
2 17
h ow t he p er iod ica l g rew o u t o f t he L i terary Assoc ia t ion o f F r iends o f P o land i n to a n o rgan o f s oc ia l a nd i n te l lectua l i mprove men t i n E ng land a nd o ther c oun tr ies , c h ief l vl ibera l i n i t s a pproach . 1 1 .
J ohnson L e t ters a s q uo ted b y d eGroo t , " The BFR ," p p . 3 1 , 1 13 , 2 03 , 2 30 .
1 2 .
Tr in i ty C o l lege L ibrary K e mb le MS . N o . B . 1 17 .
1 3 .
A Trans la t ion o ft he A ng lo-Saxon P oem o f B eowu lf w i th a C op ious G lossary , Preface a nd P h i lo log ica l N o tes ( London , 1 837 ) .
1 4 .
A c tua l ly f ro m D ie P icco lo m in i , Ac t I , 1 1 .1624-26 :
"—and a d eeper
mean ing/ Dwe l ls i n t he 2l egend o f my c h i ldhood y ears , / Than a l l t he t ru th wh ich t he wor ld t eaches u s ." 1 5 .
B a lt imore , 1 957 , p p . 4 3-45 .
1 6 .
F or a more c o mp le te a na lys is a nd e xamp les o f t hese p o ints s ee Kar l F rancis S trauch , " John M i tche l l K e mb le , F irs t E di tor o f B eowu lf ," M .A . Thes is , U n ivers i ty o f G eorg ia 1 972 , p p . 1 5-18, 3 8, 4 0-42 , 5 1 , 5 6-58 , 6 1 .
1 7 .
I n Chr is t ian W . M . G re in , B ib l iothek d er a nge lsachs ischen P oes ie , V o l . I( Kasse l , 1 857 ) .
1 8 .
E duard S ievers , " Zur Rhy th mik d es g ermanischen A l li tera t ionverses : E rs te A bschn it t , D ie Me tr ik d es B eowu lf , " B e i trage z ur d eu tschen S prache u nd L i tera tur , X ( 1 885 ) , 2 20-314 .
1 9 .
WBD t o B lakes ley , Mar . 2 3 , 1 837 i n J ohnson , D onne S z F r iends , p . 2 5 .
2 0 .
T h is 3 2-page p amph le t was p r in ted f or t he Reform A ssocia t ion , 3 C leve land Row , L ondon .
2 1 .
L ondon , 1 837 , 5 1 p p .
2 2 .
I b id ., p p . 2 -3 , 2 9-30 , 3 7-38 , 4 5 , 5 0 .
2 3 .
R epor t f ro m t he S e lec t C omm it tees o n R ecord C omm iss ion t oge ther w i th t he M inu tes o f Ev idence , A ppend ix a nd I ndex Ordered b y t he H ouse o f C o m mons t o b e P r in ted , 1 836 , r ev iewed i n — BFR , V ( v i i , J an .-Apr . ,1 837 ) , 1 20-168 .
2 4 .
R epor t , p . 2 72 .
S ee JM I K 's l et ter t o C ooper , L incoln 's I nn L ibrary ,
MS . N o . 1 81 . 2 5 .
J ohnson , D onne & F r iends , p p . 3 2 , 3 3 ; J ohnson L et ters i n d eGroo t , " The BFR" , p . 1 13 ;
2 6 .
J ohnson L et ters , N o . 2 8 .
" Deba tes i n t he H ouses o f L ords a nd o f C o m mons C oncern ing C o mmiss ions o f I nquiry a bou t C ambr idge a nd Oxford , a s we l l a s u pon B en ja min D ann Wa lsh 's A H is tor ica l A ccoun t o ft he U nivers i ty o f C ambr idge a nd i t s C o l leges ;
i n aL et ter t o t he E ar l o f Radnor
( London , 1 837 ) , "i n BFR , V ( i x , J u ly , 1 837 ) , 1 68-209 . 2 7 .
N ecess i te d 'une A l l iance e n tre l a F rance e t l a Russ ie , p our f i x er d es d es ti n es d e POr ien t a p As l ad isso lu t ion p rocha ine d e P Emp ire T urc , e t d om iner l es c onsequences q ue c e t e vene men t p eu t amener e n E urope , BFR , V ( i x , J u ly , 1 837 ) , p p . 2 96-319 . 2 18
2 8 . 2 9 .
J ohnson L e t ters i n d eGroot , " The BFR ," p . 3 32 . " The Two L et ters-Pa tent o f K ing Ernes t ," p lus n ine t i t les c oncern ing Hanover , i t s h is tory , p o li t ics a nd n e ighbors., BFR , W ( 1838) , 2 69-338 .
3 0 .
Base l , 1 838 .
3 1 .
BFR , V I I ( x i i i , J u ly , 1 838) , 4 12-416 .
3 2 .
The Morning C hron ic le Newspaper o f T uesday , May 1 4 th , a nd Wednesd ay , May 1 5 th , 1 839 ;
a nd L e t ter t o t he E lectors o f S troud o n t he
Pr incip les o ft he Refor m Act . P iccadi l ly .
1 839 .
By L ord J ohn Russe l l, L ondon .
BFR , D ( ( xv i i , J u ly , 1 839 ) 2 73-319 .
R idgway ,
d eGroot ,
" The BFR ," p . 3 41 c i ted t he J ohnson L e t ters a s h is s ource o f a t tr ibuti ng t h is a rt ic le t o JMK . 3 3 . 3 4 .
V I I , No . x i i i , p p . 2 69-411 .
S ee a lso d eGroot , " The BFR ," p . 1 39 .
S ee J ohn K i l lha m , Tennyson a nd t he P r incess ( London , 1 958) , e spe c ia l ly Chap ter V II , " John M i tche l l Ke mb le , Caro line Nor ton a nd t he I dea o f aU n iversi ty ," p p . 1 42-69 .
3 5 .
J ohnson L e t ters , No . 3 2 , i nc lud ing q uota tions i n K i l lha m 's Tennyson & Pr incess , p p . 1 63-66 .
3 6 .
P lan o ft he E ng l ish H is tor ica l S ociety ( 1836) . H is tor ia E cc les ias t ica Gent is A ng loru m .
V enerabi lis B edae
e d . J oseph S tevenson ,London :
E . H . S ., 1 838 , BFR , V I I ( x i i , J u ly 1 838) , 1 67-192 . 3 7 .
" Let ter t o M .
F rancisque Miche l" b y J ohn M . Ke mb le , b e ing a
" ske tch o f wha t h as b een d one .. t o a dvance t he s tudy o ft he Ang loS axon , a nd a f ew g enera l o bserva t ions u pon t he p r incipa l p ub lica tions o f S axon a u thors ," f o l lowed b y " Adversaria" t o G r imm , C onybeare a nd Thorpe , p p . 1 -63 . 3 8 .
L ondon , 1 839-48 .
3 9 .
H is tory o f E ng lish L aw B efore t he T ime o f E dward I ( Ca mbr idge , 1 899 ) , I , 2 8 .
4 0 .
H is tory a nd H is tor ians i n t he N ine teenth C entury , 2 nd e d . ( London , 1 913 ) , p . 2 89 .
4 1 .
"Ke mb le & O ld E ng lish ," p p . 6 7-68 .
4 2 .
Th is wou ld amount t o a pproxima te ly 1 ,344 .00 d o l lars w i thou t i nf la t ion . J ohnson L et ters i n d eGroot , " The BFR ," p .
4 3 .
J ohnson L e t ters , Nos . 3 2 , 3 3 , 3 5 .
4 4 .
J ohnson , Donne & F r iends , p p . 3 5-36 .
4 5 .
2 7 .
J . S . M i l l , The E ar lier L e t ters o f J ohn S tuar t Mi l l , 1 812-1848 , e d . F .
E . Mineka , V o l . X II o f C o llected Works , e ds .
F .
E .
L . P r iest ley
&J . M . Robson ( Toronto , 1 963-74 ) , p . 4 10 . 4 6 .
J ohnson L et ters , No . 2 9 .
4 7 .
L ondon , 1 840 .
3v o ls ., e ds . R ichard P r ice e t a l . JMK ‚s c ontribut ions
c o me i n t he s ec : ion , " On t he S axon Ode o n t he V ic tory o f A the lstan ," l xv i i-bo z iv . 2 19
CHAPTER V MAN MADE METEOR
The 1 840s o pened w i th r is ing e xpec ta t ions f or K e mb le b ecause o n F ebruary 2 4 , 1 840 h e was o f f ic ia l ly a ppoin ted E xa m iner o f P lays f or t he C rown a s s ucc essor t o h is f a ther .
H e h ad a lready s erved a s D epu ty E xa miner d ur ing t he
l a t ter 's i l lness o r a bsence .
The s a lary o f a pprox ima te ly £ 350 a y ear ,
1
a dded
t o h is Rev iew i nco me , made a c o mfor tab le l i v ing , b u t t here was d oub t t ha t t he r ecent ly w idowed Mrs . Wen twor th B eau mon t w ou ld c on t inue i ndef in i te ly t o f i nance h er s on T ho mas ' R ev iew .
2
Mrs . C aro l ine Nor ton , s t i l l smar t ing
f ro m t he I nf an t C us tody B i l l f i gh t , h ad t r ied i n v a in t o p revent K e mb le 's a ppoin t men t .
3
The w ork c ons is ted c h ief ly i n l i cens ing t hree-hundred p lays
a nnua l ly r egard ing t he ir p roper r eg is tra t ion , t hea ter p ermi ts , L en ten o bservat ions a nd f ee p ay men ts .
4
E ven w i th t he a dded w ork K e mb le , n ow a v es try-
man a nd D irec tor o ft he P oor i n H o ly T r in i ty P ar ish o n Mary lebone R oad , f ound t ime t o s erve a s c ha irman o f ac o m mit tee f or t he R ad ica l c and idacy o f G . A . Y oung , f or mer e d i tor o ft he R ev iew .
1
K e mb le 's n ex t Rev iew a r t ic les d ea l t w i th b o th p o li t ics a nd p h i lo logy .
H e
t rea ted t he G er mans , t he R uss ians , t he M idd le E as t i n 1 840 a nd d o mes t ic p o licy i n 1 843 .
B efore p ub l ica t ion e nded i n 1 844 h e c ontr ibu ted , p robab ly a n
i t em o n R eynard t he F ox , ar ev iew o f Thorpe 's A nc ien t L aws , p oss ib ly t wo r ev iews o f e ar ly F rench h is tor ies a nd s evera l b r ief r e trospec ts o n c urren t G er man l i terature . I n Ke mb le 's r ev iew , " The P o li t ica l Op in ions o ft he G ermans , "5 P russ ia a nd t he G erman F edera l D ie t w ere u nfavorab ly c on tras ted t o t he " Göt tingen S even" o f H anover .
K e mb le o pposed t he o ppress ion a ga ins t t he C a tho lic a rch-
b ishop o f C o logne , a nd w i th F r iedr ich S ch le iermacher , t he a t te mp ted e s tabl ishment o f aP russ ian P ro tes tan t L i turgy . a s t he s trongho lds o f f reedo m a nd t ru th . Ke mb le e xc la imed :
H e d efended G er man u n iversi t ies
Aga ins t a t tacks o n J akob G r imm
" I t i s ap rofana t ion o fl anguage t o c oup le t he n ame o f
G r im m w i th r evo lu t ion ! "( 42 ) C onte mporar ies a nd s cho lars d isagree a s t o whether K e mb le wro te a l l o r p ar t o f " The P resent G overn men t o f R uss ia" i n 1 840 .
6
T h is s t ing ing a t tack
o n R ussia 's C zar N icho las Ia ccuses h im o f o ppress ion a ga ins t h is own p eop le , s uch a s t ak ing h is mis tresses f ro m i nfer ior n ob le f am i l ies , a nd o f d espot is m a ga ins t o ther S lav ic p eop les , e spec ia l ly P o les .
B y a u tocracy , f orced r e lig ious
Or thodoxy a nd n a t iona lis m h e w ou ld make a l l g roups t o ta l ly s ubserv ien t t o Moscow .
" Fore igners a re h is s ervan ts , n a t ives a re s ub jec ts" ( 580 ) was t he
C zar 's mot to a ccord ing t o t he a u thor who , i n aK e mb lel ike p assage ( 585 ) h oped t ha t t he c onquered p eop le may n o t mee t t he d a te o f a n "Ep ic tetus . I n t he h ea t o ft he t imes , p robab ly a t t he r eques t o f h is p ub l isher a nd p urs uan t t o h is a n t i-Russ ian a nd a lways p ro-German p o l icy , K e mb le wro te t wo 2 20
p os tscr ip ts t o R ev iew a r t ic les .
I n t he f i rs t8 h e u rged i n v a in t ha t E ng land n ot
s ign t he S tra i ts C onvent ion o f 1 841 w i th Aus tr ia , P russia , R uss ia a nd T urkey a gree ing t o c lose t he Dardane l les t o warsh ips o f a l l n a t ions wh i le T urkey was a t p eace .
K e mb le wan ted n o a gree men t w i th a n o ppress ive R ussia , n or d id h e
w an t t o c rea te h os t i l i ty b e tween F rance , e xc luded f ro m t he t rea ty , a nd E ng land b ecause t he G er man C onfedera t ion l ooked t o t hese c ountr ies a s e xe mp lars o f d e mocracy .
Ke mb le much d readed a n a roused F rance a lso b ecause t he G er-
mans h ad , " six-hundred t housand men .. n ow b urn ing t o r evenge o n F rance t he h orrors o ft he R evo lu t ion a nd t he Emp ire ." ( 6 60 )
I n t he s econd " Pos t-
s cr ip t" 9 K e mb le s uppor ted u nres tr ic ted f ree t rade a s t he o n ly s afe r u le f or t he merchan t .
H e s howed t ha t t he Pruss ian C us to ms U n ion was h ur t ing n o t
o n ly e le men ts o f i t s me mbersh ip , b u t t ha t i t s f avorab le r e la t ions w i th Amer ica r ef lec ted a v ery l ow s ta te o f G erman-Br i t ish r eciproc i ty .
F rom t he G er man
t rade a nd t ar if f s ta t is t ics l i s ted i ti s e v iden t t ha t K e mb le h oped t o e duca te b et ter h is c oun trymen c oncern ing t heir l i ngu is t ic a nd c u ltura l c ous ins i n E urope . K e mb le 's matur i ty o f j udgment mos t d is t ingu ished h is l as t p o l i t ica l c ont r ibu t ion b efore t he c o l lapse o f t he R ev iew . M in is try .
M irror o f P ar l ia men t .
" The S ta te o f t he Na t ion .
The
S ess ion 1 842 ' 1° s howed Ke mb le 's g ood
w i l l a s al oser when t he Wh igs f e l l f ro m p ower af ter t en y ears .
Th is u npopu-
l ar i ty c ame b ecause , wrote K e mb le , " a l l men wan ted t o b e long t o p r ivi leged c lasses ." ( 202 ) .
H e a s tu te ly d iscerned t ha t t he f u ture o f a ny p ar ty i n p ower
wou ld b e b ased o n f i nanc ia l r eform .
K e mb le , t hen a f ar c ry f ro m t he C hurch-
Ra te p amph le teer o f 1 837 , r eco m mended l ibera l c oopera t ion w i th t he c onservat ive , r eform ing p r ime minis ter , R ober t P ee l , f or t he g ood o ft he c ountry . Among t he p h i lo log ica l a r t ic les o ft h is s a me p er iod , s cho lars a re n ot a t a l l c er ta in t ha t K emb le wro te a r ev iew o f Reynard t he F ox MSS p ub l ica t ions i n 1 840 .
1 1
The a r t ic le s howed i n at ab le t he p redo m inance o f F le m ish o ver
F rench i n B e lg iu m a nd f avored t he t wo F le mish MSS o ver t he i ndecorous a nd f au l ty F rench MS .
T he F le m ish o r igina l v ersion was s a id t o b e p oss ib ly t he
o ldes t e x tan t p oe m i n a ny modern l anguage .
H owever K e mb le 's s ta mp s ee ms
u nm is takab le when t he F le m ish e d i tor 's q uota t ion f ro m Gr imm i s t rans la ted : "Our F le m ish R einaer t s urpasses a l l o ther p oe ms o ft h is n a me :
a nd ' deserves ,
G r im m s ays ' t he f i rs t r ank , b oth f or i t s p lan a nd i t s e xecu t ion ,' " ( 411 ) There i s n o d oub t wha tsoever a bou t K e mb le 's r ev iew ing Thorpe 's A ncient L aws a nd I ns t itutes o f E ng land f or h is p er iod ica l i n 1 841 .
1 2
S ub t i t led " Incun-
a bu la j ur is A ng lican i ," t he s tudy was i n e f fec t K e mb le 's own f uture w ork , T he S axons i n E ng land , i n embryo . H e v a lued l ega l a n t iqu i t ies e specia l ly b ec ause , " they a re t he v ery c rad le o f t he l aw i t se lf ; o n t he m i s b ased much o f t he mos t v a luab le p or t ion o f o ur i ns t i tu t ions . .." ( 4 7-48 )
K e mb le p os i ted
e ar ly l aws a s f ounded o n i nv io la te p roper ty f or a gr icu lture a nd o n i nv io la te p roper ty f or f ores t p reserves f or f a t ten ing h erds o f t he a va i lab le , f a l len n u ts . S uch l aws d ef ined r igh ts a nd d ut ies o f i nd iv idua ls , t r ibes a nd g roups o f t r ibes . Among t hem were d ec is ions o n l and a l lo t men t , o n war a nd o n r el i g ious r i tes . T o s how l ingu is t ic u ni ty o f ap eop le K e mb le n oted t ha t f ro m t he a nc ien t w ord f or p eop le , t heod , c a me t he modern w ord Deu tsch . G r im m i n D eutsche R ech tsa lter th t 1 mer ,
1 3
J us t a s
K e mb le f ound u nwr i t ten l ega l t rad i-
t ions i n f o lk p rac t ices , s uch a s t he t hrow o f ah a m mer t o d e ter m ine a b oundary .
2 21
C lass d is t inc t ions were c lar if ied b y t he v ary ing c os ts o f werg i ld i ncurred b y t he k i l ling o f d if feren t p ersons . F inal ly , p erhaps i n c onc i lia tory s uppor t o f as ocio-po l i t ica l v iew K e mb le t hen h e ld , h e d e mons tra ted t he h igher i nd iv idu a l wor th o f AS w o men i n c on tras t t o t he ir l ower r ank a s f a mi ly me mbers . I n r ev iew ing t he f irs t o ft wo F rench h is tor ica l p ub l ica t ions , L a C hronique d e Ra ins ,
1 4
K e mb le 's d igress ion i n to G a l lic a n t iqu i ty s erved t hree ma in e nds .
H e s howed t he s uper ior i ty o ft he r esearches o f F rench B enedic t ines a nd t he g overn men t 's
c o le d es C har tes o ver E ng lish e f for ts ;
h e d e mons tra ted h is
h and l ing o f e ar ly v ernacu lar F rench a nd h e d ebunked h is own e ar l ier h eroes , J a mes M i l l a s t oo p h i losoph ica l a n h is tor ian a nd J ere my B entha m a s l ack ing p roper r u les t o s e t t le d ispu tes . The s econd , ar ev iew o f Augus t in T h ierry 's Rec i ts d es T e mps Merov ing iens , 1 5 p or trayed t he C on t inenta l , G er manic , F rank ish t r ibes i n a l l t he ir i n tr igue a nd v ice d ur ing t he s ix th c en tury , p erh aps i n s i len t c on tras t t o t he ir c onte mporary A ng les a nd S axons i n B r i ta in . Typ ica l ly emphas ized was F redegonde , a ma idservant w ho c unning ly s upp lanted h er mis tress a s q ueen .
S he was " in tr iguing a nd v ind ica t ive ," a nd " ever
f er t i le i n e xped ien ts a nd u nscrupu lous o ft he means s he emp loyed ." ( 286,288 ) K e mb le c on tr ibu ted i n who le o r i n p ar t as er ies o f a r t ic les i n t he l as t f ew n u mbers o ft he R ev iew i n 1 843-1844 e n t i t led , " Re trospec t o f t he C urren L i tera ture o f G ermany , 1 841-42 ," a nd " Recent L i tera ture o f G ermany ,
1 6
Tha t h e wro te t he p hi losoph ica l , h is tor ica l a nd p h i lo log ica l p ar ts i s f a ir ly c er ta in f ro m h is d ue p ra ise o f f am i liar wr i ters i nc lud ing S che l l ing , H e inr ich L eo , G . H . P er tz , v on Rau mer , Dah l mann , B opp , t he G rim ms , Mass mann a nd H of fmann v on F a l lers leben .
K e mb le 's t rade mark i s e v iden t i n s ta te men ts a bou t a
n ew e d i t ion a nd a bou t Ger man p r int ings f ro m MSS a nd r are a u thors : C reuzer 's S ymbo l ik , t he f avor i te c o mpan ion o fo ur own s tud ies ...
" Fr .
1" ( i x )
" The c heapness o ft hese r epr in ts , .. c on tras ts s ingu lar ly w i th t he sma l l n u mbers a nd h igh p r ices o f... Mr . P icker ing o f L ondon ."
I n t he p re-
s en t c entury Maur ice B lock h as r e marked r egarding t he " Re trospec t" a r t ic le t ha t E ng l ishmen o ft ha t t ime t urned t o G er man p h i lo logy i n i t s f u l l b loo ming f or t he b es t t ex ts a nd c o m men tar ies .
1 7
I n t he f i na l i t em K e mb le l ashed o u t
a ga ins t Pruss ian p o lice c ensorsh ip w i th i t s b l igh ting e f fec t o n t he c ountry 's i n te l lectua l t a len t .
( 670 )
I n a dd i t ion t o p ub l ish ing h is s econd v o lu me o f AS C har ters i n 1 840 a nd t he f irs t v o lu me o f The P oe try o ft he C odex V erce l lens is i n 1 843 K e mb le wrote f or t he S ocie ty o f An t iquar ies o f L ondon t hree e x tre me ly s ignif ican t a r t ic les o n AS r unes b e tween t he a bove y ears .
1 8
Th is b roadening o f s tud ies b eyond
MSS i n t he l a t ter t wo a r t ic les was o ne f urther s tep f or K emb le i n h is c ont inu ing r esearch i n to t he c u lture a nd i nst i tu t ions o ft he A ng lo-Saxons .
Y e t t hese
f irs t p ub l ished f ru i ts o f f i ve y ears o f s tudy w ere wr it ten i n f i ts o f s orrow f or t he "wo manish" E ng lish a n t iquar ians , a nd o f " ind igna t ion" a t t he mis takes o f t he S cand inav ians Magnussen a nd T . G . R epp .
( Corr ., 8 7 , 9 1 , 1 37-38 , 1 83 ,
1 89 , 1 90-91 ) I n t he f irs t a nd l onges t a r t ic le , " On Ang lo-Saxon R unes ," K e mb le g ave t he h is tory o fn or thern r unes ; t he ir u se i n i nscr ip t ions o n s tone , w ood a nd me ta l ;
t he e tymo logy o f r un meaning mys tery ;
a nd t he ir a pp l ica t ion t o d iv-
i na t ion a s men t ioned i n a nc ien t l i tera ture f rom C aesar t o L a 2 , ramon .
H e
p r in ted p la tes w i th e leven r unic a lphabe ts i nc lud ing f i ve AS s e ts a nd w i th
2 22
s even i l lus tra t ions o ft he R u thwe l l R un ic C ross .
A f ter l aborous ly c o mpar ing
e ach l e t ter o n t hese s even p en d raw ings h e t rans la ted t he i nscr ip t ion a nd n oted s imi lar i t ies t o N or thu mbr ian AS f ound i n MSS , e specia l ly i n t he D urha m B ook . H e a lso n o t iced t he r unes i n t he V ercel l i B ook a nd i n t he S a lo mon a nd S aturn ma ter ia l a va i lab le . I n t he s hor t " Fur ther N o tes" K e mb le a dmi t ted h is i naccuracy i n t he u se o f o ne o ft he a bove p la tes a nd r eco m mended p las ter o f P ar is c as ts a s t he t echn o log ica l ly b es t means o f c opy ing r unes . The t h ird a r t ic le , h owever , c ont a ined t he f ru i t o f a l l p rev ious w ork i n K emb le 's c orrec t i dent if ica t ion o f t he R u thwe l l R unes a s as hor ter N or thu mbr ian t ex t o ft he AS " Poem o ft he Dream o ft he H o ly R ood" i n t he V erce l li B ook .
I n p ara l le l c o lu mns K emb le p r inted
t he i nscr ip t ion t ex t a nd i t s modern t rans la t ion e nd ing : Iwas a l l w ounded w i th s haf ts . T hey l a id h im d own l imb w eary ; t hey s tood a t t he c orpse 's h ead ; t hey b ehe ld t he L ord o f H eaven .... K e mb le 's c arefu l ly d e ta i led s tudy o ft hese r unic i nscr ip t ions , o ft he o lder d ia lec ts a nd l et ters w ere f avorab ly r ece ived b y t he G r imms ( Corr ., 2 05 ) a nd Wi lhe lm e ven e xpressed h is p ra ise i n a n a r t ic le . 1 9 H owever W . W . S kea t , i n h is i naugura l l ecture a s t he f i rs t modern P rofessor o f AS a t C ambr idge i n 1 878 , b es t g ave t r ibu te t o K e mb le i n c on tras t t o t he e rroneous a t te mp ts t ha t p receded h is c orrect d ec ipher ing o ft he R u thwe l l Runes : A nd s o c lear a nd c onv inc ing w ere K e mb le 's p roofs a nd e xp lana t ions t ha t t hey w ere a t o nce a ccep ted ; a nd t he f on t a nd t he c ows , l ands , monks , monas tery , a nd marr iage-se t t lements w ere swep t a t o nce i n to l imbo , t hence n ever t o emerge .
2 °
D ur ing t he ir t wen ty y ears o f f r iendsh ip t he o n ly ma jor l oss o f c onf idence b e tween t he t wo s cho lars was o ver G r im m 's i nabi li ty t o o b ta in t hrough K e mb le ac opy o ft he R ecord C om m iss ion 's e d i t ion i n 1 836 o ft he V erce l l i B ook . 2 1 I n h is d efense K e mb le s t i l l b lamed C om m iss ion S ecre tary C ooper f or l y ing t o h im a bou t a sma l l n umber o fp r in ted c op ies , when a ctua l ly t wo-hundred4 if ty h ad b een r un o f f . G r im m , af ter f i na l ly g e t t ing a c opy f rom a no ther German s cho lar , J . M . L appenberg , p ub l ished w i th n o tes t wo o f i t s ma jor p oe ms a s A ndreas u nd E lene 2 2 t o h ave t he m g enera l ly a va i lab le . ( Corr ., 1 98-204 ) T o make amends K e mb le p ub l ic ly p ra ised t h is e d i t ion i n h is " Add i t iona l Observat i ons ." ( 3 3 )
O n al ess s er ious n o te t he t wo f r iends a lso d isagreed o n t he
p recedence o fd iscover ing t he n ame CYNE WULF i n t he r unes o ft he MS , a nd o n t he i den t i ty o ft h is a u thor . ( Corr . ,1 99 , 2 03-204 ) Whi le K e mb le a dmi tt ed ly h ad t he p recedence c oncerning t he r unes , G r imm 's s ugges t ion o ft he e igh th c entury f or i t s c o mpos i t ion was c loser t o t ha t o f modern e d i tors t han K e mb le 's p reference f or t he e ar ly e leven th c entury . a n E ng l ish e d i t ion w i th t rans la tion .
2 4
2 3
T hen K e mb le i ssued
K emb le 's i n teres t i n t he V erce l l i
B ook b egan i n 1 834 d ur ing h is s econd E uropean t r ip , a l though h e f a i led t o r each V ercel l i a t t ha t t ime . ( I , v ) H e a rgued e rroneous ly f or a l a ter c o mpos i t ion d a te b ecause h e f e l t t ha t t he o rnamen ta t ion o ft he l anguage e xh ib i ted a more a dvanced c iv i l iza t ion a nd t ha t t he r emnan ts o fh ea then modes o f e xpress ion were d ue t o c on t inu ing t rad i t ion o f AS s copas .
2 23
( I , i x )
H e a lso f ound e ar l ier
a nd more e xac t p ara l le ls t o T he L egend o f S t . A ndrew i n a Greek MS i n Par is ,
1 p6Ze
. 5 P g0 1 ) ka t Kaea I
t han G r imm h ad f ound i n L a t in l egends .
K e mb le a greed w i th a G er man S cho lar , R e inho ld P au l i , t ha t t he C odex was c arr ied t o V erce l l i l a ter t han t he N orman C onques t , ( I I , v i ) t hus f ur ther emphas iz ing b u t n o t p rov ing t he l a ter c o mpos i t ion o ft he p oe ms .
I n t ry ing t o
p rove t h is t heory h e r eferred Gr im m t o t he f a mous l i nes i n C o ler idge 's Anc ien t Mar iner : "Mot ion less a s ap a in ted s h ip /Upon ap a inted o cean ..." t o d e mons tra te t he s upposed s oph is t ica ted mean ing o f AS l andsceape . l ine 1 002 )
( I , 3 0 ,
Y e t Gr im m r igh t ly s ensed t ha t t h is w ord d id n ot mean a modern
p a in ter 's l andscape !
( Corr ., 1 99-200 , 2 05 )
N ever the less K e mb le s howed t he
e x tent o fh is r ead ings b y h is i nser t ion i n t he n o tes o f a n e igh ty-two l i ne p ass age f ro m t he M idd le E ng l ish C ursor I V fund i i n at hen u npub l ished G öt t ingen MS , c onnec t ing t he s tory o ft he Merchan t a nd t he P ound o f F lesh w i th t he F ind ing o ft he C ross i n E lene .
( I I , v i-v i i i )
D ur ing t he y ears p reced ing t he t ermina t ion o ft he R ev iew K e mb le made s o me r easonab ly g ood e f for ts t o b eco me a t rue p a terfami lias . d i t iona l p roper ty a nd s ee med t o b e a va i lab le t o h is a g ing f a ther .
H e b ough t a dH e k ep t
c lose t o D onne i n a f fec t ion a nd s t i l l c u l t iva ted s o me " Aposto l ic" f r iends .
Y e t
r ecrea t iona l h ab i ts t ended t o b e e xpans ive a nd i n p ar t d is l iked b y h is w ife Na ta l ie .
B us iness mat ters f or t he t hea ter c ensorsh ip a nd R ev iew b ecame
b urdening a nd i rkso me , e specia l ly when t he l a t ter was a l os t c ause . I n 1 840 t he K e mb les d ischarged t hree s ervan ts f or p lay ing t he f arce o f H igh L ife B e low S ta irs w i th t he ir p rov is ions .
K e mb le a dded a w ing t o h is
Add les tone , S urrey h o me ( F ig . 9 .3 ) w i th a s ix teen-by-e igh teen-foot d in ing r oo m , h a l l w i th w ind ing s ta ircase , al arge b edroo m , t wo sma l l s pare r oo ms a nd a n ursery .
2 5
H e p urchased b y c opyho ld f or £ 300 more l and a c o t tage
n earby i n N ove mber 1 842 , a nd was a dm i t ted t o t he manor c our t i n af euda l r itua l h e e n joyed .
( Corr ., 2 14 )
U nfor tuna te ly h e h ad t o s e l l t he p roper ty
f our y ears l a ter f or £ 430 when h e n eeded money . 2 6 I n J anuary 1 841 t he K e mb les h ad t he ir t h ird c h i ld , Mi ldred , who s urv ived t i l l 1 876 a s t he w ife o f R ev . C har les D onne , s on o f Ke mb le 's c lose f r iend . Ke mb le 's f a ther h ad j us t r ecovered f ro m a k idney o pera t ion a nd J ohn h ad wr i t ten s o me r e marks t o a cco mpany a b ook o f h is p or tra i ts .
2 7
D onne a nd t he
s on v is i ted t he Add les tone h o me , n ow c a l led C hape lf ie lds , i n e ar ly 1 844 a f ter Mrs . D onne 's d ea th . AS w ork .
2 8
K e mb le was a ga in s t imu la ted b y D onne t oward h is t rue
I n J une t he K e mb les s a t t o R ichard J ames L ane f or meda l lion
l ikenesses , J ohn a nd Na ta l ie i n o ne s phere a nd t wo o ft he c h i ldren i n a no ther .
2 9
Na ta l ie , h owever , h ad n ot e ver g ot ten o ver t he l oss o ft he ir l as t c h i ld , ag ir l o f s ix weeks , i n S ep te mber 1 842 .
( Corr . 2 48 )
F or h is r e la t ive ly modera te means K e mb le t rave l led a nd e n ter ta ined r a ther e xpens ive ly d ur ing t he e ar ly f or t ies .
H e h ad a t l eas t t wo h orses a nd o nce
r ode s o me t en mi les t o Windsor C as t le o n t he f a lse a larm t ha t av is i t ing p hys ic ian , D r . Gr im m , was h is l earned f r iend .
H e a lso e n ter ta ined a t ota l
s tranger , D r . L . F . 0 . S chwarze , aG erman j ur is t , w i th a r a i lroad s igh ts ee ing t r ip o f o ne-hundred-f if ty mi les t o P or tsmou th .
( Corr . ,2 34 , 2 47)
H e
i nv i ted " Parson" B rookf ie ld , a n o ld " Apos t le ," a nd h is w ife f or a v is i t d ur ing E as ter , 1 843 wh ich i nc luded a Masonic C hap ter a nd L odge mee t ing f o l lowed b y d inner f or me mbers a nd g ues ts .
S ince Na ta l ie d e tes ted t he who le Mason ic
2 24
s e t , s he c ou ld n ot h ave much e n joyed t he a f fa ir .
A ga in t he K e mb les a nd
t he ir g ues t Dav id V ipan s pen t n ine w eeks a t B ognor , S ussex i n t he s u m mer o f 1 844 , i nc lud ing s a i ls t o t he I s le o f Wigh t ( Corr ., 2 52-53 ) d ur ing wh ich t ime K e mb le l os t h is p or t l iness . " S ince K e mb le l i ved i n S urrey h e c onducted much o f h is b us iness b y ma i l , a s ab ook-rev iew ing r eques t f ro m " Apos t le" F . D . Maur ice d e mons tra ted .
3 1
H e a lso k ep t o f f ice h ours i n Bru ton S tree t , B erk ley S quare i n . L ondon e very Wednesday b e tween n oon a nd t hree o 'c lock .
3 2
H e h ad d if f icu lt ies i n 1 842 i n
mee t ing R ev iew p r in t ing c os ts , a l though h e minimized e xpenses a nd t r ied t o i ncrease c ircu la t ion .
3 3
B y mid-1844 K emb le r ea l ized t ha t h is t wo p ay ing
j obs h ad r es tr icted h is p h i lo log ico-h is tor ica l i nves t iga t ions . 2 56)
( Corr . ,2 52 ,
I n D ece mber 1 844 t he R ev iew was d ead , o s tens ib ly b ecause o fd isagree-
men t b e tween B eaumon t a nd K e mb le o ver F rance 's f ore ign p o l icy .
E ven
t hough t he R ev iew h ad c os t B eau mon t £ 3 ,000 a nnua l ly , i tf a i led c h ief ly b ecause o fh is c apr ices w i thou t e xert ing r ea l l eadersh ip .
K eep ing K e mb le i n t he
p os i t ion o f af orm o f s ubed i tor p reven ted h im f ro m g e t ting a nd h o ld ing g ood c on tr ibu tors .
3 4
B y t he y ear 's e nd K e mb le 's a nnua l i nco me was r educed t o
£ 350 l ess £ 100 f or mor tgage i n teres t a nd h is f a ther 's a nnu i ty .
Th is was i n-
d eed a p oor p rospec t f or a c oup le i n t he ir l a te t h ir t ies w i th t hree y oung c h i ldren t o r a ise .
3 5
I n c on tras t t o h is f i nanc ia l s i tua t ion t he e ar ly mon ths o f 1 845 f ound K e mb le p erhaps a t h is i n te l lectua l a c me , w i th t wo e d i t ions o f B eowu lf , t he t h ird v o lume o ft he C odex d ip lo ma t icus , t he f i rs t p ar t o ft he C odex V erce l lens is , i mp or tan t r unic d iscover ies a nd n u merous p h i lo log ica l a r t ic les a lready c o mp leted . H owever , s ince h e h ad f our d ependen ts , h ouses , h orses a nd d eb ts t o l ook af ter o n as er ious ly r educed i nco me h e p ursued t he h ope o f a n a ppoin t men t a s p r inc ipa l l ibrar ian a t C ambr idge U nivers i ty .
H e wro te t o Monck ton M i lnes , h is
" Apos to l ic" f r iend a nd Me mber o f P ar l iamen t , o n March 1 0 a sk ing h im t o g e t v otes among t he Mas ters o f Ar ts .
H e b e l ieved h e was t he b es t man , b u t k new
t ha t s o me o fh is c o mpe t i tors were a c t ive a nd p opu lar .
3 6
K e mb le was a t C ambr idge b y F ebruary 2 8 , 1 845 a nd o n March 2 7 i nd ica ted t ha t t he t wo l ibrar iansh ips t o b e g iven u p were t oge ther w or th £ 300 a nd wou ld p robab ly b e s epara ted .
Ke mb le was b acked b y l ibera ls a nd L ondon l awyers
a nd V ipan was c h ief o f o ne o fh is T own C omm i t tees a t Ke mb le 's B ru ton S tree t c hambers , t he o ther b e ing a t L inco ln 's I nn .
3 7
H owever t he s even teen H eads
o f C o l leges , H ouses o r B ursar ies , who m K e mb le c a l led " o ld w o men ," c hose n ot h im , b u t J oseph P ower , D ean o f C lare C o l lege , a s P ro tob ib lio thecar ius . S o k een was Ke mb le 's d isappoin t ment t ha t h e n ever w anted t o v is i t h is A l ma Ma ter a ga in . ( Corr ., 2 58-59 ) H owever , j us t b efore a t r ip t o G er many n ecess i ta ted b y h is t hen s ha t tered marr iage K e mb le t r ied o ne l as t t ime t o b e a ppo in ted t o aC a mbr idge p os i t ion i n t he s u m mer o f 1 849 , o n ly t o b e d isappo in ted a ga in .
I ns tead t he p os i t ion o f
Reg ius P rofessor o f Modern H is tory was g iven t o S ir J a mes S tephens , l a te U ndersecre tary o f S ta te f or t he C o lonies . ( Corr ., 2 66, 2 86-7 ) E ven Tho mas B ab in .g ton Macau lay h ad f ound t he c hoice d if f icu l t when s u m moned b efore P r ince A lber t o n J u ly 1 , 1 849 .
3 8
Never the less d esp i te i ncreas ing d o mes t ic t ens ions a nd w i th o n ly t he t hea ter c ensorsh ip t o o ccupy h im r egu lar ly , t he y ears b e tween 1 845 a nd 1 849 2 25
were v ery p roduc t ive f or K e mb le 's p hi lo log ica l a nd h is tor ica l s tud ies .
H e
b rough t o ut e igh t h undred-for ty-three c har ters i n t he l as t f our v o lu mes o fh is C odex w i th t he e s ta te b oundar ies a nd a lphabe t ica l i ndex o fp lace-names s upp lement ing V o lu mes I I a nd V I r espect ive ly .
H e a lso p resen ted p apers o n t he
Nor th A ng lian D ia lec t , o n t he AS B ishops o f E as t A ng l ia , o n AS Names a nd o n AS P a tronym ics .
K e mb le 's D ia logue o f S a lo mon a nd S a turnus a nd h is t wo-
v o lu me S axons i n E ng land w ere p ub l ished a s w e l l a s h is e d i t ion o f Twysden 's C er ta ine C ons idera t ions f ro m r e la t ive ly modern s ources .
I n a dd i t ion K e mb le
b egan t o r ea lize t he i mpor tance o f a rchaeo logy i n h is c on t inuing s tudy o f AS a nd G er man f orebears . K e mb le 's " On t he N or th A ng l ian D ia lec t , "3 9 d e livered a t mee t ings o ft he Ph i lo log ica l S oc ie ty o f L ondon i n May a nd J u ly o f 1 845 , d e mons tra ted t ha t h e h ad n o t l os t c on tac t w i th r ea l p hi lo log ica l s ub jec ts . H e c la imed t ha t t he Wes t S axon l anguage d o mina ted t he p er iod o n ly b ecause o fp o l i t ica l p ower , whereas N or th A ng l ian o r N or thu mbr ian a nd a l l e ar l ier s ta tes o f l anguages h ad more c o mp le te a nd c ons is ten t f orms .
H e f e l t N or thu mbr ia h ad t he mos t s uper ior
T eu ton ic c u lture a nd n amed C aed mon P oe try a nd t he V espas ian P sa lter o f t he s even th c entury , B ede 's D ea th S ong o ft he e igh th c entury a nd t he D urha m B ook o ft he t en th c entury a s i t s c h ief MSS . ( 124-25 ) H e d e mons tra ted b y ac har t o ft en T eu ton ic v owe l s ounds i n G oth ic , OHG , Wes t S axon a nd N or thu mbr ian t ha t t he l as t g roup o ccup ied t he h is tor ica l p os i t ion b e tween t he o lder T eu tonic a nd t he AS f or ms .
( 142 )
K e mb le d e mons tra ted h is tor ica l i n teres ti n l oca le i n J u ly 1 847 b y d e liveri ng a t a mee t ing i n N orw ich o ft he Archaeo log ica l I ns t itu te o f Grea t B r i ta in a nd I re land a p aper e n t i t led " A F ew N o tes Respec t ing t he B ishops o f E as t A ng l ia . "40 H e a ss igned t o t h is l oca le l egends o f H orn , H ave lok a nd t he Dea th S ong o f Ragnar L odbrok .
E as t A ng lia t o K e mb le was t he s ea t o f e ar lies t T eu tonic
c o lonies a nd among t he f i rs t C hr is t ian c o m muni t ies i n E ng land .
H e l is ted
t h ir ty-e igh t b ishops f ro m 6 36 t o 1 047 , c h ief ly b y me t icu lous r eferences t o t he ir n a mes i n h is C odex C har ters .
K e mb le 's i ns igh t c oncern ing t he D anish
i nvas ions i n t he n in th c entury were s tr ik ing :
"Moreover i t was t he h ab i t o f
t he G erman ic r aces t o s lay t he more d is t ingu ished o ft he ir c ap t ives ;
s lavery
was t he l o t o ft he o bscure ." ( 43 ) K e mb le 's i n-dep th s tudy o f AS n ames f ro m h is C odex v o lu mes was n o t l im i ted t o E as t A ng l ia a s h is monograph O n t he Na mes ,
S urnames a nd N ic-
n a mes o ft he A ng lo-Saxons 41 h ad p roven when r ead b efore t he I ns t i tu te 's mee t ing a t Winches ter i n S ep te mber 1 845 .
H e f ound s uch e xac t ing s tudy i m-
p or tan t f or c lear v iews o n e ar ly c ons t i tut iona l l aw , l and d is tr ibu t ion a nd a ccuracy o f c hron ic les .
AS n a mes were g enera l ly c o mpounds o ft wo a d jec t ives ,
t he s econd o f wh ich d e term ined t he s ex o ft he b earer : Wu lf-run , f ."( 6 ,9 )
"Wu lf-he lm
m . ; . ..
O f i n teres t w ere c hi ldren 's n a mes c ont inu ing t he i n i t ia l
s egmen t o fp aren ta l n ames , s uch a s E dgar 's c h i ldren : E dward , E dgy th a nd E d mund . D is t inc t ions b e tween s i mi lar ly n a med p eop le w ere made b y d escr ipt ive n ames u sed w i th b ap t is mal n a mes o r b y n icknames u sed a lone : Häranfö t [ hare-foo t ] a nd C räwe [ crow ] f or a c er ta in l ady .
H ara ld
( 12 , 1 5 )
K e mb le f ur ther r ef ined h is AS n ame s tudy i n 1 848 b y d e liver ing a p aper , " On a P ecu l iar U se o f t he A ng lo-Saxon P a tronymica l T ermina t ion I NG . , t 42 H e s howed me mbers o ft he Ph i lo log ica l S oc ie ty i t s p urpose n o t o n ly t o d eno te
2 26
d escen t f ro m a nother , b u t i n t he p lura l t o s how i nhab itan ts o r " sons" o f a p lace s uch a s Bry tford ingas.
Ke mble a lso l i sted t he t er m ina t ion 's u se i n
e igh ty-e igh t C odex p lace-na me e n tr ies a s s upp lan t ing t he g en it ive c ase f or ownersh ip o f ap lace a nd f el t t ha t t he c ase a nd t he t er m ina t ion were i n terchangea ble a s t he G reek ' ' Aöap , Toe E co t ,( 10 ) . Ke mble 's p ubl ica t ion o f The D ia logue o f S a lo mon a nd S aturnus i n 1 84843 was h is f i rst v en ture i n to c o mpara t ive , med ieva l l i tera ture , a s o pposed t o l ingu ist ics p er s e.
H e h ad w orked o n t he v arious d ia logues f or f i f teen y ears
c h ief ly a s ar e l ief f ro m s everer s tud ies. 1 00 , 1 11, 1 68 , 1 91-92)
( I I , i i ;
C orr ., 3 4, 8 1-83 , 8 7 , 9 0 ,
The f i rst u npubl ished v ers ion i n 1 844 h ad a v ery
e rud i te i n troduc t ion b u t l acked t he AS p rose o r p oet ic d ia logues. b ook c on ta ined b oth o f t hese a long
The f ina l
w i th l i tera l , modern Eng l ish t ransla t ions
a nd many r ela ted a na logues i n E uropean l i tera tures.
K e mble t raced t he s tory
t ype i n J ew ish , L a t in , P rovença l , French , Ger man , Du tch , Dan ish , Engl ish I ce land ic , I t a l ian , modern Greek , P ol ish a nd We lch s ources.
H e s howed
t he ir r ela t ions t o o ne a nother o f p recedence a nd d ependence a nd s tressed t ha t t he AS v ers ions were t he o ldes t p reserved , w i th t he ir d is t inc t t race o f European p agan is m e spec ia l ly i n t he n a me S aturn .
H e b e l ieved t ha t t he AS
ma teria l was most s erious , d ea l ing w ith t heolog ica l a nd mora l q uest ions , t ha t t he Ger man was c oarse a nd h o mely a nd t ha t t he F rench c on tribu t ions were d egraded a nd p ern ic ious.
K e mble 's g enera l d el inea t ion o f a l l e arly
l i tera ture i s Ro man t ic : The e arly t imes o f an a t ion p ossess f ew men who r ef lect u pon t he ms elves o r t he ir own p owers.
Na ture i s f el t , n ot r easoned u pon .
Everyth ing i s s y mbol ic , e veryth ing b rings a v isua l image w i th i t , a p art o r t he whole o f a n o b jec t . a nnounces t h is a s af ac t ... a nd f eel ings b y f ac ts; ( l ,
4
The v ery l anguage wh ich men s peak The Ep ic d escr ibes f ac ts a nd f eel ings ,
i tr ela tes e very th ing a nd a na lyses n oth ing.
,5 )
Ke mble e nded t he e arl ier v ers ion w ith a p lea f or k eep ing a nc ien t r ecords , f or h e f el t t ha t n o s tep i n t he d evelopmen t o f t he i nd iv idua l o r n a t iona l m ind was b elow t he n ot ice o f o ne s eek ing t o u nderstand t he man o r t he n a t ion . ( I , 1 82, 1 84 )
Bruce D ickens a ppra ised t he e n t ire work a s , " a w ide-ranging
s tudy i n c o mpara t ive l i terature d esigned a s ac on tr ibu t ion t o t he h istory o f f i ct ion."44 Ke mble h ad b een a ware o f t he n eed f or a t rea t ise o n AS l aws f or t en y ears p rior t o t he c o mp let ion o f h is S axons i n E ng land i n Dece mber 1 848. 45 H is r ev iew o f Thorpe 's Anc ien t L aws i n 1 841 h elped h im f or mu la te a p lan , a nd Gri m m 's Deu tsche Rech tsa l terthü mer was a lways b efore h im a s a n e nc ourage men t f or h is h istory o f t he "Lex n on S cr ip ta" o f E ngland . 1 81, 2 25, 2 30 )
( Corr.,
Ke mble 's i n terest g rew when Gr imm 's e arly We isthü mer
v olu mes h ad a ppeared . 46 I n 1 845 h e was h av ing d if icu l ty w ith t he b ook 's l og ica l o rder ing i n to p r inc ip les a nd h istor ica l d eve lopmen t47 a c tua l wri t ing .
( Corr ., 2 60 )
a nd w i th t he
Upon a ppearance Book Id ea l t . w ith t he o r ig ina l
s et t le ment o f t he AS c o m monwea l th a nd Book I w i th t he p rinc ip les a nd p rog ress o f c hange , c h ief ly t he g row th o f k ing ly p ower.
( I , i x ;
I , i v )
Two
o ther c on te mp la ted b u t n ever p ubl ished v olu mes wou ld h ave t rea ted t he c ourt s yste m , a gricu l ture , f ore ign t rade a nd p ol icy , t he l i terary s ta te a nd d o mest ic
2 27
h abi ts.
( Corr ., 2 63-64 )
Ke mble 's mot iva t ion f or t he work was t he k now ledge
t ha t t he h is tory o f t he c h ildhood o f h is own a ge was t he e xp lana t ion o f i t s manh ood , a nd t ha t t he p ast s t il l worked i n an a t ion 's p eop le.
( I , v , v i i i )
Ke mble 's c hap ters t rea ted t he s ub jec t t op ica l ly , s uch a s , " The Mark ," " The K ing ," " The T owns ," a nd o ne o f t he mos t i n terest ing i n t he f i rst v olu me was " Hea thendo m ." V iewed f ro m h is s tern p rotest ing a ge K e mble b e l ieved t ha t t he AS g ods h ad a s anc t ify ing f unc t ion , p reserv ing f am ily , f ar m a nd f ert i l i ty ;
a nd a n h ero ic a spec t , p res id ing o ver war a nd v ic tory.
The warr ior
was l ess r el ig ious t han t he c u l t iva tor b ecause o f g rea ter s elf-rel iance o f t he o ne a nd t he s acred a ssoc ia t ions o f t he o ther.
K e mble a t tr ibu ted t he e ar ly
AS c onvers ion t o Chr ist ian i ty t o h is b el ief t ha t i t s mora l d e mands were n o t more b urdenso me t han t hose o f p agan is m .
H is c o mparisons were b ased o n
h is Ro man t ic i mag ina t ion r a ther t han o n t he s uperna tura l r eve la t ion :
Chr is t 's
r ede mp t ive d ea th a nd t he Tw il igh t o f t he Gods , p un ish men t i n h el l a nd i n t he T eu ton ic c i ty o f t he d a mned , t he e f f icacy o f t he mass a nd o f r unes o r i ncant a t ions , many Chr ist ian s a in ts a nd t he l esser g ods , a nd t he s urvival o f t he a nc ien t d e i t ies i n t he n a mes o f t he d ays o f t he week .
( I , 4 39-40 , 4 43-44 )
Ke mble g rew w is tfu l i n d escr ib ing h is c h i ld l ike a nd aweinsp ired AS a ncestors , " before t he b usy h um o f c o m merce , t he c rash ing s trokes o f t he p iston , t he h eavy mur mur o f i nnu merable s p inn ing-Jenn ies n ecessar ily b an ished more n atura l mus ic f ro m o ur e ars."
( I , 4 38 )
S cholars h ave r ecogn ized Ke mble 's S axons a s h is most importan t c on tr ib u t ion n ex t t o h is C odex.
Gri m m g ave ab a lanced a nd f avorable c ri t ique o f
t he work , a l mos t i n d isbe l ief t hat K e mble c ou ld h ave wr i t ten Engl ish s o wel l . ( Corr ., 2 80 )
The work was s oon t ransla ted i n to Ger man a nd h ad a w ide i n-
f luence o n Ger man ic s tuden ts o f med ieva l i nst itu t ions. 48
Wa l ter d eGray
B irch , i n t he p refac t t o t he r ev ised e d i t ion o f 18 76, f el t t ha t r esearch t i l l t hen h ad s upported , n ot weakened K e mble 's p r inc ip les a nd c onc lus ions.
( I ,i x )
L a ter h owever , F . W. Ma i t land d e monstra ted t ha t K e mble h ad g rossly m isc a lcu lated t he n u mber o f a cres i n a n AS h id .
4 9
The work was v iewed a s
more o f a n e ncyc loped ia t han a h istory a nd i t s a u thor was p ra ised f or s how ing t ha t t he AS c onques t b egan l ong b efore r ecorded s e t t le men ts.
Bu t t here was
c r i t ic is m f or p lac ing s o much emphas is o n t he mark a s t he r oot o f t he AS s oc ia l s yste m b ecause i t was f ound t o b e c h ief ly a n e xcep t ion . 5° D ickens r ef lec ted t he f ee l ings o f t he l ast g enera t ion who f e l t t he v olu mes w ere a p rol ego mena t o h istory f ro m wh ich a l l c ou ld s t i l l l earn s o me th ing d esp i te K e mble 's " unco mpro m is ing Ger man is m." 5 1
Thus d e Groot r ecen t ly u sed K e mble 's
S axons t o s how , f ro m t he p os it ion o f w o men i n t he f am ily , why t he a u thor f e l t t ha t t he Ang lo-Saxons a cknow ledged n o f e m me l i bre. 5 2 Ke mble 's r esearch i n terests i n t he l a t ter 1 840 's a lso e x tended b eyond AS MSS a nd l aws.
H e l ec tured e x te mporaneous ly f or t wo h ours o n r unes a t
L incoln i n August 1 848.
H is a rchaeolog ica l c oncerns g rew t o i nc lude AS a rt i-
f ac ts f ound i n b arrows a nd e lsewhere .
He f el t a smug s a t isfac t ion i n i nf luenc-
i ng t he A rchaeo log ica l I ns t itute away f rom a rch i tects a nd e cc les io log is ts t oward wha t h e f e l t was t he d irect ion o f European s c ien t if ic a rchaeology. 5 3 Th is h e h as b est e xpressed i n h is o pen ing a ddress a t t he I ns t itu te 's meet ing i n 1 848.
H e e xhorted h is l i steners t o s trive f or t he r ecord o f t he h istory o f
man imag ined i n t he h is tory o f o ne n a t ion o r ac ol lec t ion o f men.
2 28
K e mble
v iewed a rt ifacts o f t he p ast : a s d if feren t l et ters o f t he a lphabet b y wh ich we s pe l l t he h istory o f t he l and :
t he h istory o f t he l and i t sel f o nly a l et ter o f t he a lphabet
b y wh ich w e s pel l t he h istory o f man :
t he h istory o f man i t sel f o n ly
ap ort ion o f t ha t l arger a lphabe t b y wh ich we s pe l l t he h istory o f God 's d ea l ings w i th t he world .5 4 Wh i le Ke mble was e ngaged b e tween 1 845 a nd 1 849 i n t he wri t ing a nd p ubl i ca t ion o f h is r esearch t rea ted a bove , h is own d o mest ic s itua t ion u nderwen t p rofound c hanges.
He a nd N a ta l ie , a t f i rst s o mewha t r el ieved o f t he b urden
o f t he q uarterly r ev iew , were s een a bou t i n L ondon , amus ing t he mse lves i n t he s pring o f 1 845 a t Greenw ich wh i le a t tend ing a n " Apostol ic" d inner , a t A scot a nd a t as p lend id Pol ish Ba l l a f ter wh ich t hey s pen t af ortn igh t a t Ca mb r idge p art ly o n b us iness.
The f am i ly w en t a ga in t o Bognor , S ussex , p robably
b ecause o f t he c heaper l i v ing a cco m moda t ions p r ior , t o S ep tember o f t ha t y ear . A bou t t he t ime s o me o f t he Add lestone p roperty was s old i n 1 846 Ke mble a pparen t ly "m igra ted" t o Hert fordsh ire. 5 5
Fanny v is i ted h im a nd h is c h i ldren
t here p rior t o February 1 847 , p ra ised h is t ru th fu lness , s i mp l ic ity o f c haract er , world ly p overty a nd i n tel lec tua l wea l th , b u t made n o men t ion o f h is w ife. He h ad e ven a dvert ised i n t he T i mes t o t utor a s tuden t t o s upp le men t h is meagre i nco me. 5 6 Whether K e mble a nd Na ta l ie s epara ted i n l a te 1 846 o r e arly 1 847 i s n ot k nown , b u t t he e f fec t o n Ke mble 's s ubsequen t s ta te o f m ind a nd a c t iv ity was e v iden t .
I n ar est less , n ervous s ta te i n 1 847 h e v is ited Chel tenha m i n G lou-
c ester f or t wo months a f ter s topp ing a t Ca mbr idge a nd a t tend ing a n a rchaeol og ica l mee t ing i n Norw ich i n J u ly.
With t wo c o mpan ions h e i nspec ted c hurches ,
Ro man r e ma ins —ca mps a nd v il las —before r eturn ing t o h is r en ted c ot tage a t C o m mon Wood , C l ipperf ield , H ert fordsh ire i n N ove mber. He was s haken b y b ad wea ther a nd i nf luenza , a nd t he d ea th o f I celand ic s cholar a nd f r iend R ichard C leasby i n Oc tober c aused h im t o worry a bou t h is own p oss ib le d ea th . 57 Ke mble t o ld Gr imm o n Dece mber 2 2, 1 847 o f t he b reakup o f h is marr iage , a dd ing p erhaps i n e xaggera ted s el f-p ity :
" Drunkenness a nd a du l tery a re s ins
we n ever p ardon ." Wi th n o o ther f ac ts a va ilable o ne c an o n ly p resu me t hat i n e leven y ears o f u ncerta in b us iness , e d i t ing , r esearch a nd Mason ic a c t iv ity Ke mble a nd h is w ife h ad g rown e s tranged .
A f ter h er u pbring ing i n ac u l tural
a nd i n tel lec tua l a t mosphere i n Ger man u n ivers i ty c irc les s he was n o d oubt o f ten l ef t a lone wh i le K e mble was b usy o r a way.
O f as el f-r igh teous n ature ,
e spec ia l ly i n ma t ters o f t he wo man 's p lace i n t he h o me , Ke mble may h ave i n terpreted a s " gross a nd i nfamous a du l tery" a ny c asua l a t ten t ions t he l onely wo man may h ave p a id t o o ther men , e ven s ervan ts.
K e mble s ubsequen t ly
a ccused h er o f h ab i tua l l y ing a nd d r ink ing , a nd h e wondered a bou t t he r earing o f t he " m iserable w o man ." ( Corr., 2 64 , 2 65, 2 71, 2 84 ) N o k nown r ecords e x ist f ro m wh ich N a ta l ie 's s ide o f t he p roble m c an b e v iewed . Under t hese c ircu mstances , K e mble h ad h ired a Devonsh ire g irl , L ou ise Honeywel l , a s g overness f or t he y oung c h ildren , a nd h e moved f requen t ly. He a sked Gr imm 's h elp f or t he n ex t s evera l y ears i n s eek ing a d ivorce i n Hanover b ecause t he c ost a nd t he p ubl ic s ha me f or h is y oung d augh ters were
2 29
t oo g rea t i n E ngland.
A l though c la im ing n o h os t i l ity t oward h is w ife , Ke mble
f el t s he h ad d eserted h er c h i ldren a nd wou ld n ot make a ny s et t le men t f or h er t i l l ad ivorce t ook p lace.
( Corr., 2 65, 2 71-72, 2 73 , 2 85 )
Even i f Ke mble
s o met i mes s ee med r eck less i n h is p l igh t , i n v a in h e t r ied t hrough Mi lnes t o g e t a ppo in ted s ecre tary t o t he Parl ia men tary C omm iss ion o n t he Br it ish Museu m i n 1 848. 58 For p art o f 1 848 a nd 1 849 h e r es ided i n al i t t le c ot tage a t E d ith V il las i n Fu lha m , w i th h is t hree wel l- mannered c h i ldren , p robably t o s ee h is S axons t hrough t he p ress. 59
He was n ear d espa ir i n Apr i l 1 849 wh i le h e worked o n
AS f am ily r ela t ions t o s tave o f f s orrow.
I n J une h e made p lans o t g o t o Han-
o ver f or a r es idency r equ ire men t p r ior t o f i l ing s u i t f or a d ivorce.
He a lso
d epu t ized Donne t os erve a s E xa m iner o f P lays a nd g ave h im t he p ower o f a t torney t o d raw h is s a lary. 60 Dur ing t he s ame p er iod o f monetary a nd mar i ta l s tress Ke mble h ad t ime f or n ew a cqua in tances a nd s o me e n terta inmen t , b u t s howed i rr i tab il ity t owards o ther p eop le , e ven c lose r e la t ives.
George H enry L ewes , b iographer , n ov-
e l ist , l i terary a nd d ra ma t ic c r i t ic , who h ad w r i t ten f or t he Rev iew , c arried h is l e t ter o f Apri l 2 0 , 1 845 t o Gr i m m.
( Corr., 2 60 ) When i nv it ing Brook-
f i eld t o a Mason ic i nsta l la t ion i n H ertfordsh ire t ha t y ear K e mble t o ld o f a r ecen t mee t ing w i th Meriva le a t Ca mbridge.
There a g enera t ion o f m ilksops
d oubted t ha t K e mble a s as tuden t h ad s neaked o u t t hrough t he b ars u nder T r in i ty L ibrary w i th a f l y ing l eap i n h is c ap a nd g own .6 1
Dur ing t he Ca mbr idge
v isi t Ke mble was s t il l e n thus iast ic e nough t o k eep p erfec t t ime f or a g roup o f s ing ing s tuden ts b y r a is ing h is a rm a nd mov ing h is g lass. 6 2 But i n h is AS p ubl ic a ddresses K e mble wou ld n o t s urrender t o c on te mporary " parson p ole m ics" where , a ccord ing t o h im , h is tory was i n terspersed w ith q ueries a bou t whether o ne 's f orefa thers h ad b een " pap ists , Protestan ts o r Pusey ites." 6 3 He a lso f e l t t ha t Dr. Tho mas Arnold was n ot t he most s uccessfu l e duca tor s ince h e merely p roduced c op ies o fh i msel f o n ar educed s ca le • 64
By 1 848
h e h ad b eco me r em iss i n c o m mun ica t ing a ny n ews t o h is s ister Fanny , a l though h e c la i med t o h ave c onsoled h er i n h er own mari ta l t roubles i n America.
H e
f el t s he was t oo a rt if ic ia l a nd i n a gree men t w i th L ondon me mbers o f h is f am ily who t hough t h e wasted h is t a len ts i n t he s tud ies h e p ursued .6 5 I n t he l a t ter h a lf o f 1 848 a nd e arly 1 849 a t at ime when Ke mble c la i med h e h ad n oth ing t o d o , h e p repared t he i n troduc t ion t o h is e d it ion o f S ir Roger Twysden 's C erta ine Cons idera t ions Upon t he G overn men t o f E ngland . 66 H owever h e h ad t he h elp o f r e l iable f r iends b oth f or p rocure men t o f t he MSS a nd i n q uest ions o f p ol i t ica l e cono my , l aw a nd t he C lass ics. 67
The b ook was
ac on te mporary t rea t ise a bou t t he c onst itu t iona l h istory o f England d ur ing t he C iv i l War b etween t he k ing a nd Parl ia men t i n t he s even teen th c en tury.
For
t he f i rs t t ime o u ts ide o f p er iod ica ls K e mble d ea l t w ith t he n onph ilolog ica l work o f ar e la t ively modern , b a lanced a nd mature a u thor whose p rec ise i den t ity was k nown. 68
Yet a s e d i tor K e mble h ad n ot l ost a ny o f t he b ias wh ich
k ep t v ery l i vely s o me o f h is u ndocu men ted b ackground s ta te men ts c oncern ing , " the p ass ions o f H enry t he E igh th , .. t he p rof l iga te i n f idel i ty o f L eo , t he r ude v iolence o f L u ther, .." a nd t he A r mada , "whose a rm ies were o f f icered w i th J esu i ts , .." ( v i i i , x i )
More i mportan t i n c ons idering Ke mble
h owever , was h is p resen ta t ion b y d isgu ised c on trast o f wha t t hen mos t
2 30
o ccup ied h is mind , n a mely t he p osit ion o f wo men a nd h is own s ha t tered marriage.
I n h is v iew t he wo men o f t he s eventeenth c en tury h ad e scaped
r ead ing Ba lzac a nd were g enu ine , h earty wo men , s tric t mothers, s ub m issive , a f fect iona te w ives, g ood managers , h onest matrons , a greeable a nd e ndearing. A l though Twysden 's mother h ad mastered L a t in , French , I ta l ian a nd S pan ish , s he d iscreet ly k ep t i tp ret ty much f ro m t he world .
( xv-xv i i )
Twysden 's
e xcel len t w ife , t he mother o f h is s ix c h ildren , was h ero ic , p ious , d iscern ing , p a t ien t , h u mble , ac onsola t ion t o h im i n p rison a nd a s av ior o f h is e states. Perhaps Ke mble was t hen u nw it t ing ly m irroring h i mself when h e d escribed t he a ged Twysden , l ooked u pon b y s o me a s ad isaf fec ted a nd t roubleso me p erson b ecause o f h is s trict i n terpreta t ion o f t he l aw.
( axx i i-buo c i i i )
J ust
a s Twysden h ad a tte mp ted t o g o t o France d uring t he p ol it ica l c ris is o f h is l i fe , ( bow ) s o Ke mble would s oon s eek a s olut ion t o h is d o mes t ic c risis b y g oing t o Ger many.
ENDNOTES 1 .
J ohnson L etters, N o. 3 6.
2 .
FAK is l e tter t o H . S t. L eger, Mar. 2 3, 1 840 i n Records o f L a ter L ife ( London , 1 882 ), I , 1 0.
3 . 4 .
K il lha m , Tennyson & Princess , p . 1 62. Publ ic Record O f f ice , L ondon , "Lord Cha mberla in Thea trical References, Table o f A l l L icences , "I , 5 8-60 , 7 7-113; 2 24;
5 .
Docu men t N o. L C
7 /1 9 ,
I , 1 14-
" Accoun t B ooks".
Verthe id igung d es S taa tsgrundgesetzes d es Kön igre ichs Hannover ( Defense o f t he Const itu t ion o f Hanover o f 1 833), b y F . Fro ma ( Jena , 1 838 ), r eviewed i n BFR, X ( x ix , J an .-Mar., 1 840 ), 2 5-49.
6 .
BFR, X I ( xx i i ), 5 43-91; t h is a s , TMK 's. I , 9 7 ; Gera ld ;
Edward F itzGera ld e n thus iast ical ly p ra ised
S ee Wrigh t , L et ters & L i terary Re ma ins —FitzGerald ,
D ick ins , "Ke mble & O ld Engl ish ," p . 8 1, a grees w ith F itzd eGroot , " The BFR ," p . 3 46 , f el t G . A . Young t o b e t he
a ctual a u thor a nd JMK t o h ave a dded r e marks. 7 .
Men t ion o f t h is n a me c onf ir ms J 1 V IK 's a u thorsh ip o f a t l east p art o f t he a rt icle s ince h e was t hen s tudy ing v arious European d ialogues b etween S a lo mon a nd S a turn ;
Adrian ,
E p icte tus a nd S ecundus , e tc .
( Corr., 10 ). 8 .
BFR , X I ( xx i i , 1 840 ) , 6 55-62.
9 .
I bid •, p p . 6 62-66.
1 0.
BFR, X IV ( xxv i i , 1 843), 1 91-217.
1 1.
BFR , X ( xx ), 4 00-425; a ssigned i tt o JMK ;
D ick ins , "Ke mble & O ld Engl ish ," p . 8 1,
d eGroot i n ap riva te l et ter , J uly 2 9 , 1 970 ,
f el t i t was n ot s cholarly e nough t o b e h is.
I n terna l e v idence s uggests
i t was a t l east p art ly h is, a nd t he c opy i n t he N . Y . Publ ic L ibrary 's Astor Col lect ion h as JMIK 's n a me p enc il led i n a s t he a u thor.
2 31
1 2.
BFR, X I I ( xx i i i ) , 4 6-94.
1 3.
Gött ingen , 1 828.
1 4.
BFR, X I I I x xv , 1 842), 1 63-88.
1 5.
BFR, XVI I ( xxx i i i , 1 844 ), 2 70-303.
1 6.
BFR, XV ( xxx ) , e nd p p . i -xx iv; ( xxx i i i ), 3 55-56; O ld Engl ish ,"
1 7.
XVI ( xxx i ), x xv-xxv i ii;
XVI I ( x o cx iv ), 6 69-71.
p . 8 1;
XVI I
S ee D ick ins , "Ke mble &
d eGroot , "The BFR," p p . 3 55, 3 59 , 3 61.
The Brit ish a nd Fore ign Rev iew , o r European Quarterly J ournal : E in Be i trag z ur Gesch ich te d er Aufnah me d eu tscher L itera tur i n England ( Gött ingen , 1 921) , p . 2 3.
1 8.
" On Anglo-Saxon Runes ,"
Archaeolog ia , 2 0 (VI I I ( 1840 ), 3 27-72;
" Further N otes o n t he Run ic Cross a t L ancaster," 2, 0 (1X ( 1842 ), 7 67 9 ;
" Add it iona l Observa t ions o n t he Run ic Obel isk a t Ruthwel l ;
t he Poe m o f t he Drea m o f t he H oly Rood ;
a nd a Run ic Copper D ish
Found a t Chertsey ," XXX ( 1843 ), 3 1-46. 1 9.
" Über Ke mble 's a gs. Runen ," ( 1841), K le inere S chrif ten , e d. Gustav H inr ichs ( Berl in :1881-87 ), I , 4 83-90.
2 0.
Mac m il lan 's Magaz ine , ) (XX IX ( N a. 2 32, Feb., 1 879 ), 3 05.
2 1.
Ed. b y Thorpe a s Append ix ( B ) t o a Report o n Ry mer 's Foedera ( London , 1 836).
2 2. 2 3.
Kassel , 1 840. S ee Kenneth S isa m , " S ir I srael Gol lancz Me mor ia l L ecture ," Proceed ings o f t he Brit ish Acade my , XVI I I ( 1932) , p p . 3 05 f .
2 4.
The Poetry o f t he Codex Vercel lens is , 2v ols. ( London , 1 843, 1 856 ). I : L egend o f
2 5.
S t . Andrew ;
I : E lene a nd t he Minor Poe ms.
Brook f ield , " Apost les ," p . 1 76;
FAK wrote f ro m L ondon o n Dec.
2 , 1 845 t ha t J ohn t hen l i ved "w ith h is f am ily a t ap retty l i t t le p lace wh ich h e i nherited f ro m my mother a nd wh ich h e h as improved e xt re mely."
Wister, Fanny t he American , p . 1 95.
The p resen t
writer v isited a modera tely l arge h ouse i n 1 974 c a l led " Chapel f ields" i n Add lestone , f ro m wh ich Ke mble a ddressed s everal l et ters i n t he 1 840 's, b u t was u nable t o v iew t he i n terior d ue t o i l lness w ith in . S ee F ig . 9 .3 . 2 6.
S urrey Coun ty Records O f f ice , Kensington-on-Tha mes :
Chertsey
Beo mond Court Rol l 97 /1/ 17 , p p . 1 29-30 , 1 33-34, 1 35, 3 25. 2 7.
Probably 2 p p . p reface o f J a mes L ane , S ixteen Portra its o f Charles Ke mble ( L ondon , 1 840 ) , i .e. i n v arious c harac ter r oles;
J ohnson
L et ters , N o. 3 8. 2 8.
L et ter t o WBD, Feb, 9 , 1 844, i n Donne & Friends, p p . 8 2-83 a nd i n J ohnson L e tters, N o. 4 8.
2 9.
FAK , L a ter Records, I , 9 4.
2 32
3 0.
Brook f ield , " Apost les," p p . 1 82-83;
3 1.
I b id., p p . 1 79-80.
J ohnson L et ters , N o. 5 0.
I t i s h ard t o d eter m ine j ust wh ich b ook o f t h is
p rol if ic writer i s mean t , b ecause d uring JM K 's e d itorsh ip h e p ubl i shed a f a ir n u mber o f s hort works a nd s o me l onger o nes s uch a s : Three L et ters t o Rev . W. Parker o n t he Na me " Protestan t ," o n t he S ee m ingly Ambiguous Character o f t he Engl ish Church ;
a nd o n t he
B ishopr ic a t J erusa le m ( 1842 ) a nd Chr ist mas Day a nd O ther S er mons ( 1843 ).
JMK 's c la im e xpressed i n Brook f ield , " Apostles ," p . 1 83,
t o h ave wr it ten 3 65 l et ters o f 6s heets e ach i n o ne d ay s ee ms e xagg era ted , i fn ot imposs ible: 3 2.
JMK 's l e tter t o J ohn Ward L yle , N ov . 1 843, c oncern ing UK-US p roble m i n Oregon , Ca mbr idge Un iversity L ibrary , Add. MS. D . 6 157 ( 29 );
f or p ubl ished a rt icle s ee d eGroot , " The BFR," p . 3 57 ;
BFR, XVI ( 1844 ), 5 60-85. 3 3.
J ohnson L etters i n d eGroot , " The BFR," p . 4 3;
J ohnson L etters ,
N o. 4 4. 3 4.
J ohnson L et ters, N o. 5 1;
d eGroot , " The BFR," p p . 4 91 5 0-52, 5 3,
i nclud ing e x trac t ions f ro m J ohnson L et ters. 3 5.
J ohnson L et ters, N o. 5 2.
3 6.
Trin ity Col lege L ibrary , Ke mble MS. B . 1 22.
3 7.
J ohnson L et ters , N o. 5 6.
3 8.
G . O t to Trevelyan , The L ife a nd L et ters o f L ord Macau lay ( New York , 1 876 ), I , 2 26.
3 9.
Publ ished i n Proceed ings o f t he Ph ilolog ica l S oc iety , I ( No. 3 5, 1 845), 1 19-28 a nd ( No. 3 6 , 1 845), 1 31-42 ,b oth i ssued i n 1 846.
4 0.
Publ ished i n Me moirs I l lustra t ive o f t he H istory a nd An t iqu it ies o f N orfolk a nd t he C ity o f N orw ich ( London , 1 851), p p . 2 4-56.
4 1.
L ondon , 1 846.
4 2.
Proceed ings, I V ( No. 7 6, N ov .
4 3.
With a n H istorica l I n troduc t ion ( L ondon , 1 848 ) r eferred t o a s I , t o
2 4, 1 848 [ 1850 ] ) , p p . 1 -10.
d ist ingu ish i tf ro m I , S alo mon a nd S a turn , n o p rel i ms , 2 92 p p , c anc el led a f ter 2 0 c op ies were p rin ted ( 1844). 4 4.
D ick ins , "Ke mble & O ld Engl ish ," p . 6 6.
For f urther c o mpar ison
o f t he t wo v ersions s ee Henn ing L arson , "Ke mble 's S a lo mon a nd S aturn ," 4 5.
Modern P h i lo logy , XXV I ( 1928-29 ) , 4 45-50 .
2v ols. ( London , 1 849 ).
Un less o therw ise i nd ica ted q uotes f ro m
p refaces a re f ro m t h is e d it ion . 4 6.
Vols. I -I I I ( Göt t ingen , 1 840-42).
4 7.
J ohnson L et ters , N o. 6 0.
4 8.
D ie S achsen i n England , 2v ols. Brandes.
2 33
1 876 e d. u sed f or t ext .
( Le ipzig , 1 853-54 ), t r . H . B . C .
4 9.
Do mesday Book a nd Beyond ( Ca mbridge , 1 921), p p . 4 99-500 .
5 0.
I b id., n ew e d . ( 1952) ,
5 1.
D ick ins , "Ke mble a nd O ld Engl ish ," p p . 6 8-69.
5 2.
"The BFR." p p . 3 02-303.
5 3.
J ohnson L et ters , N os. 7 6, 7 7 , 7 8.
5 4.
Archaeolog ica l J ourna l V I ( 1849 ), 2 -3.
5 5.
J ohnson L et ters , N os. 5 7 , 6 0 , 6 2;
5 6.
FAK , L ater Records, I I , 1 51.
5 7.
J ohnson L et ters , N o. 6 4.
5 8.
I bid., N o. 7 1;
5 9..
J ohnson L et ters , N os. 7 5, 7 9 ;
p .
2 72.
Brook f ield , " Apost les ,
p . 1 81.
Trin ity Col l . L ibrary , Ke mble MS . B .123. WBD t o Trench , J an . 2 8 , 1 849 i n
J ohnson , Donne & Friends , p p . 1 72-73 . 6 0.
J ohnson L etters , N os. 8 0 , 8 2.
6 1.
Brook f ield , " Apost les ," p p . 1 80-82.
6 2.
Franc is Ga l ton , Me mories o f My L ife ( London , 1 908 ), p p . 2 85-86.
6 3.
J ohnson L et ters, N o. 6 0.
6 4.
FAK , L a ter Records , I I , 9 7.
6 5.
J ohnson L et ters, No. 6 7.
6 6.
L ondon , 1 849 , p p . v -boow.
6 7.
JMK g ot MS f ro m Rev . L a mbert L ark ing , h usband o f d escendan t o f Twysden , a nd h ad a dv ice o f T . C . Ban f ield , W. L . B irkbeck a nd V ipan r espect ively f or t he o ther ma t ters. 7 7.
6 8.
S ee J ohnson L etters, N o.
During l i fe Twysden ( 1597-1672) p ubl ished H istoriae Angl icanae s crip tores d ece m ( London , 1 652) a nd Ev iden t iae e cclesiae Angl icanae ( L ondon , 1 657 ).
2 34
1 / . 4K : s
0H annover
( urher
, Ar n5 terdarn
e xpec h? ionary , Search f 25 i o
1 63 +
c ourii?
o&
E vropd
l
c °
0
L a . . 1P1 -1
l eb 5 oP ar i
1 4 .K le
b a r
3
i ßbe
; 83+
Mun c h 0
°
1 8 2q'
c , 3 1 1 7 r C„ (x ° %1 e \
j
s l it1K
A rChar zoloi /G1
• Surve5 (5 5( 4 a nd Mez+ /e7 5
c o\
n
C )
y 49 k4 ) (
JA a r : 51 S 'h ead 18 s7 o (uich 0, 1 84
,b ( ' 612
0
Ch a
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4 2 '
t n T v i v+1 ü re f — 1
Fig.
9 . 4
S e . 1 9 2°5
London
\ b ‘*P ( '
C I ) 0
, Ac id iscor nbe . 0 / "f er
9
0
gurr e t i
d 8 ,5 -
M aps of K e mble' s Continental and English travels
235
CHAPTER V I A RESTLESS S P IR IT
Ke mble a rr ived i n t he c i ty o f Hanover o n Augus t 1 2, 1 849 t o b eg in a r es id ence i n Ger many t ha t was t o l ast s ix y ears a nd i n f luence v ery much t he c ourse o f h is r esearch .
The t hree- mon th r equ ired r es idency b egan om inous ly e nough
o n as treet n a med a f ter Hanover 's K ing E rnest August , w ho h ad f orced t he Gr i m ms i n to e x i le i n 1 837.
( Corr., 2 87 , 2 89 )
B y Dece mber t he d ivorce s u i t
a ga inst h is w ife c ou ld b e t r ied , b u t i n Apr i l o f 1 850 K e mble f el t t ha t h is p ett i fogg ing a ttorney u sed d elay ing t ac t ics t o g a in f ees. 1 Un fortuna te ly t here a re n o r ecords e x tan t c oncern ing o u tco me o f t he s u i t. 2 Wh ile Ke mble c ou ld b e f a irly o b jec t ive i n h is p roper s tud ies d ur ing t h is t ime o f s tress , p ersona l s orrow was e v iden t i n h is i n t i ma te c orrespondence. A t Gri m m 's r eques t h e w rote a t hree-page s urvey o f l aws a nd n a mes c oncerni ng i ncon t inen t w o men f ro m AS t o modern t imes w i th n o men t ion o f h is w ife who m h e b el ieved t o b e i n as im i lar s itua t ion .
H e was v ery l onely a t f i rst a nd
e ven d ecora ted a Christ mas t ree i n 1 849 f or t he n e ighbor ing c h ildren . 3 01, 3 08-310 )
( Corr.,
The s a me l onel iness c aused K e mble t o b u i ld a nd s a i l model
warsh ips a s a n i nsp ira t ion f or a Ger man f l eet , t o g o t rout f i sh ing i n t he Harz a nd t o s eek i n h is s tud ies r efuge f ro m h is own w orse t hough ts. 3 s ee med worse t han e ver.
H is h ea l th
( Corr., 3 06 )
The s ix-year s o journ a broad b rough t s o me c hanges among f r iends a nd r ela t ives o f K e mble a nd i n h is a t t itude t oward t he m . t rue a s h is Depu ty Exa m iner o f P lays.
Donne r e ma ined e ver
V ipan d ied i n Dece mber 1 849 o f sma l l-
p ox , ( Corr ., 3 00 ) a nd K e mble g rew t o a pprec ia te h is s ister Fanny a s " a f i rs t r a te wo man ," t o b e k ep t i n E ng land i fp oss ible. 4 He b rough t d augh ter Gertrude , t hen o n ly t welve y ears o ld , t o Hanover a bou t 1 850 , ( Corr ., 2 95 ) a nd t he r ema in ing c h ildren a nd t he ir g overness b y J une o f 1 851. 5 Dur ing t he s a me p er iod K e mble 's f inances w en t f ro m b ad t o w orse.
A t
f i rst h e h ad Donne s end p art o f t he E xa m iner 's f ees t o t he g overness t o c onvert " in to b eef a nd b onne ts f or my B ra ts ," a t er m K e mble u sed o n ly i n i t s h u morous a nd a l l i tera t ive s enses.
I n 1 853 h e was £7 0 i n d ebt t o " Jew ish" s coundrels
a nd worried s o much t ha t h e c ou ld o n ly work i n t he d ead o f n igh t.
By 1 855 h e
h ad t o s el l h is b ooks t o b e c lear o f a£1 50 d ebt i n Hanover , a nd b y May 1 4 o f t ha t y ear i n L ondon h e h oped t o r a ise a l oan o f £ 500 w ith B ir i c beck a nd Donne a s h is c osigners. 6 Desp ite h is o ngo ing f am ily a nd f i nanc ia l c r is is Ke mble s oon f ound a dd i t iona l o ccupa t ions f or h is a lert m ind .
H is l i felong i n terest i n England 's S axon a nces-
t ors a nd h is s ense o f modern p ol i t ica l h istory c aused K e mble t o e xp lore n earb y r esources i nb oth f i elds.
Archaeolog ica l s i tes o f t he C on t inenta l t r ibes
f ro m wh ich c a me t he i nvaders t o England were wa i t ing t o b e e xa m ined .
I n
t he c i ty o f Hanover Ke mble f ound i n t he s o-ca l led "Le ibn i tz Papers" amp le 2 36
ma ter ia l f or b ackground s tud ies o n t he p ol it ica l s itua t ion t here a t t he t ime o f t he Hanover ian Acces ion t o E ngland 's t hrone. Ke mble b eca me a C orrespond ing Me mber o f t he H istor ica l A ssoc ia t ion o f L ower S axony , a nd f i rst p a in ted p ictures o f s tone a nd b ronze weapons i n i t s Museu m f or p oss ible c on tribu t ions t o t he A rchaeolog ica l J ourna l i n England. He p lanned t o o pen b ur ia l b arrows i n L üneburg a nd e lsewhere t o c o mpare t he m w ith E ngl ish t u mu l i h e h ad p rev ious ly o pened , p robably i n t he e xcurs ions s ince t he s epara t ion f ro m h is w ife.
( Corr ., 2 88 )
Tw ice K e mble s yste ma t ized ,
r eg istered a nd l abe l led t he Museu m 's g row ing c ol lect ions o f Ger man ic a nt iqu it i es f ro m h ea then t imes , t asks h e c o mp leted i n 18 52 a nd i n 18 53.
7
A s ar e-
s u l t o f s uch w ork K e mble p lanned ab ook o n t he f unera l r i tes o f t he N or thern r aces , wh ich was t o b e p osthu mous ly i ssued a s H orae f era les i n 18 63.
( Corr.,
3 11) T o t hese a rchaeolog ica l s tud ies i n Hanover K e mble b rough t b oth t heory a nd p rac t ica l k nowledge. He b e l ieved t ha t Ger mans c om ing o ver t he B lack S ea p ushed K el ts n orthward , westward a nd s ou thward .
H e a lso f e l t t ha t t here
h ad b een a p re-S lav ic a nd p re-Ger man ic r ace o n t he Ba l t ic s hores.
Fro m
h is e xperience i n o pen ing Engl ish b arrows K e mble h ad l earned t o f ind t he e arl iest e n to mb men t o fb ones a t t he l owest l evel , b elow a shes a nd p o t tery . ( Corr., 2 89-90 , 29 8 )
E arly o n d ur ing h is e xcurs ions t o t he L üneburger H eath
K e mble n o ted t he s im i lar ity o f ab arrow n ear Uelzen t o a n Eng l ish o ne i n s truc ture , w eapons a nd s ku l ls .
I n s tudy ing t he v arious f or ms o fb ur ia l K ern-
b le b el ieved h e f ound g rea ter u n i ty among t he E uropean s et t lers t han l anguage s tudy y e t a ssured. 8 Wh i le c o m men t ing o n G ri m m 's " Über d as Verbrennen d er L e ichen , "9 K e mble d isp layed h is k now ledge o f C lass ica l , ON a nd AS s ources c oncern ing t he s acredness o f h azel wood a nd v olun tary i m mola t ion o f r e la t ives , s ervan ts a nd h orses a long w i th t he d eceased c h ief ta in . 3 03-3 0 6 , 3 07 )
( Corr .,
More s ign if ican t t han G ri m m f or K e mble 's a rchaeolog ical r esearch o n t he C on t inen t was h is mee t ing w ith Georg mee t ing i n Dresden i n Augus t 18 52.
C . F . L isch a t a n a rchaeolog ica l
L isch l i nked t he S tone , B ronze a nd I ron
Ages r epresen ted i n t he a rt ifac ts o f N orth Ger man g raves t o t he Huns , Teu tons a nd t he S lays o r Wends.
A l though K e mble r eported a t t he mee t ing o n p reh is-
t or ic E ngl ish g raves h e h es i ta ted t o l i nk a ny o f t he r aces w i th t he p er iods .1 ° K e mble 's
"Lecture a t t he Open ing o f t he H anoverian Musue m" i n 18 53,
whether o r n ot e ver d e l ivered , s yste ma t ica l ly s u m mar ized h is b el ief i n t he t hree a rchaeolog ica l p er iods.
H e c harac ter ized t he g raves o f t he f i rst a s
c on ta in ing l arge s tone c ha mbers w i th u ncre ma ted a du l ts a nd sma l l f ood u rns; o f t he s econd a s sma l ler mounds w i th e v idence o f c re ma t ion a nd s u t tee , h av ing b ronze swords , s purs a nd b race le ts , a nd o f t he t h ird a s e v idenc ing c re ma t ion o f h u mans a nd a n i ma ls t i l l t he a dven t o f Chr ist ian ity.
1
Beyond b r ief men t ion i n l e t ters , Ke mble 's f i rst f u l l r eport o f a rchaeolog ic a l s i te-d igg ings was h is Ger man a rt icle , " Ausgrabungen i m Am te S ol tau im S o m mer 18 53.
42
Under t he s ponsorsh ip o f t he H istor ica l Assoc iat ion o f
L ower S axony h e a nd t wo o thers o pened s o me s even ty h ea then b arrows i n n ine l oca l i t ies i n J une a nd J u ly.
Among t he p rosa ic d e ta i ls o f s hape , s ize
c on ten ts a nd t he c olorat ion o f t he b arrows K e mble d isp layed k now ledge o f t he l atest s c ien t if ic p rocesses :
" On ly t he s and b etween t he s tone wa l ls... 2 37
g ave o f f u nder t he b lowp ipe a d ef in i te smel l o f amon ia ."
( 192-93 )
The t hr i l l
o f d iscovery i s f e l t a f ter l oca t ing a n u rn f u l l o f a wo man 's c re ma ted b ones : Between t he b ones l ay ab eau t ifu l p a ir o f p incers , ak n ife a nd a n eed le , a l l o fb ronze , c overed w i th t he most b eau t ifu l p a t ina .. The p incers h ad t he ir f u l l e last ic ity , a nd a lso t he k n ife a nd n eed le were f u l ly p res erved.
( 18 8 )
Ke mble a dded a l l s uch a rt ifac ts t o t he c ol lec t ions i n t he A ssoc ia t ion 's Museu m. ( 193 ) S ee F ig . 9 .5 . Be fore embark ing o n o ther e xcava t ions K e mble wrote a s econd G er man a rt ic le c oncern ing a sma l l h ouse-shaped c lay v essel e n t it led :
" Beschre ibung
e ines merkwürd igen Thongefässes i n d er S a mm lung d es Vere ins. M it A bb i ld ung." 1 3
Ke mble 's d raw ing , d e ta i led d escr ip t ions a nd e xac t measure men ts
o f t he v essel a nd i t s c over were e nhanced b y h is c o mpar ison o f s uch t ypes t o t he t urg ia d ep ic ted o n Mark An tony 's Colu mn i n Ro me.
H e h ad t he g i f t o f
imag in ing t he a nc ien t t imes : They may i ndeed r epresen t t he a nc ien t c ot tage o f aw i ld t ime , where t he o n ly e n trance t o t he h ouse was c onstruc ted h igh a bove t he s urface , s o t ha t o ne c ou ld c l imb i n o n ly w ith t he h e lp o f al adder wh ich o ne t hen d rew u p a f ter h i msel f ;
f or t hus was o ne most e as i ly p ro tec ted
f ro m a t tacks o f a n i ma ls o r men .
( 390 )
Ke mble d isagreed w i th L isch , who p laced s uch v essels i n t he B ronze A ge. F ro m t he f or m a nd t he c lay u sed K e mble f e l t t ha t t h is o ne was o f al a ter p eriod. Because o f t he r e la t ively r estr icted d iscovery a rea o f s evera l s im i lar o nes Ke mble c ons idered t he t ype n ot a w idespread c us to m , b u t t he f ancy o f a n i nd iv idua l p ot ter. ( 39 0 , 39 2 ) K e mble 's " Ber ich t ü ber Ausgrabungen i m Am te O ldenstad t , N ove mber 18 54, "1 4
was t he l ast a nd l onges t Ger man a rt ic le o f h is l i fe , c o mp lete w ith
t wo p la tes c on ta in ing e igh teen d raw ings o f p o t tery a nd o ther a rt ifacts.
H is
t ea m worked f ro m May t i l l October i n s even l oca l i t ies a nd v is ited e leven o thers.
K e mble d escr ibed a nd d rew s a mp les o f t hree g enera l t ypes o f u rns
f ound , a s wel l a s o f i ron , b ronze , g lass a nd s tone o b jec ts.
He n o l onger
b el ieved i n t he c lear d iv is ion o f a n t iqu i ty i n to S tone , B ronze a nd I ron Ages. K e mble merely r eported o b jec ts f ound w ithout t heore t ica l p ole m ics , wh ich a t t itude r epresen ts a much- ma tured p ersona l ity .
( 185 )
H e b e l ieved t he
w ide- mou thed u rns a nd s p ira l b ronze b rooch c lasps were t he f i rst e xa mp les o f S lav ic p ieces f ound i n t hat p art o f Ger many .
( 187 , 1 89 , 1 93 )
The a brup t
e nd o f t he a rt ic le , c overing o n ly h a lf o f t he a nnounced s i tes w i thou t i t s p romised c on t inua t ion , s ugges ts t ha t s hort ly a f ter i t s p ubl ica t ion i n 1 855 K e mble 's f inanc ia l s tate n ecess ita ted a h asty r eturn t o E ng land .
( 198 ) S ee F ig . 9 .5 .
K e mble 's s econd o ccupa t ion wh ile i n Hanover d ea l t w i th t hose p apers a nd l e t ters wri tten o r p rocessed b y t he f a mous p h ilosopher L e ibn iz when p r ivy c ounc i lor a nd l i brar ian t o t he Duke o f B runsw ick b efore a nd a f ter t he t urn o f t he e igh teenth c en tury .
K e mble c op ied f our -hundred o f t hese f ro m
o rig ina ls i n t he Roya l Hanover ian L ibrary b y e arly 18 51, ( Corr ., 3 06 ) b ec ause o f t he ir i ns igh ts a nd a necdo tes c oncern ing n otables a t t he t ime o f t he Hanover Access ion t o t he E ng l ish t hrone.
2 38
H e s en t Donne p art o f ab iograph i-
c a l s ke tch o f G enera l J ean C ava l ier i n May 1 853 , a nd i n A pri l 1 855 j us t b efore h e l ef t H anover K emb le h ad t en s uch s ke tches c o mp le ted i nc lud ing o ne o n E lectress S oph ia . T hese h e was l a ter t o i nc lude i n h is p ub l ished S ta te P apers i n 1 857 .
1 5
I n t he meanwh i le , p robab ly t o p ay s o me o f h is d eb ts a nd f or d a i ly l i ving e xpenses f or h is c h i ldren a nd t he ir g overness , K emb le wro te t hree r ev iews o f r ead i ly a va i lab le G erman b ooks d ea l ing w i th r e la t ions b e tween E ng land a nd G ermany . T he f i rs t i n 1 853 c oncern ing a H ansea t ic e s tab lishmen t i n L ondon 1 6 s tressed t he f r iend ly r e la t ions b e tween c i t ies o ft he H ansea t ic L eague a nd t he ir s et t lemen ts i n L ondon , B os ton a nd L ynn , n ot ing t ha t o ne Arno ld , b orn i n B re men i n 1 201 , l a ter b ecame a L ondon a lderman . A lso i n 1 853 K e mb le r ev iewed Dr . E dward V ehse 's a ccoun t o ft he P russ ian c our t , a r is tocracy a nd d ip lo macy .
1 7
H e e choed t ha t a uthor 's a pprec ia t ion o f E ng lish h is tor ica l
wr i ters , t he ir b e t ter u se o f d ocu men ts t han t he F rench , L e ibn iz a s t he i n te ll ectua l o rnamen t o f S oph ia C har lo t te 's B runsw ick C our t a nd t he P russ ian monarchs ' u se o ft he b urgher c lass . H e e n l ivened a nd p opu lar ized t he r ev iew b y men t ion ing F r iedr ich Wi lhe lm I ' s ma le smok ing c lub b uf foonery a nd a necd o tes a bou t Wi lhe l mine E ncke , t he i nf luen t ia l mis tress o f F r iedr ich Wi lhem I .
H is r ev iew o f V ehse 's G esch ich te d er H öfe d es H auses Braunschwe ig i n
Deu tsch land u nd E ng land 1 8 dwe l t u pon t he f avorab le p or traya l o ft he E ng l ish t hrough G erman s pec tac les a nd u pon E lec tress S oph ia S tuar t , who missed t he t hrone o f E ng land b y d y ing t wo mon ths t oo s oon .
K e mb le n o ted t ha t h er s on
b eca me G eorge Io f E ng land c h ief ly b ecause h e was P ro tes tan t a nd o pposed t o F rance .
T hen K emb le t rea ted t he c om ic a nd t rag ic d e ta i ls o f G eorge 's e rs t-
wh i le w ife , t he c oque t t ish , c lever a nd l i ve ly S oph ia D oro thea .
B ecause o f
h er i nd iscre t ion w i th a l over s he was s epara ted f ro m h er h un t-and- mis tressl ov ing h usband . S he r e ma ined i mpr isoned i n ac as t le f or t h ir ty-two y ears a nd r efused t o l eave i te ven when h er h usband w i th a " serag lio o fh ideous o ld wo men" a rr ived i n E ng land a s k ing . ( 447) K e mb le d e mons tra ted h is a bi li ty t o wr i te s imi lar ly i n G erman a bou t t he s a me e ra i n h is l arger a r t ic le e n t i t led , " Zur G esch ich te d er S uccess ion d es H auses H annover i n E ng land ," i n 1 855 . 1 9 As a n embryon ic v ers ion o f K e mb le 's S ta te P apers i tc overed t he p er iod f ro m t he E ng lish C ivi l War t o t he H anov er ian A ccess ion .
K e mb le h ad o r igina l ly t hough t t o g ive much o fh is L eibn i tz
ma ter ia l t o Macau lay , ( Corr ., 3 06) b u t i ns tead h e was a n a s tu te e nough s cho lar t o d er ive f ro m i ts evera l r ev iews , t h is G erman a r t ic le a nd t he l a ter b ook . I n " Zur G esch ich te" K e mb le h igh ligh ted p o l i t ica l i n tr igue a nd p ersona li t ies . Whereas S ara , D uchess o f Mar lborough , was t he c h ief Wh ig i n tr igan te f or t he A ccess ion , t he c oo lness b e tween a ging Q ueen A nne a nd E lec tress S oph ia , b o th o f who m d ied i n t he s pace o ft wo mon ths , was a r e tard ing f ac tor .
K emb le
e n joyed p r in ting t he p oor ly s pe l led a nd b ad ly p unctua ted F rench l e t ters o f E lec tora l Pr incess Wi lhe l mina C har lot te C aro line , l a ter q ueen o f G eorge I o f E ng land . ( 95-96 , 1 15-16) H is c o m mand o f h is tor ica l G erman , h owever , a l lowed h im t o make a nother o fh is sweep ing , p icturesque g enera l iza tions : A more t han h undred y ear s trugg le f or a l l t ha t men h o ld d ear ...had o pened a c has m b e tween Wh igs a nd T or ies ... P ur i tan Wh igs a nd t he r oya l C hurch- m inded T or ies h ad ..used i n c rue l a gree men t f i re , h a l ter a nd d ispa tcher 's a xe i n o rder t o b r ing ... e ne m ies t o s i lence . ( 64-65 ) 2 39
B es ides s tud ies i n a rchaeo logy a nd i n modern h is tory K e mb le 's s ix-year s tay i n Hanover f orced h im t o work o n t wo sma l ler p ro jec ts , p erhaps i n t he h ope o f more i m med ia te f i nancia l r emunera t ion . H e h ad a lways f e l t t ha t t rans la t ions were v a luab le b ecause k now ledge o ugh t n o t t o b e t he p roper ty o n ly o f al earned c lass .
( Corr ., 2 93 )
T hus when B . Wi l l iams t rans la ted f ro m
G erman a nd p ub l ished Trea t ise o n t he L oca l N omenc la ture o ft he Ang loS axons , a s E xh ib i ted i n t he C odex d ip loma t icus a ev i S axon ici , 20 K e mb le s erved a s e d i tor . T he G erman a u thor 's e ar l ier p ra ise o f K emb le 's AS C har ters a nd h is u rg ing h ad c aused K emb le t o i nc lude i n al a ter v o lume t he b oundary l i s ts . ( i v , v ) Wi l l iams l auded K emb le 's S axons i n E ng land f or t rea ting T eu ton ic d e i t ies r ef lected i n E ng l ish p lace n ames , a nd e d i tor K e mb le e ven a dm i t ted t he e rroneous i nc lus ion o f Hammer P onds i n S urrey among t he m .
( x iv , x v )
I n t he s hor t a r t ic le , " Surrey P rov inc ia lis ms , "2 1
i n 1 854
K e mb le g a thered i n to a lphabe t ica l o rder h is s ca t tered r emarks a bou t s o me t wen ty d ia lect w ords , ( Corr . ,2 35-36, 2 42-43 ) t he ir p robab le AS d er iva t ions a nd G erman c ogna tes when a va i lab le , f or e xamp le :
" Booge . p ron . ' bu je ' t o
b u lge o u t o r b e l ly , w i th we igh t , p ressure & c . A . S . b eogan .
G erm . b iegen ."
( 83 ) U nfor tuna te ly n e i ther t hese s hor t i t e ms n or h is a r t ic le a nd r ev iews p rev ious ly d iscussed were s uf f icien t t o k eep K emb le f ro m f ur ther d eb t i n Hanover . H e wro te D onne f ro m L ondon o n May 1 4 , 1 855 t ha t h e h oped s oon t o b r ing h o me g overness a nd c h i ldren t o k eep h ouse a nd l i ve c heaper i n a n u pper f l a t .
2 2
Thus t hey t ook u p r es idence i n l a te s pr ing o f 1 855 i n l odg ings a t 9 4 Moun t S tree t , Grosvenor S quare i n L ondon a f ter o b ta in ing t he £ 500 l oan r eferred t o a bove .
S oon K e mb le a ccep ted a n i nv i ta t ion t o d ine w i th M i lnes , p robab ly
p r ior t o t he l a t ter 's f or ty-seven th b ir thday o n J une 1 9 .
Wi th t h is T r in i ty
f r iend K e mb le k ep t a ssocia ted t hrough t he n ex t y ear a l though p resu mab ly n o p os i tion c ame t o h im t hrough Mi lnes .
2 3
B y D ece mber 1 , 1 856 t he f ami ly h ad
moved t o 6E lizabe th T errace , Wes tbourne P ark , a ga in p robab ly i n r en ted q uar ters .
2 4
D ur ing t he t wo r e ma in ing y ears o fh is l i fe K emb le p lunged i n to l ectures a nd wr i t ings wh ich s te m med f ro m h is a rchaeo log ica l a c t iv i ty , h is h is tor ica l s tud ies a nd h is AS i n teres ts .
H e c on tr ibu ted s ix f orma l a r t ic les o n a rchae-
o log ica l c oncerns , many t o b e r epr in ted i n H orae f era les , a nd t wo p r iva te o bserva t ions . I n h is tor ica l p ursu i ts h e wrote t hree r ev iews , h is own v o lume o f S ta te P apers a nd o ne h is tor ica l i n troduct ion t o a no ther 's work . T he s econd p ar t o f T he P oe try o ft he C odex V erce l lens is , d iscussed a bove i n C hap ter V , a ppeared a nd h e p ub l ished a p iece o n a n AS d ocu men t c oncern ing l ands i n M idd lesex .
T he a bove r a t io a ccura te ly r ef lec ts K emb le 's i n teres ts
a t t he c lose o fh is b usy b u t l one ly l i fe a f ter r e turn ing f ro m H anover a nd t he u nknown f a te o ft he d ivorce s u i t f ro m h is w ife , t hen e s tranged f or t en y ears . K e mb le d e l ivered o n A ugus t 7 , 1 855 a l ec ture t o t he Archaeo log ica l I ns t itu te mee ting i n t he Mus ic H a l l a t S hrewsbury e n t i t led : " On H ea then Graves o f N or th G ermany , "2 5 H e i l lus tra ted t h is t a lk w i th n u merous c o lored d raw ings o f a r t ifac ts i n t he ir o r ig ina l s izes s uspended i n t he h a l l .
H e r egre t-
t ed t ha t t he more l earned h is tor ian a nd t he more p rac t ica l a rchaeo log is t h ad n ot y e t o f fered s uf f ic ien t mu tua l h e lp t o e ach o ther t o a rr ive a t t rue d educ t ions . H e a greed t ha t s tone a nd h orn i ns trumen ts p receded me ta l o nes , a nd t ha t b ronze was p robab ly o lder t han i ron b ecause o f i t s a va i labi l i ty , b u t h e 2 40
d oubted t ha t t he me ta l ic p er iods c ou ld b e s o d ef in i tely d iv ided.
A f ter c lass i-
f y ing t he t ypes o f g raves a nd t he u rns s upposed ly f i t t ing e ach p eriod h e n oted t ha t c erta in u rn f i e lds n ear t he Ba l t ic S ea a ppeared t o b e S lav ic .
He r ev iewed
o p in ions t ha t b uria l s ee med t o b e p ro m inen t i n t he S tone Age , c re ma t ion i n t he Bronze A ge a nd c re ma t ion i n t he I ron Age i n n on-Chris t ian a reas.
Kern .-
b le f el t t ha t n a t iona l p r ide e n tered i n to s elec t ion o f r aces f or i n troduct ion o f t he t hree ma teria ls , a nd t ha t a ges a nd r aces t hus g iven were s o met i mes a ccura te p ic tures o f t he c urren t s ta te o f t he s tudy . w ith s olu t ions o f t he d if f icu l t ies me t .
Ye t h e was n o t s a t isf ied
H is r ead ings i n G reek , Ro man AS a nd
ON r ecords c onv inced h im t ha t c oopera t ion b e tween t he a rchaeologist 's mus eu m a nd t he s cholar 's b ook were n ecessary t o a ssess f u l ly t he c o mpara t ive v iew o f mortuary c ere mon ia l i n E ngland a nd t hose p arts o f Ger many whence c a me t he T eu ton ic f orefa thers t o B r ita in . K e mble Ts a rt ic le o n " Bur ia l a nd C re ma t ion" 26
i n 18 55 a sser ted t ha t AS
g raves b elonged l arge ly t o " Unburn t Ger mans" o f t he I ron A ge , a s d ist inc t f ro m " Burn t Ger mans" o f t he s a me a ge.
( 8 5, 8 9 )
H e f e l t t ha t c re ma t ion
c eased where wood was u nava i lable , f or e xa mp le , i n I celand , a nd w i th t he i n troduc t ion o f Chr ist ian i ty a s Charle magne 's d irec t ive p roved.
When b uria l
a nd c re ma t ion s i tes were f ound t oge ther K e mble c onc luded t ha t s o me h a lf c onverts c on t inued t he ir f or mer p rac t ices , a s h is " Add i t iona l N ote" d e mons tra ted a bou t g raves f ound i n Derbysh ire. 27 I n Ke mble 's l e t ter-art ic le e n t it led " On Mortuary U rns f ound a t S tade ont he-E lbe a nd O ther Parts o f Ger many , "2 8 h e c o mpared t hese f i nd ings w i th t hose o f J ohn Yonge Acker man a t E ye i n S uf folk .
S im i lar , d ecora ted c lay
v essels , i t e ms o fb ronze i n G er many a nd o f i ron i n E ngland c onv inced K e mble t ha t b oth
were S axon a nd s erved t o e luc ida te e ach o ther.
K e mble r em in isced
when d escr ib ing o rna men ta l l i nes f ound o n s o me v esse ls : They a re s o me th ing l i ke t he l abyr in ths wh ich ,
i n
my v ery y oung
s chooldays , u sed t o b e d rawn b y b oys u pon t he ir s la tes , where t he g rea t o b jec t w as t o c arry a c on t inuous l ine u nbroken t hrough i nnu me rable s inuos it ies o f ac o mp l ica ted p a t tern .
( 2 24 )
" On S o me Re markable S epu lchra l Ob jec ts f ro m I ta ly , S tyr ia a nd Meck lenb urg" 2 9 was Ke mble 's r eport n o t f ro m h is own e xcava t ions b u t f ro m a c o mp arison o f s evera l sma l l b ronze wagons w i th b owls f ound i n museu ms a nd d iscussed i n r eports.
H e a ccep ted t he Woden-worsh ip s y mbol is m o f t he
o rna men ts i n Ger man f ind ings , c ons idered S lav ic o rig in f or a l l b u t F rench a nd I ta l ian wagons, a nd p referred t he e arly E truscan o r ig in i n a gr icu l tura l d e i ty c elebra t ions. I n ap riva te l et ter t o a n u nknown Ca mbr idge f riend o n Dece mber 1 , 18 56 24 K e mble 's a rchaeolog ica l ly i nqu is i t ive mind was r evea led c oncern ing r ecen t f ind ings i n t he S o m me Va l ley.
He i nqu ired h ow t he sma l l f l in t a xe h eads a nd
o ther h u man i nstru men ts c ou ld e x is t a t s uch l ow s tra ta l eve ls a nd t ogether w ith s uch aw fu l ma m ma ls a s t he u rus .
I n a dd i t ion t o d raw ings o f t he i nstru-
men ts K e mble r ef lec ted o n h is e arl iest s u m mer d igg ings , p robably i n S urrey i n 18 25, w i th S ir Roderick Impey Murch ison , t he S cotch g eolog ist. K e mble 's "Not ices o f H ea then I n ter men t i n t he C odex d ip lo ma t icus" 3 ° c o mb ined h is more r ecen t a rchaeolog ica l work w ith h is p r ior p h ilolog ica l
2 41
s tud ies.
H e f ound t ha t e sta te d iv is ion p re-da ted Christ ian i ty i n E ngland ,
t ha t g raves b e ing s acred s erved a s b oundary markers a nd t hat AS Charters r eferred t o s o me o ne-hundred-f i f ty t u mu l i.
Words s uch a s h ae thenan b yrigls ,
b eorgas a nd C eadrices b eorh d enoted g rave s i tes , whereas f ro m b oundary n a mes c o mpounded w i th Ad , Byrne a nd o thers K e mble d educed s i tes o fb urni ng b od ies s uch a s Adescu mb.
( 1 19 -22 )
A rchaeolog ica l s tudy was a lso t he t op ic o f K e mble 's l ast p ubl ic a ddress , The U t i l i ty o f An t iquar ian Col lec t ions a s Throw ing L igh t o n t he P re-h istoric Anna ls o f t he European Na t ions.
3 1
Del ivered o n February 9 , 1 857 , i t was
t aken d own b y ar eporter , c orrec ted i n MS a nd p art ly e xa m ined i n p roof b efore Kemble d ied o n March 2 6.
( 5-6 )
S peak ing t o me mbers o f t he Roya l I r ish
Acade my i n Dubl in , K e mble g ave r easons f or d ispu t ing t he t hree-per iod d iv is ion o f a n t iqu i ty wh ich h e d ubbed t he " canon o f Copenhagen" f ro m i t s a dheren ts.
( 1 4 )
Use o f s tone weapons , i nstru men ts a nd amu le ts i n h is toric
a nd c on te mporary t imes , p resence i n g raves o f s tone , b ronze a nd i ron i t e ms t oge ther weakened t he g enera l t heory.
K e mble , h owever , a ttr ibu ted b ronze
weapons t o t he K el ts a nd t heorized t ha t as hort s word c a me f ro m t he e ast a long A fr ica , S pa in a nd western F rance t o t he B r it ish I sles.
Gold a nd b ronze
o rna men ts i n t he Acade my 's c ol lec t ion a nd i n MS i l lustra t ions were v a luable b ecause o f t he u n ique Kel t ic t hu mb p a t tern o f d iverg ing s er ies o f p ara l le l l i nes.
K e mble f el t t ha t n or thern Europe was e nr iched b y t wo s trea ms o f
c u lture , o ne o ver t he A lps t hrough S lav ic l ands a nd d own t he E lbe , a nd t he o ther a cross t he Med iterranean a nd u p t he A t lan t ic.
He emphas ized a n i n ter-
n a t iona l , a n thropolog ica l , European a nd s c ien t if ic g oa l s o t ha t " in p roport ion a s e ach l and c arefu l ly e labora tes i t s own c ol lec t ion , w il l b e t he b eau ty a nd s ol id i ty o f t he e d if ice wh ich we c an c ol lec t ively b u ild . "( 3 2 ) The l as t k nown wr i t ing o f K e mble c oncern ing a rchaeology was a n everp osted model l e t ter o f March 1, 18 57 , r equest ing t he l oan o f Ke l t ic a n t iqu i t ies f or t he Manchester Expos i t ion l ater t he s a me y ear.
3 2
As d irec tor o f t he AS
a nd K el t ic d epar t men t Ke mble a ppea led t o n a t iona l p r ide o f owners t o b e r ep resen ted a long w ith S cotch a nd Eng l ish c ol lec tors , t o t he e xa mp le o f t he Queen a nd t o t hose c ur ious a bou t t he r ela t ionsh ip b etween t he ir a rt ifacts a nd t hose i n o ther E uropean museu ms. During t he s a me t ime f ra me i n wh ich K e mble t rea ted t he a bove a rchaeol og ica l i t e ms h e c on t inued t o d isp lay t he f ru i ts o f h is r ecen t h istor ica l s tud ies. I n e arly 1 855, t he y ear when h e r e turned t o L ondon , h e w rote a r ev iew o f J ohn Doran 's t wo-volu me L ives o f t he Queens o f E ngland o f t he H ouse o f Hano ver. 3 3
I n ap relude a ssert ing a man 's p r i me r espons ib i l i ty t o G od , K e mble
y et h oped f or s y mpa thy f ro m h is c oun try men i n h is work , e ven i fn o t p opu lar i n h is d ay.
H e l i sted t he q ua l it ies o f ag ood h is tor ian a s :
u nre m i t t ing l abor
i n c ol lec t ing s ign if ican t f ac ts , t ra in ing o f t he j udge men t a nd p reven t ing p ass ions a nd afec t ions f ro m i n terfer ing w i th i t s e xecu t ion . K e mble c a l led Dor an w o man ish f or w r it ing h istory a s f i c t ion a nd r a i led a ga inst wo men h istoria ns who h ad n o c o mprehens ive g rasp o f e ven ts , p erhaps a v e iled e st i ma te o f h is e s tranged w ife Na ta l ie.
Ke mble s howed Doran t o b e i naccura te i n h is
g enea log ies , c areless i n u se o f Ger man s ources a nd a s h av ing m istaken E lec tress S oph ia f or h er d augh ter , Queen S oph ia Charlo t te o f P russ ia , a s t he i n tel lec tua l a dm irer o f L e ibn i tz.
H e p roved D oran 's s en t i menta l c o mpass ion
2 42
f or George I ' s d ivorced w ife t o b e misp laced b y p rov ing f ro m a Ger man e d it ion o f l et ters t ha t s he h ad i n f ac t a dm it ted h er a du l tery.
The o ld Ke mble
f i gh t ing s p iri t r eturned n ear h is c onc lus ion t o warn o ther d abblers i n h istor ic a l a necdo tes :
" Bu t w e h ang ma lefac tors f or t he s ake o f o thers a nd t o d eter
o thers f ro m c o mm i t t ing c r i mes."
( 149 )
Wh i le K e mble a dm ired t he T r in i ty-educa ted a nd Wh ig h istorian Macau lay , h e was a lso e nv ious o f h is g rea ter s uccess , a s h e b el ieved , d ue t o t he p arty v iew i n h is H istory o f E ngland. ( Corr., 2 80-81, 2 95 ) Thus when h e r ev iewed Volu mes I I a nd I V i n 1 856 3 4 ab a lance o f p ra ise a nd c r i t ic is m r esu l ted . Ke mble f e l t Macau lay h ad t he h istor ian 's c o m mand o f t he f ac ts , b u t t ha t h e was a lso a g ood h a ter.
K e mble d ecried t he d eprec ia tory g enera l iza t ions
a bou t Ger man sma l l s ta tes :
'Who , we s hou ld l i ke t o k now , w ere a l l t hese
Margraves , t he sma l lest o f who m p ossessed s o sma l l a n e state a nd w ith s uch c racked w indows?"
( 1 58 )
K e mble e n joyed t he a n t i-Ca thol ic b ias o f s o me
p ort ions , b u t b el ieved t ha t Macau lay f a i led t o s how Wil l ia m o f Orange 's p oor u nderstand ing o f t he G er man s ta tes , c o mp la in ing t ha t t he a u thor , " for t he s ake o f d isp lay ing o ne g ian t , p eop les a l l Europe w ith p ig m ies."
( 166 )
When K e mble c o mp leted t he "H istor ica l I n troduc t ion" t o h is S ta te Papers a nd Correspondence 3 5 o n N ove mber 1 5, 1 856, h e l i t t le r ea l ized t hat s ee ing t hrough t he p ress i n t he e nsu ing weeks t h is f i ve-hundred-s ix ty-page work , o ne o f t he t wo ma in f ru i ts o f h is l ong s tay i n Hanover , w ould b e t he l ast b ookl ength e f fort p rior t o h is d ea th t he f ol low ing March .
I t was s lso t o b e h is l ast
t rea t men t i n a ny f or m o f t he ' Le ibn i tz Papers" wh ich h ad s erved h im i n t he a bove r ev iews o f h istor ies w ri t ten b y Vehse , Doran a nd Macau lay d uring t he p rev ious s evera l y ears.
H ence t h is work c ou ld b e v iewed a s t he a c me o f
Ke mble 's modern h is torica l s ty le , w ith a l l t he c r i t ica l a ppara tus h e h ad l earned i nc lud ing :
" L ist o f t he [ 209 ] L e t ters" o f n otable European a nd Eng l ish
i nd iv idua ls , a rranged b y y ears f ro m 1 686 t hrough 1 707 , " Con te mporary S overe igns , "" H istorica l I n troduc t ion ," t welve l i fe s ketches i n t he t ex t o f v arious l engths ,
a n i ndex a nd c op ious f oo tno tes a l l t hroughout t he t ex t . .
As u sua l Ke mble 's i n troduct ion was n ot d u l l f or l ack o f p re jud ice.
He
c o mpared Austrians i n t he Th irty Year 's War t o a nother Go th o r Vanda l i nv asion impos ing a bsolu t is m o n P ro tes tan t f reedo m o f r el ig ion a nd o n n a t iona l , c ons t i tu t iona l r igh ts. Wh ile Gustavus Adolphus h ad k ep t h is men c rusaders i n t he c ause o f Chr ist t hey d ec l ined , a ccord ing t o K e mble , " dur ing t he weak a nd v ic ious r e ign o f h is d augh ter Chr ist ina , .." t o t he c ond it ion o f t he mob a rm ies o f t he t ime.
( x i i i )
K e mble f a iled t o b a lance t h is h arsh v igne t te b y
men t ion o f Chr ist ina 's l ingu is t ic , l i terary a nd s c ien t if ic i n terests , i nclud ing emp loy men t o f t he p h i losopher Descartes. d id Ke mble wr ite :
On ly o bl ique ly i n a nother p lace
" One p r incess h ad r es igned a t hrone o n t he p retex t o f
d evot ing h ersel f more f reely t o al i fe o f p h ilosoph ica l e ase."
( 9 )
Ke mble 's
Rev iew p ol it ics s urfaced a ga in when h e n oted t ha t af ew Hungar ians a nd T rans ylvan ians d uring t he Turk ish i nvas ions h ad t urned f ro m t he t reachery o f t he Christ ian t o t rust t he h onor o f I sla m.
K e mble a lso f el t t ha t Ger man p r inces
i n t he s even teenth c en tury were n ot P ro testan t e nough t o p reven t c onvers ion t o Ca thol ic is m f or a dvan tages a nd n ot p art icu larly p art ia l t o D u tch Ca lv in is m a nd r epubl ican g overnmen t .
H e wrote , p rophet ica l ly i n t he l ong-range v iew ,
t ha t t he Grand A l l iance a ga inst France " perhaps d estroyed f orever t he c hance
2 43
o f c rea t ing a p owerfu l a nd u n i ted Ger many."
( x l i i i )
Ke mble d efended t he
p ubl ica t ion o f d ocu men ts t o r esolve v ar ian t v iews : Id o n ot r egre t t ha t t he f ear o f f ind ing v ery f ew r eaders d id n ot f or a mo men t c ause me t o waver i n c o mp i l ing t he Anglo-Saxon Charters ; a nd If eel d a i ly t ha t t he w ide u se made o f t ha t w ork f u l ly j us t if ies a l l t he l abour b estowed u pon i t .
( x lv )
One r ev iewer o f S ta te Papers f ound K e mble worthy t o b e c a l led a n h is tor ia n whose f am i l iarity w i th AS a nd modern Ger man was " probably u nr iva l led , c erta in ly u nsurpassed ." 36
Another p ra ised t he t ransla ted l et ters a nd c r i t ica l
a ppara tus , b u t f e l t t ha t s uch c ou ld n ot b e wr it ten u pon a s h is tory. 37
Fro m
America a t h ird r ev iew l auded K e mble 's l ove o f h istor ica l t ru th i nstead o f s eek ing p opu lari ty i n h is AS h istorica l a nd c ons t itu t iona l s tud ies.
I n f i l l ing
o u t Thackeray 's g l ib l ec ture o n George I ' s b ackground i n Hanover K e mble imp lan ted a " tas te f or , a nd p ower o f , v erify ing h is torica l a ssert ions." 38 During h is f i na l y ears K e mble t urned t o h istorica l p eriods i n t he Midd le Ages o ther t han i n h is p r i me a reas o f i n terest . t wo-vo lu me G esch ich te v on E ngland 39
H e r ev iewed Re inhold Pau l i 's
i n 1 856 a s h is f i rst s uch s tudy .
I n a
ma turer way t han i n t he e ra o f t he " AS C on troversy" Ke mble men t ioned t he g rea ter o b jec t iv i ty o f t h is w el l-tra ined f ore ign h istor ian o f England who h ad a c tua l ly r es ided i n t he c oun try .
K e mble 's r ev iew o f t he h istory f ro m Henry
I t o R ichard I d e mons tra ted h ow a s turdy S axon is m i n troduced j ury t r ia l , r epons ible m in is ters , a nnua l ly e lec ted s herif fs a nd more r epresen ta t ive p arl ia men ts t han t he N or man French .
H is c hauv in is m was e v iden t i n r e jo ic ing
t ha t E ng land n ever b eca me a F rench p rov ince : We h ave l ived t o b eco me t he l ords o f I nd ia , t he f ounders o f America a nd Aus tra l ia a nd N ew Z ea land ;
a nd t o k now t ha t t he Eng l ish t ongue
i s s poken , a nd t he E ngl ish l aw a dm in is tered o ver a w ider e xpanse o f l and a nd s ea t han were e ver s ub jec ted t o o ne r u l ing p eop le s ince t he b eginn ing o f t he world .
( 6 67 )
Ke mble s aw t he l og ic o f Becke t 's r eta in ing c hurch i ndependence f ro m K ing Henry b u t a dded s ub jec t ive ly t ha t Becket " was a Ro man-Ca thol ic p re la te , t he d ign if ied m in is ter o f a Church wh ich n ever y ields a ny o ne i fi t s p re ten t ions , h owever misch ievous."
( 671)
The g enera l ly f avorable r ev iew was i n f luenced
n o d oubt b y Pau l i 's e arl ier e xpressed g ra t itude f or t he f r iendsh ip o f al i t terat eur l ike K e mble. 4° Ke mble 's n ex t s tudy o f t he Midd le Ages was " An H is tor ica l I n troduct ion" t o L . B . L ark ing 's The Kn igh ts Hosp ita l lers i n E ngland ,
4 1
t he s a me p erson
who h ad s upp l ied a nd a rranged MSS f or K e mble 's e d it ion o f Twysden i n 1 849 . Here K e mble p rov ided a n o u t l ine t o g u ide t he r eader t hrough t he t ex t—ac tua l ly ab a lance s hee t o f a n Engl ish p riory o f t he c orpora te Kn igh ts i n t he f ourteen th c en tury.
H e i nc luded i t e ms a nd e xp lana t ions o f i nco me a nd o u t lay , i nc lud ing
i nco me a verage o ver s evera l g ood a nd b ad h arvest y ears.
I n n o t ing t ha t t h is
MS was f ound i n Ma l ta Ke mble h oped t ha t o thers w ou ld y e t c o me t o l i gh t t here , o n C yprus a nd o n Rhodes t o e nr ich t he k now ledge o f t hese e x t inc t s oc ia l a nd e cono m ic i ns t i tu t ions i n E ng land . ( l xv i i i ) One r ev iewer c a l led t h is i n troduct i on a nd a dm irable a na lys is b y t he em inen t Ang lo-Saxon s cholar , J ohn M. Ke mble 4 2
2 44
A t t he t ime t ha t K e mble wrote t he a rt icle e n t i t led , " Ang lo-Saxon Documen t Rela t ing t o L ands a t S end a nd S unbury , i n Midd lesex , i n t he T i me o f E adgar :
a nd t he Wri t o f Cnu t , o n t he Access ion o f A rchb ishop AEthelnoth
t o t he S ee o f Can terbury , A . D . 1 020 ,' 4 3
h e d id n ot k now t ha t t he f i ve-page
i t em , c o mposed o f t he AS t ex t , t ransla t ion a nd a cco mpany ing n otes , wou ld g o t o p ress w ithou t h is f ina l r ev is ion , a s h is l ast e d it ion o f a ny AS work . I n a dd i t ion t o AS l aws c oncern ing t hef t a nd t ransfer o f af e ma le s lave , t ea m ing o r v ouch ing , s ubsequen t t ea mbyrste , werg i ld a nd f orfe iture o f l and , t he f i rst d ocu men t c on ta ins t he o n ly AS c ase o f e schea t o f l ands f or s u ic ide a ccord ing t o K e mble.
The s econd d ocu men t was t he f i rst r ecorded AS p ubl ic a nnounce-
men t o f t he i nvest i ture o f ap rela te i n t he t e mpora l i t ies o f h is s ee.
More
i mportan t i n t he a rt ic le i s t he men t ion t ha t Ke mble p lanned a n ew e d it ion o f t he C odex d ip lo ma t icus t ha t wou ld c on ta in a dd it iona l , i mportan t mat ter , E ngl ish t rans la t ion o f a l l AS Charters a nd a c o mp lete s er ies o f Rega l a nd Ep iscopa l Fast i.
( 59 )
Thus e ven w ith t he u nseen s hadow o f d ea th o ver h im
K e mble was a cqu ir ing i n h is l ast p er iod ica l a rt ic le t wo n ew " f irs ts" f or
i n-
c lus ion i n t he p roposed r ev is ion o f h is g rea t work . Ke mble 's f am i ly , f inanc ia l a nd f u ture c oncerns were e ver b efore h im i n t he l ast y ear o f h is l i fe.
H is s on Henry , n ot y et s even teen i n e arly 1 856,
p lanned t o t ake t he a r my e xa m ina t ion , b e c o mm iss ioned a nd s en t t o I nd ia. D onne worr ied t ha t t here wou ld n ot b e e nough l ef t o f t he £ 500 l oan f or t he u n ifor m.
Gertrude , h owever , n early t wen ty , was d o ing wel l u nder h er s ing-
i ng master , Manuel P . R . Garc ia . 44
By J anuary 2 0 , 1 857 t he o u t look was
b r igh ter w i th t he g enera l a pprova l o f Ke mble 's S ta te Papers , as uf f ic ien t s ubscrip t ion t o b eg in p r in t ing h is w ork o n s epu lchra l a n t iqu i t ies , p osthu mously e n t it led H orae f era les a nd Ke mble 's p robable e ngage men t b y t he Manchester E sposit ion C omm it tee t o g a ther AS a nd Kel t ic a n t iqu i t ies.
N ew Year 's Day
1 857 , c elebra ted w i th t he Donne a nd Ke mble f am il ies t oge ther a t d inner , was me morable a nd a l l " were v ery merry a nd n oisy . "45 Ke mble was i n Manchester o n J anuary 2 3 t o c ons ider t he o f fer o f t he E xecu t ive C o mm it tee wh ich wou ld p ay a l l e xpenses , k eep £ 50 i n h is p ocket a nd a f ford h i m ag if t , p robably a n h onorar iu m , a t t he c onclus ion .
H e p lanned
t r ips t o L iverpool , Chester , H olyhead a nd Dubl in i n c onnec t ion w ith g a thering t he a n t iqu i t ies.
He e n joyed a c oncert a nd d inner w i th t he f a mous music ian ,
S ir Charles Ha l le , t o who m h e g ave Gertrude 's p acke t , p robably l ike a modern p ort fol io.
K e mble s en t h is d augh ter Gertrude t he l as t b i t o f h is p oe try i n t he
f or m o f a mean ingfu l d i t ty :
" So h ere Is i t a nd s ing , o r s igh a lone,/And t o
t he Manches ter S p inn ing J enn ies , make my moan , /And t he w ind h ow ls a round , w i th f i t fu l t onet/ O ch h one ;" 46
By J anuary 2 5 h e h ad a ccep ted t he ofer o f
t he C o mm it tee a nd i n L iverpool b ough t ar ug f or c on t inu ing h is r a i lroad a nd b oa t j ourney , p robably b ecause o f t he c old t ha t y ear. 47 Ger trude Ke mble 's f our l et ters i n e arly 1 857 k ep t h er f a ther i n for med c h ief ly a bou t f am ily ma t ters :
h ea l th , h er improved s ing ing , h er ma the ma t ics
a nd l anguage s tud ies , Henry 's c ra m m ing f or t he a r my t est , a nd t he a rr iva l o f f ore ign b ooks a nd a f avorable r ev iew o f h er f a ther 's S ta te Papers. l e t ter c losed w i th a f fect iona te h u mor :
One
" Best l ove & k isses f ro m t he b ra ts. ' 48
Ke mble was i n Dubl in a t Gresha m 's H otel b y February 7 f or h is a ddress t o t he Roya l I r ish Acade my d iscussed a bove.
2 45
He wrote Ger trude h u morously
t ha t t he n u mber o f c rinol ines worn b y t he l ad ies c ra mped b anquet s i t t ings a nd a ccoun ted f or t he l oss o f h orses i n t he Cr i mea .
He t rusted t ha t h e wou ld
n ot g et b eyond t he p h ilosoph ical s tage i n d r ink ing a t b anquets.
H is l ast l et ter
h o me o n March 1 p re maturely a nd i ron ica l ly i nd ica ted h is r ecovery f ro m a n a t tack o fb ronch it is, r eco m mend ing " Powel l 's Ba lsa m o f An iseed" a s a n i ns tan taneous r e medy a ga inst f righ t fu l c oughs. 49
ENDNOTES 1 .
J ohnson L et ters , N os. 8 6-87.
2 .
Accord ing t o al et ter f ro m t he N iedersächsisches S taa tsarch iv o n J an , 1 8 , 1 963, a l l r ecords o f d ivorce p rocesses o f t he 1 9th c en tury h ave b een d estroyed.
3 .
J ohnson L et ters , N os. 8 8 , 9 0.
4 .
I b id., No. 8 7.
5 .
I bid., No. 8 9.
6 .
I b id., N os. 8 5, 9 1, 9 4, 9 5.
7 .
Hans Gu m mel , " John Mitchel l Ke mble i n s einer Bedeu tung f ur d ie n iedersächs ische Urgesch ich tsforschung ," Nachr ich ten a us N ieders achsens Urgesch ich te , N o. 2 0 ( 1951) , p p . 1 4-16, 2 2-23.
8 .
J ohnson L et ters , N os. 8 5,87.
9 .
Read i n t he Berl in Acade my , N ov . 2 9 , 1 849 , r epr in ted i n K le inere S chri f ten , I ( 1865 ), 2 11-313,
1 0.
Gu m mel , "Ke mble .. Bedeu tung ," p p . 8 , 1 8 , 4 4.
1 1.
I bid., p p . 2 0 , 2 1.
The "Lecture" a ppeared o n ly i n i t s Engl ish
t ransla t ion i n Horae f era les ( London , 1 863 ), p p . 3 6-70. 1 2.
Ze itschri f t d es h istorischen Vereins f ür N iedersachsen ( 1851 [ 1854] ), p p . 1 83-93.
1 3.
I b id., p p . 3 89-92.
1 4.
I b id., 1 852 [ 18551 , p p . 1 65-98.
1 5.
J ohnson L et ters , N os. 8 8 , 9 1, 9 4.
1 6.
Urkund l iche Gesch ich te d es Hansischen S tah lhofes i n L ondon , J . M. L appenberg ( Hamburg ;
1 851),
Fraser 's Magazine , XLVI I ( June ,
1 853) , 6 99-706. 1 7.
Gesch ich te d es Preussischen Hofs u nd Adels, u nd d er Preuss ischen D ip lo mat ie , ( Ha mburg , 1 851), 9 V ols. i n Fraser 's Magazine, XLVI I I ( July , 1 853 ), 5 9-70.
1 8.
4 Vols. ( Ha mburg , 1 853 ), r ev iewed a s S ketches o f t he Cour ts o f t he House o f Brunsw ick i n Ger many a nd England i n Fraser 's Magaz ine , XLVI I I ( October , 1 853 ), 4 45-51.
2 46
1 9.
Ze itschrif t d es h istor ischen Vereins f ür N iedersachsen ( 1852[18551 ),
p p . 6 4-144. 2 0.
L ondon , 1 852 , at r. o f p art o f He inr ich L eo 's Rec t itud ines s ingularu m p ersonaru m ;
n ebst e iner Abhand lung ü ber L andbau ,
g u tsherrl iche
u nd b äuerl iche Verha l tn isse d er Angelsachsen ( Hal le, 1 842), b ased o n Ke mble 's C odex
I , I .
2 1.
I n Transac t ions o f t he Ph ilolog ica l S oc iety, I , 8 3-84.
2 2.
J ohnson L et ters , N o. 9 5.
2 3.
Tr in ity Col lege L ibrary , Ke mble MSS. B .124 a nd 1 25.
2 4.
S ee JMK ‚s l e t ter, Ca mbridge Un iversity L ibrary Add . MS. 7 562 I . c c. 3 2.
2 5.
" Proceed ings a t Meet ings o f t he Archaeologica l I nst itu te ," Archaeol og ica l J ourna l , X I I ( 1855 ), 3 85-92.
2 6.
I b id., p p . 3 09-3 7 a nd Horae f erales , p p . 8 3-104 r eferred t o h ere.
2 7.
I n Horae f era les , p p . 1 04-106.
2 8.
Archaeolog ia , XKXVI ( 1855), 2 70-83 a nd Horae f erales, p p . 2 21-30 , r eferred t o h ere.
2 9.
Archaeolog ia , XXXV I , 3 49-69 a nd H orae f era les , p p . 2 33-51, r ef erred t o h ere .
3 0.
Archaeolog ical J ourna l , X IV ( 1857 ), 1 9 -39 a nd Horae f era les , p p . 1 07-22, r eferred t o h ere.
3 1.
Repr in ted f ro m t he Proceed ings o f t he Acade my ( Dubl in , 18 57 ).
3 2.
J ohnson L et ters , N o. 10 4.
3 3.
L ondon ;
3 4.
Fro m t he A ccession o f J a mes t he S econd ( London :
R . Ben t ley ( 1855 ), Fraser 's Magaz ine, L I T ( 1855) , 1 25-49. L ong man , 1 855) ,
i n Fraser 's Magaz ine , L IT T ( Feb., 1 856), 1 47-66. 3 5.
Fu l l t i t le c on t inues :
I l lustra t ive o f t he S oc ia l a nd Pol it ical S ta te o f
Europe f ro m t he Revolu t ion t o t he Accessiön o f t he H ouse o f Hanover ( I i ondon , 1 857 ). 3 6.
L iterary Gazet te ( Jan . 3 1, 1 857 ), p . 1 04.
3 7.
A thenaeu m , N o. 1 532 ( Mar. 7 , 1 857 ), p p . 3 06-308.
3 8.
Ec lec t ic Magazine , XL I ( May , 1 857 ). 5 7-65;
3 9.
Ha mburg & L ondon ( 1853-55) , r ev iewed i n Fraser 's Magazine , L TV
q uote ,
.
( Dec., 1 856) , 6 65-80. 4 0.
Pau l i 's p reface i n Thorpe 's t r. : Pau l i 's L ife o f A lfred t he Grea t ( London , 1 853 ), p . i x.
4 1.
L ondon , 1 857 , p p . x i i-lx ix.
4 2.
The T i mes ( London ) , Fr i. May 1 , 1 857 , p . 5 .
2 47
4 3.
Archaeolog ica l J ourna l , X IV ( 1857 ), 5 8-63.
4 4.
J ohnson , Donne & Fr iends, p . 2 04, l e t ter o f WBD t o FAK , J u ly 1 8 , 1 856.
4 5.
I b id., 1 3 . 2 16, l et ter o f WBD t o FAK .
4 6.
J ohnson L etters , N o. 9 6.
4 7.
I bid., N o. 9 7 .
4 8.
I b id ., N os. 9 9 , 1 00 , 1 01, 1 02.
4 9.
I bid ., Nos. 9 8 , 1 03.
2 48
• Archaeo/o2 /ca il
h i s in ih e
05 chA ,e r i r " ,
E xcava l f ons G -ermany
, S tad s z
-1 855 '
e 4 5 . 05 o l+ au
e s 3
/ 854
oH anno ver / 891- / ess
i gs o ,
0f l ora h ur g / 89 -9
0
e
So /iau , Ar aa E xC a V d• t i ' or i S ites 1 853 ( i n o rd er o f w ork) A lban H eb er l 3 ehnngen l i den ü beckshorn H aber a n e 3 a r u lch W arme l injen
F ig . 9 .5
V
t i e Ea n ( O ld en s l adt ) ( Area E ycAvaK on S ite s / 854
g pre5 c le 1 852
l ' Z ipdorf e o lzen t e as nd on e 1 3 ;e stec lt O ih O it t an d o r -r R e ;b b e l ( i f o lAar v i l a r fM v ; s i+ed
O Une l
o b oar ed)
Map o f Ke mb le 's a ctiv i ties i n Nor th Germany , 1 849-1855
2 49
CHAPTER V I I CONCLUS ION
J ohn Mitche l l K e mble d ied o n Thursday , March 2 6, 1 857 o ne week p r ior t o h is f i f t ie th b ir thday a t Gresha m 's H otel i n Dubl in o f a n i nf lam ma t ion o f t he l ungs.
H e was b ur ied i n S t . J ero me 's C e metery t here.
H is t hree n ear ly
r eared c h i ldren , Gertrude , Henry Charles a nd Mildred were n ot a dverse ly a f fected b y h is l ong s epara t ion f ro m h is w ife N ata l ie , who s urv ived h im b y s o me y ears b efore d y ing i n ah o me f or i nebr ia tes. A f ter K e mble 's d ea th " in m idd le l i fe , b roken d own i n p rospec ts a nd h ea l th ," a ccord ing t o h is Ca mbr idge f r iend Charles 1 \ i leriva le , works o f h is were i ssued .
1
t wo p os thu mous
Wh ile i n n o way u p t o t he s tandards a nd methods
Ke mble wou ld h ave emp loyed , n evertheless e ach o ne r ef lec ted b o th i n c on ten t a nd i n t he o rder o f a ppearance t he t wo ma jor i n terests o f h is l i fe.
The f i rs t
d ea l t w i th AS p h ilology , i n t h is c ase t he Gospe ls , a nd t he o ther w i th N or th European a rchaeolog ica l c oncerns. Tha t K e mble h ad e arl ier o n p lanned a n e d i t ion o f t he AS G ospels i s e v id en t f ro m e igh teen r eferences t o t he m i n l e t ters t o Gr i mm b etween 1 832 a nd 1 842.
The s ize o f t he t ask , b egun n ear t he t ime o f w ork o n h is C odex
h is
e nsu ing R ev iew e d i torsh ip , f am ily p roble ms a nd l ong r es idence a broad p rec luded c o mp let ion o f t he p ro jec t d ur ing h is l i fe.
However h e h ad s en t Gr i mm
o n May 1 0 , 1 835 c lean s heets o f t he S t . Ma t thew Gospel u p t o Chap ter x v. ( Corr., 9 8 )
Accord ing ly Charles Hardw ick , Archdeacon o f E ly , c o mp le ted
a nd i ssued i n 1 858 The Gospe l Accord ing t o S t . Ma t thew i n Anglo-Saxon a nd N orthu mbr ian Vers ions , S ynop t ica l ly Arranged , Wi th C ol la t ions o f t he Best Manuscr ip ts. 2 O f t he t wo-hundred-th ir ty-two p age t ex t Ke mble h ad c omp le te d o ne-hundred-n ine ty-two p ages b efore h is d ea th .
B ut n e i ther h e n or Hard-
w ick s upp l ied a ny p h i lolog ica l c o m men ts f or t he p ages o f t he t w in AS t ex ts f ac ing t he g lossed L a t in v ernacu lar , a l l e qu ipped w i th f ootnote v ar ian ts. S o me f ew i t e ms K e mble migh t h ave n oted c an b e g a thered i n h is l e t ters t o Gr i mm s uch a s t he r eferences t o N orthu mbr ian d iph thongs i n o e , AS v oca t ives , t he Nor thu mbr ian p resen t t ense , f i rst s ingu lar t er m ina t ions m a nd u , a nd t he N or thu mbr ian g en i t ive s ingu lar f em in ine i n e s.
( Corr ., 2 0 , 4 4, 1 33, 1 89 ,
2 44 ) Wa l ter W. S kea t , who e d ited t he d ef in it ive e d i t ions o f t he f our Gospels , p a id f i t t ing t r ibu te b y h is u se o f K e mble 's p lan i n h is own S t . Ma t thew i n 1 887 : The o b ject o f t he a rrange men t i s t o s how c hanges e f fec ted b y c ourse o f t ime i n t he Anglo-Saxon t ex t ;
t hus t he C orpus
I S . e xh ib its t he
t ex t i n i t s e arl ies t , a nd t he ( oppos ite ) Ha t ton MS. i n i t s l a test f or m. These a re p u t s ide b y s ide.
The L ind isfarne g loss i s i n t he Northu m-
b r ian d ia lec t , a nd t he Rushworth g loss 2 50
i n t he O ld Mercian d ia lec t .
Wherever t he v olu me i s o pened a l l t he r ead ings o f t he MSS a re e xh ibi ted a t o nce. 3 I f Kemb le 's p os thu mous ly i ssued G ospe l c an b e c r i t icised f or t he omiss ion o f s uf f ic ien t i n troduc tory a nd c r i t ica l a na lyses , i tc an a lso b e s a id t ha t wha t was p ubl ished was a t l east s ix-seven ths o f K e mble 's own b asic work .
The
s a me was n ot t rue o f t he s econd a nd l ast i ssued p os thu mous work , H orae f era les. 4
I n t h is t here was o n ly a mod icu m o f u nseen works a nd i l lustra t ions
p repared b y K e mble.
A l ong i n troduc t ion s trayed f ro m Ke mble 's s upposed
o rig ina l i n ten t ion i n t he t i t le.
These " Funera l H ours" were s upposed t o d ea l
w i th a rchaeolog ica l ma teria ls r ecovered f ro m g raves a nd b uria l s i tes o f a nc ien t n orthern p eop les. When a c tua l ly i ssued t he b ook h ad a v ar ied a ssort men t o f i t e ms.
The
"L ist o f S ubscr ibers ," n u mbers a bou t t wo-hundred , c o mposed a l mos t e xc lus ively o f i nd iv idua ls k nown t o K e mble i n h is l i fe a nd work .
A " Genera l P reface ,
a nd a n " Ed i tor 's I n troduc t ion ," b oth wr i t ten b y Dr. R . G . L a tha m , M. D . e thno log is t a nd p h i lo log is t , w ere f o l lowed b y K emb le 's H anover Museu m L ect ure t ransla ted i n to E ngl i sh u nder L a tha m 's s uperv ision a nd a va i lab k , i n p r in t n owhere e lse.
Nex t c a me r epr in ts o f f i ve a rchaeolog ica l a rt icles d iscussed
a bove i n t he c hronolog ica l o rder o f t he ir c rea t ion .
A c ol lec t ion o f t h irty-four
p la tes, many i n c olor, s elec ted b y Augus tus W. Franks o f t he Br i t ish Museu m a nd D irec tor o f t he S oc iety o f An t iquar ies , s evera l o f wh ich were made u p o r r eprin ted f ro m K e mble 's a c tua l ly p repared p la tes, p receded t wo o f t he r eprin te d a r t ic les .
( i x-x i i )
L a tha m 's " Genera l P reface" d escribed K e mble 's Ger man MS n otes o f h is Hanover Museu m L ec ture , a nd h is c o m mand o f Ger man : N o th ing , h owever, was wan ted f ro m Mr. K e mble 's l a ter works t o s how h is p ower i n t h is r espec t .
A work i n Ger man ( one o f h is
e arl ier p roduc t ions ) h ad a lready b een w ri tten , v iz., h is S ta m m tafeln d er Wes tsächs ischen K ön ige [ s ic ] , aw ork wh ich b ears t he s a me r e la t ion t o t he h istory o f Ger man wr i t ten b y Engl ish men t ha t G ibbon 's w ork b ears t o t ha t o f E ngl ish men w ri t ing
F rench . ( v i )
L a tha m p ra ised K e mble 's l i ngu ist ic a b il i ty , b oth d e monstra ted a nd i n h is e yes p oten t ia l : A s Mr. K e mble 's p h ilologica l r epu tat ion r ests ma in ly o n h is k nowl edge o f t he A nglo-Saxon , —a d epart men t i n wh ich h e h ad n o s uper ior , a nd o n ly Mr. Thorpe a s ar iva l ,— it i s r igh t t o a dd , t ha t h ad h is p aper o n t he I ron Period [ Hanover L ec ture ] b een c o mp le ted , h e wou ld h ave s hown h i mse lf a wel l-read N orse o r I celand ic s cholar a s we l l . ( v i i ) I f L a tha m c ou ld h ave r ead t he l e t ters t o Gr imm h e w ou ld h ave h ad p roof e nough o f K e mble 's a b il i ty i n d iscuss ing ON words , s agas , a nd e spec ia l ly i n q uot ing ON t o e stabl ish p o in ts a bou t n orthern b ur ia l c usto ms i n h is l e t ter o f March 4 , 1 851.
( Corr ., 3 04-306 )
L a tha m a lso s ta ted t ha t ag rea t p art o f t he Ger many o f T ac itus ' e ra was S lavon ic e ven a s f ar w est a s J u t land .
( v i i-v i i i , 3 5 )
However, Hans Gu m mel
s uggested t ha t L a tha m 's t h irtyf ive-page i n troduc t ion , d evoted t o p rov ing
2 51
t h is p o in t , c ou ld h ave b een r ep laced b y a no ther a ppropria te r eprin t o f K e rnb le ts works , r a ther t han u sed f or t he e d i tor 's own v iews , n ot a ccep ted b y most o ther r esearchers a long w ith K e mble. 5 The most v iv id i mpress ion l e f t o n ar eader o f H orae f era les , h owever , i s t ha t o f t he many p la tes , e spec ia l ly t he c olored o nes , c on ta in ing i l lus tra t ions l arge a nd sma l l o f s tone , b ronze a nd i ron i mp le men ts a s wel l a s b eau t ifu l ly a dorned p ottery a nd e na me l led h orse t rapp ings.
Bu t ac arefu l r ead ing o f
F ranks ' " Descr ip t ion o f t he p la tes" r evea ls t ha t most o f t he m c a me f ro m t he Brit ish Museu m , t he Roya l I r ish Acade my a nd f ro m museu ms i n Berl in , Hano ver a nd S chwerin ;
t ha t Ke mble l ef t al arge n u mber o f d raw ings a nd s ketches
f or t hree o r f our p la tes , s o me o f wh ich w ere t oo l arge t o b e u sed i n t he v olu me; a nd t ha t t he a rt e d i tor p rocured b et ter r eproduc t ions t o c on f ir m K e mble 's i l lus tra t ions.
H owever , i ts ee ms c erta in t ha t t he c o mb , p ince t tes , s c issors
a nd t he b ronze k n ife were d irec t ly r epr in ted f ro m K e mble 's d raw ings i n Archaeolog ia . F ranks was d ip lo mat ic i n h is a pprec ia t ion o f K e mble 's a rt ist ic t a len ts , a f ter h e h ad r ep laced a g rea t n u mber o f p ic tures : o ver was a s el ftaugh t a r t ist , a nd s o me e xecu ted i n t h is c oun try."
' Mr. K e mble more-
o f h is b est d raw ings were t he l a tes t ,
( 1 25, 1 26-28 , 2 25 , 2 27-28 , 2 34-35, 2 42-43 )
Gu m me l , wh i le n ot c on f in ing h i msel f t o t he Horae f era les , b est e xpressed t he modern C on t inen ta l e va lua t ion o f K e mble 's l a t ter a rchaeolog ica l works : Ke mble i s most f a mous i n Ger many b ecause h e was t he f i rst who b rough t t ogether t he s im ilar i ty o f c erta in f ind ings i n England a nd N orthwest Ger many a nd t he migra t ions o f t he S axons t o E ng land . A l though t he c harac ter o f Ang lo-Saxon b ur ia l f i e lds h ad b een r ecogn ized .. t he ma tter o f u rn d epos i ts was Ke mble 's c h ief c on tr ibu t ion .6 O b ituar ies a nd me mo irs f ol low ing K e mble 's d eath a cknow ledged h is a cc o mp l ish men ts , r ev iewed h is l i fe a nd p rov ided i n teres t ing i t ems n o t o therw ise . r ecorded .
Accord ing t o Donne Ke mble was g ood i n c he m is try , i n teres ted i n
s c ience a nd f requen t ly a t Angelo 's F enc ing A cade my wh i le a t Ca mbr idge. H is me thod o f e xa m in ing ab ur ia l mound was t o p u t ac o mpass o n t he c en ter a nd e xcava te t he west s ide f i rst.
H is manuscr ip ts were s en t t o t he p ress
w ith f ewer e rasures o r w ith l ess n eed f or c orrec t ion i n t ype t han o thers. However , h e h ad n ot embraced a p rofess ion a t t he p roper a ge.
7
The G en t le-
man 's Magazine , o rgan o f s evera l o f K e mble 's e arl ier c on trovers ia l wr it ings , r e me mbered h is Ca mbridge e ssays , " Ch iva lry ," a nd " Causes a nd I n f luences o f t he F irst F rench Revolu t ion ."
H is s tud ies o f l a ter L a t in a nd G reek s ources ,
s uch a s Z osi mus , The Chron icon Pascha le a nd Can tacuzenus , were s ources f ro m wh ich h e c u l led many a n u nnot iced f act f or h is more p roper r esearch i n T euton ic a n t iqu i ty .
8
Another w r i ter s upposed ly q uoted K e mble r egard ing h is
u n f in ished v olu mes o f t he S axons :
" They a re n early c o mp le te i n my h ead ...
Id o n ot p u t p en t o p aper u n t i l Ik now wha t Iam g o ing t o w ri te." 9 K e mble was c a l led Gr imm 's o n ly em inen t s uccessor i n t he f i e ld o f T eu ton ic l i tera ture a nd l i sted a s a n h onorary me mber o f t he Roya l Acade m ies o f Berl in , Göt t ingen a nd Mun ich a nd Fel low o f t he Roya l S oc iet ies o f C openhagen , I celand a nd S to c khol m .10 S o me n ot ices m ixed t he b it ter w ith t he s wee t c oncern ing K e mble .
A
g oss ip c olu mn men t ioned t ha t t he s ta te o f h is w ork f or t he Manchester E xh ibi-
2 52
t i on was s uch t ha t Tho mas Wr igh t , who m K e mble h ad o f ten c ri t ic ized , d es pa ired o f c o mp let ing i to n t ime a nd a bandoned i t .
1 1
R e inho ld Pau l i 's f avor-
a ble Ger man n ot ice , e spec ia l ly p ra is ing h is S axons , was marred b y men t ion o f t he s ad s ta te o f K emb le 's f ami ly a f fa irs .
I n g enera l , h owever , t he p os i-
1 2
t i ve p o in ts f ar e xceeded t he f ew n ega t ive o nes. I n a dd i t ion t o t he a bove n ot ices t here a re a lso s o me v ery t ang ible e xpress ions o f K e mble 's a ppearance.
A d raw ing o f h im a s ay oung man s ea ted a t
at able s tudy ing b y S av i l le Morton i s g iven i n J ohnson 's D onne Brook f ield 's " Apost les" 1 4
a nd Friends.
1 3
c on ta ins a d raw ing o f Ke mble wh ich i s p robably
t he s a me a s i n t he o va l meda l l ion l i kenesses o f Charles K e mble a nd h is f our c h i ldren i n C . M. Duncan-Jones 's M iss Mi tford a nd Mr. Harness.
A marble
1 5
b us t o f t he l a ter, b earded K e mble b y Tho mas Woolner , s cu lp tured a f ter a s ubscrip t ion o f £ 250 b y h is f r iends a nd r ela t ives n ow i s l oca ted i n t he a rch iva l v au l ts o f T r in ity C o l lege L ibrary , Ca mbr idge.
The p resen t b iographer p hoto-
g raphed t h is b ust a s w el l a s o ne o f t he Add lestone c ot tages o nce owned b y Ke mble a long w ith s evera l r es idences h e o ccup ied i n L ondon . ( F igs . 9 .2 , 3 1 J ohn Mitchel l K e mble , av ery s pec ia l i n tel lec tua l , was p ro mp ted b y p aren ts t owards t he Church a nd l aw , d irec ted b y i nc l ina t ion t owards Ger man ic p h ilology a nd AS s tudy a nd ma tured i n h istor ica l a nd r un ic i nvest iga t ions. H is work c u lm ina ted i nb road a rchaeolog ica l a nd a n thropolog ica l c ons idera t ions a nd h as b een a s ource o f d ivers if ied s t i mula t ion f or many r esearchers.
I n
s u m Ke mble 's l i fe r epresen ts a s igna l a dvance i n AS s tudy a nd a p ortra i t o f t he v arie ty o f i n te l lec tua l a c t iv ity t ha t e x isted i n t he s econd q uarter o f t he l ast c en tury .
ENDNOTES 1 .
Au tobiography o f Dean Mer iva le , With S elec t ions F ro m H is Corres pondence , e d. J ud ith Anne Meriva le ( London , 1 899 ) , p . 5 9.
2 .
C a mbridge , 1 858.
3 .
The Gospe l A ccord ing t o S t . Ma t thew i n Anglo-Saxon , N orthu mbr ian a nd O ld Merc ian Vers ions , S ynop t ica l ly Arranged With C ol la t ions E xh ib i t ing A l l t he MSS .
4 .
( Ca mbr idge , 1 887 ) , p p .x i , v i i.
Or S tud ies i n t he A rchaeology o f t he Nor thern Na t ions ,e ds.
R . G .
L a tha m a nd A . W. Franks ( London , 1 863), 2 52 p p . 5 .
"Ke mble .. Bedeu tung ," p .10 .
6 .
I b id ., p . 4 9 .
7 .
"Me moir o f J . M. K e mble , 1 857 ,"
F raser 's Magazine , LV ( May ,
1 857 ) , 6 12-618. 8 .
N .S ., I ( 1857 ) , 6 20-21.
9 .
The A thenaeu m , N o. 1 535 ( Mar. 2 8 , 1 857 ) , p . 4 06
1 0.
L i terary Gazet te ( Mar. 2 8 , 1 857 ) , p p . 3 03-304.
1.
" Our Week ly Goss ip ," A thenaeu m , N o. 1 536 ( Apr. 4 , 1 857 ) , p .439.
2 53
1 2.
" Zur Er innerung a n J ohn Mitchel l Ke mble ,"
Gelehrte Anze igen ,
Bayerische Akade m ie d er Wissenschaf ten , XLVI , N os. 4 6 , 4 7 , p p . 3 69-83. 1 3.
P . 2 7 , a lso r eproduced i n Wiley, Correspondence , p . x iv .
1 4.
P . 1 60.
1 5.
L ondon , 1 955, f ac ing p . 3 9 , r eproduced a s f ron t isp iece o f t he p resen t v olu me.
2 54
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Longman , 1 846.
" On t he N or th Ang l ian D ia lect" , Proceed ings o f t he P hi lo-
l og ica l S ociety , I ( 1845[1846 ] ) , 1 19-28 , 1 31-42. Ke mble , J ohn M .
" The P oli tica l O pin ions o f t he G er mans" ,
BFR , X ( 1840 ) ,
2 5-49 . Ke mble , J ohn M.
" Pos tscr ip t" , BFR , X I ( 1840 ) , 6 55-662.
Ke mble , J ohn M.
" Postscrip t t o Ar t icle I V" , BFR , X I ( 1840 ) , 6 62-66.
Ke mble , J ohn M.
" Prefa tory Let ter" , Francisque Xav ier Miche l , B ibl io-
tUque a ng lo-saxonne.
Par is :
S i lves tre ;
L ondon :
P icker ing , 1 837 ,
p p . 1 -63 . Ke mb le , J ohn M .
" The Presen t G overn men t o f Russ ia" , BFR , X I ( 1840 ) ,
5 43-91. Ke mb le , J ohn M.
Pr iva te , Unpublished L et ters o f a nd Rela t ing t o J . M.
Ke mble i n t he P ossess ion o f Mary Barha m J ohnson . Ke mb le , J ohn M.
Norwich , Eng land .
"Recen t L i tera ture o f G er many" , BFR , XVL I ( 1844 ) , 3 55-
5 6 , 6 69-71. Ke mble , J ohn M.
" Retrospect o f t he C urren t L i tera ture o f G er many , 1 841-
4 2" , BFR , XV ( 1843 ) , e nd p p. i -xx iv . Ke mb le , J ohn M .
" Retrospect o f t he Curren t L i tera ture o f G er many , C on-
t inued" , BFR , XV I ( 1844 ) , e nd p p . x xv-xxv i i i . Ke mble , J ohn M.
" Rev iew o f Augus t in Th ierry 's R eci ts d es Te mps Mtrov in-
g lens" , BFR , XV I I ( 1844 ) , 2 70-303. Ke mble , J ohn M. " Rev iew o f B en ja min Thorpe 's Ana lec ta Ang lo-Saxon ica" , G en t le man 's Magazine , N .S . I( 1834 ) , 3 91-93. Ke mble , J ohn M. " Rev iew o f Ben ja m in Thorpe 's Ancien t Laws a nd I ns ti tu tes" . BFR , X I I ( 1840 ) , 4 6-94 . K e mble , J ohn M.
"Rev iew o f Ben ja m in Thorpe 's C aed mon" , G en tle man 's
Magazine , C I I I ( 1833 ) , 3 29-31.
2 59
Ke mble , J ohn M.
"Rev iew o f B en ja m in Thorpe 's Trans la t ion o f Ras mus
Rask 's A G ra m mar o f t he Ang lo-Saxon T ongue w i th a Prax is" , Foreign Quar ter ly R ev iew , X I ( 1833 ) , 2 27-28 . Ke mb le , J ohn M .
" Rev iew o f E . Vehse 's G esch ich te d es P reuss ischen H ofs
u nd A de ls , u nd d er P reussischen D ip lo ma t ie" , Fraser 's Magazine , XLV I I I ( Ju ly ,
1 853 ) , 5 9-70.
Ke mble , J ohn M .
" Reivew o f
.Vehse 's G esch ich te d er 1 1 6fe d es Hauses
Braunschweig i n Deu tsch land u nd Eng land" , F raser 's Magazine , XLVI I I ( 1853 ) , 4 45-51. Ke mble , J ohn M .
" Rev iew o f Erns t J äke l 's Der g er man ische Ursprung d er
l a tein ischen S prache u nd d es r öm ischen V olkes" , F oreign Quar ter ly R ev iew
X ( 1832) , 3 65-411.
Ke mble , J ohn M .
" Rev iew o f J . Doran 's L ives o f t he Queens o f Eng land o f
t he House o f Hanover" , Frazer 's Magazine , L I I ( 1855 ) , 1 25-49 . Ke mble , J ohn M .
" Rev iew o f J akob G r imm 's Deu tsche G ra m ma tik"
s et u p f or F oreign Quar ter ly R ev iew , b u t n ever p ubl ished .
[ 1835 ],
C opy i n
C a mbridge Un ivers i ty L ibrary. Ke mble , J ohn M .
" Rev iew o f Macau lay 's H is tory o f Eng land , V o ls . I I , I V" ,
F raser 's Magazine , L I I I ( 1856) , 1 47-66. Ke mble , J ohn M .
" Rev iew o f R einho ld Pau li 's G esch ich te v on Eng land" ,
Fraser 's Magazine , L IV ( 1856) , 6 65-80 . Ke mble , J ohn M .
" Rev iew o f R epor t f ro m t he S e lec t C omm i t tees o n Record
C omm iss ion ( Augus t , 1 836)", BFR , I V , Ke mble , J ohn M.
( 1837) , 1 20-68 .
" Rev iew o f t he R epor t f ro m t he S elect C omm i t tee o n t he
B r i tish Museu m ( 1836 )" , BFR , I V ( 1837) , 2 13-54. Ke mble , J ohn M .
" Rev iew o f Wm . G r imm 's Vr idankes B escheidenhei t" ,
BFR , I I ( 1836) , 2 3-61. Ke mble , J ohn M .
" Rev iew P ostscr ip t t o Ar tib le I I" , BFR , V I I ( 1838 ) , 4 12-16.
Ke mble , J ohn M .
" Reynard t he F ox" , BFR , X ( 1840 ) , 3 99-425 .
Ke mble , J ohn M .
S a lo mon a nd S a turn .
i ssued .
1 844 .
Pr in ted i n 2 0 c opies , n ever
C opy i n B r i t ish Museum , London .
Ke mble , J ohn M .
The S axons i n Eng land .
2v o ls .
An ew e d i t ion , r ev ised b y Wa l ter d eGray B irch .
L ondon : 2v o ls .
L ong man , 1 849. L ondon :
B ernard Quar i tch , 1 876. Ke mble , J ohn M .
" Sonne ts o n Ph i losophy" , T he A thenaeu m a nd L i terary
Chron ic le , I ( 1829 ) , 1 04 . Ke mble , J ohn M .
" Sonnets o n R ein fe ls" , The A thenaeum a nd L i terary
Chron ic le , I ( 1829 ) , 6 30 . Ke mble , J ohn M .
" The S ta te o f t he Na t ion" , BFR , I X ( 1839 ) , 2 73-319 .
Ke mb le , J ohn M .
" The S ta te o f t he Na tion .
1 91-217.
2 60
The Min is try" , BFR X IV ( 1843 ) ,
K e mble , J ohn M.
S ta te Papers a nd C orrespondence I l lus tra t ive o f t he S ocia l
a nd P ol i t ica l S ta te o f Europe f ro m t he Revo lu t ion t o t he Access ion o f t he House o f Hanover . K e mble , J ohn M.
L ondon :
J . W. Parker , 1 857.
" Surrey P rovincia l is ms" , Transactions o f t he P h i lolog ica l
S oc ie ty , I( 1854 ) , 8 3-84. K e mble , J ohn M.
t ber d ie S ta m m ta fe l d er Wes tsachsen .
Mun ich :
Pr iva tely
p r in ted , 1 836. K e mble , J ohn M.
The U t i l i ty o f An t iquar ian C ol lect ions , a s Throwing L igh t
o n t he P re-his tor ic Anna ls o f t he European Na t ions .
Dublin :
Un ivers i ty
Press , 1 857. K e mble , J ohn M.
" Zur G esch ich te d er S uccession d es Hauses Hannover i n
Eng land" , Z ei tschr i f t d es h is tor ischen V ereins f ür N iedersachsen ,
( 1852
[ 1855 ]) , 6 4-144. K e mble , J ohn M. a nd G r imm , J akob. A C orrespondence :
J ohn M i tchel l Ke mble a nd J akob G r ita m ,
1 832-1852.
E d i ted b y Ray mond A . Wi ley.
L e iden :
Br i l l , 1 971. K e mble , J ohn M. a nd U rquhar t , Dav id .
" A l liance o f France a nd Russ ia" ,
BFR , V ( 1837) , 2 96-319 . K i l lha m , J ohn .
Tennyson a nd t he Pr incess .
London :
A th lone P ress ,
Un ivers i ty o f London , 1 958 . L eo , H einr ich . 1 842.
R ec t i tudines s ingu laru m p ersonaru m.
Ha l le :
E duard An ton ,
" Die a nge lsächs ischen Or tsna men" , c hapter was t rans la ted b y B .
Wi l lia ms a s Trea t ise o n t he L oca l N o mencla ture o f t he Ang lo-Saxons a s Exh ibi ted i n t he C odex d ip lo ma t icus a ev i S axon ici . K e mb le , L ondon :
E di ted b y J . M.
Lu m ley , 1 852.
L ord C ha mber lain Thea tr ica l R eferences , MS A ccoun t B ooks . L C 7/ 19.
Documen t N o.
L ondon , Pub lic R ecord O f f ice , n .d .
L ord Cha mber lain Thea tr ica l R eferences , T able o f A l l L icences .
2 MS v o ls.
L ondon , P ublic R ecord O f f ice , n .d . Madden , Frederic , " Let ter t o t he E di tor , N ov . 6 " ,
G en t le man 's Magazine ,
N .S . I ( 1834 ) , 5 91-94. Madden , Freder ic , " Le t ter t o t he E di tor , Oc t . 1 5" , G en t le man 's Magazine , N .S . I ( 1834 ) , 4 83-86. Ma i t land , F . W. 1 921.
Do mesday B ook a nd B eyond .
Ma i t land , F . W. a nd P o l lock , Freder ick . T i me o f E dward I . Ma lk in , B en ja m in Hea th . Deigh ton , 1 830. M i l l , J ohn S tuar t .
2 nd e d . 2v ols .
C a mbr idge :
Un ivers i ty Press ,
H is tory o f Eng l ish Law B efore t he Ca mbr idge :
Un ivers i ty Press , 1 899.
C lassica l D isqu is i tions a nd Cur ios i ties .
C a mbr idge :
The Ear l ier L et ters o f J ohn S tuar t Mi l l , 1 812-1848 .
Ed i ted b y F . E . M ineka .
Vo ls . X I I , X I I I o f C o l lected Works .
Un ivers i ty Press , 1 974 .
2 61
Toron to :
MS Papers R e la ting t o K ing E dward V I Free G ram mar S choo l .
Publ ic Record
O f fice , Bury S t . Ed munds . " Our Week ly G oss ip" , A thenaeu m , N o . 1 536 ( Apr . 4 , 1 857) , p . 4 39 . Parker , J ohn e d .
Who 's Who i n t he Thea ter , 1 0 th e di tion .
London :
P i t man ,
1 947. The P oetry o f t he C odex Verce l lensis . Ke mble.
L ondon :
R e id , T . We myss .
2v ols .
E di ted b y J ohn M itchel l
Ael fr ic S ocie ty , 1 843-1856.
The L i fe , L e t ters a nd Fr iendsh ips o f R ichard Monck ton
M i lnes , F irs t Lord Hough ton .
2v o ls .
L ondon :
Casse l l , 1 890 .
"Rev iew o f K e mble 's S ta te Papers" , L i terary G azet te , J an . 3 1 , 1 857 , p . 1 04. A thenaeu m , N o. 1 532 ( 1 V Iar . 7 , 1 857) , p p. 3 06-308 .
E c lec t ic Magazine ,
XLI ( N . Y., May , 1 857) , 5 7-65 . " Rev iew o f Lark ing 's The Kn igh ts H ospi ta l lers i n Eng land" , London T i mes , Fr i . May 1 , 1 857 , p . 5 . S kea t , Wa lter W.
" On t he S tudy o f Ang lo-Saxon" , Mac m i l lan 's Magazine ,
) (XX IX ( 1879) , 3 04-313. Tanner , J . R ., e d . Cambr idge :
The H is tor ica l R eg is ter o f t he Un ivers i ty o f C a mbr idge ,
Un ivers i ty Press , 1 917.
T ennyson , A lfred .
P oe ms , C h ief ly L yr ica l .
T erhune , A l fred McK in ley.
L ondon :
E . Wi lson , 1 830 .
The L ife o f E dward F i tz G era ld .
N ew Haven :
Ya le Un ivers i ty Press , 1 947. Trau-Reg is ter , 1 836, p . 1 62 , N r . 9 .
S t . J akobus e vange l ische K irche ,
G ö tt ingen . Trench , R ichard Chenev ix . Char les L ouder . Treve lyan , G . O t to. York :
L et ters a nd Me mor ia ls .
L ondon :
2v ols .
Ed i ted b y
Kegan P au l , Trench , 1 888 .
The L i fe a nd L e t ters o f L ord Macau lay.
2v o ls .
N ew
Harper , 1 876.
Twysden , S ir R oger .
C er ta ine C ons idera t ions u pon t he G overn men t o f Eng land .
Ed i ted b y J ohn Mitchel l Ke mble. Venn , J . A . a nd Venn , J ohn . Ca mbr idge :
London :
Ca mden S ociety , 1 849.
A lu mn i C an tabr ig iens is .
2p ar ts i n 1 0 v o ls .
Un iversi ty Press , 1 922-54.
The Wel les ley I ndex t o V ictor ian P er iod ica ls . Edwards Hough ton . Wi l l ia mson , J ane .
T oron to :
2v ols .
E di ted b y Wa l ter
Un ivers i ty P ress , 1 966-72.
C har les K e mble , Man o f t he Thea ter .
L inco ln :
Un ivers i ty
o f N ebraska P ress , 1 970 . Wis ter , Fanny Ke mble.
Fanny t he Amer ican K e mble.
Ta l lahasse:
S ou thwes t
Press , 1 972. Wr igh t , Tho mas .
" Let ter t o t he E d i tor , Ca mbr idge , S ept . 1 " ,
Magazine , N .S . I ( 1834 ) , 3 62.
2 62
G en t le man 's
Wr igh t , Tho mas.
" Let ter t o t he E d i tor , Ox ford , S ept . 6 " , G en t le man 's
Magazine , N .S . Wr igh t , Tho mas.
( 1834 ) , 3 62-63 .
" The S axon S cho lars o f Eng land , Aug . 2 " , G en t le man 's
Magazine , N .S . I ( 1834 ) , 2 59-60 . Wr igh t , Wi l l iam A ld is , e d . G era ld .
7v o ls.
Wr igh t , Wi l l ia m A ld is , e d . 1 871-1883 .
L et ters a nd L i terary Re ma ins o f Edward F i tz -
L ondon a nd N ew York :
Mac m i l lan , 1 902-03.
L et ters o f E dward F i tzGera ld t o Fanny K e mble:
N ew York a nd L ondon :
2 63
Mac m i l lan , 1 895.
JOHNSON LETTERS
N o .
Da te
S ender a nd R eceiver
1 .
JMK t o WBD
Aug . 2 5 , 1 827
2 .
JMK t o WBD
3 .
JMK t o W BD
S ep t . 4 , 1 827 [ 1828 ]
S ender 's Address
4 .
JMK t o W BD
J an . 1 3 , 1 829
5 .
JMK t o W BD
J une 3 0 , 1 829
6 .
JMK t o WBD
Aug . 2 8 , [ 1829 ]
He ide lberg Mun ich
7 .
V ipan t o W BD
N ov . 2 5 , 1 829
8 .
JMK t o WBD
Mar . 2 4 , 1 830
9 .
JMK t o WBD
J une 1 6 , 1 830
1 0 .
V ipan t o W BD
J u ly 2 9 , 1 829[30 ]
1 1.
JMK t o WBD
Aug . 2 6 , 1 830
1 2.
S u m mar ies o f s ta te men ts
-
G ibra l tar
a bou t JMK i n l e t ters o f B lakes ley , W BD , Ha l la m FAK , S pedding & Trench
Unda ted
1 3.
JMK t o W BD
May 2 0-24 , 1 831
1 4.
JMK t o W BD
J an . 2 , 1 832
1 5.
JMK t o W BD
Apr . 2 , 1 832
1 6.
JMK t o WBD
May 2 9 , 1 832
1 7.
JMK t o WBD
March , 1 833
1 8 .
V ipan t o W BD
May 1 3 , 1 833
1 9 .
JMK t o WBD
J une 2 2 , 1 833
2 0 .
JMK t o W BD
2 1.
V ipan t o W BD
J une 3 , 1 836
2 2.
V ipan t o W BD
J une 2 8 , 1 836
[ 1834 ]
2 3.
JMK t o W BD
S ept . 2 1, 1 836
2 4.
JMK t o W BD
Oc t . 2 0 , [ 1836 ]
2 5.
JMK t o WBD
O c t , 2 5 ,
London
[ 1836 ]
2 6.
JMK t o WBD
Apr . 2 4 , 1 837
2 7.
W BD t o JMK
J u ly 7 ,
[ 1837 ] [ 1837 ]
2 8 .
JMK t o WBD
J u ly 8 ,
2 9 .
JMK t o W BD
S ep t. 2 6 , 1 837
3 0.
JMK t o WBD
J an . 2 7 , 1 838
3 1.
JMK t o WBD
Apr . 1 1 , 1 838
3 2.
JMK t o WBD
S ept . 2 4 , 1 838
3 3.
W BD t o JMK
Feb. 7 , 1 839
3 4.
JMK t o W BD
J u ly 2 0 , 1 839 S ep t . 1 7, 1 839
Howland P l ., London
Add le s tone
3 5 .
JMK t o Char les K e mble
3 6.
JMK t o W BD
F eb. 3 , 1 840
3 7.
JMK t o W BD
Unda ted
Chapel f ields , Add les tone
3 8 .
JMK t o WBD
J an . 1 1 , 1 841
Hea thco te S t ., London
2 64
3 9.
T . W. Beau mon t t o JMK
May 9 , 1 841
4 0 .
V ipan t o W BD
J une 1 0 , 1 841
4 1.
JMK t o W BD
Oct . 9 , 1 841
4 2.
JMK t o W BD
May 8 , 1 842
4 3.
JMK t o W BD
Unda ted
4 4.
JMK t o T . W . B eau mon t
Oct . 2 6, 1 842
4 5.
V ipan t o W BD
May 1 0 ,
[ 1843 ]
V ipan t o ' WBD
Aug . 2 4 , 1 843
4 7.
V ipan t o W BD
Aug . 3 0 , 1 843
4 8 .
JMK t o W BD
Feb. 9 , 1 844
4 9 .
V ipan t o W BD
Unda ted
5 0 .
V ipan t o W BD
S ept . 2 0 , 1 844
5 1.
V ipan t o W BD
O ct . 1 0 , 1 844
5 2.
JMK t o Char les Ke mble
N ov . 2 6, 1 844
5 3 .
V ipan t o W BD
Dec . 3 0 , 1 844
5 4.
V ipan t o W BD
Unda ted
5 5 .
V ipan t o W BD
Feb . 2 8 , 1 845
5 6.
V ipan t o W BD
Mar . 2 7 , 1 845
5 7.
V ipan t o W BD
J une 1 4 , 1 845
5 8 .
V ipan t o W BD
J une 2 1 ,
4 6.
Mun ich
[ 1845 ]
5 9.
V ipan t o W BD
Aug . 1 4 , [ 1845 ]
6 0 .
JMK t o WBD
S ep t . 2 0 , 1 845
6 1.
W BD
Nov . 2 0 , 1 845
6 2.
W BD t o JMK
S ept . 1 4 , 1 846
6 3.
V ipan t o WBD
[ Nov ., 1 846 ]
6 4.
JMK t o W BD
Dec. 2 0 , 1 847
Bognor , S ussex
Co m mon Wood , Ch ipper fie ld , R ickmanswor th , Her tfords h ire
6 5 .
V ipan t o W BD
J an . 2 1 , 1 848
6 6.
W BD t o JMK
J an . 2 9 , 1 848
6 7.
JMK t o WBD
Unda ted
6 8 .
V ipan t o W BD
Mar . 4 , 1 848
6 9.
W BD t o JMK
Mar . 6 ,
7 0 .
V ipan t o WBD
Mar . 1 8 , 1 848
C o m mon Wood , e tc. [ 1848 ]
7 1.
V ipan t o W BD
May 2 3 ,
7 2.
JMK t o W BD
J une 1 , [ 1848 ]
1 848
7 3.
W BD t o JMK
J une 4 ,
7 4.
JMK t o W BD
J une 7 , 1 848
7 5 .
JMK t o W BD
Unda ted
7 6.
JMK t o W BD
Aug . 2 2 , 1 848
C o m mon Wood , e tc.
[ 1848 ] Edi th V i l las , Nor th End , Fu lha m
7 7.
JMK t o W BD
Unda ted
7 8 .
JMK t o W BD
Dec. 1 9 , 1 848
7 9.
JMK t o W BD
J an . 8 , 1 849
8 0.
JMK t o W BD
Apr . 2 5 , 1 849
8 1.
JMK t o W BD
J une 2 , 1 849
8 2.
JMK t o W BD
J une 1 3 , 1 849
8 3 .
JMK t o W BD
Aug . 5 , 1 849
8 4 .
JMK t o W BD
S ept . 2 6 , 1 849
2 65
Nor th End , Fu lha m
Harzburg
8 5 .
JMK t o W BD
Oct . 3 0 , 1 849
8 6.
JMK t o W BD
Dec. 9 , 1 849
8 7.
JMK t o W BD
Apr . 2 9 , 1 850
8 8 .
JMK t o W BD
Oct . 2 3 , 1 850
8 9 .
JMK t o W BD
J une 2 5 , 1 851
9 0 .
JMK t o W BD
Oct . 1 2 , 1 851
9 1.
JMK t o W BD
May 2 , 1 853
9 2.
JMK t o W BD
May 3 ,
9 3 .
JMK t o WBD
J une 2 4 , 1 853
[ 1853 ] S o l tau
9 4.
JMK t o W BD
Apr . 8 , 1 855
Hanover
9 5 .
JMK t o W BD
May 1 4 ,
9 6.
JMK t o G er trude Ke mble
J an . 2 3 , 1 857
[ 1851
9 7.
JMK t o G er trude Ke mble
J an 2 5 , 1 857
L iverpoo l
9 8 .
JMK t o Ger trude Ke mble
Feb. 7 , 1 857
G resham Ho tel ,
9 9.
G er trude Ke mble t o JMK
Unda ted
1 00.
G er trude Ke mble t o JMK
Unda ted
1 01.
G er trude Ke mble t o JMK
Feb. 1 7, 1 857
1 02.
G er trude Ke mble t o JMK
F eb. 2 4 , 1 857
1 03.
JMK t o G er trude Ke mble
Mar . 1 , 1 857
1 04.
JMK
Mar . 1 1 , 1 857
London 1 00 Mor ley S t ., Manches ter
Dubl in
G resha m Ho tel , Dackvi lle S t .
2 66
I NDEX o f J . M . K e mb le 's Ma jor Works a nd Na mes o fI nd iv idua ls o r Na me Deriva tives
Aberdeen , L ord ,
Ba t t le o f F innesburh , 2 05
1 83
Acker man , G . P .,
Beau mon t , T . W ., 2 08, 2 13 , 2 17,
2 06
2 20 , 2 25
Acker man , J . Y ., 2 41 Ada m , 2 27
Beau mon t , Mrs . T . W ., 2 08
Ade la ide , Q ueen , 1 83
Beau mont , Mrs . Wen tworth , 2 20
Adrian ( Hadrian ) , R o man emperor ,
Beort , e a ldor man , 1 97 Becke t , Tho mas' a , 2 74
2 31 Ae lfric , 1 91 , 1 92 , 1 96
B ede ( Beda ) , 1 96, 2 03 , 2 14 , 2 19 , 2 26
Ae the lnoth , b ishop , 2 45
Be l lin i , V incenzo , 2 16
A lbert , p rince , 2 25
B en t ley , R .,
2 47
B en tham , J ere my , 1 78, 1 79 , 1 81 ,
A lcuin , 1 96 A lexander t he G rea t , 1 76,
2 22
1 97
Beowu lf , 1 65 , 1 78 , 1 90 , 1 91 , 1 92 ,
A lfred , K ing , 1 90 , 1 91, 1 94 , 1 96 A l len , P e ter , 1 88
1 93-98, 1 99 , 2 00 , 2 02 , 2 03 , 2 05 ,
Andrew ( Andreas ) , S a in t , 2 23 , 2 24 ,
2 08, 2 10-211 , 2 17, 2 18, 2 25 B irch , W . d e G ray , 2 28
2 32 Ange lo , F encing Acad . P rop ., 2 52
B irkbeck , W .
L . ,2 34 , 2 36
Ang les 2 15 , 2 19 , 2 22 , 2 26-27
B lakes ley , J . H ., 1 79 , 1 80 , 1 82 , 1 85 , 2 18
Ang lo-Saxon G ospe l , 1 91 , 1 95 , 2 01 ,
B lock , Maurice , 2 22
2 03 , 2 06 , 2 50-51 , 2 53 Ang lo-Saxon Me teor , 2 01 , 2 06 , 2 09
B luh me , F riedrich , 2 02
Anne , Queen , 2 39
B oe th ius , 1 90 , 2 05
Apo l lon ius o f Tyre , 1 97, 2 00 , 2 05
B onaparte , J oseph , K ing , 1 82
Archb ishop o f C ologne , 2 20
B on iface , S a in t , 2 08
Aristot le , 1 76
B opp , F ranz , 2 22
Ar ms trong , Margare t , 1 73
B osworth , J oseph , 2 00 , 2 05
Arn im, B e t tina v on , 2 14
B oyd , R ober t , 1 83 , 1 85
Arno ld o f B re men , 2 39
B randes , H . B .
Arnold , Tho mas , 2 30
B righ t , J . W . ,2 04
As t , G . A .
B ri l l , E . J ., 1 65
F ., 1 80
As tor , J ohn J acob , 2 31
C ., 2 33
B ri t ish & F ore ign R ev iew , 2 08,
A the ls tan , K ing , 1 95 , 1 97, 2 19 ,
2 10 , 2 12-213 , 2 14 , 2 16, 2 17, 2 18, 2 19 , 2 20 , 2 21 , 2 22 , 2 23,
B aker , H ersche l , 1 73
2 24 , 2 30 , 2 31 , 2 32 , 2 33 , 2 34 ,
Ba lzac , H onor ed e , 2 31
2 41
B onf ie ld , T . C ., 2 34
B rookf ie ld ,
Bar ton , Char les , 1 80 , 1 83
F . M ., 1 69 , 1 70 , 1 86,
1 87 , 1 88, 2 32 , 2 33 . 2 34 , 2 53
Bar ton , S usannah , 1 83
B rookf ie ld , W . H ., 1 79 , 2 24 , 2 30
2 67
D ia logue o f S a lo mon & S a turnus , 1 91 ,
Brunsw ick , d uke o f , 2 38, 2 46
1 97 , 2 03 , 2 23 , 2 26, 2 27 , 2 31 , 2 33
Bu l ler , Char les , 1 77 B urns , R obert , 1 77
D ick ins , Bruce , 1 70 , 1 86, 1 97, 2 04 ,
B ut ler , P ierce , 2 06
2 05 , 2 06 , 2 16, 2 27, 2 31 , 2 32 ,
Byron , G eorge G ordon , 1 77
2 33 , 2 34 Donne , C har les , E dward , 2 24 , 2 45 Donne , M i ldred K e mb le , 2 24 , 2 25 ,
Caed mon , 1 70 , 1 91 , 1 94 , 1 98
2 29 , 2 36, 2 39 , 2 40 , 2 45 , 2 50
Caesar , 1 76 , 2 22 Can tacuzenus , 2 52
Donne , Wm . B odham , 1 65 , 1 68, 1 76 ,
Canute ( Cnu t ) , k ing , 2 15 , 2 45
1 80 , 1 83 , 1 84 , 1 85 , 1 87 , 1 90 , 1 97 ,
Carda le , J . S ., 2 05
2 04 , 2 05 , 2 10 , 2 12 , 2 17 , 2 18, 2 19 ,
Car ly le , Tho mas , 1 85 , 1 87, 1 88
2 24 , 2 30 , 2 32 , 2 34 , 2 36 , 2 38, 2 40 ,
Caroline , Wi lhe lm ine , C ., Queen ,
2 45 , 2 48, 2 52 , 2 54
2 39
Donne , Mrs . W .
B ., 2 24
Cas tig lione , C . 0 ., 1 95
Doran , J ohn , 2 42 , 2 43
Cava l ier , J ean , g enera l , 2 39
Dungan , Gw ineverea , 1 66
Ceadric , 2 42
Duncan-Jones , C . M ., 1 69 , 2 53
Certa ine C onsidera t ions , 2 26, 2 30-31 Char le magne , 2 41
E dgar , K ing , 2 26 , 2 45
Char les I , K ing , 2 30
E d mund , K ing , S a int , 1 75 , 1 86, 2 07
Char les I , K ing , 1 72
E dward , I , K ing , 2 19
Chaucer , Geof frey , 1 90
E dward V I , K ing , 1 69 , 1 86
Chris t ina , Swed ish Queen , 2 48
E lene ( He len ),
C icero , 1 76
E lio , F . J ., 1 85
C leasby , R ichard , 2 29
E l l iot t , R . W ., 1 86
Codex d ip lo ma t icus , 1 78 , 2 06 , 2 12 ,
E l lis , S ir Henry , 1 91, 2 03
S a int , 2 23 , 2 24 , 2 32
2 15-16, 2 25 , 2 26 , 2 27, 2 40 , 2 45 ,
E ncke , W i lhe l mine , 2 39
2 47
E p icte tus ( Ep ictus ) , 2 20 , 2 31
C oke , S ir E dward ,
1 78
E rnes t A ugustus , K ing o f H anover ,
C o ler idge , S . T ., 2 24
2 13 , 2 19 , 2 36
Conybeare , J . J ., 2 01 , 2 19
E the lred , K ing , 1 82 , 1 83 , 2 15
C ooper , C . P ., 1 97, 2 03 , 2 10 , 2 12 ,
E the lr ic , b ishop , 2 06
2 17 , 2 18 , 2 23
E truscans , 2 41
C ot ton , S ir R obert , 1 91 , 1 94 C radock , Percy , 1 77
F erdinand V I I , S panish K ing , 1 82-83
Creuzer , G eorg F riedr ich , 1 80 , 2 22
F ich te , J . G . ,1 79
C uthber t , 2 03
F in , 1 95
C uthw in , 2 03
F i tzGera ld , E d ., 1 65 , 1 70 , 1 76, 1 86,
Cyne w u lf , 2 17, 2 23
1 87 , 1 93 , 2 04 , 2 31 F o lcwa lda ,
1 95
Dah l mann , F . C ., 2 09 , 2 22
F ranc is , I , F r . K ing , 1 90 , 2 04
Danes , 2 15
F ranks , A . W ., 2 51 , 2 52 , 2 53
d eCa mp , Ade la ide , 1 73 , 2 08
F redegonde , 2 22
d eCa mp , G eorge , 1 73
F reder ick I , P russian K ing , 2 39
d eCamp , V ictoire , 1 73 , 2 08
F reder ick W m . I , P russ ian K ing ,
d eCa mp , V ictor , 1 73 d eGroot ,
2 39
H . B ., 1 65 , 1 70 , 2 17 , 2 18,
F ro ma , F ., 2 31
2 19 , 2 28, 2 31 , 2 32 , 2 33 De mos thenes , 1 76
Ga lton , F rancis , 2 34
Descar tes , Rene , 2 43
Garcia , M . P . R ., 2 45
2 68
H of fmann v on F a l lers leben , A . H .,
G eorge I , K ing , 2 39 , 2 42 , 2 44
2 22
G eorge I V , K ing , 1 73 , 1 82
H o mer , 1 76
G eorge I , K ing , 2 39
H oneywe l l , L ouise , 2 29 , 2 36, 2 39 ,
G er manic t r ibes , 2 37
2 40
G ibbon , E dward , 2 51 G iese ler , J . K .
H orace , 1 76 H orae f era les , 2 37, 2 40 , 2 45 , 2 46,
L ., 2 09
G oethe , J . W . v on , 2 14
2 47 , 2 50 , 2 51-52
G o l lancz , S ir I srae l , 2 32
H orn , K ing , 2 03 , 2 26
G ooch , G . P ., 2 16
H ough ton , b aron , s ee M i lnes , R . M .
G regory o f T ours , 1 94
H rabanus Maurus ( Raban Maur ) , 1 96
G re in , C . W . M ., 2 18
H ugu , 1 95
G ri m m , Dr ., M . D ., 2 24
Hu lse , J ohn , 1 82, 1 87
G ri m m , J akob , 1 65 , 1 68, 1 70 , 1 78,
H ungar ians , 2 42
1 80 , 1 82 , 1 90 , 1 91 , 1 92 , 1 93 , 1 95 ,
H un laf ing , 1 95
1 97 , 1 99, 2 01 , 2 02 , 2 03 ,
2 04 , 2 05 , 2 06, 2 08, 2 09 , 2 10 ,
I . J ., s ee I ngra m , J ames
2 12 , 2 13 , 2 14 , 2 16 , 2 17 , 2 18,
I ngra m , J a mes , 1 99 , 2 01
2 20 , 2 21 , 2 22 , 2 23 , 2 24 , 2 27, 2 28, 2 29 , 2 30 , 2 36, 2 37 , 2 50 ,
J äke l , E rns t , 1 70 , 1 91
2 51 , 2 52
J a mes , S a int , 2 09
G rim m , Wm ., 1 93 , 2 02 , 2 03 , 2 06,
J a mes I , K ing , 2 47
2 08, 2 09 , 2 13 , 2 17 , 2 22 , 2 23 ,
J ero me ,
2 36 G rund tv ig , N .
S a int , 2 50
J esus Chris t , 2 17, 2 23 , 2 28
F . S ., 1 91
J ohn , S a in t , 2 06
G u m me l , Hans , 2 46, 2 51 , 2 52
J ohnson , Ca therine B odham , 1 70 ,
G un , W . R . J ., 1 73
2 04 , 2 05 , 2 17, 2 18, 2 19 , 2 32 ,
G us tavus Ado lphus , Swed ish K ing ,
2 34 , 2 48 , 2 53
2 43
J ohnson, Mary Barham , 1 65 , 1 86, 1 87,
Guth lac , 1 95
1 88, 2 04 , 2 05 , 2 08, 2 18, 2 19 , 2 31 , 2 32 , 2 33 , 2 34 , 2 46, 2 47, 2 48 , 2 64-
Ha le , W . H ., 2 11
6 6
Ha lfdane , 1 95
J ohns H opkins , 1 66, 2 04 , 2 06
Ha l la m , Ar thur , 1 77 , 1 92
J ones , S ir Wi l liam , 1 77
Ha l le , S ir C har les , 2 45
J osephus , 1 76
H and ley , E . H ., 2 14
J ud i th , 1 91, 1 95 , 1 97
Hardw ick , Char les , 2 06 , 2 50
J u liet , 1 81
Harness , Wi l liam, 1 69 , 2 53 Haro ld , K ing , 2 15
Kan t , Im manie l, 1 80 , 1 82
Harvey , H . A ., 1 79 , 1 87
Kaye , Trevor , 1 65 , 1 69
Have lok t he Dane , 2 26
Ke l ts , 2 37, 2 42
He lvet ius , C . A . ,1 82
Ke mb le , Ade la ide , 1 74 , 2 02 , 2 03 , 2 06 ,
Henges t , 1 94 , 1 95
2 14 , 2 16, 2 53 ,
H enry V I I I , K ing , 2 30
Ke mb le a ncestors , 1 72-73
Henry I , G er . Emperor , 1 97
Ke mb le , Char les , 1 69 , 1 72 , 1 73 , 1 74 ,
Henry I , K ing , 2 44
1 75 , 1 80 , 1 81 , 1 87, 1 89 , 1 90 ,
Hervey , S . H . A ., 1 86
2 02 ,
Hewer , E dward , 1 76 , 1 77
2 03 , 2 16, 2 20 , 2 24 , 2 25 , 2 32 , 2 53
Ke mb le , F anny , 1 65 , 1 68, 1 69 , 1 70 , 1 72 ,
H ickes , G eorge , 2 16
1 73 , 1 74 , 1 75 , 1 77, 1 78, 1 81 ,183 ,
H i ldeburh , 1 95 H inrichs , G us tav , 2 32
1 88, 1 90 , 2 04 , 2 06, 2 14 , 2 29 , 2 30 ,
H is . o f t he E ng .
2 31 , 2 32 , 2 34 , 2 36, 2 48, 2 53
Language , 1 96-97
Hnaef , 1 95 2 69
Ke mb le , H . C ., 2 16, 2 39 , 2 40 ,
2 25 , 2 29 , 2 36 ,
Ke mb le , J ohn M i tche l ( con td .) : V erce l li P oetry I , I , 2 23-24
2 45 , 2 50
Ke mb le , H . J . V ., 1 74 , 1 75 , 2 53
On A Th ierry 's Merov ing iens , 2 22
Ke mb le , J ohn , p r ies t- mar tyr , 1 72
S eeks Cambridge L ibrariansh ip , 2 25
Ke mb le , J ohn Mi tche l l : Ances try , 1 72-73
" On N . Ang lian D ia lect ," 2 26-27
B ir th , 1 74
S eeks Cambridge Professorsh ip , 2 25
Ch i ldhood , 1 65 , 1 74-75 S choo l , 1 75
On AS Na mes , 2 26
T r in . C o l l . & Ca mbridge , 1 65 ,
" B ishops o f E . Ang lia ," 2 26 S eeks B . Museu m S ecre tarysh ip ,
1 71 , 1 77-82 , 1 85 , 1 91-202 ,
2 30
2 03 , 2 04
S a lo mon & S aturnus , 2 26-27
I n Ger many , 1 80-82 , 2 02-203 ,
" AS Pa tronymics ," 2 26-27
2 35
Archaeo log ica l Address , 2 28-29
I n S pa in , 1 81-83 Ear ly AS & Ph i lo l . S tud ies , 1 90-93
S axons i n E ng land , 2 27-28
Beowu lf , I , 1 93-99 , 2 10 , 2 11 ,
‚ Certa in C ons idera t ions , 2 26, 2 30-
I , 2 19-211 , 2 16 H is t . o f E ng . L ang ., 1 96-97
G er man S o journ , 2 30 , 2 35-40
3 1
AS C ontroversy , 1 96-200 , 2 06, 2 12
Hanover L ecture , 2 37, 2 59
E ngage men t , 2 03 , 2 04
On H anseatic F actory , 2 39 , 2 46
S tam mtafe l , 1 96 , 2 08, 2 51 Marriage , 2 09
S o l tau D igs , 2 37-38, 2 49 On P russia , 2 39 , 2 46
On Church R a tes , 2 11
On B runsw ick H ouse , 2 34 , 2 46
Empire & Church , 2 09-210 ,
On C lay Vesse l , 2 38
G ertrude 's B irth , 2 11
O ldenstadt D igs , 2 37-38, 2 49
R ecord C o m mission , 2 12 , 2 13 , 2 18
" Surrey P rov incia lis ms ," 2 39
On Cambridge & G er man U niversi-
On H anover S uccess ion , 2 39 On H ea then G raves , 2 40-41
t ies , 2 13-218 On F rance & R ussia , 2 13 , 2 21
"Bur ia l & C re ma t ion ," 2 40
AS B ib liography , 2 14-15
" On Mortuary Urns ," 2 41
P ersona l R e lig ion , 2 17, 2 20
" On R e markab le Ob jects ," 2 41
H anover C oup , 2 13 , 2 19
Han .over 's E ng lish Q ueens , 2 42-43
E ng . H ist . S ocie ty , 2 14 , 2 19
O n Macau lay 's H istory , 2 43
C . Norton & C us tody o f I nfan ts ,
P au li 's H ist .o f E ng ., 2 44 , 2 47 S ta te Papers , 2 40 , 2 43-44 , 2 45
2 14
K n igh ts H ospi ta l lers , 2 44
T urk ish P o licy , 2 13 , 2 18, 2 21 ,
" AS Docu m ments o n L ands ,"
2 43
2 40 , 2 45
C odex d ip . ,2 15-16
"Hea then I n ter ment i n C odex d ip . , "
" S ta te o f Na t ion ," 2 14 , 2 19 , 2 21
2 41-42
H enry 's B ir th , 2 16 E xaminer o f P lays , 2 20 , 2 24 , 2 25 ,
Manches ter Expo ., 2 45 , 2 52-53 U t i li ty o f Ant iquarian C o l lect ions ,
2 30
2 42
On Hanover & Ger many , 2 20 " On AS R unes ," 2 22-23 , 2 32
Dea th & B ur ia l , 2 50
G ov . o f R ussia , 2 20
Ob i tuary Notes , 2 52-53
On Ger man L i t ., 2 22
C h i ldren , 2 50
On Thorpe 's AS L aws , 2 21-22
S t . Ma t t . AS G ospe l , 2 50-51
H o me , P urchase & S a le , 2 07, 2 24
H orae f era les , 2 40 , 2 45 , 2 51-52
On F rench Chronic le , 2 22
Me moria ls & T ributes , 1 89 Ke mb le , J . P ., 1 72 , 1 73 , 1 75 2 70
Mar t ineau , Harrie t , 2 14
Ke mb le , Maria T ., 1 69 , 1 73 , 1 74 ,
Mass mann , H .
1 83 , 1 89 , 1 90 , 2 03 , 2 08, 2 16 Ke mb le , Na ta lie . Augus te , w ife , 2 02 ,
F ., 1 80 , 2 04 , 2 06,
2 10 , 2 22
2 03 , 2 04 , 2 08, 2 09 , 2 10 , 2 12 ,
Ma tenko , Percy , 2 17
2 16 , 2 24 , 2 25 , 2 29 , 2 30 , 2 36 ,
Ma t thew , S a int , 1 95 , 2 06, 2 24 , 2 50 , 2 53
2 37 , 2 42 , 2 50 Ke mb le , R ichard , Cap t ., 1 72
Maurice , J . F . D ., 1 77, 2 25
Ke mb le , R oger , 1 72 , 1 73
Meriva le , Char les , 1 79 , 2 30 , 2 50 , 2 53
Ker , N . R ., 2 06 K i l lha m , J ohn , 2 20 , 2 31
Meriva le , J udi th Anne , 2 53
K laeber , F r iedrich , 1 96
Merov ing ien , 2 22
K ,N ., s ee Madden , F rederic
Me t ternich- W ineburg , C ., p rince , 2 13
Kn igh ts H ospi ta l lers , 2 44
Miche l , F . X ., 1 70 , 2 05 , 2 14 , 2 16, 2 19
Lach mann , Kar l , 2 08 L ane , J a mes , 2 32
Mi l l , J a mes , 1 78, 1 79 , 1 81 , 2 L_
L ane , R . J ., 2 24
M i l l , J ohn S ., 2 17, 2 19
Lappenberg , J . M ., 2 23 , 2 46
Mi lnes , R .
M ., 1 65 , 1 77, 1 78, 1 81 ,
1 87, 2 25 , 2 30 , 2 40
Lark ing , L . B ., 2 34 Larson , Henning , 2 33
Mi lo , 1 76
Lassberg , J oseph , F rhr . v on , 2 03
Mineka , F . E ., 2 19
La tham , R . G ., 2 51 , 2 53
M i tche l l , Mr . ,1 74
L ayamon , 1 90 , 2 00 , 2 22
M i tford , Miss Mary R ., 1 69, 2 53
L eibn i tz , G . Wm ., 2 36, 2 38, 2 39 ,
Mone , F . J ., 1 97 Mor ton , S av i l le , 2 53
2 42-243
Murch ison , S ir R . I . ,
L e i tz mann , A lber t , 2 06
2 41
L eo , H einrich , 2 22 , 2e L eo X , P ope , 2 30
Nap ier , C . J ., 1 77
L ewes , G . H ., 2 30
N icho las I , C zar , 2 20
L isch , G . C .
N iebuhr , B . G ., 1 79
F ., 2 37 , 2 38
L ivy , 1 76
N . M . ,1 99
L ocke , J ohn , 1 80
Nor mans , 2 15 , 2 44
L t icke , G . C ., 2 09
Nor ton , Caro l ine , 2 14 , 2 19 , 2 20
L uke , S a in t , 1 76, 1 95 L ush ing ton , Henry , 1 79
On Names , N icknames o f AS , 2 26
L uther , Mar tin , 2 30
Os laf , 1 95
Lye , E dward , 1 90 , 1 94 , 1 98, 1 99
O t to I , Ger man Emperor , 1 97
Ly le ,
J . W., 2 33 Pa ley , Wm ., 1 80
Lyndhurst , L ord , 1 82
Pa lgrave , S ir F rancis , 2 12 Macau lay , T . B ., 2 25 , 2 33 , 2 39 , 2 43
Pa l mers ton , L ord , 1 78
Madden , S ir F rederic , 1 92 , 2 00 , 2 05 ,
Parker , J ohn , 1 73 Parker , W ., 2 33
2 06, 2 17 Magnussen , F innur , 2 11 , 2 22
Par th ian , 2 08, 2 14
Ma i t land , F . W ., 2 16, 2 28
Pau l , S a int , 2 14
Ma lkin , A . T ., 1 76
P au li , R einhold , 2 44 , 2 47, 2 53
Ma lkin , B en jamin H ea th , 1 75 , 1 76,
P eacock , George , 1 77, 1 86 , 1 98, 2 05 , 2 16
1 86
P ee l , S ir R obert , 2 21
Ma lkin , Mrs . B . H ., 1 75
P er tz , G . H ., 2 22
Mark Antony , 2 38 Mark , S a in t , 1 95 2 71
P icco lo m in i , O t tav io , Genera l , 2 18
S cribner , Char les , 1 66, 1 69
P icker ing , Wi l lia m , 1 91 , 2 22
S ecundus , 2 31
P iers P low man , 2 05
S eneca , 1 76 S iddons , S arah , 1 72 , 1 74
P oe try o f Codex Verce l lensis , 2 03 , 2 12 , 2 17, 2 22 , 2 23-24 , 2 25 ,
S ievers , E duard , 2 18
2 32 , 2 40
S isam , Kenne th , 2 32
P o l lock , S ir F rederick , 2 16
S kea t , W . W . ,2 23 , 2 50
P owe l l , E ng . p har macis t , 2 46
S lays , 2 37, 2 38, 2 41 , 2 42 , 2 51
P ower , J oseph , 2 25
S norr i S tur luson , 1 94
P r ies t ly , F . E .
S oph ia Char lot te , P russ ian Queen , 2 42
L ., 2 19
P rice , R ichard , 2 03 , 2 19
S oph ia , Dorothea , 2 39 , 2 42
P usey , E dward , B ., 2 30
S oph ia S tuart , H anover E lectress ,
R . [ o therw ise u nknown ], 2 01
S pedd ing , J ames , 1 76, 1 85
Radnor , Ear l o f , 2 18
S ta te Papers , 2 39 , 2 40 , 2 43-44 , 2 45 ,
2 39 , 2 42
2 47
Ragnar L odbrok , 2 26
S tephens , S ir J a mes , 2 25
Rask , Ras mus , 1 90 , 1 91 , 1 95 , 1 98,
S ter ling , J ohn , 1 77, 1 80 , 1 83 , 1 85 ,
2 01
1 87, 1 88
Rau mer , F r iedrich v on , 2 22 R e id , T . W ., 1 70 , 1 87
S tevenson , J oseph , 1 95
R epp , T . G ., 2 22
S t . L eger , Harrie t , 2 31
I t eynard t he F ox , 2 20 , 2 21
S trauch , K .
R ichard I , K ing , 2 44
S under land , Tho mas , 1 77, 1 78
F ., 2 18
R ichardson , Char les , 1 75 R obson , J . M ., 2 19
Tac itus , 2 51
R ogers , J u lia , 1 66, 2 04
Ta lfourd , S er jeant , 2 14
R o mi l ly , E dward , 1 76
T anner , J . R ., 1 86
R o mi l ly , G . T ., 1 76
Tennyson , A lfred , 1 65 , 1 77 , 1 82 ,
R usse l l , L ord J ohn , 2 19
1 92 , 2 19 , 2 31
Rymer , T ho mas , 2 32
T ennyson , F reder ick , 1 77 T erhune , A . M ., 1 70 , 1 86
S t . Ma t thew AS G ospt l , 2 06
Thackeray , W . M ., 1 77, 2 44
S a int-S i mon , C o mte d e , 2 14
Th iersch , F . W ., 1 80
S ambrook , A . J ., 1 88
Th ierry , Augus tin , 2 22
S ant ley , Char les , 2 12
T h irwa l l , N .
S an t ley , G er trude Ke mb le , 2 12 , 2 16 ,
C ., 1 97
Thorke lin , G . J ., 1 95 , 1 97-98
2 25 , 2 29 , 2 36, 2 39 , 2 40 , 2 45 ,
Thorpe , B en jamin , 1 90 , 1 91 , 1 95 ,
2 50
1 98 , 1 99 , 2 00 , 2 10 , 2 19 , 2 20 ,
S arah , Duchess o f Mar lborough , 2 39
2 21 , 2 27, 2 32 , 2 47, 2 51
S axons , 2 15 , 2 22 , 2 41 , 2 44 , 2 52
T ieck , L udw ig , 2 17
S axons i n E ng ., 2 10 , 2 21 , 2 26, 2 27-28 , T orri jos , J . M ., 1 83 , 1 84 , 1 85 2 30 , 2 40 , 2 52 , 2 53
T othun ter , I . , 2 06
S a turnus , 2 11 , 2 26-27
T ransy lvan ians , 2 43
S che l ling , F . W . J ., 1 80 , 2 22
The T rave l ler 's S ong , 1 94 , 1 95 , 2 05
S ch i l ler , F riedrich , 2 10
T rench , R . C ., 1 65 , 1 70 , 1 77, 1 78,
S ch lege l , A . W . ,1 80
1 82 , 1 83 , 1 84 , 1 85 , 1 87 , 1 88,
S ch l ei er macher , F riedr ich , 2 20
2 03 , 2 04 , 2 06, 2 09 , 2 17, 2 34
S chme l ler , J . A ., 1 80 , 1 90 , 2 04 , 2 08, 2 10
Treve lyan , G . 0 ., 2 33 Tu l ly , 1 76
S ch mid , Re inho ld , 1 91
T urner , S haron , 1 95
S chwartze , L .
Tw iss , F . K ., 1 73 , 1 74
F . 0 ., 2 24 2 72
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2 73