One Sunday evening in the summer of 2008, while prospecting on commercial land in the vicinity of the village of Warming
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Table of contents :
Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Table of Contents
Introduction
Catalogue
Plates
BAR 585 2013
The South-Warwickshire Hoard of Roman Denarii
IRELAND
A Catalogue
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII
B A R
Stanley Ireland
BAR British Series 585 2013
The South-Warwickshire Hoard of Roman Denarii A Catalogue
Stanley Ireland
BAR British Series 585 2013
Published in 2016 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR British Series 585 The South-Warwickshire Hoard of Roman Denarii © S Ireland and the Publisher 2013 The author's moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher.
ISBN 9781407311593 paperback ISBN 9781407322650 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407311593 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Archaeopress in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2013. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2016.
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Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................................1 Catalogue................................................................................................................7 Plates ....................................................................................................................35
i
ii
Introduction walling with evidence of industrial activity, suggesting a settlement engaged, in part, in iron-smelting, doubtless using the local iron-rich limestone. The discovery of a scatter of later coins spanning the period to the 4th century AD suggests a lasting Roman presence in the area. Subsequent extension of the excavation site revealed not only a further seven coins, bringing the total up to 1153, but also significant other features as described in the site report by the archaeologist in charge, David Freke:
The Find One Sunday evening in the summer of 2008, while prospecting on commercial land in the vicinity of the village of Warmington, situated on the summit of Edge Hill,1 a metal-detectorist, Keith Bennett, was on the point of giving up his frustratingly unproductive search when a small silver disk on the surface caught his attention. This was followed by the registration of a further two coins by his equipment, then others as he began a methodical survey of the area. After he had alerted the local Warmington Heritage Group to his discovery, the decision was taken to locate and mark the nucleus of the soundings being made and to leave further work to the following day. This revealed a spread of coins, at times up to fifty metres away from the original finds, but it was not till Tuesday that the nucleus itself was excavated, revealing a pot full of unstratified coins (fig. 1), its top damaged by deep ploughing, thus accounting for the dispersal of coins, many along the line taken by the ploughshare. Following cleaning (for the most part simply using water),2 photographing, and initial identification, the hoard was deposited in the Warwickshire Museum pending arrangement of the necessary inquest in accordance with the Treasure Act. During this period additional coins came to light, bringing the total to 1146 specimens, and I was able to undertake the beginnings of a catalogue before the hoard was moved to the British Museum for valuation, which was completed in the summer of 2011. Acquisition by the Warwickshire Museum followed, just in time for the hoard’s display to mark the opening of the museum’s refurbished state. It was in this period that scanning of the coins by Richard Hodges of Richler Graphics took place, allowing the cataloguing process to be taken further until access to the coins themselves once more became possible.
‘The hoard was buried inside a substantial wall, part of a circular, or possibly polygonal, Romano-British structure (fig. 2), the northern half of which has been completely ploughed away. What survives was protected under herb bushes planted about 15 years ago. The 2008 recovery of the hoard and its container pot damaged the wall; it was noted at the time of the original find that there were associated stones, interpreted then as a wall or yard surface. The part of the south-east quadrant of the wall in the vicinity of the hoard had, in fact, been reconstructed in or after the 3rd century AD (provisional date from a single sherd built into the wall), probably as a result of the failure of the original structure where it had been built over the unconsolidated fill of a large prehistoric pit. The reconstructed portion of the wall incorporated burnt ironstone and fragments of squared masonry, which were not found in the other sections of the wall, nor in that part of the foundations under the reconstructed section. The wall was made of local ironstone and no binding matrix was evident; the foundations were not mortared or bound together with clay or other material. The function of the structure is unclear; it does not contain a hearth, and it lacks the quantities of material debris often associated with Romano-British domestic buildings, although the plough damage might account for this, and not all domestic or ancillary buildings are known to produce large quantities of finds. On the other hand there are no unequivocal votive deposits, except perhaps parts of a lamb (skull) buried near the hoard, and possibly the hoard itself. Nor is there a temenos, or a central pit or foundations for a cult object in the centre of the structure.
Later investigation of the hoard’s site has revealed its deposition adjacent to, and on the internal side of a substantial Roman stone wall approximately 1m thick, and lying a few hundred metres east of further substantial
1
The escarpment of Edge Hill, part of a marine sedimentary succession of the Lower and Middle Jurassic periods, is formed by a 40 metre band of iron-rich, sandy limestone. 2 A number of coins display a dark accretion which in some cases severely affects the visibility of motif and any inscription. It may be that this has resulted from the coins in question being in contact with the inside surface of the pot or the surrounding environment.
To investigate the reasons for the deeper foundations observed in the S-E section of the wall a 5m long and 1m wide trial trench was excavated to a depth of 1.1m below the top of the Roman wall. This revealed a rock-cut prehistoric pit, with a fill of extremely “clean” ironstone rubble giving the impression of being rapidly backfilled with the material dug out of it. At a depth of 1.1m the top 1
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII
of a human skull was exposed but left in-situ, as the limited width and the depth of the trial trench precluded further work without widening the excavation. Dug into the upper fill of the pit was a small pit of about 400mm diameter filled with burnt and unburnt ironstone fragments and quantities of charcoal, and containing sherds of an early bronze-age beaker, with all-over cordimpressed decoration. The recovered sherds represent about half of a single beaker, almost certainly already fragmentary when buried, as parts of the rim were found at the bottom of the fill which fitted sherds at the top. The pit had been truncated by ploughing, and several worn sherds, probably from the same pot, were recovered from the ploughsoil in the area of the find. Either a fire had been kindled in the pit itself or the burnt stones in the fill were deposited in the pit while still very hot, as the stones surrounding the pit had been scorched (reddened). If there had been a fire in the pit, it had been cleared before the final filling material was deposited as it was not characteristic of an in-situ fire or hearth.
not being a collection built up over years, but rather one deposited for reasons and at a date that must remain largely conjectural. The composition of the hoard is as follows: Republican coinage: 793 specimens spanning 194 – 5 31 BC Imperial coinage: 355 specimens of which: Augustus: 163 specimens Tiberius: 148 specimens Caligula: 8 specimens Claudius: 22 specimens Nero: 15 specimens Non-Roman (Juba) 4 specimens Within the individual issues of Republican coins there is an inevitable emphasis upon periods of strife, when numerically large issues were required to pay for troops.6 At the beginning of the first century this manifests itself in the period of the Social War (91-88 BC), the first Mithradatic war (89-85 BC), and the struggle between Marius and Sulla (88-82 BC). Similarly, in the last decades of the Republic there were renewed peaks of production, when civil war became endemic, and military aims were at times supported by propaganda. Hence, among the coins issued by Caesar: Religious instruments / elephant (49-48 BC): 23 specimens Venus / Aeneas (47-6 BC): 11 specimens
The location of a prehistoric burial and a beaker deposit in a pit directly under the wall of a Romano-British structure may be coincidental or it may be deliberate. If the Roman structure is interpreted as a temple situated on a pre-existing religious/ritual site, then it appears that the special significance of this site persisted for at least 2000 years.’
The Scope of the Hoard
In the later struggle against the assassins of Caesar: Apollo / Diana with torches (P. Clodius – 42 BC): 23 specimens
Chronologically the hoard covers the period from 194/190 BC to AD 64, and from analogies elsewhere (see below) clearly represents a cross-section of material in circulation at the time of deposition in view of the fact that, with the exception of some issues at times of military stress, denarii had largely remained stable in terms of both fineness and weight from their inception to the reform instituted by Nero. There was thus no reason for rejecting early issues, which circulated at face value despite the inevitable effects of wear. On the other hand the clear knowledge in antiquity that the issues of Mark Antony deviated from the norm,3 dropping from 98% to 92-84% fineness,4 may well account for their large-scale withdrawal from circulation and hence appearance in some hoards. The lack of any stratification detected in the assemblage at the time of excavation also points to this
In the conflict between Antony and Octavian: Antony’s legionary issues (32-31 BC): 89 specimens Within the imperial period the propaganda potential of some issues is matched at times by their prominence in the hoard, especially in the case of Augustus: Signis Receptis (c. 19 BC): 9 specimens Gaius & Lucius Caesar (2 BC – AD 4): 71 specimens
5
This seems to make the hoard the largest assemblage of Republican denarii found within Britain. 6 It should be noted, however, that the numerical size of issues within the hoard cannot be taken as a true indication of the original volumes minted since by the time of the hoard’s deposition many earlier coins will have been withdrawn for reminting. For this reason alone a statistical analysis of types must remain fraught with difficulties.
3
Pliny, Natural History 33, 132: ‘As Triumvir Antony mixed iron [sc. copper] into his denarii’. 4 Cf. the issues of L. Dossenus (87 BC): 93%, Caecilius Metellus (81 BC): 95.5%, L. Papius (79 BC): 92.6%, G. Postumius (74 BC): 95.1% (M.H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge 1974, pp. 570f.). 2
INTRODUCTION (the process involved in the arrival of the coins in the museum and the lack of any opportunity to conduct a systematic ordering of coins before accessioning accounts for the overall divergence between catalogue and accession numbers)
Tiberius: Pontif Maxim (c. AD 14-37): 143 specimens out of 145 coins of Tiberius in the hoard The non-Roman coins in the hoard, cited at the end of the catalogue, consist of denarii issued by Juba I of Numidia, a long-term enemy of Julius Caesar.
While exceptional both in chronological spread and size, the South-Warwickshire Hoard does tend to mirror the findings from other hoards ending in the early imperial period both in Britain and on the near continent, not least the small number of coins from the reigns of Caligula to Nero, which ties in well with the paucity of coins from these reigns actually minted before AD 64.8 The SouthWarwickshire Hoard does, however, deviate from those found in East Anglia, where the inclusion of Icenian material ties them closely to the events of the Boudiccan rebellion, and they often contain a smaller percentage of Republican coins than hoards found outside this area.9 A selection of larger hoards of the period is listed below, the continental hoards being taken from a useful list provided by Sylviane Estiot and Isabelle Aymar.10
Inevitably the collection also contains a number of evident copies, e.g., from the Republican period: coin 790, and in the imperial period under Augustus: coins 949-954, and Tiberius: coins 1101-3. A number of others may well exist, disguised either by wear or the variability of dies.
The Catalogue The process of striking coins individually by hand and at speed inevitably led to considerable variation in the quality of the final product. At the most extreme this might result in the creation of brockage, where a coin adhered to the die (usually the reverse die) and itself became the die for the next coin, resulting in a negative image, as is the case with coin 789. Less extreme was the frequent creation of off-centred coins, where elements of either motif or inscription are missing from the coin, a feature often exacerbated by wear. In constructing the catalogue I have tried, in terms of motif, to indicate those elements that are visible; features off-flan, but visible on perfect specimens, are omitted from mention. In the case of inscriptions I have given the perfect form if any part of a word is visible on the coin. A more purist approach, using square brackets to indicate missing letters, would have resulted, in many cases, in a veritable forest of such brackets, and could easily have led to their insertion where more acute eyes were able to discern what was otherwise deemed to be missing. Where, on the other hand, a word is totally absent, I have inserted it within square brackets.
British finds: Membury, Wiltshire (1988/1992): 252 denarii (of which 181 Republican11) spanning the period 149 BC to AD 37 in the reign of Tiberius12 Chippenham (1981): 46 coins, comprising 5 gold coins of Cunobelinus, 4 Roman gold coins (AugustusClaudius) and 37 denarii (of which 25 Republican)
8
Cf. J. Orna-Ornstein, ‘Early Hoards of Denarii from Britain’, in Coin Hoards from Roman Britain X, London 1997, p. 27. 9 Orna-Ornstein p. 28 points out that East Anglian hoards typically contain c. 55% Republican coins, while those from areas further afield (e.g. Membury) have on average 77% Republican. The South-Warwickshire Hoard contains 69% Republican. 10 ‘Le trésor de Meussia (Jura): 399 monnaies d’argent d’époques républicaine et julio-claudienne’, Trésors Monétaires, 20, 2002, pp. 69-160. I have included here only those hoards for which detailed information is available. 11 While the literature often differentiates ‘Republican’ issues from Imperatorial (usually specified as those of Marc Antony), I have combined them. 12 C. Howgego, C.E. King, ‘Membury, Wiltshire’ in The Chalfont Hoard and Other Roman Coin Hoards, CHRB IX, 1992, pp. 11-19; J. Orna-Ornstein, ‘Membury, Wiltshire (Addenda)’, CHRB X, 1997, p. 34; A.S. Robertson, An Inventory of Romano-British Hoards, London 2000, p.2.
The form of the catalogue follows the normal practice: 1. obverse and reverse descriptions with reference7 and date 2. weight, die-axis (represented by hours of the clock) and finally museum accession number
7
Crawford: M.H. Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge 1974; RIC: C.H.V. Sutherland, The Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. 1, 2nd ed. London 1984; SNG Cop: Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum, the Royal Collection of Coins and Medals, Danish National Museum, vol. 8, reprint, New Jersey 1982; RPC: A.M. Burnett, M. Amandry, P.P. Ripollès, Roman Provincial Coinage, vol. 1, London & Paris 1992. 3
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII
spanning the period 130 BC to AD 37 in the reign of Tiberius13 Lakenheath, Suffolk (1959): 481 coins, comprising 414 Icenian and other native coins14 and 67 denarii (of which 41 Republican) spanning the period 106 BC to AD 37-8, during the reign of Caligula15 Woodham Mortimer, Essex (1991-2): 189 denarii (of which 28 Republican) spanning the period 119 BC to AD 37-8, during the reign of Caligula16 Norton Subcourse, Norfolk (1982-6/1989-91): 3 Celtic coins and 113 denarii (of which 87 Republican) spanning the period 136 BC to AD 41-2, at the beginning of the reign of Claudius17 Sutton, Suffolk (1987): 217 denarii (of which 127 Republican) spanning the period 154 BC to AD 41-2, at the beginning of the reign of Claudius18 Eriswell, Suffolk (1972): 327 coins, comprising 255 Icenian coins and 72 denarii (of which 45 Republican) spanning the period 137 BC to AD 55 in the reign of Nero19 Scole, Norfolk (1982-3): 289 coins, comprising 202 Icenian coins and 87 denarii (of which 64 Republican) spanning the period 143 BC to AD 61 in the reign of Nero20
Maillé, Vendée (1960-2): 461 denarii and other silver coins (Juba / Oscan) spanning the period 154 to 12 BC: 450 issues of the Republican period, 11 of Augustus Environs of Nice (1901): 104 denarii spanning 121 BC to AD 4, comprising 92 coins of the Republican period, 12 of Augustus Meussia (1960): 399 coins, comprising 395 denarii (including one coin of Juba and two Oscan) and 4 quinarii spanning the period 157 BC – AD 37: 271 coins of the Republican period, 128 of the Imperial period down to AD 37 (Caligula) Extending the period further reveals a number of hoards in Britain with significant Republican contents: Beck Row, Mildenhall, Suffolk (1979-80): 277 denarii (of which 120 Republican coins) spanning the period 195 BC to AD 79 in the reign of Titus22 Howe, Norfolk (1981-2, 1984, 1986-7, 1989-92): 121 denarii (59 Republican coins) spanning the period 147 BC – AD 87 in the reign of Domitian23 Skellow, South Yorkshire (1994): 267 denarii (of which 76 Republican) spanning the period from 138 BC to AD 81 in the reign of Domitian24 And this continued to be the case into the 2nd century, e.g. Boston Spa, West Yorkshire (1848): c. 200 denarii (of which 66 Republican) spanning the period from c. 211 BC to AD 119-22 in the reign of Hadrian25 Birdoswald, Cumberland (1930): 30 denarii (of which 17 Republican) spanning the period to the reign of Hadrian26 Ormskirk, Lancashire (1949): 125 denarii (of which 31 Republican) spanning the period to the reign of Hadrian27
Western-Continental finds: Bourgeueil, Indre-et-Loire (1902): 693 denarii (including one coin of Juba) dating from 154-17/16 BC, comprising 531 Republican coins, 158 of Augustus21
13
A.M. Burnett, ‘Chippenham, near Ely, Treasure Trove’, CHRB VI, 1986, pp. 1-4; Robertson, p. 4f. 14 These consisted of 3 gold coins and 411 silver (though the initial number was said to be 412). 15 G.M. Briscoe, R.A.G. Carson, R.H.M. Dolley, ‘An Icenian Coin Hoard from Lakenheath, Suffolk’, BNJ 29, 1959, pp. 215-19; Robertson, p. 3f. 16 R. Hobbs, ‘Woodham Mortimer, Essex’ in The Chalfont Hoard and Other Roman Coin Hoards, CHRB IX, 1992, pp. 20-3; Robertson, p. 3. 17 A.M. Burnett, T. Gregory, ‘Norton Subcourse, Norfolk’ in The Normanby Hoard and Other Roman Coin Hoards, CHRB VIII, 1988, pp. 19-21; A.M. Burnett, ‘Norton Subcourse, Norfolk (Addenda)’ in The Chalfont Hoard and Other Roman Coin Hoards, CHRB IX, 1992, pp. 32-3; Robertson, p. 6f. 18 A.M. Burnett, J. Plouviez, T. Tuckett, ‘Sutton, Suffolk’ in The Chalfont Hoard and Other Roman Coin Hoards, CHRB IX, 1992, pp. 24-31; Robertson, p. 7. 19 J.P.C. Kent, A.M. Burnett, ‘The Eriswell Suffolk, Treasure Trove’, CHRB IV, 1984, pp. 6-13; Robertson, p. 10. 20 A.M. Burnett, ‘Scole, Norfolk, Treasure Trove’, CHRB VI, 1986, pp. 7-12; Robertson, p. 10. 21 There is a discrepancy of three coins between the total number of coins recorded for the hoard and the catalogue
given by Estiot and Aymar, which the authors attribute to a problem in the original 1906 catalogue. 22 A.M. Burnett, ‘The Beck Rowe, Mildenhall, Suffolk, Treasure Trove’, CHRB IV, 1984, pp. 15-24; Robertson, p. 17. 23 A.M. Burnett, ‘The Howe, Norfolk, Treasure Trove’, CHRB IV, 1984, pp. 25-8; A.M. Burnett, ‘The Howe, Norfolk, Treasure Trove (Addenda)’, CHRB VI, 1986, p. 13; A.M. Burnett, ‘Howe, Norfolk (addenda)’, CHRB VIII, 1988, p. 22; J. Davies, ‘Howe, Norfolk (Addenda)’, CHRB X, 1997, p. 62-3; Robertson, p.18. The hoard also included 14 gold coins from the reigns of Caligula to Vespasian. 24 G. Crawley, A. Meadows, ‘Skellow, South Yorkshire’, CHRB X, 1997, pp. 54-61. 25 M. Mays, ‘Boston Spa, West Yorkshire, CHRB X, 1997, pp. 64-70. 26 Robertson, p. 24. 27 Robertson, p. 25f. 4
INTRODUCTION Postscript: It has been impossible to insert in their proper places two coins found in June 2013: one Republican, the other belonging to Caligula. The details of these can be found at the end of the Catalogue.
Thoughts on the date of deposition and its reason When the hoard was first discovered, and before detailed identification was undertaken, the excavators entertained the hope that the presence within the hoard of early coins of Nero might signify deposition in response to, and at some stage during, the Boudiccan rebellion of AD 60. It was, after all, in the area of the north-Midlands that the final engagement took place, and the hoard might be deemed an emergency burial either as the spoils of war by one or more members of the native army, or an attempt to preserve his wealth by a pro-Roman local or military official.28 When it was realised that the hoard contained coins of AD 63/64, such hopes were inevitably overturned, but the cut-off date of AD 63-64 itself raises questions as to whether this is of significance when set within the wider developments of Roman coinage at the time, namely Nero’s reduction that year of the metal content of the denarius to 92% silver. Does the hoard, therefore, represent a response to the arrival of such debased currency: a deliberate withdrawal from circulation of earlier, better-quality, coins? At first sight this explanation is attractive, but it raises the question of how the depositor in what remained a military zone for some time29 became aware of the debasement. Then again, is the find-spot adjacent to a wall in a roughly circular building significant as a factor explaining the reason for deposition? Other finds from the site offer no significant clues as to the structure’s purpose, and it would go beyond the evidence to suggest ritual deposition. One might just as easily see the hoard as the profits of a contractor engaged in exploiting the area’s iron deposits. A more important question, and one open to more reliable resolution, is the approximate date of deposition based on coin-wear as evidence of time in circulation. Examination of those coins minted in the early 60s indicates that while those dated 60-1 show some wear to the high-points of Nero’s portraiture, notably his hair, those from 61-64 have little evidence of circulation. This suggests that unless there were other, unknown, factors at play, the hoard was deposited shortly after the latest coins reached the area, though when this occurred must itself remain uncertain.
28
In terms of army pay the 1153 denarii amount to some four and a half years’ stipendium for a legionary soldier. 29 The presence of the Lunt fort at Baginton on the outskirts of Coventry, some 22 miles north of the hoardsite, which existed in the two decades following the Boudiccan rebellion, indicates the unrest in the area. 5
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII
Fig. 1: The Hoard Pot. © Warwickshire Museum
Fig. 2: The Hoard Site. © D. Freke 6
Catalogue Republican coins Obv. Rev. 1. 2. 3. Obv. Rev. 4.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Dioscuri riding r.; above, crescent; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 137.1. 194-190 BC. 3.73g.; 5; Mus. No. 0169 3.36g.; 9; Mus. No. 0307 3.19g.; 6; Mus. No. 1134
Obv. Rev. 15. Obv. Rev.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Luna in biga r.; below, fly; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 159.2. 179-170 BC. 3.23g.; 4; Mus. No. 0350
16. 17. Obv.
Obv. Rev. 5. Obv. Rev. 6. Obv. Rev. 7. 8. 9. Obv. Rev. 10. Obv. Rev. 11.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Luna in biga r.; below, feather; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 163. 179-170 BC. 2.75g.; 1; Mus. No. 0488
Rev. 18. 19.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; below SAR; in ex. ROMA. Crawford 199.1a. 155 BC. 3.44g.; 6; Mus. No. 0391
Obv. Rev.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below C SRC; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 201.1. 154BC. 3.40g.; 6; Mus. No. 0008 3.63g.; 3; Mus. No. 0276 3.90g.; 2; Mus. No. 0427
20. Obv. Rev.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; below, C MAIANI; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 203.1a. 153 BC. 3.61g.; 11; Mus. No. 0373
21. Obv. Rev.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; below, SAFRA; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 206.1. 150 BC. 2.85g.; 8; Mus. No.1113
22. 23. 24. Obv.
Obv. Rev. 12. Obv.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; below, NATTA; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 208. 149 BC. 3.27g.; 11; Mus. No. 0050
13.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., SARAN; to r., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below, M ATIL; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 214.1a. 148 BC. 3.25g.; 10: Mus. No. 0474
14.
As previous but rev., M ATILI. Crawford 214.1b. 148 BC. 3.25g.; 1; Mus. No. 0144
Rev.
Rev. 25. Obv. Rev. 26. 27.
7
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., LIBO; to r., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below, Q MARC; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 215.1. 148 BC. 3.17g.; 10; Mus. No. 0435 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., PITIO; to r., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below, L SEMP; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 216.1. 148 BC. 3.23g.; 3; Mus. No. 0158 3.38g.; 8; Mus. No. 0421 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., cornucopia; to r., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below L CVP; in ex. ROMA. Crawford 218. 147 BC. 2.63g.; 3; Mus. No. 0107 3.29g.; 11; Mus. No. 0424 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., TRIGE; to r., X. Juno in quadriga r., wearing diadem and crowned from behind by Victory, holding sceptre in l. hand, reins in r.; below, C CVR; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 223. 142 BC. 3.27g.; 12; Mus. No. 0231 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., [X] or [XVI]. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; above, [FLAC]; below, C VAL CF; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 228.1/2. 140 BC. 3.16g.; 6; Mus. No. 0324 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., jug; to r. X. She-wolf suckling twins; to rear, ficus Ruminalis; to l., Faustulus, FOSTLVS; to r., SEX POM (or variant); in ex., ROMA. Crawford 235.1. 137 BC. 3.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 0347 3.32g.; 6; Mus. No. 0507 3.41g.; 2; Mus. No. 0575 Helmeted head of Roma l.; to r., TAMPIL; to l., X. Apollo in quadriga, holding bow, arrow and reins in l. hand, branch in r.; below, ROMA; in ex., M BAEBI Q F. Crawford 236. 137 BC. 3.66g.; 11; Mus. No. 0213 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., TRIO; to r., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below, CN LVCR; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 237.1a. 136 BC. 3.76g.; 11; Mus. No. 0170 3.60g.; 4; Mus. No. 0260
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII Obv. Rev. 28.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ]IO to r., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below C[ ]. cf. Crawford 237. 136 BC. 3.60g.; 7; Mus. No. 0044
Obv. Rev. 41.
Obv. Rev. 29. 30. Obv. Rev. 31. 32. 33.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., GRAG; to r., X. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand, hurling thunderbolt with r.; below, L ANTES; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 238. 136 BC. 3.49g.; 8; Mus. No. 0509 3.67g.; 3; Mus. No. 0582
Obv. Rev. 42. Obv.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., wreath and X; below, ROMA. Dioscuri riding apart with spears reversed; in ex., C SERVEILI MF. Crawford 239.1. 136 BC. 3.34g.; 9; Mus. No. 0078 3.53g.; 6; Mus. No. 0116 3.52g.; 6; Mus. No. 0396
Rev. 43. Obv.
Obv. Rev.
34.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA; to r., X. Spiral column surmounted by statue; at top, two bells; at base, two foreparts of lions with cornear behind each; to l., togate figure holding loaves?; to r., togate figure holding lituus; above, C A VG. Crawford 242.1. 135 BC. 3.42g.; 9; Mus. No. 1111
Rev. 44. 45. 46. Obv.
Obv. Rev.
35.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Spiral column surmounted by statue; at base, two corn-ears; to l., togate figure holding loaves?; to r., togate figure holding lituus; above, ROMA; to l., TI MINVCI CF; to r., AVGVRINI. Crawford 243.1. 134 BC. 3.50g.; 9; Mus. No. 1110
Rev. 47. 48. Obv.
Obv. Rev. 36. Obv. Rev.
37. 38. Obv. Rev. 39. Obv. Rev. 40.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., GEM; to r., X. Mars in quadriga r., holding spear, shield and reins in l. hand, trophy in r.; below, C ABVRI; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 244.1. 134 BC. 3.60g.; 3; Mus. No. 1143
Rev. 49. 50.
Helmeted head of Roma r., to l., X. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in l., hand, hurling thunderbolt with r.; below, ROMA; in ex., L MINVCI. Crawford 248.1. 133 BC. 3.55g.; 7; Mus. No. 0175 3.13g.; 12; Mus. No. 1112
Obv. Rev. 51. 52. 53. 54.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Victory in quadriga r., holding palm-branch and reins in l. hand, wreath in r.; below, P MAE ANT; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 249.1. 132 BC. 3.45g.; 9; Mus. No. 0377
Obv. Rev.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., GEM; to r., X. Sol in quadriga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; below, M ABVRI; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 250.1. 132 BC. 3.48g.; 3; Mus. No. 0033
55. 56. 57.
8
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., wreath; to r., X. Victory in quadriga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; below, L OPEIMI; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 253.1. 131 BC. 3.64g.; 12; Mus. No. 0468 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., tripod; to r., X. Apollo in biga r., holding bow in l. hand, arrow and reins in r.; below, M OPEIMI; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 254. 131 BC. 3.69g.; 11; Mus. No. 0369 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X; M ACILIVS MF in double border of dots. Hercules in quadriga r., holding club in r. hand, trophy and reins in l.; in ex, ROMA. Crawford 255.1. 130 BC. 3.53g.; 12; Mus. No. 0117 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., Q METE; to r., X. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding thunderbolt and reins in l. hand, branch in r.; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 256.1. 130 BC. 3.70g.; 10; Mus. No. 0030 3.57g.; 6; Mus. No. 0041 3.48g.; 3; Mus. No. 0283 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., M VARG; to r., X. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding thunderbolt and reins in l. hand, branch in r.; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 257.1. 130 BC. 2.96g.; 6; Mus. No. 0443 3.43g.; 7; Mus. No. 0454 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., wreath; below, ROMA. Victory in biga r., holding reins in both hands; below, corn-ear; in ex., T CLOVILI. Crawford 260. 128 BC. 2.90g.; 4; Mus. No. 0143 3.62g.; 1; Mus. No. 0545 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., corn-ear; to r., X. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; above, ROMA; below, man fighting lion; in ex., CN DOM. Crawford 261.1. 128 BC. 3.72g.; 6; Mus. No. 0267 3.26g.; 6; Mus. No. 0463 3.63g.; 12; Mus. No. 1126 3.60g.; 7; Mus. No. 1151 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Goddess in biga r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand, branch in r.; below, elephant’s head; below, ROMA. Crawford 262.1. 128 BC. 3.56g.; 1; Mus. No. 0215 3.61g.; 6; Mus. No. 0317 3.52g.; 6: Mus. No. 0334
CATALOGUE Obv. Rev.
58. 59. Obv. Rev.
60. Obv. Rev.
61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. Obv. Rev. 67. Obv. Rev. 68. Obv. Rev. 69. Obv. Rev. 70. Obv. Rev. 71.
Head of Roma r., wearing Phrygian helmet; to l., ROMA; to r., X. Jupiter, crowned by flying Victory, in biga of elephants l., holding thunderbolt in l. hand, reins in r.; in ex., C METELLVS. Crawford 269.1. 125 BC. 3.68g.; 9; Mus. No. 0104 3.54g.; 9; Mus. No. 0388
Obv. Rev. 72. 73. 74. Obv. Rev.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., LAECA; to r., X. Libertas, crowned by flying Victory, in quadriga r., holding rod and reins in l. hand, pileus in r.; below, M PORC; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 270. 125 BC. 3.69g.; 3; Mus. No. 0127
75. 76. 77. Obv. Rev.
Helmeted head of Roma r., to l., ROMA; to r., X, LABEO. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand, hurling thunderbolt with r.; below, rostrum; in ex., Q FABI. Crawford 273.1. 124 BC. 3.57g.; 12; Mus. No. 0012 3.58g.; 11; Mus. No. 0031 3.57g.; 9; Mus. No. 0314 3.12g.; 4; Mus. No. 0342 3.53g.; 7; Mus. No. 0541 3.50g.; 7; Mus. No. 1128
78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. Obv.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; below, C CATO; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 274.1. 123BC. 3.61g.; 3; Mus. No. 0045
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., branch; to r., X. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand, hurling thunderbolt with r.; below, M CARBO; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 276. 122 BC. 3.66g.; 6; Mus. No. 0426
87.
As previous but obv., L POMPONI CFN; to l., X. Crawford 282.4. 118 BC. 3.35g.; 6; Mus. No. 0301
Obv. Rev. 89. 90. 91.
9
86.
As previous but obv., C MALLE CF; to l., X; rev., in ex., L LIC CN DOM. Crawford 282.3. 118 BC. 3.60g.; 7; Mus. No. 0362
88.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Dioscuri riding r., below, C PLVTI; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 278.1. 121 BC. 3.53g.; 3; Mus. No. 0146
Laureate head of Janus; M FOVRI LF. Roma standing l., holding sceptre in l. hand and crowning trophy with r.; trophy flanked to l. and r. by carnyx and shield; to r., ROMA; in ex., PHILI. Crawford 281. 119 BC. 3.53g.; 7; Mus. No. 0112 3.56g.; 2; Mus. No. 0138 3.58g.; 11; Mus. No. 0310 3.40g.; 9; Mus. No. 0473 3.46g.; 11; Mus. No. 0578 3.48g.; 2; Mus. No. 1047
84. 85.
Obv. Rev.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., RVF; to r., X. Dioscuri riding r.; below, Q MINV; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 277.1. 122 BC. 3.63g.; 7; Mus. No. 0359
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA. Victory in quadriga r., holding palm-branch in l. hand, reins in both hands; above, wreath; below, X; in ex., M TVLLI. Crawford 280. 120BC. 3.54g.; 3; Mus. No. 0023 3.50g.; 4; Mus. No. 0173 3.59g.; 10; Mus. No. 0378
Helmeted head of Roma r.; L COSCO MF; to l., X. Naked warrior in biga r., holding shield, carnyx and reins in l. hand, hurling spear with r.; in ex., [L LIC CN DOM]. Crawford 282.2. 118 BC. 3.60g.; 6; Mus. No. 0042 2.83g.; 9; Mus. No. 0526
Rev.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA; to r., X. Victory in quadriga, holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; in ex., M FAN CF. Crawford 275.1. 123 BC. 3.62g.; 5; Mus. No. 0160
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand, hurling thunderbolt with r.; below, CARB; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 279.1. 121BC. 3.58g.; 9; Mus. No. 0001 3.09g.; 11; Mus. No. 0016 3.43g.; 3; Mus. No. 0508
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X. Victory in quadriga, holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; below, ROMA; in ex., Q MAR CF LR. Crawford 283.1a. 118-117 BC. 3.53g.; 6; Mus. No. 0077 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA; to r. X. Victory in biga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; below, M CALID; in ex., Q MET CNF L. Crawford 284.1a. 117-116 BC. 3.50g.; 3; Mus. No. 0496 3.67g.; 12; Mus. No. 0548 3.02g.; 6; Mus. No. 1048
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII Obv. Rev. 92. Obv. Rev. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. Obv. Rev. 98. 99.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X; to r., ROMA. Jupiter? in quadriga r. cf. Crawford 285.1 116115 BC. 3.16g.; 8; Mus. No. 0121
110.
3.63g.; 4; Mus. No. 0304
Obv.
Helmeted head of Mars r.; above, X; to r., CN BLASIO CN F. Jupiter standing facing between Juno and Minerva and holding sceptre in r. hand, thunderbolt in l.; Juno on l. holds sceptre in r. hand; Minerva on r. holds sceptre in l. hand and crowns Jupiter with r. hand; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 296.1. 112-111 BC. 3.68g.; 5; obv., to l., bucranium; rev., in field, Θ; Mus. No. 0067 3.60g.; 7; Mus. No. 0114 3.51g.; 9; Mus. No. 0570
Rev.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA X; to r., EX SC. Horseman riding l., holding sword and severed head in l. hand; to l., Q; below, M SERGI; in ex., SILVS. Crawford 286. 116-115 BC. 3.50g.; 7; Mus. No. 0073 3.05g.; 3; Mus. No. 0190 3.57g.; 6: Mus. No. 0450 3.30g.; 6; Mus. No. 0538 3.27g.; 3; Mus. No. 1122
111. 112. 113. Obv.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., X; to r., M CIPI MF. Victory in biga r., holding palm-branch in r. hand, reins in l.; below, rudder; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 289.1. 115-114 BC. 3.61g.; 8; Mus. No. 0250 2.72g.; 8; Mus. No. 0457
Rev. 114. Obv. Rev.
Obv. Rev. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. Obv. Rev.
105. 106. 107. Obv. Rev.
108. Obv. Rev.
109.
Laureate Janiform head of Dioscuri; to l., control-mark; to r., X. Ship l.; above, C FONT; below, ROMA. Crawford 290.1. 114-113 BC. 3.82g.; 11; Mus. No. 0039 3.67g.; 9; control mark: R; Mus. No. 0043 2.93g.; 3; control mark: B?; Mus. No. 0308 3.51g.; 3; Mus. No. 0406 2.81g.; 4; Mus. No. 0499
115. 116. 117. Obv.
Laureate female bust r., wearing diadem; to l., X; to r., ROMA. Equestrian statue holding spear in r. hand, standing on three arches; between arches, LEP; around, MN AEMILIO. Crawford 291. 114-113 BC. 3.68g.; 7; Mus. No. 0271 3.50g.; 2; Mus. No. 0491 3.45g.; 4; Mus. No. 1055
Rev.
Helmeted bust of Roma l., holding shield in l. hand, spear over r. shoulder; above, crescent; to r., [ROMA]; to l., X. Voting scene: voter on the pons receives ballot from attendant; another voter on r. of pons places ballot in cista; above, P NERVA. Crawford 292.1. 113-112 BC. 3.56g.; 6; Mus. No. 0157
121. 122.
118. 119. 120. Obv. Rev.
Obv. Rev.
Male head r., wearing helmet with goat’s horns, on which rests diadem; to l., ROMA as monogram; to r. Φ. Equestrian statue r., carrying laurel-branch; at horse’s feet, flower; below, on tablet, L PHILIPPVS; below, X. Crawford 293.1. 113112 BC. 3.69g.; 5; Mus. No. 0253
123. Obv. Rev. 124. 10
Bust of Heracles l., seen from behind, club over r. shoulder. Desultor l.; below, rat l. between TI Q; to r., control-mark: T; in ex., DSS. Crawford 297.1a. 112-111 BC. 3.55g.; 9; Mus. No. 0560 Bust of Apollo l., seen from behind, thunderbolt in r. hand; to r., AP as monogram. Lares Praestites seated facing with dog in between and each holding staff in l. hand; above, bust of Vulcan l. with tongs over shoulder; to l., LA as monogram; to r., PRE as monogram; in ex., C CAESI. Crawford 298. 112-111 BC. 3.47g.; 5; Mus. No. 0108 3.70g.; 6; Mus. No. 0557 3.44g.; 2; Mus. No. 1096 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., quadrangular device. Victory in triga r., holding reins in both hands; in ex., T MAL AP CL Q VR. Crawford 299.1b. 111-110 BC. 3.64g.; 6; Mus. No. 0345 3.66g.; 9; Mus. No. 0467 3.66g.; 9; Mus. No. 0536 Helmeted head of Roma r. Victory in biga r., holding reins in both hands; in ex., C PVLCHER. Crawford 300. 110-109 BC. 3.61g.; 5; Mus. No. 0262 3.65g.; 12; Mus. No. 0527 Helmeted head of Roma r.; above, ROMA; to l., P LAECA; to r., X. Figure in military dress l., raising r. hand; to l., togate figure raising r. hand; to r., attendant with rod in r. hand, two rods in l.; in ex., PROVOCO. Crawford 301. 110-109 BC. 3.56g.; 3; Mus. No. 0200 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA; to r., X. Victory in biga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; below, L FLAMINI; in ex., CILO. Crawford 302. 109-108 BC. 3.20g.; 3; Mus. No. 0019
CATALOGUE 125. 126. 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133.
3.61g.; 12; Mus. No. 0029 3.54g.; 12; Mus. No. 0162 3.64g.; 8; Mus. No. 0191 3.64g.; 9; Mus. No. 0302 3.69g.; 5; Mus. No. 0379 3.41g.; 6; Mus. No. 0475 3.23g.; 6; Mus. No. 0480 3.66g.; 6; Mus. No. 0584 3.78g.; 5; Mus. No. 1097
Obv. Rev.
Head of Sol r.; to r., X. Luna in biga r., holding reins in both hands; above, three stars; below, star and MN AQVIL; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 303. 109-108 BC. 3.20g.; 6; Mus. No. 0383 3.38g.; 6; Mus. No. 0472 3.45g.; 6; Mus. No. 0569
Rev.
Male head r., wearing oak-wreath; to r., X. Dioscuri standing facing between their horses, each holding a spear; in ex., L MEMMI. Crawford 304. 109-108 BC. 3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 0081 3.62g.; 7; Mus. No. 0092 3.65g.; 10; Mus. No. 0315
Obv.
134. 135. 136. Obv. Rev. 137. 138. 139. Obv. Rev. 140. 141. Obv. Rev. 142. Obv. Rev. 143. 144. 145.
Obv. Rev.
149. Obv.
150. 151.
Rev. 152. 153. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; above, ROMA; to l., X; to r., CERCO. Ship r. within oak wreath; above, Q LVTATI Q. Crawford 305.1. 109-108 BC. 3.64g.; 12; Mus. No. 0197 3.47g.; 2; Mus. No. 0400
Obv.
Jugate and laureate heads of Dioscuri r. Ship r.; above, MN FONTEI. Crawford 307. 108-107 BC. 3.45g.; 9; Mus. No. 1095
Rev.
Head of Pietas r., wearing diadem; to l., PIETAS; to r., control mark. One of the Catanaean brothers running r. and carrying his father on his shoulders; to l., M HERENNI. Crawford 308.1a. 108-107 BC. 3.55g.; 6; control mark: L; Mus. No. 0069 3.58g.; 11; control-mark: •L; Mus. No. 0180 3.34g.; 10; control mark: V; Mus. No. 0311
Obv. Rev.
159.
160. 161. 162. 163.
146. 147. Obv. Rev.
148.
As previous but obv., no control mark; rev., to r., control mark. Crawford 308.1b. 108-107 BC. 3.70g.; 1; control mark: T, dot above; Mus. No. 0096 3.64g.; 11; control-mark: •K; Mus. No. 0321
164. 165. 166. 167.
Laureate head of Jupiter l. Jupiter in quadriga r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand, hurling thunderbolt with r.; above, control mark: T; in ex., L SCIP ASIAG. Crawford 311.1d. 106 BC. 3.61g.; 10; Mus. No. 1142
168. Obv. Rev.
11
Jugate and laureate heads of the Di Penates l.; to l., DPP. Two male figures standing facing each other, each holding spear in l. hand and pointing at sow between them with r.; above, control mark; in ex., C SVLPICI CF. Crawford 312.1. 106 BC. 3.24g.; 6; Mus. No. 1127 Laureate head of Saturn l., to r., harpa and ROMA. Venus in biga r., holding sceptre in r. hand, reins in both hands; above, flying Cupid with wreath; below horses, control mark; in ex., L MEMMI GAL. Crawford 313.1c. 106 BC. 3.66g.; 12; control mark: I, dot above; Mus. No. 0171 3.55g.; 3; control mark: L; Mus. No. 0336 Head of Juno Sospita r., wearing goat skin; to l., ISMR. Bull charging r.; above, control-mark; below, L THORIVS; in ex., BALBVS. Crawford 316.1. 105BC. 3.64g.; 7; control mark: M; Mus. No. 0007 3.71g.; 4; control mark: X; Mus. No. 0040 3.55g.; 8; control mark: D; Mus. No. 0185 3.63g.; 7; control mark: I; Mus. No. 0309 3.63g.; 5; control mark: S; Mus. No. 0405 3.55g.; 6; control mark: B; Mus. No. 0428 3.22g.; 9; control mark: X; Mus. No. 1129 Saturn in quadriga r., holding harpa in r. hand, reins in l.; below, ROMA. Saturn in quadriga r., holding harpa in r. hand, reins in l.; below, control-mark: Q•; in ex., L SATVRN. Crawford 317.2. 104 BC. 3.78g.; 8; Mus. No. 0189 Helmeted head of Roma l. Saturn in quadriga r., holding harpa in r. hand, reins in l.; above or below, control-mark; L SATVRN. Crawford 317.3. 104 BC. 3.60g.; 10; control mark: M?; Mus. No. 0047 3.61g.; 6; control mark: B; Mus. No. 0289 3.38g.; 9; control mark: E, dot above; Mus. No. 0363 3.56g.; 7; control mark: C, dot below; Mus. No. 0456 3.66g.; 1; control mark: Z, dot above; Mus. No. 0462 2.95g.; 10; control mark: M, surrounded by four dots; Mus. No. 0469 3.52g.; 9; control mark: M; Mus. No. 0528 3.56g.; 8; control mark: X, dot above; Mus. No. 0583 3.61g.; 10; control mark: •A•; Mus. No. 1145 Helmeted head of Roma l. Victory in biga l., holding reins in both hands; above, control mark: X•; below, C COIL; in ex., CALD. Crawford 318.1a. 104 BC.
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII 169.
3.72g.; 8; Mus. No. 0374
170. 171. 172.
As previous but rev., below, CALD; in ex., control-mark. Crawford 318.1b. 104 BC. 3.59g.; 6; control mark: •B•; Mus. No. 0106 3.65g.; 7; control mark: :Q; Mus. No. 0431 3.65g.; 3; control mark: :A:; Mus. No. 0512
Obv. Rev. 173. 174. 175. 176. 177. 178.
Helmeted head of Mars l. Roman soldier protecting fallen comrade against barbarian; in ex., Q THERM MF. Crawford 319. 103BC. 3.54g.; 5; Mus. No. 0004 3.68g.; 9; Mus. No. 0072 3.61g.; 6; Mus. No. 0203 3.61g.; 1; Mus. No. 0299 3.28g.; 12; Mus. No. 0348 3.62g.; 12; Mus. No. 0419
185.
B, dot above; in ex., LENT MAR F. Crawford 329.1a. 100 BC. 3.60g.; 11; Mus. No. 0297
186.
As previous but obv., to r., control-mark: G; rev., to l., control-mark: G. Crawford 329.1b. 100 BC. 3.44g.; 12; Mus. No. 0559
Obv. Rev. 187. Obv. Rev.
Obv. Rev. 179. Obv.
Bust of Ceres l.; to r., CAECIAN. Yoke of oxen l.; above, control-mark: K?; in ex. L CASSI. Crawford 321. 102 BC. 3.53g.; 7; Mus. No. 0546
180.
Bust of Cybele r., wearing turreted crown and veil; to l., control mark: M. Victory in biga r., holding goad in r. hand, reins in l.; below, bird; in ex., C FABI CF. Crawford 322.1a. 102 BC. 2.92g.; 9; Mus. No. 0558
181.
As previous but obv., to l., EX APV; rev., to l. of bird, control mark: K, dot below. Crawford 322.1b. 102 BC. 3.61g.; 4; Mus. No. 0209
Rev.
188. 189. Obv. Rev.
190.
Obv. Rev. 182. Obv. Rev. 183. Obv. Rev. 184. Obv. Rev.
Obv. Rev.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., PV. Victory in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; below, M LVCILI; above, RVF. Crawford 324. 101 BC. 2.80g.; 11; Mus. No. 0483
191. Obv.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., control-mark: H. Two soldiers fighting; to either side, a horse; in ex., M SERVEILI CF and control mark: S. Crawford 327. 100 BC. 3.07g.; 12; Mus. No. 0102
Rev.
192. Obv. Rev.
Helmeted bust of Minerva l.; to r., RVLLI. Victory in biga r., holding palm-branch in l. hand, reins in r.; below, P; in ex., P SERVILI MF. Crawford 328. 100 BC. 3.64g.; 2; Mus. No. 0337
193. 194. 195.
Bust of Hercules r. seen from behind, club over l. shoulder; to l., shield and control-mark: B; below, ROMA. Roma standing facing, holding spear in r. hand; to r., figure crowning her with r. hand and holding cornucopia in l.; between, control-mark:
Obv. Rev. 196.
12
Laureate head of Saturn r.; to l., harpa; below, control mark: bow; PISO CAEPIO Q. Two male figures seated on bench l.; to l. and r., corn-ear; in ex., AD FRV EMV EX SC. Crawford 330.1a. 100 BC. 3.69g.; 9; Mus. No. 0100 Laureate head of Apollo r.; below, star; to l., L METEL; to r., A ALB SF. Roma seated l. on pile of shields, holding sword in l. hand, spear in r., crowned from behind by Victory; to l., C MALL; in ex., ROMA. Crawford 335.1b. c. 96 BC. 3.66g.; 3; Mus. No. 0057 3.50g.; 7; Mus. No. 0576 Helmeted head of Mars r. Naked warrior standing l., holding spear in r. hand and placing foot on cuirass; to l., trophy; to r., prow and grasshopper; to r., C MAL. Crawford 335.3d. c. 96 BC. 3.54g.; 6; Mus. No. 0286 Female head r., wearing diadem; to l., BALA; to r., control mark: C. Diana in biga of stags r., holding sceptre and reins in l. hand, torch in r.; below, control-mark: anchor and dot; in ex., C ALLI. Crawford 336.1c. 92 BC. 3.47g.; 9; Mus. No. 0586 Head of Salus r. within torque as border; below, SALVS; to r., control-mark: A. Victory in biga r., holding palm-branch and reins in l. hand, whip in r.; below control-mark: grasshopper; in ex., D SILANVS LF. Crawford 337.2e. 91 BC. 3.59g.; 6; Mus. No. 0458 Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., control-mark. Victory in biga r., holding reins in both hands; above, control-mark; in ex., D SILANVS LF ROMA, Crawford 337.3. 91 BC. 3.66g.; 7; obv., control mark: T; Mus. No. 0132 3.57g.; 7; obv., control mark: B; Mus. No. 0192 3.53g.; 8; Mus. No. 0273 Laureate head of Apollo r. Horseman galloping r., holding palm-branch, torch or whip; L PISO FRVGI. Crawford 340.1. 90BC. 3.62g.; 8; obv., to l., control mark: star, to r., L; Mus. No. 0003
CATALOGUE 197.
205.
3.49g.; 1; obv., to l., control-mark: XXVII; rev., above, control-mark: XXXV; Mus. No. 0038 3.44g.; 12; rev., above, control-mark: cithera; Mus. No. 0051 3.50g.; 5; rev., above, control-mark: •XVII; Mus. No. 0165 3.61g.; 9; obv., to r., control-mark: M; rev., above, control-mark: ram’s head; below, ROMA; Mus. No. 0230 3.58g.; 9; rev., above, control-mark: XCIII; Mus. No. 0306 3.77g.; 3; obv., to l., control mark: LXXV?; rev., above, control-mark: XCVIIII; below, controlmark; Mus. No. 0351 3.49g.; 12; obv., to l., control mark: double axe?; Mus. No. 0561 3.54g.; 2; obv., to l., control mark: anchor; Mus. No. 1132 3.64g.; 3; Mus. No. 1133
206.
As previous but obv., to l. control-mark; rev. horseman galloping l., holding torch; to r. above, star. Crawford 340.1. 90 BC. 3.75g.; 5; Mus. No. 0240
198. 199. 200. 201. 202. 203. 204.
Obv. Rev. 207. 208. 209. 210.
223.
3.66g.; 9; Mus. No.0589
Obv. Rev.
Female bust r.; to l., ROMA; below, M CATO. Victory seated r., holding patera in r. hand, palm-branch over l. shoulder; in ex. VICTRIX. Crawford 343.1b. 89 BC. 3.71g.; 9; Mus. No. 0418 3.51g.; 8; Mus. No. 0433 3.54g.; 1; Mus. No. 0516
224. 225. 226. Obv.
227. 228. 229. 230. 231. 232.
Bearded head of King Tatius r.; to l., SABIN; to r., TA as monogram. Rape of the Sabine women; in ex., L TITVRI. Crawford 344.1a. 89 BC. 3.49g.; 3; Mus. No. 0272 3.56g.; 11; Mus. No. 0398 3.70g.; 3; Mus. No. 0403 3.74g.; 1; Mus. No. 0484 3.39g.; 9; Mus. No. 0502 3.69g.; 7; Mus. No. 0529
233.
As previous but obv., to r., A PV and palm branch. Crawford 344.1c. 89 BC. 3.51g.; 9; Mus. No. 1105
234. 235.
As previous but obv., distinguishing marks obscured. Crawford 344.1. 89 BC. 3.34g.; 6; Mus. No. 0328 3.34g.; 7; Mus. No. 0476
Rev.
Bearded head r., wearing winged diadem. Pegasus r.; below, Q TITI. Crawford 341.1. 90 BC. 3.59g.; 3; Mus. No. 0080 3.73g.; 6; Mus. No. 0091 3.62g.; 9; Mus. No. 0269 3.72g.; 4; Mus. No. 1118
Obv.
236. 237. 238. 239. 240.
Bearded head of King Tatius r.; to l., SABIN; to r., palm branch. Slaying of Tarpeia; above, star in crescent; in ex., L TITVRI. Crawford 344.2b. 89 BC. 3.37g.; 6; Mus. No. 0035 3.66g.; 12; Mus. No. 0048 3.59g.; 10; Mus. No. 0370 3.74g.; 1; Mus. No. 0438 3.24g.; 6; Mus. No. 0452
241.
As previous but, obv., distinguishing mark obscured. Crawford 344.2. 89 BC. 3.66g.; 6; Mus. No. 0166
Rev. Obv. Rev. 211. Obv. Rev. 212. 213. 214. 215. 216. 217. 218. 219. 220. 221. 222.
Head of Liber r., wearing ivy-wreath. Pegasus r.; below, Q TITI. Crawford 341.2. 90 BC. 3.62g.; 7; Mus. No. 0059 Laureate head of Apollo r.; to l., PANSA; to r., control mark. Minerva in quadriga r., holding spear and reins in l. hand, trophy in r.; in ex., C VIBIVS CF. Crawford 342.5b. 90 BC. 3.61g.; 7; Mus. No. 0022 3.69g.; 9; Mus. No. 0026 3.69g.; 8; Mus. No. 0159 3.72g.; 12; Mus. No. 0195 3.60g.; 6; Mus. No. 0208 3.53g.; 6; control mark: wreath; Mus. No. 0263 3.34g.; 3; Mus. No. 0355 3.50g.; 3; Mus. No. 0459 3.76g.; 8; Mus. No. 1101 3.45g.; 1; Mus. No. 1102 3.78g.; 9; Mus. No. 1146
Obv. Rev. 242. 243. 244. Obv. Rev.
Obv. Rev.
Minerva in quadriga l., holding spear and reins in r. hand, trophy in l. Minerva in quadriga r., holding spear and reins in l. hand, trophy in r.; in ex., C VIBIVS CF. Crawford 342.6a. 90 BC.
245. 246.
13
Bearded head of King Tatius r.; to l., SABIN. Victory in biga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; below, L TITVRI; in ex., controlmark. Crawford 344.3. 89 BC. 3.85g.; 7; Mus. No. 0006 3.79g.; 3; control mark: H; Mus. No. 0011 3.76g.; 4; control mark: M; Mus. No. 1104 Helmeted bust of Mars r. seen from behind, spear over l. shoulder, sword over r. Victory in biga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; in ex., CN LENTVL. Crawford 345.1. 88 BC. 3.87g.; 6; Mus. No. 0142 3.66g.; 4; Mus. No. 0248
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII Obv. Rev. 247.
Jugate heads of Numa Pompilius and Ancus Marcius r.; to l., control mark. Desultor r., holding whip in r. hand; below control mark: two birds?; in ex., C CENSO. Crawford 346.1. 88 BC. 3.55g.; 12; Mus. No. 0577
271. 272. 273. 274.
Obv. Rev. 248. Obv. Rev. 249. 250. Obv. Rev. 251. Obv. Rev. 252. 253. 254. 255. 256. 257. 258. 259. 260. 261. 262. 263. 264. 265. 266. Obv. Rev.
267. 268. 269. 270.
Diademed head of Apollo r. Horse galloping r.; below, Crawford 346.2b. 88 BC. 3.77g.; 2; Mus. No. 0184
C
CENSOR.
275. 276.
Laureate head of Jupiter r., sceptre over shoulder; below, DOSSEN. Triumphal quadriga r., its side decorated with thunderbolt; above, Victory with wreath; in ex., L RVBRI. Crawford 348.1. 87 BC. 3.50g.; 3; Mus. No. 0139 3.48g.; 9; Mus. No. 0486
277. Obv.
Head of Apollo r., wearing oak-wreath; below, thunderbolt. Jupiter in quadriga r., hurling thunderbolt with r. hand, holding reins in l. Crawford 350A/1/2. 86 BC. 3.73g.; 7; Mus. No. 0052 3.68g.; 2; Mus. No. 0088 3.62g.; 6; Mus. No. 0113 3.48g.; 6; Mus. No. 0119 3.51g.; 6; Mus. No. 0130 3.29g.; 6; Mus. No. 0199 3.35g.; 6; Mus. No. 0202 3.42g.; 5; Mus. No. 0447 3.35g.; 6; Mus. No. 0470 3.03g.; 6; Mus. No. 0489 2.71g.; 10; Mus. No. 0504 3.82g.; 5; Mus. No. 0521 3.43g.; 7; Mus. No. 0544 3.78g.; 9; Mus. No. 1106 3.75g.; 4; Mus. No. 1107
280. 281. 282.
As previous but obv., to l., MN FONTEI; to r., CF; rev., pileus to each side of goat. Crawford 353.1d. 85 BC. 3.57g.; 11; Mus. No. 0058 3.58g.; 6; Mus. No. 0148 3.24g.; 6; Mus. No. 0537
Obv. Rev. 283. Obv. Rev. 284. 285. Obv. Rev. 286. 287.
Male head r. with attributes of Apollo, Mercury and Neptune; to l., control-mark (often unidentifiable). Victory in quadriga, holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; at times in field, control mark; in ex. L IVLI BVRSIO (where legible). Crawford 352.1. 85 BC. 3.81g.; 8; obv., to l., control mark: cithera: rev., above, control mark: LVII; Mus. No. 0065 3.23g.; 3; Mus. No. 0232 3.57g.; 3; Mus. No. 0255 3.65g.; 6; obv., control mark: cithera; Mus. No. 0288
Obv. Rev. 288. Obv. Rev.
14
278. 279.
Laureate head of Apollo r.; below, thunderbolt; to l., MN FONTEI CF; to r., AP as monogram. Cupid on goat r.; above, pilei; in ex., thyrsus. Crawford 353.1a. 85 BC. 3.26g.; 11; Mus. No. 0343 3.61g.; 4; Mus. No. 0533
Rev.
Laureate head of Saturn l.; to r., harpa; to l., control mark; below, EX SC. Venus in biga r., holding sceptre in l. hand, reins in both hands; above, Cupid with wreath; in ex., L C MEMIES LF. Crawford 349. 87BC. 3.57g.; 5; Mus. No. 0125
3.67g.; 8; obv., control mark: fish; rev., below, control mark: Q; Mus. No. 0414 3.36g.; 6; obv., control mark: conical object?; Mus. No. 0436 3.74g.; 6; obv., control mark: double axe; Mus. No. 0485 3.66g.; 7; obv. control mark: astragalus?; Mus. No. 0503 3.60g.; 6; obv., control mark: helmet?; Mus. No. 0525 3.63g.; 7; obv. control mark: thunderbolt; rev., above, control mark: :G; Mus. No. 0591 2.95g.; 8; obv. control mark: sword/baton?; Mus. No. 1130
Bust of Apollo l., seen from behind, thunderbolt in r. hand. Minerva in quadriga r., holding shield and reins in l. hand, spear in r.; in ex., C LICINIVS LF MACER. Crawford 354.1. 84 BC. 3.66g.; 6; Mus. No. 0397 Head of Cybele r., wearing turreted crown; to l., AED CVR and deformed foot. Curule chair inscribed Q FOVRIVS; in ex., CRASSIPES. Crawford 356.1a. 84 BC. 3.56g.; 12; Mus. No. 0005 3.96g.; 8; Mus. No. 0187 Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; to l., controlmark; below, C NORBANVS. Corn-ear, fasces with axe and caduceus. Crawford 357.1b. 83 BC. 3.32g.; 6; control mark: CXV; Mus. No. 0425 3.43g.; 6; Mus. No. 1115 Laureate head r., to l., sceptre; to r., controlmark: bird?. Horseman r., brandishing spear; in ex., P CREPVSI. Crawford 361. 82 BC. 3.98g.; 8; Mus. No. 0280 Bust of Mercury r., caduceus over shoulder; to l., control mark. Ulysses standing r., holding staff in l. hand, extending r. hand to dog; to l., C MAMIL; to r., LIMETAN. Crawford 362. 82 BC.
CATALOGUE 289. 290.
3.73g.; 2; Mus. No. 0386 3.64g.; 11; Mus. No. 0540
Obv. Rev.
Laureate head of Apollo r.; to l., control mark. Marsyas walking l., r. arm raised and holding wine-skin over l. shoulder; to r. column and control mark; to l., L CENSOR. Crawford 363.1a. 82 BC. 3.86g.; 7; obv., to l., control mark: shield; rev., to r., control-mark: K; Mus. No. 0384
291.
292. 293. 294. 295.
Obv. Rev. 311. 312. Obv. Rev.
As previous but no control marks visible. cf. Crawford 363.1d. 82 BC. 3.71g.; 9; Mus. No. 0056 3.55g.; 2; Mus. No. 0183 3.79g.; 3; Mus. No. 0186 3.60g.; 3; Mus. No. 0196
313. 314. Obv. Rev.
Obv. Rev.
296. 297.
Laureate head of Jupiter r.; to l., SC. Victory in quadriga r., holding palm-branch and reins in l. hand, wreath in r.; in ex., Q ANTO BALB PR. Crawford 364.1a (any original control marks obscured). 83-82 BC. 3.73g.; 10; Mus. No. 0134 3.68g.; 12; Mus. No. 0553
298. 299. 300.
As previous but obv., to r., control mark. Crawford 364.1c. 83-82 BC. 3.01g.; 12; control-mark: T; Mus. No. 0062 3.45g.; 10; control mark: X; Mus. No. 0086 3.59g.; 6; control mark: N•; Mus. No. 0206
301. 302. 303. 304. 305.
As Crawford 364.1a but rev., below, control mark. Crawford 364.1d. 83-82 BC. 3.67g.; 5; control mark: M; Mus. No. 0034 3.59g.; 12; control mark: V; Mus. No. 0167 3.63g.; 6; control mark: G; Mus. No. 0224 3.40g.; 11; control mark: F; Mus. No. 0411 3.47g.; 9; control mark: H; Mus. No. 0482
315. 316. 317. Obv. Rev. 318. Obv.
306. Obv.
307. 308. 309.
Female bust r., wearing diadem; to l., caduceus; to r., scales; C ANNI TF TN PRO COS EX SC. Victory in quadriga r., holding palm-branch in r. hand, reins in l.; above, Q; in ex., L FABI LF HISP. Crawford 366.1. 82-81 BC. 3.28g.; 1; Mus. No. 0084 3.00g.; 8; Mus. No. 0292 3.65g.; 10: Mus. No. 0366
310.
As previous but obv., female head r., wearing diadem; to r., scales; rev., below horses, control mark: H; in ex., L FABI LF. Crawford 366.3b. 82-81 BC. 3.62g.; 3; Mus. No. 0326
Rev.
Head of Pietas r., wearing diadem; to r., stork. Jug and lituus within laurel-wreath border; in ex., IMPER. Crawford 374.2. 81 BC. 3.74g.; 1; Mus. No. 0082
320.
As previous but obv., CAPIT and control-mark: LIII; to r., control-mark: anchor?; rev., in ex., C MARI CF SC. Crawford 378.1c. 81 BC. 3.56g.; 7; Mus. No. 0585
Obv. Rev. 321. 322. Obv. Rev. 323.
Obv. Rev.
15
Head of Hispania r., wearing veil; to l., HISPAN. Togate figure l. with r. hand raised, standing between legionary eagle and fasces; A POST AF SN ALBIN. Crawford 372.2. 81 BC. 3.65g.; 4; Mus. No. 0266 3.59g.; 3; Mus. No. 0501 3.54g.; 3; Mus. No. 0513
319.
324.
Bust of Diana r. with bow and quiver over shoulder; above, bucranium. Rock, on which stands lit altar; to l., bull; to r., togate figure holding aspergulum; A POST AF SN ALBIN. Crawford 372.1. 81 BC. 3.60g.; 12; Mus. No. 0149 3.08g.; 7; Mus. No. 0223
Bust of Ceres r.; to r., control-mark: XVIII; C MARI CF CAPIT. Ploughman with yoke of oxen l.; above, controlmark: XVIII. Crawford 378.1a. 81 BC. 3.71g.; 10; Mus. No. 0478
Rev.
As Crawford 364.1a but obv., to r., control mark; rev., below, control mark. Crawford 364.1e. 83-82 BC. 3.59g.; 6; obv., control mark: Q; rev., controlmark: A; Mus. No. 0193
Helmeted head of Roma r.; L MANLI PRO Q. Triumphator, crowned by flying Victory, in quadriga r.; in ex., [L SVLLA IMP]. Crawford 367. 82 BC. 3.75g.; 3; Mus. No. 0198 3.51g.; 5; Mus. No. 0415
Laureate head of Jupiter r.; to l., SC. Juno Sospita standing r., holding shield in l. hand, hurling spear with r.; to r., snake; to l., L PROCILI F. Crawford 379.1. 80BC. 3.61g.; 2; Mus. No. 0018 3.35g.; 6; Mus. No. 0075 Helmeted bust of Roma r.; to l., ROMA; above, control-mark. Hercules l. strangling Nemean lion; at feet, club; to l., bow and quiver; above, control-mark; to r., C POBLICI QF. Crawford 380. 80 BC. 3.58g.; 6; obv. and rev., control mark: D; Mus. No. 0252 3.71g.; 9; obv. and rev., control mark: G; Mus. No. 0547 Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; to l., SC; to r., control-mark. Victory in triga r., holding reins in both hands; in ex., C NAE BALB. Crawford 382.1a. 79 BC.
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII 325. 326.
327. 328. 329. 330. 331. 332.
3.53g.; 4; control mark: C; Mus. No. 0235 3.60g.; 7; control mark: K; Mus. No. 0464
Obv. Rev.
As previous but obv., no control-mark; rev., above, control mark. Crawford 382.1b. 79 BC. 3.59g.; 3; control mark: CCXV; Mus. No. 0101 3.76g.; 6; control mark: CLV; Mus. No. 0153 3.62g.; 3; control mark: XV; Mus. No. 0168 3.64g.; 6; control mark: VIIII; Mus. No. 0287 3.74g.; 12; control mark: CXVII; Mus. No. 0364 3.41g.; 6; control mark: Q?; Mus. No. 0375
349. 350. 351. 352. Obv. Rev.
356.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., control-mark. She-wolf l.; above, ROMA; in ex., P SATRIENVS. Crawford 388.1b. 77BC. 3.70g.; 9; control mark: LXXXIIII; Mus. No. 0071 3.53g.; 1; control mark: CV; Mus. No. 0225 3.42g.; 3; control mark: LXXXVIIII; Mus. No. 0332 3.60g.; 12; Mus. No. 1050
Obv. Rev. 357. 358.
Helmeted head of Minerva r.; to l., SC; to r., X. Ram r.; in ex., L RVSTI. Crawford 389. 76 BC. 3.68g.; 6; Mus. No. 0068 3.58g.; 6; Mus. No. 0471
Obv. Rev.
Radiate Head of Sol r. Crescent surrounded by seven stars; above, TRIO; below, L LVCRETI. Crawford 390.1. 76 BC. 3.67g.; 12; Mus. No. 0027 3.65g.; 6; Mus. No. 0404
353. Obv. Rev.
333. 334. 335. 336. 337.
Bust of Diana r., with bow and quiver over shoulder; to r., SC. Victory in biga r., holding palm-branch and reins in l. hand, wreath in r.; below, control-mark; in ex., TI CLAVD TI F AP N. Crawford 383. 79 BC. 3.55g.; 3; control mark: A LXXII; Mus. No. 0109 3.59g.; 11; control mark: A I; Mus. No. 0233 3.45g.; 11; control mark: CLI; Mus. No. 0290 3.50g.; 3; control mark: CVII; Mus. No. 0323 3.80g.; 9; control mark: LXXXI; Mus. No. 0441
354. 355.
Head of Juno Sospita r., wearing horned headdress; to l., control-mark. Rev. Gryphon leaping r., below, control-mark; in ex., L PAPI. Crawford 384. 79 BC. Control marks for this series consist of paired symbols, at times unidentifiable. They are tabulated by Crawford, pl. LXVI-LXVII, to which the individual numbers given below refer. At times, however, only one symbol is visible, making certainty elusive. 338. 3.50g.; 5; control marks: Cr. 42 (?/?); Mus. No. 0174 339. 3.38g.; 6; control marks: Cr. 14 (bucanium/ double axe); Mus. No. 0204 340. 3.84g.; 7; control marks: Cr. 35 (?/?); Mus. No. 0207 341. 3.51g.; 12; control marks: Cr. 86 (sceptre/curved sword); Mus. No. 0211 342. 3.67g.; 6; control marks: 160 (arrow/club); Mus. No. 0220 343. 3.65g.; 12; control marks: Cr. 86 (sceptre/curved sword); Mus. No. 0243 344. 3.72g.; 6; control marks: Cr. 167 (corn-ear/ locust); Mus. No. 0275 345. 3.68g.; 6; control marks: Cr. 90? (sickle/basket); Mus. No. 0294 346. 3.56g.; 7; control marks: Cr. 35 (?/?); Mus. No. 0329 347. 3.61g.; 6; control marks: Cr. 40 (plasterer’s float/trowel); Mus. No. 0368 348. 3.32g.; 5; control marks: Cr. 162 (saw/saw); Mus. No. 1123
Obv.
359. 360. Obv. Rev. 361. Obv. Rev.
362. Obv.
Bust of Venus r., wearing diadem, with Cupid on shoulder; to l., MAXSVMVS. Libertas in biga l., crowned by flying Victory; in ex., C EGNATIVS CN F CN N. Crawford 391.1. 75 BC. 3.63g.; 4; Mus. No. 0360 Bust of Libertas r., wearing diadem; to l., [MAXSVMVS]. Roma and Venus standing facing, each holding staff in r. hand; Roma holds sword in l. hand and places l. foot on wolf’s head; Cupid about to alight on Venus’ r. shoulder; on either side, rudder standing on prow; below, [C EGNATIVS CN F]; to r., CN N. Crawford 391.3. 75 BC. 3.44g.; 3; Mus. No. 0293
363.
Head of Libertas r., wearing diadem; to l., pileus and control-mark: VT; to r., MENSOR SC. Warrior holding spear in biga r., assisting togate figure into biga with r. hand; below, scorpion; in ex., L FARSVLEI. Crawford 392.1a. 75 BC. 3.59g.; 7; Mus. No. 0060
364. 365.
As previous but obv. to l., SC, no control-mark; rev. below horses, control-mark, no scorpion. Crawford 392.1b. 75 BC. 3.59g.; 7; control mark: XXIII; Mus. No. 0133 2.87g.; 7; control mark: II; Mus. No. 0393
Rev.
16
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., FLAC. Victory in biga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; in ex., L RVTILI. Crawford 387. 77 BC. 3.51g.; 12; Mus. No. 0390 3.63g.; 8; Mus. No. 1049 3.08g.; 6; Mus. No. 1108 3.43g.; 7; Mus. No. 1109
CATALOGUE Obv.
366. 367. 368. 369. 370. 371. 372.
Male head r., hair tied with band, sceptre over shoulder; above, GPR. Wreathed sceptre, globe and rudder; to l., EX; to r., SC; below, CN LEN Q. Crawford 393.1a. 7675 BC. 3.71g.; 7; Mus. No. 0010 3.51g.; 3; Mus. No. 0021 3.73g.; 6; Mus. No. 0025 3.63g.; 6; Mus. No. 0239 3.69g.; 7; Mus. No. 0432 3.36g.; 5; Mus. No. 0481 3.62g.; 5; Mus. No. 1045
373. 374.
As previous but rev., below, LENT CVR X F. Crawford 393.1b. 76-75 BC. 3.50g.; 6; Mus. No. 0372 3.61g.; 2; Mus. No. 0518
Rev.
Obv. Rev. 375. Obv. Rev. 376. Obv. Rev. 377.
385. Obv. Rev. 386. Obv. Rev. 387. 388. Obv. Rev.
Bust of Diana r., bow and quiver over shoulder. Hound running r.; below, spear; in ex., C POSTVMI AT. Crawford 394.1a. 74 BC. 3.96g.; 6; Mus. No. 0566
389. Obv.
Head of Medusa l., to r., SABVLA. Bellerophon on Pegasus r., brandishing spear with r. hand; below, L COSSVTI CF. Crawford 395. 74 BC. 3.71g.; 5; Mus. No. 0440
Rev. 390. Obv. Rev.
Bust of Amphitrite r. seen from behind. Neptune in biga of sea-horses r., brandishing trident in r. hand, holding reins in l. (motif obscured). Crawford 399. 72 BC. 3.89g.; 3; Mus. No. 0534
391. 392.
Obv. Rev.
378. Obv. Rev.
379. 380. 381. 382. 383. 384. Obv. Rev.
Helmeted head of Mars r., helmet with plume and crest; below, NASO; to r., [SC]. Diana in biga of stags, holding spear in r. hand, reins in l.; to l., two dogs and control mark; below, dog; in ex., L AXIVS LF. Crawford 400.1b. 71 BC. 3.65g.; 5; Mus. No. 0568
393. 394. Obv.
Helmeted bust of Virtus r.; to l., III VIR; to r., VIRTVS. Warrior holding shield in l. hand and raising fallen figure with r.; below SICIL; to r., MN AQVIL; to l., MN F MN N. Crawford 401. 71 BC. 3.64g.; 6; Mus. No. 0145 3.61g.; 6; Mus. No. 0236 3.83g.; 6; Mus. No. 0356 3.36g.; 6; Mus. No. 0451 3.62g.; 5; Mus. No. 0487 3.75g.; 5; Mus. No. 0500
Rev.
Jugate heads of Honos and Virtus r.; to l., HO; to r., VIRT; below, KALENI. Italia on l. and Roma r. clasping hands; between them, cornucopia; to l., caduceus; Roma holds fasces in l. hand and places r. foot on globe; to l.,
400. 401. 402.
395. 396. 397. 398. 399. Obv. Rev.
17
ITAL as monogram; to r. RO. Crawford 403. 70 BC. 3.64g.; 6; Mus. No. 0420 Female bust r., to l., control-mark: dolphin. Winged caduceus; to r., M PLAETORI; to l., CEST EX SC. Crawford 405.3b. 69 BC. 3.56g.; 3; Mus. No. 0079 Male head r. with flowing hair; to l., controlmark. Winged caduceus; to r., M PLAETORI; to l., CEST EX SC. Crawford 405.5. 69 BC. 3.65g.; 6; Mus. No. 0105 3.77g.; 4; control mark: A; Mus. No. 0270 Head of Vesta r., wearing veil. Knife, culullus and axe; to l., AE; to r., CVR; in ex., P GALB. Crawford 406. 69 BC. 3.53g.; 3; Mus. No. 0554 Bust of Diana r., bow and quiver over shoulder; to r, [GETA]; to l., [III VIR]. Boar pierced by spear and attacked by hound; in ex., G HOSIDI GF. Crawford 407.2. 68 BC. 3.63g.; 6; Mus. No.1120 Laureate head of Apollo r.; to l., control-mark. Horseman riding r., holding palm over shoulder; below, C PISO L F FRVGI (or variant); at times control-mark above and/or below. Crawford 408. 69 BC. 3.86g.; 6; obv., control mark: cornucopia, rev., control mark: dolphin? and S; Mus. No. 0089 3.76g.; 6; obv., control mark: CCL; rev., control mark: hook; Mus. No. 0124 3.68g.; 6; obv., control mark: ivy leaf; rev., control mark: 2; Mus. No. 0177 3.68g.; 5; rev., control mark: O; Mus. No. 0188 Bust r. with attributes of Isis, Minerva, Apollo, Diana and Victory; to l., CESTIANVS; to r., cornucopia and SC. Eagle on thunderbolt; M PLAETORIVS MF AED CVR. Crawford 409.1. 67 BC. 3.26g.; 6; Mus. No. 0054 3.72g.; 6; Mus. No. 0210 3.58g.; 6; Mus. No. 0300 3.76g.; 6; Mus. No. 0429 3.90g.; 3; Mus. No. 0494 Head of Cybele r.; to l., forepart of lion; to r., globe; to l., CESTIANVS. Curule chair; to l., control mark; M PLAETORIVS AED CVR EX SC. Crawford 409.2. 67 BC. 3.71g.; 6; Mus. No. 0268 3.37g.; 5; Mus. No. 0392 3.40g.; 6; control mark: double axe; Mus. No. 0590
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII Obv. Rev. 403. Obv. Rev.
404. Obv. Rev.
405.
Laureate head of Apollo r.; to l., scroll. Clio standing l., holding scroll in r. hand and resting l. elbow on column; to r., Q POMPONI; to l., MVSA. Crawford 410.3. 66 BC. 3.55g.; 5; Mus. No. 0095
Obv. Rev. 419. 420. 421. 422. 423. 424. 425. 426. 427.
Laureate head of Apollo r.; to l., sceptre. Melpomene standing facing, wearing sword and holding club in r. hand, tragic mask in l.; to r., Q POMPONI; to l., MVSA. Crawford 410.4. 66 BC. 3.52g.; 7; Mus. No. 0131 Laureate head of Apollo r.; to l., star. Urania standing l., holding rod in r. hand and pointing to globe set on tripod; to r., Q POMPONI; to l., MVSA. Crawford 410.8. 66 BC. 3.71g.; 3; Mus. No. 0140
Obv. Rev.
Obv.
Head of Juno Sospita r., wearing horned headdress; to l., control-mark; below, L ROSCI. Rev. Girl standing r. and snake l. facing one another; to l., control-mark; in ex., FABATI. Crawford 412. 64 BC. Control marks for this series consist of paired symbols, at times unidentifiable. They are tabulated by Crawford, pl. LXVIII-LXIX, to which the individual numbers given below refer. At times, however, wear makes certainty elusive. 406. 3.79g.; 5; control marks: Cr. 31/167? (curry comb/?); Mus. No. 0349 407. 3.65g.; 6; control marks: Cr. 162 (sickle/cornsheaf); Mus. No. 0495
428. Obv.
429.
430.
As previous but rev., to r., TVTOR REG; to l. PONT MAX. Crawford 419.2 (variant). 61 BC. 3.84g.; 6; Mus. No. 0416
Rev.
Rev. 408. 409. 410. Obv. Rev. 411. 412. Obv. Rev. 413. 414. 415. 416. 417. 418.
Head of Vesta l., wearing veil and diadem; to l., control-mark; to r., dish. Voter dropping tablet marked V into cista; to r., LONGIN III V. Crawford 413. 63 BC. 3.52g.; 6; control mark: A; Mus. No. 0181 3.54g.; 7; control mark: C?; Mus. No. 0247 3.61g.; 4; control mark: L; Mus. No. 0335
Rev. 431. Obv.
Head of Ceres r.; to l., corn-ear; to r. barleygrain; to l., III, to r., VIR; below, BROCCHI. Curule chair; on either side, fasces; above, L FVRI CN F. Crawford 414. 63 BC. 3.64g.; 7; Mus. No. 0156 2.94g.; 4; Mus. No. 0325
Rev.
Head of Concordia r., wearing veil and diadem; to l., PAVLLVS LEPIDVS; to r., CONCORDIA. Trophy; above, TER; to l., three captives; to r., togate figure; in ex. PAVLLVS. Crawford 415. 62 BC. 3.70g.; 4; Mus. No. 0097 3.45g.; 6; Mus. No. 0123 3.70g.; 6; Mus. No. 0161 3.72g.; 3; Mus. No. 0282 3.61g.; 6; Mus. No. 0607 3.51g.; 7; Mus. No. 1117
Obv.
432.
Rev.
433. 434. 18
Head of Concordia r., wearing veil and diadem; to l., PAVLLVS LEPIDVS; to r., CONCORD. Puteal decorated with garland and two lyres; at base, hammer; above, PVTEAL SCRIBON; below, LIBO. Crawford 417. 62 BC. 3.76g.; 6; Mus. No. 0514 Female head r., turreted and wearing diadem; below, ALEXANDREA. Togate figure standing on r., crowning figure holding staff; to l., TVTOR REG; to r., PONF MAX; above, SC; below, M LEPIDVS. Crawford 419.2. 61 BC. 3.49g.; 6; Mus. No. 0407
Obv. Obv.
Head of Bonus Eventus r.; to l., LIBO; to r., BON EVENT. Puteal decorated with garland and two lyres; at base, hammer; above PVTEAL; below, SCRIBON. Crawford 416.1a. 62 BC. 3.68g.; 4; Mus. No. 0009 3.74g.; 5; hammer uncertain; Mus. No. 0122 3.04g.; 5; Mus. No. 0259 3.79g.; 6; Mus. No. 0316 3.85g.; 6; Mus. No. 0346 3.75g.; 5; Mus. No. 0497 3.72g.; 6; Mus. No. 0581 3.68g.; 5; Mus. No. 0587 3.59g.; 6; Mus. No. 1124
Head of Neptune r.; to l., trident; to r., P YPSAE SC. Jupiter in quadriga l., hurling thunderbolt with r. hand, holding reins in l.; to r., [CEPIT]; below, C YPSAE COS PRIV. Crawford 420.1. 60 BC. 3.49g.; 6; Mus. No. 0281 Head of Saturn r.; to l., harpa and oval object, SC; to r., SVFENAS. Roma seated l. on pile of armour, holding sceptre in r. hand, sword in l.; behind, Victory standing l., holding palm-branch in l. hand and crowning Roma with r.; PR L V P F; in ex., SEX NONI. Crawford 421. 59 BC. 3.58g.; 9; Mus. No. 0394 Camel r.; to r., kneeling figure, holding olive branch in r. hand, reins in l.; above, M SCAVR AED CVR; to l. and r., EX SC; below, REX ARETAS. Jupiter in quadriga l., hurling thunderbolt with r. hand, holding reins in l.; below horses, scorpion; above, P HVPSAE AED CVR; below, C HVPSAE COS PREIVE; to r., CAPTV (inscriptions may vary). Crawford 422.1b. 58 BC. 3.81g.; 7; Mus. No. 0352 3.33g.; 6; rev., no scorpion?; Mus. No. 0417
CATALOGUE 435. 436.
3.73g.; 1; Mus. No. 0430 3.66g.; 5; Mus. No. 0444
Obv.
Head of Flora r.; to l., lituus; to r., FLORAL PRIMVS. Two soldiers facing one another and presenting swords; in ex., C SERVEIL; to r., CF. Crawford 423. 57 BC. 3.56g.; 2; Mus. No. 0126 3.95g.; 8; Mus. No. 0305
Obv. Rev.
Rev. 437. 438. Obv. Rev.
439. 440. 441. 442. 443. 444. 445. Obv. Rev. 446. 447. Obv. Rev. 448. 449.
457. 458. 459. Obv.
Head of Ancus Marcius r., wearing diadem; to l., lituus; below, ANCVS. Aqueduct on which stands equestrian statue; at horse’s feet, flower; to l., PHILIPPVS; within arches of aqueduct, AQVAMAR (or variant). Crawford 425. 56 BC. 3.97g.; 11; Mus. No. 0066 3.62g.; 6; Mus. No. 0090 3.75g.; 4; Mus. No. 0234 3.84g.; 6; Mus. No. 0258 3.67g.; 3; Mus. No. 0492 3.83g.; 7; Mus. No. 0539 3.40g.; 12; Mus. No. 0572
Rev. 460. Obv. Rev. 461. 462. 463. 464. 465. 466.
Bust of Venus r., wearing diadem; to. l., sceptre and SC. Three trophies; to l., jug; to r., lituus; in ex., FAVSTVS as monogram. Crawford 426.3. 56 BC. 3.71g.; 6; Mus. No. 0331 3.11g.; 5; Mus. No. 0382
Obv. Rev. 467. 468. 469.
Head of Ceres r.; to r., C MEMMI CF. Trophy; at foot, kneeling captive with hands tied behind back; to r., C MEMMIVS; to l., IMPERATOR. Crawford 427.1. 56 BC. 3.50g.; 9; Mus. No. 0014 3.61g.; 6; Mus. No. 0284
Obv. Rev. 470. Obv.
Obv.
450.
Head of Vesta r., wearing veil; to l., Q CASSIVS; to r., VEST. Temple of Vesta; within, curule chair; to l., urn; to r., tablet inscribed AC. Crawford 428.1. 55 BC. 3.51g.; 8; Mus. No. 0024
451. 452.
As previous but obv., head of Libertas r.; to l., LIBERT; to r., Q CASSIVS. Crawford 428.2. 55 BC. 3.78g.; 7; Mus. No. 0015 3.60g.; 6; Mus. No. 0477
Rev.
Obv. Rev. 453. 454. 455. 456.
Rev. 471. 472. Obv. Rev. 473. 474.
Head of Concordia r., wearing veil and diadem; P FONTEIVS CAPITO III VIR CONCORDIA. Villa publica; to l., T DIDI; to r., VIL PVB; below, IMP. Crawford 429.2a. 55 BC. 3.58g.; 7; Mus. No. 0103 3.47g.; 6; Mus. No. 0205 2.78g.; 9; Mus. No. 0408 3.50g.; 10; Mus. No. 0448
Obv. Rev.
475. 19
Head of Cybele r.; to r., A PLAVTIVS; to l., AED CVR SC. Camel r.; before, kneeling figure holding reins in l. hand, olive branch in r.; to r., IVDAEVS; in ex., BACCHIVS. Crawford 431. 55 BC. 3.60g.; 11; Mus. No. 0002 3.52g.; 4; Mus. No. 0261 3.48g.; 12; Mus. No. 0371 Female head r., wearing causia; to r., CN PLANCVS; to l., AED CVR SC. Cretan goat r.; to l., bow and quiver. Crawford 432. 55 BC. 3.45g.; 3; Mus. No. 0460 Head of Libertas r.; to l., LIBERTAS. L. Junius Brutus walking l. between two lictors and preceded by accensus; in ex., BRVTVS. Crawford 433.1. 54 BC. 3.64g.; 10; Mus. No. 0017 3.54g.; 4; Mus. No. 0221 3.04g.; 3; Mus. No. 0395 3.73g.; 5; Mus. No. 0461 3.58g.; 4; Mus. No. 0628 3.33g.; 6; Mus. No. 1119 Head of L. Junius Brutus r.; to l., BRVTVS. Head of C. Servilius Ahala r.; to l., AHALA. Crawford 433.2. 54 BC. 3.63g.; 6; Mus. No. 0074 3.87g.; 6; Mus. No. 0129 3.63g.; 6; Mus. No. 0574 Head of Sulla r.; to r., SVLLA COS. Head of Q. Pompeius Rufus r.; to l., RVFVS COS; to r., Q POM RVFI. Crawford 434.1. 54 BC. 3.73g.; 12; Mus. No. 0155 Curule chair.; to l., arrow; to r., laurel-branch; above, Q POMPEI QF RVFVS; below on tablet, COS. Curule chair; to l., lituus; to r., wreath; above, SVLLA COS; below on tablet, Q POMPEI RVF. Crawford 434.2. 54 BC. 3.58g.; 2; Mus. No. 0313 3.37g.; 2; Mus. No. 0385 Head of Saturn r. with harpa over shoulder; to r., NERI Q VRB Legionary eagle; to l. and r., maniple standard: l., H(astati), r., P(rincipes); to l., L LENT; to r., C MARC; below, COS. Crawford 441. 49 BC. 3.26g.; 6; Mus. No. 0135 3.69g.; 1; Mus. No. 0387 Laureate head of Salus r.; to l., SALVTIS. Valetudo standing l., resting l. arm on column and holding snake in r. hand; to r., MN ACILIVS; to l., III VIR VALETV. Crawford 442. 49 BC. 3.83g.; 9; Mus. No. 0063
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII 476. 477. 478. 479. 480. 481. 482.
3.61g.; 11; Mus. No. 0093 3.69g.; 9; Mus. No. 0099 3.48g.; 6; Mus. No. 0172 3.87g.; 1; Mus. No. 0412 3.71g.; 5; Mus. No. 0439 3.45g.; 11; Mus. No. 0517 3.60g.; 6; Mus. No. 0531
Obv. Rev.
Religious implements. Elephant r. trampling dragon; in ex., CAESAR. Crawford 443. 49-48 BC. 3.66g.; 12; Mus. No. 0592 3.80g.; 6; Mus. No. 0594 3.71g.; 1; Mus. No. 0599 3.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 0603 3.57g.; 9; Mus. No. 0604 3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 0609 3.93g.; 9; Mus. No. 0612 3.67g.; 3; Mus. No. 0617 3.49g.; 8; Mus. No. 0621 3.42g.; 5; Mus. No. 0623 4.19g.; 6; Mus. No. 0624 3.66g.; 1; Mus. No. 0627 3.51g.; 10; Mus. No. 0630 3.78g.; 3; Mus. No. 0634 3.49g.; 12; Mus. No. 0700 3.57g.; 8; Mus. No. 0702 3.76g.; 1; Mus. No. 0709 3.78g.; 6; Mus. No. 0723 1.50g.; 6; Mus. No. 0726 3.57g.; 6; Mus. No. 1079 3.61g.; 12; Mus. No. 1080 2.86g.; 6; Mus. No. 1081 3.72g.; 6; Mus. No. 1082
Obv. Rev. 515. Obv.
483. 484. 485. 486. 487. 488. 489. 490. 491. 492. 493. 494. 495. 496. 497. 498. 499. 500. 501. 502. 503. 504. 505. Obv. Rev. 506. 507. 508. 509. 510. 511. 512. Obv.
516. Obv. Rev.
517. 518. Obv. Rev.
519. 520. Obv. Rev.
Head of Apollo r., hair tied with band; to r., Q SICINIVS; to l., III VIR. Club on which hangs lion’s skin; to l., arrow; to r., bow; to r., C COPONIVS; to l., PR SC. Crawford 444. 49 BC. 3.90g.; 6; Mus. No. 0176 3.66g.; 3; Mus. No. 0214 3.33g.; 12; Mus. No. 0222 3.73g.; 2; Mus. No. 0244 3.33g.; 4; Mus. No. 0446 3.67g.; 3; Mus. No. 0520 3.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 1131
513.
Triskeles with winged head of Medusa in centre and corn-ears between legs. Jupiter standing facing, holding thunderbolt in r. hand, eagle in l.; to r., harpa; to l., LENT MAR; to r., COS. Crawford 445.1a. 49 BC. 3.74g.; 8; Mus. No. 0212
514.
As previous but rev., no harpa. Crawford 445.1b. 49 BC. 3.69g.; 12; Mus. No. 0242
Rev.
Rev.
521. Obv. Rev. 522. 523. 524. 525. 526. 527. 528. 529. 530. Obv. Rev. 531. 532. 533.
20
Head of Apollo r.; to r., L LENT C MARC; to l., COS. Jupiter standing facing, holding thunderbolt in r. hand, eagle in l.; to r., altar. Crawford 445.2. 49 BC. 3.59g.; 1; Mus. No. 0367 Bearded head of Numa r., wearing diadem inscribed NVMA; to l., CN PISO PRO Q. Prow r.; above, MAGN; below, PRO COS. Crawford 446. 49 BC. 3.59g.; 6; Mus. No. 0083 Female head r., wearing oak-wreath and diadem. Victory walking r., holding trophy over l. shoulder, caduceus in r. hand; to r., L HOSTILIVS; to l., SASERN or SASERNA. Crawford 448.1. 48 BC. 3.51g.; 10; Mus. No. 0296 3.55g.; 4; Mus. No. 0552 Bearded male bust r.; to l., Gallic shield. Biga r. driven by charioteer holding whip in l. hand, reins in r.; behind, warrior facing backwards, holding shield in l. hand and hurling spear with r.; above, L HOSTILIVS; below, SASERN or SASERNA. Crawford 448.2. 48 BC. 3.53g.; 4; Mus. No. 0312 3.69g.; 12; Mus. No. 0588 Female head r. with long hair; to l., carnyx. Artemis facing, holding spear in l., hand and placing r. hand on head of stag; to r., L HOSTILIVS; to l., SASERNA. Crawford 448.3. 48 BC. 3.80g.; 7; Mus. No. 0182 Mask of bearded Pan r.; below, PANSA. Jupiter seated l., holding patera in r. hand, sceptre in l.; to l., IOVIS AXVR; to r., C VIBIVS CF CN; Crawford 449.1. 48 BC. 3.54g.; 4; obv, to l., pedum; Mus. No. 0178 3.43g.; 3; Mus. No. 0227 3.71g.; 8; Mus. No. 0277 3.36g.; 6; Mus. No. 0319 3.34g.; 7; Mus. No. 0402 3.88g.; 9; Mus. No. 0579 3.62g.; 5; obv. to l., Pan-pipe; Mus. No. 1051 3.60g.; 6; Mus. No. 1103 3.43g.; 6; Mus. No. 1144 Head of Liber r., wearing ivy-wreath; to l., PANSA. Ceres walking r., holding torch in each hand; to r., plough; to l., C VIBIVS CF CN. Crawford 449.2. 48 BC. 3.60g.; 3; Mus. No. 0246 3.68g.; 5; Mus. No. 0522 3.50g.; 6; Mus. No. 0535
CATALOGUE Obv. Rev. 534. 535. Obv. Rev. 536. 537. 538. 539. 540. 541. Obv. Rev. 542. Obv. Rev. 543. 544. Obv. Rev. 545.
Helmeted head of Mars r. Two carnyces in saltire; above, oval shield; below, round shield; to r., ALBINVS; to l., BRVTI F. Crawford 450.1a. 48 BC. 3.82g.; 7; Mus. No. 0154 3.56g.; 3; Mus. No. 0449 Head of Pietas r.; to l., PIETAS. Two hands clasped around caduceus; below, ALBINVS BRVTI F. Crawford 450.2. 48 BC. 3.62g.; 8; Mus. No. 0218 3.45g.; 2; Mus. No. 0295 3.71g.; 9; Mus. No. 0422 3.50g.; 12; Mus. No. 0437 3.69g.; 7; Mus. No. 0530 3.56g.; 6; Mus. No. 1114
554. 555. 556. 557. 558. 559. 560. 561. 562. 563.
2.92g., 6; Mus. No. 0380 3.73g.; 7; Mus. No. 0498 3.53g.; 7; Mus. No. 0605 3.45g.; 7; Mus. No. 0696 3.50g.; 6; Mus. No. 0697 3.64g.; 6; Mus. No. 0704 3.65g.; 4; Mus. No. 0724 3.74g.; 6; Mus. No. 1044 3.59g.; 6; Mus. No. 1083 3.86g.; 12; Mus. No. 1084
Obv.
Laureate head of Jupiter r.; to r., Q METEL; below, PIVS. Elephant r.; above, SCIPIO; below, IMP. Crawford 459. 47-46 BC. 3.57g.; 5; Mus. No. 0256
Rev. 564.
Head r.; A POSTVMIVS COS. Wreath of corn-ears enclosing ALBIN BRVTI F. Crawford 450.3c. 48 BC. 3.45g.; 4; Mus. No. 0330
Obv. Rev.
Mask of bearded Pan r.; below, C PANSA. Two hands clasped around caduceus; below, ALBINVS BRVTI F. Crawford 451. 48 BC. 3.55g.; 8; Mus. No. 0389 3.42g.; 9; Mus. No. 0542
565. Obv.
Female head wearing oak-wreath r. Trophy with Gallic shield and carnyx; to r., axe; to l, CAE; to r., SAR. Cr 452.2. 48-47 BC. 3.74g.; 6; Mus. No. 1149
Rev.
566. Obv. Rev. 546. 547. 548. 549. 550. Obv.
Head of Medusa facing; below, L PLAVTIVS. Victory facing, holding palm-branch in l., hand and leading four horses; below, PLANCVS. Crawford 453. 47 BC. 3.53g.; 11; obv., coiled snake each side of head; Mus. No. 0245 3.55g.; 3; Mus. No. 0340 3.50g.; 6; Mus. No. 0341 3.57g.; 6; Mus. No. 0376 3.65g.; 6; obv, coiled snake each side of head; Mus. No. 1125
551.
Laureate head of Fides r.; to l., NERVA; to r. FIDES. Horseman galloping r., dragging naked warrior, who holds shield in l. hand, sword in r.; below, A LICIN; to l., III; to r., VIR. Crawford 454.1. 47 BC. 3.49g.; 2; Mus. No. 0228
552.
As previous but obv., to l., A LICINIVS; rev., below, NERVA. Crawford 454.2. 47 BC. 3.64g.; 4; Mus. No. 0013
Rev.
Obv. Rev. 567. 568. 569. 570. 571. 572. 573. 574. 575. 576. Obv. Rev.
Obv. Rev. 553.
577. 578. 579.
Head of Venus r., wearing diadem. Aeneas l., carrying palladium in r. hand and Anchises on l. shoulder; to r., CAESAR. Crawford 458. 47-46 BC. 3.75g.; 6; Mus. No. 0076
Obv. Rev. 580. 21
Lion-headed Genius of Africa standing facing, holding ankh in r. hand; above, GT A; to r., Q METEL PIVS; to l., SCIPIO IMP. Victory standing l., holding caduceus in r. hand, patera in l.; to r., P CRASSVS IVN; to l., LEG PRO PR. Crawford 460.4. 47-46 BC. 3.73g.; 10; Mus. No. 0339 Head of Africa r., wearing elephant’s skin; to r. corn-ear; below, plough; to r., Q METELL; to l., SCIPIO IMP. Hercules standing facing, with r. hand on hip and resting l. arm on club draped with lion’s skin and set on rock; to l., LEG FC; to r., EPPIVS. Crawford 461. 47-46 BC. 3.63g.; 12; Mus. No. 0111 Jugate heads of Dioscuri r., wearing laureate pilei; above each, a star; to l., RVFVS III VIR. Venus standing l., holding scales in r. hand, sceptre in l.; on shoulder, Cupid; to r., MN CORDIVS (or variant). Crawford 463.1. 46 BC. 3.53g.; 7; Mus. No. 0118 3.48g.; 6; Mus. No. 0137 3.74g.; 2; Mus. No. 0152 3.67g.; 7; Mus. No. 0265 3.63g.; 12; Mus. No. 0318 3.53g.; 1; Mus. No. 0344 3.57g.; 6; Mus. No. 0381 3.20g.; 5; Mus. No. 0409 3.27g.; 5; Mus. No. 0410 3.64g.; 10; Mus. No. 0442 Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; to l., RVFVS SC. Cupid on dolphin; below, MN CORDIVS. Crawford 463.3. 46 BC. 3.53g.; 11; Mus. No. 0241 3.53g.; 8; Mus. No. 0556 3.51g.; 8; Mus. No. 1098 Head of Sibyl r. Sphinx r., above, T CARISIVS; in ex., III VIR. Crawford 464.1. 46 BC. 3.82g.; 12; Mus. No. 0257
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII 581. 582.
3.07g.; 1; Mus. No. 1100 3.32g.; 5; Mus. No. 1141
Obv. Rev.
Head of Juno Moneta r.; to l., MONETA. Anvil die with punch above; to l., tongs; to r., hammer; above, T CARISI. Crawford 464.2. 46 BC. 3.57g.; 6; Mus. No. 0036 3.62g.; 3; Mus. No. 0164 3.70g.; 2; Mus. No. 0216 3.43g.; 2; Mus. No. 0505 3.63g.; 8; Mus. No. 1099
583. 584. 585. 586. 587. Obv. Rev. 588. 589. Obv. Rev. 590. 591. 592. Obv. Rev. 593. 594. 595. Obv. Rev.
598. 599. 600. Obv. Rev. 601. Obv. Rev. 602.
607. 608 609. 610. 611. 612. Obv. Rev.
Bust of Victory r.; to l., SC. Victory in quadriga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; in ex., T CARISI. Crawford 464.5. 46 BC. 3.64g.; 9; Mus. No. 0163 3.65g.; 10; Mus. No. 0217 3.30g.; 10; Mus. No. 0455
As previous but obv., to l., A; rev., above, C CONSIDI; in ex., PAETI. Crawford 465.2. 46 BC. 3.37g.; 1; Mus. No. 0094 3.59g.; 3; Mus. No. 0274 3.77g.; 3; Mus. No. 0519
613. Obv.
616.
As previous but obv., to r., M POBLICI LEG; to l., PRO PR. Crawford 469.1e. 46-45 BC. 3.37g.; 6; Mus. No. 0354
Rev. 617. Obv. Rev.
Head of Ceres r.; to l., COS TERT; to r., DICT ITER. Religious instruments; above, AVGVR; below, PONT MAX; to r., D. Crawford 467.1a. 46 BC. 3.67g.; 2; to. r., D?; Mus. No. 0061
Bust of Venus l., wearing diadem, with star to rear of hair; on shoulder, Cupid; to l., lituus; to r., sceptre. Trophy with oval shield and carnyx in r. hand, oblong shield and carnyx in l.; to l., kneeling male captive with hands tied behind back; to r., seated female captive resting head on r. hand; in ex., CAESAR. Crawford 468.2. 46-45 BC. 3.51g.; 5; Mus. No. 0705
614. 615.
Obv.
Laureate head of Venus r., wearing diadem; to l., PAETI. Victory in quadriga l., holding wreath in r. hand, palm-branch and reins in l.; in ex., C CONSIDI. Crawford 465.3. 46 BC. 3.32g.; 6; Mus. No. 0285
Head of Venus r., wearing diadem; behind, Cupid. Trophy with oval shield and carnyx in each hand; to l., seated female captive resting head on r. hand; to r., seated male captive with hands tied behind back; in ex., CAESAR. Crawford 468.1. 46-45 BC. 3.59g.; 4; Mus. No. 0055 3.45g.; 6; Mus. No. 0327 3.71g.; 1; Mus. No. 0619 3.23g.; 5; Mus. No. 0638 3.59g.; 7; Mus. No. 0712 3.71g.; 3; Mus. No. 0715
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to r., M POBLICI LEG PRO; to l., PR. Female standing r., with shield slung over back, holding two spears in l. hand and with r. hand giving palm-branch to soldier standing l. on ship’s prow; CN MAGNVS IMP. Crawford 469.1a. 46-45 BC. 3.75g.; 7; Mus. No. 0053 3.51g.; 6; Mus. No. 0515
Rev.
618.
22
606.
As previous but rev., to r., M. Crawford 467.1b. 46 BC 3.71g.; 4: Mus. No. 0353
Rev.
Bust of Victory r. Victory in biga r., holding wreath in r. hand, reins in l.; in ex., T CARISI. Crawford 464.4. 46 BC. 3.74g.; 9; Mus. No. 0120 3.75g.; 7; Mus. No. 0141 3.57g.; 1; Mus. No. 0423
596. 597.
3.51g.; 10; Mus. No. 0087 3.73g.; 12; Mus. No. 0179 3.64g.; 10; Mus. No. 0720
Obv.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA. Cornucopia on globe; to l., sceptre; to r., rudder; below T CARIS or CARISI. Crawford 464.3. 46 BC. 3.62g.; 12; Mus. No. 0049 3.53g.; 6; Mus. No. 0564
Laureate head of Apollo r. Curule chair on which lies wreath; above, C CONSIDIVS; in ex., PAETVS. Crawford 465.1. 46 BC. 3.47g.; 5; Mus. No. 0085 3.28g.; 12; Mus. No. 0549
603. 604. 605.
Radiate head of Sol r.; to l., acisculus; below, ACISCVLVS. Luna in biga r., holding whip in r. hand, reins in l.; in ex., L VALERIVS. Crawford 474.5. 45 BC 3.65g.; 1; Mus. No. 0320 Wreathed head of Caesar r., to l., star; to r., CAESAR IMP. Venus standing l., holding Victory in r. hand, sceptre with star at bottom in l.; to r., P SERVILLIVS; to l., MACER. Crawford 480.5b. 44 BC. 3.81g.; 9; Mus. No.1085
CATALOGUE Obv. Rev.
619.
Wreathed head of Caesar r.; to r., CAESAR; to l., IMPER. Venus standing l., holding Victory in r. hand, sceptre in l., resting l. elbow on shield set on globe; to r., M METTIVS; to l., C. Crawford 480.17. 44 BC. 3.54g.; 5; Mus. No. 0707
648. 649.
3.58g.; 1; Mus. No. 1052 3.72g.; 2; Mus. No. 1116
Obv. Rev.
Head of L. Regulus r. Modius; on either side, corn-ear; above, L LIVINEIVS; in ex., REGVLVS. Crawford 494.29. 42 BC. 3.10g.; 9; Mus. No. 0151
650. Obv. Rev. 620. Obv. Rev. 621. 622.
Wreathed and veiled head of Caesar r.; to l., apex; to r., lituus; to r., CAESAR; to l., PARENS PATRIAE. C COSSVTIVS and MARIDIANVS arranged in cross-shape; in angles AAAFF. Crawford 480.19. 44 BC. 3.57g.; 2; Mus. No. 0453
Obv. Rev.
651. 652. 653.
Bust of Diana Nemorensis r.; to l., P ACCOLEIVS; to r., LARISCOLVS. Triple statue of Diana Nemorensis facing; to rear, cypress grove. Crawford 486. 43 BC. 3.76g.; 12; Mus. No. 0147 3.22g.; 4; Mus. No. 0479
Obv. Rev. 654.
Obv. Rev. 623. 624. Obv. Rev. 625. 626.
Eagle with spread wings on thunderbolt; above, PETILLIVS; below, CAPITOLINVS. Hexastyle temple with decorations between central four pillars; to l., S; to r., F. Crawford 487.2b. 43 BC. 3.61g.; 7; Mus. No. 0333 3.60g.; 3; Mus. No. 0490
Obv. Rev.
655. 656.
Radiate head of Sol r.; to l., quiver. Crescent surrounded by five stars; below, P CLODIVS MF. Crawford 494.21. 42 BC. 3.32g.; 11; Mus. No. 0543 3.70g.; 2; Mus. No. 1148
Obv. Rev. 657.
Obv. Rev. 627. 628. 629. 630. 631. 632. 633. 634. 635. 636. 637. 638. 639. 640. 641. 642. 643. 644. 645. 646. 647.
Laureate head of Apollo r.; to l., lyre. Diana standing facing, holding lit torch in each hand; to r., P CLODIVS; to l., MF. Crawford 494.23. 42 BC. 3.64g.; 8; Mus. No. 0037 3.81g.; 6; Mus. No. 0046 3.91g.; 3; Mus. No. 0098 3.59g.; 6; Mus. No. 0128 3.78g.; 10; Mus. No. 0150 3.69g.; 12; Mus. No. 0194 3.83g.; 3; Mus. No. 0219 4.17g.; 3; Mus. No. 0279 3.72g.; 3; Mus. No. 0357 3.62g.; 2; Mus. No. 0358 3.43g.; 4; Mus. No. 0365 3.52g.; 1; Mus. No. 0399 3.63g.; 11; Mus. No. 0401 3.80g.; 5; Mus. No. 0413 3.67g.; 2; Mus. No. 0510 3.49g.; 2; Mus. No. 0524 2.75g.; 11; Mus. No. 0555 3.71g.; 4; Mus. No. 0567 3.70g.; 11; Mus. No. 0571 3.26g.; 9; Mus. No. 0573 3.61g.; 1; Mus. No. 0580
Obv.
Laureate head of Hercules r., wearing diadem. Minerva standing r., holding Victory in l. hand, spear in r.; at feet, shield; to r., C VIBIVS; to l., VARVS. Crawford 494.37. 42 BC. 3.63g.; 12; Mus. No. 0110 Helmeted bust of Minerva r. Hercules standing facing, head l., holding club in r. hand and lion-skin over l. arm; to r., C VIBIVS; to l., VARVS. Crawford 494.38. 42 BC. 3.75g.; 12; Mus. No. 0028 3.31g.; 12; Mus. No. 0445 Laureate head of Caesar r. Cornucopia on globe; to l., rudder; to r., caduceus and apex; L MVSSIDIVS LONGVS. Crawford 494.39a. 42 BC. 3.68g.; 3; Mus. No. 1147
658.
Head of Concordia r., wearing veil; to l., CONCORDIA. Shrine of Venus Cloacina inscribed CLOACIN; above, L MVSSIDIVS LONGVS. Crawford 494.42a. 42 BC. 3.58g.; 2; Mus. No. 0434
659. 660.
As previous but obv., to r., star. Crawford 494.42b. 42 BC. 3.51g.; 10; Mus. No. 0238 3.44g.; 6; Mus. No. 0254
Rev.
Obv. Rev. 661. Obv. Rev. 662.
23
Head of Liber r., wearing ivy-wreath. Garlanded altar, on which, mask and thyrsus; to r., panther springing towards altar; in ex., C VIBIVS; to r., VARVS. Crawford 494.36. 42 BC. 3.51g.; 12; Mus. No. 0115 3.17g.; 4; Mus. No. 0511 3.30g.; 12; Mus. No. 0562
Radiate bust of Sol facing. Shrine of Venus Cloacina inscribed CLOAC; above, L MVSSIDIVS LONGVS. Crawford 494.43b. 42 BC. 3.51g.; 4; Mus. No. 0251 Head of Lepidus r.; LEPIDVS PONT MAX III V RPC. Head of Octavian r.; CAESAR IMP III VIR RPC. Crawford 495.2. 42 BC. 3.52g.; 4; Mus. No. 1033
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII Obv. Rev. 663.
Head of Mark Antony r.; to l., M ANTONI; to r., IMP. Distyle temple enclosing medallion of the radiate bust of Sol facing; to l., III; below, VIR; to r., RPC. Crawford 496.1. 42 BC. 3.73g.; 3; Mus. No. 0550
Obv. Rev. 676. Obv.
Obv. Rev. 664.
Head of Octavian r.; CAESAR III VIR RPC. Curule chair, on which lies wreath inscribed CAESAR DIC PER. Crawford 497.2. 42 BC. 3.20g.; 3; Mus. No. 0361
Rev. 677.
Obv. Rev. 665. 666. Obv. Rev. 667. Obv. Rev. 668.
Helmeted bust of Mars r., spear over shoulder; to l., CAESAR; to r., III VIR RPC. Aquila surmounted by trophy and flanked by two standards; on either side of aquila, SC. Crawford 497.3. 42 BC. 3.24g.; 11; Mus. No. 0070 3.68g.; 12; Mus. No. 0201
Obv. Rev. 678. 679.
Laureate head of Libertas r.; to l., C CASSI IMP. Aplustre; above, M SERVILIVS; below, LEG. Crawford 505.2. 43-42 BC. 3.53g.; 2; Mus. No. 0465
Obv. Rev. 680. 681. 682. 683. 684. 685. 686.
Laureate head of Libertas r.; to l., C CASSEI IMP. Crab r., holding aplustre in claws; to l., rose and untied diadem; above, M SERVILIVS; below, LEG. Crawford 505.3. 43-42 BC. 3.47g.; 3; Mus. No. 0551
Obv. Obv. Rev.
669. Obv. Rev.
670. 671.
Head of Neptune r.; below, trident; to l., CASCA; to r., LONGVS. Victory walking r., holding palm-branch over l. shoulder, diadem in both hands; below, broken sceptre; to l., BRVTVS; to r., IMP. Crawford 507.2. 43-42 BC. 3.65g.; 11; Mus. No. 0640
Rev. 687. 688. 689. 690.
Head of Neptune r., hair tied with band and trident over shoulder; MAG PIVS IMP ITER. Trophy with trident above and anchor below; to l., prow-stem; to r. aplustre; at base, two heads of Scylla; PRAEF CLAS ET ORAE MARIT EX SC (or variant). Crawford 511.2. 42-40 BC. 3.66g.; 6; Mus. No. 0249 3.29g.; 10; Mus. No. 0466
Obv. Rev. 691. Obv. Rev.
Obv. Rev.
672. 673. 674. 675.
Head of Pompey r.; to l., jug; to r., lituus; MAG PIVS IMP ITER. Neptune standing l., holding aplustre in r. hand, cloak over l. arm and placing r. foot on prow; on either side, one of the Catanaean brothers carrying his father on his shoulders; above, PRAEF; in ex., CLAS ET ORAE MARIT EX SC. Crawford 511.3a. 42-40 BC. 3.65g.; 2; Mus. No. 0595 3.60g.; 6; Mus. No. 0641 3.36g.; 6; Mus. No. 1054 3.76g.; 1; Mus. No. 1121
692. Obv. Rev. 693.
24
Head of Flora r.; to l., flower; to r., P CLODIVS; to l., CF. Female figure seated l., holding culullus in r. hand; to r. VESTALIS. Crawford 512.2. 41 BC. 2.63g.; 9; Mus. No. 0237 Male head r.; to r., C NVMONIVS; to l., VAALA. Soldier l. attacking rampart defended by two soldiers; in ex., VAALA. Crawford 514.2. 41 BC. 3.51g.; 6; Mus. No. 0020 Bearded male head r.; to r., L SERVIVS; to l., RVFVS. Dioscuri standing facing, each holding spear and wearing sword. Crawford 515.2. 41 BC. 3.81g.; 4; Mus. No. 0278 3.51g.; 12; Mus. No. 0563 Head of Mark Antony r.; M ANT IMP AVG III VIR RPC M BARBAT Q P. Head of Octavian r.; CAESAR IMP PONT III VIR RPC. Crawford 517.2. 41 BC 3.71g.; 12; Mus. No. 0598 3.71g.; 12; Mus. No. 0602 3.55g.; 11; Mus. No. 0701 3.46g.; 12; Mus. No. 0710 3.59g.; 11; Mus. No. 0711 2.69g.; 12; Mus. No. 0714 3.70g.; 12; Mus. No. 0717 Head of Mark Antony r.; M ANT IMP AVG III VIR RPC M NERVA PRO Q P. Head of L. Antonius r.; to l., L ANTONIVS COS. Crawford 517.5a. 41 BC. 3.63g.; 10; rev., blundered inscr.; Mus. No. 0596 3.41g.; 12; Mus. No. 0633 3.67g.; 12; Mus. No. 0713 3.27g.; 12; Mus. No. 1092 Head of Mark Antony r.; M ANTON IMP III VIR RPC AVG. Head of Octavian r.; CAESAR IMP PONT III VIR RPC. Crawford 528.3. 39 BC. 3.50g.; 2; Mus. No. 0721 Head of Octavian r.; IMP CAESAR DIVI IVLI F. M AGRIPPA COS DESIG. Crawford 534.3. 38 BC. 3.34g.; 3; Mus. No. 1032 Head of Octavian r.; IMP CAESAR DIVI F III VIR ITER RPC. Religious instruments; COS ITER ET TER DESIG. Crawford 538.1. 37 BC. 3.64g.; 11; Mus. No. 0706
CATALOGUE Obv. Rev.
694. 695. 696. Obv.
Head of Octavian r.; IMP CAESAR DIVI F III VIR ITER RPC. Tetrastyle temple; inside, figure holding lituus in r. hand; on architrave, DIVO IVL; in pediment, star; to l., lit altar; COS ITER ET TER DESIG. Crawford 540.2. 36 BC. 3.87g.; 4; Mus. No. 0694 3.75g.; 6; Mus. No. 0716 3.72g.; 6; Mus. No. 0718
697. 698.
Head of Mark Antony r.; ANTON AVG IMP III COS DES III III V RPC. M SILANVS AVG Q PRO COS. Crawford 542.1. 33 BC. 3.58g.; 9; Mus. No. 0636 3.62g.; 10; Mus. No. 0719
699.
As previous but rev., ANTONIVS AVG IMP III. Crawford 542.2. 33 BC. 3.54g.; 5; Mus. No. 0615
Rev.
Obv.
700.
Ship r. with sceptre tied on prow; above, ANT AVG; below, III VIR RPC. Aquila between two standards; CHORTIVM PRAETORIARVM. Crawford 544.8. 32-31 BC. 3.48g.; 7; Mus. No. 1093
701.
As previous but rev., LEG XII ANTIQVAE. Crawford 544.9. 32-31 BC. 3.82g.; 6; Mus. No. 0666
702.
As previous but rev., LEG XVII CLASSICAE. Crawford 544.10. 32-31 BC. 3.49g.; 6; Mus. No. 0695
703.
As previous but rev., LEG XVIII LYBICAE. Crawford 544.11 32-31 BC. 3.45g.; 6; Mus. No. 0629
704. 705. 706. 707. 708. 709. 710. 711. 712. 713. 714. 715. 716. 717. 718. 719. 720. 721. 722. 723.
As previous but rev., below, legionary number (at times uncertain). Crawford 544.13-38. 32-31 BC. 3.09g.; 12; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 0610 3.22g.; 6; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 0635 3.42g.; 9; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 0646 3.66g.; 6; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 0651 3.52g.; 7; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 0656 3.57g.; 11; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 0678 1.87g.; 7; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 0692 3.28g.; 1; rev., LEG II; Mus. No. 1089 3.71g.; 2; rev., LEG III; Mus. No. 0650 3.50g.; 9; rev., LEG III; Mus. No. 0677 3.64g.; 6; rev., LEG III; Mus. No. 0679 3.39g.; 6; rev., LEG III; Mus. No. 0691 3.32g.; 8; rev., LEG III; Mus. No. 1088 3.57g.; 3; rev., LEG IV; Mus. No. 0684 3.66g.; 6; rev., LEG IV; Mus. No. 0703 3.63g.; 6; rev., LEG V; Mus. No. 0614 3.15g.; 1; rev., LEG V; Mus. No. 0682 3.39g.; 7; rev., LEG V; Mus. No. 0727 3.53g.; 2; rev., LEG VI; Mus. No. 0600 3.35g.; 3; rev., LEG VI; Mus. No. 0625
Rev.
25
724. 725. 726. 727. 728. 729. 730. 731. 732. 733. 734. 735. 736. 737. 738. 739. 740. 741. 742. 743. 744. 745. 746. 747. 748. 749. 750. 751. 752. 753. 754. 755. 756. 757. 758. 759. 760. 761. 762. 763. 764. 765. 766. 767. 768. 769. 770. 771. 772.
3.67g.; 6; rev., LEG VI; Mus. No. 0643 3.78g.; 1; rev., LEG VI; Mus. No. 0687 3.55g.; 6; rev.; LEG VI; Mus. No. 0690 3.50g.; 6; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 0608 3.49g.; 1; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 0648 3.64g.; 6; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 0649 3.70g.; 12; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 0654 3.28g.; 8; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 0668 3.64g.; 5; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 0686 3.69g.; 3; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 0725 3.85g.; 3; rev., LEG VII; Mus. No. 1090 3.46g.; 6; rev., LEG VIII; Mus. No. 0637 3.28g.; 4; rev., LEG VIII; Mus. No. 0652 3.38g.; 4; rev., LEG VIII?; Mus. No. 0655 3.58g.; 11; rev., LEG VIII; Mus. No. 0676 3.42g.; 6; rev., LEG IX; Mus. No. 0632 3.37g.; 7; rev., LEG IX; Mus. No. 0645 3.51g.; 6; rev., LEG X; Mus. No. 0661 3.58g.; 7; rev., LEG X; Mus. No. 0663 3.41g.; 1; rev., LEG XI; Mus. No. 0622 3.67g.; 12; rev., LEG XI; Mus. No. 0626 3.71g.; 11; rev., LEG XI; Mus. No. 0672 3.64g.; 7; rev., LEG XI; Mus. No. 0674 3.37g.; 6; rev., LEG XI; Mus. No. 0675 3.51g.; 10; rev.; LEG XI; Mus. No. 0683 3.35g.; 12; rev., LEG XII; Mus. No. 0601 2.73g.; 6; rev., LEG XII; Mus. No. 0611 3.66g.; 2; rev., LEG XII; Mus. No. 0642 3.43g.; 11; rev., LEG XII?; Mus. No. 0659 3.40g.; 6; rev., LEG XII; Mus. No. 0662 3.55g.; 6; rev., LEG XII; Mus. No. 1086 3.54g.; 3; rev., LEG XIII; Mus. No. 0644 3.56g.; 9; rev., LEG XIII; Mus. No. 1087 3.43g.; 6; rev., LEG XIIII; Mus. No. 0660 3.52g.; 4; rev., LEG XIV; Mus. No. 0685 3.39g.; 11; rev., LEG XV; Mus. No. 0658 3.56g.; 6; rev., LEG XV; Mus. No. 0665 3.60g.; 4; rev., LEG XV; Mus. No. 0671 3.55g.; 8; rev. LEG XV?; Mus. No. 0708 3.23g.; 12; rev., LEG XVI; Mus. No. 0667 3.55g.; 5; rev., LEG XVIII; Mus. No. 0688 3.40g.; 1; rev., LEG XIX; Mus. No. 0689 3.47g.; 6; rev., LEG XX; Mus. No. 0670 3.53g.; 9; rev., LEG XX; Mus. No. 0680 3.41g.; 10; rev.; LEG XXI; Mus. No. 0673 3.52g.; 3; rev., LEG XXI?; Mus. No. 0681 3.24g.; 4; rev., LEG XXII; Mus. No. 0647 3.57g.; 6; rev., LEG XXII; Mus. No. 0653 3.56g.; 10; rev., LEG XXII?; Mus. No. 0728
773. 774. 775. 776. 777. 778. 779. 780. 781. 782.
As previous but legionary number not visible or obscured. Crawford 544. 32-31 BC. 3.44g.; 5; Mus. No. 0593 3.77g.; 12; Mus. No. 0597 3.37g.; 11; rev., LEG I[ ]; Mus. No. 0606 3.39g.; 9; Mus. No. 0613 3.55g.; 3; Mus. No. 0616 3.26g.; 7; Mus. No. 0618 3.83g.; 10; Mus. No. 0620 3.51g.; 10; Mus. No. 0631 3.92g.; 2; Mus. No. 0639 3.01g.; 3; Mus. No. 0657
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII 783. 784. 785. 786. 787. 788.
3.28g.; ?; obv. illegible; Mus. No. 0664 3.22g.; 6; Mus. No. 0669 3.34g.; 10; Mus. No. 0693 3.41g.; 7; Mus. No. 0698 1.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 0699 3.74g.; 9; Mus. No. 1091
Obv. Rev.
Brockage
797. 798.
Obv.
Obv.
Rev. 789.
Helmeted head of Roma r.; to l., ROMA; to r., X. Helmeted head of Roma l.; to. l., X; to r., ROMA. 3.58g.; 12; Mus. No. 0032
Rev. 799.
Head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Mars standing facing, head r., holding aquila in r. hand, standard over l. shoulder; to l., SIGNIS; to r., RECEPTIS. RIC I, p.44, no.41. c. 19-18 BC. 3.68g.; 5; Mus. No. 0767 3.59g.; 6; Mus. No. 0769 Head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. SPQR / CL V on shield. RIC I, p.44, no.42a. c. 19-18 BC. 3.51g.; 6; Mus. No. 0879
Uncertain / Imitation
Obv.
Obv. Rev.
Rev.
790.
Helmeted head of Roma r. Figure in biga r., holding palm in l. hand, wreath in r. 3.09g.; 1; Mus. No. 0338
Obv. Rev. 791.
Helmeted head of Roma r. Figure in chariot r.? 3.77g.; 12; Mus. No. 1137
Uncertain Mint 2
Obv. Rev. 792.
Head r. Illegible. 2.97g.; ?; Mus. No. 0565
800.
Obv. Rev. 801. Obv. Rev.
Imperial coins
802.
Augustus
Obv.
Emerita Obv. Rev. 793. 794.
Rev.
Head of Augustus r.; to r., IMP CAESAR; to l., AVGVST. Circular city-wall with EMERITA inscribed above gate; P CARISIVS LEG PRO PR. RIC I, p.41, no.9a. c. 25-23 BC. 3.74g.; 2; Mus. No. 0906 3.64g.; 11; Mus. No. 0988
803. Obv. Rev. 804. 805.
Spain
Obv.
Uncertain mint 1 Obv. Rev. 795. Obv. Rev. 796.
Rev.
Head of Augustus r., wearing oak-wreath. Two laurel branches; above, CAESAR; below, AVGVSTVS. RIC I, p.43, no.33a. c. 19-18 BC. 3.45g.; 6; Mus. No. 0997
806. Obv.
Head of Augustus l., wearing oak-wreath; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Comet; above, DIVVS; below, IVLIVS. RIC I, p.44, no.38b. c. 19-18 BC. 3.73g.; 6; Mus. No. 1138
Rev. 807. 808. 809. 26
Head of Augustus r., wearing oak?-wreath; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Victory alighting r., holding shield in both hands and laurel-branch in r.; to l. SPQR. cf. RIC I, p.44, no.47. c. 19-18 BC. 3.58g.; 3; Mus. No. 0766
Laureate head of Augustus r. Two laurel branches; above, CAESAR; below, AVGVSTVS. RIC I, p.45, no.51. 20-19 BC. 3.56g.; 6; Mus. No. 0760 Laureate head of Augustus r. Rectangular altar inscribed FORT RED / CAES AVG / SPQR. RIC I, p.45, no.54a. c. 20-19 BC. 3.51g.; 7; Mus. No. 1003 Head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Oak-wreath; above, OB CIVIS; below, SERVATOS. RIC I, p.47, no.75a. c. 19 BC. 3.70g.; 6; Mus. No. 0871 Head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Oak-wreath; within, OB / CIVIS / SERVATOS. RIC I, p.47, no.77a. c. 19 BC. 3.38g.; 6; Mus. No. 0872 3.75g.; 8; Mus. No. 1063 Head of Augustus l.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Mars standing l., holding aquila standard over l. shoulder; to l., SIGNIS; to r., RECEPTIS. RIC I, p.47, no.81. c. 19 BC. 3.52g.; 7; Mus. No. 1001 Head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Shield; in field, SPQR; to l., aquila; to r., standard; above, SIGNIS; below, RECEPTIS. RIC I, p.47, no.86a. c. 19 BC. 3.45g.; 7; Mus. No. 0743 3.72g.; 6; Mus. No. 0865 3.57g.; 5; Mus. No. 0866
CATALOGUE 810. 811. 812. 813. 814. 815.
3.78g.; 6; Mus. No. 0867 3.63g.; 3; Mus. No. 0870 3.73g.; 6; Mus. No. 0903 3.71g.; 6; Mus. No. 1012 3.58g.; 6; Mus. No. 1013 3.69g.; 6; Mus. No. 1046
826. 827. 828. 829.
3.69g.; 7; Mus. No. 0895 3.65g.; 6; Mus. No. 0921 3.68g.; 6; Mus. No. 1000 3.69g.; 6; Mus. No. 1030
Obv.
Toga picta over tunica palmata; to l., aquila; to r., wreath; above, SPQR PARENT; below, CONS SVO. Quadriga r. surmounted by four miniature galloping horses; in ex., CAESARI [AVGVSTO]. RIC I, p.48, no.100. c. 18 BC. 3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 1043
830.
As previous but obv., head of Augustus l. RIC I, p.52, no. 167b. 15-13 BC. 3.69g.; 7; Mus. No. 0768
Laureate head of Augustus r.; to. l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Eight-rayed comet; to l., DIVVS; to r., IVLIVS. RIC I, p.48, no.102. c. 18 BC. 3.71g.; 5; Mus. No. 0897
Obv.
Rev. 816. Obv. Rev. 817. Obv. Rev. 818. 819. Obv. Rev.
820.
Obv. Rev. 831.
Rev. 832. 833. 834. 835.
Laureate head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESARI; to r., AVGVSTO. Domed temple with six columns; within, aquila between two standards; to l. of temple, MAR; to r., VLT. RIC I, p.48, no.105a. c. 18 BC. 3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 0878 3.14g.; 6; Mus. No. 0910
Obv. Rev.
Laureate head of Augustus l.; to l., [CAESARI] to r., AVGVSTO. Domed tetrastyle temple; within, triumphal chariot containing aquila and four miniature horses; to l., SP; to r., QR; double struck. RIC I, p.49, no.120. c. 18 BC. 3.07g.; 6; Mus. No. 0770
836. 837. Obv. Rev.
Obv. Rev.
821. 822. Obv. Rev.
823. 824.
Head of Augustus r. Capricorn r., holding globe with rudder attached below; on back, cornucopia; below, AVGVSTVS. RIC I, p.50, no.126. 18-16 BC. (cf. uncertain mint RIC I, p.86, no.547a, after 27 BC). 3.16g.; 6; Mus. No. 0064 3.41g.; 7; Mus. No. 1007
838. Obv. Rev.
839. 840.
Head of Augustus r.; SPQR CAESARI AVGVSTO. Mars standing l., holding vexillum in r. hand, parazonium over l. shoulder; VOT P SVSC PRO SAL ET RED I O M SACR. RIC I, p.51, no.150a. c. 18-16 BC. 3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 0747 3.77g.; 6; Mus. No. 1011
Obv. Rev.
Lugdunum Obv. Rev. 825.
841. 842. 843. 844. 845.
Head of Augustus r.; to l., AVGVSTVS; to r., DIVI F. Bull butting r.; in ex., IMP X. RIC I, p.52, no.167a. 15-13 BC. 3.43g.; 6; Mus. No. 0744 27
Head of Augustus r.; to l., AVGVSTVS; to r., DIVI F. Bull butting l., in ex., IMP X. RIC I, p.52, no.169. 15-13 BC. 3.55g.; 7; Mus. No. 1065 Head of Augustus r.; to l., AVGVSTVS; to r., DIVI F. Apollo Catharoedus standing l., holding lyre in l. hand, plectrum in r.; to l., IMP; to r., X; in ex., ACT. RIC I, p.52, no. 171a. 15-13 BC. 3.69g.; 3; Mus. No. 0729 3.70g.; 9; Mus. No. 0762 3.69g.; 8; Mus. No. 0873 3.49g.; 7; Mus. No. 1005 Head of Augustus r.; to l., AVGVSTVS; to r., DIVI F. Diana standing l., head r., holding bow in l. hand, leaning on spear with r.; at feet l., dog; to l., IMP; to r., X; in ex., SICIL. RIC I, p.53, no.173a. 15-13 BC. 3.66g.; 9; Mus. No. 0741 3.62g.; 7; Mus. No. 1010 Laureate head of Augustus r.; to l., AVGVSTVS; to r., DIVI F. Bull butting r.; in ex., IMP XII. RIC I, p.54, no.187a. 11-10 BC. 3.58g.; 8; Mus. No. 0763 Laureate head of Augustus r.; to l., AVGVSTVS; to r., DIVI F. C. Caesar galloping r., holding sword and shield in l. hand; behind, aquila between two standards; above, C CAES; in ex., AVGVS F. RIC I, p.54, no.199. 9-8 BC. 3.75g.; 4; Mus. No. 0771 3.60g.; 2; Mus. No. 1015 Laureate head of Augustus r.; CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI F PATER PATRIAE. Gaius and Lucius Caesar standing facing; each resting hand on shield; behind each shield, spear; above to l., simpulum, to r., lituus; AVGVSTI F COS DESIG PRINC IVVENT; in ex., C L CAESARES. RIC I, p.55, no.207. 2 BC – AD 4. 3.60g.; 9; Mus. No. 0731 3.12g.; 1; Mus. No. 0732 3.73g.; 5; Mus. No. 0733 3.86g.; 1; Mus. No. 0734 3.73g.; 6; Mus. No. 0736
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII 846. 847. 848. 849. 850. 851. 852. 853. 854. 855. 856. 857. 858. 859. 860. 861. 862. 863. 864. 865. 866. 867. 868. 869. 870. 871. 872. 873. 874. 875. 876. 877. 878. 879. 880. 881. 882. 883. 884. 885. 886. 887. 888. 889. 890. 891. 892. 893. 894. 895. 896.
3.33g.; 4; Mus. No. 0737 3.58g.; 7; Mus. No. 0738 3.79g.; 8; Mus. No. 0748 3.63g.; 9; Mus. No. 0749 3.74g.; 2; Mus. No. 0751 3.74g.; 4; Mus. No. 0752 3.81g.; 9; Mus. No. 0753 3.63g.; 10; Mus. No. 0755 3.45g.; 9; Mus. No. 0756 3.64g.; 12; Mus. No. 0757 3.56g.; 9; Mus. No. 0758 3.73g.; 1; Mus. No. 0759 3.73g.; 4; Mus. No. 0845 3.69g.; 10; Mus. No. 0846 3.69g.; 2; Mus. No. 0847 3.16g.; 4; Mus. No. 0848 3.67g.; 5; Mus. No. 0849 3.75g.; 11; Mus. No. 0852 3.76g.; 6; Mus. No. 0853 3.59g.; 5; Mus. No. 0855 3.73g.; 4; Mus. No. 0857 3.58g.; 10; Mus. No. 0861 3.43g.; 1; Mus. No. 0862 3.65g.; 4; Mus. No. 0863 3.06g.; 6; Mus. No. 0864 3.71g.; 6; Mus. No. 0885 3.68g.; 4; Mus. No. 0890 3.48g.; 12; Mus. No. 0901 3.62g.; 1; Mus. No. 0911 3.81g.; 2; Mus. No. 0914 3.10g.; 11; Mus. No. 0916 3.79g.; 8; Mus. No. 0920 3.85g.; 12; Mus. No. 0922 3.75g.; 11; Mus. No. 0923 3.71g.; 1; Mus. No. 0924 3.74g.; 3; Mus. No. 0925 3.68g.; 6; Mus. No. 0935 3.50g.; 12; Mus. No. 0936 3.71g.; 9; Mus. No. 0937 3.44g.; 7; Mus. No. 0940 3.36g.; 5; Mus. No. 0941 3.36g.; 1; Mus. No. 0943 3.81g.; 6; Mus. No. 0945 3.53g.; 9; Mus. No. 0946 3.58g.; 12; Mus. No. 0976 3.76g.; 8; Mus. No. 1056 3.70g.; 5; Mus. No. 1057 3.70g.; 12; Mus. No. 1058 3.63g.; 8; Mus. No. 1059 3.68g.; 2; Mus. No. 1060 3.67g.; 11; Mus. No. 1061
897.
As previous but rev., X below simpulum and lituus. RIC I, p.56, no.211. 2 BC – AD 4. 3.74g.; 5; Mus. No. 0975
898. 899. 900. 901.
As RIC 207 but rev., to l., lituus, to r., simpulum. RIC I, p.56, no.210. 2 BC – AD 4. 3.71g.; 7; Mus. No. 0730 3.70g.; 2; Mus. No. 0735 3.66g.; 1; Mus. No. 0742 3.84g.; 9; Mus. No. 0750
902. 903. 904. 905. 906. 907. 908. 909. 910. 911.
3.75g.; 5; Mus. No. 0850 3.73g.; 3; Mus. No. 0851 3.66g.; 4; Mus. No. 0854 3.65g.; 9; Mus. No. 0856 3.60g.; 9; Mus. No. 0858 3.53g.; 5; Mus. No. 0859 3.69g.; 9; Mus. No. 0860 3.59g.; 9; Mus. No. 0892 3.59g.; 1; Mus. No. 0904 3.39g.; 1; Mus. No. 0944
912. 913.
As previous but, rev., X below lituus and simpulum. RIC I, p.56, no.212. 2 BC – AD 4. 3.66g.; 3; Mus. No. 0754 3.50g.; 12; Mus. No. 0942
Obv. Rev. 914. Italy Obv. Rev.
915. 916. 917. Obv. Rev. 918. Obv. Rev.
919. Obv. Rev. 920. Obv. Rev. 921.
28
Laureate head of Augustus r.; CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI F PATER PATRIAE. Female seated r., holding sceptre in r. hand, branch in l.; PONTIF MAXIM. RIC I, p.56, no.220. AD 13-14. 3.65g.; 6; Mus. No. 0819
Bust of Venus r., wearing stephane and necklace. Octavian advancing l. in military dress, cloak flying behind, extending r. arm and holding transverse spear in l.; to l., CAESAR; to r., DIVI F. RIC I, p.59, no.251. c. 32-29 BC. 3.53g.; 9; Mus. No. 0978 3.72g.; 5; Mus. No. 1053 3.43g.; 10; Mus. No. 1062 Head of Octavian r. Pax standing l., holding branch in r. hand, cornucopia in l.; CAESAR DIVI F. RIC I, p.59, no.252. c. 32-29 BC. 2.86g.; 3; Mus. No. 0874 Bust of Pax r., wearing stephane; to l., cornucopia; to r., olive-spray. Octavian standing r. in military dress, raising r. hand and carrying spear over l. shoulder; to l., CAESAR; to r., DIVI F. RIC I, p.59, no.253. c. 32-29 BC. 3.46g.; 4; Mus. No. 1042 Head of Octavian r. Naked Mercury seated on rock r., holding lyre; over back, petasus; to l., CAESAR; to r., DIVI F. RIC I, p.59, no.257. c. 32-29 BC. 3.53g.; 9; Mus. No. 0765 Victory standing r. on prow and holding wreath in r. hand, palm-branch over l. shoulder. Octavian in quadriga r., holding branch in r. hand, reins in l.; in ex., IMP CAESAR. RIC I, p.60, no.264. c. 29-27 BC. 3.57g.; 7; Mus. No. 0322
CATALOGUE Obv. Rev. 922.
Head of Octavian r. Trophy, its base crossed by rudder and anchor and set on prow r.; to l., IMP; to r., CAESAR. RIC I, p.60, no.265a. c. 29-27 BC. 3.51g.; 9; Mus. No. 1004
932. 933.
2.65g.; 5; Mus. No. 0136 3.52g.; 9; Mus. No. 0229
Obv.
Head of Honos r.; M DVRMIVS TRESVIR HONORI. Augustus holding laurel branch in biga drawn by elephants l.; above, AVGVSTVS; in ex., CAESAR. cf. RIC I, p.64, no.311. c. 19 BC. 3.08g.; 6; Mus. No. 0722
Rev. Obv. Rev. 923. 924. Obv. Rev. 925. 926. Obv. Rev. 927.
Head of Octavian r. Temple; Victory on globe at apex of pediment, warriors at angles; on architrave, IMP CAESAR. RIC I, p.60, no.266. 29-27 BC. 3.69g.; 10; Mus. No. 0264 3.68g.; 3; Mus. No. 0745
934. Obv. Rev.
Head of Octavian r. Arch surmounted by facing quadriga carrying Octavian; on architrave, IMP CAESAR. RIC I, p.60, no.267. 29-27 BC. 2.99g.; 9; Mus. No. 0772 3.71g.; 8; Mus. No. 0917
935. Obv. Rev.
Laureate head of Terminus, head r.; to l., thunderbolt. Octavian seated l. on curule chair, holding small Victory; to l., IMP; to r., CAESAR. RIC I, p.60, no.270. c. 29-27 BC. 3.59g.; 7; Mus. No. 1014
936. Obv. Rev.
Obv. Rev. 928.
Laureate head of Apollo r. Octavian ploughing with yoke of oxen r., holding whip in l. hand; in ex., IMP CAESAR. RIC I, p.60, no.272. c. 29-27 BC. 3.54g.; 2; Mus. No. 0493
937. Obv.
Obv. Rev. 929.
Helmeted head of Mars r.; below, IMP. Round shield inscribed CAESAR on rim, lying on crossed spear and sword; at centre, star. RIC I, p.61, no.274. c. 29-27 BC. 3.50g.; 12; Mus. No. 0303
Rev. 938. 939.
Head of Augustus r.; CAESAR AVGVSTVS. Boar standing r., pierced by spear; above, M DVRMIVS; in ex., III VIR. RIC I, p 64, no.317. c. 19BC. 3.85g.; 4; Mus. No. 0739 Laureate head of Augustus r.; CAESAR AVGVSTVS TR POT. Cippus inscribed IMP / CAES / AVG/ LVD / SAEC; to l., XV; to r., SF; around, L MESCINIVS RVFVS III VIR. RIC I, p.68, no.354. 16 BC. 3.42g.; 9; Mus. No.1002 Head of Augustus r.; AVGVSTVS TR POT VIII. Cippus inscribed SPQR / IMP CAE / QVOD V / M S EX / EA P Q IS / AD A DE; around, L VINCIVS LF III VIR. RIC I, p.68, no.361. 16 BC. 3.69g.; 2; Mus. No. 0880 Head of Augustus r.; to l., lituus; to r., AVGVSTVS. Quadriga galloping r., carrying palm-branch; C MARIVS CF TRO III VIR. RIC I, p.72, no.399. 13 BC. 3.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 0773 3.88g.; 3; Mus. No. 0999
Rome Obv. Obv. Rev.
930. Obv. Rev.
931. Obv. Rev.
Diademed bust of Feronia r.; TVRPILIANVS III VIR FE RON. Parthian kneeling r., extending standard with r. hand, l. hand extended low.; CAESAR AVGVST[VS SIGN REC]. RIC I, p.62, no.288. c. 19 BC. 3.77g.; 5; Mus. No. 0291
Rev.
940. Obv. Rev.
Radiate head of Sol r.; L AQVILLIVS FLORVS III VIR. Quadriga r. with modius-shaped car in which are three corn-ears; above, [CAESAR] AVGVSTVS; in ex., SC. RIC I, p.63, no.303. c. 19 BC. 3.68g.; 6; Mus. No. 0226
941. 942.
Head of Augustus r.; AVGVSTVS. Barbarian, wearing cloak and kneeling r., offering vexillum; L CANINIVS GALLVS III VIR. RIC I, p.74, no.416. 12 BC. 3.26g.; 3; Mus. No. 0740 3.74g.; 12; Mus. No. 1006
Samos? Obv. Rev.
Bust of Virtus r., wearing feathered helmet; L AQVILLIVS FLORVS III VIR. Armenian kneeling r., extending both arms. CAESAR DIVI F ARME CAPT. RIC I, p.63, no.306. c. 19 BC.
943. 29
Head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVGVSTVS. Augustus and Agrippa seated half-left on platform ornamented with rostra; to l., staff or spear; C SVLPICIVS PLATORIN. RIC I, p.73, no.407. 13 BC 3.98g.; 11; Mus. No. 0899
Head of Augustus r.; to l., CAESAR. Bull standing r.; above, AVGVSTVS. RIC I, p.79, no.475. c. 21 BC. 3.59g.; 12; Mus. No. 0764
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII Cyrenaica
Obv.
Obv.
Rev.
Rev. 944.
Open r. hand to l.; above, IMP CAESARI; below; SCARPVS IMP. Victory standing r. on globe, holding wreath in r. hand, palm over l. shoulder; to r., DIVI F; to l., AVG PONT. RIC I, p.84, no.534. c. 31-29 BC. 3.68g.; 1; Mus. No. 0977
953.
Uncertain mint
Obv.
Obv. Rev.
Head of Octavian r. Round shield with three concentric rows of studs and central boss; above, IMP; to l., CAE; to r., SAR; below, DIVI F. RIC I, p.85, no.543a. before 27 BC. 3.72g.; 10; Mus. No. 0891
Rev.
Obv.
946.
Laureate head of Augustus r. Capricorn r., holding globe with rudder attached below; on back cornucopia; below, AVGVSTVS. RIC I, p.85, no.541. After 27 BC. 3.55g.; 12; Mus. No. 0761
955.
947.
As previous but. obv., head bare r. RIC I, p.86, no.547a. after 27 BC (cf. RIC I, p.50, no.126. c. 18-16 BC) 3.65g.; 5; Mus. No.0869
948.
As previous but obv., head bare l. RIC I, p.86, no.547b. after 27 BC (cf. RIC I, p.50, no.130. c. 18-16 BC). 3.68g.; 8; Mus. No. 1064
945. Obv. Rev.
954.
Rev.
949.
Head of Augustus r.; to l., IMPER. Mars standing l. in domed tetrastyle temple, holding standard in r. hand and over l. shoulder; to l., MA; to r., VA. cf. RIC I, p.47, no.69a. c. 19 BC. 3.12g.; 12; Mus. No. 1022
950.
As previous but obv., wreathed head of Augustus r.; to l., AVG[ ; to r., DIVI; rev., to l., M?. cf. RIC I, p.47 no. 69a. c. 19 BC. 3.46g.; 7; Mus. No.1019
Obv. Rev. 951.
Head of Augustus r.; to l., IMPER. Shield; in field, P(reversed)SQR; to l., aquila; to r., standard; above, SIGNIS; below, RECEPTIS. cf. RIC I, p.47, no.86a. c. 19 BC. 3.30g.; 4; Mus. No. 1008
952.
As previous but obv., head of Augustus l.; to l., CAESAR; to r., AVSTVS; rev. SPQR. cf. RIC I, p.47, no.86b. c. 19 BC. 3.53g.; 2; Mus. No. 0868
Laureate head r.; [TI CAES]AR DIVI AVG F AVGVST[VS] Gaius and Lucius Caesar standing facing; each resting hand on shield; behind each shield, spear; above to l., simpulum, to r., lituus; ]DESIG PRINC IVVENT; in ex., ]CAESAR[ . 3.91g.; 12; Mus. No. 0886
Lugdunum Obv. Rev.
956. 957. Obv. Rev.
958. 959. 960. 961. 962. 963. 964. 965.
Laureate head of Tiberius r.; TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS. Tiberius standing in quadriga r., holding laurelbranch in r. hand, eagle-tipped sceptre in l.; TR POT XVII; in ex. IMP VII. RIC I, p 93, no.4. AD 14-15. 3.67g.; 8; Mus. No. 0876 3.65g.; 11; Mus. No. 0908 Laureate head of Tiberius r.; TI CAESAR DIVI AVG F AVGVSTVS. Female seated r. on chair with plain legs, holding sceptre in r. hand, branch in l.; below chair, double line; PONTIF MAXIM. RIC I, p.95, no.26. c. AD 14-37. 2.82g.; 9; Mus. No. 0785 3.70g.; 5; Mus. No. 0802 3.41g.; 8; Mus. No. 0809 3.70g.; 11; Mus. No. 0811 3.69g.; 5; Mus. No. 0824 3.63g.; 7; Mus. No. 0830 3.55g.; 8; Mus. No. 0905 3.65g.; 2; Mus. No. 0912
1
The division of Tiberius’ PONT Maxim issues into three subgroups follows RIC. For a more complex arrangement see J.-B. Giard, Le monnayage de l’atelier de Lyon . Des origines au règne de Caligula (43 avant J.C. – 41 après J.-C.), Weteren 1983. A useful digest is provided by Estiot & Aymar, op. cit., see Introduction, n.10 above.
30
Laureate head of Augustus r.; ]DIVI F PATER P[ Gaius and Lucius Caesar standing facing; each resting hand on shield; behind each shield, spear; above to l., simpulum, to r., lituus; ]RINC IVVENT; in ex., ]CAESAR[ . cf. RIC I, p.55, no.207. 2 BC – AD 4. 3.62g.; 5; Mus. No. 0939
Tiberius1
Barbarous/Irregular issues Obv. Rev.
Laureate head of Augustus r.; ]AVS ATER PATRIAE. Gaius and Lucius Caesar standing facing; each resting hand on shield; behind each shield, spear; above to l., simpulum, to r., lituus; ]S DESIG PRINC (N reversed) IVVENT; in ex., ]CAES[. cf. RIC I, p.55, no.207. 2 BC – AD 4. 3.19g.; 5; Mus. No. 0938
CATALOGUE 966.
3.43g.; 11; Mus. No. 1071
967. 968. 969. 970. 971. 972. 973. 974. 975. 976. 977. 978. 979. 980. 981.
As previous but rev., female seated r. on chair with decorated legs, holding inverted spear in r. hand; below chair, triple line. RIC I, p.95, no.28. c. AD 14-37. 3.66g.; 11; Mus. No. 0784 3.71g.; 10; Mus. No. 0786 3.70g.; 5; Mus. No. 0787 3.59g.; 6; Mus. No. 0788 3.68g.; 4; Mus. No. 0801 3.46g.; 4; Mus. No. 0804 3.63g.; 6; Mus. No. 0807 3.62g.; 6; Mus. No. 0832 3.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 0896 3.53g.; 3; Mus. No. 0900 3.66g.; 2; Mus. No. 0919 3.79g.; 6; Mus. No. 0929 3.63g.; 9; Mus. No. 0947 3.70g.; 12; Mus. No. 0962 3.05g.; 2; Mus. No. 1029
982. 983. 984. 985. 986. 987. 988. 989. 990. 991. 992. 993. 994. 995. 996. 997. 998. 999. 1000. 1001. 1002. 1003. 1004. 1005. 1006. 1007. 1008. 1009. 1010. 1011. 1012. 1013. 1014. 1015. 1016. 1017.
As previous but rev., female holding sceptre in r. hand; foot often seen resting on footstool; below chair, single line. RIC I, p.95, no.30. c. AD 1437. 3.75g.; 7; Mus. No. 0774 3.71g.; 3; Mus. No. 0775 3.64g.; 2; Mus. No. 0776 3.64g.; 4; Mus. No. 0777 3.66g.; 8; Mus. No. 0779 2.98g.; 11; Mus. No. 0780 3.12g.; 11; Mus. No. 0781 3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 0782 3.67g.; 2; Mus. No. 0783 3.69g.; 6; Mus. No. 0789 3.70g.; 12; Mus. No. 0790 2.88g.; 11; Mus. No. 0791 3.65g.; 6; Mus. No. 0792 3.78g.; 11; Mus. No. 0794 3.65g.; 6; Mus. No. 0795 3.72g.; 3; Mus. No. 0796 3.73g.; 4; Mus. No. 0797 3.73g.; 3; Mus. No. 0798 3.87g.; 9; Mus. No. 0799 2.91g.; 3; Mus. No. 0800 3.77g.; 3; Mus. No. 0803 3.61g.; 6; Mus. No. 0805 3.00g.; 3; Mus. No. 0806 3.66g.; 3; Mus. No. 0808 3.68g.; 3; Mus. No. 0810 3.65g.; 12; Mus. No. 0812 3.73g.; 2; Mus. No. 0813 3.70g.; 6; Mus. No. 0814 3.70g.; 10; Mus. No. 0815 3.62g.; 7; Mus. No. 0816 3.17g.; 2; Mus. No. 0817 3.77g.; 4; Mus. No. 0818 3.56g.; 8; Mus. No. 0820 3.60g.; 6; Mus. No. 0821 3.77g.; 4; Mus. No. 0822 3.65g.; 11; Mus. No. 0823
1018. 1019. 1020. 1021. 1022. 1023. 1024. 1025. 1026. 1027. 1028. 1029. 1030. 1031. 1032. 1033. 1034. 1035. 1036. 1037. 1038. 1039. 1040. 1041. 1042. 1043. 1044. 1045. 1046. 1047. 1048. 1049. 1050. 1051. 1052. 1053. 1054. 1055. 1056. 1057. 1058. 1059. 1060. 1061. 1062. 1063. 1064. 1065. 1066. 1067. 1068. 1069. 1070. 1071. 1072. 1073. 1074. 1075. 1076. 1077. 1078. 1079. 31
3.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 0825 3.72g.; 4; Mus. No. 0826 3.71g.; 6; Mus. No. 0827 3.24g.; 7; Mus. No. 0829 3.71g.; 6; Mus. No. 0831 3.55g.; 6; Mus. No. 0833 3.60g.; 10; Mus. No. 0835 3.74g.; 6; Mus. No. 0875 3.72g.; 12; Mus. No. 0887 3.70g.; 1; Mus. No. 0888 3.72g.; 6; Mus. No. 0889 3.07g.; 9; Mus. No. 0893 3.67g.; 10; Mus. No. 0894 3.76g.; 4; Mus. No. 0898 3.65g.; 4; Mus. No. 0902 3.71g.; 6; Mus. No. 0907 3.72g.; 4; Mus. No. 0913 3.76g.; 12; Mus. No. 0915 3.52g.; 8; Mus. No. 0918 2.60g.; 4; Mus. No. 0926 3.68g.; 4; Mus. No. 0927 3.73g.; 1; Mus. No. 0928 3.68g.; 9; Mus. No. 0930 3.75g.; 4; Mus. No. 0934 3.03g.; 7; Mus. No. 0948 3.64g.; 8; Mus. No. 0949 3.71g.; 10; Mus. No. 0950 3.10g.; 6; Mus. No. 0951 3.70g.; 2; Mus. No. 0952 3.79g.; 1; Mus. No. 0953 3.68g.; 7; Mus. No. 0955 3.56g.; 10; Mus. No. 0956 3.61g.; 6; Mus. No. 0957 3.61g.; 12; Mus. No. 0958 3.68g.; 9; Mus. No. 0959 3.57g.; 2; Mus. No. 0960 2.98g.; 8; Mus. No. 0964 3.50g.; 6; Mus. No. 0965 3.06g.; 1; Mus. No. 0966 3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 0968 3.56g.; 9; Mus. No. 0969 3.60g.; 4; Mus. No. 0971 3.60g.; 8; Mus. No. 0972 3.65g.; 9; Mus. No. 0974 3.62g.; 12; Mus. No. 0985 3.34g.; 4; Mus. No. 0986 3.04g.; 12; Mus. No. 0992 3.46g.; 12; Mus. No. 0993 3.65g.; 11; Mus. No. 0996 2.89g.; 10; Mus. No. 1031 3.74g.; 7; Mus. No. 1034 3.68g.; 3; Mus. No. 1035 3.70g.; 10; Mus. No. 1066 3.71g.; 11; Mus. No. 1067 3.18g.; 5; Mus. No. 1068 3.65g.; 3; Mus. No. 1069 3.82g.; 6; Mus. No. 1070 3.63g.; 4; Mus. No. 1072 3.71g.; 12; Mus. No. 1073 3.79g.; 3; Mus. No. 1074 3.65g.; 5; Mus. No. 1075 3.65g.; 4; Mus. No. 1076
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII 1080. 1081.
3.67g.; 6; Mus. No. 1078 3.81g.; 3; Mus. No. 1139
1082. 1083. 1084. 1085. 1086. 1087. 1088. 1089. 1090. 1091. 1092. 1093. 1094. 1095. 1096. 1097. 1098. 1099. 1100.
As previous but rev., marks of differentiation off-flan or obscured. cf. RIC I, p.95, no.28/30 3.77g.; 12; Mus. No. 0778 3.73g.; 3; Mus. No. 0793 3.65g.; 9; Mus. No. 0828 3.74g.; 2; Mus. No. 0834 3.05g.; 6; Mus. No. 0877 3.65g.; 4; Mus. No. 0881 3.65g.; 10; Mus. No. 0954 2.83g.; 10; Mus. No. 0963 3.63g.; 5; Mus. No. 0967 2.90g.; 8; Mus. No. 0970 3.67g.; 1; Mus. No. 0987 3.36g.; 5; Mus. No. 0994 3.53g.; 2; Mus. No. 0995 3.71g.; 1; Mus. No. 0998 2.70g.; 9; Mus. No. 1009 3.62g.; 10; Mus. No. 1036 3.71g.; 10; Mus. No. 1037 2.96g.; 6; Mus. No. 1040 3.57g.; 12; Mus. No. 1077
Rome2 Obv. Rev. 1107. 1108. 1109. Obv. Rev. 1110.
1101. 1102. 1103.
Rome Obv.
1111.
Laureate head of Claudius r.; TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TRP III. Winged Pax-Nemesis advancing r., holding in l. hand winged caduceus pointed down at snake, r. hand holding out fold of drapery; PACI AVGVSTAE. RIC I, p.122, no.22. AD 43-44. 3.75g.; 12; Mus. No.1038
1112. 1113.
As previous but obv., TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TRP X IMP PP. RIC I, p.124, no.52. AD 50-51. 3.78g.; 2; Mus. No. 0909 3.69g.; 2; Mus. No. 0979
Rev.
Laureate head of Tiberius r.; blundered inscr. Female seated r. on chair with decorated legs, holding sceptre in r. hand, branch in l.; below chair, single line; PONTIF MAXIM. cf. RIC I, p.95, no.30. c. AD 14-37. 3.26g.; 4; Mus. No. 0931 3.48g.; 12; Mus. No. 0961 3.39g.; 7; Mus. No. 0973
Caligula
Obv.
Lugdunum
Rev.
Obv. Rev. 1104. 1105. Obv. Rev. 1106.
Laureate head of Caligula r.; C CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR POT. Head of Germanicus r.; GERMANICVS CAES P C CAES AVG GERM. RIC I, p.109, no.18. AD 37-38. 3.75g.; 5; Mus. No. 1025.
Claudius
Barbarous issues Obv. Rev.
Laureate head of Caligula r.; C CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR POT. Bust of Agrippina r.; AGRIPPINA MAT C CAES AVG GERM. RIC I, p.109, no.14. AD 37-38. 3.28g.; 10; Mus. No. 1017 3.50g.; 6; Mus. No. 1020 3.72g.; 3; Mus. No. 1140
Head of Caligula r.; C CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR POT [ ]. Radiate head of Augustus r. between two stars. RIC I, p.108, no.2/6. AD 37-38. 3.68g.; 12; Mus. No. 1027 3.84g.; 11; Mus. No. 1028
1114. 1115. Obv.
Head of Caligula r., C CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR POT. Head of Germanicus r.; GERMANICVS CAES P C CAES AVG GERM. RIC I, p.108, no.12. AD 37-38. 3.81g.; 4; Mus. No. 1026
Rev. 1116. 1117. 1118.
Laureate head of Claudius r.; TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TRP VI IMP XI. Triumphal arch inscribed DE BRITANN, and surmounted by equestrian statue l. between two trophies; rider extending r. arm and holding spear in l. RIC I, p.123, no.34. AD 46-47. 2.90g.; 9; Mus. No. 0981 3.70g.; 9; Mus. No. 0982 Laureate head of Claudius r.; TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TRP X IMP PP. SPQR / PP / OB C S in oak-wreath. RIC I, p.124, no. 54. AD 50-51. 3.87g.; 9; Mus. No. 0980 3.73g.; 4; Mus. No. 0990 3.67g.; 7; Mus. No. 1150
2
The question of when the mint for bullion metals was transferred to Rome remains contentious; see RIC I, p.102-4; J.-B. Giard, ‘Les émissions d’or et d’argent de Caligula dans l’atelier de Lyon’, RN 1976, p.69ff. A useful summary of arguments is presented by Estiot and Aymar, ‘Le trésor de Meussia’, p.85-92.
32
CATALOGUE
1119. 1120. Obv. Rev. 1121. 1122. Obv. Rev.
1123. Obv. Rev. 1124. Obv. Rev. 1125. 1126. Obv. Rev. 1127. 1128. 1129. 1130. 1131. 1132.
As previous but obv., TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG PM TRP XI IMP PP COS V. RIC I, p.124, no.64. AD 51-52. 3.73g.; 1; Mus. No. 0883 3.69g.; 9; Mus. No. 0989
Obv. Rev.
Bust of Antonia r., wearing crown of corn-ears; hair in long plait; to l. ANTONIA; to r., AVGVSTA. Antonia standing facing, holding long torch in r. hand, cornucopia in l.; CONSTANTIAE AVGVSTI. RIC I, p.124, no.66. AD 41-45. 3.59g.; 4; Mus. No. 0932 3.83g.; 9; Mus. No. 0933
1134. Obv. Rev. 1135.
Laureate head of Nero Claudius Drusus l.; NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GERMANICVS IMP. Triumphal arch inscribed DE GERM, and surmounted by equestrian statue r. between two trophies, each with seated and bound captive at foot. RIC I, p.125, no.70. AD 41-45. 3.79g.; 9; Mus. No. 1023
Obv. Rev.
Bust of Nero l.; NERO CLAVD CAES DRVSVS GERM PRINC IVVENT. Simpulum above tripod, and lituus above patera; SACERD COOPT IN OMN CONL SVPRA NVM EX SC. RIC I, p.125, no.77. AD 50-54. 3.67g.; 12; Mus. No. 0746
Obv. Rev.
1136. 1137. 1138. 1139.
Bust of Nero r.; NERONI CLAVDIO DRVSO GERM COS DESIGN. Shield inscribed EQVESTER / OR DO / PRINCIPI IVVENT. RIC I, p.125, no.79. AD 50-54. 3.62g.; 3; Mus. No. 0844 3.68g.; 9; Mus. No. 0984
1142.
As previous but rev., TRP VIII. RIC I, p.152, no.30. AD 61-62. 3.53g.; 5; Mus. No. 1016
Obv. Rev.
Rev. 1133.
Laureate head of Claudius l.; DIVVS CLAVDIVS AVGVSTVS. Quadriga r., surmounted by four miniature horses flanked on each side by Victories; in ex., EX SC. RIC I, p.150. no.5. AD54. 3.71g.; 10; Mus. No. 0882 33
Head of Nero r.; NERO CAESAR AVG IMP. Virtus in military dress standing l., r. foot on pile of arms, r. hand holding parazonium on knee, l. hand holding spear; PONTIF MAX TRP VII COS IIII PP; in field, EX SC. RIC I, p.151, no.26. AD 60-61. 3.63g.; 6; Mus. No. 0836
1144.
Head of Nero r.; NERO CAESAR AVG IMP. Roma in military dress standing r., placing l. foot on helmet by dagger and bow, inscribing round shield held in l. hand on knee; PONTIF MAX TRP VII COS IIII PP; in field, EX SC. RIC I, p.152, no.28. AD 60-61. 3.41g.; 6; Mus. No. 0841
1145. 1146.
As previous but rev., TRP VIII. RIC I, p.152, no.34. AD 61-62. 3.65g.; 8; Mus. No. 0840 3.57g.; 4; Mus. No. 0842
1147.
As previous but rev., TRP X. RIC I, p.152, no.43. AD 63-64. 3.66g.; 4; Mus. No. 1094
Nero
Obv.
Head of Nero r.; NERO CAESAR AVG IMP. Oak wreath enclosing EX SC; PONTIF MAX TRP VII COS IIII PP. RIC I, p.151, no.22. AD 60-61. 3.65g.; 7; Mus. No. 0837 3.66g.; 9; Mus. No. 0839 3.60g.; 7; Mus. No. 1018 3.63g.; 3; Mus. No. 1041
1140. 1141.
1143.
Rome
Head of Nero r.; NERO CAESAR AVG IMP. Oak wreath enclosing EX SC; PONTIF MAX TRP II(?) PP. cf. RIC I, p.151, no. 9. AD 55-56. 3.70g.; 11; Mus. No. 0843
Head of Nero r.; NERO CAESAR AVG IMP. Ceres standing l., holding two corn-ears in r. hand, torch in l.; PONTIF MAX TRP VII COS IIII PP; in field, EX SC. RIC I, p.151, no. 24. AD 60-61. 3.69g.; 7; Mus. No. 0838 3.44g.; 11; Mus. No. 1039
Obv. Rev.
Laureate head of Claudius r.; TI CLAVD CAESAR AVG GERM PM TRIB POT PP. Bust of Agrippina r., wearing crown of cornears, hair in long plait; to l., AGRIPPINAE; to r., AVGVSTAE. RIC I, p.126, no.81. AD 50-54. 3.64g.; 7; Mus. No. 0884 3.55g.; 7; Mus. No. 0983 3.55g.; 4; Mus. No. 0991 3.62g.; 3; Mus. No. 1021 3.55g.; 7; Mus. No. 1135 3.64g.; 7; Mus. No. 1136
Jugate busts of Nero and Agrippina II r.; [NERO CLAVD DIVI] F CAES AVG GERM IMP TRP COS. Quadriga of elephants l., carrying Divus Claudius holding eagle-tipped sceptre and Divus Augustus holding patera and sceptre; above, EX SC; AGRIPP AVG DIVI CLAVD NERONIS CAES MATER. RIC I, p.150, no.7. AD 55. 3.58g.; 9; Mus. No. 1024
THE SOUTH-WARWICKSHIRE HOARD OF ROMAN DENARII Non-Roman Coins
Postscript: coins found June 2013:
Numidia 1152 Juba I (60-46 BC) Obv. Rev. 1148. 1149. 1150. 1151.
Obv.
Draped bust of Juba r., sceptre over shoulder; to r., REX JVBA. Octostyle temple on stepped platform; neo-Punic inscr. SNG Cop. 523 RPC I, 717. 3.91g.; 1; Mus. No. 0298 3.51g.; 9; Mus. No. 0506 2.65g.; 11; Mus. No. 0523 3.55g.; 11; Mus. No. 0532
Rev. 1153
34
As coins 173-178; Crawford 319. 103 BC. 3.66g.; 9; Mus. No. 1152 Head of Caligula r.; C CAESAR AVG GERM PM TR POT COS. Radiate head of Augustus r. between two stars. RIC I, p.108, no.2. AD 37-38. 3.73g.; 2; Mus. No. 1153
Plate 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Plate 2
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Plate 3
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
Plate 4
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
Plate 5
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
Plate 6
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
Plate 7
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
Plate 8
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
Plate 9
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
Plate 10
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
Plate 11
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
Plate 12
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
Plate 13
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
Plate 14
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
Plate 15
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
Plate 16
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
Plate 17
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
Plate 18
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
Plate 19
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
Plate 20
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
Plate 21
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
Plate 22
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
Plate 23
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
Plate 24
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
Plate 25
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
Plate 26
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
Plate 27
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
Plate 28
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
Plate 29
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
Plate 30
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
Plate 31
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
Plate 32
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
Plate 33
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
Plate 34
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
Plate 35
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
Plate 36
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
Plate 37
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
Plate 38
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
Plate 39
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
Plate 40
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
Plate 41
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
Plate 42
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
Plate 43
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
Plate 44
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
Plate 45
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
Plate 46
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
Plate 47
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
Plate 48
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151