The South-Warwickshire Hoard of Roman Denarii: A Catalogue 9781407311593, 9781407322650

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Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Introduction
Catalogue
Plates

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BAR 585 2013

The South-Warwickshire Hoard of Roman Denarii

IRELAND

A Catalogue

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII

B A R

Stanley Ireland

BAR British Series 585 2013

The South-Warwickshire Hoard of Roman Denarii A Catalogue

Stanley Ireland

BAR British Series 585 2013

Published in 2016 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR British Series 585 The South-Warwickshire Hoard of Roman Denarii © S Ireland and the Publisher 2013 The author's moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.

ISBN 9781407311593 paperback ISBN 9781407322650 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407311593 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2013. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2016.

BAR PUBLISHING BAR titles are available from: BAR Publishing 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK E MAIL [email protected] P HONE +44 (0)1865 310431 F AX +44 (0)1865 316916 www.barpublishing.com

Contents

Introduction ............................................................................................................1 Catalogue................................................................................................................7 Plates ....................................................................................................................35

i 

 

 

ii 

 

 

Introduction walling with evidence of industrial activity, suggesting a settlement engaged, in part, in iron-smelting, doubtless using the local iron-rich limestone. The discovery of a scatter of later coins spanning the period to the 4th century AD suggests a lasting Roman presence in the area. Subsequent extension of the excavation site revealed not only a further seven coins, bringing the total up to 1153, but also significant other features as described in the site report by the archaeologist in charge, David Freke:

The Find One Sunday evening in the summer of 2008, while prospecting on commercial land in the vicinity of the village of Warmington, situated on the summit of Edge Hill,1 a metal-detectorist, Keith Bennett, was on the point of giving up his frustratingly unproductive search when a small silver disk on the surface caught his attention. This was followed by the registration of a further two coins by his equipment, then others as he began a methodical survey of the area. After he had alerted the local Warmington Heritage Group to his discovery, the decision was taken to locate and mark the nucleus of the soundings being made and to leave further work to the following day. This revealed a spread of coins, at times up to fifty metres away from the original finds, but it was not till Tuesday that the nucleus itself was excavated, revealing a pot full of unstratified coins (fig. 1), its top damaged by deep ploughing, thus accounting for the dispersal of coins, many along the line taken by the ploughshare. Following cleaning (for the most part simply using water),2 photographing, and initial identification, the hoard was deposited in the Warwickshire Museum pending arrangement of the necessary inquest in accordance with the Treasure Act. During this period additional coins came to light, bringing the total to 1146 specimens, and I was able to undertake the beginnings of a catalogue before the hoard was moved to the British Museum for valuation, which was completed in the summer of 2011. Acquisition by the Warwickshire Museum followed, just in time for the hoard’s display to mark the opening of the museum’s refurbished state. It was in this period that scanning of the coins by Richard Hodges of Richler Graphics took place, allowing the cataloguing process to be taken further until access to the coins themselves once more became possible.

‘The hoard was buried inside a substantial wall, part of a circular, or possibly polygonal, Romano-British structure (fig. 2), the northern half of which has been completely ploughed away. What survives was protected under herb bushes planted about 15 years ago. The 2008 recovery of the hoard and its container pot damaged the wall; it was noted at the time of the original find that there were associated stones, interpreted then as a wall or yard surface. The part of the south-east quadrant of the wall in the vicinity of the hoard had, in fact, been reconstructed in or after the 3rd century AD (provisional date from a single sherd built into the wall), probably as a result of the failure of the original structure where it had been built over the unconsolidated fill of a large prehistoric pit. The reconstructed portion of the wall incorporated burnt ironstone and fragments of squared masonry, which were not found in the other sections of the wall, nor in that part of the foundations under the reconstructed section. The wall was made of local ironstone and no binding matrix was evident; the foundations were not mortared or bound together with clay or other material. The function of the structure is unclear; it does not contain a hearth, and it lacks the quantities of material debris often associated with Romano-British domestic buildings, although the plough damage might account for this, and not all domestic or ancillary buildings are known to produce large quantities of finds. On the other hand there are no unequivocal votive deposits, except perhaps parts of a lamb (skull) buried near the hoard, and possibly the hoard itself. Nor is there a temenos, or a central pit or foundations for a cult object in the centre of the structure.

Later investigation of the hoard’s site has revealed its deposition adjacent to, and on the internal side of a substantial Roman stone wall approximately 1m thick, and lying a few hundred metres east of further substantial

                                                             1

  The escarpment of Edge Hill, part of a marine sedimentary succession of the Lower and Middle Jurassic periods, is formed by a 40 metre band of iron-rich, sandy limestone. 2 A number of coins display a dark accretion which in some cases severely affects the visibility of motif and any inscription. It may be that this has resulted from the coins in question being in contact with the inside surface of the pot or the surrounding environment.

To investigate the reasons for the deeper foundations observed in the S-E section of the wall a 5m long and 1m wide trial trench was excavated to a depth of 1.1m below the top of the Roman wall. This revealed a rock-cut prehistoric pit, with a fill of extremely “clean” ironstone rubble giving the impression of being rapidly backfilled with the material dug out of it. At a depth of 1.1m the top 1

 

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII

  of a human skull was exposed but left in-situ, as the limited width and the depth of the trial trench precluded further work without widening the excavation. Dug into the upper fill of the pit was a small pit of about 400mm diameter filled with burnt and unburnt ironstone fragments and quantities of charcoal, and containing sherds of an early bronze-age beaker, with all-over cordimpressed decoration. The recovered sherds represent about half of a single beaker, almost certainly already fragmentary when buried, as parts of the rim were found at the bottom of the fill which fitted sherds at the top. The pit had been truncated by ploughing, and several worn sherds, probably from the same pot, were recovered from the ploughsoil in the area of the find. Either a fire had been kindled in the pit itself or the burnt stones in the fill were deposited in the pit while still very hot, as the stones surrounding the pit had been scorched (reddened). If there had been a fire in the pit, it had been cleared before the final filling material was deposited as it was not characteristic of an in-situ fire or hearth.

not being a collection built up over years, but rather one deposited for reasons and at a date that must remain largely conjectural. The composition of the hoard is as follows: Republican coinage: 793 specimens spanning 194 – 5 31 BC Imperial coinage: 355 specimens of which: Augustus: 163 specimens Tiberius: 148 specimens Caligula: 8 specimens Claudius: 22 specimens Nero: 15 specimens Non-Roman (Juba) 4 specimens Within the individual issues of Republican coins there is an inevitable emphasis upon periods of strife, when numerically large issues were required to pay for troops.6 At the beginning of the first century this manifests itself in the period of the Social War (91-88 BC), the first Mithradatic war (89-85 BC), and the struggle between Marius and Sulla (88-82 BC). Similarly, in the last decades of the Republic there were renewed peaks of production, when civil war became endemic, and military aims were at times supported by propaganda. Hence, among the coins issued by Caesar: Religious instruments / elephant (49-48 BC): 23 specimens Venus / Aeneas (47-6 BC): 11 specimens

The location of a prehistoric burial and a beaker deposit in a pit directly under the wall of a Romano-British structure may be coincidental or it may be deliberate. If the Roman structure is interpreted as a temple situated on a pre-existing religious/ritual site, then it appears that the special significance of this site persisted for at least 2000 years.’

The Scope of the Hoard

In the later struggle against the assassins of Caesar: Apollo / Diana with torches (P. Clodius – 42 BC): 23 specimens

Chronologically the hoard covers the period from 194/190 BC to AD 64, and from analogies elsewhere (see below) clearly represents a cross-section of material in circulation at the time of deposition in view of the fact that, with the exception of some issues at times of military stress, denarii had largely remained stable in terms of both fineness and weight from their inception to the reform instituted by Nero. There was thus no reason for rejecting early issues, which circulated at face value despite the inevitable effects of wear. On the other hand the clear knowledge in antiquity that the issues of Mark Antony deviated from the norm,3 dropping from 98% to 92-84% fineness,4 may well account for their large-scale withdrawal from circulation and hence appearance in some hoards. The lack of any stratification detected in the assemblage at the time of excavation also points to this

In the conflict between Antony and Octavian: Antony’s legionary issues (32-31 BC): 89 specimens Within the imperial period the propaganda potential of some issues is matched at times by their prominence in the hoard, especially in the case of Augustus: Signis Receptis (c. 19 BC): 9 specimens Gaius & Lucius Caesar (2 BC – AD 4): 71 specimens

                                                             5

 This seems to make the hoard the largest assemblage of Republican denarii found within Britain.  6 It should be noted, however, that the numerical size of issues within the hoard cannot be taken as a true indication of the original volumes minted since by the time of the hoard’s deposition many earlier coins will have been withdrawn for reminting. For this reason alone a statistical analysis of types must remain fraught with difficulties.

                                                             3

Pliny, Natural History 33, 132: ‘As Triumvir Antony mixed iron [sc. copper] into his denarii’. 4 Cf. the issues of L. Dossenus (87 BC): 93%, Caecilius Metellus (81 BC): 95.5%, L. Papius (79 BC): 92.6%, G. Postumius (74 BC): 95.1% (M.H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge 1974, pp. 570f.). 2 

 

INTRODUCTION  (the process involved in the arrival of the coins in the museum and the lack of any opportunity to conduct a systematic ordering of coins before accessioning accounts for the overall divergence between catalogue and accession numbers)

Tiberius: Pontif Maxim (c. AD 14-37): 143 specimens out of 145 coins of Tiberius in the hoard The non-Roman coins in the hoard, cited at the end of the catalogue, consist of denarii issued by Juba I of Numidia, a long-term enemy of Julius Caesar.

While exceptional both in chronological spread and size, the South-Warwickshire Hoard does tend to mirror the findings from other hoards ending in the early imperial period both in Britain and on the near continent, not least the small number of coins from the reigns of Caligula to Nero, which ties in well with the paucity of coins from these reigns actually minted before AD 64.8 The SouthWarwickshire Hoard does, however, deviate from those found in East Anglia, where the inclusion of Icenian material ties them closely to the events of the Boudiccan rebellion, and they often contain a smaller percentage of Republican coins than hoards found outside this area.9 A selection of larger hoards of the period is listed below, the continental hoards being taken from a useful list provided by Sylviane Estiot and Isabelle Aymar.10

Inevitably the collection also contains a number of evident copies, e.g., from the Republican period: coin 790, and in the imperial period under Augustus: coins 949-954, and Tiberius: coins 1101-3. A number of others may well exist, disguised either by wear or the variability of dies.

The Catalogue The process of striking coins individually by hand and at speed inevitably led to considerable variation in the quality of the final product. At the most extreme this might result in the creation of brockage, where a coin adhered to the die (usually the reverse die) and itself became the die for the next coin, resulting in a negative image, as is the case with coin 789. Less extreme was the frequent creation of off-centred coins, where elements of either motif or inscription are missing from the coin, a feature often exacerbated by wear. In constructing the catalogue I have tried, in terms of motif, to indicate those elements that are visible; features off-flan, but visible on perfect specimens, are omitted from mention. In the case of inscriptions I have given the perfect form if any part of a word is visible on the coin. A more purist approach, using square brackets to indicate missing letters, would have resulted, in many cases, in a veritable forest of such brackets, and could easily have led to their insertion where more acute eyes were able to discern what was otherwise deemed to be missing. Where, on the other hand, a word is totally absent, I have inserted it within square brackets.

British finds: Membury, Wiltshire (1988/1992): 252 denarii (of which 181 Republican11) spanning the period 149 BC to AD 37 in the reign of Tiberius12 Chippenham (1981): 46 coins, comprising 5 gold coins of Cunobelinus, 4 Roman gold coins (AugustusClaudius) and 37 denarii (of which 25 Republican)

                                                             8

Cf. J. Orna-Ornstein, ‘Early Hoards of Denarii from Britain’, in Coin Hoards from Roman Britain X, London 1997, p. 27. 9 Orna-Ornstein p. 28 points out that East Anglian hoards typically contain c. 55% Republican coins, while those from areas further afield (e.g. Membury) have on average 77% Republican. The South-Warwickshire Hoard contains 69% Republican. 10 ‘Le trésor de Meussia (Jura): 399 monnaies d’argent d’époques républicaine et julio-claudienne’, Trésors Monétaires, 20, 2002, pp. 69-160. I have included here only those hoards for which detailed information is available. 11 While the literature often differentiates ‘Republican’ issues from Imperatorial (usually specified as those of Marc Antony), I have combined them. 12 C. Howgego, C.E. King, ‘Membury, Wiltshire’ in The Chalfont Hoard and Other Roman Coin Hoards, CHRB IX, 1992, pp. 11-19; J. Orna-Ornstein, ‘Membury, Wiltshire (Addenda)’, CHRB X, 1997, p. 34; A.S. Robertson, An Inventory of Romano-British Hoards, London 2000, p.2.

The form of the catalogue follows the normal practice: 1. obverse and reverse descriptions with reference7 and date 2. weight, die-axis (represented by hours of the clock) and finally museum accession number

                                                             7

 Crawford: M.H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge 1974; RIC: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. 1, 2nd ed. London 1984; SNG Cop: Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, the Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, vol. 8, reprint, New Jersey 1982; RPC: A.M. Burnett, M. Amandry, P.P. Ripollès, Roman Provincial Coinage, vol. 1, London & Paris 1992. 3 

 

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII

  spanning the period 130 BC to AD 37 in the reign of Tiberius13 Lakenheath, Suffolk (1959): 481 coins, comprising 414 Icenian and other native coins14 and 67 denarii (of which 41 Republican) spanning the period 106 BC to AD 37-8, during the reign of Caligula15 Woodham Mortimer, Essex (1991-2): 189 denarii (of which 28 Republican) spanning the period 119 BC to AD 37-8, during the reign of Caligula16 Norton Subcourse, Norfolk (1982-6/1989-91): 3 Celtic coins and 113 denarii (of which 87 Republican) spanning the period 136 BC to AD 41-2, at the beginning of the reign of Claudius17 Sutton, Suffolk (1987): 217 denarii (of which 127 Republican) spanning the period 154 BC to AD 41-2, at the beginning of the reign of Claudius18 Eriswell, Suffolk (1972): 327 coins, comprising 255 Icenian coins and 72 denarii (of which 45 Republican) spanning the period 137 BC to AD 55 in the reign of Nero19 Scole, Norfolk (1982-3): 289 coins, comprising 202 Icenian coins and 87 denarii (of which 64 Republican) spanning the period 143 BC to AD 61 in the reign of Nero20

Maillé, Vendée (1960-2): 461 denarii and other silver coins (Juba / Oscan) spanning the period 154 to 12 BC: 450 issues of the Republican period, 11 of Augustus Environs of Nice (1901): 104 denarii spanning 121 BC to AD 4, comprising 92 coins of the Republican period, 12 of Augustus Meussia (1960): 399 coins, comprising 395 denarii (including one coin of Juba and two Oscan) and 4 quinarii spanning the period 157 BC – AD 37: 271 coins of the Republican period, 128 of the Imperial period down to AD 37 (Caligula) Extending the period further reveals a number of hoards in Britain with significant Republican contents: Beck Row, Mildenhall, Suffolk (1979-80): 277 denarii (of which 120 Republican coins) spanning the period 195 BC to AD 79 in the reign of Titus22 Howe, Norfolk (1981-2, 1984, 1986-7, 1989-92): 121 denarii (59 Republican coins) spanning the period 147 BC – AD 87 in the reign of Domitian23 Skellow, South Yorkshire (1994): 267 denarii (of which 76 Republican) spanning the period from 138 BC to AD 81 in the reign of Domitian24 And this continued to be the case into the 2nd century, e.g. Boston Spa, West Yorkshire (1848): c. 200 denarii (of which 66 Republican) spanning the period from c. 211 BC to AD 119-22 in the reign of Hadrian25 Birdoswald, Cumberland (1930): 30 denarii (of which 17 Republican) spanning the period to the reign of Hadrian26 Ormskirk, Lancashire (1949): 125 denarii (of which 31 Republican) spanning the period to the reign of Hadrian27

Western-Continental finds: Bourgeueil, Indre-et-Loire (1902): 693 denarii (including one coin of Juba) dating from 154-17/16 BC, comprising 531 Republican coins, 158 of Augustus21

                                                             13

A.M. Burnett, ‘Chippenham, near Ely, Treasure Trove’, CHRB VI, 1986, pp. 1-4; Robertson, p. 4f. 14 These consisted of 3 gold coins and 411 silver (though the initial number was said to be 412). 15 G.M. Briscoe, R.A.G. Carson, R.H.M. Dolley, ‘An Icenian Coin Hoard from Lakenheath, Suffolk’, BNJ 29, 1959, pp. 215-19; Robertson, p. 3f. 16 R. Hobbs, ‘Woodham Mortimer, Essex’ in The Chalfont Hoard and Other Roman Coin Hoards, CHRB IX, 1992, pp. 20-3; Robertson, p. 3. 17 A.M. Burnett, T. Gregory, ‘Norton Subcourse, Norfolk’ in The Normanby Hoard and Other Roman Coin Hoards, CHRB VIII, 1988, pp. 19-21; A.M. Burnett, ‘Norton Subcourse, Norfolk (Addenda)’ in The Chalfont Hoard and Other Roman Coin Hoards, CHRB IX, 1992, pp. 32-3; Robertson, p. 6f. 18 A.M. Burnett, J. Plouviez, T. Tuckett, ‘Sutton, Suffolk’ in The Chalfont Hoard and Other Roman Coin Hoards, CHRB IX, 1992, pp. 24-31; Robertson, p. 7. 19 J.P.C. Kent, A.M. Burnett, ‘The Eriswell Suffolk, Treasure Trove’, CHRB IV, 1984, pp. 6-13; Robertson, p. 10. 20 A.M. Burnett, ‘Scole, Norfolk, Treasure Trove’, CHRB VI, 1986, pp. 7-12; Robertson, p. 10. 21 There is a discrepancy of three coins between the total number of coins recorded for the hoard and the catalogue

                                                                                                 given by Estiot and Aymar, which the authors attribute to a problem in the original 1906 catalogue. 22 A.M. Burnett, ‘The Beck Rowe, Mildenhall, Suffolk, Treasure Trove’, CHRB IV, 1984, pp. 15-24; Robertson, p. 17. 23 A.M. Burnett, ‘The Howe, Norfolk, Treasure Trove’, CHRB IV, 1984, pp. 25-8; A.M. Burnett, ‘The Howe, Norfolk, Treasure Trove (Addenda)’, CHRB VI, 1986, p. 13; A.M. Burnett, ‘Howe, Norfolk (addenda)’, CHRB VIII, 1988, p. 22; J. Davies, ‘Howe, Norfolk (Addenda)’, CHRB X, 1997, p. 62-3; Robertson, p.18. The hoard also included 14 gold coins from the reigns of Caligula to Vespasian. 24 G. Crawley, A. Meadows, ‘Skellow, South Yorkshire’, CHRB X, 1997, pp. 54-61. 25 M. Mays, ‘Boston Spa, West Yorkshire, CHRB X, 1997, pp. 64-70. 26 Robertson, p. 24. 27 Robertson, p. 25f. 4 

 

INTRODUCTION  Postscript: It has been impossible to insert in their proper places two coins found in June 2013: one Republican, the other belonging to Caligula. The details of these can be found at the end of the Catalogue.

Thoughts on the date of deposition and its reason When the hoard was first discovered, and before detailed identification was undertaken, the excavators entertained the hope that the presence within the hoard of early coins of Nero might signify deposition in response to, and at some stage during, the Boudiccan rebellion of AD 60. It was, after all, in the area of the north-Midlands that the final engagement took place, and the hoard might be deemed an emergency burial either as the spoils of war by one or more members of the native army, or an attempt to preserve his wealth by a pro-Roman local or military official.28 When it was realised that the hoard contained coins of AD 63/64, such hopes were inevitably overturned, but the cut-off date of AD 63-64 itself raises questions as to whether this is of significance when set within the wider developments of Roman coinage at the time, namely Nero’s reduction that year of the metal content of the denarius to 92% silver. Does the hoard, therefore, represent a response to the arrival of such debased currency: a deliberate withdrawal from circulation of earlier, better-quality, coins? At first sight this explanation is attractive, but it raises the question of how the depositor in what remained a military zone for some time29 became aware of the debasement. Then again, is the find-spot adjacent to a wall in a roughly circular building significant as a factor explaining the reason for deposition? Other finds from the site offer no significant clues as to the structure’s purpose, and it would go beyond the evidence to suggest ritual deposition. One might just as easily see the hoard as the profits of a contractor engaged in exploiting the area’s iron deposits. A more important question, and one open to more reliable resolution, is the approximate date of deposition based on coin-wear as evidence of time in circulation. Examination of those coins minted in the early 60s indicates that while those dated 60-1 show some wear to the high-points of Nero’s portraiture, notably his hair, those from 61-64 have little evidence of circulation. This suggests that unless there were other, unknown, factors at play, the hoard was deposited shortly after the latest coins reached the area, though when this occurred must itself remain uncertain.

                                                             28

In terms of army pay the 1153 denarii amount to some four and a half years’ stipendium for a legionary soldier. 29   The presence of the Lunt fort at Baginton on the outskirts of Coventry, some 22 miles north of the hoardsite, which existed in the two decades following the Boudiccan rebellion, indicates the unrest in the area. 5 

 

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII

 

Fig. 1: The Hoard Pot. © Warwickshire Museum

Fig. 2: The Hoard Site. © D. Freke  6 

 

Catalogue Republican coins Obv. Rev. 1. 2. 3. Obv. Rev. 4.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Dioscuri riding r.; above, crescent; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 137.1. 194-190 BC. 3.73g.; 5; Mus. No. 0169 3.36g.; 9; Mus. No. 0307 3.19g.; 6; Mus. No. 1134

Obv. Rev. 15. Obv. Rev.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Luna in biga r.; below, fly; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 159.2. 179-170 BC. 3.23g.; 4; Mus. No. 0350

16. 17. Obv.

Obv. Rev. 5. Obv. Rev. 6. Obv. Rev. 7. 8. 9. Obv. Rev. 10. Obv. Rev. 11.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Luna in biga r.; below, feather; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 163. 179-170 BC. 2.75g.; 1; Mus. No. 0488

Rev. 18. 19.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; below SAR; in ex. ROMA. Crawford 199.1a. 155 BC. 3.44g.; 6; Mus. No. 0391

Obv. Rev.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below C SRC; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 201.1. 154BC. 3.40g.; 6; Mus. No. 0008 3.63g.; 3; Mus. No. 0276 3.90g.; 2; Mus. No. 0427

20. Obv. Rev.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; below, C MAIANI; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 203.1a. 153 BC. 3.61g.; 11; Mus. No. 0373

21. Obv. Rev.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; below, SAFRA; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 206.1. 150 BC. 2.85g.; 8; Mus. No.1113

22. 23. 24. Obv.

Obv. Rev. 12. Obv.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; below, NATTA; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 208. 149 BC. 3.27g.; 11; Mus. No. 0050

13.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., SARAN; to r., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below, M ATIL; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 214.1a. 148 BC. 3.25g.; 10: Mus. No. 0474

14.

As previous but rev., M ATILI. Crawford 214.1b. 148 BC. 3.25g.; 1; Mus. No. 0144

Rev.

Rev. 25. Obv. Rev. 26. 27.

7

 

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., LIBO; to r., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below, Q MARC; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 215.1. 148 BC. 3.17g.; 10; Mus. No. 0435 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., PITIO; to r., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below, L SEMP; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 216.1. 148 BC. 3.23g.; 3; Mus. No. 0158 3.38g.; 8; Mus. No. 0421 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., cornucopia; to r., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below L CVP; in ex. ROMA. Crawford 218. 147 BC. 2.63g.; 3; Mus. No. 0107 3.29g.; 11; Mus. No. 0424 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., TRIGE; to r., X. Juno in quadriga r., wearing diadem and crowned from behind by Victory, holding sceptre in l. hand, reins in r.; below, C CVR; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 223. 142 BC. 3.27g.; 12; Mus. No. 0231 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., [X] or [XVI]. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; above, [FLAC]; below, C VAL CF; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 228.1/2. 140 BC. 3.16g.; 6; Mus. No. 0324 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., jug; to r. X. She-wolf suckling twins; to rear, ficus Ruminalis; to l., Faustulus, FOSTLVS; to r., SEX POM (or variant); in ex., ROMA. Crawford 235.1. 137 BC. 3.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 0347 3.32g.; 6; Mus. No. 0507 3.41g.; 2; Mus. No. 0575 Helmeted head of Roma l.; to r., TAMPIL; to l., X. Apollo in quadriga, holding bow, arrow and reins in l. hand, branch in r.; below, ROMA; in ex., M BAEBI Q F. Crawford 236. 137 BC. 3.66g.; 11; Mus. No. 0213 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., TRIO; to r., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below, CN LVCR; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 237.1a. 136 BC. 3.76g.; 11; Mus. No. 0170 3.60g.; 4; Mus. No. 0260

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII Obv. Rev. 28.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ]IO to r., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below C[ ]. cf. Crawford 237. 136 BC. 3.60g.; 7; Mus. No. 0044

Obv. Rev. 41.

Obv. Rev. 29. 30. Obv. Rev. 31. 32. 33.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., GRAG; to r., X. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand, hurling thunderbolt with r.; below, L ANTES; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 238. 136 BC. 3.49g.; 8; Mus. No. 0509 3.67g.; 3; Mus. No. 0582

Obv. Rev. 42. Obv.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., wreath and X; below, ROMA. Dioscuri riding apart with spears reversed; in ex., C SERVEILI MF. Crawford 239.1. 136 BC. 3.34g.; 9; Mus. No. 0078 3.53g.; 6; Mus. No. 0116 3.52g.; 6; Mus. No. 0396

Rev. 43. Obv.

Obv. Rev.

34.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA; to r., X. Spiral column surmounted by statue; at top, two bells; at base, two foreparts of lions with cornear behind each; to l., togate figure holding loaves?; to r., togate figure holding lituus; above, C A VG. Crawford 242.1. 135 BC. 3.42g.; 9; Mus. No. 1111

Rev. 44. 45. 46. Obv.

Obv. Rev.

35.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Spiral column surmounted by statue; at base, two corn-ears; to l., togate figure holding loaves?; to r., togate figure holding lituus; above, ROMA; to l., TI MINVCI CF; to r., AVGVRINI. Crawford 243.1. 134 BC. 3.50g.; 9; Mus. No. 1110

Rev. 47. 48. Obv.

Obv. Rev. 36. Obv. Rev.

37. 38. Obv. Rev. 39. Obv. Rev. 40.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., GEM; to r., X. Mars in quadriga r., holding spear, shield and reins in l. hand, trophy in r.; below, C ABVRI; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 244.1. 134 BC. 3.60g.; 3; Mus. No. 1143

Rev. 49. 50.

Helmeted head of Roma r., to l., X. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in l., hand, hurling thunderbolt with r.; below, ROMA; in ex., L MINVCI. Crawford 248.1. 133 BC. 3.55g.; 7; Mus. No. 0175 3.13g.; 12; Mus. No. 1112

Obv. Rev. 51. 52. 53. 54.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Victory in quadriga r., holding palm-branch and reins in l. hand, wreath in r.; below, P MAE ANT; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 249.1. 132 BC. 3.45g.; 9; Mus. No. 0377

Obv. Rev.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., GEM; to r., X. Sol in quadriga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; below, M ABVRI; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 250.1. 132 BC. 3.48g.; 3; Mus. No. 0033

55. 56. 57.

8

 

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., wreath; to r., X. Victory in quadriga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; below, L OPEIMI; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 253.1. 131 BC. 3.64g.; 12; Mus. No. 0468 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., tripod; to r., X. Apollo in biga r., holding bow in l. hand, arrow and reins in r.; below, M OPEIMI; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 254. 131 BC. 3.69g.; 11; Mus. No. 0369 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X; M ACILIVS MF in double border of dots. Hercules in quadriga r., holding club in r. hand, trophy and reins in l.; in ex, ROMA. Crawford 255.1. 130 BC. 3.53g.; 12; Mus. No. 0117 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., Q METE; to r., X. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding thunderbolt and reins in l. hand, branch in r.; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 256.1. 130 BC. 3.70g.; 10; Mus. No. 0030 3.57g.; 6; Mus. No. 0041 3.48g.; 3; Mus. No. 0283 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., M VARG; to r., X. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding thunderbolt and reins in l. hand, branch in r.; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 257.1. 130 BC. 2.96g.; 6; Mus. No. 0443 3.43g.; 7; Mus. No. 0454 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., wreath; below, ROMA. Victory in biga r., holding reins in both hands; below, corn-ear; in ex., T CLOVILI. Crawford 260. 128 BC. 2.90g.; 4; Mus. No. 0143 3.62g.; 1; Mus. No. 0545 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., corn-ear; to r., X. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; above, ROMA; below, man fighting lion; in ex., CN DOM. Crawford 261.1. 128 BC. 3.72g.; 6; Mus. No. 0267 3.26g.; 6; Mus. No. 0463 3.63g.; 12; Mus. No. 1126 3.60g.; 7; Mus. No. 1151 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Goddess in biga r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand, branch in r.; below, elephant’s head; below, ROMA. Crawford 262.1. 128 BC. 3.56g.; 1; Mus. No. 0215 3.61g.; 6; Mus. No. 0317 3.52g.; 6: Mus. No. 0334

CATALOGUE Obv. Rev.

58. 59. Obv. Rev.

60. Obv. Rev.

61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. Obv. Rev. 67. Obv. Rev. 68. Obv. Rev. 69. Obv. Rev. 70. Obv. Rev. 71.

Head of Roma r., wearing Phrygian helmet; to l., ROMA; to r., X. Jupiter, crowned by flying Victory, in biga of elephants l., holding thunderbolt in l. hand, reins in r.; in ex., C METELLVS. Crawford 269.1. 125 BC. 3.68g.; 9; Mus. No. 0104 3.54g.; 9; Mus. No. 0388

Obv. Rev. 72. 73. 74. Obv. Rev.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., LAECA; to r., X. Libertas, crowned by flying Victory, in quadriga r., holding rod and reins in l. hand, pileus in r.; below, M PORC; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 270. 125 BC. 3.69g.; 3; Mus. No. 0127

75. 76. 77. Obv. Rev.

Helmeted head of Roma r., to l., ROMA; to r., X, LABEO. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand, hurling thunderbolt with r.; below, rostrum; in ex., Q FABI. Crawford 273.1. 124 BC. 3.57g.; 12; Mus. No. 0012 3.58g.; 11; Mus. No. 0031 3.57g.; 9; Mus. No. 0314 3.12g.; 4; Mus. No. 0342 3.53g.; 7; Mus. No. 0541 3.50g.; 7; Mus. No. 1128

78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. Obv.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; below, C CATO; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 274.1. 123BC. 3.61g.; 3; Mus. No. 0045

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., branch; to r., X. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand, hurling thunderbolt with r.; below, M CARBO; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 276. 122 BC. 3.66g.; 6; Mus. No. 0426

87.

As previous but obv., L POMPONI CFN; to l., X. Crawford 282.4. 118 BC. 3.35g.; 6; Mus. No. 0301

Obv. Rev. 89. 90. 91.

9

 

86.

As previous but obv., C MALLE CF; to l., X; rev., in ex., L LIC CN DOM. Crawford 282.3. 118 BC. 3.60g.; 7; Mus. No. 0362

88.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Dioscuri riding r., below, C PLVTI; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 278.1. 121 BC. 3.53g.; 3; Mus. No. 0146

Laureate head of Janus; M FOVRI LF. Roma standing l., holding sceptre in l. hand and crowning trophy with r.; trophy flanked to l. and r. by carnyx and shield; to r., ROMA; in ex., PHILI. Crawford 281. 119 BC. 3.53g.; 7; Mus. No. 0112 3.56g.; 2; Mus. No. 0138 3.58g.; 11; Mus. No. 0310 3.40g.; 9; Mus. No. 0473 3.46g.; 11; Mus. No. 0578 3.48g.; 2; Mus. No. 1047

84. 85.

Obv. Rev.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., RVF; to r., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below, Q MINV; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 277.1. 122 BC. 3.63g.; 7; Mus. No. 0359

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA. Victory in quadriga r., holding palm-branch in l. hand, reins in both hands; above, wreath; below, X; in ex., M TVLLI. Crawford 280. 120BC. 3.54g.; 3; Mus. No. 0023 3.50g.; 4; Mus. No. 0173 3.59g.; 10; Mus. No. 0378

Helmeted head of Roma r.; L COSCO MF; to l., X. Naked warrior in biga r., holding shield, carnyx and reins in l. hand, hurling spear with r.; in ex., [L LIC CN DOM]. Crawford 282.2. 118 BC. 3.60g.; 6; Mus. No. 0042 2.83g.; 9; Mus. No. 0526

Rev.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA; to r., X. Victory in quadriga, holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; in ex., M FAN CF. Crawford 275.1. 123 BC. 3.62g.; 5; Mus. No. 0160

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand, hurling thunderbolt with r.; below, CARB; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 279.1. 121BC. 3.58g.; 9; Mus. No. 0001 3.09g.; 11; Mus. No. 0016 3.43g.; 3; Mus. No. 0508

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Victory in quadriga, holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; below, ROMA; in ex., Q MAR CF LR. Crawford 283.1a. 118-117 BC. 3.53g.; 6; Mus. No. 0077 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA; to r. X. Victory in biga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; below, M CALID; in ex., Q MET CNF L. Crawford 284.1a. 117-116 BC. 3.50g.; 3; Mus. No. 0496 3.67g.; 12; Mus. No. 0548 3.02g.; 6; Mus. No. 1048

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII Obv. Rev. 92. Obv. Rev. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. Obv. Rev. 98. 99.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X; to r., ROMA. Jupiter? in quadriga r. cf. Crawford 285.1 116115 BC. 3.16g.; 8; Mus. No. 0121

110.

3.63g.; 4; Mus. No. 0304

Obv.

Helmeted head of Mars r.; above, X; to r., CN BLASIO CN F. Jupiter standing facing between Juno and Minerva and holding sceptre in r. hand, thunderbolt in l.; Juno on l. holds sceptre in r. hand; Minerva on r. holds sceptre in l. hand and crowns Jupiter with r. hand; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 296.1. 112-111 BC. 3.68g.; 5; obv., to l., bucranium; rev., in field, Θ; Mus. No. 0067 3.60g.; 7; Mus. No. 0114 3.51g.; 9; Mus. No. 0570

Rev.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA X; to r., EX SC. Horseman riding l., holding sword and severed head in l. hand; to l., Q; below, M SERGI; in ex., SILVS. Crawford 286. 116-115 BC. 3.50g.; 7; Mus. No. 0073 3.05g.; 3; Mus. No. 0190 3.57g.; 6: Mus. No. 0450 3.30g.; 6; Mus. No. 0538 3.27g.; 3; Mus. No. 1122

111. 112. 113. Obv.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X; to r., M CIPI MF. Victory in biga r., holding palm-branch in r. hand, reins in l.; below, rudder; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 289.1. 115-114 BC. 3.61g.; 8; Mus. No. 0250 2.72g.; 8; Mus. No. 0457

Rev. 114. Obv. Rev.

Obv. Rev. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. Obv. Rev.

105. 106. 107. Obv. Rev.

108. Obv. Rev.

109.

Laureate Janiform head of Dioscuri; to l., control-mark; to r., X. Ship l.; above, C FONT; below, ROMA. Crawford 290.1. 114-113 BC. 3.82g.; 11; Mus. No. 0039 3.67g.; 9; control mark: R; Mus. No. 0043 2.93g.; 3; control mark: B?; Mus. No. 0308 3.51g.; 3; Mus. No. 0406 2.81g.; 4; Mus. No. 0499

115. 116. 117. Obv.

Laureate female bust r., wearing diadem; to l., X; to r., ROMA. Equestrian statue holding spear in r. hand, standing on three arches; between arches, LEP; around, MN AEMILIO. Crawford 291. 114-113 BC. 3.68g.; 7; Mus. No. 0271 3.50g.; 2; Mus. No. 0491 3.45g.; 4; Mus. No. 1055

Rev.

Helmeted bust of Roma l., holding shield in l. hand, spear over r. shoulder; above, crescent; to r., [ROMA]; to l., X. Voting scene: voter on the pons receives ballot from attendant; another voter on r. of pons places ballot in cista; above, P NERVA. Crawford 292.1. 113-112 BC. 3.56g.; 6; Mus. No. 0157

121. 122.

118. 119. 120. Obv. Rev.

Obv. Rev.

Male head r., wearing helmet with goat’s horns, on which rests diadem; to l., ROMA as monogram; to r. Φ. Equestrian statue r., carrying laurel-branch; at horse’s feet, flower; below, on tablet, L PHILIPPVS; below, X. Crawford 293.1. 113112 BC. 3.69g.; 5; Mus. No. 0253

123. Obv. Rev. 124. 10

 

Bust of Heracles l., seen from behind, club over r. shoulder. Desultor l.; below, rat l. between TI Q; to r., control-mark: T; in ex., DSS. Crawford 297.1a. 112-111 BC. 3.55g.; 9; Mus. No. 0560 Bust of Apollo l., seen from behind, thunderbolt in r. hand; to r., AP as monogram. Lares Praestites seated facing with dog in between and each holding staff in l. hand; above, bust of Vulcan l. with tongs over shoulder; to l., LA as monogram; to r., PRE as monogram; in ex., C CAESI. Crawford 298. 112-111 BC. 3.47g.; 5; Mus. No. 0108 3.70g.; 6; Mus. No. 0557 3.44g.; 2; Mus. No. 1096 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., quadrangular device. Victory in triga r., holding reins in both hands; in ex., T MAL AP CL Q VR. Crawford 299.1b. 111-110 BC. 3.64g.; 6; Mus. No. 0345 3.66g.; 9; Mus. No. 0467 3.66g.; 9; Mus. No. 0536 Helmeted head of Roma r. Victory in biga r., holding reins in both hands; in ex., C PVLCHER. Crawford 300. 110-109 BC. 3.61g.; 5; Mus. No. 0262 3.65g.; 12; Mus. No. 0527 Helmeted head of Roma r.; above, ROMA; to l., P LAECA; to r., X. Figure in military dress l., raising r. hand; to l., togate figure raising r. hand; to r., attendant with rod in r. hand, two rods in l.; in ex., PROVOCO. Crawford 301. 110-109 BC. 3.56g.; 3; Mus. No. 0200 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA; to r., X. Victory in biga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; below, L FLAMINI; in ex., CILO. Crawford 302. 109-108 BC. 3.20g.; 3; Mus. No. 0019

CATALOGUE 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133.

3.61g.; 12; Mus. No. 0029 3.54g.; 12; Mus. No. 0162 3.64g.; 8; Mus. No. 0191 3.64g.; 9; Mus. No. 0302 3.69g.; 5; Mus. No. 0379 3.41g.; 6; Mus. No. 0475 3.23g.; 6; Mus. No. 0480 3.66g.; 6; Mus. No. 0584 3.78g.; 5; Mus. No. 1097

Obv. Rev.

Head of Sol r.; to r., X. Luna in biga r., holding reins in both hands; above, three stars; below, star and MN AQVIL; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 303. 109-108 BC. 3.20g.; 6; Mus. No. 0383 3.38g.; 6; Mus. No. 0472 3.45g.; 6; Mus. No. 0569

Rev.

Male head r., wearing oak-wreath; to r., X. Dioscuri standing facing between their horses, each holding a spear; in ex., L MEMMI. Crawford 304. 109-108 BC. 3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 0081 3.62g.; 7; Mus. No. 0092 3.65g.; 10; Mus. No. 0315

Obv.

134. 135. 136. Obv. Rev. 137. 138. 139. Obv. Rev. 140. 141. Obv. Rev. 142. Obv. Rev. 143. 144. 145.

Obv. Rev.

149. Obv.

150. 151.

Rev. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; above, ROMA; to l., X; to r., CERCO. Ship r. within oak wreath; above, Q LVTATI Q. Crawford 305.1. 109-108 BC. 3.64g.; 12; Mus. No. 0197 3.47g.; 2; Mus. No. 0400

Obv.

Jugate and laureate heads of Dioscuri r. Ship r.; above, MN FONTEI. Crawford 307. 108-107 BC. 3.45g.; 9; Mus. No. 1095

Rev.

Head of Pietas r., wearing diadem; to l., PIETAS; to r., control mark. One of the Catanaean brothers running r. and carrying his father on his shoulders; to l., M HERENNI. Crawford 308.1a. 108-107 BC. 3.55g.; 6; control mark: L; Mus. No. 0069 3.58g.; 11; control-mark: •L; Mus. No. 0180 3.34g.; 10; control mark: V; Mus. No. 0311

Obv. Rev.

159.

160. 161. 162. 163.

146. 147. Obv. Rev.

148.

As previous but obv., no control mark; rev., to r., control mark. Crawford 308.1b. 108-107 BC. 3.70g.; 1; control mark: T, dot above; Mus. No. 0096 3.64g.; 11; control-mark: •K; Mus. No. 0321

164. 165. 166. 167.

Laureate head of Jupiter l. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand, hurling thunderbolt with r.; above, control mark: T; in ex., L SCIP ASIAG. Crawford 311.1d. 106 BC. 3.61g.; 10; Mus. No. 1142

168. Obv. Rev.

11

 

Jugate and laureate heads of the Di Penates l.; to l., DPP. Two male figures standing facing each other, each holding spear in l. hand and pointing at sow between them with r.; above, control mark; in ex., C SVLPICI CF. Crawford 312.1. 106 BC. 3.24g.; 6; Mus. No. 1127 Laureate head of Saturn l., to r., harpa and ROMA. Venus in biga r., holding sceptre in r. hand, reins in both hands; above, flying Cupid with wreath; below horses, control mark; in ex., L MEMMI GAL. Crawford 313.1c. 106 BC. 3.66g.; 12; control mark: I, dot above; Mus. No. 0171 3.55g.; 3; control mark: L; Mus. No. 0336 Head of Juno Sospita r., wearing goat skin; to l., ISMR. Bull charging r.; above, control-mark; below, L THORIVS; in ex., BALBVS. Crawford 316.1. 105BC. 3.64g.; 7; control mark: M; Mus. No. 0007 3.71g.; 4; control mark: X; Mus. No. 0040 3.55g.; 8; control mark: D; Mus. No. 0185 3.63g.; 7; control mark: I; Mus. No. 0309 3.63g.; 5; control mark: S; Mus. No. 0405 3.55g.; 6; control mark: B; Mus. No. 0428 3.22g.; 9; control mark: X; Mus. No. 1129 Saturn in quadriga r., holding harpa in r. hand, reins in l.; below, ROMA. Saturn in quadriga r., holding harpa in r. hand, reins in l.; below, control-mark: Q•; in ex., L SATVRN. Crawford 317.2. 104 BC. 3.78g.; 8; Mus. No. 0189 Helmeted head of Roma l. Saturn in quadriga r., holding harpa in r. hand, reins in l.; above or below, control-mark; L SATVRN. Crawford 317.3. 104 BC. 3.60g.; 10; control mark: M?; Mus. No. 0047 3.61g.; 6; control mark: B; Mus. No. 0289 3.38g.; 9; control mark: E, dot above; Mus. No. 0363 3.56g.; 7; control mark: C, dot below; Mus. No. 0456 3.66g.; 1; control mark: Z, dot above; Mus. No. 0462 2.95g.; 10; control mark: M, surrounded by four dots; Mus. No. 0469 3.52g.; 9; control mark: M; Mus. No. 0528 3.56g.; 8; control mark: X, dot above; Mus. No. 0583 3.61g.; 10; control mark: •A•; Mus. No. 1145 Helmeted head of Roma l. Victory in biga l., holding reins in both hands; above, control mark: X•; below, C COIL; in ex., CALD. Crawford 318.1a. 104 BC.

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII 169.

3.72g.; 8; Mus. No. 0374

170. 171. 172.

As previous but rev., below, CALD; in ex., control-mark. Crawford 318.1b. 104 BC. 3.59g.; 6; control mark: •B•; Mus. No. 0106 3.65g.; 7; control mark: :Q; Mus. No. 0431 3.65g.; 3; control mark: :A:; Mus. No. 0512

Obv. Rev. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178.

Helmeted head of Mars l. Roman soldier protecting fallen comrade against barbarian; in ex., Q THERM MF. Crawford 319. 103BC. 3.54g.; 5; Mus. No. 0004 3.68g.; 9; Mus. No. 0072 3.61g.; 6; Mus. No. 0203 3.61g.; 1; Mus. No. 0299 3.28g.; 12; Mus. No. 0348 3.62g.; 12; Mus. No. 0419

185.

B, dot above; in ex., LENT MAR F. Crawford 329.1a. 100 BC. 3.60g.; 11; Mus. No. 0297

186.

As previous but obv., to r., control-mark: G; rev., to l., control-mark: G. Crawford 329.1b. 100 BC. 3.44g.; 12; Mus. No. 0559

Obv. Rev. 187. Obv. Rev.

Obv. Rev. 179. Obv.

Bust of Ceres l.; to r., CAECIAN. Yoke of oxen l.; above, control-mark: K?; in ex. L CASSI. Crawford 321. 102 BC. 3.53g.; 7; Mus. No. 0546

180.

Bust of Cybele r., wearing turreted crown and veil; to l., control mark: M. Victory in biga r., holding goad in r. hand, reins in l.; below, bird; in ex., C FABI CF. Crawford 322.1a. 102 BC. 2.92g.; 9; Mus. No. 0558

181.

As previous but obv., to l., EX APV; rev., to l. of bird, control mark: K, dot below. Crawford 322.1b. 102 BC. 3.61g.; 4; Mus. No. 0209

Rev.

188. 189. Obv. Rev.

190.

Obv. Rev. 182. Obv. Rev. 183. Obv. Rev. 184. Obv. Rev.

Obv. Rev.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., PV. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; below, M LVCILI; above, RVF. Crawford 324. 101 BC. 2.80g.; 11; Mus. No. 0483

191. Obv.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., control-mark: H. Two soldiers fighting; to either side, a horse; in ex., M SERVEILI CF and control mark: S. Crawford 327. 100 BC. 3.07g.; 12; Mus. No. 0102

Rev.

192. Obv. Rev.

Helmeted bust of Minerva l.; to r., RVLLI. Victory in biga r., holding palm-branch in l. hand, reins in r.; below, P; in ex., P SERVILI MF. Crawford 328. 100 BC. 3.64g.; 2; Mus. No. 0337

193. 194. 195.

Bust of Hercules r. seen from behind, club over l. shoulder; to l., shield and control-mark: B; below, ROMA. Roma standing facing, holding spear in r. hand; to r., figure crowning her with r. hand and holding cornucopia in l.; between, control-mark:

Obv. Rev. 196.

12

 

Laureate head of Saturn r.; to l., harpa; below, control mark: bow; PISO CAEPIO Q. Two male figures seated on bench l.; to l. and r., corn-ear; in ex., AD FRV EMV EX SC. Crawford 330.1a. 100 BC. 3.69g.; 9; Mus. No. 0100 Laureate head of Apollo r.; below, star; to l., L METEL; to r., A ALB SF. Roma seated l. on pile of shields, holding sword in l. hand, spear in r., crowned from behind by Victory; to l., C MALL; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 335.1b. c. 96 BC. 3.66g.; 3; Mus. No. 0057 3.50g.; 7; Mus. No. 0576 Helmeted head of Mars r. Naked warrior standing l., holding spear in r. hand and placing foot on cuirass; to l., trophy; to r., prow and grasshopper; to r., C MAL. Crawford 335.3d. c. 96 BC. 3.54g.; 6; Mus. No. 0286 Female head r., wearing diadem; to l., BALA; to r., control mark: C. Diana in biga of stags r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand, torch in r.; below, control-mark: anchor and dot; in ex., C ALLI. Crawford 336.1c. 92 BC. 3.47g.; 9; Mus. No. 0586 Head of Salus r. within torque as border; below, SALVS; to r., control-mark: A. Victory in biga r., holding palm-branch and reins in l. hand, whip in r.; below control-mark: grasshopper; in ex., D SILANVS LF. Crawford 337.2e. 91 BC. 3.59g.; 6; Mus. No. 0458 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., control-mark. Victory in biga r., holding reins in both hands; above, control-mark; in ex., D SILANVS LF ROMA, Crawford 337.3. 91 BC. 3.66g.; 7; obv., control mark: T; Mus. No. 0132 3.57g.; 7; obv., control mark: B; Mus. No. 0192 3.53g.; 8; Mus. No. 0273 Laureate head of Apollo r. Horseman galloping r., holding palm-branch, torch or whip; L PISO FRVGI. Crawford 340.1. 90BC. 3.62g.; 8; obv., to l., control mark: star, to r., L; Mus. No. 0003

CATALOGUE 197.

205.

3.49g.; 1; obv., to l., control-mark: XXVII; rev., above, control-mark: XXXV; Mus. No. 0038 3.44g.; 12; rev., above, control-mark: cithera; Mus. No. 0051 3.50g.; 5; rev., above, control-mark: •XVII; Mus. No. 0165 3.61g.; 9; obv., to r., control-mark: M; rev., above, control-mark: ram’s head; below, ROMA; Mus. No. 0230 3.58g.; 9; rev., above, control-mark: XCIII; Mus. No. 0306 3.77g.; 3; obv., to l., control mark: LXXV?; rev., above, control-mark: XCVIIII; below, controlmark; Mus. No. 0351 3.49g.; 12; obv., to l., control mark: double axe?; Mus. No. 0561 3.54g.; 2; obv., to l., control mark: anchor; Mus. No. 1132 3.64g.; 3; Mus. No. 1133

206.

As previous but obv., to l. control-mark; rev. horseman galloping l., holding torch; to r. above, star. Crawford 340.1. 90 BC. 3.75g.; 5; Mus. No. 0240

198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204.

Obv. Rev. 207. 208. 209. 210.

223.

3.66g.; 9; Mus. No.0589

Obv. Rev.

Female bust r.; to l., ROMA; below, M CATO. Victory seated r., holding patera in r. hand, palm-branch over l. shoulder; in ex. VICTRIX. Crawford 343.1b. 89 BC. 3.71g.; 9; Mus. No. 0418 3.51g.; 8; Mus. No. 0433 3.54g.; 1; Mus. No. 0516

224. 225. 226. Obv.

227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232.

Bearded head of King Tatius r.; to l., SABIN; to r., TA as monogram. Rape of the Sabine women; in ex., L TITVRI. Crawford 344.1a. 89 BC. 3.49g.; 3; Mus. No. 0272 3.56g.; 11; Mus. No. 0398 3.70g.; 3; Mus. No. 0403 3.74g.; 1; Mus. No. 0484 3.39g.; 9; Mus. No. 0502 3.69g.; 7; Mus. No. 0529

233.

As previous but obv., to r., A PV and palm branch. Crawford 344.1c. 89 BC. 3.51g.; 9; Mus. No. 1105

234. 235.

As previous but obv., distinguishing marks obscured. Crawford 344.1. 89 BC. 3.34g.; 6; Mus. No. 0328 3.34g.; 7; Mus. No. 0476

Rev.

Bearded head r., wearing winged diadem. Pegasus r.; below, Q TITI. Crawford 341.1. 90 BC. 3.59g.; 3; Mus. No. 0080 3.73g.; 6; Mus. No. 0091 3.62g.; 9; Mus. No. 0269 3.72g.; 4; Mus. No. 1118

Obv.

236. 237. 238. 239. 240.

Bearded head of King Tatius r.; to l., SABIN; to r., palm branch. Slaying of Tarpeia; above, star in crescent; in ex., L TITVRI. Crawford 344.2b. 89 BC. 3.37g.; 6; Mus. No. 0035 3.66g.; 12; Mus. No. 0048 3.59g.; 10; Mus. No. 0370 3.74g.; 1; Mus. No. 0438 3.24g.; 6; Mus. No. 0452

241.

As previous but, obv., distinguishing mark obscured. Crawford 344.2. 89 BC. 3.66g.; 6; Mus. No. 0166

Rev. Obv. Rev. 211. Obv. Rev. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222.

Head of Liber r., wearing ivy-wreath. Pegasus r.; below, Q TITI. Crawford 341.2. 90 BC. 3.62g.; 7; Mus. No. 0059 Laureate head of Apollo r.; to l., PANSA; to r., control mark. Minerva in quadriga r., holding spear and reins in l. hand, trophy in r.; in ex., C VIBIVS CF. Crawford 342.5b. 90 BC. 3.61g.; 7; Mus. No. 0022 3.69g.; 9; Mus. No. 0026 3.69g.; 8; Mus. No. 0159 3.72g.; 12; Mus. No. 0195 3.60g.; 6; Mus. No. 0208 3.53g.; 6; control mark: wreath; Mus. No. 0263 3.34g.; 3; Mus. No. 0355 3.50g.; 3; Mus. No. 0459 3.76g.; 8; Mus. No. 1101 3.45g.; 1; Mus. No. 1102 3.78g.; 9; Mus. No. 1146

Obv. Rev. 242. 243. 244. Obv. Rev.

Obv. Rev.

Minerva in quadriga l., holding spear and reins in r. hand, trophy in l. Minerva in quadriga r., holding spear and reins in l. hand, trophy in r.; in ex., C VIBIVS CF. Crawford 342.6a. 90 BC.

245. 246.

13

 

Bearded head of King Tatius r.; to l., SABIN. Victory in biga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; below, L TITVRI; in ex., controlmark. Crawford 344.3. 89 BC. 3.85g.; 7; Mus. No. 0006 3.79g.; 3; control mark: H; Mus. No. 0011 3.76g.; 4; control mark: M; Mus. No. 1104 Helmeted bust of Mars r. seen from behind, spear over l. shoulder, sword over r. Victory in biga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; in ex., CN LENTVL. Crawford 345.1. 88 BC. 3.87g.; 6; Mus. No. 0142 3.66g.; 4; Mus. No. 0248

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII Obv. Rev. 247.

Jugate heads of Numa Pompilius and Ancus Marcius r.; to l., control mark. Desultor r., holding whip in r. hand; below control mark: two birds?; in ex., C CENSO. Crawford 346.1. 88 BC. 3.55g.; 12; Mus. No. 0577

271. 272. 273. 274.

Obv. Rev. 248. Obv. Rev. 249. 250. Obv. Rev. 251. Obv. Rev. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. Obv. Rev.

267. 268. 269. 270.

Diademed head of Apollo r. Horse galloping r.; below, Crawford 346.2b. 88 BC. 3.77g.; 2; Mus. No. 0184

C

CENSOR.

275. 276.

Laureate head of Jupiter r., sceptre over shoulder; below, DOSSEN. Triumphal quadriga r., its side decorated with thunderbolt; above, Victory with wreath; in ex., L RVBRI. Crawford 348.1. 87 BC. 3.50g.; 3; Mus. No. 0139 3.48g.; 9; Mus. No. 0486

277. Obv.

Head of Apollo r., wearing oak-wreath; below, thunderbolt. Jupiter in quadriga r., hurling thunderbolt with r. hand, holding reins in l. Crawford 350A/1/2. 86 BC. 3.73g.; 7; Mus. No. 0052 3.68g.; 2; Mus. No. 0088 3.62g.; 6; Mus. No. 0113 3.48g.; 6; Mus. No. 0119 3.51g.; 6; Mus. No. 0130 3.29g.; 6; Mus. No. 0199 3.35g.; 6; Mus. No. 0202 3.42g.; 5; Mus. No. 0447 3.35g.; 6; Mus. No. 0470 3.03g.; 6; Mus. No. 0489 2.71g.; 10; Mus. No. 0504 3.82g.; 5; Mus. No. 0521 3.43g.; 7; Mus. No. 0544 3.78g.; 9; Mus. No. 1106 3.75g.; 4; Mus. No. 1107

280. 281. 282.

As previous but obv., to l., MN FONTEI; to r., CF; rev., pileus to each side of goat. Crawford 353.1d. 85 BC. 3.57g.; 11; Mus. No. 0058 3.58g.; 6; Mus. No. 0148 3.24g.; 6; Mus. No. 0537

Obv. Rev. 283. Obv. Rev. 284. 285. Obv. Rev. 286. 287.

Male head r. with attributes of Apollo, Mercury and Neptune; to l., control-mark (often unidentifiable). Victory in quadriga, holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; at times in field, control mark; in ex. L IVLI BVRSIO (where legible). Crawford 352.1. 85 BC. 3.81g.; 8; obv., to l., control mark: cithera: rev., above, control mark: LVII; Mus. No. 0065 3.23g.; 3; Mus. No. 0232 3.57g.; 3; Mus. No. 0255 3.65g.; 6; obv., control mark: cithera; Mus. No. 0288

Obv. Rev. 288. Obv. Rev.

14

 

278. 279.

Laureate head of Apollo r.; below, thunderbolt; to l., MN FONTEI CF; to r., AP as monogram. Cupid on goat r.; above, pilei; in ex., thyrsus. Crawford 353.1a. 85 BC. 3.26g.; 11; Mus. No. 0343 3.61g.; 4; Mus. No. 0533

Rev.

Laureate head of Saturn l.; to r., harpa; to l., control mark; below, EX SC. Venus in biga r., holding sceptre in l. hand, reins in both hands; above, Cupid with wreath; in ex., L C MEMIES LF. Crawford 349. 87BC. 3.57g.; 5; Mus. No. 0125

3.67g.; 8; obv., control mark: fish; rev., below, control mark: Q; Mus. No. 0414 3.36g.; 6; obv., control mark: conical object?; Mus. No. 0436 3.74g.; 6; obv., control mark: double axe; Mus. No. 0485 3.66g.; 7; obv. control mark: astragalus?; Mus. No. 0503 3.60g.; 6; obv., control mark: helmet?; Mus. No. 0525 3.63g.; 7; obv. control mark: thunderbolt; rev., above, control mark: :G; Mus. No. 0591 2.95g.; 8; obv. control mark: sword/baton?; Mus. No. 1130

Bust of Apollo l., seen from behind, thunderbolt in r. hand. Minerva in quadriga r., holding shield and reins in l. hand, spear in r.; in ex., C LICINIVS LF MACER. Crawford 354.1. 84 BC. 3.66g.; 6; Mus. No. 0397 Head of Cybele r., wearing turreted crown; to l., AED CVR and deformed foot. Curule chair inscribed Q FOVRIVS; in ex., CRASSIPES. Crawford 356.1a. 84 BC. 3.56g.; 12; Mus. No. 0005 3.96g.; 8; Mus. No. 0187 Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; to l., controlmark; below, C NORBANVS. Corn-ear, fasces with axe and caduceus. Crawford 357.1b. 83 BC. 3.32g.; 6; control mark: CXV; Mus. No. 0425 3.43g.; 6; Mus. No. 1115 Laureate head r., to l., sceptre; to r., controlmark: bird?. Horseman r., brandishing spear; in ex., P CREPVSI. Crawford 361. 82 BC. 3.98g.; 8; Mus. No. 0280 Bust of Mercury r., caduceus over shoulder; to l., control mark. Ulysses standing r., holding staff in l. hand, extending r. hand to dog; to l., C MAMIL; to r., LIMETAN. Crawford 362. 82 BC.

CATALOGUE 289. 290.

3.73g.; 2; Mus. No. 0386 3.64g.; 11; Mus. No. 0540

Obv. Rev.

Laureate head of Apollo r.; to l., control mark. Marsyas walking l., r. arm raised and holding wine-skin over l. shoulder; to r. column and control mark; to l., L CENSOR. Crawford 363.1a. 82 BC. 3.86g.; 7; obv., to l., control mark: shield; rev., to r., control-mark: K; Mus. No. 0384

291.

292. 293. 294. 295.

Obv. Rev. 311. 312. Obv. Rev.

As previous but no control marks visible. cf. Crawford 363.1d. 82 BC. 3.71g.; 9; Mus. No. 0056 3.55g.; 2; Mus. No. 0183 3.79g.; 3; Mus. No. 0186 3.60g.; 3; Mus. No. 0196

313. 314. Obv. Rev.

Obv. Rev.

296. 297.

Laureate head of Jupiter r.; to l., SC. Victory in quadriga r., holding palm-branch and reins in l. hand, wreath in r.; in ex., Q ANTO BALB PR. Crawford 364.1a (any original control marks obscured). 83-82 BC. 3.73g.; 10; Mus. No. 0134 3.68g.; 12; Mus. No. 0553

298. 299. 300.

As previous but obv., to r., control mark. Crawford 364.1c. 83-82 BC. 3.01g.; 12; control-mark: T; Mus. No. 0062 3.45g.; 10; control mark: X; Mus. No. 0086 3.59g.; 6; control mark: N•; Mus. No. 0206

301. 302. 303. 304. 305.

As Crawford 364.1a but rev., below, control mark. Crawford 364.1d. 83-82 BC. 3.67g.; 5; control mark: M; Mus. No. 0034 3.59g.; 12; control mark: V; Mus. No. 0167 3.63g.; 6; control mark: G; Mus. No. 0224 3.40g.; 11; control mark: F; Mus. No. 0411 3.47g.; 9; control mark: H; Mus. No. 0482

315. 316. 317. Obv. Rev. 318. Obv.

306. Obv.

307. 308. 309.

Female bust r., wearing diadem; to l., caduceus; to r., scales; C ANNI TF TN PRO COS EX SC. Victory in quadriga r., holding palm-branch in r. hand, reins in l.; above, Q; in ex., L FABI LF HISP. Crawford 366.1. 82-81 BC. 3.28g.; 1; Mus. No. 0084 3.00g.; 8; Mus. No. 0292 3.65g.; 10: Mus. No. 0366

310.

As previous but obv., female head r., wearing diadem; to r., scales; rev., below horses, control mark: H; in ex., L FABI LF. Crawford 366.3b. 82-81 BC. 3.62g.; 3; Mus. No. 0326

Rev.

Head of Pietas r., wearing diadem; to r., stork. Jug and lituus within laurel-wreath border; in ex., IMPER. Crawford 374.2. 81 BC. 3.74g.; 1; Mus. No. 0082

320.

As previous but obv., CAPIT and control-mark: LIII; to r., control-mark: anchor?; rev., in ex., C MARI CF SC. Crawford 378.1c. 81 BC. 3.56g.; 7; Mus. No. 0585

Obv. Rev. 321. 322. Obv. Rev. 323.

Obv. Rev.

15

Head of Hispania r., wearing veil; to l., HISPAN. Togate figure l. with r. hand raised, standing between legionary eagle and fasces; A POST AF SN ALBIN. Crawford 372.2. 81 BC. 3.65g.; 4; Mus. No. 0266 3.59g.; 3; Mus. No. 0501 3.54g.; 3; Mus. No. 0513

319.

324.

 

Bust of Diana r. with bow and quiver over shoulder; above, bucranium. Rock, on which stands lit altar; to l., bull; to r., togate figure holding aspergulum; A POST AF SN ALBIN. Crawford 372.1. 81 BC. 3.60g.; 12; Mus. No. 0149 3.08g.; 7; Mus. No. 0223

Bust of Ceres r.; to r., control-mark: XVIII; C MARI CF CAPIT. Ploughman with yoke of oxen l.; above, controlmark: XVIII. Crawford 378.1a. 81 BC. 3.71g.; 10; Mus. No. 0478

Rev.

As Crawford 364.1a but obv., to r., control mark; rev., below, control mark. Crawford 364.1e. 83-82 BC. 3.59g.; 6; obv., control mark: Q; rev., controlmark: A; Mus. No. 0193

Helmeted head of Roma r.; L MANLI PRO Q. Triumphator, crowned by flying Victory, in quadriga r.; in ex., [L SVLLA IMP]. Crawford 367. 82 BC. 3.75g.; 3; Mus. No. 0198 3.51g.; 5; Mus. No. 0415

Laureate head of Jupiter r.; to l., SC. Juno Sospita standing r., holding shield in l. hand, hurling spear with r.; to r., snake; to l., L PROCILI F. Crawford 379.1. 80BC. 3.61g.; 2; Mus. No. 0018 3.35g.; 6; Mus. No. 0075 Helmeted bust of Roma r.; to l., ROMA; above, control-mark. Hercules l. strangling Nemean lion; at feet, club; to l., bow and quiver; above, control-mark; to r., C POBLICI QF. Crawford 380. 80 BC. 3.58g.; 6; obv. and rev., control mark: D; Mus. No. 0252 3.71g.; 9; obv. and rev., control mark: G; Mus. No. 0547 Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; to l., SC; to r., control-mark. Victory in triga r., holding reins in both hands; in ex., C NAE BALB. Crawford 382.1a. 79 BC.

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII 325. 326.

327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332.

3.53g.; 4; control mark: C; Mus. No. 0235 3.60g.; 7; control mark: K; Mus. No. 0464

Obv. Rev.

As previous but obv., no control-mark; rev., above, control mark. Crawford 382.1b. 79 BC. 3.59g.; 3; control mark: CCXV; Mus. No. 0101 3.76g.; 6; control mark: CLV; Mus. No. 0153 3.62g.; 3; control mark: XV; Mus. No. 0168 3.64g.; 6; control mark: VIIII; Mus. No. 0287 3.74g.; 12; control mark: CXVII; Mus. No. 0364 3.41g.; 6; control mark: Q?; Mus. No. 0375

349. 350. 351. 352. Obv. Rev.

356.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., control-mark. She-wolf l.; above, ROMA; in ex., P SATRIENVS. Crawford 388.1b. 77BC. 3.70g.; 9; control mark: LXXXIIII; Mus. No. 0071 3.53g.; 1; control mark: CV; Mus. No. 0225 3.42g.; 3; control mark: LXXXVIIII; Mus. No. 0332 3.60g.; 12; Mus. No. 1050

Obv. Rev. 357. 358.

Helmeted head of Minerva r.; to l., SC; to r., X. Ram r.; in ex., L RVSTI. Crawford 389. 76 BC. 3.68g.; 6; Mus. No. 0068 3.58g.; 6; Mus. No. 0471

Obv. Rev.

Radiate Head of Sol r. Crescent surrounded by seven stars; above, TRIO; below, L LVCRETI. Crawford 390.1. 76 BC. 3.67g.; 12; Mus. No. 0027 3.65g.; 6; Mus. No. 0404

353. Obv. Rev.

333. 334. 335. 336. 337.

Bust of Diana r., with bow and quiver over shoulder; to r., SC. Victory in biga r., holding palm-branch and reins in l. hand, wreath in r.; below, control-mark; in ex., TI CLAVD TI F AP N. Crawford 383. 79 BC. 3.55g.; 3; control mark: A LXXII; Mus. No. 0109 3.59g.; 11; control mark: A I; Mus. No. 0233 3.45g.; 11; control mark: CLI; Mus. No. 0290 3.50g.; 3; control mark: CVII; Mus. No. 0323 3.80g.; 9; control mark: LXXXI; Mus. No. 0441

354. 355.

Head of Juno Sospita r., wearing horned headdress; to l., control-mark. Rev. Gryphon leaping r., below, control-mark; in ex., L PAPI. Crawford 384. 79 BC. Control marks for this series consist of paired symbols, at times unidentifiable. They are tabulated by Crawford, pl. LXVI-LXVII, to which the individual numbers given below refer. At times, however, only one symbol is visible, making certainty elusive. 338. 3.50g.; 5; control marks: Cr. 42 (?/?); Mus. No. 0174 339. 3.38g.; 6; control marks: Cr. 14 (bucanium/ double axe); Mus. No. 0204 340. 3.84g.; 7; control marks: Cr. 35 (?/?); Mus. No. 0207 341. 3.51g.; 12; control marks: Cr. 86 (sceptre/curved sword); Mus. No. 0211 342. 3.67g.; 6; control marks: 160 (arrow/club); Mus. No. 0220 343. 3.65g.; 12; control marks: Cr. 86 (sceptre/curved sword); Mus. No. 0243 344. 3.72g.; 6; control marks: Cr. 167 (corn-ear/ locust); Mus. No. 0275 345. 3.68g.; 6; control marks: Cr. 90? (sickle/basket); Mus. No. 0294 346. 3.56g.; 7; control marks: Cr. 35 (?/?); Mus. No. 0329 347. 3.61g.; 6; control marks: Cr. 40 (plasterer’s float/trowel); Mus. No. 0368 348. 3.32g.; 5; control marks: Cr. 162 (saw/saw); Mus. No. 1123

Obv.

359. 360. Obv. Rev. 361. Obv. Rev.

362. Obv.

Bust of Venus r., wearing diadem, with Cupid on shoulder; to l., MAXSVMVS. Libertas in biga l., crowned by flying Victory; in ex., C EGNATIVS CN F CN N. Crawford 391.1. 75 BC. 3.63g.; 4; Mus. No. 0360 Bust of Libertas r., wearing diadem; to l., [MAXSVMVS]. Roma and Venus standing facing, each holding staff in r. hand; Roma holds sword in l. hand and places l. foot on wolf’s head; Cupid about to alight on Venus’ r. shoulder; on either side, rudder standing on prow; below, [C EGNATIVS CN F]; to r., CN N. Crawford 391.3. 75 BC. 3.44g.; 3; Mus. No. 0293

363.

Head of Libertas r., wearing diadem; to l., pileus and control-mark: VT; to r., MENSOR SC. Warrior holding spear in biga r., assisting togate figure into biga with r. hand; below, scorpion; in ex., L FARSVLEI. Crawford 392.1a. 75 BC. 3.59g.; 7; Mus. No. 0060

364. 365.

As previous but obv. to l., SC, no control-mark; rev. below horses, control-mark, no scorpion. Crawford 392.1b. 75 BC. 3.59g.; 7; control mark: XXIII; Mus. No. 0133 2.87g.; 7; control mark: II; Mus. No. 0393

Rev.

16

 

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., FLAC. Victory in biga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; in ex., L RVTILI. Crawford 387. 77 BC. 3.51g.; 12; Mus. No. 0390 3.63g.; 8; Mus. No. 1049 3.08g.; 6; Mus. No. 1108 3.43g.; 7; Mus. No. 1109

CATALOGUE Obv.

366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372.

Male head r., hair tied with band, sceptre over shoulder; above, GPR. Wreathed sceptre, globe and rudder; to l., EX; to r., SC; below, CN LEN Q. Crawford 393.1a. 7675 BC. 3.71g.; 7; Mus. No. 0010 3.51g.; 3; Mus. No. 0021 3.73g.; 6; Mus. No. 0025 3.63g.; 6; Mus. No. 0239 3.69g.; 7; Mus. No. 0432 3.36g.; 5; Mus. No. 0481 3.62g.; 5; Mus. No. 1045

373. 374.

As previous but rev., below, LENT CVR X F. Crawford 393.1b. 76-75 BC. 3.50g.; 6; Mus. No. 0372 3.61g.; 2; Mus. No. 0518

Rev.

Obv. Rev. 375. Obv. Rev. 376. Obv. Rev. 377.

385. Obv. Rev. 386. Obv. Rev. 387. 388. Obv. Rev.

Bust of Diana r., bow and quiver over shoulder. Hound running r.; below, spear; in ex., C POSTVMI AT. Crawford 394.1a. 74 BC. 3.96g.; 6; Mus. No. 0566

389. Obv.

Head of Medusa l., to r., SABVLA. Bellerophon on Pegasus r., brandishing spear with r. hand; below, L COSSVTI CF. Crawford 395. 74 BC. 3.71g.; 5; Mus. No. 0440

Rev. 390. Obv. Rev.

Bust of Amphitrite r. seen from behind. Neptune in biga of sea-horses r., brandishing trident in r. hand, holding reins in l. (motif obscured). Crawford 399. 72 BC. 3.89g.; 3; Mus. No. 0534

391. 392.

Obv. Rev.

378. Obv. Rev.

379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. Obv. Rev.

Helmeted head of Mars r., helmet with plume and crest; below, NASO; to r., [SC]. Diana in biga of stags, holding spear in r. hand, reins in l.; to l., two dogs and control mark; below, dog; in ex., L AXIVS LF. Crawford 400.1b. 71 BC. 3.65g.; 5; Mus. No. 0568

393. 394. Obv.

Helmeted bust of Virtus r.; to l., III VIR; to r., VIRTVS. Warrior holding shield in l. hand and raising fallen figure with r.; below SICIL; to r., MN AQVIL; to l., MN F MN N. Crawford 401. 71 BC. 3.64g.; 6; Mus. No. 0145 3.61g.; 6; Mus. No. 0236 3.83g.; 6; Mus. No. 0356 3.36g.; 6; Mus. No. 0451 3.62g.; 5; Mus. No. 0487 3.75g.; 5; Mus. No. 0500

Rev.

Jugate heads of Honos and Virtus r.; to l., HO; to r., VIRT; below, KALENI. Italia on l. and Roma r. clasping hands; between them, cornucopia; to l., caduceus; Roma holds fasces in l. hand and places r. foot on globe; to l.,

400. 401. 402.

395. 396. 397. 398. 399. Obv. Rev.

17

 

ITAL as monogram; to r. RO. Crawford 403. 70 BC. 3.64g.; 6; Mus. No. 0420 Female bust r., to l., control-mark: dolphin. Winged caduceus; to r., M PLAETORI; to l., CEST EX SC. Crawford 405.3b. 69 BC. 3.56g.; 3; Mus. No. 0079 Male head r. with flowing hair; to l., controlmark. Winged caduceus; to r., M PLAETORI; to l., CEST EX SC. Crawford 405.5. 69 BC. 3.65g.; 6; Mus. No. 0105 3.77g.; 4; control mark: A; Mus. No. 0270 Head of Vesta r., wearing veil. Knife, culullus and axe; to l., AE; to r., CVR; in ex., P GALB. Crawford 406. 69 BC. 3.53g.; 3; Mus. No. 0554 Bust of Diana r., bow and quiver over shoulder; to r, [GETA]; to l., [III VIR]. Boar pierced by spear and attacked by hound; in ex., G HOSIDI GF. Crawford 407.2. 68 BC. 3.63g.; 6; Mus. No.1120 Laureate head of Apollo r.; to l., control-mark. Horseman riding r., holding palm over shoulder; below, C PISO L F FRVGI (or variant); at times control-mark above and/or below. Crawford 408. 69 BC. 3.86g.; 6; obv., control mark: cornucopia, rev., control mark: dolphin? and S; Mus. No. 0089 3.76g.; 6; obv., control mark: CCL; rev., control mark: hook; Mus. No. 0124 3.68g.; 6; obv., control mark: ivy leaf; rev., control mark: 2; Mus. No. 0177 3.68g.; 5; rev., control mark: O; Mus. No. 0188 Bust r. with attributes of Isis, Minerva, Apollo, Diana and Victory; to l., CESTIANVS; to r., cornucopia and SC. Eagle on thunderbolt; M PLAETORIVS MF AED CVR. Crawford 409.1. 67 BC. 3.26g.; 6; Mus. No. 0054 3.72g.; 6; Mus. No. 0210 3.58g.; 6; Mus. No. 0300 3.76g.; 6; Mus. No. 0429 3.90g.; 3; Mus. No. 0494 Head of Cybele r.; to l., forepart of lion; to r., globe; to l., CESTIANVS. Curule chair; to l., control mark; M PLAETORIVS AED CVR EX SC. Crawford 409.2. 67 BC. 3.71g.; 6; Mus. No. 0268 3.37g.; 5; Mus. No. 0392 3.40g.; 6; control mark: double axe; Mus. No. 0590

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII Obv. Rev. 403. Obv. Rev.

404. Obv. Rev.

405.

Laureate head of Apollo r.; to l., scroll. Clio standing l., holding scroll in r. hand and resting l. elbow on column; to r., Q POMPONI; to l., MVSA. Crawford 410.3. 66 BC. 3.55g.; 5; Mus. No. 0095

Obv. Rev. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. 424. 425. 426. 427.

Laureate head of Apollo r.; to l., sceptre. Melpomene standing facing, wearing sword and holding club in r. hand, tragic mask in l.; to r., Q POMPONI; to l., MVSA. Crawford 410.4. 66 BC. 3.52g.; 7; Mus. No. 0131 Laureate head of Apollo r.; to l., star. Urania standing l., holding rod in r. hand and pointing to globe set on tripod; to r., Q POMPONI; to l., MVSA. Crawford 410.8. 66 BC. 3.71g.; 3; Mus. No. 0140

Obv. Rev.

Obv.

Head of Juno Sospita r., wearing horned headdress; to l., control-mark; below, L ROSCI. Rev. Girl standing r. and snake l. facing one another; to l., control-mark; in ex., FABATI. Crawford 412. 64 BC. Control marks for this series consist of paired symbols, at times unidentifiable. They are tabulated by Crawford, pl. LXVIII-LXIX, to which the individual numbers given below refer. At times, however, wear makes certainty elusive. 406. 3.79g.; 5; control marks: Cr. 31/167? (curry comb/?); Mus. No. 0349 407. 3.65g.; 6; control marks: Cr. 162 (sickle/cornsheaf); Mus. No. 0495

428. Obv.

429.

430.

As previous but rev., to r., TVTOR REG; to l. PONT MAX. Crawford 419.2 (variant). 61 BC. 3.84g.; 6; Mus. No. 0416

Rev.

Rev. 408. 409. 410. Obv. Rev. 411. 412. Obv. Rev. 413. 414. 415. 416. 417. 418.

Head of Vesta l., wearing veil and diadem; to l., control-mark; to r., dish. Voter dropping tablet marked V into cista; to r., LONGIN III V. Crawford 413. 63 BC. 3.52g.; 6; control mark: A; Mus. No. 0181 3.54g.; 7; control mark: C?; Mus. No. 0247 3.61g.; 4; control mark: L; Mus. No. 0335

Rev. 431. Obv.

Head of Ceres r.; to l., corn-ear; to r. barleygrain; to l., III, to r., VIR; below, BROCCHI. Curule chair; on either side, fasces; above, L FVRI CN F. Crawford 414. 63 BC. 3.64g.; 7; Mus. No. 0156 2.94g.; 4; Mus. No. 0325

Rev.

Head of Concordia r., wearing veil and diadem; to l., PAVLLVS LEPIDVS; to r., CONCORDIA. Trophy; above, TER; to l., three captives; to r., togate figure; in ex. PAVLLVS. Crawford 415. 62 BC. 3.70g.; 4; Mus. No. 0097 3.45g.; 6; Mus. No. 0123 3.70g.; 6; Mus. No. 0161 3.72g.; 3; Mus. No. 0282 3.61g.; 6; Mus. No. 0607 3.51g.; 7; Mus. No. 1117

Obv.

432.

Rev.

433. 434. 18

 

Head of Concordia r., wearing veil and diadem; to l., PAVLLVS LEPIDVS; to r., CONCORD. Puteal decorated with garland and two lyres; at base, hammer; above, PVTEAL SCRIBON; below, LIBO. Crawford 417. 62 BC. 3.76g.; 6; Mus. No. 0514 Female head r., turreted and wearing diadem; below, ALEXANDREA. Togate figure standing on r., crowning figure holding staff; to l., TVTOR REG; to r., PONF MAX; above, SC; below, M LEPIDVS. Crawford 419.2. 61 BC. 3.49g.; 6; Mus. No. 0407

Obv. Obv.

Head of Bonus Eventus r.; to l., LIBO; to r., BON EVENT. Puteal decorated with garland and two lyres; at base, hammer; above PVTEAL; below, SCRIBON. Crawford 416.1a. 62 BC. 3.68g.; 4; Mus. No. 0009 3.74g.; 5; hammer uncertain; Mus. No. 0122 3.04g.; 5; Mus. No. 0259 3.79g.; 6; Mus. No. 0316 3.85g.; 6; Mus. No. 0346 3.75g.; 5; Mus. No. 0497 3.72g.; 6; Mus. No. 0581 3.68g.; 5; Mus. No. 0587 3.59g.; 6; Mus. No. 1124

Head of Neptune r.; to l., trident; to r., P YPSAE SC. Jupiter in quadriga l., hurling thunderbolt with r. hand, holding reins in l.; to r., [CEPIT]; below, C YPSAE COS PRIV. Crawford 420.1. 60 BC. 3.49g.; 6; Mus. No. 0281 Head of Saturn r.; to l., harpa and oval object, SC; to r., SVFENAS. Roma seated l. on pile of armour, holding sceptre in r. hand, sword in l.; behind, Victory standing l., holding palm-branch in l. hand and crowning Roma with r.; PR L V P F; in ex., SEX NONI. Crawford 421. 59 BC. 3.58g.; 9; Mus. No. 0394 Camel r.; to r., kneeling figure, holding olive branch in r. hand, reins in l.; above, M SCAVR AED CVR; to l. and r., EX SC; below, REX ARETAS. Jupiter in quadriga l., hurling thunderbolt with r. hand, holding reins in l.; below horses, scorpion; above, P HVPSAE AED CVR; below, C HVPSAE COS PREIVE; to r., CAPTV (inscriptions may vary). Crawford 422.1b. 58 BC. 3.81g.; 7; Mus. No. 0352 3.33g.; 6; rev., no scorpion?; Mus. No. 0417

CATALOGUE 435. 436.

3.73g.; 1; Mus. No. 0430 3.66g.; 5; Mus. No. 0444

Obv.

Head of Flora r.; to l., lituus; to r., FLORAL PRIMVS. Two soldiers facing one another and presenting swords; in ex., C SERVEIL; to r., CF. Crawford 423. 57 BC. 3.56g.; 2; Mus. No. 0126 3.95g.; 8; Mus. No. 0305

Obv. Rev.

Rev. 437. 438. Obv. Rev.

439. 440. 441. 442. 443. 444. 445. Obv. Rev. 446. 447. Obv. Rev. 448. 449.

457. 458. 459. Obv.

Head of Ancus Marcius r., wearing diadem; to l., lituus; below, ANCVS. Aqueduct on which stands equestrian statue; at horse’s feet, flower; to l., PHILIPPVS; within arches of aqueduct, AQVAMAR (or variant). Crawford 425. 56 BC. 3.97g.; 11; Mus. No. 0066 3.62g.; 6; Mus. No. 0090 3.75g.; 4; Mus. No. 0234 3.84g.; 6; Mus. No. 0258 3.67g.; 3; Mus. No. 0492 3.83g.; 7; Mus. No. 0539 3.40g.; 12; Mus. No. 0572

Rev. 460. Obv. Rev. 461. 462. 463. 464. 465. 466.

Bust of Venus r., wearing diadem; to. l., sceptre and SC. Three trophies; to l., jug; to r., lituus; in ex., FAVSTVS as monogram. Crawford 426.3. 56 BC. 3.71g.; 6; Mus. No. 0331 3.11g.; 5; Mus. No. 0382

Obv. Rev. 467. 468. 469.

Head of Ceres r.; to r., C MEMMI CF. Trophy; at foot, kneeling captive with hands tied behind back; to r., C MEMMIVS; to l., IMPERATOR. Crawford 427.1. 56 BC. 3.50g.; 9; Mus. No. 0014 3.61g.; 6; Mus. No. 0284

Obv. Rev. 470. Obv.

Obv.

450.

Head of Vesta r., wearing veil; to l., Q CASSIVS; to r., VEST. Temple of Vesta; within, curule chair; to l., urn; to r., tablet inscribed AC. Crawford 428.1. 55 BC. 3.51g.; 8; Mus. No. 0024

451. 452.

As previous but obv., head of Libertas r.; to l., LIBERT; to r., Q CASSIVS. Crawford 428.2. 55 BC. 3.78g.; 7; Mus. No. 0015 3.60g.; 6; Mus. No. 0477

Rev.

Obv. Rev. 453. 454. 455. 456.

Rev. 471. 472. Obv. Rev. 473. 474.

Head of Concordia r., wearing veil and diadem; P FONTEIVS CAPITO III VIR CONCORDIA. Villa publica; to l., T DIDI; to r., VIL PVB; below, IMP. Crawford 429.2a. 55 BC. 3.58g.; 7; Mus. No. 0103 3.47g.; 6; Mus. No. 0205 2.78g.; 9; Mus. No. 0408 3.50g.; 10; Mus. No. 0448

Obv. Rev.

475. 19

 

Head of Cybele r.; to r., A PLAVTIVS; to l., AED CVR SC. Camel r.; before, kneeling figure holding reins in l. hand, olive branch in r.; to r., IVDAEVS; in ex., BACCHIVS. Crawford 431. 55 BC. 3.60g.; 11; Mus. No. 0002 3.52g.; 4; Mus. No. 0261 3.48g.; 12; Mus. No. 0371 Female head r., wearing causia; to r., CN PLANCVS; to l., AED CVR SC. Cretan goat r.; to l., bow and quiver. Crawford 432. 55 BC. 3.45g.; 3; Mus. No. 0460 Head of Libertas r.; to l., LIBERTAS. L. Junius Brutus walking l. between two lictors and preceded by accensus; in ex., BRVTVS. Crawford 433.1. 54 BC. 3.64g.; 10; Mus. No. 0017 3.54g.; 4; Mus. No. 0221 3.04g.; 3; Mus. No. 0395 3.73g.; 5; Mus. No. 0461 3.58g.; 4; Mus. No. 0628 3.33g.; 6; Mus. No. 1119 Head of L. Junius Brutus r.; to l., BRVTVS. Head of C. Servilius Ahala r.; to l., AHALA. Crawford 433.2. 54 BC. 3.63g.; 6; Mus. No. 0074 3.87g.; 6; Mus. No. 0129 3.63g.; 6; Mus. No. 0574 Head of Sulla r.; to r., SVLLA COS. Head of Q. Pompeius Rufus r.; to l., RVFVS COS; to r., Q POM RVFI. Crawford 434.1. 54 BC. 3.73g.; 12; Mus. No. 0155 Curule chair.; to l., arrow; to r., laurel-branch; above, Q POMPEI QF RVFVS; below on tablet, COS. Curule chair; to l., lituus; to r., wreath; above, SVLLA COS; below on tablet, Q POMPEI RVF. Crawford 434.2. 54 BC. 3.58g.; 2; Mus. No. 0313 3.37g.; 2; Mus. No. 0385 Head of Saturn r. with harpa over shoulder; to r., NERI Q VRB Legionary eagle; to l. and r., maniple standard: l., H(astati), r., P(rincipes); to l., L LENT; to r., C MARC; below, COS. Crawford 441. 49 BC. 3.26g.; 6; Mus. No. 0135 3.69g.; 1; Mus. No. 0387 Laureate head of Salus r.; to l., SALVTIS. Valetudo standing l., resting l. arm on column and holding snake in r. hand; to r., MN ACILIVS; to l., III VIR VALETV. Crawford 442. 49 BC. 3.83g.; 9; Mus. No. 0063

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII 476. 477. 478. 479. 480. 481. 482.

3.61g.; 11; Mus. No. 0093 3.69g.; 9; Mus. No. 0099 3.48g.; 6; Mus. No. 0172 3.87g.; 1; Mus. No. 0412 3.71g.; 5; Mus. No. 0439 3.45g.; 11; Mus. No. 0517 3.60g.; 6; Mus. No. 0531

Obv. Rev.

Religious implements. Elephant r. trampling dragon; in ex., CAESAR. Crawford 443. 49-48 BC. 3.66g.; 12; Mus. No. 0592 3.80g.; 6; Mus. No. 0594 3.71g.; 1; Mus. No. 0599 3.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 0603 3.57g.; 9; Mus. No. 0604 3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 0609 3.93g.; 9; Mus. No. 0612 3.67g.; 3; Mus. No. 0617 3.49g.; 8; Mus. No. 0621 3.42g.; 5; Mus. No. 0623 4.19g.; 6; Mus. No. 0624 3.66g.; 1; Mus. No. 0627 3.51g.; 10; Mus. No. 0630 3.78g.; 3; Mus. No. 0634 3.49g.; 12; Mus. No. 0700 3.57g.; 8; Mus. No. 0702 3.76g.; 1; Mus. No. 0709 3.78g.; 6; Mus. No. 0723 1.50g.; 6; Mus. No. 0726 3.57g.; 6; Mus. No. 1079 3.61g.; 12; Mus. No. 1080 2.86g.; 6; Mus. No. 1081 3.72g.; 6; Mus. No. 1082

Obv. Rev. 515. Obv.

483. 484. 485. 486. 487. 488. 489. 490. 491. 492. 493. 494. 495. 496. 497. 498. 499. 500. 501. 502. 503. 504. 505. Obv. Rev. 506. 507. 508. 509. 510. 511. 512. Obv.

516. Obv. Rev.

517. 518. Obv. Rev.

519. 520. Obv. Rev.

Head of Apollo r., hair tied with band; to r., Q SICINIVS; to l., III VIR. Club on which hangs lion’s skin; to l., arrow; to r., bow; to r., C COPONIVS; to l., PR SC. Crawford 444. 49 BC. 3.90g.; 6; Mus. No. 0176 3.66g.; 3; Mus. No. 0214 3.33g.; 12; Mus. No. 0222 3.73g.; 2; Mus. No. 0244 3.33g.; 4; Mus. No. 0446 3.67g.; 3; Mus. No. 0520 3.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 1131

513.

Triskeles with winged head of Medusa in centre and corn-ears between legs. Jupiter standing facing, holding thunderbolt in r. hand, eagle in l.; to r., harpa; to l., LENT MAR; to r., COS. Crawford 445.1a. 49 BC. 3.74g.; 8; Mus. No. 0212

514.

As previous but rev., no harpa. Crawford 445.1b. 49 BC. 3.69g.; 12; Mus. No. 0242

Rev.

Rev.

521. Obv. Rev. 522. 523. 524. 525. 526. 527. 528. 529. 530. Obv. Rev. 531. 532. 533.

20

 

Head of Apollo r.; to r., L LENT C MARC; to l., COS. Jupiter standing facing, holding thunderbolt in r. hand, eagle in l.; to r., altar. Crawford 445.2. 49 BC. 3.59g.; 1; Mus. No. 0367 Bearded head of Numa r., wearing diadem inscribed NVMA; to l., CN PISO PRO Q. Prow r.; above, MAGN; below, PRO COS. Crawford 446. 49 BC. 3.59g.; 6; Mus. No. 0083 Female head r., wearing oak-wreath and diadem. Victory walking r., holding trophy over l. shoulder, caduceus in r. hand; to r., L HOSTILIVS; to l., SASERN or SASERNA. Crawford 448.1. 48 BC. 3.51g.; 10; Mus. No. 0296 3.55g.; 4; Mus. No. 0552 Bearded male bust r.; to l., Gallic shield. Biga r. driven by charioteer holding whip in l. hand, reins in r.; behind, warrior facing backwards, holding shield in l. hand and hurling spear with r.; above, L HOSTILIVS; below, SASERN or SASERNA. Crawford 448.2. 48 BC. 3.53g.; 4; Mus. No. 0312 3.69g.; 12; Mus. No. 0588 Female head r. with long hair; to l., carnyx. Artemis facing, holding spear in l., hand and placing r. hand on head of stag; to r., L HOSTILIVS; to l., SASERNA. Crawford 448.3. 48 BC. 3.80g.; 7; Mus. No. 0182 Mask of bearded Pan r.; below, PANSA. Jupiter seated l., holding patera in r. hand, sceptre in l.; to l., IOVIS AXVR; to r., C VIBIVS CF CN; Crawford 449.1. 48 BC. 3.54g.; 4; obv, to l., pedum; Mus. No. 0178 3.43g.; 3; Mus. No. 0227 3.71g.; 8; Mus. No. 0277 3.36g.; 6; Mus. No. 0319 3.34g.; 7; Mus. No. 0402 3.88g.; 9; Mus. No. 0579 3.62g.; 5; obv. to l., Pan-pipe; Mus. No. 1051 3.60g.; 6; Mus. No. 1103 3.43g.; 6; Mus. No. 1144 Head of Liber r., wearing ivy-wreath; to l., PANSA. Ceres walking r., holding torch in each hand; to r., plough; to l., C VIBIVS CF CN. Crawford 449.2. 48 BC. 3.60g.; 3; Mus. No. 0246 3.68g.; 5; Mus. No. 0522 3.50g.; 6; Mus. No. 0535

CATALOGUE Obv. Rev. 534. 535. Obv. Rev. 536. 537. 538. 539. 540. 541. Obv. Rev. 542. Obv. Rev. 543. 544. Obv. Rev. 545.

Helmeted head of Mars r. Two carnyces in saltire; above, oval shield; below, round shield; to r., ALBINVS; to l., BRVTI F. Crawford 450.1a. 48 BC. 3.82g.; 7; Mus. No. 0154 3.56g.; 3; Mus. No. 0449 Head of Pietas r.; to l., PIETAS. Two hands clasped around caduceus; below, ALBINVS BRVTI F. Crawford 450.2. 48 BC. 3.62g.; 8; Mus. No. 0218 3.45g.; 2; Mus. No. 0295 3.71g.; 9; Mus. No. 0422 3.50g.; 12; Mus. No. 0437 3.69g.; 7; Mus. No. 0530 3.56g.; 6; Mus. No. 1114

554. 555. 556. 557. 558. 559. 560. 561. 562. 563.

2.92g., 6; Mus. No. 0380 3.73g.; 7; Mus. No. 0498 3.53g.; 7; Mus. No. 0605 3.45g.; 7; Mus. No. 0696 3.50g.; 6; Mus. No. 0697 3.64g.; 6; Mus. No. 0704 3.65g.; 4; Mus. No. 0724 3.74g.; 6; Mus. No. 1044 3.59g.; 6; Mus. No. 1083 3.86g.; 12; Mus. No. 1084

Obv.

Laureate head of Jupiter r.; to r., Q METEL; below, PIVS. Elephant r.; above, SCIPIO; below, IMP. Crawford 459. 47-46 BC. 3.57g.; 5; Mus. No. 0256

Rev. 564.

Head r.; A POSTVMIVS COS. Wreath of corn-ears enclosing ALBIN BRVTI F. Crawford 450.3c. 48 BC. 3.45g.; 4; Mus. No. 0330

Obv. Rev.

Mask of bearded Pan r.; below, C PANSA. Two hands clasped around caduceus; below, ALBINVS BRVTI F. Crawford 451. 48 BC. 3.55g.; 8; Mus. No. 0389 3.42g.; 9; Mus. No. 0542

565. Obv.

Female head wearing oak-wreath r. Trophy with Gallic shield and carnyx; to r., axe; to l, CAE; to r., SAR. Cr 452.2. 48-47 BC. 3.74g.; 6; Mus. No. 1149

Rev.

566. Obv. Rev. 546. 547. 548. 549. 550. Obv.

Head of Medusa facing; below, L PLAVTIVS. Victory facing, holding palm-branch in l., hand and leading four horses; below, PLANCVS. Crawford 453. 47 BC. 3.53g.; 11; obv., coiled snake each side of head; Mus. No. 0245 3.55g.; 3; Mus. No. 0340 3.50g.; 6; Mus. No. 0341 3.57g.; 6; Mus. No. 0376 3.65g.; 6; obv, coiled snake each side of head; Mus. No. 1125

551.

Laureate head of Fides r.; to l., NERVA; to r. FIDES. Horseman galloping r., dragging naked warrior, who holds shield in l. hand, sword in r.; below, A LICIN; to l., III; to r., VIR. Crawford 454.1. 47 BC. 3.49g.; 2; Mus. No. 0228

552.

As previous but obv., to l., A LICINIVS; rev., below, NERVA. Crawford 454.2. 47 BC. 3.64g.; 4; Mus. No. 0013

Rev.

Obv. Rev. 567. 568. 569. 570. 571. 572. 573. 574. 575. 576. Obv. Rev.

Obv. Rev. 553.

577. 578. 579.

Head of Venus r., wearing diadem. Aeneas l., carrying palladium in r. hand and Anchises on l. shoulder; to r., CAESAR. Crawford 458. 47-46 BC. 3.75g.; 6; Mus. No. 0076

Obv. Rev. 580. 21

 

Lion-headed Genius of Africa standing facing, holding ankh in r. hand; above, GT A; to r., Q METEL PIVS; to l., SCIPIO IMP. Victory standing l., holding caduceus in r. hand, patera in l.; to r., P CRASSVS IVN; to l., LEG PRO PR. Crawford 460.4. 47-46 BC. 3.73g.; 10; Mus. No. 0339 Head of Africa r., wearing elephant’s skin; to r. corn-ear; below, plough; to r., Q METELL; to l., SCIPIO IMP. Hercules standing facing, with r. hand on hip and resting l. arm on club draped with lion’s skin and set on rock; to l., LEG FC; to r., EPPIVS. Crawford 461. 47-46 BC. 3.63g.; 12; Mus. No. 0111 Jugate heads of Dioscuri r., wearing laureate pilei; above each, a star; to l., RVFVS III VIR. Venus standing l., holding scales in r. hand, sceptre in l.; on shoulder, Cupid; to r., MN CORDIVS (or variant). Crawford 463.1. 46 BC. 3.53g.; 7; Mus. No. 0118 3.48g.; 6; Mus. No. 0137 3.74g.; 2; Mus. No. 0152 3.67g.; 7; Mus. No. 0265 3.63g.; 12; Mus. No. 0318 3.53g.; 1; Mus. No. 0344 3.57g.; 6; Mus. No. 0381 3.20g.; 5; Mus. No. 0409 3.27g.; 5; Mus. No. 0410 3.64g.; 10; Mus. No. 0442 Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; to l., RVFVS SC. Cupid on dolphin; below, MN CORDIVS. Crawford 463.3. 46 BC. 3.53g.; 11; Mus. No. 0241 3.53g.; 8; Mus. No. 0556 3.51g.; 8; Mus. No. 1098 Head of Sibyl r. Sphinx r., above, T CARISIVS; in ex., III VIR. Crawford 464.1. 46 BC. 3.82g.; 12; Mus. No. 0257

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII 581. 582.

3.07g.; 1; Mus. No. 1100 3.32g.; 5; Mus. No. 1141

Obv. Rev.

Head of Juno Moneta r.; to l., MONETA. Anvil die with punch above; to l., tongs; to r., hammer; above, T CARISI. Crawford 464.2. 46 BC. 3.57g.; 6; Mus. No. 0036 3.62g.; 3; Mus. No. 0164 3.70g.; 2; Mus. No. 0216 3.43g.; 2; Mus. No. 0505 3.63g.; 8; Mus. No. 1099

583. 584. 585. 586. 587. Obv. Rev. 588. 589. Obv. Rev. 590. 591. 592. Obv. Rev. 593. 594. 595. Obv. Rev.

598. 599. 600. Obv. Rev. 601. Obv. Rev. 602.

607. 608 609. 610. 611. 612. Obv. Rev.

Bust of Victory r.; to l., SC. Victory in quadriga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; in ex., T CARISI. Crawford 464.5. 46 BC. 3.64g.; 9; Mus. No. 0163 3.65g.; 10; Mus. No. 0217 3.30g.; 10; Mus. No. 0455

As previous but obv., to l., A; rev., above, C CONSIDI; in ex., PAETI. Crawford 465.2. 46 BC. 3.37g.; 1; Mus. No. 0094 3.59g.; 3; Mus. No. 0274 3.77g.; 3; Mus. No. 0519

613. Obv.

616.

As previous but obv., to r., M POBLICI LEG; to l., PRO PR. Crawford 469.1e. 46-45 BC. 3.37g.; 6; Mus. No. 0354

Rev. 617. Obv. Rev.

Head of Ceres r.; to l., COS TERT; to r., DICT ITER. Religious instruments; above, AVGVR; below, PONT MAX; to r., D. Crawford 467.1a. 46 BC. 3.67g.; 2; to. r., D?; Mus. No. 0061

Bust of Venus l., wearing diadem, with star to rear of hair; on shoulder, Cupid; to l., lituus; to r., sceptre. Trophy with oval shield and carnyx in r. hand, oblong shield and carnyx in l.; to l., kneeling male captive with hands tied behind back; to r., seated female captive resting head on r. hand; in ex., CAESAR. Crawford 468.2. 46-45 BC. 3.51g.; 5; Mus. No. 0705

614. 615.

Obv.

Laureate head of Venus r., wearing diadem; to l., PAETI. Victory in quadriga l., holding wreath in r. hand, palm-branch and reins in l.; in ex., C CONSIDI. Crawford 465.3. 46 BC. 3.32g.; 6; Mus. No. 0285

Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; behind, Cupid. Trophy with oval shield and carnyx in each hand; to l., seated female captive resting head on r. hand; to r., seated male captive with hands tied behind back; in ex., CAESAR. Crawford 468.1. 46-45 BC. 3.59g.; 4; Mus. No. 0055 3.45g.; 6; Mus. No. 0327 3.71g.; 1; Mus. No. 0619 3.23g.; 5; Mus. No. 0638 3.59g.; 7; Mus. No. 0712 3.71g.; 3; Mus. No. 0715

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to r., M POBLICI LEG PRO; to l., PR. Female standing r., with shield slung over back, holding two spears in l. hand and with r. hand giving palm-branch to soldier standing l. on ship’s prow; CN MAGNVS IMP. Crawford 469.1a. 46-45 BC. 3.75g.; 7; Mus. No. 0053 3.51g.; 6; Mus. No. 0515

Rev.

618.

22

 

606.

As previous but rev., to r., M. Crawford 467.1b. 46 BC 3.71g.; 4: Mus. No. 0353

Rev.

Bust of Victory r. Victory in biga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; in ex., T CARISI. Crawford 464.4. 46 BC. 3.74g.; 9; Mus. No. 0120 3.75g.; 7; Mus. No. 0141 3.57g.; 1; Mus. No. 0423

596. 597.

3.51g.; 10; Mus. No. 0087 3.73g.; 12; Mus. No. 0179 3.64g.; 10; Mus. No. 0720

Obv.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA. Cornucopia on globe; to l., sceptre; to r., rudder; below T CARIS or CARISI. Crawford 464.3. 46 BC. 3.62g.; 12; Mus. No. 0049 3.53g.; 6; Mus. No. 0564

Laureate head of Apollo r. Curule chair on which lies wreath; above, C CONSIDIVS; in ex., PAETVS. Crawford 465.1. 46 BC. 3.47g.; 5; Mus. No. 0085 3.28g.; 12; Mus. No. 0549

603. 604. 605.

Radiate head of Sol r.; to l., acisculus; below, ACISCVLVS. Luna in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; in ex., L VALERIVS. Crawford 474.5. 45 BC 3.65g.; 1; Mus. No. 0320 Wreathed head of Caesar r., to l., star; to r., CAESAR IMP. Venus standing l., holding Victory in r. hand, sceptre with star at bottom in l.; to r., P SERVILLIVS; to l., MACER. Crawford 480.5b. 44 BC. 3.81g.; 9; Mus. No.1085

CATALOGUE Obv. Rev.

619.

Wreathed head of Caesar r.; to r., CAESAR; to l., IMPER. Venus standing l., holding Victory in r. hand, sceptre in l., resting l. elbow on shield set on globe; to r., M METTIVS; to l., C. Crawford 480.17. 44 BC. 3.54g.; 5; Mus. No. 0707

648. 649.

3.58g.; 1; Mus. No. 1052 3.72g.; 2; Mus. No. 1116

Obv. Rev.

Head of L. Regulus r. Modius; on either side, corn-ear; above, L LIVINEIVS; in ex., REGVLVS. Crawford 494.29. 42 BC. 3.10g.; 9; Mus. No. 0151

650. Obv. Rev. 620. Obv. Rev. 621. 622.

Wreathed and veiled head of Caesar r.; to l., apex; to r., lituus; to r., CAESAR; to l., PARENS PATRIAE. C COSSVTIVS and MARIDIANVS arranged in cross-shape; in angles AAAFF. Crawford 480.19. 44 BC. 3.57g.; 2; Mus. No. 0453

Obv. Rev.

651. 652. 653.

Bust of Diana Nemorensis r.; to l., P ACCOLEIVS; to r., LARISCOLVS. Triple statue of Diana Nemorensis facing; to rear, cypress grove. Crawford 486. 43 BC. 3.76g.; 12; Mus. No. 0147 3.22g.; 4; Mus. No. 0479

Obv. Rev. 654.

Obv. Rev. 623. 624. Obv. Rev. 625. 626.

Eagle with spread wings on thunderbolt; above, PETILLIVS; below, CAPITOLINVS. Hexastyle temple with decorations between central four pillars; to l., S; to r., F. Crawford 487.2b. 43 BC. 3.61g.; 7; Mus. No. 0333 3.60g.; 3; Mus. No. 0490

Obv. Rev.

655. 656.

Radiate head of Sol r.; to l., quiver. Crescent surrounded by five stars; below, P CLODIVS MF. Crawford 494.21. 42 BC. 3.32g.; 11; Mus. No. 0543 3.70g.; 2; Mus. No. 1148

Obv. Rev. 657.

Obv. Rev. 627. 628. 629. 630. 631. 632. 633. 634. 635. 636. 637. 638. 639. 640. 641. 642. 643. 644. 645. 646. 647.

Laureate head of Apollo r.; to l., lyre. Diana standing facing, holding lit torch in each hand; to r., P CLODIVS; to l., MF. Crawford 494.23. 42 BC. 3.64g.; 8; Mus. No. 0037 3.81g.; 6; Mus. No. 0046 3.91g.; 3; Mus. No. 0098 3.59g.; 6; Mus. No. 0128 3.78g.; 10; Mus. No. 0150 3.69g.; 12; Mus. No. 0194 3.83g.; 3; Mus. No. 0219 4.17g.; 3; Mus. No. 0279 3.72g.; 3; Mus. No. 0357 3.62g.; 2; Mus. No. 0358 3.43g.; 4; Mus. No. 0365 3.52g.; 1; Mus. No. 0399 3.63g.; 11; Mus. No. 0401 3.80g.; 5; Mus. No. 0413 3.67g.; 2; Mus. No. 0510 3.49g.; 2; Mus. No. 0524 2.75g.; 11; Mus. No. 0555 3.71g.; 4; Mus. No. 0567 3.70g.; 11; Mus. No. 0571 3.26g.; 9; Mus. No. 0573 3.61g.; 1; Mus. No. 0580

Obv.

Laureate head of Hercules r., wearing diadem. Minerva standing r., holding Victory in l. hand, spear in r.; at feet, shield; to r., C VIBIVS; to l., VARVS. Crawford 494.37. 42 BC. 3.63g.; 12; Mus. No. 0110 Helmeted bust of Minerva r. Hercules standing facing, head l., holding club in r. hand and lion-skin over l. arm; to r., C VIBIVS; to l., VARVS. Crawford 494.38. 42 BC. 3.75g.; 12; Mus. No. 0028 3.31g.; 12; Mus. No. 0445 Laureate head of Caesar r. Cornucopia on globe; to l., rudder; to r., caduceus and apex; L MVSSIDIVS LONGVS. Crawford 494.39a. 42 BC. 3.68g.; 3; Mus. No. 1147

658.

Head of Concordia r., wearing veil; to l., CONCORDIA. Shrine of Venus Cloacina inscribed CLOACIN; above, L MVSSIDIVS LONGVS. Crawford 494.42a. 42 BC. 3.58g.; 2; Mus. No. 0434

659. 660.

As previous but obv., to r., star. Crawford 494.42b. 42 BC. 3.51g.; 10; Mus. No. 0238 3.44g.; 6; Mus. No. 0254

Rev.

Obv. Rev. 661. Obv. Rev. 662.

23

 

Head of Liber r., wearing ivy-wreath. Garlanded altar, on which, mask and thyrsus; to r., panther springing towards altar; in ex., C VIBIVS; to r., VARVS. Crawford 494.36. 42 BC. 3.51g.; 12; Mus. No. 0115 3.17g.; 4; Mus. No. 0511 3.30g.; 12; Mus. No. 0562

Radiate bust of Sol facing. Shrine of Venus Cloacina inscribed CLOAC; above, L MVSSIDIVS LONGVS. Crawford 494.43b. 42 BC. 3.51g.; 4; Mus. No. 0251 Head of Lepidus r.; LEPIDVS PONT MAX III V RPC. Head of Octavian r.; CAESAR IMP III VIR RPC. Crawford 495.2. 42 BC. 3.52g.; 4; Mus. No. 1033

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII Obv. Rev. 663.

Head of Mark Antony r.; to l., M ANTONI; to r., IMP. Distyle temple enclosing medallion of the radiate bust of Sol facing; to l., III; below, VIR; to r., RPC. Crawford 496.1. 42 BC. 3.73g.; 3; Mus. No. 0550

Obv. Rev. 676. Obv.

Obv. Rev. 664.

Head of Octavian r.; CAESAR III VIR RPC. Curule chair, on which lies wreath inscribed CAESAR DIC PER. Crawford 497.2. 42 BC. 3.20g.; 3; Mus. No. 0361

Rev. 677.

Obv. Rev. 665. 666. Obv. Rev. 667. Obv. Rev. 668.

Helmeted bust of Mars r., spear over shoulder; to l., CAESAR; to r., III VIR RPC. Aquila surmounted by trophy and flanked by two standards; on either side of aquila, SC. Crawford 497.3. 42 BC. 3.24g.; 11; Mus. No. 0070 3.68g.; 12; Mus. No. 0201

Obv. Rev. 678. 679.

Laureate head of Libertas r.; to l., C CASSI IMP. Aplustre; above, M SERVILIVS; below, LEG. Crawford 505.2. 43-42 BC. 3.53g.; 2; Mus. No. 0465

Obv. Rev. 680. 681. 682. 683. 684. 685. 686.

Laureate head of Libertas r.; to l., C CASSEI IMP. Crab r., holding aplustre in claws; to l., rose and untied diadem; above, M SERVILIVS; below, LEG. Crawford 505.3. 43-42 BC. 3.47g.; 3; Mus. No. 0551

Obv. Obv. Rev.

669. Obv. Rev.

670. 671.

Head of Neptune r.; below, trident; to l., CASCA; to r., LONGVS. Victory walking r., holding palm-branch over l. shoulder, diadem in both hands; below, broken sceptre; to l., BRVTVS; to r., IMP. Crawford 507.2. 43-42 BC. 3.65g.; 11; Mus. No. 0640

Rev. 687. 688. 689. 690.

Head of Neptune r., hair tied with band and trident over shoulder; MAG PIVS IMP ITER. Trophy with trident above and anchor below; to l., prow-stem; to r. aplustre; at base, two heads of Scylla; PRAEF CLAS ET ORAE MARIT EX SC (or variant). Crawford 511.2. 42-40 BC. 3.66g.; 6; Mus. No. 0249 3.29g.; 10; Mus. No. 0466

Obv. Rev. 691. Obv. Rev.

Obv. Rev.

672. 673. 674. 675.

Head of Pompey r.; to l., jug; to r., lituus; MAG PIVS IMP ITER. Neptune standing l., holding aplustre in r. hand, cloak over l. arm and placing r. foot on prow; on either side, one of the Catanaean brothers carrying his father on his shoulders; above, PRAEF; in ex., CLAS ET ORAE MARIT EX SC. Crawford 511.3a. 42-40 BC. 3.65g.; 2; Mus. No. 0595 3.60g.; 6; Mus. No. 0641 3.36g.; 6; Mus. No. 1054 3.76g.; 1; Mus. No. 1121

692. Obv. Rev. 693.

24

 

Head of Flora r.; to l., flower; to r., P CLODIVS; to l., CF. Female figure seated l., holding culullus in r. hand; to r. VESTALIS. Crawford 512.2. 41 BC. 2.63g.; 9; Mus. No. 0237 Male head r.; to r., C NVMONIVS; to l., VAALA. Soldier l. attacking rampart defended by two soldiers; in ex., VAALA. Crawford 514.2. 41 BC. 3.51g.; 6; Mus. No. 0020 Bearded male head r.; to r., L SERVIVS; to l., RVFVS. Dioscuri standing facing, each holding spear and wearing sword. Crawford 515.2. 41 BC. 3.81g.; 4; Mus. No. 0278 3.51g.; 12; Mus. No. 0563 Head of Mark Antony r.; M ANT IMP AVG III VIR RPC M BARBAT Q P. Head of Octavian r.; CAESAR IMP PONT III VIR RPC. Crawford 517.2. 41 BC 3.71g.; 12; Mus. No. 0598 3.71g.; 12; Mus. No. 0602 3.55g.; 11; Mus. No. 0701 3.46g.; 12; Mus. No. 0710 3.59g.; 11; Mus. No. 0711 2.69g.; 12; Mus. No. 0714 3.70g.; 12; Mus. No. 0717 Head of Mark Antony r.; M ANT IMP AVG III VIR RPC M NERVA PRO Q P. Head of L. Antonius r.; to l., L ANTONIVS COS. Crawford 517.5a. 41 BC. 3.63g.; 10; rev., blundered inscr.; Mus. No. 0596 3.41g.; 12; Mus. No. 0633 3.67g.; 12; Mus. No. 0713 3.27g.; 12; Mus. No. 1092 Head of Mark Antony r.; M ANTON IMP III VIR RPC AVG. Head of Octavian r.; CAESAR IMP PONT III VIR RPC. Crawford 528.3. 39 BC. 3.50g.; 2; Mus. No. 0721 Head of Octavian r.; IMP CAESAR DIVI IVLI F. M AGRIPPA COS DESIG. Crawford 534.3. 38 BC. 3.34g.; 3; Mus. No. 1032 Head of Octavian r.; IMP CAESAR DIVI F III VIR ITER RPC. Religious instruments; COS ITER ET TER DESIG. Crawford 538.1. 37 BC. 3.64g.; 11; Mus. No. 0706

CATALOGUE Obv. Rev.

694. 695. 696. Obv.

Head of Octavian r.; IMP CAESAR DIVI F III VIR ITER RPC. Tetrastyle temple; inside, figure holding lituus in r. hand; on architrave, DIVO IVL; in pediment, star; to l., lit altar; COS ITER ET TER DESIG. Crawford 540.2. 36 BC. 3.87g.; 4; Mus. No. 0694 3.75g.; 6; Mus. No. 0716 3.72g.; 6; Mus. No. 0718

697. 698.

Head of Mark Antony r.; ANTON AVG IMP III COS DES III III V RPC. M SILANVS AVG Q PRO COS. Crawford 542.1. 33 BC. 3.58g.; 9; Mus. No. 0636 3.62g.; 10; Mus. No. 0719

699.

As previous but rev., ANTONIVS AVG IMP III. Crawford 542.2. 33 BC. 3.54g.; 5; Mus. No. 0615

Rev.

Obv.

700.

Ship r. with sceptre tied on prow; above, ANT AVG; below, III VIR RPC. Aquila between two standards; CHORTIVM PRAETORIARVM. Crawford 544.8. 32-31 BC. 3.48g.; 7; Mus. No. 1093

701.

As previous but rev., LEG XII ANTIQVAE. Crawford 544.9. 32-31 BC. 3.82g.; 6; Mus. No. 0666

702.

As previous but rev., LEG XVII CLASSICAE. Crawford 544.10. 32-31 BC. 3.49g.; 6; Mus. No. 0695

703.

As previous but rev., LEG XVIII LYBICAE. Crawford 544.11 32-31 BC. 3.45g.; 6; Mus. No. 0629

704. 705. 706. 707. 708. 709. 710. 711. 712. 713. 714. 715. 716. 717. 718. 719. 720. 721. 722. 723.

As previous but rev., below, legionary number (at times uncertain). Crawford 544.13-38. 32-31 BC. 3.09g.; 12; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 0610 3.22g.; 6; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 0635 3.42g.; 9; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 0646 3.66g.; 6; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 0651 3.52g.; 7; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 0656 3.57g.; 11; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 0678 1.87g.; 7; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 0692 3.28g.; 1; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 1089 3.71g.; 2; rev., LEG III; Mus. No. 0650 3.50g.; 9; rev., LEG III; Mus. No. 0677 3.64g.; 6; rev., LEG III; Mus. No. 0679 3.39g.; 6; rev., LEG III; Mus. No. 0691 3.32g.; 8; rev., LEG III; Mus. No. 1088 3.57g.; 3; rev., LEG IV; Mus. No. 0684 3.66g.; 6; rev., LEG IV; Mus. No. 0703 3.63g.; 6; rev., LEG V; Mus. No. 0614 3.15g.; 1; rev., LEG V; Mus. No. 0682 3.39g.; 7; rev., LEG V; Mus. No. 0727 3.53g.; 2; rev., LEG VI; Mus. No. 0600 3.35g.; 3; rev., LEG VI; Mus. No. 0625

Rev.

25

 

724. 725. 726. 727. 728. 729. 730. 731. 732. 733. 734. 735. 736. 737. 738. 739. 740. 741. 742. 743. 744. 745. 746. 747. 748. 749. 750. 751. 752. 753. 754. 755. 756. 757. 758. 759. 760. 761. 762. 763. 764. 765. 766. 767. 768. 769. 770. 771. 772.

3.67g.; 6; rev., LEG VI; Mus. No. 0643 3.78g.; 1; rev., LEG VI; Mus. No. 0687 3.55g.; 6; rev.; LEG VI; Mus. No. 0690 3.50g.; 6; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 0608 3.49g.; 1; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 0648 3.64g.; 6; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 0649 3.70g.; 12; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 0654 3.28g.; 8; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 0668 3.64g.; 5; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 0686 3.69g.; 3; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 0725 3.85g.; 3; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 1090 3.46g.; 6; rev., LEG VIII; Mus. No. 0637 3.28g.; 4; rev., LEG VIII; Mus. No. 0652 3.38g.; 4; rev., LEG VIII?; Mus. No. 0655 3.58g.; 11; rev., LEG VIII; Mus. No. 0676 3.42g.; 6; rev., LEG IX; Mus. No. 0632 3.37g.; 7; rev., LEG IX; Mus. No. 0645 3.51g.; 6; rev., LEG X; Mus. No. 0661 3.58g.; 7; rev., LEG X; Mus. No. 0663 3.41g.; 1; rev., LEG XI; Mus. No. 0622 3.67g.; 12; rev., LEG XI; Mus. No. 0626 3.71g.; 11; rev., LEG XI; Mus. No. 0672 3.64g.; 7; rev., LEG XI; Mus. No. 0674 3.37g.; 6; rev., LEG XI; Mus. No. 0675 3.51g.; 10; rev.; LEG XI; Mus. No. 0683 3.35g.; 12; rev., LEG XII; Mus. No. 0601 2.73g.; 6; rev., LEG XII; Mus. No. 0611 3.66g.; 2; rev., LEG XII; Mus. No. 0642 3.43g.; 11; rev., LEG XII?; Mus. No. 0659 3.40g.; 6; rev., LEG XII; Mus. No. 0662 3.55g.; 6; rev., LEG XII; Mus. No. 1086 3.54g.; 3; rev., LEG XIII; Mus. No. 0644 3.56g.; 9; rev., LEG XIII; Mus. No. 1087 3.43g.; 6; rev., LEG XIIII; Mus. No. 0660 3.52g.; 4; rev., LEG XIV; Mus. No. 0685 3.39g.; 11; rev., LEG XV; Mus. No. 0658 3.56g.; 6; rev., LEG XV; Mus. No. 0665 3.60g.; 4; rev., LEG XV; Mus. No. 0671 3.55g.; 8; rev. LEG XV?; Mus. No. 0708 3.23g.; 12; rev., LEG XVI; Mus. No. 0667 3.55g.; 5; rev., LEG XVIII; Mus. No. 0688 3.40g.; 1; rev., LEG XIX; Mus. No. 0689 3.47g.; 6; rev., LEG XX; Mus. No. 0670 3.53g.; 9; rev., LEG XX; Mus. No. 0680 3.41g.; 10; rev.; LEG XXI; Mus. No. 0673 3.52g.; 3; rev., LEG XXI?; Mus. No. 0681 3.24g.; 4; rev., LEG XXII; Mus. No. 0647 3.57g.; 6; rev., LEG XXII; Mus. No. 0653 3.56g.; 10; rev., LEG XXII?; Mus. No. 0728

773. 774. 775. 776. 777. 778. 779. 780. 781. 782.

As previous but legionary number not visible or obscured. Crawford 544. 32-31 BC. 3.44g.; 5; Mus. No. 0593 3.77g.; 12; Mus. No. 0597 3.37g.; 11; rev., LEG I[ ]; Mus. No. 0606 3.39g.; 9; Mus. No. 0613 3.55g.; 3; Mus. No. 0616 3.26g.; 7; Mus. No. 0618 3.83g.; 10; Mus. No. 0620 3.51g.; 10; Mus. No. 0631 3.92g.; 2; Mus. No. 0639 3.01g.; 3; Mus. No. 0657

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII 783. 784. 785. 786. 787. 788.

3.28g.; ?; obv. illegible; Mus. No. 0664 3.22g.; 6; Mus. No. 0669 3.34g.; 10; Mus. No. 0693 3.41g.; 7; Mus. No. 0698 1.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 0699 3.74g.; 9; Mus. No. 1091

Obv. Rev.

Brockage

797. 798.

Obv.

Obv.

Rev. 789.

Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA; to r., X. Helmeted head of Roma l.; to. l., X; to r., ROMA. 3.58g.; 12; Mus. No. 0032

Rev. 799.

Head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Mars standing facing, head r., holding aquila in r. hand, standard over l. shoulder; to l., SIGNIS; to r., RECEPTIS. RIC I, p.44, no.41. c. 19-18 BC. 3.68g.; 5; Mus. No. 0767 3.59g.; 6; Mus. No. 0769 Head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. SPQR / CL V on shield. RIC I, p.44, no.42a. c. 19-18 BC. 3.51g.; 6; Mus. No. 0879

Uncertain / Imitation

Obv.

Obv. Rev.

Rev.

790.

Helmeted head of Roma r. Figure in biga r., holding palm in l. hand, wreath in r. 3.09g.; 1; Mus. No. 0338

Obv. Rev. 791.

Helmeted head of Roma r. Figure in chariot r.? 3.77g.; 12; Mus. No. 1137

Uncertain Mint 2

Obv. Rev. 792.

Head r. Illegible. 2.97g.; ?; Mus. No. 0565

800.

Obv. Rev. 801. Obv. Rev.

Imperial coins

802.

Augustus

Obv.

Emerita Obv. Rev. 793. 794.

Rev.

Head of Augustus r.; to r., IMP CAESAR; to l., AVGVST. Circular city-wall with EMERITA inscribed above gate; P CARISIVS LEG PRO PR. RIC I, p.41, no.9a. c. 25-23 BC. 3.74g.; 2; Mus. No. 0906 3.64g.; 11; Mus. No. 0988

803. Obv. Rev. 804. 805.

Spain

Obv.

Uncertain mint 1 Obv. Rev. 795. Obv. Rev. 796.

Rev.

Head of Augustus r., wearing oak-wreath. Two laurel branches; above, CAESAR; below, AVGVSTVS. RIC I, p.43, no.33a. c. 19-18 BC. 3.45g.; 6; Mus. No. 0997

806. Obv.

Head of Augustus l., wearing oak-wreath; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Comet; above, DIVVS; below, IVLIVS. RIC I, p.44, no.38b. c. 19-18 BC. 3.73g.; 6; Mus. No. 1138

Rev. 807. 808. 809. 26

 

Head of Augustus r., wearing oak?-wreath; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Victory alighting r., holding shield in both hands and laurel-branch in r.; to l. SPQR. cf. RIC I, p.44, no.47. c. 19-18 BC. 3.58g.; 3; Mus. No. 0766

Laureate head of Augustus r. Two laurel branches; above, CAESAR; below, AVGVSTVS. RIC I, p.45, no.51. 20-19 BC. 3.56g.; 6; Mus. No. 0760 Laureate head of Augustus r. Rectangular altar inscribed FORT RED / CAES AVG / SPQR. RIC I, p.45, no.54a. c. 20-19 BC. 3.51g.; 7; Mus. No. 1003 Head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Oak-wreath; above, OB CIVIS; below, SERVATOS. RIC I, p.47, no.75a. c. 19 BC. 3.70g.; 6; Mus. No. 0871 Head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Oak-wreath; within, OB / CIVIS / SERVATOS. RIC I, p.47, no.77a. c. 19 BC. 3.38g.; 6; Mus. No. 0872 3.75g.; 8; Mus. No. 1063 Head of Augustus l.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Mars standing l., holding aquila standard over l. shoulder; to l., SIGNIS; to r., RECEPTIS. RIC I, p.47, no.81. c. 19 BC. 3.52g.; 7; Mus. No. 1001 Head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Shield; in field, SPQR; to l., aquila; to r., standard; above, SIGNIS; below, RECEPTIS. RIC I, p.47, no.86a. c. 19 BC. 3.45g.; 7; Mus. No. 0743 3.72g.; 6; Mus. No. 0865 3.57g.; 5; Mus. No. 0866

CATALOGUE 810. 811. 812. 813. 814. 815.

3.78g.; 6; Mus. No. 0867 3.63g.; 3; Mus. No. 0870 3.73g.; 6; Mus. No. 0903 3.71g.; 6; Mus. No. 1012 3.58g.; 6; Mus. No. 1013 3.69g.; 6; Mus. No. 1046

826. 827. 828. 829.

3.69g.; 7; Mus. No. 0895 3.65g.; 6; Mus. No. 0921 3.68g.; 6; Mus. No. 1000 3.69g.; 6; Mus. No. 1030

Obv.

Toga picta over tunica palmata; to l., aquila; to r., wreath; above, SPQR PARENT; below, CONS SVO. Quadriga r. surmounted by four miniature galloping horses; in ex., CAESARI [AVGVSTO]. RIC I, p.48, no.100. c. 18 BC. 3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 1043

830.

As previous but obv., head of Augustus l. RIC I, p.52, no. 167b. 15-13 BC. 3.69g.; 7; Mus. No. 0768

Laureate head of Augustus r.; to. l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Eight-rayed comet; to l., DIVVS; to r., IVLIVS. RIC I, p.48, no.102. c. 18 BC. 3.71g.; 5; Mus. No. 0897

Obv.

Rev. 816. Obv. Rev. 817. Obv. Rev. 818. 819. Obv. Rev.

820.

Obv. Rev. 831.

Rev. 832. 833. 834. 835.

Laureate head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESARI; to r., AVGVSTO. Domed temple with six columns; within, aquila between two standards; to l. of temple, MAR; to r., VLT. RIC I, p.48, no.105a. c. 18 BC. 3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 0878 3.14g.; 6; Mus. No. 0910

Obv. Rev.

Laureate head of Augustus l.; to l., [CAESARI] to r., AVGVSTO. Domed tetrastyle temple; within, triumphal chariot containing aquila and four miniature horses; to l., SP; to r., QR; double struck. RIC I, p.49, no.120. c. 18 BC. 3.07g.; 6; Mus. No. 0770

836. 837. Obv. Rev.

Obv. Rev.

821. 822. Obv. Rev.

823. 824.

Head of Augustus r. Capricorn r., holding globe with rudder attached below; on back, cornucopia; below, AVGVSTVS. RIC I, p.50, no.126. 18-16 BC. (cf. uncertain mint RIC I, p.86, no.547a, after 27 BC). 3.16g.; 6; Mus. No. 0064 3.41g.; 7; Mus. No. 1007

838. Obv. Rev.

839. 840.

Head of Augustus r.; SPQR CAESARI AVGVSTO. Mars standing l., holding vexillum in r. hand, parazonium over l. shoulder; VOT P SVSC PRO SAL ET RED I O M SACR. RIC I, p.51, no.150a. c. 18-16 BC. 3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 0747 3.77g.; 6; Mus. No. 1011

Obv. Rev.

Lugdunum Obv. Rev. 825.

841. 842. 843. 844. 845.

Head of Augustus r.; to l., AVGVSTVS; to r., DIVI F. Bull butting r.; in ex., IMP X. RIC I, p.52, no.167a. 15-13 BC. 3.43g.; 6; Mus. No. 0744 27

 

Head of Augustus r.; to l., AVGVSTVS; to r., DIVI F. Bull butting l., in ex., IMP X. RIC I, p.52, no.169. 15-13 BC. 3.55g.; 7; Mus. No. 1065 Head of Augustus r.; to l., AVGVSTVS; to r., DIVI F. Apollo Catharoedus standing l., holding lyre in l. hand, plectrum in r.; to l., IMP; to r., X; in ex., ACT. RIC I, p.52, no. 171a. 15-13 BC. 3.69g.; 3; Mus. No. 0729 3.70g.; 9; Mus. No. 0762 3.69g.; 8; Mus. No. 0873 3.49g.; 7; Mus. No. 1005 Head of Augustus r.; to l., AVGVSTVS; to r., DIVI F. Diana standing l., head r., holding bow in l. hand, leaning on spear with r.; at feet l., dog; to l., IMP; to r., X; in ex., SICIL. RIC I, p.53, no.173a. 15-13 BC. 3.66g.; 9; Mus. No. 0741 3.62g.; 7; Mus. No. 1010 Laureate head of Augustus r.; to l., AVGVSTVS; to r., DIVI F. Bull butting r.; in ex., IMP XII. RIC I, p.54, no.187a. 11-10 BC. 3.58g.; 8; Mus. No. 0763 Laureate head of Augustus r.; to l., AVGVSTVS; to r., DIVI F. C. Caesar galloping r., holding sword and shield in l. hand; behind, aquila between two standards; above, C CAES; in ex., AVGVS F. RIC I, p.54, no.199. 9-8 BC. 3.75g.; 4; Mus. No. 0771 3.60g.; 2; Mus. No. 1015 Laureate head of Augustus r.; CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI F PATER PATRIAE. Gaius and Lucius Caesar standing facing; each resting hand on shield; behind each shield, spear; above to l., simpulum, to r., lituus; AVGVSTI F COS DESIG PRINC IVVENT; in ex., C L CAESARES. RIC I, p.55, no.207. 2 BC – AD 4. 3.60g.; 9; Mus. No. 0731 3.12g.; 1; Mus. No. 0732 3.73g.; 5; Mus. No. 0733 3.86g.; 1; Mus. No. 0734 3.73g.; 6; Mus. No. 0736

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII 846. 847. 848. 849. 850. 851. 852. 853. 854. 855. 856. 857. 858. 859. 860. 861. 862. 863. 864. 865. 866. 867. 868. 869. 870. 871. 872. 873. 874. 875. 876. 877. 878. 879. 880. 881. 882. 883. 884. 885. 886. 887. 888. 889. 890. 891. 892. 893. 894. 895. 896.

3.33g.; 4; Mus. No. 0737 3.58g.; 7; Mus. No. 0738 3.79g.; 8; Mus. No. 0748 3.63g.; 9; Mus. No. 0749 3.74g.; 2; Mus. No. 0751 3.74g.; 4; Mus. No. 0752 3.81g.; 9; Mus. No. 0753 3.63g.; 10; Mus. No. 0755 3.45g.; 9; Mus. No. 0756 3.64g.; 12; Mus. No. 0757 3.56g.; 9; Mus. No. 0758 3.73g.; 1; Mus. No. 0759 3.73g.; 4; Mus. No. 0845 3.69g.; 10; Mus. No. 0846 3.69g.; 2; Mus. No. 0847 3.16g.; 4; Mus. No. 0848 3.67g.; 5; Mus. No. 0849 3.75g.; 11; Mus. No. 0852 3.76g.; 6; Mus. No. 0853 3.59g.; 5; Mus. No. 0855 3.73g.; 4; Mus. No. 0857 3.58g.; 10; Mus. No. 0861 3.43g.; 1; Mus. No. 0862 3.65g.; 4; Mus. No. 0863 3.06g.; 6; Mus. No. 0864 3.71g.; 6; Mus. No. 0885 3.68g.; 4; Mus. No. 0890 3.48g.; 12; Mus. No. 0901 3.62g.; 1; Mus. No. 0911 3.81g.; 2; Mus. No. 0914 3.10g.; 11; Mus. No. 0916 3.79g.; 8; Mus. No. 0920 3.85g.; 12; Mus. No. 0922 3.75g.; 11; Mus. No. 0923 3.71g.; 1; Mus. No. 0924 3.74g.; 3; Mus. No. 0925 3.68g.; 6; Mus. No. 0935 3.50g.; 12; Mus. No. 0936 3.71g.; 9; Mus. No. 0937 3.44g.; 7; Mus. No. 0940 3.36g.; 5; Mus. No. 0941 3.36g.; 1; Mus. No. 0943 3.81g.; 6; Mus. No. 0945 3.53g.; 9; Mus. No. 0946 3.58g.; 12; Mus. No. 0976 3.76g.; 8; Mus. No. 1056 3.70g.; 5; Mus. No. 1057 3.70g.; 12; Mus. No. 1058 3.63g.; 8; Mus. No. 1059 3.68g.; 2; Mus. No. 1060 3.67g.; 11; Mus. No. 1061

897.

As previous but rev., X below simpulum and lituus. RIC I, p.56, no.211. 2 BC – AD 4. 3.74g.; 5; Mus. No. 0975

898. 899. 900. 901.

As RIC 207 but rev., to l., lituus, to r., simpulum. RIC I, p.56, no.210. 2 BC – AD 4. 3.71g.; 7; Mus. No. 0730 3.70g.; 2; Mus. No. 0735 3.66g.; 1; Mus. No. 0742 3.84g.; 9; Mus. No. 0750

902. 903. 904. 905. 906. 907. 908. 909. 910. 911.

3.75g.; 5; Mus. No. 0850 3.73g.; 3; Mus. No. 0851 3.66g.; 4; Mus. No. 0854 3.65g.; 9; Mus. No. 0856 3.60g.; 9; Mus. No. 0858 3.53g.; 5; Mus. No. 0859 3.69g.; 9; Mus. No. 0860 3.59g.; 9; Mus. No. 0892 3.59g.; 1; Mus. No. 0904 3.39g.; 1; Mus. No. 0944

912. 913.

As previous but, rev., X below lituus and simpulum. RIC I, p.56, no.212. 2 BC – AD 4. 3.66g.; 3; Mus. No. 0754 3.50g.; 12; Mus. No. 0942

Obv. Rev. 914. Italy Obv. Rev.

915. 916. 917. Obv. Rev. 918. Obv. Rev.

919. Obv. Rev. 920. Obv. Rev. 921.

28

 

Laureate head of Augustus r.; CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI F PATER PATRIAE. Female seated r., holding sceptre in r. hand, branch in l.; PONTIF MAXIM. RIC I, p.56, no.220. AD 13-14. 3.65g.; 6; Mus. No. 0819

Bust of Venus r., wearing stephane and necklace. Octavian advancing l. in military dress, cloak flying behind, extending r. arm and holding transverse spear in l.; to l., CAESAR; to r., DIVI F. RIC I, p.59, no.251. c. 32-29 BC. 3.53g.; 9; Mus. No. 0978 3.72g.; 5; Mus. No. 1053 3.43g.; 10; Mus. No. 1062 Head of Octavian r. Pax standing l., holding branch in r. hand, cornucopia in l.; CAESAR DIVI F. RIC I, p.59, no.252. c. 32-29 BC. 2.86g.; 3; Mus. No. 0874 Bust of Pax r., wearing stephane; to l., cornucopia; to r., olive-spray. Octavian standing r. in military dress, raising r. hand and carrying spear over l. shoulder; to l., CAESAR; to r., DIVI F. RIC I, p.59, no.253. c. 32-29 BC. 3.46g.; 4; Mus. No. 1042 Head of Octavian r. Naked Mercury seated on rock r., holding lyre; over back, petasus; to l., CAESAR; to r., DIVI F. RIC I, p.59, no.257. c. 32-29 BC. 3.53g.; 9; Mus. No. 0765 Victory standing r. on prow and holding wreath in r. hand, palm-branch over l. shoulder. Octavian in quadriga r., holding branch in r. hand, reins in l.; in ex., IMP CAESAR. RIC I, p.60, no.264. c. 29-27 BC. 3.57g.; 7; Mus. No. 0322

CATALOGUE Obv. Rev. 922.

Head of Octavian r. Trophy, its base crossed by rudder and anchor and set on prow r.; to l., IMP; to r., CAESAR. RIC I, p.60, no.265a. c. 29-27 BC. 3.51g.; 9; Mus. No. 1004

932. 933.

2.65g.; 5; Mus. No. 0136 3.52g.; 9; Mus. No. 0229

Obv.

Head of Honos r.; M DVRMIVS TRESVIR HONORI. Augustus holding laurel branch in biga drawn by elephants l.; above, AVGVSTVS; in ex., CAESAR. cf. RIC I, p.64, no.311. c. 19 BC. 3.08g.; 6; Mus. No. 0722

Rev. Obv. Rev. 923. 924. Obv. Rev. 925. 926. Obv. Rev. 927.

Head of Octavian r. Temple; Victory on globe at apex of pediment, warriors at angles; on architrave, IMP CAESAR. RIC I, p.60, no.266. 29-27 BC. 3.69g.; 10; Mus. No. 0264 3.68g.; 3; Mus. No. 0745

934. Obv. Rev.

Head of Octavian r. Arch surmounted by facing quadriga carrying Octavian; on architrave, IMP CAESAR. RIC I, p.60, no.267. 29-27 BC. 2.99g.; 9; Mus. No. 0772 3.71g.; 8; Mus. No. 0917

935. Obv. Rev.

Laureate head of Terminus, head r.; to l., thunderbolt. Octavian seated l. on curule chair, holding small Victory; to l., IMP; to r., CAESAR. RIC I, p.60, no.270. c. 29-27 BC. 3.59g.; 7; Mus. No. 1014

936. Obv. Rev.

Obv. Rev. 928.

Laureate head of Apollo r. Octavian ploughing with yoke of oxen r., holding whip in l. hand; in ex., IMP CAESAR. RIC I, p.60, no.272. c. 29-27 BC. 3.54g.; 2; Mus. No. 0493

937. Obv.

Obv. Rev. 929.

Helmeted head of Mars r.; below, IMP. Round shield inscribed CAESAR on rim, lying on crossed spear and sword; at centre, star. RIC I, p.61, no.274. c. 29-27 BC. 3.50g.; 12; Mus. No. 0303

Rev. 938. 939.

Head of Augustus r.; CAESAR AVGVSTVS. Boar standing r., pierced by spear; above, M DVRMIVS; in ex., III VIR. RIC I, p 64, no.317. c. 19BC. 3.85g.; 4; Mus. No. 0739 Laureate head of Augustus r.; CAESAR AVGVSTVS TR POT. Cippus inscribed IMP / CAES / AVG/ LVD / SAEC; to l., XV; to r., SF; around, L MESCINIVS RVFVS III VIR. RIC I, p.68, no.354. 16 BC. 3.42g.; 9; Mus. No.1002 Head of Augustus r.; AVGVSTVS TR POT VIII. Cippus inscribed SPQR / IMP CAE / QVOD V / M S EX / EA P Q IS / AD A DE; around, L VINCIVS LF III VIR. RIC I, p.68, no.361. 16 BC. 3.69g.; 2; Mus. No. 0880 Head of Augustus r.; to l., lituus; to r., AVGVSTVS. Quadriga galloping r., carrying palm-branch; C MARIVS CF TRO III VIR. RIC I, p.72, no.399. 13 BC. 3.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 0773 3.88g.; 3; Mus. No. 0999

Rome Obv. Obv. Rev.

930. Obv. Rev.

931. Obv. Rev.

Diademed bust of Feronia r.; TVRPILIANVS III VIR FE RON. Parthian kneeling r., extending standard with r. hand, l. hand extended low.; CAESAR AVGVST[VS SIGN REC]. RIC I, p.62, no.288. c. 19 BC. 3.77g.; 5; Mus. No. 0291

Rev.

940. Obv. Rev.

Radiate head of Sol r.; L AQVILLIVS FLORVS III VIR. Quadriga r. with modius-shaped car in which are three corn-ears; above, [CAESAR] AVGVSTVS; in ex., SC. RIC I, p.63, no.303. c. 19 BC. 3.68g.; 6; Mus. No. 0226

941. 942.

Head of Augustus r.; AVGVSTVS. Barbarian, wearing cloak and kneeling r., offering vexillum; L CANINIVS GALLVS III VIR. RIC I, p.74, no.416. 12 BC. 3.26g.; 3; Mus. No. 0740 3.74g.; 12; Mus. No. 1006

Samos? Obv. Rev.

Bust of Virtus r., wearing feathered helmet; L AQVILLIVS FLORVS III VIR. Armenian kneeling r., extending both arms. CAESAR DIVI F ARME CAPT. RIC I, p.63, no.306. c. 19 BC.

943. 29

 

Head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Augustus and Agrippa seated half-left on platform ornamented with rostra; to l., staff or spear; C SVLPICIVS PLATORIN. RIC I, p.73, no.407. 13 BC 3.98g.; 11; Mus. No. 0899

Head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESAR. Bull standing r.; above, AVGVSTVS. RIC I, p.79, no.475. c. 21 BC. 3.59g.; 12; Mus. No. 0764

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII Cyrenaica

Obv.

Obv.

Rev.

Rev. 944.

Open r. hand to l.; above, IMP CAESARI; below; SCARPVS IMP. Victory standing r. on globe, holding wreath in r. hand, palm over l. shoulder; to r., DIVI F; to l., AVG PONT. RIC I, p.84, no.534. c. 31-29 BC. 3.68g.; 1; Mus. No. 0977

953.

Uncertain mint

Obv.

Obv. Rev.

Head of Octavian r. Round shield with three concentric rows of studs and central boss; above, IMP; to l., CAE; to r., SAR; below, DIVI F. RIC I, p.85, no.543a. before 27 BC. 3.72g.; 10; Mus. No. 0891

Rev.

Obv.

946.

Laureate head of Augustus r. Capricorn r., holding globe with rudder attached below; on back cornucopia; below, AVGVSTVS. RIC I, p.85, no.541. After 27 BC. 3.55g.; 12; Mus. No. 0761

955.

947.

As previous but. obv., head bare r. RIC I, p.86, no.547a. after 27 BC (cf. RIC I, p.50, no.126. c. 18-16 BC) 3.65g.; 5; Mus. No.0869

948.

As previous but obv., head bare l. RIC I, p.86, no.547b. after 27 BC (cf. RIC I, p.50, no.130. c. 18-16 BC). 3.68g.; 8; Mus. No. 1064

945. Obv. Rev.

954.

Rev.

949.

Head of Augustus r.; to l., IMPER. Mars standing l. in domed tetrastyle temple, holding standard in r. hand and over l. shoulder; to l., MA; to r., VA. cf. RIC I, p.47, no.69a. c. 19 BC. 3.12g.; 12; Mus. No. 1022

950.

As previous but obv., wreathed head of Augustus r.; to l., AVG[ ; to r., DIVI; rev., to l., M?. cf. RIC I, p.47 no. 69a. c. 19 BC. 3.46g.; 7; Mus. No.1019

Obv. Rev. 951.

Head of Augustus r.; to l., IMPER. Shield; in field, P(reversed)SQR; to l., aquila; to r., standard; above, SIGNIS; below, RECEPTIS. cf. RIC I, p.47, no.86a. c. 19 BC. 3.30g.; 4; Mus. No. 1008

952.

As previous but obv., head of Augustus l.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVSTVS; rev. SPQR. cf. RIC I, p.47, no.86b. c. 19 BC. 3.53g.; 2; Mus. No. 0868

Laureate head r.; [TI CAES]AR DIVI AVG F AVGVST[VS] Gaius and Lucius Caesar standing facing; each resting hand on shield; behind each shield, spear; above to l., simpulum, to r., lituus; ]DESIG PRINC IVVENT; in ex., ]CAESAR[ . 3.91g.; 12; Mus. No. 0886

Lugdunum Obv. Rev.

956. 957. Obv. Rev.

958. 959. 960. 961. 962. 963. 964. 965.

Laureate head of Tiberius r.; TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS. Tiberius standing in quadriga r., holding laurelbranch in r. hand, eagle-tipped sceptre in l.; TR POT XVII; in ex. IMP VII. RIC I, p 93, no.4. AD 14-15. 3.67g.; 8; Mus. No. 0876 3.65g.; 11; Mus. No. 0908 Laureate head of Tiberius r.; TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS. Female seated r. on chair with plain legs, holding sceptre in r. hand, branch in l.; below chair, double line; PONTIF MAXIM. RIC I, p.95, no.26. c. AD 14-37. 2.82g.; 9; Mus. No. 0785 3.70g.; 5; Mus. No. 0802 3.41g.; 8; Mus. No. 0809 3.70g.; 11; Mus. No. 0811 3.69g.; 5; Mus. No. 0824 3.63g.; 7; Mus. No. 0830 3.55g.; 8; Mus. No. 0905 3.65g.; 2; Mus. No. 0912

                                                             1

The division of Tiberius’ PONT Maxim issues into three subgroups follows RIC. For a more complex arrangement see J.-B. Giard, Le monnayage de l’atelier de Lyon . Des origines au règne de Caligula (43 avant J.C. – 41 après J.-C.), Weteren 1983. A useful digest is provided by Estiot & Aymar, op. cit., see Introduction, n.10 above.

30

 

Laureate head of Augustus r.; ]DIVI F PATER P[ Gaius and Lucius Caesar standing facing; each resting hand on shield; behind each shield, spear; above to l., simpulum, to r., lituus; ]RINC IVVENT; in ex., ]CAESAR[ . cf. RIC I, p.55, no.207. 2 BC – AD 4. 3.62g.; 5; Mus. No. 0939

Tiberius1

Barbarous/Irregular issues Obv. Rev.

Laureate head of Augustus r.; ]AVS ATER PATRIAE. Gaius and Lucius Caesar standing facing; each resting hand on shield; behind each shield, spear; above to l., simpulum, to r., lituus; ]S DESIG PRINC (N reversed) IVVENT; in ex., ]CAES[. cf. RIC I, p.55, no.207. 2 BC – AD 4. 3.19g.; 5; Mus. No. 0938

CATALOGUE 966.

3.43g.; 11; Mus. No. 1071

967. 968. 969. 970. 971. 972. 973. 974. 975. 976. 977. 978. 979. 980. 981.

As previous but rev., female seated r. on chair with decorated legs, holding inverted spear in r. hand; below chair, triple line. RIC I, p.95, no.28. c. AD 14-37. 3.66g.; 11; Mus. No. 0784 3.71g.; 10; Mus. No. 0786 3.70g.; 5; Mus. No. 0787 3.59g.; 6; Mus. No. 0788 3.68g.; 4; Mus. No. 0801 3.46g.; 4; Mus. No. 0804 3.63g.; 6; Mus. No. 0807 3.62g.; 6; Mus. No. 0832 3.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 0896 3.53g.; 3; Mus. No. 0900 3.66g.; 2; Mus. No. 0919 3.79g.; 6; Mus. No. 0929 3.63g.; 9; Mus. No. 0947 3.70g.; 12; Mus. No. 0962 3.05g.; 2; Mus. No. 1029

982. 983. 984. 985. 986. 987. 988. 989. 990. 991. 992. 993. 994. 995. 996. 997. 998. 999. 1000. 1001. 1002. 1003. 1004. 1005. 1006. 1007. 1008. 1009. 1010. 1011. 1012. 1013. 1014. 1015. 1016. 1017.

As previous but rev., female holding sceptre in r. hand; foot often seen resting on footstool; below chair, single line. RIC I, p.95, no.30. c. AD 1437. 3.75g.; 7; Mus. No. 0774 3.71g.; 3; Mus. No. 0775 3.64g.; 2; Mus. No. 0776 3.64g.; 4; Mus. No. 0777 3.66g.; 8; Mus. No. 0779 2.98g.; 11; Mus. No. 0780 3.12g.; 11; Mus. No. 0781 3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 0782 3.67g.; 2; Mus. No. 0783 3.69g.; 6; Mus. No. 0789 3.70g.; 12; Mus. No. 0790 2.88g.; 11; Mus. No. 0791 3.65g.; 6; Mus. No. 0792 3.78g.; 11; Mus. No. 0794 3.65g.; 6; Mus. No. 0795 3.72g.; 3; Mus. No. 0796 3.73g.; 4; Mus. No. 0797 3.73g.; 3; Mus. No. 0798 3.87g.; 9; Mus. No. 0799 2.91g.; 3; Mus. No. 0800 3.77g.; 3; Mus. No. 0803 3.61g.; 6; Mus. No. 0805 3.00g.; 3; Mus. No. 0806 3.66g.; 3; Mus. No. 0808 3.68g.; 3; Mus. No. 0810 3.65g.; 12; Mus. No. 0812 3.73g.; 2; Mus. No. 0813 3.70g.; 6; Mus. No. 0814 3.70g.; 10; Mus. No. 0815 3.62g.; 7; Mus. No. 0816 3.17g.; 2; Mus. No. 0817 3.77g.; 4; Mus. No. 0818 3.56g.; 8; Mus. No. 0820 3.60g.; 6; Mus. No. 0821 3.77g.; 4; Mus. No. 0822 3.65g.; 11; Mus. No. 0823

1018. 1019. 1020. 1021. 1022. 1023. 1024. 1025. 1026. 1027. 1028. 1029. 1030. 1031. 1032. 1033. 1034. 1035. 1036. 1037. 1038. 1039. 1040. 1041. 1042. 1043. 1044. 1045. 1046. 1047. 1048. 1049. 1050. 1051. 1052. 1053. 1054. 1055. 1056. 1057. 1058. 1059. 1060. 1061. 1062. 1063. 1064. 1065. 1066. 1067. 1068. 1069. 1070. 1071. 1072. 1073. 1074. 1075. 1076. 1077. 1078. 1079. 31

 

3.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 0825 3.72g.; 4; Mus. No. 0826 3.71g.; 6; Mus. No. 0827 3.24g.; 7; Mus. No. 0829 3.71g.; 6; Mus. No. 0831 3.55g.; 6; Mus. No. 0833 3.60g.; 10; Mus. No. 0835 3.74g.; 6; Mus. No. 0875 3.72g.; 12; Mus. No. 0887 3.70g.; 1; Mus. No. 0888 3.72g.; 6; Mus. No. 0889 3.07g.; 9; Mus. No. 0893 3.67g.; 10; Mus. No. 0894 3.76g.; 4; Mus. No. 0898 3.65g.; 4; Mus. No. 0902 3.71g.; 6; Mus. No. 0907 3.72g.; 4; Mus. No. 0913 3.76g.; 12; Mus. No. 0915 3.52g.; 8; Mus. No. 0918 2.60g.; 4; Mus. No. 0926 3.68g.; 4; Mus. No. 0927 3.73g.; 1; Mus. No. 0928 3.68g.; 9; Mus. No. 0930 3.75g.; 4; Mus. No. 0934 3.03g.; 7; Mus. No. 0948 3.64g.; 8; Mus. No. 0949 3.71g.; 10; Mus. No. 0950 3.10g.; 6; Mus. No. 0951 3.70g.; 2; Mus. No. 0952 3.79g.; 1; Mus. No. 0953 3.68g.; 7; Mus. No. 0955 3.56g.; 10; Mus. No. 0956 3.61g.; 6; Mus. No. 0957 3.61g.; 12; Mus. No. 0958 3.68g.; 9; Mus. No. 0959 3.57g.; 2; Mus. No. 0960 2.98g.; 8; Mus. No. 0964 3.50g.; 6; Mus. No. 0965 3.06g.; 1; Mus. No. 0966 3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 0968 3.56g.; 9; Mus. No. 0969 3.60g.; 4; Mus. No. 0971 3.60g.; 8; Mus. No. 0972 3.65g.; 9; Mus. No. 0974 3.62g.; 12; Mus. No. 0985 3.34g.; 4; Mus. No. 0986 3.04g.; 12; Mus. No. 0992 3.46g.; 12; Mus. No. 0993 3.65g.; 11; Mus. No. 0996 2.89g.; 10; Mus. No. 1031 3.74g.; 7; Mus. No. 1034 3.68g.; 3; Mus. No. 1035 3.70g.; 10; Mus. No. 1066 3.71g.; 11; Mus. No. 1067 3.18g.; 5; Mus. No. 1068 3.65g.; 3; Mus. No. 1069 3.82g.; 6; Mus. No. 1070 3.63g.; 4; Mus. No. 1072 3.71g.; 12; Mus. No. 1073 3.79g.; 3; Mus. No. 1074 3.65g.; 5; Mus. No. 1075 3.65g.; 4; Mus. No. 1076

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII 1080. 1081.

3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 1078 3.81g.; 3; Mus. No. 1139

1082. 1083. 1084. 1085. 1086. 1087. 1088. 1089. 1090. 1091. 1092. 1093. 1094. 1095. 1096. 1097. 1098. 1099. 1100.

As previous but rev., marks of differentiation off-flan or obscured. cf. RIC I, p.95, no.28/30 3.77g.; 12; Mus. No. 0778 3.73g.; 3; Mus. No. 0793 3.65g.; 9; Mus. No. 0828 3.74g.; 2; Mus. No. 0834 3.05g.; 6; Mus. No. 0877 3.65g.; 4; Mus. No. 0881 3.65g.; 10; Mus. No. 0954 2.83g.; 10; Mus. No. 0963 3.63g.; 5; Mus. No. 0967 2.90g.; 8; Mus. No. 0970 3.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 0987 3.36g.; 5; Mus. No. 0994 3.53g.; 2; Mus. No. 0995 3.71g.; 1; Mus. No. 0998 2.70g.; 9; Mus. No. 1009 3.62g.; 10; Mus. No. 1036 3.71g.; 10; Mus. No. 1037 2.96g.; 6; Mus. No. 1040 3.57g.; 12; Mus. No. 1077

Rome2 Obv. Rev. 1107. 1108. 1109. Obv. Rev. 1110.

1101. 1102. 1103.

Rome Obv.

1111.

Laureate head of Claudius r.; TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TRP III. Winged Pax-Nemesis advancing r., holding in l. hand winged caduceus pointed down at snake, r. hand holding out fold of drapery; PACI AVGVSTAE. RIC I, p.122, no.22. AD 43-44. 3.75g.; 12; Mus. No.1038

1112. 1113.

As previous but obv., TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TRP X IMP PP. RIC I, p.124, no.52. AD 50-51. 3.78g.; 2; Mus. No. 0909 3.69g.; 2; Mus. No. 0979

Rev.

Laureate head of Tiberius r.; blundered inscr. Female seated r. on chair with decorated legs, holding sceptre in r. hand, branch in l.; below chair, single line; PONTIF MAXIM. cf. RIC I, p.95, no.30. c. AD 14-37. 3.26g.; 4; Mus. No. 0931 3.48g.; 12; Mus. No. 0961 3.39g.; 7; Mus. No. 0973

Caligula

Obv.

Lugdunum

Rev.

Obv. Rev. 1104. 1105. Obv. Rev. 1106.

Laureate head of Caligula r.; C CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR POT. Head of Germanicus r.; GERMANICVS CAES P C CAES AVG GERM. RIC I, p.109, no.18. AD 37-38. 3.75g.; 5; Mus. No. 1025.

Claudius

Barbarous issues Obv. Rev.

Laureate head of Caligula r.; C CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR POT. Bust of Agrippina r.; AGRIPPINA MAT C CAES AVG GERM. RIC I, p.109, no.14. AD 37-38. 3.28g.; 10; Mus. No. 1017 3.50g.; 6; Mus. No. 1020 3.72g.; 3; Mus. No. 1140

Head of Caligula r.; C CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR POT [ ]. Radiate head of Augustus r. between two stars. RIC I, p.108, no.2/6. AD 37-38. 3.68g.; 12; Mus. No. 1027 3.84g.; 11; Mus. No. 1028

1114. 1115. Obv.

Head of Caligula r., C CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR POT. Head of Germanicus r.; GERMANICVS CAES P C CAES AVG GERM. RIC I, p.108, no.12. AD 37-38. 3.81g.; 4; Mus. No. 1026

Rev. 1116. 1117. 1118.

Laureate head of Claudius r.; TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TRP VI IMP XI. Triumphal arch inscribed DE BRITANN, and surmounted by equestrian statue l. between two trophies; rider extending r. arm and holding spear in l. RIC I, p.123, no.34. AD 46-47. 2.90g.; 9; Mus. No. 0981 3.70g.; 9; Mus. No. 0982 Laureate head of Claudius r.; TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TRP X IMP PP. SPQR / PP / OB C S in oak-wreath. RIC I, p.124, no. 54. AD 50-51. 3.87g.; 9; Mus. No. 0980 3.73g.; 4; Mus. No. 0990 3.67g.; 7; Mus. No. 1150

                                                             2

The question of when the mint for bullion metals was transferred to Rome remains contentious; see RIC I, p.102-4; J.-B. Giard, ‘Les émissions d’or et d’argent de Caligula dans l’atelier de Lyon’, RN 1976, p.69ff. A useful summary of arguments is presented by Estiot and Aymar, ‘Le trésor de Meussia’, p.85-92.

32

 

CATALOGUE

1119. 1120. Obv. Rev. 1121. 1122. Obv. Rev.

1123. Obv. Rev. 1124. Obv. Rev. 1125. 1126. Obv. Rev. 1127. 1128. 1129. 1130. 1131. 1132.

As previous but obv., TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TRP XI IMP PP COS V. RIC I, p.124, no.64. AD 51-52. 3.73g.; 1; Mus. No. 0883 3.69g.; 9; Mus. No. 0989

Obv. Rev.

Bust of Antonia r., wearing crown of corn-ears; hair in long plait; to l. ANTONIA; to r., AVGVSTA. Antonia standing facing, holding long torch in r. hand, cornucopia in l.; CONSTANTIAE AVGVSTI. RIC I, p.124, no.66. AD 41-45. 3.59g.; 4; Mus. No. 0932 3.83g.; 9; Mus. No. 0933

1134. Obv. Rev. 1135.

Laureate head of Nero Claudius Drusus l.; NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMANICVS IMP. Triumphal arch inscribed DE GERM, and surmounted by equestrian statue r. between two trophies, each with seated and bound captive at foot. RIC I, p.125, no.70. AD 41-45. 3.79g.; 9; Mus. No. 1023

Obv. Rev.

Bust of Nero l.; NERO CLAVD CAES DRVSVS GERM PRINC IVVENT. Simpulum above tripod, and lituus above patera; SACERD COOPT IN OMN CONL SVPRA NVM EX SC. RIC I, p.125, no.77. AD 50-54. 3.67g.; 12; Mus. No. 0746

Obv. Rev.

1136. 1137. 1138. 1139.

Bust of Nero r.; NERONI CLAVDIO DRVSO GERM COS DESIGN. Shield inscribed EQVESTER / OR DO / PRINCIPI IVVENT. RIC I, p.125, no.79. AD 50-54. 3.62g.; 3; Mus. No. 0844 3.68g.; 9; Mus. No. 0984

1142.

As previous but rev., TRP VIII. RIC I, p.152, no.30. AD 61-62. 3.53g.; 5; Mus. No. 1016

Obv. Rev.

Rev. 1133.

Laureate head of Claudius l.; DIVVS CLAVDIVS AVGVSTVS. Quadriga r., surmounted by four miniature horses flanked on each side by Victories; in ex., EX SC. RIC I, p.150. no.5. AD54. 3.71g.; 10; Mus. No. 0882 33

 

Head of Nero r.; NERO CAESAR AVG IMP. Virtus in military dress standing l., r. foot on pile of arms, r. hand holding parazonium on knee, l. hand holding spear; PONTIF MAX TRP VII COS IIII PP; in field, EX SC. RIC I, p.151, no.26. AD 60-61. 3.63g.; 6; Mus. No. 0836

1144.

Head of Nero r.; NERO CAESAR AVG IMP. Roma in military dress standing r., placing l. foot on helmet by dagger and bow, inscribing round shield held in l. hand on knee; PONTIF MAX TRP VII COS IIII PP; in field, EX SC. RIC I, p.152, no.28. AD 60-61. 3.41g.; 6; Mus. No. 0841

1145. 1146.

As previous but rev., TRP VIII. RIC I, p.152, no.34. AD 61-62. 3.65g.; 8; Mus. No. 0840 3.57g.; 4; Mus. No. 0842

1147.

As previous but rev., TRP X. RIC I, p.152, no.43. AD 63-64. 3.66g.; 4; Mus. No. 1094

Nero

Obv.

Head of Nero r.; NERO CAESAR AVG IMP. Oak wreath enclosing EX SC; PONTIF MAX TRP VII COS IIII PP. RIC I, p.151, no.22. AD 60-61. 3.65g.; 7; Mus. No. 0837 3.66g.; 9; Mus. No. 0839 3.60g.; 7; Mus. No. 1018 3.63g.; 3; Mus. No. 1041

1140. 1141.

1143.

Rome

Head of Nero r.; NERO CAESAR AVG IMP. Oak wreath enclosing EX SC; PONTIF MAX TRP II(?) PP. cf. RIC I, p.151, no. 9. AD 55-56. 3.70g.; 11; Mus. No. 0843

Head of Nero r.; NERO CAESAR AVG IMP. Ceres standing l., holding two corn-ears in r. hand, torch in l.; PONTIF MAX TRP VII COS IIII PP; in field, EX SC. RIC I, p.151, no. 24. AD 60-61. 3.69g.; 7; Mus. No. 0838 3.44g.; 11; Mus. No. 1039

Obv. Rev.

Laureate head of Claudius r.; TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TRIB POT PP. Bust of Agrippina r., wearing crown of cornears, hair in long plait; to l., AGRIPPINAE; to r., AVGVSTAE. RIC I, p.126, no.81. AD 50-54. 3.64g.; 7; Mus. No. 0884 3.55g.; 7; Mus. No. 0983 3.55g.; 4; Mus. No. 0991 3.62g.; 3; Mus. No. 1021 3.55g.; 7; Mus. No. 1135 3.64g.; 7; Mus. No. 1136

Jugate busts of Nero and Agrippina II r.; [NERO CLAVD DIVI] F CAES AVG GERM IMP TRP COS. Quadriga of elephants l., carrying Divus Claudius holding eagle-tipped sceptre and Divus Augustus holding patera and sceptre; above, EX SC; AGRIPP AVG DIVI CLAVD NERONIS CAES MATER. RIC I, p.150, no.7. AD 55. 3.58g.; 9; Mus. No. 1024

THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII Non-Roman Coins

Postscript: coins found June 2013:

Numidia 1152 Juba I (60-46 BC) Obv. Rev. 1148. 1149. 1150. 1151.

Obv.

Draped bust of Juba r., sceptre over shoulder; to r., REX JVBA. Octostyle temple on stepped platform; neo-Punic inscr. SNG Cop. 523 RPC I, 717. 3.91g.; 1; Mus. No. 0298 3.51g.; 9; Mus. No. 0506 2.65g.; 11; Mus. No. 0523 3.55g.; 11; Mus. No. 0532

Rev. 1153

34

 

As coins 173-178; Crawford 319. 103 BC. 3.66g.; 9; Mus. No. 1152 Head of Caligula r.; C CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR POT COS. Radiate head of Augustus r. between two stars. RIC I, p.108, no.2. AD 37-38. 3.73g.; 2; Mus. No. 1153 

Plate 1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

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Plate 2

25

26

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Plate 3

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Plate 4

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Plate 5

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120

Plate 6

121

122

123

124

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Plate 7

145

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154

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Plate 8

169

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Plate 9

193

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Plate 10

217

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232

233

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Plate 11

241

242

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244

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246

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250

251

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257

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261

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263

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Plate 12

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

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280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

Plate 13

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

Plate 14

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

Plate 15

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

Plate 16

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

Plate 17

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

Plate 18

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

Plate 19

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

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447

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449

450

451

452

453

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455

456

Plate 20

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

479

480

Plate 21

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

489

490

491

492

493

494

495

496

497

498

499

500

501

502

503

504

Plate 22

505

506

507

508

509

510

511

512

513

514

515

516

517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

Plate 23

529

530

531

532

533

534

535

536

537

538

539

540

541

542

543

544

545

546

547

548

549

550

551

552

Plate 24

553

554

555

556

557

558

559

560

561

562

563

564

565

566

567

568

569

570

571

572

573

574

575

576

Plate 25

577

578

579

580

581

582

583

584

585

586

587

588

589

590

591

592

593

594

595

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598

599

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Plate 26

601

602

603

604

605

606

607

608

609

610

611

612

613

614

615

616

617

618

619

620

621

622

623

624

Plate 27

625

626

627

628

629

630

631

632

633

634

635

636

637

638

639

640

641

642

643

644

645

646

647

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Plate 28

649

650

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653

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656

657

658

659

660

661

662

663

664

665

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667

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669

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Plate 29

673

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675

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678

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680

681

682

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689

690

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Plate 30

697

698

699

700

701

702

703

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706

707

708

709

710

711

712

713

714

715

716

717

718

719

720

Plate 31

721

722

723

724

725

726

727

728

729

730

731

732

733

734

735

736

737

738

739

740

741

742

743

744

Plate 32

745

746

747

748

749

750

751

752

753

754

755

756

757

758

759

760

761

762

763

764

765

766

767

768

Plate 33

769

770

771

772

773

774

775

776

777

778

779

780

781

782

783

784

785

786

787

788

789

790

791

792

Plate 34

793

794

795

796

797

798

799

800

801

802

803

804

805

806

807

808

809

810

811

812

813

814

815

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Plate 35

817

818

819

820

821

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825

826

827

828

829

830

831

832

833

834

835

836

837

838

839

840

Plate 36

841

842

843

844

845

846

847

848

849

850

851

852

853

854

855

856

857

858

859

860

861

862

863

864

Plate 37

865

866

867

868

869

870

871

872

873

874

875

876

877

878

879

880

881

882

883

884

885

886

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Plate 38

889

890

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900

901

902

903

904

905

906

907

908

909

910

911

912

Plate 39

913

914

915

916

917

918

919

920

921

922

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924

925

926

927

928

929

930

931

932

933

934

935

936

Plate 40

937

938

939

940

941

942

943

944

945

946

947

948

949

950

951

952

953

954

955

956

957

958

959

960

Plate 41

961

962

963

964

965

966

967

968

969

970

971

972

973

974

975

976

977

978

979

980

981

982

983

984

Plate 42

985

986

987

988

989

990

991

992

993

994

995

996

997

998

999

1000

1001

1002

1003

1004

1005

1006

1007

1008

Plate 43

1009

1010

1011

1012

1013

1014

1015

1016

1017

1018

1019

1020

1021

1022

1023

1024

1025

1026

1027

1028

1029

1030

1031

1032

Plate 44

1033

1034

1035

1036

1037

1038

1039

1040

1041

1042

1043

1044

1045

1046

1047

1048

1049

1050

1051

1052

1053

1054

1055

1056

Plate 45

1057

1058

1059

1060

1061

1062

1063

1064

1065

1066

1067

1068

1069

1070

1071

1072

1073

1074

1075

1076

1077

1078

1079

1080

Plate 46

1081

1082

1083

1084

1085

1086

1087

1088

1089

1090

1091

1092

1093

1094

1095

1096

1097

1098

1099

1100

1101

1102

1103

1104

Plate 47

1105

1106

1107

1108

1109

1110

1111

1112

1113

1114

1115

1116

1117

1118

1119

1120

1121

1122

1123

1124

1125

1126

1127

1128

Plate 48

1129

1130

1131

1132

1133

1134

1135

1136

1137

1138

1139

1140

1141

1142

1143

1144

1145

1146

1147

1148

1149

1150

1151