A comparative study of two hundred World War II veterans discharged with psychoneurosis and two hundred non-disabled veterans of war-time service

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TWO HUNDREDNfORLD WAR I I VETERANS DISCHARGED WITH PSYCHONEUROSIS AND TWO HUNDRED NON­ DISABLED VETERANS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE

A D iss e r ta tio n P re se n ted to th e F a c u lty o f th e School o f R e lig io n U n iv e r s i t y o f S ou th ern C a l i f o r n ia

In P a r tia l F u lfillm e n t o f t h e R e q u ir e m e n ts f o r t h e D e g r e e D o c to r o f P h ilo so p h y

hy D o n a ld R. 0 * Connor May 1 9 5 0

UMI Number: DP31424

Aii rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

Dl&s&rtaiiori Publishing

UMI DP31424 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code

ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346

Pk. o. R >so This dissertation, written by

DONALD RUSSELL 0* CONNOR under the guidance of Faculty Committee on Studies, and approve d by all its members, has been presented to and accepted by the Council on Graduate Study and Research, in partial ful­ fillment of requirements for the degree of D O C T O R OF P H I L O S O P H Y

Committee on Studies

Chair

Dean, The School of R eligion and Presiding O fficer a t the Examination

TABLE OP CONTENTS CHAPTER I.

PAGE

THE PROBLEM AND ITS PERTINENCE TO RELIGION .

.

The p r o b l e m .............................................. • .........................

1

P s y c h o n e u r o s i s and t h e v e t e r a n ..........................

1

The ffVAn g u i d a n c e c e n t e r s .....................................

2

R e la te d s t u d ie s

...............................

Statem en t o f s p e c i f i c

p r o b le m s

. . . . . .

5

. . . . . .

6

The p r o b l e m 1s p e r t i n e n c e t o r e l i g i o n

• • •

P s y c h o n e u r o s i s and h i s t o r i c a l r e l i g i o n

.

•

8

•

8

R e l a t e d p u r p o s e s i n g u i d a n c e and r e l i g i o n Im p lic a tio n s fo r p a r ish m in is tr y

9

.....................

O r g a n i z a t i o n o f r e m a in d e r o f d i s s e r t a t i o n II.

1

12 •

12

THE METHODOLOGY OP R E S E A R C H ..........................................

14

The c a u s a l - c o m p a r a t i v e m e t h o d ...............................

14

A su ita b le

tec h n iq u e

.........................

14

D e f i n i t i o n o f c a u s a l - c o m p a r a t i v e m eth o d

.

15

L o g i c a l b a s e o f c a u s a l - c o m p a r a t i v e m eth od

16

A p p ly in g t h e l o g i c

17

in th ree s te p s

. . . .

S t e p on e i n t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n ............................... G a th erin g d a ta on f a c t o r s

18

(cir cu m sta n c es)

p r e s e n t i n c a s e s w h er e t h e g i v e n r e s u l t occurred

..............................................................

18

D is c a r d in g e le m e n ts n o t u n i v e r s a l l y p resen t

....................................................

. . . . .

20

iii PAGE

CHAPTER S t o p two o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n ..........................

22

G a t h e r i n g d a t a w h er e t h e g i v e n r e s u l t d i d not occu r

....................................

. . . . . .

22

D is c a r d in g e le m e n ts n o t u n i v e r s a l l y presen t

..........................................................

.

23

T w e n ty -e ig h t o u t o f t h i r t y - n i n e f a c t o r s rejected

....................................................

E lev en f a c t o r s r e t a in e d

.....................................

S tep th r ee o f th e i n v e s t i g a t io n Com paring tw o s e t s

o f d ata

C r ite r io n o f in te r p r e ta tio n

• * .

26 27

. . . . . . .

27

. • • • • •

28

D e te r m in in g th e c o n d u c iv e c a u s e s

III*

* •

24

.

• .

•

30

D e s c r i p t i o n o f te r m s u s e d ....................................

31

A GENERAL COMPARISON OF TWO HUNDRED DISABLED VETERANS WITH TWO HUNDRED NON-DISABLED VETERANS...................................................................................

54

The a g e f a c t o r ...................................................................

54

M a rita l s t a t u s

....................................................

58

D e p e n d e n c y s t a t u s .................................._.....................

60

E d u c a tio n a l l e v e l

...............................................

63

M ajor o r p r e f e r r e d s t u d y .........................................

66

L e v e l o f p re-w a r o c c u p a tio n

69

.

. . . . . . .

CHAPTER

PAGE L en g th o f tim e i n p re-w a r o c c u p a t io n L evel o f p o st-w a r o c c u p a tio n

.

..

...............................

L en gth o f tim e i n p o s t-w a r o c c u p a t io n

IV .

.

70 73

•• •

76

V o c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s m o st f r e q u e n t l y c h o s e n

78

Summary o f C h a p te r I I I

85

...............................................

RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHONEUROSIS TO TEN OTHER FACTORS MEASURED BY DEGREES OFDISABILITY M e a s u r in g t h e d e g r e e s o f p s y c h o n e u r o s i s

.

88

• .

88

The e l e v e n t h f a c t o r ............................. ......................

88

S e v e r i t y o f f a c t o r com pared a s t h r e e v a r i a b l e s and a s tw o v a r i a b l e s The t e n f a c t o r s a s r e l a t e d p sy c h o n e u r o sis

• • • • .

• .

•• •

89

• •

90

to s e v e r i t y o f ..........................

•

Summary o f C h a p te r I V ......................... .......................... V.

103

A CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE VIEW OF EDUCATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT IN ITS POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP TO PSYCHONEUROSIS.................................................... C o l l e g e and n o n - c o l l e g e ........................ . P sy c h o n e u r o sis as r e la t e d

107

t o c o l l e g e and

n o n - c o l l e g e .............................................................. ......... Summary o f C h a p te r V •

107

..............................................

1 15 147

V I. A CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE VIEW OF OTHER FACTORS IN THEIR POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP TOPSYCHONEUROSIS

1 52

V

CHAPTER

PAGE T h i r t y y e a r s o f a g e and o l d e r ...............................

1 53

C o m p a r iso n b e t w e e n d i s a b l e d and n o n ­ d isa b le d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

153

C o m p a riso n b e t w e e n o l d e r and y o u n g e r g r o u p s .............................................................................. D iv o r c e d -se p a r a te d

• • • • , .

....................................

155 157

C o m p a riso n b e t w e e n d i s a b l e d and n on ­ d isa b le d

........................................................................

157

C o m p a r iso n b e t w e e n d i s a b l e d d i v o r c e d s e p a r a t e d and o t h e r d i s a b l e d ..................... R e p a i r m a n - m e c h a n i c ..............................

157 160

C o m p a r iso n b e t w e e n t h o s e s e l e c t i n g r e p a i r ­ m a n -m e ch a n ic a s a v o c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e and t h o s e who d i d n o t • • • • • • • • • Summary o f C h a p te r V V II.

I ........................................

16 2

FINDINGS AMD CONCLUSIONS OP THE INVESTIGATION The g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n s

160

164

...............................................

164

.....................

166

Summary i n q u e s t i o n s and a n s w e r s S u g g e stio n s f o r f u r t h e r r e se a r c h

. . . . . .

BIBLIOGRAPHY....................................................................................................... .....................................................

174 177

APPENDIX A.

A d d it io n a l T a b le s

APPENDIX B.

VA g u i d a n c e f o r m ....................................

185

APPENDIX C.

I .B .M . f o r m

187

...............................................................

APPENDIX-D.— Code s h o e t ~ r -

VT~. 7 T

V7

179

189"

LIST OP TABLES PAGE

TABLE I.

A G e n e r a l C o m p a r iso n o f Two Hundred D i s a b l e d V e t e r a n s w i t h Two H undred N o n - d i s a b l e d V e t e r a n s a s t o Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among t h e F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f Age, M a r ita l S t a t u s , S ta tu s

II*

• • . * • • •

and D e p e n d e n c y

....................................................

56

A G e n e r a l C o m p a riso n o f Two H undred D i s a b l e d V e t e r a n s w i t h Two Hundred N o n - d i s a b l e d V e t e r a n s a s t o Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among t h e F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f E d u c a t i o n a l L e v e l and M ajor o r P r e ­ f e r r e d S t u d y .........................................

III.

64

A G e n e r a l C o m p a riso n o f Two H undred D i s a b l e d V e t e r a n s w i t h Two Hundred N o n - d i s a b l e d V e t e r a n s a s t o Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among t h e F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f P r e - w a r O c c u p a t i o n ....................................................

IV*

71

A G e n e r a l C o m p a riso n o f Two Hundred D i s a b l e d V e t e r a n s w i t h Two Hundred N o n - d i s a b l e d V etera n s as t o

Number and P e r c e n t a g e

D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among t h e F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f P o s t - w a r O c c u p a t i o n ...............................................

74

v li TABLE V*

PAGE A G en er a l C om p a riso n o f Two Hundred D i s a b l e d V e t e r a n s w i t h Two H undred N o n - d i s a b l e d V e t e r a n s a s t o Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among t h e V o c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e s M ost F r e q u e n t l y C h o se n • . .

VI*

• • •

79

The D e g r e e s o f D i s a b i l i t y o f Two H undred D i s ­ a b l e d V e t e r a n s a s D i s t r i b u t e d Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f A ge, M a r ita l S t a t u s , D ependency S t a t u s

V II#

• • •

and

.........................................

91

The D i s a b i l i t y R a t i n g s o f Two H undred D i s ­ a b l e d V e t e r a n s ^Grouped i n Two C a t e g o r i e s ) a s D i s t r i b u t e d Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f A g e, M a r i t a l S t a t u s , and D e p e n d e n c y

V III*

S ta tu s.

92

The D e g r e e s o f D i s a b i l i t y o f Two H undred D i s ­ a b l e d V e t e r a n s a s D i s t r i b u t e d Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f E d u c a t i o n a l L e v e l and M ajor or P r e f e r r e d S tu d y

IX*

. • • • • • • • • • * •

95

The D i s a b i l i t y R a t i n g s o f Two Hundred D i s a b l e d V eteran s

(G rouped i n Two C a t e g o r i e s ) a s D i s ­

t r i b u t e d Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f E d u ca­ t i o n a l L e v e l and M ajor o r P r e f e r r e d X*

S tu d y .

The D e g r e e s o f D i s a b i l i t y o f Two Hundred D i s a b l e d V e t e r a n s a s D i s t r i b u t e d Among

96

viii TABLE

PAGE F a ctor I n te r v a ls

X I.

o f P re-w ar V o c a tio n

• • •

98

The D i s a b i l i t y R a t i n g s o f Two Hundred D i s a b l e d V eteran s

(G rouped i n Two C a t e g o r i e s ) a s D i s ­

t r i b u t e d Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f P r e - w a r O cc u p a tio n X II.

....................................

. . . . . . . .

99

The D e g r e e s o f D i s a b i l i t y o f Two H undred D i s ­ a b l e d V e t e r a n s a s D i s t r i b u t e d Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a ls o f P o st-w a r V o c a tio n

X III.

..........................

101

The D i s a b i l i t y R a t i n g s o f Two Hundred D i s a b l e d V eteran s

(G rou ped i n Two C a t e g o r i e s ) a s D i s ­

t r i b u t e d Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f P o s t - w a r O c c u p a tio n XIV.

• • • • • • • • • • • • • . • •

102

The D e g r e e s o f D i s a b i l i t y o f Two H undred D i s ­ a b l e d V e t e r a n s a s D i s t r i b u t e d Among t h e V o c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e s Most F r e q u e n t l y C h o se n

XV.

..................................................................................

104

The D i s a b i l i t y R a t i n g s o f Two H undred D i s a b l e d V eteran s

(G rouped i n Two C a t e g o r i e s ) a s D i s ­

t r i b u t e d Among V o c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e s Most F r e q u e n t l y C h osen • • • • • XVI.

....................................

105

A C o m p a riso n o f A l l C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w i t h A l l N o n - c o l l e g e V e t e r a n s a s t o Number and P e r ­ c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s _______ o f A ge, M a r i t a l S t a t u s ,

and D e p e n d e n c y

ix TABLE

PAGE S ta tu s

X V II.

•

109

A C o m p a riso n o f A l l C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w i t h A l l N o n - c o l l e g e V e t e r a n s a s t o Number and P e r ­ c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f M ajor o r P r e f e r r e d S t u d y

X V III.

• • • • • • •

11 1

A C o m p a r iso n o f A l l C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w i t h A l l N o n - c o l l e g e V e t e r a n s a s t o Number and P e r ­ cen ta g e D is tr ib u tio n s o f P r e - w a r O c c u p a t io n

XIX .

Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s . . . . .

.....................

112

A C o m p a r iso n o f A l l C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w i t h A l l N o n - c o l l e g e V e t e r a n s a s t o Number and P e r ­ c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f P o s t - w a r O c c u p a t i o n .........................

XX*

113

A C o m p a r iso n o f A l l C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w i t h A l l N o n - c o l l e g e V e t e r a n s a s t o Number and P e r ­ c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among V o c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e s M ost F r e q u e n t l y C h o sen

XXI.

. . . .

114

A C o m p a riso n o f D i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w ith D isa b le d N o n -c o lle g e V etera n s as to Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c to r I n t e r v a l s o f Age, M a r ita l S t a t u s , and D e p e n d e n c y S t a t u s

• • • •

..............................1 1 7

PAGE

TABLE X X II.

A C o m p a r iso n o f D i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w ith D is a b le d N o n -c o lle g e V etera n s a s to 118

M ajorv o r r P r e f e r r e d S tu d y . . . . . . . . . X X III.

A C o m p a r iso n o f D i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w ith D is a b le d N o n -c o lle g e V eteran s as to Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f P re-w a r O cc u p a tio n • .

XXIV.

119

A C o m p a r iso n o f D i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w ith D isa b le d N o n -c o lle g e V eteran s as to Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f P o s t-w a r O cc u p a tio n

XXV.

•

120

.....................

121

A C o m p a r iso n o f D i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w ith D isa b le d N o n -c o lle g e V etera n s as to Number a n d P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among V o c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e s Most F r e q u e n t l y C h o se n and D e g r e e o f D i s a b i l i t y

XXVI.

A C o m p a r iso n o f N o n - d i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w it h N o n -d isa b le d N o n -c o lle g e V e ter a n s as t o Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f A g e , M a r i t a l S ta tu s,

XXVII.

and D e p e n d e n c y S t a t u s

. . . . . .

A C o m p a r iso n o f N o n - d i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w it h N o n -d isa b le d N o n - c o lle g e V etera n s as

123

xi PAGE

TABLE t o M ajor o r P r e f e r r e d S t u d y . . . . . . . X X V III.

12 4

A C o m p a riso n o f N o n - d i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w it h N o n -d isa b le d N o n -c o lle g e V etera n s as t o Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a cto r I n te r v a ls o f

XXIX.

P r e - w a r O c c u p a t io n •

•

125

A C o m p a riso n o f N o n - d i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w it h N o n -d isa b le d N o n -c o lle g e V e ter a n s as t o Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F actor I n te r v a ls

XXX.

of

P o s t-w a r O c c u p a tio n

.

126

A C o m p a riso n o f N o n - d i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w ith N o n -d isa b le d N o n -c o lle g e V e ter a n s* a s t o Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among V o c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e s Most F r e q u e n t l y C h o sen 1 2 7

XXXI.

A C o m p a r iso n o f D i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w i t h N o n -d isa b le d N o n -c o lle g e V etera n s as to Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among S e l e c t e d F a c to r I n t e r v a l s o f Age, M a r ita l S t a t u s , D e p e n d e n c y S t a t u s and V o c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e ........................................

XXXII.

A C o m p a riso n o f D i s a b l e d N o n - c o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w it h N o n -d isa b le d C o lle g e V etera n s as to Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among S e l e c t e d F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f A ge, M a r ita l S t a t u s , D e p e n d e n c y S t a t u s , and V o c a t i o n a l

130

x ii PAGE

TABLE O b je c tiv e X X X III.

. . . . . .

.......................

. . . . .

132

A C o m p a r iso n o f D i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w it h N o n -d isa b le d C o lle g e V e ter a n s a s to Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a cto r I n te r v a ls

o f A g e, M a r i t a l S t a t u s ,

and

D e p e n d e n c y S t a t u s ......................................................... XXXIV.

135

A C o m p a r iso n o f D i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w it h N o n -d isa b le d C o lle g e V e ter a n s as to Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F actor I n t e r v a ls S tu d y

XXXV.

.

o f M a jo r llo r lP r e f e r r e d

.............................................................................

136

A C o m p a riso n o f D i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w it h N o n -d isa b le d C o lle g e V e ter a n s as to Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f P re-w a r O c c u p a tio n .

XXXVI.

.

137

.

138

A C o m p a r iso n o f D i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w it h N o n -d isa b le d C o lle g e V e te r a n s as to Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c to r i n t e r v a l s o f P o st-w a r O c c u p a tio n

XXXVII.

A C o m p a r iso n o f D i s a b l e d C o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w it h N o n -d isa b le d C o lle g e V etera n s a s to Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among V o c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e s M ost F r e q u e n t l y C h o se n ....................................................

• • • • • • •

139

xiii PAGE

TABLE X XXVIII.

A C o m p a r iso n o f D i s a b l e d N o n - c o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w it h N o n -d isa b le d N o n -c o lle g e V e ter a n s as t o Number a n d P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s

o f Age, M a r ita l

S t a t u s , and D ependency S t a t u s XXXIX.

• • • • • •

141

A C o m p a riso n o f D i s a b l e d N o n - c o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w ith N o n -d isa b le d N o n -c o lle g e V etera n s as t o Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f M ajor o r P r e f e r r e d S t u d y ........................................................................................

XL.

142

A C o m p a riso n o f D i s a b l e d N o n - c o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w it h N o n -d isa b le d N o n -c o lle g e V etera n s as t o Number an d P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f P r e -w a r O c c u p a t i o n ..............................

X L I.

143

A C o m p a r iso n o f D i s a b l e d N o n - c o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w it h N o n -d isa b le d N o n -c o lle g e V etera n s as t o Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s O c c u p a tio n

X L II.

o f P ost-w ar

• • • • • ...............................................

A C o m p a r iso n o f D i s a b l e d N o n - c o l l e g e V e t e r a n s w it h N o n -d isa b le d N o n - c o lle g e V e ter a n s as t o Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among V o c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e s Most F r e q u e n t l y

144

x iv PAGE

TABLE C h o sen • * • • « » « X L III.

....................................

A C o m p a r iso n o f D i s a b l e d V e t e r a n s

• • •

145

(A g e s

T h i r t y and. O ld e r ) w i t h M o n - d i s a b l e d V e t e r a n s (A g e s T h i r t y and O ld e r ) a s t o Mumber and P e r ­ c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f M a r ita l S t a t u s , D ependency S t a t u s ,

and

V o c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e o f R e p a ir m a n -M e c h a n ic XLIV.

A C o m p a r iso n o f D i s a b l e d V e t e r a n s

(Age T h i r t y

and O ld e r ) w i t h D i s a b l e d V e t e r a n s T w e n t y - n i n e and Y o u n g e r) a s t o

154

(A ge

Mumber and

P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c t o r I n ­ t e r v a l s o f M a r ita l S t a t u s , D ependency S t a t u s , V o c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e o r R e p a ir m a n -M e c h a n ic , and D e g r e e o f D i s a b i l i t y .......................................... XLV.

156

A C o m p a r iso n o f D i s a b l e d and D i v o r c e d V e t e r a n s w i t h M o n - d i s a b l e d and D i v o r c e d V e t e r a n s a s to

Mumber and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s

Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f A g e , D e p e n d e n c y S ta tu s,

V o c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e o f R e p a ir m a n -

M ech a n ic and D e g r e e o f D i s a b i l i t y .........................1 5 8 XLVI.

A C o m p a riso n o f D i s a b l e d and D i v o r c e d V e t e r a n s w ith D isa b le d

(bu t N o n -d iv o rc ed ) V etera n s

a s t o Number and P e r c e n t a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s

xv

PAGE

TABLE Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f A g e , D e p e n d e n c y S ta tu s,

V o c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e o f R e p a ir m a n -

M ech an ic and D e g r e e o f D i s a b i l i t y XLV II*

.

• ,

,,

159

A C o m p a riso n o f D i s a b l e d V e t e r a n s S e l e c t i n g R e p a ir m a n -M e c h a n ic V o c a t i o n a l O b j e c t i v e w i t h O th e r D i s a b l e d Who D id Not S e l e c t T h is:

O b j e c t i v e a s t o Number and P e r c e n t ­

a g e D i s t r i b u t i o n s Among F a c t o r I n t e r v a l s o f A g e, M a r i t a l S t a t u s , D e p e n d e n c y S t a t u s , L e v e l o f P o s t - w a r O c c u p a t io n and D e g r e e o f D i s a b i l i t y ..................................................................

.

.

161

LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE

PAGE

1.

H is t o g r a m o f Age G r o u p s, A l l V e t e r a n s

. . . .

2.

H is t o g r a m o f M a r i t a l S t a t u s , A l l V e t e r a n s

3.

H is t o g r a m o f E d u c a t i o n a l L e v e l s ,

82

• •

85

A ll V eteran s

84

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS PERTINENCE TO RELIGION The s t r u g g l e f o r l i f e c o m p e ls u s t o c o n s u lt th e o r a c le s . B u t t h e m odern o r a c l e s m u st h e s c i e n t i f i c . 1 The w o r ld was s o s t i r r e d a n d s h a k e n b y t h e g i g a n t i c p r o p o r t i o n s o f W orld War I I t h a t n o s a n e p e r s o n a n y w h e re escap ed i t s

r e p e r c u ssio n s.

l o s o p h i e s w ere c l a s h i n g ,

H um an ity becam e aw a re t h a t p h i ­

t h a t p o l i t i c a l e m p i r e s w e re c r u m b l i n g ,

a n d t h a t s o c i a l and e c o n o m ic s y s t e m s w e r e b e i n g u p r o o t e d . w as known t h a t t h e w o r ld was i n t u r m o i l and t h a t e v e r y t h i n g i n I t w as u n d e r g o i n g v i o l e n t s t r u g g l e and c h a n g e . a stu te

o b s e r v e r co u ld a l s o s e e th a t t h i s

in a l l

its

The more

o b je c tiv e c o n f lic t

h o r r o r w as n o t t h e e n t i r e p i c t u r e o f s u f f e r i n g .

THE PROBLEM P s y c h o n e u r o s i s and t h e v e t e r a n .

E ven h e r e i n t h e

U n i t e d S t a t e s o f A m e r ic a , m o st c o m f o r t a b l y l o c a t e d o f a l l w a r rin g n a t i o n s ,

t h e r e w e r e c o u n t l e s s i n d i v i d u a l s who w aged

T h i s q u o t a t i o n , o f u n c e r t a i n o r i g i n , i s t a k e n from t h e f l y l e a f o f H e l e n M. W a l k e r ’ s E l e m e n t a r y S t a t i s t i c a l M eth o d s (New Y ork: H enry H o l t and C o . , 1 9 ^ 3 )* 3^8 p p .

It

2 p r iv a te

c o n flic ts

30 I f-e s te e m .

**within*! and l o s t on t h e b a t t l e f i e l d s

F o r th em ,

of

Lhe p o i n t a t w h i c h w a r - t im e i n f l u e n c e s

may o r may n o t h a v e c o n v e r t e d d e p r i v a t i o n s i n t o f r u s t r a t i o n s a p p a r e n t l y v a r i e d w i t h t h e ff f r u s t r a t i o n

to ler a n c e* 1 o f each

person. A lt h o u g h t h e phenom enon o f w a r - t i m e n e u r o s i s was b y no means l i m i t e d t o t h o s e who w ore t h e u n i f o r m , t h e Y ankee m i l i t a r y y o u th s o f th e

F o r tie s

s h a r e o f s u b j e c t i v e and p r i v a t e

c e r ta in ly su ffered th e ir f u l l c o n flic t.

C a l l e d f,t h e i r

m o t h e r s 1 s o n s , tt^ ttN P f s , tt *!u n f i t f o r s e r v i c e , * * such e x p r e s s io n s ,

t h e y w ere th e b oys

and b y o t h e r

(an d g i r l s )

who w'ere-v

u s u a l l y w e ed ed o u t and h o n o r a b l y d i s c h a r g e d b e f o r e h a v i n g had e i t h e r p r o l o n g e d s e r v i c e o r com bat e x p e r i e n c e . T h is d i s s e r t a t i o n

is

a r e p o r t o f on e l i m i t e d

stu d y

w h ic h w as made o f th e m .

V ic tim s o f th e s t r u g g le f o r l i f e ,

t h e y lo o k e d t o t h a t l i f e

f o r a n oth er chance.

The f e d e r a l

g o v e r n m e n t t h r o u g h i t s V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n assum ed a m a j o r s h a r e o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n a b r o a d program o f v o c a t i o n a l r e h a b i l i t a t i o n w h ic h i n c l u d e d b e n e f i t s t o

th o se d isc h a r g e d

f o r p sy c h o n e u r o tic d i s a b i l i t y . The **VAf* G u id a n c e C e n t e r s .

D e sc rib e d by v a r io u s

s u r v e y s a s t h e b i g g e s t and m o s t a m b i t i o u s p rogram o f g u i d a n c e

% Edward A. S t r e c k e r , T h e i r M o t h e r 1s S o n s L ip p in c o tt, 1946) 220 p p .

(P h ila d e lp h ia ,

e v e r ■undertaken b y a n y n a t i o n ,

th e r e h a b i l i t a t i o n

se c tio n

o f t h e V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f f e r e d v o c a t i o n a l g u i d a n c e and c o u n s e l i n g t o t h e m ore th a n f i f t e e n m i l l i o n W orld War I I ,

v etera n s of

In c lu d in g th e n e u r o t i c a l l y d is a b le d .

A fter

h a v in g c o n s id e r e d c o n t r a c t u a l p o s s i b i l i t i e s w it h o t h e r a g e n c ie s , t h e V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n c h o s e t h e c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s , b o t h p r i v a t e and p u b l i c ,

as p la c e s to lo c a t e

its

g u id a n c e

cen ters. The A m erica n C o u n c i l o f E d u c a t i o n ^ c o n d u c t e d a q u e s t i o n n a i r e on p r e s e n t p o l i c i e s

and f u t u r e p l a n s o f 2 4 3

c o l l e g e g u id a n c e c e n t e r s o p e r a tin g under V e te r a n s A d m in is tr a tio n c o n t r a c t s , w it h th e f in d in g s u n m ista k a b ly p o in t in g t o th e p o s i t i v e v a l u e o f t h e s e c e n t e r s and t h e i r f u n c t i o n a l im p o r ­ t a n c e in h i s t o r y ! s g r e a t e s t e x p erim en t in g u id a n c e . o f th e q u e s tio n n a ir e r e v e a le d th a t p r io r to th e

R e su lts

in a u g u r a tio n

o f t h e V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n p r o g r a m , more th a n h a l f o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n s d i d n o t h a v e a c e n t r a l l y o r g a n i z e d t e s t i n g and c o u n s e lin g s e r v ic e w it h a d ir e c t o r in c h a r g e . th e peak o f t h e v e te r a n r e h a b i l i t a t i o n

Even th o u g h

and t r a i n i n g p rogram

had p a r s e d and many g u i d a n c e c e n t e r c o n t r a c t s had e x p i r e d , fou r ou t of f iv e

in s titu tio n s

r e p o r te d t h a t th e y p la n n ed t o

fin d o t h e r f i n a n c i a l su p p o rt a f t e r th e governm ent c o n tr a c t

^ A m erican C o r n e l l on E d u c a t i o n , MSuramary o f F i n d i n g s , VA G u id a n c e C e n t e r s , 1* M i t c H e l l D r e e s e , S t u d y D i r e c t o r (m imeo­ g r a p h e d r e p o r t ) , May 3 , 1 9 4 9 .

4 e x p i r e d and w o u ld c o n t i n u e t o o f f e r t e s t i n g

and c o u n s e l i n g

in a c e n t r a l l y o r g a n is e d program . The q u e s t i o n n a i r e r e v e a l e d t h a t o n l y o n e - t h i r d o f t h e c a s e l o a d o f t h e g u i d a n c e c e n t e r s came fro m v e t e r a n s e n r o l l e d in th e c o l l e g i a t e

in stitu tio n

h o u sin g th e c e n t e r ,

and t h a t

more th a n h a l f came from t h e n o n - c o l l e g i a t e v e t e r a n s o f t h e c o m m u n ity .

( N o n - v e t e r a n s f r a n t h e campus and com m u nity com­

p le te d th e c a se lo a d s .)

Seven ou t o f te n i n s t i t u t i o n s p la n n in g

to c o n tin u e t h e i r c e n te r s a f t e r p r e s e n t c o n tr a c ts e x p ir e w i l l have g u id a n c e s e r v i c e a v a i l a b l e m u n ity ,

to

a d u l t c l i e n t s o f t h e com­

l a r g e l y on a f e e b a s i s . The r e a s o n s m o s t f r e q u e n t l y a d v a n c e d b y c o l l e g e s

u n iv e r sitie s lis te d

and

f o r d e c i d i n g t o c o n t i n u e g u i d a n c e c e n t e r s w ere

i n t h e summary o f f i n d i n g s a s

(a )

"The V .A . G u id a n c e C e n t e r h a s d e m o n s t r a t e d t h e v a l u e o f t e s t i n g and v o c a t i o n a l c o u n s e l i n g a s an o r g a n i z e d s e r v i c e w h ic h we w i s h t o i n c o r p o r a t e i n t o o u r p ro gram o f s t u d e n t p e r s o n n e l s e r v i c e s

(b)

" S t u d e n t s , b o t h v e t e r a n and n o n - v e t e r a n , h a v e come t o a c c e p t t e s t i n g and v o c a t i o n a l c o u n s e l i n g a s a l e g i t i m a t e i n s t i t u t i o n a l s e r v i c e and e x p e c t th e i n s t i t u t i o n to c o n tin u e to p r o v id e t h i s a ssista n c e ;n

4 Loc. c i t .

5 (c)

f,The n e e d f o r t e s t i n g and c o u n s e l i n g s e r v i c e s a v a ila b le to n o n -stu d e n t c l i e n t s has been e x ­ p r e s s e d b y r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a g e n c i e s and members o f t h e c o m m u n it y .11 R e la te d s t u d i e s .

l i s h e d and u n p u b l i s h e d ,

Among r e v i e w e d s t u d i e s ,

t o u c h i n g upon t h e v a s t f i e l d

sp o n so red g u id a n c e - c o u n s e lin g program s, o p in io n o f t h i s

b o t h pub­ o f VA-

t h e f o u r w h ic h i n t h e

i n v e s t i g a t o r a r e m o st i m p o r t a n t t o d a t e a r e

t h e u n p u b l i s h e d r e p o r t s o f P a lm er® , L e is ® , L atham ?, and B a rn ett® .

W h ile t h e s e s t u d i e s u t i l i z e d

g u id a n c e c e n t e r

r e c o r d s t h e y d i d n o t d e a l w i t h t h e p r o b le m o f t h e v e t e r a n d i s charged w it h p s y c h o n e u r o s is .

® H a r o ld Jerome P a lm e r , A S t u d y o f t h e A p p r a i s a l o f 1 0 0 0 V e t e r a n s A p p e a r in g a t t h e C o r n e l l G u id a n c e C e n t e r ; a d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e i r C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and an E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e G u id a n c e P r o c e d u r e s U s e d , ( U n p u b l i s h e d P h .D . t h e s i s , C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y , itfH a c a , N . Y . , 1 9 4 6 ) . ® Ward W i l l i a m L e i s , A C o m p a r a tiv e E v a l u a t i o n o f t h e V o c a t i o n a l A d j u s tm e n t o f A d v is e d and n o n - a d v i s e d V e t e r a n s wh i l e i n T r a i n i n g , (Uhpub1 i s h e d P h •D . t h e s i s , U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , Los A n g e l e s , C a l i f * , 1 9 4 8 ) . ^ A l b e r t J a c k s o n L atham , A p t i t u d e and V o c a t i o n a l C h o i c e ; A F o l l o w - u p S t u d y , ( U n p u b l i s h e d P h .D . t h e s i s , U n iv e r s ity o f P itts b u r g h , P a. , 1 9 4 8 ). ® Warren L e s l i e B a r n e t t , J r . , O c c u p a t i o n a l A p t i t u d e P a t t e r n s o f C o u n s e l e d V e t e r a n s , ( U n p u b l i s h e d Ph."D. t h e s i s , New Y ork U n i v e r s i t y , N. Y . , 1 9 4 9 ) .

6 P a l m e r ' s d i s s e r t a t i o n was p r o b a b l y t h e f i r s t p o i n t t o w e a l t h o f d a t a on f i l e th e n a tio n ,

a t g u id a n c e c e n te r s a c r o s s

d a t a w h ic h c o u l d and s h o u l d b e u t i l i z e d

v a r ie ty o f resea rch te c h n iq u e s.

to

in a

He c o n c l u d e d :

The w h o le f i e l d o f g u i d a n c e and c o u n s e l i n g o u g h t t o be i n t e r e s t e d in th e r e s u l t s o f t h i s g i g a n t i c program . Any f u t u r e r e s e a r c h i n g u i d a n c e m u st t a k e c o g n i z a n c e o f t h e m a s s i v e r e c o r d s on f i l e a t V .A . g u i d a n c e c e n t e r s a t t h e l e a d i n g c o l l e g e s and u n i v e r s i t i e s o f t h e n a t i o n . 9 The s t u d y by L e i s was an a t t e m p t t o m e a s u r e t h e e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f V .A .-sp o n so r e d g u id a n c e - c o u n s e lin g w ith p a r t i c u la r r e f e r e n c e to th e ad ju stm en t o f v e te r a n s w h ile in tr a in in g ,

e m p h a siz in g th e l a t t e r

as th e b a s ic

c r ite r io n

in

e v a l u a t i n g any a d v i s e m e n t and g u i d a n c e p r o g r a m . As t h e t i t l e s th e s tu d y by B a r n e t t

i m p l y , n e i t h e r t h e s t u d y by Latham n o r ( n o r P a lm e r ) d e a l t a n a l y t i c a l l y w i t h

any one c a t e g o r y o f t r a i t s typ e o f d i s a b i l i t y .

or m easures such as a p a r t i c u la r

W h ile d o u b t l e s s t h e r e w o u ld b e v a l u e

i n r e p e a t i n g s u c h s u r v e y s and g e n e r a l c o m p a r i s o n s from g u id a n c e r e c o r d s in o th e r s e c t i o n s o f th e n a t i o n , i n v e s t i g a t o r s in d e a lin g w ith t h i s

fu tu re

s u b j e c t may t e n d more to w a r d

t h e c o r r e l a t i o n and e x p e r i m e n t a l d i s c i p l i n e s ,

and t h e u s e o f

few er t r a i t s . S ta te m e n t o f s p e c i f i c p r o b le m . ( s e l e c t e d by s t r i c t 9 P a lm e r ,

c r ite r ia )

op. c i t .,

p.

U sin g c a s e r e c o r d s

from t h e g u i d a n c e c e n t e r f i l e s

I87.

7 a t th e U n iv e r s it y o f S ou th ern C a l i f o r n i a ,

an i n v e s t i g a t i o n

w as made t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r o r n o t c e r t a i n s o c i o - p e r s o n a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f two h u n d r e d v e t e r a n s d i s c h a r g e d w i t h p s y c h o n e u r o s i s w ere a l s o

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s common (b y s i m i l a r

p r o p o r t i o n s ) t o two h u n d re d n o n - d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s . In c a r r y i n g o u t t h i s s p e c ific fin a l

stu d y,

answ ers w ere so u g h t to

q u e s t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h e p r im a r y c o m p a r i s o n .

ch a p ter o f t h i s

fo llo w in g q u e s tio n s

r e p o r t w i l l su m m arize a n s w e r s t o t h e

(and a l s o

em erged a s t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n 1,

The

t o a d d i t i o n a l q u e s t i o n s w h ic h progressed ) :

Were t h e r e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n v e t e r a n s

d i s c h a r g e d w i t h p s y c h o n e u r o s i s and t h e n o n - d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s w ith r e f e r e n c e to age l e v e l s ? 2.

W ith r e f e r e n c e

to m a r ita l s t a tu s ?

5.

W ith r e f e r e n c e

to dependency s t a t u s ?

4.

W ith r e f e r e n c e t o e d u c a t i o n a l a c h i e v e m e n t ?

5.

W ith r e f e r e n c e t o m a j o r o r p r e f e r r e d

6.

W ith r e f e r e n c e t o p r e - w a r o c c u p a t i o n a l l e v e l ?

7.

W ith r e f e r e n c e t o

stu d y?

l e n g t h o f tim e i n p r e - w a r

o c c u p a tio n ? 8,

W ith r e f e r e n c e t o p o s t - w a r o c c u p a t i o n a l l e v e l ?

9,

W ith r e f e r e n c e t o l e n g t h o f t im e i n p o s t - w a r e

o c c u p a tio n ? 10.

W ith r e f e r e n c e

f r e q u e n t ly chosen?

t o v o c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e s m o st

11.

Were t h e r e s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e

tw o h u n d re d d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o s e v e r i t y o f p sy c h o n e u r o sis? 12.

When p s y c h o n e u r o s i s was a n a l y z e d a c c o r d i n g t o

s u b -fa c to r s w ith in th e e le v e n f a c t o r s ,

w h ic h c i r c u m s t a n c e s

a p p a re n tly p o s s e s s e d s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t io n s h ip s to i t ? T h i s l a s t q u e s t i o n demanded c a r e f u l and e v e n i n t r i ­ c a te co m p a riso n s,

i n v o l v i n g t h e a d d i t i o n o f s e v e r a l new

q u e s t i o n s f o r w h ic h a n s w e r s w e re s o u g h t i n t h e p r o g r e s s o f th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n .

THE PROBLEMS PERTINENCE TO RELIGION P s y c h o n e u r o s i s and h i s t o r i c a l r e l i g i o n .

T h ro u g h o u t

th e c e n t u r ie s o r g a n ize d r e l i g i o n has m a n ife s te d concern f o r ill

p e r s o n s , w h eth er th a t i l l n e s s

m en ta l,

or e m o tio n a l.

c r itic iz e

was p h y s i c a l ,

C o n tem p o ra r y c r i t i c s

sp ir itu a l,

who a r e p r o n e t o

t h e Church f o r an a l l e g e d s i c k l y c o n s t i t u e n c y may

b e u n w i t t i n g l y c o m p lim e n t a r y i f C h r i s t i a n Church i s l i f e * ^ by i t s

t h e i r c l a i m be t r u e .

c o m m itt e d t o a f e l l o w s h i p

The

o f r e d e e m in g

f o u n d e r who s a i d :

10 By " r e d e e m in g l i f e " o r " r e d e m p t iv e l i v i n g " i s h e r e m eant t h e p r o c e s s o f s e l f - r e a l i z a t i o n and f u l f i l l m e n t b y w h ic h t h e r e i s a r e l e a s e w i t h i n s o c i e t y and t h e p e r s o n o f a l l p o t e n t i a l i t i e s fo r good.

9 X am come t h a t t h e y m i g h t h a v e l i f e , t h e y m ig h t h a v e i t more a b u n d a n t l y . H

and t h a t

Any f u n c t i o n a l e m o t i o n a l d i s o r d e r w h ic h b r i n g s t o t h e i n d i v i d u a l and m i l i t a t e s abundant l i f e

sic k n e ss

a g a i n s t h i s a c c e p ta n c e o f the

i s o f im p o r ta n t c o n cern to r e l i g i o n .

W h eth er

t h e m a la d y be d e s c r i b e d a s ns i n ft o r np s y c h o n e u r o s i s H, t h e h is t o r i c a l reso u rces o f th e C h r istia n f a it h

are d e d ic a te d to

t h e s a l v a t i o n o f t h e p e r s o n fr o m a n y d i s t u r b a n c e i n b o d i l y fu n c tio n ,

fe e lin g ,

and c o n d u c t due t o e m o t i o n a l t e n s i o n s

flw h ic h h a v e d e v e l o p e d a s a r e s u l t o f d e p r i v a t i o n s , tio n s,

fru stra ­

or c o n f lic t s . The C h r i s t i a n f a i t h ,

th erefo re,

ex ten d s i t s

hand o f -

i n c l u s i v e f e l l o w s h i p t o a l l who s i n c e r e l y d e s i r e t o b e made w h o le t h e m s e l v e s and t o s h a r e

i n a w h o le - m a k in g e n t e r p r i s e .

R e l a t e d p u r p o s e s i n g u i d a n c e and r e l i g i o n . su ffic ie n t

r e l a t io n s h ip b etw een th e

r e h a b ilita tio n -g u id a n c e to

T here i s

purposes o f v o c a tio n a l

and t h e p u r p o s e s o f r e l i g i o u s g u i d a n c e

j u s t i f y a r esd a rch p r o j e c t o f t h i s typ e by a stu d e n t o f

r e lig io n ,

a s s u m in g t h a t he h a s had some p r a c t i c a l o r a c a d e m ic

o r i e n t a t i o n t o t h e w h o le f i e l d

11 John 1 0 : 1 0 . 12

o f g u id a n c e .

The a s s o c i a t i o n

(K in g Jamos V e r s i o n ) .

D e f i n i t i o n o f a p s y c h o n e u r o s i s a s g i v e n b y , L o u is P . T h orp e and B a r n e y K a t z , The P s y c h o l o g y o f Abnorm al B e h a v i o r , Kew Y o r k , The R o n a ld P r e s s C o . , 1 9 4 8 , p . 8 4 ^ .

10

b e t w e e n t h e two f i e l d s

can b e v i e w e d b o t h fr o m t h e

o f t h e common g o a l s and from t h e d y n a m ics,

sta n d p o in t

sta n d p o in t o f th e p r o c e ss

i f not a c tu a l te c h n iq u e s,

© f l a i l v a lid g u id a n c e.

V o c a tio n a l g u id a n ce has b een s u c c i n c t l y d e fin e d by th e N a t i o n a l V o c a t i o n a l G u id a n c e A s s o c i a t i o n a s The p r o c e s s o f a s s i s t i n g an i n d i v i d u a l t o c h o o s e an o c c u p a t i o n , p r e p a r e f o r , e n t e r u p o n , and p r o g r e s s i n it. I t i s concerned p r im a r ily w ith h e lp in g in d iv id u a ls make d e c i s i o n s and c h o i c e s i n v o l v e d i n p l a n n i n g a f u t u r e and b u i l d i n g a c a r e e r - - d e c i s i o n s and c h o i c e s n e c e s s a r y in e f f e c t i n g s a t i s f a c t o r y v o c a t i o n a l a d ju s tm e n t. ^ R e lig io u s g u id a n c e , R e lig io u s E d u c a tio n ,

as d e sc r ib e d by le a d e r s in

in te n d s:

. . . t o d e v e l o p p e r s o n s f i t t e d i n c h a r a c t e r and a b i l i t y t o d e a l w i t h new s i t u a t i o n s . . . t o add t o t h e r a e e Ts r e s o u r c e s o f k n o w l e d g e , s k i l l , and w isd o m . ^ The b r o a d s i g n i f i c a n c e o f s u c h an aim i s f u r t h e r s e e n in t h e

statem en t

th a t:

E m p i r i c a l d a t a and e d u c a t i o n a l i n s i g h t s , r a t h e r th a n t h e o l o g i c a l c o n c e p t io n s , have b e e n th e c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r s i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f p rogram and m eth o d i n R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n . 15 I t fo llo w s th a t r e lig io n

in i t s

e d u c a tio n a l a sp e c ts

G eorge E . M y e r s, P r i n c i p l e s and T e c h n i q u e s o f V o c a t i o n a l G u i d a n c e , New Y o r k , M c G r a w -H ill Book C o . , 1 9 4 1 , p . 3 . I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o u n c il o f R e l ig i o u s E d u c a tio n , C h r is t ia n Bducat io n T oday, a sta te m e n t o f B a s ic P h ilo s o p h y , p . 1 2 ; q u o te d from H a r r is o n S . E l l i o t , Can R e l i g i o u s E d u c a t i o n C h r i s t i a n ? , New Y o r k , The M a c m illa n Cfo.", l'§ 4 7 , p . 6 5 . 15 E l l i o t ,

op. c i t .,

p.

4.

11

is h ig h ly in te r e ste d ta tio n -g u id a n c e

i n t h e o u tc o m e s o f v o c a t i o n a l r e h a b i l i -

in a m u tu al e f f o r t to a id p e r s o n s to a c h ie v e

se lf-s a tis fa c tio n

in term s o f o c c u p a t io n a l a d ju stm e n t.

R e lig io n in i t s is

p s y c h o l o g i c a l and c o u n s e l i n g a s p e c t s

c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e i n d i v i d u a l and h i s

ad ju stm en t to h is

s o c i a l s i t u a t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y a s t h i s may b e f u l f i l l e d g u id a n c e p r o c e s s o f

by a

s e l f - r e a l i z a t i o n w h ic h e v e n t u a t e s i n t o an

e n r ic h e d i n t e r p r e t a t io n o f a l l e x p e r ie n c e s .

V o c a tio n a l r e h a b il-

i t a t i o n - g u i d a n c e i s o f t e n d e p e n d e n t upon some s u c h fo r m o f p sych oth erap y to r e lie v e

and r e - d i r e c t t h e c o u n s e l e e ’ s

e m o t i o n a l p r o b le m s o t h a t o c c u p a t i o n a l a d j u s t m e n t s can b e m a d e. R e lig io n in i t s

so c io -co m m u n ity a s p e c t s i s

in w h atever to u c h e s th e e x p e r ie n c e la r g e groups of p e o p le .

in te r e ste d

(or th e p ock etb ook ) o f

The g u i d a n c e p r o g r a m , o f f e r i n g

se r v ic e s

t o more th a n f i f t e e n m i l l i o n v e t e r a n s o f W orld War I I a t p u b lic ex p en se,

commands a t t e n t i o n o f r e l i g i o n

o f a s s ig n in g e t h i c a l v a lu e t o th e p erfo rm a n ce,

fro m t h e v i e w t h i s b e in g a

proper fu n c tio n o f r e lig io n . The f o r e g o i n g p a r a g r a p h s h a v e p r e s e n t e d t h e g u i d a n c e c e n t e r movement a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e p u r p o s e s o f r e lig io n .

B o th f i e l d s

h e lp th e m s e lv e s . g u id a n c e w it h in

are in t e r e s t e d

Common d y n a m ic s o p e r a t e i n a l l g e n u i n e a d em o cra tic s e t t i n g w h eth er i t be v o c a t i o n a l,

e d u c a tio n a l, or r e l ig i o u s g u id a n c e . record s,

in h e lp in g p e r so n s to

th erefo re,

is

R esearch in g u id a n c e

o f c o n sid e r a b le

im p o r t a n c e t o t h e

12 con tem p orary s t u d e n t o f r e l i g i o n . I m p lic a tio n s fo r g a r is h m in is t r y . d isc ip lin e

H ot o n l y can t h e

o f s u c h a r e s e a r c h im p ro v e t h e t e c h n i c a l s c h o l a r ­

sh ip o f th e s tu d e n t, but i t

a ls o has im p lic a tio n s

p r a c tic a l p a r ish m in is tr y .

A d u lt g u id a n c e f a c i l i t i e s

lo c a l church, p a r tic u la r ly p a sto r a l c o u n se lin g ,

f o r th e in th e

cannot h e lp

b u t b e im p r o v e d b y a c q u a i n t a n c e w i t h t h e i n t e r v i e w i n g , te s tin g , c en ters.

r e c o r d in g ,

and c o u n s e l i n g p r o c e d u r e s o f t h e g u i d a n c e

T h e s e c e n t e r s o p e r a t e w i t h g u i d a n c e a i d s and i n s t r u ­

m e n ts w h ic h t h e p a s t o r a l o f f i c e ab ou t,

c o u l d w e l l a f f o r d t o know

and p e r h a p s u s e on o c c a s i o n s .

how ever,

Of s t i l l g r e a t e r v a lu e ,

I s t h e p r o f e s s i o n a l r a p p o r t w h ic h t h e c o u n s e l i n g

m i n i s t e r c o u ld e s t a b l i s h w it h t h e s e g u id a n c e

c en ter s t a f f s

b y p r o f i t a b l y r e f e r r i n g many o f h i s p a r i s h o n e r s t o th e m .

As

V e t e r a n s A d m i n i s t r a t i o n c o n t r a c t s e x p i r e , m ore and more o f th e s e c e n te r s w i l l be lo o k in g to th e th e c o lle g e

fo r su p p o rt.

The m i n i s t e r who i s

c o o p e r a tiv e p o s s i b i l i t i e s to s p e c ia liz e d

com m unity s u r r o u n d i n g

in h e r e n t in

a l e r t to th e

th e system o f r e f e r r a l s

a g e n c i e s and who u s e s h i s n e a r - b y g u i d a n c e

c e n t e r w i l l r e n d e r a g o o d s e r v i c e t o h i s p e o p l e and w i l l r e a p a w i d e r com m u n ity a p p r e c i a t i o n

f o r h i s t o t a l church

program .

ORGANIZATION OP REMAINDER OF DISSERTATION H a v in g d i s c u s s e d

in C h ap ter I th e n a tu r e o f th e

13 problem under i n v e s t i g a t i o n , to r e lig io n ,

and a l s o

som ething o f i t s

pertin en ce

th e m utual p u rp o ses in h e r e n t in

v o c a t i o n a l g u i d a n c e when compared w i t h c o u n s e l i n g - e d u c a t i o n a l a sp ec ts of the p a s to r a l m in istr y , d isserta tio n

is

the rem ainder o f the

o r g a n i z e d as f o l l o w s :

The m e t h o d o l o g y o f r e s e a r c h and d e s c r i p t i o n o f t e r m s u sed w i l l b e found in Chapter I I . A g e n e r a l c o m p a r i s o n o f two h u n d r e d v e t e r a n s d i s a b l e d b y p s y c h o n e u r o s i s w i t h two h u d d re d n o n - d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s w i l l b e r e p o r t e d upon i n C h a p t e r I I I a s t h e p r i m a r y s o u r c e

data

o f t h e p r o j e c t , b a s e d upon T a b l e s I t h r o u g h V . The r e l a t i o n s h i p o f p s y c h o n e u r o s i s t o t e n o t h e r f a c t o r s as measured b y d e g r e e s o f d i s a b i l i t y w i l l be g i v e n an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

i n C h a p t e r IV .

A c a u s a l-c o m p a r a tiv e view o f e d u c a t io n a l achievem ent in I t s p o s s ib le r e la t io n s h ip presented

t o p s y c h o n e u r o s i s w i l l be

i n C h a p t e r V,

A determ in ation o f th e n e u r o sis of oth er fa c to r s

p o ssib le

r e la tio n s h ip to psycho­

and s u b - f a c t o r s w i l l b e made i n

Chapter V I. The f i n d i n g s w i l l b e su m m arized and c o n c l u s i o n s o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n w i l l b e p r e s e n t e d In 2 5 q u e s t i o n s w i t h a n s w e r s In t h e f i n a l C h a p ter V I I .

CHAPTER I I THE METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH In d e a l i n g w i t h t h e problem o f w h e t h e r or t h e r e were c e r t a i n s o c i o - p e r s o n a l t r a i t s

not

ch aracterizin g

th e v e te ra n disch arged w ith p sy c h o n e u r o sis,

th is

in v esti­

g a t i o n was g u i d e d b y t h e s e p r i n c i p l e s : 1. relia b le

F a i t h f u l r e c o r d i n g o f f a c t s f r o m an o f f i c i a l l y s o u r c e b y a code s y s t e m w h ic h would s a f e g u a r d

i d e n t i t y o f each o f th e f o u r hundred v e t e r a n s bu t y e t allow f o r r e -c h e c k in g . 2.

A c c u r a t e m ea s u r em e n t

and a n a l y s i s

w i t h t a b u l a t i o n and g r o u p i n g o f d a t a , of q u a n t i t a t i v e method in t e s t i n g

in c o n n e c tio n

and t h e em ploym en t

sta tistica l

sig n ifica n ce

o f a l l data. 3.

Use o f t h e " n u l l ” h y p o t h e s i s .

4.

A c o m p r e h e n s i v e c a u t i o n and f r e e d o m fro m b i a s

in

rep o rtin g the f in d in g s .

THE CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE METHOD A su ita b le tech n iq u e. p r i n c i p l e s i t w as n e c e s s a r y t o sp ec ific

In f o l l o w i n g t h e a b o v e g e n e r a l adopt the d i s c i p l i n e

of a

techn iqu e o f research su ite d to the r a m ific a tio n s

o f a r a t h e r com plex problem .

I n s e l e c t i n g t h i s m eth od two

15 r e q u ir e m e n t s were f o r e m o s t :

(l)

I t must c l a s s i f y p e r t i n e n t

d a t a i n t o m e a n i n g f u l c a t e g o r i e s and t r a n s l a t e t h e s e

Into

m a th em a tica l v a lu e s such as stan dard e r r o r o f d i f f e r e n c e betw een p r o p o r t io n s , o f d ev ia tio n ,

c r it ic a l ra tio ,

co efficien t

of

c h i square,

contingency,

p ro b a b ility

and o t h e r t e r m s

more e x a c t t h a n t h e v e r b a l i s m o f o r d i n a r y l a n g u a g e ; doing t h i s

I t must n o t b e so s t r i n g e n t as t o

(2) In

cause the

s p i r i t o f t h e I n q u i r y t o become a b s o r b e d i n m ere t e c h n i q u e . Because o f i t s fo r p en etratin g

d istin ctiv e

a p p r o a c h and i t s

in t o the a reas o f p o s s i b l e

sig n ifica n ce ,

t h e d a u s a l - c o m p a r a t i v e method-5- was s e l e c t e d most s u i t a b l e

to the p u rp o se s o f t h i s

D efin itio n

prom ise

a s t h e one

study.

o f th e c a u s a l - com parative m ethod.

As a

f a i r l y r e c e n t tec h n iq u e r e p r e s e n t in g im portant developm ents and a d a p t a t i o n s i n t h e s t u d y o f c o m p l e x p r o b l e m s o f i n t e r ­ personal r e la tio n s ,

t h e c a u s a l - c o m p a r a t i v e method i s

d efin ed by I t s purpose:

For a th o r o u g h p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the c a u s a l c o m p a r a t i v e m e t h o d , s e e C a r t e r V. Good, A. S . B a r r , and D o u g l a s E . S c a t e s , The M e t h o d o l o g y o f E d u c a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h , New Y o r k , D. A p p l e t o n - C e n t u r y C o . , IncTJ 1 9 4 1 , C h a p t e r X. A l s o s e e : wS e l e c t e d R e f e r e n c e s : The C a u s a l - C o m p a r a t i v e M eth o d ” , p a g e s 5 8 4 » 5 8 6 o f same work f o r g e n e r a l r e f e r e n c e s and i l l u s t r a t i v e u s e s o f t h e m e t h o d .

16

The c a u s a l - c o m p a r a t i v e m e t h o d o f r e s e a r c h s e e k s t o e s t a b l i s h c a u s a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s b y comparing th e c i r c u m s t a n c e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h o b s e r v e d e f f e c t s and b y n o t i n g th e f a c t o r s p r e s e n t in t h o s e i n s t a n c e s i n w hich a g iv en e f f e c t o ccu rs or does n o t o c c u r . 2 It

is

f u r t h e r d e fin e d by t h i s

criterio n :

The d e g r e e t o w h i c h i t s c o n c l u s i o n s a r e v a l i d . . . d e p e n d s up o n t h e s u c c e s s w i t h w h i c h t h e o b s e r v e r can j u d g e w h a t i s n o r m a l and w h a t i s p e c u l i a r t o a s p e c i a l g r o u p a f t e r he h a s o b s e r v e d many c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . 3 L o g ic a l b a s e of c a u s a l - com parative m ethod.

Known a s

t h e p r i n c i p l e o f a g r e e m e n t and t h e p r i n c i p l e o f d o u b l e agreem ent,

t h e l o g i c a l b a s e o f th e c a u s a l - c o m p a r a t i v e method

was a d v a n c e d i n t h e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y b y John S t u a r t M i l l , in h i s f i r s t

and t h i r d c a n o n s o f l o g i c .

M i l l fs canon o f agreement

Statem ents o f

and h i s c a n o n o f d o u b l e a g r e e m e n t ,

r e s p e c t i v e l y , m a y b e made a s f o l l o w s : I f two o r more i n s t a n c e s o f t h e phenomenon u n d e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n h a v e o n l y one c i r c u m s t a n c e i n common, t h a t c i r c u m s t a n c e may be r e g a r d e d a s t h e p r o b a b l e c a u s e ( o r e f f e c t ) o f t h e phenom enon.4 I f two or more i n s t a n c e s i n w h i c h t h e phenomenon o c c u r s h a v e o n l y o n e c i r c u m s t a n c e i n common, w h i l e two o r more i n s t a n c e s ( i n t h e same d e p a r t m e n t o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n ) , i n w h i c h i t d o e s n o t o c c u r , h a v e n o t h i n g i n common s a v e th e absence o f th a t c ir c u m sta n c e , the circu m stan ce in w h i c h a l o n e t h e two s e t s o f i n s t a n c e s d i f f e r i s . . . an in d is p e n s a b le p art o f the cause o f th e p h e n o m e n o n .5

p 5

Good, B a r r ,

rbid,

p.

and S c a t e s ,

op. c l t .,

p.

533.

537.

^ F , W. W e s t a w a y , S c i e n t i f i c M e t h o d : I t s p h i l o s o p h i c a l B a s i s and i t s M o d e s o f A p p l i c a t i o n , ( t h i r d e d i t T i b h ) , L o n d o n , ~ B l a c k i e and S o n , L t d . , 1 9 2 4 . pp 2 0 3 - 2 0 5 . 5 Ib id ,

PP 2 0 7 - 2 0 8 .

17 A pplying the l o g i c

in th ree

causal-com p arative r ese a rc h to i t s are th r e e

im portant s t e p s

given r e s u l t

In c a r r y i n g out

f u ll effectiv en ess,

in the l o g ic

one w i l l g a t h e r d a t a on f a c t o r s c a s e s where th e

step s.

to be m et.^

not occur. and,

in e f f e c t ,

Or, i f rin g ,

T hird,

one i s

one w i l l

o ccu rs, d isca r d in g those S e c o n d , o ne

c a s e s w h e r e t h e g i v e n r e s u l t does, compare h i s two s e t s o f d a t a

s u b t r a c t t h e s e c o n d s e t from t h e

in terested

two.

first

set.

in ca u se s of the r e s u l t n o t o c c u r ­

he w i l l e l i m i n a t e f r o m b o t h o f h i s l i s t s

common t o t h e

F irst,

(c ir c u m s ta n c e s ) p r e s e n t in

e le m e n t s w hich are n o t u n i v e r s a l l y p r e s e n t . w i l l do t h e same t h i n g f o r

there

th ose elem en ts

I f h i s o b s e r v a t i o n s have extend ed o v er

a s u f f i c i e n t l y w ide range o f c ir c u m s t a n c e s ,

he may c o n c l u d e

t h a t t h e f a c t o r s r e m a i n i n g i n h i s two l i s t s

are r e s p e c t iv e ly

c a u s e s o f t h e r e s u l t ’ s o c c u r r e n c e and o f i t s n o n - o c c u r r e n c e . ^ Subsequent paragraphs w i l l d e lin e a t e th e a p p lic a t io n w h ich th e s e th r ee s te p s took w it h r e fe r e n c e

to the s p e c i f i c

p r o j e c t under r e p o r t .

^ Good, B a r r , 7

Good, B a r r ,

and S c a t e s ,

ojd.

c i t .,

pp.

and S c a t e s ,

o£.

c i t .,

p.

541-548. 541.

18 STEP ONE OP THE INVESTIGATION G a t h e r i n g d a t a on f a c t o r s

(circu m sta n ces) present

in c a s e s where th e g i v e n r e s u l t o c c u r r e d * step

in volved the s e le c t io n

and t h e r e c o r d i n g th e m .

The i n i t i a l

of p o s i t i v e l y q u a lifie d

cases,

and s t a n d a r d i z i n g o f d a t a g a t h e r e d f r o m

In t h e p r o b l e m u n d e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n ,

t h e “g i v e n r e s u l t ”

was t h e o b j e c t i v e f a c t o f p s y c h o n e u r o s i s a s a d i s a b i l i t y o f v e t e r a n s b e i n g p r e s e n t i n d e g r e e s v a r y i n g f r o m 10 p e r c e n t t o 100 p e r c e n t .

T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n was a v a i l a b l e

a s an

e s s e n t i a l but c o n f i d e n t i a l a s p e c t o f guidance c e n te r r e c o r d s , b e i n g r e c o r d e d b y g u i d a n c e c e n t e r s t a f f members a s a summary of o ffic ia l

d e c is io n s o f governm ental m ed ical r a tin g b oard s.

I n t h e s e a r c h f o r c a s e s w i t h t h e “g i v e n r e s u l t ” , g u id a n c e summaries o f a l l v e t e r a n s a p p e a r in g a t t h e U n iv e r ­ sity

o f S o u th e rn C a l i f o r n i a G uidance C e n te r o v e r the t h r e e -

y e a r p e r i o d Septem ber 1946 th rough August 1949 were r e v i e w e d . That a t l e a s t th is

in itia l

1 0 , 9 1 5 c a s e s were read b y t h e

i n v e s t i g a t o r in

s u r v e y was e v i d e n c e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e

”v o u c h e r c h a r t ” p o s t e d a t t h e c e n t e r showed 1 0 , 9 1 5 c a s e s c o u n se le d under

V eteran s A d m in istr a tio n c o n tr a c t during

th a t th r ee -y ea r p eriod .

Such a c o m p r e h e n siv e s u r v e y e n a b le d

t h e r e s e a r c h e r t o make a p u r p o s i v e

s e le c t io n o f a h ig h ly

“c o n t r o l l e d ” sam p le o f a l l p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y d i s a b l e d veteran s.

19 P r io r to b e g in n in g the

survey s e v e r a l s tr in g e n t

r e q u i r e m e n t s ha d b e e n a r b i t r a r i l y

set by the

in vestigator

(snd a p p r o v e d b y h i s d o c t o r a l c o m m i t t e e on s t u d i e s )

to govern

selectio n

Hot

of those

c a s e s w i t h ”t h e g i v e n r e s u l t 11•

o n l y m ust t h e v e t e r a n h a v e b e e n d i s c h a r g e d w i t h a p s y c h o ­ n eu rotic d is a b ilit y ,

b u t t h i £ m u st h a v e b e e n a r,d i s c r e e t ff

n eu r o sis n o t a ss o c ia te d w ith other d i s a b i l i t i e s . c riter ia

resu lted

i n r e j e c t i o n from t h e

fo llo w in g types of c a ses,

The s t r i c t

stu d y o f the

e v e n t h o u g h t h e y may h a v e b e e n

d i a g n o s ed a s p e y c h o n e u r o s i s : 1.

Where t h e r e was c l e a r e v i d e n c e

in the guid ance

summary t h a t t h e d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n was i n s e r v i c e f o r more t h a n o ne y e a r d u r i n g w a r - t i m e , 2.

1942-1945.

E v id e n c e o f any p s y c h o t i c m a n i f e s t a t i o n a t any

t i m e , w h eth er s c h i z o p h r e n i c , m anic d e p r e s s i v e , h e b e p h r e n i c , paranoid,

or o t h e r .

3.

E vidence o f p sy ch o p a th ic p e r s o n a l i t y .

4.

P o s s ib le psychosom atic involvem ents evid en ced

b y c o m b in e d r a t i n g s o f p s y c h o n e u r o s i s w i t h s u c h a i l m e n t s a s u l c e r duodenal, g a strica ,

asthm a,

g a stritis,

th yroid ism ,

a rth ritis,

hay f e v e r , n e u r a s t h e n ia -

g a str ic n eu ro sis,

a v i t a m i n o s i s , hypo­

o r any o t h e r c o m b i n a t i o n a l r a t i n g o f p s y c h o ­

n e u r o s i s p l u s some e x p l i c i t b o d i l y d i s a b i l i t y . 5.

nT r a u m a t i c n e u r o s i s , ” o r a n y n e u r o s i s a c c o m p a n y i n g

a s o m a t i c i n j u r y or a b n o r m a l i t y , w h e t h e r o r n o t t h e r e was

20

d ia g n o s e d a s s o c i a t i o n betw een th e two; f o r exam p le, "a n x i e t y s t a t e

plus-

a n k y l o s i s ,” or " h y ste r ia plus h is to r y

o f atrop hy." 6*

N arcolepsy,

w ith e p ile p to id

ca talep sy,

ep ilep sy ,

and h y s t e r i a

seizu re.

7.

E v i d e n c e o f combat e x p e r i e n c e , h o w e v e r s h o r t * t h e p e r i o d o f s e r v i c e and r e g a r d l e s s o f w h e t h e r t h e r e was a ny d i a g n o s e d a s s o c i a t i o n b e t w e e n a p a r t i c u l a r d i s a b l i n g n e u r o s i s and combat p a r t i c i p a t i o n o r i n j u r y . So p a r t i c u l a r i z e d w e r e t h e s e

sc r e e n in g requirem ents

t h a t t h e r e rem ained f o r t h e stu d y o n l y 202 c a r e f u l l y selected

c a s e s from th e o r i g i n a l 1 0 ,9 1 5 su r v e y e d .

Two o f

t h e s e w e re l a t e r d i s c a r d e d when i t was f o u n d t h a t t h e y la c k e d in f o r m a t io n as to th e p e r c c e n t o f d i s a b i l i t y r a t i n g , and an e v e n two h u n d re d w e r e r e t a i n e d . D isc a rd in g elem en ts n ot u n i v e r s a l ly p r e s e n t . making a p r e l i m i n a r y e l i m i n a t i o n o f th e u n iv e r s a lly p resen t,"

th irty -n in e

w e r e r e t a i n e d a s an o u t l i n e two h u d d r e d c a s e s .

A fter

"elem en ts n o t

factors

(or circu m stan ces)

f o r r e c o r d i n g d a t a on t h e s e

C o n s t r u c t e d t o a ccom m odate s c o r i n g b y

I n t e r n a t i o n a l B u s i n e s s M a c h in e f o r m " I . T . S .

1000 A 3 0 9 ,"

t h i 3 o u t l i n e b ecam e t h e c o d e s h e e t f o r t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n . ®

® S e e A p p e n d i x f o r c o p y o f Code S h e e t and c o p y o f I .B .M . form A -3 0 9 .

21

A l t h o u g h a c a r e f u l l y c o n s t r u c t e d c o n t r o l s h e e t was o f i n e s t i m a b l e v a l u e i n s t a n d a r d i z i n g r e c o r d i n g and i n exp ed itin g ta b u la tio n s of data, p r o j e c t was t h a t o f s e c u r i t y .

its

e s s e n t i a l value in t h is

The i n v e s t i g a t o r

a t a l l tim es

was m i n d f u l o f t h e n e e d t o p r o t e c t t h e i d e n t i t y o f e v e r y v e t e r a n w h o s e c a s e r e c o r d was u s e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y . p o i n t i n t h e r e s e a r c h was t h e r e

At no

a w r itt e n record taken o f

a n y v e t e r a n ’ s name, o r c l a i m n u m b e r , o r d i s a b i l i t y , o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t him .

o r any

A l l d a t a w as r e c o r d e d b y p e n ­

c i l e d marks on t h e I . B . M . f o r m A - 3 0 9 , o ne s h e e t f o r e a c h veteran ,

and , when t a b u l a t e d , was i n t e r p r e t e d a c c o r d i n g t o

th e code s h e e t .

Unde r t h i s

plan the i d e n t i t y o f every

v e t e r a n r e m a i n e d anonymous e v e n i f

the code s h e e t p u b l i c l y

s h o u l d b e compared w i t h a n y o n e o f t h e f o r m s , t h e s e form s c o n t a in e d names. veteran ,

however,

a n y one o f

been tr a c e d back to i t s

f o r none o f

As a s e p a r a t e r e c o r d on e a c h t h e s e form s h e e t s c o u l d h a v e

source in the guidance c e n te r f i l e s

b y u s e o f a s y m b o l s y s t e m known o n l y t o t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r , and o n e member o f h i s d o c t o r a l c o m m i t t e e on s t u d i e s . A ftSummary o f V o c a t i o n a l A d v i s e m e n t , ?f9 w h i c h c o n t a i n e d s t a n d a r d i z e d s u m m a r ie s on a l l v e t e r a n s , was t h e c o n s t a n t source of

inform ation in c o l l e c t i n g

t h e v a r i o u s d a t a on t h e

9 Known a s ffVA Form 7 - 1 9 0 2 h , lt a c o p y may b e f o u n d i n t h e A ppendix.

22

t h i r t y - n i n e f a c t o r s or c ir c u m sta n c e s found to be p r e s e n t .* ^

STEP TWO OF THE INVESTIGATION The s e c o n d s t e p i n

c a u s a l-c o m p a r a tiv e m ethodology

c a lle d fo r a r e p e t i t i o n o f the f i r s t th e g i v e n r e s u l t d id n o t occur*

s t e p , u s i n g c a s e s where

In the f i r s t

” g i v e n r e s u l t ’* was p s y c h o n e u r o t i c d i s a b i l i t y ,

step,

the

the cases

h a v i n g b e e n s e l e c t e d b y an e x a c t i n g c r i t e r i a * G a th e r in g d a t a where t h e g i v e n r e s u l t d i d n o t o ccu r* The s a m p l i n g m e t h o d e m p lo y e d t o s e l e c t an e q u a l number o f c a s e s w h e r e t h e ’’g i v e n r e s u l t ” d i d n o t o c c u r was a s f o l l o w s ; a c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y and a l p h a b e t i c a l l y c o n s e c u t i v e s y s t e m was u s e d ,

s e l e c t i n g the f i r s t

c a s e o f a n o n - d is a b le d war­

tim e v e t e r a n w hich f o l lo w e d In t h e g u id a n ce c e n t e r f i l e s after

e a c h o f t h e two h u n d r e d p s y c h o n e u r o t i c c a s e s a l r e a d y

recorded.

T h i s ’’f i r s t

c a s e ” h a d t o m e e t t h e s e two r e q u i r e ­

ments ; 1*

No d i s a b i l i t y o r i n j u r y o f a n y t y p e .

10 A l t h o u g h t h e c o d e s h e e t c o n t a i n e d f o r t y - t h r e e r o w s , o n l y t h i r t y - n i n e o f t h e s e rows w e r e u s e d c o n s i s t e n t l y i n r e ­ c o r d i n g d a t a , f o u r o f them h a v i n g o t h e r u s e s . For exam ple, row o n e was u s e d o n l y t o i n d i c a t e t h e d i c h o t o m y o f d i s a b l e d and n o n - d i s a b l e d ; row two t h e d i c h o t o m y o f s e x ( b u t s i n c e o n l y f o u r t e e n o f t h e e n t i r e f o u r hundred w ere f e m a l e , s e v e n d i s a b l e d m a t c h e d by s e v e n n o n - d i s a b l e d , no d i s t i n c t i o n was made a s t o s e x i n t h e c o m p a r a t i v e t a b u l a t i o n s ) ; row s i x t e e n c o m p l e t e d t h e f a c t o r i n row f i f t e e n ; and row t h i r t y was l e f t blan k s o l e l y f o r co n v e n ien ce i n com p ilation *

23 2.

A c tiv e s e r v i c e during the w ar-tim e y ea rs

1942-1945. The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a , G u i d a n c e C e n t e r file s

were a r ra n g ed i n t h i s manner: f i r s t ,

by y e a r s ;

second,

b y t h e m o n t h s o f e a c h y e a r i n w h i c h g u i d a n c e was g i v e n ; fin a lly , year.

and

b y a l p h a b e t i c a l s e q u e n c e f o r e a c h m o n th o f e a c h

F or t h i s r e a s o n ,

it

i s b e lie v e d th a t the c h r o n o lo g ic a l

a l p h a b e t i c a l s a m p l i n g m e t h o d w as t h e m o s t r e l i a b l e em ployable f o r t h i s p a r t i c u l a r s tu d y , o f f e r e d an i m p a r t i a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n

and,

further,

one that i t

of th e t o t a l p o p u la tio n

o f n o n - d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s who had a p p e a r e d a t t h e g u i d a n c e cen ter. D isc a rd in g elem en ts n ot u n i v e r s a l l y p r e s e n t . records o f the

Guidance

s a m p le d two h u n d r e d n o n - d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s

gave r e s p o n s e s t o th e i d e n t i c a l t h i r t y - n i n e

f a c t o r s used

e a r l i e r w i t h t h e two h u n d re d d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s .

These d a ta

w e r e l i k e w i s e r e c o r d e d b y c o d e marks o n I . B . M . f o r m A - 3 0 9 . S c o r i n g and t a b u l a t i o n s o f t h e s e t h i r t y - n i n e v a r i a b l e s w e r e t h e n c o m p l e t e d f o r b o t h d i s a b l e d and n o n - d i s a b l e d . w e r e s e t up i n t a b l e s , scru tin ized .

R esu lts

and t h e o v e r a l l p i c t u r e c a r e f u l l y

I t was d e t e r m i n e d t h a t a d d i t i o n a l " d i s c a r d i n g

o f e l e m e n t s n o t u n i v e r s a l l y p r e s e n t " was r e q u i r e d and t h a t

24

c e r ta in o f the t h i r t y - n i n e

h i g h ly i n t e r e s t i n g but m ethodolo­

g i c a l l y q u e s t i o n a b l e m e a s u r e s m u s t be e l i m i n a t e d f o r

the

more d i s c r i m i n a t i n g s t u d y . A com prehensive r e v ie w of t h e t a b u l a t i o n s o f th e t h i r t y n i n e f a c t o r s m e a s u r e d i n d i s a b l e d and n o n - d i s a b l e d g r o u p s rev ealed that tw en ty -e ig h t

c f them were w i t h o u t c o m p le te d a ta

r e s p o n s e s fro m e a c h o f t h e f o u r h u n d r e d c a s e s . the

O nly t e n o f

f a c t o r s had f u l l r e s p o n s e s fro m e v e r y v e t e r a n , b u t an

e l e v e n t h o n e had m e a s u r e d c o m p l e t e l y t h e s e v e r i t y o f d i s a b i l O ity

f o r each o f

t h e two h u n d r e d d i s a b l e d .

The e l e v e n f a c t o r s w i t h c o m p l e t e d a t a w e r e g i v e n d eta iled

t r e a t m e n t and t h e f i n d i n g s

incorporated

in ta b le s

w hich com prise the prim ary r e f e r e n c e p o i n t s f o r th e body o f the p ap er.

C onsiderable

t a b u l a r a t t e n t i o n had b e e n g i v e n t o

th e t w e n ty -e ig h t f a c t o r s having incom plete d ata b e fo r e th ey were f i n a l l y r e j e c t e d from th e s t u d y , a few o f

t h e m ore i n t e r e s i n g

and f o r t h a t r e a s o n

item s are r e ta in e d

in th e

Appendix. Twenty- e i g h t o u t o f t h i r t y - n i n e f a c t o r s

rejected.

Even

thou gh r e s u l t s from s e v e r a l o f t h e t w e n t y - e i g h t r e j e c t e d f a c ­ to r s p o in ted to

com parisons o f p o s s i b l e

sig n ifica n ce,

they

were n ot u sed as prim ary r e f e r e n c e d a ta f o r t h r e e r e a s o n s . F ir st,

I t was f e l t

t h a t e v i d e n c e from t h e e l e v e n f a c t o r s

w i t h c o m p l e t e r e s p o n s e s w o u l d be a more s t a t i s t i c a l l y

25 accep tab le Second,

s o u r c e f r o m w h i c h t o draw c o n c l u s i v e e v a l u a t i o n s .

i t was a ssu m e d t h a t e v i d e n c e f r o m e l e v e n v a r i a b l e s

would be s u f f i c i e n t

i n q u a n t i t y and s c o p e t o p r o v i d e f o r

an a d e q u a t e c o m p a r a t i v e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e p r o b l e m w i t h i n t h e f ra m e w o r k o f t h e g u i d i n g m e t h o d o l o g y . m ost im p o r ta n t,

T h ird ,

and p e r h a p s

th e t w e n t y - e i g h t f a c t o r s were r e j e c t e d

b e c a u s e t o k e e p them w o u ld h a v e r e q u i r e d an e l a b o r a t e j u s t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e i r p la c e in prim ary com parative d a ta when t h e m e t h o d o l o g y had c a l l e d

for d i s c a r d i n g o f elem en ts

not u n i v e r s a l ly p r e s e n t . ” One e x a m p l e w i l l i l l u s t r a t e jectin g

im portance of r e ­

the t w e n t y - e ig h t f a c t o r s w it h in com p lete data

responses. recorded.

The i n t e l l i g e n c e

s c o r e s o f 3 7 5 v e t e r a n s had b e e n

At c e r t a i n p o i n t s t h e s e made f o r r a t h e r s h a r p

com parisons.

S c o r e s o f t h e t w e n t y - f i v e who d i d n o t s u b m i t

t o an i n t e l l i g e n c e th is

the

test,

however,

fo r c e d the r e j e c t i o n o f

in t e r e s t in g fa c to r because t h e ir scores

(if

added)

co u ld have overthrow n th e s t a t i s t i c a l p r o p o r t io n s o f t h e I .Q . v a r i a b l e - - w h i c h had n o t b e e n uu n i v e r s a l l y p r e s e n t ” ( r e ­ corded)

f o r e a c h o f t h e f o u r h u n d re d v e t e r a n s .

situ a tio n s

In s i m i l a r

i t was n e c e s s a r y t o r e j e c t t h e r e m a i n i n g t w e n t y -

seven f a c t o r s as f o l l o w s

( t h e number o f v e t e r a n s n o t r e c o r d e d

fo r each f a c t o r b ein g l i s t e d

in p a r e n th e se s):

26 Branch o f s e r v i c e

(16)

Time r e q u i r e d t o g i v e g u i d a n c e Rank a t t a i n e d

in se r v ic e

(5)

(32)

G eneral l e v e l of v o c a tio n a l o b j e c t i v e

(31)

Type t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m rec cm men de d ( 3 9 ) N ine f a c t o r s

in K uder!s v o c a t i o n a l p r e fe r e n c e t e s t

F ive f a c t o r s

i n . G u i l f o r d - M a r t i n Temperament T r a i t s

(98)

STDCR ( 2 0 3 ) F iv e f a c t o r s

i n G u i l f o r d - M a r t i n Temperament T r a i t s

GAMIN ( 2 0 8 ) Three f a c t o r s

i n G u i l f o r d - M a r t i n Temperament T r a i t s

OCoAg ( 2 5 6 ) E leven f a c t o r s r e t a i n e d .

The e l e v e n f a c t o r s on w h i c h

c o m p l e t e d d a t a w a s r e c o r d e d and t h e i r v a r i o u s s t e p - i n t e r v a l s are as f o l l o w s : Age - -

2 4 and y o u n g e r ; 2 5 - 2 9 i n c l u s i v e ;

3 0 and o l d e r .

M a r ita l s t a t u s — s i n g l e ; m a r r ie d ; d i v o r c e d or separated. Dependency s t a t u s — n o n e;

spouse,

ch ild ren ,

others;

m other. E ducation al l e v e l - school 1-4 years;

elem en ta ry 1 -8 y e a r s ;

high

c o l l e g e or g r a d u a t e s t u d y .

Major o r p r e f e r r e d s t u d y — m a t h e m a t i c s and n a t u r a l scien ces;

s o c i a l and g e n e r a l s t u d i e s ;

c o m m e r c i a l and I n d u s -

tr ia l arts;

la n gu age, m usic,

and f i n e

arts.

L e v el o f pre-w ar o c c u p a tio n — p r o f e s s i o n a l , p r o f e s s io n a l, m anagerial, sk illed

and s e m i - s k i l l e d

o ffic ia l; trad es;

sa les,

c le r ic a l,

sk illed

and s e m i - s k i l l e d

or

one y e a r and o v e r .

L evel o f post-w ar occu p ation — p r o f e s s io n a l, p r o f e s s io n a l, m an agerial,

service

a l l other l e v e l s .

Length o f tim e in pre-w ar o c c u p a tio n - - n o n e , s t u d e n t ; under one y e a r ;

sem i-

o ffic ia l; trades;

sa les,

cle rica l,

sem iserv ice

a l l other l e v e l s .

Length o f tim e in p o s t-w a r o c c u p a tio n

- - none, or

s t u d e n t ; u n d e r o n e y e a r ; o n e y e a r and o v e r . V o c a tio n a l o b j e c t i v e s most f r e q u e n t l y chosen - E n gin eer;

J u n i o r E x e c u t i v e ; Repairm an o r M e c h a n i c ; T e a c h e r ;

A ccountant;

S alesm an ; B u i l d i n g Tradesman; C le r k ;

a l l other

o b jectiv es. S e v e r ity of the d i s a b i l i t y

( f o r t h e two hu n d re d w i t h

a d i s a b i l i t y ra tin g o f p sych on eu rosis) 20 p er

cent

(m ild );

50 p e r

c e n t th r o u g h 100 p e r c e n t

--

10 p e r c e n t and

30 p e r c e n t and 40 p e r c e n t ( m o d e r a t e ) (severe).

STEP THREE OF THE INVESTIGATION Com paring two s e t s o f d a t a .

The t h i r d and f i n a l

s t e p in c a u sa l-c o m p a r a tiv e m eth odology as a p p lie d to the p r o b l e m a t hand c a l l e d

for a d iscern in g

in terp reta tio n of

t h e d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e d i s a b l e d and n o n - d i s a b l e d w i t h

28 r e f e r e n c e t o tw o s e t s o f d a t a o u t l i n e d b y t e n c i r c u m s t a n c e s . It also

c a l l e d f o r an e v a l u a t i o n o f an e l e v e n t h f a c t o r ,

showing d e g r e e s o f d i s a b i l i t y veteran s,

in i t s

f o r t h e two h u n d r e d d i s a b l e d

p o s s ib le r e l a t io n s h ip to the o th er ten

factors. C riterion of in te r p r e ta tio n . circu m sta n ces

(factors)

In comparing t h e t e n

c h a r a c t e r i z i n g t h e two g r o u p s ,

i n v e s t i g a t o r was g u i d e d b y a t h r e e - f o l d p reta tio n

the

c riterio n o f in te r ­

as g i v e n i n t h r e e excerpte w h ic h a r e t o f o l l o w :

i n a c t u a l i t y , f a c t o r s a r e a l w a y s p r e s e n t i n some d e g r e e and t h i s d e g r e e may v a r y f r o m z e r o t o a v e r y strong s ig n if ic a n c e by f in e degrees . . . in ste a d o f assum ing t h a t a f a c t o r i s e i t h e r p r e s e n t in f u l l f o r c e o r e l s e a b s e n t e n t i r e l y , one a s s u m e s t h a t t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f a f a c t o r may b e i n d i c a t e d r o u g h l y b y t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f I n s t a n c e s In w hich I t i s p r e s e n t . A d h e r e n c e t o t h i s p o i n t i n v o l v e d an e x t e n s i o n o f M i l l ’s canons o f l o g i c from t h e i r

e s s e n t i a l dichotom ous

aspect to the f u l l r e c o g n itio n of degrees of both r e s u lts

and c o n t r i b u t i n g f a c t o r s .

ex isten ce

T h i s was done c o n ­

s i s t e n t l y b y c o n v e r t i n g number o f o c c u r r e n c e s o f each o f the

in

(freq u en cies)

v a riou s f a c t o r i n t e r v a l s in to percentage

d i s t r i b u t i o n s , w i t h p r o p o r t io n s th u s becom ing th e b a se fo r com parisons.

1 •>

Good, B a r r ,

and S c a t e s ,

ojd.

c it

.,

p.

542.

29 When t h e e l e m e n t o f f r e q u e n c y o f o c c u r r e n c e and t h e concept o f p a r t ia l or c o n tr ib u tin g cau ses are in t r o ­ d u c e d , t h e m ethod b e c o m e s m ore s e n s i t i v e and w i l l r e v e a l many more o f t h e f a c t o r s w h i c h e n t e r i n a s c a u s e s . 2 Such a s t a t e m e n t r e f i n e th e method. th is

involved

i n d i c a t e d a nood t o s e n s i t i z e

As a p p l i e d t o t h e p r o j e c t u n d e r r e p o r t ,

in t r o d u c t io n o f a te c h n iq u e of

s t a t i s t i c a l r e l i a b i l i t y by t e s t i n g the

check in g

sig n ifica n ce of

p ro p o rtio n a l d iffe r e n c e s f o r each s p e c i f i c f a c t o r L ater d is c u ssio n w i l l

in terv a l.

d e s c r i b e t h e g e n e r a l u s e t h a t was

made o f t h e c r i t i c a l r a t i o w ith i t s

and

a s a t e s t on the f i r s t

corresp ond ing P v a lu e s ,

ten f a c t o r s ,

and u s e o f c h i s q u a r e and

contingency c o e f f i c i e n t in a study o f th e e le v e n th fa c t o r . The i n f e r r i n g o f c a u s e s i s an e x t r e m e m l y d i f f i c u l t and p r e c a r i o u s m a t t e r , e s p e c i a l l y i n s o c i a l f i e l d s w h ere r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e so c o m p l e x . . . m ust n o t t h i n k o f a b s o l u t e c a u s e s b u t o f ( c a u s a l ) f a c t o r s . . . Such f a c t o r s are to be reg a rd ed as c o n d u civ e c a u s e s r a t h e r th an d i r e c t causes. They i n c r e a s e o r d e c r e a s e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f a c e r t a i n r e s u l t , w ith o u t c o n t r ib u t in g d i r e c t l y to th e prod u ction of the r e s u l t . They o c c u r i n g r e a t v a r i e t y and c o n t a i n i n d i f f e r e n t c o m b i n a t i o n s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l e l e m e n t s . IS The i m p o r t o f t h e a b o v e e x c e r p t i s on ly in I t s but a lso cau sation

c la r ific a tio n

of

to be found n o t

c a u sa l-c o m p a ra tiv e m ethodology,

i n i t s more c o m p r e h e n s i v e p h i l o s o p h y o f c o m p l e x i n s o c i o - p e r s o n a l p h en o m en a .

12 T b i d . , p .

543.

I b i d . . pp. 5 4 5 ,

547-548

In t h i s r e p o r t ,

the

30 researchers

in terp reta tio n of o b jectiv e

d a t a was g u i d e d b y

acceptance o f such a concept. D eterm in in g the con d u cive c a u s e s .

In th e t h i r d

step

o f th is

i n v e s t i g a t i o n an e f f o r t was made t o d e t e r m i n e w h ic h

factors

(or com b in ation s

o f c i r c u m s t a n c e s ) may h a v e b e e n

conducive c a u se s o f the o ccu rr en ce of p s y c h o n e u r o tic d i s a b i l i t y . T h i s was done b y c r i t i c a l

com parison o f

t h e two s e t s o f

d a t a i n s u c h mann er t h a t n o t o n l y was t h e r e tfs u b t r a c t i o n o f t h e s e c o n d s e t fro m t h e f i r s t te st of s t a t is t ic a l d ifferen ce.

s e t , 113-4

t h e r e w as a l s o a

s i g n i f i c a n c e p l a c e d upon e a c h p r o p o r t i o n a l

By s u c h e x a c t i t u d e a p p a r e n t l y l a r g e n u m e r i c a l

d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e o c c a s i o n a l l y f o u n d t o be s t a t i s t i c a l l y sig n ifica n t,

in ­

an d v i c e v e r s a .

Because of the r i g i d l y c o n t r o l l e d procedure used in selectin g certain

t h e two h u n d r e d p s y c h o l o g i c a l l y d i s a b l e d c a s e s ,

s t a t i s t i c i a n s - * - ^ w o u ld h a v e e x c u s e d t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r

a l t b g e t h e r fro m m a k in g t e s t s o f r e l i a b i l i t y T h ey w o u l d do so

14 I b i d . , 15 S o cia l

or s i g n i f i c a n c e .

on t h e g r o u n d t h a t t h e v a l u e o f t h e

mean

p. 5 4 1 .

C f . T. J . W o o f t e r , J r . , ’’Common E r r o r s i n F o r c e s , V o l . X I , May 1 9 3 3 , p p . 5 2 1 - 5 2 7 .

S a m p l i n g ’1,

31 was not l o n g e r an e s t i m a t e b u t t h e a c t u a l m e a s u r e d u n i v e r s e param eter, fin ite

or th e o b s e r v a t io n o f a l l u n i t s

in a l im it e d or

u n iv e r sd t1^ C o n t r o l l e d t y p e s o f s a m p l e s h a v e made p o s s i b l e

dependable p o l l s o f p u b lic o p in io n G a llu p , Roper, d ictio n s,

such as conducted by

and o t h e r s w i t h c o n s i s t e n t l y s u c c e s s f u l p r e ­

e x c e p tin g th e 1948 p r e s i d e n t i a l e l e c t i o n .

sta tisticia n s

Most

a g ree t h a t sam p les w hich have b een p r o p e r ly

c o n t r o l l e d a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y more r e l i a b l e t h a n random s a m p l e s o f t h e same s i z e . 17 study,

however,

It

i s not

th a t ex a ctin g t e s t s

ap p lied to a l l b o d ie s of

sta tistics.

s u p e r f l u o u s to any

o f s i g n i f i c a n c e be In th e p a r t i c u l a r

i n v e s t i g a t i o n b e i n g r e p o r t e d u p o n , t h i s was deemed an e sse n tia l d iscip lin e

in r e se a r c h p roced ure.

DESCRIPTIONS OP TERMS USED H a v in g s t a t e d

thie n a t u r e o f t h e p r o b l e m and t h e

s p e c i f i c m e th o d o lo g y employed in i n v e s t i g a t i n g l o g i c a l requirem ent i s

l 8

it,

a

t h a t c l a r i f i c a t i o n s o f terms u sed

M. H a y g o o d , S t a t i s t i c s H itchcock , I n c ., 1941, p. 423.

fo r S o c i o l o g i s t s , N .Y .,

17 E . F . L i n d q u i s t , A F i r s t C o u r s e i n S t a t i s t i e s , New Y o r k , H oughton M i f f l i n CoTJ 1 § 4 2 , p . 1 4 2 .

32 s h o u l d p r e c e d e t h e c o n t e n t r e p o r t o f an I n v e s t i g a t i o n . C on sequ en tly,

d e s c r i p t i v e s t a t e m e n t s w i l l be o f f e r e d f o r

the e le v e n f a c t o r s measured, h y p o th e sis, the square t e s t ,

t h e two p o p u l a t i o n s ,

c r i t i c a l r a t i o o r ”t - r a t i o ” ,

the n u l l

the chi

and o t h e r t e r m s .

Age g r o u p s .

A l l d a ta r e p o r t i n g th e age o f v e t e r a n s

was g r o u p e d i n t o t h e t h r e e 25 t h r o u g h 29 i n c l u s i v e ,

age i n t e r v a l s ,

and 30 and o l d e r .

2 4 and y o u n g e r , In o r d e r t o

avoid im portant s y s t e m a t ic e r r o r s in r e c o r d in g a g e s ,

an

I n t e g r a l m e a s u r e was c o n s i d e r e d a s t h e l o w e r l i m i t o f a u n i t in terv a l.

( T h i s same m e t h o d was a l s o u s e d i n r e c o r d i n g

e d u c a t i o n a l a c h i e v e m e n t and t i m e s p e n t i n v o c a t i o n s . )

The

r e a l l i m i t s o f any i n t e r v a l in t h e grouped f r e q u e n c y d i s ­ t r i b u t i o n was c o n s i d e r e d a s e x t e n d i n g f r o m t h e l o w e r I n t e g r a l l i m i t up t o t h e l o w e r i n t e g r a l l i m i t o f t h e n e x t in terv a l a b o v e . F o r I n t e r v a l 25 th r o u g h 2 9 ,

exam ple,

the r e a l l i m i t s o f th e

age

i n c l u s i v e , was 2 5 .0 0 th rou gh 2 9 . 9 9 ,

o r fro m t h e e x a c t t w e n t y - f i f t h b i r t h d a y on t h e d a y o f t h e g u i d a n c e r e c o r d t o o n e d a y u n d e r 30 y e a r s o f age on t h e da y of the guid ance r ec o rd .

C on sequ en tly,

i n c l u d e d a l l t h o s e 2 4 . 9 9 and y o u n g e r ,

” 2 4 and y o u n g e r ” o r a l l t h o s e who w e r e

a t l e a s t o ne d a y s h o r t o f h a v i n g r e a c h e d t h e i r t w e n t y - f i f t h b i r t h d a y on t h e d a y o f g u i d a n c e , w h i l e t h e ” 30 and o l d e r ”

18

L ind qiist,

ojd.

c it

.,

p.

27.

33 c a t e g o r y I n c l u d e d a l l t h o s e who had r e a c h e d t h e i r

th ir tie th

b i r t h d a y on o r b e f o r e t h e d a y o f g u i d a n c e . M arital s t a t u s . of three la tter

in terv a ls,

A l l v e t e r a n s w e re r e c o r d e d u n d e r one

sin g le,

m arried,

or d iv o r c e d .

ca te g o ry a ls o in clu d ed th o se estran ged or sep arated

from t h e i r

spouse at th e tim e, whether or n o t l e g a l d iv o r c e

had b e e n a p p l i e d f o r o r a w a r d e d .

It

I s l o g i c a l l y as sum ed

from t h e r e c o r d t h a t none o f t h o s e l i s t e d e v e r a t any e a r l i e r tim e b e e n m a r r ie d . listed

The

as m arried, however,

g a to r d id not s p e c i f i c a l l y

as s i n g le

R egarding t h o s e

record s a v a ila b le to in d ica te

had

the

in v esti­

t h a t t h e p r e s e n t m arried

s t a t e o f a v e t e r a n was t h e o n l y m a r r ia g e f o r t h a t v e t e r a n . It is p o ssib le,

t h e r e f o r e , t h a t a f e w who w e r e m a r r i e d a t

t h e t i m e o f t h e g u i d a n c e r e c o r d may h a v e b e e n d i v o r c e d a t some e a r l i e r t i m e p r i o r t o t h a t m a r r i a g e . sta tistics,

however,

For purposes o f

each v e t e r a n c o n s i s t e n t l y was r e c o r d e d

i n one o f t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s w h ic h d e s c r i b e d h i s

statu s at

th e tim e o f g u id a n c e. Dependency s t a t u s . dependency s t a t u s dependents;

husband, o f f s p r i n g ,

an e x c l u s i v e

as to

i n one o f t h r e e g r o u p s : ^ n o n e ” , m e a n i n g n o

11s p o u s e ,

other r e l a t i v e ,

E a c h v e t e r a n was c l a s s i f i e d

ch ild ren , foster

in -law ,

o r o t h e r s ff, m e a n i n g w i f e ,

c h i l d r e n , male p a r e n t ,

or o th e r dependents;

cla ssific a tio n

listin g

sib lin g ,

and !tm o t h e r !!,

t h e few whose m others

34 w e r e d e p e n d e n t upon them a s c h i e f E d ucation al l e v e l .

support.

A ccording t o e d u c a tio n a l a c h i e v e ­

m e n t , e a c h v e t e r a n was g r o u p e d i n o n e o f t h r e e c a t e g o r i e s , elem en ta ry,

high s c h o o l,

o r c o l l e g e and g r a d u a t e s t u d y .

m aking t h e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s ,

a system of

in terv a l lim its

p a r a b l e t o t h a t u s e d i n a g e g r o u p i n g w as u s e d .

In com­

The t e r m

" e l e m e n t a r y * 1 m e a n t t h a t t h e v e t e r a n ha d n o t a d v a n c e d b e y o n d elem en tary

s c h o o l i n g a s much a s o n e - h a l f y e a r

and t h a t h e had n o t e a r n e d h i g h s c h o o l c r e d i t . "high s c h o o l" d e s c r i b e d a l l more c r e d i t

(one s e m e s t e r ) The te r m

t h o s e who had o ne s e m e s t e r o r

i n h i g h s c h o o l up t o an d i n c l u d i n g a l l t h o s e who

had g r a d u a t e d f r o m h i g h s c h o o l b u t had n o t e a r n e d c o l l e g e cred its.

The t e r m " c o l l e g e o r g r a d u a t e

study" co v er ed a l l

t h o s e who had e a r n e d some c r e d i t i n c o l l e g e f e w t h e h o u r s , up

courses,

however

t o and i n c l u d i n g t h o s e who had p u r s u e d

g r a d u a t e s t u d i e s or ea rn ed g r a d u a t e d e g r e e s . Major o r p r e f e r r e d s t u d y .

The g u i d a n c e i n t e r v i e w

record contained the veteran *s exp ressed p referen ce for a su b je ct m atter stu d ied e it h e r aca d em ica lly or t e c h n ic a lly , and t h i s

i n f o r m a t i o n was u s u a l l y r e c o r d e d In s u c h s p e c i f i c

terms t h a t

some g e n e r a l g r o u p i n g s w e r e e s s e n t i a l f o r p u r p o s e s

of tab u lation s.

F iv e g r o u p in g s were found a d eq u a te to ta k e

in a l l ty p es of p r e fe r e n c e s.

35 1.

M a th em a tics and n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s ,

a l l m a th em atical, b i o l o g i c a l , and s c i e n t i f i c 2. governm ent, raphy,

so cio lo g y ,

econom ics,

o r any g e n e r a l s t u d y r e l a t e d

r elig io n ,

geog­

t o human r e l a t i o n s .

C o m m e r c ia l and i n d u s t r i a l a r t s , w h i c h i n c l u d e d su ch as sh o p , farm ,

or tra d e. 4.

scu lp tu re,

Language, m u sic , a rch itectu re,

lis m , or o th e r c r e a t iv e 5. a ll

w hich in c lu d e d h i s t o r y ,

psych ology,

a l l t e c h n i c a l or v o c a t io n a l i n t e r e s t s o ffice,

ch em ica l, n a t u r a l i s t i c ,

rath er broadly in te r p r e te d .

S o c i a l and g e n e r a l s t u d i e s ,

c iv ics, 3.

in terests,

p h y sica l,

w hich in c lu d e d

Other f i e l d s

and f i n e a r t s ,

lite ra tu re ,

such as p a in t in g ,

poetry,

dr am a,

journa­

exp ression . and n o p r e f e r e n c e , w h i c h i n c l u d e d

t h o s e who d i d n o t d e s i g n a t e

some m a jor o r p r e f e r r e d

s t u d y and a l s o t h o s e who named some c l e a r l y u n u s u a l i n t e r e s t w h ich did not e a s i l y f i t

one o f t h e f i r s t

four c a te g o r ie s .

P r e - w a r o c c u p a t i o n and po s t - w a r o c c u p a t i o n . occu p ation al sta tu s

The

o f e a c h v e t e r a n b e f o r e he e n t e r e d s e r v i c e

Ci>re-warri) and a l s o h i s o c c u p a t i o n a l s t a t u s a f t e r d i s c h a r g e and i m m e d i a t e l y p r i o r t o g u i d a n c e under fo u r l e v e l s

( np o s t - w a r rl) w e r e r e c o r d e d

as s u g g e s t e d by th e se v en major o c c u p a t i o n a l

g r o u p s and d i v i s i o n s r e c o g n i z e d b y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r t ­ m en t o f L a b o r ,

the V etera n s A d m in is t r a t io n ,

and t h e U n i t e d

S t a t e s Em ploym ent s e r v i c e . ^ ^ D ic tio n a r y o f O ccu p ation al T i t l e s (part I I , C o d e s ) , U . S • P r i n t i n g “T J f i i c e , W a s h i n g t o n , 1 9 3 9 .

T itles

and

36 T h ese seven l e v e l s were adapted i n t o f o u r fo r use in t h i s 1.

study:

A ll those v o ca tio n s of p r o fe s s io n a l,

p r o f e s s io n a l, m anagerial, listed

lev els

or o f f i c a l

sem i-

c la ssific a tio n

in th e D ic tio n a r y o f Q cc u p a tio n a l T i t l e s

as under

d i g i t groups 0 -0 0 .0 0 through 0 - 9 9 .9 9 . 2.

A ll those

l i s t e d by th is

s& les,

or s e r v i c e o c c u p a t i o n s

d ic t io n a r y 2 ^ under d i g i t groups 1 - 0 0 .0 0

through 2 - 9 9 .9 9 , p erson al,

c le rica l,

the se r v ic e occu p ation s in c lu d in g dom estic,

p o lice-p ro tectiv e,

and c u s t o d i a l - j a n i t o r i a l

serv ice. 3. a ll

The s k i l l e d

cla ssifica tio n s

and s e m i - s k i l l e d

trades

in clu d in g

i n t h e d i c t i o n a r y 22 u n d e r d i g i t g r o u p s

4 - 0 0 .0 0 through 7 - 9 9 .9 9 . 4. em ployed,

A ll other le v e ls

in clu d ed the

students,

those

and t h e f e w w h o s e work was i n d e x e d b y t h e d i c t i p n a r y 2 3

as a g r i c u l t u r a l ,

fish ery ,

forestry,

( d i g i t s 3 - 0 0 .0 0 through 3 - 9 9 .9 9 ) occu pations

(d ig its

20 I b i d . ,

pp.

and k i f r d r ed o c c u p a t i o n s

or as one of th e u n s k i l l e d

8 - 0 0 .0 0 through 9 - 9 9 . 9 9 ) .

1-20.

21 I b i d . , pp. 2 1 - 5 2 . 22

23

Ib id .,

pp.

59-240.

Ib id .,

p p . 5 3 - 5 8 and 2 4 1 - 3 0 8 ,

resp ectiv ely .

L e n g t h o f t i m e i n p r e - w a r and p o s t - w a r o c c u p a t i o n s . I n r e c o r d i n g l e n g t h o f t i m e s p e n t i n t h e m a i n p r e - w a r and post-w ar o c cu p a tio n s, of

c o n s i s t e n t u s e was made o f t h e

system

i n t e r v a l l i m i t s p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d i n a g e and e d u c a ­

tio n a l le v e ls .

-The t h r e e

In c lu d in g the s tu d e n ts p eriod ;

(2)

i n t e r v a l s w e r e : (1)

Ttn o n e TT,

and t h o s e u n e m p l o y e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e

ffu n d e r o ne y e a r tt, i n c l u d i n g t h o s e who had s p e n t

a t l e a s t one d a y b u t n o t a s much a s one y e a r i n g a i n f u l e m p lo y m e n t i n t h e m a i n o c c u p a t i o n p r e v i o u s l y d e s i g n a t e d ; (3)

” o n e y e a r and o v e r tt,

i n c l u d i n g t h o s e who had c o m p l e t e d

o ne c a l e n d a r y e a r or l o n g e r i n t h e same o c c u p a t i o n .

(Change

o f p l a c e or c h a n g e o f e m p l o y e r w i t h o u t c h a n g e o f o c c u p a t i o n was a l l o w e d f o f i n t h e r e c o r d s . ) V o c a t i o n a l 6 b j e c t i v e s mo s t f r e q u e n t l y c h o s e n . F ollo w in g g u id a n ce,

a v o cation al o b jectiv e

g e n e r a l ) was c h o se n b y t h e v e t e r a n ,

(s p e c ific or

and t h e o n e s m o s t

f r e q u e n t l y c h o se n were r e c o r d e d under n i n e g r o u p s as f o l l o w s 1.

E n gin eer.

The o b j e c t i v e

tfe n g i n e e r ” i n c l u d e d a l l

t h o s e r e q u i r i n g p r o f e s s i o n a l and a c a d e m i c t r a i n i n g s u c h as th e variou s typ es of o b j e c t iv e s c iv il,

ele ctr ic a l,

a ero n au tical, 2.

in d u stria l,

to be found in th e c h e m ic a l, m ech a n ica l, m inin g-p etroleu m ,

and c o n s t r u c t i o n e n g i n e e r i n g f i e l d s .

Junior E x e c u t iv e .

T h is o b j e c t i v e

Included a l l

t y p e s o f m a n a g e r i a l and o f f i c i a l o c c u p a t i o n s n o t i n v o l v i n g

38

a c t u a l o w n ersh ip o f f ir m in a w ide v a r i e t y o f com m ercial and i n d u s t r i a l o b j e c t i v e s

such as r e t a i l managers, w h o le­

s a l e m a n a g e r s , b u y e r s and p u r c h a s i n g heads,

chain m anagers,

a d v ertisin g

prom otional s e c r e t a r i e s , s a l e s m anagers, d isp a tch ers, 3.

agents,

agents,

in sp ecto rs,

departm ent

e x e c u t i v e and

p ro d u ctio n m anagers,

p r o p e r t y m a n a g e r s and s u p e r i n t e n d e n t s ,

and s e r v i c e

d irecto rs.

R epairm an-m echanic.

T h is c a t e g o r y in c lu d e d

the

many v a r i e t i e s o f r e p a i r m e n and m e c h a n i c s , b o t h g e n e r a l and sp ecia lized ,

t o be found in such o c c u p a t io n a l s e t t i n g s

m anufacturing f ir m s , m otor v e h i c l e s , works,

ra ilro a d s,

h y d ra u lics,

household a p p lia n c e s ,

s tr e e t ra ilw a y s,

a irlin es,

e l e c t r i c a l equipm ent, m eta l o f f i c e m achinery, heavy m u sical

i n s t r u m e n t s , pow er o p e r a t i n g e q u i p m e n t , telev isio n ,

as

e l e c t r i c a l or g a s m e t e r s ,

elev a to rs,

rad io­

gu n sm ith s-lock sm ith s,

u t i l i t y m aintenance o f b u i l d i n g - f a c t o r y - m i l l ,

and o t h e r

g e n e r a l o r s p e c i a l i z e d r e p a i r i n g and m a i n t e n a n c e w o r k. 4.

Teacher.

T h is c a te g o r y in c lu d e d a l l

p r o fe ssio n a l occu p ation al le v e l, m atter or age group, 5. listed

teachers of

regard less of th e ir

s p e c i a l t y and t r a i n i n g .

A ccountant.

A l l accounting o b j e c t i v e s were

in t h i s group, w hether g e n e r a l or s p e c i a l i s e d ,

whether t r a i n i n g

SLtbject

ca lled for

c o lleg e

and

or c o m m e r c i a l c o u r s e .

59 6.

Salesm an.

T h i s - a l s o w as a b r o a d c a t e g o r y ,

a llo w in g grouping o f a l l s o r t s o f salesm en , g e n e r a l or sp ecia lized ,

in w h o l e s a l e ,

reta il,

and s p e c i a l t y l i n e s

w h o s e v o c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e was l o w e r t h a n a j u n i o r e x e c u t i v e w ith s e llin g 7.

d u ties.

B u ild in g tradesm an.

carp en ters,

plum bers,

I n c lu d e d in t h i s

p la sterers,

masons,

e le ctr ic ia n s,

sk illed

or s e m i - s k i l l e d

p a in ters,

group were

paperhangers,

and o t h e r r e l a t e d w o r k e r s on t h e lev els

in th e g e n e r a l f i e l d

of

b u i l d i n g and c o n s t r u c t i o n . 8.

C lerk.

Any c l e r i c a l o b j e c t i v e

D i c t i o n a r y 2 ^ under d i g i t s g e n e r a l or s p e c i a l i z e d , 9.

in th e

1 - 0 0 . 0 0 th rou gh 1 - 4 9 . 9 9 , whether

was I n c l u d e d i n t h i s g r o u p .

A ll other o b je c tiv e s .

cou rse, gave

listed

The f i n a l c a t e g o r y ,

t h e t o t a l o f a l l o b j e c t i v e s o t h e r than

of

the

e i g h t m ost f r e q u e n t l y ch o sen o n e s . S ev erity of d i s a b ilit y .

The two h u n d r e d v e t e r a n s who

had b e e n d i s c h a r g e d w i t h p s y c h o n e u r o s i s amount o f d i s a b i l i t y ,

a s s ig n e d by a m ed ica l board f o r purposes

24 Ib id .,

e a c h had a d e s i g n a t e d

pp. 2 1 - 5 6 .

40

of d is a b ility

pay o r m onthly c o m p e n sa tio n .

g uidance re c o rd s

co n tain ed t h is

even d e c i le p e rc e n ta g e s

sev erity

v e teran s,

th e

of d is a b ility

(5 0 p e r

(3 0

(10

in

d isa b ility

In reco rd in g

tw o h u n d r e d d i s a b l e d th ree

d iscreet

t o 20 p e r c e n t r a t i n g s ) ;

se ries:

m od erately

and s e v e r e l y d i s a b l e d

c e n t t h r o u g h 100 p e r c e n t r a t i n g s ) . or U n iv erses.

tw o p o p u l a t i o n s

w ere:

f o r the

t o 40 p e r c e n t r a t i n g s ) ;

P o p u latio n s the

d isa b ility .

d a t a was g r o u p e d I n t o

m ild ly d isa b le d d isab led

degree o f d i s a b i l i t y

o f 10 p e r c e n t f o r s l i g h t

t h r o u g h 10 0 p e r c e n t f o r t o t a l the

The v o c a t i o n a l

(l)

met s t a t e d

or u n iv e rs e s used in

a l l v eteran s c riteria

S trictly

in te rp reted ,

th is

in v estig atio n

d i s a b l e d b y p s y c h o n e u r o s i s who a l s o

of s e le c tiv ity ;

(2) a ll

v eteran s

of w ar­

t i m e s e r v i c e who w e r e d i s c h a r g e d w i t h o u t a n y s o r t o f d i s ­ a b ility . These sam ples m ig h t a ls o

co n ceiv ab ly re p re s e n t the

g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n f o r tw o r e a s o n s :

(l)

se lectiv e

serv ice

law s p ro d u c e d v e t e r a n s

sectio n

o f A m erican o l d e r y o u th and young a d u l t s ;

fects

of m ilita ry

g rea tly

stress

m in im ized by th e

fairly

th e

ty p ic a l of a cross-

a s a c a u s e o f p s y c h o n e u r o s i s was strict

criteria

o f sam pling s e le c tio n

d e s c r i b e d on p a g e s 1 9 - 2 0 a n d 2 2 - 2 3 f o r t h e The i n v e s t i g a t o r ,

(2 ) the e f ­

how ever, w hile s t i l l

tw o r e s p e c t i v e g r o u p s .

allo w in g th e re a d e r to

41 f o rm h i s own t e n t a t i v e

co n clu sio n s

from c e r t a i n o f the

r e p o r t e d f i n d i n g s , w o u l d a l s o warn a g a i n s t p u s h i n g s t a t i s ­ tics is

too fa r in

the l e n d i n g o f su p p o rt even to t h a t w h ic h

lo g ic a lly ten ab le.

beyond th e

Pending f u r t h e r

im m ediate sc o p e o f

i n v e s t ig a t io n needed

th is p roject,

a l l g en era liza ­

t i o n s m u st be e n t e r t a i n e d o n l y w i t h g r e a t c a u t i o n . The n u l l h y p o t h e s i s .

The ffn u l l u h y p o t h e s i s i s

g e n e r a l l y a c c e p t a b l e ap p ro a ch to a problem i n v o l v i n g cu la tio n

ca l­

and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n t h e

d a t a o f two g r o u p s . i s no r e a l

S u c h an h y p o t h e s i s h o l d s t h a t t h e r e

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n two s e t s o f d a t a drawn f r o m

two p o p u l a t i o n s is

a

and t h a t a n y o b s e r v e d o r o b t a i n e d d i f f e r e n c e

due t o c h a n c e o r s a m p l i n g f l u c t u a t i o n s . 2 ^

o f t h i s h y p o t h e s i s t h e m a in t a s k i s can b e r e j e c t e d con fid en ce.

to d eterm in e

a s u n t r u e w i t h any a c c e p t a b l e

S u c h r e j e c t i o n would

Under g u i d a n c e

in d ica te

whether i t

degree of

t h a t an o b s e r v e d

o r o b t a i n e d d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n m e a s u r e s f o r two s a m p l e s i s

25 F o r an e l a b o r a t i o n o f t h i s d e f i n i t i o n n o t e t h e s e sources: A l l e n L. S e w a r d s , S t a t i s t i c a l An a l y s i s f o r S t u d e n t s i n P s y c h o l o g y and E d u c a t i o n , New Y o r k , R i n e n a r t and C o . , I n c . , T§46. pp. 1 7 6 -1 7 7 . McNemar, ojc. c i t . , p p . 6 8 - 6 9 , 1 9 6 - 1 9 7 . M a r g a r e t J . H aygood, S t a t i s t i c s f o r S o c i o l o g i s t s , New Y o r k , R e y n a l and H i t c h c o c k , I n c . , 1 9 4 1 . ppT 3 5 3 - 3 5 9 .

42 a "tru e

d iffe re n c e ," In t e s t i n g

cance,

"C ould t h e s e

same p o p u l a t i o n ? "

th erefo re

the d a ta o f t h i s

an i n t e r p r e t a t i v e

q u estio n :

in

and i s

p ro ject fo r

r e p l y was s o u g h t t o

An a n s w e r was c a l c u l a t e d

n u l l h y p o th esis r e je c te d . 0 .0 4 ,

the

If the

0 .0 5 o r "below "

h y p o th esis

f o r each m easure

If

was v e r y

th e p r o b a b ility

0 .0 3 ,

or 0 .0 2 ),

was s o m e w h a t

th e

the n u l l

and t h e

a n s w e r was

h y p o t h e s i s was

p r o b a b i l i t y was s o m e w h a t l a r g e

(u su ally

the le v e l of s ig n if ic a n c e r e q u ir e d ) ,

a n sw e r was " y e s , was n e v e r " y e s ,

sig n ifi­

sim ple

a n s w e r was " n o , "

" p o s s i b l y o r p e r h a p s , " m eaning t h a t su sp ect.

the

I f th e p r o b a b ility

s m a ll, u s u a l l y 0 .0 1 o r l e s s ,

(u su a lly 0 .0 5 ,

its

s a m p le s h av e b e e n draw n from th e

term s o f a p r o b a b i l i t y .

sm all,

sig n ific a n t.

th e y could h a v e."

The a n s w e r t o t h e q u e s t i o n

th e y m ust have b e e n , " f o r ,

can b e r e j e c t e d ,

it

the

w hile

the n u l l

can n e v e r be p o s i t i v e l y

Op

proven. - °

C ritic a l ra tio c ritic a l

ratio

or " t - r a t lo " .

(CR) i s t h e

" t-ra tio ,"

In t h i s

stu d y the

w hich h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d

as : The r a t i o o f a n y n o r m a l l y d i s t r i b u t e d v a r i a t e t o i t s estim ated stan d ard e r r o r . The t e r m " c r i t i c a l r a t i o " , i n v e n t e d b y McGaug hy, was o r i g i n a l l y a p p l i e d t o a

26 Hew Y o r k ,

H e l e n M. W a l k e r , E l e m e n t a r y S t a t i s t i c a l M e t h o d s , H e n r y H o l t a n d CoT^ 1 ^ 4 3 . p p . 263 f f .

43 p a r t ic u la r value o f t h e v a r i a b l e "t" i n

" t , " b u t h a s come t o b e u s e d f o r 27

g e n e r a l.

A c o n v e n i e n t means o f t e s t i n g obtain ed d iffe r e n c e c o m p u t e d by a t l e a s t

is

by u s i n g t h i s

two f o r m u l a e , ,

the s ig n if i c a n c e " t-r a tio ,

11

o f an

w hich i s

t h e o ne u s e d i n t h i s

study b ein g the p r e fe r r e d t e s t o f the n u l l h y p o th e sis oP r e l a t i v e to p r o p o r tio n s. The " t - r a t i o " o r " c r i t i c a l ratio"

(CR) was o b t a i n e d i n e a c h i n s t a n c e by d i v i d i n g t h e

a c t u a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n p r o p o r t i o n s by t h e s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f d i f f e r e n c e betw een p r o p o r t io n s .

To a s c e r t a i n t h e

ard e r r o r o f d i f f e r e n c e betw een p r o p o r tio n s " 2Q f o r m u l a was u s e d : ^

Sym bols f o r t h e

"stand­

the fo llo w in g

form ula a re t h e s e :

(5* D p = " S t a n d a r d e r r o r o f d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n p ro p o rtio n s. = " e x tra c t the

27

I b i d . , p.

3 5 7

sq u are ro o t of"

.

28 c f . McNemar, exp. c i t . , p . 7 6 , ( F o r m u la 2 7 a ) . A lso s e e R. R. C o l t o n , An O u t l i n e o f S t a t i s t i c a l M e t h o d s , F o u r t h e d i t i o n , New Y o r k , B a r n e s and N o b l e , I n c . , 1 9 ^ 8 . p. 122. 2 9 McNemar, o p . c i t . , op. c i t ., p . 1 2 2 .

p.

7 6

, and A r k i n and C o l t o n ,

44 p

™ the

q

=

1

t o t a l p e r c e n t a g e o f o c c u r r e n c e o f a measure

minus p ( t h a t i s ,

p ercen ta g e o f occu rren ce of

100

p e r c e n t m in u s t h e

a sp ec ific

Hp = number i n t h e f i r s t

total

i n t e r v a l or measure*)

sa m p le

IT2 ~ number i n s e c end s a m p l e It

i s to be n oted th a t t h i s

e r r o r on t h e

p r o p o r t i o n o f t h e two g r o u p s

the g iv e n

ch a ra cteristic.

As

an i l l u s t r a t i o n

be t e s t e d

form u la b a s e s th e sam pling

o f how t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s w o u ld

by u s e of t h e c r i t i c a l r a t i o ,

made t o t h e d a t a t a b u l a t e d

r e f e r e n c e may b e

in T able I r e g a r d i n g th e f a c t o r

o f m a r i t a l s t a t u s w it h i t s measured c l a s s m arried,

c o m b in e d who show

and d i v o r c e d - s e p a r a t e d .

in terv a ls of

sin g le ,

An o b t a i n e d p r o p o r t i o n a l

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n d i s a b l e d and n o n - d i s a b l e d was n o t i c e d on each of the th ree

in terv a ls.

For e x a m p l e ,

1 1 .5 per cent o f

a l l d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s were d iv o r c e d or s e p a r a t e d w h ereas o n ly 3 .0 per cent

o f t h e n o n - d i s a b l e d w e re d i v o r c e d o r

s e p a r a t e d , m akin g a raw r a t i o

of alm ost fo u r to one fa v o r in g

p r e v a l e n c e o f d i v o r c e o r s e p a r a t i o n among v e t e r a n s d i s c h a r g e d w ith p sy ch o n e u r o sis.

The q u e s t i o n

c o n s i d e r e d was w h e t h e r

t h i s o b t a i n e d p r o p o r t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s was s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t or whether i t in f lu e n c e s of

the

was due t o c h a n c e and f o r t u i t o u s ;

sam p lin g m ethod.

The n u l l h y p o t h e s i s

a ss u m e d t h a t t h e r e was no r e a l or t r u e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e two g r o u p s a s t o t h e d i v o r c e - s e p a r a t i o n f a c t o r ,

and t h e

45 a p p r o p r i a t e CH f o r m u l a was b r o u g h t t o b e a r u p o n t h e d a t a t o te s t th is h y p oth esis. In th e form ula,

p equaled 7 .5 per c en t as th e t o t a l

p e r c e n t a g e o f o c c u r r e n c e o f d i v o r c e and s e p a r a t i o n among a l l f o u r hundred v e t e r a n s . 9 2 .7 per cen t,

(that Is,

I t follo w ed

t h a t t h e v a l u e o f q was

1 . 0 0 0 m in u s t h e p v a l u e o f 0 . 0 7 5 ,

le a v in g 0 .9 2 7 or 9 2 .7 per c e n t ) .

The v a l u e o f Nj was 2 0 0

and t h e v a l u e o f N2 was a l s o 2 0 0 .

The s t a n d a r d e r r o r o f

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e two p r o p o r t i o n s was t h e n c a l c u l a t e d from t h e fo rm u la p r e v i o u s l y s t a t e d , 2 .6 0 .

The a c t u a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e tw o p r o p o r t i o n s

was 8 . 5 p e r c e n t th is

and was f o u n d t o b e

d ifferen c e

d ifferen c e

( 1 1 . 5 p e r c e n t minus 5 . 0 p e r c e n t ) .

D ivid in g

( 8 . 5 p er c e n t) by t h e sta n d a r d e r r o r o f th e

(2 .6 0 ),

t h e o b t a i n e d r e s u l t was 3 . 5 w h i c h was

the c r it ic a l r a tio . p ria te s t a t i s t i c a l

S u c h a fft ,f v a l u e when l o c a t e d i n a p p r o ­ t a b l e s 3 0 was f o u n d t o c a r r y o d d s a g a i n s t

t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f a d e v i a t i o n as g r e a t a s or g r e a t e r than t h e d e s i g n a t e d number o f s t a n d a r d e r r o r s o f more t h a n o n e thousand to o n e.

T h i s m ean t t h a t t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t

s a m p l e s c o u l d h a v e b e e n drawn f r o m t h e same p o p u l a t i o n

*zQ

S u c h t a b l e s may b e s t a t is t ic a l tex ts, e .g ., see 1 1 8 , or F r e d e r ic k F. Croxton G e n e r a l S t a t i s t i c s , New Y o r k , p. 875.

these (prob-

fo u n d i n a p p e n d ic e s o f most A r k i n and C o l t o n , o p . c i t . , p . and D u d l e y J . Cowden, A p p l i e d P r e n tic e -K a ll, I n c ., 1946,

46 a b i l i t y t h a t t h e r e was n o r e a l d i f f e r e n c e ) w as l e s s t h a n one i n one t h o u s a n d ,

or v ery s m a ll.

( t h e P v a l u e ) was t h u s e s t a b l i s h e d , rejected

in t h i s

in s ta n c e at the

S in ce

the p r o b a b i l i t y

t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s was

0 .0 0 1

l e v e l o f con fid en ce

and t h e o b t a i n e d p r o p o r t i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s a m p l e s was c o n s i d e r e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y F a m i l i a r wri t h tion

of c r it ic a l

d e ta ils

ra tio ,

ta b le s o f record in t h i s Ht fl v a l u e s ,

of th is

sig n ifica n t. example i n th e c a l c u l a ­

t h e r e a d e r may g l a n c e t h r o u g h t h e r e p o r t a n d , b y n o t i n g t h e CR o r

he may d e t e r m i n e f o r h i m s e l f t h e s i g n i f i c a n t

p o in t s o f d i f f e r e n c e betw een th e measured g rou p s. advantage is

that,

c a rries

two

An

i n t h e u s e o f t h e CR a s p a r t o f a t a b u l a r r e c o r d r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e number o f c a s e s

its

in a sam ple,

it

own i n d i c a t i o n a s t o s i g n i f i c a n t d e v i a t i o n f r o m

th e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s .31 The c h i s q u a r e t e s t . fro m t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s

Another good t e s t o f d e v i a t i o n

i s the

ch i square t e s t ,

s t u d y on d a t a i n T a b l e s V I , V I I I , test

d e t e r m i n e s how l i k e l y

it

d iv e r g e d from t h e h y p o t h e s i s f a c t o r s a lo n e been o p e r a tin g .

is

X, X I I , th a t the

used in t h i s

and XIV.

T h is

sam ple c o u ld have

a s much a s I t d i d , Chi sq u are t e s t

had c h a n c e has been

31 J . P. G u i l f o r d , F u n d a m e n t a l S t a t i s t i c s i n P s y c h o l o g y and E d u c a t i o n , M c G r a w - H i l l B ook C o . , Hew Y o r k , 1 9 4 ^ . p . 2 9 8 .

47 d escrib ed a s : A c r i t e r i o n f o r t e s t i n g th e d isc r e p a n c y between a s e t o f o b s e r v e d v a l u e s and th e c o r r e s p o n d in g t h e o r e t i c a l v a l u e s o b t a i n e d on t h e b a s i s o f some h y p o t h e s i s a s t o t h e p o p u l a t i o n . 52 If

the c h i square t e s t

dem onstrates th a t th e d i s p a r it y

b e t w e e n t h e a c t u a l and t h e e x p e c t e d f r e q u e n c i e s large

to be a s c r lb a b le

to chance

t h a n some s e l e c t e d f i d u c i a l l i m i t

( i f the P v a lu e

test:^

too

is

less

such as 0 .0 1 or 0 . 0 5 ) ,

t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s may b e r e j e c t e d . c a l c u l a t i o n o f c h i square in t h i s

is

The f o r m u l a i n v o l v i n g

s t u d y was t h e P e a r s o n

t

t

-

s

f -)g

fo

=s t h e o b s e r v e d o r a c t u a l f r e q u e n c i e s

f

= the t h e o r e t ic a l fre q u en cie s

2

s wt h e sum. o f a l l

ob tain ed

v a l u e s i n v o l v e d 11

The c h i e f a d v a n t a g e o f t h e c h i s q u a r e t e s t s t u d y w as t h a t i t

^

p r o v id e d a p r e c i s e measure o f

W alker, o p . c i t . ,

p.

In t h i s

the prob-

351.

^ The f o r m u l a i s c o n t a i n e d i n m o s t s t a t i s t i c a l t e x t s . N o t e e s p e c i a l l y G u i l f o r d , o p . c i t . , p . 172 f f $ McNemar, o p . c i t . , p p . 1 8 0 , 2 0 7 - 2 1 0 ; and A r k i n and C o l t o n , o p . c i t . , p p . 109-110.

48 a b ility

(P v a l u e s )

d iffered

t h a t o b s e r v e d and e x p e c t e d o c c u r r e n c e s

s i g n i f i c a n t l y w it h r e f e r e n c e to the

sev erity of

di s a b i l i t y o f t h e t w o h u n d re d v e t e r a n s d i s c h a r g e d w i t h p s y c h o ­ neu rosis*

In o r d e r t o s e r v e t h e n e e d e d p u r p o s e o f t e s t i n g

degrees of r e la tio n sh ip betw een d i s a b i l i t y

(as w e ll as p r o b a b i li t y o f a s s o c i a t i o n )

c la ssific a tio n s

and o t h e r f a c t o r s

was n e c e s s a r y t o c o n v e r t c h i s q u a r e v a l u e s of

contin gen cy

in to c o e f f ic ie n t s

(C v a l u e s )

The c o n t i n g e n c y c o e f f i c i e n t c o efficien t

it

(C) i s

f o r m easuring th e degree o f

the ap p ro p ria te

co rrela tio n ,

or

s t r e n g t h o f a s s o c i a t i o n , w h ich e x i s t s betw een v a r i a b l e s f o r w h i c h we h a v e o n l y c a t e g o r i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n , ca lcu la ted

and may b e

d i r e c t l y from th e c h i sq u a r e v a l u e .

3 4 The c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e c o n t i n g e n c y , d e r iv e d from c h i square b y t h e fo r m u la :

35

C,

i s a measure

«- V ^ N =• t h e n u m e r i c a l t o t a l o f t h e s a m p l e ; a s u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y i t had t h e c o n s t a n t v a l u e o f 2 0 0 . F o r an e l a b o r a t i o n i n t h e u s e o f t h i s f o r m u l a , s e e Henry E. G a r r e t t , S t a t i s t i c s i n P s y c h o l o g y and E d u c a t i o n , Longm an s, G r e e n and C o . , New Y o r k , th ir d e d i t io n , 1947. p p . 3 5 9 -3 6 5 , n o t i n g h i s form ula 7 0 . 33

Edwards, o p .

c i t . , p.

179 f f *

49 T hese C v a l u e s were l a t e r a l t e r e d b y a fo rm u la w h ich made th e m a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l t o t h e p r o d u c t - m o m e n t ffr ff a s a measure o f

co rrela tio n .

36

These v a l u e s

b o t t o m o f T a b l e s ¥.1, V I I I , X, X I I ,

a r e shown a t t h e

and XIV, a s " c o r r e c t e d

C." S u c h i n v o l v e d c a l c u l a t i o n s be came d i s a d v a n t a g e o u s use o f th e

ch i square te c h n iq u e in

sin ce th e c r i t i c a l r a tio

th is project,

fiv e

ta b les,

by such w r i t e r s

as th ose

n o t deemed r e q u i s i t e Illu stra tio n

Because in t h i s

c h i sq u a re t e s t was p r a c t i c a b l e

and b e c a u s e

o f the

esp e cia lly

t e s t was s o w e l l ' s u i t e d t o t h e o v e r ­

a l l p u r p o s e s and c o u l d b e g e n e r a l l y u s e d . study use o f the

in

its

ad a p ta tio n s

in o n ly

are f u l l y covered

in d ic a te d by f o o t n o t e s , 3^ I t

at t h i s

is

p o in t to reproduce a f u l l

ca lcu la tio n

steps

c h i s q u a r e s , a n d c h a n g i n g them i n t o

in v o lv ed

in o b t a in in g

con tin gen cy c o e f f i c i e n t s ,

and e v e n t u a l l y c o r r e c t i n g t h e C v a l u e s b y f o r m u l a I n t o a p p r o x i m a t i o n s o f p r o d u c t - m o m e n t ur ,! .

3 6 G a r r e tt, o p . c i t . , pp. 362-3 6 3 . G arrett here pro­ p o se s a c o r r e c t io n fo r th e C value (sim p le r than P e a r s o n !s) w h i c h w i l l make i t a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l to t h e p r o d u c t - m o m e n t !,r ft a s a m e a s u r e o f c o r r e l a t i o n : d i v i d e t h e o b t a i n e d C b y t h e maximum v a l u e w h i c h C c a n t a k e a c c o r d i n g t o tjae Y u l e s c h e d u l e f o r ^number o f c l a s s e s , ’1 shown on p a g e 3 62 o f t h e G a r r e t t t e x t .

3^ Note e s p e c i a l l y G a r r e t t , 359-365.

op.

c i t .,

pp. 2 4 1 -2 5 3 ,

and

50 L e v e l s o £ s i g n i f i c a n c e , and p r o b a b i l i t y The a n s w e r a s t o how l a r g e

a c r i t i c a l r a t i o o f c h i square

f i g u r e must be i n o r d e r to c a l l sig n ifica n t

cannot be

str ictly

a fin d in g s t a t i s t i c a l l y stated,

in term s o f p r o b a b i l i t y o f d e v i a t i o n the s p e c i f i c

lev el of

(P) v a l u e s .

but m ust b e view ed (P v a l u e s )

to in d ic a te

c o n fid e n c e a t w hich th e n u l l h y p o th e s is

may be r e j e c t e d . When a c r i t i c a l

ra tio

a t one d e g r ee o f fr e e d o m e ,

is 2 ,0

alw ays f i x e d

are o n l y f i v e

3 ,8 4

high er ch i squares bein g required

at high er degrees o f freed om ), is

(or a c h i square i s

th e corresp ond ing P valu e

a t a p p r o x im a te ly 0 , 0 5 , m eaning t h a t th e r e

c h a n c e s i n one hu n d re d t h a t t h e o b t a i n e d

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n two m e a s u r e s c o u l d h a v e a r i s e n b y c h a n c e d istr ib u tio n . t w e n t y t o one

T h i s a l s o m ea ns t h a t t h e o d d s a r e a b o u t a g a in st th e n u ll h yp oth esis of equal d i s t r i ­

b u t i o n o r no t r u e d i f f e r e n c e . h yp oth esis at t h is by s t a t i s t i c i a n s ,

D efin ite

rejectio n

0 .0 5 l e v e l of con fid en ce i s

of the n u l l

o f t e n allow ed

b u t some c a l l f o r a h i g h e r l e v e l .

. A CR o f 2 . 0 o r a P o f 0 . 0 5 i s s u g g e s t e d b y R. A. F i s h e r and o t h e r s , b u t i n d e a l i n g w i t h p s y c h o l o g i c a l and s o c i a l s c i e n c e r e s e a r c h a som ewhat h i g h e r l e v e l i s p r e f e r r e d .29 S ta tistic ia n s

a p p a r e n t ly are n o t in agreem ent as to

D e g r e e o f f r e e d o m , a b b r e v i a t e d !!d f fl o r Mn M, i s found f o r grouped d a ta by th e fo rm u la : n = (r - l ) ( c - 1 ), i n w h i c h r = t h e number o f rows and e = t h e number o f c o lu m n s i n a s p e c i f i e d f a c t o r w i t h c l a s s e s and v a r i a b l e s . S e e G a r r e t t , ojd. c i t , , p p . 3 5 9 - 3 6 5 , McNemar, o p . c i t . ,

p.

6 8

.

51 any one s p e c i f i e d

P v a l u e t o w h ic h a r e s e a r c h e r must

r i g i d l y hold in d e c la r in g s i g n f i c a n c e . a ^ b alancin g o f th e r i s k s ” to

could le a d to i n t e r p r e t a t i v e

s in c e e it h e r condi­

error.^

The p a r t i c u l a r

n a t u r e o f a g i v e n problem under i n v e s t i g a t i o n the b e s t s i n g l e sig n ifica n ce.

c r i t e r io n to guid e s e l e c t i o n In t h i s

study,

they ad vise

avoid b o th a v e ry s t r in g e n t

and a v e r y l a x l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e , tio n

Instead,

seems to be of lev els

of

p rop ortion al d iffe r e n c e s w ill

be r e p o r te d as s i g n i f i c a n t o n l y i n t e r n s o f the s p e c i f i e d l e v e l o f c o n f id e n c e a t w h ich r e j e c t i o n th esis

seem s j u s t i f i a b l e .

as s i g n i f i c a n t , the 0 .0 4 ,

the 0 .0 3 ,

0 .0 0 1 l e v e l . of

than,

A d iffe r e n c e w i l l be rep orted

a t such p r e c i s e

the 0 .0 2 ,

lev e ls

the 0 .0 1 ,

U su ally a P o f at le a s t

or h i g h e r ) was r e q u i r e d b y t h e

2 .6

of th e n u l l hypo­

as t h e 0 . 0 5 ,

and 0 . 0 0 5 ,

0 .0 1

or the

( c r it ic a l ra tio

researcher before

r e p o r tin g a f in d in g as s i g n i f i c a n t . O ther term s u s e d . in t h i s

Where t e c h n i c a l

s tu d y t h e i r m ean ings u s u a l l y were i n d i c a t e d

c o n t e x t o f the

p a r a g r a p h where i n t r o d u c e d ,

g lo s s a r y Is consid ered n e c e ss a r y . m ight

terms were u s e d

ap p recia te at t h is

in the

and t h u s no f o r m a l

The r e a d e r ,

however,

p o in t a b r ie f sk etch in g of those

e x p r e s s i o n s w h ich a p p ea r most f r e q u e n t l y i n t h i s r e p o r t , w h ich have n o t a lr e a d y b een d i s c u s s e d .

40

p*

6 9

•

and

52

The s t u d y , o r " t h e p r o j e c t . w

The s t u d y o r t h e

r ese a rc h p r o je c t c o n siste d o f the s p e c i f ic o f m easurable

so cio -p erso n a l t r a it s

of p sych on eu rotic d i s a b i l i t y , s it u a t io n as o u tlin e d The r e p o r t .

in v estig a tio n

i n the problem f i e l d

conducted in a s p e c i a l

in Chapter I ,

The r e p o r t was t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n a t h a n d ,

d e s c r ib in g the i n v e s t i g a t i o n F a cto r or v a r i a b l e . elev en s o c io -p e r so n a l

of th e problem . In t h i s s t u d y ,

ch a ra cteristics

was a f a c t o r o r v a r i a b l e .

each o f the

p r e v io u sly d escrib ed

F or s a k e o f v a r i e t y ,

s t a n d a r d sy nonym s was a l s o o c c a s i o n a l l y u s e d : tra it,

achievem en t,

a ttrib u te,

q u a lity ,

F a c t o r - i n t e r v a l or g r o u p i n g .

one o f t h e s e m easure,

a b ility ,

or fu n c tio n .

Each o f th e e le v e n

f a c t o r s o r v a r i a b l e s w a s com posed o f t h r e e o r more i n t e r v a l s o r g r o u p i n g s w h ic h were so m etim es r e f e r r e d nyms c l a s s , lev e l,

category,

c la ss-in te rv a l,

to b y the sy n o ­

step -in terv a l,

step,

and g r o u p . D isab led v e te r a n .

In t h i s

s t u d y , u s e o f term " d i s -

a b l e d v e t e r a n 11 w as c o n f i n e d s t r i c t l y w ith p sy c h o n e u r o sis under c r i t e r i a s e c t i o n o f Chapter I I ,

to th o s e d isch arged

d iscu ssed

" S t e p One o f t h e

in the second

In v estig a tio n ."

Non- d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n . sam pled i n t h i s

A n on -d isab led veteran ,

in v estig a tio n ,

as

was o n e who s e r v e d a c t i v e l y

i n W orld War I I d u r i n g w a r - t i m e and was d i s c h a r g e d w i t h o u t in ju r y or d i s a b i l i t y Cause.

o f any t y p e .

Bor p u r p o s e s o f t h i s

condu ctive ca u sa tio n , accepted.

study,

the concept o f

r a th e r than d ir e c t c a u s a tio n ,

was

The c o n c e p t a l l o w e d f o r t h e i n t e r p l a y o f

causal fa cto r s exertin g in flu e n c es

toward o r a g a i n s t t h e

e v en tu a tio n o f a c e r ta in e f f e c t or c o n d itio n .

R efer to

q u o t a t i o n and comment d e n o t e d b y f o o t n o t e e i g h t . D ata. facts

The d a t a f o r t h i s

s tu d y were th e r e c o r d e d

a b o u t s e l e c t e d v e t e r a n s who u n d e r w e n t g u i d a n c e a t t h e

VA G u i d a n c e C e n t e r ,

U n iv e r s it y o f Southern C a l i f o r n i a .

The

N

i n v e s t i g a t o r made u s e o f t h e s e o b j e c t i v e r e c o r d s w i t h o u t c o n s i d e r i n g m e r i t s o r d e m e r i t s o f any p r o c e d u r e s o r p r i n ­ c i p l e s u s e d by c o u n s e l o r s o r o t h e r s i n r e c o r d i n g them.

CHAPTER I I I A GENERAL COMPARISON OP TWO HUNDRED DISABLED VETERANS WITH TWO HUNDRED NON-DISABLED VETERANS S t a t i s t i c a l T ab les

I th r o u g h V formed the b a s e f o r

a g e n e r a l c o m p a r i s o n o f two h u n d r e d d i s a b l e d

veteran s d i s ­

c h a r g e d w i t h p s y c h o n e u r o s i s w i t h two h u n d r e d n o n - d i s a b l e d veteran s.

These f i v e

t a b l e s were th e p r im a r y r e f e r e n c e

source f o r

t h e e n t i r e r e p o r t and f o r t h a t

w i l l b e r e v i e w e d w i t h more d e t a i l e d

reason t h e i r

a tten tio n

than w i l l be

g iv e n s im ila r data in subsequent s e r i e s o f t a b l e s . I through V p r e se n te d th e

data

T ab les

com prehensive com parison betw een

t h e two g r o u p s a s t o t h e i r number f r e q u e n c y and p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i b u t i o n s among t h e t e n s o c i o - p e r s o n a l f a c t o r s on w h i c h a l l v e t e r a n s were m ea su r ed .

THE AGE FACTOR T w e n t y - f o u r and y o u n g e r . 158

Of f o u r h u n d r e d v e t e r a n s ,

( 3 4 . 5 p e r c e n t ) were i n t h e y o u n g e s t age b r a c k e t .

F i f t y - o n e o u t o f two h u n d r e d d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s cen t)

(25.5 per

and 87 o u t o f two h u n d r e d n o n - d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s

p e r c e n t ) made t h i s and y o u n g e r .

(43.5

t o t a l o f 1 3 8 who w e r e 2 4 y e a r s o f a g e

S i n c e o n l y one o u t o f f o u r d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s

55 w e r e i n t h e y o u n g e r a ge g r o u p ,

(25.5 per cen t)

contrasted

w ith 4 5 .5 per c en t f o r n o n -d isa b le d v e te r a n s ,

t h e r e was a

d if f e r e n c e r e p r e se n te d by a c r i t i c a l

3 .8

very s ig n if ic a n t .

ra tio of

I t m eans t h a t t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s o f

a c c i d e n t a l o r c h a n c e d i f f e r e n c e s may b e r e j e c t e d than th e

0 .0 0 0 2

which i s

l e v e l of confidence

at b etter

and t h a t t h e o d d s

a g a in st occu rren ce of a d e v ia t io n as g r e a t as or g r e a te r t h a n t h e d e s i g n a t e d number o f s t a n d a r d e r r o r s i s

about

7 ,0 0 0 to one. Twenty- f i v e th r o u g h t w e n t y - n i n e i n c l u s i v e . a ll veteran s,

on e-th ird

(133 o u t o f f o u r hundred o r 3 3 . 2

p e r c e n t ) were i n t h e m iddle b r a c k e t o f a g e s 2 5 - 2 9 , c lu siv e.

F or

in ­

T h e r e was n o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n

d i s a b l e d and n o n - d i s a b l e d i n nu mber o r p e r c e n t a g e d i s t r i ­ b u tio n s fo r t h i s group, 67

66

of d isa b led

and

( 3 3 .5 per c e n t ) o f n o n - d i s a b l e d b e in g so r e c o r d e d . T h i r t y and o l d e r .

129

(33 .0 per cen t)

(3 2 .3 per cen t)

In t h e t h i r d age g r o u p , r e p r e s e n t i n g

o f f o u r h u n d r e d v e t e r a n s who w e r e t h i r t y

y e a r s o f a g e and o l d e r ,

a s h a r p d i f f e r e n c e was n o t e d b e t w e e n

d i s a b l e d an d n o n - d i s a b l e d i n f r e q u e n c y and p e r c e n t a g e d i s ­ trib u tio n s.

Of two h u n d r e d d i s a b l e d ,

were t h i r t y y e a r s of d i s a b l e d o n l y 46

83

(41.5 per cen t)

age and o l d e r , b u t o f two h u n d r e d n o n ­

( 2 3 . 0 p e r c e n t ) were so r e c o r d e d .

v ery high s ig n if i c a n c e

of th e d i f f e r e n c e

is

The

shown b y a

4

TABLE I

A GENERAL COMPARISON OP TWO HUNDRED DISABLED VETERANS WITH TWO'HUNDRED NON-DISABLED VETERANS AS TO NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS AMONG THE FACTOR INTERVALS ' OF AGE, MARITAL STATUS AND DEPENDENCY STATUS * : ■

F a c to r under comparison

. T otals Per c e n t

N on-disabled

Number

P er c e n t

200

io o .o

■ 200

1 0 0 .0,

51 66 83

25.5 3 3.0 41.5

87 46

4 3.5 •33.5 23.0

Number

CR

Per c e n t

T o t a l A l l Numbers

400

1 0 0 .0

Age 24 and y o un ger 25-29 i n c l u s i v e 30 and o l d e r

13S 133 129

3 4.5 3 3.2 3 2.3

178 193 29

4 4.5 4 8.2 7.3

65 112 23

32.5 56.0 11.5

1 13 81 6

5 6.5 : . 40.5 3 .0

4.8 3 .1 3 .3

180 183

45.0 4 5.8

70 112

35.0, 56.0

110 71

55.0 35.5

4 .3 4.7

37

9.2

18

9 .0

CD .

Number

D isabled

0 .2

M arital s ta tu s S in g le M a rrie d D ivorced or separated' Dependen cy s t a t u s None Spouse, c h ild r e n , others Mother

\

67

'

19

3.8 0 .1 4 .0

.

01

o>

57 c r i t i c a l r a t i o o f 4*0 w hich c a l l s

f o r r e j e c t io n o f the n u ll

h y p o t h e s i s a t a l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e o f 0 .0 0 0 0 6 3 4 , m eaning that

in o n l y 634 i n s t a n c e s o u t o f t e n m i l l i o n

tim es

(rou ghly,

s e v e n o u t o f o n e h u n d r e d t h o u s a n d t i m e s ) was t h e r e a p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t a d e v i a t i o n w o u ld f a v o r t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s , t h e o d d s a g a in s t t h i s b e in g about 1 5 ,7 7 0 to one. Summary o f t h e a g e f a c t o r .

F or f o u r hundred v e t e r a n s

t h e r e was an a l m o s t e v e n s p r e a d i n d i s t r i b u t i o n three

age g r o u p s,

(3 3 .2 per c e n t ) ,

the f i g u r e s b e in g and 12 9

138

among t h e

(3 4 .5 per c e n t ) ,

(3 2 .3 per c e n t ) ,

resp ectiv ely .

133 Su ch

an e v e n d i s p e r s i o n a c c e n t u a t e d t h e p r e v a l e n c e o f o l d e r v e t e r a n s among t h e d i s a b l e d

and t h e

among t h e n o n - d i s a b l e d .

p r e v a le n c e o f younger v e te r a n s

S ta tistica l

c a n c e was f o u n d t o i n d i c a t e an i m p o r t a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p fin d in g

evid en ce o f high s i g n i f -

t h a t c h r o n o l o g i c a l a g e may b e a r

to p s y c h o n e u r o s is .

Does su ch a

s u g g e s t t h a t t h e o l d e r th e age the g r e a t e r

ho o d o f p s y c h o l o g i c a l d i s a b i l i t y ? n e a r e r o n e ’ s age i s

the l i k e l i ­

Or m i g h t i t mean t h a t t h e

t o a d o l e s c e n c e t h e g r e a t e r the p r o b a b i l i t y

t h a t Hr a t i n g b o a r d s ” ( s o c i e t a l o r m i l i t a r y ) may e x c u s e p s y c h o ­ lo g ic a l

’’q u e e m e s s ? ” , C o u l d i t mean t h a t

b eh avior according to l e v e l s

o f grow th,

judged p e r s o n a l i t y d is tr u b a n c e

s o c i e t y a p p r a i s e as and w h at may h a v e a d ­

a t f o r t y m i g h t h a v e b e e n more

l i g h t l y c o n sid e r e d y o u th fu l c a p r ic e a t tw enty? q u estion s

c an n o t

at t h i s

T h e s e and o t h e r

t i m e be a n s w e r e d n o r d e a l t w i t h

58 i n t e r p r e t a t i v e l y a p a r t from t h e e v i d e n c e w h ich t h e o t h e r t e n f a c t o r s may a d d .

MARITAL STATUS S in g le group. to m a rita l s t a t u s , were n o n - s i n g l e ,

Among f o u r h u n d r e d v e t e r a n s m e a s u r e d a s

178

th is

(4 4 .5 p e r c e n t) were s i n g l e l a t t e r nu m ber b e i n g d i v i d e d

( 4 8 . 2 p e r c e n t ) m a r r i e d and 29 separated.

Of t h e

(7 .3 per cen t)

two h u n d r e d d i s a b l e d ,

and 2 2 2 in to

19 3

divorced or

o n l y one o u t o f t h r e e

( 6 5 o r 3 2 . 5 p e r c e n t ) , b u t more t h a n o n e o u t o f two o f t h e n o n -d isa b led ,

113

( 5 6 . 5 p e r c e n t ) , was s i n g l e .

had a c r i t i c a l r a t i o

The d i f f e r e n c e

o f 4 . 8 w i t h a P v a lu e o f about 0 .0 0 0 0 0 1 .

W ith c h a n c e s f a v o r i n g t h e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s o n l y about once in a m illio n

tim es,

its

d efin ite

M arried g r o u p .

rejectio n

A c r it ic a l ra tio

about f i v e

hundred

to one c a l l e d

h yp oth esis

and t h e a c c e p t a n c e a t t h e

was i n d i c a t e d . o f 3 .1

for rejectio n 0 .0 0 2

o r odds o f of the n u l l

le v e l of

confidence

o f a t r u e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n d i s a b l e d and n o n - d i s a b l e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o th e m arried group.

One h u n d r e d and t w e l v e

(5 6 .0 per cen t)

of

a l l d i s a b l e d were m a r r i e d , b u t

(4 0 .5 per cen t)

of

n o n - d i s a b l e d w e re m a r r i e d .

D iv o r ce d or s e p a r a t e d .

o n l y 81

The f r e q u e n c y o f d i v o r c e and

s e p a r a t i o n o c c u r r e d among t h e d i s a b l e d w i t h b o t h number and

59 p e r c e n t a g e f r e q u e n c y a p p r o x im a tin g a f o u r t o one r a t i o o v e r the n o n - d is a b le d .

T w enty-three

(1 1 .5 per c en t)

a b le d were d i v o r c e d or s e p a r a t e d b u t o n l y s i x o f n on -d isab led

in t h i s

statu s.

a ctu a l p rop ortion al d iffe r e n c e

D esp ite

(3

the

(an i m p o r t a n t

ca lcu lated c r i t i c a l

,0

d is­

per cen t)

the f a c t t h a t the item in d e t e r ­

m i n i n g s i z e o f a c r i t i c a l r a t i o ) was o n l y e i g h t h a lf per cen t,

of a ll

and o n e -

r a t i o w as 3 . 3 .

T h is

c a r r i e d o d d s o f a b o u t o n e t h o u s a n d t o o n e and c a l l e d f o r acceptance o f a true d iffe r e n c e

at b e t t e r than the

0 .0 0 1

le v e l of sig n ifica n ce . Summary o f m a r i t a l s t a t u s d i f f e r e n c e s . three c a te g o r ie s ,

s i n g l e , m arried,

Each o f the

and d i v o r c e d - s e p a r a t e d ,

showed i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n d i s a b l e d

and n o n - d i s a b l e d

r e p r e s e n t e d b y h i g h c r i t i c a l r a t i o s and c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y sig n ific a n t p ro b a b ility

(P) v a l u e s

to support r e j e c t i o n

n u l l h y p o th esis at con vin cin g l e v e l s f o u n d t h a t o n l y o ne o u t o f sin g le,

the

of

con fid en ce.

I t was

t h r e e d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s were

r e m a i n i n g two o u t o f t h r e e b e i n g

or d iv o rced -sep a ra ted .

of the

@n t h e o t h e r h a n d ,

o f f i v e n o n - d i s a b l e d were s i n g l e

c u r r e n t ly m arried

alm ost th r e e out

and o n l y a b o u t two o u t o f

f i v e were m a rr ied or d i v o r c e d - s e p a r a t e d .

An a l m o s t f o u r t o

o n e f r e q u e n c y o f o c c u r r e n c e f a v o r e d t h e p? e v a l e n c e o f d i v o r c e o r s e p a r a t i o n among t h e d i s a b l e d . con trib u ted to p sych on eu rosis,

As t o w h a t e x t e n t m a r r i a g e

and t o w h a t e x t e n t a p s y c h o -

60 n eu rotic

c o n d i t i o n may h a v e e n c o u r a g e d p a r t i c i p a t i o n

m arriage,

cannot,

sta tistics.

o f c o u r s e , he a s c e r t a i n e d f r o m s u c h

N e i t h e r can i t he s p e c i f i e d

as t o what e x t e n t

d iv o r c e -se p a r a tio n eventu ated in to p sych oneurosis versa).

in

I t c a n be r e p o r t e d a t t h i s

p oin t,

(nor v i c e

however,

that

the

d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s t e n d e d t o w a r d m a r r i a g e and a l s o t e n d e d toward d i v o r c e - s e p a r a t i o n w i t h g r e a t e r f r e q u e n c y than t h e n on -d isab led v etera n . W ith r e f e r e n c e t o th e

r e l a t i o n s h i p o f a g e and m a r r i a g e ,

i t m ust be p o in te d out t h a t , w h ile th e age f a c t o r u s u a l l y h a s c o n s i d e r a b l e d e t e r m i n a t i o n upon t h e m a r i t a l s t a t u s o f group,

in t h i s p a r t ic u la r

in flu en ce.

study i t

any

p r o b a b l y had a much l e s s e r

S i n c e p r a c t i c a l l y a l l f o u r h u n d r e d v e t e r a n s had

reached a M a r r ia g e a b le b e in g under

21

a g e tt a t t i m e o f g u i d a n c e ,

years of age,

it

is

i n a d d i t i o n t o age were e f f e c t i v e

l i k e l y th a t other fa c to r s in flu en ces

c o n tra stin g freq u en cies of d isab led m arital sta tu s

v e r y few

in

shaping th e

and n o n - d i s a b l e d i n

the

c la sse s.

DEPENDENCY STATUS T h o s e w i t h o u t d e p e n d e n t s . - A t o t a l o f 1 80 cen t)

(4 5 .0 per

o u t o f f o u r h u n d r e d v e t e r a n s had n o o t h e r p e r s o n d e ­

p e n d e n t up o n t h e m f o r f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t . per cen t)

O nly s e v e n t y

(3 5 .0

o f t h e d i s a b l e d were w i t h o u t d e p e n d e n t s b u t one

h u n d r e d and t e n

(55.0 per cen t)

o f t h e n o n - d i s a b l e d were

w ithou t dependents.

It

s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t w h i l e t h e number

a nd p e r c e n t a g e f r e q u e n c i e s i n t h i s

c a t e g o r y are com parable to

t h o s e i n t h e !ts i n g l e tf c a t e g o r y d i s c u s s e d p r e v i o u s l y , n o t n e c e s s a r i l y i d e n t i c a l for the reason th a t who w e r e s i n g l e ha d o ne or more d e p e n d e n t s ,

th e r e are

some v e t e r a n s

and c o n v e r s e l y ,

some who w e r e m a r r i e d o r d i v o r c e d - s e p a r a t e d w e r e w i t h o u t d e p e n d e n t s due t o t h e

spouse or c h ild r e n b e in g

The f a c t t h a t o n l y 3 5 p e r c e n t o f

self-su p p o rtin g .

a l l d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s were

w i t h o u t d e p e n d e n t s w h e r e a s 55 p e r c e n t o f n o n - d i s a b l e d w e r e w i t h o u t d e p e n d e n t s had a h i g h s t a t i s t i c a l c r i t i c a l r a tio of 4 .3 w ith i t s con sid erab ly l e s s

than

0 .0 0 0 1

sig n ifica n ce .

corresponding

The

P valu e o f

augured a c c e p ta n c e o f

a true

d iffe r e n c e at a very h igh le v e l of co n fid en ce. Spouse, veteran s,

1 83

dependents.

ch ild r e n , or o th e r d ep en d en t. (4 5 .8 per c en t)

had s u c h d e p e n d e n t s . sta tistica l

had s p o u s e , c h i l d r e n

Among two h u n d r e d d i s a b l e d ,

t h e s e d e p e n d e n t s b u t o n l y 71

o f 4 .8 w ith i t s

or o th er

(5 6 .0 per cent

had

o f the n o n - d is a b le d

d i f f e r e n c e had a v e r y h i g h

as r e p r e se n te d by a c r i t i c a l r a t i o

P v a l u e o f 0 .0 0 0 0 0 1 or odds o f a b o u t one m i l l i o n

t o o n e t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e was n o t Mot h e r a s d e p e n d e n t . veteran s l i s t e d

11 2

(3 5 .5 per cen t)

The r e s u l t i n g

sig n ifica n ce

Of f o u r h u n d r e d

a ccid en ta l.

T h i r t y - s e v e n o u t o f f o u r hundred

{,m o t h e r ” a s a d e p e n d e n t ,

d i s a b l e d and 19 b e i n g n o n - d i s a b l e d .

18 o f

t h e 37 b e i n g

Such a s l i g h t

d ifferen ce

62

was n o t

s t a t i s t i c a l l y sig n ifica n t* Summary o f d e p e n d e n c y s t a t u s d i f f e r e n c e s .

The e v i d e n c e

c l e a r l y e s t a b l i s h e d t h a t a b o u t two o u t o f t h r e e d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s ha d d e p e n d e n t s

( 6 5 p e r c e n t w i t h d e p e n d e n t s and 35

per cent w ith o u t dependents)* o n l y 45 p e r c e n t

o f n o n - d i s a b l e d ha d d e p e n d e n t s ,

55 p e r c e n t w i t h o u t dependent

dependents.

sh o w ed no s i g n i f i c a n t

a b i l i t y or to n o n - d i s a b i l i t y . u n relia b le the

The l i s t i n g

o f m other as

r e la tio n sh ip eith er to d is ­ I t w o u ld be i n t e r e s t i n g

though

to c o n j e c t u r e what t h e r e s u l t s m ig h t have b e e n i f

11o n l y

can b e

that

leavin g

d a t a c o u l d h a v e b e e n o b t a i n e d on t h o s e who w e r e t h e

son” or It

The f i n d i n g s a l s o r e v e a l e d

c h i l d 11 o r o t h e r w i s e ft a t t a c h e d t o m o t h e r . 1*

tto n l y W hile

s a i d t h a t t h e d i s a b l e d t e n d e d t o h a v e o n e o r more

p e r s o n s d e p e n d e n t upon t h e m f o r s u p p o r t w h i l e t e n d e d n o t to h a v e d e p e n d e n t s ,

it

the n o n -d is a b le d

cannot be con clu d ed a t t h i s

p o i n t t h a t t h e h a v i n g o f d e p e n d e n t s w a s an e v e n t u a t i n g c a u s e o f psych on eu rosis.

N e i t h e r can the d epend en cy f a c t o r as y e t

be d e f i n i t e l y ru led out as a p o s s ib le p sych on eu rosis.

condu cive agent

in

Such d a ta c o n s e q u e n t ly m e r i t s fu r th e r , i n v e s t i ­

g a tio n a lo n g sid e oth er fa c to r s w ith other f a c t o r s .

and p a r t i c u l a r l y i n c o m b i n a t i o n

63 EDUCATIONAL LEVEL T a b u l a t e d d a t a i n T a b l e IT r e v e a l e d a c o n s p i c u o u s d if f e r e n c e betw een d is a b le d three le v e ls

and n o n - d i s a b l e d on e a c h o f t h e

o f e d u c a t io n a l achievem ent

r esu ltin g

in the

h i g h e s t c r i t i c a l r a t i o s and t h e m o s t s i g n i f i c a n t p r o b a b i l i t y v a lu e s of

the e n t i r e

study.

Element a r y 1 - 8 y e a r s . veteran s

( 7 .8 per c e n t)

O n l y 31 o u t o f f o u r h u n d r e d

had f a i l e d

sem ester o f high sc h o o l e d u c a tio n . were d i s a b l e d , cance.

The c r i t i c a l r a t i o

d ifferen ce

Of t h e 31.' a l l b u t t h r e e

a f a c t w h i c h had v e r y h i g h s t a t i s t i c a l o f t h e d i f f e r e n c e was 4 . 7 ,

above th e r e q u i r e d l e v e l o f the

to a c h i e v e a t l e a s t one

con fid en ce

sig n ifi­ far

and c l e a r l y e s t a b l i s h i n g

a s a g e n u i n e o n e n o t due t o s a m p l i n g a c c i d e n t .

T w en ty-eigh t of a l l d is a b le d

( 1 4 . 0 p e r c e n t ) were in th e

e lem en ta ry l e v e l of e d u c a t io n a l achievem ent bu t o n ly th r e e out o f tw o h u n d r e d n o n - d i s a b l e d

(1 .5 per c en t)

had f a i l e d

to e n ter

high sc h o o l. H igh s c h o o l 1 - 4 y e a r s .

Among a l l v e t e r a n s ,

208

(5 2 .0

p e r c e n t ) had e n t e r e d o r g r a d u a t e d f r o m h i g h s c h o o l b u t had not

advanced beyong th e h ig h s c h o o l l e v e l .

T h e r e was a s h a r p

d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n d i s a b l e d and n o n - d i s a b l e d , cen t)

o f t h e f o r m e r and o n l y 7 8

b e i n g on t h i s

ed u cation al le v e l.

1 30

( 3 9 .0 per c e n t )

( 6 5 .0 per

o f the

la tter

The c r i t i c a l r a t i o m e a s u r i n g

TABLE I I A GENERAL COMPARISON OF TWO HUNDRED DISABLED VETERANS WITH TWO HUNDRED NON-DISABLED VETERANS AS TO NUMBER AMD PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS AMONG THE FACTOR INTERVALS OF EDUCATIONAL LEVEL AND MAJOR OR PREFERRED STUDY

T otals

F a c t o r under c o m p a r is o n

Number

D isabled

P er c e n t

Number

N on-disabled

P er c e n t

Number

CR

Per c e n t

T o t a l A l l Numbers

400

1 0 0 .0

200

1 0 0 .0

200

1 0 0 .0

E ducational l e v e l Elem entary 1-8 y r s . High S c h o o l 1 - 4 y r s . C o l l e g e o r Graduate study

31 208 161

7 .8 52.0 40.2

28 130 42

1 4.0 65.0 2 1 .0

3 78 119

1.5 39.0 59.5

4.7 5 .2 7 .8

15.5

23

11.5

39

19.5

2 .2

38.2

79

39.5

74

37.0

0.5

23.3

45

22.5

48

24.0

0.4

7.3

15

7 .5

14

7 .0

0 .2

15.7

38

19.0

25

12.5

1 .8

Major o r p r e f e r r e d s t u d y M a th em a tics and n a t u ? : 162 ral scien ces 153 S o c i a l and g e n e r a l stu d ies 93 Commercial and i n d u s ­ t r i a l arts 29 Language, m u s ic and fin e arts O t h e r f i e l d s and no 63 preference ,

Oi

65 t h e d i f f e r e n c e was u n u s u a l l y h i g h a t 5 , 2 , again st fo r tu ito u s

the p r o b a b ilit y

d i f f e r e n c e b e i n g r o u g h l y two m i l l i o n t o

one. C ollege or graduate s tu d y . had a d v a n c e d t o c o l l e g e cen t)

or g r a d u a te s t u d i e s ,

o f t h e f o u r hundred b e i n g

rep resen tin g the h ig h e st en tire

Two o u t o f

so r e c o r d e d .

f iv e veteran s 16 1

(4 0 .2 £ p er

A d ifferen ce

s t a t is t ic a l sig n ifica n ce

in the

i n v e s t i g a t i o n was o b t a i n e d in a com p arison o f d i s a b l e d

and n o n - d i s a b l e d ,

the

critic a l

p r o b a b i l i t y v a lu e alm ost

ra tio of 7 .8 rep resen tin g a

in ca lcu la b le

and w h i c h w o u l d c a r r y

odds a g a i n s t th e n u l l h y p o t h e s i s c o n s i d e r a b l y in e x c e s s o f f o u r hundred b i l l i o n

to one.

S u c h a h i g h s i g n i f i c a n c e was

m e a s u r e d fro m number and p e r c e n t a g e f r e q u e n c i e s 42

(2 1 .0 per cen t)

graduate l e v e l

of a ll

d i s a b l e d men w e r e

in c o n tr a st to

119

in w hich o n l y

on t h e c o l l e g e o r

(5 9 .5 per cen t)

of th e non­

d isab led . Summary o f e d u c a t i o n a l l e v e l d i f f e r e n c e s . fiv e

(5 9 .5 per cen t)

o f n o n - d i s a b l e d w e r e on t h e c o l l e g e

g ra d u a te l e v e l b u t o n l y one out o f f i v e d i s a b l e d were in t h i s d isa b led fiv e

category.

( 4 0 . 5 p er c e n t ) were

d isab led

(2

1 .0

per c e n t)

of the

f,n o n - c o l i e g e lt b u t f o u r o u t o f

These d i f f e r e n c e s

that the

or

O n l y two o u t o f f i v e n o n ­

( 7 9 . 0 p e r c e n t ) w e r e on t h e e l e m e n t a r y

school le v e ls . sig n ifica n ce

Three out o f

each p o s se ss e d

and h ig h

such high

c o n c l u s i o n m a y b e drawn t h a t t h e

d ifferen ces sam p lin g. tics

c o u ld n o t have a r i s e n b y f I n c t u a t i o n s

due t o

As r e a l and n o t a c c i d e n t a l d i f f e r e n c e s ,

the

sta tis­

in d ic a te th a t p sych on eu rosis occurred w ith g r e a t e s t

f r e q u e n c y among t h o s e o f

elem en tary s c h o o lin g , w ith l e s s e r

b u t s i g n i f i c a n t f r e q u e n c y among t h o s e o f h i g h s c h o o l l e v e l , and t h a t i t s co lleg e

t e n d e n c y t o w a r d n o n - o c c u r r e n c e among t h o s e o f

and g r a d u a t e

s t a t u s was e x t r e m e l y g r e a t .

c o n c l u s i o n may n o t y e t b e j u s t i f i e d ed u cation

form al sc h o o lin g o p era tes even t o

the

th a t a la ck of form al

co n trib u ted to p sy ch o n e u r o sis,

c e r ta in ly strong th a t p o ssessio n

W hile

the su g g e s tio n

is

of the h igh er l e v e ls o f

i n some unknown m ann er and p e r h a p s

some u n m e a s u r a b l e e x t e n t a s a d e t e r r e n t t o o c c u r r e n c e

of p sych on eu rosis.

Because o f th e r ic h p o t e n t i a l i t i e s

for

ca u sal-com p arative r e se a r c h w ith in data a p p erta in in g to e d u c a tio n a l achievem ent,

as su g g e ste d by i t s

s t a t is t ic a l sig n ifica n ce, stu d y o f the

th is

ed u cation al fa c to r

ten other f a c t o r s .

u n u s u a l m ark s o f

i n v e s t i g a t i o n made a d e t a i l e d in i t s

rela tio n sh ip

to th e

F i n d i n g s and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s o f t h e p o s s i b l e

a s s o c i a t i o n o f e d u c a t i o n a l a c h i e v e m e n t w i t h p s y c h o n e u r o s i s fo rm an i m p o r t a n t s e c t i o n o f

th is report for

subsequent p r e s e n ta ­

tion . MAJOR OR PREFERRED STUDY M a t h e m a t i c s and n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s .

Of f o u r h u n d r e d

67 veteran s,

62

(1 5 .5 per cen t)

l i s t e d m a t h e m a t i c s or one o f t h e

n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s a s t h e i r m ajor or p r e f e r r e d s t u d y .

Twenty-

three

(1 1 .5 per c e n t)

o f t h e two h u n d r e d d i s a b l e d

listed

field

as a

i n c o n t r a s t t o 39

cen t)

preference

n o n -d isa b led ,

and t h i s d i f f e r e n c e made f o r

2 .2 or a s ig n ific a n c e

at the 0 .0 3

of a l l v e te r a n s l i s t e d

o f the

a c r it ic a l ra tio

of

le v e l of con fid en ce.

S o c i a l and g e n e r a l s t u d i e s . cen t)

(1 9 .5 per

th is

A t o t a l of

one o f

1 53

( 3 8 .2 per

the s o c i a l or g e n e r a l

s t u d i e s a s a p r e f e r e n c e , t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n d i s a b l e d and n o n -d isa b led not b e in g s i g n if i c a n t (3 9 .5 per cen t)

in t h i s

o f t h e f o r m e r and 74

in stan ce

s i n c e 79

(3 7 .0 per cen t)

l a t t e r made f o r an a l m o s t e q u a l d i s t r i b u t i o n

o f the

o f an e x p r e s s e d

p referen ce• *

C o m m e r c i a l and i n d u s t r i a l a r t s . 93

(2 3 .3 per cen t)

tria l

arts

b u t i o n was

d e s i g n a t e d one o f t h e c o m m e r c i a l o r i n d u s ­

as a major or p r e f e r r e d

study.

Because the d i s t r i ­

f a i r l y , e q u a l , t h e r e was n o s i g n i f i c a n t

i n t h i s p r e f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e 45 t h e 48

Among a l l v e t e r a n s ,

(2 2 .5 per cen t)

d ifferen ce d i s a b l e d and

(24.0 per cen t) n o n -d isa b le d . L a n g u a g e , m u s i c , and f i n e

per c en t of a l l )

who l i s t e d

lan gu age, m u sic,

or t h e fin e

among 15 d i s a b l e d

arts.

a preferred arts,

The 29 v e t e r a n s

(7 .3

study r e la t e d to

was a l m o s t e v e n l y d i v i d e d

and 14 n o n - d i s a b l e d and f o r t h a t

r e a s o n no

68 s i g n i f i c a n c e may be a t t a c h e d t o t h e O ther f i e l d s (1 5 .7 per c en t)

slig h t

and no p r e f e r e n c e .

fa iled

d ifferen ce.

Of f o u r h u n d r e d , 63

t o name a p r e f e r e n c e o r named some

c l e a r l y u n usual s u b j e c t w h ich c o u ld n o t e a s i l y f i t o f t h e more g e n e r a l f i e l d s .

More o f t h e

d i s a b l e d were r e c o r d e d in t h i s o f t h e f o i m e r and 25 c r it ic a l ra tio of

1

n u l l h y p o th e sis of con fid en ce.

(12.5 per cen t)

. 8 , however,

the

one

d i s a b l e d than non­ 38 ( 1 9 . 0 p e r c e n t )

of the l a t t e r .

The lo w

a llo w ed f o r r e j e c t i o n o f the

chance d i f f e r e n c e

T herefore,

make t h e d i f f e r e n c e

category,

in to

o n ly at the 0 .0 8 l e v e l o f

WP W v a l u e was n o t a d e q u a t e t o

s i g n i f i c a n t a t an a c c e p t a b l e

Summary o f d i f f e r e n c e s

lev e l.

in major or p r e f e r r e d

study.

The

major o r p r e f e r r e d s t u d y o f f o u r hundred v e t e r a n s ,

grouped

in to f iv e

of preference

c la ss-in te rv a ls,

r e v e a l e d o n l y o ne f i e l d

w h e r e t h e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t

d i f f e r e n c e between d is a b l e d

n o n -d isa b led .

W hile c l o s e

s im ila r it y p rev a iled

d istrib u tio n s,

t h e r e w as a s l i g h t

(19.5

of

More o f t h e

con fid en ce.

per c e n t),

in most o f t h e

s h u n n i n g away f r o m m a t h e m a t i c s

and n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s b y t h e d i s a b l e d to n on -d isab led

(1 1 .5 per c e n t)

sig n ifica n t

com p ared

at the 0 .0 3 l e v e l

d is a b le d than n o n - d is a b le d f a i l e d

t o name a p r e f e r e n c e o r named an u n u s u a l s u b j e c t b u t t h i s d i f f e r e n c e was n o t confi dence•

and

sig n ifica n t

a t an a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l o f

69 LEVEL OP PRE-WAR OCCUPATION P r o fe s s io n a l, m an agerial, o f f i c i a l . (8 .3 per cen t) serv ice

of a l l v e t e r a n s p r i o r to m i l i t a r y or n a v a l

had b e e n e m p l o y e d i n p r o f e s s i o n a l ,

m anagerial,

and o f f i c i a l o c c u p a t i o n s .

t h e 33 w as 15 ( 7 . 5 p e r c e n t ) per cen t)

of

T h irty -th ree

of a ll

a l l non -d isab led ,

se m i-p ro fessio n a l,

Sin ce d i s t r i b u t io n of

d i s a b l e d and 18 ( 9 . 0

t h e d i f f e r e n c e was n o t s i g n i f i ­

cant. S a le s , c l e r i c a l , se rv ic e w orkers. emergency d u ty ,

10 3

(2 5 .7 per ce n t)

B e f o r e t h e i r war

o f a l l v e t e r a n s had b e e n

e n g a g e d i n o n e o f t h e many f o r m s o f s a l e s , service vocation s.

S l i g h t l y more o f

per c e n t) than n o n -d is a b le d em ployed, of

but the d if f e r e n c e

c le r ic a l,

the d i s a b l e d

(5 7 o r 2 8 . 5

(47 o r 2 3 . 0 p e r c e n t ) w ere th u s accounted f o r a c r i t i c a l r a t i o

o n l y 1 . 3 or p r o b a b i l i t y v a l u e o f 0 , 2 0 and t h i s

a llow fo r r e j e c t i o n

or

of th e n u l l h y p o t h e s is

did n ot

a t an a c c e p t a b l e

le v e l of con fid en ce. S k i l l e d and s e m i - s k i l l e d . (3 0 .5 per c e n t) sk illed

o f a l l v e t e r a n s w e r e e n g a g e d i n o ne o f t h e

or s e m i - s k i l l e d

the d is a b le d

(68

t r a d e s p r i o r t o war s e r v i c e .

or 3 4 .0 per

2 7 . 0 p er c e n t ) were in t h i s sig n ified

One h u n d r e d and t w e n t y - t w o

cent)

than n o n - d is a b le d

More o f (54 o r

category but the c r i t i c a l r a tio

t h e num ber o f s t a n d a r d e r r o r s

as 1 .5 .

Sin ce t h i s

70 m e a n t t h a t t h e r e w e r e s l i g h t l y o v e r 13 c h a n c e s i n o ne h u n d r e d that

the d i f f e r e n c e

c o u l d h a v e a r i s e n due t o

p r o b a b ilit y value bein g 0 * 1 3 4 ), r e j e c t i o n c o u l d n o t b e c l a i m e d a t an a c c e p t a b l e A ll other l e v e l s . o f f o u r hundred v e t e r a n s than th o s e c l a s s i f i e d More o f

the h y p o t h e s is

l e v e l o f con fid en ce.

A r e m a i n d e r o f 142

(3 5 .5 per c en t)

had p r e - w a r e m p lo y m e n t i n l e v e l s o t h e r

(82 o r 4 1 . 0 per c e n t ) w ere in t h i s

pre-w ar o c c u p a tio n a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

factors

than d i s a b l e d

P e r h a p s t h i s w as due more t o

The 2 . 3

such criti­

had s i g n i f i c a n c e a t t h e 0 . 0 3 l e v e l o f c o n f i d e n c e .

Summary o f d i f f e r e n c e s There were no s i g n i f i c a n t d isab led

(60 o r 3 0 . 0

in flu en ces of

as age than to p s y c h o n e u r o s is per s e .

cal ra tio

(the

o r t h e y w e r e s t u d e n t s and u n e m p l o y e d .

the n o n - d is a b le d

per c e n t ) .

of

sam pling

i n p r e - war o c c u p a t i o n a l l e v e l .

d i f f e r e n c e s b e t w e e n d i s a b l e d and n o n ­

in t h e i r pre-w ar o c c u p a tio n a l l e v e l s ,

la st factor

in terv a l

that d iffe r e n c e

except

i n w h i c h an e x p l a n a t i o n i s

for th e

offered for

in t h e paragraph irh m ed iately a b o v e.

LENGTH OP TIME IN PRE-WAR OCCUPATION None, or s t u d e n t . of

One h u n d r e d and two

a l l v e t e r a n s had n o t b e e n e m p l o y e d f o r

o f t i m e p r i o r t o war s e r v i c e .

(2 5 .5 per c e n t)

any m ea su ra b le l e n g t h

T h e r e was a d i s t i n c t i v e - d i f f e r e n c e

i n number and p e r c e n t a g e f r e q u e n c i e s b e t w e e n d i s a b l e d

(34 or

TABLE I I I . A GENERAL COMPARISON OP TWO HUNDRED DISABLED VETERANS WITH TWO HUNDRED NON-DISABLED VETERANS AS TO NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS AMONG THE FACTOR INTERVALS OP PRE-WAR OCCUPATION

F a c t o r under consid eration

T otals Number

T o t a l 411 Numbers L e v e l o f pre-war occupation P r o f•-M a n .-O ffi. Sales, c li n ic a l, service S k i l l e d and s e m i ­ sk illed A ll other l e v e ls Length o f tim e in p r e ­ war o c c u p a t i o n None, o r s t u d e n t Under one y e a r One y e a r and o v e r

D isabled

P er c e n t

Number

Non- d i s a b l e d

Per c e n t

Number

OR

Per c en t

400

1 0 0 .0

200

1 0 0 .0

200

1 0 0 .0

33 103

8.3 25.7

15 57

7 .5 28.5

18 46

9.0 23.0

0.5 1.3

122

30.5

68

34.0

54

27.0

1.5

142

35.5

60

30.0

82

41.0

2 .3

102

25.5 21.3 53.2

• 34 44

17.0

68

2 2 .0

61.0

34.0 20.5 45.5

0 .1

122

41 91

85 213

3.9 3.1

-5 H

1 7 .0 per cen t) category.

and n o n - d i s a b l e d

or 5 4 .0 per c en t)

(68

The h i g h c r i t i c a l r a t i o o f 3 . 9

o f a real d ifferen ce

at the

0 .0 0 0 1

in th is

c a lle d fo r acceptance

le v e l o f con fid en ce,

the

p r o b a b i l i t y b e i n g more t h a n t e n t h o u s a n d t o o n e a g a i n s t a chance d i f f e r e n c e due to sa m p lin g . Under one y e a r

.

E ig h ty -fiv e

v e t e r a n s had b e e n e m p l o y e d l e s s serv ice.

(2 1 .3 per cen t) o f a l l

than one y e a r b e f o r e

T h e r e was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n t h i s

betw een d i s a b l e d

(44 o r 2 2 . 0 p e r c e n t )

en terin g category

and n o n - d i s a b l e d

(41

or 2 0 .5 per c e n t). One y e a r a n d o v e r . or 53.2 per c en t) p r io r to s e r v i c e . 6 1 .0 per cen t)

(213

had b e e n em ployed f o r one y e a r o r l o n g e r The d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n d i s a b l e d

and n o n - d i s a b l e d

s i g n i f i c a n t a t the b ein g 3 .1 ,

More t h a n h a l f o f a l l v e t e r a n s

0 .0 0 2

(122 or

( 9 1 o r 4 5 . 5 p e r c e n t ) w as

le v e l o f con fid en ce,

the c r i t i c a l

ra tio

and o d d s a g a i n s t t h e h y p o t h e s i s b e i n g a b o u t 5 1 5 t o

one. Summary o f d i f f e r e n c e s Grouping t h e l a s t

two i n t e r v a l s

f o u n d t h a t among d i s a b l e d , p r io r to s e r v ic e .

i n l e n g t h o f p re -w a r em ploym ent. i n T ab le I I I as o n e ,

i t was

1 7 p e r c e n t ha d n o t b e e n e m p l o y e d

I t was a l s o s e e n t h a t among n o n - d i s a b l e d ,

3 4 p e r c e n t h a d n o t b e e n e m p l o y e d and em ployed b e f o r e e n t e r i n g s e r v i c e .

66

p e r c e n t had b een

Both d i f f e r e n c e s p o s s e s s e d

75

high s i g n i f i c a n c e s t a t i s t i c a l l y .

An in t e r p r e t a t i o n o f such

d ata, however, cannot be made apart from such combination o f fa c t o r s as p r e - s e r v ic e age, p r e - s e r v ic e ed u ca tion al a c h ie v e ­ ment, and p r e - s e r v ic e m a r ita l s t a t u s , none o f which are a v a i l ­ a b le f o r c o n sid e r a tio n in t h i s report*

I t would indeed be

f a c e t io u s to claim simply on the b a s is of s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i ­ c a n tly f ig u r e s in Table I I I th a t psychoneurosis was caused by b eing employed f o r one year or more, or th a t a person would have a two to one chance o f avoid in g i t by not b ein g employed at a l i i

LEVEL OP POST-WAR OCCUPATION P r o f e s s i o n a l , m anagerial, o f f i c i a l *

T hirty-on e (7*8 per

ce n t) o f a l l veteran s had been employed i n p r o f e s s io n a l, sem ip r o f e s s i o n a l , m anagerial, or o f f i c i a l d u t ie s s in c e d isch arge from s e r v ic e and p r io r to t h e i r guidance reco rd s.

Fewer o f the

d is a b le d (11 or 5 .5 per cen t) were among t h i s number than was tru e o f the twenty n o n -d isa b led , or te n per cent o f th e two hundred.

The d if f e r e n c e represen ted by a c r i t i c a l r a t i o o f 1 . 7 ,

however, was inadequate fo r s i g n i f i c a n c e , b ein g a t the 0 .0 9 le v e l. S a l e s , c l e r i c a l , s e r v ic e workers.

One hundred and e le v e n

or 2 7 .7 per cent of a l l veteran s had post-w ar employment i n some phase o f s a l e s , c l e r i c a l , or s e r v ic e work.

S ca r c e ly a d i f f e r e n c e

TABLE IV

A GENERAL COMPARISON OP TWO HUNDRED DISABLED VETERANS WITH TWO HUNDRED NON-DISABLED VETERANS AS TO NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS AMONG THE FACTOR INTERVALS OP POST-WAR OCCUPATION

Factor under comparison

Total AH Numbers

Totals

Disabled

Number

Per cent

Number

400

100.0

200

31 111

7.8 27.7

Non- disabled

Per cent

CK

Number

Per cent

100.0

200

100.0

11 56

5.5 28.0

20 55

10.0 27.5

1.7 0.1

Level of post-war occupation Prof. -Man. -Off i . S a les, c l e r ic a l service S k illed and semi­ s k ille d A ll other le v e ls

120

30.0

75

37.5

45

22,5

3.3

138

34.5

58

29.0

80

40.0

2.3

Time in one occupation (post-war) None, or student Under one year One year and over

95 214 91

23.8 53.5 22.7

32 116 52

16.0 58.0 26.0

63 98 39

31.5 49.0 19.5

3.6 1.8 1.6

75

a t a l l was noted i n the d i s t r i b u t i o n among d is a b le d (56 or 28*0 per cen t) and n o n -d isab led (55 or 2 7 .5 per c e n t ) . S k i ll e d and semi- s k i l l e d .

An even t h i r t y per cen t or

one hundred and twenty o f the fou r hundred veteran s found p o s t­ war employment i n s k i l l e d and s e m i - s k i l l e d tr a d e s .

Seventy-

f i v e (3 7 .5 per cen t) o f a l l d is a b le d were thus employed compared to only 45 (2 2 .5 per cent) o f n o n -d isa b led .

The c r i t i c a l r a t io

o f 3 .3 measured the d if f e r e n c e as s i g n i f i c a n t a t the 0.0 01 l e v e l , the odds being about one thousand to one a g a in st the h y p o t h e s is • A ll oth er l e v e l s .

One hundred and t h i r t y - e i g h t o f the

fou r hundred veteran s e it h e r had not been employed s in c e d i s ­ charge, or were f u l l - t i m e s tu d e n ts , or had a m iscella n eo u s job c la ssific a tio n .

F i f t y - e i g h t (2 9 .0 per c e n t) of th e d isa b le d

and e ig h ty (4 0 .0 per cen t) o f th e n on -d isab led were scored i n t h i s s t e p - i n t e r v a l , the c r i t i c a l r a t io o f 2 .3 re p r e se n tin g s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e at b e t t e r than the 0 .0 3 l e v e l , the odds a g a in st a c c id e n ta l d if f e r e n c e being about 45 to one. Summary o f d if f e r e n c e s i n post-w ar occu p atio n a l l e v e l .

M M M n w sc n aB H S ).

am van.

i—i

i---------------- -— ---------------———---------

«m m m »

SBm m m w h

o m m m m

sB aM M B M aaB

S t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e was a tta ch ed to th e f a c t th a t three out o f e ig h t d isa b le d veteran s (75 or 3 7 .5 per cen t) had been employed s in c e d isch arg e in the s k i l l e d or s e m i - s k il l e d trades compared to l e s s than two out of e ig h t n o n -d isab led (45 or 2 2 .5 per c e n t ) .

While such data could not j u s t i f y l i s t i n g o f

76

post-w ar v o ca tio n as a c o n tr ib u tin g f a c t o r to p sy ch o n eu ro sis, i t d id in d ic a t e th a t a person d isa b le d by psychoneurosis w i l l more l i k e l y seek employment i n one of th e s k i l l e d or semi­ s k i l l e d tr a d e s.

Some s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e but probably

l i t t l e ca u sa l s i g n i f i c a n c e was found in the f a c t th a t fou r out of te n n on -d isa b led veteran s were c l a s s i f i e d ”A11 o th er l e v e l s , ” (th a t i s , they had not been employed s in c e d isc h a r g e , were f u l l - t i m e stu d e n ts , or had a m iscella n eo u s job t i t l e ) , compared to three out o f te n d isa b le d In t h i s ca te g o r y .

LENGTH OP TIME IN POST-WAR 0G.eUPKI0N None, or s tu d e n t.

Of a l l v e te r a n s , 95 (23*8 per cent)

had had no post-w ar work exp erience e i t h e r because o f d i s a b i l i t y , la c k o f op p ortu n ity, in e x p e r ie n c e , engaged f u l l - t i m e i n sc h o o lin g , or f o r some other rea so n .

Rather h igh s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e

may be a ttach ed to th e f a c t th a t on ly 32 (1 6 .0 per ce n t) o f a l l d isa b le d were i n t h i s c la s s compared to 63 (3 1 .5 per c e n t) o f a l l n o n -d isa b led .

The odds a g a in st the h y p o th e sis o f no true

d if f e r e n c e were more than th ree thousand to one, as a c r i t i c a l r a t i o of 3 .6 c a lle d fo r i t s r e j e c t i o n a t th e 0 .0 004 l e v e l o f c o n fid e n c e . Under one y ea r .

More than h a l f o f a l l v etera n s had worked

f o r l e s s than one year between date of d isch a rg e and the time o f t h e i r v o c a tio n a l guidance reco rd s, 214 (5 3 .5 per ce n t) being

77

so recorded.

In t h i s ca tegory th e frequency d i s t r i b u t i o n

favored the d is a b le d (116 or 5 8.0 per ce n t) over the non­ d isa b le d (98 or 4 9 .0 per c e n t ) , but there were e ig h t chances out o f a hundred th a t the d if f e r e n c e could have been a c c id e n t a l, the c r i t i c a l r a t i o o f 1 .8 f a l l i n g somewhat sh ort o f an a c c e p t­ ab le l e v e l o f s ig n if ic a n c e * One year and o v e r .

Ninety-one (2 2 .7 per cen t) o f a l l

veteran s had worked fo r one year or lo n g er between date o f d isch arg e and time o f guidance.

While frequency o f occurrence

a gain favored the d is a b le d (52 or 2 6 .0 per cen t) over non­ d isa b le d (39 or 1 9 .5 per c e n t ) , s t a t i s t i c a l l y such d if f e r e n c e could have obtained f o r t u i t o u s l y e le v e n times out o f a hundred so th e c r i t i c a l r a t i o of 1 .6 was la c k in g i n requ ired s i g n i f i ­ cance. Summary o f d if f e r e n c e s i n le n g th o f p o s t -war employment. Rather high s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e was claimed fo r the fin d in g th a t th e n on -d isa b led w ith a two to one frequency over the d is a b le d , 63 (3 1 .5 per ce n t) to 32 (1 6 .0 per c e n t ) , r e ­ s p e c t i v e l y , had not had post-w ar employment.

Grouping the l a s t

two f a c t o r - i n t e r v a l s of Table IV as one i n t e r v a l , i t was a ls o found th a t 168 (84 per c e n t) o f a l l d is a b le d veteran s had had post-w ar employment p r io r to guidance but on ly 137 (6 8 .5 per cen t) o f th e n on -d isab led had sought and found employment. This grouped data had th e same s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e as the

78

f i r s t i n t e r v a l , namely a new c r i t i c a l r a t i o of 3*6, j u s t i f y i n g acceptance o f a true d i f f e r e n c e a t the 0.0004 l e v e l o f c o n f i ­ dence.

The co n clu sio n was th a t d is a b le d veteran s sought and

found post-w ar employment p r io r to guidance w ith much g r e a te r frequency than n o n -d isa b led .

Whether psychoneurotic d i s a b i l i t y

encouraged or d eterred job achievement cannot be d e f i n i t e l y answered, but i t can be s a id th a t the v etera n w ith psychoneurosis obtained employment w ith co n sid era b ly g r e a te r frequency than the n o n -d isa b led .

Thus, psychoneurosis when blended w ith such

in flu e n c e s as age l e v e l , m a rita l s t a t u s , and dependency s t a t u s , apparently was no b a r r ie r to j o b - g e t t i n g .

VOCATIONAL OBJECTIVES MOST FREQUENTLY CHOSEN E ngineer.

T h ir ty -n in e (9 .8 per c e n t) o f four hundred

v etera n s chose a v o c a tio n a l o b j e c t iv e in the en gin eerin g f i e l d s . T h irty-on e o f th e two hundred d is a b le d (1 5 .5 per cen t) were i n t h i s group but only e ig h t ( 4 .0 per cen t) o f the d is a b le d chose and en gin eerin g o b j e c t i v e .

This d i f f e r e n c e was very

s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e 0.0001 l e v e l , th e c r i t i c a l r a t io o f 3 .9 s u g g e stin g odds a g a in st th e n u ll h y p o th e sis o f more than te n thousand to one. Junior E x e c u tiv e .

T h i r t y - f i v e ( 8 .7 per c e n t) o f a l l

vetera n s chose to t r a in fo r one o f the many types of e x e c u tiv e

TABLE V

A GENERAL COMPARISON OP TWO HUNDRED DISABLED VETERANS WITH TWO HUNDRED NON-DISABLED VETERANS AS TO NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS AMONG THE. VOCATIONAL OBJEC­ TIVES MOST FREQUENTLY CHOSEN

Factor under comparison

Totals Humber Per cent

Disabled Number Per cent

Non-disabled Number Per cent

Total A ll lumbers

400

100.0

200

100.0

200

100.0

Vocational o b jectiv es most frequently chosen Engineer Jr. Executive Hepairmen -Me chan i c Teacher Accountant Salesman Bldg. Tradesman Clerk A ll other ob jectiv es

39 35 28 23 19 19 16 12 209

9.8 8.7 7.0 5.7 4.8 4.8 4.0 3.0 52.2

8 13 28 5 9 10 12 7 108

4.0 6.5 14.0 2 .5 4.5 5.0 6.0 3.5 54.0

31 22 0 18 10 9 4 5 101

15.5 11.0 0.0 9.0 5.0 4.5 2.0 2.5 50.5

CR

3.9 1.6 5.5 2.8 0.2 0.2 2 .0 0.6 0.7

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noted as unusual th a t a l l but 5 2 . 2 'per cen t of; th e veteran s sampled could be c l a s s i f i e d v o c a t io n a l l y w ith in th e e ig h t f i e l d s p r e v io u s ly d is c u s s e d .

;*-

There was no s i g n i f i c a n t d i s t r i ­

b ution f o r th e se 209, th ere being 108 (5 4 .0 per ce n t) d is a b le d and. 101 (5 0 .5 per, cen t) n o n -d isa b le d . Summary o f d i f f e r e n c e s among v o c a tio n a l o b j e c t i v e s ♦ Three v o c a tio n a l o b j e c t iv e s stoo d out w ith s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s i n frequency and percentage d i s t r i b u t i o n s , repairman-mechanic, en gin eer, and te a c h e r , in order o f s t a t i s t i c a l im portance. The d i f f e r e n c e among th o se s e l e c t i n g one o f the b u ild in g tra d es was: somewhat low i n s i g n i f i c a n c e , and th e remaining v o c a tio n a l c a t e g o r ie s were d e f i n i t e l y i n s i g n i f i c a n t .

The c o n c lu sio n was

th a t p sych o n eu ro sis, to g e th e r w ith such oth er f a c t o r s as age, ed u cation , and m arital s t a t u s ,.a p p a r e n t l y had a p o s i t i v e in flu e n c e on s e l e c t i o n o f repairman-mechanic v o c a tio n s ,, but ap p aren tly had a n e g a tiv e in flu e n c e on s e l e c t i o n o f en g in eerin g and te a ch in g o b j e c t i v e s .

L ik ew ise, th er e may have a ls o been a

p o s i t i v e in flu e n c e o f l e s s e r degree encouraging s e l e c t i o n of v o c a tio n a l o b j e c t iv e s i n b u ild in g and c o n str u c tio n f i e l d .

SUMMARY OP CHAPTER I I I Having completed th e gen eral comparison between d is a b le d and n on -d isab led w ith r e fe r e n c e to th e te n f a c t o r s on which each o f fou r hundred veteran s were measured, the fin d in g s of Chapter

86

I I I , based upon s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t data may be summarized as f o l l o w s : 1.

Chronological- age ap p aren tly was one f a c t o r to be

a s s o c ia t e d w ith psych oneurosis as evidenced by h igh prevalen ce o f o ld er veteran s among th e d isa b le d and h ig h p revalen ce o f younger veteran s among the n o n -d isa b led . 2 . - Veterans w ith psychoneurosis tended toward marriage and a ls o tended toward d iv o r c e -s e p a r a tio n w ith g r e a te r f r e ­ quency than n o n -d isab led v e te r a n s . 3.

Veterans w ith psych oneurosis tended to have'one

•

or more persons dependent upon them f o r support but the nond isa b le d tended not to have such dependents. 4.

Psychoneurosis occurred w ith g r e a t e s t frequency among

th ose o f elem entary s c h o o lin g , with l e s s e r but s t i l l pronounced frequency among th o se of h igh sch o o l l e v e l , but I t had a sharp frequency toward non-occurrence among th o se o f c o l l e g e or graduate sta n d in g .

The bas:is was l a i d f o r t h i s stu d y to e n t a i l

fu r th e r I n v e s t ig a t io n o f th e p o s s ib l e a s s o c i a t i o n of ed u ca tion al achievement w ith psycho n eu ro sis and o th er common f a c t o r s . 5.

With c lo s e s i m i l a r i t y p r e v a ilin g among most d i s t r i ­

b u tio n s as to major or p referred s t u d ie s , an avoidance o f mathematics and n atu ral s c ie n c e s by th e p sych on eu rotics was' noted, but a t a ra th er low l e v e l . 6 ., There were no o b v io u sly important d if f e r e n c e s in pre-war o ccu p a tion al l e v e l .

87

7.

Veterans w ith psychoneurosis u s u a lly had been

employed g a i n f u l l y fo r a c o n sid e r a b le le n g th o f time p r io r to m i l i t a r y or naval s e r v ic e , but n o n -d isab led v e te r a n s had been so employed w ith much l e s s frequency, d o u b tless due i n p art to t h e i r y o u th fu l age* 8.

A vetera n d isa b le d by psychoneurosis tended upon

d isch arg e to seek and f in d employment in one o f th e s k i l l e d or s e m i - s k i l l e d trad es w ith much g r e a te r frequency than th e non­ d is a b le d veteran* 9.

P sych on eu rosis, when blended w ith such in flu e n c e s

as age l e v e l , m a rita l s t a t u s , and dependency s t a t u s , ap paren tly was no b a r r ie r to j o b - g e t t i n g , as evidenced by d is a b le d veteran s a c t u a l ly o b ta in in g post-w ar employment w ith g r e a te r frequency than n o n -d isa b le d .

Job l o n g e v it y d i f f e r e n c e s

fa v o r in g th e d isa b le d were o f low s i g n i f i c a n c e , however* 10*

P sych on eu ro sis, when considered w ith such oth er

f a c t o r s as age, ed u cation , and m a r ita l s t a t u s , ap paren tly had a p o s i t i v e in flu e n c e on s e l e c t i o n o f th e v o c a tio n a l o b j e c t iv e o f repairman-mechanic, but ap paren tly had a n e g a tiv e in flu e n c e on s e l e c t i o n of en g in eerin g and te a ch in g p r o f e s s io n s .

CHAPTER IV

RELATIONSHIP OF PSYCHONEUROSIS TO TEN OTHER FACTORS MEASURED BY DEGREES OF DISABILITY Having completed the gen eral comparison between d is a b le d and n on -d isab led by u sin g th e te n f a c t o r s on which both groups were measured, the next ste p in v o lv e d th e i n t r o ­ d u c tio n o f an e le v e n th f a c t o r which ap p lied only to the two hundred d isab led *

This fa c t o r was th e amount or degree o f

psychoneurosis which eadh d isa b le d v etera n possessed*

MEASURING TEE DEGREES OF PSYCHONEUROSIS The E leventh f a c t o r *

The r e la t io n s h i p o f psycho­

n eu ro sis to th e oth er te n f a c t o r s was measured by degrees of d i s a b i l i t y , and in d oing so th e q u e stio n was answered as to whether th ere were any s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s among the two hundred w ith r e fere n c e to s e v e r i t y o f psychoneurosis*

The

q u e stio n was d e a lt w ith under guidance o f a double assumption: 1.

I f and where s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s might occur,

the im p lic a tio n would be th a t th e two hundred d isa b le d ought to be separated in to more homogeneous sub-groups o f th a t f a c t o r or f a c t o r s f o r fu r th e r study* 2.

Providing th er e were only a few s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s

i n d egrees o f d i s a b i l i t y as r e la t e d to oth er f a c t o r s , then the

89

c o n d itio n o f psychoneurosis per s e would be e s t a b lis h e d as a more r e l i a b l e dichotomous p o in t fo r cau sal-com parative a n a ly s is than i t s varying degrees of s e v e r i t y .

Such a r e s u l t would

thus enhance the importance o f comparative data i n Tables I through V. S e v e r it y o f psychoneurosis compared as th ree v a r ia b le s and as two v a r i a b l e s »

The i n v e s t i g a t i o n reported in t h i s

chapter was conducted by a s e r i e s o f double comparisons, Tables VI through XV b ein g p aired c o n s e c u t iv e ly .

Tables VI

and V II, f o r example, both have age groups, m arital s t a t u s , and dependency s t a t u s , as the row f a c t o r s . ta b le s t h e r e a f t e r has I d e n t i c a l f a c t o r s .

Each s e t o f two A ll even-numbered

ta b le s (VI, V III, X, XII, and XIV), show by th ree column v a r ia b le s th e d i s t r i b u t i o n s of d egrees o f d i s a b i l i t y among vario u s s o c io -p e r s o n a l t r a i t s , th e d if f e r e n c e s b eing t e s t e d fo r s i g n i f i c a n c e by th e ch i square tech n iq u e.

A ll odd-num­

bered ta b le s (VII, IX, XI, X III, and XV) p resen t d i s t r i b u t io n s o f s e v e r i t y of d i s a b i l i t y grouped on ly as two c a t e g o r i e s , mild and m od erate-severe, th e d if f e r e n c e s being t e s t e d by c r it ic a l r a tio . Use o f t h i s sytem of double comparison served th ree ad vantages.

F i r s t , th e chi square technique allow ed f o r com­

p u ta tio n o f a c o e f f i c i e n t o f contingency which became a v e r i t a b l e c o r r e la t io n t e s t i n g th e str e n g th o f a s s o c i a t i o n

90

between an e n t ir e f a c t o r and the th ree degrees o f d i s a b i l i t y . Second, as a double-check;:the c r i t i c a l r a t io technique then allowed fo r s p e c i f i c s t e p - i n t e r v a l s o f a f a c t o r to be t e s t e d by sharpening the focu s o f i n v e s t i g a t i o n upon only two degrees o f d i s a b i l i t y . Third, the v er b a l a sp e c t o f r e p o r tin g was co n sid era b ly shortened because data from i d e n t i c a l row v a r ia b le s i n th e paired t a b le s could be noted a t a glan ce as to i t s p o s s ib le sig n ific a n c e ,

THE TEN FACTORS AS RELATED TO SEVERITY OF PSYCHONEUROSIS Age groups,

From Table VI th e s tr e n g th o f a s s o c i a t i o n

between the th ree age groups and th e th ree degrees o f d i s a b i l i t y was found to be ra th e r low, th e c o r r e l a t i o n (c o rrec ted c o e f f i ­ c ie n t of con tin gen cy) being on ly 0 .2 2 as computed from a ch i square o f 5 ,9 0 , which, when read a t four degrees o f freedom^ showed a p r o b a b ilit y o f twenty chances out o f a hundred th a t the n u ll h y p o th e sis could be c o r r e c t .

T e stin g the age fa c to r

fu r th e r by going t o Table VII, a s l i g h t tendency f o r younger v eteran s to be moderately or s e v e r e ly d isa b le d rath er than m ild ly d is a b le d was noted to g e th e r w ith a r e v erse tendency

^ See fo o tn o te 38, Chapter I I , f o r formula and ex p la n a tio n .

TABLE VI THE DEGREES OP DISABILITY OP TWO HUNDRED DISABLED VETERANS AS DISTRIBUTED AMONG FACTOR INTERVALS OF AGE, MARITAL STATUS, AND DEPENDENCY STATUS

Factor under comparison

Total All Numbers

Totals Number 200

Age * 51 24 and younger 66 25-29 in c lu siv e 30 and older 83 Marital statu s ” Single 65 112 Married Divorced or 23 separated Dependency statu s’9*"^ None 70 Spouse,children, 112 others Mother 18

Per cent

Mild 10-20$ Number Per cent

Moderate 30-40$ Number . Per cent

Severe 50-100$ Number Per cent

100.0

99

100.0

67

100.0

34

100.0

25.5 33.0 41,5

20 34 45

20.2 34.4 45.4

19 20 28

28.4 29.8 41.8

12 12 10

35.3 35.3 29.4

32.5 56.0 11, 5

34 55 10

34.4 55.5 10.1

22 36 9

32.8 53.7 13.5

9 21 4

26.4 61.8 11.8

35.0 56.0

40 51

40,4 51,5

22 39

32.9 58.2

8 22

23.5 64.7

9.0

8

8.1

6

8,9

4

11,8

* Chi square value i s 5.90; P = 0.20; corrected C ± 0.22 for tab le with three c la s s e s Grouped in to two c la s s e s ,( S in g le and M arried-Div.-Sep.) , x2 = 2.83; P = 0*25; corrected C = 0 ,1 7 . _ Grouped in to two classes,(N one and one or more), C“ 0.19•

3.37; P = 0.18; corrected co

H

TABLE VII THE DISABILITY EATINGS OP TWO HUNDRED DISABLED VETERANS (GROUPED IN TWO CATEGORIES) AS DISTRIBUTED AMONG FACTOR INTERVALS OP AGE, MARITAL STATUS AND DEPENDENCY STATUS

Factor under comparison

Total A ll Numbers 24 and younger 25-29 in c lu siv e 30 and older Marital statu s Single Married Divorced or separated Dependency statu s None One or more

Totals

Mild 10-20$ Number Per cent

Moderate-Severe 30-100$ Number Per cent

CR

Number

Per cent

200

100.0

99

100.0

101

100.0

51 66 83

25.5 33.0 41.5

20 34 45

20.2 34.4 45.4

31 32 38

30.6 31.7 37.7

1 .6 X 1.1

65 112 23

32.5 56.0 11.5

34 55 10

34.4 55.5 10.1

31 57 13

30.6 56.5 12 • 9

X T'X X

70 130

35,0 65.0

40 59

40.4 59.6

30 71

29.7 71.3

1.5 1 .5

x - C r itic a l Ratio fa r below acceptable lev el*

95

on th e part o f th ose t h i r t y and older*

D esp ite such s u g g e s tiv e

d a ta , however, i n each in s ta n c e th e c r i t i c a l r a t i o and P va lu es were below a c c e p ta b le l e v e l s o f s i g n i f i c a n c e .

The chi

square and c r i t i c a l r a t io t e s t s were thus in agreement and very l i t t l e p o s i t i v e c o r r e la t io n could be claimed between ag© groups and d egrees o f psychoneurosis* M arital s t a t u s *

A comparison o f ch i square and c r i t i c a l

r a t io r e s u l t s f o r the m arital s t a t u s f a c t o r i n Tables VI and VII in d ic a te d th a t th e a s s o c i a t i o n between t h i s f a c t o r and degrees o f d i s a b i l i t y was very s l i g h t .

The p r o b a b ilit y was

th a t the d i f f e r e n c e s could have a r i s e n by chance i n about 25 tim es out o f a hundred and the c r i t i c a l r a t io s on th e th ree s t e p - i n t e r v a l s were so snail as not to be record ed . Dependency s t a t u s *

Table VI showed a c o r r e la t io n value

o f 0 .1 9 ob tained from a ch i square o f 3 .3 7 which had a prob­ a b i l i t y v a lu e o f about 0 .1 8 in d ic a t in g a ra th e r low str e n g th o f a s s o c i a t i o n between dependency s ta tu s and three degrees of p sy c h o n e u r o sis.

^Ihen the degrees o f d i s a b i l i t y were reduced

to two i n Table VII, th e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f the d if f e r e n c e s was more n o tic e a b le but th e c r i t i c a l r a t io s o f 1 .5 and p r o b a b i l i t i e s of about 0 .1 4 were s t i l l below s i g n i f i c a n t l e v e l s .

Although

the s i g n i f i c a n c e was s t a t i s t i c a l l y q u e s tio n a b le , the f a c t s were I n t e r e s t i n g th a t almost two out of th ree (6 4 .7 per c e n t)

94

o f th e s e v e r e ly d isa b le d had spouse or o th er dependents and 1 1 ,8 per cent of them had wmotherw as a dependent, le a v in g o n ly 2 3 .5 per cent o f a l l s e v e r e ly d isa b le d w ithout a t l e a s t one person l i s t e d as a dependent.

This l a t t e r percentage

(2 3 ,5 per c e n t) may be c o n tr a ste d w ith 45 per cent f o r a l l v e te r a n s , 35 per cent f o r a l l d is a b le d , 55 per cent f o r a l l n o n -d isa b led , 3 2.9 per cen t fo r the m oderately d isa b le d , and 4 0 .4 per ce n t foj? th e m ild ly d isa b le d who were a l s o l i s t e d w ithout any dependents. E ducational l e v e l .

Prom Tahle VIII I t was noted

th a t o n ly fo u r (1 1 .8 per c e n t) o f a l l s e v e r e ly d isa b le d had obtained c o l l e g e or graduate s ta n d in g , le a v in g almost nine out o f te n of a l l s e v e r e ly d isa b le d as wn o n - c o ll e g e • lf

Such

an approximate r a t i o was a l s o tr u e among m oderately d is a b le d , but o f th e m ild ly d is a b le d , however, about seven out o f te n (7 1 .7 per c e n t) were n o n -c o lle g e and 2 8 .3 per cent had had some c o l l e g e t r a in in g .

Because o f such d i f f e r e n c e s , Table

VIII had a ch i square va lu e of 6 .5 0 f o r t h i s f a c t o r , the P valu e o f 0 .0 3 carryin g an adequate s t a t i s t i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . The s tr e n g th o f c o r r e l a t i o n , however, was somewhat low w ith a c o e f f i c i e n t o f contingency o f on ly 0 .2 5 .

Turning to

Table IX and n o tin g the d if f e r e n c e i n terms of two d i s a b i l i t y c a t e g o r ie s in s t e a d of th r e e , c r i t i c a l r a t io s o f 2 .4 sug­ g este d th a t the d i s t r i b u t i o n s recorded t h e r e in f o r ed u cation al achievement were s i g n i f i c a n t a t the 0 .0 2 l e v e l .

TABLE V III THE DEGREES OP DISABILITY OP TWO HUNDRED DISABLED VETERANS AS DISTRIBUTED AMONG FACTOR INTERVALS OP EDUCATIONAL LEVEL AND MAJOR OR PREFERRED STUDY

Factor under comparison

Totals Number

Total A ll Numbers

200

Educational le v e l* Elementary 1-8 yr 28 High School 1-4 yr 130 College or gradu- 42 ate study Major or preferred s tudy** Mathematics and 23 natural sciences Social and general 79 stu d ies Commercial and 45 in d u str ia l arts Language, music 15 and f i n e arts Other f i e l d s and 38 no preference

Per cent

Mild 10-20$ Number Per cent

Moderate 30-40$ Number Per cent

Severe 50-100$ Number Per cent

100.0

99

100.0

67

100.0

34

100.0

14.0 65.0 21.0

16 55 28

16.2 55.5 28.3

8 49 10

11.9 73.2 14.9

4 26 4

11.8 76.4 11.8

11.5

13

13.1

8

11.9

2

5.8

39.5

35

35.3

29

43.2

15

44.3

22.5

25

25.3

12

17.9

8

23.5

7.5

10

10.1

3

4.5

2

5.8

19.0

16

16.2

15

22.5

7

20.6

# Grouped into two c la s s e s (College and n o n -co lleg e), 6.50; f * 0.03; corrected C = 0 .2 5 . ** Grouped in to two c la ss e s (S p ecified and oth er), x2 = 1,11; p = 0.56; corrected C =

. .

0 10

co 07

TABLE IX THE DISABILITY RATINGS OF TWO HUNDRED DISABLED VETERANS (GROUPED IN TWO CATEGORIES) AS DISTRIBUTED AMONG FACTOR INTERVALS OF EDUCATIONAL LEVEL AND MAJOR OR PREFERRED STUDY

Totals

Factor under comparison

Number Total All Numbers

Mild 10- 20$

200

Educational le v e l Non-college 158 College or graduate 42 study Major or preferred study Mathematics and natural 25 scien ces 79 S ocial and general studies Commercial and in d u str ia l 45 arts Language, music, and fin e 15 arts Other f i e l d s and no 38 preference

Per cent

Moderate-Severe 30-100$ Number Per cent

CR

Number

Per cent

100*0

99

100*0

101

100.0

79.0 21*0

71 28

71.7 28.3

87 14

86.1 13,9

11.5

13

13.1

10

9.9

39.5

35

35.3

44

43.6

1.2

22.5

25

25.3

20

19.8

X

7.5

10

10.1

5

4.9

19.0

16

16.2

22

21.8

2.4 2 .4 X

1.4 X

x - C r itic a l Ratio far below acceptable lev el*

*>• H

TABLE XXXIX A COMPARISON OP DISABLED NON-COLLEGE VETERANS WITH NON-DISABLED NON-COLLEGE VETERANS AS TO NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS AMONG FACTOR INTERVALS OP MAJOR OR PREFERRED STUDY

Factor under comparison

Totals Number

Total A ll Numbers Major or preferred study Mathematics and natural scien ces S o cia l and general stu d ies Commercial and in d u str ia l a rts Language, music, and fin e arts Other f ie ld s and no preference

Non- dis abled

Disabled Per cent

Per cent

Number

239

100.0

158

21

8 .8

13

8.2

111

46.5

70

45

18.8

11 51

100.0

Number

CR

Per cent

81

100.0

8

9.9

X

44.4

41

50.6

X

31

19.6

14

17.3

X

4 .6

9

5 .6

2

2.4

21.3

35

16

19.8

22.2

1.1 X

x - C r i t i c a l R a tio f a r b e lo w a c c e p t a b le l e v e l *

142

TABLE XL A COMPARISON OP DISABLED NON-COLLEGE VETERANS WITH NON-DISABLED NON-COLLEGE VETERANS AS TO NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS AMONG FACTOR INTERVALS OP PRE-WAR OCCUPATION

Totals

Factor under comparison

Number Total A ll Numbers Level of pre-war occupation Prof*-man• - o f f i • S a le s, c le r ic a l, se r v ic e S k ille d and sem i-sk. A ll other le v e ls Length of time in pre­ war occupation None, or student Under one year One year and over

Disabled

Non- dis abled

Per cent

Per cent

Number

239

100.0

158

100.0

81

100.0

15 60

6.3 25.1

8 43

5.1 27.2

7 17

8 .6 21.1

X X

87 77

36.4 32.2

60 47

38.0 29.7

27 30

33.3 37.0

0 .7

45 56 138

18.8 23.4 57.8

22

13.9 25.9 60.2

23 15 43

28.4 18.5 53.1

2 .7 1 .3

41 95

x - C r i t i c a l R a tio f a r b elow a c c e p t a b le l e v e l *

Number

CR

Per cent

X

1.0

TABLE XLI A COMPARISON OP DISABLED NON-COLLEGE VETERANS WITH NON-DISABLED NON-COLLEGE VETERANS AS TO NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS AMONG FACTOR INTERVALS OP POST-WAR OCCUPATION

Totals

Factor under comparison

Number Total A ll Numbers Level of post-war occupation Prof• -m an *-offi. S a les, c le r ic a l, ser v ic e S k ille d and semi-sk* A ll other le v e ls Length of time in post-war occupation None, or student Under one year One year and over

Disabled

Non-di sabled

Per cent

Number

Per cent

81

100.0

CR

Per cent

Number

239

100*0

158

100.0

9 67

3 .7 28.0

5 41

3.1 25.9

4 26

4.9 32.1

X X

97 66

40*7 27.6

72 40

45.6 25.4

25 26

30.9 32.1

2.2

38 143 58

15.9 59.8 24.3

19 98 41

12.0 62.0 26.0

19 45 17

22.7 56.2 21.1

1 .6

X

X X

x - C r i t i c a l R a tio f a r b elo w a c c e p t a b le l e v e l *

144

TABLE XLII 4 COMPARISON OP DISABLED NON-COLLEGE VETERANS WITH NON-DISABLED NON-COLLEGE VETERANS AS TO NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS AMONG VOCATIONAL OBJECTIVES MOST FREQUENTLY CHOSEN

T otals

Factor under comparison

Number

Disabled

Per cent

Number

Non-disabled

Per cent

Number

Per cent

Total A ll Numbers

239

100.0

158

100.0

81

100.0

Vocational o b jectiv es most freq u en tly chosen Engineer Junior execu tive Repairman-mechanic Teacher Accountant Salesman Bldg. tradesman Clerk A ll other o b jectiv es

16 21 25 4 12 10 16 9 126

6.7 8 .8 10.4 1.6 5.1 4.2 6.7 3.8 52.7

6 9 25 2 6 5 12 6 87

3 .8 5 .7 15.8 1 .2 3 .8 3.1 7.7 3 .8 55.1

10 12 0 2 6 5 4 3 39

12.4 14.8 0 .0 2.4 7.4 6.2 4.9 3 .7 48.2

CR

2 .5 2 .3 3 .7 0 .7 1.1 X X X X

x - C r i t i c a l R a tio f a r b elo w a c c e p t a b le l e v e l .

cn

146

non -d isab led ? The answer i s n e g a tiv e .

The d iffe r e n c e s o b v io u sly were

not as g e n e r a lly w idespread, and w ith one p o s s ib le e x c e p tio n (th a t o f ju n io r e x e c u tiv e v o ca tio n w ith a q u e stio n a b le s i g n i f i ­ c a n c e ), th e d iffe r e n c e s were not as s p e c i f i c a l l y prom inent. A th ir d q u e stio n might be added to enhance in te r p r e ­

t a t io n : Were d iffe r e n c e s between n o n -c o lle g e groups (Tables XXXVIII through XLII) as g e n e r a lly w idespread and as s p e c i f i ­ c a l l y prominent as measured d iffe r e n c e s betw een c o lle g e groups (Tables XXXIII through XXXVII) when th e com parative dichotomy had been determ ined by presence or absence o f psych oneurosis? An answer to t h i s

th ir d q u e stio n cannot be g iv en

c a t e g o r ic a lly due to th e wide v a r ie t y o f com parisons.

A

f a i r l y s a fe answer can be o ffe r e d , however, on the b a s is th a t a c r i t i c a l r a t i o , re g a r d le ss o f th e number o f ca ses in a sam ple, c a r r ie s i t s own in d ic a tio n as to s i g n i f ic a n t d e v ia tio n from the n u ll h y p o th e s is ,

e s p e c ia lly when tr a n s la te d in to

a p r o b a b ility v a lu e . In comparing s p e c i f i c in t e r v a ls or c la s s e s from th e two s e r ie s o f ta b le s r e fe r r e d t o , evid en ce was found to in d i-

^ G u ilfo r d , op. c i t . , p . 298.

147

cat© th a t p sych on eu rosis ap p aren tly made fo r more s i g n i f ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s among th e n o n -c o lle g e v etera n s than i t d id among th e c o lle g e vetera n s*

Such evid en ce fu r th e r su g g ested th a t

th e e f f e c t o f p sy ch on eu rosis in terms o f comparable fa c to r and I n te r v a l d iff e r e n c e s was co n sid era b ly l e s s among c o lle g e than among the n o n -c o lle g e a t th e se s p e c i f i c p o in ts : th e th ree age groups, the s in g le group, th e d iv o rced -se p a r a ted group, the two c a te g o r ie s o f dependency, th o se w ith no measurable le n g th o f time in pre-war work, s k il l e d and s e m i- s k ille d p o s t­ war w orkers, and th e th re e v o c a tio n a l o b je c tiv e s o f en g in eer, ju n io r e x e c u tiv e , and repairman-mechanic* Of a l l o th er Item s th ere were no s i g n i f ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s to be compared excep t in th e ca ses o f th o se engaged in p re­ war employment fo r m easurable le n g th s o f tim e and th e v o c a tio n a l o b je c tiv e of salesm an.

In on ly th e s e two in s ta n c e s d id psycho­

n eu ro sis ap p aren tly make fo r a g r e a te r s i g n i f ic a n t d iffe r e n c e among c o lle g e v etera n s than among n o n -c o lle g e veteran s*

SUMMARY OF CHAPTER V This ch ap ter has rep orted on (1) a g en era l com parison between 161 c o lle g e v etera n s and 239 n o n -c o lle g e v etera n s w ith r e fe r e n c e to t h e ir number frequency and p rop ortion d i s ­ tr ib u tio n s among a l l o th er f a c t o r s , and (2) a s e r ie s o f se v e r a l comparisons d esig n ed to fo cu s a cau sal-com p arative view on

148

ed u ca tio n a l achievem ent in i t s p o s s ib le r e la t io n s h ip to p sy ch o n eu ro sis. F in d in gs o f consequence may b est be p resen ted by g iv in g b r i e f , summarizing answers to the tw elve q u e stio n s which guided th e in v e s t ig a t io n . 1.

Were f a c t o r and in t e r v a l d is t r ib u t io n s n o ta b ly in ­

flu e n c e d by d iv id in g a l l v etera n s in to a dichotomy o f c o lle g e and n o n -c o lle g e ? Answer: Y es.

Very few o f the measurements in Tables

XVI through XX f a i l e d to show s ig n i f ic a n t f lu c tu a tio n s due to th e dichotom y, and some o f th e d iffe r e n c e s were extrem ely prom inent. 2.

C onsidering d isa b le d v etera n s e x c lu s iv e ly , were

th ere s i g n i f ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s due to th e dichotomy o f c o lle g e and n o n -c o lle g e ? Answer: Y es.

With a few n o ta b le ex cep tio n s such as

a g e, m a rita l s t a t u s , and dependency s t a t u s , th e r e were many s i g n i f ic a n t f lu c tu a tio n s in T ables XXI through XXV and some were h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t . 3.

C on sidering n o n -d isa b led veteran s e x c lu s iv e ly , were

th er e s i g n i f ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s due to th e diehotomous d iv is io n o f c o lle g e and n o n -c o lle g e ? Answer: Y es.

While th ere were in sta n c e s o f l e s s e r

s ig n if ic a n c e , th ere were a ls o se v e r a l s i g n i f ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s recorded a t th e 0 .0 1 l e v e l (or b e t t e r ) in T ables XXVI through

149 XXX,

4.

When p sych on eu rosis occurred among c o lle g e veteran s

d id i t render them as a group s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from th e n o n -d isa b led , n o n -c o lle g e ? Answer;

No.

I t s in flu e n c e upon c o lle g e veteran s

was not s u f f i c i e n t l y s tr o n g to e f f e c t s i g n i f ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s in Table XXXI. 5.

When v etera n s w ith p sych on eu rosis had had c o lle g e

tr a in in g d id t h i s f a c t ser v e to a l l e v i a t e th e n o ta b le d i f f e r ­ ences between a l l d isa b le d and a l l n o n -d isa b led observed in Tables I through V? Answer:

Y es.

The d iffe r e n c e s shown in Table XXXI

are l e s s than th e d iffe r e n c e s shown fo r th e same fa c to r s In T ables I through V. 6.

When p sych on eu rosis occurred among n o n -c o lle g e

v etera n s were th ey as a group s i g n i f i c a n t l y d if f e r e n t from the n o n -d isa b led v etera n s who had r e c e iv e d some c o lle g e tr a in in g ? Answer:

Y es.

The c o n s is t e n t ly h ig h c r i t i c a l r a t io s

o f Table XXXII e s ta b lis h e d a prominent d if f e r e n c e . 7.

When v etera n s w ith psycho n eu ro sis had n ot had some

c o lle g e tr a in in g d id t h i s f a c t serv e to a l l e v i a t e the n otab le d iff e r e n c e s between a l l d isa b le d and a l l n o n -d isa b led observed i n T ables I through V? Answer.

No.

Table XXXII re v ea led d iffe r e n c e s ap p roxi-

150

mating th o se o f id e n t ic a l f a c to r s in Tables I through V# 8.

Among c o lle g e v e te r a n s e x c lu s iv e ly was psycho­

n eu ro sis a determ iner o f s ig n i f ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s ? Answer;

Probably#

Prom data in T ables XXXIII through

XXXVII th e answer i s !,d e f i n i t e l y y e s w in on ly two in sta n c e s but f,p o s s ib ly y e s w in nine oth ers# 9.

Were such d iffe r e n c e s as g e n e r a lly w idespread and

as s p e c i f i c a l l y prominent as ob tain ed in T ables I through V which measured the d iffe r e n c e s between a l l d isa b le d and a l l n on -d isa b led ? Answer: 10#

Apparently th ey were not#

Among n o n -c o lle g e v etera n s on ly was psycho n eu ro sis

a determ iner o f s i g n i f ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s ? Answer:

Probably,

d e f i n i t e l y y e s M in f in e in sta n c e s

and Mp o s s ib ly y e s 11 in s i x o th er in s t a n c e s , d i f f e r e n t i a l e v i ­ dence was s l i g h t l y stro n g er than ob tain ed in Q u estion 8# 11#

Were th e se d iffe r e n c e s as g e n e r a lly w idespread and

as s p e c i f i c a l l y prominent as ob tain ed in Tables I through V which measured th e d iffe r e n c e s between a l l d isa b le d and a l l n on -d isa b led ? Answer: 12.

No#

When dichotom ized by p resen ce or absence o f psycho­

n e u r o s is , were d iffe r e n c e s between c o lle g e groups (T ables XXXIII through XXXVII) as g e n e r a lly widespread and as s p e c i f i -

151

c a l l y prominent as measured d iffe r e n c e s between n o n -c o lle g e groups (Tables XXXVIII through X L I I ) ? Answers

No*

Evidence was found th a t p sych on eu rosis

ap p aren tly made f o r more s i g n i f ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s among the n o n -c o lle g e v etera n s than i t d id among th e c o lle g e veteran s* Such evid en ce fu r th e r su g g ested th a t th e e f f e c t o f psycho­ n eu ro sis in terms o f comparable f a c t o r and in t e r v a l d iffe r e n c e s was co n sid era b ly l e s s among c o lle g e v etera n s than among the n o n -c o lle g e v e te r a n s .

Not o n ly , th en , d id h ig h er ed u cation

a c t as a p o s s ib le d e te r r e n t to p revalen ce o f p sy ch o n eu ro sis, but i t a ls o appeared to ttcttahionw or a m elio ra te the in flu e n c e o f p sych oneurosis upon oth er circu m stan ces.

CHAPTER VI

A CAUSAL-COMPARATIVE VIEW OF OTHER FACTORS IN THEIR POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIP TO PSXCHONEUROSIS Having made a g en era l com parison of a l l d isa b le d and a l l n o n -d isa b led v etera n s w ith r e sp e c t to th e te n f a c t o r s on which a l l were measured (T ables I through V ), having s tu d ie d the d i s a b i l i t y by degrees o f s e v e r it y o f p sych on eu rosis (Tables VI through XV), having analyzed th e ed u ca tio n a l f a c to r from a v a r ie t y of approaches (Tables XVI through XLII), a l l tab u lar data was th en s c r u tin iz e d fo r p o s s ib le com binations o f fa c to r s which might bear a ca u sa l-com p arative s ig n if ic a n c e to p sych on eu ro sis • While ed u ca tio n a l achievem ent beyohd doubt was the one fa c t o r out o f the ten which m erited a thorough e x p lo r a tio n , th e r e were a ls o th re e s u b -fa c to r s which stood out prom inently i n most o f th e fo r ty -tw o ta b le s a lrea d y presented*

These

th re e sub-groups were th ose t h i r t y years o f age and o ld e r , th o se in d iv o rced -sep a ra ted c a te g o r y , and th ose ch oosin g th e v o c a tio n a l o b je c tiv e o f repairman-mechanic*

T ables XLIII

through XLVII, i n c l u s i v e , recorded the more im portant com­ p a r a tiv e a sp e c ts o f th e se th ree su b -fa c to r s*

Wherever fa c to r

d is t r ib u t io n s were om itted from Tables XLIII through XLVII t h e ir d i f f e r e n t i a l d is t r ib u t io n s were o b v io u sly in s ig n if ic a n t *

These ta b le s were condensed to in clu d e data on ly upon th ose item s which proved to be the more s u g g e stiv e sou rces o f com­ parison*

In each in s ta n c e , th ese item s were s e le c t e d from th e

com pleted ta b u la tio n s which had been made as to number and p ercen tage d is t r ib u t io n s fo r a l l o th er (u s u a lly n in e) fa c to r v a r ia b le s and t h e ir s u b - c la s s e s .

THIRTY YEARS OP AGE AND OLDER Comparison between d isa b le d and n o n -d isa b le d .

The

data in Table XLIII was In terp re ted as an answer to th e q u e stio n Were th ere any im portant d iffe r e n c e s to be noted when a l l v etera n s age t h ir t y and o ld er were dichotom ized as to p sych on eu rosis and n o n - d is a b ilit y ? Among th e 129 who were in th e o ld e s t age group, 83 were d isa b le d and 46 were n o n -d isa b le d .

To t e s t whether th e

f a c t o f p sych on eu rosis made fo r s i g n i f ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s between th e se two groups th ey were compared d i r e c t ly on the variou s common circu m sta n ces.

The r e s u l t s , recorded in Table X LIII,

showed th a t th e p resen ce o f p sych on eu rosis made fo r co n sid e r a b ly l e s s in flu e n c e upon th e s e o ld er v etera n s than i t had made upon a l l v etera n s a t id e n t ic a l p o in ts in T ables I and V.

In f a c t ,

th e on ly item o f p o s s ib le s ig n if ic a n c e in Table XLIII, r e p a ir ­ man-mechanic v o c a tio n , I s fa r below th e very im portant differ^* ence measured in Table V.

A n e g a tiv e answer ap paren tly

TABLE X L III

A COMPARISON OP DISABLED VETERANS (AGES THIRTY AND OLDER) WITH NON-DISABLED VETERANS (AGES THIRTY AND OLDER) AS TO NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS AMONG FACTOR IN­ TERVALS OF MARITAL STATUS, DEPENDENCY STATUS, AND VOCATIONAL OBJECTIVE OF REPAIR­ MAN-MECHANIC Factor under comparison

Total A ll Numbers M arital statu s S ingle Non-single Dependency sta tu s None One or more Vocational o b jectiv es most, freq uently chosen Repairman-mechanic A ll other o b jectiv es

Totals

D isabled, Age 30 and older Number Per cent

Non-idisabled, Age 30 and older Number Per cent

CR

Number

Per cent

129

100.0

83

100.0

46

100.0

36 93

27.9 72.1

18 65

21.7 78.3

18 28

39.2 60.8

1 .7 1 .7

38 91

29.5 70.5

21 62

25.3 74.7

17 29

37.0 63.0

1.1 1.1

17 112

13.2 86.8

17 66

20.5 79.5

0 46

0 .0 100.0

2 .5 2 .5

154

155

s u f f i c e s fo r th e above q u e stio n Comparison between o ld er and

y o u n g e r

groups.

Table

XLIV d ichotom ized a l l d isa b le d v etera n s in to the two groups, wage t h ir t y and o ld e r 11 and "age tw en ty-n in e and yo u n g er,11 and provided m a te ria l fo r the answ ering the q u e stio n : Among the d is a b le d , d id th e age fa c to r ap p aren tly have much in flu e n c e upon p sych oneurosis? In comparing d i r e c t ly the d iffe r e n c e s between 83 d isa b le d v etera n s (age t h i r t y and o ld e r ) and 117 d isa b le d (age tw entynine and you n ger), th ere was on ly one d iffe r e n c e o f d e f i n i t e s ig n if ic a n c e and o n ly two o f p o s s ib le s ig n if ic a n c e .

There

was a s i g n i f ic a n t d iffe r e n c e w ith r e fe r e n c e to m a rita l s t a t u s , w ith th e o ld e r v etera n s b ein g n o n -sin g le and the younger v etera n s b ein g s i n g l e .

Some p o s s ib le s ig n if ic a n c e may a ls o be

a tta ch ed to th e f a c t th a t th e o ld er d isa b le d v etera n s tended to choose repairman-mechanic as a v o c a tio n a l o b je c tiv e w h ile the younger ones tended to choose o th er o b j e c t iv e s .

The

d isa b le d o ld e r v etera n s tended to have dependents w ith g r e a te r freq uency than th e younger o n es.

I t was in t e r e s t in g but not

s t a t i s t i c a l l y im portant th a t th e o ld er men itended to be o n ly m ild ly d isa b le d in c o n tr a st to th e younger on es.

In view o f

th e c o n te n ts o f Table XLIV th e q u e stio n posed should be an*?*swered, 11Among a l l d is a b le d , th e age fa c to r ap paren tly had some but not much in flu e n c e upon psycho n eu ro sis w ith r e fe r e n c e

TABLE XLIV

A COMPARISON OF DISABLED VETERANS (AGE THIRTY AND OLDER) WITH DISABLED VETERANS (AGE TWENTY-NINE AND YOUNGER) AS TO NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS AMONG FACTOR INTER­ VALS OF MARITAL STATUS, DEPENDENCY STATUS, VOCATIONAL OBJECTIVE OF REPAIRMAN-MECHANIC, AND DEGREE OF DISABILITY Factor under comparison

Total A ll Numbers Marital statu s S ingle Non-single Dependency statu s None One dr more Vocational o b jectiv e most freq uently chosen Repairman-mechanic A ll other o b jectiv es Degree o f d is a b ilit y Mild, 10-20 per cent M oderate-severe, 30-100 per cent

Totals

Disabled Age 30 and older Number Per cent

Disabled Age 29 and younger Number Per cent

CR

Number

Per cent

200

100.0

83

100.0

117

100.0

65 135

32.5 67.5

18 65

21.7 78.3

47 70

40.1 59.9

2 .7 2 .7

70 130

35.0 65.0

21 62

25.3 74.7

49 68

41.9 58.1

2 .4 2 .4

28 172

14.0 86.0

17 66

20.5 79.5

11 106

9.4 90.6

2 .2 2 .2

99 101

49.5 50.5

45 38

54.3 45.7

54 63 i'

46.2 53.8

1.1 1 .1

H 0>

Ui

157 to t e n o th e r c ir c u m sta n c e s * w

DIVORCED-SEPARATED C o m p a r is o n b e t w e e n d i s a b l e d a n d n o n - d i s a b l e d * T a b le XIV p r o v i d e d a n a n s w e r t o

D ata i n

th e q u e s t io n ;

Among a l l d i v o r c e d v e t e r a n s , w e r e i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e s o b t a i n e d w h en t h e y w e r e d i c h o t o m i z e d a s t o p r e s e n c e o r a b s e n c e o f p sy ch o n e u r o sis? I f p r o p o r tio n s o n ly w ere a r e l i a b l e tic a l

s ig n ific a n c e ,

a g l a n c e a t T a b l e XLIV m ig h t a f f o r d a n

a f f ir m a t iv e answ er to t h i s

q u e s tio n .

The s m a l l n e s s o f t h e

two s a m p l e s , h o w e v e r , h e l d t h e c r i t i c a l a b le l e v e l s

c r ite r io n of s t a t i s ­

r a tio s

b e lo w a c c e p t ­

o n a l l f a c t o r - i n t e r v a l s , and t h e a n s w e r i s

nega­

tiv e • C o m p a r is o n b e t w e e n d i s a b l e d d i v o r c e d - s e p a r a t e d and o t h e r d isa b le d .

As a t e s t

o f th e p o s s ib le

in f lu e n c e o f d iv o r c e upon

p s y c h o n e u r o s i s , t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n s r e p o r t e d i n T a b le XLVI may be u t i l i z e d

t o answ er t h e q u e s t io n :

Among a l l d i s a b l e d v e t e r a n s ,

d id im p o rta n t d i f f e r e n c e s

o b t a i n w hen t h e y w e r e d i c h o t o m i z e d a s t o w h e t h e r t h e y h a d b e e n d iv o r c e d -se p a r a te d ? The a n s w e r I s

In th e n e g a t iv e w i t h th e one e x c e p t io n

th a t d is a b le d v e tera n s

t w e n t y - f o u r and y o u n g e r t e n d e d t o w a r d

TABLE XLV A COMPARISON OP DISABLED AND DIVORCED VETERANS WITH NON-DISABLED AND DIVORCED VETERANS AS TO NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS AMONG FACTOR INTERVALS OP AGE, DEPENDENCY STATUS, AND VOCATIONAL OBJECTIVE OP REPAIRMAN - MECHANIC

Factor under comparison

Totals Number

TotA1iA1MNumbers Age 24 and younger 25-29 in c lu siv e 30 and older Dependency sta tu s . None One or more Vocational obj e c tiv e s most freq u en tly chosen Repairman-mechanic A ll other o b jectiv es

Per cent

Disabled and divorced Number Per cent

Non-disabled and divorced Number Per cent

CR

29

100.0

23

100.0

6

100.0

3 10 16

10.3 34. 5 55.2

2 9 12

8 .7 39.1 52.2

1 1 4

16.7 16.7 66.6

0.6 1 .0 0 .6

14 15

48.3 51.7

9 14

39.1 60.9

5 1

83.3 16.7

1.9 1.9

4 25

13.8 86.2

4 19

17.4 82.6

0 6

0 .0 100.0

1.1 1.1

H

Cn

od

TABLE XLVI A COMPARISON OF DISABLED AND DIVORCED VETERANS WITH DISABLED (BUT NON-DIVORCED) VETERAB AS TO NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS AMONG FACTOR INTERVALS OF AGE, DEPENDENCY STA­ TUS, VOCATIONAL OBJECTIVE OF REPAIRMAN-MECHANIC AND DEGREE OF DISABILITY

F a c to r under c o m p a r is o n

T o ta ls Number

T o t a l A l l Numbers Age 24 and yo u n g er 25-29 i n c lu s iv e 30 and o l d e r D epend en cy s t a t u s None One o r more V o c a tio n a l o b j e c t iv e m o st f r e q u e n t l y c h o s e n Re pa i r ma n-me c ha n i c A ll o th er o b je c tiv e s D egree o f d i s a b i l i t y M ild , 1 0 - 2 0 p e r c e n t M o d erate-severe, 30-100 per cen t

P er c e n t

D isa b led and d i v o r c e d Number Per c e n t

D isa b led n o n -d iv o rce d Number P er c e n t

CR

200

100.0

23

100.0

177

100.0

51

2 12

8 .7 3 9 .1 5 2 .2

49 57 71

2 7 .7 3 2 .2 4 0 .1

2 .6

83

2 5 .5 3 3 .0 4 1 .5

70 130

3 5 .0 6 5 .0

9 14

3 9 .1 6 0 .9

61 116

3 4 .4 6 5 .6

X X

28 172

1 4 .0

4 19

1 7 .4 8 2 .6

24 153

1 3 .5 8 6 .5

0 .5 0 .5

10

4 3 .5 5 6 .5

89

5 0 .3 4 9 .7

0 .6 0 .6

66

99 1

101

86.0 4 9 .5 5 0 .5

9

13

x - C r i t i c a l R a tio f a r b e lo w a c c e p t a b le l e v e l .

88

vx

1.1

160

d i v o r c e - s e p a r a t i o n t h a n d i d t h e two o l d e r g r o u p s . s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e 0 .0 1 l e v e l ,

S ta tistic a lly

su ch d is t r i b u t io n p o in te d to

t h e lo w p r e v a l e n c e o f d i v o r c e - s e p a r a t i o n among t h e y o u n g e s t group o f d i s a b l e d i n c o n t r a s t t o i t s

r e l a t i v e l y h ig h p rev a ­

l e n c e among t h e o l d e r d i s a b l e d men. REPAIRMAN- MECHANI0 C o m p a r is o n b e t w e e n t h o s e s e l e c t i n g r e p a i r m a n - m e c h a n i c a s a v o c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e an d t h o s e who d i d n o t .

W h ile no

c o m p a r i s o n w as p o s s i b l e b e t w e e n d i s a b l e d and n o n - d i s a b l e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e v o c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e o f r e p a ir m a n -m e c h a n ic b e c a u se none o f t h e n o n - d is a b le d s e l e c t e d i t ,

T a b l e XLVII

d i r e c t l y co m p ared t h e d i s a b l e d who h ad c h o s e n t h e o b j e c t i v e w i t h d i s a b l e d who h ad n o t c h o s e n i t .

M a t e r ia l from T a b le

XLVII p r o v i d e d t h e a n s w e r t o t h e q u e s t i o n : Were i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e s

n o ted b etw een t h e d is a b le d

who c h o s e t h e v o c a t i o n a l o b j e c t i v e o f r e p a i r m a n - m e c h a n i c and t h e d i s a b l e d who c h o s e som e o t h e r o b j e c t i v e ? An a n s w e r t o t h i s p o ssib le

q u e stio n c a lle d

fo r a te s t

i n f l u e n c e o f th e v o c a t i o n a l c h o i c e o f r e p a ir m a n -

m ech a n ic up on p s y c h o n e u r o s is w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o m e a su r a b le c ir c u m s t a n c e s .

th e o th e r

C onceded t h a t i n t h i s

w e r e t e n common c i r c u m s t a n c e s fa ir ly

o f th e

in sta n c e th ere

( f a c t o r s ) w h ic h s e r v e d a s a

ad eq u ate o u t lin e - b a s e f o r r e j e c t i n g d i r e c t c o n t r a s t s ,

TABLE XLVII A COMPARISON OP DISABLED VETERANS SELECTING REPAIRM-MECHANIC VOCATIONAL OBJECTIVE WITH OTHER DISABLED WHO DID NOT SELECT THIS OBJECTIVE AS TO NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE DISTRIBU­ TIONS AMONG FACTOR INTERVALS OP AGE, MARITAL STATUS, DEPENDENCY STATUS, LEVEL OP POST­ WAR OCCUPATION, AND DEGREE OP DISABILITY

F a c t o r u n d er c o m p a r is o n

T o ta ls Number

T o t a l A l l Numbers Age 29 and y o u n g er 30 and o l d e r M a rita l s t a t u s S in g le N o n -sin g le D ep en d en cy s t a t u s None One o r more O c c u p a tio n a l l e v e l (p ost-w ar) S k i l l e d and s e m i - s k . A ll o th er le v e ls D egree o f d i s a b i l i t y M ild , 1 0 - 2 0 p e r c e n t M o d erate-severe, 30-100 per cen t

P er c e n t

D isa b led , Repr-M ech. Number P er c e n t

D isa b led , O ther v o c . Number Per c e n t

CR

200

100.0

28

100.0

172

100.0

117 83

5 8 .5 4 1 .5

11

3 9 .2 6 0 .8

106

17

6 1 .6 3 8 .4

2 .2 2.2

65 135

3 2 .5 6 7 .5

5 23

1 7 .8 8 2 .2

60

112

3 4 .9 6 5 .1

1 .8 1 .8

70 130

3 5 .0 6 5 .0

5 23

1 7 .8 8 2 .2

65 107

3 7 .8 6 2 .2

2.1 2 .1

75 125

3 7 .5 6 2 .5

16

5 7 .2 4 2 .8

59 113

3 4 .3 6 5 .7

2 .3 2 .3

99

4 9 .5 5 0 .5

11

3 9 .2 6 0 .8

88

5 1 .2 4 8 .8

1 .2 1 .2

101

12 17

66

84

H 0> H

162 th e f in d in g y e t p r e v a ile d d e fin ite

s ig n ific a n c e .

th a t

t h e r e w e r e no d i f f e r e n c e s

T here w ere th r e e p o in t s

s t a t is t ic a l sig n ific a n c e ,

how ever,

of

o f p o ssib le

in d ic a tin g th a t th ose

who c h o s e r e p a i r m a n - m e c h a n i c a s a v o c a t i o n t e n d e d t o b e t h ir t jr and o l d e r ,

t o h a v e o n e o r m ore d e p e n d e n t s ,

been engaged in p o st-w a r s k i l l e d

or s e m i-s k ille d

and t o h a v e tra d es.

An o v e r a l l a n s w e r t o t h e q u e s t i o n p o s i t e d w a s :

"T here

w e r e som e d i f f e r e n c e s o f p o s s i b l e s i g n i f i c a n c e b e t w e e n t h e d i s a b l e d who c h o s e t h e r e p a i r m a n - m e c h a n i c o b j e c t i v e

and t h e

d i s a b l e d who d i d n o t c h o o s e i t . "

SUMMARY OP CHAPTER VI T a b l e s X L I I I t h r o u g h X L V II,

i n c l u s i v e , w ere con d en sed

t o r e c o r d t h e more i m p o r t a n t c o m p a r a t i v e a s p e c t s o f t h e t h r e e su b -fa cto rs l is t in g age and o ld e r ,

t h o s e v e t e r a n s who w e r e t h i r t y y e a r s o f

d iv o r c e d -se p a r a te d ,

v o c a tio n a l c h o ic e .

I n t e r p r e t in g th e d ata i n th e t a b l e s ,

answ ers w ere o b ta in e d 1.

and r e p a i r m a n - m e c h a n i c b y

to p e r t i n e n t q u e s t i o n s .

Were t h e r e a n y i m p o r t a n t d i f f e r e n c e s t o b e n o t e d

w h en a l l v e t e r a n s a g e t h i r t y a n d o l d e r w e r e d i c h o t o m i z e d b y p r e se n c e o r a b sen ce o f p sy ch o n e u r o sis? A nsw er:

Ho.

A ll n o t ic e a b le d if f e r e n c e s w ere la c k in g

in s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n ific a n c e .

163

2,

Among a l l d isa b le d , did th e age fa c to r ap p aren tly

have much in flu e n c e upon psycho n eu ro sis? Answers

The age fa c to r ap p aren tly had some but not much

in flu e n c e upon p sych on eu rosis w ith re fe r e n c e to ten o th er circu m sta n ces. 3,

Among a l l d ivorced v e te r a n s, were im portant d i f f e r ­

ences ob tain ed when th ey were dichotom ized as to p resen ce or absence o f psych oneurosis? Answer:

No,

A ll n o tic e a b le d iffe r e n c e s lackfed s t a t i s ­

t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e , 4,

Among a l l d isa b le d v e te r a n s, d id im portant d i f f e r ­

ences o b ta in when th e y were dichotom ized as to whether th ey had been d iv o rced -sep a ra ted ? Answers

No, ex cep tin g th ose tw en ty -fo u r and younger

who had l e s s tendency toward d iv o r c e -s e p a r a tio n , 5,

Were th ere im portant d iffe r e n c e s between the d i s ­

abled who chose th e v o c a tio n a l o b je c tiv e o f repairman-mechanic and th e d isa b le d who chose some o th er o b je c tiv e ? Answers

There were some d iffe r e n c e s o f p o s s ib le g en eral

s ig n ific a n c e ' but none o f d e f i n i t e s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e . I t was notew orthy, however, th a t th e dichotomy between r e p a ir ­ man-mechanic and o th er v o c a tio n a l ch o ices (lim ite d to d isa b le d v e te r a n s) d id r e v e a l more n o tic e a b le p o in ts o f c o n tr a st than any o th er dichotom y in th e s e r ie s o f T ables XLIII through XLVII.

CHAPTER V I I FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE INVESTIGATION

An o v e r a ll summary o f th e f i r s t s ix ch ap ters o f th e study w i l l su g g est th e major co n clu sio n s of th e in v e s t ig a t io n . As an e la b o r a tio n o f th e se c o n c lu sio n s, a s e r ie s o f q u estio n s and answers w i l l be p rese n te d , fo llo w ed by a few su g g e stio n s fo r fu r th e r r e se a r c h .

THE GENERAL CONCLUSIONS Chapter I_:

The occurrence o f p sy ch o n e u r o sis.

The

problem in v e s tig a te d was one of co n sid era b le concern to a l l who are in te r e s te d in th e circum stances surrounding occurrence o f psycho n e u r o tic m aladjustm ent.

The problem has s p e c ia l

p ertin en ce to r e li g i o n w hich h i s t o r i c a l l y has been in te r e s te d in m ental and em otional h e a lth as a p r e r e q u is ite to th e abun­ dant l i f e . Chapter I I :

Conducive circu m sta n ces.

The c a u s a l-

com parative methodology provided the resea rch d i s c i p l i n e fo r stu d y in g th e problem of p sy ch o n eu ro sis.

Guided by the con­

cep t o f p a r t ia l or conducive c a u sa tio n , i t was assumed th a t circum stances or f a c to r s (occu rrin g in g re a t v a r ie t y and con­ ta in in g in d if f e r in g com binations th e fundamental elem en ts) d id

165

in c r e a se or d ecrea se th e p r o b a b ility o f p sych on eu rosis w ith ou t d i r e c t ly c o n tr ib u tin g e it h e r to i t s ev e n tu a tio n or i t s a v o id ­ ance*

The cau sal-com p arative method was s e n s it iz e d by in t r o ­

d u ctio n o f s t a t i s t i c a l t e s t s to ap p ra ise more a c c u r a te ly th e s i g n if ic a n t circum stan ces and to guard a g a in st unwarranted c o n c lu sio n s, keeping in mind th a t the in v e s t ig a t io n in v o lv ed a study on ly o f fa c to r s accompanying th e observed e f f e c t and was not a stu d y o f the fundamental (and unknown) elem ents w ith in th a t observed e f f e c t . Chapter I I I :

Presence and absence o f p sych oneurosis *

There were wide d if f e r e n c e s , u s u a lly h ig h ly s i g n i f ic a n t , when fou r hundred v etera n s were dichotom ized as to p resence or absence o f p sy ch o n eu ro sis•

The com parison, based upon e le v e n

f a c t o r s , was co n sid ered s u f f i c i e n t l y wide in i t s range as to be a v a lid in d ic a t io n o f p o t e n t ia lly ca u sa l circu m stan ces. When t e s t e d fo r t h e ir s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e , most o f th e se d iffe r e n c e s were found to be gen u in e. Chapter IV:

Degrees o f P sy ch o n eu ro sis.

Ho s ig n if ic a n t

d iffe r e n c e s were found when th e d isa b le d were compared accord­ in g to a diagnosed amount o f p sy ch o n e u r o sis.

Thus, the f a c t

o f p sych on eu rosis made fo r wider d iffe r e n c e s than did i t s d egrees o f s e v e r it y . Chapter V:

In flu e n c e o f form al ed u ca tio n .

Among a l l

166

fa c to r s and sub-groups, none was as i n f lu e n t ia l as ed u ca tio n a l achievement in a cau sa l-co m p arative view o f p sy ch o n eu ro sis, but even t h is f a c t a ls o served to support th e c o n c lu sio n th a t th e t o t a l e f f e c t o f p sych on eu rosis per se produced g r e a te r d iffe r e n c e s than the c o n d itio n in g e f f e c t o f any one f a c t o r or circu m stan ce. Chapter VIs

Other fa c to r s and sub- f a c t o r s .

Further

v e r i f i c a t i o n th at im portant d iffe r e n c e s did not o b ta in when th er e was a com parative dichotomy o f th o se f a l l i n g w ith in any one d i f f e r e n t i a l l y prominent sub-group was found through th ree s e r ie s o f exp erim en tal d ich otom ies reported in Chapter VI. When measured by the u su a l com parative f a c t o r s , th e th ree circum stances o f 11age t h ir t y and old er,*1 wd iv o r c e d -s e p a r a te d ,11 "and repairman-mechanic v o c a tio n a l o b j e c t i v e ,15 d id not rev ea l flu c t u a t io n s in d ic a t iv e o f im portant in flu e n c e s upon or s i g n i f i ­ cant r e la t io n s h ip s to p sy ch o n e u r o sis.

SUMMARY IN QUESTIONS 41© ANSWERS The major p o in ts o f c o n c lu sio n may be e lu c id a te d by l i s t i n g tw e n ty -fiv e q u estio n s c h a r a c te r iz in g th e in v e s t ig a t io n , t h e ir condensed answers im plying c e r ta in f a c t s upon which con­ c lu s io n s could be based.

The f i r s t tw elve q u e stio n s are th o se

p ro je cted in Chapter I , the remainder b ein g outgrowths o f th e

167

in v e s t ig a t io n a l p ro ceed in g, 1.

Were th ere s ig n if ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s between two

hundred v etera n s d isch arged w ith p sych on eu rosis and two hundred n o n -d isa b led vetera n s w ith re fere n c e to age l e v e l s f Answer:

Y es.

C h ron ological age ap p aren tly was one

fa c to r to be a s s o c ia te d w ith p sych on eu rosis as evidenced by h igh p rev a len ce o f o ld e r v etera n s among th e d isa b le d and h igh p rev a len ce o f younger v etera n s among the n o n -d isa b led when th ere had been an alm ost even t o t a l spread among th e th ree age groups. 2.

With r e fere n c e to m a rita l s t a t u s ?

Answer:

Y es. Veterans w ith

p sych on eu rosis tended

toward marriage and a ls o tended toward d iv o r c e -s e p a r a tio n w ith g r e a te r frequency than n o n -d isa b led v e te r a n s. 3.

With r e fere n c e to dependency sta tu s?

Answer:

Y es. Veterans w ith

p sych on eu rosis tended to

have one or more persons dependent upon them fo r support but th e n o n -d isa b led tended not to have such dependents. 4.

With r e fere n c e to ed u ca tio n a l achievem ent?

Answer:

Y es. P sychoneurosis

occurred w ith g r e a te s t

frequency among th o se o f elem entary s c h o o lin g , w ith l e s s e r but s t i l l pronounced freq uency among th o se o f h igh sch o o l l e v e l , but th ere was a converted sharp freq uency toward non­ occurrence among th o se o f c o lle g e or graduate sta n d in g .

There

168

was more evid en ce a v a ila b le to support a p o s s ib le a s s o c ia t io n o f ed u ca tio n a l achievem ent w ith p sych oneurosis than th er e was fo r any one o f th e oth er common f a c t o r s . 5*

With r e fe r e n c e to major or p referred study?

Answer:

Yes, but not prominent*

A tendency o f the

d isa b le d to avoid mathem atics and n a tu ra l s c ie n c e s was noted a t the 0 .0 3 l e v e l . 6.

With r e fere n c e to the pre-war o ccu p a tio n a l le v e l?

Answer: 7.

No.

With re fe r e n c e to le n g th o f time in pre-war occu­

p ation ? Answer:

Y es.

Veterans w ith p sych oneurosis u s u a lly

had been employed g a in f u lly f o r a co n sid e ra b le le n g th o f tim e p r io r to m ilit a r y or naval s e r v ic e , but n o n -d isa b led veteran s had been so employed w ith much l e s s freq u en cy. 8.

With r e fe r e n c e to p ost-w ar occu p a tio n a l le v e l?

Answer:

Yes, but on ly a t one o ccu p a tio n a l l e v e l .

V eterans d isa b le d by psycho n eu ro sis tended upon d isch arge to seek and fin d employment in one o f th e s k i l l e d or s e m i- s k ille d tra d es w ith much g r e a te r frequency than th e n on -d isab led v e te r a n . 9.

With r e fe r e n c e to le n g th of tim e in post-w ar occu­

p ation ? Answer:

No.

Whereas d isa b le d vetera n s a c t u a lly ob tain ed

169

p ost-w ar employment w ith much g re a ter frequency than th e non­ d isa b le d (who u s u a lly had not had post-w ar employment fo r any le n g th o f tim e ), job lo n g e v ity d iffe r e n c e s fa v o r in g the d isa b le d were o f low s ig n if ic a n c e . 1 0.

With r e fe r e n c e to v o c a tio n a l o b je c tiv e s most f r e ­

q u en tly chosen*? Answer:

Yes, but on ly in th ree of th e e ig h t most f r e ­

q u en tly chosen o b j e c t iv e s .

P sych on eu rosis, aid ed no doubt by

such oth er circum stances as s u it a b le age, ed u ca tio n , and m a r ita l s t a t u s , ap p aren tly had a p o s it iv e in flu e n c e on s e l e c ­ t io n o f th e v o c a tio n a l o b je c tiv e o f repairm an-m echanic, but ap p aren tly had a n e g a tiv e in flu e n c e on s e l e c t i o n o f en g in eerin g and te a ch in g p r o fe s s io n s . 11.

Were th ere s ig n if ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s between th e two

hundred d isa b le d v etera n s w ith r e fe r e n c e to s e v e r it y o f psycho­ n eu ro sis? Answer:

No.

The amount o f p sych on eu rosis was not as

im portant as the f a c t o f p sy ch o n eu ro sis, r e f le c t e d by the com parative d iffe r e n c e s noted among th e u su a l v a r ia b le f a c t o r s . D iffe r e n c e s o f d e f i n i t e s ig n if ic a n c e were la c k in g between persons grouped accord in g to a diagnosed amount o f psycho­ n eu ro sis ( d i s a b i l i t y r a t in g s ) .

This f a c t ob tain ed both when

p sych on eu rosis was measured as th ree d egrees and when measured as two d e g r e e s. 12.

When psycho n e u r o sis was analyzed accord in g to

170

su b -fa c to r s w ith in th e e le v e n f a c t o r s , which circum stances p o ssessed s i g n i f ic a n t r e la t io n s h ip s to i t ? Answer:

While the c o n d itio n s o f wage t h ir t y and o l d e r ,”

^ d iv o r c e d -se p a r a te d ,M and wrepairm an-mechanic v o c a tio n a l ob­ j e c t i v e , w each were p o t e n t ia lly i n f l u e n t i a l as conducive causes o f p sy ch o n eu ro sis, on ly the circum stances o f ed u ca tio n a l a c h ie v e ­ ment (c o lle g e or n o n -c o lle g e ) was c le a r ly e s ta b lis h e d as im­ p o rta n t s t a t i s t i c a l l y *

Further resea rch could w e ll check upon

th e c o n c lu sio n th a t the p resence o f h igh er le v e l s o f form al sc h o o lin g a cted as a d e te r r e n t to p sych on eu rosis whereas th e absence o f h igh er l e v e l s o f form al sc h o o lin g aid ed in the ev e n tu a tio n o f psycho n eu rosis* 13.

Were fa c to r and in t e r v a l d is t r ib u t io n s n otab ly

in flu e n c e d by d iv id in g a l l v etera n s in to a dichotomy o f c o lle g e and n o n -co lleg e? Answer:

Yes*

Very few o f th e measurements f a i l e d to

show s i g n i f ic a n t flu c tu a tio n s and some o f th e d iffe r e n c e s were extrem ely high* 14*

C on sidering d isa b le d veteran s e x c lu s iv e ly , were

th ere s i g n i f ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s due to th e dichotomy o f c o lle g e and n o n -c o lle g e ? Answer:

Y es.

With a few n otab le ex cep tio n s such as

a g e, m a rita l s t a t u s , and dependency s t a t u s , th ere were many s i g n i f ic a n t f lu c t u a t io n s .

171

15.

C onsidering n o n -d isa b led v etera n s e x c lu s iv e ly ,

were th ere s i g n i f ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s due to th e dichotomous d iv is io n o f c o lle g e and n o n -c o lle g e ? Answer:

Y es.

S ev era l s ig n if ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s were

recorded a t th e 0 .0 1 l e v e l or b e tte r , and th e r e were oth er in sta n c e s o f l e s s e r s ig n ific a n c e * 1 6.

When p sych on eu rosis occurred among c o lle g e veteran s

d id i t render them as a group s i g n i f i c a n t ly d if f e r e n t from th e n o n -d isa b led , n o n -c o lle g e group? Answer:

No.

The in flu e n c e o f p sych on eu rosis upon

v etera n s w ith one sem ester or more o f c o lle g e c r e d it was not s u f f i c i e n t l y stro n g to e f f e c t s i g n i f ic a n t d if f e r e n c e s . 17*

When v etera n s w ith p sych oneurosis had had c o lle g e

tr a in in g d id t h is f a c t serv e to a l l e v i a t e th e n otab le d i f f e r ­ ences which had ob tained between a l l d isa b le d and a l l non­ d isa b led ? Answer:

Y es.

A com parison o f d iffe r e n c e s shown by

id e n t ic a l f a c t o r c la s s e s would so in d ic a t e . 18.

When p sych on eu rosis occurred among n o n -c o lle g e

v etera n s were th e y as a group s i g n i f i c a n t l y d if f e r e n t from th e n o n -d isa b led v etera n s who had r e c e iv e d some c o lle g e t r a in ­ ing? Answer: prom inent.

Y es.

S everal o f th e d iffe r e n c e s were q u ite

172

19.

When vetera n s w ith p sych on eu rosis had not had some

c o lle g e tr a in in g d id t h i s f a c t serve to a l l e v i a t e th e n o ta b le d iffe r e n c e s w hich had ob tained between a l l d isa b le d and a l l n on -d isab led ?

*

Answer: No.

Comparative d iffe r e n c e s o f id e n t ic a l fa c to r

c la s s e s approximated each o th e r . 20.

Among c o lle g e v etera n s e x c lu s iv e ly , was psycho­

n eu ro sis a determ iner o f s i g n if ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s ? Answer:

Probably y e s , but not s tr o n g ly s o .

In o n ly

two in sta n c e s were th e r e d iffe r e n c e s d e f i n i t e l y s i g n i f i c a n t , but th er e were nine in sta n c e s of d iffe r e n c e s p o s s ib ly s i g n i f i ­ c a n t. 21.

Were th e se d iffe r e n c e s among d isa b le d c o lle g e

v etera n s as g e n e r a lly w idespread and as s p e c i f i c a l l y prominent as th e obtained d iffe r e n c e s between a l l d isa b le d and a l l non­ d is a b le d . Answer: 22.

Apparently th ey were n o t.

Among n o n -c o lle g e v etera n s on ly was p sych on eu rosis

a determ iner o f s i g n i f ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s ? Answer:

Probably y e s .

With d e f i n i t e l y y e s w in f i v e

in sta n c e s and !lp o s s ib ly y e s tt i n s i x o th er in s ta n c e s , th e d i f f e r e n t i a l evid en ce was s l i g h t l y stro n g er than ob tain ed in q u e stio n 20. 23.

Were th e se d iffe r e n c e s among d isa b le d n o n -c o lle g e

175

v etera n s as g e n e r a lly widespread and as s p e c i f i c a l l y prominent as the ob tain ed d iffe r e n c e s between a l l d isa b le d and a l l nond isa b led ? Answer;

Wo*

The n o tic e a b le d iffe r e n c e s were u s u a lly

co n sid era b ly l e s s fo r each o f the corresponding fa c to r c la s s e s * 24*

When dichotom ized by presence or absence o f psycho­

n e u r o s is , were d iffe r e n c e s between c o lle g e groups as g e n e r a lly w idespread and as s p e c i f i c a l l y promineht as th e measured d iffe r e n c e s between n o n -c o lle g e groups? Answer;

No.

Evidence was found th a t psychoneurosis

ap p aren tly made fo r more s i g n if ic a n t d iffe r e n c e s among th e non­ c o lle g e v etera n s than i t did among th e c o lle g e veteran s*

Such

evid en ce fu r th e r su g g ested th a t the in flu e n c e of p sych oneurosis in terms o f comparable fa c to r and in t e r v a l d iffe r e n c e s was co n sid era b ly l e s s among c o lle g e veteran s than among n o n -c o lle g e veteran s*

Not o n ly , th en , d id h igh er ed u cation a ct as a p o s s i­

b le d e te r r e n t to p revalen ce o f psycho n e u r o s is , but i t a ls o appeared to 0cu sh ion 0 or am eliorate the e f f e c t of p sych oneurosis upon oth er circum stances* 25*

When measured by th e u su al com parative f a c t o r s , d id

th e th ree circu m sta n ces, Mage t h i r t y and o ld e r ,0 ’d iv o rced s e p a r a te d ,0 and °repairm an-mechanic v o c a tio n a l o b j e c t iv e ,0 re v e a l flu c tu a tio n s in d ic a t iv e o f i n f l u e n t ia l r e la t io n s h ip s upon p sych on eu rosis?

174

Answer?

No.

While th ere were a Tew d if f e r e n c e s , most

o f th e se lack ed s t a t i s t i c a l s ig n if ic a n c e .

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH During the course o f t h is in v e s t ig a t io n the need fo r unknown and u n a v a ila b le in fo rm a tio n was o fte n f e l t .

It

th e r e fo r e seemed ap p rop riate th a t th e report should conclude by su g g e stin g s ix t y p ic a l areas undoubtedly r e la te d to t h is problem where fu r th e r researb h was needed.

E x is tin g records

o f guidance c e n te r s , s c h o o ls , and other tr a in in g e s t a b lis h ­ ments could be u t i l i z e d in th re e of th e s e , but th ree would req u ire u se o f oth er data and re sea rch m a te r ia l.

It is

acknowledged th a t on ly a very g en eral statem ent o f th e se f i e l d s i s being o ffe r e d h erew ith . Using records o f guldance c e n te r s, s c h o o ls , and tr a in in g e sta b lis h m e n ts .

Three areas which d o u b tless could y ie ld many

s p e c i f i c resea rch p r o je c ts u t i l i z i n g records o f guidance c e n te r s , s c h o o ls , and o th er tr a in in g esta b lish m en ts ares 1.

The tr a in in g p rogress and v o c a tio n a l adjustm ent o f

th e p s y c h o lo g ic a lly m aladjusted in d iv id u a ls In com parison w ith oth er groups such as (a) oth er types o f d isa b le d , and (b) n o n -d isa b led . 2.

C o rrela tio n s between c e r ta in p sy c h o lo g ic a l t e s t

175

r e s u lt s and th e variou s types of diagnosed p sych on eu rosis such as (a) the syndromes o f n eu ra sth en ia , p sy ch a sth en ia , h y s te r ia , a n x ie ty , and hypochondria; (b) th e traum atic n eu roses; and (c ) th e psychosom atic in volvem en ts. 3.

R e la tio n sh ip s between l e v e l s (grad es) o f formal

ed u ca tio n a l achievem ent and p e r s o n a lity adjustm ent, u sin g v ariou s p s y c h o lo g ic a l t e s t r e s u l t s . U sing new data and oth er re sea rch h m a te ria la .

There

are th ree p o t e n t ia lly f r u i t f u l resea rch areas re q u irin g new data and a d d itio n a l m a te r ia ls .

S eriou s e x p lo r a tio n in to them

can throw much needed l i g h t upon th e b a sa l dynamics o f p er­ s o n a lit y , and perhaps r e f l e c t many o f th o se in s ig n t s common to r e lig io n , p sy ch ology, and ed u cation which a p p erta in to a l l genuine guidance w hatever th e name i t might b ea r.

Sug­

g e ste d by th e problem in v e s tig a te d , th e se areas a re: 1.

E x p lo ra tio n in to r e la t io n s h ip s between v o c a tio n a l

adjustm ent and r e lig io u s adjustm ent, d ev elo p in g such o r ig in a l c r i t e r i a as needed. 2.

E xperim entation to determ ine what would be s u it a b le

t e s t b a t t e r ie s fo r c e r ta in r e lig io u s v o c a tio n s w ith su ggested minimum sco r es f o r p r e d ic tio n o f s u c c e s s . 3.

D eterm ination by in terv iew and o th er methods o f

th e probable e t i o l o g i c a l fa c to r s in s p e c if ie d typ es of known

m aladjustment such as (a) e d u ca tio n a l; (b) v o c a tio n a l p e r s o n a lity ; and (d) r e li g i o u s .

BIBLIOGRAPHY American Council on E ducation, ’’Summary o f F in d in g s, VA Guidance C e n t e r s ," M it c h e l l D reese, Study D ir e c to r , (mimeographed r e p o r t), Washington: May 3, 1949* Arkln, H erbert, and C olton, Raymond, An O u tlin e o f S t a t i s t i c a l Methods * New York: Barnes and Noble, In c*, Fourth E d itio n , 1939. 224 pp. B a rn ett, Warren L e s l i e , J r . , O c c u p a tio n a l A ptitu d e P attern s o f Counseled Veterans.® New York U n iv e r s ity : Unpublished Ph.D. t h e s i s , 1949. 175 pp. Croxton, F red erick E ., and Cowden, Dudley J . , A pplied General S t a t i s t i c s , New York; P r e n tic e -H a ll, I n c ., 1946. 944 pp. D ic tio n a r y o f O ccupational T it le s (Part I ttD e f in it io n s o f T i t l e s , n and Part I I " T itle s and Codes” ) , Washington; Government P rin tin g O ffic e , 1939. Edwards, A llen L ., S t a t i s t i c a l A n a ly sis fo r Students in Psychology and E ducation. New York: Rinehart and C o., I n c ., 1946* 360 pp. E itz e n , David D ., MA Q u a n tita tiv e Approach to th e P arish Problems o f th e C h r istia n M in ister: case s tu d ie s In p a sto r a l problems based upon in te r v ie w data from one hundred h o sp i­ t a l p a t ie n t s . n U n iv e r s ity o f Southern C a lifo r n ia : Un­ p u b lish ed Ph.D. t h e s i s . 1940. 140 pp. E l l i o t , H arrison S . , Can R e lig io u s E ducation be C h r istia n ? , New York: The Macmillan C o., 1947. 338 pp. G a rrett, Henry E ., S t a t i s t i c s in Psychology and E ducation. New York: Longmans, Green and C o., Third E d itio n , 1947. 487 pp. Good, C arter V ., Barr, A. S ., and S c a te s, D. E ., The Methodology o f E ducational R esearch. New York: D. Appleton-Century C o., I n c ., 1941. 890 pp. G u ilfo r d , J. P . , Fundamental S t a t i s t i c s in Psychology and Educa­ t i o n . New York: McGraw-Hill Book C o., 1942. 333 pp.

178

Hagood, M argaret, S t a t i s t i c s fo r S o c i o l o g i s t s , H itch cock , Inc . , 1941, 934 pp*

New York:

Latham, A lb ert Jackson, "A ptitude and V ocation al C hoice: A F ollow -up Study*11 U n iv e r sity o f P ittsb u r g h : Unpublished Ph.D. t h e s i s , 1948* 150 pp* L e is , Ward W illiam , "A Comparative E v a lu a tio n o f th e V ocation al Adjustment o f Advised and Non-advised Veterans w h ile in T r a in in g .* U n iv e r sity o f Southern C a lifo r n ia : Unpublished Ph.D. t h e s i s , 1948* 138 pp. L in d q u ist, E* P ., A F ir s t Course in S t a t i s t i c s * Houghton M iff lin C o., 1942* 242 pp. McNemar, %uinn, P sy c h o lo g lc a l S t a t i s t i c s . W iley and Sons, I n c ., 1949. 364 pp.

New York:

New York:

John

Myers, George E ., P r in c ip le s and Techniques o f V ocation al an ce, New York: McGraw-Hill Book C o., 1941. 377 pp. Palmer, Harold Jerome, "A Study o f the A ppraisal o f One Thou­ sand V eterans Appearing a t th e C orn ell Guidance C enter; a d e s c r ip tio n o f t h e ir c h a r a c t e r is t ic s and an e v a lu a tio n o f th e guidance procedures u sed ." C orn ell U n iv e r s ity , Ith a ca , New York: Unpublished Ph.D. t h e s i s , 1946. 191 pp. S c o tt, Ira D ., Manual o f Advisement and Guidance. Government P r in tin g O ffic e , 1945. 233 pp.

W ashingtons

S tre ck er, Edward A ., T heir Mother?s Sons. P h ila d e lp h ia : L ip p in c o t t , 1946. 220 pp. Thorpe, Louis P ., and Katz, Barney, The Psychology o f Abnormal B eh avior. New York: The Ronald P ress Co., 1948. 677 pp. Walker, H elen M., Elementary S t a t i s t ! c a l Methods. Henry H olt and C o., 1943. 368 pp.

New York:

Westaway, F. W., S c i e n t i f i c Method: I t s P h ilo so p h ic a l Base and i t s Modes o f A p p lic a tio n . London: B lack ie and Son, L td ., Third E d itio n , 1924. 522 pp. W oofter, T. J . , J r ., "Common Errors in Sampling," F o rc es, 1 1 :5 2 1 -5 2 7 , May 1933.

S o c ia l

AP PENDI X

A.

180

The fo llo w in g four ta b le s p resen t com­ p a riso n s between d isa b le d v etera n s and n o n -d isab led w ith r e fe r e n c e to th e s p e c if ic fa c to r s in d ic a te d w ith in them.

These ta b le s are f i l e d

here because t h e ir data are o f p o s s ib le v a lu e , even though not u su a b le in th e p r o je c t rep o rted . They were seg reg a ted from th e primary ta b le s o f th e t e x t fo r reasons d isc u sse d in Chapter I I under sub-heading nT w enty-eight out o f t h ir t y n ine fa c to r s r e je c te d .* 1

T o t a ls

F a c t o r u n d er co m p a rison

Number T otal A ll Numbers

400

Branch o f serv ice Air Corps and Army u n its Navy and Marine u n its Not s p e c ifie d Rank attain ed E n liste d , 3 low est grades E n listed , 3 h ighest grades Commissioned rankfe Not s p e c ifie d Level o f I.Q . score Highest q u a r tile Middle two q u a r tiles Lowest q u a r tile Not s p e c ifie d Time required to g ive guidance 1-8 hours 9-10 hours 11 hours and over Not s p e c ifie d

384 262 122 16 378 164 154 60 32 325 134 152 39 75 395 62 229 104 5

D is a b le d

Per cent X

100.0 68.2 31.8 X

100.0 43.4 40.8 15.8 X

100.0 41.3 46.7 12.0 X

100.0 15.7 58.0 26.3 X

Number

N o n -d is a b le d

Per cent

Number

Per cent

200

X

200

X

190 139 51 10 194 106 79 9 6 147 43 77 27 53 198 38 102 58 2

100.0 73.2 26.8

194 123 71

100.0 63.4 36.6

X

100.0 54.6 40.8 4 .6 X

100.0 29.2 52.4 18.4 X

100.0 19.2 51.5 29.3 X

06

184 58 75 51 26 178 91 75 12 22 197 24 127 46 3

X

100.0 31.5 40.7 27.8 X

100.0 51.1 42.2 6.7 X

100.0 12.2 64.5 23.3 X

x - f,not s p e c ifie d w are not included in the proportions. 181

F a c t o r u n d er c o m p a r iso n

Total taking Kuder t e s t Not s p e c ifie d Mechanical in te r e s t Highest q u a rtile Middle q u a r tiles: Lowest q u a rtile Computational in te r e s t Highest q u a rtile Middle q u a rtiles Lowest q u a rtile S c ie n t if ic in te r e s t Highest q u a r tile Middle q u a rtiles Lowest q u a r tile Persuasive in te r e s t Highest q u a rtile Middle q u a r tiles Lowest q u a r tile A r tis tic in te r e s t Highest q u a rtile Middle q u a rtiles Lowest q u a rtile

T o t a ls

D is a b le d

N o n -d is a b le d

Number

Per cent

Number

Per cent

Number

302 98

1 0 0 .0

124 76

1 0 0 .0

178

X

22

X

65 11 7 120

2 1 .5 3 8 .8 3 9 .7

39 45 40

3 1 .4 3 6 .4 3 2 .2

26 72 80

1 4 .6 4 0 .5 4 4 .9

70 133 99

2 3 .2 4 4 .1 3 2 .7

20

57 47

1 6 .2 4 6 .0 3 7 .8

50 76 52

2 8 .2 4 2 .6 2 9 .2

65 127 110

21 *5 4 2 .1 3 6 .4

30 48 46

2 4 .2 3 8 .7 3 7 .1

35 79 64

1 9 .6 4 4 .4 3 6 .0

80 160 62

2 6 .5 5 3 .0 2 0 .5

26

2 1 .0

66

32

5 3 .3 2 5 .7

54 94 30

3 0 .3 5 2 .9 1 6 .8

96 132 74

3 1 .9 4 3 .6 2 4 .5

42 63 19

3 3 .8 5 0 .8 1 5 .4

54 69 55

3 0 .3 3 8 .8 3 0 .9

X

Per cent 1 0 0 .0

x - Number not taking Kuder t e s t are not included in proportions. 182

T o t a ls

F a c to r under c o m p a riso n

Total taking Ihider t e s t Not sp e c ifie d L iterary in te r e s t Highest q u a rtile Middle q u a r tiles Lowest q u a rtile Musical in te r e s t Highest q u a r tile Middle q u a rtiles Lowest q u a rtile S o cia l se r v ic e in te r e s t Highest q u a rtile Middle q u a r tiles Lowest q u a rtile C lerica l in te r e s t Highest q u a r tile Middle q u a r tiles Lowest q u a r tile

D is a b le d

N o n -d is a b le d

Number

Per cent

Number

Per cent

Number

Per cent

302 98

100,0

124 76

100.0

178 22

100.0

119 141 42

39.4 46.7 13,9

33 67 24

26.6 54.0 19.4

86 74 18

48.3 41.5 10.2

112 153 37

37.1 50,6 12,3

40 64 20

32.2 51.6 16.2

72 89 17

40.5 50.0 9.5

70 147 85

23.2 48.6 28.2

34 62 28

27.4 50.0 22.6

36 85 57

20.2 47.7 32.1

68 128 106

22.6 42.4 35.0

22 48 54

17.7 38.7 43.6

46 80 52

25.8 45.0 29.2

X

X

X

x - Number not taking Kuder t e s t are not included in proportions.

183

F a c t o r u n d er c o m p a r iso n

T o t a ls

Number Total A ll Numbers General le v e l of vocation al o b jectiv e P rof• -m a n .-o ffic ia l C le r ic a l, s a le s , serv ice S k ille d and se m i-sk ille d A ll other le v e ls Not sp e c ifie d Type of vocation al tra in in g recommended Acad emi c-prof es s i onal On-the-job V ocation al-tech n ical Not sp e c ifie d G uilford-M artin1s p erso n a lity temperament (T rait D-Depression) Highest Q uartile Middle quartile^ Lowest quartile'51. Score not s p e c ifie d

D is a b le d

Per cent

Number

Per cent

N o n -d is a b le d

Number

Per cent

400

X

200

X

200

X

369 221 57 71 20 31

100.0 60.0 15.5 19.2 5.3

173 71 29 62 11 27

100.0 41.1 1 6 .7 35.8 6.4

196 15028 9 9 4

100.0 76.5 14.3 4.6 4 .6

361 161 100 100 39

100.0 44.6 26.7 26.7

168 35 84 49 32

100.0 20.8 50.0 29.2

193 126 16 51 7

100.0 65.3 8 .3 26.4

197 87 70 40 203

100.0 44.2 35.6 20.2

24 7 9 8 176

100.0 29.2 37.5 33.3

173 80 61 32 27

100.0 46.2 35.2 18.6

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

* Lower scores are in d ic a tiv e of ch ron ically depressed moods,

x - "Not sp ecified " are not included in the proportions.

od

APPENDI X

B.

SUMMARY OF VOCATIONAL ADVISEMENT RECORD LOS ANGELtiS 7, CALIF.

LAST—FIRST-MIDDLE NAME OF VETERAN

CLAIM NO.

ADDRESS

TELEPHONE NO.

DATE OF BIRTH

RACE

SEX

MARITAL STATUS Q ] SINGLE

RELATIONSHIP

NAME

Q

MARRIED

Q

DIVORCED

Q ] SEPARATED

SCHOOLING (Circle last grade com pleted)

D EPENDENTS AGE

ELEMENTARY HIGH SCHOOL . COLLEGE GRADUATE DEGREES

MAJOR OR PREFERRED SUBJECTS

SPECIAL TRAINING AND ABILITIES

SIG NIFIC AN T TESTS NAME O F TESTS

NORM

SCORE

INTERPRETATION

DATES

WEEKLY PAY

186

iPERCENTILE

W ORK EXPERIENCE MAIN OCCUPATIONS AND DUTIES

PREWAR

POSTWAR

a r m e d FORCES (B a n k , organization and assignm ents o f occupational significance)

TYPE OF CERTIFICATE

DATE OF CERTIFICATE

EMPLOYMENT OBJECTIVE SELECTED

DICTIONARY CODE NO;

TRAINING RECOMMENDED

DATE CASE REF'ED TO EDUCATION AND TRAINING SECTION

A PPROXIM ATE AM OUNT OF TIME R EQUIRED FOR ADVISEM ENT O F TH IS VETERAN FUNCTION

HOURS

FUNCTION

INTERVIEWING. PART 1. VA FORM 1902

MEDICAL CONSULTANTS

TESTING

OTHER ADVISEMENT ACTION

EVALUATION-COUNSELING. VA FORM 1902 b-1 M A I1 9 4 9

7-1902h

TOTAL TIME

SUPERSEDES VA FORM 7-!90?.h. FEB 1947 WHICH WILL NOT BE USED.

HOURS

A. P P E N D I X

C.

T

1

31

2

32

T

F

1

2

4 . 5

2

3

4

5

4

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

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4

5

1

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4

5

10 i!

1

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5

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5

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4

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43

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5

1

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1

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5

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

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5

1

2

3

4

5

126

97

127 128

98

129

99

100

130

101

131

102

132

103 4

5

1

2

3

4

5

133 134

104

75

F 2

125

96

3

T

124

95

2

105

135

BE SURE YOUR MARKS ARE HEAVY AND BLACK. ERASE COMPLETELY ANY ANSWER YOU WISH TO CHANGE.

m

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A P P E N D I X

D.

CODE SHEET FOR I . B . M . FORM A -5 0 9 S h o w in g 4 3 row s a s u s e d t o r e c o r d d a t a o r i g i n a l l y o n 39 f a c t o r s , e a c h h a v in g tw o , t h r e e , o r f o u r s t e p - i n t e r v a l s c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o I . B . M . c o lu m n n u m b e r s . Row numbers o n e th ro u g h 43 ( t o p t o b ottom ) c o r r e sp o n d t o t h e I.B .M . v e r t i c a l row num bers o n e t h r o u g h 4 3 . N o t e , h o w e v e r , t h a t c o lu m n num­ b e r s p l a c e d u n d e r t h e row num bers o n t h i s c o d e s h e e t ( f o r c o n v e n i e n c e o n l y ) , c o r r e s p o n d a c t u a l l y t o I . B .M . h o r o z o n t a l c o lu m n n u m b e r s , l e f t t o r i g h t o n t h e f o r m A - 5 0 9 , f o r r e c o r d i n g and s c o r i n g p u r p o s e s . 1.

SAMPLING STATUS 1. D i s a b l e d by a d e f i n e d p s y c h o n e u r o s i s 2. N o n -d isa b le d

2.

SEX 1. 2.

M ale F e m a le

3.

AGE AT TIME OF GUIDANCE 1. Age 2 4 and y o u n g e r 2. A g es 2 5 - 2 9 , i n c l u s i v e 3. Age 30 a n d o l d e r

4.

MARITAL STATUS 1. S in g le 2. M a r r ie d 3. D iv o r c e d -se p a r ste d

5.

DEPENDENCY STATUS 1, None 2. Spouse, c h ild r e n , 3• M other

or o th ers

.

FORMAL SCHOOLING COMPLETED 1. E lem e n ta r y 1 - 8 y e a r s , i n c l u s i v e 2. H ig h s c h o o l 1 - 4 y e a r s , i n c l u s i v e 3. C o lle g e or g ra d u a te stu d y

7.

MAJOR OR PREFERRED STUDY 1. M a t h e m a t ic s and n a t u r a l s c i e n c e s 2. S o c i a l and g e n e r a l s t u d i e s 3. C o m m e rc ia l a n d i n d u s t r i a l a r t s 4. L an guage, m u sic , and f i n e a r t s

6

191 8

.

9.

LEVEL OP PRE-WAR OCCUPATION 1. P r o f e s s io n a l, s e m i- p r o f e s s io n a l, m a n a g e r ia l, o f f i c i a l 2. C l e r i c a l , S a l e s , S e r v ic e w orkers 3. S k i l l e d and s e m i - s k i l l e d t r a d e s 4. O th e r l e v e l s , i n c l u d i n g u n e m p lo y e d LENGTH OF TIME IN PRE-WAR OCCUPATION 1* N one, o r s t u d e n t 22* TU nder o n e y e a r 3* One y e a r a n d o v e r

10.

LEVEL OP POST-WAR OCCUPATION 1. P r o f e s s i o n a l, s e m i- p r o f e s s io n a l, m a n a g e r ia l, o f f i c i a l 2. C l e r i c a l , S a l e s , S e r v ic e w orkers 3* O th e r l e v e l s , i n c l u d i n g u n e m p lo y e d

11.

LENGTH OP TIME IN POST-WAR OCCUPATION 1* N on e, o r s t u d e n t 2. U nder o n e y e a r 3. One y e a r and o v e r

12.

BRANCH OP SERVICE IN WAR TIME 1* A i r Corp and Army u n i t s 2. N avy, M a r in e , S e a b e e s , C o a s t Guard

13.

RANK 1. 2 . 3.

14.

LEVEL OP VOCATIONAL OBJECTIVE SELECTED 1. P r o f e s s io n a l, s e m i-p r o f e s s io n a l, m a n a g e ria l, 2. C l e r i c a l , S a l e s , S e r v ic e w orkers 3. S k i l l e d and s e m i - s k i l l e d t r a d e s 4. A ll o th e r l e v e ls

ATTAINED IN WAR SERVICE E n lis t e e , th ree lo w e st grades E n lis t e e , h ig h e r grades C o m m iss io n e d r a n k o ffic ia l

15.

VOCATIONAL OBJECTIVES MOST FREQUENTLY CHOSEN 1. E n g in e e r 2. T eacher 3. A ccou n tan t 4. J u n i o r e x e c u t i v e s a n d m a n a g e rs

16.

NUMBER 1 5 , CONTINUED 1* C lerk 2. S a le s m a n 3. R e p a ir m a n - m e c h a n ic 4. S k i l l e d t r a d e s m a n i n b u i l d i n g o r c o n s t r u c t i o n work

19 2 17.

TYPE TRAINING RECOMMENDED FOLLOWING GUIDANCE 1 . A ca ^ e^ ic o r p r o f e s s i o n a l d e g r e e 2 . O n -th e-jo b 3. O th er, i n c lu d i n g v o c a t i o n a l - t e c h n i c a l

18.

TIME REQUIRED TO GIVE GUIDANCE 1 . One t h r o u g h e i g h t h o u r s 2 . N in e o r t e n h o u r s 3 . E le v e n hours or lo n g e r

19.

DISABLED VETERANS: SEVERITY OF DISABILITY 1 . M ild , 10 - 20 p e r c e n t 2 . M o d e r a t e , 30 - 4 0 p e r c e n t 3 . S e v e r e , 50 - 1 0 0 p e r c e n t

20

.

INTELLIGENCE TEST SCORES ( K l) 1 . H ig h e st q u a r t i l e 2 . Two m i d d l e q u a r t i l e s 3 . L ow est q u a r t i l e 2 1 - 2 9 , i n c l u s i v e , VOCATIONAL INTEREST SCORES ( p e r K uder P r e f e r e n c e T e s t , sc o r e d as to q u a r t i l e s )

21

22

.

.

MECHANIC INTEREST 1. H ig h e st % 2. Two m i d d l e Q.1 s 3. L ow est COMPUTATIONAL INTEREST 1. H i g h e s t Q, 2. Two m i d d l e Qf s 3. L o w e s t Q,

25.

SCIENTIFIC INTEREST 1 . . H i g h e s t Q, 2. Two m i d d l e Q,f s 3. L o w e s t Q,

24.

PERSUASIVE INTEREST 1. H ig h e s t % 2. Two m i d d l e Q.f s 3. L ow est Q

193 25.

ARTISTIC INTEREST 1. H ig h e st Q 2. Two m i d d l e Q’ s 3 . L ow est Q

26.

LITERARY INTEREST 1. H ig h e st Q 2. Two m i d d l e Q 's 3 . L o w e st Q

27.

MUSICAL INTEREST 1. H ig h e s t Q 2. Two m i d d l e Q ’ s 3 . L o w e st Q

28.

SOCIAL SERVICE INTEREST 1. H ig h e st Q 2. Two m i d d l e Q’ s 3 . L o w e st Q

29.

CLERICAL INTEREST 1. H ig h e st Q 2. Two m i d d l e Q’ s 3 . L o w e st Q

30.

( L e f t b l a n k f o r c o n v e n i e n c e i n r e c o r d i n g and s c o r i n g ) 31 - H3, i n c l u s i v e , PERSONALITY TEMPERAMENT TRAITS ( p e r G u i l d o r d M a r t in t e s t )

31.

S - SOCIAL INTROVERSION-EXTRAVERSION 1. H ig h e st Q 2. Two m i d d l e Q’ s 3 . L ow est Q

32.

T - THINKING INTROVERSION-EXTRAVERSTON 1. H ig h e s t Q 2. Two m i d d l e Q ’ s 3 . L ow est Q

33*

D - DEPRESSION 1. H ig h e st Q 2. Two m i d d l e Q 's 3 . L o w e st Q

194 54*

C - CYCLOID 1* H i g h e s t q 2. Two m i d d l e 3* L o w e s t Q>

Ql’ s

35* R - RHATHMIA 1. H i g h e s t Q, 2. Two m i d d l e q f s 3. L ow est Q 36.

G - GENERAL ACTIVITY 1. H ig h e st % 2« Two m i d d l e q f s 3. L o w e s t Q,

37.

A - ASCENDANCE- SUBMISS10N 1 . H i g h e s t Q, . 3. 2

Two m i d d l e q f s L o w e s t Q,

38.

M - MASCTJLINITY-PEMINITY 1. S ig h e st q 2 . Two m i d d l e q ’ s L ow est q 3.

39.

I - INFERIORITY PEELINGS 1 . H ig h e st % Two m i d d l e V s 2 . L ow est q 3*

40.

N - NERVOUSNESS 1 . H ig h e st q 2 . Two m i d d l e q ’ s L o w e s t Q, 3.

41.

0

- OBJECTIVITY H ig h e st % Two m i d d l e q ! s 2 . 3. L ow est q

1.

42.

CO - COOPERATIVENESS 1. H ig h e st q 2. Two m i d d l e q ’ s 3. L ow est %

43.

AG - AGREEAHLENESS 1. H ig h e s t Q 2. Two m i d d l e q * s 3. L ow est q