The response of eight juvenile psychopathic personalities to existent social programs and an offer of a case work service

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THE RESPONSE OF EIGHT JUVENILE PSYCHOPATHIC PERSONALITIES TO EXISTENT SOCIAL PROGRAMS AND AN OFFER OF A CASE WORK SERVICE

A T h e s is P r e s e n t e d to The f a c u l t y o f th e S c h o o l o f S o c ia l Work o f The U n i v e r s i t y o f S o u th e r n C a l i f o r n i a

In P a r t i a l F u lfillm e n t Of th e R e q u ire m e n ts f o r th e D egree M a s te r o f S o c i a l Work

by S h e ld o n J . Brown J u n e 1950

UMI Number: EP66329

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s (*/ >co (3 8 79 Th is thesis, writ ten under the direction of the candidate's F ac u lty C o m m it te e an d a p p r o v e d by all its m e m b e r s , has been pres ent ed to and a c ce p te d by the F a cu lt y of the Gradu ate Scho ol of So c ia l W o r k in p a r ti a l fulfilment of the re­ quirements f o r the degree of

MASTER OF SOCIAL WORK

Dean

)/7£ when th e p a t i e n t was s i x y e a rs o f a g e .

W illia m was t h e o n ly c h i l d , a n d d u r in g t h e

f i r s t f iv e y e a rs o f h i s l i f e , he l i v e d in a v e ry c h a o tic s itu a tio n .

T here- w as e x tre m e d i s c o r d , w ith b o th p a r e n t s

d rin k in g h e a v ily .

The m a r i t a l r e l a t i o n s h i p w as one o f

e x tre m e m u tu a l d i s s a t i s f a c t i o n , i n c o m p a t i b i l i t y , a n d much o v e rt q u a rre lin g and f ig h tin g .

A t th e tim e o f th e d i v o r c e ,

th e m o th e r r e f u s e d to ta k e a n y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r th e b o y , a n d s i n c e t h e f a t h e r w as w o rk in g , t h e f o s t e r home p l a c e ­ m en ts b e g a n . C.

D e lin q u e n c y h i s t o r y .

T h is boy h a s b e e n i n some d e g r e e

o f t r o u b l e s i n c e t h e a g e o f f o u r a n d h a s h a d many s t u d i e s a n d o b s e r v a t i o n s by v a r i o u s p r o b a t i o n o f f i c e r s i n Los A n g e le s a n d a t J u v e n i l e H a l l .

I t i s s a f e to s a y t h a t t h e

p a t i e n t h a d a t l e a s t tw e lv e f o s t e r home p la c e m e n ts b e f o r e h e was e le v e n y e a r s o f a g e .

He w as u n a b le to a d j u s t i n a n y

3k home, a n d t h e f o s t e r m o th e rs c o m p la in e d o f W illia m * s d i s t a n t an d c o ld n a tu r e . He w as made a c o u r t w a rd when h e w as tw e lv e , b e c a u s e o f h i s f a i l u r e to a d j u s t i n an y hom e. p la c e m e n ts w e re t r i e d .

Two b o a r d in g s c h o o l

When t h e s e f a i l e d * a f t e r s e v e r a l

w eeks t r i a l i n e a c h , W illia m was r e t u r n e d to J u v e n i l e H a l l . A p la c e m e n t was th e n made w ith h i s m o th e r i n San P e d ro . H ow ever, a f t e r a few m o n th s, h e came b e f o r e t h e c o u r t on a c h a rg e o f b u r g la r y .

He was th e n p l a c e d i n C a m a r illo S t a t e

H o s p i t a l on a v o l u n t a r y b a s i s .

He r a n away tw ic e an d was

f i n a l l y c o m m itte d t h e r e on an o b s e r v a t i o n b a s i s .

A d ia g ­

n o s i s was made o f p r im a r y b e h a v io r d i s o r d e r , c o n d u c t d is tu rb a n c e . He w as r e l e a s e d when h e w as t h i r t e e n y e a r s o f a g e a n d p l a c e d w ith h i s f a t h e r , u n t i l f u r t h e r a r r a n g e m e n ts c o u ld b e m ade.

H ow ever, d u r in g t h i s p e r i o d h e a c t u a l l y

r e s i d e d i n t h e home o f a n a u n t .

He was a g a i n i n d i f f i c u l t y ,

d e f i a n t o f a u t h o r i t y , a n d in v o lv e d i n p e t t y o f f e n s e s , a n d was p l a c e d i n a n o t h e r b o a r d in g hom e.

T h is l a s t e d f o r a

p e r i o d o f a few w e e k s, when h e w as c h a r g e d w i t h b u r g l a r y and v io la tio n o f p r o b a tio n .

He w as a g a in d e c l a r e d a c o u r t

w ard a n d r e l e a s e d t o a n o t h e r a u n t , who w as r e p o r t e d to h a v e made c o n s c i e n t i o u s e f f o r t s to h e l p t h e boy a d j u s t .

H ow ever,

w i t h i n a c o m p a r a tiv e ly s h o r t tim e , h e r e v e r t e d to h i s fo rm e r b e h a v io r a n d s t a r t e d s t a y i n g away a l l n i g h t w ith o u t

35 p e rm is s io n .

He w as p i c k e d up s e v e r a l tim e s f o r b u r g l a r y

a n d s t e a l i n g a l c o h o l i c “b e v e ra g e s*

W illia m was th e n

r e t u r n e d to J u v e n i l e H a l l , w h ere h i s a d ju s tm e n t was con­ s id e re d g e n e ra lly v e ry p o o r.

A p la c e m e n t i n a j u v e n i l e

f o r e s t r y camp was recom m ended, b u t i n v ie w o f h i s p a s t f a i l u r e s , t h e camp r e f u s e d to a c c e p t th e b o y , a n d h e was c o m m itte d to th e C a l i f o r n i a Y outh A u t h o r i t y a n d e n t e r e d th e N e ll e s S c h o o l f o r Boys when h e w as t h i r t e e n a n d o n e - h a l f y e a rs o f ag e .

W illia m re m a in e d t h e r e f o r e i g h t m o n th s.

T hen, b e c a u s e o f a s e v e r e m a la d ju s tm e n t i n t h a t i n s t i t u t i o n , h e was r e t u r n e d t o C a m a r illo . C a m a r illo e s t a b l i s h e d t h e same d i a g n o s i s a n d r e t u r n e d him to th e N e l l e s S c h o o l f o r B oys.

The boy

im m e d ia te ly e s c a p e d a n d was s e n t t e m p o r a r i l y t o J u v e n i l e H a l l , w h ere h e a lm o s t c a u s e d a r i o t by h i s a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v io r .

W illia m w as r e t u r n e d a g a i n to t h e N e l l e s S c h o o l,

w h ere h e h a d a v e r y t h r e a t e n i n g a n d e x p l o s iv e a t t i t u d e .

He

was th e n s e n t to P r e s t o n S c h o o l o f I n d u s t r y , w h e re h e was s t u d i e d , a n d th e n when h e was s i x t e e n y e a r s o f a g e , h e was s e n t to P a c i f i c C o lo n y f o r a n o b s e r v a t i o n p e r i o d . D.

I m p r e s s io n s o f t h e c a s e w o r k e r . (l)

The f a m i l y .

An i n t e r v i e w w ith t h e f a t h e r was

n o t p r o d u c t i v e i n te rm s o f d e v e lo p in g a r e l a t i o n s h i p .

The

f a t h e r w as a r a t h e r slo w a n d d i s t a n t p e r s o n who a p p e a r e d to h a v e many c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e c h r o n ic a l c o h o l i c .

36 A lth o u g h h e was n o t d ru n k d u r in g t h e i n t e r v i e w , h e a p p e a r e d to he i n t h a t in - b e tw e e n s t a t e o f t h e s o - c a l l e d ^ i n o . ® He s t a t e d t h a t W illia m * s w h o le p ro b le m was due p r i m a r i l y to th e n e g l e c t o f th e m o th e r, who h a d b ee n d ru n k c o n t i n u a l l y a n d h a d r a r e l y g iv e n t h e boy a n y a t t e n t i o n . The f a t h e r s t a t e d t h a t th e m o th e r w as f i f t e e n y e a r s y o u n g e r th a n h i m s e l f a n d h a d n e v e r ta k e n a n y r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a n y th in g d u r in g h e r e n t i r e l i f e . The f a t h e r * s e m o tio n a l r e s p o n s e to t h e p a t i e n t . a p p e a r e d to b e q u i t e l i m i t e d , a n d i n a l l l i k e l i h o o d h e w ould n o t h a v e v i s i t e d t h e p a t i e n t e x c e p t f o r a v e r y s t r o n g r e q u e s t b y t h e s o c i a l w o rk e r.

I t w as - q u ite o b v io u s t h a t

th e f a t h e r * s r e l a t i o n s h i p to t h e b o y was e x tr e m e ly w eak, a n d a c t u a l l y h e w as n o t even a w a re o f many o f th e i n c i d e n t s i n w h ich t h e boy h a d becom e in v o l v e d .

T h e re was i n d i c a t i o n

i n th e r e c o r d t h a t a t many o f t h e c o u r t a p p e a r a n c e s th e f a t h e r w as n o t p r e s e n t .

The m o th e r i n t h i s c a s e r e f u s e d to

v i s i t th e p a t i e n t a n d w as n e v e r s e e n b y a s o c i a l w o rk e r. (2 )

The - p a t i e n t .

T h is p a t i e n t r e s p o n d e d v e r y

d i f f e r e n t l y i n t h e i n t e r v i e w s i t u a t i o n th a n th o s e p r e ­ v i o u s l y m e n tio n e d .

W illia m w as q u i t e o u tg o in g a n d

t a l k a t i v e a n d v e r y i n q u i s i t i v e a n d c u r i o u s a b o u t th e p u r p o s e o f t h e s o c i a l w o rk e r* s v i s i t .

I n a t t e m p t i n g to

I n t e r p r e t some p u r p o s e f o r th e i n t e r v i e w , W illia m i n d i c a t e d a q u ic k u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e f a c t t h a t h i s h i s t o r y was

37 im p o r ta n t i n te rm s o f u n d e r s ta n d in g him .

He im m e d ia te ly

c o n f a b u l a t e d a lo n g a n d d e t a i l e d h i s t o r y , w h ic h was q u i t e c o n t r a r y to th e f a c t s i n th e r e c o r d .

I t w as c a l l e d to h i s

a t t e n t i o n t h a t h i s s t a t e m e n t s w e re a t v a r i a n c e w ith w h at in f o r m a t i o n we h ad , a n d t h a t p e r h a p s t o g e t h e r we m ig h t g e t a m ore a c c u r a t e p i c t u r e .

A t t h i s p o i n t , W illia m

c o n f a b u l a t e d a new s e t o f h i s t o r y c ir c u m s ta n c e s a n d a p p e a r e d to h a v e l i t t l e

g u i l t t h a t t h e s e a l s o d i d n o t f i t i n t o th e

fa c tu a l reco rd . I t was a p p a r e n t i n a v e r y s h o r t tim e t h a t th e p a t i e n t w as i n t e r e s t e d i n p l a y i n g a c a t a n d m ouse game w ith t h e s o c i a l w o rk e r a n d d i d n o t r e a l l y s e n s e a n y p u r p o s e i n d e v e lo p in g a r e l a t i o n s h i p w h ich m ig h t grow i n t o a b e t t e r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f h i s p ro b le m .

T h is p a t t e r n p e r s i s t e d i n

W illia m 1s d e a l i n g s w i t h o t h e r p e r s o n n e l o f t h e h o s p i t a l . F i n a l l y i t w as f e l t t h a t h e w as u s in g t h i s te c h n iq u e to a v o id d e v e lo p in g a n y ty p e o f c o n s t r u c t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p .

It

s h o u ld b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h i s b o y * s i n t e l l i g e n c e w as co n ­ s i d e r a b l y ab o v e a v e r a g e .

I t was q u i t e a p p a r e n t t h a t th e

p a t i e n t w as n o t i n t e r e s t e d i n g e t t i n g a n y r e a l h e l p . IV . A.

Id e n tify in g ; in fo rm a tio n . Name:

C h a r le s

CASE k

38 R ace:

C a u c a s ia n

A ge:

20

A d m itte d :

A p r i l , 1 9 4 9 , Los A n g e le s C o u n ty

B ro k en home; o n e s i s t e r , B.

F a m ily h i s t o r y *

th re e y e a rs o ld e r.

The p a r e n t s o f t h i s p a t i e n t w ere “b o th

s e v e r e a l c o h o l i c s a n d w ere d iv o r c e d when t h e p a t i e n t was two y e a r s o f a g e .

I t i s n o te d i n th e h i s t o r y t h a t t h e hoy

w as ta k e n by b o th t h e m o th e r a n d f a t h e r i n t o s a lo o n s a t a n e a rly age.

T h ere w as e v id e n c e o f c o n s i d e r a b l e v i o l e n c e a n d

q u a r r e l i n g when t h e p a r e n t s w e re r e u n i t e d on b r i e f o c c a s i o n s d u r in g t h e b o y f s f o u r t h a n d f i f t h y e a r s . The m o th e r w as a w a rd e d c u s to d y o f th e b o y , b u t a s t h e h i s t o r y i n d i c a t e s , h e was n o t v e r y lo n g u n d e r h e r c a r e . T h e re w as a n o t h e r c h i l d i n th e f a m il y , a s i s t e r t h r e e y e a r s o l d e r th a n th e p a t i e n t , who w as a p p a r e n t l y r a i s e d by a m a te r n a l a u n t a n d h a d v e r y l i t t l e

t o do w i t h t h e p a t i e n t ' s

f a m il y . C.

D e lin q u e n c y h i s t o r y .

T h e re i s e v e ry i n d i c a t i o n t h a t

C h a r le s w as a s e r i o u s b e h a v io r p ro b le m b e f o r e h e was s i x y e a rs o f ag e .

T h e re w e re f r e q u e n t ru n aw ay s fro m hom e, b u t

t h e h i s t o r y i s n o t to o r e l i a b l e c o n c e r n in g t h e r e a s o n , o r t h e ty p e o f d i s c i p l i n e h e r e c e i v e d . A t s e v e n y e a r s o f a g e , C h a r le s s t o l e a b i c y c l e a n d some w h is k e y a n d w as fo u n d on t h e s t r e e t s i n a d ru n k e n con­ d itio n .

A t t h i s t im e , h e was p l a c e d i n J u v e n i l e H a l l a n d a

39 few d a y s l a t e r r e t u r n e d to h i s m o th e r.

The b o y g o t i n t o

some s e x u a l d i f f i c u l t y , w h ich c o n s i s t e d o f u n d r e s s i n g a little

g i r l , when h e w as e i g h t y e a r s o f a g e .

He h a s b e e n a

c o n s i s t e n t a l c o h o l i c p ro b le m s i n c e h e was a l i t t l e

boy.

He

was i n a n d o u t o f J u v e n i l e H a ll s e v e n tim e s f o r ru n aw ay a n d p e t t y t h e f t b e f o r e h e w as e i g h t y e a r s o l d .

He th e n r a n

away from home to t h e S t a t e o f K a n s a s , w h ere h e l i v e d w ith a n u n c l e , a n d a s a r e s u l t o f f o u r d e l i n q u e n c i e s , was s e n t to a K a n sa s c o r r e c t i o n a l s c h o o l.

A f t e r a y e a r h e was

p a r o l e d t o h i s m o th e r i n C a l i f o r n i a . The boy a p p e a r e d to s t a y o u t o f t r o u b l e f o r t h e n e x t y e a r , a n d when h e was s i x t e e n , w as a b o u t to J o in th e Army by a d e c e p ti o n r e g a r d i n g h i s a g e .

He was d i s c h a r g e d when

h e w as e i g h t e e n a s u n d e s i r a b l e to m i l i t a r y l i f e .

T h e re was

e x c e s s iv e d r i n k i n g a n d i n a b i l i t y to make an a d j u s tm e n t. When C h a r le s was r e l e a s e d from t h e Army, h i s b e h a v io r d i f f i c u l t i e s c o n tin u e d a n d h e w as p l a c e d I n J u v e n i l e H a l l on t h r e e o c c a s i o n s .

The p a t i e n t w as l a t e r c h a r g e d w ith a

b u r g l a r y a n d was c o m m itte d to t h e C a l i f o r n i a Y o u th A u t h o r i t y when h e w as e i g h te e n y e a r s o f a g e .

A t t h i s tim e t h e p a t i e n t

made a n e x c e e d in g ly p o o r a d ju s tm e n t a n d s t a r t e d h a v in g e p ile p tic s e iz u re s .

I t was l a t e r r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e s e

s e i z u r e s w e re n o t g e n u in e b u t w e re s e l f - i n d u c e d to g e t a d i s c h a r g e fro m th e I n s t i t u t i o n .

As a r e s u l t o f h i s p o o r

a d j u s t m e n t , h e was c o m m itte d t o P a c i f i c C o lo n y , w h ere a

40 d i a g n o s i s o f p s y c h o p a th ic p e r s o n a l i t y was m ade. D.

I m p r e s s io n s o f t h e c a s e w o rk e r . (1 )

The f a m i l y .

By l e t t e r ,

th e m o th e r was e n c o u r­

a g e d to v i s i t th e i n s t i t u t i o n , a n d a p p r o x im a te ly f i v e w eeks a f t e r C h a r le s w as a d m i t t e d , 6he a p p e a r e d a n d w as i n t e r v i e w e d by t h e s o c i a l w o rk e r.

H er o p e n in g re m a rk s w e re q u e s t i o n s

a s to why w as sh e e x p e c te d to c a l l on t h e s o c i a l w o rk e r when s h e v i s i t e d t h e i n s t i t u t i o n .

I t was q u i t e a p p a r e n t

from h e r m anner t h a t s h e w o n d ered why sh e s h o u ld v i s i t a t a ll.

She s t a t e d t h a t t h e boy h a d b e e n u n f a i r l y t r e a t e d by

t h e p o l i c e o f f i c e r s a n d o t h e r s c o n c e rn e d i n h i s c a s e , a n d sh e c o u ld s e e no r e a s o n f o r h i s b e in g p l a c e d i n P a c i f i c C o lo n y .

She h a d a v e r y h a r d e n e d a n d e m b i t t e r e d a t t i t u d e

to w a rd a n y o n e i n a u t h o r i t y , a n d i t was q u i t e a p p a r e n t t h a t s h e w as i n a s e m i-d ru n k c o n d i t i o n .

She c o u l d t a k e no

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a n y t h i n g c o n n e c te d w ith t h e p a t i e n t a n d c o n s i d e r e d a v i s i t to him an e m o tio n a l c h o r e .

I t was o n ly

by d i r e c t q u e s t i o n i n g a n d a u t h o r i t a t i v e u s e o f t h e i n t e r ­ v ie w t h a t s h e b r o u g h t f o rw a r d an y s i g n i f i c a n t h i s t o r y m a t e r i a l a b o u t th e b o y . (2 )

The p a t i e n t .

C h a r le s i s a handsom e a p p e a r in g

y o u n g s te r , who d e t r a c t s from t h i s a s s e t b y t a l k i n g o u t o f t h e s i d e o f h i s m outh i n a t y p i c a l m ovie g a n g m an n er.

H is

a p p r o a c h to th e i n t e r v i e w was t o u s e th e s o c i a l w o rk e r a s a m eans f o r v o i c i n g h i s g r i p e s a b o u t h i s p r e s e n t c a r e a n d

ia p a s t h a n d lin g .

He c o u l d s e e no p u r p o s e i n h a v in g a c l e a r

p i c t u r e o f h i s home h i s t o r y a n d a t t i t u d e s to w a rd h i s p ro b le m .

T h e re w as some i n d i c a t i o n t h a t h e w as a f r a i d a n d

th a t th is

e x t e r i o r o f to u g h n e s s w as a f a c a d e .

H ow ever, i n

t h e i n t e r v i e w h e was u n a b le to b r i n g t h i s o u t i n a v e r b a l f a s h io n .

He gave a w o r l d - w is e , c y n i c a l , a n d b i t t e r

p h ilo s o p h y a n d o v e r t l y e x p r e s s e d e x tre m e h o s t i l i t y to w a rd h i s m o th e r.

C h a r le s s t a t e d ,

"No o n e h a s e v e r t r e a t e d me

d e c e n t l y a n d I h a v e no i n t e n t i o n o f r e p l y i n g w i t h d e c e n t a c tio n s ."

He i n d i c a t e d no f e e l i n g o f re m o rs e o r g u i l t f o r

h is p a s t a c tiv i tie s . D u rin g h i s n i n e t y - d a y p e r i o d a t P a c i f i c C o lo n y , h e w as i n v o l v e d i n s e v e r a l s e r i o u s a t t a c k s on p a t i e n t s a n d a tte n d a n ts .

On o n e o c c a s i o n h e w as a b l e to s e c u r e a k n i f e

a n d t h r e a t e n e d an a t t e n d a n t w i t h i t .

I t was t h e c a s e

w o rk e r* s f e e l i n g a f t e r t h r e e i n t e r v i e w s t h a t h e was com­ p l e t e l y u n a b le to a c c e p t c a se w o rk r e l a t i o n s h i p a s a m eans f o r a b e g in n in g a p p r o a c h to h i s p ro b le m .

T h is , o f c o u r s e ,

was r e f l e c t e d i n h i s e n t i r e u s e o f t h e a g e n c y , w h ich was n o th in g b u t a p r i s o n to him . V. A.

I d e n tif y ln g in fo rm a tio n . Name:

G eorge

R ace:

C a u c a s ia n

CASE 5

42 A ge:

16

A d m itte d :

J a n u a r y , 1 9 4 9 , San D iego C o u n ty

P a re n ts liv in g ; F a m ily h i s t o r y . w ere a l c o h o l i c s .

one younger s i s t e r

B o th o f th e p a r e n t s o f t h i s p a t i e n t

The f a t h e r , a l t h o u g h a s k i l l e d l a b o r e r ,

was f r e q u e n t l y o u t o f w ork b e c a u s e h e was i n a n a l c o h o l i c s tu p o r.

The m o th e r was f o r c e d to w o rk , b u t a l s o was u n a b le

t o k e e p a p o s i t i o n b e c a u s e o f h e r a l c o h o l i c p ro b le m .

T h e re

w ere two r e c o r d e d s e p a r a t i o n s o f t h e p a r e n t s , a n d th e h i s t o r y d o e s n o t show w h a t h a p p e n e d to t h e p a t i e n t a t t h e s e tim e s . 0 . D e lin q u e n c y h i s t o r y .

Greorgef s r e c o r d e d d e lin q u e n c y

p a t t e r n d i d n o t s t a r t u n t i l h e w as e le v e n y e a r s o f a g e , when h e b u r g l a r i z e d a c l o t h i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f money a n d c lo th in g .

T h is w as i n a n e a s t e r n s t a t e a n d h e was a t t h a t

tim e s e n t to a s t a t e t r a i n i n g s c h o o l f o r b o y s .

C eo rg e was

g u i l t y o f many i n f r a c t i o n s o f t h e r u l e s i n th e i n s t i t u t i o n , a n d h e was c o n s t a n t l y b e in g p u n is h e d f o r w r i t i n g o b sc e n e n o t e s , sm o k in g , a n d d is o b e y in g t h e o r d e r s o f t h e o f f i c i a l s . A f t e r a y e a r i n t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n , h e was p a r o l e d to h i s p a r e n t s , who th e n m oved to C a l i f o r n i a . F o r t h e n e x t two y e a r s h e w as in v o lv e d i n a num ber o f p e t t y t h e f t s a n d w as i n a n d o u t o f J u v e n i l e H a ll s i x tim e s .

When h e w as t h i r t e e n a n d o n e - h a l f y e a r s o f a g e h e

was c o m m itte d to th e N e l l e s S c h o o l f o r B oys.

T h is was th e

43 r e s u l t o f s t e a l i n g money from t h e p a r e n t s o f a co m p an io n . T h e re w e re a l s o s e v e r a l c a r t h e f t s , w h ich w e re h a n d le d in fo rm a lly ,

J u s t p r i o r to G e o rg e 1s com m itm ent to th e Y outh

A u th o rity .

He re m a in e d i n th e N e ll e s S c h o o l f o r B oys,

w h ere h e made a p o o r a d j u s t m e n t , f o r e le v e n m o n th s a n d th e n w as p a r o l e d to h i s p a r e n t s . T h e re w ere f o u r v i o l a t i o n s o f h i s p a r o l e i n t h e n e x t s i x m o n th s , a n d G eo rg e was r e t u r n e d to th e N e l l e s S c h o o l f o r Boys when h e was f i f t e e n .

A p la n was f o r m u l a te d f o r him to

r e t u r n to t h e E a s t to l i v e w i t h an a u n t*

T h is f a i l e d when

t h e boy im m e d ia te ly r a n away a n d r e t u r n e d t o C a l i f o r n i a . When h e w as f o u r t e e n , G eorge was in v o lv e d i n c o n s i d e r a b l e gan g a c t i v i t y i n San D ie g o , a n d a s a r e s u l t o f a num ber o f t h e f t s by t h i s g an g h e w as a g a in s e n t to th e Y o u th A u t h o r i t y a n d t h i s tim e was p l a c e d a t P r e s t o n S c h o o l o f I n d u s t r y . re m a in e d t h e r e o v e r a, y e a r , m ak in g a p o o r a d j u s t m e n t .

He

.T hen

h e w as p a r o l e d a g a in a n d so o n c a u g h t b u r g l a r i z i n g a num ber o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t s i n San D ie g o .

A re in v e s tig a tio n o f h is

a c t i v i t i e s a t t h i s tim e r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e r e w e re a p p r o x im a te ly t h i r t y o f f e n s e s .

He was a g a in r e t u r n e d to

th e P r e s t o n S c h o o l o f I n d u s t r y , w h e re i t was d e c id e d t h a t h e s h o u ld b e s e n t to P a c i f i c C o lo n y a s a n o b s e r v a t i o n c a s e a s a p s y c h o p a th ic d e l i n q u e n t .

A t P a c i f i c C o lo n y a d i a g n o s i s

o f p s y c h o p a th ic d e lin q u e n c y was m ade, a n d h e w as c o m m itte d to M endocino S t a t e H o s p i t a l .

D.

I m p r e s s io n s o f t h e c a s e w o r k e r . The f a m i l y .

The p a r e n t s w ere i n t e r v i e w e d by

t h e s o c i a l w o rk e r b o th s e p a r a t e l y a n d t o g e t h e r .

The f a t h e r

a p p e a r e d to b e t h e d o m in a n t member o f th e f a m i l y , a n d when th e y w e re i n t e r v i e w e d t o g e t h e r , o p e n ly a b u s e d t h e m o th e r f o r g i v i n g m in o r i n a c c u r a t e i n f o r m a t i o n .

B oth p a r e n t s

f r a n k l y b la m e d t h e p o l i c e d e p a r tm e n t, p r o b a t i o n o f f i c e r s , a n d a n y o n e who h a d d e a l t w ith G eo rg e i n a n o f f i c i a l c a p a c ity .

They m in im iz e d a l l o f h i s d i f f i c u l t i e s a n d

s t a t e d t h a t t h e n o t o r i o u s g an g w i t h w h ich G eorge h a d a s s o c i a t e d was a m ild -m a n n e re d g an g who seld o m g o t i n t o a n y s e rio u s d i f f i c u l t y .

N e i t h e r o n e o f th e p a r e n t s c o u ld s e e

a n y p u r p o s e i n p r o v i d i n g t h e h o s p i t a l w i t h a n a d e q u a te h i s t o r y o f t h e b o y f s e a r l y d e v e lo p m e n t.

B oth o f them

s t a t e d t h a t th e h o s p i t a l s h o u ld h a v e a d e q u a te r e c o r d s from o th e r o f f i c i a l s .

A t o n e p o i n t i n th e c o n v e r s a t i o n th e

f a t h e r becam e r a t h e r t h r e a t e n i n g a n d s t a t e d t h a t so m e th in g s h o u ld b e do n e to a n y o n e who d i d n o t t r e a t h i s boy a s a g e n tle m a n . They h a d no c o n c e iv a b le p l a n f o r t h e boy i f h e s h o u ld a g a i n b e r e t u r n e d to t h e i r home, b u t s t a t e d t h a t h e w o u ld grow by h i m s e l f a n d d e v e lo p i n t o a n o rm a l c i t i z e n . D u rin g t h r e e i n t e r v i e w s i t a p p e a r e d t h a t th e m o th e r a n d f a t h e r h a d no w holesom e a t t i t u d e s

to w a rd t h e p a t i e n t a n d

little

in s ig h t.in to

t h e i r own i n f l u e n c e on h im .

A t one

tim e t h e r e was some i n d i c a t i o n t h a t th e m o th e r h a d a d e s i r e to h e l p th e h o y , h u t t h i s was b lo c k e d hy t h e f a t h e r * s i n s i s t e n c e t h a t t h e y h a d no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n t h e s i t u a t i o n . T h e ir l a c k o f c o n c e r n a b o u t th e b o y * s a n t i - s o c i a l b e h a v io r was shown by a s t a t e m e n t t h a t h e w as no d i f f e r e n t from an y o t h e r ^ i d 11. (2 )

The p a t i e n t .

T h is p a t i e n t w as a r a t h e r

u n a t t r a c t i v e , s u l l e n boy who seld o m s m ile d .

In s p ite o f

t h i s a p p a r e n t u n s o c i a b i l i t y , h e w as m ore f r i e n d l y on th e w ard a n d h a d b een in v o l v e d i n much m ore g an g a c t i v i t y th a n t h e o t h e r b o y s i n t h i s s tu d y .

I t i s u n l i k e l y t h a t h e w as a

le a d e r in th e gangs b e c a u se o f i n t e l l i g e n c e in th e d u ll n o rm a l r a n g e .

H ow ever, h e was a w i l l i n g p a r t i c i p a n t i n t h e

d e lin q u e n c ie s .

A t P a c i f i c C o lo n y h i s a s s o c i a t i o n s w ere

p r i n c i p a l l y among t h e h ig h m oron g ro u p . I n i n t e r v i e w s w i t h th e s o c i a l w o rk e r, G eorge r e a d i l y a d m itte d h i s d e lin q u e n c y an d d i d n o t a t t e m p t to p r o j e c t t h e blam e on o t h e r s .

He w as som ew hat b e w il d e r e d b e c a u s e p e o p le

to o k a s e r i o u s v ie w o f h i s d e l i n q u e n c i e s .

T h e re was a l a c k

o f s e l f c r i t i c i s m , a n d h e seem ed to be u n aw a re o f th e m o ra l im p lic a tio n s o f h i s b e h a v io r.

I n i n t e r v i e w s w i t h th e

w r i t e r h e d i d n o t i n d i c a t e much c o n c e r n a b o u t h i s p l i g h t and ta lk e d o f h is tr o u b le s in a re m in is c e n t fa s h io n — a s i f th e y w e re a l l p l e a s a n t m e m o rie s.

S e v e r a l t i m e s , when t h e

46 p a t i e n t was re m in d e d o f t h e p u r p o s e o f h i s o b s e r v a t i o n i n P a c i f i c Co3.ony, h e s t a t e d t h a t h e th o u g h t h e w o u ld g e t a wgood b r e a k , tt s i n c e a l l th e p e o p le i n th e h o s p i t a l knew t h a t h e was no d i f f e r e n t th a n th e a v e r a g e b o y .

He o f t e n

w a n te d th e w o rk e r to t e l l o f h i s own h i s t o r y , o b v io u s ly h o p in g t h a t h e w o u ld r e v e a l some d e l i n q u e n c i e s o f h i e own. The p a t i e n t d i d n o t show an y a n x i e t y o r a g g r e s s i o n , a n d th r o u g h t h e t h r e e i n t e r v i e w s n e v e r d e m o n s tr a te d an y f e e l i n g t h a t h e s h o u ld a p p r o a c h l i f e d i f f e r e n t l y . V I.

CASE 6

A. I d e n t i f y i n g i n f o r m a t i o n . Name:

G e r a ld

R a ce :

C a u c a s ia n

A ge:

15

A d m itte d :

N ovem ber, 1 9 4 8 , Los A n g e le s C ounty

P a re n ts liv in g ;

o n e b r o t h e r , two y e a r s o l d e r ;

two

younger s i s t e r s . F a m ily h i s t o r y .

The h i s t o r y i n d i c a t e d t h a t b o th m o th e r

a n d f a t h e r o f t h i s p a t i e n t w ere c o n s i d e r e d c o n f ir m e d a lc o h o lic s .

The f a t h e r h a d h a d a h i s t o r y o f d i f f i c u l t y

h i m s e l f a n d h a d h a d s e v e r a l a r r e s t s f o r d ru n k e n n e s s a n d a s s a u lt and b a tte r y .

The p a r e n t s w e re s e p a r a t e d when th e

boy was e i g h t y e a r s o f a g e a n d w e re l a t e r d i v o r c e d . was some i n d i c a t i o n t h a t th e m o th e r was in v o l v e d i n

T h e re

k7 c o n s i d e r a b l e p r o s t i t u t i o n , a lo n g w i t h t h e a l c o h o l i c p ro b le m . T h e re was a b r o t h e r two y e a r s o l d e r , who was u n d e r p ro b a tio n s u p e rv is io n .

Two y o u n g e r s i s t e r s l i v i n g w i t h t h e

m o th e r d i d n o t h a v e a n y known r e c o r d e d d e l i n q u e n c i e s . T h e re was e v e ry i n d i c a t i o n t h a t t h e r e w as e x tre m e q u a r r e l i n g a n d b i c k e r i n g b etw e en t h e p a r e n t s d u r in g t h e e n t i r e tim e o f t h e p a t i e n t 1s l i f e up to t h e i r s e p a r a t i o n . When h e h a d b ee n o u t s i d e o f i n s t i t u t i o n s , th e p a t i e n t h a d l i v e d w i t h one p a r e n t o r th e o t h e r , w i t h o u t m aking an y a t ta c h m e n t s t o e i t h e r . C.

D e lin q u e n c y h i s t o r y *

G e r a ld h a s b e e n i n c o n tin u o u s

c o n f l i c t w i t h t h e la w s i n c e h e w as e i g h t y e a r s o f a g e .

He

d e v e lo p e d e a r l y a p a t t e r n o f r u n n in g aw ay, p e t t y t h e f t , a n d tr u a n c y .

He was c o m m itte d to t h e N e ll e s S c h o o l f o r B o y s,

a f t e r f o u r p la c e m e n ts i n J u v e n i l e H a l l , when h e w as e le v e n y e a rs o f ag e.

A f t e r a y e a r o f p o o r a d ju s tm e n t i n t h i s

f a c i l i t y , h e w as p l a c e d on t r i a l p a r o l e w ith h i s f a t h e r ; h o w e v e r, a f t e r two m o n th s , th e same p a t t e r n d e v e lo p e d a n d h e was r e t u r n e d t o t h e N e lle s S c h o o l f o r B o y s.

S h o rtly

a f t e r w a r d s , a l e a v e p l a n was f o r m u l a te d w i t h t h e m o th e r, who was i n th e n o r t h e r n p a r t o f t h e S t a t e , b u t a f t e r a w eek w ith h e r , G e r a ld w as a p p re h e n d e d on two c h a r g e s o f p e t t y t h e f t and b u rg la ry .

The boy was r e l i n q u i s h e d by th e K ern

C ounty P r o b a t i o n D e p a rtm e n t f o r r e t u r n to t h e N e lle s S c h o o l f o r B oys.

48 When G e r a ld w as tw e lv e y e a r s o f a g e , h e e s c a p e d tw ic e from th e i n s t i t u t i o n , a n d t h e f a t h e r f o r m u la te d a l e a v e p l a n to t a k e t h e boy o u t o f t h e S t a t e .

T h is w as

a c c o m p lis h e d when h e w as tw e lv e a n d a h a l f y e a r s o f a g e . The f a m ily a c t u a l l y l e f t t h e S t a t e b u t r e t u r n e d i n a few m onths a n d d i d n o t n o t i f y th e a u t h o r i t i e s o f t h e b o y 's s ta tu s .

He was a p p r e h e n d e d f o r s e v e r a l d e l i n q u e n c i e s a n d

p la c e d in J u v e n ile H a ll.

G e r a ld was a g a in r e t u r n e d t o t h e

N e l l e s S c h o o l f o r Boys when h e was t h i r t e e n .

He re m a in e d

t h e r e f o r f o u r t e e n m o n th s i n a r a t h e r p o o r l y a d j u s t e d c o n d itio n .

When h e w as f o u r t e e n a n d a h a l f , G e r a ld e s c a p e d

from t h e N e l l e s S c h o o l f o r Boys a n d was a r r e s t e d i n B a k e rs ­ fie ld ,

f o llo w in g t h e t h e f t o f a n a u to m o b ile a n d a n arm ed

ro b b ery .

He was r e t u r n e d to N e l l e s S c h o o l f o r Boys a n d

s h o r t l y a f t e r w a r d s s e n t to th e i n s t i t u t i o n f o r o l d e r b o y s , P re s to n S chool o f I n d u s tr y .

G e r a ld was d e f i a n t o f

a u t h o r i t y a n d was u n a b le to a d j u s t to an y o f t h e c o n fo rm in g p r o c e s s e s o f th e i n s t i t u t i o n .

When h e was f i f t e e n , t h e boy

was s e n t to P a c i f i c C o lo n y f o r o b s e r v a t i o n a s a p s y c h o p a th ic d e l i n q u e n t . D.

I m p r e s s io n s o f th e c a s e w o r k e r . The f a m i l y .

The m o th e r was n e v e r I n te r v ie w e d

by t h e s o c i a l w o rk e r s i n c e sh e d i d n o t r e s p o n d to a w r i t t e n r e q u e s t to v i s i t th e i n s t i t u t i o n .

The f a t h e r v i s i t e d on

o n e o c c a s i o n an d c o o p e r a te d i n g i v i n g th e c a s e w o rk e r a

k9 h is to ry .

He seem ed t o s e e a p u r p o s e i n th e a g e n c y 1s h a v in g

c o m p le te in f o r m a t i o n a b o u t th e b o y .

He g a v e t h e m a t e r i a l ,

h o w e v e r, i n a som ew hat d e ta c h e d m an n er a n d n e v e r i n d i c a t e d a n y r e a l e m o tio n a l in v o lv e m e n ts i n t h e p ro b le m s o f t h e b o y . He d i d s a y t h a t h e h a d n e v e r b e e n a b l e to f i n d a way to d e a l w ith G e r a ld .

He a d m itte d r a t h e r d e f e n s i v e l y t h a t a t

o n e tim e h e h a d t r i e d b e in g 11so f t 11 w i t h him a n d e x p la in e d t h a t h e w o u ld h a v e to b e a f,g o o d b o y H b u t on m o st o c c a s i o n s h e t h r e a t e n e d G e r a ld a n d b e a t him when h e f e l t h e n e e d e d p u n is h m e n t.

The w o rk e r g o t a n im p r e s s io n t h a t t h e

f a t h e r v a c i l l a t e d i n h i s d e a l i n g s w i t h t h i s boy b etw een r a t h e r e x tre m e p u n is h m e n t a n d some p e r m i s s i v e n e s s . I t w as a p p a r e n t i n th e i n t e r v i e w t h a t t h e f a t h e r w as d e e p ly p r e o c c u p ie d w i t h p ro b le m s o f h i s own, a n d h e s t a t e d t h a t h i s n e e d to d r i n k h a d becom e o b s e s s i v e . (2 )

The p a t i e n t .

T h is p a t i e n t w as a t a l l , f a i r l y

p l e a s a n t l o o k in g b o y , who g a v e a n a p p e a r a n c e o f n o t c a r i n g w h e th e r h e saw a s o c i a l w o rk e r o r n o t .

T h is was demon­

s t r a t e d b y a s t a t e m e n t t h a t h e m ig h t j u s t a s w e l l sp e n d h i s tim e t a l k i n g w ith th e w o rk e r a s w ith som eone on th e w a rd . H ow ever, i t d i d n ’ t m a t t e r much w h ic h way th e tim e was s p e n t . C o n tr a r y to t h e o t h e r c a s e s m e n t i o n e d ,' G e r a ld d i d n o t seem to c a r e t o r a t i o n a l i z e h i s o f f e n s e s b u t s t a t e d them a s f a c t s , a n d a l th o u g h h e a c c e p t e d no r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o r b lam e f o r h im s e lf , he d id n o t f e e l th a t he h ad been t r e a te d

50 u n j u s t l y by t h e a u t h o r i t i e s . The p a t i e n t seem ed to h a v e a q u e e r ty p e o f e m o tio n a l d e ta c h m e n t a n d l a c k o f c o n c e rn a b o u t h i s own f u t u r e .

He

s t a t e d t h a t h e g o t i n t o t r o u b l e b e c a u s e t h e r e was fln o th in g e l s e to d o . H The w o rk e r h a d t h e I m p r e s s io n t h a t t h e r e was a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h i s boy m ig h t r e s p o n d to u s in g th e r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r h e l p i n m aking a b e t t e r a d j u s tm e n t a t th e i n s t i t u t i o n a n d f o r m ore c a r e f u l p l a n n i n g f o r t h e f u t u r e . H ow ever, d u r in g t h r e e I n t e r v i e w s t h e p a t i e n t s t i l l m ain­ t a i n e d t h e a t t i t u d e o f n o t c a r i n g w h a t h a p p e n e d to him . T h is was a l s o r e f l e c t e d i n o t h e r s i t u a t i o n s i n th e h o s p i t a l a n d w as n o t e d by t h e e n t i r e p r o f e s s i o n a l s t a f f . V II . A.

CASE 7

I d e n tif y in g in fo rm a tio n . Name:

P aul

Rac e :

C a u c a s ia n

A g e:

19

A d m itte d :

A p r i l , 1 9 4 9 , San D iego C o u n ty

P a re n ts liv in g ; F a m ily h i s t o r y .

th re e s ib lin g s ;

two h a l f s i b l i n g s .

The f a t h e r a n d m o th e r w e re d iv o r c e d

when t h e p a t i e n t was tw e lv e y e a r s o f a g e , a l t h o u g h t h e r e h a d b e e n a s e p a r a t i o n f o r some y e a r s p r e v i o u s to t h i s .

The

f a th e r h ad a r a th e r s t a b l e h is to r y a s a c a r p e n te r and had been a b le to p ro v id e f o r th e c h ild r e n in above a v e ra g e

51 econom ic s ta n d a r d s *

S h o r t l y a f t e r t h e d iv o r c e h e was

r e m a r r i e d t o a r a t h e r r e l i g i o u s woman, a n d t h i s a p p e a r e d t o he a f a i r l y

s ta b le re la tio n s h ip *

T h e re w ere two o l d e r

b r o t h e r s a n d one s i s t e r o f t h e p a t i e n t who s t a y e d w i t h th e f a t h e r a n d a p p a r e n t l y h a v e b e e n i n no d i f f i c u l t y w ith ju v e n ile o r a d u lt a u t h o r i t i e s . The m o th e r r e m a r r i e d a n d h a d two m ore c h i l d r e n . I n d i c a t i o n s a r e t h a t s h e was a v e r y u n s t a b l e p e rs o n *

She

d iv o r c e d t h e s e c o n d h u s b a n d a n d m a r r i e d a man who was re p o rte d to be an a lc o h o lic .

I t w as a l s o r e p o r t e d t h a t s h e

h a d a v i o l e n t te m p e r a n d f r e q u e n t l y a b u s e d t h e c h i l d r e n . One h a l f - s i s t e r w as known to th e j u v e n i l e a u t h o r i t i e s i n M ic h ig a n a s a ^ se x d e l i n q u e n t . n C.

D e lin q u e n c y h i s t o r y .

T h is p a t i e n t , b e c a u s e o f th e

s e p a r a t i o n o f h i s p a r e n t s , was p l a c e d i n a b o a r d in g home a t s ix y e a rs o f age.

He w as i n s e v e n b o a r d in g hom es a n d i n

f o u r p la c e m e n ts w ith h i s f a t h e r b e f o r e h e was tw e lv e y e a r s o f age.

A t t h i s tim e , P a u l was r e f e r r e d to t h e M ic h ig a n

C h ild ‘G u id a n c e I n s t i t u t e by t h e J u v e n i l e C o u r t, b e c a u s e o f a n t i - s o c i a l te n d e n c ie s .

F o r t h r e e y e a r s P a u l h a d b een

i n v o lv e d i n p e t t j r t h e f t a n d a g g r e s s i v e b e h a v io r w i t h o t h e r c h ild re n .

He was f i n a l l y p l a c e d i n a j u v e n i l e home i n

M ic h ig a n a n d when h e w as t h i r t e e n a n d a h a l f w as r e l e a s e d t o h i s p a r e n t s to move t o C a l i f o r n i a . A f t e r s i x m o n th s i n C a l i f o r n i a , P a u l w as made a

52 c o u r t w a rd b e c a u s e o f a num ber o f o f f e n s e s o f p e t t y t h e f t . T h is p a t t e r n o f p e t t y t h e f t a p p e a r e d to b e c e n t r a l i z e d i n t h e hom e, a n d many a r t i c l e s w ere s t o l e n from h i s f a t h e r a n d s te p m o th e r .

A f t e r a few d ay s i n J u v e n i l e H a l l , P a u l was

r e l e a s e d to h i s f a t h e r 1s home a n d t h e p a t t e r n b eg a n a g a i n . He w en t away from home s e v e r a l t i m e s , t a k i n g v a l u a b l e s from th e fa m ily .

When h e w as f o u r t e e n , P a u l was c o m m itte d to a

p r o b a t i o n d e p a rtm e n t f o r e s t r y cam p.

He made a p o o r a d j u s t ­

m ent a n d r a n away tw i c e . When h e w as f i f t e e n , h e w as r e l e a s e d t o h i s m o th e r a n d h e r new h u s b a n d .

He w as i n v o lv e d i n a num ber o f

com m unity t h e f t s a n d t h e f t s from t h e s e p a r e n t s .

At fifte e n

a n d o n e - h a l f y e a r s o f a g e , h e w as c o m m itte d to t h e Y outh A u t h o r i t y a n d p l a c e d a t N e ll e s S c h o o l f o r B o y s.

He w as

r e l e a s e d when h e w as s i x t e e n to l i v e w ith h i s f a t h e r , b u t s h o r t l y a f t e r w a r d s r a n aw ay.

He th e n j o i n e d t h e Army a n d

w as l a t e r d i s c h a r g e d a s u n d e s i r a b l e f o r m i l i t a r y s e r v i c e . P a u l su cceed ed l a t e r in f r a u d u le n tly r e - e n l i s t i n g and becam e AWOL a few m o n th s l a t e r .

He was th e n p i c k e d up f o r

s e v e r a l c a r t h e f t s a n d f o u r b u r g l a r i e s a n d w as c o m m itte d d i r e c t l y to P a c i f i c C o lo n y by t h e San D iego C o u r t s , f o r o b s e r v a t i o n a s a p s y c h o p a th ic o r d e f e c t i v e d e l i n q u e n t . T h is p a t i e n t was d ia g n o s e d a s a p s y c h o p a th ic p e r s o n a l i t y b u t n o t a s a p s y c h o p a th ic d e l i n q u e n t .

He w as- r e t u r n e d t o

t h e C o u r t, w h ere h e w as s e n te n c e d t o San Q u e n tin S t a t e

53 P ris o n . D.

I m p r e s s io n s o f t h e o a s e w o r k e r . (l)

The f a m i l y .

The m o th e r* s a d d r e s s a t t h e tim e

t h e p a t i e n t was i n P a c i f i c C o lo n y w as unknown a n d a p p a r e n t l y s h e w as o u t o f c o n t a c t w ith h im .

The f a t h e r v i s i t e d t h e

i n s t i t u t i o n a n d d i s c u s s e d th e hoy* s p ro b le m w ith th e s o c i a l w o rk e r.

He h a d some f e e l i n g r e g a r d i n g t h e b o y a n d

e x p r e s s e d c o n s t a n t b e w ild e rm e n t a s to why t h i s c h i l d c a u s e d so much d i f f i c u l t y when th e o t h e r s h a d e s c a p e d su c h a p a tte rn .

I n e x p l o r i n g t h e b o y * s h i s t o r y , t h e f a t h e r w as

a b l e to p r o v i d e m e a n in g f u l i n f o r m a t i o n f o r t h e m e d ic a l d ia g n o s is .

The s o c i a l w o rk e r d i d d e t e c t a f e e l i n g t h a t t h e

f a t h e r c o n s i d e r e d t h e boy* s p ro b le m now b ey o n d h i s h e l p a n d t h a t h e h a d a l r e a d y g iv e n P a u l a l l t h e e n e rg y a n d tim e t h a t w as p o s s i b l e f o r h im . The f a t h e r w as c o n c e r n e d t h a t P a u l w o u ld r e c e i v e some t r e a t m e n t w h ich m ig h t h e l p him make a b e t t e r l i f e a d j u s tm e n t i n f u t u r e y e a r s .

He w as w i l l i n g to assum e some

r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r a p l a n f o r t h e b o y , b u t f e l t t h i s w o u ld h a v e t o b e w o rk ed o u t i n th e lo n g r u n w ith t h e p e o p le who w ere d e a l i n g o f f i c i a l l y w ith t h e b o y .

He r e c o g n i z e d t h e

f a c t t h a t i n h i s p r e s e n t c o n d i t i o n P a u l was u n a b le to t a k e enough r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to make a n a d ju s tm e n t w i t h o u t i n s t i t u t i o n a l s u p e rv is io n .

The f a t h e r seem ed t o s e n s e some

s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e f a c t t h a t many o f th e b o y 's

d e l i n q u e n c i e s w e re d i r e c t e d to w a rd t h e f a m i l y , b u t t h i s w as so p a i n f u l t h a t h e w as u n a b le t o v e r b a l i z e h i s f e a r s o f t h e b o y 1s h o s t i l i t y to w a rd h im . (2 )

The p a t i e n t .

P a u l w as e a g e r to d i s c u s s h i s

d i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h th e s o c i a l w o rk e r a n d a c c e p t e d a * l i m l t e d ty p e o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r h i s own p a s t b e h a v i o r *

He

rem em bered i n v i v i d d e t a i l h i e t h e f t s from t h e f a m ily a n d h i s l a c k o f f e e l i n g a b o u t h a v in g h u r t h i s own r e l a t i v e s . He f e l t t h a t i t w as s t r a n g e t h a t h e h a d n e v e r b e e n a b l e to w o rry a b o u t h i s p ro b le m s a n d r e a l i z e d t h a t h e m u st b e d i f f e r e n t fro m o t h e r p e o p l e .

O ver t h r e e i n t e r v i e w s t h e

p a t i e n t e x p a n d e d on t h i s them e a n d a p p e a r e d to h a v e some i n s i g h t i n t o h i s p r o b le m s .

The w o rk e r f e l t t h a t i n a

u n i f i e d t r e a t m e n t p ro g ra m th e c a s e w o rk e r c o u l d p l a y a s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e w ith t h i s p a t i e n t . V III. A.

OASE 8

I d e n tif y in g in fo rm a tio n . Name:

Ben

R ace:

N egro

A ge:

17

A d m itte d :

D ecem ber, 1 9 4 8 , Los A n g e le s C ounty

F a t h e r unknown; m o th e r i n p r i s o n ;

th r e e o ld e r

s ib lin g s . F a m ily h i s t o r y .

L i t t l e i s known a b o u t t h e f a t h e r o f

55 th is boy.

A p p a r e n tly h e was a fa rm l a b o r e r i n O klahom a who

s t a r t e d l i v i n g w ith t h e b o y 1s m o th e r when s h e w as f o u r t e e n . P o u r c h i l d r e n w ere b o r n from t h i s u n io n a n d Ben w as t h e la s t.

The p a r e n t s w e re n e v e r m a r r i e d , a n d t h e f a t h e r

d e s e r t e d t h e f a m ily when Ben w as t h r e e y e a r s o f a g e .

In a

ro u n d a b o u t f a s h i o n , t h e f a m ily l e a r n e d l a t e r t h a t th e f a t h e r h a d b e e n d ro w n ed . B enf s m o th e r w as b o rn i n A rk a n s a s i n 1 9 1 1 .

T h e re i s

a g r e a t d e a l o f c o n f u s io n a b o u t h e r b a c k g ro u n d , a n d s h e h e r s e l f p r o b a b ly d o e s n o t know a b o u t h e r own f a m i l y . A p p a r e n tly s h e w as a n i l l e g i t i m a t e c h i l d who w as a b a n d o n e d by h e r m o th e r a n d r a i s e d by f o s t e r p a r e n t s .

H er c h ild h o o d

was q u i t e un h ap p y a n d t h e r e i s i n d i c a t i o n t h a t s h e h e r s e l f d i d n o t make a good a d j u s t m e n t .

She b o r e f o u r c h i l d r e n

b e f o r e s h e w as tw e n ty y e a r s o f a g e a n d d i d s e e k t o p r o v i d e s o m e th in g f o r them . h a r d - w o r k in g p e r s o n .

The r e c o r d r e v e a l s t h a t s h e was a H ow ever, s h e d i d d e v e lo p a n a l c o h o l i c

p a t t e r n , a n d t h e r e w e re many i n s t a n c e s when s h e was d ru n k a n d f le w i n t o r a g e s , s t r i k i n g t h e c h i l d r e n , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e p a t i e n t who w as t h e y o u n g e s t. A t t h i s tim e t h e m a te r n a l g ra n d m o th e r w as i n t h e home, a n d s h e to o k some r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r p r o t e c t i n g a n d r e a r in g th e c h ild re n .

The p a t i e n t 1s m o th e r b e g a n t o g e t

i n t o d i f f i c u l t y w i t h t h e a u t h o r i t i e s a n d w as b o o k e d s e v e r a l tim e s f o r d r u n k e n n e s s , s o l i c i t i n g , a n d a s s a u l t w i t h a

d e a d l y w ea p o n .

When Ben was f i f t e e n y e a r s o f a g e , t h e

m o th e r g o t i n v o l v e d i n a f i g h t w i t h a man a n d s h o t him . L a t e r t h e man d i e d , a n d t h e m o th e r was t r i e d a n d fo u n d g u i l t y o f a m a n s l a u g h t e r c h a r g e a n d was s e n t t o T e h a c h a p i S ta te P ris o n . 0.

D e li n q u e n c y h i s t o r y .

A lth o u g h t h e r e was c o n s i d e r a b l e

in d i c a t i o n o f a b e h a v io r d is tu r b a n c e i n t h i s n eg ro boy, he was n o t c a l l e d t o t h e a t t e n t i o n o f t h e c o u r t s u n t i l h e was te n y e a rs o f ag e.

P r i o r to t h i s t h e r e w ere, i n a l l

l i k e l i h o o d , s e v e r a l o f f e n s e s w h ic h w e re h a n d l e d i n f o r m a l l y , b u t t h e r e c o r d s o f t h e s e w ere n o t a v a i l a b l e .

The f i r s t

o f f e n s e was f o r b u r g l a r i z i n g a h o u s e a n d s t e a l i n g s e v e r a l d o lla rs .

Ben*s c a s e was d i s m i s s e d , b u t d u r i n g t h e n e x t

y e a r a n d a h a l f h e was i n c o u r t f o u r t im e s f o r a t t e m p t e d b u rg la ry and p u rse sn a tc h in g . Ben was c o m m itte d t o t h e C a l i f o r n i a Y o u th A u t h o r i t y when h e was tw e l v e y e a r s o l d on a s p e c i f i c b u r g l a r y a n d p e tty t h e f t ch arg e.

He was s e n t t o t h e N e l l e s S c h o o l f o r

B oys, w h e re h e f a i l e d t o make a n a d j u s t m e n t .

B e ca u se o f

h i s a n t i - s o c i a l b e h a v i o r , h e was s e n t to C a m a r i l l o S t a t e H o sp ita l as a ju v e n ile o b se rv a tio n c a se .

A d i a g n o s i s was

made o f Hp r i m a r y b e h a v i o r d i s o r d e r i n a c h i l d w i t h c o n d u c t d i s tu rb a n c es . ” When h e was r e l e a s e d from t h e h o s p i t a l , h e was r e t u r n e d t o c o u r t , a n d a s no o t h e r p la c e m e n t c o u l d be fo u n d

57 f o r h im , h e was r e t u r n e d t o t h e home o f a g r a n d m o th e r .

He

g o t i n t o f u r t h e r d i f f i c u l t y o f a b u r g l a r y n a t u r e a n d was a g a i n c o m m itte d t o t h e Y outh A u t h o r i t y a n d r e p l a c e d i n t h e N e l l e s S c h o o l f o r B oys.

Ben made a v e r y a g g r e s s i v e

a d j u s t m e n t , a l t h o u g h h e was a b l e t o r e m a in t h e r e f o r a y e a r and a h a l f . g r a n d m o th e r .

F o llo w in g t h i s p e r i o d , h e was p a r o l e d t o h i s Ben was on p a r o l e when h e a t t a i n e d h i s

f i f t e e n t h b i r t h d a y a n d d i d some m in o r w ork i n a n e i g h b o r ­ h oo d m a r k e t .

S e v e r a l t i m e s w h i l e on p a r o l e h e was p i c k e d

up f o r c u r f e w v i o l a t i o n a n d s u s p i c i o n o f b u r g l a r y .

A fte r

t e n m o n th s , t h e g r a n d m o th e r r e p o r t e d to t h e a u t h o r i t i e s t h a t t h e b o y w o u ld n o t a t t e n d s c h o o l a n d w o u ld n o t r e s p o n d to h e r a u t h o r i t y .

H is p a r o l e was r e v o k e d , a n d h e was s e n t

to P r e s to n School o f I n d u s tr y . A f t e r s i x m o n th s , Ben was a g a i n p a r o l e d to h i s g r a n d m o th e r , a n d a f t e r a p e r i o d o f o n l y t h r e e m o n th s , h e g o t i n t o t r o u b l e on s u s p i c i o n o f a rm e d r o b b e r y a n d s t e a l i n g je w e lry .

He was a g a i n r e t u r n e d t o t h e P r e s t o n f a c i l i t y .

The p s y c h o l o g i s t t h e r e f e l t t h a t t h e boy c o u l d n o t make a n a d j u s t m e n t b e c a u s e h e was to o a g g r e s s i v e , a n d a t e n t a t i v e d i a g n o s i s o f p s y c h o p a t h i c p e r s o n a l i t y was made. p o in t,

At t h i s

t h e b o y was s e n t t o P a c i f i c O olony f o r a n i n e t y - d a y

p e rio d o f o b se rv a tio n . D.

Im p re ssio n s o f th e c a se w o rk e r. (l)

fa m ily .

T h is i s t h e o n ly c a s e i n w h ic h t h e

58 w r i t e r d i d n o t h a v e p e r s o n a l c o n t a c t w i t h a member o f t h e f a m i l y , s i n c e t h e c a s e was h a n d l e d by a n o t h e r s o c i a l w o r k e r . The g r a n d m o th e r was t h e o n l y member o f t h i s f a m i l y a v a ila b le f o r a c o n ta c t re g a rd in g th e p a t ie n t .

I t w o u ld

seem from t h e c a s e w o r k e r * s i n t e r v i e w w i t h h e r t h a t s h e h a d a lw a y s a t t e m p t e d t o t a k e a c e r t a i n am ount o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r h e r d au g h ter* s c h ild r e n .

T h is was a

good d e a l l i m i t e d b e c a u s e o f h e r own l i f e a n d b e c a u s e o f t h e f a c t t h a t sh e was two g e n e r a t i o n s rem o ved from t h e c h ild re n .

However, i t seem ed t h a t s h e was t h e o n l y one who

had a d i r e c t f e e lin g o f r e s p o n s i b ilit y fo r th e p a t i e n t . T h is was shown i n s e v e r a l ways by t h e ty p e o f m a t e r i a l s h e b r o u g h t t o t h e i n t e r v i e w * by h e r m aking c o n s i d e r a b l e p r a c t i c a l e f f o r t t o come f o r i n t e r v i e w s , a n d a l s o by h e r i n q u i r i e s re g a rd in g th e d is p o s iti o n o f th e c a s e .

However,

i t was q u i t e a p p a r e n t t h a t t h e g r a n d m o th e r * s c o n t a c t w i t h th e p a t i e n t had been s p o ra d ic and t h a t b ecau se o f th e l i m i t a t i o n s m e n tio n e d a b o v e , s h e h a d n o t b e e n a b l e t o p l a y , t h e r o l e o f a p a r e n t t o Ben.

I t d id n o t a p p e a r t h a t th e

g r a n d m o th e r h a d t h e c a p a c i t y t o o f f e r t h i s boy a n y h o p e f o r a f a m i l y c o n t a c t on t h e o u t s i d e o f a h o s p i t a l o r c o r r e c t i o n ­ a l in stitu tio n . (2)

p a tie n t.

I n t h e i n t e r v i e w s i t u a t i o n s , Ben

i n d i c a t e d a n e x tre m e o v e r t t y p e o f h o s t i l i t y to w a r d h i s m o th e r .

I t w o uld a p p e a r t h a t t h e memory o f h e r b e a t i n g s was

s t i l l p r e s e n t a n d h a d l e f t d ee p s c a r s .

59 In h i s a d ju stm e n t in

t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n Ben w as I n e v i t a b l y en g a g e d i n f i g h t i n g a n d e x p r e s s e d l i t t l e o r no f e e l i n g o f g u i l t o r r e m o r s e .

Ben

was i n c l i n e d t o b u l l y a n d b o s s o t h e r p a t i e n t s a n d f r e ­ q u e n t l y w as b o a s t f u l a n d a n t a g o n i s t i c .

He w o u ld r e a d i l y

d e c e i v e o t h e r s a n d r e f u s e to a c c e p t a n y b lam e f o r h i s own b e h a v io r.

I t was q u i t e n o t i c e a b l e t h a t f r i e n d l y g e s t u r e s

by o t h e r s w e re m e t w i t h s u s p i c i o n s a n d n e g a t i v e r e s p o n s e s . Ben was r a t h e r n o n - c o m m i t t a l a n d e v a s i v e when q u e s t i o n e d and u s u a lly appeared s u lle n .

T h is came o u t i n t h e c a s e

w ork i n t e r v i e w s i n many w a y s, a n d t h e w o rk e r f e l t t h a t Ben h a d no r e a l i z a t i o n o f t h e p u r p o s e o f t h e I n t e r v i e w s .

In

a d d i t i o n , t h i s p a t i e n t h a d t h e p r o b le m o f b e i n g i n a m i n o r i t y r a c e a n d many o f h i s d i f f i c u l t i e s w e re p r o j e c t e d o n to o t h e r s , r e s u l t i n g i n a r a t i o n a l i z a t i o n t h a t p e o p l e h a t e d him b e c a u s e o f h i s d e s c e n t . B en f s e n t i r e b a c k g r o u n d h a d b e e n v e r y c h a o t i c a n d a t no p o i n t h a d a n y p l a n b e e n f o r m u l a t e d t o h e l p him when h i s a n t i - s o c i a l b e h a v i o r w as b e g i n n i n g t o em erge i n su c h s e r i o u s w ay s.

I t I s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h e Y o uth A u t h o r i t y

i n f o r m a t i o n s e n t t o P a c i f i c C o lo n y I n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e home c o n d i t i o n s w e re i n t o l e r a b l e , a n d y e t h e was p a r o l e d t h e r e a t t h e t i m e s m e n tio n e d a b o v e . P s y c h o lo g y t e s t i n g r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e p a t i e n t ’ s I . Q . was som ew hat b elo w n o r m a l b u t was n o t i n t h e d e f e c t i v e

60 ran g e.

F o llo w in g h i s s t a y a t P a c i f i c C o lo n y , Ben was

d ia g n o se d a s a p sy c h o p a th ic o r d e f e c tiv e d e lin q u e n t a n d s e n t t o M endocino S t a t e H o s p i t a l .

A f t e r t h i s lo n g p ro g ra m

o f p l a c e m e n t , Ben h a s f i n a l l y e n d e d i n a h o s p i t a l w h e r e , i n a l l l i k e l i h o o d , h e w i l l r e m a in f o r some t i m e .

H is r e l e a s e

from t h a t i n s t i t u t i o n w i l l d e p e n d a l m o s t e n t i r e l y on a ch a n g e i n h i s b e h a v i o r a n d a t t i t u d e .

CHAPTER I I I DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF THE CASES I.

DELINQUENCY HISTORY

The m o st s t r i k i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e d e l i n q u e n t p a t te r n o f th e se boys i s

t h e e a r l y a g e a t w h ic h t h e a n t i %

s o c i a l b e h a v io r began.

T h is i s i n s h a r p c o n t r a s t to t h e

p a t t e r n o f th e s o - c a lle d a d o le s c e n t s o c ia li z e d d e lin q u e n t. I n t h e s t u d y g ro u p o f c a s e s t h e a g e o f t h e f i r s t r e c o r d e d d e l i n q u e n c y v a r i e s b e tw e e n f o u r a n d t e n y e a r s a n d t h e a v e r a g e a g e i s s i x y e a r s a n d t h r e e m o n th s .

T h e se f i g u r e s

a r e somewhat d e c e p t i v e , s i n c e t h e y i n d i c a t e o n l y a p e r i o d i n t h e b o y f s l i f e when a s o c i a l a g e n c y becam e a w a re o f tro u b le .

W ith o u t e x c e p t i o n , t h e p a r e n t s v o i c e a n e a r l i e r

d i f f i c u l t y w h ic h was e v i d e n c e d i n t h e form o f n e g a t i v i s m , d e s tr u c tiv e n e s s , and h o s t i l i t y in v ery e a r l y c h ild h o o d . Out o f t h e e i g h t c a s e s , f i v e bo y s e x p r e s s e d t h e i r e a r l y d e l i n q u e n t p a t t e r n to w a r d t h e i r own f a m i l i e s , t h r e e o f them t o a m a rk e d d e g r e e .

T h is p a t t e r n d e v e l o p e d i n t h e

fo rm s o f t h e f t s from t h e f a m i l i e s a n d p e r s i s t e n t r u n n i n g away fro m t h e hom es. S e x u a l o f f e n s e s do n o t p l a y a v e r y i m p o r t a n t p a r t i n th e p a t te r n s o f th e s e boys.

The h i s t o r i e s r e v e a l o n l y two

b o y s i n s e x u a l d i f f i c u l t i e s , on e a s a n a d o l e s c e n t

62 hom osexual an d th e o t h e r a s p a r t i c i p a t i n g i n c h i l d i s h sexual e x p lo ra tio n .

P e r h a p s t h e r e i s a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n

th e la c k o f se x u a l o f fe n s e s an d th e la c k o f s o c i a l i z e d d e lin q u e n c y .

F o r t h e m o st p a r t ,

t h e s e j u v e n i l e s w e re

I n v o l v e d i n d e l i n q u e n c i e s by t h e m s e l v e s .

T h is f a c t o r a l s o

c o n t r a s t s them w i t h t h e a v e r a g e j u v e n i l e o f f e n d e r , who m ore o f t e n t h a n n o t h a s co m p an io n s i n h i s o f f e n s e s . The t e n d e n c y i n t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f t h e s e d e l i n q u e n t p a t t e r n s i s f o r t h e t h e f t s t o grow l a r g e r a n d l a r g e r a n d become m ore f r e q u e n t .

P u n is h m e n t a n d o u t o f t h e home

p la c e m e n ts s e rv e l i t t l e

in a l t e r n a t i n g th e p a t t e r n .

The number o f p l a c e m e n t s o u t s i d e t h e home, e i t h e r i n b o a r d i n g homes o r i n c o r r e c t i o n a l I n s t i t u t i o n s , i s in c re d ib ly la rg e .

B efo re th e p a t i e n t s re a c h e d P a c i f i c

C o lo ny t h e y h a d h a d fro m t e n t o t w e n t y - s e v e n p l a c e m e n t s , a n av erag e o f fo u rte e n .

I t seems l i k e l y t h a t t h e s e f i g u r e s

a r e l a r g e r b e c a u s e o f t h e many b o a r d i n g home p l a c e m e n t s , b u t h a v i n g f a i l e d i n t h e s e s i t u a t i o n s t h e b o y s w e re moved from i n s t i t u t i o n t o i n s t i t u t i o n . The c o n t i n u e d s h i f t i n g o f t h e boy s a l s o o c c u r s a f t e r a c o n t a c t w i t h t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f M e n ta l H y g ie n e .

F o ur o f

them h a d a t o t a l o f s e v e n p l a c e m e n t s i n m e n t a l h y g i e n e i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d w e re d i s c h a r g e d b a c k t o t h e c o u r t s o r t h e Y outh A u t h o r i t y a s u n s u i t a b l e c a s e s f o r t r e a t m e n t .

63 II.

COMPOSITE PICTURE OF THE JUVENILE PSYCHOPATHIC PERSONALITY

A c o m p o s ite p i c t u r e o f t h e h o y s m ig h t h e d e s e r i h e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g m a n n e r.

T h e re i s no d o u b t t h a t e a ch hoy

w o u ld n o t h a v e a l l o f t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s m e n tio n e d h u t th e re i s a s im ila r p a tte r n in g fo r a l l . The b e h a v i o r t r o u b l e s o f t h e hoy w h ic h h a v e c a l l e d a t t e n t i o n t o him a r e l a r g e l y c e n t e r e d a r o u n d h i s b a s i c a l l y a g g re s s iv e tre a tm e n t o f o th e rs .

In h i s e a r l y c h ild h o o d , he

t e n d s t o h e d e f i a n t a n d show a d i s r e g a r d f o r p r o p e r t y a n d p e o p l e a r o u n d h im .

He i s se ld o m a b l e to g e t a l o n g w i t h

o t h e r c h i l d r e n a n d i s i n e v i t a b l y f i g h t i n g w i t h them .

He

may r u n away from home a t a n a g e when h e i s s t i l l d e p e n d e n t on a d u l t s f o r h i s p h y s i c a l n e e d s .

He i s o f t e n o p e n ly

a n t a g o n i s t i c to w a r d h i s t e a c h e r s a n d shows o u t b u r s t s o f te m p e r when h e d o e s n o t g e t h i s w ay.

He w i l l v e r y q u i c k l y

g e t i n v o l v e d i n d e c e p t i o n a n d r a r e l y a c c e p t s t h e blam e f o r h i s own b e h a v i o r .

B e c a u se o f t h e s e t r a i t s , h e i s e x c lu d e d

from g r o u p s o f b o y s h i s own a g e .

Even when o t h e r s a r e

f r i e n d l y to w a r d h im , h e i s u n w i l l i n g t o en g a g e i n an y re la tio n sh ip .

He shows a n e a r l y s u s p i c i o u s n e s s o f o t h e r

p e o p l e a n d r e a c t s n e g a t i v e l y to w a r d p a r e n t a l o r o t h e r a d u l t su g g e stio n s.

He i s o f t e n m o t i v a t e d b y a v e n g e f u l ty p e o f

th in k in g and has l i t t l e

f e e l i n g a b o u t se e k in g tr o u b le f o r

t h o s e whom h e p a r t i c u l a r l y d i s l i k e s .

E d u c a t i o n a l l y h e i s r e t a r d e d a b o u t on e y e a r*

H is

v e r b a l f a c t o r on i n t e l l i g e n c e i s somewhat b e lo w n o r m a l, a l t h o u g h h i s p e r f o r m a n c e i s a b o u t a v e ra g e *

He h a s no

p a r t i c u l a r t a l e n t s a n d d o e s n o t en g a g e i n h o b b i e s . Sexual o ffe n s e s a r e n o t u s u a lly p a r t o f h is b e h a v io r p a t t e r n , a lth o u g h he w i l l te n d to u se obscene la n g u a g e an d d is p la y c o n s id e ra b le I n t e r e s t in th e s u b je c t. T h is boy h a s c a r r i e d h i s t r o u b l e s from b i r t h , a n d t h e i r b e g i n n i n g s ev en p r e c e d e t h i s e v e n t i n t h e m a r i t a l e x p e rien ce o f th e p a r e n ts .

U nw anted from t h e b e g i n n i n g , h e

h a s n e v e r s e e n l o v e e x p r e s s e d i n t h e home, much l e s s f e l t i t d i r e c t e d to w a r d h im . r e s p o n d i n g to w a r d o t h e r s .

He n e v e r l e a r n s a " r i g h t 11 way o f O v e rtly d en ied p a r e n t a l

a f f e c t i o n an d i n t e r e s t , he d e v e lo p s a b i t t e r , h a rd e n e d a ttitu d e .

T h e r e f o r e h e i s e i t h e r r u d e a n d d e f i a n t to w a r d

p e o p l e i n a u t h o r i t y o r h e r u n s aw ay from th e m . o f a d j u s t m e n t to w a r d t h e w o r l d i s

H is c o n c e p t

"everyone f o r h im s e lf " .

He l e a r n s t h a t o f f e n s e a n d a g g r e s s i o n a r e t h e b e s t d e f e n s e s a g a i n s t h i a f e e l i n g t h a t o t h e r s a r e a g a i n s t h im .

T h e re i s

a fu n d a m e n ta l d i s t r u s t o f a l l p e o p le . III.

RESPONSE OP THE PATIENTS TO THE CASE WORKER AND THE HOSPITAL

M ost n o t a b l e i n i n t e r v i e w s i s t h e boys* d i s t r u s t o f th e c a se w o rk er.

T h e ir c h a lle n g e to th e w o rk er to p ro d u ce

65 p r a c t i c a l h e l p i s a m e th o d to t e s t how f a r t h e y ca n c o n t r o l h im .

Many d e v i c e s a r e u s e d to a v o i d t h e c a s e w o r k e r :

d e c e p t i o n , a g g r e s s i o n , a Hd o n * t c a r e 11 a t t i t u d e , a n d o v e r t h o stility . The h o y s i n t h i s s t u d y h a d o v e r t h e y e a r s b ee n i n t e r v i e w e d b y a l a r g e number o f p e o p l e a n d t e n d e d t o h a v e s t e r e o t y p e d a n s w e rs f o r q u e s t i o n s .

They a c c e p t e d t h e

a u t h o r i t y o f t h e i n s t i t u t i o n i n a n e g a t i v e way a n d c o u l d n o t see any p o in t in b ein g in a h o s p ita l*

In th e i n t e r ­

v ie w s t h e y e i t h e r p r o j e c t e d t h e b la m e f o r t h e i r b e h a v i o r on o t h e r s o r r e f u s e d t o s e e a n y t h i n g w rong w i t h t h e i r a c tio n s*

They d i d n o t d e v e lo p c o n s t r u c t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p s

w ith h o s p i t a l p e r s o n n e l, and th e y d id n o t i n d i c a t e a d e s ir e o r c a p a c i t y t o u s e a c a s e w ork r e l a t i o n s h i p * IV .

ANALYSIS OF THE PARENTAL SITUATION

F i v e o f t h e m o th e r s a n d f o u r o f t h e f a t h e r s i n t h e c a s e s s t u d i e d w e re s e v e r e a l c o h o l i c s .

D u rin g t h e c h i l d r e n * s

in fa n c y and e a r ly c h ild h o o d , d ru n k en n ess, q u a r r e lin g , and p h y s i c a l v i o l e n c e w e re f r e q u e n t I n t h e hom es.

In fo u r o f

t h e c a s e s t h e f a m i l i e s w e re b r o k e n by s e p a r a t i o n a n d d iv o rc e .

I n o n l y on e c a s e o f t h e s e p a r a t e d f a m i l i e s d i d

o n e p a r e n t t a k e some r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e c h i l d . th e m a rr ia g e s re m a in e d i n t a c t , p r o b le m s .

Where

t h e r e w ere a l s o d i s r u p t i v e

I n one c a s e t h e f a t h e r was n e v e r i n t h e home,

66 a n d t h e a l c o h o l i s m o f t h e m o th e r p r e v e n t e d t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a n y r e l a t i o n s h i p to t h e boy*

I n a n o th e r c a s e th e f a t h e r

to o k some r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n t h e f a m i l y , b u t h e was v e r y r i g i d a n d p u n i s h i n g to w a r d t h e p a t i e n t .

In t h i s fa m ily th e

m o th e r p l a y e d t h e e x tre m e o p p o s i t e r o l e o f p e r m i s s i v e n e s s and in a d e q u a c y .

T h is r e s u l t e d i n a c h a o t i c e m o tio n a l

s i t u a t i o n f o r th e c h i ld r e n .

In th e case o f th e a d o p tiv e

p a r e n t s , t h e r e was no r e j e c t i o n o f t h e g r o s s o v e r t t y p e , b u t t h e r e was a p i c t u r e o f b e w i l d e r m e n t , i n e f f e c t u a l n e s s , a n d in a 'd e q u a c y to d e a l w i t h t h e p a t i e n t . The r e j e c t i o n o f t h e p a t i e n t s i s a p p a r e n t , b u t t h e w r i t e r h a s s e e n o t h e r r e j e c t i n g p a r e n t s who w o u ld t a k e some re s p o n s ib ility fo r a c h ild .

The p a r e n t s o f t h e s t u d y g r o u p

e i t h e r tu rn e d a l l o f th e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o v er to th e i n s t i t u t i o n , o r c o m p la in e d a b o u t t h e h o s p i t a l 1s p ro g ra m w i t h o u t a n a l t e r n a t i v e o n e o f t h e i r own.

In s i x o f th e

c a se s, th e p a re n ts in d ic a te d v e r b a lly th e ir la c k o f p a r e n t a l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n t h e p r o b le m s o f t h e p a t i e n t .

In

t h e o t h e r two c a s e s , t h i s was e x p r e s s e d i n d i r e c t l y i n t h e i r b e h a v io r. V.

COMPOSITE PICTURE OP THE PARENTS

L e s s c a n b e s a i d a b o u t t h e p a r e n t s th a n a b o u t t h e p a t i e n t s i n te r m s o f a c o m p o s ite p i c t u r e .

H ow ever, t h e

p a r e n ts o f th e J u v e n ile p sy c h o p a th ic p e r s o n a l i t y a r e q u ite

67 l i k e l y v e r y much d i s t u r b e d i n t h e i r own i n t e r p e r s o n a l re la tio n sh ip s,

They t e n d to go th r o u g h l i f e v e r y much p r e ­

o c c u p i e d w i t h t h e i r own p r o b le m s a n d a r e u n a b l e o r u n w i l l i n g to p r o v i d e t h e i r c h i l d r e n a minimum s t a n d a r d o f c a re and s u p e rv is io n .

They t e n d t o b e a l c o h o l i c s a n d a r e

i n v o l v e d i n m in o r d e l i n q u e n t p a t t e r n s .

R espect fo r

a u t h o r i t y and c o n v e n tio n a r e n o tic e a b ly a b s e n t. to be l i t t l e

T h ere seem s

sen se o f p a r e n ta l u n ity , and c o n s ta n t

q u a r r e l i n g t o t h e p o i n t o f v i o l e n c e i s i n t h e home. The w r i t e r a t t h e tim e o f t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n o f t h e c a s e s f o r t h i s s t u d y w as a l s o i n t e r v i e w i n g r e l a t i v e s o f p a t i e n t s c o n sid e re d o rd in a ry J u v e n ile o ffe n d e rs

(alth o u g h

i n t h e l a t t e r g ro u p t h e r e was a l s o i n t e l l e c t u a l i m p a i r m e n t ) . S e e in g t h e p a r e n t s o f t h e o r d i n a r y j u v e n i l e o f f e n d e r s p r o v i d e d a s u b j e c t i v e b a s i s f o r a c o m p a r is o n w i t h t h e r e l a t i v e s o f th e s e v e re o f fe n d e r s .

The w o r k e r was

i m p r e s s e d by one v e r y m a rk e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e f a m i l i e s i n t h i s stu d y :

a l a c k o f r e s p o n s i b i l i t y i n r e l a t i o n to t h e

c h ild re n . V I.

RESPONSE OF THE PARENTS TO THE CASE WORKER AND THE HOSPITAL

A t t h e tim e o f a d m i s s i o n , e a c h p a r e n t r e c e i v e d a r o u t i n e n o t i c e o f t h e p a t i e n t * s t r a n s f e r t o P a c i f i c C o lo n y , w ith a copy o f th e v i s i t i n g r u l e s .

O nly two o f t h e p a r e n t s

68 I n t h i s s t u d y g ro u p s p o n t a n e o u s l y came to v i s i t .

T h re e

m ore came a s a r e s u l t o f a f i r s t l e t t e r r e q u e s t i n g t h a t th e y v i s i t th e h o s p ita l* le tte r,

Two came o n l y a f t e r a s e c o n d

s tr o n g ly u rg in g a v i s i t : The p a r e n t s n e v e r saw t h e c a s e w o rk e r a s a h e l p i n g

p e r s o n a n d a lw a y s a p p e a r e d to f e e l t h e t h r e a t o f a u t h o r i t y in th e In te rv ie w s .

I t seem ed t h a t a t t h e t i m e , t h e

f a m i l i e s w e re n o t a t a p o i n t w h e re t h e y c o u l d e n t e r a r e l a t i o n s h i p a n d move to w a r d a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e m s e l v e s i n r e l a t i o n to t h e p a t i e n t s .

They c o u l d n o t u s e

a c a s e w o rk r e l a t i o n s h i p , a n d i t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o t e t h a t t h e y a l s o f a i l e d to r e s p o n d t o o t h e r p r o f e s s i o n a l s e r v i c e s o f f e r e d by th e h o s p i t a l .

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSIONS I.

SOCIAL PROGRAM

I t I s q u it© a p p a r e n t t h a t a u n i f i e d p u b l i c p ro g ra m i s n o t a v a i l a b l e a t t h e p r e s e n t t i m e f o r t h e t y p e o f boy d e sc rib e d in t h i s t h e s i s .

Even i n c e r t a i n i n s t a n c e s w h e re

a c a s e s t u d y i s d o n e o f t h e c h i l d , a n d h i s p r o b le m i s r e c o g n i z e d a t a n e a r l y a g e , t h e r e i s no a d e q u a t e means f o r h e l p i n g h im .

The p r o b a t i o n o f f i c e r s a n d o t h e r s c o n c e r n e d

a r e tr a in e d in th e h a n d lin g o f a d o le s c e n t ju v e n ile d e l i n q u e n t s , a n d f o r t h e m o st p a r t t h e i r p ro g ra m i s d e v o t e d to s o c i a l c o n t r o l s o f th e d e lin q u e n c y .

When a p r o b a t i o n

o f f i c e r e n c o u n te rs th e s e r io u s ly d is t u r b e d b e h a v io r p r o b le m , h e h a s o n l y t h e means a t h a n d w h ic h w e re d e v e lo p e d f o r th e a v e ra g e o f f e n d e r .

I t i s o b v io u s fro m t h i s s t u d y

t h a t t h e s e o r d i n a r y m eans a r e q u i t e f u t i l e i n d e a l i n g w i t h th e a n t i - s o c i a l , a g g re s s iv e c h ild . A s e c o n d f a c e t o f t h e p r o b le m i s n o t e d I n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e C a l i f o r n i a Y o u th A u t h o r i t y a n d t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f M e n ta l H y g ie n e t o t h e s e r i o u s d e l i n q u e n t s when t h e y h a v e r e a c h e d a n o l d e r a g e .

The la w h a s no

p r o v i s i o n s f o r t h e ttf r i n g e w c a s e s , a n d u n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f M e n ta l H y g ie n e d o e s n o t h a v e a s p e c i a l i z e d

70 p ro g ra m f o r t h e c o m m itte d p s y c h o p a t h i c d e l i n q u e n t s .

More­

o v e r , t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f M e n ta l H y g ie n e i s r e l u c t a n t t o a c c e p t v e r y l a r g e n um bers o f p s y c h o p a t h i c d e l i n q u e n t s b e ­ cause o f th e r e s t r i c t i v e le g a l p ro ced u re f o r g ra n tin g l e a v e s o f a b s e n c e t o p a t i e n t s who r e s p o n d t o t r e a t m e n t . The Y ou th A u t h o r i t y h a s p r o p o s e d t h a t a p s y c h i a t r i c i n s t i t u t i o n b e b u i l t w i t h i n t h e fram ew o rk o f i t s p ro g ra m . P s y c h o p a t h i c o f f e n d e r s c o u l d t h e n b e t r e a t e d on a n i n d i v i d u a l p s y c h i a t r i c b a s i s w i t h i n t h a t p r o g ra m .

T h is

w o u ld h e l p t o a l l e v i a t e t h e p r o b le m b u t w o u ld n o t m eet t h e n e e d s o f t h e v e r y young p s y c h o p a t h i c o f f e n d e r . T h e re i s a d e f i n i t e n e e d f o r a c h i l d r e n ' s p s y c h i a t r i c t r e a t m e n t u n i t to d e a l w i t h a n t i - s o c i a l c a s e s when s e r i o u s p a t t e r n s f i r s t d e v e l o p .

T h is u n i t s h o u l d b e

e s ta b li s h e d in c o n n e c tio n w ith a u n i f i e d p s y c h i a t r i c p ro g ra m a n d w o u ld a p p e a r t o b e b e s t s i t u a t e d i n t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f M e n ta l H y g ie n e .

When t h e p o t e n t i a l

p sy c h o p a th ic c h i l d i s c a l l e d to th e a t t e n t i o n o f th e c o u r t o r th e p r o b a tio n o f f i c e , a tr e a tm e n t u n i t sh o u ld be a v a i l ­ a b l e f o r h im .

P r o v i s i o n s c o u l d b e made i n t h e C a l i f o r n i a

s t a t u t e s w h ic h w o u ld a l l o w t h e p r e s e n t J u v e n i l e p ro g ra m t o b e e x t e n d e d downward t o I n c l u d e t h e s e v e r e b e h a v i o r d istu rb a n c e s.

A t p r e s e n t , t h e o n l y u n i t w h ic h m ig h t b e

a v a i l a b l e f o r such s e r v i c e i s a t C a m a rillo S t a t e H o s p i t a l , an d t h i s i s l i m i t e d by beds and p e r s o n n e l.

The k n o w le d g e

71 comes from p s y c h i a t r y t h a t c h i l d r e n w i t h s e v e r e b e h a v i o r d is o r d e r s p ro b a b ly w i l l resp o n d o n ly in a c o n t r o ll e d e n v ir o n m e n t w h ere t h e r e i s a t o t a l t r e a t m e n t a p p r o a c h . Though t h i s c h i l d r e n 1s p s y c h i a t r i c p ro g ra m w o u ld b e q u i t e c o s t l y , i n t h e lo n g r u n i t w o u ld b e f a r l e s s e x p e n s i v e t h a n th e s o c ia l c o s ts o f y e a rs o f c o n tin u e d tr o u b le and d iffic u lty . Many c o u n t i e s c a n n o t a f f o r d p ro g ra m s o f t h e i r . o w n , a n d i t w o u ld b e w i s e i f t h e p r o p o s e d c h i l d r e n 1 s p s y c h i a t r i c u n i t u n d e r t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f M e n ta l H y g ien e a n d t h e Y outh A u t h o r i t y p s y c h i a t r i c i n s t i t u t i o n w e re made' a v a i l a b l e to th e c o u n ty p r o b a tio n o f f i c e s f o r u se w henever n e c e s s a r y . The m o s t d r a m a t i c p ro b le m p r e s e n t e d i n t h i s t h e s i s i s t h e h a n d l i n g o f t h e wf r l n g e c a s e ” .

I t i s r e c o g n i z e d by

a l l co n cerned t h a t th e s e ca ses need p s y c h ia tr ic a t t e n t i o n , a n d y e t t h e y a r e n o t e l i g i b l e f o r t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f M e n ta l H y g ien e a n d do n o t r e s p o n d to t h e Y outh A u t h o r i t y p ro g ra m . H ere we h a v e a n i n s t a n c e w h e re p s y c h i a t r i c d i f f i c u l t y i s r e c o g n i z e d , b u t u n d e r e x i s t i n g p r a c t i c e , t h e r e i s no p l a c e f o r th e s e boys.

T h e re fo re , th e y a r e s h i f t e d back and f o r t h

f o r a .d m in ls tra tiv e r e a s o n s , w ith o u t c o n s id e r a ti o n o f w hat I s h a p p e n in g t o them a s p a t i e n t s .

T h e re i s a n e e d f o r

s t u d y , d i s c u s s i o n , a n d i n t e g r a t i o n , b e tw e e n t h e Y outh A u t h o r i t y a n d t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f M e n ta l H y g ie n e on a s t a t e le v e l.

I t I s p o s s i b l e t h a t b o th d e p a rtm e n ts c o u ld p la n a

72 l o n g - r a n g e p r o g ra m , so t h a t when d i f f e r e n c e s a r o s e a p l a c e m e n t c o u l d b e f o u n d f o r t h e b o y t h a t w o u ld e l i m i n a t e th is c o n s ta n t s h if tin g .

The m ov in g p r o c e s s i s n o t o n l y

d i f f i c u l t f o r th e p a t i e n t , b u t in v o lv e s c o n s id e r a b le expense to th e S ta te o f G a l i f o r n i a . T h is t h e s i s w o u ld a l s o i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e i s a n e e d f o r a m ore a c t i v e p s y c h i a t r i c e v a l u a t i o n a n d t r e a t m e n t c e n te r w ith in th e s c h o o l sy stem s.

Many j u v e n i l e

p s y c h o p a t h i c o f f e n d e r s commit t h e i r f i r s t o f f e n s e s d u r i n g t h e i r e a r l y s c h o o l y e a r s , a n d s i n c e t r u a n c y i s on e o f t h e p ro b le m s, th e y a r e u n d o u b te d ly c a l l e d to th e a t t e n t i o n o f th e sc h o o l a u t h o r i t i e s . fa c ilitie s

I f th e sc h o o l had s u f f i c i e n t

to stu d y c a r e f u l l y th e s e v e re c a s e s , th e y c o u ld

p l a c e them i n t h e h a n d s o f p r o p e r a u t h o r i t i e s .

In th is

c o n n e c t i o n i t w o u ld b e w e l l t o a c q u a i n t t h e j u v e n i l e d iv isio n o f

th e p o l i c e d e p a rtm e n ts o f th e n e c e s s i t y f o r

e a r ly stu d y

and tre a tm e n t o f th e s e c h ild re n . II.

T h is

th e

SOCIAL CASE WORK ACTIVITY

t h e s i s h a s s t r e s s e d t h e I m p o r ta n c e o f c a s e w ork

i n th e e v a lu a tio n o f fa m ily s i t u a t i o n s a t an e a r ly p o in t in a c h ild * s l i f e .

I f a s c h o o l s o c i a l w o rk e r o r p r o b a t i o n

o f f i c e r e n c o u n t e r s p a r e n t s who t a k e l i t t l e r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r t h e i r c h i l d r e n , h e s h o u l d make a c a r e f u l s t u d y , w i t h t h e en d i n v ie w o f e v a l u a t i n g w h e t h e r o r n o t t h i s m ig h t b e

73 a p o t e n t i a l p sy c h o p a th ic c h i ld .

The p a r e n t s o f t h e s e

c h i l d r e n o r d i n a r i l y do n o t a s k h e l p f o r t h e c h i l d r e n o r f o r th e m se lv e s i n p s y c h i a t r i c o u t p a t i e n t c l i n i c s o r fa m ily a g e n c ie s.

They a r e m o re i n c l i n e d t o a v o i d s u c h a g e n c i e s

a n d r e s e n t h e l p fro m o u t s i d e r s when i t i s o f f e r e d . I n t h e c a s e s s t u d i e d , a l l o f t h e p a r e n t s w ere f r e e from a n y g r o s s p s y c h i a t r i c sym ptom s, n o r was t h e r e a n y e v i d e n c e o f m a jo r m e n t a l i l l n e s s .

However, s i x o f t h e

p a r e n t s show ed a s e v e r e s o c i a l m a l a d j u s t m e n t , a n d two o f them a t y p e o f i n s t a b i l i t y w h ic h i s n o t w holesom e f o r c h ild re n . I t h a s b e e n t h e them e o f t h i s t h e s i s t h a t t h e r e i s a c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n t h e t y p e o f r e s p o n s e p a r e n t s made a t t h e tim e o f t h e i r c h i l d * s a d m i s s i o n t o P a c i f i c C olony a n d t h e i r e a r l i e r a t t i t u d e s to w a r d t h e c h i l d .

I t c o u ld th e r e ­

f o r e b e c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e t h i n g s o b s e r v e d by t h e c a s e w o rk e r i n t h i s i n s t i t u t i o n c o u l d h a v e b e e n o b s e r v e d a t a p e r i o d when a c h a n g e i n - c ir c u m s ta n c e s m ig h t h a v e m ean t a g r e a t d e a l to th e c h i l d . T h is shows t h e n e e d f o r w e l l t r a i n e d c a s e w o r k e r s i n t h e f i e l d o f c h i l d r e n * s w o rk , w i t h p a r t i c u l a r r e f e r e n c e t o a u t h o r ita ti v e a g e n c ie s.

I f th e p r o b a tio n d ep a rtm en t had

s p e c i a l i z e d p e o p l e to w o rk i n t h i s a r e a , t h e r e w o u ld be a chance fo r e a rly e v a lu a tio n and fo rm u la tio n o f a tre a tm e n t pro g ram , th u s h o p e f u l l y b r e a k in g th e p a t t e r n s d e s c r ib e d I n

t h i s s tu d y *

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY A.

BOOKS

A ic h h o r n , A u g u s t, Wayward Y o u th , New Y o rk :. The V ik in g P r e s s , E i g h t h P r i n t i n g , 1 9 4 7 . 178 p p . Cahn, P r a n c e s , V a le s k a B a ry , W e l f a r e A c t i v i t i e s o f F e d e r a l . S t a t e , a n d L o c a l G ov ern m ents i n C a l i f o r n i a . 1 8 5 0 - 1 9 3 $ . B e rk e le y , C a lif o r n i a : U n iv e r s ity o f C a lif o r n ia P r e s s , 1 9 3 6 , 4-22 p p . E i s s l e r , K, R . , e d i t o r , S e a r c h l i g h t s on D e lin q u e n c y . New Y o rk : I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t i e s P r e s s , 194-9. $56 p p . F r i e d l a n d e r , K a t e , P s y c h o a n a l y t i c a l A p p ro a c h t o J u v e n i l e D e li n q u e n c y . New Y ork: I n t e r n a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t i e s P r e s s , 1 9 $ 7 . 296 p p . G lu e c k , S h e ld o n , e d i t o r , P r o b a t i o n a n d C r i m i n a l J u s t i c e . New Y o rk : The M acM illan C o ., 1933* 3 4 4 p p . H e a ly , W i llia m M .D ., The I n d i v i d u a l D e l i n q u e n t . L i t t l e , Brown a n d Company, 1924-. 8 3 ° p p .

B o s to n :

H e a ly , W i llia m M .D ., B e n e d i c t S. A l p e r , C r i m i n a l Y o uth a n d t h e B o r s t a l S y s te m . New Y o rk : The Common W e a lth F un d, 194-1. 2 5 1 p p . H e n d e rs o n , D. K . , R. D. G i l l e s p i e , A T ex tb o o k o f P s y c h i a t r y . New Y o rk : O x fo rd U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 3 6 . pp. H i n s i e , L e l a n d E . , M .D ., J a c o b S h a t a k y , P s y c h i a t r i c D ic tio n a ry . New Y o rk : O x fo rd U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 194-7. 559 p p . K a n n e r, L e o , C h i l d P s y c h i a t r y . New Y ork : C h a r l e s C. Thomas P u b l i s h i n g Co . , 194-9. 752 p p . L evy, D a v id M ., M .D ., New F i e l d s o f P s y c h i a t r y . W. W. N o rto n Co. I n c . , 194-7. 170 p p .

New Y ork:

L i n d s e y , J u d g e Ben B . , W a in w rlg h t E v a n s , The R e v o l t o f Modern Y o u th . New Y ork: B oni a n d L i v e r i g h t , 1 92 5. 364- p p .

77 M angold, G eorg e B . , P r o b le m s o f C h i l d W e lfa re # The M a cM illan C o . , 1 9 2 8 . "~Sb2 p p . N ic o le , J . E rn e s t, P sy c h o p a th o lo g y . W i l l i a m s a n d W i l k i n s C o ., 1946 •

B a ltim o re : 268 p p .

New Y o rk: The

P e a r s o n , G. H. J . , M .D ., E m o tio n a l D i s o r d e r s o f C h i l d r e n . New Y o rk : W. W. N o r to n a n d d o . , 1 9 4 9 . 378 p p . B.

PERIODICAL ARTICLES

B u t l e r , F r e d 0 . , M .D ., “C a l i f o r n i a L e g a l A p p r o v a l a n d P ro g ra m i n t h e R e h a b i l i t a t i o n o f t h e D e f e c t i v e a n d P s y c h o p a t h i c D e l i n q u e n t , " A m e ric a n J o u r n a l o f M e n ta l D e f i c i e n c y . 1 : 7 6 - 9 . J u l y , 19581 C l e c k l e y , H erv y , M. D . , “The P s y c h o p a t h , 11 F e d e r a l P r o b a t i o n . 4 : 2 2 -25» O c to b e r 194*6. G a r d n e r , G eorge E . , “The Community a n d t h e A g g r e s s i v e C h i ld ," M e n ta l H y g ie n e . 45537-5°> O c t o b e r , 1 9 4 9 . G a r d n e r , G eorge E . , “The Community a n d t h e A g g r e s s i v e C h ild : The A g g r e s s i v e - D e s t r u c t i v e I m p u ls e i n t h e Sex O f f e n d e r , " M e n ta l H y g ie n e . 1 : 4 4 - 6 3 , J a n u a r y , 195°* H o l t o n , K a r l , “Y o uth A u t h o r i t y S e r v i c e s i n C a l i f o r n i a , " S t a t e G ov ernm ent. 2 2 : 2 6 6 - 9 , November, 1 9 4 9 . K arpm an, B en, M .D ., “A Y a r d s t i c k f o r M e a s u r in g P s y c h o p a t h y , " F e d e r a l P r o b a t i o n . 45 2 6 - 3 1 , O c to b e r- D e c e m b e r, 19 4 6 . Karpman, Ben, M .D ., e d i t o r , “The P s y c h o p a t h i c D e l i n q u e n t C h i l d , " A m eric an J o u r n a l o f O rth o p s y c h l a t r y . 2 : 2 2 3 - 6 4 , A p r i l , 195°. K arpm an, Ben, M .D ., " L y in g : A M inor I n q u i r y i n t o t h e E t h i c s o f N e u r o t i c a n d P s y c h o p a t h i c B e h a v i o r , " The P s y c h ia tr ic Q u a r te r ly . 1 :1 -2 5 , Ja n u ary , 1949. R e ed , E. F . , "How E f f e c t i v e A re Group-W ork A g e n c ie s i n P r e v e n t i n g D e lin q u e n c y ? " S o c i a l S c i e n c e R e v iew . 2 2 : 3 4 0 - 8 , S e p te m b e r , 1 9 4 8 .

78 R ie m e r, M o r r i s D ., M.D*, "The E f f e c t on C h a r a c t e r D ev e lo p m e n t o f P r o l o n g e d o r F r e q u e n t A b se n c e o f P a r e n t s M e n ta l H y g ie n e . 2 : 2 9 3 - 7 , A p r i l , 1949* S l a v s o n , S. R . , " M i l i e u a n d Group T r e a tm e n t f o r D e l i n q u e n t s N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e o f S o c i a l Work* 1 9 4 8 . 3 7 2 - 8 0 . S t a r k , H. G . , '‘P r e v e n t i o n a n d C o n t r o l o f D e lin q u e n c y i n C a l i f o r n i a , M N a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c e o f S o c i a l Work. 3 8 4 - 9 0 , 1 9 47 . C.

PAMPHLETS

C a l i f o r n i a 1s C h a l l e n g e i n C o r r e c t i o n s . S e le c te d P apers 1 8 th A nnual C o n feren c e o f th e C a l i f o r n i a P r o b a tio n an d P a ro le A sso c ia tio n . Los A n g e l e s : J a n u a r y , 19 49 . 80 p p C a l i f o r n i a Y o uth A u t h o r i t y Q u a r t e r l y . Volume I , Number 3* W in te r, 1948. S a c r a m e n to : C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e P r i n t i n g O ffic e . 36 pp* The G o v e r n o r 1s C o n f e r e n c e on M e n ta l H e a l t h . F in a l R e p o rt. S a c r a m e n to : C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , March 3 a n d 4 , 1 9 49 . 98 p p . The G o v e r n o r 1s C o n f e r e n c e on Y o uth W e l f a r e . P r e l i m a r y R e p o rt. S a c r a m e n to : C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , J a n u a r y 29 a n d 3 ° , 1 94 8 . 26 p p . The Y o u th A u t h o r i t y - O r g a n i z a t i o n a n d P r o g r a m . S a c ra m e n to C a l i f o r n i a S t a t e P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1945* 2 4 p p .

APPENDIXES

APPENDIX A C o n c l u s i o n s o f D e p a r tm e n t o f M e n ta l H y g ien e C o n f e r e n c e ( A p r i l 1 2 , 1947) to D i s c u s s D i a g n o s i s o f " D e f e c t i v e o r P sy c h o p a th ic D e lin q u e n ts " : 1. The d i a g n o s i s Mp s y c h o p a t h i c d e l i n q u e n t 11 s h o u l d o n l y h e made i n c a s e s o f e x tre m e d e g r e e o f b e h a v i o r d i s o r d e r . 2. The d i a g n o s i s ttp s y c h o p a t h i c d e l in q u e n t * ' s h o u l d n o t b e made on a n y p e r s o n who h a s n o t c o m m itte d a se l* io u s c r im e s u c h a s m u r d e r , a t t e m p t e d m u r d e r , a s s a u l t w i t h a t t e m p t t o commit m u r d e r , s e x o f f e n s e s , arm e d r o b b e r y , e t c . 3. The d i a g n o s i s " p s y c h o p a t h i c d e l i n q u e n t " s h o u l d n o t b e made b e c a u s e a p e r s o n h a s c o m m itte d a s e r i o u s c r i m e . km The d i a g n o s i s o f p s y c h o p a t h i c p e r s o n a l i t y d o e s n o t mean p s y c h o p a t h i c d e l i n q u e n c y , b u t t h e d i a g n o s i s o f p s y c h o p a t h i c d e l i n q u e n c y d o es mean t h a t t h e p e r s o n so d ia g n o se d i s a p s y c h o p a th ic p e r s o n a l i t y . 5. The d i a g n o s i s " p s y c h o p a t h i c d e l i n q u e n t " s h o u l d n o t b e made u n l e s s t h e s t a f f f e e l s t h a t t h e p a t i e n t h a s a t e n d e n c y f o r r e p e a t e d s e r i o u s d e l in q u e n c y * 6. The d i a g n o s i s " d e f e c t i v e d e l i n q u e n t " s h o u l d n o t b e made on d e l i n q u e n t p e r s o n s who a r e c l e a r l y m e n t a l l y d e fe c tiv e . 7. The b e made o n a n y th e b o r d e r lin e I s c l e a r l y th e

d ia g n o s is " d e f e c tiv e d e lin q u e n t" sh o u ld n o t m e n ta lly d e f e c tiv e p e rso n u n le s s he i s o f o r h i g h moron t y p e i n w h ic h t h e d e l i n q u e n c y m o st i m p o r t a n t p r o b le m .

8. The d e l i n q u e n c y i n t h o s e d e f e c t i v e s m u st b e o f t h e same d e g r e e a s a b o v e d e s c r i b e d f o r t h e p s y c h o p a t h i c d e lin q u e n t. 9. P s y c h o p a th ic d e lin q u e n c y I s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a p e r m a n e n t i n c u r a b l e c o n d i t i o n ; i t may b e m o d i f i e d w i t h p r o p e r m anagem ent a n d t r e a t m e n t . A f t e r a p e r i o d o f t r e a t ­ m e n t, t h e S u p e r i n t e n d e n t a c t i n g upon t h e a d v i c e o f t h e m e n ta l h o s p i t a l s t a f f s h o u l d h a v e l e g a l p o w er t o p l a c e on l e a v e o f a b s e n c e t h o s e p a t i e n t s whom t h e s t a f f c o n s i d e r s no l o n g e r a m enace to t h e h e a l t h a n d s a f e t y o f o t h e r s so t h a t th e y w i l l have th e f u r t h e r b e n e f i t o f e x tra m u ra l s u p e rv is io n .

81 I t was a g r e e d t h a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n s o f t h e c o n f e r e n c e s h o u l d b e c i r c u l a t e d among t h e s t a f f s o f t h e S t a t e M e n ta l i n s t i t u t i o n s , Y ou th A u t h o r i t y , a n d p o s s i b l y s e n t t o c o u r t s , p ro b a tio n o f f i c e r s , and d i s t r i c t a tto rn e y s f o r t h e i r in fo rm a tio n .

APPENDIX B P r o v i s i o n s i n t h e W e l f a r e a n d I n s t i t u t i o n s Code r e g a r d i n g t h e t r a n s f e r o f p a t i e n t s from t h e C a l i f o r n i a X o u th A u t h o r i t y to t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f M e n ta l H y g ien e s •1753. **o r 'kk® p u r p o s e o f c a r r y i n g o u t i t s d u t i e s , t h e A u t h o r i t y a n d t h e d i r e c t o r a r e a u t h o r i z e d t o make u s e o f la w e n f o r c e m e n t , d e t e n t i o n , p r o b a t i o n , p a r o l e , m e d i c a l , ed u o a tio n a k , c o r r e c t i o n a l , s e g r e g a tiv e and o th e r f a c i l i t i e s , i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d a g e n c i e s , w h e th e r p u b l i c o r p r i v a t e , w ith in th e S ta te . l*he d i r e c t o r may e n t e r i n t o ag reem en ts w ith th e a p p r o p r i a t e p u b l i c o f f i c i a l s f o r s e p a ra te c a re and s p e c ia l tre a tm e n t in e x i s tin g i n s t i t u t i o n s o f p e r s o n s s u b j e c t to t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e A u t h o r i t y . (a d d e d by S t a t s . 1 9 4 1 , Ch. 937; am ended by S t a t s . 1 9 4 5 , Ch. 639) 1 7 5 4 . N o th in g i n t h i s c h a p t e r s h a l l b e t a k e n to g i v e t h e A u th o rity o r th e d i r e c t o r c o n tro l o v er e x i s tin g f a c i l i t i e s , i n s t i t u t i o n s o r a g e n c i e s ; o r to r e q u i r e them t o s e r v e t h e A u th o rity i n c o n s i s t e n t l y w ith t h e i r f u n c tio n s , o r w ith th e . a u t h o r i t y o f t h e i r o f f i c e r s , o r w i t h t h e la w s a n d r e g u l a t i o n s g o v e rn in g t h e i r a c t i v i t i e s ; o r to g iv e th e A u t h o r i t y o r t h e d i r e c t o r pow er t o make u s e o f a n y p r i v a t e i n s t i t u t i o n o r agency w ith o u t i t s c o n s e n t; o r to pay a p r i v a t e i n s t i t u t i o n o r a g e n c y f o r s e r v i c e s w h ic h a p u b l i c i n s t i t u t i o n o r agency i s w i l l i n g a n d a b le to p erfo rm . (a d d e d by S t a t s . 1 9 4 1 , Ch. 937; am ended b y S t a t s * 1945* Ch. 639) 1755* P u b l i c i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d a g e n c i e s a r e h e r e b y r e q u i r e d t o a c c e p t a n d c a r e f o r p e r s o n s s e n t t o them b y t h e A u t h o r i t y i n t h e same m anner a s t h e y w o u ld b e r e q u i r e d t o do h a d s u c h p e r s o n s b e e n c o m m itte d by a c o u r t o f c r i m i n a l ju ris d ic tio n . (Added b y S t a t s . 1 9 4 1 , Ch. 937) 1756* No p e r s o n u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l o f t h e A u t h o r i t y s h a l l b e t r a n s f e r r e d t o a n y S t a t e h o s p i t a l o r home f o r t h e i n s a n e o r fe e b le -m in d e d , e x c e p t f o r o b s e rv a tio n an d d ia g n o s is , u n l e s s s u c h p e r s o n i s c o m m itte d t o s u c h h o s p i t a l o r home i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e p r o c e d u r e p r e s c r i b e d i n t h e W e lf a r e a n d I n s t i t u t i o n s Code. (Added by S t a t s . 1 9 4 1 , Ch. 937)

APPENDIX 0 SAMPLE LETTERS TO PATIENTS* RELATIVES D ear Mr. a n d Mrs. J o n e s : As yon know, y o u r so n h a s b e e n c o m m itte d to P a c i f i c C o lo n y from t h e C a l i f o r n i a Y o u th A u t h o r i t y f o r a n i n e t y - d a y p e r i o d o f o b se rv a tio n and stu d y . The Y o u th A u t h o r i t y f e e l s t h a t I t i s t o t h e p a t i e n t * s b e n e f i t to h a v e a c o m p le t e a n d t h o r o u g h p s y c h i a t r i c s t u d y b e f o r e m aking a n y f u r t h e r p l a n s fo r th e boy. We s h o u l d l i k e t o e n c o u r a g e you t o v i s i t t h e p a t i e n t , a n d w h i l e you a r e h e r e o u r s o c i a l w o r k e r w o u ld l i k e t o d i s c u s s w i t h you t h e r e a s o n s f o r h i s com m itm ent h e r e a n d g a i n from you c e r t a i n I n f o r m a t i o n w h ic h o n l y you know. A c o n t a c t w i t h t h e f a m i l y by t h e h o s p i t a l i s o f v i t a l i m p o r t a n c e I n g iv in g th e p a t i e n t th e b e n e f i t o f th e b e s t stu d y p o s s i b le . When you c a l l a t t h e h o s p i t a l xfould you k i n d l y make a rra n g e m e n ts to se e th e s o c i a l w o rk e r? V ery t r u l y y o u r s ,

D ear Mr. a n d M rs. J o n e s : Two w eeks ag o we w r o t e you r e q u e s t i n g t h a t you c a l l a t t h e h o s p i t a l t o v i s i t y o u r so n a n d t a l k w i t h t h e s o c i a l w o r k e r . P e r h a p s o u r l e t t e r d i d n o t r e a c h y o u , a n d we a r e a g a i n w r i t i n g yo u t o e n c o u r a g e you t o come to t h e h o s p i t a l f o r a n In te rv ie w . The k i n d o f i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t i s n e e d e d a b o u t t h e p a t i e n t c a n o n l y b e p r o v i d e d by someone v e r y c l o s e to him . J o h n i s h e r e f o r a c o m p le t e s t u d y o f t h e r e a s o n s f o r h i s b e h a v io r , w ith th e hope t h a t such a stu d y w i l l l e a d to a b e t t e r p l a n f o r h im . Our m e d i c a l a n d p s y c h o l o g i c a l s t a f f a r e s t u d y i n g a l l a s p e c t s o f h i s c a s e so t h a t a l o n g - r a n g e p l a n may b e made. I t i s o f e x tr e m e i m p o r ta n c e t h a t t h e y h a v e a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f y o u r s o n * e e a r l y d e v e lo p m e n t a n d b irth h isto ry . We s h o u l d l i k e t o make a n a p p o i n t m e n t p l a n f o r ( tim e s p e c i f i e d ) , an d i f t h i s I s n o t c o n v e n ie n t, a rra n g e m e n ts can b e made f o r a n o t h e r d a t e . We f e e l t h a t a v i s i t t o t h e

8k p a t i e n t w o u ld a l s o be o f b e n e f i t t o h im . much f o r a s s i s t i n g u s w i t h o u t s t u d y .

Thank you v e r y

V ery t r u l y y o u r s ,

APPENDIX D INTERVIEW WITH MOTHER OF CASE NO* 7 D a te o f I n t e r v i e w :

J u l y 8 , 1949

The m o th e r c a l l e d a t t h e i n s t i t u t i o n f o l l o w i n g t h e r e c e i p t o f th e second l e t t e r . She a p p e a r e d two d a y s b e f o r e t h e a p p o i n t m e n t tim e s p e c i f i e d a n d s t a t e d t h a t s h e c o u l d come a t no o t h e r t i m e . She was a f a i r l y a t t r a c t i v e woman o f f o r t y y e a r s , who was q u i t e o v e r d r e s s e d f o r t h e tim e o f t h e v is it. She a p o l o g i z e d f o r t h i s b y s t a t i n g t h a t s h e h a d been to a p a r ty th e n i g h t b e f o re an d had s ta y e d o v e r - n ig h t w ith a f r i e n d and d id n » t have h e r s t r e e t c l o t h e s . The p u r p o s e o f t h e i n t e r v i e w was e x p l a i n e d t o h e r , a n d a fra m e w ork was s e t w h e re b y s h e c o u l d f e e l t h a t s h e was c o n t r i b u t ­ i n g t o t h e s t u d y o f t h e boy by d i s c u s s i n g w i t h u s some o f h i s p ro b le m s. As t h e i n t e r v i e w d e v e l o p e d , i t a p p e a r e d t h a t s h e was e i t h e r somewhat d u l l o r was s t i l l u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f some a lc o h o l. She s t a t e d t h a t s h e h a d r e c e i v e d o u r f i r s t l e t t e r b u t f e l t t h a t t h e r e w as n o t h i n g s h e c o u l d d o , in a s m u c h a s s h e h a d t a l k e d t o many p o l i c e o f f i c e r s a n d p r o b a t i o n o f f i c e r s i n t h e p a s t a n d t h a t no o n e r e a l l y u n d e r s t o o d h e r b o y an yw ay. She e m p h a s iz e d t h e f a c t t h a t t h e b o y h a d n e v e r been t r e a t e d J u s t l y by th e p o l i c e d ep artm en t an d t h a t he h a d many t i m e s b e e n p e r s e c u t e d . When t h e s o c i a l w o rk e r e x p r e s s e d a n i n t e r e s t i n some o f t h e d e t a i l s o f t h i s , t h e m o th e r g re w q u i t e v a g u e , a n d i t g r a d u a l l y came o u t t h a t on t h e l a s t f o u r i n c i d e n t s s h e h a d n o t t a l k e d w i t h an y b o d y f o l l o w i n g o n e o f h e r b o y 1s d e l i n q u e n c i e s . I n two i n s t a n c e s p r e v io u s ly , she d id n o t le a r n o f th e d i s p o s it io n o f h is c a s e f o r s e v e r a l w eeks. I t was two w eeks a f t e r h e was c o m m itte d to t h e Y o uth A u t h o r i t y t h a t s h e l e a r n e d o f t h i s , as a r e s u lt o f a ro u tin e n o tic e . I n t a l k i n g o f h i s e a r l y d e v e lo p m e n t, t h e m o th e r sp o k e o f him a s 11 a p ro b le m b a b y M. I t seem ed t h a t h e w as a lw a y s t r o u b l e s o m e u n t i l h e w as f o u r o r f i v e y e a r s o f a g e , a n d many t i m e s s h e h a d t o h i r e som eone t o c a r e f o r h im . She d i d n 11 r e c a l l t h e tim e o f h i s w e a n in g a n d s t a t e d t h a t h e h a d b e e n t o i l e t t r a i n e d by a n e i g h b o r l a d y . When I a s k e d h e r i f s h e h a d t h o u g h t o f a n y t h i n g t h a t m ig h t

86 h a v e c a u s e d t h e boy t o g e t i n t o d i f f i c u l t y , s h e s t a t e d t h a t i t was t h e f a t h e r 1s f a u l t . He h a d n e v e r t a k e n a n y i n t e r e s t i n t h e b o y a n d w o u ld n o t h e l p him when h e f i r s t g o t i n t o d i f f i c u l t y . A t t h i s p o i n t s h e s a i d no o n e h a d e v e r h e l p e d t h e bo y a n d s h e d i d n ’ t a n t i c i p a t e t h a t a n y o n e e v e r w o u ld . I a s k e d h e r i f s h e c o u l d s e e a d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e boy b e i n g c o m m itte d t o a h o s p i t a l i n s t e a d o f to a c o r r e c t i o n a l in s titu tio n . She s a i d t h e r e c o u l d b e o n l y o n e r e a s o n f o r s e n d i n g him t o a h o s p i t a l a n d t h a t was b e c a u s e h e was ttn u t s , a n d s h e was c o m p l e t e l y s u r e t h a t h e r b o y was s a n e . I e x p l o r e d t h i s w i t h h e r a n d t h e r e was no r e s p o n d i n g c o r d i n a p p r e c i a t i n g t h e e m o t i o n a l n a t u r e o f t h e b o y ’ s p r o b le m . The m o th e r i n s i s t e d t h a t s h e b e a l l o w e d t o v i s i t t h e boy l o n g e r th a n t h e v i s i t i n g p e r i o d , a n d when i n f o r m e d t h a t t h i s w o u ld b e i m p o s s i b l e , s h e s t a t e d t h a t o b v i o u s l y we w e re t r e a t i n g him l i k e e v e r y o n e h a d i n t h e p a s t . By u s i n g a n a u t h o r i t a t i v e a t t i t u d e i n t h e i n t e r v i e w , t h e w orker d id s e c u re c e r t a i n v e r i f y i n g f a c t s f o r th e h i s t o r y and g o t a d i s t i n c t im p re s sio n o f th e m o th e r’ s la c k o f r e l a t i o n s h i p to th e b o y ’ s d i f f i c u l t y . I t came o u t q u i t e c l e a r l y t h a t t h e m o th e r was n o t a w a re o f a num ber o f t h e boy’ s t r a n s f e r s and p la c e m e n ts. She a l s o m e n tio n e d f o u r i n c i d e n t s w h ic h w e re v e r i f i e d by t h e h i s t o r y o f t h i n g s t h a t h a p p e n e d to t h e p a t i e n t when h e was a s m a l l c h i l d . Two o f t h e s e w ere f a l l s w h ich o c c u r r e d when t h e m o th e r was n o t a t home, a n d i t w as o n l y b e c a u s e a n e i g h b o r h a p p e n e d t o b e p a s s i n g by t h e h o u s e t h a t t h e f a l l s w e r e n o t i c e d . The m o th e r g av e no e x p l a n a t i o n a s t o why a t w o - y e a r - o l d c h i l d was l e f t a l o n e f o r t h r e e a n d f o u r h o u r s a t a t i m e . The m o th e r d i d n o t a p p e a r i n t e r e s t e d i n a s k i n g q u e s t i o n s ab o u t th e a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r th e b o y ’ s f u t u r e , and a lth o u g h s h e l e f t t h e i n t e r v i e w p l e a s a n t l y , s h e was m a r k e d ly u n to u c h e d by t h e b o y ’ s p l i g h t . She d i d n o t v i s i t t h e i n s t i t u t i o n a g a i n a n d made no i n q u i r y a b o u t t h e d i s p o s i t i o n o f th e p a t i e n t ’ s c a se .

O* -K.uShfcrn California