Angielski. Wazne konstrukcje bez tajemnic 8360287163, 9788360287163

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Anna Treger

Repetytorium

ANGIELSKI Wa˝ne konstrukcje bez tajemnic

Konsultacja j´zykowa: Alisa Mitchel Masiejczyk

Projekt ok∏adki serii: Marcin Rojek, 2-arts.com Projekt makiety i opracowanie graficzne: Studio 27, [email protected] Zdj´cie na ok∏adce: Wojciech Jannasz Redakcja i korekta: Pawe∏ Pokora

ISBN-10: 83-60287-16-3 ISBN-13: 978-83-60287-16-3

© Copyright by Wydawnictwo Lingo sp. j., Warszawa 2007

www.WydawnictwoLingo.pl

Sk∏ad i ∏amanie: Studio 27 Druk i oprawa: Opolgraf

Spis treÊci

Wst´p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1. Mowa niezale˝na i zale˝na Sprawdê si´ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Wprowadzenie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.1. Interpunkcja w mowie niezale˝nej . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.2. Czasowniki wprowadzajàce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.3. Zmiany dotyczàce czasów . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.4. Zmiany dotyczàce czasowników modalnych . . . . 24 1.5. Zmiany dotyczàce okreÊleƒ czasu i miejsca . . . . 32 1.6. Zmiany dotyczàce zaimków . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1.7. Inne zmiany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1.8. Pytania w mowie zale˝nej . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 1.9. Polecenia, zakazy, rady i proÊby . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 1.10. Zdania wykrzyknikowe w mowie zale˝nej . . . . . . 46 1.11. Zdania warunkowe w mowie zale˝nej . . . . . . . . . 51 1.12. Streszczenie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

2. Zdania warunkowe Sprawdê si´ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Wprowadzenie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 2.1. Zdania warunkowe I typu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 www.WydawnictwoLingo.pl

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Spis treÊci

2.2. Zdania warunkowe II typu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 2.3. Zdania warunkowe III typu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 2.4. Dodatkowe uwagi o w∏asnoÊciach zdaƒ warunkowych . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 2.5. Inwersja w zdaniach warunkowych . . . . . . . . . . 94 2.6. Zdania warunkowe mieszane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

3. Strona bierna Sprawdê si´ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Wprowadzenie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 3.1. Tworzenie strony biernej . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 3.2. U˝ycie strony biernej . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 3.3. Przyimki w stronie biernej . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 3.4. Konstrukcje bezokolicznikowe w stronie biernej . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 3.5. Sprawcze have/get (causative have/get) . . . . . 125 Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

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Wst´p

Chyba ka˝dy uczàcy si´ angielskiego chcia∏by szybko i sprawnie opanowaç bardziej skomplikowane konstrukcje sk∏adniowe, ˝eby móc swobodniej pos∏ugiwaç si´ tym j´zykiem. Nie jest to wcale takie trudne. Aby si´ o tym przekonaç, si´gnij po repetytorium Lingo „Angielski. Trudne konstrukcje bez tajemnic".

Ksià˝ka jest skierowana do uczniów, maturzystów, studentów, osób przygotowujàcych si´ do egzaminów j´zykowych, a tak˝e wszystkich, którzy chcà uporzàdkowaç i poszerzyç swojà wiedz´ o wybranych trudniejszych konstrukcjach sk∏adniowych angielszczyzny. Uwzgl´dnia materia∏ wymagany na nowej maturze oraz egzaminach takich jak First Certificate in English czy Certificate in Advanced English.

Op∏aca si´ poÊwi´ciç nieco trudu nauce gramatyki – bez wàtpienia zaowocuje to wyraênym pog∏´bieniem biernej i czynnej znajomoÊci angielskiego. J´zyk to przebogate medium umo˝liwiajàce komunikacj´ pomi´dzy ludêmi. W trakcie jego rozwoju obok imponujàcego zasobu s∏ownictwa ukszta∏towa∏o si´ wiele konstrukcji gramatycznych pozwalajàcych na sprawne przekazywanie informacji. W niniejszej publikacji proponujemy dok∏adniejsze zaznajomienie si´ z trzema wa˝nymi obszarami tematycznymi gramatyki angielskiej, które cz´sto nastr´czajà wiele problemów uczàcym si´ j´zyka angielskiego. Sà to: mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na, zdania warunkowe, oraz strona bierna.

Ka˝da z trzech cz´Êci podr´cznika sk∏ada si´ z krótkiego wprowadzenia, poszczególnych rozdzia∏ów tematycznych oraz klucza do çwiczeƒ pozwalajàcego

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Wst´p

sprawdziç poprawnoÊç odpowiedzi. Ponadto poprzedza jà krótki test sprawdzajàcy, który pozwoli zorientowaç Ci si´, jakim zagadnieniom musisz poÊwi´ciç wi´cej uwagi. Rozdzia∏y obejmujà wst´pnà charakterystyk´ problematyki, której sà poÊwi´cone, cz´Êç merytorycznà prezentujàcà odpowiednie zasady gramatyczne zilustrowanà starannie dobranymi przyk∏adami wraz z ich polskimi t∏umaczeniami oraz zestaw çwiczeƒ pozwalajàcy opanowaç i utrwaliç omawiane zagadnienia.

Ksià˝ka stanowi obszerne rozszerzenie – przede wszystkim o urozmaicony zestaw çwiczeƒ –repetytorium „Angielski. Gramatyka z çwiczeniami" wydawnictwa Lingo.

Wa˝ne konstrukcje angielskie nie b´dà mia∏y teraz dla Ciebie tajemnic!

Z ˝yczeniami sukcesów

Autorka

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1. Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

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Sprawdê si´ Wykonaj çwiczenia i sprawdê swojà wiedz´. Pomogà Ci one oceniç, na czym nale˝y si´ skoncentrowaç w nauce zagadnieƒ przedstawionych w tym rozdziale. 1. Poni˝sze zdania zmieƒ na mow´ niezale˝nà. 1. She said that there weren’t any tickets left.

_________________________________________________________________ 2. Lynn told me she didn’t understand the instruction.

_________________________________________________________________ 3. He said that he had never planned to be a teacher.

_________________________________________________________________ 4. Chloe said that she had left her luggage on the train.

_________________________________________________________________ 5. Mr Bright said that he was moving to the suburbs.

_________________________________________________________________ 6. Bob told me that he was very upset by her remarks.

_________________________________________________________________ 7. He said that he had met her the day before.

_________________________________________________________________ 8. Jacky told me to put the key there.

_________________________________________________________________ 9. Mark said he would never give up.

_________________________________________________________________ 10. Andrew said that his new book was coming out next month.

_________________________________________________________________ 11. Brian told me that he was sorry for his behaviour.

_________________________________________________________________ 12. Vince said that he used to smoke like a chimney.

_________________________________________________________________ 13. He said that the flyover was scheduled to be completed in May.

_________________________________________________________________ 14. The doctor told me that I needed to start exercising.

_________________________________________________________________ 15. She said that she wouldn’t object.

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ANGIELSKI WA˚NE KONSTRUKCJE

2. Uzupe∏nij poni˝sze zdania w mowie zale˝nej. 1. “I will drop by tomorrow.” He told ____________________________ 2. “What have you done?” She asked ____________________________ 3. “You’re looking wonderful today.” He said ____________________________ 4. “Can I call you back?” He asked ____________________________ 5. “This ring is beautiful.” She said ____________________________ 6. “I haven’t got a clue.” She said ____________________________ 7. “I met Jack in a DIY store.” He told ____________________________ 8. “I didn’t enjoy this performance.” She said ____________________________ 9. “We missed the bus by 10 minutes.” He said ____________________________ 10. “You have no reason to be angry.” She said ____________________________ 11. “OK. I will go first.” He agreed ____________________________ 12. “I won’t tell your secret to anyone.” She promised _______________________ 13. “This is really bad.” He said ____________________________ 14. “I like it here.” She said ____________________________ 15. “Cut down on coffee.” He advised ____________________________

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Wprowadzenie Komunikacja j´zykowa nie mo˝e obejÊç si´ bez relacjonowania opinii, stwierdzeƒ, pytaƒ, sugestii zas∏yszanych czy odczytanych. W przypadku przywo∏ywania czyichÊ s∏ów w piÊmie mamy zawsze mo˝liwoÊç wzi´cia danej wypowiedzi w cudzys∏ów i poprzedzenia jej stosownym czasownikiem wprowadzajàcym takim jak say, tell (najcz´Êciej spotykane) bàdê np.: inform, claim, argue. Mamy wtedy do czynienia z mowà niezale˝nà (direct speech). Mowy niezale˝nej u˝ywa si´ przewa˝nie w j´zyku pisanym, aby przytoczyç dok∏adnie czyjeÊ s∏owa. Wyst´puje w dialogach w powieÊciach, nowelach i innych utworach literackich. Stosuje si´ jà w sytuacjach, w których wa˝na jest precyzja, np. w takich dziedzinach jak prawo czy polityka.

Philip said, “I am tired.” Philip powiedzia∏: „Jestem zm´czony”. “I will call you soon,” Paul told me. „Wkrótce zadzwoni´ do ciebie” – powiedzia∏ Paul. Beth said, “I didn’t expect the truth to come out.” Beth powiedzia∏a: „Nie spodziewa∏am si´, ˝e prawda wyjdzie na jaw”. George Bush said, “Dick Cheney and I will do everything we can to keep the peace.” George Bush powiedzia∏: „Dick Cheney i ja zrobimy wszystko, co mo˝emy, aby utrzymaç pokój”. Tony Blair said, “Sometimes the only chance for peace is a readiness for war.” Tony Blair powiedzia∏: „Czasami jedyna szansa na pokój, to gotowoÊç do wojny”.

W przypadku wypowiedzi ustnej jesteÊmy zdani raczej na mow´ zale˝nà (reported/ /indirect speech) – nie wyst´puje tu przecie˝ tak skuteczne narz´dzie separacji przytaczanego wyra˝enia jakim jest znak cudzys∏owu:

Philip said that he was tired. Philip powiedzia∏, ˝e jest zm´czony. Paul told me that he would call me soon. Paul powiedzia∏ mi, ˝e wkrótce do mnie zadzwoni. Beth said that she hadn’t expected the truth to come out. Beth powiedzia∏a, ˝e nie spodziewa∏a si´, ˝e prawda wyjdzie na jaw. George Bush said that he and Dick Cheney would do everything they could to keep the peace. George Bush powiedzia∏, ˝e Dick Cheney i on zrobià wszystko, co mogà, aby utrzymaç pokój. Tony Blair said that sometimes the only chance for peace is a readiness for war. Tony Blair powiedzia∏, ˝e czasami jedyna szansa na pokój to gotowoÊç do wojny. 10

ANGIELSKI WA˚NE KONSTRUKCJE

Relacjonujàc wypowiedzi w mowie zale˝nej nale˝y zwracaç uwag´ na nast´pstwo czasów. Zazwyczaj pociàga to za sobà zmian´ czasów gramatycznych, okreÊleƒ czasu i miejsca, zaimków osobowych i dzier˝awczych. Musimy równie˝ podjàç decyzj´ czy przytoczyç czyjàÊ wypowiedê w pe∏nej rozciàg∏oÊci, czy mo˝e jà skróciç albo zwi´êle streÊciç w kilku s∏owach, np.:

“I would like to thank my husband, my parents and my friends for supporting me from the beginning,” she said. „Chcia∏abym podzi´kowaç mojemu m´˝owi, moim rodzicom, moim przyjacio∏om za wspieranie mnie od poczàtku” – powiedzia∏a. She thanked everyone for supporting her from the beginning. Podzi´kowa∏a ka˝demu za wspieranie jej od poczàtku. The Prime Minister said, “I’ve met governors, mayors, council members and commissionaires to discuss issues related to regional development.” Premier powiedzia∏: „Spotka∏em si´ z gubernatorami, burmistrzami, cz∏onkami rady, oraz komisarzami, aby przedyskutowaç sprawy zwiàzane z rozwojem regionalnym”. The Prime Minister said that he had met local government leaders to discuss issues related to regional development. Premier powiedzia∏, ˝e spotka∏ si´ z liderami samorzàdów lokalnych, aby przedyskutowaç sprawy zwiàzane z rozwojem regionalnym.

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1.1. Interpunkcja w mowie niezale˝nej W j´zyku angielskim znaki cudzys∏owu sà zawsze na górze, natomiast w j´zyku polskim pierwszy znak jest na dole, a drugi na górze. Wed∏ug polskiej interpunkcji kropk´ stawia si´ po ostatnim znaku cudzys∏owie, zaÊ w j´zyku angielskim – przed. Zwóçmy uwag´ na interpunkcj´: gdy zaczynamy od wyra˝enia wprowadzajàcego relacj´. W j´zyku angielskim po frazie wprowadzajàcej stawiamy przecinek, natomiast w j´zyku polskim dwukropek.

She said, “I trust you.” Powiedzia∏a: „Ufam ci”. Je˝eli wyra˝enie wprowadzajàce relacj´ znajduje si´ po zdaniu przytoczonym, wedle angielskiej interpunkcji, przecinek stawiamy po zdaniu i przed drugim znakiem cudzys∏owu, zgodnie z polskimi zasadami po znaku przytoczenia umieszczamy myÊlnik.

“I trust you,” she said. „Ufam ci” – powiedzia∏a.

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1.2. Czasowniki wprowadzajàce Say i tell to podstawowe czasowniki wprowadzajàce w mowie zale˝nej i niezale˝nej.

W mowie niezale˝nej say stosuje si´ bez dope∏nienia lub – rzadziej – z dope∏nieniem poprzedzonym s∏owem to, np.:

She said that … Powiedzia∏a, ˝e … He said to me that … Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝e …

Tell wymaga u˝ycia dope∏nienia, np.:

He told me that … Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝e …

Say i tell mo˝na tak˝e u˝yç z bezokolicznikiem.

The doctor said to take a few days off. Lekarz powiedzia∏, ˝eby wziàç par´ dni wolnego. He told me to stay away from her. Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝ebym si´ trzyma∏ od niej z dala.

Czasownik say stosuje si´ nie tylko wtedy, kiedy relacjonujemy czyjàÊ wypowiedê, ale równie˝ gdy przekazujemy wiadomoÊç zapisanà, np.:

The report says that over 850 million people are undernourished. Raport informuje, ˝e ponad 850 milionów ludzi jest niedo˝ywionych. The label says that the shirt was made in China. Metka mówi, ˝e koszula zosta∏a wyprodukowana w Chinach. The timetable says that the bus will arrive at 8:15. Rozk∏ad jazdy informuje, ˝e autobus przyjedzie o 8.15. The letter says that Paul is staying in Miami. List informuje, ˝e Paul przebywa w Miami.

W mowie niezale˝nej say wprowadza zdanie albo nast´puje po nim, np.:

She said, “I want to go home.” Powiedzia∏a: „Chc´ iÊç do domu”. “I want to go home,” she said. „Chc´ iÊç do domu” – powiedzia∏a. “I am sleepy,” Greg said. „Jestem Êpiàcy” – powiedzia∏ Greg.

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

Tell w mowie niezale˝nej wyst´puje tylko w pozycji po zdaniu przytoczonym, np.:

“By all means,” Beth told me. „Ale˝ oczywiÊcie” – powiedzia∏a mi Beth. “Please, don’t touch the exhibits,” the curator told us. „Prosz´ nie dotykaç eksponatów” – powiedzia∏ nam kustosz.

Do innych czasowników wprowadzajàcych nale˝à m.in.:

to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to

admit (that) przyznaç answer that odpowiadaç argue that spieraç si´, argumentowaç assure + dope∏nienie (that) zapewniaç claim (that) przekonywaç, twierdziç complain (that) narzekaç deny (that) zaprzeczaç exclaim that wykrzyknàç explain that t∏umaczyç inform + dope∏nienie (that) informowaç insist (that) nalegaç moan (that) narzekaç promise (that) obiecywaç protest (that) protestowaç remind + dope∏nienie (that) przypominaç reply that odpowiadaç mention (that) wspominaç, wzmiankowaç grumble that narzekaç speculate that spekulowaç warn + dope∏nienie (that) ostrzegaç convince + dope∏nienie (that) przekonywaç notify + dope∏nienie + that informowaç

jak równie˝ wyrazy pierwotnie oznaczajàce g∏osy zwierzàt (mogà zawieraç element negatywnej oceny)

to to to to to

snarl warknàç, burknàç, mówiç opryskliwie roar ryknàç grunt burknàç, mruknàç bark warknàç growl warknàç, ryknàç

“I very much doubt it,” she replied. „Bardzo w to wàtpi´” – odpowiedzia∏a.

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ANGIELSKI WA˚NE KONSTRUKCJE

“I will get you out of this,” he promised. „Wyciàgn´ ci´ z tego” – obieca∏. “Lord, is that the time!” she exclaimed. „Bo˝e, to ju˝ ta godzina!” – wykrzykn´∏a. “The court has rejected your request,” he notified me. „Sàd odrzuci∏ twojà proÊb´” – powiadomi∏ mnie. “My phone bills are too high,” she grumbled. „Moje rachunki telefoniczne sà zbyt wysokie” – narzeka∏a. “I am guilty,” he admitted. „Jestem winny” – przyzna∏. “It is a non-governmental organisation,” she explained. „To jest organizacja pozarzàdowa” – wyt∏umaczy∏a. “It won’t do any good,” he protested. „To nie przyniesie niczego dobrego” – protestowa∏. “Hubba-hubba is an old-fashioned word,” she argued. „Hubba-hubba jest przestarza∏ym s∏owem” – argumentowa∏a. “Get out of my way!” he barked. „Zejdê mi z drogi!” – warknà∏. “Go to hell!” he roared. „Idê do diab∏a!” – ryknà∏. Po wi´kszoÊci powy˝szych czasowników spójnik that mo˝e byç pomini´ty (that jest w nawiasie). W pozosta∏ych przypadkach nie nale˝y go pomijaç. Przy niektórych czasownikach (np. assure) zosta∏o zaznaczone dope∏nienie. Oznacza to, ˝e czasowniki te, podobnie jak tell, wyst´pujà wy∏àcznie z dope∏nieniem.

Aby przekazaç ton wypowiedzi, czasownik wprowadzajàcy nale˝y uzupe∏niç odpowiednim przys∏ówkiem, np.:

she she she she she she she she she she she

said said said said said said said said said said said

angrily powiedzia∏a gniewnie, ze z∏oÊcià brutally powiedzia∏a brutalnie rudely powiedzia∏a niegrzecznie confidently powiedzia∏a z przekonaniem convincingly powiedzia∏a przekonujàco decidedly powiedzia∏a zdecydowanie fiercely powiedzia∏a gwa∏townie foolishly powiedzia∏a g∏upio harshly powiedzia∏a szorstko honestly powiedzia∏a szczerze intentionally powiedzia∏a celowo

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

she she she she she she she she

said said said said said said said said

loudly powiedzia∏a g∏oÊno passionately powiedzia∏a nami´tnie, z pasjà patiently powiedzia∏a cierpliwie sarcastically powiedzia∏a sarkastycznie sharply powiedzia∏a ostro shyly powiedzia∏a nieÊmia∏o sympathetically powiedzia∏a wspó∏czujàco bitterly powiedzia∏a gorzko

“Poor you,” she said sympathetically. „Biedaku” – powiedzia∏a wspó∏czujàco. “You always know better,” he said bitterly. „Ty zawsze wiesz lepiej” – powiedzia∏ gorzko. “You will regret it,” she said fiercely. „Po˝a∏ujesz tego” – powiedzia∏a gwa∏townie. “Mind your own business,” he said rudely. „Pilnuj swojego nosa” – powiedzia∏ niegrzecznie. “How I love reading,” she said passionately. „Jak ja lubi´ czytaç” – powiedzia∏a z pasjà. “I won’t wait,” he said decidedly. „Nie b´d´ czekaç” – powiedzia∏ zdecydowanie. “Leave it to me, I will manage,” she said confidently. „Zostaw to mnie, poradz´ sobie” – powiedzia∏a z przekonaniem. “Don’t be stupid,” he said angrily. „Nie bàdê g∏upi” – powiedzia∏ ze z∏oÊcià. “Shut up, you half-wit,” she said brutally „Zamknij si´, ty pó∏g∏ówku” – powiedzia∏a brutalnie. “This is for you,” he said shyly. „To jest dla ciebie” – powiedzia∏ nieÊmia∏o.

Uwaga: Po mowie niezale˝nej mo˝e zajÊç inwersja przez zamian´ miejsc podmiotu z orzeczeniem, je˝eli w zdaniu nie wyst´puje przys∏ówek ani dope∏nienie.

“Where did you get this?” asked my father. „Skàd to masz?” – zapyta∏ mój ojciec. ale:

“Open the door this instant,” my father said angrily „Natychmiast otwórz drzwi” – powiedzia∏ mój ojciec ze z∏oÊcià. “Black is black and white is white,” he told me. „Czarne jest czarne, a bia∏e jest bia∏e” – powiedzia∏ mi. 16

ANGIELSKI WA˚NE KONSTRUKCJE

åwiczenia 1. Dopasuj poni˝sze czasowniki wprowadzajàce do zdaƒ 1–10. Ask, promise, deny, exclaim (2x), whisper, explain, complain, admit, assure Wzór: “What is this supposed to be?” he asked.

1. “Who’s calling, please?” 2. “I am not a child!” 3. “Shh, not so loud.” 4. “My left shoulder hurts terribly.” 5. “Go away!” 6. “I will get you out of this.” 7. “Yes, I cheated in the exam.” 8. “I didn’t say that.” 9. “They will get here in time.” 10. “Green tea cools the body.”

2. Dopasuj nazwy z kolumny A do napisów informacyjnych z kolumny B. A

B

1. CV 2. diary 3. guidebook 4. invitation 5. label 6. notice 7. leaflet 8. prescription 9. receipt 10. recipe

a) It says that it should be taken on an empty stomach. b) It says that people may register by phone. c) It says that refunds won’t be given after 25 days. d) It says that it is a medium to full coverage. e) It says that the meeting is at 4 o’clock. f) It says that the course is available to graduate students. g) It says that the floor is wet. h) It says that the cake should be baked for 40 to 50 minutes. i) It says that the palace was restored in 1800. j) It says that the he has graduated from Oxford.

3. Znajdê i popraw b∏´dy w poni˝szych zdaniach.

1. He reminded to me that it was her birthday. 2. She replied me that she hadn’t heard anything. 3. He assured that it would be easy. 4. The desk clerk informed that there were no rooms. 5. He admitted me that he offended them. 6. The teacher explained us that Islam doesn’t allow extra-marital relationships. 7. He promised that he would stop lying. 8. She complained that she was unfairly treated. 9. The landlord moaned that we used too much water. 10. She claimed that the telephone bill was paid the previous week.

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

4. Dopasuj do zdaƒ w mowie niezale˝nej 1–5 ich odpowiedniki sformu∏owane w mowie niezale˝nej a–e. a)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

“I “I “I “I “I

will not trouble you.” will be polite.” will arrive on time.” won’t charge any fee.” won’t tell anyone.”

a) He promised to be punctual. b) He promised to be discreet. c) He promised not to demand payment. d) He promised not to bother me. e) He promised to behave himself.

b)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

“I didn’t tell them anything.” “No, I told the truth.” “I didn’t say that.” “I didn’t take part in it.” “I didn’t say who I am.”

a) She denied that she had made such an utterance. b) She denied that she had been involved in the operation. c) She denied that he had been guilty of leaking the information to the media. d) She denied that she had revealed her identity. e) She denied that she had lied.

5. Znajdê w kolumie B w∏aÊciwego mówc´ dla zdaƒ w kolumnie A.

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A

B

1. “The soil was not treated with fertilizers,” 2. “It suits your figure,” 3. “I need this report by noon,” 4. “Practise your spelling,” 5. “I gave up on acting,” 6. “I will stand for election,” 7. “Please don't touch the exhibits,” 8. “Get undressed,”

a) the doctor told me. b) the actor said. c) the boss said. d) the politician said. e) the shop assistant told me. f) the curator said. g) the teacher told me. h) the farmer said.

1.3. Zmiany dotyczàce czasów Present Simple + Past Simple Present Continuous + Past Continuous Present Perfect + Past Perfect Present Perfect Continuous + Past Perfect Continuous Past Simple + Past Perfect Past Continuous + Past Perfect Continuous Past Perfect i Past Perfect Continuous + pozostajà bez zmian Will w czasach przysz∏ych + would

W zasadzie czas przesz∏y zamieniamy na zaprzesz∏y, ale przy wyraênym umiejscowieniu wydarzenia w przesz∏oÊci czas mo˝e pozostaç bez zmian. Zdanie:

“Sue earned her master’s degree in May,” she said. „Sue otrzyma∏a tytu∏ magistra w maju” – powiedzia∏a. mo˝e byç przekszta∏cone na mow´ zale˝nà na dwa sposoby:

She said that Sue earned/had earned her master’s degree in May. Ona powiedzia∏a, ˝e Sue otrzyma∏a tytu∏ magistra w maju. Ale zdanie:

“I played bass guitar.” „Gra∏em na gitarze basowej.” musi zostaç zmienione na:

He told me that he had played bass guitar. Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝e gra∏ na gitarze basowej.

W wypadku gdybyÊmy pozostawili czas Simple Past w mowie zale˝nej (He told me that he played bass guitar), zdanie to mog∏oby oznaczaç, ˝e on wcià˝ gra na gitarze basowej. ale:

He told me that he played bass guitar when he was a child. Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝e gra∏ na gitarze basowej, kiedy by∏ dzieckiem.

Równie˝ Past Continuous mo˝e pozostaç bez zmiany w mowie zale˝nej, jeÊli nie odnosi si´ do ukoƒczonej czynnoÊci, np.:

“When I saw him he was painting the house.” „Kiedy go zobaczy∏am, on malowa∏ dom”.

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

She told me that when she saw him he was painting the house. Powiedzia∏a mi, ˝e kiedy go zobaczy∏a, on malowa∏ dom. ale:

“I was considering resigning, but my husband talked me out of it.” „Rozwa˝a∏am odejÊcie, ale mój mà˝ odwiód∏ mnie od tego”. She told me that she had been considering resigning, but her husband had talked her out of it. Powiedzia∏a mi, rozwa˝a∏a odejÊcie, ale jej mà˝ odwiód∏ jà od tego.

Czasy Past Simple i Past Continuous wyst´pujàce w zdaniach czasowych równie˝ nie ulegajà zmianie, np.:

“When I was living/lived in London…” „Kiedy mieszka∏am w Londynie…”. She said that when she was living/lived in London… Powiedzia∏a, ˝e kiedy mieszka∏a w Londynie…

Czasownik g∏ówny w tych zdaniach zmienia si´ na czas zaprzesz∏y, choç mo˝e pozostaç bez zmian, np.:

She said that when she was living/lived in London she got interested/had got interested in photography. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e kiedy mieszka∏a w Londynie, zainteresowa∏a si´ fotografià.

Czas teraêniejszy w zasadzie zamieniamy na przesz∏y, ale w przypadku gdy relacjonowana wypowiedê jest nadal prawdziwa i aktualna, czas mo˝e pozostaç bez zmiany, np.:

“I do aerobics,” she told me. „åwicz´ aerobik” – powiedzia∏a mi. She told me that she does aerobics. Powiedzia∏a mi, ˝e çwiczy aerobik. “I have never eaten sushi,” he said. „Nigdy nie jad∏em sushi” – powiedzia∏. He told me that he has never eaten sushi. Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝e nigdy nie jad∏ sushi. He said, “I always get what I want.” Powiedzia∏: „Zawsze dostaj´ to, czego chc´”. He said that he always gets what he wants. Powiedzia∏, ˝e zawsze dostaje to, czego chce.

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ANGIELSKI WA˚NE KONSTRUKCJE

Czas mo˝e nie ulec zmianie w przypadku prawd uniwersalnych, czyichÊ zwyczajów lub nawyków, np.:

“Light travels at 186000 miles per second.” „Âwiat∏o porusza si´ z pr´dkoÊcià 186000 mil na sekund´”. She said that light travels at 186000 miles per second. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e Êwiat∏o porusza si´ z pr´dkoÊcià 186000 mil na sekund´. “The Sun orbits the Earth every 24 hours,” he said. „S∏oƒce obiega Ziemi´ co 24 godziny” – powiedzia∏. He said that the Sun orbits the Earth every 24 hours. Powiedzia∏, ˝e S∏oƒce obiega Ziemi´ co 24 godziny. “Bob always sleeps on his back.” „Bob zawsze Êpi na plecach”. He said that Bob always sleeps on his back. On powiedzia∏, ˝e Bob zawsze Êpi na plecach.

Czas przesz∏y po wish, would sooner, would rather, it is (high) time nie ulega zmianie, np.:

She said, “It is time they stopped complaining.” Powiedzia∏a: „Czas, by przestali narzekaç”. She said that it was time they stopped complaining. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e czas by przestali narzekaç. “It is high time he got married.” „Najwy˝szy czas, ˝eby si´ o˝eni∏”. She said that it was high time he got married. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e to najwy˝szy czas, ˝eby si´ o˝eni∏. “I wish I were slimmer.” „Szkoda, ˝e nie jestem szczuplejsza”. She told me that she wished she were slimmer. Powiedzia∏a mi, ˝e szkoda, ˝e nie jest szczuplejsza. “I would rather you didn’t tell anybody.” „Wola∏bym, ˝ebyÊ nikomu nie mówi∏”. He said that he would rather I didn’t tell anybody. Powiedzia∏, ˝e wola∏by, ˝ebym nikomu nie mówi∏.

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

åwiczenia 6. Uzupe∏nij tabelk´. Mowa niezale˝na Present Simple

Mowa zale˝na Past Continuous

Present Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Past Continuous Past Perfect

7. Wyraê poni˝ej podane zdania w mowie zale˝nej.

1. “It is a gorgeous room,” she said. 2. “You speak English very well,” said Beth. 3. “I haven’t talked to him yet,” said Alice. 4. Bob said, “It looks frightening.” 5. “She is a very talented lawyer,” said Jim. 6. Philip said, “I am not trying to offend anyone.” 7. “I am a babysitter,’ said Amy. 8. “We will try again tomorrow,” he said. 9. “I will wash the dishes”, she said. 10. “I won’t repeat the mistake,” said Tom. 11. Tim said, “She is very kind.” 12. “It didn’t happen like that,” Mark said. 13. Katy said, “I will do whatever it takes.” 14. “I won’t say a word”, Grace said. 15. “I have been trying to call you,” said Greg.

8. Przekszta∏ç poni˝sze zdania na dwa sposoby wed∏ug wzoru.

“She is always honest.” He said that she is always honest. He said that she was always honest. 1. “She loves mountains.” 2. “He is always late.” 3. “I have never heard about it.” 4. “I hate Mondays.” 5. “She is getting better.” 6. “It will cost you a fortune.” 7. “He is always blaming me for things I haven’t done.” 8. “I am sick and tired of it.”

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9. “He won’t be missed.” 10. “She doesn’t want to be an accountant.” 11. “My son believes in Santa Claus.” 12. “Beth never gets angry about anything.” 13. “Mrs Right often borrows things from us.” 14. “My sister is a very reasonable girl.” 15. “They live in Twin Oaks.”

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9. Jack mówi∏ ci wczeÊniej:

1. I’ve never eaten Thai food. 2. Laura is only a friend. 3. Mr Jones is my next-door neighbour. 4. I cannot dance. 5. I love all animals. 6. I am going on a business trip tomorrow. 7. I hate spinach. 8. I am an only child. 9. I don’t speak foreign languages. 10. I am a Tory.

Póêniej jednak˝e powiedzia∏ co innego. Wyraê swoje zdziwienie, zaczynajàc od wyra˝enia: “But you said/told me ...”

Jack You 1. “My sister is a lawyer.” “But you said/told me ...”. 2. “I will bake pasta shells with spinach.” 3. “I’ve been dating Laura for six months.” 4. “I won a dancing competition last week.” 5. “Kaeng Kiow Wan Nua is my favourite dish.” 6. “Let’s meet tomorrow evening.” 7. “How I hate ducks!” 8. “Mr Jones? I’ve never heard of him.” 9. “Ich fahre nach Berlin.” 10. “I identify myself with the political left.”

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1.4. Zmiany dotyczàce czasowników modularnych can + could

“I can cook,” he said. „Potrafi´ gotowaç” – powiedzia∏. He said that he could cook. Powiedzia∏, ˝e potrafi gotowaç. “She can sing,” he said. „Ona potrafi Êpiewaç” – powiedzia∏. He said that she could sing. Powiedzia∏, ˝e ona potrafi Êpiewaç.

can + could/would be able (gdy mowa o przysz∏oÊci)

“I can come tomorrow,” he told me. „Mog´ przyjÊç jutro” – powiedzia∏ mi. He told me that he could/would be able to come the next day. Powiedzi∏ mi, ˝e b´dzie móg∏ przyjÊç jutro/nast´pnego dnia. “I can finish it within a week,” she said. „Mog´ to skoƒczyç w ciàgu tygodnia” – powiedzia∏a. She said that she could/would be able to finish it within a week. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e b´dzie to mog∏a skoƒczyç w ciàgu tygodnia.

may + might

“He may come back,” she said. „On mo˝e wróciç” – powiedzia∏a. She said that he might come back. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e on mo˝e wróciç. “I may be wrong,” he told me. „Mog´ si´ myliç” – powiedzia∏ mi. He told me that he might be wrong. Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝e mo˝e si´ myliç.

shall + should (w przypadku proÊby o rad´ bàdê poinstruowanie)

“What shall we tell the children?” she asked. „Co powiemy dzieciom?” – zapyta∏a. She asked what they should tell the children. Zapyta∏a, co majà powiedzieç dzieciom.

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ANGIELSKI WA˚NE KONSTRUKCJE

“What shall I write about?” he asked. „O czym mam napisaç?” – zapyta∏. He asked what he should write about. Zapyta∏, o czym ma napisaç.

shall + offer (w przypadku sk∏adania propozycji np. pomocy)

“Shall I get you a cup of tea?” she said. „PrzynieÊç ci fili˝ank´ herbaty?” – powiedzia∏a. She offered me a cup of tea. Zaproponowa∏a mi fili˝ank´ herbaty. “Shall I take you home?” he asked. „Zabraç ci´ do domu?” – zapyta∏. He offered me to take me home. Zaproponowa∏, ˝e zabierze mnie do domu.

must + must (przy odczuwanej wewn´trznie koniecznoÊci)/had to (przy stwierdzaniu obowiàzku)

“I must get a haircut,” she told me. „Musz´ obciàç w∏osy” – powiedzia∏a mi. She told me that he must/had to get a haircut. Powiedzia∏a mi, ˝e musi obciàç w∏osy. “I must go,” he said. „Musz´ iÊç” – powiedzia∏. He said that he must go. Powiedzia∏, ˝e musi iÊç.

must + would have to (w zdaniach warunkowych)

“If the situation gets worse, we must consider alternatives,” she said. „JeÊli sytuacja pogorszy si´, musimy rozwa˝yç inne mo˝liwoÊci” – powiedzia∏a. She said that if the situation got worse, they would have to consider alternatives. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e jeÊli sytuacja si´ pogorszy to b´dà musieli rozwa˝yç inne mo˝liwoÊci. “If they arrive, we must treat them kindly,” he told me. „JeÊli przyjadà, musimy ich traktowaç mi∏o” – powiedzia∏ mi. He told me that if they arrived, they would have to treat them kindly. Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝e je˝eli przyjadà, to b´dà musieli traktowaç ich mi∏o. Must pozostaje bez zmian w przypadku wnioskowaƒ, stale obowiàzujàcych poleceƒ, nakazów bàdê zakazów i przy wypowiadaniu zamiarów.

“You must be in love,” she said (wnioskowanie). „Musisz byç zakochany” – powiedzia∏a.

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

She said that I must be in love. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e musz´ byç zakochany. “You must be out of your mind,” he told me. „Chyba zwariowa∏eÊ” – powiedzia∏ mi. He told me that I must be out of my mind. Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝e chyba zwariowa∏em. “I must get rid of my old car,” he told me (intencja). „Musz´ si´ pozbyç mojego starego samochodu” – powiedzia∏ mi. He told me that he must get rid of his old car. Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝e musi pozbyç si´ swojego starego samochodu. He said, “Workers must wear protective clothing” (nakaz). Powiedzia∏: „Pracownicy muszà nosiç odzie˝ ochronnà”. He said workers must wear protective clothing. On powiedzia∏, ˝e pracownicy muszà nosiç odzie˝ ochronnà.

Je˝eli must jest u˝yte w znaczeniu rady czy sugestii, to w mowie zale˝nej mo˝e byç zastàpione czasownikiem advise.

“You must see this film,” she told me. „Musisz obejrzeç ten film” – powiedzia∏a mi. She advised me to see the film. Poradzi∏a mi, ˝ebym obejrza∏ ten film.

I mustn’t pozostaje bez zmian w mowie zale˝nej, you/she/he mustn’t pozostaje bez zmian albo jest zastàpione zakazem:

“You mustn’t play with matches,” she told him. „Nie wolno ci si´ bawiç zapa∏kami” – powiedzia∏a mu. She told him that he mustn’t play with matches/wasn’t to play with matches. Powiedzia∏a mu, ˝e nie wolno mu bawiç si´ zapa∏kami/˝e ma nie bawiç si´ zapa∏kami.

need + needed

“I need more time,” Danny said. „Potrzebuj´ wi´cej czasu” – powiedzia∏ Danny. Danny said that he needed more time. Danny powiedzia∏, ˝e potrzebuje wi´cej czasu. 26

ANGIELSKI WA˚NE KONSTRUKCJE

JeÊli po need wyst´puje bezokolicznik, to w mowie zale˝nej mo˝e byç zastàpiony zarówno przez needed to jak i had to.

“I need to go to bed,” she said. “Musz´ iÊç spaç” – powiedzia∏a. She said that she needed/had to go to bed. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e musi iÊç spaç.

needn’t + needn’t/didn’t need to/didn’t have to

“You needn’t apologise,” she said. „Nie musisz przepraszaç” – powiedzia∏a. She said that I needn’t/didn’t need/didn’t have to apologise. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e nie musz´ przepraszaç. “We needn’t worry,” he told me. „Nie musimy si´ przejmowaç’ – powiedzia∏ mi. He told me that we needn’t/didn’t need/didn’t have to worry. Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝e nie musimy si´ przejmowaç.

Would w zdaniach orzekajàcych pozostaje bez zmian.

Used to nie zmienia si´ w mowie zale˝nej.

“It used to be my favourite band,” he said. „To by∏ kiedyÊ mój ulubiony zespó∏” – powiedzia∏. He said that it used to be his favourite band. Powiedzia∏, ˝e to by∏ kiedyÊ jego ulubiony zespó∏.

Might pozostaje bez zmian, chyba ˝e jest u˝yte w znaczeniu proÊby.

“He might refuse to talk,” they said. „On mo˝e nie zgodziç si´ mówiç” – powiedzieli. They said that he might refuse to talk. Powiedzieli, ˝e on mo˝e nie zgodziç si´ mówiç. “They might feel upset,” she told me. „Mogà czuç si´ zdenerwowani” – powiedzia∏a mi.

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

She told me that they might feel upset. Powiedzia∏a mi, ˝e mogà czuç si´ zdenerwowani. ale:

“You might take the garbage out,” she said. „Móg∏byÊ wyrzuciç Êmieci” – powiedzia∏a. She asked him to take the garbage out. Poprosi∏a go, ˝eby wyrzuci∏ Êmieci. “You might clean your room from time to time,” she said. „Móg∏byÊ sprzàtnàç swój pokój od czasu do czasu” – powiedzia∏a. She asked him to clean his room from time to time. Poprosi∏a go, ˝eby sprzàta∏ swój pokój od czasu do czasu.

Ought to/ should pozostajà bez zmian, jeÊli wyra˝ajà obowiàzek bàdê przypuszczenie, np.:

“You should wear your seat belt.” „PowinieneÊ zapiàç pasy bezpieczeƒstwa”. He told me that I should wear my seat belt. Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝e powinienem zapiàç pasy bezpieczeƒstwa. “I should receive my PhD next year.” „Powinnam otrzymaç tytu∏ doktora w przysz∏ym roku”. She said that she should receive her PhD the following year. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e powinna otrzymaç tytu∏ doktora w przysz∏ym roku.

Je˝eli ought to/should wyra˝ajà rad´ to w mowie zale˝nej mogà byç zamienione na czasowniki advise, urge, encourage.

“You should read more.” „PowinieneÊ wi´cej czytaç”. She advised me to read more. Ona doradzi∏a mi, ˝ebym wi´cej czyta∏. “You ought to quit smoking.” „PowinieneÊ rzuciç palenie”. He encouraged me to quit smoking. Namawia∏ mnie, ˝ebym przesta∏ paliç. “You should wear distance glasses,” the eye doctor told me. „Powinien pan nosiç okulary dla krótkowidzów” – powiedzia∏ mi okulista.

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The eye doctor advised me to wear distance glasses. Okulista poradzi∏ mi, ˝ebym nosi∏ okulary dla krótkowidzów.

Could w odniesieniu do umiej´tnoÊci w czasie przysz∏ym mo˝e byç zastàpione przez would be able to, np.:

“He could repair the tap.” „On móg∏by naprawiç kran”. He said that he could/would be able to repair the tap. Powiedzia∏, ˝e móg∏by naprawiç kran. “I could learn German in two years’ time.” „Mog∏bym nauczyç si´ niemieckiego w dwa lata”. She said that she could/would be able to learn German in two years’ time. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e mog∏aby nauczy si´ niemieckiego w dwa lata.

Could w odniesieniu do umiej´tnoÊci w czasie przesz∏ym mo˝e byç zmienione na had been able, np.:

“He could climb trees when he was a child.” „Potrafi∏ wspinaç si´ po drzewach, kiedy by∏ dzieckiem”. He said that he could/had been able to climb trees when he was a child. Powiedzia∏, ˝e potrafi∏ wspinaç si´ po drzewach, kiedy by∏ dzieckiem. “As a little girl, I could write poems and stories.” „Jako ma∏a dziewczynka potrafi∏am pisaç wiersze i opowiadania”. She said that as a little girl she could/had been able to write poems and stories. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e jako ma∏a dziewczynka potrafi∏a pisaç wiersze i opowiadania.

Could w zdaniach warunkowych II typu pozostajà bez zmian lub zamienia si´ na would be allowed to, np.:

“If my mother agreed, I could have a parrot.” „Gdyby moja mama zgodzi∏a si´, móg∏bym mieç papug´”. He said that if his mother agreed, he could have/would be allowed to have a parrot. Powiedzia∏, ˝e gdyby jego mama zgodzi∏a si´, móg∏by mieç papug´. “If there weren’t so much work to do, I could take a day off.” „Gdyby nie by∏o tyle pracy do wykonania, mog∏abym wziàç dzieƒ wolny”.

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

She said that if there weren’t so much work to do, she could/would be allowed to take a day off. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e gdyby nie by∏o tyle pracy do wykonania, to mog∏aby wziàç dzieƒ wolny.

Could w odniesieniu do przyzwolenia w czasie przesz∏ym mo˝e byç zmieniony na was/were allowed to, np.:

“On Saturday I could stay up late.” „W soboty mog∏em nie k∏aÊç si´ do ∏ó˝ka a˝ do póêna”. He said that on Saturday he could/was allowed to stay up late. Powiedzia∏, ˝e w soboty móg∏ nie k∏aÊç si´ do ∏ó˝ka a˝ do póêna. “When I was fifteen, I could watch any movie I wanted.” „Kiedy mia∏em pi´tnaÊcie lat, mog∏em oglàdaç ka˝dy film, jaki chcia∏em”. He told me that when he was fifteen, he could/was allowed to watch any film he wanted. Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝e kiedy mia∏ pi´tnaÊcie lat, móg∏ oglàdaç ka˝dy film, jaki chcia∏.

åwiczenia 10. Wyraê poni˝ej podane zdania w mowie zale˝nej.

1. “You must be over 21 to hire a car.” 2. “She must be seeing things.” 3. “He must be mad.” 4. “You ought to think twice.” 5. “He couldn’t find common ground with some people.” 6. “She could wear whatever she wanted.” 7. “You mustn’t let anyone use it.” 8. “I would like to see you again.” 9. “You needn’t go to all that trouble.” 10. “She used to work as a housekeeper.” 11. “He should be indicted.” 12. “You ought to quit smoking.” 13. “You might clean the house.” 14. “I must talk to you.” 15. “You might succeed in convincing him.”

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11. Napisz poni˝sze zdania w mowie zale˝nej dopasowujàc je do osób wymienionych w punktach a–h.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

“I will take your blood pressure.” “I could take you to jail for driving too fast.” “I would discuss the surge of violence in Baghdad.” “You might be suffering from dysgraphia.” “You mustn’t speak to the jury.” “You needn’t change the air filter.” “I used to live in a poor area of London.” “I can type 30 words a minute.”

a) The nurse told me b) The Prime Minister said c) The teacher told me d) The judge told her e) The traffic cop said f) The car mechanic said g) The actor said h) The secretary said

12. W ciàgu dnia Grace spotyka∏a si´ z ró˝nymi osobami, które powiedzia∏y jej m.in.:

“The prescription expired yesterday. You should call the doctor to renew it.” Grace’s boss: “Grace, I’ve noticed your hard work. You will find something extra in your paycheck.” Grace’s fiancéé: “I would rather get married in Vegas.” Mrs Jenkins: “I may drop in for a chat.” Pharmacist:

Wieczorem Grace opowiada babci o minionym dniu. Uzupe∏nij relacje Grace pos∏ugujàc si´ mowà zale˝nà.

Grace: Grandma: Grace: Grandma: Grace: Grandma: Grace: Grandma: Grace: Grandma: Grace: Grandma: Grace: Grandma: Grace:

Hi grandma! I went to the chemist after work. The lady there said (1) ________________. Oh dear! She told me (2) ________________. Yes, yes. I will do it. And how was your work? Very busy. I am exhausted. And that boss of yours – is he nice? Some days he is nice, some days he is not. Today he said (3) ________________. How nice of him. Yes, I felt some sort of satisfaction. He also told me that (4) ________________. This is a just great! I am so proud of you. And how is Jack? Oh, you wouldn’t believe what he told me today! He said (5) ________________. He said what?! Don’t worry, grandma, I think he was only joking. You know he loves to joke. You never know with him, dear. Oh, while it’s still fresh in my mind. I met Mrs Jenkins on the stairs. She said (6) ________________.

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1.5. Zmiany dotyczàce okreÊleƒ czasu i miejsca now + then/at that time/immediately at the moment + at the time today + that day tonight + that night yesterday + the day before/the previous day tomorrow + the next day/the following day tomorrow evening + the following evening this year + that year last year + the year before/the previous year next year + the year after/the following year the week after next + a week later these days + those days in two days + two days from then the day before yesterday + two days before/two days earlier the day after tomorrow + two days later/two days after ago + before here + there

“I didn’t settle to anything yesterday,” he said. „Nie zabra∏em si´ wczoraj do niczego” – powiedzia∏. He said that he hadn’t settled to anything the day before. Powiedzia∏, ˝e nie zabra∏ si´ wczoraj do niczego. “I will contact you tomorrow,” she said. „Skontaktuj´ si´ z tobà jutro” – powiedzia∏a. She said that she would contact me the next day/the following day. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e skontaktuje si´ ze mnà jutro/nast´pnego dnia. “I last saw him two years ago,” she told me. „Ostatnio widzia∏am go dwa lata temu” – powiedzia∏a mi. She told me that she had last seen him two years before. Powiedzia∏a mi, ˝e ostatnio widzia∏a go dwa lata temu. “I’ve got other things on my mind at the moment,” he said. „Mam teraz inne sprawy na g∏owie” – powiedzia∏. He grunted that he had got other things on his mind at the time. Odburknà∏, ˝e ma inne sprawy na g∏owie.

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“The concert is tonight,” she informed me. „Koncert jest wieczorem” – poinformowa∏a mnie. She informed me that the concert was that night. Poinformowa∏a mnie, ˝e koncert by∏ wieczorem. “I will resume training next year,” he said. „Podejm´ trening w przysz∏ym roku” – powiedzia∏. He said that he would resume training the year after/the following year. Powiedzia∏, ˝e podejmie trening w przysz∏ym roku. “I feel great today,” she said. „Czuj´ si´ dzisiaj wspaniale” – powiedzia∏a. She said that she felt great that day. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e czuje si´ dzisiaj wspaniale. “We are going to hire 100 people this year,” he told me. „Zamierzamy zatrudniç 100 osób w tym roku” – powiedzia∏ mi. He told me that they were going to hire 100 people that year. Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝e zamierzajà zatrudniç 100 osób w tym roku.

Je˝eli this/these nie sà u˝yte w okreÊleniach czasowych wówczas przechodzà w: the, jeÊli okreÊlajà rzeczownik, np.:

“I like this idea.” „Podoba mi si´ ten pomys∏”. He told me that she liked the idea. Powiedzia∏, ˝e podoba mu si´ ten pomys∏. “Buy me this fur coat.” „Kup mi to futro”. She told me to buy her the coat. Powiedzia∏a mi, ˝ebym jej kupi∏ to futro.

it lub they/them jeÊli sà zaimkami, np.:

“This is unbelievable.” „To jest niewiarygodne”. He said that it was unbelievable. Powiedzia∏, ˝e to jest niewiarygodne. “These are my children.” „To sà moje dzieci”. She said that they were her children. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e to sà jej dzieci.

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

“This used to be a good hotel.” „To by∏ dawniej dobry hotel”. She told me that it used to be a good hotel. Powiedzia∏a mi, ˝e to by∏ dawniej dobry hotel.

åwiczenia 13. Zamieƒ poni˝ej podane okreÊlenia czasu i miejsca na takie, które wyst´pujà w mowie zale˝nej.

1. at the moment 2. here 3. in five minutes’ time 4. last year 5. next summer 6. now 7. the day before yesterday 8. these days 9. this evening 10. today 11. tomorrow 12. tomorrow night 13. tonight 14. two years ago 15. yesterday

14. Zamieƒ poni˝ej podane zdania na mow´ zale˝nà.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

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“This is very easy.” “These are very good questions.” “I enjoyed this book.” “These are quite comfortable too.” “I have bought these for myself.” “This is a real war.” “These were the good old days.” “These roses are for you.”

1.6. Zmiany dotyczàce zaimków Wszystkie zaimki (osobowe i dzier˝awcze) oraz okreÊlniki dzier˝awcze podlegajà zmianie w zale˝noÊci od kontekstu, np.:

“My parents visited me on Sunday,” she said. „Moi rodzice odwiedzili mnie w niedziel´” – powiedzia∏a. She said her parents visited her on Sunday. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e jej rodzice odwiedzili jà w niedziel´. “I enjoyed your story,” she said. „Podoba∏a mi si´ twoja opowieÊç” – powiedzia∏a. She said that she enjoyed my story. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e podoba jej si´ moja opowieÊç. “You’re always welcome at our house,” they said. „Zawsze jesteÊ mile widziany w naszym domu” – powiedzieli. They told me that I was always welcome at their house. Powiedzieli mi, ˝e jestem zawsze mile widziany w ich domu. “Ours is the best offer,” he said. „Nasza oferta jest najlepsza” – powiedzia∏. He said that their offer was the best. Powiedzia∏, ˝e ich oferta jest najlepsza. ale

“I saw him yesterday,” she said. „Widzia∏am go wczoraj” – powiedzia∏a. She said that she had seen him yesterday. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e widzia∏a go wczoraj.

åwiczenia 15. Zamieƒ poni˝sze zdania na mow´ zale˝nà, pami´tajàc o zaimkach osobowych i dzier˝awczych.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Bob said, “I have met your parents.” Katy said, “We have bought a new camera.” Tim said, “I’d like you to meet my girlfriend.” Jerry said, “Our car has a flat tyre.” Paul said, “Bet your laptop is heavier than mine.” Sue said, “My job is stressing me out.” Jack said, “No company is better than ours.”

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

16. Przeka˝ w mowie zale˝nej informacje zostawione przez Grega na automatycznej sekretarce. a)

Hi, Beth. We are in Greece. We are staying at the Attica Hotel. It is absolutely fantastic! The rooms are very clean and the staff are friendly. Nothing is too much trouble. We couldn’t have asked for better accommodation! Our room overlooks the sea – it is wonderful to watch the sun set and rise. The food is excellent, especially the home-made bread and cookies. I will call you again on Saturday. Say hello to Mike from Kate and me. Greg left a message on your answering machine. He said that___________________ b)

Hi, Beth. It is me again. We are a bit tired of our room. True, it is clean, but it is very, very small. There is no place to keep our suitcases. The bathroom is also tiny. You can sit on the toilet and brush your teeth over the sink. After the second night I called the reception desk to request a room change, but I was told that the hotel was overbooked and a room change was not an option. We are planning on checking out tomorrow. Say hello to Mike from us. On Saturday, Greg left you another message. He complained that________________

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1.7. Inne zmiany come + go bring + take

“Come with me,” he said. „Chodê ze mnà” – powiedzia∏. He asked me to go with him. Poprosi∏ mnie, ˝ebym z nim posz∏a. “When will you be coming home?” „Kiedy przyjdziesz do domu?” She asked when I would be going home. Zapyta∏a, kiedy przyjd´ do domu. She said, “Bring it here.” Ona powiedzia∏a: „PrzynieÊ to tutaj”. She asked (me) to take it there. Ona poprosi∏a (mnie), ˝ebym to tam zaniós∏.

it + that Nie zmienia si´ w mowie zale˝nej automatycznie it na that. Zamiana taka mo˝e nastàpiç w przypadku, gdy zdanie w mowie zale˝nej mo˝emy uzupe∏niç wskazaniem na kogoÊ lub coÊ, o czym wspominano w zdaniu wyjÊciowym (w mowie niezale˝nej).

“Clean it,” she told me. „WyczyÊç to” – powiedzia∏a mi. She told me to clean that (powiemy tak, wskazujàc np. na plam´ na pod∏odze). Powiedzia∏a mi, ˝ebym to wyczyÊci∏. She told me to clean it (powiemy tak, gdy nie wskazujemy na plam´, poniewa˝ znajdujemy si´ w innym miejscu i nie widzimy jej lub plama zosta∏a ju˝ wytarta, a my jedynie przytaczamy polecenie wczeÊniej wydane).

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1.8. Pytania w mowie zale˝nej Pytania w mowie zale˝nej zmieniajà szyk zdania na oznajmujàcy. W pytaniach podstawowym czasownikiem relacjonujàcym jest ask. Inne czasowniki równie˝ mogà byç stosowane do oddawania pytaƒ w mowie zale˝nej, np.:

to to to to

inquire query want to know wonder

pytaç, zasi´gaç informacji pytaç chcieç wiedzieç zastanawiaç si´

W przeciwieƒstwie do powy˝szych czasowników ask mo˝e wyst´powaç z dope∏nieniem.

They asked, “Do you know him?” Pytali: „Czy go znasz?” They asked me whether I knew him. Pytali, czy go znam. ale

He asked, “Where do you live?” Zapyta∏: „Gdzie mieszkasz?” He inquired where she lived. He wondered where she lived.

He wanted to know where she lived. He queried where she lived.

Pytania typu „Yes/No” Pytania typu „yes/no” (bez zwrotów pytajàcych, np.: what, where, when, whose, who) wprowadzamy w mowie zale˝nej za pomocà if lub whether, np.:

“Are you tired?” she asked. „JesteÊ zm´czony?” – zapyta∏a. She asked if/whether he was tired. Zapyta∏a, czy jest zm´czony.

If i whether zazwyczaj stosuje si´ wymiennie, ale if jest bardziej powszechne. Whether podkreÊla, ˝e nale˝y dokonaç wyboru, np.:

“Where do you want to go: to the cinema or to a restaurant?” „Gdzie chcesz pójÊç: do kina czy restauracji?” He asked whether I wanted to go to the cinema or to a restaurant? Zapyta∏, czy chc´ pójÊç do kina czy restauracji. “Which place would you like to visit first: the Royal Castle or ¸azienki?” „Co chcia∏byÊ najpierw zwiedziç: Zamek Królewski czy ¸azienki?” She asked whether I would like to visit first the Royal Castle or ¸azienki. Zapyta∏a, czy chcia∏bym najpierw zwiedziç Zamek Królewski czy ¸azienki. 38

ANGIELSKI WA˚NE KONSTRUKCJE

Pytania z wyrazami pytajàcymi JeÊli pytanie w mowie niezale˝nej zaczyna si´ od s∏owa pytajàcego, to s∏owo to jest powtarzane, gdy przytaczamy pytanie w mowie zale˝nej.

She asked, “Where do you work?” Ona zapyta∏a: „Gdzie pracujesz?” She asked (him) where he worked. Ona zapyta∏a (go), gdzie pracuje. He asked, “What are you doing?” On zapyta∏: „Co robisz?” He asked (her) what she was doing. On zapyta∏ (jà), co robi. “How do you like it?” she asked. „Jak ci si´ to podoba” – zapyta∏a. She asked (him) how he liked it. Zapyta∏a (go), jak mu si´ to podoba.

Pytania z will you/would you/could you To mogà byç nie tylko zwyk∏e pytania, ale równie˝ wypowiedzi b´dàce w istocie proÊbami, poleceniami, propozycjami czy zaproszeniami. Oprócz czasownika ask u˝ywanego przede wszystkim w pytaniach, mo˝na tu stosowaç inne czasowniki relacjonujàce charakterystyczne dla próÊb, nakazów, propozycji, zaproszeƒ, m.in. shout, order, command, offer, invite, implore, plead, request (zob. paragraf „Polecenia, zakazy, rady i proÊby”).

“Will you phone me?” she asked. „Zadzwonisz do mnie?” – zapyta∏a. She asked if I would phone her. Ona zapyta∏a, czy zadzwoni´ do niej. She shouted “Will you stop and listen!” Ona krzykn´∏a: „Przestaniesz i pos∏uchasz!” She shouted at him to stop and listen/She ordered him to stop and listen. Ona krzykn´∏a na niego, ˝eby przesta∏ i pos∏ucha∏/Ona kaza∏a mu przestaç i pos∏uchaç. He asked, “Would you stay for lunch?” On zapyta∏: „Zosta∏abyÊ na lunch?” He asked (me) if I would like to stay for lunch/He invited me for lunch On zapyta∏ (mnie), czy bym nie zosta∏a na lunch/Zaprosi∏ mnie na lunch. He said, “Will you follow me?” On powiedzia∏: „Pójdziesz za mnà?” He told her to follow him. Powiedzia∏ jej, ˝eby posz∏a za nim. He said, “Will you join me for a drink?” On powiedzia∏: „Pójdziesz ze mnà na drinka?” He invited me for a drink. On zaprosi∏ mnie na drinka. She said, “Would you like a cup of tea?” Ona powiedzia∏a: „Czy wypi∏byÊ fili˝ank´ herbaty?” She offered me a cup of tea. Ona zaproponowa∏a mi fili˝ank´ herbaty.

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

Bob said, “Could you help me?” Bob powiedzia∏: „Móg∏byÊ mi pomóc?” Bob asked me to help him. Bob poprosi∏ mnie, ˝ebym mu pomóg∏.

åwiczenia 17. Zamieƒ pytania 1–15 na pytania w mowie zale˝nej.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

“What happened?” “Everything all right?” “Will that be all?” “What are you talking about?” “How long are you staying?” “What are you going to do?” “How much does it cost?” “What have you done to your hair?”

9. “What is wrong with you?” 10. “Who are you?” 11. “What do you want to become: a doctor or a lawyer? 12. “What is your boss like?” 13. “How are you doing?” 14. “How do you know my name?” 15. “What have you learnt?”

18. Wyraê poni˝sze pytania w mowie zale˝nej, wprowadzajàc przytoczenie s∏owem interpretujàcym wypowiedê, np.:

“Will you stay for dinner?” She invited me for dinner 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

“Will you join us?” “Will you be my friend?” “Will you please go now?” “Will you answer the questions?” “Would you like a cup of coffee?” “Would you recommend me?” “Will you please be serious?” “Will you take me home?”

9. “Will you wait for me?” 10. “Will you stop staring at me?” 11. “Would you turn off the radio?” 12. “Will you give her my regards?” 13. “Would you let me go?” 14. “Would you help me out?” 15. “Will you please behave?”

19. Zamieƒ pytania 1–12 na pytania w mowie zale˝nej.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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“Would you like to be self employed?” “Have you got a light?” “Can you trust him?” “Are you sure you want to know?” “Is your neighbour a bully?” “Is there any way out?”

7. “Do you often skip breakfast?” 8. “Has she really changed?” 9. “Have they kept their promises?” 10. “Is there any problem?” 11. “Does he still work there?” 12. “Do you approve of the ban on beer advertising?”

ANGIELSKI WA˚NE KONSTRUKCJE

20. Jak brzmia∏o pytanie w mowie niezale˝nej?

1. He asked me what time it was. 2. She asked me whether I would come. 3. He asked me if I would do him a favour. 4. She asked him what he was doing there. 5. He asked me what I wanted for my birthday. 6. She asked him whether it was his car. 7. They asked me if I could speak Spanish. 8. They asked us if we knew anything about it. 9. He asked her if he could call back for further information. 10. He asked her if she was taking her pills.

21. Wybierz w∏aÊciwe uzupe∏nienie a, b lub c dla zdaƒ 1–5.

1. He asked me __________. a) where I wanted to go b) where did I want to go c) where I want to go

4. He wondered __________. a) how had I managed to convince my parents b) how I had managed to convince my parents c) how did I manage to convince my parents

2. She asked me whether __________. a) I had seen the film b) had I seen the film c) I saw the film

5. She asked us __________. a) what were we doing b) what were we to do c) what we were doing

3. He wanted to know whether __________. a) are we to wear protective clothing b) did we wear protective clothing c) we were to wear protective clothing

22. Uzupe∏nij relacj´ w mowie zale˝nej na podstawie dialogu mi´dzy Johnem a sprzedawcà w salonie telefonii komórkowej.

SELLER: JOHN: SELLER: JOHN: SELLER:

JOHN: SELLER:

Good morning sir, how can I help you? Good morning. I am looking for a mobile phone. Prepaid or postpaid? I am not sure. What is the difference between them? With a prepaid mobile phone you will buy a block of minutes ahead of time. There are no monthly bills and you don’t sign a contract. However, the billing is based on a per-minute cost. So, if you are going to use your mobile often then you should go in for a postpaid plan. I think I will be better with a prepaid plan. I am not a heavy phone user. One more thing, the SIM card includes 15 euros of calling credit. When it runs out, you have to buy more time. If the card is inactive for a longer period of time, it expires.

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

JOHN: SELLER: JOHN:

I see. Where can I buy the SIM card? You can buy it in any phone shop or at the newsagents, supermarkets or petrol stations. OK, I will take it.

John went to a phone shop to buy a mobile phone. He wasn’t sure which mobile to buy. The seller told him that with a prepaid mobile phone he (1) ________________ a block of minutes ahead of time. He told him that there (2) _________________ no monthly bills and that he (3) ________________sign a contract. He also said that the billing (4) ____________________based on per-minute cost. He concluded that if he (5)_____________________to use his mobile phone often, he (6) _______________ in for a postpaid plan. John replied that he (7) ________________better with a prepaid plan adding that he (8) __________________ a heavy phone user. The seller informed him that that the SIM card (9) ____________15 euros of calling credit, so when it (10)_____________ out, he (11) ___________to buy more time. He added that if the card (12) ______ inactive for a longer period of time, it (13) ___________. Then John asked him where (14) _______________ the SIM card. The seller replied that he (15) ______ it in any phone shop or at the newsagents, supermarkets or petrol stations. 23. Wybierz w∏aÊciwe wyra˝enie, aby uzupe∏niç ka˝de ze zdaƒ 1–7. Pos∏u˝ si´ mowà zale˝nà. “How is the weather?” “Why do you fight with him?” “Are you hungry?”

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

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“Where do you want to go?”

“How do you like it?”

“How is she?”

“Is there any way out?”

Kim was going out for a walk, so she asked me ____________________________ Beth’s sister was discharged from hospital, so I asked her ________________ Tom looked at my contract and I asked him _______________________________ Amy doesn’t go along with her brother, so I asked her ______________________ I saw that he was using a new Canon camcorder, so I asked him _____________ The boy was too shy to ask for food, so she asked him ______________________ Tom picked me up for lunch and asked ___________________________________

1.9. Polecenia, zakazy, rady i proÊby Zdania rozkazujàce w mowie zale˝nej wyra˝amy za pomocà bezokolicznika, np.:

“Call me Vince,” he said. „Mów mi Vince” – powiedzia∏. He told me to call him Vince. Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝ebym mówi∏a mu Vince. “Don’t continue this conversation,” she told me. „Nie kontynuuj tej rozmowy” – powiedzia∏a mi. She told me not to continue the conversation. Powiedzia∏a mi, ˝ebym nie kontynuowa∏ tej rozmowy. “Wash your hands!” she said. „Umyj r´ce!” – powiedzia∏a. She told him to wash his hands. Powiedzia∏a mu, ˝eby umy∏ r´ce. “Give me a break,” he said. „Daj mi spokój” – powiedzia∏. He told her to give him a break. Powiedzia∏ jej, ˝eby da∏a mu spokój. “Get yourself a haircut,” he said. „Obetnij w∏osy” – powiedzia∏. He told me to get myself a haircut. Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝ebym obcià∏ w∏osy.

Do czasowników, które mogà byç u˝yte do relacjonowania poleceƒ, zakazów, rad i próÊb nale˝à m.in.: advise, ask, command, demand, forbid, implore, order, plead (to), remind, request, invite, urge, warn, np.:

He said, “Try again.” On powiedzia∏: „Spróbuj ponownie”. He advised me to try again. On poradzi∏ mi, ˝ebym spróbowa∏a ponownie. “Please, wait for me,” she said. „Prosz´, poczekaj na mnie” – powiedzia∏a. She implored him to wait for her. Ona usilnie prosi∏a go, ˝eby poczeka∏ na nià. “Don’t tell anyone,” he said. Powiedzia∏: „Nie mów nikomu”. He forbade me to tell anyone. On zabroni∏ mi mówiç komukolwiek. She said, “Don’t contact me.” Ona powiedzia∏a: „Nie kontaktuj si´ ze mnà”.

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

She requested him not to contact her. Poprosi∏a go, ˝eby si´ z nià nie kontaktowa∏. He said, “Move your car.” On powiedzia∏: „Przestaw samochód”. He ordered me to move my car. Kaza∏ mi przestawiç samochód.

Innym sposobem relacjonowania poleceƒ i próÊb jest kononstrukcja say/tell+podmiot+be+bezokolicznik, np.:

“Report to the commander immediately,” he said. „Zamelduj si´ natychmiast dowódcy” – powiedzia∏. He said that I was to report to the commander immediately. Powiedzia∏ mi, ˝e mam natychmiast zameldowaç si´ dowódcy. “Don’t discuss the case,” she said. „Nie dyskutujcie o tej sprawie” – powiedzia∏a mi. She said that we weren’t to discuss the case. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e mamy nie dyskutowaç o tej sprawie.

åwiczenia 24. Wyraê poni˝sze polecenia i proÊby w mowie zale˝nej, u˝ywajàc czasowników interpretujàcych sens wypowiedzi, np.:

“You’d better hurry.” He advised us to hurry. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

“Stay at home,” they said “Wait a moment,” Mike said. “Keep an eye on him,” she said Jack said, “Don’t even think about it.” “Calm down and listen carefully,” Simon said. 6. “Don’t be afraid,” Mark said. 7. “Don’t lose hope,” she said. 8. Helen said, “Don’t expect much.” 9. “Leave me alone,” Dave said. 10. “Drink more red wine,” Alice said. 11. “Don’t make me laugh,” Tom said.

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12. Roger said, “Call me back.” 13. “Answer the phone,” he said. 14. Jane said, “Don’t stick your head out of the window.” 15. “Be honest and always tell the truth,” my mother said. 16. “Take it easy,” Paul said. 17. “Apply a hot compress,” Beth said. 18. “Stay in bed,” the doctor said. 19. Ally said, “Keep your opinions to yourself.” 20. “Take the car to a mechanic,” Chris said.

ANGIELSKI WA˚NE KONSTRUKCJE

25. Napisz, co g∏osi regulamin pewnej firmy. Pos∏u˝ si´ konstrukcjà say/tell+podmiot+be+bezokolicznik wed∏ug wzoru. Staff are to respect each other’s privacy.

1. Respect each other’s privacy. 2. Don’t use the phone for personal calls. 3. Wear badges. 4. Don’t accept cash gifts. 5. Don’t leave your valuables unattended.

6. Report any act of vandalism. 7. Smoke in designated areas only. 8. Park your cars in the main car park. 9. Don’t discuss any job-related issues with anyone. 10. Attend appropriate training courses.

26. Przytocz w mowie zale˝nej poni˝sze polecenia wypowiedziane na lekcji przez nauczyciela.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

“Pay attention!” “Don’t speak Polish.” “Don’t talk!” “Be quiet!” “Open your books.”

6. “Do not copy other students’ work.” 7. “Write a story about your best friend.” 8. “Take out your pens.” 9. “Don’t forget to do your homework.” 10. “Put up your hand if you want to speak.”

27. Philip cz´sto tresuje swojego psa, Alf´. Powiedz (w mowie zale˝nej), jakie polecenia mu wydaje.

1. 2. 3. 4.

“Lie down.” “Jump up.” “Fetch.” “Don’t bark.”

5. 6. 7. 8.

“Shake.” “Up you come.” “Heel.” “Roll over.”

28. Uzupe∏nij luki w zdaniach 1–9 odpowiednimi zdaniami z bajki Ezopa przekszta∏conymi na mow´ zale˝à. Zwróç uwag´ na wszystkie przekszta∏cenia.

(1) THE HARE was once boasting of his speed before the other animals. (2) “I have never yet been beaten,” said he, (3) “I challenge any one here to race with me.” (4) The Tortoise said quietly, “I accept your challenge.” (5) “That is a good joke,” said the Hare; (6) “I could dance round you all the way.” (7) “Keep your boasting till you’ve beaten,” answered the Tortoise. (8) “Shall we race?” So a course was fixed and a start was made. The Hare darted almost out of sight at once, but soon stopped and, to show his contempt for the Tortoise, lay down to have a nap. The Tortoise plodded on and plodded on, and when the Hare awoke from his nap, he saw the Tortoise just near the winningpost and could not run up in time to save the race. (9) Then said the Tortoise: “PLODDING WINS THE RACE.”Aesop’s Tale “The Tortoise and the Hare” 1) 2) 4) 5) 7) 9)

The narrator said that _________________________________________________. The Hare said that___________________________and 3)____________________. The Tortoise replied that________________________________________________. The Hare retorted that ___________________adding that 6) _________________. The Tortoise told him ____________________and 8) _______________________. After the Tortoise won the race, he told the Hare _________________________.

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1.10. Zdania wykrzyknikowe w mowie zale˝nej Zdania wykrzyknikowe stajà si´ zdaniami oznajmujàcymi w mowie zale˝nej.

Zdania wykrzyknikowe zaczynajàce si´ na: how, what sà relacjonowane w mowie zale˝nej za pomocà czasowników: exclaim, yell.

“How annoying!” she said. „Jakie nieznoÊne!” – powiedzia∏a. She yelled that it was annoying. Krzykn´∏a, ˝e to jest nieznoÊne. “What a challenge!” he said. „Co za wyzwanie!” – powiedzia∏. He exclaimed that it was a challenge. Krzyknà∏, ˝e to jest wyzwanie.

Wykrzykniki typu: „Lord”, „Oh”, „Splendid”, „What”, „Dear” mogà byç relacjonowane przez czasowniki exlaim lub yell, a tak˝e opisowo za pomocà wyra˝eƒ: give an exclamation of .... delight/annoyance/satisfaction/surprise/joy/terror/ disappointment/wonder/impatience/relief/dismay/disgust, itp. Poni˝ej lista przyk∏adowych wykrzykników w j´zyku angielskim:

Z∏oÊç – damn! damnation! the devil! doggone! ha! hang it! hell! rats! what! Irytacja – dear! bother! damn! damnation! mercy! merde! oof! ouf! ouch! tut-tut! Aprobata – hear! hear! so! RadoÊç – ah! ach! goody! heyday! hurrah! whoop! whoopee! splendid! Wstr´t – aargh! bah! phooey! yuck! ugh! pshaw! L´k – eeeek! oh! oh, no! Oburzenie – here ! here! why! Irytacja – hell! lord! merde! upon my word! gosh! boy! Ból – ah! oh! ouch! ow! Wspó∏czucie – dear! dear me! och! Zadowolenie – aha! boy! good! wow! yumyum! Ulga – whew! whoof! Smutek – alas! ay! eh! heck! heh! lackaday! lackadaisy! las! och! Zdziwienie – ah! blimey! boy! dear! dear me! gee! goodness! gracious! gosh! the devil! heck! indeed! lord! say! upon my soul! well! what! why! upon my word! wow! yow! zounds! Triumf – aha! ha! hurrah! so! Podziw – wow! oh! what! blimey! gee! goodness!

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“Splendid, I can’t wait!” „Doskonale, nie mog´ si´ doczekaç!” He exclaimed that he couldn’t wait. Wykrzyknà∏, ˝e nie mo˝e si´ doczekaç. He gave an exclamation of delight. Wyda∏ okrzyk radoÊci. “Aha, I was right all along!” „Aha, od samego poczàtku mia∏em racj´!” He exclaimed that he had been right all along. Wykrzyknà∏, ˝e od samego poczàtku mia∏ racj´. He gave an exclamation of satisfaction. Wyda∏ okrzyk satysfakcji. “Hurrah, I’ve made it!” „Hura, uda∏o mi si´!” She exclaimed that she had made it. Wykrzykn´∏a, ˝e jej si´ uda∏o. She gave an exclamation of triumph. Wyda∏a okrzyk triumfu. “Oh, it hurts!” „A∏, to boli!” He exclaimed that it hurt. Wykrzyknà∏, ˝e to boli. He gave an exclamation of pain. Wyda∏ okrzyk bólu. “Gosh, I’ve forgotten my keys!” „Ojej, zapomnia∏em kluczy!” She exclaimed that she had forgotten her keys. Wykrzykn´∏a, ˝e zapomnia∏a kluczy. She gave an exclamation of irritation. Wyda∏a okrzyk irytacji. “Boy, what a hot day!” „O rety, co za upalny dzieƒ!” He exclaimed that it was a hot day. Wykrzyknà∏, ˝e jest goràcy dzieƒ. He gave an exclamation of annoyance. Wyda∏ okrzyk irytacji.

Odpowiedzi „tak” lub „nie” wyra˝ane sà w mowie zale˝nej za pomocà podmiotu i odpowiedniego czasownika posi∏kowego. Simon asked, “Will you manage to handle it?” and she answered, “Yes.” Simon zapyta∏: „Dasz sobie z tym rad´?”, a ona odpowiedzia∏a: „Tak”. Simon asked her whether she would manage to handle it and she answered that she would. Simon zapyta∏ jà, czy da sobie z tym rad´, a ona odpowiedzia∏a, ˝e tak.

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Jane asked, “Can you cook?” and I answered, “No.” Jane zapyta∏a: „Potrafisz gotowaç”, a ja odpowiedzia∏am: „Nie”. Jane asked me whether I could cook and I answered that I couldn’t. Jane zapyta∏a mnie, czy potrafi´ gotowaç, a ja odpowiedzia∏am jej, ˝e nie.

Gdy przytaczamy wypowiedê z∏o˝onà, na którà sk∏adajà si´ np. zdania orzekajàce, zdania rozkazujàce i pytajàce, ka˝da cz´Êç musi byç wprowadzona przez odpowiedni czasownik. Dla zdaƒ orzekajàcych b´dà to czasowniki typu: say, tell, explain; dla zdaƒ rozkazujàcych czasowniki takie jak: advise, ask, command, demand; dla zdaƒ pytajàcych: ask, wonder, want to know, inquire, itp. Przydatnym sposobem ∏àczenia ró˝nych wyra˝eƒ wewnàtrz przytoczonej wypowiedzi jest zwrot adding that.

“I am thirsty. Is there anything to drink?” Peter said. „Chce mi si´ piç. Jest coÊ do picia?” – powiedzia∏ Peter. Peter said that he was thirsty and he wanted to know whether there was anything to drink. Peter powiedzia∏, ˝e chce mu si´ piç i chcia∏ wiedzieç, czy jest coÊ do picia. “I have never watched it. What channel is it on?” she said. „Nigdy tego nie oglàda∏am. Na jakim to jest kanale?” – powiedzia∏a. She said that she had never watched it and asked on what channel it was. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e nigdy tego nie oglàda∏a i zapyta∏a, na jakim to jest kanale. “Is there anything else you would like to say? That is all I have for you,” he said. „Czy jest jeszcze coÊ, co chcielibyÊcie powiedzieç?” To wszystko, co dla was przygotowa∏em” – powiedzia∏. He asked whether there was anything we would like to say, adding that it was all he had for us. Zapyta∏, czy jest jeszcze coÊ, co chcielibyÊmy powiedzieç, dodajàc, ˝e to by∏o wszystko, co dla nas przygotowa∏.

Gdy w przytaczanej wypowiedzi z∏o˝onej ostatnie zdanie pomaga rozwinàç pierwsze, mo˝emy u˝yç as zamiast drugiego czasownika wprowadzajàcego.

“Take an umbrella. It looks like rain,” she said. „Weê parasol. Zapowiada si´ na deszcz” – powiedzia∏a. She advised him to take an umbrella as it looked like rain. Poradzi∏a mu wziàç parasol, gdy˝ zapowiada∏o si´ na deszcz.

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åwiczenia 29. Przeredaguj poni˝sze dowcipy tak, aby wypowiedzi wyst´pujàcych tam postaci by∏y przekazywane w mowie zale˝nej. a) I think that I’m a chicken

Psychiatrist: Patient: Psychiatrist: Patient: The The The The

What’s your problem? I think I’m a chicken. How long has this been going on? Ever since I was an egg!

psychiatrist asked ________________________________ patient answered that ____________________________ psychiatrist wanted to know _______________________ patient replied that _______________________________

b) A good chess player

A man went to visit a friend and was amazed to find him playing chess with his dog. He watched the game in astonishment for a while. Man: „I can hardly believe my eyes! That’s the smartest dog I’ve ever seen.“ Friend: „Nah, he’s not so smart. I’ve beaten him three games out of five.“ Man exclaimed that ____________________ adding that _______________________ Friend replied that _____________________ that he __________________________ c) Worries about mad cow disease

There were these two cows, chatting over the fence between their fields. The first cow said, „I tell you, this mad-cow-disease is really pretty scary. I heard it hit some cows down on the Johnson Farm.“ The other cow replies, „I am not worried, it doesn’t affect us ducks.“ The first cow said that______________________ adding that she ________________ The other cow replied that ________________________________________________

30. Przekszta∏ç poni˝sze zdania wykrzyknikowe w mowie zale˝nej.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

“Ugh! It smells terrible!” “Whew! We made it!” “Oh! I did not know that!” “Wow! You look wonderful!” “Yuck! It tastes awful!”

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6. “Gee! It’s great!” 7. “Upon my soul! I swear this is true!” 8. “Damn! I can’t find my glasses!” 9. “Ah! That hurts! 10. “Oh dear! I’ve locked my keys inside!” 49

Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

31. Dopisuj wyra˝enia z kolumny A z odpowiednimi wyra˝eniami z kolumny B.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A “Ouch! A bee stung me!” “Eeek! A frog! “Dear me! You don’t know that?” “Ay! What a waste!” “Hell! You didn’t even try!” “Aha! So you admit that you were wrong?”

B a) He gave an exclamation of surprise. b) He gave an exclamation of pain. c) He gave an exclamation of fear. d) He gave an exclamation of anger. e) He gave an exclamation of triumph. f) He gave an exclamation of sorrow.

32. Przekszta∏ç wyra˝enia 1–5 z mowy niezale˝nej na zale˝nà. Zwróç uwag´ na odpowiednià transformacj´ “yes” i “no”.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

He asked, “Will you help me?” and she said, “Yes.” She asked, “Have you phoned Mark?” and he said, “Yes.” They asked, “Are you tired?” and I answered, “No.” He asked, “Can you drive?” and she answered, “No.” I asked, “Is he a sports fan?” and she said, “Yes.”

33. Przekszta∏ç zdania 1–10 na mow´ zale˝nà, ∏àczàc je ka˝dorazowo za pomocà odpowiedniego zwrotu.

1. “How do you like my new glasses? I bought them at Harrods.” 2. “You look tired. What’s wrong?” 3. “Is Jack in? I must talk to him.” 4. “Have you talked to her? What is she like?” 5. “Please come in. What can I do for you?” 6. “Be quiet! I am trying to sleep.” 7. “Can I use your mobile? I need to call my boss.” 8. “What are you doing here? You should be on the plane now.” 9. “Have you taken the test? What is your score?” 10. “We are going to the cinema tonight. Will you join us?” 34. Przekszta∏ç zdania 1–10 na mow´ zale˝nà, ∏àczàc je ka˝dorazowo za pomocà „adding that” lub „as”.

1. “Contact John. He will give you more information.” 2. “See the doctor. He will put your mind at rest.” 3. “Will they get married? I hope they will.” 4. “Have you heard his new album? It is amazing!” 5. “Can you tell me the time? I will have to leave at 8.” 6. “Can I get you some coffee? It will do you good.” 7. “Take an aspirin. It will kill the pain.” 8. “You’d better take a jacket. It is cold and windy.” 9. “Get rid of him! He is after your money.” 10. “How is she? I hope she is doing well.” 50

1.11. Zdania warunkowe w mowie zale˝nej Czasy w zdaniach warunkowych pierwszego typu zmieniajà si´ zgodnie z ogólnymi zasadami, np.:

“If he comes, I won’t answer the door,” she said. „JeÊli on przyjdzie, to nie otworz´ drzwi” – powiedzia∏a. She said that if he came, she wouldn’t answer the door. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e jeÊli on przyjdzie, to nie otworzy drzwi. “If it rains, we won’t go fishing,” he said. „JeÊli b´dzie padaç, nie pójdziemy na ryby” – powiedzia∏. He said that if it rained they wouldn’t go fishing. Powiedzia∏, ˝e jeÊli b´dzie padaç, to nie pójdà na ryby.

Czasy w zdaniach warunkowych drugiego typu nie zmianiajà si´, jeÊli opisujà sytuacj´ mo˝liwà choç ma∏o realnà, np.:

“If they offered me a job, I would consider it,” she told me. „Gdyby zaoferowali mi t´ prac´, rozwa˝y∏abym to” – powiedzia∏a mi. She told me that if they offered her a job, she would consider it. Powiedzia∏a mi, ˝e gdyby zaproponawali jej prac´, rozwa˝y∏aby to. “If my car broke down, I would take a taxi,” she said. „Gdyby zepsu∏ si´ mój samochód, wzi´∏abym taksówk´” – powiedzia∏a. She said that if her car broke down, she would take a taxi. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e gdyby zepsu∏ jej si´ samochód, wzi´∏aby taksówk´.

Natomiast czasy w tych zdaniach warunkowych drugiego typu, które sà sprzeczne ze stanem faktycznym, a wi´c niemo˝liwe do spe∏nienia, zmieniajà si´ w mowie zale˝nej, np.:

He said, “If I were older, I would join the army.” Powiedzia∏: „Gdybym by∏ starszy, poszed∏bym do wojska”. He said that if he had been older he would have joined the army. Powiedzia∏, ˝e gdyby by∏ starszy, poszed∏by do wojska. “If I were you, I would accept it,” she told me. „Gdybym by∏a tobà, zaakceptowa∏abym to” – powiedzia∏a mi.

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She told me that if she had been me she would have accepted it. Powiedzia∏a mi, ˝e gdyby by∏a mnà, zaakceptowa∏aby to.

Were to nie ulega zmianie w mowie zale˝nej, np.:

“If he were to win the race, I would be happy for him,” she said. Gdyby wygra∏ wyÊcig, by∏abym szcz´Êliwa” – powiedzia∏a. She said that she would be happy for him if he were to win the race. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e by∏aby szcz´Êliwa, gdyby wygra∏ wyÊcig. She said, “If we were to go abroad, we would go to England.” Powiedzia∏a: „GdybyÊmy mieli pojechaç zagranic´, pojechalibyÊmy do Anglii”. She said that if they were to go abroad, they would go to England. Powiedzia∏a, ˝e gdyby mieli pojechaç zagranic´, pojechaliby do Anglii.

Czasy w zdaniach warunkowych trzeciego typu nie zmieniajà si´ w mowie zale˝nej.

“If she had studied harder, she could have got into Oxford,” he said. „Gdyby uczy∏a si´ wi´cej, mog∏aby dostaç si´ do Oksfordu” – powiedzia∏. He said that if she had studied harder, she could have got into Oxford. Powiedzia∏, ˝e gdyby uczy∏a si´ wi´cej, mog∏aby dostaç si´ do Oksfordu. “If he hadn’t broken the rules, he wouldn’t have been punished,” she told me. „Gdyby nie z∏ama∏ zasad, nie zosta∏by ukarany” – powiedzia∏a. She told me that if he hadn’t broken the rules, he wouldn’t have been punished. Powiedzia∏a mi, ˝e gdyby nie z∏ama∏ zasad, nie zosta∏by ukarany.

åwiczenia 35. Przekszta∏ç (tam gdzie jest to mo˝liwe) nast´pujàce zdania warunkowe w mowie niezale˝nej na zdania w mowie zale˝nej.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 52

“If “If “If “If “If “If “If “If

I were you, I would demand a refund.” I had more time, I would read more.” I hadn’t met him, I wouldn’t have set up a business.” she apologised, I would forgive her.” he insisted, I wouldn’t disagree.” she hadn’t overslept, she would have been on that plane.” he had driven more carefully, he wouldn’t have had the accident.” she comes, I won’t tease her.”

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9. “If they had let us know, we would have picked them up from the airport.” 10. “If she were more passionate, I would vote for her.”

36. Przekszta∏ç zdania warunkowe 1–10 w mowie niezale˝nej na zdania w mowie zale˝nej.

If I were Angelina Jolie ... 1. ... I would be a movie star. 2. ... I would live in a mansion. 3. ... I would hire twenty maids. 4. ... I would be a philanthropist. 5. ... I wouldn’t be doing this job. 6. ... I would have a handsome husband. 7. ... I would do plenty of TV interviews. 8. ... I would have a big collection of shoes. 9. ... I wouldn’t agree to strip off my clothes for love scenes. 10. ... I would demand ten million dollars to star in a film.

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1.12. Streszczenie Nieraz skrupulatne przekazywanie czyjejÊ wypowiedzi nie jest mo˝liwe ani konieczne. Niektóre s∏owa i zwroty, np. „so”, „OK”, „now”, „how about” nie pojawiajà si´ w mowie zale˝nej. Osoba przytaczajàca mo˝e u˝yç innych s∏ów, ni˝ te które by∏y w oryginalnej wypowiedzi.

“So, what brings you here?” he asked. „A wi´c, co ci´ tu sprowadza?” – zapyta∏. He asked me why I went there. Zapyta∏ mnie, dlaczego tam poszed∏em. “Ok. Now what?” she asked. “Dobrze. Co teraz?” – zapyta∏a. She asked what she should do next. Zapyta∏a, co powinna nast´pnie zrobiç. “How about going to the cinema?” he asked. „Co powiesz na pójÊcie do kina?” – zapyta∏. He suggested going to the cinema. Zaproponowa∏ pójÊcie do kina.

Zdarza si´, ˝e relacjonujàcy ocenia i subiektywnie charakteryzuje przytaczane wypowiedzi u˝ywajàc wartoÊciujàcych s∏ów lub zwrotów.

“I’ve got a bad cold,” she said. „Jestem przezi´biona” – powiedzia∏a. She complained that she had a bad cold. Narzeka∏a, ˝e jest przezi´biona. “I am sorry I was so blind,” he said. „Przepraszam, ˝e by∏em taki Êlepy” – powiedzia∏. He stammered his apology. Wybe∏kota∏ swe przeprosiny.

Aby streÊciç wypowiedzi, które przytaczamy, nierzadko pos∏ugujemy si´ zaimkami pytajàcymi. W tym przypadku przekazujemy niejako w pigu∏ce treÊç wypowiedzi.

“Add a pinch of salt to the garlic and crush it with the flat side of the knife,” he said. „Posyp szczyptà soli czosnek i rozgnieç go p∏askà cz´Êcià ostrza no˝a” – powiedzia∏. 54

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He showed me how to crush the garlic. Pokaza∏ mi, jak rozgnieÊç czosnek. “Select the desired ringtone, then you will receive it with a text message. Click “Save” and select “Store Tone” to store it,” she said. „Wybierz dzwonek, który ci si´ podoba, otrzymasz go SMS-em. Kliknij „Zachowaj”, póêniej wybierz „Zapami´taj dzwonek”, aby go zapami´taç” – powiedzia∏a. She taught me how to download a ringtone. Nauczy∏a mnie, jak Êciàgnàç dzwonek. “Buy flour, eggs, a jar of honey and some cheese,” she told me. „Kup màk´, jajka, s∏oik miodu i troch´ sera” – powiedzia∏a mi. She told me what to buy. Powiedzia∏a mi, co mam kupiç.

Tak˝e wyra˝enia przyimkowe sà cz´sto u˝ywane, aby streÊciç to, co ktoÊ powiedzia∏. Poni˝ej lista czasowników tworzàcych w po∏àczeniu z przyimkami wyra˝enia wprowadzajàce mow´ niezale˝nà. Czasownik+about

argue about ask about complain (to someone) about dream about/of enquire about remind (someone) about speak (to/with someone) about talk about/of tell about

Czasownik+on

agree on comment on congratulate (someone) on/for decide on insist on keep on object to

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Czasownik+for

admire (someone) for apologize (to someone) for blame (someone) for criticise (someone) for excuse (someone) for forgive (someone) for praise (someone) for scold (someone) for thank (someone) for wish for

Czasownik+of

accuse (someone) of approve of assure (someone) of inform (someone) of talk about/of

Czasownik+to

admit to confess to consent to explain (something) to object to respond to

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“Tomorrow I am attending a conference on the environment and on Monday I am flying to Zürich,” he told me. „Jutro bior´ udzia∏ w konferencji na temat Êrodowiska naturalnego, a w poniedzia∏ek lec´ do Zürichu” – powiedzia∏ mi. He told me of/about his plans for the next few days. Powiedzia∏ mi o swoich planach na najbli˝sze dni. “My dream is to become an actress,” she said. „Moim marzeniem jest zostaç aktorkà” – powiedzia∏a. She told me about her dream. Powiedzia∏a mi o swoim marzeniu. “Sorry, I am late,” she said. „Przepraszam za spóênienie” – powiedzia∏a. She apologised for being late. Przeprosi∏a za spóênienie. “Yes, I went to the casino,” he said. „Tak, poszed∏em do kasyna” – powiedzia∏. He confessed to going to the casino. Przyzna∏ si´, ˝e poszed∏ do kasyna. “I am very grateful to you for your helpful and quick response,” she said. „Jestem ci wdzi´czna za twojà pomocnà i szybkà odpowiedê” – powiedzia∏a. She thanked me for my response. Podzi´kowa∏a mi za mojà odpowiedê.

åwiczenia 37. Zreferuj poni˝szà wypowiedê w mowie zale˝nej.

“I see little point in taking this discussion further. The rules are clear and are not about to change. I simply reminded you of that, as I am required to do as a moderator – this is not patronising. I see that Tim has already told you this, so it should have come as no surprise. If my previous remark implies that you broke the rules, then good – that is precisely what I meant.” 38. Zreferuj poni˝szà wypowiedê w mowie zale˝nej.

“The Garbage was playing in my town last weekend. It was the first time I had ever seen them live on stage. What a great show it was! I was lucky to have a fourth row ticket so I could see everything perfectly. Soon after the band appeared on the stage the crowd of 60, 000 was into things. People were just singing their lungs out. It was well worth every penny I paid for it, every minute of the drive to get there and the outrageous parking fee.“

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39. StreÊç poni˝sze wypowiedzi.

a) “If you detect smoke, a strange smell or unusual noises around the printer, turn it off immediately.” The service manual says that ______________________________. b) “To get to the city centre, go along this street to the traffic lights, then turn right into Church Street. Go straight on and then turn left at the next traffic light. The city centre will be on your right.” He told me how ______________________________. c) “Lift the cover, put the paper face down on the glass. Select the number of copies you want to make. Then press the “Print” button.” She showed me how ______________________________. d) “We wish you health, happiness, personal fulfillment, good fortune and success in all your future endeavors.” They wished me ______________________________. e) “I bought a dozen eggs, milk, butter, a piece of cheese, biscuits and a bar of chocolate.” She said that ______________________________. f) “We do not accept questions like this one where there is no attempt by the original poster to provide an answer. We require thread-starters to show their own thinking.” He said that ______________________________.

40. StreÊç zdania 1–10 w mowie zale˝nej, u˝ywajàc ka˝dorazowo wyt∏uszczonego czasownika. 1. “It was you who took the money!” she said.

accuse

______________________________________________.

2. “I can read 1000 words a minute,” she said.

boast

______________________________________________.

3. “I can’t tolerate your behaviour any more!” he said.

complain

______________________________________________.

4. “Don’t forget to send Beth a birthday card,” he said.

remind

______________________________________________.

5. “How is your husband?” she said.

ask

______________________________________________.

6. “I have to work at weekends,” he said.

moan

______________________________________________.

7. “My grandchildren work in the financial industry,” she said.

tell

______________________________________________.

8. “Yes, I cheated on you,” he said.

confess

______________________________________________.

9. “You are not working hard enough!” she said.

criticise

______________________________________________.

10. “I behaved like and idiot. I am sorry,” he said.

apologise

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______________________________________________.

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Key

Sprawdê si´ 1. 1. She said, “There aren’t any tickets left.”

2. “I don’t understand the instruction,” Lynn told me. 3. He said, “I never planned to be a teacher.” 4. Chloe said, “I left my luggage on the train.” 5. Mr Bright said, “I am moving to the suburbs.” 6. “I am very upset by her remarks,” Bob told me. 7. He said, “I met her yesterday.” 8. “Put the key here,” Jacky told me. 9. Mark said, “I will never give up.” 10. Andrew said, “My new book is coming out this month.” 11. “I am sorry for my behaviour,” Brian told me. 12. Vince said, “I used to smoke like a chimney.” 13. He said, “The flyover is scheduled to be completed in May.” 14. “You need to start exercising,” the doctor told me. 15. She said, “I won’t object.” 2. 1. He told me that he would drop by the next day.

2. She asked me what I had done. 3. He said that I was looking wonderful that day. 4. He asked whether he could call me back. 5. She said that the ring was beautiful. 6. She said that she didn’t have a clue. 7. He told me that he had met Jack in a DIY store. 8. She said that she hadn’t enjoyed the performance. 9. He said that they had missed the bus by 10 minutes. 10. She said that I had no reason to be angry. 11. He agreed to go first. 12. She promised not to tell my secret to anyone. 13. He said that it was really bad. 14. She said that she liked it there. 15. He advised me to cut down on coffee.

åwiczenia 1. 1. “Who’s calling, please?” he asked.

2. “I am not a child!” she exclaimed. 3. “Shh, not so loud,” she whispered. 4. “My left shoulder hurts terribly,” he complained. 5. “Go away!” she exclaimed. 2. 1-j 2-e 3-i 4-b 5-d

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6. 7. 8. 9.

“I will get you out of this,” he promised. “Yes, I cheated in the exam,” she admitted. “I didn’t say that,” he denied. “They will get here in time,” he assured me. 10. “Green tea cools the body,” she explained. 6-g 7-f 8-a 9-c 10-h

ANGIELSKI WA˚NE KONSTRUKCJE

3. 1. He reminded me that it was her birthday.

2. She replied that she hadn’t heard anything. 3. He assured me that it would be easy. 4. The desk clerk informed me that there were no rooms. 5. He admitted that he offended them. 6. The teacher explained that/to us that Islam doesn’t allow extra-marital relationships. 7. Zdanie poprawne 8. Zdanie poprawne 9. Zdanie poprawne 10. Zdanie poprawne 4. a) 1-d 2-e 3-a 4-c 5-b

b) 1-c 2-e 3-a 4-b 5-d

5. 1-h 2-e 3-c 4-g 5-b 6-d 7-f 8-a 6. Mowa niezale˝na Present Simple

Mowa zale˝na Past Simple

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous bez zmian

Past Perfect 7. 1. She said that it was a gorgeous room.

2. Beth said that I spoke English very well. 3. Alice said that she hadn’t talked to him yet. 4. Bob said that it looked frightening. 5. Jim said that she was a very talented lawyer. 6. Philip said that he was not trying to offend anyone. 7. Amy said that she was a babysitter. 8. He said that he would try the following day. 9. She said that she would wash the dishes. 10. Tom said that he wouldn’t repeat the mistake. 11. Tim said that she was very kind. 12. Mark said that it hadn’t happened like that. 13. Katy said that she would do whatever it takes. 14. Grace said that she wouldn’t say a word. 15. Greg said that he had been trying to call me. 8. 1. She said that she loves mountains/that she loved mountains.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

She said that he is always late/was always late. He said that he has never heard about it/had never heard about it. She said that she hates Mondays/hated Mondays. He said that she is getting better/was getting better. She said that it will cost me a fortune/would cost me a fortune. She said that he is always blaming her for things she didn’t do/was always blaming her for things she hadn’t done.

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

8. He said that he is sick and tired of it/was sick and tired of it. 9. She said that he won’t be missed/wouldn’t be missed. 10. He said that she doesn’t want to be an accountant/didn’t want to be an accountant. 11. She said that her son doesn’t believe in Santa Claus/ didn’t believe in Santa Claus. 12. He said that Beth never gets angry about anything/never got angry about anything. 13. She said that Mrs Right often borrows things from them/often borrowed things from them. 14. He said that his sister is a very reasonable girl/was a very reasonable girl. 15. She said that live in Twin Oaks/lived in Twin Oaks. 9. 2. But you said that you hate/hated spinach.

3. But you said that she is/was only a friend. 4. But you said that you cannot/couldn’t dance. 5. But you said that you have/had never eaten Thai food. 6. But you said that you are/were going on a business trip. 7. But you said that you love/loved all animals. 8. But you said that he is/was your next-door neighbour. 9. But you said that you don’t/didn’t speak foreign languages. 10. But you said that you are/were a Tory. 10. 1. She said that I must be over 21 to hire a car.

2. 3. 4. 5.

He said that she must be seeing things. She said that he must be mad. He advised me to think twice/He said that I ought to think twice. She said that he couldn’t find common ground with some people/She said he hadn’t been able to find common ground with some people. 6. He said that she could wear whatever she wanted/He said that she was allowed to wear whatever she wanted. 7. She said that I mustn’t let anyone use it. 8. He said that he would like to see me again. 9. She said that I needn’t/didn’t need/didn’t have to go to all that trouble. 10. He said that she used to work as a housekeeper. 11. She said that he should be indicted. 12. He advised/urged/encouraged me to quit smoking. 13. She asked me to clean the house. 14. He said that she must/had to talk to me. 15. She said that she might succeed in convincing him. 11. 1. The nurse told me that she would take my blood pressure.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

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The The The The The The The

Prime Minister said that he would discuss the surge of violence in Baghdad. teacher told me that I might be suffering from dysgraphia. judge told her that she mustn’t speak to the jury/wasn’t to speak to the jury. traffic cop said that he could take me to jail for driving too fast. car mechanic said that I didn’t have to/didn’t need to change the air filter. actor said that he used to live in a poor area of London. secretary said that she could type 30 words a minute.

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12. 1. (that) the prescription expired the day before.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

(that) (that) (that) (that) (that)

you should call the doctor to renew it. he had noticed my hard work. I would find something extra in my paycheck. he would rather get married in Vegas. she might drop in for a chat.

13. 1. at the time

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

there five minutes later the year before/the previous day the following summer then/at that time/immediately two days before/two days earlier those days

9. that evening 10. that day 11. the next day/the following day 12. the following night 13. that night 14. two years before 15. the day before/the previous day

14. 1. She said that it was very easy.

5. She said that she had bought them 2. He said that they were very good for herself. questions. 6. He said that it was a real war. 3. She said that she had enjoyed the book. 7. She said that they were the good 4. He said that they were quite old days. comfortable too. 8. He said that the roses were for her.

15. 1. Bob said that he had met my parents.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Katy said that they had bought a new camera. Tim said that he’d like me to meet his girlfriend. Jerry said that their car had a flat tyre. Paul said that he bet my laptop was heavier than his. Sue said that her job was stressing her out. Jack said that no company was better than theirs.

16. a)

He said that they were in Greece, that they were staying at the Attica Hotel. He told Beth that it was absolutely fantastic. He said that the rooms were very clean and the staff were friendly. He said that nothing was too much trouble. He said that they couldn’t have asked for better accommodation. He mentioned that their room overlooked the sea so it was wonderful to watch the sun rise and set. He added that the food was excellent, especially the home-made bread and cookies. Finally, he said that he would call Beth again on Saturday. He asked her to say hello to Mike from Kate and him. b)

He told Beth that they were a bit tired of their room. He admitted that it was clean, but he grumbled that it was very small. He said that there was no place to keep their suitcases. He complained that the bathroom was also tiny. He said that after the second night he had called the reception desk to request a room change, but he had been told that the hotel was overbooked and a room change wasn’t an option. He continued saying that they were planning on checking out the next day. He asked Beth to say hello to Mike from them.

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17. 1. She queried what had happened.

2. He asked whether everything was all right. 3. She asked whether that would be all. 4. He wondered what I was talking about. 5. She wanted to know how long I was staying. 6. He asked me what I was going to do. 7. She inquired how much it cost. 8. He asked me what I had done to my hair. 9. She asked me what was wrong with me. 10. He wondered who I was. 11. She wanted to know what I wanted to become: a doctor or a lawyer. 12. He asked me what my boss was like. 13. She wanted to know what I was doing. 14. He queried how I knew his name. 15. She queried what I had learnt. 18. 1. He invited me to join them.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

She asked me if I would be her friend. He told me to go immediately. She told me to answer the questions. He offered me a cup of coffee. She implored me/begged me to recommend her. 7. He ordered me to be serious. 8. She asked me to take her home.

9. He asked me to wait for him. 10. He told her to stop staring at him. 11. She asked him to turn off the radio. 12. He told me to give her his regards. 13. She begged me to let her go. 14. He implored me to help him out. 15. She ordered them to behave themselves.

19. 1. She asked me whether I would like to be self employed.

2. He asked me if I had got a light. 3. She wondered whether I could trust him. 4. He asked me whether I was sure I wanted to know. 5. She wanted to know if our neighbour was a bully. 6. He queried whether there was any way out. 7. She asked me if I often skipped breakfast. 8. He asked whether she had really changed. 9. She asked if they had kept their promises. 10. He wondered if there was any problem. 11. She wanted to know if he still worked there. 12. He asked if I approved of the ban on beer advertising. 20. 1. What time is it?

2. 3. 4. 5.

Will you come? Will you do me a favour? What are you doing here? What do you want for your birthday?

21. 1-a 2-a 3-c 4-b 5-c

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6. Is it your car? 7. Can you speak Spanish? 8. Do you know anything about it? 9. Can I call back for further information? 10. Are you taking your pills?

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22. 1. would buy

2. 3. 4. 5.

were didn’t was were

6. should go 7. would be 8. wasn’t 9. included 10. ran

23. 1. how the weather was

2. how she was 3. whether there was any way out 4. why she fought with him

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

had was expired he could buy could buy

5. how he liked it 6. whether he was hungry 7. where I wanted to go

24. Sugerowane odpowiedzi.

1. They advised me to stay at home. 2. Mike asked me to wait a moment. 3. She demanded that I (should) keep an eye on him. 4. Jack forbade me to think about it. 5. Simon asked me to calm down and listen carefully. 6. Mark told me not to be afraid. 7. She told me not to lose hope. 8. Helen warned me not to expect much. 9. Dave told me to leave him alone. 10. Alice offered me to drink more red wine. 11. Tom told me not to make him laugh. 12. Roger implored me to call him back. 13. He asked me to answer the phone. 14. Jane warned me not to stick my head out of the window. 15. My mother reminded me to be honest and always tell the truth. 16. Paul advised me to take it easy. 17. Beth advised me to apply a hot compress. 18. The doctor told me to stay in bed. 19. Ally told me to keep my opinions to myself. 20. Chris advised me to take the car to a mechanic. 25. 2. Staff are not to use the phone for personal calls.

3. Staff are to wear badges. 4. Staff are not to accept cash gifts. 5. Staff are not to leave their valuables unattended. 6. Staff are to report any act of vandalism. 7. Staff are to smoke in designated areas only. 8. Staff are to park their cars in the main car park. 9. Staff are not to discuss any job-related issues with anyone. 10. Staff are to attend appropriate training courses. 26. 1. The teacher told us to pay attention.

2. The teacher told us not to speak Polish. 3. The teacher told us not to talk. 4. The teacher told us to be quiet.

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5. The teacher told us to open our books. 6. The teacher told us not to copy other students’ work. 7. The teacher told us to write a story about our best friend. 8. The teacher told us to take out our pens. 9. The teacher told us not to forget our homework. 10. The teacher told us to put our hands if we wanted to speak. 27. 1. He told Alfa to lie down.

2. He told Alfa to jump up. 3. He told Alfa to fetch. 4. He told Alfa not to bark.

5. 6. 7. 8.

He He He He

told told told told

Alfa Alfa Alfa Alfa

to to to to

shake. go up. heel. roll over.

28. 1) The narrator said that the Hare had been/was once boasting of his speed before

2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9)

the other animals. The Hare said that he had never been beaten and he challenged any one there to race with him. The Tortoise replied that he accepted his challenge. The Hare retorted that it was a good joke adding that he could dance round him all the way. The Tortoise told him to keep his boasting till he had been beaten and suggested racing/a race. After the Tortoise won the race, he told the Hare that plodding wins/won the race.

29. a)

The The The The

psychiatrist asked the patient what his problem was. patient answered that he thought he was a chicken. psychiatrist wanted to know how long it had been going on. patient replied that ever since he had been an egg.

b)

The man exclaimed that he could hardly believe his eyes adding that it was the smartest dog he had even seen. The friend replied that that the dog wasn’t so smart, that he had beaten him three games out off five. c)

The first cow said that the mad-cow disease was really pretty scary adding that she had heard it had hit some cows down on the Johnson Farm. The other cow replied that she wasn’t worried because it didn’t affect them ducks. 30. 1. She exclaimed that it smelled terrible.

She gave an exclamation of disgust. 2. He exclaimed that they had made it. He gave an exclamation of relief. 3. She exclaimed that he dadn’t know that. She gave an exclamation of surprise. 4. He exclaimed that I looked wonderful. He gave an exclamation of wonder.

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ANGIELSKI WA˚NE KONSTRUKCJE

5. She exclaimed that it tasted awful. She gave an exclamation of disgust. 6. He exclaimed that it was great. He gave an exclamation of wonder. 7. She exclaimed that it was true. She gave an exclamation of surprise. 8. He exclaimed that he couldn’t find his glasses. He gave an exclamation of anger/annoyance. 9. She exclaimed that it hurt. She gave an exclamation of pain. 10. She exclaimed that she had locked her keys inside. She gave an expression of annoyance/pity. 31. 1-b 2-c 3-a 4-f 5-d 6-e 32. 1. He asked her if she would help him and she answered him that she would.

2. 3. 4. 5.

She asked him whether he had phoned Mark and he answered that he had. They asked me whether I was tired and I answered that I wasn’t. He asked her if she could drive and she answered that she couldn’t. I asked her if he was a sports fan and she answered that he was.

33. Sugerowane odpowiedzi.

1. She asked how I liked her new glasses adding that she had bought them at Harrods. 2. He said that I looked very tired and wanted to know what was wrong. 3. She asked if Jack was in adding that she had to talk to him. 4. He asked me if I had talked to her and wanted to know what she was like. 5. She invited me in and asked what she could do for me. 6. He told me to be quiet adding that he was trying to sleep. 7. She asked me if she could use my mobile adding that she needed to call her boss. 8. He asked her what she was doing there adding that she should be on the plane then. 9. She asked if I had taken the test and wanted to know what my score was. 10. He said that they were going to the cinema that night and asked me to join them. 34. 1. She told me to contact John as he would give me more information.

2. He told me to see the doctor as he would put my mind at rest. 3. He asked whether they would get married adding that he hoped they would. 4. He asked me whether I had heard his album adding that it was amazing. 5. He asked me to tell him the time as he would have to leave at 8. 6. She offered me some coffee as it would do me good. 7. He advised me to take an aspirin as it would kill the pain. 8. She suggested that he take a jacket as it was cold and windy. 9. She encouraged me to get rid of him as he was after my money. 10. He asked me how she was adding that he hoped she was doing well. 35. 1. She said if she had been me, she would have demanded a refund.

2. He said if he had more time, he would read more. 3. She said that if she hadn’t met him, she wouldn’t have set up a business.

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

4. He said that if she apologised, he would forgive her. 5. She said that if he insisted, she wouldn’t disagree. 6. He said that if she hadn’t overslept, she would have been on the plane. 7. She said that is he had driven more carefully, he wouldn’t have had the accident. 8. He said that if she came, he wouldn’t tease her. 9. She said that if they had let them know, they would have picked them up from the airport. 10. He said that if she had been more passionate, he would have voted for her. 36. 1. She said that if she had been Angelina Jolie, she would have been a movie star.

2. ... she would have lived in a mansion. 3. ... she would have hired twenty maids. 4. ... she would have been a philanthropist. 5. ... she wouldn’t have been doing the job. 6. ... she would have had a handsome husband. 7. ... she would have done plenty of TV interviews. 8. ... she would have had a big collection of shoes. 9. ... she wouldn’t have agreed to strip off her clothes for love scenes. 10. ... she would have demanded ten million dollars to star in a film. 37. Sugerowana relacja.

He said that he didn’t want to discuss the decision further. He said the rules are as they are and are not about to change. He added that he meant his previous remark. 38. Sugerowana relacja.

She said that Garbage was playing in her town the previous weekend. She said it had been the first time she had seen them live. She had a great time there and so did the crowd of 60 thousand. She said the concert was worth the money she had paid for it. 39. Sugerowane odpowiedzi.

a) The service manual says that if you detect anything unusual about the printer, you should turn it off. b) He told me how to get to the city centre. c) She showed me how to use the copy machine. d) They wished me all the best. e) She said that she had bought some dairy products and sweets. f) He said that they required thread-starters to provide an answer to their question first. 40. 1. She accused me of taking the money.

2. She boasted of being able to read 1000 words a minute. 3. He complained about my behaviour. 4. He reminded me about sending Beth a birthday card. 5. She asked me about my husband. 6. He moaned about having to work at weekends. 7. She told me about her grandchildren. 8. He confessed to cheating on me. 9. She criticised me for not working hard enough. 10. He apologised for his behaviour. 66

2. Zdania warunkowe

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

Sprawdê si´

Wykonaj çwiczenia i sprawdê swojà wiedz´. Pomogà Ci one oceniç, na czym nale˝y skoncentrowaç si´ w nauce zagadnieƒ przedstawionych w tym rozdziale. 1. Wybierz prawid∏owà odpowiedê. 1. If I had been more careful, this __________

a) wouldn’t have happened

b) didn’t happen

c) won’t happen

2. I __________ a lawyer, if I were you.

a) will consult

b) would consult

c) had consulted

3. But for the quick actions of the lifeguard, she __________

a) would drown

b) had drowned

c) would have drowned.

4. If you __________ a seat, Mr Olive will see you in a few minutes.

a) took

b) will take

c) would take

5. If I __________ a camera with me, I would have captured the moment.

a) had

b) had had

c) have had

6. When I __________ angry, I write songs.

a) will be

b) am

c) were

7. If you __________ speak up, you won’t be heard.

a) won’t

b) wouldn’t

c) don’t

8. If Chloe __________ her ankle, she would be playing in the quarter-finals tomorrow.

a) didn’t sprain

b) wouldn’t have sprained

c) hadn’t sprained

9. If you __________ anything suspicious, contact me immediately.

a) saw

b) will see

c) should see

10. If Chris __________ a better worker, he wouldn’t have been dismissed from his job.

a) were

b) had been

c) would have been

11. He __________ on the podium, if he hadn’t underestimated his rivals.

a) would have been

b) will be

c) had been

12. If she __________ , tell her that I am at work.

a) phoned

b) phones

c) will phone

13. If she were nicer to me, I __________ her.

a) will help

b) helped

c) would help

14. You won’t lose weight if you __________ on eating high-calorie food.

a) keep

b) will keep

c) would keep

15. If Tony ______________________ in a draught, he wouldn’t be ill now.

a) didn’t sit 68

b) wouldn’t sit

c) hadn’t sat

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16. The electricity __________ cut off if they had paid the bill.

a) wouldn’t have

b) wouldn’t have been

c) had been

17. If I __________ in your shoes, I would probably never speak to him again.

a) am

b) will

c) were

18. If you __________ your bachelor’s degree, apply for a graduate program.

a) will complete

b) have completed

c) completed

19. If Tess __________ more, she would be prettier.

a) smile

b) would smile

c) smiled

20. If Jerry were more assertive, he __________ more persuasive then.

a) would be

b) had been

c) would have been

2. Wybierz prawid∏owà odpowiedê. 1. Pack a windbreaker __________ it gets windy.

a) unless

b) in case

c) as long as

2. __________ you hurry, we will be late.

a) Unless

b) On condition

c) In case

3. You may return any item __________ you bring the receipt.

a) suppose

b) unless

c) as long as

4. __________ he proposed to you, what would you say?

a) On condition b) As long as

c) Supposing

5. __________ his help, I wouldn’t have completed my studies.

a) As long as

b) But for

c) Unless

6. Don’t forget to set the alarm. __________ we may oversleep.

a) Provided

b) In case

c) Otherwise

7. Don’t say ‘no’ __________ you will regret it.

a) or else

b) unless

c) providing

8. I will go out to lunch with you __________ I pay for myself.

a) unless

b) provided that c) in case

9. Keep a first-aid kit in your car __________ you get injured.

a) otherwise

b) or else

c) in case

10. You won’t get a job, __________ you are qualified.

a) on condition

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b) unless

c) as long as 69

Zdania warunkowe

11. I will lend you the money __________ you pay it back in a week.

a) on condition that

b) otherwise

c) in case

12. Review the material, __________ you will forget it.

a) unless

b) otherwise

c) provided

13. __________ she is innocent, what do we do about that?

a) Suppose

b) But for

c) In case

14. She is my mother-in-law, __________ I wouldn’t have invited her.

a) or else

b) as long as

c) but for that

15. You can reproduce my article __________ you give me credit for it.

a) unless

b) or else

c) as long as

3. Wybierz prawid∏owà odpowiedê. 1. What would you do if you __________ fired from your job?

a) were

b) will be

c) would be

2. If you __________ to work for us, send us your CV.

a) want

b) will want

c) would want

3. If I __________ you, I wouldn’t have let it happen.

a) don’t trust

b) didn’t trust

c) hadn’t trusted

4. If he __________ me nicely, I would think about it.

a) ask

b) asked

c) will ask

5. If you __________ anything unusual, call the police immediately.

a) saw

b) see

c) will see

6. If she __________ that, nobody would have suspected anything.

a) wouldn’t say

b) didn’t say

c) hadn’t said

7. If they __________ to Canada, we wouldn’t have lost touch.

a) hadn’t moved

b) didn’t move

c) wouldn’t have moved

8. If you __________ your neighbours, I will cancel your lease.

a) will disturb

b) disturb

c) disturbed

9. If the walls __________ they would have interesting things to say.

a) talk

b) could talk

c) could have talked

10. If she __________ her mind, she would have been better off.

a) doesn’t change 70

b) didn’t change

c) hadn’t changed

Wprowadzenie Zdania warunkowe nale˝à do konstrukcji doÊç trudnych dla Polaków. Np. w j´zyku polskim w∏aÊciwie nie zaznacza si´ (odkàd wysz∏o z powszechnego u˝ycia wyra˝enie typu „zrobi∏bym by∏, zaprosi∏bym by∏”) ró˝nica mi´dzy zdaniami warunkowymi drugiego i trzeciego typu, np.:

If she were taller, she would play basketball. Gdyby by∏a wy˝sza, gra∏aby w koszykówk´. If she had been taller, she would have played basketball. Gdyby by∏a wy˝sza, gra∏aby w koszykówk´. If I knew her address, I would visit her. Gdybym zna∏ jej adres, odwiedzi∏bym jà. If I had known her address, I would have visited her. Gdybym zna∏ jej adres, odwiedzi∏bym jà.

K∏opoty mogà wynikaç równie˝ z faktu, ˝e w zdaniach warunkowych w j´zyku angielskim wyst´pujà inne konstrukcje gramatyczne i czasy ni˝ w j´zyku polskim, np.:

If he runs for President, he will need our support (czas teraêniejszy+czas przysz∏y). JeÊli b´dzie ubiegaç si´ o urzàd prezydenta, b´dzie potrzebowa∏ naszego wsparcia. (czas przysz∏y+czas przysz∏y).

If he ran for President, he could win (czas przesz∏y+tryb warunkowy). Gdyby ubiega∏ si´ o urzàd prezydenta, móg∏by wygraç. (tryb warunkowy+tryb warunkowy).

Zdania warunkowe sk∏adajà si´ z dwóch zdaƒ: zdania nadrz´dnego i podrz´dnego. W zdaniu: “If he runs for President, he will need our support” – “If he runs for President” jest zdaniem podrz´dnym, a “he will need our support” zdaniem nadrz´dnym. Struktura zdania warunkowego wyglàda nast´pujàco: If+warunek+rezultat bàdê Resultat+if+warunek KolejnoÊç wyst´powania zdaƒ nadrz´dnych i podrz´dnych jest dowolna. Rozró˝niamy trzy g∏ówne typy zdaƒ warunkowych.

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Uwaga: JeÊli jako pierwsze w zdaniu warunkowym wyst´puje zdanie nadrz´dne, to zazwyczaj stawiamy po nim przecinek (“If I am happy, I smile a lot”). W przeciwnym wypadku (pierwsze jest zdanie podrz´dne) przecinka nie stawia si´ (“I smile if I am happy”).

Jako çwiczenie mnemotechniczne przeczytaj i zapami´taj poni˝szy limeryk. Conditional limerick

Of conditional tenses there are three, the first is a real possibility It’s ‘if’ plus will, for example: ‘you’ll be ill, if you eat too much’, you see. Next comes the second conditional Which is imaginary, unlikely, unreal, It’s ‘If’ plus past and ‘would’ A sentence like this is good: ‘If I were poor and hungry, I’d steal’ The third conditional comes last, For an unreal situation in the past, ‘If I’d had a car, with a top speed of 200 miles an hour I would’ve been out of there that fast!’

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2.1. Zdania warunkowe I typu Forma podstawowa Zdanie podrz´dne If + Present Simple

Zdanie nadrz´dne Future Simple

When I have guests, I take out the best china I have. JeÊli mam goÊci, wyjmuj´ najlepszà porcelan´, jakà mam.

Mo˝liwe wariacje w zdaniu nadrz´dnym Zdanie podrz´dne If + Present Simple

Zdanie nadrz´dne may/might + infinitiveIf

If he comes, I might ask him to leave. JeÊli on przyjdzie, to mog´ poprosiç go, ˝eby wyszed∏. Zdanie podrz´dne If + Present Simple

Zdanie nadrz´dne may/can + infinitive

If she comes, you can welcome her with a chocolate cake. JeÊli przyjdzie, mo˝esz jà powitaç ciastem czekoladowym. Zdanie podrz´dne If + Present Simple

Zdanie nadrz´dne must/should/ought to + infinitive

If he comes, you should show him around the house. JeÊli przyjdzie, powinieneÊ go oprowadziç po domu. Zdanie podrz´dne If + Present Simple

Zdanie nadrz´dne Present Simple

If they come, we have a walk in the garden. JeÊli przychodzà, spacerujemy po ogrodzie. Present Simple w zdaniu podrz´dnym i nadrz´dnym oznacza, ˝e dana czynnoÊç lub sytuacja jest powszednia. Zdanie podrz´dne If + Present Simple

Zdanie nadrz´dne imperative

If she comes, make her feel at home. JeÊli przyjdzie, spraw, ˝eby poczu∏a si´ jak w domu.

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Mo˝liwe wariacje w zdaniu podrz´dnym Zdanie podrz´dne If + Present Continuous

Zdanie nadrz´dne Future Simple/imperative

If she is coming, give her a special treat. JeÊli przyjdzie, dobrze jà ugoÊç. Zdanie podrz´dne If + Present Continuous

Zdanie nadrz´dne Future Simple/imperative

If you are preparing lunch, check a cookery book. JeÊli przyrzàdzasz obiad, to zajrzyj do ksià˝ki kucharskiej. Zdanie podrz´dne If + Present Perfect

Zdanie nadrz´dne Future Simple

If she has come, I will see her. JeÊli przysz∏a, to si´ z nià spotkam.

Zastosowanie Rozró˝niamy dwa rodzaje okresów warunkowych I typu 1) Zdania, które mówià o powtarzajàcym si´ stanie rzeczy, sta∏ych prawdach (ten typ zdaƒ nazywany jest niekiedy 0 okresem warunkowym).

When I am hungry, I am grumpy. Kiedy jestem g∏ody, jestem zrz´dliwy. If you mix yellow and blue, you get green. JeÊli wymieszasz ˝ó∏ty z niebieskim, otrzymasz zielony. This soup tastes better if you use fresh herbs and spices. Ta zupa lepiej smakuje, jeÊli u˝yjesz Êwie˝ych zió∏ i przypraw. What happens to drivers if they injure someone? Co czeka kierowców, jeÊli kogoÊ potràcà? When people drive carefully, there are fewer accidents. JeÊli ludzie uwa˝nie je˝d˝à, jest mniej wypadków. If she is stressed, she can’t sleep. JeÊli jest zestresowana, nie mo˝e zasnàç. When you heat water to 100º C, it boils. JeÊli podgrzejesz wod´ do 100 stopni, zagotuje si´. When it rains, the streets get muddy. JeÊli pada, ulice stajà si´ zab∏ocone. 74

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When the sun rises, the day begins. JeÊli s∏oƒce wschodzi, zaczyna si´ dzieƒ. When it snows, the roads are shoveled. JeÊli pada Ênieg, jezdnie sà odÊnie˝ane. 2) Zdania, które mówià, ˝e jakiÊ warunek jest mo˝liwy do spe∏nienia w przysz∏oÊci.

If you arrive at midnight, the others will be sleeping. JeÊli przyjedziesz o pó∏nocy, inni b´dà spaç. If we take this road, we will get there in half an hour. JeÊli pojedziemy tà drogà, dotrzemy tam w ciàgu pó∏ godziny. If I fail the exam, I may lose my scholarship. JeÊli oblej´ egzamin, mog´ straciç stypendium. If you see this man, contact the police immediately. JeÊli zobaczycie tego m´˝czyzn´, skontaktujcie si´ natychmiast z policjà. If you really want to be helpful, attend the meeting. JeÊli naprawd´ chcesz byç pomocny, weê udzia∏ w spotkaniu. If you find any mistakes in my posts, don’t hesitate to tell me. JeÊli znajdziesz jakiekolwiek b∏´dy, nie wahaj si´ powiedzieç mi. I might go with you if I have my work done. Mog´ z tobà pójÊç, jeÊli wykonam swojà prac´. If you stand on your tiptoes, you will reach that book. JeÊli staniesz na palcach, dosi´gniesz t´ ksià˝k´. If he phones, hang up. JeÊli zadzwoni, od∏ó˝ s∏uchawk´. If it rains, the ceremony will be held indoors. JeÊli b´dzie padaç, ceremonia odb´dzie si´ wewnàtrz. If you keep that window open, your parrot might fly out. JeÊli to okno b´dzie otwarte, twoja papuga mo˝e odfrunàç. If Becky joins our team, we will win the match. JeÊli Becky do∏àczy do naszej dru˝yny, wygramy mecz. If you stop taking this medicine, your infection may return. JeÊli przestaniesz braç ten lek, twoja infekcja mo˝e wróciç. You can listen to Radio 4 if you have Windows Media Player. Mo˝esz s∏uchaç Radia 4, jeÊli masz Windows Media Player.

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If we get up early enough, we will be able to see the sunrise. JeÊli wstaniesz wystarczajàco wczeÊnie, b´dziesz móg∏ zobaczyç wschód s∏oƒca. If you see fire, sound the alarm. JeÊli zobaczysz ogieƒ, w∏àcz alarm. If we buy a car, we will sleep one hour more. JeÊli kupimy samochód, b´dziemy spaç godzin´ d∏u˝ej.

Obok spójnika if w zdaniu warunkowym pierwszego typu stosuje si´ równie˝ when. W odniesieniu do teraêniejszoÊci u˝ycie if sugeruje, ˝e coÊ dzieje si´ stosunkowo rzadko, podczas gdy when sugeruje, ˝e coÊ zdarza si´ systematycznie, np.:

When Beth is angry, I keep out of her way. Kiedy Beth jest z∏a, nie wchodz´ jej w drog´ (Beth jest doÊç cz´sto z∏a). If Beth is angry, I keep out of her way. JeÊli Beth jest z∏a, nie wchodz´ jej w drog´ (Beth jest stosunkowo rzadko z∏a).

W odniesieniu do przysz∏oÊci if sugeruje, ˝e nie jest wiadome, czy warunek zostanie spe∏niony czy te˝ nie. When sugeruje, ˝e coÊ raczej na pewno si´ wydarzy w pewnym momencie w przysz∏oÊci, np.:

If you come, I will show you the pictures of the Tatras. JeÊli przyjdziesz, poka˝´ ci zdj´cia Tatr (jeÊli chcesz zobaczyç te zdj´cia, to przyjdê do mnie).

When you come, I will show you the pictures of the Tatras. Kiedy przyjdziesz, poka˝´ ci zdj´cia Tatr (poka˝´ ci zdj´cia wtedy, kiedy przyjdziesz do mnie przy okazji twojej wizyty u mnie). Uwaga: Kiedy zdanie warunkowe zaczyna si´ od zdania podrz´dnego, wówczas „then” mo˝e byç postawione przed zdaniem nadrz´dnym, np. If it rains, then we will stay at

home.

åwiczenia 1. Uzupe∏nij zdania odpowiednià formà czasowników podanych w nawiasach.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 76

If If If If If

I (be) attacked, I (defend) myself. he (be) bored, he (yawn). I (eat) strawberries, I (get) a rash. she (be) embarrassed, she (blush). I (sit) in a draught, I (catch) a cold.

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6. If my hair (be) too long, I (have) it cut. 7. If I (be) sleepy, I (take) a nap. 8. If they (be) annoyed, they (grow) churlish. 9. If she (be) nervous, she (stammer). 10. If I (promise) something, I (keep) it. 11. If I (smile), my cheeks (dimple). 12. If my head (ache), I (take) an aspirin. 13. If I (be) sad, I (write) sad songs. 14. If my friends (come) over, I (entertain) them. 15. If he (be) angry, he (knit) his brows.

2. Uzupe∏nij zdania odpowiednià formà czasowników podanych w nawiasach.

1. If you (eat) carrots, your skin (turn) orange. 2. If you (sleep) less than five hours, you (have) less energy. 3. If you (be) self-employed, you (pay) your own tax. 4. If you (be) feverish, your body temperature (go) high. 5. If your car (be) stolen, (call) the police. 6. If you (drink) milk, you (get) calcium. 7. If you (take) a loan, the bank (trust) you to pay off the loan. 8. If you (smoke), you (increase) your risk of heart disease. 9. If you (do) exercises, your body (burn) calories. 10. If you (meet) a lion, (stay) calm. 11. If you (be) hot, (turn) the thermostat down. 12. If you (smell) gas, (leave) the building immediately. 13. If you (give) your word, (keep) it. 14. If you (read) books, you (learn) new things. 15. If you (lie), your body language (give) you away.

3. Uzupe∏nij zdania odpowiednià formà czasowników podanych w nawiasach.

1. Don’t complain if you (not go) to the polls. 2. What will you do if he (fire) you? 3. If she is late, I (not wait) for her longer than 15 minutes. 4. If you (not believe) me, just watch it. 5. If you cheat in the exam, you (get) expelled from the university. 6. If they offer me a full-time job, I (not hesitate) to take it. 7. If he (renew) his contract, then he will earn an annual salary of £125000. 8. Don’t blame me, if we (lose). 9. If it (be) true that that he is lying, I will never speak to him. 10. If he (agree) to testify, we will offer him immunity.

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4. Uzupe∏nij zdania odpowiednià formà czasowników podanych w nawiasach.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

If If If If If If If

you (train) hard, you (be) recognized. you (be) recognized, you (start) your career in a youth team. you (start) your career in a youth team, you (improve) your abilities. you (improve) your abilities, a large club (get) interested in you. a large club (get) interested in you, they (make) a good contract offer. they (make) a good contract offer, you (earn) a lot of money. you (earn) a lot of money, you (do) anything you want.

5. Poinformuj o skutkach niezdrowego jedzenia, uk∏adajàc zdania warunkowe, w których wykorzystasz poni˝sze wyra˝enia.

Stop eating fast food 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

get fat damage your health change into larger jeans become sluggish suffer from indigestion people make comments at you

6. Dopasuj do wyra˝eƒ z kolumny A odpowiednie zakoƒczenia z kolumny B, dokonujàc niezb´dnych uzupe∏nieƒ. A

1. anyone is interested 2. you can work under pressure 3. How do you save money 4. you want to keep this job 5. it is Monday 6. she comes round, 7. you plagiarize someone else’s work 8. We will accept the invitation 9. you have any questions 10. I will take you to court

B

a. there isn’t much to save? b. you don’t pay what you owe me. c. they invite us to talk. d. feel free to ask me. e. here is the link which explains it in depth. f. join our team. g. you will do as I tell you. h. I will persuade her to change her mind. i. then the museum is closed. j. you will be punished.

7. U∏ó˝ zdania zgodnie z wzorem:

A: Will you transport your bikes in the car? B: I will, if they fit inside. I will transport my bikes in the car if they fit inside.

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1)

A: Will you come to my birthday party? B: Yes, if I get better

2)

A: Are you going to study at Oxford? B: It depends on whether I win a scholarship.

3)

A: Are you going to lend her money? B: Maybe, but she must promise that she will invest it wisely.

4)

A: Are you going to sue him? B: No, not if he apologizes publicly for his comments.

5)

A: What will you do if you don’t recall his real name? B: I will begin a web search.

8. Uzupe∏nij zdania odpowiednià formà czasowników podanych w nawiasach.

1. 2. 3. 4.

If a black cat (cross) your path, you (have) bad luck. If cows (lick) trees, you (can) expect rain. If something (be) spilled, a drunken man soon (visit). If you (blow) out all the candles on your birthday cake with the first puff, you (get) your wish. 5. If you (walk) under a ladder, you (have) bad luck. 6. If you (break) a mirror, seven years of bad luck (follow). 7. If your ears (itch) or burn, someone (talk) about you.

9. Uzupe∏nij zdania odpowiednià formà czasowników podanych w nawiasach.

1. You (not get) this job if you don’t apply for it. 2. They won’t tell you if you (not ask). 3. I (not help) her if she doesn’t open up to me. 4. He will never know how it feels if he (not try). 5. We (lose) if we don’t do anything about it. 6. If you smile at people, they (smile) back. 7. I won’t buy these shoes for you if you (not promise) to wear them more than once. 8. I will never talk to you again if you (not apologize) for what you have done. 9. You (not get) a place there at the weekend if you don’t reserve it in advance. 10. It may take years to get an interesting role if you (not know) the right people. 11. I (not give) you a lift if you don’t fasten the seat belt. 12. If you aren’t assertive enough, people (treat) you as a doormat. 13. If you (want) to win the election, you must talk to people. 14. They (leave) us if we don’t provoke them. 15. Your car (is) confiscated if you park here.

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2.2. Zdania warunkowe II typu Podstawowa forma Zdanie podrz´dne If+Past Simple

Zdanie nadrz´dne would+infinitive

If she came, I would talk to her. Gdyby przysz∏a, porozmawia∏bym z nià.

Mo˝liwe wariacje w zdaniu nadrz´dnym Zdanie podrz´dne If+Past Simple

Zdanie nadrz´dne could/might+infinitive

If he turned to me, I could do something. Gdyby zwróci∏by si´ do mnie, móg∏bym coÊ zrobiç. Zdanie podrz´dne If+Past Simple

Zdanie nadrz´dne would+present continuous infintive

If she suggested it, he would be weighing the pros and cons now. Gdyby to zasugerowa∏a, on by teraz rozwa˝a∏ za i przeciw. Zdanie podrz´dne If+Past Simple

Zdanie nadrz´dne Past Simple

If she asked for help, we helped. Gdy prosi∏a o pomoc, pomagaliÊmy. Past Simple w zdaniu podrz´dnym i nadrz´dnym oznacza, ˝e dana czynnoÊç lub sytuacja zdarza∏a si´ co jakiÊ czas.

Mo˝liwe wariacje w zdaniu podrz´dnym Zdanie podrz´dne If+Past Continuous

Zdanie nadrz´dne would+infinitive

If you were speaking politely, he wouldn’t lose his temper. GdybyÊ mówi∏a uprzejmie, on nie straci∏by panowania nad sobà.

Zastosowanie Zdaƒ warunkowych II typu u˝ywamy wtedy, gdy mówimy o nierealnych lub wyimaginowanych sytuacjach w teraêniejszoÊci oraz o wydarzeniach ma∏o prawdopodobnych, choç teoretycznie mo˝liwych w przysz∏oÊci.

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Nierealne sytuacje w teraêniejszoÊci

If Warsaw had more bridges, the traffic would be better managed. Gdyby Warszawa mia∏a wi´cej mostów, ruch by∏by lepiej zorganizowany. If stupidity had wings, you would surely fly. Gdyby g∏upota mia∏a skrzyd∏a, z pewnoÊcià byÊ lata∏. He would be a soldier if he wanted to fight. By∏by ˝o∏nierzem, gdyby chcia∏ walczyç. If I didn’t live where I do, I would live in Ireland. Gdybym nie mieszka∏ tu, gdzie mieszkam, mieszka∏bym w Irlandii.

Ma∏oprawdopodobne wydarzenia w przysz∏oÊci

If I had more motivation, I would lose weight. Gdybym mia∏ wi´cej motywacji, schud∏bym. If I lost weight, I would be back into my jeans. Gdybym straci∏ na wadze, zmieÊci∏bym si´ w moich d˝insach. If I had more time, I could do it. Gdybym mia∏ wi´cej czasu, móg∏bym to zrobiç. If we missed the bus, we would have to wait 20 minutes for the next one. GdybyÊmy si´ spóênili na autobus, musielibyÊmy czekaç 20 minut na nast´pny. What would she think of me if she knew I was kidding? Co by o mnie pomyÊla∏a, gdyby wiedzia∏a, ˝e ˝artuj´? If he studied more, he would get good grades. Gdyby uczy∏a si´ wi´cej, mia∏aby dobre oceny. Uwaga: W zdaniach warunkowych II typu, forma “was” uznawana jest za niepoprawnà. W j´zyku starannym nale˝y u˝ywaç zawsze “were”: If I/you/he/they were. “Was” wyst´puje jednak˝e doÊç powszechnie w potocznej angielszczyênie: (If I was your girlfriend, I would dump you).

If she were more assertive, she would be more successful. Gdyby by∏a bardziej asertywna, mia∏aby wi´cej sukcesów. If I were you, I wouldn’t be here. Gdybym by∏ tobà, nie by∏oby mnie tu.

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If I were in your shoes, I would sue the restaurant. Gdybym by∏ na twoim miejscu, zaskar˝y∏bym t´ restauracj´. If Hank were talking seriously, she would respond seriously. Gdyby Hank mówi∏ powa˝nie, odpowiedzia∏aby powa˝nie. If I were president, I would focus on social security reforms. Gdybym by∏ prezydentem, skupi∏bym si´ na reformie ubezpieczeƒ spo∏ecznych. Drugiego okresu warunkowego mo˝na u˝yç jako zamiennik pierwszego okresu warunkowego, gdy jest mowa o mo˝liwych do spe∏nienia planach lub te˝ sugestiach. Wtedy zdania brzmià bardziej hipotetycznie.

I am afraid we will run out of money. Obawiam si´, ˝e skoƒczà si´ nam pieniàdze. We won’t if we use it sparingly. Nie skoƒczà si´, jeÊli b´dziemy z nich korzystaç oszcz´dnie. We wouldn’t if we used it sparingly. Nie skoƒczy∏yby si´, jeÊli korzystalibyÊmy z nich oszcz´dnie. I will never be accepted into the university. Nigdy mnie nie przyjmà na uniwersytet. If you study more, you will be accepted. JeÊli b´dziesz si´ wi´cej uczyç, to przyjmà ci´. If you studied more, you would be accepted. JeÊli uczy∏byÊ si´ wi´cej, to by ci´ przyj´li.

åwiczenia 10. U∏ó˝ zdania warunkowe zgodnie z wzorem.

I/a lion/roar and growl. If I were a lion I would roar and growl. 1. You/ a chameleon/be able to change your body colour. 2. I/a tiger/have black stripes. 3. She/a bee/feed on nectar. 4. I/an ant/smell with my antennae. 5. He/a chimp/have long arms. 6. They/pigeons/coo and strut. 7. You/a cat/always land on your feet. 82

8. I/a mouse/eat a lot of cheese. 9. I/an elephant/have enormous ears. 10. He/a frog/hop all day long. 11. You/a bat/sleep upside down. 12. He/a puppy/chew slippers. 13. She/a penguin/live in the Antarctic. 14. I/an ostrich/bury my head in the sand. 15. She/a kangaroo/jump high.

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11. Wpisz w puste rubryki zdania warunkowe opierajàce si´ na faktach podanych po lewej stronie tabeli.

They won’t go snorkeling at Flower Island because they can’t afford it. If they could afford it, they would go snorkeling at Flower Island. Fakt 1. I don’t call her often because international phone calls are very expensive. 2. Jack doesn’t speak French fluently because his vocabulary is very poor. 3. I don’t drink Coke because it is bad for teeth. 4. We won’t hire her because she lacks a college degree. 5. Beth doesn’t talk much because she is shy. 6. I won’t go to the party because I don’t have anyone to go with me. 7. I won’t enroll on this course because I am not interested in Napoleon’s time. 8. I will ask him to proofread my article because he is a professional editor. 9. I won’t apologise because I am not sorry. 10. He won’t run for the second term because he is tired of politics.

Zdanie warunkowe

12. Uzupe∏nij bajk´ Ezopa odpowiednià formà czasowników podanych w nawiasach. THE SHEEP AND THE DOG

Once upon a time the sheep complained to the shepherd about the difference in his treatment of themselves and his Dog. „Your conduct,“ said they, „is very strange and, we think, very unfair. We provide you with wool and lambs and milk and you give us nothing but grass, and even that we have to find for ourselves: but you get nothing at all from the Dog, and yet you feed him with tit-bits from your own table.“ Their remarks were overheard by the Dog, who spoke up at once and said, „Yes, and quite right, too: where you (be)1 if it (not be)2 for me? Thieves (steal)3 you! Wolves (eat)4 you! Indeed, if I (not keep)5 constant watch over you, you (be)6 too terrified even to graze!“ The Sheep were obliged to acknowledge that he spoke the truth, and never again made a grievance of the regard in which he was held by his master.

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13. U∏ó˝ zdania warunkowe wykorzystujàc kolejno wszystkie wyra˝enia podane w tabelce.

If I were

at the airport at the dentist’s at home in a casino in the forest on the beach on the desert island

I would

be getting ready for bed. be hunting for mushrooms. be rubbing suntan lotion on my body. eat coconuts. feel very uncomfortable. listen to announcements over the loudspeakers. play roulette.

14. Uzupe∏nij zdania odpowiednià formà czasowników podanych w nawiasach.

1. I would be very embarrassed if he (know) about it. 2. She (agree) to that if you asked her. 3. What would you do if she (not feel) the same way? 4. If she (be) a celebrity, she would have many plastic surgeries. 5. He (not be) a leader if he weren’t so charismatic. 6. If you (have) three wishes, what would they be? 7. If I had more leisure time, I (take) up yoga. 8. If we (live) in Pu∏tusk we would angle in the Narew. 9. If she had more than a high school diploma, she (have) more job opportunities. 10. Things would be easier if they (not have) such high expectations of themselves. 11. I would pay you more if you (be) a better worker. 12. Would you travel more if you (not have) children? 13. Where you (live) if you could live anywhere? 14. If you (win) the lottery, would you quit working? 15. If I (not be) so shy, I would enjoy parties.

15. Uzupe∏nij poczàtek zdaƒ warunkowych a-f opierajàc si´ na odpowiednich stwierdzeniach 1-6 wed∏ug wzoru.

It is unlikely that the party will leave the coalition. The government will fall apart within the next month. If the party leaves the coalition, the government will fall apart within the next month. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

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It It It It It It

is is is is is is

unlikely unlikely unlikely unlikely unlikely unlikely

that that that that that that

people will give up smoking. the EU will accept Turkey. cars will run on water. e-learning will replace classroom-based learning. football matches will be free of hooliganism. all people will speak a common language.

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a) they wouldn’t maintain their cultural differences. b) football stadiums would be safe places. c) it would gain a large area. d) students would study from home. e) they would feel more energetic and healthy. f) they wouldn’t produce pollution.

16. Uzupe∏nij zdania w poni˝szym liÊcie podanymi w nawiasie czasownikami tak, aby utworzyç zdania warunkowe.

Dear Kate, To start with, I am a married woman, with a very caring and protective husband to whom I’ve been married for over five years. It (be)1 a very happy marriage if my mother-in-law (not be)2 around so often. She is an awful, confrontational person. I have always gone out of my way to please her but that was never appreciated. Whenever she (see)3 me she (criticize)4 everything: the way I cook, dress, run the house – nothing I do ever seems good enough to her. If it (not be)5 for anti-depressants, I (not have)6 a normal life. Fortunately my husband acknowledges that his mother is “difficult” and tries to be supportive, but he doesn’t really realize how much she is hurting me. Now my mother-in-law is throwing a party for her 59th birthday. If I (go)7 to the party, I (be)8 involved in all the things I am scared of – her, her remarks and spite. If I (no do)9, I (put)10 my husband in the position of choosing sides. On the other hand, on many occasions she has made it clear that I am not welcome in her house. This is really eating me up inside. What should I do?

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2.3. Zdania warunkowe III typu Zdania warunkowe III typu Podstawowa forma Zdanie podrz´dne If+Past Perfect

Zdanie nadrz´dne would+perfect infinitive

If you had warned me, I wouldn’t have gone there. GdybyÊ mnie ostrzeg∏, nie poszed∏bym tam.

Mo˝liwe wariacje w zdaniu podrz´dnym Zdanie podrz´dne If+Past Perfect Continuous

Zdanie nadrz´dne would+perfect infinitive

If he had been studying hard, he would have been accepted into the university. Gdyby du˝o si´ uczy∏, zosta∏by przyj´ty na uniwersytet.

Mo˝liwe wariacje w zdaniu nadrz´dnym Zdanie podrz´dne If+Past Perfect

Zdanie nadrz´dne could/might+perfect infinitive

If he hadn’t been fouled, he might have scored a goal. Gdyby nie zosta∏ sfaulowany, móg∏by zdobyç bramk´. Zdanie podrz´dne If+Past Perfect

Zdanie nadrz´dne Would/might+perfect continuous infinitive

If he had been prepared, he wouldn’t have been cheating in the exam. Gdyby by∏ przygotowany, nie Êciàga∏by na egzaminie.

Zastosowanie Zdaƒ warunkowych III typu u˝ywamy, aby wyraziç domniemania na temat przesz∏oÊci. Zdania te to czyste hipotezy, odnoszàce si´ do tego, co mog∏oby si´ wydarzyç w przesz∏oÊci, gdyby zosta∏ spe∏niony pewien warunek.

If they had paid the rent, they wouldn’t have had any problems. Gdyby zap∏acili czynsz, nie mieliby ˝adnych problemów. If the prisoners had escaped, there would have been an uproar. Gdyby wi´êniowie uciekli, dosz∏oby do wrzawy. I would have considered it if I had been given the opportunity. Rozwa˝y∏bym to, gdybym mia∏ takà mo˝liwoÊç. 86

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If we had known that you were leaving, we would have thrown a party for you. GdybyÊmy wiedzieli, ˝e wyje˝dzasz, urzàdzilibyÊmy dla ciebie imprez´. If you had stayed at home, you might have avoided a lot of trouble. GdybyÊ zosta∏ w domu, móg∏byÊ uniknàç wielu problemów. If she hadn’t gone to the party, she wouldn’t have met Tom. Gdyby nie posz∏a na to przyj´cie, nie pozna∏aby Toma. I would have prepared dinner if you had told me. Przygotowa∏abym obiad, gdybyÊ mi powiedzia∏. If I had known you were going to come back so late, I wouldn’t have waited for you. Gdybym wiedzia∏, ˝e wrócisz tak póêno, nie czeka∏bym na ciebie. If you hadn’t said that, you wouldn’t have been fired. GdybyÊ nie powiedzia∏a tego, nie zosta∏byÊ zwolniony. If I hadn’t pointed it out, she wouldn’t have noticed the mistake. Gdybym nie wskaza∏, nie zauwa˝y∏aby b∏´du. If they had only asked me, I would have helped them. Gdyby mnie tylko poprosili, pomóg∏bym im. If he hadn’t gone to the casino, he wouldn’t have lost so much money. Gdyby nie poszed∏ do kasyna, nie straci∏by tylu pieni´dzy. If we hadn’t contacted him, we wouldn’t have known the whole story. GdybyÊmy nie skontaktowali si´ z nim, nie poznalibyÊmy ca∏ej tej historii. If she hadn’t intervened, things could have got out of hand. Gdyby nie interweniowa∏a, sprawy mog∏yby wymknàç si´ spod kontroli. If Simon had been satisfied, he wouldn’t have been complaining about bad service. Gdyby Simon by∏ zadowolony, nie narzeka∏by na z∏à obs∏ug´.

åwiczenia 17. U∏ó˝ zdania zgodnie z wzorem:

Our trip was spoiled. My luggage was stolen. If my luggage hadn’t been stolen, our trip wouldn’t have been spoiled. 1. He lost his job. He wasn’t very committed to it. 2. Jerry slipped on the icy steps at his home. He didn’t remove the ice. 3. I offended him. I didn’t keep my mouth shut.

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4. We didn’t come to his ranch. We weren’t invited. 5. I failed the exam. I didn’t study hard. 6. She sprained her ankle. She was wearing high heels. 7. Katy didn’t redecorate the kitchen. She couldn’t afford it. 8. Tony ran fast. He wasn’t late to work. 9. We got lost. You gave us bad directions. 10. The situation became worse. Jack wasn’t polite. 11. The police towed my car. I parked illegally. 12. I bought a lottery ticket. I hit the jackpot. 13. Sophie washed her blouse in hot water. It shrank. 14. The wind was very strong. It blew the roof off. 15. Mark wasn’t hard-working. He didn’t go to college.

18. Przekszta∏ç poni˝sze zdania na zdania warunkowe.

1. She grew up in a bilingual family, so she learned two languages. 2. The river flooded because it rained for a few days in a row. 3. Martin got sick because he ate too much. 4. They offered her a low-paid job, so she refused. 5. She was interested in astronomy that’s why her parents bought her a telescope. 6. The prisoner was released prematurely because he behaved very well. 7. Thomas broke his leg because he fell down the stairs. 8. We lost the match because the referee was biased against us. 9. The villagers were fined because they cut down the trees illegally. 10. She had no other choice, so she agreed. 11. I didn’t put on a sweater and I caught a cold. 12. Jenny was dissatisfied with her job, so she quit. 13. Owen overslept because he didn’t set the alarm for 6 o’clock. 14. The film was a success, so a sequel was made. 15. I bought the shoes because the price was discounted.

19. Wybierz prawid∏owà odpowiedê.

1. I cheated in the exam and I was punished. a) If I don’t cheat in the exam, I won’t be punished. b) If I didn’t cheat in the exam, I wouldn’t be punished. c) If I hadn’t cheated in the exam, I wouldn’t have been punished. 2. He works a night job, so I don’t see him often. a) If he doesn’t work a night job, I will see him often. b) If he didn’t work a night job, I would see him often. c) If he hadn’t worked a night job, I would have seen him often.

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3. My in-laws may visit us tomorrow. I hope they won’t because we are planning to go to the sauna. a) If my in-laws visit us, we won’t go to the sauna. b) If my in-laws visited us, we wouldn’t go to the sauna. c) If my in-laws had visited us, we wouldn’t have gone to the sauna. 4. I can’t afford it. I am not a millionaire. a) I can afford it if I am a millionaire. b) I could afford it if I were a millionaire. c) I could have afforded it if I had been a millionaire. 5. I slipped on ice and I hurt my knees. a) If I don’t slip on ice, I don’t hurt my knees. b) If I didn’t slip on ice, I wouldn’t hurt my knees. c) If I hadn’t slipped on ice, I wouldn’t have hurt my knees. 6. He didn’t take an umbrella. He got soaked to the bone. a) If he takes an umbrella, he won’t get soaked to the bone. b) If he took an umbrella, he wouldn’t get soaked to the bone. c) If he had taken an umbrella, he wouldn’t have got soaked to the bone. 7. I have prospects of being accepted into the university. I must only study hard. a) If I had studied hard, I would have been accepted into the university. b) If I studied hard, I would be accepted into the university. c) If I study hard, I will be accepted into the university. 8. Heat water to 100°C and it will boil. a) If you heat water to 100°C, it will boil. b) If you will heat water to 100°C, it will boil. c) If you will heat water 100°C, it boils.

20. Wybierz spoÊród dwóch mo˝liwoÊci odpowiednie wyra˝enie tak, aby powsta∏o poprawne zdanie warunkowe.

1. If I hadn’t/wouldn’t have lost my temper, I wouldn’t have/hadn’t slammed the door. 2. If my room hadn’t been/wouldn’t have been ransacked, I wouldn’t have/hadn’t filed a police report. 3. If the police hadn’t been/wouldn’t have been tipped, the gangster wouldn’t have been/hadn’t been caught. 4. If I had/would have locked the door, my flat hadn’t been/wouldn’t have been burgled. 5. If she had been/would have been troubled, I would have/had noticed.

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21. Uzupe∏nij Êrodkowà cz´Êç zdania stwierdzeniami 1-6 tak, aby uzyskaç zdania warunkowe 3 typu.

If I had studied hard __________ but I didn’t study hard and didn’t have the grades to get into college. If I had studied hard, I would have studied astronomy but I didn’t study hard and didn’t have the grades to get into college. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

I I I I I I

was was was was was was

supposed supposed supposed supposed supposed supposed

to to to to to to

study astronomy... be one of the brightest students... work at NASA upon graduation... become a famous scientist... make amazing discoveries... be awarded the Nobel Prize...

22. Uzupe∏nij wykropkowane miejsca w zdaniach poni˝szymi wyra˝eniami.

hadn’t been, had chosen, hadn’t provoked, had had, had been brought up, had taken, had paid attention, hadn’t spilt 1. If he ___________, he would have passed the test. 2. If we ___________ the right exit, we would have been late. 3. If she ___________ the hot milk, she wouldn’t have burnt herself. 4. If he ___________ more common sense, he would have chosen a different profession. 5. If we ___________ the dog, it wouldn’t have attacked us. 6. If he ___________ to be an honest man, he wouldn’t have deceived us. 7. If I ___________ the antibiotics for seven days, the infection wouldn’t have returned. 8. If my shoes ___________ too small, my feet wouldn’t have hurt.

23. W poni˝szych przyk∏adach a-e u∏ó˝ zdania warunkowe w taki sposób, aby uzyskaç logiczny ciàg wydarzeƒ. a) - Beth left her blinds open

- the thief could see that she left money on the table - he broke into her flat - he stole the money

c) -

Philip was drunk he lost control of the car he ran into a tree he injured his back

d) - Martha is a technophobe b) - Michael isn’t very apologetic

- he won’t apologise for what he’s said - I won’t forgive him

- she won’t buy a mobile phone - I can’t phone her more often e) - Dorothy was angry - she bit her lip - her lip bled

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24. Uzupe∏nij wykropkowane miejsca w dowcipach 1-4 czasownikami w odpowiedniej formie. a)

Teacher: Harrison: Teacher: Harrison:

“Now, Harrison, if your father (borrow)1 ££10 from me and (pay)2 me back ££1 a month, at the end of six months how much he (owe)3 me?” “££10, Sir.” “I’m afraid you don’t know much about arithmetic, Harrison.” “I’m afraid you don’t know much about my father, Sir.”

b)

“If you (be)1 going to work here, young man,” said the boss, “one thing you must learn is that we are very keen on cleanliness in this firm. Did you wipe your feet on the mat as you came in? “Oh, yes, Sir.” “And another thing we are very keen on is truthfulness: There is no mat.” c)

Teacher: Girl:

“You can’t sleep in class.” “No, but if you (not talk)1 so loudly I (can)2.”

d)

An economics professor and a student were strolling through the campus. “Look,” the student cried, “there’s a $100 bill on the path!” “No, you are mistaken,” the wiser head replied. “That cannot be. If there (be)1 actually a $100 bill, someone (pick)2 it up.”

25. Przekszta∏ç poni˝sze nag∏owki prasowe na zdania warunkowe.

ESCAPED INMATES INVOLVED IN AN ARMED ROBBERY ALPINE SKIING: HEAVY SNOW CAUSES CANCELLATION OF TRAINING DRUNK DRIVER HITS A BUS FILLED WITH TOURISTS ARKANSAS STUDENTS PUNISHED FOR WEARING ARMBANDS TO SCHOOL CHILDREN PLAYING WITH MATCHES STARRT DUPLEX FIRE FALCON IN TROUBLE FOR VIOLATING DRUG POLICY SIX PEOPLE IMPRISONED FOR ILLEGAL TREE LOGGING

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2.4. Dodatkowe uwagi o w∏aÊciwoÊciach zdaƒ warunkowych Will i would Zazwyczaj w zdaniach warunkowych po if nie u˝ywa si´ czasowników posi∏kowych will ii would. Sà jednak wyjàtki. W uprzejmych proÊbach, a tak˝e kiedy chcemy wyraziç czyjàÊ dobrà wol´, upór, irytacj´ bàdê niepewnoÊç, mo˝emy u˝yç czasu przysz∏ego w obu cz∏onach zdania warukowego.

If you will smoke, your heart gets less oxygen. JeÊli b´dziesz paliç, twoje serce b´dzie dostawaç mniej tlenu. If they will listen to music at high volume, the neighbours will complain. JeÊli b´dà s∏uchaç g∏oÊno muzyki, sàsiedzi b´dà si´ skar˝yç. If you would book the tickets, I would be very grateful. GdybyÊ zarezerwowa∏ bilety, by∏abym ci bardzo wdzi´czna. I would be honored if you would join my campaign. By∏bym zaszczycony, gdybyÊ do∏àczy∏ do mojej kampanii. If you would kindly help us, we could meet the deadline. GdybyÊ by∏ mi∏y i pomóg∏ nam, moglibyÊmy dotrzymaç terminu. But for Cz∏on podrz´dny zdania warunkowego III typu mo˝na zastàpiç wyra˝eniem z but for

(=if it hadn’t been for) np.: But for their help, I wouldn’t have known what to do.

Gdyby nie ich pomoc, nie wiedzia∏bym, co robiç. But for Mike, we wouldn’t have succeeded. Gdyby nie Mike, nie odnieÊlibyÊmy sukcesu. But for the quick reaction of the police, the thieves wouldn’t have been caught. Gdyby nie szybka reakcja policji, z∏odzieje nie zostaliby z∏apani.

He might have won the competition but for the wind blowing in the wrong direction. Móg∏by wygraç konkurs, gdyby wiatr nie wia∏ w z∏ym kierunku. But for his mistakes, he would have kept the job. Gdyby nie jego b∏´dy, utrzyma∏by si´ na stanowisku.

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But for his charm, I would have never agreed to such an arrangement. Gdyby nie jego urok, nigdy bym si´ nie zgodzi∏a na takie ustalenia. But for the fog, the plane wouldn’t have landed in Balice. Gdyby nie mg∏a, samolot nie wylàdowa∏by w Balicach.

åwiczenia 26. Zastàp cz∏on podrz´dny zdania warunkowego zaczynajàcego si´ na if, zdaniem z but for.

1. If there hadn’t 2. If there hadn’t 3. If there hadn’t been elected. 4. If there hadn’t 5. If there hadn’t

been the flood, they wouldn’t have lost everything. been the war, we wouldn’t have moved to the USA. been the televised presidential debates, Kennedy wouldn’t have been the discount, I wouldn’t have bought the car. been the tip, the police wouldn’t have caught the criminals.

Should i were to Czasowniki should i were to stosuje si´ w zdaniach warunkowych, aby podkreÊliç, ˝e wydarzenie bàdê sytuacja jest ma∏o prawdopodobna, niemo˝liwa do spe∏nienia, bàdê katastrofalna. Were to mo˝e byç u˝yty tylko z czasownikami dynamicznymi (opisujàcymi akcj´), a nie statycznymi (opisujàcymi stan).

If Simon were to lose his job, he wouldn’t find a new one quickly. Gdyby Simon straci∏ prac´, nie znalaz∏by pr´dko nowej. If she were to win, she would be horribly obnoxious. Gdyby wygra∏a, by∏aby potwornie nieznoÊna. If Bob should respond, forward his e-mail to me. Gdyby Bob odpowiedzia∏, przekierunkuj jego maila do mnie. If he should contact you again, report him to the police. Gdyby ponownie skontaktowa∏ si´ z tobà, zg∏oÊ to na policj´. 27. Uzupe∏nij miejsca wykropkowane wstawiajàc should lub were to, bàdê obie te formy.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

If If If If If If If

he _________ decline your invitation, don’t invite him next time. she ________ have another child, she would give up her career. you ________ be dissatisfied with your purchase, request a refund. you ________ change your address, e-mail it to me immediately. he _________ refuse to testify, the case would be dismissed. he _________ phone, tell him that I am in a meeting. he _________ grow another inch or two, he wouldn’t fit into his clothes.

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2.5. Inwersja w zdaniach warunkowych W zdaniach warunkowych III typu, a tak˝e w zdaniach z should, were to, mo˝na zastosowaç inwersj´. Wówczas nale˝y obowiàzkowo pominàç spójnik if. T´ konstrukcj´ spotyka si´ w j´zyku oficjalnym.

If she were to accept this suggestion, the business would grow at high speed. + Were she to accept this suggestion, the business would grow at high speed Gdyby przyj´∏a t´ propozycj´, biznes szybko by si´ rozwinà∏. If they were to record a new album, it would be a huge success. + Were they to record a new album, it would be a huge success Gdyby nagrali nowy album, odniós∏by on wielki sukces. If Janet should have another baby, she would quit her job + Should Janet have another baby, she would quit her job. Gdyby Janet urodzi∏a kolejne dziecko, to zrezygnuje z pracy. If you had heard his passionate words, you would have been fooled yourself. + Had you heard his passionate words, you would have been fooled yourself. GdybyÊ s∏ysza∏ jego p∏omienne s∏owa, sam da∏byÊ si´ nabraç.

JeÊli stosujemy inwersj´ w zdaniach warunkowych, nie mo˝emy u˝yç przeczenia w formie Êciàgni´tej i dlatego powiemy:

Had I not been so tired, I wouldn’t have slept through the ring. Gdybym nie by∏ taki zm´czony, nie przespa∏bym dzwonka (telefonu). Had he not been released from hospital too early, he wouldn’t have had a relapse. Gdyby nie zwolniono go zbyt wczeÊnie ze szpitala, nie mia∏by nawrotu choroby. Were she not my daughter, I would employ her. Gdyby nie by∏a mojà córkà, zatrudni∏abym jà. ale:

If I hadn’t been so tired, I wouldn’t have slept through the ring. If he hadn’t been released from hospital too early, he wouldn’t have had a relapse. If she weren’t my daughter, I would employ her.

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åwiczenia 28. Wyra˝enia wydrukowane kursywà zastàp innà konstrukcjà.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

If someone were to use this idea I would raise my eyebrows. If you should find yourself in this situation, what would you do? If it hadn’t been for your donation, we wouldn’t have been able to finance the project. If she were to work from home, she would never get any work done. If he had been re-elected, he would have reformed the tax system. If the fire had spread to the precious archives, the loss would have been overwhelming. 7. If he hadn’t agreed to review this film, he would have stopped watching it after 10 minutes. 8. If he weren’t my brother-in-law, I would phone the police. 9. If it hadn’t been for the bugs, the truth would have never come out. 10. If you should wish to cancel your subscription, you can do so at any time.

29. Dokonaj inwersji w poni˝szych zdaniach warunkowych.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

If Hank were to mow the lawn, I will definitely thank him. If he should win the presidential election, we might expect a political earthquake. If Maura should offer me a job, I am going to take it. If Jerry hadn’t been irritated, he wouldn’t have snapped at you. If you shouldn’t be satisfied with our product, let us know within 20 days of purchase. If I had known how long it would take, I would have given it up. If he weren’t to continue it, I would be surprised.

S∏owa/wyra˝enia wprowadzajàce warunek Prócz if równie˝ inne s∏owa i wyra˝enia mogà byç u˝ywane w zdaniach warunkowych. Do najcz´Êciej spotykanych nale˝à: unless (=if not), provided that/providing/as long as (=only if), supposing/suppose (=what if), on condition that, in case, in case of, or else (=if not/otherwise), otherwise (=if not), whether … or (if … or).

All rooms may be taken unless you book ahead. Wszystkie pokoje mogà byç zaj´te, jeÊli nie dokonasz rezerwacji wczeÊniej. You can have it in any color you want as long as it’s black. Mo˝esz to mieç w ka˝dym kolorze pod warunkiem, ˝e b´dzie czarne. She won’t understand unless you explain it to her. Ona tego nie zrozumie, jeÊli jej tego nie wyt∏umaczysz. I will pay you well providing that you do a good job. Zap∏ac´ ci dobrze, je˝eli tylko b´dziesz dobrze pracowaç.

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You can go to the USA provided that you have a visa. Mo˝esz pojechaç do USA pod warunkiem, ˝e masz wiz´. In case of emergency contact the security section. W przypadku awarii skontaktuj si´ z ochronà.

You can have a day off on condition that you finish the report by Monday. Mo˝esz dostaç dzieƒ wolny pod warunkiem, ˝e skoƒczysz ten raport przed poniedzia∏kiem. Supposing/suppose you were in my place, what would you do? Za∏o˝ywszy, ˝e by∏abyÊ na moim miejscu, co byÊ zrobi∏a?

I have to leave now. Otherwise I will miss my bus. Musz´ ju˝ iÊç. W przeciwnym razie spóêni´ si´ na autobus. I need to drink some coffee or else I will fall asleep. Musz´ napiç si´ kawy, w przeciwnym razie zasn´. I will go with you whether you like it or not. Pójd´ z tobà, czy tego chcesz czy nie.

30. Uzupe∏nij zdania odpowiednim s∏owem wprowadzajàcym warunek.

1. Tomorrow we will go to a picnic __________ it rains. 2. You don’t often talk about children __________ you are a parent. 3. _________ she is lying, what will you do? 4. __________ you have failed again, would you try one more time? 5. Everyone is welcome here __________ they abide by the rules below. 6. I will go for this job __________ I am paid well. 7. I will attend the conference __________ you reimburse me for my travel expenses. 8. Online banking is secure __________ you take precautions. 9. I will record the film __________ you miss it. 10. Wake up, __________ you will be late for school. 11. They will be back tomorrow __________ there is a bus strike. 12. Quit __________ I will fire you.

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31. Po∏àcz odpowiednie wyra˝enia z kolumny A z wyra˝eniami wzi´tymi z kolumny B za pomocà wyra˝enia in case.

A 1. Take a torch 2. Pack wind-proof clothes 3. Keep this compass 4. Take a raincoat 5. Take a painkiller 6. Pack insect repellent 7. Carry a knife 8. Bring a blanket 9. Prepare a first aid kit 10. Carry a sleeping bag

B a. the weather cools. b. you need to treat an injury. c. it rains. d. mosquitoes are biting. e. you need to keep warm. f. you get a headache. g. the power goes out. h. you get lost in the woods. i. you have to sleep out overnight. j. you have to cut something.

32. Uzupe∏nij zdania za pomocà if lub in case (of).

1. __________ emergency, use the stairs. 2. Take two batteries __________ one doesn’t work. 3. __________ I get this job, I will move to New Hampshire. 4. __________ you are not an EU citizen, you need to apply for a residence permit. 5. Sound the alarm __________ fire. 6. I save my e-mails __________ I need them later. 7. Click here __________ you wish to buy more items. 8. Take eye drops __________ the air is too dry. 9. Carry emergency snacks __________ there is no food. 10. Write the number down __________ you forget it.

33. Po∏àcz zdania z kolumny A spójnikiem wzi´tym z B ze zdaniami z kolumny C. U˝yj ka˝dego spójnika dwa razy.

A I will give you a ring Tony takes a day off I will be fired He will become the world champion What will you do I will pay my overdraft off She will not testify Please, send me a message

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B if

when as soon as unless

C you don’t get this job? you know anything. he is ill. she is sworn in. something unexpected happens. I don’t get this in tomorrow. I get there. I get the money.

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34. Przekszta∏ç zdania 1-15, u˝ywajàc ka˝dorazowo wyra˝enia podanego wyt∏uszczonym drukiem.

1. We will miss the train if we don’t leave now. unless _______________________________________________________________ 2. Tom wouldn’t have won if his opponent hadn’t been indisposed. but __________________________________________________________________ 3. If you by any chance see Michael, tell him to get in touch with his old friends. should _______________________________________________________________ 4. If you don’t apologise, I will take you to court. or else ______________________________________________________________ 5. Take a street map before you get lost. case _________________________________________________________________ 6. I would move to the suburbs if my family accepted it. condition ____________________________________________________________ 7. I will go with you irrespective of whether you like it. whether _____________________________________________________________ 8. He sped along at over 100 miles per hour. He ran into a ditch. not __________________________________________________________________ 9. If you were willing to help me with the washing up, I would appreciate it. would _______________________________________________________________ 10. It would be unwise of you not to attend the meeting. if __________________________________________________________________ 11. Will you please wait? The doctor will see you in 5 minutes. will ________________________________________________________________ 12. If you don’t call me to remind me, I will forget it. otherwise ___________________________________________________________ 13. I am going to marry her with or without your consent. whether ____________________________________________________________ 14. You can make a difference only if you vote. long ________________________________________________________________ 15. What if he is right? What then? supposing ____________________________________________________________

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2.6. Zdania warunkowe mieszane Istniejà równie˝ zdania warunkowe, które pod wzgl´dem znaczeniowym oraz u˝ycia czasów nie dajà si´ przyporzàdkowaç do kategorii wczeÊniej omówionych. W tym przypadku mówimy o zdaniach warunkowych mieszanych. W zdaniach tych zestawiamy czas przesz∏y z teraêniejszym lub przysz∏ym, czas teraêniejszy z przesz∏ym oraz przysz∏y z przesz∏ym. Past+Present

If she hadn’t pulled off her gloves, her fingers wouldn’t be numb now. Gdyby nie Êciàgn´∏a r´kawiczek, jej palce nie by∏yby teraz zdr´twia∏e. If more people had participated in the survey, the results would be more meaningful. Gdyby wi´cej ludzi uczestniczy∏o w tej ankiecie, rezultaty by∏yby bardziej znaczàce. If he hadn’t eaten too much junk food, he wouldn’t be overweight now. Gdyby nie jad∏ zbyt du˝o junk foodów, nie mia∏by teraz nadwagi. If I had set up a company, I would be my own boss now. Gdybym za∏o˝y∏ firm´, by∏bym teraz swoim szefem. If my parents hadn’t been demanding, I wouldn’t be where I am today. Gdyby moi rodzice nie byli wymagajàcy, nie by∏oby mnie tu, gdzie jestem dzisiaj.

Past+Future

If I hadn’t broken my leg, I would be playing in the next match. Gdybym nie z∏ama∏ nogi, gra∏bym w nast´pnym meczu. If she hadn’t broken the terms of the contract, they wouldn’t be taking legal action against her. Gdyby nie z∏ama∏a warunków umowy, nie podejmowaliby przeciwko niej kroków prawnych. If the ATM hadn’t eaten my card, I wouldn’t have to go to the bank tomorrow. Gdyby bankomat nie po∏knà∏ mojej karty, nie musia∏bym jutro iÊç do banku. If he had been a better student, he would continue his education this autumn. Gdyby by∏ lepszym studentem, kontynuowa∏by nauk´ tej jesieni. If we had saved more money, we would be going to France next Monday. GdybyÊmy zaoszcz´dzili wi´cej pieni´dzy, jechalibyÊmy do Francji w przysz∏y poniedzia∏ek.

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Zdania warunkowe

Present+Past

If I weren’t afraid of ticks, I would have gone to the woods. Gdybym nie ba∏ si´ kleszczy, poszed∏bym do lasu. If she knew the right people, she would have got this job. Gdyby zna∏a odpowiednie osoby, dosta∏aby t´ prac´. If I trusted politicians, I would have voted in the last elections. Gdybym ufa∏ politykom, wzià∏bym udzia∏ w ostatnich wyborach. If I were younger, I would have accepted their invitation. Gdybym by∏ m∏odszy, przyjà∏bym ich zaproszenie. If I liked coffee, I would have bought that coffee machine. Gdybym lubi∏ kaw´, kupi∏bym ten ekspres do kawy.

åwiczenia 35. Ka˝dà par´ zdaƒ 1-15 po∏àcz w zdanie warunkowe mieszane.

1. Tom is colour blind. He didn’t get a driving licence. 2. She is shy. She didn’t object. 3. I don’t have a sense of direction. I ended up in a strange place. 4. Agnes is claustrophobic. She didn’t go into the cave. 5. Mr Edwards is bald. He bought a toupee. 6. Their car is very old. It broke down in the middle of nowhere. 7. My mother works at a chemist’s. She gave me the antibiotics without a prescription. 8. Sue wants to lose weight. She bought a stationary bike. 9. We have a digital camera. We didn’t pay for the film to be developed. 10. Paul is entrepreneurially minded. He set up his own company. 11. I don’t like mushrooms. I didn’t go mushroom hunting. 12. Chloe isn’t a great lawyer. She lost the case. 13. Beth speaks German. She quoted Thomas Mann in her speech. 14. Martha doesn’t know what she wants. She didn’t make up her mind. 15. She sings very well. She participated in a music competition.

36. Uzupe∏nij zdania odpowiednià formà czasowników podanych w nawiasach.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 100

If If If If If If

I hadn’t eaten that extra helping of spaghetti, I (not be) sick today. she (not be) claustrophobic, she would have kept the doors closed. I trusted him, I (let) him into my life. I had passed the driving test, I (drive) a car now. Jack (not eat) all the onions, he wouldn’t have a stomach upset. our salaries were 10 times what they are now, we (buy) that house then.

ANGIELSKI WA˚NE KONSTRUKCJE

7. If he (not be) afraid of heights, he would have climbed the stairs to the top of the tower. 8. If she had made it to the US open finals, she (be) now in the top 10. 9. If Carl (tell) them the secret, he would be in trouble now. 10. If I hadn’t written the passage so poorly, I (not have) to paraphrase it now. 11. If I (be) a few years younger, I would have asked her out. 12. If I (study) Latin, it would be easier for me to learn other Romance languages. 13. If Luke (go) to hospital, he would feel better now. 14. If Alison (change) her tyres for winter ones, she wouldn’t be sliding sideways. 15. If you hadn’t left your umbrella at home, you (not be) soaking wet now.

37. Ka˝dà par´ zdaƒ 1-15 po∏àcz w zdanie warunkowe mieszane.

1. Chris didn’t get on with his boss. He is jobless. 2. Tony squandered all his money. He is broke now. 3. I didn’t drink coffee. I am not fully awake. 4. She perjured herself at trial. She is in prison. 5. She didn’t study English grammar. She makes many grammar mistakes. 6. George dropped out of school. He works as a janitor. 7. Adam injured his back. He is afraid to ski now. 8. Her grandmother was born in Hungary. She speaks Hungarian. 9. They didn’t take off their shoes. The parquet floor is very dirty. 10. She won the lottery. She leads a very hedonistic life. 11. Jennifer cried the whole night. Her eyes are puffy now. 12. Roger appeared in a series of commercials. His face is recognizable. 13. The bank gave us a real estate loan. We live in an elegant house now. 14. You didn’t take my advice. You are disappointed now. 15. We didn’t mow the grass. It is overgrown now.

38. Dopasuj zdania z kolumny A do tych z kolumny B tak, aby zbudowaç zdania warunkowe mieszane typu Past+Present i Present+Past. A

1. He didn’t fix the roof. 2. Kate is not careful with money. 3. We smoke. 4. Chloe travelled extensively with her family. 5. She let me down. 6. Ryan doesn’t have a sense of humour. 7. We messed it up. 8. She is not discreet. 9. They didn’t repair the streetlights. 10. Tom likes sweets.

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B

a. I don’t trust her. b. She didn’t keep it to herself. c. She knows the world so well. d. We bought the nicotine patches. e. He was tempted by the dessert. f. The square is poorly lit now. g. She ran up huge debts. h. It is leaking now. i. He didn’t laugh at that joke. j. We are in this quandary to begin with.

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Mowa zale˝na i niezale˝na

Key

Sprawdê si´ 1. 1. a

5. 6. 7. 8.

2. b 3. c 4. b 2. 1. b

2. a 3. c

3. 1. a

2. a

b b c c

9. c 10. a 11. a 12. b

13. 14. 15. 16.

4. c 5. b 6. c

7. a 8. b 9. c

10. b 11. a 12. b

13. a 14. c 15. c

3. c 4. b

5. b 6. c

7. a 8. b

9. b 10. c

c a c b

åwiczenia 1. 1. am, defend

2. 3. 4. 5.

is, yawns eat, get is, blushes sit, catch

2. 1. eat, turns

2. 3. 4. 5.

sleep, have are, pay are, goes is, call

3. 1. don’t go

2. fires 3. won’t 4. don’t believe 4. 1. train, will be

2. are, will start 3. start, will improve

6. is, have 7. am, take 8. are, grow 9. is, stammers 10. promise, keep

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

smile, dimple aches, take am, write come, entertain is, knits

6. drink, get 7. take, trusts 8. smoke, increase 9. do, burns 10. meet, stay

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

are, turn smell, leave give, keep read, learn lie, gives

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. is 10. agrees

will get won’t renews lose

4. improve, will get 5. gets, will make 6. make, will earn

7. earn, will do

5. 1. If you don’t stop eating fast food, you will get fat.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

102

If If If If If

you you you you you

don’t don’t don’t don’t don’t

stop stop stop stop stop

eating eating eating eating eating

fast fast fast fast fast

food, food, food, food, food,

you will damage your health. you will change into larger jeans. you will become sluggish. you will suffer from indigestion. people will make comments at you.

17. 18. 19. 20.

c b c c

ANGIELSKI WA˚NE KONSTRUKCJE

6. 1. If anyone is interested, here is the link which explains it in depth.

2. If you can work under pressure, join our team. 3. If you want to keep this job, you will do as I tell you. 4. How do you save money if there isn’t much to save? 5. If it is Monday, then the museum is closed. 6. You will be punished if you plagiarize someone else’s work. 7. If she comes round, I will persuade her to change her mind. 8. We will accept the invitation if they invite us to talk. 9. If you have any questions, feel free to ask me. 10. I will take you to court if you don’t pay what you owe me. 7. 1. I will come to your birthday party if I get better.

2. I will study at Oxford provided that I win a scholarship. 3. I will lend her money on condition that she promises that she will invest it wisely. 4. I am going to sue him unless he apologizes publicly for his comments. 5. If he doesn’t reveal/ Unless he reveals his real name, I will begin a web search. 8. 1. crosses, will have

2. lick, can 3. spilled, will soon visit 9. 1. won’t get

2. 3. 4. 5.

don’t ask won’t help doesn’t try will lose

4. blow, will get 5. walk, will have 6. break, will follow

7. itch, is talking

6. will smile 7. don’t promise 8. don’t apologize 9. won’t get 10. don’t know

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

won’t give will treat want will leave will be

10. 1. If you were a chameleon, you would be able to change your body colour.

2. If I were a tiger, I would have black stripes. 3. If she were a bee, she would feed on nectar. 4. If I were an ant, I would smell with my antennae. 5. If he were a chimp, he would have long arms. 6. If they were pigeons, they would coo and strut. 7. If you were a cat, you would always land on your feet. 8. If I were a mouse, I would eat a lot of cheese. 9. If I were an elephant, I would have enormous ears. 10. If he were a frog, he would hop all day long. 11. If you were a bat, you would sleep upside down. 12. If he were a puppy, he would chew slippers. 13. If she were a penguin, she would live in the Antarctic. 14. If I were an ostrich, I would bury my head in the sand. 15. If she were a kangaroo, she would jump high. 11. 1. If international phone calls were less expensive/cheaper, I would call her often.

2. Jack would speak French fluently if his vocabulary weren’t so poor. 3. I would drink Coke if it weren’t bad for teeth. 4. If she didn’t lack a college degree, we would hire her.

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Zdania warunkowe

5. If Beth weren’t shy, she would talk much. 6. I would go to the party if I had someone to go with me. 7. If I were interested in Napoleon’s time, I would enroll on this course. 8. If he weren’t a professional editor, I wouldn’t ask him to proofread my article. 9. If I were sorry, I would apologise. 10. If he weren’t tired of politics, he would run for the second term. 12. 1. would you be

2. wasn’t for/weren’t for

3. would steal 4. would eat

5. didn’t keep 6. would be

13. 1. If I were at home, I would be getting ready for bed.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

If If If If If If

I I I I I I

were were were were were were

at the airport, I would listen to announcements over the loudspeakers. in the forest, I would be hunting for mushrooms. on the beach, I would be rubbing suntan lotion on my body. in a casino, I would play roulette. at the dentist’s, I would feel very uncomfortable. on the desert island, I would eat coconuts.

14. 1. knew

2. 3. 4. 5.

would agree didn’t feel were wouldn’t be

6. had 7. would take 8. lived 9. would have 10. didn’t have

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

were didn’t have would you live won weren’t

15. 1. If people gave smoking, they would feel more energetic and healthy.

2. If the EU accepted Turkey, it would gain a large area. 3. If cars ran on water, they wouldn’t produce pollution. 4. If e-learning replaced classroom-based learning, students would study from home. 5. If football matches were free of hooliganism, football stadiums would be safe places. 6. If all people spoke a common language, they wouldn’t maintain their cultural differences. 16. 1. would be

2. weren’t 3. sees 4. criticizes

5. 6. 7. 8.

weren’t wouldn’t have go will be

9. don’t 10. will put

17. 1. He wouldn’t have lost his job if he had been committed to it.

2. Jerry wouldn’t have slipped on the icy steps at his home if he had removed the ice. 3. If I had kept my mouth shut, I wouldn’t have offended him. 4. If we had been invited, we would have come to his ranch. 5. I wouldn’t have failed the exam if I had studied hard. 6. If she hadn’t been wearing high heels, she wouldn’t have sprained her ankle. 7. If Kate could have afforded it, she would have redecorated her kitchen. 8. If Tom hadn’t run fast, he would have been late to work. 9. We wouldn’t have got lost if you hadn’t given us bad directions. 10. The situation wouldn’t have become worse if Jack had been polite. 104

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11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

The police wouldn’t have towed my car if I had parked legally. If I hadn’t bought a lottery ticket, I wouldn’t have hit the jackpot. If Sophie hadn’t washed her blouse in hot water, it wouldn’t have shrunk. If the wind hadn’t been so strong, it wouldn’t have blown the roof off. If Mark had been hard-working, he would have gone to college.

18. .1. If she hadn’t grown up in a bilingual family, she wouldn’t have learnt two languages.

2. 3. 4. 5.

If it hadn’t rained for two days in a row, the river wouldn’t have flooded. If Martin hadn’t eaten too much, he wouldn’t have got sick. If they hadn’t offered her a low-paid job, she wouldn’t have refused. If she hadn’t been interested in astronomy, her parents wouldn’t have bought her a telescope. 6. If the prisoner hadn’t behaved well, he wouldn’t have been released prematurely. 7. If Tom hadn’t fallen down the stairs, he wouldn’t have broken his leg. 8. If the referee hadn’t been biased against us, we wouldn’t have lost the match. 9. If the villagers hadn’t cut down the trees illegally, they wouldn’t have been fined. 10. If she had had other choice, she wouldn’t have agreed. 11. If I had put on a sweater, I wouldn’t have caught a cold. 12. If Jenny had been satisfied with her job, she wouldn’t have quit. 13. If Owen had set the alarm for 6 o’clock, he wouldn’t have overslept. 14. If the film hadn’t been a success, a sequel wouldn’t have been made. 15. If the price hadn’t been discounted, I wouldn’t have bought the shoes. 19. 1-c, 2-b, 3-b, 4-b, 5-c, 6-c, 7-c, 8-a 20. 1. hadn’t, wouldn’t have

2. hadn’t been, wouldn’t have 3. hadn’t been, wouldn’t have been

4. had, wouldn’t have been 5. had been, would have

21. 2. If I had studied hard, I would have been one of the brightest students…

3. 4. 5. 6.

If If If If

I I I I

had had had had

studied studied studied studied

hard, hard, hard, hard,

22. 1. had paid attention

2. had chosen 3. hadn’t spilt 4. had had

I I I I

would would would would

have have have have

worked at NASA upon graduation… become a famous scientist… made amazing discoveries… been awarded the Nobel Prize… 5. 6. 7. 8.

hadn’t provoked had been brought up had taken hadn’t been

23. a) If Beth hadn’t left her blinds open, the thief wouldn’t have seen that she left

money on the table. He wouldn’t have broken into her flat and he wouldn’t have stolen the money. b) If Michael were apologetic, he would apologise for what he’s said and I would forgive him. c) If Philip hadn’t been drunk, he wouldn’t have lost control of the car, he wouldn’t have run into a tree and he wouldn’t have injured his back.

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Zdania warunkowe

d) If Martha weren’t a technophobe, she would buy a mobile phone and I would be able to phone her more often. e) If Dorothy hadn’t been angry, she wouldn’t have bitten her lip and it wouldn’t have bled. 24. a)

1. borrows 2. pays 3. will he owe

b) 1. are going

c) 1. didn’t talk 2. could

d) 1. were 2. would have picked

25. Proponowane odpowiedzi.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

If the inmates hadn’t escaped, they wouldn’t have got involved in an armed robbery. If the snow hadn’t been so heavy, the training wouldn’t have been cancelled. If the driver hadn’t drunk, he wouldn’t have hit the bus filled with tourists. If the Arkansas students hadn’t worn armbands to school, they wouldn’t have been punished. If the children hadn’t played with matches, they wouldn’t have started a Duplex fire. Falcon wouldn’t have been in trouble if he hadn’t violated drug policy. Six people wouldn’t have been imprisoned if they hadn’t logged trees illegally. Street repairs wouldn’t have been delayed if the budget hadn’t been tight.

26. 1. But for the flood, they wouldn’t have lost everything.

2. 3. 4. 5.

But But But But

for for for for

the the the the

war, we wouldn’t have moved to the USA. televised presidential debates, Kennedy wouldn’t have been elected. discount, I wouldn’t have bought the car. tip, the police wouldn’t have caught the criminals.

27. 1. should

2. should 3. should 28. 1. Were someone to use

2. Should you find 3. But for 4. Were she to work 29. 1. Were Hank to mow

2. Should he win 3. Should Maura offer 30. 1. unless

2. unless 3. Suppose 4. Supposing

106

4. were to/should 5. should 6. were to/should

7. were to/should

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. But for / had it not been for 10. Should you wish

Had he been re-elected Had the fire spread Had he not agreed Were he not

4. Had Jerry not been 5. Should you not be

6. Had I known 7. Were he not to continue

5. 6. 7. 8.

9. in case 10. otherwise 11. unless 12. or else

as long as on condition that provided that as long as

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31. 1. Take a torch in case the power goes out.

2. Pack wind-proof clothes in case the weather cools. 3. Keep this compass in case you get lost in the woods. 4. Take a raincoat in case it rains. 5. Take a painkiller in case you get a headache. 6. Pack insect repellent in case mosquitoes are biting. 7. Carry a knife in case you have to cut something. 8. Bring a blanket in case you need to keep warm. 9. Prepare a first aid kit in case you need to treat an injury. 10. Carry a sleeping bag in case you have to sleep out overnight. 32. 1. In case of

2. in case 3. If

4. If 5. in case of 6. in case

7. if 8. in case 9. in case

10. in case

33. 1. I will give you a ring when I get there.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Tony takes a day off when he is ill. I will be fired if I don’t get this in tomorrow. He will become the world champion unless something unexpected happens. What will you do if you don’t get this job? I will pay my overdraft off as soon as I get the money. She will not testify unless she is sworn in. Please, send me a message as soon as you know anything.

34. 1. Unless we leave now, we will miss the train.

2. Tom wouldn’t have won but for his opponent’s indisposition. 3. If you should see Michael, tell him to get in touch with his old friends. 4. Apologise or else I will take you to court. 5. Take a street map in case you get lost. 6. I would move to the suburbs on condition that my family accepted it. 7. I will go with you whether you like it or not. 8. Had he not sped along at over 100 miles per hour, he wouldn’t have run into a ditch. 9. If you would help me with the washing up, I would appreciate it. 10. It would be unwise of you if you didn’t attend the meeting. 11. If you will wait, the doctor will see you in 5 minutes. 12. Call me to remind me. Otherwise I will forget it. 13. I am going to marry her whether you give your consent or not. 14. You can make a difference as long as you vote. 15. Supposing he is right? What then? 35. 1. If Tom weren’t colour blind, he would have got a driving licence.

2. If she weren’t shy, she would have objected. 3. If I had a sense of direction, I wouldn’t have ended in a strange place. 4. If Agnes weren’t claustrophobic, she would have gone into the cave. 5. If Mr Edwards weren’t bald, he wouldn’t have bought a toupee. 6. If their car weren’t so old, it wouldn’t have broken down in the middle of nowhere.

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Zdania warunkowe

7. If my mother didn’t work at a chemist’s, she wouldn’t have given me the antibiotics without a prescription. 8. If Sue didn’t want to lose weight, she wouldn’t have bought a stationary bike. 9. If we didn’t have a digital camera, we would have paid for the film to be developed. 10. If Paul weren’t entrepreneurially minded, he wouldn’t have set up his own company. 11. If I liked mushrooms, I would have gone mushroom hunting. 12. If Chloe were a great lawyer, she wouldn’t have lost the case. 13. If Beth didn’t speak German, she wouldn’t have quoted Thomas Mann in her speech. 14. If Martha knew what she wanted, she would have made up her mind. 15. If she didn’t sing well, she wouldn’t have participated in a music competition. 36. 1. wouldn’t be

2. 3. 4. 5.

weren’t would have let would be driving hadn’t eaten

6. would have bought 7. weren’t 8. would be 9. had told 10. wouldn’t have

11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

were had studied had gone had changed wouldn’t be

37. 1. If Chris had got on with his boss, he wouldn’t be jobless.

2. If Tony hadn’t squandered all his money, he wouldn’t be broke. 3. If I had drunk coffee, I would be fully awake. 4. If she hadn’t perjured herself at trial, she wouldn’t be in prison. 5. If she had studied English grammar, she wouldn’t make many grammar mistakes. 6. If George hadn’t dropped out of school, he wouldn’t work as a janitor. 7. If Adam hadn’t injured his back, he wouldn’t be afraid to ski now. 8. If her grandmother hadn’t been born in Hungary, she wouldn’t speak Hungarian. 9. If they had taken off their shoes, the parquet floor wouldn’t be very dirty. 10. If she hadn’t won the lottery, she wouldn’t lead a very hedonistic life. 11. If Jennifer hadn’t cried the whole night, her eyes would be puffy now. 12. If Roger hadn’t appeared in a series of commercials, his face wouldn’t be recognizable. 13. If the bank hadn’t given us a real estate loan, we wouldn’t live in an elegant house now. 14. If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’t be disappointed now. 15. If we had mown the grass, it wouldn’t be overgrown now. 38. 1. If he had fixed the roof, it wouldn’t be leaking now.

2. If Kate were careful with money, she wouldn’t have run up huge debts. 3. If we didn’t smoke, we wouldn’t have bought the nicotine patches. 4. If Chloe hadn’t travelled so extensively with her family, she wouldn’t know the world so well. 5. If she hadn’t let me down, I would trust her. 6. If Ryan had a sense of humour, he would have laughed at that joke. 7. If we hadn’t messed it up, we wouldn’t be in this quandary to begin with. 8. If she were discreet, she would have kept it to herself. 9. If they had repaired the streetlights, the square wouldn’t be poorly lit now. 10. If Tom didn’t like sweets, he wouldn’t have been tempted by the dessert.

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Sprawdê si´

Wykonaj çwiczenia i sprawdê swojà wiedz´. Pomogà Ci one oceniç, na czym nale˝y si´ skoncentrowaç w nauce zagadnieƒ przedstawionych w tym rozdziale. 1. Przekszta∏ç podane zdania na stron´ biernà. Tam gdzie jest to wskazane, podaj wykonawc´ czynnoÊci. 1. People say that money makes the world go round. _______________________2. 2. They will launch a new magazine for teenagers. _______________________2 3. They saw the lawyer enter the courtroom. _______________________2 4. The mechanic has repaired my car._______________________2 5. You should put the photos in the drawer._______________________2 6. They didn’t catch the escaped prisoners._______________________2 7. The government has reached a final decision on this issue._______________________2 8. They broke into Nick’s office yesterday._______________________2 9. My parents gave me a safe place to grow up._______________________2 10. The teacher awarded the student with the highest mark on the essay. _______________________2 11. They are going to open a new winery._______________________2 12. Robert paid the bills, not me._______________________2 13. They have reached a solution to deal with that situation._____________________2 14. They make Hondas in Japan._______________________2 15. Jacky is interviewing a candidate for the post._______________________2 16. I will have finished the paper by Tuesday. _______________________2 17. They built the palace in an early 18th century Baroque style. ______________ 18. Did the performance interest you?_______________________2 19. The earthquake destroyed the whole village._______________________2 20. The waiter brought us the wrong dishes. _______________________2

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2. Zdecyduj, którym ze s∏ów a, b lub c mo˝a uzupe∏niç poni˝sze zdania. 1. I was made _________________________ a green and yellow dress.

a) to wear

b) wear

c) worn

2. A Bloody Marry is made _______________ vodka, tomato juice and other spices.

a) with

b) by

c) from

3. The actor ___________________ with a beautiful blond-haired woman.

a) was seen to talking

b) was seen to talk

c) was seen talk

4. Mum, can I stay on the computer? ______________________________ .

a) Have your homework done first b) Have done your homework first c) Have your homework first done 5. Danny is a managing director. He has all his ___________________________ .

a) letters typed

b) letters to type

c) letters type

6. Can you give me a lift? I’m sorry, dear. I am taking the bus myself.

I _________at a local garage. a) am having the car repaired b) am repairing the car c) have the car repaired 7. I ___________________ a week ago, but it hurts again.

a) filled my tooth

b) had my tooth filled

c) had filled my tooth

8. How often ___________________ your windows cleaned?

a) you have

b) are you having

c) do you have

9. I ____________________________before the tournament.

a) watched her practise b) watched her to practise c) watched her practised 10. The exam results _______________________________________ in half an hour.

a) will announce

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b) will be announced

c) will be announce

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Wprowadzenie

W j´zyku angielskim strona bierna jest u˝ywana znacznie cz´Êciej ni˝ w j´zyku polskim. Wynika to m.in. stàd, ˝e w angielszczyênie jest wi´cej czasowników przechodnich umo˝liwiajàcych jej tworzenie. Strona bierna czasami pozwala na wyra˝anie celowej niejasnoÊci, mo˝e przys∏aniaç przyczyn´ i podmiot dzia∏ajàcy, jednak˝e konstrukcje w stronie biernej spotyka si´ powszechnie w formalnej i biznesowej komunikacji, w pisarstwie dziennikarskim, naukowym, prawniczym i technicznym. Dzi´ki nim wypowiedê staje si´ bardziej obiektywna i oficjalna.

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3.1. Tworzenie strony biernej Formy strony biernej tworzymy za pomocà czasownika to be, czasami get, oraz imies∏owu biernego (Past Participle). Poza kilkoma przypadkami (np. zdania zawierajàce czasowniki hold i have: „This car holds five people”, „I have a dog”) na stron´ biernà mo˝na przekszta∏ciç ka˝de zdanie zawierajàce dope∏nienie. Zdania w stronie biernej tworzymy stawiajàc czasownik to be w tym samym czasie, w jakim wyst´puje czasownik w stronie czynnej, który z kolei przekszta∏camy na imies∏ów bierny. Dope∏nienie staje si´ podmiotem w stronie biernej, a podmiot dope∏nieniem, np.:

Present Simple

He writes books + Books are written

Present Continuous

He is writing a book + A book is being written

Past Simple

He wrote a book + A book was written

Past Continuous

He was writing a book + A book was being written

Present Perfect

He has written a book + A book has been written

Past Perfect

He had written a book + A book had been written

Future Simple

He will write a book + A book will be written

Future Perfect

He will have written the book by next month + The book will have been written by next month

“Going to”

He is going to write a book + A book is going to be written

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Modals

He might/may write a book + A book might/may be written Present Infinitive

He plans to write a book + A book is planned to be written/ The writing of a book is planned Perfect Infinitive

He must have written a book + A book must have been written

Imperative

Write a book! + Have/get a book written!

Czasy: Present Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous i Future Perfect Continuous zazwyczaj nie wyst´pujà w stronie biernej.

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3.2. U˝ycie strony biernej Stron´ biernà stosujemy: Kiedy wykonawca czynnoÊci jest nieznany (np. somebody, someone, no one), nieistotny, albo oczywisty, np.:

My car has been stolen. Mój samochód zosta∏ skradziony (nie wiadomo, kto go ukrad∏). Coffee is grown between the Tropic of Cancern and the Tropic of Capricon. Kaw´ uprawia si´ mi´dzy Zwrotnikiem Raka a Zwrotnikiem Kozioro˝ca (niewa˝ne, kto jà uprawia).

Our milk was delivered to the door. Nasze mleko zosta∏o dor´czone do drzwi (wiadomo, ˝e dor´czy∏ je mleczarz). The best pizzas are made in Italy. Najlepsze pizze sà robione we W∏oszech. English is spoken all around the world. Po angielsku mówi si´ na ca∏ym Êwiecie. My car’s gearbox has been repaired. Skrzynia biegów w moim samochodzie zosta∏a naprawiona (oczywiste jest, ˝e przez machaników).

Jack’s house was broken into. W∏amano si´ do domu Jacka (nie wiadomo, kto si´ w∏ama∏). My dress has been dry cleaned. Mojà sukienk´ wyprano chemicznie (wiadomo, ˝e zosta∏a wyprana w pralni).

Kiedy czynnoÊç jest wa˝niejsza ni˝ jej wykonawca. Zdania w stronie biernej zawierajà cz´sto nag∏ówki gazet, artyku∏y prasowe, instrukcje, obwieszczenia, reklamy, zakazy, np.:

The airport will be closed due to fog. Lotnisko zostanie zamkni´te z powodu mg∏y (nag∏ówek gazety). The flight will be cancelled. Lot zostanie odwo∏any (obwieszczenie). Visitors are not allowed to feed the animals. Nie zezwala si´ goÊciom na karmienie zwierzàt (zakaz). Customers are requested not to smoke in any place other than the areas indicated. Klienci proszeni sà o niepalenie poza miejscami to tego przeznaczonymi (zakaz).

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In case of fire, the building should be evacuated as soon as possible. W przypadku po˝aru, budynek powinien byç natychmiast ewakuowany (instrukcja).

Kiedy chcemy, by wypowiedê brzmia∏a bezosobowo (np. w przypadku oficjalnego, niezbyt mi∏ego oÊwiadczenia lub gdy mówiàcy nie chce naraziç si´ na zarzut nieskromnoÊci), np.:

The budget has been cut by 30%. Bud˝et zosta∏ obci´ty o 30%. The workforce will be reduced to 100 people. Za∏oga b´dzie zredukowana do 100 osób. The registration process will be sped up. Proces rejestracyjny zostanie przyÊpieszony. An agreement has been reached with the trade unions. Porozumienie ze zwiàzkami zawodowymi zosta∏o osiàgni´te. A new highway will be constructed here. Zbuduje si´ tutaj nowà autostrad´. Too many mistakes have been made. Zbyt du˝o pope∏niono b∏´dów.

Kiedy chcemy wysunàç na pierwszy plan wykonawc´ czynnoÊci, np.:

The interview has been carried out by Martha. Wywiad zosta∏ przeprowadzony przez Mart´. The light bulb was invented by Thomas Edison. ˚arówka zosta∏a wynaleziona przez Thomasa Edisona. The rabbit was chased by the dog. Królik by∏ Êcigany przez psa. A girl was rebuked by her teacher. Dziewczyna zosta∏a skarcona przez swà nauczycielk´. The amendment has been passed by the US Senate. Poprawka zosta∏a przyj´ta przez Senat USA. Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming. Penicylina zosta∏a odkryta przez Aleksandra Fleminga.

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Civil servants are employed by the Crown. Urz´dnicy paƒstwowi sà zatrudniani przez Koron´.

Kiedy chcemy ominàç stylistycznie niezr´cznà konstrukcj´ – strona bierna pozwala uniknàç zmiany podmiotu w Êrodku zdania z∏o˝onego, np.:

When the actress entered the stage, the audience greeted her with a standing ovation. Kiedy aktorka wesz∏a na scen´, publicznoÊç powita∏a jà owacjà na stojàco. lepiej b´dzie:

When the actress entered the stage she was greeted with a standing ovation (by the audience). Kiedy aktorka wesz∏a na scen´, zosta∏a powitana owacjà na stojàco (przez publicznoÊç).

W mowie potocznej, be zast´puje si´ czasami get, np.:

Nick’s car got wrecked. Samochód Nicka zosta∏ zniszczony. The soldier got wounded. ˚o∏nierz zosta∏ ranny. The roof got damaged. Dach zosta∏ uszkodzony. My hand got burned. Oparzy∏em sobie r´k´. My wallet got stolen. Skradziono mi portfel. My computer often gets infected. Mój komputer cz´sto ∏apie wirusy.

Niektóre czasowniki, np.: give, offer, tell, buy, send, show, award mogà tworzyç zdania z dwoma dope∏nieniami: dope∏nieniem bli˝szym (direct object) i dope∏nieniem dalszym (indirect object). Ka˝de z dwóch dope∏nieƒ mo˝e zostaç podmiotem w stronie biernej, np.:

I bought him a tie. He was bought a tie. A tie was bought for him.

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They will give him some advice. Some advice will be given to him. He will be given some advice. He gave her a flower. She was given a flower. A flower was given to her.

Kiedy dope∏nienie bli˝sze zostaje podmiotem w stronie biernej, wówczas u˝ywamy przyimków to bàdê for przed dope∏nieniem dalszym, np.:

They offered her a role in a drama. + A role in a drama was offered to her. Zaproponowali jej rol´ w dramacie. Zosta∏a jej zaproponowana rola w dramacie. He ordered the child a Happy Meal. + A Happy Meal was ordered for the child. Zamówi∏ dziecku Happy Meal. Happy Meal zosta∏o zamówione dziecku. I bought her a ring. + A ring was bought for her. Kupi∏em jej pierÊcionek. Zosta∏ jej kupiony pierÊcionek.

åwiczenia 1. Przekszta∏ç podane zdania na stron´ biernà. Tam gdzie jest to wskazane, podaj wykonawc´ czynnoÊci.

1. Somebody has broken into my flat. _________________________________ 2. The postman delivered the post. _________________________________ 3. No one noticed the mistake. _________________________________ 4. Someone sent her a love letter. _________________________________ 5. They have already booked the church. _________________________________ 6. People shouldn’t forget the past. _________________________________ 7. They complained about the bureaucracy. _________________________________ 8. Did he send the invitations to his colleagues? _____________________________ 9. The firefighters put out the fire. _________________________________ 10. The nurse took my blood pressure. _________________________________ 11. The surgeon will operate on him tomorrow. _____________________________ 12. The singer was signing autographs for almost an hour. ____________________ 13. Someone has stolen my idea. _________________________________ 14. The waiter brought me a drink. _________________________________ 15. They apologised to the passengers for the delay. __________________________

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2. U∏ó˝ zdania zwiàzane z publikacjà ksià˝ki, wykorzystujàc podane poni˝ej wyra˝enia.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

manuscript/proofread book/edit layout of the book/adjust cover/design set of proofs/produce book/print and bind publication date/set

3. Przekszta∏ç poni˝sze nag∏ówki gazetowe w pe∏ne zdania.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Founder of Betonsports arrested. Child rescued from a burning home. New care home to be opened on Tuesday. Torture Ban Agreement still not reached. Constitutional referendum to be held in March. Funds being raised to fight AIDS in Libya.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

4. Przekszta∏ç zdania poni˝szego tekstu, tam gdzie to mo˝liwe, na stron´ biernà.

They ceremoniously opened a new Patient Care Wing of Rye Street Hospital yesterday. They began their address by acknowledging the efforts of medical staff and representatives of the Hospital Fund that initiated a campaign to raise money to proceed with this project. Gone is the depressing old wing with its outdated equipment and medical apparatus. In its place, they established a new state-of-art structure which houses the Emergency Department, the Patient Care Unit, Patient Registration and a dining hall. They voiced the hope that the New Wing will introduce a big difference in people’s lives through excellent patient care.

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3.3. Przyimki w stronie biernej

JeÊli wykonawca czynnoÊci pojawia si´ w zdaniu w stronie biernej, jest poprzedzony przyimkiem by, np.:

Paul has written this article. This article has been written by Paul. Paul napisa∏ ten artyku∏. Ten artyku∏ zosta∏ napisany przez Paula. Kate designed this dress. This dress was designed by Kate. Kate zaprojektowa∏a t´ sukienk´. Ta sukienka zosta∏a zaprojektowana przez Kate. Jednak˝e, strona bierna takich zdaƒ jak:

Smoke filled the train carriage Dym wype∏ni∏ korytarz pociàgu Snow covered a tree Ânieg pokry∏ drzewo b´dzie: + +

The train was filled with smoke. A tree was covered with snow.

W zdaniach tych u˝ywamy with a nie by, poniewa˝ mamy do czynienia z biernà substancjà, a nie z dzia∏ajàcym podmiotem.

Kiedy wyra˝enie sk∏adajàce si´ z czasownika + przyimka + dope∏nienia jest u˝yte w stronie biernej, przyimek wyst´puje bezpoÊrednio po czasowniku, np.:

I will look into this problem Zajm´ si´ tym problemem. They will laugh at you B´dà si´ z ciebie Êmiaç.

+

+

This problem will be looked into.

You will be laughed at.

You should look after your health. PowinieneÊ zadbaç o zdrowie.

+

Your health should be looked after.

You must talk to her + She must be talked to. Musisz z nià porozmawiaç. I will reply to her inquiry Odpowiem na jej pytanie.

+

You must abide by the rules Musisz przestrzegaç zasad. 120

Her inquiry will be replied to.

+

The rules must be abode by.

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åwiczenia 5. Przekszta∏ç podane zdania na stron´ biernà. Zwróç uwag´ na miejce przyimków.

1. They’ve arranged for a meeting._________________________________ 2. We talked about the weather._________________________________ 3. She sent for the doctor._________________________________ 4. They will report to the board in May._________________________________ 5. Has she responded to your e-mail yet?_________________________________ 6. Jane looked at the picture with admiration._________________________________ 7. We will deal with the problem later._________________________________ 8. Nick proposed several interesting ideas._________________________________ 9. They made fun of her for being too fat._________________________________ 10. No one has applied for this post so far._________________________________

6. Uzupe∏nij s∏owami by lub with wykropkowane miejsca.

1. The cake was covered __________ icing __________ the chef. 2. The field was overgrown __________ weeds and bushes. 3. The walls were decorated __________ frescoes. 4. The house was filled __________ smoke. 5. Our truck was repaired__________ the mechanic. 6. Ice cream is made __________ cream and milk. 7. Fires may be extinguished __________ water. 8. The tap has been replaced __________ the plumber. 9. The hill was covered in snow __________ a big blizzard. 10. My carpets are cleaned __________ a professional carpet cleaner. 11. This photo was taken __________ a digital camera. 12. Paul got hit __________ a bike. 13. This apple pie is made __________ shortcrust pastry. 14. They got married in outfits designed __________ Giorgio Armani. 15. This fresco was painted __________ a local artist. 16. I washed my hands __________ soap. 17. Jerusalem was conquered __________ Alexander the Great in 332.

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3.4. Konstrukcje bezokolicznikowe w stronie biernej

JeÊli w zdaniu wyst´pujà czasowniki takie jak: think, believe, say, expect, feel, find, know, assume, consider, estimate, know, presume, understand, a zdanie ma konstrukcj´ typu:

People believe that music eases stress Ludzie uwa˝ajà, ˝e muzyka ∏agodzi stres People say that he is a dangerous terrorist Ludzie mówià, ˝e jest groênym terrorystà People thought that she was a little crazy Ludzie sàdzili, ˝e jest troch´ zwariowana Some expect that he will win the next election Niektórzy uwa˝ajà, ˝e on wygra kolejne wybory to stron´ biernà tworzymy na dwa sposoby:

It is believed that music eases stress. Music is believed to ease stress. It is said that he is a dangerous terrorist. He is said to be a dangerous terrorist. It was thought that she was a little crazy. She was thought to be a little crazy. It is expected that he will win the next election. He is expected to win the next election.

Czasowniki: make, help, hear, see, watch, etc. w stronie czynnej wyst´pujà z bezokolicznikiem bez to (help mo˝e wyst´powaç równie˝ z bezokolicznikiem z to), natomiast w stronie biernej z bezokolicznikiem z to.

I saw him enter the building. + He was seen to enter the building Widzia∏em, jak wszed∏ do budynku. They heard him quarrel with his coach. + He was heard to quarrel with his coach. S∏yszeli, jak k∏óci∏ si´ ze swoim trenerem.

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Martha helped him (to) develop his own business. + He was helped to develop his own business. Martha pomog∏a mu w rozkr´ceniu swojego w∏asnego biznesu. She watched him drink another beer. + He was watched to drink another beer. Patrzy∏a, jak wypi∏ kolejne piwo. Uwaga! W powy˝szych zdaniach zastàpienie bezokolicznika rzeczownikiem odczasownikowym (gerund) wskazuje, ˝e byliÊmy Êwiadkami tylko cz´Êci opisywanej sytuacji. U˝ywamy bezokolicznika, kiedy widzieliÊmy ca∏e wydarzenie.

I saw him entering the building + He was seen entering the building. Widzia∏em, jak wchodzi∏ do budynku + Widziano go, jak wchodzi∏ do budynku. I saw him enter the building + He was seen to enter the building. Widzia∏em, jak wszed∏ do budynku + Widziano go, jak wszed∏ do budynku.

Czasownik make podobnie jak help mo˝e wyst´powaç w stronie czynnej z bezokolicznikiem z to jak i bez to. JeÊli jednak w przypadku help nie wp∏ywa to na znaczenie, to jeÊli chodzi o make mamy istotne ro˝nice semantyczne, np.:

He made people work hard. On zmusi∏ ludzi do ci´˝kiej pracy. God made people to work hard. Bóg stworzy∏ ludzi do ci´˝kiej pracy. Strona bierna obu zdaƒ brzmi: People were made to work hard.

åwiczenia 7. U∏ó˝ zdania zgodnie z wzorem:

People think that she is a genius. It is thought that she is a genius. She is thought to be a genius. 1. People believe that the Internet is addictive. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 2. People say that Elvis is still alive. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________

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3. People expect that the relationship will break down. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 4. They know that he is controversial and opinionated. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 5. People consider this argument a defeat. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 6. People think that journalism is needlessly sensational. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 7. Critics acknowledged that he was a brilliant director. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 8. They thought that she was blameless. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 9. People reported that a group of teenagers were blind drunk. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 10. People understand that alcoholism is an illness. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ 8. Przekszta∏ç podane zdania na stron´ biernà.

1. He saw us cross the street. ______________________________________________________________________ 2. Alice helped me become more assertive. ______________________________________________________________________ 3. My parents made me feel special and loved. ______________________________________________________________________ 4. She watched him play with other children. ______________________________________________________________________ 5. I heard him call my name. ______________________________________________________________________ 124

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3.5. Sprawcze have/get (causative have/get)

Czasowniki have i get wyst´pujà w konstrukcji have/get+dope∏nienie+imies∏ów bierny (tzw. sprawcze have/get). Konstrukcja ta wyra˝a sytuacj´, w której mówi si´ o czynnoÊci, która jest wykonywana przez osoby trzecie. Podmiotem w zdaniach tego typu jest osoba, która powoduje wykonanie czynnoÊci, np.:

I had/got my roof fixed. Kaza∏em naprawiç dach. We had/got our room redecorated. Odnowiono nam pokój. Martha wants to have/get her lawn cut. Martha chce, aby przystrzy˝ono jej trawnik. I am having/getting my lip pierced tomorrow. Jutro przek∏ujà mi warg´. Kate is going to have/get her hair cut. Kate zamierza obciàç w∏osy. We are having/getting a new bathtub installed now. Instalujà nam teraz nowà wann´. Tom had/got his garden weeded. Ogródek Toma zosta∏ odchwaszczony.

Nale˝y ÊciÊle przestrzegaç szyku tej konstrukcji, bowiem gdy zamienimy miejscami dope∏nienie z imies∏owem biernym, sens zdania zostanie przekszta∏cony, np.:

Nick had repaired his car. Nick naprawi∏ swój samochód (sam go naprawi∏, nie zleci∏ nikomu, by go naprawiono).

Konstrukcj´ t´ stosujemy równie˝, kiedy mówimy o rzeczach, sytuacjach bàdê wypadkach (cz´sto dla nas nieprzyjemnych), które wydarzy∏y si´ bez naszej wiedzy czy udzia∏u. Podmiotem w tej konstrukcji jest osoba poszkodowana, a tak˝e rzecz, np.:

Beth had her bag stolen. Beth skradziono torebk´. We had our cellar flooded. Zala∏o nam piwnic´.

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The house had its roof torn off. W tym domu dach zosta∏ zerwany. The door had its handle broken off. Klamka w drzwiach zosta∏a u∏amana.

9. Odpowiedz na zadane pytania wed∏ug wzoru.

Did you repair the car yourself? No, I had it repaired. 1. Did you paint the gate yourself? No, _____________________________________________________________ 2. Have you translated this text yourself? No, _____________________________________________________________ 3. Will you clean the carpet yourselves? No, _____________________________________________________________ 4. Are you going to fix the computer yourself? No, _____________________________________________________________ 5. Did he install the washing machine himself? No, _____________________________________________________________ 6. Does she dye her hair herself? No, _____________________________________________________________ 7. Did they mow the lawn themselves? No, _____________________________________________________________ 8. Is Tom washing the car himself? No, _____________________________________________________________ 9. Did you sew this dress yourself? No, ______________________________________________________________ 10. Does he intend to paint the house himself? No, ______________________________________________________________

10. Uzupe∏nij zdania z czasownikiem have w odpowiedniej formie.

1. The photo was so good that I ______________ it ____________________ (frame). 2. How often do you _______________ your brakes ____________________ (check)?

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3. The grass is overgrown. We should ____________ it ____________________ (cut). 4. Where is Martha? She is at the manicurist’s. She _______her nails _______ (do). 5. The gale has torn off the roof. We are going to __________ it ________(replace). 6. My eyes are sore. I need to _______________ them ____________________ (test). 7. I _________ the walls ________________ (repaint). Most of the paint has chipped. 8. Do you like the idea of ____________________ your milk __________________. (deliver) to your doorstep? Yes, it saves a trip to a shop. 9. What’s that noise? It’s my neighbours. They __________ holes __________ (drill). 10. What have you done with your hair? I __________ it __________ (dye) pink. It’s my favourite colour. 11. Your windows are so dirty. __________ them ________________ (clean), please. 12. Before going on holiday, we are going to __________________ a security system _____________ (install). 13. I can’t see any mistakes in the manuscript. I must _______ it ________ (proofread). 14. Do you do your hair yourself? No, of course not. I always ________________ it _________ (do) professionally. 15. I am taking my car to the garage. I am going to _______________ it ___________ (service).

11. Zamieƒ poni˝sze zdania na zdania w stronie biernej.

1. Why did they accept the lower offer? accepted Why _______________________________________________? 2. She made me work very hard. was I _______________________________________________ 3. Don’t touch the exhibits. must The exhibits _______________________________________________ 4. People say that he is the greatest composer of all time. Is It _______________________________________________

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5. I am going to arrange for someone to clean my windows. have I _______________________________________________ 6. I ran into a tree and wrecked my car. got My car _______________________________________________ 7. I expect you to be back home by midnight. are You _______________________________________________ 8. Everyone knows that sport is good for health. known It _______________________________________________ 9. The waitress brought us coffee and biscuits. were Coffee _______________________________________________ 10. He helped me make up my mind. to I _______________________________________________

12. Popraw b∏´dy w poni˝szych zdaniach.

1. The bridge has reconstructed recently. 2. The prisoner was helped escape. 3. I had my taken photo dozens of times. 4. The mosaic was made by glass. 5. Results will published on Monday. 6. My eye got be infected from wearing contact lenses. 7. The film is been believed to star Dustin Hoffman and Will Ferrell. 8. My dog got be bitten by a tick. 9. Have the mess clean up soon! 10. I think that spaghetti is precisely what is cooked now.

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Key Sprawdê si´ 1. 1. Money is said to make the world go round.

2. A new magazine for teenagers will be launched. 3. The lawyer was seen to enter the courtroom. 4. I have had my car repaired. 5. The photos should be put in the drawer. 6. The escaped prisoners weren’t caught. 7. A final decision on this issue has been reached. 8. Nick’s office was broken into yesterday. 9. I was given a safe place to grow up. 10. The student was awarded with the highest mark on the essay. 11. A new winery is going to be opened. 12. The bills were paid by Robert, not by me. 13. A solution to deal with that situation has been reached. 14. Hondas are made in Japan. 15. A candidate for the post is being interviewed by Jacky. 16. The paper will have been finished by Tuesday. 17. The palace was built in an early 18th century Baroque style. 18. Were you interested in the performance? 19. The whole village was destroyed by the earthquake. 20. The wrong dishes were brought to us by the waiter/We were brought the wrong dishes by the waiter. 1. 1. a

2. c 3. b 4. a 5. a 6. a 7. b 8. c 9. a 10. b

åwiczenia 1. 1. My flat has been broken into.

2. The post was delivered. 3. The mistake wasn’t noticed. 4. She was sent a love letter. 5. The church has already been booked. 6. The past shouldn’t be forgotten. 7. The bureaucracy was complained about. 8. Were the invitations sent to his colleagues/ Were his colleagues sent the invitations?

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9. The fire was put out. 10. My blood pressure was taken by the nurse. 11. He will be operated on tomorrow. 12. Autographs were being signed by the singer for almost an hour. 13. My idea has been stolen. 14. I was brought a drink by the waiter/ A drink was brought to me by the waiter. 15. The passengers were apologised to for the delay. 2. 1. A manuscript is proofread.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

The book is edited. The layout of the book is adjusted The cover is designed. A set of proofs is produced. The book is printed and bound. A publication date is set.

3. 1. The founder of Betonsports was arrested.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

A child was rescued from a burning home. A new care home will be opened on Tuesday. Torture Ban Agreement hasn’t been still reached. A Constitutional referendum will be/is going to be held in March. Funds are being raised to fight AIDS in Libya.

4. A new Patient Care Wing of Rye Street Hospital was ceremoniously opened yesterday.

The address was begun by acknowledging the efforts of medical staff and representatives of the Hospital Fund that initiated a campaign to raise money to proceed with this project. Gone is the depressing old wing with its outdated equipment and medical apparatus. In its place, a new state-of-art structure was established which houses the Emergency Department, the Patient Care Unit, Patient Registration and a dining hall. The hope was voiced that the New Wing will introduce a big difference in people’s lives through excellent patient care. 5. 1. A meeting has been arranged for.

2. The weather was talked about. 3. The doctor was sent for. 4. The board will be reported to in May. 5. Has your e-mail been responded to yet? 6. The picture was looked at with admiration. 7. The problem will be dealt with later. 8. Several interesting ideas were proposed by Nick. 9. She was made fun of for being too fat. 10. This post hasn’t been applied for so far.

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6. 1. with, by

2. with 3. with 4. with 5. by 6. with 7. with 8. by 9. by 10. by 11. with 12. by 13. with 14. by 15. by 16. with 17. by 7. 1. It is believed that the Internet is addictive.

The Internet is believed to be addictive. 2. It is said that Elvis is alive. Elvis is said to be alive. 3. It is expected that the relationship will break down. The relationship is expected to break down. 4. It is known that he is controversial and opinionated. He is known to be controversial and opinionated. 5. It is considered that the argument is a defeat. The argument is considered to be a defeat. 6. It is thought that journalism is needlessly sensational. Journalism is thought to be needlessly sensational. 7. It is acknowledged that he is a brilliant director. He is acknowledged to be a brilliant director. 8. It is thought that she is blameless. She is thought to be blameless. 9. It was reported that a group of teenagers were blind drunk. A group of teenagers were reported to be blind drunk. 10. It is understood that alcoholism is an illness. Alcoholism is understood to be an illness.

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8. 1. He was seen to cross the street.

2. I was helped to become more assertive. 3. I was made to feel special and loved. 4. He was watched to play with other children. 5. He was heard to call my name. 9. 1. No, I had it painted.

2. No, I have had it translated. 3. No, I will have it cleaned. 4. No, I am going to have it fixed. 5. No, he had it installed. 6. No, she has it dyed. 7. No, they had it mown. 8. No, he is having it washed. 9. No, I had it sewn. 10. No, he is going to have it painted. 10. 1. had it framed

2. have your brakes checked 3. have it cut 4. is having her nails done 5. have it replaced 6. have them tested 7. will have/am going to have the walls repainted 8. having your milk delivered 9. are having holes drilled 10. have had it dyed 11. Have them cleaned 12. have a security system installed 13. have it proofread 14. have it done 15. have it serviced 11. 1. Why was the lower offer accepted?

2. I was made to work very hard. 3. The exhibits mustn’t be touched. 4. It is said that he is the greatest composer of all time. 5. I am going to have my windows cleaned. 6. My car got wrecked when I ran into a tree. 7. You are expected to be back home by midnight. 8. It is known that sport is good for health. 9. Coffee and biscuits were brought to us by the waiter. 10. I was helped to make up my mind.

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12. 1. The bridge has been reconstructed recently.

2. The prisoner was helped to escape. 3. I had my photo taken dozens of times. 4. The mosaic was made with glass. 5. Results will be published on Monday. 6. My eye got infected from wearing contact lenses. 7. The film is believed to star Dustin Hoffman and Will Ferrell. 8. My dog got bitten by a tick. 9. Have the mess cleaned up soon! 10. I think that spaghetti is precisely what is being cooked now.

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Notatki

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