A comparison of academic success of veterans counseled at the University of Southern California Veterans Guidance Center who followed through on their decision on course of study with those who changed their decision

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A COMPARISON OF ACADEMIC SUCCESS OF VETERANS COUNSELED AT THE UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA VETERANS GUIDANCE CENTER WHO FOLLOWED THROUGH ON THEIR DECISION ON COURSE OF STUDY WITH THOSE WHO CHANGED THEIR DECISION

A T h e sis P r e s e n te d to t h e G r a d u a te S ch o o l o f The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a

In P a r t i a l F u lf illm e n t o f t h e R e q u ir e m e n ts f o r . t h e d e g r e e M a ste r o f A rts

by Jam es C a m p b ell C h isho lm J a n u a r y 1950

UMI Number: EP65889

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

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*c,

’S 'o

This thesis, written by

...... James _O.Mj5be.ll_.Chisholm...... under the guidance of hXB... Faculty Committee, and a p p r o v e d by all its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Council on Graduate S tudy and Research in partial fulfill­ ment of the requirements f o r the degree of

M a s te r o f A r t s

Dean Date..

Faculty Committee

Chairman

i TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I.

PAGE

THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED

. . .

1

I n t r o d u c t i o n ...................................................................

.

I

V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a d v is e m e n t p ro g ra m

.

2

..................................

2

U n iv e r s it y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a V ete ra n s G u id a n c e C e n t e r Need f o r e v a l u a t i o n

. . . . . .

..........................................

S ta te m e n t o f t h e p r o b l e m ........................................

II.

3 k

D e f i n i t i o n o f t e r m s ............................

5

O r g a n i z a t i o n by c h a p t e r s ................................................

6

REVIEW OF RELATED S T U D I E S .........................................

8

M ethods o f e v a l u a t i o n ........................................

8

S t u d i e s on t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f c o l l e g e c o u n s e l i n g ................................................................

10

S t u d i e s on t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f c o u n s e l i n g a t th e secondary school l e v e l

........................

S t u d i e s o f v e t e r a n s g u id a n c e p ro g ra m s L im ita tio n s o f p re v io u s s tu d ie s III.

# '# .

17

........................

Zk

THE POPULATION AND METHOD OF S A M P L IN G ............. The p o p u l a t i o n ........................................... S o u rc e s o f d a t a

27

. . . . . .

27

................................................

M ethod o f s a m p l i n g .................................................. IV.

1^

THE CRITERIA AND STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA .

27 27 30

ii CHAPTER

PAGE

The c r i t e r i a . . . .............................................................. S t a t i s t i c a l tre a tm e n t of d a ta V.

30

. ........................

31

DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLES................................................

35

D i s t r i b u t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o s e x .............................

35

D i s t r i b u t i o n by r e h a b i l i t a t i o n c la ssific a tio n

..............................................................

D i s t r ib u t i o n ac c o rd in g to m a r i t a l s ta t u s

. .

D i s t r i b u t i o n a c c o rd in g to u n i v e r s i t y s t a t u s

35 39 39

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f agreem ent and d isa g re e m e n t o f c o u n se lo r w ith c l i e n t l s o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n ............................................................................ S u m m a r y ............................................... V I.

43

RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION........................................... Use o f g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s P art A . . .

39

.............................

.................................

45 45 46

C o m p ariso n o f g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s o f two g r o u p s a t g r a d u a t i o n ........................................... ....

46

C o m p ariso n o f g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s o f two g r o u p s a t tim e o f d r o p o u t ..................................

46

C o m p ariso n o f g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s o f two g r o u p s a t tim e d i s c o n t i n u e d t r a i n i n g . . .

49

D i f f e r e n c e i n t h e number o f h o n o r s e a r n e d a t g r a d u a t i o n ..........................................

49

ill CHAPTER

PAGE

C o m p ariso n o f t h e num ber o f c o u r s e , f a i l u r e s i n e a c h g r o u p .............................................................. P art B

..........................................

49 52

C o m p ariso n o f g r a d e s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r c h a n g e o f d e c i s i o n o f g r a d u a t e s ......................

52

C o m p ariso n o f g r a d e s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r c h a n g e o f d e c i s i o n o f d r o p o u t s ......................

52

C o m p ariso n o f g r a d e s b e f o r e an d a f t e r change o f d e c is io n o f th o se d is c o n tin u in g t r a i n i n g ........................................................................ S u m m a r y ......................................

52 56

V I I . SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS....................................................................... 59 S u m m a r y .................................................................................

59

................................................................ .

64

C o n c lu sio n s

R ecom m endations . ...................

. . . . . . . .

BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................

66 68

iv LIST OF TABLES TABLE I. II.

PAGE D i s t r i b u t i o n o f V e t e r a n s A c c o rd in g t o Sex . . .

36

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f V e t e r a n s by R e h a b i l i t a t i o n C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ................... .......................................... .

III.

37

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f V e t e r a n s A c c o rd in g t o M a r i t a l S t a t u s ................................................................ .

IV .

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f V e t e r a n s A c c o rd in g t o U n iv e rs ity S ta tu s

V.

AO

................................................

Al

F re q u e n c y D i s t r i b u t i o n o f A greem ent and D is a g re e m e n t o f C o u n s e lo r w i t h t h e C l i e n t s O rig in e.1 D e c i s i o n ............................

V I. V II.

A2

Grade P o i n t A v e ra g e s o f V e te r a n s a t G r a d u a t i o n Grade P o i n t A v e ra g e s o f V e t e r a n s a t Time o f Drop O u t ........................................................................

V III.

A8

Grade P o i n t A v e ra g e s o f V e te r a n s a t Time T r a i n i n g D i s c o n t i n u e d .....................................................

IX . X.

D i s t r i b u t i o n o f H o n o rs a t G r a d u a t i o n

. . . . .

....................................................

51

53

G rade P o i n t A v e ra g e s B e fo r e an d A f t e r Change o f D e c i s i o n o f t h o s e V e t e r a n s who G r a d u a te d

X II.

50

Number o f C o u rse F a i l u r e s b e tw e e n t h e Two G roups

X I.

A7

. .

5^

G rade P o i n t A v e ra g e s B e f o r e an d A f t e r Change o f D e c i s i o n o f t h o s e V e t e r a n s who D rop ped Out

.

55

V

TABLES

X III.

PAGE

G rade P o i n t A v e ra g e s B e f o r e an d A f t e r Change o f D e c i s i o n o f T hose V e t e r a n s who D isc o n tin u e d T ra in in g

XIV.

57

F re q u e n c y D i s t r i b u t i o n o f V e t e r a n s A c c o rd in g t o F i v e I te m s

XV.

................................................

o f I n f o r m a t i o n ..................................

61

Mean an d O th e r S t a t i s t i c s i n t h e C om parison o f O r i g i n a l D e c i s i o n an d C hanged D e c i s i o n G r o u p s ......................................................................................

XVI.

62

C o m p o site S t a t i s t i c a l R e s u l t s o f G rade P o i n t A v e r a g e s o f V e t e r a n s B e f o r e a n d A f t e r Change o f D e c i s i o n .............................................................................

65

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITION OF TERMS USED The young p e r s o n o f f i f t y o r e v e n t w e n t y - f i v e y e a r s ago r e c e i v e d l i t t l e

i n t h e way o f s c i e n t i f i c e d u c a t i o n a l

an d v o c a t i o n a l g u i d a n c e .

It

i s t r u e t h a t g u id a n c e i n some

fo rm h a s b ee n p r e s e n t t h r o u g h o u t ~ t h e a g e s , b u t i t *i s only, s i n c e a b o u t 1910 t h a t p l a n n e d p ro g ra m s o f g u id a n c e h a v e a p p e a r e d i n s c h o o l s y s te m s t h r o u g h o u t t h e U .S .A .

T ra x le r1

s t a t e s t h a t s i n c e t h a t tim e t h e g u id a n c e movement h a s grown so r a p i d l y t h a t a t t h e p r e s e n t tim e n e a r l y a l l t h e f o r w a r d l o o k i n g h i g h s c h o o l s , an d many o f t h e e l e m e n t a r y s c h o o l s , a t t e m p t t o p r o v i d e some t y p e o f i n d i v i d u a l g u id a n c e f o r t h e ir p u p ils .

The same s i t u a t i o n i s t r u e i n m ost c o l l e g e s

and u n i v e r s i t i e s th ro u g h o u t th e c o u n try . T h is tr e m e n d o u s e x p a n s i o n i n v o c a t i o n a l a n d e d u c a ­ t i o n a l g u id a n c e i s p a r t l y t h e r e s u l t o f kno w led ge g a i n e d a b o u t i n d i v i d u a l d i f f e r e n c e s , an d p a r t l y t h e r e s u l t o f n e e d s a r i s i n g from t h e c o m p le x i ty o f p r e s e n t d a y s o c i e t y . I t I s u n f o r t u n a t e t h a t e f f o r t s t o m e a su re t h e r e s u l t s o f g u id a n c e p ro g ra m s h av e n o t k e p t p a c e w i t h t h e i r r a p i d

**■ A r t h u r E. T r a x l e r , T e c h n iq u e s o f G u id an c e (New Y o rk : H a r p e r & B r o t h e r s , 1 9 ^ 5 )» P* 2 .

2 g ro w th .

F ro e h lic h 2 p o in ts out th a t th e r e s u l t s o f l e s s

t h a n two h u n d r e d s t u d i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e , o f w h ic h a l a r g e num ber a r e c o n c e r n e d w i t h o n l y a s i n g l e a s p e c t o f t h e p r o b ­ lem . The g u i d a n c e movement r e c e i v e d a f u r t h e r im p e tu s a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n o f W orld War I I .

The 7 8 t h C o n g r e s s , f a c e d

w i t h t h e p ro b le m o f r e h a b i l i t a t i n g arm ed s e r v i c e s p e r s o n n e l t o c i v i l i a n l i f e , made p r o v i s i o n s i n P u b l i c Law 16 an d P u b l i c Law 3k6 f o r a l l v e t e r a n s t o r e c e i v e v o c a t i o n a l and e d u c a t i o n a l a d v is e m e n t t h r o u g h t h e o f f i c e s o f t h e V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n an d t h e i r c o n t r a c t i n g a g e n c i e s .

P u b l i c Law

16 known a s t h e R e h a b i l i t a t i o n Act o f 19^3 r e q u i r e d t h a t d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s s h o u l d u n d e r g o v o c a t i o n a l a d v is e m e n t b e f o r e commencing on a c o u r s e o f e d u c a t i o n , o r t r a i n i n g . P u b l i c Law 3 ^ 6 , commonly r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e 0 . I . B i l l o f R i g h t s , was p a s s e d i n 1 9 ^ 4 a n d o f f e r e d v o c a t i o n a l a d v is e m e n t a s a s e r v i c e t o a l l c l a i m a n t s u n d e r t h e m e a s u r e , b u t made i t o p tio n a l w h e th e r o r n o t th e y a v a ile d th e m se lv e s of t h i s g u id a n c e . The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a V e t e r a n s G u id a n c e C e n t e r i s one o f a number o f g u i d a n c e c e n t e r s a v a i l a b l e t o v e t e r a n s l i v i n g i n t h e Los A n g e le s a r e a .

The

2 C l i f f o r d P. F r o e h l i c h , " E v a l u a t i n g G u id an ce P r o c e d u r e s , 1' A R eview o f t h e L i t e r a t u r e , F e d e r a l S e c u r i t y O f f i c e o f E d u c a t i o n , M is c . No. 3 3 1 0 , J a n u a r y , 19^9-

3 c e n t e r i s a u n i v e r s i t y agency s u p p o rte d by th e F e d e ra l G o v ern m en t, and more d i r e c t l y t h e V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , A c o n t r a c t re n e w e d y e a r l y b e tw e e n t h e V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a ­ t i o n an d t h e u n i v e r s i t y l a y s down t h e g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e s o f o p e ra tio n o f th e c e n te r .

G e n e ra lly sp e a k in g th e c o n t r a c t

c a l l s f o r th e u n i v e r s i t y to a s s i s t in c a rr y in g our P u b lic Law 16 and P u b l i c Law JkS.

More s p e c i f i c a l l y t h e r o l e o f

t h e u n i v e r s i t y i s t h e o p e r a t i o n o f a g u id a n c e c e n t e r t o a s s i s t an d c o u n s e l v e t e r a n s i n c h o o s in g v o c a t i o n a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s m ost s u i t a b l e t o e f f e c t o c c u p a t i o n a l and e d u c s .tio n a l a d ju s tm e n t.

T h is p a r t i c u l a r c e n t e r b e g a n

o p e r a t i o n s i n A u g u s t, 19*h5> a n d s i n c e t h a t tim e h a s c o u n s e le d th o u sa n d s o f v e te r a n s r e tu r n in g f o r u n i v e r s i t y tra in in g . V e t e r a n s g u id a n c e c e n t e r s s i m i l a r t o t h e one j u s t d e s c r i b e d w e re s e t up a t s t r a t e g i c l o c a t i o n s a c r o s s t h e c o u n try .

Some c o n c e p t i o n o f t h e s c o p e o f t h i s p ro g ra m can

b e g a i n e d from a r e p o r t made by B aer3 i n November o f 19*J7 . S t a t i s t i c s r e l e a s e d by t h i s

in v e s tig a to r re v e a le d th a t

1 . 1 2 5 . 0 0 0 v e t e r a n s h a d r e c e i v e d c o u n s e l i n g u p t o t h a t ti m e ; 6 6 6 .0 0 0 u n d e r P u b l i c Law 1 5 , a n d **64,000 u n d e r P u b l i c Law 346.

A bout 1 ,5 0 0 p s y c h o l o g i s t s an d v o c a t i o n a l c o u n s e l o r s

3 Max B a e r , W a sh in g to n F l a s h e s , 11I n s i d e t h e V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , 11 O c c u p a t i o n s , XXVI (N ovem ber, 1 9 4 7 ) .

w e re k e p t b u s y c o u n s e l i n g v e t e r a n s w i t h a m o n th ly c a s e l o a d o f 1 6 ,0 0 0 coining u n d e r P u b l i c Law 1 6 , a n d 1 8 ,0 0 0 u n d e r P u b l i c Law 3 ^ 6 .

T h is p r o g ra m , he p o i n t s o u t , i s h a v i n g an

enorm ous i n f l u e n c e on c o l l e g e s an d u n i v e r s i t i e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y , t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t many o f them a r e p l a n n i n g t o m a in ta in g u id a n ce c e n te r s a f t e r th e V e te ra n s A d m in is tra tio n p ro g ra m t e r m i n a t e s . I t seem ed l o g i c a l t h a t s u c h a n e x t e n s i v e p ro g ra m o f g u id a n c e sh o u ld r e q u ir e c o n s ta n t e v a lu a tio n in o rd e r to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r o r n o t i t w as m e e ti n g v e t e r a n s n e e d s . I.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The p r e s e n t s t u d y was an a t t e m p t t o e v a l u a t e one a s p e c t o f t h e c o u n s e l i n g p ro g ra m f o r v e t e r a n s a t t h e U n iv e r s it y o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a .

I t w as a c o m p a r a tiv e

s t u d y t o d e t e r m i n e i f v e t e r a n s who f o l l o w e d t h e d e c i s i o n s made a t t h e tim e o f c o u n s e l i n g made more s a t i s f a c t o r y a c a d e m ic p r o g r e s s t h a n t h o s e v e t e r a n s w ho, th o u g h c o u n s e l e d , c h a n g e d t h e i r d e c i s i o n d u r i n g some p e r i o d o f t h e i r t r a i n i n g . T h is i n v o l v e d v e t e r a n s c o u n s e l e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a V e t e r a n s G u id an c e C e n t e r , and i n a t t e n d ­ a n c e a t th e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a . A l l v e t e r a n s g o in g t h r o u g h t h e g u id a n c e c e n t e r a r e e n c o u r a g e d t o make a d e c i s i o n a s t o t h e i r f u t u r e t r a i n i n g . T h is d e c i s i o n i s b a s e d on t h e r e s u l t s o f t e s t s p l u s

5 p e r t i n e n t f i n d i n g s t h a t a r i s e from t h e i n t e r v i e w s w i t h t h e g u id a n c e c e n t e r c o u n s e lo r s .

In a l l c a se s th e in d iv i d u a l

m akes a f i r s t c h o i c e and a n a l t e r n a t i v e c h o i c e o f s t u d y a s to h is e d u c a tio n a l o r v o c a tio n a l g o al. I n t h i s s t u d y a p e r s o n was c o n s i d e r e d t o h av e ch an g ed h i s v o c a tio n a l d e c i s i o n o n ly i f he p u rs u e d a d i f f e r e n t c o u r s e o f s t u d i e s t h a n he h a d s e l e c t e d a t t h e tim e o f h i s c o u n se lin g .

I n s t a n c e s i n xfhich an i n d i v i d u a l s w i t c h e d from

h i s f i r s t c h o i c e t o h i s a l t e r n a t i v e c h o i c e w ere n o t c o n s i d ­ e r e d as a changed d e c is io n . II.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

V o c a t i o n a l an d e d u c a t i o n a l g u i d a n c e i n t h i s s t u d y r e f e r s to an y g u i d a n c e g i v e n by t h e V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n w h ic h a s s i s t a v e t e r a n t o c h o o s e a v o c a t i o n a l g o a l a n d c o u rse o f stu d y b e s t s u i t e d to h is n e e d s, i n t e r e s t s ,

an d

a b ilitie s. -V e te ra n s c l a s s i f i e d a s d r o p o u t s came u n d e r a n y o f th e fo llo w in g c a te g o r ie s . 1.

W ith d rew i n e v e r y s u b j e c t d u r i n g f i n a l s e m e s t e r in a tte n d a n c e .

2.

S e p a r a t e d fro m t h e u n i v e r s i t y f o r f a i l u r e t o m a i n t a i n minimum g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e .

3.

S e p a r a t e d from t h e u n i v e r s i t y f o r f a i l u r e t o m eet th e e n tra n c e re q u ire m e n ts f o r th e p a r t i c u l a r

6' d e p a r t m e n t i n w h ic h t h e i n d i v i d u a l d e s i r e d to be a d m itte d . An i n d i v i d u a l was c o n s i d e r e d t o h a v e d i s c o n t i n u e d t r a i n i n g i f u n i v e r s i t y r e c o r d s showed h e h a d c o m p le te d any num ber o f s e m e s t e r s , b u t h a d n o t r e t u r n e d t o f i n i s h h i s c o u r s e th r o u g h t o g r a d u a t i o n . III.

ORGANIZATION-BY CHAPTERS

I n t h i s c h a p t e r t h e o r i g i n an d im p o r ta n c e o f t h e p ro b le m h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d b r i e f l y .

A c o m p le te s t a t e m e n t o f

t h e p ro b le m h a s b e e n g i v e n , an d te r m s d e f i n e d w here n e c e s ­ sary . R e l a t e d s t u d i e s w i l l b e r e v ie w i n C h a p te r I I ,

and

r e c e n t a tte m p ts to e v a lu a te d i f f e r e n t a s p e c ts o f th e V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a d v is e m e n t p ro g ra m w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d . C h a p te r s I I I an d IV w i l l d e s c r i b e t h e p r o c e d u r e s fo llo w e d in th e I n v e s t i g a t i o n .

In C h a p t e r I I I t h e p o p u l a * * 1 t i o n w i l l be d e f in e d , th e s o u rc e s o f d a t a in d ic a t e d , and th e

m e th o d o f s a m p lin g o u t l i n e d . C h a p te r IV w i l l d i s c u s s t h e c r i t e r i a u s e d t o m e asu re d i f f e r e n c e s i n a c a d e m ic s u c c e s s b e tw e e n t h e o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n g ro u p a n d t h e c h a n g e d d e c i s i o n g r o u p .

T h is c h a p t e r

w i l l a l s o r e v e a l m eth o d s em ployed i n t h e s t a t i s t i c a l t r e a t m e n t o f t h e raw d a t a . C h a p te r s V and VI w i l l p r e s e n t t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e

7 stu d y .

C h a p te r V w i l l d e s c r i b e t h e s a m p le s w i t h r e s p e c t t o

f i v e ite m s o f i n f o r m a t i o n p r e s e n t e d i n t a b u l a r fo rm . C h a p te r VI w i l l r e v e a l t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n a c a d e m ic s u c c e s s b e tw e e n t h e two g r o u p s b e i n g c o m p ared . The f i n a l c h a p t e r w i l l b e c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e summary o f f i n d i n g s , g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s , and re c o m m e n d a tio n s .

CHAPTER I I

REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES A number o f r e s e a r c h w o r k e r s h a v e g i v e n c o n s i d e r a b l e t h o u g h t t o t h e p ro b le m o f c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f m e th o d s u s e d i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f g u id a n c e p r o g r a m s .

W ren n l s u g g e s t s t h e r e

a r e th r e e ty p e s o f ap p ro ach es to e v a lu a tio n :

(a) th e l o g i ­

c a l s u r v e y m e th o d i n w h ic h t h e n e e d s o f t h e s t u d e n t s a r e d e t e r m i n e d a n d s e r v i c e s d e s i g n e d to m e et t h e s e n e e d s a r e in sta lle d ;

(b ) t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l c r o s s - s e c t i o n m etho d i n

w h ic h a c o u n s e l e d g ro u p i s com pared w i t h a n o n c o u n s e le d g r o u p ;, and ( c ) t h e d e v e l o p m e n t a l m e th o d .

The two s i g n i f i ­

c a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e d e v e lo p m e n ta l m ethod a r e t h a t s t u d e n t s a r e f o l l o w e d up o v e r a c o n s i d e r a b l e p e r i o d o f tim e and t h a t t o t a l a d ju stm e n t i s o b se rv e d r a t h e r th a n a d ju stm e n t i n some p h a s e o f b e h a v i o r o r a c h ie v e m e n t . F r o e h l i c h , 2 i n a c o m p re h e n s iv e r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e , c l a s s i f i e s e v a l u a t i v e s t u d i e s o f g u id a n c e p ro c e d u re s in to seven s u b - s e c tio n s :

(l)

The e x t e r n a l

c r i t e r i a m e th o d , w h ic h c a n b e c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s t h e fld o - y o u 1 C. G. W renn, f,A C r i t i q u e o f M ethods Used i n F o llo w Up S t u d i e s o f S t u d e n t s , ’1 H a r v a r d E d u c a t i o n a l R ev iew , X (May, 1940), pp. 357-63. " 2 C l i f f o r d P. F r o e h l i c h , “E v a l u a t i n g G u id an c e P r o c e d u r e s , 11 A R eview o f t h e L i t e r a t u r e , F e d e r a l S e c u r i t y A gency O f f i c e o f E d u c a t i o n , M is c . No. 3 3 1 0 , J a n u a r y , 1 9 4 9 .

9 d o - t h i s ? “ ty p e o f stu d y .

I n e s s e n c e t h i s a p p r o a c h s e t s up

c e r t a i n s t a n d a r d s a g a i n s t w h ic h th e g u i d a n c e p ro g ra m t o he e v a l u a t e d i s c o m p ared .

(2 ) The f o l l o w - u p m e th o d , w h ic h can

b e t y p e d a s t h e “w h a t- h & p p e n e d - th e n ? “ t e c h n i q u e .

The

m a j o r i t y o f e v a l u a t i v e f o l l o w - u p s t u d i e s h a v e b e e n c o n d u c te d f o r th e p urpose o f d e te rm in in g th e a c c u ra c y and e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f c o u n se lin g .

(3 ) The c l i e n t o p i n i o n , t h e “w h a t - d o - y o u -

t h i n k ? “ m ethod i s u s e d b y many i n v e s t i g a t o r s i n f o l l o w - u p stu d ie s.

In t h i s u se c l i e n t o p in io n i s o r d i n a r i l y o n ly a

f r a c t i o n o f th e in fo rm a tio n t h a t i s o b ta in e d in th e fo llo w up s t u d y .

(k) E x p e r t o p i n i o n , t h e 11I n f o r m a t i o n P l e a s e 11

m e th o d u t i l i z e s e x p e rts.

t h e t e c h n i q u e o f s u b j e c t i v e e v a l u a t i o n by

(5 ) R e s e a r c h e r s i n t h e f i e l d o f p s y c h o lo g y h av e

b e e n s t r o n g f o r s p e c i f i c t e c h n i q u e s , Mt h e - l i t t l e - b y - l i t t l e " m e th o d .

T h is a p p r o a c h i s b a s i c t o t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e u s e

o f t e s t s f o r g u id a n c e p u r p o s e s .

(6) The w i t h i n - g r o u p

c h a n g e s , “ t h e b e f o r e - a n d - a f t e r " m ethod makes u s e o f a s i n g l e g ro u p o f c l i e n t s , o b s e rv in g changes t h a t o c c u r w i t h i n a g r o u p when i t

i s e x p o s e d t o some g u id a n c e t e c h n i q u e .

(?)

F r o e h l l h ! s f i n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s t h e b e t w e e n - g r o u p m eth o d , t h e “w h a t 1s - t h e - d i f f e r e n c e ? “ t e c h n i q u e .

T h is m eth od i s

c o n c e r n e d w i t h d i s c o v e r i n g d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n two m a tc h e d g r o u p s when one g r o u p i s e x p o s e d t o some g u id a n c e a c t i v i t y , and th e o th e r i s n o t. F r o e h l l c h c o n c l u d e s t h a t a t t h e p r e s e n t tim e o f

10

w r i t i n g no one m eth o d o f e v a l u a t i n g g u i d a n c e p r o c e d u r e s h a s p r o v e d t o he t h e b e s t m e th o d .

He s t a t e s f u r t h e r t h a t i n t h e

f u t u r e e v a l u a t i v e s t u d i e s sh o u ld o b ta in in fo rm a tio n o f such s c o p e an d v a l i d i t y t h a t e x i s t i n g c o u n s e l i n g can w i t h a s s u r ­ a n c e be c o n t i n u e d o r m o d i f i e d i n t h e l i g h t o f t h e f i n d i n g s . To a c c o m p l is h t h i s an a d e q u a t e c r i t e r i o n m ust be f o u n d .

The

la c k of s u i t a b l e c r i t e r i a has been th e g r e a t e s t s in g l e d i f f i c u l t y o f e v a lu a tio n to d a te . Toven^ made a v e r y th o r o u g h s t u d y on t h e e f f e c t i v e ­ n ess o f c o u n s e lin g w ith c o lle g e s tu d e n ts .

He s e l e c t e d 188

c o l l e g e f re s h m e n i n o r d e r o f r e g i s t r a t i o n an d m a tc h e d them w i t h a c o n t r o l g r o u p on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r s t a n d i n g on t h e A m eric an C o u n c il P s y c h o l o g i c a l E x a m i n a ti o n , s e x , a g e , c o l l e g e c l a s s , r a c e , r e l i g i o n , an d c u r r i c u l u m .

A sta tisti­

c a l a n a l y s i s show ed t h a t t h e g ro u p s w e r e a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l on s o c i o - e c o n o m i c b a c k g ro u n d a n d g e o g r a p h i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n . T h ese f re s h m e n w ere, th e n a s s i g n e d t o c o u n s e l o r s .

The

c o u n s e l o r s w e re s e l e c t e d on t h e b a s i s o f t e a c h i n g a b i l i t y , good ju d g m e n t, s e n s i t i v i t y t o s t u d e n t s 1 p r o b le m s , a n d ex p re sse d w illin g n e s s to se rv e as a d v i s e r s .

D u rin g t h e

fre s h m a n y e a r t h e y w ere r e q u i r e d t o h a v e s i x i n t e r v i e w s w i t h t h e i r c o u n s e l o r s , d u r i n g t h e sophom ore y e a r a minimum

3 J . R. T ov en , “A p p r a i s i n g a C o l l e g e C o u n s e lin g P r o g r a m , “ O c c u p a t i o n s , (May, 1 9 ^ 5 )> ^ 5 9 - 6 6 .

11 o f f o u r i n t e r v i e w s , and i n j u n i o r and s e n i o r y e a r s a t l e a s t tw o .

Toven f o u n d d e c i d e d d i f f e r e n c e s i n f a v o r o f t h e

c o u n s e le d group.

F o r e x a m p le , 101 o f t h e c o u n s e l e d g ro u p

w e r e g r a d u a t e d a s o p p o se d t o s i x t y - e i g h t i n t h e non­ c o u n s e l e d g ro u p d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e c o u n s e l e d g ro u p w h ic h g r a d u a t e d h a d a lo w e r mean s c o r e on t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l t e s t th a n th e n o n -c o u n se le d group. I n D ecem ber o f 1 9 ^ 6 , B l a c k w e l l ^ r e p o r t e d t h e r e s u l t s o f a n a t t e m p t t o m e a s u re t h e im m ed ia te e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f c o u n s e l i n g a s c o n d u c te d b y t h e T e s t i n g a n d G u id an c e B u rea u o f th e U n iv e r s ity of T exas.

G rade p o i n t a v e r a g e s e a r n e d by

t h e c o u n s e l e d g r o u p w ere r e l i a b l y g r e a t e r t h a n g r a d e p o i n t a v e ra g e s earn ed by th e c o n t r o l group, th e d i f f e r e n c e b e in g s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e one p e r c e n t l e v e l o v e r a p e r i o d o f two se m e ste rs.

T h is I n v e s t i g a t o r c o n c lu d e s t h a t i t w o u ld be

m i s l e a d i n g t o p l a c e to o g r e a t im p o r ta n c e on t h e s e d i f f e r ­ e n c e s i n v iew o f t h e many v a r i a b l e s t h a t c a n n o t be c o n t r o l l e d , p l u s t h e f a c t t h a t t h e g r o u p s w ere f o l l o w e d - u p o v e r such a s h o r t p e r io d o f tim e . W illia m s o n an d h i s c o - w o r k e r s a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f M i n n e s o t a h a v e made a number o f s t u d i e s o f c o u n s e l i n g a t

^ E r n e s t i n e B. B l a c k w e l l , MAn E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e Im m e d ia te E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e T e s t i n g a n d G u id a n c e B u reau o f th e U n iv e rs ity o f T e x a s ,” J o u rn a l o f E d u c a tio n a l R e s e a r c h , IX (D ecem ber, 1 9 k 6 ) , 3 0 2 -3 0 8 .

12 th e c o lle g e l e v e l .

I n one s t u d y by W i llia m s o n an d P a r l e y , 5

196 s t u d e n t s w e re f o l l o w e d - u p one y e a r a f t e r t h e i n i t i a l , c o n t a c t by t h e T e s t i n g B u r e a u .

They f o u n d t h a t e i g h t y - s e v e n

p e r c e n t o f t h o s e who f o l l o w e d t h e a d v i c e w h o lly o r i n p a r t w e re m ak in g h i g h e r g r a d e s t h a n b e f o r e a n d h a d made a s a t i s f a c t o r y a d ju stm e n t.

F ew er t h a n t e n p e r c e n t o f t h e

t h i r t y ~ e e v e n c a s e s n o t f o l l o w i n g t h e a d v i c e h ad made a s a t i s f a c t o r y ad ju stm e n t. W a l t e r s ^ e v a l u a t e d a c o u n s e l i n g p ro g ra m c a r r i e d on f o r f re s h m e n a t P u rd u e U n i v e r s i t y .

He f o u n d d i f f e r e n c e s i n

th e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f d i f f e r e n t k in d s o f c o u n s e lo rs .

Those

f r e s h m e n who w e r e c o u n s e le d b y s e n i o r s made more p r o g r e s s th a n th o s e c o u n s e le d by i n s t r u c t o r s .

B o th o f t h e s e g r o u p s

made a more s a t i s f a c t o r y a d j u s t m e n t t h a n t h e u n c o u n s e l e d c o n t r o l group. Love a n d McCabe? u s e d t h e c l i e n t o p i n i o n t e c h n i q u e t o e v a l u a t e t h e f r e s h m e n c o u n s e l i n g p ro g ra m a t Ohio S t a t e U n iv e rsity .

To e a c h o f t h e s i x t y - t h r e e ite m s on h i s

5 E. G. W i llia m s o n , a n d J . G. P a r l e y , S t u d e n t P e r s o n n e l Work (Mew York: M cG raw -H ill Book Company, 1 9 3 7 ) , 25 3 -70. 6 J . E. W a l t e r s , MM e a s u r in g E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f P e r s o n n e l C o u n s e l i n g , 11 The P e r s o n n e l J o u r n a l , XI (P e c e m b e r, 1 9 3 2 ) , 2 2 7 -3 6 . 7 L. L . L o v e , and J . E. McCabe, 11E v a l u a t i o n o f a F a c u l t y A d v is o r y Program f o r F resh m en , ttE d u c a t i o n R e s e a r c h B u l l e t i n (The O hio S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ) , XIX (November, 19^0)>

^83-^ 88 •

13 q u e s t i o n n a i r e t h e c l i e n t r e s p o n d e d on a f i v e - p o i n t s c a l e r a n g i n g from Ho f v e r y g r e a t h e l p ” t o 11o f p r a c t i c a l l y no h e lp .* '

He f o u n d t h a t a d v i s o r s who h a d e x t e n s i v e p e r s o n n e l

t r a i n i n g w ere r a t e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y h i g h e r t h a n ^ o t h e r a d v i s e r s on m o st i t e m s .

H i g h e r - r a n k i n g p r o f e s s o r s w ere r a t e d more

f a v o r a b l y t h a n j u n i o r members o f t h e s t a f f on t w o - t h i r d s o f th e ite m s. H o lad a y ^ r e p o r t e d a s t u d y i n 1929 i n w h ic h he a t te m p ­ t e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e e f f e c t t h a t c o u n s e l i n g h a d on t h e a c a d e m ic a c h ie v e m e n t o f t h e l o w e s t d e c i l e f re s h m e n . u s e d m a tc h e d g r o u p s o f f i f t y - t h r e e s t u d e n t s e a c h .

He At th e

en d o f t h r e e y e a r s o f c o l l e g e he co m pared h i e g r o u p s and d rew t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s :

(a) a h ig h e r g rad e av e rag e

t h a n e x p e c te d was o b t a i n e d b y t h o s e c o u n s e l e d ;

(b) f e w e r

from t h e g ro u p o f c o u n s e le d s t u d e n t s d r o p p e d o u t o f s c h o o l t h a n from t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p ;

(c) few er s tu d e n ts in th e

c o u n s e le d group l e f t th e U n iv e r s ity b e c a u se o f d is c o u ra g e ­ ment o v e r p o o r g r a d e s ; and (d ) c o u n s e l e d s t u d e n t s made a more s i n c e r e e f f o r t t o a d j u s t t o u n i v e r s i t y l i f e . Berdie^ u s e d e x p e r t o p i n i o n

i n an a t t e m p t t o f i n d o u t

® P. W. H o la d a y , 11The Long-Time E f f e c t o f F reshm en C o u n s e l i n g , 11 S c h o o l an d S o c i e t y , XXIX ( F e b r u a r y , 19 29 ) $ 234-36. 9 R a lp h F . B e r d i e , “Ju d g m e n ts i n C o u n s e l i n g , “ E d u c a t i o n a l an d P s y c h o l o g i c a l M e a s u re m e n t, IV ( S p r i n g I s s u e , 1 9 4 4 ) , 3 5 -5 5 *

14 how c o n s i s t e n t d i f f e r e n t c o u n s e l o r s w e re i n m aking ju d g m e n ts ab o u t v o c a tio n a l ch o ice.

He s e l e c t e d t h e c a s e r e c o r d s o f

t w e n t y - o n e p r e - c o l l e g e men whose v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e h a d b een changed In th e f i r s t c o u n s e lin g in te r v i e w .

A f t e r t h e id e n ­

t i f y i n g i n f o r m a t i o n was rem oved from t h e f o l d e r , t h e y w ere g iv e n to each o f f iv e e x p e rie n c e d c o u n s e lo rs .

W ith e a c h

f o l d e r he i n c l u d e d t h e f o l l o w i n g s t a t e m e n t s : A s t u d e n t comes t o you an d s a y s 1I f you s a y s o , I w i l l a t t e m p t t o become ( o c c u p a t i o n a l c h o i c e i n s e r t e d ) ; i f you s a y n o , I w i l l n o t . * I n t h i s c a s e you a r e f o r c e d t o make a ju d g m e n t. On t h e b a s i s o f t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h i s f o l d e r a l o n e , w o u ld you s a y y e s , o r no? He fo u n d t h a t t r a i n e d c o u n s e l o r s a g r e e d w i t h t h e o r i g i n a l ju d g m e n t e i g h t y - f o u r p e r c e n t o f t h e t i m e a n d t h a t t h e m a jo r ity o f th e f i v e re v ie w in g c o u n s e lo rs a g ree d w ith th e o r i g i n a l c o u n s e lo r n in e ty p e r cen t o f th e tim e .

In a l l

c a s e s w here t h e c o u n s e l o r who h a d o r i g i n a l l y h a n d l e d t h e c a s e r e v ie w e d i t ,

h e made t h e same ju d g m e n t.

A number o f e v a l u a t i o n s t u d i e s on g u id a n c e h a v e been made a t t h e s e c o n d a r y s c h o o l l e v e l .

E e lls^

a s k e d 1 7 ,2 4 6

p u p i l s how much i n f o r m a t i o n an d a d v i c e t h e y had r e c e i v e d from s c h o o l i n m a k in g e d u c a t i o n a l and v o c a t i o n a l p l a n s a s w e l l a s h e l p i n g I n s o l v i n g c e r t a i n o t h e r p r o b le m s .

P riv a te

s c h o o l s he fo u n d w ere more h e l p f u l t h a n t h e p u b l i c s c h o o l s

W a l t e r C. E e l l s , “ P u p i l Ju d g m e n t on V a lu e o f G u id a n c e R e c e i v e d , 11 S c h o o l R e v ie w , XLV ( A p r i l , 1 9 3 8 ) , 2 6 4 75.

15 in m a tte rs o f e d u c a tio n a l g u id a n c e .

W h ile a b o u t 3#000

s t u d e n t s s t a t e d t h e y h a d h e l p i n c h o o s in g t h e i r v o c a t i o n s , a b o u t t h e same number s a i d t h e y h ad n o n e .

The r e m a i n d e r

made e v a l u a t i o n s i n b e tw e e n t h e s e e x t r e m e s . Hedge a n d H u t s o n ^ u s e d t h e w i t h i n - g r o u p ch a n g e t e c h ­ n iq u e to e v a lu a te a y e a r 's v o c a tio n s c o u r s e .

They w ere

i n t e r e s t e d i n d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r t h e c o u r s e h a d h e l p e d 201 h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s make a w i s e r c h o i c e o f o c c u p a t i o n s . They fo u n d t h a t t h e number o f p u p i l s p l a n n i n g f o r c o l l e g e t r a i n i n g a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l c a r e e r s was r e d u c e d 5*5 p e r c e n t from t h e b e g i n n i n g to t h e end o f t h e c o u r s e , w h i l e t h e num ber p l a n n i n g t o e n t e r s k i l l e d t r a d e s i n c r e a s e d ^*5 p e r c e n t*

At t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e y e a r t h e m e d ia n IQ o f

s t u d e n t s i n t e n d i n g t o go t o c o l l e g e was 1 0 8 . 1 , and a t t h e e n d o f t h e y e a r i t was 111 •.4. B ender a n d M cClelland^*2 a t t e m p t e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e q u a l i t y o f c o u n s e l i n g w h ic h w ould be d o n e by t e a c h e r s *

One

t e a c h e r to o k t h i r t e e n p u p i l s i n a s i n g l e c l a s s an d l i s t e d f o r e a c h ut h e o c c u p a t i o n t o be e n c o u ra g e d " an d w h e t h e r o r n o t f u r t h e r e d u c a t i o n was i n d i c a t e d .

T h re e m onths l a t e r t h e

11 J* W. H edge, and P e r c i v a l W. H u ts o n , "A T e c h n iq u e f o r E v a l u a t i n g G u id a n c e A c t i v i t i e s , " S c h o o l R e v ie w , XXXIX ( S e p te m b e r , 1 9 3 1 ) , 5 0 8 - 1 9 . 12 R* E. B e n d e r, an d J . B. M c C le lla n d , " V a l i d i t y o f C o u s e l i n g by T e a c h e r s , " A g r i c u l t u r a l E d u c a t i o n M a g a z in e , X V III ( O c to b e r , 1 9 ^ 5 ) , 7 ^ 7 5 .

16 same t e a c h e r , a f t e r a more th o r o u g h s t u d y o f e a c h p u p i l , made a n o t h e r l i s t i n g .

A fte r t h i s second l i s t i n g th e p u p ils

w e re s e n t t o t h e C o u n s e lin g B u reau a t O hio S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y . S i m i l a r l i s t s w e r e p r e p a r e d t h e r e on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r stu d y o f th e p u p i l s .

The i n v e s t i g a t o r s , a f t e r c a r e f u l s t u d y ,

c o n c lu d e d t h a t t e a c h e r s c a n a p p r o x im a te t h e work o f a c o lle g e c o u n se lin g b u reau . K e f a u v e r a n d Hand^3 co m pared a g r o u p o f 1 1 t h g r a d e s t u d e n t s who w e re e x p o s e d t o a c o u r s e i n o c c u p a t i o n s w i t h a n o t h e r g ro u p n o t t a k i n g t h e c o u r s e . m a tc h e d a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e s t u d y .

The g r o u p s w e re They fo u n d l i t t l e

d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e am ount o f o c c u p a t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t w as a c q u i r e d .

H ow ever, t h e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e a c q u i s i t i o n

o f e d u c a t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n w e re s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f a v o r o f th e i n s t r u c te d group. V i t e l e s ^ s t u d i e d s e v e n ty - * f iv e a d o l e s c e n t s ex am in ed and c o u n se le d a t th e P s y c h o lo g ic a l C l i n i c o f th e U n iv e r s ity P e n n sy lv a n ia d u rin g 1923^2^.

A f t e r two t o two a n d o n e ~ h a l f

y e a r s , he a t t e m p t e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e number who f o l l o w e d re c o m m e n d a tio n s an d s u c c e e d e d .

The c r i t e r i a u s e d w e r e :

^ d r a y s o n N. K e f a u v e r , an d H a r o l d C. Hand, “An A p p r a i s a l o f G u i d a n c e , “ O c c u p a t i o n s , X I I ( J u n e , 1 933)* 5 3 58. ^ M o r r i s S. V i t e l e s , “V a l i d a t i n g t h e C l i n i c a l Method i n V o c a t i o n a l G u i d a n c e , ” P s y c h o l o g i c a l C l i n i c , 1929* 1 8 : 6 9 77.

17 w h e t h e r s u b j e c t s w ere e n g a g e d i n a c t i v i t y p r e s c r i b e d , number o f J o b s h e l d , a n d a c a d e m ic g r a d e s . He f o u n d : F i f t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t h a d f o llo w e d recommen­ d a t i o n s c o m p l e t e l y , tw e n t y - o n e p e r c e n t p a r t l y .

None who

h a d f o l l o w e d a d v i c e f a i l e d t o f i n d em ploy m ent.

O nly s e v e n

h a d h e l d more t h a n two J o b s .

Those who h a d f a i l e d t o f o l l o w

a d v i c e i n em ploym ent w ere e a r n i n g m ore m oney, b u t m o st w ere in b lin d a l le y Jo b s.

Of t h o s e s t i l l i n s c h o o l , t h e r e w e re

many more f a i l u r e s among t h e i n d i v i d u a l s who h ad n o t f o l l o w e d th e a d v ic e . Cole-^3 co m pared a g r o u p o f on e h u n d r e d bo y s c l u b members who d i d n o t t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f t h e o p t i o n a l c o u n s e l ­ i n g p ro g ram w i t h a g ro u p o f one h u n d re d who d i d .

In

e d u c a t i o n a l and v o c a t i o n a l s u c c e s s h e f o u n d t h e c o u n s e l e d g r o u p h a d made a s i g n i f i c a n t l y b e t t e r a d j u s t m e n t . The c h a p t e r t h u s f a r h a s p r e s e n t e d f i n d i n g s o f e v a l u a t i v e s t u d i e s i n g u i d a n c e a t t h e c o l l e g e l e v e l and t h e secondary school le v e l.

The r e m a i n d e r o f t h e c h a p t e r w i l l

b e d e v o t e d t o t h r e e r e c e n t l y c o m p le te d s t u d i e s on v e t e r a n s g u id a n c e pro g ram s.

The t h r e e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s t o b e r e v ie w e d

a re c o n s id e re d t y p i c a l o f th e a tte m p ts to e v a lu a te th e v o c a t i o n a l a d v is e m e n t a n d e d u c a t i o n a l c o u n s e l i n g w h ic h h a s

R. 0 . C o l e , “E v a l u a t i n g a B o y s 1 C lub G u id a n c e P r o g r a m , 11 O c c u p a t i o n s , XVII (May, 1939)» 707~08.

b e e n f u r n i s h e d b y g u id a n c e c e n t e r s an d r e g i o n a l o f f i c e s o f th e V e te ra n s A d m in is tra tio n . S t u b b i n g ^ r e p o r t s a s t u d y made a t t h e V e t e r a n s G-uidance C e n t e r o f R u t g e r s U n i v e r s i t y on t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n t h o s e who make r e a l i s t i c v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e s , an d t h o s e who make u n r e a l i s t i c o n e s .

The te r m r e a l i s t i c o r

u n r e a l i s t i c was a p p l i e d t o a c o u n s e l e e a f t e r c o m p a rin g h i s o r i g i n a l v o c a tio n a l d e c is io n w ith th e r e s u l t s o f h is t e s t s , e d u c a t i o n a l b a c k g r o u n d , a n d f i n a l l y t h e c o u n s e l o r s ju d g m e n t. T h e r e w ere no s t a t i s t i c a l l y

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s among

t h e ju d g m e n ts made by t h e f i v e c o u n s e l o r s who d i d t h e in te rv ie w in g .

Of t h e 22k v e t e r a n s s t u d i e d , 6 1 .2 p e r c e n t

made a p p r o p r i a t e c h o i c e s ; 2 5 - 9 p e r c e n t w ere u n r e a l i s t i c ; 3 . 6 p e r c e n t a im e d a p p r e c i a b l y lo w e r t h a n t h e y s h o u l d ; and 9 * ^ p e r c e n t w e re u n a b l e t o s u g g e s t a s u i t a b l e o c c u p a t i o n f o r th e m selv es.

No d i f f e r e n c e s w e re f o u n d f o r a g e , f a t h e r * s

o c c u p a t i o n l e v e l , number o f o l d e r b r o t h e r s , m a r i t a l s t a t u s , o r w o rk e x p e r i e n c e .

P e n s i o n e d v e t e r a n s made a r e l i a b l y

h i g h e r p e r c e n t a g e o f r e a l i s t i c c h o i c e s t h a n n o n ^ p e n s io n e d . Those who came f o r g u id a n c e v o l u n t a r i l y w e re s i g n i f i c a n t l y l e s s r e a l i s t i c t h a n t h o s e who h a d t o come b e c a u s e o f some i n s t i t u t i o n a l re q u ire m e n t.

^ J o s e p h S t u b b i n s , MLack o f R e a li s m i n V o c a t i o n a l C h o i c e , 11 O c c u p a t i o n s , XXVI ( A p r i l , 1 9 ^ 8 ) , 4-10**^! 8 .

19 Ward***? u s e d t h e m a tc h e d g ro u p m eth o d t o m e a s u r e t h e e f f e c t s o f v o c a t i o n a l g u i d a n c e on v e t e r a n s e n r o l l e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f O re g o n . S i x t y - s i x c o u n s e le d v e t e r a n s w e re e q u a t e d i * l t h s i x t y s i x n o n -c o u n se le d as to

(1 ) a g e ,

(2) y e a r i n c o l l e g e ,

Ohio S t a t e P s y c h o l o g i c a l E x a m in a tio n S c o r e ,

(3)

( if) d e p a r t m e n t

i n w h ic h e n r o l l e d , t h a t i s , A r t s , Law, E d u c a t i o n , an d so fo rth .

F i f t y - s e v e n p a i r s c o m p le te d t h e w i n t e r q u a r t e r , an d

f i f t y - t w o th e s p r in g .

C r i t e r i a u se d i n th e stu d y w ere

g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s , d e g r e e o f p e r s o n a l a d j u s t m e n t , and v e te r a n o p in io n o f th e c o u n s e lin g r e c e iv e d .

T h is i n v e s t i g a ­

t o r b u i l t an d a d m i n i s t e r e d h i s own a d j u s t m e n t s c a l e .

He

c o n s tru c te d a q u e s tio n n a ire to g e t v e te r a n s o p in io n s about c o u n s e l i n g , an d a d m i n i s t e r e d i t a l s o . T h ere w e r e no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s b e tw e e n t h e two g r o u p s i n e i t h e r t h e w i n t e r o r sp rin g q u a rte r.

The t - r a t i o

i n c r e a s e d from 1 . 1 9 i n t h e

w i n t e r q u a r t e r t o 1 .8 1 i n t h e s p r i n g q u a r t e r .

Ward co n ­

c l u d e s t h a t t h e i n c r e a s e d a d v a n t a g e s o f t h e c o u n s e l e d g ro u p i n t h e s p r i n g may i n d i c a t e t h a t o v e r a l o n g e r p e r i o d o f tim e t h e d i f f e r e n c e w o u ld be g r e a t e r .

■*■? J o h n R. Ward, “An E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n C o u n s e l i n g P ro g ram a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f O r e g o n ,11 ( u n p u b l i s h e d M a s t e r ' s T h e s i s i n t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f P s y c h o lo g y , The U n i v e r s i t y o f O reg on , E u g e n e , O reg on , J u n e , 19 W .

20

The n o n ~ c o u n s e le d g r o u p showed s l i g h t l y b e t t e r a d j u s t m e n t w i t h a t~ » ra tio o f . 3 t i c a l sig n ific a n c e .

wh i c h i s f a r b e lo w s t a t i s ­

He b e l i e v e s t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e

a d j u s t m e n t o f t h e g r o u p s b e f o r e c o u n s e l i n g may a c c o u n t f o r t h i s a p p a r e n t l a c k o f a d j u s t m e n t on t h e p a r t o f t h e c o u n se le d .

I t h a s b e e n a r g u e d t h a t t h o s e who come f o r

c o u n s e l i n g a r e l e s s w e l l a d j u s t e d t h a n t h o s e who do n o t come. The r e s u l t s o f t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e v e t e r a n s p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n t h e s t u d y w e re q u i t e f a v o r a b l e i n t h e i r o p i n i o n s o f t h e c a l i b r e o f c o u n s e l i n g o f f e r e d them a t t h a t p a r t i c u l a r v e te r a n s g u id a n c e c e n te r . T h is i n v e s t i g a t o r h a s p o i n t e d o u t t h e l i m i t a t i o n s i n t h e s a m p lin g du e t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n t h e a d j u s t m e n t o f t h e two g r o u p s b e f o r e c o u n s e l i n g .

I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s a m p lin g

d i f f i c u l t y , t h i s s t u d y a p p e a r s t o s u f f e r t h e same l i m i t a t i o n a s t h e one r e p o r t e d by B l a c k w e l l , n a m e l y t h a t t h e c a s e s w e r e f o l l o w e d o v e r to o s h o r t a p e r i o d , c a u s i n g a n y o b t a i n e d e v id e n c e to have o n ly f a i r r e l i a b i l i t y . L e is ^ 9 h a s c o m p le te d one o f t h e m o st t h o r o u g h e v a lu a tiv e s tu d ie s y e t r e p o r te d in th e f i e l d o f v e te ra n s

B la c k w e ll, l o c . c i t . Ward W. L e i s , ,fA C o m p a ra tiv e E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e V o c a t i o n a l A d ju s tm e n t o f A d v is e d an d H o n -A d v ised V e t e r a n s W h ile i n T r a i n i n g , 11 ( u n p u b l i s h e d E d.D . d i s s e r t a t i o n , The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9 ^ 8 ) .

21 g u id a n c e .

T h is I n v e s t i g a t o r a t t e m p t e d t o m e a su re t h e

v o c a t i o n a l a d j u s t m e n t o f a d v i s e d , and non~»advlsed v e t e r a n s w h ile in t r a i n i n g . A m a jo r p ro b le m w as t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f an a d e q u a t e c r i t e r i a o f a d ju stm e n t.

The a u t h o r e n l i s t e d t h e a i d o f many

p e o p l e a c t i v e l y en g a g e d i n v e t e r a n s g u i d a n c e p r o g r a m s , and t h r o u g h i n d i v i d u a l c o n f e r e n c e s an d g r o u p d i s c u s s i o n s t h e s e p e o p l e d e v e lo p e d a l i s t o f t w e n t y - f i v e q u e s t i o n s r a i s e d by t h e p r o b le m . six a re a s.

F u r th e r re fin e m e n ts reduced th e c r i t e r i a to T h e se s i x a r e a s i n random o r d e r w ere s u b m i t t e d

t o t h e Judgm ent o f s i x t y - f i v e e x p e r t s i n t h e f i e l d o f g u id a n c e f o r th e p u rp o se o f d e te rm in in g th e ran k o r d e r o f I m p o r t a n c e i n a n s w e r i n g t h e m ain p r o b le m . th e s e s ix a re a s of th e c r i t e r i a ,

In a r r iv in g a t

c o n s i d e r a t i o n w as g i v e n t o

t h e o b j e c t i v i t y a n d a v a i l a b i l i t y o f d a t a i n th e r e c o r d s o f th e v e te ra n s a d m in is tr a tio n .

T h is J u r y o f g u id a n c e p e o p l e

ra n k e d th e c r i t e r i a in to th e fo llo w in g o r d e r o f Im p o rtan ce. 1.

S t a b i l i t y o f c h o ice o f c o u rse s.

2.

L e n g th o f tim e t h e v e t e r a n s t a y s i n t r a i n i n g .

3.

F a ilu re s in school or tr a in in g .

4.

G ra d e s o r r a t i n g s g i v e n by t h e i n s t r u c t o r s o r su p e rv iso rs.

5.

Number o f i n t e r r u p t i o n s o f t r a i n i n g .

6.

Number o f c h a n g e s i n s c h o o l s o r t r a i n i n g fa c ilitie s .

22

M a t e r i a l f o r t h e s t u d y was t a k e n from t h e f i l e s o f th e V e te ra n s A d m in is tr a tio n , v o c a tio n a l t r a i n i n g s c h o o ls , and e d u c a tio n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s

i n t h e Los A n g e le s a r e a .

Four

s a m p le s o f t h e v e t e r a n s p o p u l a t i o n w e re u s e d ; an a d v i s e d and a n o n —a d v i s e d g r o u p from t h e d i s a b l e d t r a i n e e s , an d an a d v i s e d and n o n - a d v i s e d g r o u p from t h e n o n - d i s a b l e d t r a i n e e s . The same c r i t e r i a w e re u s e d t o m e a su re t h e a d j u s t m e n t o f v e t e r a n s t a k i n g e i t h e r e d u c a t i o n a l t r a i n i n g , o r on t h e jo b t r a i n i n g .

The m ethod o f t h e t - r a t i o was u s e d t o m e a su re

an y d i f f e r e n c e i n a d j u s t m e n t b e tw e e n t h e a d v i s e d an d t h e n o n -a d v ise d g ro u p s.

In r e g a r d to e d u c a tio n a l t r a i n i n g , th e

a d v ise d d is a b le d v e te ra n s had s ig n i f ic a n t d if fe re n c e s in t h e i r fa v o r in f i v e of th e s i x c r i t e r i a .

T h ere was no

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e a d v i s e d an d n o n - a d v i s e d on t h e q u e s t i o n o f number o f c o u r s e s f a i l e d i n s c h o o l . A d v is e d d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s t a k i n g on t h e J o b t r a i n i n g showed d if fe re n c e s in t h e i r fav o r in th re e o f th e s ix c r i t e r i a of a d ju stm e n t.

T h e r e was no d i f f e r e n c e i n g r a d e s o r r a t i n g s

g i v e n by t h e I n s t r u c t o r s o r s u p e r v i s o r s .

C r i t e r i a num bers

t h r e e and s i x c o u l d n o t b e a n s w e re d b e c a u s e i n s u f f i c i e n t d a t a was a v a i l a b l e t o a l lo w an y c o n c l u s i o n . T h is i n v e s t i g a t o r c o n c l u d e s on t h e b a s i s o f t h i s e v id e n c e t h a t th e v o c a tio n a l a d ju stm e n t o f th e a d v is e d d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s was s u p e r i o r t o t h a t o f th e n o n - a d v i s e d d isa b le d v e te ra n s .

23 The d i f f e r e n c e s w ere n o t so c l e a r - c u t b e tw e e n t h e n o n -d isa b le d v e te r a n s .

A d v is e d v e t e r a n s showed s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e i r f a v o r i n two o u t o f s i x c r i t e r i a i n r e s p e c t to d e g re e o f ad ju stm e n t d u rin g t h e i r p e rio d o f e d u c a tio n a l t r a in i n g .

They showed g r e a t e r s t a b i l i t y i n

c h o i c e o f c o u r s e s , and i n t e r r u p t e d t h e i r s c h o o l i n g l e s s fre q u e n tly .

T h e re w ere no a p p a r e n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n

a d v i s e d and n o n - a d v i s e d i n t h e r e m a i n i n g f o u r c r i t e r i a . T h e r e w ere no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n a d v i s e d and n o n - a d v i s e d v e t e r a n s t a k i n g on t h e j o b t r a i n i n g . L e is c o n c lu d e s t h a t th e v o c a t i o n a l a d ju stm e n t o f th e a d v i s e d n o n - d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s was n o t s u p e r i o r t o t h a t o f th e n o n -a d v ise d , n o n -d is a b le d v e te r a n s . The f i n d i n g s o f t h i s s t u d y p ro m p te d L e i s t o a s k f u r t h e r q u e s t i o n s su c h a s ,

“Was t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e a d v i s e ­

m ent w i t h d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s b e t t e r t h a n t h a t g i v e n t o non­ d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s ? ” , o r tfcWas some u n a c c o u n t e d f a c t o r , o r s e r i e s o f f a c t o r s p r e s e n t to cause th e s e d i f f e r e n c e s . '1 T h is r e v i e w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e h a s I n d i c a t e d t h a t p r o g r e s s h a s b e e n made i n t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f g u id a n c e p r o ­ gram s.

R e s u l t s o f s t u d i e s o f g u id a n c e a t t h e c o l l e g e l e v e l

h a v e shown t h a t v o c a t i o n a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l c o u n s e l i n g h av e p r o v e d h e l p f u l , p a r t i c u l a r l y t o in c o m in g s t u d e n t s and s t u d e n t s i n t h e i r sophom ore y e a r .

A num ber o f d i f f e r e n t

e v a l u a t i v e t e c h n i q u e s h av e b e e n u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e

Zk e f f e c tiv e n e s s o f d i f f e r e n t a s p e c ts of th e secondary sch o o l g u i d a n c e p r o g ra m .

The r e s u l t s o f some o f t h e s e s t u d i e s h av e

p o i n t e d up a n e e d f o r a more e f f e c t i v e a p p r o a c h i n p r e s e n t ­ i n g c o u r s e s on v o c a t i o n a l a n d o c c u p a t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n .

A

r e v i e w o f t h r e e s t u d i e s o f v e t e r a n s g u i d a n c e p r o g ra m s h a s re v e a le d th a t:

( a ) v e t e r a n s t e n d e d t o make v o c a t i o n a l

c h o ic e s in l i n e w ith t h e i r i n t e r e s t s and a b i l i t i e s ;

(b)

v e t e r a n s w e re f a v o r a b l e i n t h e i r o p i n i o n s o f t h e c a l i b r e o f c o u n s e l i n g o f f e r e d them a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Oregon V e t e r a n s G u id a n c e C e n t e r ;

(c ) a d v i s e d d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s made a more

a d e q u a t e v o c a t i o n a l a d j u s t m e n t t h a n non—a d v i s e d d i s a b l e d v e te ra n s. The p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t o r was o f t h e o p i n i o n t h a t many o f t h e e v a l u a t i v e s t u d i e s o f t h e p a s t h a d b e e n to o a m b i t i o u s i n a t t e m p t i n g t o m e a s u re t h e o v e r a l l e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f a g u i d a n c e p r o g ra m , r a t h e r t h a n some p a r t i c u l a r a s p e c t o f t h a t p r o g ra m .

A p r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f t h e p ro b le m

s t r e n g t h e n e d t h i s o p i n i o n when i t was l e a r n e d t h a t c e r t a i n i n f o r m a t i o n n e c e s s a r y f o r a c o m p le te e v a l u a t i o n o f a g u i d a n c e p ro g ra m was d i f f i c u l t an d i n some c a s e s i m p o s s i b l e to o b ta in .

The l i m i t a t i o n s o f p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s h a v i n g b e e n

n o te d , i t fo llo w e d th a t th e n ex t s te p in v o lv e d s e l e c t i n g f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n some p a r t i c u l a r a s p e c t o f a g u i d a n c e p r o g ra m . A r e v ie w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e f a i l e d t o u n c o v e r an y

s t u d i e s on t h e r e l a t i v e a d v a n t a g e s an d d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f an i n d i v i d u a l m a k in g a v o c a t i o n a l d e c i s i o n a t t h e tim e o f c o u n s e lin g .

G e n e ra lly s p e a k in g , a l l v e t e r a n s g o in g th ro u g h

t h e a d v is e m e n t p ro g ra m o f t h e V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n a r e e n c o u r a g e d t o d e c i d e upon a v o c a t i o n a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e a t t h e tim e o f c o u n s e l i n g .

T h is d e c i s i o n a s t o

o b j e c t i v e i s b a s e d on t h e r e s u l t s o f p s y c h o l o g i c a l t e s t s , p l u s p e r t i n e n t f i n d i n g s t h a t a r i s e from i n t e r v i e w s w i t h g u id a n c e c e n t e r c o u n s e lo r s .

The q u e s t i o n a r i s e s a s t o t h e

r e l a t i v e a d v a n t a g e s o r d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f h a v in g a c o u n s e l e e a r r i v e a t a d e f i n i t e d e c i s i o n a t t h e ti m e o f c o u n s e l i n g . D e v e lo p in g t h i s p ro b le m f u r t h e r became t h e t a s k o f t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t o r i n an e f f o r t t o d i s c o v e r i f v e t e r a n s c h a n g in g t h e i r d e c i s i o n a t some i n t e r v a l f o l l o w i n g c o u n s e l ­ i n g made a s s a t i s f a c t o r y a c a d e m ic p r o g r e s s a s t h o s e who k e p t t o t h e i r o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n made a t t h e t i m e o f c o u n s e l i n g .

CHAPTER I I I

THE POPULATION AND METHOD OF SAMPLINGA r e v ie w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e i n d i c a t e s t h a t e v a l u a t i v e s t u d i e s o f g u i d a n c e h av e o f t e n b e e n c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y two lim ita tio n s:

( a ) an a t t e m p t t o m e a su re i n one s t u d y t h e

t o t a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f a p a r t i c u l a r g u i d a n c e p ro g ra m w i t h a l l i t s a c co m p a n y in g v a r i a b l e s , an d (b ) t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f a p ro g ra m b a s e d on e v i d e n c e c o v e r i n g a p e r i o d o f one o r two se m esters a f t e r c o u n s e lin g .

I t seemed l o g i c a l t o t h e

p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t o r t h a t t h e s e f a c t o r s s h o u l d be g i v e n due c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n any f u t u r e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f g u i d a n c e pro gram s.

The p r e s e n t s t u d y a t t e m p t e d t o m e a s u re on e a s p e c t

o f a g u id a n c e p r o g ra m , an d a t t h e same ti m e t h e I n d i v i d u a l s s e l e c t e d f o r s t u d y w ere f o l l o w e d - u p fro m t h e d a t e o f coun­ s e l i n g t h r o u g h t o t h e tim e when t h e y e i t h e r g r a d u a t e d , dropped o u t, o r d is c o n tin u e d .

V ete ra n s s t i l l in t r a i n i n g

a t t h e tim e o f t h e s t u d y w e re n o t s e l e c t e d on t h e a s s u m p tio n t h a t t h e y w ere s t i l l i n t h e p r o c e s s o f a c h i e v i n g t h e i r v o c a t i o n a l and e d u c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e , a n d t h a t t h e e f f e c t s o f a n y change i n d e c i s i o n c o u l d n o t b e e v a l u a t e d s a t i s f a c ­ t o r i l y u n t i l s u c h tim e a s t h e y e i t h e r g r a d u a t e d , d r o p p e d o u t, o r d isc o n tin u e d t r a i n i n g .

27 I.

THE POPULATION

The p o p u l a t i o n i n c l u d e s a l l v e t e r a n s who h a v e a t t e n d e d o r a r e a t t e n d i n g t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a , and who w e re c o u n s e l e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a V e t e r a n s G u id an ce C e n t e r d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d from N ovem ber, 1 9 ^ 5 » t o S e p te m b e r, 19*v6. IX.

SOURCES OF DATA AND METHOD OF SAMPLING

The c a s e h i s t o r i e s a t t h e G u id a n c e C e n t e r a r e f i l e d a l p h a b e t i c a l l y , an d i n c l u d e a l l c a s e s p r o c e s s e d w i t h i n a two m on th p e r i o d ; t h a t i s , a l l c a s e s p r o c e s s e d i n November an d D ecem ber o f 19^5 a r e p l a c e d i n a f i l e order.

in a lp h a b e tic a l

The same f i l i n g s y s te m was u s e d f o r a l l c a s e s g o in g

t h r o u g h t h e c e n t e r d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d fro m w h ic h t h e sam ple was t a k e n . Names w e re s e l e c t e d a t random fro m t h e p o p u l a t i o n s t a r t i n g a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e a l p h a b e t an d w o rk in g t h r o u g h t o Z.

The same p r o c e d u r e was u s e d t o s e l e c t c a s e s

fro m t h e f o l l o w i n g two m o n th s r e c o r d s , a n d so on u n t i l s u f f i c i e n t c a s e s w e re s e l e c t e d f o r t h e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e stu d y . Nine it e m s o f i n f o r m a t i o n w e re r e c o r d e d from e a c h c a s e s e l e c t e d fro m t h e G u id a n c e C e n t e r f i l e s : 66*6 name, (2 ) d a t e c o u n s e l e d ,

(3) s e x ,

(l)

c o u n s e l-

(4 ) m a r i t a l s t a t u s ,

28 (5 ) v o c a t i o n a l d e c i s i o n ,

(6 ) a l t e r n a t e v o c a t i o n a l d e c i s i o n ,

( 7 ) n o t a t i o n a s t o w h e th e r c o u n s e l o r a g r e e d o r d i s a g r e e d w ith th e c o u n s e le e ’ s d e c is io n , tio n ,

(8) r e h a b i l i t a t i o n c l a s s i f i c a ­

t h a t i s , P u b l i c Law 1 6 , o r P u b l i c Law 3^6,

(9 ) d a t e

t r a i n i n g commenced. F u r t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n on t h e c a s e s s e l e c t e d was o b t a i n e d from t h e R e g i s t r a r ’ s O f f i c e o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y .

The

f o l l o w i n g d a t a was r e c o r d e d a b o u t e a c h i n d i v i d u a l c o m p r is in g th e stu d y :

(1 ) c h a n g e o f m a j o r , i f a n y ,

(3 ) g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e b e f o r e c h a n g e , av erag e a f t e r change,

(2 ) d a t e o f c h a n g e , (4 ) g r a d e p o i n t

(5) g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e a t g r a d u a t i o n ,

(6 ) g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e a t t i m e v e t e r a n d r o p p e d o u t o f u n iv e rsity tra in in g ,

(7) g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e a t tim e v e t e r a n

d i s c o n t i n u e d t r a i n i n g a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a lifo rn ia ,

(8 ) f a i l u r e s ,

s ta tu s , th a t i s ,

(9) s c h o la r s h ip ,

(10) u n i v e r s i t y

g ra d u a te o r u n d e rg ra d u a te .

A l l o f t h e raw d a t a u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y came fro m t h e two s o u r c e s m e n tio n e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n g p a r a g r a p h s .

A fte r a l l

o f t h e raw d a t a h a d b e e n c o l l e c t e d a f u r t h e r s a m p lin g was t a k e n w i t h i n t h e sa m p le .

The f i r s t f i f t y c a s e s o f t h o s e who

h a d a d h e r e d t o t h e i r o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n w e re s e l e c t e d , com­ p r i s i n g t h o s e who h a d g r a d u a t e d , d r o p p e d o u t , o r d i s c o n t i n u e d . At t h e same tim e t h e f i r s t f i f t y c a s e s o f t h o s e who h a d c h a n g e d t h e i r d e c i s i o n w ere s e l e c t e d , c o m p r i s i n g t h o s e who g ra d u a te d , d ropped o u t, o r d is c o n tin u e d .

29

The o r i g i n a l s e l e c t i o n was a random s a m p lin g , a n d t h e h u n d r e d c a s e s c h o s e n f o r t h e s t u d y w ere s e l e c t e d fro m th e o r i g i n a l , random s a m p lin g .

T hese c a s e s w e r e s e l e c t e d a l p h a ­

b e t i c a l l y u n t i l f i f t y c a s e s o f e a c h c l a s s i f i c a t i o n w e re o b ta in e d . H av in g d e c i d e d upon t h e p o p u l a t i o n , m ethod o f s e l e c t i o n , and s o u r c e s o f d a t a , i t seem ed l o g i c a l t h a t t h e n e x t s t e p b e c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e m o st a p p r o p r i a t e s t a t i s t i c a l tr e a tm e n t to be a p p lie d to th e o b ta in e d d a te .

CHAPTER I ?

THE CRITERIA AND STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA R e f e r e n c e was made i n a r e v ie w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e ( C h a p t e r I I , p a g e 9) t o t h e p ro b le m o f d e v e l o p i n g a d e q u a t e c r i t e r i a t o e v a l u a t e g u i d a n c e p r o g ra m s .

V ite les^ * s t r e s s e s

t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e p r o b le m in v o l v e d i n t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f s u c c e s s and f a i l u r e i n s e t t i n g up o u r c r i t e r i a f o r e v a l u a ­ t i o n o f g u id a n c e p r o g r a m s .

He s u g g e s t s t h a t we c h a n g e o u r

o r i e n t a t i o n and e l a b o r a t e o u r m eth o ds i n t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l s t u d i e s o f v o c a t i o n a l s u c c e s s so t h a t t h e y p e r m i t a s t u d y o f t h e dynam ic i n t e r - r e l a t i o n s h i p s among t h e many d i v e r s e f a c t o r s m aking f o r s u c c e s s o r f a i l u r e i n w ork . U nder o u r p r e s e n t e d u c a t i o n a l s y s te m t h e te r m a c a d e m ic s u c c e s s o r a c h ie v e m e n t i s m e a s u r e d by g r a d e s o b t a i n e d by s t u d e n t s on t h e b a s i s o f t h e i r c l a s s r o o m w ork, r e s u l t s o f t e r m , an d f i n a l t e s t s .

The f a c t t h a t t h i s

s y s te m i s u s e d a l m o s t u n i v e r s a l l y i n t h i s c o u n t r y d o e s n o t mean t h a t i t i s w i d e l y a c c e p t e d by a l l e d u c a t o r s . G u i l f o r d 2 q u e s t i o n s t h e v a l i d i t y o f th e g r a d i n g s y s te m i n 1 M o r r is S. V i t e l e s , 11A Synamic C r i t e r i o n / 1 O c c u p a t i o n s , XIV ( J u n e , 1 9 3 6 ) , 9 6 2 -6 7 . 2 J . P. G - u ilf o r d , F u n d a m e n ta l S t a t i s t i c s i n P s y c h o lo g y and E d u c a t i o n (New Y o rk :” M cG raw -H ill Book Gomp&ny, I n c . , 1 9 ^ 2 )» p* 2 8 6 .

31 m e a s u r i n g a c a d e m ic a c h i e v e m e n t , and e m p h a s iz e s t h e f a c t t h a t s c h o o l m arks a s o r d i n a r i l y a s s i g n e d by t e a c h e r s a r e r a t h e r p o o r m e tric m a te r ia l .

V a r i a t i o n s i n m e a n in g and s t a n d a r d s

from t e a c h e r t o t e a c h e r and from c o u r s e t o c o u r s e a r e n o to rio u s.

He c o n c l u d e s t h a t m o st m arks a r e n e i t h e r v e r y

r e l i a b l e n o r v e r y v a l i d i n d i c a t o r s o f a c h ie v e m e n t . T h ere i s no q u e s t i o n t h a t t h e g r a d i n g sy ste m h a s many lim ita tio n s.

N e v e rth e le ss i t

is re a liz e d th a t th is

i s th e

s y s te m m ost commonly u s e d by e d u c a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s th ro u g h o u t th e n a tio n .

The s t u d e n t a t t e n d i n g u n i v e r s i t y ,

w o r k i n g to w a r d a d e g r e e , i s

e v e r c o n s c io u s t h a t he m u st

m a i n t a i n a c e r t a i n s t a n d a r d i n te rm s o f a g r a d e p o i n t a v e r ­ ag e i f he i s t o a c h i e v e h i s a c a d e m ic g o a l .

I t was m a i n l y

th e s e p r a c t i c a l a s p e c ts , p lu s th e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f th e d a ta , t h a t l e d t h i s i n v e s t i g a t o r t o d e c i d e on g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s as th e c r i t e r i a to be used in t h i s stu d y .

O th e r l e e s

i m p o r t a n t c r i t e r i a o f a c a d e m ic s u c c e s s w e re t h e num ber o f h o n o r g r a d u a t e s i n e a c h g r o u p , and t h e num ber o f c o u r s e f a i l u r e s in each group. I.

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF DATA

The p u r p o s e o f t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , a s s t a t e d , i n C h a p t e r I , was t o d e t e r m i n e w h e th e r o r n o t v e t e r a n s a d h e r i n g t o t h e i r o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n on c o u r s e o f s t u d y made more s a t i s f a c t o r y a c a d e m ic p r o g r e s s t h a n t h o s e who c h a n g e d t h e i r

32 d e c isio n .

I n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e w h e th e r o r n o t t h e r e was

a n y d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e s e two g r o u p s , i t became n e c e s s a r y t o s u b m it t h e raw d a t a t o t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s t a t i s t i c a l procedures. The w e l l known t - r a t i o was u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y .

f o r s m a ll sam p le s t a t i s t i c s

I t i s com puted by d i v i d i n g t h e

d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n means b y t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f t h e d i f f e r ­ ence.

B e f o r e c o m p u tin g t h e t - r a t i o

t h e h y p o t h e s i s i s s e t up

t o t h e e f f e c t t h a t t h e r e i s no t r u e d i f f e r e n c e , a n d t h a t an y o b t a i n e d d i f f e r e n c e i s due t o ch a n c e o r s a m p lin g f l u c t u a ­ tio n s .

I f t h i s h y p o t h e s i s c a n b e r e j e c t e d w i t h an a c c e p t a b l e

d e g r e e o f c o n f i d e n c e , t h e n i t w o u ld i n d i c a t e t h e o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n m e a s u r e s o f c e n t r a l te n d e n c y f o r i n d e p e n d e n t s a m p le s i s s i g n i f i c a n t .

I t w ou ld be n e c e s s a r y

t o r e f e r t o t h e d e g r e e s o f fre e d o m an d t h e t t a b l e s i n o r d e r t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e r e w e re a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e

( a t th e

f iv e p e r cent l e v e l o f c o n fid e n c e ), o r a very s ig n if ic a n t d iffe re n c e

( a t t h e one p e r c e n t l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e ) .

The

h y p o t h e s i s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e p r e c e d i n g s e n t e n c e s i s commonly r e f e r r e d to as th e n u ll h y p o th e s is . The t - r a t i o f o r m u l a f o r a d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n u n c o r r e ­ l a t e d means was a p p l i e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s i t u a t i o n s :

(a) a

c o m p a r is o n o f t h e g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s o f t h e o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n g ro u p a t g r a d u a t i o n , a n d t h e g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s o f t h e ch an g ed g r o u p a t g r a d u a t i o n ,

(b ) a c o m p a ris o n o f t h e

33 g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s o f t h e o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n g ro u p who d r o p p e d o u t , and t h e ch a n g ed d e c i s i o n g r o u p who d r o p p e d o u t , ( c ) a c o m p a ris o n o f t h e g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s o f t h e o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n g r o u p a t tim e o f d i s c o n t i n u e , a n d t h e g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s o f t h e ch a n g e d d e c i s i o n g ro u p a t tim e o f d i s c o n ­ tin u e . The t - r a t i o

f o r m u l a f o r a d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n u n c o r r e ­

l a t e d m eans, a s s u m in g t h e tw o s a m p le s w e re m a tc h e d , was u sed in th e fo llo w in g s i t u a t i o n s :

( a ) As a t e s t o f

s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e ch a n g ed d e c i s i o n g r o u p who g r a d u a t e d . The h y p o t h e s i s i n t h i s c a s e assu m es t h e r e i s no t r u e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e b e f o r e t h e change o f d e c i s i o n an d a f t e r t h e c h a n g e , and t h a t an y o b t a i n e d d i f f e r e n c e i s d u e t o c h a n c e o r s a m p lin g .

I f t h i s h y p o th e sis

can be r e j e c t e d w ith an a c c e p ta b le d e g re e o f c o n fid e n c e , t h e n i t can b e assu m ed t h a t t h e o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n t h e m e a s u r e s o f c e n t r a l t e n d e n c y f o r t h e s e two m a tc h e d s a m p le s i s s i g n i f i c a n t .

(b ) As a t e s t o f s i g n i f i c a n c e ,

w i t h i n t h e c h a n g e d g ro u p who d r o p p e d o u t . it

In t h i s in s ta n c e

i s assum ed t h e r e i s no t r u e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e g r a d e

p o i n t a v e ra g e s b e f o r e th e change o f d e c i s i o n , and a f t e r th e change o f d e c is io n .

( c ) As a t e s t o f s i g n i f i c a n c e w i t h i n

t h e ch a n g ed d e c i s i o n g r o u p who d i s c o n t i n u e d .

I t was assum ed

t h e r e was no t r u e d i f f e r e n c e b etw e en t h e g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s

3^ o f t h e g ro u p b e f o r e and a f t e r c h a n g in g t h e i r d e c i s i o n . The m etho d o f c h i - s q u a r e , a s a t e s t o f s i g n i f i c a n c e , was t o h av e b e e n a p p l i e d t o t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d c o n c e r n i n g t h e number o f h o n o r g r a d u a t e s i n e a c h g r o u p .

H ow ever, an

e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e raw d a t a i n d i c a t e d t h a t i t was n o t f e a s ­ i b l e to use t h i s p a r t i c u l a r te c h n iq u e in t h i s s i t u a t i o n as one o f th e f r e q u e n c i e s r e p o r t e d was com posed o f l e s s t h a n fiv e cases.

G-uilford, 3 d i s c u s s i n g t h e u s e s o f c h i - s q u a r e ,

a d v i s e s a g a i n s t u s i n g t h i s m e th o d when a n y f e i n t h e t a b l e o f f r e q u e n c i e s i s l e s s th a n f i v e . As an a l t e r n a t i v e , o r n e x t b e s t m e th o d , t h e f r e q u e n ­ c i e s w ere a r r a n g e d i n te rm s o f p e r c e n t a g e s . The num ber o f c o u r s e f a i l u r e s i n e a c h g ro u p w e re a l s o e x p re s s e d in te rm s o f p e r c e n ta g e s . H aving d e c i d e d on t h e s t a t i s t i c a l t r e a t m e n t o f t h e d a t a , t h e n e x t s t e p a p p e a l e d t o be an e x a m i n a t i o n o f t h e i t e m s o f I n f o r m a t i o n c o l l e c t e d a b o u t t h e s a m p le s .

3 I b id ., p. I?3 .

CHAPTER V DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLES

I t was n o t p o s s i b l e t o m a tch t h e two g ro u p s b e c a u s e o f e x p e rim e n ta l l i m i t a t i o n s .

I t was a s s u m e d , h o w e v e r, t h a t

t h e two g ro u p s w e r e c l o s e l y enough r e l a t e d t o b e co m p ared on t h e b a s i s o f h a v i n g b e e n c h o s e n from t h e same p o p u l a t i o n by t h e random s a m p lin g m e th o d . group.

T h ere w ere f i f t y c a s e s i n e a c h

An e x a m i n a t i o n o f f i v e t r a i t s r e c o r d e d from e a c h

v e t e r a n s ' s c a s e h i s t o r y i n d i c a t e s t h a t t h e two s a m p le s were r a t h e r hom og eneo us.

T h ese f i v e t r a i t s ,

re h a b ilita tio n c la s s ific a tio n , u n iv e rsity s ta tu s ,

( l) sex,

(2 )

(3) m a r i t a l s t a t u s ,

(4)

(5) a g r e e m e n t o r d i s a g r e e m e n t o f c o u n s e l o r

w i t h c o u n s e l e e ' s d e c i s i o n h a v e b e e n a r r a n g e d i n t a b u l a r form t o show t h e d e g r e e o f r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n t h e two g ro u p s s tu d ie d . Sex.

T a b le I shows t h e p r e p o n d e r a n c e o f m a le s i n a l l

o f t h e s a m p le s .

The o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n g r o u p i s com posed

e n t i r e l y o f m a l e s , w h i l e t h e c h a n g ed d e c i s i o n g r o u p h a s f o r t y e i g h t m a le s an d o n l y two f e m a l e s .

I t c a n be s e e n b y t h e

t a b l e t h a t w i t h r e s p e c t t o s e x t h e s a m p le s a r e v e r y much a lik e . R e h a b ilita tio n c l a s s i f ic a ti o n .

T a b le I I r e v e a l s one

r a t h e r s t r i k i n g d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n P u b l i c Law 16 v e t e r a n s and

TABLE I DISTRIBUTION OF VETERANS ACCORDING TO SEX

O r i g i n a l D e c is io n

Sex Number P e r ce n t Male Female Male Female

Changed D e c is io n

Sex Number Per cent Male Female Male Female

G ra d u a te d

29

5 8 ,0

G ra d u ate d

28

Dropped o u t

13

2 6 .0

Dropped o u t

10

8

1 6 .0

D is c o n tin u e d

10

1

2 0 .0

2 .0

50

1 0 0 .0

48

2

9 6 .0

4 .0

D is c o n tin u e d T o ta l

1

56*0

2 .0

2 0 .0

u> On

TABLE I I DISTRIBUTION OF VETERANS BY REHABILITATION CLASSIFICATION

R e h a b ilita tio n C la ssific a tio n Number Per < O r i g i n a l D e c is io n cent P .L . P .L . P .L . P .L . 346 16 346 16

R e h a b ilita tio n C la ssific a tio n Changed D e c is io n Number Per cent P .L . P .L . P .L . P .L . 16 346 16 346 - • v

16

13

3 2 .0

2 6 .0

G ra d u ate d

D ropped o u t

7

6

1 4 .0

1 2 .0

D is c o n tin u e d

5

3

1 0 .0

6 .0

28

22

5 6 .0

4 4 .0

G ra d u a te d

T o ta l

*■;

10

19

2 0 .0

3 8 .0

Dropped o u t

5

5

1 0 .0

1 0 .0

D is c o n tin u e d

4

7

8 .0

1 4 .0

19

31

3 8 .0

6 2 .0

*> 3

38 P u b l i c Law 3^6 v e t e r a n s .

I n t h e o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n g ro u p t h e

c a s e s a re n o t e v e n ly d iv id e d , b u t th e d is c re p a n c y i s not g r e a t w i t h f i f t y - s i x p e r c e n t o f t h e c a s e s c o m p ris e d o f P u b l i c Law l 6 f e , an d f o r t y - f o u r p e r c e n t made up o f P u b l i c Law 3^6 c a s e s . The s i t u a t i o n i s somewhat d i f f e r e n t i n t h e c h a n g e d d e c is io n grou p .

H ere t h i r t y - e i g h t p e r c e n t o f t h e c a s e s a r e

P u b l i c Law l 6 f s , an d s i x t y - t w o p e r c e n t a r e P u b l i c Law 3^6*s.

Leis^- s t u d i e d t h e v o c a t i o n a l a d j u s t m e n t o f P u b l i c

Law 16 v e t e r a n s an d P u b l i c Law

v e te ra n s.

R e su lts of

h i s s t u d y show ed t h a t P u b l i c Law 16 c a s e s made a more a d e ­ q u a te a d ju s tm e n t a s r e s u l t o f a d v ise m e n t.

L e is re p o rte d

t h a t t h i s f a c t , p lu s o th e r f in d in g s in h i s stu d y , gave c re d e n c e to th e s u g g e s tio n t h a t th e ad v isem e n t g iv e n to P u b l i c Law l 6 f s i s s u p e r i o r t o t h a t g i v e n t o P u b l i c Law 3^6*6.

The r e s u l t s o f h i s s t u d y s u g g e s t t h e n e e d f o r

f u r t h e r I n v e s tig a tio n to e i t h e r s u b s t a n tia te o r q u e s tio n th e s e fin d in g s .

However, i t i s n o t t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e

p r e s e n t s tu d y t o go i n t o t h i s p ro b le m .

R a th e r, th e p o p u la ­

t i o n a s d e f i n e d i n C h a p te r I I I was m e a s u r e d i n te r m s o f a c a d e m ic s u c c e s s , k e e p i n g i n m ind t h e two v a r i a b l e s , t h o s e

^ Ward W. L e i s , UA C o m p a ra tiv e E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e V o c a t i o n a l A d ju s tm e n t o f A d v is e d and N o n -A d v ised V e t e r a n s W h ile i n T r a i n i n g , ” ( u n p u b l i s h e d PH.D d i s s e r t a t i o n , The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9 ^ 8 ) .

39 who a d h e r e d t o t h e i r d e c i s i o n , and t h o s e who c h a n g e d t h e i r d e c isio n . M a rita l s t a t u s .

T a b le I I I shows t h e tw o g r o u p s t o be

q u ite s im ila r in re sp e c t to m a rita l s ta tu s .

B o th h a v e

a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same num ber o f s i n g l e a n d m a r r i e d c a s e s , w i t h o n l y s l i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s o c c u r r i n g w i t h i n t h e t h r e e su b ­ d i v i s i o n s o f e a c h group. U n iv e rsity s t a t u s .

The d i s t r i b u t i o n p r e s e n t e d i n

T a b le IV i n d i c a t e s t h a t , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n o f f o u r c a s e s , a l l v e t e r a n s s e l e c t e d w e re u n d e r g r a d u a t e s .

T h ere w e re f o u r

g ra d u a te s tu d e n ts in th e changed d e c is io n g ro u p .

I t is

p o s s i b l e , t h e r e f o r e , t o s t a t e t h a t t h e r e i s no a p p r e c i a b l e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n g ro u p s b e i n g com pared w i t h r e s p e c t t o u n iv e rsity s ta tu s . A greem ent o r d i s a g r e e m e n t o f c o u n s e l o r w i t h t h e c l i e n t 1s o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n .

A l l v e t e r a n s g o in g t h r o u g h t h e

g u i d a n c e c e n t e r a r e e n c o u r a g e d t o make a d e c i s i o n a s t o t h e i r v o c a tio n a l g o al.

As w as p o i n t e d o u t i n C h a p t e r I , th e

d e c i s i o n i s b a s e d on t h e r e s u l t s o f t e s t s p l u s p e r t i n e n t f i n d i n g s t h a t a r i s e from t h e i n t e r v i e w s w i t h t h e g u i d a n c e c e n te r c o u n s e lo rs.

The c o u n s e l o r s t r e s s e s t h e im p o r ta n c e

o f . t h e c o u n s e l e e m ak in g a c h o i c e i n l i n e w i t h h i s c a p a b i l i ­ tie s,

in te re sts,

an d o t h e r f a c t o r s su c h a s a v a i l a b i l i t y and

TABLE I I I DISTRIBUTION OF VETERANS ACCORDING TO MARITAL STATUS

M a rita l S ta tu s

O r i g i n a l D e c is io n _Numbers_ £ e r cent D is c o n ­ Grad­ D ro p p eu rD isco n - G rad - D tin u e d o u t t i n u e d u a t e d out u ated

S in g le

16

M a rrie d

13

12

5

3 2 .0

Q

2 6 .0

1 0 .0

21

7

5

4 2 .0

1 4 .0

1 0 .0

6 .0

7

3

5

1 4 .0

6 .0

1 0 .0

1

2 .0

1

D iv o rc e d

2 4 .0

Changed D e c is io n Numbers Per cent Grad­ Dropped D is c o n - G rad- Dropped D is c o n u ated out tin u e d u a ted out tin u e d

2 .0

S ep arated 1

Widowed S u b -to ta l T o ta l

29

13

8

5 8 .0 50

2 6 .0

1 6 .0

29 1 0 0.0

2 .0 10

11

5 8 .0 50

2 0 .0

2 2 .0 1 0 0 .0

TABLE IV DISTRIBUTION OF VETERANS ACCORDING TO UNIVERSITY STATES

U n iv e rsity S ta tu s Number Per cent O r i g i n a l D e c is io n Grads Under­ Grads Under­ g rade g rad e

Changed D e c is io n

G ra d u a te d

29

5 8 .0

G radu ated

Dropped o u t

13

2 6.0

Dropped o u t

8

16 .0

D is c o n tin u e d

50

100.0

D is c o n tin u e d T o ta l

U n iv e rsity S ta tu s Number Per cent Grads U nder- Grads Under­ g ra d e 1

28

2 .0

10

5 6 .0 2 0 .0

3

8

6 .0

1 6 .0

k

k6

8 .0

92.0

TABLE V

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF AGREEMENT AND DISAGREEMENT OF COUNSELOR WITH THE CLIENTS ORIGINAL DECISION

O r i g i n a l D e c is io n

Number Agree D is ­ agree

P er ce n t Agree D is ­ agree

Changed D e c is io n

Number Agree D is­ a g re e

Per cent Agree D is­ a g re e

G ra d u a te d

28

1

5 6 .0

2 .0

G raduat ed

Dropped o u t

10

3

20.0

6 .0

Dropped o u t

7

3

1 4 .0

6 .0

7

1

14 .0

2 .0

D is c o n tin u e d

9

2

1 8 .0

4 .0

45

5

9 0 .0

1 0 .0

45

5

9 0 .0

1 0 .0

D is c o n tin u e d T o ta l

5 8 .0

29

•pT

1\>

l e n g t h o f tim e r e q u i r e d f o r t h e t r a i n i n g .

The f i n a l d e c i ­

s i o n , h o w ev e r, i s made by t h e c o u n s e l e e , and n o t t h e c o u n s e lo r.

I n some I n s t a n c e s t h e c o u n s e l o r d o e s n o t a g r e e

w ith th e c o u n se le e * s d e c is io n .

T h is i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e

when t h e c o u n s e l e e i s d e t e r m i n e d t o go a h e a d w i t h a c e r t a i n c o u r s e o f t r a i n i n g d e s p i t e t h e f a c t t h a t t e s t r e s u l t s an d o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n s u g g e s t t h a t h i s c h a n c e s o f s u c c e s s in th a t p a r tic u la r f i e l d are lim ite d . The q u e s t i o n o f w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e c o u n s e l o r a g r e e d w i t h t h e c o u n s e l e e * s d e c i s i o n was r e c o r d e d on e a c h c a s e h i s t o r y , and i s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le V i n t e r m s o f a f r e q u e n c y d istrib u tio n .

The number o f c a s e s o f a g re e m e n t an d d i s a g r e e ­

m ent a r e t h e same i n b o t h g r o u p s , i n d i c a t i n g no d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e s e s a m p le s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e c o u n s e l o r * s agreem ent o r d isa g re e m e n t w ith t h e i r c h o ic e o f c o u rs e of s tu d y . SUMMARY F iv e i t e m s o f i n f o r m a t i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e v e t e r a n s s e l e c t e d f o r t h e s t u d y h a v e b e e n r e v ie w e d i n t h i s c h a p t e r . The f r e q u e n c y d i s t r i b u t i o n s show t h a t t h e tw o g r o u p s a r e e q u iv a le n t in te rm s o f se x , m a r it a l s t a t u s , u n i v e r s i t y s t a t u s , and a g r e e m e n t o f c o u n s e l o r s w i t h v e t e r a n s * c o u rse o f stu d y .

c h o i c e on

Some d i f f e r e n c e was n o t e d b e tw e e n t h e tw o

g r o u p s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e number o f c a s e s i n e a c h

Ii4

re h a b ilita tio n c la ssific a tio n . R e s u lts o f th e in v e s tig a tio n w i l l be p re s e n te d in th e fo llo w in g c h a p te r .

CHAPTER V I

RESULTS OF THE INVESTIGATION

The g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s e a r n e d b y t h e v e t e r a n s w ere co m p u ted d i r e c t l y from t h e p e rm a n e n t r e c o r d c a r d s i n t h e o f f i c e o f t h e r e g i s t r a r , an d w ere d e t e r m i n e d by t h e f o l l o w i n g sc a le . G ra d e

G rade P o i n t s

A

3

C D F

1 0 -1

B

2

An E o r i n c o m p l e t e g r a d e w as c o u n te d a s an F i f n o t made up by th e fo llo w in g se m e ste r. th is

A l l t h e c o m p u ta t io n s u s e d i n

s t u d y w e re made by one p e r s o n .

The lo w e s t p o s s i b l e

g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e was p l a c e d a t 0 . 0 0 , a n d t h e h i g h e s t a t 3 .0 0 .

T h is i s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p o l i c y a d h e r e d t o by

t h e r e g i s t r a r 1a o f f i c e .

S tu d e n ts are r e q u ir e d to m a in ta in a

minimum g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e t o re m a in i n t h e u n i v e r s i t y . They a r e g i v e n a s t a t e d p e r i o d t o make u p t h i s a v e r a g e , and i f t h e y f a i l t o do so w i t h i n t h e r e q u i r e d tim e l i m i t , t h e y a r e s e p a r a t e d from t h e u n i v e r s i t y .

th e n

But no m a t t e r how

many f a i l u r e s t h e y m ig h t h a v e t h e i r g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s a r e n e v e r e x p r e s s e d i n te r m s o f a m in us q u a n t i t y . The f i n d i n g s o f t h i s s t u d y w i l l be p r e s e n t e d i n two p a r t s i n an e f f o r t t o a c h i e v e c l a r i t y an d s i m p l i c i t y .

P art

k6 MAM w i l l b e c o n c e r n e d w i t h a n y o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n t h e o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n g ro u p an d t h e c h a n g e d d e c i s i o n g r o u p . P a r t 11B’1 w i l l r e v e a l an y o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h i n t h e c h a n g e d d e c i s i o n g ro u p b e f o r e an d a f t e r t h e ch a n g e o f d e c isio n . PART A A l:

Do v e t e r a n s a d h e r r i n g t o t h e i r o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n

on c o u r s e o f s t u d y make more s a t i s f a c t o r y a c a d e m ic p r o g r e s s t h r o u g h t o g r a d u a t i o n t h a n t h o s e v e t e r a n s who c h a n g e t h e i r d e c is io n as to c o u rs e o f stu d y ? The a n s w e r i s No.

T a b le VI shows t h e mean g r a d e

p o i n t a v e r a g e s o f t h e two g r o u p s t o b e a l m o s t i d e n t i c a l . T h e re w as a d i f f e r e n c e o f .0 2 and a t - r a t i o o f . 1 8 , w h ic h i s v e r y f a r from b e i n g s i g n i f i c a n t . A2:

Do v e t e r a n s a d h e r r i n g t o t h e i r o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n

on c o u r s e o f s t u d y make more s a t i s f a c t o r y ac a d e m ic p r o g r e s s up t o t h e tim e t h e y d r o p o u t v t h a n t h o s e v e t e r a n s who a l s o d r o p o u t , b u t who d i f f e r from t h e o t h e r g ro u p by r e a s o n o f h a v i n g ch an g ed fro m t h e i r o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n on c o u r s e o f stu d y ? A gain t h e a n s w e r i s No.

A lth o u g h , a s T a b le V I I

r e v e a l s , th e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e m eans i s q u i t e s u b s t a n ­ t i a l i n fa v o r o f th e changed d e c is io n g ro u p , n e v e r t h e le s s th e t - r a t i o

o f 1 . 7 6 i s f a r from b e i n g s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e

4? TABLE V I •

GRADE POINT AVERAGES OF VETERANS AT GRADUATION

G rade P o i n t A verages

O r i g i n a l D e c is io n Group Number o f c a s e s

Changed D e c i s i o n C roup Number o f c a s e s

2 . 6 0 ~ 2 .7 5

1

1

2.4-3 - 2 .5 9

1

2 . 2 7 « 2.4-2

2

2 . 1 1 ». 2 .2 6

k

1 . 9 5 - 2 .1 0

3

1

1 . 7 9 ** 1 • 9 4

7

2

1 .6 3 - 1 .7 8

3

3

1.4-7 - 1 .6 2

6

5

1 . 3 1 - 1 .4 6

5

2

1 . 1 5 - 1 .3 0

3

3

.9 9 - 1*14

1

5

T o ta l

29

29

Mean

1 .6 6

1 .6 8

%

ON •

w h ic h W h ile t h i s

d i f f e r e n c e i s m ore f a v o r a b l e t o g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s b e f o r e th e change, B3:

i t i s s t i l l to o s m a l l t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t . Do

v e t e r a n s who d i s c o n t i n u e t r a i n i n g make b e t t e r

TABLE X

NUMBER OF COURSE FAILURES BETWEEN THE TWO GROUPS

O r i g i n a l D e c is io n

F a ilu re s Number Per c e n t

Changed D e c is io n

G ra d u ate d

3

3 7 .5 0

G ra d u a te d

Dropped o u t

5

6 2.50

Dropped o u t D is c o n tin u e d

D is c o n tin u e d T o ta l

a

1 00.00

F a ilu re s Number P e r c e n t 10

7 1 .4 2

k

2 8 .5 8

14

1 0 0 .0 0

U\ u>

TABLE X I

GRADE POINT AVERAGES BEFORE AND AFTER CHANGE OF DECISION OF THOSE VETERANS WHO GRADUATED

G rade P o i n t A v e ra g e s B e f o r e ch a n g e A f t e r c h a n g e

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13* 14. 15. 16. 1 7. 1 8. 1 9. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29.

D iffe re n c e s D e v ia tio n s D e v ia tio n s d from M& S quared X& Xd2

1.70 2 .1 7 1 .5 3 .8 4 1 .5 5 2 .2 1 1 .2 1 .8 1 1 .7 6 2 .2 3 2 .0 5 2 .7 6 1 .5 1 1 .3 0 1.30 2 .6 4 1 .4 6 1 .8 0 1 .2 6 1 .7 0 2 .2 9 1 .0 3 2 .2 8 1 .5 9 2 .0 3 2 .3 6 1 .0 9 .8 5 1 .0 4

1.92 2.20 1.90 1 .2 3 1.62 2 .2 6 .8 1 1 .0 8 1 .6 6 2 .1 9 2 .4 5 2 .6 1 1 .1 0 1 .7 1 1 .4 3 2 .4 9 1 .5 1 1 .9 3 1 .5 3 1 .2 2 1 .6 8 1 .2 3 2 .3 5 1 .9 1 1 .2 1 2 .0 0 1 .7 2 1 .0 3 .9 8

.22 .0 3 •37 .3 9 .0 7 .0 5 —• 40 .2 7 — 10 -.0 4 .4 0 -.1 5 —*41 .4 1 .1 3 —.1 5 .0 5 .1 3 .2 7 —.4 8 -.6 1 .2 0 .0 7 .3 2 —. 82 *#• 36 .6 3 .1 8 -.0 6

T o t a l 4 8 .3 5 Mean 1 .6 6 °"dM t-ra tio

4 8 .9 6 1 .6 9

.6 1 .0 3 .0 6 2 • 32

.2 0 .0 1 .3 5 .3 7 .0 5 .0 3 -.4 2 .2 5 -.1 2 —.0 6 .3 8 -.1 7 —*43 .3 9 .1 1 -.1 7 .0 3 .1 1 .2 5 — 50. —. 63 , .1 8 .0 5 .3 0 -.8 4 -.3 8 .6 1 .1 6 -.0 8

.04 00 .0 0 0 1 .12 25 .1369 .0025 .0009 .1 7 6 4 .0 6 2 5 .0 1 4 4 .0 0 3 6 .1 4 4 4 .0 2 8 9 .18 49 .1 5 2 1 .0 1 2 1 .0 2 8 9 .0 0 0 9 .0 1 2 1 .0 6 2 5 .2500 .3 9 6 9 .0 3 2 4 .00 25 .0 9 0 0 .7 0 5 6 ,1 4 4 4 .37 2 1 .0 2 5 6 .0 0 6 4 3 .2 1 2 5 .1 1 0 7

TABLE X I I

GRADE POINT AVERAGES BEFORE AMD AFTER CHANGE OF DECISION OF THOSE VETERANS WHO DROPPED OUT

Grade P o in t A verag es B e fo re change A f t e r change

D iffe re n c e s d

D e v ia tio n s from Xd

D e v ia tio n s S qu ared xd '

1*32

1 .0 0

-.3 2

-.2 ^

.0576

2*

.83

.8 ^

.01

• 09

.0081

3.

0 .0 0

0*00

0 .0 0

.0 8 .

.0 0 6 ^

k.

1 .1 2

1 .0 0

—.12

0•

.0016

5.

1 .5 9

1 .7 6

.17

.25

6.

Z.kO

2 .1 5

—. 25

- . 1?

T o ta l

7*26

-.5 1

Mean

1*21

6 .7 5 1 .1 2

1

1.

'

.0625 .0289 .1651

ON O .

.23 t-ra tio F o u r s t a t i s t i c s from th e sample co u ld n o t be u s e d i n t h e above c o m p u ta tio n , as t h e i r g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s a f t e r th e change w ere e x p r e s s e d i n d e s c r i p t i v e r a t h e r t h a n q u a n t i t a t i v e terms*

56 g r a d e s a f t e r c h a n g in g t h e i r d e c i s i o n on c o u r s e o f s t u d y ? H ere a g a i n t h e d i f f e r e n c e i s i n f a v o r o f g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s b e f o r e t h e ch ang e o f d e c i s i o n . f a r t o o s m a ll t o b e o f s i g n i f i c a n c e .

The d i f f e r e n c e i s

T a b le X I I I r e v e a l s a

d i f f e r e n c e o f . 0 8 , and a t - r a t i o o f .AfO. I n t h i s c h a p t e r d a t a h a v e b e e n p r e s e n t e d w h ic h

show a .

c o m p a r is o n b e tw e e n ac a d e m ic s u c c e s s o f v e t e r a n s who a d h e r e t o t h e i r d e c i s i o n s on c o u r s e o f s t u d y , an d t h o s e who chan ge th e i r d e c isio n s .

D a ta was a l s o p r e s e n t e d t o I n d i c a t e

c h a n g e s t h a t o c c u r r e d w i t h i n t h e g r o u p o f v e t e r a n s who changed t h e i r d e c i s i o n .

I n su m m a riz in g t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f

t h e s e f i n d i n g s , t h e f o l l o w i n g p o i n t s seem m ost r e l e v a n t : (l)

T h e re was a te n d e n c y f o r t h e c h a n g e d d e c i s i o n g r o u p t o

h a v e a h i g h e r m ean g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e was n o t l a r g e en o u g h t o be s t a t i s t i c a l l y

sig n ific a n t.

(2)

An e q u a l number g r a d u a t e d from e a c h g r o u p b u t t h e r e w e re f o u r t i m e s a s many a c a d e m ic h o n o r s t u d e n t s i n t h e c h a n g e d d e c i s i o n g ro u p a s t h e r e w e re i n t h e o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n g r o u p . T h e re was no way o f a c c o u n t i n g f o r t h i s d i f f e r e n c e on t h e b a s i s o f i n f o r m a t i o n c o l l e c t e d a b o u t t h e two g r o u p s .

The

a p p a r e n t s u p e r i o r i t y i n te r m s o f a c a d e m ic

honors s u g g e s te d

th e p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t th e changed d e c i s i o n

g ro u p h a d a h i g h e r

mean i n t e l l i g e n c e a n d a more a d e q u a te p e r s o n a l i t y a d j u s t m e n t th a n th e o r i g i n a l d e c is io n group, b u t u n f o r tu n a te ly i n t e l l i ­ g e n c e t e s t an d p e r s o n a l i t y t e s t r e c o r d s w ere n o t a v a i l a b l e

TABLE X I I I

GRADE POINT AVERAGES BEFORE AND AFTER CHANGE OF DECISION OF THOSE VETERANS WHO DISCONTINUED TRAINING

D iffe re n c e s a

Gr.ade P o in t A v erag es B e fo re change A f t e r change

1.

2 .5 0 2.00 2 .0 0 1.00 .83 • 37 .29 1.12 1 .5 3 3.00

2 .4 6 1.00 1 .6 1 1 .3 7 1 .5 5 1 .0 4 0 .0 0 1 .4 3 1 .4 6 1 .9 3

-.0 4 —1 . 0 0 — 39 .37 .72 • 67 -.2 9 • 31 -.0 7 -1 .0 7

T o ta l

1 4 .6 4

1 3 .8 5

- -79

Mean

1 .4 6

1 .3 8

— .08

2. 3. k. 5. 6. 7.

8.

9. 10.

D ev ia tio n s from Md Xd

D e v ia tio n s S qu ared xd2

.0 4 — 92 -.3 1 .45 .80 • 75 -.2 1 • 39 .01 -9 9

.0016 .8 4 6 4 .0961 .2025 .6400 .5625 .0441 .1521 .0001 .9801 3 .5 2 5 5

.196 t-ra tio

.40

One s t a t i s t i c from t h e sam ple c o u ld n o t be u s e d i n t h e above c o m p u ta tio n , due t o t h e f a c t t h a t t h e g ra d e p o i n t a v e ra g e b e f o r e t h e change was e x p r e s s e d In d e s c r i p t i v e , r a t h e r t h a n q u a n t i t a t i v e te r m s .

58 f o r p u r p o s e s o f c o m p a r is o n . f a i l u r e s in e i t h e r group.

(3 ) T h e re w e re v e r y few c o u r s e (4 ) As a g r o u p , t h e v e t e r a n s who

c h a n g e d t h e i r d e c i s i o n on c o u r s e o f s t u d y made a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same mean g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e b e f o r e an d a f t e r t h e ch a n g e of d e c isio n . C h a p te r V I I w i l l c o n s i s t o f a summary o f t h e f i n d i n g s , l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e s t u d y , g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s , and recommen­ d a tio n s.

CHAPTER V I I

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The p r e s e n t p ro b le m w as u n d e r t a k e n t o d e t e r m i n e i f v e t e r a n s a d h e r i n g to t h e i r v o c a t i o n a l a n d e d u c a t i o n a l d e c i s i o n s made a t t h e tim e o f c o u n s e l i n g made more s a t i s f a c ­ t o r y ac a d e m ic p r o g r e s s t h a n t h o s e v e t e r a n s who c h a n g e d t h e i r d e c i s i o n a t some tim e a f t e r c o u n s e l i n g . A number o f s t u d i e s i n t h e r e v ie w o f t h e l i t e r a t u r e s u g g e s te d t h a t c o u n s e lin g h a d proved e f f e c t i v e in h e lp in g s t u d e n t s to im p ro v e t h e i r g r a d e s .

The m a in l i m i t a t i o n , w i t h

t h e e x c e p t i o n o f one s t u d y , a p p e a r e d t o b e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e c o u n s e l i n g was m e a s u r e d o v e r t o o s h o r t a p e r i o d o f t i m e , i n some c a s e s one o r two s e m e s t e r s a f t e r c o u n se lin g .

One i n v e s t i g a t o r a t t e m p t e d t o m e asu re t h e

d e g re e o f re a lis m in v o c a tio n a l ch o ice.

He fo u n d t h a t s i x t y

p e r c e n t o f t h e c a s e s s t u d i e d made a p p r o p r i a t e c h o i c e s w h i l e th e re m a in d e r w ere e i t h e r u n r e a l i s t i c in t h e i r c h o ic e o r w ere u n a b le to s u g g e s t a s u i t a b l e o c c u p a tio n f o r th e m s e lv e s . A n o th e r stu d y I n d ic a te d t h a t c o u n sele d d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s made a more s a t i s f a c t o r y v o c a t i o n a l a d j u s t m e n t t h a n non­ c o u n s e l e d d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s , w h i l e t h e r e was n o t an y a p p a r e n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t e r m s o f a d j u s t m e n t b e tw e e n c o u n s e l e d and non­ c o u n se le d n o n -d is a b le d v e t e r a n s .

T h is r e v i e w o f t h e

l i t e r a t u r e p r o v i d e d t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t o r w i t h a k n o w ledg e

60

o f t h e a c c o m p lis h m e n ts o f p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s , an d a t t h e same tim e s u g g e s t e d a r e a s o f g u i d a n c e r e q u i r i n g f u r t h e r i n v e s t i ­ g a tio n .

The p r e s e n t p ro b le m a p p e a r e d t o b e one o f t h o s e

a re a s r e q u ir in g f u r th e r stu d y . The p o p u l a t i o n i n c l u d e d v e t e r a n s p r o c e s s e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a V e t e r a n s G u id an c e C e n t e r a n d i n a t t e n d a n c e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a f o r a n y p e r i o d b e tw e e n N ovem ber, 19^5* a n d A u g u s t, 19^9* The c r i t e r i a u s e d t o m e a s u re ac a d e m ic a c h ie v e m e n t w e re g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s , number o f f a i l u r e s , and a c a d e m ic h o n o r s a t g ra d u a tio n . The i n d i v i d u a l s c o m p r i s i n g t h e s t u d y w ere f o l l o w e d - u p from t h e t i m e o f c o u n s e l i n g t h r o u g h t o e i t h e r g r a d u a t i o n , t i m e o f d r o p o u t , o r tim e t r a i n i n g d i s c o n t i n u e d . I t was n o t p o s s i b l e , d u e t o e x p e r i m e n t a l l i m i t a t i o n s , t o m a tc h t h e two g r o u p s c h o s e n f o r s t u d y w i t h r e s p e c t t o a l l v a r i a b l e s t h a t m ig h t h a v e b e e n s i g n i f i c a n t .

H ow ever, f i v e

i t e m s o f i n f o r m a t i o n r e c o r d e d a b o u t t h e s a m p le s a r e p r e s e n ­ t e d i n Summary T a b le XIV and show t h e tw o g r o u p s t o b e r a t h e r hom ogeneous I n r e l a t i o n t o t h e s e f i v e i t e m s . The two g r o u p s s t u d i e d , o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n a n d c h a n g ed d e c i s i o n , w e re com p ared s t a t i s t i c a l l y , b y t h e u s e o f t h e t-ra tio

f o r s m a l l s a m p le s , t o d e t e r m i n e i f t h e r e was a n y

s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e two g r o u p s .

Summary

T a b le XV shows t h e r e was p r a c t i c a l l y no d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n

61 TABLE X IV FREQUENCY D IST R IB U TIO N OF VETERANS ACCORDING TO F IV E ITEMS OF INFORMATION

C a te g o ry

O r ig in a l D e c isio n Group Number Per cent

Changed D e c i s i o n G roup Number P e r c e n t

Sex -----k a l e F em ale

50

1 0 0 .0

48 2

9 6 .0 4 .0

T o ta l

50

1 0 0 .0

50

1 0 0 .0

Re h a b i l i t a t l o n C las s i f i c a t i o n P u b l i c Law 16 P u b l i c Law 346

28 22

5 6 .0 44. o

19 31

3 8 .0 6 2 .0

T o ta l

50

1 0 0 .0

50

1 0 0 .0

M a rita l S ta tu s S in g le M a rried O th e r

33 16 1

6 6 .0 32.0 2 .0

33 15 2

6 6 .0 3 0 .0 4 .0

T o ta l

50

1 0 0 .0

50

1 0 0 .0 **-•

U n iv e rsity S ta tu s U n d e r g r a d u a te G ra d u a te

50

1 0 0 .0

46 4

9 2 .0 8 .0

T o ta l

50

1 0 0 .0

50

1 0 0 .0

A greem ent a n d D i s ­ a g r e e m e n t o f O o u n s e lo r w ith C lie n ts D e c isio n A g ree D isa g re e

45 5

9 0 .0 1 0 .0

45 5

9 0 .0 1 0 .0

T o ta l

50

1 0 0 .0

50

1 0 0 .0

TABLE XV

MEAN AND OTHER STATISTICS IN THE COMPARISON OP GRADE POINT AVERAGES OP ORIGINAL DECISION AND CHANGED DECISION GROUPS

O rig in a l D e c is io n

Changed D e c is io n

O rig in a l D e c is io n

Changed D e c is io n

O rig in a l D e c is io n

Changed D e c is io n

G ra d u a te d

G ra d u a te d

Dropped Out

Dropped Out

D isc o n ­ tin u e d

D is c o n ­ tin u e d

29

29

11

10

8

11

1 .6 6

1 .6 8

.69

1 .1 3

.87

1 .3 8

a—

.3 2

.^ 9

.A9

.62

.58

.65

CTK

.06

.09

S ta tis tic

Number Mean

.108 %

.02

t-ra tio

.1 8

.25

.30 .51

1 .7 6

1 .7 0

Two s t a t i s t i c s from t h e ^ o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n - d r o p p e d o u t M sam ple c o u ld n o t be u s e d i n th e above c o m p u ta tio n , a s t h e i r g ra d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s w ere e x p r e s s e d i n d e s c r i p t i v e r a t h e r th a n q u a n t i t a t i v e te r m s .

t h e s e two g r o u p s i n te r m s o f a c h ie v e m e n t a s m e a s u re d by grade p o in t a v e ra g e s.

The g r a d e p o i n t a v e ra g e 's o f the*

c h a n g e d d e c i s i o n g ro u p w e re s l i g h t l y h i g h e r t h a n t h e o r i g i ­ n a l d e c i s i o n g r o u p , b u t t h e d i f f e r e n c e s w ere n o t l a r g e e n o u g h t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t a t an a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l o f c o n fid e n c e . T a b le IX , p a g e 51# show s t h e r e w as a d e c i d e d d i f f e r ­ e n c e i n t h e num ber o f s t u d e n t s a c h i e v i n g h o n o r s i n t h e o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n and c h a n g e d d e c i s i o n g r o u p s .

An e q u a l

num ber o f v e t e r a n s g r a d u a t e d fro m e a c h g r o u p , b u t t h e r e w ere f o u r t i m e s a s many h o n o r g r a d u a t e s i n t h e ch a n g ed d e c i s i o n g r o u p a s w ere i n t h e o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n g r o u p .

I t w as n o t

p o s s i b l e t o a c c o u n t f o r t h i s d i f f e r e n c e on t h e b a s i s o f i n f o r m a t i o n a l r e a d y c o l l e c t e d a b o u t t h e two s a m p le s .

B o th

g r o u p s w ere c o u n s e l e d , a n d b o t h w ere c l o s e l y r e l a t e d i n te r m s o f t h e f i v e ite m s o f i n f o r m a t i o n p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le XIV.

T h e re i s a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h i s a p p a r e n t s u p e r i o r i t y

i n h o n o r s m ig h t b e a c c o u n t e d f o r b y a h i g h e r mean i n t e l l i ­ g e n c e , an d a m ore a d e q u a te p e r s o n a l i t y a d j u s t m e n t . U n fo rtu n a te ly in te lli g e n c e t e s t sc o re s and p e r s o n a lity t e s t r e s u l t s o f t h e s e two g r o u p s w e re n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r p u r p o s e s o f c o m p a r is o n .

T h is l a c k o f p e r t i n e n t i n f o r m a t i o n a p p e a r s

to have been a d e f i n i t e l i m i t a t i o n to th e p re s e n t s tu d y . I t was p o i n t e d o u t I n C h a p te r VI t h a t t h e num ber o f f a i l u r e s i n e a c h g ro u p was so s m a l l a s t o make an y

6k c o m p a r is o n b e tw e e n t h e two g r o u p s a lm o s t n e g l i g i b l e .

T h ere

w ere e ig h t c o u rse f a i l u r e s in th e o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n g ro u p , an d f o u r t e e n i n t h e c h a n g e d d e c i s i o n g r o u p . I n a d d i t i o n t o c o m p a r in g t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n two g ro u p s, t h i s stu d y a ls o co n cern ed i t s e l f w ith th e d i f f e r e n ­ c e s f o u n d w i t h i n one g r o u p .

Summary T a b le XVI shows t h e

g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s o f v e t e r a n s b e f o r e an d a f t e r t h e change o f d e c isio n .

I n e a c h i n s t a n c e t h e t - r a t i o was f a r t o o s m a ll

t o be s i g n i f i c a n t a t an a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e .

It

c a n b e c o n c lu d e d from t h e s e f i n d i n g s t h a t v e t e r a n s c h a n g in g t h e i r d e c i s i o n on c o u r s e o f s t u d y show no a p p r e c i a b l e d i f f e r e n c e i n g r a d e p o i n t a v e r a g e s b e f o r e an d a f t e r t h e change o f d e c is io n . The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s t u d y , a s m e a s u r e d , i n d i c a t e t h a t c o u n s e l e d v e t e r a n s who ch a n g e t h e i r d e c i s i o n on c o u r s e o f s tu d y a re j u s t a s s u c c e s s f u l a c a d e m ic a lly as c o u n se le d v e t e r a n s who a d h e r e t o t h e i r d e c i s i o n on c o u r s e o f s t u d y . T h is c o n c l u s i o n p e r t a i n s t o v e t e r a n s c o u n s e l e d a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a G u id a n c e C e n te r a n d i n a t t e n d a n c e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a . These f i n d i n g s do a p p e a r t o c a s t some d o u b t on t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f h a v i n g v e t e r a n s : make a d e c i s i o n on c o u r s e o f s t u d y a t th e t im e o f c o u n s e l i n g .

V e te ra n s 1 c o u n se lo rs are

l i m i t e d i n t h e am ount o f tim e t h e y c a n sp e n d w i t h e a c h c l i e n t , and y e t i t a p p e a r s t o be t h e p o l i c y o f t h e V e t e r a n s

TABLE XVI

COMPOSITE STATISTICAL RESULTS OF GRADE POINT AVERAGES OF VETERANS BEFORE AND AFTER CHANGE OF DECISION

G ra d u a te d S ta tistic

Number Mean

B e fo re Change

Dropped Out

A fte r Change

29

29

1 .6 6

1 .6 9

B efo re Change

D is c o n tin u e d

A fte r Change

6

6

1 .2 1

1 .1 2

B efore Change

A fte r Change

10

10

■1.46

1 .3 8

.062

.23

.196

Dm

.03

• 09

.0 8

t-ra tio

.32

♦39

.40

3* F our s t a t i s t i c s from t h e "d ro p p ed o u t" sam ple c o u ld n o t be u s e d i n t h e above c o m p u ta tio n , a s t h e i r g ra d e p o i n t a v e ra g e s a f t e r th e change o f d e c i s i o n were e x p r e s s e d in d e s c r i p t i v e r a t h e r th a n q u a n t i t a t i v e te r m s . 2 One s t a t i s t i c from th e " d is c o n tin u e d " sample co u ld n o t be u se d i n t h e above c o m p u ta tio n , due t o t h e f a c t t h a t th e g ra d e p o i n t a v e ra g e b e f o r e t h e change was e x p r e s s e d i n d e s c r i p t i v e r a t h e r th a n q u a n t i t a t i v e te rm s . ON

Vn

66

A d m i n i s t r a t i o n t o h a v e t h e c o u n s e l e e make a v o c a t i o n a l and e d u c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e a t t h e tim e o f c o u n s e l i n g .

I t is

q u i t e p o s s i b l e a s t h i s s t u d y seems t o i n d i c a t e t h a t many v e t e r a n s w ere n o t r e a d y a t t h e tim e o f c o u n s e l i n g t o make a v o c a tio n a l d e c is io n .

R e s u l t s o f t h e s t u d y show t h e s e

v e t e r a n s w ere a b l e t o m a i n t a i n t h e m s e l v e s a c a d e m i c a l l y w i t h t h o s e who d i d n o t chan ge t h e i r d e c i s i o n , b u t t h e r e i s no ev id e n c e a t hand to e x p la in t h i s f in d in g . On t h e b a s i s o f f i n d i n g s o f p r e v i o u s e v a l u a t i v e g u i d a n c e s t u d i e s one w o u ld h a v e e x p e c t e d a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n f a v o r o f t h o s e who f o l l o w e d t h e a d v i c e g i v e n a t t h e tim e o f c o u n s e l i n g .

The f a c t t h a t t h e r e was no

d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e o r i g i n a l d e c i s i o n g r o u p an d t h e c h a n g e d d e c i s i o n g ro u p s u g g e s t s t h e n e e d f o r f u r t h e r e v a l u ­ a tiv e s tu d ie s in t h i s d ir e c tio n . To c o n c l u d e , t h e f o l l o w i n g re c o m m e n d a tio n s a r e s u g g e ste d . (1 ) T h a t r e s e a r c h e r s i n t h e f i e l d o f g u id a n c e t u r n t h e i r a t t e n t i o n t o d e v e l o p i n g and p e r f e c t i n g e v a l u a t i v e p r o c e d u r e s t o t h e p o i n t w h e re t h e y w i l l y i e l d r e s u l t s o f s u c h v a l i d i t y t h a t t h e y c a n b e u s e d w i t h a s s u r a n c e by c o u n s e l o r s i n d e t e r m i n i n g w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e i r c o u n s e l i n g p ro g ra m s a r e a d e q u a te ly m e e tin g th e needs o f th e p e o p le th e y s e r v e . (2 ) I t i s a l s o recom mended t h a t i n t h e f u t u r e p r o v i ­ s i o n s h o u ld be made f o r t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f a r e s e a r c h

d i v i s i o n i n an y c o u n s e l i n g p r o j e c t a p p r o a c h i n g t h e im po r­ t a n c e and s c o p e o f t h e V e t e r a n s A d v ise m e n t P ro g ram .

It is

u n f o r t u n a t e t h a t no p r o v i s i o n was made f o r a r e s e a r c h d i v i s i o n i n t h e p r e s e n t V e t e r a n s A d v ise m e n t P ro g ra m .

The

a d d i t i o n a l c o s t o f s u c h a s e r v i c e w o u ld h a v e b e e n s m a l l i n c o m p a r is o n t o t h e t o t a l c o s t o f t h e V e t e r a n s A d v ise m en t P ro g ra m , and a t t h e same ti m e t h e f i n d i n g s r e l e a s e d by s u c h a s e r v i c e c o u ld have b e n e f i t e d n o t o n ly th e V e te ra n s A d m in is tra tio n , b u t o th e r v o c a tio n a l and e d u c a tio n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n try *

BIBLIOGRAPHY

68

BIBLIOGRAPHY A.

BOOKS

G u i l f o r d , J . P. , F u n d a m e n ta l S t a t i s t i c s i n P s y c h o lo g y a n d E d u c a tio n . New Y ork: M cG raw -H ill Book Company, I n c . , 1 9 ^ 2 . 333 P P . T r a x l e r , A r t h u r E . , T e c h n l g u e s [ o f G u id a n c e . H a r p e r & B r o t h e r s , 19^5* 3 9 ^ p p .

New Y ork:

W i l l i a m s o n , E. G. , and J . G. D a r l e y , S t u d e n t P e r s o n n e l W ork. New York: McG-raw-Hill Book Company, I n c . , 1937B.

PERIODICAL ARTICLES

B a e r , Max, W a s h in g to n F l a s h e s , “ I n s i d e t h e V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , ” O c c u p a t i o n s , XXVI (N ovem ber, 1 9 V ? ). B e n d e r , R. E . , a n d M. R. M c C le lla n d , “V a l i d i t y o f C o u n s e l i n g by T e a c h e r s , “ A g r i c u l t u r a l E d u c a t i o n M a g a z in e , X V III ( O c t o b e r , 19V5)V 7^**75• B e r d i e , R a lp h F . , “Ju d g m e n ts i n G o u n s e l i n g , “ E d u c a t i o n a l and P s y c h o l o g i c a l M e a s u r e m e n ts , IV ( S p r i n g I s s u e , 19 V*), 33-35. B l a c k w e l l , E r n e s t i n e B . , “An E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e Im m ed iate E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f t h e T e s t i n g an d G u id a n c e B u re a u o f t h e U n iv e r s ity o f T e x a s ,” J o u r n a l o f E d u c a tio n a l R e s e a rc h , IX (D ecem ber, 1 9 ^ 6 ) , 3 0 2 - 3 0 8 . C o l e , R. C . , “E v a l u a t i n g a B o y s 1 C lub G u id a n c e P r o g r a m ,11 O c c u p a t i o n s , XVII (May, 1 9 3 9 ) , 7 0 7 - 0 8 . E e l l s , W a l t e r C . , “P u p i l Ju d g m e n t on V a lu e o f G u id a n c e R e c e i v e d , ” S c h o o l R e v ie w , XLV ( A p r i l , 1 9 3 8 ) , 26V-75* F r o e h l i c h , C l i f f o r d P . , “E v a l u a t i n g G u id a n c e P r o c e d u r e s , " A Review o f t h e L i t e r a t u r e , FEDERAL SECURITY AGENCY O f f i c e o f E d u c a t i o n , M is c . No. 3310 (J a n u a r y , 1 9 W ) . H edg e, J . W ., a n d P e r c i v a l W. H u ts o n , “A T e c h n iq u e f o r E v a l u a t i n g G u id a n c e A c t i v i t i e s , ” S c h o o l R e v ie w , XXXIX ( S e p te m b e r , 1 9 3 1 ) , 508-19* H o la d a y , P. W ., “ The L ong-Tim e E f f e c t o f F reshm an C o u n s e li n g , ” S c h o o l and S o c i e t y , XXIX ( F e b r u a r y , 1 9 2 9 ) , 2 3 ^ - 3 6 .

69 K e f a u v e r , G ra y so n N ., an d H a r o l d C. H and, ” An A p p r a i s a l o f G u i d a n c e ,” O c c u p a t i o n s , X I I ( J u n e , 193 3)# 5 3 - 5 8 . L o v e , L. L . , an d J . E. McCabe, " E v a l u a t i o n ,o f a F a c u l t y A d v is o r y P ro g ram f o r F r e s h m e n ,” E d u c a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h B u l l e t i n (The Ohio S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ) , XIX (N ovem ber, 1 9 4 0 ),4 8 3 -4 8 8 . S t u b b i n s , J o s e p h , "L ack o f R e a lis m i n V o c a t i o n a l C h o i c e , ” O c c u p a t i o n s , XXVI ( A p r i l , 1 9 4 8 ) , 4 1 0 - 4 1 8 . T o v en , J . R . , “A p p r a i s i n g a C o l l e g e C o u n s e l i n g P r o g r a m , ” O c c u p a t i o n s , (May, 1 9 4 5 )# 459—6 6 . V i t e l e s , M o r r i s S . , “V a l i d a t i n g t h e C l i n i c a l M ethod i n V o c a t i o n a l G u i d a n c e , ” P s y c h o l o g i c a l C l i n i c , 1929# 1 8: , ”A Dynamic C r i t e r i o n , ” Q c c u p a t i o n s , XIV ( J u n e , 1 9 36 ), 962-67. W a l t e r s , J . E . , “M e a s u rin g E f f e c t i v e n e s s o f P e r s o n n e l C o u n s e l i n g , ” The P e r s o n n e l J o u r n a l , XI (D ecem ber, 1 9 3 2 ) , 227-36. W renn, C. G . , ”A C r i t i q u e o f M ethods U sed i n F o llo w -U p S t u d i e s o f S t u d e n t s , ” H a r v a r d E d u c a t i o n a l R e v ie w , X (May, 1 9 4 0 ) , 3 5 7 - 6 3 . C.

UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

L e i s , Ward A ., “A C o m p a r a tiv e E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e V o c a t i o n a l A d ju s tm e n t o f A d v is e d a n d N o n -A d v ised V e t e r a n s W h ile i n T r a i n i n g . ” U n p u b lis h e d E d.D . d i s s e r t a t i o n , The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a , 1 9 4 8 . 138 p p . W ard, Jo h n R . , “An E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n C o u n s e lin g P rog ram a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f O r e g o n .” U n p u b lis h e d M a s te r * s T h e s i s i n t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f P s y c h o lo g y , The U n i v e r s i t y o f O re g o n , E u g en e , O re g o n , Ju n e 1947. Untvarsrfty of S outhern California Liter®py