The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on historical principles. Volume I A-M [Indexed] 0198612710, 9780198612711

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\

THE NEW SHORTER ENGLISH DICTIONARY THUMB INDEX EDITION

THE NEW AUTHORI ON THE ENGLISH

LANGUAGE

:

j^l^^j

g![iLLv|M^||

^|iUv[^^||j

gj^l^^

gjaiv|MEA

u-v[NrEAj.|

^^m^^^jlMJJ

jjj

vslTtolll

1

/

ig^NVSlTK)

I

DOMl MINA

jOOMIiMINAj

tgj

is.,

etc., vars.

Variant entries which are entries for that

of sergeant

homonyms

follow

all

homonym.

& pple of.

TRANSLITERATION TRANSLITERATION OF GREEK a

a

b

i

t

5

CO

t

T

k

K

P

7T

th

0

X

ph

u

V

A

ps

d

&

idi

e

€

1

e

n

m

g

7

n

I'

rh

l>

0

0

s

a, y

h

'

(rough

r

4>

X f>

a. etc.

etc.

z

breathing)

over a following

vowel

TRAXSL ITERATION OF RUSSIAN a

a

i

H

r

P

ya

b

6

I

H

s

C

yu

K)

ch

H

K

sh

LU

z

3

d

a

k kh

X

shch

ux

zh

e

e

1

JI

t

T

e

3

m

M

ts

u

e

e

n

H

u

y

f

4)

0

O

V

B

g

r

P

n

y

bl

»

fa

the

main

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS In

this list the abbreviations are printed in the type

variation according to context will be found.

Some

and with the

capitalization that

is

normally used for them, but

general abbreviations, such as those for units of

points of the compass, are not listed here, but can be found under the

main dictionary entry

measurement or

for the initial letter.

Comedy of Errors

a.

adjective

augm.

augmentative

Com.

abbrev.

abbreviated, abbrevation

Austral.

Australian, Australia

Comm.

Commerce, Commen

aux.

auxiliary (verb etc.)

compar(s).

comparative(s)

complement Conchology

(of)

Err.

abbrevs.

abbreviations

AV

Authorized Version

compl.

abl.

ablative

Avest.

Avestan

Conchol.

A.Y.L.

As You Like

abl. absol.

ablative absolute

Aborig.

Aboriginal

absol.

in

absolute use,

absolutely

It

conf

(w.)

confused with

conj.

conjunction, conjunct

back-form (s).

back-formation(s)

conjs.

conjunctions

Bactenol.

Bacteriology

conn, (w.)

connected (with)

accus.

accusative

Balto-Slav.

Balto-Slavonic

contempt.

contemptuous,

act.

active, -ly

bef

before

contr.

contracted, contractio

adj.

adjective, adjectival

Bibliogr.

Bibliography

Cor.

Corinthians

adjs.

adjectives

Biochem.

Biochemistry

Coriol.

Coriolanus

adv.

adverb

Biol.

Biology

Com.

Comish

advb.

adverbial, -ly

Bot.

Botany

correl.

correlative

corresponding

-ly

advs.

adverbs

Brit.

British

corresp.

Aeronaut.

Aeronautics

Burm.

Burmese

corrupt.

corruption

Afk.

Afrikaans

cross-refs.

cross-references

Afr.

African, Africa

c

circa, 'about'

Cryst.

Crystallography

agent-n(s).

agent-noun(s)

Campanol.

Campanology

Cymb.

Cymbeline

Agnc.

Agriculture

Canad.

Cylol.

Cytology

AL

Anglo-Latin

Canad.

Canadian Canadian

Alch.

Alchemy

cap(s).

capital(s)

d.

died

alius.

allusion

Catal.

Catalan

Danish

alius.

allusively

Celt.

Celtic

Da. Dan.

alt.

altered, alteration

cent.

century

dat.

dative

Amer.

American, America

cents.

centuries

def

definite

AN

Anglo-Norman

cf

confer,

anal.

analogy

Ch.

Church

Artat.

Anatomy

Chem.

Chemistry

Anglo-Ind.

Anglo-Indian

Chin.

Chinese

Anglo- Ir.

Anglo-Irish

Chr. Ch.

Christian

Antony and Cleopatra

Chr.L

Christian Latin

Anthropol.

Anthropology

Chron.

Chronicles

dial.

dialect, dialectal, -ly

Antiq.

Antiquities

Chr. Theol.

Christian Theology

Diets.

(in) Dictionaries

aphet.

aphetic, aphetized

Cinemat.

Cinematography

dim(s).

diminutive(s)

app.

apparently

cl.

clause

distrib.

distributive

approx.

approximately

Class.

Classical

Du.

Dutch

Arab.

Arabic

Class. Antiq.

Classic?' Antiquities

Aram.

Aramaic

Class. Archit.

Classical Architecture

E

early (in dates)

arch.

archaic

Class. Hist.

Classical History

Eccl.

Ecclesiastical

Archaeol.

Archaeology

Class. Myihol.

Eccles.

Ecclesiastes

Archil.

Architecture

Class. Pros.

eccl.Gk

ecclesiastical

assim.

assimilated, -ation

d.Gk

Mythology Classical Prosody classical Greek

Eccl. Hist.

Ecclesiastical History

Ant.

&Cl.

Polit.

Politics

'compare'

Church

Classical

Daniel

demonstr.

demonstrative

deriv(s).

derivative(s).

derog.

derogatory

Deut.

Deuteronomy

devel.

development

derivation(s)

Greek

assoc.

associated, -ation

cl.L

classical I^tin

eccl.L

ecclesiastical Latin

Assyr.

Assyrian

cogn. (w.)

cognate (with)

Ecclus

Ecclesiasticus

Astrol.

Astrology

Col.

Colossians

Ecol.

Ecology

Astron.

Astronomy

collect.

collective, -ly

Econ.

Economics

Astronaut.

Astronautics

colloq.

colloquial, -ly

Educ.

Education,

attrib.

attributive, -ly

comb,

EFris.

East Frisian

Attrib. &.

in attributive uses

EGmc

East Germanic

comb.

combinations

combining (form) (in) combination combinations

Egyptol.

Egyptology

and

{

form)

Comb. combs.

-al

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

xxiv Elecvr. Electr.

Engin.

Electricity

Gmc

Germanic

Electrical Engineering

Goth.

Gothic

Grammar

Gram.

elem(s).

element(s)

dhpt.

elliptical, -ly

Embtyol.

Embryology

Hab.

Encycl. Bnt.

Encyclopaedia

Haml.

Britannica

literal, -ly

lit. lit.

& fig.

in literal

and

figurative

'

use, literally

'

and

figuratively

Lith.

Lithuanian

L.L.L.

Love's Labour's Lost

Haw.

Habbakuk Hamlet Hawaiian

lME

late

Hebrew

lOE

late

Lucr.

Middle English Old English Lucrece

Eng.

English

Heb.

Eng. Hist.

English History

Heb.

Hebrews

Engin.

Engineering

Heb. Gram.

Hebrew Grammar

Entomol.

Entomology

Hen.

Henry

Eph.

Ephesians

Her.

Heraldry

HG

High German

M

mid

Hind.

Hindus'ani

(M)

Middle and

M

equiv.

equivalent

erron.

erroneous,

Esd.

Esdras

Hist.

Historical, History

esp.

especially

Histol.

Histology

etyin.

etymology

Hist. Sci.

History of Science

-ly

Middle (before langua names) (in dates)

Modem

(before language

names) Macb. Mace.

Macbeth Maccabees

masc.

masculine

Math.

Mathematics

euphem.

euphemistic,

exc.

except

exclam(s).

exclamation(s)

Exod.

Exodus

Icel.

Icelandic

Matt.

Matthew

exp

exponential

Ichthyol.

Ichthyology

MBret.

expr.

expressing, expressive of

IE

Indo-European

Ezek.

Ezekiel

imit.

imitative, -ly

MDa. MDu.

immed.

immediately

(M)Du.

imper.

imperative, -ly

impers.

impersonal,

indef.

indefinite, -ly

feminine

indie.

indicative

Meas. for M. Mech.

in figurative use,

inf.

infinitive

Med.

Middle Breton Middle Danish Middle Dutch Middle and Modem Dutch Middle English Measure for Measure Mechanics Medicine

infl.

inflected, influenced

med.

medieval

Inorganic Chemistry

medieval Greek

Merchant of Venice Merry Wives (of Windsor)

f.

as

f.

from from the same principal)

fern. fig-

-ally

(initial

word

as

figuratively

Finn.

Finnish

Honiculture

hyperbol.

hyperbolically

-ly

ME

instr.

instrumental

med.Gk med.L

Inorg.

floniit, 'flourished'

fl.

or

Hort.

Chem.

medieval Latin

Flem.

Flemish

int.

inteqection

Merch.

foil.

followed

interrog.

interrogative, -ly

Merry W.

Fortif.

Fortification

intrans.

intransitive, -ly

Fr.

French

ints.

interjections

Metall.

Metallurgy

Frank.

Frankish

Ir.

Irish

Meteorol.

Meteorology

freq.

frequent, -ly

Ir.

Antiq.

Irish Antiquities

frequent.

frequentative

Ir.

Hut.

Irish

History

Mex. Mex. Sp.

Fr. Hist.

French History

Ir.

Mythol.

Irish

Mythology

MFlem.

Fris.

Frisian

iron.

ironical, -ly

Mexican Mexican Spanish Middle Flemish Middle and Modem

irreg.

irregular, -ly

Isa.

Isaiah

MHG

It.

Italian

(M)HG

Middle High German Middle and Modem High German

V.

(M)Flem.

Flemish

G

German

Gael.

Gaelic

Gal.

Galatians

gen.

general, -ly

Jap.

Japanese

Microbiol.

Microbiology

Gen.

Genesis

Jav.

Javanese

Mids. N. D.

genit.

genitive

Jer.

Jeremiah

Midsummer Night's Dream

Geogr.

joc.

jocular, -ly

Mil.

Military

Josh.

Joshua

Min.

Mineralogy

Geom.

Geography Geology Geometry

Judg.

Judges

Mir.

Ger.

German

Jul. Caes.

Julius

(M)Ir.

Middle Irish Middle and Modem

Gk

Greek Greek Antiquities Greek Archaeology Greek Architecture Greek Grammar Greek History Greek Mythology Greek Orthodox Church Greek Prosody Greek Rhetoric

L

Latin

mistr.

mistranslation (of),

L

late (in dates)

Lam.

Lamentations

MLG (M)LG

Middle Low German Middle and Modem

Geol.

GkAntiq.

Gk Archaeol. Gk Archil. Gk Gram. Gk Hist. Gk Mythol. Gk Orthodox Ch.

Gk Pros. Gk Rhet.

(language)

Caesar

Irish

lang(s).

language(s)

Law L Ld

Law Latin

LDu.

I^w Dutch

Lev.

Leviticus

Lord

mistranslating

Low German mod. mod. Da. mod.Du.

LG

Low German

mod.Fr.

Ling.

Linguistics

mod.G

modem modem Danish modem Dutch modem French modem German

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS mod.Gk mod.Heb. mod.Icel.

mod.Ir.

mod.L mod.Prov.

mod.Skt

MSw. (M)Sw. Mus. Mycol.

Mythol.

modem Greek modem Hebrew modem Icelandic modem Irish modem Latin modem Provengal modem Sanskrit Middle Swedish Middle and Modem Swedish Music Mycology Mythology

N. Afr. North Africa (n) N. Amer. North America(n) N. Amer. Hisi. North American History Naut.

NEB neg.

Nautical

New English Bible negative

neut.

neuter

NFris.

Northem Northem

N.

Ir.

northem northem (dialect) Northumbrian Norwegian nouns

Num. Numism.

NZ O

main

Northem French

pred.

Modem

pred.

predicative, -ly

pred. a.

predicative adjective

and

predicate

pre}.

prefix

prefs.

prefixes

OPmss. Org. Chem.

Ophthalm.

OPol.

prep.

preposition,

prep.

preposition

preps.

prepositions

pres.

present

Organic Chemistry

pres. ppl

present participial

orig.

original, -ly

pres. pple

present participle

Omith.

Omithology Old Russian Old Saxon Old Spanish Old and Modem

pres.

present tense

opp.

OProv.

OS OSp. (0)Sp.

Spanish

Numismatics New Zealand

Obad.

t.

prob.

-al

probably

pron.

pronominal, pronoun

pron.

prons.

pronoun pronouns

pronunc.

pronunciation

OSw.

Old Swedish

Pros.

Prosody

Oth.

Othello

Prov.

Provencal

OTurk.

Old Turkish Old Welsh

FWov.

Proverbs

Ps.

Psalms

Psychol.

Psychology

pa.

past

Palaeogr.

Palaeography

RCCh.

Roman

Palaeont.

Palaeontology

redupl.

reduplicated, -ation(s)

pa. ppl

past (or passive)

ref

reference

refash.

refashioned, -ing

refl.

reflexive

rel.

relative

participial

pa. pple

past (or passive)

paniciple

Catholic

Chun

pass.

passive, -ly

rel.

related

pa.

past tense

repl.

replaced, -ing

Per.

Pericles

repr.

representative (of),

perf.

perfect

represented,

perh.

perhaps

representing.

pers.

personal

Pers.

Persian

Rev.

Pel.

Peter

Rhet.

Rhetoric

Petrogr.

Petrography

rhet.

rhetorical, -ly

t.

representation(s)

Revelation

obj.

object, -ive

Phartn.

Pharmacology

Rich.

Richard

obi.

oblique

Phil.

Philippians

Rom.

obs.

obsolete

Philol.

Philology

occas.

occasional, -ly

Philos.

Philosophy

Oceanogr.

Oceanography Old Cornish Old and Modem

Phonet.

Phonetics

phonet.

phonetic, -ally

Phonol.

Roman Romans Romeo and Juliet Roman Antiquities Roman History Roman Mythology

Phoiogr.

Phonology Photography

Rom. Rom. &Jul. Rom. Antiq. Rom. Hist. Rom. Mythol. Russ.

Russian

phr.

phrase

Russ. Hist.

Russian History

Phrenol.

Phrenology

RV

Revised Version

phrs.

phrases

South Africa(n) Samuel

OCom. (O)Com.

Comish

OE

OED

Old English Oxford English Dictionary

OFr. (0)Fr. OFris.

OHG (0)HG

Old Old Old Old Old

French and Modem French

(0)lr.

Olt. (0)lt.

OL Old Ch. Slav. OLFrank.

Old Old Old Old Old Old Old

Physiol.

Physiology

5. Afr.

pi.

plural

Sam.

Amer.

South America(n)

Frisian

pis.

plurals

S.

High German and Modem High

poet.

poetical

Sc.

Scottish, Scots, Scotch

Pol.

Polish

Scand.

Scandinavian

Polii.

Politics

Sc. Hist.

Scottish History

pop.

popular,

Sci.

Science

pop.L Pon.

popular Latin

sci.

scientific

Portuguese

Seismol.

Seismology

possess.

possessive

Shakes.

Shakespeare

Latin

ppl

participial

sing-

singular

Church Slavonic

ppl

participial adjective

Skt

Sanskrit

Low Frankish

pple

participle

Skt Gram.

Sanskrit

German Olr.

c

entry)

Old Persian Ophthalmology Old Polish opposed (to) Old Provencal Old Pmssian

OPers.

Numbers

Old (before language names) Old and Modem (before language names) Obadiah

(O)

preceding (headword

prec.

Norse

Ireland, Irish

north.

ns.

Low German

Northem French

OWelsh

nominative

Northumb. Norw.

(O)NFr.

Old Old Old Old

Frisian

nom. north.

ONFr.

ORuss.

noun

n.

OLG ON

XXV

Irish

and

Modem Irish

Italian

and

Modem Italian

a.

-ly

Grammar

ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

xxvi Slav.

Slavonic

Teleph.

Telephony

US Polit.

United States

Sociol.

Sociology

Temp.

Tempest

usu.

usually

S. ofS.

Song of Solomon

Theatr.

Theatrical

Songs)

Theol.

Theology

Son)i.

Sonnets

Thess.

Thessalonians

sp.

spelling

Tib.

Tibetan

Sr.

Spanish

Tim.

spec.

specific, -ally

Times

Stock Exch.

Stock Exchange

Timothy Times Literary Supplement

str.

strong

Tit.

sub).

subject

Til.

(or

Suppl.

subjunct.

subjunctive

subord.

subordinate (clause)

(cl.)

Lit.

verb

Titus Titus Andronicus

A.

&Cr.

subspecies

Tr.

suff.

suffix

trans.

sufFs.

suffixes

transf.

superl.

superlative

transj.

Troilus and Cressida transitive, -ly

transferred

& Jig.

transferred

and

Suppl.

Supplement

Surg.

Surgery

Turk.

Turkish

Sus.

Susanna

Twel. N.

Twelfth Night

s.v.

sub voce, 'under the

Two

Two Gentlemen

figurative

Gent.

(of

Verona)

word' Typogr.

Typography

syllable

ult.

ultimate, -ly

synonymous

unexpl.

unexplained

Univ.

University

S\v.

Swedish (language)

Swed.

Swedish

syll.

synon.

variant (of), variety

vars.

variants (of)

vb

verb

vbl

verbal

vbln.

verbal

vbs

verbs

&Ad.

Ven.

noun

Venus and Adonis Veterinary

Med.

Vet.

translating

subsp.

var.

Vet.

translation (of),

tr.

Veterinary Medicine

v.i.

intransitive verb

voc.

vocative

V. reft.

reflexive verb

vs.

verbs

v.t.

transitive verb

VI.

with

wd(s)

word(s)

WFlem.

Western Flemish

WFris.

West Frisian West Germanic West Indies

WGmc W.

Indies

Winter's Tale

Wint. T.

Wisdom

-Wisd.

(of

t.

tense

Univs.

Universities

wk wk vb

Tj»i. Shr.

Taming of the

unkn.

unknown

WS

weak weak verb West Saxon

US

United States

USA

United States of

Zech.

Zechariah

Zeph.

US Hist.

America United States History

Zephaniah Zoology

Shrew Ta.xon.

Taxonomy

techn.

in technical use

Telegr.

Telegraphy

Politics

Zool.

Solomon)

Symbols f

obsolete

*

now

^

introduces a note (see

chiefly in the

United States

(see p. xv)

p. xx)

The printing of hyphens

Hyphens introduced

The

regxilar

form

words or formulae not otherwise hyphenated are printed hyphen which would occur in any circumstance in the text.

at line-breaks in

- represents a

-.

NOTE ON PROPRIETARY STATUS This

dictionary' includes

some words which have, or

are asserted to have, proprietary status as trade marks. Their

inclusion does not imply that they have acquired for legal purposes a non-proprietary or general significance or otherwise

nor any other judgement concerning their has proprietary' status this

words

is

made

is

or implied thereby.

where the editorial staff have some evidence that a word word but no judgement concerning the legal status of such

legal status. In cases

indicated in the entry for that

KEY TO THE PRONUNCIATION Vowels

a

German ein, frei German Hauser

I

.ly

a

as in

cat, plait

e

bed, death

I

sit,

:

myth, begin, theology

anemone, Spanish

i

cosy, eerie,

D

hot, wash, trough

A

run, son, glove, rough

u

put, good, should,

3

~

si

indicates length indicates nasality

6

cordon bleu

as in

d:

Lyons

ago, gather, flavour, cheetah, thorough,

d

French en

a:

French blanche

a:

lemon, success, mistaken arm, calm, locale, brahmin

a:

her, earn, bird, spur,

8:

hair, dare, pear, there, vary

i:

see, pea, seize, decent, foetus,

ambulance

myrrh paeon

board, horse, thought, applaud

o:

saw,

u:

too, glue, fruit, route, through, shrewd,

ball,

e

French vin

e:

French cinq

5

French

3:

French

mon

monde French un

de

rheum, lunatic

Consonants and Semivowels

M

as in

au

my, high, ice, sign, seismic, bonsai how, plough, sound, kraut

b, d,

h, k,

f,

1,

m,

n, p,

r, s, t,

v,

w,

2

have their usual

English values ei

day, gate, daisy, they, rein, deign,

3U

no, cocoa, soul, roe, though, glow, beau,

maelstrom, sachet

mauve, yeoman grenadier

get, exact

chip, ditch, cello, Czech, culture,

d3

jar,

question

boy, spoil, Freudian

us

poor, rural, dour, liqueur byre, choir, quiet, diaphragm

AI3

tire,

ao9

sour, flower,

as in

coward

logic,

gende, privilege,

I)

ring, bank, conquer, junction

9

thin, throne, birth, health, tooth

smooth, swarthy

6

this, clothe,

J"

she, ash, chef, station, mission, spacious,

3

vision, erasure, aubergine, bourgeois

j

yes, tune,

herbaceous

French pas

e

French ete, Italian verde

D

French

homme,

hedge, urge,

soldier

Di

Italian

donna, German

Gott French eau, mot, Italian

French bleu, German spotteln

ce

French bceuf

(;

figlio

French tout

y

French du, German funf

e:

0:

German Ehre German Boot German Hohle

ce:

French douleur

y:

German

new, eulogy

German ach, Spanish Rioja German nicht, Kirche

loch,

X

o u 0

o:

as in

tj

near, beer, theory, query, severe, emir,

13

a

g

X

Spanish oUa, llamar, Italian

jl

French mignon, Spanish pina,

q

French nuit

Italian

gli

gnocco

Stress '

Fiihrer

,

For further

indicates primary stress

on the following syllable on the following syllable

indicates secondary stress

details see pp. xii

xiii

A A, a

/ei/,

the

of the

letter

first

alphabet and of the ancient

Gk

to

Heb.

alpha,

modem

Roman

aleph.

The sound

ABM

orig.

represented by the letter, in Eng. as in L, was a low back vowel, articulated with the tongue as low as possible in the mouth, considerable separation of the jaws, and spreading of the lips.

For

its

principal

Pronunciation. 1 1

The

letter

mod. sounds

Key

to the

The shape

of the

see the

its

sound. 2

letter.

A

per se A by

itself, esp. as a word; fig. the first, unique peRon or thing. A to Z a comprehensive manual, from A to Z over the entire range, completely. 2 A-frame (a house or other structure supported by) a frame shaped like a capital A. A-line (a garment) having a narrow waist or I

or

best,

=

=

actual

anti-baUistic missile.

hami.

bodily

ABS

=

braking system (for motor vehicles), abt. = about. /'abta/ = Association of British = air-conditioned (esp. in Travel Agents.

ABTA

AC

A/C =

India); aircraftman; alternating current.

account current. AC = [L] ante Christum before Christ, a.c. = altemating current. Ac (Chem.)

= actinium. = Advisory, /'eikas/ Conciliation, and Arbitration Service. = altemating current/direct current, fig. (slang) = Australian Capital Territory. bisexual.

AC/DC

ACT

ACTH

= adrenocorticotrophic hormone. ACV vehicle. ACW = Aircraftwoman.

= air-cushion

AD = [L] anno domini

in the year

ADC ADH

of our Lord, of aide-de-camp;

shoulders and a somewhat flared skirt. A-shaped a. having a shape or a cross-section like the capital letter A. A tent a tent with sides sloping down to the ground

= the Christian era. = antidiuretic analogue-digital converter. = hormone. (Biochem.) adenosine diphosphate; automatic data processing.

from

=

II

a ridge pole.

Symbolical uses. 3 Used to denote

serial

order; apphed e.g. to the first group or section, sheet of a book, etc. 4 Miu. (Cap. A.) The sixth note of the diatonic scale of C major, or the first of the relative minor scale of C. Also, the scale of a composition with A as its keynote. 5 Logic. (Cap. A.) A universal affirmative proposition. 6 The first hypothetical person or example. 7

Math. (Usu. italic a.) The first known quantity. 8 (Usu. cap. A.) Designating the first or highest class (of road, academic marks, population as regards affluence, etc.). 9 (Cap. A.) The blood group characterized by the presence of the agglutinogen designated A and the absence of that designated B. 10 (Cap. A.) Designating a series of international standard paper sizes with a fixed shape and twice the area of the next size, as Ao, Ai, Az, As, A4, etc. 11 Anat. Zool.

&

A

band, a dark in a myofibril, consisting of interdigitating filaments of actin and myosin. 6 from A to B from any one place to some other place 8 A No. I US coiloq. excellent, first-rate A i in Lloyd's Register of Shipping, used of ships in firstclass condition as to hull (A) and stores (i); colloq. [Initial

of anisotropic.]

letter

transverse

band

A-side (the music of) the more of a gramophone record. A Special

excellent, first-rate.

important side

member

of a full-time special police force in Northern Ireland 9 the blood group characterized by the presence of both A and B agglutinogens Hist,

a

AB

ABO

designating or pertaining to the system in which blood is divided into four types (A, AB, B, and O) on the basis of the presence or absence of certain a.

inhented antigens. III 12 Abbrevs.: (A small selection only is given here. Those all in caps, or small caps, also occur with a full stop after each letter; some of those all in caps, also occur (i) with initial cap. only, (ii) in small caps.) A. = Academician; = {Hist.) adult (as a film Academy; Associate. classification); advanced (in A level, A/S level, of the General Certificate of Education examination); all (in A-OK, A-okay (colloq.) in perfect order or condition); ampere; atom(ic) = accepted (on bills (in A-bomb etc.). a. of exchange); active (of verbs); adjective; [L] ante before (with dates; also a), a =

A

atto-. A (Physics) = angstrom. = Alcoholics Anonymous; anti-aircraft; Automobile Association. AAA = Amateur Athletic Association; American or Australian Automobile Association; (US) anti-aircraft = (Hymns) Ancient and artillery. A. & M. Modem. A. & R. = artists and recording (or repertoire). AAU (US) = Amateur Athletic Union. AB = able (seaman); [L] Artium

(as

pre/.)

AA

Baccalaureus

ABC

Bachelor of Arts (US,

cf.

BA).

= American Broadcasting Corporation;

Australian Broadcasting Corporation (formerly a cat, a: arm, e bed,

3:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, d hot,

a:

ADP

AEEU

Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union. AEF = American Expeditionary Forces (esp. in Europe during the war of 1914-18). AEU (Hist.) = Amalgamated Engineering Union. AF = audio frequency. AFC = Air

AFM

Force Cross; Association Football Club. = Air Force Medal. = Adjutant-General; Attomey-General. Ag (Chem.) = [L] argentum = = annual general meeting. silver. = advanced gas-cooled (nuclear) reactor. [L] anno Hegirae in the year of the Hegira (the

AG

AGM

Muslim

AGR AH

=

AI

era).

artificial

insemination;

= AID donor. AIH = husband. AIR =

intelligence.

artificial

artificial

insemination by artificial insemination by All-India = = Radio. Alaska, a.k.a. also known as. AL = Alabama; Anglo-Latin; autograph letter. Al (Chem.) = aluminium. Ala. = Alabama. Alas. = Alaska. ALP = Austrahan Labour Party. ALS = autograph letter signed. Alta. = Alberta. (Computing) = arithmetic and = amplitude modulation; [L] logic unit. Anium Magtster Master of Arts (US, cf. MA). AM = [L] anno mundi in the year of the world. (Chem.) = amencium. a.m. = ante = mendiem. Amencan Medical = [L] ad maiorem Dei Association.

AK

ALU

AM

Am

AMA AMDG

glonam

AMGOT

God. Government of

to the greater glory of

=

Allied Military Occupied Temtory, an organization first set up in Sicily during the war of 1939-45. AMP = adenosine monophosphate, a.m.u. = atomic mass imit. AN = Anglo-Norman. ANC = African National Congress. ANZUS = Australia, New Zealand, and United States (treaty). AOB = any other business (at the end of agenda for a meeting).

AOC

=

[Fr.] appellation d'origine contrdlee.

APB

(US) = all-points bulletin. API = American Petroleum Institute (usea spec. w. ref. to a scale for expressing the relative density of oil, with higher values corresponding to lower densities). APL = Associative Programming Language (a specific programming language). Apoc. =

(New

Testament); Apocrypha. Apocrypha. APR = annual percentage rate (of interest on money lent). Apr. = April. APT = Advanced Passenger

Apocalypse

Apocr.

=

AR

= Arkansas; Autonomous Republic. = Associate of the (Chem.) = argon. = Agricultural Research Royal Academy. Council; (Med.) Aids-related complex. Ariz. = Arizona. Ark. = Arkansas. ARP = air-raid precautions. AS = Anglo-Saxon. As (Chem.) = arsenic. A/S = advanced supplementary (in A/S level, of the General Certificate of Education examination). ASA = Amateur Swimming Association; American Standards Association, Train.

ARA

Ar

ARC

a.s.a.p. saw,

a run,

= u put,

as

soon

u: too, 3

possible.

as

ago,

ai

Alternative

ASB

my, ao how,

ei

=

Book (of the Church of = Army Service Corps. ASCII American Standard Code for

Service

ASC

England).

anti-lock

ACAS

A's, As.

PI.

and

ABH

Commission).

Eng.

one, corresp.

=

/'aski/

Information Interchange. ASEAN /'asian/ = Association of South East Asian Nations. = Action on Smoking and Health. ASL = American Sign Language. ASLIB = Association of Special Libraries and Information Bureaux.

ASH

ASM

=

air-to-surface missile; assistant stage-

ASSR (Hist.) = Autonomous Soviet Repubhc. Asst. = Assistant. AST = Atlantic Standard Time. At (Chem.) = astatine. ATC = air traffic control; Air Training Corps. = automated or automatic teller machine, manager. Socialist

ATM

= atmosphere. ATP (Biochem.) = adenosine triphosphate. ATS /colloq. ats/ = Auxihary Territorial Service (for women in Britain, 1938-48); members of this. attn. = attention, for the attention of. Atty. = Attomey. = angstrom unit; astronomical unit. Au (Chem.) = [L] aurum gold. Auc = [L] ab urbe condita from the foimdation of the city (of Rome, in 753 BC); [L] anno urbis conditae in the year of the founding of the city. Aug. = August. = Association of University Teachers. AV = audiovisual; Authorized Version (of the

atm

AU

AUT

AVC

= Bible). additional voluntary contributions (to a pension scheme). Ave. = Avenue. /'eiwaks/ (Mil.) = airbome warning and control system, an airbome longrange radar system for detecting other aircraft and controlling weapons directed against them. = absent witfiout /colloq. 'erwol/ = Arizona. (official) leave. (Pharm.) = azidothymidine.

AW ACS

AWOL

AZT

AZ

/a/ pron. obs. exc. dial. ME. [Unstressed form of ha he, heo she, hi they, etc.] He, she, it, they. Shakes. Haml. Now 'a is a-praymg. Tennyson Doctors, they knaws nowt, for a says what's navroays

a

true.

a

/a; stressed ei/ a. (usu. called

the indefinite

article;

mod. usage also classed as a determiner). Bef. a vowel sound (see below) an /sn; stressed an/. [OE an one, weakened to proclitic form in early in

ME.]

One, some, any,

oneness, or than assened). b One like. lME. 2 Bef. quantifiers: some, a matter of, about, obs. exc. dial, and in a feiv, a great (or good) many. OE. 3 1 1

being

indefiniteness,

(the

implied

rather

OE.

A

certain,

a

particular.

ME. b A

single;

the

same. M16. I Shakes. Wint. T. I have said many A prayer upon her grave. Keats I had a dove and the sweet dove died. C. TOMLINSON As good a student As any in the house. M. Laski They had passed and repassed each other a dozen times J Betjeman In Ealinp on a Sunday Bell-haunted quiet falls, b Shakes Merch. V. A Daniel come to judgment. Tenn\'SON Shall I weep if a Poland fall? 2 William Turner Stepe them a fiue or sixe dayes in vineger. 3 Notes Queries It was popularized by a Mr Trudgen .once upon a time, b Shakes Haml. These foils have all a length? E. Dickinson I'll tell you how the Sun rose— A ribbon at a time. 114 In, to, or for, each. (Orig. the prep, a, OE an, on, defining time, as in twice a day; afterwards identified with the indef. article, and extended from time to space, measure, weight, number: see a prep.' 3.) OE. 4 Defoe Four pieces of eight a man. Yeats But always went to chapel twice a week. Oxford Times Teams of six a side, each member of the one team .

&

.

.

fighting a duel with the six

Stallworthy Roast

%An

members of

chestnuts, a shilling

/

the other. a bag.

].

end of 13, bef. sounded h until 18 In standard English an is now used bef a vowel sound (including h mute), as an egg, an honour, a bef a consonant (including sounded h and eu-, u- pronounced /ju, ju:/) as a pen, a hat, a eunuch, a unit. But bef an unaccented syll., some

day, so no,

e:

is

hair,

freq.

13

bef a consonant

near,

3i

boy, o3 poor,

to

ai3 tire,

ao3 sour

a a smaller

aa

/'a:a:/.

aam

written joined to a preceding aux. vb, as couIJa, mighta (= -a''). 'Common 13 i"' After reduced have t'. was freq. written ha, ha \ though no ^1 was pronounced.

.v.in

s

v.i. Sc

=

var.]

Now

I.

HAVE

chiefly slang.

ME.

Freq.

V.

f

a

prep}

0

arch.

dial.

Si

[Unstressed form of

on

prep.

See also a--. OE. of o' prep.'] = on :

in various senses

prep

current before the i8th cent. 1 Position or direction: on, on to, at, in, towards. OE. 2 Partition: in, into. OE. 3 Time: in, on, by. Esp. with advs. of repetition (taken as the indef article: see A a. 4). OE. t4 Manner:

OE L17. fS Capacir\': in (someone's namcV OE E18. 6 State: in. OE. 7 Process (with with.

in,

a vbl n. taken pass.): in course of, undergoing.

lME. 8 Action engaged

he:

(with a vbl n. taken act.): a With E16. b With a vb of motion: to,

in.

mto. E16. 1 Ld Berstrs The quene was brought Shakes. Hen.

enow

I '

Stand a

bedde

a

Tourneur

tip-toe. C.

Compounds.: aback,

conscience!

a'

That's

abed, aboard,

2 SHAKES. Hen. I'lll Tom a Chai'cer Ful ofte a day BtiNYAN haunts honest men's houses a nights. D. Rt"NT0N A sure thing that is coming up a Monday Compound.: nou>adays. 4 C Marlowe Stands here a purpose. 5 Shakes. Rich. U A God's name, let it go. 6 AV 2 Chron. 2:18 To set the people a worke. Compounds.: afloat, alive, asleep, etc. 7 AV ; Pel. 3:20 When the Arke was a preparing. 8 Robert afield, afoot, ashore, etc

pieces

asunder. 3

The bold

\-illain

.

BiRTON He would

To

burst out a laughing. R. Bentley a going. Such positions rarely go a

OED

them

set

begging

uME.

[Var.] =OFprep. (cf o' prep.-). Now- freq. wxitten joined to a preceding word, as cuppa, kinda, loadsa, loisa, lotta,

(=

mt. see

a'

-a*).

ah

a.,

vars.

a-

adv. Sc. Also fa; aw & other of all, w. / vocalized.] = all.

&

n.,

OE

(not productive). a-, ong. ar-, away, on, up, out, chiefly forming vbs, as abide, anse. Sometimes conf. w. a-'.

aa-

pre/.-

3

pre/.^

OE. [Prochuc

pref Now dial. ME. OE ge-). Also written

3,

pref.^

,

=

var.]

A prep.'

(not productive). OE. Reduced form of off, from, of (see A prep.-), as anezv.

(f.

3/

Y-

{.

s

OE

of

a-

a-

pre/.'

L ad(.-)

Reduced form of as a separate

(not productive).

ME.

w. the sense of motion

Repr. Fr.

to,

I-',

word,

change

a-,

d

into,

addition, or intensification, as abandon, alarm, amass, avenue: see AD-.

ME. Repr. Fr. a- {. away, from (see AB-), as abridge. Sometimes refash., as abstain, or conf. w. a-''

a-

3

L

pref.''

ab{-)

(not productive).

off,

and respell, as assoil. a- /3, pref.' (not productive). ME. Repr. OFr.

£-,

ts-

L

f.

'3/ pref.'

a-,

ex- out, utterly (see EX-'), as

(not productive). Repr.

form of ad- bef

a-

sc, sp. rr.

a-

reduced

as ascend: see ad-.

(not producuve). Repr. form ofab- bef. v: see AB-. 3

L

pre/.'

L

3, ei, stressed

a- reduced

fa-

pref." Prefixed (esp. by Spenser and other archaists) to words where it had no historical or

etymological basis. Often treated hke a

"

and

spelt ad-, ac-, af-, etc.

/3/

suff.'

Gk & L nom.

Repr.

fem. ns., as idea, arena:

sing,

ending of

cf. -lA'.

/s/ suff.' Repr. mod. Romance (It., Pon., Sp.) ending of fem. ns., as sranza, duenna.

-a -a

,'3/ suff.

'

Repr.

Gk & L pi

adopted unchanged data:

as

Eng

&

ending of neut. ns., pi., as phenomena,

cf. -lA'.

-a -a

3,

suff.''

see A

suff.'

see A prep.'

b but, d dog,

abaft

mi 7. [f. Aaron (see below) Aaron, the first Jewish high Levitical; resembling or characteristic of a

+ -ic] Pertaining priest;

crest.

high priest. Aaronica]

to

E17.

a.

Aaron's beard ]

'bisd/

/,£:r(3)nz

phr.

n.

E19.

Aaron's rod

'rod/

/,£:r(3)nz

Any of

17:8.]

various

tall

n.

/'a:sf3og(3)l/ n. S. aasvoel), f aas carrion vulture.

(now

pearl.

/'ab3/

Cf

designating the

PI.

-sci

and the bus-loads of packaged 3 V Brittain I abandoned in despair the Greek textbooks that Roland had lent me. J. Braine I might as well abandon that idea J Gross He turned his back on teaching and abandoned mathematics, except as a pastime 4 C. G. Seligman TTie aged were abandoned to perish of hunger. L. Uris As quickly as each truck was unloaded it was driven off toward the mountains to be abandoned abandon ship take to the lifeboats and leave a ship in imminent danger of tourists.

/-sk\j/,

-scuses. M18. [L {. Gk abakiskos dim. o( abakos ] A tile or square in a mosaic pavement.

abacist

lME. [med.L

/'ab3sist/ n.

see -ist.] A person calculations with an abacus.

aback BACK

[OE

/3'bak/ adv.

«.',

and note below

on

abacista,

who

f.

.

as

see A prep.' i, Backwards; away,

OE. 2 In the rear, behind; at a distance, aloof. OE. 3 Nam. Of square sails: laid back against the mast by a head wind. Of a ship: with sails thus. L17. 2 aback of, o' arch. & dial at the back of, behind. 3 take aback disconcen by a sudden check, discomfit, taken aback h'aui. caught with the sails aback suddenly, through bad steering or a shift of wind, and to a distance.

Abandon'd from your bed. abando'nee n. a person,

whom

V.

t

few, g get, h he,

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

arch.

ME.

m man,

le

costume

+

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

top, v van,

t

w

we,

z

zoo,

1

is

esp.

formally

Tarn. Shr.

an underwriter, to M19. abandoned

L16.

/3'band(3)nd/ ppl

a.

lME.

[f.

prec.

Having given oneself up to (now lME. b absol. Given up to evil

evil).

influences, profligate. L17. 2 Forsaken, cast off. L15.

abandonedly

adv. E18.

abandonment

/3'band(3)nm(3)nt/ n. L16. abandonnement, f as ABANDON v. + -ment ] 1 The action of abandoning; the condition of being abandoned. L16. 2 Lam. The relinquishment of an interest in property or of a claim. E19. 3 TTie surrender of oneself to an influence etc.; self-abandonment. M19. 4 = ABANDON n. M19. I J. Wain She had submerged her will in Robert's, but without any abject abandonment of her own personality. 3 A. Sillitoe The hasty abandonment of making love 4 Disraeli His manner was frank even to abandonment.

[OFr.

Fr., contr.

with the (Western)

-ed'.]

always to

[f prec.

down

n.

abandoned

]

of d has

j

/3'bakw3d/ adv.

+ -ward = BACKWARD adv. abacost /'ab3kDst/ n. L20. [Zairean

anything

abandoner

driven astern. ^TTie prep, and n., long written separate, were at length treated as one word. Already in 13 the pref. began to be dropped, leaving back as the ordinary mod. form of the word, aback being chiefly confined to naut. lang. Cf adowri and down, around and round,

abackward

.

sinking, burning, or exploding. 5 Shakes.

makes

buec: 1

]

f.

to the scalding sunshine

/'ab3k3/ n. M18. [Sp. abaca f Tag. abakd.] Manila hemp; the plant yielding this,

n.

Cf ABANDONMENT 4.

bandon jurisdiction, control, etc.] fl Bring under control, subdue. LME-M16. 2 Give up to the control of another person or agent, surrender to. lME. 3 Cease to hold, use, or practise; give up, renounce. lME. 4 Desen; leave behind; leave without help. L15. fS Banish, expel. M16-M17. 6 Relinquish a claim to (property insured) to underwriters. M18. I J Skelton Fortune to her law cannot abandune me. 2 Dryden Abandomng his charge to fate. Arnold Bennett Like a schoolgirl abandoning herself utterly to some girlish grief J. LE Carr^ The boiling month of August, when Parisians by tradition abandon their city

Also abba. E19. [Arab, 'abd'.] A garment of various forms, worn abaya.

abaci n.pl. see abacus. abaciscus /ab3'sisk3s/

v.]

/3'band(3)n/ v.t. lME. [OFr. a bandon, f d at, to (see A-^) +

abandoner,

sleeveless outer

by Arabs.

abandonner .abandon

f.

convention.

remote from or opposite to the apex M20. n.

aband

/3'band(3)n, foreign

abandon

aba.xial.

aba

to

abodS/ n. E19. Surrender to natural impulses; freedom from constraint or

M19. [Afk. vogel bird.]

(Biol.) pertaining to or

= abandon

in L16. [Contr.]

Spenser Enforst the kingdome

abandon

ab /ab/ n.' Body-builders' slang. M20. [Abbrev.] An abdominal muscle. Usu. in pi. ab- /3b, ab/ pref. Repr. L ab off, away, from. In mod. formations, = position away from, as a.

Only

v.t.

V. 3, 4.

/ab/ n.' Also Av /av/. L18. [Heb. 'ab.] In the Jewish calendar, the eleventh month of the civil and fifth of the religious year, usu. coinciding with parts of July and August. Also, the twelfth month of the Syriac calendar.

ab'apical

/3'ba:t/ adv.

f aband

Ab

side or part

A

Behind; nearer the stem than. L15. beam n. loc. & prep, dial M19. [Repr. a pronunc] = about. f abaisance n. L17-M18. [OFr. abaissance, f as ABASE + -ANCE.] A low bow. abalone /abs'buni/ n. Orig. N. Amer. M19. [Amer. Sp. abuldn {. Shoshonean aulun.] An edible gastropod mollusc of the genus Haliotis, having an ear-shaped shell lined with mother-of-

[Fr.,

A

ME.

[f a prep.' i -Iadv. f 1 Backwards. 2 In the rear; in the stem half of the prep.

B prep.

Afr.

+

lME.

abaft the beam: see

the great mullein, Verbascum thapsus.

aasvogel

&

/3'ba:ft/ adv.

abaht

mi8.

phr.

upright plants;

-ci /-sai/, -cuses. slab, orig.

ship. E17.

Any of

various plants suggestive of beards; esp. the rose of Sharon, Hypericum calycmum, which has tufts of hairlike stamens. 133:2

abax

BAFT adv.] Chiefly Naut.

ME-L15.

/er'tonik/ a.

n. PI.

/3'bad(3)n/ n. lME. [Heb. 'dbaddon place of) destruction ] 1 Apollyon, 'the angel of the bottomless pit' {Rev. 9:11); the Devil. lME. 2 The pit itself. Hell. L17.

Saharan Africa.

having an erectile

who

(the

aardwolf

Aaronic

stem

Abaddon

aardvark

/'a:dwulf/ n. PI. -wolves /-wulvz/. M19. [Afk., f aarde earth + wolf wolf] A largely insectivorous southern African quadruped, Proteles cnstatus, related to the hyenas, and

person

sideboard. L18.

open

'a:dva:k/ n. L18. [Afk. aardvark(en) (now erdvark), f. aarde earth + varken pig.] A nocturnal, insectivorous, badger-sized mammal, Orycteropus afer, having large ears, a long snout, and a long extensile tongue, native to sub-

A

numbers.

drawing-board covered with dust, f Semitic: cf Heb. 'dbdq dust.] 1 1 A board strewn with sand, for drawing figures, etc. Only in lME. 2 Archil. The upper member of a capital, supporting the architrave. MI 6. 3 A calculating frame, esp. one with balls sliding on wires. L17. 4 Class. Antiq. A f.

etc.

a:/ suff.' Appended to lines in burlesque poetry and other pop. verse for metrical reasons

-a

abacus /'ab3k3s/ [L, Gk abakos,

L18. [Afk. aandblom, f aand evening + Worn flower, Du. avondbloem.] Any of several sweet-scented plants of the iris family with flowers which tend to in the evening, esp. one belonging to the genus Hesperantha. Also = Afrikaner 2.

E19. [L, f abact- pa. ppl

steals cattle in large

Also

Afr.

M17

n.

of abigere drive away: see -or.]

f

ult.

/'u:vDntblu:ni/.

ABACUS:

a;

as agnostic, amoral.

-a

S.

n.

Zairean man's suit consisting of a short-

f abactor

abacus

pref" Repr. Gk a- used bef a consonant for ar:- without, not (see an-^), as abyss, apetatous. A productive pref. of negation and pnvation w. words of Gk and also L ongin,

a-

G

/'arntblom/

avondbloem

A

sleeved coUarless jacket and loose trousers.

aum

Also

Hist.

abaca

AN

abash.

a-

exc.

bucket.] liquid measure of varying capacity, 170 200 litres (approx. 37 44 gallons), used in England for Rliine wine.

aandblom

suit.]

Cf pahoehoe.

obs.

Ahm, Ohm A Dutch and German

Gk ame

esp.

int.

n.

.->:m/

Rough,

Geol.

'a-'a.]

lME. [Du. aam =

.

[Num.

lME. [Form

3

a:in,

[Ps.

?pr«p.- Now chiefly j/an^.

a

M19. [Haw.

n.

clinkery, scoriaceous lava.

[Unstressed

a

a

abandonment

2

an bef sounded h, as jn historian, number bef cu-. u-, as an unifmin. retain

J

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, d this, q ring,

tj

chip, dj jar

abanet abanet n. var. abase /a'beis/

abatement

of abnet.

lME. [OFr.

v.t.

lower,

baissier to

ult.

+

f.

bassus short of

Lower

I

]

abaissier,

L

late

f.

by base a

stature. Inff.

(physically);

stoop, arch. lME. 2 Lower in rank, office, etc.; humiliate, degrade. lME. f 3 Lx)wer in price or value; debase (coin). mi6 Mi8. 1 Shak£S. Rich. Ill Will she yet abase her eyes on me. A. S. Byatt A half-moon from abased nape to rounded buttocks. 2 E. A. Freeman This famous refusal of Rolf to abase himself abasedly /-sidli/ adv. in an abased manner lME.

abaser

n.

Li6.

abasement

/3'beism(3)nt/ n. mi6. [f. prec. + Fr. abaissemem.] The action of abasing; the condition of being abased.

-MENT, or

abash

f.

/a'baj/

ME. [AN

v.

= OFr.

abaiss-

stem

lengthened

of eis)bair (mod. ebahir), f. ES- + bair astoimd: see A-'.] 1 v.t. Destroy the self-possession of, disconcert with sudden shame, consciousness of error or esbaiss-

presumption,

ME.

etc.

through

possession

f2

v.i.

surprise,

Lose shame,

self-

etc.

lME-li6.

abask BASK

&

/s'baisk/ adv.

V.

pred.

a.

M19.

[f.

fabastardize

Also -ise. L16-L17. [OFr. A--^, bastard: refash. after vbs in -IZE.] Render bastard; debase. Also fabastard v.t. E-M17. v.t.

abastardir, -issant,

fabate

as

LME-L17.

abatement

abate

f.

abate

[f.

=

v.^]

f!.'

ab'ba:te/ nr Also abb-. abbat- abbot.] An Italian abbot or other ecclesiastic. Cf. abbe. ei8.

/s'baiti, foreign

L

[It. f.

[OFr. abatre ult. f. L ban(u)ere to beat: see A-^.] 1 v.t. Put an end to. obs. in gen. sense. ME. b v.t. spec, in Law. Cause (a nuisance, an action) to cease. ME. c v.t. Become null and void. L15. f 2 v.t. & Bring

abate

/s'beit/

v.'

ME.

down

(a person) physically, socially, or mentally; depress, himible; fall, be humbled. ME-M17. b v.t. Curtail, deprive, of. LME-M19. 3 v.t. i. Reduce in size, amoimt, or value, arch. ME. 4 v.t. & I. Lessen in force or intensity; moderate, diminish. ME. 5 v.t. Take away (a part of something), deduct. lME. b fig. Bar, except. L16. 6 v.t. Beat down. Formerly also, destroy, level with the ground. lME. f 7 v.t. Blunt. Cf

&

BATE v.'^ 6. M16-L17. Ic Defoe Commissions shall not abate by the death of his majesty. 2 Chaucer TTie hyer that they were in this present lyf, the moore shuUe they be abated and defouled in helle. b Shakes Lear She hath abated me of half my train. 3 AV Gen. 8:3 The waters were abated. Defoe As wages abate to the poor, provisions must abate in the market. J. Galsworthy It's much more paymg to abate a price than to mcrease it. 4 T. S. Eliot As soon as relief has abated our rage. A Powell The rain had to some extent abated. 5 Defoe Rather than abate a farthing of the price they had asked. B. Franklin She would abate me two shilUngs

b

a week,

S.

Johnson Abating

his brutality,

he was

abate

[AN prec] into a

/a'beit/

v.'i.

&

Law (now

n.'

v.^

of

refi.

abattis n. var. of abatis. abattoir /'abstwu;/ n. E19.

lME. [OFr., f. as The action of abating; the being abated. lME. 2 The result of the amount by which anything is 1

[Fr.,

f.

abattre to

A

imderwood. Usu.

in pi.

/ab'aksial/

a.

M19.

Off or away from the

j'abay

n.

«.']

ab-

[f.

+

axlal.] Bot.

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

of a

axis; (of the surface

away from the stem,

leaf etc.) iniually facing

ME-L17. [OFr. abai (mod. aboi): see Baying of dogs upon their prey, esp.

abaya

/a'beija/ n.

Abaza

/s'boizs/

'abaya.'\

=

aba.

E19. [Abaza.]

A

«.

M19. [Arab.

&

n.

a.

1

A

member

of a people inhabiting the north-west Caucasus. E19. 2 TTie language of this people. M20. B adj. Of or pertaining to the Abazas or their language. M19.

abb

/ab/ n. OE. [f. a-' + web n.] (Coarse wool used for) the woof or weft in a web. anrih.A. S. Byatt Knitting abb wool into comforters.

Abba Gk

lME. [eccl.L f. New Testament 'abba fadter.] Chr. Ch. 1 Abba,

/'aba/

f.

Aram,

an invocation to God as Father {Mark title given to bishops and 14:36 etc.). lME. 2 patriarchs in the Syrian Orthodox and Coptic

father,

A

Churches. M17. var. of aba.

abba abbacy

n.

Abbasid

/a'basid,

abbate

var. of

&

Also -ide /-Aid/, -SS-. M18. [f. 'Abbas (566-652) imcle of Muhammad + -id'.] Of or pertaining to, a member of, the dynasty (750-1258) of caliphs of Baghdad claimmg descent from 'Abbas. n.

abbatial

'abasid/

a.

n.

abate n-

/a'beij(a)l/

L17.

a.

or

[Fr.,

ABBOT: see -lAL.] pertaining to an abbacy, abbot, or abbess. ) Also abbatical M17-M19. abbatialis

abbat-

f.

med.L Of or

i!.

Abbe

/'aba/ n. L19. [Ernst Abbe (1840- 1905), Ger. physicist.] Optics. Used aarib. and in possess, to designate optical instruments and concepts in optical "^heory introduced or

lens.

]n the

/'ahei, foreign

for

compound compound

the reciprocal of the dispersive

abe

(pi.

same)/

n.

M16. [Fr.

who duties, ecclesiasdcal dress.

entitled

is

wear

to

/'abss/ n. ME. [(0)Fr. abbesse f. eccl.L abbadissa, -tissa, f. abbat- abbot: see -ess'.] I

see, n hot,

y.

ME.

superior of an abbey of nuns.

saw,

a run,

/ab'vilian/

a.

&

n.

mzo.

[Fr.

Abbeville in northern France: see the earliest palaeolithic period in

f.

o put,

abbot or of nuns governed by an abbess. ME. 3 building(s) occupied by such a community. ME. b A church or house that was once an abbey or part of one. M16. Comb. f abbey-lubber a lazy monk (used after the

The

:

/'abat/ n. OE. [eccl.L abbat-, abbas f Gk abbas f. Aram, 'abbd Abba «.'] The head or superior of an abbey of monks. After the dissolution of the monasteries also occas., a layman to whom an abbey's revenues were impropriated. Abbot (of) Unreason: see unreason n. titular abbot:

abbot

see titular

a. i.

fabbatess, -otess n. [eccl.L: see abbess] = abbess fabbotric(k) n. [OE rice realm, rule] = ABBACY OE-E18. abbotship n. = abbacy lME.

OE-L17

abbreviate

&

/a'briiviat/ a.

lME.

n.

L

[Late

A

abbreviatus pa. pple, f. as next: see -ate-.] adj. 1 1 Shonened, cut short. LME-L17. 2 Bot. & Zool. Relatively short. M19. B «. An

Now

only Sc. Law, a brief notice registering a petition for the sequestration of a

abridgement.

bankrupt. M16.

abbreviate

/a'bri:vieit/ v. lME. [L abbreviatstem of abbreviare, f. ab ab- or ad ad- + breviare, f. breins shon, BRIEF a.: see -ate^.] f 1 v.t. Shorten by omitting details; epitomize. LME-L17. fb v.t. Speak or write briefly.

pa. ppl

L16-E17. 2 v.t. Cut short. lME. b (a word, phrase, or symbol). L16. abbreviatory a. M19.

esp.

Shonen

abbreviation

/abri:vrei|(a)n/ n. lME. [Fr. abbreviation or late L abbreviatw(n-), f. as prec: see -ation ] 1 The result of abbreviating; a

reduced form; an abridgement. lME. b esp. A shortened form of a word, phrase, or symbol. L16. 2 The action of abbreviating. M16.

abbreviator abbreviator,

f.

/a'bri:vieita/

as

ei6. [med.L see -OR.] 1 A

n.

ABBREVIATE

v.:

who abbreviates. E16. 2 Hist. An officer who composed briefs for the Pope. M16. abbreviature /a'bri:viatjua/ n. Now rare or obs. + -URE. Cf. Fr. L16. [{. as ABBREVIATE V. abreviature.] la An abridgement. L16. fb gen. An abbreviated state or fonn. E-M17. c = = abbreviation 2. abbreviation lb. M17. person

u: too, a

M-L17.

ABC

/eibii'si:/ n. Formerly also as a simple word f absey etc. ME. [The first three letters of the alphabet.] 1 The alphabet. ME. An alphabetical acrostic, list, or table. LME-M17. 3a A spelling-book, a reading primer.

LME-M17.

b

ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

fig.

The

subject). M16. 1 as easy as

ABC colloq.

first

elements

a

(of

very easy.

abdicate

/'abdikeit/ v. mi6. [L abdicat- pa. ppl stem of abdicare renoimce, f. ab AB- + dicare proclaim: see -ate'.] fl v.t. Disown; esp. disinherit (a child). M16 E19. f 2 v.t. a refl. Cut oneself off from (an office or dignity); divest

oneself of an office. M16-L17. b Depose. Chiefly as abdicated ppl a. E17-L18. f3 v.t. Discard. v.t.

Give up

(a right, responsibility,

or dignity) either formally or by default. M17. 5 v.i. Renounce sovereignty. E18. abdicable a. able to be abdicated L19 abdicant a. & n. (a) adj. (rare) abdicating; (b) n. a person who abdicates: mi; abdicator n. f (a) a person who is in favour of another abdicating; (b) a person who trust,

office,

abdication

/abdrkeij(a)n/ n. M16. [L as prec: see -ATION.] fl The action of formally disowning. M16 M17. 2 Resignarion or renunciation of something. E17. b spec. Renunciation of sovereignty. L17. fc Law. = ABANDONMENT 2. Only in Mi8. t3 Deposition from sovereignty, rare. Only in mi 7. abdicatio(n-),

abditory

f 2 'I"he mistress of a brothel, slang. L16-L19.

(Of)

community of monks governed by an

abdicates: L17.

abbess

-IAN.]

ab{b)eie (mod. see abbacy, -y'.] 1

f.

eccl.L abbat- ABBOT.] In France: an abbot, a secular priest, or loosely anyone, with or without

The female

A

2

[OFr.

abbatia:

or office of an abbot or abbess.

'Ilie jurisdiction

ME.

ME.

n.

med.L

f.

M16-L17. 4 condenser

form of a wide-aperture

Abbe number

/'abi/

ahbaye)

ff

lME.

[eccl.L abbacia, ahbatta, f. abbat- ABBOT: see -ACY.] T^e office, junsdiction, or tenure of an abbot or abbess. Also f abbatie n. ME-M17. /'abasi/

Europe. 1

fell:

/'abatjua/ n. li6. [(0)Fr., f. as abate -ure.] Hunting. trace left by a stag in the

+

v.^

Abbevillien,

Joyce Abatement of wind her,

f.

abature

Abbevillian

W

a:

abato(u)r,

slaughterhouse,

official

legal heir,

/3'beitm(3)nt/

£ bed,

A

see -ory'.]

abbe

M17.

arm,

AN

the refractive index of a small sample of liquid.

lME.

Conf. w.

Hist.).

+ -MENT.]

li6. [Late

n.'

ABATE v.^ + -OR.] A person who or thing which abates; esp. in Law, a person who abates a nuisance, an acuon, etc. abator /a'beita/ n.' M16. [Late AN abato{u)r, f as ABATE vl- + -OR.] Law (now Hist.). A person who abates in an inheritance.

power of transparent substance. a Abbe reiractometer an instrument for directly determining

abating; abated; decrease, deduction, drawback. L15. 1 O. Cromwell Much abatement of my hopes. Blackstone The abatement, or removal, of Nusances.

a cat, g:

/s'beita/

abbey

Reformation).

M19.

as

microscopes

deduct

Thrust oneself tortiously tenement between the death of the owner

abatement state

commonly)

(less

and the accession of the

abate

arch,

abatre, earlier usu. enbatre, em-.

abater

abator

/-si/ a.

populanzed by Abbe. Abbe condenser a

a

very good master 6 R. Fabyan Ye gates of Bruges were abated, 7 Bacon To abate the edge of envy.

With preps, in specialized senses: abate of something from, lessen. abatable a. lME. abater n.' EI7.

as

closing round it. stand at abay: said of the dogs, be at abay; said of the hunted animal,

+

A-^

f.

when

Basking.

]

ME. [AN,

n.^

+

v.-

abat(t)i$ed

bay

lAlE.

/3'bcitm(3)nt/

-MENT.] Law (now Hist.). The action of abaung in an inheritance. abatis /'abatis/ n. Also abattis /s'batis/. PI. abat(t)is, -ises. M18. [Fr., f. as abate v.'] Mil. A defence fonned by placing felled trees lengthwise one over the other with their branches towards the enemy's line. Also, a barricade of barbed wire.

ABATE

abaxial

abashedly /-Jidli/ adv. in an abashed manner E19. abashedness n. (rare) the state or quality of being abashless a. (poet.) abashed, abashment M16. unabashed M19. abashment n. confusion from shame etc.

abdomen

3

f.

/'abdit(a)ri/

abditorium, f. abdere concealed repository.

n.

to

M17.

rare.

hide:

see

abdomen

/'abdaman, ab'daunian/ abdomen, -min-, of unkn. origin.] f

day, an no,

e:

hair,

la

near,

:>i

boy, ua poor, ais

A

mi6

[L

n. 1

[med.L

-ory'.]

Fat round

tire,

aoa sour

abdominal the belly. .mi6 L17. 2 Anat. The belly; the pan of the body containing the digestive organs; the cavity of the trunk below the diaphragm, usu. including the peK-ic cavit>'. E17. 3 The posterior di\nsion of the body in insects, spiders, and some other arthropods. L18. 'The vanaiion in pronunc. has existed since 18.

abdominal penammg (Of

3b'donun(3)l as prec: see

f.

M18. [mod.L

n.

A

-AI.'.]

having the ventral

Of

or

Ichthyol.

a

adj.

abdomen. M18. 2

to the

a fish)

&

a.

'

jbJcniirijlis.

1

fins posterior to

the pectoral, in the belly region; (of a vertical fin"! so situated. .M19. b Of a fin: ventral. L19. 1 jhJonnnaJ leg: see LEG n.

B

n.

An abdominal

M20. abdominally adv. the abJomcn L19.

muscle. Usu. in

?b'dju:s

v.t.

+

[f

to

as

ab'dju:s(3)nz/

or

experience.

[mod.L

E19.

n.sing.

9b'dju:s(3)nt/

a.

An

[L abducent-,

L17.

[L abduct- pa. ppl stem of abducere ABDUCE.] 1 Lead or take away \z person, esp. a woman or child) by illegal force 3b'd.\kt

E17.

v.t.

abducuon of

or fraud. E17. 2 Anat. Bring about

limb

(a

etc.). E17.

n. E17. [Late L prec: see -ion.] 1 gen. A leadmg away. E17. 2 Anat. Movement of a limb

sb'd.\kj(3)n/

jhductw{n-),

as

f.

outward ADDUCTION 2.

median

the

fi-om

etc.

Opp.

line.

3 Logic. A syllogistic argument, with the major premiss cenain, the

MI 7.

minor only probable.

4 The act of illegally away a person, esp. a

L17.

carrying off or leading woman or child. M18.

abductive -rvE.] 1 Of

3b'd.\ktiv

M19.

a.

[f.

(as)

abduct +

or penaining to abduction. M19. 2 Chiefly Philos. & Ling. Of, penaining to, or proceeding by inference from observation or experience; (of an argument) having the major premiss known, the minor only probable. E20. abducdvely adv. E20.

abductor

ab'd.\kt3

n.

[mod.L, f as muscle which

E17.

abduct: see -or.] 1 Anat. A bnngs about abduction (sense 2). Also abductor nrnscle. E17 2 A person who abducts. M19. adv. Sc. E18. [Perh. = let be s.v. be v. the analogy offer (or leave) alone.} let a-be, let

a-be on

a'bi:

BEAM

fi.

]

On

&

adv.

pred.

M19. [f

a.

A-'^

+

a line at right angles to a ship's or

opposite the middle of (a ship

aircraft's course; etc.).

abear

&

s'hz:: v.

[OE

n.

aberan,

+ bear

A-'

{.

new

form, on the analogy of abide.] A v.t. Infl. as bear v.' (obs.) f 1 Bear, carry. OE-ME. 2 Endure. (Now always with cannot etc.) Now chiefly dial. OE. f3 refl. V.';

later prob.

a

Compon

oneself. Only in L16. 2 Dickens She couldn't abear the men, thev were such deceivers 3 Spenser Thus did the knight himsrlfe abeare .

fB n. Bearing, behaviour. ME M17. H Vaughan Noung well my vain abear. abearance n

n.

(now

rare)

[f A-'

ABECEDARIAN

s'bia/ adv.

+ BEAT

abecedarian

n.'

behaviour mt6. f abearing

&

pred. a

Chiefly poet. L19.

orz;.'] Beating.

/,eibi:si:'dc:risn; n.

&

a.

E17.

[f.

as

A

person learning the next: see -arian ] A n. 1 alphabet or the rudiments of a subject. E17. 2 A person teaching these, arch. E17. B adj. 1

Penaining b but, d dog,

to f

Ll6.

a.

the

alphabet;

few, q get, h he,

ME.

abed n.

/s'brd/ adv. arch. In bed; laid up.

]

abeigh

A prep.^

[f.

/o'biix, o'beix/ adv. Sc.

Now

+ bed

I

rare or obs.

M16. [Origin imkn.] At a distance because of shyness; aloof, aubel, abel

med.L

f.

(li6) f. Du. poplar, Populus alba.

ME.

[Orig. f. OFr. albellus dim. of albus white; abeel f. OFr.] The white

'eib(3)l/

/a'bi:l,

n.

/s'biilia/ n. M19. [m )c.L (see below), f Clarke /lie/ (1780 -1826), Brit, botanist: see -ia'.] Any of several hardy evergreen shrubs of the genus Abelia, of the honeysuckle family, having small pink or white flowers and native to eastern

j

arranged

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

allow no aberration. 2 due to the different refrangibilities of the components of white light, spherical aberration: arising from the surface geometry of a spherical lens or mirror. 3 annual aberration: due to the earth's orbital motion, diurnal aberration: due to the earth's axial rotation, planetary aberration: due to the motion of a planet during the time taken for its light to reach the earth. 4 Midnight Zoo Mental aberrations. 5 J. FowLES Rare species and aberrations. aberrational a. M19. aberrationally adv. L20.

chromatic

to

carefijl

aberration:

/a'bssiv/ a. & n. L19. [f. L abesse be away, f ab ABesse be + -IVE.] Gram. A adj. Designating, being in, or pertaining to a case in Finnish and other languages expressing the absence of something. L19. B n. The abessive case; a word, form, etc., in the abessive case.

abessive

m

L19.

fabet

/a'biilian/ a. M19. [f. Abel (see below) + Math. Of a form arising from work by the Norwegian mathematician Niels H. Abel (1802-29); ^P^'^- designating groups in which the operation is commutative. Abenaki n. & a. var. of Abnaki. abeng /a'berig/ «. L19. [Twi.] An animal's horn used as a wind instrument to send messages by

abelian

Maroons of the W.

Aberdeen

Indies.

abet

n.

(now

dial,

regularly listed as an altemative

name

in ornithological

/abs'dsunian/

penaining

of or Scotland.

abettor

to,

&

n.

M17.

a.

see -LAN.]

A

Aberdeen

[f.

errare

/aba'ngBi,

wander,

-'ni:9i/

aberrance -ANCE.] The aberrancy

err.]

f

1

v.i.

Go

astray (chiefly L19. pair of

/3'b£r(a)ns/ n. M17. [f. next: see action of straying; vagary, the quality or condition of being

n.

/3'b£r(a)nt/

stem of

a.

cf.

v.t.

/'abareit/ v. aberrare:

a.

n.

see

W. Faulkner He

abhor

+

1

red,

s

sit,

t

vv

we,

z

zoo,

-ation

of

vars.

n.

v.

Infl.

-rr-.

lME. [L

abhorrere,

horrere stand aghast. Partly v.t.

evil is to have it in moral detestation. 2 Shakes. Oth. It does abhor me. 4 Evelyn Abhorring from the genuine and rational sense of the text.

abhorred a. (o) detested; f(b) rare horrified: L16. abhorrer n. (a) a person who abhors; (ft) Eng. Hist, a person

who

detestable

n.

top, v van,

a.,

abhor

abhorrible

/ab3'reij(3)n/ as prec: see

r

/ab'ho:/

ab AB-

abhorrer.]

from

M19.

n no, p pen,

f.

from Fr. Regard with disgust and hatred. lME. f 2 v.t. Cause horror or disgust to. Usu. impers. in {it) abhors etc. M16-E17. f 3 v.i. Shrink with horror or repugnance from. M16-M17. f4 v.i. Differ entirely from. M16-L17. 1 Pope My soul abhors to stay. R C. Trench To

f.

Chiefly as

[L L16. -ation.] 1 A divergence from the straight, deviation or correct, or recognized path {lit. & fig.). L16. 2 The failure of rays of light to converge to a focus. M18. 3 Astron. An apparent displacement of a celestial object fi-om its true position, arising from the relative motion of the observer and the M18. 4 An abnormal state of an object. intelleaual faculty. E19. 5 Chiefly Bot. & Zool. Deviation from the normal type; an instance of f.

abeiance, OFr. abeer aspire after:

1

]

ABOMINABLE, -ATION.

M18. [L aberrat- pa. ppl ABERR, -ate^.] 1 v.i. astray; deviate fi'om. M18.

regrets having to aberrate

f.

Law. The position claimant or owner but

fabhominable

see

of.

[AN

L16. title,

L19. [Skt /3b(h)i'Jeik3, Ab-/ n. abhi upon, over + sic sprinkle.] In Hinduism etc: (a ceremony involving) ritual sprinklmg or anointing.

L19.

aberration

man,

/a'beisns/

and see -ance

n.^

ahhiseka,

being a gentleman.

this.

BAY

abhisheka

mi6. [L aberrant- pres.

Diston, cause aberration

aberrated ppl 1

/ab 'ekstra/ adv. phr. M17. [Late L.]

or fall into abeyance. M17. abeyant a. in a state of abeyance Mi 9.

Deviating fi'om. right path {lit. Zool. Deviating fi-om the normal type, mi 9. aberrantly ai/i'. L19.

Produce aberration; go

as

(.

without a available to the rightful owner. L16. 2 A slate of suspension or temporary disuse; dormant condition liable to revival. Chiefly in in abeyance

aberr, -ant'.] M16-E17. 2 Straying from the & fig.). MI 8. 3 Chiefly Bot. &

aberrare:

abettour,

A

1

abeance aspiration to a

ab ab- +

f.

aberrant M17.

of

-OR.]

outside.

abeyance

NE

M16 M17. 2 v.t. = aberrate 2. rare. 2 G. B. Shaw I should have put on a abnormal spectacles and aberred my vision,

fig.).

stem

+

v.

ab extra

M19.

n.

M16. [L aberrare,

/a'ba:/ v.

aberrate

lME. [AN

«

person who abets an offender. (In Law preferred to abetter.) lME. 2 A supporter, an adherent, an advocate, (now almost always of something or someone undesirable or reprehensible). L16.

ABET

native

in

/a'bets/

a

n.

lME. [AN The action or

/3'b£tm(s)nt/ n. abetement, f. as prec: see -MENT.] fact of abetting (usu. an offence).

[Prob. John Abemethy, Eng. surgeon (1764-1831).] In full Abemethy biscuit. A hard biscuit flavoured with caraway seeds,

aberr

n. (rare) abetment E19. abetter abets an offence or an offender lME.

of being

Abemethy

2

who

From

of,

etc.),

abettance person

texts.

med.L Aberdonia ABERDEEN:

f.

(chiefly in aid

rare or

M18. [Origin imkn.] The siskin. Appears to have had little real currency although

abeter,

b Encourage or countenance (a crime, in Law by active assistance and abet). L18.

offence,

obs.).

Aberdonian

lME. [OFr.

Infl. -tt-.

beter

arch. L16.

n.

/'abadsvAin/

v.t.

[OFr., f. as next.] 1 Fraud, ME. 2 Abetment. lME-eiS.

hound on, cogn. w. BAIT Z).'] If a Urge on to do something good or desirable. LME-E17. b Incite or encourage {in a crime or offence, fro commit an offence). lME. 2a Support, uphold, (a good cause, opinion, etc.).

variety of Scottish terrier. L19.

aberdevine

ppl

/a'bet/

+

in

abetment

M19. [A city and former county in the Grampian Region of Scotland.] 1 Aberdeen Angus, (an animal of) a Scottish breed of black polled beef cattle. Also called Angus. M19. 2 Aberdeen temer, (an animal oO a rough /abs'diin/

ME.

n.

cimning. Only A-^

Asia.

aberratio(n-),

behaviour LI5-E18.

abeat

L

names of the letters a, b, c, d: see -ary'.] A «. 1 book containing the alphabet; a primer. Long rare. lME. 2 = ABECEDARIAN n. L16. B adj. =

aberrant s'bi:m

rare or abecedarium, abecedarius; f. the

A

'

alone

abeam

Now

a.

med.L

late

f.

&

n. f.

-IAN.]

abducens pres. pple of abducere: see abduce, -ENT.] Anat. Of a muscle or nerve; concerned with abduction (sense 2); spec, designating or penaining to the sixth pair of cranial nerves, which supply the muscles concerned with the lateral movement of the eyeballs.

abduction

A.i

abelia

abmi6. [1- abducere, f. = abduct, arch. M16. 2

use as n. of L pres. pple: see next.] Anat. abducent nerve. Also abducens nerve.

abduct

/eibii'sirdari/

lME. [Sense senses A. 2 and B 1)65.

Sir W. Scott The slightest aberration would 1 plunge him into a morass. Geo. Eliot A pattern from

which she was

-I-

.M20.

abducent

abecedary

abele

M17.

a.

duccT£ to lead.] I Infer partly firom observation

abducens

learning the alphabet. M17.

later

ab'dDminas/ -ous.] Corpulent.

ABDOMEN +

alphabetically. M17. 2 (Penaining to a person)

colloq.

pi.

abdomen, with reference

in the

abdominous abduce

abhorrency

4

signed an address of abhorrence: E17. (now rare or obs.) /3b'hDrib(3)l/ a.

M17

abhorring

n.

= abhorrence

i,

3

M16.

/3b'hDr(3)ns/ n. M17. [f. as next + -ENCE.] 1 The action of abhorring; detestation. M17. 2 An expression of abhorrence; spec, any of cenain addresses presented to Charles II. 06s. exc. Hist. L17. 3 A detested thing. M18.

abhorrence

=

-ency.] 1 f abhorrency n. li6. [f. next aberrancy, rare. Only in L16. 2 The quality of abhonence. of being abhonent; the feeling E17-E18. 3 A thing which excites abhorrence. Only in E18. -1-

J

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, 6 this, 0 ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

.

abhorrent /ab'hDr(3)nt/ a. li6. [L abhorrentpres. ppl stem of abhorrere ABHOR: see -ent ] I {pred.) abhorrent from, opposed to, far removed from, inconsistent with. li6. 2 pred. Inherently repugnant (ro); contrary to. M17. 3 Having or showing abhorrence {of), arch. M18. 4 Inspiring disgust; detestable. E19. Burke The persons most abhorrent from blood, I and treason. C. Merivale The simple theory of the Gospel was abhorrent from the prejudices of the heathen. 2 F. A. Kemble Not abhorrent to nature. 3 Gladstone Temperate and abhorrent of excess. 4 Isaac Taylor Pride, abhorrent as it is. .

.

.

abhorrendy

Abib

.

adv. E19.

/'eibib,

com.]

'a:-/

Hist. In the

n. M16. [Heb. Jewish calendar,

^^bfb ear

of

= Nisan.

abidance

/3'bAid(3)ns/ n. E17. [f. next + -ANCE.] 1 Abiding; dwelling. E17. 2 abidance by, confonnity to. E19.

/s'bAid/ v. Pa. t. & pple abided, abode /a'baud/; pa. pple also abidden /3'bid(3)n/ (now rare). [OE dbidan, f A-' + BIDE; cogn. w. usbeidan.} Goth, I v.i. Remain in fl expectation, wait. OE-M17. f2 Pause, delay, stop. ME-MI7. 3 Stay, remain, (in a place or in some state: w. advb. or adj. complement, or absol.). ME. b Reside, dwell, arch. lME. 4

abide

Endure, stand firm. lME. 1 AV Gen. 22:5 Abide you here with the asse. 3 Ld Berners The towne abode frenche. W. Cowper He within his ships Abode the while. Tennyson Tho' much is taken, much abides, b Tolkien Ulmo abode not Valinor. 4 Coverdale Ps. 91:7 But thou Lorde abydest worlde without ende. .

.

m

.

.

5 Wait for, watch for, expect. OE. 6 Face, encovmter, withstand. ME. f7 Suffer, endure. ME-Ei8. 8 Await submissively; submit to. lME. 9 Tolerate, put up with. (Chiefly & now only in neg. & interrog. contexts.) L15. 5 T. Elyot He abode an answer thereof Tindale Acis 20:23 Bondes and trouble abyde me. 6 A. II v.t.

Thwatte He (Shakespeare]

Our

abides

questioning

syllabus still. 7 J. MoxoN Not strong enough to abide tough Work. 8 Shakes. Rich. II To abide Thy kingly doom. 9 Goldsmith I can't abide to disappomt myself. L. Lee They were far more alike than unalike, and could not abide each other. With preps, in specialised senses: abide by remain with, remain faithfiil to, (pa. t. & pple now usu. .

.

abided)

f Occas.

conf. w.

aby (= pay

Some will abider n. lME.

Jxd. Caes.

for, suffer for):

dear abide

Shakes.

it.

Comb. abiding-place place of abode. :

lME.

/s'bAidir)/ a.

Enduring, permanent. M. L. King An abiding

^See

also law-abiding

law

%. v.

-ic]

/abi'stik/

Chem.

MI9. [f

a.

is

L

M19.

n.

abiet-, abtes fir

+

terpenoid

component of rosin.

a

abigail

/'abigeil/ n. Also A-. M17. [A character The Scornful Lady by Beaumont and Fletcher: cf I .Sam. 25 ] A lady's maid. f abiliment n. var. of habiliment. ability /s'biliti/ n. Also jh-. lME. [OFr. abtete i. L hahilttas, f. habilis: see ABLE a., -ITY.] f 1 in

LME-L17.

Suitableness.

2 Suitable or sufficient

power; capacity {to do, ^of doing something). lME. b Legal competency (to act). M17. 3 Bodily power. Now Sc. dial. lME. 4 Pecimiary power, arch. E16. 5a A special power of the mind, a faculty. Usu. in pi. li6. b Mental power; talent, cleverness. E17. 2 T. S. Eliot Dryden is distinguished by his poetic .

E.

ability.

Hemingway Cowardice

.

.

.

is

.

a

.

lack

of

suspend the functioning of the imagination. of one's ability: see BEST a. etc. 3 E. Topsell Complaining of bodily weakness where is no want of ability. 4 Shakes. Tmel. N. Out of my lean and low ability I'll lend you sometlung. 5a J B. Watson I'll train him to become any type of specialist regardless of his abilities, b E. Glasgow Men with ability ability to

to the best

.

.

.

never stayed in a

-ability

a cat,

a:

ns. chiefly

arm,

e

bed,

[Ft. -abilite

from

a:

her,

i.

L

-abilitas.]

adjs. in -able: see -ity.

1

sit,

I'nijiau/ adv. phr. E17. [L.]

i

cosy,

i:

From

L17-E19.

the beginning.

ah

intra /ab

'intra/

From inside. abiogenesis

adv.

phr.

/.eibAia'dsenisis/

[mod.L.]

L17.

Gk

[f

L19.

n.

abios, f a- A-'" + bios life + -genesis ] The production of organic matter or compoimds, other than by the agency of living organisms; esp. the supposed spontaneous generation of living organisms.

abi'ogenist n. a believer in generation of living organisms L19.

spontaneous

the

abiogenic /.eibAis'dsEhrk/ a. L19. [f as prec. + -GENic] Not involving or produced by living organisms. a-'"

hving

abiologically adv. L19.

abiotic /eibM'otik/ a. Lt9. [f Devoid of or inimical to abiological. abiotically adv. in the absence of

+ Bionc]

a-'"

inanimate,

life;

life

M20.

Also a-, mzo. [G, abbrev. of leavers' examination.] In Germany, a set of examinations taken in the final year of secondary school (success in which formerly ensured a university place). Abiturient /abitun'tnt/ n. [G, f mod.L abiiurire /abi'tu:r/

n.

Abitunentenexamen

wish to leave] a candidate for the Abitur MI9.

abject /'abdsEkt/

&

a., v.,

n.

lME. [L

abjectus

pple of abjicere reject, f. ab ab- + jacere throw.] A adj. (orig. pa. pple). fl Cast off, rejected. LME-E17. 2 Brought low in position, condition, or status. lME. 3 In low repute; lacking courage; despicable; self-abasing. lME. 2 F. Trollope The most abject poverty is preferable to domestic service. Ld Macaulay The abject heirs of an illustrious name 3 Shakes. 2 Hen. 17 Paltry, pa.

drudges, J. Tkurber He lived in abject overbearing, and ruthless police Hampton He was so abject He kept apologizing all the time.

servile, abject

of the

fear

cold,

lieutenant. C.

B

f

C

v.t.

Cast off or

down

{lit.

Si fig.).

LME-L17.

An

outcast; a degraded person. L15. 51 At first, like its L original, a pple and adj., stressed on second syllable. abjectly adi". lME. abjectness n. L16. n.

n.

lME.

[(0)Fr., or

L

f as prec. see -ion.] 1 The condition of a person cast down; degradation; low status. lME. f 2 Something cast off; refuse. Chiefly fig. lME-mi6. f 3 The action of casting down. E16-M17. t4 The action of casting off; abjectio{n-)

L

oath;

recantation,

n.

lME.

see, o hot,

[(0)Fr.,

on oath of any

lME.

2

/3b'd3U3/ v.t. lMR. [L abjurare deny on oath, f. ab ab- + jurare swear ] 1 Renounce on oath; recant. lME. 2 Cause to recant, obs. exc. Hist. lME. 3 Disclaim solemnly; reject on oath.

abjure

lME. Shakes. Temp. This rough magic I here abjure. 2 All such must be burned, or ellis ab-Iuryd. Milton Say and unsay, feign, flatter, and abjure, abjure the realm etc.: swear to leave the realm etc for ever. abjurer n. L18 I

Thynne

absol.:

Abkhazian -sian. M19. n.

n. & a. Also Abkhaz{ia): see below, -IAN.] A of a Caucasian people living in

/ab'kaizian, ab'keizjsn/ [{.

A member

Abkhaz, a territory in the Caucasus; the Caucasian language of this people. M19. B

Of

or pertaining to

Abkhaz or

its

NW adj.

inhabitants.

M19. n.

lME

M18.

[L

ablat- pa. ppl stem of take away: see -ATE'. In mod. use as back-form, f next.] 1 v.t. Take away, remove, spec, by ablation (sense 3); erode by ablation. L15. 2 v.i. Undergo ablation (sense 3). M20. ablator n. (a layer of) a material which undergoes ablation (sense 3) M20.

/3'bleiJ(3)n/ n. lME. [Fr., or late L {. as prec: see -ATION.] 1 The action of taking away, removal, obs. in gen. sense. lME. 2 Med. Removal by surgical or other means, esp. of a tumour. lME. 3 The wearing away or removal of sui^ace material from a solid body; esp. (fl) the wasting of a glacier, iceberg, etc. by melting and other processes; (b) the melting and evaporation of outer surface material from a spacecraft by friction with the atmosphere. M20.

&

lME. [(0)Fr. ablatif, ABLATE, -rvE.] A adj. 1 Gram. Designating, being in, or pertainmg to a case in Latin and other languages expressing

ablative /'abbtrv/

L

-ive or

a.

n.

ablativus: see

direction from a place, or time, and variously also the source, cause, instrument and agent, manner, and sometimes place and time of an action or event. lME. f2 Of or pertaining to taking away or removing. M16-E18. 3 Producing, removed by, or pertaining to ablation (senses 2, 3).

M20, Hall Ablatiue

2 Joseph

directions are

first

needfuU

to vnteach error.

B

Gram. The ablative

case; a word, form, in the ablative case. lME. 2 An ablative material. M20. 1 ablative absolute Latin Gram, an ablative case of a noun or pronoun with a participle (expressed or implied) in concord, grammatically independent of the main clause, and expressing the time, occasion, or circumstance of a fact stated. ablatival /-'tArv(3)l/ a. pertaining to the ablative case M19. ablatively adv. M19. n.

1

etc.,

ablaut

n. M19. [G, f ab off + Laut Vowel change in related words, Indo-European, which survives in

/'ablaut/

sound.]

Philol.

that in

esp.

= Abkhazian

ablactation

saw, a run, o put,

n.

M19.

/ablak'teij(3)n/ f.

u:

English

ablactattoo, a ago, ai

n.

lME.

pa.

ppl

[Late

stem

my, au how,

ei

L of

in, e.g., sing, sang, sung, song,

ablaut series.

ablaze blaze

/a'bleiz/ adv.

On

«.']

L

&

pred.

E19.

a.

[i.

A-'^

+

fire;^^. glittering, excited.

/'eib(3)l/ a.

{h)able f

See also habile.

habilis,

f.

lME. [OFr.

habere to hold.]

I

pass, f

1

Easy to handle or use. lME-miS. f 2 Suitable, competent. lME-li8. 3 pred. Liable to. obs. exc. dial.

ecclesiastical

or political principle. M17. abjuration of the realm etc.: an oath taken to I leave the realm etc. for ever 2 Oath of Abjuration, abjuration oath (ohs. exc. Hist.): disclaiming allegiance to James, son of James II, or his descendants as claimants to the British throne,

ablactaiio{n-) ,

y.

of heresies.

esp.

Official repudiation

3

n.

/a'bleit/ v. L15.

auferre

able

or late

F.

ablaqueation

,

E-M17.

rejection.

f

ablate

ablatio{n-),

[f.

organisms; non-biological.

Abitur

f ablaqueate v.t. lMH-mi8. [I, ahlaqueat- pa. ppl stem of ablaqueare disentangle: see -ate'.] Expose the roots of (a tree) by loosening or removing soil,

ablation

abiogenically adv. M20.

abiological /,eibAi3'lDd3ik(3)l/ a. M19. + BIOLOGICAL.] Not associated with

Abkhaz

village.

/a'biliti/ suff.

Forming

initio /ab

wean, f. ab ab- + lactare suckle: see -ATION.] 1 Weaning. lME. f 2 Hort. Inarching. ablactare

abjuralw{n-), (. abjurat- pa. ppl stem of abjurare: see next, -ation.] 1 Renunciation on

n.'

abietic acid, a crystalline

acid, C20H50O2, that

ab

of abysm.

n. var.

abjuration /abd3U3'reiK3)n/

America.

abidingly adv. lME. abidingness

abietic

+ -ing^]

[f as prec.

faith in

'I'abime

abjection /ab'd3£kj(3)n/

abiding /a'bAidn]/ n. ME. [f prec. + -ing'.] 1 The action or state of a person who abides. ME. f-2 An abode. LME-E17. abiding

able

5

abhorrent

I

lME. Betterton The Hands

T.

members

of the body. 2 R,

Tree with him. 3

make

a

man

are

the most habil the next able

Brome To

Monmouth A

spectacle able to

die for anger.

4 Having the qualifications for, and means of, doing something; having sufficient power {to do); {pred. foil, by to do esp. usee with II

act.

parts of be to supply the deficiencies of can). lME. b Legally qualified. E18. c Of a seaman: able to perform all duties; spec, in the Royal Navy, having a ratmg between leading and ordinary seaman. L18. 5 Physically strong; vigorous, obs. exc. dial. lME. f6 Wealthy. M16-L19. 7 Having mental power; talented,

mi6.

clever.

4 O. Feltham An able servant out of imployment. G. M. Trevelyan a vast population able to read but unable to distinguish what is worth reading. E.

O'Neill You won't be able

to drag out the old bottie quick enough, able for Anglo-Ir. fit to cope with, be able to use: see use v. be able to wait: see wait i). 5 Shakes. All's Well Of as able body as when he numbered thirty 6 S. Pepys A very able citizen in Gracious Street. 7 Dryden Those able heads expound Edgeworth By no means so able a a wiser way. boxer. E. Hemingway The bastard must be fairly able to have run this band successfully. Comb. able-bodied a. (a) having a body free from disability and fit for service; (ft) = sense 4c above.

day, au no,

M

:

e:

hair,

I3

near,

ai

boy, ua poor,

ais tire,

aua sour

able

table

ME.

!'.r.

the adj.:

[f.

abnet

Also abanct /'abanst/. E18. [Heb. 'abnii belt.] Jewish Antiq. A girdle of fine linen worn esp. by priests.

(0)Fr. habtlkr in

cf.

senses.] 1 Fit, make ready, (esp. to). Li6. 2 Make capable, enable, (to do). Attire, dress. 3 Jial. L19. Latterly

same

lME

kind of clinometer consisting of a sighting tube, spirit level, and graduated scale,

abnormal

;

-able .ibloM stiff. [Ft. f. L -abilis adj. suff., the form taken by the suff. -bilis (see -ble) when added to vbs in -art, Fr. -en extended in Fr. to vbs of all conjugations and also (as occas. in L,

post-classical

amicus fnend) to

Forming

found

fi-om Fr. or L, as separable

L

Fr. separable or

(f.

but subsequently used to form many from the stem of Eng. vbs in -ate, as

separabilis^.

adjs. direct

from from

e^xmcable

Eng. only in words

in

extricate.

confusion w. the unrelated adj. used to form adjs. fi-om vbs of

from

bearable, reliable,

from

vbl

types,

all

as

as

quahty

always

In newsense but

passive

in

L20.

a.

&

ablins

north, 'eiblmz adi-. Sc. Also aiblins. E17. [(. able a.: Possibly; perhaps.

abloom

s'biuim

&

adv.

pred. a.

or

n.

ablute f next

ablution

L

v.t.

Wash

a.

aboard

M19. [f

A--

&

liiere

B

&

(usu.) in

stem of

pi.

The washing

of

as a religious rite. M16. c sing. & (usu.) Ordinars- personal washing. Freq. joc. M18. d Chr. Ch. The ceremonial washing of sacred vessels after, or of the celebrant's fingers before, during, and after, the Eucharist. L19. 2 The water etc. used in ablution. E18. 3 In pi. The building containing washing-places etc. in a

the

in

ablutionary

M20.

eibli adv. able manner.

-ably

lME.

[f able

a.:

see -ly-^.J In

,

abs'naki

ab'naki .

E18.

to

a vessel, train, etc.,

the coast

lay aboard: see

prep.

LAY

On, on

1

.

.

warn passengers

to get

about

Capt

to

aboard,

v.' 1

start.

2

aboard:

fall

see

8b.

to,

lME. b On

/a'bob/ adv.

&

pred. a. E20. [f

A--'

+ BOB

or v.''] 1 Bobbing, afloat. E20. 2 Foil, by which specified objects are bobbing. E20.

with:

/a'baud/ n.' ME. [vbl n. of abide.] fl The action of waiting. ME-E17. A temporary stay. lME M18. 3 Habitual residence; a house or home, lME. I Shakes. Merch. V. Your patience for my long

n.

[Fr.

&

Also

a.

Abenaqui

{.

Forming

abode omen,

L16-L17.

[f a prognostication. n:-

Abenaki

pa.

v:-

t.

+ bode nr] An

a-'

foreboding L16-E18.

ouabanakionek people of the eastern country.] A n. PI same, -s. 1 A member of a groupmg of Amencan Indian peoples living chiefly in Maine

N

and Quebec. tiS 2 Either of the two Algonquian languages of these peoples. E20. B ad]. Of the Abnaki or their languages. E19. abnegate 'abnigeii v.t. E17. [L abnegat- pa. ppl stem of abnegare, f. ab AB- + negare deny: sec -ATE'.] 1 Deny oneself (something); renounce (a nght or privilege). E17. 2 Abjure (a belief etc ). M18. abnegator n. M17

-MENT.]

An omen;

/a'boil/ adv.

/a'bolij/

abode

d.'

+

pred. a.

v.t.

M19. [f A-^ + boil

{lit.

lME.

& fig.). [(0)Fr.

aboliss-

abolition

/ab3'lij(3)n/

n.

E16.

[Fr.,

or

L

abolitio(n-), f. abolit- pa. ppl stem of 1 The act of abohshing prec, -moN.] something; the fact or state of being abolished; abolere: see

service.

E19. abolitionist

f.

.

b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

.

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

putting out of memory; an amnesty. E17-E19. 1 B. RussELL No one would advocate the abolition in games. C. Hampton The of competition after seventy-five years of abolition, reintroduction of the death penalty, b F. A. Kemble The late .

abolition

.

,

movement.

abolitionism

man,

n.

L19.

colloq.

L17.

abomination -f-abhom-. ME.

/3bDmrneif(3)n/ n. Also [(0)Fr. i. L abominatio(n-), f.

as prec: see -ation.]

degrading

ME.

vice.

1

An abominable

A

2

lME. f3 A

loathing.

act; a

feeling of disgust

and

state

exciting object that

disgust; pollution. LME-L15. 4 An excites disgust and hatred (to, unto). lME. 1 Shakes. Ant. CI. Antony, most large In his abominations. 4 AV Prov. 12:22 Lying lippes are abomination to the Lord, t abominationly (i- of human life 2 E. Bun^Dtsthe abnegations nf His gallantry in going through

abnegation

Dislike strongly,

known;

L16-M17.

&

rare or obs. L16.

as next: see -ate^]

f.

/a'bomineit/ v.t. mij. [L abominatstem of abominari, f ab AB- + omin-, omen omen: see -ate',] 1 Feel extreme disgust towards; abhor; express abhorrence of mi 7. 2

f aborigines

of abide. n.

Now

a.

2

adv.

pa. ppl

aboriginal

abode

abominably lME.

abominate

M-L17.

aboil

/s'bDrmnat/

[L abommatus pa. pple, Abominable, detested,

abordage

n. (a)

very badly:

colloq.

li6. [f a-' + bode v.'] 1 v.t. v.' Presage, forebode. L16-M17. 2 v.i. Be ominous.

fabodement

Montagnais

loathsomely;

abominate

ei6.

n.

abord

abode. 3 no fixed abode.

f

Abominable Snowman = yeti. Shaw What an abominable smell of garlic!

aboral

abode

-j-aboding

sbli suff. [f -able: see -ly-.] advs. corresp. to adjs. in -able.

Abnaki

1

1

f abode

M19.

a.

ably ail

n.-

in

body

ship, etc.

V.

abob

pi.

camp,

[f a prep.' (0)Fr. d bord.] A adv.

or into (a ship, train, or on to the back of (a -(-2 horse etc.). M20. Alongside of E16-L17. 2 T. Fuller Hard aboard the shore.

Alch. clean: & Chem. The purification of substances by the use of liquids. sing.

aboard: the cry

Cook Keeping

lME.

{.

v.,

beastly touches.

fabomine

all

aboard

washing

lME-miS. b

& prep.' lME.

n., partly after

lME.

+

[(0)Fr., or late abluere, f to wash: see -ION.] 1 TTie act of

abnormis, Irregular;

or on to or into a ship, train, aircraft, etc. or on to the back of a horse etc. L19. On base. M20. d In or into a group, team, etc.; in an enterprise. M20. 2 Alongside.

+

/-sa/.

+ OMASUM.] The

i.

abominate

abominari: see

hatred;

aircraft, etc.).

n.

-OUS.]

c Baseball.

(oneself).

3'blu:J(5)n

+

lME. b On

L19. [Back-form,

colloq.

i.

L

M18. [f

a.

rule

On

-ling-.]

A--

/ab'nainws/

/a'bxd/ adv.

+ BOARD

literary).

[{.

mi 9.

Aboriginal.

FALL

ablutioyn-), f ablut- pa. ppl

ab AB- +

M19.

A

2

/'abso/ n. & a. Austral, slang (now considered derog.). Also A-. PI. of n. -os. E20. [Abbrev. of aboriginal.] (An) Australian

Blushing.

V. ]

/3'blu:t ]

see

The

1

M18.

abo

1

BLOOM n.'] In or into bloom. ablush s'blAj adv. & pred. BLUSH

(now

of being

state

abnormal.

+ norma

ah ABmisshapen. {.

[Back-form,

f DISABLED.] Able-bodied, not disabled. Chiefly w. preceding adv., as differently: endowed with manner specified (as a abihties in the euphemistic substitute for disabled). 'eib(3)ld/

or

quality

being

of

monstrosity,

earlier freq. active, as in comfortable, suitable.

abled

the

n.

abnormous

get-at-able.

-sa

PI.

n.

abominable /s'bDm(3)n3b(3)l/ a. Also fabhom-. ME. [OFr. L abominabilis,

abominableness

abnormitas, f abnormts: see next, -ITY.]

ns., as clubbable, saleable,

phrs.,

now

formations

abnor'niality

from educate, prob. by able a., freely

/absu'ineisani/

Also t-SUS, pi. -si. LI7. [f ABfourth stomach of a ruminant,

G. B

of abnormal quiet. 2 with persons having

(esp. undesirable) traits,

abnormal; an abnormal feature or act: M19 abnormalize v.i. make abnormal L19. abnormally adi'. M19. abnormalness n. (rare) M19. abnormity /sb'noimiti/ n. mi8. [Late L

Later,

abolitionism: L18.

abomasum

O'Neill The spell abnormal psychology: dealing abnormal

appreciate, educable

of or pertaining to abolitionists or

adj.

(ft)

-ABLE. Var. w. -h(in med.L, OFr., & Eng.) as iff. L at + homin-, homo a human, signifying 'inhuman'.] 1 Exciting disgust; offensive; odious. ME. 2 Very impleasant. colloq. Mi 9. 1 Shakes. Mcas. for M. Their abominable and

structure. E.

f.

abolition;

/ob'noinKa)!/ a. M19. [Alt. of ANORMAL after L abnormis: see abnormous.] 1 Deviating from the type; contrary to the rule or system; unusual. M19. 2 Of or pertaining to what is abnormal. E20. I C. Darwin The wing of a bat is a most abnormal

ns., as in charitable, equitable.]

adjs. Orig.

appreciable

AMICABLE,

amicabilis

e.g.

n.

level /'abni ,lev(a)I/ n. phr. L19. [Sir William Abney (1844 1920), Eng. scientist.] A

uME

LIS 4 Empower, strengthen, confirm. 1_ME -MI7. b Warrant; vouch tor. L16 E17. 4 Donne And bfe, by this death abled, shall controule Death b Sh.\kes. Lcjr None does offend, none I'll able 'em

/'abnst,'

Abney

ME

and

aborigines

6

preiudice or discnmination against abldsm disabled persons Lio. ablencss n. (now rare) La\lE. n.

support for abolition (abolition ib) & a. (a) n. a person who aims at

n.

n no, p pen,

n.

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

wing of the abonginal

B

n.

An

section.

aboriginal inhabitant or the aboriginal

language of a place, esp. (usu. A-) of Australia. M18. .aborigi'nality

n.

M19 aboriginally

the adv.

quality

from or

of being aboriginal in the earliest

known

times E19.

aborigine

/abs'ridsini:/ n.smg.

[Back-form.

f.

aborigines.]

Also A-. M19.

An

aboriginal

inhabitant, il See also aborigines.

ab origine ab

from

/ab

a'ridsini/ adv. phr.

mi6. [L,

f.

+ origine abl. of origo beginning, From the beginning; from the creation

source.] of the world.

aborigines

/aba'ridsiniz/ n.pl. ei6. [1. aborigines

prob. f prec] 1 The original inhabitants of a coimtry (orig. of Italy and of Greece). E16. 2 Indigenous plants or animals. L17. 3 The inhabitants of a land before the arrival of

pi.,

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 9 thin,

6

this,

r\

ring,

tj

chip, dj jar

.

aborning (European) colonists, esp. (usu. A-) those of

lME-miS.

Australia. ei8.

by

faborigen, -gin

aborning

&

/a'bD:nir|/ adv.

/a'boit/

pred. a.

lME. [L

n.

abortus.]

fl

A

miscarriage {lit. & fig.). lME mi 7. 2 The product of a miscarriage. Now rare. E17. 3 Aeronaut. & Astronaut. An aborted flight by a rocket etc.; a rocket etc. that fails; transf. any unsuccessful enterprise. M20. abort /a'bo:!/ v. M16. [L afeorr- pa. ppl stem of aboriri miscarry, f. ah ab- + oriri come into being.] 1 v.i. Of a pregnant woman: miscarry, with loss of the foetus, esp. (& Med.) in the period before a live birth is possible. (In pop. use often with an implication of deliberate induction.) M16. b Aeronaut. & Astronaut. Abandon or fail to complete a flight. M20. 2 v.t. Cause abortion of; cause to abort; fig. bring to a premature or fruitless termination. L16. b Aeronaut. & Astronaut. Terminate (a flight); stop, abandon, or destroy (a rocket etc.). M20. 3 v.t. Biol. Of an organ: undergo arrestment of

development. M19. lb American Speech If trouble develops on the take-olf roll it is possible to abort and stop the , aircraft. 2 Church Times The 800,000 unborn children aborted under the 1967 Abortion Act. Listener Scruffy .

.

jeans being aborted after men with sideburns had got them in the family way. abor'tee n. a woman who undergoes an abortion M20. abortiiacieiit /3bD:ti'feiJ(3)nt/ a. & n. [-pacient] (a drug or other agent) causing abortion girls in

.

MI9. f abortment

.

abortion E17-L19. abortorium /abD:'tD:ri3m/ n., pi. -ia /-is/, a hospital or hospital department that specializes in performing abortions n.

M20.

aborti

see abortus.

mi6. [L ahonio(n-), f. The act of giving premature birth with loss of the foetus, esp. (& Med.) in the period before a live birth is possible; (the procuring of) induced termination of pregnancy to destroy a foetus. M16. b fig. Failure (of an aim, promise, etc.). E18. 2 The imperfea offspring or product of a miscarriage; a person or thing dwarfed or misshapen. L16. 3 Biol. Arrestment of development of any organ, esp. of a seed or fruit. M18. 1 contagious abortion: see contagious 3. missed /3'b3:J(3)n/ see -ion.]

prec:

abortion: see MISS

n.

I

v.*

abortional a. (rare) of abortion, abortive M19. abortionist n. a person who procures or induces abortion; a person who favours permitting abortion: L19

abortive

/a'boitrv/

ahorttf, -ive

f

n.,

&

a.,

L ahortivus,

f.

as

v. ME. [(0)Fr. prec: see -rvE.] f A

I A stillborn child or animal. ME-M18. An imperfect result of an action. E17-E18. B adj. jfl Of or pertaining to abortion; bom

n.

2

prematurely; causing or experiencing abortion. LME-M18. 2 Fruitless, unsuccessful. L16. 3 Biol. Arrested in development. M18. I Shakes Rich. Ill If ever he have child, abortive be it. 2 Scott Fitzgerald An abortive anempt at a laugh T. Pynchon An abortive firing, a warhead that didn't explode 3 fig. S Spender An abortive tower at one comer. ^Cv.i. Cause abortion of; render fhiitless. Only :

abortively adv. M16. abortiveness

n.

1

in

humans,

spec.

abosom n.

pl.

abought

pa.

of obosom. t. & pple of aby. aboulia /a'builia/ n. Also abulia /s'bjuilia/. M19. [Gk, (. a-'" + fcou/e will: see -ia'.] Absence of will-power, or inability to act decisively, as a symptom of mental illness, aboulic a. suffering from aboulia L19. abound /a'baond/ v.i. lME. [OFr. abunder, abonder f. L ahundare, {. ab AB- + undare, f. undo a wave. 14-16 spelt hah- by assoc. w. L habere have.] 1 Overflow, be plentiful. lME. j-2 Be rich, have possessions to overflowing. V.

a cat, a: arm,

e

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, d hot,

o:

foil,

revel

in.

L18.

Hollywood. 2 AV Phil. 4:18 I have all and abound. .3 in which E. M. FoRSTER Those grey-brown streets the eastern quaner of the city abounds. W. Stevens The vegetation still abounds with forms. 4 f abound in one's own sense follow one's own opinion. abounder «. a person who has plenty M18. abounding manner, aboundingly adv. in an .

lME.

plentifully

/a'baot/ adv. & prep. [OE onbulan, f. on in, on (see A prep.' i) + biitan outside of (see but prep.).] A adv. 1 Around the outside; on or towards every side; all round. OE. b In circumference, areh. lME. 2 Up and down; here and there. OE. b On the move, astir; prevailing (as a disease). ME. 3 In rotation or revolution; in the course of events; in succession. OE. 4 Near in number, scale, degree, etc., (hovering between adv. and prep.: cf. sense B.4 below); understatement or coUoq. often in iron,

about

comparison. OE. 5 On any side; somewhere near. ME. 6 Half round or less; facing in the opposite direction. ME. b Naut. On or to the opposite tack. L15. 7 With inf. (also occas. with n.). Preparing, plarming. ME-L18. b (Passing into prep.: cf. sense B.6 below.) On the point of, going to. In neg. contexts: intending to,

vbl

prepared to (chiefly N. Amer. colloq.). E16. 1 W. Owen A mead Bordered about with warbling water brooks, fig.: Shakes. Rom. Jul. Be wary, look about, b Shakes. Merry W. In the waist two yards about. 2 Yeats Tumbled and blown about. E. Bowen About on the low tables stood high alabaster lamps

&

way

b out and about (of engaging in nonnal outdoor activity, up and about: see UP adv^' & a.' 3 L. Sterne Let the heralds officers twist his neck about if they will, bring about cause to revolve or happen, brmg to pass, come about revolve (as time); happen, come to pass, turn and turn abour see turn n. 4 Dickens You're about right respecting the bond. Tablet We stopped firing at about seven o'clock. Scott Fitzgerald Her family is one aunt about a thousand years old. S. Kauffmann Desire and poignant affection, in about equal parts, sprang up in him. stand about: see stand v 5 hang about etc. 6 right about: see RIGHT adv. the other way about: see way n. 7b Carlyle England seems about deserting him. Dylan Thomas The conversation of prayers about to be said. M. Russ I ain't about to work that hard for no reason, fgo about to endeavour to (do something). B prep. 1 On the outside of; on or towards every side of; all round. OE. 2 Around less definitely: a In attendance on. OE. b Somewhere on or near the person. ME. c Somewhere near gen.; in or near. Also fig. (in ref. to mental faculties etc.). lME. 3 Round (as opp. to across, over, into, etc.). arch. OE. 4

know

one's

way

about: see

an

after

n.

illness)

at; close to. OE. 5 Here and there in, over, or upon. ME. b Frequenting. L16. 6 In connection with; appertaining to; dealing or occupied with; touching; concerning; on the subject of; in relation to. ME. 1 Heller A paisley kerchief was knotted J. rakishly about his neck. 2a Shakes Jul. Caes. Let me have men about me that are fat. b E. Wharton You don't happen to have a cigarette about you? c Chesterfield Have your ears and your eyes about you. R. S. Thomas There was a coldness / about his Wollaston Revolution about the sun heart. 3 beat about the bush: see BUSH n.' 4 Shakes. Merry W. Be you in the Park about midnight. J. I. M. Stewart A slight figure of about my own age. H. Pinter About the best convenience they had. about time: see

Approximately

.

.

that caused

with. Also

liberty;

.

.

W

E17

abortus /a'boUss/ n. PI. -ti /-tAi/, -tuses. M19. [L = miscarriage: see abort v.] Med. Abortion. M19. 2 An aborted foetus. E20. Comb.: abortus fever brucellosis by Brucella abortus.

teem

at

J.

.

in 17.

in;

McCoSH The discontent which abounds in the world. E. Waugh English titles abounded now in 1

a person, esp.

n.pl.

abortion as

3 Be wealthy I.ME. f4 Be

fo/.

lME

= aborigine E17 M19.

n.

Chiefly N. Amer. M20. [f. A-- + homing vbl n. of BORN v.: see -ing' .] (While) being bom or produced.

abort

abrade

7

about-face

/abaot'fcis/

v.i.

&

n.

E20.

mil.

[f.

command (right) about face.'] = about-turn. f abouts adv. & prep. Also -tes. lME L17. about +

Survives in hereabouts

^[

[f

= about.

-s']

etc.

about-turn /abaut'tsin/ n. & v.i. M20. command (nghi) about turn!] (Make) a

[f mil. reversal

of direction, opinion, policy, or behaviour. a., & n. OE. [f. a on + bufan bove. For illustration of senses, a and bove are here taken together: see note below.] A adv. 1 Overhead; vertically up; on high. OE. b In or to heaven. ME. 2 Higher on a sheet or page; earlier in a book or article. OE. 3 In a higher place; further up. ME. 4 In a higher rank, position, or station. ME. 5 In addition, besides. ME. 6 More in number or quanuty. (Almost always with numeral following, passing into prep.: see sense B.8 below.) lME. b Above zero; above freezing

above

/a'bAv/ adv., prep.,

prep.'

point.

M20.

A wooden

Dickens

1

Mary above:

OE

repr.

I

cast her eyes

heaven

see

stair leading above. M. Spark around her and up above. Heavens n. b Tennyson Trust in things

above. 2 above-cited, -mentioned, -named, -quoted, -said, -written, etc. 3 Geoffrey Hill The tough pig-headed salmon strove To reach the steady hills above. 5 .

.

over and above adv. phr. B prep. 1 Over; vertically up from; on the top of. OE. 2 In a higher place than; fiirther up from; further north than. OE. 3 Rising or appearing beyond the level or reach of. ME. 4 Superior to (the influence of); not condescending to. ME. 5 Higher in rank, posiuon, etc. than. ME. 6 Higher in degree or quality than. ME. 7 In addition to; besides. ME. 8 Surpassing in quantity, amount, or number. (Passing into adv.: see sense A. 6 above.) lME. I E. St V. MiLLAY Above the world is stretched the sky. above one's head: see HEAD n. above zvater. see WATER n. keep one's head above water, see water n. 2 E. Hemingway The attack would cross the river above the narrow gorge, above ground: see GROtrND n. above the gangway: see GANGWAY n. 3b. above the salr. see SALT n.' 3 L. Hughes This college on the hill above Harlem, fig.: J. B. Priestley Even above the screeching voices can be heard. 4 M. Moore Till the poets among us can be above insolence and triviality. 5 J. Heller You'll be marrying far above you. 6 above all beyond everything, chiefly, above measure: see MEASURE n. above oneself lacking selfcontrol because of high spirits etc. aboz'e price: see price n. above reproach: see REPROACH n. above .

.

,

.

.

SUSPICION n. 7 above and beyond more than and different from, over and above prep. phr. 8 Shakes. Haml. It was never acted; or, if it was, not above once, above par: see PAR suspicion: see

C

n.

&

adj.

1

Ellipt. after preps, (chiefly from):

a higher place; heaven. ME. 2 Attrib. & absol.: w. ellipsis of a pple as said, mentioned, etc. M18. 1 AV James 1:17 Euery perfect gift is from aboue. 2 G. B. Shaw Reading the above after a lapse of 28 years. T. Stoppard During the above speech French is becoming increasingly agitated. Comb.: aboveground a. & n. (a) adj. that is above ground; that is not underground (lit. & fig.); (b) n. the part of society that is not underground. ^ In OE abufan was north, and only advb., but by the end of 13 it had acquired the prep, uses of and generally replaced bufan BOVE, which became obs. in 15.

above-board ABOVE

[f.

prep.

/abAv'boid/ adv.

+ BOARD

n.]

&

pred.

Open(ly);

a.

li6.

fair(ly);

without concealment.

.

51

Orig. a gambling term.

ah ovo egg.]

/ab 'auvao/ adzK phr. L16. [L the (very) beginning.

=

firom the

From

.

time n. along about: see ALONG adv. 2b. just abour. see just adv. 5 C. She does the work about the house As well as most. K. Mansfield Tables and basket chairs scattered about the veranda, b man about town: see town n. 6 AV Luke 2:49 I must bee about my fathers businesse. P. Larkin Scraps of songs about love, how about what is the news concerning, how do you dispose of the question of; what do you think of, I suggest, how about that? isn't that good, surprising, etc.? how*s about colloq. = how about above, what about = how about above, what something is all about: see ALL adv. i aboutness n. E20.

Mew

faboutes

adv.

saw, a run, o put,

& prep. u:

var.

too, s ago,

BOX /a'boks/ adv. & pred. a. E19. [f. A-Naut. Of head-yards: in a position with only the head-sails laid aback.

abox

abracadabra foimd ult.

my,

ai)

how,

f.

/.abrska'dabra/ n. M16. [L, first Q. Serenus Sammonicus (2nd cent.), Gk ] A cabbalistic word, supposed when in

written triangularly, or in some other forms, to be a charm against fevers etc.; now used as a pretended conjuring word; a spell; gibberish.

abrade

/a'breid/ v.t. L17. [L abradere, f. ab ABradere to scrape: cf. ABRASE v.] 1 Rub or wear olT (a part from). L17. 2 Wear down or injure by -1^

mbbing. abrader

of abouts. ai

-I-

V.-]

ei

day, so no,

t:

hair,

(lit.

«.

13

& fig.)

M18.

something that abrades a surface L19. near,

:>i

boy, oa poor,

Aia tire,

aoa sour

Abraham Abraham

'eibraham

Abram

n.

&

.

Also

a.

OE. [The

'eibrom u:::6 25:18

(arch.)

biblical patriarch

1 Abraham's etc.) ] A n. ^hamt [Luke 16:23], heaven, the place of rest for the souls of the blessed. OE. 2 sham Ahrahant [see Ahrjham-man below], feign illness

\GcH.

hosoni.

or insanit>'. liS. Comh.. Abraham-man alluding to the beggar of

dissolution

the

tB

16],

houses

religious

the

after

had

(which

= .WBURN

[Alt.]

tabraid

OE

to,

or

r.

[OE

;•.

Wrench out

OE

(a

lME

.M16 .M19.

Abram

&

n.

fabrase

see

a.

Only

j.

Abraham. [L abrasus

in 17.

Rubbed smooth or abrase s'breiz v.t. rare. ne.xt

]

pa. pple,

f.

as

clear; blank.

pa. ppl

n.

abrin

m

.M20,

s'breisiv

n.

&a. M19.

[(.

as abrase f.

+

A

n. An abrasive substance or body. M19. Abrading; capable of polishing by rubbing or grindmg; tending to graze the skin; fig. tending to hurt the feelings or aimoy. L19.

-r\E.]

B

adj.

abrazo -ooz

a'braOo, 3'bra:z50 n. PI. -os E20. [Sp.] An embrace, a hug, esp. as a

.

salutation.

abreacdon

abri'akj(3)n, n. ezo. [(. ab- + Abreagieren.] Psychoanalysis. after

G

REACTION

The

of anxiety by the expression and previously repressed emotion, a through reliving the experience that caused it. abreact i-.t. eliminate by abreaction E20. abreactive relief

of

release

J.

.M20.

abreast BREAST by side

n. ]

With

1

[f a prep.' 1 + breasts or fronts in a line; side adv.

^'brssl

lME.

advancmg). Formerly also after in, of, on. L.VIE. b Xaut. With ships equally distant, and parallel. L17. 2 Foil, by of, with: parallel to, alongside. Freq.^^. M17. 1 D H Lawrence They passed in on to the grass, four abreast J. Irving Three policemen came down (in

the hall abreast, in step, line abreast, see line jbreast of ox vjiih: see KEEP v.

fabrecock n. see apricot. fabrenounce v.t. M16-M17. RENOfNCE

;.

med.L

cf

:

2 keep

«.''

abroche,

[OFr.

M16.

f.

or

L

late

as

Eiy [Fr.] A shelter; spec, in s'bri: n. Archaeol, an overhangmg rock affording shelter.

abri

v.t. ME. [OFr. abreg(i;er {. L ABBREVIATE v.] 1 Deprive (a person) of, (rare) debar from. arch. 2 Shonen m duration. Now rare. lME. 3 .Make shorter in number of words, while retaining the sense; epitomize. (Foil, by from.) lME. 4 Cut shon; reduce to a small size. Now rt^re of material things. lME. 5 Cunail (rights,

abridge

s'bridj

abbreviare:

see

ME

privileges, etc.). lME. 2 Shakes. Two Gem. Thy slaying will abridge thy life. 4 Sir W. Scott To what purpose serve these aondged cloaks?

abridger

n.

M16.

abridgement

3'brid3m(3)nt/ n. Also -dgm-. abrigement, f. as prec: see -MENT.] 1 The act or process of abridging; shonening; cunailment; an instance of this. lME. 2 An epitome or compendium of a larger

lME.

[(0)Fr.

b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

j

&

/o'brsutj adv. OFr. abrochier,

Chiefly in

set

E16. 2 Shakes. Rom. new abroach?

abroad BROAD

lME. [AN

pred. a.

as

(.

abroach

& Jul.

Who

&

/a'broid/ adv.

+ BROACH

A-''

Of

1

cask

a

n.\

etc.:

set this ancient quarrel

ME.

n.

[{.

a prep.'

i

+

A

adv. 1 Widely, over a broad surface; widely scattered; widespread. ME. 2 Out of one's house or abode. ME. 3 In or into foreign countries; out of one s native land. lME. n.

]

4 At large, freely moving about, (lit. &fig.). L15. 5 Confused; dazed; astray; wide of the mark.

AV

loue of God is shed abroad in wind Will blow our hearts. Shakes. Tit. A. The these sands like Sibyl's leaves abroad. Longfellow Stretched abroad on the seashore, send abroad: see was SEND v.' 2 Henry Miller The greatest delight to walk the streets at night when no one was Who abroad. 3 W. Plomer A pleasant old buffer, believed that an umbrella might pacify barbarians abroad. 4 Ld Macaulay The suspicions which were abroad. 5 Thackeray At the twelfth round the champion was all abroad. 1

Rom.

5:5

The

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

B

n.

1

from abroad, from another country. M19.

abrogable (see

a. li6. [f L abrogare -ABLE.] Able to be

/'abr3gab(3)l/

ABROGATE

+

V.)

abrogated. /'abragat/ a. (orig. pa. pple). arch. abrogatus pa. pple, f as next: see -ATE'.] Repealed; abolished by authority. ^ In earlier use than the vb (see next), whence also (Mi6) a new pple abrogated, now more generally used,

abrogate

/'abrageit/ v.t. E16. [L abrogai- pa. ppl stem of abrogare, f. ab AB- + rogare propose a law: see -ate'.] Repeal (a law, custom, etc.); abolish authoritatively or formally; gen. do away

with,

abrogator

n.

L16.

/abr3'geij(3)n/ n. mi6. [Fr., or L abrogatio(n-), f as prec: see -ATloN.] Repeal; abolition by authority.

abrogation

'j°abrood adv. n.]

& pred. a. ME L19. [f On its brood; hatching

+

A prep.' eggs,

i

fig.

etc.

/s'brok/ v.t. rare. L16. v.] Brook, endure. First recorded in Shakes.

broken

/a'biApt/ a., n., off, steep, pa.

A

&

[{.

A-" + BROOK

L16.

v.

[L abniptus

pple oi abrumpere,

I.

ab ab-

f 1 Broken away (from restraint), rare. Only in L16. 2 Characterized by sudden interruption or change; sudden, hasty; curt in manner. L16. t3 Broken off. E17-M18. 4 Precipitous, steep. E17. 5 Bot. Truncated. E19. 2 Shakes. 7 Hen. I I The cause of your abrupt departure. E. O'NEILL Talking in abrupt sentences. 4 O SiTWELL The abrupt and mountainous grey background. B n. An abrupt place; an abyss, literary. M17. Milton Upborn with indefatigable wings Over the

rumpere break. ]

adj.

.

.

C

v.t. Break off; interrupt suddenly. Mi 7. M. Innes To abrupt his journey in a strange town.

abruptly adv. L16. abruptness

abruption

«.

abscind

/ab'sind/

[L

arch. E17.

v.t.

f.

abscindere,

ab AB- + scindere cut asimder.] Cut off

{lit.

f.

&

fig-)-^

abscise

[L

/ab'sAiz/ v. E17.

abscis- pa. ppl

stem

of abscidere, f ABS- + caedere to cut.] 1 v.t. Cut off or away. E17. 2 v.i. Bot. Separate by abscission;

fall off.

E20.

abscisic /ab'sisik/ a. M20. [f. abscis(sion + -ic] Biochem. abscisic acid, a plant hormone which promotes seed and bud dormancy and inhibits germination.

abscision

/ab'si3(a)n/ n. lME. [L abscisio{n-), as abscise: see -ion.] cutting off or away, f Conf in Eng. (as already in L) w. abscission.

f.

A

absciss

/'absis/

abscissa

n.

usu. in L form -ssas. L17.

now

In Math,

-ssae

/ab'sisa/, pi.

/-si:/,

[mod.L abscissa use as n. (sc. linea line) of fern, pa. pple of abscindere: see ABSCIND.] 1 Math. Orig., the portion of a line between a fixed point on

and the point of

it

ordinate.

intersection with an the distance of a point from the parallel to the x-axis. L17. 2

Now,

measured

yi-axis

Bot. absciss layer, a distinctive layer of cells at leaf-fall. L19.

which separation occurs on

absciss next] =

/ab'sis/

&

v.t.

M19. [Back-form, f

ABSCISE.

abiscission

/ab'sij(a)n/

E17.

n.

[L

abscissio{n-),

f absciss- pa. ppl stem of abscindere abscind: see A cutting off. EI7. t2 The state of being Only in mi 7. 3 Bot. The natural separation of a leaf or other pan from a plant. -ION.] 1 cut off.

L19.

/ab'skond/ v. mi6. [L abscondere, {. as condere put together, stow.] 1 v.i. refl. Hide (oneself); leave hurriedly and secretly; flee from justice. M16. 2 v.t. Hide away, conceal. L16. abscondence n. (rare) LI9 absconder n. E18. ABS-

&

+

absconsion

n.

(rare)

mi 7.

&

v.i. M20. [G abseilen, f Mountaineering. (Make) a descent of a steep rock-face by means of a doubled rope fixed at a higher point. M20. 2 (Make) a similar descent from a helicopter. L20.

abseil ab

/'abzAil, -seil/ n.

down +

Seil rope.]

1

/'abs(a)ns/ n. lME. [(0)Fr. f. L absemia, f as absent a. & n. see -ence.] 1 The state of being away from a place or person; the time or duration of being away. lME. 2 Nonexistence or lack of. lME. 3 Inattention due to thinking of other things. Esp. in absence of mind. E18. b Aied. Sudden temporary loss of consciousness occurring without the awareness of the subject, esp. in petit mal; an episode of this (also absence seizure). M20. sentenced to death in my 1 B. Behan I was

absence

:

.

absence, so

I

.

said they could shoot

me

in

my

absence.

were spent in mysterious B. Pym Her absences ploys of her own. leave of absence: see LEAVE «.' 2 in the absence of something when or as something is not present or available. 3 Addison The little absences and distractions of mankind. .

absent

/'abs(a)nt/

a.

.

&

lME.

n.

[(0)Fr.

f.

L

absent-, absens functioning as pres. pple of abesse,

ab AB-

f.

present.

+ esse lME.

Preoccupied;

A

adj. 1 Away; not be: see -ent.] 2 Not existing; lacking. lME. 3

paying no

attention

present

to

[L

n.

sudden breaking away of

a portion

E17.

A

1

2

abruptio{n-),

breaking off; an snapping; the from a mass.

A

M17.

placentae

/a.brAptiao pb'ssnti:, s.biApJiao/ n. phr. E20. [mod.L, f as ABRUPTION + PLACENTA.] Med. Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall during pregnancy. n no, p pen,

r

red, s

sit,

t

were summoned, absent Jas. voter a person who votes by post because absent from became the normal voting-place, 3 Smollett I I

Mill Absent

officers

.

EI7.

/3'brAp|(3)n/ i. as prec: see -ion ] interruption, arch. E17.

man,

abscessus,

abs- + cedere CEDE.] A localized collection of pus within the body, abscessed a. affected by an abscess or abscesses M19. f.

objects etc. E18.

vast abrupt.

abruptio

mi6. [L

n.

L

t.

abscond

abrogate lME. [L

+ BROOD

-ses/

/'absis,

c, q,

.

2 Somewhere outside one's homeland; foreign coimtries. L19. 2 K. Grahame Somewhere over in that beastly abroad, R. Macaulay Abroad is getting fuller.

abrupt arch.

n.

AB- + renumiatio(n-) RENUNCIATION.] Renunciation; retractation.

abrenuntiatio{n-),

n.

(not productive). Repr.

form of ab- ab- used bef

abscedere,

broached; pierced, so as to let the iiquor run. lME. 2 In a state to be diffused or propagated;

mischief

+ [f ababrenunciare .]

,abrin.\nsreij(3)n/

abrenonciation

f.

/abs, abs/ pref.

abscess

-in'.]

abrook

Renounce; contradict.

abrenunciation

+

abroach

+

[f A--

L19. [f mod.L Abrus (see Chem. A poisonous protein the jequirity bean {Abrus precatorius)

/'eibnn/

below)

.

rock by the mechanical action of rock fragments carried by ice, water, or wind. M19. t2 Debris. Only MiS. 3 An abraded area; a graze. M19. abrasional j. pertaining to or formed by abrasion

abrasive

adv. & pred. a. L19. Full to the brim; brimming.

o'bnm

n.']

.

mi 7. [L abrasio{n-), {. as prec: see -ion ] 1 Rubbing or scraping oif; weanng away. M17. b Geol. The wearing away of 5'brei3(?)n

BRIM

E19.

[L abras-

L15.

stem ofahradere ABRADE.] = ABRADE.

abrasion

abrim

abs-

abs-, the

astir.

ahregdatu f. a-' + braid v.'] 1 sword). ME. 2 11. & i. Start or startle out of sleep, a faint, etc. ME-E17. li6. 4 v.i. Rise 3 v.i. & r. Shout out. nauseously in the stomach. Chiefly dial. ;

might be treated more

a subject that

lME.

hilly.

V.']

charity'), a

Jii;

work, or of

present in

Luke

[perh.

Hist.)

exc.

((it's.

in

beggar feigning insaniU' a. E17. Abrahamic eibr^'hamik a. of, pertaining charactensiic of the patnarch Abraham E19. provided

absent

8

top, v van,

w

we,

.

absent and thoughtful. I. Compton-Burnett Duncan gave an absent nod towards the bed, as if he hardly heard. Phrases: absent from not present in or = ABSENTEE I. LME-EI9. f B n. with absence of absently adv. absentness n. absent-mindedness M19.

at.

mind

M19.

/ab'ssnt/ v. lME. [(0)Fr. absenter or late absentare keep or be away, f. as prec] 1 v.t. only refi. go or stay away. Keep away.

absent

L

Now

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 9 thin,

6

this,

1)

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

1

absentee

abstention

9

v.i. Stay away; withdraw. lME li8. 3 Leave, hong rare. lME. D. RuNYON If he absents himself from her side,

lME. t2

Philos. Existing or able to

v.t.

relation to other things. L18. 1 1 Shakes. Cymb. I am absolute

I

absen'tation

absenter

n.

the action of absenting oneself E19. who absents himself or herself

a person

n.

L16.

«.

which

/abs(3)n'ti:/

An.

-EE'.]

A

1

who

home;

esp.

a.

spec.

+ absent on some

mi6.

who is An absent

person

occasion. M16. b

person

&

11.

[f.

prec.

voter. E20. 2

A

away from his or her coimtry or landowner who lives away from his

lives a

or her property. E17. B attnb. or as adj. That is an absentee; of or pertaining to absentees. M19. E. A. Freeman A foreign and absentee king. New York Times Laws goveming absentee voting. absenteeism n. the practice of being an absentee; the practice of workers, pupils, etc., of absenting themselves from work, esp. frequently or without good reason; E19. absenteeship n. (now rare) absenteeism, esp. of landowners L18.

absent-minded

/abs(3)nt'mAindid/

a.

M19. [f

ABSENT a. + MINDED.] = ABSENT a. 3. absent-mindedly adv. L19. absent-mindedness

n.

L19

f absey

of ABC.

var.

n.

absinth /'absinO/ n. Also (in sense 2 usu.) -the. lME. [Fr. absinthe f. L absinthium {. Gk apsinthion wormwood.] 1 Wormwood, the plant absinthium or its sorrow. lME. 2 A

Artemisia bitterness,

made

(at least orig.) fi-om

A

M19. b

essence; fig. green liqueur

wine and wormwood.

green colour resembling that of the

liqueur. L19.

absinthium

/ab'smBiAm/

OE. [L: see prec] wormwood, f absis

n.

plant

rare or obs.

absinth

or

see apsis.

omen

ahsit

Now

n.

The

/'absit

omen be

this (evil)

'aumsn/ mr. li6. [L = may May the suggested

absent.]

foreboding not become

absolute

/'absaluit/ a.

&

n.

exists or

absolutus

by OFr. absohx.] A adj. fl Detached, disengaged. 1 Absolved fi'om. LME-M17. 2 Disengaged from accidental or special circumstances. Only in lME. 3 Absorbed in (an occupation). Only in L15. partly

infl.

In quality or degree. 4 Finished; perfect. lME. 5 Pure, mere; in the strictest sense. M16. 6 Complete, enure. L16. 4 G. Sandys Where manners be Enghsh: who are the absolutest in their profession. 5 P. Hawker The gale increased to an absolute tornado, absolute alcohol ethanol containing less than one per cent of water by weight absolute music self-dependent instrumental music without literary or other extraneous suggestions. 6 Arnold Bennett Performed with absolute assurance and perfection. N. Blake If he wasn't such an absolute ass. D. Lessing Your decree [of divorce) was absolute last week. III In position or relation. 7 Gram. Not in the usual grammatical relation or construction; (of a form) uninfiected. lME. 8 Of ownership or authority: imrestncted, independent. L15. 9 Having absolute power; arbitrary, despotic. L16. 10 Viewed without relation to or comparison with other things of the same kind; real, actual. II

arch.

.

.

E17. 7 ablative absolute:

see abi^tive n. 1. accusative accusative n. dative absolute: see dative n. see genitive n. nominative absolute: see nominative n. 8 absolute majority a majority over all rivals combined, more than half. 10 absolute humidity, absolute magnitude, absolute pitch a fixed standard of pitch defined by the rate of vibration; ability to recognize or reproduce the exact pitch of a note, absolute temperature temperature measured from absolute zero, absolute term: see TERM n. absolute unit a unit which can be defined in terms of mass, length, and time, absolute value Math, of a real absolute: see

its

number

a

+

value irrespective of sign; of a complex ib: the positive square root of a^ + b^. see viscosity 2. absolute zero: see

absolute viscosity: n.

2b.

IV Without condition or mental limitation. 1 Of a person or prediction: free from doubt or uncertainty, arch. E17. 12 Of a statement etc.: free from conditions or reservations. E17. 13 a cat, u;

arm,

c

bed,

absolution

/abs3'lu:J(3)n/

absolutio(n-),

ME.

n.

[(0)Fr.

as prec: see -ION.]

f.

f.

L

Remission

1

of sins, declared by ecclesiastical authority. ME. b (An utterance of) the formula by which this is declared. lME. 2 Forgiveness of sins generally. ME. 3 More widely: any absolving or formal setting-free (fi'om guilt, sentence, or obligation); remission (of sin or penance). lME. 4 Esp. Rom. Law. judgement for the defendant. E17.

A

absolutise

absolutism absolute

of absolutize.

v. var.

Theol. The doctrine that God acts absolutely in the matter of salvation, mi 8. 2 PoUi. The principle of absolute government; despotism. E19. 3 Philos. The philosophy of the Absolute. L19.

absolutist prec.

/'absaluitist, -lju:-/ n.

-1ST, after Fr. absolutiste.]

-I-

& a. M19. [f as A n. 1 Polit. A

person who is in favour of absolute government. M19. 2 Philos. A person who maintains the absolute identity of subject and object. M19. 3 A person who maintains certain principles to be absolute, an uncompromising person; spec.

war of refused to perform any compulsory service. E20. B adj. Practising or supporting absolutism; despotic; imcompromising. M19. absolu'tistic a. M19. (Hist.)

a conscientious objector in the

1914-18

who

absolutize

/'absaluitAiz,

M20. [f absolute

absolve

a.

n.

/sb'zolv/

+

-lju:-/

-IZE.]

v.t.

Make

lME. [L

absolvere free,

L15-M17. 3 Pronounce free (fi-om blame, the consequences of crime or sin, etc.). liable or not guilty. M16. 5 Give absolution or remission of sins to. M16. 6 Remit, give absolution for, (a sin or crime). L16. f 7 Discharge, finish, (a task guilt,

Ml 6. 4 Esp. Rom. Law. Pronounce not

without our spoonwhich absolved us from fishing for the day. L. a. G. Strong It absolved him of all responsibihty to them in the realm of financial

Evelyn Phenomena already absolved. 4 Pope Absolves the just, and dooms the guilty souls. 5 Shakes. Rom. Gf Jul. To make confession, and to be speculation. 2

M

absolv'd. R. Mitford One's conscience may be pretty well absolved for not admiring this man. C,

KiNGSLEY I dare not absolve him of robbing a priest. 6 S. Sassoon Who shall absolve the foulness of their fate? 7 Milton The work begun, how soon absolved, absolvable a. E19 absolver n. L16. her be

/ab'solvita:/

acquined,

absolvere: see

prec]

mi6. [L

n.

3rd

pers.

Sc.

Law.

=

let

imper.

A

him or

pass,

of

judgement

for

a:

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

1:

see, n hot,

/'abs(3)n3nt/ a. Now rare. M16. [f L ab AB- + sonant- pres. ppl stem of soriare sound, on the analogy of consonant., dissonant, etc.] Harsh, discordant; /i.?. unreasonable, unnatural.

absonant

Also f absonous

absorb (arch.)

L

or

a.

E17 M18.

/3b'z3:b, -'so:b/

absorpt

/-3:pt/.

absorbere, f

v.t.

Pa. pple

lME.

absorbed,

[(0)Fr. absorber

ab AB- + sorbere suck

in.]

1

Include or take (a thing) in so that it no longer has separate existence; incorporate. lME. f 2 Of water, mire, etc.: engulf. L15-L18. 3 Suck or drink in. E17. 4 Take up (a substance, energy, etc.) by chemical or physical action; gain energy from and reduce the intensity of (light or other radiation, sound, etc.). E18. 5 Engross (a person, a person's attention, etc.). L18. 6 Occupy or consume (time). M19. 7 Assimilate mentally. L19.

saw,

a

mn, o

put,

.

.

absorbingly

.

adv. MI9.

absorbent

&

-'.S3:b-/ a. n. ei8. [L absorbent- pres. ppl stem of absorbere: see prec, -ent.] adj. Absorptive; having a tendency to absorb. E18. absorbent cotton N. Amer. cotton wool. B n. 1 substance which absorbs. E18. 2 Physiol. In pi. The organs through which absorption occurs. rare or obs. M18. absorbency n. ^(a) the action of absorbing; (fc) the quahty of being absorbent: M19.

/3b'zD:b(3)nt,

A

Now

absorpt v. see absorptance absorpt-

absorb.

n. m2o. [f L -IABSORPTION) -ANCE, after Physics. The degree to which a

/3b'z3:pt(3)ns/

(see

reflectance.}

surface or object absorbs radiation incident on it, measured by the ratio of the absorbed to the incident flux.

absorptiometer /3b,z3:pJi'Dmrt3, -,so:p-/ n. L19. [f. next + -ometer ] 1 An analytical device which measures the amount of gas absorbed by a reagent. L19. 2 An instrument for measuring the absorption of light or other radiation. M20. ab.sorptio'metric

a.

E20

absorb: see -ion] fl The swallowing up or engulfing of bodies. L16-M18. 2 Disappearance through incorporation in something else. M18. 3 The chemical or physical process of absorbing substances, energy, light, etc. M18. b Physiol. The taking up of fluids or dissolved substances by living tissue; esp. the taking of digested contents of the intestine mto the blood and lymphatic system. M18. 4 Engrossment of the mind or faculties. M19. 5 Mental assimilation.

M20.

L16-E19.

CoNAN Doyle We had come

bait for jack,

absolvitor

.

/3b'z3:pJ(3)n, -'sD:p-/ n. li6. [L absorptio(n-), {. absorpt- pa. ppl stem of absorbere

resolve.

I

.

absorption

acquit, f ab ab- + solvere loosen: cf. assoll.] 1 Set free, discharge, (Jrom or of obligations, liabilities, etc.). lME. f2 Clear up, solve,

etc.).

.

Also -ise.

absolute,

Mi 9. v.t.

1 E. O'Neill The conquered Chinese have already begun to absorb their conquerors. G. Steiner 'ITie realistic novel reached out to absorb every new quahty and locus of experience, be absorbed by lose one's identity in. 2 T. Burnet To be absorpt in a lake of fire and brimstone. 7 R. CHURCH Life had more to offer me than I could absorb. absorba'bility n. the quality of being absorbable L18 absorbable a. able to be absorbed L18. absorbance n. the logarithm of the reciprocal of transmittance; optical density: M20. absorbancy n. the ratio of the optical density of a solution to that of a similar body of pure solvent M20. absorbed a. that absorbed; has been esp. engrossed, intensely interested: M18. absorbedly /-bidii/ adv. M19. absorbedness /-bidnis/ n. L19. absorber n. a person who or thing which absorbs M19 absorbing a. that absorbs, engrossing, esp. all-engaging: M18.

a

/'abs3lu:tiz(3)m, -lju:-/ n. mi8. [f + -ISM, after Fr. absolutisme.] 1

a.

the defender.

genitive absolute:

number:

to

absoluti'zation

lME. [L

very Cloten.

absolute, that

is

is able to be thought of without other things. M19. 2 An absolute thing; an absolute principle or truth. M19. absolutely adv. in an absolute manner or degree; also (stressed on 3rd syll.) used as an emphatic affirmative: yes, quite so: lME. absoluteness n. M16.

fact.

freed, completed, pa. pple of absolvere absolve;

Twas

which

the Absolute, that

1

relation

absentee

ZERO

B

be thought of without

u:

too, 3 ago,

m

my, ao how,

ei

Comb. absorption spectrum a spectrum of electromagnetic radiation transmitted through a substance, characteristically showing lines or bands due to absorption at particular wavelengths, :

absorptive /3b'z3:ptiv, -'sy.p-/ prec. + -rvE.] Having the quality absorp'tivity

n.

a. M17. [{. as of absorbing.

the property of being absorptive; a

measure of this: M19.

absquatulate

/3b'skwDtjoleit/ v.i. US. MI9. [After abscond, squattle perambulate, etc.] Depart, decamp. absquatu'lation n. M19

abstain

/sb'stein/ v.

lME. [AN

Orig. (depart),

joc.

asiener

= OFr.

L abstinere,

f as ABS- + tenere to hold.] f 1 v.refl. Keep or withhold oneself (of, from). lME M16. 2 V.I. Refrain (Jrom); esp. fast (obs.), refrain from alcohol, decline to use one's vote. lME. t3 V.t. Keep back or off. E16-M17. 3 Milton Whether he abstain men from marying. abstainer n. a person who abstains, esp. from eating abstenir

f.

or drinking particular wntings, = Nazarite n}:

abstemious ABS-ous.] {.

things;

older

religious

L abstemius, intoxicating drink: see

/3b'sli:mi3s/ a. E17. [f

+ base of temetum

moderate, not self-indulgent,

Sparing,

esp. in food

in

lME.

and

drink.

Massinger Abstemious from base and goatish looseness Sir W. Scott The meal of the Saracen was abstemious. J. Updike The devout and abstemious Muslim he became. abstemiously ac/u E18 abstemiousness n. E17. P.

abstention

The 2 The

day, so no,

/3b'stEnJ(3)n/

n.

ei6. [Fr., or late

L

abstinere abstain: see -lON.] f I act of keeping back or restraining. E16-M17.

abstentio(n-),

e:

f.

act or state of abstaining or reframing

hair,

13

near,

.ii

boy, u3 poor,

Aia tire,

auo sour

absterge b

EI7.

The

spec.

action or an act of

H9.

declining to cast one's vote.

M

2

Arnold The .

.

'i

^b'sixdj,

ahu-rger or

L

Wipe away;

cleanse.

abstergent

&

j.

Now

v.t.

abslergercy

ri.

(a)

rare. E16.

ABS-

{.

+

f(0)Fr. wipe.]

tergere

cleansing;

adj.

(b)

a

n.

cleansing substance: EI?.

abstersion 3b'st3:J(a)n/ n. lME. med.L ahsiemo{n-), f. L absters- pa. jbstcrgcre: see

The

prec, -ION.]

[(0)Fr., or ppl stem of act or process of a.

r.

ri.

'abstinsns n. ME. [OFr. f L f. as next; see -ence.] 1 Forbearance any indulgence of appetite; sexual continence of (the oldest sense); fasting; abstention from

abstinence dbstinaina,

ME.

The

action or practice of abstaining yrom (or fof) anything. lME. I wtal iibsrincnce: see total a 2 f abstinence of war alcohol.

2 gen.

a truce

Comb.: abstinence syndrome Med. the physical s\-mptoms that appear when a person abruptly stops taking a drug to which he or she is addicted. abstinency n. the practice of abstaining from pleasure, food, etc.; a

abstinent

fast:

L16.

&

lME.

[(0)Fr. f. L abstinent- pres. ppl stem of absttnere abstain: see -ENT.] .\ adj. Practising abstinence. lME. B n.

'abslinsnt

a.

A person who abstains;

n.

a faster.

lME.

'abstrakt a. & n. l.VIE. [OFr., or L pple of abstrahere, {. as ABS- + draw.] A adi. fl Derived, extracted. LME-L15. 2 = ABSTRACTED I. Now rare or obs. lME. 3 Separated from matter, practice, or particular not examples; concrete; ideal; abstracnis pa. trahere

abstruse. lME. b Of art etc.: representational qualities. M19. 4 =

from abstracted free

Now

rare. E16. 3 R CfDWORTH Pure, Abstract, Incorporeal Substances E. Hemingway Abstract words, such as glorv-. honour, courage, or hallow were obscene, abstract noun: denoting a quality or state, b abstract expressionism a movement or style of paintmg, onginating m New York m the 1940s, and often using techniques such as action painting to allow the artist spontaneous freedom of expression. 4 D. H. Lawrence White and abstract-looking, he sat and ate his dinner.

B 1 1 a An abridgement or summary of a book, document, etc. lME. b gen. Something that concentrates in itself the qualities of another greater thing or other things. M16. 2 An abstraction; an abstract term. M16. 3 An abstract painung or other work of an. M20.

& CI. .\ man who is the abstract of men follow 114 absol. That which is abstract; the ideal or theoretical way of regarding things. E17. 'At first a pple as well as ad)., stressed on 2nd syll lb Shakes. Ant. faults

That

all

by aatraaed. abstractly adv. lME. abstractness

n.

L16.

ab'strakt l.ME. [Pardy f. prec; L abstract- pa. ppl stem of abstrahere: see prec] 1 v.t. Separate, disengage, yrow. lME 2 v.t. Withdraw, take away; euphem. steal. L15 tb v.t. Esp. Chem. Extract, distil. E17-E18. ;.r. Summarize, abridge. n6. 4 v.t. Separate in mental conception; consider abstracdy. E17. 5

partly f

&

I.

Withdraw

oneself, retire from,

{lit.

&

M17.

A. Cowley The Importuritics of Company or Business, which would abstract him from his Beloved (Poetry). 2 H. .Martineau TTie public burdens, which abstract a large proportion of profits and wages. F. HoYLE Living plants abstract carbon dioxide and add oxygen to the atmosphere, b J. Marston Poison from roses who could e'er abstract? 4 Gibbon To abstract the notions of time, of space, and of matter. G. Knight To abstract the skeleton of logical sequence 1

W

b but, d dog,

f

Withdrawn from the contemplation of present objects; absent in mind. E17. 2 S. Johnson Abstracted ideas of virtue. 3 S. Kalpfmann Perry turned to him a little thoughtfully, in that abstracted miuiner which indicates that the subject has to be recalled from a distance, abstractedly adv. M17. abstractedness n. M17.

abstraction

L

/ob'slrakJ(3)n/

lME.

n.

[(0)Fr.,

{. abstract-: see ABSTRACT TTie act of taking away; withdrawal; euphem. stealing. lME. 2 A st"te of withdrawal from worldly things or things of the senses. lME. b Absence of mind. L18. 3a The act of considering something independently of attributes, its associations, or concrete accompaniments; the state of being so considered. L16. b A thing so considered; a thing which exists only in idea; something visionary. L16. 4 Freedom from representational qualities in art; an abstract work of art. E20. the revenue,— an abstraction I 1 C. Lamb He robs never greatly cared about. 2 E. WAtiGH Dennis awoke from a deep abstraction, b BoswELL Wrapped up in grave abstraction. 3a J. Wain We had been asked to

or late

abstractio(n-), 1

.

.

drink a toast to success, in abstraction — not success to this or that person, but success itself vicious abstraction: see vicious a. b B. Russell 'The State' is an abstraction; it does not feel pleasure or pain, it has no hopes or fears. 4 M. Shadbolt The paintings were not abstractions. They were landscapes, more or .

few, g get, h he,

j

abstractional

abstractionism

M19.

the pursuit of abstraction(s); csp. the principles or pursuit of abstract art: E20. abstractionist n. a person who deals with abstractions; an advocate or practitioner of abstract art: M19. a.

abstractive

/sb'straktrv/

L

lME.

a.

n.

[med.L

ABSTRACT v., -rvE.] 1 1 Gram. Of a noun: abstract. Only in lME. 2 Of abstracting character or tendency (in senses I, 4, 5 of ABSTRACT v.). LI5. abstractwus,

i.

abstract-: see

aijstractively adv. (long rare) in an abstract manner, in the abstract E17.

abstractum /-la/. M19. ABSTRACT a.

abstruse

/ab'straktam/ «. Usu. in pi. -ta [mod.L, neut. of abstractus: see K. ] Phllos. = ABSTRACT n. 2.

&

/ab'struis/ a. li6. [Fr. abstrus(e) or

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

L

abstnisus pa. pple of ahstrudere conceal, f as abs+ trudere thrust.] f 1 Hidden, secret. L16-M18. 2 Difficult to conceive of or apprehend; recondite.

L16.

abstrusely adv. E17. abstrusity n. (arch.) abstruse: M17. abstrusive or tendency mi 7.

abstruseness

f absume v.t. Li6-mi8. [L absumere, sumere take.] Consume gradually.

absurd

/sb'ssid/ absurdus.] adj. or propriety;

a.

A

1

&

M17

n.

abstruseness; something (rare) of abstruse quality

a.

n.

ab AB-

+

mi6. [Fr. absurde or

L

{.

Out of harmony with reason

incongruous;

inappropriate;

silly. M16. ridiculous, Inharmonious, out of time. Only in E17.

abstract

v.refl.

abstracted /ab'slraktid/ a. M16. [f. prec. + -ED'.] 1 Drawn off, removed; separate, apart from. M16. 2 = abstract a. 3. Now rare. E17. 3

unreasonable;

as pple replaced

fig.).

.MIT-

less.

abstract

all

from

of a grade of clerks in the British Civil Service:

title

,

abstinently adv. L16.

3.

the story of the play. 5 abstracting of consideration.

is

abstractable a. L19. abstracter n. a person who abstracts; a person who makes an abstract or abstracts: LI 7. abstractor n. an abstracter; spec, (now Hist.) as a

v., -ION.]

cleansing or purging. (rare) — absterge u\1E abstersive absterse t = .\BSTERGENT L.ME. abstersiveness n. M17. & .

which

arch, leaving out

and

of abstention

character

renouncement. H. A. L. Fisher The fasting in the the abstention from wine, b H. month of Ramadan, Kissinger In 1969 the Important Question resolution had passed by a wide margin of 71 in favor, 4S against, and 4 abslcnaons abstentionism the fact or policy of abstaining, >,".. in a vole e;o abstentionist ri. a person who abstains or believes in absiaming L19.

absterge

abuse

10

B

n.

1

An

1

absurd thing. E-M17. 2

absol.

is absurd; esp. human existence purposeless, chaotic universe. E20. 2 Theatre of the Absurd: see THEATRE >t.

which

f2 That in

a

absurdism n. the belief that human beings exist in a purposeless chaotic imiverse in which attempts to impose order are frustrated M20. absurdist a. & n. (a) adj. of or pertaining to absurdism; (b) n. an adherent of absurdism; esp. a writer who deals with absurdist themes: M20. absurdly adv. M16. absurdness

absurda

absurdity

L

11.

M16.

n. pi.

see

lME.

prec,

-ITy

[Fr. absurdite or ]

Lack of 2 LME-L17. f

1

rare. harmony, dissonance, Something absurd; an absurd action, statement,

etc. L15. folly.

man,

3

The

state or quality of

being absurd;

E16.

n no, p pen,

r

/ab'sxdam/

PI.

n.

-da

mi9.

/-da/.

[L, neut. sing, ai absurdus ABSURD used as n.] An illogical conclusion or condition. See

absurd or also

REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM.

abubble +

abuilding

or

n.

M20.

pred. a.

Bubbling

I).]

[f.

over

A-^

(with

etc.).

&

/a'bildir)/ adv.

VS. M16.

exc.

&

/3'bAb(3)l/ adv.

BUBBLE

excitement

[f.

pred. a.

Now

+ BUILDING

A prep.^ 7

arch.

«.] In

the process of being built,

abulia

n.

var. of

aboulia.

Abuna

/a'buma/ n. E17. [Amharic f Arab. 'abdna our father.] (The title of) the Patriarch of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church.

abundance

/3'bAnd(3)ns/ n. In sense 5 also ME. [OFr. (h)abundance (mod. abandonee) f. L abundantia, f. as next: see -ance.] 1 A large quantity, plenty; occas. a large number. ME. 2 Overflowing state or condition; superfluity; plentifulness. lME. 3 Affluence, wealth. lME. 4 The relative quantity or number (of a plant, a substance, etc.) present. L19. 5 A call undertaking to take nine or more tricks in

abon-.

solo whist. L19. I Defoe Abundance of good things for our comfort. H. Fielding There are abundance who want a morsel of bread, 2 AV Ps. 105:30 The land brought foorth frogs in abundance De Quincey My thoughts are from the abundance of my heart. 3 AV Ecclus 5:12 The abundance of the rich will not suffer him to sleepe. 4 S. Weinberg A truly primordial deuterium abundance. 5 declared abundance: undertaking to take thirteen tricks with no trump suit, royal .

.

red,

s sit,

I

top, v van,

w

we,

.

.

abundance: with

the suit of the

tumed-up card

as

trumps

^undancy

n.

M16.

abundant pres. ppl

/3'bAnd(3)nt/ a. lME. [L abundantstem of abundare ABOUND: see -ant'.] 1

Overflowing; more than sufficient; plentiftil. 2 pred. Possessing something in superfluity, wealthy. (Foil, by in, fo/.) lME. 3 Alath. Of a number: exceeded by the sum of its divisors (including i but not the number itselO. Opp. DEFICIENT a. 3b. M16. abundantly adv. lME

lME.

abune abura

&

/a'buin/ adv., prep.,

Also aboon.

lME.

/s'bjuira/

n.

n.

Sc.

&

north.

= above.

[Alt.]

E20. [Yoruba.] (A soft pale

wood obtained from) the tree Mitragyna of tropical W. Africa. a-burton adv. see burton «.' 2. abuse '3'bju:s/ n. lME. [(0)Fr. abus

ciliaia

or L f as next.] 1 An improper usage; a corrupt practice. lME. 2 Improper use, perversion, (of). M16. b Rhet. Catachresis. Now rare or obs. L16. f 3 An imposture; a delusion. Reviling; abusive M16-M17. 4 language. Formerly also, a verbal insult. M16. 5 Injury, maltreatment. L16. 6 Violation; defilement. Now only in self-abuse. L16. 1 W. R. Inge Dickens was careful to castigate abuses which were being reformed. 2 J. Collier TTie abuse of a thing is no argument against the use of it. drug abuse etc. 3 Shakes. Haml. Or is it some abuse, and no such thing? 4 R. Dahl A torrent of abuse and obscenity as he had never heard before. 5 child abuse abusus,

etc.

fabusefiil a. full of abuse, abusive abusefiilly adv. in an abusive manner M16.

E17-E18.

/s'bjuiz/ v.t. lME. [(0)Fr. abuser ult. f L abus- pa. ppl stem of abuti, f. ab ab- + uli to

abuse

use.] 1 1 Msuse; make a bad use of; wrongly take advantage of. lME. b spec. Take (a drug) for a purpose other than a therapeutic one. M20. 2 Violate (a person); defile, arch. lME. f3 Misrepresent; adulterate. lME-mi8. f 4 Misuse the confidence of; impose upon; deceive. L15-E19. 5 Maltreat, injure, esp. repeatedly. MI 6. 6 Speak insultingly or imkitidly to or of; malign. E17. 1 M. Frayn I'm in a position of trust and privilege and I take care not to abuse it. 3 H. Fielding He hath grossly abused to you. 4 Milton A misguided been and abus'd Multitude. 5 T. Ftn.LER He that abuseth his servants, giving them too little food or sleep. R. S. Thomas Storming at him / with the eloquence / of was being sexually the abused heart. Times A girl abused by her father. 6 Yeats Ever and always curse him and abuse him. .

of absurdum.

/sb'ssiditi/ n.

absurditas:

absurdum

.

.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

.

.

.

d

this,

i)

.

ring, tj chip,

d3

jar

.

,

.

abusion t II 7 Disuse. &. L15 M16. abusable a, M17. abusage n. abuse, misuse, (ohs. M17, revived M20 by Eric Partridge) M16 abuser n} a person who abuses someone or something lME. • f abuser « [-er'] illegal or wrongful use M17 M18.

Abyssinian

f abusion n. lME 1.17. [OFr. as prec: see -ion.] = abuse n.

L

f.

abusio(n-),

f.

abusively adv. Mi 6. abusiveness

abut

& pred.

f abyssus

abzyme

a.

[f.

a--

V.

end

estate, country, etc.:

lME.

(up)on, fro.

2

butt

at,

v.^] 1

li6. [mod.L f Arab. ubutitun Indian mallow.] A plant or shrub of the chiefly tropical genus Abutilon (belonging to the mallow family), of which there are numerous species bearing showy, usu. yellow, red, or mauve flowers. /a'bjuitilDn/

acacia

/3'bAtm(3)nt/ n. M17. [f. abut + (0)Fr. aboutement.] 1 A pomt of jimction, esp. of a support and the thing supported. M17. 2 Archit. The solid part of a pier, wall, etc., which supports the lateral pressure of an arch, mi 8. 3 Something on which another thing abuts or leans. M18.

&

Also abye. Pa. t. & pple dbycgan, f A-' + blty v., corresp. to Goth, usbugjan.} f 1 v.t. Buy, pay for. OE-E16. 2 v.t. Pay the penalty for, atone for. OE. f b V.I. Pay the penalty, atone. ME-L16. 3 v.t. Pay as a penalty; suffer. lME. 4 = abide (with which aby became formally confused): fa V.I. Endure, remain. LME-L16. b v.t. Endure,

aby

/s'bAi/ V.

abought

arch.

/s'boit/.

L16. 2 E. R. Eddison You shall binerly aby it. 3 W. Morris Thou wouldst abye A heavy fate. 4a Spenser Nought that wanteth rest can long aby. b R. L. Stevenson I never could abye the reek of them.

abysmal

/3'bizm(3)l/ a. M17. [f. prec. + -al'.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling an abyss. Now lit. sense. M17. 2 fig. Bottomless; colloq. extremely bad. E19. 1

rare in

abysmally

abyss

adv. L19.

/a'bis/ n. Orig. in

L form

f abyssus.

lME.

[Late L abyssus I. Gk abussos, f. a- A-'" + bus(s)os depth.] 1 The great deep believed in the old cosmogony to lie beneath the earth; the primal chaos; the bowels of the earth, the infernal pit, hell. lME. 2 A bottomless chasm; any unfathomable cavity or void space. Freq. fig. L16.

abyssal

/3'bis(3)l/ a. MI7. [Late 'Labyssalis, {. as prec: see -al'.] 1 Characteristic of an abyss; unfathomable, mi 7. 2 Of or pertaining to the ocean depths. M19. 3 Geol. Pertaining to or occurring at considerable depths in the earth's

crust; plutonic. L19.

suff.

/s'keijs,

/abi'sinw/ int. slang. M20. [Alt., after the country (see next).] I'll be seeing you! (said on parting) a cat, a:

arm,

e bed,

3:

her,

i

sit,

1

cosy,

i:

see, d hot,

y.

-spl

n.

lME. [L

f.

Gk

/'akadiim/ n. literary. Also A-. L16. academia; partly f. transf use of Gk Akademos: see ACADEMY.] 1 = ACADEMY I, 3. = ACADEMLA. Esp. in the grove{s) of L16. 2

L

[Partly f

Academe. M19. 3 = ACADEMIC n. Shakes. L.L.L. Our court 1 Academe.

2.

be

a

little

/3kad3'mi:z/ n. Usu. somewhat M20. [f ACADEMIC etc. + -BSE.] The style or language of academic scholarship. derog.

academia

/aks'dimis/ n. M20. [L: Academy.] The world of academics; academic environment or community.

f

academian

n.

disciple of Plato;

see the

M16-L17. [f as prec. + -an ] an academic or academician

A

/aka'dsmik/ n. & a. In senses A.i, B.I also A-. M16. [(0)Fr. academique or L academicus, {. academia: see Academy, -ic] A n. 1 A Platonist. M16. 2 A (now spec, senior) member of a university or similar institution; a person engaged or excelling in scholarly pursuits. L16. b In /)/. = academical n. (the more usual term). E19. 3 = academician i. rare. M18. 4 Inp/. Academic studies. US. L20. B adj. 1 Of the school or philosophy of Plato; sceptical. L16. 2 Of or belonging to a university or other institution of higher learning; scholarly. L16. 3 Abstract; unpractical, merely theoretical. L19. 4 Art. Conventional; idealizing; excessively formal. L19. 2 OED Such students wear a distinctive academic dress. H. Cecil The judge had succeeded at the practical side of the law and the professor at the academic, academic year a period of nearly a year reckoned from the time of the main student intake, usu. from the beginning of the autumn term to the end of the summer term. 3 H. G. Wells All this discussion is— academic The war has begun already. S Hill Guessing how long they'd been dead as a question of academic interest. 4 E. H. GoMBRicH

academic

TTie

.

programme of

saw, a run, o put,

u:

(ft)

/-siz(3)m/ n. (a) a tenet of academic the state or qualiry of being academic; /-saiz/ v.t. render (undesirably)

academicize

E17.

academic M20.

academical +

prec.

/ak3'd£mik(3)l/

-al'.]

A

idealizing, of 'beautifying' nature,

too, 3 ago, ai

my, au how,

ei

adj.

academically

a.

&

2.

a.

a.

B

1.16.

li6.

n.

= academic

1

1.16. 2 = ACADEMIC Academic dress. E19.

1.

n.

[f.

rare.

In

pi.

adv. L16.

/akads'mi|(3)n/

M18.

n.

[Fr.

academicien, f. as ACADEMIC: see -ICIAN.] 1 A member of an academy (sense 5), esp. of the Royal Academy of Arts, the Academie franf aise, or the former USSR Academy of Sciences. M18. 2 = ACADEMIC n. 2. rare. M18.

Academy

/s'kadami/ L academia

academie or

Akademos

man

the

Plato's garden

Also a-. lME. [Fr. akadem{e)ia adj., f

n.

Gk

f.

demigod from

or

was named: see

-y'.]

whom

The name

I

of a garden near Athens where Plato taught. lME. 2 Plato's followers or philosophical system, mi 6. 3 An institution of higher learning, e. g. a university; also (esp. Sc.) a secondary school. retained chiefly in names of existing institutions. M16. fig. The knowledge

Now

taught

academy;

an

in

E17-M18. 4

A

a

treatise

on

this.

place of training, esp. in a special

as the Royal Military Academy. L16. 5

art,

A

society for the cultivation of literature, art, science, etc, of which membership is an honour,

the Royal Academy (of Ans). E17. 2 Middle Academy the school of philosophy of Arcesilaus, head of the Academy in the 3rd cent. BC. New Academy the school of philosophy of Cameades of Cyrene, head of the Academy in the 2nd cent. sc. Old Academy the school of philosophy founded by Plato in the 4th cent. EC. Comb. academy figure a drawing, usu. half lifesize, in crayon or pencil, from the nude. 51 Formerly stressed on 3rd syllable. Academism n. ^(a) rare Academic philosophy; \b) esp.

:

(a-) = ACADEMICISM (b): M18. Academist n. an Academic philosopher; a member or student of an

academy; M17. /a'keidisn/ n. & a. Chiefly N. Amer. Acadia (see below), Fr. Acadie + -AN.

Acadian E18.

[i.

Cf. Cajun ] A n. A native or inhabitant of a former French colony on the N. American Atlantic coast which included the present Nova Scotia and some adjacent areas;

Acadia,

French-speaking

a

spec,

M20.

shall

academese

.

Abyssinia

(rarely productive).

academe

abysm

/3'biz(3)m/ n. Also (earlier) fabime. [OFr. abi(s)me (mod. abime) i. med.L abysmus alt. of abyssus abyss by assim. to Gk -istnos -ism ] 1 = abyss i. arch, or poet. ME. 2 = ABYSS 2. Now chiefly literary. L15.

catalytic properties

pseudoacacia, native to N. America and grown in Britain for its scented white flowers, mi 7.

06s. exc. Sc.

ME.

some of the

a(nti)b(ody + antibody (usu.

.

[OE

experience; tolerate.

[{.

akakia shinah tree.] 1 Any of numerous freq. thorny leguminous trees and shrubs constituting the genus Acacia, found esp. ui arid regions of Australia and tropical Africa, with small flowers in spikes or globular clusters Formerly also {Med. ) the congealed juice of imripe seed-pods of the Egyptian acacia, A. nilotica, formerly used as an astringent. Also, a substitute for this made from the juice of green sloes. lME. b Gum arabic. Also gum acacia. E19. 2 More fully false acacia. A robinia tree; spec. Robinia

-ment: cf

pred. a. M19. [f. a-- + buzz /s'bAz/ adv. or ti.'] In a buzz (of excitement); filled with buzzing.

An

Also f-ack, f-aque. [Fr. -aque or L -acus or (the source of both) Gk -akos, -ake, -akon forms of the adj. suff. -kos of or belonging to, in comb. w. ns. in -ia, -ios, -ion, as kardiak-os of the heart.] Forming adjs., as elegiac, maniac, some of which are often also (or only) used as ns. See also -acal.

n.

n.'

1.20.

acquaint.

abutment

abuzz

n.

Biocheni,

/ak, unstressed ak/ pre/,

-ac /ak/

abuttal n. abutment; in pi, the parts where land abuts on neighbouring lands; E17. abutter n. a person who or thing which abuts; spec, an owner of contiguous property; L17.

abutilon

/'abzAim/

different origin, as accloy, accurse, acknowledge,

part of a building

end on or against; lean {up)on at one end. L16. 3 v.t. Abut on (in either sense). M19. etc.:

academicism philosophy;

academician

ME

i

f.

border on. Foil, by

Of

v.i.

sense 2

n.';

according to the standards set by the classical statues. it the neo-classical or 'academic' programme.

We call

&

Assim. form of L ad- bef c (k) and qu. In OFr., L acc- was reduced to ac-, which appears in adoptions, but in later Fr., and hence in Eng., acc- was restored by Latinization, as account, acquit. Hence extended to some words of

f AL (0)Fr. v.i. Of an

lME. [Sense

Infl. -tt-.

as A-* + BUTT abouter, ^abater, f. as A-* + f.

a.

of an enzyme.

ac-

+

only in E17. f Abyssin(e)

«.;

see abyss.

synthetic) having

Mi 7. M.20.

n.

EN)ZYME.]

or v.] Bustling {with), busy.

/a'bAt/

abuttare,

n.

fAbyssian M17 M18.

Earlier n.

in the

/a'bAsCa)!/ adv.

[f.

with grey.

.

n.'

M18.

Abyssinian banana = ensete. Abyssinian cat; of a breed having long ears and short brown hair flecked

abusive language of the Scottish philosophers). 2 T. Nashe The abusive enormities of our times. 4 S. Daniel Th' abusive Shews of Sense,

BUSTLE

a.

inhabitants. L18.

Mi6. [(0)Fr. abusif, -ive or late L abusivus, f. as prec: see -IVE.] 1 Misapplied; improper; Rhet. catachrestic. arch. M16. 2 Full of abuses, arch. L16. 3 Employing insulting language; scurrilous. E17. f 4 Deceitful. E-M17. Given to misusing. Only in M17. 1 W. Hamilton The Reproductive Imagination (or

abustle

&

n.

NE

/s'bjuisiv/ a.

Conception,

/abi'sinian/

Abyssinia (see below) + -an] An. 1 A native or inhabitant of Abyssinia, a country (now officially = Africa. M18. 2 called Ethiopia) in Abyssinian cat below. L19. B adj. Of or pertaining to Abyssinia or its

after

abusive

acanthus

II

descendant

of early

setders in Acadia, living esp. in the Maritime Provinces of Canada or in Louisiana. E18. B adj. Of, pertaining to, or originating from Acadia. E19.

acajou cashew

-acal

/'aksju:/ tree; the

/3k(3)l/

n.

L16. [Fr.: see

]

The

Forming

adjs.

cashew

cashew-nut.

suff.

-AC

[{.

-l-

-al'.]

from adjs. and ns. in -AC (as hypochondriacal) and occas. from adjs. with no corresp. n. (as heliacal); often used to distinguish ns. fi^om adjs. (as

maniac, maniacal).

acalculia calculare

/eikal'kjuiiia/

calculate +

ability to

n.

-ia'.]

calculate, as a

E20.

[f

Med.

A

symptom

a-'" + L dimmished

of cerebral

disorder. n. M19. [f as next + monoclinic or orthorhombic form of silver sulphide, occurring as slender black prisms with a metallic lustre. acantho- /a'kanOso/ comb, form of Gk akantha:

acanthite -ite'.]

/a'kanOAit/

Min.

A

see next, -o-.

acantho cephalan

&

[Gk

kephall head] Zool. of the phylum Acanthocephala, with a thomlike proboscis for of vertebrates L19. attachment to the gut acan'thodian a. & «. (designating or pertaining to) a small spiny-finned fossil fish belonging to the subclass Acanthodii, found esp. in Devonian rocks M19. a.canthopte'rygian a. & n. [Gk pierugion fin, dim. of ptentx wing] Zool. (designating) a spiny-finned fish belonging to the superorder Acanthopterygii M19. acan'thosis n. {Med.) abnormal thickening of the (designating)

a

a.

n.

parasitic

worm

pnckle-layer of the skin L19.

/a'kanBas/ n. mi6. [L i. Gk akanthos, akantha thorn, perh. f ake sharp point ] 1 Any of several erect herbaceous plants belonging to

acanthus f.

day, 30 no,

t:

hair,

la

near,

boy, o3 poor,

ai3 tire,

ao3 sour

a cappella ihe genus Acanihits (family Acanthaceae), having decorative spiny leaves; csp. Acanihus spinosus, native to the Mediterranean region. mi6. 2 Archil. A conventionalized acanthus leaf used to decorate Corinthian and Composite capitals.

MiS. acan'thaceous

id

full

and used

blackboy,

or

grass-tree

Also acc-. M19. [Origin

n.

acaroid resin, gum. A resin Australia from certain kinds of

unkn.] In obtained in

making

in

varnish etc.

acarology + -ology

aks'robdsi

with miles and acarologist

acarus

Gk

E20. [f. as acariasis branch of science that deals

The

]

L19.

n.

n. PI.

A mite,

akan.]

f.

&

a.

li6. [Late

n.

L

or f. A-'" + Pros. (A line of verse that is) not

complete

acatalepsy

akatalektos,

in

its

Gk

f.

akaialepsia,

lepsis

-r-

E17.

n.

a- A-'°

f.

[med.L + kata

a seizing: see -y^.]

Sceptic

Incomprehensibility, as a property of the thing thought of. Phtlos.

a.cata'leptic

{rare)

a.

relating

to

acatalepsy;

incomprehensible: M18.

AN

n. Also ach-. lME. [Eariy OFr. & jcai (later OFr. achat), f. ac{h)ater buy, ult. f L captare seize ] 1 Purchasmg; contract, bargain.

facate

2 In pl. & purchased; provisions not dainties. LiMJE-Liy.

LME-L17.

*^In sense

achate

i

became

collect,

made

sing.

Tilings

in the

house;

n.

f acatour

n.

early

var.

of akathisia.

Also -ter, ach-. ME-M18. [AN acateor (later OFr. achatour),

OFr

& {.

prec, -oitr.] A purchaser of provisions; a purveyor; a caterer. f .-i^hjtour came to be restricted to the title of an see

ac{h)ater.

m

the royal househi.'ld, acatour, -er passed into use and was apheuzed to cater n.' facatery, achatry n. provisions purchased; the storef'om for such provisions: L.VlE-MiS. officer

common

acaulescent

ak. -'!i:s(3)nt/ a.

M19.

a-'"

[f.

CAULESCENT.] Bot. Stemless or apparently

acausal causal

a.

,

]

ei'k3:z(3)l,

Not

acau'saUty

Accadian

a.

a-/

M20.

a.

[f.

^

so. a-'"

+

&

n. var.

accaroid n. var. accede 3k'si:d

of Akkadian.

of acaroid.

confederacy. W. S. .Malgham Veiled threats to induce the Florentines to accede to his demands. 3 J. H.

Burton The Emperor Julian had just acceded to the purple. Joyce Queen Victoria (bom 1820, acceded .

.

1837).

f

(A direction:)

adj.

/ak'sebreit/ v. E16. [L accelerat- pa. ppl stem of accelerare, f ad AC- + celer swift: see Hasten the occurrence of E16. 2 1 v.t. v.t. Quicken, increase the speed of, (a motion or a thing in motion). E17. 3 v.i. Become swifter; begin to move more quickly; cause a vehicle etc. -ATE'.]

to

move more

quickly,

mi 7.

Haldane a

spot of laughter, I am sure, Often accelerates one's cure. 2 Jas. Wood When the successive portions of space continually increase, the motion is said to be accelerated. J. Cheever Paul accelerated the car happily when they escaped from the narrow streets of the villape. 3 J. R. Seeley England's rapidly accelerating aecline. A. Burgess Crabbe accelerated, gave the car all speed. ii. accelerative tending to increase speed, I

J.

B. S.

.

or

L

/3ksEb'reiJ(3)n/

acceleraito(n-),

{.

n.

[(0)Fr.,

L15.

as prec: see -ATION.]

1

The

action of accelerating; the state or condition of being accelerated. L15. b Increased speed. M16. c Of a vehicle: ability to gain speed. E20. 2 The extent to which anything is accelerated; the rate of change of velocity per unit time. M17.

accelerator

M19. [f. person who or

/sk'sEbreita/ -OR.] I gen. 1

n.

ACCELERATE + A thing which accelerates. M19. II spec. 2 A substance used to increase the rate of a chemical process. M19. 3 A device, usu. a pedal, for controlling the speed of the engine of a motor vehicle. E20. 4 Physics. An apparatus for accelerating charged particles to high energies by means of electric or electromagnetic fields. M20. /ak'sebragraif/ n. E20. [f. + -O-GRAPH.] An which produces a graphical

+

ACCELER(ATE

accelerometer record of its measurements, accelerogram «. a graphical record produced by an accelerograph M2o.

accelerometer

/sksEb'rnmita/

n.

E20.

[f.

acceler(ate + -OMETER.] An instrument for measuring the acceleration experienced by a moving or vibrating body,

lME

faccend

v.t. M19. [L accendere rel. to candere to shine: see AC-.] Kindle, set on fire, {111. &jig.).

ppl a. M16-M18. [L accemus pa. pple of accendere (see prec.) + -ed'.] Kindled, set on fire.

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg, xp

/ak'sEnJ(3)n/

Now

n.

rare

or obs.

M17. [L accensio(n-), f. as prec: see -ION.] The action of kindling; the state of being kmdled.

accent

/'aks(3)nt/

n.

lME.

[(0)Fr.,

or

L

ad AC- + canius song ] 1 The way in which something is said; tone; modulation expressing feeling. lME. 2 Prominence given to a syllable by stress or (in some languages) by pitch. L15. 3 A mark used with a letter to show the nature and position of the spoken accent of a word, to show metrical stress, to distinguish the accentus,

f.

quality of a vowel, to distinguish homonyms, etc. L16. 4 The mode of pronunciation pecuhar to an individual, locahty, or nation. L16. b

defining

A

M20. 5

word;

a

English

regional

significant tone or sound; a

word, in pl. also, speech, language, poet. L16. 6 Pros. Rhythmical stress in verse or prose. L16. b Mus. Stress recurring at intervals generally fixed, but variable by syncopation. M17. 7 fig. a Intensity, emphasis; distinctive character; a contrasting detail. M17. b An accentuating touch of hght, colour, etc. M19.

Dryden Mild was Somebody said m I

his accent. L.

M. Montgomery

muffled

accents: 'Merciful goodness!* 3 acute accent, circumflex accent, grave accent, etc. 4 G. Greene He spoke with the faintest foreign accent. D. Abercrombie R. P. is, within England, a non-regional accent. 5 Shakes. Jul. Caes. In states unborn and accents yet unknown Byron In thy gasping throat TTie accents rattle. 7a W. GuRNALL That which gave accent to Abraham's Faith. F.

man, n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

local accents,

design of the components will show b E. Bowen The face had only accents .

.

of shadow.

accent

v. mi6. [OFr. accenter, f. as v.i. (rare) & t. Pronounce with accent or emphasize; Mus. stress (a note etc.). M16. 2 v.t. Mark with written accents. M17. 3 v.t. Pronounce, utter, intone, arch. M17. 4 v.t. = ACCENTUATE 3. MI7. 1 J. Palsgrave I can not accent aryght in the latyn

prec]

/sk'sEnt/

1

stress;

tonge. H. adjective.

W. Fowler Accenting the last syllable in the 3 Sir W. Scott These solemn sounds,

accented by a thousand voices.

accentor

/sk'sents/ n. E19. [Late L, f. ad ac- + cantor singer.] Any bird of the Eurasian genus Prunella (formerly Accentor), which includes the durmock and other small songbirds.

.

quickening E17.

acceleration

accent.

v.t. lME. [L accedere, f. ad AC+ ccdere CEDE: cf. (0)Fr. acceder.} 1 Come forward, approach, arrive (at a place or state). Now rare in gert. sense. lME. 2 Give one's adhesion; join a group, become part of a country etc.; assent or agree {to). lME. 3 Enter upon an office or dignity, esp. a throne 'Foil, by to.) L17. 2 C Thirl WALL Potidaea had already acceded to the

b but, d dog,

&

adv.

&

accelerate

NX'ithout

causal; not causally related.

.M20.

n.

A

atjcl-/ adv., a.,

with gradual increase of speed. E19. B n. Pl. -dos, -di /-di/. A gradual increase of speed; a passage (to be) played with a gradual increase of speed. L19.

accension

see acatour.

n.

acathisia

akssb'randoo,

Mus.

E19. [It.]

u.

Meynell The

the action of acceding L16,

n.

faccensed the regular form, but in

sense 2 acaus predominated and was aphetized to cates (see GATE).

f acater

accedence

accelerando

accelerograph

syllables.

a'katslEpsi

thoroughly

M17. [mod.L

-r.\i/.

a tick.

Gk

f.

CATALECnc]

acaialepsis

-ri

a.kats'kktik

acatalecitcus,

catalectic,

n.

ticks,

'akorss

acatalectic

acceptance

12

top, v van,

w

we,

accentual ACCENT

L

/sk'sentjual/

+

n.

accentually

a. E17. [f accentus -UAL.] Of Or pertaining to accent, M19.

adi>.

accentuate

/ak'sentjueit/ v.t. M18. [f. med.L accentual- pa. ppl stem of acceniuare, f. as prec: see -ate'. Cf. Fr. accentuer.] 1 = ACCENT v. I (the commoner term). M18. 2 = accent v. 2.

rare. M19. 3 fig. Mark emphatically; heighten; make conspicuous. M19. accentuation /aksEntju'eiJ(3)n/ n. L15. [In isolated early use med.L accentuaiio(n-), f. as prec; later (E19) prec. + -ion.] 1 The (.

f.

marking of accent or

stress in speech. L15. 2 of pronunciation; vocal modulation. E19. 3 The notation of accents in writing. M19. 4 fig. Emphasizing, bringing into prominence. L19. 1 O. Jespersen Children learn the accentuation as well as the sounds of each word 2 Sir W. Scott A

Mode

.

.

stfbng provincial accentuation,

/ak'sept/ v.t. & (arch.) 1. foil, by of. Pa. pple accepted, (earlier) f accept. lME. [(0)Fr. accepter or L acceplare frequent, of acctpere, {. ad AC- + capere take.] 1 Take or receive with consenting mind; receive with favour or approval. lME. 2 Receive as adequate or valid; admit; believe; tolerate; submit to. lME. 3 Undertake (an office), take upon oneself as a responsibility. E16. 4 Comm. Acknowledge the receipt of and agree to pay (a bill or draft), mi 7. 5 Of an inanimate object: physically receive or accommodate, absorb, (another object, energy, data, etc.). e2o. 1 M. Pattison The husband she had thoughtlessly accepted. Joyce Mr Mulligan accepted of the invitation. E. O'Neill Accept my gratitude for your warning absoi: T. S. Eliot A great many more accepted Than we thought would want to come, accept the person of, accept persons: see PERSON n. 2 Geo. Eliot These fellow-mortals must be accepted as they are. G. B. Shaw Parents and priests may forbid knowledge to those who accept their authority. Times The report is by a working party and has yet to be accepted by the council itself B. Lovell TTie theory of general relativity was accepted half a century ago. accept a luooden nickel, wooden money see WOODEN a. accept service of a writ agree to consider a wnt validly served. 4 ahsoL: T. Hood I'm free to give my I.O.U., Sign, draw, accept, as majors do. 5 British Medical Bulletin The computer can accept data only in a highly structured (digital) form. Railway Magazine

accept

.

.

The

ceiling

,

.

is

designed to accept the fluorescent

lighting tubes.

accepted, f accept

f(a) acceptable; (b) well

adjs.

lME.

acceptedly adv. Ll6. adv. in an accepting L19. acceptive a. suitable for acceptance; ready to accept, receptive: LI5. received,

approved:

accepter

n.

Mi6 acceptingly

manner

acceptability acceptabilitas,

{.

/sksEpts'biliti/ «.

L

M17. [Late

acceptabilis: see next, -itY; later

see -ability.] acceptable.

next:

The

quality

of

f.

being

/3k's£pt3b(3)l/ a. lME. [(0)Fr. f. f. accepfare accept t;.: see -able.] accepting; likely to be accepted; pleasing,

acceptable

late Laccepwii/is,

Worth

welcome;

tolerable.

the acceptable face of. see FACE n. 5|Orig., and in poetry until 20,

stressed

on

1st

syllable.

acceptableness

n.

E17.

acceptably adv. M16.

acceptance

/3k's£pt(3)ns/ n. mi6. [OFr.: see -ance.] 1 Favourable reception (of or ideas); approval; assent, beUef. M16. 2 gen. The act or fact of accepting.

accept

persons,

v.,

things,

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 9 thin,

d

this,

13

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

acceptant

acceptance. M. Faraday The assertion finds acceptance in every rank of society, f acceptance of

persons = acception of William

.

.

persons. 2 E. A. Freeman have pressed the acceptance of the

may

crown on Eadward. E. O'Neill Her face now a fatalistic mask of acceptance. 3 Browning A man of such acceptance. 4 J. Selden She first brought Austin into acceptance with the King. acceptancy n. favourable reception; willingness to receive: EI 9.

acceptant

/3k'sept(3)nt/ n.

&

L16. [Fr., pres.

a.

pple of accepter ACCEPT v.: see -ant'.] f A n. A person who accepts. L16-L17. B adj. Willingly accepting {of); submissive. M19.

acceptation

/aks£p'teij(3)n/ n. late Lacceprarw(n-), f. as ACCEPT

lME. t>.:

[(0)Fr. see-ATiON.]

= ACCEPTANCE I. LME. \2 = ACCEPTANCE LME-L17. 3 = ACCEPTANCE 4. arch. L16. 4

f.

1

2.

A

sense, or the generally recognized meaning, of a word or phrase. E17. f5 = ACCEPTANCE 5. Only in E17. particular

acceptilation /3ks£pti'leiJ(3)n/ n. MI 6. [L acceplilatio{n-) f. accepium

Now

rare.

, receipt + the formal proposal of a law.] Rom. Latv. Release from a debt by an acquittance without

laiio

payment. Also fig.

free remission of sins.

Now

acception

rare. lME. [L /3k'sEpJ(3)n/ n. acceptio(n-), {. as accept v.: see -ion. Partly f. Opr.] 1 The action of accepting. lME. 2 =

acceptation 1

f

4.

acception

M16. of persons or faces

favourable

reception of personal advances, favouritism.

/ak'septa/ n. lME. [In earliest use f acceptour f. L acceptor, later replaced by or accepter, but restored esp. in refash. as specialized senses: see accept v., -or ] 1 A person who accepts, rare in gen. sense. lME. b spec. A person who accepts a bill. M17. 2 Chem. & Physics. An atom or molecule which receives electrons or which can combine with another (specified} atom or molecule. E20. b An

AN

impurity atom in a semiconductor which has fewer valency electrons than the majority of atoms and effectively contributes a conducting hole to the material. M20. /'akses/

accessus,

ACCEDE.] after

A

w.

ME.

illness.

16.)

n.

&

v.

f

b

1

[(0)Fr. acces or L stem of accedere (sudden) coming on of

ME.

ppl

pa.

access-

f.

A

An

spec.

LME-L19.

ague

^2

fit.

(Chiefly into

Coming

dial.

the

presence of or into contact with (foil, by to); approach, entrance. LME-E19. 3 Adminance (to the presence or use of). lME. b spec. The action of process of obtainmg stored documents, data, etc. M20. 4 Being approached. lME. Coming to work or business. L16-M17. 6 A coming as an addition, arch, (replaced by accession). L16. 7 Coming towards someone or something; advance, arch. E17. 8 A way or means of approach or entrance (lit. & fig.). E17. t9 = ACCESSION 6. M17-M18. 10 [After Fr.] An outburst of anger or other emotion. L18. I E. F. Benson A violent access of hay-fever. 2 Pope Safe from access of each intruding power. 3 D Halberstam The few favored reporters who gained access to him and to his inner circle. K. Amis He had access to as much dnnk as was good for him. b open random access, access, etc. Boswell Lord 4 easiness of access. 5 T. May The Accesse and meeting agam of the Parliament. 6 Milton I from the influence of thy looks receive Access in every virtue. 7 J. Healey The Sunnes accesse and departure. 8 R. Adams The only access to the lower city is through the Peacock Gate W. Chesterfield's

.

Stevens Knowledge is TTie only access to true ease. 9 Charles I: Our Accesse to the Crowne 10 J. .

access of powerful fresh feelings. Comb.: access broadcasting, television: undertaken by members of the public by arrangement

with 'oroadcasung companies; access course an educational course enabling those without traditional qualifications to become eligible for higher education, access road a road giving access to a place or to another road; a slip-road; access television: see access

arm,

£

bed,

a:

AC- + cadere to

B v.t. Gain access to (spec, data etc. held in a computer or computer-based system, or such a system). M20. 51 The mod. stressing is attested from the beginning,

An

but stress on the 2nd

accessary accessarius,

L

f.

= ACCESSORY

B

Mi6.

was prevalent 16

syll.

/ak'sesari/

adj.

ACCESSORY

n. 1

f

a. 2.

&

n.

a.

18.

lME. [mcd.L

prec, -ary'.]

access-: see

A

«.

1

= ACCESSORY n. I. = ACCESSORY a. i. mi6 L17. 2 =

LME.

2.

2

L16.

Etymologically, accessary is the n. and accessory the but the rwo have been used interchangeably in from the beginning. ACCESSORY is now increasingly used in all contexts, adj.,

Eng.

accessible late

L

L

{.

[(0)Fr., or access, -ible.] entered, influenced,

access-: see

Able to be reached, tmderstood, etc. lME. 2 Able to be used as an 1

Now

rare. E17. access. 1 accessible to able to be reached etc. by; open to the influence of 2 Milton With one ascent Accessible

from earth. accessibleness

M18. accessibility n. accessibly adv. L19.

accession

L

/3k'sEj(3)n/

f

accessio(n-),

n.

E19.

n.

v. L16. [(0)Fr., or access, -ion.] A «. I

1 Something which is added; an augmentation, an increase. L16. 2 Adherence; assent; formal acceptance of a treaty etc. E17. 3 addition. M17. 4 Law. Artificial Joining; improvement or natural growth of a property. M18. 1 S. Johnson He will be a very honourable accession

Result.

[to the club]. 3 T. patience.

Adams

TTie accession of piety to

Action. 5 The action of coming near, approach; admittance. Formerly also, advance, arrival. E17. 6 Entering upon an office or dignity (esp. a throne) or condition. M17. 5 T. Stanley The accession of the Sun from Tropick to Tropick. fill 7 An onset of illness, powerful feeling, etc. E17-E19. B v.t. Record the addition of (a book etc.) to a library. L19.

accessional

accessory

a.

M17.

/3k's£s(3)ri/ n.

her,

i

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, d hot,

d:

An

1

&

a.

A

thing that event, obs. in gen. sense. lME. b I

event that is without apparent cause or unexpected; an unfortunate event, esp. one causing injury or damage. I.ME. 2 Chance, fortime. lME. f3 Med. An imfavourable symptom. lME L17. •|-4 A casual appearance or effect. lME mi 8. 5 An irregularity in the landscape. M19. lb C. Day Our race may be an accident, in a meaningless universe. M. Spark She had been killed in an accident, the chapter of accidents the unforeseen course of events. 2 S. Johnson Nature probably has some part in human characters and accident has some part, by accident by chance, unintentionally. 5 J. R. Lowell Accidents of open .

.

II Something present but not necessarily so, and therefore non-essential. 6 Logic. A property

or quahty not essential to a substance or object.

lME.

A

change of form to which words number, case, gender, etc. Usu. in pi. arch. M16. 8 gen. A non-essential accompaniment; a mere accessory. E17. 7 Gram,

are subject, as to express

8 Disraeli With all the bnlliant accidents of birth, and beauty, and fortune. W. W. Greg The 'accidents' of presentation, the spelling, punctuation, and other .

&

access-: see

happens.

sec -ENT.]

fall:

green.

lME.

/3k'sesib(3)l/ a.

accessibilis

lME. [med.L

accessonus adj., f. L access-: see access, -ory'. Partly through (0)Fr. accessoire.] A n. \ An additional or subordinate thing; an adjimct, an a minor fitting or attachment; a small article of (usu. a woman's) dress. Now usu. in pi. lME. 2 A person who helps in or is privy to any act, esp. a crime. lME. 2 accessory before, ai^er, the fact Latv (now Hist.) a person who helps to plan, conceal, a crime. B adj. 1 Of a thing: additional; subordinately contnbuting, dispensable; adventitious. E17. 2 Of a person: acceding to; participant, privy (to, esp. a crime). E17. 1 accessory mineral Geol. a constituent mineral present in small quantity and not taken mto account in identifying a rock, accessory nerve Anat. either of the eleventh pair of cranial nerves, which supply certain muscles in the neck and shoulder. % See note s.v, accessary. accessorial /akse'ssiria!/ a. of the nature of an accessory; supplementary: E18 accessorily adv. additionally; in the manner of an accessory lME accessorize v. & i. provide or provide (oneself) with an accessory or accessones M20.

accompaniment;

.

scribal or typographical details.

Comb.: accident-prone a. predisposed or Ukely to cause or suffer an accident.

accidented

(now

adv.

accidentally

lME.

accidental

by

characterized

a.

accidently

exc.

rare

/aksi'd£nt(3)l/

&

a.

n.

accidents L19. misspelling)

as

lME.

[Late

L

prec, -al'.] A adj. 1 Logic. Not essential to a substance or object. lME. 2 gen. Incidental; subsidiary. lME. 3 Pertaining to chance; casual; occasional. E16. 4 Happening by chance, imdesignedly, or accidentalis,

f.

accident-: see

imexpectedly. L16. 2 S Johnson Those accidental benefits which prudence may confer on every state, accidental sharp, flat, natural Mus.: signs attached to a single note to mark a temporary change in pitch, not in the key signature 3 SHAKES. Meas. for M. Thy sm's net accidental, but a trade. 4 Joyce Matthew F Kane (accidental drowning, Dublin Bay). B «. 1 Something non-essential or subsidiary. E17. 2 Mus. An accidental sharp, flat, or natural.

M19. 3 Omith. = VAGRANT acciden'tality

the

n.

n. 3.

quality

M20. or

of being

fact

Ml 7.

accidental

essentially; (b)

accidentally adv. nonf(a) by accident: lMlE accidentalness n.

L17.

accidie

accidia

alt.

Now

torpor, apathy.

^Obs

ME. [AN = OFr. accide f of late L acedia.] Sloth,

/'aksidi/ n.

med.L

also, black despair.

after E16; revived

accidious

a. (rare)

accinge /ak'smds/ gird

accingere

m

L19

lME

Now

v.refl..

M17. [L

rare.

Prepare

(oneself).]

action;

for

apply oneself n. E19. [L = hawk, bird of bandage for the nose, resembling a hawk's claw. Only in 19. 2 Omith. Orig., any bird of prey of the order Accipitres (now called Falconiformes), which excludes owls. Now, any

accipiter prey.] ^

\

/ak'sipit3/

A

of the relatively short-winged, long-legged birds of prey belonging to the genus Accipiter and typified by the sparrowhawk and the goshawk. E20. accipitral 12. hawklike; rapacious; keen-sighted: M19.

i.

acciaccatura

/atjaka'tuars,

at

foreign

-ture /-'tu:re/. E19. [It., crush.] Mus. A grace-note performed quickly before an essential note of a ,tjakka'tu:ra/ f acciaccare

n.

PI. -s,

to

accidence /'aksid(3)ns/ «.' Now rare or obs. lME. [OFr. late L accidentia: see next, -ence (.

Chance;

/ak'sipitr/vin/ a. M19. [Fr., f L prec, -INE'.] 1 Omith. Pertaining to or designating birds of the family Accipitridae, which includes most birds of prey other than

accipitrine accipiter. see

owls, falcons,

and

New World

mi 9. 2

vultures,

Accipitral. L19.

melody.

]

a fortuitous

circumstance,

a

mishap.

.

Heller An

a cat, u:

broadcasting above; access time Computing the time needed to retrieve stored information.

II

acceptor

access

acclaim

13

whether as a pleasure, a satisfaction of claim, or a duty. L16. 3 Acceptableness. L16. 4 The state or condition of being accepted. M17. 5 Comm. A formal engagement to pay a bill when due; an accepted bill. L17. 6 = acceptation 4. rare. E18. I Shakes. Merch. V. I leave him to your gracious

accidence

/'aksid(3)ns/ n.' ei6. [Late accidentia neut. pi. pres. pple of accidere taken fern, sing.: see next, -ence.] 1 The part grammar which deals with the variable forms words (inflections etc.). E16. 2 The rudiments any subject. M16.

accident

/'aksid(3)nt/

accident- pres. ppl

saw, a run, o put,

n.

stem of

u: too, 3

ago,

L

[(0)Fr.

f.

L

happen,

f.

ad

ei

.

.

of of of

lME.

my, ao how,

M17. accited all that were I G. Chapman Our heralds an Endamag'd. 2 JONSON To accite So ravenous .

as

accidere

ai

v.t. L15. [L accit- pa. ppl stem oi accire, f ad AC- + ciere to call: see cite v.} \ Summon. L15-L17. 2 Excite. L16-M17. 3 Quote. Only in

faccite

Appetite. 3 Scriptures.

Donne

Accited for examples

.

.

in

.

the

/3'kleim/ v. & n. Ei6. [L acclamare, f. ad AC- + clamare to shout, with spelling assim. to CLAIM n., v.] \ v. f 1 v.t. Lay claim to. Sc. &

acclaim north.

day, 3u no,

e:

E16-E18. 2

hair,

la

near,

oi

v.i.

Express approval; shout

boy, U3 poor,

\is tire,

aoa sour

acclamation Applaud, welcome applause. E17. 3 v.t. enthusiasacally, extol, mi 7. b v.t. (w. compl.) Hail as, M18. 4 t:i. Shout, call out. L17. B «. t • Acclamation; M16-M17. 2 A -laim. enthusiastic praise; a shout of applause or welcome,

.Ml 7,

acdalmer

.M19,

n,

akl5'nieiJ(o)n/

j,\'/jmjrnHH-), jccljman-. see

acclamat-

f,

mi6. [L stem of

n.

ppl

pa.

prec, -AnoN.] 1 An act of acclaiming; a shout of approbation or welcome. Now usu. in pi. M16, b An election by acclamation tsee sense 3 below). A'. Amcr. mzo, t2 Rhci. A bnef isolated sentence emphasizing what precedes it. M16-M17. 3 The action of acclaiming; loud or eager assent or approval; shouting in a person's honour. L16. 3 by acclamation (chiefly A'. Amcr.) unanimously, wnthout nccii for a vote. acclamatory 3'klam3l(a)n

acclamauon

Li".

acclimate a'klMmst

&

v.t.

Now

1.

L18, [Fr. acclimaier, f. as A-^ ACCLl.SLATIZE. accliraa'tation n. (now rare) =

acclimatement .)kirmeiji,,i1n

US.

accli.watization

acclimation

EI9.

(rare)

n.

chiefly

+ climate.] =

= acclimatization £19,

n.

acclimatize .M19.

expressing

a.

3'klAmwtAiZ'

v.t.

&

1.

Also -ise.

+ -IZE.] Habituate, become new climate or environment,

as prec.

[f.

habituated, to a acclimati zation

acclivity

.^119,

n,

s'kliviti

acclimatizer

[L

E17,

n.

n.

M19,

acclivitas,

f

f ad AC- + clivits a slope: see -ity.] An ascending slope. acclivitous a. E19. acclivous a. (now rare) [{. L jcclh-is, -us,

see -ous] .MI8.

Otv/rt-us:

accloy

s'kl.'>i

cncloer

Pnck

Now

v.t.

med.L

{.

arch. rare.

indavare,

lME. [OFr.

clavus a nail.] f

{.

1

horse) wnth a nail in shoeing; lame, lAIE-eiS, 2 Stop up (an aperture); obstruct, Overfill; burden, oppress. clog, choke. lME. lME-ei-. 4 Disgust, become offensive to. M16. (a

faccoast

var. of

v.

accost

D

.

rare (Spenser).

v.i.

(mod.

accilUr

accueilUr)

Only in L16. [OFr. Gather together,

collect.

'aksleid, aks'laid, -kaol-/ n.

&

E17. collum

v.

Prov. acolada^ ult. f L ad AC- + neck: see -ade.] A n. 1 The salutation marking the bestow al of knighthood, at diff^erent times an embrace, a kiss, or (now the usual form) a stroke on the shoulder with the flat of a sword; fig. the bestowal of praise, an acknowledgement of vertical line or brace, used ment, E17. 2 Mus. to couple two or more staves. E19. f.

A

1

M

Be.M)LE

scientist

B

a

Nobel

Prize

the top accolade a

is

,

,

—

accommodativeness n, M19, accommodator n, person who or thing which accommodates; US temporary domestic help: Mi 7, accommo'datory

a a a.

accommodation or adaptadon E20,

characterized by

accotmnodation /3kDni3'deiJ(3)n/ [(0)Fr., or L accommodatio{ri-), f as

E17.

n.

prec: see -ation.] 1 Something which supplies a want or ministers to one's comfort. E17. 2 sing. & (now

1:1.

Embrace or

1

kiss in salutation,

rare.

Confer an accolade on {lit. & fig.). M20. faccoil v.t. LME-M16. [OFr. acoler, (later) ac roller, (mod. accoler): cf. prec] Throw the arms round the neck of, embrace. s'kold a. ei8 [f as prec. + -ed'.] VC'reathed, esp. about the neck; gorged.

accolled accollee

s'knli a. E18. [Fr., fem. pa. pple of see ACCOLL.] Her. fl = ACCOLLED, E18 1. 19. 2 Of two shields: placed side by side L19,

accoUer.

f accommodate pa. pple,

f.

a.

E16-L18. [L accommodaius

as next: see -ate-.] Suited; suitable,

fitting.

accommodate

^'komadeit/ v. M16. [L accommodat- pa. ppl stem of accommodare, f ad AC- + eommodus fitting: see -ate".] f ' ^' Ascribe fittingly (a thing to a person). M16 L17 2 v.t. Adapt (one thing or person to another), M16 tb v.i. Adapt oneself to. L16-L17. c v.t. Adapt to; allow for; take account of; satisfy (a need etc.). L18. 3 v.t. Equip or supply (esp. a person, with). L16. b v.t. Provide lodging or room for; allow space or time for. L16, c v.t. Oblige, confer a favour on. M17. 4 f.f. Reconcile (things or persons); settle (differences etc.); bring to agreement. L16. b v.i. Come to terms. Ml 7. 5 v.t. Show the correspondence of (one thing to another); make or make appear consistent Foil, by to (for unto, with). E17. +6 b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

door.

fig.

:

got up to

accompany

Hamerton A

G,

P,

,

,

his patient to the

dejeuner a la fourchette,

accompanied by half a botde of Bordeaux, 5 Day Lewis Knos would sing, accompanying herself on the harmonium, S, Hill A harmonica, which he used to accompany their songs, accompanable a. (now arch, rare) sociable, companiable M16, accompanied a. (a) Mus. having an instrumental accompaniment; (ft) escorted; Mil. (of a tour etc) on which families are allowed to accompany mihtary personnel: L18. accompanier n. M18 accompanyist n. = accompanist M ,

,

1

accomplice

a'kom-/

/a'kAniplis,

mi6.

n.

[Alt.

prob. by assoc. w. prec] An associate in guilt; a partner in crime. joe: Shakes. ; Hen. VI Success unto our valiant general, and happiness to his accomplices! accompliceship n. (rare) the state of being an

of COMPLICE,

accomplice; criminal assistance: E19.

accomplish

/a'kAmpliJ, a'knm-/ v. lME. [OFr. lengthened stem of acomplir (mod. L ad AC- + complere fill, complete: see -ISH^.] 1 v.t. Fulfil, perform, carry out. lME. f b v.i. Carry out a design, rare. L15-E16. 2 v.t. Bring to an end, complete, (a work). lME. b Reach the end of (a time, a distance). L16. 3 v.t. Perfect in mental acquirements or personal acomplissacc-), ult.

f.

graces; finish arch. LI 6.

lME. 4

off.

Equip completely.

v.t.

AV is sweet He had seen the man for only an hour or so, but he'd accomplished enough to make the memorandum sound as if it covered an afternoon 2 R, HOLINSHED The abbeie of Abmgton also he accomplished, b AV Dan. 9:2 He would accomphsh seuentie yeeres in the desolations of lerusalem W, H, Prescott He had accomplished half a league or more, 3 T, Fuller Nothing accomplisheth a man more than learning, 4 Shakes, Hen. V The

US) in pi. Room and provision for the reception of people, lodgings; living premises. E17. 3 An arrangement of a dispute; a settlement; a mi 7. 4 TTie action of compromise. accommodating or the process of being accommodated; adaptation, adjustment. M17. 5 Adaptation to a different purpose, function, or meaning. E18. 6 Self-adaptation; obligingness; a favour. M18. 7 The action of supplying with

I 13:19 The to the soule, S, Kauffmann

what

armourers accomplishing the knights, accomplishable a. able to be accomplished L18. accomplished a. flilfilled; completed; perfect, esp, in acquirements, clever; well trained or educated: lME,

IS requisite, rare. M18. 8 Pecimiary aid in an emergency; a loan. L18. Reynolds The regular progress of cultivated Ufe 1 J

from

is

necessaries

accommodations,

to

ornaments,

to

2

A,

from

Powell The 3 H, Wilson

squalid, accommodation was a bit Trying to reach an accommodation with the Liberal leader, 4 D, Brewster The accommodation of the eye ,

the distinct vision of external objects, 6 W, FAtn,KNER Wherever you could take us, it would be a big accommodation, 8 D Runyon I do not care to extend such accommodauons over any considerable period, Conih.

accommodation address: used on letters to person unable or unwilling to give a permanent

a

:

accommodation accommodation

address, credit;

between

alongside;

etc

NZ: on

bill: for raising

ladder:

for

accommodation paddock

drovers

money on

allowing

access

and from a small boat

a ship's decks, or to

Austral.

&

keep

stock overnight; in giving access to a place not

to

accommodation road:

can receive,

.M19. 2

Htr

,

.

to

accolade [Fr,

.

.

,

faccoil

.

He

Christie

v.t.

Facilitate, aid. E17 E18. 2 Brewster The power of accommodating the eye to different distances. R. W. Chapman Persien was accommodated to the regular -ian. C. Freeman The reason she had no social life was because she couldn't accommodate herself to anyone. 3 Defoe Wax candles to accommodate us with light, b J. Conrad The other buildings served only to accommodate the numerous household, B, Pym The space that had once accommodated the four of them. Television programmes are always Independent long accommodate minutes to about 29 announcements, links, etc, c M, L, King I was having press conferences three times a week in order to accommodate the reporters and ioumalists. 4 Ld Macaulay The dispute had been accommodated, b Evelyn They must accommodate with His Majesty. accommodable a. (now rare) able to be accommodated, suitable L16. accommodating a. to deal with; compliant: L18. obliging; easy accommodatingly adv. E19. 'accommodative a. able accommodate M19, or to tending

accommodauons

v.

f7

Fit (a thing) for use; repair. E17-E19.

v.t.

,

acclamation

accord

14

a public road,

accommodational accommodation; accommodation:

a.

(ft)

(good) affording f(a) of or pertaining to

E19,

accompaniment

/a'kAmp(3)nim(3)nt/ n. E18, [(0)Fr, acconipagtiement, f as next: see -ment.] 1 Mus. The subsidiary part(s), usu. instrumental, supporting a solo instrument or voice, a choir, etc. ei8. 2 geii. Something that accompanies; an appendage. M19.

accompanist /a'kAmpanist/ n. -1ST.] A person who or accompanies;

accompanying part

accompany accompagner, assim. to

in

music. v. lME. + COMPANION

/s'kAmpani/ as

{.

A-''

v.t.

&

t.

Keep company

&

v.t.

later

v.]

person) with, supplement with. Associate or unite oneself with.

LME-M18. 4

[(0)Fr. m.',

f 1 v.t. Add or join to. Join or imite (a thing, fa

COMPANY

LME-L16. 2

v.i.

which thing taking the

performer

the

esp.

M19. [f next +

lME. fb refl. LME-M17. f3

{with); cohabit (with).

Convoy,

escort,

attend,

go

desire accomplished

Prov.

accompUsher

n.

E17,

accomplishment lME.

/3'kAmpliJm(3)nt, s'kom-/

+

prec. accomplissement.} 1 [f.

-ment,

M16. 3 achievement, an attainment; an acquired L16. 4 Something that finishes off or equips completely (formerly including bodily equipment); now usu. a social skill or grace (passing into sense 3). EI7. skill.

accompt

-ant

n., v.,

&

a.

accord

5

v.t.

phenomenon;

m man,

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

h., v.,

ME, [OFr, acord (mod. acc-), Reconciliation; concurrence of opinion, will, or action. ME. 2 A formal act of /s'kxd/

next.]

as

{.

n.

1

a treaty. ME. 3 Harmonious of colours or tints; correspondence, as agreement in pitch and tone; harmony. lME. 4

reconciliation;

Long

Assent; consent.

own

one's

exc. in of (ffcy, fow) volition. lME. 5

obs.

own

accord, of one's

Law. An agreement to accept something in exchange for giving up the right of action. E17. CowPER Harmony and family accord. 1 Wordsworth With due accord Of busy hands and

W

steps, f be of (or at) (or fof) one

back and forward agree

(with),

with

accord (with) accord with

unanimity, 3 E, Bowen I did not put place or ame of the fiineral in The Times; m accord with general feeling that it should be strictiy private,

accord acc-),

/s'kDid/

L

f.

v.

ad AC-

OE. [OFr.

(mod.

acorder

after concordare

CONCORD

v.'\

Brmg

agreement; (persons) into fl reconcile (a person, oneself) with another. OE. 2 v.i. Come to an agreement or to terms; be at one; agree. OE. 3 v.t. Settle (a quarrel, a v.t.

difference),

consent,

arch.

to.

ME. f4

ME-E19. 5

(a

lME.

see Accotnvrr

>i.

accountant.

characterize, H7, 2 Joyce With what meditations did Bloom accompany his demonstration? 3 Ld Berners Suche as accompanyeth with man-killers, P, Sidney To bid her go home and accompanie her solitarie father, 4 A,

fig.).

arch.

An

harmony, be consistent,

(lit.

compleuon,

Fulfilment,

consummation. lME. 2 Perfection,

Mus. Support (a singer, player, melody, etc.) by performing a subsidiary, usu. instrumental, part. L16. 6 v.t. Go with as an attribute or attendant with

n.

Fr.

after

impers.

in

if

accords,

it

Of

v.t.

Attune

(to).

accordable

a.

to a

be

things:

ME. f6

(with).

accorded,

suitable or proper. lME-mi6. upon, arrange. LME-L17. 8 v.t.

request etc.,

Agree, assent,

v.i.

v.i.

v.t.

f7

Agree

person); award.

in v.i.

or was

is

it

to,

Agree grant

lME.

f9

L16-M17. t(o)

accordant;

(ft)

reconcilable:

lME. accorder n. a person who agrees or bestows M19. accordment n. (now rare) reconcilement ME.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 9 thin,

this,

Vj

ring.

If

chip, d3 jar

accordance accordance

ME.

[OFr. Agreement;

«.

f. as prec: see -ance.] I conformity; harmony. Esp. in in accordance with. ME. 2 The action of granting. M19.

acordance,

accordancy

a condition or state of agreement;

n.

harmony: L18.

accordant

/9'kn:d(3)nt/

ME.

a.

prec:

[OFr. acordam

-ant'.] 1 In accordance or agreement with; compatible with. Also (now rare) foil, by to. ME. 2 absol. fa Agreemg in character or circumstances; sixitable. ME-E17. b Agreeing in external action or motion; esp. (of sounds) harmonious. lME. f c Agreeing or concurring in mind. Only in L16. accordantly adv. lME.

pple,

pres.

according V.

as

f.

&

/s'knidiri/ a.

+ -ING^] A

adj.

f

see

accord

[{.

Corresponding

pred.

1

ME.

adv.

ME-M16. 2 absol. Agreeing in nature or lME. fS Appropriate, fitting. LME-L17.

to.

action.

2 Tennyson Harder the times were and the , according hearts of men Seemed harder too B adv. 1 according to, in a manner consistent with or a degree proportioned to; as formulated by, as stated by. lME. b absol. According to .

circumstances,

Now

3 according in

as;

which of certain

.

M19. 2 = accordingly

colloq.

rare. L15.

in proportion

a

3.

as, exactly as, just as;

matmer depending on

alternatives

true. E16. according to Cocker, see CoCKER n.' according to I plan: see PLAN n. 2 L. MacNeice In the second taxi the clock showed sixpence extra, he tipped according, is

.

accordingly

ME.

/s'koidiqli/ adv.

[f.

prec.

.

+

-LY^] fl Harmoniously, agreeably. ME-E16. 2 Becomingly, duly, properly. Long rare. lME. 3 In accordance with the logical premises; correspondmgly. L16. 4 In natural sequence, in

due course; Phrases:

so. L17.

accordingly as according

as.

&

accordion

/s'ksrdian/ n. a. M19. [G Akkordton, f It. accordare tune (an instrument).]

A n. A portable musical instrument consisting of bellows, metal reeds, and a keyboard and/or buttons. M19. See also piano accordion. B attrib. or as adj. Folding like the bellows of an accordion. L19. accordion pleat, -pleated adj., accordion wall, etc. accordionist n. L19.

accost

/a'kost/

accostare, ult.

i.

v. & n. L ad AC-

L16.

+

accoster

[Fr.

It.

f.

casta rib, side. Assoc.

w. coast. 1 A V. Also faccoast. f 1 v.i. & t. Lie alongside, border (on). L16-M17. +2 v.t. Go alongside of li6-ei7. 3 v.t. Approach for any purpose; assail, face. arch. L16. 4 v.t. Approach and speak to, esp. boldly; address. L16. h v.t. & !. Of a prostitute: solicit in the street. L19. B n. An address, a salutation. E17. accostable a. approachable, accessible E17. accoster n. M19.

accouchement ]

akujma/ n. + COUCH v.\ see

/s'kuijmo, foreign

L18. [Fr., f accoucher,

-ment

{.

as

A-''

Childbirth,

accouche

v.i.

accoucheur

discharge of any responsibility; an answering for conduct. ME. 4 Estimation, importance; consideration. lME. 5 A particular statement of the administration of money in trust or required by a creditor. E16. 6 Law. A writ or action against a bailiff, receiver, partner, etc., who wrongfully refuses to render account of money received. E16. 7 A narration, a report, a description; a performance (of a piece of music etc.). E17. 8 A reckoning in one's favour; advantage. E17. 9 ITie preparing of a statement of money transactions. M17. I T. Hardy My accompt of years outscored her own. 2 Thackeray Pen thought of opening an account with a banker. 4 Jonson A Scholler of good accompt. Stevie Smith You are only one of many

statement

to

as

the

.

.

of small account if any. 5 Goldsmith To give in his accompts to the masters of the temple. 7 E. V. Lucas Has any reader ever found perfect accuracy in the newspaper account of any event of which he himself had inside knowledge? 9 Gibbon The actual account employed several hundred persons. Phrases: faccount current = current account below,

budget account an account

at

a

shop

etc.

with

regular payments, by all in everyone's opinion, call to account: see

revolving

and

credit

accounts

CALL V. cast accounts make calculations, current account an account at a bank allowing withdrawal of money on demand, now usu. also providing the depositor with means of authorizing withdrawal of money by others, deposit account an account at a bank usu. paying interest and not able to be drawn upon without notice or requiring the depositor to apply for repayment in person for account of to be accounted for to (a person), for the account Slock Exch. not for cash, but for settlement on the next account day. give a good account of be successfiil with; do justice to. go to one's account die. joint account: held by two or more people in conjunction, keep accounts record expenditure for comparison with income, lay one's account with (on, for) (orig. Sc.) reckon upon, expect leave out of account not take into consideration, disregard, fmake account reckon, resolve, expect (that, to do), make account of esteem, money of account a denomination of money used in reckoning, but not current as coins etc nominal account: see NOMINAL a. numbered account: see NUMBER V. on account to be accounted for at the final settlement, not to be paid for immediately; as mtenm payment, on account of (a) because of; concerning, on no account under no circumstances, certainly not. on one's own account for one's own purpose and at one's own nsk. on someone's

account so that it is chargeable to him or her; to benefit him or her. render, send in, an account give a statement of money due settle or square accounts (with) receive or pay the balance due (from or to), fig. have revenge (on), take account of, take into account take mto consideration, notice, turn to (good) account: see TURN v. unit of accounr. see UNIT n.' vote on account: see

vote

n. 5.

Comb.: account book a book prepared for the keeping of accounts, account day a day of reckoning; Stock Exch. the day on which accounts are settled; accounts department = sense 2c above; account(s)

executive a business executive, esp.

who manages foreign

/akui'fs:;

akujce:r

{pi.

/-3:z;

foreign

-0:z

(pi.

same) I

n.

a

midwife E19.

account /a'kaunt/ n. Also (arch.) accompt. ME. [AN acunt, OFr. acont, later a(c)compt, as next.] 1 Counting, reckoning, calculation. ME. f.

2 A statement of moneys, goods, or services received and expended, or other receipts and outgoings, with calculation of the balance. Also, a business arrangement involving the reckoning of debit or credit; esp. (a) one involving deferment of payment or (Stock Exch.) deferment of completion of a transaction until the next accoimt day; (b) one involving the keeping of money or other assets in a bank etc., with the depositor having the option of withdrawal; (c) a credit arrangement with a firm, shop, etc. Also, a sum of money owed or one deposited in a bank etc. but subject to withdrawal. ME. b A customer having such an arrangement. M20. c In pt. The department of a firm etc. that deals with accoimts. M20. 3 A a cat, a: arm, e bed,

a:

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

1:

see, o hot,

d:

account of esteem, value; think (much, little, nothing, etc.) of; (now only in pass.), account to put (something) to the credit of, attribute faccounter n. M17.

in

advertising,

a client's accoimt.

account /a'kaunt/ v. Also ME. [OFr. acunter, aconter, f

accompt. + COUNT v. ] Ifl v.t. Coimt, enumerate. ME-E17. b v.i. Perform the aa of counting. lME-li8. 2 v.i. Render or receive an account. ME. b v.t. Render account of E17. 3 fa v.t. Calculate, compute; include in a reckoning. LME-E19. b v.t.

Reckon,

credit, to, unto.

(arch.)

as

A-''

lME. 4

v.t.

Reckon,

estimate (to be so and so), consider, regard

as.

lME. lb Adam Smith Able to read, wnte, and account. 2 Burke Paymasters who have never been admitted to .

b

.

M. Pattison

should be accounted to a finance committee. 3a Trevisa The Grekes acounte tyme and yeres fro the fyrst Olympias Southey Wales, Scotland, and Ireland ought to be accounted with England. 4 AV Rom. 8:36 We are accounted as sheepe for the slaughter. A. Hecht Trajan, of his imperial peers Accounted 'the most account,

All

receipts

just'.

f 115 v.t. & !. Recount, narrate. ME-L16. With preps, in specialized senses: account for (a) give a reckoning of (money held in trust); answer for (conduct, performance of duty, etc.); (b) explain the cause of, serve as an explanation of, (r) constitute a specified total, proportion, etc., in a reckoning; (d) be responsible for the death, defeat, dismissal, etc., of

saw,

a run,

o put,

u: too, a

ago,

w my, ao how,

ei

to.

ME

accountable

/a'ka()nt3b(3)l/

[AN

lME.

a.

acountable (OFr. acomptable): see prec, -ABLE.] 1 Liable to be called to account; responsible (to persons, for things). lME. t2 Able to be computed. Only in L16. t3 To be counted on. E17-E18. 4 Exphcable; able to be accounted for. M17. f 5 Attributable to. Only in L17. accounta'bility n. L18. accountableness n. tAiy.

accountably

M17

a^t
'.

ohs.

/3kju:mjo'leij'(3)n/

together. M18.

Itself L19.

as

accumulation ,

accrcscence n. continuous growth; an accretion: .wi- accrescency an accretion MI7.

accrete

ace

l6

f

B

.

n.

.

.

Custom; habituation. LME-M17.

faccustomable a. habitual, customary lME-mi8. adv. habitually, customarily f accustomably LME-E19. f accustomance n. customary use or practice LME-M19. accustomary a. (arch.) usual, customary M16. accusto'mation n. (rare) habitual practice or use; being accustomed 10: E17.

accustomed ACCUSTOM

/s'kAstsmd/

+

v.

-ED'.]

a.

lME.

[f.

Made

customary; ^2 Frequented by

1

wonted, used; usual. lME. customers. L17 L19. 1 Shelley The accustomed nightingale still broods On her accustomed bough, accustomed to used to, in the habit of 2 Smollett A well accustomed shop. accustomedly a-selfc wnth him 3 duDrs of your new sphere 4 H. FlEU)ING He was acquainted that his worship would wait on him. R. B. Sherjdan I shall certamly acquaint your father. F. Raphael I'm here to acquaint you with the facts, b S. RowiANDS Acquaint thy name in private unto me. 5 J.

OED

BwNSi-Fy Acquamt them

pronounce some

to

speciall

3'kweint(3)ns/ n. ME. [OFr. acointancc, f. as prec: see -ANCE.] 1 The state of being acquainted; mutual knowledge. Foil, by ti'ilh (to/) or w. genit. (as her acquaintance, our acquaintance), ME. 2 Orig. collect., those with whom one is acquainted. Now usu. (with pi), a person with whom one is acquainted. lME. 3 Knowledge that is more than mere recognition but usu. less than intimacy. (Foil, by with, fo/.)

acquaintance

uME. see BOW 6. nodding 2 casual acquaintance: see

bouring acquaintance: I acquaintance: see NOD v. Philos.

3 knowledge by (or of) acquaintance by direct experience, make the acquaintance

:

/3'kwAi9m(a)nt/ n. M17. [f. as + -MENT.] 1 The action of acquiring. M17. 2 Something which is acquired; a personal attainment of body or mind (as opp. to a material acquisition, or a natural gifi). M17. prec.

woman by

a

to her.

acquaintanceship n. = acquaintance tacquaintant n. = acquaintance 2 E17-L18.

E19.

i

s'kweintid/ a. ME. [f. acquaint v. + -ED'.] 1 Familiar, through being known, obs. of persons, arch, of things. ME. 2 Personally known (to another); having mutual knowledge. (Foil, by tvith.) ME. 3 Having personal or experimental knowledge. Foil, by tvith, (occas.)

acquainted

t4 Accustomed

L15.

acquaintedness

(with, 10).

the

n.

state

M16-L17. degree

or

of

acquaintance M17.

acquest

s'kwest

E17.

n.

[Fr.

facquest (OFr.

mod. acquit), ult. f. as ACQUIRE.] 1 A thing acquired; spec. {Law, now Hist.) property = gained otherwise than by inheritance. E17. acquist I. E17-L18. aquest,

acquiesce

akwi'es/ v.i. E17. [L acquiescere, f. ad AC- + quiescere to rest. See also QUIET a ] 1 Remain at rest or in quiet subjection; rest satisfied. (Foil, by in, under.) rare. E17. 2

Now

Agree, esp. tacitly; concur {in); raise objecnons {to). (Also foil, hy^with.) E17. acquiescing a. assenting, silently compliant acquiescingly adv. M19.

acquiescence

/akwi'Es(3)ns/

n.

E17.

[f.

no L18.

+

prec.

-ENCE. Cf. Fr. acquiescence. 1 The action or condition of acquiescing (sense i); resting satisfied, arch. E17. 2 Silent or passive assent to, or compliance with, measures or proposals. '\

by

^wiih.) M17. acquiescency n. the quaUty or condition of being acquiescent M17. in, to,

acquiescent

'akwi'Es(3)nt/

a.

&

n.

E17. [L acquiescere

ppl stem of acquiesce: see -ent.] A adj. Acquiescing; disposed to acquiesce. E17. B «. A person who acquiesces, rare. E19. acquiescently aav. L17. acquiescent-

pres.

lME. [OFr. aquerre. Eng. imder influence of its ult. source L acquirere get in addition, f. ad AC- + quaerere seek ] 1 Gain or get as one's own, by

acquire

/a'kwAia/

v.t.

sp. Latinized 1:1600

,

A

M17. [f. L acquisitthrough Fr. acquisitif, -ive {. late L acquisttivtds.} f 1 Belonging to one by acquisition. Only in M17. 2 Acquiring; keen to acquire things. M19.

acquisitive

/a'kwizitiv/

+

(see prec.)

acquisitively adv. in an acquisitive manner; in a acquisition: M16. acquisitiveness the quality of being acquisitive; desire of possession:

manner expressing E19.

acquist

L

E17. [Var. of acquest, after acquistum. It. acquisto.} 1 action of acquiring, acquisition. E17. /a'kwist/

The

.

.

.

.

E17. [f. prec. + exertion; gained, Med., as opp. to innate or inherited; esp. Biol. developed after birth through the influence of

acquired /s'kwMsd/

ppl

Obtained by one

s

a.

own

&

A

thing acqiiired. M17-M19. There has been a tendency to use

lME-li8.

«.

skill,

congenital

/a'kwit/ v. Infl. -tt-. Pa. pple & ppl a. -tted, {arch.) acquit. ME. [OFr. a{c)quiter, (Prov. aquilar) f. med.L acquttare, f. ad AC- + quitare QUIT f. ] I Quit a claim. 1 v.t. Discharge, pay, (a claim, debt, or liabihty). arch. ME. 2 v.t. Requite (a benefit or injury), arch. ME. f 3 v.t. & ;. Atone for (an offence). ME-E17. f4 v.t. Discharge the duties of (an office), perform,

accomplish. LME-L17. debtor. free.

f5

b but, d dog,

f

capacity,

few, g get, h he,

acquired

ME-M17, 6

j

Set free, release of or from a

v.t.

duty, obligation, or burden, arch. AAE. 7 v.t. Clear from a charge; declare not guilty {of, ^from, an offence). lME. v.refl. Deliver, rid oneself, of. lME-miS. 9 v.refl. Discharge oneself responsibihty); perform duty or one's part in {of a specified manner. lME. Ill Satisfy a creditor. flO v.t. Pay off (a person in respect of a debt due to him or her); be quits with. LME-L16.

acquitment n. (now L\iE acquitter n. E17.

acquittal

/3'kwit(3)l/

Payment, ACQUITTANCE f

rare or obs.) acquittal, release

acquittance aquitance,

/3'kwit(3)ns/

as

f.

acquit

m

n.

&

v.

+ -ance

v.

]

ME.

[OFr.

A

1

n.

The

action of clearing off debt or other obligation. ME. 2 Release or discharge from a debt or obligation. ME. 3 A release in writing; a receipt in

lME. 4 = acquittal

ftill.

Give

an

lME

L16.

acquittance

3. rare.

lzs. f

B

v.t.

discharge,

rare.

e20. [f. as acro- + Pertaining to a tip or apex; spec. {Med. Med.) affecting the extremities.

-al'.]

to,

&

Vet.

n. M19. [f. as acrid Chem. = acrolein. facrasy n. L16-L18. [Gk, confusing two wds akrasia, (i) lack of proper mixing, f. akratos immixed, imtempered, intemperate, akrates of self-command, f. (ii) lack

+ aldehyde

/a'kraldihAid/

]

incontinent.]

Irregularity,

disorder,

intemperance.

%

Personified in Spenser's Faerie Queene.

acrawl

large extent. OE. 2 Carlyle Acres of despatches. Cheshire acre: see Cheshire 3. (land of) the broad acres: see BROAD a. 2. Comb. f acre breadth a linear measure equal to 22 yards or about 20 metres; acre-foot a unit of volume one acre in area and one foot in depth; f acre length a linear measure equal to a furlong or about 201 metres. acreable a. (now rare) per acre M18. acreage n. extent of acres; acres collectively or in the abstract: M19. acred a. possessing landed estates (mostly in comb., as large-acred) M18. :

acrid

/'akrid/

sharp, Bitterly

a.

ei8.

[Irreg.

L

f.

acer

acri-,

pungent + -id', prob. after acid.} 1 pungent to the organs of taste or smell,

or to the skin etc.; irritating; corrosive. E18. 2 Bitterly irritating to the feelings; of bitter and irritating temper or manner. L18. a'cridity n. the quaUty of being acrid E19. acridly adv. L18. acridness n. (now rare) acridity E18. n. & a.M20. [mod.l. Acrididae (see below), f Gk akrtd-, akris locust; see -id'.] Entomol. A n. A grasshopper or locust of the family Acrididae, characterized by the possession of relatively short antennae. M20. B adj. Of, pertaining to, or designating this family.

acridid /'akndid/

M20.

& a. =

a'cridian n. ACRIDID E20.

acridine ACRID:

acridid L19. a'cridiid

/'akridim/ n. see -idine.]

L19.

[G

Chem.

crystalline heteroaromatic

n. Sc a.

=

Acridin,

as f. colourless

A

compoimd, C,jH,N,

obtained from coal tar and from which the strucnores of many dyes and pharmaceuticals are derived.

acriflavine

/akn'fleivin,

-i:n/

n.

E20.

[f

ACRl(DlNE + FLAVINE.] Pharm. A bright orangered derivative of acridine, used as an antiseptic. Acnlan /'aknlan/ n. M20. [f acr(ylic + -i- +

L

lana wool.] (Proprietary name for) a synthetic used for clothing, blankets, etc.

acrylic fibre

/akn'maunias/ a. E17. [f next + arch. EI 7. 2 Bitter and I. tone or maimer. L18. Sir T. Browne A rough and acrimonious kinde of

acrimonious -ous.]

= acrid

1

irritating in I

2 E. Waugh An acrimonious dispute about the date of the Battle of Hastings, salt.

acrimoniously

adv. L18.

acrimoniousness n. E19. mi6. [Fr. acrimonie or see -mony.] 1 Bitter

acrimony /'akrimsni/ n. L acnmonia, f as ACRID: pimgency

to the organs of taste or smell, or to

the

etc.

skin

facrious ACRID

M16.

2

Bitterness

of tone

or

+

=

E17. a.

L17-E18. [f as acrid

-ous.]

I.

/'aknta:k/ n. M20. [f Gk akritos imcertain, confused + arkhl origin.] Palaeont. Any single-celled fossil whose true affinities are

acritarch

im known. f acritude

n.

rare.

L17-M19. [L

acritudo,

f.

as

ACRID: see -Ttn)E.] Acridity,

/'akr(3)l/ a.

powerless,

[f. mod.G] a churchyard, in proper names, as Grear Acre, and rhet. in pL, lands, estates, etc. OE. 2 A measure of land, orig. as much as a yoke of oxen could plough in a day, later limited by statute to a piece 220 yards long by 22 broad (= 4840 sq. yards or about 4047 sq. metres) or of equivalent area (now largely superseded by the hectare); loosely a

exc. in God's Acre

manner.

legal process. L15.

/a'kroil/ adv.

CRAWL or acre /'eiks/

&

pred. a.

M19.

[f.

a-^

+

V. ]

Crawling

{with).

n.

[OE

= OFris. ekker, OS ackar (G Acker), IE base repr. also by L

secer

OHG

A piece

leg,

-al'.]

2. Now rare or obs. lME. 3 Discharge (of duty); performance. lME. 4 Deliverance from a charge by verdict or other

Gk

I

+

prec.

[f.

amends. lME-miS. 2 =

v.] 1

yes, k cat,

lME.

n.

requital,

1

ager,

.

Clear or discharge a

II

Pay or cancel the debt of and

v.t.

in

.

intellectual

act of

acquit

immune

has improved in knowledge, and in social organization, but not

The

the vb.]

[f.

acquitting; acquittance.

in

Man

acquist for the

action, acquest for the result.

f acquit

akkar (Du. akker), akr, Goth, akrs, f. Gmc

the environment. acquired

n.

med.L

acquisitum,

acraldehyde

which he had acquired at the sacrifice of actual food. E. BiRNEY They had acquired piety & table manners. 2 S. JOHNSON The Idler acquires weight by lying still. acquirable a. mi 7. acqui'ree n. (chiefly Comm.) a person, company, etc., acquired M20. acquirer n. M18. acquiring n. the action of obtaining for oneself; the thmg obtained: M17.

Russell

a.

-ive; partly

M20. I W. Faulkner The gun

B

E16-L17. [L acquisitus

a.

/akwi'zij(3)n/ n. lME. [L acquisitio{n-) f. acquisitpa. ppl stem of acquirere: see acquire v., -ion.] 1 The action of acquiring something or someone. lME. 2 thing gained or acquired; a useful or welcome addition. L15. acquisitional a. L19.

exertions or qualities. lME. 2 Come of. L16. 3 Of radar, a radar operator: begin receiving signals from, locate.

own

into possession

-ed'.]

ppl

acquisition

acral

one's

&

f acquisite pple

n.

Comb.: acquaintance rape rape of a

man known

(Foil,

acquirement

a.

of come to know

of.

syndrome = Aids, acquired taste (an object of) liking gained by experience.

deficiency

pa. pple, f acquisit-: see next.] Acquired.

examples.

CASVAL

acro-

20

f.

ON

agros, Skt ajra field; rel. to

of

man, n no, p pen,

r

tilled

red,

ACORN, ACT

or arable land, a s sit,

t

top, v van,

field, obs.

w

we,

/'akrau/ comb, form of Gk akros tip, peak: see -0-. acro'carpous a. (of a moss) bearing the archegonia and capsules at the tip of a stem or main branch (opp. PLEUROCARPOUS) M19. acro'centric a. (Cytol.) (of a chromosome) having the centromere close to the end M20. acrodont a. {Zool.) havmg the teeth attached to the ridge of the jaw, as in certain lizards M19. acrogen n. (Bot.) a cryptogam with a distinct permanent stem; a fem, a moss: M19. acrolect n. [-lect] Ling, the dialect or variety of any language with the greatest prestige M20. acrolith n. {Gk Antiq. ) a statue with the head and extremities of stone, the trunk usu. of wood M19. acro'lithic a. of or pertaining to an acrolith M19. acrome'galic a. & n. pertaining to acromegaly; (a person) affected with acromegaly: E20. acro'megaly n. (Med) abnormal enlargement of the hands, feet, and face; disease caused by excessive growth-hormone symptom: L19. this is a secretion, of which * -pares'thesia (Med) n. .acroparaes'thesia, paraesthesia of the extremities L19. a'cropetal a. [L

acro-

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

6

this,

r)

ring, tj chip,

dj

jar

acroamatic by successive from below upwards L19. acropetal adv. in an manner L19. a person afflicted with acrophobia M20.

seek]

peiere

characterized

Boi.

development

of

a'cropetally

acrophobe n. acrophobia

parts

irrational

fear

pertaining

to

n.

acro'phobic a. acrophobia M20.

acroamatic

/.akraua'matik/

of heights or affected

&

a.

n.

L19.

with

M17. [Gk

akroanialikos adj., f. akroama(t-) what is heard, f. as next: see -ic] A adj. Communicated by oral teaching; esoteric. M17. B n. Something so communicated; spec, in pi. (A-), Aristotle's lectures on the esoteric parts of his philosophy.

M17.

acroamadcal

a.

(now

rare) L16.

/akrsu'atik/ a. & n. M17. [Gk akroatikos adj., f. akroasthai hear: see -ic] =

acroatic

ACROAMATIC.

acrobat akrobates,

ACRO- +

/'akrsbat/ n. E19. [Fr. acrobate f. Gk akrobaios walking on tiptoe, f. as f. base of batnem walk.] performer of

A

daring gymnastic feats, as rope-walking; a tumbler; fig. a person who changes position

nimbly in argument, performance, etc. acrobacy n. (now rare) = ACROBATISM acro'batic

&

a.

acrobat; (b)

n.

E20.

an performing of) acrobatic

(a) adj. of or characteristic of

in p/.

n.

(the

,

M19. acro'baticaUy adv. L19. acrobatism n. the art of the acrobat; the performing of gymnastic feats: M19. feats:

acrolein

/'akrsliin/ n.

see -in'.]

oil:

M19.

[f.

acrid + oleum

as

A colourless, acrid, CH,:CHCHO, obtained Chem.

liquid

aldehyde, dehydration of glycerol; propenal.

by

acromion

/s'krsumisn/ n. li6. [Gk akromion, {. ACRO- + omos shoulder.] Ariat. The lateral extremity of the posterior projection or spine of the upper part of the shoulder-blade. Also acromion process. acromial a. of or pertaining to the acromion M19. acromiocla'vicular a. of or pertaining to the articulation of the acromion and the lateral end of the as

acronychal

/3'krDnik(3)l/

Also achronical

a.

&

other vars. (freq. erron. as if f Gk khronos time). M16. [f. Gk akronukhos at nightfall, i. as

+ nux

ACRO-

+

night,

Happening

-AL'.]

at

nightfall (applied esp. to the rising or setting of stars).

acronych

a.

= acronychal mi6. acronychally

adv. LI 6.

acronym -NYM,] A

&

M20. [f acro- + «. A word formed from the initial letters or parts of other words; loosely an abbreviation composed of initial letters. M20. B v.i. Abbreviate as an acronym. M20. /'akrsnim/

n.

v.

acro'nymic a. M20. acro'nymically a'cronymize v.i. = acronym v. M20.

L20

adv.

/s'krok/ adv. & pred. a. lME. [f. a prep.' crook «. ] In a bend or curve; awry.

acrook

+ acropolis /a'kropalis/ n. E17. [Gk akropolis, f as acro- + polis city.] The citadel or elevated I

fortified part

acrospire (orig.

Sc.).

OED At this rate we shall soon be across. Scott Fitzgerald I'm right across from you. across the tracks: see track n. B prep. 1 Motion: fi'om side to side of; over, in any direction but lengthwise. L16. 2 Direction: transverse to; at an angle with; sideways or of Christ. 4

obliquely against. E17. Indirectly or b unintentionally into contact with. E19. 3 Position: on the other side of, beyond. M18. 4 Distribution: throughout, all over, colloq. M2o. Tennyson After dinner talk Across the walnuts 1 and the wine. T. Stoppard I once took a train journey right across America, across country: see COUNTRY n. across lots: see LOT n. across the hoard: see BOARD n. 2 W. Stevens The shawl across one shoulder, b come, run, across: see COME v., RUN v. 3 J. Cheever The shores of West Chop, across the Sound. 4 Newsweek Newsweek bureaus across the U.S. reported the story. C adj. Of a crossword clue or answer: that fills or is intended to fill the spaces along a horizontal line of the puzzle. Cf sense A. 2b above. E20. n. & a. Also f-ich. li6. f Gk akrostikhis, i. as acro- + stikhos row, line of verse: assim. to -ic] A «. 1 A poem or other composition in which the initial

acrostic

of a Greek

city, esp.

/'akraspAJs/

lME.

[f.

&

v.

OE

of Athens.

n.

Chiefly

(Northumb.)

dial.

sehher,

A

eher ear n} + spire v.', assim. to acro-.] v.i. Of malt: sprout. lME. B n. The first leaf-shoot or a cereal plant. L17.

&

across

/s'kros/ adv., prep., a. ME. [OFr. a en crotx, in, on a cross (see CROSS n.), assim. to native formations in A prep.' i.] A adv. 1 In the form of a cross, crosswise, crossed, arch.

croix,

ME.

/s'krostik/

[Fr. acrostiche

the initial and final {double or the initial, middle, and final {triple acrostic) letters of the lines make words. Li6. b A word-puzzle so made. L19. f 2 The beginning or end of a verse. E17-M18. 3 A poem in which the consecutive lines or verses begin with the successive letters of the alphabet. L17. B adj. Of the nature of or in the form of an acrosdc. Mi 7. acrostical a. = acrostic a. M19 acrostically adv. M19. acrostic),

{single

acrostic),

acroterion

/akra'tisnan/

acroter

Also

/-la/.

acroterium akroterion

Also akro-.

n.

/'akrata/,

-ia -ters;

PI.

pi.

/-'tiariam/, pi. -ia /-la/.

M17. [Gk

extremity, f. as acro-. Vars. f. Fr. (its source) L acroterium f. Gk.] 1

and

acrotere

& (usu.) in pi. Ornaments roofs of classical buildings. M17-L19. b A pedestal for a statue or the like on the centre or side of a pediment. E18. f2 Med. In pi. The extremities of the body. E-M18. acroterial a. (Archn.) E18,

Archil, in

M19.

clavicle

acting

21

fa

collect, sing.

on

ranges

acrow

/a'krau/ adv.

&

pred. a. poet. L19. [f

+ CROW V. ] Crowing. acrylamide /a'knlamAid/ n. L19. + AMIDE.] Chem. The amide of

CH2:CHCONH,, which readily

a

A--'

[f acryl(ic acrylic

acid,

colourless crystalline solid

yields water-soluble polymers.

acrylate

/'akrileit/ n. M19. [f next + -ate'.] 1 Chem. A salt or ester of acrylic acid. M19. 2 = ACRYXIC n. Also acrylate resin. M20. acrylic /a'krilik/ a. & n. M19. [f acr(olein +

A adj. CH,:CHCOOH,

-YL + -Ic]

1

Chem.

acrylic acid, a liquid,

obtained by oxidizing acrolein and easily polymerized; propenoic acid. M19. 2 Designating or made from resins, plastics, artificial fibres, etc., which are polymers of acrylic acid or its derivatives. M20. B n. An orig.

acrylic fibre, plastic, etc. M20. acrylonitrile /.akrila'nAitrAil/ n. L19. [f. + -o- + nitrile ] Chem. A pungent,

prec.

toxic the nitrile of acrylic acid, from which artificial fibres and other polymeric materials can be made; propenenitrile. liquid,

CH,:CHCN,

act /akt/

n.

lME. [Mainly f L

actus

doing,

playing a part, dramauc action, act of a play, actum public transaction, (in pi.) records,

2 Transversely; fi-om side to side, or comer to comer. ME. b (Filling or to fill spaces) along a horizontal line of a crossword puzzle. Usu. following the number of the word or clue (passing into adj). E20. 3 Obhquely, awry; amiss, obs. exc. dial. M16. 4 On the other side.

through Fr. acte i. L.] 1 A thing done; a deed. lME. b An operation of the mind. L17. c A thing done as an outward sign of a condition etc. M18. ^2 Fact or reality, as opp. to intention, possibility, etc. LME-L17. f 3 An active principle. lME-mi8. 4

E19.

transacted in council or in a assembly; a decree passed by a legislative body etc.; a statute. lME. 5 A record of decrees etc.; a verificatory document. lME. 6 The process of doing; action, operation. L15. 7 a Each of the main divisions of a play. ei6. f b An interlude in a play. E-M17. c Each of a series of short performances in a variety programme, circus, etc.; the performer(s) of one of these. M19. d A piece of acting; a pretence (of being

f

act- (see next); partly

Something

W. H. AUDEN Sheep-dogs slumber on with paws across. 2 G. B. Shaw TTie nurse rushes across behind the head of the bed. Dylan Thomas My hean is cracked across, come across as give the impression of being, come across (with) slang hand over, contribute (money, information, etc.) get or come 1

across

register,

.

.

succeed in communicating (with), convey the desired information or impression (to), last across: see LAST a. put across: see put v.' 3 Joseph Hall The squint-eyed pharisees looke a-crosse at all the actions (to)

a cat, a: arm, £ bed,

s:

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, d hot,

y.

deliberative

saw, a run, o put,

u: too, a

ago,

\\

my, ao how,

ei

what one

is not); a display of exaggerated behaviour; Austral, slang a fit of temper, a tantrum. E20. 8 A thesis publicly defended by a candidate for a university degree. 061. exc. Hist.

M16.

Milton Victorious deeds Flam'd in my heart, 1 heroic acts, act of contrition a penitential prayer, act of faith: see FAITH n. act of grace: see grace n. the act colloq. sexual intercourse, b A. J. Ayer The realist analysis of our sensations in terms of subject, act, and VAN DER Post This act of trust between the harsh desert earth. 2 Shakes. John If I in consent, or sin of thought, Be guilty. 4 Act of Parliament: see PARLIAMENT n. Act of Toleration: see object, c L.

.

.

them and act,

TOLERATION 4. Act of Uniformity: see uniformity i. 5 Acts (of the Apostles) (treated as sing.) a New Testament book immediately following the Gospels,

and deed: part of a formula used in concluding a by signing a document. 6 in the act (of) in the process (of), in the very doing of; on the point of 7a fig.: Scott Fitzgerald There are no second acts in American hves. c W. Trevor The act he'd devised for the Spot the Talent competition, a hard act to follow transf. a person or thing difficult to be more impressive or successful than, do a (or the) disappearing act: see disappear, get in on or into the act slang become a participant, esp. for profit, gel one's act

legal transaction

act together, see get v. d D. Lodge Will you stop putting on this concerned parent act. put on an act colloq. show off, talk for display, pretend. Other phrases: Act of God the operation of uncontrollable natural forces; an instance of this. Comb.: act-drop in a theatre, a curtain let down

between

acts; act-tune: see

act /akt/

V.

lME. [L

tune

n.

2c.

stem of

act- pa. ppl

agere:

see agent. Prob. infl. by prec] f 1 v.t. Decide judicially (a case at law). LME-L15. f2 v.t. Enact, decree; record. Chiefly Sc. L15-M18. f 3 v.t. Perform, bring about (a thing or process). L16-L18. 4 v.t. Carry out or represent in mimic action; perform (a play etc.); fig. simulate, coimterfeit. L16. 5 v.i. Perform a play or part; be

an actor or actress. L16. b v.i. Of a play: be able to be performed (well, or in a specified manner). MI 7. 6 v.t. Carry out in action, arch. E17. 17 v.t. Put in motion; actuate, animate. E17-M18. 8 i).t. Perform the part of (a character in a play); behave like (a specified kind of person). M17. 9 V.I. Perform actions; behave. L17. b v.i. Do the duties of a particular employment temporarily. E19. 10 v.i. Of a thing: exert influence {on), produce an effea. M18. 3 Defoe Had Satan been able to have acted anything

4 Day Lewis He would act the biblical on which he was commenting. J. Squire To ask trite questions and act indifference, act a lie: see LIE «.' act a part, act the part of play the part of (a by

force.

stories

character in a play); simulate; fiilfil the character or duties of 5 T. CoRYAT I saw women acte, a thing that I neuer saw before, b Byron plays won't act my poesy won't sell. 6 Shakes. Temp. To act her abhorr'd commands. 7 Pope Self-love acts the soul. 8 act the fool: see FOOL n.' act the goat: see GOAT. 9 T. S Eliot What it is to act or suffer. J. D. Salinger I act quite young for my age. act (up)on regulate one's conduct according to. act up to come up to (an assumed standard), carry out in practice, b act as do the work of (a particular employment etc.), serve as. act for: on someone's behalf or in his or her absence, to T. H. Huxley A fall of snow acts like a mande.

My

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Kith advs. in specialized senses: act out (a) v.phr.t. translate (ideas etc.) into action, represent in action; (b) v.phr.t. i. express (repressed or unconscious

&

feelings) in overt behaviour, act

up

misbehave,

colloq.

give trouble or pain.

/'aktab(a)l/ a. M19. [f. prec. + -able.] Able to be acted (on the stage) or carried out in

actable

practice. 5|EarHer (E19) in the negative unactable. acta'bility n. M19.

acte gratuit

/akt

gratwi:/

(pronounced same). M20.

n.

[Fr.

phr.

(A.

PI. -s -s Gide).] A

gratuitous or inconsequent action performed impulse.

on

n. M20. [t. Gk aktin-, aktis ray + Biochem. A protein which with myosin forms the contractile filaments of muscle fibres.

actin /'aktm/ -in'.]

/'aktiq/ n. L16. [f act v. + -ing'.] 1 Performance; execution. The L16. 2 performance of deeds; in pi, doings, practices, etc. arch. £17. 3 ITie performing of plays etc ; the art or occupation of performing parts in

acting

day, ao no,

e:

hair,

is

near,

oi

boy, ua poor, Aia

tire,

aoa sour

acting plav-s,

hlms,

etc.;

simulation. M17. 4

The

putting

forth of energ)', acti\ity, etc.; operation. M17. 2 Sir W. Scott The great actings which are now on foot.

Comb.

:

acting copy

copy of a play

a

etc. specially

prepared for actors' use, with stage-directions, cuts, etc acting part, play a part or play with good dramatic quaUties, acting version = acting copy ,

oratory or acting. in M16. b The management of the body or hmbs in movement. L16. c The way in which an instrument acts; the mechanism effecting this. M19. d A film esp.

Acting Captain); doing alone duties nominally shared with others (as Acting Manager). L18.

actinia [mod.L,

ak'tinio

as

i.

PI.

n.

actin +

-iae

-lA-.]

/-li:/,

M18.

-ias.

A

sea anemone of equina, a common

the genus Actinia, esp. A. British species; loosely any sea anemone, actinian n. a sea anemone of the genus Actinia L19.

actinide

';iktin,\id

m20. [f actinium +

n.

-ide

lanthanide.] Any of the series of radioacti%e chemical elements having atomic numbers between 89 (actinium) and 103 (lawTencium) mclusive, which form part of the group of transition metals. actinism ''aktiniz(3)m/ n. M19. [f as actin + -ISM.] The property by which light or other electromagnetic radiation causes chemical change, as in photography. after

ac'tinic

a.

having the

of or pertaining to actinism; (of light to cause chemical change; M19.

etc.)

ability'

actinium

ak'tinism n. E2o. [f as prec. + -lUM.] A radioactive metallic chemical element, atomic no. 89, which is the first element of the actinide series and is found in small quantities in pitchblende. (Symbol Ac.) actinoid, actinon yis. = actinide M20.

actino-

Gk

'aktmso, ak'tmso,' comb, form of

aktin-, akits ray: see -0-.

.actino'morphic a. (Bor. ) (of a flower) characterized s>'mmetry :ygomorphic) L19. by radial (opp. obtained from .actino'mycin n. an antibiotic actinomycetes M20. .actinomy cosis n. a disease of animals (esp. cattle), and sometimes of people, caused by infection with actinomycetes and most commonly jaw, affecting the mouth, or neck L19. actinomy'cotic a. penaining to or suifering from actmomycosis E2o. .actinopte'rygian a. & n. [Gk pu-nigjon fin, dim. of ptcrux wing] (designating or penaining to) a ray-finned fish, a fish belonging to the subclass Actinopterygii, which includes most living bony fishes L19. .actino'therapy n. treatment of disease by means of ultraviolet radiation E20. .actinou'ranium n. the uranium isotope of mass 235 E20. ak'tinsUit/ n. li8. [f actino- + Gk Inhos stone: see -ite'. Named in ref. to the rayed green masses of crv'stals it often forms.] Min. mineral containing calc''im, amphibole

actinolite

A

magnesium, and ferrous

forming elongated monoclinic crystals or fibrous masses, and found esp. in many metamorphic rocks and as a form iron,

of asbestos, .actino litic

a.

M19.

actinometer /akti'nomits/ n. M19. [f actino+ -.meter ] An instrument for measuring the heating or actinic power of radiant energy. ,actino'metric a. of or pertainmg to actinometers or their use .M19 .actino'metrical a. = actinometric LI9 actinometry

n.

celebration

,aktm3(u)'mAisi:t/ n. Ong. only pi. -mycetes '-'mAisiUs, -mArsi:ti:z/. E20. [Anglicized sing, of mod.L actinomycetes, f as ACTING- -I- Gk muketes pi. of mukes fungus ] A filamentous bacterium of the order Actinomycetales. in

actio

'aktiau/ n. L17. [L.] (An) action. actio in distans in "distanz/ [= on something = action at a distance s.v. action n. apan] n.

&

v.

ME.

f

[(0)Fr.

L

f. as ACT v.: see -ION.] A n. 1 The taking of legal steps to establish a claim or obtain remedy; the right to institute a legal process. ME. b A legal process or suit. lME. 2 The process or condition of acting or doing; the exertion of energy or influence; working, agency, operation. lME. 3 A thing done, a deed, an act (usu. viewed as occupying some time in doing); pi) freq. habitual or ordinary deeds, (in conduct. lME. 4 Mode of acting, a Gesture,

actio{n-),

b but, d dog,

f

b

L16.

begin a scene. M20. sacrament. Chiefly Sc. with the enemy; a Active operation against, or to

of a

An engagement

M16-L19. 6a

engaging, an enemy; fighting. E17. f7 The A acting of plays, performance. E17 E18. share in a joint-stock company. Lt7-Mi9. 9 The event or series of events represented in a drama or forming the subject of a poem or other composition. L17. 10 Physics. The product (or a corresponding integral) of momentum and distance or (equivalently) of twice the kinetic energy and time. Now also, the product (or integral) of the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy, and time. E19. 1 1 Activity; the exciting or imprr ant events etc. Freq. in where the action is. slang. M20. 2 Joyce The corrosive action of copperas. G. Santayana Trust the man who hesitates in his speech and is quick and steady in action. DELAYED-action. 6a S. Sassoon The Division had now been in action for a week. E. Bowen A month when enemy action was not severe.

Phrases: action at a distance the exertion of force by one body on another separated from it by space; fig. the exertion of influence from a distance, action front!, action rear!: commands in an artillery

regiment to prepare for action in front of, behind, the guns, action of a verb, verbal action the thing asserted by the verb, strictly action but also state, existence, etc. action of DECLARATOR, action of TROVER. action rear!: see action front! above, chose in action: see n. clear the decks for action: see CLEAR v. 8. direct DIRECT a. go into action begin a military action or attack; gen. begin work, begm operating, in action (a) (of property) not in possession, but recoverable by legal process; (ft) in practical or effective operanon. industrial action: see industrial a. join action: see JOIN v. live action: see LIVE a. man of action: see MAN «. out of action not working, principle of least action, suit the action to the word: see SUIT i>. take action institute legal proceedings; gen. begin to act, act effectively, transitory action: see TRANSITORY 3. unity of action: see unity n.' 8. verbal action: see action of a verb above. Comb.: action committee, group: formed to take

CHOSE

action: see

active

steps,

esp.

in

politics;

action-noun Gram.:

expressing an action; action-packed a. (colloq.) full of action or excitement; action painting (a painting produced by) spontaneous or random application of paint; action point a point or issue on which there is a need or a decision to take action; action potential Biol the change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve cell; action replay a playback of a televised incident, esp. in a sports match, just after it has taken place; faction sermon in the Scottish

Presbyterian Church, a discourse at the Eucharist or other sacrament; action song a (chilcfren's) song involving also some dramatic movement, esp. of the hands; action stations positions taken up by troops etc before going into action; transf. positions for

beginning any

B

activity,

Bring a legal action against. M18. 2 Take action on, put into effect. M20. v.t.

1

actional M17.

a.

of or pertaining to action(s); actionable:

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

/'akf(3)n3b(3)l/ a. L16. [f. prec. -ABLE.] Affording ground for an action at law. actiona'bility n. L19 actionably adv. E19.

activate -ate'.]

E17. 2

/'aktrveit/

v.t.

[f

E17.

+

active a. + Freq. techn.

Make active, cause to act. spec. Make radioactive. M20. 1

1 activated carbon, charcoal charcoal which has been treated so as to mcrease its adsorptive power activated sludge aerated sewage containing aerobic

bacteria.

activator

n.

which or

a thing

(rare) a

person

who

activates E20.

activation -ATION.]

n. E20. [f. prec: see action of activating; the state of

/akti'veij(3)n/

The

being activated. Comb.: activation analysis Chem.

a

technique of

which atoms of a particular element in a sample are made radioactive (esp. by irradiation with neutrons) and their concentration is then determined analysis in

radiologically.

active V.

man,

+

action speculation;

ME.

practical.

commimicating

contemplation

than

rather

to

lME.

action.

or or

Originating

2

Gram.

3

Designating, being in, involving, or pertaining to a voice comprising all forms of intransitive verbs, and those forms of transitive verbs that attribute the action of the verb to the person or thing whence it proceeds (the logical subject, in this case coinciding with the granrmiatical subject). Opp. passive, and in some languages middle. lME. 4 Energetic; diligent; brisk; busy. lME. 5 Working, effective; not quiescent or extinct. M17. b Radioactive. E20. c Electronics. Of a circuit: containing a source of power. Opp. passive. M20. d Electronics & Mech. Of a system: capable of modifying its state or characteristics automatically in response to input or feedback.

M20. Esp. in active life [L vita activa]. 2 active citizen a of the pubhc who actively takes the initiative crime prevention etc. 4 Shakes. 2 Hen. IV The most active fellow in Europe. Day Lewis Sunday was the most active day of the week. 5 Boswell Instances of his active benevolence, active carbon, charcoal activated carbon, active driveway US: in use by vehicles etc. active layer Physical Geogr. a seasonally thawed surface layer above permafrost, active list a list of ofl5cers in the armed forces liable to be called on for service, active service actual participation in warfare; fuU-time service in armed forces, active volcano a volcano that is erupting or has erupted in historical times, optically active: see optically, d Autocar A sensational prototype with a turbo-engine, four-wheel drive, active suspension. B absol. as n. 1 A person devoted to the active life. lME. 2 Gram. The active voice; an active form of a verb. M16. actively adv. lME. activeness n. the quaUty of being active; esp. = activity 2: E16. I

member in

.

.

.

activism -ISM.]

/'aktrviz(3)m/

The

Philos.

1

n. E20. [f active a. + theory that everything

is active. Now rare. E20. 2 A policy of vigorous action, esp. in politics. E20. activist n. & a. (a) n. an advocate of activism; (ft)

whatsoever

adj.

of or pertaining to activists or activism: E20.

activity

lME.

/ak'trvrti/ n.

[Fr. activite or late

L

actwitas, f as actfve: see -ity.] 1 The state of being active; the exertion of energy, action.

lME. b The

degree to which an enzyme or other its characteristic substance exhibits property. L19. c Radioactivity. E20. d Chem. A thermodynamic quantity which is a measure of the effective concentration of a substance in a system. E20. 2 Brisk or vigorous action; energy; L15. Gymnastics, gymnastic exercise. M16-E18. 4 An active force or operation; an occupation, a pursuit. M17. b In pi. Things that a person, animal, or group chooses to do. E20.

diligence;

liveliness.

athletics; a

Ic specific activity: see SPECIFIC a. 2 optical activity: see optical. 4b H. W. Fowler A regrettable byproduct of their activities. Listener The widespread activities of the state security police.

actomyosin -I-

-o-

/akt3(u)'mAi3sin/

A

+ MYOSIN.] Biochem.

n. M20. [f. actin complex of actin

and myosin.

acton

actionable

M19.

actinomycete

"ak;(a)n/

command

director's

The fight.

above.

acting "aktii)/ a. L16. [f. act v. + -ing^] 1 That acts or has power to act. L16. 2 spec. (Freq. bef. a title etc.) Doing duty temporarily (as

action

actress

22

&

/'aktiv/ a.

-rvE; partly

n no, p pen,

r

i.

n.

ME. [L

Fr. actif,

red,

s sit,

t

activus,

-ive.'\

A

top, v van,

act Given

as

f.

adj.

w

1

we,

/'aktan/ n. obs. exc. Hist. Also aketon. [OFr. auqueton (mod. hoqueton), ult. f. Sp. Arab. alkutUn the conon.] A jacket of quilted cotton worn imder mail; a mail-plated jacket of

ME.

leather etc.

actor

/'akts/

n.

lME.

[L,

as

f.

act

v.

+

-or.

Cf

an 1 An agent, esp. (0)Fr. acteur.] administrator; a person who acts on behalf of another, obs. exc. Rom. Law (15-17 chiefly Sc.). lME. 1 2 The plaintiff or complainant in a legal action; a pleader. lME-mi8. 3 A person who performs or takes part in any action; a doer. (Now usu. w. alius, to sense 4.) M16. 4 A person who personates a character, or acts a part; a person whose occupation is acting in plays, films, etc. li6.

4 character actorish,

actor, utility actor, etc.

actorly

appropriate

adjs.

to

or

characteristic of a dramatic actor; affectedly theatrical: M20 actorship n. the quality or position of a

dramatic actor L16. actory

actress

/'aktns/

n.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 9 thin,

L16.

6

a. [f.

this,

= actorish prec.

ij

ring,

+ tj

E20.

-ess'.]

f'

A

chip, d3 jar

actual A

female doer. L16 E18. 2 films, etc. E18. actressy a. pertaining actress L19.

actual actue!

ACT

A

L

late

The

of an

or characteristic

to

adj.

&

n.

spelling -al

ME. is

[(0)Fr.

f actus

by assim. to

1

actual salary.

B

Actual qualities, actualities. M16. actualism n. (a) (now rare) the theory that nothing In

n.

pi.

merely passive; (ft) realism: M19. actualist n. an advocate of actualism M19. actua'listic a. of the nature of actualism; reahstic: L19. actualness «. = ACTUALITY lME is

actualise actuality

v. var.

med.L

-tjo-/

actualiias,

n.

[OFr. see prec,

actuatis:

f.

Existing conditions or circumstances. M17. 4 Realism in description or presentation. M19. 4 attrih. L. MacNeice The radio dramatist must :

.

select his actuality material with great discnmination.

[f

/'aktjuslAtz, -tJo-/

ACTUAL

+

a.

v.i.

Make

-IZE.]

Also -ise. ei8. actual

or real;

m

action or description, actuali'zation n. E19.

realize

actually /'aktjusli, + -ly^: partly a.

-tju-/ adv.

lME.

after

L

late

With

fl LME-M17. 2 As a actuellement.]

faCT;

deeds;

really.

actual

[f

actualiter,

Fr.

lME. 3 As

a

present fact, at present, for the time being. E16. 4 As a matter of fact; indeed; even (strange as it

may seem) mi 8. 2 Geo. Eliot With a fixed look, seemg nothing that actually present 3 OED The party actually in power. 4 E O'Neill You feel no shame, but actually boast you are planning to dishonour yourself and your

was

D

family.

Hefpron

We

think

it's

quite

all

actuarial

Of

/aktjo'ernal, -tJu-/ a. M19. [f next + or pertaining to actuaries or their

actuary

/'aktjusri, -tJu-/ n.

ACT

n.

:

see -ary'.]

A

1

mi6. [L actuarius, f registrar, a clerk; an

who

actuate

/'aktjoeit, -tJo-/ v. L16.

[med.L

actuat-

ppl stem of actuare, {. actus ACT n.: see 1 v.t. Carry out in practice, (rare after 17.) L16-L19. 2 v.t. Give life to, enliven, vivify; stir into activity, excite. Now rare or obs. L16. 3 pa.

-ATE'.] f

Exen

4 v.t. Communicate cause the operation of (an electrical device etc.); be the motive for (an action). M17. 5 v.t. Be the motive for action of (a person). M18. v.i.

motion to

actuator

activity, act. E17. (a

n.

machine

a

person

etc.);

who

or thing which actuates

v. L16. [f. as prec; Sharpen; give poignancy or

/3'kju:mineit/ v.t.

1

v.i. Rise or taper to a point. Chiefly as acuminating ppl a. M17. acumi'nation n. sharpening or giving point to {lit. &. fig.)', tending towards a point; a tapering point: M17.

to.

L16. 2

M19. [f. L acu Med. 1 TTie ] bleeding from an artery by compressing it with one or more needles inserted through the adjacent tissue. M19. 2 The

acupressure

/'akjuprsja/

n.

+ pressure

with a needle prevention of

n.

application of pressure with the fingers to points on the body, for therapeutic purposes, = SHIATSU. (Now the usual sense.) M20.

acupuncture

/'akjupAqklJa/ n. L17. [f as prec. Pncking with a needle; spec, the insertion of needles mto living tissues for remedial purposes, other than for the injection of drugs. acupunctu'ation n. (now rare) = acupuncturation M19. acupunctu ration n. the practice or process of acupuncture M18 acupuncturist n. a person who practises acupuncture M20.

acushla

n.

]

/a'kujla/

mo

n.

chroi

Anglo-Ir.

O

M19.

pulse of

[Ir.,

my

As

/3'kju:t(s)ns/

n.

of

a.

+

/a'kju:t/ a., n.,

&

acutiis pa.

pple of acuere sharpen, f acus needle ] A ad]. 1 Med. Of a disease, symptoms of disease: of short duration (and usu. severe). Cf chronic a. i. lME. b Of a medical facility: designed or reserved for the treatment of acute illness. M20. c fig. Of controversy, difficulty, shortage, etc.: critical, serious. M20. 2 a Of an angle: less than a right angle. M16. b Sharp at the end; coming to a pomt. L16. 3 Of a sound; shrill, high (Phonet. as a classificatory feature, opp. grave). M16. 4 Of the intellect: penetrating, sharp-witted, shrewd. Cf cute a.' L16. fS Of tastes or odours: sharp, pungent. E-M17. 6 Of paiii, pleasure, etc.: keen, intense. M17. 7 Of the senses, the nervous system: responsive or sensitive to impressions;

M18. 3 acute accent the mark some languages to show finely-strurig

pronunciadon, etc Comb.: acute-angled

placed over letters in quality,

vowel

length,

actuation /aktju'eij(3)n, -tJo-/ n. E17. [In early use f med.L actuatio(n-), f as prec; later f.

prec; see -ation ] A communication of motion; a bringing into action; impulse, movement,

acuate

/'akjuat/ a. lME. [med.L acuatus pa. pple of acuare var. of L acuere: see ACUTE, -ATE^] Made sharp or pimgent, sharp-pointed,

facuate v.t. mi6-mi8. [f Make sharp or pungent, acuity /a'kjunli/ n. lME. med.L a:

acuitas,

arm,

e

f

bed,

acuere:

a:

her,

1

sit,

prec;

see

i:

-ate'.]

see, d hot,

illness, tone, etc.; esp.

y.

an acute

fC

Sharpen; mark with an acute accent.

Chiefly as acuted ppl a. M17 L18. acutely adv. L16 acuteness n. E17

[A branch of -CY.] Forming

ns. of Repr. L -acia, f. adjs. in -aci-, -ax, as fallacy. 2 Repr. L -atia (med.L often -acia), f. ns. in -at-, -as, as abbacy, pnmacy; similarly supremacy. 3 Repr. med.L -atia, f. ns. in -atus, as advocacy, prelacy; hence f. /asi/ suff.

ns. in -ate', as confederacy,

saw,

a run,

o put,

u:

too, a ago,

1

and ai

adjs. in -ate-, as

my, ao how,

ei

(a

An

[Abbrev.]

by

influenced

readily

advertising etc.

adless a. without advertisements E20.

advertisements,

no

carrying

/ad, unstressed ad/ pref. 1 Repr. L ad prep, with sense of motion to or direction towards, addition, adherence, increase. TTie d was assim. to following c, f, g, I, n, p, q, r, s, t (see AC-, AF-, etc.); ad- was reduced to a- before sc, sp, St (see A-"). In OFr. the double consonant of acc-, add-, etc., were reduced to single ones, and adv- became av-, and OFr. words were adopted with such forms in Eng.; but in 14 these began to be refash. after L, as address. Opp. to ab- away from, as in adaxial, abaxial, ad- is recent. 2 At the same time ad- was substituted for a- of different origin, as in advance, addebted, admiral.

ad-

'to',

-ad

/ad, ad/

[Repr.

sujf.'

L

f

Gk

-ad-, -as.]

1

Forming collect, numerals, as monad, mynad, etc. 2 Forming fem. patronymics (var. of -id-) as dryad, naiad, etc. 3 In names of epic poems, as Dunciad, Rosciad, after Iliad. 4 Bot. Forming names of members of some taxonomic groupings, as bromeliad, cycad.

-ad etc.:

/ad/ suff^ Repr. Fr. -ade, as ballad, salad, see -ade.

/ad/ suff:-^ E19. [f L ad to; cf AD-.j Anat. Invented to form adjs. and advs. in the sense of 'nearer to' or 'towards' (the part denoted by the mam element of the word), as dorsad etc

-ad

f adad

Also adod. M17-M18. = EGAD.

im.

etc.]

mi6. form of

/'adids/ an early

f

[Fr.

L

[f as agad,

adagium,

f.

ad

say ] A traditional maxim, a proverb of common experience. adagial /s'deidsisl/ 12. of the nature of an adage L17. fadagy n. [h adagium] an adage M16 M18.

AD-

-I-

adage f.

aio

I

/ada:3/ n- PI. pronounced same. M20.

= adagio

as next.]

n.

z.

/a'da:d3iau/ adv., a., & n. lit. [It-i f agio at ease.] Alus. A adv. & adj. In slow time, leisurely. L17. B n. PI. -os. 1 A musical piece or movement in slow time. M18. 2 dance or ballet movement in slow time. M18.

adagio

A

Adam

/'adam/

interpreted

Hebrew only

a

ME.

tradition.

form)

Comb,

ME. [Heb. 'adam man, later name.] 1 The first man in

n.

as

nature. E16. 1 not know appearance of

Adam.

old

from

Adam

More

2

fully

(now the

Unregenerate

human

have no knowledge of the

(a person), second

Adam:

see

secokt

a.

Adam-and-Eve dial, any any of certain orchids (from the resemblance of the tubers to a human

(chiefly genitival):

of various plants,

supposed

esp.

Adam's ale, (Sc. & north.) wine ;oc. Adam's apple (a) any of various fruits, esp. a couple),

water;

variety of lime; (6) the projecuon formed in the neck by the thyroid cartilage, esp. when prominent in men;

having an acute angle or

quality, state, or condition.

[(0)Fr. acutte or acute, -ity ] cosy,

An acute lME.

v.t.

into

who produces admass the setuon of

:

A'damic

a.

yucca, esp. Y. filamcntosa.

=

Adamical

pertaining to or resembling

n.

radical

acyl

E20.

n.

advertisements commercially; the community regarded as

Adam's needle a.

accent.

-acy

see

i

B

E20. acy'lation

n. colloq. /ad/ M19. advertisement; advertising. small ad: see small a. Comb. adman a person

[Fr.,

lME. [L

v.

an

introduce

v.t.

ad

adage

form

M20. [f acute

acylate

compound)

Cf

heart.

a

an organic acid by loss of hydroxyl from the carboxy group. Usu. in comb.

EGAD,

address; darling, dear hean.

acutance

acyclic /ci'sAiklik, -'sik-/ a. L19. [f. a-'" CYCLlc] Not cyclic, acyl /'cisAil, 'asil/ a. L19. [G, f L acidum acid: see -yl ] Chem. A radical (RCO ) derived from

shon

angles.

L19.

a cat,

keenness

acute

records the acts of a court, obs. exc. Convocation of the Province of in the Canterbiuy (Ch. of England). M16. 2 An officer who manages the deposits in a savings bank. E19. 3 A person who compiles statistics of monality, accidents, etc., and calculates insurance risks and premiums. M19. officer

to a point.

-ance.] Sharpness of a photographic or printed image; a measure of this.

profession. actuarially adv. in relation to actuarial principles, on an actuarial basis; L19.

actus

/a'kjuiminat/ a. L16. [Late L acuminat- pa. ppl stem of acuminare sharpen to a pomt, f as prec: see -ate-.] Bot. & Zool.

acuminate

cushla-machree, macushla.]

actually.

-al'.]

/s'kjuimsn/.

for a chuisle

nght,

n.

a'kjurman/ n. li6. [L acumen, -mm- point, acuteness, f acuere: see acute.] I Sharpness of wit; penetration of perception; keenness of discrimination. L16. 2 Boi. A tapering point. li8. ^The older and etymological pronunc. is

Tapering

ns. in -ateia, as

-i-

&

/'akjuman,

+ PlTNCTURE

actively.

a.

aculeate insect. L19. aculeated /-eitid/ a. sharply pointed; armed with prickles; incisive: M17.

acumen

Gk

accuracy, obstinacy. 4 Repr. See also -cracy.

piracy.

M17. [L aculeaius, f aculeus dim. of acus needle; see -ATE^] A adj. 1 Zool. Bearing a sting; spec, designating hymenopterous insects of the section Aculeata, which comprises bees, ants, and wasps, mi 7. 2 B n. An fig. Pointed, incisive, stinging, mi 7.

see -ate'.]

lME.

-ITY.] 1 1 Capacity of action, activity. LME-L17. 2 Reality; existing objective fact. M17. 3 In pi.

actualize

as of a needle, the sight or

/.Vkjuiliat/ a.

acuminate

of actualize.

/aktju'ahti,

actualite or

& fig.,

{lit.

visual acuity: see VISUAL

aculeate

Pertaining to or exhibited in acts; practical, active, obs. exc. as below. ME. 2 Existing in act or fact; real. lME. 3 In action or existence at the time; present, current. L16. 1 actual grace Theol. a divine influence inspiring some good act. actual sin Theol. a sin resulting from an individual act of free will (opp. original sin). 2 S, Hill He had no illusions about himself as actual or potential soldier. A. Burgess Too late to attend the actual ceremony, aciual cautery: see caitfery i. 3 J. Braine Husbands were chosen as much on eventual as L.]

Sharpness

hearing, wit, etc.).

aciualis active, practical,

see -al'.

:

female actor in plays,

-tjual/ a.

/'aktjoal, (.

n.

adamant

23

mi8. A'damical M17.

a.

Adam

Adam

/'adam/ a. L19. [A surname ] Designed or built by, or in the style of, the brothers Robert and James Adam, i8th-cent. Scottish architects and designers. Ada'mesque a. resembling the work of the Adam brothers M2o,

adamant

/'adam(a)nt/ n. & a. OE. [OFr. adamaurit- f. L adamant-, -ma{n)s f. Gk adamant-, -mas hardest iron or steel, diamond, orig. adj. 'invincible', f a- A-'" -I- daman tame. TTie sense 'magnet, lodestone' arose from assoc. of med.L adamas with L adamare have a strong

day, ao no,

e:

hair,

la

near,

.ii

boy, ua poor, Aia dre, aoa sour

adamantane &

A

An many

alleged (often rock or mineral, to which contradictor,') properties have been attributed, t'ormcrly sometimes identirted with the diamond only poet. or \nth the lodestone or magnet. rhcL as an embodiment of impregnable n.

a.]

w.

Now

&

OE. B

hardness.

ad].

Unshakeable, unyielding

to requests. M20. 'The point at which the n. use passed into the ad| is noi determinable: M20 represents the dale of the tirst indubitably adj. examples.

adamancc

adamantine adamantly adv. M20.

.m::o

qualitvi refusal to >-ield:

n.

adamantane

M19.

n.

[Fr.,

.

as

f.

.

Snow An

and adamantine lungs. C. P. adamantine will for success. * Rare bef 16. The historical pronunc. is brass,

fadamantean

to upright posture. 2

a. (rare,

-tin \

Milton); only in L17.

adapter +

M16.

a.

[eccl.L

A «. 1 A person goes naked like Adam; esp. a member of any of various sects advocating nakedness. M16. 2 A human being regarded as a descendant of

who

Descended from Adam;

M19.

«.-'

'ad3m.\rt

[f.

G.

J.

Adam

(1795-1881), Fr. mineralogist + -ite'.] Mm. A basic zinc arsenate occurring as yellow, green, or colourless orthorhombic crystals or crystal aggregates. adv.

9'da:ns

D.\N"CE n. or V.

~ DANGLE

]

&

pred. a. E19.

+

a--

[f.

Dancing.

;>'dai)g(3)i,

adv.

adaptive

a.

M19. [f

a--'

Dangling.

V. ]

s'dapt

/o'daptiv/

a.

f addeem

[f.

adapt

+

v.

addend

n.

V.

.M17.

adaptitude

n.

(rare) specially

.

produced aptitude

.M19.

adaptability -ABILIT adaptable. see

I

adaptable -able

]

Able

M17. [f prec: or quahty of being

sdapts'biliti/

The

]

state

n.

9'dapt3b(3)l/ a. E19. to

be adapted

{to,

[f.

as prec.

+

adapt

for) or to

oneself,

adaptableness

n.

M19.

ad3p'teij(3)n/ n. E17. [Fr. f late L adaptatw{n-), f. adaptare: see ADAPT, -ATION.] 1 The action or process of fitting or suiting one

adaptation

another. E17. b Modification to fit a new new conditions, etc. L18. c Biol. use, Modification by which an organ, organism, or species becomes better fitted for its environment or mode of existence. M19. 2 The condition of being adapted; suitableness. L17. 3 An instance of adapting; something adapted. M19. in which the I b L. Bloomfield Adaptation foreign form is altered to meet the fiindamental phonetic habits of the language, c B. J. Williams The pelvis and limbs of Oreopiihecus indicate an adaptation thing

to

.

b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

j

,

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

[f.

deem

v.

Adjudge.

A number

/a'dendam/

n.

PI.

which

-da

is

to

be

/-da/. L17.

A

-ive.]

M19.

lME. [Heb. the sixth month

In

'idar.}

the

adder

/'ads/

nddra

(MDu.

Natter),

n.'

[OE

nadre,

nsEd{d)re, corresp. to

Du.

OS

OHG ndtara (G vowel-grade) ON

adder),

and (with

a different nadr, nadra, Goth, nadrs; perh. rel. to L natrix Olr. nathir, Welsh neidr snake,

parts of February and March; in leap years, either of two successive months, First Adar and Second Adar (coinciding with parts of March and

water snake,

April).

through the erroneous division of a naddre as an li8. [Malay customary law,

/'adat/

Custom,

n.

Arab,

f.

viper.

in

atom adsorbed on a surface, v.t. ME-li6. [Prob. AN:

daunt

see

Daniel Wherewith

S.

the Rebell rather

f adaw

LME-M17. + dawe

v.t.

OE

A prep

f.

adv. phr. a

[f.

(o,

daimt. Spenser

adawed with some

one

Like

of)

a. E20. [f. ad- + axial.] Bot. the axis; (of the surface of a leaf etc.) initially facing toward the stem.

ME.

adv.

/s'dei/

+ day

3

(The a now see A

a-days

a. 4.)

[Orig.

two wds,

By day Only

n. ]

article:

in

f.

ME.

identified with the indef. See also nowaday. ME.

lME. [f. a prep.' 3 + genit. DAY n. (used alone advb. in OE in sense 'by day', and later blended with prec.).] f 1 By day. LME-M18. 2 At the present time. Chiefly & now only with noui: see nowadays. lME. /a'deiz/ adv.

adazzle

/3'daz(3)l/ adv.

&

M19.

pred. a.

dazzle

/'adikt/ n. e20. [f. addict v.] A person is addicted to a drug (usu. specified by prefixed wd); colloq. an enthusiastic devotee of a sport or pastime (usu. specified by prefixed wd).

addict

who

drug addict, heroin addict, jazz addict,

/ad

=

il

v.

lME. [L

addere,

/a'dikt/ v.t. M16. [Back-form. f. next ] 1 refi. Attach or devote oneself as a servant or adherent {to a person or cause). M16-L17. 2 Devote or apply habitually or compulsively {to a practice). L16. f3 Deliver over formally by judicial sentence to, fig. make over, give up. L16 L19. •f

[f.

A-^

-t-

kap'tandsm

for alluring the

dare put, give.] 1 v.t. Join or unite (one thing 10 another) as an increase or supplement. lME. •fb v.t. Give by way of increased possession (to). M16-E18. 2 spec, a v.t. Unite (a number to another) to get a number equal to their total amount. lME. b v.i. Perform the arithmetical process of addition. L15. c v.t. Unite (two or more numbers, ft-eq. together) into one sum. L17. 3 v.t. Say or write in addition; go on to say. lME. 4 v.i. Foil, by to: increase, augment. L16. I Tennyson Yet this grief Is added to the griefs the

must

AV Man.

b

bear,

shaibe added vnto you. 2

add up

(a) v.phr.t.

&

1.

2 Shakes. 2 Hen. IV To addict themselves to sack. Sir Scott The researches to which your taste addicts you.

W

ad AD- + base of

f.

addicting

(h)

find the

sum

1

of (a series of

II

as

:

/'adaks/

L17.

[L

A

large,

n.

(quoted by Pliny).] r

red,

s sit,

t

f.

an African wd stocky antelope.

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

Addicted to the Royal

Interest.

2 L. A. G.

li6. [L addictio{n-), f. senses f. addict v.: see -ion ] 1 The way in which one is addicted; inclination; what one is addicted to. Now rare. formal giving over by L16. t2 Rom. Law.

addiction

Comb. add-on a. & n. (something) that has been or can be added to what already exists,

n no, p pen,

James

Strong The only form of music to which he was addicted. J. H. Burn Those who are addicted to cocaine often take it in the form of powder like snuff. 3 P. Holland Addicted and destined to death. 4 Milton The same addicted fidelity. addictedness n. M17

v.phr.i.

repertoire.

= addictive M20.

/a'diktid/ a. mi6.

-ED', the

make the desired or correct toul; amount 10; colloq. make sense. 3 Pope But let me add. Sir Robert's mighty dull. 4 S. Delaney You've got enough bad habits without adding to your numbers);

a.

[f. addict ppl a. + vb being inferred later.] f 1 Voluntarily attached to (a person or party). M16-E18. 2 Attached by inclination to (a practice); devoted to; doing or using something, esp. a drug, as a habit or compulsively. M16. f3 In Rom. Law, delivered over by judicial sentence to; fig. destined, bound to. M16-L19. )'4 absol. Devoted (freq. in subscribing letters). L16-M17.

addicted

6:33 All these things in include in a sum.

add

Replaced by addicted

addict

crowd.] (Designed) to appeal to the emotions (of the rabble). Also ad captandum. /ad/

etc.

f addict ppl a. E16. [L addictus pa. pple of addicere, (. ad ad- + dicere appoint, allot.] 1 Formally made over or bound to. Only in 16. 2 Attached by inclination to, devoted to. M16-L19.

Dazzling.

v. 8c n.]

ad captandum vulgus 'vxigas/ adv. & a. phr. M18. [L

man,

A

/'ada/ n.- li6. [f. add + -er'.] person or thing which adds {rare in gen. sense); computer, a unit which adds together two input variables.

a 2

sing, of

addax

common

A

who

/a'daksial/

Daily.

great

the

Vipera

adder

dreadful!

spright.

add

viper,

spec, in a

adaxial Toward

prep.'

serpent, a small

:

obs.

-

2

Comb. adderbolt (now dial. ) a dragonfly; adderstone (now dial.) an ancient amulet or bead; a perforated stone; adderwort bistort; adder's grass the early purple orchid, Orchis mascula; adder's mouth N. Amer. an orchid of the genus Malaxis; adder's tongue any of several plants; spec, a fern of the genus Ophioglossum.

was the more

= form of DAY of dagum from days, from life.] Subdue,

daiue,

spec,

(14-15)

night adder, puff adder, etc.

and

Quell, subdue.

]

ME

n was lost in

berus. OE. b Any of various other poisonous snakes, belonging esp. to the family Viperidae. Usu. w. specifying wd. See also deaf adder s.v. deaf a. OE. 2 deaf as an adder completely deaf, b death adder,

European

AN

cf.

adant{e)iire training, breaking in (of a horse)

initial

poisonous snake, a viper;

/'adat(a)m/ n. M20. [Contr. ot adsorbed atom: see adsorb v., atom.] Physical Chem. An

fadaunt

The

addre, as in apron, auger, etc.] f ' snake; fig. the Devil. OE-E16.

'dda.]

the Islamic regions of SE Asia, esp. in contrast to Islamic religious law. Also adat law. or

.

.

in L16.

as

[L, neut. gerundive of addere add: cf. prec] 1 thing to be added, esp. because of omission; an appendix, an addition; sing. & (esp.) in pi. (occas. treated as sing.), additional matter at the end of a book. L17. 2 Mech. The radial distance fi'om the pitch-circle of a cog-wheel, wormwheel, etc., to the crests of the teeth or ridge.

of the civil and twelfth of the religious year, usu. coinciding with

Jewish calendar,

Only

literary.

[(.

/'adend/ n. L17. [L addendus masc. (sc. numerus number) of addere ADD:

addendum

see adapter

n.

/a'da:/

v.t.

see -end. Cf. next.] added to another.

adaptive RADIATION. adaptively adv. by way of adaptation; to suit special conditions: M19. adaptiveness n. M19.

adaptor

&

genmdive

Characterized by or given to adaptation.

Adar

desert.

after adjudge: see A-".]

directly.

E19.

N. African

twisted horns, native

pa. pple ppl a. Sc. E16-E19. INDEBTED, refash. w. ad-.] Indebted.

a device.

a-day

& pred.

Pa. pple & ppl a. adapted, t adapt. lME. [Fr. adapter f. L adaptare, {. ad AD- + aptare. f. aptus fit, APT.] 1 v.t. Fit, adjust, {to); make suitable {to or for). lME. 2 v.t. Alter or modify' to fit for a new use, new conditions, etc. LI 8. 3 v.i. Undergo modification to fit a new use, new conditions, etc. M20. W. S. Maugham She was unable to adapt her I e.\periditure to her altered circumstances. 2 C. Hampton The account of the Beicos-de-Pau tnbe is adapted from his dianes. 3 H. WouK Rhoda adapted merrily to diplomatic life. adaptive E19 adaptedness n. the adaptative a. state of bemg adapted L17. adaption n. = adaptation

adapt

v.

to the

faddebted

Incourag'd than addaunted.

Ada'mitical a. pertaining to an Adamite or Adamites; naked like Adam; M17. Adamitisin n. (.rart) the beliefs and practices of Adamites .\ii9.

adangle

adapt

[f.

mi8. b spec. An electrical fitting of this nature, usu. one enabling more than one plug to be connected to the same socket. E20. 2 A person who adapts. E19. Adapter is now more usual for a person, adaptor for

adatom

'adsm.Mt/ & Adamita: see Adam n., -ite'.]

adance

1

unable to be connected

plagioclase.

Adamite

adamite

Also -or. mi8.

n.

A

device allowing connection of pieces of equipment, e.g. chemical apparatus,

adat

adj.

M9.

u.

/a'dapta/

-er', -OR.]

ads'mEUit/ n. L19. [f. Monte Adamello in northern Italy + -ite'.] Geol. A quartz-beanng plutonic igneous rock containing roughly equal proportions of orthoclase and

adamellite

Adam, mi 7. B human. M19.

J.

immortality to our true wants. 3 L. Hellman Momerrat, an adaptation 1 made from the French play by Emmanuel Robles.

adaptadonal

Addax nasomaculatus, with

Martineau The adaptation of

*!\

ads'mantein

+ -ANE.] Chem. A crystalline alicylic prec. hydrocarbon, C,„H|^, in the molecule of which the carbon atoms are arranged in three six-sided rings as m the crystal structure of diamond, ado'mant.\m / adamantine a. ME. [L adamaniinus f. Gk adamamwos, f. adamantadAjMANT: see -ine-.] Made of, or having adamant; the qualities of, unbreakable, impregnable, unshakeable. Pope To count them all, demands A throat of

.Mso

addiction

24

diamond

liking for. Cf.

/3'dikJ(3)n/

addict ppl

n.

a.; later

A

J

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, 6 this,

t)

ring,

tj

chip, dj jar

.

addictive sentence of court; hence, a dedication of a person to a master. E17-L19. 3 The state of being addicted to a habit or pursuit; esp. the state of dependence on a drug to the extent that it cannot be withdrawn without adverse effects. M17. I G. EwABT A public whose addiction / is mainly romantic

adeem

25

fiction,

addictive /a'diktiv/ a. M20. Tending -rvE.] to cause

addict

[f

v.

+

Cv.X L16. 2

addleness

addle

n.

brain

abortive.

addled

is

an

like

L16.

/'ad(3)l/ v.'

ME. [ON

north.

f oSal property: see udal.]

(>(llask,

ME.

own; earn.

as one's L16.

2

Of

v.i.

gSla,

v.t.

1

refll.

Acquire

crops: yield.

D. H. Lawrence Get thy money, Sam,

I

addled

dependence.

My muddy

egg.

or

addiction

Make addle; confuse; make Grow addle {lit. & fig.). E19.

v.t.

v.i.

H. Fielding

1

tha's

it.

addio

faddoom

Addisonian

doom v.] Adjudge. addorsed /s'dxst/ a. li6. [f h ad to + dorsum back + -ED'. Cf Fr. adosse.] Orig. & chiefly Her.

/ad'di:o/ int. L18. [It., f a to + Dio god: cf ADIEU, ADios.] Goodbye. (Formerly in general use in the subscription of letters etc.).

/adi'ssunian/

+

below)

[f Addison

L18.

a.'

Pertaining to or characteristic of the English essayist, poet, and dramatist Joseph Addison (1672- 1719) or his works. (see

Addisonian

-ian.]

a.^ E20. [f. as next + Addisonian anaemia, pernicious anaemia. E20. 2 Suffering from or pertaining to Addison's disease. M20.

/adi'ssunisn/

Med.

-IAN.]

1

Addison's disease [Thomas

M19.

/'adis(3)nz di,zi:z/

n.

phr.

Addison

(1793-1860), Eng. physician.] Aied. A condition associated with a deficiency of adrenal corticosteroids, which is characterized by weakness, low blood pressure, and brown pigmentation of the skin.

additament

/'adrt3m(3)nt/ n. lME. [OFr. additement or L additamentum, f. as next: see A thing added or appended.

-MENT.]

/3'diJ(3)n/ «. lME. [(0)Fr., or L addiiio{n-), (. addit- pa. ppl stem of addere ADD:

addition

The

see -ION.]

1

lME.

Chem.

b

action or process of adding.

The

combination of one molecule with another to form a larger molecule with no other products. L19. 2 A thing added; an appendix, an accession. lME. b spec. A phrase, prefix, etc., added to a person's name to distinguish him or her by rank, place of origin, etc. L15.

W

1 S Maugham A few sums m simple addition, in addition as an added thing (to), as well, note (or point) of addition Mus. (now Hist.) a dot on the right of a note signifying that it is to be lengthened by half (a second dot increasing its value by a further

dot /!.' 4b, double dot s.v. double a, & O'Neill Expecting an addition to the

fourth; cf

2 E.

adv.).

family.

Comb.

addition reaction Chem.

:

:

in

which addition

rare. El 7.

B

adj.

prec.

Now

Existing in addition; added; sup-

rare. M18. [Late L + f as addition of the nature of, an

/adi'tijss/

a.

additicius

(Tertullian),

-iTlous'.]

Due

to,

or

addition.

additive

ADDITION +

as

&

-IVE.

L

L17. [Late

n.

Cf

addittvus,

Fr. additif, -ive.]

A

Characterized by addition; to be added. L17. 2 Of or pertaining to the reproduction of colours by the superimposition of primary adj.

1

colours. E20.

B

Something

n.

that is added; esp. a substance to another to give it specific qualities.

added M20.

additively adv. M19. addi'tivity

additory

L

/'adrt(3)ri/ a.

&

addit- (see addition)

n.

E20.

Now rare. M17. [f -ory-.] (Something)

n.

+

tending to add.

addle

/'ad(3)l/

MDu.

adele,

a.,

&

v.'

(Du.

adel

[OE

aat),

adela

G

=

MLG

Adel mire,

OSw. -adel in koadel cow's urine, addle med.L ovum urinae egg of urine, alt. of

puddle, egg

XI.

repr. Gk ourion don wind-egg.] A Stinking urine or liquid filth; mire. obs. exc. dial, (after OE in literary use only in the north).

ovum urinum n.

OE.

B attrib. or as adj. 1 Of an egg: rotten or putrid; producing no chicken. ME. 2 fig. Empty, idle, muddled, unsound. L15. 2 J. Lyly His addle head. Dryden His brains grow addle. addle-brain{ed), -head(ed), -pau(d), etc. a cat,

a:

arm,

e

bed,

a:

[f

to back.

/s'drss/

«.

adresse.]

mi6. [Partly f next, pardy

f.

I

Goldsmith Farmer Wilhams had paid her Wilson The judge's address to

1

.

.

addresses. 3 A. jury

was

.

.

different, public address system: see

&

li

Preparation,

f?

Attire,

The

action

skill,

making

of

dress.

f9

ready;

preparation.

me

with the most

M17-L18. 8 P.

G

Wodehouse He

saved

consummate address from a large shaggy dog. 9 Milton She makes address to speak. Addressograph n. (proprietary name for) a machine for printing addresses E20.

address

/a'drss/ v.

+ DIRECT

a.

]

ME. [(0)Fr. adresser, ult. f I Make straight or right, f 1

Erect, raise, set up. ME-E17. f2 v.t. Put straight or to rights; set in order. LME-L17. f 3 v.t. & ;. Prepare, make ready. (Cf branch III v.t.

LME-M19. 4

esp. fa v.t. Apparel or purpose; (later simply) clothe. LME-L17. b v.t. Put on (a garment), arch. E16. 2 P. Holland Forced for to addresse themselues, and range a nauall banell in order. Milton A

Parlament being call'd, to addres many things. 3 Eliz We will that you shall address several Schedules. Shakes. Tr. &• Cr. Let us address to tend on Hectcr's heels. H. L'Estrange He did addresse himself for the stroke of death. 4 J. Jewel Tecla sometime addressed her selfe in Mans apparell. b Browning I have addressed a frock of heavy mail. II Direct. 5 v.t. Guide, direct; aim. obs. exc. Go//, take aim at (the bal'V ME. b v.t. -fa refl. Betake oneself L17. b Direct to go (to); mtroduce; send, dispatch, obs. exc. w. a ship as obj. L15. 7 v.t. Send as a written message to (a person); inscnbe. Also, write directions for delivery on (an envelope etc.). lME. b Computing. Specify a location in (memory) or location of (data) by means of an address, with a view to transferring data or executing an operation. M20. 8a v.t. Direct spoken words {to a person; w. the words or oneself as obj.). L15. fb v.i. Speak direcdy, present a formal address, pay addresses, to. E17-M18. c v.t. Speak direcdy to; deliver a speech to; present a formal address to; pay addresses to. E18. 9 v.t. Use a particular (specified) form of words in speaking or writing to. L18. 5 Tennyson Bent their faces toward us and address'd Their morion. 6 Evelyn I addressed him to Lord Mordaunt. 7 G. Greene All the notes she had once addressed to me. E. Bowen Recollecting, as she

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, d hot,

x

.

.

.

.

u: too, a

ago,

Turn one's

v.i.

.

.

identifying, referring to, or allocating locations in

one

or more computers: E16 addresser n. a person who signs a formal address or addresses a formal document

M17.

addressed /a'drsst/ ppl a. Also {arch.) addrest. lME. [f prec. + -ed'.] fl Prepared. LME-M17. 2 Attired, dressed, arch. lME. 13 Well ordered; L16. 5 Directed, dispatched. L16. 6 Superscribed with directions for delivery. L19. 3 Spenser Full jolly knight he seemde, and wel addrest, 4 T. S. Eliot Sweeney addressed full-length to shave. 5 SoirrHEV

adduce

The

shaft, unerringly addrest.

lME. [L

adducere, {. ad adducere lead, bring.] Bring forward for consideration; cite as a proof or instance, /3'dju:s/ v.t.

+

adducer

n.

adducent

E19.

adducible

a.

L18.

L17. [L adducenrpres. ppl stem of adducere: see prec, -ent ] Anat. Concerned with adduction (sense 2). /3'dju:s(3)nt/

a.

adduct

/'adAkt/ n. M20. [G Addukt i. as add(ition + pro)duct ] Chem. A product of an addition reaction.

adduct

/a'dAkt/ v.t. M19. [Back-form, f next.] Anat. Bring about adduction (sense 2) of (a limb etc.).

adduction

/3'dAkJ(3)n/

n.

lME.

[Fr., or late

L

adductio{n-), f adduct- pa. ppl stem of adducere: see adduce, -ion ] 1 The action of bringing a

thing to something else; spec, an alleged bringing of Christ's body and blood into the Eucharistic elements. lME. 2 Anat. Movement of a limb etc. towards the median line. Opp. abduction 2. M17 3 The action of adducing. M18.

adductive adduct-

/a'dAktrv/ a. -Iprec.)

Now

(see

something

else,

spec.

.

lME

saw, a run, u put,

b

f

rare.

public

L16.

one's

direct

oneself,

lME.

energies, w.

accomplished. L15-L16. 4 Erect, raised, arch,

L16-M17. 8

dexterity.

Apply

skill or attention to. M17 M18. c v.t. Turn one's attention to (a topic etc.); approach, face, (a problem). E19. 11a M. H. Abrams Johnson addresses himself to a general examinarion of Shakespeare's dramas, b Milton Which I shall forthwith addresse to prove, c Guardian Weekly The agreement does not address every aspect of every subproblem. addressable a. {Computing) pertaining to or designating a memory unit in which all locarions can be separately accessed M20. addressee n. a person to whom something (esp. a letter) is addressed E19. addresser n. L17. addressing n. {a) the action of the vb; {b) Computing the method of or system for v.refl.

his

A

General preparedness;

him by his correct name. Ill f sense 3, infl. by sense 6. f 10 v.t. Apply or turn to some object or purpose. LME-L16. 11a

the

n. 4 W. Stevens ftirmy foreigner of meek address. 5 Joyce TThe partially obliterated address and postmark. E. Hemingway 1 got into the cab and gave the driver the address of Simmons, form of address a name, ude, etc., used in addressmg a person, b direct address: see direct a. relative address: see relative a. & n. symbolic address: see symbolic a.

a.

I:

/'aditrv/ a.

in L16.

attire for a special

additionally oJf. M17.

addititious

Only

rare (Spenser).

Direction. I The act of approaching or applying to anyone; esp. (and now only, in pi.) dutiful or courteous approach, courtship. M16. f2 The action of sending or dedicating something written. M17-E18. 3 A discourse delivered to an audience; a formal speech of congratulation, thanks, etc. M17. 4 Manner in conversation, arch. L17. 5 The superscription of a letter etc.; the name of the place to which anyone's letters etc. are directed; one's place of residence. E18. b Computing. A sequence of bits which identifies a particular location in a data processing system. M20. 6 The action of dispatching (esp. a ship, to a person or place). L19.

(0)Fr.

below.)

plementary. M17.

{.

Turned back

address

as AD-

occurs.

additional /a'dij(3)n(3)l/ n. & a. E17. [f. + -al'.] A n. Something added; an extra.

v.t.

A-" +

addressed the envelope, that she had no stamp. 8a Scott Fitzgerald To address cordial remarks to the Shaw You should address yourself to His Majesty, b Shakes. Lear My I^)rd of Burgundy, We first address toward you. c Pope And, calling Venus, thus address'd his child. E. O'Neill You'd think you were going to address an audience of literary critics. •) J. Masters Subalterns address field officers as 'Sir'. W. Trevor He wished the boy would address passers-by. G. B.

into the elements (see

M17. [f L Bringing to

rare.

-rvE.]

Christ's body and blood adduction i).

adductor

[mod.L, f as prec: which brings about adduction towards the median line; spec, jne which closes the shell of a bivalve mollusc. Also /s'dAkta/ n. E17. see -or.] Anat. A muscle

adductor muscle.

f addulce

L15-E18. [OFr. ad{d)oulcir (mod. L addulcire, f ad AD- + dulcis sweet.] Sweeten, make palatable; soothe, mollify, (a perron). adoucir)

t.

v.t.

late

-ade

/eid/ suff. Forming ns. 1 Repr. Fr. -ade f. Prov., Sp., Port, -ada. It. -ata, meaning (i) an action done, as crusade, parade; (ii) the body

concerned, as brigade, comrade; (iii) the product of an action or process, as arcade, marmalade, b In or after new Fr. formations, as cannonade, harlequinade, lemonade. 2 Repr. Fr. -ade f. Gk -ad-a (nom. -as), as in decade. 3 Repr. Sp., Port. -ado. It. -ato, masc. of i, as in brocade, renegade. ^In hmited use in Eng. as a livmg suff. (examples are blockade, gingerade)

.

ai

my, au how,

ei

adeem

/s'di.-m/ v.t. M19. [f ademption, after redeem, redemption.] Take away; spec, in Law, (a grant or bequest) by prior disposal.

revoke

day, so no,

e:

hair,

is

near,

3i

boy, oa poor,

ai3 tire,

aua sour

Adelantado Adelantado

.adelan'tado, .ad.ilan'tuidou/ n. Also a- PI. -OS -.rs, -ooz/. L16. [Sp,] Chiefly Hisi. Spanish grandee; a lord-heutenant or governor ot a Spanish pro\'ince or colony. ,

A

adeinption

.i'dKm(p)J(.i)n

[L

li6.

ti.

adimcrc, f. ad AD- + emerc take: see -ION.] The action of taking away; spec, in ijti', revocation of a grant or bequest by prior jJt-Hipm>(H-),

f.

disposal.

adenine of

L19. [{. Gk adin gland derivative of purine which

'admi:n

n.

A

-INE*.] Bii'chcni.

one

of

bases

the

nucleic

+ is

paired

acids,

double-stranded DNA; thymine in 6-aminopunne, C^H^N,. adenitis ;idrn.\itis u. M19. [f Gkadeng\and + -ms,] Med. Inflammation of glands, spec, of l\Tnph nodes.

Gk

comb, fomt of

'admsii

aden gland:

Bef a vowel aden-. adenocarcinoma n. pi. -mas, -mata

see -0-.

,

tumour of glandular form pi. -physes -fisiiz ,Anar.

L19 adenohy'pophysis n the antcnor lobe of the h\pophysis ,

(pituitary'

gland)

M20 ade noma n., pi. -mas, -mata -msl.'i Med. a bemgn epithelial tumour of glandular form L19. adenomatous a. pertaining to or resembling an adenoma L19. adeno virus n. (Med.) any of a class of ,

Mruses (the first examples of which were discovered in adenoid tissue), most of which cause respiratory diseases M20.

adenoid

'adin.iid

gland + -oiD.]

a.

A

adj.

&

M19. [f. Gk aden Aied. Glandular; like a n.

gland. MI9. B n. sing, (rare) & in pi. A collection wall tissue in the of the of lymphoid nasophar\Tix, usu. becoming less prominent in early adult life; collog. an enlarged condition of this tissue, hindenng speech and breathing. L19. ade'noidal a. (a) ran = adenoid a.; (6) suffcnng from enlarged adenoids, charactensuc or suggesuve of this condition

L19.

adenoi'dectomy

n.

of) surgical removal of the adenoids E20. {coUo,].)

= ADENOIDAL

breakdown of

the tnphosphate to the diphosphate e.g. for muscular contracuon (see

adi'nilik a. L19. [f. aden(ine + -yl Biochem. adenylic acid, a nucleotide composed of a phosphoric acid ester of adenosine, present in most DNA and RNA. adeps 'adsps n. lME. [L.] Animal fat; lard. adept 'adspl; as adj. also s'dspt/ a. & n. M17. [L

-ic]

adeptus pa. pple of adipisci attain, acquire ] adj. Thoroughly proficient {at, in). M17. B

(Ong.

in

L

form fadepnis,

pi.

-ti.)

A

A n.

person

proficient in or at anything. MI7. fadeption n. obtaining M16-M17. adeptly adv. M20 adeptness n. M19. adeptship n. (rare) thorough proficiency; the state or condition of an IS

adept: E19.

adequacy

/'adikwasi

E19. [f next: see -acy. Cf. earher inadequacy.] The state or quality of n.

being adequate.

adequate

'adikwst a. E17. [L adaequams pa. ^with.) pple, f as "ext: see -ATE-'.] (Foil, by fl Equal in magnitude or extent. E17 .vii8, 2

Commensurate

in fitness; sufficient, satisfactory'

E17. b Barely sufficient. E20. 3 LMgic. Of an idea or concept; fully and clearly representing its object. L17.

adequately adv. E17. adequateness adequative a. adequate, equivalent Ely

MI7

n

adequate

'adikweit v.t. L16. [L adaequai- pa. ppl stem of adaeguare, f. ad AD- + aequus equal: see -ATE'.] Make or be equal or equivalent (ro). Joyce Let them continue as is meet To adequate the balance-sheet. T. E/,gleton No text literally adequates its signifiers to some signified distinct from .

.

them

adequation

/adrkweij(3)n, -3(3)n/ n. L16. [L f. as prec: see -ation.] f 1 ITie action of equalling. Only in L16. 2 The result of making equal or adequate; an equivalent. E17. 3 The action of equalizing or making equivalent;

adaequamin-)

b but, d dog,

f

meaning

in

adespota

[Gk, neut.

pi. of master.] Bibliogr. Literary works not attributed to, or not claimed by, an author.

/.I'di.spoto/ n.pl. L19.

adespows

adj.,

a-

f.

Adessenarian

+

A-'"

despotSs

/adesi'nEirian/

L

f.

M18.

[f see believed

n.

adesse be present:

next, -arian.] Hccl. Hist. A person who in the real presence of Christ's body Eucharist, but not by transubstantiation.

adessive

&

/o'dcsiv/ a.

+

present, f ad AD-

esse

M19.

n.

be +

[f.

-IVE.]

L

in

tlie

A

Gram.

adj.

Designating, being in, or pertaining to a case in Finnish and other languages expressing position in or presence at a place. M19. B n. The adessive case; a word, form, etc., in the adessive case.

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

ad eundem to the

same

degree

or

/ad I'Aiidam/ adv. phr. ei8. [L = (degree).] (Admitted) to the same rank at another university or

institution.

d deux

/a do/ adv. or between, two.

&

L19. [Fr

a. phr.

Of,

]

for,

[(0)Fr. adherer or L haerere to stick.] 1 Attach oneself to a person or party; be a follower. L15. 2 Stick fast (to a substance or object). E16. 3 Give support to, or continue to maintain or observe,

adhere

/sd'hia/

adhaerere,

v.i.

L15.

ad AD- +

f.

.

.

:

adhered scrupulously to the terms of the Nor time nor place Did

capitulation 4 Shakes. Macb. then adhere.

adherer

(now

n.

adherence

rare)

M16.

/ad'hi3r(3)ns/

L

lME.

n.

adhaeremia,

[(0)Fr.

prec; later f prec: see -ence ] 1 The action of adhering {to). lME. 2 An instance of adhering; something adherent, {rare after 17.) M16. adherence

late

{.

{.

adherency

/3d'hi3r(3)nsi/ n. -ENCY. Cf. prec] 1

ADHERE +

of being adherent. Li6. a following. L16-M17. adherent. Only in 17. state

as

arch.

The t2 An

li6. [f. quality or

adhering

\i Something

party;

B n. Something which adheres; an adhesive substance. L19. adhesively adv. M19. adhesiveness n. mi 8. adhibit

ei6. [L adhibit- pa. ppl ad AD- + habere have, hold.] 1 Take in, let in, admit. E16. 2 Put to, put upon, affix. M16. 3 Apply, employ, esp. as a remedy. /ad'hibit/

stem of adhibere,

v.t.

f.

adhibition /adhibij(3)n/ M17.

ad hoc this'.]

&

/ad 'hok/ adv.

For

this particular

adhoc(k)ery

adhocism

(colloq.)

n.

the action of adhibiting

n.

a. phr. M17. [L, lit. 'to purpose; special(Iy). (an) improvisation M20.

the policy of improvisation, adhocery

n.

/ad'hiarand/ n. M20. [f. adhere + -END.] An object bonded to another by an adhesive, or to which an adhesive adheres.

adherent

/3d'hi3r(3)nt/

a.

&

n.

lME.

[(0)Fr. stem of

adherent {. L adhaerent- pres. ppl adhaerere adhere: see -ENT.] A adj. f 1 Attached in sympathy or as a follower {to). LJVIE-E17. 2 Attached materially {to); sticking; adhering to (an opinion, a rule, etc.). M16. 3 Attached as an attribute or circumstance. L16. 1 W. Fulbecke To be adherent to the King's enemies. 2 A Burgess A perceptible shaking in the adherent custard. B ^^. 1 A supponer or follower {of). lME. f 2 Something which adheres. E-M17. 1 W. S. Churchill He was tned and hanged with but four of his adherents. 2 Milton Not a true limb an adherent, .

adherently

.

{rare) E17.

cii/t).

/3d'hi:3(3)n/

adhaesio{n-),

{.

adhesive /ad'hiisrv, -ziv/ a. & n. + -rvE.] A adj 1 Apt or tending cling to,

or persevere

n no, p pen,

r

red,

L17.

in.

s sit,

t

&

/ad 'hominem/ adv. a. phr. L16. [L = to the person.] Of an argument etc.; directed to the individual, personal; appealing to feeling not reason,

Now

adhort

/ad'hoit/ v.t. adhortari, {. ad AD-

exhort. .adhor'tation

see -ative

+

[L

LI 5.

Urge,

incite.]

M19. [f as prec;

/ad'haitatrv/ a.

Gram. Of

]

rare or obs.

hortan

exhortation Mi6.

n.

adhortative

a verbal

mood: expressing

exhortation.

&

adiabatic

/.eidAia'batik, ,adia-/ a. n. L19. [f. adiabatos impassable, f a- a-'" -I- dia through + batos passable: see -ic] Physics. adj. Involvmg or allowing neither gain nor loss of heat; penaining to such conditions; (of a curve, line, etc.) obtained by plotting the relative changes in pressure and volume of a gas during a process of this kind. L19. B n. An adiabatic curve; the relationship expressed by an adiabatic curve. L19. adiabat /ei'dAiabat, n. = adiabatic rt. M20. adiabatically adv. with neither gain nor loss of heat L19

Gk

A

adiaphanous

/adraf(3)n9s/ a. M17. [f diaphanous.] Not translucent; opaque.

adiaphora adiaphonsia, -1ST.]

held

1

/adi'af(a)rist/

Gk

f.

a-'"

+

n.

[mod.L

mi6.

n.

adiaphoros: see ADIAPHOROUS,

A moderate Lutheran who conderrmed by Luther, to be A person who is M16. 2

Hist.

Eccl.

some

of adiaphoron

n. pi.

adiaphorist

things,

unimportant. E17.

adiaphorism

L17. to

[f.

as

adhere

prec (fig.),

2 Having the

top, v van,

w

we,

unconcem

theological

n.

adiaphoron

&

E17.

arch. PI. of -ra /-ra/. L16. [Gk, neut. of adiaphoros: see next ] Chr. Ch. (A thing) inessential in the eyes of the Church.

/adiaf(a)ran/

n.

a.

n.

adiaphorous adiaphoros,

/adraf(a)ras/ E17. [Gk a. + diaphoros differing: see no difference; non-essential;

a- A-'"

{.

Making

-ous] neutral.

ad idem

/ad 'idEin/ adv. phr. L16. [L = to the ] On the same point, in agreement.

same thing

adieu adieu,

/a'dju:/ mt. f.

&

lME. [AN adeu, (0)Fr. god: cf ADDIO, ADIOS.] A

n.

+ Dieu

a to

int. Goodbye, arch. lME. B adieux /a'dju:z/. A leave-taking;

a farewell.

n.

ad infinitum E17. [L,

lit.

to

+

phr. see

PI.

adieus, word;

a parting

Granth.

/ad infi'nAitam/ adv.

'to infinity'.]

ad interim ad

n.

lME.

Adi Granth

n. L15. [Fr. adhesion or L adhaes- pa. ppl stem of adhaerere ADHERE: see -ion.] 1 The action of adhering to a person, party, tenet, etc. L15. 2 The action of sticking (together or to something); an instance of this; spec, in Physics, the sticking together of unhke materials (cf cohesion). M17. b The frictional grip of a wheel on a rail, road surface, etc. M19. 3 Med. The union of normally separate parts due to inflammation or injury; a mass of rare tissue joining normally separate parts; benign union of tissue as in healing. M17.

adhesion

ad hominetn

uninterested in points of theological discussion.

adherend

man,

fastening, sticking, masking, or insulating.

M20.

,

few, g get, h he,

property of adhering (lit.); sticky; prepared so as to adhere. L18. 2 adhesive tape opaque or transparent paper, plastic, etc., coated with an adhesive and used for

L16.

adesse be

He had

a.

adenylic

who

change

adenoidy

(b) E20.

also next).

^

A

Ling.

(an instance

s'dEnsosiin/ n. E20. [Blend of ADENINE and RlBOSE.] Biochem. A nucleoside (adenine nboside), found in living tissue in the form of nucleotides (see below). Comb., adenosine di-, mono-, triphosphate: nucleoudes mvolved in many physiological processes, the

4

influence of typical contexts. M20.

an opinion, practice, rule, etc. Foil, by to. M16. f4 Be consistent with itself or circumstances. Ll6~EI7. 1 Ld Macaulav These people adhered to the Church of Rome. 2 T. Reid The parts of a boffy adhere so firmly. A. Wilson The ends of her fat, sticky fingers to which the chocolate had adhered, jig. Gibbon Flattery adheres to power. 3 W. S. Maugham

adenosine

providing energj',

E17.

equivalent. due to the

M19. -mats

,

.\hd. 3 malignani epithelial

made

the fact of being equalized or

mod.l, adessenani,

with

adeno-

adipocere

26

Without

/ad 'intarim/ adv.

&

interim adv. 'meanwhile'

&

a.

phr.

limit, for ever. a.

phr. L18. [L,

used as n.] For

the meantime.

adios /adi'aus, adi'os/ int. M19. [Sp. adids, + Dios god: cf. ADIEU, ADDIO. ] Goodbye. adipic /a'dipik/ a. M19. [f. L adip-, adeps

f.

a to

(fi-om

the acid having first been prepared by oxidizing fats) + -ic] Chem. adipic acid, a crystaUine HOOC(CH2)4COOH, used in the acid, manufacture of nylon.

adipocere f.

as prec.

/adipa(u)'sia/

+

n.

Fr. cire wax.]

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

d

this,

A 13

E19. [Fr. adipocire,

greyish-white fatty ring.

If

chip, d3 jar

adipocyte substance generated moisture.

dead bodies subjected

in

to

/'adipasAit/ n. M20. [f. as next + -o+ -CYTE.] Physiol. A cell specialized for the storage of fat, found in connective tissue.

adipocyte

adipose

/'adipsos,

adiposus,

-z/

penaining to animal

&

a.

+

as adipic

f.

Of

[mod.L

M18.

n.

A

-ose'.]

fat.

Of

adj.

or

concerned

tissue:

with the storage of fat. M18. adipose fin a small, rayless, fleshy, dorsal fin present in certain fishes, notably in the salmon family. B n. Adipose tissue. M19. adi'posity n. fatness, obesity M19. adipous a. = ADIPOSE

a. in less

techn. contexts M17.

[L aditus approach, entrance, stem of adire, f. ad ad- + ire go.] 1 A horizontal passage leading into a mine, for the purpose of entrance or drainage. E17. 2 Entrance, access, rare. M19. adivasi /a:di'va:si/ n. Also A-. M20. [mod.Skt

adit

/'adit/ n. E17.

adit- pa. ppl

f.

(nom.) ddivasi,

adi the beginning + vdsin of any of the aboriginal

f.

A member

inhabitant.] tribes of India.

adj.

/ad3/

An

Gram.

[Abbrev.]

M17.

fj.'

adjective.

Adj. /ad3/

M20. [Abbrev.] = adjutant

n.- colloq.

neut.

M17. [L adjacemia as next; in mod. use I.

/3'd3eis(3)nsi/

sense 2),

(in

pi.

f.

n.

A

thing which lies near; in pi, adjacent places, environs. mi7. 2 The fact, quahty, or state of being adjacent. M18. adjacence n. = adjacency 2 E17.

-ency

next: see

1

]

&

/3'd3eis(3)nt/ a. n. lME. [L adjacent- pres. ppl stem of adjacere, f. ad AD- + jacere lie down: see -ENT.] adj. Lying near (to),

adjacent

A

adjoining, contiguous (to). lME. adjacent angles Geom. the two angles defined on the same side of a line when it is intersected by another line, t

B

= ADJACENCY

n.

f adject ppl

&

a.

n.

f.

Armexed,

joined.

pa. pple of

jacere lay, throw.]

LME-E17. B

An

n.

A

ppl a. addition;

an adjunct. L17-E18.

/3'd3EkJ(3)n/ n. ME. [L adjectioin-), see ADJECT ppl a. & «., -ION.] fl A thing which is added; an addition. ME-L18. 2 The action of adding or joining. lME. .adjec'dtious a. additional M17.

A

/ad3£k'tAiv(3)l/

&

a.

L18. [f next

n.

Gram. Forming an adjunct to a noun; dependent on a noun and as an attribute; of the nature or quality of an adjective. L18. 2 Of style etc.: characterized by many adjectives. E20. ad].

1

3 euphem. Bloody, damned, etc. colloq. E20. watermg-place like 3 D. L. Savers An adjectival Wilvercombe. = B n. Gram. ADJECTIVE n. I. Also, a phrase, clause, etc., with an adjectival function. L19. .

.

adjectivally adv. mi 9.

adjective

/'ad3iktiv/ a., n.,

adjecttf, -ive

&

L adjectivus,

late

f.

v.

lME.

Gk onoma

A

epttheton.] a.

-iva,

adject-: see

f.

Now

I.

adj. rare.

=

Gram.

1

lME.

2

gen.

Dependent; attached. E17. 3 Of law: relatmg to enforcement or procedure, as opp. to rights and

Cf

SUBSTANTIVE ADJECTrVAL a. 3. colloq. MI9. 1 noun adjective = sense duties.

Auden

3a.

a.

=

4

L18.

.

.

.

.

.

Gram. A word designating an attribute and added to a noun, to describe the thing etc. «.

more

1

fully.

(One of the

parts of speech.)

lME.

2

A

dependent; an accessory. E17. 2 T. Fuller Subjects should be adjectives, not able to stand without their prince.

gen.

C

fimction, quantity, etc.: related to a given function, quantity, etc., by a particular process of transposition; gen. designating or pertaining to such a relationship; spec, (of a matrix) being the transpose of the cofactors of a given square matrix. L19.

v.i.

Make

adjectival;

provide

with

adjective. M17. adjectively adv. in an adjectival manner adjectivize v.t. make into an adjective E20. a cat, a: arm,

z

bed,

adjunction adjunctio(n-),

«. /3'd3Ar)kJ(3)n/ as prec: see -lON.]

t.

on or adding

[L

L16.

The

act of

(to).

/ad3oa'reiJ(s)n/ n. lME. [Fr., or L adjuratio{n-), f. as next: see -ATiON.] The action of adjuring; an earnest appeal, spec, in exorcism. adjuratory /3'd3o3r3t(a)ri/ a. containing a solemn charge or appeal E19.

adjuration

adjure /3d'3oa/ v.t. lME. [L adjurare, I. ad ad+ jurare swear, f jur-, jus oath ] f 1 Put (a person) on oath; bmd under penalty of a curse. LME-M17. 2 Charge or entreat solemnly or earnestly, as if under oath or under the penalty of a curse. Foil, by to do (for that). lME. AV Josh. 6:26 loshua adiured them saying, 1 Cursed be the man that [etc.]. 2 L. A. G. Strong .

.

,

.

51

In sense A. 2 often italicized. /a'd-^s-.n/ v.

Adjuring each other to have fresh cups of

ME.

[OFr. ajomer (mod.

ajoum-), f. phr. a jom (nome) to a day (appointed).] f 1 v.t. Appoint (a person) a day to appear; cite or summon for a particular day. ME-M17. 2 v.t. Defer, put off. lME. 3 v.t.

Break off (a meeting etc.) for later resumption. 4 v.i. Of people met together: suspend proceedings and disperse; transfer a meeting to L15.

another place. L15. 2 R. W. Emerson I adjourn what I have to say on this topic. 3 T. Stoppard Meeting adjourned for ten minutes. 4 D. Lodge TTiey adjourned to a nearby pub to continue the conversation.

adjournal

n.

Law) adioumment

(obs. exc. Sc.

L15.

/3'd33:nm(3)nt/ n. lME. [OFr. ajomemeni, f ajomer. see prec, -ment.] The act of adjourning; the state of being adjourned. Comb.: adjournment debate: on the motion that the House of Commons ad)oum (often used as an

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

an M16.

see, d hot,

d:

lME.

[OFr. ajuger (mod. adj-) f. L adjudicare: see next.] 1 Settle or decide (a matter) judicially. lME. 2 Pronounce or decree by judicial sentence (something to be, that something is). lME. 3 Determine in one's own judgement, consider. lME. 4 Condemn (to a penalty, to do), arch. lME. 5 Award, grant, or impose judicially (something to a person). L15. fb Try judicially; pass sentence on. E16-M17. /a'd3Ad3/

adjudg(e)nient

n.

v.t.

the act of adjudging; a decree, an n. f(a) a person to whom

award: M16. adjudger something is adjudged;

a

(b)

person

who awards

judicially; E18.

adjudicate

/9'd3u:dikeit/ v. ei8. [L adjudicatpa. ppl stem of adjudicare, f ad ad- + judic-, judex a judge: see -ate' ] f 1 v.t. Award judicially {Sc.

Law

esp. a debtor's estate). E18-E19. 2

judge in a court, M19.

judicially to be).

(a

L18. 3

a tribunal, a

claim v.i.

adjust

/a'dsAst/

v.

f.

tea.

E17. [Fr. ^adjuster

refash., after juste just a., of

ajouter add), ult.

OFr.

L ad ad- +

(now

ajoster

aj-)

(mod.

juxta close to.]

1

Arrange, compose, harmonize, (differences, discrepancies, accounts); assess (loss or Come to terms. damages). E17. fb v.i. M17-M18. 2 v.t. Arrange suitably in relation to something else or to some standard or purpose. (Foil, by to.) M17. b v.i. Adapt oneself (to); get used to changed circumstances etc. E20. 3 v.t. Arrange (something) suitably in relation to its parts; put in order; regulate. M17. b v.i. Admit of being so arranged. E20. 2 Burke They have adjusted the means to that end. rug was adjusted so that his bare feel S Lewis TTie would stnke it. J. S. Huxley The individual caji v.t.

.

.

adjust himself

.

standards of his society b S. King She needs ume to adiust. 3 M. McCARrm' As he ad|usted the handkerchief in his pocket. adjusta'bility n. LI9. adjustable a. L18. adjuster n. L17 adjustive a. concemed with adjustment L19. .

,

to the ethical

competition,

adjudication

L

/3d3u:di'keiK9)n/

adjuJicatio(n-),

Law.

An award

f.

a

etc.

of

n.

E17. [Fr., or

prec: see -ation.]

as

adjustment

/3'd3As(t)m(3)nt/ n. M17. [OFr. adjustement (mod. aj-), f. as prec: see -ment.] 1 The process of adjusting. M17. 2 Comm. The senlement among various parties of claims, liabihties, or payments. M17. 3 The state of being adjusted; settlement. L17. 4 An arrangement whereby things are adjusted. M18. Comb. adjustment centre US a section of a prison reserved for the sohtary confinement of refractory :

prisoners.

adjutage

/'ad3utid3, 3'd3u:t-/ n. Also aj-. ei8. f. ajouter. see ADJUST, -AGE.] tube added to or inserted into an aperture to control the outflow of water, as a pipe at the mouth of an artificial fountain,

1

heritable estate as security or to fulfil an obligation. E17. 2 The act of adjudicating; an awarding or settling by a

M17. 3 A judicial sentence or award. L18. 4 Law. More fully adjudication order. An order declanng bankruptcy. M19. f adjument n. li6~ei8. [L adjumentum contr. of adjuvamentum, f. adjuvare: see ADJUVANT, -ment.] Help; a helper.

adjutant pres. ppl

&

/'ad3Ar|kt/ a. n. E16. [L adjunctus pa. pple of adjungere, f ad AD- + jungere join.] A adj. B «. 1 Joined, added; subordinate. E16. Something joined to something else and auxiliary to or dependent on it, something subordinate or incidental (to, of). L16. 2 A

saw, a run, o put,

u:

too, 3 ago, ai

my, au how,

ei

/'ad3ut(3)nt/ n. & a. E17. [L adjutantstem of adjutare frequent, of adjuvare:

see ADJUVANT, -ant'.] Ah. 1 An assistant, a rare in gen. sense. E17. 2 Mil. helper.

Now

an officer who assists superior officers by communicating orders, conducting correspondence, etc. E17. 3 Either of two large black and white storks of the genus Leptoptilos, L. dubius (in full greater adjutant), and L. full lesser adjutant), native to India Asia. Also adjutant bird, stork. L18. Army 2 Adjutant-General: a high-ranking administrative officer.

javanicus (in

and SE

B adj. Helping, rare. L17. adjutancy n. the rank or oflice of an adjutant M18.

judicial decree.

adjunct

A

[Fr. aj(o)utage,

v.t.

etc.);

Act as

adjudicative a. having the character of adjudicating M19. adjudicator n. a person who settles a question or awards a prize M19. adjudicature n. the process of adjudicating M19.

Sc.

dye: needing a mordant to fix it. 4 Dickens I won't have no adjective police in my adjective premises.

B

;

joining

/'ad3r>int; in seme A. 2 also foreign ad3wE, samel n. & a. L16. [Fr., pa. pple of adjoindre: see prec, adjunct.] A adj. A helper; an adjunct. L16-E18. 2 A French civil officer who assists the mayor. Also, an assistant professor in a French college. M19. 3 Math. An adjoint matrix, function, etc. L19. B adj. Math. Of a

pi.

late

B.i. 2 G. Grote The treated as adjective beings. W. H. Pastors adjective / to rustic flocks, adjective

women were

the

adjoining cabins

adjoint

Try and determine pronoimce (a person

[(0)Fr.

ADJECT ppl a. & n., -rvE. First in noun adjective rendering late L nomen adjeclivum (Priscian) tr. ADJECTIVAL

Two

qualifying addition to a word or name. L16. 3 Gram. A word or words amplifying or modifying the meaning of another word or words in a sentence. n6. 4 l^gic. A non-essential attribute. L16. 5 A personal addition or enhancement. E17. 6 A person joined to another in some (esp. temporary) service or office. M17. a'djunctive n. & a. f (a) n. ~ adjunct «. (b) adj. contributing to, forming an adjunct: L17. a'djunctively adv. as an adjunct E19.

.

adject-:

-al'.]

He came from

fane adjoins. W. Faulkner adjoining county, b N. Shute with a communicating door.

adjudge

adjection

adjectival

.

opportunity to raise various matters).

/3'd3£kt/ v.t. lME. [L adjectare frequent, of ad(j)icere: see prec] Add, join, annex.

adject

+

.

spokes ten thousand lesser things Are mortis'd and adjoin'd. 2a Pope Close to the bay great Neptune's

adjournment

M16-MI9. lME. [L adjectus I.

ad AD- +

ad(j)icere,

f.

adjoin /o'djDin/ v. ME. (OFr. ajoi(g)n- stem of ajotndre (mod. adj-) i. L adjungere: see adjunct.] 1 v.t. Join, unite (to or unto), arch. ME. f b v.i. Come into union or contact. lME L17. 2 v.i. a Lie close, be contiguous to, with. obs. exc. absol. as adjoining ppl a. ME. b Lie close to each other. L19. 3 v.t. Lie close or be contiguous to. A4E. To whose huge 1 Shakes. Hand. A massy wheel,

adjourn

n. 2.

adjacency

adjuvant

27

adjutator

/'ad3uteit3/

n.

M17.

after adjutant etc.] Eng. Hist.

[Alt.

of agitator

= AGITATOR

i.

Now

adjutor

rare. M16. [L adjutor, /'adsots/ n. f. adjut- pa. ppl stem of adjuvare: see ADJUVANT, -OR.] = ADJUTANT n. I.

/'ad3ov(3)nt/ a. & n. li6. [Fr., or L adjuvant- pres. ppl stem of adjuvare, f. ad AD- + Helpful, 1 juvare help: see -ANT'.] A adj. Designating therapy auxiliary. L16. 2 Med. apphed after the initial treatment of cancer, esp.

adjuvant

day, au no,

t;:

hair,

la

near,

3i

boy, oa poor,

ai3 tire,

aua sour

Adlerian to suppress secondan' tumour formation. L20. B n. 1 help; a helper. E17. 2 Med. Something given to augment the effect of a drug or other agent; now csp. a substance which enhances the body's immune response to an antigen. M19.

A

Adlerian

&

m20.

Adler (see the Austnan psychologist Alfred Adler (1870-1937) or his school of analytic psychology, which was based on such concepts as the inferiority complex and the desire for power. ad'liarian

a.

n.

below) + -IAN.] Penaining

[f.

to, a disciple of,

uJv.. a., v., & n. Also (esp. as vb) ad-lib. E19. [Abbrev. of next.] A adz: At one's pleasure; to any desired extent. E19. B adj. Extemporized; spontaneous. E20. C f.f. & i. Infi. -bb-. Speak extempore, improvise. E20. D n. An ad-lib remark, an extemporized speech, something improvised. M20.

ad

ad

lib

attrib. adj.

'lib

&

ad libitum

ad

&

adz:

'libitsni

a. phr.

[L

E17.

= according to pleasure.] = ad lib adz: phr., a. ad litem ad 'Uitem, adv. & a. phr. M18. [L.]

Of

Latv.

lawsuit,

a guardian, etc.:

on behalf of

appointed to

fadlocution

of AixocirnoN.

n. var.

admeasure

sd'mcj^, v.t. ME. [OPr. amesurer f med.L admensurare: see ad-, measure f. ] fl Keep in measure; limit, control. ME-E17. f2 Apply a measure to; measure out. L15-L19. 3 Apportion; assign in due shares, mi 7.

admeasurement

'9d'ni£53m(3)nt/ n. Now rare. E16. [OFr. amesurement, f. as prec; see -ment ] 1 Ascertainment and apportionment of just shares. E16. 2 The process of applying a measure in order to ascertain dimensions. E17. 3 Size, dimensions. L18.

admensuration

'9dm£nsjo'reiJ(3)n/ n. NowL admensuratio{n-), f.

[Late admensurare, f. ad AD= -ATION.] prec. L17.

admin, /'admm/

n.

-I-

mensura a measure: see

m20.

colloq.

[Abbrev

adminicle

3d'mmik(3)l/ n. mi6. [L admmiculum prop, support, f ad AD- + dim. -culum -CULE on an obscure base.] 1 Something that helps. mi6. 2 Se. Lau: Supporting or corroboratory evidence; a writing tending to prove the existence and tenor of a lost deed. L16. admi'nicular a. helpfiil, corroborator)' L17.

adminiculate

admrnikjuleit/ v.i. M16. [L adminiculat- pa. ppl stem of adminiculare, f. as prec: see -ate'.] Help, suppon; Sc. Lav/ support by corroboratory evidence.

amimstrer f Ong. am-,

sd'minista/

L

lME.

v.

[OFr.

administrare: see AD-, MINISTER

v.

Latinized (0)Fr. adrntmstrer.] I v.t. 1 Manage as a steward; carry on or execute (an ofBce, affairs, etc.). lME. 2 Lau,. Manage and dispose of (the estate of a deceased person) under a will or by official appointment. lME. 3 Execute or dispense (justice). lME 4 Furnish, supply, give, (orig. something beneficial, to). lME. 5 Execute or perform (offices of religion); dispense (a sacrament). L15. 6 Formerly, apply (a branch of medicine) Now, give (medicine, to). M16. 7 Offer (an oath) for swearing (to a person). L16. I W. HoLTBY Once the laws have been passed, we only can administer them. P. G. Wodehouse Your aunt decided to take over the family finances and administer them herself. 4 Steele The Joy which this Temper of Soul administers. Joyce Even a fellow on the broad of his back could administer a nast>' kick. II v.t. 8 Act as an administrator. E17. 9 Minister to. arch. E18. administrable a. able to be administered E19. t administrer n. L15-L17. .

refash.

after

.

administrant

/3d'ministr(3)nt/

a.

&

rare.

n.

E17. [Fr., pres. ppie of administrer. see prec, -ant'.] A ad). Managing affairs, executive. E17. B n. An actmg officer E17.

administrate

/ad'ministreit/

admmistrat- pa.

administration [(0)Fr., or b but, d dog,

L f

v.t.

&

1.

M16. [L

ppl stem of administrare:

ADMINISTER, -ATE'.]

administering remedies, an action of administering in any office; attendance; performance {of), obs. in gen. sense. lME. 3

see

= ADMINISTER.

few, g get, h he,

j

f.

another.

to

of

The

2

Management (0/ any business). lME. 4 Lazv. The management and disposal of a deceased person's estate. lME. b The management of an insolvent company under a coun order. L20. 5 ellipt. The management of public affairs; government. E16. 6 The executive part of the Government.

legislature; the ministry; the

A

Droit of Admiralty: see droit n.' i. 3 the 1 Admiralty: the building from which the Bntish navy is administered, the Board of Admiralty, (since 1964) the Admiralty Board: appointed to administer the British navy. 5 R. Kipling If blood be the price of admiralty Lord God, we ha' paid in full!

justice,

ME.

E18.

admiration

n. lME. [(0)Fr., admirat- pa. ppl stem of -ation.] 1 The action of wondering or marvelling; wonder, arch. lME. 2 An objea of admiration. L15. 3 Wonder mingled with reverence, esteem, approbation; pleased contemplation, warm approval. M16. Admirableness. M16 M17. 5 An exclamation mark (= note of admiration below), arch. L16. 1 T. Fuller Admirauon is the daughter of ignorance, note of admiration arch, an exclamadon mark. 2 M. W. Montagu The young prince is the admiration of the whole court. 3 mutual admiration society: see MUTUAL a. to admiration in an admirable manner, excellendy. 4 Shakes. Temp. Admir'd Miranda! hideed the top of admiration. 'admirative a. characterized by admiration LI5.

admiratio(n-), admirari: see next,

b

period of office of a President of the United

States. L18. 4 letters of administration authority to administer the estate of an intestate (cf probate). 5 Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration: see PARLIAMENTARY a.

administrative

/ad'mmistrstiv/

[Fr. administratif, -ive or

L

a.

&

administratively

as

administrate

1

A

(idf.

mi8. as

f.

/sd'mAw/ v. L15. [Isolated early use f OFr. amirer, later (L16) f. Fr. admirer or L admirari, f ad AD- + mirari to wonder.] 1 v.t. Regard with pleased surprise, respect, or approval. L15. b Express admiration of. M19. 2

manager of business or public

affairs;

a

person capable of organizing. lME. 2 Lazu. a A person appointed to administer an estate in default of an executor, or to manage an insolvent company. lME. b A person authorized to manage an estate for the legal owner during his or her minority, absence, etc.; Sc. Lazu (in full administrator in lazv) a person empowered to act for another, spec, for a child. M16. 3 A person who administers something (a sacrament, justice, etc.) to another; an applier or giver (o/J. M16. administratorship n. li6. administratress n. (rare) a

Feel or express surprise or astonishment. 3 v.t. View with wonder or surprise; marvel at. arch. L16. 4 v.t. Astonish, surprise. v.i.

arch. L16. rare.

/sdmini'streitnks/ n. PI. M16. [f prec: see administratnce .} A female

Cf

.

f.

/'adm(a)r3b(3)l/ a. & adv. lME. admirabilis, f. admirari: see ADMIRE,

admirableness

n.

E17.

ai^f.

admiralty admiral(i)te

/'adm(3)r(3)lti/

n.

(mod. amiraute),

f.

obs.

ME.

n.

as prec: see

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

man,

r

red,

s sit,

t

mercy, to

pity,

and

top, v van,

w

we,

zoo,

/3d'miJ(3)n/

lME.

n.

[L

/sd'mit/

v.

lME. [L

Infl. -tt-.

admittere,

&

(that). lME. b v.i. Foil, by to: acknowledge (a weakness etc.), confess to. M20. 1 E. M. Forster Admitting into her kindly voice a note of exasperation. B. Russell The Orphic communities admined slaves on equal terms. G. Greene The office had two waiting-rooms, and I was admitted alone into one. f admit of: into the number .

.

or fellowship of admit

in

z

a.

or position, class, etc.), spec, in Lazu (now Hist.) into the possession of a copyhold estate. lME. 2 v.t. fi. w. of. Consent to, permit; accept as valid or true; acknowledge, confess; concede

[OFr. prec: see

exc. Hist,

/ad miz3ri'kD:diam/ adv. appeal, argument, etc.:

Of an

f ad AD- + minere send; but some early forms reflect semi-pop. OFr. amettre.} I As a volimtary agent. \ v.t. &l fi. w. of. Let in, permit (a person etc.) entrance or access (to or into a place, office

to hail:

see bail

n.'

2 Shakes.

will admit no kind of suit. JAS. Mill had admitted no delay. E. O'Neill The old veldt has its points, I'll admit, but it isn't home. A. Burgess I made a mistake, I freely admit it.

Twel.

N. She

Tippoo

of the seas. L19.

n no, p pen,

to

phr. E19. [L.]

admit

lME. 4 The maritime branch of the administration justice. lME. 5 rhet. of

Command

a.

.

1

administering the Navy.

his

or position, class, etc.); a charge or ticket for this. lME. 2 The admitting (of something) as valid, proper, or true; acknowledging, conceding. M16. b A concession, an acknowledgement. E19. 1 Bacon The admission of poor suitors without fee. R. Braittigan Fifty-cents admission for their flea circus. 2 A. G Gardiner Wars only end with the admission of defeat, b J. Braine Shocking her into an admission that she still cared what happened to him. admissive /sd'misrv/ a. characterized by admitting, tending to admit L18.

lME. as

.

admissio(n-), f admiss- pa. ppl stem of admiture: see next, -ion.] 1 TTie action of admitting or the fact of being admitted (to or into a place, office

The jurisdiction or office of an admiral. lME. f2 The department imder command of the adimiral. lME~ei7. 3 The department -ty'.]

.

L18.

L16.

[(0)Fr. amtral, med.L) Arab, amir commander (see amir, emir) + -al -al': assoc. w. prec] f 1 An emir or prince imder the Sultan; a Saracen commander. ME-E16. 2 The commander-in-chief of a coimtry's navy. lME. 3 A naval officer of high rank, spec, of the rank next below Admiral of the Fleet; the commander of a fleet or squadron. lME. 4 The ship which carries the admiral; the flagship. L16. 5 Any of various nymphalid butterflies, spec, a red or white admiral. E18. 2 Lord High Admiral: a tide of the British monarch (formerly of an officer who governed the Royal Navy and had jurisdiction over maritime causes). 3 Admiral of the Fleet, (US) Fleet Admiral: the highest grade of such officers. High Admiral: see HIGH a. rear admiral: see rear a.' vice ADMIRAL, yellow admiral: see yellow a. 5 red admiral: see RED a. white admiral: see white a. admira'lissimo n. (colloq.) [after generalissimo] the supreme commander of (combined) naval forces E20. admiralship n. the position or rank of admiral; ability to perform the duties of an admiral: L16.

for

E17. [Fr., or see -ible.] 1 Of an idea or plan: worthy of being accepted or considered. E17. b Lazv Allowable as evidence. MI 9. 2 Worthy or able to be admitted (to an office or position, or the use of a place). L18. admissable a. = admissible L19 admissi'bility n.

ME.

/'adm(3)r(3)l/ n. ^admira(i)l f. (through

&

admission

admirably

admiral

Auden

.

admissible /3d'misib(3)l/ med.L admissibilis, f as next:

-ABLE.] A adj. 1 To be wondered at. obs. exc. m Admirable Crichton. lME. 2 Causing pleased surprise, or wonder united with approbation; (by degrees losing the idea of wonder) excellent, to be warmly approved. L16. 1 Milton Not only strange and admirable, but lamentable to think on. j-B adv. Admirably. E17-E18.

always admired

ad misericordiam

administrator, spec, of an estate in default of an executor.

admirable [(0)Fr. L

I

You admire money and you have it. 2 Swift She admir'd as much at him. Dickens Mrs. Chick admires that Edith should be such a perfect Dombey. admire to US colloq. be pleased to (do something), like to. 3 Addison How can we sufficiendy admire the stupidity or Madness of these Persons? admirer n. a person who admires; a suitor, a lover: L16. admiring ppl a. showing or feeling admiration L16. admiringly adv. E17

/-trisi:z/.

Fr.

M17.

Day Lewis

1

certainties. J Heller idolize the people who

female administrator L18.

-trices

.

admire

M19.

/ad'ministreits/ n. lME. [L, f + -or. Cf Fr. administrateur.]

administratrix

f.

.

n.

administrativus,

administrate: see -atp'E.] A adj. Pertaining to management of affairs; executive. M18. B n. An administrative body; an administrator, rare. L19.

administrator

/adm3'reiK3)n/

L

or

titles.

/3dminrstreiJ(3)n/

administratio{n-),

action

sacrament,

(a

oath, etc.)

-TRIX. ]

The

1

something

-trixes,

Administration.

administer

-ATION.]

act, in a

a child or other incapable

person.

rare.

admit

28

J

.

.

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, d this,

i)

ring,

tj

chip, dj jar

admittance with of. II As an involuntary agent. 3 D.ff. & Be open to or compatible with; leave room for. MI 6. 4 v.t. Afford entrance to; have room for. /.

L16.

&

Cr. My love admits no qualifying 3 Shakes. Tr. admits of dross. G. B. Shaw Public medical work organization. 4 A. Sillitoe The gap in tfie fence would have admitted an armoured division. admittable a. able to be admitted (now usu. to a place or as a fact) mi 6. admittedly adv. as is acknowledged (by a person, or by people generally) to be true E19. admitter n. L16. fadmittible a. uME-Miy. admitting a. that admits someone or .

.

something, responsible for the admissions to

a hospital

etc. E20.

/3d'mit(3)ns/ n. mi6. [f. prec. + -ANCE.] 1 The action of admitting or the fact of being admitted (now usu. to a place); entrance given or allowed. M16. b = admission 2. L16. 2 Electr. The reciprocal of impedance. L19. flThe fig. ideas connected with admit are now usu. expressed by admission.

admix

/'admiks/ admixture, a mix.

m20.

n.

An

vb.]

the

[f.

/sd'miks/ v.t. & i. Orig. & chiefly as ppl a. adtnixt, (now) admixed /-kst/. lME. [Orig. ppl a. f. L admixtus pa. pple of admiscere, f. ad AD- + miscere mix.; vb (E16) as back-form, or f.

AD- + MIX v.] Mingle {with something else); add as an ingredient. admlxtion n. (now rare or obs.) = admixture i

lME admixture

admonish /ad'monij/ v.t. ME. [OFr. amotiester ult. L admonere, ad AD- + monere advise; f.

f.

assim.

to

adm-.]

1

-ISH^ Early am- was Latinized Charge authontatively, urge, {to

ME.

one should do).

2 gen. Put in

mind

to do,

of

duties; counsel; warn. Also, reprimand, rebuke.

lME. 3 Warn foil,

by

or caution against danger or error. of. M16. 4 Remind; apprise, inform.

admonisher

n.

admonishing

L16.

manner,

admonisimient n. the of bemg admomshed; a

admonishingly

adv.

an M19.

in

so as to admonish action of admonishing, the fact reproof, an admonition ME.

admonition

/adm3'nij(3)n/ n. lME. [OFr. amonition (mod. adm-) f. L admonitio{n-) , {. admonit- pa. ppl stem of admonere: see prec, -ION.] 1 The action of admonishing; authoritative counsel; warning, reproof lME. 2 An act of admonishing; a statement of coimsel or reproof. lME.

admonitory

L16. [med.L use. f prec: see

/3d'mDnit(3)ri/

a.

admonitorius, f as prec; in mod. Giving conveying -ORY^] or

admonition;

n. (now rare) a person who admonishes admonitorial /admom'tainal/ a. (rare) = admonitory M19. admonitorily adv. M19.

admonitor

M16.

adnate

/'adneit/ a. M17. [L adnatus var. of agnatus AGNATE, due to assoc. w. ad-.] Now chiefly Bot. Joined by having grown together. ad'natioD n. (Boi.) adnate condinon M19.

ad nauseam

-siam/ adv. phr.

/ad. 'noiziam,

M17. [L, lit. 'to sickness'. Cf. earlier usque ad nauseam.] To a disgusting or tiresome extent.

adnexa

/ad'neksa/ n.pl. L19. [L, neut. pi. of adnexus joined, pa. pple of adnectere, f. as ad- + nectere to tie, fasten; cf. annex v.] Anat. The parts adjoining an organ, adnexal a. E20.

ON

Now

a.

&

arch.

dial.

lME. [Reduced form of ar al as sign of inf. + do v. ,

corresp. to native to-do (see do v.).] A v. {pres. inf.) To do. Exc north, only in have ado. lME. B adj. Being done, in process, astir. M16.

-ado

&

/'eidsu, 'a:-/ suff Forming ns. 1 Repr. Sp. -atus -ATE"') masc. pa. ppl (f.

L

Port, -ado

ending of vbs

-ar, as desperado, tornado. 2 Refash. of Fr. words in -ade (see -ade i), Sp. words in -ada, and It. words in -ata, as bravado.

adobe

in

/3'd3ob(i)/

plaster,

Mi8.

n.

Arab, at-tub,

{.

[Sp.,

f.

+

al the

f.

adobar to

tub bricks.]

1

brick dried in the sun. M18. b A house built of such brick.s. US. E19. 2 Clay or earth prepared for making into such bricks or suitable for this purpose. L18. 1 attrib.: I. Shaw A Mexican peasant woman., sitting in front of an adobe wall.

fadod prep.^

var. of

int.

adoing

adad.

/a'duiiri/ adv.

+ DOING

7

adolescence

annihilate

v.,

a.,

-ation

&v., -ation

a.

of

vars.

n.,

«.

/3d'nDmin(3)l/ a. & n. M19. [f L adnomin-, -men (var. of agnomen) + -al'.] Gram. (A word or phrase) modifying a noun,

M18-L19. [f ad- + noun,

n.

AD-

/ad3'lEs(3)nt/

n.

An adjective, lME. [f next,

the advs. in

ado etc being taken as adjs.]

1

PI.

Action,

business; fuss; rare a fuss. Labour, trouble, difficulty. lME.

without

n.

lME.

+

alescere

a

a

«.

n.

&

lME.

a.

stem of

adolescent- pres. ppl

-ent.]

[(0)Fr.

adolescere,

f.

ad

grow up, f. alere nourish: see person in the age of adolescence.

m

B adj. Growing from childhood to maturity; the age of adolescence. L18. M. Peake Their adolescent faces, fig.: E. O'Neill This adolescent country. adolesce v.i. reach or pass through adolescence E20. adolescently adv. M20.

Adonai

/ado'nAi, -'neiAi/ n. lME. [Heb. 'adondy: see Jehovah.] In Judaism (and in the (a

/a'donik/

name oO God. a.

&

med.L adonicus, f. Gk adj. Of or relating

after

swifdy adoptive in the world. adoptively adv. by way of adoption /3'd3:r3b(3)l/

[Fr.

Adonis;

to

Adonian

/3'd3uni3n/a.

= Adonic

a.

E17.

a.

.

Mtg

L

or

[Fr.,

f adorare MiOKE: see -ABLE.] 1 Worthy of divine worship. Now rare. E17. 2 Worthy of passionate attachment; colloq. very pleasing. E18. 1 Burke The adorable wisdom of God. 2 E. FoRSTER Look at that adorable wine-cart! adora'bility n. M17. adorableness n. L17 adorably adorabilis,

M

adv. E19.

adoral

L19.

/ad'3:r(3)l/ a.

ad-

[f.

+ oral.]

i

Zool. Situated at or near the mouth, adorally adv. towards or near the mouth L19.

adoration

/ad3'reij(3)n/ n. ei6. [(0)Fr., or L f. adorare: see next, -ATION.] 1 The

worshipping or honouring as divine. E16. 2 (The exhibition of) profoimd regard or love. L16. 3 RC Ch. A method of electing a pope by a low reverence before the same candidate from two thirds of the voters present. L16. act of

adore

/s'do:/

lME.

v.

adorer), earlier ao{u)rer

orare speak, pray.]

[(0)Fr.

{.

1 v.t.

L

(now ad AD-

adourer

adorare,

Worship

f.

-i

as divine. Nov"-'

lME. b v.t. RC Ch. Offer reverence Host etc.). L16. 2 v.t. Regard with deep respect and affection; colloq. like greatly. lME. 3 chiefly poet.

adonique Adonts: see next, -ic] «.li6.

Class.

i.

A

Pros.

designating a metre consisting of a dactyl and a spondee. L16. B n. An Adonic verse or line. L16.

to (the v.

Offer prayers or entreaties; offer worship.

I.

arch. E16. I

Pope Be crown'd as Monarchs, Her mother, whom

2 O. SiTWELL

M17.

Adonis

/s'daunis/ n. li6. [Gk Adonis, a youth loved by Aphrodite in Gk mythol., ult. {. Phoenician 'adoni my lord, 'adon lord.] 1 A plant of the genus Adonis; pheasant's eye. L16. 2

A handsome young man.

E17. Comb.: Adonis blue a European butterfly, Lysandra

bellargus.

adonlzation /ad3nM'zeif(3)n/ n. (arch.) dandiadonize v.t. & (arch.) dandify (oneself)

D. Runyon 3

ribs.

there

If

is

Gods adored.

it is sparethe chieftains starlit To

M. Faulkner How

J

or as

plainly she adored.

one thing he adores

Bethlehem came to adore. adorant a. (poet.) adoring E19. adorative a. (now rare) pertaining to adoration, adoring M17. adorer n. a worshipper, an ardent admirer E17. adoringly adv. in an adoring manner E19.

f adorn a. adomo, ult.

Only in mi 7. Adorned, ornate.

(Milton).

rare

as next.]

f.

[It.

i.

E17.

fa-doors adv. E16-L19. Of doors; at doors. adopt /a'dopt/ v.t. L15. adoptare,

/o'doptiv/ a. lME. [(0)Fr. adoptif, f L adopiivus: see ADOPT, -IVE.] 1 Due to adoption; having the specified familial relation by adoption. lME. 2 Inclined to or in the habit of adopting, rare. M19. 1 adoptive brother, child, father, mother, sister, etc. 2 G. A. Sala Surely the English language is the most -ive

adoratio{n-),

lME.

Adonic

adoptive

adorable

/ada'l£s(3)ns/

adolescent L15.

L

esp. the action of taking a is not one's offspring into the legal relationship of child. ME. 2 The action of taking up and treating as one's own an idea etc.; the fact of being so taken up; an idea etc. so taken. L16. b Philol. The taking of a foreign word into use without (intentionally) changing its form; a word so taken. L19. 3 Approval, acceptance (of a repon etc.). L19. Adoptionist n. & a. (Eccl. Hist.) (a) n. a person who maintained that Christ is the son of God by adoption only; (h) adj. of or pertaining to Adoptionists or their beliefs: M19. fadoptious a. (rare, Shakes.) pertaining to adoption: only in E17.

minor who

ad AD- +

f.

[Contr.: see A prep.']

[(0)Fr. adopter or

L

Take

(a

optare choose.]

1

adorn

lME. [(0)Fr. adomer, earlier adomare, f. ad AD- + omare Be an ornament to, add beauty ] lME. 2 Provide with omament(s);

/a'doin/

ao{u)mer f. furnish, deck

v.t.

L

1

or lustre to. embellish (with).

lME.

Milton A garland to adorn her tresses. Leigh Hi^T The following might have adorned the pages of Spenser. Conan Doyle A buder who would have adomed a bench of bishops. 2 Shakes, i Her. VI Adorn his temples with a coronet. Burke The many great vermes with which he has adomed his mind. adomer n. E16. adornment n. the action of adorning; a thing which adorns, an omament: L15. I

person) voluntarily into a relationship (usu. foil, by as), esp. (a) as one's child, {b) as a candidate for membership of the House of Commons. L15. b Of a local authority: arcept responsibility for the maintenance of (a road etc.). M19. 2 Take (a practice, idea, etc.) from someone else. E17. b Phtlol. Take (a foreign word) into use without

changmg its form. L19. 3 Choose practice, take up, (something that another's). M18. 4 Approve, accept

(intentionally) for one's

own

need not be

adown [OE

Aphet. to

OE. B

prep.

adoze

L19 adopter

adpressed

adv.

]

A

adv.

(aphet

prep, (aphet. to

arch, or poet.

DOWN

&

adv.

a.

Downward, down.

adv.

Downwards upon

fadownright

or along.

lME.

downright)

to

straight

ME. fadownward downward) OE-lME.

down, downright: only

DOZE

Now

prep.

as A prep.-,

{.

DOWN

report etc.). E20. Shakes. Oth. I had rather to adopt a child than get S. Johnson TTiose whom he happens to adopt as favourites, b J. Betjeman By roads 'not adopted', by woodlanded ways. 2 R. Graves I adopted the Stoic way of looking at things. 3 J. Berger The ruling class adopted new tactics towards the workers and the peasantry. 4 J. Galsworthy I propose ihat the report and accounts be adopted. adoptable a. MI9. adop'tee n. an adopted person I

&

/a'daon/ adv.

adun(e),

in

/s'daoz/ adv. & pred. In a doze, dozing.

M19. [f

a.

adv.

&

A-'

+

«. ]

ad personam

/ad pai'saunam/ adv.

&

a. phr.

.

Gram.

/a'du:/

]

it.

adnominal

fadnoun

M16. [f A Being done; in the

pred. a. arch. n.

[(0)Fr. f. L adokscentia, f. adolescent-: see next, -ence.] The process or condition of growing from childhood to manhood or womanhood; the period of growing up. adolescency n. the quality or state of being

f.

any relationship;

.

&

vbl

(a

fadnihilate

a cat, a:

Sc.).

fication E19.

warning.

1

&

{inf.)

&

Old Testament):

arch. L16.

ado

v.

adoption of

f.

adolescent

/ad'mikstjs/ n. eij. [{. ad- + MIXTURE.] 1 The action of admixing; the fact of being admixed. E17. 2 Something mixed with something else; a minor ingredient. M17.

adverb.}

/a'du:/

(chiefly north. do,

process of happening.

admix

Usu.

ado

An unbumt

admittance

that

adpressed

29

more ado

arm,

c.

bed,

a:

much

ado(e)s.

lME.

2

forthwith.

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, d hot,

a:

n.

L16.

[(0)Fr., or L adoptio{n-), f as adoptare: see prec, -ion ] 1 The action of taking or the fact of being taken into

adoption

/3'dDpJ(3)n/

saw, a run, u put,

u:

n.

too, a ago,

ME.

ai

my, ao how,

ei

M20. [L,

lit.

'to

the person'

]

Personal(ly);

on an

individual basis. /ad'prr.st/ a.

E19.

ground,

day, ao no,

k:

hair,

L

[f.

ppl stem of adprimere, f. ad AD+ -ED'.] Bot. Lying close to

adpress- pa.

+

premere press the stem, the

etc.

I3

near,

ai

boy, 03 poor,

ai3 tire,

aua sour

adrad adrad

o'drad n. arch. Earlier fof-. OE. [pa. pple of ojdKidait, f. OFF- + base of DREAD v. \\'eakened to j- in .VIE after which o/drad is not recorded ] Fnghtened, temtied.

fadragant

ti. Only in 18. [Fr. adragam{e) pop. of trjgacaiithe tragacanth. Cf. earlier DRAG.\NT. ] Tragacanth. Also gi4m adragaut.

alt.

fadrcad

adream

dread

see

v.

«.']

&

t adreamed /)p/t- & ppl a. mi6 H9. [Prob. + DREA-M n.- or !•. ] be adreamed, to dream.

ad referendum LiS. [mod.L,

ad

f.

[f.

a-^

rEfa'rEndom adv. phr. Subject to the

assent of a higher authority'.

ad rem

ad rsm

To

the matter'.]

&

adv.

a.

phr. L16. [L,

lit.

'to

the point; to the purpose,

s'dnmCsl) a. & n. L19. [f. ad- i + RENAL.] Anat. A adj. Situated above the kidney, suprarenal; spec, designaang or penaining to the adrenals (see sense B. below). L19. adrenal cortex the outer part of an adrenal gland, secrenng corticosteroids and some other hormones. adrenal medulla the central part of an adrenal gland, secreting adrenalin and noradrenaline, adrenal rest: see

adrenal

B

n.~ 6.

Either of the two small suprarenal glands, secrete cenain hormones, notably adrenalin and corticosteroids. Usu. inpA L19. adrena lectomy n. (,an instance of) surgical removal of the adrenal glands E2o. adrena'lectomized ppl a. that has undergone adrenalectomy E20. n.

which

adrenalin

^'drcnslin

+

Also

>i.

e2o.

-ine.

a

hormone, (HO),C.H3 CHOH CH,NHCH„ secreted by the adrenal medulla of people and animals under stress, which has a range of physiological effects, e.g. on circulation, breathing, muscular activity, and carbohydrate metabolism; (also US A- as propnetar%- name) this hormone extracted from animals or prepared synthetically for prec.

[f.

/o'drM

-in'.]

medicinal purposes. adrrn5:d3ik a. M20. [f prec. + -ergic] Physiol. Releasing, involving, or resembling adrenalin or noradrenaline as a neurotransmitter. Cf cholinergic.

adrenergic

a'drcnsu comb. form. [{. adrenalin: see -o-.] Adrenal;

?'dri:n3u,

adrenal

fads OD

n.

and

EI 7.

/as-/.

&

Adriatic

eidn'atik a. n. E17. ['L Adnaticus, Ha-, f. Adrta, Ha- Etruscan settlement in Italy: see -ic] adj. Designating or pertaining to a sea between Italy and the Balkan peninsula

NE

A

(an arm of the Mediterranean). E17. Adriatic Sea. L18.

B

n.

TTte

expected or desired. CAST

cast adnfl: see

v.

adv.

3'drip

& pred.

a.

M19.

ff.

a--

+ drip

Dripping.

'adrayeit/ v.t. & M17. [I. adrngaistem of adrogare, f. ad AD- + rox'jrt ask: and cf arrogate.] Rom. Law. Adopt (a person who is at the time his or her own master or sui juris). adro'gation n. E18 adrogator n. a person who

adrogate pa. ppl

see -ATE'

adrogatts another L19,

adroit

a'dnit a. M17. [(0)Fr., i. adv. phr. d according to rigiit, properly.] Physically or mentally resourceful; dexterous, skilful, adroitly adv. M18 adroitness n. mi8. droit

fadrop

a(d)scii-

+

ascstem of

rare)

ppl

pa.

adopt

-itious',

Adopted

from

after

without;

adscribere,

Math.

1

1

&

n.

A

II.

a.

ad AD- +

{.

The

[L

L17.

adscriptus

scrihere write.]

tangent

an

of

angle. sense B.i

L17 M19. 2 An adscript serf (see below). MI 9. 3 A comment or note added to a manuscript. L19. B adj. 1 [For med.L adscriptus glebae attached to the soil.] Of a feudal serf: hereditarily pertaining an to estate and transferred with it. E19. 2 Written after (opp. /ad'skiip|(3)n/ n. rare. M17. [L adscnptio(n-), f. as prec: see -ION.] fl The circumscribing or inscribing of geometrical figures. Only in M17. 2 = ASCRIPTION. M19. 3 Attachment as an adscript serf. L19.

adsignification /ad,signifi'keij(3)n/ n. Now rare. [med.L E17. adsignificatio{tt-), f. adsigtiificare, f. ad AD- + significare signify: see -ATION.] Logic & Gram. {The signification of) a meaning additional to the basic meaning of a

adsorb

[Back-form. f. next.] (a substance) by Undergo adsorption {on,

L19.

Collect

v.t.

1

adsorption. L19. 2

v.i.

surface) E20. adsorba'bility n. the degree to which a substance'fe adsorbable E20 adsorbable a. able to be adsorbed E20. adsorbate n. an adsorbed substance E20. adsorbent n. a substance on which adsorption occurs to, to, a

.

E20.

adsorption

/3d's3:pJ(a)n/

n.

L19. [Blend of ad-

and ABSORPTION.] Chem. TTie adhering of atoms or molecules of gases, liquids, or solutes to exposed surfaces (usu. of solids). adsorptional, adsorptive adjs. E20 adsorptively adv. M20.

adstratum

/'adstraitsm, ad'straitam/

n.

PI.

-ta

M20. [mod.L, f. L ad- + stratum STRATUM.] Lmg. (Elements or features of) a language responsible for change in a neighbouring language. Cf. substratum, SUPERSTRATUM.

n.

usrubb lead

MI 8

[Misreading of Arab. f. Pers. ^usrup (now surb).] Atch. A from which mercury was to be LI 5

substance extracted for the philosopher's stone. b but, d dog,

f

philosopher's

few, q get, h he,

stone;

the

v.,

-ion

n. etc., vars.

of astrict etc.

/'adsAm/ int. L16. [L.] an answer in a roll-call etc.).

DUB

lME. [OFr.

v.t.

t'.']

array. LME-L16. adularia /adju'l£:ri3/

am

present (as

li8.

n.

[f.

as A-'

f.

lME

2

Fr.

adulaire

Adula a group of peaks in the Lepontine Switzerland: see -ia'.] Mm. A lowtemperature form of potassium feldspar forming colourless or white prisms. /adjo'leiJ(3)n/ n. lME. [(0)Fr., or L adulatio{n-) , f. adulari fawn upon: see -ATION.] Servile flattery; hypocritical praise. 'adulate v.t. flatter obsequiously mi 8. 'adulator n. a servile or hypocritical flatterer lME. adulatory a. servilely or fulsomely flattering E17.

adulation

/s'd/dsmAit/

+

-ite'

i

]

1

n.

A

lME.

[f.

Adullam

native or inhabitant

of the Canaanite city of Adullam. lME. 2 A frequenter of the cave of Adullam (see / Sam. 22:1, 2); fig. a member of a group of Liberal rebels in the House of Commons in 1866; a member of any dissident political group. M19.

yes, k cat,

i

leg,

m

adulterant-

pres.

ppl

V.,

-ant'.]

ADULTERATE

an adultering

n. M18. [L stem of adulterare: see (A substance) used in

adidterate

/3'dAlt(3)r3t/ a. ei6. [L adulieratus pa. pple, f as next: see -ate'.] 1 Spurious; base in origin or by admixture. E16. 2 Stained by

adultery, in origin or conduct; adulterous. M16.

adulterate

/3'dAlt3reit/ v.

&

mi6. [L adulterat- pa.

ppl stem of adulterare debauch, corrupt: see -ate^.] 1 v.t. Render spurious; debase, esp. by admixture of other substances. M16. •t-2 v.i. Commit adultery {with). L16-M19. v.t. Defile

by adultery; debauch. Only n.

adulteration

in 17. adulterates E17.

who

a person

/3dAlt3'reiJ(3)n/

[L

ei6.

n.

prec: see -ATION.] 1 The action of adulterating; debasement. E16. 2 An adulterated condition, product, or substance. M17. adulteratio{n-),

as

f.

adulterer /3'dAlt(3)r3/ n. For early forms see below. lME. [f. ADULTER V. + -er'.] 1 A person = who commits adultery. lME. f2 ADULTERATOR. LME-MI7. 51

The

series adulter,

adulterer,

adulteress,

adulterous,

emerged in 15 or 16 and finally superseded avouter adulterer, avoutre commit adultery, avout(e)rer adulterer, az'outres adulteress, avoutrous adulterous, avoutne adultery, all of which were from regular phonetic derivs. in OFr. of L adulterare (see ADULTERATE v.). The forms in avout- had vars. in advoui- (after later OFr.), which facilitated adoption of forms in adult- after L. adultery earlier

adulteress

/3'dAlt(3)ns/

lME.

prec.

For

n.

OFr.

[Orig.

ADULTER n. + -ess'; later assim. who commits adultery. /3'dAlt(3)rAin/ f.

to L.]

a.

f.

as

A woman [L

mi6.

adulter adulterous, adulterer: see

Spunous; due to adulteration. M16. 2

I

unlicensed.

Illegal,

early forms see

a{v)outresse,

M17.

Bom

3

of adultery.

MI 8. 4 Of or pertaining to adultery. Mi 9. adulterize /s'dAltarAiz/ v.i. arch. Also -ise. L16. [f as next + -IZE.] Commit adultery. adulterous /3'dAlt(3)r3s/ a. L15. [f. adulter n. + -ous ] 1 Penaining to or characterized by adultery. L15. fb = adulterine i. L16-E17. 2 Penaining to or characterized by adulteration. arch. M16. adulterously adv. L16.

adultery ADULTER

n.

For early forms see n. [Orig. OFr. avout{e)rie, f. as -y'; later assim. to ] 1 "Voluntary

/3'dAlt(3)ri/

me.

adulterer,

+

L

intercourse of a married person other than with his or her spouse. ME. b Occas. extended in bibhcal and theological use: any intercourse or forbidden irregular sexual marriage; idolatry. lME. f2 Adulteration. Only sexual

in 17. 1 Vbl action now usu. expressed by commit adultery. commined adultery with stones b AV Jer. 3:9 Shee and with stockes, .

.

adumbrate

/'adAmbreit/ v.t. L16. [L adumbratstem of adumbrare, f. ad AD- + umbrare, umbra shade: see -ate'.] f 1 Shade (a sketch) f. and so complete it. rare. Only in L16. 2

M16. [L adultus pa. pple of adolescere (see ADOLESCENT): cf. Fr. adulte (li6).] a adj. 1 Grown up; having reached the age of maturity; fully developed. M16. 2 [Orig.

pa. ppl

use of n.] Of, pertaining to, or for adults. E19. b Sexually explicit. M2o. 2 H. G. Wells Exhaustive character study is an adult occupation, adult education: for those over the

L16. 3 Shadow forth, typify; foreshadow, prefigure. L16. 4 Overshadow; obscure. L16. not defined but 2 JAS. Mill Its duties were is adumbrated only adumbrated. 3 T. Gale Noah to us in Prometheus. 4 W. Styron Her happy

adult

/'adAlt, 3'dAlt/ a.

n.

attrib.

usual school age.

j

+

Equip,

f.

(see below)

lME-mi8.

R Macauiay Ye're nought but 1 wumman, when all's said. adulterant /3'dAlt(3)r(3)nt/ a. &

-ine'.] I

Alps,

Adullamite

Corrupt, debase.

•(•2 v.t.

adultennus,

ad{o)ub{b)er, E17.

Knight, dub.

1

L

adulterine

fadstringe v. var. of astringe. adsuki n. var. of adzuki.

f adub

Now

/a'dAlts/ v. rare or obs. For earliest see ADULTERER. lME. [Orig. OFr. a{v)outrer f. adulterare (see ADULTERATE v.); later assim. to L.] 1 v.i. Commit adultery. lME.

forms

adulterator

etc.

/3d's3:b/ v.

Chem.

ME-M17.

adulterating.

subscript). L19.

adscription

word, phrase,

n. For early forms see adulterer. [Orig. OFr. a{v)outre f. 'L adulter, later assim. to L.] An adulterer,

'{'adulter

adulter

/'adskript/

pa pple of

adj.,

adrift ?'drift jdv. & pred. a. L16. [f. A prep.' i + drift n.] Dnfting; subject to control by wind and tide, or (Jig.) by circumstances; collog. unfastened, out of touch, away from what is

]

L

supplemental.

adsum

V.

Also (now

/adsi'tijos/ a. [f.

admit,

adsciscere

on

B n. An adult person; a person who has reached maturity. M17. consenting adult: see CONSENT v. 2. adulthood n. M19. adultly adv. M20. adultness n. M18.

adscititious

acaon of adrenalin or the adrenergic transmission of nen'e impulses M20. inhibiting the

or

a. after

L17 E19. [Alt.] God's: used in oaths. Cf.

fadstrict

>i.

dry

[f.

n.'

adrenalin. adreno'cortical a. of, pertaining to, or secreted by the adrenal conex M20 a,drenocortico'tTop(h)ic a. snmulating or controlling the cortex; adrenal adrenocorttcotrophic hormone, a hormone of this nature secreted by the pituitary: M20. adrenolytic a

,

pred. a. L16.

/-to/.

adreno-

adrip

&

adv.

'

acold, alhirsi, etc.] In a dry condition; thirsty.

adscript

'for reference'.]

lit.

adry

adventitious.}

v.

adv. prcd. a. poci. M19. In a dream, dreaming,

5'dri:ni,

+ DRE.v.M

REST

adumbrate

30

man,

n no, p pen,

Represent

red,

s sit,

1

top, v van,

w we,

outline, give a faint indication of.

.

.

.

.

,

.

.

r

m

.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

6

this,

r|

ring, tj chip, d3 jar

adumbration become adumbrated by had reminiscence consciousness of something else. a. having the attribute a'dumbrative adumbrating M19. .

.

.

the

.

of

adumbration

/adMii'breiJ(3)n/ n. mi6. [L adumbratto(n-), f. as prec: see -ation.] fl Shading in painting, rare. Only in M16. 2 Representation in outline; an outline, a slight 3 or description. M16. Symbolic sketch typifying or prefiguring the representation reality. E17. 4 Overshadowing; obscuration. M17.

adunation

/adju'neij(3)n/ n. mi6. [eccl.L adunat- pa. ppl stem of adunare, unare, f. unus one: see -ation. Cf. f. OFr. adunation.} Union. adunatio{n-),

f.

ad AD- +

adunc

/a'dAijk/

[L aduncus,

E17.

a.

ad ad- +

f.

uncus hook.] Hooked.

aduncity

/-siti/

(now

n.

adust

&

v.t.

Bum

next.]

a.

LME-M17. [L

see

adurere:

(something) completely, scorch.

&

/s'dASt/ a.

L adustus bum A

hookedness, hooked, incurved Mi 7.

rare or obs.)

crookedness L16. aduncous

fadure

arch.

V.

lME.

pa. pple of adurere,

f.

[Fr. aduste or

ad AD- +

urere

exhibiting or pertaining to a supposed hot, dry, atrabilious obs. quality of the body and its humours. exc. in gen. sense, sallow, melancholic. lME. 2 adj.

]

{Med.),

Orig.

1

Now

Scorched; calcmed; parched. lME. 3 Brown, as if scorched; simbumt. L16. Pope No meagre muse-rid mope adust and thin 1 chokr adust: see choler 2. 2 E. Blunden So adust, red-dry / the rock-drift soil was. 3 Smollett Arabia's Conductor of her Tribes scorching sands he crossed .

adustedp'p\

Long

a.

lME.

arch. rare.

f adustion n. the action of scorching or parching; the state of being scorched or parched: LME-M19.

adust

&

/s'dASt/ adv.

n.

pred. a. rare. E19.

[f.

A--

+

In a dusty condition.

]

ad valorem

/ad va'birem/ adv.

[L = according

to

value.]

the

&

a. phr.

Of

L17. in

taxes:

proportion to the estimated value of goods.

advance

/sd'vams/

n.

&

ME.

a.

[Partly

Fr.

f.

= f. next.] A f 1 Only in ME. 2 Progress; a step forward. lME. 3 Payment beforehand, or on security; an anticipatory payment; a loan. L16. 4 avance,

f.

as next; partly

ADVANCEMENT

The

towards is

/ad'va:nst/ a. lME. [f. prec. + -ed'.] 1 1 Promoted. LME-L17. 2 fig. Far on in life or time, or in any course of action, or march of

M16. 13 Raised (physically). L16-E18. 4 forward, being to the front. E18. 5

ideas.

Moved

Raised in amount, increased. L18. 2 P. G. WoDEHOUSE The day was already well advanced. Scott Fitzgerald Everybody thinks so— the most advanced people, advanced degree: one superior to a bachelor's, advanced level an examination (formerly the higher of the two main levels) of the General Certificate of Education in England and Wales, advanced studies: in the higher branches of a subject. 4 Esp. Mil. advanced guard,

.

.

Fast The fire was brought under control and its advance was halted. 6 Ld Macaulay Fredenc had made advances towards a reconciliation with Voltaire L. P Hartley Irma had rejected the crude advances of the three young men. 7 Joyce Any advance on five shillings?

or as adj. Being, going, supplied, or acquired in advance. L16. advance booking: made before the day of a performance, journey, etc. advance copy a copy of a attnb.

advance advance

:

f.

adv- see ad- 2

v.t.

1

]

ME.

process, plan, etc.).

[(0)Fr. avancer,

ult.

ante before. For sp. Forward, help on, (a 2 v.t. Raise or promote

person) in rank or office; put in a better

ME. 3 v.t. Law. Give as an advancement. lME. 4 v.t. Move, put or push, forward (physically, or in time). lME. 5 v.t. position.

Raise or

lift

up

&

lME. fb v.t. LME-M17. 7 v.t. Make earlier

{lit.

fig.),

arch.

Extol; reft, boast. (an event or date). L15. 8 v.t. Bring forward (a statement, claim, etc.) for notice. E16. •) v.i. Move forward, proceed. E16. b fig. Make progress in life or any course. L17. c fig. Go on a cat, a:

arm,

t

bed,

s:

her,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, o hot,

The

next point

won

after

knowledge

W

II

The

result of a supen(.;r position.

3:

&

6 Benefit;

increased well-being or convenience; a resulting f 7 Increased quantity or number, excess.

ME ME E18.

money

lent.

f 8 Pecimiary profit; interest

on

LME-M17.

Hen. IV Those blessed feet Which were nail'd For our advantage on the bitter cross. P. Scott The advantages people like us enjoy over those who have to make do without servants, mechanical advantage: see mechanical a. to advantage in a way such as to exhibit merits. 8 Shakes. Merch. V. You neither lend nor borrow Upon advantage. Comb.: advantage game, set: one in which advantage is part of the scoring system, 6 Shakes.

a politician etc.

advance /sd'vains/ v. ME. late L abante, ah ab- +

5 Tennis.

of (another) which is not reciprocal. 2 make one's, an, advantage of = take advantage 0/ below, take advantage(s) avail oneself of circumstances, use one's opportunities, esp. unfairly, take advantage of avail oneself of (a circumstance), outwit (a person), esp. unfairly, take at advantage arch, take (a person) by surprise. 3 Raleigh Upon the advantage of a mountain-side 4 Shakes. Ven. Ad. Make use of time, let not advantage slip.

benefit.

supplied before the date of publication, guard: precedmg the main body of an army man N. Amer. preparing the way for a visit

f.

/3d'va:nsm(3)nt/ n. ME. [(0)Fr. avancement: see advance v., -ment.] I 1 Promotion, preferment, (of a person). ME. 2 Law. The promotion of children in life, esp. by the gift of pan or all of their prospective share in property to be distributed at a later time imder a settlement or will. lME. 3 Furtherance of a thing in progress; improvement. L15. 4 A going forward {lit. & fig.). Now rare. M18. 5 Advancing or forward condition. M18. fII6 Extolment; boasting. ME-M17.

personal

H

etc.

advancement

deuce (gaining a temporary superiority, but not the game). M17. I have (or get, give, etc.) (an) advantage over (of, fon) have etc. a better position than, have the advantage of be in a better position than; spec, have a

.

(a

advanced

.

advanced

LME-M17.

2 B. Lovell The tortuous nature of scientific advance. Russell This development is B. indubitably an advance. 3 G. Vidal They'll give you advance to an advance for a book. J. Gary An enable her to go to Paris and study music. 4 in advance (of) ahead (of) in place or time. 5 Cuvrendon The manner of the enemy's advance.

by

.

In Africa the Sahara

«. /sd'vaintids/ ME. [(0)Fr. avantage, f. avant before: see -AGE. For sp. advsee AD- 2.] I Superior position. 1 The position, state, or circumstance of being ahead of another, or of having the better of him or her; superiority, esp. in contest or debate. ME. 2 A favouring circumstance; something which gives one a better position. ME. f3 A vantage-groimd. LME-L17. f 4 A favourable occasion, a chance.

state or position

book

them. Aldous advancing, b W. S. Gilbert If you wish in this world to advance. Your merits you're bound to enhance, c CoNAN Doyle You will feel even less humorous as the evening advances advancer n. a person who or thing which advances, spec, a second branch of a buck's hom: L15.

Huxley

advantage

3.

of being before, to the (Usu. as below.) M17. 5 front, or above. Forward motion; progression (in space). L17. 6 A personal approach; a friendly or amorous overture. Freq. in pi. L17. 7 A rise in amount, value, or price. L17.

B

1 M. Honteyn Those who have advanced the art by contributing to its evolution. 2 V. WooLF At the office they advanced him to a post of considerable responsibility. 4 Pope Who spread their bucklers and advance their spears. E. Brock All / the family advanced their watches by two minutes. 5 Shakes. Temp. The fringed curtain of thine eye advance. 8 W. Trevor She advanced the opinion that the bird wouldn't last much longer. 9 A. Wilson His

companion

advantageous

/adv(3)n'teid33s/

a.

L16.

[f.

«. + -OUS: cf. Fr. ovantageux, -euse.] Profitable, opportune, favourable, {to, for).

ADVANTAtiE

advantageously

adv.

advantageousness

E17.

n.

E17.

price. L19.

post, works.

Scorch, dry up with heat. Chiefly as

v.t.

DUST

towards completion or perfection. M19. d Of a colour: stand out. L19. 10 v.t. Pay (money) before it is due; lend (money). L16. 11a v.t. Raise in rate or price. L17. b v.i. Rise in rate or

advection

E20. [L advectw{n-), carry: see -ION.] Flow of matter within the atmosphere, the oceans, or in any fluid, esp. horizontally; transfer of heat etc. brought about by such motion. advect v.t. convey (fluid, heat, etc.) by advection M20. advective a. of, pertaining to, or brought about by advection E20.

/3d'vEkJ(3)n/

advehere,

f.

advene

L

n.

ad AD- + vehere

/od'vi:n/

or

adv-)

f.

[OFr. avenir (mod. see advent.] Accede or

E17.

v.i.

advenire:

come {to); be superadded. advenient /ad'virmsnt/ a.

li6. see

[L advenieni-

stem of advenire: Superadded; adventitious. ppl

pres.

-ent.]

next,

advent

/'adv(3)nt, -vent/ n. In sense i A-. OE. [OFr., refash. after L of auvent (mod. avent) f. L adventus arrival, f. advent- pa. ppl stem of advenire, f. ad- ad- + venire come.] 1 The season before Christmas in the ecclesiastical calendar, now four weeks length. OE. 2 Chr. Theol. The coming of Christ on earth. lME. 3 The arrival of an important person or thing.

m

M18. 2 second advent: see second a. Comb.: Advent calendar a calendar for the days of Advent with a hidden picture or gift to be revealed on each day. Advent Sunday the first Sunday in Advent, the Sunday nearest to the 30 November,

.

adust.

B

adventure

31

.

;

.

.

advantage f.

/ad'vumtidj/ v.t. lME. [f. the n., or (0)Fr. avantager.} 1 Give an advantage or

superiority to; benefit, profit. lME. f2 Add to the amount or value of. H5-L17. 3 Further the progress of, promote. L16. advantaged a. placed at advantage; socially or

u: too, a

ago,

holding millenarian views. Second Adventist = Millerite Seventh-day Adventist a member of a millenarian sect who observe Saturday as the Sabbath, adventism n. the beliefs of adventists Mi 9.

/adv(3)n'tij3s/ a. E17. [f. med.L adventicius, f. advent-: see of

adventitious adventitius

advent,

L

alt.

-itious'.]

accidental,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

Coming from 2 Law. Of

1

casual.

E17.

without, property;

coming from

a stranger or by collateral, not succession. Opp. projectitious. M17. 3 Formed in an unexpected place anatomically; direct,

(of roots, buds, etc.) ansing from a other than that usual in plants generally.

in Bot.

esp.

pan

L17. adventitiously

adventive advent) + rare.

)iiri ',an undenaking); go so far as to do. ME. b I I. N'enture to say. L19.

impenl.

come

jri-^i,

(mfi),

adventurer

3d'\cntJ(3)r3

L15.

ti.

[Fr.

fadvs ( as ADVENTURE n. see -ER-.] gamester, rare.-. Only in L15. 2 A person who seeks adventures; esp. a mercenary soldier. E16. i A person who undertakes or shares in commercial adventures; a speculator. E16. 4 A person who lives by his or her wits. M17. adventuress n. 3 woman who lives by her wits M18. ai ennmer,

1

1

adventurism

.x1'\Entj3riz(9)m

+ -ISM.]

fi.

M19.

n.

The

1

[f.

and

principles

adventurer, rare. M19. 2 A tendency to take risks in foreign pohcy etc. M20. ad>-enturi$t n. & u. (a) n. a person inclined to

an

of

practice

adventurism; (6) jdj. of or pertaining to adventurists or adventunsm: E20.

adventurous

5d'vEntJ(o)r3s/

ME.

a.

ADVENTURE

[OFr.

see -ous.] I In search of adventures; enterprising; full of adventure. ME. f2 Full of risk or peril. ji a:turi-us, -i\u)s,

ME

MI 7.

lME

adventurously

It.

:

lME.

venturesome.

Rash,

3

Fortuitous.

as

f.

t4

L15.

ME. adventurousness

aJv.

n.

M16.

adverbe or L adtcrhium, {. ad AD- + verbum VERB.] Gram. A word that qualifies or modifies another, esp. an adjective, a verb, or another adverb, so as to express a relation of place, time, circumstance, maimer, cause, degree, etc. (One of the parts of speech.)

adverb

'adv9:b

adverbial

lME.

n.

sd'vaibial

&

n.

'

[Fr.

li6.

a.

[Late

A

L A

«. adverbialis or Fr.: see prec, -AL'.] Gram. w'ord or phrase of the nature of an adverb. L16. B adj. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of an adverb. L16. adverbialize t r. make (another type of word) into an adverb E19. adverbially adv. L15.

adversaria of neut.

adva'sEiris (sc.

pi.

E18. [L, use as n.

n.p!.

'

scripta writings)

of adversanus Miscellaneous

one (see adversary).] and observations; collect, commonplace-book. facing

remarks

a

sing,

adva'sEinsl/ a. E20. [f. next + or penaining to opposition; involving adversaries; adversary.

adversarial -al'.]

Of

adversary

'adv3s(3)ri/

&

n.

a.

ME.

[OFr.

L

adversarius opposed, opponent, f. adversus: see ADVERSE, -ARY'.] n. An opponent, an antagonist, an enemy. ME. the Adversary the DcntI. B adj. Opposed, antagonistic. lME. *^In Shakes stressed on 1st syll.; in Milton on ist or

adzersane (mod.

-aire)

f.

A

on 2nd.

adversative

[Fr. a. & n. lME L adversativus (Priscian), adversus: see next, -ative.] A adj.

ad'vaisstrv/

adversatif, -ive or late

adversari,

f.

Expressive

of

f.

opposition, contrariety, or n. An adversative word or

lME. B

antithesis.

proposition. M16. adversatively adv. L16.

adverse av- f

'adv?>

a.

lME. [OFr.

advers, earlier

adversus against, opposite, pa. pple of adverure: see advert v.} 1 Acting in opposition; (Foil,

by

lME.

to.)

iME. 3 Opposite

injurious.

in

2 Hurtfiil,

positicm.

arch.

E17.

adversely

oi/t'.

adversity

E17.

adverseness

sd'vaisiti

'

n.

ME.

n.

E17.

[(0)Fr. adversttc,

f. L adversitas, f. as prec: see -ity ] 1 condition of adverse fortune; distress, trial, affliction. ME. 2 An adverse circumstance; a trial ME. +3 misfortune, a calamity, a Opposition; contrariety. lME L15 f4 Perversity. L15 E17.

earlier av-

The

advert

/'advait,

colloq.

n.

M19. [Abbrev.]

An

/ad'vait/ v. u'vlE. [(0)Fr. avenir,

L

^adv-

AD- + vertere to turn. Cf. animadvert.] 1 v. I. Turn towards, rare. lME. 2 v.i. Turn one's attention; take heed. Foil, by to, v.t. Take note of, few, ^thal. arch. lME. observe, heed, (a thing). lME L17. •}'4 v.t. Turn the attention of (another) to, warn of. rare. E16 L17. 5 v.i. Refer to in speech or writing. L18. ult.

f

advenere,

b but, d dog,

f

adverted eye, are

facts, to the

advisable

.

-

the

.

Duke

attentive

a.

own position. lMH. advertently

adv. LI 9.

/3d'v3:t(3)ns/ n. lME. [OFr. a{d)vertence, f. a{d)venir. see prec, -ence and cf. med.L advertentia.] The action of adverting; consideration. Also, observation, attention,

Mi 7.

attentiveness, heedfulness

/'advatAiz/ v. lME. [OFr. a{d)venisslenglhened stem of a(d)vertir ADVERT i". ] f 1 v.i.

= ADVERT

2.

V.

E17. 3

LME-E16. t2 V.t. = ADVERT V. Notify, admonish (a person

V.t.

or concerning a thing, ihat; (arch.) absol).

4.

of

lME.

4 v.t. Give notice of; make generally or publicly known. lME. b v.t. Call attention to by a published announcement; describe or present publicly with a view to promoting sales. E18. 5 v.i. Give warning or information {of), obs. in gen. sense. E17. b v.i. Make an announcement in a pubhc place; describe or present goods pubHcly with a view to promoting sales. L18. 3 Shakes, 3 Hen. VI We are advertis'd That they do hold their course toward Tewksbury. 4 R. P Warren I wouldn't go aroimd advertising this visit. E.

(goods,

.

oughtst to receive I am trying to advise you what is best for you. J. Heller I advised him to put most of the money into an annuity, b D. Davie The guidebook cheats: the green road it advises In fact misled. 8 M. Bradbury The headlines advise him of

him. 6a R. Ellison

,

chintz

.

.

.

advertised

its

many indignities and wrongs. advi'see n. the person advised E19 person who gives advice E17. advisor an adviser L19.

.

advised

original delicacy

.

.

.

.

deliberately:

US. m2o. [Blend of advertisement and editorial n.] An advertisement offering information about a commercial or industrial product or activity in /advsi'tsirisl/

n.

f.

L16.

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

[f.

wds] =

advocaat ADVOCATE spirit; a

lME E17. f adview man,

iifor,

r

red,

s sit,

the

the judges in the

advocateship adviser:

we, z zoo,

-koit/ n. M20. [Du. = hqueur of eggs, sugar, and

of.

M18.

Lord

Advocate

Advocate-General each of

given.

w

A

a proposal etc.

assisting

take advice from a legal or

«.'

top, v van,

and cognate Eng.

devil's advocate: see

J

]

prosecutions; in several officers assisting

European Court of Justice. n. M16. advocatess n.

lME. advocatory

advocate

[OFr t

L

devil n. judge advocate. Judge Advocate General: see JUDGE n. Faculty of Advocates the Scottish bar. Lord Advocate the principal law officer of the Crown in Scodand. Comb.: Advocate-Depute each of several officers 1

var. of aview.

n no, p pen,

arch. rare. PI. -o(e)s.

drink of this.

/'adv3keit(3)ri/

an advocate M19. = ADVOCATESS LME-L16.

pertaining v.

by

/'advakat/ n. ME. [(0)Fr. avocat f. L advocatus use as n. of pa. pple of advocare: see ADVOKE, -ATE'. For sp. adv- see ad- 2.] 1 A person whose profession is to plead causes in courts of law (now chiefly Sc.); US any lawyer. ME. 2 gen. A person who pleads, intercedes, or speaks for another. ME. t3 = advowee 2. LME-M18. 4 A person who speaks in favour of,

several advices.

an

Now

/'advako:, n.]

pleading in support

—

as

n.

infl.

/'advakasi/ [OFr. n. lME. a{d)vocacie f. med.L advocalia, f. as ADVOCATE vr: see -acy.] The function of an advocate;

.

skilfuJ

(now

prudent

/3d'vAiz(3)ri/ a. & n. li8. [f. advise + -ory-.] a adj. Giving advice; consisting in giving advice. L18. B n. A statement giving advice or information. N. Anter. M20.

transaction; in pi. also, communications from a distance. lME. joyn with one advise To 1 G. Herbert All things honour thee. 3 Shakes. Merch. V. Bassanio, upon more advice, Hath sent you here this ring. 4 E. O'Neill I need your advice your scientific advice this time, Doctor. Joyce If I went by his advices. 5 Dryden You may, but 'twill not be your best Advice. 6 Steele A mail from Holland, which brought me

upon advice

n.

advisory

advocate

thoughtftil;

being

AVISO.

adv- see ad- 2.] f 1 Tlie way in which a matter is looked at; opinion, judgement. ME-L17. ^2 wisdom. lME-ei6. Forethought, f3 consultation, reckoning. Consideration, LME-M17. 4 An opinion given or offered as to action; counsel. lME. fS The result of consultation; determination, plan. lME-eiS. 6 Information given, news; formal notice of a

a.

advised,

/ad'vAizau/ as AVISO,

advocacy

fadviceful

/-zidnis/

of

formal) consideration.

adviso

advice /ad'vMs/ n. ME. [(0)Fr. avis ult. f. L ad AD- + visum neut. pa. pple of videre see. For sp.

other expert; (c) act

something.

/3d'vAizm(o)nt/ n. ME. [(0)Fr. avisement (later OFr. also adv-), f. as advise: see -MENT and cf med.L a{d)vtsamentuni.] f 1 The process of looking at or viewing something. ME-E17. 2 Consideration, deliberation; consultation. ME. 3 Advice, counsel; an instruction how to act. arch. lME. 2 under advisement under or mto (esp. official or

Orig.

Phrases: letter of advice: see letter f (o) deliberate; (fc) seek advice, esp.

1

a

advisement

comment.

.

+ -ed'.] f f2 Of

lME. advisedness

rare) the quality consideration lME.

advertisement

advertorial

US)

Deliberate, wary. lME-eiS. 3 Of a deliberate, considered. lME. 4 Coimselled. L16. 5 Apprised. L16. 2 fbe advised consider, reflect. 3 ill-advised injudicious, imprudent. advisedly /-zidii,' adv. in an advised manner; esp.

.

notification. lME-ei8. 3 A Information, attention to (wntten) statement calling something; a notice to readers in a book etc. arch. lME. t-4 Attention, observation. L15-M17. 5 A public announcement (formerly by the town-crier, now usu. in newspapers, on posters, by television, etc.). L16. b Foil, by for (w. adj. of quality or degree): a means of conveying the merits or demerits of. colloq. M20. 5 sjyiall advertisement: see small a. b Netv Yorker She has been a splendid advertisement for the benefits of a happy marriage. advertisemental a. L18.

a

n.

thing:

«.

/3d'v3:tizm(3)nt/ n. lME. [Fr. avertissement, ^adv-, f. as prec: see -ment.] f I Admonition, instruction. lME-eiS. \2

[f prec.

(chiefly

LME-M17. b

5b advertise for advertiser

ME.

a.

adviser n.

determined. ME-L15. Having considered

a

person:

.

every available lodging was crowded ask for by public notice. a person who advertises; a journal publishing advertisements: Mi6. advertising n. (a) the action of the vb; (b) the practice or profession of preparing and issuing public advertisements: M18. event, that

/sd'vAizd/

Purposed,

always a little soiled, b Joyce Corsets by bemg adverused cheap in the Gendewoman. J C PowYS So widely had John's clever circulars advertised tMs .

ME.

v.

visere frequent,

Milton Advise Forthwith how thou

services)

BowEN The

[Isolated

[(0)Fr. aviser ult. f. L of videre see. For sp. adv- see ad- 2.] f 1 v.t. Look at, observe; watch •{•2 for. ME-E17. v.t. Purpose, devise. AdE-Ei7. t3 v.refi. & i. Bethink oneself; consider, reflect. ME-L17. 4 v.t. Consider, think of. Now only Sc. Law, dehberate upon, review, revise, (a case). lME. 5 v.t. Consider in company, hold a consultation, obs. exc. in advise wtth, consult with (now chiefly US). lME. 6a v.t. Give advice to, caution. lME. b v.t. Recommend. E17. 7 v.t. Offer counsel, give advice. lME. 8 v.t. Inform, notify. Foil, by of, that. L16. 3 Shakes. Tzvel. N. Advise you what you say. /ad'vAiz/

ad AD- +

advertise

lME

lME.

a.

M19.

chiefly repr. in the neg. inadvertence, -ency. n.

Open

advise

advertency.

^ Now

To

in neg. inadvertent(ly) .)

advertence

advertency

f.

-ABLE.]

advisa'bility n. the quality of being advisable; expediency: M19. advisableness n. (a) rare readiness to be advised; (6) advisabihty: L17. advisably adv.

adverted to his

advertent

(Both chiefly repr.

/3d'vAiz3b(3)l/

(0)Fr. avisable; later (M17) f. next + 1 be recommended; expedient. lME. to advice. M17.

early use

2

.

.

advertisement.

advert

The

R. Leavis

the style of editorial

L

actively hostile.

F.

1

obWous 2 F O'Brien 1 walked down to the centre of the town without adverting to my surroundings. 3 R. not hitherto by Sanderson Frailties and infirmities them advened, because never suspected. 5 L. Strachev After refemng to the death of the Princess,

:

A

ADVENTURE

advocate

32

to

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, 6 this,

r)

a a.

female of or

fadvocatrice

ring,

n.

chip, d3 jar

advocate

magistrates who superintended public buildings, policing, and other matters. aedileship, ae'dility ns. the position or term of office of an aedile Mi 6.

/'advokeit/ v.' ei6. [L advocat- pa. ppl advocate: see advoke, -ate-'.] Chiefly Sc.

several

stem Law. = ADVOKE.

advocate

/'advakeit/

li6.

v'}

[f.

advocate

«.]

1

favour of, defend; recommend publicly. Li6. 2 v.i. Act as advocate for. Now rare. M17. v.i.

Plead

in

advocation

/adv3'keij(3)n/ n. lME. [OFr. a{d)vocacwn f. L advocatio{n-) f. as ADVOCATE I).': see -ation.] t' ^ summoning. LME-L15. 1 2 The function or office of an advocate. LME-M18. 3 The calling of an action before itself by a superior court, spec, the papal coun or a Scottish criminal (formerly also civil) court. E16. f 4 An appeal for aid or defence. L16-M18.

Aegean

A

advocatus

who

person

diaboli

adv3,keit3S dAi'abaUi/ devil's

advocate

s.v.

n.

advocates something.

between Greece and Asia Minor. /'i:d3iri:n, 'f.dy/ n. M19. [{. Aegir, Norse god of the sea + -ine' .] Mm. A siUcate of iron and sodium occurring in many alkaline igneous rocks and belonging to the pyroxene

aegis

/ad'vauk/ v.t. mi6. [L advocare, f. ad AD- + vocare call.] Call (a cause) to a higher /advau'i:/

a(d)votue advocatus patron, a protector; esp. a patron saint. ME-L15. 2 A person who holds the advowson of an ecclesiastical house or benefice. E17.

assim. to -EE'.] f

n.:

L A

advowson

1

/3d'vauz(3)n/ n. a{d)voeson, OFr.

a{d)voweson,

ME. avoeson

[AN L

i.

see advocation.] Orig., the guardianship or patronage of an ecclesiastical or Now, the right of house benefice. presentation to a benefice. advocatio{n-):

adytum

/'aditsm/ n. PI. -ta /-ta/. E17. [L {. Gk aduton use as n. of neut. sing, of adutos impenetrable.] The innermost part of a temple;

pnvate chamber, a sanctum. adze /adz/ n. & v. Also *adz. [OE adesa, of unkn. origin.] A A tool like an axe with an arched blade at right angles to the handle, for a

cutting away the surface of wood. Cut or dress with an adze, mi 9.

adzuki

OE. B

v.t.

aegophony

X., se, a ligature. 1 OE 'ash' (see ash n.' 3), the symbol of a simple vowel intermediate between a and e. In early short ae was replaced by a (sometimes e), long a? by e or ee. 2 From 16 used in forms derived fi'om L a? and Gk ai. When thoroughly Anglicized and popularized this becomes e; now usu. (and in this dictionary) written as a digraph ae, is retained only in some Gk and L proper names, terms of Gk and Rom. Antiquities, and some scientific and techn. terms (where, however, e is usual in the US). -ae /i:/ pi. suff. Repr. pi. ending of L ns. of ist

ME

declension in -a and romanized form of Gk {-ai) in pi. of ns. In all words completely popularized it

yields to -as.

/I'sidiam/ n. PI. -dia /-dia/. M19. [mod.L, f Gk aikia in)ury + -idium.] Mycol. = AECIUM; spec a cup-shaped aecium. aecidial a. L19 aecidiospore n. = aeciospore L19. /'i.-siam/ n. PI.

-cia

/-sis/.

E20. [mod.L,

as prec. + -lUM.] Mycol. A fruiting body of a rust hingus, in which aeciospores are produced. aecial a. E20. aeciospore n, any of the first binucleate spores to develop in a rust fungus, often produced on one host and germinating on another f.

E20.

aedicule

/'i:dikju:l,

Also ed-, & in L -lae /-li:/. M19. [L

'sd-/ «.

form -cula /-kjub/,

pi.

A

aedicula dim. of aedes dwelling: see -cule.] small structure or room, esp. one used as a shrine; (a small structure over) a niche for a statue etc. ae'dicuJar a. M20

aedile aedesy

/'i:dAil/ -is

a cat, a:

n.

mi6. [L

aedtlis

building: see -ile.]

arm,

e.

bed,

3:

her,

1

sit,

adj.

Rom. 1

cosy,

Hist.

1:

&

n.,

Any

f of

see, n hot,

2

fig.

aig-, aix

/Ai'gra(u)tat, '!:-, i:'gra(u)-/ n. li8. [L aegrotat 3 sing. pres. indie, of aegrotare be ill, f. aegr-, aeger sick, ill.] In imiversities, a certificate

an examination etc., an examination pass or (N. Amer.) a credit awarded to a student having such a certificate. that a student

-aemia

is

too

Also *-emia. [f Gk haima ns. denoting conditions

/'iimia/ suff.

blood +

Forming

-ia'.]

of

the blood, septicaemia, etc.

aeneolithic f

aenigma

Aeolian

to attend

ill

acidaemia,

as

a. var.

leukaemia,

of eneolithic.

3:

/Ei'reqkima/ n. L19. [f Gk air air infusion ] Bot. Soft cellular tissue containing air spaces, found in many aquatic

+ egkhuma

plants.

aeren'chymatous

Also

/i:'aolian/ a.

*Eo- &

(in

sense 2)

with lower-case initial. L16. [f. L Aeolius + -ian ] 1 Of or pertaining to Aeohs or Aeolia, an ancient district of Asia Minor. L16. 2 Of or pertaining to Aeolus, mythical god of the winds; of, produced by, or borne on the wind. E17. I Aeolian mode Mui. (a) an ancient Greek mode; (fc) the ninth of the church modes (with A as final and E as dominant). 2 A. Holmes Contrasts between water-laid and Aeolian sands, aeolian harp a stringed instrument producing musical sounds on

Gk

f.

Aeolian

of air.

a current

/ii'olik/

Aeolicus

&

a.

n.

Also *Eo-. L17. [L prec, -ic] A adj. = The Greek dialect of

Aiolikos: see

L17.

i.

B

n.

Aeolia. ei8.

aeolienne aeolipyle

n. var.

of ^olienne.

/'i:3(u)lipAil, i:'nl-/ n.

Gk

atolos

/i:a(u)'lDtrapi/

changeful

n.

Now

rare.

L19. [f

+ -tropy.] = anisotropy.

aeolotropic /ir.aub'trsopik, -'tropik/

aeon

a.

M19.

Also (the usual form in Geol.) eon. M17. [eccl.L i. Gk ai6n age ] I An age of the universe; an immeasurable penod of time; eternity; colloq. a very long time. M17. b Geol. The largest division of geological time, composed of several eras. n.20. c Astron. & Geol. /'i:an/

n.

million years. M2o. 2 The personification of an age; Gnostic Philos. a power existing outside time, an emanation or phase of the supreme deity. M17. I P. G. WoDEHOUSE Six-thirty seemed seons ahead aeonial /i:'.ioni3l/ a. = aeonian M19. aeonian /r.'aonian/ a. eternal, everlasting M18. aeonic /it'onik/ a. lasting an aeon L19.

aepyomis

n. M19. [mod.L, f. Gk omis bird.] An extinct giant flightless bird of the genus Aepyomis, known from remains found in Madagascar. Also called

aipus

/iipi'ainis/

high

+

elephant-bird.

f aequi- comh. form f aera

n.

var.

of EQUI-.

see era.

saw,

.\

a.

L2o.

&

n.

a.

li6.

[f.

L

aerius

f.

Gk

A

{. aer air: see -AL'.] adj. 1 Thin as air, ethereal; immaterial, imaginary. L16. 2 Light as

aerios,

E17. 3 Of, pertaining to, or produced in atmospheric. E17. 4 Existing, moving, or

/'eireit/ v.t.

run, o put,

air;

happening in the air. E17. b Growing above ground (opp. subterranean). MI9. c By or from aircraft etc. L19. 5 Placed at an airy height, elevated {lit. & fig.). E17. 6 Composed of air; gaseous. M17. 3 aerial perspective: in which distant objects are as fainter 4 A. Sillitoe Full clouds dnfting like an aerial continent of milk-white mountains, aerial ping-pong Austral, slang Australian Rules

shown

PLANKTON, b ANTHONY Huxley Aerial produced on the dark side of the

football, aerial

roots as in ivy are

Shaw The

stem, c G. B.

bombardment lawful,

.

made

British refusal to bar aenal the air banks of the world war

aerial top-dressing

torpedo

see

torpedo:

n.

NZ

2b.

5

crop-dusting aerial aerial cableway,

ropeway a system of overhead cables from which cars or containers are suspended for transport, usu driven electrically. B n. A metal wire, rod, or other structure used to transmit or receive radio waves. Cf antenna 4. E20. 1 Formerly, & still sometimes in poetry where the metre calls for 4 syllables, with pronunc. /ei'ianal, railway,

aerialist n. (a) rare a stylite; (6) a high-wire or trapeze artist: M19. aerially adv. £19.

aerie n. var. of eyrie. aeriferous /£:'rif(a)ras/ a. L17. [f L aer -I- + -FERGUS.] Bearing or conveying air. aeriform /'Eirifaim/ a. L18. [f as prec. +

Of

the form unsubstantial, unreal.

-FORM.]

of

air,

air

+

-i-

+

gaseous;

comb, form of Gk aer air: see -0-. spec. w. ref to aeroplanes and aviation. aero-'allergen n. an airborne allergen M20. aerobio'logical a. of or pertaining to aerobiology M20 aerobi'ologist n. an expert in or student of aerobiology M20. aerobi'ology n. the branch of knowledge that deals with the nature and distribuuon of the living organisms, spores, pollen, and seeds carried by the air M20. aeroe'lastic a. of or pertaining

aero- rzwml Often

M20. aeroela'sticity n. the science of the interaction between aerodynamic forces and nonngid structures M20. aero-engine n. an engine for propelling an aircraft M20. aero'generator n. a wind-

powered

generator

electric

M20

aerogram,

message sent through the air; esp. = an letter s v. AIR n.': L19. ae'rographer n. a meteorologist L19. ae'rography n. the description of the atmosphere; meteorology: M18 aeromag'netic a. of, or pertaining to, or denved from the measurement of the earth's magnensm by means of airborne instruments M20. .aeromagne'tometer n. an instrument for makmg aeromagnetic measurements M20 aeromancy n. divination or augury by the air;

-gramme

n.

a

weather-forecasting: lME. ae'rometry n. (a) the properties of the air; f(ft) pneumatics: M18. ae'rophagy (Med.) n. the swallowing of air E2o. aerophobe n. a person who is afraid of air travel M20 aero'phobia n. fear of air travel L20. aerospace n. (the technology of flight m) the earth's atmosphere and outer space M20. aerothermody'namic a. of or pertaining to later,

the

measurement of

aerothermodynamics M20. .aerothermody'namics n. (the branch of science that deals with) the thermodynamic behaviour of flowing gases M20. aero-towing n. the towing of a glider in the air by a powered aircraft M20.

aerobatics after

/e:ra'batiks/

acrobatics.]

Feats

n.pL

of

E20. [f aeroexpert aviation;

spectacular flying. 'aerobat n. a person who performs aerobatics E20. aerobatic a. of or pertaining to aerobatics E20. /ei'raobik/ a. L19. [f. aero- + Gk bios + -ic] 1 Biol. Normally dependent for life upon the presence of free oxygen; taking place in

aerobic

L

aer air + -ate', after Fr. aerer.] 1 Expose to the action of air. L18. 2 Charge with air or another gas (esp. carbon dioxide), usu. so as to produce effervescence. L18.

aerate

/'cirial/

to aeroelasDcity

Also -pile. M17.

[Fr. eolipyle (16) f h Aeoli pylae (= Gk pulai) the doorway of Aeolus ] An instrument illustrating the force with which vapour generated by heat in a closed vessel escapes by a narrow aperture.

aeolotropy

aerial

ei'tinsl/.

of enigma.

n. var.

One thousand

aecidium

aecium

Gk

M19. [f

/I'gofani/ n.

aigis

armour,

aegrotat

exposure to

n.

Gk

f.

shield, defensive

goat + -o- + -phony.] Med. A tremulous nasal resonance of the voice, sometimes heard with the stethoscope in pleurisy, aegophonic /iigsTonik/ a. M19.

Aeolic

Also ads-, az-. ei8. [Jap. azuki.] A bushy leguminous plant, Vigna angularis, cultivated in China and Japan; the edible bean of this plant. Also adzuki bean. /ad'zuiki/

A

1

that of Jupiter or Minerva. E17. Protection; an impregnable defence. L18. 2 under the aegis of under the auspices of.

ME. [AN

n.

patron (mod.Fr. avoue solicitor) f

ADVOCATE

Also *egis. E17. [L

/'i:d3is/ n.

esp.

tribunal.

advowee

aerenchyma

the

mi 9.

n.

shield of Zeus.]

n.

advoke

a. (a) that has been aerated; (ft) ilang angry, agitated: E19. ae'radon n. M19. aerator n. something which aerates; a device for aerating: M19.

air, airy.

minerals. Also aegirite

/advs.kaitss dii'absli:, phr. E19. [mod.L.] =

devil

Gk

to the sea

L

L15-L16. 2 M18.

(.

aerated

aegirine

advocator

/'advskeita/ n. L15. [In early use f advocator, f. as ADVOCATE v.'; in mod. use f ADVOCATE i;.^: see -or.] f 1 A patron (saint).

h Aegaeus

/i:'d3i:3n, i-/ a. E17. [f

Aigaios: see -EAN.] Designating, of, or pertaining

,

late

aerobic

33

advocate

li8.

u: too, 3

[f

ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

life

or characterized by the presence of free oxygen. L19. 2 Of, pertaining to, or resulting from aerobics. M20.

day, au no,

r.:

hair,

i3

near,

.ii

boy, 03 poor, ai3 tire, aoa sour

aerobics 'aerobe n. an organism unable to survive in the absence of free oxN-gen L19. aerobically adv. ('gen; (ft) by means of aerobics: L19.

M20.

Ei'roobiks, n.

prec: see -ics.]

[f.

physical exercises for (The pi^cticc of) producing beneficial changes in the respiratory and circulators' systems by activities which can be sustained by vinue of their low oxygen

demand. -drome;

'eTsdrsum

L19.

n.

aero- +

[f.

Gk

acroJromos traversing the air ] 1 1 An aeroplane. L19 E20. 2 An area of open level ground, together with runways, hangars, and other mstallations, for the take-off, landing, and mamtenance of aircraft. E20. in sense

l

f.

aerodynamics

,£:r5(u)d.M'namiks/ ri.pl. (usu. treated as sing.). M19. [f AERO- + DTOAMICS.] The branch of science that deals with the properties of air or other gases in motion and the interaction between the air and solid bodies (esp. aircraft) moving through it. Also, the aerod\-namic properties of an aircraft etc. aerod>'namic a. of or pertaming to aerod>'namics or the phenomena with which it is concerned L19.

=

aerod>-namical j. aerod>-naniicaUy adv. aerod>'namic>st -sist

aerodynamic

E20. as regards aerodynamics E20. n. an expert in aerodynamics

.M20.

aerofoil

E20.

'Eirafsil/ n.

aero- +

[{.

Foa

«.']

A

structxire which gives rise to a lift force when moving through the air, e.g. a wing of an

downward

similar structure causing pressure on a road vehicle. aircraft;

a

aerolite

'eirslAit

meteonte;

-'litik

A

-lite.]

stony meteorite.

spec, a

aeroUtic

+

E19. [f aero-

n.

ii.

M19.

aerology siVobdji -LOGv The branch

mi8.

n.

+

aero-

[f

of knowledge that deals with the atmosphere, now spec, with atmospheric conditions away from ground level, ]

M19

aero'logical a

aeronaut through the

Gk

air; a

li8.

n.

names

aeronautical

a.

aeronauts,

[Fr.

sailor

A

]

f.

traveller

[f prec. + -ic] aeronautics,

fLght through the

aeronomy

Ei'ronami

The branch

aerophone 'Eirsfaon n. m20. [f. -PHONE A musical instrument which ]

column of air

aero- + employs a

produce the sound. n. & v. M19. [In sense A.I f AERO- + PLANE n.'; in sense A. 2 f Fr. aeroplane, aero+ Gk -pianos i. AERO-

aeroplane

to

'Eiraplein

A

1 1 An aerofoil. M19-E2C 2 An heavier than air and :jas fixed (non-rotating) wings. L19. B v.i. Fly like or in an aeroplane. E20. aeroplanist n. {rare) a person who flies an aeroplane

wandering.l

thai,

is

A

/'Errasol/ n. 1

A

&

v.

E2o

[f .aero- + sol

.

colloidal suspension

>f

particles in

or another gas. E20. 2 A substance packed under pressure and able to be released as a fine spray; a container holding such a substance. air

M20.

S

v.t.

&

I.

aerosoli'zation

Spray with an aerosol. M20. n.

the

somethmg M20 aerosolize

action v.t.

aerosolizing

of

make

into an aerosol,

disperse as an aerosol M20 aerostat 'Eirastat/ n. li8. [Fr. aerostat, f aeroAERO- + Gk states standing.] 1 Any craft which

sustained balloon, an L18 L19. aerostation

in

is

the

airship. -'steij{3)n

air

by buoyancy,

L18. n.

An

f2

(now

rare)

[Fr

a

e.g.

aeronaut. ]

flight

by

lighter-than-air craft L18.

b but, d dog,

f

lME.

or pertaining to or pertaining to aerostats

summer

a. (rare)

L17.

aerostatics /Erro'statiks/ n.pl. (usu. treated as sing.). n8. [mod.L aerostatica, f as prec: see -ICS.] The science of the equilibrium and pressure of the air and other gases, and of the

aeruginous

E17. [L the nature

a.

Of

aerugtnosus, f as next: see -ous.]

or colour of verdigris.

aerugo

/la'ruigau/

=

bronze.]

aery aery

mi6. [L, vbkdigkk.

f

n.

crystallized

aes

aer-,

var. of eyrie.

n.

a. poet. li6. [L aerius, f aer air, the w. -y'.] Aeri 1; ethereal, incorporeal.

'£:ri

sufT. assoc.

M19. [f L Aeschylus f. Gk Aiskhulos: see -ean.] Of, penaining to, or characteristic of the Athenian tragic poet Aeschylus (525-456 bc), or his works, style, etc.

Aeschylean

/iiski'liian/ a.

Aesculapius

[L

/i:skjo'leipi3s/ n. joc. arch. L16.

Roman

Aesculapius, physician.

god

of

Aesopian +

/ii'saupian/

-IAN.]

Aesop (see

[f

L17.

a.

= Aesopic

1

L17. 2

i.

[tr.

Russ.

ezopovskii.] Designating or pertaining to Russian

Communist language

or Soviet

or writing in

which (esp. political) dissent is expressed ambiguously or allegorically, to avoid officiijcensorship etc. M20.

aestivator

f aestuary

/£s'9i:sis/

n.

Also

*es-.

E18.

perceiving:

aetatis

see

'es-/ n. Also *es-. L19. [f next, after athlete, athletic, or f Gk aistheies a person who perceives, {. as next.] person who professes a superior appreciation of what is

British

in

imiversities,

a

&

/iis'QEtik, es-/ a.

[Gk

aislhetikos,

the

senses,

f.

f

«.

Also *es-. L18.

by

aistheta things perceptible

perceive:

aisthesthai

Ciurent senses derived through

G

see

-ic.

from A. T.

&

Baumganen's

/Esthetica (1750). Senses B.i through Asthetik, Fr. esthetique.}

G

1

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

2

sing.

&

(usu.) in

pi.

(treated as sing.).

science of sensuous perception. (Used only w. ref to the works of Kant.) E19. 2 sing. & (usu.) in pi. (treated as sing.). The philosophy of the beautiful or of art; a system of principles for the appreciation of the beautiful etc. E19. 3 An aesthete; an adherent of the aesthetic movement. L19. 2 M. H. Abrams The concept that art is imitation played an important part in neo-classic aesthetics. W. Stevens Tests of the strength of his aesthetic, his .

.

philosophy. aesthetical a. = aesthetic a. (esp. sense 2) L18. aesthetically adv. E19. aesthetician /-'tiJ(9)D/ n. a person versed in aesthetics E19. aestheticism /-siz(3)m/ n. the quality of being aesthetic; susceptibihty to aesthetic influences: M19. aestheticist /-sisl/ an aesthetician M19. n. aestheticize /-saiz/ v.t. render aesthetic M19.

man,

i:'teitis/

Usu. abbrev. aet.

a.

/'/vita:t, 'i:teit/.

Of or

E19. [L.]

at

etc.

/iitrobdsi/ n. Also et-. mi6. [med.L f Gk aitiologia, i. aitia cause -LOGY.] 1 The assignment of a cause; (occas.) the cause assigned. M16. 2 TTie philosophy of causation; the part of a science which treats of the causes of its phenomena. Now rare or obs. M17. 3 Med. The causation of disease (usu., of a specified disease), esp. as a aetiologia (Isidore)

+

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

I

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

logia

subject for investigation. L17. .aetio'logical a. M18. .aetio'logically

aetites

/i:'tAiti:z/

A

(used as n.), f aetos eagle.]

M19.

Gk

[L f

li6.

n.

aetites

adj.

stone with a

loose nucleus, formerly believed to be foimd in eagles' nests and to have magical and medicinal properties.

f aetna «. var. of etna. aevitemity /i:vi't3:nili/

Now

n.

[f L aeviiemus eternal existence; everlasting duration. L16.

+

rare.

-ity.]

Also e-. Eternal

af- /af, unstressed af/ pref. (rarely productive). Assim. form of L ad- bef /. In OFr., L ajf- was reduced to a/-, which appears in early adoptions, but in later Fr., and hence in Eng., aff- was restored by Latinization, as affair, affront. Hence extended to some words of different origin, as

A

Pertaining to perception by the senses. f Only in L18. 2 Of or pertaining to the appreciation or criticism of the beautiful or of an. E19. 3 Of a person etc.: having appreciation of the beautiful; refined. Of a thing: in accordance with the principles of good taste; beautiful. M19. 4 spec. Designating, of, or pertaining to a I9th-cent. movement of artists and writers who advocated 'an for art's sake'. MI9. 5 = cosmetic a. 2. E20. 1

w.

aetat

aetiology

studious

person (opp. hearty).

B

Also

n.

W. Owen His son, aetat 13, learned in nothing. aetheling n. var. of atheling. aether n. see ether h.' aethereal, -rial adjs. see ethereal. f Aethiop, -ian ns. & ad]s. etc., vars. of Ethiop

/'i:s9i:t,

A

sing,

estuary.

var. of

/Ai'ta:tis,

I MX, i:t/,

M19.

tactile sensitivity

in

n.

est-. L15 M18. [L f. aestuare boil up, f. aestus heat: see -ation.] Feverish disturbance, ebullition, faestuate v.i. boil; surge up: E17-M18.

ri.

adj.

Also *est-.

n.

aestuatio(n-),

[Gk

aesthetic] The perception of the external world by the senses. aesthesi'ometer an instrument for measunng

aesthetic

/i:sti'veij(3)n. Est-/

faestuation

(rare) LI6.

a.

a

beautiful;

hibernate.

fl The spending of summer; summer residence. E17-M18. 2 Bot. The arrangement of the pans of a f.ower inside its bud before opening. Cf vernation 1. E19. 3 Zool. The act of spending the summer in a state of torpor. Cf hibernation. M19. aestive /'i:stiv/ a. Also *est-. E17. [L aestivus, f aestus heat: see -ive ] Aestival; hot and burning.

E20.

aesthete

Cf

an animal that aestivates E20.

n.

E17. [f as prec: see -ation.]

/ii'sopik/ a. ei8. [Late L Aesoptcus, f Aesopus f. Gk Aisopos: see -ic] 1 Pertaining to or charactenstic of Aesop, a semi-legendary Greek fabulist of the 6th cent. BC. E18. 2 = Aesoplan

aesthesis

Belonging to or of summer or the appearing in sununer.

(Zool.) in a state of torpor.

Aesopic

2.

aestivalis,

the age of

Aesculapian a. of or pertaining to Aesculapius, medicine, or physicians E17. next)

L

aestivate /'i:strveit, 'Est-/ v.i. Also *est-. E17. [L aestivat- pa. ppl stem of aestivare, f as AESTIVE: see -ate'.] Spend the surruner, spec.

A

medicine.]

f.

solstice;

aestivation

them.

in

/is'tuidjinas/

Also *est-. f as aestive:

/'i:stiv(3)l, i:'stMv(3)l; e-/ a.

[(0)Fr. estival

see -AL'.]

their use. L18.

The

E20.

aerosol

aestival

Of

1

air.

n. M20. [f aero- + of science that deals with the upper regions of the atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization of air molecules are important. aeronomer n. an expen in aeronomy M20. aero'nomic(al) adjs. of or pertaining to aeronomy .V120 aerononiist n. = aeronomer M20.

aircraft

Of

E19.

aeronautics E:r3'nD:tiks n.pl. (usu. treated as smg.). E19. [mod.L aeronautica, f as prec: see -ICS.] The science, art, or practice of controlled

]

-ic]

sec

aerostatical

aisthesis

balloonist, a pilot.

aeronautic eira'nsitik a. li8. Of or penaining to aeronauts or

-nomy

/eira'statik/ a. L18. [Fr. aerostatique,

prec:

as

aerostatics. L18. 2

Aesopical

'E:r3n3:t

aew- AERO- -

]

f

behaviour of bodies supported

aerodrome

n:'

aerostatic

and

aerobics

affair

34

affray, affnght.

afanc

/a'vaqk/ n. M19. [Welsh afanc beaver; cogn. w. Ir. abac beaver, dwarf.] Celtic Mythol.

An aquatic monster. Afar /'afa:/ n. & a. qafar.]

afar

ME.

/a'fa:/ adv.

FAR adv.] afar.

by

PI.

of n. same. M19. [Afar

= Danakil.

From

1

ME. ME.

& A prepr + Now only in from Now usu. foil,

[f a prep.^

a distance.

2 At or to

I

a distance.

off.

afara afear

/a'faira/ n. E20.

Frighten. afear(e)d ppl afraid)

[Yoruba.]

Now dial. OE.

/a'fia/ v.t.

a.

(superseded

= limba n} + fear

v.]

use

by

[f A-' in

general

OE.

afebrile /eiTirbrAil/ a. L19. [f a-'° + febrile.] Med. Unaccompanied by fever; not feverish. affable /•af3b(3)l/ a. lME. [(0)Fr. f L affabilts, f affan, f ad AF- + fari speak: see -ABLE.] Easy to approach and converse with; courteous, esp. with inferiors; kindly and polite. alTa'bility

n.

L15. affably adv. E17.

ME. [AN afere, OFr. afaire f a faire to do: cf ADO n. See also has to do; business; a concern, a maner. ME. 2 spec. In pi. Ordinary pursuits of life; business dealings; public matters. L15. 3 A (usu. temporary) sexual

affair (mod.

/a'fs:/

f

n.

affaire),

effeir.]

1

What one

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, h this,

13

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

1

.

affaire relationship outside marriage; a love affair. ei8. thing; an incident; an occasion; spec, a notorious incident, a scandal. coUoq. E19. Shakes. Haml. What is your affair in Elsinore? I affair of honour arch, a duel to senle a question of honour. 2 S. Smiles Men of affairs, trained to Mitford They chatted business. N about local affairs, slate of affairs: see state n. siaiemeni of affairs: see statement n. 3 C. Hampton I did have an affair with a gypsy when I was about fifteen. 4 Joyce The annual dinner you know. Boiled shirt affair R. Rendell The neighbouring front door, a far more trendy and ambitious affair.

A

4

.

.

affaire

/afe:r/

[Fr.] In [lit.

n.

.

pronounced same. E19.

PI.

'of the hean'].

f aflamish

&

v.t.

=

affair

3.

M16-M17.

;.

[Fr. affamer. see

A-^ FAMISH.] Starve.

affamishment + -MENT.]

/3'famijm(3)nt/

n. arch.

li6.

[f.

Starvation.

affect /'afekt/ n. lME. [L affectus n. of completed action f. afficere: see affect v~ Sense 2 through G Affekt.] fl Mental or physical

LME-L17. 2

disposition or constitution.

An

Psychol.

emotion, a mood. L19.

without emotion, incapable of feeling emotion M20. affectlessness n. M20. affectless

a.

f affect ppl

LME-L17. [L

a.

affectus pa.

pple of

afficere: see affect v}'\ = affected II, III. affect /s'fekt/ v.^t. lME. [Fr. affecter

affectare,

f.

lME. b

affect-:

see next.]

1

or

L

Like, love. arch.

Like to use, practise, wear, or frequent. M16. t2 Aim at, seek. L15-L18. 3 Use or display ostentatiously; assume the character of; take upon oneself (to do), profess. L16. 4 Of things: have or display a natural tendency towards. E17. 5 Assume a false appearance of; esp.

pretend. E17. I

Evelyn Some

affect to

and cnsp. R. Kiplfng [He]

have

a

it firy'd

did not

.

.

&

little

much

broun

affect the

Major, ahsol: Shakes. Ant. CI. Making peace or war As thou affects, b M. Bradbury He took to weanng the black leather jackets that most of his colleagues affected 2 Shakes. 2 Hen. 17 Have I affected wealth or honour? T. Jefferson He has affected to render the military independent of the civil power. 3 Pope Spenser himself affects the obsolete. Carlyle He affected the freethmker D. .

.

.

Mahon And once (he affected communism) He brought the whole crew out on strike. 5 Sir W. Scott He tired, or affected to ure. G. Vidal I affected an even deeper smcenty. aiTecter

affect

pa. ppl

sense

n.

M16

/s'fekt/

i

prec]

vl't.

lME.

[Fr. affecter or

L

affect-

stem of ajficere, f. ad ad- + facere do; may be f. L affectare and so a branch of 1 Attack as a disease. lME. 2 Move,

touch, (in mind or feelings); influence; make a material impression on. L16. 3 In pass. Be assigned to. arch. E17. affecta'bility n. ability to be affected L19. afTectable able to be affected M18.

a.

affectation f

1

An

mi6. [Fr., or L affect v.\ -ation.] earnest pursuit. M16-E18. 2 An

/afEk'teiJ(3)n/

affectatio{n-),

f.

aiming

n.

affectare: see

at;

ostentatious fondness; studied display. Foil, by of. M16. 3 Artificiality of manner; (a) pretence. L16. f 4 Affection, liking. (Foil, by of.) E17 L18.

affected

+

/s'fektid/ a.

mi6. [Branch f. affect ppl

I

f affect

branch II + -ED'; a. branch III f. affect v:' + -ed': senses to some extent confused through formal identity.] 1 Artificially assumed or displayed; pretended; (of language) stilted. M16. 2 Of a person: full of affectation, artificial. L16. f3 Sought after, aimed at. L16-M17. f4 Fondly held; loved. L16-E18. 115 Disposed, inclined (usu. w. adv. of manner). M16. f6 esp. Favourably disposed, partial, (to). M16-L17. Ill 7 Attacked by a disease, afflicted. E17. 8a Mentally influenced; moved, touched in the feelings, (by, ^with). E17. b Of a thing: influenced, acted upon, (by). M18. 9 Specially allotted. E17. f.'

-ED';

affectedness

n.

= affectation 3

E17.

affectedly

/s'fEktidii/ adv. li6. [f. affected I + Intentionally, earnestly. L16-M18. t2 Affectionately. L16-E17. 3 With studied an;

-lV.] f

a cat, u:

1

arm,

e

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

studied

simulation;

affecting affect Using

branch

j;.',

II

f.

affectation.

Only

affectionate.

1:

M17

[Branch

L16.

a.

I

f.

affect v~ + -ing^.] If 1 L16 E17. Loving, f2

IIf3

E17.

in

M

aflfectingly adv.

affection

1

A

1

mental

ME. fb

ME.

n.

see affect

affect-:

f.

[(0)Fr.

L Of

(.

-ion.]

v.'',

I

an emotion,

state;

a

Feeling as opp. to reason; ME-M18. 2 Disposition towards

feeling.

esp.

passion, lust. something, bent, inclination, arch.

ME. |b

gen.

tendency, disposition. M16-M18. 3 Goodwill, kindly feeling, love. lME. lb Spenser Most wretched man, TTiat to Affections does the bndle lend! 3 R. D. Latng Love lets the other be, but with affection and concern. L. P. Smith Unrequited affections are in youth unmitigated woes.

see, o hot,

o:

ALIENATION

alienation of affection: see person's affections: see walk

body. 4 A a disease. M16. 4 A. P. Herbert Her from some old affection III Of substances

Of the

walk

I.

into

a

malady,

esp. a

voice was permanently husky of the throat.

A

or essences. 5 nonessential state; a mode of being; a property or

action of affecting; the state of being affected. L16. b Celtic Philol. Mutation or umlaut of a vowel imder the influence of a following sound. E20. 6 J. S. Mill The affection of our bodily organs from without.

V

[affect

affectation

-y.'

2, 3.

confused L16-E19.

w.

=

f?

v:-]

7 Coleridge The gaudy affections of style which passed current for poetic diction. aifectional a. of or having affections M19. afTectioned a. (now rare or obs.) - affectionate a. .

.

M16

affection affectionner,

/3'fEkJ(3)n/ v.t. arch. f. as prec] Like, love.

affectionate

/3'f£kJ(a)n3t/

[(0)Fr.

li6.

L15.

a.

Fr.

[f.

beloved, or its source med.L affectionatus devoted: see affection n., -ate-.] 1 Mentally disposed (to). L15-M17. 2 Biased, f f prejudiced. L15-E17. \i Passionate, wilful. M16-E18. ^4 Well-disposed, favourable, (to). M16-M18. 5 Loving, fond; (of a thing) expressing or indicating affection. L16. Eager, ambitious. L16 M18. t affectionated a. = affectionate a. M16-M19 affectionately adv. M16. aifectionateness n. MI7. affectionne

affective late

f

1

L

/a'fektiv/ a.

lME.

f. affect-: see affect v.'\ -tve.] to affect or influence. LME-E18. 2 pertaining to the affections; emotional.

M17.

adv. susceptibility E20.

affectual affectuel

f.

/a'fEktjosl,

med.L

affective

2.

n.

-tjual/

L15.

ardent.

a.

/a'fia/ v.t.

med.L

forum market ] reduce to a fair affeerment person

[OFr.

affect

n.:

see

L15-L16.

2

=

n.

who

[Fr. affectueux,

ME.

[OFr.

Eager,

f.

as

earnest;

aforer, afeurer,

AN

ad af- + Hist. Assess (an amercement); amount. afforare fix the price,

i.

the action of affeering M17. affeeror affeers

an amercement

lME.

affenpinscher /'afanpinja/ n. e20. [G, f. Affe ape, monkey + Pinscher terrier.] (An animal of) a toy breed of dog related to the griffon and having a profuse wiry coat.

afferent

/'af(3)r(3)nt/ a.

M19. [L

afferent- pres.

ppl stem of afferre, f. ad AF- + ferre bring: see -ENT.] Anat. Conducting inwards (of a nerve: towards the central nervous system; of a bloodvessel: towards an organ). Opp. efferent. saw, a run, o put,

u:

ME.

[OFr. afiance,

i.

1

/s'Iaishs/ v.t. L15. [OFr. afiancer, f. as prec] Promise solemnly, esp. in marriage. Usu. in pass. foil, by to. affiant /a'fAisnt/ n. US. E19. [Fr.: see affy, -ant'.] Law. A person who makes an affidavit.

affiche

/afi] (pi. same); sTi:]/ n. E19. notice affixed to a wall etc.; a poster,

affidavit of

mi6.

/afi'deivit/ n.

med.L

[3 sing. perf.

on oath:

affidare declare

A

[Fr.]

indie

see affy.]

A

written statement, confirmed by oath or affirmation, to be used as evidence. ^In legal phr. the deponent swears an affidavit, the judge takes it; but in pop. use the deponent makes or takes

it.

affiliate

/a'filist/

pple,

pa.

as

f.

&

ppl a. n. M19. next: see -ate'.]

B

M19.

rare.

affiliated;

[L

affiliatus

A

ppl

Someone

n.

an

esp.

a.

or

affiliated

organization or company. L19.

affiliate /s'filieit/ V. E17. [med.L affiliat- pa. ppl stem of affiliare, f. ad AF- + filius son; prob. after Fr. affilter. see -ate^] f 1 v.t. Adopt as a son. Only Diets. Only in E17. 2 v.t. Adopt as a subordinate member of a society, branch of an organization or company, etc.; attach to or cormect zvith an organization etc. M18. b v.i. Connect oneself z«if/i. M19. 3 v.t. In Lazv, fix the paternity of an illegitimate child 011 the putative father (for the purpose of maintenance); gen. ascnbe (a child) to his or her proper parent; fig.

m

father (up)on, attribute to. E19. affiliadve a. pertaining to affiliation relationships; sociable, sympathetic: M20.

or

social

n. E17. [Fr. f. med.L as prec: see -ation.] 1 Adoption of a son. rare. E17. 2 Adoption by a society etc.

affiliation

/3fili'eiJ(3)n/

affiliatw(n-),

f.

of branches; imion with a central organization. L18. b (A) connection, association. Freq. in pi. M19. 3 The fixing of the paternity of a child; the fathering of a thmg upon anyone, the assignment of a thing to its origin. M19. 2b F D. Roosevelt I have not the slightest idea what your political affiliations are. S. Robertson The of English are with the lx)w languages. Comb.: affiliation order a legal order that the putative father of an illegitimate child must help to support him or her. closest

affiliations

.

.

,

.

German

affinal

/3'fAin(a)l/

a.

-Iaffinity) -al'.] pertaining to marriage.

M19. [f. Related

L

affinis

by

(see

marriage;

afiine /a'fAin/ n. & a. E16. [{. as prec. or OFr. afin (mod. affin).] A «. A relation by marriage; a kinsman, a kinswoman. E16. B adj. 1 Closely related, mi 7. 2 Alath. That allows of or preserves parallelism. E20.

ME-L19.

-ous.] see affectionate; emotional, fli/ti. LME-E20. affectuously f f.

a.

as

lME

aflectually adv.

aferer

f.

M17.

f affectuous AFFECT n.:

affeer

emotional

aflec'tivity

affcctualis,

Earnest,

fl

-al'.]

a

f.

affectivus,

affectively

n.

[Fr. affectif, -ive

Tending

Of or lME.

arch.

n.

affiance

something

The

6

gen.

the

in

Trust, faith, (in, occas. on). ME. f 2 Confidence, assurance. lME-miS. 3 'I"he pledging of faith, esp. in marriage. lME. f 4 Affinity. L15 E17.

Affiliated,

attribute. M16. 5 INJURIOUS affection.

expressing

soothing strains,

affettuoso of humanity,

Law.

v.'

bodily state;

A movement

tender,

as affy: see -ance.]

8

/3'fi:kJ(3)n/

affectio(n-),

the mind.

IV

Burke TTie

fig.:

affiance /oTAions/

E18.

il

&

B n. PI. -si /-zi/, -sos. tenderness, rare. L18.

Impressive.

4 Touching the emotions; moving.

L18.

/afctjo'aozau, -to-/ adv., a., & n. E18. [It.] Mus. adv. adj. (A direction:) with feeling, tender(ly). E18.

affettuoso

A

ppl

/o'fektii)/

Mental

E20. [Fr.] Busy; involved.

a.

With

4

L16.

artificially.

hypocritically. M17.

.

affaire de (or dii) cceur /da, dy, koe:r/

fiall

affaire laknl

prec.

affinity

35

too, 3 ago,

ai

my, au how,

ei

/s'fAind/ ppl a. li6. [f. (as) prec. + -ed', perh. after OFr. afine.] 1 Related, connected. L16. 2 Bound by any tie. rare. E17. I W. Stevens Portentous enunciation, syllable To blessed syllable ;iffined. 2 Shakes. Oth. Whether I

affined

.

am

affin 'd

affinity aff-)

f.

To

love the

/a'finiti/

L

ME.

n.

affinitas,

.

Moor. f.

[OFr.

affinis,

f.

afinite (mod. ad AF- + finis

border: see -ity.] I By position. 1 Relationship, esp. by marriage; collect, relations, kindred. ME. 2 fig. Similarity suggesting of character relationship; family likeness. lME. 3 Structiu'al animals, resemblance (between languages, plants, etc.) suggestive of a coimnon stock or type. L16. II By inclination or attraction. f4 Voluntary Liking, social relationship. LME-E17. 5 fig. attraction; a person having attraction for

another. E17. 6 Chem. The tendency substance to combine with another. M18.

day, so no,

e:

hair,

is

near,

31

boy, oa poor,

Aia tire,

of a

aoa sour

affirm io\'ned aflinitic with 4 AV 2 Chron. 18:1 Jehosaphat Ahab. 5 D. Cecil There is no affinit>' more perfect that founded on than similar tastes and complementar>' temperaments. W. Faulkner A woman's affinin.- and instinct for secrecy. 6 Joyce The .

.

of imperceptible molecules contained by cohesion of molecular affinity in a single incalculable

trillions

:

money spent using

portion of the

the card; affinity group US an association of people with a common interest or aim. affinitive a. characterized by affinity; closely related:

affirm

.Vfsim,'

affirmeT)

fl

L

f.

ME.

v.

affimiare,

Make

I'.r.

afemier (mod.

[OFr.

ad AF- + fimius

f.

firm.]

support.

strengthen; Confirm or

firm,

ME

M17. 2 t'.f. Law. ratify (a judgement, a contract). lME. v.t. Confirm or maintain (a statement). lME mi 7. 4 v.t. Assert strongly, state as a fact. lME. b Lavi. Make an affirmation because unwilling to take an oath. (Foil, by that.) lME. c Logic. State to be true. L17. 5 v.i. Logic & Gram. Make a statement in the affirmative, rare. M16. 1 Ld Berners The goddis assure & affirme euervthing. 2 Ld Macaulay Twenty-three peers voted for reversmg the judgment; thirty-five for affirming it 3 Shakes. Hen. V I said so and I must not blush to affirm it 4 A Storr If a man holds beliefs that are unpopular he will look for people with whom he can .

/afik'seij'(3)n/

sense 2

v.,

affixture

see

n.:

i

We

2 O. Manning cannot afford to go to expensive restaurants every night. G. Greene I had won the game already, and I could afford to feel a certain pity

f.

-ation.] 1 affix. E20.

my victim. E. O'Neill I paid a lot of money I couldn't afford. F. Ford She could not afford a maid since every permy was of importance to her. 3 for

n. li8. [f. affix v., after action of affixing; the state of being

/o'fikstja/

The

fixture.]

[Sense

E17.

n.

affix

f.

Gram. Addition of an

Affixture. E17. 2

M

m

.

affirmable affirming;

person

a

n.

(fc)

affirmant

E17.

a.

who

&

a.

.

{a)

n.

affirms: L16.

adj.

affirmer

lME.

affirmance

a'f3:m(a)ns n. lME. [OFr. af{J')ermance, f. as prec: see -ance.] 1 An assertion; a strong declaration. lME. 2 confirming. E16. '

,

A

af3'meij(3)n n. lME. [Fr., or L affimialtoin-), f. affimiare: see affirm, -ation.] 1 Confirmation. lME. 2 Assertion as true. Also, something which affirmed; positive is a statement. lME. 3 Law. solemn declaration by a person who conscientiously declines taking an oath. L17. a'ffirmatory a. givmg affirmation, assertive (of)

affirmation

A

affirmative

s'faimativ

a.,

&

n.,

lME.

int.

[(0)Fr. affimiatif, -ive f. late L affimiaiivus, f. as prec: see -attve.] A adj. 1 Assertive; positive. lME. 2 Asserting that a fact is so; answering 'yes'. L15. b Logic. Asserting that somethLng is true of the subject of a proposition. L16. f3 Corroborative, confirmatory. E16-M17. 1 affirmative action positive action towards a goal, esp. the employment of minonty groups and women. 3

Clarendon The

affirmative advice of

all

the Judges of

England n.

Something which

affirms; an affirmative or proposition; an affirmative

word, statemeni reply.

lME.

answer

in the affirmative answer 'yes', or that it is so. vote in the affirmative vote in favour of a proposal.

C int. Yes. Chiefly N. Atner. (orig. Mil.). L19. affirmatively adv. lME. affix

'afiks

n.

li6.

[L

attachment,

[L afftat-: see next, Blow or breathe upon; inspire. Chiefly as

afflate

/a'fleit/ v.t. rare. L16.

-ate'.]

afflatus /a'flcitas/ n. M17. [L, f. afilat- pa. ppl stem of ajflare, f. ad AFfiare to blow.] The communication of supernatural knowledge; -I-

ad AF- + figere fasten.] 1 An = affiche. L16-L19 3 (Jram. addition. L16. grammatical element prefixed, infixed, or suffixed to the root of a word. E17. affixal a. [Gram.) pertaining to or involving an affix f.

A

L19.

lME.

/a'fiks/ v.t.

affixare,

f.

ad AF- +

on, upon).

lME.

Er6-El8.

3

[(0)Fr. affixer or

fixare fix

1

]

med.L

Fix, fasten,

{to,

f 2 Fix upon, determine, settle. seal, stamp); add in

Impress

writing (a signature, postscript, etc.). M17. b fig. {to), stigmatize (with). M17. accorded 1 tinkle gatebell Joyce An cxotically

Attach as a stigma

.

.

.

.

affixed to left lateral gatepost, fig.: Spenser She affixed had Her hart on knight so goodly-glorifyde 2 Pope land, affix'd To end fiis toils,

The

affixer

.

n.

.

f

aflit

L

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

.

with

bodily

OFr.

f 1 Cast Distress trouble

afflicter.]

LME-M17.

mental

or

2

suffering;

afformative

affranchise

B. A more general trouble afflicting all large organizations. afflicter n. L16. afBictingly adv. in an afflicting manner, so as to afflict E19.

/3'nikK3)n/

ME.

«.

[(0)Fr.

affray

by

[(0)Fr.

/a'fliktrv/ a. E17. afflictivus,

Tending

afflict-:

f.

afflicttf,

affluence

of afflict ppl

a. var.

/'aflosns/

lME.

n.

as next: see -ence.]

affray esf-

Also affluency

(mod.

A

esp.

ME. [AN

breach of

base

-I-

&

ppl

OFr.

afrayer,

as A-'

{.

pple

Pa.

arch.

v.t.

effrayer),

Frighten away.

(Foil,

affrayer

n.

Gmc

f

ult.

a.

effreer,

lME. who

a person

A

1

[Fr.

affrayed pred. a. affreightment

a. f.

L

affrays; a disturber of the

A-'*

affricate

/'afrikst/ n. L19. [L affricatus pa. pple, f. as next: see -ate' .] Phonet. combination of a plosive with an immediately following

A

/'aflusnt/ a. lME. [(0)Fr. f L affluentpres ppl stem of affluere, f ad AF- -I- fluere flow: see -ent.] fl Flowing towards a particular place. lME-miS. 2 Flowing freely; copious, abundant. lME. 3 Having plenty of money; wealthy. M18. 2 T. Nashe So affluent an argument. Goldsmith Possessed of a very affluent fortune. Southey O'er his shoulders broad the affluent mane Dishevell'd hung. 3 affluent society: in which matenal wealth is widely affluently adv. L17. n.

stem of = AFFLUENCE

pa. ppl

Also affluxion

[med.L

E17.

affluxus,

f.

I.

EI 7.

«.

Now rare or L asphodilus

obs.

affrication

aiTorcement n. f{a) a fort; deliberative body etc.: M18. /a'faid/ v.t. [I^te

Rubbing on or Phonet.

r

-ATION.] f I Only in E18. 2

see

rare.

an

into

affricate;

affricate. L19.

aiTrightfiil

affright

geforpian,

f.

forpian

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

the vb,

[f.

on the

a.

(arch.) frightening, terrifying E17.

/a'frAit/ ppl a.

Long

arch.

rare.

dfyrhted pa. pple: see A-', FRIGHT v., -ED'. next.] Frightened.

affright

/a'frAit/ v.t.

arch, or poet.

early use f as prec; later (L16)

f.

vague form-association.] Frighten,

lME. fright

[OE Cf

[Rare v.

by

terrify.

affrighted ppl a. frightened (replacing affright ppl E17. aifrightedly adv. E17. affilghten v.t. = n. t(a) = affright n.

a.)

(b) reinforcement of a

OE

/a'frAit/ n. arch. L16.

analogy of fright n. & vb.] 1 Terror, fright. L16. 2 The action of frightening; a cause of fear. E17.

affright v. M17. aifrightment i; (b) = affright n. 2: L16.

affront

as

no, p pen,

against,

Conversion

[L

E18.

n.

prec:

as

friends, reconciled.

affright

forth: see A-^. For the change of /9/ to /d/ cf. burden, murder ] f 1 Advance; perform; accomplish. lOE-lME. 2 Manage to do. With can, be able to: have the means or be rich enough to ^fo, be in a position to do; spare; bear the expense of. lME. 3 Provide, furnish, grant; of things: be capable of yielding, yield f.

f.

pronimciation as an

M16.

afforce /s'h:s/ v.t. ME. [OFr. aforcier, f. as A-'* + FORCE n.'i f 1 Apply force to; re/7, try. ME-E16. t2 Add force to. Only in lME. 3 Strengthen (a deliberative body etc.) by the addition of new members. E19.

to ftirther,

L19.

n.

/afrrkeij(3)n/

affncatio(n-) ,

lME.

ASPHODEL.] LME-EI7. 2 = DAFFODIL 2.

var. of I.

last

affricate /'afnkeit/ v.t. M17. [L affncat- pa. ppl stem of affricare, f. ad AF- + fricare rub: see -ate^.] fl Rub (on or against), rare. M17-E18. 2 Phonet. Convert into an affricate. L19.

M17.

/'afadil/

[med.L affodilus fl = ASPHODEL

and

judge). Also a'lTricative

afflux-

see prec. Cf Fr. afflux.] 2 An accession, rare. Mi 7.

affluere:

n.

one phoneme consonants of church and

fricative or spirant as

(as in the first

f affriended pa. pple & ppl a. rare (Spenser). Only in L16. [f A-" + FRIEND n. + -ED'.] Made

distributed.

/'aflAks/

homorganic

(long rare) M17.

n.

see afraid.

/3'freitra(3)nt/ n. mi8. [Fr. affretement (earlier written affrel-), f affreter, f d + fret freight; sp. assim. to freight n.: see -MENT.] The hiring of a sfiip to carry cargo.

affluentia,

plentiful flow (of);

affluent

man, n

ME. b

(cogn. w. FRITH n.'). Aphet. to fray v>] 1 Disturb, starde. ME. 2 Alarm, frighten. ME. 3

.

afford

/a'frei/

affrayed, afraid.

-ive

profusion, abundance. lME. 2 Abimdance of worldly possessions, wealth. L16. 3 A flowing towards a particular place; a concourse. L16. 1 Lx)NGFELLOW Winter with its affluence of snows. 2 D. LxiDGE At a time of increasing general affluence they had to be content with cramped, poorly furnished accommodation. 3 Carlyle Great affluence of company.

dial.

an

terror.

disturbance, a noisy outburst; a

peace: L15.

f afflight ppl

1

f2

effret, esf-

attack,

fright,

the peace by fighting or rioting. L15.

to.)

afflux

A

OFr.

An

1

f

Alarm,

fray. obs. in gen. sense.

see afflict v.,

to afflict; painfiil; trying.

ME

affrai,

next.]

f. as L16.

effroi),

ME-L16. 3

afflict-:

afflictively adv. L17.

i.

v.t. L15. [OFr. stem of afranchir (mod.

ME. [AN

/a'frei/ n.

(mod. assault.

A

-IVE.]

-i-

f. a A-^ + franc free. Cf. ENFRANCHISE.] Release from servitude or from an obligation etc. affi^nchisement n. L18.

L

f

see afflict v., -ion.] fl The infliction of grievous pain or trouble; selfmortification. ME-E17. 2 The state of being afflicted; misery, distress. lME. 3 pain, a calamity; a cause of misery or distress. lME.

afflictive f med.L

E19. [f af-

n.

/3'fran(t)jAiz/

afranchiss- lengthened

S.

Russell

(.

&

/a'faimativ/ a.

aff-),

Milton Reassembling our afflicted Powers. 2 Johnson They are afflicted with the head-ach. 1

aJfltctio(n-),

to

privacy afforded us

in a

FORMATFVE.] Chiefly Semitic Gram. (A particle) suffixed as a formative element. Cf PREFORMATIVE.

grievously. M16.

affliction

J.

thee rich.

no law

affords

plant with trees. afTorestable a. E20. aifore'station n. the action or result of converting an area into forest E17.

afflict /a'flikt/ v.t. lME. [L afflictare, or afiiictpa. ppl stem of ajfiigere. f. ad AF- + fligere strike; partly through prec. Cf down; deject, humble.

make

The world Irving The great Jul.

afforest /sTorist/ v.t. ei6. [med.L afforestare, {. ad AF- + foresia FOREST n. ] Conven into forest;

a.

Afflicted.

&

German-speaking tavern. aiTorda'bility n. ability to be afforded L20. affordable a. able to be afforded M19. afTordably adv. L20. aflorder n. L16.

/s'frAnt/

n.

L16.

[f

the

vb.

Cf

Fr.

la An open insult; an intentionally disrespectful word or act. L16. b An instance of affront.]

offence to one's self-respect or modesty. E17. f 2 encounter; an anack, an assault. L16-L17. A position of hostility; an obstacle. Only in M17.

An

la BUNYAN They had offered great affronts to his looked indignant, person, b A. G. Gardiner She almost hurt, as though she had received some secret .

naturally. L16.

M19.

b but, d dog,

Also afflight. ME-L16. [OFr. affiictus pa. pple of ajfligere: see next.]

t afflict ppl

Shakes. Rom.

by speaking English

afflatcd ppl a. afflation n. M17.

afTodlll

pple of affigere^ appendage, an

affixus pa.

.

.

affixed;

.

hjmself order to affirm his own identity. J. Montague Against her choice, I still affirm That notliing dies. 5 P. Sidney Grammer sayes That in one speech two Negatiues affirme. identify-

affix

AFFIX

divine impulse; (esp. poetic) inspiration,

Mi-

B

affixation

.

pinhead Comb. affinity card (o) VS a discount card issued to members of an affinity group; (fc) a bank card for which the bank donates to a specified charity etc. a

n.

affront

36

J

she, 3 vision, G thin, 6 this,

13

.

ring, tj chip, d3 jar

affront personal

af&ont.

Milton Dreaded On

2

my

ground, none daring

affront

L

f.

hostile

affront,

ME. [OFr. afronter (mod. ad froniem to the face: see AF-,

/a'frAnt/

aff-) ult.

Afro-

37

v.t.

phr.

FRONT n. ] 1 Insult to the face or openly. ME. 2 Offend the modesty or self-respect of. ME. 3 Face in defiance; confront. mi6. f4 Put oneself in the way of, accost. E M17. 5 Face in position, look towards, arch. E17. affronter n. L16. affrondngly adv. in an affronting manner, so as to affront L17 afTrontive a. affronting tendency M17

in character or

OE. 2 Floating in the air. M16. 3 In a state of overflow or submersion. L16. I S. Johnson Whatever is afloat in the stream of lime. M. iNNES Enough lo slock all the smoke-rooms ship.

of all the liners afloat. 2 Browning Carelessly passing with your robes afloat. F. Marryat The main deck was

sense 2

tr.

/a'frAntid/ ppl a. L16.

[f.

+

prec.

Also =

1 Fronted; faced. ^2 Impudent; full of M17. 3 Insulted, offended.

Fr. effronte.]

AFFRONTY.

rare.

effrontery.

Only

-ed';

L16. in

E18.

D

Davie Two birds affronted with a human head Between their beaks. faffrontedly adv. with effrontery EI7-M18. I

II fig. 4 Unembarrassed, out of debt. M16. 5 Fully started; in full swing. M16. 6 In general circulation; current. L16. 7 Unsettled; adrift.

E17. 6 J. Bright Various rumours were afloat. Whatever money he might come into it

of

mi6. [Fr.

/s'frAnti/ a.

affront

see

affronter,

affronti pa. pple

towards the spectator,

n. a pouring on or one method of baptism

affusion /-3(3)n/

afly

in

ME.

/a'fAi/ v. arch.

fast

[OFr.

into, as of

water

E17.

afier (later aff-)

aflame 6

On

&

pred. a.

&

ME.

(Ih.

[f Kprep.^ 6

n.] In flames; in a

& pred.

+

aflat

M16. glow (ht.

[f.

adv.

/s'flat/ adv.

& pred.

a.

arch.

ME.

& fig.).

[f.

[f.

A prep.'

mod.L

Aispergillus fla(vus) (see below) + toxin.] Any of a class of carcinogenic toxins produced by

moulds of the Aspergillus flavus group. aflaunt /a'tlxnt/ adv. & pred. a. arch. M16. [f. A prep.' 6 + FLAlTNT «. ] Flaunting. afloat /s'flaut/ adv. & pred. a. OE. [f A prep.' 6 + float n. in ME partly after ON d flotli), and OFr. en flat; from 16 prob. a new formation.] I lit. 1 Floating (as if) in water; at sea; on board ;

arm,

e

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, d hot,

conj.

Now

chiefly dial.

OE.

time: before.

2

Of

place: in

beforehand.]

B

t

/s'fsrhand/

AFORE

[f.

A

prep.

&

adv.

+ HAND

pred. n.,

a.

arch.

after earlier

adv. In anticipation, in advance. Prepared or provided for the

pred. a.

E16-M18.

future.

aforethought /3'fD:e3:t/ n. & AFORE adv. + THOUGHT n.' and of think

v:']

a

ppl a. ME. [f. thought pa. pple Forethought, premeditation.

n.

ME.

rare.

B ppl a. Thought

maUce aforethought [after malice prepensed Law wrongful intent thai was in

prepense

aforetime AFORE

s.v.

the

]

t'

mind beforehand,

esp. as

an element

/aTaitAim/ adv.

prep.

+ TIME

in

murder,

arch.

&. a.

lME.

[f.

n., after earlier beforetimt

.]

Before in time; former(ly). aforetimes adv. (rare) L16.

a fortiori

/ei fD:ti'n:rAi/

yet stronger reason;

&

/s'faul/ adv. [f.

A-'

adv. phr. E17. [L.] conclusively.

With

more

pred.

+ foul

a.

a., «.

Now ]

N.

In a tangle; in

/a'freid/ pred.

of.

a.

y.

(somewhat

arch.)

lest

w.

subjunct.

(an

unpleasant possibility); that w. indie, (an unpleasant probability or contemplated reality) .) Swift 1 was affraid of trampling on every traveller that I met. Pope Willing 10 wound, and yet afraid 10 strike J. Austen I am afiaid you do not like your pen. G H. Lewes Afraid lest the poetical spirit should be J. M. Synge A man who is not afraid of the sea will soon be drowned. T. S. Eliot I have seen the eternal Footman hold my coal, and snicker, And in short, I was afraid ScoTT Fitzgerald I was afraid

swept away.

.

that

my

house was on

fire.

W. Stevens Mother was

should freeze in the Parisian hotels. afraid (that) colloq. I say or admit with regret, afraidness n. {rare) mi 7. afraid

saw,

anejv.]

/o'frcj/ adv. L15.

Anew; with

I

a run,

o put,

u:

too, a ago, .m

my, ao how,

ei

[f.

A-'

f

fresh

a., after

a fresh beginning.

a. arch,

or poet. L16. [hAfncus: sec

next.] Afi-ican. /'afrik(3)n/ n. & a. [OE (only pi.) Africanas f. L Afncanus (Cicero), f. Africa use as n. of fcm. (sc. terra land) of Africus, {. Afn pi. (sing. Afer) ancient people of N. Africa: see -an.] A «. I a dark-skinned native or inhabitant of the continent of Africa; an African Black. OE. b Hist. An American Black of African origin or descent. E18. 2 A White inhabitant of Africa. E19. B adj. Of or pertaining to Africa; belonging to or characterisuc of the Blacks of Africa or {Hist. ) of America. M16. African American an American Black; of or pertaining to American Blacks African blackwood = MPINGO. African cypress: see CYPRESS lb. African daisy a yellow-flowered plant of the composite family, Lonas annua, which is native to the Mediterranean region and N. Africa and is a naturalized weed elsewhere AJncan elephant African hemp =

African

mahogany

SPARMANNIA. Afr4can

(the

wood

of) a

W.

African tree, Khaya scncgalcnm (family Meliaceae). African peach: see PEACH 2. African pepper, see pepper n. African POMPANO. African swine fever. African TEAK. African violet = saintpaulia. Afr-ican (the wood, resembling mahogany, of) a African tree, Lovoa irichilioides (family Meliaceae). % See also South African s.v. SOUTH. Afin'cana n.pl. publications or other items concerning or associated with Africa E20. Afi-icanism n. an African mode of speech, idiom, etc.; Afncan character; African nationalism: M17 Afiicanist n. & a. (a) n. a specialist in things African; an African nationalist; (b) adj. of or pertaining to Africanists or Africanism: L19. Afri'canity n. = Africanness M20 Africanize v.t. make African in character; s^icc {a; place under the control of African Blacks; (b) hybridize (honeybees) with a stock of Afincan origin 10 give an unusually aggressive strain: EI9 Afr-icanness /-n-n-/ n. the quality or condition of being African

walnut

tropical

M20.

Africander n. etc., see Afrikaner. Afrikaans /afn'kains/ n. & a. E20. [Du. = (Of) a modified form of the Dutch language used in South Africa. African.]

A&ikander Afrikaner -kander

see next.

n. etc.,

/afn'kaina/

n.

Also

Africander,

/-'kands/. E19. [Afk., f. Afrikaan an + -{d)er pers. sufT., after Hollander

African

Dutchman.]

An

1

Afrikaans-speaking

White

in South Africa, esp. one of Dutch descent. E19. 2 (Also a-.) A South African gladiolus belonging to any of several species. E19. 3 (Also a-.) (An animal oQ a long-homed South African breed of cattle, or the indigenous South African breed of sheep. M19. the -ndcr forms are recorded earlier 51 In general, than those in -ner. However, except in sense 3 (breeds of cattle and sheep), where both are still common, Afrikaner is now dominant, and its derivs. are used exclusively.

chiefly

Also {arch.) afirayed. ME. [pa. pple of affray v. used as adj. after afraye.] Frightened, alarmed, in a state of fear. (Foil, by o/a person or thing, of doing; to do; that or

afresh

colloq.

'ifrtt,

person

before; premeditated. L15.

AN

A prep.'

a.

+ FLAT n.'] In a flat position. aflatoxin /afla'toksin/ n. M20.

&

collision; foul. Esp. in run or fall afoul

I

a cat, u:

lME.

afraid

L19. [f. A-^ + FLARE Flaring; spread out; blazing, glowing. /a'flE:/

Of

1

Amer. E19.

& fig.).

pred. a.

ON

advance of; in or into the presence 3 Of rank etc.: in precedence of. lME. Before, sooner than. ME.

afoul

of OFHUNGERED.

burning,

'to

lit.

pred. a.

prep.,

.

/a'fleim/ adv.

+ FLAME

aflare n.']

fire,

[Fr.,

A

ME. C conj. aforehand

&

/s'fAia/ adv.

E19.

fully.

[OE

prep.

of

/3'fi:ld/ adv.

n. \

&

/s'fut/ adv.

n., partly after

Naut.

B

Cr. /tneas is a-field. W. Morris Shakes. Tr. Afield he never went, Either to hunting or the frontier war. E. Pound High grain a-field, hundred-fold yield never been further afield than 2 C Kjngsley I had Fulham.

FIRE

phr

adv.

f5/

front of; in

ME. [f. a prep.' i + field n.] 1 In or to the field. ME. 2 Away from home; to or at a distance. lME.

afire

A--

[f.

ME. [f. A prep.' I + d fotuni.] 1 On foot, on arch. ME. 2 Astir, on the move;

afoot FOOT

lME.

a. var.

E19.

a.

afore-mentioned, etc.

monetary unit of

the basic

/a

&

/nhsp'na-.dsu, foreign afi9jo'na6o/ n. Pi. -OS I -Mz, foreign -os/. M19. [Sp. = amateur, use as n. of pa. pple of aficionar become fond of, {. aficidn {. L: see affection m. ] 1 A devotee of bullfighting. M19. 2 An ardent follower of any activity. L19.

fafingered

pred.

onforan; later (14) f. on prep. + prep.] FORE adv. adv. 1 Of place: in front; in or into the forepart. OE. 2 Of time: before. ME. Comb.. With pa. pples forming adjs., as aforesaid,

(an animal of) a tall dog with long silky hair, originaung

.

+

A-^

[f.

+ focal.] [f. a-'" Designating or involving a lens or lens system with a focal power of zero (so that rays

&

aficionado

1

&

/s'fsum/ adv.

force me to resign. afore /s'h:/ adv.,

Afghanistan, equal to 100 puis E20.

afield

E19.

a.

.

Afghan hound

n.

pred.

Fluttering; in a flutter.

n. ]

M

[Pashto afghani.] of Afghanistan, a coimtry lying N. of Pakistan; the language (Pashto) of the people of Afghanistan. L18. 2 (a-.) A knitted and sewn woollen blanket or shawl; (in the Indian subcontinent) a quilt, a coarse rug. M19. 3 = Afghan hound be\ow. M20. 4 = Afghan coat below. L20. B attnb. or as adj. Of or pertainmg to Afghanistan or the Afghans. L18. Afghan coat a kind of sheepskm coat with the skin side outside, sometimes embroidered and usu. having

afghani /af'goini/

a--

[f.

bloom.

W

1

breed of hunbng in Afghanistan.

in

+

A--

one's own feet. in operation or employment. M16. 1 R. Kipling The lama and Mahbub All, both afoot, walking cautiously. 2 Churchill The S. Hunganans were in revolt and the Turks were once more afoot Spark A new plot which is afoot to

f.

Afghan /'afgan/ n. & a. L18. A A native or inhabitant

a shaggy border

FLUTTER

bottom'.] Thoroughly,

affxdare, f ad af- + fidare to trust.] fl & I. Trust, confide, (in, on). ME-M17. f 2 Affirm on one's faith. L15-E17. 3 v.t. Make by a solemn promise; espouse; affiance. L15.

v.t.

+ FLOWER n.] Flowering; aflutter /a'flAta/ adv. &

dare

I

forth.

aflow /a'flau/ adv. & pred. a. M19. [f. FLOW n.' or v.] Flowing. aflower /a'flaua/ adv. & pred. a. L19.

a fond

med.L v.t.

is,

entering parallel emerge parallel).

affuse /a'fjuiz/ v.t. Now rare. E17. [L affus- pa. ppl stem of affundere, f. ad af- + fundere pour. ] Pour {upon). on the body

Austen

J.

.

and so

in his stock,

Optics.

Looking

Her.

v.^

employed

all

+ FOAM n.] Foaming. afocal /ei'f3ok(3)l/ a. m20.

affronted.

affronty

say, all afloat,

afoam

affrontee /afrAn'ti:/ n. rare. E19. [f. affront v. + -EE'.] An affronted person; the person

Also afrit, efrect /'efri:!/. L18. 'afrft.] A powerful jinnee in Arabian stories and Muslim mythology. /'afri:t/ n.

[Arab,

Afric /'afnk/

afloat.

.

affronted

afreet

I

am

Afrikan(d)erdom

the Afrikaner people; the Afrikaners collectively: L19. Afr-ikan(d)erism n. an Afrikaans word or idiom used in South African English L19. AfHkan(d)erize v.t. bnng under the influence or control of Afnkaners; make like an Afrikaner: E20 Afri.kaneri'zadon n. the process of Afrikanerizing M20

of

beliefs

afrit

of AFREET.

n. var.

Afro

n.

Afrikaners,

&

M20. [f. next, or f. African, Afro-American; spec, (of a hairstyle) long and bushy, as naturally grown by some Blacks. M20. B n. PI. -os. 1 An Afro-American; a Black. M20. 2 An Afro hairstyle. L20. /'afrau/

Afr(ican +

a.

-o.]

A

n.

adj.

Afro-

/'afrao/ comb. form. Bef. a vowel occas. see -O-.] f. Afr-, Afer African: Forming adjs. and ns. w. the senses 'African

Afr-. M19. [L, (and)',

Asian,

Cuban,

as Aframerican, Afro-Amencan, AfroAfro-Brazilian, Afro-Caribbean, Afroand 'of or pertaining to Africa', ns

Afrocenlric.

day, so no,

hair,

i3

near,

di

boy, ua poor, ai3 tire, ao3 sour

Afro-Asiatic Afro-Asiatic

/

.afraueiji'atik, -ei3-/ a.

&

M20.

n.

(Designating or Asiatic a] penaining to) a language family of N. Africa and SW Asia including Semitic languages, Egyptian, Berber, Chadic, and Cushitic.

+

prec.

[f.

afront uVlE. to

[f,

Now

prep.

dial,

face,

lME .\li6.

afrormosia

afrni'msozp n. m20. [mod.L, f Omiosia, a related genus, f. Gk

Afro- +

wood (The oO a N. and W. African leguminous tree of the genus Pericopsis {formcTh Afrormosia). homios

necklace:

see

-IA'.]

adv. & a. E17. [Prob. alt. of earlier ABAFT, BAFT adz:, after LG, Du. achler abaft, Aeronaut. In or near or to or after.] Xaui.

aft

a:ft

&

towards the stem or

after after

tail.

L19. [Abbrev.] Afternoon.

n. colloq.

'o:fto

/'oifto

a.

[OE

^fter{r)a, corresp. to

OHG

Later after adv. etc. in attrib. use.] if I Second. OE iME. 2 Next, subsequent. Later freq. in comb. see after-. OE. 3 Nearer the rear; (chiefly .Vaur.) nearer the stem. ME. aftermost supcrl. a. (Naut.) nearest the stem of a ship E I S afterness n. (now rare) the quality of being afiaro.

:

after or later

after

,

L16 adv.,

'a:ft9

to OFris.

corresp.

prep., efier,

&

conj.

OHG

OS,

[OE

after,

ON

aftar,

Goth, aftra; prob. compar. deriv., rel. to Gk apo away from or opiso behind.] A adv. 1 Behind in place or order. OE. 2 Later in time. OE. b spec. Contrasted w. before (see before adv. 2b): following an event or (esp.) the use of a remedy, cosmetic, or other product. mi8. aprr,

SiALLWORTin' Snffly he walked out and his after. 2 Shakes Jul. Caes. I do fawn And after scandal them. W. Stevens The on men 1

J.

audience shuffled .

lilacs

B

,

came long

after.

I Of place. 1 In the rear of, behind. pursuit or quest of; in the direction of or something moving away; about, concerning. OE. I Joyce He filed out of the study-hall after the others, after you; a formula used in yielding precedence 2 Ld Macaulay He was greedy after power. J Wain What most of the Sixth were after was a scholarship at Oxford or Cambndge. J. Cheever 'Meny Christmas, Charlie!' both the Fullers called after him J. P. DonT-Eavy' A Mr. SkuUy, a former landlord, is after me for money, be after doing (chiefly Anglo-lr.) (a) be intending to do, be on the pomt of doing; freq. pleonastic, be doing; (6) have just done, see after attend to. II Of time. 3 Following in time, in succession to. OE. 4 Following the interval of, at the close of. OE. 5 Subsequent to or later than (a point in time). OE. b Past, beyond (a specified hour). Now chiefly dial. & N. Amer. Mi 8. 6 Subsequent

prep.

OE. 2 In someone

to and m consequence of OE. 7 Subsequent and notwithstanding. E17.

to

that has happened or been said; in spite of one's exertions, expectations, etc. all

III

Of maimer. 8 According

to, in a manner 9 OE. In a manner arch. OE. 10 In imitation of; in

with.

proportionate

to.

ME.

At (the rate of), arch. lME. 8 Dickens Handsome after us kind, after a fashion:

allusion to.

11

see FASHION n. after a sort: see SORT n.^ 9 H. Latimer Cut thy cloth after the mesure. 10 Gibbon After his denies all original oracle, Dr. Johnson, my friend genius. R. Mayer Van Gogh's drawing after Millet's The Reapers. R. Braltigan It's good to name creeks after people, afur the fashion of. see fashion n .

IV

Of

order.

importance. 12

Next

.

to

in

order

or

f

after

Phoebus sings the best

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

as.

Also

AV

1

ME

f-2

According

after that, as. M17. 36:27 After that the king

Jcr.

Ld Macaulay A few

roule.

OE.

{arch.) after that.

had burnt the days after the Revolution

adv. & prep., a.] Forming combs., fixed or transitory, with ns., adjs., and vbs, in various relations and senses, as 'rear', 'subsequcnt(ly)', 'eventual(ly)', 'subordinate(ly)'. after-bom a. bom after one's father's death or last = will, younger afterbirth. f after-burden afterburner a fitment for burning extra fuel in the exhaust of a jet engine as a means of increasing thrust, afterburning the action or use of an afterburner, t after-burthen = afterbirth, after-care attention given after a stay in hospital, prison, etc. afterclap an unexpected stroke after the recipient has ceased to be on his or her guard; a surprise happening after a matter is supposed to t.; at an end aftercoraer a

after-

'uifta/

OE. [after

comb. form.

successor; in pi., posterity, after-course t(a) a later course at dinner; (ft) a subsequent course, aftercrop a second crop in one season, after-damp (gas rich in) carbon monoxide occurring in a mine after an explosion after-days later or subsequent days aftereffect an effect that follows after an interval or after the primary action of something, after-game a

second game played to improve on the result of the first; a new plan to meet an unforeseen development, afterglow a glow (lit. or fig.) that remains after the removal or disappearance of its source, aftergrass = aftermath I. after-growth (a) = aftermath i; (6) growth afterwards, after-guard Naut. on a sailing ship, the men stationed on the quarterdeck and poop to work the sails aft of the mainmast, after-image an impression of a vivid (esp. visual) sensation retained after the cause has been withdrawn, after-knowledge knowledge after the event, afterlife life at a later time or after death, afterlight an afterglow; hindsight, aftermarket (o) a market for spare parts and components; (ft) a market in shares after their original issue, after-pain a pain which follows later, spec, in contractions

uterine

pi.,

afterpiece

Hist,

play;

a

fig.

reckoning

occurring

after

childbirth

a farce or other short piece after a

subsequent dramatic event, subsequent or final account,

a

afterafter-

sensation an after-image (less commonly visual), aftershave a. & n. (a lotion) for use after shaving, after-shock a lesser shock following the main shock of an earthquake, aftersight hindsight, aftertaste a taste remaining or recurring after eating or drinking, afterthought something that is thought of or added later after-time(s) a later or future time, aftertouch Mus. the resonant effect produced when a pianist

on a key after striking it; (the provided by) a programmable device for reproducing this on an electronic keyboard etc. afterwit arch, wisdom after the event, afterword a concluding comment in a book, esp. by a person other than the author, after-world the world later in time; a world after death, f after-wort Brewing the second run of beer, after-years later years, years to come. sustains the pressure facility

afterbirth

G Da.

(Luther, Icel.

cf.

efterbyrd,

womb

Deui.

membranes

eflerbord, k.']

The

expelled from

after the birth of offspring.

aftermath /'aiftamaG/ n. math Cf lattermath.] mowing;

i.

also

28:57),

OSw.

eftirburdur,

and see after-, birth

placenta and foetal the

M16. [Perh. directly

/'a:ft3b3:9/ n.

Afterbiirde

a

L15.

after-

[f.

+

A

second or later crop of grass growing after mowing

or harvest. Now condition arising

dial.

L15.

from

an

1

2

fig.

(esp.

An

effect or unpleasant)

event. M19.

and strength of Britain will be tested to the full, not only in the war but in the aftermath of war. M. L King The aftermath of nonviolence is the creation of the beloved community, life

.

.

after prep. + time from midday or lunch-time to evening; this time spent in a particular way. ME. 2 ellipt. As int. Goodaftemoon. colloq. E20. I Tennyson In the afternoon they came unto a land In which it seemed always afternoon, this afternoon (during) the afternoon of today. 2 E. O'Neill Afternoon, Harriet. Afternoon, Ma.

afternoon /aifta'num/ n. ME. NOON n. cf. L post meridiem.] :

.

Comb.: afternoon

leg,

m

man,

n no, p pen,

uses

(earlier

of

being identified w.

-s'

-s').]

During the aftemoon, every afternoon, afters /'uiftaz/ n.pl. colloq. e20. [f after adv. or a. ] The course following the main course of a meal.

afterward

/'aiftswsd/ adv. see AFTER-, -WARD.]

sefterwearde:

f

[Late

OE

Of

place:

1

behind; Naut. towards the stem. LOE-E17. 2 = Now chiefly US. ME. f 3 Of order:

AFTERWARDS.

ME-L16.

next.

afterwards

/'aiftawadz/ adv. ME. [f. prec: see later time, subsequently.

-WARDS.] At a

ag

/ag/

a.

[Abbrev]

& A

Chiefly N. Amer.

n.

E20.

colloq.

B

E20.

Agricultural.

adj.

n.

Agriculture. M20.

ag

/ax/ mt. ACH.

ag-

/ag,

S.

M20. [Afk. f Du. ach.] =

Afr.

ag/

unstressed

pref.

productive).

(not

Assim. form of L AD- bef g. In OFr., L agg- was reduced to ag-, which appears adoptions, but in later Fr., and hence in Eng., agg- was

m ME

restored by Latinization, as aggrandize, aggrieve,

except in agree.

aga

/'a:gs/ Also agha. M16. [Turk, aga master, lord f Mongohan aqa.] An Ottoman title, now abolished, for (orig.) a mihtary commander and (later) officials of various ranks. Now, a title of respect for landowners among Turkish village people. Aga Khan the spiritual leader of the Khoja branch of Ismalian Muslims.

Aga

/'aigs/ n.-

/^ktiebulaget

M20. [Acronym, Gasackumulator,

Sw. Svenska

f.

the

original

manufacturer.] (Proprietary name for) a type of large domestic stove for cooking and for heating water.

agacerie

/agasari/ n. PI. pronounced E19. [Fr.] (An) allurement; coquetry,

fagad

int.

L17 M18.

[f.

AH

same.

+ GAD

ml.

«.-]

=

EGAD.

Agadic

/s'gadik/

a.

L19.

form of Haggadah +

-ic.]

again

[f. Agada Latinized = Haggadic.

/a'gen, a'gein/ adv., prep., St conj.

[OE

(WS)

onge{a)n, later agen, (Anglian) ongaegn, -g^gtJ, corresp. to OS angegm, ingagan, ingegin(i') (G entgegen opposite), 1 gegn against. forms in ay, ay- were superseded by those in ag- from north, dialects (of Scand. origin).] A adv. 1 In the opposite direction; back to the point of starting, obs. exc. dial. & in return, come back, etc., again (passing into sense 2). OE. 2 Back in or into a former position or state. OE. 3 In accordance or response; later extended to indicate intensity of action. Now chiefly arch. & dial. ME. 4 Another time; once more. ME. b Once repeated. L16. 5 Anywhere besides, arch. M16. 6 On the other hand; further, besides. M16. 1 to and again to and fro. 2 S. Hill They have moved us back again to where we were before. 3 Dickens He laughed till the glasses in the sideboard the till rang again. Wilkie Collins She gallops horse reeks again. 4 A. E. Housman Now, of my

OHG ON

ME

.

.

threescore years and ten. Twenty will not come again, again and again repeatedly, breathe again, come again: see COME v. ever and again: see ever, here we go again: see HERE adv. NEVER again! now and again occasionally, over (and over) again repeatedly, many see THINK v} time and (time) much (or many) again twice many half as much (or many) again one-and-a-half times as much or many, {the) same again: see SAME pron. & n. 6 S. RICHARDSON But now again, see what succeeds to this. English Studies The times,

think again:

again repeatedly b as

J. BuCHAN Meadowland from which an aftermath of hay had lately been taken. 2 W. S. Churchill The I

[f.

1

The

.

tea:

see TEA

n. 5(a).

afternoons /uifta'nuinz/ adv. N. Amer. L19. [PI. of prec: cf. DAYS, EVENINGS, NIGHTS, etc.

ME.

Dryden Codrus

b but, d dog,

12

In or at the time subsequent to that

1

Aftergeburt:

3 Spenser Sleep after toil, port after stormy seas, Ease after war, death after liJFe does greatly please. Coleridge Day alter day, day after day, We stuck, nor breath nor motion after you with colloq. may I have the next turn at. time after time: see time n. 4 S. Hean'EY After eleven years I was composing Loveletters agair 5 S Hill Only a little after ten-thirty, after hours after the regular hours of work or of opening (of a public house etc.). after the ereni: see event n. b A. Miller h's twenty after twelve. 6 r S, Eliot After such knowledge what forgiveness' 7 Shakes. Aieas. for M. Hark how the villain wouKi close now, after his treasonable abuses! after all in spite of

consistent

conj.

obs.

pn-/).' I + FRONT n. ] A adv. f 1 Face opposite. lAiE E17. f-^ 1" 3 front; E17. 3 In front. L16. B prep. In

front of

C

when. Also

had been accomplished.

or

A

abreast.

as

&

jJv.

.I'fr.vnt

against

38

r

red,

s sit,

I

top, v van,

w

we,

as

much

or

use of traditional diction is one thing; improvisation is something else again. B. Pym I might decide to live here, and again I might not.

B prep. Also agen, (& joc.) agin /s'gin/. = AGAINST prep. Now dial. OE. C conj. = AGAINST conj. Now dial. ME. fagainward aA'. again ME-L16 against prec. prep.

-I-

I

/s'gsnst, a'geinst/ prep. -s^

+

I

&

conj.

ME.

as in amidst, amongst, etc.]

Of motion

or action in opposition.

hostility or active opposition to; in

1

[f.

A In

competition

with; to the disadvantage of ME. b Betting. In expectation of the failure of. With specified odds: with that likelihood of failure of. Also

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

d

this,

i)

ring,

tf

chip, d5 jar

.

agal M19. 2 In resistance to, as protection from. 3 In opposition in tendency or character to; contrary to. ME. 4 Towards with hostile intent. arch. ME. 5 In the opposite direction to, counter

ME.

AV

/ago'panOas/ n. li8. [mod.L, f Gk agape love + amhos flower.] A lily-like plant of the southern African genus Agapanthus, bearing umbels of blue or white flowers.

agapanthus

Whyte-Melville I rode a race Dashwood. E. WAtJGH Even his good J.

D

the odds against Caravan.

Runyon

All

life is six

agape

-pae

PI.

n.

-pes. E17. [Gk love-feast held by

/-pi:/,

A

1

connection with the Christians in Eucharist; transj. a parochial feast at a festival love, charity. M19. time. E17. 2 Christian early

against. 2 Milton Here only weak Against the charm of beauty's powerful glance. B. Bainbrjdge

The men with the sacks over their shoulders against the rain. 3 CoLERiDGE No power on earth can oblige me to act against my conscience. 4 AV Luke 14:31 To meete him that commeth against him with twentie thousand. 5 J Stallworthy Walking against the

agape

/s'geip/ adv.

M17.

pred. a.

[f.

agapetnone /ags'piimani, -'pern-/ n. M19. [Irreg. Gk agape love + mone abode: orig. (w. f.

Of

position. 6 Directly opposite, facing. chiefly in over against s.v. OVER adv. ME.

Now

fb Exposed

cap. initial) the

/eiga:r'eiga:/ n. In sense 2 usu. simply agar. E19. [Malay ] 1 Any of cenain SE Asian seaweeds from which a gelatinous Ceylon moss, substance is extracted; esp. Gracilaria lichenoides. E19. 2 The substance itself, used esp. to make soups and to form biological culture media. M19. agarose /'agarsoz, -si n. [-OSE^] Biochem. a polysaccharide containing L- and D-galactose residues which is the main constituent of agar and is used in making gels for electrophoresis etc. M20.

against

III Of mutual opposition or relation. 10 In return for; instead of. ME. 1 1 Weighed in the opposite scale to {lit. & fig.). ME. 12 fig. In contrast with. Also as against. ME. 10 H. Martineau To exchange wheat against bullocks. 1 1 A. Thwaite Seven hundred years of labour-saving gadgets Weigh little in the balance put

/'ag(3)nk, 3'ga:nk/ n. lME. [L agancum f. Gk agarikon tree fungus. Cf. Fr. aganc (15).] f 1 Any of various bracket fungi having medicinal or other uses; esp. Fames officinalis, a cathartic, and Phellmus ignarius, used to check bleeding, etc. LME-M19. 2 A gill-bearing mushroom or toadstool, any member of the

agaric

against you.

IV Of time. 13 Drawing towards, close dial.

preparation

commimity founded

agar-agar

Now

the cold.

exc.

a

Somerset, England c 1850.] An abode of love; an establishment where free love is practised.

lME.

6b Shakes. Sonn. Those boughs which shake

name of

in

lME-eiS. f 7 With

to (light, cold, etc.).

In the sight or presence of. ME-E16. 8 fig. respect to. arch. lME. 9 Near, adjoining.

ME. 14 ME.

In

anticipation

(Pliny)

to. obs.

of,

in

for.

14 L. Durrell against a feast-day.

Comestibles

specially

prepared

V Of motion

towards, or contact with. 15 Towards, to meet. Long obs. exc. dial. ME. 16 Into contact with, into coUision with. lME. 17 In contact with, supported by. L16. 18 Of having as front of, something seen: in

backgroimd. E19. 16 W. Trevor Breakers crashed against the wall of the promenade. 17 W, Owen Under his helmet, up Sleep took him by the brow and against his pack, laid him back. R. Chandler TTiere was a bar agamst the right hand wall. 18 J. Betjeman Still I see Twigs

order Agancales. E18. 2 fly agaric: see FLY

agasp GASP

&

/3'ga:sp/ adv.

n. ]

fagast

pred.

a.

+

[f A--

E19.

Gasping. dial.

.

and serrated leaves against the

n.

against the

WORLD

run

up

meet against coUoq. up adv} & a.^ Before the time that; in anticipation of n.

accidentally, up against: see

B

con].

the time that. arch. ME. Thackeray Shutting his shutters

.

,

against service

commenced.

agal

M19. [Repr. Bedoum pronunc. bond, rope for hobbling a camel.] worn by Bedouin Arabs to keep the

/a'ga:!/ n.

of Arab,

A

f.

M19. 4

in L16. 3 Typogr. Ruby type. US. coloured toy marble resembling an

A

agate. M19.

Comb.: agateware a kind of pottery coloured to resemble agate, agatized pa. pple & ppl a. converted into or made to resemble agate M17. /a'geit/ adv.

agathodemon Also agalloch. L16. ult.

pred. a. Sc. n.']

On

&

north.

good + daimon

/aq393'di:ni3n/ a

spirit.]

A

M16.

the way; on tne

good

Also

n.

-daemon. M18. [Gk agathodaimon,

to agila.]

rel.

&

A prep.' I + GATE road; in motion, astir,

Aloes wood. /agsl'matsUit/

n.

M19.

[f.

Gk

agathos or

f.

divinity

[L Agave pers. name in Agaue proper fem. of agauos illustrious.] Any of numerous spiny-leaved plants of the American genus Agave (family Agavaceae), most members of which, e.g. the American aloe. Agave amencana, take several years to mature and flower only once. agaze /s'geiz/ adv. lME. [f a prep.' 6 + gaze

agave

agalmat-, agalma statue, image -I- -o- + -lite.] A soapstone or other soft mineral, esp. one in which Chinese figures are carved,

/a'geivi/ n. L18.

mythol.

agama

/a'gaima/ n. li8. [Perh. f. Carib ] A resembling an iguana, belonging to Agama

or a related genus,

f Orig. including some American lizards, the genus been restricted to Old World species by

has

reclassification,

Gk

f.

f agazed ppl a. lME E19. [Perh. var. of agast AGHAST a. infl. by prec] Frightened; astoimded.

agamas belong L19.

agba

&

a.

n.

agami The

/s'gaimi/ n. mi8. [Fr., f. Galibi agamy.] chestnut-bellied heron, Agamia agami, of

northern

S.

America,

agamic

/s'gamik/ immanied + -ic]

Biol.

[f.

also,

e

bed,

s:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

/'agba/

/eid3/

n.

ME.

n.

[OFr. (mod. age)

ult.

i.

aevum age of time. Cf AEON.]

L A

Gk

aetat-, aetas,

unfertilized;

period of existence. 1 The length of past life or of existence; the ordinary duration of life. ME. 2 or naturally duration of life which TTie

agamos Asexual; reproducing

M19.

cryptogamic.

arm,

E20. [Yoruba.] (Tlie wood of) leguminous tree, African a tall W. Oossvjeilerodendron balsamiferum

age a.

Formerly

asexually.

a cat, a:

Law

n.

new moon.

2 age of consent: reach adult status, esp.

come of age

i.

in Britain

and

age old enough; too

US

old.

at

over

18 (formerly 21).

under age

not old enough;

not yet of adult status 3 Shakes. A.Y.L. One man time plays many parts, His acts being seven

esp.

in his

ages, age of discretion. See also middle age, old age s.v. old a. 5, third age s.v. THIRD a. 4 E.

Waugh

Having

many

for

years painfully feigned youth, he

now

aspired to the honours of age. II A period of time. 6a A distinctive period of

human

ME. b

history, real or mytliical.

Geol.

A

division of geological time; spec, a subdivision of an epoch, corresponding to a stratigraphic stage.

The generation to which someone ME. 8 A long but indefinite period of

M19. 7 belongs.

&

time (gen.

colloq. (esp. in pi.) in exaggeration). century, rare. L16. 9 A generation (as a measure of time). E16. 6a Age of Aquarius, Age of Chivalry, age of gold, brazen age. Bronze Age, Dark Age(s), golden age. Iron Age, Middle Agc(s), New Age, silver age. Stone Age, three ages, etc. in this day and age: see DAY n. the age of reason: see REASON n.' b ice age. 7 Arnold Bennett He had survived into another and a more fortunate age than called it an age his own. 8 J. Austen The two ladies since they had met. Joyce He died of gallopmg drink ages ago. J. Berryman Across the ages certain blessings swarm 9 HoBBES The Writers of the New Testament lived all in lesse then an age after Christ's

lME. b A

.

.

Ascension. Comb.: age gap a difference in age, esp. as a source of disharmony or misunderstanding; age-group a number of persons or things classed together as of age; age-hardening Metall. spontaneous hardening occurring on storage at ambient temperature, or on mild heat treatment, following quenching; age-long a. as long as an age; lasting for a very long time; age-old a. having existed for a very long time; age-mate a person of the same age

ag(e)ism

prejudice

n.

or

discrimination

against

people of a particular age, esp. against the elderly M20. ag(e)ist a. & n. (a) adj. of ageism; (ft) «. a person who practises ageism: L20. ageless a. without limits of duration; never growing or appeanng old or outmoded: M17. agelessness n. E20. ager n. a person living in or having a specified age (as 2nd elem. of

comb.) M20. /eid3/ v. Pres. pple ageing, aging. lME. [f. the n ] 1 v.i. Grow old, mature, show the effects of the passage of time; begin to appear older; imdergo ageing (see below). lME. 2 v.t. Cause or allow to grow old, mature, begin to appear older, undergo ageing, etc. M16. 3 v.t. Calculate or determine the age of L19. ageing, aging vbl n. the action or process of growing or causing to grow old etc., a process of change, usu. gradual and spontaneous, in the properties o*" a material; age-hardening: M19.

age

i:

see, n hot,

x

saw,

a

ran,

(i

-age

suff. [Repr. (0)Fr. -aticum neut. of adjs. in -aticus -ATIC. Later a living Eng. formative.] Forming ns. w. gen. sense of appurtenance or collectives. The meanings are typified by baggage, carnage,

/idy, in a

-age

f.

f.

put, u: too,

.>

ago,

ai

my, au how,

ei

I

late

few words 0:3/

L

cartage, damage, dotage, hermitage, homage, tillage, marriage, passage, language, luggage, tonnage, vicarage, village.

aged

Gazing.

n.]

(designating or pertaining to) a lizard of the Old World family Agamidae, to which the

agamid

CONSENT

see

genius.

agalmatolite

lizard

A

[f.

kefiiyeh in position,

agallochum /s'gabksm/ n. [Late L Gk agallokhon;

n. L15. [(0)Fr. agate, f-the f. L akhates. Cf. achate n.'] 1 hard

Only

seals).

agate

'ikal

fillet

Gk

f.

semi-transparent variegated chalcedony, having colours usu. arranged in bands. L15. f 2 fig. A diminutive figure (from those cut in agates for

agamst time so as to complete a task by a certain time, with a time-limit, against the grain: see GRAIN n.' against the hatr: see HAIR n. against the world: clock,

see

/'agst/

achates

sky.

nature

against nature: see

Phrases:

terrify.

agate

the lime elapsed since the

similar

Also aghast. Pa. pple & ppl a. agast, aghast a., agasted. ME-M19. [f A-' (intensifier) -1- GAST v. & a.] Fnghten, Latterly

v.t.

conventionally qualifies for something; esp. the duration of life which ordinarily brings matunty, or which by custom or law is fixed as such. ME. 3 A period or stage of life. ME. 4 esp. 'I"he latter pan of life; old age. ME. 5 The effects of age; senility; maturity (of things). lME. I act one's age - be one's age below, ages with Sc. of the same age as. be one's age act sen;:ibly (chiefly as imper.). full age: see FULL a. great age: see GREAT a. look one's age look as old as one really is. mental age: sec MENTAi. a.' of an age to old enough to of an age with of the same age as, reading age: see READING the awkward age: see awkward a. 3b. the moon's age

in

&

A prep.' 6 + GAPE n. ] Gaping; open-mouthed with wonder or expectation.

wind

dial.

/'agapi/

agape brotherly love.]

to

five

II

M19.

a.

/.agama'dssnisis/ n. Now rare. MI 9. [f as prcc. + -GENESIS.] Biol. Asexual reproduction; spec, parthenogenesis. ,agamoge'netic a. L19.

Gen. 16:12 His hand will be against euery man. against Bob qualities of counted against him, for his geniality and impetuosity got talked about. D. H. Lawrence Etfie parties sided with Tom against Frank. K. Amis No Welsh witness would testify against them b Disraeli I'll take I

/'aqsmns/

agamogenesis

lME.

to.

agamous

Also

ellipt.

G.

aged

39

4,

/in senses A.i, 2, B, 'eid3id; in senses A.ib, 3, a. n. lME. [f. age v. + -ed', after

&

eid3d/

Fr. age.]

b Of

A

adj.

1

Having

lived long; old.

farm animal,

lME.

over a certain age, as (usu.) 6 or 7 for a horse, 3 or 4 for cattle. M19. 2 Belonging to old age. rare. L16. 3 Of or at the age of L16. 4 Of a material: subjected to ageing. M19. 1 Dickens You don't object to an aged parent, I hope? 2 Shakes. Tit. A. The aged wnnkles in my a horse,

cheeks.

Dawn

day, so no,

e;

Dylan Thomas Among

Raid was

hair,

etc.:

13

a

near,

Man Aged ni

a

those Killed in

tlie

Hundred.

boy, us poor, ai3 tire, aoa sour

.

agee B

The old or elderly people as

absol. as n.pl.

a

class. E20.

manner

of an aged person .M16, agcdness 'eidjidnis n. the qualit>' of being of advanced age or of a specified age LAiE.

agedly

ath: after the

'eidjidli

agee aJz: & pred. a. var. of AJEE. ageing pres. ppU & I'hl n. see age agelast

'ad5ilast

+

J- A-'"

who

n.

geljsios,

{.

rare. L19. [Gk agelastos, f. gelan to laugh.] person

A

agentia: see

There may be human agency behind

b F. M. Ford If he could smile again through her agency, c P. H. Johnson As though some outside agency is at work. 3 adoption agency, employment agency, neus agency, etc. Comb.: agency shop US (an establishment operating) a system whereby a recognized trade union receives a sum of money from non-members that power,

equiN-alent to the subscriptions of

members,

used as sing. Less commonly in sing, agendum -d^m/; fagend. E17. [L, pi. of agendum use as n. of gerundive of agere: see agent.] 1 pi. Things to be done; matters of practice. E17. 2 collect, sing. A memorandum book. arch. M18. 3 As pi., items of business to be considered at a meeting or to be otherwise anended to. As sing., a list of such s'djcnds

n.pl., also

items. L19. 3 B. Bainbridge She hadn't a spare moment. She had a busy agenda,

M19. [{. a-'" + -GEN'Esis.] Med. Congenital absence or imperfect development of a part of the body, agent 'eid3(3)nt/ n., a., & v. lME. [L agentpres. ppl stem of agere act, do, cogn. w. Gk agein, Skt ajati: see -ent. Rel. to act v., agile, AGONY.] \ n. 1 A person who or thing which produces an effect; (the cause oO a natural force or effect on matter. lME. 2 A person who acts for another in business, politics, etc. M16. 3 The material cause or instrument. L16. 4 A person who or thing which acts or exerts power; spec, in Gram., the entity performing the action of the

agenesis

verb.

Opp.

s'djsnisis,

ei-

n.

patient or instrument. L16.

1 I. AsiMOV Hydrogen, like carbon, is a reducing agent. Agent Orange: see ORANGE n. uncoupling agent: see I-NCOITLE 3. VACUOLATING agent. V-agent: see V, v 3b. 2 P. G. WoDEHOUSE Pongo will handle the whole affair, actmg as your agent. E. Bowen This kitchen was, by agents' definition, a kitchenette. R. Hoggart Agents for one of the great Clothing or General Credit Clubs ViDAL A special agent of the Central Intelligence Agency, agent-general the representative of an Australian State or a Canadian province (or, formerly, a South .African province) in London or

G

other major foreign adv.

law agent

.Sc.

city,

double agent: see

double

a.

&

Hist, a solicitor, literary agent: see

LTTERARY a. secret agcnr. see SECRET a. treble .igeni: see TREBLE a. triple agent: see TRIPLE a. & adv universal agent, sec i-tversal a. 3 R. Scruton The C hurch was the principal agent of charity. 4 free agent a person whose actions are not subject to another's control B adj. Acting, exerting power, arch. L16.

C

v.i.

Act

as agent in.

M17.

Comb.: agent-noun, agent-suffix Gram.: denoting an agent or agency. agential 3'd3£nJ(3)l a. of or pertainmg to an agent or agency L19. agentive /3'd3f:ntiv/ a. & n. (Oram.) (a noun, suffix, case, etc.) indicating an agent or agency

M19 agentship

n.

- agency

2 E17.

agent provocateur

/asa pravakatoeir/ n. phr. PI. -s -s (pronounced same). L19. [Fr. = provocative agent.] An agent employed to tempt suspected persons into committing an incriminating aa.

+

ageostrophic

/eidjis'strofik/ a. m20. [f a-'" GEOSTROPHIC] Meuorol. Not geostrophic: spec. designating the wind component which when added to a geostrophic wind gives the actual

of taste: see

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

a-'° Gk Gk agemtia.]

M19. [f

n.

and

-ia'

cf.

-I-

Inability to distinguish taste.

Also agy. M16. [f AGE

/'eidsi/ a. arch.

n.

+

Aggadah

var. of

n.

/'adss/ n. lME. [L.] Archaeot. A mound; the rampart of a Roman camp or a raised Roman road or causeway.

esp.

aggeradon

rare. /ad3a'reij(a)n/ n. L17. [L aggeratio{n-), f aggerare heap up, f as prec: see -ation ] The raising of r heap or mound.

aggiomamento

/addsorna'mento, 3dy>: ns'niEntao/ n. M20. [It.] Bringing up to date, esp. of Roman Catholic Church policy by and after the Second Vatican Coimcil (1962-5).

&

agglomerate

/a'glomarst/ ppl a. n. E19. [L agglomeratus pa. pple, f. as next: see -ate'.] A ppl a. Collected into a mass. E19. B «. 1 An agglomerated mass. M19. 2 Geol. A coarse mass of pyroclastic fragments, freq. consolidated by

Cf CONGLOMERATE n. I. M19. agglomerate /s'gloraareit/ v.t. & heat.

i. L17. [L agglomerat- pa. ppl stem of agglomerare add or join to, f. ad AG- + glomerare, f. glomer-, glomus ball: see -ate^.] Collect into a mass; accumulate in a disorderly way. agglome'ration n. the action of agglomerating; an agglomerated mass: L18. agglomerative a. pertaimng

to agglomeration; tending to agglomerate: E19.

/3'glu:tmant/

a.

&

n.

Now

rare.

L17. [L agglutinant- pres. ppl stem of agglulinare: see next, -ant'. Perh. partly through Fr.] (A substance) that agglutinates causes or

agglutination.

agglutinate

/a'gluitmat/

[L

M16.

rare.

a.

aggluimatus pa. pple, f. as next: see -ate-.] 1 United as with glue; glued together. M16. 2 Philol. Of or formed by agglutination, arch. M19.

agglutinate

M16. [L agglutinatad AG- + glutinare, f. gluten glue: see -ATE\] 1 Biol. & Med. a v.t. Orig., cause to adhere. Now, cause agglutination of M16. b v.i. Undergo agglutination. E20. 2 v.t. gen. Unite as with glue. L16. 3 v.t. Philol. Compoimd (words) by agglutination. M19. pa. ppl

/a'glu:tineit/ v.

stem of

agglutinare,

f.

a.gglutina'bility n. the quality or property of being agglutinable E20. agglutinable a. (chiefly Biol. & Med.) able to cause or undergo agglutination E20. agglutinating a. that agglutinates; Philol.

L

/3,glu:ti'neiJ(3)n/ n.

M16.

[Fr.,

prec: see -ation.] 1 The action of agglutinating; the state of being agglutinated. M16. b Philol. The combining of grammatical elements (roots or affixes) into complex words with little or no change of form. M19. c Biol. & Med. The induced adhering together or coalescence of cells, esp. bacteria or blood corpuscles. L19. 2 A thing which is agglutinated; a mass, a group. L16. agglutinaiio(n-),

agglutinative

as

f.

/a'gluitinalrv/

agglutinatif, -ive or

f.

L16.

a.

agglutinate

+

v.

[Fr.

-rvE.]

1

Of

or pertaining to agglutination; adhesive, cementing. L16. 2 Philol. Characterized by agglutination. M17.

agglutinin

/a'gluuinin/

AGGLUTIN(ATE

L19.

n.

[f.

Biol & Med. An other substance which

+

V.

-IN'.]

antibody, lectin, or causes agglutination of cells. agglutinogen n. an antigenic substance present in blood cells, bacteria, etc., which stimulates the formation of an agglutinin in blood serum E20.

aggrace GRACE 2

A

~ment

v.,

aggrandize,

vars. of

aggrandize

/a'grandAiz/ v. Also -ise. M17. [(0)Fr. agrandiss- lengthened stem of agrandir prob. f. It. aggrandire, f. L grandis GRAND a.'; assim. to vbs in -ize.] 1 v.t. Increase, magnify,

Now

rare in gen. sense. M17. M17-E18. 3 v.t. Increase the power, wealth, or rank of (a person or State). L17. 4 v.t. Make appear greater than the v.i.

Become

greater.

reality. L17.

aggrandi'zation n. (now rare) - aggrandizement M17. aggrandizer n. a person who aggrandizes something M18.

aggrandizement M17.

-ise-.

-MENT.]

The

1

state

/3'grandizm(3)nt/

Also

n.

agrandissement: see prec, action of aggrandizing. M17. 2

[Fr.

The

or condition of being aggrandized.

M18.

faggrate

v.t. li6. [It. -faggraiare (Florio, now aggradare), f. a AG- + grato pleasing: cf. AGREE.] 1 Gratify. L16-M18. 2 Thank. Only in M17.

t aggravate

a.

L15.

next: see -ate-.]

1

[L aggravatus

pa. pple, f as

Weighed down

{lit.

&

fig.).

L15-E16. 2 Under ecclesiastical censure. Only in L15. 3 Made more serious as an offence.

M16-M18.

aggravate

mi6. [L aggravat- pa. f. ad AG- + gravare, f. gravis heavy (prob. through (0)Fr. aggraver): see -ate'.] I Put weight upon, f 1 Load (someone or /'agraveit/

v.t.

ppl stem of aggravare

something

zvith, something heavy or serious upon); bring as a charge (against). M16-L18. II Add weight to. 2 Strengthen, increase, or magnify. rare in gen. sense. M16. 3 Increase the gravity of (something evil, an offence, etc.). L16. 4 Exasperate, provoke, (a person), colloq. L16. Ill Add weight unduly. 5 Exaggerate, obs. exc. as an extension of sense 3. M16.

Now

aggravating irritating:

a.

that aggravates; colloq. exasperating,

MI7. aggravatingly adv. L17. aggravator

LI6.

n.

aggravation /agr3'veij(a)n/ n. L15. [Fr. med.L aggravatio(n-), as prec: see -ation.] f.

f.

f

1

2 RC Ch. An ecclesiastical censure which if repeated can lead to excommunication. M16. 3 The act of increasing or the fact of being increased in gravity or seriousness. M16. 4 An extrinsic circumstance which increases the gravity of a crime, calamity, etc. M16. |5 Exaggeration. E17-M18. f 6 Accusation. M-L17. 7 The act of irritating or provoking; aggressive behaviour;

Only

Oppression.

in

L15.

aggregate

/'agrigat,

-geit/

a.

&

n.

lME. [L

A

aggregatus pa. pple, f. as next: see -ATE*.] adj. 1 (Orig. pple.) Collected into one body. lME. 2 Constituted by the collection of many particles or units into one body; collective, total. E17. f 3 Gram. Collective. L17-M18. 4 Taxon. That is an aggregate (see sense B.4 below). L19. 2 J. K. Galbraith a fall in the aggregate demand for buying the output of the economy, corporation .

aggregate: see CORPORATION 2. B w. 1 Sum total. lME. 2 A complex whole, mass, or body formed by the imion of numerous imits or particles; an assemblage. lME. 3a A material, esp. a rock, consisting of fragments or particles grouped or loosely held together. L18. b Sand, gravel, slag, or the like used in making concrete etc L19. 4 Taxon. A group of several species elsewhere treated as one species. Cf

SEGREGATE I

n.

LI9.

in (the) aggregate as a whole,

aggregately adv.

aggregate

collectively, in the aggregate

/'agrigeit/

v.

lME. [L

M

1

8

aggregat- pa. -Igreg-, grex

/agr3'deij(3)n/ n. L19. [f. ag- + Geogr. Physical The «.']

M17. 3 v.t. Amount to (a specified total), colloq. M19. aggregable a. able to be aggregated (with) L16.

arch.

n no, p pen,

n.

ppl stem of aggregare, f. ad AGflock: see -ate^.] 1 v.t. & i. Gather into one whole, mass. lME. 2 v.t. Unite (an individual) to an association or company; add as a member.

v.t.

fl

E19.

rare.

n.

Favour.

fB

n.

L16.

[f.

Only

A-'

-I-

in

Favour,

in L16.

aggradation man,

aggrandise

L16. grace.

&

/a'greis/ v.

V.}

Grace,

Only

of or pertaining to aggradation L19. aggrade /a'greid/ v.t. & i. [back-form.] build up by deposition E20. a.

trouble, colloq. L19.

mi 7.

agglutinative:

agglutination or

aggradational

t2

Haggadah.

agger

agglutinant

stream, or

river,

current.

intensify, (a thing).

Aged.

DE)GRADATI0N

wind. b but, d dog,

-y'.]

-sia/

/a'cijuizia,

geusis sense

deposition of material by a

-MENT.

composite flowers. M18.

ageusia

agey

agent, -ency.] la Active operation, action M17. b Intervening action towards an end. M17. c Action personified; a source of action towards an end. L18. 2 The function or position of an agent (sense 2). mi 7. 3 TTie headquarters or business establishment of an agent (sense 2); a specialized department of the United Nations.

agenda

a'dseratsm, adsa'reitam/ n. Sense i [mod.L f. L ageraton f. Gk, f. a- A-'" + glral-, giras old age.] 1 An everlasting flower, known to the ancients. mi6. 2 Any of a number of plants of the American genus Ageratum, bearing longalso f-ton. M16. neut. of agSratos,

Med.

never laughs.

N SmTS

ageratum

lasting

v.

agen prep, see again prep. agency 'eid5(3)nsi n. M17. [med.L

E19. la

aggregate

40

r

red, s

sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

2 zoo, J she, 3 vision, 9 thin,

6

this,

r|

ring,

tf

chip, d3 Jar

aggregation /agrrgeij(3)n/ n. lME. [med.L as prec, or f. Fr. ^aggregation (now agr-): see -ation.] 1 The action of aggregating, or of adding one particle to an amount; the state of being aggregated. lME. 2 A whole or mass formed by aggregating items.

aggregation

aggregatio(n-),

f.

M16.

aggregative use

early

[In isolated

aggregativus;

later

f.

Fr.

agregatif, -ive: see AGGREGATE v., -ATIVE.] fl Med. Having the tendency to close wounds. Only in lME. 2 Of or pertaining to aggregation. M17. 3 Having the tendency to collect particulars into wholes or particles into masses. E18. 4 Associative, social, rare. M19.

aggregometer

/agn'gDmrta/

[f.

aggregation of blood platelets. agr-)

[Fr.

L

f.

ad Approach. Only f.

M17. 3

2 v.t. Attack, assault. an attack {on); begin a quarrel

in L16.

Make

v.i.

L

/3'gr£j(a)n/

prec, -ion.] 1 An an assault. Now rare. E17. 2 TTie act of beginning a quarrel or war. E18. 3 Behaviour intended to injure another person or animal. E20. b Self-assertion, forcefulness M20. I Sir W. Scott An unjust aggression upon their ancient liberties H. Macmillan Egypt had been the aggressto(n-) ,

unprovoked

(.

aggress-: see

attack;

victim of an aggression by Israel. 2 G. B. Shaw The protection of Ireland against foreign aggression. INDIRECT aggression, i A. Storr The most deplorable manifestations of aggression share identical roots with valuable and essential parts of human endeavour.

aggressive AGGRESS) +

/s'gresrv/ a. E19.

[f.

L

aggress- (see

1 Of or aggression; offensive. E19. 2 Disposed to attack others; characterized by aggression (sense 3). M19. b Self-assertive, forcefiil. Chiefly N. Amer. M20. 3 Of a chemical; strongly corrosive, promoting corrosion. M20. 4 Of a disease or condition: developing or spreading very rapidly within the body. L20.

pertaining

1

-rVE. Cf. Fr. agressif, -ive.]

to

Freeman An

E. A.

aggressive war, as distinguished

from mere plundering inroads. 2 N. Mailer If he were aggressive, he would swear at her. b P. Roth An ad promising high commissions to aggressive salesmen. aggre'ssivity

aggressive

n.

aggressiveness

quality,

M20. aggressively adv. EI9. aggressiveness

n.

M19.

aggressor

/s'grEss/ n. M17. [Late L, f. as prec: see -OR. Cf. Fr. agresseur.] person who makes an assault or improvoked attack; the person or nation begmning a quarrel or war. anrih. George VI To continue the fight against the

A

aggressor nations.

aggri

aggrievance /a'gri:v(a)ns/ n. Now rare or obs. lME. [OFr. agrevance, f. as next. Sp. assim- to hardship or burden; a grievance. Aggravation, making more serious. Only in E16. 3 The action of aggrieving or troubling; oppression. L16. next

]

1

aggrieve

f2

/a'griiv/'

AGGRIEVED) or heavier, ult.

ME.

obs.

L

Now

v.t.

[OFr.

rare

(exc.

agrever

AGGRAVATE

as

make

Sp. assim. to grieve v.] 1 Grieve, distress; oppress, treat unfairly. ME. ^2 Aggravate, make more f.

Only

aggravare: see

v.

coloration and is found peninsula, Borneo, and Sumatra, agilely adv. L19.

f.

lME.

n.

agile; readiness,

]

agilite

The

L

f.

quality of

nimbleness.

percentage charged for changing paper

L18. [Fr., f. agioter speculate, f. agto f. as prec: see -age.] Moneychanging business; speculation in stocks; stockjobbing.

agist

/'ad3i3tid3/

n.

AN

lME.

[OFr., agister, f. as A-^ + gister, f. giste lodging ] f 1 v.t. Use or grant use of (land etc.) for pasture for a stated time or at a

/3'd3ist/ v.

cenain

rate.

LME-E17.

2

admit

Orig.,

v.t.

(livestock) for a stated time into a forest. Later, in (livestock) to remain and feed at a rate. L15. 3 v.i. Of hvestock: remain and feed for a stated time etc. rare. L16. 4 v.t. Charge (land or its owner) with any public

take

cenain

burden. L17.

agister

n.

of agistor.

var.

/3'd3is(t)m(3)ni/ «. lME. [OFr. agistement, f. as AGIST: see -ment.] 1 The action or process of agisting livestock. lME. 2 A rate levied upon the owner or occupier of pastureland. Esp. in agistment tithe (Hist ). E16. 3 The rate levied or profit made by agisting another's livestock. L16. 4 The herbage of a forest, or the

agistment

nght to

it.

L16.

n. Also -er. L15. [AN agistour, see -or ] A person who agists or supervises the agistment of livestock.

agistor

/a'd3ist3/

as AGIST:

(.

/'ad3it(3)nt/

M17. [Fr., use as

rare.

n.

of pres. pple of agiter stir up AGITATE v., -ANT '.] A person thing which causes agitation.

L

f.

agitare:

who

n.

M19.

ME.

/3'gri:vd/ a.

[f.

prec.

+

-ed'.]

ME

L16. f2 fl Distressed, troubled, grieved. Aggravated, made more serious. E-M16. f3 Injured physically. L16-L18. 4 Injured or wronged in one's rights etc.; having a grievance. L16.

aggrievedly

/-vidli/ a. L19.

/'agrao/ n. colloq. Also agro. M20. [Abbrev, of aggravation or aggression: see -o.] troublemaking; aggression; Deliberate aggravation. /a'gruip/

v.t.

&

agrouper, f. It. aggroppare, into a group or groups.

arm,

e

bed,

a:

her,

i.

f.

1

Now

rare. L17.

groppa group.]

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

[Fr.

Form

see, o hot,

y.

(orig.

a.

LME-L17. [L

n.

see

agitates; a

pa.

Chiefly

pple).

agttatus pa. pple,

Sc.

as next: see

f.

-ATE^] Agitated.

agitate /'ad3itert/ v. lME. [L agitat- pa. ppl stem of agitare frequent, of agere drive: see -ate'.] I Move, excite. 1 1 v.t. Drive away. Only

lME.

in

2

v.t.

thoughts, feelings,

Disturb, perturb, excite etc.). L16.

3

moving

to and fro, shaking. L16. 3 Mental matter to and fro, debate, tossing of a consideration. L16. 4 The state of being agitated; commotion, disturbance (mental or physical). E17. f5 Busy devising, scheming. E17 E19. 6 The keeping of a political or other object constandy before public attention; public excitement. E19. agitational a. mi 9.

agitato

v.t.

Move

(the

to

and

.

agitates the whole. 5 W. S. Churchill Constant bickering agitated the two countries.

active or busy.

forward as

M17. 7

in a

plan,

mind; contrive

\b

v.t.

v.t.

mi 7.

&

i.

Manage

as an

Discuss, debate; push 8 v.t. Revolve in the

busily, arch.

M17. 9

v.i.

Keep

a

or other object continually under discussion, keep up an agitation (for or against). E19. 7 Burke Before an appeal was so much as agitated. political

saw,

a

run, o put, u: too, 3 ago,

ai

my, ao how,

[It.]

/'adsiteils/

v.:

agitprop

/'ad3itprDp,

[Russ.,

agit{alsiya

ei

f.

propaganda.] propaganda; disseminating

aglare GLARE

A A

agleam GLEAM

'ag-/

n.

agitation

Also A-. e20. + prop{aganda

Communist

Soviet or

Hist.

system

the

of

activity

this.

&

adv.

/a'gle:/ «.']

pred.

a.

L19.

A-'

+

[f a-^

+

[f.

In a glare, glaring.

&

/a'gliim/ adv.

pred. a. L19.

Gleaming.

«.']

Also ai- /'ei-/. lME. [(0)Fr. TTie metal tag of a lace. lME. 2 A metallic tag, pendant, or spangle, worn as an ornament. E16. b spec. A tagged point hanging from the shoulder upon the breast of some uniforms. Now usu. aiguillette. Mm. 3 A catkin. Li6.

aglet

/'agist/

n.

AIGUILLETTE.]

1

agley /a'glei, a'gli:/ adv. & + GLEY v.] Askew, awry,

pred. a. Sc. li8.

aglitnmer /a'glima/ adv. & pred. + GLIMMER n.'i Glimmering. agUsten /3'glis(3)n/ adv. & pred. + glisten v. ] Glistening, aglitter glitter

/a'glita/ adv. n. ]

&

pred.

a.

[f.

a-^

a.

E19.

[f. A-''

a.

L19.

[f.

E19.

A-'

[f.

A-^

+

In a glitter, glittering,

aglomeriilar /eigln'merub,

a-/ a. E20. [f. a-'" Ichthyol. Chiefly Lacking (as certain fishes),

+

GLOMERtlLAR.] (kidney) glomeruli

agloo

see igloo.

n.

aglow glow

/a'gbu/ adv. In

n. ]

excitement,

&

pred.

glow

a

a.

(of

E19.

A-^

[f.

warmth,

+

colour,

etc.).

aglu n. see igloo. aglycone /a'gUiksun/ n. Also (see below) aglu/s'glu:-/. E20. [G Aglykon, f. as A-'" + glyco- + -ONE.] Chem. The compound remaining when the sugar is removed from a glycoside. called aglucone when the sugar is glucose.

Also

/'aglifas/ a. L19. [f. a-'" + Gk gluphe -ous.] Zool. Of a snake's tooth: sohd, without a hollow or groove for venom. Of a snake: lacking fangs; not venomous, aglyph n. an aglyphous snake E20.

aglyphous +

carving

agnail

D

Only

E19.

n.

n. mi 7. [L agitator, f. as see -or ] 1 Eng. Hist. A delegate of the private soldiers of the Parliamentary army

AGITATE

feelings. E19. Enright Too much coffee agitates the 2 J. nerves. 3 B. Pym He agitated his tea-bag with a spoon. surrounds, informs, and 4 J. Thomson Who

Be

&

a.,

E19.

agitator

agma

shake

agent.

/ad3i'ta:t3u/ adv.,

Mus. A adv. & adj. (A direction:) in an agitated manner. E19. B n. PI. -ti /-ti/, -tos. A passage (to be) played or sung in an agitated manner.

^something material). L16. f4 v.t. Commimicate action or motion to. E17-M18. 5 v.t. Perturb or excite (a person etc.) in mind or

11

aggro

aggroup

f agitate

L

or

[Fr.,

device for stirring, shaking, or mixing. E19. 1 The money

currency; the excess value of one currency over another. L17. 2 loosely. Money-changing. E19.

agiotage

mi6.

n.

1647-9. (Also alt. to ADJUTATOR.) M17. 2 person who agitates, esp. politically. M18. 3

more valuable

into cash, or an inferior for a

/ad3i'teij(3)n/

agtiatw(n-), f. as prec: see -ATION. ] f 1 Action, exercise of activity. M16 E18. 2 The action of

rare.

[(0)Fr.

as prec: see -ity

Malay

the

in

agin prep, see again prep. aging pres. pple & vhl n. see AGE v. agio /'ad3i3u/ n. PI. -os. L17. [It. ag{g)io.'\

fro,

in 16.

aggrievement

aggrieved

a cat, a:

/'ad3Ail/ a. lME. [(0)Fr. f. L agihs, f. agere do: see -ile.] Quick-moving, nimble, active. agile gibbon a gibbon, Hylobaus agilis, which has

agile

1

lME-miS.

serious.

f aghast V. var. of agast. agila /'agib/ n. Also aguila. L16. [Port, aguila f. Tamil akil. Cf. agallochum.] Aloes wood. Also

agitant

of aggry.

n. var.

/a'gaist/ a. lME. [Var. of agast pa. pple ppl a. of AGAST v., infl. by ghost etc.] Terrified; struck with amazement. (Foil, by at the object, with the emotion; to do.) aghastness n. the state of being aghast, horror L19.

&

agility /s'd^Mi/

in an agitated manner E19 agitatedly adv. agitating ppl a. that agitates; Eng. Hist, acting as an agitator in the Parliamentary army: L17 agitatingly adv. E19. agitadve a. tending to agitate E16.

agitation

in

n.

being

E17. [Fr. agression or

n.

bead

glass

-ri. E18.

Ghana. var. of aga

ground

agilitat-, -tas,

or war (against). E18.

aggression

[Prob. f an a type of ancient found buried in the

n.

variable

faggresser (OFr. aggress- pa. ppl stem of aggredi attack, AG- + gradi proceed, step.] fl v.i.

L16.

/a'grEs/ v.

variegated

agha

&

Also (Designating)

lang.]

Afr.

M19.

n.

/'agri/ a.

agila wood.

L20.

n.

AGGREGATION + -OMETER.] An instrument for measuring the rate or degree of spontaneous

aggress

aggroupment

aggry

aghast

lME.

/'agrigativ/ a.

med.L

f.

agnamed

41

/'agma/ n. M20. [Late Gk f. fragment.] The velar nasal consonant letter or symbol representing this. /'agneil/

n.

[OE

angna>gl,

Gk = a

/t)/;

corresp.

to

OHG

ungnagel (G dial. Anneglen, Einnegeln), f. a Gmc base meaning 'compressed, tight, painful' 4- as nail n. The application of the wd has been much infl. by pop. etym.] f 1 ^ com on the toe or foot. OE L19. 2 A painful swelling aroimd the toe- or fingernail. L16. 3 A strip of torn skin at the root of the fingernail. OFris. ongneil,

M19.

agnamed

/'agnetmd/ pa. pple & ppl a. Chiefly named, f. NAME v., on the M17. [f. AGanalogy of agnomen.] Styled or called, m Sc.

day, 3o no,

e:

-I-

hair,

la

near,

01

boy, U3 poor,

ai3 tire,

aoa sour

agnate addition

personal

given

the

to

name

and

surname; nicknamed.

agnate

';igneit

a.

L15.

A

n.

]

[L agnatus,

A

f.

ad

descendant, esp.

by male links, from the same male ancestor. L15. B adj. Descended from the same male ancestor, esp. by male links; of the same clan or nation; akin. E17.

agnatic

on the

.xj'natik

pertaining to agnates; related

a.

MiS ag'nation

father's side:

common male ancestor, kinship by descent: L16.

agnathan

n. descent from a esp. through male links only;

n. & a. m20. [f. mod.L Gk A-'" + gnathos jaw:

aij'neiO(ci)n

AgjiiiOij (see below), f

see -AN.] A n. the superclass

A

primitive jawless venebrate of

Agnatha

Marsipobranchii),

(or

which mcludes the lampreys, the hagfishes, and many fossil fishes. M20. B adj. Of, penaining to, or charactenstic of Agnatha. L20.

agnise agnition ;•.

var.

rare. lME. [L stem of agnoscere, f. know: -ION.] ad AGsee Recognition, acknowledgement.

L

agnize

sg'nAiz v.i. arch. Also -ise. M16. [f agnoscere (see prec.) after cognize, recognize: see -IZE.] fl Recognize in any capacity, own for, as,

M16-M18. 2 Recognize the existence

M16. f3 Own the authority or claims of L16 M18. 4 Recognize, remember. confess.

of,

EI7.

Agnoetae

agnau'irti:

[med.L

M18.

n.pl.

agnoetae f late Gk agnoetat, f. agnoetn be ignorant.] Eccl. Hist. A Monophysite sect of the 6th cent, holding that Jesus was ignorant of

some

things. Agnoite 'aynao.Ml

,

-ete

ns.

-i:t

a

member

of the

Agnoetae L16.

agnomen

/ag'nsomEn/

n.

M17. [L agnomen,

f.

A name

ad AG- + {g)nomen name.]

given or acquired during the course of one's life, a nickname; Rom. Hist, a fourth name occas. given

an honour.

as

agnominate ag'noniineit/ z. rare. Also annom- ;i'nDm- \ L16. [L agnommat- pa. ppl r.

stem of agnommare, f as prec; forms w. ann- i. Fr. f. med.L: see -ate'.] Give an agnomen to, call, nickname.

agnomination 3gnDmi'neiJ(3)n/ n. Now rare. Also annom- snom- M16. ['L agnominatio{n-), .

f as prec, forms w. ann- f Fr. f med.L: see -ATlON.] Rhei. 1 Paronomasia. M16. 2

M16.

Alliteration.

agnosia

sg'nsusia

+

Ignorance, f A-'"

A

dimmished

n.

e20.

[Gk

agnosia

gnosis knowledge: -ia'.j 'Aed.

abilit\'

to recognize objects

by one

or other of the senses. a.

ag'nostik/

]

a

>(

A

adj. Of or pertaining to agnostics or agnosticism. L19. •"Coined by T H. Huxley (OED); but occurs earlier in a lener of 1859 from Isabel Arundell. agnostical a. L19. agnostically adv. L19

agnosticism agnostics, an

Agnus

-siz(3)m n. the doctnne or tenets agnosuc attitude L19.

'agnos, -nas, 'anjus/

n.

lMH.

= Agntjs Dei, agnus castus

ot

[Abbrev.]

Now

'agnas 'kastss/ n. phr. rare hj-phen) as mod.L specific epithet. lME. [L, f agnus f. Gk agnos, name of the tree, conf. w. hagnos chaste, + castus chaste.] The chaste-tree, Viux agnus-castus.

or

obs.

OE-M16. 3 Go away. ME-L17. /a'gog/ adv. & pred. a. M16. [Prob. (w. substitution of a prep.') repr. late OFr. en gogues, f en in + pi. of gogue merriment, pleasantry.] In eager readiness, expectant.

Comb.: agony aunt colloq. a female writer of an agony column (sense b); agony column (a) a personal column of a newspaper etc.; (b) a newspaper

.

fago v.i. Go on,

(w.

exc.

Agnus Dei

/'agnos

deii:, in sense i also 'anjus;

See also prec. OE. [f

a gogo

b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

+ go

f.

time:

pass.

]

1

colloq.

a.

&

&

M20.

galore.

prec, sense 2 f agony: see -al'.] 1 Pertaining to an agon. LI 8. 2 Pertaining to or occurring during agony, esp. death agony. E19.

agone ppl a. &

adv. see

agora

/'agora/ n.' PI. -rae /-ri:/, -rai /-rAi/, -ras. L16. [Gk.] Gk Hist. An assembly; a place

of assembly,

agora

PI. -rot /-raut/, -roth M20. [Heb. 'dgorah a small coin.] A monetary imit of Israel, equal to one-himdredth

[Sense

&

AGO ppl a.

i

spaces.

'agoraphobe agoraphobic

f.

agorot, -oth

agouti aguti

/a'gonik/ a. M19. [f. Gk agdn{t)os, f agonia angle, + -Ic] agonic line, the line joining points on the earth's surface where the magnetic declination is zero.

of agonize.

/'aganiz(a)m/ n. M17. [In sense i f Gk agonisma, f agonizesthai (see agonize); in sense 2 f next: see -ISM.] 1 A contest; a prize, rare (only in Diets.), mi 7. 2 Biochem. The action ot an agonist (agonist 4). l20.

agonist

/'aganist/ n. E17. f. as agon: see -1ST.] for prizes, rare. E17. 2

contestant,

competes

[Gk 1

A

A

antagonist

an agonist. Samson Agonism

is

/aga'nistik/ a. M17. [Late L f. Gk agonistikos, f. as agonist: see Pertaining to (orig. ancient Greek) athletic contests or to athletic feats. M17. 2 Rhet. Polemic, combative. M17. 3 Striving for effect. MI 9. 4 Zool. Of animal behaviour: associated with confLct between individuals. M20. agonisdcal a. (now rare) = agonistic 1, 2 mi 7. agonistically adv. (rare) polemically M19.

-toses

+

agony agonia

Gk

/'agani/ t.

Gk

man, n no, p pen,

Hist.

n.

A

lME.

red,

s sit,

as

{.

t

top, v van,

w

-Y^.]

we,

z

n.

/a'grsirian/ a.

/a'gri:/ v.

[(0)Fr. agreer

PI.

-pha

/-fa/.

L19.

&

ult.

Pa. f.

& pple agreed. lME. ad AG- + gratus pleasing,

t.

L

agreeable. Cf gree n}} I Please, be pleased, f • Please. LME-L15. ^2 v.t. Be pleased with, accept. LME-M17. II Make agreeable or harmonious, v.t. & Pay (a person); settle an accoimt with. Only in

v.t.

L

lAIE. 4 v.i. Arrange, settle; reach agreement concerning; consent to, approve of lME. fS

1

zoo,

/'agrafan/

agr-, ager land:

agree

Also -thet /-Set/.

AGON: see

E20.

n. E17. [f. L agranus, see -arian.] A adj. I Rom. Hist. Designating a law (L Lex agraria) for the division of conquered lands. E17. 2 Of or penaining to landed property. E18. 3 Of or pertaining to cultivated land or the cultivation of land. L18. B n. 1 An agrarian law. rare. M17. 2 An advocate of the redistribution of landed property. E19. agrarianism n. (advocacy of or agitation for) the redistribution of landed property or reform of the conditions of tenure of land E19.

agrarian

+ theles as AGON director of the public [(0)Fr. agonie or late

/-'sitik/ a.

[Gk, neut. of agraphos imwritten, f. as a-'", -graph.] a saying attributed to Jesus but not in the canonical Gospels. Usu. in pi.

f.

agonia, f r

A deficiency of granulocytes in causing increased vulnerability to

Med.

blood,

agraphon

agony: L16. agonizingly adv. E19. n.

n. PI.

+ granitlocyte

[f a-'" + Gk -graphia writing.] Med. Inability to write, as a disease or damage, agraphic a. characterized by agraphia L19

Make

/a'gauna9i:t/

a-'"

symptom of cerebral

/'aganAiz/ v. Also -ise. L16. [Fr. or late L agonizare (after Gk agonizesthai, f as AGON): see -IZE.] 1 v.t. Subject to agony. L16. 2 v.i. Suffer agony; writhe in anguish; be in the throes of death. L16. 3 v.i. Contend in the arena; wrestle. Chiefly fig., esp. worry intensely about, over, etc L16. 4 v.i. fig.

agonothetes,

[f.

infection,

agoniser

agonothete

[Fr., or Sp.

A

agrapha n. pi. of agraphon. agraphia /a'grafia/ n. M19.

agonize

desperate efforts for effect. M19. agonized ppl a. subjected to or expressing agony agonizedly /-zidii/ adv. M19. agonizing ppl a. causmg agony; expressing agony; arch. suiTering

1

/a,granjol3(u)sM'tausis/

/-'tausi:z/. E20.

-osis.]

the

agonisticus

L16

akuti.]

cerebral disease or mental illness.

in Milton's

1

«.-'

illiterate,

agranulocytosis

agonistic -ic]

agora

Also aguti. M16.

Tupi-Guarani

agranulocytic [f as

of

with

/a'gramatiz(a)m/ n. L19. [f Gk f as A-'" + grammala + -iSM.] Med. An inabihty to form letters, sentences grammatically, as a symptom of

M20.

/aga'nisti:z/ postpositive a. L17.

used

First

3.

{.

agrammatos

Biochem. A chemical which combmes with a receptor and initiates a physiological response. Cf.

ns. pis.

/a'guiti/ n.

M20.

agrammatism

who

drama {lit. & fig.). E20. 3 Physiol. A muscle whose contraction is directly responsible for the movement of a part. Cf antagonist 2. E20. 4

n.

/a'graf/ n. M17. [Fr. agrafe, f. agrafer to hook.] A hook which fastens to a ring and is used as a clasp.

protagonist in

a

agoraphobic (a

n.

agraffe

agOnistls

person

&

a.

long-legged rodent belonging to the genus Dasyprocta, native to Central and South America. M16. 2 (An animal having) a fur type in which each hair has alternate bands of light and dark pigmentation, usu. producing a grizzled or salt-and-pepper appearance. L19.

adv.

agonism

=

n.

person) affected agoraphobia; pertaining to agoraphobia: L19.

imaginary

v. var.

n.-

of a shekel (initially of a poimd or lira). agorapliobia /ag(a)ra'faubia/ n. L19. [f. Gk AGORA n.' + -PHOBIA.] Irrational fear of open

agonic A-'" +

agonise

market-place.

esp. a

/aga'ra:/

/-rau9/.

L18.

/'ag(a)n(a)l/ a.

difficulties, colloq. a

postpositive a. phr.

/'agaun/ n. PI. agones /a'gauniiz/. E17. [Gk agdn contest.] Gk Hist. 1 A pubhc celebration of games; a contest for the prize at the games or transf. elsewhere. E17. 2 A verbal contest between two characters in a play. L19.

agonal

of readers' questions about personal with answers and advice; agony uncle male writer of an agony column (sense b).

feature

etc.

A

abundance,

[Fr. a gogo.} In

Phrases: pile on the agony: see PILE v.^

[G

L19.

p.

agon

games.

A

A-'

Of

ageiti to lead:

f.

/a 'gsugau/ adv.

Dei; a musical setting of this. lME. 2 figure of a lamb bearing a cross or flag, as an emblem of Christ. lME. b cake of wax

A

2

agogisch, {. Gk see -ic] Mus. adj. Designating or pertaining to accent effected by lengthening the time-value of the note. L19. B n. In pi. (treated as sing.) The theory or use of agogic accents; the deliberate modification of time-values in a musical performance. L19. /3'gDd3ik/'

E17. [Gk disposer.]

]

OE-ME.

agog

'agnos 'diiAi/ n. phr. lME. [L = Lamb of God Chr. Ch. 1 Part of the Mass beginning with the

words Agnus

.

.

proceed.

prec] ^X^^o

n. & a. M19. [f. a-'" + person who holds the view that nothing can be known of the existence of God or of anything beyond material phenomena. Also, a person who is imcenain or noncomm:nal about a particular thing .Mig. B

gnostic

&

.

51

agnostic

paroxysm of grief or

writhing or throes of the body produced by this. E17. 5 A severe struggle or contest. (Usu. w. suggestion of sense 4.) H7. I Coleridge Never a saint took pity on My soul in agony, b Pope With cries and agonies of wild delight. 3 death agony, lasi agony, mortal agony, etc. 4 MlLTON Here in perpetual agony and pain. W. Owen We hear tlie mad gusts tugging on the wire. Like twitching agonies of men.

pertaining to or affected with agnosia

a.

suffering; a

lME. b A paroxysm of pleasure, arch. EI 8. 2 spec. The mental anguish of Jesus in Gethsemane. lME. 3 The convulsive throes or pangs of death. Exc. Med. now rare without specification. lME. 4 Extreme bodily suffering;

/s'gao/ ppl a. adv. Also (arch.) agone /a'gon/. ME. [pa. pple of next, orig. in use as adj. qualifying a n. of time ] 1 adj. (now always postpositii'e and also interpreted as adv.). Past, gone by. ME. 2 adv. In long ago (foccas. w. other advs. w. similar meaning): long since. ME. 1 Shakes. Twel. N. He's drunk, an hour agone Dickens Ay, a goodish bit ago. E. Bishop A slight landslide occurred / about an hour ago.

agonistes

visual agnosia: see visual

agnosic M20.

Extreme mental anguish.

agOgos leading,

Now

to be, etc.

and blessed by the

a figure

ago

agogic

of agnize.

n. og'niJ(s)n f. agtiir- pa. ppl + (g)noscere

aginncin-),

stamped with such Pope. L16.

&

n.

AG- + (^)Mjnis horn

fig.

agree

42

]

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, d this,

r)

ring, tj chip, dj jar

agreeability Reconcile (persons), cause to be friends. L15 L17. 6 v.t. Bring into harmony (things that differ; now only discrepant accounts etc.). M17. 4 Spenser Some troublous uprore, Whereto he drew v.t.

in haste

Pope Did

to agree.

it

I

for this agree 'ITie

solemn truce? III Become well-disposed. 7 v.t. Give consent, accede. (Foil, by to, to do, that.) lME. f 8 v.refl.

Accede, consent to. lME-li6. f 9 the opinion of E16-M17. 7 Shakes.

Hen. VI Post

;

Accede

v.i.

to France;

.

.

Ld Macaulay He

covenants.

ah

43

to

Agree to any

reluctantly agreed

.

.

that

two or more parties. lME. 3 Mutual conformity of things; harmony, affinity. lME. f 4 Pleasing; satisfaction. L15-L16. f-'' Consent. Only in L15. f6 Atonement, e M16. 7 Accordance in sentiment, opinion, action, etc. E16. 8 Gram. The condition of having the same number, gender, case, person, etc. M16. 9 An agreeable quality, circumstance, etc. Usu. in pi. {= now more usual agr6ment i). L17. I conditional a^eemeni. see CONDITIONAL a. I. gentleman's or gentlemen's agreement: see gentleman. 2 Net Book Agreement: see NET a.' & adv.

some indulgence should be granted. G. B. Shaw Theyve agreed to come to the breakfast. Scott Fitzgerald 'All right,' I agreed, 'I'll be glad to.' IV Come into harmony. 10 v.i. Come into accord as to something; come to terms. (Foil, by t/or a payment or price; on, as to, fo/ a matter or point; to do something; or that.) lME. 11 v.i. Make up differences; become fnends. Now dial.

agremens agrement

lME.

agrestal /3'gr£st(3)l/ a. M19. [f. as next.] Bot. Growing wild in cultivated fields, agrestial /s'qrsstial/ a. E17. [f. as next + -al'.] Of, pertaining to, or inhabiting the fields or open

10 agree to differ, agree to disagree no longer try to convince each other.

V Be

harmony. 12

in

Of

v.t.

accord {with); be Be of the

things:

{together); coincide in any respect consistent {with, ffo). L15. 13a v.i. same mind as to particular points; concur with a person in, on, as to, about, that, tsuch to be. L15. b V.I. Feel or state one's thoughts to be in accordance {with an opinion or statement). M16. c v.t. Say in agreement. M19. 14 v.i. Do well with: a Of a person: be suited by (a food, climate, etc.). obs. exc. dial. E16. b Of food, a climate, etc.: suit the constitution of (a person). E17. flS V.I. Be suitable or appropriate to. M16-L17. 16 v.i. Be in sympathy; live or act together harmoniously. (Foil, by together, with.) M16. 17 V.I. Gram. Have the same number, gender, case, person, etc. (Foil, by with.) M16. 12 Shakes. Tarn. Shr. At last .. our jamng notes

agree. SwiFT The constitution of the English government to which the present establishment of the church doth so happily agree. Yeats If his tale agrees with yours, then I am clear. 13a I couldn't agree (with you) more colloq. I am in complete agreement (with you). 14a G. Burnet Fagius, not agreeing with this air, died soon after, b K. Amis Spirits don't seem to agree with you. 16 T. Fuller It is probable that in Noahs Ark the wolf agreed with the .

.

lambe.

agreeance ppl

(now

n.

t(o) according

a.

agreement E16. agreeing

rare) to;

agreeingly adv. (now rare) (a) in an agreeing manner, f (fc) according w: M16. agreer n. a person who or thing which agrees M16. E16.

agreeability early use f

L18

{.

/agnia'biliti/

OFr.

n.

lME.

[Isolated

f as next; re-formed next: see -ability.] Agreeableness, esp. of agreableie,

disposition.

agreeable

/3'gri:3b(3)l/

a.,

adv.,

&

n.

lME.

[(0)Fr. agreable, i. as AGREE: see -able.] A adj. 1 To one's liking; pleasing {to). lME. 2 Conformable, corresponding, suitable, consistent. Foil, by to, unto, \wiih, or ^absol. lME. 3 Kindly disposed; willing to agree {to a thing, to do).

Now

lME. ^4 Of one mind.

colloq.

make

oneself agreeable to behave so

B

adv. In a arch.

way

that corresponds

according

to;

Mi 6.

C «. f 1 An agreeable person or thing, rare. E18-E19. 2 absol. A pleasing or polite thing. Esp. in do the agreeable, arch. E19. agreeableness n. f (a) conformity {to), consistency {withy, (b) pleasingness, pleasanmess: M16. agreeably adv. (a) pleasantly; in

(fc)

manner corresponding to; correspondingly, in the same

in a

accordance with; f (c)

way:

lME. -ed'.]

fl

Pleased, contented. lME M16. 3 Arranged or setded by common consent. Now usu. foil, by on. L15. b

consented to. M16. 4 United in feeling or sentiment. M16. 5 Having come to be, a rejoinder:

or of, the

same opinion.

E17.

/3'qri:m(3)nt/ n. lME. [OFr. (mod. agrement), f as AGREE: see -ment.] 1 mutual understanding; a covenant, a treaty. lME. 2

A

A

a cat, a:

a^er field, + -ic] agribusiness AGRi(ctn.TURE +

[f.

L

f

agrestis,

agr-,

Rural, rustic; uncouth.

n. m20. [f BUSINESS.] The production, distribution, etc., of farming produce and agricultural equipment and supplies; (any of) the group of industnes engaged in this; agriculture as a business using advanced technology. Comb.: agribusinessman a man who engages m

/'agribiznis/

agribusiness.

agrichemical

/agri'kEmik(3)l/

+

AGRl(Ct;LTURAL

&

a.

mzo.

n.

A

CHEMICAL.]

and chemical; of or pertaining to agrochemicals. M20. B n. A chemical used or produced in agribusiness, an agrochemical. M20.

fagricole

M17-LI9.

rare.

n.

L

f

[(0)Fr.

A

agncola, f. agr-, ager field + -cola tenant.] farmer; a rustic. f agricolist n. an agnculturist M-L18 fagricolous a.

only in 19.

{joc.) agricultural:

LME-M19. [L, f A person who cultivates;

fagricultor

n.

cultor tiller.] ilRare bef L18.

as

+

next

a farmer.

n. lME. [Fr., or L agncultura, f agr-, ager field + cultura CULTURE n. ] The science or practice of cultivating the soil and rearing animals; farming; occas. spec, tillage. agri cultural a. of or pertaining to agriculture L18 agri'culturalist n. a person engaged in agriculture E19. agri'culturally adv. with regard to agriculture E19 an agriculturalist E-M19. f agriculturer n. agri'culturist n. (a) a person who studies agriculture; (b) an agriculturalist: M18.

agrimensorial -ial

]

as

prec.

/a'grimi/

n. PI.

Of

agrimi

/.agrimEn'sairial/

L19. [f. surveyor, or pertaining to land-surveying.

agnmensor,

{.

a.

+ mensor

L +

lME.

[Early forms f mod. form f L agrimonia misreading for argemonia (Pliny, Celsus) f Gk argemone poppy.] 1 Any plant of the genus Agrimonia; A. eupatona, esp. a common perennial bearing spikes of yellow flowers. lME. 2 Any of a number of other plants, esp. = hemp agrimony. L16.

agrin n.']

/s'grin/ adv.

&

n.

pred. a. E19. [f a-^

+ grin

Grinning,

/agri'ubd3i/ n. L19. [f. Gk agrios savage + -ology.] The branch of knowledge that deals with the history and customs of non-literate peoples,

agriology

legally

arm,

e

binding arrangement between

bed,

a:

her,

i

sit,

agriologist

fagriot (mod.

n.

n.

L19.

Also eg-. E16-L19. [OFr. A sour kind of cherry,

i

cosy,

1:

see, d hot,

3:

/'agriprodskt, -dAkt/

in AGRIBUSINESS of agribusiness,

f agrise

[OE

v.

of GRISLY

OE-L16. saw,

agriote

gnotte).]

agriproduct

a run,

a.]

2

v.t.

o put,

u;

+ PRODUCT

n.

n. ]

A

L20.

v.i.

Make

[f

product

+ vb f. base also Tremble; be terrified. tremble;

too, 3 ago,

ai

terrify.

my, no how,

ei

ME

etc.

Only

in

M17.

3

v.t.

lMR.

agro n. var. of AGGRO. agro- /'aqrao/ comb.

form, [f Gk agros land, see -O-.] Agricultural; agriculture and. agrobiological a. of or pertaining to agrobiology M20 agrobi'ologist n. an cxpcn in or student of agrobiology M20. agrobi'ology n. the branch of knowledge that deals with soil science and plant nutntion and its application to crop production M20. = agrobusiness n. agribusiness M2o. agro'chemical n. a chemical used in agriculture; a chemical fertilizer, pesticide, weedkiller, etc.: M20. agro-cli'matic a. of or pertaining to the relationship field:

between climate and agriculture M20. agroeco'logical a. of or pertaining to the relationship between ecology and agriculture M20. agroin'dustrial a. of or pertaining to agro-industry M20. agro-industry n. industry connected with agriculture; agriculture developed along industrial lines: M20. agrotech'nology «. the application of technology in agriculture M20.

agrology /a'grohdy/

Cf

Fr. agrologie.]

1

E20.

n.

agronomic

[f.

prec.

+ -logy.

Soil science in relation to

The apphcation

crops, rare. E20. 2 Canad. science to agriculture. M20. agrologist n. {Canad.) M20.

/aqra'nomik/

a.

&

E19.

n.

of

[Fr.

agronomique, f agronome: see next, -ic] A adj. Of or pertaining to agronomy. E19. B n. In pi. (usu. treated as sing.). = agronomy. M19. agronomical a. M19 agronomically adv. M20.

agronomy

/a'gronami/ n. E19. [Fr. agronomic, agronome agriculturist, f. Gk agros land + -nomos arranging, f. nemoein arrange: see -NOMY.] The science of soil management and crop production, {.

agronome /'agranaom/ agronomist

aground prep.'

n. [Fr ] an agronomist M19. person engaged in agronomy E19.

n. a

/s'graund/ adv.

+ GROUND

I

n.]

f

1

& pred. a. ME. [f A On the ground; on or

Lanerly dial. ME-L19. 2 Of on the bottom of shallow water. Opp. to the earth.

a ship; ..ifioa'.

L15.

Ci-ARE She furious stampt her shoeless foot aground. 2 Byron One bark blew up, a second near works the Running aground, was taken by the Turks. 1

J

aguardiente

/a,gwardi'ente,

a gwaidi'snti/

n.

E19. [Sp., {. agua water + ardiente fiery, ARDENT.] Coarse Spanish brandy; in Spanishspeaking areas of Amenca, a similar distilled liquor, esp. one made from sugar cane.

ague

&

ME. [(0)Fr. f med.L febns fever) of fem. of L n. I An acute fever. Now dial, rare in gen. sense. ME. 2 esp. A malarial fever with cold, hot, and sweating stages (at first esp. the hot stage, later esp. the cold). lME. 3 Any shivering fit. L16. 2 Walcheren ague. Comb.: f ague-cake the spleen or another organ so enlarged as to be perceptible extemally; ague-tree /'eigju:/

n.

acuta use as n. acutus ACUTE.] \

B ppl

v.

(sc.

Orig.

Affect (as) with ague. Chiefly as agued

v.t.

a.

E17.

aguila n. f aguise

var.

of agila.

v.t.

Only

in L16.

[f guise v., a- opp.

dis- in disguise (cf. accord, discord, etc.).]

Dress,

array.

Spenser Sometimes her head she With gaudy girlonds.

aguish

/'eigju:i|/ a. E17. [f

ague

would aguize n.

+

-ish'.]

1

Subject to ague. E17. 2 Tending to produce ague. E17. 3 Of the nature of or characteristic of an ague; shaky; intermittent. M17. aguishly adv. M17. aguishness n. {rare) E18.

aguti

agy

ah

n.

var. of

a. var.

agouti.

of AGEY.

/u:/ pers.

[Repr. a

pnm.

& US

dial.

pronunc] =

I

Black English. L19.

pers. pron.

ah /u:/ int., n., & v. Also (earlier, now rare) a. ME. [OFr. a{h) (mod. ah); cf It., Sp. ah, L a{h), Gk a{a), etc.] A int. Expr.: sorrow, regret; remonstrance;

entreaty,

admiration;

realization,

surprise,

discovery;

pleasure, dislike,

boredom, contempt, mockery. ME.

agrisan, f A-' 1

agnses

{it)

at, loathe.

sassafras.

-mia /-mia/, -mis. M19 in Minoan art, the wild

[mod.Gk.] In Crete and /'aqrimsni/ (0)Fr. aigremoine; later

in

Shudder

[{.

adj.

Agricultural

agn-

agreement Law.

/s'grsstik/ a. E17.

wild,

agreed /3'qri:d/ a. lME. [f. agree + Made pleasing. Only in lME. •t'2 As

country.

agrestic

agrimony as to please

(a person).

to.

pi.

goat.

L15-E17. I

Agreeable qualities, circumstances, etc. E18. 2 Mus. In pi. Grace-notes; embellishments. L18. 3 Official approval given to a diplomatic representative of another country. E20. In

1

agriculture /'agnkMtJs/

that agree (s) {with etc.):

(fc)

see agrement. /aqrema/ n. PI. -merits, -mens, (pronounced same). E18. [Fr.: see agreement.] n.pl.

impers.

Shakes.

2

Hen. VI Ah, villam, thou wilt betray me. shall all men's good Be each Ah me! I cannot reach them. ScoTT

Tennyson Ah! when man's

day, so no,

t:

rule.

hair,

la

Yeats near,

.^i

boy, U3 poor,

ai3 tire,

ao9 sour

.

aha Fitzgerald 'Ah,' she

'you look so cool.' T.

cried,

Stoppard Ah! -I knew there was something. B n. An utterance of 'ah!'. Ei8.

C

Say 'ah!'. L19. ^ See also OOH n. V.I.

t'.

,

aha

a'ha:, a:'hu:

'

ME.

int.

[f.

ah

+ ha

i>h.

inf.]

Expr.: surprise; triumph, satisfaction; mockery, irony.

moment,

Comb.: aha experience,

reaction,

etc.:

of sudden insight or discover^'

ahead

adv. Orig. A'aw. mi6. [f. a prep.' i 1 Of motion: straight forwards; headlong. M16. 2 Pointing forwards; yi^. into the future. L16. 3 At the head (of a moving company); in advance, in front (lit. & fig.). E17. 4 In the Ime of one's forward motion; further

+

s'hed

HEAD

n.

]

fonvard in space or time. L17.

BsowNiNG Galloping

1

straight a-head. go ahead: see

See also go-ahead. 2 J. F. Cooper One who looked on a-head to the wants of posterity. 3 E. O'Neiix Na\T has drawn ahead- half a length looks like Navy 's race. L. Hi'ghes I am the man who never got ahead, The poorest worker bartered through the years. 4 VT. H. AfDEN When courage fails, when hopes are fading, Think on the victory ahead. Phrases: ahead of in front of, further advanced than, {lit. & fig.), line ahead: see LINE n.^ one jump ahead: see

GO

f.

JUMP

n. ]

a-height HEIGHT

HEM

adv. arch. E17. high, aloft,

s'hAit

n.

ahem

'

On

]

[f.

[f. A--'

a prep.'

I

+

time, or

ahey

mt. mi 8. [Lengthened form of Expr. desire to attract attention, gain

]

show disapproval, int. L17. [f- ah

+ hey int.] Expr. desire to attract attention or show surprise, ahigh s'h.M; adv. arch. ME. [f. a prep.' l + HIGH n.] 1 1 In loud tones. ME-L15. 2 On high, aloft.

a'hei

int.

lME.

s'hunsa: n. L19. [Skt, f. a non- + hmtsd violence.] Hindu, Buddhist, & Jain Philos. The doctrine that there should be no violence or killing.

a'hmd, s'hAind/ adv. & prep. Sc. & dial. Also ahint a'hint M18. [f. A-- + -hind as in behind: see HIND a. ] Behind,

ahind

.

ahistoric

eihi'stonk/

historic] Not ahistorical

ahold

A-'"

[f.

/eid/ v.t. lME. [OFr. aidier (mod. aider) f. L adjutare frequent, cf adjuvare: see ADjtrvANT.] Help, give support to; further the progress of. AV ; Mace. 8:26 Neither shal they aide them with victuals, weapons, money, or ships. Shakes. Wint. T. All the instruments which aided to expose the child. Joyce Reclining in a state of supine repletion to aid .

digestion, absol.

&

n. colloq.

Hold, grasp,

n.']

dial. of,

L19. [Prob.

a'hsisbak/ adv. arch.

81 dial. L15.

aidable

s'hoi,

land

int.

mi8.

ah

[f.

+ hoy

int.

int.]

Used

\aui.

ahoy.':

ahull

in hailing. see IA.VD n.' [f. A prep.' 6 + HULL n.'] taken in and the helm lashed on to weather a storm,

adv. L16.

a'hAl,

Naut. With the lee

sails

si 1c,

ahunger 6 hungry.

prep.'

s'hAqga

HUNGER

-I-

ahungered

&

adv.

In

n.]

/s'hAijgsd/

pred. a.

a.

a

lME.

famished

arch.

lME.

a

[f.

state,

[Prob.

of OFHUNGERED.] Famished, very- hungry, ahungry a. famished, hungry lME

var.

&

ahunt

/a'hAnt/ adv. HlTNT n.'] On the hunt. /'a:i/

n.

E17.

pred.

a.

119.

[f.

A-^

-I-

[Tupi, repr. the animal's cry,

prob. through Port, ai, Fr. at (.'fhay, jhaiit).] The three-toed sloth Bradypus tridactylus, of S.

America.

aiblins adv.

var. of ablins.

aid

lME. [OFr.

/eid/

n.

pa. pple of

aide (mod. aide) ult. f. adjuvare: see adjuvant.] 1 Help,

L

lME. b Eng. Law (now Hist.). Help in defending an action, legally claimed from someone who has a joint interest in the defence. E16. c Material help given by one country to another. M20. 2 a Eng. Hist. A grant succour,

aidance

aidant

f (a) helpful; (b) able to aid L16. aider n. E16.

(rare)

a.

n.

relief.

b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

&

/'eid(a)nt/ a.

n.

[OFr. ai(d)ant -ant'.] A adj. n. helper, an

aide

/eid/

de-camp. L18. 2

An

gen.

assistant,

leg,

m

ailantus)

Also *aid-.

PI.

eddska/

aides-de-camp, *aids-,

aile

ailette

M20.

/eidz-,

aim at,

ceremonial

a

[f.

aiol,

(mod.

aieul)

Proto-Romance dim. of L avus grandfather. BESAlEL.] Law. A grandfather,

/-dus,

/egradu, egra'du:/

lME.

-'du:s/.

[Fr.]

sweet and sour; bitter-sweet. aigrette /'eigret, ei'gret/ n.

a.

[Fr.:

see

the Alps.

M16. [(0)Fr., dim. of prec: see -ette.] = aglet, esp. sense 2b. aikido /Ai'kiidau/ n. M20. Qap. aikido, f. ai together, imify + ki spirit + do way.] A Japanese form of self-defence and martial art, developed from ju-jitsu and involving holds and throws. ail /eil/ «.' Long dial. [OE egl, cogn. w. G dial. Egel, Agei] The awn of barley or other com. ail /eil/ n} Now arch. & dial. ME. [f. the vb.] Trouble; illness; an ailment. /eigwi'let/ n.

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we, z zoo,

n.

+

Also -phil

-phile.]

A

/-fil/.

lover of

/.Ailjurs'fsobis/

n.

E20.

[f

as

/eim/ n. ME. [f. the vb.] 1 mark, a butt, (lit.). Long

a

A

thing aimed

rare.

ME. f2

.

life.

/eiin/ v. ME. [Partly f OFr. amer dial. var. of esmer f. L aestimare (see ESTIMATE v.); partly f. OFr. ae{s)mer ult. f. L ad AD- + aestimare.] v.t. Calculate (a number or value); take account of; esteem; evaluate. Only in ME. f 2 v.t. Guess, conjecture. Long dial. ME-L19. 3 v.i. Direct one's course, make it one's object to attain, intend, try, (foil, by at, (occas.) for, to do); transf. be directed at, be intended to do. ME. f 4 v.t. Direct (a Arrange, plan. LME-E17. 5 v.t. & missile, blow, remark, act, -[Tnissive, etc.) at; at). lME. level firearm etc., point or (a 3 aim high show ambition. 5 J. Rhys I asked her who had taught her to aim so well.

Also -douce of

M18.

ailouros cat

aim

Compounded

{ aigue-marine n. L16-M19. [Fr. f. as AQUAMARINE.] = AQUAMARINE I. aiguille /'eigwi:!/ n. mi8. [Fr. = needle. Cf next.] A sharply pointed peak of rock, esp. in

man, n no, p pen,

a

aimfiil a. (rare) full of purpose M19. aimless a. without means of taking aim; without purpose: E17. aimlessly adv. M19 aimlessness n. M19.

f.

Cf.

/Ai'ljuarafAil/

Gk

.

EGRET.] An egret's plume; a tuft of feathers or hair; a spray of gems etc. worn on the head.

aiguillette

worn by

A

of aglet.

var.

n.

aigre-doux

prec: see

as

f.

Conjectitre; a guess. Latterly dial. LME-L19. 3 directing of a weapon, missile, etc., at its mark. lME. f 4 Course, direction. M16-L17. f5 Direction given, guidance. E17-E18. 6 An end aimed at, an objective; design, intention, purpose. E17. 7 person who aims in a specified manner, colloq. L19. Rich. Ill A gansh flag To be the aim of 1 Shakes every dangerous shot. 2 Shakes. Jul. Cacs. What you would work me to, I have some aim. 3 fcry aim: in order to encourage archers about to shoot; gen. in encouragement of anything, level one's aim: see level V.' take aim direct a weapon, a missile, etc., at its mark. 5 Milton Posts of direction for Travellers to give you ayme. 6 C. Hampton We have kidnapped you in order to achieve certain political aims. J. Barth It is my aim to leam all that can be learned of my

writ of aiel an action by a party based on the seisin of a grandfather for the recovery of land of which that party had been dispossessed,

aiglet

[Fr.,

The

Also aile,

exc. Hist. aiuel

lME.

steel shoulder-piece

+ -PHOBIA.]

father's

lME. [OFr.

n.

A

Irrational fear of cats. ai'lurophobe n. a person affected with ailurophobia E20. ailurophobic a. E20.

Aids. obs.

f.

cats.

the patient susceptible to certain opportunistic infections and malignancies. Comb.: Aids-related complex a set of symptoms including lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, and malaise, that seems to precede the full development of

Long

/ei'let/

ailurophobia

f.

n.

(also

ailante

/'eilaron/

-ETTE.] Hist.

{pi.

/'ei(3)l/

(usu.)

n. E20. [Fr., dim. of aile wing.] A movable aerofoil used to control the balance of an aircraft in flight, usu. a hinged flap in the tiailing edge of a wing.

/.eidnism'wa:; sd foreign same) I n. M19. [Fr., f as aid v., memory ] (A book or document serving as) an aid to the memory; (in diplomats' use) a

aiel

[mod.L

E19.

n.

ailanthe,

of aiel.

var.

n.

aileron

aide-memoire memwa:r

Fr.

mainly Asian genus Ailanthus (family Simaroubaceae); esp. the tree of heaven, A. altissima, an ornamental and shade tree.

prec.

adjutant.] Mil. An confidential assistant to a

on

or

obs.

tree of the

n.

= camp

acting as a senior officer, or assisting occasion.

Be

v.i.

Amboinese ailanto lit. 'tree of heaven': infl. by names ending w. -anthus f. Gk anthos flower.] A

aide-

an ancillary

/eidda'ko, foreign

foreign Ed-/. L17. [Fr.

/ei'lanGas/ f.

ailurophile

=

1

]

worker. Orig. 175. M19.

aide-de-camp

only w.

OE. 2

soldier.

of aide-de-camp.

n. var.

& now

ME.

ill.

ailanthus

A

li8. [Abbrev. of next

n.

Chiefly

etc. ails etc.

.

lME.

aid-de-camp

afflict.

what

f 3 v.t. impers. in what etc. ails etc. Obstruct, prevent. LME-E19. I AV ; Sam. 11:5 What aileth the people that they weep? Henry Miller He was supposed to be suffering from ulcers of the stomach, though nobody was quite sure exactly what ailed him. 2 G. Heyer They never ail, though they did have the measles when they were small. Times An improvement in the ailing United States economy. ailing n. (a) the action of the vb; {b) an ailment: M19. ailment n. a disorder, a (usu. slight) illness E18.

be helped:

lME.

pple, f. as prec; see Assisting, auxiliary. lME. B pres.

be

dial.);

call.

ayle.

Also a-horse adv. E19.

ahoy

will

syndrome marked by severe loss of cellular immunity as a result of infection with a virus transmitted in sexual fluids and in blood, leaving

+ HORSEBACK.] On horseback.

I

men

will aid if

A

f.

on, etc.

—

a-horseback A prep.'

Coleridge Saints

:

Trouble,

V.t.

troubled or adversely affected (mentally,

.

memorandum. Aids /eidz/ n. Also AIDS. L20. [Acronym, acquired immime (deficiency syndrome.] A

historic; unrelated to history

1

indef. subj. in

aid

+

M20.

a.

s'hsuld,

+ HOLD

M20.

a.

-f-ahold adv. Only in E17. [f. A prep.' 6 + HOLD n.'] Saul. Close to the wind, so as to hold to it. Shakes. Temp. Lay her a-hold, a-hold. -aholic s'holik/ suff. Also -oholic. mzo. [f. ALCOHOLIC n. ] Forming ns. w. the sense 'a person addicted to ', as workaholic etc.

ai

:

officer

ahimsa

[t.

applications of his hands and legs). R. HoGGART A life with few modem aids such as vacuum cleaners and electric washers, visual aid: see visual a. Comb. aid-prayer an appeal for aid. aidfiil a. helpftil L16. aidless a. E17.

auxiliary, rare.

a'hEin

mr.

/eil/ V. [OE egl{i)an rel. to Goth, agls disgraceful, agio oppression, us)agljan oppress.]

ail

in aid of in support of; colloq. about, concerned I with, esp. in what's (all) this etc. in aid of? legal aid: see LEGAL a. Voluntary Aid Detachment: see VOLUNTARY

put, u: too, a ago,

ai

my, au how,

ei

powered balloon,

one having a rigid elongated structure; also occas. (chiefly N. Amer.) any aircraft; esp.

air-shot colloq. (a) a missed stroke at a ball etc.; (b) a recording made from broadcast music etc.; air show a show at which aircraft are on view and featuring aerial displays; airsick a. affected with airsickness; airsickness nausea caused by the motion of an aircraft; airside n., a., & adv. (designating or pertaining to, to or towards) the side or sections of an airport to which only passengers and airport personnel have admittance; airspace the air above a country etc., esp. considered as subject to its jurisdiction; airspeed the speed of an aircraft or other flying body relative to the surrounding air; airstrip a strip of land

on which aircraft may take off and land; air terminal a place in a town where facilities for the reception of passengers and transport to and from an airport are provided; airtight a. impermeable to air; fig. invulnerable, unassailable; air-time broadcasting time available for a given purpose; air-to-air a. from one aircraft to another in flight; air-to-ground a. from an aircraft in flight to the ground; air-to-surface a. from an aircraft in flight to the surface of the sea etc.; airtwist a decorative spiral in the stem of a wineglass; air-vessel an air-filled vessel, esp. in an animal or plant; Air Vice-Marshal: a high rank in the Royal Air Force or Royal Australian Air Force, next below Air Marshal; airwave a wave in the atmosphere; esp. (in pi.) broadcast radio waves; airwoman a woman engaged in the operation of aircraft, esp. as a crew-

member. airified airless a.

made

a.

given to assuming airs M19.

airy,

without

or other atmosphere; stuffV; n. M19. airlike a. resembhng (that of) air M16. airward adv. toward or up into the air E19.

breezeless,

air

E17. airlessness

still:

[ON

air /e:/ ei8. sandbank.

A

eyrr.]

air /£:/ V. M16. [f. AIR >!.'] open air, ventilate. M16. 2

warm

gravelly beach; a

Expose to the Finish drying or

v.t.

I

v.t.

heated cupboard, etc. M16. 3 Take the air, go out in the fresh air. E17. 4 v.t. Wear openly; parade ostentatiously; make pubhc; talk openly about. EI 7. 5 v.t. & (Become) broadcast; transmit, be transmitted, by radio or television. M20 1 M. Edgeworth To keep the room aired and at a fire, in a

&

v.refl.

(arch.)

i.

i.

swept. 2 D. L. Savers The clean sheets, all laying aired and ready. 4 Shakes. Cymb. I beg but leave to .

.

began to air my war was useless and inhuman. 5 Publishers Weekly After the tape was aired we received hundreds of calls from listeners. Broadcasting Only two episodes have aired. airer n. a person who or thing which airs; spec, a frame for drying off clothes etc.: L18.

Blunden

jewel.

E. convictions that the this

air

I

.

air

AIR

Formerly.

1

aircraft [f.

lME. [Parallel LME-M16.

/e:/ adv. Sc.

ere.] f E16.

/'£:kra:ft/

tt.

+ CRAFT

n.'

to

or

adv. Cf.

2 Early, soon.

PI. -craft, f -crafts.

A machine

K. ]

.

M19.

that can be

flown in the air; now spec, an aeroplane or helicopter; such machines collectively. Comb. aircraft carrier a warship designed to serve as a base for aircraft; aircraftman, -woman the lowest rank in the (Women's) Royal Air Force (leading :

aircraftman: see

f aire

LEADING ppl a

ME-E18. [OFr.:

n.

Airedale

).

see eyrie.]

=

eyrie.

L19. [A district in West Yorkshire, England.] In full Airedale terrier. (A dog of) a breed of large terrier having a shon /'£:deil/

n.

dense coat. /'sinr)/ n. E17. [f. air v. + -ing'.] 1 Ventilating; exposure to heat in order to finish drying. E17. 2 A walk, ride, drive, etc., to take air or exercise. E17. 3 Exposure to public notice. L19. 4 Broadcasting; a radio or television transmission. M20. Comb. airing cupboard a cupboard for airing linen

airing

:

and

clothing.

airish Aerial;

lME.

/'einj/ a.

airline /'ciImh/

+ LINE E19.

2

rare.

h.'

-i-

lME.

-ish'.]

1

2 Cool,

mi 7.

Also air-line. E19.

[f. air h.' direct line, a beeline. N. Amer. regular succession of aircraft plying

n.-]

A

air

[f.

Now

the air. fresh, breezy. Now dial, like

1

n.

A

between certain places; a company or other body operating aircraft in public service. E20. 3 A pipe or tube conveying (compressed) air. E20.

day, 3u no,

e:

hair,

is

near,

ai

boy, ua poor,

ai3 tire,

aos sour

.

airmail airmail

&

n.

'e-.meil,

E20.

v.

air

[f.

n/] A It. Mail conveyed by air; the conveyance of mail by air. E20. Comb airmail paper etc.: lighcu'eight and suitable :

for dispatching

B

Send

f.r.

airt

n.

£:t

jirj

a direction. i-.i.

by

air.

(a lener, parcel, etc.)

&

A ME. B

;i.

air.

M20.

+ way n. ] la A passage for ventilation in a mine. M19. b Aled. normal passage for air into the lungs; an The artificial deWce replacing or supplementing this. E20. 2 A route through the air, esp. one regularly followed by commercial aircraft. L19. b A company etc. operating aircraft, an airline. Usu. in pi. E20. 3 A radio broadcasting charmel. N. 'ciwei

M19.

n.

[f.

air

Anicr. .M20. /'siwaidi/

-WORTHY.] Of an

a.

E19.

aircraft; in a

air

[f fit

+

n.'

condition for

flight.

airworthiness

E20.

n.

[f air n.' + -y'. Cf aery a.] the atmosphere, f 1 Atmospheric; living in the air. LME-L17. 2 Placed high in the air; lofty; heavenly. poet. L16. i Exposed to the open air; breezy. L16. 4 Performed or taking place in the air. E17. 11 Of the substance air. 5 Composed of air; of the nature of air; airlike. lME. 6 depreciative. Unsubstantial as air, vain; immaterial, unreal; visionary; superficial, flippant. L16. 7 appreciative. Light or buoyant as air in texture or movement; lively, sprightly; dehcate in fancy. L16. Ill [air m.' II.] 8 Assummg airs, pretentious, rare. E17. Comb.: airy-fairy (s)le.

.ul

island

jogging.

ajutage n. var. of adjittage. Akali /a'kaili:/ n. E19. [Panjabi akalr, f mod.Skt Akala the Immortal One + Panjabi -f follower

A-'"

airworthy

airy

JOG

Moving mechanically up and down;

n.']

of]

n. also

make for. M19.

Direct one's way,

airway

by

fart. ME. [Gael. A quaner of the compass; 1 v.t. Direct, guide. L18. 2

As

Sc.

v.

Olr. aird.]

f.

Alamire

46

+ mail

J

in

(f

Guido d'Arezzo's 2nd,

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, 5 this,

r|

The

note

3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, it was sung to the ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

a

mode

a la

syllables la, mi, or

Are

Cf.

re.

Befa, Cefaut,

n.',

etc.

mode

a la

'msoA, foreign a la m.id/ adv., Also alamode. li6. [Fr. = in the fashion.] A adv. Sc adj. {phr.) 1 In or according to the fashion; fashionable. Ll6. 2 Cookery, a Of beef: braised or made into a rich stew, usu. with wine. M17. b Of food: served with ice-cream. Chiefly VS. E20. B n. {phr.) Usu. as one wd. f I A fashion, a temporary mood. M-L17. 2 A thin light glossy usu. black silk. M17 a.,

&

w.,

/a: la:

/)/ir.

alamo'dality

n.

(rare) the quality

of being a

mode

la

M18 /ab'ma:!/ adv. a. arch. Also a la /a la ni3:r, a: la: 'mD:t/. L16. [Fr. a la mon death. See also amort.] adv. To the to the death; mortally. L16. B adj. Monally sick;

A

&

PI.

a.

has the old

of alant.

alary

/'abni:n/

ALDEHYDE,

-an-

-INE^;

[G Alamn:

M19.

n.

app.

is

see

alanna

vision,

eternity

My

child.]

child:

eared mastiff.

Also -pa /-pa/, -pana /-pana/. L19. [Hind, alap.] Indian Mus. An improvisation on a raga as a prologue to its formal expression.

alap

/a:'la:p/

d la page M20.

/a

n.

la pa:3, a: la: 'pa:3/

[Fr., ht. 'at the page'.]

Up

&

adv.

up

to

A

sudden attack; a surprise. L16 L17. 5 A sound to warn of danger or to attract attention, arouse from sleep, etc.; a warning. L16. 6 A mechanism that sounds the alarm; an apparatus that rings, bleeps, etc., at a set time; an alarm clock. L16. 1 S. Lewts Babbitt roused, his stomach constricted

Makes

v.

2

Keats What

alarum in the elements? 3 Southey From east and west the breathless scouts Bring swift alarums in. W. Owen No alarms of bugles, no high flags, no clamorous haste. alar(u)m$ and excursions joc. [from an old stage-direction] confiised noise and bustle. 4 Dryden The doubtful nations watch his arms, With terror each expecting his alarms. 5 V. Sackvii.le-West The vixen, prick-eared for the first alarm, false alarm: see false a. 6 ]. Cheever The alarm began ringing at six in the morning- burglar alarm, fire alarm, etc. Comb. alarm bell a bell rung as a signal of danger; alarm bird any of various birds with strident cries; esp. (Austral.) the kookaburra; alarm call (a) a bird's divinity

this

.

.

:

or animal's cry when startled; (b) a telephone call notifying the person called that a previously agreed

time

has

a cat, u:

arrived;

arm,

A

e

bed,

alarm a:

her,

clock,

1

sit,

i

watch; cosy,

1:

with

an

see, o hot,

/a'la:sta,

-'last-/

Also a-. L16. [Gk

n.

lathein forget.]

f.

-I-

An

/'eileit/

Of late,

lately, a.

L16. [f as alate

0:

a.

+

-ed'.]

Now

/ab'ta:nas/ n. rare. Also [L: cf. Fr. atateme.] An evergreen shrub, Rhamnus alatemus, of the buckthorn family.

falatem.

arch.) alarum /a'la:r3m, -'lE:r-, -'lar-/. the adv. in phrs. such as cry alarm.] 1 Frightened anticipation of danger; a state of frightened surprise; apprehension. lME. 2 A frightening loud noise or disturbance, arch. E16. 3 A signal calling upon people to arm; news of

with alarm, lake alarm: see take

cooked

/a'lask(a)n/ a. & n. M19. [f prec. -I-AN.] adj. Of or pertaining to Alaska or its inhabitants. M19. B n. A native or inhabitant of Alaska. L19.

alatemus

[f.

M16. f 4

northernmost baked Alaska. Sponge

full

Alaskan

alated /'eileitid/ = ALATE a.

somewhat

hostility.

In

and ice-cream in a rapidly meringue covering; a dish of this.

«.-']

enhance the quality of the

M19. [L alaris, f. as ala: see -ar'.] Alary; wing-shaped; Bot. axillary. alarm /a'la:m/ n. Also (exc. in sense 6

approaching

]

a. M17. [L alatus, f as ala: see Having wings or winghke appendages, alate /a'leit/ adv. arch. lME. [f a prep.' + late

/'eib/ a.

lME.

US

-ATE'.]

crop.

alar

betrayed.

is

cake

alate

the minute.

and vegetables

Why

a vision of eternity in

f a- A-'" lastavenging god, a nemesis,

to

E17.

falaunCt)

falay

v.

ns.

allay

v.''

/alb/ n. OE. [eccl.L alba use as n. of fern, of white.] A white vestment reaching to the feet, worn by Christian priests. albu.i

alba

/'alba/

n.

A medieval albacore

E19. [Prov., ult. f

Provencal song

^'t

L

alhus white.]

dawn.

/'albako:/

n.

/al'beinian/ + -AN.] A

(see below)

w.'

w.

& a.' lx6. [f. Albania A native or inhabitant

country of Albania in the western part of the Balkan peninsula; the language of Albania, constituting a separate branch of the Indoof the

family. L16. B the coimtry of Albania, language. L16.

European

Of or pertaining to inhabitants, or their

adj. its

/al'bemian/ n- & a.- li6. [f Albania below) + -an.] Hist. A n. A native or inhabitant of Albania, an ancient province on the Caspian sea; the language of the province of Albania. L16. B adj. Of or penaining to tlie province of Albania, its inhabitants, or their

Albanian (see

a run,

o put,

silver.

n. L17. [Alt. of alcatra.s, w. L albus white.] 1 Any of several large, long-winged, tube-nosed oceanic birds constituting the family Diomedeidae. L17. b fig. (usu. w. allusion to Coleridge's Ancient below). Mariner, see A heavy burden, a disadvantage, a hindrance. M20. t2 A frigatebird. Cf ALCATRAS. Only in M18. 3 Golf. A hole played in three strokes under par. M20.

/'albatrns/

app. by assoc.

Coleridge Instead of the 1 About my neck was hung. falbe conj. lME E19. [Contr

cross,

]

=

the

albatross

albeit.

M19. [eccl.L = whiteness, f. L albus white.] The proportion of incident radiation reflected by a surface, esp. of a planet or moon.

albedo

/arbi:da()/

BE

+

Now

IT pron., (it

be

-os.

PI.

n.

/a:rbi:it/ conj.

+

Even though

lME.

literary.

= although

it

be

[i.

all

(that).]

that).

Knolles Albeit that a great number of them were M. Mead In latmul a man is a master in his own house, albeit he has to fight for it. M. Drabble She R.

was going

albergo

to Paris, albeit in a school raincoat.

/arbsryo, arba:gao/ n. PI. -ghi auberge.] An Italian inn.

Albers-Schonberg disease

/-gi,

u: too, a

ago,

ai

/albaz'j3:nb3:g

n. phr. Also Albers-Schonberg's disease. E20. [H. E. Albers-Schonberg (18651921), Ger. radiologist.] Med. Osteopetrosis, esp. in a delayed form.

di,zi:z/

albert

n. Also A-. M19. [Pnnce Albert consort of Queen Victoria of England ] 1 In full albert chain. A watch-chain with a crossbar. M19. 2 Albert Medal: (a) instituted in 1864 by the Royal Society of Arts for 'distinguished merit in promoting Arts,

/'albat/

(1819-61),

Manufactures, and Commerce'; (6) instituted iii 1866 (though no longer awarded) for 'gallantry in saving life at sea or on land'. M19. Albertine /'albatAin/ a. M18. [f Albert (see below) + -ine'.] Hist. Designating or pertaining to the younger of the two lines of the house of Fredenck the Gentle, Elector of Saxony, which onginated with his son Albert III (1443-1500) and to which the electoral title was transferred in 1547. Cf Ernestine. albertite /'albatAit/ n. M19. [f Albert County, New Brunswick, Canada + -ite'.] Min. A black, almost infusible form of bitumen.

albescent pres. ppl

/arbcs(a)nt/

a.

ei8.

[L

albescent-

become white, f. albus -escent.] Growing white; shading

stem of

white: see into white.

albescere

/'albaspAin/ n. arch. Also -yne. lME. [OFr. albespine (mod. aubepme) f L alba spina white thorn.] ^X^litethom, hawthorn.

Albigenses [med.L,

my, ao how,

/albigEnsi:z,

-'dscn-/

n.pl.

E17.

SW

L name

of Albi, a city in France.] A Manichaean sect in southern France between the nth and 13th cents. Albigensian n. & a member of, pertaining to, the f.

Albiga

Albigenses E17.

albino /arbi:n3o/ albo white + -tno

ei

n.

&

a.

E18. [Sp.

&

Port.,

f.

applied by the Portuguese to albinos among African Blacks ] A n. PI. -OS. 1 A human being having a congenital deficiency of pigmentation in the skin and hair, which are white, and the eyes, which are usu. pink. E18. 2 An abnormally white animal or Congenitally lacking in plant. E19. B adj. pigmentation; abnormally white. E19. albiness /-bints/ n. a female albino E19. albinism /'albiniz(3)m/ n. the condition of being an albino M19. albinisdc /-binistik/ a. ~ albinotic L19. albinoid /'albmoid/ a. being or resembling an albino M20. albinoism n. = albinism M19 albinotic /-binotik/ a.

(-INE'):

orig.

pertaining to, affected with, albinism L19.

Albion

/'albian/

n.

poet.

&

rhet.

OE. [L

{.

Celt.;

prob. cogn. w. L albus white (w. alius, to the white cliffs of Britain).] (Orig. the Gk and

Roman name

language. E17. saw,

German

albatross

i. a bower, a simmier-house. ei8. alcoved a. made as an alcove; vaulted, arched: M19.

m

alcyonarian

/alsia'neinan/

&

n.

L19.

a.

r

red,

s sit,

I

top, v van,

w

we,

[f

mod.l^ Alcyonaria (see below), {. alcyonium f Gk alkuoneion a coral said to resemble a halcyon's

halcyon, -arian ] Zool. of the subclass Alcyonaria, which mcludes colonial soft corals whose polyps bear eight pinnate tentacles. L19. B adj. Of, pertaining to, or designating this subclass. L19.

An anthozoan

n.

f aid n. see OLD n.' aid- comb, form see ALDO-.

aldea

/al'deia,

foreign

aldeia, ^-ea, Sp. aldea -I-

day'a

agricultural

farm

village or a

former

aldehyde

E17.

n.

Arab, al-day'a, village,

farm.]

[Port.

i.

A

in Portugal, Spain, or

al al-^

small

one of

territories.

L

n. M19. [f dehydrogenated

/'aldiliMd/

dehydlrogenatum) 1

al'deia/

{.

al(cohol)

alcohol.]

= ACETALDEHYDE. M-L19.

2

Any

of a

of compoimds, typified by acetaldehyde, which contain the group CH O and are formed by the partial oxidation of primary alcohols. class

M19. alde'hydic a. pertaining to or characteristic of an aldehyde L19.

&

dente /al 'dmU, foreign al 'dente/ adv. a. M20. [It., lit. 'to the tooth'.] Of pasta, vegetables, etc.: (cooked) so as to be still firm

al

phr.

when alder

MDu.

bitten. /'ailda/ n.

[OE

OHG

alor, aler, rel. to

MLG aller, ON

enla (G Erie), glr, conn. w. L alnus. Forms with d recorded from 14 ] 1 Any tree of the genus Alnus, related to the birch; esp. A. glutinosa, common in wet places. Also alder tree. OE. b Any of several similar trees and shrubs of other genera. Also alder tree. L16. 2 An alder-fly. E19. lb black alder (a) = alder buckthorn below; (fc) N. Amer. a winterberry, Ilex venicillata. red alder (a) S. Afr. = Rooi-ELS; (fc) a tree of western N America, Alnus oregona. white alder (a) N. Amer. any of several pepperbushes; (fc) 5. Afr. a tree, Platylophus mfotiatus, allied to the rooi-els but with trifoliate leaves. Comb.: alder buckthorn a deciduous shrub, Fravgula alnus, of the buckthorn family, growing on peaty soils and bearing red or (when ripe) black berries, alder-fly a neuropteran insect of the genus Sialts, found near streams; alder kitten a kitten-moth, else,

elira,

Furcula bicuspis; alder

see sense

tree:

i

above.

1

n no, p pen,

[f.

for

{.

Chem. f of alchemical

instrument

alcoometer n. var. of alcoholometer. Alcoran /alka'rain, 'alkaran/ n. arch. Also Alkoran. lME. [(0)Fr. f Arab, al-kur'an: see AL-^ Koran ] The Koran.

their

next.

[Aranda = in the mythology

mod.L

[f

Also

n.

measuring the proportion of alcohol in a liquor, .alcoholo'metric a. M19. alcoholometry n. Mtg. f alcolize v. var. of alcoholize.

A

A

An

-ometer]

+

nest (Dioscorides): see

Htst.

[f

condition

an alcoholic; a drinker of alcohol: L19.

n.

alcoholize

baser metals into gold, and the search for the elixir of life, etc. lME. b fig. Miraculous power of transmutation or extraction. E17. 2 A composition, mainly of brass, imitating gold. exc.

M19.

-ISM.]

connoting the pursuit of the transmutation of

L16-M17. fc

of alcoholometer.

var.

caused by chronic overindulgence in alcoholic dnnk; addiction to alcohol,

ALCOHOL

E17.

alchemy

n.

alcoholise

f-imeter; alcoholmeter, alcoometer. M19.

-I-

alchemy. alchemic

alcoholically adv. L19.

f alcoholimeter

f.

Spanish

alchemical /ark£mik(3)l/ a. Also falchym-. -.CAL.] Of or penaining to M16. [f alchemy

-ic]

alcaptonuria n. var. of alkaptonuria. alcarraza /alks'raiza, /orei^ alka'rraOa/ [Sp.

PI.

-zares /-Oares/. E17.

A Alcmanian

Alkaios Alcaeus: see -ic] A adj. Of or penaining to Alcaeus, a lyric poet of Mytilene (< 600 BC); esp. of a verse metre in a four -line stanza invented by him M17. B n. In pi. Al.'mph nodes below the ear. Freq. more fully almonds of the throat, ears, etc. arch. L16. 4 The delicate pink colour of almond blossom or the light brown colour of an almond kernel. Freq. attrib. M18. 1 BlRKT almond, butter of almonds: see butter n.' 2. ,'a:m3nd/

a{r)mande

Attnh.

&

n.

med.L amandula

f.

comb.: Attrib.

in

senses 'resembling the

almond' as almond pink etc. (see also sense 4 above); "made with or containing almonds', as almond cake, pasu, etc Special combs., as almond eye; with the eyelids forming an almond-shape; almond-eyed a.

almond eyes; almond millc medicme made with blanched almonds, ha\Tng

a

soothing

sugar,

and

or similar mgredients; almond oil the expressed oil of bitter almonds, consisting chiefly of benzaldehyde; almond tree: see sense 2 above. almondy a. like an almond or almonds .Ml 9.

water,

almoner

'Q:mana, 'aim-/ n. ME. [AN aumoner, OFr. -ier, earlier a(u)lmosnier (mod. aumdnier) ult. f. as eleemosynary; assoc. w. wds in al-'.] 1 An official distributor of alms on behalf of an individual, as a monarch, or an institution, as a religious house. (Holders of particular offices may also have other duties.) ME. b A social worker attached to a hospital, seeing to the aftercare etc. of patients and orig. also to patients' payTnents. (Not now an official title.) L19. f2 gen. An alms-giver. ME-L19 lb B. P\'.M The almoner, or medical social worker as they called it now, at the hospital. almonership n. the position or office of an almoner ,

almonry

'aim-/ n. lME. [Orig. f. OFr. au{l)mosnerie (mod. aumotterie), f. as prec; later f. prec: see -ery, -ry ] place where alms are or were distributed; an office responsible for the distribution of alms, 'aimanri,

A

f almose n. var of alms. almost /'3:lm3ust, -mast/

&

adv. a. OE. [f all + most adv. ] 1 1 tdj. or adv. Mostly all; for the most part. OE-M17. 2 adv. Very nearly; all but; as the nearest thmg to. ME. b adv. or adj. Close

near. arch. M16. Used to intensify a rhetorical interrogative. L16-M18. 1 R. ASCHAM Thies giuers were almost Northmen 2 DoNXE One might almost say, her body thought Swift Eyes with Reading almost blmd R Watsok His affairs almost never prospered. Byron T' bed a bed give more privacy for a small payment.

available in hospital to

:

amenorrhoea

smEna'riia/ n. Also *-rrhea. + MENO- + -RRHOEA.] Med. Abnonnal absence of menstruation. amenorrhoeal a. of, pertaining to, or affected with amenorrhoea El 9. amenorrhoeic a. of, pertaining to, or affected with amenorrhoea L19. EI 9.

A-'"

[f.

mensa a. phr.

thoro E17. [L =

Formerly

(bef. 1857)

a

&

et

.mensa:

ei

'toirso/ adv.

Et

and bed.] Lavi. of a divorce: decreed by an ecclesiastical court on grounds sanctioned by law (having the effect of a modem judicial firom table

separation).

ament 's'mEnt/ n.' amentum -tam /,

Also pi.

L form

in

(earlier)

-ta

M18.

/-ts/.

[L

A

amentum thong,

strap.] catkin. of the nature of or bearing catkins M18. amenta], amen'dferous adjs. bearing catkins

amen taceous

a.

M19.

ament 'etmsnt, s'ment n:- L19. next A person with amentia,

[L ament-: see

]

amentia

ei'msnjs, a-/

n.

lME. [L = madness,

ament-, amens mad, f. a- A-' mem-, mens mind: see -ia'.] Med. The condition of having a mental handicap. * Rare bef E19 -I-

f.

amentum n.

see

ament

am3'reij(3)n, -3(3)n/ a. & n. M20. Amer(ican Asian.] (A person) of mixed American and Asian parentage; esp. (a child) fathered by an American serviceman stationed in

Amerasian [f.

-t-

Asia.

amerce [AN

a'msis/ v.t. Orig. famercy. lME. amercier, orig. in estre amercie be placed at

(as to the amount of a a merci at (the) mercy.] Impose a discretionary (as opp. to fixed) fine on (a person); mulct (a person); pimish in any way; (with the penalty or amount expressed as second obj. or foil, by in, with). Also, deprive of. amerciable a. liable to be amerced E17. pa. ppk & v.t. (Sc.) amerce(d) t amerciate

the

mercy of another

fine),

f.

L.\iE .MI9.

amercement

'3'ma:sm(3)nt/ n. lME. [AN amerciment, f. as prec: see -MENT.] 1 Imposition of a discretionary penalty or fine (orig. one lighter than a fixed fine). lME. 2 A discretionary penalty or fine. lME.

amerciament lME.

[med.L

I^tinization of

=

amice

66

/3'm3:si3m(3)nt/

Now

n.

amerciamentum,

f.

AN amercier amerce:

rare.

amerciare

see

-ment

]

see amerce.

Amerenglish

'amsririglij, amar'iqgiijy n.

AmerEnglish.

L20.

[Contr.]

Also

American

English.

American

/3'mEnk(3)n/ n. & a. mi6. [mod.L Amencanus, f. America {. Latinized form of the name of Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512), It.

Awl

navigator: see -an.] An aboriginal inhabitant of the continent of America.

Now

only as Native American s.v. NATIVE a. M16. 2 A native or inhabitant ol (esp. North) America of Old-World descent. e;8. 3 With specifying wd: a native or inhabitant of the specified pan of the continent of America. M18. 4 The English language as used in the United States of America. L18. 5 A citizen of the United States of b but, d dog,

American: see middle a. North American: see north adv. etc. South American: see SOUTH adv. etc. 4 General American American English with few regional peculiarities. 5 Middle American: see middle a. quiet American: see quiet a. & adv. Ugly American: see

ugly

B

n. 4.

1

American

cloth a cotton cloth with a coated or

waterproofed surface. American cowslip: see cowslip i. American crow: see CROW n.' i. American dream the ideal of a democratic and prosperous society, regarded as the aim of the American people. American elk: see ELK n.' American elm: see ELM 1. American English = sense A. 4 above. American football football played with an oval ball which may be carried, tlirown, or kicked, in which in order to maintain possession of the ball a team must advance at least 10 yards towards the goal in four opportunities. American ipecacuanha. see jute n.^ American INDIAN. American jute: American marten a N. American marten, Martes amcncana, which is brown with a buff throat. Amerigan mistletoe. American olive: see OLrVE n.' ib. American organ a reed-organ in which the air is drawn inwards to the reeds, instead of being blown outwards. American PENNYROYAL. American plaice = rough dab S.V. ROUGH a. American plan N. Amer. a method of charging for a hotel room inclusive of meals.

American Revolution supremacy

America by

in

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

overtfirow of British War of Independence,

the the

(Daughters of the American Revolution: see DAUGHTER). American robin: see ROBIN n.' lb. American Sign Language a form of sign language developed for the use of the deaf in the US American tea a social function for raising funds, to which guests contribute by bringing or buying food and drink. American tiger the jaguar. American tournament a sporting tournament in which each competitor plays all the others in turn. American tunic: American wayfaring tree: see see TURTLE 2.

1775-81

WAYFARING (a).

American whitewood = Tm.\P-twod woodcock i.

n.

American woodcock: see

Ameri'cana concerning

items

or

n.

America Mi9. (somewhat derog.) American full of Americanisms L19.

publications associated with

English

Americanist

other

n.pl.

or

America'nese English,

student of subjects pertaining to America L19. Americanly adv. M19. Americanness /-n-n-/ n. L19. a specialist in or

n.

American!

/3mEri'ka:ni/ n. Also Mer(c)kaiii /m3:'ka:ni/. M19. [Kiswahili, alt. of American a. ] In Africa: a kind of (esp. white) cotton cloth.

Americanise

v. var.

Americanism

Amerind =

/'amsrind/

n.

&

a.

L19.

[f.

(as) next.]

next.

Amerindian

/am3'rindi3n/ of American Indian.^ A adj.

American Indians.

&

Of

n. L19. [Contr. or pertaining to

n.

An American

a.

B

L19.

of Americanize.

/3'm£rik(3)niz(3)m/

A

-i-

of America. L18. 2 Attachment to or sympathy with the United States of America. L18. 3 American quality or character. M19. /3'm£rik(3)nMz/

v.

Also

-ise.

L17. [f. as prec. + -IZE.] 1 v.i. Make American in character; naturalize as an American. L17. 2 v.i. Become American in character. Mi 9.

Americani'zation

n.

M19.

americium

/am3'risj3m/ n. M20. [f. America (see American) + -ium.] A radioacuve metallic chemical element of the acunide series, atomic no. 95, which is produced artificially. (Symbol

Am.)

Americo-

comb.

/a'mErikau/

America (see American)

+

-o-.]

Amerikan

li8.

form.

[f.

Of America,

Amencomania, -phobia, a passion America or things American.

for,

as

fear of,

/3'merik(3)n/ [f.

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

/a merve:j/ adv. phr. mi8. [Fr. to a marvel.] Admirably, wonderfiiUy.

damnees n. phr. Ameslan /'amislan/

antes

w

we,

=

of ame damnee.

pi.

[Acronym.]

L20.

n.

American Sign Language. famesnable a. see amenable.

amethocaine /a'm£63(u)kein/ n. f Gk amethustus (see next) or blend

m20. [Perh. of aminomethyl: see -0-, -caine.] A cyclic amino ester, C,5H24N20,, related to procaine which is used -t-

as a local anaesthetic, esp. in the eye. Also called tetracaine. 51

A

proprietary

name

for

substance

this

is

Pantocain.

amethyst /'ami9ist/ n. & a. ME. L amethystus Gk amethusios use f.

[OFr. amettste, as n. (sc. lithos

stone) of adj., f a- A-'" + methuein be intoxicated: so called because it was supposed to prevent intoxication.] A «. 1 A precious variety of quartz, of a clear purple or bluish-violet colour owing to the presence of iron. ME. 2 Her. The tincture purpure in the fanciful blazon of arms of peers, obs. exc. Hist. L16. b The colour of amethyst. E19. B attrib. or as adj. Of or

resembling amethyst; violet-purple. L15.

amethystine

/ami'Gist/un/ a. L17. [L amethystinus f. Gk ameihustinos: see prec, -ine-.] 1 Of or containing amethyst. L17. 2 Amethystcoloured, violet-purple. L17.

/ami'trsupis/ n. M19. [f Gk ametres + metron measure) + -opia.] abnormal condiuon of the refi-action

ametropia irregular

as A-'°

(f.

Med. Any of the eye.

ametropic f ameve

/-'trsupik, -'tropik/ a.

v. var.

Amharic

of amove

/am'harik/ + -ic] A

(see below)

n. n.

M19.

v.^

1

& a. M18. [f. Amhara A nauve or inhabitant

of Amhara, a central province of Ethiopia, rare. M18. 2 The Semitic language of Amhara, the principal language of modem Ethiopia. M19. B adj. Of or pertaining to Amhara, its people, or its language. E19. /'eimi3b(3)l/ a. lME. [(0)Fr. f late L AMICABLE; later infl. in sense by aimable lovable, likeable.] 1 Friendly; mod.Fr. kind in action, obs. exc. as passing into sense 3. lME. 2 Lovable, lovely, obs. exc. as passing into sense 3. lME. 3 (Combining senses i and 2.)

amiable

amicabilis

Having

disposition

friendly

a

that

inspires

firendliness in return. M18. amia'bility n. the quality of being amiable amiableness n. M16. amiably adv. lME.

/'amianG/ n. Now E17. [Fr. amiante or

/-ant/.

next.]

=

poet.

L

Also

amianius:

E19.

-ant see

next.

amianthus

/aini'an93s/ n. Also -tus /-t3s/. E17. Gk amianios, f. a- A-'" -I- miainein Asbestos, esp. of a fine, silky quality

[L amiantus defile.]

{.

weaving into cloth, amianthine a. of the nature of amianthus Mi

suitable for

lME. [Late L a. amicus friend: see -able.] 1 Of a thing: pleasant, kindly, benign, obs. exc. as below. lME. 2 Friendly; done in a friendly

amicable amicabilis,

/'amik3b(3)l/

(.

L

spirit. L15.

amicable numbers Math, any pair of numbers 1 having the property that each is the sum of the factors of the other, e g 220 and 284. 2 Pope Each mild, each amicable guest. P. V. White The most amicable thing about their marriage was their parting. amica'bility n. the quality of being amicable M17. amicableness n. M17. amicably adv. lME. /'amik(3)l/ a. Now rare. L16. [L amicalis, amicus: see prec, -al'.] Friendly.

amical f.

a. Chiefly US. Also Amerik(kk)a alt. of America (see American) after G Amerika, -kkk- after K\x A3ux

-kkk-. M20.

a nierveille

amianth

n. li8. [f word, sense, or phrase -ism.] 1 peculiar to or originating from the United States

American

man,

Klan: see -an.] Of or pertaining to the United States of America regarded as a racist, fascist, or oppressive coimtry, esp. by Blacks.

Indian. E20.

a.

Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of any pan of the continent of America or its inhabitants. L16. 2 spec. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the United States of America (formerly to the British colonies in N. America) or its inhabitants. M17. 3 With specifying wd: of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the specified pan of the continent of America or its inhabitants. Cf. sense A. 3 above. L18. 3 Meso-American. see ALOE 4. Special collocations: /.merican aloe: American bar a bar serving drinks in an allegedly American style, esp. from a counter at which customers sit. American bitter-sweet: see bitter-sweet adj.

Americanize

prec.

famercy v.

America. E19. 6 ellipt. An American ship etc.; in pi, American stocks, shares, etc. E19. 2 Irish American: see Irish a. 3 Central American: see CENTRAL a. Latin American: see Latin a. Middle

amice

/'amis/ n.' lME. [med.L amicia, -sia, of formation. Superseding amit «.] A scarf, kerchief, or other loose wrap; spec. (Eccl.)

obscure

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

6

this,

13

nng,

tf

chip, dj jar

amice

amice

/'amis/ lME. [OFr. aumusse f. med.L almucia, -turn, of unkn. origin.] I A cap, hood, hooded cape, or badge of a religious order, made of or lined with grey fur. lME. f 2 The fur of the marten or grey squirrel, used for such a garment. M L16.

acid «. ] Chem. An organic compound containing both an amino and a carboxyl group; spec, any of about twenty such compounds which occur widely in living organisms and are the building blocks of proteins.

amir

/a.mAikss 'kjuani:/ n. phr. PI. /a'mAisAi/. Eiy. [mod.L = friend of the court.] Law. disinterested adviser who

amici curiae

A

court by drawing attention to points that might otherwise fail to be mentioned. assists the

&

MID a.] f A ME-L16.

B prep.

ME.

A prep.^ i + adv. In the middle, in the midst.

/a'mid/ adv.

prep.

[{,

Urdu

1 Ik.

Now

.

.

introductions.

M19. [f am(monia +

n.

-IDE.] Chem. A derivative of ammonia in which a hydrogen atom is replaced by an acid radical (orig. by any radical) or a metal. In Org. Chem., any compound containing the group CO NHj

may be

further substituted); also acid

(now rare or converted into an amide MI9. a'midic a. f amidogen n. the radical NH^ M-L19

amylum

ppl

/'arrudeitid/

famidine

Also

n'

a.

amidin.

M-L19.

[f.

L

L19.

n.'^

[{.

•CCNH2)NH)

or a substituted derivative of this. /s'mAidsu/ comb, form of amide (orig. = amino-): see -0-. Also as attrib. adj. amido. M19.

amido-

[f A prep.

of a ship; fig.

amidst

/a'midjips/ adv. Also *-ship. L17. n. ] In or into the middle in or into the middle,

+ MIDSHIPS

I

'

&

/s'midst/ prep.

ME.

adv.

[f

amid +

+ t as in against, amongst, etc.] A prep. 1 = AMID prep. I. ME. 2 fig. = amid prep. 2. lME. B adv. = amid adv. (Foil, by of.) arch. lME.

-s'

lit.

amigo

/s'mjigso/

A

M19. [Sp.]

(chiefly

n. colloq.

friend, a

comrade:

US).

Pi. -os.

freq. as a

form

of address.

amil

/'a:mi]/ n.

M18. [Urdu

&

Now

aum-

Also

Hist.

/'aim-/.

Arab, 'amil operator, agent, f

'amila do: see next

]

=

next.

amildar

/'aimilda:/ n. Also aum- /'aim-/. li8. [Pers. & Urdu 'amal-dar, f Arab, 'amal work, administration + Pers. -dar holding, holder. Sp. infl.

by prec] Formerly,

non-European

a

factor

Indian subcontinent, esp. a collector of revenue. Now, the official in charge of a taluk in in the

dial,

now

/a'mAindid/ pa. pple

L16. [f disposed, inclined.

amine Chem. or

n.

M19. [App. f. G a Swiss

Amman

or

17): see -ish'.] A Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a strict

US

Mennonite

sect.

(fl.

end of

B

M19.

The members

n.pl.

of the Amish sea. L19. /a'mis/ adv., pred. a., & n. ME. [ON d mis so as to miss or not to meet, {. d on + mis rel. to MISS V.'] A adv. & pred. a. Out of order; astray, awry; erroneous(ly); defective(ly); wrong(ly); inappropriate(ly). ME. Caxton Our Archyers shet neuer arowe amys. S. Johnson It is good to speak dubiously about futurity. It is likewise not amiss to hope. H. MarthvIEAU Apt to see wrong and speak amiss. D. H. Lawrence Ursula wondered if something was amiss, and if the wedding would yet all go wrong. S. J. Perelman Slight dizzy spell this afternoon. I wonder if anything could be amiss with my hearing, take amiss: now esp. take offence

t

B

An

error, a fault, a

amissibilis,

f.

Cf

rare.

A-"*

/'eimi:n/ n. M19. Any derivative of

more hydrogen atoms

-I-

&

ppl a

Long

MINDED.] Minded,

am(monia -ine\] ammonia in which one [f.

-i-

are replaced

by

alkyl or

amino-

/a'mimau, a'mAinsu, 'aminao/ comb, form. Also as attrib. adj. amino, [f amine + -o-.] Chem. Designating or containing the group •NH,. a.

designating the acid glycine L19

aminoben'zoic a. aminobenzoic acid, an acid, NHj CjH, COOH, with three isomers, one of which is :

any synthetic resin made by copolymerizing urea, melamine, or a related compound with an aldehyde (esp. formaldehyde) M20. anthranilic acid E20. amino-'piastic

amino acid

stem

L17. [eccI.L of amittere AMIT

earher inamissible.] Liable to

(rare)

n.

M17.

/a'misio/ ppl a. Chiefly 5c. li6. [f a + missing ppl a.: cf AW ANTING.]

8

Missing, wantmg.

t amission amissio(n-),

[(0)Fr., amiss-: see amissible, -ion

f.

a loss.

amice

ME-E19. [OFr. (mod. = AMICE

n.

n.']

&

v.t.

+ amitotic i.

hy

foil,

I.

of.

amict):

see

E16-M19. [L

amittere,

L19. [f. a-'" + mitotic] Biol. Pertaining to or designating the division of a cell nucleus without mitosis, amitosis pi. -toses /-'t3usi:z/, amitotic division LI 9 amitotically adv. L19. /eimAi'totik,

am-/

a.

amitriptyline /ami'tnptiliin/ n. m20. AMl(NO- + TRI- + he)ptyl + -ine\] Pharm. antidepressant and sedative CjoHijN, given usu. as the hydrochloride. tricyclic

[f

A

drug,

amity

/'amiti/ n. lME. [(0)Fr. amitie, ult. f L amicus friend: see -ity.] sing. & (arch.) in pi. Friendship; friendly relations, esp. of a public character between States or individuals.

ammeter

/'anuta/ n. L19. [f am(pere + instrtiment for measuring electrical

An

current, esp. in amperes.

ammine -ine\]

n.

A

Chem.

amm(onia

+

coordination

compoimd

of

n.

L19.

a metal.

/'amau/

n.

colloq.

-o.]

E20.

[Abbrev.

Ammimiuon,

esp.

of for

small arms.

ammocoete

/'amausiit/

n.

M19.

[mod.L

Ammocoetes, f. Gk ammos sand + koite bed.] TTie larva of a lamprey (orig. beheved to be a distinct creature and given its own genus, Ammocoetes). fammodyte n. ei-j. [L ammodytes {. Gk ammodutes sand-burrower, f ammos sand duem to dive] 1 A southern European

a cat, a: arm, s bed,

3:

her,

'asid,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, n hot,

venomous

snake, the sand-natter (Vipera ammodytes). E17-L18. 2 A sand eel. (Ammodytes is a genus of sand eels.) L17-M19. mod.L generic and specific names remain 51 The

current.

ammonal /'aman(3)l/

n. E20. [f. ammon(ium + high explosive consisting chiefly of ammonium nitrate, with some powdered aluminium and occas. other ingredients. /a'maonia/ n. li8. [mod.L, f. sal

AL(UMINIUM.]

A

ammonia

ammomacus

s.mAin-/ n. phr. Also aminoacid, amino-acid. L19. [f. prec. + /a.miinau

sal

ammoniac: see next, -ia'.] A NH,, which is extremely

colourless pungent gas, a:

saw, a

mn, o

amm-

(14),

(15)

a.

&

n.

Also as

n. in

L

farm-. ME. [OFr. f L ammomacus, -um f

Ammon, used as n. for the salt and the gum, which were said to be obtained (the former from camel dung) from near the temple of Jupiter Ammon, Siwa, Egypt.] A adj. 1 sal ammoniac, ammonium chloride, a hard white crystalline salt. ME. 2 gum ammoniac,

ammoniacum, native Ammoniacal. Now rare ammoniac. lME.

ammoniacal +

prec.

-al'.]

gum

a bitter, odoriferous

obtained from certain umbelliferous plants, medicinal use; esp.

resin

N. African or Asian and having some that from Dorema to Persia. lME. 3 or obs. M17. B n. Gum

/ama(o)'nAiak(a)l/ a. mi8. [f Of the nature of or containing

ammonia.

ammoniacum n.

see

ammoniac.

ammonification

/a,maonifrkeif(a)n/ n. L19. -fication.] The production of

[f. AMMONIA + ammonia or ammonium compounds,

by

esp.

micro-organisms; treatment with or conversion (freq. as ammonifymg ppl a.) E20. /a'mauniao/ comb. form. [i. AMMONIUM: see -o-.] Indicating the presence of the ammonium ion (esp. in names of minerals). ammonite /'amanAit/ n. mi8. [mod.L ammonites, i. med.L comu Ammonis horn of

ammonio-

Ammon, name

given to these fossils from their supposed resemblance to the involuted horn of

Ammon:

see

Any

Palaeont.

-ite'.]

of

numerous fossil cephalopods of the order Ammonoidea, which have a chambered shell usu. coiled into a plane spiral, in Mesozoic rocks.

and occur mainly

pertaining to or characterisuc of ammonites; (of shell suture lines) highly convoluted: M19 ammoni'tiferous a. containing ammonites M19. a.

anunonoid «. any fossil cephalopod belonging to Ammonoidea, which compnses the ammonites and similar forms M19.

ammonium

/a'mauniam/

n.

E19.

[{.

ammonia

m

-ium.] Chem. The ion NH,*, which occurs the salts formed by arrmtonia and in ammonia -I-

solutions.

ammunition

/amju'nij(a)n/ n. & v. li6. [Fr. j am(m)unition, {. division of la munition the MUNITION as I'amunitton.] A n. \ Military stores or supplies, formerly of all kinds, now restricted to projectiles (bullets, shells, grenades, etc.)

propellants

(powder

etc.).

L16.

2

fig.

and

Facts,

arguments, etc., used in anack or defence. M17. B v.t. Supply with ammunition. Chiefly as ammunitioned ppl a. M17.

amnesia [f

/'ami:n/

ammonia with

ammo

/-lakam/;

ammOniakos, -on of

ammo'nitic

mittere send.] Lose,

as A-'

-METER.]

armomac

Gk

a.) EI9.

/a'maoniak/

-iacum

form

Jupiter

or L ] Loss,

lME-miS.

n.

-I-

aryl groups.

aminoa'cetic

a.

lost,

amissi'bility

famit

ammoriiatcd ppl

ammoniac

ammonia, a'mmonify v.t.

misdeed. L15-L17.

/a'misib(a)l/ amiss- pa. ppl

see -ible.

famit

soluble in water giving a strongly alkaline solution; an aqueous solution of this gas. aininoniate v.i. treat with ammonia (chiefly as

into

amissible v.:

.

at.

ammunition: see

Kamataka.

aminded

Amen

adj.

prep.^

-in',

-I-

/'arnidnn/

amidships

&

'a:-, 'ei-/ a.

Jacob

f.

Mennonite preacher

amissing

L19

amid(e + -ine\] Any compoimd containing the group

Chem.

= emirate M20.

n.

/'amif,

amisch,

obs.)

-rNE\] Chem. The soluble matter in starch granules; dissolved starch. starch

amidine

Amish

be

amide. C(. amine.

amidated

title

amirate

&

to

.

/'eimAid, 'amAid/

(which

A

EMIR.]

[Pers.

'amir

amara

f

li6.

commander, governor, command. Cf admiral, of various Muslim rulers,

Arab,

f.

Also ameer.

n.

amiss

In or near the middle or centre of; in the interior of; surrounded by. chiefly poet. ME. 2 fig. In the middle of (a state or condition); in the course of lME. I Longfellow Like Ruth amid the golden com. J S. Blackie a certain part of his work must be done amid books 2 Tolkien It was not easy to get any clear account out of him, amid his mumblings and squeakings, and the frequent interruptions. K. Amis Mr. Parry sat rock-like amid the storm of

amide

/a'miia/

prince,

amicus curiae

amid

amnion

67

a white linen vestment worn by celebrant priests, formerly on the head, now on the neck and shoulders.

put, u: too, a ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

/am'niizja/ n. li8. [Gk amnesia forgetfulness.] Loss of memory. amnesiac n. a person suffering from amnesia E20. amnesic a. M19. amnestic a. & n. (a) adj. pertaining to, suffering from, or characterized by amnesia; (b) n. an amnesiac: L19.

amnesty

&

/'amnisti/ n. v. L16. [Fr. ^amnestte or L amnestia f Gk amnestia forgetfulness: cf prec] n. An act of forgetfulness; an intentional overlooking; a general pardon, esp. for a political offence. L16. Amnesty International an organization upholding and campaigning for the human rights of prisoners of

(now

-istie)

\

conscience.

B

v.t.

Give an amnesty

to. E19.

amnio

/'amniau/ n. colloq. [Abbrev.] An amniocentesis.

amnio- /'ammao/

PI.

-os.

L20.

comb, form of AMNION: see

-0-.

amniocentesis

/-sen'tiisis/ n. , pi. -teses /-'ti:si:z/, pricking, f kentein prick] Med. the of amniotic fluid during pregnancy by insertion of a hollow needle into the uterus M20. amni'otomy n. (Med.) rupture of the foetal membranes in order to induce birth M20.

[Gk

kentlsis

sampling

amnion M17. [Gk

day, au no,

t:

hair,

/'amnian/ n. PI. -nia /-nia/, -nions = caul, dim. of amwos lamb.] An inner

la

near,

ai

boy, oa poor,

Aia tire,

aoa sour

amniotic membrane that forms round a developing in mammals, birds, and reptiles. amnios

Alsi> t

foetus

MI7-M19.

n.

amniotic

amni'otik a. E19. (Irrcg. f. amnios + -OTIC, perh. through Fr. ammotiquc. Cf chaos, chaotic ] Anal. Of or pertaining to the amnion.

amniotic

the fluid-filled cavity inside the amnion, in which the foetus develops, amniotic fluid the fluid contained in the amniotic ca\it>'. amniotc n. & j. (of or designating) any animal whose embryo develops within an amnion and chorion and has an allantois (a mammal, bird, or reptile) t20. ca\-ity

amoeba

*ameba.

Also

-bas, -bae -bi: M19. [mod.L (. Gk amoibi change, alternation.] A single-celled aquatic protozoan, charactenzed by a constantly changing shape. Med. infection amoe'biasis n., pi. -ases -osi:z as causing dj-sentery E20. with amoebas, esp. amoebicide n. a substance that kills amoebas E20. s'miiba/

n.

PI.

whiche

,

an amoeba resembling a cell resembling an amoeba,

M19.

a.

n.

amoebean

omii'biion/

a.

-baean,

Also

a.

a

csp.

leucoc\te in some invertebrates L19. amoeboid resembling or characteristic of an amoeba M19.

*ameb-. M17. [f L amoebaeus f. Gk amoibaios interchanging + -an. Cf prec] Esp. of verse dialogue: alternately answering; responsive.

amoebic

Also *amebic. L19. [f AMOEBA + -ic] Pertaining to, of the natiu-e of, or caused by an amoeba or amoebas.

amok

?'mi:bik

d'mok

a.,

a.

&

n.,

adv.

tam(o)uco. am(o)uco f ) Malay amuk fighting 3'm.\k

(earliest)

,

Also

amuck

E16.

[(Pon.

furiously, in a

homicidal frenzy. See also muck n.-] f A adj. In a homicidal frenzy, rare. Only in E16. B »?. 1 A Malay in a homicidal frenzy. M17. 2 A homicidal frenzy; an act of nmning amok. M19. C adv. run amok, run about in a frenzied thirst for blood; go on a destructive rampage; rush wildly and heedlessly. L17.

s'msoli n. M19. [Mex. Sp.] The root of any of several plants of Mexico and the southern US, used as a detergent; any of these plants, esp. the soap-plant, CMorogalum pomeridianum, and the lechuguilla, Agave lecheguitla.

amomum

s'maumsm

n.

lME. [L name

of

aromatic shrub, f Gk An aromatic plant belonging to the genus Amomum, of the ginger family. *^The name was used ong. for a vanety of spice

some

amotnon.]

jmomum

plants, the

of the ancients being of uncertain

The genus Amomum has also been reduced: it formerly mcluded all cardamoms (most now Elenaria) identity.

and grams of Paradise (now Aframomum).

among north.)

-mong,

MONG

,

3'm.\r)

A

n.']

assemblage

With

prep.

&

Also

adv.

{obs.

exc.

prep.

1

With

the

in

n.pl.:

surroimded by and grouped with.

of,

n.sing.

(exc.

collect,

now

chiefly

Sc.

&

surroimded by the separate members, components, or particles of; amid. OE. b Through the assemblage of; through the midst of. M19. 12 During, in the course of OE-L17. 3

Anglo-Ir.]:

company

or association with; in the house, city, cotmtry, etc., of ME. 4 In the number or class of; in comparison with. ME. 5 In the general pract:ce or views of; with or by generally. ME. 6 Divided between, to be shared by, (collectively or distributively); in portions to each of. ME. 7 By the joint action of. ME. 8 As a reciprocal action of. ME. I Sir W. Scott Among the bubbling blood Longfellow He saw once more his dark-eyed queen Among her children stand. Yeats And -.aplings root among the broken stone. D. DU Mal'rier If I heard it, even among a thousand others, I should recognise her voice. Day Lewis There is a screech from among the gooseberry bushes, f among the hands of under the charge of, while being attended by. b E. Waugh In

Sauntenng and skipping imong the trim gravel walks. G. Greene Picking among the dry seaweed for cigarette ends. S. Hill Colds spread like a forest fire among the old. 2 Caxton Saynt ambrose gaue up his ghoost emonge the wordes of his prayers. 3 G. Crabbe Susan had some pnde Among our topmost people to preside. ScoTT Fitzgerald It's a great .

.

.

.

advantage not to drink among hard-drinking people. 4 Trevisa Amonge all elementes water is prouff>^ablest. Ld Berners Your folkes haue brent my house, the b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

2

ALL

t

B

adv.

Meanwhile,

1

same

the

at

time.

Only

ME. [f prec. 4= AMONG prep.

/a'niArist/ prep.

amontillado

/sinDnti'luidso, -'Ija:-/

PI. -OS. E19. [Sp.,

-s'

-1-

i

Also A-.

n.

Mantilla a town in southern

f.

a medium sherry of a matured type. Also, drink or glass of either of these wines.

mined

PI.

-im

/-im/. E18.

amoraic /am^i'reiik/ amoraim E20.

amoral

/ei'mDr(3)l/

of or pertaining

a.

AMOVE

f amouco

a.

L19. [f a-'"

-i-

moral

a.] '

the practice of disregarding morality E20. amoralist n. E20. amo'rality n. amoral quality E20.

-et', -ette

lME.

n.) 1

]

[OFr. dim. of amor

A

i.

sweetheart; a

MI 8. 3 2

L amor love: see lover. lME-liS.

/ama'retau, foreign amo'retto/

= AMORET

I,

3.

PI.

n.

dim. of L16-E18. 2 A

amoretto

[It.,

sexual; love. L16. 2

[It.,

dim. of amore love.]

L16. [f L amor or Fr. A person who avows (esp. A person who writes about n.

1

the real amount of that statement Freeman The amount of resistance

.

(.

v.

ME.

amont upward

n.']

1

V.i.

f.

amunter,

[OFr.

L

ad momem: see

Go

v.t.

amoroso /ama'rsuzso/ & It. med.L amorosus /-si/, -SOS. fl A lover; f.

&

a.

E17. [Sp.

amorous.]

A

n.

adv.,

odd

much.

amour L amor

A

amorous

amoureux) 1

lME amorousness

n.

/3'm3:fiz(3)m/ n. M19. [f amorphous -I- -ISM.] Absence

amorphos regular form; amorphous quality.

amorphy

n.

amorphous

n no, p pen,

r

[Fr.]

of

a.

amorphos,

red,

s sit,

f.

t

rel.

=

[mod.L

mi8.

top, v van,

-I-

w

we, z zoo,

amare

ME.

n.

to

love.]

[(0)Fr. f Love; 1

courtois /amu:r kurtwa/ s.v. courtly a.

n.

phr.

L19.

county love

amos'TEt; foreign amuret (pi. same) I 1 A brief or see AMORET.] unimportant love affair. E19. 2 = amoretto 2. n.

E19.

/

[Fr.:

M19.

amour propre

/.amoa 'prDpr(3), foreign amur

propr/ n. phr. Also Self-esteem; vanity.

as A-'"

to

and much risque conversation.

amourette

(rare) Ei8.

/a'mo-.hs/

Gk

Gk

morphe shape: see -ous.] 1 Having no determinate shape or structure; shapeless; imorganized. M18. f.

kisses

amour

lME.

amorphism

love,

secret one. Li6. I K. Amis Now and then an ill-pnnted book. Letters in female hands: the thin Detntus of amour. 3 Dryden Intrigue, that's an old phrase; I have laid that word by: amour sounds better. J. Barth My highschool amours were limited to hot, open-mouthed

&

/'am(3)r3s/ a. ME. [OFr. (mod. f. med.L amorosus, f. L amor love: see Habitually inclined to (esp. sexual) love. ME. 2 In love, enamoured. (Foil, by of, fon.) ME. 3 Showing (esp. sexual) love; loving. lME. 4 Of or pertaining to (esp. sexual) love. lME. fS Lovable; lovely. LME-E17. amo'rosity n. love, fondness lME. amorously adv.

/s'mos, foreign amu:r/

affection. Now rare exc. in AMOUR COURTOIS, AMOUR PROPRE. ME. ^2 In pi Sexual or romanuc love. lME-ei8. 3 A love affair, esp. a

PI. -si

a gallant. E17-E19. 2 type of sweetened oloroso sherry. L19. B adv. adj. Mus. (A direction:) tender(ly). L18.

man,

rare.

as the total

Cause to rise; elevate. M16-M17. 3 Shakes. Com. Err. Which doth amount to three ducats more Than I stand debted to this gentleman. 4 D. H. Lawrence TTiere was a strange freedom, that almost amounted to anarchy, in the house. Stevie Smith Although I collect facts I do not always know what they amount / to P. Nichols We'd gathered that she wasn't ever going to amount to

M17.

amorphus

Now

etc.

sum viewed

up, asccnd, moimt. f ME-M17. t2 v.i. Moimt up, increase. ME-E18. 3 r.ft. & i. with to. Be equivalent in total to (a specified number or quantity). ME. 4 v.-\i. & i. with to. Be equivalent to in significance etc. ME. v.i. Arise from addidon; result. M16-M17. fb

=

/'amarAit/ n. & a. M16. [f. Heb. 'emort {. Akkadian 'amurru + -ITE'.] A A member of any of a group of Semitic tribes whose seminomadic culture flourished in Mesopotamia, Palestine, and Syria in the third millennium bc and who are described in biblical texts as inhabiting the land of Canaan before the arrival of the Israelites; the language of these people. MI 6. B adj. Of or pertaining to the Amorites or their language. L19.

Also

AMOK.

significance,

/a'maunt/

AD-, MOLTNT

Amorite

-ous.]

effect,

be. 3 E. A.

amount

PI.

n.

2.

/'amarist/ love -1- -1ST.]

adv. see

quantity or

amo(u)nter, /ams'riinau, foreign amo'rimo/

amorist love.

A

.

cupid. E17.

-ni /-ni/, -nos. M19.

&

esp. of a 2 Deprivation

which William met with W. S Maugham I knew a certain amount of French before. E. Bowen Quite an have genumely no idea who I am. amount of people A. LuRiE Probably the stuff is harmless in small amounts, but what is a small amount? any amount of colhq. a great quantity of no amount of colloq. not even the greatest possible amount of

L16-M17.

-tti /-t(t)i/, -tto(e)s /-taoz/. L16.

amorino

lME.

Lingard What

J.

may

A

amore love.] fl

Removal,

1

reached. M19.

(mod.

amorei{te)

A

amoretto

a., n.,

value,

full

2 love-knot. Only in lME. 3 love-sormet or -song. Only in L16. 4 In pi. Amorous glances; dalliances.

-ion.]

[L

/a'maunt/ n. E18. [f. the vb.] 1 The total to which anything amoimts; the total quantity or number. E18. b spec. The sum of the principal and interest on a loan. L18. 2 fig. The

n.

n.

see

lME.

arch.

n.

ppl stem of amovere

amount

moral.

famoret

/3'm3uJ(3)n/ f. amot- pa.

v.^:

amphibole asbestos,

iron-rich

Africa.

person from office; ousting. of possession. M17.

Unconcerned with or outside morality; nonamoralism

South

amotio(n-),

the

to

in

amotion

[Heb.

'dmord interpreter f. Aram, 'amora.} Jewish Hist. Any of the religious teachers in the 3rd to 5th cents, who expounded the Mishnah and thus contributed to the completion of the Gemara.

An

Min.

-ite'.]

a

n.

inanimate; spiritless, dejected.

/'eimasAit, 'am-/ n. 1.2.0. [f. initial of Asbestos Alines of 5outh Africa -(-

letters

Now,

/a'maira/

as

As

amosite

Spain + -ADO I. Cf Montilla.] Formerly, a wine of the sherry type produced in Montilla.

amora

chiefly in all amort.

2 Hist. Transfer (property) to a corporation in mortmain. lME. 3 Extinguish or wipe out (a debt etc.), usu. by means of a sinking fund; gradually write off the initial cost of (assets). L19. amortisable /-tiZ3b(3)l/ a. extinguishable as a liability L19. amorti'sation n. M17. amortisement /-tizm(3)nt/ n. - amortisation lME.

in E17.

as in against, amidst, etc.]

lifeless,

alamort

LME-M17.

time to time, now and then. ME-E17. 3 Together, along with something else.

amongst

&

L16.

arch.

a.

mort

la

L

From

L16. 2

pred.

v.i. Also -ize. lME. [OFr. amortiss- lengthened stem of amortir ult. f. AD+ mort-, mors death. The spelling -ize is due to med.L amortizare.] f 1 Deaden, destroy.

themselves.

ME

&

adv.

amort.] Orig.

-I-

dead;

among

excitedly

L19.

n.

/s'insit/

amortise /a'mxlMz/

.

chatting

bar,

the

to

.

[Misconstruction of Fr. a

kili'd a

.

.

amort

among. 7 Shakes. Much Ado sweet and innocent lady. stand around the O'Neill 'Phe three girls

8 E. entrance

Laoowski The so-called amorphous forms of are actually composed of microcrystals.

J

amorphousness

distribute manuscripts

You have among you

J

carbon

.

OED

amour

amang; femong. [OE on{ge)mang, f. ON prep, (see A prep.^ 6) + gemang

2 Chem. & Min. Of a solid: not crystalline, or not apparently so. E19.

W. Stevens Among

other.

all

.

amourette

amole

among

loued

I

the old men that you know. There is one, unnamed, that broods On all the rest. 5 Addison I pass among some for a disaffected Person. ] Bowen Among the is used to mean criminal classes, the word 'bird' 'lady friend' and also a stretch in prison. J. G. Farrell With a reputation among the young men of that circle. That leaves five shillings among us. M. 6 McCarthy She was one of many readers he had to

.

amoebiform amoebocyte

amove

68

amour-propre.

L18. [Fr.]

f amove d.' Long dial. Also ameve. ME. [OFr. ameuv- tonic stem of amo{u)voir, f. a AD- + moveir move v.; cf med.L admovere, amm-. App. infl. by OFr. esmo{u)voir (see EMOVE).] 1 v.t. Set J

she, 3 vision, 0 thin, d this,

15

ring,

tj

chip, d; jar

amove in

motion;

of.

ME

ME

up; rouse; esp. move the feelings 2 v.i. Be roused or moved.

stir

L19.

[OFr. amover or L amovere, f. a AB- + movere move.] 1 Remove from a position; dismiss (a person) from an office. LME-L19. 2 Remove, put away, (things immaterial). M16 M17. /a'nioi/ a. & n. M19. [The conventional western name for the island of Xiamen (see v.'-l.

lME.

Amoy

below).] (Designating, of, or pertaining to) the form of Chinese of the Min group spoken by the people of Xiamen in Fujian province, China.

amp /amp/ amp /amp/ AMPLIFIER

M20.

colloq.

n.^

= ampere. = [Abbrev.]

L19. [Abbrev.]

colloq.

2.

ampelopsis

/ampi'lopsis/ n. PI. same. E19. [mod.L, f Gk ampelos vine + opsis appearance.] climbing plant of the genus Ampelopsis, belonging to the vine family,

A

amper

Long

/'ampa/n.

A

cf ANBURY.]

dial.

tumour,

OE. [Origin unkn.:

a swelling; a varicose

vein.

ampere

/'amps:/ n. L19. [f Andre-Marie Ampere (1775-1836), Fr. physicist.] A unit of electric current (now a base unit in the SI) equal to a flow of one coulomb per second. (Symbol

ampere-hour a quanuty of electricity equivalent to a current of one ampere flowing for one hour; ampere-turn a unit of magnetomotive force when expressed as the product of the number of turns in a coil and the current amperes flowing through it. amperage /'amp(3)rid3/ n. the strength of an electric current measured in amperes; the rated current of a fuse or other electrical component: L19.

m

ampersand

/'ampssand/

M19.

n.

of 'Gf

[Alt.

per se (i.e. by itself) an' angle, hir hert is a nett.

Angle

n- OE. [L Anglus, pi. in Tacitus -Hi f. Gmc, = the people oiAngiu (mod. Angeln), a district of Schleswig (now in N. 'ar)g(s)l,

Germany), so Cf. English

shape, f. as angle n.] A member of a tribe from Schleswig that invaded and settled in eastern

Britain

angle

m the

called

comer.]

f.

its

5th cent.

'ai]g(3)l

m.'

lME.

[(0)Fr., or

The

indefinite space lines or planes that meet. lME. 2 1

L

angulus

between two

The

rr.ceting-

point of two lines not in the same direction. lME. 3 Astrol. Each of the four mimdane houses (the ist, 4th, 7th, and loth of the twelve divisions heavens) of the which extend anticlockwise from the cardinal points of the

compass. lME. 4

A comer viewed

internally as a recess; arch, an

receding space; a sharp-comered out-of-the-way place, a nook. lME. 5 A comer viewed externally or as a projection; a sharp projection. M16. 6 The amount of inclination of two lines to each other, or of one line to a horizontal or vertical base-line. L16. 7 The point or direction from which something is viewed or b but, d dog,

f

L19. 4 Shakes. Temp.

standpoint;

a

fig.);

photograph

a

Whom

etc.

is

the taken.

I left In an odd angle of search the tenderest angles of the among the boughs of the fallen elm That strewed the angle of the fallow. 5 Burke There is nothing more prejudicial to the grandeur of buildings than to abound in angles. E. K. Kane We trod on the fractured angles of upturned ice. 6 Arnold Bennett The angle of the slattemly bag across his shoulders. B. England Thirty feet below the crest, the angle of ascent increased so drastically that they were forced to crawl. ]. Irving He came in at too steep an angle, attempted to correct his position With a weak veer, and struck the pond like a stone. 7 R. Lehmann Her face at this new angle had a look of pathos. R. MACAt'LAV Curious how we always seem to see Waterloo from the French angle and count it a defeat. A. Burgess I'm concerned with the linguistic angle Then there's the and' of inter-racial relations.

the

isle.

.

.

Milton To

Thomas

heart. E.

sat

I

.

.

ACUTE

Phrases: acute angle: see

2b. angle of attack: n. angle of FRICTION, angle of repose: see angle of weather, see WEATHER n. 3.

ATTACK REPOSE n.

see

complementary angles: see

conjugate

a.

COMPLEMENTARY

conjugate

2.

critical angle, exterior angle: see exterior a. facial angle: see facial a. 2. interior angle: see interior a. reverse angle: see REVERSE a. right angle: see RIGHT a. solid angle: see solid a. spherical angle, straight angle: see STRAIGHT a.' supplementary mhedral angle: see angle: see SUPPLEME>JTARY a. angle: see

TRIHEDRAL angle: see

a.

a.

vcrgcnce angle: see

vertical

Comb.: angle

VERGENCE

vertical

i.

visual angle: see visual a. bracket Typogr. etc. a bracket (used a.

alone and in pairs) composed of two lines making an angle, thus < >; angledozer a type of bulldozer with an obliquely set blade; angle-iron a piece of iron with an L-shaped cross-section used to strengthen framework; Anglepoise (proprietary name for) a type"' of swivelled reading-lamp with a sprung and jointed arm, angle-wing (N. Amer.) any of various nymphalid butterflies of the genus Polygonia, allied to the comma. angled a. [-ed-'] having an angle or angles; usu. as 2nd elem. of comb, (of the specified type or number): L16. anglewise adv. after the manner of an angle, at

^

an angle; angularly; L16.

angle

/'ar|g(3)l/

lME.

t'.'

[f.

angle

Fish with a hook and bait. (Foil, by

1

v.i.

1

for,

fw, a

lME.

fish.)

wily L16.

n.']

2 fig. a v.i. Use artful, indirect, or to obtain something. Foil, by for. Seek to obtam artfully etc. L16-L17. Walton The fish which we are to Angle for. C.

means

fb

I.

v.t.

Merivale He would listlessly angle in the placid J. Braine If you're hungry and someone's preparing a good meal, you'll naturally angle for an invitation, b P. Sidney If he spake courteously, he .

.

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

angle

lME.

/'ar)g(a)l/ v.-

[f.

angle

«.']

v.t.

1

Place so as to converge or meet at an angle, rare. lME. 2 i>.t. Drive or direct into an angle or comer; spec, in Billiards, Snooker, etc., cause (a ball) to come to rest behind the cushion in the jaws of a pocket. li6. 3 v.i. Move obliquely; make an angular turn; lie in an oblique direction. Mi 8. 4 v.t. Move, turn, hit, or direct at an angle; place obhquely. L19. 5 v.t. Present (news etc.) with an inclination towards a particular viewpoint. M20. 3 R- Chandler

Two

davenports angled across the

comers of the room and there was one gold chair. 4 A. Upfield Bony had walked hke a white man, angling his feet at twenty-tive minutes to five. I. AsiMOV He angled the chair so that it faced more away from Baley than towards him. 5 M. Dickens You almost never see the proprietor, although you feel his presence, because you have to angle your writing his way. C. MacInnes The leader columns are angled at the more .

intelligent portions of the population.

angleberry L16.

[Perh.

anbury

/'ar)g(s)lb(3)ri, -bsri/ n. Sc.

var.

&

dial.

of anbury or ang-beny.]

=

I.

angler /'aqgb/ «. ME. [f. angle v.' + -er'.] 1 A person who angles (lit. & fig. ME. 2 Any of )

.

numerous

predatory fishes, constituting the order Pediculati (or Lophiiformes), that lure small fish to them by movements of specialized dorsal spines; spec. Lophius piscatonus, foimd in British waters. Usu. more fully angler-fish. M17.

anglesite /'ar)g(3)lzAit/ n. M19. [f. Anglesey, Wales + -ite'.] Min. Lead sulphate, occurring as white or colourless in

man,

orthorhombic prisms, or

massive form. n no, p pen,

r

red,

&

Anglian

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

L

/'aqglian/ a. n. ei8. [f. Angli (see Angle n.^) + -an.] adf 1 Of or penaining to the Angles or the Old English dialects of

A

Northumbria and Mercia; East Anglian, of or pertaining to the East Angles or East Anglia, the region now comprising Norfolk and Suffolk, or its dialect. E18. 2 Geol. Designating or pertaining to a Pleistocene glaciation in Britain, identified with the Elsterian of northern Europe (and perhaps the Mindel of the Alps). M20. B n. 1 The Anglian dialect of Old English; East Anglian, a native or inhabitant, or the dialect, of East Anglia. L19. 2 Geol. The Anglisn glaciation or its deposits. M20.

Anglic

M20.

/'aijglik/ n.

Angl(o- +

[f.

A

-ic.]

simplified form of English spelling devised by the Swedish philologist R. E. Zachrisson

and

(1880-1937)

intended

use

for

an

as

international auxiliary language.

Anglic

/'aqglik/ a. M19. [f. Angli: see Angle -ic] =

Anglican

/'aoglik(3)n/

med.L /iK^ftcuj Anglian a. i.

&

a.

[med.L

E17.

n.

L

f.

Anglicanus (Anglicana ecclesia in Magna Carta), f. as prec: see -an.] A adf 1 Of or pertaining to the reformed Church of England or any Chiurch in communion with it. E17. 2 gen. English, rare. M19. B n. An adherent of the reformed Church of England. L18.

Anglicanism

(adherence

n.

make Anglican

English, (b) etc.: E19.

anglice

Anglus: English.

Angle

see

Anglicise

make

rare

(a)

v.t.

doctrine,

character,

In

-ice'.]

n.',

(plain)

of Anglicize.

v. var.

Anglicism

in

Also A-. E17. [med.L, f

/'aoglisi/ adv.

L

Anglican doctrine

to)

and practice M19. Anglicanize

n. M17. [f med.L Anglicus (see ANGLIC a.) + -iSM.] 1 Anglicized language; an English idiom. M17. 2 Englishness; imitation of or support for what is English. n8. Anglicist n. an advocate or favourer of (o) Anglicism; (ft) = Anglist: M19.

Anglicize

/'ar)glisiz(3)m/

/'aqglisAiz/

+

prec. character. as

-ize

Also -ise, a-. ei8. [f English in form or pass., be formed by

v.t.

Make

]

Also, in Anglicization (Jrom). Anglici'zation n. L19.

Anglify

/'aqglifAj/

Angli (see

Angle

Anglist /'aqglist/ Angle «.-, -ist ]

+

n

n.pl.

= [G

-fy.]

rare.

M18.

L

[(.

prec.

f. L Anglus: see student of or scholar in literature, esp. on the

L19.

A

language or mainland of Europe. An'glistics

Now

v.t.

n.')

English

angled the people's hearts.

angiotensin

'ar|g(3)l

approached {lit. & direction from which

waters. 2a

GYMNOSPERM.

angio'spermal angio'spermous angiosperm mi 8.

angle

Anglo-Catholic

78

pleased and angered me Soithey It angers me when depreciate the Spaniards. A J. P. Ta\t.or people

M20.

n. & a. E19. [Independent use of next.] A n. PI. -os. A person of English or British or N. European origin or descent; a nonHispanic white American in the south-westem US; an English-speaking Canadian. E19. B adj. Of English or British origm or character; of or pertaining to Anglos. M19.

Anglo

/'arjgbo/

AngloAngle

/'ariglau/ comb. form.

+

[f.

L

Anglus (see

English, of English origin; English or British and England or Britain in w.')

-o-.]

cormection with

—

—

,

Anglo-'Frisian a. & n. (of or pertaining to) the hypothetical parent language of Old English and Old Frisian L19. Anglo-'Gallic a. pertaining, relating, or

common

to

both England and France M18

Anglo-

n. a French word or phrase adopted into English E19. Anglo- 'Latin a. & n. (of or pertaining to) Anglicized Latin or medieval Latin as used in England L18. Anglo-'Roman a. (a) English Roman Catholic; (ft) of or pertaining to England and Rome: M19. Anglo-ver'nacular a. (Anglo-Ind.) pertaining to or consisting of English and an Indian language L19.

'Gallicism

Anglo-American L18.

[f

/ar)gl3U3'm£rik(3)n/

+

Anglo-

American.]

American of English or

A

&

n.

a.

An L18. B n.

British origin.

1 Of or penaining to Americans of English or British origin. L18. 2 Of or belonging to both

adj.

England

(or Britain)

Anglo-Catholic

and America.

E19.

/aqgl3o'ka9(a)lik/

a.

&

n.

M19. [f Anglo- + Catholic] (A member) of a party holding that the Church of England is a branch of the Catholic Church and rejecting its Protestant elements. Anglo-Ca'tholicism

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

n.

d

M19. this,

t)

ring, tj chip, dj jar

.

Anglocentric Anglocentric /aggbu'sEntrik/ a. L19. Anglo- + -centric] Centred on England

[f.

or

Britain.

angon

& a. E19. A «. 1

f angor

angora

/ar)gbu'frEn(t)J/

French

+

Anglo-

[f.

Anglo-Indian /aogbu'mdian/

A

Anglo- + Indian.]

«.

&

a.

w. ]

&

n.

a.

E19.

[f.

A

person of mixed in the Indian subcontinent. E19. 2 A person of British birth resident, or once long resident, in the Indian subcontinent. M19. B adj. Of, pertaining to, or being an Anglo-Indian or Anglo-Indians; of, pertaining to, or characteristic of India under British rule; (of a word) adopted into English from an Indian language, mi 9. British

1

and Indian descent resident

Anglo-Irish /arjgbu'AiriJ/ Anglo- + Irish.] A n. 1

&

n.

L18.

a.

[f.

collect. Persons of English descent bom or resident in Ireland or of mixed English and Irish parentage. L18. 2 The English language as used in Ireland. E20. B adj. 1 Of or pertaining to the Anglo-Irish; of mixed English and Irish parentage. M19. 2 Of or belonging to both Britain and the Republic of Ireland. E20. 2 Econotnisr Off to Dublin to discuss such an Anglo-

Irish deal

/aqgbu'memia/

mi8.

n.

[f

+ -mania, after Fr. anglomante.] Excessive admiration for what is English. Anglomaniac n. & a. M19.

Anglo-

Anglo-Norman [f or

/aogbu'noimsn/

n.

&

A

n.

1

Anglo- + Norman

&. a.]

M18.

a.

A

native

inhabitant of England after the Norman Conquest who was of Norman descent. M18. 2 variety of Norman French used in England

The

Norman Conquest. M19. B

after the

pertaining

Of

or

Anglo-Normans or Anglo-

the

to

adj.

Norman. M18. Anglo-Nor'manic

Anglophile M19.

a.

&

n.

(now

/'ar|gb(o)f/ul/

El8

rare)

&

a.

Also -phil

n.

Anglo- +

-phile.] (A person who is) friendly to England (or Britain) or to what is English (or British) Anglo philia n. friendliness to England (or Britain) L19 /-fil/.

[Fr.,

f.

as

Anglophobia

/ar)gb(o)'f3ubi3/ n. li8. [f Anglo- + -phobia.] Intense fear or hatred of England (or Britain) or of what is English (or British).

'Anglophobe hostile to

&

n.

a.

England (or

Briash) M19.

(a

anglophone

who

person

Britain) or

Anglophobic

a.

is)

what

is

afraid of or

English (or

M19.

&

Also A-. E20. [f Anglo- + Gk phone voice,] (A person who is) English-speakmg. /'ar)gb(o)faun/

Anglo-Saxon

n.

/ar|gbu'saks(3)n/

a.

n.

&

a.

[mod.L Anglo-Saxones pi. for med.L Angli Saxones, after Angulseaxe, -seaxan.] n. I Applied to people. 1 An English Saxon (as distinct from one of the Old Saxons of Continental Europe); a (Germanic) native or inhabitant of England before the Norman Conquest. E17. 2 A person of Enghsh (or British) descent wherever found. M19. II Applied to language. 3 The language of England before the Norman Conquest; Old English. L18. 4 The English language (of any period); colhq. plain, esp. crude, forthright English. N. Amer. M19. B adj. Of or penaining to the AngloSaxons or their language (Old English); spec. designaung, of, or pertaining to the period between the 5th-cent. conquest of Britain by the Saxons, Jutes, and Angles, and the Norman

OE

A

Conquest. E18.

Anglo-Saxondom n. the collective body of people of English or British descent M19. f Anglo-Saxonic a. n. (of) the Anglo-Saxon language L17-L18. Anglo-

&

Saxonism Saxondom;

(a)

n.

(b)

a

the feeling of identity of Angloetc., deriving from

word, idiom,

Anglo-Saxon: M19.

& a. see angora. /ao'gaobn/ n. & a. E17. [f. Angola (see below) + -an.] (A native or inhabitant) of Angola, a country on the south-west coast of

angola

«.

Angolan Africa. a cat, u:

arm,

t

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, n hot,

y.

n.

lME

Mi8, [OFr. f L = a squeeze, a (A feeling of) anguish or

& a. Also -gola /-'gaob/, [Angora, mod. Ankara, in Turkey; angola is a corruption ] I 1 In full angora cat. A long-haired variety of cat. E19. 2 In full angora goal. A long-haired variety of goat. E19. 3 In full angora rabbit. A variety of rabbit with long white hair. M19. II transf. 4 Fabric made from the hair of the angora goat; mohair. Also designating a garment etc. made from this. M19. 5 Fabric made from a mixture of sheep's wool and angora rabbit hair. Also designating a garment etc. A-.

/ari'gsirs/ «.

E19.

made from this. M20. angostura /aqga'stjoara/ n. L18. [Angostura, now Ciudad

Also -gust-, A-.

town

Bolivar, a

in

Venezuela.] 1 angostura bark, an aromatic bark formerly used as a febrifuge and tonic. L18. 2 (A-.) (In full Angostura Bitters. (Proprietary name for) a type of aromatic bitters orig. made in Angostura. L19.

angry

A

/'aijgri/ a.

&

lME.

v.

[f

anger

n.

+

-y'.]

Troublesome, vexatious. LME-M17. f Troubled, vexed. LME-L15. 3 Feeling anger

adj.

1

or resentment, enraged, extremely displeased. (Foil, by usu. at, about a thing; at, ivith a person; that.) lME. 4 Of a mood or action: moved or excited by anger. lME. 5 Revealing or expressing anger; fig. seeming to express anger. lME. b Having the colour of an angry face, red. rare.

M17. 6 Hot-tempered,

irritable, arch.

lME.

7 Of a wound, sore, etc.: inflamed, smarting. L15. 3 JoNSON Where it concerns himself, Who's angry at a slander makes it true. H. E. Bates I had never been angry with her before annoyed sometimes, but never more. D. Storey I was angry with him, angry that he should allow me to talk to him like this. C. Hampton I was still very angry about your not letting

—

me

man

angry young

stay

.

a

young man

B

v.t.

Make

angrily adv.

angst

angry, rare.

dissatisfied

lME.

lME, angriness

lME.

remorse.

angstrom

/'arjstrsm/

n.

Anguillan /an'gwibn/

n.

&

a.

M20. [f Angutlla

below) + -an.] (A native or inhabitant) of the island of Anguilla in the W. Indies. (see

anguilliform /3r|'gwilif3:m a. L17. [f. L anguilla eel + -I- + -form.] Eel-shaped; eel-like. '

snake:

/'ai]gwin/

see

anguish angoisse)

L

M17. [L anguinus, f anguis a snake or serpent;

Of

a. (rare)

/'aqgwij/ {.

a.

-ine'.]

snakehke. an'guineous

Miy.

n.

ME.

[OFr. anguis (mod.

angustia, in pi. straits, distress, f

angustus narrow, tight, ult. f. as angere squeeze, strangle: see -ISH-. Cf anger n., angina, angor.] Severe bodily or mental pain, intense suffering. A. J. Cronin The beauty of the scene appeased the anguish of his heart. R. Lehmann When I went to see her after Rickie's death she was in anguish. I. Murdoch My head was heavy with pain and any movement brought twinges of anguish f anguishous a. (long dial.) (a) causing anguish; (b) oppressed with anguish; (f) anxious: ME-L19.

anguish

/'aqgwij/ v. ME. [OFr. anguissier (mod. angoisser) f. eccl.L angustiare to distress, f

saw, a run, o put,

affliction: 1.16.

angular angulus

/'aogjub/

ANGLE

lME. [L

a.

angulans,

f.

see -AR'. Cf. Fr. angulaire.] 1 Astrol. Of or pertaining to each of the four houses at the cardinal points, rare. lME. 2 Constituting an angle, sharp comer, or apex; placed in or at an angle; measured by angle. L15. 3 Having an angle or angles; sharp-cornered. L16. 4 Having the joints and bony protuberances «.':

jerky, awkward; unaccommodating. M19.

prominent;

lacking

suavity,

2 angular momentum the quantity of rotation of a body, equal to the product of its moment of inertia and angular velocity, angular velocity rate of change of angular position. 4 J. S. Blackie Their movements were slow, their gesticulations abrupt and angular. Dickens As a particularly angular man, I do not fit

WoOLF

smoothly into the social circle. V. grown, angular, ruthless youngsters.

anguiarity angular;

(a)

n.

in

(ft)

pi.,

M17 angularly

All well

quality or state of being angular outlines, sharp comers:

the

adv. in an angular

manner; obliquely,

diagonally: L15.

L

angulated

/'aqgjoleitid/ a. L15. [{. angulaius pa. pple ol angulare, f angulus ANGLE n.' + -ED'.] Chiefly Boi. Zool. Formed with angles or

&

comers. Also ang\ilate

angulation

M18

a.

n. L17. [f as prec: -ation] fl An oblique or diagonal movement. Only in L17. 2 Angular or cornered formation or position. M19.

/ar)gu'lei](3)n/

see

angulous /'arigjobs/ lME. [f L angulosus -IH-OUS.]

Angus

Having

/'arigss/

a. Long obs. exc. in Diets. or Fr. anguleux: see ANGLE angles or comers; angular.

[A

M19.

n.

district

angustura n. angwantibo

A

[Efik]

var. of

angostura.

/sri'gwDnti'oao/

small

central

Arctocebus

and

loris,

Also

Africa.

M19.

-os.

PI.

n.

primate,

rare

calabarensis, related to the potto

native to western golden potto.

the

Ln

= Aberdeen

Grampian Region of Scodand.] Angus s.v. Aberdeen i.

and

called

anharmonic

/anhai'monik/ a. E19. [f. an-* -IChiefly Physics. Not harmonic. ,anharmo'nicity n. deviation from harmonic behaviour E2o.

HARMONIC

a. ]

anhedonia /anhi'dsonis/ Gk AN-'' + hedone

L19. [Fr. anhedonie, pleasure: see -ia'.] Psychiatry. Inability to feel pleasure. n.

anhedral

/an'hi:dr(3)l, -'hsd-/

&

a.

n.

L19. [f

AN- + -HEDRAL.] A adj. 1 Min. Of a crystal: not having plane faces. L19. 2 Aeronaut. Negatively '

Also Angstrom, A-, A-. L19. [A. J. Angstrom (1814-74), Swed. physicist ] A imit of length equal to one hundred-millionth of a centimetre; 10 m. Also angstrom unit.

anguine

Now

{.

«. {rare)

[G.] Anxiety, neurotic fear,

/ar|sl/ n. E20.

L angustia: see prec, -ISH^] 1 v.t. Distress with severe bodily or mental pain. chiefly as angulshed. me. 2 v.i. Suffer severe bodily or mental pain. Now rare. ME. anguished ppl a. suffering or expressing anguish E17. anguishment n. {rare) severe distress, an

.

with and outspoken against existing social and political structures, spec, any of several British playwnghts and novelists of the 1950s expressmg such dissatisfaction. 4 Tennyson A man's own angry pride Is cap and bells for a fool. 5 Dryden He sheathes his paws, uncurls his angry mane. J. Tyndall Angry masses of cloud. D. DU Maurier The angry colour flooded her dead white face. W, Faulkner His face was not gnm and neither cold nor angry. B. Malamud He heaved a last angry shovelful into the gutter, b C. Lamb His waistcoat red and angry. 6 N. RowE Honour, This busie, angry thing, that scatters Discord.

guilt,

E17.

A

strangling: sec -dr.] constricting pain.

•f2

Anglomania

n. L19. [med.L f Gk aggOn.] type of iron spear with a double

/'aogon/

Archaeol. barb.

Anglicized French. E19. 2 = Anglo-Norman «. 2. E20. B adj. Of or belonging to both England (or Britain) and France. M19.

Anglo-French

anhydride

79

u: too, s

ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

A downward

M20. B n. Aeronaut. inclmation of a wing, tailplane,

dihedral.

M20. anhedron n. an anhedral

negative

etc.;

dihedral.

anhelation

crystal L19.

/anhi'leij(3)n/

Now

rare. E17. anhelat- pa. ppl stem of anhelare pant: see -ation ] Shortnes'J of breath, a difficulty with breathing; fig. panting, aspiration {after an object of desire).

L

[Fr. anhelation or

n.

anhelatio(n-),

f.

anhidrosis /anhi'drsusis/ n. Also ani- /am-/. L19. [Gk anidrosis, f. AN-' + hidros sweat: see -osis.] Aled. Abnormal absence of sweating. anhidrotic a. & n. charactenzed by anhidrosis; (a drug) tending to reduce sweating: L19.

anhinga

/an'hirigs/ n. mi8. [Pon. f. Tupi aymga.] A long-necked fish-eating bird of the genus Anhinga; esp. the snake bird, A. anhinga.

Cf DARTER

4.

an-hua

/an'hwa:/ n. & a. E20. [Chin, dnhua, f. an obscure + hua flower.] (Of) a type of decoration of Chinese porcelain or fabrics that is visible only by transmitted light.

anhungered

/an'hArigad/

a.

arch.

ME.

[Alt.

of

AHiTNGERED by prefix-substitution.] Famished, hungry;

longing

/i^.

anhydride ANHYDROUS

day, 3U no,

t:

hair,

13

{jor).

/an'hAidrAid/

+

near,

-IDE.]

.->i

n.

Chem.

boy, U3 poor, ai3

M19.

[f

as

A Compound tire,

aus sour

anhydrite donved from an acid (usu. specified) by the removal of one or more molecules of water; spec. (Org. Chem.) a compound containing the group

COO CO

.

anhydrite

an'h.\idr\ii

E19.

n.

as prcc.

[f.

+

Mm. .Anhydrous calcium sulphate, an orthorhomhie mmeral which is an important constituent of many evaporites and other -ITE'.]

sedimentan.' deposits.

anhydro-

comb, form of next, esp.

an'hAidroo

names of minerals:

in

an'h.udrss a. E19. [{. Gk aytudros AN-' + hudr-, hudOr water: see Chiefly Chem. Lacking water, esp. water f.

-ous ] of cr>'stallization. .\lso anhydric j

(rare) L19.

anh>'postasia f

Gk

.anh.Mp.i'steizis n.

jtihupcisijsid unsubstantiality,

hypostasis:

sec

[mod.L + as

L19. f.

an-''

Absence

Theo!.

-ia'.]

of

a

human

substantial or personal existence in the

nature of Christ. anh>-postasis -'pfstssis n. = anhypostasia M19 anhj'po'static j. having no independent or personal existence .\i20. anhypo'statical a. = anh\tostatic .M19.

ani 'a:ni/ n. E19. [Sp. ani & Port, anum, (. Tupi and.] Any of several glossy black large-billed birds of the genus Crotophaga, of the cuckoo family, found in Central and S. America.

+ an.\i'kDnik/ a. L19. [f. an-'^ idol, s>Tnbol, etc.: not in human

aniconic

iconic] Of an

Of

or anunal form.

worship: not involving such

idols etc.

anicut

'anikAt n. Also aim-. L18. [Tamil anaikkartu dam-building.] A nver-dam in southern India built for irrigation purposes,

anidrosis

anigh NIGH

n. var.

adv.:

of anhidrosis.

&

adv.

s'hai cf.

prep. arch.

AFAR, ANEAR prep.

ME.

&

A-'

[f.

A

adv.]

+

adv.

B

iVlE. prep. Near to. L18. *"Obs. or rare after L.NiE; re-formed L18.

Near.

anil

'anil

nila

li6. [Fr. or Pon.,

n.

Arab. & Pers. dark blue. Cf. nil

as AL--

-t-

tul h.']

f.

f. Arab, an-nit, Skt «;7f mdigo,

The dye

1

'em.vil

woman:

M17.

a.

see -ile.]

Of

[L

s'nilik

a.

M19.

antlis,

(.

woman;

anil + -ic]

Chem.

aniline 'anili:n, -lin, n. M19. [f. anil + -ine'^: it was orig. prepared by distilling indigo with Chem.

A

colourless basic oily hquid, C„H,NH;, that is present in coal tar and was the basis of the earliest s>Tithetic dyes. arrrih. (usu. w. ref to or in names of dyes): aniline black, colour, dye, etc.

anilide n any substituted amide having a phenyl group bonded to the nitrogen atom M19.

anility see

u E17. [L amlitas, f. as anile: Old-womanishness; dotage; (an

s'niliti

-ITY.]

mstance of) fooHshness.

anima (ii)

"anuna n. E20. [L = (i) air, breatli, mind, soul.] Psychoanalysis. The mner

life;

self

(opp. persona). Also, the source of the feminine component of a personality. Cf. animus. f See also anima .MfNDi.

animadversion ',anim3d'v3:J(3)n n. mi6 [Fr., or L animadversio(n-), anmiadvcrs- pa. f.

ppl stem of animadvenere: see next, -ion ] f 1 Judicial pimishment; a penal visitation. M16 M19. 2 Censure, reproof, blame. L16. 3 A criticism; a (usu. censorious) coinment. L16. •j'4 The action or faculn,' of observation. E17-L18. f-5 A notice, a warning. M17 E18. I A. Alison A power whose lightest measure of animadversion would be banishment 2 S. Johnson No weakness of the human mind has more frequently incurred animadversion 3 W. Styron His complaints grew louder and his animadversions more serious and cutting. 4 M. Hale The due animadversion and inspection of their own Minds J. Glanvill In an infinite Life as God is, there can be no distraction, his animadversion necessarily being infinite 5 b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

f animastic pertaining

.aninwd'va:!/ lME. v. [L animadvenere, f. animum the mind + advertere ADVERT v.] f 1 v.t. Pay attention to, observe. L17. 2 v.i. Pay attention to; observe, remark, consider, {that). M16. 3 v.i. Pass criticism or censure on (occas. against). M17. 4 V.I. Pass judgement, take punitive action, (against, {up)on). arch. L17. 1 I Newton The light shall in comparison not be strong enough to be animadverted. 2 H. Fielding Animadvert that you are in the house of a great lady. 3 Pope Your grace very justly animadverts against the

lME

.

,

animate 1

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

Hist,

animality

]

1

The sum

of animal qualities

-ation.]

see

[L fl

anime

/'ammei/ n. li6. [Fr., f. Tupi wana'ni.] of various resins; spec, that from the W. Indian tree Hymenaea courbaril, used in making varnish. Also gum anime.

Any

animism

/'animiz(3)m/ n. M19. [f. L anima + doctrine of the anima mundi. M19. 2 The attribution of a living soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena. M19. animist n. E19. ani'mistic a. M19. -ISM.]

The

1

animosity

actuate,

spirited,

courage.

Only

rare.

E17.

in

enmity

animali'zation

n.

anima mundi

anima 'mAndAi, 'mundi:/

[med.L (Abelard) =

n.

r

red,

s sit,

t

w

we, z zoo,

as next: see -osity

Long

rare.

lME.

n.

animositas, dial.

]

lME.

f.

[(0)Fr. animosus

Spiritedness,

1

2

A

spirit

of

(against, between, towards). E17.

/'anAisn/ n. M19. [f. an(ode or ana- + negatively-charged ion, i.e. one which would be attracted to an anode. Opp. cation. ani'onic a. of or pertaining to anions; of the nature of an anion: E20.

anion

soul of the world;

top, v van,

L

/'animas/ n. E19. [L = spirit, mind.] 1 Actuating feeling, animating spirit, usu. hostile; animosity shown in speech or action. Ei9. 2 Psychoanalysis. The source of the masculine component of a personality. Cf. anima. E20.

ion

app. formed to render Gk psukhe tou kosmou.] A power supposed to organize the whole imiverse and to coordinate its parts. n no, p pen,

f.

late

animus

2

M18. /,

/am'mDsiti/

or

antmosite

Represent in animal form. M18. 3 Convert to animal substance. L18. 4 Sensualize. E19.

man,

mi6.

n.

prec:

as

inspiration. M16-L17. f 2a TTie of imparting life, vitahty, or motion. L16-E18. b Preparation or production of animated films, visual images, etc. L19. 3 The state of being alive, animateness. arch. E17. 4 Vivacity, ardour. L18. 5 Enlivenment; enlivening operation or influence. E19. Henry More An intimation and animation to us 1 to follow his example. 3 M. Shelley Capable of bestowing animation on lifeless matter, suspended animation: see SUSPENDED ppl a. 4 A. pRASER Her attraction lay in her animation and in particular her sparkling black eyes. 5 Sir W. Scott The animation of the chase and the glow of the exercise.

The animal kingdom.

/'anim(3)lAiz/ v.t. Also -ise. E17. [f. -IZE; partly through Fr. animaliser.]

Inspire,

phr. L16.

/ani'meij(3)n/ f.

action

of animalize.

nature, sensuality. E17. 2 L18.

1

Mi 6.

Encouragement,

and fimctions; animal nature; merely animal

1

.

/ani'maliti/ n. E17. [Fr. animalite: see

ANIMAL, -ITY

animalize ANIMAL +

spirit;

M17.

2.

animatio(n-),

A

A

ANIMA: see -ate'.]

with boldness, courage, or

Fill

cartoons:

A

var.

f.

into, quicken, vivify, enliven. L15.

animation

/ani'malkju:!/ n. Also in L form -la. L16. [mod.L animalculum, dim. oi animal: see prec, -cule ] ^ \ small or tuiy animal, as a mouse or an invertebrate. L16-M19. 2 microscopic animal. L17. animalcular a. of or pertaining to animalcules M18.

/'anim(3)liz(3)m/ n. M19. [f. as + -ism.] 1 Animal activity, physical prec. exercise and enjoyment; sensuality. M19. 2 The doctrine that humans are merely animals. Mi 9. 3 merely sensual being, rare. M19. animaUst n. (a) a person who practises or adheres to animalism; (b) a person who depicts animals; (f) a supporter of animal liberation or animal rights: M19. anima'listic a. L19.

[L animat- pa. ppl

L15.

life to,

.

pi.

v.

2

of sense

mesmensm.

animalism

life

v.t.

1 R. W. Emerson TTie soul in man is not an organ, but animates and exercises all the organs. O. Henry Then his eyes get animated, and I see he's got some great scheme in his mind. K. Clark About ten years later this stiff antiquarian style is animated by a turbine of creative energy. 2 Dryden The shouting animates their hearts. Sir W. Scott Desperate men, animated by the presence of two or three of the actors in the primate's murder. E. H. Gombrich The spirit of creative research that animated the young pamters of the nineteenth century, b J. Tyndall Motion which animates the bullet projected from the gun. animated a. alive; lively, vivacious: M16. animatedly adv. L18. animater n. (rare) M17. animator n. a person who or thing which animates something; Cincmat. an artist who prepares animated

animalcule

animalise

.

excite (a person) to action; inspire, actuate. M16. b Put in motion (a thing), arch. exc. as fig. use

animal oil: see OIL «. animal rights the natural rights of animals to live a free life animal spirits f (a) the supposed principle of sensauon and voluntary motion; t(ft) nerve, physical courage; (c) natural exuberance. ani'malic a. (rare) L17. animally adv. E17.

f-culum,

Breathe

L19.

electricity:

magnetism

cf.

material).

b Give (a film, cartoon figure, etc.) the appearance of showing movement, by using a quick succession of gradually varying images.

animal black, animal charcoal obtained from calcined bones, animal

animal

/'animeit/

stem oi animare give

organic substances for food; spec, (a) an animal other than a human being; (6) colloq. a land animal as opp. to a fish or a bird; (c) colloq. a four-legged animal as opp., e.g., to an insect or a worm. Also, a brutish person, a person regarded as without human attributes. ME. no such animal colloq. no such person or thing, the animal the animal nature in humans. B adj. 1 1 Connected with sensation,^ iimervation, or will. lME-li8. 2 Of, pertaining" to, or characteristic of animals; not intellectual, moral, or spiritual. lME. 3 Embryol. Designating or penaining to that pole of the ovum or embryo that contains the more rapidly dividing cells in the early stages of development. Opp. vegetal,

humans,

anima: to

animatism n. the ascription of psychic quahties to inanimate as well as animate objects E20.

and dependent on

walls,

opp.

active sentences.

A

cell

L

f.

(as

.

L

rigid

soul,

Spiritual

/'animst/ a. lME. [L animatus pa. pple, f as next: see -ate-.] 1 Endowed with life, living. lME. 2 Lively; full of activity. E19. 3 Gram. Pertaining to or denoting living beings. E19. Carlyle That men should have worshipped 1 stocks and stones, and all manner of animate and inanimate objects. F. B. Young A shoal of flying-fish Spurts out like animate spray. 2 Southey A courser More animate of eye, Of form more faultless never had he seen. B. Eng1j\nd The entire area was animate with dozens of villagers running about in a state of great excitation. 3 J. Lyons Most transitive verbs tend to occur with an animate noun as their subject in

animal

/'anmi(3)l/ n. Jc a. ME. [As adj. f. (0)Fr., or L animalis having vital breath, (in med.L) bestial, f anima: see -al'; partly attrib. animal for animate use of the n. As n. ult. f. living organism use as n. of neut. adj.] A n. having sensation and volimtary motion, without

the

to

Also, animate.

too great disposition of finding faults. H. James He inclined a critical head to either quarter, and animadverted to his companion on this passage and that. 4 JAS Mill It is for the tribunal before which he offends (o animadvert upon his conduct. aniinadverter n. Mi 7. .

M17-M19. [med.L ammasticus

animate

.

.

a.

ONOMASTIC]

animadvert

that generated within ammals, eg as nerve impulses, f animal flower a sea anemone animal husbandry: see HUSBANDRY n. 2. animal kingdom animals collectively, as one of the three (or more) major divisions of the natural world, animal liberation the freeing of animals from exploitation by

amltc acid, nitrosalicylic acid, indigotic acid.

alkali.]

by

charcoal

anus old

or like an old

[f.

Caesar's fate, contemning, or neglecting such animadversions.

(.

imbecile.

anilic

knew

all

(.

indigo.

indigo shrub. E18-M18. 3 Chem. Any imine derived fi"om anilme. Orig. more fully anil-compound. L19.

anile

They

vegetative. M19. Special collocatiom:

t2 The

L16.

Clarendon

.

see -0-.

anhydrous waterless,

anion

80

J

]

a

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 6 this,

i)

ring,

tf

chip, d3 jar

aniridia aniridia irid-,

+

IRIS

-ia'.]

traumatic absence of the

ants

n.

or aperitif aniseed. in

iris.

L19. [Fr.: see anise.] A liqueur flavoured with aniseed; occas.,

/ani(s)/

anis-

M19. [f. Gk an-'' + Med. Congenital or

/ani'ridis, anAi-/ «.

iris

/'anis/ comb,

L

form of

anisum ANISE, used

Chem.

/>-methoxybenzaldehyde, a fragused in perfumery M19. anisic /a'nizik/ a.: anisic acid, />-methoxybenzoic acid, CH,0 CjHvCOOH, a crystalline acid obtained anethole Mi 9. anisole n. oxidizing by

ani'saldehyde

rant

liquid,

n.

CH,0 CJH4 CHO,

methoxybenzene, CjH50CH„ a colourless ether M19. anisyl n. the p-methoxybenzyl CH,0 QH, CH, M19.

liquid radical,

[(0)Fr. anis f. L anisum, f 1 (TTie aromatic seed of) an umbelliferous plant, Pimpinella anisum, native to the eastern Mediterranean region. Anciently confused with dill, which was prob. the 'anise' of the Bible. ME. 2 Any of several trees and shrubs of the Asian and American genus Illicium, which bear fruit with the odour of aniseed; esp. {a) (more fully Japanese or Chinese anise) = shikimi; (t>) = star-anise s.v. star n.^ & a. Also, the fruit of these plants. E18. anisated a. mixed or flavoured with aniseed L17.

anise

Gk

ME.

/'anis/ n.

anison

anise.]

dill,

aniseed /'anisiid/ n. lME. The seed of anise, used to

[f. prec. + seed n.] flavour liqueurs and

sweets.

Comb.

:

aniseed tree

Illicium (see

ANISE

a tree or shrub of the genus

M19.

/ani'zEt/ n.

is

/'anAissu/ comb, form of Gk anisos imequal, forming esp. negatives (see AN-'') of corresp. terms in iso-. aniso'coria n. {Med.) inequality in the sizes of the of the eyes E20. anisocy'tosis n. (Med.)

abnormal variation in the size of red blood cells E20. aniso'gamete n. (Biol. ) either of two unequal gametes L19. ani'sogamous a. (Biol.) characterized by anisogamy L19. ani'sogamy n. (Biol.) union of unequal gametes L19. anisome'tropia «. inequality of refractive power of the eyes L19. anisometropic /-'traopik, -'tropik/ a. characterized by anisometropia L19.

tropos turn + -ic] Of having physical properties which have different magnitudes in different directions. Of a varying with property: direction. Opp.

Du., f. med.L anc(h)ena of unkn. origin.] (A cask containing) a measiu-e of wines and spirits, about 8 gallons or 36 htres. ankerite /'arikarAit/ n. M19. [f. M. J. Anker (1772-1843), Austrian mineralogist + -ite'.] Min. Iron-rich dolomite; spec, that in which iron predominates over magnesium.

/aqk/ n. L19. [Egyptian = life, soul ] An object resembling a cross, but with a loop in place of the upper limb, used in ancient Egyptian art as a symbol of life. Also called crux

ankh

/'ar|k(3)l/ n. & v. Also f ancle. [OE ancllow superseded in by forms f. gkkla, OSw. ankol corresp. to OFris. ankel, enkel, MDu. ankel, anchal, enchil (G Enkel), f IE base repr. also by angle n.'] A n. The joint which cormects the foot with the leg; the slender part between this and the calf. OE. Comb. anUe-bone Anat. - talus «.'; ankle boot,

ankle

ME

ON MLG

OHG

sock: just covering the ankle. v.i.

1

anklet

/'aqklit/

bracelet.}

also

Walk, go. n.

E19.

An ornament

to

good

effect

in

arm,

c

bed,

a:

+ -let, after [f. prec. or fetter for the ankle;

her,

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

bone

joined or stiflfened

y.

annealer

fannect

joints.

ankylosis

/ar)ki'bosis/ n. Also anch-. PI. -loses /-'busi:z/. E18. [Gk agkulosis, f. agkuloun to crook, f. agkulos crooked: see -osis.] The stiffening of a joint by fibrosis or by the fusion of the separate bones.

ankylostomiasis n. var. of ancylostomiasis. anlace /'anbs/ n. arch. ME. [Origin unkn.] A short tapering two-edged dagger.

anlage

/'anlaiga, -leidj/

-lages

anlaut f anlet

an embryo. Laut f. an on sound of a word.

L19. [G,

n.

The

Philol.

initial

-I-

of annulet.

n. var.

/an/

-lagen /-laigan/,

PI.

n.

foundation, basis.] rudimentary basis of an organ or other

/'anlaut/

sound.]

E17. [Abbrev. of annat

n.

Law (now

A half-year's

Hist.).

annate

i.]

(orig. a year's)

stipend.

anna

/'ana/

and (Panjabi anna).}

E17. [Hind,

n.

monetary

former

of the Indian subcontinent, equal to one-sixteenth of a rupee. imit

M19. [f. Annaberg, Min. A monoclinic hydra ted nickel arsenate, occurring usu. as an a

town

/'anabaigAit/

Saxony +

in

n.

-ite'.]

apple-green crust on nickel ores.

annal

/'an(3)l/

A

annals.]

v.i.

chronicle, the record of

&

v.

&

[Back-form.

E17.

n.

Record (events)

t.

rare. E17.

B

one item

n.

The

f.

in annals,

aimals of one year;

/'an(3)list/ n.

mi6.

[f.

next

+

-ist.]

A

/ans'miiz/ a. & n. Now Hist. Also Anam-. E19. [f. h Annam (see below) + -ese.] A adj. Of or pertaining to Annam, a former empire and later French protectorate in SE Asia, its inhabitants, or its language. E19. B «. 1 PI. same. A native or inhabitant of Annam. E19. 2 TTie Mon-Khmer language of Annam. L19. Annamite /'ansmAit/, -mitic /-'mitik/ adjs. & m. = Annamese M19.

annate

/'aneit/

E16. [Fr.

f.

n.

In sense

med.L annata

or proceeds,

f.

also

i

annus year.]

1

RC

= ANN.

annat

lME-Mi8. [L

annectere: see

ANNEX

V.

work,

Law (now pi. The first

Sc.

Pope. M16.

annatto

Also anatta, annotto, am- /a:n-/. E17. [Carib name of the tree.] An orange-red dye obtained from the seed-coat of the tropical American tree Bixa orellana and much used as a food colouring. PI.

n.

-os.

itself; its fruit.

/s'ni:!/

v.

[OE

+ s-lan kindle, burning, = OS eld,

prep.)

inflame.

OE lME.

+2

onilan, f. on (see an bake, f. al fire, eldr.] f 1 v.t. Set on fire, v.t. Subject to the action

bum,

bake, fuse, glaze. LME-M17. colours into (glass, earthenware,

fire; fire,

a run,

o put,

annelid /'an(3)lid/ n. & a. M19. [Fr. annelide or f mod.L annelida (see below), f. Fr. anneles ringed (sc. ammaux animals) (Lamarck), use of a. of anneler, f. OFr. anel ring f. L anellus dim. of anulus: see annulus, -id'.] Zool. A n. An animal of the phylum Annelida, members of which (e.g. marine worms, earthworms, and leeches) have bodies made up of aimular segments. M19. B adj. Of or pertaining to Annelida or an annelid. M19.

Also a'nnelidan

annex annex

u:

too, a ago, ai

&

n.

my, ao how,

M19.

a.

of annexe.

n. var.

/a'nsks/ v.t. lME. [(0)Fr. annexer, f. annex- pa. ppl stem of annectere, f ad an-'

by

(Foil,

to.)

L -I-

Without the

I

idea of subordination. 1 Join, imite. arch. lME. 11 With the idea of subordination. 2 Append, affix; attach as an accessory or annexe. lME. 3 Add (a territory etc.) to existing possessions, esp. (colloq.) without right; appropriate to one's use. lME. 4 Join or attach as an attribute, condition, or consequence. lME. 2 R. Boyle To which he annexes a Disquisition of the Scurvey. F. A Kemble To each settlement is annexed a cook's shop. N, Freeling This prissy building annexed to the Ministry of Social Affairs. 3 W. Blackstone Appropriators may annex the great tithes to the vicarages. E. M. FoRSTER Margaret was all for sightseeing, and annexed a motor. B. Shaw When Germany annexed Poland in 1939, half of it was snatched out of her jaws by Soviet Russia. 4 HoBBES It is annexed to the Soveraignty, to be ludge D. Hume He, though he granted him the commission, annexed a clause, that it should not empower him [etc.]. M. Arnold Salvauon is not annexed to a right knowledge of geometry. annexable, f-ible a. E17. annexment n. (rare) = ANNEXURE EI 7. annexure n. something annexed, an adjunct, a supplement L19. .

G

.

/anek'seij(3)n/ n. lME. [med.L annexat- pa. ppl stem of annexare f. L annectere: see prec, -ATION.] The action of annexing; esp. the action of attaching as an additional privilege, possession, or territorial

annexatw(n-)

ei

v.t.

etc.).

f.

dependency.

who

annexationist n. a person annexation of a territory M19.

annexe

/'ansks/

annexum use ANNEX V.} 1

An A

n.

advocates

Also annex. ei6. [Fr.

the

f.

L

as n. of pa. pple of annectere: see Sc.

Law. An appurtenance,

rare.

f2 An

adjunct, an accessory. M16-L17. 3 addition to a document, an appendix. M17. 4 supplementary building, esp. for extra

E16.

accommodation. M19.

Now

annexion

/s'nEkJ(3)n/ n. f. L annex-: see

L annexio(n-),

= ANNEXATION. annexionist

annicut

lME.

v.,

[Late

-ION.]

^2 = ANNEXURE. L16-M18.

(now

rare)

1

- annexationist M19.

anicut.

/a'nMibt/

arch.

a.

Also

fadn-.

L

annihilatus pa. pple of annihilare adn-, f. ad an-' + nihil nothing: see

[Late

Qerome),

n.

rare. L15.

ANNEX

LI5.

var. of

n.

annihilate

Reduced to nothing, blotted out of lME. ^2 Made null and void, of no effect. LME-L16. annihilate /a'nAiileit/ v. Also -j-adn-. Pa. pple -ATE'.]

/a'natao/

Also, the tree

/3'nEkt(3)nt/ a. Eig. [f. as prec: see -ENT.] Chiefly Biol. Connecting, joining.

/'anat/.

a year's space,

Ch. In E16. 2 year's revenue of a see or benefice, paid to the

saw,

]

annexation

in a chronicle. L17.

Annamese

of

M17.

nectere tie, fasten.]

[G =

/-leidsiz/. L19.

The

Biol.

A

v.

n.

v.t.

= ANNEX

ppl

spondylitis spinal arthritis that eventually causes ankylosis of vertebral and sacro-iliac

Bum 1

solidly imited

Become

v.i.

li8.

ankylosing

1

ON

slang. E20.

{US) an ankle sock.

a cat, a:

be

anch-.

Join or stiffen by

v.t.

1

in pass.,

to bone. L18. 2

Also

v.

by ankylosis. M19.

anneal

Use the ankles

cycling. L19. 2

Usu.

ankylosis.

Hist.).

ansata.

B

/'aqkibuz/ [Back-form. f. next.]

/'an(3)lz/ n.pl. mi6. [Fr. annales or L annates use as n. of masc. pi. of annalis yearly, f. annus year: see -AL'.] 1 A narrative of events year by year; historical records. M16. f 2 RC Ch. Masses said for the space of a year. M16-M18.

n.

/.

annectent

E20.

ankylose

annals

ME. [LG &

exc. Hist.

n. obs.

Cretaceous genus Ankylosaurus

late

writer of annals, anna'listic a. M19.

body:

/'aqka/

ankylosaur of the

annalist

L19. [f. a material, a a.

enamel by an encaustic process. lME li8. 4 v.t. Toughen (glass or metal) by heating and usu. slow cooling. Cf temper u' 12b. M17. b fig. Toughen, temper. L17. 5 v.t. & Biol. Combine to form double-stranded nucleic acid. M20. Herbert When thou dost anneal in glasse thy .3 G stone. 4b Sir W. Scott To press the rights of truth, The mind to strengthen and anneal.

,

annabergite

pupils

isotropic. anisotropically adv. ani'sotropy M20. anisotropic behaviour or quality L19.

[mod.L

l20.

n.

salary legally due to the executors of a deceased minister of religion in addition to the ordinary

aniseed.

/.anAiss'trsupik, -'trop-/

/'ar)kibsr>:/

Ankylosaurus genus name, f. Gk agkulOsis ankylosis; see -saur.] Any of a group of broad shon-lcggcd omithischian dinosaurs with heavy armour of bony plates, of the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods worldwide. ankylo'saurus n. pi. -ruses, -ri /-tAi, -ri:/, a large

Sc.

aniso-

anker

ankylosaur

ann

dim. of anis: see

[Fr.,

a liqueur flavoured with

anisotropic ANISO- + Gk

/'aqkos/ n. L19. [Hind, dkus, arikas f. Ski Indian subcontinent: an In the elephant-goad. atikuSa.]

part, esp. in

of vision in which the image seen with one eye larger than that seen with the other, aniseikonic a. M20. -ETTE.]

ankus

2).

aniseikonia /anAisM'kaunis/ n. M2o. [f. anis(o+ Gk eikon-, eikon image + -ia'.] Med. A defect

anisette

annihilate

8i

1

existence.

-ated, (arch.) -ate -ATE'.]

1

v.t.

/-at/.

Make

E16.

null

[f.

as prec: see cancel,

and void,

abrogate (laws, treaties, rights, etc.). arch. E16. 2 v.t. Treat as non-existent, set at naught, arch.

M16. 3 v.t. Destroy largely or completely; blot out of existence. M16. 4 v.t. fig. Reduce to silence or powerlessness; insignificance or humiliate completely. M17. 5 v.t. (usu. in pass.) Physics. Convert or be converted into &

day, ao no,

c:

hair,

la

near,

.11

boy, oa poor,

Aia tire,

aoa sour

annihilation M20.

annihilation.

FuucE To adnihilate the sacraments ministred by heretikes. 2 Smollett To usurp your name, and annihilate your exploits i Defoe God can no more be the author of e\nl, than he can annihilate himself, and I

VT.

cease to be

T

camp

almost

Pe>jna.nt The vestiges of the Roman annihilated. Wellington That event has totally annihilated all order and discipline M. Born The human race has today the means for annihilating itself. 4 Byron Thou who with thy frown .Annihilated senates. J B. PRIESTLEY All the years betNveen Peter De Wint and myself were armihilaied in a flash, he pointed and I saw, he spoke and I heard. 5 S Weinberg Nuclear reactions, in which a fraction of the mass of atomic nuclei is amiihilated. tannihil r f [(0)Fr.] = annthiIj\te v. i, 3 L15 L17. are

.

n~

annihilative a. annihilate, crushing E19. annihilator

annihilable

a.

annihilation

3n.\irieiJ(3)n

(rare) n.

such as to

Also

n.

fadn-.

f. [(0)Fr., as prec: see -ation.] Destruction, complete or effective; Physics the conversion of matter (tip. the mutual conversion of a particle and its antipanicle) into electromagnetic radiation. Burke The armihilation of our trade, the ruin of our

B

When

reason itself has opened a view into immonaliti,', to put up contentedly with annihilation, — what a dreadful stupefaction of the human spirit. H. Aren-dt The final catastrophe which brought the Jews so near to complete annihilation. H. WovK Unescorted bombers ran a high risk of J.

.\1ozley

annihilation.

annihilationisni

belief in the destruction of the souls of the wicked as well as their bodies L19. annihilationist n. (Theol.) adherent an of n.

(

TTicoA

)

annihilationism L19.

anniversary

ani'v3:s(3)ri/

&.

n.

a.

ME. [L

annus year + versus turning + -arius -ARY'; used as n. in med.L anntversaria (sc. dies day), -artum (sc. festum feast); cf (0)Fr. anniversaire.] \ n. I The yearly return of a noteworthy date; the day on

annwersanus returning yearly,

which some event of personal interest celebration of

is

ME.

commemorative mass

commemorated on repeated

annual,

commemorated; f2 RC Ch.

the

A

said for the space of a

B

E17-M18.

year.

f.

ecclesiastical, national, or

annually

this.

adj.

the

Returning

1

same date each

each

year.

arch.

or

year;

L15.

t2

for or completed in a year. E17-E18. aimiversarily adv. at the yearly return mi 7.

'anao 'dDminAi/ adv. & n. phr. the year of the Lord.] A adv. Of the Christian era. Usu. written ad (see A, A III).

m

[L =

M16.

B

A

particular year. L17. 2 Advanced or cottoq. L19. 1 Dr^tien The Anno Dommi of your new sovereign's coronauon. 2 E. V Lucas When the time came for A to take the ba; he was unable to do so. Anno Domini «.

1

advancing age.

asserted

itself.

annominate

v.

,

-ation

vars. of

n.

agnominate,

-ATION.

annotate

'anateit v. L16. [L annotat- pa. ppl btem of annotare, f ad an-' + noia mark: see -ATE'.] fl ^.f. g^" Make a mark on. rare. Only in L16. 2 v.i. Add notes to (a book etc.). M18. 3

Add or make notes (on, annotation .in3'teij(3)n

upon),

v.t.

mi 8.

n. lME. [Fr or L annoiaiw{n-), 1. as prec: see -ATION.] 1 A note by way of explanation or coirmient. lME. \2 Chronological reckoning or notation. L15-M17. 3 The action of annotating. L16. 1 R. Quirk .Vinoiations in margins and endpapers. 2 T. Gale TTiere was anciently no annotation ot historic

among them

,

[the Grecians].

M17. [f as annotate

+

-or: cf Fr. annotateur (16), med.L annoiaror.] person who annotates a text.

A

annotator

annotto

n.

'ansteita/ n.

var.

of annatto.

announce s'nauns,' L annuntiare, ad messenger \ v.t. i.

{.

i.

&

AN--'

n.

+

L15. [Fr. annoncer nuntiare, f nuntius

.Make publicly known, proclaim as news. L15. b Proclaim the arrival or approach of; publicly introduce. M18. 2 Make known (without words) to the senses or mind. ]

1

L18.

O'Neill I take this opportunity to publicly announce the betrothal of my daughter. R. HLLisot-i A 1

E.

b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

.

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

.

.

.

.

.

imitate.

fB

= ANNOUNCEMENT. L18 MI9.

n.

/s'nai/ n.

Now

arch.

anui, anoi

(mod. ennui)

odio est

is

ME. f

2

it

= annoyance

annoyous

a.

ult.

m

hateful to

f.

& poet. ME. [OFr. L in odio in miM in 1

.]

= annoyance

2.

lME.

3.

troublesome, vexatious,

(latterly dial.)

harmful LME-L19.

annoy

/s'nai/ v. ME. [OFr. anuier, anoier (mod. ennuyer), ult. f as prec. (cf. late L inodiare).] f 1 v.i. Be hateful to, be a cause of trouble to. Only in ME. t2 v.t. in pass. Foil, by of: be troubled, irked, or weaned by. ME-M16. 3 v.t. Cause slight anger or mental distress to. ME. 4 Molest, injure, harass. lME. f5 Damage (something

matenal). ]^ntr\y dial. LME-L19. 3 be annoyed be somewhat angry with a person, about or at a thing, that, or

annuitant n. [after accountant] a person who holds or receives an annuity E18.

annul

-11-. /s'nAl/ v.t. Infl. lME. [OFr. a(d)nidler (mod. annuler) f late L (Vulgate) annullare, i. ad AN-' + nullum nothing, neut.

sing,

to do.

annoyer n. L16. annoyingly adv. in an atmoying manner M19. annoyment n. (rare) = annoyance i, 2

I Milton Light to me is extinct, various objects of delight Annulled. R.

K

n.

annoyed; vexation, trouble. ei6. 3 Something that annoys, a nuisance. E16. 1 G. White To secure these nests from the annoyance of sheperd boys. 2 A. Newman Annoyance made her tactless 3 S. Bellow There are the standard rooming-house annoyances: cooking odours, roaches, and peculiar neighbors. 51 Sense 3 earlier as noyance. annoyancer n. (rare) a person who or thing which causes annoyance M17. /'anjoal/ a.

&

n.

lME.

[(0)Fr. annuel f

annualts for L annuus and annalis, f. annus year: see -al'.] A adj. 1 Reckoned, payable, or engaged by the year. lME. 2 Lasting for one year. lME. 3 Pertaining to a year's events. (Now chiefly of publications and freq. interpreted as sense 4.) ei6. 4 Recurring once every year. M16. 1 Shakes. Haml. Gives him threescore thousand crowns in annual fee. Joyce The balance repayable quarterly in equal annual instalments. 2 Bacon The dying in winter of the roots of plants that are annual Milton Whether the Civil Government be an annual

L

.

once

a perpetual Aristocracy. J. A. Froude course of the sun was completed in 365 days and six hours. W. Faulkner As the holder of the annual commuters' ticket sits on his accustomed bench, annual general meeting: of members or shareholders to elect officers, report on the past year, etc. 4 P. Gallico She established the birthday interview as an annual custom.

The annual

1 1 RC Ch. A commemorative mass said year after, or on the anniversary of, a person's death; a payment for this, LME-M18. f 2 A yearly payment. Latterly Sc. LME-M19. 3 A plant that lives for one year only, perpetuating itself by seed. M17. 4 A book etc forming part of a series pubhshed successively at the same time each year; a book etc. reviewing the events of the past year. L17. 3 hardy annual: see HARDY a. tender annual: see «.

for a

TENDER a. annualize v.t. convert (a quantity) to its value for one year from that for a shorter period M20. annually adv. L16.

annuity /s'njunti/ n. lME. [Fr. med.L annutias, f. annuus: see prec, yearly grant or allowance; a sum

annuite -ITY.]

f.

1

A

of money payable in respect of a particular year. lME. 2 An investment of money entitling the investor to a series of equal annual sums. L17. 2 consolidated annuities: see consolidate v. i. deferred annuity: see defer v.^ 2. n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

So

Who

You,

man

far as a

cannot

Ld Macaulay A

2

annul

And all her W. Emerson

thinks, he

annul

a

is

free.

sparrow's

which should at the statutes passed by the Long

all

bill,

Parliament,

annullable

a. (rare)

L17.

annular

/'anjub/ a. li6. [Fr. annulaire or L annularis, f as ANNtn,us: see -AR'.] 1 Of or pertaining to a ring or rings; ringlike. L16. 2 Bearing a ring or rings (designating the fourth finger of the left hand). M17. 1 annular eclipse an eclipse of the sun in which the moon, seen projected on the solar disc, leaves a ring of visible, light annular thickening Bot. (in the tracheary elements of xylem) a thickening of the cell wall taking the form of isolated nngs. annu'larity n. annular condition or form M19.

annularly adv. E18. annulary a. ANNULAR, (b) n. the ring finger: E17.

annulate

&

(a)

n.

=

adj.

E19. [L annulatus, f. as Having or marked with a

/'anjulat/ a.

ANNULUS: see

-ate^.]

ring or rings; consisting of rings,

annulated /'anjoleitid/ -ed'.] = prec. n.

M17. [f as prec.

a.

-1-

nngs or ringhke

the formation of

divisions, a ringlike structure: E19.

annulene

/'anjoli:n/

n.

M20.

[f

annulus +

-ene ] Chem. Any cyclic hydrocarbon whose molecule is a ring having alternate double and single bonds. Freq. with numeral specifying number of carbon atoms, as [i8]-annidcne.

annulet /'anjulit/ n. Also -fatHet & lME. [OFr. anelet (mod. ann-) dim.

other vars. oi anel f L

dim of anulus, refash. (L16) after L: see ANNLTLUS, -et'.] 1 gen. A small ring. lME. 2 Her. A charge in the form of a small ring. L16. 3 Archit. A small fillet or other flat moulding encircling a column. E18. aneltus

annulment -ment.]

/3'nAlm(s)nt/

[f

L15.

n.

annul +

Total destruction; abolition. L15. 2 Invalidation; spec, declaration of a marriage as havmg had no legal existence. Also, a decree of 1

invalidity. Mi 7. 2 M. McCarthy In your place, I'd get a divorce or

an annulment.

.

Democracy or

man,

Amis

footprint.

annu'lation

lME. [OFr. anoiance, f as prec: see -ance.] 1 The action of annoying; vexing, molestation. lME. 2 The state of being /s'nsians/

1 Cause to exist no abolish; cancel. lME. 2

do away with;

Declare invalid; spec, declare (a marriage) to have had no legal existence. lME.

L15.

annoyance

B

of nullus NULL a.]

longer;

Intellect annuls Fate.

announccruent n. the action of announcing; a public notice, a proclamation: L18. announcer n. a person who makes an announcement or announcements, spec, in Broadcasting of the subjects of programmes, and items of news E17.

late

Anno Domini

sign

electric

annual

Enduring

.M16.

announced its message. O. Manning The wireless announced that the King would address his subjects in Rumanian, b Scott Fitzgerald Before I could reply that he was my neighbor dinner was announced. P V. White Do not forget to announce Mr Voss on showing him into the room. 2 Gibbon His feeble efforts announced his degenerate spirit. Sir W. Scott Gold buckles in his shoes, etc. announced him to be a domestic of trust and importance. Joyce He announced his presence by to that gentle cough which so many have tried huge

annoy

L17.

i\ii6.

credit

annunciator

82

electromagnetic radiationj subject to or undergo

w

we,

annulose {.

as next

/'anjulaus/ a. E19. [mod.L annulosus, -ose'.] Ringlike; annulate.

+

annulus

/'anjubs/ n. PI. -li /-Iai, -li:/. mi6. [L, form of anulus dim. of anus ring (see ANUS).] Chiefly Math. & Bot. A ring, a circle that is not filled in; spec, a partial veil forimng a collar round the stalk in some agarics; the ring of thickened cells surrounding the sporangium of a late

fern.

f annumerate v.t. lME. [L annumerat- pa. ppl stem of annumerare, f ad AN-^ + numerare to number: see -ate^.] 1 Reckon as an addition to. LME-L18. 2 Enumerate, adduce. Only in E19. annunciate /a'nAnsieit/ v.t. Also (now rare) -tiate. Pa. pple f-ate (earher), -ated. lME. annunciat- for L of annuntiare: see -ATE'.] Proclaim; indicate as coming

med.L

[Orig. pa. pple, f annuntiat- pa. ppl

ANNOUNCE,

or ready. annunciative a. armunciation M17.

stem

(rare) characterized

by or proper to

/3nAnsi'eiJ(3)n/ n. ME. [(0)Fr. annonciation f late L annuntiatio{n-): see prec, -ATION.] I The action of annoimcing; an announcement. ME. 2 spec. (A-.) The announcement of the Incarnation, made by Gabriel to Mary; the festival commemorating this. Lady Day, 25 March. lME.

annunciation

/a'nAnsieita/ n. M18. [Late L annunciate, -or.] An see announcer; an audible or visible indicator of

annunciator annunciator.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

6

this,

i)

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

annuntiate where a

has been rung, the position of

bell

a

train, etc.

annunciatory

of an announcer or announcing

a.

M19

annuntiate

see annitociate.

v.

annus mirabilis

/.anas

mi'ru:bilis/

M17. [mod.L = wonderful year.]

A

phr.

n.

remarkable

or auspicious year, /'einao/ comb, form of anus: see -0-. ano'genital a. of or pertaining to the anus and

M20.

/a'nsua/ n. M19. [A name in Sulawesi.] A small wild bovine, Anoa depressicomis, native to Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia.

anoa

/'anaud/ n. M19. [f. Gk anodos way up, f + hodos way.] A positive electrode or

anode ana-

Opp. cathode.

terminal.

anodal

of or pertaining to an anode L19. £uiodize aluminium) a protective oxide v.t. give (a metal, esp coating by means of an electrolytic process in which it forms the anode M20. anodizer n. M20. a.

anodic

Of

/a'nodik/ a. M19. [f. prec. + -ic] pertaining to an anode or anodizing, anodically adv. E20.

or

/'anadAin/ a. & n. mi6. [L anodynus (Celsus) f. Gk anddunos free from pain, f. an--^ + odune pain; as n. f. Gk anodynon, late L anodynum.^ A adj. 1 Med. Having the power of easing pain. M16. 2 fig. Soothing, comfortmg; bland, inoffensive. L18. ^ n. 1 Med. medicine that eases pain. M16. 2 fig. Something that soothes the feelings, allays anxiety, etc. M16. a'nodynous a. (rare) M17.

A

/anau'i:sis/ n. E20. [f. a-'" + Gk noesu understanding.] Psychol. Consciousness with sensation but without thought and without imderstanding of the environment.

anoesis

/-'Etik/

(rare)

(a)

a.

pertaining to anoesis:

unthinkable; (b) of or

Mi 9.

/a'niistras/ n. Also *anest-. E20. [f. + oestrus] a sexually inactive or an-' unreceptive state in animals. Opp. oestrus. anoestrous a. of or pertaining to anoestrus E20

/a'naint/

v.t.

ME. [AN

enoint pa. pple of enoindre

ungere anoint.]

ointment,

1

Smear as

esp.

f.

L

(see an--),

inungere,

OFr.

+

oil

or

ceremony

at

Now

AV

.

.

.

anole

Also -lis /-lis/. E18. [Carib: cf. of numerous, chiefly arboreal, iguanid lizards belonging to the American genus Anohs, esp. the green A. carohnensis. /a'nauli/

Fr. anohs.]

as

n.

M17. next + -ism.] Anomalousness; an anomaly. /a'nDm(a)liz(3)m/

n.

rare.

[(.

only in

f.

f.

1

Unconformable or

dissimilar

M17. 2 Irregular; abnormal. M17. anomalously a^ti. M17. anomalousness

anomalure

n.

/a'Domaljoa/ n. L19. [f. Anomalurus, f. Gk anomalos ANOMALOUS tail.]

=

scaly-tailed squirrel s.v.

SCALY

to.

arch.

L17.

-I-

oura

e

bed,

a:

member

of,

her,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

Hist.

Eccl.

n.

L17.

see, n hot,

mod.L

[f.

+ homoios

AN-""

(.

Pertaining

like,

a

to,

an extreme Arian sect which held Father and the Son are imhke in

the essence. that

/ana'm(j)uar(a)n/ n. & a. L19. [f. mod.L Anomura (see below), f. Gk anomos irregular + oura tail + -AN: the abdomen in Anomura is irregular in size or form ] Zool. A n. Any member of the section Anomura of decapod crustaceans, including certain kinds of crab, notably hermit crabs. L19. B adj. Of or pertaining to Anomura or an anomuran. L19.

anomy

«. li6. [Gk anomia: see Disregard of (esp. divine) law. LI6-LI7. 2 = ANOMIE. M20.

/'anami/

ANOMIE,

-y'.] f

/a'non/

1

&

a.

n.

Also anon, (pomt), A-.

] Anonymous; (a designation for a person, esp. a writer or composer) whose name is imknown or not stated.

M18. [Abbrev

Now arch. & literary. In sense on an into one, on ane in one: see ON prep. one a. ] f 1 In or into one body, state, course, etc. OE-lME. 2 At once, instantly. Long obs. exc. as occas. dehberately revived. OE. 3 Soon, in a short time; for a little. lME. 4 As int. (To a person calling for attention) in a moment! coming! Also, at your service!; what did you say? eh? Long dial. M16. 5 Now again; now at this time (in contrast to another). li6. 2 AV Man. 12:20 He that heareth the word, & anon with loy receiueth it. 3 R. L. Stevenson At our concerts, of which more anon. Scott Fitzgerald Good night, Mr. Carraway. See you anon. 4 Shakes ; Hen. /['Francis! Anon, anon, sir. C. J. Lever 'Such

anon

/a'non/ adv.

[OE

.

.

events are not unfrequent down here, then? 'Anan!' said she, not understanding his question. 5 J. Tyndall The avalanche rushed, hidden at intervals, little

and anon shooting

anonym

forth.

/'ananim/

Gk

f.

n.

Also -nyme. E19.

[Fr.

ANONYMOUS:

see

anonumos

An anonymous

1

person or publication.

The

state

of

-1-

-nym) + -ous.] A adj. 1 Nameless; of imknown name; impersonal, not (see

individuated. L16. 2 Of imknown or undeclared source or authorship. L17. 1 Aldous Huxley No longer anonymous, but named, identified. O. Manning He could not be

among

D.

the anonymous dark-clad figures Like all the other big impersonal, anonymous. D. Lessing

Storey

socialist,

The men making announcements had had the anonymous voices of officialdom. Alcoholics .

Anonymous: see ALCOHOLIC n. 2 Joyce A volume entitled Sweets of Sin, anonymous, author a gentleman of fashion. J. LE Carr^ Are you used to receiving anonymous gifts of a thousand pounds? .

run, o put,

Now

person.

pseudonym;

rare. E17.

at first freq

Ml 8. anonymousness [after L homunculus]

adv.

in

Gk

ri.

E19.

n.

a petty

anonymous wnler M19. /a'nofilirz/ n. L19. [mod.L f. Gk anopheles unprofitable, useless.] A mosquito of the genus Anopheles, which includes species that carry the parasites of malaria and other diseases.

anopheles

anopheline

&

a.

(pertaining to or designating) a

n.

mosquito of a group that contains

genus but not

this

Culex E20.

anoplothere

/a'tioplaOia/

f-therium. E19. unarmed, f an-' animal.]

Gk

{.

anoplos

weapon + thSnon wild

hoplon

An

Palaeont.

L form

Also in

n.

[Fr. anoplothere, -t^

hornless

extinct

found

artiodactyl of the family Anoplotheriidae,

Eocene and Oligocene

as fossils of

anopsia

Gk

/a'nopsia/

+

an-'*

Orig. f-sy. mi 7. [f. -lA'.] Sightlessness,

rare.

n.

+

sight

opsis

age.

blindness.

anorak

/'anarak/ n. E20. [Eskimo (Greenlandic) annoraaq.} A skin or cloth hooded jacket worn by Eskimos and so by others in polar regions; a similar weatherproof garment worn elsewhere. anorektos,

A

/ana'rektik/ as AN-''

f.

&

a.

L19.

n.

Gk

[f.

orexein to desire: see -ic]

-I-

Characterized by a lack of appetite, spec. anorexia nervosa; producing a loss of appetite. L19. B «. 1 An anorectic agent. M20. 2 A person with anorexia. L20. Also anoretic a. & n. E20. adj.

by

anorexia

L

/ana'reksia/

Also t-exy. L16. [Late

n.

Gk, f. AN-'' + orexis appetite: see -ia'.] Med. Absence of appetite; pop. spec, anorexia nervosa f.

(see below).

anorexia

nervosa

chronic

/na:'vaus3/

anorexia

induced by emotional disturbance.

anorexiant a. & n. (a drug) producing anorexia M20. anorexic a. & n. (a) adj. = anorectic a.; (b) n. = anorectic n. 2: M20. anorexi'genic a. producing anorexia M20.

anormal use

f.

(M19)

/ei'na:m(a)l, a-/ a.

anomal

Fr., var. of

M16. [Isolated early

anomaly);

(see

later

+ normal

a.] Irregular, not usual. Without the depreciatory overtones of abnormal.

51

f.

A-'"

anorthic

/a'na:9ik/

a.

Now

rare or obs.

AN-' -I- Gk orthos straight, right TRICLINIC.

anorthite

/a'na:9Mt/

A

Alin.

-ite'.]

occurring

many

in

>i.

+ -Ic]

M19.

[f

as

M19.

[f.

Cryst.

=

prec.

-I-

calcium-rich plagioclase basic igneous rocks; calcium

feldspar.

anorthoclase

/a'na:6akleiz/ n. L19. [f. as prec. breaking, cleavage.] Min. A triclinic sodium-rich alkah feldspar occurring in many -I-

Gk

klasis

alkalic lavas.

anorthosite anorthose

/a'narOasAit/

plagioclase,

anorthic] Geol. rock composed largely of see

labradorite). anortho'sitic

smell

-I-

a.

a.

Fr.

[f.

A

anorthoclase granular igneous

a

plagioclase

-I-

(usu.

of the nature of anorthosite M20.

/a'nozmia/

n.

E19.

an-'

[f.

+

Gk

osme

Med. Loss of the sense of smell,

-ia'.]

anosmic

M19.

n.

(now)

&

(a

n.

person) suffering from anosmia

E20.

/a'nonimas/ a. & n. li6. [Late L anonymos, -mus f. Gk anonumos, f. as AN-'' +

\

anonymously anony'muncule

anonymous;

anonymous

x saw,

An anonymous

ft)rms.

anosmia [f as next

E19.

being

B. Grosart The anonymity of the poem on Felton. K. Amis Every face Had taken on the flat anonymity of pain. J. Frame TTie languorous anonymity of the big overseas cities.

towns

n.

In earliest uses as a

L

-ite':

A.

within.

B ^1

or

anorectic

anomuran

.

a.

/a'nDm(a;li/ n. L16. [L anomalia (Varro) f. Gk anomalia, f. anomalos: see ANOMALOUS, -Y^.] 1 Irregularity of condition, motion, behaviour, etc.; an anomalous thing or

arm,

-I-

&

a.

anomoios,

-an.]

similar,

recognised

mod.L

anomaly

a cat, o:

/ana'iniian/

Gk

f.

onuma name 18.

anomalous /a'nDm(a)i3s/ a. M17. [f late L anomalus Gk anomalos, AN-° + homalos even, -ous.]

n.

impersonality.

planet.

-I-

Anomoean

-ity]

pertaining to anomaly. anomalistic month the penod between successive perigees of the moon, anomalistic year the period between successive perihelia of the earth or another :

/'anami/

E19. 2 A pseudonym. M19. anonymity /ana'nimiti/ n.

-I-

a.

M20. [Fr. f. Gk anomia, {. anomos lawless: cf. ANOMY.] Lack of the usual social standards in a group or person.

-nym.]

anomalistic /anoma'listik/ a. M18. [f. Gk anSmalos ANOMALOUS -ISTlc] Astron. Of or

Also t anomalistical

anomie

anonyme

Any

anomalism

-1-

,

dial. L15. Exod. 28:41 Thou shall annoint them, and consecrate them that they may minister vnto mee in the Priests office. Gibbon The salutary custom of bathing the limbs in water and of anointing them with oil. D. Attenborough TTie bird takes the oil with its beak and anoints its feathers individually, the Lord's Anointed (a) Jesus Christ; (b) a monarch by divine right 2 R. Conquest While she's proceeding to anoint The sting with sal ammoniac. anointer n. L16 anointment n. (arch.) the action of anointing, an ointment: lME 1

/a'nomik/ a. L19. [Partly f. as next -ic, partly Fr. anomique.] 1 Obeying no known law; with law. L19. 2 not concerned Characterized by anomie. M20.

4 also anan.

IN--

or rub over with religious

a

f.

baptism or on consecration as a priest or monarch. (Foil, by with.) ME. 2 Smear or rub with any other substance. lME. 3 TTirash soimdly, baste.

anomic

anon

anoestrus

anoint

/'anama/ n. M2o. [f. Gk anO upwards + -MER.] Either of two isomers of a cyclic only in carbohydrate which diflfer the configuration about the hemi-acetal carbon atom, ano'meric a. M20.

Anomoeus,

anodyne

anoetic

being, an exceptional circumstance. Li6. 2 Astron. 'I'he angular distance of a planet or the moon from its last perihelion or perigee. M17. 1 magncuc anomaly, see MAGNETIC a. 2 eccentric anomaly the actual anomaly in an elliptical orbit, mean anomaly the corresponding angle in an imaginary circular orbit. Also f anomal n. M16 mi 7.

anomer

ano-

genitals

another

83

u: too, a

ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

another

/a'n/\da/ pron.

&

a. sing,

(in

ME.

[f.

also classed as a determiner).

mod. usage an a. (see A

a.) + other a. In two wds as late as 16. Cf. nothep a.', 'nother.] I A second, further, additional (one, specified number (of)). ME. b

A

second in likeness, character, or attributes. L16. 2 A different (one, specified number (oO); some or any other. ME. I F. M. Ford At meals she would feel an intolerable desire to drink a glass of wine, and then another and then a third S. Barstow Another five minutes goes by while he reckons to look it over. A. Thwaite A stream, a fence, a hedge, another fence, ask mc another: see ASK V. such another another of the same sort, tell me another, see TELL v. you're another colloq.: applying an accusation to the person who makes it; also as a vaguely contemptuous retvirl, b Yeats Another Troy must rise and set, Another lineage feed the crow. Another Argo's painted prow Drive to a flashier bauble yet. 2 Saki Do you suppose we shall all get appropriate punishments in another world for our sins

day, 30 no,

>::

hair,

la

near,

.n

boy, 00 poor.

Ma

tire,

aoa sour

1

anovulatory day had slipped past

in

one

G

CoixiNGWOOU A quick doing at\er another. R. patron who buys a picture of a fox-hunt or a covey of partridges does not buy it because it represents that fox-hunt or that covey and not another. G. Greeni; He'd got to close her mouth one way or another. Dl' iNLm'RIER I am not she who left him five minutes ago. I am another woman, older, more mature. R. P. VTarren Two men, the one who had fired the shot ran to the fallen man. T. S. Eliot One and another, year is a year of rain, Another a year of dryness. I Murdoch VTell, I'll be ofT. I can easily see Catherine another time. R. West George Willoughby, like many another naval officer, had his reasons for liking a quiet mount. OTIC arid jnorAtT, one anothiT, one zvith another. see ON"! a. etc. one way and another, see way n. comb.: Special collocations & f anothergates a.

D

.

.

(anrib.)

.

genu, of GATE

[f

another^ess above:

n.-']

=

anothergiicss below,

arch.

(attrih.)

a.

[alt.

of anothergates

another

GL'ESS a.] of another sort or kind,

cf.

place the other House of Parliament (used Commons to refer to the Lords, and vice versa).

anovulatory

,anDvju'leit(a)ri/ a.

Med Of

+ OTOLATORY.]

M20.

menstruation

the

in

&

a'no\'ulant a. ovulation M20.

n.

drug

(a

anok'siimw/

etc.)

L19.

n.

an--'

[f.

etc.:

not

that suppresses

[f.

as next

-AEMU.] Med. = HYPOXAEMIA. a'noksia n. M20. [f. an-'' + ox- +

anoxia =

-ia'.]

ITiTOXIA.

anoxic

a.

characterized by anoxia E20.

ansa

'ansa/ n. PI. -sae /-si:/ Also Anglicized as fanse. M17. [L = handle (of a vessel).] Astron. Either extremity of Saturn's ring system as seen projecting like a handle from the planet's disc.

Ansafone, ansaphone ns. see answerphone. ansated 'anseitid/ a. rare. mi8. [{. L ansatus pa. pple of ansare, f as ANSA, + -ED'.] Having (somethmg resembling) handles.

Anschauung

/'anjauor)/

n. PI.

-en

/-sn/.

M19.

looking at.] 1 Philos. (esp. Kantian). A sense-perception, an intuition, an immediate apprehension by sense. M19. 2 An outlook, an attitude, a point of view. E20.

[G =

Anschluss

/'anjlus/

n.

annex.] Union, annexation of Austria by join,

fanse

n.

E20. [G, f anschliessen annexation; spec, the

Germany

in 1938.

see ansa.

Anselmian

an'selmian/

a.

L19.

[f St

Anselm

below) -ian ] Of or pertaining to St Anselm (1033- 1109), Archbishop of Canterbury' (see

-t-

and

scholastic philosopher, esp. to ontological argument for the existence of and his view of the atonement. Also

Anselmic

anserine

a.

M19.

a.

goose: see -ine'.] Also anserous a. E19

jfiit'r

an sich

his

God

L19.

'anssr.Mn/

Of or

[L ansennus,

i.

goose;

silly.

zii;/

a.

[OE andswaru

corresp. to andsvar, f. Gmc, f pref meaning 'against, opposite' + base found also in swear v. ] I Something said or done in order to deal with what has preceded. 1 .A reply to a questi Ml OE. 2 A reply to a charge; a defence. ME. 3 A reply to an objection; a rebuttal. ME. 4 A reply to an appeal, address, 'a:ns3/

OFris. ondser,

OS

communication,

n.

antswor,

ON

an acknowledgement; a rejoinder. ME. 5 The solution of a problem, a response to a test of knowledge etc. ME. I G ViDAL People started asking him vague etc.;

questions to which there were no sensible answer^i. the short answer is: see short a. 2 Shakes. 2 Hen. I 'l Call these foul offenders to their answers. 3 Sir T More The Answer to the First Part of the Poysoned Booke. T. Stoppard Everything has to begin somewhere and there is no answer to thnt. 4 Job 19:16 I called my seruant, and he gaue me no answere. W. FAtn.KNER

W

I've

had no answer

to the last

two

letters. E.

Waugh

I

wrote long lener^ to Sebastian and called daily at the post-office for his answers not take no for an answer. see no n.' 5 L. Hensley The Scholar's Arithmetic, with Answers to the Examples. J. Bet]EMA.m His written answers Pleased the examiners. S. Hill For many people a hospital of this kind is not the answer, know all the answers colloq. be very experienced, be .

.

knowing b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

done

answered with a wan smile. R. Graves

as a reaction to

A reply to an implied question; a decision upon a point at issue. lME. 7 Mils. A repetition or echoing of a phrase, theme,

= antiphon

also

etc.;

2.

lME. 8 A

[OE

ON

OFris. ondstuera,

through levelling of inflections

I ring someone up and when they answer say is that 2467. M. Keane She pressed the bell on the table, and when Breda answered it she said: 'What did I want?' answering machine a tape recorder which supplies a recorded answer to a

later v.t. in

telephone

.

&

.

.

answerer

E16.

n.

answeringly

(rare)

adii.

lME.

answerable

/'a:ns(3)r3b(3)l/ a. E16. [f prec. -ILiable to be answered; able to be answered. E16. 2 Liable to answer, responsible, (to an authority, for a person or thing). L16. 3 Corresponding (to); suitable, fitting, proper, (to); commensurate, equivalent, (to), arch. L16. 2 Shakes. / Hen. IV If he have robb'd these men He shall be answerable. Defoe She would be answerable

-ABLE.]

1

her on all accounts. Sir W. Scott I will be answerable that this galliard meant but some Saint Valentine's jest. E. A. Freeman For the good of which the magistrate was administration answerable to the power which appointed him. 3 J. Lyly If the courtesie of Englande be aimswerable to for

.

.

.

the

custome of Pilgrimes.

answerable enough erring in others

in

P.

some

Milton

.

Sidney A likeness and colours, but .

.

features If

answerable

style

I

can

Of my Celestial Patroness. J. Reynolds Render your future progress answerable to your past improvement. Wellington The revenue of that Island will [not] be found answerable to its necessary

obtaine

,

expenditure. n. liability to be called to account, arch. E20. answerableness n. (o) correspondency, conformity; (fc) = answerability: L16. answerably adv. in an answerable manner,

answera'bility

an answer to a question, remark, etc. t. Reply to (a question, remark, appeal,

Reply impertinently v.t.

&

Also

(to).

answer

(colloq.)

Respond antiphonally or

canonically (to); make a responsive soimd, echo. f. OE. 12 v.i. Act in response to (a signal),

&

acknowledge (a signal); react to a summons Reply from (a knock, bell, etc.). L16. 13 v.t. & favourably to (a petitioner, a petition). L16. 14 Solve (a problem); respond to (a test of v.t. & knowledge etc.). M18. /.

1.

10 TiNDALE Luke 13:25 He shall answer and saye vnto you: I knowe you not. AV Job 23:5 The words which he would answere me. R. Bentley Mr. B. here answers to a Question, that never was ask'd him. Pope The mighty Czar might answer, he was drunk.

responsibility

conformably

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

n.

Also

emete (see emmet).] \ n. 1 Any of hymenopterous insects small usu. Formicidae, constituting the family wingless except in the mating season, living in complex social colonies, and proverbial for their industriousness. Cf velvet ant s.v. velvet n. & a. OE. 2 = white ant (a) s.v. white a. L17.

form) and

(ii)

numerous

Will she answer if I call? Joyce Answering Yes, Mr Bloom said. Town traveller. Scott Fitzgerald 'Where is he from, I mean? And what does he do?' 'Now you're started on the subject,' she

r

/'amsafson/

(proprietary) Ansafone; ansaphone. M20. [f ANSWER V. + PHONE «.'] = answering machine S.V. ANSWER V. ant /ant/ n. & v. [OE ^met(t)e = MLG amete, emete, OHG ameiza (G Ameise), f WGmc, f pref meaning 'off, away' and base meaning 'cut, hew'. The OE forms gave two ME types, (i) am(e)u, whence ant (the prevailing standard

.

n no, p pen,

(to) E17.

answerphone

Tennyson

man,

.

.

correspondingly

.

back. E16. 11

.

Correspond. 15a

v.t.

.

request, or other expression of desire or opinion); speak or write in reply (to). OE. b

an ad?

,

15a AV Gal. 4:25 Tliis Agar answereth to lerusalem, which now is. b J. Locke The Terms of our Law will hardly find Words that answer them in the Spanish, or Itahan. 17 Spenser Well did the squire perceive himselfe too weake To aunswere his defiaimce in the field. J. Keble Answering love for love. 18 Shakes. Temp. I come To answer thy best pleasure. Dickens The girl instandy answered to the action in her sculling.

Make V.I.

.

.

v.i. Correspond to. ME. Correspond to. arch. exc. in answer the M16. v.t. Retxim the (esp. hostile) action of LME-L16. 17 v.t. Give back in kind, return. L16. 18 v.t. & Act in sympathy or conformity (with); be responsive (to). E17.

Ill

b

capitally.

10

that

description.

.

II

takes messages, receives and

also

business

.

for yourselves?

.

a

.

.

answers telephone calls for its clients, answer to (the name of) respond when addressed as, be called. 13 AV Ps. 27:7 Haue mercie also vpon mee, and answere me. Tennyson The Gods have heard it, O Icenian! Doubt not ye the Gods have answer'd. O. Wilde When the gods wish to punish us they answer our prayers. 14 A. J. Crontn When he began the written part of the examination he found himself answering the papers with a blind automatism.

requirements of mi 7. 9 v.i. Serve the purpose; prove a success; turn out (in a specified manner); be satisfactory to (a person). M18. la Shakes. Afuch Ado It is proved already that you

.

and sometimes

call

answering service

the

.

.

.

to (an investor). E16-L18. 7 v.t. Satisfy or fulfil (wishes, hopes, expectations, etc.). M16. 8 v.t. Accomplish (an end); suit (a purpose); satisfy!

.

.

I

sufficient for (a pecuniary liabihty). L15. f 6 v.t. Prove a satisfactory return for (an investment) or

.

.

Ayckbourn

f.

How answer you little better than false knaves. b C. Marlowe We were best look that your devil can answer the stealing of this same cup. G. B. Shaw This court has summoned all the dictators to answer charges brought against them. 2 AV Gen. 30:33 So shall my righteousnesse answere for me. E. Gaskell I'll answer for it Mrs Goodenough saw Shaw Waiting nervously in the Molly. G. B Hammersmith Police Court to answer for his breach of the peace. 3 Shakes, Jul. Caes. If it were so, it was a grievous fault; And grievously hath Caesar answer'd it. 4 E. O'Neill He can answer all your arguments easy— with things right out of the Bible! 5a Ld Berners We wolde demaunde good hostages and sufficient, to answere vs of our horses agayne. R Holinshed He would be answered for such summes of monie as king Richard had taken, b Shakes. / Hen. II' This proud king, who studies day and night To answer all the debt he owes to you. H. A4artineau A few shillings to answer any sudden occasion. 6 Swift The maid will sell more buner and cheese than will answer her wages. 8 H. Fielding I apphed a which highly answered the intention. fomentation Sir W. Scott He offered him a beast he thought wad answer him weel encugh. 9 W. Cowper Their labour was almost in vain before, but now it answers. Lytton If Beatrice di Negra would indeed be rich, she might answer to himself as a wife. G. B. Shaw I tried the experiment of treating a scarlet fever case with a sample of hydrophobia serum and it answered

answering, b

AV

nearly every sense. I Make an answer to a charge. 1 a v. i. Reply to a charge or accusation. OE. b v.i. Defend oneself against (a charge etc.); justify. M16. 2 v.i. Be responsible or accoimtable for; vouch for. ME. 3 v.i. foil, by for (fw) & fi'.r. Suffer, atone, make amends, (for). ME. 4 I'.fi. & t. Rebut (an objection, an argument). ME. 5 v.t. fa Satisfy (a person) of or for a pecimiary claim. LME-M16. b Satisfy (a pecimiary claim), discharge (a debt); be

are

difficulty in

.

Against all etiquette he answers back. 1 7 Sam. 18:7 The women answered one another, as they played. Dryden Both alike inspir'd To sing, and answer as the Song requir'd. Pope The woods shall answer, and their echo ring. 12 Joyce Last look at mirror always before she answers the door. S. Hill She went to answer the ringing telephone. A.

severity.

prec: cf a'^dsvara.] Orig. v.i. w. andswarian,

have such

I

.

tomorrow. 8 Shakes. Hanil. If Hamlet give the first or second hit. Or quit in answer of the third exchange. C. Darwin The answer was given by a volley of musketry b Times Smirking juveniles being mobilized by a Seattle's answer to Harry Lauder. (rare) having answerless a. no answer; unanswerable: M16. v.

wrote, but he

Lytton Hush, Frank, never answer your father. H. G. Wells The King admonishes him with evident

colloq.

/'amsa/

which

letters

b An equivalent or rival to. M20. 6 Tennyson There must be answer to his doubt. E. O'Neill Remember our offer. Give us your answer resulting action. M16.

answer

I

did not answer. R. P. Warren I said I would like to answer any questions they had. S. Bellow Everybody asks the same questions. You get tired of answering. W. Faulkner Have they got him? Answer me. L. Durrell Melissa still writes the spirited nonchalant

practical reply; a responsive, corresponding, or

.

&

m

answer

said or

what has preceded. 6

.

like a

adv. phr. mi9. [G.] In itself; the abstract; not in relation to anything else. See also Ding an sich.

an

Something

II

dat.,

accompanied by ovulation.

anoxaemia

ant

84

V WooLF Whose

in this?

f

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, 6 this,

t)

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

an't I

black ani^ honev-pot ant, red ant,

wood

ant, etc.

have

ants in one's pants colloq. be fidgety, be restless. the giant anteater, Comb.: ant-bear (a) Myrmccophaga iridactyla; (b) = AARDVARK; antbird any of numerous insectivorous birds belonging to the with dark neotropical family Formicariidae, usu plumage; ant eggs, ants'-eggs pupae or larvae of ants, used as animal food; f ant-fly a winged ant; antheap, anthill, ant-hillock a nest built by ants or termites in the form of a mound; ant-lion [tr. Gk murmlko-le6n in the Septuagint] any of numerous neuroptcrous of the family predatory insects Myrmeleontidae, whose larvae live beneath pits in which they trap small insects; ant-orchid a terrestrial Australasian orchid, Chiloglottis gunnii, with antlike flowers; ant-plant any of various plants (e.g. certain acacias) having hollow parts in which ants live in symbiosis with the plant; ant-thrush (a) orig., any antbird; now, any of several large antbirds; (ft) each of four African thrushes of the genus Neocossyphus; (c) = PITTA

B

M18. 3 Counteract, tend to neutralize (a 4 Render antagonistic, evoke antagonism in. mi 9. 1 T. Herbert The Dodo which for shape and

n.

force etc.). M18.

M17

rarenesse may antigonize the Phoenix of Arabia. 2 Keats Like one huge Python Antagonising Boreas. 3 R. W. Emerson If Fate follows and limits power, power attends and antagonizes Fate. G. H. Lewes TTie body is balanced by an incessant shifting of the muscles, one group antagonising the other. J. G. Farrell Our first obiect must be to antagonize the poison. 4 J. Heller They conducted their duties humbly and reticently and went to great lengths not .

to antagonize anyone.

antagoni'zation

antanaclasis

&

Of

refl.

a bird: rub ants (or occas. on its plimiage.

celestial

moving. resembling (that of) an ant L19.

an't V. see be v., have ant- pre/, see anti-.

Fr.,

& L

-ant

/(3)nt/

suff.'

[Ft., or

its

much

(not productive). [Alt. (in OFr. in -an.] Forimng ns., as pheasant,

n. PI. -tae /-&./, -tas. L16. [L.] square pilaster at either side of a door or at the comer of a building. Cf antes. Antabuse /'antsbjuis/ n. m20. [f anti- + abuse

/'anta/

Archit.

A

n.] (Proprietary

name

for) disulfiram.

&

n. M18. [f ant- + acid (A substance) corrective or preventive of acidity, esp. in the stomach.

antacid

/ant'asid/

a.

n.]

antae n.pl. see anta. antagonise v. var. of antagonize.

antagonism

/an'tag(3)niz(3)m/

A.

P.

Taylor The

mighty and equal antagonisms.

&

antagonist

/an'tag(3)nist/ n. a. li6. [Fr. antagonisie or late amagonista (Jerome) f. Gk amagOnistes, f. as next: see -ist.] «. 1 An opponent, an adversary; an opposing force. L16.

L

A

2 Physiol. A muscle whose action counteracts that of another. Cf agonist 3. L17. 3 Biochem. A substance or organism which interferes with or inhibits the action of another. Cf agonist 4. L19. 1 E. Glasgow Some have said that Nature is the antagonist of happiness. C. V. Wedgwood The outbreak of the second war convinced the King's more ruthless antagonists that no peace could be made while he lived. B altrib. or as adj. = ANTAGONISTIC. rare. L17. Milton None daring to appear antagonist. Coleridge Antagonist forces are necessarily of the

Now

same

kind.

antago'nistic a. actively opposed, of the nature of an antagonist M17. antago'nistical a. (rare) = antagonistic E17. antago'nistically adv. E17.

antagonize

/an'tag(3)nAi7./ v.i. Also -ise. M17. antagonizesthai, f as ant- + agonizesihai struggle, f as agon: see -ize.] f 1 Vie with, rival.

[Gk

Only

in

a cat, a:

mi 7. 2 Struggle arm,

£

bed,

a:

her,

&

n.

Now

against,

1

sit,

i

f antapology n.']

n.

A reply to

M17-E18. [f ant- + apology

an apology.

L

antarcticus

a-; orig.

-arct-) or antarktikos opposite to the 1 Orig., ant-, Arctic] adj. usu. opposite to the Arctic;

Gk

i.

A

north: see southern. pertaining to the continent of Antarctica or the south polar regions in general. lME. f2 fig. Opposite, contradictory, (to). M17-E18. I Antarctic Circle the parallel of latitude 66° 33' S. Antarctic convergence the zone of the Southern Ocean (marking a distinct climatic and ecological boundary) where the cold Antarctic surface water sinks beneath the warmer waters to the north. Antarctic Ocean = Southern Ocean s.v. southern a. B n. The south polar regions; Antarctica. lME.

ante

& v. Chiefly N. Amer. E19. [f as In poker and similar games: a stake a player before drawing cards. E19. 2

/'anti/ n.

next.]

A

«.

put up by

1

An advance payment; a sum of money payment. L19. penny ante: see penny a. B v.t. Put up as ante; trans/, bet, stake, pay M19.

for

contend with.

cosy,

i:

see, d hot,

y.

/'anti/

anteater Any of

pref.

[L ante prep. and adjs. (from

/'antiits/ n.

a constituting

M18. [f ant

number

n.

of edentate the neotropical family

&

+

eater.]

mammals

/anti'bebm/ a. M19. [L ante helium before the war.] Occurring or existing before a particular war, esp. (US) the American

antecede

Of

/anti'siid/ v.

M19. [f ante- +

pertaining

or

lME. [L

to

amecedere,

the

{.

as

ANTE- + cedere go.] f 1 v.i. Go before, come first. LME-L17. 2 v.t. Precede in place, time, or order. E17.

antecedence antecedemia,

f.

/antrsi:d(3)ns/ n. lME. as prec: see -ence.]

Something which precedes; a

run, o put,

u:

too, a ago,

3;

f(/>)

an

/anti'si:d(3)nt/ n., a.,

&

adv.

lME.

A

by

later geological processes. L19. antece'dental a. (rare) L18. antecedently adv. M17.

antecessor

/'antisesa, anti'sEsa/ n.

A predecessor. antechamber /'antitjeimba/ M17.

antichambre

[Fr.

ANTE-,

lME.

[L: see

chamber

ai

spec.

[L f

1

= antecedent

my, ao how,

ei

h.

f

A room

]

Orig. fanti-. see leading to a more n.

amicamera:

It.

important one.

antedate

/'antideit/

lME.

n.

[f.

ante-

+ date

A

date (affixed to a docimient, assigned to an event, etc.) earlier than the true one. lME. f 2 A feeling of anticipation. Only in E17. «.']

1

antedate

/'antideit, anti'deit/ v.t. li6. [f the n.]

an earlier than the true date to (a document). L16. 2 Carry back to an earlier time or date. arch. L16. 3 Anticipate, arch. E17. 4 Assign (an event etc.) to an earlier date; find an earlier instance of M17. 5 Bring about at an earlier date, accelerate, arch, mi 7. 6 Precede in time, come before (something) in date. M17. 1 G. Burnet He got the king to antedate it, as if it had been signed at Oxford. 2 E. B. Browning That rage Barbaric, antedates the age. 3 Pope Our joys 1

Affix

it can improve. And antedate the bliss above. 4 Donne Wilt thou then antedate some new-made vow? W. Scott Seem'd that Fate Would Camlan's .

ruin antedate. 6 Defoe As if design'd by Instinct to be Great, His Judgment seem'd to antidate his Wit. V.

R

Jones 'TTie Hobnails' which

.

he had managed to mention of hobnails in .

prove antedated (1474) the first the Oxford English Dictionary (1594). antedating n. (a) the action of marking with or assigning to an earlier date; anticipating; (b) an earlier instance: L16,

/.antidi'luivisn/ a. & n. M17. [f. ANTE- + L diluvium DELUGE + -AN.] A adj. 1 Belonging, referring, or appropriate to the time before the Flood described in Genesis. M17. 2 Utterly out of date, very antiquated, colloq. E18. B n. A person who lived before the Flood; an

antediluvian

old-fashioned or very old person. L17. Also antediluvial

antefix

/-fikssm/, {.

E19.

a.

/'antifiks/ n.

Also

L

in

form -fixum

-fixa /-fiksa/. M19. [L amefixum, n. of fixus: see fix v. ] Class. ornament on an eave or cornice to

pi.

as ANTE- + use as

Archit.

An

conceal the ends of tiles; also, an ornamental head etc. making a spout from a gutter. Usu. in pL ante'fixal a. M19.

anteflexion

/anti'fl£kj(3)n/ n.

M19. [f ante-

+

FLEXION.] Anal. = ANTEVERSION. 'anteflexed

/anti'breikial/ a.

Anat.

= antecedence

[(0)Fr. antecedent adj. & n. or L amecedentpres. ppl stem (also in philosophy as n.) of amecedere: see antecede, -ent.] \ n. \ gen. preceding thing or circumstance. lME. 2 spec, a Logic. The statement upon which a consequence logically depends; the part of a conditional proposition on which the other part depends. lME. b Gram. A noim, clause, sentence, etc., to which a (usu. following and esp. relative) pronoim or adverb refers. lME. c Math. The first of two quantities which are linked by some relationship or operation, e.g. a ratio. L16. f3 An usher. E M17. 4 In pi. The events of the past history of (esp. a person). M19. B adj. 1 Preceding in time or order. Also pred. & adv., prior to. Mi6. 2 Presumptive, a priori. L18. 3 Geol. Of (systems oO streams etc.: with courses determined before the establishment of the present topography and essentially unchanged

War.

BRACHIAL.] forearm.

saw,

antecedent

Myrmeco-

ante-bellum Civil

(a)

5 Sir

phagidae, having long, sticky, threadlike tongues and feeding chiefly on ants and Also (pop.) any termites. of certain other insectivorous mammals (see below). banded anteater — NUMBAT. Cape anteater = AARDVARK. giant anteater = tamanoir. scaly anteater = pangolin, spiny anteater = echidna.

antebrachial

n.

below up.

adv. = before.] Forming ns. adjs. or ns.) w. the sense 'before, preceding, (in place, time, or order)'. ante-chapel n. the outer part at the west end of a college chapel E18. Ante-Co'nununion (Service) n. the earlier portion of the Anglican Communion service said when there is no Eucharist E19 ante'cubital a. (Anal.) of or pertaining to the inner surface of the forearm L19. anie-orbital adj. var. of antorbital. antepost a. (of racing odds or betting) made before the competitors' starting-numbers are known E20. antetype n. a preceding type, an earlier example E17.

ante-

antecedency

antecedent condition or event: L16.

ancestor. ]

Antarctic /an'ta:ktik/ a. & n. Also f-art-. lME. [OFr. antanique (mod.

I

general strike seems to have produced a lessemng of class antagonism, b M. C. Gerald Atropine's antagonism of acetylcholine. 2 De Quincey As if resulting from J.

a.

rransf.

[Fr.

tense attitudes is clearly revealed the bitter antagonism between them. A. Lurie The antagonism we felt for

audience.

/.antafra'diziak/

a

E19.

n.

amagonisme: see next, -iSM.] 1 Mutual resistance of opposing forces; active opposition; a feeling of hostility or opposition. E19. b Biochem. Inhibition of or interference with the action of a substance or organism by another. L19. 2 An opposing force or principle. M19. 1 R. CoBDEN The Government had not placed itself in antagonism to them. E. O'Neill In their whole

the

is

«.' 4.

Now

tyrant, etc.

anta

sphere away from which the sun

Cf APEX

M18. [f ANT- + APHRODISMC] = AN APHRODISIAC.

suff.-

of wds

Orig. fanti-apex. L19. Astron. The point on the

rare or obs.

analogies have produced inconsistency of use of -ant and -em.

& AN)

-ases

PI.

n.

n.

«.'.]

antaphrodisiac

v.

source L -am- pres. ppl stem of vbs of the ist conjugation, or -ent(see -ent).] Forming adjs. denoting existence of action, as pendant, repentant, or state, as arrogant, expectant, and ns. denoting an agent, as assistant, celebrant, deodorant, usu. f. vbs. Conflicting Eng., /(3)nt/

/ant'eipsks/

+ APEX

[f ANT-

M20. a.

/anta'nakbsis/

L16. [Gk: see ant-, anaclasis.] Rhet. Repetition, esp. of a word in different or contrary senses, /-3si:z/.

other insects or substances) antlike

L19.

n.

lME

L16. f 2 Astron. Retrograde motion. L18. 3 Precedence, priority. L17.

2a.

arch.

antapex

n.'

v.i.

-ant

antelopine

85

a.

(of the uterus) anteverted L19.

/'antibop/ n. PI. same, -s. lME. (OFr. antelop or med.L ant(h)alopus f med.Gk antholops of imkn. origin and meaning.] I A mythical creature with long serrated fierce horns, said to haunt the banks of the Euphrates; a heraldic animal resembling this. lME. 2 Any of the more deerlike members of the ruminant family Bovidae (e.g. chamois, gnu, gazelle). Also, the pronghom of N. America. E17.

antelope

antelopine

day, 30 no,

1::

hair,

la

a. var.

near,

of antilopine. boy,

m poor,

ai3 tire,

aos sour

antelucan antelucan

,

M17. ['Lamelucamis,

anti'luikCo)!!/ a.

.\NTE-

as

f.

+

Of

lux light: see -an.]

I11C-,

or

penaining to the hours before dawn; happening before

dawn

mo'ridiom/ a. & adv. phr. M16. [L: see meridian a.] Before midday; beuveen midnight and the following noon. Abbrev. a.m.

anteme ridian the forenoon or

fantemetic

,anti

{rare) pertaining

a.

&

n.

a.

or appropriate to

Mf.

morning

ante-mortem

var. of anti-emetic.

L19. [L ante before death.

anti'ni.ntam/

Made

before death.)

a.

antemundane

anti'm.vndem a. M18. [f. ante+ L mundus world + -ane i.] Existing or occurring before the creation of the svorld.

antenatal J.']

N.\T.\i

anti'neit(a)l 1

[f

E19.

a.

Happening or

ante-

+

e>dsting before birth.

Med. Penaining to or concerned with the health and well-being of women during E19. 2

pregnancy. L19. an'tena

-nnae

PI.

n.

(esp.

-ni:/,

4) -nnas. M17. [L, alt. of amemna sailyard, used in pi. as tr. of Aristotle's keraioi 'horns' of insects.] 1 Zool. Either of a pair of

sensory appendages on the heads of insects, crustaceans, and some other arthropods; a feeler, mi 7. 2 fig. In pi. Receptive senses, means of exploration. M19. 3 Bot. Either of a pair of projections on the male flowers of certain orchids of the genus Catasetum, which when touched cause the ejection of the pollinia. M19. 4 = AERIAL n. Chiefly US & techn. E20.

G

Dl'RREU. A weird creature ... a pear-shaped body, long antennae that twitched indignantly. 2 E. Pound My soul's antennas are prey to such perturbations. L. Lee Antennae of eyes and nose and grubbing fingers. 4 J. Cheever A north wind was howling in the tele\ision antennas. T. Pynchon A radio transmitting station was set up on the cliff, antermas aimed at the Continent. V antenna, see \', v 2.

antennal, antennary adjs. of, pertaining to, or of the nature of antermae M19. ante'nniferous a. bearing antennae E19. antenniform a. of the form of antermae .\ii9. antennule n. a small antenna .M19.

antenuptial occurrmg,

[Late L nuptial.] Bom,

anti'n.xpK?)!

amenupiiaUs,

ante-orbital

E19.

a.

+

ante-

as

i.

a. var.

of antorbital.

antepagment anii'pagm(3)nt n. Also in L fonn -pagmentum -pag'mgntam/, pi. -ta L17. [L antepagmentum, f as ANTE- + pangere fasten: see -ment.] Archil. Each of the jambs or moulded architraves of a door. Usu. in ,

-ta

.

L

compar. f ante before: see -lOR.] 1 Fore, more to the front; esp. in Anat., situated in the front of the body, or nearer to the head, forepart, etc.; in the case of humans and other erect animals, = ventral. mi6. b Bot. Situated further away from the axis. E19. 2 Former, anterior,

earlier, prior (to). L16.

2 R. L. .Stevenson News of their anterior home. M. conceivable standpoint of rectitude did she imagine she could judge what was anterior to her arrival? anteri'ority n. E18 anteriormost a. (chiefly Biol.) in the furthest forward position, nearest to the anterior

LowRY From what

M20. anteriorly adv. L16.

antero-

directed forwards in time; spec, (of

a.

mvolving

amnesia)

M19 anteropo'sterior

both anterior and

a.

a.

new

remember

to

inability

information: L19. antero'lateral lateral

pertaining to liont

and back; directed forwards and backwards: M19. anteropos'teriorly adz', in an anteroposterior direction, frontwards and backwards M19.

ante-room +

room

-rum/ n. mi8. antechamber.]

/'antiruim, after

n.',

[(.

ante-

A room

leading to another.

antes

/'antiz/ n.pl. li6. [Fr. repr.

L

antae

of

pi.

\NTA.] Archil. Antae.

ante-temple

/'antitEmp(a)l/ n. E18. [med.L Gk pronaos: see ante-, templEs^ portico of a church or ancient temple.

antetemplum n.']

A

tr.

anteversion version

/anti'v3:J(3)n/

n.

Forward

Anal.

]

M19. [f ante-

inclination

of

-i-

the

uterus. /'antiva:!/

anticipate, prevent,

i.

mi 7.

v.t.

as

ante-

+

[L antevenere venere turn.] 1

Avert beforehand, prevent, anticipate, rare. M17. 2 Turn forward. Chiefly as antevened ppl a. {Anat., of the uterus) inclined forward. M19. /and/

Gk ANTI-

pref.

bef.

(no longer productive). Var. of

an aspirate.

/an'Giilian/ n. PI. -lia /-lis/. L17. [Gk neut. of anthelios, earlier antelws opposite to the sun, f. anth- 4- helios sun.] A parhelion opposite to the sun in the sky. Also, a

anti'paitsm

partum before

birth.]

L19.

a.

[L

ante

Med. Occurring not long

before childbirth.

antepast

'antipu:st

L16. [f ANTE-

n. arch.

+

L

A

pastus food: cf REPAST n., ANTIPASTO.] first course to whet the appetite, an hors d'oeuvre; a

Also antihelix /'antihiiliks/. ei8. [Gk: see anth-, helix 3 ] Anat. The curved elevation within the helix of /an'6i:liks/

n.

anti'psndiam/

Also fanti-. L16. [med.L, f as ante- + L pendere hang.] A veil or hanging for the front of an altar, antepenult antipi'nAlt/ a. & n. li6. [Abbrev. of next.] = axtepenxjltimate.

antepenultima ,

a. & n. Also -thic /-9ik/. L17. [f anth- -I- Gk helminth-, -nuns worm -I- -ic] Med. A adj. Active against parasitic worms. L17. B n. An anthelmintic medicine. ei8.

anthelmintic /an9(3)rmmtik/

/'anBsni/

-mas.

antepaenuhima,

.antipi'n.xltima/

li6. f.

n.

as

[Late

n.

L

-mae

PI.

(syllaha)

ANTE- + PENtn.TIMA.]

Pros.

The last syllable but two of a word or verse antepenultimate .antipi'nAltimst a. Si n. LI7. [f as ANTE- + PENtn-TIMATE.] \ ad}. The last but two. LI7. B n. = prec. E18. anteposition /,antip3'zij(3)n/ n. rare. mi8. [f ANTE- + POSITION >i. as if f L anieponere place before: cf. postposition.] The placing of anything in front, esp. Gram.) in front of a word which usually precedes. anteprandial anti'prandial/ a. E19. [f ante'r L prandium dinner + -al'.] Before-dinner. ,

,

anter n. & v. sec aijnter. ante rem /'anti rem

&

[med.L (Albertus Magnus) = Philos. Prior to the existence

b but, d dog,

f

ANTIPHON

few, g get, h he,

adv.

L19. before the thing.] phr.

of something j

yes, k cat,

I

else,

leg,

m

&

v.

OE.

[eccl.L anliphona

sp.

n.

I.

anthemion .M19.

[Gk

/an'Biimisn/ = flower ] A

n.

PI.

figure

-mia or

/-mis/.

ornament

resembling honeysuckle. Orig. in (in sense i only in) L -erae. E16. [Fr. anthere or mod.L anthera, in cl.L medicine extracted from flowers, f. Gk anlhera, fern, of anlheros of flowers, f. anthos flower] medicine f 1 extracted from flowers, used to treat sore gums. E16-L17. 2 Bot. The part of the stamen in which pollen is contained and from which it is shed when mature. E18.

anther

/'anOs/

form ^(-era,

n.

pi.

A

a.

L18.

antheridium

/anOa'ridism/ n. PI. -dia /-dis/. M19. [mod.L: see prec, -idium.] Bot. A male reproductive organ in a ciyptogam.

man,

anthesis

/an'9i:sis/

[Gk

M19.

n.

anthesis

flowering, f anthein to blossom.] Bot. The time a flower opens, or becomes sexually functional.

when

antho-

Gk

/'an93o/ comb, form of

anthos flower:

see -0-.

an'thography n. (rare) scientific description of flowers L19. antho'mania n. an extravagant passion for flowers L18. antho'maniac n. {rare) a person with anthomania M19. an'thophilous a. (of insects etc.) frequenting flowers L19 anthophore n. (Bot.) a stalk which raises the receptacle above the calyx M19. antho'xanthin n. (Chem.) any yellow flavonoid

M19.

M19.

in plants

anthocyanin

/anBs'sAianin/

[G Amhocyan,

f-cyan.

Orig.

n.

Gk antho-

{.

kuanos

-I-

Chem. Any of a large class of or red flavonoid pigments found in

blue: see -in'.]

blue, violet, plants.

anthocy'anidin

n.

any of the pigments of which the

anthocyanins are glycosides E20.

anthology /an'9Dl3d3i/ n. M17. [Fr. amhologie or med.L anthologia Gk, anthos flower: see i.

-logy] la

a

t.

poems by various authors, chosen as being especially fine or appropriate. M17. b A collection of other literary works or of paintings, songs, etc. L18. 2 A collection of flowers, rare. M18. antho'logical a. f (a) treating of flowers; (b) of or relating to an anthology: E17. anthologist n. the compiler of an anthology E19. anthologize v.t. & compile an anthology (of); use m an anthology: E19. collection of

i.

Anthony

/'antani/

was

traditionally

[Name

lME.

n.

patron saint of swineherds, to

vowed

of the

whom

one of each

The

smallest pig

]

of a litter. Also Anthony pig, hog, etc. See also St Anihony('s) cross, St Anthony's SAINT n. & a., TANTONY.

Anthony Eden

/.antsni 'i:d(3)n/

statesman, 1897-1977.]

anthophyllite

fire s.v.

m2o. [Eng.

n.

A black Homburghat.

/an93'filMt, an'BofiUit/

n.

n no, p pen,

E19.

mod.L

anlhophyllum clove + -ITE': so called from its typical clove-brown colour ] Min. An orthorhombic ferromagnesian amphibole which occurs usu. as fibrous or asbestiform masses.

anthozoan

/anBa'zsosn/ n. & a. L19. [f mod.L (see below), f Gk anthos flower zoia animals + -an.] A n. Any animal of the class Anthozoa of marine coelenterates, which includes sea anemones, corals, and sea-pens. L19. B adj. Of or pertaining to Anthozoa. L19. -I-

anthracene

/'an9r3si:n/ anthrax, coal

M19.

n.

[f

Gk A

Chem. tricyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, C14H1,,, found coal tar and isolated as colourless crystals. anthrak-,

anthracite

/'anBrasAit/

-I-

n.

-ENE.]

&

a.

L16.

in

[Gk

f as prec: see -ite'.] f' ^ B^^n described by Pliny, supposedly hydrophane. L16-M18. 2 A hard, non-bituminous kind of coal Also consisting of relatively pure carbon. anthracite coal. El 9. 3 (Of) the dark grey colour of this coal. L19. anthraktles,

anthra'citic

a.

of,

pertaining to, or of the nature of

anthracite coal M19.

/an'9raknaus/ n. L19. [Fr., i. Gk fimgal anthrak-, anthrax coal -I- nosos disease.] disease of plants, characterized by dark lesions.

anthracnose

A

anthem. E17.

antheral a.

n.

w. -th- dates from 15 ] A n. 1 = arch. OE. 2 A composition in non-metrical prose (usu. from the Scriptures or Liturgy) set to music for sacred ust. lME. 3 Any song of praise and gladness; esp. a song (sometimes strictly a hymn) adopted by a nation to express patriotism or loyalty (usu. more fiilly national anthem). lME. B xki. Celebrate in an

ANTIPHON:

foretaste.

antependium

-I-

Anthozoa

glory, a halo.

anthem

MI9.

/,an0(3)r3'z3uid/ n. Also -zooid M19. [f anther + -ozo(o)id.] Bot. A motile male gamete produced by a cryptogam or gymnosperm.

[f

anthelion

antheUx

a.

/-'zaoaid/.

litter

antevert

anth-

antheridial

antherozoid

pigment found

/'antsrao/ comb, form of anterior, used form adjs. and corresp. advs.:

(chiefly Anat.) to

the ear.

pL

antepartum

-mi:

M16. [Fr. anterieur or

a.

anthelion

before marriage.

etc.,

/an'tisria,

anterograde

sense

1

anterior

see -0-.

antenatal!}' aih: L19.

antenna

the particular; of or pertaining to the theory that the universal is logically prior to the particular. Cf. in re 2, post spec, (of a universal) prior to

rem.

ante meridiem

mcncm

anthracothere

86

r

red, s

sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

L19. [f Gk /'an9r3k3id/ a. anthrak-, ANTHRAX + -OID.] Of a bacterium: of the kind typified by the anthrax bacillus.

anthracoid

anthracosis

/an9r3'k3osis/ n. PI. -coses -osis.] Med. M19. [f. as prec. Pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of coal /-'kausiiz/.

-I-

dust.

anthracotic

a.

suffering

from anthracosis M19

anthracothere

/'an9r3k36i3/ n. M19. [Fr. anthracothere f. Gk anthrak-, anthrax coal + therion wild animal: its remains were first found in coal-bearing strata.] Palaeont. An extinct artiodactyl of the family Anthracotheriidae, resembling a pig, foimd as fossils of Middle Tertiary age.

z 200, J she, 3 vision, 8 thin,

d

this,

13

nng,

tj

chip, dj jar

anthranilic anthranilic

a.

M19.

[!'.

o-aminobcnzoic acid, C7H7NO,. an'thranilate

^1 For a lime (18-19), commonly restricted essentially to human biology. Subsequently regaining its original scope, and becoming divided into the two branches defined above anthropologist n. 1.18. anthropologize v.i. {colloq.) study anthropology M20.

/anOropa'mctrik/ a. & n. L19. [f next ^ -ic ] A adj. Of or pertaining to anthropometry. L19. B n. In pi (treated as

anthropometric

a salt or ester of this acid M19.

n.

anthraquinone

/'anOrakwinaon/ n. L19. [f. guiNONE.] C'/iem. A yellow crystalline quinone, C|,,HgO,, which is obtained by oxidation of anthracene, and is the basis of many natural and synthetic dyes. Also, any of various other quinones with similar structures.

/'an9raks/ n. lME. [L = carbuncle, f Gk anthrax, anthrak- coal, carbuncle.] Med. 1 A carbuncle, a pustule. Now rare or obs. lME. 2 Infection with the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, which in animals (esp. sheep and cattle) usu. takes the form of a fatal acute septicaemia, and in humans usu. affects the skin, causing development of a pustule, or the lungs, causing woolsorters' disease, a form of pneumonia. L19.

as

i.

/an'Bropik/ a. M19. [Gk amhrspikos, see -ic] Of or pertaining to

adv. L19,

anthropo'genic anthropogeny;

proportions variation.

instrument used in anthroponieter n. an anthropometry L19 anthropometrist n. a person engaged in anthropometry L19

anthropomorph

of or

humans

Gk

n.

M19

to

anthropoge'ography

anthropogeography

human

n.

n.

M18.

of

God,

to

Of human

anthropomorphite

shape;

spec,

/aneraps'moifAit/

a.

a. M19. f anthropomorph L17 M18. anthropomorphitism n. the of anthropomorphites, anthropomorphism:

doctnne M17,

anthropomorphize M19.

as next

[f.

/anerapa'mDif/iiz/

+

anthropopathy

Of human

t

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

anthropophagia Cannibalism,

form.

anthropopathy

/anOra'pofagAi,

of

3:

M16.

M19

-djAi/

n.pl.

['L

/anOra'pofadsi/

anthropophagous

pref.

n.

M17. [Gk -y'.]

see

cannibal M19 mi6-mi8. [L f. Gk + anthhupophora

/-gas/ a n.

anthupophora, I. as allegation] Rhet. A contrary allegation. /'anti/

prec:

as

f.

,

coimter-mference,

a

Also ant- bef. a vowel or

[Gk =

instead,

opposite, against, in representing, rivalling,

Used in wds adopted (ult.) f. Gk Eng. wds modelled on these, and as a

simulating.]

and

in

freely productive pref.

w. the sense 'opposite, against, preventing', forming (a) ns. f. ns., as antibody, -climax, -democrat; also w. the senses pseudo-', as Antichrist, antipope, 'the reverse of, unlike the conventional', as anti-hero. 'rival,

saw,

\ run,

o put,

u:

too, s ago, ai

(w. sufT. -ism,

-ist)

'(the doctrine

oO

a person opposed to', as anti-Americanism, antidisestablishmentananism (a factitious long word), -imperialism, anti-feminism, -feminist, -militarism,

-imperialist,

-militarist,

-papist,

-vivisectionism, -vivisectionist, (those in

-socialist,

-ist also used attrib. or as adj.); in Physics designating an antiparticle of a specified particle, as antineutnno, -proton, -quark, in Biol. & Med. designating substances which counteract or inhibit the effect of another substance, as anticholinesterase, -hormone, -vitamin; in Chem. (usu. italicized) designating geometrical isomers of organic compounds containing or in which the principal atoms or groups attached to the doubly bonded atoms are on opposite sides of the plane of the double bond (opp. syn-); (6) adjs. f. adjs., the pref acting as a prep, governing the n. implied, as anti-Amencan,

C=N

N=N

-colonial,

-inflationary,

-parliamentary,

-papal,

-malarial,

-natural,

-revolutionary,

-Semitic,

(these can form advs. where appropriate); these adjs. can be used ellipt. as ns., esp. Med. designating a drug or other agent counteracting -totalitarian,

-traditional,

-utilitarian,

my, ao how,

the n. implied, as anticonvulsant, -depressant; (c) f ns. in attrib. use, as anti-apanheid (demonstration etc.), -combination (laws etc.), -court (party etc.), -missile (missile etc.), -noise adjs.

-roll (regulations etc.), (bar etc.), -slavery (society etc.), -union (feeling etc.), -tvar

(literature, party, etc.). anti-a'bortion a. opposed to abortion on demand L20. anti-a'bortionist n. & a. (a person who is) antiabortion L20. anti-'aircrafit a. & n. (a gun etc.) for defence against hostile aircraft E20. anti-'attridon n. (now rare) something which resists the effects of friction E19 antibac'terial a. active against bacteria E20. anti'bilious a. (now rare) of use against biliousness E19. Anti-'Birmingham n. {Eng. Hist.) an opponent of the 1680 Exclusion Bill, a Tory (cf

Birmingham)

ei

L17.

Anti'burgher

n.

{Hist.) a

member

of the section of the Secession Church in Scotland which held it unscriptural to take the burgess oath (cf BURGHER 2) M18. anti-'busing, *-bussing /-bASil)/ a. {US) opposed to the counteracting of racial segregation by transporting pupils in buses to more distant schools M20 anti'cathode n. in an X-ray tube, the target on which electrons from the cathode

impinge, producing X-rays E20 anti'catholic, anti'Catholic a. & n. (a person) opposed to what is catholic or {esp.) Roman Catholic M17. anti-'choice a. opposed to granting choice, spec, to granting pregnant women the nght to choose abortion L20. and'clerical a. & n. (a person who is) opposed to clencal rule or influence, esp. in politics M19.

and'clericalism n. opposiuon influence L19 and'clockwise a.

to

&

clencal

rule

or

adv. in a direction

movement

opposite to that of the hands of a clock, curve from right to left as seen from a and'codon n. {Biochcm.) a triplet of nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in of

anthropo'pathically adv.

/-gas/.

anthypophora

exchange,

[f

see, d hot,

=

n.

E19.

aspirate (see anth-).

in the widest sense. cultural or social anthropology, the science of human social and cultural behaviour and its development, physical anthropology, the science of human zoology, evolution, and ecology, social anthropology: see cultural anthropology above.

a cat, a: arm,

Render or v.i. Use

M16.

anti-

L17

-gus

anthropophagy

f

E19.

-I-

L16. science

2

anthropophagm, -gt f. Gk anthrdpophagos man-eating, f. as ANTHROPO-: see -phagous ] Cannibals. f anthropophaginian n. {rare, Shakes.) a cannibal: only in L16 anthropophagite n. a habitual cannibal Sing, {rare)

[f. as next -ical.] Of, penaining to, or connected with anthropology; relating to the nature of humankind.

n.

a.

anthropophagi

anthropolite /an'9rDp(3)lMt/ n. Now rare or obs. L18. [f ANTHROPO- + -LITE.] A petrified

/an9r3'pDl3d3i/ -LOGV] TTie

v.t.

/anGra'popsGi/ n. M17. [f. Ascription of human ]

anthropopathism anthropo'pathic

M20.

+

1

Also

M19.

antliropoid ape a large ape of the family Pongidae; a gorilla, orang-utan, or chimpanzee. B «. A being that is human in form only; esp. an anthropoid ape. M19. anthro'poidal a M19.

ANTHROPOhumankind,

]

v.

ANTHROPO- + -pathy emotions to God.

1

anthropology

-ize

anthropomorphous /anOrapa'maifas/ a. mi8. [f. Gk anthropomorphos, f as ANTHROPO- +

comprising

anthropologic anthropological a. anthropologically adv. L19

&

anthropomor'phitic itical

humans, apes, and monkeys. M19. 2 Apelike.

human being; a human fossil. anthropological /,an0rap3'!Dd3ik(a)l/a.

n.

Also

form to God.

of or pertaining to the

Anthropoidea,

uses

A-. lME. [eccl.L anthropomorphitae anthrdpomorphilai, pi. f. eccl.Gk f. as anthropomorphous; see -ite'.] (Designatmg) a member of a religious sect ascnbing a human a.

a. & n. M19. [Gk anthropo-: see -OID.] A adj.

suborder

who

person

a

or

anthropomorphism mi 9.

/'anGrap-nd/ as

animal,

as human in form. M19. antfiropomorphism. M19. anthropomorphi'zation n. L19

anthropocentrically adv. M20 anthropocentri /-siz(3)m/, -centrism ns. an anthropocentric view or doctnne E20.

f.

an

god,

a

morphe form: see -ous.]

anthropoetdes,

n.

-i-

something impersonal. «. anthropomorphist

cism

colloq.

/anGr5p3'm3:fiz(3)m/

anthropomorphous -ism] human form, attributes, or

as

Ascription personality

universe.

1

[f.

regard

regarding humanity as the central fact of the

anthropoid

anthropo-

of

var.

v.

anthropomorphism

-ise.

anthropocentric /.anOraps'sentrik/ a. M19. [f + -centric] Centring in humans; prec.

primate

-ic]

anthropomorphise

and

antinovel,

further

/anBrapa'msifik/ a. E19. [f. I Of the nature of Having anthropomorphism. E19. 2 or representing a human form. L19. anthropomorphical a. M19. anthropomorphically adv. M19.

+

prec.

as

geography,

(now rare) a who person studies human anatomy M19. anthro'potomy n. (now rare) the anatomy of the human body M19. anthro'potomist

A

Art.

anthropomorphic

Mi 7.

geographical anthropology: L19. f anthropography n. an anatomical or ethnographic description L16-M19. anthro'polatry n. worship of a human being mi 7 anthro'ponymy n. the study of persons' names M20 anthropo'psychism n. the ascription of human mental charactenstics to a divine bemg or agencies at work in nature L19 anthropo'sopliical a. of or pertaining to anthroposophy E20. anthro'posophy n. (a) the knowledge of the nature of humans; human wisdom; (b) a movement inaugurated by Rudolf Sterner (1861-1925) to develop the faculty of cogniuon and the realization of spiritual reality: M18 anthropo'tomical a. (now rare) of or in human

anatomy M19-

n.

morphize.

(a) of or pertaining to originated by humans: L19. the investigation of the origin anthropogeo'graphical a. of

pertaining

'anOrs-/

/an'GropsmD:!',

ANTHROPOMORPHOUS.] LI9. [f as representation of the human form,

that

a.

{b)

anthro'pogeny

of

deals

that

theories of the origin of the universe are constrained by the necessity to allow individual human existence.

form

/anOra'pomitri/ n. M19. [f TTie branch of science ] with measurement and the of the human body and their

ANTHROPO- + -metry

humankind; human.

anthropo- /'anBrapau/ comb, anthrOpos human being: see -0-.

in

anthropometry

ne.xt:

anthropic principle the cosmological principle

used

as

designing furniture and machinery. L19. anthropometrical a. L19 anthropometrically

anthrax

anthropic

Anthropometry, now esp.

smg.).

+

ANTHRA(CENE

anti-

87

Gk

anthrax coal + ANIL + -IC: app. so called because of a dark blue-black substance intcnncdiate in its preparation ] Chem. anthranilic acid, a first colourless or yellow crystalline compound first obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of indigo; /anOro'nilik/

moving

m

a

central position L19.

transfer RNA, corresponding to a complementary in messenger RNA. andco'donic a. of or pertainmg to an anticodon L20 anticon vulsant a. & n. (a medicine) that prevents or retards convulsions M20. andde'pressant a. & n. (a drug) that alleviates the symptoms of depression M20. anddiu'redc a. &

codon

(a drug) that tends to inhibit the secretion of urine {amtdmrcttc hormone = VASOPRESSIN; abbrev. ADH) E20. andfe'brific a. & n. (now rare), and'febrile n. & a. (a medicine) of use against fever M17. andform n. n.

{Geol.) a fold that is convex upwards, irrespective of the cfironological sequence of the strata (opp. iynfomt) M20. andfreeze a. & n. (designating) a chemical agent pdded to water in order to lower the freezing point, esp. for use in the radiator of an engine E20.

and'iricdon n. & a. (a substance) that reduces friction Ml 9. and-'Gallican a. & n. (a person) opposed to what is French M18 and-'Gallicanism n. opposition or aversion to the French E19. and-god n. {a) a rival god; {b) an evil demon or devil: mi 7. andhero n. a person, esp. the chief character in a novel

who is the opposite of or unlike a conventional or hero n. an untypical E18. anti-heroine unconventional heroine E20. and'histamine n. & a. (a drug) that counters the physiological effects of etc.,

allergies M20. histamine, esp. in some ,antihista'minic a. & n. - antihistamine M20. antihy'steric n. & a. (now rare) (a medicine) of use against hysteria M18. antihy'sterical a. {rare) = antihysteric a. M17. and-'Jacobin a. & n. (a person) opposed to the Jacobins (1789) or to the French

day, au no,

t:

hair,

I3

near,

ai

boy, 03 poor, ai3

tire,

aoa sour

and-apex Revolution E19 andknock 'i. & a. (designating) a substance added 10 motor fuel to prevent detonation in the engine e;o and-Ufe n. & j. (a principle or attitude) opposed to living fully and hamioniously wth the natural order t20. anti-lock(ing) j (of a vehicle braking sN'stem) designed to prevent the wheels from locking LZO. andma'larial j. & n. (a drug) of use against malaria M20 antiinatter n. (Physia) matter whose clementar\' particles are the antiparticlcs of those lelcctrons, protons, etc.) making up normal ri. substance antime'tabolite a m;o matter resembling a metabolite and interfering with normal metabolic princesses M20. f andmonarchial a. = ANTIMONARCHICAL LI7 M18. f antimonarchic ii. =

ANTIMONARCHICAL MI7 M18. andmo'narchical o. opposed to monarchy eit. and'monarchist n. a professional opponent of monarchs and monarchy Ml", and-'nadonal j. opposed to one's own nation or to a national party E19. antineo'plasdc suppresses neoplasia drug) that (a

&

n.

j

M2o.

f andnephridc(al) adjs. & ris. (a medicine) of use agamst kidney disease Mi^ M19. andnode n. (Physics) a point or line at which the amplitude of a vibrating system is a maximum L19 andnovel n. a novel of an unconventional or untraditional, often experimental, and-'nuclear j. opposed to nuclear type .M20 weapons .\120. and-odon'talgic j. (rjrt) of use agamst toothache E19. and'oxidant ti. & a. (an agent) that inhibits oxidation .M20. and'parallel a. (chiefly Physics) parallel but moving or oriented in opposite n. (Physics) directions M17. andpardcle an elementar;,' particle having the same mass as a given particle but an opposite electrical charge, or (in the case of an uncharged particle) an opposite magnetic moment; a particle of antimatter: M20. (Physiol.) acting contrary to andperi'staldc a. peristaltic

motion

weapons,

etc.)

E18.

and-perso'nnel

designed to

human

t andpesdlendal

Mf-EiQ. andpole

a. ri.

(of

j.

injure,

kill,

and'perspirant

beings M20. substance) tending to

bombs,

or obstruct n.

&

(a

a.

perspiration M20. of use against pestilence the opposite pole; fig. the direct inhibit

opposite: E19. andpru'ridc ti. & a. (a substance) that relieves itching L19. andpsy'chotic n. & a. (a drug) used to treat psychotic disorders L20. andpy'retic n. & J. (a medicme) that tends to reduce fever L17. andra'chitic j. (AfeJ.) preventing or curing rickets .\1I9

and'resonance

^i.

which

(Physics) a condition in

minimum value E20. (a person) opposed to the

an interaction or a response has a

.andsabba'tarian

&

a.

n.

observance of the Sabbath M17 n.

(a

medicme)

andscor'budc

&

a.

mi 7. M17-M18

that prevents or cures scurvy

t andscorbutical

= ANTiscoRBunc

a.

a.

and'scriptural a. opposed to Scripture L17 t andscripturist n. a person who denies the truth and authonry of Scnpture Mi^-Mi8. and-self n. an adopted persona that is the opposite of the conscious normal self E20. and-'Semite n. anti-Se'midc a. (a person) hostile to Jews L19. and-'Semidsm n. hostility or opposition to Jews L19 antiserum n. pi. ,

,

-ra, Aied. a serum containing antibodies, usu. for a particular antigen E20 andspas'modic a. & n. (Med.) (a medicme) of use against involuntary-muscle spasm a. counteracting the effects of static M20 antisyphi'litic n. & a. (a medicine) of use against syphihs M19. antite'tanic n. & a. (a drug) chat counteracts or prevents tetanus L19 anti'dieism n. opposition to behef in the existence of

L17. antistatic electricity

a god M19 and'theist n. a person opposed to belief in rhe existence of a god M19. andthe'isdc a. of or

pertaining to antitheists, opposed to belief in a god M19 and'toxic a. {Physiol.) of the nature of, pertaming to, or containing an antitoxin L19.

antitoxin

n. (Physiol.)

an antibody effective agamst an

antigenic (usu bacterial) toxin L19. antitrade iwind) (phr.) (Mctcornl.) eng., any of the prevailing n. westerly winds of middle latitudes; now, a contrary wind blowing at a high altitude above the trade wind: M19. andtra^s n (Anai.) a small cartilaginous projection above the lobe of the ear, opposite the tragus MI9 antitrini'tarian n. & a. (a person) opposed to the doctnne of the Trinity Ei" and-'trust a. (US) opposed to trusts or siinilar monopolistic combinations L19. antive'nene n. an antiserum for a snake venom or other animal poison L19 anti'venin = ANTrvENEhTE E20. anti'viral a. acting against n. viruses L20 anti'virus n an antiviral agent M20.

f anti-apex

antibiosis

n.

see

ant apex.

/.antibAi'susis

L19.

n.

[f.

anti-

+

Biol. Antagonism between syM)Blosis n.] organisms (opp. symbiosis); esp. the action of

antibiotics.

antibiotic .antibAi'otik/ a. & n. M19. [f. anti+ Gk biOtikos fit for life, f. hios life: see -otic] A adj. 1 1 Doubting the possibility of life (in a ,

b but, d dog,

f

anticoagulant

88

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

particular environment). M-L19. 2 Injurious to or destructive of living matter, esp. microorganisms; of or pcnaining to antibiotics. L19. B

A

n.

substance which

is

capable of destroying or

growth of bacteria or other microone that is produced by another micro-organism (or is a synthetic analogue of a microbial product), and is used therapeutically. M20. U Rare bef. M20. inhibiting the

organisms;

antibody

spec,

/'antibodi/

n.

+ body

E20. [f anti-

G Amikdrper.]

Physiol. A protein produced in the body which reacts with a given antigen (whose introduction usu. stimulates its «.

,

tr.

formation). Comb. antibody-negative, -positive :

which

adjs. in

antibodies associated with a particular antigen (esp. with HIV) are absent or present,

'antik/ n., a., & v. Also fantique. See also ANTIQUE. E16. [It. antico ancient, f. L = antiquus, amicus ANTIQUE, used in Eng. gronesco: see grotesque.] «. 1 grotesque or absurd posture or action. Usu. in pi. E16. f2

antic

A

&

A

A

An.

grotesque or fantastic ornamental representation of a person, animal, or thing; a gargoyle's grotesque face. M16-M19. 3 A clown; a mountebank; a merry-andrew. arch. MI 6. f 4 A grotesque pageant or theatrical representation. L16-L17. 1 J Montague For an instant / you smile to see / his

Archil.

Marlowe To make And point hke antics at

2 C.

antics.

like apes.

his

monks

.

.

stand

crown. 3

hallooing like an antic. 4 Shakes. L.L.L. Some delightful ostentation, or show, or antic, or firework. pageant, or

B adj. 1 Grotesque, bizarre, fantastically, incongruous, arch. M16. f2 Of the face or features: grotesquely distorted (see sense A. 2 above). L16-L17. I E. Hall A fountayne of embowed woorke ingrayled with anticke woorkes. Shakes. Haml. How strange or odd some'er I bear myself— As I perchance hereafter shall think meet To put an antic disposition dressed after a very on. SwTFT Two rows of guards antic marmer. Wordsworth An antic pair Of monkeys on his back. E, Linklater Juan was moved to something between fear and antic laughter. .

C

V.

act

-ck-.

Infl.

as

an

1

v.i.

&

r.

arch.

antic,

.

.

w. it. Perform antics, L16. f2 v.t. Make

grotesque, rare (Shakes.). Only in E17. anticly adv. (arch.) grotesquely M16.

f antichamber

Antichrist

n.

see

antechamber. n. OE. [OFr.

/'antikrAist/

antecrist

antechnst) or eccl.L antichristus f Gk amikhrisios (i John 2:18), {. as ANTI- -I- Christ.]

(mod. 1

A

great personal

opponent of Christ, expected

Church to appear before the end of the world. OE. 2 Any opponent of Christ. ME. antichristian /anti'kristj(3)n, -tian/ a. &. n. by the

early

Also A-. M16. [f prec. after Christian n., a.; senses A. 2 and B.2 w. extended meaning, as iff ANTI- + Christian n., a.} A adj. 1 Of or pertaining to Antichrist. M16. 2 Opposed to is Christian or to Christianity. L16. B n. f 1 follower of Antichrist. Only in M16. 2 An opponent of Christianity. E17. antichrisdanism n. (a) the system of Antichrist; (ft) the quality of being opposed to Christianity; an antichristian act or belief: L16. andchristi'anity = rare) n. (long ANTICHRISTIANISM M16. v.t. oppose Chnst M17-E18, t antichristianize antichristianly adv. L16.

what

A

t antichronism n. E17-E18. [Gk amikhronumos use of one tense for another, f. as anti- + khronos

+

tense

time,

-ismos

-ISM.]

Contradiction of true chronology; anachronism. antichthon /an'tikBaun/ n. PI, (in sense i) f-ones. M16. [Gk antikhthon use as n. of adj. (sc. ge earth), f. as anti- + khthon earth, ground.] fl The antipodes; in pl., their inhabitants. M16-M18. 2 Hist. Sci. A supposed coimterpart of the earth in the heavens. M17.

anticipant

/an'tisip(3)nt/ a.

&

n.

arch. E16.

[L

stem of anticipare: see next, Acting in advance. E16. 2 Apprehending beforehand, expectant. L18. B n. A person who anticipates something. M19. anticipate /an'tisipeit/ v. mi6. [L anticipat- pa. ppl stem of anticipare, i. as ANTE- + cip- var. of anticipant- pres. ppl

-ant'.]

m man,

a

adj.

n no, p pen,

1

r

red,

s sit,

t

.

.

time of his arrival. Byron Some leap'd overboard As eager to anticipate their grave. C. usual

.

.

Bronte Some

do

real lives

happiness of Heaven. A.

and French

.

.

actually anticipate the

P.

J.

Taylor Both

tried to anticipate the future.

top, v van,

w

we,

British

3 Sir

T

Browne The Equinoxes had anticipated. 4 W. Cowper To soar, and to anticipate the skies. 5 M. McCarthy It was the job of a good servant to read his master's

mind and

anticipate his wishes.

I'm sorry— do go on.

Day Lewis To

do not mean

I

J.

le Carr£

to anticipate you.

sustain the singer,

.

.

and anticipate

every change of volume and tempo. 6 Clarendon To carry on that vast Expence, the Revenue of the Crown had been Anticipated. 7 G. K. Chesterton The interview which was promised him he anticipated with a particular pleasure. S. Lewis I don't anticipate we'll have any more real cold weather now. A. Toffler In the future, we can anticipate networks that broadcast for such specialized occupational groups as engineers, accountants and attorneys. A. .

his triple

Defoe Dancing and

.

base of capere take: see -ate'. Partly after Fr. aniiciper.] 1 v.t. Take into consideration or mention before the due time. mi6. b v.i. Consider something too soon; raise a matter too soon. E18. 2 v.t. Observe or practise in advance of the due time; cause (a future event) to be a reality beforehand; cause to happen earlier, accelerate. M16. f 3 v.i. Occur earlier. L16-M17. f4 v.t. Seize or take possession of beforehand. L16-L18. 5 v.t. Take action in advance regarding; forestall. E17. 6 v.t. Use or spend in advance. Lt7. 7 v.t. Look forward to; colloq. expect. M18. R. Baxter You shall not again tempt me to 1 anticipate the question of effectual Grace, b Joyce I understand you to suggest there was misconduct with one of the brothers. But perhaps I am anticipating? 2 Sir W. Scott To anticipate by half an hour the

Eden They would would work on the

anticipate that estate for

,

many

.

their

,

descendents

generations.

anticipatingly adv. with anticipation M19. anticipative a. (a) of the nature of anticipation, (ft) given to anticipation, expectant: M17. anticipatively adv. EI 7. anticipator n. a person who anticipates something L16. (rare) anticipatorily adv. in anticipation, beforehand L19 anticipatory a. of the nature of anticipation M17.

anticipation

L

lME.

/antisi'peij(3)n/ n.

anticipatio(n-),

prec:

as

{.

Introduction in advance,

see

[Fr., or

-ation.]

1

Mus. of part of

spec, in

chord which is about to follow. lME. f2 Occurrence in advance of the expected time. LME-M19. 3 Prior action that meets beforehand, provides for, or precludes the action of another; forestalling of an event. lME. 4 Intuition; presentiment, arch. M16. 5 The using a

of

money

used

in

before it is at one's disposal; a sum so advance. M16. f6 Prepossession,

M17-E18. 7 Contemplation or consideration in advance; the action of looking or forward to something; (esp. eager pleasurable) expectation. E18. prejudice.

/anti'kUunaks/ n. E18. [f anti- + Rhet. The addition of a particular which, against expectation, suddenly lowers the effect; the opposite of climax. E18. 2 An ineffective end where a chmax is expected; a descent contrasting with a previous rise. E19.

anticlimax CLIMAX

n.]

I

.andcli'mactic W. Deeping She was standing close to him, and Kit was conscious of the sudden shock of her appeal. L. Deighton The shape of his face would have little appeal to a portraitist. Comb.: Appeal Court = Court of Appeal(s), sense i above.

A

.

.

call,

/a'pi:!/ v.

L

f.

to,

ME.

appellare f.

ad- AP-'

by

[OPr. apeler (mod. app-) accuse, impeach, pell- stem of pellere to

accost, -I-

court, person, etc.) 1 Make request to a higher court or authority for alteration of the decision of a lower one; take a case, question, etc., from one court, authority, etc., to another; make an appeal against a verdict drive.]

d:

.

.

appeal

saw,

I

a run,

v.i.

(Poll,

o put,

u:

.

DRUNK

see

sober,

country

a.

2 A. J. to the League of Caesar, see Caesar 1 do appeal How I weal. E. Waugh appealed to the

Cromwell

I

I

P.

n.

appeal

,

to

the

see

country:

Taitor The Chinese appealed

Nations against Japan, appeal to 3 Shakes. 2 Hen. VI To heaven have lov'd my King and commonI

Her

appell to your

my

of

Highnes

when

ended

resistance

mysteries

4

trade.

for

I

T.

mercy. D. H.

Lawrence She had managed to get his address, so that she could appeal to him in time of distress. Daily Telegraph He appealed for anyone who attended the pool to come forward. 5 G. B. Shaw The Sunday .

.

appealed

exclusively to the lower Appealing to Dora's better nature may turn out to be a difficult operation. 6 Smart Set The speciousness of Betty's words appealed. T. S. Eliot I happen to know of a vacancy In my own parish If it should appeal to you. V. S. Pritchett Gothic mevitably appealed to the disorderly minds of the young. v.t. 7 Call (a person) to answer before a tribunal; accuse (of a crime, esp. treason),

papers

.

middle

.

class.

almost

Murdoch

I.

.

impeach, obs. exc. Hist. lME. 8 Challenge to defend one's honour by fighting. Long arch. lME. 9 Submit (a case etc.) to a higher court; make an appeal against (a decision etc.). L15. f 10 Call to witness. Only in mi 7. 7 Shakes. Rich. II Hast thou sounded him If he appeal the Duke on ancient malice. Or worthily Prynne I appeale you to the Tribunall of that high Judge above. T Keightley They came before the king and appealed of treason the Archbishop of York. 8 Sir W. Scott Man to man will I appeal the

W

.

ME.

[Opr. apel (mod. appel), f. as next.] 1 The submission of a case to a higher coun in the hope of altering the judgement of a lower one; a request to higher /a'piil/ n.

ME. 2 Call on an authority for a decision in one's favour. lME. b Cricket. Call on an umpire for a decision; esp. request an umpire to give a batsman out. M18. 3 Call to a witness for corroboration; call attention to some evidence for confirmation. lME. 4 Make entreaty or earnest request (to a person for something, to do something). M16. 5 Address oneself to a principle, characteristic, etc., in the expectation of a favourable response from a person or group; seek to be attractive or acceptable to a particular group. L18. 6 Be attractive or pleasing. L19. G. O Trevelyan The Revising Barrister's I decisions have never been appealed against. A. J. P. Taylor Thus Lloyd George appealed from the ruling classes to 'the people', appeal from Philip drunk to Philip etc.

n

-ATE^] Inflame with passion.

appeach

appeal

ppl stem of apparere APPEAR: see -ITION.] 1 The action of appearing or becoming visible, esp. where this is imexpected or unusual. lME. b Astron. The appearance of a comet or other bed,

W. Scott

.

thou knowest not apparendy, )udge charitably. 3 T. Hardy An elderly woman, apparently his wife. J. B. Priestley Winter had set in and apparendy taken possession for ever. C. S. Forester There was a long

£

Sir

1

TV

.

arm,

J7-

by a sudden appariuon of the foul

.

statement or a reply to a question) so it appears. M16. 1 Hobbes TTie Prophets who saw not God apparenUy like unto Moyses. 2 F. Quarles When

a cat, u:

after a period of invisibility; the period during which it is visible. M16. f c The Epiphany of Christ; the festival commemorating it. E17-E18. f2 Semblance, appearance; aspect. lME M17. 3 Something which appears, esp. if remarkable or unexpected; a phenomenon. L15. b spec. A ghost, a phantom; a supernatural appearance. L16. ^4 An illusion; a sham. Only in

influence. E20. 1 appeal to the country: see COUNTRY

L16.

LME-M17. clearly,

appear

97

to a

too, s ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

.

.

Norman to the lists. 9 C. Marlowe To pauent judgments we appeal our plaud. J. Barth The young even think of appealing the barrister didn't judgment until it was too late 10 Milton He hath presum'd to appeale the tesnmony of God, .

.

.

appeala'bility appealable M20

the

«.

or

state

quality

of being

appealable a. able to be appealed against E17. appealer n. a person who makes an appeal lME. appealing 12. that appeals; esp. attractive, pleasing: L16. appealingly adv. imploringly; attractively: Mi 9. /a'pia/ v. & «. ME. [OPr. aper- tonic stem of apareir (mod. apparoir) f. L apparere, f. ad AP-' + parere come into view ] A v.i. 1 Come into view, as from concealment, or from a

appear

become

distance;

visible;

become

evident.

ME.

2 Be visible; be displayed; be located, occur; manifest itself (as). lME. 3 Present oneself formally before an authority; come before a court etc. Also, act as legal representative for someone. lME. 4 Present oneself publicly; pu. in an appearance. lME. b spec. Come before the public as an author. L17. c Be published, be

become

issued,

available.

E18.

d

spec.

Come

before the public as an actor, performer, participant in a broadcast, etc. E18. 5 Be clear or evident to the understanding; be manifest. lME. 6 (In some uses as copular vb.) Seem to the mind, be perceived as, be considered; seem outwardly or superficially (but not be in reality). Foil,

by

to be, to do,

impers. w.

AV

that, as

if,

as though.

Also

lME.

it.

There appeared vnto him an Angel of the Lord. C. S Forester A row of four or five swarthy faces had appeared at the stem of the galley. P A. Scholes When he was about thirty the first signs had of deafness appeared. A. Koestler Hipparchus I

Luke

1:1

1

.

appear in the sky. B. Malamud Then one day there appeared a sign in the empty store window. 2 D. H. Lawrence A wide plate-glass door, in the round arch of which the words: 'Manchester House' should appear large and distinguished. C. seen a

new .

.

.

.

Caudwell

day, 30 no,

star

1::

hair,

13

In

him

near,

.11

the

revolt

of the heart against

boy, 03 poor, Ala tire, aoa sour

appearance

.

.

.

.

,

Waugh Many

years later, there appeared the first work on Bj'zantine Art. E. F. massive volume of his ScHl'.\i.ACHER The existence of 'goods' which never appear on the market d A. Jacobs Italian tenor who appeared in Britain from 1902, U.S.A. from 1903. A. S. Byatt I think he will ask you to appear on his .

.

programme

.

appeared in a noble saN'age 5 Shakes .\ftrt/i. I' It doth appear you are a worthy ludge Milton Our greatness will appear Then most conspicuous. 6 D. HvME Solely, as it appears, for what you believe to be for our advantage. J. T^'ndall Raindrops which descend vertically appear to meet us when we move swiftly. T. Hardy Oak, not to appear unnecessarily disagreeable, stayed a little while H French They appear as though they had been written in red. G. Orwell He caught a glimpse at the far end of the room. She appeared of the girl, appear not to have seen him Harper Lee He could tall if height was part of the devilry required. D. Storey If you must appear the busy executive, you must. S Barstow It appears they live in Essex and this is the first ome they've stayed on the Yorkshire coast, appear in the light of: see LIGHT n. E'uycl.

Garrick

Brit.

Thomas Southeme's Oroonoko

.

as

.

.

B n. Appearance, rare. E17. appearer E17. appearingly \nsibly; (b) apparently:

appearance

.

L.ME.

3'pi3r(3)ns,

lME.

n.

[OFr.

apparence) f. late L apparemia, f. L apparent- pres. ppl stem of apparere: see prec. (to which assim. in form). Cf. APPARENCY.] 1 The action of coming into view or becoming visible or evident. lME. 2 The action of appearing formally at any proceedings, court. lME. 3 The action or state of e.g. seeming or appearing to be (to the eyes or mind); semblance. lME. fb Likelihood, probability. lME-liS. fc Viewpoint, opinion. LME-E17. 4 State or form as perceived; look, aspea; in pi, circumstances as they appear, the look of things in general. lME. 5 Outward show or aspect (opp. reality). lME. 6 Something which appears; a phenomenon; an apparition. L15. A gathering of people; an attendance. L16-L18. 8 A conspicuous display; show. L16. 9 The action or an instance of coming before the world or the public in any way; being present, participating. L17. b Pubhcation, issue, being made available. L19. 10 Visible occurrence; a manifestation. M19. 1 E A. Free.vi.\n The appearance of the fleet was unlooked for J. Buchan I had not seen him approach, and the sudden appearance made me start. 2 B, England His appearance before this court will in no way affect his official knowledge of these proceedings. 3 AV / Theis. 5:22 Abstaine from all appearance of euill. P. H. Johnson They gave every appearance of happiness, of a problem solved, but I felt sure that another problem lay behind it. 4 Solthey All appearances Denote alarm and vigilance. A. Wilson Isobel was deeplv distressed at her brother's tired, grey appearance J. > Carre He took less care of his appearance and less nouce of his surroundings 5 G Or'aell We bnng him over to our side, not in appearance, but genuinely, heart and soul. S. Hill Alida appears to be a new woman, but is it only an appearance? 6 Shakes. 2 Hen. IV Whose welllabounng sword Had three times slain th' appearance

aparance,

(mod.

-ence

m

of the King. W. Cowter I am a great obsen-er of natural appearances. 7 Evelyn An innumerable appearance of gallants. 8 Steele I gratify' t>jc vanity of .

all

who pretend

to

.

make an Appearance. 9

J.

Slxlivan

'The first great event in history,' says Berosus, 'was (he appearance of Oannes.' B. James The match featured the first appearance of. Bobby Charlton. G. Abraham Increasing deafness inhibited Beethoven's appearances as a virtuoso b F. Palgrave The .

.

appearance of his first book 10 E A. Freeman The single appearance of the word in Domesday is the earliest instance.

Phrases:

keep up appearances maintain

an outward show of normality true state of affairs,

b but, d dog,

f

artificially

conceal the appearance he

etc. so as to

make, put

present, esp. briefly; turn up. save appearances = keep up appearances above, to all appearance(s) so far

apatsable,

/3'pi:z3b(3)l/

append to,

/a'piiz/

ME. [AN

v.

(mod. apaiser), f. Bring to peace, settle

apeser,

+ pais PEACE

apaisier

A-''

v.t.

(strife,

1

in,

few, g get, h he,

j

an

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

lME. [OFr.

n.

v.:

/a'pelst/

lME. [L

a.

as next: see -ate^.] f

accused,

1

LME-E18.

rare.

&

a.

(a)

n.

^.

appellatus pa.

penaining to an n.

a lener of

/ap(3)n'dekt3mi/ n. Chiefly N. APPENDIX + -ECTOMV.] Med. = APPENDICECTOMY. appendence -ent a. vars. of appendance,

Amer. L19.

-.WT.

description

wine (or other item of food) in conformity with statutory regulations as to its controlee appellation d'origine origin. Also

/3'pEndik(3)i/

Now

a.

rare.

Mig.

[f.

-al'.]

appendicectomy /3pEndi'sEkt3ini/ n. L appendtc-, appendix n. + -ectomy.]

L19. [f Surgical removal of the vermiform appendix; an instance

of

this.

appendices

n.pl.

see appendix

appendicitis /spEndi'sAitis/ n. + -ITIS] Inflammation of

n.

L19. [f as prec. the vermiform

appendix.

of a bottle of

French

+

Of, penaining to, or of the natxire of an appendix, as next

appellation controlee /apElasj3 kstrole/ n. phr. M20. [Fr. = controlled appellation.] (A

[f.

appendical

A

appendicle

n. E17. /3'p£ndik(3)l/ appendicula dim. of appendtc-, appendix «. -ciiLE.] A small appendix or appendage.

[L :

see

appendicular

dorisin/.

appellative

/s'psbtiv/

Si

a.

n.

lME.

[Late

/ap(3)n'dikjul3/ a. M17. [f. as Of, penaining to, or of the nature of an appendage or appendicle. M17. 2 Of or penaining to a limb or limbs. L19.

L A

prec.

{. as APPELLATE v.: see -ative.] Designating a class of things, people, etc.,

jppellativus,

noim) common (opp. proper). nature of a descriptive name or appellation. L16-M17. 3 Of or penaining to the giving of names, rare. M19. B 1 A cortmion noim. L16. 2 An appellation or descriptive name. in general; (of a

lME. f2 Of the

L16. appellatively adv. as an appellative E17. /ap3'li:,

spe'li:/ n.

mi6.

[f.

who

is

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

I

of nmicates.

w

we,

z

zoo,

B

L19. penaining to this class. L19.

appendiculate appendicle +

appendix -die-,

f.

-dixes. J

/ap(3)n'dikjul3t/

forming

/3'pEndlks/

as append.] 1

An

n.

a

&

v.

n.

PI.

addition to a

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, 6 this,

adj.

a.

Of

E19.

[f.

or as

Having appendages an appendage or

-ATE'.] Btol.

or appendicles; appendicle.

free-swimming

minute

Larvacea

class

Fr. appele

another. Now arch. exc. in a maritime court. M16. 2 The defendant in a case taken to a higher court. Cf. RESPONDENT. Chiefly US. E17. r

-ar'.]

planktonic

appeal v.: see -EE'.] Law. 1 A formally accused or challenged by

man, n no, p pen,

+

appendicnlarian /,ap(3)ndikj3'lE:ri3n/ n. & a. L19. [f. mod.L Appendicularia, a typical genus, f. as prec, + -an.] Zool. \ n. A member of the

pa. pple of appeler

person

/3'p£nd(3)nt/

appendectomy

adj.

/ap3'leij(3)n/ n. lME. [(0)Fr. f. L appellatw(n-) , f. as prec: see -ation.] 1 The action of appealing (esp. in legal senses); an appeal, arch. lME. 2 designation, a name, a tide. lME. b The action of calling by a name; nomenclature. L16.

appellee

n. Also -ence. E16. apendre: see next, -ANCE.] f 1

lME. [OFr.

appellation

1

f.

a. & n. Also -ent. apendant (mod. app-), f. apendre depend on, belong to, f. as append: see -ant'.] A adj. (Foil, by to, on.) 1 Law. Attached or belonging to a possession or tenure as an additional but subsidiary lME. 2 right. Pertinent, attendant, consequent. E16. 3 Hanging anached. M16. 4 Attached in a subordinate capacity; annexed. L16. B n. arch. 1 Law. A lesser right or property attached by prescription to one more important. L15. 2 An an appendage, an addition, an adjimct, appendix; a dependency. L16. 3 A dependant. L16. 4 A natural consequence; a corollary. L16.

appendant

Call, designate.

adj.

an

dependent possession. E16-M17. f2 An appendage. M16-L17. 3 Law. The fact of being appendant. M19. appendancy, -ency n. (now rare) t(o) = appendance I, 2; (fe) = appendance 3: E17.

see -ant'.]

/'apaleit/ v.t. rare. M18. [L appellatstem of appellare APPEAL v.: see -ATE'.]

the

having

or

/3'p£nd(3)ns/

[OFr. apendance,

A

appellate

guarantee of)

with

furnished

a.

appendance

Appealed against, Appealed to; 2

appellant; of the nature of an appeal; (6) appeal: I !6-Mi8.

pa. ppl

.

.

appendaged

concerned with appeals. M18. fappellatory

.

.

appendage L18.

S n. 1 A person who formally accuses another of treason or felony (Hist.), or of negligence etc. in a maritime court. lME. fb A challenger. LME-L17. 2 A person who makes an appeal to a higher court or authority. E17. 3 gen. A person who makes an entreaty or request. E18. I Lords Appellant(s): see LORD n. f.

Hang

independence.

appellate. L18.

pple,

1

G

A adj. 1 Making an appeal; esp. appealing to a higher coun; Hist, accusing, challenging. Freq. postpositive. lME. 2 Concerned with appeals,

appellate

lME.

W

/3'pi:zm(3)nt/ n. lME. [OFr. apaisementy f. apaisier. see prec, -MENT.] 1 The action or process of appeasing. lME. b Polk. A policy of making concessions to a potential aggressor in order to preserve peace; spec, such a policy pursued by Britain towards Nazi Germany prior to the outbreak of war in 1939. Often derog. E20. t2 A means of appeasing. 3 state of pacification or M16-L17. satisfaction, arch. L16.

&

appendere hang on, attach 2 Join on, annex. L18. ]

necessary Appendage of Life Joyce A strong suspicion of nose-paint about the nasal appendage. B. Shaw Rather than be reduced to a mere appendage of a big American concern, we might fight for our

appeasement

appeal

lME. [L

v.t.

/3'pendid3/ n. M17. [f. prec. -1-AGE.] Something attached; a subsidiary adjimct; an addition; an accompaniment. Cave Confirmation ever was a constant appendage to Baptism. W. Derham Clotfiing, another

EI7.

a.

/3'pEnd/

ad AP-' + pendere hang

LME-E18.

a person who supports a policy of appeasement: lME. appeasive a. tending to appease; propitiatory:

/3'pEl(3)nt/

who

person

appendage

spec,

pres. pple of ape/er

A

.

calmed; abate. LME-M17. appeaser n. a person who or thing which appeases;

apelam

f.

.

disorder); calm,

pacify (persons in conflict). ME. 2 v.t. Assuage, allay (anger, displeasure); propitiate (a person who is angry etc.). lME. 3 v.t. Relieve, soothe (pain, suffering; fthe part suffering, fthe sufferer). lME. 4 v.t. Satisfy (a demand, appetite, prejudice, etc.); pacify or placate (a person) by acceding to his or her demands etc. (Cf. APPEASEMENT lb.) lME. f 5 v.i. Be pacified,

appellant

-OR.] Law.

3 Add, esp. in writing. M19. 1 Carlyle a Conquering Hero, to whom Fate has malignantly appended a tin-kettle of Ambition. 2 S. Johnson Hales-Owen was appended to a distant county. 3 J. S. Mill Some additional remarks are appended. Scott Fitzgerald 'They carried him into my house,' appended Jordan, 'because wc lived lust two doors from the church.' M. Muggeridge He even appended his signature to a memorandum callmg for drastic action on the Government's part. ^appension n. the action or process of appending

OFr. n. ]

+

v.

as a pendant, affix.

appeased.

appease

APPELLATE

formally accuses or challenges another.

mi6. [OFr. Able to be

a.

as

t.

apaisier. see next, -ABLE.]

f.

/apa'b:, s'peb:/ n. arch, or Hist. [AN apelour = OFr. apeleor f. L appellator,

lME.

can be seen Comb.: appearance money: paid to a performer merely for taking part in a particular event. as

appeasable

Now

appellor

A

adv. (ohs. exc. dial.)

'i.

(.a)

.

Aboan,

.

t

appendix

98

reason appears as the revolt of the hero against circumstance. R. V. Jones It was no artefact for it appeared on two separate photographs. 3 Steele Many are known to have lU-mll to him for whom I appear. E. Wavgh Bound over to appear in a week's time J i± Carre I supposed he didn't want any mud raked up by Mundt appeanng at the Old Bailey 4 D DV Mai rier "You can't possibly not appear' 'No I'm not coming down. I can't face them.' S. HiLL Kathleen did not appear to tea, and Isabel was sent in search of her b jfypear hi print: see PRINT n. c E.

t\

M16. [L appendix, -dices /-disi:z/,

book or document. ring,

tj

chip, dj jar

apperceive some

but not subsidiary addition, accompaniment, or non-material consequence. M16-L17. 3 A subsidiary external adjunct; a dependent possession or territory. L16. 4 Anal. A small process developed from the surface of an organ; spec, (more fully vermiform appendix) the short thin blind tube extending from the caecum. E17. 2 Robert Bijrton Idleness is an appendix to nobility. 3 Conan Doyle I am a brain, Watson. The rest of me is a mere appendix. L. Durrell The whole island is geologically simply an appendix to the Anatolian continent which has at some time been broken off and set free to float. 4 Sir T Browne The appendices or beards in the calicular leaves. G. B. Shaw The surgeon can remove the appendix or the uvula, and leave the patient none the worse. having

contributory

.

value,

mi6. f 2

essential to completeness.

A

.

B v.t. Add as an appendix, M18. apperceive /apa'siiv/ v.t. ME. [OFr. aperceveir (mod. apercevoir) ult. f L ad AP-' + percipere perceive.] 1 Observe, notice, perceive. Long rare. ME. 2 Psychol. Comprehend by rare.

apperception. L19.

for sexual pleasure; an instinctive craving; capacity for food, sexual activity, etc. ME. 2 gen. A desire, an inclination, a disposition. lME. f 3 A natural tendency of a thing towards a state etc. M17. 4 An object of desire or longing.

lME

arch. I

lMR.

+

A-"

[f.

peril.]

appertain

/apa'tem/

(mod. app-) appeninere,

{.

+

as AP-'

{.

lME. [OFr. apanemr

v.

Proto-Romance PERTAIN.]

v.i.

I

L

of late

var.

Foil,

by

lME. 2 Belong as a possession, right, or privilege. lME. 3 Belong naturally, be appropriate. lME. 4 Pertain, relate. lME. 1

Be

related,

AV Num.

be akm. arch.

men

16:32 All the

Korah. 2 Hobbes Shall not

that appertained vnto Judicature appertain to

all

Christ? R. Firbank Prior to the Reformation the farm buildings had appertained to the Abbots of St Veronica. 3 Shakes Much Ado Do all rites That appertain unto a burial. D. Lessing Psychological characteristics that are considered as appertaining to one sex rather than another absoi: AV / Esd. 1:12 They rosted the Passeouer with fire, as appertaineth. 4 Chaucer A certein nombre of conclusions apertenyng to the same instrument. J. Conrad All that appertained to her haunted me her whole form in the familiar pose, her very substance in its colour and .

.

.

,

.

wood

then to me An appetite. appe'titious {rare) a. appetizing M17.

to

5 Belong to, become, befit. LME-E17. fappertainance n. = appurtenance E16-M19. 11 v.i. f

appertinent

appetence

/ap3'tij(a)n/

appetency

a.

&

see appurtenant.

«.

= appetency

/'apit(3)nsi/

after, for, ^of.)

[L

E17.

n.

2.

appetentia

M17.

D'ISRAELI Fanaucism and robbery will satiate their appetency for blood and plunder. D Masson An appetency after literary distinction. M. Innes The magical and irrational appetencies which make up nine-tenths of the content of the human mind. I.

.

appetent

/'apit(a)nt/ a.

lME. [L

appetent- pres.

ppl stem oi appetere: see appetite, -ent.] Eagerly desirous. (Foil, by after,

appetible

of.)

Now

/'apitib(3)l/ a.

appetibilts desirable,

med.L

[L

were

appetite,

appetitio{n-)

Mi6. [Fr.

/s'pstitiv/ a.

appetitif or

appetitivus, f appetit-: see appetite, -ive.]

Characterized by appetite. /'apitAiz/ v.t. Chiefly Sc. & north. Also M18. [Back-form, f APPETIZING.] Give an

appetize -ise.

appetite

to.

Chiefly as appetized ppl

a.

Also -iser. M19. [f APPETIZE + -er'.] Something eaten or drtink to /'apitAiza/

appetizing (0)Fr.

n.

H5.

appetere: see appetite,

f.

appetise

v.,

-iser

n.,

-ising

a. vars.

of appetize

etc.

appetite

/'apitAit/ n.

L

appetit)

I.

pa. ppl

stem

ME.

[OFr.

(mod. f appettt-

apetit

appetitus desire towards, of appetere seek after, f

ad

ap-'

+

e

bed,

9:

her,

i

sit,

1

cosy,

i:

w.

Exciting a desire, stimulating the appetite, appetizingly ac/7'. L19

esp.

-ing-'.]

food;

for

applaud

/a'pLrd/ v. L15. [Partly f L applaudere, {. ad AP-' + plaudere to clap, partly after Fr. applaudir.] I v.t. Express approval of, as by clapping hands; approve of, praise. L15. f 2 v.i.

Assent to; give approbation to. M16-L17. 3 v.i. Express approval in a loud or lively manner, esp. by clapping hands. L16. I Addison They applaud themselves for the Smgularity of their Judgment M, Edgeworth I applaud him for standing forward in defence of his friend. A, Paton John Kumalo sits down, and the people applaud him, a great wave of shouting and clapping. J. K. Galbraith Audiences of all kinds most applaud what they like best. 2 Spenser TTie people standing all about doe thereto applaud 3 J B. Priestley TTie enraptured audience would not stop .

.

,

see, d hot,

adv. with applause

applause

/s'pl.nz/ n. lME. [L applausus, f. applaus- pa. ppl stem oi applaudere: see prec] 1 Approbation loudly expressed, esp. by clapping hands; marked approval. lME. f2 An

acclamation; a commendation. E17-L18. t3 An object of approval, rare. Only in E17. 1 Wellington He has always conducted himself in such a manner as to gain my applause D M. Thomas They took their bows to warn., if not tumultuous, applause. 2 Pope Loud applauses rend the vaulted sky 3 JoNSON TTie applause! delight! the wonder of

our Stage. applausive a. (a) (loudly) expressive of approval; t(fc) worthy of approval: Li6. applausively adv. (rare) M18.

apple

/'ap(3)l/ n.

Apfel),

&

v.

[OE

seppel, corresp.

a:

to

(M)Du. appel, OHG apful (G epli, Crimean Goth, apel, f Gmc:

OS,

ON

cognates in other IE langs ] A n. I The round firm fruit of a tree of the rose family, Malus domestica, cultivated in innumerable varieties in the temperate zones. Also, an apple tree. OE. 2 Any fruit, esp. one which in some respects resembles an apple. Also, a gall. Usu. w. specifying wd in particular names, e.g. oak-apple, thorn-apple. OE. 3 The forbidden fruit of tlie

knowledge of good and evil (Gen. 3:6). OE. 4 Something resembling an apple in form tree of

peure seek.] Foil, by for {^of, fjo, ^to do). 1 (A) desire to satisfy a natural need, esp. for food or

arm,

Also -ising. M17. [f ending assim. to -IZE,

/'apitAizit)/ a.

appetissani

OFris., rare or obs.

-IBLE.] f 1 Impelling. Only in L15. 2 Desirable. E17. t appetibility n. desirableness E17-E19

a cat, a:

E17.

applauder n. L16 applaudingly or loud commendation M18.

longing after, f appetere: see appetite, -ency.] 1 Natural tendency, affinity; instinctive inclination or propensity, arch. E17. 2 The state or action of desiring; passion; an appetite, a craving. (Foil,

[L

n.

.

applauding.

/'apit(3)ns/ n. E17. [Fr. appetence or

f as next: see -ence.]

2

belonging

.

strong desire after, (. appetit-: see prec, -ition.] Chiefly Philos. Tlie directing of any kind of desire towards an object or purpose.

,

texture.

by

P G WoDEHOUSE I had something to cat. You idle

I've

stimulate the appetite.

Peril.

1

all

it,

mountain, and the deep and gloomy

appetizer E17-M19.

in

but working gives one an appetite. J. Hersey He gained back some of the weight he lost, but his appetite remained only fair. J. Heller She picked without appetite at her small salad R Grayson Suji's sexual appetite is formidable. 2 ]. Lyly I have an appetite it were best for me to take a nap G Grote Obeying without reflection the appetite of the moment. K. T^'nan A pitifiil spectacle which has bred in modem audiences an appetite for pathos that amoimts to an addiction. 3 Bacon In all Bodies, there is an Appetite of Union. 4 Wordsworth The

apperception LI9.

10.

till

rich don't realize

appetitive

rare.

Appetites

violent

Creatures are Lust and Hunger can't explain

of itself MI 8. 2 Mental perception, recognition. M19. 3 Psychol. The active mental process of assimilating an idea (esp. one newly perceived) to a body of ideas already possessed, and thereby comprehending it. L19. 3 Thematic Apperception Test: see thematic a. apperceptive a. (Psychol.) of or pertaining to n.

The most

Addison

appetition

apperception /ap3's£pj(3)n/ n. M18. [Fr. aperception or mod.L apperceptio{n-) (Leibniz), f. as AP-' + PERCEPTION.] 1 The mind's perception

fapperil

applicable

99

or colour.

OE.

saw, a run, o put,

u: too, ^

ago,

ai

my, au how,

ei

2 balsam apple, crab-apple, custard-apple, May-apple, oak-apple, pineapple, etc. apple: sec Adam n. apple of discord dissension (from the golden apple the fairest' contended for by Hera,

Adam's

Phrases.

subject of inscribed 'for

a

Athene, and Aphrodite), apple of love ~ love-apple s.v. LOVE n. apple of one's (or the) eye f(a) the pupil; (ft) the person or thing most cherished, apple of Peru (a) a Peruvian plant of the nightshade family, Nicandra physalodes, bearing bluish flowers and round brown fruit; (ft) N. Amcr. the thorn-apple, Datura stramonium, apple of Sodom, Sodom apple = Dead Sea fruit, apples (and pears) rhyming slang stairs, (as) sure as God made little apples colloq. with complete certainty. .Sodom apple: see apple of Sodom above, the (Big) Apple US slang New York City. Wagener apple See also APPLES. Comb. apple-bee dial, a wasp; apple brandy spirit distilled from cider; apple-butter N. Amcr. a spread of spiced stewed apple, usu made with cider; applecart a cart for carrying apples; upset someone's (or the) apple-can (fig), spoil someone's plans, ruin an undertaking; apple-green yellowish green; applehead a domed head of a toy dog; applejack (a) N. Amcr. apple brandy; (ft) dial, sliced apple baked in pastry; fapple-john [said to be ripe on St John's Day] a kind of apple eaten when much withered; apple-peru N. Amcr. = apple of Peru (b) above; apple-polisher N. Amer. a toady; apple sauce (a) apples stewed to a pulp; (6) N. Amer. insincere flattery, nonsense; f apple-squire a pimp, apple strudel baked spiced apples in flaky pastry; apple tree (a) a tree which bears apples, (ft) Austral, any of various indigenous trees, chiefly eucalypts; applewoman a woman who sells apples from a stall B I'. \ v.t. Si i. Form or turn into apples; bear apples. OE. b Of a turnip: swell into globular shape. rare or obs. E18. 2 v.i. Gather apples. L18. :

Now

&

apple-pie

/ap(3)rpAj; as adj. 'ap(3)!p/vi/ n. a. [f prec. + PIE «.*] A «. 1 A pie with a of apples. L16. 2 The great willowherb, Epilobtum hirsutum. Also apple-pie-plani. (From LI 6.

filling

the odour of its flowers and shoots.) dial. M19. Comb. apple-pie bed a bed made as a practical joke, with sheets so folded that one's legs cannot be stretched out; apple-pie order perfect order. B attrib. or as adj. Representing or displaymg homespun conservative virtues regarded as :

traditionally

apples

American. M20.

& NZ

/'ap(3)lz/ a. Austral.

slang.

M20.

of APPLE «.] Satisfactory, all right, fine. A. G. HtTOGERFORD How's it going, Wally? Everythmg apples? [PI.

T.

Appleton layer

/"ap(3)lt(3)n .leia/ n.

phr M20.

[Edward

V. Appleton (1892-1965), physicist.] = F-layers.v. F, F 7.

Brit,

appliable /s'plAi3b(3)l/ a. arch. lME. [f. apply + -ABLE.] f 1 Compliant, accommodating, favourably disposed; ready and willing. Cf PLIABLE. lME L17. 2 Able to be applied, having reference, peninent. L15. /a'pUial/ n. rare. M16. [f as prec. + Apphcation; a request.

applial -al'.]

/a'pUians/ n. M16. [f apply + -ance ] 1 TTie bringing to bear of some technique or agency; application, use, putting into practice, arch. M16. 2 A thing appUed as means to an end; a device, a utensil, an apparatus. L16. b spec. A fire engme. L19. Compliance; (an act of) subservience. Only in

appliance

E17. I

Carlyle The human

soul

.

.

could be acted-on

.

.

by the appliance of birch-rods. 2 SHAKES. Hen. VIII

Ask God for temp'rance, that's th' appliance only Which your disease requires. J Cheever Neither of them understood the mechanics of radio — or of any of the other appliances that surrounded them. 3 Shakes. M. Too noble to conserve a life In base appliances. applianced a. equipped with domestic appliances

Meas. for

M20,

f appliant a. lME. [OFr. apliant pres. pple of aplier apply: see -ant'.] I Favourably disposed, LME-M17. 2 willing, compliant; diligent. Applicable, pertinent

applicable

to.

rare.

/'aplik3b(3)l,

M16-M19. a'plik-/

a.

mi6.

[(0)Fr., or med.L applicabilis, f. applicare: see apply, -able.] t' = APPLIABLE I. MI6-MI8. 2 Able to be applied {to a purpose etc.); having

day, su no,

e:

hair,

la

near,

oi

boy, us poor,

ai3 tire,

aua sour

1

applicant reference, relevant. Li6. 3 Suitable, appropriate.

M19. appUca'blUty

the

n.

qualit>'

suitably; .\li8.

'aplik(5)nt

application

[f.

who

&

f

pple,

applicants pa.

makes

or

applies

'aplikjt, -keit / pa. pple

[L

u\lE.

n.

'

+ -ant'.] a person request, esp. formally.

applicate

ppl

a. arch.

see

applicat-:

next, -ATE-.] Applied; applicable.

application

apirkeij(3)n/

lME.

n.

[(0)Fr.

f.

L applicatwijt-), f applicat- pa. ppl stem of apphcan: see APPLY, -ATION.] 1 TTie action of bringing something into material or effective contact with something else; esp. the putting on or administration of a medicament. Also, a remedy so applied. lME. b Geom. The placing of a line or figure in contact with another. E18. 2 special reference (w); use, Use with emplov-ment; a specific use or purpose to which something is put. lME. 3 The bringing of a general or figurative statement, a theory, bear upon a matter; principle, etc., to applicability in a particular case, relevance; the bringing of something to bear practically in a matter, practical operation. Also, a practical lesson or moral. LiVlE. 4 Astron. & Asirol. The action of approaching. L16. 5 The action of appKing oneself closely (to a task etc.); assiduous effort, attention, diligence. E17. f 6 An obsequious deference or soliciting of favour. Only in Eiy. 7 (The making of) a request, esp. of a formal nature, mi 7. 1 J. ABERNExm' I began again to try some medicated applications.

Scoffern The application of heat

J.

Anthont Huxlev

bulb.

the

VTell-farmed

to

soils

.

.

two to four times more phosphate and potassium than is needed by most crops, following past years of regular application. 2 S. Hill The forcefiil novelty of this application of such a difficult contain

The idea of a code, at least usual military intelligence application, is to

word, to himself. C. Sagan in

the

make

message

a

to

difficult

Law

application of the

read.

3

HoBBES The J. Butler A

to the present case.

fable or a parable, related without any application or

moral. E. O'Neill He quotes with great sentiment, if with slight appbcation. A. J. P. Taylor A lesson which had its application in the wider field of .

intemanonal fascination

relanons. E. F. with novelties which .

apphcanon long before

.

insists

on

.

A

Schumacher

their

long-term consequences

their

are even remotely understood. 5 Pope I am obliged to give up my whole appbcation to Homer. A. Eraser .

He was his

.

obviously capable of great application when was aroused. 7 G. Burnet Frequent

interest

applications

God

to

Appbcations

for

disappomting.

J.

le

in

bank CarrJ

Aldous HuTfLlY

prayer.

had been rather showed interest in manager and

credit

A

firm

.

.

his application for the post of assistant

personnel

officer.

applicative

M17. [f L Characterized by

"aplikeitiv, -kativ/ a.

applicat- (see prec.) r ,'ing

applied in

+

-ive.]

some way;

practical.

M17. [f as prec. + -or.] a thing which or {rare) a person who applies; esp. a device for the apphcation of a medication or other substance.

applicator

applot

'aplikcits;

n.

M17. [f. plot Divide into plots or

/o'plot/ v.t. arch. Infl. -tt-.

app.

n.,

of being applicable; pcrtinfnce: Mi"" appUcableness n. (raiv) MI7. appUcably adt'. (rjrr) so as to be applied; pertinently,

applicant

appointed

100

after

lot,

allot.]

parts; apportion,

applotment

apply {.

ad

n.

+

AP-'

Mi 7.

division into plots

lME. [OFr.

/ci'pUi/ V.

aplier

plicare to fold.]

1

prec.

+

-ORY-.]

1

something M16. ^2 request. M-L17. applying

applicable.

M16

[f as Having the property of to practical use Also, Making application or

'aplik3t(3)ri/ a.

arch.

applied

a'pUid/ a. E16. [f apply -ld'.] fl Folded. Only in E16. 2 Put to practical use; having or concerned with practical application. I'Opp. abstract, pure, or theoretical.) M17. 3 S'eedJework. Laid on as applique. L19. -i-

applier a'pUis n. mi6. person who or thing which ,

applique

&

[f apply

+

-er'.]

A

applies.

mi8. [Fr., use as n. of pa. pple of appliquer f. L applicare: see APPLY.] Needlework. Chiefly A n. (A piece of) ornamental work cut out from one material and affixed to the surface of another; the technique of ornamenting in this way. M18. B v.t. Decorate in this way. Chiefly as appliqued ppl a. /a'pliikei

n.

v.

L19. b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

L applicare, a thing in

contact with another. 1 v.t. Put close or in contact. (Foil, by to.) lME. b Geor}i. Bring or construct (a figure etc.) in contact. Foil, by to (a

M17. 2

Place (a plaster, ointment, etc.) in effective contact with the body (foil, by to); administer (a remedy etc., to); transf. & fig. bring effectively to bear on something (foil, by to). lME. f 3 v.i. Come or be close; come into or be in contact. Foil, by to. lME-liS. 4 v.t. Put to a special use or purpose; devote, appropriate, to; use in special reference to. lME. 5 v.t. Put to use; employ; dispose of. lME. 6 v.t. Give a specific reference to (a g,^neral, theoretical, or figurative statement); use as relevant or suitable; bring to bear practically, put into practical operation. (Foil, by to.) lME. f7 v.t. Refer, line etc.).

ascribe,

v.t.

lME-eiS. 8

to.

Have

v.i.

a practical

have relevance; refer; be operative. by to, t/or.) {rare bef L18.) L15. t9 v.t. Compare, liken, to. L16-M17.

bearing; (Foil,

I Joyce He applies his handkerchief to his mouth. apply the brakes: see BRAKE n.' 2 SPENSER To Guyon tunes they sweetly thus applyde. .

.

Their pleasaunt

Bacon He expect new

who

is

new remedies must evils. T. Fuller To apply comfon to him not ready for it. Jas. Mill They applied that will

.

not apply

.

coercion to the English resident. V. Woolf Unless you apply some balm to the anguish of this hour. P. Nichols I undressed her and applied a suppository. M. Leitch TTiere was little or no splintering and no real sign on the outside that force had been applied. 4 Marveix The Poll money hath likewise been applyd to the use of the warre. G. B. Shaw I wonder why the epithet robber is applied only to barons. You never hear of robber dukes. 5 Steele Knife or a pistol, if he finds stomach to apply them. S. Hill It's not a word you tend to apply. 6 S. Johnson Knowledge which he cannot apply will make no man wise. J. Fordyce I leave you to apply the remark. W. Faulkner How false the most profound book turns out to be when which can only be applied to life. T. S. Eliot A test slowly and cautiously applied. A. J. P. Taylor His ideas would have had to be applied by civil servants and industrialists who had no faith in them. 7 Pope Thus Wit, like Faith, by each man is apply'd To one small sect, and all are damn'd beside. 8 W. Paley This lest applies to every supposition. V. Woolf Perhaps what he was saying did not apply to pictures. E. O'Neill Arthur hangs back, as if the designation 'kids' couldn't possibly apply to him. M. Spark She is above the common moral code, it does not apply to her. A. J. P. Taylor TTie Anglo-Polish alliance specifically did not apply against Russia. .

.

.

.

II Of a person in close contact with an activity. 10 v.t. Give or devote (a faculty etc., oneself) assiduously to, to do. lME. 11 v.i. Attend assiduously {to), arch. L15. f 12 v.t. Devote one's energy to; wield; practise. L15-M17. fl3 v.t.

Supply persistently ivith. M16-L16. 10 CovERDALE Ps. 89:12 That we maye applie oure hertes vnto wyssdome. J. Ray I applyed my mind to consider the physical reason of it. V. Nabokov With rising appetite, Lo applied herself to the fruit. 1 Shakes. Mach. Let your remembrance apply to Banquo. C. Bronte I found my pupil disinclined to repaired again to his apply. 12 T. Elyot Quintius plough and applied it diligently. Milton The birds .

.

.

applicatory

{.

Of

.

.

III Bend, direct. fl4 v.t. Bend (the mind, oneselO to; refl. conform to, be subservient to, adapt to. lME E17. f 15 v.i. Comply, adapt, to. LME-E17. f 16 v.i. & refl. Land, arrive, {at, to);

proceed, go,

{to).

LME-E19.

•\17

v.t.

Go

Only in 16. f 18 v.t. Bring (a ship) to land; direct, steer. L16-E17. 19 v.i. frefl. a Appeal to, address oneself to, give attention to. ohs. in gen. sense. M17. b Address oneself for to, visit, rare.

&

information, help, a service, etc., to; make a formal request {to someone, for or to do something); make or submit an apphcation {to someone, /or something). M17. j-20 v.t. Direct (words) 10. M17-M18. 14 Bacon They fail sometimes in applying themselves to particular persons. P. Heylin Applying themselves unto the times, they were alwaies favourable to the strongest. 15 J. FoxE If she would

man, n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

.

top, v van,

w

we,

.

upwards. 19a S. Butler Those who apply to Men's Fancies and Humours. J. Smeaton On applying to the bridle we found that the chain was dragging upon .

.

to

me

An

b Addison

the rocks, for

my

charity.

Woman applied herself Waugh Sebastian had

old

E.

.

.

applied to be taken on as a missionary lay-brother. J. le CARRt A notice came round inviting linguists to apply for specialist service abroad. I was fed up with soldiering, so I applied. S. Hill There are state agencies to help you, you must apply to them. J. Orton Have you applied for compensation? 20 .

Milton God at last To Satan Though in mysterious terms.

.

.

.

his

doom

apply'd,

appoggiatura

/spodsa'tuara/ n. mi8. [It., f appoggiare lean upon, rest.] Mus. A grace-note just above or below a primary note, which it precedes and delays; the use of such notes.

appoint

/a'point/ v. lME. [OFr. apointer, i. d point to a point, into condition: see point n.'] I

Come,

or bring matters, to a point, -f 1 v.t. (in V.I. Agree, settle, arrange definitely. Usu. w. inf or that. LME-M17. 2 v.i. & ^refl. Make up one's mind, resolve, determine, arch. lME. 3a v.t. Make an appointment to do something, arch. E16. b v.t. Arrange the time or place of (a meeting); arrange to meet (a person).

pass.)

&

arch. E16. 2 2 Sam. 17:14 The Lord had appointed to defeate the good counsell of Ahithophel. 3a Dickens

AV

Mr. Bentley went away thanking him and appointing to call again, b Shakes, rii. A. Appoint the meeting Even at his father's house. J. Gay I appointed him at this hour.

Determine

II v.t.

Prescribe,

4

authoritatively; ordain, decree.

time or place) for an action. appointed i. lME. 5 v.t.

fix (a

Freq. in pass. Cf Decree, prescribe, fix that a thing shall be; ordain (something). Freq. in pass. lME. 6 v.t. Nominate, ordain (a person) ro an office, to act in some capacity; give (a person) an official position; nominate, set up someone as (an officer, trustee, etc.). lME. 7 v.t. Destine, ordain, {to a fate or purpose, to do or suffer something), arch. L15. f 8a v.t. Assign or grant authoritatively (a thing ro a person). L15-M18. b v.t. & ;. Law. Declare the destination of (property), in exercise of a power conferred for that purpose. E16. appoint them a place 4 Shakes. ; Hen. IV We will .

.

of meeting. Defoe The time appointed for execution. 5 Carlyle Strangely it is appointed that Sound should be the most continuing of all things. J McCosH The laws are appointed by God. 6 C. Merivale The Roman citizens appointed to all the higher magistracies. W. S. Churchill President Davis appointed him Commander-in-Chief A. S. Neill I appoint teachers and ask them to leave if I think they are not suitable. J. le Carr^ A committee of enquiry appointed by the Praesidium to investigate and subject. 7 / Thess. 5:9 God report upon a certain hath not appointed vs to wrath. Defoe Next day I was .

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

appointed to be Ill esp.

AV

.

tried.

9 v.t. Put into proper order, make ready; equip completely, furnish, accoutre, obs.

exc. as pa. pple.

lME.

9 Burke The house of commons

.

thir quire apply.

steer,

applie to his request, she should be set at libertie. Bacon The precedent state or disposition, unto which we do apply. 17 G. Chapman He applied each place so fast. 18 Spenser To whom his course he hastily applide. W. Raleigh Light things apply themselves

appointed appointed

for

that

service.

.

.

is

miserably

W. Scott Thus

Sir

he was in readiness to depart. IVf 10 v.t. Point to; point out. Only in M16. f 1 1 v.t. Attribute fo; attribute blame to. rare. .

.

Only

in 17. By a long tract 10 H. Surrey A blazing steme appointing vs the way. T. Cranmer As well as if you had appointed me with your finger. 1 1 Milton Appoint not heavenly disposition, father. Nothing of all these evils hath befallen me But justly. appointable a. M16. appoin'tee n. fC") [Ff appointe] a long-serving soldier with a special rate of pay; (6) a person who is appointed or nominated to an office; (c) Law a person in whose favour a power of appointment is executed: E18. appointer n. a person who ordains or nominates E16. appointive a. (orig. N. Amer.) pertaining to appointment; that is filled by appointment: L19. appointor n. {Law) a person who exercises the power of appointment L19. .

.

/a'pointid/ ppl a. L15. [f prec. + Settled or fixed beforehand; ordained.

appointed -ED'.]

1

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 0 thin,

d

this,

r)

ring, tf chip, d3 jar

appointment L15. 2

(W. qualifying adv.) Equipped,

placing of things side by side or in close proximity; the fact or condition of juxtaposition or parallelism. E17. 1 J. Ayiiffe By the Apposition of a Publick Seal. 2 Bloomfield In English we have also close L. apposition without a pause-pitch, as in King John, John Brown, John the Baptist, Mr. Brown, Mount

fitted out.

M16. 1 A. KOESTLER Last year's moth which had miraculously and uselessly survived its appointed lifeterm. R. SuTCLlFH He arrived at the appointed to find the other waiting for him. 2 meeting ground Joyce They would have a beautifully appointed and drawing-room with pictures and engravings chintz covers for the chairs. .

.

.

apointement,

Everest. B. RuBENS 'My son, a linguist'— the apposition was a habit with her. 3 W. S. Landor He places strange and discordant ideas in close apposition. C. Lyell These layers must have accumulated one on the other by lateral apposition. appositional a. & n. (a) adj. of, pertaming to, or standing in apposition; (fc) n. a term standing in apposition: L17. appositionally adv. in apposition

.

/3'p3intm(a)nt/ n. lME. [OFr. as appoint: see -ment.] f ' a

appointment f.

Agreeing, coming to an arrangement; an agreement, a contract. lME-miS. b spec. (Terms oO capitulation. lME~ei7. 2 An agreement or arrangement for a meeting; a prearranged meeting. lME. 3 a The action of ordaining or directing what is to be done; ordinance, decree, arch. lME. b Law. The act of declaring the destination of any property, in exercise of a power conferred for that purpose. E17. c The action of nominating to or placing in an office or post; the position so given. M17. f4 Purpose, resolution. E16-E17. 5 (An item oO equipment; outfit, furnishing. Now usu. in pi L16. fb An allowance paid, esp. to a public official. E18 E19. 2 Shakes. Merry W. For missing your meetings and appointments. N. Mitpord If people did not keep their appointments with him well before the specified time he always counted them as being late. J. Barth I'd like an appointment to see Dr. Rose just before lunch. 3a J. BtrrLER According to a natural order or Shijte It meant a new appointment, c N. appointment, his first work for five months. H. Macmillan My appointment as Chancellor of the Exchequer was atmounced on 21 December 1955. by appointment by or as by royal warrant. 5 I. Murdoch The room was spartan in its

[OFr. /ap3'zij(3)n/ n} E16. aposicion, apposition var. of opposition: see APPOSE 1'.'] fl An objection; opposition. E16-E17. 2 (TTie name given to) speech- or prize-day at St Paul's School, London. M17.

appositive

/s'poit/ n.

Demeanour;

f.

n.\ -WE.]

appraise

appomonner or med.L apponionare ponwnare: see portion v. ] 1 Assign

f.

ad

{to)

AP-'

as a

+

due

appreciably

ME.

LME-M19.

apposite

v:'t.

/'apszit/ a.

li6.

&

n.

li6.

[L

appositus pa.

W. S. Maugham He rehearsed to himself a number of apposite speeches. B n. Something placed beside or in apposition. rare. L17.

M17.

/ap3'zij(3)n/ lME. [Fr., or late {. apposit- pa. ppl stem of see prec, -ion.] I The action of putting or applying one thing to another; application, arch. lME. 2 Gram. The placing of a term in syntactic parallelism with another; esp. the declarative or distinguishing addition of one

apposition

L

appositio(n-),

apponere:

noun to another without explicit coordination; the position of the term added. i.ME. 3 gen. The a cat, a:

arm,

e

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

I

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

lME.

a.

an

to

appreciable

extent,

/3'pri:Jieit, -si-/ v. Also f-tiate. M16. [Late L appretiat- (med.L -ciat-) pa. ppl stem of appretiare set a pnce on, f L ad AP-' + prettum PRICE n.: see -ATE'. Cf. (0)Fr. apprecier.] 1 v.t. Estimate rightly; perceive the full force of, understand, recognize that; be sensible or sensitive to; esteem adequately; recognize as valuable or excellent; be grateful for. M16. 2 v.t. Make or form an estimate of worth, quality, or amount of arch. M18. 3 v.t. Raise in value. L18. 4 v.i. Rise in value. L18. 1 E. O'Neill You been kind as kind can be to me

Khanoum— the

hatred of the safe

home. T. S. Eliot I'd like to learn about music. I wish vou would teach me how to appreciate it. K. Amis I hope you appreciate these Portuguese politicians at

1

n.

adv.

obstinate stand at

pple of apponere apply, f ad- AP-' + ponere to place, put.] A ddj. 1 Well put or applied; appropriate, suitable. L16. f 2 Of a person: ready with apt remarks. M17-L18.

appositely adv. M17. appositeness

-Jia-/

and I certainly appreciate it— only don't spoil it all now. O. SiTWELL It is fatal to be appreciated in one's own time. E. Hemingway You don't appreciate what a fine wife you have. G. Greene T could appreciate the

[f L apponere after compose., expose, etc.: see next, pose v.^} 1 Put or spply (a thing) to another. L16. 2 Place in apposition or juxtaposition. E19.

/a'psuz/

by assim. to Assign a monetary

/3'pri:j3b(3)l,

y.

Burke Let us calmly

appreciate those dreadful and deformed gorgons and hydras. 3 H. GiBBS The resumption of specie payments in Gold, thus appreciating that metal. 4 R. H. Tawney They were compelled to repay loans in an appreciating currency. appreciatingly adv. with appreciation L19.

wines?

2

.

.

H

appreciation lME. f-tiat-. appretiatio(n-),

Appraised

/3pri:jreiJ(3)n, [Fr. f.

value,

as

-si-/

appreciation

prec:

rare.

see

Only

Also

n.

L

late

f.

-ation.] in

lME.

f

1

2

Estimation; judgement; an assessment. E17. 3 or high estimation; sympathetic imdcrstanding; recognition; perception, gratitude. M17. 4 The action of setting a money value upon something; valuation. Chiefly Sc. L18. 5 A rise in value. L18.

Adequate

saw,

a run,

o put,

u:

too, a ago,

ai

lie settled

back and

make

tried to

a proper

of situation. appreciation their 3 J. Galsworthy The appreciation of enough persons of good taste was what gave a work of art its permanent market value. Joyce His appreciation of the importance of inventions now common but once revolutionary. E. Waugh In token of her appreciation the chief purser had been asked to our party,

appreciative

Also f-tiat-. Involving (esp. sympathetic) estimation, understanding; showing adequate or great appreciation, L17.

[f.

/a'pri:J(i)3tiv/

APPRECIATE

+

a.

-rvE.]

grateful.

ilRare bef M19. appreciatively adv. M17. appreciativeness

appreciator /3'pri:Jieita/ n. L18. + -DR.] f 1 Sc. Law. An appraiser

n.

M19.

[{.

appreciate

of

impoimded

A person who forms an adequate estimate; a person who recognizes the excellence (of); a person with understanding goods. Only in L18. 2

(of). E19.

appreciatory /3'pri:J(i)3t(3)ri/ a. prec. + -ORY^] Of or befitting an

E19. [f as appreciator;

appreciative.

li6.

[Alt.,

appreciate

the action or result of apportioning

interrogate. ME-M17. 2 spec. Examine as to accotmts; audit. E17-M18. question; enquiry, a searching fapposal n. investigation, esp. legal examination of accounts: LME-E19. fapposer n. a person who apposes; spec. an Exchequer officer who audited sheriffs' accounts:

appose

lME.

considerably M19.

[OFr. aposer var. of oposer OPPOSE. Aphet. to POSE v:'\ 1 Confront with questions: examine, objections or hard v.'^t.

v.t.

E19.

M16.

f appose

/s'preiz/

[(0)Fr. appreciable, f. apprecier. see next, -able.] f 1 Worth esteeming. Only in lME. 2 Able to be estimated or judged; perceptible; considerable.

allot. L16. 2 Share, portion out. L16. t3 Adjust in due proportion. E17-E19. apportionable a. E17. apportionate v.t. (now rare or obs.) = APPORTION E16. apportioner n. E17. n.

n.

n.

appreciable

portion;

apportionment

B

=

appraisable a. able to be valued or assessed MI9. appraisal n. the act of appraising; a setting of price; an estimate of worth; spec, (a) usu. regular formal review of an individual's work performance, an interview or meeting with this purpose: E19. apprai'see n. a person whose work performance receives a formal review M20. appraisement «. valuation, estimation; an estimated value: M17. appraiser n. a person who appraises something or someone, an official valuer of goods or property: lME. appraisingly adv. so as to make a valuation or assessment L19. appraisive a. involving or concerned with appraisal M20.

[(0)Fr.

li6.

L17.

a.

L

apposition

individual). M19.

LME-E17. t2 Something

v.t.

adj.

[Late

L17.

n.

apposit-: see

praise v., of apprize I'.'] 1 value to, fix a price for, esp. as an official valuer. lME. 2 Estimate the amoimt, quality, or excellence of; assess; spec, conduct a usu. regular formal review of the work performance of (an

an offering, revenue. Usu. in pi LME-M16. 3 The production of material objects by supposedly occult means at a seance; an object so produced. Usu. in pi L19. B v.t. f 1 Bring. L16-E17. 2 Produce or transport by supposedly occult means. M20. /3'po:J(3)n/

&

a.

f.

= APPOSITIONAL

M19. appositively adv. = appositionally

brought;

apportion

A

appositional

& V. lME. [OFr. apon action aponer bring to.] A n. |1

bearing.

/s'pozitiv/

appositivus subsidiary,

appointments.

of bringing,

England military

apposition

.

.

2 A. Powell There had been a number of appreciations of his work in the literary papers. B.

L19.

.

apport

apprehension

101

my, ao how,

ei

apprehend

v. lME. [Fr. /apri'hend/ apprehender or L apprehendere, f ad AP-' + prehendere seize.] I Mentally, f 1 v.t. & /. Learn, gain knowledge (of). LME-L17. 2 v.t. & (occas.) Perceive with the intellect; understand. L15. i. f3 v.t. Feel emotionally, be sensible of. L16-L17. Perceive with the senses, become 4 v.t. conscious of (an external impression). £17. 5 v.t. Anticipate, esp. with fear or dread; be apprehensive that. E17. Improve their nat'ral Butler Children I S. Talents without Care, And apprehend, before they are aware 2 J. Wesley I apprehended myself to be near death. Steele I cannot apprehend where lyes the trifling in all this. T. Reid What it is to think, to apprehend. Ld Macaulay The nature of the long contest between the Stuarts and their parliaments, was indeed very imperfectly apprehended by foreign statesmen. Gladstone The eternal laws, such as the heroic age apprehended them. Browning Each man avails him of what worth He apprehends in you. 3 JONSON Dead. Lord! how deeply, sir, you apprehend two candle flames, I apprehend it. 4 A. Bain If I see .

.

.

them

as

objects.

different

I

Murdoch The

birds

could still be vaguely apprehended, close overhead. 5 Shakes. Meas. for M. A man that apprehends death no more dreadfully but as a drunken sleep. N. Hawthorne I sometimes apprehend that our

may perish I. Murdoch More danger was be apprehended from shock than from anything else. D. M. Walker At common law any private person may arrest where a breach of the peace has been or is actually being committed or is reasonably apprehended. II Physically, v.t. Lay hold upon, seize or grasp physically. LME-M19. f 7 v.t. Seize (goods etc.) as a legal act; take possession of. Sc. L15-L17. fS v.t. Come upon, find, esp. in wrongdoing or in the wrong place. Sc. L15-E17. 9 v.t. Seize (a person) in the name of the law, arrest. E16. f 10 v.t. Seize or embrace (an offer, institutions to

.

.

opponunity, etc.). L16-M17. apprehending the garments 6 E. TOPSELL His dogs of passengers absoi: S. Rutherford A lame hand that .

.

cannot apprehend. 9 A. Fraser Their priests particular were in danger of death if apprehended. apprehender n. M16.

apprehensible

L

in

/apri'hEnsib(3)l/ a. L15. [Late f. apprehens-: see next, -IBLE.]

apprehensibilis,

Capable of attaining {to). Only in L15. 2 Able 1 to be apprehended; able to be grasped by the intellect or senses. (Foil, by by, to.) E17. 1

apprehensi'bility

n.

E19.

apprehensibly adv.

{rare)

lME.

[Fr.

L17.

apprehension

/apn'h£nj(3)n/

n.

apprehension or late L apprehensio{n-) , f. of apprehendere apprehenspa. ppl stem apprehend: see -ion ] I Mental, f • The action knowledge. of learning, acquirement of faculty; intellectual LME-M17. 2 TTie understanding. L16. 3 The action of perceiving with the intellect, conception. L16. 4 conception, an idea; a view, a notion, an opinion. L16. 5 The action of perceiving with the L16. +6 Emotional Long arch. senses.

day, ao no,

A

v.

hair,

13

near,

oi

boy, U3 poor, ai3 tire, aua sour

apprehensive consciousness. E-M17. 7 Anticipation, esp. with uneasiness; an anxiety, a fear or dread; foreboding. E17. 2 T Dekker O the quick apprehension of women. 3 Guwill Simple apprehension denotes no more J than die soul's naked intellection of an object. 4 R. Baxter Fix not too rashly upon your first apprehensions H James The great question meanwhile was what Chad thought of his sister, which was naturally ushered in by that of Sarah's apprehension of Chad. 5 Shakes. Mids. N. D. Dark night, that ftxim the eye his function takes,

The

ear

more qmck of apprehension makes 7 Shakes. Mcas. fcT M. The sense of death is most in apprehension. M. Beerbohm I had on the way a horrible apprehension had taken the one means to VThat if the Duke

V

forgctfulness

Brtttain

My

apprehensions for his

by the long quiescence of the Italian front. L Uris Each of those dozen people who knew of the scheme went around with hearts heavy with apprehension A thousand things could go wrong. II Physical. 8 The seizure of a person, a ship, etc., in the name of the law; an arrest. L16. 9 The action of laying hold of physically, prehension, rare. M17. 10 Law. The taking of safety

had been

lulled

actual possession, arch. M19. 8 Scicnnfic American About a million apprehensions were made per year for \'iolations of immigration law.

apprehensive

apn'hEnsiv/ a. lME. [Fr. or med.L apprehensivus, f. apprehcns-: see prec, -rv'E.] 1 Pertaining to perception by the intellect or the senses. lME. 2 apprehensif,

-ive

arch. E17. 3 Realizing, conscious, sensible. Foil, by of, that, arch. E17. 4 Anticipative of something adverse;

Intelligent, perceptive, discerning,

uneasy for.)

in

E17.

mind,

fearful.

(Usu.

by

foil,

of,

that,

In the habit of seizing; ready to

fS

oppommity,

E-M17. I Milton Thou^ts, my tormentors, armed with deadly stings, Mangle my apprehensive tenderest

seize (an offer,

etc.).

Shakes. Jul. Caes. Men are flesh and blood, and apprehensive Robert Burton If the Imagination be very apprehensive, intent, and violent. Browning The lower phrase that suits the sense O' the limitedly apprehensive. 3 J. Speed The King apprehensiue of his meanmg, called his Lx)rds. J. H. Newman Miracles wrought partially by instruments but parts. 2

.

apprehensive that they are such. 4 R. Boyle Why should I be more apprehensive for my Body than my Mind. Swift Being apprehensive it might spoil the saJe of the book. Burke More apprehensive from his servants than from the hired blood-thirsty mob without. Carlyle Physically of a timid apprehensive nature Arnold Ben'NETT She was apprehensive about future dangers and her own ability to cope with them; but she was always apprehensive. J. Frame In spite of posiDon we were rather our training and apprehensive of our own safety, .

.

.

.

apprehensively adv.

mi 7. apprehensiveness

n.

EI-

apprentice

a'prsntis/

(mod.

aprentis

apprentt)

&

n.

ME.

v.

[OFr.

nom.

of aprentif, f. apprendere contr. of

aprendre learn f. L apprehendere APPREHEND; see -rVE, -ICE'.] \ n. \ A learner of a craft, boimd to serve, and entitled to instruction from, his or her employer for a specified term. ME. 2 A barrister-at-law of less than sixteen years' standing, obs. exc. Hist. lME. 3 A beginner, a novice. L15. Owen A poor apprentice-tailor. 1 atmb. B v.t. Bind as an apprentice. L16. apprenticeh 'od n. (now rare) = apprenticeship :

l_ViE

apprenticement

apprenticing,

(rare)

n.

apprenuceship E19.

t apprenticeage

n.

apprenticeship -SHIP.] 1 The

see apprentissage.

a'prEntisJip/ n. L16. [f prec.

position

of an

apprenuce;

service as an apprentice; initiatory training. L16. 2 The period for which an apprentice is boimd;

period of seven years. M17.

spec, (arch.) a I

articles

of apprenticeship: see

ARTICLE

n. 4.

t apprentissage n. Also -iceage. L16-L18. [Fr., f as apprentice * -age.] = prec. appress s'pres/ v.t. E17. [L oppress- pa. ppl stem of appnmere, f. ad AP-' + premere press.] Press close to each other or to a surface etc. Cf.

L19.

[f

as

/aprs'sDiriam/

prec.

+ -orium

n. PI. ]

Bot.

-ria

A

/-ria/.

pad of

mycelium by which

certain parasitic fungi attach themselves to their hosts. b but, d dog,

fappretiate

v., -tiation appreciate, -ClATION, etc.

apprise

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

/s'prAiz/

of

L17.

-ize.

leam: sec apprentice.] Inform, acquaint.

by

[Fr.

be apprised of be aware

2)

(Foil.

of.)

apprise apprize

/a'prAiz/

know,

Also (esp. in sense

arch.

v.'t.

lME. [OFr.

-ise.

PRICE

of,

see next.

v.'

apnsier,

as

f.

A-''

+

pris

assim. to prize n.'] 1 Value; esteem. 2 Sc. Law. Put a selling price upon; put

n.,

lME. up

for sale to pay a creditor, obs. exc. Hist. M16. apprizement, (esp. Sc. Law) -isement n. (now

&

arch.

Hist.) the action

(esp. Sc.

who

Law) -iser

apprizes

apprize

of apprizing

(now

n.

arch.

lME

&

apprizer, person

Hist.) a

lME.

v:^ var.

of apprise

v.'

appro

/'aprsu/ n. a.'L^. L19. [Abbrev. approval or approbation.] on appro, approval.

approach

/s'prsotj/

n.

lME.

coming near(er)

act of

[f.

in space.

of

on

] 1 The lME. b The

the vb

descent of an aircraft to the landing area. Freq. attrib. M20. 2 Power of approaching; access. arch. EI 6. 3 A drawing near in time or circumstances; a coming near in quality, character, etc.; an approximation. L16. 4 A movement towards establishing personal overture, relations with someone, an an advance; an application. Freq. in pi. M17. 5 A means or way of approaching; a passage, avenue, channel, etc., giving access; (freq. in pi.). Also fig., a way of addressing a task, dealing with a subject, etc.; an attitude. M17. b Mil. In pi. Entrenchments or other works by which besiegers

draw

closer to the besieged, obs. exc.

MI 7. 6 Hon. Inarching. Chiefly in by approach. M17. 7 Golf The play of the ball (other than from the tee) towards or on to the green. Usu. anrib. L19. I W. Whiston The approach of a Comet to the Earth. Geo. Eliot Casson's thoughts were diverted by the approach of the horseman. R. P Warren Upon nearer approach, he saw that a very dim light showed at one window, b missed approach: see miss v.' 2 Bacon Honour hath in it the approach to kings and pnncipal persons. 3 Shakes. 2 Hen. VI Where death's approach is seen so terrible! Pope Thus sung the shepherds till th' approach of night Burke Some son of approach towards infinity. E. O'Neill The nearest approach to feeling he has shown in many a long night. 4 D. Rogers TTiy timorous and weake approaches toward his grace. A. J. P. Taylor Harris promoted his strategy by personal approach to the Cowper Mastiffs in gold minister of defence 5 and silver lined the approach K. Amis Some fishingboats were doing something in the approaches to Cascais Harbour. J. Orton The present enlightened approach to the mentally sick. VC'esum Approaches: see Hist.

.

.

.

.

.

W

western :

inaccessible M17.

/a'prautj/

v.

ME.

[OFr. aproch(i)er

eccl.L appropiare, f ad- AP-' propius nearer, compar. oi prope near ] I i^.t. 1 Come near to in space; move towards. ME. 2 Come near(er) to in time, quality, rank, etc.; be nearly equal to; move towards in thought, set about (a problem etc.). lME. 3 Be so situated or arranged that the parts lie successively nearer to (a line, Also {arch.), adjoin, point, etc.). neighbour. lME. 4 Come into the presence of (someone), or (arch.) into (someone's presence); seek a meeting or relationship with; make overtures, advances, proposals, etc., to; spec. seek to influence or bribe. lME. 5 Bring near(er); make closer in quality, character, etc. f.

+

lME. 6

Mil.

Work

means of entrenchments, I

Waugh Two

E.

forward towards by

obs. exc. Hist. L17.

policemen quickened

their stride

and approached us. A. Shaffer A minstrels gallery which is approached by a winding staircase. 2 E. A Freeman Vigorous youths fast approaching manhood. C. Fry It was approaching dusk, last evening. T. S Eliot Let us approach the question from another angle. light.

man,

approach the powers that be. J. P. Donleavy I was once approached by a talent scout in summer stock. J. Earth The Colonel approached me on ten different .

.

occasions with offers of business. J. Bowen The sinner approaches your presence, high priest. 5 Sir W. Scott He approached to the fire a three-footed stool. C. ERIVALE His object was to approach the Gaulish

M

.

Rome.

provincials to II

7

v.i.

arch,

come

Come

nearer in space; draw near; near(er) to a place, person, etc. ME.

8 Draw near in time, befall; come near(er) to something in quality, magnitude, etc. lME. 9 Be so situated or arranged that the parts lie successively closer (to something). Also (arch.), be situated nearby. lME. 10 Come into someone's presence; make an overture or advance. (Foil, by to.) arch. lME.

AV

7

2

Sam. 11:20 Wherefore approched ye so nigh

when yee did fight? Tolkien Before long they saw the marching line approaching: the Ents were swinging along with great strides down the slope towards them. 8 G. Gascoigne I thinke How ioyes approch, when sorrowes shrinke. B. Stewart The coefficients of dilation approach more nearly to equality. Saki With money behind one, the problem of where to live approaches more nearly to the simple question of where do you wish to live A. J. P. Taylor Perhaps they were conscious that a general election was approaching. 9 D. Hartley The ventricles of the brain approach towards each other. 10 T. J. Mathias To the Peers approach with awe. vnto the

city

.

approacher adv.

n.

.

approaching

(arch.) L16.

ppl

approachment n. (now approaching M16

a.

&

lME.

that approaches; (b) adv. nearly:

(a) adj.

the action or state of

rare)

approachable -I-

/3'pr3utjab(a)l/ a. L16. [f. prec. -ABLE.] Able to be approached; accessible (lit.

& fig.), S.

affable.

Johnson He

that regards the welfare of others

should make his virtue approachable. HoR. Walpole TTie town was approachable only by a narrow .

causeway T Roethke Irish writers of the non-sullen and approachable variety. approacha'bility n. M19. approachableness n. (rare)

M18.

approbate

/'aprabeit/

-ated, f-ate.

lME. [L

v.t. Pa. pple & ppl a. approbat- pa. ppl stem of

see APPROVE y.-, -ATE'.] 1 Approve expressly or formally; sanction, approve of only N. Amer. lME. 2 Sc. Law. Assent to. L18. 2 approbate and reprobate take advantage of the favourable parts of a deed while repudiating the rest. appro'batory a. = approbative mi6. approbare:

Now

approbation /apr3'beij(3)n/ n. lME. [(0)Fr. f as prec: see -ation.] fl L approbatio(rt-) f.

,

The action of formally or authoritatively declaring good or true; sanction, endorsement. lME. 3 Approval or satisfaction expressed or felt, mi 6. f4 Probation, trial. E-M17. on th' I Shakes. Cymb. Would I had put my estate approbation of what I have spoke! 2 T. Keightley 3 W. Blake Received the royal approbation Advertisements in Newspapers are no proof of Popular approbation, but often the Contrary Aldous .

(mod. approcher)

arch.

ever

Confirmation, proof lME-eiS. 2

a.

Comb. approach road a road leading up to a place, a slip-road leading on to a motorway etc. (literary) unapproachable, approachless a.

approach

proportion as they approach the centre. Encycl. Brit. curve and its asymptote approach one another more closely but never quite meet except at infinity. 4 Steele I cannot approach her without Awe. Congressional Record Everything that is said about public men being corrupted or approached. J. Buchan Twenty days of hiding before I could venture to in

The

Also

v.'t.

vars.

etc.,

n.,

appris(e) pa. pple of apprendre teach (causative),

.

adpressed.

appressorium

appropinquate

102

.

Weinberg Velocities approaching that of 3 Addison Trees rising one higher than another S.

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w we,

.

Huxley The Controller nodded his approbation 'I like your spirit, Mr Watson', on approbation = on APPROVAL. 4 Shakes. Meas. for M. This day my sister should the cloister enter. And there receive her approbation.

approbative approbatif,

/'aprabeitiv/

-ive

APPROBATE +

med.L

or

-rvE.]

a. E17. approbativus,

[Fr. f.

as

Expressing approbation or

approval.

approbativeness

n.

approve, approbative approbation: M19.

approof

/s'pruif/

proof

n.

(now

arch.

The

tendency to

(a)

rare)

quality;

Phrenol.

(b)

APPROVE

[f

E17.

love

of

v.'

of proving, trial; proven quality. E17. 2 Approbation, approval. after

n. ]

1

act

E17.

appropinquate

/apra'pir|kweit/

[L appropinquat- pa. L16. appropinquare to approach,

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 3 this,

r|

v.i.

&

ad

f.

ring,

tj

p. arch. of

stem

ppl

AP-'

+

chip, d3 jar

appropinquation neighbouring,

propinquus

prope

f.

Attribution,

sec

near:

Approach; come near to. appropinque /-'pir|k/ v.i. & MI 7. appropinquity APPROPINQUATE nearness M17

lME

-ATE'.]

i.

(rare)

=

(rare)

n,

appropinquation /aprDpiiykweiJ(a)n/ n. arch. as prec: see lME. [L appropmquatto(n-), coming or bringing

APPROPRIATE

/s'prsupnat/ a. (& \pa. pple). appropnatus pa. pple, f. as next: see -ATE'.] 1 Attached or belonging (to) as an peculiar (to); quality, or right; attribute,

aprovance,

.

doors, others regard women as the appropriate bearers of heavy burdens. J. Bowen They must behave in a manner appropriate to the myth in which they were participating. A. LuRiE Actually, he looks lots better when he isn't dressed as he thinks appropriate for dinner at lUyria. B. England At an appropriate moment I shall strike the gong. T. Stoppard He makes a wordless noise appropriate to male approval of female pulchritude. D. Jacobson He was dressed in a tweed suit appropriate either to countryman or academic. G. Boycott The music on the radio was turned off; somehow a bit of quiet seemed more appropriate.

goods supplied) to be retumed for examinadon, without obligation

(of

/s'pru:v(3)ns/

APPROVE

as

f.

of. arch.

E16.

M16. 6

v.t.

hot,

(foil,

oneselO to be. (oneself,

Heywood

T.

.

.

regimental court-martial A. January the naval plan was coimcil.

young

Taylor On 28

P

J.

approved by the war

approved school Hist, an insutution offenders, a community home 4

for

E.

Hemingway You cannot marry me and

I understand although 1 do not approve it B. Bainbridge Things go on here that I don't approve of, but I neither interfere nor cnucize. absoi: J. Galsworthy We've never cared whether the world approves or not. 5 Byron 'Tis an old lesson; Time approves it true. Ld Macaulay When he approved himseJf npe for military command. R. W. Emerson Many opportumties to approve his stoumess and worth. 6 Isaac Taylor If anticipations such as these approve themselves to

diat,

f II

7

Put

v.t.

lME-liS. 8

proof or test of experience. Find by experience. L16-M17. IV Nay, task me to my word,

to the

v.t.

7 Shakes, i Hen. approve me, lord.

/3pr3opri'eiJ(3)n/ n. lME. [(0)Fr. f. late L appropnatio(n-), f. as prec: see -ATION.] 1 The making over (of a thing) into one's own or (arch.) another's possession; the taking of a thing for one's own use, esp. without permission. lME. 2 Eccl. Hist. The transference to a body or individual (spec, to a monastery) of the uthes and endowments of a parish. lME. f 3 r>

i.

reason.

appropriation

see,

&

one's worthy of approval, arch. E17. This aproves unto us, that order is a cheefe rule in memone. T. Fuller To approve the truth thereof against some one who questioned. Marvell Mr. Onslow was approved not to have been culpable. 2 Clarendon The success has approved this judgement. Gibbon The trembling emperor solemnly approved the innocence and fidelity of their assassins. 3 Charles James The colonel or commanding officer approves the sentence of a 1

which appropriates, esp. (Eccl. Hist.) the monastery which a benefice etc. to is assigned: M17 tappropr(i)e v.t. = appropriate v. ME-E17.

1:

v.t.

qualities, etc) as

.

cosy,

lME.

b Show (esp. Recommend

approvable

able

a.

lME

approval:

approvedly

y.

to

EI9

a(lv.

an approving

in

E19.

approvement

/3'pru:vm(3)nt/

lME.

fapprowment aprotve- profit,

The

worthy of (rare)

n.

adv. (rare) t(a) in a tried and in a sanctioned or commended

manner; (b) manner: lME. approvingly tested

manner

approved;

be

approvableness

/-vidli/

,

i

land)

of,

arch.

appropriated every single valuable the imfortunate couple had upon them. A P Taylor The J. Conservatives appropriated patriotism. appropriative a. of appropriating character or tendency M17. appropriator n. a person who or thing

n.,

-ment

vars. of

n.

approve

APPROVER n.\ -MENT

/3'prDksim(3)nt/ a. & ri. M17. [L approximant- pres. ppl stem of approximare: see

approximant APPROXIMATE

-ANT'.]

v.,

closely, resembling, rare.

t

A

adj.

Only

in

Approaching

B

M17.

n.

1

Math. A function, senes, etc., which is an approximation to the solution of a given problem. M20. 2 Phunet. A non-fricative

to the actual

proof

.

-er

something.

1235.

(common

(land); esp. increase the value of

fon). Pronoimce or consider to be good or satisfactory; commend; be in sympathy or agreement. lME. 5 v.t. Display, exhibit, make

training, work-study programs, [etc.] 4 J. Strutt were appropriated to the season These amusements of Lent Coleridge The word presumption I appropriate to the internal feeling. 5 R. Plot The best methods of Cultivating, appropriating seeds and manures, and cureing the diseases of land. H. Hallam The subject chosen is appropriated to the characteristic peculiarities of the poet. 6 J. K. Jerome He comes in quietly appropriates the most comfortable chair P V. White Some man, a kind of bushranger, rode up to their vehicle, and

v.,

person who good, or commends

by appropriation or enclosure, as permitted to the lord of a manor by the Statute of Merton,

authoritatively; sanction.

M

A

lME. ^2 A

Hist.

or tries someone. confirms, sanctions,

/3'prDksim3t/ a. (^pa. pple) & n. pple, [Late L approximatus pa. f. approximat-: see next, -ATE-.] A adj. (pa. pple.) f 1 Brought or placed close. Only in lME. 2 Very near in position or character; close together; similar, arch. lME. 3 Fairly or reasonably correct; near to the actual. E19. 3 very approximate more or less correci; fairly near

by

.

sit,

f approw

&

arch. tests,

continuant. L20.

/a'pruiv/ v.'t. Also fapprow. ME. [OFr. apprower, appro(u)er, f. d A-^ + pro(u) advantage, later form by profit; (17) interpretation of w in approuer as = v. Cf. IMPROVE f.-] Law. Increase one's profit from

approve

+ probus good, just.] Ifl v.t. f. ad AP-' to be true, demonstrate. ME-L17. t2 v.t. Corroborate, attest. LME-M19. 3 v.t. Confirm

provisions to themselves. E. Mellor The name was never appropriated by aposdes to 'priesthood' themselves. 2 Coverdale MicaA 4:13 TTieir goodes shall thou appropnate vnto the Lxirde. T. Blount It was lawful to appropnate the whole Fruits of a Benefice to an Abbey or Priory. 3 Pattison The revenue is appropriated to the payment of University officers. Time Economic Opportunity Act appropriates almost 8948 million for ten programs including job

1

=

-ANCE.]

Show

/a'prauprieit/ v.t. Pa. pple & ppl -ated, f-ate (see prec). lME. [L appropnatpa. ppl stem of appropriare make one's own, f. ad AP-' + propius own, proper: see -ate^.] 1 Take to oneself as one's own property or for one's own use. lME. f 2 Make over to a person, institution, etc., as his, her, or its own or for his, her, or its use. lME-eiS. 3 Devote, set aside, or assign, to the use of a person or institution, to or for a special purpose or use. lME. 4 Assign or attribute as properly pertainmg to; attribute specially or exclusively to. arch. lME. 5 Make, or select as, appropriate or siutable (to), arch. lME. 6 Take possession of; use as one's own, esp. without permission. L16. 1 G. Anson Appropriating the whole ships

her,

+

v.-

to

li6. [OFr.

arch.

n.

if

L17. 3

Now

proves,

pronounces M16.

approximate lME.

B

action

f.

as

of

[OFr.

approve

one's

increasing

Also

n.'

apro(u)ement,

+ -MENT

v.'

Law. profit by ]

approving land.

approvement

/3'pru:vm(3)nt/ n.^ E17. [OFr. aprovement (later approuve-), f. as approve v^' + -MENT.] A proof Only in E17. f-2 Approbation, approval. E17-M19. 3 The action of convicting another by turning informer. Now arch.

&

Hist.

Ml 8.

t approver

Also apprower.

lME

M18.

[AN

aprouour, f. as approve v.' + -our; suflf. later interpreted as and replaced by -er'.] A person who manages land for the owner; a steward or bailiff; an agent in any business.

approver

/3'pru:v3/

n.'

lME.

[{.

approve

v.''

+

-er'. Cf. OFr. aproveur.] 1 A person who proves or offers to prove another guilty, an informer;

saw,

\ run,

o put,

u: too, a

ago,

ai

my, au how,

ei

n.

An approximate

result or quantity, rare.

L18.

approximately

good,

a.

a:

+

v.'

/a'pruiv/ v:' ME. [OFr. aprover (mod. approuver) f. L approbare make good, assent to as

appropriate

bed,

a

approve

appropriately adv. f (a) specially, peculiarly, (b) M16 in an appropriate manner, fittingly: appropriateness n. M17.

.

for

officially

APPROVAL.

Now

.

allocated

who

person

V.',

approvance

inherent, characteristic; specially suitable (for, to); proper, fitting. lME. 2 Annexed or attached (to) as a possession, appropriated; esp. (Eccl.) rare annexed as a benefice to a monastery. or 06s. L16. Ennui, is the chief 1 Coleridge To charm away and appropriate business of the poet M. Mead Some peoples think of women as too weak to work out of

t

M16

not satisfactory; purchase.

appropriate lME. [Late L

a cat, u: arm,

sum of money a particular use. M18.

on approval

be

one who turns King's, Queen's, or

latterly spec,

State's evidence.

approval /3'pru:v(3)l/ n. E17. [f. approve -al'.] The action of approving; sanction.

[f.

appropriated,

.

attribute.

used.

near;

/a'praupnabCa)!/ a. M17. + -ABLE.] Able tO V.

special

a

:

approach.

appropriable

application;

4 The assignment of something to a special purpose. Also, the thing so assigned; esp. LI 7.

Comb. appropriation bill a legislative bill allocating public revenue to the purposes for which it may be

f.

-ATION.] TTie action of

appurtenance

103

adv. nearly, with near approach to

accuracy M19.

approximate /s'prnksimeit/ v. M17. [f. prec. or late L approximat- pa. ppl stem of approximare (Tertullian) draw near to, f. ad AP-' + proximus very near, next: see -ate^.] 1 v.t. Bring close or near, cause to approach or be near (to). (Chiefly of non-physical relationships). M17. 2 v.i. Come near or close (10, esp. in quality, number, etc., rarely physically). L18. 3 v.t. Come close to, approach closely, (used as sense 2). L18. I S. Johnson Shakespeare approximates the remote, and familiarizes the wonderful. E H Gombrich He must purify the world of matter, erase its flaws, and approximate it to the idea. J. G. Farrell A compress placed on the palm after the edges of the wound had been evenly approximated 2 John Ross The shores gradually approximate. A. G. Gardiner There are times when the dog approximates so close to our intelligences that he seems to be of us. E. J. Howard Pleasing meant approximating to the man's idea of the sort of woman his position and intelligence owed him. 3 J. Sullivan We may yet approximate a certainty .

.

.

is demonstrative. E. Pound Progress lies rather in an attempt to approximate classical quantitative metres (NOT to copy them) than in a carelessness regarding such things. approximator n. (rare) a person who approximates w M19.

that

approximation /3prDksrmeiJ(3)n/ «. lME. as prec; later [Late L approximatio(n-), f.

f.

prec: see -ATION. ] 1 The action of bnnging or coming near in place, time, or any conception to which ideas of space apply; the state of being

lME.

near, proximity.

2

A

cormng or

getting

near to identity in quantity, quality, or degree; the result of such a process; a value or quantity that is nearly but not exactly correct. M17.

approximative

/s'proksimstiv/

a.

E19.

[f.

APPROXIMATE V. + -IVE: cf. Fr. approximatif] Of approximate character; nearly but not exacdy reaching accuracy, approximatively adv. MI 9.

appui

/3'pwi:, foreign apqi/ n.

arch.

L16.

[Fr.]

Support; a stay, a prop. L16 L17. b .Mil. Defensive support. L18. f2 Horsemanship. The tension of the reins; the response of the horse's mouth to the control through the reins. E18-E19. 2. lb point of appui - point d'appm s.v. POINT

If a

gen.

appulse

n. E17. [L appulsus a driving appuls- pa. ppl stem of appetlere, f. ad A driving or energetic 1 towards a place; a strong impulse towards something, arch. Ely. 2 Asiron. An apparent close approach (falling short of occultation) by a planet etc. to a star or other

towards,

+ motion

AP-'

/3'pa1s/

f.

pellere drive.]

body. M17.

appurtenance

/3'p3:t(i)n3ns/

n.

ME.

[AN

apurtenaunce, OFr. apartenance, apert-, ult. f. late L appertinere (see APPERTAIN) + -ANCE.] 1 A minor property, right, or privilege, subsidiary or

day, 3U no,

e:

hair,

is

near,

.ii

boy, 03 poor, ai3 tire, aos sour

appurtenant incidental to a more important one; an appendage. Usu. in f>l. ME. 2 A contributory adjunct, an accessory. Usu. in pi. lME. 3 The fact or state of appenaining. rare. M19. C Sandbirg The land and all appurtenances I thereto and all deposits of oil and gold. 2 Shakes Haml. Th' appurtenance of welcome is fashion and ceremony. L. Strachey The bonnet with its jet appurtenances. M. Mvggeridge It had now become a grammar school, with all the usual appurtenances in the shape of houses, prefects, blazers, a school song, and so on 3 W. D Whitney The word is a token of the most mdeftnite appurtenance,

appurtenant

&

Also (esp. in sense A. 2, arch.) appertinent. lME. [OFr. apartenatu pres. pple of apartemr APPERTAIN: see -ANT'.] A adj. 1 Belonging (ro) as a (subsidiary or incidental) property, right, or privilege. lME. 2 Appertaining (to); appropriate {to); relating, pertinent. lME. B n. An appurtenance. Now ,i'p3:t(3)nsnt

a.

/

n.

lME. apraxia a'praksi^ rart".

n. L19. [G Apraxie f Gk apraxij inaction.] Med. Inability to perform given purposive actions, as a result of cerebral

disorder,

aprs/ prep. M19. [Fr. = ku/ [lit. 'after stroke'], after the event; as an afterthought. M19. 2 apres-ski n. & a., (worn, done, etc., at) the time ski: when skiing is over for the day at a resort. M20. b Used w. Eng. wds in imitation of apres-ski, as

apres

'aprei, foreign

after.]

apres coup

1

apres-balh, -sex, etc.

apricate

'aprikeit,

M20. rare.

v.

[L apncat-

L17.

pa.

ppl stem of apncari bask in the sim, f. apneas exposed (to the sim); see -ate'.] 1 v.i. Bask in the Sim. L17. 2 v.i. Expose to simhght. M19.

apricot

'eipnkot

albancoque

[Port,

Arab,

Sp.

f.

late

' I to thee commend. ^ Sense 4 was orig. a misunderstanding by Spenser

arrett.

to the

charge of repr. sense

2.

m20. [f ar(omatic + -ene.]

n. E20. [Gk aretalogia, f -logy.] A narrative of the miracles performed by a god or semi-

n. E20. [f as arena + -ite'.] sandstone or other sedimentary rock very largely of sand-sized particles.

arm,

f,

bed,

a:

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, o hot,

d:

The

[(0)Fr.

Now

silver.

1.

{.

money,

Silver coin;

1

metal

'I"he

Her.

lME.

a.

f

arch.

tincture silver or white

armorial bearings. M16. adj. Chiefly Her. Silver, white. L15.

argen'tiferous

argentry

yielding silver L18.

a.

n.

(rare) silver plate E17.

argentaffin

/ai'd^entafin/ a. E20. [Fr. f. L argenium silver + affinis akin.] Readily stained black by silver salts; spec. {Anal., now arch.) designating numerous isolated endocrine cells situated in the intestinal epithelium. argentaifi'noma n., pi. -mas, -mata /-mats/, Med. intestinal tumour whose tissue stains like an argentaffin cells, from which it is thought to develop M20. argentaffine,

argentic /a:'d3£ntik/ a. silver + -ic] Chem. Of or

E19.

L

[f.

argenium

pertaining to divalent

silver.

% Ong.

compounds

monovalent

designating

(cf.

ARGENTOUS).

argentine

/'Q:d3(a)ntAin/

&

a.'

lME.

«.'

[(0)Fr. argentin{e), f. as ARGENT + -ine'.] A adj. 1 Of, made of, or containmg silver. lME. 2 Silvery. lME. B k. 1 Silver; material simulating silver. Now rare or obs. L16. 2 A small silvery marine fish of the salmoniform genus Argentina.

M18.

Argentine

/'a:d3(a)ntAin/

&

a.-

nr E19. [Sp.

Argentina (in Repiiblica, formerly Confederacion, Argentina) lit. 'silvery', named from the Rio de la Plata (Sp. plaia silver).] A adj. Of, pertammg to, or designating the federal republic which occupies the greater part of the southern end of S. America, extending from Chile in the west to the Brazilian and Uruguayan borders and the Atlantic Ocean in the east, and bordering Bolivia and Paraguay in the north (now usu. QzWed Argentina) E19. Argentine ant a S. Amencan ant, Indomynnex hunnhs, which has been introduced and become a pest .

elsewhere

divine hero,

B «. 1 A native or inhabitant of Argentina. E19. 2 the Argentine, Argentina. L19.

a.

L19.

arete /a'ret, a'reit/ n. E19. [Fr. f L ansta ear of com, fish-bone or -spine. Cf arris ] A sharp mountain ndge with steep sides. a. var.

n.,

a.,

&

adv.

slang.

n.

[Repr. a

E19.

[f. J.

A.

occurs

iron-rich

black

as

sodium amphibole which dark

or

green

monoclinic

n.

var. of

ARGOL

/'a:g(3)l/ adv.

n.'

n.

[Alt.

of

L

ergo

M18-M19.

'bone-swallower'.]

The

hargfld [Hind, lit. greater adjutant stork.

[Mongolian.] The large wild sheep of eastern central Asia, Ovis ammon; loosely the bighorn or other similar animal. argan /'a:g(3)n/ n. E17. [Moroccan Arab, f Berber argHn).] I TTie olive-like fruit of the argan tree (see sense 2). rare. Ely. 2 argan tree, an evergreen tree or shrub, Argania sptnosa, native to Morocco. E19. 3 argan oil, an edible oil from the seeds of the argan tree. L19. Argand /'aigsnd/ n. L18. [A Fr. surname.] 1 /'Q:g(3)li/ n. li8.

[A. Argand (1755-1803), Fr. physicist.] a burner, a kind of cylindrical burner for oil or gas, allowing air to pass both inner and outer

b In full Argand lamp. with such a burner. E19. 2 Math.

surfaces of the flame. L18.

A lamp

fitted

U- R. Argand (1768-1822), saw,

a run,

argentite /'a:d3(3)ntAit/ n. M19. silver + -ite'.] Mm. A form of

argento-

n.'

l:

L

[f.

argenium sulphide

silver

system and occurring as

a metallic lustre.

L

/a:'d3£ntao/ comb, form of

see -0-. argentophil(e), -'philic

argenium

silver:

= argyrophilic M20 argentous /a:'d3Entas/ a. M19. [f. as prec. + -ous ] Chem. Of or pertaining to monovalent

a

E17.

arch.

therefore.] Therefore. Shakes. Haml. He drowns not himself: Argal, he thai is not guilty of his own death shortens not his own life

fargala

(a) adj. of or

n.

= Argentine

adjs.

silver.

crystals.

argal argal

&

a.

E20

dark grey crystals with

M19.

Arfvedson (1792- 1841), Swed. chemist + -ite'.]

Mm. An

Argentinian /a:d3(a)n'tini3n/ pertaining to Argentina; (6) n.

crystallizing in the cubic

of aret.

v. var.

/a:f/

of Arretine.

Argand

/'arinMt/

A

made up a cat, u:

n.

aromatic hydrocarbon.

«.

arete excellence, miracle: see

Hist. /'ari;n/

An

arenite Geol.

+

argali

f as prec: see -aceous.] Having the appearance or consistency of sand; sandy; living or growing

arenavirus

see

thin:

pronunc] = half n., a. & adv. arfvedsonite /a:f 'vEds(3)nAit/

action. L18. 2 H. Rogers Howe seldom entered the arena of controversy J. Galbraith Economic society was an arena in which men met to compete N. Gordimer A landscape without theatricals except when it became an arena for summer storms. Comb.: arena stage Theatr. a stage placed amid the audience; arena theatre theatre-in-the-round. a.

araios

{.

'arf

[L (h)arena sand, sand-

/an'neijas/

L17-L19. [Fr. -meter.] =

araeo-.

Also

n.

Gk

f

the highest judicial court of ancient Athens held Its sittings, hence the court itself.] An important

f arett

strewn place.] 1 The central part of an amphitheatre, bullnng, stadium, etc., in which the action occurs; the building as a whole. E17. 2 Any scene of open conflict, a sphere of fig.

arenaceous

A

L16.

Aretine

see ahead.

v.

1

Areopagus /an'opsgas/ n. Pi. -gi /-gAi/. M17. [L, Gk Aretos pagos hill of Ares (Mars), where

f aret

M18. 2

MI 6. 3

poet.

&

n.

A

]

W, DE LA Mare Wan as the argent moon. T. H. White The cognizance was argent, a tall cross gules.

tissue

a.

areta'logical

/a'riikalim, -Im/ n. L19. [f prec. after

ared, arede, areed areg n. pi. of erg^

/-li:/.

body

aretalogy /arrtabd3j/

f.

Asian palm of

the genus Areca, esp. A. catechu, which yields astringent seeds often chewed with betel leaves. Comb.: areca nut an astnngent seed of A. catechu.

arecoline

M17. [L small space or such as bone. MI 7. 2 A small circular area; spec, the area of pigmented skin surrounding a nipple. L17. /o'riisb/ n. PI. -lae

interstice, esp. within

f.

lME

cash. in

silver

B

dim. of AREA.] Chiefly Anal.

of aret

In the rear.

]

as

areola

tnbunal.

area +

[f. -al'.] 1 Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of an area. L17. 2 Lmg. Of or pertaining to geographical factors as determinants of the relationship or development of languages or dialects. M20. 2 areal linguistics a school of linguistics emphasizmg geographical factors in language development and distnbution. areally adv. with regard to area M20.

/'errial/

Mars

(Astron.) having the planet

a.

A member of the court of Areopagus (see next) areopagitic /,ariDp3'd5itik/ n. & a. f (a) n. a speech imitating that of Isocrates addressed to the court of Areopagus; (b) adj. of or pertaining to the Areopagus or its court: M17. areopagitical /,ariDp3'd3itik(3)l/ a.

belong'd.

areal

Ares Mars: sec

Hist.

L16. 4 Milton Let me arreed him, not to be the foreman of any mis-judg'd opinion. 5 Spenser TTiereby Sir Anegall did plaine areed That unto him the horse n.

areola

areopagttes

114 Counsel, advise. M16. 5 Decide, adjudge.

\B

Gk

&

areo'centi-ic centre LI9.

/'u:d3(a)nt/

argenium

v.

/'ansu/ comb, form of

HYDROMETER

ME.

2 W. Morris So is thy dream areded. 3 Rightly he ared the Maid's intent.

argent

-0-.

Areopagi n. Areopagite

aredan,

conjecture.

areo-

areometre,

&

t.

see be

v.

fareometer

rule.

n. Long arch. Also arede, pp!e areaded, ared /a'rsd/. [OE (. as A-' + READ v. Branch A. II f. A-' + READ v.] A v.t. If! Divine, prophesy; make known, declare. OE-M17. 2 Divine the meaning of; interpret, solve. OE. 3 Guess,

/s'riid/ v.

areed. Pa.

aren't

Argand diagram, a diagram on which complex numbers are represented geometrically using Cartesian axes. E20.

of arenavirus.

var.

n.

as

f.

containing many areolae (sense i); areolar tissue, loose connective tissue found beneath the skin and around muscles, organs, etc.: E19 areole n. an areola; esp. a small area bearing spines or hairs on a cactus: E19

ambitious sonnes vnto them

his

/'annsos/ a. lME. [L arenosus, arena: see -o.se'.] Sandy, gritty. Also f arenous a. lME mi8

areolar

ME"Mi6. twaine Arraught the

arenose

arenovirus

area: see UTILITY a.

Comb,: area bishop in the Church of England, a bishop who has much of the authority of a diocesan bishop within a particular part of a diocese, by

code N.

arginine

III

u put,

u: too, a

ago,

Fr.

ai

mathematician

my, ao how,

ei

]

Orig. designating certain compounds apparently of lower valency (cf argentic).

Argie

&

/'a;d3i/ n.

[Abbrev.

L20.

Argentinian:

a.

see

Also Argy.

slang, derog.

Argentine

of

-ie.]

(An)

a.-

&

or

«.-

Argentine,

(an)

Argentinian.

argil

Gk

lME. [OFr.

/'a:d3il/ n.

argillos clay

]

argillaceous

Clay,

f

-ACEOUS. ]

Of

argilla

L

a.

+

argilla

{.

of

clay;

[f.

L

prec, largely

clayey,

/'a:d3ilAit/ n. L18.

[f

L

argilla clay

+

An

indurated argillaceous rock that harder than shale and does not split easily,

-ite'.] Geol. is

clay,

nature

the

composed of clay;

f

L17. -ous: see

/a:d3i'leijas/

argillaceus,

argillite

argille

esp. potter's clay,

arginase

/'a:d3ineiz/ n. E20. [f. next + -ase.] Biochem. An enzyme which hydrolyses arginine to urea and ornithine,

arginine

Gk

f.

-INE'.]

[G Arginin, perh. see bright-shining, white: A basic amino acid,

/'a:d3ini:n/ n. L19. arginoeis

Biochem.

HN=C(NH,)NH(CH,) ,CH(NH,)COOH, which occurs

day, au no,

r,:

hair,

la

in

near,

many .11

proteins,

boy, oa poor,

is

essential in the

Aia tire,

aoa sour

Argive during periods of intensive growth, and is involved in urea synthesis; guanidine aminovaleric acid. diet of vcnebrates

Argive

&

Argivus iSj^Argcios) pertaining to Argos (see below).) A n. A native or inhabitant of Argos, a cit>'-state of ancient Greece, or the surrounding territor\' of 'o:ii \i\

Argolis; (in

Greek. mi6.

,

-dj-MV

n.

mi6.

a.

[\.

Homenc and later classical use) a B adj. Of or pertaining to Argos or

Argolis. Also, Grecian, Greek. Li6.

argle

'c:g(.i)r

.\RGUE, w. Ll6. 2 v. I.

v.

exc.

obs.

as in haggle]

-Ic

dial. I

v.t.

Li6.

of

[Alt.

Argue about.

= ARGY-BARGY V. EI9. 'a:g(3)rba:c)(s)l argle-bargle

stress (main & colloq. E19. [Redupl. of Exchange (words) in

vanaNc) v. & n. dial. 1 I'.r. prec] A f. argument, ran-. E19. 2 f.i. = ARGY-BARGY v. E19. B n. = ARGY-BARGY tl. LI9. Argo 'o:i)3o tt. mi6. [L: cf Argonaut.] (The

name

of) a large constellation of the southern

hemisphere now div-ided into Carina, Puppis, Vela, and P>'xis; the Ship. Also Argo Navis 'neivis [L nazis ship].

argol

'a:gDl,

unkn. origin.]

argol

-g(3)l/

''a:g(3)l,/

ME. [AN

w.'

= tartar

of

argoile,

n.^ i.

Also

n.-

[Mongolian.] Dried

cattle

M19.

argal.

dung used

as fuel in

L19. [Gk, neut. of argos idle, inactive, f A-'" + ergon work.] colourless odourless gaseous chemical element, atomic no. 18, which is one of the noble gases and is present in air to the extent of about one per cent by volume. (Symbol Ar.) 'a-.gon

n.

A

Argonaut 'a:g(s)n.i:t n. li6. [L argonauta Gk argonautis sailor {nautes) in the ship Argo.]

f.

1

of the legendary sailors who travelled with Jason in the Argo in quest of the Golden Fleece. L16. b trans/. (Also a-.) An adventurer with a quest, esp. for gold; an explorer. E19. 2 (Now usu. a-.) An octopod of the genus Argonauta, the female of which possesses a thin coiled shell into which the eggs are laid. Also called paper

Any

MI 9.

nautilus.

argo'nautic n. & Argonauts; an epic

a.

(a) n. a

poem concerning

the

of or pertaining to

stor>'; (ft) adj.

the .\rgonauts, epic: L16. 'oigssi n. Hist. & poet. Also (earlier) fragusye. L16. [App. f It. Ragusea use as n. of fem. adj. (sc. nave ship, etc.) 'of Ragusa'.] A merchant-vessel of the largest size and burden, esp. one of Ragusa or Venice. fig. T W. Hjggixson Wagons of sea-weed just from the beach each weed an argosy.

argosy

:

.

argot 'a:g30, n. M19. [Fr., of unkn. origin The jargon, slang, or pecuhar phraseology of social class or group; orig., rogues'

and

thieves'

cant. 'u:gju:/ v. ME. [(0)Fr. arguer f. L arguian, frequent, of arguere make clear, prove, assert, accuse.] I Bring reasons, reason, dispute. 1 v.i. Discuss, reason, debate; contend, dispute.

(Foil,

by

an opponent;

with, againsi,

ME.

for, against,

Discuss the pros and cons of; bring forward reasons for or against (a proposition). L15. 3 v.t. Maintain, by adducing rea >ns, that. M16. 4 v.t. Adduce as a reason or argument, arch. E17. 5 v.t. Persuade (a person) into or out of a course of action, opinion, intention, etc. M17. I Milton Of good and evil much they argu'd then

W

2

v.t.

MONTAGC I am not arguing for an equality of the two sexes. P. G. Wodehouse One cannot argue about personality. Its compelling power has to be d 1 .^ot argue accepted as a fact. A. S. Eddincton 'A-ith the cnuc who urges that the stars are not hot enough for this process; we tell him to go and find a honer place. J Gross A well-drilled child of the Scottish Enlightenment, a debatrr trained to argue back to first pnnciples. 2 ( i. B. Shaw Fifty civilians to support two skilled judgf-s in trying her case and to argue it out with her .u sitting after sittmg. J. BUCHAN refused no challenge, but argued any question anj-where with anyone. 3 M. L. King A few hours later, before Judge Carter, the city argued that we were operating a 'pnvate enterprise' without a franchise. 4 Defoe He told me the same thing, which was the strongest Refulsf I argued for my staying M.

.

.

We

.

.

.

.

We

.

b but, d dog,

f

.

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

W. Congreve A

Pretensions. 5

m

argument,

sort of poetical

you into a protection of this play. Bring evidence, prove, indicate. f6 v.i. Convict (of), prove an accusation against. logic to argue II

lME lME prove

E18.

t7

L17.

8

v.t.

Accuse

Be evidence

v.t.

indicate

of;

thing, a person or thing

(a

something

is).

be,

to

a good case for. able to be argued, debatable, open to disagreement E17. arguably adv. as may be shown by argument or made a matfi of argument L19. arguer n. lME. arguing n. (a) the action or process of the vb; t(ft) an accusation; (c) an argument: lME.

arguable

&

colloq.

f

1

M18.

2.

Only

argimientive

argufier

n.

argument

ME.

n.

lb argument from design, cosmological argument, onwlogical argument, etc. 2 Henry More But that the Beast that was, and is not, is not the Devil, we shall now evince by other arguments. C M. YoNGE Well

si'lentiau,

assume for the sake of argument that he's a fake. V. S. Pritchett Grandmother, Grandfather and Father were shouting in angry argument across the table, about God and 'that Eddy woman'. A. Hailey Their discussion had quickly developed into an argument, b Shakes. Hen. V And sheath'd their swords for lack of argument. 6 Disraeli The throbbing deed Shall make thy name a household argument. 7 Pope Argument to Book the First. argu'mental a. (now rare) Ll6. Just

.

t argument argumenter

prec]

1

f.

v.

L

Argus

LME-M19.

lME.

the

[i.

argumentari,

f.

n.

or

,

ppl stem of argumentari: see prec, -ation.] 1 The action or process of arguing; methodical employment or presentation of arguments; logical or formal reasoning; interchange of

man,

n no, p pen,

r

red, s

sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

&

In senses 2 3 also a-. lME. a mythological person with a

n.

/a:'gju:t/

a.

Now

literary.

lME. [L

argutus pa. pple of arguere make clear, ARGUE.] f 1 Of taste: sharp. Only in lME. 2 Of a person, faculty, action, etc.: quick, subtle, shrewd. L16. 3 Of sound: shrill. E18. argutely adv. L16 arguteness n. M17.

Argy

n.

&

a. var.

of Argie.

argy-bargy

/,a:gi'ba:gi,

&

L19. [Alt.

n.

,a:d3i'ba:d3i/

v.

&

n.

& redupl. of argue: cf. Dispute, wrangle. L19. B Disputatious argument; a wrangle, a dispute.

died.

colloq.

ARGLE-BARGLE. ]

A

V.i.

L19.

argyle

Also -gyll, A-. L18. [Argyll former county of Scodand and a 1 A vessel, usu. of silver or other metal and resembling a small coffee-pot, in which to serve hot gravy. 06s. exc. Hist. L18. 2 A knitting pattern with diamonds of various colours on a single background colour, based on the tartan of the Argyll branch of the Campbell /a:'gAil/ n.

(Argyle),

a

family name.]

clan. Also, a

garment

(esp. in pi., socks) in this

pattern. Chiefly N. Amer.

M20.

/'aidsirau/ comb, form repr. Gk arguro-, arguros silver: see -o-. Bef a vowel also

argyrof.

argyr-. ar'gyria n. (Med.) silver poisoning, esp, as causing a greyish-blue discoloration of the skin L19. ar'gyrodite n. [Gk arguredls rich in silver] Mm. a sulphide of silver and germanium crystallizing in the cubic system and occurring as black crystals with a metallic lustre = argyrophilic E20. 'argyrophil(e) a. L19. argyro'philia n. the property of being argyrophilic M20. argyro'philic a. readily stained black by silver salts

M20.

Arhat L19.

v.t.

argumentation /,a:gjum£n'teij(3)n/ n. lME. [(0)Fr. f L argumentatio(n-) f argumeniat- pa.

e silentio /aigju.mentam ei n. phr. M20. [L = argument conclusion based on silence, i.e.

extremely vigilant, sharp-sighted.

Provide proof, estabhsh, (that); argue for. M16-M19. 3 v.t. Make the subject of debate. M18-E19. 2

/'a:g3s/

argute

(0)Fr. argue.

-Jiso/

1 A very vigilant watcher, a guardian. lME. 2 Any of certain butterflies bearing eyespots, esp. Ancia agestis (in full brown argus) 01 A. artaxerxes (in full Scouh argus). E18. 3 Either of two large SE Asian pheasants, both of which have long tails with numerous eyespots, Argusiana argus (in full great argus) and Rheinardia ocellata (in full crested argus). M18. Comb.: Argus eye (a) in pi, sharp eyes, acute observation; (ft) each of the eyelike markings on the tail of a peacock (to which Argus' eyes were said to be transferred by Hera after his death); Argus-eyed a.

argumentum: see (Jor);

M17. [f

rare.

n. phr.

[L f. Gk Argos, himdred eyes.]

.

Adduce arguments

v.i.

a.

= ARGUMENTATIVE.

from silence.] A on lack of contrary evidence.

provided with golden arguments. F. L. Wright To hold snow on the roof is always a good, wise provision and a good argument for a flat roof 3 T. Sheridan Beating the Desk and biting of Nails were Arguments of taking Pains. 5a Milton In argument with men a woman ever Goes by the worse. Shaftesbury So intent in upholding their own side of the argument. K.

Amis

rare.

reasoning.

L

dispute, a quarrel. L15. fb Subject of contention. L16 E17. f6 Subject, theme of debate or discussion, either verbal or written. LI5-MI9. 7 A summary of the subject-matter of a book; an index, table (of contents), etc. arch.

-IVE.]

argumentum

of

[(0)Fr. f

Now

/aigju.mentam M17. [L: see argument n., AD HOMINEM.] An argument, usu. vilificatory, appealing to the personal circumstances or character of an opponent rather than to sound

ad 'haminEm/

E19.

/'a:gjum(3)nl/

n.

argumentum ad hominem

v.t.

argumentum, {. arguere: see ARGUE, -MENT.] 1 A connected series of statements or reasons intended to establish a position; a process of reasoning or disputation; argumentation. ME. b spec. Any of a number of lines of reasoning that seek to prove the existence of God. E19. 2 A statement or fact advanced to influence the mind; a reason urged in support of a proposition. Formerly spec, in Logic, the middle term in a syllogism. lME. 3 Proof, evidence; a token, an indication, arch. lME. 4 Math. etc. An independent quantity (orig., Astron., an angle) on which the value of a ftinction depends or on which an operator acts. lME. 5a Statement of the pros and cons of a proposition; discussion, debate (esp. contentious); a verbal

/a:gju'mentiv/

ARGUMENT?'. +

in

v.i.

/,a:gjunien'teit3/

M17. [L; see ARGUMENT v., -ATOR.] A person who conducts an argument, a reasoner.

L17. [f prec.

dial.

= ARGUE

v.t.

Dispute, wrangle, argue. M18. 3 Prove or be evidence of something; be imponance or consequence; signify. M18. 4 Worry with argumentation. L18. V.I.

lME

/aigju'mentstiv/ a. argumentativus (Donatus), f

L

argumentator

arguendo

argufy /'a:gjufAi/ v. + -FY. Cf speechify.]

lME.

An

2

evidence (of). M-L17. 3 Given to argumentation; capable or fond of arguing. M17. argumentatively adv. mi 7 argumentativeness n.

a.

/aigjo'Endau/ adv. M18. [L, abl. of arguendum gertmd of arguere: see prec] Chiefly Law. In the course of the argument; for the sake of argument.

process of reasoning.

lME.

sequence of arguments, a

argumentari: see prec, -ative.] 1 Characterized by argument; controversial; logical. lME. f 2 Of the nature of an argument (/or); of weight as

that

lME.

make

(usu. in neg.)

debate.

a

[OFr., or late

or

7 Sir T. Browne Nor would we argue the definitive sentence of God. 8 Shakes, s Hen. 1-7 Which argued thee a most unloving father. J. Ix)CKE Contrary choices that Men make in the World, do not argue that they do not all pursue Good. H. Mai^drell Which seem to argue it to be ancient. J. Agate The principal star is one Ethel Waters, and her enthusiastic reception argues talent. Phrases: argue the toss: see TOSS n. argue well for

discussion,

argument advanced;

argumentative

(of); call in question.

M16.

]

a

argue

about, to/, a proposition).

my

L17. 2

the steppes of central Asia.

argon

aria

112

Also Arahat /'arshat/, a-. Pah arahat meritonous.] Jamism. A saint of one of the

/'a:hat/

[Skt

Buddhism

n.

arhat.

&

highest ranks. Ar(a)hatship

arhythmic

n.

the state of an Arhat

a. var.

H9.

of arrhythmic.

/'a:ri3/ n. ei8. [It. f L aera accus. of aer: long song for one voice usu. see AIR «.'] Mus. with accompaniment; esp. such a song in an opera, oratono, etc.

aria

A

J

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 6 this,

i)

ring, tj chip,

d3

jar

Arian

Christ was consubstantial with God; of, pertaining to, or holding this doctrine. lME. B n. A holder of this doctrine. lME. Arianism n. the Arian doctrine L16. Arianize v. (a) V.I. follow the doctrine of Anus; (b) v.t. convert to Arianism: E17. Arianizer n. H7. a.'- & n.'^ E20. [f. Aries + -an.] A or pertaining to the zodiacal sign Aries; (characteristic of a person) bom under Aries. E20. B n. A person bom under Aries. E20.

Arian

f'e-.nsn/

Of

adj.

Arian

a.'

&

var. of

Aryan.

suff. [f. L -arius -ary' + -an.] or corresp. ns. of which the earliest (gen. formations) are dtsciplinanan (n.), antiquarian, proletarian; (numeral adjs.) quinquagenarian; commonly in terms denoting religious or moral tenets, as Mtllenarian, sectarian. Unitarian, on the anal, of which were formed humanitarian, utilitarian, etc., and joc. formations as anythingarian.

M17. [Fr. aride or L aridus, f. arere be dry or parched: see -id'.] f I Of a substance, the skin, etc.: dry, parched, withered. M17-E19. 2 Of the ground, climate, etc.: dry, parched; Geogr. barren, bare; too dry to support vegetation. M17. 3 fig. Uninteresting, dull; unfruitful, barren, jejune. Cf aridity n. 2. E19. 2 A. KoESTLER TTie mountains underneath were arid as craters on the moon. E. Roosevelt It looked like good farming country, in contrast to the arid

arid /'and/

a.

appearance of the land in so many parts of Greece. 3 T. C. Wolfe A dry campaign over an arid waste of Latin prose. H. E. Bates I felt rather stupid; and then a little flat and and from fears that had decayed. aridify v.t. make arid E20 aridly adv. L19. aridness n. M18. /s'ndisol/ n. M20. [f prec. + -i- + -sol.] Soil Sci. soil of an order comprising

Aridisol

A

/a'nditi/ n. L16. [Fr. andite or L anditas, f as arid: see -ity.] 1 Arid state or quaUty; dryness, barretmess; parched condition. L16. 2 fig. Lack of interest, dullness; unproductiveness.

aridity

L17. /'eaial/ n. M19. [Arab, 'aryai] A Middle Eastern and African gazelle, Gazella arabica.

ariel

OE. [L anes ram.]

(The name

1

constellation of the northern hemisphere, on the ecliptic near Andromeda; Astrol. (the name oQ the first zodiacal sign, usu. associated with the period 21 March to 20 April (see note s.v. ZODIAC); the Ram. OE. 2 A person bom imder the sign Aries; = Arian n.- m20. I attrib.: E. Kirk It is almost impossible to hide anything from an Aries individual who has recognized his or her power of intuition, first point of Aries the pomt of the vernal equinox (now actually located in

owing

Pisces,

Also in L form arillus /-as/, pi. -Ui M18. [mod.L arillus of unkn. origin;

/'aril/ n.

/-1ai, -li:/.

= dried grape-pips.] Bot. An arillt additional envelope, often fleshy, developed around the seed in certain plants (e.g. yew), arillate a. having an aril E19.

med.L

Arimasp

/'arimasp/

to precession)

f arietation

n. E17-L18. [L anetatto(n-), f anetat- pa. ppl stem of anetare butt like a ram, f anes, anet- ram: see -ation.] The action of butting like a ram; ramming, battering,

by

griffins.

Also Ari'maspian

arioso

Mi 7.

n.

/ari'auzau, a:-/ a., adv., St

A

Mus.

81 fig.).

ei8.

short time or song. Also ariette n. [Fr ] E19.

RIGHT

I,

[OE

/s'tmI/ adv. w.']

I

on nht, anhv. see a

Of manner.

rightly; justly, correctly.

1

prep.'

In a right manner,

OE. f 2 Immediately;

ME-L15. f3 Directly; in a straight ME-E17. 4 Exactly, just; indeed. Long once.

at

line.

arch.

lME. I

CovERDALE

herte sir,

was

it

Ps. Ti:i

A

generacion that

M. Innes And

aright.

just

then

nodding— sudden-like. 4

if

that

E. B.

not their

set

remember

I

the

stopped

horse

Browning

aright,

Is

it

true

besides— Aright true? II

Of direction. 5 On ME.

or to the right hand. arch,

5

SouTHEY from

Aright,

The

aleft,

a cat, a:

affrighted

foemen

his spear.

arightly adv. (now rare or

farights adv.

arm,

(rare)

e

bed,

obs.)

= ARIGHT a:

her,

1

[It.,

f.

this kind. L19.

ariose /airi'aus/

= arioso

a.

ripple

arise

«.']

arrfsa

rise

t.

arose

[OE

/3'riz(3)n/.

OS

-

ur-, ar-, irrfsan,

Now

sitting, repose, inaction, etc.

arch.

& poet.

1

Get up from sitting or kneeling; stand up. OE. t2 Get up from a fall. OE-M17. 3 Get up from sleep or rest. OE. 4 Of the sim, moon, etc.: come above the horizon. Of the day, moming, etc.: dawn, begin. OE. 5 Rise from the dead. OE. 6 Rise from inaction or quiet, esp. in hostility or rebellion. OE. 7 Rise in agitation or violence, as the wind, sea, etc.; boil up. OE. 8 Of a soimd: become audible, be heard. ME. I AV John 14:31 Anse, let us go hence. 2 MlLTON Awake, arise, or be for ever fall'n. 3 Goldsmith Nash generally arose early in the moming. 4 Shakes. Rom. Jul. Anse, fair sun, and kill the envious moon. 5 AV Man. 27:52 Many bodies of the saints which slept arose. 6 Shakes. Oth. Arise, black vengeance, from the hoUow hell. 7 Tennyson A wind arose and rush'd upon the South. 8 AV Acu 23:9 There arose a great

1:

sit,

= aright

i

li6.

II Go or come higher. 9 ascend, mount. Now poet.

Go

come up; OE. f'O Rise in

consequence. OE. 12 Of a person: be bom; come into the world of events. OE. 13 Of a thing: spring up, be raised or built, poet. OE. 14

Come into existence or notice; present itself, occur. OE. 1 1 Shakes. Hen. V Some sudden mischief may arise of it. R. G. Collingwood Other philosophers discussed problems arising out of distinctions I thought false. F. Hoyle The forces ansiiig from the weight of the ice are greatest ^' the bonom of the .

12 Coverdale Deut. 34: 10 There arose no prophet more in Israel like vnto Moses. J. Bryce In the fourteenth century there arose in Italy the first great masters of pamting and song. 13 Tennyson So long, that mountains have arisen since With cities on their flanks. 14 Ld MACAinuAY All questions which arose in the Privy Council. D. Attenborough If we want to consider how life arose, we have to look back a further thousand million years. arisings n.pl. materials forming secondary or waste products of a process E20.

1

cosy,

1:

see, n hot,

/s'nsta/

n.

PI.

or ear of grain ] beardlike process. aristate E19

a.

-tae

&

Zool,

L17.

/-(i:/.

Boi.

y.

A

[L = awn bristly

or

saw,

The govemment of a State by its best Govemment of a State by those

1

f.

citizens. L15. 2

who

are most distinguished by birth and wealth, oligarchy; a State so govemed. L16. 3 A ruling body of nobles, an oligarchy. E17. 4 The class to which such mlers belong, the nobility; the patrician or privileged class, regardless of the form of govemment. M17. 5 transf. & fig. TTie best representatives of any quality, skill, etc.; any privileged or ehte group. M19. 5 G. B. Shaw TTic plays which constitute the genuine aristocracy of modem dramatic literature. M. Trevelyan The working class aristocracy, the engineers and the men of other skilled trades. B Bainbridge He was convinced that physicians were an ignorant aristocracy kept afloat by witchcraft.

G

aristocrat

/'anstakrat,

3'rist-/ n. L18. [Fr. of the Fr. Revolution) f see prec, next, -crat.] A member of an aristocracy or of the nobility, orig. of the French aristocracy in the French Revolution of 1790 (cf democrat n. i). Also

wd

(a

aristocratic,

-tique:

an advocate of aristocratic govemment.

ari'stocratism exclusiveness:

n.

L18.

aristocraac conduct; haughty ari'stocratize v.t. make

aristocratic L18.

aristocratic

/.arista'kratik/

E17.

a.

[Fr.

f Gk anstokratikos: see aristocracy, -ic] 1 Of or pertaining to an aristocracy; attached to or favouring aristocracy. EI 7. 2 Befitting an aristocrat; grand, stylish, anstocrattque

distinguished. M19. aristocratical a. oligarchical; aristocratic: L16. aristocratically adv. L16. aristocraticalness n. (rare) M18.

aristolochia /.ansta'bokia/ anstologia, Fr. anstoloche, f

n.

L

OE.

[med.L

aristolochia

f.

Gk

anstolokhos well-bom (from its medicinal repute).] Any of numerous climbing shrubs or other plants of the genus Anstolochia (family Aristolochiaceae), bearing tubular, often bizarre, flowers; esp. A. clematitis. Also called binhwort. aristolokhia, -eia,

f.

aristology /an'stobdsi/ n. mi 9. breakfast, limcheon + -logy ]

[f.

Gk

TTie

anston or

art

a.

L19. aristologist

n.

M19.

&

n. E19. [L Aristophanikos, I. Anstophanes A adj. Of, pertaining to, or charactenstic of the Athenian comic dramatist Aristophanes (d. f 380 BC). E19. B n. Class. Pros. A logaoedic tripody beginning with a dactyl.

/.arists'fanik/

a.

Gk

Anstophamcus,

(see below): see -ic]

M19.

Aristotelian

/,arists'ti:lisn/ a.

Ansiotelius, -eus

Gk

{.

&

n.

Anstoteleios,

L16.

[f.

L

f Ansloteks

(see below): see -an.] A adj. Of or pertaining to the Greek philosopher Aristotle (d. 322 BC) or his philosophical system based on the theory of syllogism, and on the choice of matter, form, potentiality, and actuality as basic concepts; logical, deductive. L16. B n. An adherent or student of Aristotle's philosophy.

Aristotle

L16.

Aristotelean /.aristati'liian/ a. & n. (now rare) = Aristotelian E17. Aristotelianism n. the philosophical system or any doctrine of Aristotle E18. Aristotelic /.arista'telik/ a. = Aristotelian a. E17. t Aristotelical

L16-L17.

a.

Aristotle's lantern

Arita

/a'riita/

see lantern n. jb. [A town in S. Japan.]

n. phr.

L19.

a.

Designating Japanese porcelain of a distincUve made in or near Arita, typically with unsymmetrical floral designs in blue and white underglaze or polychrome enamel.

sryle

arithmancy

/'ariGmansi/

n.

li6.

[f

Gk

+ -MANCY.] Divination by

anthmos number numbers,

M16.

a.

arithmetic

(earher) /a'riOmatik/ Also [OFr. similar vars. ME. f arsinet(r)ike ansmetique ult. f L arithmetica f Gk arithmltikl (tekhne) coimting (art), f arithmein reckon, f. arithmos number. Early fonns were infl. by L ars

&

/'arista:k/ n.

/a'ristau/

a run,

aristo'logical

Aristophanic

arith'mantical

furnished with aristae; awned, bearded:

Also f-chus. M16. [L

Aristarchus i. Gk Anstarkhos (2nd cent. BC), a severe critic of Homeric poetry.] A severe critic.

aristo

[(0)Fr. see

L15.

aristos best:

-cracy.]

or

height, eminence, quantity, value, etc.; grow, swell up; amount or attain to. ME-L18. 9 Keats A mist arose, as from a scummy marsh. 10 Swift Stocks arose three per cent, upon it in the city T R. Malthus The number arising annually to the age of puberty. III Spring up; come into existence. 11 Spring out from its source, as a river etc. {arch.); originate, result (Jrom, fo/); proceed out of as a

n.

colloq.

PI.

-os.

abbrev. of arijtocrate aristocrat.]

only in L16.

arisiokraiia,

science of dining,

cry.

arista

Gk

n.

f.

(rare),

dnsdn,

OHG

Srisdn,

/an'stokrasi/

aristocratic

/s'rauz/; pa. pple

(Northumb.) Goth. urreisan: see A-', RISE v. Largely replaced by except in senses in branch III.] I Rise from

arisen us-,

In a ripple, rippling.

/s'taiz/ v.i. Pa.

aristocracy

aristocrate

E18.

a.

-arious /'eirias/ suff. [f. L -arius -ary' + -ous.] Forming adjs., as vicarious, gregarious, etc. aripple /a'rip(3)l/ adv. & pred. a. E19. [f A-- +

Aristarch

rare.

scatter

E18.

glacier.

dim. of aria.] Mus.

[It.,

A

aright

n.

Melodious, songlike, cantabile; having something of the quality of an aria. Also as adv. as a direction. E18. B n. PI. -OS. A piece of vocal or instrumental music of adj.

.

bombardment, (lit. arietta /an'Eta/ n.

Arimasps,

PI.

n.

/ari'maspAi/. L16. ['LArimaspi pi., Gk Anmaspoi, said to mean 'one-eyed' in Scythian.] Any of a mythical race of one-eyed men in northem Europe who tried to take gold guarded

Arimaspi

&

often saline or alkaline soils with very htde organic matter, characteristic of arid regions.

/'e:ri:z/ n.

aril

aria.]

-arian /'einan/ Forming adjs.

Aries oO a

arithmetic

"3

/'einan/ a.' & «.' lME. [ecd.L Arianus, f. Anus f. Gk Arios, Aretos (d. 336), a presbyter of Alexandria: see -an.) A adj. Designating the heretical doctrine of Anus, who denied that

Arian

o put,

u:

too, 3 ago, ai

An

M19.

[Fr.,

aristocrat.

my, au how,

ei

metnca 'measuring art': conformation to orig. L Gk forms took place in 16.] 1 The science

and

day, 30 no,

e:

hair,

la

near,

3i

boy, ua poor,

ai3 tire,

aua sour

arithmetic of numbers; (the branch of mathematics that deals with) the properties and manipulation of numbers; calculation, reckoning. ME. 2 A

on this. L15. I BINARY jnthmenc. decimal arithmetic: see decimal a. mental arithmetic: sec MENTAL a} universal arithmetic: treatise

see i-xrvtRS-U.

ariO'niEtik/

jnthmetiqiie: see

& An

n.-

prec] f A

n.

M17.

a.

[Fr.

arithmetician.

M17.

in

Of, pertaining to, or connected with arithmetic; according to the rules of arithmetic. adj..

arithmetic mean i,of >i numbers): their sum divided by n. arithmetic progression, series: in which there is a constant ijositive or negative) difference between successive qu^uitilies, as

arithmetical -AL'.]

ari9'mEtik(3)l,

mi6.

a.

L

[f.

arithmetician

by

n.',

mi6.

/3ri6m9'tiJ(3)n, ,arie-/ w. arilhmelica: f.

L A

anthmeticien

ARITHMETIC

-ICIAN.]

see

person skilled

in

anthmetic.

arithmetize ARITHMETIC

Also -ise. M17. [f

/9'ri9m3t.\iz/ v. n.'

+

-IZE.]

v.i.

1

&

Use

f.

arithmetic; calculate, rare. Ml 7. 2 v.t. Express anthmetically; reduce to arithmetical form. LI9. arithmeti'zation n. E20.

j'ri9msu comb, form of Gk arithmos nimiber: see -0-. arith'mology n. the science of numbers; (a) writing on this subject: L16. arithmo'mania n. a pathological

arithmo-

count obiects or make calculations L19. arithmo'maniac n. a person affected with to

anthmomania

L19.

arith'mometer

n.

(now

rare or

calculatmg instrument E19.

obs.) a

arity

'anti

n.

[L, neut. of adjs. in -arius: see -ary'.] Forming ns. w. the sense 'a thing cormected with or employed in, a place for', as herbartutv, honorarium, planetarium, vivarium, etc., freq. '£:n9

.

(after aquanum) 'a place for keeping exhibiting something', as dolphinarium etc.

and

an'zaunian a. & n. Also -nan .VI19. [f. Arizona (see below) + -ian.] Of -n^n or penaining to, a native or inhabitant of, the State of Arizona, USA.

Arizonian

arjun

'a:d>\n, -u:n

M19. [Skt arjuna.] =

n.

KUMBUK.

ark

a:k

In senses 2, 3 also A-.

n.

Goth,

arka

[OE

a°rc

OHG arc{h)a, ON

{eark) corresp. to OFris. erke,

L

area chest, box, basket, or similar chest or bin for storing meal, fruit, or other foodstuffs. OE. 2 spec. The wooden chest which contained the tables of Jewish law and was kept in the holiest place of the Tabernacle and of the First Temple grk,

ark-,

coffer.]

Comb.

& f

[Fr.

1,17.

Also t-sa(w). akansea: cf

a.

Illinois

I

A

receptacle;

chest,

(chieflv

f

coffer,

a

dial.)

Jerusalem (also more fully Ark of the Covenant, Ark of Testimony). Now also, the chest or cupboard housing the Torah scrolls in a synagogue (also more fully Holy Ark). OE 3 The large floating covered vessel in which Noah, his family, and animals were said to be saved from the Flood. Also fig., a place of refuge. OE. 4 A ship, boat, etc.; esp. (N. Amer.) a large flatin

bottomed

riverboat. L15. AV Exod. 2:3 She tooke for him an arke of bulI rushes 2 lay hands on, touch, the ark treat irreverendy what is held 'o be sai-red. 3 fig.: H. Fast They stood on the deck as the ancient, rusty ship that had been their home and irk for seventeen days wore into Ellis Island,

very antiquated

have come out of the Ark coUaq. be 4 Byron No more he said: but .

commits him to his arks and stone-boats. Comb.: ark shell

fragile

(a

ark.

shell

M

of)

f

few, g get, h he,

j

.

Twain

Drifting

small

bivalve

a

belonging to Area or a related genus. arkite a. (rare) of or pertaining to Noah's ark h but, d dog,

t Arkansaw

arkose

n.

&

sandstone which ar'kosic

M19.

is at

[Fr., prob.

A

Geol.

E20.

a.

/a:lz/

med.L dim. arres,

of Arkansas.

f Gk coarse-grained least 25 per cent feldspar, n.

ancient]

arkhaios

arles

a. var.

/'a:kaos, -z/

n.

Sc.

of

L

&

(16)

ME.

north.

[App. repr.

arrha: cf OFr.

arrhes.]

Money

erres,

ere, pi.

to bind a an earnest, a

given fig.,

foretaste.

Comb.:

arles-penny

a

sum

of

money

given

as

earnest.

[OE arm, earm = OFris. arm, erm, armr, Goth, arms (Du., G) arm, f Gmc] I A limb. 1 Either of the upper limbs of the human body, from the shoulder to the hand (the pan from the elbow downwards being the forearm); (in pi.) the space enclosed by a person's arms. OE. 2 fig. Might, power, authority; a prop, a support. OE. 3 The forelimb of an animal; a flexible limb or other appendage of an invertebrate. lME. b Falconry. The leg of a n.'

OHG

OS,

ON

thigh to foot. L16. 4 A sleeve. L18. G. Stein He got up and put his arm around her J. CoNTlAD Outside I met Therese with her arms full of pillows and blankets. D. Lodge Allowing his long, gorilla-hke arms to hang loosely over tile edge of his seat. 2 Jet. 17:5 Cursed be the

hawk from I

like a brother.

W

man

that tnisteth in

D. Brewster

No

his intellectual

man, and maketh

period of his

life

flesh his

can be

arm was shortened. 3

D

arme

named when Morris The

anthropoid apes differ from the true monkeys in that are tailless and have elongated arms. D. Attenborough These creatures appear to be crinoids that are lying in an inverted position with their they

M20. [f. -ary' (in binary, ternary, etc.) + -m'.] Math. The number of elements by virtue of which somethmg is imary, bmary, etc. -arium 'eirism/ suff. PI. -ariums, -aria ,

of Arkansas.

/'u:k(s)nso:/ n.

of n. same.

PI.

ann /a:m/

anthmencal ratio: see RATIO n. 2a. arithmetically adv. according to arithmetic;

desire

Arkansas

Gk

f.

calculation: L15,

[Fr.

a. var.

/a:'kanz(3)n/ n. & a. M19. [f Arkansas (see below), f as next: see -AN.] A native or inhabitant of, of or pertaining to, Arkansas, a State of the US. Also Arkansian n. & a. M19.

bargain; earnest-money. Also

2, 5, 8, 11.

amhmenkos: see arithmetic = ARITHMETIC a.

jnihnitticus n.',

&

n.

Ozark.] = Quapaw.

operations

arithmetic

B

t Arkansa Arkansan

a.

Comb.: arithmetic ^and lo^c) unit a unit in a computer which cames out anihmetical and logical

Only

arm

114

yes, k cat,

i

I

m

.

.

.

.

.

Stradlater's chair. Phrases: an arm

and a leg fig. a large sum, something of high value to one, (esp. in cost an artn and a leg, give an arm and a leg for), arm in arm (of rwo or more people) with arms interlinked a shot in the ami: see SHOT as long as my, your, arm colloq. very long, at arm's length as far as the arm can reach; fig. without undue familiarity; (of dealings) with neither parry controlled by the other, chance one's arm: see CHANCE V. 3. give, offer, one's arm (to) allow or

(someone) to walk arm in arm with one, or to lean on one's arm. have a good arm (esp Cricket) be a strong thrower, in arms (of a child) too young to walk (babe in arms), in a person's arms embraced by him or her. left arm: see LEFT a. offer one's arm (to): see give one's arm to above, on one's arm: supported by it. right arm: see RIGHT a. secular arin: see SECULAR a. TREM arm. tremolo arm: see TREMOLO n. 2b. ttvist a person's arm: see TWIST v. under one's arm: between it and the body, within arm's reach near enough to reach by extending one's arm; fig. readily available, invite

with open arms

ix

leg,

.

arms outstretched. II Something resembling an arm. 5 A narrow strip of water or land projecting from a larger body. OE. 6 Each of the branches into which a main tnmk divides, e.g. of a tree, road, nerve, etc. ME. 7 A part of an apparatus which resembles an arm in shape, disposition, or function. See also yard-arm. mi6. b The middle segment of the bucket of a water-wheel. E17. 8 A side part of a chair or sofa upon which the sitter's arm may rest. M17. 9 Astron. Any of the luminous bands of stars and gas which form the outer parts of a spiral galaxy. L19. 5 C. Darwin TTie islands, though in sight of each other, are separated by deep arms of the sea. P. Larkin I dreamed of an out-thrust arm of land Where gulls blew over a wave. 6 I. Murdoch A great tree spread its arms over a circle of grass. D Storey TTie road divided, one arm leading to the Dell, the other to the station. 7 G. F. FlENNES The arm had fallen off the Up starter at Tottenham. Encycl. Bni. That device directs the robot's arm and hand to repeat a specific sequence of movements. G. J King The modem pickup consists of an arm and a cartridge, 8 J. D Salinger He came over and sat down on the arm of five

man,

n no, p pen,

cordially, eagerly.

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

:

armband

a

band worn round

the arm;

arm-

bone (now rare or obs.) the humerus; ARMCHAIR; armhole (a) (obs. exc. dial.) an armpit; (ft) a hole through which the arm is put into the sleeve of a garment or out of which it is put in a sleeveless garment, armlock a close hold by the arm in wrestling or judo; armpit (a) the hollow under the arm where it is joined to the trunk; the axilla; (ft) the corresponding region of other animals; (c) fig. (N. Amer. colloq.) a disgusting or contemptible place or part; the lowest place; armrest something to support the arm of a seated person; armstrong a. (long arch.) having strong arms, arm-twisting fig. (persuasion by) the use of physical force or moral pressure; arm-wrestle v.t. engage in arm-wresUing (with); arm& wrestling: in which two people sit opposite each other at a table, and each places one elbow on the tabletop, grips the other's hand, and tries to force the other's i.

arm down on to the table. armful n. as much as one arm, or both arms, can hold lME. armless a.' without arm or branch lME. armlet n. (a) an ornament or band worn round the arm; (b) a small arm of the sea, branch of a river, etc.: Mi6. armlike a. resembling (that oO an arm H9.

arm

/a:m/ nr ME. [(0)Fr. armes pi. f L arma (no sing.).] I Something used in fighting. 1 In pi. Defensive covering for the body; armour, mail. Now poet. ME. 2 A weapon. Usu. in pi, instruments used in fighting, weapons, armaments. ME. 3 In pi. Defensive or offensive pans of animals or plants, rare. lME. I Shakes. Rich. II Boys clap their female joints In stiff unwieldy arms. 2 R. Graves As a final arm for use when even the lance failed they earned a heavy broadsword H. Macmillan As regards defence, Pakistan wanted more arms, especially tanks and bombers fig.: Sir T. Browne Unable to wield the mtellectual arms of reason. II Elliptical senses. 4 In pi. The exercise of arms; fighting, war. ME. 5 In pi. The practice or profession of arms; soldiering. ME. 6 In pi. Feats of arms; valiant deeds, poei. lME. 7 Each kind of troops in an army, as cavalry, infantry, etc. (orig. these rwo only); a branch of the armed forces, or {transf.) of any organization. (Occas. imderstood as a fig. use of arm «.') L18. 4 Shakes, Rich. II TTiou art a banish 'd man, and here art come In braving arms against thy sovereign, Steele It is a barbarous Way to extend Dominion by Arms 5 G, B. Shaw A patrician keeping a shop instead of following arms! 6 Dryden Arms and the man 1 sing. 7 G, R, Gleig TTiey numbered about 12,000 of all arms H. G Wells The Emperor., .

,

placed him

German

.

.

of the new aeronautic arm of the Daily Telegraph Opel, the European

in control

forces.

arm of General Motors. Ill 8 In pi Heraldic insignia or devices, borne orig. on the shields of knights or barons to distinguish them in battle, which later became the hereditary possessions of their families; armorial beanngs. Also, the insignia of a cotmtry, corporation, company, etc. (Freq. also in names of inns and public houses.) ME. 8 J. Betjeman Balkan Sobranies in a wooden box, The college arms upon the lid. G. Heyer An impressive vehicle which bore its noble owner's arms

emblazoned on the door-panels Dytan Thomas always opening time at the Sailors Arms.

It is

Phrases etc.: assauh-at (or -of)-anns: see ASSAULT n. I, serve as a soldier; have a coat of arms, coat of arms: see COAT n. College of Arms: see COLLEGE n. companion in amis: see COMPANION n.' firearms: see firearm n. in arms armed, prepared to fight, in arms with Her. quanered with. King of (or at) Arms: see KING n. lay down (one's) arms cease fighting, surrender, man-at-arms (or f-of-^""*)

bear arms be armed,

arch,

a soldier, esp.

arms

the

one heavily armed, master-alofficer on a man-of-war or

chief police

merchant

vessel, office of arms: see office n. passage of arms: see PASSAGE n. 15b. place of amis: see small arms: see SMALL a. take up arms arm oneself, begin fighting, to arms! prepare to fight! under arms ready for war or batde up in arms actively rebelling; fig. strongly protesting.

(or at)

puiCE

n.'

Comb.: arms control international agreement to limit or reduce armaments; arms race competition between nations in the development and accumulation of weapons. armless a.^ {arch.) without arms; unarmed: E17.

arm

/a:m/ v.^ ME. [(0)Fr. armer f. L armare, {. arma: see prec] I v.t. 1 Provide with weapons or (arch.) armour; equip for war. ME. 2 Provide with equipment, qualities, advantages, etc., for a

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 8

thm, d

this,

r|

nng,

tj

chip,

jar

1

arm make ready. ME. 3 Provide (an animal etc.) with organs of offence or defence. Usu. in pass. lME. 4 Her. (Earlier as armed a.' 2.) Represent as wearing armour; represent (an animal) with distinct teeth, talons, etc. lME. 5 Plate, coat, cover, or furnish with something providing strength, protection, etc. Usu. in pass. lME. f 6 Provide (a magnet) with an armature. M17-M19. 7 Make (a weapon) ready for

Toi.KiEN Ar-Pharazon prepared then the armament that the world had seen, and when was ready he sounded his trumpets and set sail. 2 M. Arnold-Forster Throughout the rest of 1940 Britain imported the food and armaments she needed from the United States in her own ships. J. G Farrell Fleury looked to his armament, which included a sabre, a couple of wavy-bladed daggers from Malaya, and another, Indian, dagger D HowARTH Going in to attack, the Excicr drew the fire of the Graf Spec's main armament. 3 A. J. P. Taylor Armament on a large scale was begun after the general

task; prepare,

I

.

.

.

election of 1935.

armature armatura, V.':

8 Burke It certainly cannot be right to arm in support of a faction, though it is most laudable to arm in favour of our country G. B. Shaw Protestant Ulster

arming

KjRKtn>

J.

for peace.

We sanction war.

n.

armour; which protects, strengthens, or

for a purpose:

fits

ME.

arm

/a:m/ v.- mi6. [f. arm n.'] fl v.i. Project hke an arm. Only in M16. 2 i>.t. Embrace; put one's arm(s) roimd. rare. E17. 3 v.t. Give one's arm to; conduct by walking arm in arm. E17.

SPANISH

A

^2

L16.

a.

Armco

single

squadron. -os. L16. [Sp., amiaius pa. pple

threatened.

f armado n. var. of armada. Armageddon /a:m9'g£d(3)n/

n.

E19.

[The

ME.

arm

[f

lME.

:

F Raphael At

last

she

felt

f.

+ -ed'.] 1 2 Her. Of a of a specified

v.^

armed

against the

empty bourgeois life of Cricklewood. E Heath We were armed with the addresses of youth hostels, armed bullhead the pogge Agonus caraphraciits, a fish with a broad spined head and a tapering body covered with bony plates, armed camp a town, territory, etc armed fully armed for war. armed forces: see FORCE neutrality: with weapons kept available, armed services: see SERVICE armed to the teeth: see TOOTH n. ,

-t-

armed, nine-armed, open-armed,

Armenia

/'a:m(3)njak/ n. M19. [Former name of a district of France (department of Gers).] A brandy made in the former Armagnac

SW

district.

-IAN.]

f.

A

Gk

ad).

f.

Of

etc.

&

n. mi6. [f. L OPers. Amiina, Artniniya + or pertaining to Armenia, a

/a:'mi:ni3n/

a.

/ar'malkaUit/ n. L20. [f. Neil A. /Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, and Michael + -ite'.] Min. An Co/lins, US astronauts, orthorhombic titanate of iron and magnesium first found in lunar rocks.

armament

/'a:m3m(3)nt/ n. L17. [L armamenium (in cl.L only pi ), f. amiare ARM v.': see -MENT.] 1 A force (esp. naval) equipped for war. arch. L17. 2 sing, or in pi. Military weapons

weapons the a warship, aircraft, tank, etc. E18. 3 process of equipping for war. E19. equipment;

smg.)

(usu.

mounted on

arm,

t

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

y.

/'a:mil/ n. L15. [Partly f (0)Fr. armille {. armilla; panly a more recent adaptation of L.] 1 A bracelet, rare. L15. 2 A stole of cloth of gold put on the monarch at the coronation. L15. 3f a armil sphere, an armillary sphere. M16 E17. b = ARMILLA n. I. M19. armilla /a:'mib/ n. PI. -llae /-li:/, -Uas. M17. [L, dim. of armus shoulder.] 1 An ancient consisting of a astronomical instrument graduated ring or hoop fixed in the plane of the equator {equinoctial armilla), sometimes crossed by another in the plane of the meridian {solstitial armilla). M17. 2 = armil 2. L17. 3 Chiefly Archaeol. A bracelet, an armlet. E18.

L

armillary

ancient Christian

Armenian

community

established there.

bole n' 1 B w. 1 A native or inhabitant of Armenia; a member of the Armenian church. M16. 2 The Indo-Eiu^opean language of Armenia. E18. hole:

Armeniac

a.

see

= Armenian

a.

lME. Armenoid

/'aimanjid/ a. of or pertaining to an eastern branch of the Alpine racial group L19.

armes blanches n. phr. pi. of arme blanche. armet /'u:mit/ n. E16. [Fr. (infl. by armes: see Sp. almete or It. elmeno helmet ] Hist. A round iron helmet with visor, beaver, and gorget.

ARM

saw,

n})

a run,

{.

o put,

/a:'mibri/

&

a.

[mod.L

M17.

n.

A

Of or armillary sphere, a pertaining to armillae; skeleton celestial globe, consisting of a number of graduated rings or hoops representing the principal celestial circles, which revolves on an axis within a wooden horizon, mi 7. B n. An armillary sphere. M19. armillans,

prec: see -ARY-.]

as

f.

adj.

/ai'nunian/ a. & n. E17. [f. Arminius Latinized form of Harmensen (see below) -an ] A adj. Of or pertaining to the Dutch theologian Arminius Protestant (Jakob Harmensen, 1560- 1609) or his doctrines, which opposed those of Calvin, esp. regarding predestination. E17. B n. An adherent of the doctrines of Armmius. E17. Arminianism n. (adherence to) the Arminian

Arminian

-I-

doctrines

Arminianize v. make Arminian:

E17.

Arminianism;

(b) v.t.

armipotent

/a:'mip3t(3)nt/

amiipotent-,

u: too, a

ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

-ens,

(o)

teach

v.i.

E17.

lME.

a.

arma

f.

/'a:mistis/

amiistitium,

[L

or mod.L stoppage, cessation from

[Fr.,

-stitium

A

solstice.]

solstittum

after

poiens

an epithet

(orig.

E18.

n.

arma arms +

f.

+

arms

powerful ] Mighty as a warrior of Mars).

hostilities; a short truce.

Armistice Day (an anniversary of) 1 1918, when an armisuce was concluded ended the war of 1914-18; (since 1945 superseded by Remembrance Sunday and Veterans' Comb.

:

November which Day).

/a:'mwa:/ n. li6. [Fr.: see aumbry ] A cupboard, a wardrobe; esp. one that is ornate or

armoire antique.

farmoniac armor n. &

&

a.

of ammoniac.

var.

n.

-ed ppl

v.,

a.,

-er

n.,

see

armour

etc.

armorial +

/u:'ni.-i:ri3l/ a.

A

&

n.

L16.

[f.

armory

n.'

Pertaining to or of the nature of heraldic arms. L16. 2 Of porcelain etc.: bearing heraldic arms. E2o. B «. A book of coats of arms. M18. armorially adv. E17 -al'.]

adj.

Armorican

1

/a:'mDnk(3)n/

a.

&

L15.

n.

[f.

L

Armoncae (Caesar) the north-western provinces of Gaul (mod. Brittany), f. Gaulish are in front of + mor sea, + -an.] A adj. 1 Of or pertainmg to Armorica (Brittany), its inhabitants, or their language (Breton). L15. 2 Geol. = Hercynian a. E20.

2b.

B

A

n.

native

or

Armorica, the Breton language,

SW

country of Asia; of or pertaining to the people of this region, their language, or the

M16.

armalcolite

a cat, u:

a.'

having teeth or talons

Armenian

Armagnac

The

/a:md/

tincture. fig.

armil

armistice

critic.

E20. [Acronym,

PI. -os.

/a:md/ a.^ E17. [f. arm -ed-'.] Having upper limbs, or extensions resembling these. Chiefly as 2nd elem. of comb., as long-

place of the last battle at the Day of Judgement: see Rev. 16:16 (AV).] (The scene of) a decisive conflict on a great scale.

and

n.

armed

of armadilla.

n.- var.

of writing a connected Discovery Armchair travel pleasant every day. Day

charge: I

dim. of armado armed man, f. L of amiare ARM v.'] Any of a number of burrowing edentate mammals native to S. and Central America, which have bodies encased in bony plates and are able to roll themselves into a

when

task

Equipped with weapons. ME.

A

/'uimid^a/ n. mi6. [L = bearing arms, -gerous.] An esquire; f arma arms: see ARM orig., a person who attended a knight to bear his now, person entitled to heraldic arms, shield; a ar'migerous a. entitled to heraldic arms M18

armiger

.

the

to

/'aimksu/

armed

/aima'diMjs, foreign arma'diXa/ n. small Also f-iUo- L17. [Sp., dim. of prec] (Spanish) fighting ship. Also, a small naval

ball

a.

/arm bla:J/ n. phr. PI. -s -s (pronounced same). L19. [Fr., lit. 'white arm'.] A cavalry sword or lance; the cavalry.

armadilla

t armadillo

&

n.

arme blanche

/ar'meida/.

PI.

'a:mtje:/

adj.

/?olling Mill Company.] 1 (Proprietary name for) a very pure soft iron. E20. 2 (Proprietary name for) a motorway or motor-racing track crash bamer. M20.

.

w.'

arch.

The an

/imencan

kind. E18. 3 Lytton Nor was the naval unworthy of the land armada. C. Ryan As the long sky trains swarmed out over the English Channel a new kind of expectancy began to permeate the armada.

armadillo /aims'dibu/

L

ARM lME. f 2

account of the campaign becomes easier and more Lewis We don't want big talk from an armchair

warship. L16-M17. 3 transj. & fig. A large army or airborne force; a large fleet of vessels of any

^Formerly pronounced

f.

armozeen.

/a:m'tjE:; as

I-

/ai'maids/ n. Also f-ado. M16. [Sp. f. Proto-Romance armala ARMY: see -ADE.] 1 A fleet of warships. M16. b spec. (A-.) = Spanish s.v.

Arms, armour,

1

lME-miS.

var. of

n.

down

settled

armada Armada

[Fr.

+ chair «.'] A Also arm-chair. L16. [(. arm n. A chair with arms or side supports. L16. B annh. or as adj. Confined to an armchair; fig. theorizing rather than participating; lacking or not involving first-hand experience. E19. After the arm-chair histonans have E. A. PowEi

(a) the action of the vb; f (6) arms, (c) a defensive or protective covering; a part

vbl

see -ure.] troops.

armazine armchair

we permit our

If

lME.

n.

:

and defied the

the rest of Ireland

arm

to

/'aimatja/

of fighting with armour. lME-eiS. 4 Defensive covering (or occas. offensive apparatus) of animals or plants. E18. 5a A keeper for a magnet. mi8. b The iron core of an electromagnetic machine together with the windings which carry the induced electromotive force. Also, the moving part of a relay, electric bell, or similar device. M19. 6 An internal framework to support a sculpture diuing construction. E20. I fig. Sir T Browne Not the armour of Achilles, but the Armature of St. Paul.

ME.

Parliament.

-ia

arsenal,

armat- pa. ppl stem of armare

f.

Armed

.

armed agamst

PI.

n.

armoury.] Tlie medicines, equipment, and techniques available to a medical practitioner.

II v.i. 8 Take up arms; provide oneself with weapons or {arch.) armour; prepare oneself.

.

/aimaniEn'teirism/

=

[L

L19.

with shot.

Briush

.

armamentarium

.

governments

.

all

firing device of (a bomb etc.). E20. I G. K. Chesterton Enough swords, pistols, partisans, cross-bows, and blunderbusses to arm a P. Gallico Armed whole irregular regiment. themselves, fought and won battles against their hostile neighbours. 2 Shakes. Alids. N. D. Look you arm yourself To fit your fancies to your father's will. I. Walton First you must arm your hook. 5 Dryden armed with Iron Shares the crooked Plough, Ceres arm the lead h'aur. cover the base of the soundingweight with tallow (to pick up a sample from the bottom). 7 Country Life When the airship made an attack it was the pilot who had to arm the bombs, take a sight, and drop them. J. Clavell He had broken open some of the crates of muskets and had set those who could to arming them with powder and .

.

greatest

immediate use; activate the fuse or

.

armour

"5

fArmoric

- had arrayed herself superbly for the final scene withe iustice. R. Ellison you Earl Riv'KRS Arraye fig A panel arrayed with coils and dials. find Isabel arrayed for the occasion.

:

arrayer

who

a person

n.

arraj's; tsp. (Hist.) a

who musters anned men: an

dress, accoutrement;

person

arra>'ment

L.VVE

outfit;

the state of being arrayed:

(W

n.

(a)

the act of arraying;

lME

condition. i,Foll. by of.) M19. 2 Steele The World is in Arrear to your Virtue. A. Knox I am r«o or three leners in arrear to ditferem persons. S Ra\'EN For years we've had a sN-stem whereby we pay tradesmen a term in arrears. A. Brink Others had been encted from their homes because they'd fallen in arrears with the rent. 4 R. Ford The arts of medicine and surgery are somewhat .

.

.

in arrear in Spain. in. 5 Something in which one has behind; something remaining to be done; a duty or liabiliry imdischarged; an outstanding debt. Now usu. in pi. lME. 6 The rear, esp. of a E17. ^7 A train or procession. Long arch. portion held back; something held in reserve. M17 M18. 5 Bl"RKE Ha\-ing so faithfully and so fully acquitted towards me whatever arrear of debt was left

II

Without

fallen

undischarged.

F Marryat To

obtain

my

arrears of

some prize-money which I find due. Dickens I owe a long arrear of thanks. J. Buchan If I would go to bed, for you must have I considerable arrears of sleep to overtake. E. F. Benson pay, and

To you

.

.

were you

The

arrears of general events

and the

talk

became more

were soon cleared

off,

.

intimate,

t arrear adv. ami-re)

ME-E19. [OFr. ar{i)ere (mod. med.L adreiro, f. L ad AR- + retro

f.

backward, behind. Cf. arear.] In or to the behind; overdue. ARRIERE-BAN.

see

arrcar-band:

arrear-guard:

rear; see

a'riaridj n. ME. [OFr. arerage (mod. arrerage), f. arere: see prec, -age.] 1 = ARREAR n. 5. Now usu. in pi. Now US. ME. t2

arrearage

or condition of being in arrears in pa>Tnent; mdebtedness, debt. ME-L17. 3 gen. The state or condition of being behind; backwardness. L16. state

m

2 in arrearages

t arrear-guard

arrect pple

arrears

ppl

3'rEkt

var.

n.

m pa>'ment.

of arriere-guard.

arch.

a.

of amgere raise

up,

M17. [L arrectus pa. f.

straighten.] Upright, pricked

of an animal); j^^. anentive,

arrent [OFr.

a'rEnt/

Now

v.t.

+

ad AR- + regere up (as of the ears

alert.

arch.

&

Hisi.

lME.

RENT

d A-* or Fr. Let out or farm at a rent; spec, allow the enclosure of (forest land) for a yearly rent. arren'tation n. the action or the privilege of arrenung land E16. arentir,

f.

rente

arrenier.]

arrest p'rest n. lME. [OFr. areste stoppage, and arest (mod. arret) act of arresting, f. as next.] 1 1 The act of standing still or slopping in one's halt; delay. LME-L16. 2 The act of stopping something; stoppage; check. lME. b Med. A sudden, sometimes temporary, ccssauon of function of an organ or system, esp (more fully cardiac arrest) the hean. L19. 3 The act of catching and holding, seiztire, (/it. & pg.); legal apprehension. lME. 4 The state ot having been arrested; custody, imprisonment, detention. A resunglME. t5 An abode. LME-L15. place for the bun of a lance on a piece of armour. LME-L15. f 7 = arr£t. ei6 ei8. 2 Bacon Some Checke or Arrest in their Fortunes. J. H. Burn Arrest of the patient's respirauon might sometimes assist the surgeon, arrest of judgement Latu a stay of proceedings after a verdict, on the ground of error. 3 C. La.mb The first arrests of sleep. Geo. Eliot This strong arrest of his attention made

course;

him cease

t).").]

v.i.

I

Stop, Stay, remain,

1

f

rest.

wilde beast, In whom no reson might arestyng for to heipe them. arrest awhile vpon the nature, and degrees, and effects of charity. areste.

Caxton Without

Donne We must

2 Stop; detain; retard. (Cf. sense 6.) 3 Apprehend (a person, a ship) by legal authoritT,'. lME. b Seize (property) by legal warrant. Now only Sc. & Admiralty Law. LI 5. f c fig. Take as security, rare (Shakes.) L16 E17. 4 gen. Catch, lay hold on. obs. exc. as fig. use of sense 3. L15. f 5 Fix, engage; keep (one's mind, oneself) on a subject. H5 mi?. 6 Catch and fix (one of the senses, the attention, mind, etc.); catch and fix the attention of. (Passing into sense 2.) E19. 2 Dr\t)en My Dogs with better speed Arrest her flight. Gibbon In the pursuit of greatness he was never arrested by the scruples of justice. Geo. Eliot Her tears were arrested. J. G u.sworthy He found Irene seated at the piano with her hands arrested on the keys D. L. Sayers Peter made a movement to go II

arrhythmia arrhythmic

singing, citizen'^ arrest: see citizen

n.

own

college.

K. Waterhouse

fake

see FALSE a. under arrest legally arrested. 4 Byron The Forty hath decreed a month's arrest, house see HOUSE n.' under (fan) arrest under legal

1

caught

and waved to him, a half-wave arrested before it began. H. Kissinger The Soviet advance was first arrested and finally reversed, arrest judgement Law stay proceedings after a verdict, on the ground of were arrested error. 3 D. Lodge Sixteen people for stealing used bricks from the demolition site, b D. H. Lawrence The Unholy Inquisition has arrested all my pictures. 4 Spenser Whenas Morpheus had with leaden mace Arrested all that courtly company. }^ ^ Ruskin We cannot arrest sunsets nor carve mountains. 5 Jer. Taylor We may arrest our thoughts upon the divine mercies. 6 Byron The gleaming turret and yon solitary palm arrest the eye. T. Hardy He was when he was about to leave his hole of espial arrested by the conversation. E. Wharton Miss Bart was a figure to arrest even the suburban traveller his eye

.

.

liable to

arrhythmy

M19. arrester

n.

lME. [OFr.

med.L The action

arrestamentum: see prec, -ment ] 1 of apprehending a person by legal authority; arrest. Chiefly Sc. lME. 2 A seizure of property by legal authority; Sc. Lazv attachment of earnings or other assets held by a third party. M16. 3 The action or result of stopping or checking. M19. areslement or

summoned. arriere-guard H5.

arriere-pensee

restraint.

arrest

/a'resl/ f

b but, d dog,

f

.

v.

L

lME. a'- 5 Addison The Fisher-men can't employ their Art with

m

much

success so troubled a Sea. E. Terry Only 3 great actor finds the difficulues of the actor's art mftmte E Linhlater They grew technical about

so

arthrodia

120

-y'

.

such obscure arts as sphcmg, seizing, gaffing, and pointing. K. Clark Another development of the an of printmg was nounshing the imagination: the woodcut. 6 J. Rewolds All arts having the same general end, which is to please C .Mackenzie It is a dying art and only to be heard in perfection from old men and old women. K. C.j\rk The ver\' narrowness of pnmitive socier>' gives iheir ornamental an a peculiar concentration and vitality. 7 A. G. Gardiner The an of the business is to work easily and with a light hand C. S Forester Curzon had partly acquired the art of being uncommunicative without bemg rude. \' S Pritchett a clever journalist explains to another the

an of wnung shon III

or

Skilful

artfulness.

ME.

sketches.

crafty

9

An

conduct. artifice,

a

8 Cunning; stratagem, a

cunning device. Usu. in pi. lME. 8 Pope Smile without An, and win without a Bribe. 9 J Alsten The ans which ladies sometimes condescend to employ for captivstion. Ld Macaulay No an was spared which could draw Monmouth from wile, a

Exhibition Crafts Society. adjs. pertaining to or charactenstic of the ans-and-crafts movement, esp. in its more pretentious manifestations; .(pic. (of furniture) remarkable for artistic style rather than for usefulness or comfort. Bachelor of Arts (a person who has been awarded) a degree (usu. the lowest, below a master's degree) in an arts subject or arts subjects, black an: see BLACK a. decorative arts: those which involve the production of high-quality objects which are both useful and beautiful fine ans: see fine art. graphic arts: those which involve graphic representation or wnting, printing, etc imitative arts painting and sculpture liberal arts the medieval trivium and quadrivium; (chiefly N. Amcr.) arts subjects as opp. to science and technology, martial an. Master of Arts (a person who has been awarded) a degree (usu. above a bachelor's degree) for a high level of proficiency in an arts subject or arts subjects, nbjeci of an: see object n. performing arts: those, such as drama, dancing, etc., which involve public performance, plastic arts: those which involve modelling, as sculpture etc. pop an: see pop a. stale of the jk: see state n. the arts the fine arts (see fine art), the gentle an: see gentle a. the noble an: see noble a. will to an: see will n.' work of art a fine picture, sculpture, poem, building, etc. Attrib. & comb.: Pertaining to the use of artistic skill, designed to produce an artistic effect, composed with conscious artistry, as an cinema, film, fttmititre, miisic, needletvork, song, theatre, etc. Special combs., as an DECO; art editor a person who is responsible for illustrations and design, or for the section devoted to the arts, in a book, magazine, etc art form [cf Kunstfonn] (a) an established form of composition (e.g. novel, sonata, sonnet, tnptych); (6) a medium of artistic expression; art gallery (a portion of) a building devoted to the exhibition of works of art; art object = OBJET d'art; art paper paper coated with china clay or the like to give a smooth surface, artsman (a) arch. = artist; (6) a student of of graduate in arts; artsy-fartsy a. (cotloq.) pretentiously artistic; art therapy painting, sculpture, or other artistic activity engaged in as a form of occupational therapy; art union a imion of people for the purchase of works of art, usu to be distributed by lottery, Austral. & any public lottery; art work, (esp. senses b, c) artwork (a) a work of art; (b) (an example of) graphic art or design, illustrative or decorauve matter in a pnnted text; (c) prepared or camera-ready copy.

art-and-crafty

a.

=

aruy-iand-)crafisy

below, an and mystery: see .MYSTERY n.^ art and part, art or part Corig.) contrivance and or execution; have an or pan in, share in, be involved in; he an and pun in, be an accessory or partiapani in. arts and crafis decorauve design and handicraft, ong. as encouraged

b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

G

;

NZ

% Cf craft

fart art by

n.

var. of airt.

/a:t/ v.^ rare. E17. art.

Only

in EI7.

t3

in E17.

v.t. foil,

[f.

^2

by

art

Use

it.

n.'] f I v.i. Obtain artificial. Only

Make

v.t.

art or artifice.

Only

M17. f 4 v.t. Instruct in an art or arts. Only in M17. 5 I', r. & I. Foil, by up: make arty; decorate in an arty fashion. E20. in

art vr -art

see be

/3t/

v.

stiff.

Occas. var. of -ard, as in braggart

Also arti-, E19. [f. L arte factum neut pa. pple of facere make.] 1 A product of human art or workmanship; Archaeol. a produa or by-product of prehistoric or aboriginal workmanship, as opp. to a natural object. E19. 2 Something observed in a scientific investigation, experiment, etc., that is not naturally present but originates in the preparative or investigative procedure or extraneously. H9.

artefact abl.

road or other important route of transport or commimication. M19. arterial system the system of arteries by which 1 oxygenated blood is conveyed from the heart and lungs to the various parts of the body, f arterial vein the pulmonary artery. arteriali'zation n. the action or process of arterializing blood M19. arterialize v.t. oxygenate (blood) in the lungs M19. f arterious a. = arterial

M17-E19.

arterio- /ai'Usnsu/ comb. form. [Gk

/'a:tifakt/ n.

of ars art

arteri'otomy to,

A

[Russ. artel'.] Russian or enterprise of craftsmen or

/ai'tsl/ n. L19.

collective

skilled workers.

arteriography

/ui.tian'ografi/ n. M19. [f. ARTERIO- + -graphy] Mec/. I Systematic descnption of the arteries. Only in Diets. M19. 2 Radiography of an artery, carried out after injecuon of a radio-opaque substance. E2o. ar'teriogram n. an image obtained by arteriography E20.

arteriole

or bitter-tasting plants of the genus Artemisia, of the composite family, which includes

wonnwood, mugwort,

arterial

sagebrush,

/oiti'miisinin/

n.

arteriosclerosis

man,

M19. [Fr.

rt.

dim.

arteriole

A

-OLE'.]

small

artery

-skb-/ L19. [f. arterio- + sclerosis.] Med. Abnormal thickening and hardening of the walls of arteries. arteriosclerotic a. pertaining to or affected by n.

-roses

PI.

/ai.tiariaosklis'rsosis,

/-'rsosiiz/.

anenosclerosis L19.

arteritis /aita'rAitis/ n. M19. [f. artery -itis.] Aied. Inflammarion of the walls of an artery. -i-

artery prob.

/'aitari/ n.

lME. [L anena f. Gk artena, 1 The windpipe.

airein raise: see -y'.] f

f.

LME-M17.

2 Any of the muscular-walled tubes forming pan of the system of vessels by which blood (usu. oxygenated) is conveyed from the heart to all parts of the body. lME. f3 A ligament. E-M17. 4 An important channel of commimication or transport; a major road, railway, river, etc. M19. 2 coronary anery, pulmonary anery,

artesian

etc.

M19. [Fr. anesien lit. 'of Artois' (OFr. Arteis), a region of NE France where wells of this type were first made: see -ian ] Of a well: made by a perpendicular boring into a confined aquifer, the water rising spontaneously above the water table (strictly, to /a:'ti:zj3n, -3(3)n/ a.

Also, the surface). of, obtainable by such a well.

pertaining

Of

person,

a

action,

etc.:

or

to,

f artetik a. & n. see arthritic. artful /'a:tful, -f(3)l/ a. E17. [f. art

+

skilful,

-Ftn,.]

clever,

{arch.); (passing into) crafty, deceitful. E17.

Of a person: learned, wise. Only in 17. 3 thing: artificial, imitative, unreal, arch. ei8. artfully adv. E17. artfulness n. E18.

arthame

prec.

[f.

+

= QINGHAOSU. /ai'tiarial/

a.

f2 Of a

anenalis:

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

athame.

/ar'Graldjs/

similar

M19.

n.

+ -algia.] Med. Pain arthritic /a:'9ritik/ a. & joint

[f.

Gk

anhron

in a joint. n.

lME. [OFr.

vars.

Orig. f artetik artetique

f.

&

med.L

anhnticus f. Gk arthntikos: later assim. to L.] A adj. Of, pertaining to, or affected with arthritis. lME. B n. f ' Disease of the joints. lME L15. 2 An arthritic person. E19. artettcus

f.

L

farthritical

a.

E16 L18.

arthritis /ai'BrAitis/ n. PI. -tides /-tidi:z/. M16. [L f. Gk, f. arthron joint: see -ITIS.] An inflammatory or painful condition of a joint; (a)

=

rheumatoid

arthritis;

(b)

=

osteoarthritis. /'a:9r3u/ comb, form of Gk arthron joint: see -0-. ar'throdesis n. [Gk dcsis binding together] Surg. surgical fusion of bones at a joint E20. ar'thrography

arthro-

(a) systematic description of the joints (Diets.); (6)

examination

of

arthropathy

n.

arthroplasty

lME. [med.L

2 Resembling an artery, esp. as a main

n no, p pen,

var. of

n.

arthralgia

n.

etc.

l20.

see ARTERY, -al'.] 1 Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of an artery; (of blood) oxygenated in the lungs and of a bright red colour (opp. venous).

lME.

/ai'tisriaul/

of artere ARTERY: see adjoining capillaries, arteriolar a. M20.

spec,

artemisia /aUi'mtzp/ n. ME. [L f. Gk, = wormwood, f. Artemis the goddess Diana, to whom it was sacred.] Any of numerous aromatic

artemisimn

(an instance of) surgical incision a. of, pertaining

n.

or affecting an artery and a vein L19.

-I-

arte'factual a. of or pertaining to an artefact or M20. arte'Cactually (o) as an artefact; (ft) by extraneous means: M20.

Soviet

arterio-: see

pertaining to an artery.

M17 arteriovenous

into an artery

artefacts

artel

Of or

ARTERY, -o-.]

1

etc.

QUININE.]

retreat.

Phrases:

by Arts and the artsy-(and-)craftsy

radiography: L19. by disease affecting joints L19. surgical instance (an oO

joints

any n.

reconstruction of a joint L19.

/ai'Graudis/ n. li6. [Gk arthrodia, f. Zool. arthrodes well-jointed: see -ia'.] Anat. form of articulation in which bony surfaces slide

arthrodia

A

&

fireely

over each other.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

6

this, 0 ring, tj chip,

d3

jar

arthropod arthrodial

a.

arthropod

a

having

juint)

arthrodic

articulation M19.

n.

form

this

= arthrodial

a.

/'u.-Orapod/

of

arthrosis /ui'Oraosis/ n. PI. -roses /-'raosiiz/. MI 7. [L [. Gk anhrSsis: see arthro-, -o.si.s.] 1

Any

a joint, articulation.

and

alone,

A

which

Round

IV Gram. 12

nr see Arctic

artichoke artictocco,

arci1

.]

plant of the composite family, Cynara scolymus, resembling a thistle and native to the Mediterranean region. Also more fully French or globe artichoke. M16. 2 Jerusalem artichoke [alt. of It. girasole sunflower], (the edible tuberous root oO a sunflower, Helianihus luberosus. E17. 3 Chinese artichoke, Japanese artichoke, (the edible tuber oO a plant of the mint family, Stachys affinis, cultivated esp. in the Far East. E20.

[(0)Fr. f L articulus dim. of artus joint, f base also of ART n.': see -CLE.] A «. I A separate portion of something written. 1 A separate clause or statement of the Apostles' Creed; an item of a summary of faith. ME. 2 A separate clause or provision of a statute, constitution, code, etc.; an item in a rule-book, a regulation. ME. 3 Each of the distinct charges or counts of an accusation or indictment, arch. lME. 4 Each of the distinct heads or points of an agreement or treaty; in pL, a formal agreement, a period of apprenticeship, now esp. as a solicitor. lME. b In pi. Terms, conditions, arch. M17. c A formal agreement. arch. M18. 5 gen. A paragraph, section, or distinct item of any document. lME. 6 A nonfictional literary composition forming part of a newspaper, magazine, or other publication, but independent of others in the same publication.

article

/'a:tik(3)l/

n.

&

v.

7vlE.

E18. I the Thirty-nine Articles statements of doctrine Book of Common Prayer to which those taking orders in the Church of England had formerly to assent. 2 Lords of the Articles Sc. Hist, a standing committee of the Scottish Parliament, who drafted and prepared the measures submitted to the House. 4 H. Fielding Articles of separation were soon drawn up, and signed between the parties. T. Jefferson To prepare an article detinmg the extent of the powers over commerce. E. Jong When our Time was up at Sea, an' our Articles were at their End, we went into the Pnggism Trade in London. A. N. Wilson He had just finished his articles at a London firm of solicitors, articles of apprenticeship terms of agreement between an apprentice and employer, articles of association: articles see association i. of confederation. 6 leading article: see leading a.

in the

turnover

article:

see

TURNOVER

a.

A

regard

lME.

An

item in an accoimt, list, etc. Only in 18. 9 A panicular of a subject, action, or proceeding; a distinct detail. M18. 10 to.

f8

A

particular material thing (of sl specified class); a commodity; a piece of goods or property. L18.

b

A

person regarded (usu. disparagingly) as

commodity

a

etc. E19.

7 S. Richardson To say, there was no article so proper for parents to govern in, as this of marriage. 9 article of faith a basic point of belief 10 W. C. Macready Called at several shops and priced various articles of fumiture. Joyce Pitcher and night article

D

(on the floor, separate). L. Sayers There was one of diet which was partaken of by Philip Boyes

article

a cat, a:

arm,

t

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

lME.

now

small set of words

regarded

traditionally

as

also classed as determiners) that

V

1

cosy,

1:

see, n hot,

y.

lib

definite article, indefinite article.

Math, f 13 The number

any multiple

10, or

LME-M18.

express in words; express clearly and fluently.

M16. 6

a

charge or

v.t. Indict, accusation against, arch. v.t. & Arrange by treaty charge, arch. E17. or stipulation (w. direct obj., that, to do; with a person, for a thing). LME-Eig. 4 v.t. Bind by articles of apprenticeship. L18. 5 v.t. Provide with articles of faith, rare. E19.

4 articled clerk a person training

to

+

v.

be

a solicitor.

M19. That can

/a:'tikjubb(3)l/

[f

a.

-ABLE.]

be

articulated.

/a:'tikjubsi/

m2o. [f articltlate

n.

see -CY. Cf earlier inarticulacy.] quality or state of being articulate.

The

a.:

/ai'tikjola/ a.

ARTICLE

see

artictdus:

lME. [L

farticularly adv.

by

12);

having an

separate heads

article, in

LME-M18.

or divisions.

articulate f

article

aniculans, f 1 Of or 2 Gram. Of the

-AR'.]

n.,

penaining to the joints. lME. nature of an arucle (article n. article preposed. M18.

pple,

distinct to sight etc. 5 Disraeli The lady

see

next:

-ate'-'.]

m

[L articulatus pa. fl Charged or

articles; formulated in articles. 2 Of soimd: with clearly distinguishable parts, each having meaning. Of speech, expression, etc.: fluent and clear. Of a person: able to express himself or herself fluently and clearly. M16. b transf. Of other sensations: distinct. E17. 3 Jointed; united by a joint; composed of segments united by joints. L16. 4 Distinctly jointed; having the parts distinctly recognizable, mi 7. 2 Milton Beasts Created mute to all articulate sound K. Grahame The water's own noises were more apparent than by day and constantly they started at what seemed a sudden clear call from an

M16-E18.

.

.

,

.

.

;

actual articulate voice. M. H. Abrams Poetry consists of a sequence of articulate sounds in time rather than

of forms and colours fixed

most

in space.

H

Arendt

Its

spokesman, Ludwig von der Marwitz

articulate

submitted a lengthy petition to the government M. Shadbolt Just a note Will wri.e again Not very articulate at present, b A. Bain The discnminative or articulate character of the sense of touch. 4 W. Irving A miserable horse whose ribs were as articulate as the bars of a gridiron Carlyle Added to the firm land of .

.

articulate History.

articulately adv. mi 6 articulateness

articulate

/a:'tikjuleit/ v.

mi6. [L

n.

I

Cf

article

v.

1

V.t.

Formulate

in

an

or articles; particularize, arch, mi 6. f2 v.t. i. Charge; bring a charge against. M16-E17. f3 v.i. Come to terms, capitulate. L16-M17. f4 v.t. Arrange by articles or conditions. Only in 17. I T. Nashe If I articulate all the examples of their absurdeties that I could. 2 M. Drayton Gainst whom, at Pomfret, they aruculate. i SHAKES. Conol. Send us to Rome The best, with whom we may articulate For their own good and ours. 4 W. Fulbecke Articulating peace with the Albanes. article

&

saw,

a run,

air-

M19.

began to articulate a horrible D. H. Lawrence 'You do as you like - you can leave altogether if you like,' he managed to aruculate Cary Partly from breathlessness, partly from J. agitation, he could not articulate any single word. R. Ellison We need a good speaker for this distnct Someone who can articulate the grievances of the people. P. Goodman There is complaint later that .

.

know how to articulate their thoughts. M. French She discovered only gradually, for Carl never

they do not

it, just what he expected of her I She drew breath sharply, and held it for seconds, then articulated from the back of her

articulated

McEwan

throat a strangled, hard C. 7 V. Knox TTie capricious modes of dressing, articulating and moving. Ld Macaulay His agitation was so great that he could not

8 L. A. G. Strong The powerful light beat down on it, throwing it into relief, articulating with dark shadow the long slender fingers.

9

Ill

.

v.t.

Attach by a

mark with apparent

joint;

cormect with

joints;

construct

joints;

(esp.

a vehicle) of flexibly connected sections. Usu. in pass. Earlier as

a joint (with),

9 St G.

J.

articulated

2. E17.

10

Form

v.i.

mi 9.

MrvART The most movable

joints are those

which the adjacent bones are articulated on the principle either of a pivot, or of a hinge. 10 T. H. in

Huxley The hollow of the cup articulates with spheroidal surface furnished by the humerus

articulated /a:'tikjoleitid/ ppl a. M16. + -ed'.] 1 Formulated in an article or

a

[f prec. articles.

M16. 2 Attached by a joint; cormected by joints; having segments united by joints. L16. b Of a vehicle: consisting of flexibly connected sections. E20. 3 Uttered as articulate sound; distinctly spoken. E18. 2 G. Rolleston An ossicle articulated to its apex b (where rimes Joe had a brand-new articulated truck,

o put,

u:

.

the driving cab

too, a ago, ai

my, ao how,

ei

.

separately joined to the lorry). 3 Coleridge The same words may be repeated, but in each second of time the articulated air hath passed is

away.

lME. [Fr., or prec: see -ation.] 1 1 The action or process of joining; the state of being jointed; a mode of jointing. lME. 2 A joint; esp. a structure whereby two bones, or parts of an invertebrate skeleton, are connected in the body, whether ngidly or flexibly. lME. 3 Movement by a flexible joint, rare. M16. 4 Each of the segments of a jointed body; the pan between

L

/a:,tikju'leij(3)n/ n.

articidatio(n-), f as

two

joints.

M17. As

the American hip and knee round the circle. 115 The production or formation of speech sounds, words, etc.; articulate utterance or expression; speech. E17. 6 A speech sound; an aruculate utterance. mi 8. 7 Articulacy,

3 E. Linklater

gave free articulation

if

all

distinctness, rare. L18. 5 S Eliot Contending and contentious orators, who have not even arrived at the articulation of their differences. J. Lyons The oldest, and still the most common, method of phonetic description is that made in terms of 'articulation' by the speech-organs, J, Barnes He had a whiny, imprecise voice what seemed at first a regional inflection turned out to be only casual aruculation. manner or mode of articulation Phonci. with or without voicing, friction, etc. place or point of articulation Phonet. the place at which obstruction of the air passage takes place in Cowper TTie the production of a consonant. 7 looks and gestures of their griefs and fears Have all

T

;

:

W

M18.

articulat- pa.

ppl stem of articulare, f articulus: see article, -ATE'.]

pulmonary

patois.

articulation

/ai'tikjobt/ a. mi6.

as

specified

(the air, a

arch.

articulacy

articular

Modify

v.t.

stream, etc.) to produce a speech sound, word, arch. L16. 7 v.i. Utter words; speak etc. distinctly; pronounce words. M17. 8 transf. Make

i.

make lME. b

(offences) in articles against;

articul(ate

distinctly; give utterance to;

articulate.

VI Anat. f 14 A joint, a limb. LME-L17. B I', f 1 v.t. Formulate in articles, particularize; Set forth claim that. LME-E17. 2a v.t. &

articulable

Pronounce

v.t.

several

lME.

noun. 12

,

particular item. 7 A particular item of business; a concern, a matter, a subject, obs. exc. in in the article of (arch.), so far as concerns, with II

arch.

indefiniteness and definiteness or specificness or genericness to the application of

of it. n.

mi6.

n.

moment,

give

An

[North. It. alt. of OSp. alcarchofa f Arab. (The edible flower-head oO a

/'a:titJaok/

a!-karsij/(a)

&

a.

specific juncture in

A member of a two,

English

(in

a

articulated lorry.

&

A

1

infirm building, just in the article of falling, the article of death the moment of

adjectives,

a.

genuine

i.

W. WoLLASTON An

court, his knights, or the romances in knight of the these figure. E17. B n. Table, a follower of King Arthur. E20. 9. Rare bef Mi 51

f Artie

n.

.

death.

[Abbrev.]

vmru

something

/ui'Gjuanan/ a. & n. E17. [f Arthur below) + -ian.] A adj. Of, pertaining to, or resembling the legendary British king Arthur, his

M2o.

be able to make more articles. putting away all his crumby

authentic of its kind, b A Trollope She's the very article for such a man as Peppermint. A. HiGGiNS Isn't she the incompetent She couldn't crack an egg article all the same? without spilling it on the floor.

(see

colloq.

Burgundy. A. Paton

toilet articles, article of virtu: sec

article

1 1

disease affecting joints. E20.

/'u:tik/

will

portion of time. 1 time; the critical point or

Arthurian

artic

a bottle of

He was

D. Salinger

J.

III

M17. 2 Med.

A

was

that

The manufacturers

L19.

L19. [f. mod.L Gk arthron joint +

Arthropoda (see below), f. Zoo!. Any animal of the phylum -POD.] Arthropoda, members of which (e.g. insects, arachnids, and crustaceans) are characterized by segmented bodies and jointed limbs.

Connection by

articulator

121 (of

articulation in his ears.

articulative articulate

/a:'tikjol3trv/

+

v.

Of

-rvE.]

a.

E19.

[f

or pertaining to

articulation.

articulator

articulate articulates words, person who gives utterance to or expresses something. L18 2 A mobile organ of speech, as the tongue. M20. 1 BoswELL An elderly housekeeper, a most distinct articulator, showed us the house. Dictionaries A recent articulator of this need is Professor Fred C. Robinson

+

V.

-OR.]

speech

/ui'iikjoleits/ n. L18. [f

I 1

A

sounds,

person etc.;

who

a

of Yale University

day, au no,

t:

hair,

la

near,

.n

boy, os poor,

via tire,

aoa sour

articulator>'

A

113

who

person

articulates

mounts skeletons. M19. articulatory o:'tikji)bt(o)ri, E19.

J.

prcc: see -ORV'.]

[f.

2

rjrv. E19.

Of

1

bones

and

= ARTICUIAR

I.

or pertaining to the articulation

var. of

m.

artifice

'o:tifis

artefact.

>i.

uME.

[(0)Fr.

artificiunu

f.

ART n.' + fic- var. of /at- stem of facere make.] fl Technical skill; an, workmanship; the making of something by an or skill. lAVE L18. t'^ Mode or st\ie of workmanship. L16-M18. 3 Skill in designing and employing expedients; address, cunning, trickery. E17. 4 An ingenious expedient; a curming trick; a device, a contnvance. E17. fS A work of an. Only in 17. 6 i.The products oO human skill as opp. to what is natural. M19. I Sir T. Browne Though they abounded in milk, they had not the Artifice of Cheese. D. Ht'ME Does ii not counterwork the artifice of nature? 2 Burke Exanune into the artifice of the contnvance. 3 Defoe All the ardfice and sleight of hand they were f.

jrn-, ars

.

.

masters of J. Braine A noisy snuffle, without grace or amfice. 4 A. G. Gardixer He monopolises the applause as he monopolises the limelight; and by these artifices he has persuaded the public that he is an actor R. H. Tawvey Every shift and artifice most repugnant to the sober prudence of plain-dealing men. 6 E. H. Go.MBRlCH Men turned fi'om the admiration of artifice to the worship of nature. R. Wilbur Trusting in God, mistrusting artifice, He would not graft or

bud

the stock he sold.

artificer

a:'tifis3,

lME. [AN

n.

med.L

(cf.

of OFr. artificien, f as person who makes things by art or skill; a craftsman; an artist. lME. b gen. A maker, arch. M17. +2 A crafty or artfiil person; a trickster. LME-E17. 3 A contriver, an inventor, a deviser, (0/). E17. 4 Mi!. & Naut. A skilled technician. M18. amficianus), prob.

prec: see -er-.]

alt.

A

1

artificial a:ti'fij(3)l a. & amfictd or L artificialis,

ti.

f.

lME.

[(0)Fr. see

artificium:

ARTIFICE, -al'.] a adj. I Opp. natural. 1 Made by or resulting from an or artifice; constructed, contnved; not natural (though real). lME. 2 Not real; imitation, substitute. L16. 3 Affected, insincere; factitious; feigned. L16. 1 J. R. McCuLLOCH To give an artificial stimulus to population.

J.

C PowTS You

are confiising natural,

mstmcove happmess and the artificial social pride that we get from pnvate property. F. L. Wright Aruficial lightmg

nearly as important as daylight, artificial

IS

insemination miecuon of semen into the uterus by other than the natural means artificial language a composite language, esp. for international use, made from the words and other elements in several languages, amfiaal person: see PERSON n. 5. artificial respiration the restoration or initiation of breathing by manual or mechanical means. 2 A. Carter She made me mstant coffee there was artificial cream made from com-syrup solids to go with it. Maxweu When my brother undressed at night he left .

W

his artuicial leg leaning against a chair. A.

Gray Jam-

of artificial flowers, some made of plasuc, some of coloured wax, some of paper, artificial horizon a gNToscopic instrument or a fluid (esp. mercury) surface used to provide a honzontal reference plane for navigational measurement, artificial intelligence (the field of study that deals with) the capacit\ of a lars

simulate or surpass mtelligent human arrfiiai kidney, artificial mothtr: see II artificial silk arch, rayon artificial stone concrete or a similar substance made to resemble stone, used esp. building. 3 S Johnson Endeavour to kindle in myself an artificial impatience F. W. Robertson Some will have become frivolous

machine

n.

Something

artificial; spec,

an

(a)

artificial

flower; (/>) an artificial bait used in fishing. E17. artificialism n. an artificial principle or practice

a:,tikjo'leit(o)ri

of speech. MI9.

artifact

Aryan

122

B

to

M19 artificialize v.t. artificialness n. li6.

lME

artificially adv.

L17.

/'uitifAi/ v.t.

mod. uses

partly

render

art;

f.

L18.

[f.

arty

a.]

+

art

-i-

+

Modify or adorn by

arty.

/oi'tibri/ n.

lME.

aniller alt. (after art) of

[(0)Fr.

OFr.

atitlier

anillerie,

{.

equip, arm,

prob. by-form of atiner, f. a A-'' + ttre order: see TIER n.', -ERY.] Warlike munitions; fl implements of war. lME li8. 2 Engines for discharging missiles: formerly including catapults, slings, bow;, etc.; now spec, large guns used in fighting on land. lME. f 3 Missiles discharged in war. M16 M19. 4 The science or Formerly spec, of using artillery. practice archery, now spec gunnery. M16. 5 Thimder and lightning, poet. L16. 6 TTie branch of the army that uses large gtms. L18. Comb. artilleryman a man whose military duty it is :

to serve a large gun, a

man who

belongs to a regiment

artillery plant a tropical American plant. Plica microphylla, of the nettle family, whose mature anthers throw out clouds of pollen. artillerist n. a user of artillery, an artilleryman, a

of

artillery,

person

who

studies the principles of artillery: L16.

a. & n. Also f-y'^ M19. [mod. \^ Arttodactyla pi., f. Gk anios even + daktulos finger, toe.] Zool. (Designating or pertaining to) any living or extinct mammal belonging to the order Artiodactyla of even-toed ungulates, including camels, pigs, and ruminants.

artiodactyl

/a:ti3(u)'daktil/

(earlier)

Also -zan. M16. annus pa. pple of artire instruct in the arts, f. art-, ars art see -AN.] 1 A skilled (esp. manual) worker; a mechanic; a craftsman. Mi6. t2 A person who practises or cultivates an art. L16-L18. [Fr.

/aiti'zan,

It.

f.

artisanal

'a:tizan/ n.

artigtano, ult.

a.

L

f.

of or pertaining to artisans; involving

manual skill: M2o. artisanate n. artisans collectively, the body or class of artisans M20. artisanship n. the work and activity of an artisan or of artisans E19

artist

/'uitist/ n. ei6. [(0)Fr. artiste f. It. artista, f arte ART «.': see -1ST.] f' A person who is master of the liberal arts; a learned person. E16-M18. f2 A person who is master of a practical science or pursuit; a medical practitioner, astrologer, astronomer, alchemist, professor of occult sciences, chemist, etc. M16-L19. 3 A person who cultivates or practises one of the fine arts, now esp. painting. L16. 4 A person who practises one of the performing arts, an artiste. L16. 5 gen. A skilled performer; a connoisseur. Now only in a specified or understood activity. L16. b A person, a fellow; (usu. w. specifying wd) a devotee, an indulger in something, slang. L19. 6 = ARTISAN i. obs. exc. as infl. by sense 3, a person who makes his or her craft a fine art. M17. f 7 A person who practises

perswade Men to be Slaves, that the wit of Court could have mvenled. 5 R. Fabyan An horologe or a clocke of a wonder artyficiall makyTig R Hakluyt They are very artificiall in making of images. 6 Donne Scholasuque and artificiall men use this way of instructing.

from

MOTHER

n.'

m

arufiaal. T. Williams Blanche has a tight, amfiaal smile on her drawn face. fll Displaymg special an or skill. 4 t uiinmg,

and

deceitful.

lME

L15 M18.

6

Only m 4 Milton TTiis is

.

fill

E17. the artificialest piece of finesse to

.

Of

art(s).

7 According to the rules of

or science; technical. b but, d dog,

f

manner of an

the

&

.

artist

ability, artistic characteristics

artiste /a:'ti:st/ performing artist;

E19.

n.

rare)

artistically,

M18. artistry M19.

A

prec]

see

[Fr.:

artistic

n.

a professional singer, dancer,

actor, etc. /ai'tistik/ a. M18. [f. artist + -ic] Of or pertaining to art or artists; made or done with an; appreciative of or having natural skill in an. artistical a. E19. artistically adv. in an artistic manner; from an artistic point of view: Mig.

artizan

var. of artisan.

n.

artless /'a:tlis/ a. L16. [f. art n.' + -less.] 1 Without art or skill; imskilled, ignorant; unartistic, uncultured. L16. 2 Rude, clumsy, crude. li6. 3 Natural, simple. L17. 4 Guileless,

ingenuous. E18.

Johnson

S

I

.

.

which

in

the proper

as

.

3 C. Brooks

mountain brooks, they. 4 W.

It

and whimsical, and

The

Irving

nouveau

phr. E20. [Fr.,

'new

lit.

An

art'.]

late 19th cent, characterized

flowing

M18.

n.

nuvo/

nu:'v3u, foreign a:r

/a:

'natural'

blushing

delightful

consciousness of an artless girl, artlessly adv. E17 artlessness

arty arty

is

of artless

the daffodils, or the

like

is

artless,

as

art

engaged

1

toil

RusKiN A shadowy life — artless, joyless, J. 2 S. JOHNSON Brogues, a kind of artless

loveless.

shoes.

work

TTie

considered

generally industry.

art style

n.

of the

by ornamented and

lines.

M20. [Abbrev.] Artillery. e20. [f. art n.' + -y'.]

/'a:ti/ n. slang. /'a:ti/

colloq.

a.

Pretentiously or quaintly artistic. G. Orwell They were arty-looking houses, another of those sham-Tudor colonies. N. Freeling And those exercise-books virulent plastic covers they'd got arty lately in a jazzy style, he had noticed. Comb. arty-(and-)craftiness arty-crafty quality or .

.

.

.

.

:

(and)-crafisy

art artiness

arty-(and-)crafty ART n.', arty-farty

s.v.

=

adjs. a.

=

artsy-

artsy-fartsy

s.v.

arum

n.

E20

n. Also in Gk form faron. [L f. Gk aron.] Any of various monocotyledonous plants constituting the genus Arum (family Araceae), which have insignificant

/'siram/

lME.

flowers

a

in

enclosed

club-shaped

spike

(or

spadix)

in a large leafy bract (or spathe); esp.

arum) A. maculatum, a plant of woods and hedges.

(more

fully wild

common

arrozu arum, dragon arum, etc. Comb. arum lily a plant of the related southern African genus Zanicdeschia, esp. Z. aeihiopica, bearing a tall white spadix. :

arundinaceous

/arAndi'neiJss/ arundtnaceus, f. (h)arundo reed: Reedlike, reedy. Also arun'dineous a. Ml 7.

Arunta n. & f aruspex «. arval

var.

ervi-gl,

banquet.]

A

M17.

[f.

L

see -aceouS.]

of Aranda.

see haruspex.

/'a:v(3)l/ n. north.

[ON arvo

a.

a.

arfr

f.

Also arvill inheritance

/-il/.

+

lME.

p/

ALE,

PI.

-os.

funeral feast, a wake,

/'a:v3o/

n.

Austral.

& NZ

slang.

M20. [Repr. of voicing of consonants afternoon + -O.] = afternoon.

in af- of

-ary /ari/ suff.' [f. L -anus, (fern.) -aria, (neut.) -anum connected with, or Fr. -aire: see -Y^.] Forming adjs., as arbitrary, budgetary, contrary, primary, etc., and ns., as adversary, dictionary, fritillary,

January,

-ary

/ari/ suff.-

-Y'.]

Forming

and occas.

[{.

etc.

L

-ans -ar'

adjs.,

i

or Fr.

-aire:

see

as capillary, military, etc.,

ns., as preliminary.

.

E18. 5 Displaying skill, skilful. Displaying education or training;

scholarly.

artifice; a

(now

artistic(ally) E18. artistly adv.

charactenstics;

artisan

schemer, contriver. M17-E19. Cr. The wise and fool, the artist and I Shakes. Tr. unread. 2 W, Rowley The artists That seek the secrets of futunty. Milton The Moon, whose Orb Through Optic Glass the Tuscan Artist views. Smollett Luckily my wounds were not mortal, and 1 fell mto the hands of a skilful artist 3 artist's proof a copy of an engraving taken for the artist and valued as fresher than ordinary copies. 4 Addison That having shewn us the Italian Musick excellent Artist in its Perfection. C. Bronte He told me his opinion of the actress: he judged her as a woman, not an artist. 5 1. Walton 1 will give you more directions concerning fishing; for I would fain make you an Artist. Defoe The mate was an excellent sea artist, and an expenenced sailor. A. S. Byatt Cassandra was an artist in not being on speaking terms, b D. Davin a real artist for the booze, isn't he? Henry Miller Neither of us is a booze artist. 6 Pope Then

behaviour,

artist in

artistic -fy;

Rare bef 20.

artillery

words, a master-writer 7 Defoe The young artist that has done this roguery. artistlike a. & adv. (in a manner) befitting an artist, in

artificiality ,u:titijraliti/ n. M16. [f. prec. + -ITT.] f I Craftsmanship; artifice. M-L16. 2 The quality or state of being artificial. Mi8. 3 An artificial thing, characteristic, etc. M19.

artify

superb

lME

art

j

.

.

.

M

artists

his anvil the in

armour.

E19.

few, g get, h he,

.

yes, k cat,

1

kg,

m man,

H

lame

artist

rose.

Southey Greek

the imperial city forged That splendid L. Mencken And yet the man was a

n no, p pen,

r

red, s

sit,

I

top, v van,

w

we,

& a. Also Arian. L15. [f. Skt drya noble (applied earher as a national name) + -an; sense A.i through LAriani inhabitants of Ariana (see below).] A «. f 1 A native or inhabitant of Anana, the eastern pan of ancient Iran. L15 E17. 2 A member of any of the peoples who spoke the parent language of the IndoEuropean (or esp. Indo-Iranian) family, or one of their descendants, arch. M19. b (Esp. in Nazi Germany) a Caucasian not of Jewish descent. M20. 3 The parent language of the Indo-

Aryan

/'E:ri3n/ n.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

6

this,

13

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

]

aryballos European (or esp. Indo-Iranian) family. L19. B 1 Designating or pertaining to the parent Indo-European (or esp. language of the Indo-Iranian) family; arch, belonging to the Indo-European (or esp. Indo-Iranian) language family, mi 9. 2 Aryan-speaking; of or pertaining peoples or their Aryan-speaking to the descendants. M19. b (Esp. m Nazi Germany) of or penaming to the 'Aryan race'; non-Jewish Caucasian. M20. adj.

^The idea of an 'Aryan race' corresponding to the parent Aryan language was taken up by several 19th.cent. writers, esp. by de Gobineau, who linked it with theories of racial superiority. Although the existence of any such superior race had been generally rejected, the idea was revived by Hitler for political purposes, and became part of the anti-Semitic doctrine of the Nazis. Aryanism n. belief in an 'Aryan race' and esp. in the theory of its racial and cultural superiority L19 Aryani'zation n. the act of Aryanizing, the fact of being Aryanized L19. Aryanize v.t. make Aryan, esp. (in Nazi Germany) bring within 'Aryan' control or MI9.

status:

/ari'babs/ n. M19. [Gk aruballos bag, purse, oil-flask.] Gk Anriq. A globular flask with a narrow neck used to hold oil or unguent.

aryballos

manner); in the way that. lME. c Even as, just as; both ... and; equally ... and. arch. E17. 5 Without antecedent

aryl /'arAil, -nl/ n. E20. [f. ar(omatic a. + -yl.] Chem. Any radical derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by removal of a hydrogen atom. Usu.

in comb.

E18.

/ari'tiinoid/ a.

[mod.L

arytaenoides

f.

& n. Gk

Also f-taen-. arutamoetdes,

f.

arutatna funnel: see -OID.] Anat. A adj. Designating, penainmg to, or associated with either of two pyramidal cartilages situated at the back of the larynx and articulating with the cricoid. E18. B n. Either of these cartilages. M19. aryte'noidal a. (rare) = arytenoid L17.

cl.: a In the way or manner extent that; in proportion as; according as. MB. b Introducing a supposition: as if, as though, arch. ME. c Introducing a cl. attesting a statement or adjuring someone: in such manner as befits the prayer, anticipation, belief, profession, etc., that. lME. d In antithetical or parallel clauses: as on the other hand, even as, whereas, whilst. E16. 6 Without antecedent so etc., in phr. (part of subord. cl. understood): a In the same way as, as if, as it were; after the manner of; in the likeness of; like. ME. b In the character, capacity, function, or role of E16. 7 Modifying the whole main cl. or some pan other than its predicate: in accordance with what (is); in the way that. ME. 4a AV Gen. 18:5 So doe, as thou hast said. OED The committee was not so constituted as he had expected, b Dryden As the Cold Congeals into a Lump the liquid Gold; So 'tis again dissolv'd by

that; to the

same

Summer's Heat, W. Hamilton As some c philosophers have denied to vision all perception of this equally refused extension so others have perception to touch. 5a AV John 15:12 T'hat ye love one another, as I have loved you G. Berkeley \X'hich, as they are pleasing or disagreeable, excite the passions of love, hatred, etc. J. CoNRAD She turned right round as a marionette would turn. R. Davies Boy died as he Menashe As lived: self-determined and danng. S streams spread Through a delta Veins on the instep Reach the toes, b Coleridge He looks as he had seen a ghost, c Shakes. Rich. II This swears he, as he is a pnnce, is just; And as I am a gentleman I credit him. Ld Macaulay Admonished to speak with reverence of as they would answer it at their their oppressor peril, d Thackeray It has its prejudices to be sure, as which of us has not? 6a Spenser His angry steede did chide his foming bitt, As much disdayning to the curbe to yield. AV Hcb. 12:7 God dealeth with you as Behold the tall pines with sonnes. Byron I dwindled as to shrubs. Keats To sit upon an Alp as on a throne. Ten-nyson His hand Caught at the hilt, as to abolish him. W. Owen What passmg-bells for these Corby Think of them. You did who die as cattle. not die as these / caged in an aircraft that did not return, b Sir W. Scott He as truth received What of .

.

as /as/ PI. asses /'asiz/. mi6. [L: see ace «. Rom. Antiq. A copper coin which was orig. of twelve ounces but was reduced in stages to half ri.

(in that

...

subord.

so etc., in

.

arytenoid

az/ adv.,

/az, stressed

& of OE

conj.,

ret.

pron. Also 's

.

alswa also. Cf ME. [Reduced form OFris. asa, as{e), is.} A adv. (In a main cl., introducing (w. as, fso) an expressed or imderstood subord., esp. compar., cl.) f 1 Of manner or quality: in the (.same) way that. ME-L15. 2 Of quantity or degree: in the same degree; to that extent (in or to which); (w. ellipsis of rel. cl.) equally. ME. 2 W. WoTTON He was as covetous as cruel. Steele thrown me very often in her way, and Chance has she as often has directed a discourse to me. R. B. /z/.

.

Sheridan used

It,

.

I'd as lieve let

as far as

it

alone.

Ld Macaulay He

he dared. (See also similes under

B.i.)

B

or conj.

adv.

(In a subord.

cl.)

I

Of

H

the crowd believed, J Ruskin The lesson which men receive as individuals, they do not leam as his birth

D H

Lawrence When Van Gogh paints nations achieves, vivid sunflowers, he reveals, or the man, and the relationship between himself, as sunflower, as sunflower, at that quick moment of time. Times: Toad of Toad Hall, with Mr. Leo as the irtepressible 'Toad. Day Lewis I feel more at home as a guest than as a host E Burrows I come to tell you that my son is dead. / Americans have shot him as a

McKem

obs. exc. dial.

as safe as houses, as

.

Milton Soon

come. G. Crabbe Fair as she is, I would my widow take. T. S. Eliot Consider Phlebas, who was once handsome and tall as you. J. Stallworthy 'Here comes Sir George.' / Yes, here he comes, punctual as nine o'clock. 3 Ld Berners They coude do no better as to make to their capitayne sir Eustace Damlreticourt. Sir W. Scott I rather like him as they forth were

.

.

as otherwise.

II

Of

quality or

same,

etc.:

manner (preceded by

a In the manner

arm,

t

4

that. arch.

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

ME. b

for emphasis:

i

cosy,

i:

in

see, n hot,

etc.,

as.

heard,

'till

the

Summer

7 is

Season.

&

dial.

slang) w.

subord.

whether, how.

that,

cl.:

L15.

obs.

exc. dial.

&

13 Shakes. Rom. Jul. TTiat kind of fruit As maids call medlars, Steele Such a passion as I have had is never well cured, Carlyle Never shall we again hear such speech as that was, b M. Edgeworth He was an Englishman, as they perceived by his accent. Lytton Crouch! wild beast as thou art! 14 Addison I pluck'd as Wild-Time, Lauender, aboue Five diff^erent Sorts etc. J. P. DoNLEAVY 'Yes. And what do you feel now?' 'The good things. 'As?' 'Joy. Relief 16 Steele That the Fop should say, as he would rather have such-aone without a Groat, than me with die Indies. H. B Stowe I don't know as you'll like the appearance of our place. VII Used preceding preps, and advs. 17 Restricting or specially defining the ref. of preps.; sometimes almost pleonastic. ME. 18 dial. exc. in as Restricting the force of advs. .

.

'

.

.

Now

ME. 17 AV ;

yet.

idols,

Cor.

we know.

tendencies

Berners

I

as

As touching things offered unto There are strongly convergent between industrial societies. 18 Ld 8:1

Listener

vndersiode so as then

and when

to the extent and at the time and when, in due time, as a rule often than not. as best one can or may: n., adv. as far as: see FAR adv. as for

Phrases: as

that, absol. (colloq.) if

more

usually,

see best a., & with regard to. as from from, after, (in formal dating), as good as practically, as how? arch, how? as if as the case would be if (with cl, containing an explicit or understood past subjunct. or an mf expressing purpose or destination), as (it) is in the existing state, things being what they are. as it stands: see stand v. as it were to a certain extent, as if it were actually so, as long as: see LONG adv. as much that quantity etc.; the same; what practically amounts to that, so. as of (ong. US) = as from above, as of right: see RIGHT n.' as per: see PER prep, as regards: see REGARD v. as soon as: see SOON adz'. as such as being what has been named, as that arch, (in such a maimer, to such a degree, of such a kind) that, as though as if, as the case would be if as to with respect to, as usual as is or was usually the case as was in the previously existing state as well (as): see well adv. as who arch. as one would who, like one who, as if one. as yet up to this or that time (though perhaps not at some later time), as you were! (an order, esp. Afi7. to) return to a previous position. Comb. as-new a. not yet soiled or impaired by use, as good as new; as-told-to a. & n. (a book, article, etc.) written with the help of a professional author.

ME. MoxoN The

y.

as-

/as,

unstressed

3s/

productive).

(not

pre/.'

Assim. form of L AD- bef s. In Opr., L ass- was reduced to as-, which appears in adoptions, but in later Fr., and hence in Eng., ass- was

ME

restored by Latinization, as assent, assign, etc.

as-

(not productive). Var. as- were usu. aphetized, but sometimes

/as, unstressed as/

of OFr. ES-

f.

L

EX-'.

pre/.'-

Adoptions w.

altered back or retained, as assay, astonish.

that; since.

10 J. being smaller

than

whole Work will be spoiled, as the proposed Diameter. M.

Drabble She found everything was remarkable

easy, as her

memory

asafoetida /asa'fi.-tida, *-fet-. lME. [med.L, mastic) + foetida (fem.),

gum

for facts

V Of result

or purpose. 1 1 Without antecedent with so conjoined with as in the subord. with the result or purpose that. Poll, by inf. (f finite vb). ME. 12 With antecedent so, ^such,

so or cl.:

main cl.: (in such a manner, to such a degree, of such a kind, etc.) that. Foil, by inf. (ffinite vb). lME. 1 1 C. Marlowe The bright shining of whose glonous ^that, in the

Lightens the world with his reflecting beams, As it grieves my soul I never saw the man. HoBBES He miscarried by unskilfulness so as the loss can no way be ascribed to cowardice. Put on your gloves, so as to be ready. 12 R. Hakluyt This so as they forsooke their Commanders. amazed our men acts

saw, a run,

i)

put, u: too, 3 ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

-'fet-/ f.

n.

asa

Also assa-, Pers. a:d

(f.

-us fetid a.] An acrid resin with a strong smell like that of garlic,

obtained from certain Asian plants of the umbelliferous genus Ferula, and used in condiments. Also, a plant yielding this.

asail t'.']

/s'seil/ adv.

&

pred.

a.

L19. [f A--

+

sail

Sailing.

Asante n. var. of Ashanti. asarabacca /'assrabaka/ n. ei6. [Syncopated L asaruni (f Gk asaron) + bacc{h)ar (f Gk f.

.

OED

so (fas) or equiv. phr. w. such,

With the clauses transposed a cat, a:

a vb).

accept,

have since

I

sense 8. ME. 8 OED TTie thought occurred to me as I was watching the procession. Stevie Smith As I wnte this / I can hear Arthur roaming overhead. A. McCowEN As a small boy I was somewhat tormented by God and Jesus. IV Of reason. 10 In coniormity with, in consideration of, the fact that; it being the case

.

With antecedent

consider,

as

time or place. 8 At or during the time that; when, while; whenever. ME. 9 At the place that, in which, where, obs. exc. as passing into

shall not

as wast, etc. 2

know,

project,

Of

III

,

warm

TTiis

postponed

be up so soon as I. S. Richardson To think I should act so barbarously as I did. SouTHEY As certain of success As he had made a league with victory. Sir W. Scott You have never so much as answered me. Longfellow So long as you are innocent fear nothing. B. Cleary As much as he longed to stop he would not let himself M. Bishop As tired as he was, he was too hyper to stretch out for some shut-eye. as black as jet, as old as the hills, .

who, which. Also (now

such etc. omitted or replaced by that, those, etc. ME. b In parenthetic affirmations: that; (referring to the whole statement) a thing or fact which. M16. 14 Like and including, such as, for instance. ME. 15 Added to demonstr. and interrog. advs. to give conjunctive force, obs. exc. in when as (arch.) and WHEREAS (where the 16 Introducing a local sense is lost). ME.

:

lME.

Shakes. John TTie day

that,

I

,

acknozuledge,

treat,

Addison

quantity or degree (preceded by an adj. or adv.). 1 With antecedent as or so (see sense A. 2): in which degree, to what extent; {arch., in companson w. a hypothetical act or state) as if, as though; (in parenthetical clauses) though, however. ME. 2 Without antecedent as or jo (giving emphasis or absoluteness to the attribute or qualification); esp. (in parenthetical clauses), though, however. ME. 3 After a compar.: than. I

.

.

spy. seem, appear, rank, etc., as; view, regard, represent, rel.

gained a son. And such a son as all men hailed me happy. Addlson I am not so vain as to think. VI Introducing an attrib. or subord. cl. or phr.: passing into rel. pron. 13 After such, same, etc.:

Milton

.

.

an ounce.

as

asarabacca

123

what manner

bakk(h)ar Lydian

name

for the

same

plant) or

Gk

bakkans) unguent made from it.] A plant of the birthwort family, Asarum europaeum. bacc{h)aris (f

day, ao no,

e:

hair,

la

near,

:>i

boy, 03 poor,

ai3 tire,

ao3 sour

asbestos asbestos

az'bestps, as-; -tas/ n. Orig. f-ton. f-tus; (poii.) asbest. OE. [OFr. a(l)heston f. L f. Gk asbesion (accus ), -os unquenchable (applied by Dioscurides to quicklime), f. A-'" + sbfsios quenched ] t' ^ mineral reputed to be unquenchable when set on fire. OE M18. 2 Any of vanous fibrous silicate minerals which can be woven, csp. chr\'sotile and cenain amphiboles; incombustible I'abnc or other material made .\lso

from

such minerals. E17. incombustible flax. E17 M18. 2

fig.

:

Whose

K. A.M1S touch will

asbestos: see

BLUE

Beautii'

.

.

An

t3

allegedly

dangerous

a

is

thing.

a.

bum, but I'm

asbestos, see? blue scrperirinc asbestos: see serpentine

n. a. ha\nng the form or appearance of LiS asbestine a. of, pertaining to, or asbestos; incombustible: M17. asbestosis resembling n. lung disease caused by inhalation of -'stposis asbestos particles E20.

asbestiform

asbestos

ascariasis

aska'rAiasis/

PI.

11.

-ases /-osiiz/. Disease due to

L19. [f, next + -lASis.] Afed. infestation by the nematode Ascaris lumbricoides, esp. in the intestine.

ascaris

'asksns

use long bef. sing.)

PI. (in

n.

s'skaridiiz \ lME. [mod.L f. Gk pi. -ides, intestinal worm.] A parasitic nematode worm of the genus Ascaris; esp. A. lumhncoides, parasitic in man.

ascarides askans,

.\lso

ascarid

[back-form, f

n.

ascarides] L17.

pi.

ascend

s'ssnd/ v. lME. [L ascendere, f. ad as-' + scandere to climb.] I v.i. 1 Go up, come up; rise, soar; be raised. Occas. foil, by up. lME. b Of a planet, zodiacal sign, etc.: move towards the zenith, esp. come above the horizon; move northwards. uVlE. 2 Slope or extend upwards; poet, rise by growth or construction, be reared. lME. 3 Of sound: rise in pitch, go up the scale. lME. 4 Proceed from inferior to superior; rise in quality, station, degree, etc. lME. 5 Go back in time, or in order of genealogical succession. L16. 1 AV John 6:62 What and if yee shall see the sonne of man ascend vy where hee was before? Milton The noise Of riot ascends above their loftiest Towrs. L. Deighton I don't know when you last ascended from your cellar, b W. Congreve I was bom, Sir, when the Crab was ascending, ascending node Aaron, the

pomt

which the moon's or a planet's orbit crosses the ecbptic from south to north. 2 Goldsmith Far to the right, where Apennine ascends. G B. Shaw On both sides of this passage steps ascend to a landing. 4 J. JORTIN A rash desire to ascend to a rank— for which God's providence has not designed us J. McCosH We beyond laws to a lawgiver. shall ascend II v.t. 6 Go up, climb; climb to the summit of; move upstream along (a river etc.). lME. 7 Get at

.

.

up on

to, moimt; arch, go up into. L16. 6 Gibbon Their galleys ascended the river. C. Darwtn We ascend the loftj' peaks of the Cord'Hera and we find an alpine species of bizcacha. B. MoORE

Ascending and descending these winding turret stairs. 7 Shakes. Rom. &• Jul. Go, get thee to thy love, Ascend her chamber, hence and comfort her. E. O'Neill He ascends the dais and places her on the table as on a bier, ascend the throne become king or .

.

queen.

ascendable

a. fr,irc)

ascendancy (sense

2)

M18.

s sf.nd(3)nsi/

A-.

E18.

[f.

n.

next

Also -ency; + -ancy.] 1

Supremacy, paramotmt influence (over), dominant control; the state or quality of being in the ascendaiii E18. 2 spec. (Hist.) (Usu w. def. article.) The domination by the Anglo-Irish Protestant minoncj' in Ireland esp. in the i8ih

and 19th cents., the dominant class more fully Protestant ascendancy. L18. ascendance

ascendant -ent. lME.

,

n.

- ascendancy

3'S£nd(3)nt/

[(0)Fr.

f.

i

Also

itself.

mi8.

a.

&

L

ascendent

n.

Also ^now

rare)

ppl

pres.

stem of ascendere ASCEND: see -ANt' ] A adj. 1 Of a planet etc.: rising towards the zenith, Astrol. just rising above the eastern horizon. lME. 2 ascending. M16. 3 Having gen. Rising, ascendancy; predominant, superior, mi 7. 2 Bacon A double scale or ladder, ascendent and TTie descendent. Southey Distended like a ball body mounts ascendant, i A. Knox To quicken, exalt, and noble in and make ascendant all that is rational us. G. Grote An ascendent position in public life. .

B

.

The

point of the ecliptic or sign of the zodiac which at a given moment 'esp. at a «.

1

ascites

124

Astrol.

b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

person's birth) is just rising above the eastern horizon. lME. f 2 gen. A person who or thing which ascends or rises; a slope, a rise, a peak; a flight of steps. M16 E18. 3 = ascendancy n. i. Now only in in the ascendant, supreme, dominating; pop. rising; (frcq. w. fig. reference to sense i). L16. 4 A person who precedes in genealogical order; an ancestor. E17. I house of the ascendant the celestial house immediately below the eastern horizon, lord of the ascendant a planet within the house of the ascendant. 2 T Nashe Pryde can endure no Superiours, no equals, no ascendants. Milton A lordly Ascendant from Primate to Patriarch, and so to Pope. 3 Marvell Having gained this Ascendent upon him. E. A. Freeman The star of Harold was fairly in the ascendant. C. S. Forester There was one ruling motive still in the ascendant and that was a passionate desire not to make himself conspicuous. 4 Joyce Traces of elephantiasis have been discovered among .

.

his ascendants.

Gibbon His

ascent to one of the most eminent republic. J. Simmons Stretches of to assist the locomotive on the ascent. Encycl. Brit. Many manned ascents were made with both hot-air and hydrogen balloons. Song of Ascents: see song n.' b B. England Compared to previous climbs, it was a simple ascent, and in less than two hours they were on the peak. 3 HoR. Walpole The ascent of steps from the hall M. Innes Hudspith puffed as the ascent grew steeper. I

relatively

A

-er'.]

1

or thing which ascends. E17. 2 Typogr, & Palaeogr. An ascending letter; a part or stroke projecting above letters such as x. M19.

Earlier f ascence

-ING-.]

1

/a'ssndio/

n.

lME-li6.

+ certain

order. E18.

]

Sunshine

the

in

of ascending

Pope Dark o'er the fields th' ascending vapouSt should flies. F. A. G. Ouseley The diminished fifth be prepared by a sixth, with an ascending bass. A. J P. Taylor Three tasks in ascending order of difficulty, ascending letter Typogr. & Palaeogr. a letter with a .

.

part or stroke projecting above letters such as

Burke The ascending

branch was

collateral

x.

regarded amongst the ancient Germans.

ascension /3'sEn|(3)n/ n. In ME. [(0)Fr. f. L ascemio{n-),

sense f.

also

i

know. L16. Charles Churchill

.

of or pertaining to

ascesis

ascensional tending upwards; difference (Astron ), the difference between the right ascension and oblique ascension of a celestial object: L16.

ascent;

ascensive

/a'sensiv/ a.

ascensivus,

L

f.

by

Characterized

movement,

ascent

Now

ascens-:

or

rare.

E17.

ascending; a

upward

n.

li6.

A

r

red,

top, v van,

w

ascetical treatise.

zoo,

more usual

is

in this

esp.

one of those

&

sing.

t2

in the early solitude for this (usu.) in pi. An

into

E-M18.

Arnold Bennett They .

.

M19.

asci

of Ascus.

n. pi.

ascidian

/a'sidian/

n.

&

a.

M19.

[f.

mod.L

Ascidia pi. (genus name), f Gk askidion dim. of askos wineskin: see -an.] Zool. A n. Any tunicate belonging to the class Ascidiacea; a sea squirt. M19. B adj. Of or penaining to this class. M19.

ascidiform

z

(which

discovered the ascetic's joy in robbing themselves of sleep and in catching chills. was dressed in nothing but an R. p. Jhabvala He orange robe like an Indian ascetic. ascetical a. (a) of or pertaining to spiritual exercises intended to lead to perfection and virtue; (b) = ascetic a. I (which is more usual in this sense): E17. ascetically adv. M19. asceticism /-siz(3)m/ n. the principles or practice of ascetics; rigorous selfdiscipline, austerity: M17. ascetism n. = asceticism 1

[med.L

we,

M17. [med.L asceticus monk, hermit, f. askein

retired

M17.

purpose.

ascidiutn

f.

/s'sidifDim/

Gk

askidion

M19.

a.

(see

-FORM.] Chiefly Bot. Shaped

[f.

prec.)

-I-

mod.L -I- +

like a pitcher or

borde.

ascites

Gk

/a'sAitiiz/ n.

askites

Abnormal abdomen.

a way up; an going back in time or

t

(a)

a.

who

Church

[f.

s sit,

The

n.

asketes

f.

denial or austerity;

dropsy,

Pl. f.

lME. [Late L f. wineskin.] Med. in the of fluid

same. askos

accumulation

ascitic /a'sitik/ a. of, pertaining to, or affected with ascites LI7. ascitical a. (now rare) = ASCITIC L17.

genealogical order. E17.

man, n no, p pen,

exercise, practice of

askesis

]

sense). E19. Browne TTie old Ascetick christians found 1 Sir T a paradise in a desert. R. Rendell He wore a perfectly plain, almost ascetic dark suit. W. Trevor His face seeming ascetic until cheered by a smile B n. 1 A person who practises extreme self-

way leading upwards;

slope. E17. 4

&

/a'sttik/ a.

asketikos

ascetical

prec, -rvE.] producing upward

ascend v. after descend, descent.] 1 The action or an act of ascending; upward movement, rise (lit. & fig.). L16. b spec. The action or an act of climbing or travelling up a moimtain, slope, stair, etc. E17. f 2 An eminence, a hill. L16-M18. 3 A means of /a'ssnt/

ng. [Gk

n.

askein to exercise

f.

or to exercise: see -ic] A adj. 1 Practising severe abstinence or austerity, esp. for religious or spiritual reasons; characteristic of or suggesting a person dedicated to such existence. M17. 2 =

Gk

see

rising; progressive, intensive.

finding out; determination,

(fc)

self-discipline.

ascetic

is

or

/a'siisis/

training,

Christ's

ascension

.

.

settlement; assurance; discovery: Ml 7.

commemorated; Ascensiontide the ten-day period between Ascension Day and the eve of Pentecost. a.

Be

suppress by violence the natural Passion of Enthusiasm or to endeavour to ascertain it. J. Stephen Such charters ascertained what were the customs by which the citizens were to be governed. 4 W. C. Williams He went to great trouble to ascertain the depth of the water. T. Capote TTie door was partly open; she opened it enough to ascertain that the office was filled only with shadow. C. Jackson Whether he had ascertained if she was old or young. ascertainable a. able to be ascertained L18. ascertainably adv. in an ascertainable manner; recognizably: M19. ascertainment n. f(a) fbdng,

ascending. lME. Distillation, f4 evaporation. LME-E19. fS A going back in genealogical succession; reversion to an ancestor. L16-E17. 2 oblique ascension (of a star, etc.) the arc intercepted between the first point of Aries and the point of the celestial equator which rises with the star in an oblique sphere, right ascension angular distance measured (in hours, minutes, seconds) eastwards along the celestial equator from the first point of Aries. 3 Southey Round and round The spiral steps in long ascension wound. C. Mackenzie We stayed on deck until the funicular had made its last golden ascension and descension. H. F. Prtngle The ascension to power of Woodrow Wilson. G. Sarton Gigantic mountains, the ascension of which

ascensional

.

To

for

this

.

intelligence that was brought me by no means ascertained the greatness of the danger. Sir W. Scott The squire's influence ascertained him the support of the whole class of bucks. 3 Shaftesbury

ascens- pa. ppl

day of which

peihaps

.

Godwin The

Astrol. The rising of a celestial 2 Asiron. object; a measure of this. Usu. in special collocations (see below). lME. 3 gen. The act or process of ascending; ascent, rise; arch, a path

may tax our strength to the limit. Comb.: Ascension Day the Ascension; the Thursday on

Who may

ascertained that Two and Two make four. G. Morris wish to be ascertained of the I intentions of the Court. 2 G. HORNE But who shall exacdy ascertain to us what superstition is? Boswell [This] would ascertain it not to be the production of Johnson. W.

&

ME.

tell;

get to

A-.

stem of ascendere ascend: see -ION.] 1 The ascent of Christ to heaven on the fortieth day after the Resurrection. Also, Ascension Day.

as A-^

acquire information. LME-L18. f2 Make certain; prove, demonstrate; ensure, guarantee. L15-L19. t3 Fix, determine, hmit. L15-L18. b Destine, doom, (a person) to. Only in M17. 4 Find out or learn for a certainty; make sure of,

3

much

f.

fl Assure, convince; inform,

.

Dryden Bak'd

Fields.

acenain-

refl.

a.

upwards. £17. 2 a Anal. Directed upwards; spec. (of a nerve etc.) passing up the spinal cord to the brain. E18. b Box. Of a stem etc.: inclined upwards, esp. with steepness increasing from the base. M19. 3 Going backwards in genealogical 1

lME. [OFr.

/asa'tein/ v.t.

tonic stem of acertener (later ass-, asc-),

E17. [f. ascend v. + Rismg, mounting, increasing; sloping

ascending

line

.

who

person

level

ascertain

1

ascendency n. var. ol ascendancy. ascendent a. & n. see ascendant. ascender /o'sends/ n. E17. [f. ascend +

of the

dignities

J

she, 3 vision, 8 thin, d this, 0 ring,

tj

chip, dj jar

ascititious ascititious

asclent

adv., pred. a.,

Asclepiad

& prep.

Gk

L

late

[f.

asclepiad Any Bor.

f.

asklcpiadeios,

f.

M19. [f next + -ad'.]

of

plant

milkweed

the

family

Gk

of or pertaining to the family

a.

[L = swallowwort

/a'skliipias/ n. L16.

Asklepios Aesculapius.] Any of various plants now or formerly included in the genus Asclepias, of the milkweed family; esp. swallowwort, Vincewxicum hirundinaria. asklepias,

{.

asco-

/'askau/ comb, form of ascus: see -o-. n. a fruiting body of an ascomycete, containing a number of asci L19. a'scogenous a. producing asci L19. asco'gonium n. a female reproductive organ of an ascomycete L19. ascospore n. a spore produced in an ascus L19.

ascocarp

ascomycete

/.aska'mAisiit/

-mycetes

-ase

At

/-'mAisi:ts,

Orig. only in

n.

pi.

M19.

-mAi'si:ti:z/.

[Anglicized sing, of mod.L Ascomycetes (see below), f. prec. + Gk muketes pi. of makes fungus.] Mycol. A hingus of the subdivision Ascomycotina (formerly the class Ascomycetes), bearing asci. ascomy'cetous a. M19.

ascon

/'askon/ «. L19. [mod.L genus name, f Gk askos bag, sac] Zool. A grade of sponge structure of the asconoid type; a stage in sponge development characterized by this structure; a sponge of this type or stage. Cf. leucon, sycon.

asconoid a. & n. (a) adj. of, pertaining to, or designating the simplest sponges, which have a tubelike or baglike structure lined with choanocytes, (6) n. a sponge of this type: M20.

Forming names of

/eiz/ suff. [f diast)ase.]

/a'si:/

lactase, maltose, etc.

&

adv.

pred. a.

M19.

/a'skaibik/

scoRB(UT)lc

M20.

a.

Biochem.

a.]

a-'"

[f.

+

the enolic

ascorbic

acid,

antiscorbutic vitamin (chemically an lactone, Cr\ AN a. Uganda Asian. VgariJan Asian: ace Ugasda^I a. I. B jJj. Of or penaining to Asia or its peoples or inhabitants; descended from Asians. E17. Asian flu cii//i>exe,

7 Shakes. Tarn. Shr. Signior Baptista, my business asketh haste. 8 W. Faulkner Because they don't ask thirty-five cents for it. L. C. RoLT Once again he may have asked too much from the manufacturing resources of the day. G. F. Fiennes It would have to be an act of faitli that the Pacifies would stand up to what we were going to ask of them, almost 500 miles a day. New Zealand Herald TTie unrealistic prices asked for by vendors. 10b 7"im« Mr had behaved as badly as anyone could and a bystander might well have taken the view that he had asked for everything he got. ask for it colloq.: for trouble, ask for trouble: see

A

T

Also (now dial.) ax(e) /aks/. [OE ascian, acsian, dhsian, dxian = OFris. Sskia, OS

ask

/a:sk/

OHG

iscon, call

v.

upon

112

to

eiscOn,

i.

WGmc] fH

v.t.

Call for,

OE ME.

come.

upon

.

person, or thing personified, for an answer or for information. As obj. the person, the thing desired (which may take the form of a n. or pron., a cl. introduced by a rel. pron. or conj., or direct or indirect speech), or both. (Foil, by ^at, fio, or of the person; about, (arch.) of the matter in question; after the matter in question, esp. a person absent; for esp. a person whom one wishes to see.) OE. 3 v.i. Enquire, make enquiries. (Foil, by about, \of the thing desired; after a thing missing, a person absent, etc.; for esp. a person whom one wishes to see; far, fo/ the person called upon.) OE. 2 Caxton Asking to her why she had trespaced his commaundments. Coverdale Ecclus 21.17 h is axed at the mouth of the wyse. H. Latimer The other axed ye price, he sayed: xx. nobles. Shakes. 2 Hen. IV Knocking at the taverns, And asking every one for Sir John Falstatf. AV John 9:19 They asked them, saying, Is this your son? Pope Ask your own heart; and nothing is so plain. Goldsmith Ask me no questions and I'll tell you no fibs. Tennyson Once I ask'd him of his early life. Dickens I asked him what o'clock it was. G. Borrow I asked her her maiden name. Geo. Eliot Animals arc such agreeable friends— they ask no questions, they pass no criticisms. OED A farmer of whom I asked the way. R. Kipling 'Dost thou give news for love, or dost thou sell it?' Kim asked. E. W. Rogers If you want to know the time, ask a P'liceman! G Stein Often Jeff would ask her, did she really love him V. WoOLF Where was he this morning, for instance? Some committee, she never asked what. G. Greene If Hitler had come into the conversation she would have interrupted to ask who he was. L. Durrell It was the question that Nessim asked himself repeatedly. Day Lewis I seldom asked my father about our relations near or distant. K. v.t.

Call

trouble

n. 1 1 Dickens If I see him tomorrow, I'll ask him down. R. Crompton But if he asks you to his you must ask him back. J. le Carr^ We'll ask Sam round and perhaps one or two of the old press boys ft-om Berlin. J. Bowen They asked me

Also -igo, as(s)uiico. E17 L19. [Sp. asnico dim. of asnu ASS «.'] A little ass; fig. a n.

dolt, a fool.

asinine

'asinAin, a. L15. [L asininus, f. asinus see -ine'.] Of or pertaining to asses; asslike; stupid, obstinate, asininity /asi'niniti/ n. M19.

ASS

n.':

b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

!

leg,

m

ask out mvite to accompany one to a restaurant, entertainment, etc. askingly adr>. (rare) f(a) as a question; (ft) to tea at St. Peter's Hall,

inquiringly, with entreaty:

Here, you're not kinky or anything, are you?

&

/a'skans, s'skains/ adv.^, a., v. L15. [Origin imkn.] A adv. (usu pred.) a. Sideways, oblique(ly); with a side glance,

&

Now

asquint. chiefly fig., suspicious(ly), with disfavour; esp. in look askance {at). L15. J. Beattie They meet, they dart away, they wheel askance. R L. Stevenson Looking askance on each other as possible enemies. T. Hardy Down there they are dubious and askance. P. G. Wodehouse One looked askance at that habit of his of writing poetry. E. Bowen Looking at all this in here with a wild askance shrinking eye. V. S. Pritchett The habit of seeing things askance or out of the comer of his eye.

B

Turn

v.t.

f askance

(one's eye) aside, rare. L16

.

.

though, as

askant

.

/a'skant/

IV Pregnant senses and special

uses.

f6

v.t.

askari

a.,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

As

adv. & pred. a. M17. [f prob. after aslant, asquint.] =

/s'skairi/

n.

An

A

PI. -s, same. L19. [Arab, E. African soldier or police

officer.

asker

lME.

/'a:sk3/

ask

[f.

+

v.

-er'.]

who

A

asker

/'aiska/ n.- dial. L17.

askew

/a'skju:/ adv.

+ skew

&

[f.

ASK

n.']

(usu. pred.)

A

A 2

newt.

M16.

a.

1

lME.

asks a question; an inquirer. suppliant, a beggar. lME.

person

A

[f.

Oblique(ly), askance, to one side; awry, crooked(ly). Sir Scott The boy looking askew at him with his sharp gray eyes. S. Smiles Bridges of masonry several of them askew bridges. M. Bradbury Collision ensued; the kiss went askew and landed in her hair. L. Deighton His hair was unkempt and his club tie was,

prep.'

I

«.']

W

.

.

as always, askew. B. Chatwin An old yew-tree whose writhing roots have set the paving slabs askew. look askew fig. (arch.) look disdainfiilly or as if pretending not to sec,

asking /'aiskio/ n. OE. The action of ASK v. OE.

ask

[f.

+

v.

-ing'.] II

for the asking (available) upon the least request, merely to be asked for. I

An

112

ME.

A

3

inquiry, a question. Long arch. rare. request, a supplication, arch. ME. +4

a claim; a price asked. lME M17. Comb. asking price the price set by the seller,

A demand; :

asklent /s'skknt/ aSCl-. L16. [Alt

^aslake Become

v.

[OE

reduce, abate. prep.'

]

adv., pred. a.,

&

prep. Sc.

Also

= ASLANT.

aslacian: see A-',

SLAKE

d.'] 1 v.i.

slack or feeble; grow less. OE-L16. b cool. Only in E19. 2 v.t. Mitigate, assuage;

Grow

I

pred. a.

i.

red,

askances. to prec]

rel.

as to say.

a.

'ai^an soldier.]

&

Inquire into, examine, investigate. OE-E17. 7 & t. (foil, by for). Predicated of things: need, require; demand; call for. ME. i v.t. & i. Call for as by right; demand. (Foil, by direct obj. or for the thing demanded; from or of the person or thing called upon). lME. 9 v.t. Proclaim in church, calling upon any who have claims or objections to put them forward. Now only in ask the banns. lME. 10 fa v.t. Provoke, bring upon

Also

adv.-

much

f Askapart n. lME-miS. [Ult. origin unkn.] hardy warrior of a fabled Arabian race.

aslant

credit.

as

if; ellipt.

askance adv.\ ASKANCE adv.\

Why

the thing desired.) ME. 4 Earl Rivers I had delyte & axed to rede some good historye. Shakes. Com. Err. He ask'd me for a thousand marks in gold. Milton To stand upright Will ask thee skill. H. Fielding I ask Mr. Blifil pardon. R. Burns I am ashamed to ask another favour of you. J. Tyndall I asked him to accompany me. M. Ar>jold I ask but that my death may find The freedom to my life denied. G. B. Shaw Thirty crowns is too much to ask fi-om him. T. Frisby I say, could I ask you a favour? C. Hampton I'm sure she'd marry you like a shot if you asked her. A. Ayckbourn They I've asked them not to. ask a keep sending them. blessing: see BLESSING I. 5 CovERDALE Man. 6:7 Axe & it shalbe giuen you. Southey Could hear a famish'd woman ask for food, And feel no pity. J. le Carr^ We always ask for a banker's reference before giving

&

conj.

LME-L16. [Origin imkn.: not

do you ask? I II 4 v.t. Express to someone a desire to obtain a thing. As obj. the person, the thing desired (which may take the form of a n. or pron., a cl. introduced by that, or an inf. phr.), or both. (Foil, by indirect obj. or ^at, of, from the person, for the thing desired.) ME. 5 v.i. Express a desire to obtain something. (Foil, by gaffer or for

r

lME.

askance

.

n no, p pen,

.

.

Laffan Father Patrick asked me if I'd like to be a priest, ask me another cotloq. I do not know (the answer to your question). I ask you colloq.: cxpr. ridicule, contempt, denial, etc. if you ask me in my opinion. 3 AV ; Sam. 28:16 Wherefore then doest thou aske of me? Milton Ask for this great deliverer now, and find him Eyeless in Gaza. G. Macdonald To ask after their health when he met them. T. Frisby

man,

.

perhaps

ME-E19.

/a'slaint/ adv., pred. a.,

+ SLANT

On

n.'

&

prep.

See also asklent.]

the slant, oblique(ly).

ME.

A

ME. B

A

[f.

adv.

&

prep.

Obliquely across; athwart. E17. aslantwise adv. — aslant adv. E19.

v.t.

fasinego

.

—

a

.

.

asile /s'smI/ n. arch. Also -yle. L ASYLUM.] = ASYLUM n.

the vb.]

[f.

cogn. w. egidchsa (G Eidechse lizard).] newt; occas. {Sc.) a lizard.

.

between the women, but The Great Belcher moved him aside. T. Stoppard He throws the paper aside and picks up the Guardian. 2 Chai cer With that he loked on me asyde, As who sa>th nay, that wol not be. J. McCrae We have sworn and will not turn aside. K Amis Barbara turned the car aside on to an unmade track 3 Scott Fitzgerald impassioned Sloane and the lady began an conversation aside C. S. Forester 'Beggin' your pardon, sir,' said Hunter aside to Homblower. G. Greexe He took my arm and led me a little aside. 4 Spenser Her fillet she vndight, And laid her stole aside. E. O'Neill No, all laddin' aside, I know he'll run me down first second he sees you. A. Wilson He

from. S Sir aside

ask

asleep /3'sli:p/ adv. & pred. + sleep n.] 1 In a state of

a.

ME.

[f.

A

prep.'

6

ME. ME. 3

sleep, sleeping.

2 Into a state of sleep. Esp. in fall asleep. In or into a state of inactivity or quiescence;

fig.

idle,

ME. J

dormant, inattentive. ME. 4 euphem. Dead. 5 Of a limb etc.: benumbed by pressure.

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 6 this,

r)

nng,

tj

chip, d3 jar

aslope 6 Naut. Of a sail: filled with wind to prevent flapping. Now rare or

lME.

just

enough

G. Greene

had

I

from the

told

irregularity of her

Day Lewis An

breathing that she was not asleep.

ass

which was lying asleep in the middle of the road. 2 Shakes. Tit. A. A nurse's song Of lullaby to bring her babe asleep. W. Gibson At last he cursed himself asleep. 3 Shakes. / Hen. IV And now their pride and mettle is asleep. R. Watson Their apprehensions were

Byron During

asleep.

laid

inquisition

this

Julia's

tongue Was not asleep, asleep at the switch: see switch n. 3 4 Tindale / Cor. 15:18 They which are fallen a .

slepe in Christ.

&

aslope /a'sbup/

adv. pred. uncertain: earlier than slope sloping; crosswise, aslant.

fasma n. var. of asthma. fasmak n. see yashmak. asmoke /a'smauk/ adv. & pred. SMOKE

&

n.

&

pred. /s'sauk/ adv. soak n.' or v.] Soaking. /ei's3oJ(3)l/

social

[f.

+

A--

A

a.]

a prep.' 8

[f.

social;

a.

antisocial;

B

M18. [f

rare.

+

a-'"

[f.

inconsiderate or hostile to others. L19. asocial person, rare. M20.

asomatous /a'saumatas/ asomatus Gk asSmatos,

tt.

An

L

late

f A-'" + sSmat-, soma

{.

body, + -ous.] Disembodied, incorporeal.

asp /asp/ [OE sespe to

arch.

n.'

Also (long

(corresp. to

ON Qsp), Gmc]

OHG

/aps/. aspa), seps (corresp.

(The wood

i.

aps

dial.)

of) the aspen.

/asp/

/s'spabOss/ n. E17. [L f Gk Orig., the Middle Eastern camelthom, Alhagi camelorum, or a similar fragrant shrub. Now, an evergreen thorny leguminous shrub of the African genus Aspalathus.

aspalathus aspalathos.]

asparagine

/s'sparadsiin/

n.

A

Also f-in. E19. [f hydrophilic amino

next

+

acid,

CONHj CH, CH(NH2) COOH,

Biochem.

-ine'".]

an amide of aspartic acid and occurs and (free) in plant tissues.

which

is

in proteins

:

adv. Sc pred.

.

a.

M19.

.

of Murrow's own past, in preparation for McCarthy's counterchallenge.

[{.

Appearance. 10 The look a person wears; coimtenance. lME. 1 1 The appearance presented by an object to the eye; look. lME. b Any of a niunber of different lights that can be shown by a railway signal. E20. f 12 A sight. E17-E18. 13 The appearance presented by circumstances etc. to the mind. E18. 10 Milton But soon his cleer aspect Returned. Byron Ah! he unveils his aspect; on his brow The thunder-scars are graven. J. C. Oates If he did appear, III

aspect was so greatly changed she could not recognize him. 1 1 R. Sutcliff Later that evening the his

shelter bore a much more cheerful Defoe That he saw such Aspects I never 13 W. Penn Matters seem to look of a better

believ'd.

.

.

aspect.

Comb.

&

aspect ratio

of the span to the mean chord, now usu. the ratio of the square of the span to the surface area, in trian aspect. aspected a. having an aspect (usu. specified) L16. aspectfiil a. (rare) having favourable aspect, benignant E17. a'spectual a. f (a) rare of or penaining to a planetary aspect or planetary aspects; (6) of or pertaining to grammatical aspect: L15.

wing)

orig. the ratio

/a'spekt, 'aspekt/ v. lME. [L aspectare frequent, ot aspicere: see prec] 1 v.t. Astrol. Of a planet: look upon and exen influence upon (another). Usu. in pass. lME. t2 v.t. Look with

aspartic

favour upon. L16-M17. f 3 v 1. Look at, face; survey, watch. L16-L17. t4 v.t. Look; have an aspect or bearing. Only in M17. f aspectable a. (a) able to be seen, visible; (b) fit to be beheld, attractive to the eye: E17-M19.

/9'spa:tik/

M19.

a.

aspantque,

[Fr.

formed arbitrarily on L asparagus: see -ic] Biochem. aspartic acid, an acidic amino acid, COOH CH, CH(NH,) COOH, which occurs in proteins and esp. in sugar cane, and is imponant in nitrogen metabolism in animals.

aspect pa. ppl

/'aspskt/

stem of

to look ] I of looking

The

n.

lME. [L

aspectus,

aspicere look at,

f ad

action of looking, f

aspect-

+

specere

The

action

A-" 1

f.

something; beholding; view, gaze.

at

LME-E19. ^2 Mental

looking; consideration, regard. LiVlE-Li7. 3 A look, a glance, arch. L16. 1 Bacon The tradition that the basilisk killeth by aspect. Steele The downcast Eye, and the Recovery .

.

Aspect. 2 J. Denham Tliose latter parts have not yet received your Majesties favourable Aspect. 3 Shakes Com. Err. Some other mistress hath thy sweet aspects, fig. W. Holmes Meeting the cold aspect of Duty. into a .

sudden

full

a

aspen

cat, a:

arm,

£

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

O

cosy,

1:

see, d hot,

d:

&

n. lME. [(. asp n.' + taken to be the n. used attrib.) Of or pertaining to the aspen. lME. 2 fig. Tremulous; timorous. lME. 2 G. Chapman Possess'd with aspen fear.

-EN"".]

/'asp(3)n/

A

adj.

a.

(Now

1

B n. (The wood of) a European poplar, Populus iremula, noted for its tremulous leaves, or any of a number of similar poplars, esp. the N.

American

P.

tremuloides

(in

full

quaking

a.

rough or harsh.

asperge

asper lME. {.

L

/'aspa/ obs. exc. Hist. Also aspre. [Fr. aspre app. f Turk. f. med.Gk aspron asper (nummus) newly minted (coin).] A

small silver Byzantine and as a

/o'spsidj/

aspergere,

ad

(.

Ei6.

v.t.

AS-'

L

[Fr. asperger or

spargere

-I-

sprinkle.]

Sprinkle, besprinkle.

asperges

/3'sp3:d3i:z/

shalt purge)

of

L

n.

L16. [First wd (= thou 5o(5i):7, recited

text of Ps.

the sprinkling of holy water before RC Ch. The sprinkling of holy water before mass. Also = aspergillum.

during mass.]

aspergill /'aspadjil/ n. M19. [Anglicized f. aspergillum] = aspergillum. aspergilla n.pl. see aspergillum. aspergillosis /asp3d3i'busis/ n. PI. -Uoses [f. mod.L/ls/)er^//Mj (see below), next, -I- -osis.] Med. Infection, esp. of the lungs, with a fungus of the genus Aspergillus.

/-'bosi:z/. L19. f.

aspergillum /aspa'dsibm/

PI.

n.

-Ua /-b/,

-Uums. M17. [mod.L, f aspergere (see asperge) + -ilium dim. suff ] A kind of brush or other implement

asperity

for sprinkling holy water.

/a'spsnti/

aspentas,

ME.

n.

L

[(0)Fr. asperite or

asper rough, harsh: see rigour, arch. severity,

i.

-m.]

1

Hardship; ME. 2 Harshness to any of the senses; roughness, ruggedness; hardness, arch. lME. b A rough arch. excrescence, M17. 3 Harshness or sharpness of temper, esp. as displayed in tone or manner; bitterness, acrimony; in pi., embittered

Mi 7. Henry More To

feelings. I

asperite of the paynes, S.

.

.

minysh

the

and

vygour

Johnson The nakedness and Caxton Fewe people

asperity of the wintry world. 2

wente

for to see him, for the grete asprete or sharpnesse of the place. G. Berkeley The asperity of tartarous salts S. Johnson Our language, of which the chief defect is ruggedness and asperity, b J. Lindley Almost all Delimaceas have the leaves covered with asperities. 3 Dickens Demanded with much asperity what she meant. H. Wilson Intervening also to soften asperities and curb the invocation of personahties.

aspermia

/ei'spamia, a-/ n. M19. [f a-'" + Gk spemia seed + -la'.] Med. Failure to produce semen, or absence of sperms from the semen.

monetary

saw, a run, o put,

azoospermla. aspermic a. pertaining

Ottoman

coin; later,

unit, 'A20 piastre.

u:

too, 3 ago, ai

my, au how,

asperous

L

or

characterized

by

Now

rare. M16. [f. late /'asp(a)r3s/ a. asper rough, harsh: see -ous.] I

asperosus, f

L

Rough, rugged. M16. 2 Harsh, biner. M16.

asperse of

/a'spais/ v.t. L15. ['Laspers- pa. ppl

ASPERGE.]

stem

Besprinkle, bespatter, (a person or thing, with), arch. L15. f 2 Sprinkle in as an ingredient; intermingle. M16-E17. 3 Sprinkle, scatter, (liquid, dust, etc.). arch. E17. 4 Attack the reputation of (a person) with injurious allegations etc. E17. 5 Spread false and injurious charges against; calumniate; detract from. M17. 1 H. L'Estrange The child is thrice to be aspersed with water on the face M. Beerbohm Rain! His very mantle was aspersed. In another minute he would stand sodden. 2 E. ToPSELL Making a plaister thereof with Barley meal and a little Brimstone aspersed. 3 Southey Blood, wh ch hung on every hair, Aspersed like dew-drops. 4 Jas. Mill The criminations with which the leaders appeared desirous of aspersing one another. 5 Sir W. Scott TTiere were foul tongues to asperse a Douglas. L. A. G. Strong No one is ' a'spatssn

asphalt ult.

L

= aspersorium

&

n.

lME.

v.

asphaliott, -urn

A

ahen ongin.]

L19.

[(Fr. asphalte

Gk

{.

L

Also in

n.

aspersorium M19.

[Fr.] -

n.

n.

'asfalt, -alt

late

f.'!

asphalwn, of

form asphaltum

as'faltom 1 Black or brownish-black, solid or viscous, bituminous pitch, of natural occurrence mixture or produced from petroleum. lME. 2 of this with sand etc. used for surfacing paths, .

,

A

roads, etc. .M19.

B

Cover or

v.i.

with asphalt. M19. asphalter n. a person who

road

lay (a

etc.)

down

asphalt L19. as phaltic j of the nature of or containing asphalt MI"", asphaldte n. any of the naturally occurring solid forms of asphalt L19.

asphaltene

'asfaltim,

lays

M19.

n.

as'faltirn,

[f.

+ -ENE.] Any of the solid organic n. constituents of asphalt, petroleum, etc., which are soluble in carbon disulphide but not in ASPHALT

paraffin

oil.

asphaltum aspheric

n. var.

of asphalt

os'tcnk, ei-/

n.

E20.

a.

[f.

a-'"

+ spheric

Not

spherical (although curved); (of a lens) having one or more aspheric surfaces. aspherical a. £20 asphericity eisfe'nsiti n. the J.] Optics.

state of

bemg asphenc

aspheterism

li8. [f. a-'" + spheterismos after

3s'f£tariz( The action or an act of taking of something for granted, the taking of somethmg as being true, for the sake of argument or action; something so assumed; a supposition. E17. II

Taking

an

act

S R.

Crashaw

We

to the List Will hold

deny

it

fast,

And

Bl'rke This astonishing assumrtii^n of the publick voice of England. 6 Sir Browne The assumption of humane shape, had proved a disadvantage unto Sathan. HoR Walpole Before Richard's assumption of the crown. E. Wilson There is something other than romantic perversity in this assumption of a diabolic role. 8 Sir W. Scott His usual air of haught>' assumption. 0 T. Stanley He used Arguments not by Assumption, but by inference. E. FoRSTER Improvements that they had made

no assumption

shall

us.

T

M

under the assumption that all would be theirs some day. J. G Farrell Were the Irish ci\'ilized? The Major was not prepared to risk his life on the assumption that they were. B .VIagee We, all of us, take a great number of things for granted, and many of these assumptions are of a philosophical character. III 10 Logic.

= SlTBSUMPnON

I.

arch.

lME.

assumptive

3's.\m(p)tiv/ a. mi6. (L assumpuvus, + -rvE.] f. as ASSUMPT I Characterized by assumption to oneself; adopted. M16. 2 Taken for granted; apt to take things for granted. M17. 3 Appropriative; making

undue

see sura

n.-

n. lME. [(0)Fr. 3'Juar(3)ns/ f. as next: see -ance.] I formal guarantee, engagement, or pledge. lME.

A

A marriage engagement, a betrothal. M17. c spec. A pledge of peace; in pi., terms of peace, obs. exc. Hist. L16. 2 Subjective cenainr\'; confidence, trust. lME. 3 Security, spec.

lME

lME. f4 Objective certainty. 5 Lcizv. The security' of a title to property'; Gegal evidence of) the conveyance of propert>' by deed. arch. L16. 6 Insurance, now esp. of life. L16. 7 Self-confidence, self-reliance, safet>'.

arch.

L15-E17.

L16. 8 A positive declaration intended to give confidence; encouraging confirmation. E17. 2 Shakes Macb. But yet I'll make assurance double sure And take a bond of fate. J. Buchan He spoke with assurance, but I could see the dawning of a doubt in his mind. T. C. Wolfe Like an ignorant fighter he is exultant m the assurance of his knowledge and his power. 3 La.\ibarde To sende unto a place of most assuraunce all such as hee had taken prisoners. 7 Swft Several of my friends had the assurance to ask me, whether I was in lest? B. Spock With your second baby you have more assurance. 8 H. Macmillan I was able to give sufficient assurances to

impudence.

presumption,

.

W

.

.

.

the Australian Cabmet. D. Lodge I'd hoped that the roses would have been some assurance that I satisf\-

was

alive

assure

and kickmg and thinkmg of you. a'fos

v.

lME.

[(0)Fr. assure

eariier

f.

i.

in pass., feel certain or satisfied.

lME.

|-4 v.t.

Make

safe or secure from attack or danger; secure to oneself. lME L17. 5 v 1. Make safe from or against risks; insure (esp. life; lME. 6 v.t. Make secure !rom change or overthrow;

make stable, establish securely. lME. f7 v.t. Affiance, betroth. i.ME li6. 8 v.t. Tell (a person) confidently (cf a thing, its being so, that) as something that can be relied upon. E16. v.t. State positively, affirm. M16-E18. ^10 v.t. Secure the possession or reversion of; convey (property) by deed. L16 L17. 11 v.t. Ensure the occurrence, arrival, etc., of (an event). E17. 12 v.t. Make certain (a thing that was doubtful).

as

W. Raleigh The

4

ever.

Romans,

the better to assure themselves, cut a deep trench. 6 Lvtton The two chiefs who most assured He assured us of his own his throne. 8 willingness to go. J B. Priestley Miss Trant was assured by Hilary that all was well with her. T. S. Eliot You'll come to find that I'm right, I assure you.

OED

.

f

few, g get, h he,

.

9 CoVERDALE Jcr. 29:23 This I testifie and assure. so confidenUy assure the events will Swift I cannot follow exactly as I predict them. 10 C. Marlowe And with my proper blood A-sure my soul to be great Lucifers. 1 1 A. EDEN Vitality, charm, together with a sweeping no-nonsense air always assured her an eager welcome and a rapt audience. 12 Dryden Not to assure our doubtful way. assurer n. (a) an insurer, an underwriter; (h) a person who or thing which gives assurance; (c) a person who insures his or her life: L16. assuror n. = assurer (a) E17. .

.

.

&

.

lME. [f. prec. + -ed'.] A adj. 1 1 Made safe; secure. lME- E17. 2 Made sure or certain, guaranteed. lME. f 3 Engaged,

assured

/s'foad/

covenanted,

a.

n.

LME-L17.

pledged. confident,

possessed,

bold;

4

Self-

self-satisfied,

presumptuous. lME. 5 Satisfied as to the truth or cenainty of a matter. E16. 6 Certified, verified. L16. B n. A person whose life or goodj are insured. M18. /a'josndii/ adv. (a) certainly, undoubtedly; (ft) confidently: L15 assuredness /s'Jiwdnis, a'Josridnis/ n. (a) certainty, confidence, trust; (ft) self-confidence, audacity: M16.

assurgent

/3's3:d3(3)nt/

stem ot

pres. ppl

see -ENT.] obliquely.

assurgere,

assurgency disposition to

Assyrian

Gk

(.

-AN.]

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

AS-'

+

surgere to rising

astatine

An

M20.

/'astatiin/ n.

+

as prec.

[f.

-ine*.]

radioactive

chemical element, atomic no. 85, which belongs to the halogen group and has no long-lived isotopes. (Symbol artificial

At.)

asteer prep.'

/a'stis/

+

6

&

adv.

pred.

M16.

Sc.

a.

a

[f.

var. of stir n.'] Stirring, aroused; in

commotion.

asteism

/'asli:iz(3)m/

L

Also in

n.

L

M16. [Late

/-'iznws/.

asteismus

form -ismus

f.

refined, witty talk, f. asteios pohte, Rhet. Urbane irony, polite mockery.

aster

/'asts/ n.

[L

E17.

Gk

f.

Gk

asteismos astu city.]

f.

aster star.]

fl

A

E17 E18. 2 a Any of numerous plants constituting the genus Aster, of the composite family, bearing showy radiated flowers, e.g. star.

Michaelmas daisy; a flower of such a plant. E18. b China aster, a related plant, CaUistephus chinensis, native to China and much cultivated for its showy flowers; a flower of this plant. M18. 3 Cyiol. A star-shaped structure formed during division of the nucleus of an animal

2a New England aster. -aster /'asta/ suff. (not Forming ns. expressing

incomplete resemblance,

cell.

L19.

productive). [L.] poor quality or pinaster,

as

poetaster,

etc.

astereognosis /s.stEtiag'nausis, a.stiar-; ei-/ E20. [f. A-'" + STEREOGNOSIS.] Med. Inability

n.

to

identify the nature, size, and shape of objects by touch, as a symptom of disorder of the central or peripheral nervous system. Also astereognosia ti. m2o.

asteriated /s'stiarieitid/ a. E19. [f. Gk asterios starry + -ate-ed'.] Min. Displaying an

&

a.

lME.

L Assyrius,

[f.

f. Assuria Assyria (see below), + native or inhabitant of Assyna, an

A

ancient empire in Mesopotamia. lME. 2 The Akkadian dialect of Assyria. L19. B adj. Of or pertaining to Assyna or its dialect. L16. Assyriology /ssin'obdsi/ n. L19. [f I. Assyna f. Gk Assuria (see prec), + -OLOGY.] The branch of knowledge that deals with the language, history, and antiquities of Assyria. Assyriologist

fassythe LME-E17.

n.

&

[f.

as ASSET.]

Also

v.

sadsfy.

n. v.t.

/3'sAi6m(3)nt/

-MENT.] Sc. Latv (now owed by an unlawful

assethe.

(earlier)

A B

LME-E17. LME-E17.

satisfaction.

assythement

Compensation, Compensate,

mi6. [(. prec. + Indemnification

n.

Hist.).

the

to

killer

surviving

M20. [f. a-'" + stable Designating or pertaining to a spontaneously between

/3'steib(3)l, ei-/ a.

Electronics.

which

circuit

oscillates

unstable states,

astarboard prep.^

& pred.

/s'staibsd/ adv.

+ STARBOARD

I

«. ]

Naut.

L15. [f. a or towards

a.

On

the starboard side of a ship, put the helm astarboard starboard the helm, i.e. move the rudder to port, causing the vessel to turn to the

STARE

astart

n.'-

or v.]

/s'stait/ v. I r.

&

M19. Staring; prominent,

/a'ste:/ adv.

START v.] f 2 v.i. &

Long

pred.

a.

arch. rare.

ME.

+

A--

[f.

[f.

A-'

+

V.i. Start up, move suddenly. ME. Escape, get away, (from). ME-n6.

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

fields.

top, v van,

w

we,

n. 4).

/a'stiansn/ n. OE. [L f Gk, f. aster flower, of unknown identity.

A

2

The point at which the and temporal bones meet,

Anat.

occipital,

situated behind the mastoid process. L19.

asterisk /'asOrisk/ «. also in L form -iscus [Late

asierstar.]

&

v.

&

Orig.

(sense A.2b)

/-iskas/, pi. -isci /-iskAi/.

L

astenscus i. Gk asteriskos dim. of I The figure of a star (•) used in printing as a reference to a foomote,

\

n.

writing and as a distinguishing or dividing mark, or to replace omitted matter. lME. 2 gen. A little star; something starlike or star-shaped. L17. b Orthodox Ch. A star-shaped utensil placed above the chalice and paten to prevent the veil from touching the elements. L19. B v.t. Mark with an

M18.

asterisk.

asterism

[Gk

/'astariz(3)ni/ n. li6.

astensmos,

f.

A

group of stars; a star, something starshaped. M17-L18. 3 An asterisk or group of asterisks, esp. three printed thus (*,•) M17. 4 Aim. A figure of light having the form of a sixrayed star, seen in certain crystals. M19. see -ISM.] constellation. L16. star:

astern

1

/a'stain/ adv., pred. a.,

&

prep.

lME.

[f.

A

n.'] Chiefly Naut. A adv. & position: in or at the stem; in the rear, behind. (Foil, by of.) lME. 2 Of motion: to the rear, backward; stem foremost. L17. Dickens Keeping half his boat's length astem of 1 Hampson Free as the petrels the other boat. N hovenng astem. M. Lowry If he had expected to leave British snobbery astem with his public school he was sadly mistaken, line asicm: see line n^' 2 R. Dahl TTiey'd have to put her in reverse and go full speed astem. B prep. At the stem or rear of. rare. L17.

prep.'

+ STERN

I

1

Of

/'ast3r3id/

asteroeides starlike,

(.

n.

&

a.

E19.

aster star: see -OID.]

[f.

\

Gk n.

I

Any

of the numerous small planetary bodies which orbit the sun, mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. E19. 2 Zool. An echinoderm of the class Asteroidea, which mcludes the starfishes other than the brittlestars. M19. B ad]. Star-shaped; starlike. M19.

Astron.

Happen (to), befall. LME-L16. •fs V.I. & astart /a'sta:!/ adv. E18. [(. a prep.' 4 + START n.-] With a stan, suddenly, astatic /a'statik/ a. E19. [f. Gk astatos imstable + -ic] Electr. Having no fixed posiuon of stability; esp. not lining up with or otherwise

man,

fl

]

OE-E17. parietal,

asteroid

left.

astare

star

pred. a.

relatives of the victim,

a.]

asterion

aster

L19.

n.

asterism (asterism

lME.

M17.

rise:

/s'sirian/ n.

1

ad

assurgent-

the quality of being assurgent; the

n.

Assunos,

A

{.

[L

ascending; Bot.

Rising,

rise:

L16.

a.

responding to external magnetic

arch. L17.

b but, d dog,

much

valued her as

astable

Proto-Romance, {. 'L ad AS-' + sccurus SECURE a.] fl v.i. Guarantee (a thing to a person); promise (that). LME-L17. 2 v.t. Give confidence to, confirm, encourage. lME. f b Have confidence or trust in. Only in lME. 3 v. Make (a person) sure or cenain (of, that); reft. & asseiirer)

AV

assuredly

(earlier aseiirance),

tb

2 Bacon Man, when he resteth and assureth himselfe, vpon diuine Protection. F. W. Robertson A pure man forgives, or pleads for mercy, or assures the penitent. 3 Spenser Assure your selfe, I will not you forsake. 2 Tim. 3:14 Continue thou in the things which thou hast learned, and hast been assured of J. S. Mill To consider how we are to assure ourselves of its truth. R. Kipling He came in as one assured that thou wouldst not soon return. S. Bellow I felt obliged to visit her, at first, as though to assure her that I

-I-

claims; arrogant. L18.

fassura n. assurance

asthenia

134

aste'roidal a. (Astron.) of or pertaining to an asteroid or asteroids; of the nature of or resembling an asteroid: E19. /ss'Qiinis/ n. L18. [mod.L f. Gk astheneia weakness, f. asthenes weak: see -ia'.] Med. Loss of strength, weakness.

asthenia

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 0 thin,

6

this,

15

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

asthenic /ss'Otnik/ a. & n. li8. [Gk asthemkos, asthencs weak: see -ic] A adj. 1 Med. Of, pertaining to, or characterized by asthenia. L18. 2 (Of physique) lean, narrow-shouldered, and long-limbed; characterized by or pertaining to such a physique. Cf sthenic. E20. I asthenic personality Psychol.: characterized by low energy, lack of enthusiasm, and oversensitivity to

asthenic f.

stress.

B

An

asthenic person; asthenic physique. L19. n.

asthenosphere upper

a

esp.

-o-

person with an

E20. [f. -SPHERE.] Geol.

/as'Bsnssfis/

weak +

asthenes

-I-

Gk

n.

The

of the earth's mantle, below the characterized by a relatively low

layer

lithosphere, resistance to plastic flow.

asthenospheric /ssGena'sfEnk/ the asthenosphere M20.

a.

of or pertaining to

asthma

/'asms/ n. Also fasma. lME. [(med.L Gk asthma, -mat-, f. azein breathe hard.] Difficulty of breathing; spec, such a condition characterized by attacks due to bronchial spasm and often of allergic origin. Comb.: asthma herb, weed Austral, a common tropical weed, Euphorbia piluHfera, used to treat

asma

f.)

asthma.

/as'matik/ n. & a. E16. [L asthtnaiicus f. Gk asthmatikos, {. asthmat-: see «. prec, -ic] A person who suffers from

asthmatic

A

asthma. E16. B adj. 1 That suffers from asthma. E16. 2 Of or pertammg to asthma. E17. 3 Of medicine: of use agamst asthma. Now rare. E18. 4 fig. Puffing, wheezy. E19. 4 J. Beresford An asthmatic pair of bellows. asthmatical a. = asthmatic a. M17 asthmadcally

asthore + star

f a

/ss'60:/ n. Anglo-Ir. E19. [Ir.,

As

treasure.]

a

form

of

O

int.

address:

(my) treasure, darlmg. /'asti/

NW Italy.]

from

M19. [A province

n.

A

still

in

Piedmont,

or (esp.) sparkling white wine

Asti.

spumante

Asti

astigmatic

/astig'matik/

a.

M19.

[i.

as next

+

L19.

astigmatism /3'stigm3tiz(3)m/ n. M19. [f a-'" + Gk stigmat-, -ma point + -ISM.] A defect of the cornea or lens of the eye, or of any lens, mirror, etc., which prevents rays of light from coming to a single focus.

M19. [mod.L, f

/s'stilbi/ n.

Gk

a- a-'"

+

fem. of sttlbos glittering.] A plant of the Astilbe, of the saxifrage family, bearing small inconspicuous white or pink flowers.

stilbe

genus

fasdpulation

li6-ei8. [L astipulatio(n-), f stem of astipulan, f. ad AS-' + STiPiTLATE v.: see -ATION.] Agreement, n.

asttpulat- pa. ppl stipulari

or

cf.

& pred.

L18. [f. A-^ + stir ASTEER.] Stirring, esp. out of bed; in

/s'sts:/ adv.

v.:

a.

motion, excited(ly).

ME. [OFr. estoner Proto-Gallo-Romance, f L EX-' tonare to thtmder: see astoitnd v. stun v. Cf astony ] 1 Stim, stupefy. ME-M18. 2 Amaze,

fastone

Also astun.

v.t.

(mod. etonner)

{.

-I-

[f

i.i6.

n.

consternation, dismay, loss of presence of mind. L16 M19. 3 Amazement due to the unexpected or unaccountable; great surprise. L16. 4 An object or cause of amazement or great surprise. E17. 1 E. TOPSELL Those which are troubled with any deafness or astonishment in any part of their bodies. 2 AV Ps. 60:3 Thou hast made vs to drinke the wine of astonishment. 3 Addison We are flung into pleasing astonishment at such unbounded views. J. Barth I shook my head in astonishment at the whole business. 4 AV Dcut. 28:37 Thou shalt become an astonishment, a prouerbe, and a by-worde.

astony

/a'stoni/

ME.

pa. ppl a.

Now

only as astonied [Obscure var. of astone v.] = arch.

v.t.

ASTONISH.

astoop /a'stuip/ adv. & pred. a. M17. [f A prep.' 4 + STOOP n.'] In an inclined position, stooping, astound /s'staund/ a. arch. ME. [Phonet. devel. of astoned pa. pple of astone.] fl Stunned, insensible. ME-M18. 2 Astonished, amazed,

lME.

confoimded.

/s'staund/ v.t. lME. [Earliest as astounded ppl a., f prec. + -ED'; later back-form. this.]

i.

f

LME-E18.

2

1

Render insensible, stupefy. Shock with alarm or wonder;

astoundingly astonishingly

adv. E19.

n.

ME-L17.

astonied ppl a. see astony v. astonish /s'stonij/ v.t. E16. [Prob.

f. ASTONY or ASTONE + -ISH'^: first recorded as pa. ppl a. Cf ASTOUND v.] f 1 Stun mentally; drive stupid, bewilder; dismay, terrify. E16-L18. t2 Render insensible; paralyse, benumb. M16-M17. 3 Amaze; surprise greatly. E17.

Shakes. Jul. Caes. TTie most mighty gods by tokens send Such dreadful heralds to astonish us. Milton Blind, astonished, and struck with supersution as with a planet. 2 P. Holland TTie one smote the king upon the head, the other astonished his shoulder. 3 AV Matt. 7:28 The people were I

astonished at his doctrine. Gibbon The Romans astonished the Greeks by their sincere and simple performance of the most burthensome engagements. E. Blyton TTiink how astonished the Sticks will be to find the little girl gone -and their dear Edgar shut up in the cave instead! astonish the natives: see native n. 5. .

arm,

e

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

astoimding manner, astoundment n. (profound)

an

in

var. of

astrakhan.

Fr.

see, n hot,

y.

M17.

n.

[f

next,

partly

A

small moulding of semicircular section, esp. placed round the top or bottom of a column. Freq. attrib. MI 7. 2 A ring or moulding round the barrel of a cannon. Mi 7. 3 = astragalus i; in p/. also, dice (for which such bones were formerly used). E18. 4 A thin bar separating panes of glass in a

astragale.]

1

Archit.

window. E19.

astragalus

/3'strag(3)bs/

n.

PI.

-li

I

Am,

astragalar a. (Anat.) of or pertaining to an M19. astragalomancy n. divination by means of dice or knuckle-bones (cf astragal 3) mi 7. astragalus

& pred. a. mi8. [f a-= the strain, straining.

/s'strein/ adv.

n.-

or

V.']

On

+

astrakhan

/astra'kan/ n. Also -chan. M18. [Astrakhan, a city and region in central Asia.] The dark furry fleece of very yoimg lambs from Astrakhan; a cloth resembling this. Red Astrachan: see RED a.

astral

/'astr(3)l/ a.

&

n.

E17. L^-3te

L

astrahs,

f.

astrum star: see -al'.] A adj. 1 Of, connected with, or proceeding from the stars. E17. 2 Starshaped, starlike. L17. 3 Theosophy. Pertaining to or consisting of an ethereal substance supposed to be next above the material world in refinement and to pervade all space. L19. 4 Cytol. Of or pertaining to an aster. L19. 1 astral spirits: those formerly thought to inhabit celesual objects, 2 astral lamp Hist, a kmd of Argand

lamp. 3 astral body the ethereal counterpart of a or animal body.

human

B An

w.

Hist.

1

astral

An

astral

lamp. M19. 2 Theosophy.

body. L19.

astrally adv. (a) according to the stars; through the powers of the astral body: L17.

astrand

/s'strand/ adv.

STRAND

Stranded.

v.']

&

(fc)

in or

pred. a. E19. [f A--

+

& pred. a. ME. [AN var. of pple of estraier stray, ult. i. L extra out of bounds + vagari wander: see A-' and

astray OFr.

/a'strei/ adv.

estraie pa.

saw, a run, u put,

u:

/a'strimi/ adv.

too, 3 ago,

ai

my, au how,

ei

&

pred. a.

.

,

M18.

[f.

h-'

+

or v.] Streaming; in a stream.

n.

v.t. Pa. pple & ppl a. -ed, fastrict. Also fad-. lME. [Orig. pa. f L asinct- pa. ppl stem of astnngere

astrict /s'stnkt/ (earlier)

pple,

astringe ] 1 Bind, compress, constrict, arch. lME. 2 Bind by moral or legal obligation, arch, lME. 3 Restrict, limit, (to). M16. 4 Sc. Law. Restrict in tenure by an obligation to have grain ground at a particular mill. Usu. as astncted ppl a. obs. exc. Hist. M16. astrictive a. (now rare or ohs.) binding, obligatory, astringent: M16.

astriction

Also fad-- mi6. prec: see -ion.] obligation. M16-M17. 2

/3'strikJ(3)n/

[(0)Fr., or

L

n.

astrictio(n-),

as

{.

fl Moral or legal Binding together; constriction; constipation. arch. M16. t3 Astringency. M16-M18. 4 Restriction; spec, in Sc. Law, restriction in tenure by an obligation to have grain ground at a particular mill. obs. exc. Hist. E17.

astride

adv.,

/a'strAid/

+ STRIDE

6

n.]

A

a.,

adv.

& &

prep.

[f A

E17.

(chiefly pred.) a.

With the legs apart or on either side (of). E17. Cowper The playful jockey scow'rs the room

W

astride

upon

astride of a

that astride

the parlour broom.

S.

Smiles

,

,

Sitting

house-roof S G. Goldschmidt Some say nding is safer, fig. A. Alison Napoleon's :

on the Elbe.

B prep. Bestriding. E18. E. M. Forster He sat near her, astride the parapet, with one foot in the loggia and the other dangling into view,

W.

fig.:

Churchill

S,

manoeuvred Bragg out of

all

Rosecrans

his defensive lines astride

the Nashville-Chattanooga railway,

/3'strm(d)3/

ad

+

v.t.

Also fad-. E16. [L

draw tight.] fl Bind morally or legally; oblige. E16-M18. 2 Bind together, constrict; constipate. M16. astnngere, f

AS-'

stringere bind,

/3'strm(d)3(3)nt/ a. & n. M16. [Fr. f pres. ppl stem of astringere: see prec, -ent ] A adj. 1 Causing contraction of the body tissues, styptic M16. 2 fig. Severe, austere. E19. B n. An astringent medicine or substance. E17.

astringent

L

astringent-

astringency

-li:/.

M16. [L f Gk astragalos.] 1 Anat. = TALUS n.' arch. M16. f 2 = ASTRAGAL I. Only in M16. 3 Any plant of the large leguminous genus Astragalus. Also called nulk-vetch. M16.

STRAIN

STREAM

astringe

/'astrag(3)l/

through

astream

the

astraddle /3'strad(3)l/ adv. & pred. a. M17. [f a prep.' 6 + STRADDLE n. ] In a Straddling position, astragal

,

central position astride

astonishment E19.

astrachan

cf STRAY a. ] 1 Out of the right way, wandering. ME. 2 fig. In or into error or sin. lME. I Sir W. Scott NXTiy urge thy chase so far astray? go astray be lost, be mislaid, 2 Shakes. Two Gent. Nay, in that you are astray, E, A, Freeman Evil counsellors had led him astray, J, Baldwin Fathers have you ever had a son who went astray?

prep.'

astound

,

astound; bewilder.

a cat, q:

/.•)'stnnijni(s)nt/

+ -ment ] f 1 Insensibility; paralysis, numbness. L16 M17. f2 Bewildennent, stupor; prec.

astrain

assent; a confirming statement.

astir

astonishment

astride {of).

/spu'manti/ sparkling Asti.

-ic] 1 Penaining to or characterized by astigmatism. M19. 2 Correcting astigmatism.

astilbe

astonishable a. calculated to astonish, f(a) surprising; (b) able to be astonished: E17. astonishedly adv. in an astonished manner, with astonishment E17. astonisher n. M19. astonishingly adv. in an astonishing manner; 10 an astonishing degree; amazingly: M17.

astonish, amaze. L16.

adv. E19.

Asti

astrography

135

astringently

astringent quality

n.

.! J?'.

(Hi.

&

fig.)

E17,

Mi 9,

n. ME-L19. [L, dim. of Gk aster star.] certain precious stone, prob. star sapphire,

fastrion

A

astro-

/'astrao/ comb, form of

Gk

astron star: see

-0-.

astro-archae'ology « = archaeo-astronomy m20. astrobi'ology n. the branch of science that deals with the search for and investigation of extraterrestrial life M20, astrobleme /-bliim/ n. [Gk hllma wound produced by a missile] Geol. an eroded remnant of a large impact crater of extraterrestrial origin M20. astro'chemistry n. the chemistry of matenals present in outer space M20 astrocompass n. an instrument designed to indicate direction with respect to the stars M20. astrocyte n. (Anat.) a star-shaped glial cell of the central nervous system L19, astrocy'toma «,, pi -mas, -mata /-mala/, Med. a brain tumour derived from astrocytes M20, astrodome n. (a) a domed window in an aircraft for astronomical observations, (b) (chiefly US in proper names) a stadium with a domed roof M20, astrohatch n. = astrodome (a) M20. astrometeoro'logical a. of or pertaining to the investigation of the supposed influence of the celestial objects on the weather etc L17. astrometeo'rologist n. an expen in or student of astrometeorology M19. astrometeo'rology n. the investigation of the supposed influence of celestial objects on the weather etc. M19. astronavi'gation n. navigation of aircraft or spacecraft by means of the stars M20. astrophil(e) n. a lover of the stars E18 astrophoto'graphic, -ical adjs. of or pertaining to astrophotography L19, astropho'tography n. the use of photography in astronomy M19 astrothe'ology n. theology founded on observation of celestial objects E18, /a'strografi/ n. M18. [f astro- + Orig., the science of describing the

astrography -graphy stars.

day, su no,

t:

]

Now,

hair,

13

the

near,

mapping of the heavens. oi

boy, ua poor, ai3

tire,

aus sour

astroid n telescope designed fur 'astrop-aph a photographic astrography M20. astro'graphic a. of, pertaining to, used in, or produced by astrography L19

astro- + -oid.] cusps with four ^rescmbhng a square with concave sides), - Rdefined hy the equation a- +

astroid

n. L19. h\poc>'cloid

'asir.nd

A

Mtith.

[f.

\'-"

'

'

L form

astroites. M16. [L asm^iu-s {. Gk asrroiUs: see astro-, -ite'.] 1 = ASTRioN n. .M16 .M18. 2 A star-shaped mineral or fossil. E17 E18. 3 A kind of coral. L17 M19.

fastroite

Freq. in

n.

astrolabe 'astrsleib n. lME. [OFr. astrelabe f med.L astrolabium {. Gk astrolabon use as n. of of instrument neut.

An

star-taking.]

asitvlabos

adj.

to make astronomical used measurements, esp. of the altitudes of stars. astro'labic j of or pertaining to the astrolabe .M20 astro'labical j. (rare) - ASTROLABIC E17. o'strobtri n. H7. [f astro- + The worship of celestial objects. astrologer a'strobdso «. lME. [OFr.

astrolatry -LATRY.)

L

astrologus f. Gk astrologos: or -hgicn f. see ASTRO-, -LOGER.] f 1 An observer of the stars, a practical astronomer. lME-miS. f2 common astrologer, the cock. Only in lME. 3 person who practises astrology (astrology n. 2). E17. ti. tastrolog(ue) an astrologer L.VlE-EiS fastrologian n. an astrologer LAiE-.Mig. jstriiIogi4£

A

astrologic

med.L

astrs'lodjik

-f

\

asrrologicus

f.

Gk

f.

-ic,

astrologist

Of

a. f.

L16.

[f.

L

late

see

astrologia:

penaining

or

of

facts

to

E17.

3'strDl3d3ist/ n.

+

.M20. [f next

f

[n.

Fr. astrologique or

astrotogikos,

-al'.]

M16.

a.

Maners or = next. M17.

pi.

adj.

astr5'lDd3ik(s)l

astrology, astrologically

-1ST.]

An

Chiefly N. Amer.

astrologer.

sstrobdji n. lME. [(0)Fr. astrologia f Gk: see ASTRO-, -logy ]

astrology f

B

L17.

astrological ASTROLOGY,

In

n.

M16

&

n.

asrrologica n.pl.; adj.

next.] astrology. as

astrologic

L

1 1 Astronomy, esp. in its practical aspects, as the measurement of tmie, prediction of natural phenomena, etc. Also more fully natural astrology. L.\iE-Mi9. 2 The supposed art of foretelling or counselling in human affairs by interpretation of the motions of celestial objects. Also more fully ;WiWa/ astrology. Ml 6.

astrometry s'stronutri n. M19. [f -iMETRY.] The measurement of the motions, and magnitudes of astro'metric identified

of or

a.

positions,

stars.

pertaining

to

astrometry; a.

-

ASTRO.METRIC E20.

astronaut crew of

'astrsn.rt

A

n.

ezo.

space-traveller; a

[f astro- after of the

member

a spacecraft.

astronautics

n. E20. [f astroscience and technology of the exploration and utilization of space. astronautical .1 pertaining to or concerned with

astra'naitiks,

after aeronautics. \

The

astronautics or astronauts E20.

astronomer

lME. [f ASTRONOMY -er'.] 1 A person who studies or practises astronomy. lME. t2 = astrologer 3.

lME

s'stronsma

n.

E17.

Astronomer

held by rwo Scotland who are usu. also the directors of the Royal Observatories. 1

astronomers, one

in

Royal: a title England and one

in

astronomical

astr3'nDmik(3)l/ a. M16 [f Fr astronomique or L astronomicus f Gk astronomikos: see ASTRONOMY, -ICAL ] 1 Of or pertaining to astronomy. M16. 2 fig. As enormous as the distances, sizes, etc., typically astronomy; very great. L19. encoimtered 1 astronomical clock: keeping sidereal time. astronomical day: see day n. astronomical telescope spec, a refractor giving an inverted image (opp.

m

terrestnal ulescope).

astronomical triangle

a triangle

on the celestial sphere \\hose vertices are the north or south celestial pole, the zenith, and the position of a given celestial object astronomical unit the mean distance of the earth from the sun, equal to 1.496 x 10' km or approx. 93 million miles, astronomical year. see YEAH n.' 2 P. H. Gibbs Reparations demanded .Avthon-y firom Germany -astronomical sums. b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

j

Huxley

Pollen production pollinated flowers.

astronomic a. = nomically j'

M19. [i. Gk atelss Med. Incomplete dilatation of the lungs; collapse of a lung or pan /ati'lektssis

+

imperfect

n.

ektasis extension.]

of a lung, .atUek'tatik

ateleiosis [{.

L19

a.

stdi'susis,

+

a-'"

Med. Dwarfism due

to

pertaining

to,

pituitarv' insufficiency, -'ntik

s'teliei

n. var.

Atellan Atella

n.

an

studio, esp. of

ateliosis

(a)

n.

L17.

adj.

Atella,

&

A

workshop or

town

a

[L

E17. -an.]

n.

see

farces; farcical, ribald.

Aiellanus, f

A

Of

adj.

or

Campania. S. satirical and licentious

E17.

in

B

«.

A

farcical or

=

[It.

in

A

direction: in the tempo indicated ] Mus. previously, before the direction to deviate from it.

atemporal

/ei't£mp(3)r(3)l/ a.

TEMPORAL

Not temporal,

a.']

L19.

free

[f.

from

a-'"

+

limits of

time, timeless.

Atenism

n. E2o. [f Aten f. of the sim(-god): see -iSM.] Hist. The worship of the sim in ancient Eg\pt, esp. in the reign of Amenophis FV (.Akhnaten) in the 14th cent. BC.

'u:t3niz(3)m/

itn a

name

atenolol /a'tsnslDl/ n. L20. [Perh. f angina tenswn + -o- + proprano/o/.] Pharm. A beta blocker given orally in the treatment of angina and hypertension.

Aterian

a'tiarian/ a. E2o. [Fr. atenen, i. Bir el Ater Algeria -1- -ian.] Archaeol. Designating or pertaining to a form of middle palaeolithic

m

culture found in N. Africa.

a terre Ballet.

adv. & the ground.

a t£:r

On

Athabascan,

u.

phr. E20. [Fr.] Chiefly

&

a'Oeimi

n.

n.

/a'Oaimei,

/ar'Oeimi/. ritual

M20. [Origin unkn

dagger used in

b but, d dog,

f

modem

]

vars.

of

Also arthame black-handled

A

witchcraft.

few, g get, h he,

j

li6. [Fr. atheisme,

n.

Gk

i.

atheos without God, denying God, f as A-'" -Itheos god: see -iSM.] Disbehef in, or denial of, the existence of God or gods (opp. theism,

atheist

/'eiBust/

atheista,

Gk

f.

&

n.

Li6. [Fr. atheiste or

a.

prec,

atheos: see

-ist

A

]

«.

It.

1

A

person. L16. B adj. Denying or disbelieving the. existence of God or gods; godless. L16. athe'istic a. of the nature of or penaining to atheism; of or befitting an atheist; godless, impious: M17. athe'istical a. = atheistic li6 athe'istically adv. E17.

atheize atheos

/'eiOiAtz/

eth-

L17.

Make

-IZE.]

-I-

Gk

[f

atheistic;

&

/'afl(3)l/ a.

[OE

edUi (Du.,

atheUng

G

Long arch, or Hist. Also = OFns. ethele, OS efiili,

edel)

n.

A

Gmc] A

f

adj.

Noble,

ME.

lord, a chief

Also aeth-. adalung, {. OFris. ethelmg, base meaning 'race, family': see

OHG

=

a

{.

An Anglo-Saxon

or

prince

lord,

esp.

Often (A-) used as the epithet of Edgar (d. (1125), grandson of Edmund Ironside and putative heir of Harold II.

athematic

yes, k cat,

leg,

L19.

a.

[f a-'"

+

THEMATIC a. ] 1 Ling. Having suffixes attached to the stem without a connecting (thematic) vowel. L19. 2 Mus. Not based on the use of themes. M20. /aBi'niism/

*-neum. mi8.

Also

n.

[L Athenaeum f. Gk Aihenaion.] 1 (A-.) The temple of the goddess Athene in ancient Athens, which was used for teaching. M18. 2 A readingroom, a library. n8. b A literary or scientific club. E19. 3 (A-.) As the title of various periodicals devoted to literature, science, and an. M19.

Athenian

A

/a'Bimian/

n.

&

E16. [I, Athentensis

a.

f Athenae, Gk Athenai Athens.] A n. native or inhabitant of Athens, the leading city

adj.

&

n.,

of Greece in antiquity and its modem capital. E16. B adj. Of, penaining to, or characteristic of Athens. L16.

atheologian

/ei9i3'l3ud3i3n/ n. rare. E17. [f a-'°

THEOLOGIAN.] A pcrson who knows no theology; a person opposed to or not admitting -I-

theology.

atheology

/ei9rDl3d3i/ ]

[f

L17.

n.

a-'"

-i-

Opposition to theology,

atheological /ei6i3'lDdjik(3)l/ /'ei9i3s/

a.

M17.

a.

Gk

[f

E17.

atheos

(see

ATHEISM) + -ous.] f 1 Atheistic. E17-M19. 2 Not concerned with the existence of God. rare. L19.

atherine /-Ain3/. -INE^.]

1

/aBi'matik, ei-/

athenaeum

m man,

/'aBsrAin/ n. Also M18. [mod.L atherina

=

silverside (b) s.v.

n no, p pen,

r

L17.

atherosclerosis

/,a93r30skli3'r3usis, -skb-/ n. -roses /-'r3usi:z/. E20. [f as prec. -ISCLEROSIS.] Med. A form of aneriosclerosis characterized by the deposition of fatty material in the lining of the arteries, atherosclerotic /-'rntik/ a. pertaining to or characterized by atherosclerosis E2o. PI.

athetesis

/a9rti:sis/ n. L19. [Gk athetesis, f see next ] In textual criticism: the rejection of a passage as spurious,

atheiein:

athetize

/'a9itAi2/

athetos (see next)

In textual spurious. L19.

v.t.

-IZE,

criticism:

Also -ise. L19. [f Gk rendering Gk athetein.]

reject

passage)

(a

as

n. PI. -toses /-'t3usi:z/. without position or place, set -osis.] Med. A form of involuntary slow

/a9i't3osis/

Gk

[(.

aside

-1-

-I-

athetos

writhing movement of the extremities. athetoid /'aOrtDid/, athetotic /-'totik/ adjs. pertaining to, or characterized by athetosis L19. ofpyrst

pred.

/3'93:st/

Now

a.

literary.

of,

[OE

shortened f ofpyrsted pa. pple of ofpyrstan off adv. + thirst v.] Very

suffer thirst; f as

thirsty; yi^. eager, longing, {for).

athlete /'a91i:t/ n. Also in [L athleta f. Gk athletes, {.

form f-eta. lME. contend for a

aihlein

A

f

prize,

L

performer

athlon prize.] 1 competitor or in physical exercises or games. lME.

2 fig. & transf. A strong competitor; a vigorous performer. M18. 3 A person who is physically strong or fit by training and exercise; a muscular or physically robust person. E19. 1 athlete's foot ringworm mfection of the foot. 2 J.

R Lowell The

long-proved athletes of debate. R.

red,

s sit,

SILVER t

L form -ina Gk atherine: see

in f.

n.

& a.

top, v van,

w

make Casanova seem athletic /a9'letik/ n. .

L

athleticus

i.

.

Gk

somewhat puny performer.

a

&

a.

E17. [Fr. athletique or

athletikos: see

prec,

-IC.]

A

n.

smg. & (now) in pi. (often treated as sing.). The practice of or competition in physical exercises (running, jumping, throwing, etc.); N. Amer. physical sports and games generally. E17. t2 An athlete. L17-E19. B adf 1 Of or pertaining to athletes or athletics. M17. 2 Physically powerful or fit; muscular, vigorous. 1

/'a9(3)lir|/ n. obs. exc. Hist.

acpelmg

WGinc,

n.

xpele

OE. B

A

A

Pearl Present-day examples of sexual athletes who

to atheism.

/'eO-/.

OHG

Also -ise.

v.t.

ATHEISM)

(see

-mas, -mata

PI.

n.

Now

athirst

person who denies or disbelieves the existence of God or gods. Opp. theist, (formerly) deist. L16. 2 A person who denies God morally; a godless

atheous

Athataskan.

athame

/'ei9iiz(3)m/

/a93'r3um3/

/-msts/. L16. [L f Gk atheroma, {. athere = athare groats: see -OMA.] Med. 1 sebaceous cyst. rare or obs. L16. 2 deposit or the deposition of fatty material on the inside surface of an anery. Cf next. L19. atheromatous a. of the nature of or characterized

athetosis

of atheize.

var.

v.

theology

a.

-skan

/a03'pask(3)n/

/-'ba-/;

atheism

atheroma

by atheroma

L15. [Arab, at-tannar, f at-

n.

(Hist.) the heir to the throne.

'tEmpsu/ adv. phr. mi8.

/a:

time

Egyptian

atheise

-ing'.]

ribald dramatic composition. E17.

a tempo

of

doctrines

the

a. & n. Also [f Lake -scan. M19. Athabaska in western Canada f Cree Athapaskaw ht. 'grass and reeds here and there', + -AN.] A adj. Of or penaining to a widely-spread N. American Indian people speaking various closely-related languages. M19. B n. 1 A member of this people. M19. 2 Their language group. L19.

Athaba-

[OE

[Fr.]

formerly famous for

Italy,

a

n.

(fc)

or couturier,

artist

a'tsbn a. below): to

ateleiosis;

of ateleiosis.

(see

penaining

of

periods.

illustrious.

&

a.

charactenzed by, or affected with person with ateleiosis: E20.

atelier

/'aOsn.i:/

Athapaskan

athel Also -lio-. E20.

n.

ati:l-

teleiosis.]

ateleiotic

formerly attributed to Athanasius

self-feeding AL-- + tannUr baker's oven.] digesting furnace used by the alchemists, capable of maintaining a steady heat for long

conven

atelectatic

will',

B n. An adherent Athanasius. E18.

the

in -ation.

Atebrin [Ongm

[f

li6.

n.

(formerly) deism). Also, godlessness.

basis of existing ppl adjs. in -ate-', later f. any L vb in -art-; also used to Anglicize Fr. vbs in -er (f L -are).] Forming vbs, as assassinate, associate, fascinate, felicitate, hydrate, separate, vaccinate, etc.

&

a.

A

v.

derivatives,

/a93'neij(3)n/

Athanasius (see below) + -AN.] A adj. Of or penaining to Athanasius (293 373), bishop of Alexandria in the reign of Constantine. L16. Athanasian Creed; that beginning Quicunque vult

athanor

or (0)Fr. -at' (earlier -ee).] denoting (o) office, function, state, etc., or a person, group, or thing having it, as curate, doctorate, electorate, magistrate, mandate, etc.; (fc) Chem. salts or esters of acids (esp, of acids ending in -i R B Sheridan I will endeavour to atone errors. Lytton They endeavoured to atone the the loss by the pursuit of Artabazus.

man,

mi8.

-ic]

A

n.']

prep.

written in any particular key or

one

unity

Compose,

.

a.

-I-

one

/s'top/ adv. & prep. M17. [f. A prep.' 1 adv. On the top (of), above. M17.

atop

for

atomi

the practice of writing atonal

n.

/a'tsun/

at one (s.v.

into

/'at(3)ni/

a'topic

L

E20. atonalist n. E20 ato'nality n. atonal composition E2o. atonally adv. M20.

next.]

&

n.

at

:

mode.

atone

/a'tonik/

atony

being

Gk, f. atonos lacking tone, f. as a-'" + tonos tone n. see -y'.] L^ck of tone of muscle or other body tissue.

anatomy by + atomy.] A

L16. [Prob. but assoc. w. prec]

/ei't3on(3)l, a-/ a. E20.

Aius.

]

relationship,

aionia debility

Med.

li6.

n.- arch.

o{ atomus ATOM,

atonal

harmonious

at one (s.v.

[f.

state of

L19.

atony

skeleton; an emaciated body.

a

L19.

n.

The

-NESS.]

.

An unaccented word, a proclitic. M18. B adj. 1 Med. Lacking tone; characterized by atony. L18. 2 Pros. Unaccented; not bearing the main stress.

atomizing a liquid or solid M19.

atomy

4

E17.

^ atopy

eternity.

atomy

in

.

/at'wAnnis/

+

etc.)

a.

sense B.i f

Hold

v.i.

.

at-oneness

atonic

Also -ise. L17. [f. atom the doctrine of the atomism of matter, rare. Only in L17. 2 i>.t. a Reduce to atoms or (rare) to an atom. Chiefly fig., divide into small imits, fragment, disunite. M19. b Convert (a liquid or solid) into fine particles or spray. M19. 3 v.t. Damage or destroy with nuclear weapons, colloq. M20. 2a J. W. N. Sullivan Maner, electricity, energy, they have all been atomized. I. Deutscher The atomized mass of Moslem labourers did not lend itself easily to propaganda or organization, b D. Bagley TTie rain had slackened and there were no large drops, )ust an atomized mist. 3 A. Wilson Atomized into /'atsmAiz/

-IZE.]

-I-

.

.

(with),

atomistical

atomize

.

are

explain any elements.

Only wrong

etc.).

reparation for or injury; amends; Theol. propitiation of God by expiation of sin. E17. I Sir T. More Having more regarde to their olde variaunce then their new attonement 2a Shakes. Rich. Ill He desires to make atonement Between the Duke of Gloucester and your brothers. P. Massinger A perfect sign of your atonement with me. 4 W. Blackstone No suitable atonement can be made for ihe loss of life, or limb. G. Saintsbury The admirable Dialogues of the Dead which make atonement in prose for the thing written to vex Dryden. N. Mosley It is pan of Christian mythology thai without Christ's execution there would be no atonement for the sins of the world. Day of Atonement the most solemn religious fast of the Jewish year, celebrated on the tenth day of Tishri.

skeleton language of the

mean

strife,

Expiation;

Healey Of the Atomists, some confound all, J. making bodies of coherent remaynders. John Phillips Symbols of chemical constitution, on which there is still some want of agreement among atomists. P. F.

.

all

doctrine or theory which propounds or implies the existence of irreducible constituent imits.

Also

E17.

n.

.

matter consists of minute indivisible particles or atoms. Li?. 2 Any -ISM.]

/'atamist/

WooDWORTH An

jiomus: sec prec, -ic] 1 Of or pertaining to atoms; about or concerned with atoms. L17. b spec. Of, penaining to, or connected with atoms as a soiu-ce of power or destructive force; nuclear; employing or driven by nuclear energy; possessing or employing nuclear w-eapons. E20. 2 Adhering to the doctrine of the atomism of matter. L17. 3 Like atoms in size; minute. E19. 4 Simple, elemental; esp. in Philos., (of a proposition etc.) imanalysable, ultimate. L19. 5 Existing in the form of separate atoms. Opp. molecular. E20. Discmer-s' The quantum of action forms the 1 foundation of atomic ph>'sics. N. Calder All geology .

atomist

atomistic, I that there

:

atomic

atremble

140

atraumatic A-'"

/eitrn:'nialik, a-; -trau-/ a.

+ traumatic] Med. Of

m20.

[I.

surgical techniques

or instruments: causing minimal injury to the tissues,

atraumatically adv. M20.

atremble /a'tremb(3)l/ adv. & pred. A--^ + TREMBLE n. Or V. ] Trembling. f

she, 3 vision, B thin, d this,

r|

ring,

tj

a.

M19. [f

chip, d3 jar

.

atresia /a'trizja, -zja/ n. E19. [f. a-'" + Gk tresis + -ia'.] Med. 1 Absence or perforation occlusion, esp. congenital, of a channel or opening of the body. E19. 2 Degeneration of non-ovulating ovarian follicles during the menstrual cycle. E20. atresic /3'tri:sik, -zik/ a, - atretic L19. atretic

atresia

/a'tretik/ a. pertaining to

atria

or displaying atresia E20.

see atrium.

n.pl.

atrip

&

/s'trip/ adv.

pred. a. E17. [f a prep.' 6

+

Of

yards: swayed up, ready to have the stops cut for crossing. Of sails: hoisted from the cap, sheeted home, and ready for trimming. E17. 2 Of an anchor: just raised perpendicularly from the ground in weighing.

TRIP

w.']

Naut.

1

M17.

atrium

-ia /-la/, -iums. L16. [L.] 1 Archil. A central court, orig. that of an ancient-Roman house; a covered court or portico; (a building with) a large light-well; a central hall or glassed-in coun in a building. L16. 2 Anat. & Zool. Any of various chambers into which one or more passages open; spec, (a) either of the two upper chambers of the heart (in fish, a single chamber), into which the veins conduct blood (cf. auricle i); (b) the tympanic chamber of the ear. L19. atrial a. (Anat. & Zool.) of or pertaining to an atrium M19. atrioven'tricular a. {Anat.) of or pertaining to the atrial and ventricular chambers of the heart; atrioventricular bundle, a bundle of nerves leadmg from the right atrium to the ventricles and serving to mamtain the heanbeat: L19. /'eitnam/

atrocious

PI.

n.

/s'trsujas/ a.

mi 7.

-lous.]

see

cruel:

fierce,

[f.

L

atroc-, atrox

Excessively

1

and

manhood in that atrocious war M. Lowry Spots where diabolical plots must be hatched, atrocious murders planned. 2 J. Thomson The fierce, atrocious frown of sinewed Mars 3 B Bainbridge Her knowledge of German was poor and her accent atrocious. D. M. Thomas TTie weather was atrocious, and for three days we couldn't set foot outside because of a snowstorm. atrociously adv. M18. atrociousness n. (now rare) M18.

mi6. [(0)Fr. atrocite or L prec: see -ITY.] 1 Horrible or heinous wickedness; wanton cruelty. mi6. 2 Fierceness, sternness, arch. M17. 3 An act of wanton cruelty or extreme heinousness; an atrocious deed. L18. 4 A repellent act or thing. /s'trositi/ n.

atrocitas,

colloq. 1

as

{.

LI 9.

Cl-ARENDON TTiey desired

upon

justice

might be done

of their crimes deserved 2 S. Baring-Gould They besiege it with atrocity, striving to break in the doors. 3 F. Fitzgerald The extortion rackets, rape, pillage, and outright mUitary atrocities. offenders,

the

as

atrocity

&

a trots

/a trwa/ a. adv. phr. L19. [Fr.] Shared by, or in a group of, three people. menage a trots: see MANAGE i

atrophy atrophia

/'atrafi/ n.

Gk, =

i.

E17. [Fr. atrophic or late

of food,

lack

f

A-'":

L

see

Med. Orig., wasting away of the of nourishment; emaciation. Now, wasting away of an organ or tissue, through any cause. E17. 2 fig. Wasting away, enfeeblement. mi 7. 1 red atrophy, see RED a. yellow atrophy: see YELLOW a. -TROPHY.]

1

body from

lack

atrophic /a'lrofik/ a. pertaining to, affected by, or characterized by atrophy M19.

atrophy

/'atrafi/ v. L16. [Fr. atrophier {. as 1 v.t. Affect with atrophy. Chiefly in atrophied ppl a. L16. 2 v.t. Undergo atrophy, waste away. Mi 9. I J. S. Mill Organs are strengthened by exercise and atrophied by disuse. R. Fry The pressure of commercial life has crushed and atrophied that creative impulse completely. B. Pym She was too old to learn anything new and her brain had become atrophied. 2 D. Livingstone The horns, mere stumps not a foot long, must have atrophied. K. VoNNEGUT Foresight and the ability to reason have simply atrophied from long neglect. H. Kissinger Causing

prec, or f the n.]

.

a cat, a:

arm,

t

bed,

a:

her,

1

.

sit,

i

cosy,

Viemamese forces in the South owing to normal attrition, t atrophiated />p/ a. atrophied M17-M19. the North

atropine

i:

see, o hot,

0:

to atrophy

10

Also -in /-in/. M19. [{. mod. V. Atropa (belladonna) deadly nightshade, fem. f Gk Atropos 'Inflexible', one of the Fates, + -ine\] Chem. & Pharm. A poisonous alkaloid, C.^HjiNO,, found in deadly nightshade, thornapple, and other plants, and used medicinally esp. to relax muscles and to inhibit secretion. = n. atropine: only in fatropia 19. .atropini'zation n. treatment or poisoning with atropine L19. atropinized a. treated or poisoned with atropine L19. atropism n. atropine poisoning L19.

/'atrapas/ a. M19. [f Gk atropos not turned f A-'" + tropos a turn, + -ous.] Bot. Of inverted fimicle; an ovule: not on its orthotropous.

atropous

/at'sima/ n. & a. PI. of n. same, -s. L19. [Blackfoot, lit. 'good people'.] A member of, of or pertaining to, an Arapaho people of Montana and Saskatchewan; (of) the Arapaho dialect of this people. Also called Gros Ventre.

Atsina

atta

/'ata/ n.

M19. [Hind,

aid, Panjabi dttd.'\ In

the Indian subcontinent: wheat flour or meal.

attaboy

int.

Expr. encouragement or admiration.

attach

/a'tatj/ v.

=

atiacher) III,

It.

&

n.

ME.

[OFr. atachier (mod.

atiaccare, Sp. aiacar, in sense A. II,

f OFr. esiachier fasten,

fix

=

Prov.,

Sp.

Gmc

base (see stake «.')] A I). I v.t. 1 Law. Place or take (a person, goods) under the control of a court; seize or a

f.

arrest by authority. ME. f2 LME-M17. f3 Seize, grasp, M16-L17. t4 Attack. E-M17.

accuse.

Indict,

take

hold

of

Shakes. Hen. nil For France hath attach'd Our merchants goods at Bordeaux. Sir W. Scott 1 attach thee of the crime of which thou hast but now made thy boast. C. M. Yonge The Eari Marshal attached Gloucester for high treason. 2 T. Nashe They shall not easily be attached of any notable absurditie. 3 Shakes. Temp. Old lord, I cannot blame thee, Who am myself attach'd with weariness. J. GuiLLiM The Lion lesse able to attach and rend his Prey. I

.

.

.

.

Usu.

in pass, or refl. 5 Fasten or join (a another, to a point). lME. 6 Join or connect fimctionally to (esp. a person to a group II v.t.

thing

to

etc.); join

on

to

another person as companion

b Allocate or join for service 10 a particular (orig. military) unit etc. E19. 7 Join in sympathy or affection to; bind in friendship, make devoted. Now usu. in pass. MI 8. 8 Fix to something or someone as a property, description, or other adjimct. E19. 9 Attribute (importance, a meaning, etc.) to. M19. 5 G. Fennell The young of the oyster attach themselves immediately to the first clean, hard substance they meet with. J. K. Jerome Attached to the boat-hook was a line, which trailed behind them. W. Trevor Clumps of misdetoe were attached by drawing-pin to the centre of the door-frames. 6 Sir Scott That I should senously consider to which department of the law I was to attach myself J. E. Tennent a cemetery attached to the city P. G. WODEHOUSE He had never specubted on any possible family that might be attached to her Day Lewis What shall I do this afternoon?— attach myself, probably, to Keyes and follow him around in a daze of pure satisfaction, b A. Clarke Since I've been attached to the Pacific branch of the bureau I've more or less adopted Australia as a second home C. Ryan RingsdorTs unit was told to report immediately to a command post. There, a major attached them to a company of the 21st Panzer Grenadier Regiment. 7 J Austen So totally unamiable, so absolutely incapable of attaching a sensible man. D. L. Sayers She has told us herself, with great candour, how she became deeply attached to Philip Boyes. J. Johnston We'll have to decide what we're going to sell and what we're going etc.

Freq.

L17.

refl.

.

.

W

.

C

.

One becomes so attached to things. H Segal Under the influence of a French governess to whom she was very attached. 8 J. Bryce Legends which attached themselves to the name of Charles the Emperor. B Taylor To this treasure a curse is attached 9 H Kissinger The President attached the utmost importance to the avoidance of war. attach credence to: see credence i III v.i. 10 Be attributable or appenain 10; fall to keep.

.

.

.

.

saw, a run, o put,

u:

too, a ago, ai

my, au how,

ei

come

W. KiNGLAKE Blame

A.

upon Lord

attaches

Aberdeen's Cabinet for yielding. H. Belloc There is a flavour of Fame certain to attach to his achievement. N. Mitford She was clever enough to avoid the ridicule which often attaches to such a situation. II Southey Wherever they should make their settlement,

England attached. J. Williams The dower accordingly attached.

there the laws of wife's right to

fB n. 1 An attack (of disease etc.). lME L17. 2 An act of legal seizure; arrest. E16 M17. 3 A thing attached; an attachment. L16-M18. attachable a. liable to be attached; able to be attached (to): L16 attacher n. a person who attaches; a

means of attaching: lME.

attache

/a'tajei/ n. E19. [Fr., pa. pple

of attacher

ATTACH v.] A junior official attached to the staff of an ambassador etc.; a representative of his or her government in a foreign coimtry. cultural attache: see

cultural

2. military attache:

see

military a. Comb. attach^ case a small rectangular case

for

:

documents etc. attacheship n. M19.

carrying

attachment attachenient

slang (chiefly N. Amer.). E20. [Prob. repr. a pronunc. of that's the boy!} /'ataboi/

etc. L18. 11 Take legal into legal operation, arch. E19.

upon as an obligation effect;

/'atrapiin, -in/ n.

estacar (see A-'): ult.

wantonly savage or cruel; heinously wicked. M17. t2 Stem, fierce; extremely violent. Only in M18. 3 Very bad; execrable, colloq. L19. 1 T. Pennant Here all atrocious criminals were excluded P H Gibbs Your pity for the world's young

atrocity

attack

141

f.

/a'tatjm(a)nt/ atachier

Apprehension or

ATTACH

arrest,

esp.

lME.

n. v.

:

for

[(0)Fr.

see -MENT. ]

1

contempt of

court; a writ authorizing this. lME. 2 Legal seizure of property. L16. f3 Confinement, rare (Shakes.). Only in E17. 4 .Affection, devotion; a sympathetic, friendly, or romantic cormection. E18. 5 Something attached, or intended to be attached; an adjimct. L18. 6 The action of fastening, joining, affixing, or attributing; the condition of being fastened etc. E19. 7 A means of attaching; a fastening, a bond. E19. 1 T. Shadwell I'll follow and apprehend him, and his attachment will secure me. J. Galsworthy If you wish to give me your information, you can; otherwise I'm afraid we shall have to get an attachment for contempt. 2 attachment of earnings the payment of debts by direct deduction from the debtor's earnings, under a court order 3 fig.: Shakes Tr. Cr. Sleep kill those pretty eyes. And give as soft attachment to senses thy As infants' empty of all thought! 4 Sir Scott The lover's eye discovered the object of his attachment. J. Galsworthy At the most a flirtation, ending, as all such attachments should, at the proper time. H. A. L. Fisher A fierce attachment to the faith of their ancestors. E. Longford The Duke's romantic attachment to the lovely Marianne Patterson was no fabrication 5 D. Nobbs There was a hand-held shower for washing the back, and he utilized this attachment to the full. 6 R. Owen The rest of the cranium is modified for the attachment of muscles to work the jaw. C Caudwell Their desertion of their class and their attachment to another. F. HoYLE The attachment of mystic significance to symbols, words, and objects is still widespread today. 7 J E. Tennent The falling timber dragging those behind to which it is harnessed by its living attachments.

&

W

.

.

attack

/a'tak/ n. M17. [f the vb or Fr. attaque f. atlacco.] 1 An act of attacking with violence or weapons; an attempt to defeat, kill, or mjure; offensive action. M17. 2 An assault with hostile words or other actions. M18. 3 Chess. A move or series of moves played with the object of checkmating, gaining a positional advantage, or capturing a man. Also, an opening or opening variation played by White. M18. 4 Sports & Games. An attempt to gain a scoring or other significant advantage; play, moves, or tactics aimed at gaining such an advantage; (the function of) those members of a team whose principal responsibility is to mount attacks; Cricket bowling or the bowlers (as opp. to batting or the batsmen); Lacrosse any of three players in a team whose positions are nearest the opponents' goal. L18. 5 A (sudden) bout of an illness, a mental condition, etc. E19. 6 The beginning of an arduous task; a determined attempt upon something. E19. 7 A destructive action by a physical agency; corrosion, eating away, dissolution. M19. 8 Chiefly Mus. The action or manner of begirming a piece, passage, etc.; brilliance or decisiveness of style. L19. I Milton The dire attack Of fighting Seraphim. Ij) Macaulay a night attack might be attended with success. J G. Farrell Not a single day had gone by without news of a raid or shooting or terrorist attack It.

day, so no,

c:

hair,

13

near,

ni

boy, us poor, \is tire, aoa sour

1

attack somewhere

me

in Ireland. 2

in the Press

and

H. Wilson The anacks on

in politics. 5 L.

M. Montgomery

the \icum of an overwhelming attack of stage fright V Brittain I had been really ill with a sharp attack of mfluenza. hi\in aiiack: see heart n.

Aimc was

VASOVAGAL jajck. 6 A. KotSTLER Kepler's first attack on the problem is described, angle of attack: ber^veen the wing chord of an aircraft in flight and the direction of the airflow. 8 A. L. Haskell Riabouchinska is not a purely classical dancer, lacking the necessary hardness and attack. H C. Schonberg His fortissimo attack had an almost savage qualit)'.

attack

anaccare join (battle), attach f. ] I v.t. 1 Act against with x-iolence or force of arms; seek to kill or injure. E17. 2 Of disease: begin to affect; seize upon, afflict. E17. 3 Act against with hostile words or actions. M17. 4 Chess. Attempt to gain a positional advantage in relation to (a piece or square); threaten to give checkmate to or capture (a man). M18. 5 Spom & Games. Attempt to gain a scoring or other significant advantage over (an opponent); attempt to score points, goals, etc., against (an opponent) or in (a particular goal etc.). L18. 6 Of a physical agent: act harmfully upon, begin to destroy; corrode, dissolve. L18. 7 Begin vigorous work on (a task etc.); Alus. begin (a piece, passage, etc.), esp. decisively or confidently. E19. VT. S. Churchill 673 horsemen, led by Lord 1 Cardigan, rode up the valley under heavy fire to attack the Russian batteries. D. MoRRts Killers (whales] prefer to attack aquatic mammals such as 3'tak/ v. E17. [Fr. attaquer

f.

It.

.

.

dolphins, porpoises, seals, [etc.]. E. Caldwell Several teen-age girls and young women had been attacked by a mghttime prowler, fig.: R. G. Collingwood I was

attacked by a strange succession of emotions. 2 F. A. Ke.mble Rheumatism attacks mdiscriminately the young and old. 3 Milton Under colour of a pretended partie the Parliament is attaqued. G. Green? There were speakers out on the Common: the I. L P. and the Communist Party, a man attacking Stewart Hydrofluonc acid ChnsQanitj-. 6 B anacks the glass where the wax has been scratched off. 7 Shelley Mrs. Shelley is attacking Latin with considerable resolution. H. C. Schonberg Notes of scales could not have been more evenly matched chords could not be attacked more precisely. .

.

.

.

.

;

Make

or begin an attack; take the to checkmate, to gain a positional advantage, or to capture an opposing man; Sports & Games attempt to gain a scoring or other significant advantage, be in possession of the ball, puck, etc. E17. 8 Donne Ere sicknesses attack, yong death is best. A. J. P T.AYXOR On 8 August the British attacked in front of Amiens, in order to protect the railway junction there. Times Kent attacked with fire and fury and it seemed impossible that they should fail to score. attackable a. E19. attacker n. a person who attacks, an assailant; an attacking player: M17. I'. I.

8

offensive; Chess

attain a'tein OFr. aiaign-,

anempt

v.

&

n.

ME. [AN

atain-, atein-,

stem of atamdre, aleindre amngere touch on, reach, f

ateign-,

(mod. atteindre), f. L ad AT- + langere to touch.] ATTAINT pa. ppk & ppl a.) I

A

(See also v.t. 1 1 Convict, condemn; bring to justice. Only in ME. 2 Accomplish, achieve (an end or purpose reach, gain (a stat.>, rank, or quahty). ME. 3 Reach or arrive at by motion in space or time, or by the passage of time. lME. t4 Encroach on. Only in lME. f5 Overtake, come up with, catch. LiME~Ei7. 6 Come into the possession of, acquire, obtain, (now usu. something immaterial, passing into sense 2). lME. t7 Get v.

,

to

know, find

strike.

out.

LME-M17.

f 8 Touch,

hit,

L15 L16.

J.

D

.

b but, d dog,

f

by to, unto, get to know, fmd out. M16-E17. 9 W. Cowper To see your trees attain to the dignity

Foil,

J. Laski He had attained to the highest at an exceptionally early age. J. After ten years in various parts of Asia he had attained to a somewhat fastidious valuation of places and happenings. 10 AV Acts 27:12 If by any meanes they might attaine to Phenice. Sir W. Scott Nor nearer might the dogs attain. He has attained to years of discretion.

few, g get, h he,

j

Only

thatching,

made attar

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

Palm fronds used

esp.

Also Arab,

otto /'otau/. M17. Arab, 'atar perfume, essence.] A fragrant volatile essence, esp. (more fully attar of roses) that obtained from 'itr,

(earlier)

colloq.

'itr,

rose-petals. fig.

:

Hardy That buzz

T.

of pleasure which

is

Comb: attar-gul /gul/

gul roses]

[Pers.

attar

/s'teinda/

atteinder,

use

atteindre

ATTAIN

as

n.

v.:

lME. [AN

n.

of inf

atteal

Sc.

/'ati:l/ n.

(esp. Orkney). L16. [Origin

A pochard, teal, or other small duck. attemper /a'tempa/ v.t. arch. ME. [OFr. atemprer (mod. attremper) L attemperare, ad

see -ER'.]

attainder,

attemder,

]

Hist.

1

The

of attainting; spec, the legal consequences of a sentence of death or outlawry, i.e. forfeiture of estate, deprivation of rank or title, and loss of civil rights generally. lME. f2 fig. Condemnation; dishonour; slander. L16-M18. 1 act or bill of attainder: one introduced in Parliament for attainting a person without trial. 2 Shakes. Rich. II Have mine honour soil'd With the attainder of his slanderous lips. S Johnson A resumption of ancestral claims, and a kind of restoration to blood after the attainder of a trade.

attainment

/3'teinm(3)nt/ n. mi6. [f. attain v'' The action or process of attaining, reaching, or gaining. M16. 2 Something which is attained; an achievement, an accomplishment.

+ -MENT.]

.

1

T F

Dibdin

attemperament

a

prelate

and

poet

of very

distinguished attainments.

mixture

t6 = attainder

n.

/s'tgmpsreit/ v.t. mi6. [L attemperat- pa. ppl stem of attemperare: see prec, |1 Moderate, regulate; accommodate or

Only

I.

adapt

.

M17-M19.

attempt

M16. [f the vb.] 1 An accomplish something uncertain or difficult; a trial, an endeavour (esp. when unsuccessful or incomplete). M16. 2 An attack, an assault; an effon to conquer or to kill (now usu. w. specification, as an attempt on the summit of, on the life of). L16. f b An endeavour to seduce; a temptation. E-M17. f3 Something attempted, an aim. E17-L18. 4 Something produced in an endeavour or effort. L19. 1 Shakes. Macb. They have awak'd. And 'tis not done. Th' attempt, and not the deed, Confounds us. J. M. Barrie [He] flung away his hfe in a gallant attempt act of

in 17.

.

pple & ppl a. ME. [OFr. ataim, pple of ataindre, ateindre ATTAIN v. :

by taint

v.] 1 Convicted, attainted. 2 Affected with sickness, passion, etc.; ME-E16. 3 Exhausted, overcome.

ME-Mi8. infected.

to

LME-E16. attaint /s'teint/ v.t. ME. [f prec: uid. by taint f. ] fl Touch, reach, strike; accomplish, get at. ME-M16. t2 Convict, prove guilty. lA4E-mi8. 3 Subject to attainder. lME. 4 Accuse of crime,

To

be attainted

is,

that his

/3't£m(p)t/

making an

save

servant

a

Marquand

I

anempt

it.

at

n.

effort to

who had

tried to smile,

Durrell

L.

but

made

failed so far. make an attempt try. 2 S. Rohmer I know that Fu-Manchu will make an attempt upon him. J. Masters Your adjutant has just told me about the attempt on the Karode bridge. Seven successive attempts on the Encycl. Bni. Northeast Ridge failed, b AV Ecctus 9:4 Vse not .

much

the

.

companie of

a

woman

that

as stained

W

anaynted With coveytous and ambycyon. Spenser Lest she with blame her honour should attaint.

attaintment fattainture

/3'tEm(p)t/ v. lME. [OFr. attempter, Latinized form of atenier (mod. aaenter) (. L attemptare, f. ad AT- + temptare TEMPT v.] I v. t. Try to accomplish (an action); make an effort, use one's endeavour, to do something. lME. 2 v.t. Attack, assault; try to take by force, overthrow, kill; try to take (a person's life). lME. f b Try to ravish or seduce. E17-M18. t3a v. I. Make an attack against, (up)on. LME-L17. b

dishonour,

fattame

stain: v.t.

foot.

(rare) conviction, attainder M16. conviction; attainder; imputation of

n.

n.

M16-M17.

ME.

[OFr. atamer

{.

L

attaminare

to tame f.-'] 1 Cut ME-L15. b Broach (a cask etc.).

to attack: see at-. Aphet.

v.t.

into, pierce.

v.t.

man,

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

I

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

a singer, least

W

.

attempt

Dryden The same shivering sweat his lord attaints. De Quincey Even to have kicked an outsider might have been held to attaint the

is

Paley His thou be taken with her attempts. 3 immediately from design and attempt was to sail Greece. 4 P V White The trellis, its attempt at grapes mildewed by the humidity, attemptless a. (rare) L16.

Blood be held

and corrupted. H. P. Brougham IV's victory, they unanimously attainted Henry IV. 4 D. Howells Who are you to attaint me of unworthy motives? 5 J. Skelton They be so

Law,

J.

poor meet her

a rather

All attempts to

.

in

overboard.

fallen I

have

dishonour, etc. arch. E16. 5 Affect or infect with disease, contagion, corruption, etc.; sully, taint. E16. 3 Hobbes

temperature as

attempe'ration (now rare or obi.) E17. n. n. (Brewing) a system of water pipes for controlling the temperature of the fermenting wort M19 n. attempered condition I attemperature

pa.

pa.

in

attemperator

soul thereby.

ateint

M16-E18. 2 Modify

to.

required. E17.

Shakes Hen. VHe freshly looks, and over-bears attaint With cheerful semblance and sweet majesty. 5b D G RossETTi Among the faults Are two so grave that some attaint is brought Unto the greatness of his

later infl.

to a proper temper,

-ATE'.]

1

f attaint

n. the bnnging due proporuons: mi 7.

in

attemperate

n. ME. [OFr. atatnte, ateinte, use as n. of fem. pa. pple of ataindre, ateindre ATTAIN v.] -fX Exhaustion, fatigue. (Cf attaint pa. pple & ppl a. 3.) rare. ME-L16. 2 The act of touching or hitting, esp. in jousting. Cf earlier taint n. I. arch. E16. if 3 A contusion or wound on the leg of a horse, esp. one caused by overreaching. E16- M18. 4 Law (now Hist.). The process of convicting a jury for having given a false verdict, and reversing the verdict. E16. 5f a (A temptation to) a dishonourable act. Only in M16. b Imputation or touch of dishonour, stain.

attaint /s'temt/

L16.

.

stnngs.

M17. 2

{.

AT- -I- temperare TEMPER v.'] fl Regulate, control; order, arrange. ME-L18. 2 Qualify, modify, or moderate by admixture; temper. lME. 3 Make warmer or cooler, obs. exc. as passing into sense 2. lME. 4 Moderate, assuage (passion, harshness); soothe, appease, (a person). lME. f5 Restrain. Usu. refl. LME-M16. 6 Make fit or suitable; acconunodate, adapt. Foil, by to. lME. 7 Attune, bring into harmony. Foil, by to. L16. 1 T. Cranmer The Holy Ghost hath so ordered and attempered the Scriptures. 2 HOR. Walpole The most perfect taste in architecture, where grace softens dignity, and lightness attempers magnificence. 3 Evelyn Attemper the air with a tire of charcoal. 4 Bacon How the Habit, To be Angry, may be attempred, and calmed. 6 E. B. Pusey God often attempers Himself and His oracles to the condition of men. 7 Pope High airs, attemper'd to the vocal

(0)Fr. action

process

or

of

roses.

f.

attainder

the

attar of applause.

imkn

a.

n.

/'ata/ n.

[Pers.

OED

B

Also atap. £19.

[Malay atap in SE Asia for those of the nipa palm; a thatch of these. Freq. attrib. /'atap/

roof, thatch.]

Hilton

n. Attainment; a thing attained, rare. M16. attaina'bility n. anainableness E19. attainable able to be attained M17. r>t ainableness n. M17.

2 Attack; meddle with. Only in 3 Begin, undertake. Only in lME.

lME.

under Anne

office

lME.

in

attap

of timber. H.

On Edward

Wesley Let me

the Life Divine attain. A. J. ToYN'BEE Buenos Aires is a great modem city that has attained its present stature gradually. Jacobson I never came close to attaining any of my goals. R. Adams She was a woman who had already attained a position of authonty and trust. 3 Southey Now had they almost attam'd The palace portal. S. Bellow I might be concerned with age merely because I might never attain any great age. 6 Ld Berners To atteyne thereby the towne of Berwike. J. Conrad At that moment I attained the knowledge of who it was I had before me. H. J. Laski A new class of men attained control of the nation's economic power. 7 Caxton Secretes that humayne nature may not attayne,

2

knowe, ne understonde. 8 G. Chapman Yet him beneath the eare The sonne of Telamon attain'd. II V.I. Usu. with to, (arch.) unto. 9 Succeed in coming or get to a state, condition, goal, etc. lME. 10 Succeed in coming or get to a point in space; live on to a time or age. lME. f 1 Extend, reach; amount; matter. lME-mi6. {12

.

.

II

attempt

142

J

Venture

(hostile action) (up)on.

E17-M18. t4

a Try with temptations; seek to win over;

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, 6 this,

!)

nng,

tj

chip, dj jar

1

attend tempt. lME M19. E16 M17.

b

Try to

with obtain

afflictions.

summoned. 6 Depoe Hired nurses who attended

or

infected people. G. Stein He would not let a doctor Cr. All come in to attend Melanctha. 7 Shakes. Tr.

attract

&

(friendship etc.). lME-miS. f 6 v.t. Try to move by entreaty etc.; address urgently. M16-L17. 7 v.i. gen. Try to attain, venture upon, or engage with (the object of any action understood). M16.

.

Shakes. Oth.

.

.

.

W

anempt the minde of Man b vam do'st thou attempt me. 5

tarry.

Taylor O Pain, in Johnson Shall No

Jer.

.

.

cnes attempt the mercy of the skies? 6 Milton I have the lords With supplication prone and attempted father's tears. To accept of ransom for my son 7 J. Courage and Hardiness to attempt the Seas. Day Ray Lewis TTiough I was shamed into attempting The Ambassadors and the Recherche, I rejected these masterpieces. Encycl Brit. Tins expedition was the eighth team in 30 years to attempt Everest. attemptable a. (rare) M17 fattemptate n. an attempt; esp. a violent or criminal attempt, an attack, an assault: lME-eiS. attempter n. a person who makes an attempt L15. attempdble a. (rare) attemptable E17. .

.

.

.

.

attend

/a'tsnd/

ME.

v.

[OFr.

.

atendre

(mod.

anendre wait for) f L f. ad attendere stretch. Aphet. to TEND i'.'] I Give one's attention, effons, or presence (to). 1 v.t. (arch.) & i. (w. to, (arch.) unto, or absol.). Pay attention, listen, (to); apply one's mind, give thought, (to). ME. 2 v.i. (w. to, fro do, (arch.) umo, -fupon) & fr. Turn one's energies, apply w. to. oneself practically, (to). ME. 3 v.t. & Direct one's care to (a matter); look after, tend, (w. on, guard, (somethmg). lME. 4 v.t. &

+

anendere,

i.

i.

&

church, and attend to the dinner yourself 3 Pope Leave only two the gaily to attend. Day Lewts After the hens had been attended to, the sisters would sit shelling peas. 4 Shakes Two Gent. We'll both attend .

your

ladyship.

Dryden

Officious

.

.

D

T

OED

e

bed,

s:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, o hot,

stale that attends

lady attended as

men

all

if

n.

= attendant

attendance

/3't£nd(3)ns/

atten'dee

after this.

she expected

1

2 L. Sterne

should go on.

M20. attender n

3

n.

I

lME.

lME. [OFr.: see I. LME-M19. f2 LME-L17. 3 The action or n.

prec, -ANCE.] fl = ATTENTION

= attention condition

2.

upon or accompanying

of waiting to render

someone

service;

ministration,

assiduous service. lME. 4 TTie action or condition of awaiting the leisure, convenience, or decision of a superior. lME. 5 The action or fact of being present at a meeting, function, etc., or when summoned. lME. f6 Waiting; delay; expectation. LME-M17. 7 A body of attendants, a retinue, arch. lME. 8 The body or number of people present at any proceedings. M19. good attendance on his 3 Defoe Reputation for customers. 5 Pope The King in council your attendance waits. D. L Sayers Whatever fantastic pictures she had conjured up of mamed life none of them had ever included attendance at village concerts. P. Scott Her own attendances had fallen off, and she had not gone to communion for years. 6 R. Hooker That which causeth bitterness in death, is the languishmg attendance and expectauon thereof W. Raleigh Compelled to put the matter in hazard without further attendance 7 R Graves He had a meagre attendance of four or five young officers, who clung to him from loyalty 8 B. James The poor attendance, only 35,000, was attributed to the strong counter-attraction of the Oxford-Cambndge Boat .

.

.

.

.

.

,

.

Phrases: dance (or f wait) anendance (on) follow about obsequiously, be deliberately kept waiting (by) in attendance waiting upon someone, attending. Comb.: attendance allowance a social-secunty benefit payable to a severely disabled person needing constant attendance at home (formerly constant attendance allowance); attendance centre a place where young delinquents must attend regularly instead of bemg sent to prison; attendance officer a person whose duty it is to see that children attend school

attendant

/3'tEnd(3)nt/ attend v., -ant'.]

see

Closely

A

Waiting

2

&

a.

lME.

[(0)Fr.: adj. fl Attentive. upon, ministering; n.

consequent

d:

upon);

(on,

resulting,

associated. E17. 2 Milton Other Suns With thir attendant Moons thou wilt descrie. Ld Macai;lay Fresh meat was never eaten by the gentlemen attendant on a great Earl. R. L. Stevenson Alone, on the other side of the railway, stands the Springs Hotel, with its attendant cottages. 5 R Laing The anxieties attendant on the schizophrenic's phantasmic omnipotence. H Macmillan The revolt in the capital city with all its attendant horrors. B «. 1 person in attendance or providing service; servant, assistant, subordinate a companion, etc. M16. 2 close consequence, an person accompanying circumstance etc. E17. 3 .

D

.

A

A

present at a meeting etc. M17. Milton Least sin Surprise thee, and her black I ladies, who With attendant. Death. Byron Two is

.

saw,

.

.

.

them

.

Pope The laugh, the jest, D. H. Lawrence She was morning service.

the other. 2 attendants on the bowl. 3 off ai

a regular

attendant

at

.

.

ME.

[OFr. atente (mod. attent att-) use as n. of fem. pa. pple of atendre attend v.; in OFr. conf. w. entente intent n. ] fl Intention, purpose. Only in ME. f 2 Attitude. L15. 3 Attention; care, heed. ME. /a'tent/

arch.

n.

ME

attent

[L anentus pa. pple Attentive (to); intent

/a'tsnt/ a. arch. L15.

of attendere attend v.] (on).

attentat -ate

(pi. same); in Also (now only in sense 2)

/in sense I foreign atata

sense 2 a'tsntat/

n.

[(0)Fr., or med.L atteniatum, ppl stem of attentare var. of

/-eit/. E17.

pa.

attentat-

f.

L

ATTEMPT v.] 1 An attack; an attempted assassination. E17. 2 Law. Something wrongfully done by a judge in a proceeding, pending an appeal. E18. attemptare

attention

n. lME. [L attentio(n-), f. stem of attendere ATTEND v.: see

/3't£nJ(3)n/

attent- pa. ppl

-ION.] 1 The action, fact, or state of attending or giving heed; the mental faculty of attending, application of attentiveness; the mind, thought. lME. 2 Practical consideration, consideration, observant care. M18. 3 The action of attending to the comfort or pleasure of others; ceremonious politeness, courtesy. Freq. in pi. M18. 4 Orig. Mil. An erect attitude of readiness; chiefly as at or to attention. Also as int., a command to assume such an attitude. L18. 1 Shakes. Rich. II The tongues of dying men Enforce attention like deep harmony W. Lindgren Brought to my attention three specimens of a mineral. Day Lewis I must have weakened my capacity for attention and observation. E. Roosevelt Whenever he read anything aloud like this, he acted it straight through, which was why he held the attention of the children so well, attract attention; draw attention pay attention (to), etc. call attention to: see CALL V. SELECTIVE attention. 2 Encounter Please address it for the attention of John Hall. 3 Chesterfield Nice and scrupulous, in points of ceremony, respect, and attention. P. Ackroyd He fed my vanity with his little to;

give,

pay one's attentions to court. 4 G. B Shaw Remember that you are in the army now Attention! Left tum! Quick march. C. S Forester Each officer tum came up to attention as his name attentions,

.

.

m

was spoken. attentional

a.

of or pertaining to the mental faculty

of attention L19.

attentisme

n. M20. [Fr., f. anente attent n., -ism.] The poHcy of see what happens.

/atatism/

a run,

o put,

u:

waiting to

attentive

too, 3 ago,

ai

.

my, au how,

ei

lME.

[(0)Fr. atteniif, Steadily applying one's mind or energies; intent, heedful. lME. b = ATTENTIONAL a. L19. 2 Assiduously attending to the comfort or wishes of others; polite, courteous. L16. attentively adv. lME. attentiveness n. lME. -ive,

f.

as

/a'tentiv/

ATTENT

a.

+

n.

-rvE.]

1

a. & n. E17. [Fr. attenuam f. L attenuant- pres. ppl stem of attenuare: see next, -ant'.] Med. A adj. Having the property of

fattenuant

thinning the secretions. E17-M19. B n. A drug or other credited with this property. agent

E18-M19.

attenuate

/a'lEnjoat/ a.

lME. [L

attenuatus pa.

f as next: see -ate-.] 1 Slender, thin; emaciated; tapering to thiimess. lME. 2 Thin in consistency; weakened, rarefied, refined, arch. pple,

lME. attenuate

/s'tenjueit/ v. M16. [L anenuat- pa. ppl stem of attenuare, f. ad AT- + tenuare make thin, f. tenuis thin: see -ATE^.] 1 v.t. Make thin or slender. M16. 2 v.t. Make thin in consistency; dilute;

rarefy.

Weaken; reduce in M16. b Physics. Reduce (an oscillation, esp. an

M16. 3

.

A

who

their attendant aided our escape Saki He left all the parcels in charge of the cloak-room attendant. Arnold was feeding the sheets at one Bennett An attendant taking end of the machine and another attendant

wait, waiting: see

Race.

.

Nymphs,

D

a cat, a: arm,

The The

5

attending in a Ring Southey Following the deepveil'd Bride Fifty female slaves attend L. Sayers The prisoner was brought in, attended by a female wardress. J. Buchan The High Commissioner and his wife are attended by a lady-in-waiung, by several maids of honour, and by four A C 's 5 Boston Transcript To attend church tomorrow in the Bloomer costume. Hardy This fair was frequently attended by the folk of Weatherbury. He attends regularly at the City Temple R Macaulay He wanted to know what churches she had been used to attend when in London J B. Priestley She died about ten days later, and I didn't even attend her funeral. J. Wain He had arranged to attend the hospital as an out-patient. Jo Grimond He never attended unless personally .

—

accompanying in a subordinate capacity. lME. f3 Lmw. Dependent on, owing service to. LME-M17. 4 Present at a meeting etc. rare. L16.

.

upon

Wait,

10 J. Ray So dreadful a Tempest that all the People attended therein the very End of the World. 1 Smollett Here I attend The king and lo! he comes. T. Walker The first breath / of a day breeze blows and quiet- / ly he attends a new night, fig.: J. Locke

LME-M17.

ministers, attending continually vpon this very thing Pope The maids dispersing vanous tasks attend. I CoMPTON-BuRNETT Well, Nance, send the servants to

v.i.

M16-M18.

.

(arch.) upon, or absol.). Wait on as a servant or attendant, or in answer to a summons; escort; follow or accompany for the purpose of rendering services. lME. 5 v.t. & i. (w. at, ^on, or absol.). Be present at or go to (a meeting, function, etc., or its location); go regularly to ((a) school, (a) church, etc.). lME. 6 v.t. Apply oneself to the care of, tend, (a person, esp. an invalid); visit (a patient) professionally. L16. 7 (rare) (w. on). Of things (usu. v.t. i. immaterial): accompany, occur with or as a result of; follow closely upon. E17. fS v.t. Follow up or conjoin (a thing) tuith another. E17-L18. +9 v.t. & I. (w. to). Follow in order to coimter or defeat. L17-E19. I Shakes Cymb. I do condemn mine ears that have So long attended thee. AV Ps. 17:1 O Lord, attend vnto my crie. Pope TTius Chryses pray'd: the favouring power attends. E. M. FoRSTER Mrs. Honeychurch started and smiled. She had not been anending, J, W, KRtJTCH Everything seems designed to be glanced at rather than attended to. 2 S. Daniel First, he attends to build a strong conceipt Of his usurped powre. AV Rom. 13:6 They are Gods

.

.

time, etc.; fa person), arch. L15. f 12

.

S.

H. Fielding Our

dire a project.

food was attended with some ale. E. Bowen The birth of the third of her little boys, attended by a quite serious illness. J. Cheever The song, attended with laughing and clapping, came from the far end of the basement. F Weldon The shock, dismay and disagreeable nostalgia which attends any untimely and had violent death. 8 G. Anson The Governor and had attended it returned a very obliging answer with a present of two boats. 9 Clarendon He was strong enough to have stopped or attended Waller in his western expedition. H Nelson Cruizing off Cadiz for the purpose of attending to L'Aigle, and securing the approach of our Convoy. II Wait for. f 10 v.t. Look forward to, expect. LME-L17. 11 v.t. Look out for, await (an event,

If

.

on so

fears attending

thou attempt it, it will cost thee dear. D. Hume To embolden her to attempt extorting the right of investitures. R. Graves Tiberius answered that his troops were not yet fit to attempt the task. VP Trevor He attempted to smile back at him, but found it difficult 2 Defoe How I should escape from them, if they attempted me. J. Morse Those rash hands which attempted his father's crown. J. Langhorne They attempted the Capitol by night. 3a CoNGREVE Look that she attempt not on her life, b Shakes. Hen. VUl If you cannot Bar his access to th' King, never attempt Anything on him. 4a Spenser Why then will ye, fond dame, attempted bee Unto a Hinder'd not Satan to stranger's love? Milton God I

attenuate

143

v.t.

force, effect, value, etc.

the

amphtude

of

signal).

electrical

of

virulence

pathogenic

organisms

attenuated ppl

e:

hair,

la

L19.

a.

etc.; weaker, amplitude. M19.

day, ao no,

L19.

c

(pathogenic

near,

esp.

31

in

4

Med.

Reduce

organisms) (vaccines).

v.i.

Become

(Physics)

boy, 03 poor,

or

the of

Usu.

as

slender,

decrease

ai3 tire,

in

aua sour

attenuation I E. YoroG The spider's most ancnuated thread. 2 C. Lamb Attenuated small beer. 3 J. Galsworthy '1 They were, and reached expect we shall be sick London somewhat attenuated. T. Sharpe My 1 am not prepared to attenuate conditions are final. them H Acton Experience had attenuated and finally extinguished Nancy's Socialist sympathies. fanenuatcr n. (,Med.) - attenvant n. L17-L18. aRcnuator n. f(a) = ATTENtJANT n. (Diets.); () Physics a dence which produces anenuation: L19. '

.

.

anenuation

,-it£njo'eiJ(3)n/

lME.

n.

[Fr.

jnc-nu.

test

f.

sense or organs of hearing. L16. 2 Pertaining to an auditorium, rare. M18. la aiidtlory scanning: see SCANNING n. audi'torily adv. by means of hearing or listening M20.

.

:

B

augur

147

or

augury;

(ft)

significant

ominous: E16. augurate

augurous

/'.iigjuras/

a.

anxious E17 augurship

day, ao no,

r.:

hair,

13

near,

ni

n.

n.

of the future, lucky or the position of augur M18 (rare)

full

= AUGURATE

of foreboding, n.

E17.

boy, ua poor, ai3 dre, aoa sour

augur augur 'o:y,-> L uug}iran.]

M16. f.

1

f.

[f.

prcc:

f.

Usher

(0)Fr. augi'rer (or in) with

cf.

in

auguries; inaugurate. M16. 2 v.i. a Take conjecture from signs, have a auguries; foreboding. l>\i6. b ("With socU, ill, etc.) (Of a person) anticipate, (of a thing) portend, a good or bad outcome. L18. 3 I'.i. Divine, forebode, anticipate; portend, give promise of. E17. H. Latimer Numa Pompilus, who was augured I tang [of] the Romaynes next after Romulus 2a Sir W. Scott Not that he augur'd of the doom, VThich on the living closed the tomb, b WeU-IKGTON I augur well from this circumstance. W. H. Prescott a reverential deference, which augured well for the success of his mission. E. J. Howard Eventhmg augured badly they weren't meant to be together. 3 JONSON I did augur all this to him beforehand. W. Sparrow He may augur the gust is coming, but cannot prevent it. LITTON ^X^lose open, handsome, hardy face augured a frank and fearless Strachey The strange mixture of nature. L. ingenuous light-heartedness and fixed determination seemed to augur a future perplexed and full of dangers,

and

.

created

.

augurer

~ AUGUR

n.

auguration

n.

lME.

-•>:c)ju'reij(3)n

Now

n.

lME.

rare.

[L auguratioin-), f. augural- pa. ppl augurari: see prec, -ATION.] Augur>'; an faugurate

&

v.t.

=

i.

Al'GUR

v.

Augustinianism

n. the doctrines of St Augustine, those regarding predestination and grace M19.

csp.

auk

dlka razor-bill (orig. neck) Any of several shortwinged diving sea birds of the family Alcidae, native to the northern oceans, which includes razor-bills, guillemots, and puffins. great auk a large flightless auk, Pinguinus impennis, of the N. Atlantic, now extinct, little auk a small

auMet

aul

Also aoul. E19. [Eastern Turkic] Caucasian or Tartar village or encampment. /'a:t)l/ n.

aula i'y.\sl n. = hall, court,

OE. [L

auguslus (see next):

Augustus Caesar, the first Roman Emperor.] The eighth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar. after

3:'gAst/ a. M17. [(0)Fr. auguste or L augustus consecrated, venerable.] 1 Inspiring reverence and admiration; solemnly grand, stately. M17. 2 Venerable by birth, status, or reputation; eminent, dignified; (sometimes as an honorific). LI7. augustly adi: M17. augustness n. M18.

august

august

'3:g3St

v.t.

L17.

rare.

AUGUST

[f.

n.,

Ripen, bring to fhiition. 3:'g,\st(9)l/ a. M17. [f. L augusialis, f

after Fr. aouter.]

Augustal

;

Augustus: see August n., -al'.] Hist. Of or pertaining to Augustus Caesar; imperial Roman. Augustal Prefect (the title of) the prefect of Roman Egypt

Augustan

&

M16. [L (sense (sense A.i) Augusta

n:'gASt(3)n/ a.

A.I med.L) Augustanus,

i.

iyindeltcorum) Augsburg, (sense A. 2) Augustus: see adj.

1

Hut.

Eccl.

Luther

n.

a

city

Bavaria,

n.,

-an.]

Of Augsburg, where

Melanchthon

and

in

August drew

in

up

A

1530 their

confession of Protestant principles. M16. 2 Designating or pertaining to the reign of Augustus Caesar 27 BC-AD 14), esp. as a period of outstanding refinement of Latin literature, or the corresponding period of any national literature; classical; spec. designanng or pertaining to English hterature from iic mid 17th to the late i8th cent. E18. B n. I .-\ugustan literary style, rare. M19. 2 A writer of the Augustan age of any hterature. L19. Augustanism n. Augustan principles, quality, or condition, a.

spec, in

= Augustan

auguste E20. [Fr.

English literature E20. f Augustean only in L17.

a. 2:

same) n. August, male forename, slang) circus clown wearing ill-fitting or

/'3:gu:st; foreign

G

f.

clown, fool.]

A

ogyst

'

(/>/

&

Also f-in. lME. [(0)Fr. augustin, f. L Augusimus Augustine (see below): cf. Austin.] A n. A member of the monastic order named after St Augustine of Hippo (354 430), a Father of the Church. lME. B adj. Of or pertaining to St Augustine or the /3:'gAStin

n.

a.

Augusunes. lME.

Augustinian

/sigs'stmisn/

a.

&

n.

M16.

[f.

+ -IAN.] A adj. = Augustine a. mi6. B n. Augustine n. Also, an adherent of the

prec.

=

f

A

Hist, aula

1

Norman

of the

hall;

an assembly

rc.iool or imiversity. L19.

L20. [f. Gk aulak-, aulax furrow + -ogen.] Geol. A sediment-filled trough in continental crust representing the trace of an incipient rift which failed to develop.

aulacogen

aularian

/3:'lak3d3(3)n/

/.i:'l£:ri3n/

n.

&

n.

L17. -ARIAN.]

a.

[f.

med.L

adj., f. aula: see Oxford & A n. A member of a hall (as opp. to a college). L17. B adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a hall. M19.

&

/arid, a:ld/ a., n.,

OE

a. repr.

LME. [Var. of = old a., n.', &

adv. Sc.

(Anghan)

aid.]

adv.

auld lang syne

/laq SAin/ 'old long since', the days

of long ago (esp. as the tide and refrain of a song sung at parting etc.). Auld Reekie 'Old Smoky'^ Edinburgh. auW THIEF.

aulic

L

E18. [Fr. antique or aulicus, f. aule court: see -ic] Of or pertaining to a court; courtly. Aulic Council Hisi. the personal council of the German Emperor; later, a council managing the war department of the Austrian Empire.

Gk

/'n:lik/ a.

aulikos,

aulnage [OFr.

{.

/'3:lnid3/ n.

(mod.)

alnage,

measure by the

ell,

ulnage.]

The

Hist.

f.

Also aln-, faun-. lME. aunage, f. alner, auner alne, AinvlE: see -age. Cf.

measurement and

official

inspection of cloth; the fee paid for this. aulnager n. an officer appointed to measure and inspect cloth M16.

aum n.

AAM.

var. of

aumail ambry armarie

&

«.

aumbry

v.

var. of

amel.

A

f. amia utensils.] place for keeping things; spec. f(a) a library, an archive; (6) (now dial.) a pantry, a store-closet; (c) a closed recess in the wall of a church; (d) Hist, a small

cupboard. R.

Macaulay The

locked in an aumbry

f aumelet

Blessed Sacrament had had to be when no one was on guard.

see o.melette.

n.

au mieux /o mje/ adv. phr. M19. [Fr. = best.] On the best of, or on very intimate,

at the

terms

with (someone).

aumil, -ildar ns. vars. of amil, auntoniere /omonjEir/ n. same.

E19.

almoner f aunage

]

[Fr.,

a

au naturel

-ildar. PI.

at

pronoimced

aumdnier.

of

fern,

purse carried

n. var.

see

[AN,

/'3:ns(3)l/ n.

A

unkn. origin.]

Long = AL

06s.

exc. dial.

ME.

auncella, a(u)nser of

kind of balance and weight; a

few, g get, h he,

j

aune

/am/ n. obs. exc. Hist. French measure of cloth, aung V. var. of oung.

aunt

/a:nt/

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

n.

An

L15. [Fr.]

title)

woman friend, esp. of children, An old woman; a gossip. Only a procuress; a prostitute. red,

s sit,

t

became their guide, friend and imiversal aunt. AGONY aunt. 2 Shakes. Mids. N. D. The wisest aunt, telling the saddest tale. She

.

.

.

.

auntly a. having or showing the qualities of an aimt M19. auntship n. (a) (with possess, adj., as your etc. auntship) a pompous form of address to an aunt; (fc) the relationship of aunt: E19.

aunter

&

/'amta/

&

n.

&

v.t.

Long

i.

Also (Sc.) anter /'anta/.

north.

= adventure n., auntie /'a:nti/ names) A-. L18. L18. 2 (A-.) conservative in

obs. exc. Sc.

ME.

[Contr.]

-ty;

(esp.

V.

Also

colloq.

n. [f.

in

prec. + -IE, -y".] 1 = Mjm. institution regarded as approach; spec, the BBC.

An its

M20. 1

R.

Burns

My

auld Auntie Katie upon me taks pity. to ask her old schoolmates

W. Faulkner She began

that their children call her 'cousin' instead of 'aunty'.

Braine Honesdy, that woman's magazine stuff, just the sort of advice these damned aunties give. Day tell your Auntie.

J.

Lewis You'd bener not

au pair equal

/au pe:/

terms.]

&

a.

A

n.

H9. [Fr. = on Of arrangements

phr.

phr

adj.

between two parties: paid for (entirely or largely) by mutual services. Of a person: party to such an arrangement; spec, (of a (usu. foreign) girl) imdertaking domestic duties in return for room and board. L19. B «. An au pair girl. M20.

au pied de L18. [Fr.

the

=

la lettre /o pje da la letr/ adv. phr. to the foot of the lener.] Down to

last detail; literally.

aura

/'oira/ n. PI. -ras, {rare) -rae /-ri:/. lME. [L f. Gk = breath, breeze.] 1 A gentle breeze, a zephyr, arch. poet. lME. 2 subtle emanation or exhalation; a surrounding glow; fig. an atmosphere diffused by or attending a person, place, etc.; a distinctive impression of character or aspect, mi 8. 3 A premonitory sensation experienced before an epileptic fit. L18. 1 C. Patmore I did respire the lonely auras sweet. 2

&

A

Coleridge The electrical aura of oxygen. A. Miller There is an aura of far places about him. L. Lee A dog aiound him. J. G. Farrell A dimly lit which a faint aura of exasperation seemed

a

table

l'y.v{s)\l a.' M19. [f. L auris ear Of, pertaining to, or received by the ear. aurally adv. L19.

aural

/'y.r(,s)\/

a} M19.

[f.

aura +

above

to hang.

aural

+

-al'.]

-al'.]

Of

or

pertaining to an aura,

auramine

/'siramiin, -in/ n.

L19.

[f.

L

aurum

gold + AMINE.] A synthetic yellow dyestuff of the diphenylmethane series.

aurata

/ai'reita/ n. ei6. [L aurata fern. pa. pple (used as n.) of aurare gild, f. aurum gold.] A gold-coloured marine fish, esp. the gilt-head, Sparus aurata.

aurate -ate'.]

/'a:reit/

Chem.

A

n.

salt

/'oiriat/

golden,

E19. [f. L aurum gold derived from auric acid.

lME.

a.

aurum

f

L

[Late gold:

+

aureatus,

see

-ATE'^.]

f.

1

Golden, gold-coloured. lME. 2 Resplendent; (of literary style or diction) highly ornamented, elaborate. lME. aure'ation n. the condition of being aureate in literary style E20.

aureity

/ai'riiiti/

n.

E19.

[med.L

The

aureus: see prec, -ity.] ell;

A-.

ME. [AN

aunte, OFr. ante (mod. tante) f. L amita. Cf. naunt, tante.] 1 The sister of one's father or mother; an uncle's wife. ME. b A woman to whom one can turn for help; an unrelated older

r

universally useful persons receive among us the of 'aunt' by a sort of general consent. J. LE Carr^

aureitas,

f.

peculiar quality of

gold.

aurelia

Also (esp. as a

man, n no, p pen,

title

aureus

jo natyrel/ adv. phr. E19. [Fr.] In

earlier aunser,

These

aureate

the waist.

of aulnage.

the natural state; cooked plainly; uncooked.

auncel

R. ACKERLEY My Aunt Burmy, my mother's 1 J. younger sister. Aunt Sally a game in which players throw sticks or balls at a wooden dummy; fig. an object of unreasonable attack, great-aunt: see GREAT a. my (giddy, sainted, etc.) aunt! expr. surprise, disbelief, etc. Welsh aum: see Welsh a. b H. B. Stowe

trotted past like a ghost in a cloud, panting his aura

/'aimbri/ n. Also almery /'a:m(3)ri/, /'ambri/. ME. [OFr. almarie var. of (mod. armoire) f. L armarium closet,

chest,

bawd,

doctrines of St Augustine. M16. b but, d dog,

Coun

the King's

German

hall, esp. at a

aull.]

steelyard.

dishevelled clothes.

Augustine

Gk

f.

A

mi8. [med.L

-las.

/-li:/,

kings of England. M18. 2

OLD

/'^igsst/ n.

college,

Cambridge Univs.

augurie or

-lae

PI.

regis /'ri:d3is/,

auld

named

any of various small auks, chiefly of the N.

fi.

aularius

a

:

August

alk.

omen,

L16-M18.

lME. [OFr.

n.

AUe

alk).]

Pacific L19.

L

'Digjuri /

Da.

alka.

Arctic auk,

augurium, f. as AUGUR n. see -Y'.] 1 The an of the augur; divination; arch, skill in this. lME. 2 An augural observance or rite. E17. 3 An omen, a portent, a token. E17. 4 Foreboding, anticipation; promise, indication. n8. augurial o:'9jo3ri3l, a. (rare) E16.

,

[ON

L17.

iy.V.1 n.

(Sw.

stem of

token.

augury

aureola

148

L18. f 2 in L16. f3

colloq.

A

w

aurelian -AN.]

Of

we, z zoo,

&

/o-.'n-.hm/ a. n. L18. [f. prec. + or pertaining to, a student or coUeaor

of, butterflies

aureola

E17-M19.

top, v van,

/3:'ri:li9/ n. li6. [It., fem. of aurelw ^ golden; as n. a silkworm in its cocoon.] helichrysum, Helichrysum stoechas. L16-E17. 2 A chrysalis. Now rare or obs. EI7. 3 A jellyfish of the common genus Aurelia, esp. A. aurita. L19.

and moths.

/y.'rhsh/

n. PI.

J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

-lae

/-li:/,

6 this, g ring,

-las. L15. [L,

tf

chip, d3 jar

aureole corona crown) of aureotus adj., dim. of aureus golden, f. aurum gold.] = AUREOLE. fern. (sc.

aureole as

by

& v. ME. [(0)Fr. aureole RC Ch. The celestial crown won

/'.iiriaul/ n.

\

prec]

n.

I

world, the flesh, and the devil; the special degree of glory which distinguishes these. ME. 2 The glory around the head or body in depictions of divine figures. M19. 3 halo or ring around the sun or moon. M19. 4 trans/. & fig. Something that surrounds like a halo; an aura. M19. 5 Geol.

A

of metamorphosed rock surrounding

an igneous intrusion. L19. 4 O. W. Holmes The aureole of young womanhood had not yet begun to fade from around her. J. Agate

One of the clowns wearing a flaming aureole of silly yellow hair. A. Sillitoe The glow of her soft features was framed and accentuated by an aureole of silence backed by the sound of the city.

B v.t. Encircle with or as with an aureole. Chiefly as aureoled ppl a. M19. aureolin

oi'nahn/ n. L19. [f. as -in'.] Cobalt yellow, a transparent

/'xrislin,

/oina'mAism/ n. Also a-. m20. [f. (Streptomyces) aureofaciens, the source bacteriimi, f. aureus golden + -faciens -facient,

mod.L

reste /o

name

for) the antibiotic

As

for the

rest.

/'oirias/ n. PI. -rei /-riAi/. E17. [L, use as of aureus golden, f. aurum gold.] A Roman coin of the late republic and the empire, of the value of 25 silver denarii.

n.

au revoir phr L17. (Goodbye)

ravwair, so

/o [Fr.,

until

'to

lit.

we meet

ra'vwa:/

int.

&

n.

the seeing again'.] again; a farewell for

the present. /'3:rik/ a.' E19. [f. L aurum gold + -ic] Of or pertaining to gold, golden; spec. iChem.) of gold in the trivalent state (cf. aurous). auric acid (a) the weakly acidic hydroxide Au(OH)j, ^(b) aunc oxide, Au.Oj.

auric

/'oink/

a.^

L19.

[f.

altra

+ -ic] =

aihial

Zool.

auricles or earlike processes. Also auriculated a. E18.

auriculo- /ai'nkjobo/ comb. form. M19. [f. AURICLE + -o-.] Forming adjs. w. the sense the

—

and

auricle

',

-ventricular. n.

auriferous

/3:'nf(3)r3s/ a.

see auricula.

M17.

[f.

L

aurifer

+ -ous: see gold-bearing, f. aurum gold, -FERGUS.] Containing or yielding gold (lit. & fig}-

auriferously adv.

aurify /'airifAi/ v.t. & M17. -I- + -FY.] Turn into gold. /oi'iAiga/

n.

[f.

L aurum

gold +

i

a-.

lME. [L

rare. n. E17. [L aurigat- pa. ppl stem of aurigare, auriga a charioteer: see -ation.] The action or

/3:ri'geiJ(3)n/

aurigatio(n-),

f.

art of driving a chariot or coach.

&

usu. as greenish-blue incrustations.

auricle

n.

lME.

/'3:rik(3)l/ n.

[f.

L

AURictn.A: see

auricula /oi'nkjub/

n. In sense i orig. f -cuius. of auris ear: see -cule.] 1 A Primula auricula, having ear-shaped

[L, dim.

primula.

M17. t2 = auricle 2. Only in H7. 3 A pulmonate mollusc of the family Ellobiidae, found in brackish marshes. Now rare or obs. L18. 4 Zool. A perforated projection from an ambulacral plate of an echinoid, to which jaw muscles are attached. Lr9. leaves.

a. & n. lME. [Late L aunculans, f as prec: see -ar'.] A adj. 1 Of confession: spoken into the ear, private. lME. 2 Audible. L16. t3 Addressing, affecting, or employing the ear only (without mental apprehension). L16-M18. 4 gen. Of or pertaining to the ear. M17. 5 Of, pertaining to, or resembling an auricle of the hean. M19. 2 Shakes. Lear I will place you where you shall hear us confer of this, and by an auricular assurance have your satisfaction. 3 C. Gibber Not mere auricular imitators of one another. 4 auricular finger the little finger (see sense B.i below), auricular witness: one who relates what he has heard.

auricular /Di'nkjub/

B n. 1 The little finger (as most easily inserted into the ear). M17. 2 Any of the feathers in the a cat, a:

arm,

e

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

taurigo n. ME-L18. [L.] Jaimdice. aurin /'arnn/ n. Also -ine. M19. [f. L aurum gold + -in'.] a red synthetic dyestuff of the series.

f auripigment n. Also in L form -mentum. LME-E19. [L aunpigmentum: see ORPIMENT.] = ORPIMENT. /'airisksup/

Med.

aurist

A

An

M19. [f. L auris ear + instnmient visual for

n.

ear.

/'orrist/ n. L17.

[f as prec.

cosy,

i:

see, d hot,

3:

+

-isx.]

Med.

specialist with regard to the ear.

axirivorous /3:'riv(3)r3s/ a. rare. li8. [f L aurum gold + -I- + -VOROUS.] Consuming gold; avidly desirous of gold, /'airau/ comb. form. [f. L aurum Used chiefly in Chem. & Min. names of substances containing gold, -O-.]

A

Anat.

1

A

auro-

see orichalc.

small muscular pouch situated on the upper anterior surface of each atrium of the heart. Formerly also, the atrium itself lME. 2 Anat. (fThe lower lobe of) the external ear. M17. 3 Chiefly Zool. 8c Bot. A projection or process shaped like an ear or ear-lobe. M17. -CLE.]

SW

auriscope

gold: see to form as auro-

chloride.

aurochs

/'oiroks, 'ao-/ n. li8. [G, early var. of Auerochs (OHG ttrohso, (. ur = OE ur etc. of unkn. origin, + ohso ox). Cf ure-ox, urochs, URUS.] The extinct wild ox. Bos pnmigemus, which is the ancestor of domestic cattle in Europe and many parts of the world. Also, the

European bison,

aurora

PI. -rae /-ri:/, -ras. lME. Tlie rising ligh: of the morning; the dawn. Also (A-), a goddess in Roman mythology. lME. b fig. The beginning, the early period. M19. 2 A rich orange colour, as of the sky at sunrise. M17. 3 A luminous phenomenon, often taking the form of variable streamers or resembling drapery, seen in the upper atmosphere in high northern or southern latitudes, and caused by the interaction of charged solar panicles with atmospheric gases, under the influence of the earth's magnetic field; orig. w. specifying adj. (see below). ei8. 3 aurora australis /.ii'streilis/ [southern] the aurora of the southern polar regions, the southern lights, aurora borealis /b^irieilis/ [northern] the aurora of

[L:

cf.

ly.'vy.xsl n.

EAST.]

1

the northern regions, the northern lights, aurora polaris /p3(())'la:ris/ [polar] either of the auroras of the polar regions, the northern or southern lights. Comb., aurora snake a non-venomous southern African snake, Lamprophis aurora, which is olive-green with an orange-yellow stripe. aurorean a. belonging to dawn, or like it in hue E19.

saw,

a run,

u put,

u: too, 3

ago,

ai

Fr.,

Of

1

display. L19. P. Bayne Auroral splendours of promise 1 which accompany all revolutions in their earlier stages. V. .

An

Nabokov

.

atmosphere of barbecue smoke, horseplay, jazz music, and auroral swimming. 2 Longfellow Her cheeks suffused with an auroral blush. 3 E. K. Kane A true and unbroken auroral arch. 4 F. T. Pai.grave Auroral flashings of wit. aurorally adv. L19. .

aurothiomalate

.

/p:r3(o)eAi'Dm3leit,

,3:r3(o)

auro- + thio- + MALATE.] Pharm. The sodiimi salt of a gold- and M20.

n.

[{.

sulphur-containing derivative of succinic acid, arthritis.

M19. [f L aurum gold + -OUS.] Chem. Of gold in the monovalent state. Cf. AURIC a.'

aurous

/'3:r3s/

a.

aurum I'y.nml

n. arch. lME. [L.] Gold. gold fulminate, aurum ^ aurum fulminans /ms'zeiiksm/, mosaicum aurum musivum

/nio'zi:v3m/ stannic sulphide, SnS,, formerly used as a bronzing powder. ^ aurum potabile potable gold.

auscultate

/'3:sk(3)lteit/ v.

M18. [L auscultat-

ppl stem of auscultare hear with attention: see -ATE^.] 1 v.i. Listen, hear. rare. M18. 2 v.t. Med. Examine by auscultation. M19. au'scult v.t. & i. = AUSCULTATE M19. au'scultative a. {Med.) of or pertaining to auscultation M19. auscultator n. (Med.) a person who examines by auscultation M19. auscultatory a. of or pertaining to listening or (Med.) auscultation MX7. es.,

n. /3:n'njeiK3)n, -ig'nei-/ a. E20. [Fr. Aurignacien, f. Aurignac in France, where remains of it were found.] adj. Designating or pertaining to a culture of the palaeolithic period in Europe following the Mousterian and preceding the Solutrean. E20. B n. (A person of) this cultxire. E20.

triphenylmethane

or or pertaining to the dawn; eastern; fig. of or pertaining to the first period of anything. M16. 2 Like the dawn; dawning, roseate. E19. 3 Of or pertaining to the aurora (borealis or australis). E19. 4 Resembling the aurora in its bright

used to treat rheumatoid

In sense

auriga charioteer, Auriga, f. aureae bridle + -iga agere drive.] f ' charioteer; fig. a leader. Only in lME. 2 (The name of) a constellation of the northern hemisphere in the Milky Way, near Orion; the Charioteer, the Wagoner. M16.

aurigation

auroral /y.'n:r(s)\/ a. M16. [Orig. f med.L auroralis, later f prec. + -al'.]

9M3(u)'maleit/

M19.

(rare)

examination of the

M19. [f. L aunchalcum, orichalcum, {. Gk oreikhalkon 'mountain copper', (brass or copper made from) a yellow ore, + -ite'.] Alin. An orthorhombic basic carbonate of copper and zinc, occurring

aurichalcum

as 'of

aunculo-temporal,

as

f auriculus

-scope]

aurichalc n. var. of orichalc. aurichalcite /ain'kalsAit/ n.

M17.

&

-ATE'.] Bot.

Aurignacian

aureus

auric

a. ei8. [f auricula + Furnished with one or more

auriculate /x'nkjobt/

{.

rsst/ adv. phr. £17. [Ft.]

An

auricularly adv. L16.

f.

Aureomycin

+ -MYCIN.] (Proprietary chlonetracycline.

covering the orifice of a bird's ear. L18. 3 M19.

ear. rare.

Auriga

AtniEOLA + yellow pigment.

au

tuft

f.

a martyr, virgin, or doctor as victor over the

The zone

auspicious

149

my, au how,

ei

auscultation

/3:sk(3)rteiJ(3)n/ n. M17. [L f. as prec: see -ation ] 1 Tlie action of listening. M17. 2 Med. The action of listening, usu. with a stethoscope, to the heart, lungs, or other organs, as an aid to diagnosis E19. auscultaiio{n-),

au serieux Seriously.

/o

serjo/

Cf au grand

adv. phr. seriei«.

M19.

[Fr

]

auslaut

/'auslaut/ n. L19. [G, f aus- denoting termination + Laut sound.] Philol. The final sound of a syllable or word.

Auslese

/'ausleiza/

n.

Also a-.

PI.

-sen /-zan/,

-ses. M19. [G, f. aus out + kse picking, vintage ] A white wine made (esp. in Germany) from selected bunches of grapes picked later than the general harvest.

Ausonian

/oi'ssunisn/

a.

&

n.

li6.

[f.

hAusonia

southern Italy, in poetry Italy, f Gk, f AusOn son of Odysseus, who was said to have settled there, + -an. ] (A native or inhabitant) of ancient central and southern Italy; (an) Italian.

auspicate

/'.rspikeit/

auspicat- pa. ppl

v.t.

stem of

Now

rare.

E17.

[L

auspicium: see next, -ate^.] 1 Prognosticate; predict. EI7. 2 Initiate with an auspicious ceremony; give a fortimate start to. E17. 3 Enter upon in a specified way or with specified consequences. E17. 4 Begin; inaugurate. mi7. auspicari,

f.

/'aispis/ «. mi6. [Fr., or L auspicium taking omens from birds, f avis bird + var. stem specere of look.] la An observation of birds for omens; a sign or token given by birds. M16. b gen. A prophetic token or premonition, esp. of a happy future; a forecast. M17. 2 sing. & (now) in pi. Patronage, favouring influence. E17.

auspice

2 Esp. in under the auspices of. au'spicial a. auspicious; of or pertaining to auspices or augury: Ely.

auspicious

/3:'spij3s/ a. L16. [f prec. + -ous.] Propitious; favourable, favouring; conducive to success. L16. 2 Giving or being an omen; spec. of good omen, betokening success. E17. b Of a person: predicting or prognosticating good. E18. 3 Prosperous, fortimate. E17. 1 Shakes. All's Well Fortune play upon thy prosperous helm, As thy auspicious mistress! E. Caldwell You might want to consult Evelyn about the most auspicious date for our wedding. 2 E. Young Beneath auspicious planets bom. K. Amis But such an auspicious debut Was a little too good to be true. 1

day, 30 no,

c:

hair,

la

near,

.ii

boy, u3 poor,

A13 tire,

aus sour

Aussie A

snakes in aspect of jubilant

in auspicious

belief

ihc slnilight b C RossETTl The auspicious angels. auspiclousI>' jdf. L16 suspiciousness

Aussie

&

n.

'pzi, 'Dsi

a.

Mi 7.

n.

coUoq. E20. [Abbrev. of

A

Cf. Ozzie.] n. Australian; Australia. E20. B adj. Australian.

Australian, Australia: see

An

-lE.

E20.

austenite

'd:-/ n. E20. [f. Sir William (1843 -1902), Eng. metallurgist + -fte'.] Metall. A solid solution of carbon in a

'ostmAit,

Roberts-.-! um'n

non-magnetic high-temperature allotropic form of iron. auste'nidc

pertaining to or consisting principally

a.

of austenite E20.

Auster 'osto, 'a:- n. lME. [L.] The south wmd, esp. personified; the south, L austere o'stw, o:-/ a. ME. [(0)Fr. austere {.

Gk

f

austerus

severe.]

ausilros

Stem

1 1

in

manner, appearance, or disposition; severe in judgement. ME. b Resolute in warfare. ME. 2 Severe in self-discipline; stringently moral; strict. lME 3 Severely simple; without any luxury. L16. 4 Grave, sober, serious. M17. Brou'xing They would be gentle, not austere. E. 1 grimly remote and O'Neill His mask-like face is austere m death, b C M. Yonge Simon, Count de Montfort, an austere warrior. 2 Ld MACAU^J^Y To these austere fanatics a holiday was an object of .

.

W.

positive disgust. to the laws,

Churchill He ruled according it known that these were to

S.

and he made

administered in austere detachment from his executive authority. 3 R. MACAin^Y I'm afraid our Our meat ration is so tiny. meals are rather austere J. K. Galbratth An austere community is free from temptabon Not so a rich one. L. Deighton The white-painted office was bare and austere. 4 Milton Eve With sweet austeer composure thus reply'd.

be

.

.

.

.

II

5 Harsh to the taste; astringent and bitter or

sour. arch. lME. 5 W. CowTER The bramble, black as

jet,

or sloes

austere.

lME. austereness

austerely adv.

austerity

severity

disposition;

lME.

n.

judgement. lME. b Severe self-discipline;

ia

E18. 2 strictness; asceticism;

Rigour.

moral

of

lack

0:-/

o'steriti,

luxury

severe

simplicity,

adornment;

or

abstinence,

economizing, nationwide; pi. ascetic esp. practices, economies. lME. 3 Harshness to the astringent

taste;

sourness,

or

bitterness

arch.

M17. Raleigh He gave presence with such austenne, that no man durst presume to spit or cough in his sight, b Byron Which soften'd down the hoar

W.

1

.

.

austenty Of rugged desolation. 2 Shakes. Mids. 7v. D. On Diana's altar to protest For aye austerity and single life. Byron And wherefore blame gaunt wealth's austerities? Because, you'll say, nought calls for such a trial R. Church The austerity of life in the boys' school did not improve my health. A. J. P. Taylor Cripps rejoiced at introducing measures of austerity: no petrol for pleasure motoring, the clothes ration cut down. H. Acton In spite of the prevalent austerities he managed to coniure succulent meals for his guests.

Austin

/'Dstin,

'd:-

'

&

n.

ME.

a.

[Contr. of

Austin Friars; see FRIAR.

austral

/au'stra:!/ n. PI. -les /-liz/. L20. [Sp.

=

A

monetary unit of Argentina replacing the peso between 1985 and southern,

f

as

next.]

1992.

austral /'Dstr(3)l, 'a:-/ a. In sense 2 [L ausiralis, f. Auster: see -al'.]

A-. L15. Southern;

also 1

influenced by the south wind, is 2 pertaining to Australia or Australasia. E19. l

Australasian

/Dstr3'lei3(3)n, -J(3,n;

EI 9. [f Australasia [see as Australia

f.

pertaining to islands of the

Asia, + Australasia

+

SW Pacific).

Australasian uiarbUr. sec

B

n.

A

below)

Of

a.

.1:-,

&

or n.

Fr. Australasie,

f.

A

-AN.] adj. Of or (Australia and the E19.

WARBLER

australien,

/o'streiiisn,

L

I.

n.

v.-j

australis

in

&

a.

Terra

L17

[Fr.

Ausiralis

-an.] A southern land (see sense A.i below), n. 1 1 A native of the Terra Australis, the supposed continent and islands lying in the

b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

identified

m

as

including Australasia, Polynesia, and parts of southern S. America. L17 L18. 2 A native or inhabitant of the island-continent of Australia. E19. 2 new Australian: see new a. B adj. Of or penaining to Australia. E19. Australian cattle-dog Austral. & NZ a cattle-dog with a dark speckled body. Australian crawl a fast

swimming

stroke originating in Australia. Australian football = Australian Rules football below. Australian MAGPIE. Australian PRATINCOLE. Australian Rules (the rules governing) a form of football developed in (= Australian football below). Australia Rules Australian Rules football a form of football played on an oval pitch with a rugby ball by teams of 18

au'tarkical a. = autarkic M20. advocate of autarky M20.

autarkist

autecious a. see autoecious. autecology /aiti'kobdsi/ n. E20. [f. ECOLOGY.] Biol. The ecology of an

n.

auto-'

an

-I-

individual

species. Cf synecology. auteco'logical a. E20.

auteur /otoe:r/ n. [Fr. = AUTHOR.]

pronounced same. m2o.

PI.

A

director who so greatly influences the films directed as to be able to rank as their author,

Cinema.

authentic /y.'dmuk/

&

a.

lME. [OFr.

n.

aulentique (mod. authentique) f late i. Gk autheniikos principal, genuine

L authenticus A adj. f 1 ]

Australian salmon a large green and silver percoid fish, Ampis tnina, found off the coast of New Zealand and SE Australia. Australian teak = FLINDOSA. Australian terrier a wire-haired terrier of an Austrahan breed. AusyUian warbler, see WARBLER

Of authority, authoritative; or respect. LME-M19. t2

2C.

first-hand; really proceeding from its stated source, author, painter, etc. L15. fS Own, proper. L16-M17. 6 Mus. Of a church mode:

players.

entitled to obedience

Legally valid; legally Entitled to behef as according with fact; rehable, lME. 4 Real, actual, genuine;

lME~ei8. 3

qualified.

or trustworthy. stating

original,

Australi'ana n.pl. [-ana] publications or other items associated with Australia M19, concerning or Australianism n. (a) a word or idiom peculiar to Australia; (b) = Australianness; L19. Australianize v.i. make Australian in character etc. L19 Australianness /-n-n-/ n. the state or quality of being

M20 australite /'ostraUit, Australian

-ite'.]

Geol.

strewn

field.

Australia + tektite foimd in the Australian

A

Australoid

E20.

3:-/ n.

[f.

&

0:-/ a. n. M19. [f -oid.] (A person) of the ethnological type of the Australian Aborigine. Also Aus'tralioid id/ n. (Zool.) a typical zooid of an anthozoan or bryozoan L19.

auto-

v.i.

of

motor

Travel

run, u pul,

in or drive a

u:

too, a ago,

motor ai

car. E20.

my, au how,

ei

comb.

l'y.\3ul

fomf.

automobile a. & n.: cf. auto relating to motor vehicles. autobus cavalcade]

n.-]

[Abbrev.

- bus

a

motorcade M20. autocar

automobile

n.

n.

L19.

i

L19.

autocade

autocrime

n.

of

Forming wds

n.

n. n.

theft

(US)

[after

(arch.)

=

of motor

vehicles or their contents L20. autocross n. motor racing across country or on unmade roads M20. autocycle n. (arch. ) 3 bicycle with an auxiliary engine

E20.

autobahn

vehicles.

saw,

identification of sexes on hatching M20 autosoteric /-s3(o)'terik/ a. [Gk sstlna salvation] relating to salvation by one's own efforts H9. autotelic /-'ttlik/ a. having or being an end in itself E20. auto'therapy n. treatment of one's own infirmity M20. autotrans'former n. (Elcctr.) a zooidtransformer having a single winding of which part is common to both primary and secondary circuits L19. autotrans'fusion n. (Med.) (a) a transfer of blood within the body; (ft) transfiision with a own blood: E20. autotrans'plant v.t. patient's transplant (tissue) from one site to another within the same individual E20. .autotransplan'tation n. transplantation of tifsue from one site to another

easy

/'auto/ actus

(by a

B

poultry) possessing sex-linked characters which enable

/'3:t3ba:n, foreign

'aotoba:n/

-bahns, -bahnen /-bainan/. M20. [G, day, au no,

t:

hair,

la

near,

.ii

n. {.

PI.

Auto

boy, oa poor, Aia are, aoa sour

autobiographer automobile + Bahn road Austrian motorway,

autobiographer Airro-'

A German,

]

A

Swiss, or

n.

who

pcrson

E19. [f. writes the

stor\- of his or her own hfe. autobiographical ,n:t3bAi3'grafik(3)l/ a. E19. [f. AITO' + SIOGRAPHICAL.] Of Or pertaining to

autobiography; the nature of an of autobiography, relating to one's own life story, = AVrrOBIOGBAPHICAL E19 autobioj^phic a. autobiographically adv. M19. .n^t'bAi'ograri/

L18.

n.

[f.

AUTO-' + BIOGRAPHY.] The writing of one's own historj-; a story of a person's life written by himself or herself, autobiographist n. - aitobiographer .Mig.

autocatalysis

,.->:ts(o)k3'talisiS/ n. L19. [f. CATALYSIS.] Chetti. Catalysis of a reaction by one of its products, auto'catalyst n. a product elTecting autocatalysis

ALTO-'

.M20.

+

autocata'iytic

a.

E20. autocata'lytically adv.

.\120.

autochthon

,T'tok9(3)n, -Oaon,' (senses 1,2) in L form -thones

[Gk autokhihon indigenous, earth, soil.]

(Usu. in

1

pi.)

n.

-thons,

PI.

-Baniiz/. L16.

auto-' + khihon of the earliest

f.

Any

knouTi dwellers in a region; an original inhabitant, an aboriginal. L16. 2 human being living in his or her place of origin, rare. M17. 3

A

Geol.

An autochthonous

autochthonal

rock formation. M20. - AUTOCHTHONOUS a. I EI9 = autochthonous a. i M19.

a.

autoch'thonic

a.

autocbthony

autochthonous condition M19.

n.

autochthonous -ous

-I-

]

1

Med. Of

a

si'tokBanas/

E19.

a.

prec.

[f.

Indigenous, native, aboriginal. E19. 2

blood

clot etc.: that originated

where

found, or without external agency. L19. 3 Geol. Formed in titu; consisting of indigenous

it

is

material. E20.

autochthonously

autoclave

adv. L19.

'.-sitskleiv,

n.

autoecious

Also *autec-. L19. [f. house + -lous.] Bot. (Of a parasitic fungus) completing its life cycle on a single host; (of a bryophyte) having antheridia and archegonia on separate branches of the

&

v.

1.19.

[Fr.,

f.

as

AUTO-' -I- L clavus nail or clavis key: so called because self-fastening.] A n. 1 A pressure cooker, rare. L19. 2 A strong vessel used for chemical reactions at high pressures and temperatures, or for high-pressure sterilization using steam. L19. B v.t. Heat in an autoclave.

oikia

same plant. auto-erotic /pitaui'rotik/ a. L19. [f. auto-' + erotic] Psychol. Of or pertaining to auto-

auto-eroticism

autocorrelation ,3:ts(u)kDn'leiJ(a)n/ n. m20. [f. AUTO-' + CORRELATION.] A correlation ,

between the elements of a series and those respectively separated from them by a given interval.

auto'correlator n. a machine for performing autocorrelations .M20. auto'correlogram n. a graphical representation of an autocorrelation M20.

autocracy

M17. [Gk autokrateia, f. as next: see -CRACY.] f 1 Independent power; aut'Tiomy. M17-M19. 2 Absolute goverrmient; controlling authority or influence. E19. 3 Autocrats collectively. E2o.

autocrat

oi'tokrasi/ n.

/'sit.-'krat/ n.

autokraUs,

AUTO-'

f.

A

authority.]

E19. [Fr. autocraie f. Gk krate-, kratos power,

-1-

monarch

of

an absolute ruler; a dictatorial powers or tendencies. authority,

uncontrolled person with

auto'crabi. al) adjs. of the nature of or pertaining to an autocrat; despotic, dictatorial: E19 auto cratically adv. M19. autocratisiii 3:'tDkr3tLZ(3)m n. the principles or practices of autocrats M19.

autocrator emperor,

f.

oi'tokrata

Gk

n.

L=

M18. [Late

arch.

own

autokrawr one's

master,

f.

AUTO-' + /erat' or incipient decay, L16. I b Milton On her ample square, from side to side, All Auiumn pil'd 2 J L.\nghorne The ver>' autumn of a iorm once fine Retains its beauties. Comb.: auttimn twats: see CROCUS lb; autumn

equinox

=

autumnal

autiunn gentian autumn tints the brown

t'v,

felwort, OcnnjriclJj anurtlla,

and gold colours of d\ing leaves. autumnit>- .•>:'l\mnni n. (rare) autumnal quality or condiuons L16 autumny 'oilami/ a. suggestive or charactensuc of auiumn h20.

autunm

'.iitsm

&

v.t.

on

bring

jiitiiiiiriarc

AUTUMN

jiaiirmnis

>i.

Now

i.

M17. [L (med.L), f.

rare.

autumn,

ripen.] Bring or

come

to

maturity; ripen.

auUunnal

L16. [h autumnalis, {. see -al'.] 1 Of or pertaining to autumn; characteristic of or appropriate to autumn; maturing or blooming in autumn. L16. 2 fig. Past the prime of hfe; in decline. E17. I Milton Thick as Autumnal Leaves that strew the Brooks In Vallombrosa Ld Macaulay The autumnal a.

.->:'t.\mn(.->)l

AUTUMN

auiumnus

rains of Ireland are usually heavy.

autumnal colours were deeper

autumnal equinox

.

.

M

Drabble

the point in time at which the sun

No

Spring, nor Summer Beauty have seen in one Autumnall face. jbsoi: Dickens Melissa might have seen five and thirty summers or thereabouts, and verged on the autumnal, autumnally jdv. M19.

March). 2 Donne hath such grace. As

I

'.' bird and beast awamed made To shrowd themselves

Give notice

f awarrant f.

]

N'ouch

awash WASH

,

z:i.

lME

L19.

a-" + warrant

[f.

adv.

&

pred.

M19. [f

a.

or

I'.

a--'

+

[Late

'.

& n. Also (Sc.) OE atveg (earlier on

awa'

a.,

meg):

see A prfp.' I, ON prep., way n.] A adv. 1 1 On one's way; onward, on, along. Long 06s. exc. Sc. & north. lOE. 2 From this or that place; to a distance {lit. fig.). lOE. 3 From adherence, contact, or inclusion; aside, off. lOE. 4 From or out of one's personal possession. lOE. 5 Towards or into non-existence; so as to remove, reduce, eliminate, bring to an end, reach the end of, etc., something by the action of the vb. lOE. 6 Gone from a place; absent; wanting. ME. 7 Gone from existence; vanished; consumed;

&

dead, fainted. Now dial. ME. 8 At a (stated) distance; in another place. lME. b With advs. w. intensive force: a considerable distance or time back, dinvn, up, etc. Chiefly A'. Amer. Eig. c Sport. On an opponent's groimd. L19. 9 In the other direction, from the place, person, etc., in question. lME. 10 Continuously, constandy, persistently. M16 11 Without hesitation or delay; forthwith, directly. M16. 1 Shakes. TwcI. \'. Come away, come away, death; And in sad cypress let me be laid. R. L. Stemnson And now come awa' to your bed. 2 Dryden And hungry sent the wily fox away. W. Cowter Away went Gilpin, neck or nought; Away went hat ard wig. DvLAN Thomas I have longed to move away but am

Larkin That Whitsun, I was late getting tram till about One-twenty Did my pul! out. E. Roosevelt He had grown away from her m later years they had often not in some ways and been m sympathy. M. Keane I stepped up to my reflection, then away from it. carri', drive, etc., away. go, run, slip, steal etc. azuay. far or out and away by far, by a ver>- large amount. 3 Longfellow She folded her work, and laid it away. G. B. Shaw She touches her eyes as if to wipe away a tear, fall away. 4 Longfellow This passmg traveller, who hath stolen away The ^nghtest jewel of my crown ti -day give, afraid.

P.

away: Not

.

.

.

away: see fire

fire

right

v.

Dickens In his honest indignation he would reply, 'Away with it!' 14 Carl\te Idolatry is a thing they .

.

cannot away-with. B adj. Played or taking place on an opponent's ground. E20. away game, goal, match, win, etc. C n. A match or win on an opponent's ground.

M20. aways

adv. {\ong dial.)

adv. L15.

.

WAYWARD.

to

Reverential fear or wonder. OE. 3 Power to inspire reverential fear or wonder, arch. OE. 1 W. CowpER His voice Shook the delinquent with such fits of awe. 2 J. Keble There is an awe in monals' joy, A deep mysterious fear. A. S. Neill

Some

parents taught their children that sex was sacred and spiritual, something to be treated with awe and wonder. V. S Pritchett We walked behind them listening with awe to their astonishing man-of-theworld talk about girls. A. Eden We boys were in considerable awe of Smitton, whose rules were strict and whose praise was sparing. 3 D Bagley Clothing *' himself in the full awe of British maiesty. Comb.: awestricken, awestruck adjs. suddenly affected with awe.

Inspire with awe; influence or control by

v.t.

ME.

awe Shakes. Much Ado Shall quips, and sentences, man from the career of his humour? Gibbon He was not awed by the sanctity of the place. J K. Jerome .

.

a

They awe

us, these strange stars, so cold, so clear. J. B. Priestley He looked so imposing that immediately an awed silence fell on the company. A. Schlee Ellie,

awed out of aweless

ill

aweary

temper, turned shyly to face them. without feeling awe; f(fc) without

(a)

a.

lME. awelessness

inspinng awe:

(rare) L16.

n.

+ weary

/a'wiari/ pred. a. .M16. [f A-"

a.] Tired,

weary,

Also awearied

aweather

a.

{of).

E17

/a'weds/ adv., pred.

a.,

&

L16. Towards the prep.

+ WEATHER «. ] Nam. weather or windward side (oOaweel /a'wiil/ adv. Sc. E19. [Weakened form of [f A prep.'

ah

wellf]

I

Well then,

well,

& pred. a. E17. [f A prep.' 6 + WEIGH n.'] Nam. Of an anchor: just raised perpendicularly above the ground in weighing. Of a ship, crew, etc.: just about to set sail,

aweigh

/a'wei/ adv.

.

put, take, inrou, whisk, etc.,

away. 5

.W Joh

33:21 His

consumed away. Yeats She grew pale as death and fainted away R. Hughes The breeze having dropped away almost to a calm. Dylan Thomas flesh

is

There could I marvel My birthday Away. du. fade, pine, wasu, wither, etc., away, pass away, explain away, idle, while away (time), do, make, awa) tvirh: see DO v., make I'. 6 A. Cowxey How could it be sc fair and you away? N. Coward They're away m Tunis. 7

CovERDALE Jer 31:15 Rachel moumyngc for hir children, and wolde not be comforted, because they were awaye. 8 R. D Blackmore His home was some miles away. Yeats Hidden away where nobody can It. S. Heaney Kelly's kept an unhcensed bull, well away From the road. B Pym She had chosen a seat away from the other pei.'ple. 9 J. N. Lockyer The axis of rotation is inclined away from the Sun. A. Loos Mr Spoffard turned on his heels and walked awav Scorr Fitzgerald I turned my head away and wept 10 Thackeray He sat down and worked away, very, very with all my hard. A. Helps And kept 'pegging away'

find

.

b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

j

.

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

.

poor

quality:

awfillly

awesome

/'3:s(3)m/

L16.

a.

[f.

awe

n.

+

-some' .] I Filled with awe. L16. 2 Inspiring awe. L17. 3 Outstanding, remarkable, cotloq. M20. b Excellent, marvellous, slang. L20.

awesomely

adv. (a) so as to inspire awe; (b) colloq.

outstanding, very: L19.

aweto

n. var.

awful

/'3:ful,

awesomeness

n.

lME.

/'3:fuli, esp. in sense

+ -LY^]

prec.

3

So

1

lME.

adv.

-fli/

Objectively.

I

[f

as to cause

terror. lME. 2 So as to cause reverential fear or wonder; majestically. lME. 3 Exceedingly; very colloq. E19. 3 G. B. Shaw Thanks awfiilly, old chap. Joyce Pretend to want something awfully. Scott Fitzgerald I

am

certainly

awfully glad to see you again.

With

4

Subjectively.

of awe;

feeling

a

B

A. 4,

in senses

awheel WHEEL

&

/s'wi:!/ adv. n.]

awheto

On

pred.

a.

L19.

A-"

[{.

+

wheels; on a bicycle.

/'a:weitsu, 'a:fei-/ n.

NZ. Also aweto

/'a:weit3u/. PI. -os. L19. [Maori.]

A

caterpillar

infested with a parasitic ftingus of the genus Cordyceps, which reduces its host to form. called 'mummified' Also vegetable caterpillar.

awhile

/s'waiI/ adv.

+ WHILE

awing WING

OE.

two wds, f A

[Orig.

a.

a short time.

n.

& pred.

/s'wir)/ adv.

n. ]

f awk

For

/s'wad/ adv. & pred. a. L19. [f A-^ + or V. ] In a whirl; whirling.

awhirl WHIRL

w.]

On

a., adv.,

&

n.

Long

E17. [f

a.

the wing; flying

dial.

prep.^

A.

& fig. lME. [ON

{lit.

i

+

)

afugr,

turned the wrong way, back foremost. For the phonetic devel. cf. hawk «.'] A adj. 1 In the wrong direction; back-handed. LME-M16. 2 Perverse; clumsy; awkward. LME-M19. B adv. Backwards, in reverse order, confusedly; esp. in nng (bells) awk: as a warning or summons. E17-M19. C n. I Awkwardness; backhandedness. M-L17. 2 An awkward person, rare. of-

Only

in E19.

awkward

/'.rkwad/ adv. & adv. In the

+ -ward.] A

a.

lME.

[{.

awk

a.

wrong

direction; in direction; upside

reverse order; in a backwards down. Long obs. exc. dial, of an animal: on back and imable to rise (cf awald). lME.

its

B adj. f 1 Oblique; back-handed. E16-M19. 2 Froward, perverse, cantankerous, (passing into sense 7). Now dial, mi 6. 3a Of a person: lacking dextenty, clumsy, bungling; ungainly, uncouth. M16. b Of things and actions: clumsy; illuse; ungainly. E17. adapted for ^4 Unfavourable; adverse. L16 M17. 5 Of things or actions: causing embarrassment; inconvenient; reflecting embarrassment. E18. 6 Of a person: embarrassed; ill at ease. E18. 7 Difficult or

dangerous to deal with, mi 9. 3a Swift I have not seen a more clumsy, aukward, and unhandy people, J. Irvtng Basketball and football players, great big awkward sorts of boys, azukward i. b J. Frame His body squad: see SQUAD uncontrolled and his gait awkward, F. Ormsby We laughed at your awkward dress. Your half-hearted

L19

of awheto. eip.

.

fearfully; reverentially, arch. L16.

awe /y./ n. & v. [OE ege = Goth, agis fear, f Gmc; replaced in ME by forms cognate w. ON agt.] A «. 1 1 Terror, dread. OE-L18. 2

awe.

B adv. = AWFtn.LY 3. collog. El 9. A. Trollope It is awful lonely here, too. R. D. Paine A prairie town that looks awfiil good to me. awiiilness n. f(a) rare an awe-inspiring act; f(fc) profound reverence, awe; (c) the quality of inspiring with awe; impressive solemnity; terribleness; colloq.

II

% Aphet.

B

5 C. Marlowe Monarch of hell under whose black survey Great potentates do kneel with awful fear. 6 Gibbon At an awful distance they cast away their garments. J. Keble Towards the East our awful greetings Are wafted.

much,

adv. a. ME. [f away adv. + adv. In a different direction; aside; L16. B adj. = wayward. Only in

A

-WARD.] away.

= AWAY

&

fawayward

]

a'wei/ adv.,

3'wa:, 3'w3:

1 1

RIGHT adz', straight azvay: see STRAIGHT adv.^ 11 Ellipt. uses (esp. for an imper. or inf). 12 Go away. ME. 13 Take away; go or get away tvith. lME. 14 Get on or along with. L15. 12 AV F.xod. 19:24 Away, get thee downe. R. L Stevenson I'm weariei, an' here I'm awa to my bed. Yeats We must away, and wait until she dies. 13 aiuay: see

ME.

C R£.rep. dial. Also

+ beyond,

A--

the other side

in southern France and northern Spain, following the Magdalenian.

azimuth

of aiel.

M19. [A town in Buckinghamshire, central England.] In full Aylesbury duck. (A bird of) a breed of white domestic duck. Aymara /'Ainwra:/ n. M19. [Bolivian Sp.: cf. Sp. aimard.] 1 A member of an Indian people of Bolivia and Peru near Lake Titicaca. M19. 2 The language of this people, related to Quechua. M19. f ayne n. & a. var. of eigne.

ayont

and mesolithic ages

for prising

/-nd/. E18.

after afore, before.]

/'azimsG/ n. lME. [(0)Fr. azimut f. Arab, as-samt, f. al-^ 4- samt way, direction: see ZENITH.] i An arc of a celestial great circle extending from the zenith to the horizon. Now only in azimuth circle, a great circle passing through the zenith. lME. 2 Horizontal angular distance of such an arc (usu. that passing through a given celestial object) from the north or south point. E17. 3 Horizontal angle or direction; compass bearing. M17. azimuthal /azrmju:e(3)l/ a. of, pertaining to, or used in measuring azimuth; measured in azimuth: M17. azi'muthally adv. M19.

[f.

Beyond, on

of.

azine /'eizi:n/ n. L19. [f azo- + -ine'.] Chem. 1 Any organic compoimd containing the group =N N=. L19. 2 Any (usu. polycychc) organic compound containing a six-membered ring with

—

ayre n. see air n.' Ayrshire /'e:J3/

M19. [A former county in

n.

two

the Strathclyde Regio of Scotland.] In full Ayrshire bull, cow, cattle, etc. (An animal oO a breed of mainly white dairy cattle. 1

Ayurvedic

Also a-. E20. [f Skt dyur-veda science of life, medicine (see Veda) + -ic] Of or pertaining to the Hindu medical tradition.

aza-

/a:js'veidik/ a.

on such

azo-

comb. form.

/'eiza/

[f.

Used

azo-.]

in a

azalea

evergreen alpine shrub, Lciseleuria procumbens, of the heath family. ^Orig. regarded as members of a distinct genus Azalea.

azan

/a'za-.n/

M19.

n.

[Arab.

The Muslim call made by the muezzin

annoimcement.] prayer, often

n.

&

a.

see

see

early

M19.

[f.

azo- (since nitric

orig. preparation)

+ Gk

+ -ic] Chem. azelaic acid, a solid fatty acid obtained by oxidizing various fats (such as castor oil) and present in rancid fat; nonanedioic

which

I

&

n} Also ay; ong.

pron. expr. assent.]

arch.

&

dial.

and

exc. Naut.

aye), for

f

I.

L16.

A adv. & int. Yes. & in formal voting.

L16.

Bt-NYAN Ai, ai, so I mean. H. E. Manning Ay, but it was not only men who have so endured Owen Proud to see him going, aye, and glad I. G Gibbon There were cries Rob, what about a sktij wa-, man? And Rob said, Och, ay, I'll manage that fine. S. O'FaolAIN 'Did anyone come to warn me?' 'Aye.

W

.

.

The

girl of the Mullinses.' aye, aye, sir! Nam.: understand and will carT>' out your order. B n. PI. ayes. An affirmative answer or vote. L16. the ayes have it affirmative voters are in the I

majority.

aye-aye /'ai.ai/ n. An insectivorous

li8. [Fr. f. Malagasy aiay.] tree-dwelling primate of madagascariensis, Daubenionia

Madagascar, which is closely related b but, d dog,

f

lemurs and has a

to the

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

[f.

A-'"

/.eizia'trsupik,

+ Gk

Azerbaijani

3,zi:3-/

-'trop-,

zeo-, zein to boil

/.azabAi'dsaini/

n.

&

L19.

a.

/'eizAid/ n. E20. [f. azo- + -ide.] Chem. or ester of hydrazoic acid, HN,.

azide

dsu-/

n.

Pharm. which

L20.

An

[f.

a.

cf.

/.eizidao'BAinudiin,

A

[f.

t

A-'"

a-/ a. li8. n.,

Gk

[f.

azOnos

f.

+ -ic] Not confined

/.eizaus'spxmis, s'zsu-/

+ zoosperm +

azotaemia [f.

-ia'.]

top, v van,

w

we, z zoo,

AZOTE

as

to a

n.

L19.

Med. Absence of

Also *-temia. E20.

/azs'tiirrus/ n.

+ -aemia.] Med. The presence of nitrogenous

urea or other products in the blood. azotaemic a. pertaining excessive

to

or

waste

affected

with

azotaemia M20.

azote

/'azaut/

life ]

Nitrogen.

n.

arch. L18. [Fr.,

f.

f azotic a. of, pertaining to, or nitrogen; nitric: L18-M19. azotize nitrogenize E19.

Gk A-'" +

zoe

combined with (now rare)

v.t.

/a9o'tea, az-/ n. E19. [Sp.] The flat terrace roof of a house in Spain and Spanishspeaking coimtries.

azotea

azotemia

n.

see azotaemia.

azoth

/'azauG, 'azoG/ n. L15. [Sp. Arab, az-zuk f Arab, az-zaiuak: see al-^] (The alchemists' name for) mercury, as the first principle of metals. Also, Paracelsus' universal remedy.

ei.zAi

/a'zilian/ a. & n. L19. [f. Mas d'Azil in the French Pyrenees, where remains were found, -I- -IAN.] Archaeol. (Of or pertaining to) a culture of the transition period between the palaeolithic

sit,

]

zone, not local.

prec. + -o- + thymidine.] derivative of thymidine

red, s

+ zonal: Having no zonal arrangement or

/ei'zsun(3)l, a-/ a. L19. [f A-'"

next

azoospermia

/a'zautabakta/ n. e20. [mod.L as azote + -o- + bacter(ium.] An aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacterium of the genus Azotobacter.

azotobacter (see below),

Azilian

r

nitrogen.

structure; esp. (of soils) lacking distinct horizons.

antiviral

n no, p pen,

is

L19. [mod.L, f. Gk azein to dry floating mosslike fem of the

A

azonic /ei'zonik, A-'" + zonl ZONE

[f

is used to treat HFV infection and Aids; 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, C.oH.jNjO,; abbrev. AZT. Also called zidovudine. A proprietary name for this drug is Retrovir.

man,

ollunai slay.]

azonal

SW

azidothymidine

n.

genus Azolla.

+

Azerbaijan (see below) + -I-.] A n. A member of Asia; the Turkic a people of Azerbaijan, in language of this people. L19. B anrib. or as adj. Of or pertaining to the Azerbaijanis or their language. L19. salt

L19. [Fr. azo'ique: see azo-,

motile sperms in the semen. Cf. aspermia.

-TROPIC.] Chem. Of a mixture of liquids: having a constant boiling point during distillation; of or pertaining to such a mixture. azeotrope /'eiziatrsop, 3'zi:3-/ n. an azeotropic mixture E20. aze'otropistn, aze'otropy ns. azeotropic behaviour E20. E20.

a.-

one

at least

azolla /a'znb/

HOOC(CH2),COOH.

acid,

or

referring to the

(Geol.)

era.

/'eizsul/ n. L19. [f. azo- + -OLE'-.] Chem. organic compoimd having a five-membered ring containing at least two hetero-atoms of

+

/a'zedarak/ n. mi8. [Fr. azedarac f. Sp. acedaraque f. Arab, 'dzdd-dirakt f. Pers. 'azdd fi-ee, dirakt tree.] A tall Asian tree, Melia azedarach (family Meliaceae), bearing firagrant lilac flowers. Also called bead-tree, China tree.

azeotropic

-ic:

life,

Any

azedarac

its

spec.

+

azoos

azole

the eastern Mediterranean region.

in

Gk

[f.

-ic] Chem. Orig. {rare) = AZO- used adjectivally. Now spec, designating a class of water-insoluble azo dyes made by coupling their components on the fibre; pertaining to or using such dyes.

to ritual fi-om the

/'azarsol/ n. M17. [Fr. azerole, jaza- f. Sp. azarolla, acerola f. Sp. Arab, az-za'rura: see AL--.] (The edible fi^it of) the tree Crataegus azarolus, related to the hawthorn and native to

a.

/ei'zsuik/

mi9.

a.'

Having no trace of

zoic]

Precambrian

azoic

azarole

azelaic /azi'leiik/ acid was involved

/s'zaoik, ei-/

A-'",

— N=N —

spec, as

organic remains;

'addn

Zande.

/'eizao/

azoic

minaret of a mosque.

Azande

structures. L19.

comb. form. [f. AZOTE.] Chem. the presence of nitrogen in a the group joined to two carbon atoms. Freq. as attrib. adj. azo, as azo compotmd, group, etc. azo colour, dye ns. any of a large class of dyestuffs which contain the azo group, made by coupling of diazonium compounds L19. azo'methine n. any compound having the general formula R'R-C=NR'; a Schiff base: L19. azo'protein n. (Biochem.) a protein coupled to another molecule by an azo group E20.

molecular ring or chain, /a'zeilis/ n. mi8. [mod.L f. Gk, use as n. of fem. of azaleos dry (because flourishing in dry soil).] Any of a large group of rhododendrons, most of which are deciduous, mountain or trailing azalea a pink-flowered

occupying opposite denoting dyestuffs based

attrib.,

Indicating

Chem.

in

atom

Usu.

compoimd,

Opp. Unani.

to indicate the presence of a nitrogen

atoms

nitrogen

positions.

elaion oil

person.

aye

narrow elongated finger on each hand insects from bark,

Aylesbury

-0-.

axon: see

azoturia

160

f.

/.aza'tjoana/ n. M19. [f. azote + Med. The presence of excessive urea or

azoturia -uria.]

other nitrogenous substances in the urine. J

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, 6 this,

13

ring, tj chip, d3 jar

azoxyazoxy-

azure

/s'zoksi/ comb. form. Also as attrib. adj.

azoxy.

AZO-

[f.

+

OXY-.] Chem. Designating or

containing the group NjO-. /'aztek/ n. & a. Li8. [Fr. Azteque or Sp. Azteca, f. Nahuatl aztecatl person from Aztlan 1 A (their legendary place of origin).] A member of the native American people

Aztec

dominant

in

Mexico

conquest by Cortes of the Aztecs. E19. or pertaining to the Aztecs or their

in 1519. L18. 2

B

Of

adj.

until

its

The language

language. E19. Aztec hop, revenge, two-step suffered by visitors to Mexico.

Aztecan

Azymite

161

a.

slang

diarrhoea

L19.

/'aja,

-3(0)3, -zjos;

'ei-/

n.

&

a.

ME.

[OFr. asur, (also mod.) azur f med.L azzurum, + Pers. azolum f. Arab, al-lazaward, {. as lazward lapis lazuli.] A w. 1 A bright blue Now rare. or dye; ultramarine. ME. 2 pigment engraving by Her. Blue (represented in horizontal lines). ME. 3 The semiprecious stone lapis lazuli (from which ultramarine is made). arch. lME. 4 The blue colour of the unclouded sky (orig. the deep intense blue of more southern latitudes, now the soft clear bright blue 5 The of more northern latitudes). L15. unclouded vault of heaven. M17. 5 Milton Not like those steps On Heavens Azure. fig. Carlyle Bome aloft into the azure of Eternity. :

azuki

B

var. of adzuki.

n.

azulejo

/a9u'lexo, azjo'leihso/ n. PI. -os /-ds, -3oz/. M19. [Sp., f. azul blue.] kind of glazed coloured tile used in Spanish buildings.

A

L19. [f. Sp. azul blue + blue liquid hydrocarbon, CioHg, which has a molecule containing a five- and a seven-membered ring fused together, and occurs in some natural oils. Also, any hydrocarbon having this bicyclic structure.

azulene -ENE.]

/'azjuli:n/ n.

Chem.

azuline bluish,

A

M19. [App. f Sp. azultno azul blue.] A shade of blue, esp. as a

/'azjuli:n/ n.

i.

arm,

t bed,

cf.

/'asa, -3j(u)3, -zjua; 'ei-/ v.t. ME. [f Fr. azurer, azure.] 1 As azured ppl a. =

a.

obs.

azure

exc. Bookbinding.

colour azure.

fashion colour.

a cat, u:

adj. 1 Her Blue. lME. 2 Of the colour azure. E16. 3 [After L caerukus.] Designating or pertaining to a sea-god or river-god. poet. L17. 4 jig. Cloudless; serene. E19. 5 Bookbinding. Of a tooled or stamped design: composed of horizontal parallel lines. Of a tool: used to produce such a design. (Cf. sense A. 2 above.) L19. 3 Pope An azure sister of the main, azury a. of a colour resembling azure, tinted with azure E17.

s:

her,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, d hot,

a:

ME.

2 Paint, dye, or

u; too, 3

/'asurAin, -3j(o)3r-, -zjusr-;

M16. [Fr. azurin: see azure Of an azure colour. rare.

azurite

n.

'ei-/ a.

&

/'ajorAil, -3j(o)3r-, -zjoar-/

Now

a., -ine'.]

n.

E19.

[f

Min. fl = LAZULITE. Only in E19. 2 A monoclinic basic copper carbonate found as blue prisms or crystal masses, usu. with malachite. E19.

AZURE

azygos

&[

n.

a.

+

-ITE'.]

/'az[c)3s/ n. St a.

As

adj. also

-gous. M17.

[f Gk azugos, f. A-'" + zugon yoke: see -ous.] Chiefly Anat. (An organic part, esp. a vein) that is not one of a pair. azygos vein a large vein of the right posterior thorax, draining into the superior vena cava.

azyme -ma

/'azim, -Aim/

n.

L16. [eccl.L

f eccl.Gk azumos,

n.pl.

+ zumi

la

azymus

azuma

adj.,

n. phr. pi.,

(A cake or A-'" uinleavened bread, esp. as used by Jews at Passover or by Christians of the Western Church in the Eucharist. f

leaven.]

loaf of)

Azymite

/'azimAit/ n. ei8. [med.L azymita f. azumitSs, f azumos: see prec, -ite'.] Eccl. Hist. (A contemptuous name used by the Orthodox Church for) a member of any of the Western Christian Churches which administer the Eucharist with imleavened bread. Cf

med.Gk

Prozymite.

lME.

saw, a run, o put,

prec:

azure

azurine

ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

day, au no,

t:

hair,

la

near,

01

boy, us poor,

Aia tire,

aoa sour

B B, b

bi:

,

the second letter of the

alphabet and of the ancient

Gk

Heb. represented by the to

hctj,

Roman

modem

Eng.

one, corresp.

The sound normally

heth. letter

a

is

voiced bilabial

plosive consonant. PI. B*s, Bs. I

1

1

The

nii;

letter and its sound. knotv J B from a BATTLEDORE.

Symbolical uses. 2 Used to denote

11

order; applied e.g. to the second section, sheet of a book, etc. 3

serial

group or

Mm.

(Cap. B.) seventh note of the diatonic scale of C

The

major (in German notation repr. by H, B repr. Eng. B flat). Also, the scale of a composition with B as its keynote. 4 The second hypothetical person or example. 5 Math. (Usu. italic fc.) The second known quantity. 6 (Usu. cap. B.) Designating the second or second-highest class (of road, academic marks, population as regards affluence, etc.). 7 (Cap. B.) The blood group characterized by the presence of the agglutinogen designated B and the absence of that designated A. 8 (Cap. B.) Designating a series of international standard paper sizes with a fixed shape and uvice the area of the next size, as So, B/, B2, Si, B4, etc. 2 B-DNA Bwchem. the commonest form of DNA, m which the base pairs are almost at nght angles to the axis of the double helix. 4 from A ro B: see A, A 6. 6 B-film, -movie, -picture a film made for use as a supporting feature in a cinema programme. B-side (the music of) the less imponant side of a gramophone record B Special Hist, a member of a paid occasional special police force in Northern Ireland 7 III

AB:

see A, A 9

9 Abbrevs.: (A small selection only

Those

given

is

caps, or small caps, also occur with a full stop after each letter; some of those all in caps, also occur (i) with initial cap. only, (ii) in small caps.) B. = Bachelor or [L] baccalaureus (in academic degrees); Blessed; = bar (in B-gtrl (US slang) a bar-girl); British. {Physics) bel(s); (Chess) bishop; black (of pencil lead); (Chem.) boron, b. = {colloq.) bastard, here.

all in

B

euphemism sometimes printed 6 — ); billion; bom; (Cncket) bowled by, bye(s). b = {Nuclear Physics) bam; {Particle Physics) beauty, bottom. BA = Bachelor of Ans; British Academy, British Airways; British Association (for the Advancement of Science). Ba {Cheni.) = barium. BAA = Bntish Airports Authonty. BAe bixi'i: = British Aerospace. BAFTA = British Academy of Film and 'bafla Television Ans. BALPA = British Airline Pilots' Association, b. & b. = bed and breakfast, b. & w. = black and white (television etc.). BAOR = Briush Army of the Rhme. BB = double-black (of pencil lead). BBB ^ treblebugger

(as

a

BBC

= (of black pencil lead). Bntish Broadcast Corporation {BBC Engli /?, a form of standard English regarded as charactenstic of BBC announcers), bbl. = barrels (esp. of oil). = British Columbia, bc = before Christ. = binary coded decimal, bce = before

BC BCD

BCF

= British Cychng the Common Era. = bacillus of Calmeite and Federation. = Guerin (anti-tuberculosis vaccine,. Bachelor of Divinity. Bde = Brigade Bdr. = = Bachelcr of Dental Bombardier. = Bachelor of Education; Bachelor Surgery. of Engineenng; bill of exchange. Be {Chem.) = = Bnush Epilepsy Association; beryllium.

BCG

BD

BDS

BE

BEA

= (Hisc.) British European Airways. B.Ed. Bachelor of Educatina. Beds. = Bedfordshire. BEF = Bntish Expeditionary Force, the British the Western Front, August -November = British Empire and 1939 40.

army on 1914

BEM

Medal; bug-eyed monster. B.Eng. = Bachelor of Engineering. Berks. b but, d dog,

f

=

Berkshire

few, q get, h he,

j

BeV =

yes, k cat,

!

leg,

m

BF {colloq.) = bloody bloody fool; {US) boldface (of type); brought forward; B'ham = Birmingham. BHC = benzene hexachloride. bhp = brake horsepower. Bi {Chem.) bismuth. BIM = British Institute of Management. Bk {Chem.) = berkehum. bk. = = book. BL Bachelor of Law; bill of lading;

Baathism

billion (10") electronvolts.

=

fool. b.f.

=

British Leyland; British Library, bl.

{Hist.)

= [L] Baccalaureus B.Litt = Bachelor Litterarum Bachelor of Letters. = British of Medicine; British Museum. Medical Association. B.Mus. = Bachelor of = bicycle moto-cross. Bn. = Music. Battalion, bn. = billion. BNF {Computing) = Backus -Naur form. {colloq.) = body odour. = British Overseas Airways {Hist.) = biochemical oxygen Corporation. demand. {Hist.) = Boy's Own Paper. BOSS {S. Afr. Hist.) = Bureau of {properly = botanic(al), for) State Security, bot. botany; botde; bought. BP = blood pressure, boiling point; British Petroleum; British Pharmacopoeia, bp = before the present (counting backwards from 1800). Bp. = Bishop, = boiling point. BPC = b.p. Bntish Pharmaceutical Codex. B.Phil. = Bachelor of Philosophy, bpi {Computing) = bits per inch, bps {Computing) = bits per second. Bq {Physics) black.

barrel;

BM BMA

E19. [Fr. f. Pol., lit. 'married (peasant) woman'.] A rich sponge cake; spec. (more fully rum baba) one served in a rum syrup.

Baba

/'baba/ Also b-. M19. [Malay ] In Malaysia, a Straits-bom person of Chinese descent.

babaco

n. PI. -os. E20. [S. Amer. tree, Canca pentagona, the papaya or pawpaw; the large yellow fixiit of this tree, similar in shape to a

related

marrow. /'babskuit/ babakotoUi. 'father-child'.]

Standard; (slang) bullshit. B.Sc. = Bachelor of Science. BSE = bovine spongiform encephalopathy. BSI = British Standards Institution. BSL = British Sign Language. BST = bovine somatotrophin; British Standard Time = British (1968-71), Bntish Summer Time. Telecom. Bt. = Baronet. B.th.u. (Hist.) = British thermal unit. B.T.U. = (Hist.) Board of Trade Unit; British thermal unit. B.t.u. = British thermal unit. bu. = bushel(s). Bucks. = = Blessed Virgin Mary. Buckinghamshire. = black and white (television etc.). BWI British

West

BWR

Indies.

BYO

=

/'babit/ n.' & v. Also B-. L19. [Isaac Babbitt (1799-1862), US inventor ] A n. Any of a group of usu. tin-based alloys used for antifriction linings in bearings. Also more fully babbitt metal. L19. B v.t. Line with babbitt. L19.

babbitt

Babbitt

/'babit/ E20. [(The hero of) a novel by Sinclau- Lewis, 1922.] A materiahstic and complacent businessman conforming to the

standards of his set. Babbit(t)ry n. the Philistine behaviour of

-ative

baa

/ba:/

&

n.

v.

ei6. [Imit.]

A

n.

The

produce a more or less continuous succession of indistinct sounds. lME. 3 v.t. Talk excessively or inopportunely; prate. lME. 4 v.t. Repeat or utter with meaningless iteration; bird, etc.)

utter incoherently or foohshly. L15. 5 v.t. Reveal (a secret etc.) by talking. M16. Sheridan They only babble who practise not I R. B reflection 2 W. JONES Echo babling by the mountain's side, babbling brook Austral. & NZ rhyming slang a cook, esp. for a camp or for an isolated group of shepherds, musterers, etc. 3 E. F. Benson Maud sat quite silent, while Lucia babbled on. J. Thurber An eccentric elderly woman who babbled of her recendy inherited fortune. 4 Quiller-Couch His hps happily babbling the curses that the ships' captains had taught him. R. Kipling He babbled tales of oppression and wrong till the tears ran down his cheeks. 5 I. D'Israeli The queen impatiently babbled the plot R. Davies Didn't you yourself babble out all the secrets of your

worshipper of Baal, an idolater E17.

= Baalist mi 7.

A

/ba:s/ n. E17. [Du.: see boss n.'] fl sea-captain; a Dutch foreman etc. E-M17. 2 (usu. White) employer, master, foreman, etc. Freq. as a form of address. 5. Afr. L18.

Dutch

A

/'boisskap/

Domination,

Baath

f.

esp. of

/ba:9/

as

n.

S.

Afr.

M20. [Afk. -schap

f.

-SHIP.]

non-Whites by Whites.

Also Ba'ath

n.

+

prec.

&

MLG

imit.

/'beisl/ n. PI. -im /-im/. lME. [Heb. Baal = lord.] A Phoenician or Canaanite, Canaanite god; gen. a false god. Baalism n. the worship of Baal, idolatry: E17.

Du. baasschap,

.

/'bab(3)l/ v. Also fbable. ME. [Prob. (Du.) babbelen, or a parallel native formation; cf. Fr. babiller prattle, f. onomatopoeic base bab-.l 1 i>.i. Talk childishly, prattle; talk incoherendy or foolishly; utter meaningless words. ME. 2 v.t. Utter inarticulate or indistinct sounds, like a child; (of a stream, f.

f.

baasskap

other vars. M20.

.

[Arab, ba't party etc.

founded man,

lit.

'resurrection'.]

A

pan-Arabic

More

socialist

fiilly

Baath

movement

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

.

to me? babblement

life

in Syria in the early 1940s.

n no, p pen,

lines.

A

Carlyle

babble

bleat of a

baas

Also fbable. L15. [f. the inopportune

Idle, foolish, or

great deal of unwise babble on this subject, psychobabble, technobabble, etc. 2 W. MoRRis Nought he seemed to hear Save the brook's babble. G. F Newman The general babble of conversation didn't decrease but a few heads turned. P. Ackroyd The babble of voices was indescribable. 3 C Darwtn Man has an instinctive tendency to speak, as we see in the babble of our young children, 1

Baal

a

n. 1

2nd elem. of comb.) pretentious Confused murmur or noise, as of

from conversations on other

Crosstalk

:

n.

as

+

M20.

Comb. baa-lamb (a child's name for) a lamb. B v.i. Pa. t. & pple baaed, baa'd. Esp. of a sheep: bleat. L16.

n.

/'bab(3)l/ Fr. babil.]

(esp.

v.

jargon. LI 5. 2 many voices heard at once, a stream, etc. E17. 3 Inarticulate speech, as of infants. M17. 4 Teleph.

sheep or lamb. E16.

Baalist Baalite

]

babble vb. Cf talk;

/'babbtrv/ a. L16. [f. babble Inclined to babble, loquacious.

,

BYOB BYOG

a Babbitt

E20.

babblative

boiling-

= bring your own water (nuclear) reactor. (on a party invitation etc.); also, a restaurant etc. to which customers may bring their own = bring your own alcoholic drinks. bottle, booze, etc. (Austral. & NZ) = bring your own grog,

[Malagasy

A

BVM

=

(Hist.)

L19. indri.

NE

BT

B/W

=

/baba'su:/ n. Also baba9ti. E20. [Brazilian Port. baba(u f. Tupi ybd fmit + guasu large.] palm of the genus Orbignya, native to Brazil and yielding an edible oil.

BRCS

BRS

n.

babassu

BR

= British Rail (formerly. becquerel(s). Railways). Br. = Bntish; Brother. Br {Chem.) = bromine. = British Red Cross Society. Brig. = Brigadier. Brit. = Britain; British, bro. = brother Bros. = Brothers. = British Road Services. BS = {US) Bachelor of Science; Bachelor of Surgery; Blessed Sacrament; British

to

babacoote

BOD

=

/ba'baikau/

An Ecuadorian

Sp.]

BO

BOP

the beliefs of the Baath party M20. (a member or supporter) of the

bab n. see babe. baba /'ba:ba:/ n.'

BMX

BOAC

n.

Baathist n. & a. Baath party M20.

{colloq.)

J

n.

babble; idle chatter, incoherent or

she, 3 vision, B thin, 6 this,

i]

ring,

Ij

chip, d3 jar

.

babbler fbable

meaningless talk: M17. babblingly adv. in a babbling manner, with babbling E17.

babbler

/'babla/ n. mi6. or idle talker, a

foolish

+

prec.

[f.

-er'.]

1

M16. 2

chatterer.

•}•

A A

& NZ

=

babbling brook slang. E20.

babby n. see babv n. babe /beib/ n. Also (now

s.v.

babble

v.

ME

2.

babe

CLOUT

a

4. milk jor

n.'

Christ

arms

in

&

/'beib(3)l/ n.

/b3'bu:J/ n. L17. [Fr. f. Arab, babuj, papas, f. pa foot + pus covering.] A Turkish or oriental heelless slipper. Pers.

babu

city

assembly.

A

2

E16.

noise.

scene of confusion; a noisy

3

E17.

A

(B-.)

structure;

lofty

a

B

build. adj.

Confused, turbulent;

visionary. M17.

lofty,

confusion

babelize

noisily

a.

of v.t.

fbabery

confused E17. babelism

speech; a strange a babel of E17.

n.

lME-liS.

n.

BABOONERY,

M19

utterance:

assim.

var. [Perh. of babe: see -ery.]

to

Absurdity; grotesque ornamentation,

babesiosis

babushka

/babirzi'aosis/

n.

PI.

-oses

/-'susiiz/.

and (formerly) tannin.

/ba'bujks/

Cf.

folded diagonally

under the chin. M20.

tied

/'beibi/ n.

[Prob.

&

f.

lME. b

walk.

Also

a.

(dial.)

babby

A

as babe: see -Y*.]

young

child, esp. jig.

A

/'babi/.

w.

1

An

one not yet able

person's

invention,

achievement, or concern. L19. ^2 A doll, a puppet. E16-E18. 3 A small image of oneself reflected in the pupil of another's eye. obs. exc. as below. li6. 4 In pi. [perh. orig. ornamental work w. cupids etc.] Pictures in books. Now only north. L16. 5 An imduly childish person. (Cf. CRY-BABY.) E17. 6 A (relatively) tiny or diminutive animal or thing; a small version of

something generally larger; esp. a small-sized bottie, jar, etc. M19. 7 A person; a thing; a yovmg woman, a girlfriend. Freq. as a form of address, slang (chiefly N. Amer.). M19. 8 The youngest or most junior member of a family,

(Jever)

team, group,

mod.L

[f

Also babesiasis /boibi'zAiasis/

n., pi.

-ases

M20.

Babi

/'ba:bi/

M19.

n.

[Pers.,

Arab,

f

bab

lit. 'gate'. The title Bab was assumed by the founder.] A member of a Persian eclectic sect foimded in 1844,

intermediary,

emphasizing the corrung of a new prophet or messenger of God, and from which Baha'ism developed.

Babism Babist

n.

n.

&

to the Babis:

the doctrine or practice of the Babis M19 a. (a) n. a Babi; (ft) adj. of or pertaining

M19 Babite

n. a

Babi E20

babiche /ba'biij/ n. N. Amer. E19. [Canad. Fr. Micmac a.papi.i.] Thongs or thread made of f.

rawhide, sinew,

etc.

babify /'beibifAi/ v.t. Also babyfy. M19. [f. baby n. + -FY.] Make baby-like or babyish. babingtonite /'babiqtanMt/ n. E19. [f. William Babington (1756- 1833), Eng. mineralogist + -ite'.]

Mm. A

calcium,

of iron and greenish-black

triclinic basic silicate

occurring

glassy

as

crystals.

battered baby: see

stay

on the brake with those babies, this baby slang

I,

me. Comb.: baby-blue-eyes a N. American ornamental annual plant, Ncmophtla menziesii, having saucershaped blue flowers with a white centre; baby bonus Canad. colloq. a family allowance; baby boom (the children

bom

birth rate;

at a

time of) a marked increase in the a person bom during a baby

baby boomer

boom; baby-bouncer = haby-jumper below; Baby

Buggy

(propnetary name for) a kind of child's (ft) N. Amer. (w. lower-case initials) a pram; baby bust colloq. (orig. US) (a period of) a marked decrease in the birth rate; baby buster colloq. (orig. US) a person bom during such a period; baby (a)

pushchair;

babirusa

/ba:bi'ru:s3/ n. Also -r(o)ussa. L17. [Malay, f. babi hog + nisa deer.] A wild hog, Babyrousa babyrussa, of the Malay archipelago, having upturned hornlike tusks,

babish

etc. L19.

BATTER f.' I. blue baby: see BLUE a. carry or hold the baby bear an unwelcome responsibihty. jelly baby: see jelly n.' surrogate baby: see surrogate a. throw away the baby with the bathwater (& vars.) reject what is essential or valuable along with the messential or useless, wet the baby's head: see WET v. b it's your baby you must deal with it. 2 Pope Sober over her Sampler, or gay over a jointed Baby. 3 look babies gaze into another's eyes. 7 C. Sandburg My baby's going to have a new dress. A. LoMAX Some terrible environments inhabited by some very tough babies. New York Times You need that left ankle for strength when you hit the brake. That's why I couldn't drive stocks. You got to I

/-asiiz/,

/'beibij/ a. arch.

M16.

[f.

babe +

-ish'.]

a cat, a: arm, e bed,

3:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

carriage a pram, baby-doll (o) = doll «.'; (ft) an ingenuous girl or woman with pretty features like those of a doll; baby-face (a person with) a smooth

rounded

Infantile, baby-like; babyish, silly.

1:

see, o hot,

d:

baby-farmer

derog.

baby-farming; baby-farming

face like a baby's;

saw, a run, o put,

u: too, a

arch, or Hist.) a doll's house,

frame on springs,

in

baby-farm

ago,

ai

derog. a place

my, ao how,

ei

baby-jumper

which a child

a

hanging

fastened

is

to

exercise his or her limbs; baby-minder a persjn who looks after babies for payment, esp while their parents or guardians arc at work; baby powder a skin powder

baby's breath

(chiefly N. Amer.) any of esp. Gypsophila paniculata; look after (a child) while his or her parents or guardians are out; jig. look after (a thing) while its owner is away; babysitter a person engaged to babysit; baby-snatcher (a) a person who abducts a very young child; (ft) colloq. a person who is sexually attracted to, has an amorous affair with, or marries a much younger person; baby-snatching the action of a baby-snatcher; baby-talk imperfect or contrived speech used by or to young children; baby-walker a device for helping a baby learn to walk.

for babies;

various

scented

babysit

v.t.

&

plants,

1.

B aiirib. or as adj. Small or diminutive of its kind; young. E17. F. A. Forbes I have in my room a baby rhododendron in full bloom. E. Waugh Julia always drove herself, in the latest model of mass-produced baby

Daily

car.

carrots,

Telegraph Early pickings of baby flesh of young cattle older than veal, baby grand a small grand

baby beef

those producing piano.

babyhood babyish

babies

infancy;

n.

collectively:

mi 8.

resembling or charactenstic of a baby; unduly childish, silly: M18. babyishly adv. M19. babyishness n. L19. babyism n. babyhood; a babyish phrase or action: M19. babykins n. (colloq.) (a term of a.

endearment for) a baby M20. baby-like (that oO a baby E19. /'beibi/ v.t. M18. baby; coddle, pamper,

babyfy

[f.

the n

]

a.

resembUng

Treat as a

of BABIFY.

v. var.

-Ion/ n. M17. [L f. Gk Heb. babel babel), name of the ancient Chaldean capital and also of tlie mystical city of the Apocalypse ] 1 A great and decadent city. Formerly esp. {derog.) Rome or

Babylon BabidSn

Babesia (see below), f. Victor Babes (1854-1926), Romanian bacteriologist: see -ia', -osis.] Vet. Med. Tick-bome infection of animals (and rarely of man) with sporozoans of the genus Babesia. Also called murrain, red-water E20.

carried on;

baby mzo. [Russ. = grandgrandmother, an old

n.

mother] 1 In Russia: a woman. M20. 2 A head-scarf

to

make

Indian

n.

arabic,

infant; a very

noisy

An

KIKAR, neb-neb, SUNT.

lME.

Babel-tongues.

babelish

/ba'buil/

gum

fuel,

baby

W

Dickens Babel towers of chimneys. E. H. Meyerstein I never thought I should come round to Eliot as a poet. Here he has dropped his Poundian

Hist.

Also -ool. E19. [Hind, babul, Bengali babul, f. Skt babbala.] Esp. in the Indian subcontinent: a tropical acacia, Acacia nilotica, introduced from Africa and used as a source of

and

or as

attnb.

gentleman. L18-E19. 2

clerk or official who could write English; derog. an Indian, esp. in Bengal, who had had a superficial English education. M19. Comb.: babu English Hist, ornate and unidiomatic English regarded as characteristic of an Indian who had learned the language from books

babul

visionary project, mi 7. 1 A. Ross Their words are a Babel whose meaning is plain -The shadow of Cain has been thrown on to Abel. Tolkien TTiere was a hoot of snarling horns and a babel of baying voices. 2 Swift T^e whole babel of sectaries joined against the church. S. Gibbons A babel broke out, in which Aunt Ada could dimly be discerned beating at everybody. 3 Milton And still with vain designe New Babels, had they wherewithall,

would

/'ba:bu:/ n. Also ^-00; B-. L18. [Hind. 1 Orig., a Hindu utle of respect. Later,

babtl.] f a Hindu

Also B-. E16. [Babel,

a.

large African

resembling (that of) a baboon E19.

and tower where the confusion of tongues took place {Gen. 11), = Heb. babel Babylon, f. Akkadian bab Hi gate of God.] A w. 1 A confused medley of sounds; meaningless the

number of

babouche

babes in the wood [with ref to the old ballad The Children m the Wood] inexperienced persons.

babel

of a

baboonery n. t(a) = BABERV; (ft) rare a baboon colony, a place where baboons are kept; (c) baboonish behaviour or condition: lME. baboonish a.

Chnstianity.

to

Any

L16. 2

sphinx-baboon, ursine baboon, yellow baboon, etc.

newborn baby, babe of clouts: see babes: see MILK n. 3a. 2 babe in

newly converted

person

a

babul.

muzzles Arabian monkeys, having resembling those of dogs. lME. 3 An ugly or uncouth person; a stupid person. Also gen. as a term of abuse. L15. 2 chacma baboon, gelada baboon, hamadryas baboon,

ME

1

var. of

n.

and

/bab/. lME. [Prob. a contraction of an imit. form derived from childish utterance, similar to mama, papa: cf. baban.] 1 A young child, a baby. Chiefly & biblical. lME. 2 A childish, poet. inexperienced, or guileless person. E16. f3 = BABY n. 2. M-L16. 4 A girl or woman (freq. as a form of address), slang (chiefly N. Amer.). E20.

is

in

the lodging and care of babies for payment; baby food a milk-substitute or light diet suitable for a baby; Babygro (proprietary), babygrow a kind of allin-one stretch gannent for babies; baby house (now derog.

/bo'bum/ n. ME. [OFr. babuin gaping figure, manikin, baboon, or med.L babewynus; perh. f. (0)Fr. baboue muzzle, grimace.] fl ^ grotesque figure used in architecture etc.

bab

dial.)

where baby-farming a person engaged

n., v.

of babu.

var.

n.

baboon

to the family Tiinaliidae) with loud chattering

voices. M19. 5

of babble

n., v. var.

baboo

babool

gossip, a teller of secrets. L16. 3 A foxhound that gives tongue too freely. M18. 4 Any of a large group of Old World passerine birds (belonging

Austral.

baccarat

163

/'babibn,

(f.

the papal power. M17. 2 Among Blac.Ks, esp. Rastafarians: White society; the representauves of this, esp. the pohce. M20. Baby'lonic a. = Babylonian a. Et7. Babylonish /babi'laonif/ a. (a) of or pertaining to Babylon; f (ft) popish; (c) babelish, confused in language: M16.

Babylonian

/babi'bonisn/

n.

&

a.

mi6.

[f.

L

BabulSnios: see prec, -ian.] A «. 1 A native or inhabitant of Babylon. M16. fb A papist. L17 L18. 2 The Akkadian dialect of Babylon. L19. B adj. Of or pertaining to Babylon or its dialect; jig. {a) huge, gigantic, f {b) popish, (c) (with ref to Rev. 17:4) scarlet. L16.

Babylonius

f.

Gk

bac /bak/ n. E20. [Abbrev.] Baccarat. bacalao /baka'lao/ n. Also -lhau /-'Xau/. M16. [Sp. bacal{l)ao, Pon. hacalhau.] dried or salted.

Bacardi

/ba'ka:di/

Bahamas

Nassau,

(Proprietary of this.

name

n.

e2o.

Codfish, esp.

[Bacardi

&

Co.,

based in Cuba).] a dry white rum; a drink

(orig.

for)

f bacare int. var. of backare. bacca /'baka/ n. colloq. Also

baccer, backer. Tobacco. Cf. bacco, baccy. baccalaurean /baka'binsn/ a. M19. [f. med.L baccalaureus (see BACHELOR) + -AN.] Of or E19.

[Abbrev

]

befitting a bachelor.

baccalaureate

«. [Fr. /baks'biriat/ M17. haccalaureat or f. med.L baccalaureatus, The baccalaureus: 1 see BACHELOR, -ATE'.] imiversity degree of bachelor, mi 7. 2 = International rare. 3 BACHELOR L17. 4. qualification awarded for Baccalaureate, (a

of performance in) a set examinations intended to qualify successful candidates for higher education in any of several satisfactory

coimtries. L20.

baccarat

/'bakara:/ n. Also -ra. M19. [Fr. of unkn. origin.] A gambling cardgame, played between a banker and one pimter, or several punters in turn, in which the best oneor two-card hand is that yielding the highest baccara,

day, au no,

e:

hair,

is

near,

oi

boy, oa poor,

m3

tire,

aoa sour

8

baccate remainder when by 10.

total face value

its

divided

is

'bakeit, a. E19. [L baccams, f. bacca borry: see -ATE-.] Bot. Bearing berries; berry-like,

Bacchanal M16. [L

bacca.

var. of

n.

"bak.mCs)!, -nal/

bacchanalis-,

= Bacchic

I

a.

Also b-.

n.

Bacchus: see

f.

drunken

A

-al'.]

i.

reveller. E19. in

drunken

baks'neilis' n.pl.

[L bacchanalia neut.

The Roman

names.)

How

your voice sounds tonight, bach. R. Davihs Time to pay back now, Dicky bach. different

Bach

/batj/ L20. [Edward Bach (1886-1936), physician.] (Proprietary name for) a preparation of the flowers of a wild plant used in

system of complementary medicine to relieve emotional states, and a therapeutic system based on such preparations. Here'i Health He was plied with Bach flower remedies and some supplements. a

Bacharach

/'baksrak, foreign 'baxsrax/ «. E17. [A town on the Rhine, western Germany.] A (usu. white) wine produced in the area of

Bacharach.

bacchanalize 11 indulge

Bacchanalia

and often placed appositionally

voc.

A. Burgess

British

&

mi6. 2 = Bacchic 2. li6. B n. 1 An occasion of drunken revelry; an orgy. M16. 2 A priest, priestess, or devotee of Bacchus. M16. 3 A dance or song in honour of Bacchus; sing. & (usu.) in pi, a festival in honour of Bacchus. E17. 4 A scene of revelr>' painted or sculptured. M18. 5 A noisy or adj.

(Chiefly

after personal

baccate

baccer

back

164

mi 7.

revelr>'

o{ bacchanalis: see prec] in honour of Bacchus, the

pi.

festival

/'batfsb/ n. Also fbatch-. ME. bacheler young man aspiring to [OFr. knighthood, f. Proto-Romance, of uncertain

bachelor

Also b-. L16.

revelry;

an orgy.

in academic l ie the med.L form was baccalarius, later altered to -laureus, w. ref to

Bacchanalian bak^'neilutn/ a. & n. M16. [{. L bacchanalis BACCHANAL +

Also b-.

who

1

god of wine. L16. 2 Drunken M17.

A

-IAN.]

Marked

by, connected wixh, or given to drunken revelry; riotously drunken, mi 6. 2 Connected with or relating to the worship of Bacchus, the Greek and Roman god of wine. adj.

1

A E17. B Bacchant

Bacchant; a drunken

baksnt

&

n.

Bacchants, Bacchantes

A

bacchante: see next.]

a.

reveller. E17.

Also

b-.

PI.

/ba'kantiz/. L16. [Fr.

A

n.

priest, priestess, or

devotee of Bacchus, the Greek and Roman god of wine; a drunken reveller, a roisterer. L16. B adj. Bacchus-worshipping; wine-loving. E19.

Bacchandc

b^'kantik

a.

A

L

devotee

or female

A

of Bacchus,

Greek and Roman god of wine. L18. B

the

attrib.

or

as adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a

Bacchante. E19.

IThe It.,

second pronunc.

influenced by the

BatvAanKs

is

fireq.

pi.

is

after

(of both genders)

after L.

baccharis

'baksris/ n. baccar, bacc{h)aris f.

[L

after Fr.; the third

Eng.

Also fbacchar. mi6.

Gk

bakkaris, bakkh-.]

Orig., a plant with an aromatic root, mentioned identified; any of several plants identified with this. spec, any

by the ancients and variously

Now

American shrub of the genus Bacchans, which includes the groundsel tree, B. halimifolia.

Bacchic

'bakik/ a. Also b-. M17. [L bacchicus (. Gk bakkhxkos: see Bacchus, -ic] 1 Of or pertammg to Bacchus, the Greek and Roman god of wine, or his worship, mi 7. 2 Frenzied like devotee of Bacchus; riotously drunken, a roistering. L17.

bacchius

bs'kAiss/

n.

PI.

bacchii

/bs'kAiAi/.

A

L16. [L f. Gk bakkheios {pous foot).] Pros. metrical foot of three syllables, one short and

two long, bacchiac

a.

Bacchus

Mi

"bakas

god

of wine.] personified

bacciferous

n. lME. [L f. Gk Bakkhos the Wine or intoxicating liquor

/bak'sif(3)r3s/ a. M17.

[f.

L

baccifer

+ -ous: see -ferous.] Berry-bearing; producing hemes. '{.

as next)

baccivorous

/bak'srv'(3)r3s/ a.

M17.

bacci-

[f. 1.

comb. form of bacca berry + -VOROUS.] Berry-

bacco

/'bakao/ n. colloq. Tobacco. Cf. bacca, next,

L18.

[Abbrev.]

Also backy. [Abbrev.] Tobacco. Cf. bacca, prec.

bach

/'baki/

n.

&

coUoq.

E19.

/batj/

n.'

V.

colloq.

t.

Austral.,

&

NZ.

/ba:x/

'little'.]

ntle of a gentleman who has been knighted. bachelor of arts, science, etc. determining bachelor, see DETERMINE 4b. Comb.: bachelor apartment, flat: suitable for an

unmarried person; bachelor girl a young unmarried woman who lives independendy; bachelor party: for men only, esp. to mark the end of a man's bachelorhood; bachelor's button(s) any of various double-flowered forms of plants grown for omament, double form of the meadow buttercup, esp. a Ranunculus acns, or sneezewort, Achillea ptarmica\ bachelor's degree a degree of Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, etc.; bachelor's hall a home presided over by a bachelor (or a man living apart from his wife); bachelor's wife the ideal wife of whom a bachelor theorizes or dreams. = bachelordom n. bachelorhood L19 bachelo'rette n. (N. Amer.) (a) = bachelor girl above; (ft) an apartment suitable for a bachelor girl: M20.

bachelorhood n. the E19 bachelorism n. E19. «.

bachelorly

Dear,

b but, d dog,

f

Welsh dial. L19. [Welsh, lit. beloved; one; friend. little

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

a.

like a

= BACHELORHOOD

bachelor L16. bachelorship

Ll6.

bachelorize

/'batjabiAiz/ v.i. Also -ise. M18. [f. prec. + -IZE.] 1 Take the degree of bachelor. rare. M18. 2 Live as a bachelor; spec. (NZ) =

bach

M19.

v.

Bachian

/'baikian, 'boix-/

n.

&

a.

E2o.

[f.

Bach

below) + -ian.] A n. An interpreter, student, or admirer of the music of the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach (1685 1750), E20. B adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of Bach or his music. M20. bacillary /bs'silsri/ a. M19. [f. late L bacillus + -ary'.] 1 Of, pertaining to, or consisting of littie rods. M19. 2 Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of bacilh; caused by bacilli. L19. 2 bacillary white diarrhoea = PtnxoRUM DISEASE, bacillar a. = bacillary 2 L19. bacilliform a. rod(see

shaped M19. n. PI. -Ui /Am, -li:/. L19. rod, dim. of baculus rod, stick.]

/bs'sibs/

L =

[Late

little

Any

bacterium; rod-shaped pathogenic bacterium. baci'lluria

n.

loosely

{Med.) the presence of

any

bacilli in the

L19.

bacitracin

/basi'treisin/

m20. [f prec. +

n.

Margaret Tracy, an Amer. child in whom the substance was discovered in a woimd + -in'.] An antibiotic obtained from bacteria of the Bacillus sublilis group.

back

L19.

n.'

state or quality of a bachelor

a habit or peculiarity of a bachelor; the condition or behaviour of a bachelor:

unne

Also batch. M19. [Abbrev. of bachelor ] A «. 1 A bachelor. US. M19. 2 A small makeshift hut; a small holiday (w, ir). Live alone house. NZ. E20. B v.i. & and cater for oneself as a bachelor. N. Amer.,

bach

prevented from breeding by more dominant males in a social group. L19. 6 An apartment suitable for a bachelor. Chiefly N. Amer. M20. 1 knight bachelor a knight of the lowest order; the

bacillus

eating.

baccy

bacca lauri laurel berry ] 1 Hist. A young knight followed the banner of another; a novice in arms. ME. 2 An unmarried man (usu. of marriageable age); occas. (rare bef. 19) an unmarried woman. ME. 3 A junior member or 'yeoman' of a trade-guild, obs. exc. Hist. lME. 4 A man or woman who has taken a degree below that of Master (usu. a first degree) at a university or other academic institution. lME. 5 A male animal, esp. a male fur-seal, which is

full

M19.

'bak(3)nt, ba'kant, ba'kanti/ n. & a. Also b-. L18. [Fr., f. L bacchant- pres. ppl stem of bacchari celebrate the feast of Bacchus «. (in only in fem. pi. bacchantes).]

Bacchante

priestess

origin:

[OE bxc =

/bak/

OFris. bek, OS bak, bak, f. bah, The convex surface of

(M)LG, MDu.

OHG

Gmc]

1

man, n

I

bak, Orig. sense.

no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

ON

top, v van,

w

we,

the body of man and vertebrate animals which is adjacent to the spinal axis and opposite to the belly, and extends from the neck and shoulders to the extremity of the backbone. OE. 2 Regarded with reference to its position or fvinctions. spec, a The hinder surface of a person's body, esp. as turned away from someone else. OE. b The part of the body which bears burdens. OE. c That pan of the body which is the special recipient of clothing (often repr. the whole body in this capacity) ME. d In animals, the upper surface opposite to that on which they move or rest. lME. I O. Henry Down his back from his mane to his tail went a line of black. A. Schlee She stood with her back against the door feeling the brass handle press against a bone in her spine. 2a Shakes. Cymb. The army broken. And but the backs of Britons seen, b Shakes. Tit. A. Wrongs more than our backs can bear. R. V. Jones More than one careerist in the Admiralty had climbed on Butterworth's back by exploiting his work, c G. B. Shaw Give them the clothes off my .

back. II transf. The surface of things analogous in position to the (human) back; the hinder side. 3 The side or surface of any object which answers in position to the back and is opposite to the face or front, or to the side approached or contemplated, or away from the normal direction of motion; e.g. the outer side of the hand, the underside of a leaf, the convex part of a book, the rear part of a house or vehicle. ME. 4 The side or part of any object that is away from or more remote from the spectator; the fiirther side. M17. 5 ellipt. = backblocks, back country s.v. BACK-. L19. 6 In pi. (Also B-.) The grounds behind some Cambridge colleges bordering on the River Cam. H9. there are 3 Lytton At the back of the cottage some fields. OED The back of the leaf is lighter in colour. F. O'Connor He wrote down the address on the back of an envelope. A. Burgess Took three bullets straight in the back of the throat. T Stoppard He got into the back of the motor. 4 J. Tyndall A plate of copper against the back of which a steady sheet of flame is permitted to play B. Shaw Finally comes the band, which posts itself at the back of the .

.

.

.

G

square.

III

Parts

analogous hind part,

of

things

having

in position, to the e.g.

relation,

human

of a chair, garment,

or

The lME. 8

back. 7 etc.

body of followers or supporters; backing. Now only Sc. mi 6. 9 The rear of an armed force. arch. L16. 10 Football, Hockey, etc. (The position

A

a defending player stationed behind the forwards. L19. 7 Ld Macaulay The back of the chimney did not seem to be firmly fixed J. Conrad I grabbed the back of the nearest piece of furniture. 8 J. Speed Scotland was a special backe and second to King Henry. 9 Shakes. 2 Hen. IV He leaves his back unarm'd. 10

of)

.

.

centre hack, full-hack, half-back, quarterback, etc.

IV Surfaces or parts of things analogous to the back of animals. 1 1 The upper surface of anything, esp. as bearing burdens; the ridge of a the surface of water, the waves, etc. 12 The keel and keelson of a ship. L17. 11 Shakes Temp. I saw him beat the surges under him. And ride upon their backs: he trod the water. N Hawthorne We now rambled about on the broad back of the hill. 12 P. O'Brian I drove her on to the rock before Gijon. She was hopelessly bilged, her back broken. Phrases etc. (see also BACK-): at the back of behind in support, pursuit, or concealment, at the back of one's mind in the memory but not consciously thought of or immediately recalled, hack and edge: see EDGE n. back of (or o') Bourke [Bourke, a town in western New South Wales] Austral, slang the most remote outback, the back of beyond, back-to-back a. (a) (of houses) built in a continuous terrace divided along its length so as to produce two terraces of houses adjoining at the rear; (ft) N. Amer. (of events) consecutive, behind one's back in one's absence or without one's knowledge, break the back of fig. overburden, crush (a person), finish the greatest or hill; poet,

lME.

.

.

hardest part of (a task), claw the back of: see claw v. 2. hack of a lorry: see LORRY n. get a person's back up make a person angry or stubborn, get off a person's back fig. (colloq.) stop annoying or harassing him or her. give a back = make a hack below, have a (or the) monkey on one's hack: see monkey n. have not a

fall off the

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 9 thin,

6

this,

r)

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

back shin to one's back: see shirt n. in back (of) N. Amer. behind, in or at the back (of), know like tJ>e back of one's liand be thoroughly famiUar or conversant with. left (half-)back: see left a. loose back: see loose a. make a back bend the body to provide a surface for jumping over, e.g. in leapfrog, make a rod for one's own hack: see ROD n. noi a shirt to one's back: see SHIRT n. on one's back laid up or ill in bed; prostrate, helpless, on the back of behind, immediately following; weighing upon as a burden; fig. harassing, annoying. pat on the back: see PAT 3, v. 5. put a person's back up = get a person's back up above, put one's back into use all one's efforts or strength in (a particular endeavour), right (half-)back: see RIGHT a. running back: see RtJNNTNG ppl a. scratch my back and I will scratch yours: see SCRATCH v. see the back of be rid of short back and sides colloq. a short haircut. slap on the back: see SLAP n.' i, SLAP v} stab in the back: see STAB n.' 2, STAB V. 3. the back of beyond: see beyond n. the beast with two backs: see beast n. the last straw that breaks the camel's back: see

straw

the shirt off

n.

SHIRT n. turn one's back on turn away from, flee, forsake, abandon, upon the back of = on the hack of above, watch one's or a person's back: see WATCH V. Watteau hack, with one's back to the wall hard-pressed, at bay. backed a. having a back, background, or backing, (usu. as 2nd elem. of a comb., of a specified kind) lME. backless a. without a back, having no back; (of a woman's garment) cut low at the back: E19. one's bcuk: see

back

LG

L16. [Du. bak, back large hacca 'vas aquarium' (Isidore).] A tub, a trough, a vat, esp. as used in brewing, dyeing, or pickling.

/bak/

dish:

cf.

w.^

med.L

on which the club backs. M. Bradbury The gardens, the houses backing onto them. II Move or hold back. 8 v.t. Set or lay back; (Nam.) lay (a sail or yard) aback to slow the ship down. lME. 9 v.i. Of a person, vehicle, etc.: go or move backwards; retreat. L15. 10 v.t. Cause to move backwards or

in the opposite direction; reverse,

Of

/bak/ a. compar. (obs. exc.

backmost; backer. Freq. w.

Super!,

(anrib.)

in sense 2)

hyphen (see also back-). lME. [Attrib. use of BACK or ellipt. use of back adv.] I From the n. 1 Situated at the back, behind, or away from the front; remote, obscure; inferior, subsidiary. lME. 2 Phonet. Of a soimd: formed at the back of the mouth. M19. I J. Ray a small flat back claw, or toe. L. Sterne Coming unexpectedly from a back parlour into the shop. Thackeray A little morocco box, which contained the Major's back teeth. E. C. Shepherd TTie bomber might have to travel orJy 50 miles to the back areas of the German Army to bomb dumps. looked out window, LE Carre Leamas of the back J. and saw the following them. P. Jhabvala She lived off the main shopping district in a back lane. F. Forsyth They sat over a pot of tea in the back .

.

.

.

DKW

.

.

R

kitchen.

From

behindhand;

adv. 3 In arrears, overdue; belonging to the past. E16. 4

Turned back,

reversed. L16.

the

back

/bak/ v. lME. [f back «.'] I Provide a back; cover the back; support. 1 v.t. fa Clothe. Only in lME. b Put a back to, line the back of M16. 2 v.t. Suppon or help (a person or thing) materially or mechanically; support morally, esp. by argimient. Also foil, by up. E16. 3 v.t. Mount, ride on, or (now esp.) break in (a horse or other animal). L16. 4 v.t. Countersign, endorse; print on the back (as well as the front) of; US & Sc. address (a letter). L17. 5 v.t. Suppon (an opinion or judgement) by a wager; bet on the success of (a horse in a race, an entrant in any contest, etc.); fig. be confident of (a stated outcome). L17. 6a v.t. Form, lie, or stand at the back of. E19. b v.t. Be so situated that the back abuts on ot on to 21 piece of land etc. L19. 7 v.t. Accompany (a singer or instrumentalist, esp. in popular music or jazz). M20. lb J. Smeaton The ashler walls were backed with .

stone,

or

with

bricks.

2

.

A.

NZ

& a sheepdog that jumps on to the backs of sheep to help move them 5 Byron Most men (till by losing render'd sager) Will back their own opinions with a wager. E. Longford Bets were laid in the

Austral.

London

many of Brooks's Whigs backing for a win. back the field bet on the rest of horses against the favourite, back the wrong horse fig. make a wrong or inappropriate choice. 6a T H. Huxley The chalk cliffs which back the beach. M. Mitchell Turning so that she backed the corpse, she caught a heavy boot under each arm and threw her weight forward, b Edinburgh Review St. James' Square, clubs,

Napoleon

a

commitment

s:

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, d hot,

0:

or difficulty,

back up

&

(a) v.phr.t.

(Cricket) (of a fielder) place oneself in readiness to stop

missed by (another

of the

the ball

if

batsman

at the bowler's end: start in readiness for a

possible

run

it

is

made by

(the

striking

fielder);

batsman);

(b)

& I. (orig. N. Amer.) of water, traffic, etc.: accumulate behind an obstacle etc.; of a barrier etc.: cause (water, traffic, etc.) to accumulate; (c) v.phr.t. & i. (orig. N. Amer.) drive (a vehicle etc.) backwards; move backwards; (d) v.phr.t. (Computing) provide v.phr.i.

backup

back

make

for;

duplicate copy of (a disk, sense 2 above).

a

file,

etc.); (see also

lME.

/bak/ adv.

morion or

[Aphet.

f.

aback.]

I

Of

To

the rear (often, esp. in the imper., with the vb go, come, etc., omitted); away from what is considered to be the front or the normal position. lME. 2 In the opposite direction, so as to return to the place originally left; to a former or normal condition, in reversal of progress or in restoration of former circumstances. Mr6. b Come, received, put, etc., back. M17. 3 Into the past; backward in time. L16. 4 In return or retaliation. L16. 5 Away from a promise or undertaking. L18. I AV Matt. 28:2 The angel of the Lord rolled back the stone. Sir W. Scott Back, beardless boy! Back, minion! J. D. Salinger I sort of brushed my hair back with my hand. P. Porter Looking back when at the gate. 2 E. A. Freeman The whole country fell back into heathenism. E. Hemingway She came back from wherever she had been. S. Spender Across the bay, the searchlight beams Swing and swing back across the sky. J. D. Salinger I staned to get up and all,but Mr. Antolini got hold of my jacket and pulled me back down, b J. Conrad She was back from the remoteness of her meditation, very much so indeed. G. B. Shaw She'll come to no harm. She'll be back for tea. A. Rook Our toys of Monday are scarcely back on their tray. J. P. Donleavy Make a fire in the stove. I'll be back. 3 Steele If we go back to the days of Solomon. Q. Crisp Old men looking back on their lives. 4 Shakes. Much Ado What have 1 to give you back? J. MiCHlE 'That's a dirty crooked question,' back 1 roared, answer back, pay back, strike back, etc.

Of

II

direcrion.

1

At

position: 6

a distance, to the rear,

lME. 7 In a state of check to forward movement or progress in condition. M16. 8 In the past; (a specified time) away (Jrom

a specified point).

ago. L18. 6 Shakes. Rich.

My

and let the at the second intruder had occupied a pew some way back from the last of the rows of relatives. 8 T. Pynchon Pierce had died back in the spring. C. Causley Got into trouble two years back With the local gentry. Phrases etc. (see also BACK-): back and forth to and coffin

Ill

OED

pass.

fro.

him back

The

.

back of

heels:

lord, stand back,

left

I

milestone. E. Bowe.n'

(chiefly

HEEL

see

n.'

N. Amer.) behind, hack on one's to nature to a simpler and

back

supposedly more 'natural' existence, hack see SQUARE n. laid-back: see laid ppl a. 4.

backadv.,

to

square one:

/bak/ comb. form. OE. [Repr. back n.', a., or (occas.) v.] In combs, in various

the

a cat, a: arm, e bed,

11 v.i. anticlockwise

towards it— rather, she backed away. E. L. Doctorow As the great liner backed into the river he stood at the rail and waved, back and fill N. Amer. move to and fro; fig. vacillate. 10 Dickens Backing his chair a little. E. Waugh Dennis locked the oflice and backed the car from the garage, back water reverse a boat's forward motion with the oars. With advs. & preps, in specialized senses: back down, off fig. abandon a claim made, stand taken, etc. back out move backward out of a place; fig. withdraw from

.

E

Freeman Demands which had been backed by an armed force. W. LiPPMANN Guarantees, backed by the authority of the state. W. S Churchill Canning had backed the Spanish national rising m 1808. 3 backing dog rubble

mi 8.

change in an direction. Opp. veer. M19. 9 J. Steinbeck Ahead the truck pulled up and then backed slowly. L. P. Hartley She did not move wind:

the

senses,

to distinguish) and on the back', 'backwards', 'rearmost'. (Many, esp. when back has

(often

relations

as

'reverse',

difficult

'of or

an adjectival fimction, can be written with or without a hyphen.) saw, a run, u put,

u: too, s

ago,

backache pain or discomfort in the back, back= backhoc below, back-action (orig. US) backward or reverse action, as in a machine, backalong adv. (dial.) = back adv. 2, 8. back-and-forth exchange, reciprocity, backhand a broad strap or chain passing over a cart-saddle, and serving to acter

restrain, check; esp.

program,

back

II

back-

165

ai

my, au how,

ei

support the shafts, fbackbear

Law

the act of carrying a. ) back beat a strongly accented beat in a position generally unaccented, back-bench one of the benches in an assembly (esp. the House of Commons) occupied by members not entitled to sit on the front benches,

game

killed illegally (cf

back-berand

.

back-bencher a member who occupies a back bench, backblocker /lusrra/., NZ, & Canad. a resident in the backblocks. backblocks Austral., NZ, & Canad. land remote and sparsely inhabited interior; land cut from a river-front, f back-blow a blow struck at the back or from behind, back-boiler a boiler behind a domestic fire or cooking range, back-bond Sc. Imw a deed qualifying the terms of another that is apparently absolute. back-breaking a. (fig) extremely laborious, exhausting, back burner, see burner 3. back-cast a. cast or thrown backwards, backchat colloq. impertinent or impudent repartee, esp. to a superior, backcomb v.t. i. comb (the hair) back towards the scalp, back country (chiefly N. Amer., Austral., NZ) the country lying towards or in the rear of a settled district, back-court a smaller court to the rear of a house; Tennis the part of the court behind the service line, back-crawl Swimming a form of crawl in which the swimmer lies on his or her back, back cross v. n. phr. (a) v.t. cross (a first-generation hybrid) with one of its parent strains; (ft) n. an instance of back crossing, a hybrid so produced, backdate v.i. assign an earlier date to, make retrospectively valid, back door (a) a door at the back of a building or enclosure; a secondary or private entrance; (ft) fig. a second (usu. secret or less conspicuous) means of entry or approach, back-door a. secret, clandestine, imderhand. back-double colloq. dial, a backstreet, a side road, back-draught a reverse draught of air or current of water, backdrop in the

off

&

&

&

&

Theatr.

(orig.

US) = SACKCLOTH

I.

back emf an

electromotive force opposing that driving the current in a circuit, back-end the hinder of two ends; the later part of the year, late autumn, back-fanged a. (Zool.)

=

OPISTHOGLYPH

a.

backfield

N.

Amer.

Football (the positions occupied by) the players behind

the line of scrimmage, backfill v. & n. (a) v.t. fill (an excavation) in again with material removed earlier, e g. around foundations; (ft) n. earth etc. used for backfilling,

back-flash the

= flashback

act or process of flashing

s.v. flash v. backflip a somersault back-formation Philol. the formation of what looks like a root-word from an already existing word which might be (but is not) a derivative of the former; a word so formed, backfront the rear boundary line or elevation of a building, back-heel (a) v.t. kick (esp. a ball) backwards with the heel; (ft) n. such a kick, backhoe N. Amer. a mechanical excavator which operates by drawing towards itself a bucket attached to a hinged boom, back-house (now dial.) an outhouse; a privy, a lavatory, backland = back country above, back-lift (m various games) a backward lift given to the bat etc. before playing a stroke, or to the leg before kicking the

back;

esp.

(b)

backward

back-lighting Photogr. lighting coming from behind the subject, back-line (a) a rearmost line; esp. n games, a line marking the limit of play; (ft) Rugby Football the players behind a scrum or line-out lined out across the field, back-liner Rugby Football a player in the back-line, backlist (a catalogue of) books still available but no longer recent, backlit a. illuminated from behind, back-marker one who starts from scratch or has the least favourable handicap in a race; a horse etc. at the rear of the field, back number a number of a periodical earlier than the current one; colloq. a person who or a thing which is out of date, behind the times, or useless, backpack n. & V. (chiefly N. Amer.) (a) n. a pack carried on the ball,

esp. a rucksack; (ft) v.i. & t. travel with a backpack, esp. for recreation; carry in a backpack, backpacker a hiker, camper, etc., with a backpack, back passage colloq. the rectum, back-pay(ment) pay(ment) to cover a past period of time, back-pedal v.i. work the pedals of a bicycle backwards; fig. (try to) reverse one's previous action, backpiece a piece of armour protecting the back; the piece that forms the back of something, backplate a plate of armour for the back; a plate placed at or forming the back of something, back-pressure pressure opposing the

back,

normal flow of a liquid or

gas.

back-projection

projection on to a translucent screen from the rear, as a means of providing a still or moving background to a scene etc backrest a support for the back, back room a room at the back of a house or other building, spec, a room or premises where (esp. secret) research

day, su no,

e:

hair,

I3

near,

31

boy, us poor,

Aia tire,

aus sour

backare IS earned out; hacknwm bm; a person who does such research or wields influence behind the scenes, .Vati.

&

v. var.

backside /bak'sAid; lME. [f BACK a. +

of baksheesh.

in sense 4 also 'baksAid/ n.

SIDE

w. ]

1

The hinder

or

dwelling; also, a privy, a lavatory.

lME. t3 = BACK

n.'

Now

dial.

&

LME-E18. 4 The wrong side;

3.

buttocks. E16. fig. TTie reverse or the opposite. M-L17.

backslide /'baksUid/

t. & pple -slid SLIDE v.] Slide back

Pa.

v.i.

+

M16. [f BACK adv.

/-slid/.

(in fig. sense); fall away from anained excellence, esp. of religious faith and practice; relapse into sin or error. backslider n. a person who backslides, an apostate

L16.

backstone

of bakestone.

n. var.

back-sword

mi6. [f back w.' + SWORD fi. ] 1 A sword with only one cutting edge. M16. 2 A single suck used instead of a sword in fencing, (an) exercise using this. L17. 3 A fencer with a back-sword. L17.

backup

/'bakso:d/

n.

arch.

back up s.v. back v.] 1 Backward motion of a vehicle. N. Amer. E20. 2 An accumulation of water, traffic, etc., behind an obstruction. N. Amer. M20. 3 A reserve, a stand-by or spare; support, backing; Computing (the making of) a duplicate copy of a disk, file, program, etc. Freq. atlnb. M20. Comb. backup light a reversmg light. /'bakAp/

e20.

n.

[f.

:

Backus

M20. [John W. Backus (b. 1924), US computer scientist.] Computing. Backus-Naur /naua/ [Peter Naur, 20th-cent. mathematician] or Backus normal form, a form of notation used to describe context-free programming languages. Abbrev. BNF. backward /'bakwad/ adv., a., v., & n. As adv.

&

/'bakAs/

{rare) adj. also

n.

-wards /-wadz/. ME. [Aphet.

abackward: later assoc. with back «.'] A adv. I Towards one's back, or the back of anything. I Of movement: in the direction of one's back or away from one's front. ME. b With verbs of continuous motion: with the back foremost, with

state; into

Of position: towards away from

the front.

Hill She had fallen heavily backwards down the stairs, bend, fall, or lean over backward(s) fig. go to the opposite extreme to avoid possible bias etc., do one's utmost to oblige, accommodate, etc. b J H. Newman We walk to heaven backward. A J. P Taylor Like the country at large, they entered war socialism backwards, and were surprised at what they had done. II Towards what is behind in position or course. 3 In the direction which (as regards one's ordinary position) is behind one, or from which one is moving. (Now more usu. expressed by back or behind.) arch. lME. 4 Of things: towards the place of starting, in the direction opposite to that of previous progress. (Not normally used of people or animals, where ambiguity might arise.) lME. 5 In the direction I

S.

a cat, a: arm,

e

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, o hot,

y.

(More

in the past.

usu. expressed by back.) arch.

lME. 3 Browning \X'hom else could I dare look backward for? 4 Drydkn Like some impetuous flood, which mastered once, With double force bends backward backward(s) and forward(s) in both directions alternately, to and fro S Byron They are beaten backward from the palace. 6 B. Shaw He regarded that as a step backward in civilization. 7 M. Mitchell Bitter-eyed women who looked backward, to dead times, to dead men, evoking memories that hurt and were futile. Ill In the reverse direction or order. 8 In a direction opposite to the normal, in the reverse

G

way. lME. 8 L. DuRRELL Damn the word [love]. I would hke to spell it backwards as you say the Elizabethans did God. J. LE CARRt Sloping his pen backwards he practised the second signature until he was satisfied with it. M. Frayn As if in a film of a breaking vase run backwards the pieces fiew miraculously together, know something backward(s) know something .

or the experimental

or inductive (156 1 1626) system of philosophy propounded by him. E19. 2 Designating or pertaining to the theory that Bacon wrote the plays attributed to Shakespeare. L19. B n. An adherent of Bacon's

philosophical system, or of the Baconian theory of Shakespeare's plays. M19.

bacteraemia

/bakta'riimia/ n. Also *-remia, -riaemia /-riiimis/. L19. [f. bacterium + -AEMiA.] Med. The presence of bacteria in the

blood,

bacteraemic

bacteria

M20.

a.

n. pi.

of bacterium.

bacteriaemia bacterial -al'

.

.]

of bacteraemia.

«. var.

bacterium +

/bak'tiarial/ a. L19. [f

Of, pertaining

to,

or caused by bacteria.

bacterially adv L19.

bactericide -ciDE.]

A

/bak'tiarisAid/

substance able to

bactericidal

able

a.

n. kill

to

+

L19. [f as prec. bacteria, bacteria

kill

L19.

bacteri'cidally adv. L19.

bacterio-

/bak'tiansu/

comb.

form

of

thoroughly, be very well versed in something, ring the bells backward(s] arch. beginning with the bass bell,

BACTERIUM: SCC

to give an alarm etc.

bacteriophage n. a virus that causes lysis or prophage formauon in bactena E20. bacterio'phobia n. irrational fear of bacteria L19. bacteriorho'dopsin n. {Bwchem.) a protein pigment in the bacterium Halobacierium halobium which under the action of light

(often ellipt.) use of the adv.; but analogous to adjs. in -ward of origin.] 1 [Attrib.

ad].

OE

Directed to the back or rear. lME. 2 Directed in the opposite way; of or pertaining to return. lME. t3 Perverse, unfavourable. L16-M18. 4 Turning or hanging back from action; reluctant, chary; shy, bashful. L16. 5 Placed towards or at the back; obs. exc. Cricket (of a fielding position) behind the line of the wicket. E17. 6 Reaching into the past; retrospective. M17. 7 Behindhand in respect of progress; late (esp. of the season or crops); slow to learn; educationally subnormal. L17. 8 Done in the reverse way; reversed. E18. I R. SuTCLiFF He watched her walking away without a backward glance. 2 W. C. Bryant And takes the backward way with trembling limbs. 4 Shakes. Hen. V Pensh the man whose mind is backward now backward in coming forward colloq. reluctant, shy (to do something), reticent, (freq. in neg. contexts). 5 S. Johnson A lodging m the backward garret of a

mean

house, hackimrd point, backward short leg, etc. (in 6 Byron The soul flies unconscious o'er each backward year backward masking Psychol, a diminution the response to a stimulus as a result of a second stimulus following closely after it. 7 G. Greene I'd have gone to Oxford but they are very backward in technology. A. S Neill We do not take mentally defective children, but a child who is backward at school is a different story. A. J. Toynbee To help other still backward peoples on the outer edges of Mexico, to find their way mto the modem world. 8 Pope TTie backward labours of her faithless hand. cricket),

.

m

.

.

.

.

& I. Put or keep back, retard; go Now rare. L16. TTie past portion of time. rare. E17. Shakes. Temp. What seest thou else In the dark C

v.t.

backward.

D

backwardly

adv. M16.

backwardation prec. seller

+ -ation

backwardness

/bakw3'deij(3)n/

is

to

be deferred.

L16.

M19. [f

n.

Comm. A premium

]

of stock or commodities in

where delivery

n.

paid by the

some

cases

Cf co^4TANGO

n.

a.

=

bactericidal

M20

a.

transports protons across the cytoplasmic membrane L20. bacteri'osis n., pi. -oses /-'ausirz/, a bacterial disease of plants LI9.

bacteriocin

/bak'tisriasm/

M20.

n.

[Fr.

+

bacterio-

colicin.] Bactenol. A protein produced by bacteria of one strain and active against those of a closely bacteriocine,

as

i.

related strain.

bacterioid

/bak'tisriDid/

&

a.

[f

L19.

n.

BACTERIUM + -OID.] = BACTEROID. bacteriological /bak,ti3ri3'lDd3ik(a)l/ a. L19. + -ICAL.] Of or pertaining to [f next bacteriology. bacteriological warfare the deliberate use of bactena to spread disease among an enemy. = bacteriologic a. bacteriological L19. bacteriologically adv. L19.

bacteriology /bak.tiariolsdsi/ BACTERIO- + -logy ] The branch

n. L19. [f of science that

deals with bacteria, bacteriologist n. L19

bacteriolysis

/bak.tian'ohsis/ n. PI. -lyses + -LYSIS.] f I LI9. [f BACTERIOliquefaction of organic waste by Only in L19. 2 The destruction of

/-lisi:z/.

Artificial

bacteria.

bacteria by an antibody. E20. bacteriolysin /-'Uisin/ n. a bacteriolytic antibody E20 bacteriolytic /-'litik/ a. of, pertaining to, or capable of bacteriolysis E20.

bacteriostasis

n.

backward and abysm of time?

-0-.

bacterio'cidal

:

f.

the face to the rear. ME. 2 the back or rear of a place; obs. or arch. lME.

lME. 6 fig. Towards or into a worse decline. lME. 7 Of time: towards or

of retreat.

B

back part; the back, the rear. lME. 2 The back premises of, or an outbuilding attached to, a US.

bacteroid

167

violent reaction; reactionary excessive or attitudes or opinion. E20. 2 P. Brickhill She learned the police had searched her room. / caught the backlash. M. L. King The white backlash had always existed underneath and sometimes on the surface of American life.

/bak.twria'steisis/ n. PI. -stases

+ Gk stasis E20. [f as prec. Inhibition of the proliferation of

/-'steisi:z/.

stopping.] bacteria without killing them. bacteriostat /bak'tiariastat/ n. E20 bacteriostatic /-'statik/ capable of bacteriostasis E2o

bacterium

/bak'tisriam/

n.

a bactenostatic

pertaining

a.

PI.

-ia

/-la/.

agent to

or

M19.

[mod.L {. Gk baklenon dim. of baktsria staff, ] Any of the very widely distributed group

cane

backwards adv. & a. see backward. backy n. var. of baccy. bacon /'beik(3)n/ n. & v. ME. [OFr. =

bacon, -un

OHG

= bahho f. Gmc, rel. to back n.'] A n. 1 TTie cured back or side of a pig (formerly also the fresh Prov. bacon

{.

Frank, bako ham,

microscopic prokaryotic mainly organisms, many of which are symbiotic or pathogenic in animals and plants. iron bacterium: see IRON n. & a. purple bacunum: see purple a. & n. of

Bacteria

single-celled

flitch

now called pork). ME. f 2 The carcass of a ME-M18. f 3 A rustic. Cf chaw-bacon s.v. CHAW V. rare (Shakes.). Only in L16. bring home the bacon fig. {colloq.) achieve flesh pig.

51 Bacteria were formerly classified as fungi, but are now usu. regarded (with blue-green algae) as constituting a distinct division of plants, or an

independent kingdom. bacterize /'baktsrAiz/ bacteri'zadon n. E20.

v.t.

treat with bacteria

E20

1

save one's bacon = save

success,

one's skin s.v. save

V.

Comb. bacon beetle = larder beetle. B v.t. Convert into bacon. Chiefly N. Amer. :

E19. n.

a pig

fit

made

for being

into

bacon and

M18.

Baconian

/bak.tian'juana/

a.

&

(see below) + -ian ] A adj. 1 the Enghsh philosopher

saw, \ run, u put,

u: too, a

ago,

ai

n.

E19. [f

Of or

Bacon

pertaining to Francis Bacon

my, ao how,

ei

Also

urine.

+

A

-OID.]

&

/'baktaraid/ a. n. M19. [f. as prec. ad]. Of the nature of or resembling a

«. A bacteroid organism or modified cell formed by a symbiotic bacterium in a root nodule of a leguminous plant. L19.

B

bacterium. M19.

/berksonian/

n.

bacteruria /bakts'roaria/. L19. [f. prec. + -URiA.] Med. The presence of bacteria in the

bacteroid

baconer

ham

bacteriuria

structure;

day, ao no,

e:

hair,

I3

esp.

a

near,

di

boy, oa poor,

Aia tire,

aua sour

bacteruria bacteruria n. var. of bactewuria. Bactrian 'baktnsn/ n. . II In a positive sense: evil, noxious. 4 Morally depraved; immoral, wicked; (in weakened sense) naught\', badly behaved, blameworthy. ME. 5 Of a person: in ill health, sick, unwell; transf. distressed, regretfiil {about something). Of the body or a part of it: diseased, injured. ME. 6 Causing inconvenience or trouble; offensive, unpleasant; (of weather) inclement. E16. 7 Injurious, hurtful, or dangerous (Jor someone); .

.

.

gen.

tmfavoiu^ble M17. 4

J.

bad

an

as

contexts:

intensifying

.

.

.

word

in

pronoimced.

extreme,

FoRDYCE Young people books. Ld Macalxay

are often corrupted

by

Discreet

counsellors

.

.

.

.

'i

inhospitable land with many gullies, ndges, and other certain parts of the western erosional features, esp. US. bad language: see language n.' 2d. bad law: that IS not sustainable or no' justifiable, bad lot: see lot n. badman (chiefly S. Amer.) a desperado, an outlaw, bad mouth N. Amer. slang malicious gossip or criucism. bad-mouth J.r. (A'. Amer. slang) abuse, cntidze maliciously, bad news slang an unwelcome guest; something imdcsirable. bad penny: see PENNY n. see scran 2. bad show: see SHOW n.' bad scran to

m

—

:

having a bad temper; easily a bad end: see COME v. from bad to

a.

angered, come to vxme: see WORSE a., n., & adv. go bad decay, (esp. of food) become mouldy, sour, etc. in a bad temper, see

b but, d dog,

f

«.

Something bad; bad condition; ill 2 (As a count n.) A bad thing,

1

lME.

C

Now

= BADLY.

adv.

chiefly N. Amer. E17. only came cause she's so bad off. M. She's bad hun. B. Schulberg If you

Hellman

I

K. Rawtings needed shoes that bad you could have told me. have got it bad: see GET v. baddlsh a. M18. baddy n. {colloq.) a bad person, a criminal, a villain (esp. in a film or play) M20.

badness

fbad

V.

see bid

Baddeley

(fl.

Joseph 1892), Eng. traveller + -ite'.] Min. /'bad(3)lL\it/

[f

L19.

n.

Zirconium dioxide, occurring as colourless, yellow, brown, or black monoclinic crystals. badder compar. a. see BAD a. baddest superl. a. see bad a.

bade v. see bid badge /bads/

v.

&

AL

OFr. bage,

lME.

bagia.]

A

emblem, or mark

device,

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

She began

badger him about

to

[Origin imkn.: n.

1

A

cf.

distinctive

(orig. in Her.

device

a

,

borne for distinction by all the retainers of a noble house: cf cognizance), worn as a sign of

badian

n.' M19. [Fr. badiane i. Pers. badyan fennel, anise.] TTie fi^t of

/'ba:di3n/

& Urdu

Chinese anise or

Badian

star-anise.

n.- & a. M19. [Abbrev. of Barbadian. See also Bajan.] = Barbadian. badigeon /b3'did3(3)n/ n. Now US. M18. [Fr., of unkn. origin.] A composition used to fill up gaps in stone or wood,

/'beidian/

/'badina:3/ n. & v. M17. [Fr., {. badiner to joke, f badin fool f Prov., {. badar gape {. Proto-Romance: see -age.] A n. Humorous banter or ridicule. M17. B v.i. t.

badinage

&

Long

/'badlir)/

obs.

exc. dial.

A

small sailing vessel. M18. who 1 T. H. White There were already thousands carried his badge of a scarlet fist clenching a whip N Hamilton Monty's contempt for army regulations was epitomized by his adoption of a tank beret with two badges, rogue's badge: see ROGUE n. 2 G. W. Knight Dark secrecy and night are in Shakespeare ever the badges of cnme. A. Haley Every cook would walk in a way to make those keys jangle as a badge of how important and trusted she was. yellow .

.

.

Comb.: badge.

YELLOW

a.

badge-man

B i>.!. Mark lME. badgeless

a.

who

person

a

wears an

official

badge

badling

/'badliq/ n} L15. [Perh. var. of paddling

vbl n. of

PADDLE

A

/'badii/ adv. adv. Compar.

bad

a

A small group of ducks, & a. ME. [f bad a. + -lv^]

z).']

badly

worse, superl. worst.

manner;

inadequately;

L16.

/bads/

v.'i.

&

t.

Long

obs. exc. dial.

badge badger

v.-'

see bag

badger

/'badsa/ w. -ARD,

+

M16. as

a

n.'^

&

V.

ref

ME. sells

E16. [Perh. f badge n. distinctive to the

head-markings.] A n. 1 A nocturnal burrowing Eurasian mammal, Meles meles, of the weasel family, having a grey coat and distincuve white facial stripes. E16. b Any of various animals of similar appearance or habits; esp. {a) the related N. American badger, Taxidea taxus; {b) Austral. the wombat. M17. 2 A brush, or a fishing-fly, made of badger's hair. L18. I draw the badger fig. endce one's opponent into the open, b honey-badger, see honey n. stinking badger see STINKING

a.

Comb.: badger-baiting, -drawing setting dogs to a badger from its set or from a cask; badger

draw

game

slang

compromising

luring men into (esp. sexually) situations in order to blackmail them;

Badger State US Wisconsin.

B

v.t.

Bait or pester as a

dog does

a badger;

torment, tease, nag. L18.

man,

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

In

immorally, wickedly; severely. ME. 2 With want, need, etc.: greatly, very much. L19. 1 Shakes. John How goes the day with us? Badly, I fear. Southey One of the Indian chiefs was badly wounded. Dickens A mean and badly-furnished apartment. J. RusKlN So great a painter would never paint badly enough to deceive. G. B. Shaw Think of the temptation to behave badly when he had us all there helpless, badly off in poor circimistances, lacking money, have got it badly: see get v. 2 E. O'Neill His blond hair, badly in need of a cut. .

.

.

.

B adj. Sick, imwell; regretfiil. dial. L18. D. H. Lawrence 'I want my mother.' 'Ay, but Haley Kunta felt badly for having wished sometimes that he might strike the man. .

she's badly'. A.

badmash bad

evil

/'bAdma:J/

M19. [Urdu f Pers.,

n.

+ Arab, ma'as means of

f.

livelihood.] In

the Indian subcontinent: a rascal, a hooligan.

badminton a

town

n. M19. [Badminton, England, and seat of the

/'badmint(s)n/

SW

Avon,

in

Duke of Beaufort ] 1 A summer drink of claret, soda, and sugar. M19. 2 A game played on a court (usu. indoors) across a net with rackets and a shuttlecock. L19.

Baedeker

/'beidika/ n. M19. [See below.] Any of a series of guidebooks published by Karl Baedeker (1801-59), German publisher, or his successors; gen. any guidebook.

Comb.: Baedeker raids Hist, a series of German air raids in 1942 on places in Britain of and historical importance.

cultural

bael

/'beil/ n. Also bel /bel/. E17. [Hind, bel f Skt bilva f Tamil vilavu.} (The aromatic fruit of) a thomy Indian tree, Aegle marmelos. Also

called Bengal quince.

baetyl /'bi:til/ n. Also baetyUon /bi'tilian/, pi.

v.-

/'badsa/ n.' Long obs. exc. dial. [Origin imkn.] A person who buys and grain or other commodiues; a huckster.

1

incorrectly;

reprisal

with or distinguish by a badge.

[Prob. back-form, f badger n.'] Deal badger; trade in (com etc.) as a badger,

[OE

f bseddel: see BAD a., -ling'.] An effeminate man; a sodomite; a worthless fellow, bidling,

.

employment

or of membership of a society. lME. 2 distinguishing sign, token, or emblem; fig. a characteristic feature revealing a quality or condition. E16. 3 Naut. An ornamental window-surround, or a representation of a window, at the stem of a office or licensed

badge: see

his

Badgered by Field Marshal Model to capture the Amhem bridge quickly. L. VAN der Post I could easily have been talked, badgered and teased out of my belief badgerer n. (a) a dog used for badger-baiung; {b) a person who badgers another: L19.

badling

v.

/ba'dEinsn, bs'dairwn/ a. & n. E20. [f Badan (see below) -t- -an.] Archaeol. A adj. Designating or pertaining to an early predynastic culture of Upper Egypt, evidence for which was first found in the Badari region. E20. B n. (A person of) the Badarian culture. M20.

Badarian

baddeleyite

F. O'Connor health. C. Ryan

Banter playfully. E19.

lME.

n.

.

Speaal collocations, phrases, & comb.: a bad sport: see SPORT n. a bad taste in the mouth: see TASTt 'i.' had bargain: see bargain n. 2. bad blood: sec bi ood n. bad break: see bkeak n.' bad business an unfortunate matter, bad cess to: see CESS n.' bad coin: see coin" n. 4. bad CONSCIENCE bad debt: which cannot be recovered, bad egg (a) an egg that is inedible through deteriorauon; (6) a person or scheme that comes to no good, bad faith: see faith n. bad form: see FORM n. bad hav. see hat n. bad health: see health 5. bad job: see (chiefly N. Amer.) barren, JOB n.' badland(s)

bad-tempered

after

.

implored the royal brothers not to countenance this bad man. S Hill That is a bad habit which must be cured at once. P RoTH When I am bad and rotten in small ways she can manage me herself. 5 S. Richardson Still very bad with my Gout. W. H. Her-VDON Tiger felt bad about the matter. E. O'Neill Vou were afraid his heart was bad. 6 A. CherryGarrard Polar exploration is the cleanest and most isolated way of havmg a bad time. L. Uris The children smelled bad from the lack of water to wash with. J. Har\'ey Barry's father saw that something serious and bad had happened 7 Ld Macaijlay He had )ust had a bad fall in hunting. N. iMitford He caught a bad cold and stayed indoors. B. PvM Too much washing was bad for the skin. K. J. Dover A trustfulness which admits regretfully that he made some bad mistake^ III 8 Good, excellent, slang (chiefly US). M20. .

good money

quality, or {rare) person. L16. 1 Shakes. Two Gent. T'exchange the bad for better. from bad to worse: see WORSE n. get in bad: see get v. in bad colloq. out of favour {with), to the bad to a bad

L.

ME.

adv.

(now non-standard) badder, (now non-standard) baddest.

more

ihrovi

state, to ruin; in deficit.

-la

PI.

n.

os penis s.v.

niycel, tvencel.]

good,

fairly

bad: see throw v. too bad regrettable (often iron.), with a bad grace: see GRACE n.

fortune.

E18. [f hhaculuni,

Of

-ine'.]

have been expected,

B Eiy.

i

a. rare.

n. in a bad way ill, in trouble, in had repair: see REPAIR n.' in had stead: see STEAD n. in someone '5 had books: see BOOK n. just too bad: see JUST adv. keep bad time: see TIME n. not (half, so) bad better than might

TEMPER

lME.

L

Baktnjnos,

baffle

16S

we,

baetulus f

bafT/baf/

Gk n.

baitulos.]

&

v. Sc.

slap in the face.] flat or soft. E16. (the

A

Graecized form /-lia/. M19. [L sacred meteoric stone. in

-lia

E16. [Prob.

t.

OFr. baffe a something

A n. A blow with B v.t. Beat, strike;

Golf strike

ground) with the sole of the club-head

making a stroke. baffle /'baf(3)l/ alt. of bauchle

in

E16.

&

n. M16. [In sense i perh. In other senses perh. rel. to Fr. bafouer (16) ridicule, alt. of OProv. bajar. cf Fr. ifbeffler (Rabelais) mock, deceive.] A v. 1 v.t. I I Subject to public disgrace or infamy; treat with scorn. M16-L17. \2 Hoodwink, cheat. L16-E18. 3 Bewilder, confuse; reduce to perplexity, puzzle. M17. f 4 Confoimd, bring to nought. M17-E19. 5 Defeat in one's efforts, thwan, foil (passing into sense 3); (of the weather) impede the progress of (a ship). L17. 6 Restrict by means of a baffle; equip with a baffle. L19. 1 Spenser He by the heels him hung upon a tree And bafful'd so, that all which passed by The picture of his punishment might see. 2 Defoe He had not a mind to cheat or baffle the poor man. .3 M. Innes

v. v.

2 zoo, f she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

d

this,

r)

ring, ij chip, d3 jar

baft had an insidious power to Such incongruities paralyse the will, to baffle the intellect. W. Faulkner He looked about with a strained, baffled gaze, as if trying to remember what it was he wante4 to say or to do. H. E. Bates She had been a little sorry for Parker; she had been a little puzzled and baffled by him; and .

.

.

.

H

Auden A murder which has now she was hurt. W. the professionals baffled. 4 G. Crabbe A wish so strong, it baffled his repose. 5 E. A. pREEMAhJ The murderer baffled pursuit. R. L. Stevenson The more more

they tried, the

obstinately fixed

grew

I

to baffle

them. H. Allen She had met light, baffling airs from the coast of Puerto Rico onward. W. S. Churchill Hamilton, the baffled peacemaker, returned full of self-reproach for the advice he had given to the King. II v.i. t7 Trifle, quibble. M17-M18. 8 Struggle ineffectually or futilely. rare. M19. Comb.: bafBegab colloq. (chiefly N. Amer.) incomprehensible or pretentious verbiage or jargon. B «. f 1 Confusion, discomfiture; a setback; a disgrace or affront. E17-E19. 2 A state of being baffled. M19. 3 plate or other device which serves to restrict or regulate the passage of fluid, gas, etc., or to limit the emission of soimd, light, etc. Freq. attnb. L19. 3 baffle-hoard, -plate, etc. .

.

A

bafflement

the action of baffling; the state of baffler n. (a) a person who or

n.

M19

being baffled:

which baffles, (b) = baffle n. 3: E17. bafflingly adv. m a confusmg or puzzlmg manner L19. tiling

baft

/ba:ft/

Also bafta

n.

conon)

[Urdu

/•ba:ft3/. L16.

A

woven.]

Pers. bafi a textile, bdfia

baft

f.

coarse (usu.

[OE

beseftan,

f.

be by, at

+

behind. Cf. aft.] Behind, in the rear. Latterly only Nam., astern, aft. seftan

n.

var. of

baft

n.

ON

bag

/bag/ n. ME. [Perh. f. baggi bag, bundle, of unkn. origin.] I 1 A receptacle made of flexible material with an open (usu. closable) top (esp. with preceding wd indicating its contents or purpose, or with such a wd imderstood). ME. 2 spec, a A money-bag; a handbag. lME. b A small pouch used to hold the back-hair of a wig. E18. c A mailbag. E18. d A diplomatic bag. E19. 3 fig. A concern or preoccupation; one's particular interest or distinctive style, slang. M20. 1 R. Hawkjns Any man that putteth himself into the enemies port, had need of Argus eyes, and the wind in a bagge. R. Lawler She's got her bags piled up by the stairs, 'n' if she doesn't take to you by tomorrow momin' she's shiftin' out S. Plath I cracked open a peanut from the ten-cent bag I had bought and ate it. diplomatic bag, gamebag, handbag, mailbag, money.

bag, paper bag,

shoulder bag,

McBain She developed

a

114

A

.

etc. 3 E. she moved, He'd never do

sleeping-bag,

new bag

wnting poetry. Wild, huh? A. that. It's just

after

Glyn

not his bag.

commodity {rare bef. 17). ME. 5 TTie amoimt of game a sportsman has shot or caught; gen. an amoimt obtained or to the nature of the

achieved in any

M19. 6 In

activity.

pi.

Much

or

many

(of), lots, heaps, colloq. E20. 5 N. Mjtford Davey often made httle bachelor excursions into it [the wide world] from which he .

.

would return with a bag of interesting anecdotes. R. V My bag was mainly rabbits but over the years I had also shot hares, stoats, pigeons, crows, and jays. 6 J. B. Morton It's not gay, this life, but it might be Jones

Wesker

We

'ad bags o' fun, bags o'

it.

A

Ill 7 fold of skin, esp. imder the (human) eye; a dewlap; an udder. lME. 8 sac in the

A

body of an animal, containing poison, honey, 9 In pi. (Loosely fitting) trousers, colloq. L16. 10 A base in baseball. N. Amer. L19. 11 A

etc. E16.

woman,

esp.

one who

promiscuous,

is

unattractive, elderly, or

slang, derog. E20.

7 E. BowEN That lamp makes TTiomas's face all bags and lines. 8 fig. Dryden The swelling poison of the several sects Shall burst its bag. 9 D. L. Savers Can't feed with Freddie Arbuthnot in these bags. Oxford bags. 1 1 Dickens I've never really known a pretty girl like you. At the trainmg college they were all bags. C. Jackson Heaven knows what hell the old bag would give him if she had [waited for him]. Phrases: a hundred in the water-bag: see WATER n. bag and baggage (with) all belongings, (of departure) entire, absolute; orig. (Mil.) march out (with) bag and baggage, make an honourable retreat, leave with :

M

.

equipment

etc.

an awkward situation, in the bag colloq. virtually secured, (as good as) in one's possession or power; captured, let the cat out of the bag: see CAT n.' mixed bag. Petty Bag: see PETTY a. rough as bags: see ROUGH a. the whole bag of tricks everything, tote bag: see tote in

n.'

Comb.: bag job U.S slang an illegal search of a suspect's property by a federal agent, esp. to copy or steal incriminating documents; bag lady (chiefly N. Amer.) a homeless woman, esp. an elderly one, who carries her possessions in bags; = SHOPPiNG-ia^ lady; bagman t(a) a maker of bags or pouches; (b) a person who carries a bag; spec: derog. a commercial traveller; (slang, chiefly US & Austral.) a person who collects or distributes the proceeds of illicit activities; Austral, a tramp, a vagrant; bag-net a bag-shaped net for catching fish etc. bag people N. Amer. homeless people who carry their possessions in bags;

bagpudding arch, shaped a. shaped

intact,

a cat, a: arm, e bed,

a:

.

bag of bones an emaciated her,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, d hot,

0:

pudding boiled

a

like

a bag; esp.

bag-

in a bag;

(of a fishing net)

baggage

/'bagids/ «. lME. [(0)Fr. bagage, f. up, or f. bagues (pl.) bundles (thought bag «.): see -age.] Usu. collect, in senses 1 and 2 (formerly occas. with pi). 1 Packages of belongings (now usu. suitcases etc.) that a traveller takes on a journey, luggage; spec. the portable equipment of an army (= L impedimenta). lME. b fig. Encumbrances, burdensome matters; (esp. mental) equipment. E17. 2 Rubbish, refiise, dirt; pus. Freq. attrib. obs. exc. dial. M16. 3 A disreputable or immoral woman; joc. a young woman (usu. w. saucy, artful, etc.). colloq. L16. i E. GowERS Englishmen travel by land with luggage and by sea and air with baggage Americans, more sensibly, travel everywhere with baggage, hag and baggage: see BAG n. b R. FiRBANK 'Naturally', the lieutenant interposed, 'her intellectual baggage is nil- simply nil.' 3 Goldsmith Tell them they are two arrant little baggages. Dylan Thomas She's tucked her dress in her bloomers —oh, the baggage! Comb. baggage car N. Amer. a railway luggage-van; baggage check N. Amer. a luggage ticket; baggage

baguer

tic

be f

to

as

:

rounded and with an opening at the top; bagstuffer (orig. US) a piece of promotional literature handed to shoppers, esp. one put into shopping-bags at a checkout; bagwash (a laimdry that imdertakes) the rough unfinished washing of clothes; bag-wig an l8th-cent. wig with the back-hair enclosed in an ornamental bag; bagworm US any of various destructive moth larvae which live within a silken case covered with plant debris. bagful n. as much or as many as a bag will hold; a lot:

ME.

baglike

a.

resembhng

(that of) a

bag

bag

/bag/

v.'

Infl.

-gg-.

lME.

the n.]

[f.

1

v.i.

Swell out, bulge; Nam. drop away from the direct course. lME. b Hang loosely; esp. (of trousers) become out of shape at the knees. E19. 2 v.t. Put into a bag or bags. lME. 3 v.t. Cause to

swell;

killing (so

full. lME. 4 v.t. Succeed in much game); gen. add to one's 'bag';

cram

seize, catch; steal, appropriate. E19.

b Claim or

on the ground of being the first to Freq. in bags I. slang (esp. Children's).

reserve, usu.

do

so.

M19. 1 F. Marryat He was bagging to leeward like a barge laden with a hay-stack. 2 bag up store up. 3 J Smeaton Almost all the lights [= windows] in the church, tho' not broke were bagged outward. 4 P Hawker To bag a dozen head of game without missing. J. Dos Passos He was almost bagged by a taxicab crossing the street. T. Pynchon Slothrop's grandfather in typical sarcasm and guile bagged his epitaph from Emily Dickinson, without a credit line, b Milne A. A. Bags I all the presents B. Marshall Bags I do not ask about the room. R. A. Knox The other girl bagging the hot-water pipes first. bagger n.' a person who or a machine which puts something into bags M18. .

.

,

/bag/

Infl.

v.-t.

badge /bads/. Cut (wheat etc.)

-gg-. Also

L17. [Origin unkn. Cf. fag v.-]

with a reaping-hook,

bagger

n.' a

Baganda ba-

claim = baggage

person

who

harvests in this

way M19.

/bs'ganda/ n.pl. & a. L19. [Bantu, f ganda. Cf. Muganda.] A n. PI. of

pi. pref.

-I-

L19. B attrib. or penaining to the Baganda. L19.

MuGANDA.

as

Of

adj.

or

bagarre [Fr.]

A

/baga:r/ n. Pl. pronounced same. L19. tumult; a scuffle, a brawl.

bagasse /bs'gas/ n. The residue left after

E19. [Fr. f. Sp. bagazo.] the extraction of juice from sugar cane or sugar beet. bagassosis /bags'soosis/ «. respiratory disease due to inhalation of bagasse dust M20.

bagatelle

/bags'tsl/

n.

M17. [Fr.

f.

It.

bagatella

perh. dim. of L baca berry, or f. It. baga baggage.] 1 A trifle, a thing of no value or importance; a negligible amount. M17. 2 A piece of verse or music in a light style. M18. 3 A game in which small balls are struck (usu. by a mechanical striker operated by the player) towards numbered holes on a board with a semicircular end. E19. I C. ISHERWOOD They were well-to-do gendemen, to whom a miserable fifty-mark note was a mere bagatelle. 3 Russian bagatelle. 51 Sense 3 is purely Eng. in origin and use.

bagel

/'beig(3)l/ n.

[Yiddish beygel.] bread. saw, a run, o put,

u:

A

Also beigel /'bAig(3)l/. E20. usu. hard ring-shaped roll of

my, ao how,

ei

n.

i;

baggage

luggage label.

baggager n. a person who carries or has charge of baggage; an animal carrying baggage: E17.

bagging

/'bagiij/ n.' north. M18. [Perh. orig. a vbl n. expressing the act of carrying food in a bag.] Food eaten between meals; spec, a

bagging baggit

/'bagit/

tea.

M18.

/'bagir)/ n.-

bag n. + -ing": cf fabric out of which

[f.

woven

sacking etc.] Coarse bags are made.

M19. [Sc. form of bagged pa. z).'] A female salmon that when the spawning season

n.

pple & ppl a. of BAG has not shed its eggs is

kelt

over. Cf.

baggy

/'bagi/

a.

&

L18.

n.

bag

[f.

n.

+

A

-y'.]

Puffed out, hanging in loose folds. L18. B n. In pl. Loose wide-legged swimming-tnmks, shorts, or trousers, colloq. M20. bagginess n. M19. adj.

bagne f.

/baji/ as next.] =

Pl. pronounced same. M18. bagnio i.

n.

bagnio

/'bamjau/ balneum bath.] 1

n.

[Fr.

L16. [It. bagno f. L oriental prison; a slave-

Pl. -os.

An

house. Now only Hist. L16. ^2 A bath, baihing-house. E17-E19. 3 A brothel. E17.

a

/'bagpAip/ n. ME. [f. bag n. + pipe «.'] 1 sing. & (freq.) in pl. A wind instrument having a bag as a reservoir for air, soimd being emitted through a melody pipe (chanter), played with a reed, and from one to three single-note (drone) pipes. Also set or pair of bagpipes. ME. 2 fig. A long-winded speaker, a windbag. E17. H Formerly a popular instrument in rural England

bagpipe

with distinct regional forms; now chiefly associated with the Scottish Highlands and Ireland. bagpiper n. a person who plays the bagpipes (usu. called a piper)

ME. bagpiping

n.

L16.

baguette

/ba'get/ n. E18. [Fr. f. It. baccheno dim. of bacchto f L baculum staff.] 1 Archit. A small moulding of semicircular section, like an astragal. E18. 2 A gem, usu. a diamond, cut in a long rectangular shape. E20. 3 long narrow French loaf M20.

A

bah

/ba:/

contempt,

int.

E19.

irritation,

[Prob. after or armoyance.

Fr.]

Expr.

bahada n. var. of bajada. Bahadur /bs'hardua/ n. Also fBahawder; b-. LI 8. [Urdu & Pers. bahddur Mongolian.] A f.

brave man; a great or distinguished man. Freq. as a tide

appended

to a

name.

/bai'hon/ n. & a. L19. [Pers., f. Arab. baha' splendour.] A «. A member of a religious faith developed from Babism by Baha' Allah al-Baha' (1817-92) and his son 'Abd of the unity emphasizing (1844-1921), humankind and its religions, and seeking world peace. L19. B attrib. or as adj. Of or penaining to the Baha'is or Baha'ism. E20.

Baha'i

Baha'ism n. the doctrine or practice of the Baha'is E20. Baha'ist, Baha'ite ns. a Baha'i £20.

Bahamian Bahama

too, 3 ago, ai

recuum

reclaim (b) s.v.

RECLAIM n. I; baggage room N. Amer. a luggage-office or cloakroom; baggage tag N. Amer. a reclaim: see

substandal afternoon

M19.

bag

measure of quantity, varying according

bags worse. A.

person or animal, bag of mystery slang a sausage, bag of nerves: see nerve n. bag of tricks a stock of resources, hold (or be left holding) the bag be (left)

colloq.

fabric.

/ba:ft/ adv. arch.

bafta

Bahamian

169

day, 30 no,

e:

hair,

/ba'heimisn/

(see below)

19

near,

.ii

-I-

n.

-IAN.]

boy, oa poor,

& a. A «. A

native or

M3

au9 sour

tire,

M18.

[f.

Bahasa Atlantic.

Bahama

Islands or their people. L19.

Bahasa

bo'ha:s3

n.

.\tahysia).

&

n.

var.

of Bahadur.

a. var.

of Bohairic.

& a. Also -eini. L19. [f below) + -I-.] A «. A native or inhabitant of Bahrain, a sheikhdom consisting of a group of islands in the Persian Gulf L19. B adj. Of or pertaining to Bahrain or the Bahrainis.

Bahraini Bahrain

ba:'reini/ n.

i^sec

M20.

baht

,ba:t, n. PI. same. £19. [Thai bat.] The basic monetary unit of Thailand, equal to 100 satangs.

bahut bay n. An ornamental

Bahutu

bahuiTfhi,

pronounced same. M19.

PI.

bahu

a.

much +

&

n.

M19.

[Skt

iTfhi rice (as a typical

compound

of this type).] Gram. (Designating) an exocentric compound adjective or noun.

baignoire M19. [Fr. =

b£jiwa:r n. PI. pronounced same. bath-rub.] box at a theatre on the level as the stalls. beil

A

ME.

n.'

[OFr.

bail,

bail(,l)e

power,

custody, jurisdiction, delivery, f. baillier take charge of, receive, hand over, deliver f L bajulare bear a burden, manage, f. bajulus carrier. Senses 2-5 are peculiarly English, and their development is imcertain ] f 1 Custody, charge,

ME-L16. ^2 The

jurisdiction.

friendly custody

of a person otherw'ise hable to be kept in prison, upon security given for his or her appearance at a time and place assigned. LME-E19. 3 Temporary delivery or release of a prisoner who

proWdes security

to

appear for

trial.

lME. 4

Security given for the release of a prisoner awaiting trial. L15. 5 The person(s) acting as suretN- (now only by financial guarantee) for a prisoner's appearance for trial. L16. I Spenser Faunus, now within their baile. 5 Shakes 2 Hen. 17 The sons of York Shall be their father's bail. G. Gr£en"E He ought to be brought before a will stand bail for any reasonable magistrate I amount, fig. Thackeray Ye'U spend it like a man of spint— I'll go bail for that. Phrases, admit to bail allow to be released on bail, deny bail = refitse bail below forfeit (one's) bail: by failing to appear for trial after release on bail, give kg bail: see leg n. grant bail allow the prisoner to be released on bail. hoU to bail: see HOLD v. jump bail coUcq. fail to appear for tnal after release on hzA. justijy bail: see jt'STlFY v. 6. on bail (with permission to be temporarily released from custody) on provision of secunn- to appear for trial, refuse bail not allow the prisoner to be released on bail, surrender te> bail: see .

.

SURRENDER V. id Comb.: bail-bond the bond or security entered into by a bail, bail bondsman = bailsman below, baileoUoq. a

after release

on

person

who

fails

to

appear for tnal

bail-jumping colioq. failure after release on bail; bailsman

bail,

to

appear for tnal person who gives bail for another.

bail

ME.

bed

[OFr.

bail, batl{l)c

a

palisade,

enclosure (cf fcaiV/ier enclose), perh. f L baculum rod. Cf BAILEY ] 1 TTie wall of the outer coun of a feudal castle; by extension, a wall of an inner coun; one of the courts themselves; pi. an outer line of forufication formed of stakes, palisades. ME. 2 + a A crossbar. Only in L16. b Cricket. Either of two wooden crosspieces (formerly a single crosspiece) placed over the stumps (cf. WICKET 3). M18. 3 A bar to separate horses standing in an open stable. M19. 4 A framework for securing the head of a cow at milking. Austral. & NZ. M19. 5 On a typewriter, a hinged bar that holds the paper against the

m

platen.

,

M20.

Comb.: bail-dock Hist, at the Old Bailey, a small open-topped room formed fi'om the comer of the court and used to accommodate accused persons

ME-M19. [Fr. baiUe bucket fbail Gallo-Romance f L bajulus carrier: cf b but, d dog,

f

ME.

boat.

=

ON beygla

lME. [Prob. f blgan, bygan bend, bow.]

/beil/ n.*

OE

A

^.

beygja

hoop or

wagon; the hoop-handle of a kettle, pail, etc. bail /beil/ n.'f. mi6. [f bail n.' or (sense

Of

baUiwick 3)

-WICK.]

magistrate etc.: grant bail to, release on bail. M16. 2 Obtain the release of (a person) by providing security for his or her later appearance; provide bail for. L16. 3 Deliver (goods) in trust for a specified purpose. Fr. baillier.]

i.

1

a

few, g get, h he,

j

Protobail «.']

i.

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

lME.

n.

or

district

of a

or

imder

lME.

bailiff.

+

bailie

[{.

place

b

the

A

trans/.

sphere of operations. office or jurisdicuon of a

The lME.

baihff. obs. exc. Hist.

Encycl

They

[the Channel Islands] are distinct bailiwicks of Guernsey and Jersey, with differing constitutions, b E. Roosevelt I 1

Brit.

.

.

grouped into two

from

bail;yi^. release

(esp. financial) difficulty.

bailable a. entitled to be released on bail; admitting of or providing for bail: M16. bailage «. (Hist.) a duty on delivery of goods M16. bailment w. (a) delivery in trust; (b) the action or process of bailmg a person:

established the fairly well-understood affairs of state were not in my bailiwick.

bailliage

in sense i, only Austral.

/beil/ v.' Exc.

&

L16. [App. f OFr. baillier enclose, shut, rel. to bailie BAIL n.-: the priority of bailie or baillier is uncertain.] 1 v.t. Confine, rare. L16. 2 v.l. Secure the head of (a cow) in a bail while milking. Usu. foil, by up. M19. 3 v.t. Make (a person) hold up the anns to be robbed; detain or buttonhole (a person); comer (a wild animal). Usu. foil, by up. M19. 4 v.i. Surrender (by throwing up the arms). Usu. foil, by up. M19. /beil/

BAIL

n.^]

Also (esp. sense 2) bale. E17. [f & Scoop (water) out of a boat;

v.'-'

v.t.

1

of letting a bundle through a trapdoor; but also (esp. N. Amer.) spelt bail, as if the action were that of

med.L bajulia tutelage etc.: The office or jurisdiction of

&

n.

person to

ei6.

n.

whom

bail

[f.

+

v."^

goods are delivered

-be'.]

/'beib/ «.' M19. [f bail v:^ + -er'.] utensil or machine for bailing water etc. Comb. bailer-shell = melon-shell s.v. melon &

bailer

:

Now

bailer /'beib/ -er'.] Cricket.

A ball

A

in trust.

A

bailer bailey

n.' var.

f bailly

[f bail out

bainin

n. var.

Also

{.

med.L

bajulus carrier, 1

Hist.

bajulivus

(ballivus)

in

formal

titles).

A

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

PI.

n.

Chiefly Sc., north., & /ba:n/. [OE beam

bam

bairn's part

Law =

Sc.

to

literary.

= OS,

bear

legitime

n.

i;.']

2;

L15. I

I.

Walton

Defoe The

Let your bait

fall

gently

upon

the water

profits of trade are baits to the avaricious

rising to shopkeeper. A. Hailey Nim knew he the bait, probably just as Birdsong intended, groundbait, ledger-bait, spoon-bait, etc. smig bail etc. live bait:

see LIVE

bail

person

n.

med.L med.Gk kaminos Manas

or a meal for travellers on a journey, obs. exc. in dial, sense, a snack taken between meals. L15. 3 A stop on a journey for refreshment or rest. arch.

f

adj.,

charged with public administrative authority in a certain district; in England, a representative of the monarch, esp. the chief officer of a hundred; in Jersey and Guernsey, the first civil officer, appointed by the Crown. ME. 2 An officer of justice under a sheriff, who executes writs and processes, and performs distraints and arrests. n no, p pen,

tr.

beita (fern.) food; m part {. BAIT v.^] 1 Food placed on a hook or in a trap to entice fish or animals as prey; fig. an allurement, temptation. ME. 2 Food, refreshment, esp. a feed for horses

case of cf.

M19.

phr.

n.

.

manager, administrator:

(exc.

/bE:n/ (north.)

Comb.:

of baillie baillif ob\.

act of

baim-team, -time north, a family of children, baimly a. childish, childlike M16. f baisemain n. M17-M18. [Fr ] A kiss of the hands; in pi., compliments, respects. bait /belt/ ME. [ON beit (neut.) pasture,

a senior councillor. lME. bailiery /'beiliari, -liri/ n. (Sc., obs. exc. Hist.) the office or jurisdiction of a bailie; the district under the jurisdiction of a bailie: lME. bailieship n. (obs. exc Hist.) = BAILIWICK LME.

bailli{s)

bi:dz/

/'beiliz

OHG, ON, Goth, bam, f Gmc, rel. A child; a young son or daughter.

coimty. Long obs. exc. Hist. lME. b A municipal councillor serving as a magistrate. Hist. exc. as an honorary ride conferred on

[OFr.

An

emergency

/bM' ra:iTl/ n. L16. [Turk, ^bairam (now hayram), ult. f Pers. bazrdm.] Either of two annual Muslim festivals, the Lesser Bairam, lasting one day, which follows the fast of Ramadan, and the Greater Bairam, lasting three days, seventy days later.

a

ME.

1

]

an

furnace of Maria, a supposed Jewish alchemist ] vessel of hot water in which cooking-pans and their contents are slowly heated; a double saucepan. Also, a dish prepared in this.

Now

/'beilif/ n.

2

A

bairn

bailiff

v.^

of bawneen.

Manae

balneum

defences. E16. 2 Old Bailey the seat of the Central Criminal Court m London, which formerly stood in the ancient bailey of the city wall between Lud Gate and New Gate.

var.

2,

aircraft;

/banma'ri:, foreign b£mari/ bains- (pronounced same). E18. [Fr., tr.

Bairam

f bailie

v.'

an

bain-marie

ME. [Prob. f OFr. bail, bail(l)e (whence med.L ballium, ballia): see bail n.-] I outer wall and first line of defence of a castle; gen. any of a castle's defensive circuits. ME. 2 The outer court of a castle; any of the courts enclosed between the circuits of walls or

/'beili/ Also -U-. ME. [OFr. bailli{s): see BAILIFF.] 1 = bailiff, obs. exc. dial. ME. 2 Sc. a The chief magistrate of a barony or part of

bail

from

[Francis Baily (1774-1844), Eng. astronomer.] Astron. Tlie appearance of the sun's crescent as a string of bnlliant points at the begiiming or end of totality in a solar eclipse.

The

bailie

s.v.

out

BaUy's beads

of bailor.

designer ] A bridge of latuce steel designed for rapid assembly from prefabricated parts, used esp. in military operations.

n.'

descent by parachute. M20. 2 An act of bailing out a person or organization; a release from (esp. financial) difficulty. L20.

that hits the bails.

Bailey bridge /'beili brids/ n. phr. mio. [Sir D. Coleman Bailey (1901-85), Eng. engineer, its

var. of baillie

«.

bailing

a.

/'beili/ n.

-y^.] see bail a bailiff; delegated

bailor /bei'b:/ n. Also -er /-a/. L16. [f bail d.' + -OR.] A person who delivers goods in trust. Occas. now also = bailsman s.v. BAIL w.' bailout /'beilaot/ n. In sense i also bale-. M20.

M19. [f bail n} +

rare.

that

bailli:

authority.

see Ila.

a.

/bei'li:/

f

[Fr.,

baillie nr var. of BAILIE

scooping out.

Ba-ila bailee

lME.

Also bailie, -Uy. ME-M18. [OFr., f. fbaillie baillir have imder one's jurisdiction etc.: cf

i.

scoop water out of (a boat). Freq. foil, by out. E17. 2 v.i. Foil, by out: jump out of an aircraft, make an emergency descent by parachute; (of^ surfer) leave the surfboard. M20. ^In sense 2 usu. spelt bale, as if the action were that

/'beiliidj/ n.

pattern

see BAILIFF, -age.] The jurisdiction or district of a bailiff (now usu. in a foreign country).

M16.

bail

man,

A

person's concern Chiefly joc. M19. 2

2 bail out release from imprisonment by providing

n.']

/'beiliwik/ 1

jurisdiction

M18.

bail

3

baililTship n. the office of bailiff lME. fbailiiTwick n. the office of bailiff; the district under a bailiffs junsdiction: LME-M18.

ring,

a half-hoop for supporting the cover of a

esp.

The

agent of the lord of a manor, who collects rents, etc.; the steward or manager of an estate or farm; the agent of a landlord. ME.

a

.

.

:

jumper

bucket or scoop for bailing water from

NZ.

Hutu.

bahu'vri:hi

{.

[Fr.]

chest or cabinet.

of

n. pi.

bahuvrihi

same bail

A

immed.

Bahawder n.

Bahiric

Naui.

bail

m20. (Malay f Skt hhdsa speech, language.] Malay as the national language of the Indonesian Republic (in full Bjhasa InJonesm) or of Malaysia (in full Bahasa

t

bait

170

Bahama Islands in the western M18. B jJ/. Of or pertaining to the

inhabitant of the

bait bait

.

was

a.

n.^ var.

of bate

n.'

ME. [ON

beita himt or chase with bitan, beizen, beizen), causative of bita BITE v. Senses 6 & 7 «.'] torment (a 1 v.t. Worry or prob. f. bait chained or confined animal) by setting dogs at 2 v.t. fig. it; attack with dogs for sport. ME. Harass or persecute (a more or less helpless

/belt/

f.'

dogs or hawks (=

f

OHG

OE

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 6 this,

t)

G

ring, tj chip, dj jar

bait person) persistently; worry or torment; cause (a person) to be troubled or annoyed with something. ME. 3 v.t. & /. Attack with endeavour to bite and tear, as dogs attack a confined animal. lME. 4 v.i. Give food and drink to (an animal), esp. on a journey, arch. lME. b I'.i. Of an animal: feed. arch. i.ME. 5 v.i. Stop on a journey to take food or rest. lME. 6 Put bait in or on (a trap, hook, fishing-place, etc.). lME. 7 v.t. Offer bait to; allure, entice. Chiefly fig. L16. 1 Shakes. 2 Hen. K/ We'll bait thy bears to death. 2 S. Johnson I will not be baited with what and why. R, Hughes There was not even any fun 10 be got out of baiting her; nothing seemed to ruffle her temper. 3 W. SoMERViLLE Raving he foams, and howls, and barks, and bates. 4 Thackeray ^X^^ilst their horses were baited, they entered the public room. 5 R. B. Sheridan To bait here a few days longer, to recover the fatigue of his journey, fig. Milton Evil news rides post, while good news baits. 6 Pope My absent mates :

-Bait the barb'd steel, Tripartite Conference was baited by an unacceptable .

DuRRELL The rumoured to be a trap, L.

fig.: .

Shakes.

7

constitution.

.

.

.

.

baiter

n.

var. of

baittle

a.

BATE

i;.'

see battle

baity

a. var.

baize

/beiz/

a.

&

n.

presumably from

L16. [Fr. baies fem. pi., use brown, bay n? (so named original colour).] \ n. \ h

v.

its

coarse usu. green woollen stuff with a long nap, used for coverings and linings. L16. 2 A curtain or covering of baize. E19.

GREEN a. B v.t. Cover or line with baize. M19. 5IThe pi. form baies was early taken as form baize was not established bef 19. Phrases: green baize: see

a sing.; the

/bs'haida/ n. Orig. US. Also bah-. M19. descent, slope.] A broad slope of alluvial material at the foot of an escarpment. /'beid3(3)n/

& a. colloq. M20. [Repr. & a.] = Barbadian.

n.

pronunc. of Badian

&

«.

New Gumea

to the Bajaus or their language. L19.

bajra

/'baidsra:/ n. Also -ri /-ri:/. E19. [Hind. In the Indian subcontinent: pearl millet or a similar grain. bSjra, bdjrt.]

n. E19. [Malay.] A short loose Malaysia and Indonesia.

/'ba:d3u:/ in

bake

/beik/ n. mi6. [{. the vb.] 1 The act or process of baking; baked food. M16. 2 A biscuit, a small cake. Sc. E17. 3 A social gathering, esp. for eating baked food. US. M19. /beik/

v.

baked,

Pa. "pple

[OE

bacan baka, f Gmc f

/'beik(3)n/.

backan,

ON

phogem

roast,

parch.

(arch.

str.

IE;

&

vb = rel.

dial.)

OHG to

Gk

The weak form baked

bef 15 and as a pa. pple by 16 (it is the only form in Shakes.).] I v.t. 1 Cook by dry heat acting by conduction and not by radiation, as in an oven or on a heated surface. OE. 2 Harden by heat. lME. Form into a cake or mass, LME-L17. 4 Of the sun: ripen appeared

as a pa.

t.

tan (the skin). L17. I Smollett My bread is baked in my own oven. Dickens We have half a leg of mutton, baked, at a quarter before three. A. Thomas Bake the aubergines in an oiled dish for about 45 minutes J. Bronowski The women bake bread— in the biblical manner, in unleavened cakes on hot stones, bake blind: see blind adv. 2 F. NORRis All Tulare County was bone-dry, parched, and baked and crisped after four months of cloudless weather. J. C. Rich The clay form that is to be baked hard must be adequately dried before it is placed in the kiln, trans/.: Shakes. Temp. Th' earth when it is bak'd with frost. 3 Donne TTie old dirt is (fruit),

.

.

.

.

.

.

a cat, a:

arm,

e

Comb.: bakeapple Candd. the (dried) fruit of the bakehouse a house or room with an oven baking bread; fbake-meat a pie, pastry; bakeware vessels, trays, etc., used in baking. cloudberry; for

baked

/beikt/

mi6. [f prec.

a.

-ED'.]

-I-

Cooked

by dry heat; hardened by heat; colloq. uncomfortably hot. baked beans haricot beans baked, and usu. tinned in tomato sauce, f baked-meat = hake-meat s.v. BAKE V. baked potato a potato baked in its skin, half-baked:

Bakelite

Also b-. E20. [f Leo H. Belgian-bom US (1863-1944),

/'beikal/vit/ n.

Baekeland chemist +

name

(Proprietary

-ite'.]

for)

a

dark brown thermosetung plastic made by copolymerization of a phenol with formaldehyde.

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

.

.

cosy,

-er'.]

see bake

v.

/'beiks/

a

i:

see, d hot,

v.

[OE bxcere, f. as BAKE who bakes; esp. one who

n.

person

v.

+

bakes

and

sells bread. baker's bread bread baked professionally by a baker's dozen thirteen (the 13th loaf

baker

representing the retailer's profit), the butcher, the baker, the candlestick-maker, see BUTCHER «. bakery n. a baker's work, baked items; a place where baked products are made or sold: M16.

Baker day

l20. [f Secretary (1986-9), who introduced the practice.] Any of several days in the normal school year statutorily /'beiks dei/

Baker,

phr.

n.

colloq.

Educadon

Brit.

x

Also

dial.

n.

stone

A

back-

stone or metal plate on which cakes are baked in the oven. -I-

and northern Austraha (also called sea gypsy). M19. 2 The Austronesian language of this people. M19. B attnb. or as adj. Of or pertaining

baken

.

oven.

bakestone /'beikstsun/ /'bak-/. ME. [f. bake v.

a

Kahmantan,

islands and coastal areas of Sulawesi, and eastern Indonesia to

bake

.

balalaika

/baio'lAika/ n. li8. [Russ., of Tartar musical instrument of the guitar kind, with a triangular body and from two to four strings, popular in Slavonic countries.

origin

A

]

balance /'bal(3)ns/ n. ME. [(0)Fr. f. ProtoRomance f. late L bilanc-, bilanx (in libra bilanx i. hi- Bl- + lanx physical object. 1 An apparatus for weighing, consisting of a beam poised so as to move freely on a central pivot, with a scale pan at each end. ME. b Any apparatus used in weighing, esp. a spring or lever substitute for the above. E19. 2 (Usu. B-.) The constellation and zodiacal sign Libra; the Scales. lME. f 3 Either scale of a balance; in pi. (occas. w. sing, form) M17. 4 A counterpoise, rare in lit. scales. sense. E17. 5 In hill balance-wheel. A mechanical device which regulates the speed of a clock or

balance having two scales), scale.]

I

A

lME

watch. M17. II Gen. fig. senses. 6 The metaphorical balance of justice, reason, or opinion, by which acuons and principles are weighed or estimated. ME. fb Either scale of this. L16 M17. 7 The wavering of fortune or chance, by which issues hang in suspense. ME. fb Uncertainty. ME-L17. 8 Power to decide or determine. lME. 9 A thing of equal importance; a counterbalancing consideration etc.; a set-off. E17. 10 Equilibrium; the even distribution of weight or amount (of things ponderable and imponderable). .M17. 11 Stability due to equilibrium between the forces within a system; (ability to maintain) steadiness of position; 12 General transf. mental stabihty. M17. harmony between the parts of anything; esp. in ^rr etc., harmony of proportion and design. M18. b spec. (The soimd produced by) the adjustment of the relative positions, volume levels, etc., of sources of sound. E20. 13 The preponderating weight or amount. M18. 8 G. B. Shaw The balance is held in my constituency by the tradesmen and shopkeepers 9 ]. R. Green If France had ceased to be a balance lo Spain, she found a new balance in Flanders. 10 W. Derham Such alterations in the aequipoise or ballance of the Atmosphere. D. H. Lawrence Life is so made that opposites sway about a trembling centre of Setded balance. X. J. Kennedy Hovering scale-pans their balance slow as silt. T. Benn The balance between freedom and secunty poses special difficulty in political democracies. II E. K. Kane If my mind had retained its balance. E. Albee Her balance is none too good, and she bumps into or brushes against the door chimes by the door. N. Gordimer He stands with his hands on his hips, for balance, looking down into the hole. 13 H. P. Brougham The balance of evidence appears in favour of the due execution. III The adjustment of accounts. 14 (The process of findmg) the difference between credits and debits; a statement of the results. L16. 15 The difference between the debit and credit sides of an account. E17. 16 An equality between the total of the two sides of an accoimt (cf sense 10 above). M17. 17 A sum remaining (either in hand or due) after the settlement or partial settiement of an account or accoimts; colloq. the rest, the remainder. E18. 14 L. P. Hartley This increase of personal worth, which the bank balance so eloquently conveyed. ISA. Crump Such arrangements may continue for years .

a.

the

worn

M

set aside for in-service training for teachers.

M19. [Origin imkn.] A n. 1 A member of a nomadic maritime people (formerly notorious as pirates) found throughout /'badjao/

jacket

Cook

5

II v.i.

Kenneth

bajada [Sp. =

Baiau

Dryden The Vine her Bak'd in the Sun-shine. of a batch bread, cakes, etc. ME. hands. 4

6 Undergo cooking by dry heat; be cooked, hardened, or tanned by heat; colloq. become uncomfortably hot. lME. 5 W. Faulkner Now that she had a stove to bake in. () J. R. Green The cakes which were baking on the hearth. OED These apples do not bake well. and indeed Sharp Tm going to bake' thought Julia the plain shimmered under a heat mist R. CARRIER The warm and spicy smell of apple pie baking in the

baken baker

of batey.

as n. of bai reddish

Bajan

my

baked on

liquid Harvest yields,

characteristically

EI 7.

bait vr

sull

see HALF-.

V. Why, thou wilt not take his flesh. What's that good for? To bait fish withal. E. Roosevelt He would bait me into giving an opinion by stating a point of view with which he knew I would disagree.

Merch.

baju

balance

171

Bakewell

/'beikwsl/

n.]

M19.

u.

[A

flat

town

in

Derbyshire, N. England.] Bakewell pudding, tart, a baked tart of pastry lined with jam and filled usu. with an almond paste.

baking

/'beikiri/ n. ME. [f bake v. + -ing'.] 1 action of bake v.; cooking by dry heat, esp. of bread, cakes, etc.; hardening by heat. ME. 2 The product of baking; (a batch of) baked items, esp. bread, cakes, etc. lME. Comb.: baking-powder a mixture of sodium bicarbonate, cream of tartar, etc., used instead of yeast to make cakes etc. nse, baking sheet a metal tray used for baking cakes etc., baking soda: see SODA 2C.

The

baking

colloq.

[f bake

li8.

/'beikir)/ a.

That bakes;

v.

+

-ing-.]

extremely or imcomfortably

hot. haifingiy adv. mi 9.

baklava made of

A

/'baikbva/ n. M17. [Turk.] dessert thin pieces of flaky pastry, honey, and

nuts.

baksheesh

/bak'Ji:|/

[Ult. f Pers. haksTs,

Eastern countries:

Give

/bal/ tin-mine.]

obs.

n.

A

mine

& v. Also back-. M18. haksidan give ] A n. In

a gratuity, a tip.

a gratuity to, tip.

bal

n. f.

v.t.

dial.

E17.

[Com.

=

Comwall.

/'beibm/ n. M17. [The prophet in Num. 22 4.] 1 A person who follows religion for profit. M17. 2 Superfluous or trivial material used to fill up a column. Joumalisu' slang. E19. Comb.: Balaam basket an editor's container for unwanted material. Balaamite n. = Balaam i mi6

[A village near of a battle fought in 1854.] In full Balaclava helmet. A woollen covering for the head and neck, worn orig. by Sebastopol

soldiers

on

/bab'klaiva/

in the

n.

Crimea,

L19.

site

active service.

saw, a run, o put,

u:

too, 3 ago,

without the balance ever being a credit-balance. 16 Gladstone V(Tiile we exponed £8,860,000, we

imponed £8,509,000 That

is

very nearly a balance.

17 S. Unwin I sent for water, and after he had had a drink, spilt the balanct over his head. J. Clavell still haven'i had a down payment, let alone the balance.

Balaam

Balaclava

.

We

Mig.

exc. in

B

M18.

.

ai

my, au how,

ei

Phrases: balance due, balance in hand: see sense 17 above, balance of mind sanity, balance of nature a state of equilibnum in nature produced by the interaction of living organisms, ecological balance, balance of payments the difference of value between the payments into and out of a country, including invisible exports and imports, balance of power a state of international equilibnum with no nation predominant, balance of terror balance of power based on the possession of terrifying weapons, esp. nuclear weapons, balance of trade the difference between a country's exports and imports, be or hang in the balance be uncertain, keep one's balance not lose one's fall; maintain physical or mental stability

day, ao no,

e:

hair,

is

near,

di

boy, 03 poor,

ais tire,

aos sour

;

balance balance

become upset

ph>"sically;

mentally, off balance in danger of falling; confused; unprepared on balance taking everything into consideration. Rtmun balance: see Roman a. spiral baJancc see SPIRAL a.' strike a balance determine the difference between two sides of an account (lit. fig ), amve at a medial position or course. Ccmh. balance sheet a written statement of the assets and liabilities of an organization on a particular

&

~

balance spring

date;

hairspring

HAIR

s.v.

n.

halancc-whvi:!: see sense 5 above,

balance as

prec]

'bal(3)ns/ gen.

I

1 t'.f.

L16. [(0)Fr. balancer, f. Weigh in or with a balance.

t'.

Weigh (two

or more arguments, considerations, etc.) against each other; consider with a view to making a choice. LI 6. 3 v.t. Equal in weight; neutralize the weight of; make up for. L16. 4 v.t. Counterbalance or match (one thing) by, with, or against another. E17. 5 v.t. Weigh (a matter or problem); ponder. MI 7. 6 v.t. Bring into or keep in equilibrium (lit. Sc fig.); keep steady or erect. M17. b spec. Adjust (sources of soimd) to the correct relative positions, volume levels, etc. E20. 7 v.i. Waver, rare in

sense. L16. 2

III.

hesitate,

deliberate,

v.t.

8

MI7.

arch.

Keep

v.i.

steady or erect, esp. as a feat of acrobatics or dancing. E19. 2 Yeats 1 balanced all, brought all to mind, The years to come seemed waste of breath. J. LE Carr£ Do you think they sit like monks balancing the rights and WTongs? 3 R. Lynd The craving for getting things done is balanced by the craving for leaving things undone. A. J. P. Ta\xor They were reinforced by Insh immigrants and made a number of intellectual converts, roughly balancing the old Catholics who lapsed. 4 J. RusKlx A mass of subdued colour may be balanced by a point of a powerfiil one. T. Hardy And don't you know that a woman who loves at all thinks .

.

.

.

nothing of perjury when it is balanced against her love? 5 Ten-ki'sok She balanced this a little. And told me she would answer us to-day. 6 Dickens Strong men balancing chests of drawers upon their heads. G. Mlrray The future seemed about equally balanced between good and evil. ScoTT Fitzgerald He was balancing himself on the dashboard of his car. .

F.

.

.

.

Chichester

could

to

I

trimmed the

balance

plane,

the

as delicately as I

tail

but

would not

she

Hill Dorothea stood alone,

stabilize. S.

.

.

balancing

the two pots in her hand. 7 C, MERr\'ALE The same disposition to balance and temporize. 8 J. Strutt Tumbling and balancing exhibited by the gleemen. Times Lit. Suppl. The East West balancing act of fig. Rapallo. .

.

:

II spec.

Of an account

{lit.

&

fig.).

9

v.t.

Add

up and compare the debit and

credit sides of (an of accoimts). L16. 10 v.t. Make entries in (an account or set of accounts) that uill make the two sides equal; of an entry: make the two sides of (an account) equal. E17. 11 v.t. Settle (an accoimt) by paying the amoimt due. M18. 12 V.I. Of an account: have its twc fides

account or

set

equal. L19.

balanceable a. M17. balanced a. poised, in equilibrium; well arranged or disposed; with no constituent lackmg or in excess: L16. balancer n. (a) a person who balances, esp. an acrobat; (b) a thing which balances; spec. = haltere 2: lME.

balance [Fr.

balase/

= balanced

n.

PI.

pronoimced same. L18. pas step).]

(sc.

Dancing.

A

swaying step from one foot to the other.

balancing V. + -ing' .]

'bal(3)nsii)/ vbl n. li6. [f

balance

TTie action of balance v. Comb., balancing act an (acrobanc) aci involving

feats of balance, fig. a maintaining of equilibrium or harmony in difficult circumstances.

balanitis

/bab'nAitis,'

n.

M19.

[f.

acorn, glans penis + -ITIS.] Med. Inflammation of the glans penis.

Gk balanos & Vet. Med.

'babnaid a. & n. M19 [f mod.L Balanus genus name f L balanus ( rk balanos acorn, + -OID.] Zool. (Of, penaining to, or being) an acorn barnacle (see acorn').

balanoid

,

t

balao

/ba'lao/

[Sp. balaju.]

baLas

Balinese

172 stumble

or

fall

n. Al:

shape.] 1 A short pillar or column of circular section and with a curving outline, usu one of a series called a balustrade. Also, a similar pillar used in a window. E17. 2 A slender upright post helping to support a rail. M17. b Usu. in pi. = BANISTER. M18. 3 collect, sing. = BALUSTRADE. arch.

M17.

balustrade

/bab'streid/

M17. [Fr. after

n.

balaustrata, Sp. balaustrada: see prec, -ADE.]

row of balusters surmoimted by

a

rail

It.

A

balcony, etc. balustraded a. furnished with a balustrade L18. balustrading «. balustrade-work L19

&

L19. [f. Balzac (see below) + -ian.] A adj. Pertaining to or characteristic of the French novelist Honore de Balzac (1799 1850) or his works. L19. B n. An admirer or student of Balzac or his writing. E20.

bam

/bal'zakian/

/bam/ BAMBOOZLE: of

its

1st

BAMBOOZLE

E20. [Imit.] Repr. the sound of a introducing a sudden

Also gen.

B. Holiday Then bam, they'd be drafted and end up back in some camp in the South. M. French 'All of a sudden, bam!' She put her hand on her head. 'The lump's as big as a marble!' right

bambino

/bain'bimo, -so/ n. [It., dim. of bambo

-nos. E18.

PI.

-ni

/-ni/,

A

young

silly.]

child or baby (in Italy); spec, an infant Jesus in swaddling-clothes.

image of the

v.

&

n.

either

syll.] V.

saw, a run, u put,

I.

a.

slang

&

n.

dial.

an abbrev. of

A Ei8.

& B M. A

I'.t.

u: too, 3

ago,

ai

I.

it

ei8.

[Rel. to

or the source

Infl.

hoax, a

/bam'bu:/ k. & v. Also (earlier) -f-bos, fb(o)us. L16. [Du. bamboes, mod.L bambusa,

-mm-. = trick. E18.

my, ao how,

ei

Malay mamby. Forms

in -s later taken as of niunerous, mainly tropical, giant grasses belonging to the genus Bambusa and various related genera; the hollow stem of such a plant, used as a stick or as material. L16. 2 Cane-coloured biscuit porcelain. L18. 3 A light ult.

f.

pi.]

A

n.

Any

I

yellowish brown. M19. Comb.: bamboo curtain [after iron cunain^ a and economic barrier between China and

political

non-Communist

countries;

bamboo-fish

a small fish,

Sarpa salpa, of the family Sparidae, found in the eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, bamboo shoot a young shoot of bamboo, eaten as a vegetable

B

Beat with

v.t.

bamboo.

a

bamboo; provide with

E19.

bamboozle

/bain'bu:z(3)l/

&

v.

n.

ei8.

slang.

[Prob. of cant origin: cf. bam v. & n.] \ v. 1 v.t. Hoax, deceive, trick, cheat. E18. 2 v.t. Mystify, perplex. E18. 3 v.i. Practise trickery, rare. E18. I N. RowE You intend to bambouzle me out of a Beef Stake. P. Roth She had allowed herself to be

bamboozled Gaskell He Cibber C. Bamboozle.

.

.

eating

into

The

old

Newburg.

lobster

bamboozles me.

fairly

Rogue

.

He .

is

2

E.

two chaps.

how

knows

.3

10

B n. = BAMBOOZLEMENT. rare. E18. 51 iVlentioned in 1710 by Swift in the Tatler no. 230 (on 'the continual Corrupdon of our English Tongue') among other slang terms recendy invented or brought into vogue. bamboozlement n. hoaxing; cheating; tricky decepuon; mystification: M19. bamboozler n. E18

fbambos n. bamboula

see

bamboo.

/bam'bu:b/

n.

M19.

An

American Blacks' tambourine accompaniment. f bamb(o)us ns. see bamboo. Creole.]

ban

[Louisiana

dance

to

/ban/ n.' See also banns. ME. [In branch I, iban, gebann (cf. partly aphet. f ban, bann), partly f. OFr. ban f. base of BAN v., whence late L bannus, bannum. In

ME

OHG

OE

ON

Gmc

II, strictly a separate wd, f. ban v.] I 1 A public proclamation or edict; a summons (esp. to anns); spec, the gathering of the (French) King's vassals for war, or the body of vassals so assembled (orig. = arriere-ban). Now arch. & Hist. ME. 2 A section of an army; esp. in the later French system, the yoimger part of the population liable to serve in the militia, as distinct from the arriere-ban of reserves. E19. 113 A formal ecclesiastical denunciation, an interdict, an excommunication; gen. a curse supposed to have supernatural sanction. L15. b The invoking or utterance of a curse; an angry execration, arch. L16. 4 A formal or authoritative an prohibition or against something), (on interdict. M17. b A proclamation issued against a person by the civil power; a sentence of outlawry. L17. 5 A practical denimciation or prohibition not fonnally aimoimced, esp. one tacitly effected by public opinion. M19.

branch

4

or a

coping as an ornamental parapet to a terrace,

Balzacian

int.

blow.

action or occurrence.

[med.L

L16.

L19. 1 the Baltic States Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, which border the Baltic Sea betwen Poland and

baluster

IMPATIENS), esp. (o) (more fully garden balsam) Impatiens batsamma, native to southern and eastern Asia and cultivated for its showy pink flowers; {b) (in full Himalaya balsam) I. glandulifera, a large Himalayan plant with purplish-pink flowers now widely naturalized along streams in Europe and N. America (also

n.

n.

A

(see

(ft)

&

a.

as

f.

n. A native or -ch. E17. [Pers. Baluc(0-] lying inhabitant of Baluchistan, a region between the lower Indus and SE Iran; the Iranian language of Baluchistan. E17. B adj. Of or pertaining to the people or language of Baluchistan. M19.

M17-M18. fS = BALM n.' 2; fig. a preservative. M17-M18. 6 Any plant of the genus Impatiens

balsam;

'bolt-/

1 Balt; see -ic] A adj. Designating, of, or penatning to an almost landlocked sea separating Scandinavia from the rest of Europe. L16. 2 Designating a branch of comprising Indo-European languages the Lithuanian, Latvian, and Old Prussian, usu. classified with the Slavonic group (see Balto-).

Baluchi

Chem. A water and

resinous product which is insoluble in is a source of benzoic or cinnamic acid. L17. 2 A tree yielding balsam; = balm n.' 5. OE. 3 An aromatic ointment or other resinous medicinal preparation; esp. one of various substances dissolved in oil or turpentine. L16. b fig. A healmg or soothing agency. E17. t4 Alch. A healthful preservative essence considered by Paracelsus to exist in all organic bodies.

.

/'bDiltik,

Balticus,

Baltimore

dial.

sleep.

/'bolsa/ n. E17. [Sp.

Baltic

Baltimore

Also balow /bs'bu/. E17. [App. a nursery wd of unkn. origin.] A lullaby. As int., used to lull a child to

a cat, a:

Also -sar, King of and drank

'balBsza:/

/bEl'Jaza/.

E18.

see Baluchi.

a.

baloney n. var. of boloney. baloo /bs'lu:/ n. & int. obs. exc.

(a)

Clot, clog; tangled;

v.t.

1

sixteen regular bottles.

balneary

n.

f.

baltre,

Tumble

.

balsa

[Prob.

Babylon who 'made a great feast wine before the thousand' {Dan. 5:1).] A very large wine bottle, usually holding the quantity of

balneal /'balnial/ a. Miy. [f. L balneum bath + -al'.] Of or pertaining to a (warm) bath or

bam /bam/

bamboo

Baltic States.

Belshazzar

of BARMY.

OE

n.

the n.]

[f

bals costumes, masques, musettes n. phrs. pis. of BAL COSTUME CtC. Bait /b.i:lt, bolt/ n. L19. [Late L Balthae pi.] A native or (esp. German) inhabitant of one of the

+ -y'.] 1 /'ba:mi/ a} i.ME. [f. balm Fragrant, aromatic, or soothing hl^e balm. lMF. 2 Deliciously soft and soothing; pleasant. E17. 3 Of the weather, air, etc.: mild and fragrant. E17. 4 Yielding or producing balm. Miy. I M. R. Mjtford Under the shade of those balmy firs. E. Irving The cure for a disease, is to send balmy medicines 2 E. Young Tir'd Nature's sweet restorer, balmy Sleep! G. Ci-ARE TTiose happy and balmy days for fathers, when they and their wishes were immediately obeyed. 3 G. Santayana The next spring was singularly balmy Crocuses and snowball of blossoms were out in April. C. Sagan A time .

in

hard

/'bndsani, 'bnl-/ v.i. M17. Anoint or impregnate with balsam,

E20. [Fr.] In France, a popular dancehall (with an accordion band).

balsam

like

a.

balmy L17

balsam

bals

PI.

balsamy

(sense 6 above): L16 M19. fi-agrance,

Scottish regiments. L19.

balmy a.' var.

ban

175

test

ban, etc.

ban

/ban/ n.- E17. [Pers. ban lord, master, introduced by the Avars who ruled in Slavonic countries subject to Himgary.] Hist. A viceroy

and military commander of certain districts in Hungary, Slavonia, and Croatia. ban /ba:n/ n.' PI. bani /'bami/. L19. [Romanian.] A monetary imit of Romania, equal to one-himdredth of a leu. ban /ban/ v. Infl. -mi-. [OE bannan = OFris.

MLG, MDu. bannen, OHG bannan, ON Gmc base repr. also by Gk phanai, 1, speak. Cf. BAN n.'] fl v.t. Summon by

banna, banna, fari

f.

proclamation (esp. to arms). OE-lJVIE. 2

day, ao no,

e:

hair,

is

near,

31

boy, U3 poor, Aia

tire,

v.t.

aua sour

.

banal Curse or damn,

jrch.

ME. b

Pronounce an

spec.

upon. arch. ME. 3 v.i. Utter ME. 4 i\t. & Chide, speak angrily ME. 5 i:t. Exclude or proscribe (a

ecclesiastical curse

curses, arch. (to),

dial.

1.

person, esp. from something); interdict or formally prohibit. lME. .Morris Ever she blessed the old and banned 2 the new. i Byron Yet harsh and haught>', as he lay he bann'd. S W. Story He banned them from the cit>' A J. P. TayT-OR The American government banned

W

trade with Japan. E. Longford His wife tried to ban his friends in the misguided belief that she was protecting her hero,

nrtually

banal

all

M18. [(0)Fr., Of or belonging senice. M18. 2

br>'na:l, -'nal; 'bein(3)l/ a.

BAN n.', -al'.] 1 compulsory feudal

ban: see

f.

to

Commonplace, * Sense sense

'common

trite, triNial.

M19.

to

all'.

ba'naliti

prec,

A

-rrv.]

M19.

n.

[Fr.

or

trite

banalite:

thing, character,

trivial

commonplace

commonplace;

band

or (in later use) to identify or label; (frcq. w. specifying wd) a fabric strip round or forming part of a dress, hat, etc. L15. b spec. The neckband or collar of a shirt, a collar, a ruff, (now arch, or Hist.); (now in pi.) the development of this into two strips hanging down in front in clerical, legal, or academic dress. M16. c A strip of linen etc. wrapped round (pan oO the body; a bandage, arch. L16. 3 A stripe distinguished by colour or aspect from the surface which it crosses; a particular portion of a cenain breadth crossing a surface. L15. b A ring or stripe around an object. M19. cfig. A range of values within a series; a scale extending between certain limits. E20. d A section of a disc, tape, etc., containing a specified sequence of recorded material. M20. 4 An endless belt or strap transmitting motion between two wheels, pulleys, etc. E18. 5 narrow stratum of coal or rock. M19. 6 Physics etc. A broad feature in a spectrum; a range ol wavelengths, energies, etc., between well-defined limits. M19, 1 H, Allen The rather ponderous wedding ring had just below it a narrow, worn, gold band. 2 AV Ecclus 6:30 Her bands are purple lace. W. J. Locke He 2,

n.'

,

triviality.

banana

ba'nama/

Mande.]

1

The

&

Pon., f edible finger-shaped pulpy fruit [Sp.

li6.

n.

of any of various tropical and subtropical plants of the genus Musa (family Musaceae), borne in clusters and yellow-skinned when ripe. L16. 2 The treelike herbaceous plant bearing this fhiit, which has a stem of overlapping leaf sheaths. LI 7. 3 A comedian. Only in second banana, a supporting comedian in a show, top banana, a comedian who tops the bill of a show. Theatr. slang (orig. US). M20. Phrases: go bananas slang become craz>' or angry. Comb. banana bird any of various firuit-eating birds; csp. = banariaijuii below; Bananaland Aiisrral. :

Queensland; Bananalander Queenslander; bananaquit [quit coUoq.

Aiistral.

a

colloq.

banate n. banausic

tropical

bird,

of bannat.

bs'noisik/

a.

derog.

[Gk

M19.

banausikos of or for artisans: see -ic] Suitable for artisans; uncultivated; materialistic.

Banbury cake

'banb(3)ri

keik,

n.

phr.

li6.

{Banbury in Oxfordshire, where orig. made.] cake of pastry filled with a currant mixture.

A

'barikso/ mt. L18. [Fr. f. It.: see bank 1.'] In baccarat etc.: expr. a player's willingness to meet single-handed the banker's whole stake.

VA BANQUE.

band «.' arch. exc. as identified w dAND lOE. [ON band = OFns., OS band, OHG

G

bant (Du. band, Band), f. Gmc, f. base of BIND V. Cf. BAND M.-, BEND BOND n}] I lit. 1 A thing with which a person is bound in restramt of personal hberty; a shackle, a chain. lOE. 2 A string with which some loose thing (esp. straw) is bound. lOE. b Bookbinding. Each of the cords or straps crossing the back of a book, to which the sheets are attached; the raised part on the spine formed by this. .mi8. 3 A cormecting piece that holds together the parts of something lOE. 4 A strap, chain, etc., used as a lead for a child or animal. lOE. 5 A hinge. lME. II fig. b The restraint on freedom of action regarded as imposed by sin, convention, sleep, etc. lOE. 7 An obligation or circumstance which restricts acuon or binds persons a

a

tie,

restraint;

a

bmding

agreement

or promise; a force ctfecting or maintaining union. lOE. b Security given; a legally executed deed. arch. Ei6. 8 A covenant, a league. Sc. obs. exc. Hist. lME. f*) Bmding quality or power. OtJy in E17. bandster n. (dial.) a person who binds sheaves L18.

band

/band'

bende benda,

A

(cf, f.

n.'

bend

Gmc,

f,

lME

[(0)Fr. bande, earlier Prov., Sp., It., med.L base of bind v. Cf, band «,'] 1 n.')

-

hoop; a ring of metal

a bird's leg to identify

thin

b but, d dog,

now esp. one round lME. 2 A fiat strip of

etc., it.

material to contain or

flexible

f

.

.

few, g get, h he,

j

bmd

yes, k cat,

I

(cf.

leg,

.

removed the band and clipped the

Q. D. Leavis An enterprising publisher will the novel with a band or new dust-jacket exhibiting the caption. M. Laski There was a black

band round the sleeve of his jacket. H. pound notes, neatly folded and packed

E.

Many

Bates

pay.

tight inside the

under the greasy leather band, armband, hairband,

fband

hatband, headband, neckband, waistband, etc. Alice hand: see Alice 2b. elastic, rubber, band a band of rubber to hold papers etc. together, b G. Crabbe Careless was he of surplice, hood, and band, J. Archer The official dress of the Vice-Chancell^, bands, collar, white tie and all, c stvaddling-band(s):

BANDY

hat,

.

.

.

All

.

.

we needed

frequency band,

to

do was

to

narrow

Jones

the

in

listen

citizens' band: see

CITIZEN

n.

right

narrow

S-hand: see S, s 9. Comb.: bandfish any of several elongated bonomdwelling marine fishes of the family Cepolidae, with long continuous fins, bandpass the band of frequencies transmitted by a filter; band-saw an endless saw, consisting of a steel belt with a serrated edge running over wheels; bandwidth the extent of a band of frequencies, esp. of one used in

bandlet

band It.,

n.'

L15. [(0)Fr. bande

a.

=

M19.

/'bandeid/ n., a., & v. Also bandE20. [f. BAND n.' + AID «. ] A n. 1 (Proprietary name for) a type of sticking-plaster with a gauze pad; a strip of this. E20. 2 fig. makeshift or temporary solution to a problem palliative. etc.; a M20. B adj. Makeshift, temporary; palliative. L20. C v.t. Apply a makeshift or temporary solution to (a problem etc.). L20. aid.

A

m

Goth, bandwa

sign), also

bandanna (cf.

company, crowd.]

1

An organized company common purpose; spec, a

of people having a troop of armed men, robbers, etc. L15. 2 A company of people or animals in movement. E17. b A herd, a flock. N. Amer. E19. 3 A body of musicians, now esp. those playing brass or wind instruments; (a section of) an orchestra. Now also, a rock or pop group. M17. I Byron The 'black bands' who sti!l Ravage the frontier, S. Gibbons Mr. Mybug and Rennet joined the band of watchers, F, Fitzgerald The enemy in the south consisted of Uttle more than a band of guerrillas. Band of Hope an association of yoimg people pledged to total abstinence from intoxicating liquors, sacred band: see sacred a. 2 AV Gen. 32:7 Hee diuided the camels into two bands, J. R, Green The little band of fugitives. 3 P. Kavanagh I joined the Sinn Fein Pipers' Band that was staned. P. Scott She felt and heard the thrum and drum of the band, big ,

band plays; bandwagon wagon used by a band in a parade which

a

(orig.

US)

of one

loka] the

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we, z zoo,

monkeys

collectively; a

body of

irresponsible

chatterers.

bandbox + BOX

/'bandboks/

A

n.']

«.

A

n.

&

a.

M17.

[f.

band n.^ box

lightweight paper-covered

for millinery (orig. for neckbands). M17.

look as

if

one came out of a bandbox (&

vars.)

look extremely smart.

B

or as adj. Resembling a bandbox; providing fragile, flimsy; littie space; conspicuously neat and smart. L18. N. Shute It had come through the Grand Prix attrib.

unscratched, in bandbox condition. band'boxical a. resembling a bandbox, esp. in providing Uttle space L18. bandboxy a. = bandbox a.

MI9.

bandeau

/'bandau, foreign bddo/ n. PI. -eaiuc E18. [Fr. f OFr. bandel dim. of bande: see band n.', -el^.] A band or strip of I -suz, foreign -o/.

material, esp.

one used

for binding a

woman's

hair.

bandelet

/'band(3)l!t/ n. Also f-ette. M17. [Fr. bandelette dim. of OFr. bandele fem. of bandel: see prec] small band, streak, or fillet; Archit. a small fiat moulding, encompassing a column,

A

bander

carrying a group of successKil (political) leaders, esp.

man,

M18.

/'bAnda/ n. Also -der. L19. [Hind. bddarf. Skt vdnara.] In the Indian subcontinent: the rhesus monkey. Comb.: bandar-log /-bug/ [Hind, log people (. Skt

a large

etc.; fig. as

-ana.

Also

n.

bandar

.

band, brass band, German band, jazz band, marching band, military band, silver band, wind band, etc. beat the band fig. (slang) surpass everything. Schrammel band: see Schrammel 2. when the band begins to play fig. when matters become serious. Comb.: bandmaster the leader or conductor of a band of musicians; band-shell a bandstand in the form of a large concave shell with special acoustic properties; bandsman a member of a band of musicians; bandstand a covered outdoor platform on

/ban'dana/

[Prob. f. Port. f. Hind, {bddhnu method of tiedyeing, spotted cloth, f bSdhna to tie).] A coloured silk or cotton handkerchief or headscarf with white or yellow spots.

Prov., Sp., origin and

med.L banda, prob. of Gmc med.L banda scarf, bandum banner

A

Band-Aid

a.

= bandelet mi8. bandlike

n.

/band/

&

A

+

A

.

a thing like the ring of Saturn. 6 R. V.

=

/'bandids/ n. v. li6. [Fr., f. as band -AGE.] «. 1 strip of woven material used to bind up a woimd or to protect an injured part of the body. L16. 2 A strip of material used for binding or covering up, esp. for blindfolding the eyes. E18. 3 strip or band of stone, iron, etc., used to bind together and strengthen any structure, arch. Ml 8. B v.t. Tie or bind up with a bandage. L18. bandaging n. the applying of bandages; material for bandages: EI9. n.^

.

earth

L16-L17. [Abbrev. of bandy v.]

v.V.

bandage

swaddling vbl n. 2. 3 Geo. Eliot The sunshine came through the windows in slanting bands of bnghmess. S. Beckett It seemed to have a red band or stripe running down its side, b G. K. Chesterton TTiere seemed to be a continuous band round the see

assoc. w.

band

reciprocally;

band or bands. H5. 2 v.t. Provide or cover with a band, rare in gen. sense. M16. b spec. Provide (a bird) with an identifying band. E20. 3 v.t. (chiefiy refl.) & i. Join or form into a band or company; unite. M16. 4 v.t. Mark with a band or stripe, or with bands or stripes. Freq. as banded ppl a. M18. 5 v.t. Divide into bands or ranges based on a numerical characteristic, with a view to treating the bands differently; Educ. group or allocate (pupils) on the basis of ability. L20. 3 Milton What multitudes Were banded to oppose his high Decree. R. Ellison We have banded together in brotherhood so as to do something about it. 1. Colegate People banding themselves together in order to work for a better world. 4 E. K. Kane An opalescent purple, that banded the entire horizon. D. Attenborough Waving tentacles of the most delicate colours, banded, striped and panemed in many shades, banded rudder-fish: see Rt;DDER n. 5 Financial Times Making the commimity charge more fair by banding the rate of charge in proportion to ability to fasten with a

telecommunications

banco Cf

/band/ ei6. [Origin unkn.] A ridge of a Lake District of northern England, a long hill resembling a ridge, or a narrow sloping offshoot firom a higher hill or moimtain. band /band/ v.' L15. [(0)Fr. bander, f. as band Perh. partiy f. the Eng. ns.] 1 v.t. Bind or in the

hill;

reissue

band: see

var.

band

point.

.

a

«.']

Cocrcba flaveola; banana republic (usu. dcrog.) a small tropical (usu. Central or S. Amencan) country' that is economically dependent on its fruit-exporting or similar trade; banana skin fig. a cause of upset or humiliation; banana split a dessert of ice-cream and a split banana.

.Amencan passerine

selected a cigar,

jump or

climb on the bandwagon, seek to )oin the party or group that is hkely to succeed. in

3)

A

M20. banally adv. M20.

t .r.

banality a

Hist.

developed from the intermediate French

2

banalize see

bander

176

-er'.]

J

/'bands/

a member of a

arch.

mi6.

[f.

band

f.'

+

league, a confederate.

she, 3 vision, G thin, d this,

r)

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

bander bander

of bandar.

n.' var.

banderilla

/bandc'riXa, banda'nlja/ n. PI. -as /-as, -3z/. L18. [Sp., dim o{ bandera banner.] A decorated dan thrust into a bull's neck or

shoulders during a bullfight.

banderillero agent-suff.]

A bullfighter who

uses banderillas.

/'bandsraul/ n. Also -ol /-aol, -(a)!/; sense 2, the earlier form) bannerol

in

(esp.

-(3)1/.

mi6.

ban{n)erole,

[Fr.

later

banderuola dim. of bandiera BANNER n.': see -OLE'.] 1 A long narrow flag with a cleft end, flown from the masthead of a ship. M16. 2 A rectangular banner borne at the funerals of public figures and placed over the tomb. M16. 3 An ornamental streamer of the kind attached to a knight's lance. L16. 4 = BANNER n.' 4. rare. L16. 5 A ribbon-like scroll bearing a device or inscription. E17. It.

f.

bandersnatch

/'band3snatj/

L19. [Invented

n.

by Lewis Carroll; presumably wd.] A fabulous creature

portmanteau dangerous propensities, immune to bribery and too fast to flee from; alius, any creature with such qualities.

No

C. S. Lewis

might as well

bandicoot

a

of

one ever influenced Tolkien

try to influence a

bandersnatch.

/'bandiku:t/

li8. [Alt. of

n.

— you

Telugu

pandikokku lit. 'pig-rat'.] 1 A large destructive southern Asian rat, Bandicota indica. Also bandicoot rat. L18. 2 Any of various mainly marsupials

insectivorous

foimd

Peramelidae, Guinea. E19.

of

family

the

and

Australia

in

New

/'bandit/ n. PI. bandits, (now chiefly banditti /ban'diti/. L16. [It. bandito, pi. use as n. of pa. pple of bandire ban = med.L

Hist.)

bannire proclaim, proscribe, banish.] 1 An outlaw; a lawless robber or marauder; a gangster. L16. b In pi. banditti as collect, sing. A company of bandits, arch. E18. 2 transf. An

enemy ].

1

aircraft in action. M20. R. Green The routed soldiery

tumed

into free

companies of bandits. W. H. Auden The bandit who is good to his mother. P. Theroux Bandits stop this train and rob the passengers, one-arm(ed) bandit slang a fruit machine or the like operated by pulling down an armlike handle, b Sir W. Scott Deerstealers

.

are ever a desperate banditti.

.

banditism n.

the practices of bandits L19. banditry E20.

n.

= BANDITISM

bandobast

bandog

n.

var. of

specially

bundobust.

ME. [f. band n.' + dog dog kept on a chain; a bloodhound. Now usu. spec, a dog bred for fighting by crossing aggressive

/'bandog/

Orig., mastiff, a n.]

n.

(fierce)

a

breeds.

bandoleer bandolero

A

n. var.

of bandolier.

/band3'l£:r3u/

-os. M17. [Sp.]

n. PI.

Spanish bandit.

/bands'lis/ n. Also -eer. L16. [Fr. bandouliere perh. f. Sp. bandolera, f. banda sash or i. Catal. bandolera, f bandoler bandit] fl shoulder-belt for carrying a wallet. L16-M18. 2 shoulder-belt for holding ammunition, (Hist.) with small cases each containing a charge for a

A A

musket, (now) with small loops or pockets for carrying cartridges. L16. b Any of the cases containing a charge for a musket. Now arch, or Hist. EI 7.

bandoliered Hist.

M19.

A

anoint.]

a.

wearing a bandolier E20.

/'bandalim/

[Fr., n.

&

n.

v.

f as bandeau +

Now

L Imere

arch,

or

bedaub,

A gummy

preparation for setting Set (hafr) with this. M19.

hair. M19. B v.t. bandoneon /ban'dsunisn/

Also -ion. e20. [(Sp. bandoneon {.) Bandonion, I. Heinrich Band its inventor, a i9th-cent. Ger. musician + -on- as in harmonika harmonica + -ion as in akkordion accordion.] A type of concertina used esp. in S. America. n.

G

bandore

/ban'do:/

n.'

Also

-ra

/-ra/.

M16.

[Ongin uncertain: cf Du. bandoor, Sp. banduma. It. pandora, -ura f L pandura (. Gk pandoura PANDORA n. Cf banjo, vandola.] A bass stringed instrument of the cittern family, having a long neck and a scallop-shaped body. a cat, a:

arm,

e

bed,

a:

her,

1

[Alt.

of Fr. bandeau.]

A

bandy i;. ]

f

/ban'dosria, foreign ban'durria/ n. Spanish stringed instrument of the

A

(now unknown) way of playing

tennis.

hammer):

/'bandi/

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, o hot,

li8.

«.-

[Telugu bandi, Tamil

vanti.] In the Indian subcontinent: a carriage, a

buggy, a

bandy

cart.

/'bandi/

bandy

n.'

[Perh. attrib. use of curved so as to be wide person: bandy-legged, Of a

bandy

L17.

a.

Of

3.]

legs:

apart at the knees. bandiness n. M19.

li6. [Perh. f. Fr. bander take band n.-' Cf. It. bandare, Sp. bandear.] 1 v.t. Throw, pass, strike (a ball) to and fro (as in tetmis etc.). Chiefly fig. L16. f-2 v.t. Cast away or aside; fig. dismiss or reject. L16-M17. 3 v.t. Toss from side to side, from one to another, or about; esp. fig., pass (words, stories, etc.) around in a circle or group, discuss in this way. L16. b Give and take (blows, words, etc.); exchange (conversation, compliments, etc.) with a person. L16. t4 v.t. (esp. refl.) Band together, confederate. L16-EI9. fS v.i.

/'bandi/

v.

sides at tennis, f as

&

Contend, fight. L16-E18. 1 Tennyson To be the ball of Time, Bandied by the hands of fools. 2 C. Marlowe The Cardinal, would bandy me away from Spam. 3 G. Anson Thus was unhappy

bandied about within a few leagues of her intended harbour. Dickens The stories they invent and bandy from mouth to mouth! H. Read TTie poet must use words which are bandied about in the daily give-and-take of conversauon. W. Irving Your name is frequently bandied at table among us. b J. L. Motley Bandying blows in the thickest of the fight. N. Mitford She bandied repartee with the various Rorys and Rolys. 4 G Herbert Joyntly bandying, They drive them soon away. Sir W. Scott Here is his son already bandying and making a faction. 5 Milton Neither did the People of Rome bandy with their Senate while any of the Tarquins vessel

.

.

.

bandy-bandy A nocturnal

/'bandi, bandi/ n. E20. [Aborig.]

bane

/bein/

&

OS,

OHG

Australian snake, Vemiicella annulata, marked with black and white bands. n.

v.

[OE bana =

ON

bano, imcertain.]

bam,

f

OFris. bona, Gmc: uh.

connections A w. 1 A slayer, a murderer. Long arch. rare. OE. 2 A thing which causes death or destroys life, esp. poison. Long arch. exc. in comb., as henbane, wolf's bane, etc. OE. f 3 Murder, death, destruction. ME- mi 7. 4 Ruin, woe. Chiefly poet. lME. 5 A cause of ruin,

harm, or trouble. L16. 2 Tolkien The Ring gleamed and flickered as he held it up. 'Behold Isildur's Bane!' said EIrond. 3 Shakes. Macb. I will not be afraid of death and bane Till Bimam Forest come to Dunsinane. 4 R. Greene That sweet boy that wrought bnght Venus bane. 5 Burke Theoretic plans of constitution have been the bane of France. C. Bronte She who had been the bane of his life. M. M. Kaye His attentions soon became the bane of the boy's existence. Comb. baneberry any of several Eurasian and N. American plants of the genus Actaea, of the buttercup family; the bitter poisonous fruit of these plants; banewort dial, any of vanous, mainly poisonous, plants, esp. lesser spvarwort, Ranunculus flammula .

adv.:

cf.

ON

(cf.

perh.

of Scand. banga

hammering,

bang

LG

has bange(l)n beat.] 1 v.t. Strike or shut noisily; cause to make the sound of a blow or explosion. mi6. Move 2 v.t. impetuously, dash, jump. dial. 1.16. 3 v.t. Knock about, damage, (N. Amer. also foil, by up); drub, defeat (lit. & fig.). E17. 4 v.i. Strike or shut violently or noisily, thump; make a sudden loud noise. E18. 5 v.t. Surpass. Chiefly dial. L18. 6 v.t. Stock Exch. Depress (share prices, the market), arch. L19. 7 v.t. & i. Copulate (with). slang. L19. 1 Tennyson Like an iron-clanging anvil banged

With hammers. A. KoESTLER It was the sound of Sonia banging the bathroom-door behind her that woke him. bang out produce (a tune on a piano, etc.) noisily and roughly. 3 M. Edgeworth English Clay banged down to Clay-hall. Shakes. Oih. The desperate tempest hath so bang'd the Turk That their designment halts, banged to rights: see right n.' 4 Wilkie Collins Taking great pains not to let the doors bang. C. Jackson She had only to bang on the small painted drum, hang one's head against a brick wall: see WALL n.' 5 Dickens The next Pickwick will bang all the others. .

bang

/bar)/ v^t. Orig. US. L19.

bang

[f.

n:']

.

Cut

(hair) in a fringe straight across the forehead.

bang

/bar)/ adv. L18. [f. bang d.'] sudden impact; abruptly; explosively

With

1

(as the conventional imitation of a shot or explosion, lit. & fig.). Freq. in go bang. L18. 2 Completely; exactly. Also as a mere intensive, colloq. E19. 1 O. W. Holmes Bang went the magazine! T. Stoppard Bang goes your credit at the off-licence. 2 Times Lit. Suppl. Bang-up-to-date neutron know-how.

Crispin Gobbo certainly did leave here that evening bang on time, bang off slang immediately, bang on slang exacdy nght, excellent, hang to rights: see right «.' bang-up a. (N. Amer. slang) first-class, E.

splendid.

Bangalore torpedo phr.

liv'd.

bang

[f.

fringe of hair cut straight across

'

origin

t2 A

Orig. US. L19.

n:'

a

fbang var. of bhang. bang /bar)/ v.' mi6. [Imit.,

bandy

rel.

stroke with a racket; a ball, esp. a return, struck at tennis. L16 M17. 3 (A bent or curved stick used in) a form of hockey. E17.

bandy

/bar)/

the forehead,

to

li6. [Obscurely

/'bandi/

1

bang

bangtail.]

A

[Sp.]

.

bandolier

bandoline

MI 9.

this

bandit -ti,

bandurria

L16-E17.

banderole /'banarsul, banderole,

f bandore n:'- L17-E18. widow's head-dress,

lute type.

/.banderi'Xero, .bandsri'ljeirao/ n. -3uz/. L18. [f as prec. + -ero

-OS /-X,

PI.

bangtail

177

/bar)g3'ln:

Bangalore

PI.

t3:'pi:d3o/

torpedoes.

E20.

n. [f.

Bangalore, a city in southern India.] Mil. A tube containing explosive used by infantry for blowing up wire entanglements etc.

bangalow

/'baijgsbu/ n. E19. [Aborig.] Either Australian palms of the genus Archomophoenix, having feathery leaves. Also bangalow palm.

two

of

banger z).'

+

fi.' Chiefly colloq. mi 7. [f bang Something which makes a bang or is

/'bar)3/

-er'.]

noisily conspicuous; spec, (a) a blatant he;

a

(f>)

firework which goes off with a bang; (c) an enthusiastic kiss; (d) a sausage; (e) a dilapidated old car.

f banger n.- var. of banjo. banghy n. var. of bangy.

Bangladeshi

/baijgb'deji, bAijg-/

&

a. PI.

of

same, -s. L20. [{. Bangladesh (see below) + (A native or inhabitant) of the People's Republic of Bangladesh in the north-east of the Indian subcontinent (formerly East Pakistan). n.

-i^.]

:

B K.r. 1 Hurt, harm, poison, arch. lME. Esp. of poison: kill. Only in li6. baneful a. lethal; poisonous; pernicious: L16. f banes

bang

n.pl.

see banns.

sonic

2.

with a bang fig. successfully;

impressively, spectacularly; go out toith a hang, make a dramatic exit, perform a final startling or memorable act. 6 gang-hang: see gang n.

x saw,

a

run, o put,

u:

too, a ago,

ai

my, au how,

ei

li8. [Hind, bariglt (orig.) rigid ring as a

n.

slave bangle: see SLAVE «.'

bangled

bangle

A

& a.'

wearing or adorned with bangles M19.

a.

mi6. [Origin Flap, hang loosely; waste time, about. M16. 2 v.t. Fritter away, squander. /'baijg(3)l/ v. obs. exc. dial.

unkn.]

mess

M16. [f. bang v.'^] 1 (The noise heavy resounding blow; a thump. M16. 2 Impetus, energy, rare. L18. 3 A loud sharp noise, as the report of a gun; the sound of an explosion; a sonic boom. M19. 4 An injection of a drug. Cf bhang. US slang. E20. 5 Excitement, pleasure; a thrill. N. Amer. slang. M20. 6 An act of sexual intercourse, slang. M20. I Suffolk hang: see Suffolk i. 3 big bang: see big a. /bar)/

/'bar)g(3)l/

coloured glass bracelet.] bracelet or anklet.

f2

of) a

sonic hang: see

bangle

v.i.

I

E17.

Bangorian

[f. Bangor, a or pertaining to Bangor; spec. (Hist.) designating a religious controversy raised by a sermon directed against nonjurors preached before George I by the then Bishop of Bangor.

town

in

/baq'g.iinsn/

N. Wales +

bangster

a.

-ian.]

/'baijsts/ n.

Sc.

E18.

Of

M16.

[f.

bang

d.'

+

A

bully, a ruffian; a victor in fights, bangstry n. violence to person or property L16.

-STER.]

bangtail n.']

day, ao no,

e:

/'baqted/ n. L19. [f bang z;.' -i- tail etc. with) a tail cut straight across.

(A horse hair,

10

near,

di

boy,

tia

poor,

Ara

dre, aoa sour

bangy Comb. banjctail muster :

by cutting across the

bongtailed

bang>' huhjiigf,

^usrra/. a

counting of cattle

of each animal's

tuft

M19

>j

Also

n8.

-ghy.

[Hind.

'b\ngi

n.

Marathi

hjt)gl (Skt vihaiigiku).] In the

of ban

pi.

'b.\ni3

see

;J«i;j:

with

[Hind,

li8.

haniyd

A Hindu

BA>r\'AN.]

f.

trader

Skt or

merchant.

banian banish

var. of ban\'an.

n.

v.i. lME. [OFr. bamss'banif Icngthcned stem of hanir (mod. bannir) f. ProtoRomancc f Gmc, f. base of ban n.': see -ish-.] fl Proclaim (a person) an outlaw. lME ei7. 2 Condemn to removal esp. to another country'; exile. lME. 3 gen. Dismiss from one's presence or mind; expel. lME. +4 Clear out, empty. LIS L16. from 2 Shakes. Temp. This damn'd witch Sycorax was banish'd. J. Morse He that shall be Argier con\ncted there of is to be banished tlie kingdom. would Disraeli ViTio had they dared to imitate him have been banished society. E. M. Forster He was banished morbidit>-. R. Lowell Old stimulus, and a lumber banished from the Temple. W. Trevor He tned to think of something else, to banish away the face of the man who had been rude. banisher n lME banishment n. the action of .

.

.

banishmg;

a

state

of

exile

enforced

or

absence;

dismissal: L15.

banister

Also -nn-, (earlier) tbarrister. M17. [Alt. of baluster, partly by assoc. w. BAR «.'] Any of the upright pillars supporting the handrail of a staircase; the whole structure of rail and uprights. Usu. in pi. banjax 'bandjaks v.t. Anglo-Ir. M20. [Origin unkn.] Ruin, destroy; incapacitate.

banjo

'banista

n.

'bandjso

fbanger.

.\ii8.

n.

Also f'Ore,

-o(e)s.

PI.

[Amer. Blacks'

alt.

of

bandore

A

stnnged musical instrument with a head and neck like a guitar and a body like a tambourine, played with the fingers or with a n.']

1

plectrum. .\ii8. 2 Any of various appliances resembling this instrument in shape; Austral. &

SZ slang a banjoist

ri.

banjolele banjolin

shovel. Ml 9. a person who plays the banjo L19

n.

var. of

banjulele.

'bandjslin n. Also -ine. H9. [f. + mandolin.] ban]0 a four-stringed mstrument, combining characteristics of the banio and the mandolin.

fbanjore

«.

banjulele

ukulele.]

BANJO

Also -jo-. E20. [f. simplified banjo tuned as

A

n.

a ukulele.

bank ,ODa.

baqk

ME. [ON

n.'

Sw.

banke;

Gmc;

bakki ridge, bank

backe. Da. to bench «.

bakke hillock,

The

sloping margm of a river, stream, etc.; ground at the side of a river etc. Also, the edge of a hollow place such as a mine shaft, ditch, etc. ME. 2 A ridge or shelf of ground with (steeply) sloping sides; a slope of such a ridge etc. ME. 3 A hill, a hillside (dial.); a railway incline. lME 4 The seashore. }bs. exc. dial. lME. 5 A shelving elevation i.i the seabed or a river-bed 1,16. 6 A long flat-topped mass (of cloud, fog, snow, etc.). E!7. 7 An ant-hill. obs. exc. dial. M17. 8 The lateral mchnation of an aircraft when turning in flight; a lateral inclination given to a road at a curve. E20. 1 Shakes. Jul. Caes. Tiber trembled underneath her banks. W, Wollaston Daisies on thi banks of the road burst its hanks: see BURST v. 8 left, right, bank ascent"

f.

rel.

]

1

(of a nver): respectively to left or right ot someone down stream South Bank: see south. 2

looking

Shakes Mids \'. D. 1 know a bank where the wild organized lines of men to thyme blows. E. Waugh I pass the stores from hand to hand down the steep bank. 3 J. A. H. .Murray Thomas, lying on Huntley Banks, sees the lady nding by. 5 Scottish Daily Express The Alben had been fi.shing in the Belgian banks of the North Sea. fig. SHAKES. Mach. But here upon this bank and shoal of time We'd jump the life to come. Comb.: bank-bam .V. Amer a bam built on a slope; bank-full a. full to the bank or brink; bank martin a sand-martin; bankside (a) the sloping side of a bank. .

:

b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

(an

Tilt

V.I.

road

aeroplane,

vehicle,

etc.)

sideways in making a turn; build (a road etc.) higher at one side than the other to assist fast cornering. E20. b v.i. Tilt in this way. E20. 1 R. Greene A silent streame Banckt about with choyce of flowers. SoUTHEV A ridge of rocks that bank'd its side M. McCarthy The altar was completely banked with flowers. 2 H. Martineau They had banked up the snow. J. Kosinski Before .

bank

ME. [(0)Fr. banc (= Prov. /baijk/ banc, Sp., It. banco), f. Proto-Romance deriv. of bench; a Gmc: see prec, bench n.] fl A seat platform. (Cf. mountebank.) ME-L17. of justice. L19. 3 A bench or table used in various trades, esp. in printing to receive the

ME

printed sheets, obs. exc. Htst. M16. 4 The bench occupied by the rowers of each oar in a galley; a line of oars set at the same height, esp. on either side of a galley. L16. 5 A set of similar pieces of lights, drawers) grouped equipment (e.g. together, esp. in rows or tiers. L19.

bank

L15. [Fr. banque or

source It. banca (also banco), f. med.L bancus, banco, f. n.-] ,1 The place of business Gmc: cf. bank of a money-dealer; the table on which such L15-M19. An is conducted. 2 business accumulated sirni of money; a joint stock, esp. contnbuted for charitable purposes, obs. exc. as in sense 4 below. ei6. 3 An establishment for the custody, deposit, loan, exchange, or issue of money, which it pays out on the customer's building occupied by such an order; a establishment. E17. 4 In gaming, the amount of money, chips, etc., which the keeper of the table, or one player playing against all the others, has before him or her; the proprietor as controlling this. E18. 5 A small enclosed receptacle for money. Chiefly in piggy bank s.v. PIGGY n. M20. 6 A reserve of something (e.^ blood, data) stored for future use; a place holding this. M20. 3 G Stein She would not let Lena touch her wages, but put It in the bank for her G Greene Drawing a cheque is not nearly so simple an operauon m an Amencan bank as in an English one. bank of issue or circulation: one that issues its own notes, central haijk/

its

,

bank

a national (not commercial) bank, clearinghank. cry all the way to the bank colloq. iron, receive ample financial compensauon or reward. Federal Reseme Bank: see FEDERAL, in (the) bank fig. to one's credit, in reserve, joint-stock hank: see JOINT a. merchant hank: see MERCHANT a. private bank: one with not more than twenty unincorporated partners, reserve bank: see reserve n. & a. savings bank: see saving n. Swiss hank, the Bank (of England) the central bank of the UK, which acts as the Government's banker, manages the public debt, and issues legal tender. 4 break the hank: see break v. 6 I. AsiMov The time would come when unfertilised ova could be stored in

banks

of banjo.

var.

bandss'leili

margin

pit-head overseer; bank swallow = hank martin above; bank I'olc: see vole n.^ bankless a. without banks or borders E17. banky a. fiill of b.anks, hilly; like a bank, inclined: E17.

A

n.'

n.

(h) the

banksman Mining

a

tail,

Indian subcontinent: a shouldcr-yoke containers for carrying loads,

bani n. bania

bankrupt

178 of a lake, river, etc.;

liquid-air

at

temperatures

and

utilised

for

We

insemination. Times must be prepared for will be the day when 'banks' of different organs integral parts of all major hospitals, bottle bank, paperhank, etc. Comb.: bank balance the net amount held by a depositor in a bank, loosely a person's wealth; bankbill (0) a bill drawn by one bank on another; (b) N. Amer. a banknote; bank-book a book supplied by a bank to a customer to provide a record of sums deposited or withdrawn; bank card a cheque card; artificial

.

.

retinng for the night women would bank up ashes to make certain that the embers would keep glowing until morning. D. Bagley Consoles of telemetering devices were banked fore and aft. 7a R. V. Jones Cecil, with all his old bomber pilot's reactions, banked us sharply into a turn heading directly at the fighter, b C. A.

Lindbergh

/baok/ v.'^ M17. [f. bank «.'] 1 v.i. Keep a bank; trade in money. M17. 2 v.i. In gaming: act as banker. E19. b Put one's money on or upon; base one's hopes (up)on; coimt or rely (up)on. L19. 3 V.I. Keep money ai or with (a particular bank etc.). M19. 4 v.t. Deposit (money etc.) in a bank. M19. 5 v.t. Store (blood, tissue, etc.) for future use. M20. banka'bility n. the quality or condition of being bankable L20. bankable a. receivable at a bank; profitable, commercially feasible: E19.

banker

bank

/baijk/

v.^

lME.

[f.

bank

n.']

1

It.

r

red,

s sit,

1

top, v van,

w

we,

zoo,

-ER-.]

1

AL A person who

ME. [AN

dial.

keeps or manages a

bank (see bank i, 3); in company. M16. 2 In gaming,

pi.

also, a

a person

banking

who

keeps

the bank; the dealer in some games of chance. E19. b A particular gambling game of cards. L19. 3 In a football pool: a result which one forecasts identically in a series of entries; gen. a match etc. for which a specified outcome is confidently predicted. M20. 1 merchant hanker, see MERCHANT a. Swiss banker. Comb. banker's card a cheque card; banker's order. :

ORDER n.; bankers' ramp: see RAMP n.^ bankerly a. characteristic of or appropriate

see

to

a

banker L20.

banker

/'baqka/ «.' M17. [f. bank n.' or v.' + A ship or fisherman employed in codfishing on the Newfoimdland banks. M17. 2 A labourer who makes banks of earth etc. dial. E18. 3 A river flooded to the top of its banks. Austral.

-er'.]

1

NZ. L19. 4 A locomorive used for bankmg BANK V.' 6). E20. banker /'baijka/ n." L17. [f. bank «.-; perh. alt. of It. banco (a statuary's) bench.] A wooden or stone bench on which bncks are dressed or

&

(see

stone

worked.

is

banket

Orig. 5. Afr. L19.

/baij'ket, 'baijkit/ n.

= almond

[Afk.

Compact

Geol.

toffee.]

gold-

bearing conglomerate.

banking -ING.']

/baijkir)/ n. E17. 1

The

embankments.

[f.

bank

An

b

E17.

ns.

&

vs.

banks

of

construction

embankment

+ or or

bank, mi 8. 2 The business of a banker «.-). M18. 3 Sea-fishing on a bank, esp. 4 banks. L18. Newfoundland on the Watchmaking. Limitation of the motion of the balance, usu. by special pins. E19. 5 The raising of the outer side of a road etc. on a bend to artificial

(banker

facilitate cornering. E20.

2 merchant banking: see

MERCHANT

Comb. banking-house :

a.

a mercantile firm

engaged

in

banking.

bankrupt M16.

[It.

broken',

v.t.

z

&

/'bariks/ n.- mi6. [(0)Fr. banquier (cf. banchtere, bancanus), f. banque: see BANK

n.',

ruptus

a., & v. Also f-rout. rona lit. 'bench (or table) by Fr. banqueroute and assim. to L

/'baijkrApt/ n

,

banca

infl.

broken]

k

= bankruptcy

fl

n.

i.

insolvent debtor, a person who is hopelessly in debt; spec, an insolvent person trader or merchant) whose estate is (orig., a administered and distributed for the benefit of

M16-E18. 2

An

by a court of law. M16. B undergoing legal process of bankruptcy. M16. 2 fig. At the end of one's all

i.

n no, p pen,

arch.

banker

Confine or contain within a bank or banks; border, edge, surround. lME. 2 v.t. Heap or pile (up) into banks; build (a fire) up or up with tightly packed fuel so that it bums slowly. M16. f 3 v.t. Coast, skin, rare (Shakes ). Only in L16. Watchmaking. Limit the movement of 4 v.t. & (the escapement) in a watch; (of a watch or its escapement) impinge against its limits of movement. M18. 5 v.i. Rise or pile up or up into banks; build up. L18. 6 v.t. Assist (a train) to ascend an incline by pushing at the rear. E20. 7 a

man,

Long

/'baijks/

bankeur = ONFr. bankier, banquter, f. banc: see BANK n.', -ER'.] A covering for a bench or chair.

m

Bntain usu. kept as a general holiday; bank manager the person in charge of a local branch of a bank; banknote a banker's promissory note, esp. from a central bank, payable to the bearer on demand, and serving as money; Bank Rate Hist, the minimum rate at which the Bank of England would agree to discount approved bills of exchange, bankroll n. & v. (orig. N. Amer.) (a) n. a roll of banknotes; funds; (ft) v.t. (colloq.) finance, remunerate, bank statement a statement showing the balance of a bank account together with amounts paid in or withdrawn, are legally closed,

an attempt to get back

in

bank

bank charge commission charged by a bank for transactions and services; bank holiday a weekday on which banks

banked aroimd

I

to the field.

his or her creditors

ad].

1

Insolvent;

resources; destitute or bereft of (a quality etc.). L16. C V. fl v.i. Become bankrupt; fail financially.

f

M16-L17.

2

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, b this,

v.t.

i]

Make

ring,

tj

bankrupt.

chip, dj jar

bankruptcy reduce to insolvency; of,

exhaust the resources

fig.

beggar. L16.

bankruptcy + -cy

/'barikrAptsi/ n. ei8.

The

1

]

[f.

bankrupt

state

quality etc.); ruin. M18. 1 Adam Smith Bankruptcies are most frequent in the most hazardous trades. H. CtciL Unless Martin and his partner could raise another very substantial sum of money, they would be put into bankruptcy and

bankruptcy of reputation

bankshall

in

/'bar)ksh:>:l/

both n.

A

Burke

2

investigated.

affairs

their

general

parties.

E17.

[Malay bangsal

shed, perh. f Skt vaniksala merchants' hall.] In SE Asia: a the Indian subcontinent and warehouse; the office of a harbour-master etc.

banksia

/'bariksia/ n. E19.

Banks (1743- 1820), Eng.

[mod.L, f

Sir Joseph

naturalist, or (sense 2)

Dorothea: see -ia'.] 1 Any of various evergreen flowering shrubs of the proteaceous genus Banksia, native to Austraha. E19. 2 banksia rose, a climbing rose, Rosa banksiae, native to China. L19. banksian a. (a) hanksian rose - banicsia rose; (b) banksmn pine, the jack-pine, Ptnus banksiana: M19. his wife

bannat

/'banat/

banate.

Also

n.

E19.

[Serbo-Croat, f as ban n.^ + -ate'.] Hist. imder the jurisdiction of a ban.

The

district

banner

&

ME. [AN

OFr. baniere (mod. banniere) ult. f. med.L bandum: see BAND n."] \ n. I A piece of cloth attached by one side to the upper part of a pole, and used as the standard of a king, knight, army, etc.; a national flag, esp. as inspiring emotional /'bana/

a.

banere,

attachment; Her. a flag displaying a person's arms. ME. 2 An ensign with a symbolic device, motto, etc., as the emblem of a guild, company, or other group, borne in religious, civic, or poUtical processions; esp. such an ensign on two poles or a crossbar; a strip of cloth etc. with a sign or slogan, hung or outstretched for display; fig. something used as a symbol of principles. ME. f 3 The company ranged imder a particular banner, rare. ME-E19. t4 A fringed flag hanging on a trumpet, rare (Shakes.). Only in L16. 5 A flag awarded as a distinction. US. mi 9. 6 Hist. Any of the principal divisions of the Manchu army, each with a distinguishing flag or banner. Also, a military subdivision of Mongolian tribes. M19. 1 follow, join, the banner of fig. adhere to the cause of. red banner, see red a. Siar-Spangled Banner. see STAR

Comb.

n.'

&

a.

banner-cry

:

summoning men

a cry

arch,

join a banner, a slogan;

bannerman

(o)

5' for objections to be made. ME. 2 Proclamation of a performance of a play; a prologue. Long obs. exc. Hist. lME. 1 ask, ^bid, publish the banns, forbid the banns make a formal objection to an intended marriage

banquet

/'baokwit/

[(0)Fr., dim.

L15.

«.

BANK

bench,

banc

«.']

1

of

A

entenainment of food and drink;

sumptuous (now usu.) an

elaborate ditmer with speeches in celebration of something or to further a cause. L15. t2 A slight meal or snack between meals. Also running course of sweets, fi-uit, banquet. E16-M17. 3 and wine; a dessert. Long obs. exc. Sc. & north. EI 6. fb A sweet confection; collect, sweets, confectionery foods for dessert. M16-L17. f4 A wine-drinking carousal. M16-E18.

A

banquet

/'baqkwit/

v.

L15. [Fr. banqueter,

{.

as

Take

part in a banquet or banquets; 2 v.t. Entertain at a banquet or banquets; feast, regale. E16. f3 v.i. Take a snack, take dessert, (see banquet n. 2, 3).

prec]

v.i.

1

feast, carouse. L15.

M16-E19. banque'teer

n.

— banqueter

t (a) the giver of a banquet;

banqueter

(b) E19.

a guest at a

n.

banquet; a

banchetta dim. of banca bench, shelf] 1 A raised step or way miming along the mside of a rampart, at the bottom of a trench, etc., on which soldiers stand to fire at the enemy. E17. 2 A raised footway or sidewalk, arch, rare L18. 3 A long upholstered

/bao'kst/

n.

E17. [Fr.

i.

It.

seat along a wall. M19.

banshee

/ban'Ji:, 'banji:/ n. 1.17. [Ir.

bean sidhe,

side, f. ben woman + side of the fairy In Irish and Scottish folklore: a female spirit whose wail portends death in a house.

Olr. ben

world

]

bantam

/'bantam/ n. M18. [App. f Bantam, a district of Java, but the fowls are not native there.] 1 A small kind of domestic fowl, of which the cock is a spirited fighter. M18. 2 fig. A small but spirited person. L18. Comb. bantamweight (of) a weight at which boxing etc. matches are made, intermediate between featherweight and flyweight, in the amateur boxing scale now being between 51 and 54 kg, though differing for professionals, wrestlers, and weightlifters, and according to time and place; (a boxer etc.) of this

NW

:

banteng

/'bantEi)/ n. E19. [Malay.]

SE

An

ox, Bos

Asia.

L17. [Origin unkn.] A v. person), rally, esp. goodhumouredly. L17. 2 Impose upon (a person), orig. in jest; delude, cheat, bamboozle, arch. L17. f 3 Make a jest of (a subject, thing). E-M18. 4 Challenge or defy to a race, match, etc. arch. US. L18. II v.i. 5 Indulge in banter; talk jestingly. L17. B ji. 1 Nonsense talked to ridicule a subject or person; humorous ridicule; goodnatured personal remarks. L17. 2 An instance of such humorous ridicule, arch. E18. 3 A challenge

banter I

v.t.

1

&

n.

fun of

(a

/'banta/

Make

v.

match, etc. arch. US. M19. banterer n. L17 banteringly adv. in manner, jestingly M19. to a race,

/'bantir)/ n. arch. Also b-. M19. [W. Banting (d. Eng. dietitian.] The 1878), treatment of obesity by abstinence from sugar,

and

fat.

Bantingism

bantling

n.

n.

M19. [In certain

Bantustan

/-'sta:n, -'stan/ n.

(S. Afr.

colloq.)

as in Hindustan etc.] an area reserved for a particular ethnic or linguistic group M20.

banxring

/'baqksrir)/

[-stan

members of

E19. [Jav. bangsring.] In

n.

Java and adjacent islands: a tree shrew.

banyan

/'banian, -njan/

n.

Also banian. L16.

Gujarati vaniyo man of the trading caste, f Skt vSmja merchant.] 11= bania. li6. 2 An Indian broker or steward attached to a firm or individual; a sircar. M17. 3 In full banyan shirt etc. A loose flannel shirt or jacket. E18. II [Orig. applied by Europeans to a particular tree under which traders had built a pagoda.] 4 In fitll banyan tree. An Indian fig tree, Ficus benghalensis, the branches of which root themselves over a wide area. M17. Comb. banyan-day arch, (chiefly Nam. ) on which no meat is served; banyan shirr, see sense 3 above; banyan tree: see sense 4 above.

f

[Port,

:

:

banzai

/ban'zAi/

&

int.

L19.

a.

=

[Jap.

ten

thousand years (of life to you).] A int. A form of acclamation used by the Japanese esp. to their Emperor, a cheer used in battle etc. L19. B or as adj. (As if) shouting 'banzai'; uproarious; (of an attack by Japanese) reckless. slang. E20. attnb.

banzuke list

/ban'zu:ki/

n.

L20. [Jap

]

The

ranking

of sumo wrestlers.

/'beiabab/ n. M17. [Prob. f a central African lang.: first mentioned (in Ethiopia) in L by Prosper Alpinus (1592).] An African tree,

Adansonia digitata, having an enormously thick trunk and large edible pulpy friiit that hangs down on stalks. Also baobab tree.

bap

/bap/ bread roll.

f

G

Bdnkling

f. Bank bench, bank n.': see -ling' and cf BASTARD.] A young child, a brat. Formerly also, an illegitimate child, a bastard.

too, 3 ago, ai

[Origin unkn.]

L16.

n.

Baphometic

/bafa'metik/

a.

A

large soft

M19.

[f

Fr.

Chiefly Hist.

med.L (for Mahomet), + -ic] Of or pertaining to (the worship of)

Baphomet,

the

baphomet

f

alleged

idol

of the

Knights

Templars.

baptise

v. var.

of baptize.

baptism

/'baptiz(a)m/ n. ME. [OFr. ba(p)te(s)me (now bapieme) semi-pop. f. eccl.L baptismus, -um (also -a) f. eccl.Gk baptismos ceremonial washing, baptisma baptism, f. baptizein BAPTIZE. Refash. after L & Gk.] 1 The application of water to a person by immersion, pouring, or sprinkling, as a religious rite, symbolical of purification or regeneration, and, with Christians, betokening initiation into the Church, often accompanied by naming. ME. 2 The naming of church bells and of ships. L16. 1 baptism of blood martyrdom of the fig.: unbaptized baptism of fire a soldier's first battle

baptismal

/bap'tizin(a)l/

a.

M17.

[med.L

baptismus etc.: see prec, -Al'.] Of, pertaining to, or connected with baptism. baptisnialis,

f.

baptismal name the personal or Christian given at baptism, baptismal vows: see vow n.

name

baptismally adv. M19.

baptist

/'baptist/

n.

and of the

epithet

[(0)Fr.

baptiste

{.

&

Also (as a specific body) B-. ME. eccl.L baptista f eccl.Gk a.

religious

f baptizein BAPTIZE: see -1ST.] A n. 1 A baptizes; spec. John, the forerunner of Christ (St John the Baptist). ME. 2 A member of a Protestant Christian religious body practising baptism only of behevers (not infants)

person

who

and by immersion (cf Anabaptist 2

).

li6.

2 Free Will Baptist, see FREE will. Particular Bapiisr. see particular a. Primitive Baptist: see PRIMITIVE a. n. Southern Baptist: see SOUTHERN a.

B

bastard,

u:

&

a.

&

M19.

/'bantliri/ n. li6. [Perh.

saw, a run, o put,

/ban'tu:, 'bantu:/

langs., pi. of -ntu person.] (Designating,

baptistis,

a bantering

Banting starch,

me and

baobab

M16.

feaster, a reveller:

banquette

(ft)

in

of or pertaining to) a group of Niger-Congo languages spoken extensively in equatorial and southern Africa. Also (now usu. considered racially offensive), (of or pertaining to, a member of) the family of peoples speaking these languages.

banns

n.pl. (with unexpl. /banz/ Also lengthening of the vowel) fbanes. ME. [PI. of BAN n.', after med.L pi. banna.] 1 Notice given in church etc. of an intended marriage, read on

you have taken

interest

poetical bantlings.

Proto-

ppl

pa.

banteng, of

banner

Hist.

M17 mi8. [med.L

ti.

f.

bannit-

weight.

lME.

[f ban v. + -er'.] bans something or someone. n.'

a

an inch high, on

exc. Hisi.) a standard-bearer

n. (obs.

/'bana/

fbannition f.

of being, or fact of becoming, bankrupt. E18. 2 fig. Total loss (of a a.

baptist

179

my, ao how,

ei

attrib.

religious

or as

adj.

body of the

Of or pertaining to the Baptists; being a Baptist.

E18.

day, so no,

t:

hair,

la

near,

01

boy, oa poor,

Aia tire,

aua sour

7

.

baptistery baptistery

ME.

[OFr.

eccl.L

Also -try /-tri/. (mod. baptistere) f. eccl.Gk baplisiHrion, f. That pan of a church

''baptist(,"i)ri/

n.

ba{p)tistere^ -ene

bnpristenum

f.

baptiziin (see next).]

1

(or, formerly, a separate building adjacent to a church) used for baptism. ME. 2 In a Baptist contaming water for receptacle chapel, a

baptism by immersion. M19. bap't.uz/ v. Also -ise. ME. [(0)Fr. baptizein dip, eccl.L baptizare f.

baptize baptiscr

Gk

f.

immerse, (eccl.) baptize.] 1 v.t. Administer baptism to. ME. b v.i. Administer baptism. ME. 2 I', Name (as in baptism), denominate, nickname. lME. bapCtzable a. capable of or fit for baptism Mi = baptism lME-Ei8. bapdzer n. tbaptizadon r.

fi.

L15.

n} ME. [(0)Fr. bane f ProtoRomance, of unkn. origin ] II gen. A straight wood, metal, or other rigid material, piece of long in proportion to its thickness. ME. 2 spec, a A rod or pole made to fasten, confine, or obstruct. ME. b A thick rod thrown in a trial of strength. L15. c = barre 2. L19. d The crossbar of a football goal. L19. e A heating element of an An ornamental (esp. electric fire. E20. transverse) band or boss. ME-M16. 4 A straight colour etc. on a surface. a broad band of stripe, L.\1E. 5 Her. A narrow horizontal stripe equal to or less than one fifth of the width of the field. Cf BARRULET. lME. 6 An oblong piece of metal or something manufactured (as soap, chocolate, etc.). Li6. b One pound sterling, slang. E20. 7 In pi. The transverse ridged divisions of a horse's palate. E17. 8 A strip of silver below the clasp of

bar

ba:

medal

a

signifying

an additional distinction;

a

distinction so signified. M19. 1

parallel bars: see

behind bars see STAR

n.'

PARALLEL a. T-bar. see T, T 2. 2a crossbar n. 4 Stars and Bars:

in prison,

&

a.

5

bar sinister

(erron. for) a

bend or

supposed sign of bastardy. 119 A material structure of any shape, forming a barrier. ME. 10 Hist. spec, si A barrier or gate closing the entrance into a city. ME. b A tollhouse gate or barrier, mi 6. 11 In pi. Prisoners' base (see base n.-) or a similar children's game. Cf. pnson bars s.v. PRISON, prisoners' bars s.v. PRISONER. ME. 12 Lazv. A plea or objection of force sufficient to block an action or claim. lME. 13 fig. An obstruction, an obstacle; a restriction. M16. 14 A bank of sand, silt, etc., across the mouth of a river or harbour, obstructing navigation. L16. 15 Afi«. Any of successive vertical lines across the staff dividing a composition into metrical groupings, often of equal time-value, and placed before the initial accent of each grouping; a section between two baton

such

sinister, a

lines, a

measure. M17.

1 2 in bar of as a sufficient reason or plea against to prevent, personal bar see PERSONAL a. 13 BURKE Thereby fixing a permanent bar against any relief L. A. G. Strong Disparity in years is not invariably a bar to harmony. 15 double bar. see double a. & adv. Ill Specialized uses in courts of law, legislative assemblies, etc. 16 In a court of law, the barrier or rail at which a prisoner stands. In the Iims of Court, formerly, a barrier or partition separating the seats of the benchers from the rest of the hall, to wh_h students, after they had reached a certam standmg, were 'called' (long pop. understood to refer to that in a court of justice, beyond which the King's or Queen's Counsel (and Serieants-at-Law) have place, but not ordinary barristers). ME. b A tribunal (hi. & fig.)y a (particular) court of law. lME. 17 the bar. a The whole body of barristers or (US) lawyers; the outer bar, barristers not King's or Queen's Coimsel. lME. b The profession of barrister; occupation as counsel in a court of justice. MI 7. 18 A rail dividing off a space in a legislative assembly etc. to which non-members may be admitted on business. L16. 16 at the bar, arch, at bar in court, in open court, be called to the bar be admitted as a barrister, be called within the bar be appointed King's or Queen's Counsel, call to the bar admission as a .

.

GO v. inner bar. see inner a. b Carlyle The Judgment-bar of H P. Brougham I have practised

barrister, go to the bar. see

prisoner the

at the bar.

Most High God

b but, d dog,

f

Barbados

180

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

at the

bar of the House of Lords.

New

Republic

bar none with no

The

exceptions, bar two, three, etc. odds in Racing) excepi the two, three, horses already named; also ellipt. w. the number omitted, (it is) all over bar the shouting: see SHOUT v.

United States may be called to account before the bar of world opinion for its Latin-American policy IV Any other barrier or rail acquiring technical significance

(in stating the

etc.,

.

.

firom

19

use.

its

A

counter in a

public house, hotel, etc., across which alcoholic refreshments arc served; the space behind such a counter; the room or premises containing such a counter. L15. 20 With specifying wd: a place where something is served or offered across a counter; a specialized department in a large shop. M20. 19 J. Heller He went to the bar for more bourbon. P. Norman Although Jack worked in a bar, it did not seem to make him tired of bars, and he and Olwen to the pierhead pub. lounge became frequent visitors bar, public bar, etc. prop up the bar. see PROP v. 2. wet bar. see wet a. 20 coffee bar, food bar, snack bar, suchi .

.

bar, tapas bar, etc. heel bar, stocking bar, etc.

Comb. barbell an iron bar with a heavy ball at each end used in exercising; '>ar billiards a game (popular :

houses) using a small table similar to a billiard-lable but with holes of different score values on the bed of the table, into which the balls have to be directed; bar chart a chart using bars to represent quantities; bar code a code of lines and numbers printed in a band on wrappings, packages, etc., and interpretable by an optical scanner; bar-coding the practice or process of marking goods etc. with bar codes; barfly colloq. (a) a person who frequents the bars of public houses etc.; (b) (more fiilly barfly jumping) the practice of taking a running jump at a speciaUy coated hanging surface with the aim of sticking to it on impact; bar-girl US a woman employed to encourage customers to buy drinks at a in

public

baracan n. var. of barracan. baragouin /baragwS, bara'gwin/

n.

E17. [Fr.]

Gibberish; unintelhgible jargon.

Baralipton

/bar3'lipt(3)n/ n. L16. [A nanemonic of scholastic philosophers, first used in med.L, A indicating a universal affirmative proposition and I a particular affirmative

proposition.] Logic. The first indirect mood of the first syllogistic figure, in which a particular affirmative conclusion is drawn firom two universal affirmative premisses.

barasingha siijga

/bara'siqga/

/bar3'ei:3/

M19. [Hind, bdrah-

n.

= swamp

'twelve-tined'.]

lit.

SWAMP n. barathea

&

n.

unkn.] (Of) a fine-textured

deer

M19.

a.

twill cloth,

s.v.

[Origin of

made

wool or a man-made fibre, often with an admixture of silk, cotton, or other lighter fibre.

barathrum

/'barsGram/

or Hist.

obs.

n.

PI.

-thra /-6ra/, -thrtuns. E16. [L f. Gk barathron pit, gulf.] fl Hell. E16-M18. t2 An insatiable extortioner or glutton. E-M17. 3 Hist. A pit in Athens into which condemned criminals were thrown. M19.

baraza

/b3'ra:z3/

n.

[Kiswahih.]

L19.

In E.

Afiica: a place of public audience or reception; a

meeting, a reception.

barb

magnet: see MAGNET 2; barmaid, barman a female, male, bartender; bar-rootn a room with a bar selling alcoholic refreshments; bar soap soap made up into bars (rather than cakes or tablets); bartender a person serving alcoholic refreshments at a bar; bar

/ba:b/ In sense i also barbe. ME. [(0)Fr. barbe f. L barba beard.] 1 A piece of vertically pleated linen cloth worn over or imder the chin, as by nuns. ME. 2ta A man's beard. rare. LME-L17. b An appendage in an animal resembling a beard; esp. = barbel 2. L15. 3 A secondary backward-projecting point of an arrow, fish-hook, etc., making its extraction

TRACERY.

difficult.

KEEL «.'; barkeep N. Amer. = bartender below; bar-line Mus. a line across a stave marking metrical accent (see sense 15 above); 63f

bar;

see

bar-keel:

fbarful

a.

(rare.

Shakes.)

full

of hindrances: only in

E17.

bar

/ba:/ w.- ei8. [Fr. bar(s) f. Du. baars: see BARSE, & cf. BASS «.'] = MEAGRE

bar full

bar

/ba:/ US. E19. [Louisiana Fr. boire.} In mosquito bar. A type of mosquito netting. /bo:/

A

Meieorol.

E20. [Gk baros weight.] Chiefly unit of pressure equal to 10' pascal

/ba:/

v.t.

Infl.

Make

n.'] I

-rr-.

barbed

fbarb

.

top, v van,

w

in

pi.

loftie

steed

with

.

goodly

gorgeous

/ba:b/

CUp

1

:

enclosing landlord.

Barbadian

/ba:'beidi3n/

n.

&

a.

E18.

[f.

Barbados, ^(the) Barbadoes + -ian.] (A native or inhabitant) of Barbados in the W. Indies. Cf

.

we, z zoo,

Usu.

v.t. lME. [Fr. ^barber, f. as barb or trim (a fleece, cloth, coin, etc.). Long rare. lME. 2 Shave or trim the beard of. Long rare. L16. 3 Provide (an arrow, hook, etc.) with a barb or barbs. E17. 3^^. R. H. Tawney The needlessly sharp censures with which he barbed the fine imposed upon an

«.']

Bad LAN. f Barbadoes n. var. of Barbados. f Barbadoes v.t. M17-M19. [f. (the) Barbadoes: see next] Transport to Barbados. Barbados /ba:'beidDs/ n. Also f-oes. L17. [An

W. Indies, formerly (the) island in the Barbadoes.] Used attrib. to designate things from or characteristic of Barbados, esp. plants. Barbados cherry

(the edible fruit of) a neotropical

Malpighiaceae). glabra (family Malpighia Barbados gooseberry. Barbados lily = hippeastrum. Barbados pride a W. Indian leguminous shrub, Cacsalpinia pulcherrima, bearing red flowers with yellow petal margins. tree,

/ba:/ prep. E18. [Imper. of prec, prob. after save, etc.: cf barring prep.] Except; excluding from consideration; but for. t

n.^]

kelpie dog. Austral. E20.

barb

except,

s sit,

of bard

/ba:b/ n.^ M17. [Fr. barbe f It. barbero of Barbary: see Barbary i.] 1 (An animal of) a breed of horse from Barbary. M17. 2 (A bird of) a breed of pigeon from Barbary. E18. 3 A black

bar

red,

[Alt.

I

barb

G

r

M16-M17.

n.-'

Spenser His

.

.

n.-

barbes.

.

n no, p pen,

quality or

a.' 2.

= bard

Now

man,

wounding

coasts; also called Also, a brightly coloured tropical fish of Barbus. tlie genus L19. Comb.: barbwire (chiefly US) = barbed wire s.v.

fast

slang. E17. object to. 3 statute-barred: see statute n. time-barred: see time n. 4 N. Harpsfield Is there anything here that barreth to those that be under the patriarch of Alexandria appeal to the see apostolic? Shakes. 2 Hen. IV I will bar no honest man my house. R. L'Estrange A Disease barrs us of some Pleasures, but procures us others. Tennyson Last from her own home-circle They barr'd her 5 P. G. Wodehouse No more friendly litde games with nothing barred except biting and bottles. F. Raphael Its sale was barred on station 2b. 6 R. bookstalls, (zvith) no holds barred: see HOLD Herrick When next thou do'st invite, barre state, And give me meate. 119 Mark with bars or stripes; divide or make into bars. Chiefly as barred ppl a. lME. 9 Keats Eyed like a peacock, and all crimson barr'd. R. G. COLLINGWOOD The Scherbo of Beethoven's C minor Symphony begins by reproducing the Finale of Mozart's minor, differently barred. .

A

kirtgfish.

ME. [(0)Fr. barrer, f. as with a bar or bars. 1 Make fast 'a door etc.) with a bar or bars; fasten up (a place) with a bar or bars; provide with a bar or bars. ME. 2 Fasten in, shut up, or confine securely (a person or thing) with a bar or bars; keep or shut in or out. lME. 3 Law. Block (a person, an action or claim) by objection. lME. 4 Hinder, prevent, or prohibit (a person) from; deprive or debar of. Also foil, by (arch.) 2nd obj., fw do. lME. 5 Stop, hinder, prevent, prohibit, (an action or event). M16. 6 Exclude from consideration, set aside, (cf. bar, barring preps.). L16. 7 Obstruct (a way of approach, a person's progress). L16. 8 Take excepUon to, BAR

fig.

American Atiantic and Gulf

(about 0.9870 atmosphere).

bar

lME. b

remark. L18. 4 Vet. Med. Usu. in pi. Any of the folds of the mucous membrane which protect the submaxillary glands of cattie and horses; (in pi) inflammation of these folds. E16. 5 Her. A sepal (in pi. the calyx) of a flower. Also, the head of an arrow. L16. 6 Any of the lateral processes from the shaft of a feather. M19. 7 A sciaenid fish of the genus Menticirrhus, found on the N.

f

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, d this,

r|

ring, tj chip, d3 jar

2

barbal

non-standard word or idiom. L16. f3 = BARBARITY 3. E MI7. A. P. Stanley The imperceptible boundary I between civilisation and barbarism. K. Clark Its

[f. L harba beard Of or penaining to the beard, fbarbar n. & a. lME. [f. as barbarous.] A n. = BARBARIAN «. lME E18. B adj. = BARBAROUS.

barbal +

/'ba:b(3)l/ a. rare. M17.

-al'.]

lME

sculpture is miserably crude, without even the vitality of barbarism, b J. Howell Plundering and other barbarismes that reign now abroad.

E18.

Barbara

/'baibsra/

n.

[L = barbarous

mi6.

A

things, taken as a mnemonic for its three a's, indicating a universal affirmative proposition.] Logic.

The

figure,

in

mood

first

which

both

/bu:'bariti/ n. M16. [f. L barbarus (sec BARBAROUS) + -ITY.] fl = BARBARISM 2. M16-LI8. 2 = BARBARISM I, lb. arch. L16. 3 Savage cruelty; harsh unkindness. L17. b An act

barbarity

of the first syllogistic premisses and the

conclusion are universal affirmatives.

of savage cruelty. E18.

/baiba'rEsk/ a. & n. In sense A. barbaresque f. It. barbaresco f Barbaria Barbary: see Barbary i, -esque.] A adj. 1 Of or pertaining to Barbary (see Barbary 1). Now arch, or Hist. E19. 2 Barbarous in (esp. artistic) style. E19. B n. A native or inhabitant of Barbary. Now arch, or Hist. E19.

Barbaresque b-.

E19.

[Fr.

barbarian

/ba:'be:ri3n/

&

a.

A

ME.

n.

^barbanen or L, extended (after Christian a., n.) f, (0)Fr. barbare

Chretien

adj.

etc.

1

non- Roman;

= BARBARIC

.

Pope Barbarian blindness, Christian H. T. Colebrooke Several other terms

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Barbary 2

in

barbasco

/bai'baskau/ n. PI. -os. M19. [Amer. Sp., app. {. Sp. verbasco i. L verbascum mullein.] (A poison obtained from the roots oQ any of various S. American plants; esp. = cube

B adj. 1 Uncivilized, uncultured; savage; savagely cruel. L15. 2 Of or pertaining to barbarians; characteristic of the arustic taste or style of barbarians; unrestrained. M17. 3 =

barbastelle

a. I. arch. MI 9. I J. Laski The noble savage, on investigation, turns out to be a barbaric creature with a club and scalping knife. 2 Milton Barbaric pearl and gold. R.

H

barbate

Like one moving m a barbanc nte of dedication towards some altar. 3 G. Grote Sending envoys to the Persian King and not to other barbaric powers.

barbarically adv. M19.

L15-M18. [f -ous.] = barbarous.

barbarise

v. var.

(as)

Barbary +

of barbarize.

barbarism

/'ba:b3riz(3)m/ n. lME. [(0)Fr. barbansme i. L barbarismus {. Gk barbarismos, f. barbarizein behave or speak like a foreigner: see -ism.] 1 Uncivilized nature or condition; uncultured ignorance; absence of culture; barbaric style (in art etc.), unrestrainedness. lME. b A trait or characteristic of such uncivilized condition. M17. 2 The use of words and idioms not in accordance with the (supposed) normal standard language, esp. of those of foreign origin; absence of cultivation in language. M16. b A foreign, non-classical, or a cat, u: arm,

e

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, o hot,

/'baibeit/ a.

barbe n. see barb w.' barbecue /'baibikju:/ {.

Arawak

framework of

,r

n. M17. [Sp. barbacoa raised

sticks.] f

I 1

A wooden

barbacoa

wooden

framework

for storage, sleeping on, etc. M-L17. 112 An animal broiled or roasted whole, esp. out of doors; meat etc. cooked out of doors on a frame over an open fire. E18. 3 An outdoor entertainment at which meat is cooked on a frame over an open fire. M18. 4 A wooden or (now esp.) metal frame for cooking, smoking, or drying meat over an open fire; a (usu. portable) fireplace containing such a frame. L19. Ill 5 An open floor on which coffee beans etc. may be spread out to dry. M18. Comb. barbecue sauce a highly seasoned sauce :

used esp. w.

barbecue

grilled or roasted

/'ba:bikju:/

v.t.

Cook, smoke, or dry (meat saw,

,\

nin, o put,

u:

pointed pieces inserted at intervals, used for fences and as an obstruction in war.

barbed

/ba:bd, poet. 'ba:bid/

BARB

+

n.'

barbel

Barded

-ED'.]

/'ba:b(3)l/

a.-

(see

Long bard

arch. E16. v. i).

lME. [OFr.

n.

L

late

f.

barba beard.] 1 A large European freshwater fish of the genus Barbus, having a number of fleshy filaments hanging from its mouth. lME. 2 A fleshy filament hanging from the mouth of any fish.

dim. of barbus,

barbellus

barber OFr.

too, 3 ago,

meat.

M17. etc.)

ai

[f.

on

a

prec] frame over

(as)

my, an how,

ei

/'baiba/

f.

&

n.

ME. [AN

v.

barber, -our,

(0)Fr. barbe beard: see BARB n.', person who cuts and dresses men's hair and shaves or trims beards; a men's hairdresser; Hist, such a person also acting as a surgeon and dentist, ME. 2 A cutting cold wind. harbier,

A

-ER^.]

f.

n.

1

colloq. (chiefly

A

Canad.

&

NZ). M19.

1 spud barber, see spud n. Comb.: barber-shop (a) (now chiefly N. Amer.) a shop where a barber works; (ft) anrih. designating (an ensemble, esp. a male quartet, singing) close harmony music; barber's itch, rash ringworm of the face or neck communicated by unsterilized shaving apparatus; barber's pole a pole spirally painted in red and white, used as a barber's sign; barber's rash: see barber's itch

above.

B

z;.

Cut or trim

v.t.

1

the hair or beard of; cut v.i. Work as a barber.

(grass etc.) short. E17. 2

Chiefly as barbering\h\ n. M17.

barbery

n.

(now

rare) the art or craft of a

barber

lME.

barberry

/'baibsri/ n. Also ber- /'bs:-/. lME. [OFr. BERBERIS, assim. to berry jj.'] 1 Any of numerous shrubs of the genus Berberis (family Berberidaceae), usu. thorny and with yellow wood; esp. B. vulgaris, bearing racemes of yellow flowers succeeded by red oblong berries. lME. 2 The berry of such a shrub. M16.

barbet -et'.]

/'baibit/ n. li6. [Fr., f barbe beard: see

a poodle.

fl

L16-E19. 2

Any

of

numerous

brightly coloured finjit-eating tropical birds of

the family Capitonidae, which have brisdes at the base of the bill. E19.

barbette

tufts

of

n. li8. [Fr., f. as prec: see platform in a fort or ship from which gims fire over a parapet etc. and not through an embrasure.

-ETTE.]

/bai'bst/

A

/'ba:bik(3)n/ n. ME. [(0)Fr. barbacane = med.L barbacana, barbi-, prob. ult. f. Arab.] An outer defence to a city or castle, esp. a double tower erected over a gate or bridge.

barbican

/'ba:bis(3)l/ n. M19. [It. & mod.L dim. of barba beard.] Any of the minute hooked filaments which interlock the

barbicel harbicella

barbules of a bird's feathers.

barbie

mi8. [L barbatus bearded, f barba beard: see -ate^] Bearded; furnished with a small hairy tuft or tufts.

perh.

of Berberine.

a.

n.

southern Britain.

Lehmann

fbarbarious

/baiba'stsl, 'baibsstEl/

L18. [Fr. f It. barbastello.] Either of two bats of the genus Barbastella; esp. B. barbasteUus, found in

BARBARIAN

n. var.

ME.

f.

:

lME.

f Barbarin

ult.

Comb. Barbary ape a macaque, Macaca sylvana, of N. Africa and Gibraltar; Barbary falcon a falcon, Faico pelegrinoides, of N. Africa and the Middle East; Barbary partridge a N. African partridge, Akctoris harhara; Barbary sheep = aoudad.

lME-ei8.

/bai'barik/ n. lME. [Fr. Sc a. ^barbarique or L barbancus f. Gk barbarikos, f. barbaros foreign: see -ic] f A w. = BARBARIAN n.

Only

i

OFr. barbaric or

{.

LME-M17.

barbaric

I.

/'baibari/ n. In sense 2 also b-.

Arab, barbar (cf. Berber); sense L barbana, -ies land of barbarians, f. as prec: see -Y^.] 1 (An old name for) the western pan of N. Africa. ME. f2 Foreign barbarity; nationahty; paganism; barbarism; foreign or non-Christian lands.

[Sense

.

native or inhabitant of Barbary (see i).

in E18.

.

2 Dryden Skins of Beasts, the rude Barbarians wear. K. Clark Into that chaos came real barbarians like the Huns, who were totally illiterate and destructively hostile to what they couldn't understand. 3 D. Hume Cromwell, though himself a barbarian, was not insensible to literary merit.

tn4 A

Only

clangour of a gong. 6 Dryden The trappings of his horse emboss'd with barbarous gold, barbarously ai/i'. M16. barbarousness n. M16.

foreigner.

Barbary

a. 2. rare.

'

E17.

barbarous

;

.

E19.

Shakes. Twd. N. Ungracious wretch. Fit for the I mountains and the barbarous caves, Where manners ne'er were preach'd! Carlyle An uncultured semibarbarous son of Nature. J. Hawkes Most of them [villas] were built by romanized Britons, sometimes even on the foundations of their old barbarous homes of wood and wattle. 2 W. CowPER The Canans, people of a barbarous speech. D. Bagley Formulating his phrases carefully in the barbarous French these people used. 4 H. Fielding It would be barbarous to part Tom and the girl. G. B. Shaw England was a civilized Power and would not stand these barbarous lashings and vindictive hangings. 5 Yeats The

are not Sanscrit, but, apparently, barbarian. H. Haluuvi Estabbshment of the barbarian nations on the ruins of the Roman Empire. 2 A. Paton A barbarian people, who not long since plundered and slaughtered under the most terrible chief of all. B «. 1 1 A foreigner; a person with a different language or different customs; spec, a nonHellene, a non-Roman; also, a pagan, a nonChristian. Usu. depreciative. Now arch, or Hist. lME. 2 A savage, wild, or uncivilized person. LI 5. 3 An uncultured person; a person without sympathy for literary or artistic culture. M18. not 1 Shakes. Coriol. I would they were barbarians Romans. HoBBES The Athenians expecting the coming of the Barbarian. J. Ct-AVELL Even that would not have mattered if he still had the barbarian in his power he would simply have handed over the .

n.

2 spec. Of language: not Greek; not Greek or Latin; not classical or standard; having many barbarisms. M16. 3 Of a person: = barbarian a. I. arch. M16. 4 Cruelly savage; harshly unkind. M16. 5 Harsh-soimding; coarsely noisy. M17.

barbarian slave zeal conspire.

barbari'zation

lME.

&

.

+ -IZE.] 1 v.i. Use barbarisms in f. as next speech or writing; violate classical grammatical rules. lME. 2 v.t. Make (esp. language) barbarous. E17. 3 v.i. Become barbarous. E19. or

/'baibaras/ a. Also occas. in L form f-rus. lME. [f. L barbarus (f Gk barbaros nonGreek, foreign, esp. of speech) + -ous.] 1 Uncultxired; uncivilized; rough; rude; coarse.

as barbar:

{.

/'baibarAiz/ v. Also -ise. lME. [Late barbarizare f. Gk barbarizein (see BARBARISM)

barbarize

L

an open fire, esp. out of doors; broil or roast (an animal) whole. barbed /ba:bd/ a.' lME. [f. barb n.', v.: see -ed'^ -ed'.] f 1 Wearing a barb (see barb n i). lME E17. 2 Furnished with a barb or barbs (see barb n.' 3, BARB V. 3). E17. 3 Her. Of a flower: having a calyx of a specified tincture. E17. 2 barbed wire wire of twisted strands with short

[f.

barbarous

[Fr.

Foreign; spec. non-Hellenic, also, pagan, non-Christian. Usu. deprectative. Now arch, or Hist. ME. 2 Uncivilized, savage. L16. f 3 Of or pertaining to Barbary (see Barbary i). L16-L17. Cr. Thou an here but to thrash Shakes. Tr. I Trojans, and thou art bought and sold like a see -IAN.] (esp.)

barbiturate

181

/'ba:bi/ n. colloq.

[Abbrev.: see

Barbie doll

-IE.]

(chiefly Austral.). L20.

= barbecue

n. 3, 4.

dol/ n. phr. Chiefly N. Amer. M20. [f dim. of female personal name Barbara + DOLL «.'] (Proprietary name for) a doll representing a slim, fashionably dressed, conventionally attractive young woman; trans/, a pretty but passive or characterless woman.

barbiers beriberi.]

/'ba:bi

/'buibiaz/

a

n.

arch.

L17.

[Fr.

alt.

of

paralytic disease occurring in the

Indian subcontinent.

barbital

/'ba:bit(3)l/ US. ezo. [f. as n. BARBITURIC + -AL".] = BARBITONE. barbiton n. var. of barbitos. barbitone /'baibitsun/ n. E20. [f as barbituric + -oiviE.] 5,5-Diethylbarbituric acid, or its sodium salt (usu. barbitone sodium), used as a hypnotic drug. Also called veronal. barbitos /'baibitas/ n. Also -ton /-tan/. M16. [L f. Gk.] An ancient musical instrument with many strings, prob. a type of lute or lyre. barbiturate /ba:'bitjur3t/ n. L19. [f next + -ate'.] a salt of barbituric acid; any of the large

day, 30 no,

e:

hair,

la

near,

31

boy, o3 poor, ai3 tire, nos sour

barbituric of hvpnotic and sedative drugx derived

class

from barbituric

barbituric

acid.

;bu:brtju,->nk/

M19. [Fr. f. Barbara a

a.

G Bartitur{sdure acid),

bjrbitunque f

see uric. J Chem. barbituric actd, urea, CjH.,0,N,, a synthetic cyclic dibasic acid from which many hypnotic and sedative drugs are derived.

woman's name: malonyl

Barbizon

'buibizon, /urvi^ barbizS/ n. L19. [A forest of Fontainebleau, the

near

village

Used

France.]

bargain

182

member

atnib. to designate (a

of)

[Aborig.] TTie edible wood-boring grub beetle or moth. Also bardee grub.

Bardfield oxlip

of a

village

M19.

/'ba:dfi:ld 'okslip/ n. phr.

[Bardfield, a village in Essex, England.]

The

true

/bai'dDbtri/ n. E20. [f. bard n.' + ] Excessive admiration of a poet, spec, of Shakespeare, 'the Bard of Avon'. bardolater n. a worshipper of the Bard E20.

bardolatrous

a.

silk

and wool.

Bardolphian

E20.

barbola bu:'baob

n. E20. [Arbitrary' formation next.] In full barbola tvork. Decorative work on small anicles consisting of coloured models of flowers, fruit, etc., made from a plastic paste. f.

barbodne

'baibstin,

-ti:n

ornamented with)

(Poner\'

Barbudan

M19.

n.

[Fr.]

a slip of kaolin clay.

ba:'bu:d(a)n/

&

n.

a.

L20. native

[f.

(see below) + -an.] (A or inhabitant) of the W. Indian island of Barbuda, part of the coimtry Antigua and Barbuda.

Barbuda

barbule

'ba:bju:l n. M19. [L barbula dim. of barba beard: see -ule ] 1 = barbel 2. Now rare or obs. M19. 2 A filament branching from a barb of a feather as the barb from the shaft. M19.

barcarole

'baikarsol, ba:ka'rsul/ n. Also

-roUe

barcarolle Venetian It. L18. [Fr. f. barcarola rel. to barcarolo gondolier, f. barca bark n.'] song simg by Venetian gondoliers; a piece -rol

.

A

of music in imitation of such songs or suggestive of the rocking motion of a boat.

Barcelona

baisi'buns n. mi8. [A city in Spain.] In full Barcelona handkerchief, f 1 neckerchief. A handkerchief or neckerchief of soft uvilled silk. M18-M19. 2 In full Barcelona nut. A hazelnut imported from Spain or an adjacent

MI 9.

countr>'.

barchan

'ba:k(3)n

ba:'ku:

u.

n.

Austral, slang. L19.

[A

river

Barcoo grass, a 2 Barcoo rot, chronic ulceration of the skin. L19. ?> Barcoo spcv:, vomit, etc., illness accompanied by acts of vomiting. L19. 4 A violent storm. Also Barcoo in

western

Queensland.]

Queensland pasture

buster.

bard

1

grass.

L19.

M20.

ME.

ba:d

bardd,

f.

[Gael, bard.

(whence

Celt,

Gk

It.

bardos,

bard, Welsh bardus).

L

m

used Scotland and as a term of contempt, but idealized by Sir Walter Scott.] 1 Any of an ancient Celtic order of minstrel-poets, who composed and sang (usu. to the harp) verses celebrating the achievements of chiefs and First

warriors, recording historical events, traditional lore, etc. In Wales spec, a poet honoured at an eisteddfod. ME. b A strolling musician or minstrel. Sc. arch.

lME.

c

A

minstrel or poet of

any other oral tradition, as an Anglo-Saxon scop, a Scandinavian scald, etc. M18. 2 Any poet; esp. a lyric or epic poet, literary. M17. 2 the Bard (of Avon) Shakespeare, bardic 12. of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a bard L18. bardish j. (somewhat derog.) = bardic E17. bardism n. he art or practice of bards E18 bardling 1. a young or mexpenenced poet, a poetaster .M18. hardship n. the office, dignity, or character oi a bard LIS.

bard

ba:d/ n.- L15. [(0)Fr. barde ult f Arab. barda'a saddle-cloth, stuffed saddle ] 1 Hisi. Usu. in pi A covering of armour for the breast and flanks of a warhorse; occas. an ornamental covering of velvet or the like. L15. fb .\rmour for men-at-arms composed of metal plates. M16 E17. 2 Cookery. A thin slice of bacon used in covenng a fowl etc. E18.

bard

'ba:d/

ei6. [Fr. barder, f as prec]

v.t.

1

fbardash bardascia,

n.

mi6

perh.

f

L19.

bardache f. bardaj slave.]

[Fr.

Arab,

It.

A

catamite.

bardee

/'ba:di/ n. Austral. Also -di, -dy. M19.

b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

[f.

Bardolph

Resembling

-ian.]

Bardolph,

of

M18.

or

character

a

in

Shakespeare's Henry IV, Henry V, and Merry Wives of Windsor, noted for his red nose.

bardy

n. var.

of bardee.

bare bs:/ a., adv., & n [OE fear = OFris., OS, (0)HG bar, MDu. buer (Du. baar), ON berr, f Gmc f IE.] A adj. 1 Of the body or its parts: unclothed, naked. OE. b With tlie head uncovered; hatless. arch. lME. 2 fig. Open to view, unconcealed. OE. 3 Of things: without the natural covering which they have at other times; lacking vegetation, foliage, etc. OE. 4 Deprived of hair, wool, flesh, etc.; bald. ME. 5 Lacking appropriate covering; imfumished; undecorated. ME. b Of weapons: unsheathed. Esp. of the hands: unarmed. ME. 6 Without addition; mere, simple; scant, shght. ME. ^7 Unprotected, deserted; laid waste, desolate. ME-M17. 8 Destitute, empty, shon, of; lacking in. ME. 9 absol. a Of a person: destitute, needy. arch. ME. b Empty; without contents. lME. Spare, meagre. Chiefly of literary style etc.:

W

plain,

unelaborate.

paltry.

LME-L16.

ME.

f 11 Poor in quality;

2 Milton Bare in thy guilt how foul must thou appear! J. A. Froude His mind was in contact with the bare facts of life. 3 AV Joel 1:7 He hath barked my figge tree: he hath made it cleane bare. A. P Stanley Hills which are now bare were then covered with forest. R. Lehmann Every branch was bare at last. S E. Thomas No one left and no one came On the bare platform. I. Murdoch Laid down as a covering upon the bare floorboards. S. King TTie two bare, dangling light bulbs, under bare poles: see POLE n.' ic. 6 Addison Nature indeed fiimishes us with the bare Necessaries of Life. H. P Brougham A bare majority of seven to five. G. Murray I know only the barest outline of what took place. G. Greene It was hard for me to show even bare politeness 1 1 Shakes, I'cn. Ad. What bare excuses mak'st thou to be gone! hare bones: see BONE n. .

.

.

&

B

(With numeral

adv.

= barely,

adjs.)

arch.

ME.

C

A

n.

f 1 or place.

naked pan of the body,

a bare space

ME

E18. 2 TTie bare skin. lME. Comb. bareback a. & adv. (of a horse or its rider) without a saddle; bare-backed a. & adv. with the back bare, esp. = bareback above; barefaced a. with the face uncovered or clean-shaven; fig. undisguised, impudent, shameless; barefacedly adv. in a barefaced manner; barefacedness the quality of being :

barefaced; barefoot

a.

&

adv.

=

barefooted

below

China) a paramedical worker dance barefoot: see DANCE v.); barefooted a. & adv. without shoes or stockings, with naked feet; barehanded a. & adv. having nothing in or covering the hands, esp. carrying no weapon; barehead a. & adv. (arch.) = bareheaded below; bareheaded a. & adv. with the head uncovered, esp as a sign of respect. bar(e)ish a. mi 7. bareness n. lME. (harcfooi doctor (in rural

with

basic

trainmg;

bare

/be:/

v.'t.

[OE banan

(f as prec.)

=

OFris.

OHG gibaron, ON bera:

see prec] 1 Make bare, imcover; expose to view; unsheathe (a weapon). OE. 2 fig. Make manifest, reveal. ME. baria,

3 Strip, divest, denude,

lME.

{of).

1 J. R. Green Earl Warrenne bared a rusty sword Tennyson He bows, he bares his head. J. Kirkup Scalpel bares a creamy rib. N. Gordimer Sometimes

she bares her teeth without smiling, a mannerism like a pleased snarl. 2 D. Parker The intimate places of your heart you bared to me, as in confession. 3 D. Livingstone He quite bared his garden in feeding .

Arm

or caparison with bards. Freq. as barded ppl a. E16. 2 Cover (a fowl etc.) with shces of bacon. M17. Hist.

+

below)

(see

characteristic

a.

.

Also -ane. L19. [Turkic barkhan.] A shifting crescent-shaped sand-dune, concave on the leeward side.

Barcoo

/bai'dolfian/

.

.

.

us.

bare v} bareca

arch. pa.

t.

/bs'reiks/

small cask or keg;

man,

n no, p pen,

r

of bear n.

d.'

li8. [Sp.: cf barrico.]

= breaker

red,

s sit,

I

top, v van,

w

we,

A

&

n.

a.

France.]

same. (A garment

made

B

E19.

adj.

E19. [Fr.,

A

n.

PI.

Bareges a

f.

pronoimced

of) a gauzelike fabric of Made of barege. M19.

OE.

[f bare a. + -ly-.] 1 or disguise; nakedly; plainly, explicitly, arch OE. 2 Merely, simply. arch. lME. 3 Scarcely, hardly; only just. L15. 4 Scantily, poorly, arch. M16. 1 J. Hacket Here is the Resurrection of our Saviour barely and positively affirmed. 2 Jas. Mill The only objection might have been easily removed, by barely prescribing what sort of evidence they ought to receive 3 J. Galsworthy How much older he looked than on that day, barely two months ago, when she first saw him. A, Haley George began singing one of Miss Malizy's songs, barely audibly, as if just for himself C. Freeman At first he didn't even recognize her because he could barely see. 4 G. Crabbe TTiy /'bcili/ adv.

concealment

.

a mid-i9th-cent. school of naturalistic painters.

SW

Without

of bardee.

+ -latry

-o-

/barris/ in

barely

oxlip. Primula elatior.

bardi n. var. bardolatry

barege

coat

is

.

thin,

.

thou'rt barely drest.

.

baresark n. & a. var. of berserk. barf /ba:f/ v. & n. slang (chiefly N. [Prob. imit.]

A

act of vomiting;

Amer.). M20. & t. Vomit. M20. B An vomited food etc. Also as int.

v.i.

L20.

barfam

/'ba:f(3)m/

n.

dial.

Also

fbargham,

barkum /'ba:k(3)m/, brecham, & many other vars. ME. [f stem of OE be(o)rgan protect + HAME n.'] A collar for a draught horse. bargain /'ba:gin/ n. ME. [OFr. barga{i)gne, 1 Discussion between two over terms; haggling. ME-L16. 2 An agreement on the terms of a transaction, a

-g{u)igne: see next.] f

parties

compact. With specifying wd, as good, bad, etc.: a good, bad, etc., agreement from the point of view of one of the parties. ME. 3 A thing acquired by bargaining; any purchase, esp. regarded according to whether or not one obtained value for money; spec, an advantageous purchase. lME. f4 Contention, struggle, fight. Sc.

&

north.

LME-L19. b An

article offered at a

reduced or allegedly reduced price, esp. in a special sale. L19. 2 bargain and sale Law (a contract for) a sale followed by the payment of the agreed price, esp. (Hist.) referring to the sale of an estate etc without deeds, drive a hard bargain: see DRIVE v. Dutch bargain: see Dutch a. into or (US) in the bargain over and above what is agreed; besides, make the best of a had bargain: see BEST a. & adv. make or strike a bargain come to terms over a transacuon. Smithfield bargain: see Smithfield n.' strike a bargain: see make a bargain above. Comb.: bargain basement, counter: where bargains are offered for sale; bargain-hunter a person who shops for bargains; bargain-hunting

shopping

for

(allegedly)

reduced

bargains;

bargain price

a

low

or

price,

bargain

/'ba:gm/ v. lME. [OFr. bargatgnier hesitate bargutgner dispute, (mod. = Prov. barganhar. It. bargagnare, hesitate) med.L barcamare, prob. f. Gmc, whence borgen look after, borgen borrow: the -a- of the 1st syll. is imexpl.] 1 v.i. Discuss the terms of a transaction, negotiate; seek to secure the most favourable terms, haggle. lME. f2 v.i. north. LME-L19. Contend, struggle, fight. Sc. 3 V.I. Arrange or agree terms; strike a bargain. Foil, by with a person, for a thing, that, to do. L15. 4 v.t. Agree to buy and sell; contract for; obs. exc. (Law) in bargain and sell. L15. 5 v.t. Foil, by away: pan with in a bargain; sell cheaply. M19. 1 H. Allen They were congratulating him; akeady begirming to chaffer and bargain R. P. Jhabvala He had to bargain quite hard in order to be quoted a reasonable pnce. J. M. Kewes A system of free wagebargaining, bargaining chip, counter a potential concession etc. which can be used to advantage negotiations, plea bargaining: see plea n. 3 Shakes. That she Tarn. Shr. 'Tis bargain'd 'twixt us twain shall sdll be curst in company. Addison A merchant off. M. W. Montagu bargained for it, and carried it The marble was bespoke and the sculptor bargained had somehow with. 5 Geo. Eliot The heir bargained away the estate. M. L. King Fathers and mothers were sold from their children and children were bargained away from their parents. With preps, in specialized senses: bargain for expect, be prepared for (usu. w. neg. or more than), bargain on colloq. (a) = iar^ain /or above; (b) count on. trade,

OHG

MHG, G

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 9 thin,

&

m

.

.

.

.

6

this,

r)

ring,

.

tj

chip, d3 jar

.

bargander n.

lME.

bargai'nor n. agreement of bargain and sale E17.

bargains

an agreement of n. a person who the seller in an

bargander n. var. of bergander. barge /ba:d3/ n. & v. ME. [(0)Fr. barge, med.L bargia, perh. ult. Gk bans Egyptian boat: cf. f.

BARK

A

«.']

n.

A

1

one next

sails; spec,

ME.

small seagoing vessel with

above a balinger.

in size

obs.

A

flat-bottomed freight-boat or lighter, for canals, rivers, and harbours. lME. 3 A ceremonial vessel of state, usu. one propelled by oars; an ornamental houseboat. lME. 4 A small boat; now spec, a warship's boat for the conveyance of senior officers. lME. 5 A large exc. Hist.

2

schooner barge: see

schooner

:

fending; would not touch with a bargepole would refuse to have anything to do with.

(colloq.),

w. it. Travel by barge. Only in L16. b v.i. Travel by barge. E20. 2 v.t. Carry by barge. M17. 3 I'.t. Lurch or rush heavily (into,

If a

V.

v.t.

b

against, about, etc.). L19.

Make

v.t.

one's

way

thus. E20. 4 v.t. Push or collide with heavily; cause to move thus. E20. 3 K. Mansfield Why should he come barging over

Hines He barged mto the kitchen door, and bounced back when it wouldn't open. M. RiCHLER The moment Joshua barged into the room, Uncle Oscar slapped the book shut, barge in butt in, intrude 4 J. Locke By degrees he edged (or barged) his huge frame to the front rank. Western Mail (Cardiff) Uncle Owen was barged from behind, spilling his beer over the second tenor to this exact spot? B.

.

W

barge-

/ba:d3/ comb. form. [Cf med.L bargus a kind of gallows (= cl.L furca).} Forming terms in Archit. relating to the gable of a building. bargeboard n. a board or ornamental screen along the edge of a gable M19 barge-couple n. a strong pair of rafters at a gable-end M16. barge-course n. coping or tiles overhanging the wall of a house at a gable-end M17.

bargee

M17. [f barge n. + -ee' (used irreg.).] A bargeman. Bargello /ba:'d3£bu/ n. & a. M20. [The Bargello Palace in Florence, Italy.] (Designating) a kind of embroidery worked on canvas in stitch /ba:'d3i:/

n.

patterns suggestive of fiames.

fbargeret

bergerette. f bargham n. var. of barfam. barghest /'baigsst/ n. mi8. [Origin unkn.] A goblm in the shape of a large dog, fabled to portend death or misfortune. f barghmaster n. var. of barmaster. fbarghmote n. var. of barmote. var. of

n.

bar-goose

/'ba:gu:s/ n. L16. [bar app. abbrev. of

bar

]

1

Impure

PI.

dial.

bar-geese.

BARNACLE

A

bargander var. of BERGANDER.] a shelduck.

barilla /bs'rib/

or as in barnacle goose;

The

E17. [Sp. bamlla dim. of barra alkali plant, Salsola soda. E17. 2

alkali

made

n.

in

Spain and neighbouring

regions by burning dried plants, esp.

of this

Barisal guns /ban'sa:l g\nz/ n. phr. L19. [f. Bansal, a town in Bangladesh.] Booming sounds of imknown origin, barite /'barAit, 'be:-/ n. Also -yte. M19. [f. BARIUM n. + -ITE'.] Mm. = BARYTES 2. baritone /'bantsun/ n. & a. Also f barytone; (sense A. 2) baryton /'bariton/. E17. [It. baritono {. Gk barutonos deep-sounding, f barus deep + tonos pitch: cf BARYTONE & a.'] A «. 1 The male voice between tenor and bass, ranging typically from lower A in the bass clef to lower F in the treble clef; a singer having such a voice; a pan wrinen for such a voice. E17. 2 A kind of viol. M17. 3 The member of a family of similar instruments pitched between tenor and bass, esp. a tenor saxhorn in B fiat or C. L19.

bass

Of

compass intermediate between bass and tenor. Hence, adj.

1

the

voice:

having

a

suited for or possessing such a voice. E18. 2

Of

an instrument: pitched between tenor and bass varieties (cf sense A.3). L19.

a cat, a: arm,

baryta + -ium.] A reactive white chemical element, atomic no. 56, which is one of the alkaline earth metals. (Symbol Ba.) Comh.: barium meal a radio-opaque mixture

t

bed,

a:

her,

1

/'bEiriorn/ n. E19. [f

containing barium sulphate, taken before radiological examination of the alimentary tract,

bark

/bu:k/ [OE (gc)beorc: later f bark v.'] 1 sharp explosive cry of a dog, fox, squirrel, etc. OE. 2 Any harsh, abrupt noise, as of a cannon, cough, shouted command, etc. L19. one's bark (opp. one's bite) one's words as opp. to

The

one's actions.

barkless

(of a dog) having

a.'

/ba:k/

n.'

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, o hot,

y.

ME. [ON

no bark M20

bark-, bgrkr (Sw.,

Da.

OE

wd is rind the «.'] 1 The layer of tissue lying outside the vascular cambium in the stem of a tree or woody plant, consisting of phloem, cortex, and periderm; esp. the corky outer layer of this. ME. b spec. That used in dyeing, tanning, etc., or its bruised residue. lME. c spec. That of certain trees used medicinally, esp. cinchona. lME. 2 gen. or fig. An outer covering; a rind, a husk; the skin. dial, or obs. lME. 1 bitter bark: see BITTER a. Peruvian hark: see Peruvian n. & a. red hark: see red a. slippery elm bark, sweeiwood hark: see sweet a. & adv. Comb.: bark beetle a wood-boring beetle of the rel.

birch

to

w.

:

Now

Scolytidae

family

(typographer

hark

see

beetle:

barkcloth cloth made from the inner bark of the paper mulberry or similar tree; barktree a cmchona.

TYPOGRAPHER

3);

barken a. (chiefly poet.) made or consisting of bark M18 barkless a.' devoid of bark E17. barky a. /ba:k/ Also (esp. sense 3) barque. lME. [(0)Fr., prob. f Prov. barca f. late L: cf BARGE «. ] 1 Any small sailing vessel. Now only poet. lME. 2 A (large) rowing boat. Now only poet. L16. 3 An ocean-going sailing vessel of particular rig; spec, one with the aftermost mast fore-and-aft rigged and the other masts square-

ngged. E17. barkey n. (colloq.)

/ba:k/ v.' [OE beorcan {. Gmc, perh. ult. metath. alt. of break v.] 1 v.t. Of a dog, fox, etc.: utter a sharp explosive cry. OE. 2 v.i. Speak or cry out aggressively, petulantly, or imperiously. ME. 3 v.t. Utter as a bark; ejaculate with a bark. lME. 4 v.t. Drive aioay, back, off, by barking. E19. 5 v.i. Of a firearm etc.: emit a harsh explosive soimd. M19. 6 v.i. & r. Call out to attract custom (for); tout. US. E20. barking bird the black-throated huet-huet, 1 Pteroptochos tamii, of S. America, barking deer = MUNTJAC barking squirrel = praine dog s v prairie Latimer It is the scripture and not the 2 H translauon, that ye bark against. 3 Spenser Cerberus, whose many mouthes doo bay And barke out flames. J. Clare The dog bark'd a welcome. L. Uris Bill Fry stood on his bridge barking orders through a megaphone S. Brill He popped a few mints into his mouth, looked up and barked, 'Let's get staned.' 5 S. E. White The Colt's forty-five barked once, and then again.

bark against (or at) the moon clamour bark up the wrong tree make an effort direction, be on the wrong track.

effect,

the

wrong

to in

bark

/ba:k/ vlH. lME. [f bark «.-] 1 Steep in an infusion of bark; tan. lME. 2a Strip the bark

from

mi 6. b Abrade skin from

(a tree),

knuckle,

E19.

etc.).

(a shin,

3 Enclose (as) with bark;

encrust. M17.

barkentine n. var. of barquentine. barker /'baika/ ME. [f bark v:' + tanner.

Now

rare or obs.

ME.

2

A

barkle

-er'.]

person

1

A

who

barks trees. E17.

/'ba:k(3)l/

barley -LY':

barley ] the genus Hordeum, used as food and in

spirits. four-rozved barley, pearl barley, sea barley, sprat-barley,

etc.

Comb. barley-bird dial, any of various birds which appear at the time of barley-sowing in spring, e g a wryneck, yellow wagtail, or nightingale; barley-bree, -broth strong ale; barley-hood (now rare or obs. ) a fit of drunkenness or of bad temper brought on by drinking, barleymow a stack of barley; barley sugar :

confection of boiled sugar, usu. in twisted sticks;

a

barley-sugar a. (of columns etc ) twisted like barley sugar; barley water a decoction of pearl barley for invalids etc or (esp. with some further flavouring) for refreshment, barley-wine a wine or ale prepared from barley; spec, a strong English ale.

drunk

barley

/'ba:li/ int. Sc.

,\

run, u put,

&

north.

of

Fr. parlez parley.] children's games).

lME.

Parley,

[Perh.

alt.

truce;

(in

barley-break

/'ba:libreik/ n. M16. [Perh. f + BREAK v.] An old country n. or int. catching-game, resembling prisoners' base, played by three couples, one of which had to catch the others, who were allowed to 'break'

BARLEY

and change partners when hard-pressed. barley-corn /'barlikain/ n. lME. [f barley n. + CORN «.'] 1 = BARLEY n. lME. b Personified John Barleycorn,

esp. as the source of malt

The

2 Hist.

El 7.

liquors.

fbarling

length of a grain of

inch. lME. ME-MiS. [ON: cf Sw. biirlingpoXt,

barley as a measure, usu. n.

f bdra to bear

]

A

'/s

pole, esp.

one on or used with

a boat.

barlow

/'ba:l3u/ n. US. li8. [Russell Barlow, iSth-cent. Eng. inventor.] In full barlow knife. large single-bladed pocket knife.

A

Long

/ba:m/

obs.

exc. dial, in

OHG

comb.

ON

barm, bearm = OFris., OS, barm, barmr, Goth, barms, f Gmc, rel. to BEAR i'.']

[OE

bosom,

A

a lap.

Abraham's harm: see ABRAHAM I. Comb. barm cloth an apron; barm-skin a leather :

apron.

barm

&

Also balm. [OE beorma berme, barm. Da. bdrme, Sw. bdrma, Biirme.] A n. The froth on the top of fermenting malt liquors, used to leaven bread and to ferment other liquors; yeast, leaven. OE. B V. t. & Mix with yeast, leaven; rise in firoth or fermentation. lME.

/ba:m/

prob. f

v.

LG: cf OFris.

G

;.

barmaster [G

/'ba:ma:sta/ n. Also f bargh-. M16. Bergmetster {. Berg- mining: see master n.']

An

officer of a

barmbrack Barmecide

barmote.

n.

var. of

barnbrack.

n. & a. ei8. [Arab. the patronymic of a prince in the Arabian Nights' Entertainments who feasted a beggar on a succession of empty dishes to test

/'baimisAid/

barmakr,

humour] A n. A person who offers imaginary food or illusory benefits. E18. B attrib. or as adj. Illusory, unreal; offering imaginary food or illusory benefits. M19. Barme'cidal a. illusory, unreal MI9. his

bar mitzvah

/ba: 'mitsva/ n. phr. Also B-. M19. [Heb. bar miswah son of commandment.] (A religious initiation ceremony for) a Jewish boy aged thirteen, regarded as liable to observe

the religious precepts and eligible to take public worship.

lME.

pan

in

/'baimkin/ «. north. Now arch, or Hist. alt. of barbican.] (TTie battlement

[Perh.

of) the outer fortification or barbican of a castle; a turret or tower on this.

Also fbargh-. M16. [f. of moot m.'] A local court with jurisdiction as to lead-mining rights as

/'ba:m3ut/

barmaster + mote

n.

var.

and related matters.

slang. E19.

barkevikite /'baikavikAit/ n. L19. [f Barkevik, a place in Norway + -ite'.] Mm. An iron-rich saw,

making

malt liquors and

barmote

a

M17. 4

+

v.''

(OE b^rlic adj., f as BERE n.' + barr barley, Goth, banzems of ('ITie grain of) a hardy awned cereal of

spotted redshank, avocet, or godwit. dial. A tout at an auction-room, sideshow, etc. Chiefly N. Amer. L17. 5 A pistol; a cannon, arch,

esp.

bark

ON

barmkin

A

E19. [f

dirt etc.).

/'bu:li/ n.

cf

/'baika/ n- lME. [f bark v.' + -er'.] 1 person who or thing which barks; spec, a dog. lME. 2 A noisy assailant or protester. lME. 3 Any of various wading birds with harsh cries,

barker

dial.

v.t.

Cake, encrust, (with barkum n. see barfam. -LE'.]

barm

a bttle bark; a ship: E18.

bark

no

sodium and potassium amphibole occurring as dark brown or black monoclinic crystals.

as

covered with or of the nature of bark L16.

bark

Phrases:

species. E17.

B

barium

bark), perh.

Comb. bargeman a person who has charge of, or works on, a barge; bargemaster the master or owner of a barge; bargepole a long pole used on a barge for

S

2 baritone horn, oboe, saxophone, etc.

bark

carriage. US. L19. 1

barmy

183

the purchaser in sale L16. bargainer

bargai'nee bargain and

u: too, s

ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

barmy /'ba:mi/ +

day, au no,

-y'.]

k:

hair,

1

Of,

\s

near,

a.

Also balmy. L15. [f barm n:' of, or covered with barm;

full

.ii

boy, 03 poor, ai3

tire,

aoa sour

barouche

barn bamgun

L15. 2 fig. Excitedly active; emptyheaded, daft, crazy. Now slang. L16. i bjmty in or on ihc crtimfvr. see CRUMPET 3. frothy.

barn as

bo:n

BERE

&

n.'

+

H.'

BURN

.vni,

f.

Bamu'mese

Amcr. L18. i A large unduly plain building or room. M20. 4 Physics. A unit of sq. metre, used in expressing area equal to 10 nuclear cross-sections. M20. 1 Duuh bam: see Di-rcH a. Robin Hood's bam. 2 A'.

nocnrng bam. see RECEmxG a. Comb.: barn-ball US a children's game involving bouncing a ball off the gable of a building; barn dance (a) an informal social occasion for country' dancing (orig. one held m a bam); (fc) a dance for a

number

of couples forming a line or circle, with the door the large couples moWiig along it in turn; door of a bam; ri/. a target etc. too large to be missed, nail to the bam door, see NAIL !'.; bam-gallon Hist, a measure of two imperial gallons, orig. used in the

bam

bamlot US

the ground upon or around bam owl an owl of the genus which usu. has a white face and underside and frequenUy nests in farm buildings;

milk-trade;

which

bam

a

Tyio; esp.

T.

barnstorm a

t

[back-form, f hamstomier] tour etc. as as bamstomiing vh\ n. or ppl a.);

(orig.

actor;

Htmndo

(6)

tour;

giving

bam

pilot;

&

chiefly

a

politician

an

(f)

who

aviator

Amer. the

A'.

making an

displays,

aerobatic

swallow

Amer.)

A'.

an

(o)

rapid tours the a

adventurous

common

swallow,

B v. House in a bam; barn n.- var. of bairn.

gamer.

t.

lME.

[f. Barnabas the of a small religious order founded in 1530, named from its church of St Barnabas in Milan.

Bamaby

ei8.

n.

A member

[By-form of Barnabas (see prec): cf. Fr. Bamahc.] 1 Barnaby bright, Bamaby-day, long Bamaby, St Barnabas' day, II Jtme, the longest day of the year, Old 'bainabi/

li6.

n.

2 Bamaby thistle, (St) Bamaby 's yellow Centaurea star-thistle, flowering on or near St Barnabas' day.

L16.

Style.

the

thistle,

sobniiolis,

L16.

barnacle

'ba:nak(3)l

ME. [med.L

n.'

of unkn. origin.] 1 A black, white, and grey goose, Branta leucopsis, breeding in the Arctic

and

Britam

visiting

goose.

ME.

2

A

Now

in winter.

usu. barnacle

any of those which or by a fleshy footstalk

cirripede; esp.

attach themselves directly to rocks, ships' bonoms, or other objects. L16. 3 fig. A companion or follower who is difficult to

shake

off.

E17.

'The geese, whose breeding grounds were long unknott-n, were formerly fabled to grow from the shells of the cirripedes, or else from a tree or its fruit. barnacled

a.'

covered with barnacles (barnacle

n.'

2), fig. encrusted: LI7.

AN

barnacle

'bamakCa)! n} lME. [Alt. of bemac, of unkii origin.] 1 A kind of bit or twitch for restraining a horse or ass; spec, an instrument of two branches jomed by a hinge, placed on the nose of the animal. Usu. in pi. lME 2 In pi. Spectacles arch. & dial. L16. 3 An instrument of torture faiiiioned and applied like a barnacle (sense i above). Usu. mpl. obs. exc. Hisi. E17. barnacled a.' arch, or dial.) wearing spectacles E18.

Bamardo

[See below ] Used attnb. and in possess, to designare an orphan or destitute child brought up in one of bu:'na:d3o/

n.

E20.

homes founded by the British philanthropist Dr Thomas John Bamardo (1845-1905)

the

HoBSON She was a Bamardo oabv she was M. Hardwick I was a Bamardo's girl. They found me in a slum in Walsall. P.

illegitimate.

.

bambrack

'ba:m- \ M19. currant bun.

bamet now

a

[Ir.

/'ba:nit/ n.

n.

rhyming

slang.

M19. [Bamet,

borough of Greater London.] In

bamet fair. The

barney

'ba:ni

A

.

Anglo-h. Also barmbairin breac speckled cake ] A

"ba:nbrak,

hair; the n.

&

full

head. z.

cotloq.

M19

[Origin

A

noisy altercation; an argument, a quarrel. M19. B v.i. Quarrel, argue. L19

unkn.]

n.

b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

j

i.ME.

a.

barn

[f.

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

a

Comb. baron-bailie .Sc. Hisi. a deputy appointed by baron to exercise the latter's jurisdiction in a court;

baron court Hist. = court-baron. jbaronry n. = barony lME- M18.

baronage

/'bar(3)nid3/

n.

ME.

[OFr. bamage,

med.L k.'

M20.

earthy, coarse, scatological, colloq.

/'barau/ comb, form of Gk baros weight, usu. w. the sense 'pressure': see -0-. barogram n. the record made by a barograph H9. barograph n. a self-recording barometer M19.

baro-

barore'ceptor to changes in

pressor

M20.

for

regulating

device

automatic

receptor

a

(Physiol.)

n.

sensitive

barostat

an

n.

pressure

M20.

baro'thermograph

n. an instrument which records temperature simultaneously L19. (Med.) ear injury due to change in

and

pressure

barocco

«.

/ba'rokao/

&

a.

PI.

n.

of n. -os. L19.

= BAROQUE. baroclinic /bara'klinik/ [It.]

a. E20. [f. baro- -I- Gk + -ic] Meteorol. bend, slope by or associated with an Characterized atmospheric condition in which surfaces of constant pressure intersect surfaces of constant

to

klinein

Baroco

ns.

M20. baroclinicity

adv.

/-'nisiti/,

M20.

/bs'rsokau/

tt.

Also -oko.

PI. -os.

miR

[A mnemonic of scholastic philosophers, first used in med.L, A indicating a imiversal affirmative proposition and O a particular negative proposition.] Logic. The fourth mood of the second syllogistic figure, in which a particular negative conclusion is drawn from a imiversal affirmative major premiss and a particular negative minor.

Barolo

/bs'raobo/ n. L19. [A Piedmont, Italy ] A full-bodied red from Barolo.

bar{o)nagium: see prec, -AGE.] 1 The body of barons or nobles collectively. ME. ^2 = BARONY. M17. 3 An armotated list of barons or peers. L19.

ME

baroness

/'bar(3)nis/ n. lME. [OFr. bar{o)nesse (AL baronissa, -essa): see baron, -ES^>'.] The wife or widow of a baron; a woman holding the rank of baron in her own right. baronet /'bar(3)nit/ n. & v. lME. [AL baronettus: see

/bara'mctrik/

-metric] Of, pertaining

a.

to,

barometer. = barometrical a. barometrically adv. L18.

barometry see -METRY.] observation.

barometz

/bs'rDrmtri/

The

E19.

E18.

n.

[f.

barony

baroque

2

A member

.

A

.

m man,

Hist.

.

B

i8th 17th and early omamentation. L19. At Blenheim N SuMMERSON J.

the

baroque

cents.;

the English Baroque

culminates.

barotropic

/bars'traupik, -'tropik/

a.

E20.

[f

-tropic] Meteorol. Characterized by or associated with an atmospheric condition in which surfaces of equal pressure coincide with baro-

of the lowest order of the ME. b A holder of a

-I-

surfaces of equal density, barotropically adv. M20. ba'rotropy

n.

E20.

title.

Barotse

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

/ba'rotsi/

n.

&

a.

arch. PI. of n.

same.

M19. [Bantu.] = Lozi.

A

freeman of London, York, or certain other cities; a freeman or a burgess of the Cinque Ports. lME. 5 Hist. A judge of the Court of Exchequer. lME. 6 Law (now Hist.) & Her. Husband (conjoined with fem(m)e). lME. 7 A magnate in industry, finance, etc. (usu. w. specifying wd, as beef baron, press baron); gen. a powerful or influential person. Orig. US. E19. 4

.

frantically

British or Irish nobility.

ME.

n.

1 W. D. Howells The building coldly classic or baroque. W. S. .Maugham The sonorous periods and the baroque massiveness of Jacobean language. H. Read Michelangelo has been called the father of Baroque an, and the style can be actually traced to him. Encycl. Brit. The Baroque era reached and its zenith in the work of Johann Sebastian Bach George Frideric Handel. 2 S. Spender The baroque extravagance, the ribbons and trimmings, of Tony's conversation. n. (The style, music, or architecture of)

barometer:

L19. 3 Applied to Christ and the saints, or to any man out of respect, rare.

a.

(in earliest use,

i8th cents. Of a musical mstrument etc.: belonging to or designed as in that period. M18. Elaborately or grotesquely omate; 2 gen. whimsical, bizarre. M19. 3 Of a pearl: irregularly shaped. L19.

Frank, origin.]

ME.

&

Orig. derog. of pearls) f. Port, barroco, Sp. barrueco, (of architecture) It. barocco: ult. origin imkn.] A adj. 1 Of, pertaining to, or characterized by an exuberant and ornate style prevalent in the arts (esp. in architecture and music) of the 17th and early

/'bar(3)n/ n. ME. [AN barun, (0)Fr. baron, accus. of ber — Prov. bar, accus. baron, f. med.L baro, -on- man, male, warrior, prob. of

similar foreign

/bs'rok, -rsuk/

Also B-. M18. [Fr.

of barometric

from the king or other superior; a noble, a peer, esp. any of those summoned to attend Parliament; Sc. a holder of a barony (sense 3).

[OFr. baronie (mod.

spec, in Sc. Hist., the freehold of a chief tenant of a single imit of lands (not necessarily contiguous) with defined rights of civil and criminal jurisdiction. lME. 4 The rank or dignity of baron. L18. baronian /ha'rsoman/ a. (rare) = baronial M17.

mi 7.

1 1 Hist. A person who derived a by military or other honourable service,

ME.

n.

baron from the Crown;

baron

title,

/'bar(3)ni/

held imder barony (see sense 3 below). lME. c Ir. Hist. A division of a coimty. L16. t2 The barons collectively. ME-L16. 3 The tenure of a

E17.

n.

lesser

-««-), med.L baronia: see baron, -y^.] 1 The domain of a baron. ME. b Sc. Hist. An estate

[Russ. baranets fabulous Russian creature, half plant and half sheep; the inverted woolly caudex etc. of the tree-fcm Cibotium barometz, which was used to create the illusion of such a creature.

of

dim.

A

turreted style characteristic of Scottish coimtry houses. Usu. Scottish (or Scotch) baronial. L19.

baro- +

barometric

fl

baronial /bs'raunial/ a. M18. [f. next + -ial.] 1 Of or pertaining to a baron or barons; befitting the rank of baron, mi 8. 2 Archit. Of or in the

or indicated by a

art or science

/'baramsts/ baran ram.]

[f.

«.

A

stock market or the debates in Congress.

barometric

A

-ET'.]

esp. a gentleman, not a baron by tenure the king, who was summoned to Parliament. LME-M17. 2 member of the lowest hereditary titled British order, with the status of a commoner but able to use the prefix 'Sir'. E17. B v.t. Infl. -t-, *-tt-. Raise to the rank of a baronet. M18. baronetage n. the rank of baronet; baronets collectively; an annotated list of baronets: E18. baronetcy n. a baronet's rank or patent E19. baronetess n. (rare) the wife of a baronet M17. baronetize v.t. confer a baronetcy on M19.

from

wine

/bs'tomits/ n. M17. [f. baro- + -METER.] An instrument for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere, freq. also giving a forecast of change in the weather. fig.: H. W. Van Loon The ans are an even better barometer of what is happening in our world than the

BARON,

baron;

of

region Italian

barometer bemaca,

of two

backbone. M18.

:

-clinity

'bamsb.Mt

apostle + -ite'.]

&

n.

+ YARD n.' ] A n. The enclosure round a bam, a farmyard. lME. Comb. barnyard grass = COCKSPUR grass. B attrib. or as adj. Typical of a bamyard; fig.

density. baroclinically

rusrica.

Bamabite

n.

/'bu:nja:d/

ambient pressure M20.

elecnoneenng countrv'

barnyard

inflated or sensational language L19.

barotrauma

barastonner

Humbug; empty

showman.]

stands;

i.

Bamum

M19. [Phineas T.

n.

aJha,

barnstormer (chiefly

itinerant

US

(1810 91),

consisting

joint

a

beef,

:

Bamum /'ba:nam/ showmanship.

building for the storage of grain, hay, straw, flax, etc. OE. 2 A building for housing livestock, vehicles, etc.

118 baron of

sirloins left joined at the

skin; shingles.

[OE ber{e)n, earlier fcm'm, cm a place.] A n. 1 A covered

v.

'ba:ngAn/ n. dial. M18. [f. var. of var. of GOlTND.] An eruption of the

+

V.

/ba'ru:|/ n. E19. [G dial. Bamuche f baroccio (Sp. barrocho) two-wheeled ult. f. L fourbirotus, f. BI- + rota wheel.] Chiefly Hist.

barouche It.

A

wheeled horse-drawn carriage with

a collapsible

half-hood, a seat in front for the driver,

and

seats facing each other for passengers. barouchet(te) n. a kind of light barouche E19.

J

she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

ft

this,

i)

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

barque barque n. var. barquentine

of bark

barrable

/'ba:r3b(3)l/ a. L15. [f. bar v. -ABLE.] Able to be legally excluded or stayed.

B

+

exc. Hisi.

obs.

etc.

barramundi spec,

lME. [OFr.

/'barak/ n.' L17. [Fr. baroque f. It. baracca or Sp. barraca soldier's tent: ult. origin unkn.] 1 A temporary hut or cabin, obs. exc. north. L17. 2 sing. & (usu.) in pi. (also treated as sing.) set of buildings used as a residence for large building or range soldiers. L17. b trans/. of buildings in which a number of people are housed; any large, austere building suggestive of a military barracks. M19. c The regular quarters of the Salvation Army. obs. exc. Hist. L19. I Gibbon He lodged in a miserable hut or barrack. 2 Disraeli His own idea of a profession being limited to a barrack in a London park, b E. Gaskell We went to her old town house, an immense barrack of an old half-fortified house. Joyce I don't like being alone

A

A

.

in this big barracks of a place.

barrack

/'barsk/

BARRACK

V.']

a person,

An

team,

lawyer

would-be

a

argumentative

ground near

n.'

& NZ.

Austral.

person;

act, or the action,

L19.

etc.

&

/'barak/ v.'i. L19. [Prob.

games

at

f.

N.

Ir.

shout

etc.:

&

Orig.

t.

& NZ.

spectators

[f

of barracking

/'barak/ v.h. ei8. [f barrack Provide barracks for, locate in barracks.

Austral.

w.']

chiefly

dial.]

Of

vociferously

n.

n.

game-fish; also called picuda.

barragan n. var. of barragon. barrage /'bara:3/ n. & v. M19. [Fr., f as bar v.: see -age ] A n. 1 a barrier constructed in a river depth of water. machine-gun bombardment, employed to check an enemy, or protect one's own soldiers, in advancing or retreating. E20. b A rapid succession of (esp. the Nile) to increase the

intensive artillery or

utterances, etc. E20. 3 A heat or deciding event in fencing, showjimiping, etc.

questions,

M20. Sassoon My only idea was to collect all available ammunition and then renew the attack while the Stokes-gun officer put up an enthusiastic barrage. H. Kissinger The North Viemamese attacked with the heaviest artillery barrage of the war and large numbers of tanks, creeping barrage, b C. S. Forester They shielded Curzon by grouping themselves round him and surrounding him with a protective barrage of professional explanation. S. King There was a moment's gaping pause and then the barrage 2

S.

.

.

a cat, a:

arm,

t

bed,

12

3:

her,

1

Now

rare exc.

a

Hist.). lME. barratry /'baratri/

[(0)Fr. baraterie

OFr. barat(e) deceit, fraud, trouble, baraur. see prec, -ery ] 1 Hist. The purchase or sale of ecclesiastical or state preferments or of judicial influence. lME. 2 The malicious incitement of discord; spec, the persistent practice of vexatious litigation (now Hist.). L16. 3 Marine Law. Fraud or gross or criminal negligence prejudicial to a ship's owner(s) or underwriters on the part of the master or crew. E17. barratrous a. (Marine Law) of or pertaining to barratry M19 barratrously adv. M19. f.

.

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, d hot,

see balata.

n.

/ha: 'bodi/

n.

phr.

m20.

[f.

."):

n.

during some exercises. M20. barre /bare/ a. & n. PI. of n. pronoimced same. L19. [Fr., pa. pple of barrer BAR v.] Mus. (A chord) played with strings stopped by a capotasto or finger. barred /ba:d/ a. lME. [f bar n.', v.: see -ed', -ed'.] 1 Marked or ornamented with bars; striped; streaked. lME. 2 Secured or shut with a bar or bars. E16. 3 Of a harbour: obstructed by a sandbank. M16. 4 Having or furnished with a bar or bars (bar n.' i). L16. 5 i\fus. Marked off by bars. L19. barrel /'bar(a)l/ n. ME. [{. (0)Fr. banlf. med.L barriclus a small cask.] 1 A wooden vessel of cylindrical form, usu. bulging in the middle, made of curved staves bound together by hoops, with flat ends; a similar vessel made of metal, plastic, etc. Cf. cask n. 1. ME. 2 Such a vessel and its contents; the capacity of such a vessel as a measure for both liquid and dry goods, varying with the commodity; spec, a imit of capacity for oil and oil products equal to 35 imperial or 42 US gallons (about 159 litres). lME. 3 A revolving cylinder around which a chain or rope is woimd as in a capstan, watch, and other machines. lME. f4 Brand, quality, sort. M16-L18. 5 The cylindrical body or trunk of an object, as a pump, a fountain-pen, etc. mi 7. 6 The metal tube of a gun, through which the shot is

discharged. In double-barrel, single-barrel, etc., gun with the specified number of barrels.

also, a

saw,

a run,

o put,

/bar(a)l/ v. Infl. -U-, lME. [f. the Place or store in a barrel or barrels.

barrel n

1

]

v.t.

lME. b

Store up. L16. 2 v.i. Drive fast; proceed with force and speed. Freq. foil, by along. N.

Amer. slang. M20. lb Milton All benefit and use of

Scripture, as to

public prayer, should be deny'd us, except what was barreld up in a Common-praier Book,

barren

/'bar(a)n/

&

a.

ME. [AN

n.

barat{g)ne

f.

OFr. bar{a)haine, brehai(g)ne (mod. brehaigne), of imkn. origin.] A adj. (Foil, by of.) 1 Of a

woman: incapable of bearing

children; infertile. 2 Of an animal: not pregnant at the usual season. ME. 3 Of a tree or plant: not producing finiit or seed. lME. 4 Of land: producing Uttle vegetation; unproductive; infertile. lME. 5 Destitute of interest or attraction; arid; dull.

u: too, a

ago,

ai

my, au how,

ei

lME.

Producing no result; fruidess; 6 improfitable. M16. 7 Of a person: imresponsive; dull. L16. 3 barren strawberry: see STRAWBERRY 2. Comb. barrenwort a low rhizomatous herb of the barberry family, Epimedium alpinum, once thought to cause stenlity. B n. 1 A barren woman or animal. Long dial, rare. ME. 2 A tract of barren land, esp. (freq. in pi and w. specifying wd) in N. America. M17. :

2 oak-, pine-barrem, etc.

M.L.

(b.

/ba:/

uniform concave structure. barrelage n. the total amount of any commodity, esp. beer, as measured by barrels (during a specified

ME. lME.

n.

E20. [Fr.: see bar n.'] 1 Alus. (A finger used as) a capotasto. E20. 2 A waist-level horizontal bar to help dancers keep their balance

Also f-couta. See also BARRACOUTA. PI. Same, -s. L17. [Origin unkn ] 1 Any of various fishes of the family Sphyraenidae, comprising predatory perciform fishes of tropical and temperate seas. L17. 2 See BARRACOUTA. 1 great barracuda a large tropical barracuda, Sphyraena barracuda, of the western Atlantic which is readily provoked to attack humans and is valued as a

An

lME.

barre

NZ. L20.

M19. 2

lME. [AN

X

PI.

n.

/bara'kuida/

-er.

person who indulges in riotous or violent behaviour, esp. for money; a hired LME-L18. 3 A malicious raiser of discord; bully. a troublemaker; spec, a vexatious litigant (now Hist.

stromateoid barrel-fish a large fish, Hyperoglyphe pcrciforme, of the western Atlantic, often seen near floating wreckage or following vessels; barrel-house a low-class drinking saloon; forceful unrestrained jazz-playing; barrel-organ a musical instrument in which a handle-tumed pin-studded cylinder opens pipes to act upon the keys or strikes metal tongues; barrel vault a vault with a roof of chest;

period) L19.

Also

n.

1908), Canad. anatomist.] Genetics. A strongly heterochromatic body just inside the membrane of non-dividing cell nuclei in females, representing a condensed, inactive chromosome diagnostic of genetic and femaleness.

same, -s. L17. [Alt. of BARRACinDA.] fll See barracuda. L17. 112 A long slender food fish, Thyrsites atun (family Gempylidae), of southern oceans; = SNOEK n. M19. 3 A small narrow loaf of bread.

barracuda

/'barata/

to influence judicial proceedings.

Barr

/bara'kurn/ n. M19. [Sp. barracon augm. of barraca: see BARRACK -OON.] Hist. An enclosure in which Black slaves etc. were confined for a limited period. /bara'ku:ta/

coarse linen or

OFr. barateor cheat, trickster, f barater Proto-Romance f Gk prattein do, perform, f. manage, practise (sometimes dishonestly); perh. infl. by ON bardtta contest, fighting.] 1 A person who buys or sells ecclesiastical preferment or offices of state or accepts money

Barr body

L19.

barracoon

barracouta

A

bourras.]

baratour,

fbarratta

(/or), jeer (at),

barracker

[Fr.

hessian cloth; canvas.

barrator

etc.,

a barracks.

barrack barrack

L15.

/'bAras/.

deceit, f

Comb.: barrack-room knowledgeable, pompously a drill

/bara'mAndi/ n. L19. [Aborig.] of various Australian freshwater food fishes; the percoid fish Lates calcanfer. barranca /ba'ragka/ n. Also -co /-kau/, pi. -os. L17. [Sp.] A narrow, winding river gorge. barras /'baras/ n. Now dial. Also burras

Any

barrack

barrack-square

M20.

/'bar3g(a)n/ n. Also -gan. M17. [Sp. barragan f Arab.: see barracan ] A coarselywoven cloth; a kind of fiistian.

of barre BAR n.'] f 1 A barrier or outwork in front of a fortress. LME-L15. 2 The scene of knightly contests; the lists. lME. t3 Contention, strife. L15-E17.

.

Subject to a barrier of continuous fire. with questions, exclamations,

Bombard

barragon

pi.

.

1

i;.t.

E20. 2

/'bar3lc(3)n/ n. Also bara-. M17. [Fr. bouracan f Arab, burrukan, barracloak of camlet: cf barragon.J 1 A coarsely woven fabric of wool, silk, and goat's hair. M17. 2 In Eastern countries, a cloak or mantle made of this or another fabric. E19.

.

purposes. US slang (now Hist.). L19. 1 over a barrel (chiefly N. Amcr.) helpless, scrape the barrel be obliged to use the last available resources. 2 a barrel of fun or laughs coHoq. (a source of) much amusement, a barrel of monkeys: see MONKEY n. 6 lock, slock, and barrel: see LOCK n.' Comb.: barrel-chested a. having a large rounded

again, everything

barrier.

barracan,

n.

M17. 7 TTie trunk of a horse etc. E18. 8 Money for use in a political campaign, esp. for corrupt

came

into a meaningless stew of voices.

barracan

/'baras/

mixed together

Comb.: barrage balloon a large captive balloon supporting a steel cable forming part of an anti-aircraft

of questions

/'baikantim/ n. Also bark-. L17. barque BARK after bnganime.] A three[f. masted vessel with foremast square-rigged and main and mizen masts rigged fore-and-aft.

barrace

barricade

185

barrenly

f barren

adi7.'

See also berry

OFris.,

ON

OHG

OS,

burrow (Du., G)

«.-,

berg, bjarg rock, precipice,

1 A mountain, a exc as forming a place-name element. 2 Archaeol. A grave-moimd or tumulus.

Goth,

bair/'ahei hill coimtry.]

hill. obs.

OE. OE.

2 round barrovj: see ROUND a. Comb.: barrow-wight pseudo-arch, a guardian spint believed to inhabit a grave-mound.

barrow

/ 'barao/ n.- obs. exc. MDu. barch (Du. har(u)g (G dial. Barch), castrated boar.

dial.

OFns.,

'barau/

base of bear

zj.'

n."

Cf

&

v.'

bgrg^

[OE

bier.]

[OE

barg).

ON

barrow

M16. barrowful

= BARROW

n.

3 L15.

n.'

/'barao/ v.''i. Austral. & NZ. M20. bearradh [Origin uncertain: cf. Ir., Gael, shearing, clipping.] Of a novice shearer or shedhand: complete the shearing of or partly shear a sheep for a shearer.

barrow

Barrowist below) +

/'baraoist/

li6. [f. Barrowe (see follower of (the beliefs one of the founders of n.

A

-1ST.] Hist.

Henry Barrowe, Congregationahsm, executed in for 1593 nonconformity. barrulet /'barjolit/ n. M16. [Dim. of assumed of)

AN

dim. of Fr. barre: see -ule, -let.] Her.

A

narrow horizontal stripe, equal to the fourth part of a bar (see bar n.' 5). barruly /'barjuli/ a. M16. [AN barrule: see prec, -y''.] Her Of a field: crossed by ten or

more

barry

/'ba:ri/ a. L15. [Fr. barre barred, striped, f

barrer BAR v.: see -Y*.] Her. Of a field: divided horizontally into equal parts by eight or fewer bars of alternating tinctures. (Foil, by of the

number of parts.) /'ba:sak/ n. ei8. [Fr. (see below).] A sweet white wine from the district of Barsac, department of Gironde, France.

A

bearwe n.

1

b(e)arg

OHG

OS. f.

A

=

Gmc] A f.

Gmc,

f

frame for

loads etc. carried by two people; a stretcher, a bier. Now usu. more fully hand-barrow. OE. 2

A

shallow open box wii.h shafts for pushing by hand and a wheel or wheels, for the transportation of loads; spec, (a) = wheelb,\rrow n. i; (b) a two-wheeled handcart used by a costermonger; (c) a metal frame with two wheels for transporting luggage etc. ME. ^ The b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

i

leg,

m

barse bars,

/ba:s/

MDu.

Long

n.

ba(e)rse,

Barsch: cf bar perch.

n.'\

[OE

dial.

Du.

BASS

baers, bears

MHG

baars,

A

n.']

= OS

bars,

kind offish,

G

esp. a

/ba:t/ n. Also (esp. when following a name) Bart, (point). L18. [Abbrev ] = baronet. ^ Baronet is preferably abbreviated Br.

f Barteletny n. var. of Bartholomew. barter /'baita/ n. lME. [f the vb.] 1 Traffic by exchange of goods. lME. 2 Goods to be banered. M18. i blows, insults,

fig.

Exchange, interchange, (of

talk, etc.). E19.

lME. [Prob. f OFr. barater. barrator.] 1 v.t. Exchange (goods or something intangible, for other goods etc.). lME. b Foil, by away. Dispose of by barter, pan with for a (usu. mercenary or unworthy) consideration. M17. 2 v.i. Trade by exchange. /'baits/ v.

see

OE. 2

manor not

I Yeats Barter gaze for gaze. L. van der Post He replaced it with what he could buy, or barter, from Somalis. C. V. Wedgwood The Scots bartered him to the English Parliament in return for payment for their troops. 2 F. QuARLES With thy bastard bullion thou hast barter'd for wares of price. D. Livingstone We did not see much evidence of a wish to barter, .

barterable

Barthian +

a.

M19. barterer

/'baitisn/ a. -IAN.]

Bartholomew

n.

E17.

A

&

adj.

/ba:'9Dbmju:/

Also

«.

f Bart(e)lemy. lME. [Name of the apostle, (. eccl.L Bartholomaeus, Gk Banholomaios partly through Fr. Barthelemy.] 1 Banholome7v-day, -tide, St Bartholomew's day, 24 August, arch. lME. 2 Bartholomew Fair, a fair held at West Smithfield annually from 1133 to 1855 aroimd St Bartholomew's day. Bartholomew pig etc., a pig etc. sold at this fair. obs. exc. Hist. L16.

bartizan

/baiti'zan/

exc. Hist. Also -san.

n. obs.

M16. [Sc. form of bratticing found esp. in 17 and reinterpreted E19 by Sir Walter Scott.] A battlemented parapet at the top of a castle or church; esp. a battlemented turret projecting from an angle at the top of a tower. bartizaned a. furnished with a bartizan or bartizans E19

/-'bosi:z/. E20.

[f.

a

tenants but retained for the 3 A farmyard, arch. M16. j-4 A

pen for poultry. M16-L18. bartonellosis /baitanE'busis/

mod.L

-loses

PI.

n.

Bartonella (see below),

f Alberto L. Barton (1871-1950), Peruvian physician: see -osis.] Med. Infection with the micro-organism Bartonella bacillifomiis, endemic in parts of S. America and manifested either as an acute febrile anaemia (also called Oroya fever) or in wartlike eruptions of the skin (also called verruga peruana). Cf. Carrion's disease.

bartsia /'baitsia/ n. M18. [mod.L Bansia, f Johann Bartsch (1709-38), Prussian physician and botanist: see -ia'.] A plant of the genus of

Bartsia,

included

figwort

the

family,

genus;

this

in

or

(more

esp.

formerly fully

red

bartsia) Odontites vema, a common wayside weed bearing racemes of purphsh-red flowers.

barwood

/'baiwud/ n. li8. [Prob. f bar n.' + n.'] A hard red African wood, orig. that of the tree Baphia nitida, but now usu. padouk.

barycentric /bari'ssntrik/ a. L19. [f. Gk bams heavy + -centric] Of or pertaining to the centre of gravity, 'barycentre n. the centre of gravity E2o.

baryon

[f. as prec. + -on.] of the heavier elementary particles (proton, neutron, and hyperons), which have half-integral spins and take part in the strong interaction, bary'onic a. M20.

/'barion/

Particle Physics.

f Bartlemy

n.

var. of

Bartholomew.

distributed the pear in the US.]

= WILLIAMS

r

red,

s sit,

fully

{. as bere threshing-floor.

bere-tun,

1 t

1

A

top, v van,

w

we,

E20.

[f as prec.

interior of the earth,

etc.]

-1-

imder

/ba'r/uts/

E19. [f barytes after soda

n.

Barium oxide or hydroxide.

baryte n. var. of barite. barytes /bs'rAitiiz/ n. li8. [f Gk barus heavy + = BARYTA. L18-M19. 2 Native -ites -ite'.] f 1 bariimi sulphate, occurring usu. as white or colourless tabular crystals; heavy spar. li8. barytic /-'ri-/ a. of, pertaining to, or containing baryta or barium L18.

baryton n. var. of baritone n. 2. barytone /'baritaun/ n.' & a.' baritone

Gk

]

[Late L oxytone: cf. Gram. (A word) not having the

Gk

f.

M17.

not

barutonos

acute accent on the

last syllable.

{•barytone n} & a.^ var. of baritone basal /'beis(3)l/ a. & n. E17. [f BASE

A

adj.

forming

n.

& -I-

a.

-AL'.]

penaining to, situated at, or base. E17. 2 fig. Fundamental. M19. Of,

1

a

I basal body a kinetosome. basal ganglion Anal. any of the ganglia situated at the base of the cerebrum, the lentiform, caudate, and amygdaloid nuclei, i.e. basal metabolism: of an organism completely at rest, pinacoid a basal pinacoid or plane Ciyst.

intersecting the vertical axis.

B n. Something pertaining to, forming part of, or situated at the base. E17. basalt

/'bas3:lt, -(3)lt; ba'sadt, -'soil/ n. Orig. in

L form

fbasaltes. E17. [L basaltes var. of Gk basanitis (lithos stone), f. basanos touchstone.] Geol. A dark, fine-grained igneous rock, often displaying columnar structure and usu. composed largely of plagioclase with basanites f

pyroxene and

olivine.

basaltic

/b3's.'>:ltik,

consisting

of basalt;

ba'saltiform

basan

a.

-'soli-/

of,

a.

pertaining to, or L18

of the nature of basalt: having the form of basalt L18.

n. Also bazan. See also basil [(0)Fr. basane f Prov. bazana f. Sp. badana (cf med.L bedana, AL basana) f Arab. bitana (dressed sheepskin used as) lining.]

H.'

/'baz(3)n/

L15.

Sheepskin tarmed

in bark.

/'bassnAit/

n.

li8.

[L

basanites:

see

a

black form of jasper or quartzite, formerly used as a touchstone; Geol. any basaltic rock consisting of calcic plagioclase, -ite'.]

augite, olivine,

and

a feldspathoid.

bas bleu

n.'

barton /'ba:t(3)n/ n. [OE + town n. Cf. BARN «.'] n no, p pen,

More

/'barisfia/ n.

the lithosphere.

baryta

basalt,

Bartlett /'ba:tlit/ n. Chiefly N. Amer. M19. [Enoch Bartlett (1779- 1860), US merchant who Bartlett pear.

M20.

n.

Any

The dense

-SPHERE.]

basanite

first

ME.

demesne farm; land on

.

n. e20. [f. Barth (see Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the Swiss theologian Karl Barth (1886- 1968) or his writings. E2o. B n. A follower of Barth. M20.

below)

A

Hist.

let to

owner's use.

barytonos

L15.

man,

in

barysphere

Bart

barter

Only

wood

bars.

Barsac

E20. 2 vapour

when

quantity carried by a barrow; the contents of a barrow. lME. Comb.: barrow-boy a costemionger. B v.t. Wheel or transport in a barrow, rare.

/ha bio/ n. (pronoimced same). L18.

phr. [Fr.,

bas bleus from Eng.] A

PI. tr.

bluestocking.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, G thin,

d

this,

r)

ring, tj chip, d3 jar

bascinet bascinet n. var. of basinet. bascule /'baskjii:!/ n. L17. [Fr. sec-saw,

A

(earlier bacule)

-

stem of baure to beat + cul buttocks.] which one end is raised

f.

lever apparatus of

when

the other is lowered. Comb. bascule bridge a type of bridge raised or :

lowered with

a counterpoise.

/bcis/ n.' ME. [(0)Fr., or directly f L BASIS.] 1 1 The part of a column between the

base

and the pedestal or pavement; the pedestal of a statue. ME. 2 gen. Something on which a thing stands or by which it is supported. lME. b Geom. The line or surface of a plane or solid figure on which it is regarded as standing. L16. c Her. The lower part of a shield. E17. d Bot. & Zool. The extremity of a part or organ by which it is attached to the trunk or main part. M18. e shaft

A known

line used as a geometrical trigonometry. 3 fig. A M19. fundamental principle; a foundation. L15. 4 The principal ingredient, the fundamental element. L15. 5 A starting-point, goal-line, or station in certain games; esp. in Baseball, each of the four stations that must be reached in turn when scoring a run. L17. 6 Chem. Any substance which is capable of combining with an acid to form a salt (including, but wider than, alkali). Also, in mod. use, any species capable of donating pairs of electrons or of accepting protons. E19. b spec, in Biochem. Any of the purine or pyrimidme groups present in nucleotides and nucleic acids. M20. 7 Math. The number from whose various powers a system of counting, logarithms, etc., proceeds. E19. 8 A town, camp, harbour, airfield, etc., from which (esp. military) operations are conducted and where stores and supporting facilities are concentrated; a centre of operations, a headquarters. M19. 9 Gram. A root or stem as the origin of a word or as the element from

Surveying.

for

basis

which a derivative is formed by affixation etc. M19. 10 The middle part of a transistor, between collector and emitter. M20. 11 A notional

structure

underlying

some

operations;

the

or

conceived of as activity or of

entity

system resources

on

etc.

something draws or depends Usu. w. specifying wd. M20.

for

its

which

operation.

Nation TTiey toppled the statue of Mussolini and on its base. 2 A. Wilson TTiey passed the magnolia tree, around whose base lay the last fallen petals. J Irving There was a flat shelf at the base of the slope. 3 R. L Stevenson A man who has a few friends cannot forget on how precanous a base his happiness reposes. G. Murray That is my feeling, and there must be some base for it. 4 J C Oates He brewed a special concoction of poison, with an arsenic base. 5 G. Greene It was like that child's game when you are sent back to base to start again. C PoTOK Mr Galanter always began a ball game by putting me at second base. 6 conjugate base: see conjugate a. ScHlFP('s) base. SEMIDINE base. 7 T. Lehrer Base eight is just like base ten really— if you're missing two fingers. 8 S. Sassoon He had been two years with a fighting battalion and was now down at the Base for good. N. Monsarrat Malta was a base for bombers as well Arnold-Forster Halsey's immediate objective was the Japanese air base at Munda. E. Heath The provided us with a base hostel for the next few days, naval base. 1 1 Economist After 1

.

.

.

.

M

YMCA

its

.

.

customer base, IBM's biggest asset

annual

R&D

12

is

that 8i billion

budget, database: see data.

&

A

pleated skirt appended to a doublet, reaching from the waist to the knee; an imitation of this in mailed armour for man or horse. Also, the skin of a woman's outer petticoat or robe. obs. exc. Hist. II

stng.

(usu.)

in

pi.

lME. Phrases: base on balls Baseball a barter's advance to the first base when the pitcher has delivered four balls outside specified limits (see ball n.' 2c). get to first base N. Amer. slang achieve the first step towards one's objective, off base N. Amcr. slang (a) mistaken, (ft) unprepared, unawares off one's base US slang mistaken, power base: see power n. touch base: see

TOUCH

V.

US

particular

in

Baseball a

arm,

r,

bed,

3:

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

member

base-runner circumstances); of the batting team at a base or base-running Baseball bases;

running between rurming between bases; bases-loaded a. (Baseball) made or occurring with runners occupying the first, second, and third bases; base-stealer Baseball a baserunner who advances to the next base when no hit or error been made; base-stealing Baseball has advancing to the next base when no hit or error has been made.

base

/beis/

lME.

n:~

More

II.]

[Prob. sides

of

alt.

fully prisoners'

game played by two

bars: see

base.

A

bar

chasing

occupying distinct

areas, the object being to catch and make prisoner any player from the other side running from his or her home area. fbid (a person) base challenge (a person) to a chase in this game; gen. challenge.

f base

n.

'

var.

of bass

found

bas

med.L

f.

bassus,

cognomen.] 1 Low; of small lME. b In plant-names: of low

in cl.L as a

height,

arch.

growth. Li6. 2 Low-lying, esp. topographically or geographically. Now rare or obs. lME. 3 Of a sound: low, not loud; deep, bass. Now rare or obs. lME. 4 Of inferior quality, of litde value; mean, poor, shabby, worthless; (of language) debased, not classical. lME. b Of coin etc.: alloyed, coimterfeit. Ei6. 5 Laiv. Of feudal tenure,

service,

see, n hot,

0:

etc.:

involving

villeinage

etc.

than

mihtary service (Hist.); later (of tenure etc.), held in fee simple subject to some qualification or limitation. lME. 6 Low in the social scale, plebeian; menial, degrading, arch. L15. 7 Reprehensibly cowardly, selfish, or mean; despicable. M16. 8 Low in the natural scale. arch. M16. 9 Illegitimate, obs. exc. in basebom below. L16. 7 W. Raleigh A most base piece of flarterie. H Belloc a few base contemporaries no older than ourselves, but cads. B. Russell He has thoughts and feeUngs and impulses which may be wise or foolish, noble or base. J. Braine Underneath the rough rather

exterior their hearts were as base as anyone's. 8 Shakes A. Y.L. Civet is of a baser birth than tar— the very uncleanly flux of a cat. Special collocations & comb. basebom a. of low birth or (arch.) origin; illegitimate base metal: not classified as noble or precious. Hase-minded a. having a base mind, mean, despicable base relief, see bas-relief. :

basely adv. L15. baseness

n.

lME.

L16. [f base «.'] 1 Make or act as a foimdation for. rare. Li6. 2 Found, build, or construct (up)on a given base, build up around a base, (chiefly fig.); provide with a base; establish securely. Freq. in pass. M19. 3 Station or deploy at a particular place as centre of operations or headquarters, or on land, the sea, etc. Freq. in pass. E20. 1 G. Macdonald Great roots based the treecolumns 2 F. Raphael His pools forecasts were based

base

/beis/

entirely

v.t.

on what the experts

said.

E.

J.

Howard A

assumptions, based on sentiment, lust and nostalgia. Scientific American The roads were always carefully based and drained. Listener I

whole

set of false .

doubt whether ten years from now

this 'science-based'

or technological university will be very different from

any other. Classic CD The famous second movement is based around a Ldndler. 3 E. F. Norton No. i .

remain based there for the purpose of party was to getting the next camp on to the North Col. New Scientist United States bases in the Pacific were warned to expect a carrier-based air strike. D. Eraser

The

u:

British Eastern fleet

Kenyan

too, a ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

was based

at Kalindini

on the

coast.

base-court

/'beisksit/ n. L15. [Fr. ^basse-coun basse-cour): see BASE a. 2, COURT «.'] Hisi. lower or outer court of a castle, mansion, usu. occupied by servants.

(now

The etc.,

fbase dance baselard [OFr. bad-)

n. phr.

see basse danse.

/'basila:d/

A

ohs.

n.

exc.

lME.

Hist.

(more commonly

baselard(e)

= med.L

origin.]

bazelaire,

baselardus, bast-, etc., of

dagger or hanger, worn

unkn.

at the girdle.

/'beislis/ a. E17. [f base n.' + -less.] a base; groimdless, unfounded, baselessly adv. E2o. baselessness n. M19.

baseless Without

basement

/'beism(3)nt/ n. mi8. [Prob. f. Du. foundation, WFIem. bazement, perh. f. It. basamenio base of a column etc., f. hasare to base: see -ment. Cf. (0)Fr. souhassemem.] 1 A storey of a building wholly or partially below ground level. M18. 2 The lowest or fundamental pan of a structure; an underlying layer. li8. b Geol. The oldest rocks underlying a given area; spec, an Archaean formation underlying identifiable strata. Freq. attnb. M19. attrib.: T S. Eliot They are rattling breakfast 1 plates in basement kitchens. J G. Bennett My wife and I had found a small basement fiat in Bayswater. bargain basement, see bargain n. 2 F Hoyle When a glacier or ice sheet rests on a flat, slippery basement, such as sand or water, the ice can move more quickly

m

^basement

base than at its surface. Comb.: basement membrane

at its

Anat. the thin separating the epithelium from

membrane

delicate

tissue.

basenji /ba'ssndsi/ n. mio. [Bantu.] A smallish huntmg dog of a central African breed, which rarely barks.

base relief M. var. of bas-relief. bases pis. of base n.\ basis. bash /baj/ n. E19. [f. bash v}] 1 A heavy rts.

blow.

Orig. Sc. E19. 2 A party, an entenainment, a spree, a drinking-bout, slang. E20. 3 An attempt,

M20.

a go. slang.

M. Gee

Peg's injimction to 'give 'im a bash'. 2 K. were invited to the big bash for Mariory Stnder's opening. N. Thornburg A party there a cocktail bash for the energy conference delegates 3 Times Tried some anti-rust oil? Worth a bash. Phrases: have a bash at slang (a) strike a blow at; (ft) make an attempt at. on the bash slang on a drinkingbout. 1

MiLLETT

We

.

,

bash

/baJ/ v.' Long obs. exc. dtal. lME. [Aphet. abash.] 1 v.t. Disconcen, dismay, abash. lME. 2 v.i. Be daunted; be abashed. lME. f.

bash

/baf/ v.- M17. [Ult. Lmit.: perh. a blend of bang and ending of dash, smash, etc.] 1 v.t. Strike heavily; beat soundly (also foil, by up); smash dozun etc. with a heavy blow; injure by striking; fig. act or speak to the detriment of, criticize heavily. M17. b Subject to some prolonged arduous activity. Usu. as vbl n. as 2nd elem. of a comb. w. specifying wd, as earbashtng, spud-bashing, square-bashing, slang. M20. 2 v.i. Strike at heavily and repeatedly; work at crudely and persistently. M19. 3 v.i. Carry on unheedingly. M20. 1 D. Lessing London's full of students rushing about bashing policemen. J. Herriot He had lifted a stone from the pasture and was bashing something with it. fig.: Times Voices in the Conservative Party arguing moderation rather than 'union bashing' in its approach to the closed shop. 2 J. B. Priestley It wasn't my kind of painting, and 1 just bashed away at it. Raban Men were bashing at pavements with J. pickaxes and sledgehammers. basher n. a person who bashes, a fighter L19. bashing n. the action of the vb; an instance of this, a heavy beating: M18.

basha

/'baja/

bamboo hut fbashalil(

bashaw

E20. [Bengali.] In

n.

SE

Asia: a

with a thatched roof.

n.

see PASHALic.

/bs'Ja:/

= PASHA.

L15.

n.

arch. L15. [Var. of PASHA.]

2

fig.

A

grandee;

a

day, so no,

bashawship £:

hair,

la

n.

L17.

near,

ai

1

haughty

imperious man. L16.

.

saw, \ ran, d put,

.

.

underlying

n.-

fbase n." var. of bass base /beis/ a. lME. [(0)Fr.

.

Comb.: baseball a team game played with a bat and which runs are scored by reaching a number of bases in turn; now spec, the American field-game of this type, played by two teams of nine players, the object of which is for each barter to hit the ball ball, in

a cat, u:

delivered by the opponent's pitcher and then traverse a diamond-shaped circuit of four bases to score a run; a ball used in this game; baseband the waveband occupied by the modulating signals of a earner wave, or of signals transmitted without a carrier wave, baseboard a board forming a base; spec. (N. Amer.) a skirting-board; base hit Baseball a hit enabling the batter to reach a base safely; base level Geol. a level representing a lower limit of erosion; baseline a starting-line, a reference line; esp. (a) the back line at each end of the court in tennis, badminton, etc.; (ft) Typogr. the imaginary straight line through the feet of most letters in a line of type; base load the permanent minimum load that a power supply system is required to deliver; baseman Baseball a fielder stauoned near the specified (first, second, or third) base, base-pair Biochem. a pair of complementary bases, one in each strand of double-stranded nucleic acid, held together by a hydrogen bond; base pay = basic pay s.v. basic a. lb; base rate a standard minimum rate, esp. of interest charged or allowed by a bank (generally, or

.

inscribed a motto

.

bashaw

187

boy, 03 poor, ai3 tire, aoa sour

bashful bashful

a. L15. [f. bash v} + self-possession; daunted.

'bajful, -f(3)l

Lacking

fl

-FX'L.)

'

L15 E18. 2 Shy, ditfidcnt, modest; shamefaced, sheepish. .\ii6. bashfully .iJ; .M16 bashfulness

bashi-bazouk

n.

.sii6

M19. [Turk. hozuk lit. 'wrong-headed', f. baf head hozuk out of order.] W/if. A mercenary of the Turkish irregulars, notorious for pillage and .baJiKi'zuik,

n.

haft

brutality.

Bashkir

baj'kis

Bj,/. = basilica 4. M18.

Basilides (see below),

A HAClCEy

b but, d dog,

/ba'silik/

ME.

bason.

med.L

.

basilic

(rare)

(arch.) f.

D

.

rule.

basic

the

chins close over the basin. J. Cheever The noise of the fountains whose basins were disfigured and cracked. wash-basin: see WASH v. b H. Allen He set the example by pouring himself a large basin of tea. 4 Wordsworth And in a basin black and small Receives a lofty waterfall. H. Thoreau The harbour of Quebec a basin two miles across. R. K. Narayan TTie villagers had made an artificial basin in sand and fetched water from distant wells and filled it. N. Calder The ocean basins were known to be very deep and to constitute huge depressions in the Earth. 5 lidal basin: see tidal a. 6 A. P. Stanley The traveller finds himself in a wide basin encircled by hills. L. D. Stamp The Thames breaks into the basin by Goring is the largest river Gap. Encycl. Brit. TTie Amazon in the world in volume and in area of its drainage

see -ar'.] Of, pertaining to, or situated at the base, esp. of the skull. basilar membrane a membrane in the cochlea of the ear, bearing sensory cells, basilary a. = basilar E19. f.

the

A

Clinopodium acinos, of dry arable land.

basilar /'basib/

to

it

bacca water-container, perh. i. Gaulish.] 1 A circular vessel of greater width than depth, esp. for holding water, a bowl, a dish; a fixed shallow open container for water for washing etc. ME. b The quantity held by a basin; a basinftil. lME. f2 A cymbal or other metal dish struck or clashed to produce sound. ME-E17. +3 Anat. = PELVIS I, 2. Only in 18. 4 A hollow depression containing water; a land-locked harbour or bay; a large submarine depression. E18. 5 A dock with floodgates to maintain the water level; a widened part of a canal or river with wharves. E18. 6 circular or oval valley or natural depression; spec, (a) the tract of country drained by a river, or which drains into a lake or sea; (b) a circumscribed geological formation in which the strata dip inwards to the centre. E19. I E. Hemingway They were all eating, holding their

M19.

basil

in

blast

basilisk

a

B attrib. or as adj. Of a glance, eye, etc.: malicious, casting an evil influence. L15. 2 G. W. Knight Fixed by the basihsk eye of a nameless terror.

produced by a basidium.

a spore

.

.

reputation of another.

M19.

/-dia/.

[mod.L, f Gk basis: see -idium.] Bot. A clubshaped spore-bearing structure produced by a basidiomycete. basidiospore n.

dim. of basileus king.] A n. Also (after Sp.) f -lisco, (after L) f -liscus. 1 A fabulous reptile, whose gaze or breath is fatal, hatched by a serpent from a cock's egg (= cockatrice i); Her = COCKATRICE lb. lME. 2 fig. A person who casts a malicious look; a person or thing with a destrucdve influence. L15. 3 A large brass cannon. E16. 4 A small tropical American iguanid lizard of the genus Basiliscus, having a

J

/ba:sk/

ON

perh.

f.

bathe

v.]

K

& n. lME. [Origin imcenain, precursor of badast refl. of hada I v. 1. & refl. Bathe; fig. swim in v. v.

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 6 this,

13

ring,

Ij

chip, d3 jar

;

Baskerville blood. LME-M16. 2 v.t. (usu. refl.). Expose to a flood of warmth, esp. sunshine. E17. 3 v.i. Disport oneself or revel in warmth and light, esp. of the sun, a fire, or fig. of love, favour, pleasant feelings, mi 7. Basks at the fire his 2 Milton The lubbar fiend hairy strength. R. Dahl Do you like to swim and to bask yourself in the sun? 3 J. Galsworthy The sun now only reached the wall at the end, whereon basked a crouching cat. fig. E. A. Freeman Traitors basking in the royal smiles. D. Halberstam Everyone wanted to talk to him, to sit next to him at dinner, to bask in the excitement and originality of his mind. P. P. Read He basked in the confident feeling that should he want them they were his for the taking, basking shark a very large plankton-eating shark, Ceiorhinw, maximm, which habitually lies near the sea surface. .

.

:

B

A

n.

of basking; radiance

spell

etc. in

which

one basks, mi 8.

Baskerville

/'basksvil/ n. E19. [See below.] typeface modelled on that designed by John Baskerville (1706-75), Eng. typefounder and printer; a book printed by Baskerville.

A

Typogr.

basket

&

of plaited rushes, wire, etc. regarded as the provisions; alms. Chiefly

AL

[In

unkn. origin.] or interwoven

basket, of

made

3

ME.

/'ba:skit/ n.

OFr.

bassoon

189

ME. b

model of M16.

The

Hist.

daily

A

2

A

1

container cane,

osiers,

Such

spec.

AN

baskenum,

a container

or charitable

basketful.

lME.

overhanging

back

basophil

Also -phile

n.

/-fAil/.

Gk

L19. B n. A basophil cell. E20. baso'philia n. affinity for basic dyes; the presence of abnormally large numbers of basophil cells in the blood: E20. baso'philic a. basophil; pertaining to or displaying basophilia: L19.

/bs'suitu:/ n. & a. Also (earlier, now Basuto. M19. [Sesotho, t. ba- pi. pref + SOTHO.] A n. 1 (erron.) sing. PI. -os. A member of the Sotho people, (sing.) a Mosotho. M19. 2 pi. (Members oQ the Sotho people. L19. B attrib. or as adj. = Sotho a. M19.

Basotho

arch, or Hist.)

/bask, ba:sk/ a. & n. In sense B.3 usu. b-. E19. [Fr. {. L Vasco: ct. Gascon.] A adj. Of or pertaining to an ancient people inhabiting both slopes of the western Pyrenees, adjacent to the Bay of Biscay, or their non-Indo-European language. E19. Basque beret, cap a beret as traditionally worn by Basque peasants. Saw Basque: see SAUT i. B n. 1 A native or inhabitant of the Pyrenees area adjacent to the Bay of Biscay; a member of

Basque

the Basque people. M19. 2 The Basque language. M19. 3 A short continuation of a doublet, waistcoat or bodice below the waist; a

bodice having

compartment on the outside of a stagecoach. LI 8. 4 A structure suspended from the envelope

&

/'beissfil/ a.

basis + -o- + -PHIL.] Biol. A adj. Readily stained by basic dyes; esp. in basophil cell, a kind of granulocyte having this property. L19. [f

this.

2 PAS de basque. a. furnished with a basque (sense 3) L19.

basquine

/ba'ski:n, ba:-/ n. Also

-ina

/-iina/,

Sp. basquina, f basco Basque.] 1 An ornamented outer skin worn by Basque and Spanish women. E19. 2 A type of -ifia /-i:nj3/. E19. [(Fr.,

basqued

jacket.

Basquish

^alms-basket^ bread basket, clothes-basket, fruitbasket, waste-basket, work-basket, etc. hanging basket: see hanging a. in the basket (of a dish of (esp. fried) food) served in a small basket lined with paper etc., not on a plate, waste-paper basket: see waste n. 6 Hugh Walpole Semyonov at this time flung Nikitin, Andrew Vasslievitch, Trenchard and myself into one were all 'crazy romantics'. Times Sterling's basket effective devaluation against a basket of other currencies rose to 43.6 per cent. 7 N. Coward Come on, Johnnie— don't argue with the poor little basket. Comb.: basketball a game, in its codified form for two teams of five players, the object of which is to toss a large inflated ball through the opponent's goal, orig. a fruit-basket, now a net fixed on a ring mounted on a board (properly) ten feet above the ground at either end of the court of play, and in which players may throw the ball to each other or advance bouncing it but not run or walk with the ball in their hands; the ball used in this; basket-boat a boat of basketwork; 1

M19. 'ba:sk-/

/'baskij,

&

n.

Also

a.

Basque + -ish'.] (Of the Basque language.

Baskish. E17. [f pertaining to)

f.)

as

bas-relief /'basrili:f, relief, fbase relief. BASSO-RELIEVO),

'ba;(s)-/

E17. assim. to

moulding, carving,

etc., in)

basso-rilievo (see

[It.

(A sculpture,

Fr.]

low

relief (see

relief

We

basket

case

considered offensive) a person who has lost both arms and both legs; fig. a completely helpless person, a nervous wreck, a bankrupt country; basket chair a wickerwork chair; basket clause: of a comprehensive nature, basket fish a brittle-star having branched arms; basket hilt a sword hilt with a guard resembling basketwork; basket-hilted a. having a basket hilt; basket-maker a person who makes baskets; spec, in Archaeol. (w. cap initials) used attrib. to designate an ancient culture in the south-western US characterized by basketwork; basket meal: served 'm the basket' (see sense i above); basket star = basket fish above; basket weave a style of weave whose pattern resembles basketwork; basket-woman: carrying goods for sale in a basket; basketwork (the art of making) a structure of interwoven osiers etc. basketful n. the content of a basket ME. basketing n. basketwork E17. basketry n. basketwork M19

basket

li6. [f the n.] 1 Put into, in, a basket. L16. 2 Throw into the

/'baiskit/

or hang up

(freq.

colloq.

v.t.

waste-paper basket; discard,

reject. E19.

Baskish n. & a. var. of Basquish. basmati /bas'ma:ti, -z-/ n. M19. [Hind, lit. 'fragrant'.] More fully basmati nee. A rice

basmatt kind of with very long thin grains and a delicate

fragrance.

basnet

n. var.

bason

/'beis(3)n/

Chiefly Hist.

which

to

n:^

a cat, a:

A

«.

& A

v.

ei8. [Origin unkn.] a hot plate, on

bench with

harden

Harden the

bason

of basinet.

felt

felt in hat-making. E18. of (a hat) on a bason. E18.

B

v.t.

£

bed,

3:

/bas/

n.'

European marine black

Dicentrarchus labrax.

fish,

large-mouth(ed)

bass,

bass,

striped

bass,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, D hot,

4 attrib.: Which? Treble controls are good enough, but y 'U can DOUBLE-BASS.

and

bass also get a

graphic equaliser.

Comb.: bass-bar

a strip of

wood glued mside

the

table of a stringed instrument along the line of the

lowest string, to support the

bassman

(chiefly

left

foot of the bridge,

= BASSIST

Jazz)

combs, of BASS a., with which sometimes merge.)

attrib.

(See also uses of the n.

(b).

bassist n. (a) rare a bass singer; (ft) a person who plays a bass instrument, esp. a double-bass or bass guitar: L19.

fbass

LME-L16.

n.^

recorded

earlier).

Cf

[Prob.

buss

f.

n.^]

bass

A

d.'

(though

kiss,

/has/ n.^ L17. [Alt. of bast k.] 1 A fibre obtained from cenain palm trees or (orig.) from the inner bark of the lime or linden. L17. 2 An article made of this. E18. Comb.: basswood (the wood of) the American lime

bass

or linden, Tilia amcricana.

/bas/

n.''

L17. [Perh. for bas- or base-coal, as

in base coin (base a. 4b).]

a:

n. & a. (designating) a voice higher than bass, yet of bass and not tenor quality; a singer having such a voice; bass clef: placing F below middle C on the second highest line of the stave; bass drum a large drum of indefinite low pitch; bass-horn an early mstrument made in the shape of a bassoon but much deeper in its tones; bass viol (a) a viola da gamba for playing the bass part in older concerted music; (ft) US a double-bass.

fbass

v.U.

L basiare.} f bass

v.H.

&

saw, a run, o put,

u: too, a

Mining. Carbonaceous

ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

L15-L16. [Prob.

i.

(0)Fr. baiserf.

f.

Kiss,

Only

rare (Shakes.).

in E17.

[f.

bass

Utter with bass soimd.

bassarid

/'bassnd/ n. M19. [l^ Bassarid-, -aris, f. Bassaris a Thracian bacchanal, lit. a fox (prob. from their dress of fox-skins).]

Gk

A

Thracian bacchanal;

basse n. var. of bass basse dance n. phr. basse danse /'bas

a

Bacchante,

see basse danse.

da:s/ n. phr Also basse (pronoimced same). Orig. fully fbase dance. E16. [Fr. = low

PI. -s -s

Anglicized as dance.] Hist. A slow stately dance; spec, a coun dance in duple or triple time which originated in

France

in the 15th cent,

M16. [Origin imkn.] The edge of a geological stratum exposed at the surface; an outcrop. Freq. attrib.

basset

/'basit/

basset

/'basit/ n.^ E17. [Fr.,

f.

bas low: see -et'.]

A short-legged hound for himting hares basset

obs. exc. Hist.

/'basit/

[Fr. bassette

etc.

Also

Also -ette. M17.

bassetta fem. of bassetto.]

It.

f.

A

card-game from which faro originated,

basset

/'basit/

v.i.

L17.

[f.

a geological stratimi:

basset

Of

«.']

be exposed

the

at the

surface, crop out.

basse-taille

/basta:j/ n. L19. [Fr., f. basse fem. of bas low (see base a.) + taille cut.] A technique of applying translucent enamels to metal reliefs so that the shade of the enamel is darkest where the relief is most deeply cut.

basset-horn

fbase. lME. [f base a., bass a.] 1 The lowest part in harmonized musical composition; the deepest male voice, or the lowest tones of an instrument or group of similar instruments, which sound this pan. lME. 2 An instrument, string, etc., having such a part or compass; spec, a double-bass or bass guitar. MI 6. 3 A singer having a bass voice; a bass player. L16. 4 The low-frequency component of transmitted or reproduced soimd. M20. 1 figured bass = thorough bass, fitndamenial bass: see FUNDAMENTAL a. ground bass: see GROinMD n. thorough bass, walking bass: see walking ppl a. 2 /beis/ n.' Also

shale.

her,

white

bass, etc.

bass

1

pertaining to, or suited to the bass (bass n.'); lowest-pitched (in a series of similar instruments or strings). E16. Comb, (partly attrib. uses of BASS n.'): bass-baritone

edge of

Also basse, fbase. PI. -es /-iz/, (usu.) same. lME. [Alt. of barse.] The common perch; any of numerous spiny-finned freshwater and marine percoid fishes related to or resembling the common perch; esp. a

bass

see basin.

arm,

bass

[(. base a., assim. to It. sound, soft. lME E16. 2 Deep-sounding, low in the musical scale; of,

f

basset-hound.

bass-

Also

n.

or

lME. Low in

/beis/ a.

basso.]

dance.

M19.

basqued

of a balloon for carrying crew, ballast, etc. L18. 5 A net fixed on a ring (or, orig., a fruit-basket) used as a goal in basketball; a goal scored in basketball. L19. 6 fig. A group, category; a range. E20. 7 euphem. = BASTARD n. colloq. M20.

bass

M19. [G, partial tr. (como horn, tenor clarinet with extended

/'basitham/

Fr. cor de basset

It.

f.

A

di of, bassetto.]

coma

n.

di bassetto

compass,

bassette bassetto

n. var.

of basset

n.^

/bs'sstsu/ n. PI. -os. ei8. BASSO.] A violoncello,

[It.,

dim. of

bassi n. pi. of BASSO, bassus ns. bassinet /basi'net/ n. Also -ette. L16. [Fr., dim. of bassin BASIN: see -et'.] f 1 A marsh marigold; a geranium, a ranimculus. L16-E18. 2 A hooded wicker cradle or pram. M19.

basso

/'basau/

n.

&

a.

PI.

bassos, bassi

/'basi/.

= low f. L bassus: see base a. (Earlier in Eng. in basso-relievo.)] Mus. = bass n.' (esp. sense 3), a. Comb. & special collocations: basso buflb /'bofao/, pi. bassi buffi /-fi/, basso buffos, [buffo] a bass singer who takes comic pans in opera; basso cantante /kan'tantPi/, pi. bassi cantanti /-li/, [lit. 'singing*] (a singer with) a voice in the upper register of the bass range; basso continue /ksn'tmjusu/, pi. basso continuos, [continuo] a figured bass, a thorough bass, basso ostinato /Dstrna:t3u/, pi. basso ostinatos, [ostinato] = ground bass s.v. ground n. basso profundo /pra'fAndso/ (occas. profondo basso /-'fond-/), profundi /-di/, pi. bassi profundos, [lit. 'deep'] (a singer with) a very deep and rich voice, E18.

[It.

bassoon

/ba'sum/ n. ei8. [Fr. basson {. It. bassone augm. of basso: see -oon.] 1 (A player oO a bass instrument of the oboe family. E18. 2 An organ or harmonium stop similar in tone to this instrument. L19. double bassoon: larger and longer than the 1 normal bassoon and an octave lower in pitch. bassoonist n. a bassoon player E19.

day, 3U no,

e:

hair,

I3

near,

01

boy, o3 poor, ai3 tire, aoa sour

,

basso-relievo basso-relievo

/.basaori'liivao/

Also -rilievo

n.

-OS. MI 7. [It. basso-rilievo: see B.ASSO, RILIEVO.] = BAS-RELIEF. -n'ljcivou

PI.

.

bass-relief n.

bassus

var.

'has.\s

n.

of bas-relief.

&

a.

PI.

of n. -ssi /-sm, -si:/. = bass n.-, a.

L16. [L: see base a.] Early Mtts.

bast hast n. [OE barst, corresp. to (M)Du., (0)HG, ON bast {. Gmc, of unkn. origin.] Fibrous material from the phloem of ccnain plants, as hemp, jute, or (orig.) tlic lime tree. Also {Boi.), the phloem or vascular tissue of a plant.

hasten

(now

j.

rare 01

bat

190

1)65.)

made

of bast

'

/beist/

lME.

v.^t.

[OFr.

bastir

tack,

MHG

bestcn prepare, f Frank, equiv. of OHG, lace, sew, f Gmc: rel. to bast ] Sew loosely together; esp. tack together temporarily with long loose stitches. Sir W. Scott You have basted up your first fig. .

:

L15. [Origin unkn.] 1 Moisten with gravy or melted fat to drying. L15. f2 Perfuse as with a

/heist/

(roasting

prevent

v.-i.

meat)

liniment. L16-M18.

baste

/heist/

mi6. [Perh. a

v.^t.

bastel-house

matter!

M16. 5.

Afr.

(senses A. 4, B.6) bastaard, baster /'baista/. ME. [OFr. bastan (mod. bdtard) - Prov. bastardo, f. med.L bastard, It., Sp., Port, bastardus, prob. f. bastum pack-saddle: see bat n.-, -ARD,] A n. 1 A person conceived and bom out of wedlock; an illegitimate child. ME. 2 A sweet Spanish wine, resembling muscatel; any sweetened wine. obs. exc. Hist. lME. 3 Something of unusual make, shape, or proportion, or of inferior quality; esp. (a) a kind of culverin; (b) a size of paper. L15. 4 A person of mixed Nama and European ancestry; a Griqua, a Rehobother. S. Afr. L18. 5 An unpleasant or unfortunate person or thing; (in weakened sense) a chap, a fellow. coUoq. M19. 6 Bastarda script. E20. 1 fig. T. Fuller Fame being a bastard or filia poputi, 'as very hard to find her father. 2 Shakes. Afcas. for M. VCe shall have all the world drink brown and white bastard 5 H G. VTells Serve the cock>' little bastard right. T. R.\TT1GAN Johmiy, you old bastard! Are you all nght? J. Maclaren-Ross This bastard of a bump on the back of my head. M. Shadbolt At first Ned and Nick had to milk in the open, which was a bastard

[f

fortified

var.

fig.

use of prec]

/'bast(3)lhaos/

of BASTILLE

in

Also bastle-.

n.

+ house

n.

A

n.']

house.

bastida): see next.]

n., v. var.

bastonade n. & v. var. basuco /b3'su:k3u/

of bastille

it

A

A

fortlet; a

country house

architectxire, called the Italian Gothic.

Cheever

J.

It

Italian it was a bastard language of a little Spanish and a little something that Clementina had never heard before. 4 Bacon Usune is the Bastard use of Money. 5 R. I. Murchison A bastard limestone charged with encnnites. bastard balm, bastard peUitory,

was not

.

.

.

.

bastard saffron, bastard toadflax, etc. Special collocations & comb.: bastard hartebeest = TSESSFBi bastard mahogany any of several Australian esp botryoidcs. eucahpis, Eucalyptus

bastard sandalwood = naio bastard title a halfbastard-trench v.t. (Hon.) dig (ground) by title digging over the

removed

loit er soil

with the topsoil temporarily

bastard trout U.S the silver sea trout, bastard wing Omtth. a group of

bastinade

small quill feathers borne by the

bird's

first digit ot a

A

[OFr.

v.t.

5

mi6. [Fr. f It. hastione, f. fortified outwork often in the form of an irregular pentagon, projecting from the main works so as to allow defensive fire in several directions. M16. b A similar natural rock formation. M19. 2 fig. An institution, person, principle, 2 A. Koestler of the

new

era.

G

bastarda

ba'slaida,

&

M20.

f

bat

a.

origmating in France and used in the Low Countries in the 14th and

bastardize [{.

'baistadAiz,

bastard

deteriorate. L16.

'bast-/

+ -IZE.] I v.t. \2 z-.t. Beget as

rt.

(Shakes.). Only in E17. 3 stigmatize as illegitimate. E17. bastardi'zation n. Eig.

bastardy baslardie

/'baistsdi,

(med.L

has-/

n.

[It.

Germany and I'lth cents. v.

61.

i.

Declare

or

lME. [AN, OFr.

bascardid): see

BASTARD

n., -Y'.]

Tlie condition of being a bastard; illegitimate birth. lME. 2 Begetting of bastards, fornication. arch. L16. Comb., bastardy order (now arch, or Hist.) AFFILIAnos order. 1

b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

j

furnished

with

defended by

bat

member

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

1

A

m man,

/'bast(3)n/

staff or stick

n no, p pen,

r

n.

ME.

used as red,

s sit,

a

t

[OFr.: see baton n.] weapon or a symbol top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

sense

spec.

A

exc. Hist. Also

(mod.

bat /ba/. lME.

bat),

repr. in

MSw.

aftanbakka, natbakka

night-bat, MDa. nat{h)bakke.] 1 A of the order Chiropteia of mainly

nocturnal flying mammals which have forelimbs support membranous wings modified to extending to the tail. Also {W. Indies) rat-bat. L16. 2 A large moth or butterfly. Chiefly W. Indies. LI 6. Phrases: blind as a

bat completely blind have bats in the belfry coUoq. be crazy or eccentric, like a bat out of hell slang very quickly, at top speed, serotine bat: see SEROTINE n.' vampire hat: see VAMPIRE n. 3. Comb.: batfish a marine fish of the family Ogcocephalidae, related to and resembling the anglerfishes; batwing sleeve a sleeve with a deep armhole and a

bat

tight cufT.

/bat/

BATTER

«.']

slang.

n.'

A

M19.

[Origin

unkn.:

cf

spree, a binge,

/bat/ n.^ arch, slang. L19. [Hmd. bat speech, language, word ] The colloquial language of a foreign country, sling the bat speak the local language abroad.

bat

ace of) clubs.] In ombre, quadrille, and related card-games, the ace of clubs in its fixed capacity as third highest trump.

baston

lME. b

blacta)

wd

evening-,

bastle-house n. var. of bastel-house. bastnasite /'bastneiSAit/ n. Also -naes-.

/'ba:st3u, 'bast-/ n. L17. [Sp. {el) basto (the

an eye.

obs. in gen.

L16. [Alt. (perh. by assoc. w. med.L of forms w. /-k/ (ME-) i. a

/bat/

Scand.

bastite /'bastAjt/ n. M19. [f Baste in the Harz Moimtains in Germany: see -ite'.] Min. A greenish or brownish kind of serpentine occurring as foliated masses and having a

basto

n.' obs.

bat, earlier bast,

b{l)atta,

a

L19. [f Bastnds, a locality in Vastmanland, Sweden, + -ite'.] Min. A yellow to brown hexagonal fluorocarbonate of cerium and other rare earth metals.

Long

{. Prov. bast f. pack-saddle.] A pack-saddle. Only in comb, as below. bat-horse: carrying the baggage of military officers during a campaign, batman «.-' bat-money an allowance for carrying baggage in the field, bat-mule: used as a pack-animal in a military campaign, fbatneedle a packing-needle.

are the true bastion

or

in the bat of

med.L bastum

characteristic schiller. Also called schiller spar.

Also -ise. 'Cause to)

a bastard, rare

v.t.

- of its start. .

.

.

bs'eotik

a.

M19.

Tlrreg.

.

prec. after

f.

= BATHETIC.

chaos, chaotic.]

Bathurst bur

'ba9s:st hs:/ n. phr Austral. M19. [f Bathurst, a town in New South Wales + BUR n.'] (A bur from) the spiny cocklebur, Xanihtum spmcsum, naturalized in Australia.

of Gk fcar/im deep,

comfc. /orro

'ba9i

bathy- + -al'.] Of or pertaining to the zone of the sea between the continental shelf and the abyssal zone. 'baSial

bathybius

E20.

a.

bs'Oibias

Gk

[f.

n.

M19. (A

[mod.L, f

as

name

given by Thomas Huxley to) a gelatinous inorganic substance obtained from the bed of the Atlantic Ocean, and at first supposed to be a formless mass of livmg protoplasm. -I-

-METPY

]

Uving.]

bios

bathymetry

ba'Gimitri

M19.

n.

The measurement

bathy-

[f.

adjs.

pertaining to or connected adv. L19.

M19 bathy'metrically

bath\Tnetry

bathyscaphe

baOiskaf n. Also -scaph. m20. f as BATHY- + Gk skaphos ship.] A navigable manned submersible vessel for deepsea diving and observation. [Fr.,

'batiK,

'painted'.]

ba'tiik

A

n.

&

n.

A method

a.

(orig.

[Jav.,

lit.

in Java) of

E20. 'beitir]/ prep.

arch.

M17. [Absol. use of leavmg out

pres. pple of BATE v.^ 4b.] Excepting,

of accoimt.

batiste

/ba'tiist/

n.

Sc

a.

E17.

rare (Shakes.

[Perh. taken as

f.

First Folio).

battle

v.^

+

Only

n.

religious maturity.

of bramble (R. fruticosus aggregate).

dial.

M17-L19. [f bat

stick for

during washing, b but, d dog,

m

senses 4 and 6 also foreign buti Ei6. [Fr. baton (earlier baston) = Prov., Sp. baston, It. bastone, f. Proto-Romance staff or stick used as a f. late L bastum stick.] 1 weapon; a cudgel, a club. obs. in gen. sense. E16. b In pi. One of the four suits (represented by

/'bat(a)n;

same)/

(pi.

n.

A

cudgels or batons) in packs of playing-cards in Italy, Spain, and Spanish-speaking countries, and in some tarot packs. Cf. club n. 4. M19. c

A

spec.

symbol of

a

tnmcheon,

constable's

police

relatively long one. L19. 2

A

esp.

a

staff etc. carried as

that of a field marshali^-

office, esp.

A

narrow truncated bend. M18. 4 Mus. A conduaor's wand for beating time etc.; a drum major's stick. L18. 5 A staff or suck used in walking. Now rare. EI9. 6 A long loaf or stick of bread. M19. 7 A short tube or stick carried in a relay race and passed from one participant to L16. 3 Her.

the next. E20.

baton sinister a supposed sign of bastardy 4 under the baton of conducted by. Comb. baton charge a charge by police constables with drawn truncheons, baton-charge v.i. & make a baton charge (at); baton round a rubber or plastic :

f.

bullet.

baton

/'bat(a)n/

E17.

v.t.

[{.

the n.] Strike with a

baton. /ba'tuin/ n. & v. arch. M16. [f as baton n.: see -OON.] A n. I = baton n. i. M16. 2 = baton n. 2. M16. t3 = BATON n. 3. M16-E18. B v.t. = BATON V. LI6.

batoon

batrachian

/ba'treikian/

&

a.

n.

M19. [f

mod.L

Batrachia former name of the order Anura, f Gk batrakheia neut. pi. (sc. zda animals) of adj. f batrakhos frog: see -AN.] (Penaining to, of the nature or characteristic of) a frog or toad; =

-er'

/'batrakau/ comb, form of Gk batrakhos frog: see -0-. batracho'toxin n. an extremely toxic alkaloid secreted by the Colombian frog Phyilobaus aurotaenia M20.

bats

/bats/

m

bats

+

f

beating and

j

yes, k cat,

I

/'batsman/

-'s'

-I-

MAN

batsman's wicket

-men. mi8. [f bat

PI.

n.

n.]

\

a

A user of a cricket, A signaller using bats cricket

favouring

pitch

batsmen.

batsmanship n. the art of batting at cricket etc., batting performance: E20.

Batswana

/ba'tswama/

&

n.

a.

Also

(earlier,

or Hist.) Bechuana, -wana, /b£tju'a:na, be'tjwaina/. E19. [Setswana, f. baarch,

+ TswANA.]

A

«.

1

(erron.) sing. PI. -s.

A member

batt n. hatta

leg,

/'bata/

Anglo-Ind. obs. exc. Hist. L17.

n.^

[Indo-Pon. bata = Kannada bhatta rice f. Skt bhakta food ] Allowance for subsistence; extra pay; spec, that given to officers serving in India.

Batta

&

/'bata/

&

= Batak n.' battailous

L18. [Batak (Indonesian).]

a.

a.

/'bat(a)las/

bataillos, -eus,

lME. [OFr. Fond of

arch.

a.

battle

as

f.

n.

see -ous.]

:

fighting; ready for battle.

battalia

/ba'ta:lia/

L16.

arch.

n.

[It.

hattaglia

n.] fl = battalion I. L16-E19. 2 Order of battle; battle array. Esp. in m(io) battalia. E17.

BATTLE

battalia pie

/ba'tailia pAi/ n. phr. arch. Orig. fbeatille etc. M17. [Fr. beatilles, med.L beatillae small blessed articles (as samplers worked by nims, etc.), dim. of beatus blessed: pop. assim. to prec] A pie of titbits such as sweetbreads, cocks' combs, etc.

battalion /ba'tahan/ n. & v. li6. [Fr. bataillon f. It. battaglione augm. of battaglia BATTLE n.] An. I Mil. 1 gen. A large body of men in battle array; each of the large divisions of an army. L16. 2 spec. A unit of infantry composed of several companies and forming part of a brigade or regiment. E18. II transf & fig. i A large wellordered group; an array; a large group of people with similar tasks etc. E17. B v.t. Form into a battalion or battalions, rare. E19.

battel

&

/'bat(a)l/ D.ft.

[Cf BATTLE

i.

arch.

Also battle. li6.

At Oxford University: charge

v.^]

(one's provisions etc.) to a college account. batteler, battler n. (obs. exc. Hist., at Oxford University) a person who boards and lodges in college;

member

a

spec,

commoners:

an

of

order

below

of students

E17.

battels /'bat(a)lz/ n.pl. li6. [Perh. (. battle v.'] At Oxford University (formerly also elsewhere): a college account for board and provisions supphed, or for

college expenses.

all

battement /batma

(pi. same); 'batmo/ n. M19. [Fr. = beating.] Dancing. Any of a number of beating leg movements. grand battement: see GRAND a.^ petit hatiement: see

petit

a.'

batten

/'bat(a)n/ n.' L15. [OFr. batant use as n. of pres. pple of batre: see BATTER v.\ -ant'.] 1 A long narrow piece of squared timber. L15. 2 A strip of wood used for clamping the boards of a door etc. mi 7. 3 Naut. A strip of wood or metal for securing tarpaulin over a hatchway or for preventing chafing of masts and spars. M18. 4 A strip of wood etc. carrying electric (or formerly gas) lamps, mi 9.

batten

/'bat(a)n/

movable bar

batten

in a

M19.

n.'

loom which

/'bat(a)n/

v.^

[Fr. battant.] closes the weft.

batten

L15. [f

n.']

1

A v.t.

Strengthen or secure with battens. L15. 2 v.t. & Naut. Fasten dotvn (the hatches etc.) against bad weather. M17. 1 K Douglas We dried our clothes on the exhaust and battened ourselves into the turret. F. Weldon Boarded up by means of a row of assorted doors .

battened together with railway sleepers. I. McEwan A kiosk, shunered and battened for the night. baRening n. the application or addition of battens; strengthening or securing with battens; a structure formed with battens: L18.

batten

/'bat(a)n/

bener

get

(for

see -en^. condition;

Cf esp.

v.''

(of

[ON

li6.

base cf battle

OE v.*]

batna improve,

gebatian get better): I

Improve

v.i.

an animal) grow

Feed gluttonously on or upon. E17. 3 v.i. fig. Thrive, prosper, esp. at the expense of another. (Foil, by on.) E17. t4 v.r. Feed to advantage, fatten up. M17-L18. I JONSON It makes her fat you see. Shee battens with v.i.

it.

2 E. B.

Browning The

strong carnivorous eagle

batten deep Upon thy dusky liver. 3 D. which Lessing There are some unscrupulous firms batten on the ignorance of Africans about legal matters. 4 Milton Battening our flocks with the fresh shall

.

.

/'bata/

n no, p pen,

n.'

r

in

/'bat(a)nba:g/

Germany.] In

n.

fiill

Also -burg. E20. Battenberg cake. A

marzipan-covered oblong sponge cake whose

n.'

obs.

exc.

Htst.

E17.

[Hind.

baud.] In the Indian subcontinent: agio; discount on coins not current or of short weight.

m man,

.

dews of night.

Battenberg [A town

see bat

in

L16. 2

fat.

.

pl. pref.

A

+

etc.

few, g get, h he,

n.^]

E19.

-let.] stirring clothes n.'

BAT

baseball, etc., bat. M18. 2 to guide an aircraft. M20. I

[f. have Crazy, dotty; =

(usu. pred.). coUoq. E20.

a. 2.

batsman w.'

a.

the belfry s.v.

=

]

hatta

i.

anuran.

in

next.

tbatlet wooden

phr.

of the Tswana people, (sing.) a Motswana. E19. 2 pi. (Members of) the Tswana people. L19. B attrib. or as cuij. = Tswana a.

cambric. n.

bat

batologist /ba'tDbd3i..t, n. L19. [f Gk batos bramble + -ologist.] A botanist who specializes in the genus Rubus, and esp. in the microspecies

now

E19. [Fr. (earlier batiche), perh. f. base of battre: see batter v.'] (Of) a fine Ught cotton or linen fabric Uke

fbatler

Also B-. daughter of commandment, after bar mitzvah.] (A religious initiation ceremony for) a Jewish girl aged twelve years and one day, regarded as the age of 'mitsva/ n. misuiSh

/ba:t

[Heb.

BATTY

L19 used

making coloured designs on textiles by waxing the parts not to be dyed; (a garment made of) a fabric dyed by this method. L19. B attrib. or as adj. Executed or ornamented by this method.

bating

bat mitzvah

batracho-

bathy'metric(al)

batik

n.

-i-

of depths in oceans,

seas, or lakes. •Aith

/'batman/ n.' PI. -men. M18. [f. bat ] Mil. Formerly, a man in charge of a bat-horse and its load. Now, an officer's personal servant, an orderly, batwoxnan n. M20.

MAN

3

bathype'lagic a. pertaining to or inhabiting the depths of the sea, spec, below the level to which light penetrates L19 bathysphere n. a large strong submersible sphere for deep-sea observation M20. bathy thermograph n. an automatic instrument for recordmg water temperature at various depths M20.

BATHY-

batman,

[Turk,

li6.

n.'

to the locality.

baton

PRELUMIRHODOPSIN.

bathyal

/'batman/

batman (whence also Russ. batman).] Hist. A in Turkey, Persia, etc., varying according

weight

M20.

.M20.

Bathcnia Latmized form of Bath (see bath n.' II) + -AN.] 1 (A nauve or inhabitant) of the town of Bath in Avon. M18. 2 Geol. (Denoting or pertaining to) a subdivision of the Jurassic typified by formations at Bath, mi 9.

bathy-

batman

+

L19

a.

bathometer

bathotic

il Substituted in the second (and subsequent) folios of Shakes, for the first folio's batler (A.Y.I.. II) and preferred in many mod. editions.

batman

depth. batho'Uthic

n

batter

192

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

slices show four squares in two batter /'bata/ n.' lME. [AN bateiire

(mod.

colours. bat(t)ure

batture) action of beating,

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

5

this,

i)

ring,

tj

= OFr. f.

batre:

chip, dj jar

batter see BATTER v.\ -ER'.] 1 1 A runny mixture of flour and eggs or the like beaten up with milk or water, for cooking. lME. f2 A cement or paste of flour and water. Chiefly Sc. M19. 3 A tliick paste of any kind. E17. 114 Printing. A damaged area of metal type or blocks. E19.

lME

batter

batter slope from the ground upwards. /'bata/ n.' M18.

[f.

batter

v.^]

A +

bat

[f

/'bato/ li8. player using a bat.

receding

A

-er'.]

/'bata/ slang. M19. [Origin unkn.: bat n.*] A spree, a debauch. on the batter (a) on a spreej (b) engaged

cf.

in

prostitution.

/'bata/

ME.

v.'

[OFr. batre (mod.

Proto-Romance

to strike, beat, fight, f

L

«. ]

&

v.t.

1

battre)

devel. of

ending

bat{t)uere beat:

BATTLE

after vbs in -er\ Cf. Strike repeatedly so as to

I.

bruise, shatter, or break; beat continuously or violendy. ME. 2 v.i. Operate against (walls, etc.) with artillery or (formerly) with a battering ram. L16. i v.i. Sc i. fig. Subject (a person, opinion, etc.) to heavy or persistent attack; handle severely. L16. 4 v.t. Beat out of shape; indent; damage by blows or other rough

fortifications,

usage. L16. I Shakes. Temp. With a log Baner his skull. J. Reed A number of huge packing cases stood about, and

upon

Red Guards and

these the

soldiers

fell ftiriously,

banering them open with the butts of their rifles. R. Graves The door was battered down and in came the Palace guard. G. Maxwell The hail roars and batters on the windows. D. Lessing I unroll the veal that I remembered to batter out flat this morning, battered baby a baby with signs of repeated violence by adults, battered wife a woman subjected to repeated violence by her husband. 2 W. S. Churchill For six hours these two ironclads battered each other with hardly any injury or loss on either side. F. Warner City now utterly destroyed, her walls, Her sanctuary battered down. 4 Dickens The sexton's spade gets worn and battered. J. Rhys Some of the flowers were battered.

batterer

batter

E17.

n.

/'bats/

mi6. [Origin unkn.]

v.'i.

Of a

wall

from the perpendicular; have receding slope from the groimd upwards. t batter v.-'t. li6. [(. batter «.'] 1 Mix into etc.:

incline

/batri/

n.

battery

[Fr.: see

which the

PI.

n.]

1

battery

a

pronovmced same. Dancing.

E18.

A movement

in

feet

leap.

16.

M20.

battering /'batariri/ n. ME. [f. batter v."^ + -ing'.] 1 The action of batter t^.'; a prolonged or violent assault. ME. 2 The result of batter f.'; a bruise, indentation, or other mark of damage from continuous or violent beating etc. L16.

Comb. battering-engine Mil. Hisi. = battering ram (a); battering ram (a) Mil. Hist, a swinging beam used for breaching walls, sometimes with a ram's-head end; (b) a similar object used by firemen etc. to break down doors; battering-train Mil. Hist, a number of cannon intended for siege purposes. :

Battersea enamel

inam(3)l/

/'batssi

n.

phr.

M19. [f Battersea a district of London + enamel Decorative enamel work produced at York 1 House, Battersea, London, in the i8th cent.

battery

ME.

[OFr. baterie (mod. battene), i. batre: see BATTER v.', -ery ] II (Articles of) metal, esp. (of) brass or copper, /'batari/

n.

wrought by hammering, II Mil.

uses. 2

arch.

A number

ME.

of pieces of

artillery

combining in action; an artillery unit of guns and men and vehicles. lME. f 3 A succession of heavy blows inflicted on the walls of a city or fortress by means of artillery; a bombardment. M16-M19. 4 An emplacement for artillery on land or on a ship. li6. 2 N. MoNSARRAT The Turks put batteries of their largest cannon on Tigre Point. A. Eden Mariorie .

.

advocated the Royal Horse Artillery

was already on fellow

active

service,

who accused him

a cat, a:

.

arm,

f.

bed,

a:

.

III Physical beating of a person. 5 The action of assailing with blows; Law the infliction of any menacing touch to the clothes or person. M16. t6 A mark of beating; a bruise. li6 M17. 5 assault and battery: see ASSAULT n.3. 6 SHAKES. Ven. Ad. For where a heart is hard they make no batt'ry. IV Uses rel. to or devel. f branch II. A number of Leyden jars connected together so as to act simultaneously. M18-M19. 8 A device, consisting of one or more cells, in which chemical energy is converted into electricity. E19. 9 = batterie de cuisine s.v. batterie 2. E19. 10 Mining. A set of stamps that work in one monar of a stamp-mill. M19. 1 1 A submerged box or boat used in wildfowl shooting. 175. M19. 12 Baseball. The pitcher and catcher (orig. the pitcher alone). M19. 13 gen. A set of cormected similar units of equipment; an extensive series, sequence, or range, (of). L19. 14 Psychol. A series of tests. E20. 15 A series of cages etc. in which hens are confined for intensive laying or in which poultry or cattle are reared and

fattened.

M20.

8 E. J. Howard The battery was low in the torch and it can't have been very strong to see. J. Barnes couldn't start the car: the heater had run the battery flat, attrib.: M. McLuhan TTie Bedouin with his battery radio, solar battery: see solar a.' recharge one's batteries fig. have a period of rest and recuperation, voltaic battery: see voltaic a.' 13 Times Adults were interviewed and asked a battery of questions. A. Toffler Lectures must inevitably give way to a whole battery of teaching techniques. F. HoYLE It would be necessary to use a battery of the largest and fastest computers. 15 battery hen, system,

We

etc.

V 16 Mus. The percussion orchestra or band. E20. batting /'batir)/ n. E17. The action of bat v.'

fig.:

.

.

as that battery

Smollett The

has had his

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

own i:

[f.

of

section

+

bat

E17.

prepared in sheets for quilts

battle

or calves are beaten together ei8. 2 banerie de cuisine /da kqizin/ [Fr. = for cookery], apparatus or utensils for serving or preparing a meal. L18. 3 = a

prehistoric times and in Aft-ica; (b) colloij. a formidable or domineering (esp. middle-aged) woman; battlebus a bus or coach used as a mobile operational centre during an election campaign; battle-cruiser a heavygunned warship of higher speed and lighter armour

Batterie, Scale,

battery.

2

-ing'.]

Cotton

an 1

fibre

etc. E19.

than a battleship; battle-cry a war cry, a slogan; battledress a soldier's or airman's everyday khaki uniform of a tunic and trousers; battle fatigue mental illness due to stress in wartime combat (= combat

ME. [(0)Fr. batatlle battle tower) f Proto-Romance devel. batiualia military or gladiatorial

of

L

late

A

exercises, f bai(t)uere to beat: cf batter v.^] I fighting. 1 fight between (esp. large

A

battery

see, n hot,

y.

organized) opposing forces. ME. 2 between two people; a single combat, ME. b A fight between two animals,

providing

spon. E17. between enemies; war.

3

Fighting;

A

fight

a duel.

esp.

as

conflict

ME. 4 fig. A contest; war. M16. 6 The victory in a fight or other contest. lME. 2 Joyce It was a historic and a hefty battle when Myler and Percy were scheduled to don the gloves. 4 Coverdale Ps. 55:21 Yet have they batell in their mynde. E. O'Neill A perpetual batde of wits with his elder son. K Millett That imposition of male conflict.

lME

ME. fS A

authority euphemistically referred to as 'the battle of the sexes'. 6 Eccles. 9:11 The race is not to the swift nor the battle to the strong.

AV

11 (The disposition of) a body of troops. 7 = battalion I. Long arch. ME. fS The main body of an army or navy force. M16 M19. f-9 = battalia I. Only in L16. 7 Sir W. Scott In battles four beneath their eye.

The

forces of

King Robert

lie.

Phrases: battle of the giants: see gunt n. battle royal a battle in which several combatants or all available engage; a free fight; a general argument, do battle

give battle attack, engage in combat half the battle a large contributory factor in success; the main effort, join battle enter into a combat, line of battle (the disposition of) troops or warships arranged for battle; line-of-battk ship, a ship of sufficient size to take part in a main attack, a battleship, lonng battle: see losing ppl a. order of battle the disposition of sections of an army or navy force; now spec, (the discovery of, a tabular record of) the organization, movements, weaponry, etc., of an enemy force, pitched battle: see pitched a.' running battle: see Rin^NiNG ppl a. set battle: see set a. trial by battle Hist, the legal decision of a dispute by the issue of a single combat wager of battle: see WAGER n. 5b. Comb.: battle array the disposition of troops etc. arranged for battle; battleaxe (a) a type of broadbladed axe used as a weapon, esp. in medieval or fight

saw,

a run,

o put,

u:

too, s ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

battleground

fatigue); battlefield,

a field or

ground

is fought (/i/. & fig.); battleship [f above] a warship of the most heavily armed and armoured class, of sufficient size to take

on which

a battle

line-of-batilc ship

part in a main attack; battleship grey, a slightly bluish grey (often used for warships as reducing their visibility);

battle-wagon slang

a batdeship; an

armed

or armoured vehicle,

battleworthy

battle

for use in battle L19.

a. fit

/'bat(3)l/

exc.

obs.

a.

Also

dial.

{Sc.)

baittle /'beit(3)l/. E16. [Prob. f base also of batten v}: see -le'. Cf. battle v.*} 1 Of grass or pasture: improving to sheep and cattle, fattening. E16. 2 Of soil or land: rich, fertile, productive, mi 6.

battle

/'bat(a)l/

battle

n.]

ME.

v.'

[(0)Fr.

bataillter,

a Fight; engage

v.i.

1

ME. b

as

{.

Now

in war.

Contend; struggle through a hostile environment etc., with, etc.); carry on struggling. lME. f2 v.t. Arrange for battle; dispose in battalions. Only in ME. 3 v.t. Fight or struggle rare in

sense.

lit.

(against,

end

an

for

Now

against.

chiefly

fig.

etc.,

N. Amer. lME. 4

v.t.

w.

it.

Fight, struggle E18. 5 v.t. Make one's way fighting or struggling. L18. lb J. R. Green Walpole battled stubbornly against the cry of war. D. Bagley A series of bloody civil wars engendered by ruthless men battling for power H. Fast To battle through the storm and cold waves. A. McCowen My little auntie Peggy battling with a complicated menu in the kitchen. A. Brtnk I was )ust battling on blindly, not really knowing what was happening. 3 Times Lit. Suppl. Battling the anarchy of fragmenting cultures. 4 Byron They battle it beyond the wall, battle it out fight to a conclusion.

battle

/'bat(a)l/

ME.

arch.

v:h.

bataillter. see prec] Fortify or battlements. Chiefly as battled ppl

/'bat(3)i/ n.

(also, fortifying

fight;

batterie

Milton By

a

paste or baner. L16-E17. 2 Paste, fix as with paste; cover with things stuck on. Sc. E17-L19.

during

turned upon himself 3

and Mine, Assaulting. 4 Wellington TTie batteries and works erecting at Cadiz. F. Marryat She continued her destructive fire from the main-deck

6

batter

batter

battology

193

Tennyson The

[Later OFr. provide with a.

valleys of grape-loaded vines that

glow Beneath the battled tower.

f battle

E16-L19. [Frequent, of bat ii.': Beat (clothes) with a wooden stick

v.'r. dial.

see -le'.]

(see BATTLEDORE l). f battle v.^ Long dial. M16. [App. f. battle a. Cf. BATTEN V.-] 1 v.t. Nourish (as a rich pasture does); render (soil etc.) fertile and productive. M16 M19. 2 v.i. Grow fat, thrive; become fertile and productive. L16-E18. battle V."' var. of BATTEL.

battledore

/'bal(a)ldo:/ n. lME. [Perh. f. Prov. batedor beater, f batre to beat (see batter i'.'): cf. battle V?] 1 A wooden usu. paddle-shaped instrument used in washing for beating, stirring, or smoothing clothes; a similarly-shaped utensil for inserting objects into an oven, kiln, etc.

Now

lME.

chiefly Hist.

f2

A

More

fully battledore book.

hornbook, an ABC, a child's primer. (So called from its usual shape.) M17 L19. 3 A small racket used with a shuttlecock. Also (more fully

and shuttlecock) the game played with these, a forerunner of badminton. L17. Phrases: not know a B from a battledore arch, be completely illiterate or ignorant. battledore

battlement

/'bat(a)lm(a)nt/

lME.

n.

[i.

OFr.

BATTLE v.\ vr) + -MENT.] Usu. in alternately high and low parapet at the top of a wall, for the defence of a building. lME. 2 roof enclosed by this. n6. battlemented a. ftimished with or surrounded by battlements E17 bataillter (see

pi.

1

An

A

battler -ler

/'batla/

warrior,

BATTLE

V.'

+

fig.); colloq. a

ME.

n.

[Orig. f

f as battle -er'.]

1

person

A

person

who

OFr. in

v.';

who

batailleor,

mod. use

f.

battles (usu.

odds swagman.

fights against the

or does not give up easily.

ME.

2

A

Austral. E20.

battler nf battoe

n.

battology Gk,

f

day, so no,

c:

hair,

f la

var.

of batteler.

var.

of bateau.

/ba'tolad^i/ battos

near,

ai

n.

li6.

stammerer: boy,

poor,

[mod.L see

battologia

-logy.]

ais tire,

A

ana sour

battue writing,

battologize

&

word

repeat (a or phrases, etc.) needlessly M17.

battue

f.f.

1.

words

or phrase,

baty {pi. same)/ n. E19. of fern. pa. pple of batrrc: sec BATTER :.'] 1 A driving of game towards the guns by beaters; a shooting-party on this plan. E19. 2 rransf. a A thorough search. M19. b A wholesale slaughter. M19. [Fr.,

b,Vt(j)u:; /i)rfi?>i

use as

n.

A 1 n. N. Amer. Ely. [Fr.] h^'tjDa stretch of river shore, usu. formed by deposition, betNvecn the natural embankment and the lowsand bar in a river. water mark. E19. 2 Canad.

batture

A

battuta

ei8. [It., f. banerc to beat.] ITie beating of time; a strong beat; the bs'tuits,

n.

regular beat, a battuta a direction: return to the

tempo.

strict

bat n? + -y'; for sense 2 cf. BATS.] 1 Of, penaining to, or characteristic of a bat or bats. L16. 2 Crazy, dotty. coUoq. E20.

batty

'ball

fbatus

Batwa

see

n.

L16.

a.

n.pl.

[f.

bath

n.-

see TNva

bats n. obs. exc. Hisi. Also fbat. L16. [G ^Baizc (now Batzcn); Eng. bat by mistaking for a pi.] A small coin of Switzerland and South Germany, worth four kreutzers.

batz

bauble toy,

'b.xb(o)l

ME.

n.

plaything,

perh.

[OFr. ba{u)bel child's ult. f. redupl. of bel

BIBELOT.] 1 A show^ trinket; a piece of vulgar or ostentatious jewellery. ME. 2 beautiful:

cf.

A

baton surmounted by a fantastically carved head with asses' ears, carried by a jester as a rod of office. lME. 3 A plaything, a toy. obs. exc. as passing into other senses. lME. 4 A childish or trivial matter; something of no importance. M16. Hist.

1

Shakes. Tam. Shr.

a bauble, a knight's baubles become the

It is a

paltry cap,

.

OHG balco land. cither

LOE-M17. 2

a bauble.

E17-M19.

ON

bauch

bdgr ba:x, hoix; a. Sc. E16. [Perh. f. imeasy: cf. Icel. bdgur difficult, hard, {eiga) bdgr (be) poor, hard up.] Weak, poor, spineless. E17. [Origin spoiled or distorted thing; imkn.: cf next.] 1 spec, an old shoe worn down at the heel. E17. 2 'bo:-

Sc.

n.

A

bauchle

,

E19.

'ba:x(s)l, 'bo:-/ v.i. Sc.

Long

dial. rare.

L15. [Origin imcenain: perh. f. bauch.] Subject to disgrace or ignominy, vihfy; = baffle v. 1.

baud

same. M20. [f. J. M. E. Baudot Fr. engineer.] (1845-1903), Telecommunications & Computing. A unit of signal transmission speed equal to one information unit per second; loosely a unit of data transmission speed of one bit per second. bsiid, b3:d

baudekin

n. PI. -s,

Also baudkin 'boidkin & other vars. ME. [OFr. f. med.L baldachmus {. as BALDACHIN.] = 'bD:dikin/

n.

exc.

obs.

Hist.

,

BALDACHIN

b3od3'l£:ri3n/

a.

&

Also

n.

-ian. L19. *. Baudelaire (see below) - -e.w ] A adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the

poet and critic Charles Baudelaire (1821 67) or his works. L19. B n. An admirer or student of Baudelaire or his writing. E20.

French

var. of

mistake, a blunder; an omission. LME-L19. •i-4 ridge in one's way; a stumbling-block, an hindrance, a check; obstacle. lME-miS. 5 fig. disappointment. M17. 6 Billiards, Snooker, etc. a A marked-off area on the table from which play begins and which governs play in certain situations varying accoiding to the game being played (for example, protecting a ball from a direct stroke); the area between the baulk line and the bottom cushion. Also (in some games), a play bringing one's own and the red ball within this area. L18. 7 Baseball. An illegal action

A

a pitcher. M19. 2 make a baulk of good ground waste an opportunity. 5 Defoe This was a balk to them and put

damp

in-baulk: see MISS

/b3:lk, boik/ v. Also balk.

n. Sc.

L15. [Origin unkn.:

bawd

.

as

long as baudrons'.

bauera

/'baoors/ n. M19. [mod.L, i. Franz (1758 1840) and Fei-dinand (1760-1826) Bauer, Austrian botanical draughtsmen: see -a' ] A small Australian evei^reen shrub of the genus Bauera, bearing rosc-c! 'loured or purple flowers.

Bauhaus

[G, f Bau E20. building + Haus house.] (The principles of) a German school of architecture and design founded by Walter Gropius in 1919 and closed

"baohaos,

n.

in 1933.

b but, d dog,

fl

&

v.t.

Make

LME-E17. b

baulks v.t.

lME.

fig.

f

[f.

the

(land)

in

Heap up

in

in

Only in L16. 2 v.t. Shirk or ignore; pass over (a topic, opportunity, etc.); avoid or refuse (a duty, thing offered, etc.). lME. t3 v.t. Pass by (a place); avoid, shim. L15-L18. 4 v.i. Stop short as at an obstacle; jib or shy {lit. & v.t. Miss by error or inadvenence. fig.). L16. L16 E18. 6 v.t. Place a baulk in the way of (a person); hinder, thwart, disappoint, frustrate. L16. f 7 v.i. Si t. Quibble; argue; chop (logic).

.

B

.

yelling

monster

flies.

baulked

is

and defeated, but not overcome. SwiFT TTie most effectual Way to baulk Their Malice, is— to let them all the talk. H. MARTrNEAU My home affections stronger for having been repressed and baulked. H Read A personal will to dominate material and form which refuses to be balked by any conventions. baulkiness n. the quality of being baulky L19.

baulky

baulk (BAtrLK proceed; perverse: M19. liable to

a.

f baum-cricket

n.

var.

v.

.

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

a unit

on

The

of)

lME.

[f.

next.]

1

arch.

n.

BADGER

& n.'^

dial.

lME.

/'b3:s(3)nd/

a.

[OFr. bausant piebald balzano, whence mod.Fr.

man,

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

I

/by./

bawbee

lME.

arch.

int.

Expr.

[Imit.: cf. BAH.]

/'barbi:/ n. Chiefly Sc.

laird

V

six,

silver

a

/'b3:kDk/

one,

]

L16. [Fr. beau

good

a

procurer, now only a female who obtains women for

fellow.

lME.

n.'

woman

a

n. arch, colloq.

]

A

/bold/

bawdstrot

[Shonened

f.

prostitution.

bawd

/bo:d/ n.'- dial. L15. [Perh. f baitdrons: cf. the Eng. use of puss and Sc. of malkin for both hare and cat ] A hare,

fbawd v.i. bawdry f

M17-E18.

/'b3:dri/ n.

The

1

[f. bawd «.'] Pander, + lME. [f bawd

of

practice

lME-eiS.

bawd;

a

-ry

]

procuring.

Irrmiorahty,

fornication. f2 3 Obscenity in speech or writing.

LME-M17. L16.

fbawdstrot baudestroyt, (f n.^]

zoo,

ME-L15.

n.

f.

[OFr.

baudetrot,

baut, baude lively, gay, shameless

Gmc, = BOLD = BAWD n.'

+ base of

a.)

AN

trote

trot

f bawdy a.' lME E17. [Origin imkn., but cf. Welsh bawaidd dirty, vile, f. baw din.] Soiled, dirty. f bawdiness

bawdy

n.'

/'b3:di/

M16-M18. a/'-

&

n.

ei6.

[f.

bawd

n.'

+

-y':

prob. assoc. w. prec] A adj. Of or befitting a bawd, esp (of language) humorously indecent. E16.

bawdy-house

B

arch, a brothel.

Humorously indecent language or in talk bawdy); bcentiousness. mi 7.

n.

bawdily

z

[Origin imkn.] (A bundle

Orig.,

bawd

adv.

E17.

bawdiness

n.'

talk

lewdness,

obscenity: M18.

bawl

/bo:!/

v.

&

n.

lME.

[Imit.;

cf.

med.L

baulare bark, Icel. baula (Sw. bola) low, as an ox.] \ V. \ v.i. Bark, howl, etc., as an animal. exc. dial. lME. 2 the top of one's voice; obs.

v.t.

Shout, howl,

etc., at

weep or

wail loudly. L15. 3 v.t. Uner with bawling, shout loudly. (Freq. foil, by out.) L16. 4 v.t. Foil, by out. Reprove or reprimand severely, colloq. (orig. US). E20. I Robert Burton A barking dog that alwayes bawls, but seldome bites. 2 W. Cowper And ev'ry soul cried out, well done, As loud as he could bawl. P. G.

WoDEHOUSE Her Uncle George was bawlmg to somebody to fetch a policeman. T. Capote He staned to cry. Sat down and bawled like a kid. 3 Shakes. 2 Hen. IV Those that bawl out the ruins of thy linen

Also baw-. ME. Prov. bausan (It. balzan), f. Protowe,

ME.

n.

coq fine cock.]

phr.

w

=

M18. [Du.]

Afr.

of SiWebawby,

bawcock

Also baw-. 2 A fat or

top, v van,

S.

n.

M16. [f the mint-master under James coin worth three, later Scottish permies. Now, a coin of low value.

dial.

=

/bavi'a:n/

contempt or aversion.

obstinate person. E18.

bausond

A

brushwood, firewood.

baw

L19. marten'.] the fur of this animal.

/'b3:s(3)n/

[Prob. type of greatcoat or

obs. exc. Hist. E18.

n.

2, 3.

bavin /'bavm/

lit.

manen;

pine

bauson

n.

cloak for men.

baviaan

(esp.

n.

/'bavsroi/

Fr. bavarois Bavarian.]

f.

of balm-cricket.

baum marten /baum 'ma:tin/ 'tree [Partial G Baummarder

native or inhabitant of Bavaria; the

bavaroy

this scale. L19.

tr.

A

n.

Also -ois /-'wq:, foreign -wa/. M19. [Fr., use as n. of fern, adj., = prec] A dessert containing gelatin and whipped cream, served cold.

4); reluctant to

/'bsumei/ n. Also Beaume. M19. [See below.] 1 Used attnb. and in possess, to denote a kind of hydrometer invented by Antoine Baimie (1728-1804), French chemist, and an associated arbitrary scale of relative density. M19. 2 degree

Baume,

-I-

.

.

Defoe An enemy who

(see

German used there. L18. bavaroise /bavs'woiz, foreign bavarwa:z/

.

.

/ba'vginsn/

dialect of

L16-M17. 2 Shakes. Twel. N. TTiis was look'd for at your hand, balked an and this was baulk'd. S. Johnson I never invitation out to dinner. D. H. Lawrence It's got to be done, so why balk it? 4 C. J. Lever Burke suddenly swerved his horse round, and affecting to baulk, cantered back. B. Spock A baby may first balk at the transition from bottle to weaning cup. W. GOLDING Steam could lift a weight that an elephant balk the right way, would baulk at. 5 Spenser They and strayen abroad. 6 Pope Balk'd of his prey, the

f.

Bavarian cream = bavaroise.

playing area.

]

f. bavarder bave saliva,

E19. [Fr.,

natives or inhabitants, or their dialect. E17.

cushion at a distance one-fifth of the length of the

baulk

n.

talkative,

a. & n. E17. [f. Bavaria below) -an.] A adj. Of or pertaining to Bavaria, formerly a kingdom of the German Empire, now a State in Germany, its

baboon

of timber; a tie-beam of a house (now chiefly north.). ME. 9 The beam of a balance, obs. exc. dial. lME. 8 J. Masters Each man carried a stave— a big balk of wood, rather. Comb.: baulk line a line drawn on a billiard- or snooker-table parallel to the face of the bottom

Also fbeaux-. M19. [Fr.,

n.

bavard

f.

(G Bayem)

n.'

A beam

118

a

drivel.] Idle gossip, chit-chat.

Bavarian

projects.

the disappointment, is felt broken. 6 baulk-cushion, -end, -pocket, etc. give a miss-

on

Les B{e)aux, locality near Aries,

f.

/bavarda:;/

chatter,

to

D. LESsrNG The balk, as a promise that has been

new

to their

balteus

spots

/b3;k'sitik/ a. L19.

bavardage

by

a

/'borksAit/

bauxitic

ploughing,

in

L

France: see -ite'.] The major commercial source of aluminium, an earthy rock consisting of hydrated alumina with variable proportions of iron oxides and other impurities,

Baume

baudekin.

'boidrsnz

n-] (A name for) the cat. Sir W. Scott He had a beard too, and whiskers

cf

left

.

I.

Baudelairean

baudkin n. baudrons

ridge

ridges, rare.

a. trifling, paltr>-

A ne'er-do-well.

ON

A

ploughing.

'bu:x(3)l,

to OFris. balca, OS, bjdlki, f. a Balken),

rel.

f.

black or bay ground; esp. having a white patch on the forehead, or a white stripe down the face. orig. beauxiu,

intentionally (esp. as a boundary line beuveen sections) or unintentionally. lOE. f 3

n

bauchle

A

Romance adj. (= belted, striped), belt.] Of an animal: having white

bauxite

[ON

Also balk. lOE.

G

(Du. balk,

f.

Gmc base meaning 'beam'.] Ifl A ridge, a mound, esp. a grave-mound; a dividing ridge of

alderman's badges is

li8.

n.

many species, baulk /bsilk, ho±l n. hdlkr partition, f Gmc;

baubles. 4 Ld before my name

fbaubUng

[mod.L,

Jean (1541 1613) and Gaspard (1560 1624) Bauhin, Swiss botanists: see -ia'.] A leguminous plant of the tropical genus Bauhima, of which there are /b.-io'hinio/

.

Lytton The Carey Women dripping with J. Macaioay The Right Honourable

silken pie.

bauhinia

A

E19.

.\fi/.i.

bawl

194

needless and tiresome repetition in speaking or

J

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, 5 this,

X)

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

bawley

be

195 kingdom. Thackeray 'I will fling you bawled out Mr Pen. E. Blishen

shall inherit his

out of window'

.

.

They all rose and bawled the final hymn. 4 L. A. G. Strong He bawled him out. Gave him such a tonguelashing. M. Gee They bawled each other out in the

purpose, as bomb-bay, loading bay, sickbay L16. 4 A railway line at a station, having a closed end and acting as a terminus for a side-line; a platform adjoining this. Usu. aitnb. E20. I F. R. WiLiON The last two bays of the nave arc unoccupied. J. Hilton A very delightful library, containing a multitude of books so retiringly housed in bays and alcoves. 2 E. Walkord A substantial brick house, the front diversified by two bays. H. Fast A .

street.

B

A

shout at the top of one's voice; prolonged cry. L18. bawler n. L16. n.

bawley

a

loud

L19. [Origin unkn.] A fishingcoasts of Essex and Kent.

/'baili/ n.

bawn

/b3:n/

+ dun

M16.

n.

fortress.]

fortified court

Hist.

1

A

fortified enclosure; the

or outwork of a casde. M16. 2

A

.

fold for catde. dial. M19.

bawneen

/'bainiin/

form bdinin bdmin dim. o( ban

Also

n.

in Ir.

(pronounced same). E20. [Ir. white.] Undyed off-white yam used in Ireland for knitting (esp. in Aran wear) and weaving; a

bay

bawsond

n.,

vars.

a.,

/'baksts/

Long

n.

(esp. Sc.).

dial.

of bwcere BAKER:

fem.

bsEcestre

[OE

see -STER.]

A

baker.

bay

bay

/bei/ n.' ME. [OFr. bai or aphet. f. abay f OFr. abai (mod. aboi), f (a)baiier bay v.^] 1 The

but charging Master Twyti. fig. Shakes. Rich. II To rouse his wrongs and chase them to the bay. D. H. Lawrence Gerald seemed always to be at bay agamst

=

.

:

[(0)Fr. bate (. L baca berry.] fl A berry, esp. of the laurel. LME-M19. 2 In full bay tree. An evergreen tree of the laurel family, Laurtts nobiiis, with dark green aromatic leaves. Also (US), any of various similarly aromatic trees and shrubs, esp. of the genera Magnolia and Myrica. M16. 3 sing. & (usu.) in pi. Leaves or twigs of bay, esp. as a wreath for a conqueror or poet; fig. fame. M16. 4 In the coastal states of south-eastern US: a tract of low marshy wooded ground with numerous bay /bei/

lME.

n.'

trees. L18.

bay

:

a.

sweet bay: see

hay-laurel: see

lME.

/bei/

1

affection hath

an unknown

bonom,

like the Bay of Portugal. N. Calder Around the bay are sunken ruins of other seaports. 2 L. van

DER Post Each bay cut with white and blue

Comb.

bayman

in a cliff of

lilies'

green was ardent

bay

A'.

lME.

[(0)Fr. bale, I. bayer (eariier baer, beer) stand open, gape f med.L batare, of unkn. origin.] 1 A division (of a wall) of a room /bei/

between

columns,

bookcases,

window

pilasters,

lME.

party-walls,

bay window, a across) an internal recess formed by the etc.

2 (In

full

outward projection of a wall beyond the general line. Cf. bow-window s.v. bow lME. 3 A recess, a compartment; a partitioned or marked area forming a unit. Freq. w. specification of a cat, a:

arm,

e

bed,

a:

.

/bei/ v}t. li6.

or

.

.

[Conn. w. bay

(prob.)

either as

dam

Obstruct,

deriv.]

as

.

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

1:

see, d hot,

foil,

by back,

a shon

1

f

flat

swordlike stabbing blade which may be fixed to a rifle muzzle for use in hand to hand fighting. E18. b A soldier armed with a bayonet; military

3

force. L18.

A

pin, plug, etc.,

which engages

in

hole or socket by a push-and-twist action (orig. merely attrib., by pushing). Usu. designating electrical fittings designed to engage in this way. L18. 2 Spanish bayonet, see SPANISH a. ^ V.t. 1 Stab with a bayonet. L17. 2 Coerce by means of bayonets. L18. Comb. bayonet-grass NZ = Spaniard n. 3. :

bayou

/'bAiu:/

US.

n.

Choctaw bayuk.] In marshy offshoot of a

bazaar

/ba'za:/

bay bay

/bei/ v.*i

&

rare.

t.

M17. [f BAY

to dance.]

bailar to dance, 1

«.']

Stand

at

A Hindu

li6. [Fr. f Port.

rel.

to

med.L

ballare

dancing-girl (esp. at a A striped textile

southern Indian temple). L16. 2 fabric. M19. -ard,

the

/'beioid/

f hai BAY

name

a.

&

n. arch.

ME.

the

L16.

n.

M18. [Amer. Fr. f southern States: a

river, lake, etc. [It.

bazarro f Turk.

f.

baiart,

by Charlemagne to Renaud de Montauban, which was celebrated as a type of blind recklessness.] A adj. Bay-coloured. ME. B n. 1 bay horse. lME. A person blind to his or her own ignorance, a self-confident fool.

A

E16 L17.

bayberry /'beiberi/ n.'] The fi^it of

n. ei6. [f bay n.' + berry the bay tree. E16. 2 A N. American shrub or small tree, Mynca cerifera, alhed to the bog myrtle (also called wax myrtle); the fruit of this tree, which yields a wax made into candles. L17. 3 (The fhait of) a fragrant oil1

beanng W. Indian tree, Pimenta acris. M18. Bayes' theorem /'betz .Oisram/ n. phr. M19. [The Revd Thomas Bayes (1702 61), Eng. mathematician.] Math. A theorem expressing the probability of each of a number of mutually ^

run, u put,

u: too, a

ago,

m

my, ao how,

ei

oriental market. L16.

of basan.

Long

v.t.

var. of basil

n.

bazoo

An

I

/ba'zu:/

n.

US

n.

frighten,

'

slang. L19. [Origin unkn.:

cf Du. bazuin trombone, trumpet.] L19. 2

The mouth.

[Origin

obs. exc. dial. E17.

Du. bazcn.] Stupefy;

cf.

= kazoo.

1

E20.

/ba'zuika/ n. M20. [App. f prec] 1 A crude musical instrument resembling a trombone. US. M20. 2 A portable tubular antitank rocket laimcher. M20.

bazooka

bazoom BOSOM

/bs'zuim/

bazuco

slang.

n.

A woman's

n. ]

var. of

n.

bdellium

breast.

M20. [Prob. Usu. in pi.

alt.

of

basuco.

Gk bdellion, of A tree, esp. of a fragrant gum

n. lME. [L f Semitic origin: cf Heb. bsdolah.]

/'dslism/

the genus Commiphora, yielding resin; the resin itself.

/'debid/

a.

-OID.] Zool. bdelloid

E20.

[f.

rotifer,

Gk

bdella leech

+

a rotifer of the order

Bdelloidea, resembling a leech. /bi:, unstressed bi/ v.

am/; 2

&

are

pi.

art

Pres. indie:

am

i

& &

/a:, 3/; 3, (dial.) i, 2, pi. (arch. /a:t, at/; 2

&

/am, pi.

is

dial.)

be. Past indie: i & 3 was /wdz, waz/; 2 & pi. were /wa:, we:, wa/, (dial.) was; 2 (arch.) wast /wDst, wast/ or wert /wa:t, wat/. Pres. subjunct. (now often repl. by indie, forms): be; 2 sing, also fbeest. Past subjunct.: were; i & 3 sing, (colloq.). Si

[OFr.

see -ARD. Sense B.2 alludes to of the magic steed given (in medieval a.:

romance)

x saw,

unkn.:

bazil

var.

n.

/beiz/

/iz/; 2 (arch.)

/beijs'de:, -'dia/ n. f.

baze

be

(against).

bayadere

bazan

bdelloid

up.

(Spenser). Only in L16. [App. alt. of bathe v. Cf embay d.-]

rare

v.^t.

bayard

hearts.

Amer. a person resident beside a (usu. specified) bay; Canad. a backwoodsman, a rustic; bay salt: obtained as large crystals by slow evaporation (orig. by the sun from seawater); Bay State US Massachusetts; bay-whaler Austral. & NZ a boat used in bay whaling, bay whaling Austral. & NZ whaling from land-based stations, practised when the whales come into shallow inshore waters to calve; baywood [Bay of Campeche, Mexico] mahogany from the Central American tree Swietenia macrophylla. :

Esp. of a large dog: bark, howl. Freq. foil. by at. lME. 2 v.t. Bark at, assail with barking. lME. 3 v.t. Utter by baying, shout. L16. 4 v.t. Pursue with barking like a pack of hoimds. L16. 5 v.t. Bring to bay, hold at bay. L16. 1 fig. P. Gallico For twenty years they have been baymg at your heels in Washington. B. Malamud The wind bayed at the window like starving wolves. 2 Shakes. Jjtl. Caes. I had rather be a dog and bay the moon TTian such a Roman, fig.: Coleridge Superstition and her wolfish brood Bay his mild radiance. 3 E. K. Kane These servants bayed their full-mouth welcome. 4 Shakes. 2 Hen. IV The French and Welsh Baying him at the heels. C. Darwin The jaguar is killed by the aid of dogs baying and driving him up a tree. 5 Shakes. Jul. Caes. We are at the stake. And bay'd about with many enemies. v.i.

bailadeira,

My

Shakes. A.Y.L.

/bei/ t'.' lME. [OFr. {a)baiter (mod. aboyer) (ab)baiare {. an imit. base: infl. by bay n.']

It.

pseudo-arch. Bathe, immerse.

M19.

hills etc.

bay

ME.

a.

(water). Usu.

perh. of Iberian origin.] 1 filling) a broad, large indentation in a coastline. lME. 2 An indentation or recess in a range of

n.

i.

of manufacture: dagger. L17 E18. 2

2 A large shop, or arcade of shops, selling fancy goods, bric-a-brac, etc. E19. 3 A sale of miscellaneous (usu. second-hand) goods in aid of charity. E19.

fbay

(0)Sp. bahia, (A part of the sea

A

see -et'.]

A

L17. [Fr. ba'ionnetie,

v.

orig. place

Pers. bdzdr market.]

source

{.

&

/'beianit/ n.

Bayonne, France, the

[(0)Fr. bai f. L badius chestnut-coloured (orily of horses), rel. to Olr. buide yellow.] Usu. of a horse: reddish-brown and (of a horse) with black mane and tail, /bei/

;

[{0)¥t. bate

L20.

bayonet

ander. Also bay-antler.

bay

sweet a. & adv. laurel n. i bay-leaf a dried leaf of sweet bay, used as flavouring; bay rum perfume (esp. for the hair) distilled from rum and leaves of the bayberry Pimenta acris. 2 red bay: see RED

Comb.

bay

bai

f.

/bei/

bay

1

everybody, bring to bay come close to (the quarry), hold, keep, at bay keep at a distance, resist, hold off. stand at bay turn against one's assailants.

bay

exc. Hist. L16. [(0)Fr. bale or a.: see baize.] Baize. Freq.

n.' obs.

baai,

(whence baize, the mod. form), n." M19. [Abbrev. of bez-antler.] The second branch of a stag's horn, above the brow

bay

a large

.

/bei/

in pi.

dog or of hounds in pursuit; esp. the chorus raised on drawing close to the hunted quarry. ME. 2 The position or action of a hunted animal when, imable to flee further, it turns and defends itself at close quarters. Freq. fig. Only in at or to (fa) bay. ME. 1 C. Bronte Formidable-looking dogs all bristle and bay. 2 Shakes. Ven. & Ad. The hounds are at a bay. T. H. White The boar was not at bay any more, deep bark of

/bei/

Du.

employing

(a) adj. pertaining to or

n.

a

2 Hist.

BAUSOND.

baxter

An

mi6. [f. bay a.] 1 A bay horse. M16. The (Queen's) Bays, the 2nd Dragoon Guards (now incorporated in the ist Queen's Dragoon Guards), who orig. rode bay horses. M19.

bay

of bauson,

unkn]

[Origin

dam.

a

&

a.

concepts arising out of Bayes' work on calculations of probability; esp. designating methods of statistical inference in which use is made of prior information on the distributions of parameters; (ft) n. a person who uses or advocates Bayesian methods: M20 Bayesianism n. advocacy or use of Bayesian methods

.

lME.

«.'

/bei/

embankment,

garment made of dais.

bawson

bay looked out over a greenery-choked backyard. 3 C. Ryan From the bays of the B-24S supplies began to fall haphazardly. E. Crispin A single-lane carriageway lined on either side with V-shaped bays in which pedestrians could take refuge 4 A. Christie A train came slowly puffing in and deposited itself in a modest bay. Comb.: bay window: see sense 2 above; baywindowed a. having a bay window, bayed a. (of a window) having or set in a bay E19 .

f ha cows

baditn, perh.

[Ir.

Bayesian

.

slanted

smack used on the

exclusive events, given some other event E, in terms of the probabilities of those events independently of R and the probabilities of E given each of those events in turn.

2 &c

pi.

(arch.

&

dial.)

also

was;

2

wert. Imper.: be. Pres. pple being /'bi:ir)/. Pa. pple been /bi:n, bin/. Informal abbrev. forms: *m = am; 's = is, 're = are; aren't /a:nt/ = are not, (interrog.) am not; (arch.)

also

sing,

isn't /'iz(a)nt/

=

is

not;

=

is

not; i'nt /int/

(non-standard)

wasn't /'wDz(a)nt/ =zvas

not;

weren't

=

/wa:nl, WE:nt/ were not; ain't /emt/, (arch.) an't /a:nt/ (colloq.) = am not, (slang & joc.) = is not, are not. OE. [An irreg. and defective vb, the full conjugation of which is made up of the surviving inflections of four bases: (i) the IE vb

w. stem base also of Skt as-, Gk es-, L es-, 's-; (ii) the IE vb w. stem base also of Skt vas-, Goth. wisan to remain; (iii) the IE vb w. stem base also of Skt bhii-, Gk phu-, L fu-, OE beon become; (iv) the old Gmc perfect formation, base of are, of unkn. origin.] I As full vb. 1 Have place in the realm of fact; exist, live. OE. 2 Come into existence, come about; happen, occur, take place.

day, ao no,

e:

OE. 3 (With

hair,

la

near,

oi

advs.

and prep,

boy, oa poor,

.\ia

phrs.)

tire,

Have

aua sour

:

be or occupy a given position; exist in a stated circumstance, condition, or relation; occupy oneself in a given way, hold a given opinion, etc. OE. b Take or direct oneself; go, come; (often w. infinitive expr. purpose); (in pa. pple)

M17. 4 Go on in its existing remain, continue; take or last (a ME. 5 Be the case or the fact; obtain. ME. 6 Befall, pertain {un)w; (now only exclams. and wishes). ME. AV Gen. 5:24 Enoch walked with God: and hee I was not, for God tooke him. Dryden Troy is no more. Pope Some njinphs there are, too conscious of their face. R. Heber Cherubim and seraphim falling down before Thee, Which wert, and art, and evermore shall be. Dickens There ain't an>-thing the maner. 2 R. B. Sheridan Your husband that shall be. OED TTie flower-show was last week. 3 Shakes. Rich. Ill Where is thy husband now? Where be thy brothers? Evelyn There was not his equal in the whole world. R. Burns Oh, were I on Parnassus' Hill! W. S. Gilbert Peter's been at the old brown sherry. J. Galsworthy I might ascertain what the fellow thought that you visited.

called,

condition;

specified time).

m

.

.

.

.

about D\XAN Thomas The House is 5 minutes from the station. Robert KentvIEDY One fifth of the is

M

people are against everything all the time. J. I. Ste%vart I do have two daughters. They're still at had been to enquire school, b C. Bl'RNEY Fanny after him 2 days ago. A. E. HousMAN Oh I have been to Ludlow fair. 4 Shakes. All's Well Nay, I'll fit you, And not be all day neither. V. McNabb St. Malachy was some months in reaching Clairvaux. 5 Shakes. 2 Hen. /r You loiter here too long, being you are to take .

soldiers

up

may be

that, later on,

in counties as

6 Shakes. Lear

you

.

Aldous Huxley

go.

It

your advice after all. thine and Albany's issues Be this

To

shall take

I

perpetual. II

As copular

vb. 7

(With

or (passing the state or quality

n., adj.,

into sense 3) adj. phr.) Have expressed by the predicate. OE. 8 (With n.) Coincide with, be identical to; form the essential

constituent

of, act

mean;

ME.

cost.

the part of.

OE. b Amount

to,

7 Shakes. Am. &• CI. Be'est thou sad or merry, The violence of either thee becomes. J. Grainger What is fame? an empty bubble. Sir W. Scott Be of good courage. Geo. Eliot I'm a stranger in Florence. E.

Waugh Aunt

Julia

.

lived

.

to

be

eighty-eight.

P.

Gallico He was an honest man, was Patrick. P. Larkin Some must employ the scythe That the walks be smooth For the feet of the angel. 8 J. Austen We have got a play and I am to be Count Cassel. G. Stein Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose. A. J. P. Taylor The overriding problem was where to land. Lisuncr For us during thirty years Kingsley Martin was the .Vm' Statesman. J. Bronowski The gas was oxv'gen. b AV Lam. 1:12 Is it nothing to you, all ye that passe by? T. Hardy A genial and pleasant genUeman, whom to meet was to know, to know was to drink with, and .

.

.

.

.

.

.

,

to drink with was, unfortunately, to

Sa^trs Yours ninepence

one-and-a-penny

is

pay for. D. L. and mine's

III As auxiliarv' vb. 9 With pa. pple of v.t., forming the pass, voice. OE. b With pa. pple of v.i., forming perfect tenses, arch, (now usu. repl. by have). OE. 10 With pres. pple forming

progressive act tenses. OE. b With pres. pple, or more usu. w. being + pa. pple, forming progressive pass, tenses. M16. 11 With infinitive, expr. duty or obligation (often repl. by have), intention, possibihty, destiny, or hypothesis 'vlE. 9 Shakes. Com. Err. Ill deeds is doubled with an evil word. G. White The manor of Selbome, was it strictly looked after would swarm with game. C. M. Yonge His parents were grown old. D. Parker If all the girls attending it were laid end to end, I wouldn't be at all .

.

Milton Tlierefore I am returned. Goldsmith Silence is become his mother tongue 10 Bl'N'YAN He was talking of thee. Dylan I ho.mas I'll be ringing you in August, b C. Lamb A man who is being surprised,

strangled.

building.

b

OED We 1 1

stayed there while our house was

Richardson

S.

I

am

to

thank you

.

.

for

You was to come to him at six o'clock. E. A. Freeman Normandy was to be invaded on each side. J Conrad He was nowhere to

your kind Letter. Dickens

be seen. R. A.

up

beadle

196

Knox

It

wasn't for him to mix himself

in political quarrels.

Phrases

etc.,

&

tvith advs.

be at be doing, aim

at,

in specialized senses:

be-all.

be away leave been (and gone) and intend,

(at

—

once), depart, set out. colloq. amplification of pa. pple expr. surprise or annoyance, be for be bound for, be on the side of, agree with, want being that or as (arch. & dial.) it b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

being the case that, since, he me: see

ME

determine the position of a ship, aircraft, or spacecraft. E20. 5 A conspicuous hill suitable for the site of a signal fire. Freq. in names, as Brecon

be

pers. pron.

= be away (fireq. as command), be that as it may: MAY r.' (bride etc.) -to-be a future bride etc. for the time being for the present, just now. has-been. I were better, as good, etc. (& similar constructions) arch. I had better etc., it would be (or have been) better etc. for me. let he: see LET t;.' (Miss X) that was: her maiden name being (X). powers-that-he: see POWER n. so being, such as it is, they are, etc.: see SUCH dcmonstr. a. & pron. tell it like it is: see TELL v. thanks be: off see

THANK

see

THERE

be-

it is.

that

n.

as

is

THERE you

[OE

may

see may v.' was: see TIME

he:

are. time

that n.

&

A

adv.]

M

uias.

TO-BE.

weak form of fcf-, big by productive pref. forming vbs and adjs. 1 Forming vbs f. vbs, w. the sense 'around, all over, throughout', as beset, besmear, etc.; w. intensive force 'thoroughly, excessively', belabour, as begrudge, etc.; or (no longer productive) w. the privative sense 'off, away', as bereave etc. 2 Forming *rans. vbs f. intrans. vbs by adding a prepositional relation, as bemoan, bespeak, bestride, etc. 3 Forming trans, vbs f. adjs. and ns., w. the sense 'make as befoul, besot, etc., or 'call, dub', as bemadam etc. 4 Forming trans, vbs f. ns., w. the sense 'surroimd or cover with, affect with, treat in the maimer of, as becloud, bedew, befriend, benight, etc., or (no longer productive) 'deprive of, as behead etc. 5 Forming adjs. f. ns. -I- -ed', w. the sense 'having, furnished with' (often excessively or bejewelled, conspicuously), as bespectacled, /bi/ pref.

prep.

Beacons, Dunkery Beacon, etc. L16. 4 M. Lowry The mariner who, sighting the faint beacon of Start Point after a long voyage, knows that he will soon embrace his wife. M. Kaye With the lights of the camp providing a beacon that could be seen for miles across the plains, fig.: Shakes. TV. &Cr. Modest doubt is call'd The beacon of the wise. Belisha beacon. B V. \ I v.t. Foil, by up: kindle as a beacon. Only in M17. 2 v.t. Provide or indicate with a beacon or beacons. L18. 3 v.t. Illuminate, lead, or guide in the manner of a beacon. E19. 4 v.i. Shine like a beacon. E19. beaconage n. (a) a toll paid for the maintenance of beacons; (b) a system of beacons: E17.

be-,

fi'eely

bead

/bi:tj/ n.

OE

identical w.

BECK

w.

n.'),

mi6. [Origin uncenain: perh. bsece, bece brook, stream (cf.

meaning '(pebbly)

transf.

river

surviving in many place-names Sandbach, Wisfcec^.] 1 The water-worn pebbles of the seashore; sand and shingle, arch. M16. 2 The sandy or pebbly shore of the sea, a lake, or valley',

a large river; esp.

that part lying

and low-water marks. L16. 2 on the beach (orig. Naut.) unemployed, raised beach Geol.

between highashore, a

retired,

beach

now

situated above water level owing to changes since formation, the only pebble on the beach: see pebble n.

its

Comb.: beach-ball a large inflatable ball for games on a beach; beach buggy a motor vehicle with large

.

bum

tyres for use on beaches; beach slang a loafer on or around a beach; beach front (chiefly N. Amer.) the sea front beside a beach; beach-grass marram, Ammophila arenaria; beachhead [after bridgehead] the first position established on a beach by the landing of troops, beach-master an officer supervising the landing of troops; beach plum (the edible fruit of) a straggling N. American maritime shrub, Prunus mariiima; beach-rock a conglomerate consisting of calcium carbonate; beach sand cemented by beachwear clothes for wearing on a beach. (rare) having covered with beached a. a beach, shingle or sand L16. beachward(s) adv. towards the beach M19. beachy a. covered with sand and shingle

the n.] 1 Haul or run up (a ship, whale, etc.) on the beach; fi-eq. refl., drive itself on to the beach, become stranded. M19. 2 fig. As beached ppl a. = on the beach s.v.

BEACH

/bi:tj/ v.t.

M19.

beachcomber

A

A

bearer,

OHG

signal fire lighted

ME.

3

A

on

bedel,

a pole, a hill,

r

red,

s sit,

t

w

we,

z

zoo,

1

v.t.

Provide or L16.

2

v.t.

petty

certain

imiversities,

city

(sometimes conventionally spelt

etc.

University College, London,

in

ME. 4 a

by the vestry

signal station, a

top, v van,

in

spec,

-ell);

porter.

lME. 4 Any light or other object serving as a signal, warning, or guide, esp. at sea (a lighthouse etc.) or on an airfield. lME. b A transmitter whose signal helps to radio n no, p pen,

a

OHG

companies,

watch-tower.

m man,

for

/'bi:d(3)l/ n. Also (now only in sense 3) butil (G Bunel) f bedeia). [OE bydel = Gmc base of OE blodan (see bid v.), superseded bedel (mod. bedeau) f Protoforms f OFr. by Romance f Gmc] f 1 A person who makes a proclamation; a court usher; a town-crier. A messenger or imder-officer of OE-L17. justice. OE-E18. 3 A ceremonial usher, a mace-

n.

or other high place.

/bi:d/ v. li6. [f the n.]

beadle

& v. [OE beacn = OFris. bouhhan, f. bokan, (cf. BECKON v.), of unkn. origin.] A n. sign, a portent; an ensign, a standard.

OE-L15. 2

pray

a

Make into beads; string together like beads. L16. 3 V. i. Form or grow into a bead or beads. L19. beading n. (a) the action of the vb; (b) decoration in the form of or resembling beads, esp. lacelike looped edging; (c) bead moulding; the bead of a tyre: M19.

WGmc 1

bead-house

ornament with beads or beading.

SW

f

almsfolk;

beads: E19

bead

-f-

/'bi:k(3)n/ bacen, OS

who

people

beady quality L19 beadlet n. a small bead; spec, a type of sea anemone: M19. beadlike a. resembling (that oO a bead Mi 9. beady a. (a) beadlike, (of eyes) small, round, and glittering; (b) covered or decorated with

/biitjb'ma:/ n. E19. [Alt. of Port, bicho do mar. see bSche-de-mer. Cf. = BiSLAMA.] 1 BECHE-DE-MER I. Only in E19. 2 (Also B-.) An English-based pidgin formerly used as a trade language and contact vernacular in the Pacific. Also = Bislama. L19. becen,

draw a bead on

N. Amer. take aim at. Comb.: bead-folk arch,

bearing round orange fruits and grown for ornament; bead-rim a thickened, rounded rim; bead-roU a (long) list of names (orig. of persons to be prayed for); bead sedge the bur-reed, Sparganium erectum, bead-tree = AZEDARAC; bead-work (a) ornamental work with beads, beading; (b) open-mesh canework in fiimiture. f See also Baily's beads. beadily adv. in a beady manner M20. beadiness n.

beach-la-mar

beacon

.

there, glistening in the clear light, c

sometimes

n.

beachcombing n. the activity of a beachcomber, searching the beach for jetsam M19.

OHG

hemisphere,

M19. [f. beach + comber n.'] 1 A White person in the n. Pacific islands etc. living by collecting jetsam; a longshore vagrant. M19. 2 A long wave rolling in ft'om the sea. M19. /'binjkauma/

[Partiy aphet.

f.

chapel; an almshouse; bead-plant a small creeping plant of the Nertera granatensis, madder family, of the southem

[f.

E20.

n. 2.

n.

benefactor,

L16.

beach

OE.

f. gebed prayer, bedhus house of prayer: rel. OS beda (Du. bede), gibed, beta, gtbet (G Gebei), Goth, bida, f Gmc. Cf. bid v.] 1 sing. & (usu.) in pi. Prayer; devotions, latterly spec, using a rosary, arch. OE. 2 Each of a string of small perforated balls forming the rosary or paternoster, used for keeping count of the prayers said. lME. 3 A small rounded perforated piece of glass, metal, wood, etc., used ornamentally, either threaded with others on string or wire or sewn on fabric; (in pi.) a necklace of such beads. lME. 4a A drop of liquid, or of molten metal etc. L16. b A bubble, esp. in sparkling wine, spirits, etc. M18. c A small knob fonning the front sight of a gun. M19. 5 a An ornamental moulding resembling a string of beads; an individual ornament in this. L18. b A narrow moulding of semicircular section. E19. 6 The thickened itmer edge of a pneimiatic tyre, gripping the rim of the wheel. E20. 1 Joyce Confession will be heard all the afternoon after beads, bid a bead, say one's beads offer a prayer. 2 tell or count one's beads say one's prayers. 4 C. P. Snow In the warm evening, beads of sweat were standing out. R. P. Warren The leaves and the were wet, and beads of water hung here and grass

bewhiskered, etc.

beach

/bi:d/

partly generalized to OFris. bede,

to

Hist.

A

keep order in church, pimish

etc. L16. b In Scotland, a attending on the minister. M19. (arch.) stupid ofliciousness M19. n.

offenders,

church

official

beadledom beadleship

n.

the office or jurisdiction of a beadle

M16.

J

a

parish officer appointed

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 6 this,

t)

ring, tj chip, d3 jar

1

beadsman beadsman + MAN

n.

/'biidzmsn/

bedesman.

also (arch.)

Orig.

n.

fbeadmanj

-men. ME.

PI.

[f.

Shakes. Macb. TTiat but

bead

all

prob. altered after almsman.] Hist.

n.:

writing to a superior or patron. /'bi:g(3)l/

&

n.

L15.

V.

[Perh.

mouth open,

beegueule having the

f.

f.

beer

OFr. open

(cf. BAY n.*) + gueule throat (see Gtn.ES).] A (An animal of) a breed of usu. small hound, used for hare-himting when the field follows on foot. L15. 2 fig. A spy, an informer; a constable. M16.

wide n.

1

legal beagle: see

1

B

v.i.

LEGAL

Himt with

a.

beagles. Freq. as beagling vbl

n. E19.

beagler

n.

M19.

beak

/bi:k/ ME. [(0)Fr. bee f. late L beccus, of Celt, origin.] 1 The homy projecting termination of the jaws of a bird, esp. when strong and hooked as in a bird of prey (cf bill n.''). ME. b The elongated head, proboscis, or sucker-mouth of certain insects, e.g. a weevil. M17. c TTie (freq. homy) extremities of the mandibles of some other animals, e.g. a turtle or a squid. E19. 2 A sharp point or projection, a peak. lME. b Bot. & Zool. A projecting tip; e.g. that of a carpel in a cranesbill etc., or an umbo of a shell or valve. E19. 3 A human nose, esp. when hooked, joc. lME. 4 = beak-head (a) below. M16. 5 The tapered spout of a retort,

M17. Comb.: beak-head (o) an (ornamented) projection at the prow of an ancient warship; (b) the space before still,

etc.

wet heaths and moors in Europe and N. America. beakiul n. as much as can be held in a bird's beak M17. beakless a. L16. beaklike a. resembling (that of) a beak mi 9. beaky a. furnished with a beak, beaklike

A

schoolmaster. L19.

beak

/bi:k/

v.

ME.

[OFr. bequ(i)er peck,

f.

as

BEAK «.'] \ v.t. Si Strike or seize with the beak; push the beak into. ME. 2 v.i. Project with or as I.

with a beak.

beaked

ME. lME. [f. beak -ed^] 1 hooked. lME. 2 Her. Having the rare.

/bi:kt/ a.

Pointed or

-1-

beak a different tincture' from the body. E16. 3 Provided with a beak. E16. b Bot. & Zool. Having beaklike projection or proboscis; rostrate. Freq. in names, as beaked whale. E19. 2 beaked parsley [from the beaked fruit] any of several plants of the genus Anihriscus, esp. cow parsley, a

A.

(M)Du.

/'bi:k3/ n.

OHG

biker,

pop.L, perh. PITCHER «.']

wide mouth

ME. [ON

Gk

bikarr behhari (G

= OS

biken, Becher), i.

drinking-bowl: cf. 1 A large drinking-vessel with a and no handles, a goblet, arch, or f.

bikos

A

sense. ME. b tumbler-shaped metal or (usu.) plastic drinking-vessel; a metal literary in gen.

or plastic mug. E20. c Archaeol. A type of pottery drinking-vessel without a handle, characteristic of the early Bronze Age in westem Europe. Cf funnel beaker s.v. funnel «. E20. 2 The contents of a beaker. E19. 3 A lipped cylindrical glass vessel used for scientific experiments. M19. Comb.: Beaker Culture, (arch.) Beaker folk, a people believed to have been the sole makers of beakers (sense

ic).

beak-iron n. see bickern. beal /'bial/ n. & v. obs. exc.

v.i.

/'bi:D:l/ n. E17. [f. be v. + all proj?.] The whole being or essence (of). Chiefly in the be-all and end-all (after Shakes.).

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

y.

A

to

rel.

obs.

exc. in hornbeam, whitebeam, etc.

OE.

1

bearing member. (See also sense 10.) OE. 4 A wooden cylinder in a loom, on which the warp or cloth is wound. OE. 5 a The chief timber of a plough. OE. f b The pole or shaft of a chariot. Only in 17. 6 A ray or pencil of light; a set of parallel light rays. OE. b A ray or pencil of radiation of any kind; a narrow directed flow of particles. Ml 9. c A strongly directional radio transmission, esp. as used to guide aircraft, missiles, etc. E20. 7 The transverse bar of a balance; the balance itself lME. 8 The main stem of a stag's hom, bearing the anders. lME. 9 Radiance; a gleam, a bright glance, esp. a radiant or good-natured smile. L16. 10a A horizontal timber stretching from side to side of a ship. E17. b The greatest breadth of a ship. E17. c Either side of a ship; a sideways direction from a ship. E17. d transf (The width of) a person's hips or buttocks, colloq. E20. 11 In a

steam engine etc.: an through which the

oscillating pivoted shaft

movement

piston transmitted to the crank. M18. 3

AV

2 Kings 6:2 Let vs

.

take thence euery

.

is

man

a

beame, and let vs make vs a place there where we may dwell. H. Allen The shafts also formed the beams .

of the wagon platform. M. Laski Everything in splendid confusion was tacked to the walls, to the platform, to the beams in the ceilmg. J. Bronowski If we picture a beam lying across two columns, then .

columns stretching

rain

farther

apart,

beam, summer-beam,

swept

great

in

folds

Gray A beam on

it

.

increase as we move the cross-beam, hammer-beam,

beam

the stresses in the

etc.

6 D.

Lodge The

across the beam of the of early moming summer

and on me.

c S.

Spender He

.

.

landed on a beam when all but the last drop of petrol was exhausted. K. Kesey Carrying the [TV] set every place the cord will reach, in search of a good beam. 9 Byron Her cheek all purple with the beam of youth. S. Gibbons She found her hand taken into a friendly clasp and met the beam of a wind-reddened, open, boyish countenance. S. O'FaolAin Then he began to smile, slowly expanding his mouth into a wide beam of rehef lOc F. Marryat Land on the lee beam! d Hugh Walpole He stood watching disgustedly Bigges' broad beam. Phrases: abaft the beam to one side and behind an imaginary line drawn across the centre of a ship, beam in one's eye fig. a fault great compared to another's (Man. 7:3) before the beam to one side and ahead of an imaginary line drawn across the centre of a ship, kick the beam be greatly outv/eighed in the balance, main beam: see main a. off (the) beam colloq. not on the right track, mistaken, on the beam

on the

post-and-beam: see POST n.' RETRICK one's beams, split beam: see split ppl a. strike the beam = kick the beam above. Comb.: beam-compass(es): with the legs connected by a beam with sliding sockets, for drawing large circles; beam-ends the ends of a suip's beams; on her beam-ends, (of a ship) on its side, almost capsizing; on one's beam-ends (fig ), at the end of one's resources; beam engine a s;eam engine having a beam (sense 1 above); beam sea: one rolling against a ship's side; beam-splitter a device for dividing a beam of radiation into two (or more) separate beams; beamtree whitebeam. beamed a. (a) having or emitting beams of light (usu. of a specified quality); (b) (of a stag) having a hom of the fourth year; (c) built with a beam or beams: OE. beamish a. (arch.) shining brightly, radiant M16. beamless a. L17.

/bi:m/

right

v.

beams; radiate alt.

be-all

a:

tree.]

OHG

n.'),

obscurely

rood-tree, the Cross (cf. Acts 5:30). OE-E18. 3 A long piece of squared timber, metal, or reinforced concrete, used in building and construction esp. as a horizontal load-

beam lME. [App. boil. lME. B

dial.

of BOIL «.'] A n. A pustule, a Suppurate, fester. E16.

a cat, a: arm, e bed,

OE

badmr

OS

OFris. ham,

boom

(see

WGmc;

t2 The

colloq.

sylvestris.

beaker

since

i.

tree.

sunlight shone

/bi:k/ n.' slang. li8. [Prob. orig. thieves' cf. harman 2 ] 1 magistrate. L18. 2

A

ON

Goth, bagms,

headlights. A.

Eig.

cant;

(G Baum),

bourn

blow Might be the be-

[OE beam =

n.

.

the forecastle of a sailing ship (in men-of-war used as a latrine); (c) an ornament in Norman architecture resembling a head with a beak; beak-iron: see bickern; beak-sedge a sedge of the genus Rhynchospora, in which the persistent base of the style forms a beak to the fruit; esp. (more fully whiu beak-sedge) R. alba of

beak

/bi:m/

this

here.

bam, boom, (M)Du. boom

pensioner bound to pray for his benefactors, an almsman; (in Scotland) a public almsman, a licensed beggar. lME. 3 A petitioner. lME. I f your beadsman: used as a conventional form

when

and the end-all

beam

A person who prays for the soul of another. ME. 2 A person paid to pray for others; a 1

beagle

bear

197

track,

right,

lME.

[f the n.]

(light,

affection, etc.).

1

Emit

v.t.

in

lME. b

Direct (radio signals etc.) to a specific area; transmit. E20. c Sci. Fiction. Foil, by up: transport (a person) to a spaceship by a directed flow of energy. M20. 2 v.t. Stretch (cloth, hide, etc.) over a beam. E17. 3 v.i. Shine brighdy. M17. 4 v.i. Smile broadly or radiantly. L19. saw, a run, u put,

u:

too, a ago, ai

my, au how,

ei

I W. Shenstone The genial sun Beams forth ungentle influences, b M. L. King Television beamed the image of this extraordinary gathenng across the border oceans. C. Sagan A search for signals beamed in our general direction by civilizations interested in communicating with us. 3 G. M. Hopkins Their harness beams like scythes in moming grass. Joyce TTie young May moon, she's beaming, love. 4 J. M. Barrie Her face beamed with astonishment and mirth. T. Dreiser She beamed upon him in a melting and sensuous way. beamer n. (a) a person who beams; (b) a person who arranges yam on the beam of a loom; (c) Cricket a full toss aimed at the batsman's head: M19. beamingly adv. radiantly M17. .

beamy

lME.

/'bi:mi/ a.

[f.

beam

.

+

n.

-y'.]

1

Emitting beams, radiant. lME. 2 Massive as a (weaver's) beam. M17. 3 Possessing fiill-grown anders. L17. 4

beaminess

bean

n.

/bi:n/

Of a ship: broad in the radiance Mt8.

beam. L19.

= MDu.

bone (Du.

[OE

n.

OHG

boon),

bean

(G Bohne), ON baun, f smooth kidney-shaped edible

bona

Gmc]

la TTie seed, borne in long pods, of the leguminous plant Vicia faba; the plant itself. Also more fully broad bean. OE. b (The seed of) any of various related plants, esp. the French bean, Phaseolus vulgaris. M16. 2 A seed resembling the broad bean in shape, produced by any of several other plants, e.g. coffee, cocoa. lAIE. 3 Something resembling a bean in shape and size. M16. b The head, slang (orig. US). E20. 4 A coin, a small sum of money. Usu. in neg. contexts, slang. E19. lb black bean, French bean, haricot bean, kidney bean, Lima bean, navy bean, runner bean, vanilla bean, velvet bean, yellow bean, etc. Phrases: BAKED beans, full

of beans ftiU of energy, in person) beans deal severely with, (chiefly N. Amer.) a thing of little value (freq. in not worth a hill of beans, worthless), jelly bean: see jelly n.' & v. know how many beans make five be intelligent, not a bean slang no money whatever, old bean: see OLD a. spill the beans: see SPILL high

V.

give

spirits,

scold, hill

(a

of beans

12.

Comb.: bean-bag a small closed bag filled with beans, used esp. in children's games; bean-bag chair, a chair consisting of a large bag filled with loose plastic granules, which takes the shape of the siner; bean ball Baseball slang a ball pitched at the batter's head; bean caper a plant of the genus Zygophyllum, esp. the Mediterranean Z. fabago, with flower-buds used as capers; bean curd a paste made from soya beans; beanfeast (a) an annual dinner given to employees by their employer(s) (at which beans and bacon used to be regarded as an indispensable dish); (b) a festival, a celebration, a merry time; bean goose a grey goose, Amer fabalis, breeding in the Arctic and visiting Britain in small numbers in winter; bean-meal meal made by grinding beans; beanpole (a) a pole for beans to twine round; (b) fig. a tall thin person; bean sprouts the sprouts of a legume, esp. the mung bean, used esp. in Chinese cookery; beanstalk the stem of a bean plant; bean trefoil a poisonous leguminous shrub, Anagyris foetida, of the Mediterranean region; bean tree any of various trees bearing podded seeds, esp.

laburnum.

beanery

bean

n.

/bi:n/

n.

3b

worn

/'bi:ni/ n. Orig.

-I-

-IE.]

at the

beano

slang (chiefly N. Amer.). E20.

v.t.

[f.

on the head.

the n.] Hit

beanie

(N. Amer. slang) a cheap restaurant L19.

A

US. E20. [Prob. f bean

hat; spec, a small close-fitting hat

back of the head.

/'biinau/

n.

slang. PI. -os. L19.

+ -O.] = beanfeast s.v. bean n. bear /be:/ [OE bera = MDu.

OHG bero

bere

[f.

bean

(Du.

n.

beer),

ON

(G Bar). {. WGmc: rel. to bjgm.] of several large heavily-built mammals constituting the Ursidae (order family Camivora), with thick fur and a plantigrade gait. OE. b With specifying wd: an animal resembling or (fancifully) likened to a bear. E17. 2 Astron. the Bear (more fully the Great Bear) = Ursa Major, the Lesser or Little Bear = Ursa Minor. lME. 3 fig. A rough, uiunaimerly, or uncouth person. L16. 4 Stock Exch. etc. [Perh. w. ref to expression 'selling the bear's skin before killing the bear'.] Orig., stock contracted to be sold at a set price at a future date, in the seller's expectation of lower market prices then. Now, a person who sells such stock, a speculator for a fall. Cf. BULL 4. E18. 5 A rough or shaggy 1

day, au no,

Any

e:

hair,

is

near,

31

boy, ua poor,

ais tire,

aus sour

bear mat,

198

made

bear

for

[ellipt.

a vessel. L18.

USSR.

Russia, the former

matting for 6 the Bear, figure of a teddy. E20. 8

with

block covered

a

esp.

scrubbmg the deck of

Cf

as a child's toy.

Smokey Bear

A

E19. 7

SMOKY.] A police slang (orig. US). L20.

s.v.

officer; {coUtxi.) the police, 1 black bear either of rwo bears, (a) (more fiilly Ameman black hear) Ursus americaniis, of N. American forests; ^.b) (more fUUy Asian black bear) Sclenarctos thibetanus. a small, mamly herbivorous bear of SE brown bear a bear, Ursiis arctos, of western N. Amenca and parts of Eurasia that is the world's largest

Asia,

carnivore (cf grizzly ',

v.t.

tc Take along

companion; carry as a consequence. L16-E17. 2 Carry about with or upon one, esp. visibly; show, display; be known or recognized by (a name, device, etc.);

by

off.

.MI 6.

as

a

have

character, reputation, value, etc.) (a attached to or associated with one. OE. fb Wear (clothes, ornaments). OE-L16. 3 refl. Carry or ;onduct oneself; behave or acquit oneself. .Mb. 4 Wield, exercise, (power etc.);

ME. 5 Entenain, harbour, towards someone or something; foil, by indiren obj., /or, towards). ME. 6 Hold or possess (a relation etc.) to something else.

hold (an

office), arch.

(a feeling etc.

ME. Chaucer On his bak he bar Anchises R Holinshed This pope Leo bare but seauen and 1

.

.

.

yeeres of age. Shakes. Macb. I bear a charmed which must not yield To one of woman bom. E. Waugh Music was borne m from the next room. T. Blackburn I met a child beside a river. Who asked if I would bear him over. K. Laffan We all have our thirtie

life,

crosses to bear, absol. Shakes. Rich. II Forgiveness, Wast bom horse! Why do I rail on thee. Since thou Wini. T. If I Had servants true to bear? 2 Shakes about me thai bare eyes To see alike mine honour as shall hereafter bear a their profits. Steele Falshood blacker Aspect. W. H. Prescott Four beauuful girls, bearing the names of the principal goddesses. A. P. :

.

.

Stanley TTie b but, d dog,

staff like that

f

still

Graves Postumus now bore the rank of regimental commander. S. Brett The old comedian's face bore a smile of unambiguous cynicism. 3 W. S. so bear ourselves that if the Churchill Let us R.

.

.

.

.

British Empire and its Commonwealth last for a thousand years men will still say, 'This was their finest which hour'. 4 CoVERDALE ; Chron. 27:6 Sonnes bare rule in the house of their fathers. R. Ascham To Swift The beare some office in the common wealth. contempt they bear for practical geometry. 6 J. Locke Nothing finite bears any proportion to infinite G. Greene I thought I could believe in some kind of a God that bore no relation to ourselves. 11 Support, sustain, endure. 7 v.t. Sustain, support (a weight, strain, or burden). OE. b v.t. Sustain successfully, withstand; admit of, be fit for. E16. c v.i. Suppon a load. L17. 8 v.t. Sustain (something painftil); (usu. in neg. or interrog. contexts) endure, tolerate, reconcile oneself to, bring oneself w do something. OE. b v.i. Foil, by with: be patient or put p with, make allowance for. M16. 9a v.t. Hold, keep, or lift tip; prevent from falling or sinking; hold aloft, hold in position on the top etc. ME. b v.t. Keep going (the refrain or a part of a song), arch. lME. c v.i. Keep one's spirits or courage up; cheer up. .

.

•

and

Comb. bear animalcule = tardigrade n. 2; bearbaiting Hist, setting dogs to attack a captive bear, for spon, bearberry (the fruit of) an evergreen shrub or American genus small tree of the chiefly N. Arctostaphylos, of the heath family, with white or pinkish flowers, esp. A. uva-ursi (more fully red

arch,

li

.

M17. 10

v.t.

Have

written, inscribed, etc.,

on

it;

be registered or enrolled in a book etc. thus. ME. II v.t. Have or convey the meaning (in pass.)

that,

purport

to be. arch.

ME.

Smeaton Proportionate

to the stress it was Gen. 13.6 The land was not able to beare them, that they might dwell together. E. F. Schumacher A large part of the costs of private enterprise has been bome by the public authorities. C. for Priest This, alone of all my problems, was one

7

J.

likely to bear. fig.

:

AV

.

I bore some responsibility, b Shakes. Lear Thj employment Will not bear question. J RUSKIN It is not less the boast of some styles that they can bear ornament. J Raban Only the great families of the

which great

Renaissance could seriously bear comparison with the Gulf emirs, c G. WASHtNGTON Attempted to go into the Neck on the Ice, but it wd. not bear 8 AV Gen. 4:13 My punishment is greater then I can beare he bears the brunt Smollett With an intrepid heart Italian

.

of their whole artillery. R. L. Stevenson Though I could, perhaps, bear to die, I could not bear to look upon my fate as it approached. W. Gather It will take more courage to bear your going than everything that has happened before. N. Coward Sibyl: I don't believe you like mother. Elyot: Like her! I can't bear her. V. S Pritchett Father could not bear a drip of oil or grease on his own hands, b E. A. Freeman A foreign King to be bome with. F. King Sometimes he would wonder if she really liked him at all or merely bore with him out of her kindness and tolerance 9a R. Knolles The Spaniards bearing themselves upon

had

were too proud. AV Judg. 16:29 TT^^ two on which it was bome vp. O. To bear up our honour at sea. P. Shaffer

their wealth,

middle

pillars

Cromwell

.

A small Queen Aiuie c

table beanng a fine opaline lamp Burke Bearing up against those vicissitudes of E. B. Browning He bears up, and talks

fortune.

philosophy. 10 Steele A long Letter bearing Date the fourth Instant. John Phillips Coins, bearing the effigy of the Horse. H. Cox All persons bome on the books of Queen's ships in commission. 1 1 Leigh Hunt A portrait bearing to be the likeness of a certain Erasmus Smith, Esq. III v.t. Produce, give birth to. 12 Bring forth, .

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

chiefs.

i

leg,

m

beard

;

L16. b Extend or stretch away in a given direction. E17. 18 v.t. Lie off or be situated in a certain direction from a given point. Cf. bearing 5. L16. 19 v.i. Foil, by (up)on: exert a practical

have relevance to. Lij. 20 v.i. Of a gim: have the intended target in its line of fire, be aimed at the target. L17. 14 SouTHEY Bome backward Talbot turns. 16a L. T C. RoLT The frame was moved forward by horizontal jacks bearing against the newly completed brickwork behind, fig.: Southey While she pray'd the load of care Less heavily bore on her heart, b Tennyson The dead weight bore it down. N. Shitte He bore his weight down on the plate with her and the boat lifted sodden sails out of the water. 17 Shakes. Jul. Caes. Stand back. Room! Bear back. J. Smeaton The wind being now fair for that port, we bore away for it H I. Jenkinson On arriving at the effect on;

.

.

.

.

.

.

top of the crag, bear a little to the right. Tolkien They turned north and then bore to the north-west. 18 Shakes. Tarn. Shr. This is Lucentio's house; My father's bears more toward the market-place. P. O'Brian Dawn on the seventeenth instant, the Dry Salvages beanng SSE two leagues. 19 J. Masters We've been able to get a little information bearing on the accident. 20 Nelson Our after guns ceased to bear. Carlyle Finck had no artillery to bear on Daun's transit through the Pass. .

.

H

V Special uses of bome pa. pple & ppl a. 21 As 2nd elem. of a comb.: carried or transported by, as airborne etc. E17.

&

with advs. in specialized senses: bear a boh: bear a great stroke: see stroke n.' bear a bear and forbear be patient and tolerant, bear a part (a) take part, share, (in), (ft) play a part as actor or actress, bear arms: see ARM n.' hear a stroke: see STROKE n.' bear away carry away, win as a prize (hear away the bell: see bell n.'). bear company accompany (a person), bear date be dated Phrases,

BOB

see

hand

n.'

assist, help,

bear down

push to the ground, see sense i6b above; (c) exert downward force, press down on, (d) hear down (up)on (Naut ), sail with the wind towards; gen. move rapidly and purposefully towards, bear fruit fig. yield results, be productive, hear great state: see STATE n. bear hard (a) arch, take badly, resent; (ft) bear hard (as specified)

overthrow, prevail against;

(a)

(ft)

(up)on, oppress, affect adversely or injuriously,

heavily = bear hard above (now only sense

hand

b). f

bear bear

delude, deceive bear in mind not forget, keep in one's thoughts bear off t(o) repel, ward off; (ft) carry off, win as a pnze; see also sense ib above, bear out (a) arch, support, back up, (a person); (6) corroborate, tend to confirm or justify (a statement, a person making a statement), fbear over = bear down (a) above, bear state: see STATE n. hear suspicion: see SUSPICION n. bear tack: see TACK bear testimony testify (to), hear the bell: see BELL n.' bear the stroke: see STROKE n.' bear up Naut. bnng the vessel before the wind, sail to leeward; (see also senses 9a, c above) bear wimess tesufy (to), be bome in upon one be impressed upon one, become one's conviction (that), bring to bear bring into effective operation, begin using, aim (a gun etc.), (bring pressure to bear, see PRESSURE «. ) grin and hear ir. in

profess

falsely;

.

see GRIN

v.^

pple horn is now used only in sense 13, and there only in the pass, when not followed by by and the mother. In all other cases bome is usual. 51 The

.

produce, yield (fruit, crops, minerals, etc.). OE. 13 Of a woman or (less commonly) any female

mammal;

birth to (a child, children, yoimg); provide (offspring, w. the father as a. indirect obj. or w. to). See also born pple

give

&

The oaks bear mast, the briars scarlet hips. Dryden India, black Ebon and white Ivory bears. Anne Stevenson Some beds bear nearly a 12 Shakes. Timon

thousand penmias. 13 I Murdoch Fanny had lived, she had married a distinguished man, she had bome children. NEB Luke 23:29 Happy are the barren, the wombs that never bore a child. Tolkien Aredhel bore to E6I a son in the shadows of Nan Elmoth.

IV Push, move, apply. 14 f. r. Move onward by pressure; force, drive. ME. f 15 v.t. Pierce, stab {through). ME-L15. 16a v.t. Press or come {up)on or far with (esp. downward) force; exert or transmit mechanical pressure (up)on or against; apply weight, thrust.

down or tend

bear

M19. [f. bear n.' 4.] Stock Exch. Speculate for a fall. M19. 2 v.t. Produce a fall in the price of (stocks etc.). M19.

etc.

/he:/

v.'^

v.t.

1

bearable

lME. b

v.t.

Bring

down with

pressure. L17. 17 v.i. (Try to) move in a certain direction, esp. dehberately or persistently; diverge, turn; (of a to force

man, n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

lME.

/'be:r3b(3)l/ a.

bear

[f.

d.'

+

bome; endurable, tolerable. bearableness n. (earlier in unbearableness) M19 bearably adv. (earlier in unbearably) L19. -able.] Able to be

bearance

OE.

.

bome by Arab

,

vessel) sail in a given direction. Freq. w. advs.

-ANCE.]

bearing

1

/'b£:r(3)ns/

n.

Endurance,

E18.

[f

bear

v.'

E18.

2

toleration.

+ =

6. rare. E19.

bearbind /'b£:bMnd/ n. dial. /-bAin/. lME. [f. ftear var. of bere

Also -bine + bind v.]

n.'

Convolvulus or a similar twining plant.

beard

/bisd/

n.

[OE

beard

= OFris.

berd,

MDu.

OHG

ban, G Bart, f. WGmc, (Du. baard), rel. to Old Ch. Slav, brada, L barba.] I A mass chin and lower face of a of hair growing on the baert

man

(excluding the moustache and whiskers),

esp.

as

a

cultivated

appendage;

such

hair

OE. 2 The

hair of the face or chin of any animal, e.g. a lion or goat. ME. b Chiefly Zool. Any of various animal growths suggestive collectively.

of or resembling beards; esp. the gills of an oyster; the byssus of a mollusc; the beak-bristles

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 0 thin,

d

this,

i)

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

beard lME. 3 Bot. A tuft of hairs or on a plant; esp. the awn of a grass. lME. protruding part, esp. f (a) the barb of an arrow, fish-hook, etc.; (/>) Typogr. the part of the type above and below the letter. E17. 5 The tail of a comet, obs. exc. Hist. M17. I P. Barker Men with white beards and wing collars. Independent I cut a week's beard away from my of cenain birds.

bristles

4

A

.

Phrases: beards wag: see

wag

Jupiter's beard: see

v.

Jupiter, old man's heard: see old man. Spanish beard: see Spanish a. torpedo beard: see torpedo n. Vandyke beard: see Vandyke n. 4. beardless a. having no beard; fig. youthful, immature: ME. beardlet n. a small beard or awn L19.

beardlike a. resembling a man's beard M19. beardy a. bearded L16. /biad/

ME.

v.

[f.

Cut off the ME. b fig. Oppose

the n.]

1 v.t.

the beard of. openly, defy; attack audaciously. E16. 2 v.t. Provide with a beard. Usu. in pass. lME. f 3 f i. Grow a beard. L15-L17. I beard the lion in his den (or lair) attack

beard

of; seize

.

someone on

bearded

his or her

own ground

ME.

or subject,

beard n., v.: see -ED^ -ED'.] 1 Having a beard, awn, or similar growth. ME. 2 Of a comet etc.; having a tail. obs. exc. Hist. lME. f3 Barbed or jagged. /'biadid/ a.

[f.

E17-E19.

bearded collie: of a shaggy breed on the face, bearded iris any of several

Special collocations:

with long hair

with beards on the falls, bearded reedling. bearded seal an Arctic seal, Erignaihus = barhatus, of the Arctic Ocean, bearded tit cultivated

irises

2. bearded vulture = lammergeyer. beardedness n. L19

REEDLrNG

.

n.

E20. n. ME. [f bear v.^ + -er'.] 1 A or (less commonly) thing which carries or helps to carry; a porter. ME. b spec. person who helps to carry a coffin at a funeral; a pallbearer. M17. c spec. A palanquin-carrier; a personal servant. Anglo-Ind. M18. 2 A person who brings letters, a message, news, etc.; a

bearer

/'beira/

who

person

A

ME.

messenger.

3 fa

A

person

who

supports a

burden {lit. & fig.y, an upholder. lME-miS. b Something which supports or sustains a burden or takes off pressure. L17. 4 A person who or thing which brings forth or produces (fruit, offspring, etc.). lME. 5 The holder of an office or rank; the possessor of a name, quality, etc. L16. 6 Her. A person who bears heraldic arms. L16. 7 The holder or presenter of a cheque, draft, etc.; the holder of shares in a company etc. L17. 1 AV 2 Chron. 2:18 To be bearers of burdens. Morris Fleeces In their own bearer's blood were dyed. ]. Hilton They travelled in bamboo sedanchairs, swinging perilously over precipices while their bearers picked a way nonchalantly down the steep track. W. Stevens Lantern without a bearer, you drift cupbearer, see ctip n. pallbearer, see PALL n.' standardbearer, see STANDARD n. stretcher-bearer, see STRETCHER. train-hearer, see train n.' c sardar-hearer: see sardar 2. 4 good etc. bearer a plant that produces well etc. 5 Shakes. 2 Hen. IV O majesty! When thou dost pinch thy bearer [etc.]. Joyce TTie gallant young Oxonian (the bearer of one of the most timehonoured names in Albion's history), office-bearer, see office n.

W

.

.

.

.

.

bearing /'beirio/ n. ME. [f bear v.^ + The action of bear v.^: carrying,

-ing'.]

1

bringing; supporting, sustaining, enduring; giving birth, producing; thrusting, pressing. ME. 2 Manner of carrying oneself, bodily attitude; demeanour. ME. 3 A material support; a supporting surface. ME. 4 A heraldic charge or device: in pi, that which is depicted on a coat of arms; a heraldic achievement, a coat of arms. M16. 5 The direction direction

in

which a place, object,

movement,

of

(knowledge of)

etc.,

orientation;

relative position.

M17. 6

in

lies;

pi,

sing.

&

Part of a machine which bears friction, esp. between a rotating part and its housing. LI 8. 7 Practical relation or effect (Mp)o«; influence, relevance. L18. (freq.)

a cat, a:

in

pi.

arm,

c

bed,

3:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

y.

.

.

Comb.: bearing metal: used for antifiiction linings of bearings, bearing rein a fixed rein passing from the bit to the harness pad, serving to keep the horse's head up and its neck arched.

+ -ish'.] 1 /'beirij'/ a. mi8. [f. bear Like a bear, esp. in maruier; rough, surly. M18. 2 Stock Exch. etc. Pertaining to, showing, or tending to produce a fall in prices; gen.

bearish

pessimistic. L19.

bearishly adv. M19. bearishness

Beamaise

M19.

n.

/beis'neiz, foreign bearnsiz/ a.

L19.

SW

beamais of Beam, a region of France.] Beamaise sauce (also fsawce beamaise), a rich white sauce flavoured with tarragon. [Fr., fern, of

beast

Also -dy. E19. [f. beard n. + beardie -IE.] 1 (A nickname for) a bearded man. E19. 2 A loach; a stickleback. Sc. E19. b The red-brown gadoid fish Lotella callanas of S. Australian coasts. Also called ling. L19. 3 A bearded collie. /'biadi/

.

.

.

face..

beard

beat

199 courtesy of his bearing towards 2 W. Black The was a women. J. R. Ackerley Upon the platform handsome, elegantly tailored young man, of tall, military bearing. 3 J. Smeaton Each floor lying upon the horizontal bearings furnished by these ledges. 4 Tennyson A gateway she discerns With armorial bearings stately. 5 L. Garfield On went the old gentleman, confident now in his bearings, deeper and deeper into the Town. H. WouK The RAF could measure the range and bearing of a ship down to a hundred yards or less, lose, take, etc., one's bearings, fig.: Day Lewis A child first begins to get his bearings and realise its identity by seeing itself reflected fi-om two opposite sides— its father and its footstep bearing, mother. 6 ball-bearing: see BALL roller bearing: see roller n.' split bearing: see split a. 7 CoNAN Doyle We seem to be faced by a long series of inexplicable incidents with no bearing upon each other. D. M. Thomas She could not think of any unpleasant episode which might have had a bearing on her illness. .

pop.L

/bi:st/ n.

besta

ME.

L

(.

[OFr.

bestia.]

1

(mod. bete) f. animal (orig. from, man); a

beste

gen.

An

including, now as distinct creature. dial. & joc. exc. as explicitly contrasted w. man. ME. b The animal nature in man. M17. 2 A quadruped mammal, as distinct from birds, reptiles, fish, insects, etc.; esp. a wild animal, or one himted as game. ME. 3 A domesticated animal; esp. (a) a bovine farm animal; (b) a draught animal. ME. 4 A brutal, savage, or loathsome person; someone one detests or dislikes (freq. in a weakened sense). ME. b Something loathsome; an abominable or unpleasant example of. M19. 5 Cards. An obsolete game resembling nap; a penalty at this game, or at ombre or quadrille. M17. saw a beast rise vp out of the sea, 1 AV Rev. 13:1 I hauing seuen heads, and ten homes OED There's a little beast crawling up your back! C. Hampton No help at all to man or beast. 2 AV 1 Kings 4:33 Hee spake also of beasts, and of foule, and of creeping things, and of fishes. G. B. Shaw There are wild beasts in this wood: lions, they say. 3 Ld Macaulay Travellers compelled to alight and lead their beasts D. HOLLIDAY That year the farmers prospered, beasts were fat. 4 Shakes. Meas. for M. O you beast! O faithless coward! O dishonest wretch! Steele Mom' sends stagg'ring Home a Drunken Beast. E. Waugh He's m an amorous stupor, poor beast, and doesn't quite know where he is. b W. S. Gilbert It's a beast of a name. H. C. BtnJNER I've got to stay and finish

Now

.

.

my grind.

.

.

It's a

beast.

beast of burden a draught animal, beast of prey an animal that kills and feeds on the flesh of other animals, blond beast: see blond a the Beast

the people from beasdy rage lo manly reason. 2 Swift 'ITie beastly vice of drinking to excess. 3 J. Ruskin The 'breeding' of a man is what he gets from the Centaur Chiron; the 'beastly' part of him in a good sense. 4 Disraeli The steam packet is a beastly conveyance. N. Coward It was beastly of you to laugh like that, I felt so humiliated. Stevie Smith There goes the beastly bell Tolling us to lessons. J. Johnston You must stop biting your nails. It's a beastly habit. beastliness n. beastly quahty or behaviour lME.

^Orig. used to translate L animal (in which it OE dlor DtER), and in turn largely supplanted by ANIMAL itself in senses i -3. beastie n. (Sc. or joc.) a small animal; an insect: L18 (now rare) beasdy, brutish lME. beastish a. beastlike a. like a beast in nature or manner E16. replaced

beast

M17. [f the n.]

Make

beast of; treat or regard as a beast, rare. M17. 2 be beasied, fail to win the game, incur a penalty, at /bi:st/ v.t.

1

a

ombre. M17.

beastings n.pl. var. of beestings. beastly /'bi:stli/ a. ME. [f BEAST

+ -ly'.] f 1 ME-E18. 2

arch.

lME.

4

Abominable,

foul;

unpleasant, disgusting, offensive; colloq. natured, undesirable, detestable. L16. saw,

a run,

o put,

u: too, 3

ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

ill-

+

-ly'^]

lME

1

f

E17.

2 (W. adjs.) Abominably, offensively, brutally; now usu. in weakened sense: regrettably, very.

M16.

beat

ME.

[f beat v.^ Branch III perh. a If 1 Beating, whipping. Only in ME. 2 A blow, a stroke in beating. ME. b Fencing. A blow struck upon the opponent's weapon. ME. c Ballet. = battement. E20. 3 A stroke upon or the striking of a drum; the soimd or a signal so produced. L17. 4 (The soimd produced by) any recurring stroke, or a regular sequence of strokes, e.g. of the heart, the pulse, /bi:t/ n.'

different wd.]

E18.

a clock, etc. variation of

5

A

pulsation

or

periodic

amplitude produced by the combination of two sounds or other oscillations (e.g. radio waves) of slightly different frequencies, mi 8. 6 Mus. a A grace-note or ornament, obs. exc. Hist. E19. b (The movement of a conductor's baton indicating) the principal recurring accent of a piece of music; a unit of measurement of greater or lesser rhythmic accentuation (expressed as a certain number of beats

or

to

in

the

L19.

bar).

The

c

strongly-

marked rhythm of jazz or popular music. M20. 7 US. a Something which surpasses, excels, or outdoes something else. E19. b A journalistic scoop. L19. 8 An act or spell of beating to rouse game. L19. 4 E. Gaskell The measured beat of the waters against the sides of the boat. W. Faulkner The dry, dust-laden air vibrated steadily to the rapid beat of the

engine. J. Masters One of the telegraphs was ringing the call-attention beat. S King Her heart slowed a little and then made speed for a dozen beats or so 6b M. Kennedy In 12/8 time there are 12 beats to a bar if taken very slowly, or else i for each dotted crotchet. A Schlee Charlotte heard his foot tap resdessly to the beat of the new waltz, offbeat c L. Armstrong Anything played with beat and soul is jazz. Crescendo The jazz Messengers were a beat group! 7a O. Henry I never saw the beat of him for elegance. ,

.

119 The course or area regularly patrolled by a police officer, sentinel, etc.; gen. a person's habitual round, temtory, or ambit. E18. 10 A tract of country traversed by a hunter in search of game; a stretch of water fished by an angler.

M19. 9 Dickens The costermongers

repaired to their ordinary 'beats' in the suburbs. W. C. Willl\ms The cop on the beat yelled at him to halt, fig.: N GORDIMER Space is conceived as trackless, but there are beats about the earth frequented by cyclones given female names. Ill

1 1

A

distance sailed, or a spell of sailing, to

windward. L19. Comb.: beatbox

slang

(a)

a

type

of synthesizer

producing percussion sounds; (b) a radio or radiocassette player, as used to play loud music, esp. rap; (c) music, esp. rap music, with a largely percussion background; beat frequency the number of beats per second, equal to the difference in the frequencies of the two interacting tones or oscillations. beaty a. (of jazz et ) v/ith a strongly marked beat

M20.

beat

/bi:t;

[Perh.

beat

f.

dial,

beat

also beit/ n.'

v.']

A

Also beet.

lME.

bimdle of flax or hemp.

/bi:t; dial, also beit/ n.^ E17.

[Origin unkn.:

beat v.'] The rough sod or matted growth of waste or fallow land. cf.

& n." lME. [Shonened f. beaten.] = beaten, arch. & dial. exc. as below. lME. 2 Overcome with hard work or difficulty, worn out, exhausted. Cf. DEAD-BEAT a. M18. 3 beat-up, (a) = sense 2 above; (b) worn out, shabby, damaged by overuse. E20. 4 beat generation, young people (esp. in the 1950s and

beat n.

Unthinking, uninteUigent, irrational. Obeying animal instincts, sensual. ME. 3 Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of a beast; animal, natural,

/'bi:stli/ adv. lME. [f. beast n. In a beastly manner, hke a beast.

beastly

Phrases:

Antichrist (the mark of the Beast, a sign of heresy or evil nature), the beast with two ba:ks, two-backed beast a man and woman copulating, the nature of the heast: see nature n.

Recorde To bring

R.

I

A

/bi:t/ a.

adj.

1

1960s) adopting imconventional dress, culture.

day, so no,

e:

hair,

I3

near,

3i

boy, oa poor, ai3

tire,

aoa sour

beat form of self-expression and M20. b Of, belonging to, or characteristic of the beat generation. M20. 2 P Frankm' I was too beat and haz>' to take an>thing in 3 Path Express We were all beat up after

and bchav-iour

as a

protest.

social

few da>-s of the hardest soldiering you ever dreamt of R Bl'RNETT The girl was sitting in the beat-up leather chair. 4 J. C. Holmes It was John Kerouac who said 'You know, this is really a bcai generation b A. Tate For the Beat poets, antiquity ends at about .

.

.

'

.

1956.

B Cf

n.

An

1

idle or worthless fellow, a vagrant.

DEAD-BEAT

n.

US. M19. 2

A member

of the

beat generation. M20.

beat

biu/

t'.'

Pa.

beat; pa. pple beaten beat (esp. in sense 5). bauta {. Gmc] bdcan,

t.

OHG

ON

biaian = 1 v.i. Strike I Strike repeatedly, thrash, defeat. with repeated blows. OE. 2 v.i. Inflict blows on with fist(s) or a weapon, thrash; punish, assault, or injure in this way. OE. 3 v.t. Strike (the groimd etc.) in walking, tramp; make (a path) by trampling; make (one's way). OE. 4 Of natural agents or forces: a v.t. Dash against, impinge

[OE

upon,

OE. b

assail.

v.i.

Impinge,

come

fall,

violently or relentlessly (against, at, (iip)on, etc.); freq. (esp. of the sun's rays) foil, by down. OE. 5 f.f. Overcome, conquer; defeat esp. in games or

other competition; get the better of, baffle; outdo, surpass; be quicker than. (See also beat a.) ME. b tM, Gain the victory, win. arch. L18. 6 v.t. Strike repeated blows, knock against, at, (up)on. .ME. 7 V.I. Of the heart, pulse, etc.: throb, pulsate rhythmically; gen. pulsate, make rhythmic strokes or soimds. (Cf sense 17 below.) \tE. b Produce a beat (beat n.' 5). E19. t8 f.r. Assail with sound or voice. LME-L17. ^9 v.t. Batter with missiles, bombard. LME-M17. 10 v.t. & I. a Flap (the wings) forcefully; move the wings up and down rapidly. lME. f b Strike (the eyelids or teeth) together.

&

I.

Hammer

Of gaine: move here and there in an attempt to escape; take to (a stream etc.) to elude pursuit. lME. 17a v.t. Strike (a drum or other instrument) so as to make a rhythmical sound; make or express (a signal, rhythm, etc.) by striking or sounding (often of the heart, a clock, etc.: cf sense 7 above). lME. b v.i. Of a drum sound when struck. Of a signal: be sounded a drum. M17. 18 v.t. Break, smash, or bring down by hard knocks. L16. X') v.t. Bring down (a price) by haggling; cause (the seller) to reduce his price. Now only foil, by down. L16. 20 etc.:

upon

at

(a

LME-E17. fll

subject); thrash out,

discuss; insist repeatedly (up)on. LI5-MI7. I S. Johnson At what hour they may beat the door of an acquaintance. J. Then I beat my fist on a stone, forcmg myself to speak calmly, beat one's woe or mourning, beat the air, the wind breast: strive vam. 2 J. Rvskin My brothers would beat me to death, Sir. Day Lewis He never beat me, even for major crimes. A. Hailey The busmessman attacked the company sen-iceman with a pipe wrench and beat him badly, beat into or w fits: see FIT n.- 3 beat it slang go away, clear off. 4a Wordsworth Some island which the wild waves beat, b AV Aiark 4:37 The waues beat into the ship. SoLTHEY We heard the rain beat hard. R. Macalxay That place where the hot sun beat down on the fig trees. 5 Steele He had beat the Romans in a pitched batde. C. Bronte I have heard of love at first sight, but this beats all! W. DE LA Mare Why you should have taken so much trouble about it simply beats me. E, Bowen You can't beat the military swagger J. FowxES We played chess and he let me beat him. beat all to sticks: see stick beat

Rms

m

to loosen or shake out dust,

.

.

see creation 4. beat (someone) at his or her

ovm game: see GAME n. beat the band: see BAND n.' 3. beat the bat Cricket make the batsman play and miss. beat the clock: see clock n.' beat the gun, the pistol ~ jump the gun s.v GL-N n. beat the rap: see RAP beat to it, or to the punch get there before, anticipate, (a person) can you beat it? slang: expr. surprise or amazement. 6 Shakes. Lear O Lear, Lear, Lear! Beat a, :his gate that let thy folly in Tolkien Gandalf stood before the door of Orthanc and beat on It with his staff. 7 fig. Dryden Such Rage of Honey in their Bosom beats 8 Wyclif Ecclus 43:18 The vois of his thunder schal beten the erthe. 10 Shakes Tam. Shr. These kites That bate and beat, and will not be obedient. Tolkien The great beast beat its hideous wings, and the wind of them was foul. II Shape, alter, move, etc., by strikmg. 12 v.t. Pulverize with repeated blows, pound. OE. b Mix or stir vigorously, whip (eggs, cream, etc.). lME. 13 v.t. Work, shape, deform, by repeated blows; hammer, forgi. lME. 14 v.t. Impel or force (a thing) to move by blows; drive (a person, army, etc.) by force away, back, off, out :

of (a place), etc. lME. 15 v.t. Strike (cover of any kind) in order to rouse or drive out game; range over in himting; fig. work over roughly,

search imceremoniously. lME. b v.i. Cover an area thus; go over or about an area thus. li6. -fc v.i. Of the brain: think hard. E M17. 16 v.i. & t. b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

to put out a

repeatedly so as I lb J. Smeaton by being beat in West She heated

The mortar

.

etc.;

strike

was prepared

for use

firuit,

.

.

.

AV

.

.

.

OE-ME.

.

2 Heat (unseasoned wood) in order to

straighten

beatific

lME.

it.

mi 7. [Fr. beatifique or L beatus blessed: see -Flc] Making

/biiD'tifik/ a.

beatificus,

f.

blessed, imparting supreme happiness; colloq. (of a smile etc.) blissful, serenely happy. beatific vision Chr. Theol. the first sight of the glories of heaven; the direct experience of God by those in heaven, beatifical

(now

a.

beatification

rare) E17.

beatifically adv. E17.

/bi,atifi'keij(3)n/ n. ei6. [(0)Fr.

beatification or eccl.L beatificatio(n-) ,

f.

beatificat-

pa. ppl stem of beatificare: see next, -ation.] 1 The action of making or being made blessed.

RC

E16. 2

E17.

fire.

a very strong wooden bucket. R. the sugar and beat the fruit and Isa. 2:4 them up together for half an hour. 13 They shall beate their -a. ords into plow-shares. 14 beat the breath quite out of my Defoe The blow body. W. Faulkner A Cossack sergeant beat his brains out with the shod hooves of a horse, fig. Leigh HtnjT The classics were beaten into their heads at school, beat hell out of: see hell n. beat the shit out of: see shit n. beat the stuffing out of. beat the tar out of: see tar n.' i. 15 beat about the bush fig. approach a subject indirecdy, not come to the point, beat one's brains: see brain n. beat the bounds trace out the boundaries of a parish, striking certain points with rods. 1 7a N. Maskelyne A pendulum clock beating half seconds. Ld MACAtJLAY The drums of Limerick beat a parley, beat a retreat fig. retreat, abandon an undertaking, beat time mark or follow the time of music with the feet, a baton, etc. beat to quarters Naut. summon the crew to action stations. 18 H. Nelson The man who may have his Ship beat (S pieces. 20 Deut. 4:20 When thou beatest thine olive trees, thou shalt not go over the boughs again. J. told others to beat the Hersey Mr. Tanimoto burning underbrush with their clothes.

A

Ch.

deceased

Pope

declaration by the

person

that a

of bliss, constituting a first step towards canonization and permitting public veneration. E17. in

is

a

state

beatify

/bi'atifAi/ v.t. M16. [(0)Fr. beatifier or eccl.L beatificare, f. L beatus blessed: see -FY.] 1 Make blessed or supremely happy. M16. 2 RC Ch. Announce the beatification of; declare

:

AV

.

Ill

&

Naui. Sail to windward, way against the wind. Freq. foil, by up.

21

make

V.I.

(rare)

t.

L17. 21 Pope

W

The toss'd navies beat the heaving main. Maugham A big schooner was beating up against the breeze towards the harbour. J. Clavell To beat to windward or to run before the wind. S.

.

.

m

creation:

Strike (a carpet, a tree, etc.) repeatedly so as

v.t.

'bi:t(3)n/, (arch, colloq.)

f.r.

Beaujolais

200

With advs.

.

.

&

preps,

in specialized senses:

down

beat

v.phr.t. force or drive down, demolish, or (a) overthrow by beaung; (see also sense 19); (b) v.phr.i. see sense 4b. beat in drive or smash in, or crush, with heavy blows, beat off drive back; overcome (a challenge etc.). beat out (a) forge, make, or remove by hammering; (b) extinguish (a fire) by beating; (r) sound (a rhythm) by beating; (d) N. Amer. defeat in a

competition, beat up (a) v.phr.t. thrash (a person) severely, assault with blows; (b) v.phr.i. collect or attract (recruits etc.); (c) v.phr.t. pass very closely in an aeroplane; (d) v.phr.i.: see sense 21. beatable a. that can be beaten E17.

blessed. E17.

•j-beattUe pie

beating -ing'.]

n. phr.

gen.

I

1

/bi:t;

M16. [Origin Slice off the rough turf from

also

dial,

beit/

v}t.

unkn.: cf beat n.^] (uncultivated or fallow land).

beaten

/'bi:t(3)n/ ppl a.

ME.

[pa. pple of

beat

1 That has been beaten. ME. 2 Shaped by hammering; esp. (of metal) hammered into foil. ME. 3 Trodden, worn by repeated use. L15. fb fig. Trite, hackneyed. M16-M18. 4 ^X^lipped to a imiform consistency; pulverized, poimded. M16. 5 Conquered, defeated; overcome, baffled, dejected. M16. 6 Mil. Of a zone: covered by gunfire. E20. 3 beaten-up = beat-up (b) s.v. beat a. 3. the beaten track the ordinary or usual way, the wellfirequented route, well-known territory, (lit. & fig.), I

z".']

gen.

II spec.

fireq.

in off the beaten track.

beatenest

surpassing. L19. 2 beating-up a violent assault on a person. 4 have some or a lot

the beating of be able to defeat, take of beating be hard to defeat or surpass.

beatitude

/bi'atitju:d/

L

beatitude or

/'bi:t(3)nist/ a.

/'biita/ n.

ME.

US dial.

[f.

d.'

beat

M19.

-I-

v.'

+

[f.

prec.

-est'.] Best,

-er'.]

1

An

implement or device for beating something. ME. b spec. A machine for preparing wet pulp for the making of paper. E19. 2 A person who beats something or someone. lME. b spec. A person engaged to rouse and drive game. E19. 1

egg-beater,

carpet-heater,

PANEL

n.'

world-beaur. see

2 panel-beater, see

etc.

WORLD

n.

beath /bi:d/ v.t. Long obs. exc. Gmc: rel. to bathe v.] fl {.

man,

n no, p pen,

r

red, s

lME.

n.

beatitudo,

f.

[(0)Fr.

beatus blessed:

see

-TUDE.] 1 Supreme blessedness; bliss. lME. 2 A declaration of blessedness, a blessing; spec, (in pi.) those made by Jesus in the Sermon on the

Mount (Man.

5:3-11). E16. 3 his, your. Beatitude: an honorific patriarchal title in the Orthodox Church. M17. 4 = beatification 2. M19. beatnik /'bi:tnik/ n. mzo. [f beat a. & n.^ + -NIK.] A member of the beat generation. Beatrician /bi3'trij(3)n/ a. M20. [f. (see below) + -ian.] Of, pertaining

Beatrice to,

or

resembling (the vision of) Beatrice in Dante's Vita Nuova and Divina Commedia; of or concerning a revelatory or transcendental vision, experience, etc.

beatster + -STER.]

beatster -STER.]

beau [Fr.,

Also beet-. li6. [f. beet v. mounter of fishing nets.

/'biitsts/

A mender

or

mzo.

/'bi:tst3/ n.'

A member

beat

[f.

a.

&

+

n.'

of the beat generation.

/bau/ n. PI. beaux /baoz/, beaus. L17. use as n. of adj., ult. f. L bellus fine,

beautiful.] suitor;

a

A

1

fashionable man, a ladies' man; a

A

boyfriend,

Amer. E18. beauish a.

male companion,

lady's

a

Now

lover.

chiefly

a

N.

foppish, dandified L17.

beaufin n. see biffin. Beaufort scale /'baufst

skeil/ n. phr.

M19. [Sir

Francis Beaufort (1774-1857), Eng. admiral.] A scale of whole numbers denoting ranges of wind speed, from o for 0-0.2 metres per second (calm) to 12 for over 32.6 metres per second (hurricane).

^The

scale

is

extended

sometimes

to

higher

numbers.

beau geste

/bo 3£st/

n. phr.

PI.

beaux gestes

= splendid same). E20. [Fr. display of magnanimity; a generous

(pronoimced gesture.]

A

act.

or beating pres. pple of beat finest; most imusual.

beater

+

v.^

II spec. 2 A thrashing; chastisement or assault with blows. ME. 3 A pulsation or throbbing esp. of the hean. lME. 4 A defeat; defeating,

fop, a dandy. L17. 2

beat

see battalia pie.

vbl n. ME. [f beat The action of beat v.' ME.

/'bi:tir)/

sit,

t

dial.

[OE

bepian

Bathe, foment.

top, v van,

w

we,

beau gregory

/bau 'grEg(3)ri/ n. phr. M19. unkn.] A blue and yellow percoid (family Eupomacentrus leucostictus fish, Pomacentridae), of the W. Indies and Florida. beau ideal /bsu Ai'dial/ n. phr. E19. [Fr. beau ideal = ideal beauty (now often misimderstood as = beautiful ideal): see beau, ideal.] One's highest or ideal type of excellence or beauty; the perfect model. Beaujolais /'bausalei, foreign bo33le/ n. M19. [See below.] A red or (less commonly) white [Origin

light

burgtmdy wine produced

district

in the Beaujolais

of France.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

6

this,

i)

ring,

tj

chip, dj jar

Beaume Beaujolais nouveau /nu:'v3o, foreign nuvo/ new]: of the latest vintage.

Beaume n. var. of BAUMfe. beau monde /bau 'mond, foreign phr.

L17.

=

[Fr.

fine world.]

=

[

n.

world of)

fashionable society.

/baomon'teig/ n. Also Beaumont('s) egg /.bsumontCs) 'eg/ & other vars. L19. [Origin unkn.] A composition used to conceal cracks and holes in metal, wood, etc. Beaune I bson, foreign bo:n/ n. E19. [A town in the department of Cote d'Or, France.] A red burgimdy wine produced in the district around Beaune. beau-pot /'baupot/ n. M18. [Alt. of bough-pot

BOUGH

(A

w. ]

vase

large

containing)

a

display of cut flowers.

role /bo ro:l/ n. phr. PI. beaux roles (pronoimced same). L19. [Fr. = fine role.] A

fine acting part; the leading part.

beau sabreur

/bo sabroe:r/ n. phr. PI. beaux sabreurs (pronounced same). M19. [Fr. = fine (or handsome) swordsman: orig. a sobriquet of Joachim Murat (1767-1815), Fr. cavalry officer and brother-in-law of Napoleon.] A gallant warrior, a handsome or dashing adventurer. beaut /bju:t/ n. & a. slang. Chiefly N. Amer., Austral., & NZ. M19. [Abbrev. of beauty.] A n. A beautiful or outstanding person or thing. M19. B adj. Beautiful, first-rate. M20. beaute du diable /bote dy dja:bl/ n. phr. M19. [Fr, = devil's beauty.] Superficial attractiveness; captivating charm. /'bjuitiss/

lME.

literary.

a.

[f.

BEAUTY

after bounteous, plenteous.'] Beautifiil. beauteously adv. L15. beauteousness n. M17.

beautify:

/,bju:tifi'keij'(3)n/

The

-fication.]

see

M17.

n.

of

beautifying; adornment.

beautiful

-f(3)l/

/'bjuitiful,

a.

&

lME.

n.

Aldous Huxley A

very mce fellow and a beautiful O'Neill Your mother was one of the most Day Lewis It is a one day and plam .

.

another, but never uninteresting, beautiful letters US = belles-lettres, beautiful people colloq. (a) hippies, esp. flower people; (6) the fashionable rich, the beautiful: w. the adj. postposed for emphasis or irony; the in its ideal form, esp. as a cult.

B

—

absol. as «.

1

Beautiful one.

Used

form of address. M16. 2 That which

chiefly as a is

beautiful;

the qualities constituting beauty. M18. beautifully adv. in a beautiful manner, delightfully; colloq. very well, excellently: M16. beautifulness n. E16.

beautify

/'bju:tifAi/ v.t. ei6. [f. next beautiful; adorn, embellish, beautifier n. L16.

+

-FY.]

/'bju:ti/ n.

&

v.

ME. [AN

beute,

OFr.

beaute (mod. beaute) f. Proto-Romance, f. L bellies: see beau, -ty'.] A w. 1 That quality or combination of qualities which delights the senses or mental faculties; esp. that combination of shape, colour, and proportion which is pleasing to the eye. ME. b (B-.) This quality personified. lME. 2 A beautifiil feature, a charm, an embellishment; a particular point giving pleasure or satisfaction. ME. b In pi. (In titles) choice examples of the work of a writer etc. arch. M18. 3 A beautiful person, esp. a a cat, o: arm, e bed,

3:

her,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

i:

see, o hot,

beauty

All

Lawrence That trumpet call had an almost beauty. M. Drabble Her gawky, bony transformed

suddenly

into

itself

AV

Ps. of beauty: see line n.' 2 in the day of thy power, in the beauties of holinesse from the wombe of the morning. S. Richardson That's the beauty of it;

Thy

line

people shalbe willing

to offend and make up at pleasure. Ld Macaulay The one beauty of the resolution is its inconsistency. 3 P.

Buck It is better to be first with an ugly woman than the hundredth with a beauty, bathing beauty: see bathe v. 5. sleeping beauty: see sleeping ppl a. b Byron Belgium's capital had gather'd then Her Beauty and her Chivalry. 4 P. G. Wodehouse She swung her right and plugged Slingsby a perfect beauty in the eye. In names of bunerflies and moths: brindled beauty, Camherwcll beauty, oak beauty, painted beauty, S.

.

etc.

Comb.: beauty contest a competition for a prize woman judged the most beautifiil; beauty parlour an establishment in which beauty treatment is practised professionally; beauty queen a winner of a beauty contest; beauty salon, (US) shop = beauty parlour above; beauty sleep: before midnight; beauty spot (a) a small patch placed on a woman's face as a foil to her complexion; (6) a beautiful locality; beauty given to the

use

the

beaux n.pl. see beau. beaux arts /boz a:r/ Also

B

&

lME.

Also beauxFine the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris. n.

a. phr.

A

beaux-arts.]

[Fr.

ellipt.,

n.

phr. pi.

Of

adj. phr.

f beauxite n. var. of bauxite. beaux roles, sabreurs n.

beaux yeux Beautiful regard.

pis.

of beau

/boz jo/ admiring

eyes;

phr.

n.

glances;

[Fr.]

E19.

favourable

eager beaver

attnb.

or

colloq.

as

a

Made

adj.

like beaver's fur.

of beaver's

fur;

Comb.: Beaverboard N. Amer. (propnetary name a type of wood-fibre building-board; beaver cloth = sense 4 above; bcaver-dam: see DAM n.' ib; beaver lamb lambskin cut and dyed to resemble beaver's fiir; heaver meadow: see meadow n. 3; beaver-tail a tapering wedge-shaped end. /'biiva/ orig.

exc. Hist. L15. [OFr. bib, {. baver slaver, f.

obs.

child's

Proto-Romance.] The lower face-guard of helmet. a run,

/'bi:v3/ slang, ezo. [Origin unkn.] 1 bearded man; a beard. E20. 2 TTie female genitals (with pubic hair); a woman, a girl (frcq. considered offensive). Chiefly N. Amer. M20.

A

2

beaver: see SPLIT

split

beaver beaver

see

o put,

u:

too, a ago, ai

bever

a.

n.

/'biiva/ v.i. M20. [(. beaver n.'] beaver away, work very hard or persistently (at). beavered /'biivad/ a. E17. [(. beaver + -ed^] Wearing a beaver hat; bearded; (of a helmet etc.) equipped with a beaver, bebeeru /bi'biaru:/ n. Also bibira /bj'biara/ & other vars. M19. [Sp. bibiru f Carib.] (The timber oO the greenhean tree, Ocotea rodiaei, of northern S. America, bebleed /bi'bli:d/ v.t. Long arch. Infl. as bleed V. ME. [f BE- 2 -I- BLEED v.] Soak or stain with

make

blood;

f bebless + bless

bloody, as bless

v.t. Infl.

Cover

v.^]

v.'

with

L16-L18.

be- i bless

[f.

blessings;

profusely.

beblister

beblood

[f. be- i cover with

/bi'blista/ v.t. li6.

v.] Blister (skin etc.) badly;

-i-

blister

blisters,

/bi'bUd/ v.t. Long arch. li6. [f be- 4 n. ] = bebleed.

+ blood

beblubber blubber

/bi'bUbs/ v.t. mi6. [f be- i -iSmear over or suffuse with tears;

v.]

disfigure with weeping. Chiefly as beblubbered ppl a.

bebop

/'biibop/

n.

Orig. US. M20. [Imit. of a

A kind of modem jazz characterized by complex harmony and rhythm. 51 Abbrev, as bop bebopper n. a performer or adherent of bebop M20, typical musical phrase.]

sustained note; spec, such an effect produced on the clavichord by rocking the fingertip,

becall /bi'koM/ v.t. ME. [f be- i + cai.l v.] f I Accuse of. Only in ME. f 2 Call upon, summon, challenge. LME-L15. 3 Miscall, abuse; rail at.

Long

L17.

dial.

I Ld Macaulay The fleet was becalmed off Goodwin Sands. 2 Pope What power becalms

my, ao how,

the the

innavigable seas?

became beak.]

v.

pa.

of

t.

/'beika:d/

Any

become M19.

n.

v.

[Fr.

becarde,

because

&

/bi'koz/ adv.

conj.

ME.

wds, f as by prep. + cause cause de by reason of] A adv.

S.

bee

America.

two OFr. par

[Orig.

after

I For the reason by ^zohy). arch. ME. 2 By reason on account of. lME. 3 because why? why?

that (also of,

{.

of numerous tyrant flycatchers of the

genus Pachyramphus, of Central and

Chiefly

foil,

dial.

L19.

1 Byron I abhor death, because that thou must die. 2 A. Lurie Clark doesn't support me because of my wnting, but in spite of it. 3 D. H. Lawrence The painters try to paint her in vain. Because why? .

B

.

For the reason that, inasmuch as, since. lME. b Used ellipt. in answer to a question, implying that a fuller reply has been conj.

1

M18. f? In order that, with the L15-M17. 1 R Kipling I buy them because they are pretty, b M. Carroll 'Why didn't you leave the bottle?' withheld.

piupose

that.

Because!'

I

said shortly.

I

wasn't going to explain

my

on the matter. 2 Robert Burton Anointing the doors and hinges with oyl, because they should not feelings

lME.

for)

x saw,

of a group of Athapaskan peoples of northern Alberta, Canada; the language of this group.

becard

'brown'.] A w. 1 PI. same, -s. A semi-aquatic rodent (of which there are two species, the Eurasian Castor fiber and the N. American C. canadensis), which has a broad flat paddle-like tail and soft fur, and is notable for its habit of making dams to maintain a supply of water, and its ability to gnaw down trees. OE. 2 The fur of the beaver. lME. 3 A hat made of beaver's fur. E16. 4 A heavy woollen cloth resembling beaver's fiir. M18. 5 A shade of brown like the colour of beaver's fur. L19. 6 (B-.) A member of a group of six- to eight-year-old boys affiliated to the Scout Association. L20.

bavtere

among

dwellers

A member

beavers.]

E17. phrs.

/'bi:va/ & a. [OE beofor, befor = (M)LG, (M)Du. bever, OHG bibar (G Biber), ON bjorr f Gmc, ult. f IE base meaning

beaver

Tsa-ttine

/bi'kaim/ v.t. mi6. [f be- 1, 4 + calm v.] \ Naut. Deprive (a ship) of wind. Usu. in pass. M16. 2 Make calm or still, soothe, assuage.

beaver

B

same. L18. [f beaver

PI. -s,

Chipcwyan

becakn

ROLE, SABREUR.

coloured

/'bi:v3/

tr.

bebung /'beiboij/ n. L19. [G = trembling.] Mus. A pulsating or trembling effect given to a

beaux esprits n. phr. pi. of eel esprit. beaux gestes n. phr. pi of beau geste.

1

belte,

.

.

zealous or overzealous person, moijntain beaver, work like a beaver be very industrious, work hard.

Make

beauty

sat

into

or pertaining to the classical decorative style maintained by the Ecole des Beaux-Am esp. in the 19th cent. E20.

.

beautiful girls you could ever see. face which might be beautiful

There

Pass

T. E.

liquid

n.',

in

clumsiness had dazzling beauty,

E19.

whole earth is mount Sion. D. Hume Another argument which seems to me very strong and beautiful. N. Hawthorne It had been the beautifullest of weather all day. P. G. Hamerton A beautiful patience, and resignation. R. Kipling Everybody paid in full— beautiful feelm'. E Si V. Millay Sweet sounds, oh, beautiful music, do not cease! G. B. Shaw Her lover, a beautiful youth of eighteen. M. DE LA Roche I'll never forget how beautiful you were to me.

—

gale.

arts.

excellent; pleasant, delightfijl. lME. AV Ps. 48:2 Beautiful! for situation, the icy of the

pianist. E.

never

We

arts. E19.

[f.

BEAlTFY + -ful ] A adj. Full of beauty, delightftil to the eye or ear, or to any faculty or taste; morally or intellectually impressive or satisfying; colloq. that one likes very much; very good,

.

a joy for ever; Its

a female form, The Princess. R. W. ascribe beauty to that which is simple; which has no superfluous parts; which exactly answers its end. W. S. Gilbert There is beauty in the bellow of the blast. There is grandeur in the growling of the

compass'd

B v.t. Beautify, adorn, arch. beautiless a. L16.

[f.

action

Tennyson

nothingness.

is

will

it

of cosmetics, face-massage, manicuring, hairdressing, etc., to enhance personal appearance.

/bju:'tij(3)n/ n.

beautification

thing of beauty

increases:

treatment

E20. [f beauty + -ICIAN.] A person who runs a beauty parlour; a specialist in beauty treatment.

beautician

A

loveliness

Emerson

Beaver

beaver

L20. I Keats

110:3

beau

beauteous

persons

Beautiful

4 A beautiful thing; a particularly good specimen of something, mi 8. 5 Panicle Physics. A quark flavour associated with a charge of - 'A. Also called bottom. (Symbol b.) E17.

collectively.

bo mS:d/

('ITie

woman. lME. b

beautifiil

beaumontage

s.v.

bechamel

201

ei

a

creak. Phrases: f for

beccafico

because = senses

A.i, 2, B.i above.

-os. E17. [It., f peck + fico fig w.'] Any of a number of warblers esteemed as a delicacy in the Mediterranean region. bechamel /'beijamel, foreign bejamf.l/ n. M18. [f. the Marquis de Bechamel, steward of Louis XIV.] Cookery. More fully bechamel sauce. A fine

/beksTirkao/

n.

PI.

beccare to

day, 30 no,

t:

hair,

13

near,

.11

boy, 03 poor,

M3

tire,

aoa sour

bechance savoun' white sauce, freq.

with added

cream or milk,

bechance v.]

2

bi'tja:ns/ v. ei6.

Happen,

V.I.

1

becharm

be-

[f.

by chance. Ei6.

out; occur

fall

+ chance

Mi6.

Befall.

f.i.

bi'tja:m r.r. ME. [(. be- i fascinate; subject

+ charm

'

Charm,

f,']

an

to

enchantment, n. bejda'mc:/ PI. same, beches- btj- Li8. [Pseudo-Fr. f. Pon. bicho Jo mar lit. 'worm of the sea'. Cf BEACH-LA-MAR, BiSLAMA.] 1 A sea cucumber eaten as a Chinese delicacy. Li8. 2 = beach-la-mar 2. Also bechede-mcr English. L19. .

Bechuana, -wana n. & a. see Batswana. beck btk n.' Long dial. rare. [OE becca,

perh.

Welsh bach hook.] An implement with two hooks, a

Ceh.:

f.

agricultural

cf.

mattock.

beck Gmc;

bek

Long

n.-

mountain, beck bsk

ME. [ON

north.

G Bach.] A brook,

to

rel.

bekkr

{.

a rivulet; spec, a

or moorland stream.

hill,

ME.

n.'

command,

a

[f.

A

agreement,

indicating

gesture

significant

ME.

etc.

Wn.soN He

Rose Lorimer's a beck of the head or hand, as we beckon to servants, at the beck and call of subservient to, at the absolute command of 1

A.

equally ignored and smiles. 2

flustered bobs, becks

beck bek r.

(.

3

L15.

2.

all

Defoe With

beckon ME. [Shonened v. I. ME. 2 v.t. = beckon v.i. Make a sign of

arch.

v.

= beckon

v.] 1 v.i.

acknowledgement; bow, curtsy. Chiefly

becket

'bskit

overhanging

-et'.]

-1-

n.'

structure,

mantelpiece,

M16.

Sc.

lME. [Prob. f Any protruding or

exc. dial.

n.' obs.

beak

obs. var. of

becket

as

corbel,

a

a

etc.

'bskil

n.-

ei8. [Origin unkn.] Naut.

contrivance of rope-loop, hook, bracket, used to secure loose ropes, tackle, or spars.

becket

associated facilities in a hospital; a place for a patient in hospital. L19. e spec. Uninflected pi. after a numeral or quantifier; bedrooms, (Chiefly an advertising term.) E20. 2 Any sleeping-place; an extemporized resting-place for the night. ME. 3 (Usu. w. specifying adj. or contextual indication.) The grave. Freq. in

tell,

where

to

become,

to

be out of the Sunne. 2a Syd.

Smith It becomes to be loved on its own account. 4 Evelyn The Church of God, being now become, from a private family to a great and numerous nanon. Ld Macaulay When first they became known to the show

cracks, their wit

their unselfishness hypocrisy. S.

Caxton He was in his bed and a slepe on a fethyr bedde. M. W. Montagu I carried my own bed with I

pleasantry and becomes cynicism,

Bellow

form

to

frantic

sickbed, etc.

For loves

'bskit

n.' dial.

mi8.

beck

[f.

+

n.'

A

etc.,

-et'.]

A spade used in cutting peat or turf. beckon 'bEk(3)n/ v. & n. [OE becnan (btecnan) = OS boknian, OHO bouhnen, f WGmc, as ,

f.

BEACON' n. ] .\ V. 1 V.I. Signal with a gesture of head, hand, or finger, esp. to indicate that someone should approach. OE. 2 v.t. (orig. w. dat. obj.). Gesture to (a person) to approach, by a movement of head, hand, or finger; summon by such a signal. OE. t Joyce The old woman, seeing that I hesitated to enter, began to beckon to me again repeatedly with her hand. fig. S. Brett The West End then beckoned, and he appeared as a solid luvenile in light comedies 2 Shakes. Oth. lago beckons me; now he

.

n.

E17.

prec.

[f.

+

The

/bi'kArmr)/ a. L15. [f as prec. + -ING-.] Fitting, suitable; characterized by grace

or decorum; tending to show the wearer etc. to advantage, attractive-looking.

M. Montgomery

We

are so

much

older

.

.

that

it

in hopscotch, shovelboard, hopscotch. E19.

isn't becoming to talk of childish matters. W. C. Williams In their crisp and becoming uniforms, they appear as beautiful young women I. Murdoch Her hair is permanently waved in whatever fashion is declared to be the most becoming. N. Pevsner Wren's sense of becoming conformity in putting Tom Tower on Cardinal Wolsey's gatehouse at Christ Church. ahsol. Ld Macaulay Selfcommand and a fine sense of

5 L. A. G.

B

A

n.

:

assent or

beclad

;

command, see

one indicating

rare. E18.

beclothe

v.

brklip/ v.t. arch. Infl. -pp-. [OE beclyppan, f. as BE- I + CLIP v.^} f 1 Embrace, fold in the arms OE-M17. 2 Enclose or wrap

beclip

round; encircle, arch. OE. ovenake. lME M16.

beclog brklog/ BE- I + t OG !

Lay hold -gg-.

v.t.

arch.

v.]

Encumber with

bi'klanS/

v.t.

Infl.

Pa.

n.]

bi'klaud,

v.t.

L16.

[f.

.VIE.

[f

sticky

a

with

pple -clothed,

+ clothe

v.]

be- 4

1-

cloltd

obscure or gloomy. bi'kAm/ v. Pa.

become

became

/bi'keun/;

pple become. [OE becuman = OFris. bicuma, MLG, (M)Dv. bekomen, biqucman CG bekommen) obtain, receive, Goth, biqiman, f. Gmc: see be-, come r ] I Come -. pa.

OHG

V.I.

OE

a

to a place, arrive, travel, go.

Come

in the

course of time

OE-M18. ^2 {to be

or do).

b Poll, by of: come fi-om, originate from. ME-E17. t3 V.I. w. dat. or to, later v.t. Happen, befall. OE-MI7. 4 As copula with n. or E19.

b but, d dog,

f

discoverer

of

Becquerel('s)

rays,

becomingness

n.

M17

becripple

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

v.t. M17. lame, cripple.

/bi'krip(3)l/

v.]

Make

[f.

be-

i

+

/bi'kros/ v.t. mi6. [f. be- i, 4 + cross V. or «. ] Mark with the sign of the cross; decorate with crosses. Chiefly as becrossed ppl a.

becross

j;.']

/bi'kraun/

Surround

becudgel

v.t.

L16. [f be-

i

Hist, the

+ crown

+ CUDGEL

v.t.

Infl.

I

V.

]

bed(d) = OFris. bed(d), OS betti (G bedde (Du. bed), Bert), Goth, badi, f. Gmc] I The sleeping-place of people or animals. 1 A permanent structure for sleeping or resting on^ esp. a fi-amework equipped with mattress and covers; also, a mattress. (In prep. phrs. usu. without article or possessive.) OE. b (The place of) conjugal union, sexual intimacy, or (arch.) procreation and childbirth. ME. c The use of a bed; being in bed; the time to go to bed. L15. d A bed and

/bed/

bed, beddi,

man,

n.

[OE

OHG

MDu.

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we, z zoo,

throne of the king in the parliament of Paris;

decrees, bed of nails (a) a board studded with protruding nails, lain upon for self-mortification or as a display of self-control or skill; (fc) fig. a hazardous or uncomfortable situation brought upon or chosen by oneself, bed of roses a position of ease and luxury, bed of sickness the state of being an invalid, brought to bed arch, delivered of (or of) a child, die in one's bed: see DIE v.' get (or have got) out of bed on the wrong side behave bad-temperedly during the day. go to bed retire for the night, have sexual intercourse with; of a newspaper: go to press, in(to) bed between the lower and upper bedclothes, hop into bed: see HOP i>.' keep one's bed remain in bed because of illness etc. lie in the bed one has made accept the natural consequences of one's acts, make a bed put a bed in order after it has been used, make up a bed (a) put bedclothes on a bed; (b) prepare an extemporized

-U-, *-l-. li6.

Cudgel soundly. becurl /bi'ks:!/ v.t. E17. [f. be- i, 4 + curl v. or n.] Form into curls; cover or deck with curls. BE-

.

a sitting of this parliament in the presence of the king, esp. one to enforce the registration of one of his own

as a crown, crown.

/brkAd3(3)l/

.

.

radioactivity] Physics. 1 radiation from radioactive substances, obs. exc. Hist. L19. 2 The SI unit of radioactivity, equal to one disintegration per second. (Symbol Bq.) L20.

bed t.

small, neat front garden, with

Heyer The narrow

.

H.

[f.

Cover or darken with clouds or murk, make

Come

adv. E17.

/'bEkarel/ n. In sense i B-. L19. [A. Becquerel Fr. physicist, (1852-1908),

becrown

&

t.

.

I

liberally

-clad -'klad lME. [f. be- i Clothe round, dress. Usu. in pass.

becloud

of, grip;

(local),

.

becomingly

CRIPPLE

substance, as mire etc; daub cloned matter. L'su. in pass.

beclothe

the becoming,

becquerel

significant gesture, esp.

in pi.

bed containing four standard rose-trees. paths which separated various beds filled with vegetables and currant bushes, flowerbed, onion-bed, etc. hotbed: see HOT a. MIXED bed. 7 Wellington The mortar beds and howitzer carriages. Arnold Bennett There was another cracking sound beneath the bed of the machine. M. Laski A diamond ring, on its cream velvet bed. V. Strauss The bed of the press is a flat, even surface on which the form is placed for printing. O. Dopping An acoustic coupler contains a 'bed' upon which a telephone receiver is laid. 8 New Yorker Scallops on a bed of spmach sauteed in butter. Phrases: bed and board (hospitality with) food and lodging; arch, full connubial relations with a husband, bed and breakfast overnight accommodation and breakfast next morning as offered by hotels etc.; fig. (attrih.) designating financial transactions in which shares are sold and then bought back the next morning, bed-and-breakfast v.t. sell (shares) and then buy back the next morning, bed of justice Fr.

.

begins the story.

A

Strong

etc.;

a circular

G

;

.

A

or other watercourse. L16. 7 level surface or other base upon which something rests or in which something is embedded; an extended substructure fiimishing a support or foimdation. L16. b The surface of a stone or brick that is embedded in the mortar; the underside of a slate. H7. c The body of a can, wagon, or truck, dial. & JV. Amer. E18. d The foimdation of a road or railway. L19. e The slates or other flat surface below the cloth-cover of a billiard-table. L19. 8 A layer, esp. one of several; a horizontal course. E17. b A layer of small animals congregated in a particular spot; esp. a layer of oysters etc. E17. c A geological stratum. L17. 9 A division of the marked surface

becoming

L.

.

.

river,

action of befitting or something becoming, rare. E17. 2 [become 4.] The action of coming to be something or passing into a state. M19. II.]

M.

Dryden The Water-Snake lyes poyson'd in his Bed II Other uses. 5 A garden-plot (to be) filled with plants; a place where osiers, willows, etc., are grown. OE. 6 The bottom of a sea, lake,

.

/bi'kArmri/ vbl

I.

.

.

[become

J.

.

who became the dignity of his graceful man function. A. Helps She with her dark hair did mogt become that yellow gown. fbecomed ppl a. (rare. Shakes.) befitting: only in L16. f becomely a. fitting ME-L15. -ing' .] 1 gracing;

bed.

fruitful

.

operative Courtaulds Hospital, e P. G. Wodehouse A joyous suburban villa equipped with main dramage, four bed, and the usual domestic offices. 2 Shakes. Mids. N. D. Find you out a bed For I upon this bank will rest my head. 3 R. Burns Welcome to your gory bed, Or to victorie. F. O'Connor The desolate edges of the bog that was to be their last earthly bed. 4

dress etc.). arch. L16. 7 Disraeli He had that public spirit which became his station. Sir W. Scott I thought it became me to make public how far I was concerned. 9 Shakes. Macb. Nothing in his life Became him, like the leaving it. J. K. Jerome This hat fits me sufficiently well, but do you consider that it becomes me? 10 Steele A

becoming

and a .

to, befit. Also impers. in (it) becomes etc. ME. f 8 v.i. impers. in it becomes, be appropriate or fitting (to, for, that) (Replaced by is becoming.) ME-L16. 9 v.t. Of a property, attribute, quality, etc.: suit, look well on or with, (its owner or subject). ME. 10 Of a person: grace (a place, position, etc.); look well in (a

.

favours,

fair

Stewart I don't believe that Lawrence was any good in bed. c S. Pepys We began both to be angry, and so continued till bed R. Ford The traveller should immediately on arriving secure his bed. M. Pattison Bed, with its warmth and recumbent posture, he found favourable to composition, d Times Twenty beds have been closed at the 52-bed post-

.

be appropriate

.

b Steele He betrays the Honour and Bed Crabbe And hoped, when wed,

of his Neighbour. G.

What will become of this? My state is desperate. ]. Conrad I haven't seen him for a week. What has become of him? II Befit. 7 v.t. (orig. v. dat. obj.). Accord with, .

My

Carlyle great comfortable four-posted J. bed. hunk-bed, camp-bed, double bed, French bed, single bed. Twin bed, etc. deathbed, hospital bed, marriage-bed, me.

Depressives

dependencies and to become hysterical when cut off. R. K. Narayan After college, the question was whether I should become a dancer or do something else. C. Milne You can keep tadpoles until they become frogs or toads. 5 Shakes. Twel. N.

tended

of an

resting-place

animal. L17.

M. Forster Their

Tyrian mariners. E. their piety

ME. 4 The

narrow bed.

.

.

BECK v.] 1 A bow, gesture of acknowledgement. ME. 2

curtsy, a

compl. or ^v.i. w. (in)to. Come to be, begin to be. ME. 5 v.t. Foil, by of: (formerly) result from; (now) happen to, befall. Only w. what as sub). M16. 6 v.i. Come into being, rare. L16. I Bacon Houses so full of Glasse, that one cannot

adj.

.

beche-de-mer

ult.

bed

202

made

J

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 6 this, q ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

1

.

bed from and

about away from one's bed. put to bed prepare (a person) for rest in bed; send (a newspaper) to press Reading beds: see READtNG a.- i. red beds: see RED a. take to (one's) bed retire to bed because of illness, often for a prolonged period of time, test bed: see test n.'

Comb. bed-bottle a bottle for urination for the use of male invalids in bed; bedbug a bloodsucking hemipteran msect of the genus Cimcx (esp. C. kctularius), which infests beds, bedchamber a :

bedroom

attendants of the gentleman of the bedchamber,

(arch. exc. in the utles of

monarch, as lady, lord, etc.); bedclothes the sheets, blankets, covers, etc., which are put on a bed; bed-cover, see cover 2b; bedfast Sc. & north, confined to bed; bedfellow a person who shares a bed with another; a companion, an associate (to. & fig.); bedgown arch, (a) a

nightgown, a nightdress; (b) north, a kind of jacket formerly worn (usu. over a petticoat) by working women; bed-head the upper end of a bed; bed-hop v.t. (colloq.) engage in successive casual sexual affairs; bedjacket a short lacket worn, esp. by women, when sitting up m bed; bedlinen sheets and bedload the sediment transported by a

pillowcases; river in the

heavy to be in suspension; bedmaker a person who puts beds in order after use; spec, a person who attends to the bedrooms and other

form of

living

particles

too

accommodation

in a college, hotel, etc.;

bed-

moulding Archil.: under a projection, as a cornice; bedpan ^(a) a warming-pan; (b) an invaUd's utensil for urination or defecation when in bed, bedplate a metal plate forming the base of a machine; bedpost one of the upright supports of the framework of a bed

and me and

(between you

bedrest (a) confinement of 3);

the bedpost: see

BETWEEN

support for a person in bed; (b) the a sick person to bed; bedrock solid

a

convened

carrying, bed-settee a settee that can be

room, (colloq.) bedsitter, -sit a room serving as both a bedroom and a sitting-room; bedsock a warm sock worn in bed; bedsore an into a bed; bedsitting

ulceration of the buttocks, heels, etc., developed by the constant pressure of the mattress on an invalid's skin, bedspread (ong. US) a cloth or sheet to cover a

bed when not

in use; f bedstaff a staff from a bed, used as a cudgel; bedstead t(a) the place occupied by a bed; (6) the framework of a bed {French bedstead: see French a.), bedstock {obs. exc. dial.) one of the

upright parts of the framework of a bed; a bedstead; bedtable a small tray or table for the use of a person sitting up in bed; bedtick a fiat four-sided case or

with feathers, straw, or other material to form a bed; bed-warmer a device for warming a bed; bedwetter a person, esp. a child, given to bedwettmg, bedwetting urinary incontinence while in bed beddy a. (of stone) having natural cleavages, with a filled

tendency to (nursery to

beddy-bye(s) ,/'bEdibAi(z)/ n. bed, sleep E20. bedward(s) adv. [orig.

split E18.

& joc.)

bedward] f (a) towards bedtime; (b) towards bed:

lME bed-worthy a. (colloq.) sexually attractive E20 bed /bed/ V. Infi. -dd-. [OE beddian, as prec] Uses conn. w.

a

bed

for sleeping, f

v.i.

1

&

i.

2 W. Whateley To see a stranger bedded with him instead of his owne Spouse. J. Wesley See that your horse be rubbed, fed, and bedded. Dylan Thomas Young girls lie bedded soft. 3 Carey then we'll wed, and then we'll bed. Marsh She meant to come back and bed down with Garcia. Sturge Moore They bedded on the downs. 4 Shakes. Tarn.

H

.

O

N

T

Shr.

Him

.

that

would thoroughly woo

her,

wed

her,

and bed her P. Cohen Rodolphe, her previous lover who was only interested in bedding her. II Other uses. 5 v.t. Plant {out) in or as in a garden bed. lME. 6 v.t. Lay (bricks, stones, etc.) in position in cement or mortar. lME. 7 v.t. Embed. M16. 8 v.t. Lay or strew in a layer; stratify in beds. Chiefly as bedded ppl a. E17. 9 v.t. Form a compact layer. Ety. 10 v.i. Rest on, lie on for suppon. M19. 7 R. Hooker A place where the ships lie bedded. I Walton Many of them [eels] together bed themselves, and live without feeding on anything. Mrs H. Wood The bullet must have bedded itself in the wall beddable a. sexually attractive M20. .

a cat, a:

arm,

t

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, D hot,

V.

arch. L16.

v.t.

BE-

[f.

+

I

Sprinkle over or stain with dirty

]

liquid. Chiefly as bedabbled ppl a.

bedad

/bi'dad/ int. Anglo-lr. arch. E18. [Alt. of by God!: cf. BEGAO etc.] Expr. amazement or emphasis.

bedaff /bi'daf/ v.t. Long BE- 3 + DAFF n.'] Make a

bedangled + dangle

obs. exc. dial.

/bi'dar|g(3)ld/ a. rare. E17.

+

v.

-ED'.]

lME.

[f.

be-

[f.

i

Adorned or hung about

with dangling objects,

bedark DARK

/bi'daik/

bedarken DARKEN

bedash

lME.

rare.

v.t.

[f.

be-

+

i

v.}

/brda:k(3)n/

Make

/bi'daj/

+

be- i dark; overshadow; obscure,

lME.

v.t.

li6.

v.t.

[f.

Beat about; dash down. dashes of colour etc. L15. 1

[f.

be-

i

lME.

+ dash

v.']

2 Cover with

W

y.

bedevilment

bedew

bedaze

/bi'deiz/ v.t. lME. [f. be- i + daze v.] Daze; bewilder; stupefy. Chiefly as bedazed ppl

L19

/bi'daz(s)l/ v.t. li6. [f. be- i + dazzle Dazzle completely or thoroughly; confuse by

bedder

E19. [f.

bed

n.

+

-er'.]

1

A

manufacturer of beds; an upholsterer, obs. exc. dial. lME. 2 A college bedmaker. colloq. L19. 3 early, late, etc., {go-to-) bedder, a person who habitually goes to bed early etc. E20. 114 A bedding-out plant. M19. bedder /'beda/ slang. L19. [f bed n. + -er*.]

bedroom.

bedding

OE. [f. bed n. or v. + or f/)/. The articles which compose a bed, as mattress, bedclothes, etc.; materials provided for sleeping or resting on. OE. fb Sleepmg accommodation. LME-L17. 2 A putting to bed, esp. of a bride; (an act of) sexual intercourse. L16. 3 bottom layer, a foundation. E17. 4 Geol. Layering or stratification of rocks. M19. 5 The process of planting flowers (our) in beds. M19. I JONSON He hath sold my hangings, and my beddmgs! Drvden Spread with Straw, the bedding of thy Fold. C V. Wedgwood Fairfax ordered the citizens to provide bedding so that every two soldiers could share a mattress, a bolster and a pair of sheets and blankets b Spenser TTie ground which useth to be his bedding. 2 Sir W. Scott A description of the wedding, bedding, and throwing the stocking V. S private Pritchett Their sexual comedy, in momentary beddings in the backs of cars. Comb.: bedding(-out) plant a plant suitable for setting out in a garden bed; bedding plane a plane forming the junction between two layers or strata of -ing'.]

/'bsdir)/

collect,

1

n.

sing,

A

/.bedfad 'k3:d/ n. phr L19. [Bedford, a town in central England + cord n.'] woven fabric with prominent cords running in the direction of the warp. In pi. , trousers made

A

of

this.

/bi'dek/

v.t.

Deck round, adorn,

mi6. [f be-

i

+ deck

v.]

{with)

bedeguar

/'bedigo:/ n. lME. [Fr. bedegar f bid-Swar{d 'wind-brought'.] lit. A mosslike gall on a rose bush caused by the gallPers.

wasp

Diplolepis rosae.

bedel (1)

ns.

bedene

/bi'di:n/

unkn.

1st

see beadle.

elem.

+

adv.

OE

obs.

exc.

sme once,

together.] = anon adv.; occas. a or rhyme word.

bedesman

n.

see

dial.

at

ME.

[f

once, in one,

mere

expletive

/bi'd£v(3)l/ v.t. Infl. -U-, *-!-. L16. [f be- 3, 4 + DEVIL n.] 1 Possess (as) with a devil. Chiefly as bedevilled ppl a. L16. 2 Transform mischievously; corrupt, spoil. L17. 3 Treat with diabolical violence or abuse; drive frantic; plague, afflict. M18. I Carlyle One age, he is hagridden, bewitched; the next, priestridden, befooled; in all ages, bedevilled. 2 Disraeli So bedevil a bottle of Geisenheim you .

saw, \ run, o put,

it

u:

n.

foe.

or

nursery.

1

in prep,

w.

bediasite

/bi'dAiasAit/

Texas +

locality in

M20.

n.

-ite'.] Geol.

Bedias

[f

A

a

from

tektite

bedight

bedim be-

/bi'dim/

+ DIM

I

bedip

D.

[f.

arch.

v.t.

Infl.

[OE

-pp-

dip v.] Dip, immerse.

+ dirt

ei6-ei8. [f be- 4

v.t.

throw

Mi6. [f

cloud, obscure.

arch.

v.t. i,

-mm-.

Infl.

Make dim,

]

/bi'dip/

fbedirt dirty,

Pa. t. bedight; pa. be- i + dight v.]

/bi'dAit/ v.t. arch.

pple bedight(ed). lME. Equip, apparel, bedeck.

«.]

Make

filth at, defile.

/brdMz(3)n, - da.- 1 v.t. M17. [f. be- i + Deck or ornament, esp. overlavishly;

v.]

trick out.

bedizeimient

Mi 9.

n.

/'bedbm/

a.

&

n.

In senses A.i, 2,

&

lME. [Form of Bethlehem (see below).] An. f 1 The town of Bethlehem in Judaea. LME-E17. 2 The Hospital of St Mary of

.

from the greenest Tokay. 3 Byron too, a ago, ai

Bethlehem (Bethlem Royal Hospital in London), used as an asylum for the insane, arch. lME. f 3 a person who was mentally ill; spec, a discharged but not fully cured patient of the Hospital of St Mary of Bethlehem, licensed to beg. E16-E18. 4 A lunatic asylum; a madhouse. arch. M17. 5 (A scene of) mad confusion; a wild uproar. M17. 2 Tom or Jack o' Bedlam arch, a person who is mentally ill. 3 Swift She roar'd like a Bedlam. 4 R. Graves Declared him a lunatic and shut him up in a Bedlam. 5 Quiller-Couch Hearkenin' to the bedlam for 'twas the big storm in 'Seventy. M. a bedlam of hounds barking and small black children shouting. J. P. Donleavy I'm a man for bedlam Did you ever relish the broken dish or twisted chandelier?

outside:

Mitchell Amid

.

B

my, ao how,

Belonging to or

adj.

for a

fit

madhouse;

limatic; foolish. L16. Milton This which followes is plaine bedlam stuff. Bedlamite n. an inmate of Bedlam or a madhouse, a mentally ill person L16

bedlar BED is)

n.

/'btdb/

ON

+

a.

&

n.

lag lying

obs.

+

exc. Sc.

-er'.]

lME. [f who

(A person

bedridden.

Bedlington

n. M19. [A village N. England.] In fiill Bedlington temer. A narrow-headed sporting terrier with fairly long legs and curly grey hair. Bedouin /'bcduin/ n. & a. Also Beduin, b-. lME. [OFr. beduin (mod. bedouin) ult. (through med.L beduini pi.) f. Arab, badawt, pi. badawin badw desert, nomadic desert tribes): see {{. -ine'. Cf Bedu.] A n. 1 An Arab of the desert. lME. 2 A person living a nomadic hfe; a Gypsy. M19. B ad). Of the desert or Bedouins; nomadic, wandering. Mig.

in

/'b£dliqt(3)n/

Northumberland,

bedrabble

/bi'drab(a)l/

v.t. arch.

+ drabble v.] Make wet or mud. Chiefly as bedrabbled ppl

lME.

[f be-

i

dirty with rain or a.

/brdrag(3)l/ v.t. E18. [f be- i + draggle v.] Wet (an article of clothing etc.) so that it hangs limp; make (a person) wet and imtidy or dishevelled (chiefly as bedraggled ppl

bedraggle

beadsman.

bedevil

wouldn't know

/'bsdfsdja/

M17. [An English coimty.] = bed

.

rock.

bedeck

E19.

n.

occas. others B-.

lME.

/'beds/

.

bathe, suffuse.

bedlam

excess of brilliance, n.

.

v.t. ME. [f be- 4 + dew n.] Cover or soak with dew or drops of moisture;

dizen

bedazzle

bedazzlement

have

they

.

/bi'dju:/

bedizen

a.

]

.

bedyppan: see be-

bedaubed with diamonds.

n.

.

the strewn field in Texas.

/bi'dsib/ v.t. M16. [f. be- i + daub v.] 1 Besmear; fig. vilify. M16. 2 Overload with ornamentation; bedizen. L16. I T. Otway TTie names of Honest Men bedawb'd. P. H. Gosse With a painter's brush had bedaubed the trunks of several large trees. 2 Marvell Set off, and bedawb'd with Rhetorick. M. Montagu All

bedazement

Muse

so be-deviled with their ribaldry S. Rushdie Confused thinking was to bedevil much of his career, .

phrases.

bedaub

A

poor

Bedfordshire

Cover with darkness,

v.]

My

Bedford cord

fool of, bewilder,

.

w. cognate obj. Prepare (a bed). OE-lME. 2 v.t. Put to bed; put (an animal) to rest for the night; provide with a bed or bedding. Also foil, by down. Freq. as bedded pa. pple. ME. 3 v.i. Go to bed {with). Now usu. foil, by down. ME. 4 v.t. Take (a woman) to bed; have sexual intercourse with. M16. .

DABBLE

/bi'dab(3)l/

.

f.

I

bedabble

V.

prep.

rock underlying alluvial deposits etc.; fig. the ultimate facts or principles of a belief, character, etc., bedroll N. Amer. & NZ bedding rolled into a bundle for

cover

bedral

203

resting-place for the night MIXED bed. out of bed between the lower and upper bedclothes, up

ei

a.).

bedral

/'bf:dr(a)l/ w.' Sc. E16. [App. alt. of beadle, perh. under infl. of next.] A minor church officer, often acting as clerk, sexton, and

bell-ringer. Also, a gravedigger.

bedral

/'b£dr(a)l/ a.

[Prob.

day, au no,

e:

hair,

metath. la

near,

ah.

31

&

n} of

Sc. Also -rel. E16. adj. bedlar.]

boy, oa poor,

Aia tire,

aoa sour

bedrench B

Bcdndden. E16-E17.

A

n.

bedridden person.

E16.

bedrench PRtNCH

bi'drEn{t)J

v.]

bedrid

lME.

v.i.

Drench completely;

'bedrid

&

h.

[OE

arch.

a.

be-

[f.

+

i

soak, bedreda,

BED n. + short base of ride i». ] fA n. A bedridden person. OE ME. B adj. = bedridden. OE. -nJa,

as

{.

bedridden

'bEdrid(3)n/

ME.

prec. + -en^.] Confined to bed through sickness or infinnit>'; /i^. worn-out, decrepit, a.

[Irreg.

f.

bedroom

'bedruim, -rom n. L15. [{. bed n.' + Space in a bed. rare. L15. 2 A room intended to house a bed; a sleeping apartment.

ROOM

n.']

1

E17.

Shakes. Mids.

I

X.

Then by your

D.

sensual

bedroom eyes eyes holding an expression of in\itation; bedroom farce a play depicting an

:

absurd situation denving from one or more (esp. extramarital) se.\ual adventures; bedroom slipper a soft mdoor shoe intended to be worn when one is not

bedrop

bi'drop/ im. arch. Infl. as drop v. lME. [f BE- 2, 4 + DROP v., n.] Drop upon; sprinkle with or (chiefly as pa. ppl a.) as with drops. 'bsdSAid/ n. ME. [Contr. of bed's side: see BED n. -'s', side n. ] The place or position at the side of a bed.

bedside

,

lamp, bedside

bi:dstdi:

table, etc.

Comb.: bedside book a book for reading in bed; bedside mamier the manner of a doctor when

anendmg

a patient (freq. w. specifying adj., as good).

bedstraw

'bedstro:/

n.

lME.

bed

[f.

+

n.

STRAW

n. ] Straw used for bedding. f 1 M17. 2 Any of numerous straggling plants of the genus Galium, belonging to the madder

lME

family and bearing many tmy flowers; esp. (in fiill lady's bedstraw) a yellow-flowered European plant, Galium verum, of dr>' grassland. E16.

bedtime n.]

'bEdtAim/

The hour

at

ME.

n.

which

a

bed

[f.

n.

+ time

person habitually goes

to bed.

bedtime story

Bedu

&

n.

Beduin

n.

bedull

bi'dAl

a.

&

a. PI.

var.

of Bedouin.

v.t.

Make duU. bedust bi'dAst,

li6.

be-

[f.

lME.

i

+ dull

v.]

be- 4 + dust n.] Cover with dust. Chiefly as bedusted ppl a. (as)

bee ble

v.t.

arch.

bi'dAi/ v.t. ei6. [f be-

i

[f.

+ dye

v.] Stain

with dye. Chiefly as bedyed ppl a. bi:/ n.' [OE beo = OFris. be, MLG, (Du. bij), bTa (G dial. Beie), ,

OHG

Gmc]

MDu.

ON

by,

f

A

stinging hymenopterous social insect of the genus Apis, which collects nectar and pollen and produces wax and honey: a colony consists of one perfect female or 'queen', several males or 'drones', and very many sterile females or 'workers'. OE. b Any of numerous other 1

including both social and solitary species, constituting the superfamily Apoidea. Freq. w. specifying wd. OE. 2 A busy worker. Also (now rare or obs.), a pleasing writer. M18. 3 A gathering for combined work or amusement. Usu. w. wc. specifying its purpose. Ong. US. MI 8. 4 A limip of yeast which rises and falls in a brew as bubbles of carbon dioxide are produced. E20. lb bumble-bee, carpenter bee, mason bee, mining bee, etc. 3 W. Irvdjg Now were instituted quilting bees and husking bees and other rural assemblages. J. Galt insects,

I

made

Ophrys apifera, with a flower in part resembling a bee; bee plant any plant visited by bees for nectar; esp. (more fully Rocky Mountain bee plant) a N. American cleome, Ckome serrulata, formerly grown by beekeepers.

a bee, that

at the raising,

is, 1

spelling

collected

.

the settlers to assist

.

bee.

money, from

(cf. sting the bee's knees slang something or someone outstandingly good. Comb.: bee-balm the plant Oswego tea, Monarda didyma; bee-bird any of various birds, esp. a spotted flycatcher; bee-biter dial, the great tit; bee-bread t(a) a honey-containing honeycomb; (6) (honey and) pollen used as food by bees; bee-eater a brightly

b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

to

bow

t).']

OHG

ON

=

beag, beah

1

A

baugr, ring or torque

for the arm or neck. Long obs. wooden block In full bee block. side of a bowsprit, occas. with to ree/t the fore-topmast stays

of metal, usu. exc. Sc. OE. 2 bolted to the metal sheaves through. L15.

A

m20. [Abbrev.] TTieBBC.

/bi:b/ n. colloq.

beebee n. var. of bibi. beech /bi:tj/ n. [OE bece =

MLG

boke, bdke (wk base rel. to that of OE b6c (see buckwheat): cogn. w. L fagus beech, Gk phagos, phegos edible oak.] 1 A forest tree of the genus Fagus, having thin, smooth bark and glossy oval leaves, and bearing nuts; esp. the European F. sylvatica. Also (usu. w. specifying wd), any of various similar trees, esp. (in the southern hemisphere) of the genus Nothofagus. Also beech tree. OE. 2 The wood of this tree. ME. 1 copper beech: see COPPER red beech: see RED a. silver beech: see silver n. & a. southern beech — nothofagus. Comb.: beech-drops N. Amer. a broomrape, Epifagiis virginiana, parasitic on beech roots; beechfern a fem of damp rocky woods, Phegoptcns

fem.)

Gmc

f.

beech marten the stone marten, Martcs foina; beechmast the fruit of the beech; beech-oil an oil extracted from beechmast; beech tree = sense i above; beechwood (a) = sense 2 above, (b) a wood of conncctiln,

trees.

beechen a. (arch. & poet.) (a) of, pertaining to, or derived from the beech; (b) made of the wood of the beech: OE. beechy a. of, characterized by, or having

many beeches

E17.

beedi n. var. of bidi. beef /bi:f/ n. PI. beefs, /bi:vz/. ME. [AN, OFr.

L

bov-, bos ox: cf

COW

cow, used

bull, or

boef,

«.']

1

buef (mod. bceuf) {. The flesh of an ox,

ME. b

as food.

beeves

Muscle,

fig.

strength, size, power. M19. 2 An ox or similar beast, esp. a fattened one or its carcass. Exc. US usu. in pi. ME. b collect. Cattle. US. E18. 3 A complaint, a grievance, slang (orig.

US). L19. 1 beef olive, beef stew, etc. baby beef, see BABY a. beef STROGANOFF. corned beef, see corned a.^ 2. sour beef, see SOUR a. b P. V. White As from his cattle, the beef had dwindled from the man, but he was still large. R. M. Patterson We were putting all the beef we could behind it. beef to the heel(s) slang (of a person) massive, brawny. 2 Clarendon One half in Money, .

.

.

.

and the other half in good Beefs, b S. E. White Drivin' some beef up to the troops. 3 D RuNYON A beef from her over keeping the baby out in the night

beefalo

/'biifabo/ n. PI. -oes, same. L20. [f BEEF n. + buffalo.] (An animal of) a breed of bovine that is V% buffalo and Vs domestic cow.

beefing «. see beefy /'bi:fi/

biffin.

M18.

a.

Resembling

BEEF [{. containing

beef;

-^

n.

-Y'.]

much

beef;

muscular, sohd. beefiness

n.

M19.

beehive /'bi:hAiv/ n. ME. An artificial habitation 1

[f bee p.' + hive «.] for bees, traditionally

of thick straw work in the shape of a dome, but usu. a wooden box containing the combs

now

A

slides. ME. b fig. busy place etc. E17. 2 the Beehive, (the name oO a star-cluster in the constellation Cancer. Also called Praesepe. M19. 3 A hat or hairstyle having the shape of a traditional beehive. E20. Comb.: beehive-hat a hat shaped like a traditional beehive; beehive tomb a dome-shaped tomb cut into a hillside, distinctive of Mycenaean Greece.

on wooden

Beelzebub

/bi'slzibAb/ n. OE. [Late L Beelzebub (Vulgate), tr. (i) Heb. ba'al zebub Lord of Flies, a Philistine god (2 Kings 1:2) and (ii) Gk Beelzeboul {Man. 12:24).] The Devil; a devil.

been

pa. pple of be v.

v.

been-to + TO

&

/'bi:ntu:/ n. Afr.

prep.]

A

who

person

M20.

Asia.

prec.

[f.

has been to Britain,

esp. for education,

/bi:p/ n. & v. E2o. [Imit.] A n. The soimd of a motor-car horn; a short high-pitched sound emitted by any device (e.g. an echo-sounder). E20. B v.t. Si i. (Cause to) emit a beep or beeps.

beep

M20. beeper

beer

a device that emits beeps

n.

/his/

MLG, MDu.

ber

WGmc wd

a

{.

[OE

n.'

f.

beor

=

m20.

OFris.

biar,

OHG

(Du. bier), bior (G monastic L biber drink, f

bier,

Bier), bibere

drink ] 1 Alcohohc liquor produced by fermentation of malt etc. and flavoured with hops or other bitters, esp. the lighter kind of liquor so produced; a type of this; a drink of this. Cf ALE, PORTER n.' OE. 2 A similar drink made from other ingredients. Usu. w. specifying to

1

biiur beer, keg beer, lager beer, mild beer, etc. (not) all

and skittles: see SKITTLE n. on the beer on a bout of drinking, porter's beer, see PORTER n.^ 3. single beer sec SINGLE a. & adv. small beer weak beer, or a small measure of beer (usu. half a pint); fig. small matters, something of little importance (think no small beer of, have a high opinion of). 2 birch beer, ginger beer, nettle beer

beer, root beer, spruce beer, etc.

Comb. beer belly slang = beer gut below; beer-boy (now arch, or Hist. ) a pot-boy; beer-cellar a cellar for storing beer; a bar etc. selling beer in a cellar or :

basement; beer-engine = beer pump below; beer garden a garden where beer is served; beer glass a glass for beer or similar long drinks; beer gut slang a protruding abdomen (regarded as) due to drinking large quantities of beer; beer hall a hall where beer is served, beerhouse a public house licensed for the sale of beer, but not spirits; beer-mat a small table-mat for a beer glass; beer money (a) Hist, an allowance of

money to servants, instead of beer; (ft) a small amount money allowed or earned; beer-off slang an off-hcence; beer-parlo(u)r Canad. a room in a hotel

of

air.

Comb.: beefburger a hamburger; beefcake slang display of) sturdy masculine physique; beef beefeater (a) an eater of beef;

(the

cattle: raised for beef;

t(ft) colloq. a well-fed menial; (c) colloq. a

Guard, a Yeoman Warder London; beefsteak a thick slice of the

in

the

Yeoman Tower

beef, usu. cut

of of

from

the hindquarters, for fiying or grilling (beefsteak fungus, a red bracket fungus, Fistulina hepatica, resembling raw meat in appearance); beef tea stewed-beef juice

food

beef

tomato

an exceptionally large and firm variety of tomato; beefwitted stupid; beef-wood (the timber of) any of various Australian and W. Indian trees with red wood, as

for

invalids;

esp. (Austral.) casuarina.

beefer

an animal bred for beef M17.

n.

beef /bi:f/

v.

(US

M19.

[{.

the n.]

1

v.t.

Slaughter for

knock down. M19. 2 v.t. Put muscle into, strengthen, reinforce; add power or importance to. Usu. foil, by up. slang (orig. US). M19. 3 v.i. Complain, grumble, protest, slang beef; fig.

(orig.

man,

2 D. Acheson The Defense Department required no persuasion that the defense of Europe needed, in their phrase, 'beefmg up'. 3 Stevie Smith Not beefing about being solitary Or the sparseness of the fare.

wd. OE. in sense 2 also

flesh;

used

busy as a bee very busy or industrious, bees and honey rhyming slang money, goat and bee jug: see goat, have a bee in one's bonnet be obsessed on some point, nut the bee on (slang, chiefly US) (a) put an end to; beat; (b) ask for a loan, borrow Phrases: as

[OE Gmc; rel.

/bi:/ n.-

bouc, f

beech

a story told to a child at bedtime.

of n. same. E20. [Arab. badui: see Bedoiun.] (Of) a Bedouin; collect, (of) Bedouins. 'bedu:

bedye

bee martin US a kingbird (Tyrannus); beemoth = wax moth s.v. wax n.'; bee orchid an orchid, bees;

Beeb

dressed

fully

coloured insectivorous bird of the family Meropidae; esp. Mcrops apiastcr, a rare visitor to Britain (wattled bee-eater, see WATTLED 2); bee-fly a parasitic fly of the family Bombylliidae, resembling a bee; bee-glue propolis; bee-gum US a hollow gum tree acting as or fashioned into a beehive; bee-keeper a person who keeps bees; beeline a straight line or course between two places (make a bcclinc for, hurry towards, go straight up to); bee man, -master a man who keeps

bee no

side,

bedroom me deny. Comb.

Beerenauslese

204

slang)

party.

beerage

n.

(slang)

who have been

brewers collectively,

created

peerage: L19. beerless

beer

/'biia/

-er'.]

w.-'

Someone

existent,

a.

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

peers;

derog.

those

esp.

the

British

M19.

Also be-er. lME. [f. be v. + who is or exists, esp. the Self-

rare.

God.

beer

/bis/ ei8. [Alt. of bier.] In weaving, a (variable) number of ends in a warp.

beer var. of bere beeregar /'biariga/ fi.'

vinegar.]

Beerenauslese PI.

L15.

n.

[f.

beer

n.'

after

= ALEGAR. n. Also 6-. Beeren berries,

/'beiran.ausleiza/

-sen /-zsn/, -ses. E20. [G,

grapes + as Auslese.]

US). L19.

n no, p pen,

or tavern where beer is served; beer pump a machine for drawing beer up from barrels in the cellar to the bar; beer-swilling a. (derog. ) that drinks a lot of beer; disreputable, rowdy; beer-up a drinking-bout or

A

f.

white wine

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 6 this,

t}

made

(esp.

ring, tf chip, d3 jar

Beersheba

Beersheba n. beery /'biari/

Dan

see

grapes

M19.

a.

(M)Du.

bjiist,

Biestmilch),

beer

WGmc:

-y'.]

resembling

NFris.

(G

biost

bjast,

unkn.]

=

BEESTINGS.

beesty

+ WAX

-'s'

of bhisti.

/'bi:zwaks/

A

n.']

& v. L17. [f. bee n.' + Wax secreted by bees as

n.

n.

material for their combs, used as a polish etc. L17. B v.i. Rub or polish with beeswax. M19.

beeswing WING

+

n.'

filmy second crust of tartar

and other wines

in port

bee

/'bi:zwiri/ n. E19. [f

A

n.]

+ formed -'s'

after long keeping;

an

old wine.

beet

[OE

/bi:t/ n.'

G

whence

WGmc

MLG

=

bete

MDu.

Bete),

L

f

bete

(Du.

bete

(LG

beet),

beete,

OHG

of Celt, origin.] A plant. Beta vulgaris, of the goosefoot family, having a red or white succulent root; nimierous varieties are cultivated as garden vegetables, as cattle food, and as a source of sugar. Also = beetroot n. bieza,

early

i.

seakak

beet, silver heel,

Comb. beetroot

n.

:

beet beet

n.^ var.

of beat

/bi:t/ v.t.

= OS

hcetan

OHG

;

beta, perh.

spinach beet, sugar beet, etc.

beet sugar sugar from

ON

kindle,

mend,

Beethovenian

betan, older

MDu.

boten,

buozen (G biiflen), f Gmc, f base of boot «.'J 1 or repair; relieve or supply

Make,

[OE

exc. dial.

(MLG

botian

boeten),

Goth, botjan Make good; mend boeta,

want).

(a

or feed (a

/beithsu'viinisn/

a.

OE. 2

OE.

fire).

Of eyebrows

threateningly.

dreadful

his eyes. R.

eyebrows beetled and the farmers recorded

First

beetle

.

.

cowered.

Shakes.

in

E17. [f. beetle w.'] Beat beetle in order to crush, flatten, etc.; or heighten the lustre of (cloth) by

/'bi:t(3)l/

a

v.'-t.

pressure from rollers.

beetle

/'bi:t(3)l/ v.^i. colloq. E20. [f. BEETLE n.'] or fly (hke a beede), make one's way; go, take oneself off. P. G. WODEHOUSE 'What are you doing about two weeks from now?' 'Nothing in particular. Just beetling around.' N. Coward There was a terrible scene and Freda beetled off to America.

&

n.

.

.

.

.

L19.

[f.

+ -IAN.] A adj. Of or German composer Ludwig van

Beethoven

.

.

&

+ a. L16. [f beet root of beet, esp. the deep crimson form eaten as a vegetable. L16. B attrib. or as adj. Deep red, crimson; red-faced esp. from embarrassment, colloq. E20.

beetroot ROOT

/'bi:tru:t/ n.

A

«.']

beetster

A

n.

«. var.

of beatster

next.] An beeve /bi:v/ n. M19. [Back-form. ox; = BEEF n. 2. beeves n. see beef n. beezer /'b'v.zs/ n. slang, ezo. [Origin unkn.: f.

senses perh. different wds.] 1 A (smart) person; a chap, a fellow. Orig. Sc. E20. 2 The nose. E20.

Also B fa. lME. [f. 5 as a pitch letter + fa designating a tone in the solmization of Guido d'Arezzo (f9901050).] Medieval Mus. The note B flat in Guido d'Arezzo's 3rd and 6th hexachords, where /bi:'fa:/ n. obs. exc. Hist.

was simg to the Bemi, Cefaut, etc. befall

Pa.

/bi'f3:l/ v.

t.

OHG

OS,

befeU

[OE

Alamire,

Cf.

syllable fa.

it

befallen /brf3:l(3)n/.

Beethoven (see below) pertaining to the

Project,

summit of the cliff That Dickens His beetling W. Emerson The justice of states, which we could well enough see beetling over his head. K. Crossley-Holland Thor's

Befa

beets.

n.'

obs.

prec]

[f.

Move

after parturition,

n. var.

beeswax

HamL The

Shakes.

emboss Also beast-. OE. first milk drawn, esp.

n.pl.

The

[Rel. to BEEST n.]

from a cow,

hang

E17.

beetles o'er his base into the sea.

with

f beest V. see BE V. beestings /'biistirjz/

fig.

brow almost obscured

Biest, as in

origin

ult.

+

n.'

=

beost

OHG

biest,

f.

vM.

/'bi:t(3)l/

(also): lour.

[f.

OE-L18. [OE

n.

beetle

overhang;

n.'

Pertaining to or containing beer; beer; showing the influence of beer, beeriness n. L19.

fbeest

beforehand

205

Germany) from

selected individual picked later than the general harvest. in

/bi'fd/; pa. pple

=

befeallan

OFris.

fall

btfallan: see be-,

z).]

fl

Chiefly fig. OE-M17. 2 v.i. Fall pertain, belong, be fitting, arch. ME. 3a

v.i.

befalla,

Fall.

v.i.

to;

(1770- 1827), his music, or his theories of musical composition. L19. B n. An interpreter, student, or admirer of Beethoven or his music. M20. 'Beethovenish a. resembling or suggestive of Beethoven or his music, characteristic of Beethoven

Take

L19.

often quarrelled, b Milton Thus it shall befall Him who Lets her Will rule. C. Chaplin Only when illfonune befell her did she seek relief D. Jacobson The most significant events that befell the kingdom and its

beetle

[OE

/'bi:t(3)l/

betel,

(WS)

butel

{.

f base of beat d.': see -LE'.] 1 A tool with heavy head and handle for ramming, crushing, driving wedges, etc. OE. 2 A machine for

Gmc,

beetling cloth. L19. I deaf or dumb as a beetle arch, insensitive, dumb. = beetle-head (a) below; Comb.: beetle-brain beetle-head (a) a blockhead; (6) the monkey of a

place, happen; arch.

person

Happen

/'bi:t(3)l/ n} [OE bitula, bitela, f short base of bJtan bite v.: see -le'.] 1 An insect of the order Coleoptera, having the forewings converted to hard, opaque wing-cases closing over the hindwings; in pop. use extended to other (esp. black) insects of similar appearance, such as the cockroach. OE. 2 fig. A person who is (esp. intellectually) short-sighted. L16. 3 A dice game with the object of drawing or assembling a figure resembling a beetle. M20.

beetle

black beetle, diving beetle, shard-bom beetle, skipjack beetle, etc. blind as a beetle short-sighted; devoid of moral etc. sense. 2 A. Tucker blockhead, yea a numbskull, not to say a beetle. Comb. beetle-back a back shaped like the closed wing-cases on the back of a beetle; beetle-backed a. I

A

upon

(un)to,

(a

to.

if

2 J. M. Neale Giving to the dearer ones What to each befalleth. 3a Thackeray Ethel's birthday befel in the Spring. C. Kingsley And so it befell that they .

.

people during David's reign. 4 Shakes. Com. Err. Do me the favour to dilate at full What have befall'n of

them and thee

till

now.

befalling n. (a) the action occurrence, an event: lME.

befile

pile-driving engine,

by

foil,

ME. b v.t. (orig. w. dat. obj.). ME. 4 v.i. Become of. LME-L16.

etc.).

Long

/bi'fAil/ v.t.

of the

vb;

an

(6)

f.']

/bi'fit/ v.t. 1

Be

Infl.

fitted or

morally right

OE.

-tt-. L16.

appropriate

for. E17.

[f BE-

+

i

be-

[f.

i

-i-

fit

b Be L16-M18.

for, suit. L16.

t2 Equip

with.

Shakes. Temp. Any business that We say befits the DocTOROW His son now had a desk, as

1

hour. E. L.

all young students. B. Trapido We're giving you the guest room, as befits your tation as senior guest, b Shakes. Haml. It us befitted To bear our hearts m grief 2 L. Sterne He had befined him with just such a bridle and saddle. befitting a. suitable, fitting, appropriate, due M16.

befitted

.

.

.

.

befittingly adv. M17.

beflower n.]

/bi'flaoa/

Cover or deck

v.t.

(as)

li6. [f be- 4

+ flower

with flowers,

:

having a beetle-back; beetle-crusher colloq. a heavy boot or foot; beetle drive a social gathering at which beetle

is

beetle

played, /'bi:t(3)l/

eyebrows;

prominent

lME.

a.

having

beetle-browed,

scowling. or bushy

R. H.

Sidney

unkn.] or

a:

lME.

2 beetle browis), eyebrows; a scowling

Barham A beetle-browed

hag. 2

fig.:

P.

A

arm,

t

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

befog

1

cosy,

1:

see, d hot,

/bi'fsum/ v.t. E17. [f be- 4 with foam,

+ foam

n.]

-gg-. E17. [f be- 4 Envelop in fog; obscure, confuse,

n.-]

v.t.

Infl.

+

.

from his capital. Arnold Bennett He had never spoken to Tom Orgreave before. C. Causley He felt younger than he had for some time before. D. BoGARDE He would come back one day and it would all be as before, have been THERE before, have seen it all before: see SEE v. the mixture as before: see mixture 2. b Puck A 'before and after' racket for a hair-renewer advertisement.

B prep. I Of morion or posiuon. 1 Of motion: ahead of, in advance of. OE. b Driven in front of, under the impulse of. M16. 2 Of posiuon or direcrion: in front of. OE. 3 In the sight or presence of; under the notice of. OE. 4 In the view or opinion of. arch. OE. 5 Open to the knowledge of; claiming the attention of. lME. 6 In prospect for, open to; awaiting. (Merging with branch II, of time.) lME. I Ld MACAtn-AY Behind him march the halbardiers; before him sound the drums, b Shakes. 2 Hen. VI Our enemies shall fall before us. A. Sillitoe Running before the wrath of cop or farmer. A. J. P. Taylor The anti-waste campaign swept all before it. 2 Tenotson Once more before my face I see the moulder'd Abbey-walls. T. S. Eliot Each man fixed his eyes before his feet. A. Sillitoe Emerging to scrub .

.

himself dry before the fire. M. BRAGG His back to the fells, before him the plain and the sea. 3 Steele As ill an Action as any that comes before the Magistrate. J. M. Barrie Is it to be before the ladies, Mr. Ernest, or in the privacy of the wood? Tolkien TTie song of Luthien before Mandos was the song most fair that ever in words was woven. 4 P. Stubbes Though this be not theft before the world. 5 H. T. Buckle The accusations are before the world. T. Hardy Such was the argument that Oak set outwardly before him. 6 Milton TTie World was all before them, where to choose. Their place of rest. B. Webb Sidney and 1 have plenty of work before us— Sidney in the Labour Party and I on Government Committees. .

.

.

.

Of ume. 7 Preceding

in order of time. OE. 8 than (an event, point of time, etc.). ME. b Earlier than the end of (a future period of rime). M19. 7 Byron Brave men were living before Agamemnon. J. D. Watson With luck, Francis's coiled coils would get into print as soon as if not before Pauling's. 8 S. Johnson It was written before the Conquest of Granada. A. J. P Taylor Singapore had been neglected before the war and still more during it. b A. Trollope This gnef may be cured some day before II

Previous

to, earlier

.

.

long.

III Of order or rank. 9 In advance of in development; further on than. ME. 10 In

rather

to,

ME.

than.

comparison with. E18. 9 HoBBES Atrides is before you MACAtn^Y The nation which was

in

11

y.

befool

Make

/bi'fuil/ v.t. lME. [f. be- 3, 4 -I- fool n.'] a fool of, dupe, delude; treat as or call a

fool.

before

/hi'h:/ adv., prep.,

OFris. befora,

OS

biforan,

&

&

Gmc:

conj.

[OE

OHG bifora

beforan

(G

=

bevor),

&

prep., fore adv. see by adv. prep.} A adv. 1 In front in place or order; ahead, at or on the front. OE. 2 Earlier in time; previously.

f

saw,

a run,

o put,

u:

too, 3 ago, ai

my, au how,

ei

In

command. Ld

so far before

its

neighbours in science. 10 AV 2 Sam. 6:21 The Lord chose me before thy father, & before all his house. D H. Lawrence 1 was a good animal before everything. 1 1 Addison The Women were of such an enormous Stature, that we appeared as Grashoppers before them. Phrases: before Christ (of a date) reckoned backwards from the birth of Jesus, before God as .

God

.

me (usu. as solemn asseveration), before one's TIME n. before the beam: see BEAM n. before the mast: see MAST «.' i. before the secular worlds: see secular a. 5. before the wind helped or driven on by the force of the wind, leg before wicket: see LEG n. not before time: see TIME n. walk before one can run: see sees

lime: see

walk

C

(as)

/bi'fog/

.

t;.'

1 Previous to the time when. Also (arch.) before that. ME. 2 Of preference: sooner than that, rather than that. L16. I saw I AV John 1:48 Before that Philip called thee thee. E. Hemingway I woke for good long before it colour texture and was light. D. Lodge His hair is the of Brillo pads before they've been used. 2 Shakes.

conj.

.

1

bushy

pleasant valley of either side of which high hills lifted up their beetle-browis. beetled a. ~ beetle-browed above E16.

a cat,

Cover

fog [Origin

prominent

expression. M16. 1

befoam

I Shakes. Mids. N. D. I am sent with broom before, the dust behind the door. Macb. Had he his hurts before? Ay, on the front. S. Baring-Gould Onward, Christian soldiers, Marching as to war. With the Cross of Jesus Going on before. 2 Ld Macaulay Charles the First, eighteen years before, withdrew

To sweep

preference

rare.

FILE V.'] Befoul, defile.

befit

beforehand, in the past. ME. b spec. Contrasted w. after (see AFTER adv. 2b): preceding an event or (esp.) the use of a remedy, cosmetic, or other product. Ml 8.

Merch. V. Treble that, Before a hair through Bassanio's fault. submit.

fi-iend

OED

1

.

.

.

Shall lose a

will die

before

I

beforehand /bi'foihand/ adv. & pred. a. Orig. two wds. ME. [f. BEFORE prep. + hand n.\

day, 30 no,

e:

hair,

is

near,

31

boy, oa poor,

ai3 tire,

ao3 sour

beforesaid AN,

cf.

avant

main.]

advance;

In

{arch.)

esp.

readiness,

in

anticipation;

in

beginning

206

OFr.

financially.

AV Mark 13:11 Take no thought before hand what ye speake Steele Ha\ing little or nothing beforehand, and b\nng from Hand to Mouth. K. Amis Do you write all this stuff out beforehand and learn it off, or (do] you make it up as you go along? be shall

beforehand with anocipate,

forestall.

ME

Orig. rwo wds. fbeforesaid + SAID ppl a.] BEFORE adv. mentioned, aforesaid. j.

mi8.

[f.

Previously

Authority, beg (someone's) pardon: see pardon n. 2. b I beg to enclose my price list. D. L. Sayers Here Sir Impey Biggs interposed and begged with submission to suggest that his lordship should remind the jur>' of the evidence given by Mr. Challoner. c Dickens Begging my best remembrances 10 Mrs. Rogers Many say it is begging the Thomson, 4 point in dispute, beg the question assume the truth of a thing to be proved or a thing equivalent to it; pop. evade a difficulty. 5 S. Richardson Is the Creature

OED

H

me off from Insult? J. Rathbone I was a little drunk and very tired and begged off. Comb. begging letter: asking for a charitable gift to be sent; beg-pardon (Austral. & NZ colloq.) an begging

:

beforetiine

bi'fxlAim,

\IE. [f. BEFORE prep. prenously.

befortune

bri>:tju:n

+ FORTUNE v.] befoul bi'faui; I

Make

foixl

befriend

n.

«.

]

+ foul

v.]

begad

M16. [f be- 3 + friend

begah began

rare.

L16.

be-

[f.

cover with

i

EGAD

filth,

]

befringe

bi'frincis

v.t.

i

+ fringe

Border, provide, or adorn (as) with a fringe, brfrtxj v.t. Infi. -gg-. M19. [f be- 4 + frog n.'] Decorate with frogging. v.]

FUDDLE

v.t. L19. [f bestupid through drink

brf.\d(a)l/

Make

v.]

i

+

etc.;

confuse, bewilder, befiiddlement n. E20.

befiir bi'fs:/ v.t. Infl. -rr-. L15. [f be- i, 4 + FUR v.\ n.'] Cover (as) with a fur or furs; deck out with

beg =

Chiefly as befurred ppl

fiirs.

beg

n."

L16. [Turk.: cf

a.

begum, bey.]

Hist.

bsg V. & n.- ME. [Prob. f OE bedeaan, f Gmc base of bid v.: cf Goth, bidagtva beggar.]

beg

A

v.

pa.

-gg-. la v.t. Ask for (food, money, etc.) as a charitable gift. ME. b v.i. Ask for (or for) a charitable gift of food, money, etc.; live by asking for such gifts. (Foil, by of, from, faf a person.) ME. 2 v.t. & i. Ask someone earnestly or humbly for a thing desired. As obj. the person asked, the thing asked (which may take the form of a n. or pron., a cl. introduced by that, or an inf. phr.), or both. (Also foil, by far, of, from the person asked, for the thing desired.) E16. 3 v.t. Ask (pardon, leave, etc.) formally or politely. L16. b eUipt. Ask or take leave to do somethmg. M18. c ellipt. As an epistolary formula: offer, V.

Infl.

wish to send (compliments etc.). arch. M18. 4 t'.r. Take (a disputed maner) for granted without warrant. Chiefly in beg the question below. L16. 5 v.t. & Foil, by off. get (a person) excused a penalty etc.; decline to take part etc. Cards. Of the elder hand in all M18. 6 v.t. & I.

1.

foiu^ (seven-up): ask for (a point, or three additional cards and a new trump). L18. 7 v.r Of a C trained) dog: sit up with forepaws raised expectandy. Freq. in imper. as a command. E19. S Lewis Father's ruin was approaching, that 1 C we should all soon beg our bread in the streets. S. Beckett I went to the house and begged a glass of milk and a slice of bread and butter, beg, borrow, or steal acquire by any means at all. b G. Orwell A fat man eatmg quails while children are begging for bread IS a disgusting sight. P S. Buck Holding up a bowl and begging of any one who passed. C. H.^iMPTON' A w ho himchback used to sit on the pavement and beg. P. Scott If the hippie was there, and came begging at the coffee shop, Ibrahim threw him a few paise. go (a-)begging yij. (of an opportunity etc tind no taker; (of a thing) be unwanted. 2 Tindale .Mart. went to Pilate and begged the body of 27:58 loseph lesus. Shakes. I..L.L. How I would make him fawn, beg at us, and beg, and seek. Evelyn Our prisoners as a mercy, to knock them on the head HoR. Walpole I have three favours to beg of you. Tennyson I will beg of him to take thee back. Ld Macaulay Shrewsbury oegged that he might be appointed. C. Stead She also begged them for money so that she could take home presents to all the children. A. KoESTLER I beg you to take note that I am not moralising. J. Baldwin Of them all she would have begged forgiveness, had they come with ears to hear. Lodge He turned up again yesterday e\'ening to beg a rather odd favour. J Updike Did they die ignobly, begging and cackling for mercy? 3 Addison I must however beg Leave to dissent from so great an .

.

.

.

D

b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

!

leg,

t.

of by God!: cf or emphasis,

[Alt.

Expr. amazement

var. of bigha.

+ GEM

see beget.

/bi'dsEm/ v.t. Infl. -mm-. M18. [f be- 4 ] Set about or stud with gems.

n.

/bi'gst/ v.t. Pa. t. begot /bi'got/, {arch.) begat /bi'gat/; pres. pple begetting; pa. pple begotten /bi'gDt(a)n/. [OE begietan, corresp. to

OHG

bigezzan receive = see be-, get v.] fl Get, acquire, esp. by effort. OE-E17. 2 Procreate (usu. said of the father, occas. of both parents). ME. fb Get with child. LME-E17. 3 fig. Call into being, occasion; give rise to. L16. 2 Shakes 7 Hen. VI Richard, Edward's son, The first-begotten and the lawful heir. V Woolf Begetting one son by Lady Bradshaw. A. Storr It is unproven that the strongest males necessarily beget the strongest

OS

bigetan

seize,

Goth, bigetan

find:

.

offspring, fig.: Book of Common Prayer The Son is of the Father alone: not made, nor created, but begotten

Conan Doyle As begetter

originator:

person

a

n.

usual, familianty begat contempt.

who

begets; a procreator, an

lME.

/'bega/ n. ME. [f beg v. + -ar^.] 1 A person who begs; esp. a person who lives by begging. ME. 2 A person in needy circumstances; a poor person. ME. 3 A mean or low fellow; joc. a person, a chap. Now also euphem. for BUGGER 3. ME. f 4 A person who begs a favour; a suppliant. LME-E17. f5 A person who begs the question. L16-E19. Proverb: Beggars carmot be choosers, sturdy beggar. 1 see sturdy a. valiant beggar, see valiant a. i. 2

beggar

CovERDALE Eeclus 37:30 Some man can geve prudent councell and contynueth a begger. 3 E. Langley At last, the poor little beggars did their dialogue to a thunder of well-fed applause. Fortune The plane starts taxiing in from the runway, and look: the beggars are already standing up, ready to )ump off. Comb.: beggar-ticks (the prickly fruits of) any of several N. Amencan bur-marigolds, esp. Bidens .

.

.

.

.

frondosa.

beggarhood

n.

ME. beggarism

(people in) the condition of a beggar n.

of a beggar, beggary

beggar

/'begs/

v.t.

rare) practice characteristic

lME.

[f the n.]

1

Make

a

lME. 2 Exhaust the go beyond, outdo. E17. M. Mitchell The Cause which had taken their

beggar

impoverish.

of;

resources 1

(now mi 7.

of;

friends, lovers,

husbands and beggared

their families.

M. Na Gopaleen He also beggared nine weak-minded relatives, beggar-my-neighbour a card-game in which one seeks to capture one's oppo.nent's cards; fig. a policy of advancement at the expense of one's neighbours. 2 Shakes. Am. CI. For her own person.

&

beggar'd all description. C. Priest It beggared belief that she should twice interrupt me at precisely the It

same

MHG

begift

lME. [f be- 4 + gift «.] f 1 lME. 2 Present with gifts. L16.

/bi'gift/ v.t.

Only

Entrust.

in

/bi'gild/ v.t.

[f be-

/bi'gilt/. L16.

I

Pa. pple begilded, begilt + gild v.^] Cover with, or

as with, gold,

/bi'gin/ v. Pa.

t.

beginning

began

/bi'gan/,

fbegtm.

/bi'gmir)/. Pa. pple

begun

beginnan = OFris. biginna, OS, biginnan (Du., begmnen), i. WGmc, f + as beGmc base of unkn. origin, foimd in various compoimds meaning 'begin'.] 1 v.i. Take the first step in some action or process; commence, start. (Foil, by inf ) OE. 2 v.i. Come into being, start occurring, arise; have its commencement or nearest boimdary (at some place or time). OE. 3 v.t. Set about doing, Stan upon; perform the first part of OE. 4 v.t. Start (a thing) on its course, bring into being, initiate; be the first to do. ME. 5 v.i. & t. Start speaking (with the words). lME. 6 v.i. (Usu. w. preceding neg.) Come anywhere near, show any attempt or likelihood to do something; elhpt. {US) compare in any degree {with), colloq. M19. 1 AV Gen. 4:26 Then began men to call upon the

[OE

OHG

G

of the Lord. Byron My way is to begin with the beginning E. O'Neill During dinner I began to get a headache Day Lewis The night I began to be bom G. ViDAL He paused and then he began to speak carefully but casually. 2 AV Num. 16:46 There is wrath gone out from the Lord; the plague is begun. J. Bryce The greatness of the Prussian monarchy begins with Frederick II. OED The paragraph begins about the middle of the page. L. Durrell He had already given the signal for dinner to begin. 3 Chesterfield The Spaniards began their conquests by the islands

Name

.

,

of St. Domingo and Cuba Earl of Chatham I reioice to hear you have begun Homer's Iliad. J. B. Priestley They begin work at half-past seven and end at five. R. Graves The senior Consul called for order and began reading the letter 4 Pope Proud Nimrod first the savage chace began. J. M. Barrie Watch whether Crichton begins any of his answers to my questions with 'The fact is', R H. Tawney The events which seemed to aristocratic Parliamentarians to close the revolution seemed to the left wing of the victorious army only to begin it. 5 Milton To whom th' ArchEnemy Breaking the horrid silence, thus began: .

.

Scott Fitzgerald 'You ought to live in [etc.]. California—' began Miss Baker, but Tom interrupted Twain There ain't a book that begins with her. 6 it. Mailer The American hipsters' writings cannot begin to compare with the work of the arch-hipsters of modem European literature, Celine and Genet. Lady Bird Johnson I cannot begin to say how impressed I am with Mrs. Rose Kennedy

M

N

Phrases, & with preps, in specialized senses: begin at from, begin on: see begin upon below, begin school attend school for the first time, begin the dance: see DANCE n. begin the world start in life, begin (up)on set to work at begin with take first or as one's starting-point, to begin with at the outset; as a start

first

point.

beginning

a.

that begins; Educ. (N. Amer.) elemen-

tary: L16.

/bi'gma/ n. lME. [f prec. + -er'.] 1 person who begins; an originator. lME. 2 A person just begirming to learn a skill etc.; a novice, an inexperienced person. lME. 2 beginner's luck good luck supposed to attend a begirmer at games etc,

beginner

place,

beggarly

/'begali/ a. E16. [f beggar n. In the condition of or befitting a poverty-stricken; intellectually fig. valueless. E16. 2 Mean, sordid. li6. beggarliness n. M16.

+

1

-ly'.]

beggar; poor,

A

beggarly /'begali/ adv. arch. lME. [f beggar n. + -LY^] As a beggar; indigendy, himibly. beggary /'begari/ n. lME. [f beggar n. + -y'.]

beginning bringing

into

TTie condition of a beggar; extreme poverty. lME. 2 The action or habit of begging. lME. f3 Contemptible stuff, rubbish. M16-M17. 4

origination.

ME.

1

M16.

|5

Beggars Contemptible meanness. Only in E17.

m man,

.

/'begad/ n. M16. [med.L Beghardus t. Begard, -art, MDu. Beggaen, Beghart, f. stem of Begutna etc.: see beguine n.', -ard.] Hist. A member of one of the lay brotherhoods which arose in the Low Countries in the 13th cent, in imitation of the female beguines.

OFr.

Pres. pple

beget

3

beghard

begin

of begin.

.

.

/bi'gAn/.

V.

.

bey.

L16.

int.

n.

begem

E17. [f be-

befrog

befuddle

/bi'gad/

etc.]

begat

Act as a friend to; help, favour, be&iender 1. mi 9.

n.

.

begild

L16.

ME.

v.t.

B An act of begging. E19. beggingly adv. in the manner of a person who begs.

be-

i.

M19.

bi'frcnd;

apology.

[f.

v.t.

Befall, v.i.

& fig.),

{lit.

befoulment

&

rwo wds. Formerly,

Orig.

adv.

+ TIME

Swift This coin will reduce the kingdom to beggary. 2 X. Herbert Perhaps he would abandon beggary when there was no poor fool about to beg from. 3 J. FoxE Your Ceremonies in the Church be beggar>' and poyson. 5 Shakes. Cymb. Not I pronounce the beggary of his change. I

collectively.

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s

sit,

arch.

t

top, v van,

-ing'.]

begins; to be. first first

w

we,

1

/bi'ginir)/

n.

ME.

as prec.

[f

+

Entering upon existence or action;

spec,

ME.

existence;

commencing,

2 The point at which anything the time when the universe began 3 An origin or source. ME. fb A

cause, a first principle. LME-L16. 4 The part (of a period of time, of a book, journey,

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 9 thin,

6

this,

ri

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

]

begird etc.);

the earliest stage of development (freq. in

ME.

/)/.).

art from 2 CovERDALE Hab. 1:12 Thou o Lxirde the begynnynge B. SPOCK If you miss, you must penalize yourself, go back to the beginning, and start .

.

Davies The vexed question of whether it is for time to have a beginning or ending has been debated by philosophers for over two thousand Beginning and Father is years. 3 Carlyle TTiy true in Heaven. 4 Book of Common Prayer Who hast safely brought us to the begirming of this day. Adam Smith Great fortunes acquired from small beginnings. J. R. Green The beginnings of physical science were more slow and timid there. G. B. Shaw You have made a slip at the very beginning of your fairy tale. Isaiah Berlin All movements have origins, forerunners, imperceptible begirmings. Day Lewis Looking at that photograph of our house m the Queen's County, and again. P.

possible

.

Now

literary. Pa. t. & pple begirt [OE begyrdan: see be- i, gird z'.'] 1 Gird about or around. OE. 2 Encompass, encircle with. OE. f 3 Besiege. L16-L18.

/bi'g3:d/

begirdle

v.t.

/bi'g3:d(3)l/

M19.

v.t.

be-

[f.

GIRDLE v.] Encompass like a girdle, begirt /bi'gait/ v.^t. Pa. t. & pple same. BE- I + GIRT D.'] Surroimd, encircle, begirt v.- pa. t. & pple of begird.

beglamour

BE(deceptive) glamour,

i

+ [f.

Empire,

in

Also -bey /-bei/. M16.

ME.

L18.

[f.

(time). L16.

beguilement ppl

a.

beguilingly

v.t.

begnawn GNAW v.]

/bi'gau/ v.t. Long obs. exc. as pa. pple /bi'gon/, now only in woebego>4E. [OE begin, bigCin, Goth. OS bigangan, bigaggan: see be- 2, go v.} Go roimd or about; surroimd, overrun; beset, afflict; adorn, clothe,

begone

OHG

God!:

/bi'gob/ mt. Anglo-Ir. L19. [Alt. of by BEGAD etc.] Expr. amazement or

cf.

emphasis.

begone

&

one wd;

cf.

Only

v.^i.

in imper.

&

tnf.

lME.

go v. 30) treated beware.] Go away immediately.

inf be gone (see

Carlyle Kaiser's Ambassador begone W. DE la

Mare Sweet

begone v:' see bego. begonia /bi'gaunis/

and often

begot, begotten

is angrily ordered sounds, begone.

BEG

as

n.'

see beget.

be- 3

[f.

/bi'gri:s/ v.t.

Besmear with

[f.

+ grace

be-

In the Indian subcontinent: a or lady of high rank. Also given to a married Muslim woman

see begin.

n. & v. Sc. ei8. [Origin piece of deception, a trick. E18. B Play a trick on, take m. E19.

A

behalf

A

«.

/bi'haif/

n.

ME.

+ grime

begrudge

/bi'grAds/ v.t. lME. [f be- i + Feel or show dissatisfaction at (a thing); resentfully envy (a person) the possession of; give reluctantly. Shaftesbury They will begrudg the pains of anendmg. S Unwin No time spent by parents on their children during that penod should be begrudged. A. Sillitoe He begrudged big talkers their unearned glory. D. Lodge I didn't really begrudge him the food, since he was obviously starved of decent home v.}

.

cooking. in a

grudging manner or

spirit

M19.

arm,

e

bed,

3:

her,

1

sit,

i

combination

[f

of

on hu halve and bi halve him, both meaning 'on his side': see by prep., half n.] 1 on or (now chiefly N. Amer.) in behalf of a As the :

agent or representative of (another); in the name of ME. b On the part of, proceeding from. (Long rare or obs. but revived L20.) lME. c In the interest or for the benefit of (another person, a cause, etc.); for the sake of L16. 2 in (or fon) this (or that) behalf, in respect of or concerning a /bi'har)/

lME.

[OE

/bi'huri/.

about

(a thing)

&

v.i.

exc. as pa. behsn: see be- i,

pple

obs.

v.t.

Drape or hang

LME-M17.

hang

ivith. [f.

be-

i,

2

+

v.] Befall.

Behari a. & n. var. of BiHARl. behave /bi'herv/ v. lME. [f beearly stressed pronunc.).]

1

v.refl.

+ have v. (w. & (now usu )

Conduct or bear oneself in a specified manner. lME. f2 v.t. Handle, manage, regulate.

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

a:

-ioral

n.

BEHAVIOUR

a.,

-iorism

n.

see

etc.

Also *-or. lME. [f. Manner of bearing observable oneself; niarmers; actions; treatment shown to or towards another prec.

/bi'hervja/ n.

haviour ] demeanour,

after

1

Good manners, elegant 2 (As a count n.) An instance or way of behaving. Now usu. of animals or people as objects of study: an observable pattern of actions, a response to a stimulus. M16. 3 The way in which an object, device, substance, etc., acts or works. L17. 1 be on one's best (or good) behaviour take care to behave well (when being observed or tested). Comb.: behaviour pattern a set of actions which occur characteristically in a given situation and are regarded as a unified whole; behaviour therapy or others.

lME.

f

b

spec.

deportment. L16-E18.

saw,

a run,

o put,

u:

too, a ago,

ai

gradual

Also *-ior-. a. pertaining to, or

/brheivj3r(3)l/

prec. + -Ai.'.] Of, forming part of behaviour,

E20.

[f

behavioural science the science of animal (and

human) behaviour, behaviouralism

behavioural science esp n. as applied to politics M20. behaviouralist n. & a. (a) n. a practitioner of behaviouralism; (b) adj. of or pertaining to behaviouralism or behaviouralists: M20. behaviourally adv. as regards behaviour M20.

behaviourism

/brhcivj3nz(a)m/

Also

n.

*-ior-. E20. [f as prec. + -ism.] Psychol. The doctrine that objective investigation of stimuli and responses is the only valid psychological method; psychological analysis in terms of stimulus and response, behaviourist «. an adherent or practitioner of behaviourism E20. behaviou'ristic a. E20.

behead HEAD

n.

/bi'hEd/

Cut

]

way. beheadal

v.t.

off the

[OE

beheafdian: see BE- 4,

head or top part

of; kill in

this

beheld

v.

n.

M19.

pa.

t.

& pple of behold.

behemoth

/bi'hirmDd, 'bi:hmi3oB/ n. lME. [Heb. behemot intensive pi. of behemdh beast.] An enormous creature (in Job 40:15 prob. a hippopotamus or a crocodile); fig. something vast. S. B. Flexner The Great Eastern an iron behemoth designed for the England-to-India run. beheraothian /biihi'msoOisn/ a. (literary) of a .

,

behemoth, monstrously huge: E20. /bi'hEst/ n. [OE behis (+ parasitic t) f base meaning 'bid, call': see be-, hest, hight v.] fl A vow, a promise. OE-L16. 2 A command; bidding, instigation. Now chiefly in

behest

Gmc

at the behest

behight Pa.

t.

&

ME.

of.

/bi'hAit/ v.t.

Long

obs. exc. dial.

pple behight, (later) -ed.

[OE

{rare).

behdtan,

OHG

=

biheizzan: see be-, hight v.} I Proper uses. 1 Vow, promise; hold out hope of; warrant. OE. II Improper uses introduced by Spenser. f2 Grant, deliver; command, ordain. Only li6. 3 Call, name. L16. bi-

m

behind

/bi'hAind/ adv., prep.. Si n. [OE behindan, bi- = OS bihindan, f. bi BY prep. + hindan from behind (= hintana (G htnten) behind, Goth, hindana beyond, etc.: cf. hind a.] A adv. 1 Remaining after the departure of oneself or others; in a place, position, state, etc., from which odiers or other things have gone or been removed. OE. b In reserve, still to come. arch. ME. c In the past. lME. 2 At the back of something stationary, in the rear; on the far side of something, hidden. OE. b spec. Behind the scenes a theatre. E19. 3 In the rear of something movmg; following, trailing; at a less advanced stage of progress, rank, attainment, etc. ME. b Less advanced than one should be; in arrears {with payments etc.). lME. 4 Late; slow in coming forward. Long obs. exc. dial. ME. 5 Towards or into the rear; backwards.

OHG

m

i

!.

behaviour

grease.

adv.

person sing.

(someone) in a specified way. ill-behaved: see ill adv. well-behaved: see WELL adv.

n.

+ grease

i

/bi'grAim/ v.t. mi6. [f. be- 4 Blacken with gnme; make grimy.

begrudgingly

ist

E.

/bi'gAijk/

behavior mi6.

+ -im

f.

/.

begrime

a cat, a:

(.

[Urdu begam

Mi-j.

n.

E16-M17. 3 v.refl. & Esp. to or of a child: conduct oneself well or with propriety; show good manners. L17. 4 v.i. Of a thing: function, act, or react in a specified manner. M19. behave to or towards deal with or treat 1

brilliant foliage.

vs.

of,

(= Mrs),

HAPPEN

n.

/bi'greis/ v.t. ei6.

an establishment

suff.]

title

f behappen

Address as 'your grace'.

grudge

/'beiginid3, -00:3/ n.

begini,

(B-), a

v.]

/bi'gora/ int. Anglo-Ir. Also -ah. M19. [Alt. of by God!: cf. begad etc.] Expr. amazement or emphasis.

begrease

MHG

by

disorder

psychological

a

behaviou'ristically adv. E2o.

lME. [(0)Fr. med.L Beguina,

Also be-.

n.'

/'beigam/

Turkic

v.t.

of

training of the patient to react normally,

.

begum

behung

begorra

begrace

/bei'gim/

behang

as

mi8. [mod.L (see below), f. Michel Begon (1638- 1710), Fr. patron of science: see -ia'.] A plant of the genus Begonia, having a coloured perianth but no petals,

infatuation, a fancy,

particular matter, arch.

/brgon/

[Imper.

pronoimced same. E20.

PI.

n.

An

Fr.]

earlier phrs.

bego

begob

M19

beguine (MDu., begfne), perh. ult. f MDu. vb = mutter (prayers): see -INE^.] A member of a lay sisterhood in the Low Countries, formed in the 12th cent, and not

imkn.]

Pa. pple -ed, /bi'nom/. [OE begnagan: see BE- I, Gnaw at, nibble, corrode, /bi'na:/

adir some petrv' M. FoRSTER He had squabbled with his and bickered with his mother. 4 Shelley The ^Jfhose flashing spokes Bicker and restless wheels bum. 5 Coleridge Against the glass Tne rain did beat and bicker. Tennyso.s' .\nd sparkle out among the 1

A biscuit.

&

bid

formerly a drinking cup.

-Y*.]

bicolour /'bAikAb/ a. n. Also * -color. L19. [L bicolor or Fr. bicolore adj.: see bi-, colour n. (A blossom or animal) of two colours.

exercise

n.'

'b.ukrsum n. & a. E20. [f bi- + Gk colour.] (A design etc.) having two

bichrome khroma

nursery or joc. Also bikky. E2o.

/'biki/ n.

biculturalism -ceps,

-i-

caput

bichromate

bicky

[Dim. of biscuit: see

bicameral

next

biddy

224

n.

obedience M20.

biddance

/'bid(3)ns/ n. E19. -ance.] Bidding, invitation.

bidden bidder

v.

see bid

[f

bid

v.

+

v.

ME. [f. bid v. + -er'.] A who bids, esp. at an auction or at cards. biddery n. var. of bidri. bidding /'bidiq/ n. ME. [i. bid v. + -ing'.] 1 gen. The action of BID v. ME. 2 The offering or /'bids/

n.

person

an

an article; collect, the offers an auction. ME. 3 A command, an order. Usu. the bidding of or someone's bidding. ME. 4 An invitation, a suinmons. E19. 5 Cards. The act offer of a price for

at

or process of making a bid or bids; the bid or bids made. L19. Phrases: f bidding of prayers praying of prayers; (later understood as) directing or enjoining of prayers. force the bidding: see force a' Comb.: bidding-prayer a prayer inviting the congregation to join in, now usu. a group of intercessionary prayers.

biddy

E17.

/'bidi/

[Origin

unkn.:

cf.

chickabiddy. Sense 2 prob. infl. by next; sense 3 perh. a different wd.] 1 A chicken; a fowl. obs. exc. dial. E17. 2 A woman. Usu. somewhat derog. full red biddy. A drink consisting of methylated spirits and cheap red wine; inferior red wine. E20.

L18. 3 In

biddy

/'bidi/

n- Chiefly US. M19.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

6

[f.

this, 0 ring, tj chip,

Biddy d3 jar

biddy-bid form of female forename Bridget.] maidservant.

familiar Irish

biddy-bid

An

/bAid/ v. Exc. as in sense 5 now arch. & [OE bidan = OS bidan, bflan, biSa, Goth, beidan, f Gmc] I v.i. 1 Remain in expectation; wait. OE. 2 Remain or continue in some state or action. OE. 3 Stay, esp. when others go. Of a thing: remain, be left. OE. 4 Remain in residence; dwell. ME. 2 bide by stand firm by, adhere to. II v.t. 5 Wait for, await, obs. exc. in bide one's time, await one's opportunity. OE. 6 Await in resistance, face, encounter; = abide 6. ME. f7

bide

OHG

dial.

bear; with;

suffer,

Tolerate, put up

bident

/'bMd(3)nt/

= abide

ME-Eig. 8

7.

= abide

9.

L17.

[L

n.

ON

ME. -dens

bident-,

having two teeth, two-pronged, f as Bl- + dent-, dens tooth.] 1 An instrument or weapon with two prongs. L17. 2 A two-year-old sheep, rare. M19.

bidental

/bAi'dent(3)l/

n.

E17.

[f.

L

bident-: see

Rom. Antiq. A place struck by consecrated, and enclosed.

prec, -AL'.] lightning,

+ [f bi-DENTATE.] 1 Zool. Having two teeth or toothlike projections. E19. 2 Chem. Of a ligand: forming two bonds, usu. with the same central atom. Of a molecule or complex: formed by such a ligand.

bidentate

bieldy

NZ. Also biddy-biddy,

/'bidibid/ n.

/bM'denteit/

E19.

a.

ME-E19. 3 (A

succour.

M20. /'bi:dei/ n. M17. [Fr. = pony, ass, f bider to trot, of unkn. origin.] 1 small horse. M17. 2 shallow oval basin used for washing esp. the

bidet

A

bield

north. lME. (Sc.) affording shelter

a.

/bi:ld/ v. obs.

pa. pple bield.

OHG

beldian, as

BOLD

Sc.

&

Bielid

in

lME.

/'bi:iid/

Wilhelm von

[f

L19.

n.

(1782-1856), Austrian astronomer, discoverer of comet of which the Andromedid meteor swarm is believed to be the remnant, + -id'.] Astron. = Andromedid. bien a. & adv. var. of bein. bien entendu /bjEn atady/

f bien well + understand.] saying.

bien-etre etre be.]

/bjEneitr/

A

M19.

n.

a

biennial.] or music

M20. [f bi- + DIALECTAL.] Fluent in the use of two dialects of the same language, involving the use of two dialects, esp. a standard and a non-standard

bidialectal

/,bMd/u3'l£kt(3)l/

a.

variety.

bidialectalism, bidialecdsm ns. facility in using two dialects of the same language, the use of two dialects, esp. a standard and a non-standard variety

M20,

bidibidi

of biddy-bid.

n. var.

bidimensional

/bAjdrmenK3)n(3)l, -d/vi-/ a. Having, Or

E20. + DIMENSIONAL.] [f BIperceived in, two dmiensions.

/'bAidiq/ n. ME. [f bide + -ing'.] 1 The action of bide v. awaiting, remaining, dwelling. ME. t2 A dwelling, an abode. Only in 17. 2b Shakes. Lear I'll lead you to some biding. Comb. biding-place place of abode.

biding

;

:

bidirectional /bAidi'r£kJ(3)n(3)l, -dAi-/ [f BI- + DIRECTIONAL.] Functioning

a.

in

M20. two

directions, bidirectionally adv. M20.

bidon [Fr

]

etc.;

/bids/

n.

container for liquids; a canteen for water an oil drum or petrol tin.

bidonville

/'bid(3)nvil;

foreign

bid.ivil

{pi.

n. M20. [Fr., f prec. + ville town.] A shanty-town built of oil drums etc., esp. on the outskirts of a French or N. African city.

same)/

bidri

Also biddery /'bid(3)ri/, bidry. Bidar or Bedar a town in f. India.] An alloy of copper, lead, tin and zinc, used as a ground for inlaying with gold and L18.

/'bidri/ n.

[Urdu

silver, in

btdrf,

bidn-ware.

Biedermeier Also

/'bi:damAi3/

-maier,

a.

-meyer.

(attrib.).

E20.

derog.

[Gottlieb

G

poet created by L. Eichrodt in 1854.] Designating, pertaining to, or characteristic of the styles of interior decoration, esp. of furniture, fashionable in Germany in the period 1815-48; iransf. conventional, bourgeois.

Biedermaier,

bield bieldu

fictitious

/bi:ld/ n. obs.

=

OHG

baldi,

Gmc, f

[OE

exc. dial.

a:

(WS)

that

{Bot.)

and

year,

biennial.

a

is

biennium

/bAi'Enism/

E20. [L, f as BI-

i

cosy,

i:

see, D hot,

y.

PI.

n.

A

annus year.]

-I-

bien pensant bien

[Fr.,

pasa/

pronounced

pensant

well,

(A

think.]

&

/bj£ (pi.

bien-pensant

a.

pres.

who

person

/-13/.

period of two

is)

n.

phr As

n.

same). E20. pple of penser right-thinking,

orthodox, conservative.

bienseance + seam, f

/bjSseais/

seoir befit.]

f bienvenue

n.

L17. [Fr., f bien well

Decorum.

lME.

n.

f bien well + venue

[Fr.,

coming.] 1 Welcome. lME-mi7. 2 A fee exacted from a new workman. L17-L18. bier /bi3/ n. [OE ber, (WS) bir = OFris. bere, OS, bara (G Bahre), f WGmc, f Gmc base of bear u'] 1 A framework for carrying; a handbarrow; a litter. Long obs. exc. Hist. OE. 2 A movable frame on which a coffin or corpse is placed before burial or cremation; a suppon on which a coffin or corpse is carried to the grave. OE. 3 trans/. A tomb; a sepulchre. lME.

OHG

Comb.

f bier-balk a balk in a field where there is a right of way for funerals, f bier-right an ordeal in

biffin

Also beefing

/'bifin/ n.

beaufin

etym.)

pronunc. of

(by false

/'bi:fir)/,

L18. [Repr. dial, n. (w. ref. to the

/'baofin/.

f beef

beefing,

colour) + -ING'.] 1 A deep-red cooking apple cultivated esp. in Norfolk. L18. 2 A baked apple flattened in the form of a cake. E19.

M17. [L

/'bAifid/ a.

f as

bifidus,

+ base

Bl-

Cf. triftd.] Divided into by a deep cleft or notch, bi'fidity n. L19. bifidly adv. M19.

of findere

two parts

split.

bifilar /bAi'fAib/ a. M19. [f bi- -I- Lfilum thread + -ar'.] Consisting of or involving two threads or wires, a. & n. E19. [f bi- + Having two foci; esp. of having lenses combining distant- and

/bAi'f3uk(3)l/

A

spectacles:

adj.

near-vision sections. E19. B n. spectacles. L19. bifocalled a. wearing bifocals M20.

bifold

/'bAifsuld/

[f

E17.

a.

In

Bifocal

pi.

+

bi-

-fold.]

Double, twofold.

bifolium

/bAi'f3oli3m/ n. PI. -ia /-is/. m2o. [f leaf] Palaeogr. A pair of conjoint

+ L folium

BI-

leaves.

biforked

+ forked.]

li6. [f bi-

/'bAifaikt/ a.

Having two

forks, branches, or peaks,

/'bAifoim/ a. E19. [L biformis f BI- + forma shape, FORM «. ] Having or partaking of two forms, biformed a. = BIPORM L16. bi'formity n. E17.

bifront

Z'bAifrAnt/

L16.

a.

[L

bifrons, -front-,

f

+

frons forehead, face.] Having two faces or aspects; double, bi'frontal a. = bifront M19. bi'fronted a. = BI-

BIFRONT L16.

biftek

/biftsk/

PI.

n.

bifurcate

pronounced same. M19.

BEEF

[Fr., f beefsteak (see

(A) beefsteak.

n.).]

M19. [med.L bifurcatus, -ate-.] Having two forks,

/bAi'f3:k3t/ a.

f as next: see branches, or peaks.

bifurcate

/'bAifakeit/

v.t.

stem of

bifurcat- pa. ppl

&

[med.L

E17.

i.

bifurcare,

f.

L

bifurcus

two-forked, f Bl- + furca fork w. see -ate'.] Divide into two forks, branches, or peaks. bifiir'cation n. division into two forks or branches; the point of such division; each or both of two such :

forks or branches: E17.

big

/big/ n.' obs. exc. [Origin unkn.] A teat.

dial.

Also bigg.

lME.

:

which those accused of murder were required approach the corpse and clear themselves on oath. /'bi:rhaus/

n.

-hduser

PI.

to

/-hsyzsr/.

M20. [G, f Bier beer + Haus house.] A public house or alehouse in a German-speaking country.

Bierstube

/'bi:rjtu:b3, -st-/ n. Pi.

-bes. E20. [G,

German

f.

Bier beer

taproom,

tavern,

-ben /-bsn/,

+ Stube room.] or

bar.

A

/'bAifeis/

n.

M20.

[bi-

+

Archaeol. A type of prehistoric stone flaked on both faces,

face

also bif. M19. [Imit

saw, a run, u put,

]

u: too, a

A

int.

US). As

int.

Repr. the sound of a

lA4E.

lME. b

ai

my, au how,

ei

vehement. Long

considerable

size,

obs.

exc.

amount,

esp.

Grown large(r) or tall(er); lME. c Of a letter:

(more) grown up; elder.

upper-case. L19. 4 Far advanced in pregnancy; filled to bursting, distended. Usu. foil, by with. M16. 5 Full in voice, loud. L16. 6 Of a high position; important; influential; momentous. L16. 7 Haughty; pretentious; capital,

boastful. L16. iron,

colloq.

8 Generous, magnanimous. Usu. US). M20. 9 Keen on. colloq.

(orig.

M20. 2 Shakes. Oth. Farewell the plumed troops, and the 3 Milton big wars That makes ambition virtue Seeming bigger than they are through the mist and vapour. Tennyson Apt at arms and big of bone. I.

Murdoch How ago,

Of

3

(In comparisons, neutral as to absolute

great). size.)

/bAi'fEinss/ a. M17. [f L bifarius twofold, double (f as BI-) + -ous.] fl Twofold; ambiguous. M17 L18. 2 Bot. Ranged in two rows. L18. biGariously liiif. mi 7. (orig.

violent;

stiflf;

n.]

implement

bifacially adv. M20.

colloq.

strong;

extent, intensity, etc. (less formal than large and usu. without the emotional implications of

bifarious

n.

/big/ a. & adv. Compar. & superl. -gg-. ME. [Origin unkn.] A adj. f 1 Of a living being: great in strength; mighty. ME-L16. 2 Of a thing:

big

dial.

bifacial /bAi'feiJ(3)l/ a. L19. [f bi- + facial a.] Having two faces; spec, (a) Bot. having distinct dorsal and ventral surfaces; (b) Archaeol. (of a flint etc.) worked on both faces,

&

/big/ n.- Sc. & dial. Also bigg. lME. [ON bygg barley (Da. byg, Sw. bjug), corresp. to OE beow grain, OS beo, bewod harvest.] The fourrowed barley, an inferior but hardy variety of six-rowed or winter barley.

big

Cf

Weinstube.

biface

about denying

less

biform

-iums, -ia

years.

smart blow. M19.

sit,

2

and perishes the event taking place biennially.

An

of) help or

1

E17.

flowers, fructifies,

biflf /bif/ int., v.,

her,

biennis of

Occurring every two years. M18. B n. 1 Bot. A plant which springs from seed and vegetates one

Goth, balpei boldness, f cf next.] fl Boldness.

as bold a.: OE-L15. t2 (A means or provider a cat, a: arm, e bed,

beldu,

L

E17. [f

two years, or biennium: see bi-, -al', and cf annual.] a adj. 1 Existing or lasting for two esp.

hear

round young Bingo. A blow; a whack. L19.

focal.]

held

that

biermially in Venice, Italy.

bierhaus

pronounced same. M19.

PI.

A

f

[It.,

(B-)

spec.

orig.

to

like

«.

bifocal

biennia n.pl. see biennium. biennial /bAi'snisl/ a. & n.

years;

C

large (esp. biennial) art exhibition

festival,

I'd

biftlarly adv. L19.

M20.

n.

&

G

rally

as

/bi:£'na:li/

genital

n. Also beedi, biri /'bi:ri/. L19. [Hindi bidi bete\ plug, cigar, f Skt vitika.] In the Indian subcontinent: a cigarette or cigar of unprocessed tobacco rolled in leaves.

f bien well +

[Fr.,

Waugh

E.

1

state of well-being.

biennale

&

v.t.

things to the enemy and more about biffing him. Club Tennis She was not put on this earth to biff balls over nets. 2 P. Wodehouse To biff down to Twing and

bifid

adv. phr. M19. [Fr., entendu pa. pple of entendre hear, Of course; that goes without

Chiefly US. M19. biennially adv. every two years L18.

and anal regions. L18.

Biela

a

A

/'bi:di/

be,

Defend, protect, shelter. fb v.i. Find protection or

next. L18. 2

bidi

bield(ed);

t.

Make, grow or

'.

Go; NZ.

Hit, strike. L19. 2 v.i. i. Throw. Austral.

v.t.

1

M20.

Pa.

v.t.

ME.

Only

Mi8

OS

&

slang.

V.

proceed. E20. %

exc. dial.

I'.'.

2

B

or

beidan, (WS) bieldan = belden, Goth, balpjan, f Gmc, f

L15.

north.

shelter.

refuge

[OE

fl

a.]

OE

bold.

of)

place

&

shelter. Sc.

bidibidi, /-bidi/. M19. [Alt. of Maori piripiri.] (The bur of) the piripiri.

Endure,

big

225

day, ao no,

e:

hair,

13

very big Peter was,

near,

31

plump and

burly.

boy, oa poor, ai3 dre, aoa sour

big bivad-shouldered A. Burgess It's all big words no\vada\-s in whatever you read. J. Herriot He wasn't a big eater but he did love his breakfast, b Arnold BliN'NkTT Your big sister isn't out of school yet? r Times An attempt to impose Culture, with a big "C, people 4 Bi'RKE The mind of this political on the preacher big with some extraordinary design. A, Haley One man's wife, big with child, had died on the rviad ISHERWooD James L. Schraube, he b C explained, was a very big man in Chicago. A. Haley N'irgil sent L'il Kirzi,' racing from the field to tell that something big must have happened. 8 N. Cow.vRP That's big of her I must say. Phrases: be a big boy or girl {now) be old enough to .

.

.

.

take responsibilitN- for one's own actions, no longer big: see GO v. go for need protection or supervision. ihe big spir. see spit

«.-'

great big: see

GREAT

a.

heap

big:

sec HEAP ri. in a big way on a large scales colloq. with great enthusiasm or display, the Big Apple: see APPLE n. colloij. cancer, ihe Big ihe big bird: see B1RH n. the big

C

Drink: sec PRiN'K

r^ii

ri

big IDEA

rhe big

pond: see

POND

SCREEN fi.' the big smoke: see SMOKE ri. the Big Three, Four, etc the dominant group of three etc. too big for one's boots or ri.

see

the big screen:

2.

breeches

conceited & comb. big band a large band of Speaal musicians pla>Tng jazz, dance-music, etc big bang (a) (Asrron.) the violent expansion of all matter from a state of high densirv' and temperature, postulated as the ongin of the universe; (h) (Stock £vc>i. colloq.) the deregulation of the London Stock Exchange in 19S6. Big Ben, the great bell, or loosely the clock or tower, Lxindon Big Bertha: of the Palace of Westminster sec Bertil^ n.- Big Board US colloq. the New York Stock Exchange big bore US a rifle of large calibre Big Brother [from the head of State in George Orwell's novel Xineteen Fights-Four] an apparently benevolent but ruthlessly omnipotent dictator, big bud a plant disease caused by gall-mites, big bug colloq. an important person big business (orig. US) (those involved in) large mercantile organizations or transactions (freq. with sinister implications), big colloij.

collocations

:

,

m

2. big chief, see chief n. Big dominating, or influential person, big deal colloq. a cause of concern or excitement tchiefly neg, contexts), big dipper. Big Dipper: see DIPPER 5 big end the end of the connecting-rod that encircles the crankpin big game large animals as lions, elephants, etc., hunted as game big gun colloq. an important person, big-head (a) a disease of sheep or other livestock which there is swelling of the head. (^) t'.V & Aiisrral., any of various large-headed fishes; (f) colloq. conceit, arrogance; a conceited or arrogant person big-headed a. (a) large-headed; (b) colloq. conceited, arrogant big-headedness colloq. conceit, arrogance, big-hearted a. generous, big-

see CHEESE

cheese:

Daddy

n.-

a paternal,

m

m

heartedness

bighorn

generosity

Rocky

the

.Mountain sheep, Chns canadensis, big house {a) the prmcipal house of an estate, village, etc., (h) slang a

big league a major baseball league; trans/, a top group big-league attnb. a. top-class bigleaguer a player in or member of a big league, big money (ong. US) much money, esp. as pay or profit, big mouth (ong. US) a very talkative or boastful prison,

person,

loquacity-,

loquai:ious, boastful

big-mouthed US) a famous

boastfiilness

name

big

ii.

(orig

m

person, esp. the field of entertamment. big noise, pot, shot colloq. an important person, big shozu: see SHOW n.' big stick (orig. US) (a display oO force or power big stiff, see stiff n. big talk: see TALK n.' bigticket attnb. a. consututing a ma)or expense, big time slang (orig. US) the highest rank (among entenainers etc ) big-timer a top-ranker big toe either of the

innermost a.,,-: largest toes, big top (the main tent of) a circus, big tree US the wellingtonia, Sequoiadcndron giganteum big wheel (a) a Ferris wheel; (6) colloq an important person big white chief, see chief n. bigwig colloq. [w alius to the large wigs formerly worn by men of importance] an important person. adv. B In a big manner. Esp. as below. M16.

come,

or

over

go,

big:

with

great

effect,

look big: haughuly talk big: boastfully, confidently, think big: ambitiously. biggie n. (a) slang someone or something big, an important person or e\cnt; (b) in pi. (nursery or euphem ), excrement: W2C biggish a. rather big E17. 'biqili biggity a. (chiefly US dial.) [perh. after bigoud or uppity] conceited, boastful, assertive: L19. bigly adv. t(a) violently, firmly; (6) loudly, boastfully, haughtily: lME. bigness n large size; (in comparisons) size; pompousness: L15. successfully,

big

bilboes

226

big

[ON

V. obs.

byggja.]

oneself.

exc. Sc.

fl

ME-L15. 2

b but, d dog,

f

v-'v.t.

& &

north. Infl. -gg-,

Dwell

place

(in);

ME.

Build; erect, pile up

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

ME.

1

leg,

m

bigging n. (a) the action of the vb; f (b) a dwellingplace; (c) a building, an outbuilding: ME. bigly a. habitable, pleasant

biga /'bMgs/

A bigamy

n.

lME. PI. -gae

n. ME. [(0)Fr. bigamie, f. bigamus, f. L BI- + Gk -gamos married.] 1 The crime of going through a fonn of marriage while a previous marriage is still in existence; having two wives or husbands at once. ME. 2 Eccl. Law. Remarriage after the death of a spouse; marriage with a widow or widower.

'biyonii

bijou -oux

B

n.

/biya'ra:d; foreign bigarad {pi. same)/ [Fr. f. Prov. bigarrado.] The Spanish

E18.

/'bigarao,

same). E17. [Fr.,

A

bigarreau cherry.

variety of sweet cherry, usu.

heart-shaped and with finn

bigeminal

+

bi-

[f.

/bAik/ Sc. & north. ME. [Origin unkn.] nest of wasps, hornets, or wild bees; a swarm. ME. 2 fig. A well-provisioned storehouse or dwelling. L15. 3 fig. A swarm of people, a

crowd. M16. /bAik/ n} & v. colloq. L19. [Abbrev. of bicycle.] A m. a bicycle; a motorcycle. L19. exercise bike: see EXERCISE n. get off one's bike

bike

+ L

& NZ colloq. become annoyed, (get) on your bike slang go away (and do something usefijl). motor

Austral.

(Med.) the occurrence of double pulse-

n.

beats E20.

/bAi'djemmat/

-

a.]

M18.

a.

hi-

[f.

push-bike: see PUSH-, scrambler

a.

2. stationary hike:

see stationary

B

(fl.

.

of coffee-pot containing a strainer preventing the grounds from mixing with the type

;

pump

bikeway

a

=

young

bicycle chain,

path 01 lane for

Ride on a bike. L19.

v.i.

biker

-

a cyclist; a motorcyclist, esp.

n.

above: LI9. bikie above: M20.

& NZ colloq.) =

(Austral.

n.

bike boy bike boy

bikini

/bi'kiini/ n. M20. [Btkmi, an atoll in the Marshall Islands, where an atomic bomb test was carried out in 1946.] A scanty two-piece

beach garment worn by women and girls. Comb. bikini briefs women's briefs resembling :

those of a bikini.

Mr

L18. [App. f a Biggin of late i8c.), its inventor.] Hist. A

».-'

«.

disreputable

a

colloq.

bicycle

s.v,

the (usu. exclusive) use of bicycles.

begum, f. as beguine n.'] 1 A child's cap; the biggin (fig.), infancy. L15. 2 A hood for the head; the coif of a serjeant-at-law. L15. /'bigin/

boy

bike

pump

clip,

L19.

a.

bigg n. var. of big n.^ biggen /'bigan/ v.t. & obs. exc. dial. M17. [f. BIG a. + -EN-'.] Make or become big; increase, biggin /'bigin/ w.' Now arch, or Hist. L15. [Fr.

bikky

«.

var.

bilabial

of bicky.

/bAi'leibial/

a.

&

M19.

n.

[f.

bi-

+

' bullet has its billet'. E Hornung If ever she went back to Australia, she'd remember my young man, and get him a good billet. P. G. Wodehouse So George took up his abode in the plainly-fumished but not uncomfonable cottage. He might have found a worse billet. E Waugh Getting harder to find

W

.

.

.

.

since the anti-aircraft baner>' had come to South Grappling. A. Sillitoe were allotted to four different houses, and taken by car to billets, particularly

We

our separate billets. 5 E. DowsoN Tell me whether you will come, as otherwise I will give Johnson your billet.

lME. [OFr. billette and billot, billet /'bilit/ dims, of bille tree-trunk, length of round timber,

day, 3U no,

t:

hair,

la

near,

oi

boy, 03 poor,

ai3 tire,

aoa sour

9

.

biUet ined.L M/j, btlltis branch, trunk, prob. of Celt, ongin {c{. (0)lr. hilc sacred tree, large tree): see t'.

.] 1 1 a thick length of wood, esp. one cut for M17. 2 A firewood. LiVlE. -fb Firewood. small bar of metal. E17. 3 Archil. A decorative short cylmdrical piece inserted at intervals in a

-et"

lME

moulding. MI9. I

G

m

Anson Some of our men were employed down trees, and splitting them into billets. .

cutting

.

F.

Raphael A bomb had fallen almost next door and the shop was crutched with wooden billets. 2 A. G. of steel that scorch you as they pass from the furnace to the steam-press.

Gardiner

Billets

II Senses perh. {. prcc. 4 Her. A charge in the form of an upnght rectangle. lME. 5 Saddler\K A strap which enters a buckle; a loop which receives a buckled strap. L15.

billet

of biliard.

n.' var.

m E17.

bilie'tee

one who billets mi 7. billet-doux bili'du:/

billets-doux

A

note'.]

bUlete bilkte

Now

n.

L17.

/bili'du:z/.

chiefly joc. [Fr.,

lit.

n.

PI.

'sweet

love-letter.

'bibti

Charged with billets. billiards 'biljsdz n. (orig. pi, but soon treated as sing.). Sing, form used only in comb. li6. [Fr. htllard the game and the cue, f bille: see BILLET n.-, -ARD.] A game played with cues and balls on an oblong smooth cloth-covered table: in the standard form played with three balls on a table with six pockets at the comers and sides into which the balls are struck. bar

see BAR

billiards:

n.'

pocket

see

billiards;

pocket

n.

&a. Comb.:

billiard-ball,

-cloth,

-cue,

-room,

-hall, player,

-table, etc.; billiard-marker a person or apparatus whose function is to record the score m billiards, * Cf pool n.-', snooker n.-'. billiardist n. a person who plays billiards Mi

bUlie

var. of

n.

billiken

billy

'bilikm + -Kix.]

BILLY n.used as a mascot.

billiment

var.

n.

billingsgate

n.

A

Also -kin. E20. [Prob. f. small, squat, smiling figure

'bilirizgeit/

M17.

B-.

Also

n.

a scold.

M17-L18.

million million, 10'-. Cf trillion. (Now only in British pop. use.) L17. 2 thousand million, pi. (without specifying wd), several lo"; billions, very large numbers. M19. B adj. After an article, possessive, etc.: a milhon times a miUion (now only in British pop. use); a thousand times a million; hyperbol. a very great many. After a numeral or quantifier: multiples of

A

m

-

;

billionaire

[after

n.

MILLIONAIRE]

person

a

p 'ssessing a thousand million dollars etc. .M19 billionth a. & «. la) ad}, one thousand (or million) millionth, (fc) n. a billionth pan; the billionth person

billitonite "bilitsnMt below) + -ite'.] Geol.

n.

A

E20. [f Billiton (see from Bclitung

tektite

'bibn/

n.

ei8.

[(0)Fr.,

(now) bronze or copper money, n.-,

-CON.]

An

(orig i.

)

ingot,

bille:

see

alloy of gold or silver with

predominating amount of base metal. 'bibo/ n. & V M16. [ON bylgja (Sw. bolja. Da. bulge), f Gmc base rel. to that of BELLY n.] A n. 1 A great wave (of a stretch of water, esp. the sea, or trans/, of flame, smoke, sound, moving bodies, etc.); poet. (sing. & in pi.) the sea. M16. t2 A swell on the sea. M16 E17. a

billow

b but, d dog,

north.

Also billie. E16.

[Origin unkn.] A comrade or close friend; a a brother.

companion; billy

/'bili/

pet-form of male slubbing machine. L18.

[f

L18.

H.-

Billy.,

forename William.] 1 A 2 A bludgeon; spec. (US, more fully billy club) a police officer's truncheon. M19. 3 More fully billy-goat. A male goat. M19. See also

SILLY

silly billy s.v.

/'bili/

Aborig.

f.

M19.

[Origin water.] A

billa

enamelled container used cooking-pc , food-carrier, etc. Also

cylindrical tin etc. or as

kettle,

billycan. boil the billy: see

billycock

BOIL

v.

n. M19. [Said to be f. the William Coke, nephew of Thomas William Coke, Earl of Leicester (1752-1842).] Hist. A kind of bowler hat.

/'biliknk/

of

billy-o unkn.]

Also -oh. L19. [Origin

/'biliau/ n. colloq.

vigorously, etc.

like billy-o, intensely,

bilobate /bAi'bobeit/ Having two

mi8. [f

a.

+ lobed

bi-

a.]

+

bi-

in t\«B

places simultaneously,

bilocular /bAi'lokjub/

li8.

a.

as

[f.

+

bi-

locular.] Having or divided into two cavities or compartments, bilophodont /bAi'lDfodont/ a. M19. [f bi- + LOPHO- + -odont.] Zool Of molar teeth: having two transverse ridges on the grinding surface, [Afk., f. Du. bil Lean meat cut into

/'biltori/ n. S. Afr. E19.

buttock +

Bim

long tongue.] dried.

and

/bun/

native or Indies.

bim

colloq.

n.'

inhabitant

/bim/

n.-

M19. [Origin unkn.] A of Barbados in the W.

N. Amer. slang. E20. [Abbrev.] =

Cuvier's

/'bAimsnss/

M19.

a.

mod.L

[f

neut. pi., two-handed obsolete classification),

animals f L Bi-

(in

+

manus hand, + -ous.] Having two hands. Also bimanal a. M19. /bAi'manjoal/

-o(e)s. E20. [It. = a chap. E20. 2

L19.

a.

bim 'bene

little

child, baby.]

A woman,

1

A

fellow,

n.

a

young (female) bimbo

/'bAimbAi/

adv.

a

esp.

dial.

L19.

ei8.

[Reduced

f

few, g get, h he,

j

bimestrial /bAi'mestrial/ a. M19. [f L bimestris, f bi- + mensis month, + -al'.] Lasting two

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

bimetallic bimetallique,

/bAimi'talik/ f.

BI-

Using gold and

Made

modal

/bM'm3od(3)l/ a. e2o. [f. bi- -iChiefly Statistics. Having two modes, bimo'dality n. E20.

a.

]

bimolecular

/bAima'lEkjub/

L19.

a.

[f.

bi-

+

MOLECULAR.] Chem. Involving two molecules; of a reaction: having a molecularity of two.

bimonthly

/bAi'mAnBli/ adv.,

a.,

+ MONTHLY adv., a. & M. ] A months or twice a month. M19. bi-

&

M19. [f. two & n. (A

n.

adv. Every

B

adj.

appearing or occurring bimonthly.

MI9.

bimorphemic

/bAunD:'fi:mik/ a. m20. [f bi- + MORPHEMIC.] Ling. Consisting of or pertaining to two morphemes. bin /bin/ n. & v. [OE bin(n), bmne f. Brittonic base of Welsh ben cart or f. Gaulish (recorded in med.L as benna) whence Fr. banne. It. dial. benna hamper, Du. ben, G Benne body of a cart ]

\

n.

\ \

A

gen.

receptacle (orig. of wicker- or II spec. 2 A receptacle for

basketwork). OE.

provender

manger. Long

in a stable; a

obs. exc.

A

OE. 3

(Freq. w. specifying wd.) a receptacle for storing grain, bread, or other foodstuffs. OE. b A receptacle for storing coal etc. M19. c receptacle for litter, household rubbish, etc. M19. 4 canvas receptacle used in hop-picking. M18. 5 partitioned stand for storing wine in bottle; transf. wine from a particular bin. Mi 8. 6 Any of a number of open

A

compartments in stowed by classes M19. 7 In

full

woolshed where wool

a

after sorting. Austral.

A

loony bin.

hospital, colloq. E20. 8

is

NZ.

home

mental

Each of

&

or

a series of ranges

of numerical value into which data are sorted in statistical analysis.

M20.

Comb.: bin-bag a (usu. plastic) bag for holding rubbish; bin-end one of the last bottles of wine from a particular bin; bin-liner a strong bag put inside a litter or rubbish bin and removed along with the contents when the bin is full; binman (a) a man in charge of a bin during hop-picking; (b) Sc., Ir., &

north, a

B

dustman.

v.t. Infl.

-nn-

discard. M19. 2

1

Place in a bin; throw away, together (data) in bins.

Group

+

metallique

silver

[Fr.

metallic

a.]

1

legal tender to any each other. L19. 2 gen.

as

at a fixed ratio to

of or using two metals. E20.

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

bin- pre/, see BI-. binal /'bAin(3)l/ a. M17. [med.L bini

two

together:

see

-al'.]

binalis twin,

Twin,

f.

L

double,

n.']

/'bAinant/

A half of a

binary

n.

e20. [f bin- after

circle or circular

/'bAinari/

n.

&

a.

lME.

quadrant

body. [Late

L

binarius,

bim two together: see -ary'.] A n. 1 A combination of two things; a pair; a duality. lME. 2 Astron. A binary star. M19. 3 Math. TTie binary scale; binary arithmetic. M20. 4 A binary weapon. L20. i.

2 visual binary: see VISUAL

B

a.

Of, pertaining to, characterized by, or compounded of, two; of or involving pairs; dual. adj.

L16.

binary arithmetic: employing the binary scale, binary coded decimal (designating) a number in which each digit of a decimal number is represented by its binary equivalent, binary compound Chcm. a compound of two elements or radicals, binary digit either of two digits (usu. o and i) used to express numbers in the binary scale, binary fission Biol, the division of a cell or organism into two parts, binary form Mus.: of a movement in two complementary sections, binary measure Mus. of two beats in a bar. binary scale a scale of numerical notation in which the base is two (successive places denoting units, twos, fours, etc.). binary star a system of two stars revolving round each other, binary tree Computing a tree in which each node has no more than two subtrees or pointers, binary weapon a poison gas which is stored and handled in the form of two :

L19.

a.

2 bimetallic strip a temperature-sensitive device (used in thermostats etc.), made of two bands of different metals, one of which expands more than the other on heating, causing the strip to bend. 'bimetal n. & a. (a) n. a bimetallic object or material; (b) adj. bimetallic: M20. bi'metallism n. the

man,

bimodal

binant +

bi-

[i.

sexually attractive or provocative but empty-headed or unintelligent one. E20.

amount

bAi'mibnari/

n.

twofold.

MAhaiAL a. ] Performed with both hands, bimanually adi). L19. bimbashi /bim'ba:Ji/ n. E19. [Turk, binba^i = 'a person who is head of a thousand', f. bin thousand + ba^ head + -; possess, suff. Cf yuzbashl] a Turkish major, naval commander, or squadron-leader. Also formerly in Egypt, a British officer in the service of the Khedive. bimbo /'bimbao/ n. slang (usu. derog.). PI.

bimeby

-'li:n-;

M19. [f BI- + MILLENARY.] (A period) of two thousand years; (a celebration) of the two thousandth anniversary. a.

L20.

2.

bimana

/bAimi'lsnari,

an

A

bilocation /bMb'keiJ(3)n/ n. M17. [f. location.] The fact or power of being

strips

&

n.

A

lobes,

bilobed /bAi'bobd/ = prec.

biltong

bimillenary

dial.

+ lobate.]

L18. [f bi-

a.

system of bimetallic currency L19. bi'metallist advocate of bimetallism L19.

periodical)

& NZ.

Austral.

w.'

perh.

uncertain:

a.

months; occurring every two months.

(formerly Billiton) Island, Indonesia

BILLET

&

Sc.

n.'

form.] By and by.

or thing: L18.

,

'bili/

bimanual

billion 'biljan n. & a. L17. [Fr., f as million by substitution of bi-.] A n. PI. same w. specified number, -s when indefinite. 1 A

billon

billy

bimanous

A

mouthed person,

M

H. Vaughan When his waters billow thus, Dark storms and wind Incite them. T. Roethke Their skirts billowing out wide into tents. A. MacLean Black smoke billowing into the night sky. billowy a. of, pertaining to, characterized by, or of the nature of billows E17.

bimbo of biliment.

[Bilhngsgate market, a fish-market in London noted for vituperative language.] 1 Scurrilous abuse, violent invective. M17. \2 foul-

a billion.

L16.

fight, rain, run, etc. like billy-o.

Also -ette, -etty. L16. [Fr. see billet n.' 4, -V-.] Her.

a.

billelle:

{.

M20. billeter

billeted

is

Rise in billows; surge, swell; undulate.

I'.i.

name who

person

a

n.

B

billy

/"bilit / V. L16. [f BILLET n.'] 1 v.t. Quarter (troops etc., on or tf/r/i a person, on, in, or at a place); assign accommodation to, place. L16. b Of a householder etc.: provide (a soldier etc.) with board and lodging, lodge. Miy. 2 v.i. Have quarters, rare. E17. f 3 v.t. Enter in a list, enrol.

billet

Only

binate

228

w

we,

separate harmless precursors,

/'bAineit/ a. E19. [mod.l^ binatus, i. hbini two together: see -ATE-.] Boi. Composed of two equal parts; growing in pairs.

binate

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 9 thin,

d

this,

t)

ring, tj chip, d3 jar

binational

mother bound him out to a farmer. J. Mortimer They Bound as a sent me away when I was your age. .

M19. [f. bin- + AURAL J.'] 1 Of, penaining to, or used with both ears. M19. 2 Of sound reproduction: employing two separate microphones, with the recordings usu. transmitted separately to the two ears of the hearer; of, pertaining to, or produced by such a system. M20.

binaural

bAi-/ a.

/bi'n3:r(3)l,

binaurally adv. M20.

See also bine. OE. [f. the vb.] 1 to bind; a band, a tie. OE. b Mm. A (usu. curved) line above or below notes of the same pitch indicating that they are to be joined as a continuous sound; a tie. L19. 2a = /bAind/

n.

Something used

lME. b = BINDWEED (now

BINE.

lME. eels.

A

3

exc. dial.

obs.

only sense

i).

measure of salmons and L15. 4 Capacity, limit. Sc.

quantitative

A

bore, a nuisance. E16. 5 Indurated clay. L18. 6 position that prevents free %lang. M20. 7 action, colloq. M20. 7 double bind: see double

a.

&

adv. in

/bAind/

v.

Pa.

t.

OHG

ON

as fogbound, snowbound, etc.). OE. 3 Fasten round, encircle, (something); bandage (the body, a part of it). (Foil, by with.) OE. b Put dressings and bandages on (a wound). Usu. foil, by up. ME. c Fasten, wreathe, (something) about, (a)round, on. lME. 4 Fasten or hold together; unite in marriage. OE. 5 v.t. (Now

combs,

Cause

small

workshop

a bookbinder's

/'bindiAi/

Austral.

n.

Calotis

plant,

E19.

E20. [Aborig.] with fruits

cuneifolia,

raw edges. L16. b

braid, etc., for protecting

A

band of masonry and brickwork;

a connecting timber etc. E17. c The strong covering of a book holding the sheets together. M17.

3c

unsewn bindings

perfect binding,

binding energy

Physics the

mass defect

(see

mass

/'bind(3)l/ n.

/'bAindwi:d/ n. mi6. [f. bind v. + WEED «.'] 1 Any of various twining plants of the family Convolvulaceae, with ftmnel-shaped corollas; esp. (a) (more fully hedge bindweed) Calystegia sepium, a hedge plant with large white flowers; bindweed) (b) (more fully field Convolvulus arvensis, a cornfield weed with smaller white or pink flowers. mi6. 2 Any of various other climbing plants, e.g. honeysuckle. L16. 1 sea bindweed: see SEA n. 2 black bindweed a

bindweed

twining weed of the knotgrass family, Fallopia convolvulus, with heart-shaped leaves and small white flowers.

/bAin/ n. E19. [Var. of bind n.] A flexible shoot; a stem of a climbing plant, esp. of the

bine them

for a seal

.

.

closely associated with;

concerned

in to a

degree that

excludes other considerations. 5 Smollett When Lybian sands are bound fi-ost. W. Styron The blood, which we saved to bind stews. 8 Dickens TTie Mayor declared he would bind them over to keep the peace. F. O'Brien I bind you that you will come to me each evening. K. Amis Whether he was going to bind them to silence, b Bacon Princes are not bound to communicate all maners. J. Gary After a really serious crisis there is boimd to be an enquiry. Harper Lee He was bound and determined they wouldn't get away with it. I'll be bound I guarantee the truth of (a statement), I feel certain, in honour

m

.

.

.

bound: see

as

n.

1 1

Thackeray Rebecca

an articled-pupil.

a cat, a: arm, e bed,

s:

her,

1

/-.siimo/.

[Alfred

Simon

scale, test, (a scale

and Simon.

ME.

/bit)/

[With sense

cf Da. bing

i

ON' fem^ heap (Sw. binge).] I = BIN n. Now dial. ME. 2 A heap or pile, esp. of metallic ore or of waste from a mine. Now

bin; sense 2

binge

sit,

J.

i

servile

/'biijAi/

&

int.

/bin(d)3/

Sc.

n.'

lis.

[f-

binge

v.']

A

«.']

&

n.

A

n.

bob and

a

slang (usu. derog.).

Aborigine.

/'bir)g(o)l/

SHINGLE between

E20.

v.

shon

bob

[t.

a shingle. E20.

+

n.'

women,

hairstyle for

B

Cut

v.t.

(hair) in this style. E20.

bingo

arch,

/'birigau/

initial b-

[Prob.

L17.

slang.

/'biggau/ n.' M20. [Perh. f the winner's exclamation: cf next.] A popular gambling game like lotto, played esp. in public halls, with cards divided into numbered squares, in which the first player to cover all or a specified set of numbers on the card wins a prize.

bingo

/'bir)ga()/ int. E20. [Imit.: cf bing int.] Indicating a sudden action or event (= bing int.), esp. the winning of a game of bingo.

bingy

/'bin(d)3i/ n. Austral, slang. Also bingee.

The stomach,

L18. [Aborig.]

the belly.

biniou

/'bmiu:/ n. M19. [Breton bin(r)iou, pi. of benveg tool, (musical) instrument ] Breton bagpipe.

A

binit

A binary digit.

M20. [Abbrev.]

/'binil/ n.

Binitarian

&

a. Also b-. E20. [{. L bim rwo together, after Trinitarian.] believer in, of or pertaining to, the doctrine of a Godhead of two persons orJy.

/bAini'tEirian/ n.

A

bink «. ]

/bigk/

E20.

n.

&

n. Sc.

A bench;

north.

lME.

[Var. of

bench

a shelf; a plate-rack, a dresser.

&

binnacle

/'bin3k(3)l/ n. Orig. fbittacle similar forms. L15. [Sp. bitdcula, bitdcora or Port. bitacola, corresp. to Prov. abitacle, It. abitacolo, habitacle,

Fr.

L

f.

habitaculum habitacle.]

.

Dos Passos

cosy,

i:

.

was His

sec, n hot,

a:

/bin(d)3/ w.-' M19. [f binge v.'] 1 A soaking, dial. M19. 2 A bout of heavy drinking etc.; a spree, slang.

binge /bm(d)3/

binocle /'bin3k(3)l/ n. next.] = binocular n. binocular /brnokjub/

LI7.

arch.

a.

&

[Fr.,

L

[f

E18.

n.

as

f.

bini

two together + oculus eye + -ar', after ocular.] A adj. f 1 Having two eyes. rare. Only in E18. 2 Adapted to or using two eyes; also, stereoscopic.

&

A

M18. B n. sing. (usu.) in pi. field-glass or opera-glass for use with both eyes. L19. binocu'larity n. binocular quality; simultaneous employment of both eyes: M19. /bAi'nsumial/ n. & a. M16. [f Fr. bindme or mod.L binomium, f. Bl- + Gk nomos part, portion + -al'.] l Math. An expression which contains the sum or difference of two terms. M16. 2 A name having two parts, esp. of a plant or animal (cf. sense B.2 below).

binomial

Aw

E20.

Math. Consisting of two terms; of or to a binomial or the binomial theorem (see below). L16. 2 Having or using two names, esp. those of genus and species in scientific nomenclature of living organisms. M17. binomial theorem a formula for the expansion of any power of a binomial. adj.

1

pertaining

I

binomially adv. L19.

binominal binominis,

f.

= BINOMIAL

/bAi'nDmin(3)l/ a. L19. + nomin-, nomen name,

BI-

bint

/bint/

daughter,

[f

+

Sc.

L15.

bend, etc., and cringe etc.] curtsy; fawn,

binge

/bin(d)3/

v.'

Make

n. E19. [f binacid salt of oxalic acid,

/bi'nokssleit/

An

n. colloq.

girl.]

^ Orig. Army

A

(usu. derog.). M19. [Arab. a woman.

a run,

o put,

u:

pple

Pres.

too, a ago, ai

a servile

bow;

dang.

civet,

Arctictis

/bArnju:kli3l/

a.] Btol.

bio /'bAWo/

=

girl,

/'bintjuror)/ n. E19. [Malay.]

prehensile-tailed southern Asia,

NUCLEATE

H-

A

large

n.

a.

Having rwo

colloq.

PI. -os.

binturong,

L19.

[f

bi-

of

+

nuclei,

M20. [Abbrev.]

A

biography.

hinging. E19. [Origin unkn.] saw,

[App. after bow,

L

-al'.]

a. 2.

oxalate.] Chem.

binucleate

M19.

v.^i.

A

receptacle for a ship's compass, usu. on the navigation bridge or, in small sailing vessels, a box on the deck near the helm. % Forms w. /n/ recorded from M18.

binturong

binge

f.

+ st)ingo.] Brandy.

oi brandy

bingo

A

bow.

Austral,

n.

An

M19. [Aborig.]

binoxalate

L19. [Imit.] \ n. A sudden bang; a thump, dial. L19. B int. Indicating a sudden action or event. E20. /bir)/ n.'

bingy.

var. of

n.

f.

chiefly Sc. E16.

bing

a

.

.

honour

bound-over

Binet-Simon

.

.

.

Also

/'bi:nei/ n.

Binet (1857 1911) & Theodore (1873-1961), Fr. psychologists.] Binet of intelligence associated with) a form of intelligence test developed by Binet

E20.

bing

bingee binghi

B

hop.

Binet

i.

Binitarianism

Comb.: bindle-stilT a tramp carrying a bundle of bedding etc.

upon thine hand Burke The way in which you take up my atTairs binds me to you. N. Mjtford A community of people, bound together by shared intellectual tastes. bicycle clips that bound R. Bradbury The pair of his thin pants to his bony ankles. 2 B. JowETT My father bound him hand and foot and threw him into a ditch. J. Joseph I knew TTiat grief has uses— that a father dead Could bind the bully's fist a week or two. 3 Pope A belt her waist, a fillet binds her hair. A. Wilson TTie icy tightness of the bandage as she began to bind his ankle, c Tennyson I, maiden, round thee, maiden, bind my belt. 4 Milton Her bow'r she leaves, With Thestylis to bind the sheaves. G. Crabbe To bind in law, the couple bound by love, bound up Deui. 6:8 TTiou shall bind

etc.;

etc.

lME.

/'bAindiri/ ppl a.

N. Amer. slang. E20. [Prob. alt. of BUNDLE n.] A bundle or package; esp. a tramp's bimdle of bedding etc.

12 Bore, weary, slang.

out, over.) ei6.

binding /'bAindir)/ n. ME. [f bind v. + -ing'.] I The action of bind v.; the state of being bound. ME. 2 Something with which a thing is boimd; a fastening. ME. 3 spec, a (A) tape,

bindle

E20.

.

n.

«.-) of a nucleus, expressed as energy; also, the energy required to remove a given particle fi'om a nucleus.

periodical, etc.), into a (usu. stiff) cover. lME. 11 Indenture as an apprentice (or apprentice).

by

gen.

L19.

last (alcoholic) drink, slang.

1

fa story); ratify, secure (a contract). ME. 8 Oblige by covenant, promise, etc., or by legal authority, (to or fi-om an action, to do, that); (freq. foil, by over) subject to a legal obligation (to, to do; absol. spec, to keep the peace). ME. b In pais. Be compelled or obliged (to do); be certain (to be, do) (also impers. in there is or was bound etc., there is or was certain to be etc.); N. Amer. be resolved. ME. 9 Make constipated. lME. 10 Fasten together the sheets of (a book), fasten (the sheets of a book, issues of a

AV

1

[f as prec. + -ING^] 1 That binds physically; causing or tending to cohere; astringent, styptic. lME. 2 fig. Obligatory (on), coercive. E17.

garment with braid, a box or jewel with metal, etc. ME. 7 Conclude (a bargain, an agreement;

I

-er'.]

person who binds. OE. 2 spec, a A bookbinder. lME. b A person who binds sheaves. M16. f3 A substance that causes constipation. E16 L17. 4 A bandage, a band; a headband. E17. 5 A connecting-piece, as a tiebeam, a bondstone in a wall, etc. M17 6 A cementing substance. L17. 7 A machine for (reaping and) binding grain into sheaves. M19. 8 A detachable cover for unbound magazines, papers, etc. M19. 9 A large quantity, esp. of food; a satisfying meal. dial. & NZ colloq. L19. 10

binding

to cohere. OE. b Hold by chemical bonding; combine with. E20. 6 Edge with a strengthening material, as a esp. in Cookery.)

(Foil,

+

[f prec.

resembling burs.

= OFris.

str.

binden,

OE.

n.

A

A

hinda, OS bindan, (M)Du. bintan (G binden), binda, Goth, bindan, f. IE base repr. also by Skt bandh-.] I v.t. 1 Tie, fasten, attach, (lit. & fig.). (Foil, by to, {up)on, together.) OE. 2 Put in bonds; restrain; confine; obstruct (esp. in pass,

hmdan

/'bAinds/

bindi-eye

a bind N.

in difficulty.

Have

bout of heavy drinking v.refl. go on a spree, slang. M19. 3 v.t. Ijvcn up,

bingle

M20.

slang.

bindery

bound /baond/; pa. pple bound, {arch.) bounden /'baund(3)n/. See also BOUND a.^, BOtTNDED ^2.^ BOITNDEN, YBOUND. [OE

bind

I.

binder

&

E19. 2

ginger up. slang. L19.

13 Of a hawk or hawks: grapple (with or with each other). L16. 14 Cohere in a mass. L17. 15 Form a chemical bond to a substance; combine chemically with. M20. 16 Complain. II V.

A

A

Amer.

.

stable lad.

nations.

bind

bio-

229

binational /bAi'naJ(3)n(3)l/ a. L19. [f. bi- + NATIONAL a.\ Concerning or consisting of two

1

v.t.

bingeing, Soak.

my, ao how,

ei

dial.

bio- /'bAisu/ comb, form of Gk bios life, course or way of living (opp. zde animal life, organic life)

day, 30 no,

e:

hair,

I3

near,

:>i

boy, 03 poor, ai3

tire,

aoa sour

biowds

in scientific

organisms', 'biological': see -o-. bio-a'ssay ri. measurement of the concentration or strength of a substance by means of its efi'ect on a lixTng organism t2o. bioavaila'bility ri. the rate at which a drug etc. is absorbed by the body or exerts an effect after absorpaon L20 biobiblio'graphical E19. biobibliography containing bibliography biographical information about the author(s) E2o. bio'centric j centnng in hfe; regarding or treating life as a central fact: L19 bio'centrism ri. the view or belief that all life is important L20 biochip ?i. a device analogous to a conventional chip but made of proteins or other organic matenal L20. bio'cidal a. that acts as a biocide M20. biocide n. (a) the destruction of life; (b) a poisonous substance, esp. a pesticide: M20. biocli'matic j. of or pertaining to the interrelation of climate and the activities and distribution of living organisms E20 bioclima'tologj' n. biology in relation to climate fc2o biocompati'bility n. the property of bemg biocompatible L20. biocotn'patible a. not harmful or toxic to living tissue L20. biodata ti.sing, & pi. (esp. in the Indian subcontinent) a curriculum N-itae, biographical details M20. biodi'versity n. diversity of plant and animal life L20 bio-ener'getic bioJ. of or pertaining to bio-energetics M2o ener'gedcs n. ({he branch of science that deals with) the transformation of energ>' in living organisms M20 bio-engi'neer n. a person engaged in bio-engineering application of bio-engineering n. the M20 engineering and the physical sciences to biological processes; the mdustnal use of biological processes: .M20. bio'feedback n. the use of electronic monitoring of a normally automatic bodily function in order to train a person to acquire voluntary control of that function L20. bio'flavonoid «. any of the citrin flavonoids (see crrRiN) M20. biofouler n. an organism that causes biofouling L20. biofouling n. the fouling of underwater pipes and other surfaces by organisms such as barnacles and algae L20. biogas n. gaseous fuel (usu. methane) produced by fermentation of apparatus designed for this organic matter, esp. purpose L20 biogeo'chemical a. of or pertaining to biogeochemistry .M20 biogeo'chemistry n. the science of the interaction of Hving organisms with the chemistry of the environment M20. biohazard n. a nsk to man cr the environment associated with biological work, esp. with harmful micro-organisms, constituting such risk: something a M20. bio'hazardous j. of the nature of a biohazard L2o. bioherm ri. [Gk herma sunken rock, reef) Geol. a circumscnbed body of sedimentary rock consisting of the remams of living organisms E20. bio'hermal a. (of the nature) of a bioherm M20. biolumi'nescence u. the biochemical production of light; light so emitted: E20 biolumi'nescent j. exhibiting bioluminescence E20. biotnass n. (a) the total weight of living organisms a given area or of a given species; (t») organic matter consistmg of or recently derived from living organisms (esp. regarded as fuel): M20. biomathe'matics n. the science of the application of mathematics to biology E20. biome n. [-ome] EcoI. (the distinct major habitat occupied by) a community of plants and animals, e.g. in a prehistoric period E20. bio'medicai a. of or pertaining to both biology and medicme M20. biomedicine n. biology and medicine considered together E20. biomi'metic a. (of the synthesis of a naturally-occumng substance) mimicking a biochemical process L20. biomorph n. a decorative form representing a living object H9. bio'morphic a. ol Lhe nature of a biomorph L19. bioorganic a. pertainmg to or designating the organic chemistry of living organisms M2o. biopoesis -paoirsis n. [Gk poilsts making] the hypothetical ongmation o' life from replicating inanimaic matter M20 bio'polymer n. a polymeric biochemical M20. bioscience n. (any of) the life sciences M20 bioscientist n. a life scientist .M20. bioscope n. \{a) a view or survey of life; (b) an early form of J.

of

biophysics

230 usu. with tlic senses "of living

pertaining

or

biobibli'ography

to

a

'i.

m

m

cinematograph; E19 biosensor the use of a

n.

Uvmg

organism used

cinema, a moving picture: a thing for detecting chemicals by organism or a product of one; an

(c) S. Afr. a

for this purpose: L20. bio'social a. of

or pertaining to the interaction of biological and social factors E20 biosocto'logical a. of or Pertaining to biology and sociology E20 biosphere n. the regions of the earth's crust and atmosphere occupied by living orgamsms LI9 bio'spheric a. of or pertaining to the biosphere E2o. biostrome -sirsum n. [Gk str6ma mattress, bed] Geol. a bedded stratum >if sedimentary rock consisting of the remains of living organisms M20. biotope n. (Ecol.) the region of a habitat assoaated with a particular ecological community E20. biotur 'bated a. (Geol.) affected by bioturbation M20 biotur'bation n. (Geol.) the disturbance of b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

deposits by living organisms M20. biotype n. a group of organisms having an identical genetic constitution E20.

sedimentary

biocenosis

see biocoenosis.

ti,

/bMa(())'kEmik(3)l/ a. & n. M19. BIO- + CHEMICAL a.] A adj. Of or pertaining to biochemistry. M19. B n. A substance involved in biochemical processes. M20. bio'chemic a. biochemical L19. biochemically adv.

biochemical [f.

L19.

biochemistry

/bAis(u)'k£mistri/

n.

L19.

bio-

[f.

(The branch of science that deals with) the chemical and physico-chemical processes which occur in living organisms. +

CHEMISTRY.]

biochemist

an

n.

expert

or

in

student

of

biochemistry L19.

biocoenosis

/,bM3(o)si'n3i)sis/ n. Also *-cen-. /-'n3usi:z/. L19. [mod.L, f. Bio- + sharing, f. koinos common.] Ecol. An Gk koindsis association of organisms forming a closely integrated commuriiy; the relationship existing between these organisms. biocoenology n. the branch of science that deals with biocoenoses M20. biocoenotic /-'notik/a. of, pertaining to, or of the nature of a biocoenosis E20. PI.

-noses

biodegradable

/,b\i3(u)di'greid3b(a)l/

a.

M20.

+ DEGRADE V. + -ABLE.] Able to be decomposed by bacteria or other organisms. [f BIO-

M2o.

biodegrada'bility n. decomposition brought

M20.

biodegrade

biodegra'dation n. about by living organisms & (cause to) undergo

v.i.

t.

biodegradation L20.

biodynamic BIO-

a.

]

Of or

[f

L19.

a.

pertaining to dynamic

brought about or experienced by living

organisms;

only

using

fanning)

(of

organic

fertilizers etc.

biodynamics BIO-

/,bMa(o)dAi'namiks/

M20. [f

n.

+ DYNAMICS.] (The Study or application

of)

M20.

n.

[f

+ ELECTRICITY.] Electricity or electrical phenomena produced within living organisms, BIO-

E20. bio-e'lectrical

a.

bioethics /bMau'eOiks/

n.

a.

M20.

L20. [f bio- + ethics: ethics of biological

see ETHIC n. 4.] The research, esp. of medical techniques such as organ transplantation. bioethical a. L20. bioethicist /-sisl/ n. an expert in or student of bioethics L20.

biog

/'b/viog/

n.

M20.

colloq.

A

[Abbrev.]

biography.

biogenesis

/bAi3(o)'d3enisis/

n.

L19.

[f.

bio-

+

-genesis ] I The hypothesis that living matter arises only from other living matter. L19. 2 The synthesis of a substance by living organisms. M20. 3 The hypothetical development of living matter from complex inanimate substances.

M20. biogenesist n. (Hist.) an advocate of the hypothesis of biogenesis (sense i) L19. biogenetic /-dsi'nEtik/ a. of, pertaining to, or produced by biogenesis, in any sense L19. biogenetically ,'-d3i'n£tik(3)li/ adv. M20.

biogenic

/bAi3(o)'d3£nik/

E20. E20. 2

a.

-genic] 1 = biogenetic a. brought about by living predominant sense.) E20.

[f.

bio-

+

Produced or (The

organisms.

-genesis +

/bAi'odsinas/ -ous.] = prec.

a.

M20.

[{.

bio-

+

-'d3Dg-/ n. /.bAisudsi'Dgrafi, bio- + geography.] The science of the organisms. geographical distribution of living biogeographer n. E20. biogeo'graphic a. L19. biogeo' graphical a. E20. biogeo'graphically adv. [{.

E20.

biography

/bAi'Dgrsfi/

n.

&

v.

L17.

[Fr.

or mod.L biographia, med.Gk see BIO-, -GRAPHY.] A «. 1 The history of the lives of individuals, as a branch of literature. L17. 2 A written life of a person. L18. 3 The life-course of a living (esp. human) being. M19. B v.t. Write the life of; make the subject of a biography. M19. biogra'phee n. a person who is the subject of a biography M19. biographer «. a writer of biographies or the life of a person E18. bio'graphic a. of or pertaining to (a) biography L18. bio'graphical a. = biogjaphia:

r

red,

s sit,

of biologize.

v. var.

biologism

/bArDbd3iz(3)m/ n. M19. [f. biology n. + -ISM.] fl = ELECTROBIOLOGY (b). rare. Only in M19. 2 The interpretation of human life from a strictly biological point of view. E20. biolo'gistic

M20.

a.

biologist /bAi'obdsist/ -1ST.]

A

n. E19. [f. biology studies biology.

who

person

n.

+

biologize /bAi'Dbd3Aiz/ v. Also -ise. M19. [{. biology + -IZE.] fl v.r. Mesmerize. M-L19. 2

&

t. Practise biology or biologism; treat or interpret biologically. L19.

biology

/bAj'Dbd3i/

B10-, -logy).]

E19. [Fr. biologic

n.

{.

G

(as

The

science of life, dealing with the morphology, physiology, anatomy, behaviour, origin, and distribution of living organisms; occas. = physiology. Also, life processes and phenomena collectively. biology.

biomagnetism

/bAi3(u)'magnitiz(3)ni/

n.

L19.

+ MAGNETISM.] fl Animal magnetism. Only in L19. 2 The mteraction of living [f.

bio-

organisms with magnetic biomag'netic a. L19

biomechanics

fields.

M20.

/,bAi3(u)m3'kaniks/

treated as sing.). E20. [f bioThe mechanics of the structures

(usu.

n.pl.

+ mechanics.] and movements

of living organisms,

biomechanical

a.

biomechanically

M20.

adv.

M20.

biometric /bAi3(u)'mEtrik/ a. E20. [f -metric] Of or pertaining to biometry, biometrical

biometrics

a.

+

E20. biometrically adv. E20.

/bAi3(o)'m£triks/

= BIOMETRY

see -ICS.] biome'trician

bio-

n.

ezo.

prec;

[(.

n. 2.

ezo.

n.

biometry

/bAi'omitri/ n. M19. [f. bio- + -METRY.] 1 1 The measurement and study of the life. M-L19. The duration of human 2

application of statistical investigation. E20.

bionic

/bAt'onik/

a.

methods E20.

to biological

[f

bio-

+

electronic] Of or relating to bionics; having mechanical body pans, or superhuman powers resulting from these. Also in trivial use:

t

/bAi'oniks/ n. m20. [t. prec: see -ics ] study and construction of mechanical systems that fimction like (parts oO living

The

beings.

bionomic economic]

/bAi3(u)'nDniik/ a. L19. [f bio- + Of or pertaining to bionomics;

ecological. Also bionomical

a.

E20.

/bAi3(u)'nDmiks/ n. L19. [f bio- + economics.] The branch of biology that deals with organisms' behaviour and modes of life in their natural envaronment; ecology.

bionomics

biographic

man, n no, p pen,

L19.

biologise

bionics

biogeography L19.

M19.

biological clock an innate mechanism controlling rhythmic activity of an organism, biological control the control of a pest by the introduction of a natural enemy of it. biological science = life science s.v. life n. biological mother, father, parent: who procreated the child in question (esp. as opp to the one(s) who nursed or brought up the child), biological warfare the use of harmful microorganisms or biological products as weapons. B n. A biological product, esp. one used therapeutically. E20. biologic a. = biological a. M19. biologically adv.

powerful, energetic.

biogenically adv. M20.

biogenous

living organisms.

molecular

biodynamic effects collectively. bio-electricity /.bAjauilEk'trisiti/

bio-e'lectric

i.

biological /bAi3(u)'lDd3ik(3)l/ a. & n. M19. [f. BIOLOGY n. + -ICAL.] A adj. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of biology or the phenomena of

v.i.

/,bM3(o)dArnamik/

+ DYNAMIC

effects

BIOGRAPHIC a. M18. bio'graphically adv. M18. biographist n. = biographer M17. biographize v.t. & write a biography (of) £19.

top, v van,

w

we,

-biont Biol.

/'bAiont/

Forming

suff.

organism, esp. w. as

halobioni,

[Extracted f symbiont.] kinds of living to particular modes of life,

denoting

ns. ref.

parabiont,

trophobiont,

freq.

after

adjs. in -biotic.

biophysics /bAi3(u)'fiziks/ n. L19. [f bioPHYSICS.] The science of the application of the -I-

laws of physics to biological

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 9 thin,

d

phenomena.

this, g ring, tf chip,

d3 jar

biopic

bird

231

biophysical a. E20. biophysically adv. L20, biophysicist n. an expen in or student of biophysics t20.

biopic

/'b/vi3upik/

Bio(GRAPHicAL + PIC

n.-']

M20.

colloq.

n.

A biographical

[f.

film.

biparous

/'biparss/ a. M18. [f. bi- + -parous.] Producing two offspring at once. M18. 2 Bot. Of a cyme: having two branches at every node; fonning a dichasium. L19. biparted /bAi'paUid/ a. li6. [f bi- + parted 1

/'bAinpsi/ n. & v. L19. [f. bio- + Gk opsis sight, after necropsy.} A n. Examination of tissue taken from the human body for diagnostic purposes; the removal of such tissue. L19. B v.i.

= bipartite. bipartisan /,bAipa:ti'zan/

Subject to biopsy. M20.

bipartite

biopsy

biorhythm

/'bAi3(o)rid(3)m/ n. M20. [f bio- + RHYTHM n. ] Any recurring cycle in the physiology of an organism; spec, a cyclic pattern of physical, emotional, or mental activity said to occur in the life of a person. bio'rhythmic a. pertaining to or of the nature of biorhythm M2o. bio'rhythmically adv. with regard to biorhythms or biorhythmics L20. bio'rhythmicist n. an advocate or student of biorhythmics L20. bio'rhythmics n. the branch of science that deals with biorhythms, esp. one's own M20.

biospeleology

/,bAi3(u)spi:li'Dbd3i/

Also

n.

M20. [Fr. biospeleologie: see BIO-, SPELEOLOGY.] TTie branch of science that deals with the fauna and flora of caves, -laeo-.

biospeleoiogical

biostatistics

M2o. biospeleologist

a.

/,bAis(o)st3'tistiks/

n.

US.

[f.

biostatisdcal

M20

a.

biostati'stician

n.

M20.

lME. [L

/bAi'pa:lAit/ a.

M20.

contract,

treaty,

drawn

etc.:

points. M19.

bipardtely

biped BI-

+

M17.

adj>.

mi 7. bipar'tition

/'bAipEd/

&

n.

bipedal prec. +

«.

Having two

adj.

feet. L18.

lME. [L bipedalis, f. as mod. use f prec. + -al'.] f 1 Only in lME. 2 Having two feet;

/bAi'pi:d(3)l/ a.

biosystematics /,b3i3(u)sist3'matiks/ «. M20. BIO- + systematics: see SYSTEMATIC n. 2.] [{. Taxonomy based on the study of the genetic

adzi. LI 9.

biphasic

/bAi'feizik/ a. E20. [f bi-

E20. [mod.L f. Gk bwie TTie animal and plant life of a region. /bAi'3ut3/

n.

biotech /'bAwutek/

/bAiTKnAj], -'fEnil/

n.

substituted derivative of

POLYBROMINATED

biotechnology

POLYCHLORINATED

Bot.

1

]

with

Of

the

M18.

a.

compound

a

bios

f.

life:

L

i.

Gk

mod. use f

Fr.

btoticus

Of

or pertaining to (secular) life. rare. Only in E17. 2 Of, pertaming to, or resulting from living organisms, esp. in their ecological relations. L19. biotical a. (rare) ~ biotic 2 M19. biotically adv. f

1

n.

Gk

M20. [f

+ B complex

biows hfe

A

vitamin of the found widely in nature, esp. in yeast,

-in'.]

Btochem.

which

is

and egg-yolk, and is essential for the metabolism of fats in particular. Also (chiefly US) called vitamin H. biotite /'bAiatAit/ n. Btot M19. [f J.-B. (1774-1862), Fr. physicist + -ITE'.] Min. A dark brown, green, or black ferromagnesian mica which is a constituent of many igneous and metamorphic rocks. liver,

biparental

PARENTAL.] Bwl. from, two parents.

biparietal

[f bi- + Of, pertaining to, or derived

/bAip3'rEnt(3)l/

a.

E20.

bones of the

a cat, a: arm, t bed,

pinnately

leaf:

/'bAiplein/ n. L19. [f bi- + plane n.^, 1 1 Alath. Either of two planes tangential to surface at the same point. L19-E20. 2 An

in

two tangent planes

/bAi'psuls/

Of

E19. [f bi-

a.

+ polar

a.]

1

extremities. E19. 2

two axons, one either side of the cell body. M19. b Of psychiatric illness: characterized by both manic and depressive episodes, or manic ones only (in individual or family history). M20. 3 Of or a

spec,

a nerve cell: having

occurring in both polar regions. L19. bipo'larity n. (a) the state of having rwo poles; (b) the occurrence of the same species in each of the polar regions: MI9.

biprism

/'bAipriz(3)m/

n.

L19.

[f.

bi-

+ prism.]

A

combination of rwo long narrow prisms joined by the base, or an equivalent interference single prism, used to produce Physics.

Also Fresnel biprism.

bipyramidal

/bAipi'ramid(3)l/

a.

M19.

[{.

bi-

+

Having

the form of rwo like pyramids joined base to base, bi'pyramid n. a bipyramidal object or structure E20.

pyramidal

]

& n. M17. [f Of, pertaining to, or containing the fourth power (or root) of a number. M17. B «. A biquadratic equation. Formerly also, the fourth power of a number.

biquadratic BI-

/bAikwo'dratik/

+ quadratic] Math.

A

a.

adj.

M17. Also

-t-

biquadrate

a.

fbiquatemion quaternion

]

coefficients.

&

Math. Also,

n.

L17 E19.

M19

n.

A a

e2o.

[f

bi-

+

quaternion with complex combination of two

quaternions obeying certain conditions.

/bAip3'rAiit(3)l/

a.

M19.

[f

bi-

+

PARIETAL a.} Anat. Joining or involving the two parietal

+

pinnatifid.] Bot. Of leaves: pirmatifid, with the pinnae themselves similarly divided. Also bipinnatisect a. L19.

effects.

M20. /'bAi3tin/

bi-

MI 8. 2 Zool. Having feathery appendages in opposed pairs, mi 9. bipinnatifid /bAipi'natifid/ a. E19. [f bi- +

bipolar

Ong.,

E17. [Late see -ic. In

a.

[f

themselves pinnate.

leaflets

a:

her,

1

bi-racial /bAi'rei](3)l/ a. e20. [f bi- + racial.] Concerning or containing (members of) two racial groups.

skull.

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, o hot,

y.

saw, a run, o put,

u:

too, 3 ago, ai

antennae).

L19.

a.

/bAi'raJ'(3)n(3)l/ a. L19. [f bi- + RATiONAi. a.] Math. Of a transformation: relating rwo sets of variables of which each set is expressed rationally in terms of the other, birationally adv. E20

birch

/b3:tj/

n.

Also (north.) birk /b3:k/.

MLG

=

[OE

OHG

binhha, birka (G Birke) f Gmc] 1 Any of various hardy northern trees or shrubs of the genus Betula (family Betulaceae), having smooth, tough bark and slender branches; esp. (in Europe) B. pendula (more fully silver birch) and B. pubescens bierce

birce,

berke,

downy birch), and (in N. America) B. (more fiilly paper birch). Also birch tree. OE. 2 The wood of the birch. lME. 3 A bundle of birch twigs used for flogging, m 17. 4 In p/. in form birks. A grove of birches, north. E18. 5 A canoe made of the bark of Betula papyrifera. N. Amer. M19. (more

fully

1

black birch, canoe birch, river birch, etc.

Comb.: birch-barl( N. Amer. (a canoe made of) the bark of Betula papyrifera; birch beer N. Amer. a fermented beverage flavoured with oil extracted from the birch; a soft drink resembling this, birch partridge N. Amer. the ruffed grouse, Bonasa umhcllus, birch-rod = sense 3 above; hirch tree: see sense i above, birch-water the sap obtained from the birch in spnng, birch-wine wine prepared from birch-water, birchwood (a) a wood of birch trees; (b) = sense 2 above birchen a. of or pertaming to (the) birch, composed of birch: ME.

birch hi-

M19

=

biramose

/b3:tj/

my, au how,

ei

M19.

v.t.

the n.] Flog with a

[f.

birch.

birching /bAi'pineit/

the other. L19. bi'planar a. (Math.) situated

n. m20. [f the branch of technology that dealt with the actions and requirements of human beings. Now, the industrial application of biological processes, biotechnoiogical a. M20 biotechnologist n. L20.

/bAi'otik/

+

aeroplane having two sets of wings, one above

/,bAi3(o)tek'nDl3d3i/

TECHNOLOGY.]

[f bi-

this.

biphenyl.

hmbs and

birational

phenyl.

a

life.]

l20. [Abbrev.]

colloq.

L19.

n.

Chem. A crystalline aromatic PHENVL.] hydrocarbon, (C(,H5),, formed by pyrolysis of two benzene rings; any and containing benzene

Having two poles or opposite

biotin

n.

f!.*]

next.

biotique.]

+ phase

biplane

evolution of plant and animal populations. biosystematic a. of or pertaining to biosystematics M20. biosystematically adv. M20 biosy'stemadst n. M20.

Also

-al'; in

feet long.

/bAi'reimas/ a. L19. [f. bi- + ramus Zool. Distally forked (esp. of

-ous.]

f

crustacean

papyrifera

mi 7.

n.

M17. [L biped-, -pes, {. A two-footed animal.

a.

A

ped-, pes foot.]

B

divided,

substance) by a living organism. biosynthesize v.t. produce by biosynthesis M20. a. of, pertaining to or produced by biosynthesis M20. biosyn'thetically adv. M20.

bionkos,

two

in

pans.

involving two graph, etc.: consisting of rwo distinct sets of

pinnate

biosyn'thetic

biotic

up

E16. 3 Shared by or parties. E17. 4 Math. Of a curve,

corresponding

bipinnate

biosynthesis /bAi3(u)'sin9isis/ n. M20. [f sio+ SYNTHESIS.] Synthesis (of a chemical

+

bipanitus pa.

pple of bipartire, {. as BI- + PARTITE.] 1 Divided into or consisting of two parts. lME. 2 Of a

biphenyl

stratigraphy that deals with life in the geological past; stratigraphy based on fossils. biostratigrapher n. M20 biostrati'graphic a. E20. biostrati'graphical a. M20 biostrati'graphically

BIO-

of two (political etc.) parties.

+ -ic] Having two phases.

biostratigraphy /,bAi3(o)str3'tigr3fi/ n. E20. BIO- + STRATIGRAPHY.] The branch of [f.

biota

members

using the hind limbs for locomotion. E17. 3 Of, pertaining to, or caused by a biped. E19. bipedalism n. E20 bipe'dality n. M19 bipedally

statistics.

adv.

+

bi-

[f.

spec,

BIO- + STATISTICS.] The branch of statistics that deals with data relating to life; vital LI 9.

e20.

a.

partisan a.] Of, representing, or composed of

Two

M20.

Orig.

n.

a.']

biramous

birch:

the action of the vb; a flogging with a

n.

M19

bircher

L19.

/'b3:tj3/

[f prec.

+

-er'.]

A

person who flogs somebody with a birch; an advocate of birching.

m20. [John Birch, a USAF by Chinese Commimists in 1945, 'the first casualty of the Cold War' + -er'.] A member or supporter of the John Birch Society, an extreme right-wing and anti-Communist American organization foimded in 1958. bird /b3:d/ n. [OE bnd, (late Northumb.) bird, of unkn. origin and without cognates ] 1 A

Bircher

/'b3:tj3/

officer killed

a chick. Long obs. exc. feathered, warm-blooded, amniote animal of the venebrate class Aves, characterized by modification of the forelimbs as

nestling, north.

a

fledgling;

OE.

wings for

A

2

flight,

oviparous reproduction, and

care for the young. ME. b Sport. A game-bird; spec, a partridge; fig. prey. lME. 3 A maiden, a girl; a yoimg woman. (Orig. a var. of burd, later taken as fig. use of sense i or 2.) slang derog.), (freq. ME. 4 person (freq. w. specifying adj.). colloq. M19. 5 A first-rate person, animal, or thing. US slang. M19. 6 [Abbrev. of birdlime n. 2.] A prison sentence; prison, slang. E20. 7 An aeroplane; a missile, rocket, satellite, spacecraft, etc. slang. M20. 8 In badminton: a shuttlecock. L20.

Now

A

2 game-bird: see

GAME

n.

a bird in the hand something certain, a bird an unnamed informant. Arabian bird. Bird of Freedom US the emblematic bald eagle of the US. bird of Jove the eagle bird of Juno the peacock, bird of paradise (a) any of the family Paradisaeidae of passenr.e birds, mostly native to New Guinea, which are remarkable for the beauty and brilliance of their plumage; (b) (the Bird of Paradise) = Apus; (c) Phrases:

little

hird-of-paradise flower

PASSAGE

n.

—

STRELITZIA. bird of passage: see kills and feeds on

bird of prey a bird that

flesh of other animals; spec, one belonging to or Accipitiformes, orders Cathartiformes, Falconiformes (or sometimes Strigiformes). birds of a feather those of like character, bo.x of birds: see box n.' for ihe birds: see strictly for the birds etc. below, hear a bird sing: see SING v.' kill two birds with one stone achieve two aims at once, like a bird swiftly, easily; without resistance or hesitation old bird: see OLD a. rare bird: see RARE a.' singing bird: see stNGlNG ppl a. soldier bird: see SOLDIER n. stinking bird: see STTNKINO a. (strictly) for the birds trivial; appealing only to the gullible the (big) bird slang (ong. Theatr.) hissing and booing; dismissal, the sack; (esp. in get or give the

the the

day, ao no,

e:

hair,

I3

near,

3i

boy, ua poor, ai3

tire,

aua sour

)

bird the bird has flown the prisoner etc. has (hig) escaped fthe bird in the bosom one's own secret or pledge, one's conscience the birds and the bees cott\ (uphcm. details of human sexual functions the early bird one who rises early or acts promptly. Comb, bird-banding = bird-nngjng below; birdbath a basin in a garden etc with water for birds to bathe in; -f bird-bolt a blunt-headed arrow used for shcKHing birds; birdbrain ci)// ME. [ON byrS = Goth, gabaurps giburd, gebyrd, f. (corresp. to giburt (G Geburt) f. WGmc), f base of bear z).': see -th'.] 1 The emergence of yoimg from the body of the mother (viewed as an act of the mother or as a fact pertaining to the offspring). ME. 2 Of things: fa Rising of the sim or a star. Only in ME. b Coming into

OE

EGmc

OHG

existence; is is

creation, inherited

origin,

borne

bom

OS

E17. 3 fa That womb. ME-M17. b That

beginning.

in the

into the world; offspring; product,

lME. 4

arch.

Parentage, or conditions

position;

descent, relations

noble lineage. ME. f5 Natural character; kind. ME-L16. f 6 Fortune as involved in birth;

man,

n no, p pen,

r

honoured above industry & riches. J. Galsworthy Political by birth rather than by nature. J. Dos Passos My own sister by birth and blood. P. Warner The arrow took no accoimt of rank or binh. 5 Shakes. Rom. &Jul. Nor aught so good but, strain'd from that fair use, Revolts from true birth. 6 Shakes. 2 Hen. VI A cunning man did calculate my birth And told me I

should

die.

Comb. birth certificate an official document giving the date and place of a person's birth; birth control (the practice of) methods of preventing unwanted pregnancy; birth father a biological (as opp. to an adoptive etc.) father; birthmark an unusual mark, esp. a blotch of brown or dark red skin, on the body at or from birth; birth mother a biological (as opp. to an adoptive etc.) mother; birthnight (the anniversary of) the night of one's birth; birth parent a biological (as opp. to an adoptive etc.) parent; birth pill a contraceptive pill; birthplace place of birth, origin, or commencement, birth rate the ratio of the number of births to the population, usu. calculated per thousand of population per year, birthright the rights, privileges, or possessions belonging to one by birth, as an eldest son, as being bom in a certain status or country, or as a human being; birth-root N. Amer. trillium, esp. the purple T. erectum; birth-sign the astrological sign imder which one is bom; birthstone a gemstone associated with the month of one's birth;

spec,

red,

s

sit,

t

top, v van,

birthweight

w

we,

weight

=

birthwort

birth;

at

ARISTOLOCHIA. var. of berth n. f birth birth Ibs-MI v.^ ME. [f. birth birth, be bom. rare. ME. 2

v.i.

fi.']

1

v.i.

Give

Have birth.

Chiefly as birthing vbl n. E20. 3 v.t. Give birth to. dial. (esp. US). E20. Comb. birthing pool a large bath for women to give :

birth in.

f birth vr

var.

birthday

/'ba:9dei/

of berth

v.^

ME. [f. birth n.' oQ the day of one's

n.

(The anniversary the day of origin or commencement. n. ]

official birthday:

see OFFICL\L

-I-

day

birth;

a.

birthday book a book in diary form for recording birthdays, birthday boy, girl colloq. the person present or otherwise known whose birthday it is, birthday card a greetings card marking the

Comb

:

anniversary of a person's birthday; birthday

girl:

see

birthday boy above; birthday honours the tides of honour conferred by the British monarch on each armiversary of his or her official birthday; birthday party, present: given to mark the anniversary of a person's birthday; birthday suit (a) Hist, a dress worn on the monarch's birthday, (ft) joc. the bare skin, biryani /bi'rja:ni, bin'aini/ n. Also biriani & other vars. M20. [Urdu f. Pers. birydm, f. biriyan Ened, grilled ] A dish of the Indian subcontinent consisting of spiced meat or vegetables and

cooked rice. bis /bis/ adv.

E17.

[Fr.

&

It.,

L

f.

bis

twice.]

Encore; again; twice; spec, as a direction in a musical score indicating that a passage is to be repeated.

used occas. bef. s, c, or form the names of compounds containing two groups identically /bis/ pref. Var. of bi-

a vowel,

lME.

[Origin Scorch, parch, toast hard.

/'ba:s(a)l/ v.t. Sc.

birth

which which

Fielding The birth of an heir by his beloved Tennyson Mine by right, from birth till death,

give birth to bring (offspring) into the world (lit. & fig.), new birth Theol. spiritual regeneration, virgin birth: see VIRGIN a. 2b J. Bentham Offences which owe their birth to the joint influence of indolence and pecuniary interest. 3b Addison Others hatch their Eggs and tend the Birth, 'till it is able to shift for it self. 4 D. Hume Birth, titles, & place, must be

bis-

n.

cf.

of

in L16.

:

&

A

own

his

n.

n.

[Origin unkn.]

forms

H

sister.

Only

that by water

see birch /'baiki/

moment

influenced by the planets at the birth.

having double refraction L19.

' of; {c) a fair quantity of a bit of a a small or unimportant, a bii of all right: see ALL RIGHT n phr. a hi: 0] crumptT. see CRUMPET 5. a bit of no good: see GOOD n. a bit thick: see THICK a. bit by bit gradually, bit of fiuff, goods, muslin: see sense 5 above f>i» of rough: see ROUGH n. bit of skirt: see sense 6 above. bit of sport: see SPARE n.' 3. bit of stuff: sec sense 6 above, bits and bats, bobs, pieces colloq. odds and ends do one's bit colloq. contribute service or money to a cause every bit as colloq. quite as. give a bit of one's mind: see .MIND go to bits colloq. go to pieces, bit: see sense not a bit (of it) colloq. not at all. one's above, take a bit of doing colloq. require all one's efforts, be difficult to do. tear off a bir. see TEAR v.' the - bir. see sense 7 above, to bits colloq. into small fragments. TwnoDLY bit. Comb.: bit parr, see sense 3c above; bit-player an

—

.

—

actor of bit parts.

parity bir see parity

Comb.: bitmap which each item

n.'

&

n.

3c. !•.

(a)

n.

a representation in

shown by one or more bits of display of the contents of a memory by a bitmap, bit string a sequence of bits representing a character. bitwise a. designating an operator in a programming language which manipulates the mdividual bits in a hyle or word L20. information;

is

esp. a

store; (b) f.t. provide with or represent

bit

bit/ f.'i. InSi. -n-. L16. [f. BIT n.'] Provide with or accustom to a bit; fig. curb, restrain. v.- var.

of bude.

& pple of bite v. n. & a. [OE bicce rel. to ON bikkja.] A n. 1 A female dog. OE. b A female fox, otter, wolf, or (occas.) similar animal. lME. 2a A man. Latterly derog. Now rare. ME. b A woman,

bit

pa.

v.'

bitch

t.

bitf

esp. a lewd, malicious, or treacherous one. derog.

lME.

c Something difficult or unpleasant, colloq. A simple lamp made by placing a wick in some bacon fat. Alaska & Canada. E20. 2b son of a bitch: see SON n.' B attnb. or as adj. (Of an animal) female; like a E19. 3

bitch.

lME.

bitch goddess (material or worldly) success, bitchery n. bitchy behaviour M16.

bitch bitj V. L17. [f. the n.] fl v.i. Frequent the company of whores; call someone 'bitch'. L17-E18. 2

Spoil, botch. Freq. foil, by up. 3 v.t. Behave bitchily towards; be spiteful, malicious, or imfair to. colloq. M20. 4 V.I. Complain, grumble, colloq. M20. colloq.

v.i.

E19.

bitchy

'bitji + -y'.] 1 a. 220. [f. bitch n. Sexually provocative; malicious, catty. E20. 2 Of a male dog; resembling a bitch. M2o. bitchily adv. M20 bitchiness n. M20.

the vb.] 1 The action or an bringing together of the teeth in occlusion; the imprint of this in a plastic -9. material, m c The corrosive action of acid on a metal in etching. L19. d The acuon of a machine indenting metal etc. L19. e The keen cutting effect of a harsh wind. L19. f Hg. Incisiveness; point or cogency of style, language, etc. L19. 2a A piece bitten off; a mouthful; a morsel of food; a small meal, a snack Now freq explicitly a bite to eat. Ml 6. b Food to eat. arch. M16. 3 Angling. The seizure of bait by a fish.

bite

aa

bAit

n.

L15.

[f.

of biting. L15. b

L16. 4 Printing

A wound

The

by biiing E17. 5 (now Hist.). A blank due to the accidental covering of part of the forme by the frisket.

An

L17.

inflicted

imposition, a deception; a

person who or thing which swindles or deceives. slang. E18 M19. 7 Grip, hold, (/«. & fig.). M19. 8 A share of profits etc. A Amer. slang. E20. 2a Tolkien I haven't had a bite since breakfast. C ISHERWOOD Taking a huge bite out of his sandwich. T. have a bite to eat in a pub. .M. Gee Sharpe He'd Grandpa never ate more than a bite and the rest sat on for his plate, b M. E. Braddon He had lain .

.

b but, d dog,

f

fourteen days without either bite or sup. 3 W. S. Maugham Occasionally he got a bite, now and then a fish. 4 R. Lehmann Rat bites can be very poisonous. W. Boyd The tiny black flies that raised florin sized

and (a) sup: see sup n.' hiu(s) at the see cherry n. one's bite (opp. one's bark) one's actions as opp. to one's words, open bite: see open a. put the bite on slang (orig. US) ask for a loan, extort money from, threaten, blackmail. Comb.: bite-size(d) adjs. small enough to be eaten in one bite; very small or short,

bite /bAit/

Pa.

V.

t.

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

.

leg,

m

bi'tonal

bitsy

+

OS

beissen),

Cut

I.

(Du.

bltan

OHG

bijien),

ON bita, Goth,

beitan,

nip, or

f.

(G

bfzan

Gmc]

wound

I

v.t.

&

with the

{v.i. habitually); take a bite (firom); (w. advb. compl.) remove or sever by biting. OE. 2 v.t. & i. Of something sharp or with a sharp edge: cut (into), p°i etrate. OE. 3 v.t. & i. Wound with mouthparts, the jaw, pincers, etc.;

teeth

ME.

1(4 v.t.

.

1

V.

LG

ME.

beting.]

Tennyson

words

All

.

.

Woman

adj.]

A

That which

1

bitter medicinal

Failing to give the bitter of is a Mixture of Sweets and

Gin with a dash of bitters in it helped her over the last few days of the crossing. 3 Westminster Gazette A bitter having been bought, he

.

.

L

quaffed it to his second's health. D. ordered a tankard of bitter.

Sayers

He

/'bita/ n.- E17. [f. bitt n. + -er'.] Naut. A turn of the anchor cable aroimd the bitts. Comb. bitter end (a) a part of the anchor cable attached to the bitts, remaining on board when the

bitter

:

ship

is

at

f bitter

anchor;

()

(see bitter a.).

see bittern

n.^

bitter /'bns/

a.

&

adv.

[OE

= OS,

biter

ON

G

OHG

(Du., bitter), bitr, Goth, baitrs, prob. f. Gmc base of bite v.] A adj. 1 Having a sharp pimgent taste, as of wormwood, quinine, etc. Opp. sweet. OE. b fig. Unpalatable; unpleasant; hard to swallow or admit. E19. 2 Attended by severe pain or suffering; grievous; full of affliction. OE. f3 Causing pain or suffering; cruel, injurious, severe. OE-M17. 4 Characterized by intense animosity; virulent. OE. 5 Of words or their utterer: stinging, cutting, harsh, cruelly reproachful. ME. 6 Of wind: sharp, keen, severe. Of weather: bitingly cold. ME. 7 Expressmg or betokening intense grief or affliction of spirit. ME. 8 Mournful; full of affliction L15. bittar

.

.

.

glimpsed her small, pearly, even teeth as she

bit). 2 his blade aloft, And crack'd the helmet thro', and bit the bone. B. England The razor bit deeply in and the blood spouted startlingly. P. Matthiessen The thin straps bite at my shoulders. 3 AV Prov. 23:32 At the last it biteth like a serpent. G. B. Shaw He put his handkerchief round my neck because a gnat bit me. 5 J. Lyly TTiese medecines bite hot. 10 J. Betjeman The chemicals from various factories Have bitten deep into the Portland stone. 1 1. Wai ton He thought that Trout bit not for hunger but wantonness. T. Jefferson Do not bite at the bait of pleasure till you know there is no hook beneath it. M. Puzo 'It's a good story, you'll like it.' And she saw

I

Burke

All

men

are agreed to call vinegar sour,

honey sweet, and aloes bitter. M. Mitchell Without sugar or cream it was bitter as gall Anthony Huxley Bitter and very toxic leaves which even goats will not sample, a hitler taste in the mouth: see TASTE n.' b Coleridge Some bitter truths, respecting our military arrangements. 2 W. S. Churchill The same bitter struggle with nature. E. M. FoRSTER I know by bitter experience. 3 Shakes, i Hen. IV Those blessed feet Which fourteen hundred years ago were nail'd For our advantage on the bitter cross. 4 Day Lewis She was .

bite.

Phrases:

a person's head

bite

(or

been a

bitter tears.

or

mental

pain;

pimgent,

stinging;

ME.

i.

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

hickory,

roots; esp. (N. Amer.) Lewisia rediviva^ of the purslane family, with edible roots and red or white flowers;

biting

&

n no, p pen,

= colocynth;

swamp

biting /'bAitiri/ a. ME. [f. bite v. + -ing^.] 1 That bites. ME. 2 spec. That causes sharp sarcastic. Special collocations: biting lice: see LOUSE n. MIDGE, biting stonecrop: see STONE «., a., adv.

bitter sage

we,

z

zoo,

from the bark; bitter flavoured with hops (opp. mild); bitter i; bitter-cress any cruciferous

(ft) = karela; bitter-nut N. Amer. Carya amara; bitter orange the Seville orange; bitter pecan; bitter pill fig. a hard thing to take, an unpalatable truth etc., bitter pit a disease of apples, characterized by sunken brown spots; bitter-root any of various plants with bitter

(a)

ternate.] Bot. Of a compound leaf: temate with the primary divisions themselves being temate.

physical

much

plant of the genus Cardamme; bitter-cucumber = bitter-gourd below; bitter end the last extremity [but perh. f bitter end (a) s.v. BITTER n.']; bitter-ender colloq. one who fights or holds out to the bitter end, one who refuses to yield or compromise; bitter-gourd

+

bi-

[f.

.

cassava: see cassava

A

li8.

.

trees yielding a bitter principle

beer:

n. ME. [f. prec. + -er'.] 1 gen. who or thing which bites. ME. 2 spec. A deceiver, a swindler, obs. exc. in the biter bit (cf. bite v.). L17.

a.

winter— Fred and I came into the C Kjngsley Bursting into Wordsworth Concealmg In solitude

Comb. & special collocations: bitter-apple = colocynth; bitter bark any of various shrubs and

person

/bAi'txneit/

8

her bitter feelmg.

deceived in turn.

biteraate

bitter

kitchen quite penshed. 7

&

biter /'bMta/

.

capable of bitter resistance against domestic bullying. C. Hill Renegades against whom Cromwell was particularly bitter. 5 P. G. Wodehouse It was a good exit speech— mordant— bitter, satirical. 6 J. C. PowYS TTie bitter east wind made the girl pull her black woollen scarf tightly round her neck. J. Cary It had

fnose)

off respond curtly or angrily, bite back restrain (speech) by an effort, bite by the nose: see NOSE n. bite off more than one can chew (orig US) undertake too much, be too ambitious, bite one's lip: see LIP n. bite one's nails: see nail n. bite on granite: see GRANITE n. bite (on) the bullet behave stoically, avoid showing fear or distress, bite the dust (or ground) joc. rhei. fall and die. bite the hand that feeds one injure a benefactor, act ungratefully, bite the thumb at: see thumb n. bitten with infected by (enthusiasm etc.). something to bite on fig. a problem to work on or think seriously about, the biter bit the deceiver

man,

&

n.

LG, Du.

cf.

the sweet. E. Jong Bitters. 2 J. Dos Passos

Tennyson Who heaved

me

bit n.^ or BITTY a. small. Cf. itsy-

M19.

i.

.

[f.

substance; now esp. a liquor flavoured with gentian, wormwood, orange peel, etc., used to promote appetite or digestion or as a flavouring. Now usu. in pi. E18. 3 (A drink of) bitter beer.

I.

.

E20.

(charmingly)

fbittacle n. see binnacle. bitten v. pa. pple of bite v. bitter /'bita/ n.' OE. [f. the is bitter; binemess. OE. 2

i.

:

+

[Prob. orig. a sea A n. Any of the posts fixed in pairs on the deck of a ship, for fastening cables, belaying ropes, etc. Usu. in pi. ME. B v.t. Coil or fasten upon the bitts. M18.

i.

i.

bi-

[f.

characterized by bitonality .M20.

Tiny,

-SY.]

term:

&

Nibble, eat. ME-M17. 5 v.t. & Cause a sharp (esp. smarting) pain (to). ME. v.t. & Speak sharply or deprecatingly (against); carp (at). ME-L17. 7 v.t. & Engage (sympathy, interest, etc.); impress, arch. lME. 8 v.t. & Of an implement, part of a mechanism, etc.: grip or take hold of (a surface etc.). E16. b v.i. spec, in Cncket. Of the ball: get a grip of the surface of the ground on pitching, mi 9. 9 v.t. & ;. Affect painfully or injuriously with intense cold. Cf. frost-bitten. M16. 10 v.t. & 1. Corrode, as an acid or alkali; act as a mordant (upon). E17. 11 v.i. Of a fish & fig. take or be caught by bait; sngp at bait. M17. 12 v.t. Deceive, swindle. Now only in pass, colloq. El 8. \2i v.i. Have an (esp. adverse) effect; make an impression. E20. 14 v.t. Borrow from (a person), esp. without intention or likelihood of repayment. (Foil, by for tlie thing borrowed.) Austral, slang. E20. 15 v.t. Excite; worry, perturb. Esp. in what's biting you? colloq. (orig. US). E20. 1 I. Watts Let dogs delight to bark and bite. Day Lewis I bite into my chocolate. S. Beckett Takes carrot from coat pocket, bites off a piece. W, Maxwell My grandfather was bitten on the ear by a rat or a ferret and died of blood poisoning. D. M. Thomas She was nibbling a cucumber sandwich (he

e2o.

n.

bitsy.

bit /bit/; pa. pple bitten [OE bltan = OFris.

(into), pierce,

a.

/'bitsi/ a. colloq.

bitt /bit/

/'bit(a)n/, chiefly arch. bit.

bna,

/bAitau'naliti/

TONALITY.] Mus. The simultaneous use of two keys in a composition,

Phrases: (a) bite

cherry:

lME.

bitingly adv.

bitonality

bites.

loosely (of a living creature) sting.

B attrib. or as adf Little, small. Sc. L18. bit bit n.' M20. [Abbrev. of binary digit (see BINARY J.), after prec] Chiefly Computing. A unit of information expressed as a choice between two equally probable alternatives (represented by the values o and i).

bit

bitter

234

[

= wood

sage

s.v.

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, d this,

wood i)

ring,

n.'

tf

&

'm. 3 J. Tyndall Heaps of snow bloomed with a rosy light. II v.t. 4 Bring into bloom; cause to flourish. arch. L16. 5 Colour with a soft warm tint. E19. 6 Cloud (a shiny surface). M19, 7 Photogr. Coat (a .

b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

reduce reflection from

lens) so as to

its

surfaces.

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

my

3 Shakes.

sin.

my blossom,

/

And

VI

Hen.

my

there died,

M20.

Icarus,

4 R. Greene Each fair thing that summer bloomed. 5 Keats While barred clouds bloom the soft-dying

blossom in flower, blossoming. blossomed a. covered with blossoms; in blossom; lME. blossomless a. mi 9. blossomy a. covered or

day.

&

ME.

vaguely as a strong imprecation or intensive; conifoundedly, exceedingly, very; damnably. Also inserted within words (tmesis). (In general coUoq. use until mi 8; later regarded as on a par with obscene or profane language, hence numerous euphemistic alternatives as blasted, blinking, blooming, etc.; now usu. regarded as strong but not deeply offensive.) L17. 2 Drtoen The doughrj' Bullies enter bloody drunk. H. Fielding TTiis is a bloody positive old fellow. G. B. Shaw Walk! Not bloody likely. L. W. Meynell Remember the Wfus Chromcte} On sale one day. Amalga-bloody-mated the next. R Rendell The ftirthest bloody abroad I'm going ever again will be the Isle of Wight Comb. & special collocations: bloody flux, fflix dysenten.-, bloody grave the grave of one who has been murdered; bloody hand: the armorial device of some baronets; Bloody Mary (a) Mary Tudor; (b) a mixed drink of vodka and tomato juice; bloody-

minded

blotting

246

blooming a. adv. (a) adj. that blooms; (ft) adj. & adv. (colloq.) cursed(ly), bloody: lME. bloomingly adv. M19.

bloom

/blu:m/ v:H. E19. [f bloom n.'-] Make (iron etc.) into blooms. Chiefly as blooming vbl

n.

bloomed

/blurmd, poet,

'bluinud/

a.

[f

E16.

bloom n.', V.': see -ed^ -ed'.] 1 In bloom; bearing blooms. Chiefly poet. E16. 2 That has been bloomed (esp. in sense 7 of bloom v.'). M20.

bloomer /'bluima/ w." M18. [f. bloom v.' + -er'.] 1 A plant that blooms (esp. in a specified maimer). M18. 2 A floriated letter. L19. 3 = blooming error.] A great mistake, a blunder, slang. [

L19.

bloomer

/'bluima/ n.' M19. [Ameha Jenks Bloomer (1818-94) of New York, who advocated such dress.] I sing. Hist. 1 In full bloomer costume, dress, = sense 4 below. M19. 2 bloomer trousers, = sense 5 below. M19. 3 A woman who wears a bloomer costume. M19. II In pi. 4 Hist. A woman's costume with loose trousers gathered at the ankle or knee. M19. 5 Hut. Knee-length trousers or knickerbockers, esp. as worn by women for active pursuits as cycling etc. L19. 6 A woman's or girl's loose knee-length knickers; colloq. knickers of any style. E20. bloomered a. weanng bloomers L19. bloomerism n (Hisi.) the principles of A. J. Bloomer as to female dress M19.

bloomer

n.^ m2o. [Origin imkn.] A rounded diagonally slashed top. Bloomfieldian /'bluimfnldian/ n. & a. M20. [f Bloomfield (see below) + -ian.] A n. An

/'bluims/

large loaf with a

adherent or student of the (largely structuralist) linguistic theories of the American scholar Leonard Bloomfield (1887-1949). M20. B adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of Bloomfield or his theories or adherents. M20.

Bloomsbury district

&

/'blu:nizb(3)ri/ a.

west

in

[A

e20.

n.

A

London]

central

adj.

Designating, characteristic of, or penaining to a group of writers and aesthetes living in or associated with Bloomsbury in the early 20th cent

intellectual,

;

highbrow.

Bloomsbury group;

member

of

E20.

B

The

n.

Bloomsberry)

a

E2o.

this.

Bloomsburyite group

(also joe.

member

a

n.

of the Bloomsbury

.\i2o.

bloop

/blu:p/

v., n.,

&

a.

E20. [Imit.]

K

v.

\

v.i.

(Cause a radio set to) emit a howling noise. E20. v.t. Patch or treat (a splice on a soundtrack) so as to prevent an intrusive noise during projection. M20. 3 v.t. Baseball. Score (a nm) by 2

hitting

L20.

C

soimd. M20. hitting

high beyond

ball

a

infielders.

ball

a

infielders.

blooper

B

reach

the

of the

A

howling or popping adj. Baseball. Of a nin: scored by high beyond the reach of the n.

radio set that causes others an embarrassing error, a blimder (c) Baseball a ball hit high beyond the reach of the infielders, or thrown high by the pitcher: E20. n.

to bloop;

blooth

More

(colloq.) (a) a

(ft)

see

n.

/bb:/

blow, blast.]

blowth.

n.

adorned with blossoms lME.

blossom

Long

arch.

lME.

[Prob. imit.: cf

/'blDs(3)m/ n. [OE blostm, bl6s{t)ma = WFris. blossum, (M)Du. bloesem, bl6s{s)em (cf also blomstr), gen. referred to the same base as bloom n.'] 1 A flower, esp. as promising fruit; collect, the mass of flowers on a fi^t tree etc. OE. 2 TTie state or season of blossoming (lit. & fig.); an early stage of growth; promise. ME. 3 A person who is lovely and full of promise. lME. 4 (Minerals forming) the decomposed outcrop of an ore or coal deposit.

MLG

ON

E19.

Day Lewis The white blossom streaming away on W. Bronk Tulips or other big blossoms, fig.: W. H. Prescott The first blossoms of that literature which was

Hami

to ripen into so rich a harvest. 2 Shakes. TTius was I cut off even in the blossoms of

man, n no, p pen,

.

r

.

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

[OE

blOstmian, f

as

&

{lit.

develop desirably or advantageously {into). Pope Now hawthorns blossom. M. L. King

[Neither) expected this quiet beginning to blossom into a large-scale operation. D. Storey Mrs. Reagan, in adversity, appeared to blossom. S. King This

thought suddenly blossomed in his mind.

blot

ON

lME.

/blot/

[Prob. of Scand. origin; cf

blettr (Icel. blettur) blot, stain.

Da.

dial, blat

A

spot or stain of ink, mud, etc.; any black or dark patch; a blemish, a disfigurement. lME. b spec. An obliteration by way of correction. E18. 2a A moral stain; a disgraceful act or quality in a good character; a defect. lME. b Imputation of disgrace; defamation. L16. c A person who is in disgrace. colloq. E20. 3 Bioi & Med. The distribution of proteins etc. on a medium on to which they have been blotted. L20. 1 N. Mitford It looked like an ordinary ink blot. Listener Charabancs and monstrous hordes of hikers spot, blot.]

1

.

upon escutcheon 2 J. are

.

landscape, a blot on one's Green The execution of Wallace was the one blot on Edward's clemency. 3 Northern blot: see northern a. Southern blot. Wesum bhr. see western a. blotless a. lME. blotty a. M19.

blot

blots

the

R

[Prob. Du. bloot naked, only in Eng.] 1 Backgammon. An exposed piece liable to be taken; the action of exposing a piece. L16. 2 An exposed point in one's procedure; a mark, a butt, mi 7. /blot/

L16.

n:'

exposed, but as

n.

/blot/ V. Infl. -tt-. lME. [f BLOT «.'] I v.t. Spot or stain with ink, tears, etc.; blur, smudge. lME. f 2 Cover (paper) with worthless writing. LME-M17. 3 Disgrace; tarnish, sully, (good qualities or reputation), arch. lME. fb Stigmatize, calumniate. LME-E17. 4 Obliterate (writing); efface; obscure (a view etc.); exterminate, destroy. Usu. foil, by out. lME. 5 Dry with blotting-paper. M19. 6 Biol. & Med. Transfer from a medium used for electrophoretic or chromatographic separation to an immobilizing medium where the constituents can be identified. L20. I blot one's copybook colloq. spoil one's character or record, commit an indiscretion. 3 N RowE Blot

blot 1

not thy innocence with guiltless blood. 4 Shakes. Rich. II My name be blotted from the book of life. C. S. Forester TTie German trenches were blotted out by the smoke and debris. E. FiGES My arrival has been out: I cannot remember it. A Price Any chance of a reply was blotted out by the roar of another big jet. II V.I. 7 Of a pen, ink, etc.: make blots. lME. fS Sully a reputation etc. rare (Shakes ). Only in L16. 9 Become bloned, smudge. Mi9.

blotted

.

blotch

M17. (Partly alt. of plotch n. blend of blot «.' and botch w.'] 1 a discoloured patch on the skin; a pustule, a boil. M17. b A plant disease characterized by areas of discoloration. E20. 2 A large irregular spot or blot of ink, colour, etc. M18. lb leaf blotch: see leaf n.' sooty blotch: see SOOTY a. /blotj/

blot

blotchy

n.

partiy

n.',

E19.

a.

blotch

/blDtJ/ v.t. E17. blotch or blotches.

blotter person

[{.

/'biota/ n. L16. [f

who

out); spec,

the n.]

blot

v.

Mark with +

-er'.]

1

a

A

or thing which blots or blots out (or

an used

(a)

something

inferior writer, a scribbler; (b) for

drying

ink-marks,

as

a

blotting-pad. li6. 2 A temporary recordingbook, as a police charge-sheet. N. Amer. L17.

blottesque

/blo'tesk/

a.

M19. [f blot

v.

+

-ESQUE, after grotesque etc.] Of painting: characterized by blotted touches heavily laid on.

1

a gale.

v.i.

fig.);

A violent blowing.

blossom

/'blDs(3)m/

prec] Bear blossom; open into flower

after

M20.

in his pride.

Phrases: in

/'blotii)/ n. lME. [f blot v. + -ing'.] action of blot v.; an instance of this; a

blotting 1

The

Also foil, by 2 (Material for) blotting-paper. L19.

blot, smear, obliteration.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6

thm, d

this,

i)

ring,

tj

out.

lME.

chip, dj jar

blotto Comb., blotting-pad a pad of blotting-paper; blotting-paper absorbent unsized paper for drying wet ink.

blotto -o

/'blotau/ a. slang. E20. Very drunk, intoxicated.

]

blouse

/'blaoz/

\

&

n.

[f.

E19.

v.

blot [Fr.,

or

v.

n.

resembling a

\

/'blu:zDn; foreign bluzS {pi same)/ short jacket shaped like a blouse.

n.

«.' lME. [Origin unkn ] 1 A (usu. hard) stroke with the fist, an implement, etc. lME. b A stroke of the shears in shearing sheep. Austral. & NZ. L19. c An outcrop of mineral. Austral. & NZ. L19. 2 fig. A sudden disaster, a shock, a setback. L17. with I D. H. Lawrence Catching him a light blow the back of her hand. R. Dahl It was too late to check the blow and the axe blade struck the tree, fig.: Shakes. Lear A most poor man, made tame to fortune's blows, at one blow at a single stroke, in one operation, a word and a blow, see word n. break a blow: see BREAK V. come, (arch.) fall, to blows begin fighting, exchange blows fight strike a blow (for, .

against) take action (on behalf of, in opposition to), strike the first blow take the first action, begin a process, without striking a blow without a struggle,

up no opposition, b

C. Chaplfn Dicky died terrible

all

long blow: see

long

a.'

2

at the age of nineteen, a sad

blow from which she never recovered.

blow-by-blow

(of

a.

a

description

etc.)

details in sequence.

blow /bbu/

n} L15.

[f.

t;.']

A blowing;

1

a breath of

dealt with in) a single

operation of a steel-making retort using an oxygen or air blast. L19. 2 A fly's egg deposited in meat etc. (Earlier in fly-blow n.) E17. 3 A boast; boastfulness; a boaster. Chiefly US. L17.

n} arch. E18. [f. BLOW v}] 1 A display of blossoms; a brilliant display. E18. 2 Blossoming; bloom. M18. 3 (A) blossom. L18.

blow /bbu/

blow /bbu/

.

.

up.

Senses conn. w. the application of an

air

current. 9 v.t. Make (a wind instrument) sound; slang play jazz on (any instrument). Also, sound (a note, a signal) on (or on, upon, with) a wind

instntment. note,

a

Of

a

signal).

wind instrument: sound (a OE. 10 v.i. Of a wind

instrument, its blower, or the note etc. produced: sound. Also (slang) play jazz (on any instrument). ME. 11 v.t. Direct an air current at so as to cool, warm, dry, etc. (also w. the effect as compl.) or (w. a fire as obj.) to make bum brightly

(also

foil,

by

up).

ME. fb

fig.

arouse, (feeling). Usu. foil, by up. ME-L18. 12 v.t. Swell by an air current; make or shape (a bubble, glass, etc.) by blowing into it. (Foil, by up, out.) lME. f b Inflate (a person) with pride or vanity. Usu. foil, by up. lME-ei8. c Enlarge, magnify; exaggerate. Usu. & now only foil, by up. M16. d Cause (the stomach of an animal) to swell. L18. e In pass. Of a food-tin etc.: be swollen by internal gas pressure. L19. 13 v.t. Clear (the nose, a pipe, an egg, etc.) by an air current. M16. 14 v.t. Scatter, destroy, or send flying by an explosion etc. (freq. w. advs., esp. up, or w. the result as compl ); break into (a safe etc.) with explosives; fig. (colloq.) bungle. Foil,

by up also f(a) destroy, ruin; (b) colloq. reprove, scold. L16. b v.i. Be shattered etc. by an explosion, explode, (usu. foil, by up); fig. foil, by up, lose one's temper. L17. c v.t. Produce (a hole etc.) by an explosion etc. L19. 15 v.t. Expose, reveal; inform on. (Foil, by t"P ) Now slang. L16. b V.I. Act as an informer, reveal a secret. slang. M19. 16 v.i. & Of an electric filament or melt when overloaded. Also, cause (an electric filament etc.) to melt on overload. Also 17 v.t. Fellate. coarse slang. foil, by out. L19.

M20. 9 Tennyson T'he belted hunter blew His wreathed bugle-hom. N. Shute The siren blew five blasts. 10 Tennyson Let the moumfiil martial music blow. R. KiPLrNG The bugles blew for dinner. J. Kerouac Everybody in Frisco blew R. Bolt A pilot's whistle, upon which he will blow. 11 Shakes. Ven. Ad. To blow them dry again. F, Marryat The winter was cold and he blew his fingers. 12 J. Dickey I blew up the air mattresses with a hand pump, c Punch I blew up the two faces on an epidiascope. 14 Steele One of our Bombs fell into a Magazine and blew it up. R

&

.

.

.

it rains and blows. OED h J. Steinbeck The wind blew fierce and Dryden Winnow'd Chaff by Western Winds is blown. Sir W. Scott As soon as Richard's return is blown abroad. P. Savage The winds blow the dead

blow high, blow low US whatever may happen, blow hot and cold vacillate, be inconsistent, blow one's cool slang lose one's composure, become angry or agitated, blow one's own trumpet praise oneself blow one's top, {N. Amer.) stack colloq. show great

down. J. Herriot He blew smoke pleasurably from his nostnls. A. Price He blew the dust from it. 4 Pope Each spent courser at the chariot blow. 7

game of soldiers: see soldier n. blow the n.' blow the whistle on draw attention

1

Walton Heark how

I.

blew

OHG

a gale.

strong. 3

.

leaves

.

a cat, a:

arm,

c

bed,

a:

her,

1

.

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

o:

destroy, defeat,

blow

blow away

senses:

in (a) v.phr.i. (Meiall.)

come

slang. L19. 18 A. Burgess The flies blew the cold beef on the kitchen table. 19 P. Egan Blow me tight if ever I saw such a thing in my hfe before. Dickens One blowed thing and another. Phrases: blow a cloud colloq. smoke a pipe, blow a fuse: see FUSE n.' blow a gasket: see gasket n. blow a kiss kiss one's fingers and wave or pretend to blow something from them to a (distant) person, blow a person's brains out shoot a person through the head blow a person's mind slang cause a person to have drug-induced hallucinations or a similar experience, blow great guns (of wind) blow violently

OHG

inform on. blow trade: sec trade n. With advs. & preps, in specialized

tonight.

Pa. t. blew /blu:/; pa. pple blown /bbun/, (senses I2d, 19, & non-standard) blowed. [OE blaivan, pa. t. bleoiu, pa. pple blawen = bla(h)an, repl. by wk blajan (G blahen blow up, swell), f. IE base repr. also by L flare.] I Senses conn. w. the production of an air current. 1 v.i. Of wind, air, impers. w. it: move etc., or along, act as an air current. Freq. w. the type or strength of wind as compl. OE. 2 V.I. Send a directed air current from the mouth; (of a bellows etc.) produce an air current. OE. fb Hiss; whistle. ME-M16. c Of a whale: eject water and air, spout. L17. 3 v.i. Send out by breathing; emit or pass (air); drive, carry, or move by an air current; fig. proclaim, publish. Usu. w. advs, & preps, of direction. ME. 4 V.I. Breathe hard, puflf, pant; dial. (simply) breathe. lME. 5 v.i. Bluster; boast, brag. Chiefly dial, or US & Austral, colloq. lME. + b v.t. Utter, esp. boastfiilly, angrily, or maliciously. Also foil, by out. LME-L19. 6 v.t. Work (bellows); work the bellows of (an organ etc.). lME. 7 v.t. Cause to pant, exhaust of breath. Usu. in pass, mi 7. 8 v.i. Be driven, carried, or moved by the wind or other air current. Freq. w. advs. & preps, of direction. M17. b v.i. & t. Depart suddenly (from), slang. E20. D.'

or undesirable), bring to a sharp conclusion,

illicit

set (a blast-furnace) in operation; (h) v.phr.i.

fuse:

a

blowing of one's nose; a blowing of a a jazz session. L15. b

wind instrument; slang (The quantity of metal

.

t.

blow

blast of air; a gust of wind; colloq.

fresh air; a

.

Inflame,

A

.

gown blew

her

The Russians were pretty 8 Tennyson Her cap blew W. Cather Her skirts blowing

in the pursuit.

wind, b E. Linklater He's blown. He's gone up north. R. Macdonald I'm blowing this town II

A

shirt, usu.

blow /bbu/

Comb.:

off,

more

Ezo. [Fr.]

giving

blown

well

of unkn.

M20.

blouson

and

Blackwood's Magazine

in the

+

loose linen or cotton garment belted at the waist, worn by workmen or peasants, esp. in France. E19. b trans/. A French workman. M19. 2 A jacket as part of US military uniform; the upper part of a soldier's or airman's battledress. M19. 3 A woman's loose upper garment usu. worn tucked into a skirt or trousers at the waist. L19. B v. I v.i. Swell out or hang loosely like a blouse. E20. 2 v.i. Make (a bodice etc.) loose like a blouse. origin.]

putting

blowze

247

.

.

Conquest The bndge attributed to Belisarius Is blown. J. Betjeman When mankind Has blown himself to pieces, b C. Kjngsley The mountain had blown up

of gunpowder. J. Clavell When the magazine blew 16 J Raban Every light when bulb blows you switch it on. like

a

barrel

Other senses. 18 v.t. Of a fly etc.: deposit eggs on or in; = fly-blow v. 1. L16. fb v.t. & Deposit (eggs). E17-L18. 19 v.t. Curse, confound, damn, (freq. in pass.). Foil, by i/with III

;.

ist

person expr. surprise or as a disclaimer (also

by fup). slang. L18. b v.i. in imper. Damn! 20 v.t. Squander, spend (money) recklessly. Also (chiefly US) foil, by in. (Cf BLUE V.'') slang. L19. 21 v.t. Treat (a person to).

slang

kill,

(colloq.)

unexpectedly; (see also sense 20 above), blow off v.phr.t. allow (steam etc.) to escape forcibly; fig. get rid of (superfluous energy etc.) in a noisy way. in

—

discredit, defame, make stale; or upon (see also sense 9 above), blow out (a) v.phr.i. & i. extinguish or be extinguished by blowing; (ft) v.phr.t. (Metall.) take (a blast-furnace) out of operation; (c) v.phr.i. (of a pneumatic tyre) burst; (see also senses 5b, 12, 16 above), blow over pass off without threatened consequences, blow up v.phr.i. (of a wind) increase in force; arise, come to notice; (see also senses 11, 12, 14, 15, 19 above). bUyw upon: see blow on above. Comb.: blow-away a. likely to be blown away by the wind etc.; blow-back the action or process of blowing back, esp. (a) of pressure in a boiler or intemalcombustion engine; (b) of gunpowder that has not bumed completely, (c) of the slide or breech-block of some firearms; blow-ball the globular seed-head of a

blow on

dandelion

blow-drier

etc.;

blow-dry

drying;

&

v.

a blower used in blow-

(a) v.t. arrange (hair) while

n.

an act or it with a hand-held blower; (ft) n. instance of blow-drying hair; blowfish (a pop. name any of several fishes which inflate their bodies when frightened etc.; blowfly any of various flies of the family Calliphoridae, which deposit their eggs on meat and carcasses; a bluebottle, a meat-fly; drying for)

blowhard

'i US Federal troops. 3 Admiral of the Blue Hisi. of the Blue squadron (one of three divisions of the Royal

BLUESTOCKING

person (esp.

I

who

Oxford

NZ

b but, d dog,

f

then pensively washes it out. holt from (or out of) BOLT n.' out of the blue without warning, dark, light blue: adopted by the unexpectedly.

Oxford and Cambridge respectively, c get, win, etc., one's blue represent one's university etc. in a sporting contest. 6 R. Kipling Next time you Universities of

see the 'blue' ashore you do not stare unintelligently. the Blues (in the British army) the Royal Horse Guards, later merged with the 1st Dragoons as the Tennant Every time Rene Blues and Royals. 1 comes round there's some kind of a blue. N. Shute I

K

put up a blue right away by ordering a pink gin. Contb. blue bag a bag containing laundry blue, used also in the treatment of insecl bites and stings; blue spot the spot on which the blue ball is placed in snooker. ^The usual spelling until 18 was blew.

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

/blu:/

a.

Also fblew.

Proto-Romance

adj.

Bubble (up); make a bubbling sound. lME. 2 v.i. W'eep noisily; weep and sob unrestrainedly. LiVlE. 3 I', Utter with crying and sobbing. (Foil, by our, arch, forth.) L16. 4 v.t. Wet,

weeping

.

the blue: sec

blue

swollen, protruding. *" Fmit recorded in comb blubber-lipped

blubber

the 17th and 19th cents ). Danish Russian Blue See also blues. 4

:

LiS.

a.

a.

blue

[Abbrev.

E19.

coltoq.

[f.

see D.anish

Geo. Eliot VtTiere one may float between blue and one of those people who blue. J T. Story I am not can vanish into the blue never to be heard of again. N. iMacCaig The weather doodles a faint cloud / on the .

red-faced;

E20. blowziness

Jiit'.

bl.\b

Navy made between blue:

1

+ -v'.] Coarse and unkempt, dishevelled,

blub

blue

248

!

kg,

f.

Gmc

ME.

[(0)Fr. bleu

(whence also

OE

f.

bli-

ON

blar dark-blue, livid, hx-wen, blii-wen blue, BLAE).] 1 Of the colour of the sky and the deep sea, between green and violet in the spectrum; of a hue resembling this. ME. b Livid, leadencoloured (esp. of the skin as a result of cold, fear, etc.). ME. c Of a flame or flash: without red glare. L16. 2 a Taken as the colour of constancy. lME. b Taken as the colour of sorrow or anguish (see also sense 3). lME. c Taken as the colour of plagues and things hurtful. E16. 3 fig. Depressed, low-spirited; dismayed, downcast; (of circumstances) dismal, unpromising. M16. b Intoxicated, slang (chiefly US). E19. c Aius. Pertaining to or characteristic of the blues. E20. 4 Dressed in blue; wearing blue. L16. 5 Belonging to a party etc. that has chosen blue for its colour; spec, (a) (Hist.) trueblue, of the Scottish Presbyterian or Whig party in the 17th cent.; (b) of the Conservative Party in the UK. M17. 6 Of a woman: learned, pedantic (cf. bluestocking), arch, derog. L18. 7 Obscene, indecent; profane, colloq. M19.

&

1 Shakes Am. CI. My bluest veins to kiss Scott Fitzgerald The blue smoke of brittle leaves C Mackenzie Eyes as blue as the kingfisher's wing. L van der Post A great plain between blue hills. I. McEwan 'Can 1 borrow a blue pencil?' 'Blue for the sea or blue for the sky?' b Milton Blue meagre hag T C. Wolfe His lips chattered and turned blue, black and blue: see BLACK a. blue in the face livid with

effon,

When

excitement, etc. (used hyperboL). c Defoe the candles bum blue the Devil is in the room.

2a true blue faithful, unwavenng, genuine (see also 5 above), b V, Nabokov A combination of blue sulks and rosy mirth, Lolita. c E Young Riot, pride, perfidy, blue vapours breathe. 3 R. Boldrewood It seemed a rather blue look-out. Stein She sense

G

wondered how she could go on living when she was so blue. 4 thm blue line: see THIN a. 5 G. B. Shaw The .

.

bluest of Tones. 6 M. Edgeworth They are all so wise, and so learned, so blue. 7 P. G. Wodehouse A jocund little tale, slighUy blue in spots R. Lowell What blue movie is worth a seat at the keyhole. collocations Special & comb.: blue asbestos crocidolite. blue baby a baby with congenital cyanosis, blueback (chiefly N. Amcr.) a bird or fish, esp. a trout or a sockeye salmon, having a bluish back, blue bag a barrister's (orig. a solicitor's) brief-bag of blue material; (see also blue n.). blue beat (music) = ska blueberry any of certain American shrubs of the genus V'accinium, of the heath family, allied to the bilberry but bearing their fruits in clusters; the sweet edible blue or blackish fruit of such a plant, blue-bill

N

N. Amer. & dial. = scaup, bluebird (a) a small N. American bird of the genus Sialia, related to the thrushes, and having sky-blue upperparts; esp. the siahs; (b) fig. happiness, blueblack a. & n. (of) a black colour with a tinge of blue blue blood [tr. Sp. sangre azul, claimed by certain families of Castile, as having no Moorish, Jewish, or other admixture] a sign of high birth, blue-blooded

eastern bluebird, 5.

a.

blue-bomiet (a) a peasant or soldier broad round flat woollen cap, formerly in

aristocratic,

wearing

a

general use in Scodand; (fc) any of various blue flowers and blue-headed birds; esp. {N. Amer.) either of two lupins, Lupimts subcamosus and L. texensis, native to Texas, blue book a book bound in blue, spec, (a) a parliamentary or Privy-Council report, issued in a blue cover; (ft) US a printed book giving

m man,

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

personal details of government officials bluebottle (a) a cornflower or occas. another blue-flowered plant; (ft) a nickname for a beadle (arch.) or a police officer; (c) a large dark-blue fly of the genus Calliphora; (d) Austral., NZ, & S. Afr., a Portuguese man-of-war. bluebunch wheat-grass: see WHEAT n. blue-bush any of various shrubs with bluish foliage or blue flowers, esp. (Austral.) a bluish-leaved shrub of the genus Bassia.

bluecap f (a)

a

Scotsman;

(ft) dial,

a

salmon

in its first

year (so called because of a blue spot on its head); a cornflower; a blue tit. blue-cheeked a. having blue cheeks; blue-cheeked bee-eater, an Afirican and Asian bee-eater, Mcrops superciliosus, which has mainly green plumage with a black eyestripe bordered by pale blue, blue cheese cheese marked with veins of blue mould (Danish blue cheese: see Danish a.), blue chip (orig. US) a high-value poker counter; transf. a stock

exchange investment considered to be fairly reliable, though not entirely without risk, blue-chip a. of the highest quality; (of an investment) fairly reliable, blue-coat a person who wears a blue coat, e.g. a pohce officer, a sailor, a scholar at a charity school (esp. Chnst's Hospital), (formerly) an almsman, a beadle, blue cohosh, blue-collar a. designating a

manual or (office)

industrial worker, as opp. to a 'white-collar' blue copperas, blue crab a large

worker

edible crab, Callinectes sapidus, of the N. Atlantic coast, blue crane: see CRANE n.'

American lb. blue

dahlia something rare or unheard of blue devil baleful

demon;

(ft)

(a) a

in pi. depression of spirits; delirium

tremens (cf blues i). blue-domer colloq. one who does not go to church, prefemng to worship beneath the 'blue dome' of heaven, blue duck a grey-blue duck, Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos, of mountain streams in New Zealand; also called mountain duck, whw. blue ensign: see ENSIGN n. blue eye (a) an eye of which the iris is blue; f (b) - black eye (b) s.v. black a.; (c) a blueness round the eye from weeping etc. blue-eyed a. having a blue eye or blue eyes, blue-eyed boy (colloq.) a favourite, a pet; blue-eyed grass, any of several plants of the genus Sisyrinchium, bearing blue flowers; blue-eyed Mary, a blue-flowered ornamental plant, Oniphalodcs vcma, of the borage family, bluefin (tuna) N. Amer. the common tuna, Thunnus thynnus. bluefish any of vanous fishes of a blue colour; esp. (a) (chiefly N. Amer.) Pomatomus saliatrix (family Pomatomidae), a large edible blue-backed percoid marine fish; (ft) (Austral. & NZ) Girclla cyanca (family Kyphosidae), a bright blue edible percoid marine fish, blue fly a bluebotde blue funk slang a state of extreme nervousness, bluegill (sunfish) a small fish, Lepomts macrochirus, of lakes and ponds in central and south-eastern US. blue gown Hni in Scotland, (the dress oO a king's bedesman or licensed beggar bluegrass (a) any of various grasses with bluish flowers, spec. Poa pratensis, characteristic of Kentucky Virginia, or other grasses of the same genus; (ft) tfie State of Kentucky; (c) a type of folk music associated with Kentucky and Virginia, blue-green (alga) a primiuve prokaryotic alga containing blue and green phoiosynthetic pigments, blue-grey a breed of cross between Aberdeen Angus and cattle, a shorthorn, blue groper. see GROPER n.- 2, blue ground dark greyish-blue brecciated kimberlite in which diamonds may be found bluegum any of several Australian eucalypts with bluish bark or leaves, blue hare = mountain hare, blue hawk any of various bluish-grey birds of prey; esp. the male hen-harrier, blue heeler Austral. & a cattle-dog with a dark speckled body bluejacket a sailor, esp, as opp. to a marine, blue jay (a) a crested jay, Cyanocma erisiata, largely blue with while underparts, native to eastern N. America; (ft) = roller n.' Blue John (a) a blue or purple variety of fluorite found in Derbyshire, England; f (ft) = aftcr-iuort s.v. AFTER-, blue-joint US a grass of the genus Calamagrostis or a related genus, with bluish stems, blue laws US severe puritanical laws, orig. those alleged to have been in force among early colonists of New England, blue line: spec. marking off an area of play in a game, as in Ice Hockey either of the two lines midway between the centre of the rink and each goal, blue ling either of two small

and

NZ

Molva macrophthalma and M. dyptcrygia. blue MARGUERITE Bluemantle one of four pursuivants of the English College of Arms, blue metal bluish argillaceous shale, used in road-making, blue monkey the samango monkey, Cercopithecus mitis. blue moon lings,

a rarely recurring period (esp, in once in a blue moon), blue mould a fungus in food, esp, in certain cheeses when mature. Blue Mountain (coflfee) a type of Jamaican coffee, blue-mouth Austral, a spiny deepwater scorpaenid fish of the N. Adantic, Helicolenus dactylopterus, with a reddish body and a blue mouth; blue murder slang an also called red bream, extravagant outcry, a loud or alarming noise bluenose (chiefly N. Amer.) (a) (B-) a person or thing from Nova Scotia; (ft) a priggish or puritanical person. colloq.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

6

this,

i)

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

blue N. Amer. colloq.) priggish, blue note Mm. a minor interval where a major would be expected; an off-pitch note, blue peafowl, blue pencil a pencil with a blue lead, used in marking corrections, etc. blue-pencil V.I. score through or obliterate with a blue pencil,

blue-nosed

(chiefly

a.

puritanical; contemptible,

make cuts in, censor. Blue Peter a blue flag with a white square in the centre, hoisted by a ship as a signal of immediate sailing, blue pill (chiefly Hist.) a mercurial antibilious pill, blue pincushion blue-plate a. (N. Amer.) designating a restaurant meal in which the main course is served as a single menu item, blue POINTER, blueprint n. & v. (a) n. a photographic print composed of white lines on a blue ground or vice versa, used for making copies of plans and designs; fig. a plan, scheme; (b) v.i. plan, project, blue riband, ribbon (a) a ribbon of blue silk, worn as a badge of honour; esp. that of the Order of the Garter; (fc) the greatest distinction, the first place or prize; attnb. of first quality, careftilly chosen; (c) a small strip of blue ribbon worn as a sign of teetotalism. blue rinse (an elderly woman with) a bluish tint for grey or white hair, blue-rinsed a. having a blue rinse, blue roan: see ROAN a. & n.'- blue rock: see ROCK blue rod an official of the order of St Michael and St George, blue ruin slang gin, esp. of poor quality, blue runner, see RtnJNER 5c. blue shark a large shark, Prionace glauca, havmg a dark-blue back, blue shift displacement of spectral lines towards shorter wavelengths or the blue end of the spectrum (opp. redshift n.). blue-sky a. (a) N. Amer., designating dealing in worthless securities or legislation to prevent their sale; (6) hypothetical; not yet practicable or profitable, blue see sowthistle

sowihisile:

sow

s.v.

n.'

blue stone

(a)

bluish-grey stone used for building, esp. US a sandstone from near the Hudson River, Austral. & a basalt; (c) any of the dolerite stones forming the irmer parts of Stonehenge, believed to be from the Preseli Hills, S Wales, blue streak colloq. (chiefly N. Amer.) a fast-moving thing or person; a constant stream of words, blue tangle: see TANGLE n.' 3. bluethroat a Eurasian bird, Luscinia svecica, related to the robin, having a blue throat with a chestnut or white spot, blue tit a common European Panis caeruleus, having blue upperparts. tit, bluetongue (a) (orig. S. Afr.) an insect-borne viral disease of sheep (transmissible with less serious efl'ects to cattle and goats), characterized by fever, lameness, and a blue, swollen mouth and tongue; also occas. a comparable disease of horses; (b) Austral, a lizard of

copper sulphate;

a

(b)

NZ

the genus Tiliqua. blue TtT.P. blue vinn(e)y (cheese) a blue-mould skimmed-milk cheese; also called Dorset cheese, blue vitriol, blue water the open sea blue

whale

teal.

blue

/blu:/ v.U. Also fblew (cf. blue a.). Pres. pple blueing, bluing. E17. [f. the adj.] 1 Make blue. E17. 2 Treat (laundry) with blue. L18. blu(e)ing n. (a) the action of the vb; (ft) laimdry blue: M17.

slang.

v.'-i.

Pres.

pple

&

vbl

n.

blueing, bluing. M19. [Perh. f. past tense of BLOW V.' 20.] Spend extravagandy, squander.

Bluebeard

/'bluibisd/

[A character in a by Perrault.] A wives and

E19.

n.

murdered

has

several

bluebell

/'bluibsl/

The

1

Chiefly Sc.

&

woodland

plant,

li6.

n.

harebell, north.

[f.

blue

a.

+ bell

Campanula roiundifolia. n6. 2 A bulbous-rooted

Hyactnlhotdes

blueish

blueism

of bluish.

arch. Also bluism. L18. TTie characteristics or behaviour of a bluestocking; feminine learning.

blue

blues

/'blu:iz(3)m/

+

a.

n.

-ISM.]

mi8. [EUipt. for blue devils: see depression of spirits, melancholy. M18. 2 pi. & (sometimes) sing. A (type of) haunting melody or melancholy song, freq. in a twelve-bar sequence using blue notes, originating among southern American Blacks.

blue

obs. mi 9. II bushman's bundle (often wrapped in a blue blanket); a swag. L19. b A rough outer garment, the material from which such garments are made. L19. 3 A summons (on blue paper) to appear in court. E20. 4 A blue catde-dog. M20.

Austral.

2

/blu:z/

a.]

1

n.

pi.

the blues,

arm,

e

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, n hot,

colloq.

A

2a

hump bluey travel with

a

swag,

hit the trail

n.' Orig. N. Amer. M17. [f. the adj.] or headland with a broad precipitous face; a high steep bank, esp. by a river or shore. M17. 2 A grove or climip of trees. Canad. M18.

A

1

cliff

the vb, to which it is certainly related, but perh. earlier.] 1 A blinker for a horse. Now obs. or dial. L18. 2 The game of poker; the action or an zci of bluffing, orig. in poker; threatening or confident language or behaviour adopted without basis, in order to intimidate or mislead an opponent. Orig. US.

bluff /bUf/

L18. [Prob.

Connolly

f.

leamt that sulking, crying, moping,

I

d:

brandy,

about

call

origin.] 1 Presenting a broad, flattened front; (of a ship's bows) broad and with little or no rake. E17. 2 fig. a Rough or surly in manner; abrupt, curt. E18. b Good-naturedly blunt; frank, hearty. E19. 2a Swift I maul'd you when you look'd so bluff Lytton Finally wound up with a bluff 'Go, or let alone'. B Plain You're so blunt and bluff lately, so outspoken! b R. L. Stevenson He had a bluff, roughand-ready face. W. Faulkner He would correct them with a bluff, hearty amiability, making a joke of it. bluffly adv. L18. bluflhess n. M19. .

L17. [Du. btuffen brag, boast, or boasting.] 1 ; i Blindfold,

V.

bragging,

hoodwink. Now obs. or dial. L17. 2 v.t. & (Attempt to) deceive or intimidate by a pretence of strength US. M19.

in the

(orig.

Conan Doyle

impression

that

I

I

Kennedy There was and Mussolini were

game of

poker). Orig.

bluffed him by giving him the was absolutely certain. J. F considerable feeling that Hitler .

just bluffing. Show strength and they will back down bluff it out seek to avoid trouble by bluffing, bluff off frighten off by bluffing, bluffer n. L19

bluggy

a. L19. [Repr. a supposed pronimc. of bloody a.] Bloody; spec. bloodthirsty, blood-and-thunder.

/'bUgi/

infantile

bluing V. & n. see blue v.', v.bluish /'blu:ij/ a. Also blueish, fWewish. lME. [f. BLUE a. + -ish'.] Somewhat blue; with a

blue tinge, bluishness n.

bluism

E20. a cat, a:

& NZ

bluff /bUf/

2

I.

a. var.

E19. [f. blue a. + or less blue; with a

n.

A adj. & adv. More blue tinge. E19. B n. 1 1 Lead, slang. Now rare or

non-scripta,

bearing racemes of narrow bell-like blue flowers in spring; a flowering stem of this plant. L18. 2 Spanish bluebell: see Spanish a. Virginia bluebell: see VlRGnJlA

&

/'blu:i/ a., adv.,

-y'.]

bluf

or horrible things to conceal.

[f.

bluey

bluff /bUf/

concealed their bodies, or has other mysterious

n.']

/'blu:it/ n. Chiefly US. ei8. [Fr. bl(e)uet dim. of bleu BLUE a.: see -ET'.] Any of various blue-flowered plants; esp. (a) the cornflower, Centaurea cyanus; (b) the plant Hedyotis caerulea, of the madder family. Also called innocence, quaker-lady. Freq. in pi

.

fairy tale told in Fr. (Barbe-bleue)

man who

L17.

Wearing

someone's bluflf challenge or invite a showdown with someone believed to be bluffing, double bluff, see double a. & adv. bluff /bUf/ a. E17. [Orig. naut., perh. of LDu.

The

/blu:/

1

bluet

nothing

bluely adv.

blue

derog.

blue worsted stockings; in homely dress, arch. L17. 2 Designating or penaining to (those frequenting) assemblies for literary conversation etc. held at Montagu House in London about 1750 (where some of the men wore the blue stockings of ordinary daytime dress). L18. 3 Of a woman: having or affecting literary tastes, learned. E19. B n. A female supporter of bluestocking assemblies; a learned woman. L18. bluestockingism n. E19.

2 C.

Anas discors, of N. America. usual spelling imtil 18 was blew. (a) with a blue colour or tinge; t(6) badly (only in come off bluely): M17. blueness n. L15,

winged

realized he

to a living soul

and malingenng were bluffs that paid. A. Wilson TTiere's a lot of bluff goes with this act; he knows

blue-wing the blue-

in the eastern Atlantic

S.

bluestocking /'bluistokir)/ a. & n. + STOCKING «.-] A adj. [f. BLUE a.

a

common

Bellow He

had not spoken three and the blues descended on him. 2 J. Baldwin Frank sang the blues. R. D. Laing Martyn's electronic version of the Skip James blues 'I'd Rather Be The Devil', rhythm and blues. bluesy a. of, pertaining to, or characteristic of blues music M20. 1

words

M19.

baleen whale, Balaenoptera musculus, the largest of all animals, blue whiting a small bluebacked oceanic whiting, Micrnmesistius poutassou,

51

blur

249

n.

E17.

var. of

saw, a run, o put,

u:

BLUEISM.

too, 3 ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

blunder

lME. [App.

/'bUnda/ n. Confusion; clamour.

lME

the vb.] f 1 stupid or

f.

A

L18. 2

careless mistake. E18.

/'blAndo/ v. ME. [Prob. of Scand. MSw. blundra, Norw. blundre shut the eyes, frequent, of ON, Sw. blunda, ODa. blunde, rel. to BLIND a.] 1 v.i. Move blindly; flounder, stumble. ME. 2 v.t. Orig., treat clumsily, damage. Later, mingle; make turbid; mix up (lit. & fig.), arch. & dial. ME. 3 v.t. Utter thoughtlessly; blurt out. L15. 4 v.i. Make a or careless mistake. E18. 5 v.t. stupid Mismanage, make a blimder in. E19. 1 ]. B. Priestley He felt as if he had blundered into a party given by a complete stranger. B. Bainbridge Someone behind him, blundering through the undergrowth, blunder upon find through a stupid or careless mistake 4 Tennyson The soldier knew Someone had blunder'd. 5 Sir W. Scott The

blunder

origin: cf,

banker's clerk, who was directed to account, blundered it three times, waste or lose by mismanagement.

blunderer

lME.

n.

sum my

cash-

blunder away

blunderingly

adv.

a

in

blundering manner E19

blunderbuss

/'bUndsbAs/

M17.

«.

(by

[Alt.

assoc. with blunder) of Du. donderbus, f. donder thimder + bus gun (orig. box, tube; cf.

G

A shon gun

with a large bore, firing many balls or slugs at once. M17. 2 A talkative or blundering person. L17.

Biichse).]

Hist.

1

blunderhead

/'blAndahed/ n. L17. [Prob. alt. of DUNDERHEAD.] A blimdeting dunderheaded person, blunderheaded a. M18.

blunge

/blAn(d)3/ v.t. E19. [Combining plunge w. wds in W- as blend.] Pottery. Mix (clay, bone, flint-powder, etc.) with water in a revolving apparatus, blunger n. an apparatus for blunging E19.

fblunket

&

a.

n.

unlikely to be rel. to oO greyish blue.

blunt /bUnt/

&

lME-li8. [Origin unkn.; blanket n. & a.] (Fabric

ME.

[Perh. f. Scand. neut. thzvan) on base of blundr dozing, sleep, blunda shut the eyes (Norw. adj. 1 Of sight, blunde doze): cf. BLUNDER v.} the perceptions generally, the intellect: dull, insensitive. ME. 2 Without a sharp edge or point; (of an angle, point, etc.) not sharp, obtuse. lME. 3 Rude, impolished, without

formation

a.

n.

ON

scant,

(cf.

\

Now rare or obs. lME. f 4 Barren, M-L16. 5 Abrupt in speech or manner; unceremonious; outspoken; uncompromising. refinement.

bare.

L16. 2 AV Eccks. 10:10 If the yron be blunt, and he does not whet the edge, then must he put to more strength. were short, G. Greene The man's moving fingers blunt and thick blunt instrument fig. a crude means to an end. 3 Pope Tho' not in phrase refin'd; TTio' blunt my tale. 5 A. Radcliffe Be pretty blunt with them if they want to come in here. W. S. Churchill In his blunt way he declared that the mihtia was useless. K. Crossley-Holland Good, blunt words with Anglo-Saxon roots. B «. 1 1 A blunt sword for fencing. E17-E19. 2 Ready money, arch, slang. E19. 3 A type of needle used for heavy stitching work. M19. bluntish a. M16. bluntly adv. lME. bluntness n. .

.

.

lME.

blunt /bUnt/ V. lME. [f. the adj.] I v.t. 1 Dull or make less sharp (an edge, point, etc.). lME. 2 Make dull (the feelings or faculties). L16. 3 Weaken the sharpness of (anything acid etc.); neutralize partly; dilute. M18. I C. McCuLLOUGH Eucalyptus wood blunted the sharpest axe in no ume at all. fig.: H. Arendt It blunts the impact of one of the basic totalitarian tenets. 2 I. Murdoch appetite for Hugo's conversation was not blunted. J Heller Twenty-nine months in the service had not blunted his genius for ineptitude.

My

II v.i. 4 Become dull or less sharp. L17. 4 M. Mitchell Her weapons of scorn, coldness and abuse blunted in her hands,

blur /bb:/

n.

smear which

M16. [Perh.

rel.

to

blear

]

1

A

partially obscures; fig. a moral stain An indistinct, unfocused, or

or blemish. M16. 2

or apprehension; confused dimness. M19. 1 F. Quarles He that clenses a blot with blotted fingers makes a greater blurre. Milton These blurs

dim image, sotmd,

day, au no,

e:

hair,

13

near,

ai

boy, oa poor,

M3

tire,

aoa sour

.

blur are too apparent in his life 2 S Gibbons A confused blur of voices and boots in the yard outside. 1. MfRDOCH The farther roses merged into a multi-

coloured blur. blun-iness n.

blurr)'

condition M20. blurry

a. full

of

blurs, mdistinct L19.

blur bb: Smear

v. Infl.

M16.

-rr-.

[f.

as

prec]

v.t.

I

1

M16. 2 3 Make xmdiscriminating

(clear writing etc.) with ink etc.

disfigure,

Sully,

fig.

Dim

4

indistinct. E17.

L16.

defile.

make

or

Shakes Hum/. Such an act That blurs the grace and blush of modest>- 3 Tenn^'Sok One low light Blurr'd by the creeping mist. N. GORDIMER Reception was blurred by static interference. R. Hayman A narrative st>ie which helps to blur distinctions between mental events and external reality. 4 H. WouK The 2

.ilcohol hadn't blurred his

or indistinct. E17. 6

Make

blurs in writing. E17. With jjvs. in spcc>aJi2cd senses: blur out efface, blot out blur over obscure by a blur, make indistinct,

blurb bbrb'

slang (orig. US). E20. [Fanciful

n.

Gelett Burgess.] A publisher's brief, usu. eulogistic, description of a book, printed on its jacket or in advertisements; descriptive or commendatory matter,

form

US

by

blurt f.

/bbit/ 1

humorist

&

t'.

n.

L16. [Prob. imit.:

blirt.]

cf.

Utter abruptly or injudiciously; burst

t'.r.

out with.

L16.

t2

Make

contemptuous L16-M17.

v-i.

a

puffing gesture with the lips. 1 Q. Bell She told secrets, not realising they would Styron 'I'm going to be blurted out in company.

W

miss you, Sophie,'

B

I

An

blurted.

contemptuous) eruptive emission of breath. H6-E17. 2 An abrupt or injudicious utterance, rare. M19. 1

n.

blush

1

bl.\J

(esp.

&

n.

lME.

a.

A

[f the vb.]

n.

I

A

gleam; a blink; a glance, glimpse, obs. exc. as below. lME. 2 A reddening, redness, of the face caused by embarrassment, shame, modesty, etc. LI 6. 3 A flush of light or colour; spec, a rosy colour or glow as of dawn. L16. 1 at, on, (the) first blush on the first glance or 2 Wordsworth Her blushes BoTO The hot blush had left his

impression.

are

joy-

face but were still glowing, put to the blush put to shame spare a person's blushes not embarrass a person by praise. B adj. Delicate pirik; of the colour of a blush.

fiushes. VT.

he

felt

his ears

bl.\J/ v. Pa. t. biyscan corresp. to

&

pple -ed, (arch.)

MLG

bloschen,

LG

-t.

E17

[OE

bliisken;

to MDu. blozen, blozen (Du. blozen) blush. Sblysian blush, etc.] 1 v.i. Glow red; be or become roseate. OE. ^2 v.i. Shine f'rth; glance. Only in lME. 3 v.i. Become red in the face because embarrassment, of shame, rel.

Cf OE

modesty, do. 1

etc.

M16. 5

t'.r.

lME. 4 v. Make red

i.

Be ashamed

at, for, to

or roseate. L16.

Shakes. Rich. II The blushing discontented sun. 3

Braine She blushed and turned away. D. M. Tho.mas She blushed scarlet and was full of apologies. 5 Shakes. 2 Hen. 7 To blush and beauufy the cheek, blushingly adv. vnxh blushing, as if ashamed L16.

J

i

blusher 'bUJs n. M17. [f prec. + -er'.] I Somethmg red or roseate, rare. M17. 2 A person who blush "' with embarrassment etc L19. 3 The edible mushroom Amanita rubescens, the flesh of which reddens when bruised. L19. 4 A cosmetic used to give colour to the

blusht V. see blush v. bluster "bUsta/ n. L16.

face.

[f the vb.]

1

M20.

Boisterous

blowing; a rough and stormy blast; fig. the storm or tempest of the passions; a noisy c ommotion. L16. 2 (A sound like) the blasi of a wind instrument, rare. E18. 3 Noisy, inflated talk; violent but empty self-assertion, menace, etc. E18.

blusterous a. rough, stormy; truculent, given blustermg: M16. blusterously adv. M16. blustery stormy, windy; noisily self-assertive; M18.

bluster

/'bl.ists/

blmtem, blisum

wd ] fl lME. 2 elements:

v.

lME.

flutter.

[Ult.

Sense

i

imit.:

may be

to a.

cf LG another

Wander or stray blindly. Only in Of the wind, waves, or other blow or beat violently. lME. 3 v Of V.I.

b but, d dog,

i

f

of daily meals (and often also lodging), esp. at an agreed price or in return at a table; the provision

a

Bemi

var. of

n.

n.

n.

/bau/ n.' slang (chiefly US). E19. [Perh. a shortening of 6oy.] (As a form of address) mate,

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

/bau/ mt.

lME.

leg,

&

intended to

n.'.

Now

cf boo

[Imit.:

n.'']

An

Also boh. exclamation

/'baua/ n. lME. [L (Pliny), of unkn. origin.] of numerous constricting snakes of the family Boidae, esp. any of the larger New World examples; loosely any constricting snake, a python. lME. 2 long coil of fur or feathers worn around a woman's neck. M19. 1 rainbow boa, sand boa, tree boa, yellow boa, etc. Comb. boa constrictor a very large boa. Constrictor constrictor, of South and Central America; loosely =

tins A shield. OE-M16. IV A side, an edge. 9 A

[Gk, prob.

ult.

n.pl.

used as

(also

board

WGmc]

:

a.

sensual, cruel;

pertaining (cf.

/baid/

to

or

resembling

a

boar,

[OE

bord,

BOORISH): M16.

See

n.

also

bord.

combining two Gmc wds w. meanings 'board, plank' and 'border, ship's side': reinforced in ME by cognate OFr. bort, Fr. bord, edge, rim, ship's side, and ON bord board, table.] I A piece of wood etc. 1 A long thin usu. narrow piece of sawn timber, a thin plank, often spec, as used for floors or other purposes in building; collectively. OE. 2 A thin rigid usu. rectangular piece of any substance, used esp. for display or support; spec, a blackboard; a noticeboard; a scoreboard. Also, a surface or structure likened to this. ME. b spec. TTie surface or frame on which some games are played, as chess, backgammon, Monopoly, etc. Also, the target in darts. lME. c A surfboard. L18. 3 In pi. Rectangular pieces of strong card etc. used for the cover of a hardback book. L15. 4 Material of various kinds, esp. compressed wood fibres,

of) the ship.

board Orig.,

ship). of,

It).

m man,

table, obs. exc. as

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

n.:

cf abord

side.

1

v.i.

v.,

&

i.

to or alongside (a ship),

2

Of a

v.t.

fig. Approach, assail; make Go on board M16. 3 v.t. & i.

(a ship); enter (a train, vehicle,

&

i. L16. f4 v.t. close by. L16-M17. 5

etc.). lie

Border v.t.

&

t.

(on);

(with

ship: tack. E17.

M. Arnold To decide the battle by boarding. 2 Vanbrugh What do you expect from boarding .

woman

J.

.

a

engag'd to another? 11 Rel. to board = thin plank, table. 6 v.t. Cover or provide with boards; close up with boards. lME. 7 v.t. Provide with daily meals and usu. also lodging, esp. at a fixed rate. M16. b Put up and feed (an animal). L19. 8 v.i. Receive daily meals and usu. also lodging; live with for an agreed price. M16. 9 v.t. Place in lodgings .

.

Freq. foil, by out. M17. 10 v.t. Bring (a candidate) before a board of interviewers. E20. 6 W. D. Howells The floors were roughly boarded over. W. Havighurst Many people boarded their houses tight. L. Hellman I went down to the comer store. It was boarded up and nobody answered the etc.

below.

Now

we, z zoo,

up

=

I

the most dartboard, draughtboard, shovelboard, etc. 4 cardboard, chipboard, hardboard, pasteboard, strawboard, etc.

A

close

to. arch.

approach;

over the board my pieces were in disadvantageous positions, chessboard,

piece of fiimittire like a table.

[f the

Rel. to board

embark on

aircraft,

All

A

lME.

advances

ironing-board, keyboard, mortar-hoard, notice-board, pegboard, running-board, sandwich-board, scoreboard, skateboard, soundboard, splash-board, springboard, surfboard, switchboard, weatherboard, etc. b C. S. LEWIS

table. 5 gen.

come

lME.

V.

I

usu. for the purpose of attacking (ifv.i. foil, by with the ship). Now, force one's way on board (a

into stiff sheets. M17. Southey They carried her upon a board In the I clothes in which she died. Tennyson Pattering over the boards, she comes and goes at her will. J Steinbeck Grass grew up through the porch boards. W. van T. Clark TTie buildings were log or unpainted board, floorboard, skirting board, tread board, etc. 2 Times They had 84 on the board for eight wickets. A. Brink When I come into ray classroom, I find msults scrawled all over the board, billboard, blackboard, circuit board, clapperboard, dashboard, diving-board, drawingboard, emery-board, finger-board, footboard, headboard,

A

/ba:d/

Fr. border.]

made

II

side; (b)

Comb.: board foot a unit of volume (for timber) equal to 144 cu. m., board game a game played on a special board, boardroom (the meeting place of) the directors of a company, boardsailing windsurfing; board school Hist, an elementary school under the management of a School Board, established in Britain by the Education Act of 1870; board-wages arch. wages allowed to servants for food; boardwalk (chiefly N. Amer.) a footway (of a rype originally) made of boards; board-work wig-making.

such timber

OE. b

by

board and

.

to the dory.

boarish

tacks,

lodging provision of accommodation and meals board of control, a supervisory body; spec. (Hist. ) a board of six members estabUshed by Pitt in 1784 to govern British India, board of trade (a) US a Chamber of Commerce; (ft) (B- T-) a (now nominal) British government department concerned with commerce and industry (Board of Trade Unit (Hist.), a kilowatt-hour) full board: see full a. go by the board (of a mast etc.) fall overboard; fig. be entirely neglected, go for good and all. half-hoard: see HALF-, on board = aboard adv. & prep, red board: see RED a. sweep the board: see sweep v. take on board fig. (a) drink, consume, swallow, (ft) accept (an idea etc.), come to terms with, the board Aturral. & NZ the part of the floor of a shearing-shed where the shearers work, the shearers working there, the boards spec. those fonning the stage of a theatre or music hall; fig. the actor's profession, tread the boards: see TREAD v. within (or without) board Naur, within (or outside

bdr = OS blr-swfn, (M)Du. Bdr), f 1 An uncastrated male pig. Also, the (flill-grown) male of certain other animals, esp. the badger, guinea-pig, and hedgehog. OE. b wild boar, the wild pig, Sus scrofa, of Europe, Asia, and Afinca. ME. 2 The flesh of the animal. ME. Comb. boar-fish a marine fish, Capros aper, related

(G

ber

by a succession of short

(sailing)

[OE

n.

OHG

(a) (of ships) close alongside, side

f.

vociferous speakers or preachers; (as sing.) one such person. /ba:/

Now

We

Aram. (= sons of thimder), repr. the name given by Jesus to the two sons of Zebedee (Mark 3:17).] Loii3

beer,

border, an edge; a

exc. in seaboard.

obs.

10 larboard, overboard, starboard, etc. 11 Capt. Cook passed the night in making short boards Phrases: across the board all-embracing(ly), general(ly). bed and hoard: see bed n. board and

above.

Boal n. var. of BUAL. Boanerges /baoa'na:d3i:z/

boar

Long

side of a ship.

:

stng.). E17.

.

OE. 10 The only in distinct phrases and combs, (often used in non-naut. contexts). OE. 1 1 Nam. A distance covered in one tack. M16. 12 Mining. = BORD. E18. coast.

A

i

.

Reserve Board, medical hoard, etc.

Any

sense

ate at the

.

startle.

boa 1

.

.

.

rare or obs.

int.,

stall-hoard,

labourer

bo bo

etc.

above-board. 6 G. M. Trevelyan The board of the farmer, b J. HeathStubbs He'd be glad of a share of your board, Or a place by the fire. J. C. Oates To work at the castle for no salary, only for room and board? c ]. Cleveland An expensive Lord, That Uves at board. 7 Ld Macaulay How little he was pleased with what had passed at the board. A. J. P. Taylor TTie poor law was administered by local boards of guardians. H. Fast The second vice president of the Seldon Bank delivered the formal sentiments of the board. Board of Customs and Excise, Board of Inland Revenue, Federal 5

M19. [G, f B/ut blood + H^ursr sausage.] (A) black pudding.

B mi

house

company. M16.

MI 6. /'blotw3:st/

ME. c lME.

TTie condition of boarding at 7 A table at which meetings are held; the meeting of a council etc. round a table; a committee, a body of examiners, interviewers, etc.; spec, the body of directors of a

for services.

.

blutwurst

lME. 6 A table used for ME. b Food served

meals or spread for a meal.

blusterer 11. L16. blustering ppl a. stormy, tempesiuous; noisily self-assertive: E16. blusteringly

board

L16. blushful J. given to blushing; rosy, ruddy: blushless a. .M16. blushy a. E17.

blush

chiefly in sideboard.

old chap.

bram.

Become smeared

5

II I.;.

storm or rage boisterously; talk with exaggerated violence; utter loud empty menaces, etc. lME. 4 v.t. Utter with stormy violence. Usu. foil, by out. lME. 5 v.t. Force into (an action) by violent or hectoring talk. M17. 2 J. K. Baxter Waves bluster up the bay. ]. T. Story The rain was blustering against the window 3 A. Wilson Ron began to bluster and expostulate. a person:

protests,

adv.

(the senses, judgement, etc.). E17.

A

board

250

J

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, 6 this,

t)

ring,

tf

chip, d3 jar

boardly 7 Shakes. Hen. FWe cannot lodge and board a Irving He had dozen or founeen gentlewomen. 8 engaged to board with the family. C. McCullough to board, for there They were sent to the convent had was no school closer. 9 E. FiGES My brother been boarded out with the family of a schoolfriend. 10 New Society Of the 715 candidates boarded, 104 were bell

W

.

.

.

.

selected.

boarder

person who boards at a house boards at a school; (b) a sailor

(a) a

n.

pupil

spec, a

who

etc.;

who

boards an enemy ship: Mi 6. boarding n. (a) the action of the vb; boarding-house a house offering board and lodging for paying guests; hoarding-school a school at which most or all pupils board; (6) material for boards, boards collectively; L15.

boardly a. var. of buirdly. boart n. var. of bort. boast /baust/ n.' ME. [Origin unkn.: cf boast V.'] I Loud speech, outcry, clamour; menacing speech, threats. Long obs. exc. dial. ME. 2 Proud

or vainglorious speech, bragging; an excessively proud statement. ME. 3 An occasion or cause of pride. L16. 2 Shakes. Cymh. The swell'd boast Of him that best could speak. E. A. Freeman They soon found such a boast was vam mdeed. 3 T. E. Lawrence Some make a boast of vice, to cover innocence M. Spark One of had gone Joyce Emily's boasts was that her brother to fight in the Spanish Civil War. boastful a. full of or given to boasting ME. boastfully adv. lM£. boastfiilness n. E19. .

.

boast

/bsust/ n} L19. [Perh. f. Fr. basse a projection of the wall in a French tennis-coun.] Real Tennis & Rackets. A stroke which causes the ball to strike either of the side-walls before hitting the end wall.

boast «.']

/baust/

1

v.t.

Long

obs.

&

lME. [Ongin unkn.: cf boast Threaten, speak menacingly (to).

V.'

t.

lME.

2

&

Praise oneself, make boasts; brag of, about. lME. 3 v.t. Speak of with (excessive) pride, claim proudly (that). Chiefly w. ob). cl. lME. 4 v.t. Display ostentatiously, show off. L16. 5 v.t. Possess as a source of pride, have to show. LI7. boaster n.' a person who boasts A'lE. boastingly exc. dial.

adv. in a boasting

boast

/baust/

v.t.

^refl.

manner lME.

v.'t.

Shape or

E19. [Origin unkn.]

(stone, wood, etc., or a design in these) roughly with a chisel. boaster n.' a heavy chisel used on masonry etc. (cf bolster n.^) L19

model

boast

/baust/

Tennis

v.^t.

&

L19.

I.

&

[Cf BOAST n.'] Real make (a stroke)

Rackets. Play a boast; into a boast.

ON

[OE bat rel. to beit, f Gmc: Boot, Fr. bateau, have come from Eng. or Scand.] 1 A small open vessel propelled by oars, engine, or sail. Also {colloq., esp. among submariners) a submarine. OE. b Any small or

boat Du.

/baot/

boot,

n.

G

distinctive kind of vessel, esp.

mail

packet,

ferry,

or

a fishing-vessel,

Also

steamer.

small

(chiefly US) a large seagoing vessel. L16. 2 A boat-shaped utensil for holding gravy, sauce,

incense, etc. L17. I

cockboat,

gunboat,

ferryboat,

houseboat,

lifeboat,

longboat, motor boat, narrow boat, rotving boat, showboat,

speedboat,

whakboal,

stake-boat,

steamboat,

bridge of boats: see

etc.

tugboat,

BRIDGE

U-boat,

n.'

I.

bum

dreamboat: see DREAM n.^ in the same boat fig. in the same predicament, facing like risks etc miss the boat: see MISS push the boat out colloq. celebrate, rock the boat: see ROCK v.' ship's boat a small boat earned on board a ship swing-boat: see SWING V. take boat embark in a boat take to the boats escape from a sinking ship using the ship's one's boats: see

boats;

man

fig.

burn

v.

8.

abandon an undertaking

in the boat:

see

MAN

precipitously, the 2 gravy-boat, sauce-boat,

n.

etc.

Comb.: boat-axe Archaeol. [Sw dr>'x] a boatshaped battleaxe of the neolithic period in northern Europe; boat-bill a neotropical heron, Cochlearius cochlearius, with a broad, flat bill; boat-cloak: orig. for use by officers on duty at sea, now worn mainly on social occasions; boat-deck the deck from which a ship's boats are launched; boat-drill exercise in the

launching and manning of a ship's boats; boat-fly a water-boatman; boat-hook a long pole bearing a hook

and

fendmg

spike, for

house

a

shed

off or pulling a boat;

at the water's

edge for keeping

a

boatboat or

boats,

boatlift [after air airlift s v. n.'] the transportabon of people by boat; boatload as many or as much as a boat will hold; boatman (a) a man who a cat, a:

bobbery

251

arm,

r.

bed,

a:

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, d hot,

d:

who

provides transport by boat; (6) (in ftill water-boatman) an aquatic bug of the family Notonectidae, which swims on its back;

hires out a boat or boats, or

boacmanship

(skill

managing

in)

a

,

boat

/baot/ v. ei6. [f. the n.] 1 v.t. Place or carry in a boat. E16. 2 v.i. Take boat, embark. Sc. M16. 3 v.i. & t. (w. if). Go in a boat; row, sail, esp. for pleasure. Chiefly as boating vbl n. L17. 4 v.t. Go in boats upon or across, navigate. L17.

boat the oars lift the oars out of the rowlocks and lay them inside the boat. boatable a. navigable by boat L17. boatage n. (a I

charge paid for) carriage by boat EI 7. n.

boater

of botel.

var.

/'hauta/

n.

ME.

boat

[f

n.

or

+

v.

-er'.]

A

person who rows or manages a boat; a person who goes boating, rare. ME. 2 A hard flat straw hat (orig. assoc. w. boating). L19. I

boatswain batsviegen,

/'baos(a)n/

{.

as

boat

Also bosun. [Late

n.

n.

+ swain.]

petty officer or warrant officer

1

A

OE

ship's

who

has charge of sails, rigging, etc., and is responsible for summoning men to duty. lOE. 2 The Arctic skua, Stercorarius parasiticus. L18. Comb.: boatswain bird a tropic bird; boatswain's chair a wooden seat suspended from ropes for work on the side of a ship or building; boatswain's mate a boatswain's deputy or assistant.

bob

/bob/ n." lME. [Origin unkn.: cf bob v.*] II A bunch, a cluster, north. & Sc. lME. f2 The grub of a beede used as a bait for fish. Also, a beetle (usu. in comb.). L16-L18. 3 A roimded mass at the end of a rod etc.; a knob. L16. b spec. The weight on a pendulum, a plumb-line, etc. L17. 4 An ornamental pendant; a pendent earring. M17. 5 A bunch of lobworms threaded together as bait for eels. M17. 6 A knot or bunch of hair; a shon bunch, a curl resembling a tassel. L17. b In full bob-periwig, -peruke, -wig. A wig having the bottom locks turned up into bobs or short curls. L17. 7 A horse's tail docked short; a short knoblike tail. E18. b A style of cutting the hair short and even all round; hair cut in this way. E20. 8 A knob, knot, or bimch of coloured ribbons; a weight on the tail of a kite. M18. 9 A short sleigh-runner. N. Amer. M19. b In full bobsled, -sleigh. Either of two types of sledge, (a) US (either of) two short sledges coupled and used for tobogganing and drawing logs; (ft) a mechanically braked and steered sledge used in Alpine sport. M19. II 10 The refrain or burden of a song. arch. E17. b The shon line at the end of the stanza in some old forms oi versification. Cf wheel n. M19. Phrases: bear a bob arch, join in a chorus, bits and bobs: see bit n.' odds and bobs: see odds n.pi Comb.: bobcat a short-tailed N. American lynx. Felts hob-periwig, -peruke: see sense 6b above; rufus; bobskate Canad. an adjustable skate for a child's foot, consisting of two sections of double runners; bob-sled: see sense 9b above, bob-sledding nding in a bobsled, esp. as a sport; bob-sleigh: see sense 9b above; bob-sleighing = hob-sledding above; bob-wig: see sense 6b above. boblet n. a bob-sled for two people E20.

bob

/bob/ n.^ M16. [f. BOB f.'l 1 An act of bobbing or suddenly jerking up and down; .Sc. any of various dances. M16. 2 A curtsy. E19.

bob

/bob/

H.' obs.

exc. dial. L16. [f

blow with the

fist. L16. taunt, a bitter gibe. L16.

saw,

a run,

u put,

u:

too, 3 ago,

2

A

/bob/ Campanol.

BOB v^]

1

sharp rebuke;

A a

plain bob: see plain

bob

/bob/

Robert.}

ao how,

ei

&

a.'

adv.

E18. [Pet-form of male forename W. certain specifying adjs. (see

«.''

1

below): a man, a boy. E18. 2 = bobwhite. L19. 1 dry-bob, wet-bob (at Eton College) a boy who

is

involved in land or water sports respectively, esp. in the summer term, light-bob a soldier of the light infantry.

Other phrases & comb,: Bob's-a-dying: see BOBSY-DIE. (or bob's) your uncle slang everything is all

Bob's

needed

right, the thing

bob

/bob/ unkn.] A

done

is

PI.

same.

L18.

[Origin

(now

Hist.);

five

decimal

slang.

shilling

pence, a five pence piece. bob a job: the former

slogan of the Scout Association's annual fund-raising effort during which odd jobs are done for a nominal charge (orig. a shilling), bob a nob a payment of a shilling a head.

bob

/bob/

a.

M17. [Sense

bob in bobtail used

i

as a separate wd; sense 2 perh. i. bob v:'} 1 Cut short (as a horse's tail). M17. 2 Lively; agreeable. arch, slang. E18.

bob

/bob/ v.h. obs. exc. dial. Infl. -bb-. ME. [OFr. bober befool (cf bobu stupid, and Sp. hobo

booby «.'] 1 Make a fool of; deceive; cheat. ME. f2 Take by deception; filch, rare (Shakes.). Only in E17. I bob (out) of cheat (out) of. fool): see

bob

/bob/

-bb-.

v.h. Infl.

ME.

[Prob. imit.] fl

Strike with the fist; buffet. ME-EI7. 2 Cause to rap or bounce against, at, etc. (Merging into bob v? 2.) E17. 3 Rap, tap. M18.

bob

/bob/ v:' Infl. -bb-. lME. [Prob. same wd prec] 1 v.i. Make a quick short movement up and down; rebound; dance; curtsy; come or go in, into, up, etc., quickly or briefly. lME. 2 v.t. Move (a thing) up and down with a slight jerk. (Merging into bob v.' 2.) L17. 3 v.t. Move up and down quickly or briefly in (a curtsy). as

L19. 1 bob and weave make quick bodily movements up side to side (as a boxer evadmg punches, etc.) bob for try to catch (floating or hanging fruit) with the mouth, as a game. Comb.: bob-apple, -cherry a game in which the players bob for apples or cherries respectively; bob-fly Angling a dry fly that bobs on the water, to mdicate the position of the tail-fly

and down and from

bob

/bob/ v.* Infl. -bb-. E17. [Ongin unkn.: cf. bob n.' Prob. earlier in bobtail.] 1 v.t. Fish with a bob (Jor eels). E17. 2 v.t. Provide with a bob; esp. dock, cut shon, (a horse's tail etc.). mi 7. b Cut (a person's hair) shon and even all round. E20. 3 V.I. Ride on a bob-sleigh. Chiefly as bobbing vbl n. L19.

bobac /'baubak/ n. Also -ak. L17. [Pol. bobak.] A marmot, Mamwta bobak, of the east European and Asian steppes.

bobachee

/'bobatji:/

n.

-archee;

Also

arch.

-jee /-dji:/. E19. [Urdu babarchi f Pers. bdwarch.] In the Indian subcontinent: a male cook.

Bobadil

/'bobadil/ n. L18. [A character in Jonson's Every Man in His Humour.] A braggan who pretends to prowess.

bobajee

n. var.

of bobachee.

bobak n. var. of bobac. bobance /'bDh(a)ns/ n. Long [OFr

]

Boasting;

arch, or Hist.

who

or thing which bobs in Angling (a) a type of float;

person spec,

bobber person

/'boba/

L19. [f

n.'

who bobs

ME.

pomp,

bobarchee n. var. of bobachee. bobber /'boba/ n.' li8. [f. bob bob

+ -er'.] A up and down;

t;.^

(ft)

v.'^

for eels. L19. 2

a bob-fly.

A

+

-er'.]

A

bob-sleigh

1

rider. E20.

bobber

as an /'boba/ E20. [Perh. f bob hourly rate of pay.] A workman who unloads fish

from trawlers and

bobbery

/'bDb(a)ri/

drifters.

&

Chiefly Anglo-Ind. father! an exclam. A noisy disturbance; a (Of a pack of hounds)

n.

E19. [Alt. of Hind. Bap re of surprise or grief] A ti.

row.

m my,

[Perh. conn. w. bob w.'] of several kinds of change in

L17.

n.'

One

long peals.

boat

boat;

neck(line) a wide neckline passing below the collarbone; boat people (a) people who live on boats, (b) refugees fleeing a country by boat; boat race (a) a race between rowing crews; spec, that between Oxford and Cambridge Universities, held annually on the River Thames from Putney to Mortlake; {b) rhyming slang the face; boat-shaped a. resembling a boat in shape, spec, shaped like the outline of the hull of a boat; boat-tail a N. American grackle, Qutscalus major, with a boat-shaped tail; boat-train a train scheduled to connect with the arrival or departure of a boat; boatwoman a woman who rows or manages a boat; boat-yard: in which boats are built and stored. boatful n. pi. boatiuls, f boatsful, as much or as many as a boat will hold 1.ME. boatie n. (colloq., chiefly Austral. & NZ) a person who goes boating, an owner of a small boat L20.

boatel

bob

day, ao no,

c:

E19.

hair,

I3

B near,

adj.

a.

O

boy, o3 poor, Aia tire,

ai>3

sour

bobbin miscellaneous in breed or quality; loosely poor in qualiw, made from what is available. L19.

bobbin unkn.

'bnbin/ n. M16. [Fr. bobitie, f fcoim, of origin ] 1 A small cylinder or similar

article

round which thread or yam

wound

wound,

is

in

again easily and as required, for use in weaving, sewing, etc.; a reel round which wire etc. is coiled; a spool. M16. 2 A fine cord or narrow braid in haberdashery. L16. 3 A rounded piece of wood attached to a string for raising a door-latch. E18. Comb. bobbin-lace lace made by hand with threads wound on bobbins and worked over a pillow; bobhin-

order

be

to

off

:

Titt:

see ne.xl.

bobbinet

'bobmet/

n.

A

Also bobbin-net. M19. machine-made cotton or

prec. + NET n.'] silk net, orig. imitating bobbin-lace, [f.

bobbish

'bnbij

a. dial.

or I .' + -ish'.] Well; in bobbishly jJi: EI 9.

bobble

,

'bDb(a)l/

n.'

&

[f.

BOB

a.

A

1

t'.

[f.

bob -le'.] A an ornament or -1-

V.

v.i.

fumbling of a catch, a mishandling of a

ball.

US.

E20. /'bobi/ n.' colloq. Also B-. M19. [Pet-form of male forename Robert, after Sir Robert Peel who founded the Irish (1788 1850), constabulary and introduced the new Police Act

1828. Cf. peeler

in Britain in

n.-]

A

(British)

pohceman.

&

L19. [Prob. f. bob + -y'.] n.' adj. In various collocations (see below), usu. w. the sense 'small, short'. L19. bobby calf an unweaned calf slaughtered soon after birth bobby-pin A'. Amer. a kind of sprung hairpin or small clip, ong. for use with bobbed hair, bobby socks, SOX (ong. US) socks reaching just above the ankle, esp. those worn by girls, bobby-soxer (usu derog.) an adolescent girl wearing bobby socks, bobby wren dial, the wTen. 'bob!

'

atmb.

a.

n.-

A

B

= bobby

«.

calf above. E20.

bobi'dazls/ n. dial. & dang. M19. [f. obscure ist elem. + dazzler.] remarkable or excellent thing or person; a strikingly-dressed person.

bobby-dazzler

A

bobolink

'bobslirik/ n. Also (earlier) bob(-o')-lincoln /bDb(D)'lir|k3n/ & other vars. L18. [App. imit. of the l5ird's call.] .^ N. American songbird, Dolichonyx oryzivorus (family Icteridae), the male of which is black with yellow and white markings, and the female yellowish buff. Also called meadow bird.

bobotie

bs'bsoti

L19. [Afk., prob. of dish of curried minced

n. S. Afr.

Malay or Jav. origin.] A meat with a variety of additional ingredients. bobstay 'bobstej n. mi8. [f. bob (uncenain

down

in

«.']

steady.

&

bobsy-die

bobzi'd.M/ n. dial.. Austral., NZ. Also (earher) Bob's-a-dying .'bobza'dAiiri /. E19. [See bob «. '] A great fuss, pandemonium

bobtail

/'bobteil, n.

&

V.

M16. [Prob.

f.

bob

v.'

(though recorded earher) + tail «.'] A n. f 1 A broad-headed arrow. Only in M16. 2 (A horse or dog with) a docked tail. ei-». .^fa A contemptible person. Only in E17 b collect, in ragtag (or rag, lag) and bobtail, earlier lagrag (or tag, rag) and bobtail. The rabble, the common herd, mi 7. 4 In fall bobtail discharge. A dishonourable dischrirge. US. L19. 5 In full bobtail flush, straight. A hand needing one card to make a flush or a straight in draw poker. US. L19.

B

v.t.

bobtailcd

Dock a.

with

the tail

cunail. L16.

tail of; fig.

cut short, short-tailed M17.

bobwhite call.]

scenery in ceramics. Freq.

attrib.

E20.

/ba'koidau/ n. ei6. [A mnemonic of scholastic philosophers first used in med.L, indicating a particular negative proposition and

O

A

a universal affirmative proposition.]

The

fifth

Logic. of the third syllogistic figure, in

mood

1

which a particular negative conclusion is drawn from a particular negative major premiss and a universal affirmative minor. E16. 2 a Hist. The prison in the old North Gate of the city of

A prison,

-OS.

down

in 1771. M16. dtmgeon. M16-E18.

a

/'hnkasin/

fboccasin)

;

lME.

.

(b-.) PI.

-f-b

f.

Turk,

/'bnka/

A fine buckram.

bogasi.]

n.

L18.

[It.

L19.

boccaro

/'boksrau/ n. Also bucc- /'bAk-/. PI. f. Sp. bucaro f. Port, piicaro clay cup, ult. f. L poculum cup.] A scented red unglazed earthenware of a type orig. made by -OS. L19. [Prob.

/'bobwAit/ n. E19. [Imit. of the bird's Any of several quails constituting the

American genus Also bobwhite b but, d dog,

Colinus,

esp.

C.

virginianus.

quail.

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

/ba'kaunia/ n. E19. [mod.L, f. Paolo Boccone (1633-1704), Sicilian botanist: see -la'.] A plant or shrub of the genus Bocconia, of the poppy family, or one formerly included in this genus; esp. Macleaya cordata, which bears cream-coloured flowers.

Boche =

/boj/ n. & a. slang, derog. E20. [Fr. slang, rascal, (from the war of 1914-18) German.] A

n.

A German B

bock

adj.

leg,

m

Germans

(soldier); the

collectively.

German. E20.

/bok/

M19.

G,

abbrev. of (Emi)bockbier = Einbecker bier, f. Einbeck, a town in Lower Saxony.] A strong dark variety of German beer; a glass or drink of this or other n.

[Fr.

f.

beer.

bocking

/'bokiri/ n. mi8. [Backing, a village in Essex, England.] A coarse woollen drugget or baize made in or near Bocking.

bod

/bod/

BODY

n.

slang. Orig. Sc.

% Not recorded

L18.

use perh. f next.]

n.; in Sc.

person. odd hod: see odd

A

[Abbrev. of body; esp. a

a.

Scodand bef M20.

outside

bodach /'bsudaix/ n. Sc. & Anglo-Ir. E19. [Gael. & Ir.] A male peasant. Also (Sc.), a spectre. bodacious /ba'deijss/ a. & adv. US dial. M19. of boldacious.] utter(ly), downright, bodaciously adv. M19. [Perh.

bode bodi,

Complete(ly),

var.

/baod/ f.

Gmc,

Long

n.'

/baud/

OS f.

bodo,

OHG

boto

[OE

(G

boda

Bote),

weak grade of base of bid arch.

n.-

north, for gebod) (G Gebot),

gibot

prec] message,

var. of

v.-

[f.

bode

w.^

-i-

bodega /ba'diiga, foreign bo'dega/ n. M19. [Sp. L apotheca: see boutique.] (Orig. in Spain) a shop

=

&

dial.

[OE

OFris. bod,

ON

bod,

A command;

f.

OS

Gmc,

behest.

selling wine.

bodegon

=

ON

v.]

A

f.

bod (chiefly gibod,

OHG

base also of

OE-ME.

A

person: foretell, presage, have a presentiment of (esp. evil). OE. 3 v.t., & i. w. well, ill. Of a thing: betoken, portend, promise. ME. f4 v.t. Command (a person) that. Only in ME. 2 B. Franklin TTiere are croakers in every country, always boding its ruin. 3 ]. Tyndall That lingering rosy hue which bodes good weather. A. SiLLlTOE Winnie laughed, an expression of mirth that boded no good for her husband. bodement n. an augury, omen; a presentiment; a prophecy, a predicdon: E17. boder n. OE. boding n. s sit,

t

as

orig.

/'baudm, 'bod-/ a. Sc. arch. Also -in. [Origin unkn.] fl Accoutred, armed. (Esp. well, ill) provided, prepared, dressed. lME.

LME-E19. 2

/'baudz b:, 'baudsz/ n. phr. M19. [Johann E. Bode (1747-1826), Ger. astronomer, who drew attention to the law; it had been discovered earlier by another German, Joharm D. Titius (1729-96).] Astron. An empirical formula giving the approximate distances of several planets from the sim as a geometric progression in powers of 2, starting at the orbit of Mercury.

bodge

/bods/

grudge

n:'

bodger

& n. mi6. [Alt. of botch v. (cf. A v.t. = BOTCH f. M16. B n. =

L16.

/'bDd33/

Now

n.'

= BOTCHER

-ER'.]

bodger

mi6.

dial.

[f.

bodge

v.

n.'

/'bDd33/ n.^ dial. M18. A pedlar, a dealer,

BADGER

[Perh. var. of

«.']

bodger BODGE

v.

grutch).]

f.

BOTCH

/bDd33/

a.

M20. [Prob. f. name) false,

Austral, slang.

v.] Inferior, worthless; (of a

assumed.

bodgie

/'bDd3i/

M20. [Perh. larrikin; a

f.

&

n. Austral. prec. + -ie.]

Teddy

NZ. Now Hist. young lout, a

A

boy.

person whose

/bodi'saitva/ n. E19. [Skt = essence is perfect knowledge,

bodhi

knowledge

Bodhisattva perfect

budh- know:

(f.

Buddha) + sattva being, reality ] Buddhism. Mahayana Buddhism, a person who is near

a f.

see In to

attaining nirvana but delays doing so because of compassion for human suffering. In Theravada Buddhism, the fijture Buddha.

bodice

n. Orig. fbodies pi. mi6. [PI. of retaining earlier imvoiced sound of -s' (cf. DICE n.).] 1 The upper part of a woman's or girl's dress down to the waist; spec, the part covering the upper body (excluding sleeves); a (usu. sleeveless) undergarment for the upper body. M16. 2 Hist. pi. More fully pair of bodice. whalebone corset for the upper body. E17. 1 liberty bodice, petticoat bodice, Watieau bodice. Zouave

BODY

/'bodis/

n.,

A

bodice, etc.

Comb.: bodice-ripper colloq. a sexually explicit romantic (esp. historical) novel or film with seduction

bodied

top, v van,

w

we,

a. lME. [f. body n. + -ed^: cf. As 2nd elem. of comb.: having a the specified kind. lME. 2 Having

/'bodid/

body v.} body of

1

material form, corporeal, embodied, rare. M17. 1 Shakes. Com. Err. lU-fac'd, worse bodied, everywhere, able-bodied, hig-bodied, fullbodied, wide-bodied, etc. 2 Browning Like the bodied heaven in clearness Shone the stone. shapeless

bodiless

red,

prec,

lME.

command; f (ft) a message; (c) a premonition. /baud/ [OE bodian = OFris. bodia, f. as BODE n.'] f 1 v.t. Announce, proclaim. OE-ME. b v.i. Preach the gospel. OE-ME. 2 v.t. Of a

bode

r

bodegones

PI. f.

boden

bodikin

tidings.

n no, p pen,

/bode'gan/ n. M19. [Sp.,

/bode'g.ines/.

representing a bodega scene.] A Spanish picture representing still life or a genre subject.

ME-M17. 3 A bid. Long obs. exc Sc. & north, dial. ME. 4 A premonition, an omen; a foreboding, arch. lME. Comb.: bodeword (Sc. & north, dial.) f(a) a

man,

bude.

bodefiil /'bsudful, -f(3)l/ a. E19. -FUL.] Ominous, presageful.

of the heroine.

obs. exc. Hist.

herald, a messenger.

bode

bode

+

bocconia

E20.

the

Bode's law bocaci{n)

[Sp.

= mouth.] 1 A opening in a glass-furnace through which the pots can be inserted and withdrawn. L18. 2 A volcanic vent from which lava emerges.

bocca

action of the vb; (b) = bodement: OE. bodingly adv. ominously; with a presentiment; E19, (a)

f.

Bocardo

OFris. boda,

Naut. A rope used to the bowsprit of a ship and keep it

what sense) + stay hold

/bo'kais, foreign bDka:3 (pi. same)/ n. L16. [Fr.: see BOSCAGE.] 1 Wooded coimtry interspersed with pasture (in France); a thicket, a wood. L16. 2 (A, the) representation of silvan

the Ponuguese. uneven, knobbly E20.

a.

bobby

bobby

bocage

circular

t.

bobbly

ezo.

colloq.

cotton stuff used for lining (so Fr. boucassin,

E20.

& n.- colloq. E19. [f. BOB v:^ & refl. Move with continual Sport. Fumble (a catch), bobbing. E19. 2 v.i. & mishandle (a ball). VS. .M2o. B n. 1 Hobbling motion; choppiness of water. L19. 2 Sport. A 'bDb(3)l/

-LE^.]

/'bobwAio/ n. N. Amer. [Alt. of barb wire.] Barbed wire.

bocasin

spirits,

woolly ball used as trimming, bobbled a. omamented with bobbles M20.

+

bob-wire

Oxford, pulled

slang. L18.

good

small

bobble

bodily

252

/'bodikin/ n. arch. L16. [Dim. of body see -KIN.] 1 (God's, ods) bodikins! God's dear small body, a body!: an oath. L16. f2 corpuscle. M17-L18. n.

:

A

-LESS.]

/'boddis/

a.

Having

no

lME.

body

[f.

body;

n.

+

incorporeal;

insubstantial.

bodily

/'bodili/ a.

ME.

body

[f.

n.

+

-ly'.]

1

Corporeal, physical, (opp. spiritual); real, actual. Now rare. ME. 2 Of, belonging to, or affecting the human body or physical nature. lME. f3 Solid; of or pertaining to a solid. M16-E17. 1 R. G. COLLINGWOOD Something bodily and and perceptible, a painted canvass, a carved stone, so forth. 2 T. Reid My memory is not limited by any .

.

bodily organ. F. Swinnerton A return of bodily discomforts and melancholy thoughts, grievous bodily harm: see GRIEVOUS a. bodiliness n. (rare) corporeality, substance L16.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 tliin,

6

this,

t)

ring,

Ij

chip, d3 jar

bodily bodily

[f.

ME

.

did carr>' The great altar. bodily agamst the panels.

bodin a. bodkin

var. of

.

CoNRAD To

J.

hurl himself

(sit etc.)

boden.

bodkin

ride etc.

bodle /'bDd(3)l/ n. M17. [Perh. named Bothwelh cf bawbee.]

squeezed between

f a mint-master A Scottish copper coin equivalent to one-sixth of an English (old) penny; the smallest coin. Also

W

Bodleian

Not

that

Hist.

cared a brass bodle for his

I

/'bodlian, esp. as adj. bod'Hisn/

n.

&

a.

M17. [{. Sir Thomas Bodley (1545-1613), Eng. diplomat, who re-founded the library in 1603, + (Designating, of, or pertaining Library of Oxford University. -AN.]

Also Bodley

n.

(coUoq.)

to)

the

Miy.

/bs'dauni/ n. & a. L19. [See below.] (A book or edition) printed by the Italian printer Giambattista Bodoni (1740- 1813); (in) a typeface based on that of Bodoni.

Bodoni

fbodrag

n. M-Li6. [Prob. f. Ir.: cf buaidhreadh molestation, disturbance, tumult, Olr. budraise excitement ] A hostile incursion, a raid, .^so fbodraging only in L16

OHG

body

/'bodi/ n. [OE bodig corresp. to botah corpse botich, mod. Bavarian dial. Bottech body of a chemise), ult. origin unkn.] I The material frame of people or animals. 1 The physical frame of a human or an animal; the whole material organism. OE. b The corporeal nature of a human; flesh as opp. to soul or spirit. ME. 2 A corpse. ME. 3 Chr. Ch. The consecrated bread used in the Eucharist. ME. 4 An individual, a person. Now chiefly colloq. ME. 5 The material bemg of a human; the person.

(MHG

lME. Steinbeck TTien down from the car the weary people climbed, and stretched stiff bodies. D. Attenborough Elongated animals with segmented bodies, b Pope All are but parts of one stupendous whole, Whose body Nature is, and God the soul. Sir W. Scott While we are yet in the body. 2 Shakes. John At Worcester must his body be interr'd Tennyson In the ghastly pit a body was found. 4 Shakes. Merry W. 'Tis a great charge to come under one body's hand. F. Weldon She was a plump, busy little body, with a husband two years dead, anybody, everybody, nobody, somebody. 5 Book of Common Prayer With this Ring I thee wed with my body I thee I

J

.

.

.

worship.

The main portion. 6 The main part of the human or ammal frame, apart from the head and limbs; the trunk. OE. b The main stem of a tree, plant, etc. ME. 7 The main portion of II

something as distinct from subordinate parts or appendages, as the nave of a church, hull of a ship, load-bearing

of a document,

pan of

etc.

figure of the

a vehicle, central text

(Poll,

by

of.)

OE. 8 The

majority, the larger part of anything. (Poll, by lME. 9 a The pan of a dress down to the waist, or the portion of the dress that covers the body as distinct from the arms. See also bodice. arch. M16. b A woman's usu. close-fitting stretch garment for the upper body, fastening at the crotch. L20. 1 10 A chemical retort. M16 E19. 11 Typogr. (The breadth of) a shank of metal type from head to tail, the nominal depth of photocomposed type. L17. 6 Shakes. 3 Hen. VI But when the fox hath once got in his nose, He'll soon find means to make the body a:

arm,

t.

bed,

3:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

1:

see, d hot,

y.

&

n.

(a) n. (in various sports) the placing of one's

V.

way of an opponent in order to impede impede thus; body clock the biological clock of the human body; body-colour an opaque pigment; body count colloq. a list or total of casualties; body

in the

him;

Macaulay The great body of the people leaned to the 9 A. Uttley Becky went upstairs to change

bodyguard

royalists.

body and her black skirt. aggregate of individuals. 12 An artificial person created by legal authority; a corporation; an officially constituted organization, an assembly, an institution, a society. ME. 13 A force of fighting men; gen. an assemblage of persons or things characterized by a common purpose or attribute; a collective mass. Ll6. 14 A collection of the details of any subject; a collection of information; arch, a textbook. M17. 12 B. T. Washington The Alabama Legislature was in session. This body passed a resolution to adjourn. Jan Morris The Thames Water Authonty, the managing body of the river. 1.^ W. Robertson Escorted by a body of horse. J. P. Mahaffy This large and respectable body of opinion H. J. Laski The State must live with other States, both as regards its individual members, and as a collective body. 14 Addison I could wish our Royal Society would compile a Body of Natural History. IV A portion of matter; substance. 15 A separate piece of matter, a material thing. lME. b Geom. A figure of three dimensions, a solid. arch. M16. c Anal. & Med. With specifying wd; a distinguishable component of structure. Mig. 16 Substance as opp. to representation; reality. lME. 17 a distinct form or kind of matter: fa Each of the seven metals, gold, silver, iron, mercury, lead, tin, and copper, answering to the seven heavenly bodies (see below). Only in lME. b Chem. & Aim. Any kind of (solid, liquid, or gaseous) substance, arch. M16. c Paste or clay (of a particular kind) used in porcelain manufacture. L18. 18 Metaphysics etc. A thing which has existence and occupies space; that which is perceptible to the senses, matter. L16. 19 A compact quantity, an amoimt, a bulk; spec. deposit of metalliferous a ore. M17. 20 Comparative solidity or fullness; substantial character or flavour in a material, wine, colour,

An

.

.

All attraction is increased by the approach of the attracting body. F. Hoyle All bodies collapse in one way or another when the forces inside them become large enough 16 W. van T. Clark Sparks had given a kind of body to an ideal. 17b D. Brewster Crystallised bodies, such as nitre and arragonite. 18 J. S. Mill A body may be defined, the external cause to which we ascribe our sensations F. Bowen We cannot thmk of body without extension. 19 R. I. MURCHISON Another body of igneous rock lies subjacent. C. Francis The oceans and seas of the world form one continuous body of salt water. 20 R. Dahl It [a wine] is far too light in the body to be from either St Emilion or Graves. J C Gates Her hair was dull and lusterless, and lacked body. Phrases: astral body, see ASTRAL - qualir\- M17 boggy nature of, or charactenzed by, bog L16. I'iola paJustris (also

bogginess

n.

a.

of the

bog

n.- colloq. M17. [Origin uncertain: bcK) perh. same wd as prec] A privy, a lavatory. Orig. as bog-house (now arch.).

bog

br>g

Ik

v.t.

-gg-. E17. [f

Infl.

i.

bog

n.']

Sink or submerge in a bog {lit. & fig.). Freq. in pass, and foil, by doicn. P V VSThite He would proceed awkwardly across the mud, but soon became bogged. A. Moorehead They bogged most fearfully in the waterholes. A. Powell He gets bogged down in self-pir>' about the difficulties of a writer's life, bog oft slang go away (usu. m impcr.). .

bogey

Also bogy. M19. [Prob. rel to bogle etc., BUG fi.'] 1 (As a proper name, B-,) The Devil. M19. 2 An evil spirit, a goblin; a bogle. Also bogey man. M19. 3 fig. A bugbear. M19. 4 A detective, a police officer, slang. E20. 5 A piece of nasal mucus, colloq. M20. 6 An imidentified enemy aircraft, slang. L20. 'bsogi

bogey

n.'

nr Austral,

'bsogi

bogy. M19. [f BOGEY

f.']

colloq.

A

Also bogie,

swim,

a bathe, a

bath.

bogey

'bsugi

L19. [Prob. f

n.'

imaginary opponent

]

bogey as an number of

Golf. Orig., the

scratch player should need for the course or for a hole. Now, a score of one over strokes

a

par for

a hole.

double bogey: see

bogey

DOLBLE

a.

&

adv.

/'b.-iigi,

Golf.

boggard

v.-t.

&

;.

(a hole) in

'bogad

'

n.

m2o. [f. bogey f?.^] one stroke over par.

dial.

Also -art

L16.

f-st/.

boggle v. & n}, bogle, etc.] 1 = BOGLE. L16. t2 An object at which a horse [Rel.

to

boggles. E17-E18.

boggle boggle

n.'

var. of

&

n.-

[Prob. of dial,

li6.

ongin & rel. to bogle, boggard, etc.] A v. 1 v.i. Stan with fright, shv as a startled horse. L16. 2 v.

I.

Equivocate, quibble. E17. 3

v.i.

Hesitate,

demur

at, about, etc.; (of the mind) be overwhelmed or baffled. M17. 4 v.t. Cause to hesitate or demur; baffle, overwhelm mentally. (rare bef M20.) M17.

4 mind-boggling. see MINT)

B

n.

1

The

n. a

b but, d dog,

person f

who

in

make a

boggle.

boggles or hesitates E17

few, q get, h he,

&

north,

dial.

Bogomil

'bog-/

/'baogamil,

n.

Also -mile Bogomil, the 'beloved of

M19. [med.Gk Bogomilos f. propagator of the heresy, lit. God', i. Old Ch. Slav. Bogii god + milii dear.] Eccl. Hist. A member of a heretical medieval Balkan sect professing a modified Manichaeism. first

Bogo'railian

bogong

Agrotis

Bogomilism

M19.

n.

making

boil

infusa,

Fletcher Boyling in sulphur, and hot-bubbling E. Smith [Pierce] the oranges as they are boiling. B. JowETT Putting in anything that we like while the pot is boiling. J Cheever He puts some water on to boil. 2 Pope The storm thickens, and the billows boil. G. Santayana A torrent romantically

bogus

/baog/

n.

boca, L,

Gk

/'baugas/

M19.

n.

box,

&

^

a.

[Fr.

f.

Hume

v.''

came to Britain; applied grown elsewhere. E18. B

first

infusion of) black tea, orig. of the finest, the lowest, quality. E18.

Bohemia

/bao'hiimia/

transf uses

The world

]

of

&

/bao'hiimian/ n. a. In senses A. 3, B.3 also b-. lME. [f Bohemia (see below) + -an; senses A. 2, 3, B.2, 3 f Fr. bohemien.] \ n. I native or inhabitant of Bohemia, formerly a central European kingdom, now forming the western part of the Czech Republic. lME. 2 socially unconventional person, Gypsy. L17. 3 esp. an artist or writer, of free-and-easy habits, manners, and sometimes morals. M19. B ad]. 1 Of or penaining to Bohemia; loosely Czech. E17. 2 Of or pertaining to Gypsies. M18. 3 Of, or characteristic of, social Bohemians.

A

the conduct

and manners of

A

Bohora n. Bohr Ihy.l

var. of

n.

of

var.

B

n.

h.'

boil

n.

bele, beil,

n.'

N. Amer. slang, {derog.) + -hunk alt. of

boyer. Also tbUe. [OE bula (Du. buil),

OS

(G

Beule), f beyla up,

ON

byl, byle

of)

j

yes, k cat.

I

leg,

[f BOIL v.] 1 An act of boiling. lME. b spec. An act of making tea, esp. outdoors. M20. 2 Something boiled, a boiling preparation. M18. 3 (The state of being at) the

m man,

/bail/

n."

n no, p pen,

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

+

-ed'.]

see SOFT

a.

ME.

etc. arch, colloq. E19.

[f boil

v.

+

-er'.]

1

A

who

rolled

water

boiler,

Scotch

boiler, etc.

steel

for

making

boilers;

fig.

(US)

in a boiler,

/'boilan/ n. E17. [Fr. houillerie distillery,

A

place where boil v.: see -ERY.] boiling (of salt, sugar, etc.) is carried on. Freq.

f

bouillir

in comb, sugar-boilery etc.

lME.

r

v.

lME.

/'boila/ n.

boilery

hump).] An inflamed suppurating swelling of the skin, caused usu. by infection of a

boil

[f boil

garment combining overalls and shirt; boiler-tube each of the tubes by which heat is diffused through the

= OFns.

(cf Goth. uf)bauljan puff

lME.

stereotyped writing esp. as syndicated for newspapers; Mountaineering (in pi.) smooth, overlapping, and undercut slabs of rock; boiler suit a one-piece

OHG bulla bladder

WGmc

n.

Comb.: boilermaker a person who makes boilers, a metalworker in heav\' industry; boiler-plate (a piece

var. of

/boil/

&

n. soft-boiled:

Lancashire

HUNG(ARIAN. Cf HtJNK n.'] An immigrant from central or SE Europe; a rough fellow, a lout.

boier

lea. boil the

or thing which boils something. A vessel in which water or other liquid is boiled; esp. a strong vessel for generating steam under pressure in a locomotive, ship, etc.; a tank in which water is heated for central heating etc.; a metal tub for boiling laundry. E18. 3 An anicle of food best cooked by boiling. E19. pot-boiler, see POT n.' 2 Cornish boiler, double boiler, I

Bohemian

f

a.

Boiled beef, mutton,

n.

person ME. 2

a

quantized orbits. /'baohArik/

make

Brought to the boiling point; subjected

1

&

adv.,

n.

[App.

billy colloq.

;

boreen.

Bora

& NZ)

2 Intoxicated, slang. L19. 1 boiled lobster: see LOBSTER n.' 2. boiled oil a preparation of linseed oil used as a drying-oil. boiled shirt a dress-shirt with a starched front, boiled sweet a sweet made of boiled sugar, hard-boiled: see HARD a.

E20. [Niels Bohr (1885-1962), Da. physicist.] Physics. Used attnb. with ref to a simple theory of atomic structure in which the nucleus is surrounded by planetary electrons in

bohunk

adj.

to boiling.

Bohemian M19.

bohereen

.

tea.

/boild/

boiler

Bohemian WAXWlNG. n.

make

water,

A

1

etc.);

in a stale

is

boiled

A

M19.

feelings,

POT n.' one's blood boils of extreme anger or indignation. With advs. in specialized senses: boil away z'.phr.i. & t. (cause to) evaporate in boiling, boil down (a) v.phr.t. condense, epitomize; (ft) v.phr.i. reduce by boiling; w. to (fig.) amount to, signify basically, boil off evaporate v.phr.t. cause to in boiling, boil over v.phr.i. overflow by boiling; fig. (of passions etc.) get out of control, (of a person) lose one's temper, boil up v.phr.i. (a) reach boiling point; (ft) colloq. boil

one

m

n. M19. [f as next of social Bohemians.

Bohemian

kettle, (Austral.

(An

now

person,

(a

pot, keep the pot boiling: sec

also to n.

inflame

or

.

Wu-yi (see below).] A adj. Of the Wuyi Fukien province, SE China, whence

black tea black tea

cook

fervent. LME-E18. 4 AV E:ck. 46:20 The place where the Priests shall boyle the trespasse offnng 5 H. Glasse When you save the liquor. A Simon Add boil a leg of pork cream, but do not boil mixture again. B. Pym She never really used the kitchen except to boil a kettle or make a piece of toast Phrases: boil a wallop: see WALLOP n. 2. boil the

NW

in

sullen,

make

[f

hills

his

in

I'. I.

Agitate

/ba'hAiank/ n. & a. Also Bahirit:. Bohairah etc., a province of Lower huhayra lake: see -ic] (Of) the Arab, Egypt, f standard form of Coptic formerly spoken in Nile Delta, and used in Alexandria and the the Bible of the Coptic Church. bohea /bao'hi:/ a. & n. ei8. [Chin. dial. Bu-yi

Bohairic

var. of

and bushes. 3 D.

4 Subject to the heat of boiling hquid; in boiling water. ME. b Hist. Execute (a person) by boiling. M16. 5 Bring (liquid, the vessel containing it, a substance in it) to or keep at the boiling point; cause to bubble with heat; manufacture (soap etc.) by boiling. lME. f b fig. II

esp.

adj.

M19.

the wildest of rocks was boiling

Resentment

unsociable mind, C S. Forester Curzon boiled with contempt for Phelps at that moment.

Orig. US. L18. [Origin

Spurious, sham, fictitious. M19. bogusly adv. M19 bogusness n. E20. n.', V. vars. of BOGEY bogy boh ml. & n. var. of BO int. & nl'

among

boiled

apparatus for makmg t'^ coimterfeit coins; a counterfeit coin. L18-M19. B

unkn.]

P.

I

f OProv. boga i. boax a grunting fish.] A sea bream, Boops boops, found mainly in the Mediterranean.

med.L

{.

pitch.

Aborigines.

bogue

(.

lME.

inflamed.

Also bugA large dark noctuid prized as food by

]

ME. [OFr. boillir (earlier boltr, L bullire bubble, boil, bulla a

V.

bouillir)

bubble ] I V.I. 1 Of liquid: be at or reach the temperature at which it becomes a vapour; bubble up, imdulate. Also predicated of the containing vessel or of any substance in the heated liquid (for cooking etc.). ME. 2 Move with agitation like boiling water; seethe. ME. 3 fig. Of passions, persons, etc.: be stirred up or

L19.

n.

tea.

/bnil/

mod.

Austral.

1.

M19. [Aborig

/'bu:g-/.

moth,

&

a.

/'baogor)/

etc.; a

boil at or to boiling point (lit. & fig.). Comb.: boil-ofT the evaporative loss from liquefied gases; boil-up an act of boiling, esp. of water for

Also

E16. [Prob. rel. to 1 A phantom; a goblin; an undefined creature conjured up by superstitious dread. E16. 2 A bugbear; a scarecrow. M17.

4

E19.

point.

water in a river

hair follicle.

n.'

act of shying or taking alarm, dial.

M17. 2 Scruple, demur. Chiefly M17. 3 A bimgle. M19. boggier

A swirling upheaval of whirlpool. N. Amer E19. 5 Angling. A sudden rise of a fish at a fly. L19. 1 rolling boil: see ROLLING a. 3 off the boil fig. no longer at its most active or urgent, on (or at) or to the boiling

n.-, v.'

BOGY.]

E20.

bogle.

'bDg(3)l/ v.

BOGEY

var. of

n.-, V.

''b9og(3)l/ n. Sc. (north.) boggle /'bDg(3)l/.

social

'baogi v.'i. Austral, colloq. Also bogie, bogy. M19. [Aborig. bu-gi.] Swim, bathe

Complete

bogie bogle

Bohemianism

,

bogey

n.' E19. [Origin unkn.] 1 A low truck on four small wheels; a trolley, north. E19. 2 An undercarriage with two or more wheelpairs, pivoted below the end of a railway locomotive, carriage, etc. M19.

bogie "boogi/

/-iTiAil/.

bog-bean =

bog

a

boiling

254

Z'bDilir)/ n. lME. [f boil v. + -ing'.] 1 action of bubbling up under the influence of heat; the action of bringing to or keeping at

boiling

The

J

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, d this,

i]

ring, tf chip, d3 jar

boiling the boiling point. lME. 2 fig. Violent agitation; raging. lME. 3 A substance or quantity of liquid subjected to boiling; a decoction. L17. 3 the whole boiling slang the whole lot. Comb.: boiling point the temperature at which a liquid (esp. water) boils; fig. a state of high excitement or extreme agitation,

boiling

/'boiliij/

A

-ING-.]

point.

adj.

ME.

Very hot.

adv.

[f boil v. + at the boiling

ME.

(Bubbling up)

1

lME. 3

2 Violently agitated; raging.

B

M20.

colloq.

boiling hot, very

adv.

cap worn

boing

n.

Basque.]

f.

bola

A

ball.]

missile

M20. [Imit.] Repr. the noise of spring suddenly released, or a

A

flat

compressed

a

reverberating

sound.

bois brule /bwa

bryle/ n. phr. N. Amer. PI. bois brules (pronounced same). E19. [Fr. = burnt wood.] An American Indian half-breed, esp. one of French and Indian descent.

(Osage orange), used by American Indians for making bows.

boiserie /bwazri/ «. M19. [Fr ] Wainscoting, wooden panelling. boist /bsist/ n. obs. or dial. ME. [OFr. boiste boite)

med.L

f.

buxida f late

Gk puxid-,

fl A box, a casket. ME-Miy. temporary bed or lodging-place, dial, mi 9.

2

box.]

f boisteous boisterous

a. var.

-is

A

a., adv., & n. [OE bald, (WS) beald bald (Du. bond), bald ball, adv. bald soon), ballr surviving in dangerous, fatal, f A adj. 1 Courageous, enterprising, confident, stout-hearted; daring, brave. OE. 2 Presumptious, forward, immodest. dial, or obs. ME. f4 ME. 3 Strong, big. Cenain, sure (of), trustmg (in). E17. 5 Of a cliff, coast, etc.: steep, projecting, bluff. Also (Naut.), used of water close to a steeply-shelved shore. E17. 6 Striking, well marked, clear; free or vigorous in conception etc. M17. b Typogr. Of

bold

/baold/

OHG

OS

lME.

[Alt. of next,

var. of -eous.] f 1 Coarse in texture; rank; stiff, imyielding. lME-eiS. f2 Of a thing: violent in action or properties. M16-L17. 3 Of a

lME. boisterousness

adi'.

Long

bustious

lME.

[Origin unkn.] f 1 Of a person: rustic, coarse, unpolished. ME-M16. 2 Massive, bulky. Now only of a person: corpulent. ME. f3 Fierce, powerful, rough. E19. b = boisterous 5. LI5-L16. |4 = BOISTEROUS I. LME-L16. fboistously adv. lME L16. f boistousness n.

lME

LME-L16.

Milton The bold

design Pleas'd highly those R. Graves Nobody could be found bold enough to take their places. W. S. Maugham Though shattered, he put on a bold front. 2 K. A. Porter The girl had fine eyes, but her bold, airy manner spoiled her looks 3 A. Ramsay Boreas with I

[Fr.

or

nightclub.

/bao'kei/

non-standard. M19. [Repr. a

n.

pronunc] = bouquet.

fboke n.' var. of BOKO. boke /bauk/ v.'t. obs. exc. of POKE

t).']

v.- & Bokhara

boke

of bolk.

n.- var.

/ba'kairs/

n.

var. of

BokmAl.

/bokma'kiari/ n. S. Afr. M19. [Afk., imit. of the bird's call ] A yellow, green, and black shrike, Telophorus zeylonus, of southern Africa. /'bo:km.i:l/

n.

[Norw., f. hok book Danish language as after

its

n.

Bokmaal. Mzo. + mdl language ] The Also

modified

separation from

and

used

in

Denmark. Cf

He

rate poet.

S.

has not a bold imagination.

Phrases: as hold as brass: see brass

(so)

Long

v.

OHG

baldian

=

appear

bold;

boldacious

BOLD

LandsmAl, RiksmAl.

&

obs. exc. 5c.

balden,

grow

f.

prec] f

strong.

/baul'deijas/

/'bauld(a)n/

+

-EN'.]

1

as pi.

[OE Be or

v.i.

OE-E18.

^2

v.i.

a.

SW

dial.

L19.

[f

obs.

v.t.

exc. dial.

E16.

[(.

Embolden, PI.

n.

A

voldo.]

/baol/ n.' ME. [ON Bohle) plank. Perh. rel. to trunk of a tree,

bole

MHG

bolr. cf.

baulk

n. ]

bole

(G

The stem

or

see bolas.

/'baola/

a.

L17.

[f.

bole

+

n.'

-ar'.]

arm,

t

bed,

s:

her,

i

Also

Sc.

(earlier)

fbowall,

-ell.

A

small recess in a wall for holding articles; a small cupboard. E16. 2 An unglazed (usu. shuttered) aperture in a wall for admitting air or light. E19. 1

n.' L17-M19. [AL bola, of unkn. origin ] A place or furnace where lead ores were anciently smelted.

fbole

/ba'lEkJ(a)n/ a. & n. Also ba-. M17. unkn.] (Designating) decorative a moulding above or around a panel etc.

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

m

/ba'le:ra(i,

sense 2 also 'bolarao/

n.

PI.

1 A lively Spanish dance; a piece ] of music for this dance. L18. 2 A short jacket just reaching the waist, worn by men in Spain; a woman's short open jacket, with or without

-OS. L18. [Sp

/ba'li;tas/

3:

Also Anglicized as bolet

«.

Gk

/ba'let/, -lete /-'li:t/. E16. [l^ boletus

f.

perh. f. balos lump.] A of the genus large undersurface of the cap

having

Gk saw,

bolls

a run,

Bolivar:

[(.

of

unit

&

a.

M19.

«.

Bolivia (see

[f.

Simon

boliviano

/balivi'ainao/

n.

PI. -os.

L19. [Sp.,

{.

prec] The basic monetary unit of Bolivia (1863 1962 and since 1987), equal to too

as

centavos or cents.

bolk /baok/

B

A

n.

&

v.

A

of BELCH v.]

Also boke.

dial.

n.

&

ME.

[Var.

Belch, vomit, retch. belch, a vomiting. lME.

boll /haul/

v.i.

/.

ME. [MDu.

n.'

to

OE

ME.

2

corrcsp.

object:

bubble. Only in

Du.

bolle,

bowl

bolla

A rounded

bol «.']

ME.

round fl A

seed-vessel or

pod, esp. of flax or cotton. lME. Comb.: boU-weevil a weevil, Anihoriomus grandis, which is a pest of cotton plants in N. Amenca, bollworm (chiefly US) an insect pest of cotton, esp. (a) the boll-weevil or its larva; (b) = com car worm s.v. CORN «.'; (c) = pink bolhuomi s.v. PINK a? f boiled a. having bolls M16-M17.

boll

/baol/

sacrificial

[ON

ME.

n.'

OE

bowl) =

dry measure for grain equivalent to six bushels.

bolli

bowl

bolla

A

f boll

etc.,

(cf. «.':

blotbolli

cf prec]

most commonly

missile

o put,

]

u;

A

mushroom Boletus, full

bdlites,

or toadstool the

of pores.

E19. [Fr.

n.

f.

L

bolid-, bolts,

large meteor, a fire-ball.

too,

,t

'

/'boloid, -lad/

+ -ard

n.'

ago,

.m

my, ao how,

ei

f.

A

1

]

for securing ropes to.

ON

n. ME. [Perh. (. bolr post on a ship, quay, etc., ME. 2 A post on a traffic

ME

use not recorded again until

19

bollen bollix

V.

pa. pple of

bell

&

n.pl.

/'boliks/ V.

M20.

/-laks/.

o[

[Alt.

v.-

coarse slang. Also -lux

bollocks, pi.

of next.]

A

v.t.

M20. B n.pl. BOLLOCK n. 2. M20. bollock /'bolak/ n. coarse slang. PI. -s, bollix. M18. [Var. of ballock n.] 1 A testicle. Usu. in pi. MI 8. 2 fig. In. pi. (treated as smg.). Nonsense; Bungle,

mess,

a

boUux bolo

mess

confuse;

up.

muddle. Also as int. E20. of BALLOCK V.

a

bollock

V. var.

&

V.

of bollix.

n.pl. var.

Also B-. PI. -os. E20. [Paul Bolo, a Frenchman executed in 1918 for pro/'baulau/

German bolo

n.'

reinforced by association Bolshevik, a Communist.

activities: later

A

]

/'baulao/

n.-'

unkn.] Boxing.

An

Bologna

US.

-os.

PI.

M20. [Origin

upper-cut.

/ba'laonja, -'Ion-/

n.

M19. [A

city in

(Also b-.) In full Bologna sausage. A large sausage made of bacon, veal, pork-suet, etc. and usu. sold ready for eating cold. M19. 2 Bologna spar, stone, native barium sulphate from near Bologna, exhibiting phosphorescence when calcined. L19. Bolognian a. of or pertaining to Bologna L16, Italy.]

1

Bolognese

/bnla'n(j)eiz, /ort-;^; b,-)lo'jie:ze/

n.

&.

M18. [It.: see prec, -ESE.] A n. PI. same. I Hist. The territory of Bologna, in Italy. M18. 2 A native or inhabitant of Bologna. E19. 3 The Italian dialect of Bologna. M19. B adj. Of or pertaining to Bologna. E19. a.

SPAGHETTI Bolognese

[Origin

bolide /'baoUid/

Consisting or of the nature of bole clay. Also f bolary a. (rare): only in M17.

/ba'livian/

f.

with Bolshevik

/haul/ n.' ME. [Late L bolus ] 1 Any of various kinds of fine, compact, earthy clay, usu. coloured by the presence of iron oxide. ME. f-2 = BOLUS n. la. E17-E18. 1 Armenian bole (also fbole Armeniac) an astnngem earth from Armenia, formerly used as an

bolero

1.19.

Bolivar (1783 1830), S. Amer. soldier and statesman: see -AN.] (A native or inhabitant) of Bolivia, a republic in S. America.

below),

island. M20. ^ After an isolated

north.

-os. E18. [Amer. Sp. f. Chilean evergreen tree, Peumus boldus. Also, a medicinal preparation of its leaves, formerly used as a tonic,

/'boldao/

Araucanian

boletus

/'baukao/ n. slang. PI. -os. Also fboke. M19. [Origin imkn.] The nose.

Bolivian

BOLE

+ AUDACIOUS.] Impudent, brazen,

a.

n.

monetary

basic

Venezuela, equal to 100 ccntimos.

bollard

Embolden, encourage. ME-E17. 3 v.i. Kindle (glowing coals); blow up (a fire). lME.

bolden

bo'liivu:/

The

continued Acta Sanctorum, first published by the Flemish Jesuit John Bolland (1595- 1665).

/bauld/

a.

/bnli'vu:,

next.]

is)

who

person

(a

adv. In a bold

BOLD

see

(6) Typogr. bold (type); bold-faced a. (a) impudent, (b) Typogr. - sense 6b

do),

manner. Now rare. ME. absol. as w. 1 A bold person. Now only the bold. ME. 2 Typogr. Bold type. L19. boldly adv. OE. boldness «. ME.

B C

bolivar

var. of bowl Bollandlst /'bolandist/ n. M18. [f Bolland (see below) + -1ST.] Any of the Jesuit wnters who

bold (as) venture, presume, (w with take liberties with Comb.: bold-face n. & a. (a) impudent;

make fmake bold be

or

n.

sleeves. L19.

boko

a cat, a:

remain hers. 6

the

bolection

bokmakierie

bola n. bolar

To win

E16. [Origin unkn.]

Prod, butt,

Bokmaal n.

Norway

so sure

bole /haul/

var.

district

Bokmdl

4 Shakes, Cymb. I would I were King as I am bold her honour Will Johnson I do not think Gray a first-

his blasts sae bauld.

antidote and styptic,

mi6. [App.

dial.

E20. [Bukhara, a town in Uzbekistan, central Asia ] A Turkoman rug or carpet (most commonly having red as the main colour).

and

.

bole

boite /bwat/ n. PI. pronounced same. E20. = box.] A small (French) restaurant

bokay

conspicuous

infernal States.

boldo

ME.

f-uous.

f-eous,

/'bAStias/;

n.

exc. dial. Also

obs.

and

heavy

having a appearance. L19. type:

bold

person or action: rough and turbulent in behaviour and speech; (now esp.) exuberant, noisily cheerful. M16. fb Savage, truculent. L16-L18. ^4 Rough in effect or operation. L16-E17. 5 Of wind, weather, etc.: rough, stormy, wild. L16. f 6 Massive, bulky, cumbrous. L16-M17. /'bsistas/ a.

ON

Gmc]

above.

of boistous.

/'b3ist(3)r3s/ a.

boisterously

(MHG

G

that looks bold,

through

boistous

American)

S.

consisting of balls connected by a strong cord, which is thrown to entangle the legs of a quarry.

.

bois d'arc /bwa dark/ n. phr. N. Amer. E19. [Fr. = bow-wood.] The wood of the maclura

(mod.

(chiefly

ME

boing boing.

Also redupl.

mr.

/boiri/

/'boulos/ n.sing. (w. pi. bolases) or pi. Also (smg.) bola /'boob/. E19. [Sp., Port., pi. of

Now

E20. [Sp. in northern Spain,

/bo'ina/

bolas

=

&

a.

hot. colloq. E17. boilingly adv. (rare) E19.

hoina

Bolshevik

255

/ba'lDniita/ n. L19. [f. Gk. hole my of + -OMETER.] Physics. An instrument for measuring the intensity of electromagnetic radiation (esp. infrared and microwaves)

bolometer light

electrically.

bolo'metric a. of, pertaining to, employing, or measured by a bolometer; bolomclnc magnitude (Astron.), a measure of the total energy emitted (e.g. by

over

a star)

adv.

boloney

1

2 Humbug; Bolshevik bol'shcvik

e:

wavelengths: L19. bolo'metrically n. E20.

/ba'laoni/

Bologna.]

day, 30 no,

all

M20. bolometry

hair,

13

A

n.

Also ba-. E20.

slang.

nonsense. Also as /'bnljivik/

.11

boy,

iia

int.

&

E20.

E20. [Russ. the majority, f. bol' she

n.

= member of near,

[f.

Bologna sausage. N. Amer. e2o.

poor,

a.

,Ma tire,

aoo sour

6

Bolshie A member of Russian SocialDemocratic Part>', which in 1903 favoured extreme measures; an advocate of proletarian dictatorship in Russia by Soviets; a Russian Communist. Cf Menshevik 11. E20. 2 gen. A A

greater f. bol'shoi big.] the majoritj' faction

n.

Hist.

1

of the

B

Of

or

penaming to Bolsheviks or Bolshevism. E20. Bolshe«sm n. the doctrine and practices of

the

&

n.

= BoLSHE\aK

a.

make BolsheWk; convert government. E20.

Bolshie

etc.) to

Bolshevik

& a. slatig. Also -shy, b-. + -Y*.] A n. = Bolshevik n. ezo.

'bolji/ n.

E20. [f prec. -~

nJj.

E20 Bolshcvize v.i.

E20.

country

(a

adj.

communism:

revolutionan'

Bolshe\Tks. Bolshcv-ist

B

E20.

revolutionary'.

socialist

Bolshevik

a.

left-wing; uncooperative,

;

recalcitrant. E20. bolshiness n. L20.

bolson

'b3ols(3)n/

Orig.

n.

M19.

IAS".

[Sp.

augm. of bolsa purse.] A basin-shaped depression surrounded by mountains, esp. in the southern US and Mexico. bolsdn

cushion = (M)Du. (G Pokier), ON bolsir, f Gmc, perh. f base meaning 'swell': cf belly n. ] 1 A long firm (esp. under-)pillow across a bed or couch. OE. 2 Any of various kinds of padding or

bolster

'boulsta

OHG

holsur,

n.'

+b

A

surgical compress.

A

n.-]

M16-E19.

'boolsts/ n.- ezo. [Prob.

'baolsta

E16.

v.

[{.

of boaster

alt.

hea\7 chisel used to cut bricks

bolster

etc.

bolster

n.^]

1

v.i.

Suppon

with a bolster; fig. prop up, aid, (evil, uphold, aid and abet strengthen; wTongdoers, etc.). Freq. foil, by up. E16. 2 v.r. Pad; stuff out with padding. M16. f b Equip with a surgical compress. E17-M19. f 3 v.i. Share the

same

pillow, rare (Shakes.).

Only

4

in E17.

v.t.

Belabour with bolsters. M19. 1 Wellington I have done everj' thing in my power to bolster up the credit of the government. M. Drabble Inseparable friends, who bolstered each devotion. Daedalus The Inquisitors had bolstered their principal accusation with vague secondarj' charges. bolstering ri. (a) the action of the vb; (b) padding,

by

other

mutual

their

.

suppon:

bolt

.MI

b5olt

[OE

n.'

MLG

=

bolt

OHG

boltein) bolt,

fener, (M)Du. bout, boh (G Bohen) arrow, bolt for a door: of unkn. origin.] I projectile. 1 An arrow, esp. a short heavy one for a cross-

A

A

bow. OE. 2

discharge of lightning with a clap of thunder. (Earlier in thltkderbolt.) li6. I have shot one's bolt/i^. have done all one can. 2 a bolt from the blue fig. something completely unexpected, II 3 A stout pm for fastening; a door-fastening comprising a sliding bar and a socket on a jamb, lintel, or threshold; a metal pin with a head for holding things together, usu. secured with a nut or riveted. ME. f4 fetter. L15-L17. 5 The sliding piece of the breech mechanism

A

of a

rifle.

bolt, joint bolt, safety-bolt, screw-bolt, toggle-

nuts and bolts: see NLT n. 6 A measure of rolled fabric. ME. 7 bundle of osiers etc. of a cenain size. ME. bolt, etc.

III

Comb. bAE. [OFr. bulter (mod. bluter), earlier buleter = It. buratlare, ult. origin unkn.: the spelling boll has arisen by assoc. w. bolt n.'] Sift, pass through a sieve; fig. investigate, find out. bolter n.' (a) a person who sieve, a piece of cloth, etc., for b but, d dog,

/'bauma/ n. E. Afr. L19. [Kiswahih.] A defensible enclosure, esp. for animals; a police or military post; a magistrate's office.

f

sifts

flour etc.; (b) a

sifting:

few, q get, h he,

j

lME

yes, k cat,

bolting

1

leg,

m

bombe f It. bomba hombos booming,

imit. origin.] f 1 de fuego], a fire-ball

bomb

of fire

[tr.

(weapon). Only an explosive projectile fired firom a mortar. Now, a container filled with high explosive or incendiary material, smoke, poison gas, etc., or a body of high explosive etc., which may be dropped from an aircraft, fired from a gun, thrown, or deposited manually, and is exploded in various ways. L17. 3 Hist. In full Sp.

bomba

in L16. 2 Orig.,

bomb-ketch,

-vessel,

etc.

A

small

equipped with one or more mortars

man, n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

naval vessel for

top, v van,

throwing

w

we,

bombs. L17. 4 In full volcanic bomb. A rounded mass of lava thrown out of a volcano. Also lava bomb. L18. 5 An airtight vessel used to conduct scientific experiments under pressure. E2o. 6 A large sum of money, slang. M20. 7 An old road vehicle. Austral. & NZ slang. M2o. 8 A marijuana cigarette, slang. M20. 9 N. Amer. Football. A long pass or kick. M20. 2 atomic bomb, buzz-bomb, hydrogen bomb, incendiary bomb. Mills bomb, nuclear bomb, plastic bomb, smoke bomb. Stokes bomb, time bomb, etc. Phrases: go down a bomb colloq. be a great success, like

the

bomb colloq. at great bomb the atomic or

a

speed; very successfiilly.

hydrogen

bomb

as

the

supreme weapon. Comb.: bomb bay a compartment in an aircraft for holding bombs; bomb disposal the defusing, or removal and detonation, of unexploded and delayedaction bombs; bomb factory a factory or other place where bombs are made, esp. illegally by terrorists;

bomb-happy

a. (colloq.) shell-shocked; bomb-ketch: see sense 3 above; bombproof a. & «. (a) adj. able to resist attack by bombs; US not exposed to the dangers of war; (b) n. a bombproof shelter; US =

bombproofer below; bombproofer US a person who avoids exposure to the dangers of war; bombshell an artillery shell; fig. a devastating or shattering act, event, etc. (blonde bombshell, a fair-haired person, esp. a woman, regarded as having a startling physique or good looks); bomb-sight a device used in an aircraft for aiming bombs; bomb-site an area where buildings have been destroyed by bombmg; bomb squad a division of a pohce force appointed to investigate the planting and exploding of terrorist bombs; bomb-vessel: see sense 3 above bomblet n. a small bomb M20.

bomb

/bom/ v. L17. [f. the n.] 1 v.t. & i. Attack with a bomb or bombs; throw or drop a bomb or bombs (on). L17. b v.t. Drive out of a building etc. by bombing. E20. 2 v.t. Foil, by up: load (an aircraft etc.) with bombs. M20. 3 v.i. Fail, flop, slang (orig. US). M20. 4 v.i. Move or travel quickly. Usu. w. adv. or adv. phr. slang. M20.

bombed a. (a) subjected to bombing (bombed-out, driven out by bombing, rendered uninhabitable by bombing); (b) slang (also bombed-out) intoxicated by drink or drugs: M20. bombing vbl n. the action of attacking with bombs, the throwing or dropping of bombs (bombing run, the flight of a bombing aircraft over its target); the loading up of aircraft etc. with bombs: L17.

fbombace [OFr.

See also bombast

n.

med.L bombax,

f.

Cf bombazine padding etc.

bombachas Sp., {. trousers

]

Raw

cotton;

n.

M16-M17.

of BOMBYX.

conon

fibre

for

n.pl.

loose-fitting,

m some S.

worn

alt.

M2o. [S. Amer. wide ] Baggy American countries.

/bom'batjaz/

bombacho

bombard

-acts,

/'bombaid/

n. In sense 2 also -de. [(0)Fr. bombarde, med. "L bombarda, prob. f L bombus: see bomb w. ] 1 Hist. A cannon of the earliest type, usu. firing stone cannon-balls. lME. 2 Mt4s. A low-pitched shawm. lME. b A bombardon stop in an organ. L19. 3 A leather jug or bottle for liquor, obs. exc. Hist. L16. f 4 =

lME.

BOMB

n. 3.

bombard

L18-M19.

v. L16. [Fr. bombarder, f Fire heavy guns at, batter with shot and shell, assault with artillery. n6. 2 {with Assail forcefully v.t. iransf. fig. arguments, questions, abuse, etc.); subject to a

as

prec]

/bom'baid/

1

&

v.t.

fi.

&

of missiles. M18. b Physics. Subject (a substance) to a stream of high-energy particles. E20. 3 v.t. Stuff (a fillet of veal). Now rare or hail

obs.

M18.

bombarder

n.

bombardier

L16.

bombardment

n.

E18.

M16. [Fr.: see bombard «., -lER.] 1 A soldier in charge of a master-gunner's a artilleryman; bombard, an man employed with monars and howitzers. Now arch, or Hist. M16. 2 In the British army, a noncommissioned officer in the artillery. M19. 3 An aimer and releaser of bombs from an aircraft. N. Amer. M20. /bomba'dia/

n.

Comb.: bombardier beetle any of various carabid beetles able to eject audibly an irritant vapour when alarmed; spec. Brachinus crepitans, found in Britain.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 9 thin,

fl

this,

ij

ring, t] chip, d3 jar

bombardon bombardon

/'bDmba:d(3)n/ n. Also -done [It. bomhardone augm. of M19. bombardo BOMBARD n. ] Mus. A low-pitched brass instrument of the tuba family; an organ reed/-'dsoni/.

stop imitating

this.

f bombase

v.t. See also bombast a. M-L16. [f. BOMBACE.] Stuff (with cotton wool), pad. bombasine n. var. of bombazine. bombast /'bombast/ n. M16. [Var. of BOMBACE.] 1 Raw cotton; cotton wool, esp. as padding, obs. exc. Hist. M16. 2 fig. Inflated, language; empty turgid, or high-sounding

rhetoric. L16. a. of the nature of bombast; given to language: E18. bom'basdcal a. (arch.) =

bom'bastic inflated

BOMBASTIC M17. bom'bastically adv. E19.

bombast

M16. [Orig. pa. pple of BOMBASE v.; later = the n. used attrib.] fl Stuffed, padded. M16-M17. 2 fig. Puffed, empty, inflated; grandiloquent, bombastic. E17. bombast /bom'bast, 'bombast/ v.t. arch. M16. [f. the n.] 1 1 Stuff or pad with cotton wool or the

/'bombast/

M16

like.

E19. 2

a.

fig. Stuff,

swell out, inflate.

/'bombaks/ M19. [mod.L f. L BOMBVX.] Any deciduous tropical tree of the genus Bombax, bearing fruit containing seeds surroimded by a silky fibre; esp. the Indian silk-

cotton tree, B. ceiba.

'good word'] a clever or witty remark, a witticism M18. bon ton /t3/ [bt. 'good tone'] the fashionable world, arch, good breeding M18. bon vivant /vivj/, pi. -« -s (pronounced same), [lit. 'who lives well'] a gourmand, an epicure L17 bon viveur /viv(E:r/, pi. -s -« (pronounced same), [pseudo-Fr. after bon vivant, f vtveur a living person] a person who lives luxuriously M19. bon voyage /vwajaij/ [lit. 'pleasant journey']: used as a salutation to a person about to travel L17. (See also no bon s.v. no a.)

bona

fide /.bauns

= with good done)

good

in

bona

faith.]

/ba'no:!/

/.bombei 'dAk, bom.bei/ n. phr. M19. [Alt. of hombil (see bummalo), infl. by Bombay (now Mimibai), a city in India.]

Bummalo,

esp. dried as a relish.

bombazine

/'bombsziin/ n. Also -sine. mi6. [(0)Fr. bombasin f med.L bombacmum (. bombycinuni neut. of bombycinus silken, f. BOMBYX: see -ine'.] fl = bombace. m-li6. 2 A twilled dress-material of worsted with or without silk or cotton; esp. a black kind formerly much

used

mourning. L16.

in

bombe

/bomb,

= BOMB

[Fr.

foreign b5:b {pi.

A

«. ]

conical

same)/ n. L19. or cup-shaped

a. E20. [Fr., pa. pple of bomber next.] Esp. of furniture: rounded,

/babe/

swell out:

cf.

bombed

/bomd,

'bombid/ a.' as prec. + -ed'.] Rounded, convex, poet,

n.

rare.

L19. [f

[i.

bomb

v.

+

-er'.]

1

who

:

bombilate

/'bombileit/ v.i. literary. L19. [med.L bombilat- pa. ppl stem of bombilare buzz, f L bombus: see bomb -ate'. Cf bombinate.]

hum.

bombi'lation

bombilla

n.

M17.

bonallie

/bo'nali/

n.

/bD'neil(i)/. L15. [f

v.t.

literary.

pa. ppl stem of bombinare bombus. see bomb n. -ATE'. Cf bombiiate.] Buzz, hum.

L

,

E19.

M20. [Aborig ] A dangerous stretch of water where waves break over a submerged reef bombyx /'bombiks/ n. Also f-ax. lME. [L f Gk bombux.] A silkworm or silkworm moth, bombykol n. a pheromone secreted by the female of the silkworm moth Bombyx mori M20. /b3/

a.

/bom'baira/

[Fr.: see

for 'good', occurring

Austral.

n.

a.] The Fr. (masc.) various phrases used in

boon

m

Eng.

Buon-.

E19.

A

Hist.

bon appetit /ban

[lit. 'good appetite']: used person about to eat M19. bon (pronounced same), [lit.

apeti/

/kietjE/, pi. -s -s

a cat, a: arm,

c

bed,

a:

alkr go.] (A

[f.

An

n.

dynasty of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769- 1821), Emperor of France. E19. B adj. Of or adhering to Bonaparte or Bonapartism. E19.

Bonapardsm

attachment to or advocacy of the government and dynasty of Napoleon E19. L16.

A

n.

/bauna'raubs/ n. Now rare or obs. buonaroba, {. buona good + roba dress.]

[It.

wench;

a prostitute.

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

Now

rare or obs. PI.

Gk

[L f

r>:

-nasi

The

bonasos.}

/.bauna va'kantia/

phr.

n.

mi8.

[L = ownerless goods ivacare be ownerless).] Law. Goods without any apparent owner, and to which the Crown has right.

bonaventure

/bona'vcntja/ n. obs. exc. Hist. L15. [It. bonaventura ht. 'good fortune', i. \bona (now buona) good + Ventura fortune.] Naut. A lateen sail carried on an extra mizen mast; the mast itself. Freq. as bonaventure mast or mizen. % Commonly found as a ship's name, with its It.

signification.

bonavist

/'bonavist/ n. M17. [Perh. (. Bona Boa Vista, Cape Verde islands.] = LABLAB. Also bonavist bean. Vista var. of

/'bonbon/

see

bon

bonbonniere

]

n. L18. [Fr., lit. 'goodpiece of confectionery, a

A

/bSbanjEir

(p/.

same)!

n.

/bons/ n. M19. [Origin unkn.] played with) a large marble. M19. 2

a fanc-y

1

box

(A game

The

head.

slang. L19.

bond

& a. lOE. [ON hondi occupier of the soil (cf husband n.) f. bdandi use as n. of pres. pple of boa var. of bita dwell, f. Gmc base also of booth.] A n. f ' A householder, a husband. Only in lOE. t2 A peasant. Only in ME. 3 A serf, a base vassal; a slave, obs. exc. Hist. ME. B adj. 1 In a state of and

/bond/

tiller

slavery;

in

bondage;

Servile, slavish.

tied

to.

arch.

ME. f2

lME-mi6.

peasant; a serf, a slave; a villein; bondmanship the state or condition of a bondman; a

bondservice

slavery;

bondslave

state of utter servitude;

saw,

a run,

o put,

a slave; a person in a

bondwoman

u: too, 3

ago,

/bond/ ME. [Alt. of band n.\ preserving more the connection with bind, bound.] I lit. 1 Something with which a person is

boimd; a shackle; a fetter; confinement, imprisonment, custody. Now usu. in pi. ME. 2 Something with which a thing is tied, fastened to

made

another, or

to cohere.

ME.

f3

A

bandage.

LME-L17. Milton To endure Exile, or ignominy, or bonds, I or pam. 2 L C. RoLT Bags of clay laced with ha7^l rods to form a bond.

T

II 4 A restricting or imprisoning fig. circumstance; a constraining force, a tie. ME. fb Obligation, duty. lME M17. 5 A binding engagement, an agreement. ME. 6 A uniting or cementing force or influence; adhesion, union.

lME. 4 F. M. Ford To enjoy a woman's favours made him feel that she had a bond on him for life. D. H. Lawrence Breaking the bonds of authority. 5 R. C. Sherriff An honourable man whose word was his bond. 6 J. Locke Speech being the great Bond that J. Galsworthy Attached to the dead by the bond of kinship. W. H. Auden Siblings can live in a bond / as close as wedlock.

III Legal & techn. uses. 7 A deed by which one person binds himself or herself to pay another; a (government's) documentary promise to repay borrowed money, usu. with interest; a debenture; an insurance policy; a financial guarantee against the collapse of a company, esp. a tour operator etc. L16. 8 Surety; spec.

security for a released prisoner's rettim for trial, arch. US. mi 7. 9 The jointing or bail. fastening of masonry, timber, etc.; esp. any of various methods of holding a wall together by making bricks overlap. L17. 10 Storage of goods in special warehouses imder the charge of Customs pending the payment of duty by the importer. Chiefly in in bond, out of bond, etc. M19. 11 Chem. linkage between atoms in a molecule; esp. = covalent bond s.v. covalent a.

Now

&

A

A

conductor cormecting metal purpose of earthing. M19. 13 bond paper. Writing-paper of high quality

M19. 12

Electr.

parts, esp. for the

In

full

suitable for bonds etc. L19. 9 English bond Bricklaying: with alternate courses of headers and stretchers. Flemish bond Bricklaying: with courses of alternate headers and stretchers, monk bond Bricklaying, with courses alternating with pairs of stretchers. 1 1 double bond: see double a. & adv. metallic bond: see metallic a. sigma-bond: see SIGMA za.

Comb. bondholder a person holding a bond granted by a private person or company; bond paper, see sense 13 above, bondstone a stone or brick running through :

wall to bind or dividend-stnpping. a

bond /bant/ (=

G

strengthen

m.' 5. Afir.

Bund), f

bond-washing

it;

Also B-. L19. [Afk. f. Du. bind.] An Afrikaner

binden

league or association.

bond

/bond/ v. li6. [f bond n.^] I v.t. 1 Pledge or confirm by a bond. L16. b In pass. Of a travel agency, tour operator, etc.: be bound by an agreement limiting loss and inconvenience to customers if the company should cease trading. L20. 2 Reinforce or make solid by a bond or bonds; bind (bricks etc.) together by making them overlap; cement or clamp together; hold together by embedding in a sohd. L16. 3 Connect by overlapping or by a bond to. L18. 4 Put (goods) into bond. E19. 5 Subject to M19. 6 Connect by means of an bond. L19. 7 Chem. Join or hold by a chemical bond. Freq. in pass. E20. 8 Join or hold by an emotional or psychological bond. M20. 4 bonded warehouse: where goods are kept in bondage. electrical

bond. II v.i. 9 Hold together; adhere. M19. 10 Form an emotional or psychological bond (with). L20. 10 A. Tyler She and her husband need to bond

with the baby.

bonding which

in

n.

(a) the action of the vb; (b) the

bricks,

atoms,

etc.,

are

manner

bonded, bonds

collectively: L17.

Comb.: bond-land Hist, land held by bondage; bondmaid(en) a slave girl; bondman (now arch, or Hist.)

as a salutation to a

Chretien

bon +

(0)Fr.

bonce

L19.

[med.L bombinat-

bombora

Also bonnail(lie)

/'bsunapartist/ n. & a. Also Bonaparte (see below) + -IST.] adherent of the government and

Bonapartist

bon-bon

/'bombmert/

n.

maintenance

fair

for holding sweets E19.

bon

arch. Sc.

bond

holds Society together.

tax or

/ba'nanzs/ n. & a. Orig. US. E19. [Sp. weather, prosperity, f L bonus good.] A n. A run of good luck, an imexpected success (orig. esp. in imning); prosperity; a source of great wealth or good fortune. EI9. B adj. Greatly prospering or productive. L19.

=

America.

bombi'nadon

A

for) a good journey, farewell. Esp. in drink a person's bonallie.

good': sweet.

I.

pi.)

wish

n. M19. [Amer. Sp., dim. of Sp. bomba strainer.] A tube with a strainer at the end, from which mate is dnonk in S.

/bom'bilja/

bombinate

[Ir.] Ir. Hist.

Irish chiefs for the

/ba'nasas/ n. /-'nasAi, -'nasi:/. L16. European bison.

throws, plants, activates, or is otherwise involved in the use of, bombs, esp. as a terrorist. E20. 2 An aircraft used for dropping bombs. E20. 3 A large rolled cigarette containing marijuana, cannabis resin, etc. Also, a barbiturate drug, slang. M20. Comb. bomber jacket a jacket tightly gathered at the waist and cuffs

buzz,

mi6.

as

M20.

of soldiers.

bona vacantia

bombed a.' see bomb v. bomber /'boma/ n. e20. person

treated

faith, credentials.

bonasus

convex.

Btizz,

(Erron.

bona-roba

confection, freq. firozen.

bombe

by

freedom from intent

faith,

2

[L =

L18.

'fAidiiz/ n. phr.

Good

L18.

Guarantees of good

bonaght

mi6. [L

phr.

a.

of next).] (Acting or

faith; sincere(ly), genuine(ly).

1

deceive.

to

(abl.

fides /.bsuna

good

&

'fAidi/ adv.

faith

bonanza

of bombyx.

n.' var.

Bombay duck

A

'good Christian'] any of several varieties of pear L16.

bon enfant /b.in Sf3/ [lit. "good child'] good company M19. bon gre mat gri /qre mal qre/ [lit. good will, ill will'] (whether) willingly or unwillingly E19. bon jour /3u:r/, bonjour int. good day, hello L16. bon mot /mo/, pi. -s -s (pronounced same), [lit.

tribute levied

M16.

bombax

f bombax

bondage

257

ai

a slave-woman.

my, ao how,

ei

bondage

/'bondids/

bond

n.

&

v.

ME.

[AL

sense by bond n.'} A n. 1 Serfdom, slavery; Hist, tenure in villeinage, services due from a tenant to a proprietor. ME. 2 The condition of being boimd

bondagium,

day, au no,

r,:

hair,

id

f.

near,

.^l

n.':

see -age.

Infl. in

boy, U3 poor, ai3 tire, aoo sour

bonder or ued;

Jig.

subjection to authority, constraining

force,

or

obligation.

lME.

b

Sado-

spec.

masochism involving binding, handcuffing, MIO. 3 That which binds; obhgation. rare. E17. B f.i. Reduce to bondage, enslave, arch. E17. bondager n. (Hisi.) a person who performs services etc.

as a condition of feudal tenure; in S. Scotland and NE England, a female outworker supplied to a proprietor by a tenant: mi 9.

bonder -er'

'bonds/ Building.

1

.]

rare. M19. [f. bond v. + binding stone or brick. M19. puts goods into bond or owns

A

A person who goods in bond. L19. 2

bonder hoiiJe,

'bondo hiinder

pi.

farmer or

bonnet

258

n.'-

M19.

Hist.

]

[Erron.

Norw.

f.

A Norwegian

peasant

pert>' freeholder.

meal crushed

of medicant

bone-oil dark,

13th cent.

or ground bones used esp. as fertilizer; fetid oil obtained in the carbonizing of bones; bone-seed a chiefly southern African plant of the genus Osteospermum, of the composite family; bone-seeking a. (of a substance) tending to be deposited in the bones; bone-setter a person who sets broken or dislocated bones, esp. without being a qualified surgeon; boneshaker coUoq. a jolting vehicle; Hist, a bicycle without rubber tyres; bone spavm: see SPAVIN «.'; bone-tired a. utterly tired; hone turquoise: see TURQUOISE n. 2; bone weary a. utterly weary; f bone-wort any of various plants held to be of use in healing bone, e.g. the daisy and the violet; bone-yard a place where the bones of dead animals are deposited; slang a cemetery. boned a. having bones (of a specified kind) ME. boneless a. without bones; fig. wanung backbone or will-power; boneless tvonder: see WONDER n. OE. boner n. (slang, orig. US) a stupid mistake E20.

f bonhommie

Boniface

b.Vljozri,

pronounced

PI.

n.

same. M20. [Fr., f bon good + Dieu God.] A church ornament or devotional object, esp. one of little artistic merit; such objects collectively.

bondsman BOND

n.\

'bnn(d)zm3n/

+

n.-

-'s'

+ MAN

n. PI. ti.]

1

-men.

ei8. [f

A person who A person in

stands suret>' for a bond. E18. 2

bondage, a

bonduc

slave;

= bondman

'bondAk;

n.

s.v.

bond

L17. [Fr. f Arab,

Gk

poniikon marine hazelnuts, ult. f. nut).] = nuker-tree s.v. nicker n.*

bone

/bsun/

LG

(MDu.,

Gmc]

n.

[OE ban =

OHG, G

been),

bunduk (karuon

OS

OFris., bein,

M18.

n.'

ON

ben

bein,

{.

Any of the pieces of hard tissue that the skeleton of a vertebrate animal, and consist largely of calcium phosphate or carbonate in a matrix of collagen fibres. OE. b (Pan of) a bone to which some meat adheres, providing possible sustenance. lME. c spec. A 1

make up

bone used by Austrahan Aborigines

in spells to

cause death or sickness. E20. 2 In pi. The skeleton; the body; the monal remams; fig. the essential framework of anything. OE. 3 The bony structure of the body; the body's hard, sohd, or essential part. OE. 4 The material or tissue of the bones; any similar animal substance, as ivor^', dentine, etc. OE. 5 An article orig. esp.

a

spec.

or usu.

domino,

A

made from bone

(in pi.) dice, castanets.

or ivory,

lME. b

of whalebone or other stiffening

strip

material in a corset etc. L16. 6

A

dollar.

US

slang. LI9. 1 backbone, breastbone, check-bone, collar-bone, frontal bone, funny-bone, jatubone, knuckle-bone, marrowbone, shin-bone, thigh-bone, tvishhone, etc. 2 P Larkin The plain bones of the matter is just this: if you're prepared

work we shall get on splendidly. W. GoLDiNG Here the bones of the land showed, lumps of smooth grey rock. 3 Dickens An immense brown horse displaying great symmetry of bone. 4 whalebone etc. Phrases: a bone in her mouth Nam. (arch.) water foammg before a ship's bows, a bone in one's leg (or head) coUoq. a (feigned) reason for idleness, a bone to pick with someone a dispute or problem to resolve with someone, bag of bones: see BAG n. bare bones the mere essentials, be skin and bone: see skin n. bone of contention a subject of dispute, bred in the hone: see BRED ppl a. close to the bone = near the hone below dog and bone: see DOG n. feel, know, etc., in one's to

.

.

bones: mstinctivelv, m one's innermost being, lay one's bones: see LAV t long bone: see LONG a.' make no bones about not hesitate or scruple about, make old live bones to an old age. Napier's bones; near the '

bone

(a) destitute; (b) near the permitted limit (esp. of decency point the bone: in an .-Australian Aboriginal ritual mtended to bring about a person's death or sickness rack of bones: see rack n.* roll the bones: see ROLL ! skin and hone: see SKIN n. to the bone fig. to the bare minimum; penetratingly, work one's fingers to the bone work very hard. Comb.: bone-ache arch, pam in the bones, spec, as a symptom of venereal disease; bone-ash the mineral residue of calcmed bones; bone-black u mixture of bone-ash and charcoal obtained by carbunizuig bones; bone breccia breccia containing fossil bones, bonecharcoal - bone-black above; bone china -;hinaware made of clay mixed with bone-ash; bone-dry a. completely dry; bone-earth = bone-ash above; boTufire: see BONFIRE; bonefish (chiefly N. Amer.) a fish with many small bones, spec. Albula vulpes, a silvery marine game-fish, bonehead slang a stupid person; boneheaded a. (slang) thick-headed, stupid; bone idle a. utterly idle; bone-lace bobbin-lace of a r/pe ong. made with bone bobbins; bone lazy a. utterly lazy; bone marrotu: see .marrow n.' 1, bone-

b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

/bsun/ v.' L15. [f. the n.; sense 3 is perh. a 1 v.t. Remove the bones from (meat, fish, etc.). lis. 2 v.t. Treat or equip with bone, esp. as stiffening or strengthening. L17. 3 v.i. Apply oneself diligently; study intensively. Usu. foil, by up, study hurriedly. (Foil, by on the object of study etc.). slang (orig. 175). M19. 4 v.t. Point a bone at (a person) as part of an Australian Aboriginal ritual intended to bring about death or sickness. E20.

bone

/baun/

slang.

v.'i.

imkn.]

[Origin

L18.

/ba'nim/

[Ir.

bainbhin,

suff.

]

A

young

-in

-I-

boning

L17. [Prob.

bone

(.

+

n.

on accoimt of medicinal use.] Comfrey. Only in L17. 2 A plant of the composite family, Eupatorium perfoliatum, bearing white flowers; Amer. E19.

boneta

n. var.

bonfire

lME.

bonism

open-air in

fire

BONE

&

n.

+

n.

FIRE

A

«.

N.

fbonefire. Ong., a large also, a

heretics, proscribed books,

were burnt. Now, any large open-air for

2.

Also

v. M. ]

which bones were burnt;

fire in

which

= thoroughwort

fire

etc.,

bonist

Rom.

M20.

n}

/bor)/

Mountaineering.

A

bonito tuna,

bonkers

n.

mi6

&

bonheur du jour

n.

dial.

bonne

dy 3u:r/

pnde

B

la

PI.

pronounced same, f

A

'in

the

/'bonit/

A good

1

girl.

(French) nursemaid. L18.

lME.

n.

a person's bonnet

[OFr. bonet

(.

med.L

fill

a person's place, have

2.

Comh.: bonnethead

a

hammerhead

Sphyma bonnet laird

shark,

with a relatively narrow head,

landowner wearing a bonnet like humbler classes; bonnet monkey an Indian macaque, Macaca radiata, having a tuft of hair on top of the head; bonnet-piece a gold coin of James V of Scodand, on which the king is represented wearing a arch, a petty Scottish

the

showing bonhomie E20.

bonhomme

/'bonom, foreign bonom {pi. same)/ n. E16. [Fr., lit. 'good man, good fellow'; in med.L bonus homo.] Hist. A member of an order red,

[ht.

good

a

in E16. 2

fill

tiburo,

friendliness, geniality,

r

of

bonnet: see VAIL v.'

/'bonsmi:/ n. Also f-hommie. L18. + -ie -V.] Good-natured next

n no, p pen,

A

ei6. [Fr., fem. of bon.] restricted to certain phrs.

a bee in one's bonnet: see BEE n.' poke-bonnet: see POKE Scotch bonnets: see Scotch a. vail (the or one's)

bonhomie

man,

of bonallie.

ns. vars.

n.

M19.

PI.

A

a.

&

abonnis headgear.] 1 a A head-dress of men and boys, usu. soft and brimless; a roimd brimless Scotch cap. lME. b An outdoor head-dress of women or children, usu. with no brim at the back, and tied with strings. L15. c The ceremonial head-dress of an American Indian. Usu. more fiilly war-bonnet. M19. d Her. The velvet cap within a coronet. L19. 2 Naut. An additional strip of canvas laced to the foot of a lME. 3 A raised sail to catch more wind. portion of a fortification at a salient angle, serving to protect from enfilade fire etc. L17. 4 The reticulum or second stomach of a ruminant. L18. 5 A thing or person used to put a good face on imderhand proceedings, arch, slang. E19. 6 A protective cover or cap, esp. a hood over the engine of a motor car, a cowl on a chimney, etc.

L19. [Fr., lit. 'happiness of the day'.] small writingtable, usu. fitted to hold toilet accessories, popular in i8th-cent. France.

bonhomous

a.

for the recipient.

n.

bonnet

bonheurs du jour (pronoimced same).

f

M20. [Origin imkn.:

housewife'] applied esp. postpositively to designate particular dishes of food. bonne bouche /buj/, pi -s -s (pronounced same), [Fr. = mouth] a dainty morsel, a titbit, esp, to end a meal, bonne fortune /ban fDdyn/, pi. -s -s (pronounced same), a lady's favours, as a source of

banbh.]

n. phr.

slang.

a.

adopted from Fr. (see below). E16. (d la) bonne fetnme /(a la) ban fam/

L16.

/hanoeir

/ban/

manner

imit.]

[Ir.

/'bogkaz/

Good. Long

adj.

[Fr. bonnegrace

Anglo-lr. L19.

]

bonnail, bonnaiUie

'good grace': see bon, grace n. ] 1 A shade worn on the front of a woman's bonnet to protect the complexion, obs. exc. Hist. M16. 2 A broad-

bonham /'bonam/ A sucking-pig.

L16-L18.

n.

see -er".] Crazy; insane.

/'borigsu/ n." PI. -o(e)s. E20. [Amer. Sp. bongo.] Either of a pair of small drums, usu. held between the knees and played with the fingers.

[Fr.,

esp.

/book/ v.t. & 1. slang. E20. [Imit.] I Hit resoundingly; bang, bimip. E20. 2 Have sexual intercourse (with). L20.

bongo

hat. arch.

L16.

of sexual intercourse. L20.

«.' /'borigau/ PI. same, -s. M19. [Kikongo.] A large striped antelope, Tragelaphus euryceros, of central Africa.

brimmed

n. PI. -os. Also boneta [Sp.] Any of various striped Sarda sarda of the Atlantic and

/ba'nirtaij/

bonk

bell.

[Prob.

beneficial

title.

[L bomtas goodness, Goodness. bonjour int. see bon. bonk /borik/ n. slang. M20. [Imit.] 1 An abrupt heavy sound of impact; a bump. M20. 2 An act

kindled

[Iinit.]

-1-

having

Beneficial;

Mediterranean.

large piton.

/'bongreis/

bonitas

possession without formal legal Also boni'tarian a. M19.

bongo

bongrace

L

Law.

Only E20.

a. M19. [f late L goodness -anus -ary'.]

/'bDnit(3)rj/

bonitanus f

'bone-fires'), or for other purposes. lME. W. Raleigh Celebrate the victorie with bonefiers in euerie town, make a bonfire of destroy. Comb.: Bonfire Night 5 November, the anniversary of the Gimpowder Plot (1605), on which large fires are built and efhgies of the conspirator Guy Fawkes are burnt.

bong

L19.

n.

bonitary

garden refuse, etc., or in celebration of some event or occasion (as was often the case with

(Emit) a low-pitched soimd as of a

n. L19. [f. L bonus good + doctrine that the world is good, but

not the best possible,

the disposal of waste material, brushwood,

B D.f. & Light bonfires (in). E17. bong /boi]/ n.' & v.i. Orig. US.

unkn.]

[Origin

L18.

n.

/'bDniz(3)ni/

The

-ISM.]

of BONiTo.

/'bonfAia/

[f.

/'bsunir)/

BOUNTY: see -ity

V.',

boniformis

etc. The process of judging the straightness of a surface or line by eye, as by looking along the tops of two straight edges, or along a line of poles. Freq. attrib.

fbonity

of bonfire.

[mod.L

L17.

a.

Surveying

dim.

pig.

fbonefire n. & v. var. boneset /'baunsst/ n. SET

/'bonifaim/

bonify /'bonif/u/ v.t. E17. [Fr. bonifier improve, f. as BON + -fier -FY.] f 1 Benefit. Only in E17. 2 Make good; turn into good. L17.

Anglo-Ir. PI. -s, same. M19.

n.

n.

(Henry More) tr. Gk agathoeides (Plato): see -FORM.] Cognizant of moral goodness; having the form of good,

/ba'njits/.

banbh sucking-pig

{.

of bonhomie.

n. var.

/'bonifeis/

boniform

Seize; snatch, steal.

boneen

arrived in England in the

arch. E19. [A character G. Farquhar's Beaux' Stratagem.] (A name for) an innkeeper,

bone

different wd.]

who

in

:

bondieuserie

friars

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

7.

zoo,

bonnet;

bonnet

rouge

(pronoimced same), J

[Fr.

/bsne

=

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, ^ this,

pi. ru:3/, -s -s red] the red cap of the

13

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

bonnet French sansculottes of 1793, taken revolutionary

as a

symbol of the

/'bnnit/ v. E17. [f. the n.] f 1 v.i. Take token of respect, rare in the bonnet (Shakes.). Only in E17. 2 v.t. Put a bonnet on. E19. 3 v.i. Crush down the hat of (a person) over the eyes. M19. off

bonnibel

/'bonibsl/

L16. [Perh.

arch.

n.

'good and

el belle

{.

Ft.

A fair maid,

fair'.]

&

bonny

/'boni/ a. dial. colloq. L15. [Origin uncertain: perh. to be referred to OFr. bon 1 Pleasing to the sight; (fern, bone) good.]

comely; expressing homely beauty. Sc. 8c north. L15. 2 Nice, good, fine. Often iron. Sc. & north. M16. f 3 Smiling; bright. L16-E19. 4 Of fine size, big. Now usu. (healthily) plump, looking well. L16.

bonnily adv. n6. bonniness

bonny-clabber

E17.

«.

/'boniklaba/

n.

Anglo-lr.

bainne clabair thick milk for churning, f bainne milk, clabar dasher of a chum.] Milk naturally clotted on souring,

name

/'bonsbao/

M20.

-os.

PI.

n.

of

bonsai

/'bonsAi/

+

n.

PI.

same. E2o. Qap.,

bon

f.

The Qapanese)

practice of cultivating aitificially dwarfed potted plants or small trees; a plant or tree cultivated by this sai planting.]

method.

bonsense

/'bDns(3)ns/ n. L17. [f Fr. Good sense.

bon good,

after nonsense.^

bonspiel

/'bnnspid/

WFlem.

cf

origin:

sponing contest,

n.

M16. [Prob. of

Sc.

LG

bonespel a children's game.]

Now

match.

a

spec,

A

a major

curling-match.

bontebok

/'bontsbok/ n. Also -tb- /-tb-/. PI. same. L18. [Afk., f Du. bant pied + bok buck A reddish white-faced southern African n.'] antelope (usu. regarded as conspecific with the blesbok Damaliscus dorcas,).

bonus

/'baonss/ n. li8. [Prob. joc. or ignorant L bonu; (masc.) for bonum (neut.) good thing: prob. orig. Stock Exch. slang] 1 Something, esp. money, over and above that which is normally expected; something to the good or into the bargain. Occas., a douceur, a bribe. L18. 2 spec. An extra dividend paid to shareholders of a company; a portion of profits allowed to the holder of an insurance policy; a gratuity to employees beyond their normal pay.

use of

E19. 2 no-claini(s) bonus: see

NO

a.

Comb. bonus issue = scnp

issue s.v.

:

bonxie

/'boriksi/

scrip

'

Orig. Shetland. L18. [Norw.

n.

f ON bunki heap woman).] The great skua. bony /'baoni/ a. lME. [f. bone n. + -y'.] 1 Of, pertainmg to, or of the nature of bone or bones; consisting or made of bone or bones. lME. 2 Having many bones; having large or prominent bunksi, (cf.

dumpy body

bunke

{.

Norw. bunke

bones, esp. with

fat

little flesh.

fish (a) a fish with bones rather than a cartilaginous skeleton, i.e. a member of the class Pisces (or Osteichthyes), to which the

majority of living fishes belong; (b) N. Amer. the menhaden, Brevnortia tyrannus. bony labyrinth Anai. the system of bony canals and chambers surrounding the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear.

boniness

bonze

ihc or a television.

M20. M20.

slang (orig. 175).

booby

foolish

«.-]

[f.

bub n.' Usu.

A woman's breast.

woman's low-cut

close-fitting

boobialla n. vat. of boobyalla. booboisie /bu:bwa:'zi:/ n. US slang. f. boob n.' after bourgeoisie.] Boobs

E2o. [Joc.

:

a

n."

as a class,

n.

A

/'bu:buk/

n.

E19. [Aborig., imit. of the

A small brown owl, Ninox novaeseelandiae, native to Australasia. Also called mopoke, morepork. bird's call.] In full boobook owl.

/bu:/

slang.

M20.

[Origin

unkn]

A

& v. E19. [Imit.: A prolonged sound

n:',

cf.

BO

mt. 8c

v.t.

booer

&

a cat, u:

n.

Make such

/.

a

sound

(at);

jeer (a

etc.). E19.

E20.

arm,

e

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see,

r>

hot,

L

when tampered with; booby-trap v.i. place one or more booby traps in or on. boobyish a. awkward and silly L18. booby /'bu:bi/ n.'^ slang (orig. US). M20. [Alt. of BUBBY «.'] = BOOB n.' Usu. in pi. boobyalla /buibi'ala/ n. Austral. Also boobi-. M19. [Abong.] Any of various coastal trees and shrubs, esp. a wattle. Acacia longijolia, or a shrub of the genus Myoporum. boodie /'bu:di/ n. Austral. M19. [Aborig ] A ratkangaroo, Betlongia lesueuri. Also boodie-rat. boodle /'bu:d(3)l/ n. 8c v. slang (chiefly US). E17. [Du. boedel, boel possessions, disorderly mass, = OFris. bodel movable goods, LG bbdel.] A «. 1 Crowd, pack, lot; = caboodle. E17. 2 Money; spec, money acquired or spent illegally or improperly; proceeds of corruption. M19. B off

& (. Bribe; give or take bribes. L19. f Rare bef. 19 boodler n. a person who gives or takes bribes H9. boogaloo /buiga'lu:/ n. & v.i. Chiefly US. M20. [Perh. alt. of boogie-woogie after hullabaloo etc.] (Perform) a dance with swivelling and v.t.

boogie

movements,

/'bu:gi/

of bogey

n.'

«.']

A

t75 slang, derog. E20. [Perh. Black,

A

h.

party, esp. a rent party. t75 slang. E20. 2

=

boogie

/'bu:gi/ n.- 8c v. E20. [Origin unkn.]

(orig.

to

/bu:gi'wu:gi/ n. E20. [Prob. redupl. of boogie n.'] A percussive style of playing blues, esp. on piano, with a repetitive bass figure,

boohai

«.

invented

int.

or

person, an action,

n.'

f.

A

boojum

int.,

n. expressing disapproval, or an exclamation intended to startle. Occas., a sound (as) of cattle lowing. E19. can't say boo to a goose is very timid or shy.

«.^]

derision

E17. [Prob. f Sp. bobo (in balbus stammering, stuttering: see -Y*.] 1 silly, stupid, or childish person. E17. 2 Any of vanous sea birds of the genus Sula, closely related to the garmet. M17. Comb.: booby-hatch (a) Naur, a small compamon or hatch-cover; (b) US slang a lock-up, a cell; an asylum; booby prize: awarded in fun or ridicule to the last competitor, lowest scorer, etc.; booby trap (a) something designed as a practical )oke to catch the unwary, esp. an ob)ect placed on top of a door so as to fall on the first opener; (b) an apparently harmless device concealing an explosive charge designed to go /'bu:bi/

both senses),

var. of

x.

/'bu:d33m/

n.

by

Carroll.]

Lewis

L19.

[Nonsense

An

wd

imaginary

dangerous animal, /buk/ n. [OE boc = OFris., OS bok (Du. boek), buoh (G Buch), ON bok (cf Goth. bska letter of the alphabet), f a Gmc base usu. taken to be rel. to BEECH, as the wood of rune-tablets.] 1 A writing, a written document; a chaner, a deed. Long obs. exc. Hist. OE. f2 A narrative, a record, a list. OE L17. 3 A

book

OHG

saw,

a

run, u put,

u:

too, 3 ago,

AV Gen. 5:1 The booke of the generations of Adam. 3 G. Gissing She must read the best books that had been written on tjie training of children's minds. Aldoijs Huxley Life became safe, things assumed meaning, only when they had been translated into words and confined between the covers of a book. R. HoGGART Of another author's books more than six million copies are said to have been sold in three years. A Porter She sits in her deep chair with an open book on her knees, commonplace-book, daybook, guidebook, handbook, hymn-book, log-book, notebook, picture-book, prompt-book, scrapbook, servicebook, textbook, wordbook, etc. 4b J. MoRLEV The books show that the nen profits had exceeded £23,000 for the year B. HiNES Just tell him to put it in t' book and I'll pay him at t' week-end. e P G. Wodehouse I am still willing to make a little book from time to time to entertain sportsmen and gentlemen. 5 Shakes. Hen. V In the book of Numbers is it wnt. J, Gross As a child, Mill [had] an entire book of The Faene Queene read booke of the purchase. 2

K

.

m my,

ao how,

ei

.

aloud to him 6 Shakes. Merry It". My son profits nothing in the world at his book. 7 Shakes. VC^tni. T. My name put in the book of virtue! J. G. Strittt TTiat great poet to whom the book of Nature seemed laid open. Phrases: bell, book, and candle: see BELL black book: see BLACK a. blue book: see blue a. book of fate the fiiture as being predetermined book of life Theol. the record of those achieving salvation, hook of reference: see REFERENCE «. 7 book of words a libretto; a set of rules etc. bring to book call to account, by the book according to the rules, in set phrases, closed book a thmg of which one has no understanding close the .

.

,

.

books make no further entries, cease business etc. comic book: see COMIC a. good book the Bible, have one's nose in a book: see nose n. in someone's bad (or good, books: in disfavour, favour, with in ray book as I see the matter know like a book have a thorough knowledge of someone's character, make a book: see MAKE i'. not in the book not allowed, irregular, one for the book: see one a., n & pron. on (or upon) the books listed as a member etc., on the staff, open book: see OPEN a. people of the Book the Jews and Christians as regarded by Muslims read someone like a book understand someone's motives or intentions fully, red book: see red a. sealed book. Sibylline books: see sibylline a. speak etc. like a book: with full or correct information, suit one's book be convenient to one. symbolical hooks: see SYMBOLICAL 4. lake a leaf out of a person's hook: see LEAF n.' talking hook: see TALKING

black),

someone

someone

,

ppl

booay.

/bu:'hu:/ int., n., 8c v.i. M19. [Imit.] (Make) a sound of loud esp. childish weeping, or occas. laughter or derision,

Marijuana. /bu:/

booby

boohoo

NZ

/'bonza/ a. Austral. & slang. E20. [Perh. alt. of bonanza ] Excellent, first-rate.

lME. c The script of a play, film, etc.; the libretto of an opera, oratorio, etc. 1.16. d A magazine. colloq. E19. e A record of bets made with several different people on a The telephone particular race etc. E19. f directory. E20. 5 main subdivision of a literary composition; any of the component works forming the Bible. ME. 6 Book learning, study, only in pi., passing into sense scholarship. 3. ME. fb Benefit of clergy. E17 E18. 7 fig. Anything from which one may learn or be instructed; an imaginary narrative, record, etc. lME. 8 A set of things bound or collected together to resemble a book, e.g. sheets of gold leaf, tickets, matches, stamps, six tricks at cards, etc.; an aggregate of larmnar crystals. L15. 1 AV Jer. 32:12 The witnesses, that subscribed the records.

Now

/'bu:bu:/ n. slang (orig. US). E20. prank, a trick. [Prob. redupl. of boob n.'] 1 E20. 2 = boob 3. E20.

A

kind long enough to fill one or more such volumes. OE. 4 spec, a The Bible. Formerly also, a copy of the Bible. ME. b A volume of blank sheets in which financial transactions, minutes, notes, etc., are entered; in pi., accounts, annals,

A

boo-boo

alt.

collection of sheets of paper or other material, blank, written, or printed, fastened together so as to form a material whole; esp. one with sheets pasted or sewn together at the edge, with protective covers; a literary composition of any

Now

Comb. boob tube usu. strapless top.

boogie-woogie

L19.

n.

/bonz/

bonzer

B

A

3

boogie-woogie. M20. B v.t. Dance boogie-woogie music). M20.

A

&

E20.

in pt.

1

li6. [Fr. borne or Pon. bonzo (prob. {. Jap. bonzo, bonso priest.] Japanese or Chinese Buddhist religious teacher, bon'zess n. (rare) a female bonze M19.

boo

/bu:b/ or abbrev. of

cell.

a foolish mistake.

boob

shuffling

lME.

bony

Special collocations:

boo

Make

V.I.

a

spotted

Zaire.

tray

B

boobook

[Afr.

The pygmy chimpanzee, Pan paniscus,

]

E20. 2 A lock-up, mistake. M20. Comb.: boob tube

stupid people,

E17.

[Ir.

bonobo

/'buiAi/ «. NZ colloq. Also boo(h)ai. M20. {. place-name Puhoi, N. Auckland, NZ ] The remote rural districts, up the booay completely wrong or astray, boob /bu:b/ n.' & v. slang (orig. 175). E20. [Abbrev. of booby n.'] A n. I = booby i.

booay [Perh.

spirit,

bonnet

bonne

book

259

a.

throw the book

at

make

all

possible charges

against, upon the hooks: see on the hooks above,

without

book from memory; without authority. Comb.: bookbinder a person whose trade is bookbinding; bookbinding bookbindery a establishment; bookbinding the binding of books; a case containing shelves for books; book club a society whose members can buy selected books on special terms; book-craft arch, scholarship; authorship; book-end either of a pair of often ornamental props for keeping a row of books upright; book-fell Hist, a skin prepared for writing on; a vellum or parchment manuscript; book-hand Hist, a formal style of handwriting used by professional transcribers of books before the invention of printing; bookkeeping, v.i. [back-form.] do bookkeep

bookcase

day, au no,

e:

hair,

la

near,

M

boy, us poor,

,\I3

tire,

aua sour

book bookkeeper

a person responsible for keeping the accounts of a trader, public office, etc.; bookkeeping accounts; bookland Hisi land art of) keeping (.the gnnted by charter into private ownership; bookLacin Latin; scholarly language, book-learned u.

knowing books

(hut lacking practical experience), -lore knowledge gained from books, mere theor>'; book-louse a minute insect of the order Psocoptera, iniurious to old books; book-lung a rrspiratory organ of an arachnid, lamellate bookmaker (a) a professional betting person; a person who manages a betting-shop; (ft) (usu. dcrog.) a compiler of books; t('") * printer and bookbinder; bookmaking the trade or action of a bookmaker; bookman (a) a scholar; (ft) an author or publisher, a liierani' man, bookmark(er) a strip of leather, paper, etc., for marking one's place in a book, bookmobile jV Amcr. a mobile librani'; book-muslin tine muslin (folded like a book when sold in the piece); book name a name for a plant or animal (other than its scientific name) not widely used except in books; book page (a) a page of a book; (ft) a page of a newspaper etc. devoted to reviews of books; bookplate a label affixed to a book as a mark of ownership; book-post the transmission of books by post at special lower rates; book-rest an adjustable support for an open book on a table etc.; book-scorpion a small pseudoscorpion, Chclifcr caucioidcs, found in houses; bookseller a dealer in books; bookselling the selling of books, esp. as a trade; bookshop a shop where books are sold; book-shy a. reluctant or unwilling to read books; bookstack. see stack n. ic; bookstall a stall for the sale of books out of doors or in a station

book learning,

bookstore iV. Amcr. a bookshop; book token a voucher exchangeable for books costing up to a specified amoimt of money; book-trough a V-shaped rack for displaying books on a table etc. to show their titles; book value value as entered in a book, as opp. to market value; book-wise a. = hook-leamed above, bookwork the studymg of texlbooks, as opp. to etc.;

practical work,

bookworm

destrucove to books;

(ft)

(fl)

moth-larva person devoted to

a beetle- or

a

fig.

reading.

the entire contents of a book; as much as fills a book; L16. bookless a. destitute of books; poet. unscholarly, uneducated: L16. booklet n. a small book, esp. if paper-covered M19. booklike adv. a. (a) adv. the manner of a book; (ft) adj. resembling (that of) a book: MI9. bookling n. (now rare) a tmy

bookful

n.

&

m

book E19 booky

book buk

a.

(coUoq.)

OE.

V.

[f.

the n.]

1

v.t.

Grant or

&

&

bookable

a.

E20.

booker

'buka n. OE. [f book n. + -er': later re-formed on book v.} f 1 A wnter of books. OE-ME. 2 A person who makes entries in a book etc., a bookkeeper. M19. /'buki/

= bookmaker

n.

colloq.

(a) s.v.

L19. [Abbrev.: see -IE.]

book

n.

booking ''bukir) n. L16. [f book The action of book v.; an instance

i>.

+

-tNG'.]

1

of this. L16. 2

A

reservation of a seat, room, ticket, etc. L19. b The issue of a ticket for travel. L19. c Tlie recording of a person's name for an (alleged) offence. M20.

a

spec,

2b

booking-clerk, -hall, -office, etc.

- -ish'.] 1 to a book or books; (of language) hterary rather than colloquial. M16. 2 Studious, addicted to reading books; getting

bookish "bukij/ a. Of or pertaining

M16. [f book

r,.

knowledge only from books. L16. bookishly adv. Mij. bookishness

booksy -SY.]

bool

/'buksi/

colloq.

a.

n.

L16.

M20. [f book

n.

+

Having hterary or bookish pretensions, n.

var.

Boolean

of boul.

Also -ian. M19. [f George Book (1815 64), Eng. mathematician + -an.] Of, pertaining to, or described by an abstract /'buihan/

b but, d dog,

f

a.

few, q get, h he,

j

system of postulates and symbols applicable to logical problems,

boom

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

L15.

,'bu:ni/

[f.

boom

resonant sound as of a breaking surf, a bass drum, the cry of the bittern. SONIC

sonic boom: see

Comb.

boom box

:

A

v.']

loud deep

distant explosion, etc.; a hum or buzz;

2.

slang a portable radio

and

cassette

recorder.

boomy

boom

having a loud, deep, resonant sound E19.

a.'

/bu:m/

pole.] t

J

mi6. [Du. = beam

h.-'

A beam,

gen.

Only

a pole.

n.,

tree,

M16. f2

in

A

pole set up to mark a channel etc. in water. A bar or barrier stretched across a b A line of floating timber stretched across a river etc. to retain or guide floating logs. N. Anter. L17. 4 A long spar or pole hinged at one end, securing the bottom of a ship's sail. E17. b In pi. Part of a sailing ship's deck .viiere the spare spars are stowed. M18. 5 A movable arm supporting a

L16-M18. 3

river etc. to obstruct navigation. E17.

camera, microphone,

etc.

Phrases: lower the boom: see

M20. LOWER

bust (a cycle of) great prosperity followed by economic slump. Comb. boom town a town owing its origin, growth, :

prosperity

to

a

boom

in

boom,

esp.

some commodity

or

boomlet

a small

n.

boomy

on

of or pertaining to a

a.'

exchange

a stock

boom

in

busing

etc. L19.

boom

/bu:m/

lME. [Uh. imit.: perh. f. Du. 1 v.i. Make a loud, deep,

v.^

bommen hum, buzz.]

resonant sound; hum or buzz like a bee etc.; speak loudly and with deep resonance. Of the (male) bittern; utter its characteristic resonant call. lME. 2 v.i. Rush violently along. M16. 3 v.t. Give forth or utter with a booming soimd.

Usu.

foil,

by

out.

n.

(a)

M19. the action of the vb; (ft) a deep boomingly adv. with a

sound: M16. booming sound M19. resonant

boom

/bu:m/

with a

boom

boom

boom (usu.

v.-t.

or

foil,

/bu:m/

E17.

[f

boom

booms; extend by our),

n.']

(a sail)

boom

«.']

1

Burst into sudden economic activity; prosper. L19. 2 v.t. Force upon the attention of the public, promote. L19. 1 K. M. E. Murray Trade for him never boomed and he earned only about twelve shillings a week. 2 S. Leacock We're doing all we can to boom Toronto .

.

Whisky Centre,

boomer -er".

/buims/ In branch

n. II

M19. [Prob. f

boom

A

large

ellipt.]

II

v.'

+

male

kangaroo. Austral. M19. 2 Something large or notable of its kind. Austral, slang. L19. 113 = baby boomer s.v. BABY n. M19. colloq. (chiefly N. Amer.). LZO.

boomerang

/'buimarat)/ n. & v. li8. [Aborig., perh. modified: cf. Kamilaroi bumann.] A n. 1 A thin curved hardwood missile (of a kind) used by Australian Aborigines as a hunting weapon, esp. one that can be thrown so as to return to the thrower. L18. 2 fig. A scheme etc. that recoils on its originator. M19. B v.i. Act as a boomerang; fig. recoil on the originator. L19.

boomslang

/'buimslaq/ n. L18. [Afk., f. Du. tree + slang snake ] A highly venomous southern African tree-snake, Dtspholidus typus.

boom

boon /bum/

ME. [ON bon (Sw., Da. bon) f. also of bene ] 1 1 A prayer, a petition; the asking of a favour. ME-E17. f 2 A request made with authority; a command couched as a request. ME-L16. 3 The matter prayed for or asked; a thing asked as a favour, arch. ME. 4

Gmc base

Something, now esp. an immaterial thing, freely given whether in response to asking or not; a gift, a gratuity, arch. lME. 5 Hist. An unpaid service due by a tenant to the landlord. L16. 6 A gift

considered with reference to

its

recipient; a blessing, an advantage.

man,

boon /bum/ The

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

n:-

value to the

lME. [Origin imkn.; cf bitn h.'] hemp after the fibre has been

stalk of flax or

removed.

boon /bum/

lME.

a.

[(0)Fr. bon

top, v van,

w

we,

L

i.

bonus

good]

fl Good, goodly. LME-L17. f2 Advantageous, fommate, favourable. LME-M17. 3 Convivial, jolly, genial. Orig. & chiefly in boon companion. Mi 6. 4 Gracious, bounteous, benign. poet. EI 7.

boon /bum/

v.

ME.

[f

boon

ask as a boon. Only in

service, rare. L17. 3 roads), obs. exc. dial. L18.

f 1 v.t. Pray 2 v.i. Hist. Do Repair (public

n.']

ME. v.t.

boondock

/'bumdok/ n. N. Amer. slang. M20. [Tagalog bundok moimtain.] sing. & (usu.) in pi. Rough or isolated country; remote pans.

boondoggle

/'bu:ndDg(3)l/ [Origin unkn

M20.

slang.

n. ]

& A

N. Amer.

v.

A

h.

trivial,

or unnecessary imdenaking. Also, a dishonest imdertaking, a fraud. M20. B v.i. Engage in such an imdertaking. M20. useless,

/bu:r)/

Austral,

n.

slang,

M20.

derog.

An

Aborigine; a native Guinea; any non-White person. [Aborig.]

New

of

boongary

A

/bum'geiri/ n. Austral. L19. [Aborig.] tree-kangaroo, Dendrolagus lumholtzi, of

northern Queensland.

boor

/bua/ n. mi6. by OE gebur.

earlier

A husbandman,

[LG bur or Du. boer. Cf BoER, NEIGHBOUR

repr. n.

1

]

peasant; esp. a Dutch, German, or other foreign peasant. Now rare or obs. M16. fb spec. (B-.) = Boer n. L18 M19. 2 A rustic, a yokel; a clumsy or imrefined person; a rude, ill-mannered, inconsiderate person. L16. I boor's mustard [rendering G Baurenscnfe a

'peasant's mustard'] field penny cress, Thiaspt arvensc. boorish a. of, pertaining to, or characteristic of boors; rude, ill-mannered; coarse, uncultured: M16.

boosa

n.

var.

n.

L18.

of boza.

boost /bu:st/ n. & z>.' Ong. US. unkn] An. 1 A push firom below, scheme of advertisement,

a

increase

E19. a

lift;

[Origin a help;

promotion; an

a

value, reputation, etc.); a self-confidence or morale;

(in

of

reinforcement

encouragement, assistance, increase, colloq. E19. 2 (The action oO a booster; a supercharger, supercharging. M20. Seba Smith I got a pretty good boost in Boston, by 1 the editors giving me recommendations. Listener The needs

recording

boost,

treble

but

otherwise

is

Storr The patient's dependency on him him with a boost to his own self-esteem. is B II. 1 v.t. Push from below; assist; raise; increase the reputation, value, etc., of by praise, advertising, etc. colloq. E19. 2 v.t. Amplify (an electrical signal); raise (voltage etc.); gen. equip or augment with a booster. E20. 3 v. & t. Steal, excellent. A.

providing

i.

shoplift; rob.

boost

US slang.

E20.

&

/bu:st/ V- (orig. 3 sing. pres. indie). Sc. other vars. Also buist /byst/, fbus, [Contr. of behoves: -t perh. by assoc. w.

&

piorth.

ME.

must. Cf. BUDE.] fl impers. in (if) boosu behoves. ME-L15. 2 Must, ought. L18.

booster

etc., (it)

Orig. US. L19. [f boost who boosts, colloq. L19. b A shophfter, a thief US slang. E20. 2 An apparatus temporary providing an increase or for assistance; esp. (a) a device for increasing

+

-er'.]

electrical

/'buista/ 1

A

n.

person

voltage,

amplifier; (b)

strength,

signal

etc.,

an auxihary engine or rocket

an for

giving an initial acceleration. Freq. attnb. L19. 3

Med. A dose of a vaccine etc. increasing or renewing the effect of an earher one. M20. 2 booster rocket, seat, etc.

boosterism

M18.

unpaid service due

Hist,

boorishly adv. E17. boorishness

Orig. US. L19. [f

v:'

Provide with a

v.i.

as a

not a curse. Comb.: boon service, work by a tenant to the landlord.

boong

activity.

L19.

J.

ask from

boon

d.'

/bu:m/ n.^ Orig. US. L19. [Prob. f boom z'.'] A sudden increase or development esp. in business or economic activity; a rapid rise in the price of a commodity, in profits, etc. aitrib.: R. Lowell The risk— a small one in those boom years— of resigning from the Navy, boom and

or

Masefield You in my life for always is the boon life. 4 R. C. Trench The gods had no boon for him than an early death. F. Hoyle Our expected lifetime (granted the boon of indefinite good health) would be a few thousand years. 6 H. Keller It is an unspeakable boon to me to be able to speak in winged words that need no interpretation. B. Russell Enjoying more cf what makes life a boon and 3

1

better

for,

boom

booming

bookish M19.

assign (land) by chaner. obs. exc. Hist. OE. 2 z:t. Enter in a book or list; record, register, enrol. ME. b spec. Of a police officer, referee, etc.: make an entr>' of or against the name of (a person) an for (alleged) offence; dang apprehend, catch. M19. c v.t. i. Register the arrival or departure of (a guest at a hotel, an employee, etc.), or of oneself. Usu. foil, by in, out, or off. E20. 3 v.t. ;. Engage (one or more seats, tickets, etc.) for oneself or others, usu. in advance; reserve. E19. b v.t. Engage seats, rooms, transport, etc., for; issue a travel ticket to. E19. 4 v.t. Engage (a person) as a guest, performer, etc. L19.

bookie

booster

260

n.

(colloq.)

z zoo, ] she, 3 vision, 9 thin,

fl

the

this,

i)

tendency ring,

tj

to

praise.

chip, d3 jar

boosy own

advertise, or promote oneself or one's country, product, etc.) E20.

boosy

Gmc,

A

an

stall for

In Hist, use chiefly bot(e) /baot/. OFris. bSte, OS bota, (M)Du. boete,

=

bet

bOsig.]

(town,

manger.

a

/bu:t/

OHG

[OE

/'bu:zi/ n. dial.

ox or cow;

boot [OE

ON

buoza (G Busse), bot, Goth, bota, base also of better, best adjs. etc.] f.

I

Sc. dial. LI 5.

Making good

or mending; amends. 4 (A contribution levied for) the repair of decaying

Long

structures.

OE. b The

obs. exc. Hist.

of a tenant to take timber

right

for necessary

etc.

purposes such as repair. Usu. w. specifying wd. E16. f 5 A medicinal cure or remedy. OE-M16. 6

Help or deliverance from evil or peril; relief, way of mending matters, rescue, arch. OE. f b payment or a better alternative. ME-L16. 7 compensation for injury etc. Usu. w. specifying

A

A

wd. Long obs. exc. Hist. OE. 8 Expiation of sin, an offering by way of atonement. Long obs. exc.

OE.

Hist.

4b fire-boot,

housebote, etc. 7 manbote etc.

See also boots. ME. [ON bdti or boot its source OFr. bot£ (mod. bone), prob. rel. to bot blunt, stumpy, & ult. to butt n.'] 1 An outer foot-covering, usu. of leather, extending above /bu:t/

n.'

the ankle. ME. fb A greave. LME-E17. c A covering for the lower part of a horse's leg. E19. 2 Hist. A former instrument of torture in Scotland, which encased the foot while wedges were driven between it and the foot. M16. 3 A

cover of leather, rubber, etc., which fits over an object in the manner of a boot on the foot. L16. f 4a An uncovered space on or by the step on a coach where attendants sat; the step itself; a low outside compartment before or behind the body of the vehicle. L16-E19. b A receptacle for luggage etc. in a coach under the seat of the guard or coachman (chiefly Hist.); the luggage compartment of a motor vehicle, usu. situated at the rear. L18. 5 The feathered leg of a Omith. an undivided tarsal envelope bird; characteristic of the legs of some birds. M19. 6 US slang, a A navy or marines recruit under basic training. E20. b A person; spec, (a) a Black person; (b) a woman, esp. an unattractive one (see also old boot s.v. old a.), derog. M20. 7 A (heavy) kick, slang. E20. I

Chelsea hoot, Cossack hoot, cowboy hoot, hiking-boot,

riding-hoot, etc.

Phrases:

saddle]: Austral.

boot and saddle

[alt.

&

NZ

of Fr. bouu-selle place

mount

cavalry signal to

a

boots and

all

with no holds barred, wholeheartedly, get, give (the order of) the boot be dismissed, dismiss, from employment hang up one's

HANG

see

boots:

v.

colloq.

have

one's heart in one's boots: see

HEART

n. lick a person's boots: see LICK v. like old boots slang vigorously, tremendously, old hoot: see OLD a. put the boot in kick brutally, take decisive action seven-

league boots: see seven

n.

the boot

is

on the other

foot or leg the position is reversed, the advantage etc. is the other way round, too big for one's hoots: see BIG a. tough as old boots: see TOtJGH a. you het your hoots: see BET V. 2. Comb.: bootblack N. Amer. a person who blacks boots and shoes; bootblacking (blacking for) polishing shoes etc.; bootboy (a) a boy employed to clean shoes etc.; (/?) slang a hooligan (weanng heavy boots); boot camp N. Amer. slang a centre for the initial training of marine or naval recruits; boot-faced a. grim, expressionless; Boot Hill US (Joe) the cemetery in a frontier town; boot-hose = hoot-stocking below, bootjack an appliance for pulling boots off; bootlace a cord or leather strip for lacing boots; a thin strip of anythmg resembling this; bootlick v. & n. (a) — v.t. & I. curry favour (with), toady (to); (b) n. bootlicker below; bootlicker a toady, a sycophant; bootmaker a maker or manufacturer of boots; bootstocking a stocking which covers the leg like a jackboot; bootstrap; upper part of a boot; v.t. apply protective Naut. part of the hull

boot-top

n.

&

v.

(a)

n.

the

Naut. = hoot-topping below; (b) boot-topping to; boot-topping

of a vessel between the light and load lines; any protective film or treatment applied to this;

arm,

e

bed,

a:

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see,

d hot,

/bu:t/ n.' arch. L16. [App. f. boot n.', infl. by booty.] Booty, spoil, plimder. Esp, in make hoot of. L20. [f as boot f.-'] Computing. boot /bu:t/ The operation or procedure of booting a operating system; a computer or an

boot fl

f.' ME. [(. boot n.': repl. beet v.] Make better; make good (a deficiency ME-M16. 2 v.t. & impers., usu. w. subj.

/bu:t/

I.

Profit, avail;

Usu.

to.

in neg.

&

/bu:t/

v!'-

lME.

boot

[f

«.-]

\ v.t. Si

i.

Put

boots on (oneself or another); put on one's boots. lME. 2 v.t. Hist. Torture with the boot. L16. 3 v.t. Kick (hard), colloq. L19. 4 v.t. Eject, dismiss (a person). Freq. foil, by out ifif one's house, job, etc.). colloq. L19.

boot

/bu:t/ w.^ L20. [Abbrev. of bootstrap.] Computing. 1 v.t. Prepare (a computer) for operation by causing an operating system to be loaded into its memory; cause (an operating system) to be loaded in this way; load a routine on (a disc) into a computer's memory. Freq. foil, by up. L20. 2 v.i. Undergo booting; (of an operating system) be loaded into a computer's memory; (of a computer) have an operating system loaded into it. L20. boota'bility n. the facility or property of being bootable L20. bootable a. able to be booted; containing the software required for booting a computer: L20.

bootakin n. var. booted /'bu:tid/ -ED-, -ED'.]

of bootiktn.

Of a bird: having feathered having an undivided tarsal envelope. L18.

bootee wool

legs;

li8. [f boot n- + -ee-.] A short lined boot; an infant's boot of

/bu:'ti:/ n.

woman's etc.

/bsu'autiiz/ n. M16. [L f. Gk boOtes ploughman, Bootes, f. bous ox Othein to push.] (The name of) a constellation of the northern hemisphere between Draco and Virgo; the Herdsman.

Bootes

-I-

booth

/bu:d, bu:e/ n. Da. bod stall, shop),

temporary

ME. [ON

bond

boa: see

f.

dwelling

var. of

bud (Sw., w.']

1

A

of branches, covered place where

or

shelter

canvas, etc. ME. 2 A business is transacted, as (a) a market stall; {b) a refreshment tent at a fair; (c) a boxlike office at which tickets etc. are sold. ME. 3 A partly or completely enclosed area voting, for telephoning, sitting in a restaurant, etc. mi 9. 2

token booth, tollbooth, etc.

booth,

ticket

3 polling-

booth, telephone booth, etc.

bootikin

/'bu:tikm/

n.

Also -tak- /-tak-/. E18.

&

/'bu:tlEg/ a., n.,

Orig. US. E20. [f

v.

leg «. ] A adj. 1 (Of goods, esp. liquor) smuggled, sold illicitly, (of musical recordings) pirated. E20. 2 N. Amer. Football. Designating or pertaining to a play in which a

boot

n.-

-I-

player carrying the ball feigns a pass to another then continues with the ball concealed near his hip. M20. B «. 1 Smuggled or illicit liquor. E20. 2 N. Amer. Football. A bootleg play. M20. C v. Infl. -gg-. 1 v.t. & t. Smuggle, sell (esp. liquor) illicitly; pirate (musical recordings). E20. 2 v.t.

N. Amer. Football.

Make

a bootleg play. M20. bootlegger n. a smuggler of liquor, a trafficker in illicit goods or pirated recordings L19.

bootless -LESS.]

/'bu:tlis/ a.'

A

adj.

1

&

adv.

Of an

compensated by payment Hist.

OE. t2

OE.

etc.

[f

boot

n.'

+

imable to be

injury:

Long

Incurable, remediless.

obs.

ME

exc.

M17. 3

lME. B adv. to no purpose. Bootlessly. Chiefly poet. lME. bootlessly adz', unavailingly, unsuccessfully E17. Unavailing,

]

/'buitlis/

a.-

lME.

[f.

+

boot

Without boots.

saw, a run, u put,

'person, fellow', in familiar or joc. appellations, as bossyboois, slyboots, etc. E17. 2 (A name for) a hotel servant who cleans boots and shoes, carries luggage, etc. L18.

u: too, 3

n. & v. L19. [f boot n.strap attached to a boot for

/'bu:tslrap/

\

n.]

n.

A

1

pulling it on, or for holding down a woman's riding bootlace. Chiefly habit; a L19. 2 Computing. The action of bootstrapping; a bootstrapping procedure or routine. Usu. aitnb.

M20. pull

1

(or

B

Infl.

v.t.

(oneselO

oneself up by one's own own unaided efforts.

etc.)

lift

bootstraps: by one's

-pp-.

Make

1

new

a

into

(one's way) or get using existing

state

resources; modify or improve by making use of what is already present. Usu. refl. M20. 2 Computing. = BOOT v.^ i. Freq. as bootstrapping vbl n. M20. 1 R. M. PiRSiG Some valuable Aristotelian technique of bootstrapping oneself into new areas of knowledge. 2 D. R. HOFSTADTER Once a certain minimal core of compiler had been written, then that could translate bigger compilers into machine language— which in rum could translate yet bigger compilers. This .

.

.

process

is

booty

known

affectionately

/'bu:ti/

lME.

n.

.

as 'bootstrapping',

[MLG

bate,

buite

G

exchange, distribution (whence Beute) rel. to byta deal out, exchange, of imkn. origin ] 1 Orig., plunder, spoil, etc., acquired in common and destined to be divided. Now, anything gained by plunder etc. whether common property or not; spoil. lME. 2 A thing taken by force, a prize. Usu. in pi. Now rare or obs. M16. Phrases: play booty arch, (in games) combine against

ON

play

player;

or

act

gain,

for

falsely

lose

intentionally

booza booze

n.

var. of boza.

/bu:z/ v. & n. colloq. Also bouse, bowse /bauz/. ME. [MDu. biisen (Du. buizen) drink to excess ] A I'.t. & (now rare) i. Drink for company and enjoyment; drink (alcoholic liquor) habitually or excessively. ME. B M. 1 Drink, esp. alcohohc drink. ME. 2 A drinking-bout. L18. 1 hit the booze: see hit v. 2 on the booze on a heavy drinking session

Comb. booze-up

dnnking-bout. is not recorded until 18. boozed a. intoxicated, drunk, (also foil, by up) M19. boozer n. (a) a person who boozes; (b) slang a public house: E17 booze'roo n. (NZ slang) a drinking-spree M20 boozily adv. in a boozy manner L19 booziness n. the quality of being boozy Mi 9. boozy a. showmg the effects of alcoholic dnnk; characterized by or given :

^The

up

a

spelling booze

to boozing: E16.

bop

/bop/ n.' colloq. M20. [Imit.] soimd. Also, a blow with a fist, club,

A

popping

etc.

n.' colloq. M20. [Abbrev.] 1 = bebop. M20. 2 A dance to pop music; a social occasion for such dancing. M20.

bop

/bop/

Orig. US.

[Dim. of boot n}: cf mannikin.] 1 Hist. = boot n - 2. E18. 2ta A soft boot or mitten worn as a cure for gout. M L18. b = bootee. M19.

bootleg

1

another

a. mi6. [f boot v}\ see Having boots on, equipped with

1

boots. M16. 2

-less 0:

matter to or

interrog. contexts, arch. lME. f3 v.t. Benefit, enrich, rare (Shakes.). Only in E17. 2 A. Cowley With Fate what boots it to contend? Browning Little boots Our sympathy with fiction!

boot

n. E17. [PI. of boot n.\ used as As 2nd elem. of combs w. the sense

/bu:ts/

sing.]

+ STRAP

a.

v.t.

etc.). If.

WARM

boot: see

boots

bootstrap

bootstrapping routine.

bootless

boot-tree a mould for keeping a boot in shape. n. (US) a shop selling boots and shoes E20.

bootery a cat, a:

boot

warm

f.

Good, advantage. 1 to boot, besides, as well, additionally. OE. ^2 Advantage, profit, use. ME-L17. 3 A premium, compensation, obs. exc. II

borachio

261

ago,

ai

my, au how,

ei

bopster

bop

= bebopper M20.

n.

/bop/

Infl. -pp-. L19. [Imit.] 1 v.t. a with a resoimding noise, dial. rare. L19. b Hit, strike, pimch. colloq. (orig. US). M20. 2 v.i. Fight. US colloq. M20. V.'

Throw down

bop

/bop/ v.''i. colloq. (orig. US). Infl. -pp-. M20. [{. BOP n.'] Play or sing bebop; dance, jive, bopper n. = bebopper (see also teeny-bopper) M20.

bo-peep v.']

/bso'piip/

n.

= PEEKABOO «

1

Austral.

Bora

& NZ colloq.

E16.

[f.

E16. 2

BO

A

int.

+ PEEP

peep, a look.

M20.

n.' Also Bhora, Borah, /bo'hDTa/. L17. [Hind, bohra.] A Muslim sect found mainly in of a Shiite western India. Formerly also, a Muslim Indian

/bo'ra:,

'boira/

Bohora member trader.

/'by.Ts/ n:' M19. [Dial. var. of It. borea f L boreas north wind ] strong northerly squally wind which blows in the northern Adriatic.

bora

A

bora

/'b.rra/

n.'

Also borah. M19. [Kamilaroi

buuru.] A rite among the Aborigines of eastern Australia signifying admission to manhood.

f borachio

n. Li6. [Sp. borracha leather bag for wine, borracho drunkard.] 1 In Spain: a goatskin

day, so no,

e:

hair,

is

near,

31

boy, us poor, ais

lire,

aus sour

boracic A

2

boracic

ba'rasik/

L18.

a.

med.L

[f.

borac-,

BORAX H.' + -ic] Of, containing, or derived from borax, boracic acid = boric acid.

boracite

'b.rrosMt

liS.

n.

/

[f.

A

+ -ite'.] magnesium usu. as prec.

chloroborate of occurring as greyish-white cubic crystals,

borage 'borid3 med L bor(r)agciy

ME.

n.

[(0)Fr.

bourrache f

-agin-, perh. f Arab, 'abil hurds

father of roughness, w. ref. to the leaves.] A plant of the genus Borago (family Boraginaceae); csp. the plant B. nfficmalis, which has hairy leaves and bnght blue flowers, and is sometimes used in salads, cordials, etc.

boragi'naceous

a.

UimiK' Boraginaceae

(/?.

Folklore the last three days of

trouble,

borrower

n.

lME. borrowing

n.

(a) the action of

the vb (borrowing days - borrowed days above); which is borrowed: lME.

(b) that

borrow V.

]

/'borao/ v.-i. li6. [Perh. var. of burrow Naut. Approach closely to land or wind.

Borsalino /bsisa'limso/ n. Also b-. PI. -os. E20. [Name of the manufacturer.] (Proprietary name for) a man's wide-brimmed felt hat. borsch n. var. of bortsch. borsholder /'boishaolds/ n. [AL ME. horgesalder (AN burghaldre), f. ME boryes genit. sing, of BORROW n. + alder, OE aldor chief (see saw,

a run,

ALDERMAN).]

o put,

u:

too, a ago, ai

my, ao how,

ei

Hist.

chief of a frank-pledge.

'I"he

Later; a petty constable.

Borstal

Also b-. E20. [A village in of the first such institution ]

/'bD:st(o)l/ n.

Kent, England,

site

In full Borstal institution.

A

which young offenders

to

custodial institution may be sent for

reformative training.

borstch n. var. bort /hxU n.

of bortsch.

Also boart. E17. [Du. boon.] Coarse diamonds of poor quality; diamond fragments esp. used as an abrasive.

bortsch /b.o:stJ/.

/bxt]/

Also borsch /bo:]/, borstch

n.

[Russ. horshch.] A Russian or of various ingredients including

E19.

Polish soup beetroot and cabbage.

&

Borussian

/b3 a stand on one's own bottom arch, be independent, act for oneself, the bottom drops (or

out of there is a collapse of touch bottom (a) reach the bottom of the water (esp. with the feet);

falls^

reach the lowest or worst point;

()

be in possession of

the full facts.

B

jJj.

Lowest,

1

M16. 2

or forming the bonom. Designating a b quark.

last; at

Particle Physics.

L20.

Fleming The captain was sitting at the wheel, a aluminum affair consisting only of the bottom half of a circle. S. Hill He put his foot on the bottom rung of the loft ladder. O. Schell Golden carp and common carp are bottom fish. Special collocations & comb.: bottom dog ~ fXCERDOG. bottom dollar (one's) last dollar {bci one's bonom dollar, stake all, be ver\' confident), bottom drawer rif. a woman's store of clothes etc kept in preparation for marriage, bottom-dwelling a. (of an aquatic organism) dwelling on or near the bed of the sea. a lake, etc. bonom edge: see edge n. 4. bottom fermentation Brewing a process in which the yeast falls to the bottom during fermentation, as in the making of lager beer^ bottom-fermented a. 1.

1

bounce

266

that oldWTiaicver his faults, C. P. Snow possesses I'ashioned English upper-class qualit>' bonom.

boucan

/'bu:k(a)n/ v.t. Also buccan /'bAk(3)n/. E17. [Fr. boucaner, f. as prec] Cook, smoke, or dry (meat etc.) on a boucan. Cf. barbecue v.

bouchee

/buje/ n. PI. pronounced same. MI9. mouthftil, f. bouche mouth.] A small baked confection. Usu. in pi.

=

[Fr.

&

= buckled, knotted and curled appearance; (yam) of looped or curled

boucle

'bu:klei/ a.

;

boil bouillon.

2 only 'buidin; foreign buds {pi. same)! n. M19. [Fr.] 1 (Not naturalized.) black pudding; forcemeat shaped like a sausage. M19. 2 Geol. Any of a number of roughly parallel elongated sections resulting from the fractunng of a rock stratum during folding. E20. boudinage burdi'nuij/ n. (Geol.) (the formation of) a structure containing a number of boudins E20.

/bu:k/ OFris., bukr,

.

(of beer) made by bottom a vehicle's lowest gear,

(Breteing)

bottom gear

fermentation

bottom-land

low-hnng land, esp. by a river, bottom line the final total of an account, balance sheet, etc., fig. the underhmg realin,', the final position bottom yeast a yeast that falls to the bottom dunng fermentanon. v^^thout bottomless a. bottom; baseless; inexhaustible, immeasurably deep {the bonomless pii^ hell): L.\IE bottommost a. at the very^ bottom, lowest (.'5

.MI 9

bottom

'botsm; v. E16. [f. the n.] 1 v.t. Put a provide with a bottom; fig. base, groimd, {up)on. E16. f 2 v.i. Wind (as a skein). L16 E17. fS v.i. Be based or grounded. M17 L18. 4 t'.r. Reach or touch the bottom of; find the extent or real nature of; drain, empty (a glass etc.). L18. 5 v.t. Reach or touch bottom; reach its lowest level (freq. foil, by out). L19. b spec. Strike gold etc. Also foil, by on (gold etc.).

bottom

to,

\Z.

Austral. Sc

L19. 1 OED Send this saucepan to be new bottomed. 4 Coleridge Openly declaiming on subjects which they had never bottomed. 5 Glasgow Herald Others with shallower purses are content to wait until prices have bottomed. bottomer n. a person who provides or fits bottoms .

.

lesp for chairs) E18.

bottomed

M16. [f. bottom n., v.: see -ED-, -ED'.] Having a bottom, provided with a bottom or foimdation (of specified form or 'botamd

a.

nature).

bottomry +

'botamri/

Du.

-RY, at^er

lending ship

n.

&

L16.

v.

bodemerij.]

A

n.

[f. bottom The system

n.

money

to the owner or master of a security of the ship for the purpose

on the

of completing a voyage, the lender losing the money if the ship is lost. L16. B v.t. Pledge (a ship) thus. M18.

bottony

a. var.

of botony.

&

n.

/bu:l/ LI5. [Perh. rel. to

A

bougainvillea

bouge

&

swelling, a cask. M18.

B

Stave v.t. L15-E17.

bouget Her. An

&

n.

[(0)Fr.: see

1

V.

v.t.

1

in

ship's

(a

,

^

'boti/ n. nursery

bottllism orig.

BOT

.y*: cf.

«.-]

or slang. L19.

[f.

bottom

The bunocks.

bottom,

f.

L

bough bitch

&

/bau/

n.

(LG

boog),

[OF

v.

tinned

sterilized

foods. botulin n E20.

botulinus toxin E17.

[Fr.

and

preserved

-as,

toxin n. phrs,

'bu:k(3)n/ n

bDtju'Uinam

= botulin

Also

buccan

'tnksin/,

E20.

/'bAk(3)n/. 1 In S.

Tupi mukem, mocaem.]

f.

America: a wooden frame for cooking, smoking, or drying meat over an open fire. Cf. barbecue n. 4. E17, 2 Meat cooked or cured on such a frame. Cf. barbecue n. 2. M19. 3 = barbecue n. 5. M19. b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

boeg

ON

B

Strip of boughs, rare. E16. boughed /baud/ a. having boughs; boughs: lME, n.'

&

V.'

Long

boule bu:l,

lME.

LG bucht (see bight): cf bout n.] \ n. I bend, a curve. lME. 2 A loop or turn of a rope etc.; a coil. lME. B v.t. & Bend, wind, [Prob.

lME.

/baoxt, bAXt/ n.- & v.' Sc. Also bught. lME. [Origin unkn.] A w. A sheepfold. lME. B v.t. Pen or fold (sheep); fence in. E18.

[f.

next:

at a

shop

L18.

bougie

z).

v.

n.

dial.,

&

prec, -en".] Bought; opp. to home-made.

see as

pa. pple: see

/'bu:3i/

Amer.,

mi8.

buy [Fr.

v. f.

bouillabaisse [Fr.

/buijs'beis,

foreign

A

m man,

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

cf.

1

&

n.

broad

/'bu:l3va:d,

bujabss/

BLTLLY

top, v van,

w we,

street

same. L19.

(esp.

{pi.

=

in Fr. orig.

the site of this.]

France) with rows of a broad main urban

in

US

it;

provided with boulevards L19.

a.

/bulvardje/

[Fr.,

f.

pronovmced

PI.

n.

+

as prec.

who frequents (French) bouleverse /bu:i'v3:s/

-jer-ER'.]

A

person

boulevards, v.t.

turn as a ball, f as boule

L17. [Fr. bouleverser + verser turn.]

Overturn, upset.

bouleversement

/bulversama/

PI.

n.

pronoimced same. L18. [Fr., f as prec: see -ment ] An inversion, esp. a violent one; an upset, an upheaval,

boulle n. var. of buhl. boult n., V. vars. of bolt boulter /'bsults/ n. Also

v}

bolter. L16. [Origin long fishing-line with many hooks,

unkn.] A f boun a. var. of bound boun /baun/ v. Long

a.'

arch.

&

dial.

ME.

fioMtt var. of BOUND ppl u.'] 1 v.t. (usu. I. Prepare (oneself); make ready; dress. V.I. Set out, go to. ME.

[f.

refl.)

&

ME.

2

/bauns/ n.' ei6. [f the vb ] 1 A resoimding knock; a heavy blow, a thump; an explosion, the repon of a gun. Now rare or obs.

bounce E16. 2

A

ball etc.

leap, a

from

a

bound;

esp.

the

rebound of

hard surface. E16. 3 Orig.,

a a

swaggering boast, a boastfiil falsehood. Now, power, exaggeration; rebounding swagger, vitality, exuberance. E18. b A buoyant musical act of CAS). 4 An collog. (orig. M20. rhythm, ejection or dismissal, slang (orig. US). L19.

n.-]

zoo,

promenade on

road.

n.

z

bulva:r

foreign

M18. [Fr. f as bulwark: (later) a

trees planted along

f.

of pa. pple of bouillir boil v.: Boiled or stewed meat, esp. beef.

>?.-]

tampan,

mod.Prov. bouiabaisso A Provencal dish offish stewed in water or white wine, bouilli I 'h\i:]\, foreign buji/ n. Ei7. [Fr., use as n. M19.

jin sense 2

A

same)!

Bougie (Arab.

Bijdya) a town in Algeria which carried on a trade in wax ] 1 A wax candle. M18. 2 Med. A rod or tube for exploring or dilating the passages of the body. M18. bougienage /bu:d3i'na:3/ n. (Med.) dilatation by means of a bougie E20.

[Of

3 bu:lz, foreign bul/. E20. [Fr. = A form of roulette. E20. 2 stng. in

boulevard

bought

bought V. pa. & pple of BUY boughten /'b3:t(3)n/ ppl a. N.

boules

hu:\, foreign bul/ n.- PI.

I

boulevardier dial.

ME.

n.

French form of bowls played on rough ground, usu. with metal bowls. E20. 3 A small pear-shaped mass of synthetic sapphire, ruby, etc., made by fiising suitably tinted alumina. M20. var. of buhl. boule

A

fold.

/'bauldsstsun/

in sense

BOWL pi.

of

stripped

&

arch.

[f

Scand. origin: cf. Sw. dial, bullersten, buldurstajn, perh. rel. to Sw. bullra nrnible.] A boulder. boule /'bu:li/ n.' M19. [Gk boule senate.] A legislative body of ancient or modem Greece.

boulevarded

v.t.

/baut/

L19.

a.

L19

n.

boulderstone

bough-pot

only at fair-time for the sale of liquor; (arch. & dial.) = BEAU-POT,

boughten

other

(Du.

boech

OHG

purchased

the bactenal toxin involved in botulism

botulinum

boucan

meats

MLG boch,

=

bog, boh

MDu.

shoulders, chest of a horse, bows of a ship), buog shoulder, forearm (G Bug horse's hock or point of shoulder, bow of a ship), bogr shoulder, f. Gmc, rel. to Gk pekhus forearm, cubit.] A «. f 1 The shoulder of an animal. OE-lME. 2 Any of the larger limbs or offshoots of a tree; a (main) branch. OE. 3 A limb, a leg. Sc. M16. 4 The gallows, arch. L16. Comb.: bough-house (a) US a temporary structure made of boughs; (fc) dial, (now Hist.) a house opened

Botulismus

see -ISM.] Food poisoning due to the bacillus Clostridium botulinum, foimd esp. in improperly

bilge.

n. L16. [Var. of budget «.] ancient water vessel consisting of a yoke with two leather pouches or skins attached.

poet.

[G

etc.),

f2

/'burdjit/

botulus sausage:

'bDtji)liz(3)m/ n. L19.

'sausage-poisoning',

lME.

Swell out, bulge.

&

n.

/'bsulda/ n. & v. Also * bowlder. lME. [Shortened f next.] A «. A large water- or weather-worn stone. lME. Comb.: boulder-clay Geol. clay containing many large stones and boulders, formed by deposition from melting glaciers and ice sheets. B 1 v.t. Make into boulders, rare. M19. 2 v.i. Climb large boulders. Chiefly as bouldering vbl n. E20. bouldery a characterized by the presence of boulders MI9.

See also

exc. dial.

obs.

V.

G

MDu.

/bui'landjist/

Boulangism

A

budget n., bulge = BULGE n. I. LME-EI7. f 2^A t hump. LME-L15. 3 The bilge of a

«.

v.]

3

boulder

/bu:g(a)n'vilia/

lME.

n.-

A

n.

ME.

Boulanger (see below) + -1ST.] Hist. (A member) of a French political party formed by General Georges E. J. M. Boulanger (1837-91), advocating a policy of anti-German militarism.

adj.

Fr.

/buidj/

budge

OE-L15. 2 The

belly.

obs.

n.

f.

Boulangist

n. Also -llaea, f. L. A. de Bougainville navigator: see -a', -ia'.] tropical S. American plant of the genus Bougainvillea, with large brightly coloured bracts almost concealing the flowers.

(1729-1811),

ON

/bo'landsarAit/ n. M19. [f. C. L. Boulanger (1810-49), Fr- mining engineer + -ite'.] Min. A monoclinic sulphide of antimony and lead, usu. occurring as elongated or fibrous grey metallic crystals.

[mod.L,

M19.

-Uia.

t.

botty

B

=

bac

boulangerite

A

etc.; a

fl The

[OE

dial

buh (G Bauch),

Gmc

E19. [Fr., pres. pple of w. pufifed-out part

a.

puffed-out hairstyle. E19. Of a dress, hairstyle, etc.: puffed out. L19. of a dress

bought of

/'bu:fa/

bouffer swell: see -ant'.]

OHG

exc. Sc. & north. Also bool. bdghel (Du. beugel, Bugel) base of bow z).': see -el'.] Something bent into a curve; esp. the curved handle of a pail, kettle, etc.

boul

/

bouffant

Gmc]

f.

&

Sc.

trunk; the body of a person or animal. Bulk, volume, size. L17.

light

.

biik,

cube

a stock

Now

n.

MLG

A

/'bu:dwa:/ n. li8. [Fr., ht, 'place to sulk in', f. bonder x>o\it., sulk.] A (woman's) small private room.

]

Comb.: bouillon cube

/ in .sense

boudoir

v.

bouk

a

ply.

boudin

M17. [Fr., f. Broth, thin soup. See also COURT

/'buijo, foreign bujS/ n.

bouilltr

L19. [Fr.

n.

woven with

(Fabric)

curled.]

bouillon

J

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 6 this,

13

ring,

tf

chip, d3 jar

bounce 2 on the bounce (a) in continual spasmodic motion; (h) in the act of rebounding. 3 De Quincey

The whole Hartley

bounce of his own. L. P. the glow and bounce and boyishness had

story

All

a

is

gone out of him.

Comb.

bounce-flash

:

(a device for giving) reflected

bound Set

/baund/ u' lME. [i. bound n.'] I v.i. bounds to, limit, restrict. Now only fig. 2 v.i. Abut on a territory etc.; share a boundary {with), arch. M16. 3 v.t. Form the boundary of; enclose. L16. Milton He shall bound his Reign With earth's I

enlistment, (b) for promoting trade in particular ways, (c) for the killing of dangerous animals

lME.

etc. E18.

wide bounds. A. B. Jameson His views were not bounded by any narrow ideas of expediency. 3 H Belloc Some wood which bounded our horizon.

benefices.

.

photographic

bouncy resilient,

flashlight.

bounces,

that

a.

casric:

boisterous, buoyant; see castle n.' ib): E20.

E18.

[Origin unkn.]

spnngy (bouncy

bounce

/bauns/

«.-'

nurse hound, Scyliorhinus

bounce perh.

bom

/bauns/

LDu.

f.

ME.

v.

LG

(cf.

The

[Origin

bumen

uncertain:

thump, Du.

beat,

thump), or of independent imit. origin.] Ifl v.t. Beat, thump; slam (a door etc.). ME-E19. f 2 v.i. Make an explosive or banging noise; knock loudly at a door etc. (Cf. earlier BOUNCE int. I.) M16-E18. 3 v.t. & Talk big, bluster (at); hector; swagger; hustle by bluff etc. into or out of something. E17. b Blurt out; come out ivith. M17. II Of movement. 4a v.i. Si fr. w. it. Move boundingly; rebound (as a ball). E16. b V.I. Come or go in, into, out, etc., energetically

move

noisily;

about

vigorously

or

imceremoniously; jump up. L17. c v.i. Of a cheque: be returned by a bank when there are no funds to meet it. E20. 5 z>,t. Cause to rebound (as a ball); present (a cheque) which has to be returned by the bank (see sense 4c above).

b

L19.

Bowl

Cricket.

bouncer or

a

(a batsman). M20. 6 v.t. Eject dismiss, sack, colloq. (orig. US). L19. bouncing a. that bounces; boisterous; big of its kind, (of a baby) big and healthy; bouncing Bel, the soapwort {Saponana officinalis); bouncing castle: see CASTLE n.' ib; E16. bouncingly adv. E16.

bouncers

at

summanly;

bounce /bauns/ mt. & adv. E16. vb.] A int. fl Repr. the sound

[Imit. or

of a

i.

the

gim or

a

heavy blow: bang! E16-E17. 2 Repr. a bouncing movement. M19. B adv. With a bounce. E17.

bouncer -er'.]

/'baunsa/

A

1

large

bounce

[f

L16.

n.

specimen of

v.

+

kind; spec,

its

gross or flagrant he. arch. L16. 2 blusters or talks big; a boaster, a

A

person

a

who

M18. troublesome

liar.

arch.

rises sharply. E20.

/baund/

ME. [AN

bounds, OFr. bodne, later bo(u)sne, bo(u)ne, bonde, etc. (mod. borne), f med.L bodina, earher butina, of unkn. origin: cf BOURN k.'] f 1 a A landmark. Only in n.'

ME. b A territorial limit, a boundary in pi lME. 2 smg. & (usu.) in pi near

line.

Usu.

Territory

boimdary; borderland; land within set limits. ME. b A tract of ground taken in by a tm-miner. L17. 3 fig. A limitation or situated

a

restnction

upon

Usu.

lME. b A

pi

in

action, duration, etc. limiting value. Chiefly in

feeling,

see BEAT

beat the bounds,

beyond

set

school,

limits,

15.

z'.'

out of bounds

those set by the rules of a regulations, etc.; forbidden,

esp.

military

inaccessible.

bound BOUND

/baund/ f.^]

A

[(0)Fr.

bond,

f

as

movement upward

or

ei6.

springy

etc.).

a.'

Orig.

fboun- ME.

[ON

biimn pa. pple of bita prepare, -d partly euphonic, panly infl. by next: cf boun f.] fl Ready, prepared; attired. M19. 2 Ready to start or having set out {for, on, fto); moving in a specified direction. lME. 3 About to do, going to

ME

do. north. t Sir

W

M19. Scott

A

band of war Has for two days been ready boune. 2 J. F. W. Herschel Bound on we know not what errand C. A. Limdbergh My grandfather embarked on a ship bound for .

.

America, homeward-bound, northbound, outward-bound, southbound, etc.

bound

/baund/ a.- lME. [pa. pple of bind v., abbrev. of bounden a.] 1 That has been bound: see bind v. I. lME. 2 Lmg. Of a grammatical element: occurring only in combination with another form. E20. II Earlier in unbol'nd a.' a cat, a: arm,

e

bed,

3:

her,

(later)

/baund/ rebound,

f(ft)

a

L16. [(0)Fr. bondir resoimd,

v:f.

Proto-Romance

var. of late

L

bombitare var. of honibilare: see bombilate.] 1 V.I. Spring, leap; advance lighdy and buoyantly. L16. 2 V.I. Recoil, rebound; bounce. L16. t3 z'.t. Cause (a horse) to leap. Only in L16.

bounding bound:

a

bound

vhl

the action of the vb;

n.' (a)

(ft)

a leap,

E17.

/baund/

&

v.-'i

[Var. of

L16.

rare.

refl.

bound V.' pa. & pple of bind boundary /'baond(3)ri/ n.

of bounder n.', peril, after limitary.] 1 A thing which serves to mark the limits of something; the limit itself, a dividing line. E17. 2 spec. The limit of a cricket field; a hit to this, scoring four or six runs. M19. Comb. boundary condition Math, a condition that is required to be satisfied at all or part of the boundary of a region in which a set of ditferential conditions is E17.

[Alt.

:

to

be solved;

boundary layer the layer it when the two are

of a fluid

adjacent to a body in

in relative

motion; boundary-rider Austral. & NZ a stockman employed to nde round a sheep or cattle station mending fences etc, boundary value Math, a value specified by a boundary condition.

bounded

boiwd

/'baundid/ a.' L16. [f Subject to bounds or

-ed'.]

circumscnbed, boundedness

+

i'.'

limits;

fig.

restricted.

bounded

n.

1

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, d hot,

enlist again).

bouquet

y.

/bu'kei,

BOKAY. E18. [Fr. dial. var. of OFr. -et'.]

limited

quality;

range:

bouquetin

+

a:-

-ed'.]

Bourbon below),

bound of

the holder of a

A

rare. M16. 3 tin-ore ground. sets or marks bounds or limits. L16.

person

who

bounder

/'baunds/ slang. M19. [f bound z'.1 a four-wheeled cab or trap. Only in M19. 2 An ill-bred person, a cad. L19. -er'.] 1

/'baundlis/

L16. [f

a.

Without bounds or

]

boundlessly adv.

bounteous

bound

m.'

+

limits, imrestricted,

boundlessness

E17.

/'bauntiss/

Now

a.

n.

rhet.

[f OFr. bontif, -ive benevolent (f. bonie bounty) after plenteous.] 1 Full of goodness (to others); generous, mimificent. lME. 2 Of things: generously bestowed; ample, abundant.

Lady

bounteousness

Bountiful: see t.ADY

a.

&

bounty

n.

bonte: see next.]

bounty

A

L16. [f

rare.

n.

arch. Sc.

&

hontet, buntet earlier

north.

fonn of

gratuity; a reward.

n. ME. [(0)Fr. bonte f L good: see -TY'.] f 1 Goodness in general, worth, excellence; high estate; in pi, virtues. E17. f b Valour, prowess. M16. M17. 3 Goodness t2 (An act of) kindness. shown in giving, munificence, liberality. ME. 4 An act of generosity; a gift, a gratuity. ME. b spec. A monetary reward or premium paid by the

/'baunti/

ME

ME

ME

Crown,

saw, a run, u put,

u:

etc.,

a

sovereignty in Spain. M18. 2 [f the former name (Isle de Bourbon) of the island of Reunion ] A hybrid rose, Rosa X borboniana, of a group descended from Rosa chmensis and R. damascena. Also

Bourbon M19.

B

or as

attrib.

A

E19. 3

rose.

US.

political reactionary.

Of

adj.

or penaining to the reactionary in politics.

House of Bourbon; US M18.

Bourbon

biscuit a chocolate-flavoured biscuit with

a chocolate-cream tilling.

or

(US)

n.

adherence to the Bourbon dynasty

to reactionary policies L19.

Bourbonist

«.

a

/'baiban, 'boa-/ n.- Also B-. M19. [Bourbon County, Kentucky ] (A drink of) an American whiskey distilled from maize and rye.

/buad/

bourde

&

n.

v. obs.

exc.

-Sc.

ME.

[(0)Fr.

= Prov. borda, of imkn. An amusing tale, a jest; joking,

cheating

lie,

origin ] A n. banter, fun. ME.

B zk 1 v.i. & t. Say things in jest; make fun (of), mock. ME. f2 v.t. Play games. lME mi6. bourder n. (obs. exc. Hist.) a jester; a mocker: ME

bourdon

/'bu3d(3)n/

Also

n.

burdoun ME.

= drone, {. Proto-Romance, of = BURDEN n. 6 (with which

[(0)Fr. origin

1

]

imit.

early

merged). Now rare or obs. ME. 2 A low-pitched stop in an organ or harmonium; the drone pipe of a bagpipe. M19. 3 The lowest-pitched in a

bourdonne [Fr.,

{.

/bus'donei, foreigri burd.ine/ a. E17. bourdon (pilgrim's knobbed) staff.] Her.

Terminating

bourg

borough

]

knobs or

in

/buag/

lME.

n.

A town

balls.

[(0)Fr. f

med.L

or village under the

burgus

shadow

E17.

/burgad/

[Fr., f

as prec.

n.

PI.

pronounced same.

+ -ade

]

A

(continental)

imwalled town. to to

intermediate size ] A former size of type between long primer and brevier. its

/'bu33wa:, foreigti bur^wa/ a. & w.-' burgess.] A ad). 1 Of, pertaining to, the characteristic of, or resembling, bourgeois (see sense B. below); middle-class; conventionally respectable and unimaginative,

bourgeois

'b\n-/

bonitas, f bonus

State,

in

of the former royal dynasty France, Naples, and

bourgeois /bai'ds.iis/ «.' E19. [Conjectured be f the name of a printer; but perh. referring

L15

First recorded in Spenser.

bountith /'baunli9, lME. [App. f OFr.

(see

town

of a castle (Hist.); a Continental town.

n.

/'baontihed/ n. arch. + -HEAD.] Boimteousness.

[Fr. a

A member

Hist.

1

large village or straggling

bountihead BOUNTY

n.

House of Bourbon,

bourgade

-f(3)l/ a. E16. [f

bountifully adv. L16. bountifiilness

OFr. boc

li8. [Fr. f

n. liberality,

lME.

bountiful /'bauntiful, + -FUL.] = prec.

a

peal of bells. E20.

E17.

chiefly

lME.

adv. Mift

A

holding

bourd

1

-less

n.

& a. M18. Bourbon {I'Archambault),

central France.]

bounden v. pa. pple: see bind v. bounder /'baonda/ «.' E16. [f bound f.' + -ER'.] A limit, a boundary; a landmark. Long arch. & dial. E16. 2 A person who occupies a

Now

/'buikstm/

/'busban/

f.

bourbon

boundless

large

a

esp.

supporter of the Bourbon dynasty E19.

/'baund(3)n/ a. ME. [pa. pple of bind v.] 1 = BOITND a:- I. arch. ME. 2 Of duty etc.: obligatory. M16.

+

flowers,

MHG STEINBOCK.] The Alpine ibex.

estaign, f

bounden

area; spec,

of

one for use at a ceremony. ei8. b fig. A compliment. E20. 2 The perfume of wine etc. M19. 3 bouquet gami /'ga:ni/ [Fr., lit. 'garnished bouquet'], a bunch of herbs for flavouring. M19. attractive

Bourbonism

f bounded a? L16-E19. [f boltnd = BOU7MD a:- I.

boundary

See also

n.

= clump of trees), f bois wood. Cf bush

bos,

A bunch

1

'bukei/

bau'kei, (earlier

A number of rockets etc. fired together. Lig. bouquetier IhoVs'U^, foreign buktje {pi. same)/ n. small holder for a bunch of flowers L18.

v.

t.

:

4

boltn v.] Direct one's course, go.

munificence

by leaps and bounds: see LEAP

/baund/

bound

M16. bounteously

forward, a leap; a boimce or recoil (of a ball

bound

vb;

infinite.

upper, lower bound. E20. I

of the

action

the

(a)

n.'

Comb. bounty-hunter a person who tracks and kills dangerous animals etc. for the reward ottered; bounty-jumper US Hist, a recruit who enlisted for the bounty and promptly deserted (to captures outlaws or

L17-

3 A person employed to eject persons from a dancehall, nightclub, etc. colloq. M19. 4 Cricket. A fast short-pitched ball that

bound

bounding

4 king's or queen's bounty Hist, a grant paid to the mother of three or more children bom at once. Queen Anne's bounty Hist, a fund for augmenting poor

.

boundary: M16.

siellaris.

a

or

bourgeois

267

e.g.

(a)

too, 3 ago, ai

to

recruits

my, ao how,

ei

on

M16.

[Fr.: see

humdrum;

selfishly

materialistic;

capitalistic,

reactionary. M16. 2 Of French wine: next in quality to wines classified as the best. E20. B n. PI. same. 1 Orig., a (French) citizen or freeman of a city or burgh, as distinct from a peasant or a gentleman. Now, any member of the middle class. L17. 2 In Communist or socialist writing: a capitahst, an exploiter of the proletariat, derog.

day, 3U no,

e:

hair,

I3

near,

.n

boy, 03 poor, ai3 tire, ao3 sour

bourgeoise L19. 3 A socially or aesthetically conventional person, a philistine. derog. M20. ^Sce also PETIT boi'Rgeois, pcm bourgeois s.v pettv J., epater le(s) bourgeois.

boiui^isdom

(ihc

n.

M20. bour{;coisify

a communit\- etc. t'.r.

conven

bourgeois outlook or way of

to a

bourgeoise of

n.

prec.]

A

PI.

burjwaz

'bo33\vQ:z,

pronounced same.

A

'1.

M20.

life

&

n.

a. fern.

[Fr., fern,

L18.

female bourgeois L18.

B

adj.

of

Of a

E18.

[Fr.,

bosjwoi'zi:, foreign burswazi/ ti. n.-: see -Y^.] The a.

&

BOURGEOIS

f-

bourgeois collectively; the middle class. HAITE BOIRGEOISIE. PETITE BOURGEOISIE,

petty

bourgeoisie: sec PETT\' J.

bourn Eng.

bourn

of burn

A

Also bourne. ME. [S. small stream, a brook.

n.-

Also bourne. ei6. [Fr.

n.'

n.']

bosn

b.nn,

BOUND

borne: see fields

boan

b.rn,

var.

n.']

A

boundary between E16-L18. 2 A boimd, a

f

a frontier.

etc.;

1

3 Destination; a goal.

limit, arch. E17.

4 Realm, domain, poel. 2 J Thomson From

arch. E19.

E19.

rare.

the

far

boume f Senses 3 & 4 both arise from interpretations of after death— The Shakes. Haml. ('Something undiscover'd country, from whose boum No traveller returns'), which prob. belongs w. sense i.

bourne n. var. of bourn n.\ boumonite 'buansn.Mt n.

n.-

E19.

'

de

Boumon

[f.

Count

J.

L.

+

mineralogist

Fr.

(1751-1825),

An

orthorhombic sulphide of lead, copper, and antimony, usu. occurring as steelMtn.

n. Sc. M18. [Perh. rel. to or to BOROUGH: see -OCK.] 1 A a heap; a mass. mi8. 2 A little cot or hut. L18. 3 A group; a crowd. E19.

EOWTR moimd;

'buirsk

n.^

bourree

'buarei; /ort'i^

bure

{pi.

same)/

n.

Also

fboree. L17. [Fr.] A lively dance of French ongin, resembling the gavotte; a piece of music for this dance or in its rhythm, esp. one which forms a movement of a suite. Comb. bourree step a sideways step in dancing in which one foot crosses behmd or in front of the other. bourse boss n. Li6. [Fr.: see BURSE.] A money market; an exchange; esp. (B-) the Paris stock exchange. Cf BURSE 2. *' Rare bef M19 (burse being usual) when readopted :

f mod.Fr.

bourtree 'buatri: n. Sc. & imkn ] The elder, Sambucus

bouse bouse

n.

&

t

.'

var. of

lME. [Ongin

nonh. nigra.

[Origm

[Gk = ^ -strophos strophe + -don advb.

(Wntten) from

right to left

and from

left

& f.

suff.]

to right

a.

:

etc. L19.

3 this (or that) bout (now occasion or time.

B

v.t.

Plough

in bouts,

dial.)

this

(or that)

mi 8.

bout baut / prep. & (rare) adv. ME. [Aphet.] = ABOUT, boutade bu:'ta:d n. E17. [Fr.,

collog.

&

dial.

f. iouwr thrust: sudden outburst or outbreak, fboutefeu n. li6 M19. [Fr,, f, bouter put + feu fire ] A person who kmdles strife, a firebrand, boutique /bu:'ti:k/ n. mi8 [Fr. f, OProv. boitca

see -ade

(It.

]

A

boaega)

b but, d dog,

f.

f

n. phr. pi ei8, [Fr, = Rhyming words upon which

]

composed.

/bo'vaidia/

f.

bouzouki

/bu'zu:ki, n. M20, [Gk mpouzouki: cf Turk, bozuk spoilt, w, ref. to roughly made instruments.] A Greek form of long-necked lute.

bovarism

/'b3uv3riz(3)m/

E20, [Fr. character in Flaubert's novel Madame Bovary: see -ISM.] (Domination by) a romantic or unreal conception of oneself, bovarize v.i. & rcfl. view oneself in a romantic or n.

principal

the

f.

unreal light E20.

L17, [med.L bovata, f, L bov-, bos ox: see -ate'.] Hist. An oxgang of land.

bovate

bove [OE UP

/'bsoveit/

n.

/h\y/ adv.

& prep.

hufan,

by

f.

bt

'Now

+

prep.

adv.^ etc.); later aphet.

Bovey coal

f,

/'bAvi kaul/

n.

A

a parish in Devonshire,]

poet.

Now

also 'b-.

ufan above (ult. f. as above.] = above,

mi8,

phr.

form of

Bove^,

[f,

lignite

foimd

SW England, &

L bov-, bos ox + penaining to, or designating the family Bovidae of ruminants, including cattle, antelope, sheep, and deer. L19. B n. An animal of this family. L19.

bovid

/'baovid/

bovine

a.

A

Zool.

-ID'.]

Of,

& n. E19. -ine'.] A adj.

/'bsovAin/

as prec: see characteristic of i.

a.

1

an

belongmg to the ox stupid, MI 9,

ox

or

a

L

[Late

bovinus,

fig.

hormone

growth

a usually fatal

Also b-. L19.

[f.

L

vril.] (Proprietary

pronimc, making. Comb.:

n.

slang.

of bother

bower boot

a

Mzo. [Repr,

for)

cockney

a

Deliberate

n.]

L

apotheca

few, q get, h he,

f,

j

Gk

apothekl

yes, k cat,

!

leg,

m

OHG

Gmc:

cf.

bend,

a

bow

bent

OE. fb An

heavy boot,

trouble-

bower boy

a

i'.']

boga bogo

= OFris. hoga, OS bogo (G Bogen), ON bogi, f.

A

thing bent or curved; a

1

line; esp.

(chiefly poet.) a rainbow.

arc of a circle. M16-L17. 2

(of masonry), obs. exc. dial.

OE. 3

An

arch

A weapon

for

shooting arrows, consisting of a cord joining the ends of a curved piece of elastic wood etc. OE. b In pi. Archers. L15. 4 A yoke for oxen. Cf. OXBOW. lME. 5 A knot with a single or double loop; a necktie, nbbon, etc., so tied. M16. 6 Mus. A rod with horsehair etc. stretched along it for playing a stringed instnunent; a single passage of this across the strings. L16. 7 A ring or hoop forming a handle; = bail E17, b A side-piece or lens-frame of a pair of spectacles. Chiefly US. E18, 8 Archil. A curved part of a building projecting from a straight wall; esp. = bow-window (a) below. E18, 9 Calligraphy. A curved stroke forming part of a letter. E20, 1 Milton A dewie Cloud, and in the Cloud a bow P. Gallico The gnm line of her mouth unfroze and altered, down-drawn into a bow of pain, bow of

man,

made into a bow; bow-tie a necktie (to be) tied in the manner of a bow, bow-window (a) a curved bay window; (b) slang a big belly. bowless a. M19.

bow

/bu:,

ME. [ON to

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

bau/ n.'^ Long obs. exc. Sc. dial. & Hist. bit farmmg, farm, farm stock, corresp. dwelling, habitation, bu

dwelling,

building,

Bau, Du. bouw to

OHG

OE, OS bu

L

(MHG

tillage

tillage, building),

colere cultivate

]

The

bu,

bou,

Gmc wd

f.

G rel,

stock of cattle on a

farm; a herd.

bow

/bau/ n.^ lME, [LG boog, Du. boeg (whence Sw. bog. Da. boug): see bough, Pronimc. infl. by

pop, assoc, w. BOW z).'] 1 sing. & (freq,) in pi. fore-end of a boat or ship from where it begins to curve inwards to the stem, lME, 2 = bowman below. M19. 1 bow(s)-on with the bow turned towards the object

The

considered, on the bow within 45° of the point right ahead, shot across the bows a warning salvo (freq, :

make one's bow make a formal bow acknowledge applause.

top, v van,

w

we,

entrance or

exit,

take a

Bow

/bau/

M18. [Slratford-le-Boef, a

n.^

village

Essex (now a district in London).] In full Bow china, porcelain. Fine porcelain of a kind orig. in

manufactured

bow

/bao/

bugen,

[OE

/bau/ n.' (Du. boog),

1.

assent, etc.

bov-, bos

name

condense, epitomize E20.

v.t. (arch, coltoq.)

/'bova/

=

/bau/ n.'' M17, [f. bow zj.'] A forward bending of the head or upper body in salutation,

concentrated essence of beef; a drink of this,

bower

of

bowshot below; bowfin a large voracious holostean fish, Amia calva, of still fresh waters in eastern America; bow-hand: see bow-arm above; bowhead (whale) the Greenland right whale, Balaena mysticetus, bowhunt v.i. & hunt (animals) with a bow rather than a firearm, bowhunter a person who bowhunts, bow-legged having outwardly bent legs, bandylegged; bow-legs bandy legs; bowman n.' an archer; bow-net a cylmder of wickerwork closed at one end and having a narrow funnel-shaped entrance at the other, used to trap lobsters etc.; bow-saw: having a narrow blade stretched like a bowstring on a light frame bowshot the distance an arrow can be shot from a bow; fbowstafT, pi, -staves, a stick to be

bow

system and causing extreme agitation, abbrev. BSE. B " A bovine animal. M19. bovinely adv. E20

a

and venison; bow-compass(es) a pair compasses with jointed legs; f bow-draught

vert

Comb. bow-chaser a forward-firing gun in the bow of a ship; bow-fast a moonng rope etc. at the bow, bow line the line of a ship's forebody in vertical section (see also bowline); bowman n:' the oarsman who sits nearest to the bow of a boat, bow oar (the rower of) the oar nearest the bow, bow wave a wave set up at the bow of a vessel under way or in front of any object moving through a fluid.

to or animal;

Sluggish,

virus disease of cattle involving the central nervous

n.

f.

fig).

bovine spongiform encephalopathy

on

or

Penaining

occurring naturally in cows that has been added to cattle feed to increase milk production; abbrev. BST.

/'bovril/

bow-arm, -hand: holding the bow (in music); bow-backed a. (arch.) [perh. partly BOW v.'] hunchbacked, having an arched back; bow-bearer a person who carries a bow; esp. (Hisi.) a forester who dealt with trespasses affecting Comb.:

archery

similar

E19, 2

tribe.

somatotrophin

bovine

1

L19. [f

n.

adj.

see promise n. saddk-hovi: see saddle n. secondary how: see secondary a. 3 Cupid's bow: see Cupid, have two, many, etc., strings to one's bow: see STRING n, second string to one's bow: see STRING n. See also CROSSBOW, longbow s.v long a.' 6 musical bow: see MUSICAL a. Toune boiv: see TouRTE n.'

promise:

N

[mod.L,

li8.

n.

Charles Bouvard (1572-1658), superintendent of the Jardin du Roi, Paris: see -ia',] A Central American plant of the genus Bouvardia, of the madder family, bearing handsome red, yellow, or white flowers,

bow

E19

baot n. & z: M16. [var. of bought n.': assoc. w. next.] A n. 1 A bending, a cun'e; = BOUGHT n. esp. a curve of the side of a violin etc. M16. 2ta A circuit, a roundabout way. .M16-M17. b TTie going of a plough along two adjacent furrows. E17. 3 A spell of or a turn at work or exercise. L16. b A spell of drinking. L17 4 A boxing- or wresding-match; a fight, a contest of strength. L16. 5 An anack of illness

bout

:

(pi.

n. 3.

violent hooligan,

in alternate lines

boustrophe'donic

= BUTTONHOLE

/bu: ri:'mei/

verses are (to be)

bovrilize

baustr?Ti:d(3)n, bu:-/ adv. as the ox rums in ploughing,

E17.

bouts rimes

bouvardia

butsnjeir

/buiton'je:; foreign

same): " L19, [Fr,]

ox; perh. based

boustrophedon bous ox

boutonniere

Bovril

booze.

bauz vrt. Also bowse. li6. unkn.] Chiefly Saut. Haul with tackle.

a.

M19. 2 Anat. An enlarged part of a nerve fibre or cell, esp, an axon, where it forms a synapse, M20.

in

grey prisms.

bourock

full

bcn'arysme,

bourne Of utmost Saturn. 3 VCordsw'ORTH The selected bourne Was now an Island. 4 Keats In water, fiery realm, and airy

-ite'.]

/'buiton/ n. M19. [Fr. = button,] 1 In bouton pearl. A roimd pearl witli a flat back.

bouton

rhymed endings

female: bourgeois. M20.

bourgeoisie

storehouse: cf, bodega,] A small shop. Now usu. a shop, or department in a store, selling (esp, fashionable) clothes or accessories,

of)

bourgeoisification

the action of bourgeoisif>ing bo3'3wii:zif\i

n

b(.o,ji*a:zilVkeiJ(.'i)n

ascendanc)'

political

L19

bourgeoisie

the

bow

268

at

ti,'

MDu,

Stratford-le-Bow,

MLG

[OE bagan

bughen,

corresp, to biogan (G biegen),

OHG

Goth, biugan, f. Gmc: cf. bow «,'] I v.i. & frefl. 1 Assume a bent or crooked shap.' or attitude; bend; stoop, arch. & dial. OE. t2 Turn aside, off, or away; swerve; make one's way, go. OE-L16, f 3 Have a curved direction, be bent; tend. OE-M18, 4 Bend the neck (as iO beneath a yoke. Now chiefly fig., be subject (to), submit, yield. OE. 5 Bend or kneel (down) in token of reverence, respect, or submission. (Foil, by to, before.) OE. 6 Incline the head or body (to) in recognition or assent; make a bow. E17, I Shakes. Meas. for M. Like an ass whose back with

AV

Eccles. 12:3 When ingots bows. shall bowe themselves. Tennyson

And wept

in

.

.

the strong

men

She bow'd down Iron Yokes

Dryden Under P. Stanley He at

4

secret.

last bows to make Indians Bow. A. the inevitable course of events. 5 Gibbon An hundred princes bowed before his throne, how in the house of

Rimmon:

see

HOUSE

n

'

6

bow and scrape

behave

obsequiously, bowing acquaintance a slight degree of acquaintance. II v.t. 1 Cause to bend, curve; cause to stoop,

crush (as) with a load.

ME.

ME-E18. 9 Bend downwards,

z zoo, f she, 3 vision, 9 thin,

d

this,

r)

nng,

Turn, lower, tj

direct.

incline.

chip, d3 jar

bow a

7 Shakes. Hen. VIII A threepence bow'd would hire me. Milton With sickness and disease thou bow'st them down. F. Ormsby TTiis late guest bowed with winter otfenngs. 9 E. A. Freeman Lanfranc refused to bow his shoulders to such a burden. Day Lewis The worshippers bowed their heads to the gale, how the knee: see KNEE n. With advs. in specialized semes: bow out take one's leave, esp. with formality; retreat, withdraw. bowing n} (a) the action of the vb; (b) (obs. exc. dial.) a curved or bent part: lME.

bow

/bau/

bow on a

&

v.'^i.

t.

M19.

(a violin etc.);

bowing n.' bow M19

f bowall

n.

BOW

[f.

«.']

(the

manner

var.

of bole

(a

book

etc.)

the act of

v.t.

Disembowel,

-U-,

Infl.

having bowels disembowelled: L16- bowelless without mercy, pitiless M17. (a)

a.

or

arch.

ME.

recesses;

/-l-l-/

a.

(b)

var. of

bole

/'bsusnAit/

M19.

n.'

OHG

arch.

&

ON

dial.

OE. b

A

lady's private

Comb. & phrases: bowerbird (a) any of various passerine birds of the family Ptilonorhynchidae, native to Australia and New Guinea, which construct elaborate runs adorned with feathers, shells, etc., dunng courtship, (b) Austral, slang a collector of trivia or odds and ends; bower-maiden, -woman arch, a lady-in-waiting, a chambermaid; virgin's bower, see

bower

n.

+ -er'.] f 1 = ME. [f bow ME-M18. 2 A person who plays with

/'bsus/ n

BOWYER I. a bow on a

ei8. [f

bower

+

bowie

form of boll

Sc.

n.';

h.'

a

see -y".]

A

shallow tub; a

/'baoi/ n.'^ Also b-. M19. Qames Bozuie (1799 1836), Amer. soldier.] More fiilly Bowieknife. A long knife witli a blade double-edged at the point, used as a weapon by American

bowl

/haul/ Also (earlier) fboU. [OE bolla, corresp. to OS bollo cup (Du. bol round object, BOLL «.'), bolla bud, round pod, globular vessel, f base meaning 'swell'.] 1 A vessel, usu. hemispherical or nearly so, to hold liquids or food; a basin. OE. b esp. Such a vessel for holding drink, arch. OE. c The contents of a bowl; a bowlful. M16. 2 A more or less bowlshaped part, as of a cup, tobacco-pipe, spoon, balance, etc. OE. f 3 Nam. A round space at the bolle

OHG

Gmc

masthead for men to stand in. E17-E19. 4 A bowl-shaped natural basin; a (bowl-shaped) stadium (freq. in the names of American football stadiums), an amphitheatre. M19. b A sporting occasion held in a football stadium, featuring a football game; spec. = bowl game below. US.

M20. finger-bowl, goldfish bowl, punch-bowl, salad bowl, botvl, sugar-bozvl, zvash-bowl, etc. b hanging bowl:

drinking; conviviality. 4 P. lies in a bowl, surrounded by mountains, dust bowl: see DUST n. Comb.: bowl-barrow a prehistoric grave-mound in the shape of an invened bowl; bowl game US an

-

violin etc. rare. L17.

bower

/'baos/ n.^ L15. [f bow n? + -er'.] Either of two anchors carried at a ship's bow (more fully bower anchor). Also (usu. more fully bower cable), the cable of such an anchor. best, small, bower anchor (or cable),

starboard,

the

port,

bower

bower

/'baua/ n.' n6. [i. bow v.^ + -er'.] A person who bows or bends; a thing which causes bending.

bower

/'baoa/ n.' L19. [G Bauer lit. 'husbandman, peasant, rustic'; see boor.] Either of the two highest cards in euchre, the jack of trumps {nght bower) and the jack of the same colour (left bower). a cat, u: arm,

e

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, n hot,

y.

established American football fixture after the season, usu. at a stadium with 'bowl' in its name n.

main

the contents of a bowl, the quantity held

E17.

bowl

/baui/ n} lME. [(0)Fr. boule i. L Btn.LA.] sphere, a globe, a ball. Long obs. exc. dial, in gen. sense. lME. 2 spec. A ball of wood, hard rubber, etc., rolled in various games; in the game of bowls itself (see sense 3 below) now made slightly out of spherical shape to make it run in a curved course, in skittles, ninepins, etc., made either flanened or spherical. lME. 3 In pi. (usu. treated as smg.). A game played with bowls, on a green or in an alley; spec, a game in which players aim bowls at a target ball (the jack). L15. 4a A delivery of the ball in cricket (now usu. ball); a spell of bowling. M19. b A turn in bowls, skittles, etc.; a delivery of the ball in bowls etc. L19. 5 A roller or anufriction wheel, esp. for moving or pressing fabncs. L19.

A

bowl

/haul/ V. lME. [f BOWL «.^] 1 v.i. Play at bowls or skittles etc.; roll a bowl, hoop, etc., along the groimd. lME. 2 v.t. Cause to roll; send rolling. L16. b Convey on wheels (in a carriage etc.). E19. 3 v.i. Move by revolution; move on wheels. £17. 4 v.i. & t. Cncket. Propel towards the batsman (the ball, an over, etc.), orig. underarm; dismiss (a batsman) by the ball thus propelled breaking the wicket; get (a side) out. M18. b v.t. Use (a player) to bowl. M19. 2 M. Harris Some of the boys had large iron hoops for miles and miles they bowled them 3 S Johnson A fashionable lady bowling about in her own coach 4 E Blishen He took the ball and prepared to bowl the first over N. Cardus I have not been able to find out if Trumble bowled over or round the wicket, b A. Ross Hutton bowled Tyson and Statham for an hour. .

.

,

.

.

saw,

a run,

o put,

u:

too, a ago,

+

A

person who plays at bowls. E16. 2 bowls at cricket. E18.

-er'.]

A

1

who

player

2 fast bowler, medium(-pace) bowler, slow bowler,

etc.

bowler's wicket a cricket pitch favouring bowlers.

bowler /'baola/ M19. [William Bowler, Eng. hatter who designed it in 1850.] In full bowler

A hard felt hat with narrow curled brim. hat.

be given,

get, etc.,

a

rounded crown and

a

one's bowler (hat) slang be

m my,

ao how,

ei

from the

slang civilian, retired

bowline

/'baolin/

ME. [MLG

n.

bowler; (6)

a

forces,

bdlTne,

MDu.

boechlijne f boeg BOW lijne LINE n}] 1 A rope passing from the weather edge of a square sail to the port or starboard bow, for the purpose of holding the sail closer to the wind. ME. 2 In full bowline knot. A simple knot for forming a non-slipping loop at the end of a rope. E17. 1 on a bowline close-hauled. See also bow line s.v.

BOW

2 running bowline: see RtiNNiNG

n.'

bowline: see

pioneers.

1

bowlder n. & v. var. of boulder. bowler /'baola/ n.' ei6. [f bowl v.

-I-

mi6. [Perh. dim. of

Sc.

Bowie

bowlful by a bowl

fast

disconcert,

fig.

life, be demobilized. Comb.: bowler-haRed a. (a) wearing

lME.

wooden milk-bowl.

1

bowl along go

in speciahzed senses:

render helpless, impress greatly.

retired 10 civilian

/'bauit, 'bunt/ n. Sc. obs. exc. Hist.

/'baui, 'baui/

With advs.

and smoothly, bowl over knock down;

-y'.]

shady.

hanging a. the bowl Theroux San Salvador

'

n. n.

apartment; a boudou-. Now poet. OE. 3 A place closed in with foliage; an arbour; a summerhouse. L15. 4 A structure raised by a bowerbird. M19.

VIRGIN

a.

leafy,

soup

[OE bur corresp. to OS bur bur (G Bauer birdcage), bur, f Gmc, f base meaning 'dwell' (also of BUILD v.): for mod. sp. cf FLOWER n., tower «.'] 1 A dwelling, a habitation; esp. an ideal abode. Now chiefly poet. OE. 2 An inner apartment; a /'baus/

buur),

bedroom,

/'baoari/

[App. f med.L boeta box or pyx as housing for candle; cf boist.] A small lantern.

(arch.)

[f George T. Bowen (1803-28), US mineralogist + -ite'.] Mm. A hard, compact, translucent form of serpentine, resembling nephnte.

(LG

attnb.

adj.

see

fbowell n. bowenite

bower

as

Embowering;

bowel

bowelled

B

Of, (B-.) pertaining to, or characteristic of the Bowery in New York City; disreputable, rough, rowdy. M19.

bowdlerizmg L19.

/'baual/ n. & v. ME. [AN buel, OFr. boel, bouel (mod. boyau), f. L boiellus pudding, sausage (Martial), small intestine, dim. of botulus sausage; see -el'^ i.] A n. 1 The pan of the alimentary canal below the stomach; the intestine; the gut. Exc. in medical use now usu. in pi, the intestines, the entrails. ME. f b Any internal organ of the body. lME-liS. 2 In pi. The interior of the body. Chiefly fig., (the innermost source of) pity or sympathetic feeling. arch. lME. 3 In pi. The irmermost parts of anything. E16. f 4 In pi. Offspring. E16-L17. 2 Carlyle Had idle readers any bowels for him. bowels of compassion, mercy, etc. 3 S. Rushdie He lived somewhere in the insanitary bowels of the old wooden-house quarter, bowels of the earth the depths of the earth. 4 Shakes. Meas. for M. Thine own bowels which do call thee sire.

n.

f.

prostitutes, drunks, derelicts, etc. M17.

or

bowet

by removing or altering material considered improper or offensive; emasculate. bowdlerism n. textual expurgation M19. n.

& a. US. M17. [Du. bouwenj bomuen cultivate; cf. BOOR & see -ERY.] A «. A (former) farm or plantation in Dutch colonial America; spec, {the Bowery) a street in New York City (on the site of a former governor's bowery) notorious as a resort of /'bausri/

husbandry, farm,

with

'

Shakespeare; see -ize.] Expurgate

bowdleri'zation

bowery

bowery

of) playing a violin etc

m.

bower /'baos/ v. L16. [f bower «.'] 1 v.t. Embower, shade, enclose {lit. & fig.). L16. f2 v.i. Lodge, shelter, rare (Spenser). Only in L16.

Use the

play with the bow.

bowdlerize /'baodlarAiz/ v.t. Also B-, -ise. M19. [f Thomas Bawdier (1754-1825), Eng. editor, who published an expurgated edition of

B

box

269

Obey. Only in ME. 1 1 Express with ME. t bow; usher in or out by bowing. E17.

bowling

Spanish

a.

Spanish

+

-ing'.]

a.

/'baolii)/ n. E16. [f

bowl

v.

Playing at bowls; the action of rolling a ball etc. E16. 2 Cricket. The action of delivering the ball. M18. b The strength or resources of the bowlers in a cricket team. M19. 1 tenpin bowling: see tenpin s.v. TEN n. 2 fast bowling, I

nicdium(-pace) bowling, slow bowling, etc. Comb.: bowling-alley (a building containing) an alley for playing at bowls or skittles; bowling analysis: see ANALYSIS 2, bowling-crease in cricket, the line from behind which the bowler delivers the ball; bowling-green a smooth green upon which to play bowls.

Bowman's capsule L19.

phr.

n.

/baumans

William

[Sir

'kapsjuil, -jo!/

Bowman

(1816-92),

surgeon ] Anat. & Zool. A cup-shaped dilatation of the end of a unniferous tubule, surrounding each glomerulus in the vertebrate

Eng.

kidney.

bowse V.' & n. var. of booze. bowse v:- var. of bouse bowser /'bauza/ n. Also B-. unkn A tanker used for fuelling etc., or for

NZ,

supplying water; (chiefly Austral.

proprietary

bowsprit

MDu.

name

for) a petrol

/'baosprit/

ME. [(M)LG bogspret, bow n:\ sprit «.'] A large

boom

spar or

&

pump.

n.

boechspnet, f as

vessel, to

Bow

[Origin

E20.

aircraft, tanks,

]

running out from the stem of which the forestays are fastened.

a

Street /bau

strirt/ n. phr. E19. [Site of the metropolitan magistrates' court in London ] Hist. Boio Street officer, runner, a (London) detective, spec, of the early 19th cent.

principal

/'baustno/ n. & v. OE. [f bow S.RING n. ] An. The cord of a bow; spec. {Hist.) this used in Turkey for strangling oflfenders. OE. Comb. bowstring-bridge a girder bridge consisting of an arch and a horizontal tie; bowstring hemp =

bowstring

-1-

:

SANSEVIERIA.

B v.t. Pa. t. & pple -stringed, -strung. Chiefly Hist. Strangle with a bowstring. E19. bowtell

n.

&

of boltel.

var.

bow-wow

/int.

&

V.

bau'wau;

'bauwau/

n.

int.,

L16. [Imit.] A int. Repr. the sound of a dog barking, or a similar sound. L16. B n. 1 The bark of a dog. L18. 2 A dog. joc. nursery. L18. n.,

V.

&

C

V.I.

Bark. M19.

bowyang /'baujar)/ dial.

Sense

i

n.

Austral.

bow-yanky

& NZ Sc

/'baujarjki/

(sense i) & other

vars M19. [Origin unkn ] 1 In pi. Leather leggings. M19. 2 A band or strap worn over the trousers below the knee, esp. by labourers. L19.

bowyer

/'bauja/

bower

1

n.']

A

n.

ME.

person

[f bow n.' + who makes or lME.

bows. ME. 2 An archer. /boks/ n.' OE. [L buxus

box

f.

Gk

-yer; cf trades in

puxos.]

1

box tree. A small evergreen tree or shrub of the genus Buxus (family Biixaceae); esp. Buxus sempervirens, with dark leathery leaves, often planted in garden borders. OE. b

More

day, au no,

e:

fully

hair,

la

near,

01

boy, oa poor, Aia

tire,

aoa sour

box of various Australasian eucahpts and other wood like that of Buxus. £19. 2 The hard, hea\T, close-grained wood of the box, or of cenain other trees, much used by turners and

Any

trees with

engravers. lME. lb ,^rin' Nrv, whtw box^ etc. ("I'wiK: box elder a pinnaie-leaved N. American elder, A^cr jifci/riJi), box-gum ^ sense ib above; boxthorn a shrub of the genus /.vfiKw, of the nightshade family, beanng red berries, some species of which are used for hedging; esp. L. barbanmi^ naturalized in Britain; box tree see sense i above; boxwood = sense ; above; also, the tree itself

boxen like

j.

(jrch.) of or

boxwood:

pertaming

to box;

made of

or

.\li6.

/boks, n.- lOE. [Prob. f. late L buxis, -idof L VYKls box of boxwood.] 1 A case or receptacle, usu. rectangular or cylindrical and with a lid, of wood, metal, card, etc. (Freq. w. function, type, etc., specified or understood contextually.) lOE. b A numbered receptacle at a post office in which letters for a subscriber are kept until called for, or at a newspaper office for rephes to an advertisement. M19. c A coffin. slang. E20. d the box, television, slang. M20. e The female genitals. A'. Amer. slang. M20. 2 A box and its contents; the quantity contained in a box, a boxful. ME. b spec. A money box and its contents; a fund. lME. c A Christmas-box. L16. 3 A protective case or covering for a piece of mechanism, such as a compass; a cylinder in which the journal of an axle etc. revolves. L15. b Cnckei. A light protective shield worn over the genitals. M20. 4 (A box imder) the coachman's seat on a carriage. E17. 5 separate compartment, esp. in court for a witness or jury or one with seats at a theatre, restaurant, stadium, etc. E17. b trans/. In pi. The occupants of the boxes at a theatre etc. (orig. for ladies). L17. c A separate stall for a horse in a stable or vehicle; a closed vehicle for transporting one or more horses. M19. d The confessional. E20. 6 A simple shelter or building; esp. one for a sentry, railway signals, or a telephone. E18. 7 A small countrs' house, esp. one for temporary use while hunting etc. E18. 8 An excavation in the trunk of

box

var.

A

a tree for sap to collect. E18. a space enclosed

by

9

A

confined area;

(esp. printed) lines; the area

occupied by the batter or pitcher

in baseball;

penalty area. L19. 10 A mixmg up of different flocks of sheep. Austral. & .VZ. L19. 11 A close formation of aircraft, panem of bombs, etc. M20. 1 S. Johnson .My landlady took the opportunity of my absence to search my boxes. E. Bowen Who, seeing the house shuttered, would have dropped a letter in at the box? ballot-box, Christmas-box, dispatchbox, juke-box, ktur-box, mailbox, matchbox, money box, {Football coUoq.)

the

.

.

music(al) box, pillar-box, pillbox, posibox, snuffbox, soapbox, soundbox, strongbox, tuck box, zumdow-box, etc. chaturbox: see CHATTER n. b P. G. WoDEHOUSE

My

Box

address wnll be

341,

JowETT He who is to be box of tools when he

London Morning News. 2 B. a is

Munching her way through

workman should have

his

a child. R. Maugham a large box of chocolates

b Shakes

Timon Nothing but an empty box which I come to entreat your honour to supply. 3 gearbox etc 5 jury-box, witness-box, etc. 6 T. Hood The Watchman in his box was dosing, call-box, prompt-box, .

.

.

.

9 A S. Byatt boxes, date of birth, places of education, parentage, nauonality. sentry-box, si^ial-box, telephone box, etc.

He

boycott

270

filled

tl.i.

little

a box

Phrases:

of birds

Austral.

&

\'Z

colloq.

very well, fine, black box: see black a. Chinese box: see Chinese a. in the same box a similar predicament, in the wrong box unsuitably or awkwardly placed; in a difficulry, at a disadvantage. excellent,

m

loose box: see

LOOSE

a.

one out of the box

&

Austral.

NZ colloq.

an excellent person or thing, ria box. see RED Skinner box: see Skinner n.^ souvndek bo.\ Comb. box barrage: directed to all sides of an area, to prevent escape; box camera a simple box-shaped hand camera; box canyon a narrow canyon with a flat

preventing rectangular

box

exit;

frame

Comb.: boxing glove a thick padded glove used in boxing; boxing ring an enclosure, now usu. a raised square with surrounding ropes, for boxing; boxing weight any of a series of weight ranges at which boxers are officially matched (as bantamweight,

kite a tailless kite with a light

each

at

number:

box

end;

newspaper office (sense xb above); box office an otfice for booking

box

identifying a

in a post office or

entertainment etc. likely to enclosed like a box; box pleat: with two parallel contrary pleats forming a room in which boxes, trunks, raised band; boxroom a etc., are stored; box score the tabulated results of a seats at a theatre etc.,

fig.

box pew:

attract audiences;

game etc.; box-seat the driver's seat on box spanner a cylindrical spanner with head fitting over the nut; box spring each of

baseball

a

carriage,

a

flyweight, heaiyzveight, etc.).

boy

resembling (that of) a box M19.

boxy

companions,

bottom

and

vertical

walls;

boxcar

A'.

Amer.

an

enclosed railway goods wagon; box-cloth thick coarse cloth used esp. for riding garments; box coat a heavy caped overcoat for a coachman etc.; box-fish = trunkfish s v. TRL'NK n. , box girder: made of plates fastened in the shape of a box; box junction a road junction with a central yellow-striped area which a vehicle must not enter unless u can leave immediately, except when turning nght with only oncoming traffic

b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

to

rel.

n.^

06s. in gen. sense.

with a box; put into a box, enclose in a box or casing; fit compactly as in a box; fig. confine movement of, confine and restrict the uncomfortably. Freq. foil, by in, up. lME. b Print within a border of rules. E20. f 2 Bleed by cupping. lME E17. 3 Make an excavation in the trunk of (a tree) for sap to collect. E18. 4 Mix up, muddle, (esp. different flocks of sheep). Chiefly /I w.(fra/. & NZ. M19.

a

/boks/ v~ E16.

BOX

A

1

man

belonging to some

group

(as one's habitual

a

bawled their wares, button-boy, page-boy, shopShakes. Coriol. Name not the god, thou boy of tears no more 3 Shakes. Much Ado If thou kill'st me, boy, thou shall kill a man. Spectator The

boys

.

.

boy, etc. 2

.

.

public relations boys could really go to town. J. le Carre It was )ust like old times in Berlin: the boys together and the night their oyster. I. F, Elis 'That's all nght, my boy', said the officer, forgetting that Wil was several years his senior. G. Charles 'You boys can take me in the van', Polly said to the two

Beat, strike. Now spec, slap (tlie ear or the side of the head), cuff. E16. 2 v.t. & ;. Fight (a person) with the fists, now usu. in padded gloves as a sport, with set rules.

[f.

n.']

1

v.t.

box

/boks/ round,

sail

BOW

n.',

f.''

years!

.

.

.

M18. [Perh. f. Sp. bojar (boxar) bogen bend, bow, f. base of 1 v.t. box the compass, (be

f.

MLG

I'.']

Naut.

.

sound men and his own assistant. 4 Byron Ah! happy once more who would not be a boy? Arnold Bennett Edwin had left school; and, if he was not a man, he was certainly not a boy. E. Waugh TTiat was Lord Sebastian Flyte. The Marquis of Marchmain's second boy P. G. Wodehouse I tried to tell him that boys will be boys and you're only young once, 6 M. HODGE Boy! They don't wear a damned thing! N. Shute I slithered in over the fence and put her down and boy! was I glad to be on the ground!

M16. .

.

.

N. MiTFORD She was so hirious she rushed at Polly and boxed her ears 2 C. McCullough A lightweight under orders to keep Frank at a distance and find out if he could box as well as he could punch, box clever slang use one's wits. I

Boia, Boja,

yoimg

.

box

OE

team, a gang, the army, etc.). Freq. as a familiar form of address. lME. b A familiar form of address to a male dog, horse, or other animal. lME. c A man of any age. dial. (esp. Anglo-Ir.). M18. 4 A male child; a youth. Also, a grown-up son. lME. 5 As int. An exclamation of surprise, excitement, relief, etc. Freq. oh boy! Orig. US. E20. 1 CovERDALE / Sam. 2:13 The prestes boye came, whyle the flesh was seething. P Lovesey Newspaper-

.

.

Phrases: backroom boy: see BACK-, be a big boy (now): see BIG a. 3b best boy: see BEST a. etc. Boys' Brigade a boys' organization resembling the Scouts, connected with Presbyterian and Nonconformist churches, boys

able to) recite the compass points in correct order; fig. make a complete turn, go round and end where one began. M18. 2 v.t. & i. Turn (a ship), spec, by hauling the head-sheets to windward and laying the head-yards aback. Also = BOX-HAITL. Usu. foil, by off. M18.

BLUE n. 2. BROTH of a boy. home boy: see a. jobs for the boys preferment for one's supporters or favountes, man and boy: see MAN n. in blue: see

HOME

Box and Cox

/boks (3)nd 'koks/ n. phr. L19. by J. M. Morton (1811-91), in which two people imknowingly become tenants of the same room.] Two people who are never together or never at home at the same time; two people who take turns in a part etc. Chiefly in

mother's boy: see

[Title of a play

see

old boy:

MOTHER naked boys: a. one of the boys

OLD

see a

NAKED

a.

man who

companions, a good fellow, principal boy: see PRINCIPAL a. SKOLLY boy son out the men from the boys: see MAN n. the boy arch, slang champagne, the boy next door, see next a. white-

conforms

to the behaviour of his

headed boy: see white

a. wide boy: see WIDE a. Comb. boyfriend a girl's or woman's, or a homosexual man's, usual or preferred male companion; boy-meets-girl a conventional or ideal romance (freq. aitnb.); Boy Scout: see scout n^ 2c; boy's-love southernwood, Artemisia abrotanunr, boys' play arch, amusement for boys, child's play; boy wonder an exceptionally talented young man or boy. ^It is not clear which is the earliest Eng. meaning. However, sense 4, 'male child', is predominant and

play Box and Cox.

:

boxcalf /'bokskaif/

E20. [f Joseph Box, late-

n.

Ixsndon

+

bootmaker

calf «.'] Chrome-tanned calfskin with a hatched grain. I9th-cent.

boxer

/'boksa/

n.'

rare.

M16.

[f.

box

v.^

A person who puts things in boxes. boxer /'bokss/ L17. [f. box v." + w.-'

person

+

-er'.]

-er'.]

1

A

who

boxes; a pugilist. L17. 2 Hist. (B-.) yi he Chin, qudn lit. 'righteous harmonious fists'.] A member of a Chinese nationalist secret society responsible for a rising in 1900. E20. 3 A dog of a smooth-coated square-built breed of the bulldog type, originating in Germany. E20. Comb.: boxer shorts men's loose shorts or

other senses. (a) the state of being a boy; the time boy; (b) boys collectively: M18 boyish a. of or pertaining to boys or boyhood; boylike, highspinted: M16 boyishly adv. L16. boyishness n. M16. boyism n. (now rare) a boyish characteristic; boyish character: E18. boykin(s) n. (arch.) a small boy (esp. as an affectionate form of address) M16. boylike adv. & a. characteristic(ally) of a boy or boys M19. colours

[Repr.

underpants.

/'bokshsil/ v.t. mi8. [f. box v:^ + Naut. Veer (a ship) round on its stem,

box-haul HAUL

V.}

boxiana

/boksi'aina/

E19. [f

n.pl.

boxing

n.-

boy

after

boycott

ff.

box

i'.'

+

/'boksiri/ n:^ ei8. [f. box v.- + -ing'.] action of fighting with fists, spec, as a sport,

using padded gloves. n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

1

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

n. ]

Also

Hist.

aristocracy

^-ard.

A member (abolished

li6. [Russ. of an order of Peter the

by

/'baikot/ v. & n. Also fB-. L19. [Capt. C. C. Boycott (1832-97), land-agent in Ireland who was so treated in 1880.] A v.t. Combine to coerce or pimish (a person, group, nation, etc.) by a systematic refusal of normal commercial or social relations; refuse to handle or buy (goods),

traditionally given),

man,

M16. [f. the n.] 1 v.i. Act like a Represent on stage by a boy

Great), next in rank to a prince.

i'.'

first

boxing The

/bao'ja:/

-rNG'.]

E16.

box

the

v.t.

hoyann grandee

Also, boxes, casing. day (strictly, the first weekday) Christmas Day (on which Christmas-boxes were

/'boksit)/

action of

Boxing Day

v. rare.

actor; call 'boy'. L16.

boyar Russian

boxing The

/bDi/

boy. M16. 2

+

-lana ] Publications or other items concerning or associated with boxing and boxers,

all

boyhood n. when one is a

a.

:

boy.]

boi

esp.

a fellow; a specified or understood

lME. LOrigin unkn.] 1 A blow. lME. 2 spec. A slap on the ear or the side of the head. lME. box /boks/ D.'r. lME. [f. box n.'] 1 Provide or fit /boks/

[Perh.

young man,

a.

resembling, comparable to, or suggesting a box; (of recorded sound) restricted in tone: M19.

box

also Fris.

underling,

N

a.

ME.

n.

male servant, an one; a helper, a messenger, obs. exc. as in sense ib or when a boy in sense 4. ME. b A native servant or labourer. Now freq. considered offensive. E17. f 2 A male person of lowly status, a common fellow; a worthless fellow, a knave. ME-E17. 3 (Affectionately, playfully, or slightingly.) A cf.

socket a set of vertical springs in a mattress, box-tortoise, American land turtle of the genus -turtle a Terrapenc, able by means of a hinged lower carapace to close itself up completely; box-wallah (in the Indian subcontinent) a dealer, a pedlar. boxful n. as much or as many as a box will hold E18.

boxlike

/bai/

OHG Buobo male pers. names, MHG buobe boy;

J

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, 3 this,

r)

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

boyer refuse to attend (a meeting, lecture, etc.), with this aim. L19. B n. Such a course of action. 1.19.

boycotter

boyer

L19.

n.

n. Also boier. mi6. [Du. boeier smack.] A single-masted Dutch vessel, orig. a seagoing sloop but now a bluff-ended craft used on inland waterways.

/'b.iia/

Boyle's law

/'bailz b:/ n. phr. M19. [Roben Boyle (1627 91), Eng. scientist.] Chem. A law stating that the pressure and volume of a gas are in inverse proportion to each other at constant temperature.

boyo

/'boiau/

n.

Welsh

& Anglo-Ir.

-os. -o.] Boy, lad, fellow. Chiefly as colloq. PI.

L19. [f. BOY n. + a familiar form of address.

boysenberry

/'b3iz(3)nbEri,

-s-/

M20.

n.

[f

/'bauzs/ n. Also bosa, boo- /'bu:-/. M17. f Pers ] A fermented drink made in Turkey and the Middle East; spec, an infusion of slang (chiefly N. Amer.). PI. ] A stupid, despised, or

n.

-OS. E20. [Origin unkn insignificant person.

A

bra

M2o. [Abbrev.] brassiere, /bra:/ braless a. M20. bralessness n. L20. M20.

/bra:/

Quantum Mech.

[f.

bra(cket

«.

:

cf ket

A |

/'bra:i/ n.

is is

&

m2o. [Abbrev. of

S. Afr.

v.

n.= next. M20. over an open fire. M20.

B

&

v.t.

meat, f. braai to grill + vleis meat.] Meat over an open fire; a picnic, barbecue, etc., at which meat is cooked in this way. grilled

/brab/ n. L17. [Port, (palmeira) braba wild (palm tree).] The palmyra, Borassus ftabeltifer.

E16.

[Prob.

&

v.

imit.,

ult.

n.

Now

but

A

v.i.

brawl

Dispute

fl

&

brace

v.

dial.

braceleted

/breis/ w.' lME. [OFr. = two arms, the between the fingertips with arms extended (mod. brasse fathom) f. L bracchia pi. of bracchium arm (whence Fr. bras) f. Gk brakhion. Some senses f. brace v.'] I A pair of

distance

A

portion of a suit of armour covering LME-E17. \h A suit of armour, armed state, rare (Shakes ). Only in E17. f 2 A measure of length, orig. the distance between fingertips with arms extended. lME-miS. 3 A tool in carpentry having a crank handle and a socket etc. to hold a bit for boring. M16. II A thing which clasps. 4 A clasp, buckle, or other fastener. lME. b Dentistry. A wire device for straightening the teeth. M20. 5 A leather thong which slides up and down the cord of a drum, regulating the tension of the skins, and hence the pitch of any note produced. L16. 6 The sign (or () used in printing etc. for the purpose of uniting two or more lines, words, staves of music, etc. or in pairs as a form of brackets; loosely in pi., square brackets [ ]. M17. 7 Either of a pair of straps of elastic, leather, etc., used to support trousers etc. Usu. in pi. L18. 8 Naui. A metal strap secured to the stem-post and bottom planks for supporting the rudder. |

M19.

III PI. usu.

a cat,

a:

arm,

e

7

belt

same (preceded by bed,

3:

her,

1

sit,

1

and a

cosy,

braces: see

numeral or 1:

see, o hot,

&

1.

M17. [f brace

MiS.

n.-:

bracer

a.

M17

/'breiss/ n.'

lME. [OFr.

braciere,

i.

bras

A

portion of a suit of armour covering the arm (now Hist.); a sort of wristguard used in archery etc.

arm.]

bracer

brace

a.

(of air, climate, etc.) invigorating:

esp.

/breis/ vrt.

/'breislit/ n. lME. [(0)Fr., f bras arm: see -EL-, -et'.] 1 An ornamental ring or band worn on the arm or wnst. lME. 2 Hist. A piece of armour covering the arm. L16. 3 A fetter for the wrists; slang a handcuff. Usu. in pi. E17.

/'bratjau/ n. PI. -ccia /-tja/. M18. [It. = arm.] A fonner Italian measure of length, about 60 centimetres.

French

.

bracelet

braccio

brace: see

W. Golding He

etc.

and

obstinately.

brabblement n. altercation, contentious uproar M16 brabbler n. f (o) a quibbler; (b) a brawler: M16.

4 French BELT n.

suppon. L18.

cf Fr. Naut. Swing (a yard) round by means of braces. Freq. w. advs., as aback, about, in, to,

E16-E17. 2 Quarrel about trifles, quarrel noisily, squabble. M16. B n. 1 A paltry altercation, a noisy quarrel. M16. fb A brawl, a skirmish. L16-E17. t2 A quibble; spec, a frivolous legal action. L16 L17. 3 Discordant babble. M19.

arms. ^ I the arms.

tightly binding);

brasser.}

(M)Du.

f

perh.

brabbelen jabber, or a blend of v.]

arch.

by

braced his hands, stiffening the muscles of his arms D. IxiDGE Mentally, you brace yourself for the ending of a novel. K. M. E. Murray A few days change would brace him up. 6 G. J. Whyte-Melville He braced his foot in the stirrup to afford a purchase for

braces,

brab

/'brab(3)l/

(esp.

Pope The adverse winds in leathem bags he brac'd. 3 T. Aird A flowing wood the middle mountain braced. 4 Shakes John Even at hand a drum is ready brac'd That shall reverberate all as loud as thine. 5 C. Thirlwall Nothing now remained but 1

11 V.I. 7 Foil, by up: brace oneself; pull oneself together for an effort; take a drink for this purpose. Orig. US. E19. bracing n. (a) the action of the vb; (b) an appliance or arrangement that braces: lME. bracing ppl a. that

M20. [Afk. =

/'bra:ifleis/ n. S. Afr.

down

her ascent.

Grill (meat)

/.

grilled

BABBLE

intelligence, etc. (Foil, by up.) L15. 6 render firm, steady, set rigidly or firmly

.

.

A

brabble

unwelcome

to brace every nerve for the battle.

«.-']

vector in Hilben space that of a ket and the complex conjugate symbolized by < Freq. bra i

/'breiss/ «.- mi6. [f brace z'.' + -er'.] 1 thing which clamps or binds, a brace. M16. 2 tonic or medicine for bracing the nerves. Now chiefly (colloq.) a drink taken to brace one up, a

A A

brach

/bratj/ n. arch. lME. [Orig. in pi. f. OFr. brachez pi. of brachet dim. of Prov. brae i. Protobrakko, Romance f Frank, (whence also Bracke).} A kind of hoimd which hunts by scent. In later use gen. and always fem.: a bitch

OHG

G

hound. Also brachet

n.

lME

/'breikisl/ n.

&

a.

lME. [L

brachialis

brachium arm: see -al'.] A m. f 1 A vestment or a piece of armour for the arm. lME M16. 2 ellipt. A brachial vein, bone, etc. M19. B adj. Chief\y Anat. & Zool. 1 Of the arm. L16. 2 Of the nature of or resembling an arm. M19. adj.,

f

veins

and

/'brakiapod/ n. M19. [mod.L f Gk brakhiOn arm + -pod.] Zool. A marine invertebrate of the phylum Brachiopoda (esp. a fossil one), with a twovalved chalky shell and a ciliated feeding arm (lophophore); a lamp-shell. /brakio'srcrss/

n.

-ruses,

PI.

[mod.L, f Gk brakhion arm + sauros -SAUR.] A huge sauropod dinosaur of the genus Brachiosaurus, with the forelegs longer than the hind legs, found fossilized in Jurassic -ri /-tm/. E20.

strata.

brachistochrone

Gk

/brs'kistokraun/ n. li8. [f brakhistos superl. of brakhus short (see -0-) +

khronos time.] that a gravity)

body

A

curve joining two points such along it (e.g. under

travelling

shorter time than is possible along any other curve between the points. takes

a

brachium /'breikiam, 'brak-/ n. M18. Anat. & Zool. The arm; spec, the upper arm

[L.]

from

shoulder to elbow.

brachy-

/'braki/ comb, form of

Gk

brakhus short.

(Cf DOLICHO-, PLATY-.) brachycata'lectic a. & n. (Pros.) (a verse) lacking one foot or two syllables E17. brachy'dactylous a. having abnormally short fingers and toes L19, brachy'dactyly n. brachydactylous condition L19. brachyodont a. characterized by or designating teeth with low crowns and well-developed roots L19. brachy'pellic a. [Gk pella bowl] having or designating a pelvis whose anteroposterior diameter is much greater than its transverse diameter M20. bra'chypterous a. short-winged M19.

brachycephaUc

-ke'falik/

/.brakisi'falik,

a.

Also f-keph-. M19. [{. prec. + -cephalic] Short-headed; spec, having a cranial index between 80 and 85. brachycephal /braki'sEf(3)l, 'brakisEf(3)l; -kef-/ n. pi ] a [back-form. f mod.L hrachycephales brachycephalic person E20. brachycephales /-lirz,, (now rare or obs.) -cephali /-Iai, -li:/ m.pl. [mod.L] brachycephals M19. brachy'cephalism n. brachycephalic condition M19 brachy'cephalous n. ii. brachycephalic L19. brachy'cephaly brachycephalism M19.

brachygraphy

/bra'kigrafi/ n. obs. exc. Hist. L16. [Fr. brachygraphie: see BRACHY-, -GRAPHY.]

= STENOGRAPHY.

brachylogy

/brs'kiladsi/

n.

L

Also (earher) in

form f-logia. Mi 6. [Late L brachylogia f. Gk brakhulogia: BRACHY-, -logy.] Concise see speech; a concise expression.

brachyurous /braki'joarss/ a. E19. [f brachy+ Gk oura tail + -ous.] Zool. Of a decapod crustacean: having a relatively short

abdomen.

n. & a. (a) n. a crustacean (e.g. many belonging to the section Brachyura which includes most brachyurous kinds; (b) adj. of or pertaining to the Brachyura: L19.

cabs)

OE

v.i.

M20. [Back-form, f

next: see -ate'.] Move as a brachiator does, brachi'ation n. 1.19.

using the arms to swing from branch to branch. run, o put, u: too, 3 ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

Gmc

OS

Now

A

chiefly dial. M16.

/brak/ n.- & v.t. Now rare or obs. Ml 8. [G Bracke n., bracken vb.] (Sort or examine by) a system of inspection at Baltic ports, bracker n. an official carrying out this system M18.

brack

/brak/ Anglo-Ir. barimbrack.] = barnbrack.

&

M19.

[f

(as)

exc. dial. E16. [M1.G, brak), of unkn. origin.] adj. Salt, brackish. E16. B n. Salt water, the sea. L16. bracky a. brackish 1.16.

/brak/ brae

bracken

brachiator /'brakieits/ n. M19. [f L brachium arm + -ator.] Zool. An ape which moves by

ME.

/brak/

gebrirc,

MDu.

Now

ON

brak = [In branch I f. gibrak creaking noise, (. base of break v. In branch II parallel to break n.'] til Noise, outcry. ME-E16. 11 + 2 A breach, rupture; a quarrel; a broken piece, a fragment. M16-E19. 3 flaw (in cloth).

brack

brack

\

pi.,

brachiosaurus

brachiatus with boughs or branches, f. as prec: see -ate-.] Boi. Having long decussate branches.

in the

MI 8. [L

x saw,

artery.

brachiopoda

brack

/'brakist, 'breik-/ a.

/'brakieit/

a.

brachiopod

upper

brachiate

-ke'falik/

M19. [mod. I- brachiocephalicus, f. Gk brakhiiin arm: see -cephai.ic ] Anat. Pertaining to both arm and head; esp. designating the innominate

rare or obs.

brachialis /-'eilis/ n. (,Anal.) a muscle arm, serving to flex the forearm L19.

brachiate

/.brakiasi'falik,

brachyuran

pick-me-up. mi 8.

brachial

brachiocephalic

a.

n." obs.

A

(LG, Du.

/'brak(3)n/

ME. [ON

(Sw. broken.

Da. bregne).] 1 A large fem, Ptendium aquilinum, common on hillsides, heaths, etc.; any of various other fems of the genus Pteridium: collect, a mass of such fems. ME. 2 A shade of brown. E20.

day, ao no,

e:

hair,

la

near,

.ii

boy, U3 poor,

.\13

tire,

aoa sour

bracken Pfnllofvnhj

common

a

chafer (beetle),

f bracken

bracken

LI9.

plaid.

bracket

Ong. t-8(8)" L16. [Fr. or Sp. bragiieta codpiece, bracket, corbel, dim. of Fr. bragtie mortise, (in pi.) breeches, lashing, f. Prov. braga (pi.) breeches, ult. f. L braca, pi. hracae breeches.] 1 A flat-topped, usu. decorated, projection from a wall, serving as a support to a statue, arch, etc. L16. b A small (ornamental) shell" with a slanting underprop for fixing to a wall, mi 7. 2 A wooden or metal angular suppon; a suppon for a lamp, projecting from a wall. E17. 3 Either of the rvvo side-pieces of a gun-carriage. M18. 4 A mark used, usu. in pairs (),[], [,, for enclosing a word or words, figures, etc., so as to separate them from the context; spec. (Typogr.) a square bracket. M18. 5 Mil. (The distance between) shots fired short of and over the target in rangefinding. L19. 6 A group (of people) classed together as similar or as falling between certain limits (of income etc.). L19. 7 Skating. A L19. series of turns resembling a bracket 4 jrtglc hrji-kei, round bracket, square bracket, etc. 6 M. In'N'es They were both from the same social 'brakit

n.

codpiece,

bragiitit^

bradoon

brahmacharya

J

M19. [George Bradshaw

n.

(1801-53), Brit, printer.] Hist. (Colloq. name Bradshaw's Railway Guide, a timetable of (esp. British) passenger trains, published

brahmachari

for)

1839 1961. /'bradi/ comb, form of bradus slow, brady'cardia tt. abnormal slowness of heart action L19. bradymeta'bolic a. (Zooi.) pertaining to or characterized by bradymetabolism L20. bradytne'tabolism n. (Zool.) the low level of metabolism characteristic of cold-blooded vertebrates; poikilothermy: L20. bradypepsy n. (now rare or obs.) [Gk bradupefysia] slowness of digestion L16.

bradykinin

Gk

/bradi'kAinin/

M2o. [f

«.

bradyseism + Gk seismos

earthquake

A

]

n.

L19.

slow

[f.

brady'seismic

&

/brei/ n. Sc.

K

:

on tree-trunks

bracket

etc.

M19. [f. the n.] 1 v.t. Link or couple (lines, names, etc.) by means of a brace; fig. imply connection or equality of. (Foil, by together, with another.) M19. 2 v.t. Provide with brackets; enclose in brackets as parenthetic, spurious, etc., or {Math.) to indicate some special relation to what precedes or follows. M19. 3 v.i. & r. Mil. Find the range for artillery by means of a bracket; fire or land short of and over (the target). E20. bracketing n. (a) framework etc. used as a support for mouldmg etc. on a wall; (b) the action of the vb; E19

Brackett series 'brakit sisriiz [Fredenck Sumner Brackett (b.

A

of lines

series

m2o.

phr.

n.

1896), US the infrared

in

spectrum of atomic hydrogen, between 4.04 and 1.46 micrometres.

n.

li6.

brackmard [Fr.

'brakma:d n. obs. exc. Hist. E16. bragueman.] A short broad-bladed sword, a

cudass.

braconid

'brakanid

Bracomdac (irreg.

Gk

f

&

n.

(see below),

msect

.Any

f.

insects

L19.

a.

[mod.L name

Bracon genus

+

brakhus short) of the family

hymenopterous

A

-id'.]

Braconidae

similar

n.

of

ichneumon

to

L19. B ad]. Of, pertaining designating this family. L19. flies.

or

to,

brakt n. Orig. also in L form fbractea, pi. -eae. L18. IL bractea var. oibrattea thin plate of metal, gold leaf ] Bot. A leaf or scale, usu small, growmg below the calyx of a plant, bractlet n - bracteole M19.

bract

bracteate

'braktiat/ a. Si n. E19.

[L

bracteatus,

f as prec: see -ate-.] A adj. 1 Bot. Having or bearing bracts. E19. 2 Made of metal beaten thin. M19. B n. A coin or ornament c t thinly beaten metal. M19. bracteated a. = bracteate a. i E19.

bracteole

E19. [L bracteola dim. of bractea BRACT: see -olf' ] Bot. small bract, bracteolate a. having bracteoles E19. 'braktisol

n.

A

brad flat,

brad,

n.

lME.

small-headed

bradawl

[Var of brod

n.\

A

thin,

nail,

b bui, d dog,

n.

/'bradb(3)ri/ f

Arrogant

trumpet. L15-E16. 4 A braggart. L17. 5 poker. M18.

A

card-

n.

colloq.

few, q get, h he,

j

A

&

a.

A

adv.

ME.

[Origin unkn.:

cf.

f 1 Mettlesome, spirited, Boastful {of). ME-M17. 3 First-rate, surpassingly good US. M19. f B adv. Boastfully. L16. fbragly tiA'. M16-E18. adj.

ME-E17. t2

I

leg.

/'braimini/ a. Also arch, -nee, B-. on the analogy of native Indian Bengali.] Pertaining to the brahmin caste; appropriated to the brahmins. Now chiefly as below. Brahminy bull = brahmin 3. Brahminy duck the E19.

n. var.

of bracket

Haliastur tndus.

Brahmo

t braggadocian

braggart

a.

[Fr.

A n. A fbragard, f. person given to bragging, a boaster. L16. B adj. Given to bragging, boastful. E17. braggartism

n.

'society of worshippers of

Brahmoism, fBrahmism

/'bragat/ hrac{h)aut (mod. bragod)

lME. =

Ir.

[Early

brogdid,

{.

E19. [Brahui ] A n. PI. of a pastoral people of Baluchistan; their Dravidian language. E19. B attrib. or as adj. Of or pertaining to titc Brahuis or their language. M19.

Brahui -s,

var.

of bracket

brahma

m man,

n.

'

var. of

n no, p pen,

r

brahman

red,

s sit,

t

See also brede

n.

adroit

a

turn;

OE.

n."

[f.

A

A

garments. L16. S Hercules braid, military braid, soutache braid,

fbraid L17.

rare

braid braid

a.-,

adv. see

broad

we,

z

zoo,

J

a.,

in

cf.

etc.

E17.

braid

[Of

n.

i.]

v.'

browden. OFns. breida,

brfda,

OHG

ON

brettan,

adv.

&

Pa. pple See also brede

/breid/

origin. In senses 5, 6

w

Only

(Shakes.).

Deceitful.

n.'

top, v van,

a.'

uncertain meaning and origin:

=

[Abbrev.]

braid

trick,

f2 A sudden or 3 A blow, an anack, dial. ME. 4 A

ME-

f.

brahma (nom. of brahman) priest.] In Hinduism: the creator, one of the three supreme personal deities. Hindu and Buddhist In L19.

An

|1

OE-L16.

[Skt

/'braima/

/breid/

a.

a subtlety. brisk movement. an outburst. Long EI 9. thing plaited or 06s. exc. interwoven, esp. a plait of hair. M16. b string or band confining or entwined in the hair. L16. 5 woven band made of thread of silk, gold, silver, etc., used for trimming or binding j>.']

n.

fbrahm n. var. of brahman n.' Brahma /'braims/ Also Brahman.

Brahma

n. & A member

/bra'huii/

same.

braid

base repr. by L brace, Gaulish bracis kind of grain.] A drink made of honey, or (latterly) sugar and spices, and ale fermented together.

f bragget

the doctrines of the

/'bra:mzi3n/ a. & n. L19. [f. Brahms (see below) + -ian] A adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the German composer Johannes Brahms (1833-97) or his music. L19. B n. An interpreter, student, or admirer of Brahms or his music. E20.

Welsh Celt.,

n

Brahmsian

li6.

bragget

Brahmo Samaj)

(or

Brahma'.

Brahmo movement M19.

L16 E18

-a:t/ n. Sc a. L16. •\braguer vaunt: see -art.]

/'bragat,

f.

brahman ] movement Brahmo Sabha

n.

/brags'dautjiso/ n. PI. -os. L16. [Pseudo-It. pers. name (Spenser), f. brag or braggart + -occio It. augm. suff.] 1 An empty idle boaster. L16 2 Empty boasting, bluster. M18.

n. & a. PI. of n. -os. L19. Skt brahma a person who knows (An adherent) of the Hindu reform

/'braimau/

[Bengali

Bragg

braggadocio

like

ruddy shelduck, Tadorria femtgtnea. Brahminy kite a white-headed kite of southern Asia and Australia,

M16.

/brag/ n. E20. [Sir William Henry (1862- 1942) and his son Sir William Lawrence (1890-1971) Bragg, Eng. physicists.] Physics. Bragg{ 's) law, a relation giving the conditions for maximum reflection of electromagnetic waves (esp. X-rays) or particles by planes of atoms in a crystal. Hence Bragg angle, an angle of incidence at which maximum reflection occurs for a given wavelength.

prec.

[f.

wds

brag

(a) bragging; t() the rabble:

M19.

this.

brahminy

lME

/brag/ v. Infl. -gg-. lME. [Ongin unkn.: cf prec, BRAG «. ] fl v.i. & t. Sound (a trumpet) loudly. Only in lME. 2 v.i. & t. Boast (of). lME. fb V.I. Swagger, show off. M-L16. 3 i\t. Challenge; bully, overawe by boasting. Chiefly dial. M16. bragger n. a boaster, a braggart lME. braggery n.

(cf.

brah'minic, -'manic /-'man-/ a. of or pertaining to the brahmins M19. brah'minical, -'njanical /-'man-/ a. - brahminic li6. brahminism, -manism n. the principles and practice of brahmins E19.

Brahmaputra.

(now Hm.).

yes, k cat,

from

brag.

lively.

Samaj

the highest or priestly Hindu caste. ME. 2 transf. (Usu. B-.) A highly cultured or intellectually aloof person; spec, a member of the upper classes of Boston, Massachusetts, USA. M19. 3 (Usu. B-.) In full Brahmin bull, ox, etc. A zebu ox, or an animal of a breed of beef cattle developed

Shakes. A.Y.L. Caesar's thrasonical brag of 'f" came, saw, and overcame'. Milton Beauty is nature's

/brag/ prec, next ]

Hindu

the

to

or

/'bramim/ n. Also -man /-man/, B-. [Skt brahmana one of the brahmin caste, f. brahman (nom. brahma) priest ] 1 A member of

I

brag

M19. [f Skt brahma (see

ME.

lME. t2 Show; pompous LME-M17. t3 The bray of a

demeanour.

a.

brahmin

boast.

a

in

vanety of the Indian

Brahmo).

[Origin unkn.: cf. next, or boastful language;

thought: the highest god.

E19. [f. prec. + awl.] small boring-tool with a non-spiral blade. /'bradoil,

Bradbury

lME.

n.

1

boasting;

f braget

brackish 'brakij a. M16. [f. brack a. + -ish'.] Of water: slightly salt. M16. 2 Spoilt by 1 mixture. E17. brackishness

v.}

/'braimik/

Brahmo) + -ic] Pertaining movement Brahmo Sabha

game resembling

'brakit, v.

physicist.]

/brag/

BRAG

b-,

river

a

/'brainii/ n. L19. [Skt brahmf.] One of two oldest alphabets of the Indian the subcontinent, of Semitic origin. Cf. Kharoshti.

a river valley; a hillside, a slope.

brag

Also

n.

A

subcontinent.

{

bracket. J. Galbraith Tax reductions affecting the upper surtax brackets. Comb. bracket clock: designed to stand on a wallbracket; bracket fungus: forming shelflike projections

brahma

Also

n.'

Brahmi

bra eyelash

= OE briiiv eyelid, OFris. bre, OS, OHG brawa (G Braue) eyebrow: the sense-development is parallel to that of brow n.'] A steep bank beside

/'bruiman/

f-pootra. M19. [Brahmaputra, Bangladesh and West Bengal ] domestic fowl originating in

brahmic ME. [ON

north.

practises

'

of

rise or fall

L19.

a.

who

person

a

n.

Brahman nr var. of Brahma n.^ brahman n. var. of brahmin. Brahmaputra /braima'puitra/

brady-

the earth's crust,

[Skt

/'braima/, fbrahm, B-. L18. [Skt brahman sacred utterance.] In Hindu philosophy: the ultimate reality underlying all phenomena.

-in'.]

/'bradis/M2(3)m/

E20.

L18,

brahman

+

prec.

Biochem. Any of a class of naturally-occurring peptides which cause contraction of smooth muscle. Cf. KININ.

motion +

kinesis

brae

brahmacharya

Gk

brady-

/braima'tjoins/w.

brahmacarya, f. brahman prayer, worship -I- carya conduct.] Purity of life, esp. regarding sexual matters (freq. used with reference to the life and teachings of M. K. Gandhi).

of bridoon.

var.

n.

Bradshaw /'bradjs:/

Also brochan. .mi6 L19. [Gael. f. brciic chequered.] A tartan

breacan

It.

E20. [John S. Bradbury, Brit. Secretary to the Treasury 1913 19.] one-pound note.

A

/ii'mio/ti.

brackened j. oversown with brackeny j = BRACKENEP MI9 bnacLin,

braid

272

bracken-clock

Ccmi:

v.-

ppl

a.

[OE

braided, bregdan

=

OS

bregdan (Du. breien), bregSa, f. Gmc, of unkn. f.

braid

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, d this,

v)

n.]

If

nng,

tj

1

v.t.

Make

chip, d3 jar

braid a

sudden movement with (the hand, foot, etc.); (a spear), draw (a sword etc.); jerk, with a sudden effort. OE E17. f 2 v.i.

brandish

fling, etc.,

abruptly. OE lME. 3 v.i. out of sleep; burst into motion, speech, etc. arch. ME. 114 v.t. Twist in and out, interweave; embroider; make (a cord, garment, etc.) by plaiting; arrange (the hair) in braids. OE. 5 v.t. Bind (the hair) with a braid, ribbon, etc. LI 8. 6 v.t. Ornament or trim with braid; oudine (a design for point-lace work) by means of braid. M19. K'ith preps, in specialized senses: braid of dial, take

Change suddenly or usu.

Start,

after,

resemble.

braider n. a person who or thing which makes or applies braids M19. braiding n. (a) the action of the vb; (6) braids collectively; braided work: lME.

f braid v.H. lME-ei?. [Aphet. Upbraid; reproach.

brail

/breil/

&

n.

lME. [OPr.

v.

iipbraid v.]

f.

braiel, brael

f

med.L

bracale waist-belt, f braca: see bracket A n. 1 In pi. Small ropes fastened to the leech of fore-and-aft sails to truss them up before furling. lME. 2 In pi. The rump of an animal; spec, the feathers about a hawk's rump. rare or obs. lME. 3 A girdle used to confine a hawk's wings. E19. K v.t. 1 Haul up (sails) by means of brails. E17. 2 Confine (a fi. ]

Now

hawk's wings) with a

girdle.

M17.

n. & v. M19. [{. Louis Braille (1809-52), Fr. teacher of the blind, who invented the system.] \ n. A system of printing or writing for the blind, in which the characters are represented by arrangements of raised points. M19. B v.t. Print or transcribe in Braille

characters.

M20.

/brein/

bregen,

[OE

brein

{.

MLG

=

brsegen

WGmc]

bragen,

The mass of of humans and 1

substance contained in the skull other vertebrates; sing. & (usu.) in pi. cerebral substance. Orig. spec, the cerebrum, now the entire organ; transf. an analogous organ of an invertebrate. OE. 2 This organ as the seat of sensation, motion, or hiunan speech, the organ of thought, memory, or imagination; sing. & (freq.) in pi. intellectual power, intellect; thought, sense, imagination. ME. b sing. & (freq.) in pi. A clever person; the cleverest person in a group etc., the mastermind, colloq. M19. 3 An electronic device comparable in function to a brain; a computer. Usu. more fully electronic brain. M20. 2 W. Stubbs Was that plan the conception of any one brain? Brittain Men of all ages who hadn't the brains of an earwig, b C. Kingsley The accomplished Mysseri was in fact the brain of our corps. Times Admiral Wynter, 'the brains' of the

V

.

.

.

.

.

.

victory.

Phrases: beat, (cudgel, rack, etc.) one's brains search for ideas, think very hard, blow a person's brains

see blow v.' cells of the brain: see cell n.' 7b. cudgel one's brains: see beat one's brains above, get or out:

have on the brain be constandy thinking

of,

be

obsessed by. pick a person's brains: see pick v.' rack one's brains: see beat one's brains above, softening of the brain, turn a person's brain: see TURN v. VISCERAL brain, wash one's brain: see WASH v. water on the brain: see

WATER

n.

Comb.: brain-box (a) the cranium; (b) coUoq. the

mind, the intellect; a clever person; brain-case colloq. the cranium; brain-cell any of the cells forming the brain tissue; brainchild colloq. the product of thought; an invention; brain-coral coral forming a compact mass with a surface resembling the convolutions of the

brain,

brain-damage

injury to the brain impairing its fiincrions; braindamaged a. having suffered brain-damage; braindead a. having suffered brain death; brain death permanent cessation of the functions of the brainstem

(permanendy)

that control respiration etc.;

of highly trained emigration; brain-£ag

brain drain

colloq.

the

people by colloq. mental exhaustion; brain fever mfiammation or other malaise affecting the brain; hram-fever bird, an Indian hawk-cuckoo, Cuculus varius, having a maddeningly persistent call; brain-pan colloq. the cranium, brainpower mental ability or intelligence; brain-sand mmute calcareous particles deposited in the pineal gland, brain scan a diagnostic radiographic scan of the brain; brain scanner an apparatus for performing a brain scan; brainsick a. diseased in the mind, mad; proceeding loss

a cat, o:

arm,

e

US) a brainstorming US) attack on a problem by spontaneous discussion in search of new brainwave

bed,

a:

or

her,

i

qualified

sit,

i

below;

(c)

(orig.

(c)

brainstorming

session;

(orig.

brain-teaser a difhcult problem or puzzle; (or brains) trust (a) (usu. brains tntsi) a group

ideas;

brain

of people assembled to give impromptu views on topics of interest; (b) a group of experts appointed to give advice or guidance to a government etc.; brain= brain-teaser above; brainwash v.t. twister systematically and often forcibly replace established ideas in the mind of (a person) by new (usu. political) ideas; brainwave (a) a hypothetical telepathic vibration; (b) sing. & (usu.) in pi., a measurable electrical impulse in the brain; (c) colloq. a sudden inspiration or bright idea; brainwork mental activity. brained a. havmg a brain or brains (of a specified kind) lME. brainish a. (arch.) passionate, headstrong M16. brainless a. (a) devoid of brain; (b) foohsh; wanting intelligence: lME. brainlessly adv. E17.

brainlessness

v.t.

the brains of;

lME. Only

L19.

n.

brain /brem/

kill

lME. [f the n.] 1 Dash out with a heavy blow to the head.

f 2 Conceive in the brain, rare (Shakes.). in E17.

brainy

/'bremi/

a.

M19.

brain

[f.

brainily adv. E20. braininess

cosy,

i:

see, o hot,

y.

n.

n.

+

-y'.]

clever, E20.

& v. Orig. & [Alt. of BRERD.] A n. The first com, or other crop. L15. B v.i.

braird

/bre-.d/ n.

/breiz/

with a

B

n.

meat

brak

n.

M18. [Fr.

brazier

cf.

n.^]

A

braiser,

v.t.

f braise

Cook

slowly

M18.

etc. with.

& n. S. A adj.

i. Du.: see Brackish; alkaline. L18. B Brackishness; alkalinity of soil or water. L19.

/brak/

brake

a.

&

a.

n.*]

Afr. L18. [A£k.

[OE

bracu (recorded in genit. pi. feambraca beds of fern), corresp. to brake branch, twig, tree stump; perh. reinforced in f. LG.] 1 Fembrake, a bed or thicket of ferns. OE. 2 gen. A clump of bushes, brushwood, or briers; a thicket. lME. /breik/

MLG

ME

/breik/ n.' ME. [Perh. shonening of BRACKEN the latter being interpreted as pi.]

brake

A fern; bracken.

MLG brake

brake

/breik/ n.' lME. [Corresp. to orODu. braeke, Du. fcraafe flax-brake, f.

Du. hreken BREAK D. ] 1 A toothed instrument for braking flax or hemp. lME. 2 A baker's kneading-machine. lME. 3 In full brake-harrow. A heavy harrow for crushing clods. M17. 4 An instrument for peeling the bark from willows for basket-making. E19.

brake

/breik/ lME. [Origin imcertain: perh. rel. to Fr. braquer point (a carmon), rum (the rudder).] fl The winch of a crossbow; a crossbow, baUista, or similar engine. M19. 2 The handle of a pump. E17.

lME

fbrake

lME

[Perh. f. ODu. braeke (see BRAKE n:') in sense 'a nose-ring for a draught-ox'.] bridle, a curb.

mi8.

A

brake

/breik/ n." In branch II also break. E16. [Ongin imkn.: the two branches may represent different wds.] Ifl A cage, a trap; a snare, a difficulty. E16 M17. ^2 An instrument of a rack. M16-M19. 3 A framework intended to hold something steady; a frame in which a horse's foot is placed when being shod.

torture;

E17.

114 A carriage-frame without a body, for breaking-in young horses. M19. 5 A large wagonette; an estate car. M19. 5 shooting brake an estate car.

brake

/breik/ «.' Also break. li8. [Prob. f n.* or w.'"] An apparatus for checking (usu. rotary) motion; fig. a retarding agency. apply, put on, the brakes fig. moderate one's enthusiasm. Comb.: brake block (a) the block which holds a brake shoe; (b) a block (usu. made of hardened rubber) which is applied to a bicycle wheel as a brake;

BRAKE

saw, a run, o put,

u:

too, a ago, ai

in which the piston of an or hydraulic brake works; brake drum a cylinder attached to a wheel or hub, upon which the brake shoe presses; brake fluid specially formulated liquid for use in hydraulic brakes; brake horsepower the power available at the shaft of an engine, measurable by means of a brake; brake lining a layer of material attached to the face of a brake shoe to increase friction and provide a renewable surface; brakeman a man in charge of a brake or brakes, esp. on a train; brake parachute a parachute anached to the tail of an aeroplane and opened to serve as a brake; brake-pipe the pipe of an air-, vacuum-, or hydraulic brake, conveying the working medium to the brakes of a train, motor vehicle, etc.; brake shoe that part of a brake which comes in contact with the object whose motion is to be checked; brakesman = brakeman above; brake van a compartment, carriage, or wagon in a train which contains braking apparatus operated by the guard. air

brake

/breik/

lME.

v.'t.

[f brake

n.']

etc.).

lME.

(clods) with a harrow. E19. 3

Knead

and crush

(flax,

hemp,

Beat

1

2 Break (dough).

M19.

fbrake briec

&

v:H.

lME-mi8.

phlegm, mucus,

[Perh.

=

saliva,

rel.

MLG

to

OE

breke: cf.

MLG, Du. braken vomit, rel. to Spew, vomit. brake /breik/ v.^ M19. [f. brake «.'] 1 v.t. Apply a brake to; retard or stop by means of a brake or brakes. M19. 2 v.i. Apply or be checked by the ODu.

bracken,

BREAK

V.

]

Comb. braking distance the distance covered by a vehicle etc. before coming to rest following application of the brakes (usu. in specified conditions). :

little liquid in a tightly closed vessel, mi 8. Braised meat; the materials for braising

BRACK n.

&

v.

brake-cylinder the cylinder

brake(s). L19. chiefly Sc. L15.

shoots of grass, Sprout; appear

above the groimd. Lis.

braise

live coals:

n.

(M)Du.

from a diseased mind; brainsickly adv. (rare) in a brainsick manner, brainstem the medulla oblongata, brain-coral above; pons, and midbrain; brain-stone brainstorm (a) a succession of sudden and severe phenomena, due to some cerebral disturbance; (6) =

Having plenty of brains; acute,

Braille /bred/

brain

branch

273

my, ao how,

ei

brake braky

see break

v."*

v.

M17. [f brake or -y'.] Overgrown with bmshwood or fem. Bramantip /'bram(a)ntip/ n. M19. /'breiki/ a.

mnemonic

+

n:'-

[A

A

of

scholastic philosophers, indicating a universal affirmative proposition, I a particular affirmative proposition.] Logic. The first

mood

of the fourth syllogistic figure, in

which two imiversal affirmative premisses yield

a

particular affirmative conclusion.

bramble

/'bramb(3)l/

[OE

n.

bra-rtibel,

eariier

f Gmc base also of broom: see A rough prickly shrub of the genus with long trailing shoots; esp. any

brshnel, bremel, -le'.]

1

Rubus,

member of the aggregate species R. fruticosus, with purplish-black fruit; a blackberry-bush. OE. 2 A blackberry. Cfiiefly Sc. & north. E19. Comb.: bramble-berry the blackberry;

brambly

fruit of the bramble; a a white trailing dogrose covered or overgrown with brambles

bramble-rose a.

L16.

bramble Cover

/'bramb(a)l/

make

v.

E17. [f the n.]

1

v.t.

overgrown

with brambles. Chiefly as brambled ppl a. E17. 2 v.i. Gather blackberries. Chiefly as brambling vbl n. Chiefly or

Sc. & north. Mi 9. brambling /'bramblirj/

uncertain: cf

brandling

mi6.

n.

2,

G

brighdy coloured finch, Fnngilla which is a winter visitor to Britain.

[Origin Brdmling.] A montifringilla,

f brame n. rare (Spenser). Only in L16. [Prob. f It. brama strong desire.] Longing.

Bramley

/'bramli/

E20. [f

n.

Matthew Bramley,

Nottinghamshire butcher, in whose garden said to have been first grown ^1850.] In a

Bramley('s) seedling. cooking apple.

A

large

it is

full

green variety of

bran

/bran/ n. ME. [(0)Fr. bran, ifbren (formerly) bran, (now) excrement, muck, filth, = Prov., OSp., It. dial, bren, of unkn. origin (adopted in Celt, langs. from Fr. and Eng.).] 1 Husks of grain separated from flour after grinding. ME. t2 Dandruff. LME-L16. Comb.: bran-pie, -tub a tub filled with bran or other matenal in which prizes are hidden, to be drawn out at random by children. branlike a. resembling that or those of bran; resembling bran, esp. in consistency: L19. branny a. consisting of, containing, or resembling bran lME. [(0)Fr. branche = branca claw, paw, Romanian brined hand, paw, f late L branca (in branca ursina bear's foot, acanthus), of unkn. origin.] 1 A limb of a tree or shrub springing

branch

/bra:n(t)J'/ n.

Prov., Sp.

day, ao no,

c:

hair,

13

ME.

branca claw,

near,

:>i

It.

boy, ua poor,

ais tire,

aoa sour

branch a bough. ME. 2 extension or subdivision of a main body, e.g. of a mountain range, river, railway, road, artery, deer's horn, candelabrum, etc. ME. fb A candelabrum or chandelier, csp. in a church. lME L18. fc A human ann (or hand). ran- (Shakes.). Only in L16. d A small stream. VS. M17. 3 (Conn. w. family tree.) A division of a family or race according to the differing lines of descent from the common ancestor. ME. b A descendant, a child. Now only joc. ME. 4 A (sub)di\'ision of a subject, pursuit, philosophy, detailed proposition, etc. E16. 5 A component pan of an organization or system such as a government, police force, church, etc. L17. 6 A subordinate establishment of a library, bank, or other business, serving a particular area. E19. 7 The nozzle of a fire-hose. L19. OUVE BRANXH. roiir and branch: see ROOT n.' 2 Vt'. 1 VThiston a Branch or Bay of the Great Ocean. J. Barnes The Metropolitan Line (by which the purist VTatford, the Chesham and naturally meant .\mersham branches), private branch exchange: see PRiVATt a. 3 Red Branch: see red a. 4 W. Cruise The

trom the trunk or stem, or from

A

lateral

express declarabon of the testator in almost every branch of his will. R. MACAin^Y May one ask what branch of art you have been practising this evening? Drawing in charcoal? A. J. P. Taylor Coal entered into ever>- branch of industrial life. 5 J. Reed Others were dispatched to provincial cities, to form branches of the Committee for Salvation. E. Crispin Graveney was the Inspector in charge of Glazebridge's uniform branch. I. Hamilton The army medical corps or some similar noncombatant branch of the forces. Special Branch: see SPECIAL a. Comb. branch library a library other than the main one in an area; branch-line a secondary railway line runmng from a mam line to a tenninusi branch officer the equivalent, in the Royal Navy, of a warrant officer; branch-work ornamental figured patterns. branchery n. (a) branches in the mass; f(6) the ramifications of the endocarp in a fruit: L17 branchless a. Ei^ branchlet n. a little branch M18. :

branch

bra:n(t)f

lME.

v.

the n.]

[f.

v.i.

1

Bear branches; put branches forth, out. lME. 2 I Spring or spread out in the manner of branches from a tree; deviate, diverge, divide. I.

w. advs. lME. 3 v.t. Adorn or embroider with work representing flowers and fobage. E16. 4 v.t. Divide into or spread out as branches; arrange in branches, arch. E17. 2 Max-Mitxer Speech from which these dialects branched off. E. A. Freeman The Foss Way branched off from the Eastern gate. L. MacNeice In one chapter of this book he branches out mto a very much wider field. T. Collins The track branches there. 4 J Bentham The whole system of offences IS branched out into five classes. Tennyson Gold that Chiefly

,

.

.

.

.

branch'd

Fine as ice-fems. branching a. (a) that branches; (b) itself

lME branched

bra:n(t)Jt' see -ED-, -ED'.] 1 specified kind or z\:

Embroidered, chased,

poet.

anUered:

lME. [f. branch n., Having branches (of a number). lME. 2

a.

with figured work.

etc.,

E16.

brancher

'bra:n(t)j3/

'0)Fr. branchier

('orig.

n.

lME. [AN

adj.),

as

f.

A young hawk etc. when and takes to the branches.

-ER-'.]

nest

it first

of

var.

branch

n.

+

leaves the

'brarikia n. PI. -iae /-li:/, same. L17. [L, pi. -lae, f Gk bragkhia pi.: see -A', -ae.] respiratory organ of fishes etc.; a gill. Also, a vestigial gill cleft present in mammalian

A

embryos. Usu. in pi. branchiate a. having

gills

j

=

prec.

+

branchiated

L19.

.M19.

branchial 'brarikial/ a. -AL'.] Of or pertaining

L18.

[f.

as

to branchiae, of the nature of or resembling gills. branchial arch - gill arch s.v. gill n.' branchial cleft = git! slit s.v. GtLL n.' branchial tuft: see tuft n. la

branchio-

/'brar)ki3(i/ bragkhia gills: see -0-.

branchiobdellid

form

comb,

,brar|l.i.'>:l

quarrel;

lME.

n.'

rowdy

a

[f.

fight.

exclamation; a clamour.

A lME. ^2 A

brawl

M16

d.)

noisy noisy

1

brawl

lME.

[Perh. ult. imit. Cf. Du. OProv. braul(h)ar, bralhar, 1 v.i. etc. (i,0)Fr. braillcr) rel. to bray ^^'] Quarrel or fight noisily; wrangle. lME. 2 v.i. a Make a clamour or disturbance. Now rare or obs. lAIE. b Of a stream: run noisily. L16. 3 v.t. Renle, scold, obs. exc. dial. L15. 4 v.t. Drive or force dozen, out, etc., by clamouring, quarrelling, :.

br.-i:l

hralkri brag;

etc. L16.

brawler

brawn

lME.

a quarrelsome or blustering pereon

n.

&

ME. [AN

braun, OFr. braon fleshy part esp. of the hind leg, f (OHG brito, Bratcn roast flesh; cf synon. bride, and bridan to roast).] A n. 1 Muscle, lean flesh, esp. of the arm, leg, or thumb; loosely muscularity, physical strength. ME. fb TTie arm, calf, or buttock. LME-M19. 2 Boar's flesh as food. Now usu. spec, pig's head etc. boiled, The flesh of chopped, and moulded. lME. other animals as food. LME-M17. 4 A boar fattened for the table, obs. exc. dial. lME. fS

'brxn

n.

v.

Gmc OE

G

Calloused skin. M16-M17. 2 shield of brjum: see SHIELD

B

f.

1

1

r.r.

&

I.

Fatten

n.'

Harden, make

v.t.

4a.

L16-M17. 2

callous.

boar) grow

(a boar), (of a

fat, for

Now

the table.

brawner

rare or obs. 1.16. (obs. exc. dial.) a boar fattened for the

n.

brawny

'bro:ni

a.

lME.

[f

brawn

n.

+

-y'.]

1

Characterized by brawn; strong, muscular. L.\IE. 2 Calloused, hardened. Now rare or obs. L16.

brawniness

.\ii7.

ri.

Braxton Hicks

'brakstsn ,hiks/ n. E20. [John Braxton Hicks (1823-97), Eng. gynaecologist.] Med. Braxton Hicks' contractions or sign, intermittent weak contractions of the uterus occumng during pregnancy. 'braksi n. & a. Orig. Sc. L18. [Origin uncertain; perh. f. brack n.'] A n. 1 A fatal clostridial infection of sheep, esp. in upland areas; spec, infection by Clostridium septicum. L18. 2 Meat from a diseased or otherwise naturally dead sheep. L18. B attrib. or as adj. Of meat: from a diseased or otherwise naturally dead sheep. E19.

braxy

ME.

[f next or OFr. brai{t) a cry, Outcry; a yell, a shriek. ME-L16. 2 (A soimd hke) the soimd of a harshly-played trumpet. L16. 3 (A soimd like) the cry of an ass; a harsh whine. M17. f.

brei

n.

as next.] f

bray

1

brei,

ME.

i'.'

[(0)Fr.

braire

to

cry,

f.

Proto-Romance, perh. of Celt, origin.] f 1 v.i. Cry out, shriek. ME-E17. 2 v.i. Of wind, a wind instrument (esp. a trumpet), etc.: produce a harsh jamng sound. ME. 3 v.i. Of an animal (now chiefly of an ass): utter a harsh cry. lME. b Of a person or voice: speak loudly without thought or meaninglessly. mi 7. 4 v.t. L'ner (a harsh cry etc.); utter with a bray. (Foil by out.)

lME. braycr

n.'

a person

who

or thing which brays, esp.

brei

lME. [AN

v:-t.

braier,

OFr.

breier

Gmc

{. base of BREAK v. J 1 Poimd small pieces, esp. with a pesde and monar. lME. 2 Beat, thrash, dial. E14

(mod.

broyer),

or crush

mto

brayer employed

n.'

bray

to

(Printing,

brei,

now

Hist.)

a

-.vc

,iden

pestle

rub out ink L17.

brei/

[Afk.

v.^t.

S. Afr. breien

Du.

[.

Also brei, brey. M19. BRAID zj.'] Prepare for

use, dress, (the skin of an animal).

braze V.'] fig.

/breiz/

Now

rare.

[OE

brasian,

f

n.:

harden, inure.

&

braze bum, v.t.

v.'t.

reinforced by anal, of glass n., glaze Make of or like brass; ornament with brass;

BRASS

or nut involving brazing

&

brazen

/'breiz(3)n/ a. [OE brse sen, f BRASS n. see -EN''.] 1 Made of brass; strong as brass. 2 Hardened in effrontery; shameless; impudent. L16. 3 Of a brassy colour or sound; burnished; strident; harsh. L16. mythological age of humankind, said I brazen age a.:

OE.

.1

come between the silver and the iron Baldwin She offended him because she was in her sins. 3 P. S. Buck This brazen, to

2

age.

n. mi6. [Partly f OFr. braser breiz / f.^ partly f. Fr. braser solder, ult. f. L16. 2 fl Expose to the action of fire,

b but, d dog,

Gmc] A m

f

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

J.

so brazen glittering

sunshine.

Comb. brazen-face arch, an impudent or shameless person; brazen-faced a. impudent, shameless; brazen-facedly adv. m a brazen-faced marmer. brazenly adv. E18. brazenness /-d-d-/ n. M18. :

brazen

/'breiz(3)n/ v.t. M16. [f the adj.] 1 Foil, out: face or undergo without shame or impudently. M16. 2 Harden; render brazen in appearance; make uncaring or careless. E19. 1 R. B. Sheridan I am resolved to brazen the brunt of the business out. brazen it out act as if unashamed of one's (mis)behaviour, show no remorse. 2 Hugh

by

Walpole Do not their efforts. They

believe novelists are pleased with

only brazen their faces before the

world.

brazier

brazier

-33/

/'breizja,

BRASS n. GLAZIER.] braziery

+

ME.

arch.

n.'

[Prob. f

A

-lER, on the analogy of glass worker in brass,

n.

a brazier's

work

-33/

/'breizja,

L17.

n.^

A

[Fr.

brasier,

pan or stand

f for

holding lighted coals as a portable heater. Also b-, f-s-- ME. [f med:iL brasiliutn, of uncertain origin; in sense 3, name of the S. Amer. country (Port. Brasil), which derived its name from the wood.] 1 The hard red wood of various tropical trees, esp. of the genus Caesalpinia. Now usu. Brazil-wood. ME. f2 A red dye obtained from this wood. LME-E19. 3 In full Brazil nut. TTie large threesided nut of the S. American tree Bertholletia excelsa. M19. ^ In sense i formerly taken as a type of hardness, and /brs'zil/

such often confused w. brazil pronunc. as

brazil [Prob.

/'braz(3)l/ {.

BRASS

«.

n\

with corresp.

dial. Also brassil. E18. Iron pyrites; coal containing

this

f See note

braziletto

s.v.

Brazil

M17. [Sp., Port. dim. of brasil Brazil-wood.] Any of various mainly W. Indian dyewoods, related (but inferior) to Brazil-wood. /brazi'ktao/

Port.

brasilete.

n.

brasileto,

/brs'zilisn/ a. & n. Also f-s-. E17. [f Brazil the country (see Brazil n.') + -ian ] A adj. Of or pertaining to the S. American coimtry of Brazil. E17. Brazilian nutmeg: see NUTMEG n. Brazilian rosewood ~ palisander. Brazilian tapir a dark brown tapir, Tapmts lerrcstris, found widely in tropical S. America east of the Andes. B n. A native or inhabitant of Brazil. Also, Brazilian coffee. E17.

Brazilian

brazilin -in'.]

/'brazilin/

A

Chem.

alcohol,

n.

M19.

yellow

C.sH^O,, which

wood and

[f

Bsazil n.' + polycycHc

crystalline is

isolated

reduced form colouring-matter of the wood. a

is

from of

Brazilthe red

/bri:tj/ n. & v. ME. [(0)Fr. breche = Prov. breca f. Proto-Gallo-Romance f Frank, f. base of break v. Superseded bryce (ult. related), with which there is no continuity.] A n. I The action of breaking, f 1 The physical act of breaking; fracture; breakage. ME-L17. 2 The breaking or neglect of (or of) a legal or moral bond or obligation; the infraction of (or of) someone's privileged rights. lME. 1f3 An inroad into, an infringement upon. L16-M18. 4 A breaking of relations of (or of) imion, continuity, esp. etc.; a separation, an estrangement, a quartel. L16. 5 The breaking of waves over a vessel or on a coast. E17. 6 The leaping of a whale clear out of the water. M19. 2 Shakes. L.L.L. Receive such welcome As honour, without breach of honour, may Make tender of to thy true worthiness. C. S. Forester To call out

Gmc

m man,

OE

.

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

breach of confidence, contract, trust, etc. breach of faith: see FAITH n. breach of promise the breaking of one's word, esp. of a promise to marry breach of the peace

public disturbance, or conduct likely to provoke one. in breach of so as to infringe or contravene. 4 Shakes. Oth. There's fall'n between him and my lord An unkind breach. W. Blackstone By the breach and dissolution of the relation itself .

.

of breaking. 7 A portion of land broken up by the plougli. obs. exc. dial. ME. 8 A break or fissure; esp. a gap in a fortification made by artillery. lME. f 9 Surf; a breaker. Usu. in pi. E16-E18. f 10 An interval; a division marked by breaks or intervals. Only in L16. f 11 A bay, a harbour, rare. Only in E17. 12 A state of severed relations or disagreement. L17. 8 S. Johnson TTie crew implore the liberty of repairing their breaches. M. Renault A great breach blasted in the walls of heaven, stand in the breach bear the brunt of an attack, step into the breach fill someone's place or give help, esp. in a crisis. 12 R. Graves The breach with the Pope had been healed. B z;. 1 v.t. Break through, make a gap in; fig. contravene, violate. M16. ^2 v.i. Cause or make a breach; separate. L16-M17. 3 v.i. Of a whale: leap clear out of the water. M19. II

1

his

The product

W

Churchill He breached the ramparts with I. Wallace I should not have breached

S.

cannon.

my briefcase unlocked. breachy a. (chiefly US) (of cattle) apt to break fences and get out of enclosures L18. by leaving

bread /bred/ (M)LG bred,

«.'

[OE

OHG

=

bread

brot

(G

OFris. brad,

Brol),

ON

OS,

braud,

{.

of imkn. origin.] f 1 A piece or morsel of food. Only in OE. 2 Flour moistened, kneaded, and baked, usu. with leaven. OE. b A loaf, a roll; a piece of bread. Now rare. lME. c Hist. Ship's biscuit, mi 7. 3 Essential food. ME. 4 The means of subsistence; one's livelihood. Ei8. 5

Gmc,

Money,

slang. M20. 3 K. Smith The field is clear, its straw / lined and ordered: it will be bread and bedding for safe cattle. 4 C. Isherwood I wish to leave school and begin to learn something useful, that I can win my bread. Phrases etc.: baker's bread: see BAKER, bee-bread: see

BEE

n.'

black bread: see

BLACK

a.

bread and butter

(a)

of bread spread with butter; necessary food; (b) one's livelihood, routine work to provide an fig. income (quarrel tvith one 's bread and butter, see QUARREL v.). bread-and-butter a. (a) arch., of an age when bread and butter is staple fare, boyish or girlish; (b) commonplace, humdrum; (c) bread-and-butter lener, a guest's written thanks for hospitality, bread and circuses: see CIRCUS 7. bread and milk pieces of bread in hot boiled milk, bread and scrape bread scantily buttered, bread and water: the plainest possible diet, bread and wine Chr. Ch. the Eucharist, bread of idleness food not worked for. bread of tretc: see treat «.' I. break bread arch, take food, share a meal with someone breaking of bread Chr. Ch. the Eucharist. brown bread: see BROWN a. cast one's bread upon the waters: see WATER n. daily bread a livelihood, eat the bread of be subjected to (affliction etc.). French bread: slices

n.^ ]

was a grave breach of discipline. F. Raphael His manager's breach of the rationing laws. in that fashion

security

L18.

cf BRAISE.]

braise live coals:

n.,

breach

an ass L16.

bray

made without

a.

B

L19.

Brazil

table .Mf.

bray

Solder with an alloy of copper and zinc. L17. n. The process of brazing; a brazed joint. M20. brazeless

E17.

n- E16. [Fr. BRANLE.] I A certain pace or movement in dancing. E M16. 2 A French dance resembling a cotillion; a piece of music for this dance, mi 6 .mi 9.

fbrawl

& LG

bread

276

brawl

top, v van,

w

we,

.

see French a. have, want, buttered on both sides have prosperity,

etc.,

one's

bread

etc a state of easy side one's bread is where one's advantage lies, light bread:

know which

buttered know see light a.^ loaf of or o' bread: see LOAF n.' quick bread: see QUICK a. & adv. sour bread: see SOUR a. sourdough bread see sourdough ib. sweet bread: see sweet a. & adv. take the bread out of a person's mouth deprive a person of his or her living, esp. by

competition, the best, greatest, etc., thing since sliced bread: see SLICED lb. wastel-hread: see wastel i. white bread: see

WHITE

a.

Comb.: bread basket (a) a basket for bread; (b) stomach, (c) (a region etc. which is) a producer of cereals for bread, a source of staple food; slang the

bread bin

a

container for loaves;

breadboard

a

board for cutting bread on; colloq. a board on which an electric circuit etc. can be set out; breadstrong

flat

corn grain for making bread; breadcrumb n. & v. (a) n. a crumb of bread, esp. (in pi.) such crumbs used in cooking, e.g. as a coating for fried or grilled food; the v.t. (b) coat with soft inner part of bread; breadcrumbs; breadfi-uit any of various tropical frijits with edible breadlike pulp; spec, that of the tree Artocarpus altilis of the Pacific islands; bread-kind VC'. Indies food like bread, e.g. yams, sweet potatoes; bread-knife a long knife, usu. with a serrated edge, for slicing bread; breadline (orig. US) a queue of poor people waiting to receive food; (fig.) the

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

6

this, 0 ring, tj chip,

d3 jar

bread

crush, destroy. 1 v.t. Divide into distinct parts by force (by accident or design), other than by cutting or tearing; part by violence, fracture;

subsistence leveli bread roll: see ROLL n.'; bread-root (the edible root of) a N. American leguminous plant, Psoraica csculenta; also called prairie lumip, bread sauce a milk sauce thickened with breadcrumbs, bread-stick a long thin roll of crisp bread; breadstuffs (a) grain Hour; (ft) articles of bread; bread-tree a tree yielding breadfruit or other food; bread zvheav. see WHFAT n. i; breadlike breadwinner the person whose work supports a family breaden a. (arch.) made of bread L16. breadless a. without bread; without food: lME. breadlike a. L17. var. of brede n.f bread bread /brsd/ v}t. E17. [f. bread

breadcrumbs;

or

treat

Chiefly as breaded ppl

-th', after

length.]

provide

Dress with with bread.

ei6.

brede

shatter,

ME

n.'

side to side; broadness, width. E16. 2

I

HAIR

see

breadth:

hair's

breadthen breadthless

breadth

breadthways adv. breadthwise

M17.

a.

in

see

in

the

=

BREADTHWAYS M18. /breik/ ME. [f the vb.] 1 An act of or separation; fracture, breakage, severance. ME. b The act of breaking electrical contact; the position or condition in which contact is broken. L19. 2 A broken place, a gap, an opening. ME. 3 An interruption of continuity or uniformity; a change of direction etc. L15. b A mark indicating an abrupt pause in print or writing. E18. c A short spell of recreation or refreshment in a period of work etc. mi 9. d A sudden or sharp fall in share prices etc. L19. e A short solo or instrumental passage in jazz or popular music. E20. 4 The first appearance of light, onset. Chiefly in break oj day, dawn. L16. 5 A tract of ground of distinct appearance, esp. an area broken up for cultivation, or {US) an area of rough broken coimtry. L17. 6 A surplus piece of metal remainmg on the shank of a newly cast type. L17. 7 A quantity or amount; a large number. Chiefly dial. L18. 8 An act of breaking out or away; a sudden dash; an escape from prison etc. M19. b A bud or shoot sprouting from a stem. M20. 9 Cricket etc. The deviation of a ball on pitching. M19. 10 Billiards, Snooker, etc. (The points scored in) a consecutive series of successful shots. M19. 11a A mistake, a blunder, colloq. L19. b An opportunity, a (fair) chance; a piece of (good) luck, colloq. E20.

break

breaking

HEMINGWAY The last of the breaks between the strips of Attenborough We cannot hear a break matting. between sounds of less than one tenth of a second J Cheever He noticed a break in the wall of buildings 3 R H. Dana Foster went as far as the break of the deck S. HiLL We were strafed for about three hours without a break, clean break: see clean a. c S. Unwin a short break for a sandwich lunch. F. Raphael The children spilled out for their break like mice S Raven Perhaps Georgy and Bessie would like a little trip abroad We all need a bit of a break, coffeebreak, tea break, etc. 8 T. Roosevelt The slightest attempt at a break would result in their being shot down. 9 leg break: see LEG n. off break: see OFF-. I la P G. WoDEHOUSE Fear he was going to make a break of some kind b Greene We had a lucky break B. ScHLTLBERG Leam to give the other fellow a break and we'll all live longer bad break (a) an unfortunate remark or ill-judged action; (6) a piece of bad luck, even break a fair chance. tie-break: see TIE-

sun came through

2 E.

in the

D

G

break break break

n.-

see brake

n:^

var.

/breik/

brake

v.

/breik/.

w.'

Pa. t. broke /brauk/, {arch.) Pa. pple broken /'braokan/,

broke /brauk/

(chiefly arch.)

broken

n."

of brake

brecan breken),

(see also

broke,

=

[OE

OFris. breka, OS brekan (Du. brehhan (G brechen), Goth, bnkan f Gmc, f. IE base also of Lfrangere break.] I Sever, fraaure, part; shatter. a cat, u:

adjs.).

arm,

e

bed,

3:

her,

1

OHG

sit,

i

cosy,

1:

see, n hot,

ship).

(a

useless,

ruin;

defeat,

foil.

Disband; dissolve. L16-L18. c Nullify (a legal process, arch. L19. d Better (a record, score, etc.). L19. e Defeat the object of (a strike), esp. by engaging other workers. E20. f Tennis. Win a game against (an opponent's service, the server). M20. g Disprove (an alibi). M20. 5a v.t. Cause (a formation of troops etc.) to part or disperse in confusion. ME. b v.i. Of a formation of troops etc.: be parted, disperse in

by

r.

Of clouds

show a gap, Snooker, etc. Of a player: aim to strike (the ball(s)) with the cue-ball, spec, as the first stroke of a game. Of the balls: separate on being struck. M19. 6 v.t. Separate or remove by parting or snapping. ME. 7 v.t. Disrupt, loosen, (a tie or band, a confining (electrical restricting force); disconnect or contact etc.), opp. make. ME. 8 v.i. Undergo fracture, severance by force, shattering, rupture, disperse. E19.

E19

adv.

Wreck

fd

(a

make

confusion. L16. c

increase

(rare)

v.i.

tear, (cloth etc.).

tear in pieces, (an

ME. fb

M19.

direction of the breadth L17.

1

Destroy,

will)

A

thumb's breadth:

«.

ME.

Make

E17. e

v.t.

+

2.

n.

Cut up,

between the stock and the barrel. L19. 2 v.t. Fracture, undergo fracture of, the bones of (a limb etc., a person's body); dislocate the bones of (the back, the neck). OE. 3 v.t. Lay open the surface of; rupture, burst, crack; graze. ME. 4

piece (of cloth etc.) of full breadth, a width. L16. 3 Extent, distance, room. L16. 4 An. A broad achieved disregarding effect; unity by Largeness, unnecessary detail. L18. 5 fig. freedom from limitations (esp. of mind or view); liberality, catholicity; toleration.

c

whole) incomplete; divide, take away a part from; spend panially, change (a of smaller banknote for currency etc.) denominations. M18. f Phonol. Subject (a vowel) to breaking. M19. g Open (a gun) at the hinge

Measure or distance from

1

OE.

body).

animal's

«.']

[f.

smash. OE. b Rend,

exc. dial.

obs.

a.

f bread v} var. of brede breadth /brcdB, -t-/. n.

THUMB

break

277

d

v.i.

v.t.

&

i.

etc.:

Billiards,

dissolve, fail. ME. b Of waves etc.: and disintegrate in foam, beat as surf. lME. c Of the voice: change tone with emotion or at (male) puberty. M17. d Of a lake etc.: etc.; part,

curl over

display water-bloom. L19. e Of boxers etc.: separate after a clinch, esp. on the order of the referee. E20. f Bridge. Of a suit: be distributed between two hands (in a specified way or ahsol. evenly). M20. 9 v.t. Crush in strength, spirit, or weary, exhaust; discourage, resistance; intimidate. L15. b Reduce to obedience or discipline, tame; subject or habituate to. L15.

Become bankrupt,

10a

V.I.

rare.

L16.

b

v.t.

Ruin

fail

financially,

Now

financially.

make bankrupt.

Wreck the career of; cashier, strip of rank. L17. I Steele A natural Inclination to break Windows Sir Scott I've broke my trusty batde-axe N. Coward Once I broke four gramophone records over his head. Daily Telegraph Break the three eggs into a mixing bowl, c Sir Scott Raven watching while the deer is broke. 2 R. L. Stevenson Anderson's ball had broken his shoulder-blade and touched the lung. B James Caldow broke a leg 3 Shakes. Com. Err. Back, slave, or I will break thy pate across A. Price He couldn't break the skin on a rice pudding. 4 Henry More Each laboureth to breake that the other maketh. E. A. Freeman Their moral force was utterly broken. 5 Tennyson The foeman's line is broke. 6 AV Gen. 27:40 Thou shalt breake his yoke from off thy necke. OED Great boughs broken from the trees 7 Ld Macaulay The spell which bound his followers to him was not altogether broken. E. i Benson Real friendships must not be lightly broken. 8 Shakes Ven. Ad. The berry breaks before it staineth. G. O. Trevelyan His health was breaking fast. J. Tyndall The glacier was evidently breaking beneath our feet I. Murdoch The clasp had broken and Tallis had said he'd mend it. 9 Milton An Iron Rod to bruise and breake Thy disobedience. D. Hume A person easily broken by affliction. N. Monsarrat No desperate assault ever broke their spirit. II Violate, transgress; disrupt or be disrupted in continuance or uniformity. II v.t. Fail to keep (a law, promise, treaty, etc.), act contrary to. OE. 12 v.t. Cut short, stop; suspend, interrupt; add variation to; become no longer subject to (a habit). ME. 13 v.i. Interrupt or pause in one's activities; be interrupted or stopped; esp. (of weather) change suddenly after a long settled period. lME. b Of prices etc.: fall suddenly or sharply. L19. 14 v.i. & t. (Cause to) change direction or course; change into a different way of proceeding. lME. b v.t. & EI 7. c v.t.

W

W

.

.

.

.

&

.

saw,

a run,

u put,

u:

too, 3 ago,

\i

my, ao how,

ei

.

Hon. (Cause to) become striped or variegated under cultivation. E18. c v.i. & t. Cncket etc. Of a ball: change direction on pitching. Of a bowler: cause (a ball) to do this. M19. d v.i. Of a horse: change gait. Mt9. II Coverdalk Luke i6;i8 Who so ever puttelh awaye his wife and marieth another breakelh matrimony. G. K. Chesterton There is something wrong with a man if he does not want to break the Ten Commandments. J Barth I was breaking a thirteen-year-old habit of not seeing doctors. 12 Ci

K. meditations were broken by a sudden and jarring stoppage H. Henderson Breaking a jeep journey at Capuzzo H. Kissinger Once the deadlock was broken, the tension all but vanished. I. McEWAN High, dark walls, broken at irregular intervals by deeply recessed doorways. 13 Vidai. Ice clattered and the silence broke. C. Priest The drought had at last broken, and it had been raining for the past week. E. FiGES It would soon be time to break for a bite to eat.

Chesterton

His

G

.

.

III Penetrate, enter or leave forcibly; issue, escape, begin, release. 15 v.t. Burst (a barrier) so as to force a way through. Usu. w. advs. OE. b Make (a hole, a passage, a trail, a way, etc.) by force, by separating obstacles, etc. ME. c Solve (a code etc.). E20. 16 v.t. Enter (a house etc.) by force or illegally. Now chiefly in break and enter, housebreaking, and related phrs. OE. 17 v.t. & 1. Escape (from) or leave by force or without permission; escape from restraint; emerge from hiding etc. suddenly, flee. OE. b v.i. Of an athlete: get off the mark prematurely. L19. 18 v.i. Issue forth, emerge; come suddenly to notice; (of a storm etc.) begin violendy; (of news

be made known. ME. b Of plants, buds, sprout into bloom. ME. c Begin to give light, emerge out of darkness. M16. d Happen, occur, turn out (favourably), slang. E20. 19 v.t. etc.) etc.:

Deliver,

reveal,

thoughts,

etc.).

disclose,

(news,

Speak with

(or

publish,

lME. fb

v.i.

someone concerning news

LME-E17.

etc.

c

Utter, display; crack (a joke etc.). L16. d

to) v.t. v.t.

Free and shake out (a flag, sail, etc.). Freq. foil, by out. L19. 20 v.t. Impinge upon, penetrate; relieve (a state, mood, etc.). L16. 15 Shakes. Conol. They sigh'd forth proverbs —That hunger broke stone walls. Gibbon The doors were instantly broke open. 17 Burke I to congratulate an highwayman who has broke prison, upon the recovery of his natural rights? Scholars gated for a week for breaking bounds. Day Lewis struggle to break free B. Malamud He wanted to break and run but didn't dare. 18 J. Agate A temfic thunderstorm broke. Great crashes and a lot of lightning. E Waugh A big story is going to break. O. Manning At that moment a voice broke shrilly from the loud-speaker. F. Tuohy Tears of laughter .

.

Am

.

.

OED

My

broke from his eyes. I. Wallace Oilman's immediate reaction of concern broke across his features 19 M. M. Atwater Are you breakmg the story in the morning papers? A. Brink Will you please tell Dad? But break it gently, b Shakes Two Gem. I am to break with thee of some affairs That touch me near, c SouTHEY He brake a sullen smile. H MacDiarmid The hawthorn tree Which in early Spring breaks Fresh emerald. 20 C. Thirlwall Only one ray of hope broke the gloom of her prospects Sansom Only the trotung jingle of our sleigh-bell broke the air. IV 21 V.i. Perform break-dancing. L20. Phrases: break a blow, a fall: weaken its effect, break a BUTTERFLY on a wheel, break a close: see close I. break a fall: see break a blow above, break a horse (to the rein) accustom a horse to being controlled by reins, break a lance enter into competition (with). break a leg impcr. (Thee'r. slang) do well, good luck, (as it IS considered unlucky to wish good luck

W

break and enter force one's way into (a etc.) illegally, commit burglary break a set sell the parts of a set separately, break bread: see bread break bulk: see BULK n.' break cover (of game etc ) emerge into the open, break even have balancing gains and losses, make no net profit or loss, break for (the) tall timber: see TALL a. break ground - break the ground below, break in(to) shivers: see SHIVER w.' 1. directly),

house

break new ground do pioneering work, break of: make (someone) no longer have (a habit etc ) break one's duck Cricket score one's first run. break one's see fast n.' break one's head: graze or bruise it. break one's heart: see HEART n. break one's silence: see SILENCE n. t break one's wind exhaust oneself break one's word: see WORD n. break on the wheel fracture the bones of or dislocate on a wheel as a form of

fast:

day, ao no,

t:

hair,

la

near,

.ii

boy, 03 poor,

.\i3

tire,

ao3 sour

break-

brcjk silence see SILENCE n. break somctme's heart: sec HEART n. break step: see STEP n.' break the back of: see BACK n.' break the bank (in gaming) exhaust the of payment, win resources or limit bank's spectacularly, break the ground begin digging, plough for the first time; do pioneering or preparatory work ij'or). break the habit: see HABIT n. break the ice: break the see ICE 1. break the mould: see mould pack Snooker disturb the tnangle of red balls, break the record: see RECORD ri. break the sound barrier, see SOL'ND break the wicket Cricket dislodge the bails in

stumping or running out a batsman, f break time Mils, fail to keep nm>" break water (a) appear at the surface, (b) Hunting (of a stag etc.) wade a river etc. break wind void wind from the stomach or bowels. make or break: see MAKE v. one's heart breaks: see heart n.

straw

the last straui that breaks the camel's back: see

n.

With

adi's.

&

break away break down

preps, in specialized senses:

make

or become separate or free, secede, i:phr collapse, fail, cease to function, be (a) decomposed, lose self-control; (b) v.phr.t. demolish, i.

overcome (into components), break forth burst out, suddenly emerge, break in (a) v.phr.i. mtrude forcibly, esp. as a decompose, (resistance

anal\-se

etc

)

thief; interrupt (foil, by (up)on a person or action interrupted); (b) v.phr.t. tame, subject (an animal) to discipline, accustom to habit or use etc., wear until bring (land) under comfortable, Attstral. & cultivation break into enter forcibly, begin to utter

XZ

(laughter etc ), colloij. manage to become involved in (an acmity or occupaaon); (see also sense 14 above)

break

off

become detached, detach

v.phr.i.

(a)

detach

by

breaking, discontinue, bring to an end; (c) v.phr.i. play the first stroke in billiards, snooker, etc. break out (a) v.phr.i. begm suddenly or violently, burst from restraint or concealment, exclaim, become covered in (a rash etc.); Austral. & (of a gold-field) come into operation; (6) v.phr.t. open up (a container) and begin to remove its contents, get from out of storage; (see also sense I9d above) break through v.phr.t. & 1. penetrate, force one's way through, make sudden rapid progress, break up (a) v.phr.t. & i. break into small pieces, disintegrate; (esp. of school at end of term) disband, disperse; stop, disconcert; terminate a personal, esp sexual, relationship (atth); (b) v.phr.t. become feeble or con\'ulsed (u-ith laughter etc.), (of weather) = sense 13 above break with quarrel or cease relations with; (see also sense 19b above). breakable a. & n. (a) adj. able to be broken; (b) n. in pi., breakable things: L16. breakage n. the action or fact or an mstance of breaking; loss or damage caused by breaking: L18. oneself,

cease;

(b)

v.phr.t.

KZ

breik ccmb. form. ME. [Repr. BREAK v. or (occas.) n.'] Prefixed esp. to ns. and advs. to form ns. and adjs. usu. w. the sense (a thing) which breaks, an act or state of breaking'. break-back a. & n. (a) adj. that breaks the back,

break-

crushing, ver\' heavy; (b) n. (Cncket) a ball which turns sharply from the off side on pitching, break-bone (fever) dengue, break-crop: grown to avoid the repeated growing of cereals break-dance v.i.

perform break-dancmg break-dancer a person who performs break-dancing, break-dancing (orig US) an energetic kmd of (usu. solo) dancing, freq. mvolving spinning on the floor on the back or head. breaA-even a. & n. (designatmg or pertaimng to) the point or state at which one breaks even, break-front a. & n. (a piece of furniture) having the line of its front broken by a curve or angle break-line Typogr. the last line of 3 paragraph (usu. not of full length) breakneck a. & n. (a) adj. endangering the neck, headlong, dangerously fast; f(i>) n. a headlong fall, destrucuon. break-point (a) a point at which an mterruption or change is made; a tuming-pomt; (6, = BREAKlNG-pomr; (c) Tennis a situation in which the receivmg player(s) can break the opponent's service at the next point, a point at which the service 1^ or ,.an be broken breakstone (now rare or obs.) a saxifrage; also, parsley-piert breakwater a structure which provides protection against the force of sea-waves, esp. a mole or groyne, breakwind (chiefly Austral.) a wind-break. n. & a. L19. [f. breakrhe action of breaking severance, secession. L19. 2 Spon. A

breakaway

'breikawei

+ AWAY adv.] away;

\

n.

\

sudden attack or forward movement; to a race. L19. 3

A

a false start

stampede. Austral. L19 4

who

A

or thing which breaks away. L19. b Rugby Football. An outside second-row forward.

person

breast

278

punishment or torture hrtjk rank(,s): see rank n. break shins: see SHIN fi.' break ship fail to rejoin a ship after absence on leave, hnjk shon (off): see short jjr.

b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg

M20. B attrib. or as broken away. E20.

That breaks away

adj.

or has

breakdown

/'breikdaon/ n. E19. [f. break- + A boisterous country dance. VS. E19. 2 Collapse, failure; (a stoppage due to) mechanical malfunction; failure of health or mental powers. M19. b Failure of (esp.) electrical insulation; the sudden passage of current through an insulator. E20. c Chemical or physical decomposition. E20. 3 An analysis or

DOWN

adi'.}

1

classification (of statistics etc.). 2 NERVOUS breakdown.

M20.

n.' ME. [f break v. + -er'.] or thing which breaks (in any or destroys. ME. 2 spec. A person who violates or transgresses a law, oath, promise, etc. lME. 3 A person who subdues, tames, or trains (horses etc.). Also breaker-in. M16. 4 A heavy ocean wave breaking on the coast or on a reef tx. L17. 5 A person who interrupts the conversation of others on citizens' band radio; any user of citizens' band radio. slang. M20. 6 A break-dancer. L20.

breaker

A

1

/'breika/

person

who

crushes,

sense),

housebreaker,

circuit-breaker,

1

record-breaker,

bream

same. Also (N. Amer. & Austral.) brim /bnm/. lME. [OFr. bre{s)me (mod. hreme) f Frank. (= OS bressemo, brahsema (G Brachsen, Brassen)).] 1 A deepbodied freshwater fish of the carp family, Abramis brama, of northern Europe and parts of Asia. Also, any of cenain related fishes, esp.

breakfast fast

M19. [f Sp. bareca,

/'breika/ n.'

/'brekfsst/ n.

A

n.']

The lME.

any meal.

A

Nam.

see barrico.] drinking-water,

n.

first

small

keg,

Abramis brama. lME. 2 Any of various similar percoid marine fishes, esp. (a) = sea bream; (b) = POMFRET 2. lME. 3 A freshwater simfish of the genus Lepomis (family Centrsrchidae). N. Amer. M17. 2 Ray's bream, red bream: see RED a. to

bream rel.

a.

WEDDING

barrica:

for

analogous

[OE

brlost

=

OFris. bnasi,

OS

in

human

shape or position to the

.

.

showed his breast, beat one's breasr see beat V.' I. 3 C. Causley She destroys hope In the breasts of the sick, make a clean breast of confess fully. 4 O Wilde The Nightingale flew to the Rose-tree, and set her breast against the thorn. 6 J. Fletcher Let's hear him sing, he has a fine breast. 8 G. E. Evans The kids had been up on the breast of Gilfach-y-Rhyd, playing Indians among the rocks, chimney-breast the proiecting wall enclosing tlie flues of a chimney

L18.

n. OE. [f break v. + action of break v. OE. b Phonal. TTie development of a diphthong from a simple vowel owing to the influence of an adjacent soimd, esp. a following consonant; a diphthong so formed. L19. c Break-dancing. L20. 2 A piece of land newly ploughed for the first time. US.

/'breikii]/

The

within a room.

Comb. breast-board the mould-board of a plough; breastbone = sternum; breast collar a part of :

harness

which

across a draught animal's breast the power of drawing is directly

through exerted;

breast-drill a drill on which pressure is brought to bear by the operator's breast; breast-fed a. -feed v. t. & 1., -feeding: with milk from a woman's breasts rather than from a feeding-bottle; breast-high a. & adv. high as the breast; (submerged) to the breast; breast-pin a lewelled or other ornamental pin worn in the tie, breastplate a vestment or piece of armour worn over the chest; the lower shell of a tortoise,

M19.

,

breaking of bread: see BREAD Comb. breaking-point the point at which a thing or person gives way under stress; breaking-strength the maximum stress that a thing can withstand without breaking. 1

:

break-off

/'breiknf/

n.

E19.

[f break-

+ off

an inscription plate on a coffin; breastof plough pushed by the breast; a pocket over the breast of a garment; breast-pump an instrument for drawing milk from the breasts by suction; breast shell a shallow turtle, etc.;

A pan

of the stock of a musket or rifle into which the barrel fits. E19. 2 Discontinuance; a severing of relations. M19. ]

1

plough

/'breikaut/ n. E19. [f break- + oirr adv.] 1 A bursting from confinement etc.; an escape, esp. of several people. E19. 2 An outbreak. L19.

breakthrough THROUGH

/'breikOru:/

An

adv.]

«.

E20. [f break-

receptacle

woman

-i-

barrier, etc.; a major advance in knowledge etc. Comb., breakthrough bleeding bleeding from the uterus occumng between menstrual periods (a sideeffect of some oral contraceptives).

obstacle,

breakup

/'breikAp/ n. li8. [f break v. The action of breaking up; an act or instance of breaking up; esp. (a) a dissolution or disruption of a meeting, government, etc.; (b) the end of term at a school etc.; (c) a termination of a personal, esp. sexual, relationship; (d) a winding up and dispersal of the assets of a company etc.; (e) Canad. the breaking up of thawing ice, or the melting of snow and unfreezing of the ground, in spimg. r

red, s

sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

that

fits

over

nipple

the

of a

lactating

to catch

defence; a parapet.

ME

breasted a. having a breast (of specified form) breastwise adv. side by side, abreast E17. breasty (colloq.) (of a woman) with prominent breasts M20.

a.

breast

/brest/ v. M16. [f the n.] 1 v.t. Protect with a breastwork. Now rare or obs. M16. 2 v.t. Apply or oppose the breast to, push with the

adv.']

n no, p pen,

type

any milk that flows; breast-stroke a stroke made while swimming on the breast by extending the arms in front and sweepmg them back; breastsummer; breast-wall a retaining wall, esp. one supporting a bank of earth; breast-wheel a waterwheel in which the water is admitted near the axle; breastwork a breast-high fieldwork thrown up for

act of breaking through an

+ up

a

breast-pocket

break-out

m man,

n.

brjost,

the throat,

inwards, rare. E20. 3 A forcible entry; an incursion; spec, an illegal entry into a house etc., a burglary. M20.

adv.

/brest/

ON

breast; a broad or bulging forward part, mi 6. 1 Shakes. Macb. Come to my woman's breasts. And take my milk for gall, you murd'nng ministers. Steele One Country Milch- Wench, to whom I was put to the Breast. 2 F. Norris A gray flannel shirt, open at

break-in /'breikin/ n. M19. [f break- + rN adv.] 1 An interruption, rare. M19. 2 A collapse

1

and

furze).]

(a ship's

of a moving company. Cf abreast. LME-E19. 8 Any surface, pan of a thing, etc.,

B V. 1 v.i. Have breakfast. M17. 2 v.t. Provide with breakfast. M17. breakfasting vbl n. (a) the action of the vb; (b) arch.

-TNG'.]

origin

front

breakfast.

a.

LG

Du. brem broom,

f Gmc] 1 Either of two soft protuberant organs situated on the front of a woman's thorax, secreting milk for a period after parttjrition; the analogous rudimentary organ in men; the organs as a source of milk; fig. a source of nourishment. OE. 2 The front of the human thorax, the chest. OE. b Pan of a garment, piece of armour, etc., covering this. lME. 3 The seat of the affections, emotions, etc.; the hean; one's private thoughts or feelings. OE. 4 The thorax of an animal. ME. b A joint of meat or portion of poultry cut from the breast. lME. fS The whole of the upper torso. lME-miS. Breath, voice in singing. LME-E18. f7 A broad even briost,

& v. lME. [f break- + meal of the day. Occas.,

M18. breakfastless

L15. [Prob. of

(cf

and scraping.

breast

saucers, plates, etc., for serving breakfast.

breaking

Clear

v.t. n.

bottom, or the vessel itself) of accumulated weed, shells, etc., by burning

Comb.: breakfast-service a matching set of cups,

a taking of breakfast:

/bri:m/

BROOM

to

Hist.

Shakes. Two Gent. I would have been a breakfast to the beast Rather than have false Proteus rescue me. bed and breakfasr. see bed n. Continental breakfast: see CONTTNENTAL a. dog's breakfast: see DOG n. English breakfast: see English a. have for breakfast fig. (slang) easily defeat (a person), second breakfast: see

SECOND

PI.

(more fully silver bream, white bream), a European freshwater fish, Blicca bjoerkrta, similar

ship-

esp.

n.

OHG

breaker, etc.

breaker

/bri:m/

breast; meet in fiill opposition, contend with, face. L16. 3 v.i. Press forward, climb; leap forward. Sc. L18. 2 Keats As swift As bird on wing to breast its eggs again. J Buchan A baker's van breasted the hill. B. Bainbridge Like a swimmer breasting a wave, breast the tape: see

J

TAPE

n. ic.

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 6 this,

X)

ring, tj chip, d3 jar

breastsummer breasting

(a)

n.

of the

action

the

vb;

(b)

a

breastplate; a breastwork: L16.

breastsummer bressumer SUMMER n.-]

/'brEstsAms/ /'bresAma/. E17. [f.

Also

n.

breast n. + beam spanning a wide opening

A

and supporting

a superstructure.

br^p f. Gmc f. IE, f. base meaning 'bum, heat'. In sense 3 etc. replaced OE 3'pm, anda.] 1 An odour, a smell, a scent. Long obs. exc. dial. OE. 2f a A vapour given off by heated objects etc.; reek; steam. ME-M17. b Air exhaled from anything, or impregnated with its exhalations (cf sense 7 below). E17. 3 Air exhaled from the lungs (as made manifest by smell or sight); gen. air inspired or expired in respiration. ME. b Tlie air blown into or out of a musical instrument, poet. E17. c Phonet. Voiceless expiration of air. mi 9. 4 The faculty or action of breathing; existence, spirit, life. ME. 5 An act of breathing, a single inspiration. ME. 6 A whisper; an utterance, a speech; spoken judgement or will. ME. 7 A gentle blowing (0/ wind etc.), a puff; fig. the enlivening or

breath

/breO/

n.

[OE

favourable influence 2b), a whiff,

a

sense power of

(passing into

{of);

lME. 8 The

trace.

or easy breathing. L16. 9 An opportimity or lime for breathing. Cf breather 4. L16. 2b R. KjPLiNG A land-breeze Milk-warm wi' breath of spice an' bloom. G Orwell The heat rolled from the earth like the breath of an oven. 3 B Shaw Mrs Dudgeon, greatly relieved, exhales the pent up breath and sits at her ease again W. Trevor He could see her breath on the icy air. b Dryden Before the Breath Of brazen Trumpets rung the Peals of Death. 4 T. HooD I often wish the night Had borne my breath away. Tennyson And so the Word had breathing;

free

.

.

G

5 Sir W. Scott To cry for assistance and almost in the same breath to whimper for mercy. W. 5. Maugham Almost in a breath they touched upon the latest play, the latest dressmaker, the latest portrait pamter M. M. Kaye His first breath had been a lungful of the cold air that blew down from the far rampart of the mountains. 6 I. McEwan TTie faintest sound, barely more than a breath, left her hps fig. J Galsworthy Every breath of the old scandal had been carefully kept from her. 7 R. Reynolds Forced into new attitudes by the changmg breath of human appreciation. J. Rhys There was no breeze, not a breath of air. J. Clavell A few days here, half a year there, like a butterfly on the summer's breath. 8 Sir W. Scott Two dogs Unmatched for courage, breath, and speed. 9 Shakes. Rich. Ill Give me some little breath, some pause, dear lord, Before I positively breath.

:

H

.

speak in

this.

Phrases: bate one's breath: see

BATE

v.-

2.

below

or

under one's breath in a whisper, breath of fresh air fig. someone or something refreshing, a pleasant catch one's breath stop breathing for a moment in fear, anticipation, etc. draw breath breathe, live, hold one's breath stop breathing for a short time, keep one's breath to cool one's porridge abstain from useless talk, out of breath unable to breathe quickly enough after exertion save one's breath (to cool one's porridge) = keep one's breath to cool one's porridge above. SHORTNESS of breath, stop the breath of. see STOP i'. take breath pause to recover free or easy breathing, take a person's breath away change

make a person breathless with delight, surpnse, etc the breath of life fig. a necessity, under one's breath: see below one's breath above,

waste breath

yield (up) one's breath: see YIELD

talk in vain.

v.

Comb.: breath consonant Phonet. a voiceless (esp. continuant) consonant, breathtaking a. that takes one's breath away, surprising, astonishing; breathtakingly adv. in a breathtaking manner, to a breathtaking extent; breath test a test admmistered to determine the level of alcohol in the breath; breathtest V. I. administer a breath test to. breathed a. having breath (of a specified kind); longbreathed, long-winded, long-lived: M16. breathful a. (now rare or obs.) full of breath, having breath, alive, redolent: LI6.

breathalyser

/'brseaUiza/ n. Also *-zer, (propnetary) Breathalyzer. M20. [f breath n. + ANALYSER.] An instrument for determining the level of alcohol in the breath. Cf drunkometer. breathalyse v. carry out a test on (a person) using a breathalyser M20. t.

breathe

ME.

[f breath.] I v.i. fl Exhale, steam, evaporate. ME-L17. 2 Emit odour, smell. Now only fig., be redolent of. /bri:6/

v.

a cat, a: arm, e bed,

a:

breech

279

her,

i

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, n hot,

y.

3 a Exhale air from the lungs. lME. b Exhale and inhale, respire. lME. 4 Live, exist. lME. 5 Take breath; fig. pause, take rest. L16. 6 Give forth audible breath; speak, sing, be sounded. L16. 7 Of wind etc.: blow softly. E17. 8 Of wine, the skin, etc.: have or be affected by contact witli air. Of material: admit air or moisture. M20. I Shakes. Per. A warmth Breathes out of her. 2

lME.

Francis just alighted from the boat, And breathing of the sea. 3a Veats Breathe on the burnished mirror of the world, b Tennyson And answer made King Arthur, breathing hard. Scientific American An ostrich breathes about six times a minute. 4 Shakes. Rich. Ill Clarence still breathes; Edward still lives and reigns. DiSRAELl Within live minutes you will breathe a beggar and an outcast. 5 J. OzELL Orders to give Antony no Time to Breathe, but to pursue him forthwith. Tennyson Twice they fought, and twice they breathed. 6 Milton As I wake, sweet music breathes. 7 Pope Where cooling vapours breathe along the mead. 8 A. E. Lindop I opened a bottle of wine and left it to 'breathe'. N. Gould Rubber soles do not 'breathe'. Daily Telegraph We go jogging in trainers which don't allow the feet to

Tennyson

.

.

breathe.

9 Exhale; send out as breath; (of a thing) emit; fig. infuse into, communicate. lME. 10 Exercise briskly. Now spec, put out of breath, passionately tire. lME. II a Utter or vehemently. Also, utter quietly; whisper. M16. b Display, evince. M17. 12 Allow to breathe, rest. L16. 13 Respire; esp. inhale. li6. 14 Let blood from (a vein), obs. exc. Hist. M17. 15 Give breath to, blow (a wind instrument). E18. 9 W. CowpER Place me where Winter breathes his \\ v.t.

MoRLEY He

breathed new life into and breathed smoke across the pots of geraniums. 10 J. F Cooper The warriors who had breathed themselves so freely in the preceding struggle. 11a Spenser Two knights., breathing vengeaunce. J. Conrad Those red lips that almost without moving could breathe enchanting sounds into the world. R. Davies 'Looking so alive it IS,' Ivor breathed in admiration, b A. P. Stanley The whole period breathes a primitive simplicity. 12 W, S Churchill Having breathed my horse, for 1 did not wish to arrive in a flurry. 13 L. Deighton Breathing long grassy lungfuls of the wet night air. keenest

them.

air.

1,

J.

McEwan He

&

Phrases,

inhaled

&

with advs.

.

preps,

in

specialized senses:

breathe again fig. recover from fear etc., be at ease after a crisis, breathe down a person's neck be close behind a person, esp. in mistrust or pursuit, breathe freely fig. be at ease, breathe in inhale, breathe one's last die, breathe out exhale, breathe short: see short adv. t breathe to aspire to. breathe upon fig. infect, contaminate, tamish. not breathe a word of keep quite

secret.

breathable

breather

a. fit

or agreeable to breathe

/'briids/ n.

lME.

[f.

M18

breathe +

-er'.]

1 A person who breathes, a living being; a person who speaks or utters. lME. + 2 A person who or thing which supplies breath; an inspirer. E17-E18. 3 A spell of exercise. Now rare. M19. 4 A short rest, a break from exercise etc. E20. 5 More fully breather-pipe etc. A vent allowing release of pressure e.g. from the crankcase of an internal-combustion engine. E20.

breathing /'bri:6ir|/ n. lME. [f breathe + -ing'.] 1 The action of breathe; an instance of this; respiration; a breath. lME. f 2 Ventilation; a vent. LME-L17. f3 Time to rest; respite. L16 L17. 4 = breather 3. Now rare. M18. 5 An (Gk Gram.) rough, and respectively indicating the presence or absence of aspiration on an initial vowel, diphthong, or rho. M18. 1 deep breathing: see DEEP a. Comb.: breathing-room, -space time or space to aspiration, an aspirate; spec. smooth breathing, tlie signs

'

'

breathe, a rest, a period of inactivity.

breathless /'brf.eiis/ a. lME. [f breath -less.] I Not breathing; lifeless, dead. lME. 2 Out of breath, panting, breathmg with difficulty. -i-

(The usual

sense.)

lME.

through excitement wind. E19.

etc.

3 Holding the breath E19. 4 Unstirred by n.

breath + -y'.] 1 Of, or of the nature of breath. E16. 2 Of the (singing-) voice: having an admixture of the sound of breathing. L19.

saw,

a run,

to,

o put,

u: too, a

-tfio/ n. L18. [It. = gravel, rubble, cogn. w. (0)Fr. breche, f. base of break v.] Geol. Rock consisting of angular fragments cemented together e.g. by lime.

Gmc

/'breljieit/ v.t. li8. [f prec. + -ate^] breccia. Chiefly as brecciated ppl a. brecci'ation n. L19.

brecciate Form into

brecham

/'brexom/

n.

a

collar for a

Brechtian

/'brsxtian,

barfam

]

ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

Sc. ei6. [Metath. f as draught horse.

&

n. M20. [f Of, penaining playwright and poet Benolt Brccht (1898 1956) or his plays or dramatic technique. M20. B n. An admirer or student of Brecht or his writing. M20.

+

Brechi (see below)

-kt-/

-ian.]

a.

A

to, or characteristic of, the

adj.

German

/brek/ n. ME. [Parallel to break n.' or f break v.] 1 A breach, a tear, a fracture; a blemish. Long dial. ME. 2 = break M.' 5; spec, (in pi. or as Breckland) the region of heathland around Thetford in Norfolk, England.

breck

directly

L18.

bred (G

/bred/

Long

n.

Gmc

f

Brett)

[OE

dial.

var. of

n.

OHG bret

=

bred

board

A

]

board; a

tablet.

bred

/brsd/ a. ME. [pa. pple of breed v.] 1 TTiat has been bred; reared, brought up, trained, esp. in a specified way. ME. 2 Esp. of an animal: of good breed, of (specified) purity of breed. E18. 1 W. Gurnall Paul was a bred scholar bom and bred, (less commonly) bred and bom, by birth and upbnnging, bred in the bone hereditary, country-bred, 2 half-bred, thoroughbred, etc.

ill-bred, zvell-bred, etc.

bred v. brede

pa.

&

t.

pple of breed

Now

/bri:d/

OHG

OFris. brede,

v.

[OE

notrh.

(G

breiti

=

brsedu

ON

Breite),

breidd,

braidei i. Gmc base of broad a.} I Breadth, width. OE. 2 A standard width of fabnc; a piece of stuff of the full breadth. lME.

Goth,

brede

/bri:d/

of BRAID n.]

brede

OS

hraidjan,

f.

Also fbread. M17. [Var.

«. 4.

& Long dial. [OE brsedan = OHG, G breiten, ON breiSa, Goth. Gmc (as brede n.').] Broaden;

/brird/

bredian,

arch.

= braid I'.'f.

/.

spread out, extend.

fbrede

Also bread. LME-L17. [Var. Intertwine, plait, wreathe, twist.

v.-t.

braid

bree

Long

/bri:/

hra^v eyelid, OFris.

Braue) eyebrow,

exc. Sc.

obs.

bre,

ON

OS,

&

north.

OHG

bra eyelash:

cf.

of

[OE

brdwa (G brae.

Not

brow n.'] f 1 The eyelid. OE-ME. 2 The eyebrow. ME. f 3 An eyelash. LME-M17. bree /bri:/ n.- Long obs. exc. Sc. [OE brHv, brTg = MLG, MDu. bri (Du. bnj), OHG brfo (G Brei) Gmc] f 1 A thick pottage made of meal allied to

(.

OE-ME.

2 Liquor in which anything has been steeped or boiled, or which flows from it; etc.

broth, juice.

breech

In

/britj/.

corresp

n.

sense

sense

In ib

2c

[OE

to OFris. brok, pi. brek,

OHG

bruoh

Gmc]

(G

fBrac/i),

britch

also

pronoimced

also

pi.

See also BREEK.

/'britjiz/.

broek),

lME.

/bri:tj/

broc,

OS

pi.

brSc,

brok (Du.

ON

brok, pi.

A

garment covering the loins and thighs. OE M17. b In pi. & ^sing. Short trousers, esp. those fastened below the knee, now used esp. for nding or in coun costume etc.; knickerbockers; dial. & coUoq. brcekr,

f

If a

trousers. Also pair of breeches. ME. 2 The buttocks, arch, in gen sense. M16. b spec. The buttocks of a baby at or before birth. Also, a breech presentation or birth. L17. c The hindquarters of an animal or its skin or fleece. E18. 3 The hinder part of anything; spec, the back part of a rifle or gun barrel, the part of a cannon behmd the bore. li6. 4 The roe of the cod. Long dial. L17. 5 Naur. The external angle of a ship's knee-timber etc. M19. lb leather breeches: see LEATHER n. & a. loo big for

wear

the breeches: see

WEAR

V.'

E17.

/'brEBi/ a. E16. [f

penaining

LI9.

n.

/'bretj's,

one's breeches: see BIG a. 3.

breathlessly adv. M19. breathlessness

breathy

breathiness

breccia

Comb: breech action the mechanism of a gun; breech baby a baby bom

breech in a breech presentation; breech birth, delivery, presentation, etc.: in

that

day, ao no,

e:

its

at the

is so positioned in the uterus buttocks (or feet) are delivered first; breech-

which the baby

hair,

is

near,

01

boy, 03 poor,

m3

tire,

aoa sour

breech block the block in a breech-loading firearm which doses the rear of the bore against the force of the charge,

the

freseniariim: see breech birth above.

without

having

breeches,

bare

britj,

bii:tj,

I'.r.

lME.

the n.]

[f.

1

put (a boy) into breeches instead of petticoats. L-ME. t2 Flog. L16 E19. 3 Naui. Secure (a

cannon

etc.) by a breeching. L16. 1 R. L. Stevenson Before he was breeched, he might have clambered on the boxes, fig.: Shakes. Macb. Their daggers Unmarmerly breech'd with gore.

breeching +

'briitjiri,

'bntj-/

n.

E16.

[f.

Johann

+

prec.

[f.

-er'.]

1

A

fast

(reactor): see

breech

-ing'.]

E19.

f breeching-boy subject to the birch.

Comb. still

n.

breed Only

:

,

scholar a young scholar

bri:d' n. \.MS.. [f the vb.] in

lME.

Breeding,

2 3

fl Growth.

birth;

The production

spec.

of

The rearing and training young (formeiiy spec, education). L16. 4 The results of training as shown in (good) manners and behaviour. L16. 1 attrib.: breeding plumage, season^ etc. 3 S. Lewis He be of a breeding altogether more Thompson's. 4 Disraeli esthetic Her ignorance of all breeding is amusing. C. Blackwood A couple of rough young men with no breeding at all. good breeding: see good a. ill breeding:

knew himself and

see ill

&

a.

to

sensitive than

adv.

Comb. breeding ground (a) an area of land where an animal, esp. a bird, habitually breeds; (fc) a thing that favours the development or occurrence of something, esp. something unpleasant (foil, by for).

A

developed

by

deliberate selection. M16. b gen. A kind, a species, a set. dial. L16. L16. 4 Offspring; a litter, a brood. person of mixed descent, a half-breed. 5

particular

species,

Now

A

Chiefly A'. Amer. L19. 2 G. Herbert Nothing useth fire, But man alone, to show his heavenly breed. CoNAN Do\te He has breed Scott Two him, a real aristocrat of crime. 3 Sir dogs of black Saint Hubert's breed. John Brooke TTie Hanoverians were a tough breed, lesser breed: see LESSER J. b D Halberstam He was of the old breed of reporters, he liked action stones. 4 Shakes. Sonn. Nothing "gainst Time's scythe can make defence Save

W

m

breed.

breed

bri:d,

v.

OHG

&

Pa. t. hruotan

pple

bred

[OE

/bred/.

brSdan = (G briiten), f. WGmc, f Gmc base of brood n.] 1 v.t. Bring (offspring) forward from conception to birth; hatch (yoimg) from the egg; bear, generate, (offspring). OE. 2

a Of an animal species: produce young, reproduce. ME. b Of a woman: be pregnant. EI 7. 3 v.t. Give rise to; be the source of; engender, develop; produce. ME. b Produce (fissile matenal) within a nuclear reactor. Cf. BREEDER 2. M20. 4 V.i. Come into being or v.i.

existence; be produced; arise, originate. ME. 5 v.t. Promote or control the propagation of, raise, (animals, plants, etc.); develop (a particular

breed or kind of animal or plant). lME. b Put (an animal) to another for mating. L19 6 v.t. Bnng up from childhood, raise (as); bnng up in a faith etc., Lram up w a profession, status, etc.; (now arch, rare) train, educate (as). Also foil, by up lME. t? v.t. Begin to exhibit naturally (teeth, wings, etc.).

n.

dial.

ME.

in pi. {sing,

long

rare).

breek

lineage;

stock, a strain, a race; a line of descendants perpetuating particular hereditary qualities, esp. a stock of animals of a extraction. L15.

M16-M18.

3 J. Baret Rotten timber breedeth wormes. J Bt-XHAN I couldn't leave any clues to breed suspicions. T S. Eliot April is the cruellest month, breeding Lilacs out of the dead land. M. L. King Poverty and

breed crime. 4 Bacon Heas breed principally of Straw or Mats, where there hath been a little moisture. Jas. Mill [He] allowed discontents 6 lealousies to breed in the army. 5 J. Ray The manner of breeding Canary-birds. Anthony Huxley Breeding short-stemmed cereals for ease of combine harvesting. 6 T. Fuller Sir John Mason was bred All Souls in Oxford. Defoe Thou talkest as if thou hadst been bred a hcaihen. Southey He did not determine upon breeding him either to the Church or the Law H T. Buckle The old traditions in which Lawrence She was they had been bred. D. H ignorance

Usu.

/bri:k/

breeze

[OE

/bri:z/

.

m

After demeaning herself shamefully. been bred up differendy from that. .

b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

.

j

all,

she

yes, k cat,

had

leg,

m

A

gadfly or similar insect. Also breeze-fly.

breeze

/bri:z/

bnza (Sp.

M16. [Prob. f OSp., Pon.

n.'

wind

brisa) north-east

(cf.

brezza,

It.

cold wind).] A north or north-east wind. M16-E18. 2 The cool onshore wind that blows by day on warm coasts. Also, the offshore dial, brisa

Now

wind

chiefly as sea that blows by night. land breeze respectively. E17. 3 Any gentle or light wind; on the Beaufon scale, a wind of 6-50 k.p.h.; Naut. any wind. E17. 4 fig. slang, a breath of news; a disturbance; a row. L18. b breeze,

A

A

whisper, a rumour. L19. c Something that is easy to achieve, handle, etc. Orig. US. E20. Phrases: get, have the breeze up colloq. = get, have the viind up s.v. wind n.' hit the breeze slang depart, put the breeze up colloq. = put the wind up s.v. WIND n.' shoot the breeze: see shoot v. split or take the breeze slang = hit the breeze above. Comh.: breezeway (chiefly N. Amer.) a roofed outdoor passage, breezeless a. M18.

breeze

[Fr. braise, earlier brese,

/bri:z/ n.^ L16.

Small charcoal, hot embers, etc.] cinders, coke dust, etc., often used with sand and cement to make lightweight building blocks

burning

broad

[f.

/bri:z/

[f breeze rare. L17. 2

L17.

v.t.

n.-]

Blow

1

brekker

E18. [i. breeze nto breezes, windswept. E18. 2

/'bri:zi/ a.

Exposed by breezes; (pleasandy) windy. Also airy, spirited, jovial; careless. M18.

brekkie

breezily adv. M19. breeziness

bregma

/'biEgma/ n. PI. -mas, -mata /-mats/. L16. [Gk = front of the head.] Anat. The region of the skull where the frontal and the two

bones join, bregmatic /breg'matik/

a.

a

mi6.

man,

n no, p pen,

ending

in

[Ir.

/brsn/

n.

s sit,

t

Also

THERMAL a. B-. M20. [f

brennage

/'brEnids/ n. M18. [OFr. brenage, f -AGE, or med.L brennagiutn.] Hist. in, or in lieu of, bran, made by tenants to feed their lord's hounds.

bran payment

bren

A

-I-

/brsnt/ n. Also *brant /brant/. lME. [Origin imkn.] In full brent-goose. A small black, and white goose, Branta bemicla, which breeds in the Arctic and visits Britain in winter. 51 By early writers often confused with the barnacle

brent grey,

goose

brent a. & adv. var. of brant a. & adv. brent pa. t. & pple: see burn v. brer /brs:, bra:/ n. colloq. (orig. US). L19. t;.

a

Black or southern

US

[Repr.

pronimc. of brother

n. ]

Brother.

brerd

/braid/ n. Long obs. exc. dial. 6rorr, brord prow, braird. [OE brerd: cf. margin, lip.] The topmost surface or edge; the brim. bressumer n. var. of breastsummer. bret /biEt/ n. See also brat n.'LME. [Origin imkn.] 1 1 A brill, a turbot. LME-M19. 2 = brit

See also

OHG

E18.

bretelle

/bra'tel/ n.

M19. [Fr. = strap,

sling, (in

Each of a pair of trouser-braces.] ornamental straps extending over the shoulders from the belt on the front of a dress to the belt on the back. Usu. in pi. pi.)

bretessy

/'brstasi/ a. li6. [Fr. breusse braxuced: see -Y^.] Her. Embattled on both sides with the battlements at the same points on each edge. Cf

counter-embattled. Also bretessed

a.

E19.

brethren n.pl. see brother n. Breton /'bret(a)n/ n. & a. lME.

[OFr.: see

Briton.] A n. A native or inhabitant of Brittany France; the Celtic language of Brittany. in

NW

lME.

B attrib. or as adj. Belonging to, or its inhabitants, or their language. L15. Breton hat a type of hat with a round crown and an upward-curved brim. Breton lai: see lai n.' f Breton

(.

breith

Brett

top, v van,

w

var. of

i.

Brit

&

a.'

/bret'wsdda/ n. [OE Bretwalda, varying w. Brytenwalda, {. Brettas (see Brit n.' & a.'), Bryten (see BRITAIN n.') -I- Gmc base of WIELD V.I Hist. Lord of the Britons, lord of given in the Anglo-Saxon a title Britain:

jelly.]

we, z zoo,

n.

Bretwalda

occupation by the English.

red,

small

Brno in Moravia (where orig. made) + Enfield (see Enfield where later made).] In full bren-gun. A kind of light quick-firing machine-gun.

an

brettheamhan

M20. [G = pulp, mush, r

A

[Fr.]

thermal bremsstrahlung: see

bren

:

n.

M19.

n.

to a watch-chain; a trinket.

/'br£mzjtra:lur|/ n. mzo. [G, bremsen to brake + Strahlung radiation.] Physics. Electromagnetic radiation emitted by a charged particle upon retardation by an electric field (esp. by that of a nucleus).

judgement.] Hist. A judge in ancient Ireland. Comb. Brehon law the code of law which prevailed /br/u/

[f.

characteristic of Brittany,

genit. pi. of breitheamh (in Olr. brithem),

in Ireland before its

E20.

f.

M19.

hairspring

n.

-y.

Breakfast.

/brs'buk/

tackle = BURTON /'briihan/

Also

slang.

n.

-'i^.]

bremsstrahlung

overcoil.

Brehon

+

/bri:m/ a. Now arch. & dial Also brim /brim/. ME. [Origin imkn.] 1 Fierce, stem, raging, furious. Long obs. in gen. sense. ME. 2 spec. Of the sea, wind, etc.: rough, stormy, raging, severe. ME.

&

with)

[f.

breme

/'brAgei/ n. a. E19. [A. L. Breguet (17471823), Fr. watchmaker.] (Designating, a

timepiece

n.

slang (orig. Univ.). L19.

n.

-ER'.] Breakfast.

ornament fastened

parietal

Breguet

+

/'brcki/

breloque

fresh,

M19.

n.

n.

BREAK(FAST

+ -y'.] 1 Anended

fig.,

/'brsks/

BREAK(FAST

US). E20.

With advs. in specialized senses: breeze up (a) Naut. (of a wind) freshen; (b) (of a noise) rise on the breeze.

breezy

/'brAitJvomts/ n. e2o. [G = lustrous pelt of a young karakul

/brekaka'keks/ n. & int. E17. [Gk, imit., used by Aristophanes.] (Repr.) the croaking of frogs (usu. w. coax coax /kau'aks/).

Move along, gently, as a breeze, come in, etc., in a lively or offhand manner. colloq. (orig.

The

tail.]

brekekekex

{breeze-blocks).

breeze

brei I

[Var. of breech n.] Trousers, breeches.

bnosa, of imkn. origin.]

.

.

M19.

n.

(1791 -1873),

lamb.

a.

[f as prec. + -ing'.] 1 Bringing to birth; hatching; the production of ME. |b Extraction; yoimg, reproduction. parentage. L16-E17. 2 Origination; production;

development. M16. b fissile material. M20. 3

Breithaupt

veins.

ME.

/'bri:dir|/ n.

F.

breitschwanz

:

BREECH

/'brAitiiauptAit/

A.

Ger. mineralogist -t- -ite'.] Min. Nickel antimonide, a hexagonal copper-red mineral with a metallic appearance, usu. occurring in massive form in

of the

1 A strong leather strap passing round the hindquarters of a shaft-horse, A enabhng the horse to push backwards. E16. flogging. E16-E17. 3 Naut. A thick rope used to secure the carriages of cannon etc. and to absorb the force of the recoil. £17. 4 = breech action s.v.

i\

rt.,

breithauptite

M20.

breeding

as with, breeches; arch.

mi6.

/'brirdo/ n.

2 fast-breeder

Cover or clothe with, or

A homogenized pulp of organic tissue prepared for experimental work, brei v. var. of bray v.^ Biol.

breeding readily, prolific M18.

thing which or person who breeds or produces; a person who rears animals etc. M16. 2 A nuclear reactor which can create more fissile material than it uses in the chain reaction. Also breeder reactor.

buttocks I-\1E

breech

a.

breeder

breech-loader, -loading a. (a firearm) that is loaded at the breech and not through the muzzle; breech a.

breed in breed in

:

breedy

this

breeches buoy support rcsembUng breeches; breeches part a theatrical role in which a woman dresses as a man;

breechless

relatives,

in: within a limited stock, breed out eliminate (a charactenstic) by (controlled) breeding. Comb. f breed-bate a mischief-maker.

3:7 with breeches

occurred already in Wyclif); a lifebuoy on a rope with a canvas

apmnj, although

specialized senses:

in

preps,

mate with or marry near

and

Geneva

on account of the rendering of Gen.

&

With advs. (usually)

breech binh above; see bible of 1560 (so named

dtlhvn.

^r^•^vA

Breeches Bible for

Bretwalda

280

J

she, 3 vision, 0 thin, 6 this,

i)

ring, tj chip, dj jar

bretzel Chronicle to King Egbert, and (retrospectively)

some earlier Anglo-Saxon assumed by later ones, bretzel n. see PRETZEL.

brewage

breve /bri:v/ n. ME. [Var. of brief n.'] 1 Hist. An authoritative letter, csp. from a pope or monarch. ME. 2 Alus. A note of the value of two Gram. A semibreves (now rarely used). lME. shon syllable, rare. M16-M18. 4 The mark

n.

&

v.

«.

f

BRIEF n.' + -et'.] a a papal indulgence.

lME.

An

1

lME

[(0)Fr.,

f.

brewis

brevet.

Confer

v.t.

summary,

rank on. mi 9.

a brevet

/'briiviari/

lME. [L

n.

f

abridgement,

breviarium see

breviare:

ABBREVIATE v., -ary'.] 1 Chr. Ch. A book containing the service for each day, to be recited by those in orders. In early use also, an abridged

A

version of the psalms. lME. f2 gen. statement, a summary. M16-E19. I matter of breviary an accepted truth.

the

brief

abbreviate

see

breviare:

[L

breviawr, -ATOR.]

v.,

{.

=

/bn'vis/ n. li6. [Du. or G, f med.L use of L breviarium breviary (perh. from its use in the printing of breviaries) ] A former size of type

is

brevts

f.

BRIEF

rare.

M17.

short,

a.,

manu

brevit

lit.

'with

OFr.

Long

v.i.

L

obs.

exc.

dial.

brevitai-,

f.

[OFr. br{i)evete brevts (forms w.

E17.

armed

(earlier

after

brew

/bra:/ n.^ E16. [f. the vb.] result of brewing; the amount time; (the quality of) what infusion, a concoction.

OHG ON

The

brewed is

3 Tolkien

We

&

dial.

one brewed; an

a cat,

ci:

f,

her,

i

lME. f6

sit,

i

cosy,

/'brMb3b(3)l/ a. Also bribeable. E19. + -able.] Able to be bribed, v.

theft;

n.

lME.

v.t.

Mix

i:

see, n hot,

X

giver.

bribe

plunder.

the vb

]

fl

LME-E16. 2

A

bnberie,

as bribe v.: see -ery.]

Theft, robbery; taking by force, extortion. L16. 2 The exaction or acceptance of a bribe, arch. M16. 3 The giving or offering of a 1

f

lME

bribe. L16.

bric-a-brac

/'briksbrak/

Also bric-a-brac, et d brae at ornaments, of furniture, etc;

n.

bricabrac. M19. [Fr., f fa brie Miscellaneous old random.] small pieces antiquarian knick-knacks. trinkets,

/brik/ n. & a. lME. [MLG, MDu. bncke, hnke, Du. dial, bnk, WFlem. bnjke; prob. reinforced by (0)Fr. bnque, f. same source: ult.

A m. 1 Clay kneaded, moulded, and baked or sun-dried, used as a building origin imkn.]

lME. 2 A small usu. rectangular block of this substance. Also, a similarly-shaped block of concrete or other building material. ei6. b A child's toy building block, mi 9. 3 A loaf, block of tea, or other food item formed like a brick. Now esp. an ice-cream block. M18. 4 A stalwart, loyal, or generous person, colloq. M19. 5 A dull orange-red colour characterisuc of brick. L19. Gibbon He had found his capital of brick, and I left it of marble. 2 P. S. Buck The kitchen was made of earthen bricks great squares of earth dug from their own fields. 4 W. H. Auden When he is well She gives him hell, But she's a brick When he is sick. material.

A sum

of

lME. /brAib/

v.

lME.

[OFr. hnbe-. brimber beg,

I v.t. fl Take dishonestly; purloin; rob; extort. LME-MX7. 2 Offer or give a bribe to; persuade by means of a bribe {to do somethmg); win over by some mducement. E16. 3 Purchase or obtain by bribery, arch. E18. 2 B Malamud He had money, bnbed the guards for favours. C. Isherwood 1 am bribed with fruit not to be tiresome about the English language 3 Swift To

bribe the judge's vote II V.I. t4 Steal; exton. lME-mi6. 5 Practise bribery. Mi 7. 5 Ld Macaulay He fawned, bullied, and bribed n.

.

.

,

Phrases etc.: bricks and mortar fig. buildings, a house as property, bricks without straw: see straw n. drop a brick slang say something indiscreet, gold brick: see

GOLD

&

n.'

hit the bricks:

a.

see HIT

like

z'.

a

cat on hot bricks: see HOT a. like a load or ton of bricks slang with crushing weight or force, make bricks

without straw: see STRAW n. red-bnck: see red n. shit a brick (or bncks): see SHIT v. Comb. brickbat a piece of brick, esp. one used as a

the recipient of a bribe M19.

bribeable a. var. of bribable. briber /'brAiba/ n. lME. [Partly f bribeur,

AN

brihour,

bnmbeur beggar, vagabond, f

as

BRIBE v.; partly f bribe v.: see -er'.] f 1 A thief; an extortioner; a person who takes or exacts bribes. lME E17. (•2 A beggar, a vagabond; a wretch, a rascal. LME-L16. 3 A person who saw, a run, u put,

an uncomplimentary remark; brick-dust oO powdered brick; brick-earth clay used making bricks; brick-field a piece of ground in which bncks are made; brickiielder Austral, a hot dry northerly wind (orig. as raising dust); brick-kiln: for missile; fig. (the colour for

baking bricks; bricklayer a worker building with bncks, bricklaying the craft or occupation of building with bncks; brickmaker a person whose trade is the making of bricks; brick-nogging see nogging i brickred a. & n. (of) a dull orange-red colour; brickstitch Embroidery couching in which the laid threads are secured by cross-sutches arranged like the vertical ;

bnckwork; brickwork (a) builder's work in (fe) in pi, a factory making bncks; brickyard a place where bricks are made. joints of

brick;

B

or as

attrib.

adj.

Built of brick. Also, brick-

red. lME. bang, knock or run one 's head against a brick wall, see through a brick wall, talk to a brick wall: see wall w.' brickish a. resembling a brick in appearance or colour, bricky, colloq. stalwart, loyal, generous: Ml 9.

li6.

v.

the n.]

[f.

window, opening,

etc.)

1

bricks; close in with bricks. L16. line,

v.t.

up or 2

Cover or oz'er

with

Make,

v.t.

or face with brick; give the appearance of to. L17. 3 v.t. Work with or make

brickwork

bricks. L18.

brickie /'bnki/ «. colloq. Also bricky. BRICK n. + -IE, -Y*.] A bricklayer, brickie a. see bruckle.

bricky bricky

n.

L19.

[f.

var. of brickie.

/'bnki/

of or having

bricolage

[f.

brick

n.

+

Made

-y'.]

bricks. Also, brick-red.

/bnka'la:;;

M20.

same)!

li6.

a.

many

[Fr.,

foreign f.

bricoler

brik3la:3

{pi.

do odd

jobs,

f. as next: see -age.] Construction or creation from whatever is immediately available for use; something constructed or created in this way, an assemblage of haphazard or incongruous elements.

repair,

/brik(a)l, bri'kaul/ n. E16. [(0)Fr. f Prov. bricola or It. bnccola, of unkn. origin ] 1 An engine or catapult for discharging stones or bolts, obs. exc. Hist. E16. 2 A rebound of the ball from a side-wall or cushion in real tetmis, biUiards, etc. L16.

bricole

indefatigably.

bri'bee

.

seal (a

stolen

of unkn. origin.]

OFr.

lME. [OFr.

n.

bnmbene mendicancy, f

brick /bnk/ [{.

or another reward offered or demanded order to procure an (often illegal or dishonest) action or decision in favour of the

saw

a:

(belonging to or characteristic of)

n.

in

E16-M17.

bed,

&

money

that

arm,

a.

/brAib/

article;

at

a cloud of smoke and steam Saruman was brewing some new devilry for us. 4 A. Uttley He knew when a storm was brewing. J. Masters So this strike is brewing, and I'm trying to find out what is known about it here Comb.: brewhouse a brewery; brew-up colloq. (a pause for) the making of tea.

feared

bribe

bribe

process or

Gmc]

arch.

(liquors); dilute.

We

[Gk

E17.

literary.

n.

il Earlier in linbribable. briba'bility n. M19.

of buroo.

Now

/brAi'eiriss/

giant.

bribable [{.

/bru:/ v. [OE breowan = OS breuwan (Du. brouwen), briuzuan, briiwan (G brauen, brduen), brugga, {. I v.t. a Make (beer etc., a quantity of beer etc.) by infusion, boiling, and fermentation. OE. b Make (tea etc., a quantity of tea etc.) by infusion or mixture. Also foil, by Mp. EI 7. 2 v.i. a Make beer etc. ME. b Foil, by up: make tea. colloq. E20. 3 v.t. Concoct, contrive, bring about, set in train, (usu. evil or mischieO- ME. 4 v.i. Undergo infusion, fermentation, etc.; be in the course of preparation; (esp. of evil or mischief) matiu-e, fester, gather force. ME. 5 v.t. Conven (malt etc., a quantity of malt etc.) into fermented liquor.

n. M20. sheepdog of a

same)/

corrupt,

M16.

n.' var.

A

a Bnareus: L16.

&

bnef):

brew brew

(pi.

Brie: see -ard.]

f.

one of three mythological giants who aided Zeus against the Titans ] A himdred-

see brief a. adv., -ITY.] 1 Compact written or spoken expression; conciseness. L15. 2 Short span, esp. of time, life, etc.

n.',

/bri'a:d,/orei;^ bria:r

Briarean

/'brsviti/ n. L15. {.

+

v.''

of brier

vars.

Briareus

hunt; search, br(t)ete)

as prec.

French breed.

[Origin unkn.] Forage; beat about for game;

brevity

[{.

Briareos,

/'brsvit/

/'brAib(o)ri/

bribe, a price

:

M19.

/'bruistatAJt/ n.

of bray

n.\

Briard

Summarily; without due

Law.

short hand'.] process.

v. var.

[Fr. (adj.),

adv. phr. E19-E20. [L,

Bretvster

Aim. A naturally-occurring zeolite which a hydrated silicate of alummium, barium, and

briar

+

loquentia speaking.] Brevity of speech.

f brevi

David

either side.

brey

bribery

A

.

/'bru:st3/ n." L19. [Sir

strontium.

between bourgeois and minion. brevtloquentia,

alcoholic

in

-ite'.]

.

n.

permit trade

to

offers or gives a bribe. L16. f 4 paid, rare (Shakes ). Only in E17.

brick

(1781-1868), Sc. physicist.] Used attrtb. and in with ref to Brewster's discoveries in

on

brevier

[L

of licences

issue

brewsterite

/bri'vil3kw(3)ns/

mi 6.

of.

optics. Brewster('s) angle the angle of incidence at the surface of a dielectric for which a wave polarized in the plane of incidence is not reflected at all, and an unpolarized wave is reflected as a plane-polarized wave. Brewster's law: that the tangent of the Brewster angle for a given medium is equal to the refractive index of that medium, or (at any interface) equals the ratio of the refractive mdices of the media

ABBREVIATOR.

breviloquence

A

possess,

E16-M17.

mi6-mi8.

1

/'bru:is/ n.

Brewster

n. & ppl a. lME. [L breviatus pa. pple of breviare: see ABBREVIATE v., -ATE^] A «. 1 A letter, a short note. lME-miS. 2 A summary, an abridgement. E16-M19. 3 A lawyer's brief L16-M18. B ppl a. Shortened, abbreviated.

n.

-er'.]

ME.

liquors.

f breviate

fbreviator

+

v.

person whose trade is 2 fig. A concocter

a

obs. exc. dial. Also browis See also brose. ME. [OFr. bro{u)ez, = -ets pi., bro{u)et sing. (mod. brouet), f. breu Prov. bra, f Proto-Romance f Gmc (= broth).] 1 Bread soaked in fat or dripping. ME. 2 A kind of broth, freq. thickened with bread or meal. E16. 3 = brose. rare. M19. brewster /'bru:sta/ n.' Chiefly Sc. & north. Also throwster. ME. [f brew v. + -ster: cf. BAXTER.] A brewer, orig. spec, a female brewer. Comb.: Brewster Sessions magistrates' sessions for

L17.

B

brew

[f

/'brauis/.

Comb.: brevet captain, colonel, etc., brevet rank a nominal rank (of captain, colonel, etc.) conferred by a

breviary

ME.

n.

or trade of brewing. Only in 18.

A document

monarch

a

/'bruia/

person who brews; spec, the brewing of beer etc.

A

as

or government conferring privileges; spec, one conferring nominal military rank without corresponding pay. Freq. anrib.

from

brewer

brewery /'broari/ n. M17. [f as prec. + -ery, place or prob. after Du. brouwerij.} I estabUshment for brewing. M17. ^2 The process

official lener; esp.

miS. 2

/'bruiidj/ n. mi6. [f. prcc. + -age, prob. after Fr. breuvage BEVERAGE.] The process of brewing; a brew, a decoction; a concocted beverage.

or contriver

written or printed over a short or unstressed vowel, or as a diacritic over various letters in certain languages. L19. /'brevit/

amount

brewing n. (a) the action of the vb; (h) the of liquor brewed at one time: ME.

and occas.

kings,

to

brevet

bricoleur

281

u: too, 3

ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

bricoleur

/brika'la:; foreign brikDlce:r {pi.

same)/

M20. [Fr. = handyman, f. bricoler (see bricolage) + -eur -or.] A person who engages n.

day, ao no,

e:

hair,

is

near,

ai

boy, oa poor, Aia

tire,

aua sour

bridal hncolage; hncolages.

BRIDE

constructor

a

in

bridal

'br\id(3)l'

+

n.'

&

n.

ale: use

or

[OE

a.

of

creator

brfd-ealu,

as

f.

and pronunc. strongly

infl.

by assoc. w. adjs. in -al'.] A n.sing. & in pi wedding; a nuptial feast, arch. OE. B adj. Of, penaining to, or appropriate to

A

a bride. lAlE. bridal suite in a hotel, a suite of rooms esp. for the use of a newly mamed couple, bridal wreath any of certain white-flowered ornamental plants; csp. a Chilean shrub, Francoa sonchifolia, of the saxifrage family bridall>- adt: M19. bridalty

bride brMd

[OE

n. (rare) a

bnid

wedding M17.

=

OFris. bred, breid, briit (G Braui), OS briid (Du. bruid), bnidr, Goth. brOps, f. Gmc, of unkn. origin.] 1 A woman about to be married or very recently married. OE. 2 A bridegroom. Long obs. exc. n.'

OHG

Jamaican.

ON

lME.

1 mourning bride: see mourntng a. Comb. (orig. w. the sense 'wedding'): bride-ale [the form of bridal n. ] Hist, a wedding

anal>tical

celebration

with

of ale,

drinking

a

wedding-feast;

bride-bed arch, the marriage bed; bride-cake (a) wedding cake; bride-chamber arch, the room in which a wedding is celebrated; bride-cup (a) a bowl or cup handed round at a wedding; (ft) a spiced drink prepared at night for a newly wedded pair; bride-lace (obs. exc Hisr ) a coloured ribbon worn as a weddingfavour; bridemaid (now rare or obs.) — bridesmaid, brideman t(a) = bridegroom; (ft) (obs. exc. dial.) = BRIDES.MAN"; bride-price Anthropol. a payment of money or goods made to a bride or her parents by the

bndegroom

or his parents.

[(0)Fr. = bridle, bonnetbase also of bridle ] f 1 A bridle, a rein. Only in ME. 2 A link in the network which connects the patterns in lace. Also, a bonnet-string. Usu. in pi M19. string, ult.

bride (w.

ME.

n}

br.vid

Gmc

f.

v. mi6. [f bride h.'] fl v.i. & i. Act the bride. M16-M17. 2 v.t. Wed,

br.ud/

if).

marr\'. obs. exc. dial. L16.

bridegroom OS brudigomo

'br.\idgrom/ n. (Du. brutdegom), brutigomo (G Brdungam), brudgumi: the 2nd clem. guma man, assim. to groom n.'] man about to be married or very recently married.

OHG

ON

OE

A

'br.\idzmeid,

bridemaid

earlier

woman

unmarried

(usu.

li8.

n.

bride

s.v.

n.']

one

[Alt.

A of

girl

of or

several)

attending the bride at a wedding.

bridesman

'br.udzman/ n. PI. -men. E19. [Alt. of earher brideman s.v. bride «.'] The best man (the usual term) at a wedding, a

groomsman.

bridewell [f.

(St)

'brMdw(3)l, n. arch. Also B-. M16. Bnde's Well in the City of London, near a building stood.] A prison, a

reformatory.

ON

Brucke),

brig),

Also (Sc. & north.) brig OFris. bngge, bregge, OS brugghe (Du. brug), brucca

Gmc]

f.

n.'

brycg

MDu.

bruggia,

(G

bnd3/

,

[OE

bng

1

=

OHG

bryggja

A

(whence north,

dial.

structtire carrying a road,

path, railway, etc., across a stream, river, ravine, road, railway, etc. OE. 2 A gangway for a boat; a landing-stage, a jetty, a pier. obs. exc. dicii ME. 3 The upper bony pan of the nose; the central pan of a p>:r of spectacles, fitting over this. lME. 4 The upright piece over which the strings of a violin etc. are stretched. lME. 5 A ridge of rock, sand, or shmgle, projecting into or crossmg a body of water. (See also land-bridge s v. land n.') Chiefly dial, or in names, as Filey Bng. Eig. 6 The raised platform or compartment, usu. amidships, from which a ship is directed. M19. 7 Billiards, Snooker, etc. The suppon for the cue formed by the hand or at the end of a rest; occas., a rest. L19. 8 An electric circuit for measuring resistance or another property by equalizing the potential at two points. L19. 9 Dentistry. A partial dent'ire supponed by natural teeth on either side. L19 Bailey drawbridge, 1

bridge,

bridge,

Whcatsione bridge,

weigh

8

v.

bascule

bridge,

cantilever

bridge,

floating bridge, fooi-hndge, hump(hack) overbridge, packhorse bridge, sketv bridge, bridge, swing-bridge, swinging-bridge, toll-

a tax

Hist,

for the

repair of

bridge-building fig. the promotion of esp. between countries; bridge circuit = sense 8 above; bridge-deck = sense 6 above; bridgehead a position held on the opposite side of a river etc. in advance of one's main forces; fig. an initial position established beyond some dividing feature, as a basis for further advance, bridge-house Hist, a house cormected with a bridge; spec, the establishment formerly concerned with the care and repair of London Bridge; bridge-man, bridges;

relations,

friendly

bridgemaster an officer having control of a bridge (formerly, in some bo jughs, a member of the corporation); bridge passage a transitional passage in a musical or literary composidon; bridgeward Hist. the keeper or warden of a bridge; bridgework (the insertion of) a dental bridge.

bridgeless

bridge

a.

E19.

L19.

[Prob.

of

eastern Mediterranean origin.] A card-game derived from whist, in which one player's cards are exposed at a cenain point and are thereafter played by his or her partner; now usu. = contract n.^

bridge below.

auction bridge:

which the players bid for the right to name trumps, and all tricks won count towards game whether contracted for or not. contract bridge: in which the players bid for the right to name trumps, and tricks won count towards game only =if contracted for. duplicate bridge: see DUPLICATE a. Comb. bridge-roll a small soft bread roll. in

:

bridge /'brid3/ v.t. [OE bryc^ian, f. bridge «.'] Be or make a bridge over. OE. b Span as with bridge. M19. 2 Form (a way) by means of

1

a

Matthiessen

a

Bridgettine /'bndsatm/ Brigimnus

adj.,

mm)

f.

&

n.

Bngitta

a.

base of braid d.': see -le'.] 1 The gear by which a horse etc. is controlled and guided, comprising curb.

yes, k cat,

i

kg,

m

and

ME.

3

A

A

OE.

2 fig. restraint, a securing rope or cord etc. Chiefly rein.

Nam.: (a) a loop of rope etc. attached to a spar etc., by which a line can be attached; (b) the end part of a fixed mooring, which can be secured to a vessel. ME. 4 = branks i. Also scold's bndle.

A

ligament or membrane restricting the a bodily part. L17. 6 The action or gesture of bridling (bridle v. 2). mi8. double bridle, draw bridle, snaffle-bridle, etc. turn 1 bridle: see TURN v. 2 Bacon The reverence of a mans E17. 5

motion of

self

next religion, the chiefest Bridle of

is,

all

Vices. J

Froude He kept his tongue under a bridle. Comb. bridle-hand the hand which holds the bridle in riding; bridle-path, -road, -way: a thoroughfare A.

:

for riders but not vehicles; bridle-rein a rein attached to the bit of a bridle; bridle-road, -way: see bridle-path above; bridle-wise a. (US) (of a horse) readily guided by a touch of the bridle, bridleless /-l-l-/ a. lME. fit

v. [OE bridtian, f. prec] 1 v.t. equip with a bridle; fig. curb, check, restrain, hold in. OE. 2 a v.i. Express offence, woimded pride, etc., by throwing up the head and drawing in the chin; assume a dignified or offended manner. Also foil, by up.

bridle Put

/'br/ad(3)l/

a bridle on,

thus.

j

Sweden (St member, usu. a

of a religious order founded by St Bridget.

lME. fb

few, g get, h he,

mi6. [med.L

of

bridle /'brAid(3)l/ n. [OE bndel = OFris. brTdel, (M)Du. breidel, OHG bnml, f. WGmc, f. Gmc

headstall, bit,

v.t.

Move

(the

head

oneself)

etc.,

L15-M19.

man, n no, p pen,

r

li6.

n.

n. Also bradoon /brs'dum/. M18. [Fr. bridon, {. as BRIDE n.'^: see -CON.] The double bridle.

/bri'dum/

snaffle in a

Brie

/bri:/ n. Also b-. M19. [An agricultural in northern France.] A soft creamy cheese with a white mould skin, orig. and esp.

district

made

in Brie.

brief /bri:f/ bref,

OFr.

See also breve, brieve.

n.'

brief,

An

Hist.

late

f.

L

as n. of neut. of

L

ME. [AN

breve dispatch, note, use

brief a. & adv.] 1 or legal letter of authority; a

official

brevis: see

royal mandate; a writ, a summons. ME. b Letters patent issued by the British monarch as Governor of the Church of England, licensing a collection in churches for a specific object of charity. L16. 2 disciplinary letter from the Pope to an individual or commimity (less formal

A

a bull).

A

lME. t3

gen. lener, a dispatch, a note; writing, something written. LME-L18. if4 Mus. short note; a breve. LME-M17. 5 short account or summary, a synopsis. US

A

A Now

(exc. as below).

L16. 7

A list, A summary

M16. 6

Law.

a catalogue, etc.

of the facts and legal points in a case, drawn up for coimsel; a piece of work for a barrister; US Law a written statement of the arguments for a case. M17. b gen. A set or summary of instructions etc.; an appointed task; esp. a set of instructions for carrying out a military operation. M19. 7 dock brief, see DOCK hold a brief for be retamed as counsel for; fig. wish or be obliged to argue in favour of (usu. in neg. contexts) take a brief accept the conduct of a case, watching brief, see watch tJ. b D. Jacobson My special brief was to take care of the political prisoners. Times [He] rounds on the Authority for exceedmg its brief. Jo Grimond A minister opening a debate must speak from a prepared arch.

.

a

canal bridged here and there by ten-foot granite slabs, b M. Twain A speculator bridged a couple of barrels with a board, fig.: B. C. Brodie To bridge over the space which separates the known from the unknown, bridge a gap: see gap n. bridgeable a. M19. bridging vbi n. (a) the action of the vb; (ft) Mountaineering a method of climbing chimneys etc. with legs astride: lME. bridging ppl a. that bridges something; bridging loan, a loan made to cover the short interval between buying a house etc. and selling another: E19. 1

P.

bridler

bridoon

than

/brids/

bndge, transporter bridge, underbndge, etc. asses' bridge

f

post-office bridge,

Hume

D.

Forts were erected in order to bridle Rochelle. F. M. Ford A sudden explosion of the passion that had been bridled all his life. 2a Dickens Everybody bridled up at this remark. B. Chatwin If she saw him bridling with annoyance, she would change the subject. 1

water under the bridge: see

n.

etc.

Comb.: bridge-bote

suspension

b but, d dog,

water

see

weighbridge: see

n.

Bridget), 1303-73: see -ine'.] (A

,

which such

bridge

bridge:

WATER

2.

n.'

bridge, rare. M17.

[OE brydguma =

bridesmaid

bridge of boats: formed by boats moored abreast over a body of water, bum one's bridges: see burn t: 8. cross a bridge when one comes to it deal with a problem when and if it arises, gold (or silver) bridge an easy and attractive escape route for an enemy, much mater has flowed etc. under see ASS

the

a

wedding or

bride

brier

282

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

.

brief

Comb.: brief-bag a bag in which a barrister carries

briefcase a rectangular case for carrying papers, documents, etc. briefless a. without a brief, (of a barrister etc.) unemployed Ei9. briefs;

brief

lME. [f. the lME. t2 The

/bri:f/ n.'

short, briefly.

adj.]

1

in bnef, in

that

little

need be

said etc. L16-E17. 3 In pi Short imderpants or knickers. M20.

brief

/bri:f/ a.

(mod.

bref),

f.

& adv. ME. [AN bref, OFr. bnef L brevis short, brief The origin of obscure.] A adj. Of short

sense A. 4 is duration, quickly passmg. ME. expeditious. LME-E17. 2 Short extent; curtailed, limited.

ME.

1

Hasty, -fb in (spatial)

3 Consisting of

or employing few words; concise in expression. lME. 4 Rife, prevalent, epidemic, dial. E18. Tolkien In his living face they caught a brief I

power and majesty of the kings of stone. Churchill Their freedom was bnef The British refused to recognise the republic. 2 Sir W. Scott vision of the

W.

S.

Wearing the bnefest petticoat of any nymph of St Ronan's. 3 S. Kauffmann A bnef note iimply to say that they had arrived safely. J. D. Salinger As brief as a gatekeeper at a Trappist monastery, be brief speak in

few words. adv. Briefly; in brief.

B

Now

rare.

M16.

briefly adv. shortly, in a few words lME. brie&ess (a) brevity, conciseness; fC*) quickness: lME.

n.

brief

/bri:f/ v.t.

M19.

[f.

brief

n.']

1

Reduce

to

the form of a legal brief; put into a brief mi 9. 2 Give a brief to (a barrister), instruct by brief; retain as counsel in a suit. M19. 3 Instruct or inform thoroughly; give precise instructions to, esp. with regard to a military operation etc. M19. briefing n. (a) the acuon of the vb, (ft) a meeting for this: MI9.

[OE (Anglian) brgr, 1 prickly bush, 2 A branch or twig of a wild rose etc. ME. 3 Prickly bushes collectively. lME. 4 fig. In pi Troubles, vexations, arch. E16. 1 Austrian brier an orange-yellow rose, Rosa foeiida, with an unpleasant scent, green brier a vine of the genus Smilax of the lily family, esp. 5.

brier (WS)

/'brAia/

Also briar.

brsr, of unkn. origin.]

esp. of a wild rose.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

A

OE.

6

this,

i)

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

:

brier ornamental sensitive brier an leguminous plant of the genus Schrankia, with pink or purple flowers and sensitive leaves, sweet-brier any of several roses with fragrant-smelling leaves; esp. Roia rubiginosa, a rose with deep pink flowers that is often rotundifolia.

cultivated; also called eglantine.

Comb. brier-rose a dogrose briered 11. covered or overgrown with briers; entangled in briers: M16. briery a. full of or consisting :

of thorns or briers; thorny; vexatious:

brier

ME.

M19. [Fr. bruyere assim. to prec] 1 A shrub or small tree, Erica

/'brAia/ n.' Also briar.

heath,

ult.

Gaulish:

f.

southern European

whose root

arborea,

is

pipes. Also called tree

used for making tobaccoheath. M19. 2 A pipe made

wood of the brier. L19. brieve /bri:v/ n. E17. [Var. of brief of the

(now

A

Hist.).

Law

«.'] Sc.

Chancery writ directing

by

trial

jury of a specified question.

/brig/ fi.' E18. [Shonened f. brigantine n.'] 1 Orig., = BRIGANTINE w.' I. Now, a two-masted square-rigged vessel with an additional lower fore-and-aft sail on a gaff and boom to the mainmast. E18. 2 A place of detention, orig. on board a ship; a naval or military prison, slang

US). M19. hermaphrodite brig = brigantine brig n.- see bridge (orig.

3.

&

/bn'geid/ n. v. M17. [Fr. f. It. brigata troop, company, f. brigare contend, be busy with, f. bnga strife, contention: see -ade.] A n. f 1 A company or set of people. Only in M17. 2 A large body of troops; spec, a subdivision of an army. In the British army: an infantry unit consisting of usu. three battalions and forming part of a division; a corresponding armoured imit. MI 7. 3 A imiformed or organized band of workers etc. E19.

BOY n. fire brigade: see fire INTERNATIONAL a. NAVAL Red Brigadeis): see RED a. Comb.: brigade-major a staff officer anached to a Phrases: Boys' Brigade: see

International Brigade: see

brigade.

command.

brigade to assist the bngadier in

B v.t. Form into a brigade. E19. brigadier /bngs'dis/ n. Also (esp. L17.

[Fr.,

+

prec.

as

f.

commanding

in titles)

An

-ier.]

B-.

officer

a brigade; (a titular rank granted

of similar standing, above colonel and below major-general. Formerly also bngadier general. Comb. brigadier general (a) Hist, see above; (ft) an officer ranking above a colonel and below a majorgeneral m the US Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps; brigadier wig Hist, a full wig tied back in two to)

a

officer

staff

OE

.

.

Plain Even on the brightest afternoon, the bulb had to be lit. bright lights urban places of entertainment, brightwork polished metalwork on apples. B. .

ships etc. b I. Murdoch A sad eclipse of all their bright hopes, bright-eyed and bushy-tailed: see BUSHY a.

honour

see

bright:

HONOUR

look on the bright side

n.

be optimistic or cheerful. 4 Shakes. Lucr. Troy had been bright with fame, and not with fire. 5 Coleridge A bright lady, surpassingly fair. 6 Hugh Walpole Light grey flannel trousers showing bright purple socks. J. Rhys She had a bright patchwork counterpane, bright-line brown-eye = tomato moth s.v. tomato n. paint in bright colours: see COLOUR n. 1 Shakes. Macb. Be bright and jovial among your guests to-night. S. Leacock The bright smihng faces of colloq.

.

1

brigade

translucent. OE. b fig. Lit up with happiness, gladness, hope, etc.; hopeful, encouraging, cheering, mi 8. -fi Clear or luminous to mental perception. M18. 3 Of sound: clear; shrill, giving (undue) prominence to high frequencies. OE. 4 Illustrious, glorious, splendid. OE. 5 Of a person: beautiful, handsome, arch. ME. 6 Vividly or brilliantly coloured. Of a colour: intense, vivid. ME. b Of tobacco: having a hght shade or colour. Orig. US. mi 8. 7 Of a person, a face etc.: cheerful, animated, vivacious. E17. 8 Of thought, conversation, writing, etc.: witty, clever, imaginative, sparkling. E18. 9 Displaying great intelligence; quick-witted; talented. M18. I TrNDALE Rev. 22:16 The bright momynge starre. J. Betjeman The church is bright with candlelight. E BiRNEY Dusty September orchards bright with ,

brig

n.

brindled

283

.

working people, bright young thing a fashionable member of the younger generation (esp. in the 1920s and 1930s) noted for exuberant and outrageous behaviour. 8 A. G. Gardiner I thought of a bright thing to say now and then. 9 Jilly Cooper They're also quite bright: you can't get in unless you have five O's and three A-levels. G. F. Newman It wasn't very bright threatening to break Evans's arms, iron.: J. M. Keynes The bright idea of reducing Economics to a mathematical application of the hedonistic calculus of Brightness, light, arch. ME. brightish a. L16. brightly adv. in a bright manner, with bnghtness OE. brightness n. OE brightsorae (arch.) a. showing bnghmess, bnghtish M16brightsomeness n. (arch.) M16. n.

bright /bfMt/ v. arch. [OE beorhtian, f. BRIGHT a.} fl v.i. Be bright, shine. OE-ME. 2 v.i. Make bright. OE. bright /brAJt/ adv. [OE beorhte, the adj.]

curls

/'brigsbu/

n.

Any

Kamilaroi burigal.^ forming thick scrub.

brigand

=

of

various

f.

acacias

n.

&

lME.

v.

[Fr.

foot-soldier, use as n. of pres.

A

pple of bngare: see BRIGADE.]

n.

A

1

f

lightly

lME-liS. 2 A bandit or robber, esp. one of a band living by pillage and ransom. lME. B v.t. In pass. Be armed

irregular

foot-soldier.

attacked by brigands,

rare. L19.

/'brig(3)nti:n/

[OFr. source It.

E16.

n.'

(mod. f.

brigantin) or its bnganle: see BRIGAND, -INE*.]

1

mainmast. L16.

berht,

of brigandine.

var. a.

&

(Northumb.)

beraht, -eht,

n.

[OE

= OS

breht

ON bjartr, Goth,

ber{a)ht,

bairhts,

f.

OHG

Gmc] A

Emitting or reflecting much hght, shining; pervaded by light, simlit; (of wine etc.) clear. ad].

1

a cat, a:

arm,

c.

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

d:

a.

pple

pres.

cleverness, talent, etc.

mi 8. b

/'brAits di,zi:z/ n. phr. M19. [Richard Bnghi (1789- 1858), Eng. physician.] Med. Kidney disease associated with albuminuria; esp. glomerulonephritis.

brigue

/bri:g/

BRIGADE.]

fl

v.

lME.

n.

Strife,

Now

lME.

prec. or Fr. bnguer. sense

[f.

a different

2

v.i.

[(0)Fr. f. It. bnga: see contention. LME-L17. 2 rare or obs. M17.

wd

v.t.

1

]

Intrigue;

i

Ensnare. Only

solicit.

Chiefly

Sc.

L16-M19. brill /bril/ n. PI. same. L15. [Origin unkn.] A flatfish, Scophthalmus rhombus, resembling the turbot a

]

a. slang. L20. [Abbrev. of brilliant Excellent, outstanding,

fbrillant brillante

n., a. var.

of brilliant

&

/brria:ntei/ adv.

(A direction:)

brilliance

in a

a.

«., a.

M18.

showy or sparkling M18.

[It.]

Mus.

style,

brilliant a.: see -ance ] Brilliant quality; intense or sparkling brightness, radiance, or splendour. Freq. fig.

brilliant

/'brilj(3)ns/ n.

n.

[f.

M18.

/'brilj(3)nt/

n.

Also fbrillant.

L17.

1 Brilliance. Only in of the finest cut and one cut with horizontal upper and lower faces joined by facets. L17. 3 A former

[Fr. bnllant,

L17.

2

f.

as next.] f

A diamond

brilliance; spec,

saw,

.\

Excellent,

colloq.

L20. 2

Arnold Bennett Edwin's own

seemed very

brilliant,

Potok This boy

TowNSEND

.

.

darkened bedroom.

suggestions never silly. C.

but they were never

.

was

.

b S. Pandora to visit me in my had a brilliant kissing session,

brilliant, literally a genius,

allowed

I

We

brilliantly adv. E19.

brilliant /'brilj(3)nt/ v.t. rare. mi8. [f. the n.] Cut (a diamond) as a brilliant. brilliantine /'brilj(3)nti:n/ n. [Fr. L19. brillantine,

brillant

f.

brilliant a.]

1

A

cosmetic A shiny

for imparting a gloss to the hair. L19. 2

fabric for dresses etc. N. Amer. L19. brilliantined a. made glossy with brilliantine E20.

brim

ME.

/brim/

MHG

in sense to

barmr edge.]

[Origin imcenain: corresp.

breni

(G Brdme, Brdhme),

ON

The

border, margin, edge, brink, etc., of the sea or any piece of water, or gen. of other things. Now obs. or dial. exc. as transf. use of sense 2. ME. 2 The edge, margin, or lip of a cup, bowl, basin, or anything of similar shape, aruficial or natural. lME. 3 The upper surface of water, arch. M16. 4 The projecting edge of a 1

hat. L16. 1

Jer.

Spenser Upon the brim of his brode-plated shield. Taylor He is at the margin and brim of that .

.

state of finall reprobation. 2

AV

2 Chron. 4:2

He made

molten Sea of ten cubites, from brim to brim. fig. Shakes. Ant. CI. He will fill thy wishes to the brim With principalities, pelvic brim the rim between the upper and lower parts of the pelvis. 3 Sir W. Scott Not lighter does the swallow skim Along the smooth a

&

Comb.: brim-full, (arch.) brimful a. full to the brim, on the point of overflowing. brimless a. E17 brimmed a. (of a hat etc ) having a

brim (of a specified kind) E17. brimmy a wide brim; broad-brimmed: L19.

run, o put, u: too, a ago,

ai

my, ao how,

a.

(of a hat)

having

brim brim brim

bream

see

n.-

/brim/

v.t. Fill

n.

of breme.

a. var.

v.

Infl.

-mm-.

to the brim. E17. 2

brimming

ge)beorhtnan

L18.

n.

Also brilliancy

(Anglian)

beorht,

[OE

1.

brill /bril/

A

small vessel equipped for both sailing and rowing, employed for espionage, piracy, etc. obs. exc. Hist. E16. 2 loosely. A foreign vessel, as a galleon etc. M16. 3 A two-masted vessel with a square-rigged foremast and fore-and-aft rigged

brigantine n} bright /brMt/

&

v.t.

morning,

-tan v.t., f. as BRIGHT a. Later f. bright a.: see -EN'.] Make or become bright(er). Often fig., make or become more cheerful, lively, hopeful, etc. Freq. foil, by up.

may repr. in lME.

rings or plates attached to canvas etc.

brigantino,

/'brMt(3)n/

in the

V.I.,

f brigue

brigandine /'bng(3)ndi:n/ n. Also -tine /-ti:n/. lME. [Fr., or its source It. brigantina, f. as prec: see -INE'.] A coat of mail, esp. one made of iron

brigandine

brighten

Intrigue, faction.

brigandage n. the practice of bngands, banditry, pillage; bngands collectively: E17. brigandish a. L19 brigandism n. the life of brigands, brigandage M19. brigandry n. = brigandism E2o

brigantine

bright and early very early

Bright's disease

It.

f.

/'brilj(,i)nt/

brillant

[f. brim «.'] 1 Be or become full

E17.

v.t.

to the brim {mih). E19. 2 brim over overflow.

Brightly.

brightener

/'brig(3)nd/

brigante, orig.

M19. [Perh.

Austral.

Also fbrillant. L17. of briller shine, f. It. bnllare, prob. ult. f. L beryllus BERYL.] 1 Brightly shining; glittering, sparkling, lustrous. 1,17. 2 fig. Splendid, celebrated; spec, distinguished by [Fr.

f.

:

brigalow

L19.

brilliant

lake's level brim.

Bentham!

B

very small size of type equal to about j'A points.

ei

ppl

a.

(a)

basin, bed, etc.;

vessel,

that rises to the brim of its (6) (of a container) full to

mi 7.

overflowing:

brimborion

Also -rium /brim'bD:risn/ n. M17. [Fr., earlier breborion, alt. of med.L brevianum BREVIARY.] A thing without use or value; trash, nonsense. brimmer /'bruna/ n. Now arch. & dial. M17. [f. /-nam/.

BRIM

+ -er'.] 1 A brimming cup or V. MI 7. 2 A hat {spec, a straw hat) with a

n.',

goblet.

brim. M17.

OE

brimstone

/'brimst(3)n, -staun/ n. [Late brynstdn, prob. f. bryne (= bnini) burning (f. as BURN V.) + stone n.] 1 Sulphur; esp. (otherwise arch.) burning sulphur, (the fuel oO hell-fire. lOE. b fig. Fire, passion. E17.

ON

A

virago,

a

spitfire;

promiscuous

a

woman.

L17-E19. 3 In fijll bnmstone butterfly. A pierid Gonepteryx rhanini, with sulphuryellow wings. E18. Comb. brimstone butterfly: see sense 3 above; brimstone moth a geometrid moth, Opisihograpiis with yellow wings; brimstone-wort a luteolata, butterfly,

:

yellow-flowered umbellifer of the genus Peucedanum, sulphur-wort. brimstony a. of, pertaining to, or resembling brimstone; sulphureous, fiery: lME.

brinded /'brindid/ a. ME. [Prob. of Scand.

arch.

See also branded.

origin: cf.

ON

brgndotlr

brindled, f. brandr burning, and brandkrossottr brindled, having a white cross on the forehead.]

= BRINDLED. brindle /'brind(3)l/ a. & n. L17. [Back-form. f. next ] A adj. = brindled. L17. B n. (A dog etc.

oO brindled colour. L17. brindled /'brind(3)ld/ a.

L17. [Alt. of brinded, prob. by assoc. w. grizzled, speckled, etc.] Of a

day, ao no,

e:

hair,

la

near,

oi

boy, oa poor,

\ia tire,

aoa sour

brine tawny or brownish colour with

(esp. indistinct)

streaks or spots of a different hue; gen. streaked,

spotted, iwtih).

brindled beaut>' " European geometrid moth, Lycia Ainjnj, with grey-brown banded wings. brAin n. & v. [OE hrfne = MDu. brfne Water 1 {,Du. bryn), of unkn. origin.] A n. saturated or strongly impregnated with salt; salt water. OE. 2 (The water of) the sea. Usu. poet.

brine

L16. 3

tears, poet. L16.

l.Salt>')

Comb brine-pan

(a) a shallow iron vessel in which evaporated, (h) a salt-pan; brine-shrimp any of %-anous branchiopods of the genus Anemia, inhabiting salt lakes, bnne-pans, etc. :

Steep in or saturate with brine. M16.

:-.f.

brinish

Brinell

Bnnell brfntl n. E20. A. ^1849 1925), Swed, engineer.] Used attrib. with which ref. to a test for hardness in a steel ball is pressed into the material and the diameter of the indentation measured,

bring

brii]

i^dial.)

Pa.

v.t.

brung

t.

&

pple brought /bro:!/,

[OE bnngan

br.\r)/.

(pa.

brohte,

t.

OHG

pple brOht) - OFris. bnnga, OS, bringen), Goth, (Du. brengen,

G

Gmc]

Cause

1

by carrying, leading, impelling,

OE. b

accompany on

Escort,

lME.

bnngan

briggan,

attracting, etc.

his or her

way.

obs.

2

Prefer (a charge); initiate (legal action); advance (an argument etc.). OE. 3 Produce as a consequence, cause to have, result in; be sold for (a price). OE. 4 Bear

exc.

dial.

(young, fruit, etc.), yield, produce; = bring forth below. ME. 5 Cause to come from, into, out of, to, etc., a state or condition, to an action; cause to become; cause, induce, persuade (usu. a reluctant person) to be or to do. ME. f 6 Deduce, infer, derive. L16-E18. 7 Naut. Cause to come or go into a certain position or direction. L17.

Dr\den

1

I

.

.

shall

From Trophies home

Triumph

in

come

conquer'd Greece, and bring her Th-^ckeray Those Imes brought tears into the Duchess's eyes. Teknyson She brought strange news. J. T Story Fmally I brought both fists down together and he fell like an axed pig. I. McEwan The narrow passage-way had brought them on to a large square, bring-and-buy sale, stall, etc.: at which customers bring things for sale and buy what others have .

.

.

brought, bang home the baeon: see bacon

mui

UNE

.

n.

i.

bring

bnng to bay: see BAY n.' 2. bring to hghr. see LIGHT n. bring to mind (cause oneself to) brought remember to bed: see bed n. 2 M. Edgeworth Arguments brought by his companions in their line:

see

.

master's

n.-

.

.

justification.

3

Tennyson The

loss

.

that

Gifts bring men, men oppression. 4 Coverdale Hah. 3:1^ The londe shall bnnge no come, 5 Coverdale Judg. 3:30 Thus were the Moabites broughte vnder the hande of the children of Israel. J. Bltxer Persons by a course of vice, ',jring themselves into new difficulties. C. Thirlwall The prosecutors brought Demosthenes to trial first. D. W.

brought us pain.

bnng

J

bullets, bullets

Updike

bnng

a woman may be brought to forgive bigamy, but not a joke. D Lodge Some kind of physical mallormation which the man could not even bring himself to describe, bnng a penon to his or her senses: see SENSE n. bring home to: see HOME adv. bring into being cause to exi":t bring into play: see PLAY n. bring into the world give birth to, (of a midwife etc ) deliver, bnng to a head: see HEAD n. 28. bring to bear. see BEAR V.' bnng to book: see BOOK n. bring :o GRIEF.

Jerrold

n. bring to pass: see PASS n bnng to vtterance n.' 6 Shakes. / Htn. VI He From John ol Gaunt doth bring his pedigree 7 Defoe Her mam-mast and fore-mast were brought by the

bring

to life:

see LIFE

board, bring the starboard (or pon) tacks aboard: see TACK n.' bnng the lacks aboard: see TACK n.' With advs. speaalized senses: bring about [a) cause to happen, accomplish; t(6) complete bv a revolving; (c) turn round, reverse (a ship); convert bring back cause to return, recall, bring to mind, bring down (a) cause to fall or collapse (bring down the hnusc. bnng the house down (Theatr.), get loud applause); (b) cause (a flying bird, an aircraft, etc.) to fall to the ground; cause (a penally etc.) 10 fall on, kill, wound; overthrow; abase; (c) low ;r (a price etc.); (d) contmue (a record etc.) to a point in time, bring forth (a) produce, yield, give binh to, cause; f(b) uner, advance as an argument etc., f(c) bring to light, expose to public view bring forward (a) draw attention to; (b) move to an earlier date or lime, transfer from a previous page or account, bring in (a) introduce fa custom, fashion, topic, legislation, etc

m

,

f

make prominent;

society,

bring over win

few, g get, h he,

introduce

(c)

exhibit

through

consciousness; (ft) treat or tend successfully through illness

bring to

(a) v.phr.t.

restore

a stop;

to

&

under subdue, bring up

(a)

etc.

come

of;

to

bring

restore to consciousness,

v.phr.t.

(ft)

check the motion

i.

to

girl)

(a

bring round win over, bring

over, convert;

supervise the

v.phr.t.

of (a manners, etc.; be responsible for or care for to the point of maturity; in pass, also, grow up, esp. in a particular place or manner; (ft) v.phr.t. call attention to; (re)introduce (a topic etc.); cause to appear in court etc.; (c) v.phr.t. vomit; (d) v.phr.t. & i. (orig. Naut.) (cause to) come to a stop, pull up; (e) bring up short: see short adv.; (J) bring up the rear, see REAR n.; (g) bring up tvilh a round turn: see ROUND a. bring up to date provide with what is needed to cover the most recent child)

habits,

in

developments bringer n. ME.

ult.

Skt

{.

Port, berinjela,

Indian

the

A

variija trade.]

merchant

salt

f.

in

arch. Also bunjara Deccan Urdu banjSra

/brin'd3a:ri/ n. /bAn'd3u:rs/. M17. [Alt. of

and

of the

travelling

Deccan

in

southern India.

brink

ME. [ON

/brirjk/ n.

MLG

brekka slope corr^p.

(brow oO a hill (whence G dial. Bnnk hill), MDu. bnnc (Du. bnnk grassland), of imkn. origin ] 1 The margin or bank of a body of water; gen. an edge, a to

brink edge of a field,

margin, a border. passing into sense

some

(Now usu. 3.) ME. 2

only fig.

when steep, The verge of

point of edge, margin, or

state, event, action, time, etc.; the

ME.

being, doing, etc.

3

The

border of a steep place, such as a precipice, chasm, etc. lME. 4 The brim of a vessel, obs. I

Byron

All these are

coop'd within one Quarto's

J. Masefield To halt at the chattering brook, in the tall green fern at the brink. 2 Dickens She is on the brink of being sold into wretchedness for life. W. Gather Hard times that brought everyone to the brink of despair D. Acheson TTie United States hesitated on the bnnk of action, teeter on the brink: see teeter v. lb. the brink the verge of (esp. nuclear) war. 3 Milton The warie fiend Stood on the brink of Hell and look'd a while. T. H. Huxley The church is now on the very brink of the cliff. Tolkien The places behind where there was a black brink and an empty fall into nothingness. brinkmanship n. [-manship] a policy or the art of advancing to the very brink of some action (esp. war)

brink.

.

.

.

but not engaging in

it

.

M20.

/'brAmi/ a. & n. L16. [f. brine n. + -y'.] A adj. Of or pertaining to brine or the sea; saturated with salt. L16. B n. The sea, the ocean.

briny

MI 9.

slang.

brio

M18.

/'briiau/ n.

[It.]

Vivacity, liveliness,

verve.

See also con brio.

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

brioche

/brii'oj, 'bri:Dj/ n.

briony n. var. of bryony. briquet /brike/ PI. pronoimced

A

steel for striking light

representauon ornament.

of

this,

A

E19. [Fr.]

round sweet cake made with dough. usu.

[Fr.]

/.

imfavourable sense: curt, brusque, peremptory. Also (now rare or obs.) transient; fast-living; hasty. E17. 2 Agreeably sharp to the taste, effervescent. Also, (of the air etc.) fi-esh, keen. L16. t3 Spruce, smartly dressed. L16-E17. 1 P. Kavanagh Demand for all sorts of catde was brisk. D. du Maurier He whipped the horses to a brisker pace. P. H.

Johnson This

and

brisk

officer-like

behaviour. W. Trevor She wished she was grown-up, brisk and able to cope, b Shakes. Twel. N. These most brisk and giddy-paced times. C. Gibber The briskest loose Liver or intemperate Man. C. IsHERWOOD Her tone was peremptory and brisk. 2 Shakes. 2 Hen. IV A cup of wine that's brisk and fine. L. Durrell It is brisk weather, clear as waterglass.

&

f 1 Smanen (up), dress smartly. Make or become (more) brisk or quicken, enliven; move or behave briskly.

v.t.

i.

Freq.

foil,

esp.

same. E19.

from as

small

light yeast

by

up. E17.

2 R. L. Stevenson Modestine brisked up her pace. H. L. Wilson As 1 brisked out of bed the following

morning. T. Roethke A flicker of fire brisked by a dusty wind. brisken v.i. & t. become or make brisk (also foil, by up), = brisk v. 2 M18. briskly adv. L16. briskness n. M17. brisky a. brisk, lively, smart L16.

brisket

/'bnskit/

ME.

n.

[Perh.

f.

ON

bryosk

(Norw., Da. brusk) cartilage, grisde + -et'.] 1 The breast of an animal, esp. as a joint of meat.

ME.

The human

2

brisling same,

/'bnsliri,

-s.

breast. Sc. colloq. L18.

'bnz-/

E20. [Norw.,

n.

Da

]

Also bristling. PI. The sprat, Spranus

sprattus.

bristle

/'bris(9)l/

ME.

n.

[f

as birse

suff

used

pig, esp. as stiff

in

etc. ME. 2 gen. Any man's shortfilamenl of a brush, of a seta; brisdes collectively.

brushes

hair or filament, e.g. of a

cropped beard; a whatever material;

ME. 2 R. Chandler A black brush with a few blond hairs its black brisdes. J. Fuller Patches of unshaven brisUe on his jowls. Comb.: bristle-bird an Austrahan reed-warbler of the genus Dasyomis; bristlecone pine a very slowgrowing, shrubby pine, Pinus aristata, of western N. America, important for dendrochronology; bristlefern any of various chiefly tropical fems of the genus Trichomanes, with a hairlike receptacle protruding from the indusium, bristle-grass a grass of the genus Setaria, bristletail an apterygote insect of the orders TTiysanura (including the silverfish and firebrat, more fully three-pronged bristletail) or Diplura (more fully two-pronged brisdetail); brisde-worm a polychaete. bristle-Uke a. resembling (that of) a bristle or bristles M19. bristly a. covered or set with brisdes; of the nature of or like bristles: lME. in

bristle

/'bris(3)l/ v.^

See also brustle

v.'

ME.

heraldic

a

[f.

the n.] \ v.t. 1 Cover, set, or tip with brisdes; make prickly or brisdy; fig. set thickly as with 2 Erect (hair etc.) stiffly like bristles. ME. brisdes; fig. cause to show anger or hostility.

Also foil, by up. L16. Hobbes The brissled Ranks Of th' armed Greeks. t Lytton He would bristle all the land with casdes. K. Kesey His arms are sunburned and bristled with Doth curly orange hairs. 2 Shakes. John Now dogged war brisde his angry crest. C. Kingsley He would brisde up his feathers, just as a cock-robin .

.

a flint; a

-Et'.

-i-

OE: cf (M)Du. borstei] 1 Any of the hairs that grow on the back and sides of the

Prob. in

.

.

.

would.

briquet n.- var. of next. briquette /bn'kEt/ n. &

II V.I.

Also -et. L19. [Fr., see -ette.] A w. A small v.

dim. of brique BRICK n. block or slab, esp. of compressed coal-dust for use as fuel. L19. B v.t. Form into briquenes. :

L19.

brise

/brize/ n. PI. pronounced same. L18. [Fr., pa. pple of briser break.] Ballet. movement in which the feet or legs are lighdy beaten together in the air.

A

man, n no, p pen,

brish /bnj/ v.t. & dial. M17. [Var. of brush I'.-] = BRUSH v:'- 3. Chiefly as brishing vbl n. brisk /brisk/ a. & v. L16. [Prob. f Fr. brusque.] A adj. 1 Quick, sman, or efficient in movement or action; lively, rapid, active. L16. b In an

shon

lME.

exc. dial.

device (as a perforated screen, louvre, etc.) for shutting out direct or excessive simlight.

lively;

[Ult.

brinjarry f Hind.,

A

B

f as AUBERGINE.] Esp. subcontinent: an aubergine.

grain

brise-soleil /brizsoleij, briizso'lei/ n. PI. pronounced same. M20. [Fr., lit. 'sun-breaker'.]

L16-M19. 2

f brinie n. var. of byrnie. brinjal /'brmdso:!/ n. E17.

-

utterance: see

b but, d dog,

make known,

publish,

express,

(ft)

clearly,

f.

come, come with, or convey,

to

>ield;

training

of or like brine, briny Lt6.

j.

fa person), adduce; produce as profit or increase; (b) pronounce (a verdict; a person guilty etc.). bring oflf (a) rescue {arch, in gen. sense), spec, conduct away ft^om a ship, wreck, etc.; (ft) conduct successfully, succeed in, achieve, bring on (a) introduce (a topic for discussion, etc.), cause, bring into action; (ft) advance the progress of bring out f(a) produce,

(a)

salt IS

B

bristle

284

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

3 Become or stand

4 Raise the brisdes

stiff like

brisdes. L15.

of anger or excitement; fig. be roused to temper or hostility. Also foil, by up. M16. 5 Be or become brisdy; be thickly set (as) with brisdes; chiefly fig., be covered, teem, abound with. E17. 3 G. Orwell White moustaches that brisded as

a

sign

forward like those of a prawn. W. S. Churchill Solid squares with eighteen foot pikes brisUing in every direction. J. Braine There was something about its tone which made the hairs on the nape of my neck .

.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

6

this,

i)

ring, t{ chip,

d}

jar

bristle Thomas Hughes There now!

4

bristle.

don't bristle

My

dog had halted, Its up like a hedgehog. J. Fenton skin bristling. 5 Carlyle All France to the utmost borders bristles with bayonets. C. I. Lewis Treatises .

bristling with

.

K. A. Porter Faded dry

difficulties.

.

.

hair bristling with wire hairpins. U. Le Guin He had left the chin bristling to match his short, iron-grey

head

&

/'bris(3)l/ v.H.

[Origin unkn.:

Make

birsle.]

cf.

exc.

obs.

i.

L15.

dial.

or

become

crisp with heat.

bristling n. var. of brisling. Bristol /'brist(a)l/ n. In sense 2 usu. b-. mi6. [A city and port in the west of England.] I 1 Used attrih. to designate things from or associated with Bristol. M16. Bristol board a kind of fine pasteboard with

smooth

cream

surface. Bristol

(proprietary

name

a

for)

kind of sweet sherry, (shipshape and) Bristol (orig. Naui.) with all in good order. Bristol glass opaque (esp. blue) glass manufactured in Bristol. Bristol milk: see milk n. Bristol porcelain a kind of porcelain resembling delftware, manufactured in Bristol. Bristol stone etc., rock-crystal from the a

fashion

Bristol area.

II

2 In

breasts,

or in

p/.,

rhyming

full Bristol cities

slang.

(=

titties).

The

M20.

/'bri:33/ n. E17. [Fr. = fracture.] Her. variation of or addition to a coat of arms serving as a distingtiishing mark.

A

brisure

Brit

/brit/

Brett

Bnno n.'

&

name

&

f!.'

[OE

/brst/.

Long

exc. Hist. Also Bret (pi. Brettas), based on

a.'

obs.

L

or its Celt, equiv. Cf. Brit a.'^] «. An ancient Briton (the ordinary in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). OE. B (pi. Brittones)

A

adj. British, rare.

M16.

brit /bnt/ dial. Also -tt. E17. [Origin imkn.] A yoimg herring or sprat; gen. small fry. Brit /bnt/ n.^ & a} colloq. Often derog. E20. [Abbrev. of Briton, British, or Britisher. Cf Brit n.' & a.'] A n. A British person. E20. B adj. British. M20.

Britain

[OE

Bremen, Breten, Bryten f L Brittones (see Briton); later forms f OFr. Bretaigne (mod. -agne), f L Bnttan{n)ia f /'brit(3)n/

Bnt{t)anni,

n.'

corresp.

Gk

to

Bret(t)anoi,

More fully (esp. as a political term) Great Britain. As a geographical and political term: (the main island and smaller offshore islands making up) England, Scotland, and Wales, sometimes with the Isle of Man. Also (as a political term) the United Kingdom, Britain and its dependencies, (formerly) the British Pret(t)anoi.]

Empire. Middle Bmain:

NORTH 51

middle

see

North Britain,

a.

see

a.

OE

was for long used only James I & VI was and this name was then Umted Kingdom at the Union in

Britain, after the

period,

as a historical term, but in 1604 proclaimed 'King of Great Britain'

adopted for the 1707.

fBritainer

Britain

R.

= Briton

/'bnt(3)n/

n."

&

a.

Britannia

/bn'tanja/ n. OE. [L Bnt{t)annia, Bnttania (Bede), corresp. to Gk Brettania (Diodorus Siculus): see Britain >;.'] 1 The Latin name of Bntain; Britain personified as a female; the figure emblematic of Britain, a woman with a shield, helmet, and trident, shown on coins etc. OE. 2 In full Britannia metal. An alloy of tin with small proportions of antimony and copper, resembling silver. E19. Comb. Britannia metal: see sense 2 above. Britannia .

a cat, a:

arm,

n.

e bed,

her,

a:

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, 0 hot,

a.'

+

Brettisc,

-ish'.]

A

Brittisc,

adj.

Of

1

or pertaining to the ancient Britons or their Celtic language (cf Brittonic a.); loosely Welsh, (occas.) Cornish. OE. 2 Of or penaining to Great Britain or its inhabitants. lME. 2 British Commonwealth: see commonwealth British crown a gold crown (coin) struck in the reign of Charles I. British disease a problem or failing supposed to be characteristically British, esp. proneness to industrial unrest. British Empire Hist. the empire consisting of Great Britain and the other British possessions, dominions, and dependencies. British English the English language as spoken or written in the British Isles, esp. as contrasted with those forms of English characteristic of the US or other English-speaking countries. British Isles Britain, Ireland, and the Isle of Man, and sometimes also the Channel Islands. British Lion: see lion n. 3b, c.

British Restaurant

British RAJ.

Hist, a

government-

subsidized restaurant opened in Bntain during and after the war of 1939-45 British Service warm: see warm containing)

British Standard (a document the specification of recommended terminology, etc., in a particular field, drawn up and published by the British Standards Institution. British Standard Time Hist, the time system used in Bntain from 1968 to 1971, which was the same as Central European Time and was equivalent to the extension of British Summer Time n.

procedure,

throughout

the

summertime

2.

Summer Time: see STORM PETREL

British

thermal

British

I.

year.

British storm petrel: see

unit

quantity

the

heat

of

necessary to heat one pound of water at its maximum density by one degree Fahrenheit; = 1055 joule. British warm: see WARM n. Great British Public: see GREAT a.

the best of British (luck): an expression of encouragement, often with the iron, implication that good luck will not be forthcoming. B n. 1 The Celtic language of the ancient Britons (formerly also Old British^ cf. Brittonic M16. 2 «.); loosely Welsh, (occas.) Cornish. collect, pi. The British people; British soldiers etc.

M17. Britisher n. an American)

a British subject (usu. as distinct

charactenstic

qualities

Britishism

E19.

of

the

(any

n.

the

Bntish

a

British;

from

of)

peculiarity, a Bnticism: L19. Britishly adv. f(a) rare in the British language, (b) after the manner of the

Mi 7. Britishness n. f (a) condiuons of life of the ancient Britons, (b) the quahty or character of the British: L17. British; in British fashion: rare the

Brito-

/'britau/

'British

comb.

Forming

ancient

(or

&

f

[L,

form.

adjs.

w.

ns.

and',

British)

Brit{t)o

the

sense

as

Brito-

Roman. Brito'centric

Briton

L

a.

Britto, -on-

or

A

n.

Brython).'\

British

having Britain as the centre E20

&

/'brit(3)n/ n.

Bntain;

Empire)

(Now more

its

a.

ME.

[(0)Fr. Breton

Celt, equiv.

A

1

(now

native or inhabitant of rare exc. Hist, of the

fully ancient

Bnton)

ME.

2

spec.

A member

of

the (Celtic) people living in S. Britain at the time of the Roman conquest. ME. 1 North Briton: see north a.

fB

ad).

= British

Britoness

Britonic

n.

a.

(rare) a

&

n.

a.

M16-E17.

female Briton L16.

var.

of BRITTONIC.

britt n. var. of brit n^ Britticisation, -icism, -icization

ns.

d:

ON

OE

vars. of

base of OE Gmc base also of

[f f.

brittiely adv. L16. brittieness

n.

Ophiuroidca, with L15. brittiy adv.

L17.

Brittonic

/bri'tonik/

&

a.

n.

Also Britonic.

E20. [f L Brttto, -on- Briton + -ic] A adj. Of or pertaining to the ancient Britons; spec. designating or pertaining to Brittonic (see sense B. below). E20. B n. The language group

comprising P-Celtic

s.v.

=

Welsh, Cornish, and Breton; Celtic n. Cf. British n.

i,

BRYTHONIC n. M20. britzka /'britska/ n. Also britzska

& other vars. bryczka.] Chiefly Hist. An open carriage with calash top and space for reclining. E19.

[Pol.

/brsu/ n. colloq. & as a written abbrev. PI. bros, Bros, /bros, broz/. mi 7. [Abbrev. of brother n ] A brother. In pl. (Bros.) freq. in names of firms.

bro

broach /brautj/ ME. [Branch I

Also fbroche, brooch. (0)Fr. broche spit, f. ProtoRomance use as n. of fem. of L brocc(h)us in brocci denies projecting teeth; branch II f broach V.'] 1 1 A pointed rod; a lance; a bodkin, an awl, a skewer, etc.; esp. a roasting-spit. arch. & dial.

ME. 2a A

n.'

f.

obs. exc. Sc. lME. b A weaving tapestry. L18. 3 A pointed, pliant rod of wood, used in thatching to fix work. lME. 4 A (church) spire; now spec, the base of an octagonal spire rising from a square tower without a parapet. E16. 5 The sharply pointed growth of a young stag's first anders. L16. 6 A tapered boring-bit used for smoothing or enlarging holes. M18. 117 An incision made by piercing or bormg; a

spindle,

used

shurde

in

perforation. E16. 7 on broach (now rare) = ABROACH. Comb. broach spire etc.: supponed by a broach. :

broach

/brsutj/ «.- E17. [Broach (now Bhanich), and district of Gujarat State, India.] Surat cotton from the Bharuch district. a city

broach

/brsutj/ v.^t. Also fbroche. ME. [(0)Fr. brochier (now brocher), {. Proto-Romance deriv. of base of broach «.'] f I Spur, prick with spurs. ME-M16. 2 Stab, pierce through; pin. lME. b Incise (stone) with a narrow-pointed chisel. M16. f 3 Transfix (meat etc.) with a spit; stick on a spit or pointed weapon. lME-eiS. 4 Pierce (a cask) to draw off liquor, tap; release (liquid) by this means; loosely open and begin to use the contents of (a box etc.); make a stan on, set in tram. lME. 5 Begin a discussion of (a subject);

make

or finish

(a drilled

by

public; air; raise. L16. 6 Enlarge hole) with a boring-bit. Freq.

M19. Stevenson A barrel of apples standing for any one to help himself R. Hughes They ransacked the vessel broaching rum-casks and foil,

4

out.

R.

L.

broached

.

,

breaking the necks off wine-bottles. 5 E. F. Benson It was the fulfilment of ideas which he had broached to her before marriage. E Heath Rather tentatively over coffee and cognac I broached the question broacher n. (a) a person who broaches something, t(6) a

{.

(whence Welsh

a British subject.

/•bnt(3)l/ a. lME, gebryttan break in pieces, ult.

/bn'tanik/ a. M17. [L Bntannicus, f as prec: see -ic] Of Britain; British. Chiefly in Her or His Britannic Majesty. Britannically adv. (now rare) in British fashion; in reference to Great Britain: E18. Britannicize v.t. make British in form or character L19.

breech

&

Brjt

as

[OE

n.

brittle

Britannic

see

f.

&.

a.

Briticization, -icism.

silver hallmarked silver of at least 95.8 per cent purity. Britannian a. (now rare) = British a. 2 L16 fBritany n. Britain LME-M17

n.

Bryttisc,

(Great)

dd. E17.

britch

/,britisAi'zeiJ(3)n/ n. Also Britt-, -isation. m20. [f as prec. + -ization, after Anglicization etc.] The process of making British (esp. by the ancient Britons); the result of this. /'britij/

class

long thin brittle arms.

/'brilisiz(3)m/ n. Also -tt-. M19. [f British after Gallicism, Scotticism, etc.] A word, phrase, or idiom characteristic of the English of Great Britain as opp. to the US etc.

British

echinoderm of the

starfish-like

Briticism

Briton.]

li6-ei9.

n.

M16. [L Brit{i)annus, Bnttanus Bnton, British: cf prec] f A «. An ancient Briton. M16-M18. B adj. fl = British a. I. L16-M17. 2 = British a. 2. Now only in Britain crown, a gold coin struck in the reign of James I & VI, orig. valued at 5i., afterwards at 5s.

britchel a. sec bruckle. Briticisation n. var. of Briticization.

Briticization

hair.

bristle

broad

285

spit:

broach

L16.

/brautj/

&

v.-i.

t.

ei8.

[Origin unkn.]

Veer or cause (a ship) to veer and present a side to wind and waves. Usu. w. to. R. H Dana They hove the wheel up just in time to save her from broaching to. fig.: T. H. White Its lovely ruined walls

.

.

standing broached to the sun

and wind.

broad

/brsrd/ n. ME. [f the adj.] fl on broad, adv. Only in ME. 2 (Usu. B-.) A large extent of fresh water formed by the widening of a river, spec. (usu. B-) any of several in East Anglia. M17. 3 Hist. = broad-piece s.v. BROAD a. E18. 4 The broad part (of the back etc.). M18. 5 In />/. Playing-cards, slang. L18. 6 A woman (usu. derog.); a prostitute, slang (orig. chiefly N. Amer.). E20.

= abroad

&

broad

/brard/

[OE

Also

a.

=

(Sc.

&

north.)

OS

braid

LME-L18.

(Du. Goth, braips, f Gmc] 1 Extended in direction from side to side, large across, wide, not narrow; (a specified extent) in breadth. OE. b Designating or

I brittie fracture: occurring in a metal without appreciable prior plastic deformation, brittle-star a

pertaining to certain fabrics (ong.) distinguished by their width, esp. broadcloth below. lME. 2

brlotan break up = brjota: see -LE'.] 1 Liable to break; easily broken, fragile; fig. frail, weak; insecure, unstable, transitory. lME. Liable to destruction; perishable, monal.

saw, a run, o put,

u: too, a

ago,

\i

my, au how,

ei

/breid/. breed),

day, so no,

c:

brad

OHG, G

hair,

la

near,

breit,

01

OFris.,

bred

ON breidr,

boy, 03 poor,

ai3 tire,

aua sour

broad Less dcrtnuely: of great extent, spacious, ample. t'' Large in amount. OE lME. 4 Wide open; fully developed or expanded. OE. 5 Plain, clear, explicit; most apparent, main. i.ME. 6 Of language, a speaker, etc.: outspoken, unreserv'cd, trenchant; N-ulgar, somewhat coarse or mdecent. 1 15. 7 Of speech, pronunciation, etc.; markedly dialectal, distinctive of a region or class. Cf BROAD adv. 3. L16. 8 Unrestrained, going to full lengths. E17. 9 Tolerant, liberal, catholic, widely inclusive. M19. 10 Bold in effect or sr\lc, Mus. slow and expressive. M19. II

OE.

Widely

far-ranging; inclusive; applicable, 12 Designating a phonetic L19. general. transcription that distinguishes phonemes but not allophones. L19. 1 EvEL^N A Leaf no broader than a Three-pence. C so broad that it could have easily held D.AY A bed several guests. D. Mt'RPin' Shoulders too broad for feminine grace, as broad as it is iongfig. (coUoq.) the same either way. 2 Milton In ample space under the broadest shade (land of) the broad acres Yorkshire. 4 C AcHEBt He broke into a broad smile showing smoke- and kola-stained leeth. A. Brink When I woke up it was broad daylight and the birds were singing. 5 R. Bentley Surely this is a hint broad enough. 6 H. Hallam The broadest and most repulsive declaration of all the CaU-inistic tenets. S. Middleton Hollies dropped no sexual hint, the broad tongue of the dining room he'd discarded for a politer approach. 7 T Gfxx One of my contemporaries arrived at Cambridge with a broad Yorkshire accent. 8 W. Ir\t>;g She was the picture of broad, honest, vulgar enio>'ment. 9 A'tti' Society The Broad Left— ie. Labour drawn in plus Communists. 10 G. Grote A portrait

broad

.

.

colours broad and glaring. 1 1 J. Morley Intellectual educaoon in the broadest sense. N. Chomsky The effects of the Amencan invasion were far broader. Times In broad outlme, the bill disolves all registered trade unions. Special collocaricns & comb.: broad arrow a mark resembling a broad arrowhead, distinguishing British government stores, esp. (formerly) prison clothing, broad-axe an axe with a broad head, broad bean: see BEAN n. la. broad-bill any of certam birds with broad (o) a shoveler, a scaup; (ft) a tropical bills; esp. passerine of the Old World family Eurylaimidae broad-brim a hat with a broad brim; arch, a member of the Society- of Friends (wearing such a hat) broadbrow cdloq. a person with broad interests, broadbrush J. general, generalized, incomplete, lacking detail Broad Church Anglican clerg>' favouring comprehensiveness over an exclusivity of doctrine; natisf. any group allowing its members a wide range of opinion broadcloth [phr in Act of Parliament of 14S2 specif\nng width retained, as designation of high quality'] cloth of fine twilled woollen or worsted, or of plam-woven cotton, broad gauge a railway gauge wider than the standard one (in Great Britain 1.435 metres); spec. (Hist.) the 7-foot (2.1 m) gauge of the Great Western Railway, abolished in 1892 broad.

jump (now ,V. Amer.) = long jump s.v. long cJ.' broad-leaf (a) any of certain trees or other plants with broad leaves, esp. a Jamaican tree, Temiinalia latifolia, or {SZ) the papauma, Griselinia linoralis; (b) a non-coniferous tree, broad-leaved a. having broad leaves; ^pec. (of trees) havnng relatively broad flat rather than

non-coniferous; (of broad-leaved the folds of pentoneal ussue that support the uterus, ovanes, and fallopian tubes broadloom (a carpet) woven in broad width- broad pennant: see PENNANT n.' broad-piece Hist. 3 rwen'y-shilling piece of the reigns ot James I and Charles I ("broader and thinner than -utceeding coinage) broadscale a. on a broad scale, extensive, broad seal (chiefly Hist.) the Great Seal of England broadsheet (a) a large sheet of paper earning information etc printed on one side only; b) a newspaper with a large format, broad-spectrum a. (of a drug) effective against a wide range of pathogens, broadsword a cuttmg-sword with a hroad blade, broadtail = breitschwanz broadwallt a broad needles,

i.e.

composed of such trees; broad ligament Anat. either of

woodland) ENDIVE,

'

broadway

street or footpath,

(B-)

[a

(a)

a wide road;

(ft)

in New York City famous for its main commercial part of New York

street

theatres]

the

theatre bfe

broaden

&

v.t.

(out), dilate

adv.

:.

E18.

= broadways

maVe

or

broadish

me

118.

become broader; widen

lME

f broadllng(s)

broadly

adv. in a broad

a.

manner; widely, generally fully: L16. broadness n. (a) (now rare) breadth, (b) coarseness, indelicacy:

Also

bro:d/ adv.

[OE

breid/.

,

trade,

as

f.

broadcast +

prec.

j

yes,

k

cat,

:

leg,

m

&

broadcast manner.

(Sown

etc.)

in

a

M19.

&

broadcast

/'br3:dka:st/ v. Pa. t. pple -cast, (occas.) -casted. L18. [f broad adv. + cast v.] 1 v.i. Sow (seed) in a broadcast marmer; gen. (chiefly fig.) spread widely. L18. 2a v.t.

music, etc.) by radio or Speak, sing, play, etc., for radio or television transmission; put out a radio

Disseminate

b

v.i.

or television transmission. E20. broadcaster «. (a) a person whose speech, performance, etc., is (esp. habitually) broadcast on radio or television; a person, company, etc., that puts out broadcasts; (ft) an instrument for broadcasting seed etc.: E2o,

broad-minded

/br.->:d'mAindid/

+ MrNDED.] Tolerant

a.

broccoli pi.

broad-mindedness

n.

cauliflower;

&

/brok, brox/ n. In senses 1 & 2 Sc. Si Also brough, brugh, /brAX, hr,\{/. L15. [Metath. alt. of burgh: cf borg enclosure,

north.

ON

castle.]

round the moon

a

Brobdingnagian

/brobdiri'nagian/

n.

&

a.

E18. [{. Brobdingnag, a land in Swift's Gulliver's Travels where everything is on a gigantic scale, +

An

n.

huge

a

inhabitant of Brobdingnag; a person. E18. B adj. Gigantic,

N. Scotland and adjacent

brochan

/'broxan/ thin porridge.

Brobdingnag

a.

E19.

Broca

/'brauka/ n. L19. [P. Paul Broca (1824-80), Fr. surgeon and anthropologist.] Used in possess, to denote things studied by Broca. Broca's aphasia aphasia with severe impairment or loss of speech. Broca's area the region of the frontal cortex of the brain concerned with the production of speech.

brocade [Sp., f.

It.

/brs'keid/

n.

&

Orig. t-a(r)do. L16.

v.

Pon. brocado, with blending of Fr. brocart broccaro = embossed fabric, f. brocco twisted

A

A

thread: see -ade.] «. rich fabric woven with raised patterns, orig. with added gold or silver threads. L16. B v.t. Work with a raised pattern. Chiefly as brocaded ppl a. M17.

f brocage n. var. of brokage. brocard rhrsuksd, foreign brskair M16.

[Fr., or

f brochan

var.

/'brDK3)ntAit/

maxim.

n. E19. [{. A.J.M. (1772-1840), Fr. geologist +

A

bluish-green monoclinic basic copper sulphate usu. occurring as prismatic or elongated crystals or as crystal aggregates.

fbroche f broche

v-t.

broach

see

n., v.^

L15-M19.

brocade: see broach

[f.

n.', t'.',

brooch.

Fr. brocher to stitch,

Stitch or

v.^]

work with

raised figures.

broche

&

/'braujei, /ore;^ broje/ a.

n.

L19. [Fr.,

prec] (A material, esp.

pa. pple of brocher: see silk)

brochure

/'brauja, bro'^ua/ n. mi8. [Fr., lit. stitched work', f. as broche f.' + -ure.] booklet or pamphlet, esp. giving information about the amenities of a place etc. 'stitching,

a

brock

[OE

/brok/

Com.

Welsh,

OE. 2

stinking).

broc{c) f Celt, base of Breton broc'h, Ir., Gael. badger (often qualified as

broch,

broc, Olr. brocc]

brock

/brok/ n

= brocket

brock n.' brocked

1

A

A

stinking or dirty fellow; a

-

Now

rare or obs. E16.

[Abbrev.]

I.

see

broke

a. var.

Brocken

n.

of brockit.

/'brDk(a)n/

Harz Mountains

in

observed.] Brocken

n.

E19. [TTie highest of the particularly

Germany, where

spectre, spectre of the

Brocken,

magnified shadow on a bank of cloud in high mountains, often with a coloured halo. brocket /'brokit/ n. lME. [AN broquet dim. (see -ET') of broque dial. var. of broche BROACH «.': cf Fr. brocard yoimg roe, brocket.] 1 A red deer stag in its second year, with straight horns. lME. 2 A small Central or S. Amencan deer of the genus Mazama. M19. brockit /'brokit/ a. Sc. Also brocked. L16. + -ED-, but cf Norw. broket, [Perh. f. brock Da. broget.] Of mixed colour, esp. black and white; with black and white spots or stripes.

med.L

{pi.

same)/

n.

brocardus, appellative use of

n. phr e20. display held annually at the Crystal Palace, London, from C. T. Brock, firework 1865 to 1936, f. manufacturer.] A spectacular display of pyrotechnics. Freq. fig.

Brock's benefit /brnks 'benifit/ [Name of the public fireworks

fbrocoli

brod

see

brocade

man, n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

we, z 200,

Long

[App. f

brog

n.,

obs. exc. dial.

ON

prod

w.']

A

See also

OE brord fJ A shoot.

=

broddr n.

in

L19.

brodekin /'brodkm/. Hist.

w

of broccoli.

n. Si v.

ME. 2 = brad. ME. 3 (A prick from) a goad. lME. B v. Infl. -dd-. f 1 v.t. Sprout. Only in ME. 2 v.t. Goad, prod. Sc. & north. lME. brodder n. (Sc. & north.) a person who uses a brod Only

n.

/broka'tEl/ n. M17. [Fr. (earlier f It. broccaullo gold tinsel, dim. of see brocade.] An inferior type of

ME.

spike: cf

E17. n.

n. var.

/brod/

BRAD.

brocatelle broccato:

of bracken

Villiers

Min.

-ite'.]

the Latinized form of Burchart, iith-cent. bishop of Worms and compiler of volimies of ecclesiastical rules.] 1 A cutting speech, a gibe. rare. M16. 2 An elementary legal principle or

fbrocardo

[Gael.] Gruel;

ei8.

brochantite Brochant de

M17.

islands.

Sc.

n."

a

colossal. E18.

Also

A

usu. broch.)

cooked. L15. 2 A pin or bar used to fasten medals, orders, etc., to clothing; a set of decorations worn in this way. M19.

manoeuvre. M20.

giant,

A luminous ring etc.; a halo. L15. 3 (In Archaeol. prehistoric roimd stone tower in 2

L15.

rotter. E17.

Of

\

= BURGH.

1

Orig. two

v.

motorcycle, motorcyclist, etc.: perform a controlled skid as part of a deliberate

]

small

broch

object etc.

-lAK

many

heads.

point or object; loosely set sideways. L19. broadside on with the side turned towards a given v.t.

sprouting

fully

producing

this

a. L19. [f or liberal in

wds. E16. [f BROAD a. + SIDE n.] A n. 1 The part of a ship's side above the water between the bow and the quaner. E16. 2 (A discharge of) all the gims situated or able to fire on one side of a verbal onslaught. 3 A ship; fig. a L16. broadsheet. L16. B adv. With the side turned to or to a given

C

more

(often

esp.

form of

a

broccoli)

L19.

/'br:i:dsAid/ n., adv.,

/'brokali/ n. Also fbrocoli. M17. [It. of broccolo cabbage sprout or head, dim. of shoot, BROACH n.'] A hardy variety of

brocco

woven with a pattern on the surface. brochette /bro'jEt/ n. L15. [Fr. dim. of broche broach «.'] 1 A small broach, skewer, or spit; spec, a skewer on which chunks of meat are

thought or opinion,

broadside

A

(news,

television. E2o.

BROAD

n. M18. [It. brocaullo di Siena, so called from its colouring: see prec] kind of variegated marble, clouded and veined chiefly with yellow.

adv. M18. [{. 1 Of seed,

C

adv.

brocatello /broka'tEbo/

adj.

a.

brocade, usu. of silk or wool. few, g get, h he,

A

2 outside broadcast: see outside

L17.

f

braid

sowing, etc.; sown or performed by scattering widely rather than by placing in drills or rows. Also gen. (chiefly fig.), widely disseminated or scattered abroad. M18. 2 Disseminated by means of radio or television. E20. B n. 1 Broadcast sowing of seed. M18. 2 (An act of) broadcasting by radio or television; a radio or television transmission or programme. E20.

brocatel)

b but, d dog,

north.)

Broadly, in an

1

/'bro:dka:st/ a., n.,

pa. pple of cast v.]

adv. in the direction of the breadth, laterally L16. broadwise adv. = broadways

lME. broadways, f-way

&

{Sc.

prcc]

extensive way; widely; fiilly. OE. 2 Outspokenly, plainly. lME. 3 With a broad pronunciation etc. M16. 4 Naut. At a distance to one side. Foil, by on the bow etc. M19. 1 J. Wesley Being in bed, but broad awake.

.

leaves

brodekin

286

J

/'brodikm/ L15.

[Fr.

n.

Also -quin, brodkin see buskin.]

brodequin:

A buskin.

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, d this, q nng,

tj

chip, d3 jar

broderer broderer

/'braudara/

lME. [Var. (Now only used

arch.

n.

BRoiDERER.] An embroiderer. a guild-name.)

of as

broderie anglaise /,br3od(3)ri ori'gleiz/ n. phr. M19. [Fr. = English embroidery.] Open embroidery on embroidered.

linen,

cambric,

fabric so

etc.;

S.

n.

A/r.

/brog/ n. & v. Sc. & north. L15. [Origin unkn.: cf. brod.] \ n. I A pricking or boring instrument, a bradawl. Also, a prick with this. LI 5. 2 A short stick, esp. to stand in the ground. L18. B V. Infl. -gg-. 1 V.l. = BROGGLE. LI7. 2 v.i. Prick, prod; pierce with a brog. L18.

brog

brogan

/'br3ug(3)n/ n. M19. [Ir. brogdn, Gael. brogan dim. of brog BROGUE w.-] A coarse stout leather shoe reaching to the ankle,

lME-ei8.

[Var. of broker: thus brocour.} broker; esp. a

AN

A

brogour beside corrupt jobber of offices,

broggle of

/brsug/

ON

Long

n.'

An

exc.

obs.

Sc.

f.

li6.

n.'

[Ir.,

Gael, brog (Olr.

brok: see

Hose, trousers; waterproof leggings with feet, used in angling. E17-L19. brogued a. (a) made with a strong vamp like a brogue; (b) rare wearing brogues: E19.

brogue

/braug/

\

prec]

&

n.'

v.

ei8. [Perh.

same wd

as

A

strongly-marked dialectal (esp. Irish) accent. EiS. B v.i. 81 Speak or utter with a brogue, rare. E19. n.

i.

fbroid

ME-E17. [Alt. of BRAID 11.' after pa. pple broiden: see browden.] Plait, interweave, f broiden ppl a. var. of browden. v.t.

broider

/'braida/ brosder, brou(s)der

v.t.

&

(mod.

lME. [OFr.

arch.

i.

ending retained; alt. by assoc. w. broid.] Embroider; adorn (as) with embroidery, broder) w. inf.

broiderer n. (arch.) an embroiderer lME. broidery embroidery lME. /brail/

ei6.

n.'

[f.

broil

v.^]

A

tumult; a

quarrel. /brail/ n} li6. [f broil ij.'] 1 A broiling; great heat. Ll6. 2 (A piece of) broiled meat. E19.

broil 2

London

broil

broil.

/brail/ v.^

(mod.

brusler

v.t.

lME. [OFr. bum,

bruler, bruller, earlier

bruler)

Gmc

perh. f. up.] f 1

f.

Bum;

char.

Proto-Romance,

+ L ustulare bum LME-M16. 2 v.t. Cook

base of burn f

.

over a fire on a gridiron etc.; grill. lME. 3 v.i. Be subjected to heat; become very hot, esp. fig. with excitement, anger, etc. M16. 4 v.t. Scorch, make very hot. M17. (meat) by placing

it

broil /brail/ v:' lME. [AN broiller, OFr. brdoillier (mod. brouiller), (. Proto-Romance, f. base of OFr. breu: see brewis.] f 1 v.t. Mix confusedly. LME-M17. 2 v.l. Engage in a broil, wrangle.

lME.

3 embroil.

broiler

A

v.t.

Involve in confusion, discompose, rare or obs. E16.

Now

ME.

/'braila/ n.'

[f.

broil

v.'

+

-er'.]

1

who

or thmg which broils meat etc. gridiron or other apparatus used in broiling. lME. c A very hot day. colloq. E19. 2 A chicken reared for broiling. M19. Comb broiler chicken, fowl = sense 2 above; broiler house a building for rearmg broiler chickens m close confinement.

person

ME. b

spec.

A

:

broiler

/'braila/

n.'^

a person who fbrokage n. Also -er'.]

M17.

rare.

[f.

broil

up or engages in broils. brocage. lME-mi8. [AN

AL brocagium: see BROKER, Brokerage; usu. in an unfavourable corrupt dealing, bribery, pimping, etc. arm,

e

bed,

a:

v.''

+

stirs

brocage,

a cat, a:

broke v.^ pa. t. of break v. broken /'braok(a)n/ a. ME.

separated 1 In the senses of break v. into parts, in fragments, fractured, shattered, burst, split, not intact or in working v.]

I

gen.

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

1:

produced

by

breaking,

ME.

with broken-spined books.

open. lME. 3 Not continuous or imiform; uneven, intermpted, disjointed, disconnected. lME. b Of language: imperfectly spoken, with incomplete syntax. L16. 4 Crushed in health, strength, feelings, etc.; exhausted, enfeebled; subdued, humbled. L15. b Chiefly of animals: trained to obedience or discipline; tamed. Freq. foil, by in. E19. 5 Financially ruined, bankmpt. L16. 6 Violated, transgressed, not kept. E17. 7 Of water: foaming, turbulent; choppy, rough. L18. 8 Dispersed in confusion, routed. E19. 9 Aius. Of an octave or other chord: of which the notes are played in succession rather than together. L19. 3 Ld Macaulay His rest that night was broken Bosw Smith The Carthaginian cavalry and elephants extricated themselves from the broken ground J McPhee The skies are broken, and around the gray clouds are wide bays of blue b A Powell A Viennese who talked Comic Opera broken Engbsh. 6 A Lewis A mirror cracked by broken vows. 8 Sir W. Scott Now leader of a broken host. Special collocations

&

comb.

broken-backed

:

a.

fC")

with another, broken-down wom out, dilapidated, decayed, ruined, having ceased to function, broken field N. Amer. Football the area beyond the line of scrimmage where the defenders are relatively scattered (giving opportunities for the opposing players to run with the ball), broken-field adv. (N. Amer. colloq.) in the manner of a footballer running in the broken field, broken heart a spirit crushed by gnef etc broken home: that of a family lacking one parent, usu through divorce or separation, broken line: made up of dashes, broken man (a) a man reduced to despair; broken reed: see REED n.' (b) .Sc. Hist, an oudaw broken tea tea-siftings. broken time (working) time reduced by interruptions broken wind a chronic disabling condition of horses due to rupture of air-cells the lungs, broken-winded a. suffenng from broken

m

wind (often fig ). brokenly adv. L16 brokenness

broken-hearted

a.

brokerage

n.

(a)

= broking

i;

(fc)

a broker's fee or

commission: lME. brokeress n. (now rare or obs.) a female broker L16 f^rokery n. (a) = BROKING i, (b) a broker's wares: L16 M18.

broking

/'braoknj/ n. mi6. [f. broke v.^ + -ing'.] 1 The trade of a broker, acting as a broker. M16. f2 Dishonest or disreputable dealing. L16 E17. /'brnlga/ n. L19. [Kamilaroi buralga.] An Austrahan crane, Grus rubicunda. Also called

brolga

native companion.

broUy

/'broil/ n. L19. [Alt. of

L19. 2

colloq.

umbrella.]

A parachute,

1

An

M2o.

slang.

brom- comb, form see bromo-. bromate /'braumeit/ n. M19. [f. bromic -ate'.] Chem. A salt or ester of bromic acid.

-i-

bromatology /brauma'toladsi/ n. rare. E19. [f. Gk brOmat-, broma food + -ology.] The science of food; a treatise on

brome

this.

M18. [mod.L Bromus (see below) f. L bromos, f. Gk bromos, bromos oats.] Any of several grasses of the genus Bromus and related genera, usu. having spikelets in loose panicles and with long-awned lemmas. Also

/braom/

n.

brome-grass. false brome any of several grasses resembling bromes, of the genus Brachypodium, esp. B. sylvaiicum, common in woods and hedges, soft brome: see SOFT a.

bromelia

/bra'miilia/ n. E19. [mod.L, f. Olaf Bromel (1639-1705), Swed. botanist: see -lA'.] A plant of the New World family Bromeliaceae (and esp. of the genus Bromelia), having short stems and lance-shaped spiny leaves, e.g.

pineapple.

bromeli'aceous a. of or pertaining to the family Bromehaceae L19. bromeliad n. a plant of the family Bromeliaceae M19

bromelin /'braumilin/ n. L19. [f. prec. + A proteolytic enzyme present in the juice

-in'.]

of the

pineapple.

bromic

/'braumik/

a.

E19.

bromine + -ic]

[f.

Chem. Of or containing bromine; bromic

+ HEARTED.] Having cmshed by grief etc. broken-heartedly n.

adv.

L17.

/-n-n-/ n. E17.

a

E16. [f. broken heart; a.

broken-heartedness

acid, a

brogour

/'brauka/

= AL

n.

&

ME. [AN

v.

brocator, Prov. abrocador,

brocour,

of unkn.

A

retailer; derog. a pedlar, a A n. -f 1 a petty dealer. ME-M18. b dealer in secondhand furniture, clothing, etc.; a pawnbroker. L16. 2 A middleman in business, esp. a stockbroker; an agent, a commissioner; gen. an intermediary. ME. t3 go-between in love

origin.]

A

A

affairs,

a

matchmaker;

A

saw, a run, o put,

u: too, a

ago,

m

my, ao how,

ei

HBrO,, known only

as

an aqueous solution.

bromide -IDE.]

/'braumAid/

Chem.

1

n.

M19.

A compoimd

[f.

bromine +

of bromine with a

less electronegative element or radical; a salt or hydrobromic acid, mi 9. 2a (A dose of) potassium or sodium bromide taken as a

ester of

L19. b fig. Something or someone bonng, commonplace, or conventional; esp. a soothing platitude or trite remark. Orig. US. E20. 3 A reproduction on bromide paper. L20. Comb. bromide paper photographic pnntmg paper sedative.

:

CI

ated with silver bromide emulsion

bromidic /br3(u)'midik/ a. of bromide; commonplace, trite: E20

the

nature

of a

/braomi'drausis/ n. M19. [f. Gk brOmos stink + hidros sweat + -OSIS.] Med. Offensively odorous perspiration due to bacterial breakdown of sweat.

bromidrosis

brominate

/'braomineit/ v.t. M19. Treat with bromine; Chem.

next + introduce

[f.

one or more bromine atoms into (a compound or molecule) usu. in place of hydrogen. Freq. as brominated ppl a. bromi'nation n. M19.

bromine

n. E19. [f. Fr. brome brOmos stink: see -ine*.] A ranksmelling, highly toxic, dark red volatile liquid which is a chemical element of the halogen group, atomic no. 35. (Symbol Br.) bromize v.t. (now rare or obs.) treat, compound, or impregnate with bromine or its compounds M19.

bromine,

L18.

broker

strongly oxidizing acid,

-ate'.]

/brauk(a)n'ha:tid/

prec.

LME-L17. 4

y.

HONEST

.

pimp, a bawd. a person licensed to sell or appraise distrained goods. E19.

-AGE.] sense:

see, d hot,

:

forcibly

damaged;

2 honest broker: see

Comb.: broker-dealer a person combining the former functions of a broker and jobber on the Stock Exchange. B V. \ v.i. Act as a broker. Chiefly as brokering vbl n. & ppl a. rare. Mi 7. 2 v.t. Act as a broker with respect to, arrange as a broker. M20.

umbrella,

break

[pa. pple of

hunch-backed, (b) having a broken back; Naui. (of a ship) drooping at both ends through damage to the frame broken colour: mixed or luxtaposed closely

n. (poet.)

broil

f.

II spec. 2 Of a limb etc.: having the bone fractured. Of the back or neck: suffering fracture or dislocation of bones. Of the head: grazed, laid

M16.

escheat; a fraud, a trick,

BREECH n.] la A rough shoe of untaimed hide worn (esp. formerly) in the wilder pans of Ireland and the Scottish Highlands. L16 b A strong outdoor shoe with ornamental perforated bands. E20. f2 In pi. broc)

/brauk/ v.U. & (rare) t. lME. [Back-form, BROKER.] Bargain, negotiate; traffic (in). Now spec, in commercial matters: act as a broker or agent (in, for).

broke

littered

/braug/

brogue

ME. 2 pred. colloq. E18. 3 Of a horse: broken to harness. Chiefly 176'. E19. 2 With intensive: dead, flat, siony broke, broke to the wide, etc. go broke go bankrupt, go for broke (orig. US) give one's all, make strenuous efforts.

bankmpt.

I AV Ps. 31:12 I am like a broken vessell. J. Tyndall Broken fragments of rock. T. Pynchon The table

stick, sniggle,

[Origin imkn.]

I

fragmentary.

v.:

brogue

a. ME. [pa. pple (now arch.) of = BROKEN. Long arch, in gen. sense. Without money, penniless; mined,

/braok/ v.]

order,

/'brogCa)!/ v.i. north. M17. [Frequent. see -LE^.] Fish for eels with a baited

brog

v.] fl Affliction, misery. Only in OE. 2 A fragment. Ijong obs. exc. dial. OE. f3 A wound, a rupture. lME mi6. 4 In pi. Short pieces of wool esp. from the edge of a fleece. L19.

break

M20. [Afk. f. Du.: see brother «. ] A member of the Broederbond, a largely secret society open only to male Protestant Afrikaners.

n.

broke /brack/ n. Also (now dial.) brock /brok/. [OE broc (sense i), gebroc (sense 2), f. as break

broke

brodkin n. var. of brodekjn. Breeder /'bru:d3, foreign 'brudar/

f brogger

bromo

287

/'braumim/

f.

bromism

Gk

/'braomiz(a)m/

n.

M19.

[f.

prec.

+

Med. A condition of torpor and weakness caused by excessive intake of bromides. bromo /'braumau/ n. colloq. PI. -os. E20. [f. bromide + -o ] A bromide (bromide 2a, b), -ISM.]

bromides. Also,

day, au no,

v.

hair,

la

near,

toilet

ai

paper.

boy, oa poor,

Aia tire,

aoa sour

,

bromobromo-

'broomou comb, form of bromine: see vowel also brom- brsom br.Vmaid^irMl (Aim.) native n. bromarjOTite

-0-. Bef. a

'.

bromide,

silver

a

mineral crvstallizing in the cubic

and usu. occurring

SN-stem

colourless, grey, pale

as

yellow, or green cr^-stals M19 bromoform n. (Chcm.) a colourless liquid, CHBr,, analogous to chloroform and formerly hanng some germicidal use M19

an (propnetary name for) analgesic preparauon containing sodium bromide L19 fbromuret n. = BROMIDE I M L19. brorayrite br.iomirMt n. = BROMARGYRITE MI9.

Bromo-'Seltzer

Brompton

n.

'brom(p)t(3)n,

fil8.

n.

Park Nurser\', London.] Hon. In Slock.

A

bronc

full

[Brampton Brompton

biennial variety of stock, brorik

'

n.

A

[Abbrev.]

L19.

colloq.

pi.

of bronchus.

'broriki?

n.pl.

Formerly also treated as

or

rare

with

obs.

-chiae

pi.

-kii: L17. [Late L f. Gk brogkhia, f. brogkhos windpipe.] The ramifications of the two main bronchi in the limgs. Cf. bronchus. .

bronchial 'brorikisl/ a. L17. [f. prec. + Of or pertaining to the bronchi or

their

bronchiectasis brorjki'Ektasis/ n. L19. [f BRONCHIA + Gk ektasis dilatation.] Med. VCidening of the bronchi or their branches.

bronchio- comb, farm see broncho-. n. M19. bronchiole 'brt>r)ki3ol

[mod.L

-um dims, of bronchia: see

-OLE'.]

Any of the smallest branches of a bronchus, without mucous glands or cartilage, bronchiolar brnriki'aub a. E20. bronchiolitis .brnnkis'hms n. inflammauon of the bronchioles

Anal.

L19.

bronchitic

brDij'kitik/ a.

&

A

A

:

M19. /'brontao/ comb, farm of Gk bronte thunder: see -o-. brontology /bron'tobdsi/ n. (jare) the branch of knowledge deals with thunder M18. that bronto phobia n. irrational fear of thunderstorms E20. brontothere n. a titanothere, esp. of the genus

bronto-

BroTttot/u-nitm L19.

brontosaurus

n.

n.

M19.

[f.

+

next

brontosaurian

-iTis.]

[f.

made

work of

art

metallic

powder used

ALUMINIUM

Also (occas.)

the bronchi, windpipe, or limgs'. n.

[Gk

brogkhokelc:

see

-cele]

(a)

(now rare or cbs.) goitre: mit bronchocon'striction n. narrowmg of the bronchi E20. bronchocon'strictot n. a substance which causes bronchoconstriction E20. bronchodi'lator n. a substance which causes widening of the bronchi E20 bronchogenic localized widening of a bronchus;

-'d;^tmk

a.

of bronchial origin E20.

(6)

bronchogram

n.

an X-ray image of the bronchi produced by partially them with a radio-opaque matenal M20. bronchography brnri'kDgrsri n. X-ray examination of the bronchi bronchophonic Tonik/ a. of or fillmg

pcrtairung to bronchophony .M19. bronchophony brnn'knfsni n. abnormally loud vocal resonance audible stethoscopically in consolidating lung disease M19 bronchopneumonia n. infection of the pulmonary ^iveoli spreading by the bronchi and bronchioles M19 broncho'pulmonary a. pertaining to or affecting bronchi the and lungs .mi 9. broncho'rrhoea n. persistently excessive bronchia! secretion of mucus M19. bronchoscope n. an instrument for mtemal inspecuon of the bronchi L19 bronchoscopic -'sknpik a. of or penaimng to the bronchoscope or bronchoscopy E20 bronchoscopy bmri'knskspi n. the use of a bronch oscope E20. bronchospasm n. spasm of bronchial smooth muscle producing narrowing of the oronchi E20. bronchototny brnij'kntami n. (now rare or obs.)

tracheotomy E18.

bronchus

/'brorikss

'

n.

Usu.

in

pi.

bronchi

L17. [Late L f. Gk brogkhos 'brnrikAi/. windpipe.] Anat. Ong., either of the two branches into which the windpipe divides. Now also, any of the ramifying system of cartilagelined passages between the windpipe and the

bronchioles. Cf. bronchia, bronchiole.

b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

lb Southey There brood the pestilence and let The sit and brood

II v.i. 3 Incubate eggs; sit as a hen on eggs. L16. 4 fig. Of night, silence, etc.: hang or hover close over, (up)on, etc. M17. 5 Meditate {on, upon, over, about), esp. moodily or resentfully.

L17.

Made

or as adj. colour of bronze. M19.

&

n.'

&

4 Dryden Perpetual Night In silence brooding on unhappy ground. Ld Macaulav Mists and storms brood over it [Glencoe] through the greater pan of the finest Summer. 5 R. MacauLj^y She brooded darkly for a while. A. Brink Ben was in no mood to talk, brooding over his own thoughts, 6 N. Hawthorne The themes that were brooding deepest in their hearts. brooder n. (a) a hen etc that broods or hatches eggs; (6) a person who broods over things; (c) a heated house or a device providing heat for chicks, broodingly adv. in a brooding piglets, etc.: L16 manner Mi 9.

vihiu bronze:

the period

were predominantly made of = alloys, bronze diabetes

broody /'bruidi/ a. & n. ei6. [f. brood n. + -y'.] a adj. Apt or inclined to breed; prolific. 1

exc. dial. E16. 2 Of a hen: wishing or inclined to incubate eggs. Of a woman (joc): wishing to be pregnant. E16. 3 Inclined to meditate resentfully; feeling depressed. M19. B n. A broody hen. E20. obs.

and its HAEMOCHROMATOSIS. bronzc medal: awarded for a third place in the modem Olympic Games etc. bronze powder = sense A. 3 above, bronzewing any of a

number

of

pigeons,

Australasian

Phaps

esp.

broodiness

chalcoptera.

bronzy M19

bronze

tinged with bronze colour; like bronze:

a.

/bronz/

M17.

brook

[f.

-ite'.]

/'bronzAit/

Min.

A

E19.

n.

[f.

bronze

n.

/bru:/

BREWIS.]

broo n.' brooch

var.

[Var. of

lME.

Sc.

n.'

[OFr.

breu:

+

see

of buroo.

BROACH

n.

«.']

& A

v. n.

Also fbroche. ME. 1 An ornament with a

LG & HG

trout below; (b) [OE hleomoce, name of the plant] a speedwell common in wet places, esp. Veronica beccabunga, brook trout f (a) the brown trout, Salmo iruita; (b) a migratory char, Salvelmus fonnnalis, native to north-eastern N. America; also called brown char, brookweed a small white-flowered plant, Sa>nolus valerandi, of the primrose family, found in wet places; also called water pimpernel. brooklet n. a little brook E19

n.^ 2.

/brautj/

broc, corresp. to

brooklime

bronze-coloured iron-containing

= BREE

[OE

small stream; orig., a torrent. babbling brook: see BABBLE v. 2. Comb.: brook char = brook

variety of enstatite.

broo

L19. n.

A

Now

bronzite

n.

/bruk/

wds meaning 'marsh, bog', MLG brok, (M)Du. brock, OHG bnioh (G Bruch): of imkn. origin.]

the n. or Fr. bronzer.] 1 v.t. Give a surface of bronze or resembling bronze to. M17. b jig. Make imfeeling or rare or obs. E18. 2 v.t. & shameless, harden. (. Make or become like bronze in colour; brown, suntan. LI 8. 2 bronzed diabetes = haemochromatosis. v.

.

.

of bronze; of the

Bronze Age

comb.:

as a cherished nestling, thought, etc.

th'

phosphor

tools

6 Lie

L17.

see

bronze:

bronze,

n. 6.

earthquake loose. 2b Dryden You'll your Sorrows on a throne

a.

attrib.

copper

.

bronchocele

WHITE

manganese

i.

a cell in, the part of, a

L16.

Now rare. E18. c A statue or other E18. 3 A brown

Corinthian

bronze.

a.

when weapons and

bronchio'brorikiso [Gk brogkho-, f. brogkhos BRONCHUS; forms w. -10- f. bronchia: see -o-.] Forming ns. and adjs. w. the sense 'of

comb

/bru:d/ v. lME. [f. the n.] I v.t. 1 Sit on (eggs) so as to hatch them, incubate. lME. b fig. Breed, hatch, (products, projects). E17. 2 Cherish (yoimg) under the wings, as a hen. L16. b fig. Cherish in the mind etc.; contemplate, nurse (wrath etc.). Now rare (cf. sense 5 below).

of bronze. in painting etc. M18. 4 colour of bronze. E19.

Special collocations

broncho n. & a. var. of bronco. broncho- 'brDQkau/ comb. form.

cell,

brood

A

City.]

impudence, effrontery, nerve. = bronze medal below. M20. 2

B

brood

for breeding; brood patch a bird's ventral surface, facilitating the transfer of heat from the parent to the egg(s);

prob. f. Pers. fcinw; brass.] A «. 1 A brown alloy of copper with up to one-third tin, often with small amounts of other metals; (w. specifying wd) such an alloy with a particular composition or constituent. Cf. BRASS n. E18. b Bronze taken or insensitivity; as a type of hardness

see

:

used for the rearing of bee larvae; brood-hen,

mare, etc.: kept denuded area of a

blowing through closed lips with the tongue between; = raspberry 3a. E20. bronze /bronz/ n. & a. E18. [Fr. f. It. bronzo,

of the bronchi. Lirmtmnis hronchins: see TCRMINOtJS 3a.

Comb.

comb

ot or like a brontosaurus; chiefly

a.

bronze, plastic bronze: see PLASTIC a.

bronchus + Inflammation of the mucous membranes E19.

borne of heauenly brood. 3 Addison Its tainted and all its broods of poisons. E. A. Freeman A brood of petty despots. 4 W. Golding I drifted off

/broriks/ n. US. ezo. [A borough of New 1 In full Bronx cocktail. cocktail of gin, vermouth, and orange juice. E20. 2 Bronx cheer, a sound of derision or contempt made by

1

.

air

Bronx

The

.

virgin

ponderous, clumsy: E20.

from bronchitis. L19. n.

And bring thee forth brave brood, c Milton The brood of Folly without father bred. Geo. Eliot A brood of guilty wishes. 2 sit on brood sit as a hen on her eggs, sit brooding (cf abrood). b Spenser The bed

brood queen = queen

CoRnmiiAN

brori'k.Mtis

of contemplative brooding. L19. I AV Luke 13:34 As a herme doeth gather her brood vnder her wings, b Shakes. Temp. She will become thy

-ruses, -ri

Gk

-ic] .\ adj. Of, or pertaining to bronchitis, suffenng from bronchitis. M19. B n. A sufferer

bronchitis

PI.

'brontosaur n. a large dinosaur of the group which includes the brontosaur is; spec. = brontosaurus: L19. fig.,

Parentage, descent. ME-L16. 3 A race, a kind; a group of men, things, etc., having common qualities. Usu. derog. lME. 4 A state or period

into a dreary brood.

/bronto'sDiras/

sauros L19. [mod.L, f as prec. + -saur.] a large herbivorous sauropod dinosaur of the genus Brontosaurus (or Apatosaurus) known as fossils of the Jurassic and Cretaceous

York

-al'.]

branches, bronchially adv. L19.

brcnchiolus.

/'brDijkoo/ n. a. Also -cho. M19. [Sp. wild or halfrude.] n. PI. -os. tamed horse, esp. of die western US. M19. Comb. bronco-buster slang a breaker-in of broncos. B adj. Wild, uncontrollable, rough. US colloq.

= rough,

periods.

Now

sing,

&

bronco

/-rAi/.

bronco,

bronchi n. bronchia

Brooklynese

288

brook /bruk/ v.t. [OE bracan = OFris. bruka, OS brukan (Du. bruiken), OHG bruhhan (G

Gmc base L frui enjoy).]

brauchen), Goth. brOkjan,

IE (whence

f.

meaning Enjoy

hinged pin and catch, usu. worn fastened to a

'to use',

clothing or as a badge etc. ME. t2 Any jewelled ornament; a trinket. ME-L17. 1 spray brooch: see SPRAY 2c. stomacher brooch: see

the use of, profit by; possess, hold. arch. exc. Sc. OE. t2 Make use of (food), digest. OE-L16. 3 Put up with, tolerate, admit of. Usu. w. neg.

STOMACHER

Now literary.

woman's

n.' 2.

B V.t. Adorn as with a brood /bru:d/ n. [OE brcet

(Du. broed),

brooch,

OHG

MDu.

bruot

(G

Brut),

f.

Gmc,

base meaning 'warm, heat'.] 1 Progeny or offspring of animals that lay eggs; a family of young fi-om one hatching; spec, (a) bee or wasp larvae; (b) the spat of oysters in its second year.

1

Mi 6.

3 M. Muggeridge A son-in-law who was an elementary school supply teacher was not to be brooked. E. Reveley Her mother's frenzy brooked no

rare. E17.

brSd, corresp. to

f.

delay.

f.

brookable a. (chiefly Sc.) unbrookable) E19.

/'brukAit/ n. E19. [f. Henry J. Brooke (1771-1857), Eng. mineralogist + -ite'.] Min. The orthorhombic form of titanium dioxide, usu. occurring as dark brown or black prisms.

Now

man, n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we, z zoo,

tolerable

brookite

OE. b Of human

beings; a family, children. derog. or joc. ME. c fig. The products or results of circumstances, actions, etc. L16. 2 The fostering of the foetus in egg or womb; hatching, breeding, arch. exc. in comb, below. ME. fb

endurable,

(earlier in

Brooklynese (see

J

/brukli'ni:z/

below) + -ese.]

An

she, 3 vision, 8 thin, 6 this,

n. E20. [f Brooklyn imcultivated form of

r)

ring, tj chip, dj jar

.

.

brool New York speech associated esp. with the borough of BrookJyn. brool /bru:l/ n. M19. [G Briill (poet, for Gchriill), f hrullen to roar.] A low humming sound;

murmur.

a

broom

/bru:m/ n. & v. [OE brOm, corresp. to brSm, MDu. brdme (Du. braam), brdnio, brdma, ^. Gmc base also of BRAMBLE n.} A «. 1 Any of various chiefly yellow-flowered leguminous shrubs of the genera Cytisus and Genista, esp. the common species C. scoparius of western Eurasia. Also (w. specifying wd), any of certain other plants similar to these in use or appearance. OE. 2 A sweeping-implement, usu. on a long handle, orig. one made of twigs of

MLG

OHG

broom, heather,

etc.

ME.

butcher^s broom, Spanish broom, span-broom, sweet

I

broom, etc. 2 new broom fig. a newly appointed person eager to make changes, shovel and broom: see

SHOVEL n. Comb. broom-corn N. Amer. a variety of sorghum whose dried inflorescences are used for brooms; = broom-sedge below; broom-grass N. Amer. broomrape [L rapum tuber] a brown leafless plant belonging to the genus Orobanche or a related genus, and growing on the roots of other plants; broomsedge N. Amer. any of various coarse grasses, esp. of the genus Andropogon, occas. used for brooms or thatch, broomstaiT, pi. -staffs, -staves, a I

:

broomstick; broomstick the (allegedly ridden through the over

go

broomstick,

the

ceremony

^

v.i.

handle air

through

of

a

broom

by witches); many

sham marriage

a

in

whjch the parties jump over a broom.

1

= BREAM

Sweep with broomie

V. Only broom. E19.

a

& NZ

(Austral.

n.

in Diets.

E17.

2

who

broomy

a.

M17. [Origin imkn.] A at country weddings in Scotland, the course being from the bride's former home to the bridegroom's house.

broose

/bru:z/

traditional race

n.pl.

Sc.

n.

by young men present

broth broU,

brose. PEASE-ferose.

/broG/

[OE

n.

Gmc,

i.

=

brop

f base of brew

OHG v.]

brod,

ON

Unclarified

1

meat or fish stock; a thin soup made from this and vegetables. OE. 2 Stock etc. used as a culture 1

medium

for bacteria. L19.

broth of a boy

Scotch broth: see

brothy

a.

good

(chiefly Anglo-Ir.) a

Scotch

fellow.

a.

or of the nature

(rare) of,

of,

broth M17.

OE

/'broOCs)!/ n. lME. [Ult. f. breopan deteriorate, degenerate, of imkn. origin. In sense abbrev. of brothel-house, infl. by and 3

brothel

superseding bordel.] f 1 A worthless wretch, a good-for-nothing. LME-L16. i2 A prostitute. LME-E17. 3 A house where prostitutes work. L16. Comb.: brothel-creepers slang soft-soled (usu suede) shoes; brothel-house arch. = sense 3 above. fbrotheller n. a whoremonger E17-E19. brothelly a. (rare) whonsh E17. brothelry n. (a) arch, lewdness, t(fc) a brothel:

brother in senses

brOpor

=

M16

/'brA6a/

2b

&

&

n.

3)

OFris.

PI.

a.

brothers,

(chiefly /'br£dr(3)n/. [OE

brethren brother,

brOder,

OS

brdpar,

(M)Du. broeder, (M)LG brOder, OHG bruodar (G Bruder), ON broiJir, Goth. brOpar, f Gmc f whence L frater, Gk phratir, Skt bhrStr.] A n. 1 A male related to one or more other persons (male or female) by having the same parents or by having one parent in common. OE. b Chiefly IE,

Hebraism): a kinsman, as uncle, nephew, or cousin. ME. 2 (With possible inclusion of a minority of females in pi., if not considered significant. Also used before a name and as a form of address or reference.) a A in biblical translations (a

man who

is a close finend; a (male) fellow citizen or fellow countryman; an associate, an equal; a person of the same race, colour, or class; a fellow creature. OE. b A (male) fellow Christian, a co-religionist, a (male) fellow member of a religious society or sect. In pi. (Brethren) spec, members of the Plymouth Brethren (see below). OE. c Ch. A member

RC

a cat, a:

arm,

e bed,

lME.

counterpart.

AV

Prov. 18:24 A friend that sticketh closer than a 1 brother. Tennyson Here two brothers had met And fought, adoptive brother, foster-brother, full brother, half.

.

2a Tennyson My friend, the Arthur! C. G. Seligman The extinct Guanches of the Canary Islands showed as brother, stepbrother, etc.

brother of

my

My

love.

much racial mixture as their brethren of the mainland. Black Scholar This Black Studies Class will help open the eyes of our so many sleeping brothers. A. Storr Faced with a common enemy we become brothers in a way which never obtains in ordinary life, least as

.

.

MoRLEV The Protestants found warm among their northern brethren. W. G. SiMMS Call me not Mr., I pray thee. If thou wilt call me Brother Cross, my heart shall acknowledge the bonds between us. c B. Moore Behind Brother b

J.

.

.

hospitality

.

.

H

shiny tonsure d A QuiNN of Kappa Phi, and he had a right to anything his brothers could give him. 4 Pope Grove nods at grove, each Alley has a brother. Phrases: a man and a brother, see MAN n. Big Brother, see big a. brother consanguineous,

Martin, gazing

He was

a

at the

member

.

.

consanguineous brother (esp. Rom. Law): having the same father only, brother german: having the same parents, brother uterine, uterine brother: having the same mother only, consanguineous brother see

brother consanguineous

above.

Elder Brother:

see

LAY a. the Brethren (a) in Testament, the members of the early Chnsnan Churches, (b) the Plymouth Brethren, (the) Christian Brethren (members of) the Plymouth Brethren, (the) Exclusive Brethren (members of) the

a.

lay brother, see

New

the more exclusive section of the Plymouth Brethren, (the) Open Brethren (members of) the less exclusive section of the Plymouth Brethren, (the) Plymouth Brethren a Calvinistic religious body formed at

Plymouth

see bro.

/brsuz/ n. Chiefly Sc. M17. [Var. of BREWIS.] A dish of oatmeal with boiling water or milk poured on it.

Athole

of a men's religious congregation or order. ME. d A (male) fellow member of a guild, trade union, society, regiment, profession, etc.; an official of certain companies etc. lME. e Used as a familiar form of address to a man. Also as int. expr. surprise, annoyance, etc. Chiefly N. Amer. E20. 3 fig. An identical or similar thing, a

ELDER

a person

colloq.)

sweeps the floor in a shearmg-shed M20. covered with or having much broom Miy.

Bros. brose

brown

289

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, d hot,

a:

c i830 with no formal creed and no official order of ministers. United Brethren: see united a. uterine brother see brother uterine above.

B anrtb. or as adj. (Freq. w. hyphen.) That is a brother; belonging to the same group; close as a brother; fellow-. lME. Pope Two brother-heroes shall from thee be bom R Burns Land

Cakes and brither Scots

o'

of his brother oflicers wandered Special collocations & comb.: fighter in the same cause, brothers-in-law, the brother wife, or the husband of one's

Jonathan. brothership

brother

n. (a)

/'hr\ds/

J

Raban One

mess brother-in-arms a brother-in-law, pi. of one's husband or

into the

sister(-in-law). Brother

brotherhood OE. v.t.

brother of; admit address as brother.

lME. to

1

The

(freq.

brotherhood;

spiritual)

brother

treat

a or

of a ME. 2

relation

or of brothers mutually. Brotherliness, companionship, friendly alliance. ME. 3 Orig., Christian fellowship. Now gen., community of feeling, fellowship, unity. lME. 4 The members of a fellowship etc. collectively; an association of equals for mutual help; a fraternity, a guild, etc. lME. b spec, (a) A trade imion, esp. of railwaymen; (b) a profession. N. Amer. L19. f5 The rank of brother in a

corporation etc. M16-E17. 6 fig. A group of related or similar things. E18. 2 N. Hawthorne We live in great harmony and brotherhood. 3 R. W. Dale There is a brotherhood between Christ and all believers. Joyce Three cheers for universal brotherhood! G. Murray A scholar draws the strength that comes from communion or brotherhood. 4 Southey The grey brotherhood Chaunted the solemn mass. Shelley And make the earth One brotherhood. P. H. Gibbs A new brotherhood of peoples turning their backs on blood and ruin.

brotherly

/'brAdali/

&

saw, a ran, o put,

u:

too, a ago, ai

]

a

OE

n.

mi6.

brother

[f

+

n.

brotherhood.

brotulid

/'brotjolid/

&

n.

L19.

a.

mod.L

[f

name, prob. f Amer. Sp. brdtula, (A fish) of a numerous group of

Broiula genus

+ -ID'.] predominantly deep-sea or cave-dwelling

fishes

belonging to the cusk-eel family Ophidiidae.

brough

of BROCH.

var.

n.

brougham

n. M19. [Henry Peter, Lord Brougham (1778 1868).] Chiefly Htst. A

/'bru:(3)m/

one-horse closed carriage. Also, a similar electric vehicle, or a motor car with the driver's seat outside.

brought

pa.

V.

brouhaha commotion,

brouillon [Fr

]

A

&

t.

pple of bring

v.

A

/'bru:ha:hG:/ n. L19. [Fr] a sensation; uproar, hubbub.

/bruj3/

rough

n.

PI.

pronounced same.

L17.

draft.

brow /brau/ [OE bra Gk ophrus, Skt bhru.] f

Gmc

f. IE, whence In pi. The eyelashes. Only in OE. 2 An arch of hair growing in a ridge over the eye; an eyebrow. Usu. in pi. OE. b In pi. The prominences of the forehead above the eyes. Now poet. = sense 3. L16. 3 The whole pan of the face above the eyes, the forehead, poet. esp. as expressing emotion; hence (arch.) expression of countenance, confronting aspect. ME. fb Composure, confidence, eff'rontery. M17-E18. c highbrow [f etc.] Level of intellectual attainment or interest, colloq. E20 4 The top or projecting edge of a cliff, hill, etc., standing over a precipice or slope; the top of a hill in a road. lME. 2 knit one's brows frown b Shakes. Jul. Cacs. Did not they Put on my brows this wreath of victory? 3 Sir {.

1

W. Scott The

man, who had

old

.

.

resisted the

brow

of military and civil tyranny. Ld Macauuvy TTiat brow of hate, that mouth of scom. Sian Evans His hair hung in tags over a flat red brow, by the sweat of one's brow: see SWEAT n. have no brow of Sc. not be impressed by. Comb. brow antler = brow tine below; brow-band a band worn across the brow; spec, the band of a bridle etc. which passes in front of a horse's forehead; brow ridge a superciliary ridge; brow tine the lowest ane of a stag's horn. browed a. having a brow or brows (of a specified kind) lME. browless a. t(o) without shame, unabashed; (6) without eyebrows: E17. .

.

:

ON

brow

/brao/ n.'- M19. [Prob. f Norw. bru, bru bridge.] Naut. A gangway from ship to shore. Also, the hinged part of the bow or stem of a landing-craft or ferry, which is lowered to form a landing platform or ramp.

brow

/brau/ v.t. rare. M17. be on the brow of

BROW

[i.

Form

n.']

a

to;

browallia

/brau'waiha/ n. li8. [mod.L, f. Johann Browall (1707-55), Swed. botanist: see -lA'.] A tropical American plant of the genus Browallia, of the nightshade family, with violet, blue, or white flowers.

browbeat

/'braobirt/

v.t.

&

i.

beat

as

Infl.

v.^

[f brow n.' + beat zj.'] Intimidate or discourage with stem, arrogant, or insolent looks or words; bully, L16.

browbeater

browden

L17.

n.

/'braud(a)n/

Also fbroiden. bregdan BRAID

OE-lME. f2

[OE f.']

a.

Long

exc.

obs.

(ge)brogden fl Plaited,

adomed.

Embroidered;

Sc.

pple of interwoven.

pa.

lME

3 Enamoured, fond. L16. 4 Impudent, bold. M19.

M19.

browis

n.

brown

/braon/

var.

of brewis. n.

ME. [The

adj.

used

ellipt.

or

Brown colour; a shade of this; a pigment of a brown colour. ME. 2 A thing distinguished by brown colour, as the brown ball in snooker, a brown butterfly (spec, one of the family Satyridae), brown ale, brown clothing, absol

]

1

ME. b A

etc.

copper coin,

slang.

E19.

c

A

mulatto. M19.

usually) adv. [OE broporlic adj., f as BROTHER n. + -LV'.] (In a manner) of or befitting a brother; kind(ly), affectionate(ly). brotherliness n. the quality of being brotherly, brotherly feeling. M16. a.

-red

brow Make

[f the n.]

brotherhood /'brAdahod/ n. Also f-head. ME. [Prob. f brotherred w. assim. to -head, -HOOD.]

f brotherred

(less

my, ao how,

ei

1

chocolate-brown, clove-brown,

nigger brown,

saddle

brown, Spanish brown, toffcc-brown, Vandyke brown, etc. fire into the brown (of them) fire into the brown mass of a flock of game-birds instead of singling out one; transf. let fly at random into a mass. 2 wall brown: see

day, au no,

e:

WALL hair,

«.'

la

near,

31

boy, ua poor,

Aia tire,

aoa sour

brown Comb. is

brown spot

:

on which the brown

the spot

ball

braun

Gmc

(whence

(G

braun), Prov. bmn.

hriin

Fr.,

OS

hran = OFris.,

[OE

a.

OHG

vDu.

brUn

ON brimn,

f.

frruwo).

It.

ME

Reinforced in by (0)Fr. fcn/«.] 1 Dusky, dark. Now only poet. OE. 2 Of a person: having the skin of a dark or dusky colour as a racial characteristic; also, dark-complexioned, tanned. OE. 3 Of or denoting a composite colour produced by a mixture of red, yellow, and black, or as the result of toasting bread etc. ME. f 4 Of L18. steel etc.: burnished. Phrases: hrighi-line hmun-e^'e: see BRIGHT a. 6. do

ME

brown

slang deceive, cheat.

Special collocations & cowh. brown alga an alga of the dinsion Phaeoph>ia, members of which contain xanthophyll in addition to chlorophyll and include many seaweeds, hrotm argjis: see Argus 2. brown bag (chiefly .V. .-ImtT. ) a plain paper bag, esp. for carrying food and drink, often used to conceal the nature of its contents, brown-bag v.t. (chiefly N. Amer.) carry (esp. food and drink) in a plain paper bag, esp. to conceal the contents, brown-bagger (chiefly A' Amer.) a person who carries a brown bag, esp. i. containing food or drink, brown bear, see bear brown belt (the holder of) a belt marking the attainment of a certain degree of proficiency in )udo or karate Brown Bess colloq. (Hist.) the old British army :

musket, with brou-n walnut stock. Brown Betty (chiefly A'. Amer.) a baked pudding containing apples and breadcrumbs, brown-bill Hist, a kmd of halberd used by foot-soldiers and watchmen, brown bread any bread of a darker colour rhan white bread; spec, bread made of unbolted flour or whole meal, brown coal lignite, brown creeper (chiefly N. Amer.) the common treecreeper, Ccrthia familiaris. brown earth a type of soil having a brown humusflintlock

rich

surface

brown

layer,

brown-eyed

eye:

with a

brown

iris,

having brown eyes, brown George furniture such as television

a.

brown goods household

and audio equipment (opp. white goods), brown hare a common Eurasian hare, Lepits europaeus (esp. as distinct from the blue or Arctic hare), brown HAE.MATTTE. brown Holland an unbleached linen sets

fabnc. broivn m'EN'A, brown job slang a soldier; collect. brown malt: the .^rmy. brown loaf: see loaf roasted to a dark brown colour, brown mustard: see .MUSTARD n. 2- brown-nose(r) slang (chiefly N. Amer.) a sycophant, brown owl (a) the tawny owl; (fc) (with cap initials) the adult leader of a Brownie pack brown paper a coarse stout kind of paper made of

unbleached materials, used chiefly for wrapping, brozvn rar. see RAT n.' la. brown rice unpolished rice with only the husk of the grain removed, brown rot (disease) a fungal disease of vanous plants, esp. of the rose

causmg mummification of

family,

the

fi-uit

brown sauce

a savoury sauce made with bro«Tied fat or gra\'y, any brown-coloured savoury sauce. Brownshirt Hist, a Nazi; spec, a member of the Stiimiabteilung (SA) in Nazi Germany, brown snake a

poisonous Australian snake of the genus Pseuaonaja. spar any hexagonal carbonate mineral coloured brown by the presence of iron, e.g. siderite, ankente. brownstone n. & a. (US) (a) n. a kind of reddish-brown sandstone used for building (esp. in from elevation); a house faced with this; (b) adj. affluent, well-to-do brown study a state of mental abstraction or musing; esp. an idle reverie, brown

brown

sugar unrefined ir partially refined sugar, brown-tail a white European moth, Euproctts chrysorrhoea (family L\Tnantnidae), which has a brown tip to the abdomen and the larvae of which have irritating hairs, brown thrasher, see THRASHER n.- brown top any of various pasture grasses of Australia or New Zealand, brown trout the trout, Salmo tnttta; spec, a small dark nonmigratory form occurring in smaller rivers and pools, brownwort water figwort, Scrophularia auriculaia. brownish a. lME. brownly adv. with a brown colour E19. brownness -n-n- n. lME browny a.

mclinmg

brown

to

brown

/braon/

L16. v.

ME.

nr

[f the ad)

f

sense 3)

1 v.i. Become brown. ME. 2 v.t. Make brown; roast brown; give a dull brown lustre to barrels etc.). (gun L16. 3 i\t. Fire indiscriminately at (a covey of birds, a mass of men, etc.) L19.

n.]

2

browned oS slang

Comb.: brown-out

bored, fed up. discontented. & N. Amer.) a

(chiefly Austral.

partial blackout.

Brownian

/'braomsn/

a.

L19.

[f.

Robert Brown

^1773 1858), Eng. botanist + -ian.] Brownian moiton, movement, the irregular oscillations of

microscopic particles suspended in a b but, d dog,

f

brownie

In sense 4 also B-. E16. [f 1 A benevolent goblin, supposed to haunt old houses (esp. farmhouses in Scodand) and occas. to do household work secretly. E16. 2a A sweet currant-bread. Austral. small square of rich (usu. & NZ. L19. b chocolate) cake containing nuts. N. Amer. L19. 3 (An angler's name for) a trout. E20. 4 A member of the junior branch of the Guides. E20. Comb.: brownie point a credit for an achievement.

BROWN

placed in snooker

brown

Brummie

290

few, q get, h he,

j

+

browning

/'braoniri/

I

leg,

m

n.'

M18.

[f.

brown

1 A preparation for giving a colour to gravy etc. M18. 2 TTie action of

-ING'.] V.

mickle, muckle, much.] fl As 2nd elem. of comb. Liable to cause breakage of, that breaks. Only in OE. 2 Liable to break; fragile, brittle; frail, delicate, uncertain. ME.

n.

-IE.]

A

v. + brown

brugh

/'braunir)/

Broiunmg (1855-1926), esp. automatic firearm.

/bru:z/ n. lME. [f. the vb.] fl A breaking, a breach. lME-mi6. 2 A hun or injury to the body manifested as a discoloration of the skin, caused by an impact or blow. mi6. b A discoloration of the surface of a plant, fruit,

A

etc. L17.

/'bra>jniz(3)m/ n. E17. [f. Brown -ism.] Hist. The system of church government advocated by the Puritan Robert Brown (c 1550-f 1633), and adopted by the

+

an

adherent

ecclesiastical

principles

Brow'nistical

a.

student

or

Robert

of

of

Brown

the L16.

M17.

browse

/braoz/ n.' Also f-ze. E16. [OFr. brost, later broust (mod. broui) bud, young shoot, prob. of Gmc origin.] 1 Young shoots and twigs of shrubs, trees, etc., used as food by animals; something that is or can be browsed. E16. 2 The action of browsing. E19. browse /brauz/ M19. [Origin imkn.] A mixture of partly-reduced ore and fuel, produced during smelting of lead. browse /brauz/ v. Also f-ze. lME. [OFr. hrosier (mod. brouter) to crop, f as browse n.'] 1 v.t. Of an animal: feed on or on the leaves and shoots of trees and bushes. lME. 2 v.t. Crop and eat (leaves, twigs, etc.). lME. 3 v.t. Feed (an animal) on twigs etc. M16. 4 v.i. & i. fig. Look through (books etc.) casually; read

etc.:

M16. browsing

n.

browst

A

/braost/ n. Sc. E16. brewing; a brew.

f browster

[f.

base of

brew

.

.

bruiser

(a)

n.

who

person

a

bruises;

(b)

a

brawny muscular man; (c) a machine or implement for crushing or gnndmg; L16. bruising n. pnzefighter, a

the action of the vb; (b) injury so caused;

(a)

prizefighting:

(c)

lME.

bruisewort /'bru:zwo:t/ n. OE. [f. bruise n. or V. + WORT «.'] Any of various plants supposed to heal bruises,

bruit arch.

esp.

the daisy.

/bru:t, in sense 4 foreign brtii (pi. same) / n. lME. [(0)Fr., use as n. of pa. pple of

bruire roar

Proto-Romance

{.

alt.

of

L

rugire roar

by assoc. w. source of bray d.'] 1 Noise, clamour. lME. 2 Rumour, report. lME. Fame, reputation. L15-E17. 4 Med. Any sound (esp. an abnormal one) heard in auscultation. M19.

(a)

bruit

/bru:t/ v. arch. exc. US. L15. [f. the n.] 1 Spread (a repon etc.) abroad or about, rumour. L15. 2 v.t. Speak of, make famous. E16. v.t.

3 V.I. Make noise, rare. E19. 1 Shakes i Hen. 17 1 find thou art no less than fame hath bruited. Lytton They do bruit it that he sees visions. J I. Stewart For a fortnight nothing about it could be bruited abroad. 2 Milton A man so much bruited for learning. 3 Keats Bronze clarions faintly bruit. Where long ago a giant batde was.

v.]

of brewster f browze n, v. var. of browse h.', v. brrr /br-r-r/ int. L19. [Imit.] Expr. shivering. var.

n.

ME

brysan reinforced in

Rod to bruise and breake Thy disobedience. J. Heller She was bruising his most vulnerable feelings. 4 Dryden Some scan'ring Potherbs bruis'd with Vervain.

browser n. f(a) a person who feeds deer (in wintertime); (b) an animal which browses; a person the action of the vb, (b) shoots and leaves, browsing ground: lME. browsy a. t(a) (of vegetation) scanty, twiggy; (b) characterized by or suitable for browsing or casual reading: M18.

[OE

v.

bruised. E20. 3 Milton An Iron

desultorily. L19.

who browses among books

/bru:z/

by AN bruser, OFr. bruisier (mod. briser) break, smash, of unkn. origin.] 1 v.t. Injure or damage with a heavy blow or weight. Now usu. spec, injure by a blow which discoloiurs the skin but does not lacerate it or break any bones. OE. b Produce a similar lesion in (a plant, fruit, etc.). lME. f 2 v.t. [after Fr.] Break, smash. ME-E17. 3 v.t. fig. Crush, wound, disable; hurt (pride etc.). ME. 4 v.t. Beat small, crush, grind down. lME. 5 v.t. Crush by pressure, jam, squeeze. obs. exc. Sc. E17. 6 v.i. Esp. of fruit: become

Brownism

Independents. Brownist n.

Perh. earlier in bruisewort.

il

bruise

~.

(see below)

of brulzie.

bruise

e20. [John M. designer.] type of

/braunig'ssk/ a. L19. [f. Browning (see below) -I- -ESQUE.] Of, pertaining to, or characterise of the English poet Robert Browning (1812-89) or his style.

of broch.

/'bru:in/ n. Also b-. L15. [Du. = brown, a name for the bear in Reynard the Fox.] (A personal name for) a bear.

brown

Browningesque

var.

n. var.

Bruin

n.'

US

ri.

bruilzie

L18.

Browning

M

.

.

brucellosis

/bruisa'bosis/ n. PI. -loses /-'busiiz/. M20. [f. mod.L Brucella (see below), f. Sir David Bruce (1855- 1931), Sc. physician -I-ella: see -osis.] Infection with bacteria of the

genus

which produces contagious and other livestock, and man.

Brucella,

abortion

in

brulzie as

imdulant fever

in

&

/'bru:kid/ n. a. L19. [mod.L Bruchidae (see below), f. Bruchus genus name f. bruchus f. Gk broukhos wingless locust: see

A

n.

Any

Brumaire

brucine /'bru:si:n/ n. E19. [f. mod.L Brucea genus name of a tree formerly thought to be the source of false angostura bark, f. James Bruce (1730-94), Sc. traveller: see -ine^] Chem. A highly toxic alkaloid present in false angostura bark and mix vomica, brucia n. (now rare or obs.) = BRUCINE E19. brucite /'bru:SAJt/ n. E19. [f. Archibald Bruce (1777- 1818), US mineralogist + -ite'.] Min. Native magnesium hydroxide, which usu. occurs as white, grey, or light green hexagonal tabular crystals or in massive form.

bruckle

/'brAk(3)l/ a. Long dial. Also brickie /•bnk(3)l/, britchel /'britj(3)l/. [OE -brucol,

man,

Gmc

n no, p pen,

r

base of BREAK

red,

s sit,

t

v.

For

top, v van,

w

vars. cf.

we, z zoo,

]

n. slang. M19. [Shortened f. (A nickname for) the town (now

as

f.

/brui'me:, foreign bryine:r/ n. brume + -aire -ary'.] Hist.

E19.

The

second month of the French Republican calendar (introduced 1793), extending from 22 October to 20 November.

beetle of the family Bruchidae,

which includes many species resemblmg weevils and destructive to leguminous crops. L19. B adj. Of, penaining to, or designating this family. L19.

/brAm/

[{.

of Birmingham, England.

a city)

L

-ID^.]

A

n.']

Brummagem

[Fr.,

Also bruil-. M16. disturbance, a squabble.

/'bru:li, -Iji/ n. Sc.

broil

Brum

catde

bruchid

-brycel ult. f

fluid.

yes, k cat,

/'braoni/

a.

brumal

/'bru:m(3)l/

a. literary.

E16.

[L

brumalis,

f bruma winter: see -al'.] Like winter, wintry.

brumby unkn

]

brume

/'btAmbi/ n. & a. Austral. L19. [Origin (Designating) a wild or imbroken horse.

/bru:m/

n.

literary.

E18. [Fr.

=

fog,

f.

L

bruma winter.] Fog, mist, vapour.

Brummagem

/'brAm3d3(3)ni/

M17. [Dial, form of Birmingham the quality of coins and

a. ]

& n. A adj.

arch. 1

Of

some other goods made

Birmingham, England; coimterfeit, sham, f2 See Birmingham. B «. f 1 See Birmingham. 2 (An article of) coimterfeit or cheap and showy ware. M19. Brummie /'brAini/ n. & a. colloq. Also -y. m20. [f as prec: see -IE.] (A native or inhabitant) of Birmingham, England. in

tawdry. M17.

J

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 6 this,

r|

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

7

brumous brumous

/'bru:m3s/

M19.

literary.

a.

brumeux f. late L brumosus, -ous.] Foggy; wintry.

f.

[Fr.

bruma winter: sec

/brAn(t)J/ n. & v. colloq. L19. [Blend of BREAKFAST n. and LUNCH n. ] A n. A single meal intended to combine breakfast and lunch. L19. Comb. brunch coat Austral. & NZ a woman's short

brunch

:

bruncher

L20.

n.

,bro-/ n. & a. Also (fern.) brunette. M16. [Fr. brunet masc, -ette fern., dim. of brun brown; see -et', -ette.] (A >X'hite person, in form -ette esp. a woman or girl) with a dark complexion or (now usu.) brown hair. Of the complexion: dark.

brunet

brung

/bru:'net,

see bring.

V.

Briinnich's guillemot

guillemot, Uria lomvia, with a shorter beak than the common guillemot and restricted to latitudes north of the British Isles.

Bnmswick Brunswick,

branch

/'brAnzwik/ a

II,

US.]

«.

BrttnswTk,

L15. [In

branch

I

f.

brunt

/brAHt/

A

I i

after

this

in

fabric

lME.

n.

[Origin unkn.] ^1

Now

the brunt of

(mod.

v.

rare.

n.'

brousse),

lME.

ME. [AN

bnice,

perh.

f L bruscum Loppings of trees

ult.

OFr

brush

/brAj/ n} ME. [OFr. broisse, (also mod.) perh. ult. = prec. Branch III & perh. branch I f brush z'.' Branch FV perh. a different wd.] 1 1 A hostile collision or encounter. Now usu. a short, sharp encoimter, a skirmish (with). ME. 2 A rapid race; a contest of speed. Chiefly brosse,

Shakes.

& Cr.

Tempt not yet the brushes of MlCHENER Three ugly brushes with the

Tt.

the war J. A. law over charges he could not understand, at (or after) first brush at (or after) the first meeting. II 3 An implement consisting of bnstles of hair, wire, plastic, or similar material, set in wood etc.

and used

for scrubbing, sweeping, etc.

lME. 4

An

instrument consisting of a bunch of hairs etc. attached to a straight handle, quill, etc., for applying paint, ink, glue, etc. L15. b The painter's an or skill. L17. 5 Any brushlike tuft or bunch; esp. the bushy tail of a fox. L16. b A brushlike organ on the leg of a bee, used to carry brush discharge. A brushlike electrical discharge of sparks. L18. b A brushlike figure seen when crystals etc. are examined with polarized light. E19. 7 A piece of carbon or metal, ending in wires or strips. pollen.

E19.

6a More

a cat, a: arm, t bed,

girls,

collect,

/brAf/

sweep next

1

V.I.

lME.

f.'

brosse

f.

J.

vl- 5.

(0)Fr.

brosser

dnpping

the

a:

fully

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, d hot,

3:

[{.

brush

or

n.'

n:'

+

1

f brusk brusque

var. of next.

a.'^

a. & v. Also f brusk. harsh, f It. brusco sour, = Sp., Port, brusco tart, use as adj. of n. butcher's broom (a spiny bush) f Proto- Romance ] A adj. f 1 Tart. Only in E17. 2 Rough or rude in manner or speech; blunt, off-hand, abrupt, mi 7. B v.i. Treat in an

/brosk, bru:sk/

=

E17. [Fr.

lively, fierce,

ofihand manner. Now rare. L18. L17. brusquely adv. brusqueness n. M19. brusquerie /'brosk(3)ri:, bru:-; foreign bryskan/ n.

manner

bluntness or abruptness of

see -ery]

[Fr.;

M18.

Brussels

/'brAs(3)lz/ n. Also (in sense 3) Brussel. M18. [A city in the Low Countries, now the capital of Belgium ] 1 Brussels lace, a rich type of pillow-lace or needle-lace. M18. 2 In full Brussels carpet. A kind of carpet with a woollen pile and a stout linen back. L18. 3 In full Brussels sprout. A variety of cabbage producing many small cabbage-like buds; one of these buds eaten as a vegetable. Usu. in pi. L18. 4 The Commission of the European Commimity, with headquarters in Brussels. M20.

brustle

[OE

v.^i. Also brastle /'bras(a)l/. of imit. origin ] fl Crackle, 2 Bustle, go hastily, obs. exc.

/'brAs(3)l/

hrastlian,

OE-M18.

rustle.

MI 7.

f brustle

v:'i.

bristle

4.

I'.'

E17-E18. [Var. of bristle

z».']

=

/bru:t/ n. obs. exc. Hist. ME. [Welsh = chronicle, transf use of Brut Brutus (see below).] A chronicle of British history from the time of Brutus, the legendary founder of the British race.

Brut

Of

/bruit, foreign bryt/ a. L19. [Fr.]

wine:

unsweetened, very dry.

&

brut

/brAt/ v.i. r. 06s. exc. dial. Infl. -tt-. L16. [Perh. f Fr. brouter (see BROWSE v.) or f. breotan (see brittle).] Browse upon trees etc.;

OE

break off (by browsing).

/brAj/ v:' See also brish. lME. [f brush «.^] 1 v.i. Pass a brush across (a surface); sweep or scrub clean, put in order, with a brush; treat (a surface) with a brush to change its nature or appearance. lME. b v.i. Use a brush. E19. 2 v.t. Remove with a brush; sweep away (as) with a brush. L15. 3 v.t. Trim (a hedge). Cf brish. E16. 4 v.t. Rub or touch lightly in passmg. M17. 5 V.I. Come lightly against, pass lightly over, as with a brush. Cf brush 4. M17. 6 i'. r. Injure (a horse etc.) by a grazing blow. L17. 7 v.t. Paint or put in, apply with the brush. Freq. foil, by m. L19. 2 J B. Priestley The other [hand] trying to brush the cigar ash off his lapels. 4 J Heath-Stubbs Hope, the butterfly, but seldom brushes my page With her mazanne wing. G. Boycott TTie ball brushed his thigh-pad just hard enough to take the pace off it. 5 J Selden His Feathers brushed against the Kings Crown. M. Shadbolt Pale green tree ferns brushed .

.

over his face.

With advs. in specialized senses: brush aside push out of the way in passing; fig. dismiss or dispose of curtly or lightly brush off remove by brushing; fig. dismiss, rebuff, brush over paint lightly with a brush, (see also sense 5 above) brush up (a) refurbish by brushing; (b) fig. refresh one's acquaintance with (a subject etc.); also foil, by on the subject etc. Comb. brushback a. & n. (Baseball) (designating) a pitch thrown close to the batter's body an anempt to force him to step back from the plate; brush-off a dismissal, a rebuff; brush-up the acuon of brushing up; an instance of this. brushed ppl a. (a) swept or smoothed with a brush; (b) (of fabric) having a raised nap; (c) brushed aluminium: treated so as to be lustreless; L15. brusher n. a person who uses a brush L16. :

m

brushite

L16.

/'brAji/ a.

Bushy, shaggy. 1.16. 2 Covered with brushwood. M17. brusk /brosk/ «. & a.' arch. L15. [Origin unkn.] Her. (Of) the colour tenne. -y'.]

brut

LI 7.

Clare Often brushing through

grass. V. WooLF The finction of people brushing past her was evidently painful. F Herbert Do not brush against a bush lest you leave a thread to show our

lightly

brushy

Sc.

[Perh.

brush n} In mod. use infl. by Rush with force or speed, usu. LME-M17. 2 v.t. Force on, dnve

brush

brace

build mounds for incubating their eggs, esp. Alectura laihami of E. Australia; brush wallaby any of various wallabies found esp. in coastal brush; brushwood undergrowth, thicket; cut or broken rwigs etc. brushed a. covered or overgrown with brush Mi

I

.

passage.

excrescence on the maple ] 1 or hedges; US cut brushwood; a faggot of this. ME. 2 Undergrowth, thicket, small trees and shrubs, land covered in such growth; Austral. forest. Now chiefly N. Amer, Austral., & NZ. ME. 3 Stubble, obs. exc. dial. L17. Comb.: brushfire n. & a. (a) n. a fire in brush or scrub; (b) adj. (of a war etc.) small-scale, localized, brush kangaroo = brush wallaby below; brushturkey any of several Australasian megapodes which

US. M19.

brush

4

lME.

/brA|/

.

M.20. Comb.: 6a above; brushtail (possum) any of several Australian possums of the genus Tnchosurus, having a bushy tail, pointed snout, and prominent ears; esp. the common T. vulpccula, which has a commercially valuable pelt; brushware brushes of various kinds; brushwork a painter's (style of) manipulation of the brush. brushless a. (a) without a brush; (b) (of shavingcream etc.) made for use without a brush: Mig. brushlike a. resembling (that of) a brush mi 9.

BRUSH

[f the n.] fl v.i. an assault or attack. LME-L17. 2 v.t. Bear

brush

.

with a rush; drive hard. obs. exc. US. L15. 3 v.i. Burst away with a rush, move off abruptly, make off. arch. L17. 4 V.I. Move by, through, against, etc., so as to make brief contact in passing. Cf

rare in gen. sense. lME. 5 The attack etc.). chief stress, violence, or burden (of). Chiefly in bear the brunt of. M18.

/brAnt/

.

] f into a collision.

A

LME-E17. t2 A sudden movement or effon. lME~li7. An assault, an anack, (lit. of an army etc. or fig. of sickness, temptation, etc.). LME-E19. 4 Shock, violence, force, (of an blow.

brunt Make

,

shavmg-brush, etc airbrush: see AIR n.' painter's brush: see PAINTER n.' b Byron A young American brother of the brush. 5 G. Durrell A Brush-tailed Porcupine about the size of a cat. K. A. Porter White-blond hair clipped in a brush over his forehead. Ill 9 An application of a brush; a brushing.

paste-brush,

brush discharge: see sense

or garment from Brunswick; esp. (in full Brunswick gown) a longsleeved gown with a train from the shoulders. obs. exc. Hist. L15. 2 Brunswick green, a dark green pigment orig. made of a basic chloride of copper; this shade of green. E19. 113 Brunswick stew, a stew of squirrel, now also of game or chicken, with onions and sometimes other vegetables. US. Mi:.

E20.

phr.

[f.

surname used generically + Appointment in rotation rather than by

]

buggy

'b.\gi

M18. [Origin unkn.]

II.

1

A

light

horse-drawn vehicle for one or two people, with two or (in N. America) four wheels. M18. 2 rransf. a A pram. More fully hahy buggy. N. Amcr. L19. b A motor vehicle; esp. a small sturdy vehicle (freq. w. specified use). E20. 1 hmi--and-huggi.: see HORSE n. 2b beach bugg\', dune Comb.: buggj'-ride (chiefly A'. Amcr.) a nde in a bugg\- (thanks for the bugg\'-ndc (coUoq.): an expression of thanks for help given). 'b.\gi

with hugs;

bughouse

bug

it-

+

A

n.']

&

n. slang.

L19.

[f-

bug

Chiefly US. L19. B n. 1 A mental hospital. Orig. US. E20. 2 A theatre or cinema, derog. M20.

bught Bugis

&

n.

of bought

V. var.

&

«.-'

&

E19. .Mso Bugi'nese

j;.-

a.

&

n.

'bju:g(3)l;

(pi.

a.

of n. same) E20.

of bos

A

ox.]

ME. 2 key-bugle: see

who

key

person

a

n.

signals orders

plays a bugle; spec, a soldier a bugle: M19. buglet n. a small

bugle EI9.

ME. [Late L bugula.] A 'bju:g(3)l/ creeping plant of the genus Ajuga, of the mint family; esp. A. reptaiis, which bears blue flowers. Comb. bugleweed iV. Amer. (a) = sense above; (6) a related plant, Lycopus virginicus, found in wet soil.

bugle

-

,'bju:g(s)l L16. [Origin imkn.] A tube-shaped bead, usu. black, sewn on a dress etc. as ornament. atmh.: Shakes A.Y.L. Your inky brows, your black

bugle

M19. [f bugle

bju:g(a)l/ v.

n.']

1

v.t.

Give forth (a sound) like a bugle; soimd (a call) on a bugle. M19. 2 v.i. Sound a bugle; make a sound like a bugle. L19.

bugloss

'bjuiglos

huglossus

Gk

{.

n.

lJVIE. [(0)Fr. buglosse or

bouglossus 'ox-tongued',

f.

bous

glossa tongue.] Any of various plants of the ox borage famil\ esp. (a) a Eurasian weed of arable land, Anchusa arvensis, bearing blue flowers; (b) US a kind of alkanet, Anchusa officinalis ,

viper's bugloss: see

VIPER

n.

bugolog>' b.\'gDl3d3i/ n. joc. Chiefly US. M19. - -ology.] Entomology. [f bug bugologist

L16.

see

bugong buhl

n.

var.

&

buhr

n.

see

a.

bouk,

Fr.

burr

f.

n.*

lME

build

/bild/ n. [f the vb: cf built n.]-\\ Onlv in lME. 2 Style of building. construction, make; proportions of the human

A

body, physique. M17 2 S Pepys The ditfer'.nce in the build of ships now and heretofore. M. MfGCERiDGE A tall man, rather the build of Bernard Shaw.

pple built /bilt/, {poet. & arch. ) builded. See also built ppl a. [OE byldan = (cf. byldd builder), f. bold, bod dwelling, house

build

bild/ V. Pa.

b but, d dog,

f

t.

2.

ME.

/'bilda/ n.

-er'.]

'j'bulbel

builders'

merchant

supplier of materials to

a

building 1

A

ME.

/'bildii]/ n.

thing which

is

[f as prec.

built; a structure,

an

+

-ing'.]

edifice; a

permanent

fixed thing built for occupation, as a house, school, factory, stable, church, etc. ME. company (of 2 The action of build v. lME. 3

rooks); a rookery, rare. lME. Comb.: building-block (a) = BLOCK n. 4b; (ft) one of the temporary supports for a ship's keel while the ship is being built; building-brick = brick n. 2, 2b; building-lease a lease of land upon which to build, building line a prescribed limit beyond which a building must not extend; building society: accepting investments at interest, and lending to persons building or buying houses etc.; building-term the duration of a building-lease.

fbuilt

E17-L18. construction; build.

&

few, q get, h he,

[f

n.

BUILD

v.]

/'bAlbsu/ comb, form of L bulbus BULB n., in Anat. see -0-. bulbo-u'rethral a. of or pertaining to the urethra and the bulb (proximal region) of the penis; bulbourethral gland, either of a pair of small glands which

bulbo-

used chiefly

into the urethra at the base of the penis and a constituent of seminal fluid (also called Cowper's gland): M19.

open

secrete

/'bAlbas/ a. L16. [f L bulbosus or direcdy bulb n. + -ous ] 1 Of, penaining to, or of the nature of a bulb. L16. 2 Growing from a bulb; having roots like bulbs. L16. 3 Shaped hke a bulb; roimded, swollen. L18. 3 GoLDiNG The bulbous legs of a grand piano. R. Graves The bulbous nose, the sunken chin. bulbose a. (rare) bulbous L16. bulbosity /bAl'bositi/ n. bulbous condition or quality E20.

bulbous t.

W

bulbul /'bulbol/ n. M17. [Pers., of imit. origin ] Any of various Asian or Afiican songbirds of the large family Pycnonotidae; spec, an Iranian bird admired for its song. Also/i^., a singer, a poet.

f bulchin n. var. of bulkin. bulfinch n. see bullfinch. Bulgar /'bAlga:/ n. lME. [med.L

Bulgarus f. BlUgary pi. Bulgarian Bdlgari of an ancient Turkic people who settled in the region of Bulgana in the 7th cent. Also, a native or inhabitant of Bulgaria (see

Old Ch.

next). 11

house) constructed to form an fig.

t.

&

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

var.

bukshi

pple of BUILD Sc.

v.

Also boardly

/'by.dVi/.

of BUDE. n. Anglo-Ind.

/'bAkJi:/

.

obs. exc. Hist.

slack bulge of her breast. 4b Lancet when the people of births will increase in the 'bulge' of the 1950's start to reproduce.

up the

number

/bAlb/ n. & v. lME. [L bulbus {. Gk bolbos onion, bulbous root.] A «. 1 The globular imderground organ of an onion, lily, or similar plant, which contains the following year's bud

bulb

B f 11 BILGE V. .

scale leaves that serve as food reserves. Also,

growing fi^om a bulb. lME. f b spec. An onion. M16-E18. 2 Anat. A spheroidal dilatation of the end of an organ or other structure, e.g. of the spinal cord (the medulla oblongata) or of a n no, p pen,

r

red,

s

sit, t

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

.

v.t.

=

BILGE

V.

I.

.

LME-E19. t2

The

bom

v.t.

=

Also, strike (on, against) so as to damage the bilge. E17-E19. 3 v.i. Protrude, swell out; be swollen, esp. by being full. L17. 4 v.t. Make protuberant, cause to swell, esp. by filling. M19. 5 v.i. Rush in; make a dash for. US colloq.

a plant

man,

M19.

Now

Also bu(c)kshee. E17. [Pers. baksi giver, f. bakstdan give; cf. baksheesh.] A paymaster-general; an army paymaster.

and

in character

/bAld3/ n. & V. ME. [OFr. bou(l)ge f. L bulga leather sack, bag, of Gaulish origin.] A n. = f 1 A wallet or bag, esp. of hide. ME-E17. 2 rare or obs. E17. 3 A convex part bilge n. I. or irregular swelling on an otherwise flat(ter) surface or Ime. M18. b spec. A protuberance added to a ship's hull for protection or increased stabihty. E20. c Mil. A salient. E20. 4 fig. a An advantage, a lead. Chiefly in have or get the bulge on, get an advantage over (a person), slang (chiefly N. Amer.). M19. b A temporary increase or rise in volume, numbers, etc. colloq. L19. swfT it into his 3 L. Deighton He didn't want to pocket for it would make bulges in his newly pressed uniform jacket. W. Boyd His palm cautiously inched

burly a. w. -d- perh. after forms of BOARD n. ] Large and well made, stately; sturdy. buist V. var. of boost v:~

buit

make Bulgarian

bulge

inherent, integral,

n.'

/'byrdli/ a.

M18. v.t.

mi6. [f /bAl'gEinan/ n. & a. (med.L) Bulgaria (see below), f as prec, + -AN.] A n. A native or inhabitant of Bulgaria, a country in the Eastern Balkans. Also, the Slavonic language of Bulgaria. M16. B adj. Of or pertaining to Bulgaria, its people, or their language. L18.

in

pa.

V.

bef.

Bulgarian

on sand: see sand n. built-up (a) height etc. by addition of parts; (ft) separately prepared parts, (c) (of a locality) fully occupied by houses etc. clinker-built: see

clinker

Rare

Bulgarize

composed of

built

Slav.

A member

pi.).]

built

increased

:

.

integral part of a larger unit;

innate,

h.'

Also

n.

m

way; having a specified build; spec, composed of separately prepared parts (= built-up (b) below). M. Prior With well-built Verse to keep his Fame alive. J. RUSKIN The built and tower-like shaft. L. Uris An Ben Canaan was built like his father built-in (esp. of the fittings of a

/'bAlbil/

bulbillus

of

Style

see bull

n.

f-el. M19. [mod.L dim. o[ bulbus bulb ] A small aerial bulb borne a leaf axil or an inflorescence, which can develop into an independent plant when detached. Also, a small bulb formed at the side of an ordinary bulb.

bulbil

builders, speculative builder, see SPECULATIVE 4.

of bulbil.

var.

n.

bulberry

who builds; esp. a contractor for building houses. ME. 2 A substance added to soap 6r to a detergent to increase its efficiency. M20. 1

the

for

/'bAlba/ a. L19. [f bulb n. + -ar'.] Chiefly Anat. Of or pertaining to a bulb, esp. to the medulla oblongata (see bulb n. 2).

A

1

device

bulbar

build (castles)

+

[f prec.

rubber

bulbiferous /bArbif(3)r3s/ a. bearing a bulb, producing bulbs L17. bulbiform a. shaped like a bulb M19. bulblet n. a bulbil M19. bulblike a. resembling (that oO a bulb M19.

L18. [Var. of

of BOGONG.

Also boul(l)e, B-. £19. [G Andre Charles BouUe (1642 1732), Fr. cabinet-maker] (Of) brass, tortoise-shell, etc., worked into ornamental panems for inlaying; (work) inlaid thus bu:l/ n.

buhl,

sconce

compressible

pneumatic operation of a syringe etc. L19. B v.i. Form a root shaped like a bulb; swell into a form like a bulb or rounded. L17. bulbed a. shaped like a bulb; having a bulb or bulbs:

With advs. in specialized senses: build down reduce or destroy gradually or in a planned way. build in surround with houses etc., block up, enclose by building; (see also sense 4 above), build round surround with houses etc. build up (a) v.phr.i. & increase in size, mass, or strength; accumulate; establish (itself) gradually; (ft) v.phr.t. surround with houses etc., block up; (c) v.phr.i. boost, praise. Comb.: build-down a systematic reduction or destruction, build-up a favourable description in advance; preparation for or a gradual approach to a climax or maximum; an accumulation. buildable a. able to be built (on) E20.

buirdly

L19.

n.

A

together. OE. b v.i. Be built. Only in be building. H7. 2 v.t. Give form to, create; establish improve; benefit gradually; or accumulate spiritually, edify. ME. 3 v.i. Erect a building or

.

L

v.t.

built /bilt/ ppl a. n6. [pa. pple of build v.] Constructed or constituted, esp. in a specified

your bugle eyeballs.

silk hair,

bugle

1

dilated part of a glass tube, e.g. forming the reservoir of a thermometer. E19. b (The glass envelope of) an electric lamp. M19.

as a dwelling;

etc.)

3a A

hair-root. E18.

A

n.'

who

on

«.').]

base

c

A

bugler

bower

(also of house, nest,

f.

person

ME.

n.'

Gmc,

i.

construct (a school, factory, stable, church, etc.) for occupation; construct (a ship, vehicle, fire, road, or other structure large relative to the user or requiring much time or effort in the construction) by putting parts or material

builder

[OFr. f. L bucuhis buffalo or wild ox. dim. young bull. dial. L19. 2 In flill ME-L17. b bugk-hom. Orig., a horn of a wild ox etc. used to give signals in himting. Now, a brass instrument hke a small trumpet similarly used or for giving military' signals, or {US) in marching bands.

bugle

bdl,

1.

Also Bugi /'bu:gi/. E18. [Malay.] A n. PI. -i(s). A member of a people of southern Sulawesi (Celebes), Indonesia; the language of this people. E18. B attnb. or as adj. Of or pertaining to the Bugis or their language. 'bu:gis/ n.

ON

in the air. see AiR n.' 3.

-y'.] Infested

Crazy; very eccentric.

adj.

(a

Phrases: build a scon'-t

bug.

'b.Acjhaos/ a.

+ HOUSE

n.-

ei8. [f

a.

like a

bodl,

buildings; engage in building; construct a nest etc. ME. 4 v.t. Put together (parts, material) into a structure; join together to form a structure; lay, insert, or incorporate in (adv.) or into as an integral pan of a larger unit. lME. b v.t. & 1. Found (an argument, hope, confidence, progress, etc.) on a basis; rely on. E16.

bugg\\ etc.

bugg>'

OS

'dwell'

Construct

Biigi^im. a 'topical"

Tl'RN II. merit.

bulge

296

Also = BESTIALITY 2. E16. 3 fo bugger)', to hell, to tho devil, to damnation, aiarsc slang. E20. E LlNTDALL 'Go to buggcPi',' Minoguc snarled.

2.

M19. with more Indian things 3 E. Nesbit Boxes bulging out of them. 1. Fleming The muscles bulged .

J

.

she, 5 vision, 9 thin, 6 this,

13

ring,

ij

chip, dj jar

.

.

bulghur

bulldoze

297

A

A.

C.

MDu.

BouLT His pockets bulging with £20 notes. 4 PuvTH A snug corset affair thai curved her in at

S.

the

uncastrated male of the ox or other bovine animal. lOE. 2 Ilie male of various other large animals, e.g. the elephant, rhinoceros, whale, and seal. lME. 3 (Usu. B-.) The constellation and zodiacal sign Taurus. lME. 4 Stock Exch. etc. Orig., stock bought in the hope of selling for a higher price later. Now, a person who buys such stock, a speculator for a rise. Cf bear 4. E18. 5 A police officer. US slang. L19. 1 bull in a china shop a reckless or clumsy

under the exquisitely cut shark-skin

jacket.

middle and bulged her out again spectacularly above and below. J. Herriot Her plump figure bulged her uniform tightly, bulgy a. swollen, that bulges M19.

bulghur n. var. of bulgur. bulgur /'bAlga/ n. Also -gh-. M20. bulimarexia

/bjo.iima'rEksia, ,bu-/

next + ANOREXIA.] Med.

[Turk. =

= burghul.

Pcrs. fcu/^Jr bruised grain.]

L20.

n.

[f.

Bulimia nervosa (see

bulimarexic

bulimia

a.

&

n

L20.

,bu-/

/bjo'litnia,

Also

n.

(earlier)

Anglicized as f bulimy. lME. [med.L bolismus or mod.L bulimia f. Gk boulimia ravenous hunger, f. bou- huge (f. bous ox) + limos hunger: see -ia'.] Med. Abnormal craving for food; csp. bulimia nervosa /n3:'v3US3/) full gross (in alternating with overeating self-induced vomiting or evacuation of the food eaten. bulimic a. & n. (a) adj. of, pertaining to, or exhibiting bulimia; (b) n. a person with bulimia (nervosa): M19.

bulk

&

ON

ME.

bulki [Senses i, 2 f. cargo; other senses perh. alt. of bouk.] \ n. 1 A ship's cargo, esp. as a whole; the whole amount (of a commodity). ME. 2 A heap, a pile (nowrare in 111. use); a large quantity. lME. 3 The hull or hold of a ship. Long obs. exc. dial. lME. 4 The body, the trunk; now spec, a bodily frame of large proportions. lME. 5 Bodily magnitude; volume, size, weight. lME. b spec. Considerable volume etc. E17. c Roughage in food. M20. 6 A (large) mass or shape. L16. 7 The greater part or /b.\lk/

number

E18.

of.

OED

a.

The bulk

not equal to sample, break bulk begin unloading. 2 in bulk loose, not packaged; in 1

large quantities.

but

head,

immobile

the

is

4 F. Norris His arms moved, and his great bulk of the man remained

E Figes He shifted his bulk 5 T. H Huxley Sea water

in its place.

the creaking chair.

denser

in is

bulk for bulk,

than fresh water. J A. [bones] that were higher in her body were of successively lighter bulk, b Ld Macaulay The facility and assiduity with which he wrote are proved of his works. 6 Tennyson by the bulk Tudorchimnied bulk Of mellow brickwork. 7 R. L, Stevenson The bulk of the time I spent in repeating as much French poetry as I could remember. .

,

MiCHENER Those

A

.

B

anrib. or as adj. In bulk. L17.

(a) buying in large amounts at purchase by one buyer of all or most of a producer's output; bulk carrier a ship that carries cargo in bulk, bulk modulus the relative

Comb.

:

bulk-buying

a discount;

(b) the

change in volume of a body produced by unit compressive or tensile stress acting uniformly over its

bulked

a.

lME. bulker

having bulk, bulky

bulk

n. a

carrier L20.

bulk

/bAlk/ n.- M16. [Prob. f baulk n. or (its source) balkr.] A framework projecting from the front of a shop; a stall.

ON

bulk

/bAlk/

V.

M16.

[f.

BULK

n."]

v.i.

1

Be of

bulk; appear large or weighty; seem large etc. in respect of size or importance. M16. 2 v.t. Pile in heaps. E17. 3 v.t. Combine (consignments of a commodity) together. L19. 4 v.t. Make (paper, yam, etc.) appear thicker by suitable treatment.

M20. G. Gorer Some qualities which bulk very high for one sex, drop to practical insignificance for the other bulk up swell, rise in bulk or mass, I

bulkhead

/'bAlkhed/

n.

[f as

L15.

bulk n} +

n.] 1 A (substantial) upright partition separating compartments in a ship, aircraft, etc. L15. 2 (Tlie roof of) a projecting stall. E18.

HEAD

bulkheaded

bulkin

a.

tbulchin.

&

n.

Jamaican. Also

exc.

obs.

ME. [MDu.

bul{le)ktn

bul(le)tjen,

see BULL BULLY -KIN.] A bull-calf Also used as a term of endearment, or of contempt, bulky /'bAlki/ a. lME. [f bulk + -y'.] Of bull-calf

large bulk, size,

boeletjen, boelekijn darling:

voluminous, massive; of too great

unwieldy,

bulkily adv. L19. bulkiness

bull /bol/ place-names) f

&

a.

ON

a cat, u: arm, t bed,

3:

n.

L17.

[Late boli,

her,

OE

bula

corresp. to

1

sit,

1

cosy,

(only in

MLG i:

bulk,

see, d hot,

r.

n.

COCK

The

I

fidl as

a

bull:

a bull at a gate with direct or impetuous attack, red rag to a bull: see RED rag 3. take the bull by the horns meet a difficulty boldly. B attnb. or as adj. Like a bull; like that of a bull; large, coarse; (esp. of an animal) male.

ME. T. Farrell 'Pipe down!' a bull voice called out. P. Keller A mature bull elk bugling his mating R. West A bull neck almost the same size round as his head. Comb. & special collocations: bull-and-cow rhyming slang - ROW n'-y bull ant Austral. = BULLDOG n. 4b; bull-at-a-gate a. direcdy or impetuously attacking; bull-baiting Hist, baiting a captive bull with dogs, for spon, bull-bat US the common night-hawk, Chordeiles minor, fbull-beggar [perh. f a different wd] a scarecrow; a bogey, a bugbear; bul(I)berry ~ buffalo berry s.v. BUFFALO «.; bull-dust Austral, (a) coarse dust; (ft) slang rubbish, nonsense; bull-fiddle US colloq. a double-bass; bullfight, bullfighter, bullfighting (an event, a participant, in) a chiefly Spanish sport in which a bull is first baited by armed fighters on horseback and on foot, and finally killed by a matador; bullfinch; bullfrog any of several large frogs with bellowing calls; esp. the largest N. American frog, Rana catesbiana; bullhead (a) any of certain small freshwater fishes with large heads; spec, the miller's thumb, Cottus gobio, or (A' Amcr.) a catfish of the genus Ictalurus (esp. the homed pout, /. nebulosus), (b) dial, a tadpole, (c) a blockhead; bull-headed a. obstinate, impetuous, blundering; bull-headedly adv. m a bull-headed manner, obstinately, bullheadedness the quality or condition of being bullheaded, obstinacy; bull-horn a megaphone; bull huss: see huss «.; bull-kelp a large kelp found in Pacific and Antarctic waters; bull market {Stock Exch. etc.): with rising pnces, bull-mastifT (a dog of) a crossbreed of bulldog and mastiff; bull-neck a short thick neck; bull-necked a. having a bull-neck; bullnose n. & a. (having) a nose or other projection with a rounded end, bull-nosed a. having a bull-nose; bullof-the-bog the bittern, bullpen (chiefly N. Amer.) (a) a pen or enclosure for bulls; trans/, any enclosure, a lock-up; (b) an exercise area for baseball pitchers, esp. relief pitchers; iransf. the relief pitchers; bull-pine N. Amer. the ponderosa pine; bull point colloq. a point of J

W.

call.

superiority;

bull-puncher

bull-pup

bulldog pup; bullring (a) an arena for

a

buUroarer

Austral,

Hist, a place

(ft)

a flat strip of

where

wood

bulls

were baited;

lied to a string,

sound when whirled round,

religious

rites

by

bullock-driver;

a

a roaring

Aborigines;

Australian

making

used in bullrout

esp. as

an E. Australian estuarine and freshwater fish, Notesthes rohusta, with poisonous spines; bullshit n. &

Austral,

(coarse slang) (a) n. = BULL n.' 3, 4, (ft) v.t. & talk nonsense (to), mislead, bluff; bullshitter coarse slang a person who talks nonsense, a boaster, a pretentious person, bull-snake a large N Amencan constricting snake of the genus Pituophis, bull's wool Austral. & V.

NZ

i.

(a)

the irmer bark of the stringy-bark tree;

(ft)

nonsense, bull-terrier a (breed of) stocky short-haired dog that is a cross bcrween bulldog

bull f.'] 1 An expression containing a contradiction in terms or implying a ludicrous inconsistency. Often more fully Insh bull. E17. 2 A bad blunder. US slang. M19. 3 Trivial, insincere, or worthless talk or writing; nonsense. slang. E20. 4 Unnecessary routine tasks or ceremonial; pointlessly excessive discipline; red cf

tape, slang (orig. MU.).

and

terrier

hull-tcmcr,

{pit

Staffordshire

hull-terrier,

THATCH n. 2b; bull trout any of various large migratory trout, esp. the sea trout and lake trout; US the trout Salvclinus conflucntus of the west coast of the US; bull-weed [perh. {. BOLL n.'] knapweed; bull-whacker US a cattle-driver; bulletc.), hull thatch: see

whip

n.

&

t'.

(chiefly

long heavy lash, large

(ft)

(a) n. a whip with a thrash with such a whip; umbelliferous plant, Ammi

N. Amcr.) v.t.

European

majus.

H Cf COW n.' & a. bull /bol/ n:' ME. [(0)Fr. bulle f. L bulla (in med.L) seal, sealed document.] f' ^ seal attached to an official document, esp. the leaden seal of a papal edict.

mandate;

spec, a

ME-M18. ME.

2

An

edict or

papal edict.

bull /bul/ Ei6. [Origin unkn.] Each of the main bars of a harrow. bull /bul/ w.' E17. [Origin imkn. In senses 3, 4 usu. assoc. w. synonymous bullshit s.v. bull «.': saw, a run, u put,

u: too, 3

ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

M20.

R. L. Stevenson The only weak brother I am willing to consider is (to make a bull for once), my wife. 3 P. G. WODEHOUSE You threw a lot of bull about being the brains of the concem. 4 A. Baron 1

Them

tuming out the guard for us, us marching past eyes right, all that sort of bull. Comb.: bull session N. Amer. an informal group discussion.

bull /bol/ bull /bol/

E19. [Abbrev

n.^

= bulldog

]

n.

i.

M19. [Origin unkn ] A drink made of water flavoured by being put in an empty spirits cask.

bull /bol/ n.' MI 9. [Origin unkn.] A deck-game in which small flat sandbags are thrown on an inclined board marked with numbered squares. bull /bul/ n.* E20. [Abbrev.] = bull's-e^vt 6. bull /bul/ v.H. & ME. [f bull n.'] 1 Serve (a cow) with the bull. Of a cow: take or seek the I.

bull.

ME.

2 Stock Exch.

etc.

Speculate for a

rise;

produce a rise in the price of (stocks etc.). M19. 3 Behave or move like a bull; act or treat violently. M19. bull /bol/ vlh. Now rare or obs. ME. [f BULL n}] Publish as a (papal) bull; deal with in a papal bull.

bull /bol/

M16. [OFr. with bull w."*]

deceive: a fool of;

holer, bouler

v.'

later assoc.

1

Make

v.t.

deceive. Now slang. M16. 2 v.i. Talk emptily or boastfully, slang. M19. 3 v.t. Polish (equipment etc.) in order to meet excessive standards of nearness. Mil. slang. M20.

cheat,

bulla /'bob/ bubble.]

I

PI.

«.

bullae

A

Aled.

large

E19. [L = on the skin

/'boli:/.

blister

contaming watery

fluid. Also, a thin-walled air in the Ivmg due to emphysema or of congenital origin. E19. 2 Zool. An opisthobranch of the genus Bulla. M19. 3 Anat. A roimded bony prominence, esp. that of the ethmoid bone.

cavity

L19. /'bolis/ n. ME. [OFr. buloce, beloce sloe, f Proto-Romance, perh. of Gauhsh origin.] A

bullace wild

or semi-cultivated Prunus domestica subsp.

plum from tnstlttta;

the the tree

tree itself

(also bullace-tree)

bullamacow

/'bubmakao/

L19.

n.

bullary

A

see -ary'.]

n.']

In

Also in L form buUariiun [med.L bullanum, f bulla bull

/'bobri/

n.

/bu'leiriam/. L17. n.-':

[Fijian

cow

Eng., comb, of BULL and Polynesia etc.: cattle; corned beef

collection of papal bulls.

bullate /'boleit/ a. mi8. [med.L bullatus, f. as bulla + -ATE^] Chiefly Bot. Having blisters or swellings resembling blisters, bullated a. blistered, bullate L17.

bull-dike /'boldAik/ n. slang, derog. M20. [f bull n.' + dike var. of DYKE n}'\ A particularly masculine lesbian. Also bull-diker

slang rubbish,

bullwort a

E19.

/'bulkin/

btd).]

like

a.

bullfightmg;

surface

(Du.

destroyer, cock-and-bull story: see

see FtiLL

next)

bolle

bulle,

n.

E20.

bulldog /'boldog/ n. & v. DOG n.] A n. 1 (An animal and

headed,

renowned

for

bull

E16. [f

n.'

-I-

of) a thickset, large-

smooth-haired

breed

power and boldness.

of

E16.

b

dog, fig.

A

tenacious and courageous person. M19. 2 Orig., a sheriffs officer. Now, a proctor's attendant at

Oxford and Cambridge Universities, colloq. L17. 3 A gun; a cannon; a revolver, colloq. (now rare or obs.). E18. 4a A large biting fly of the genus Tabanus. N. Amer. L18. b A large ant with a vicious sting. Austral. M19. 5 A short brier pipe. L19. Comb.: bulldog ant = sense 4b above; bulldog a sterling bond issued by an overseas borrower; bulldog breed Englishmen regarded as archetypes of dogged courage, bulldog clip a clip with a powerful closure; bulldog issue: of bulldog bonds. B v.t. Infl. -gg-. Attack like a bulldog, wrestle

bond

with; treat roughly. Chiefly US. M19.

bulldoze [Perh.

day, au no,

e:

f.

hair,

/'boldaoz/

bull la

n.'

near,

3i

+

v.t. alt.

colloq.

(orig.

of dose

boy, oa poor, ai3

n.

]

tire,

US). L19. 1 Coerce aoa sour

bulldozer intimidate, force. 2.) L19. 2 Clear, etc., with a bulldozer; force (one's

or

violence (Increasingly

by

threats;

by sense

infl.

move, way) thus, M20. level,

1

C P Snow

to

be bulldozed into .

.

B. Castle for the replanting of coconuts, fig. He and Harold have got the whole government machine with which to bulldoze their views through.

room

:

'bDldouzo,'

L19.

n.

+

prec.

[f.

person who bulldozes (bulldoze v. i). Chiefly US. L19. 2 A powerful tractor with a broad upright blade at the front, used for clearing or levelling ground. M20. bullen-bullen n. var. of Bin,N-Bui.N. buller 'bob n.' 5c. L15. [Prob. imit.: cf Sw. buUcr noise, roar. Da. bulder ttimbling noise,

MHG, G of waves

hoUem make

etc.; a boiling

A

a noise.]

up or

roaring noise

see often associated).] f' Trunk-hose, puffed out at the upper part in several folds. M16 M17. 2 An ornamental fringe made of twists of gold or

+ and

a

BULL bull

-et'.]

A ball

1

other piece of ordnance, projectile of lead etc.

for a

cannon or

A

2 revolver, rifle, but now usu.

obs. exc. Hist. E16.

for

a

machine-gun, etc. (orig. roimd cylindrical and pointed). M16. b fig. Notice to quit, ihe sack, slang. M19. f3 A missile from a sling. L16-M19. 4 A small ball of any material. L16. b In pi. Peas or beans, slang. E20. 5 An ace in poker etc. US slang. E19. 6 Printing. A small circle used to identify items in a hst, draw attention to a line, etc. M20. 2

(en)

Ixte

MAGIC

a.

the

plasnc

bullet:

see BfTE

see plastic

bullet:

v.

magic

&

a.

buller.

see

n.^

Comb.: bullet-head a round head, bullet-headed a. (US) obstinate; bulletproof round-headed, fig. impenetrable by bullets; bullet train a high-speed passenger train, esp. a Shinkansen (m Japan),

&

bulletin

'bolitm; n. v. M17. [Fr., i. It. i. buUetta passport, dim. of bulla

hullettmo, bcl!-,

bull

n}: sense

i

directly

f.

A

It.]

n.

1

warrant or

In Italy,

an official M17. 2 A shon official accoimt, statement, or broadcast report of a public event, news, weather conditions, a promment invalid's health, etc. M18. France,

Now

etc.:

certificate.

rare.

Comb. bulletin-board (a) N. Amer. a notice-board; system for storing information m a computer so any authorized user can access and add to it from a remote terminal or persona! computer. B f. I. Make known by or describe a bulletin. :

(b) a

that

m

E19.

buUet-tree bullfinch

n. ,

bulfinch. L16. perh.

var. of bitlly-tree.

'bolfin(t)J/ [f.

n.

of bull fence.]

alt.

In

sense i also n. In sense 2 of a nimiber of

+ finch

bull 1

Any

Eurasian finches of the genus Pyrrhula; spec. P. py-n-hula, a sttirdy grey, black, and white finch the male of which has a rose-pink throat and breast li6. 2 A quickset hedge with a ditch. M19. bullgine /'boldsAin/ n. colloq. (chiefly N. Amer.). M19. [f bull after ENGINE n ] A locomotive or steam engine.

Bulli /'boli' n. Austral. E20. [A town in New South Wtli's, Australia.] In full Built earth, soil.

A

kind of soil used esp. for cricket pitches,

bullimong +

-imong

OE

f.

n.'

gemang, gemong mixture]

A

of grains

mixttire

ME.

[Perh. f bull

'bolimAri/

n.

sown together

for

feeding

cattle.

app. = mint, Proto-Roinance, f L buUire to boil; see -ION.] fl A mciting-house, a mint; a place of exchange. ME-E18. 2 Metal, esp. gold or silver, in lump form before coining or manufacture, or valued limply as raw metal. lME. b Solid gold or silver as opp. to superficial Impure gold or silver; base imitations. L16. metal. L16 E19.

bullion var.

'bulj(3)n/

n.'

of (0)Fr. bouillon

bullionist

on gold or

bullion

n.

(Hist.)

ME. [AN, {.

an advocate of a currency based

silver E19.

/'bolj(3)n/

n.'

lME. [App.

f.

Fr. bouton

(spelt bouiUon in Cotgrave), f as BOULfc n}: see -OON.] t' A knob or boss, usu. of meial, a

b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

OE

[Late

dim. of

bulluc

see -ock ] Orig., a young bull. Now, a castration. Also loosely, any bovine animal, an ox. Comb.: bullock-cart a can drawn by one or more

Btn,LDOG

Oxford

[Fr. boulet, -ene dim. of

1

E17-L18. [Late L bullitio(n-), {. bullit- pa. ppl stem of bullire to boil: see -ion ] Bubbling, boiling.

[f

E16.

-ISH'.]

n.

:.

n.':

after

bullock-puncher

bullocks;

Armona

custard-apple,

lungwort

& NZ

Austral.

bullock's heart (the

driver;

fruit

of)

W

a

cattle-

Indian fbullock's

a

reticulata',

great mullein, Verbascum thapsus. a. n. (a) adj. like a bullock; having to

&

bullocky

with bullocks; (b)

& NZ)

(Austral.

n.

do

a cattle-driver:

L19.

bullock /'bobk/ BULLY

D.']

E18.

v.

the n., or

[f.

= BULLY D,' obs. Work strenuously

&

v.t.

1

i.

v.i. E18. 2 colloq. intermission. Austral. Force (one's way) heavily. E20.

& NZ

bullous /'bobs/

a.

M19.

Med.

by

Characterized resembling a bulla.

bullrush

var, of

n.

of

alt.

exc. dial.

without 3 v.i.

L19.

"

bulrush,

/'bolzAi/

bullsh

/bolj/

bullshit n, s.v,

n.

+ EYL

-'s'

-I-

trans/.

«. ]

1

=

coarse slang. E20, [Abbrev,]

n.

BULL n.' & a. M16. [Prob.

/'boll/

(MHG

G

buole,

familiarity.)

Now

who

strength

& dial. M16. 2 A person or power to coerce or weaker persons. L17. b A hired ruffian. Now usu, more fully bully-boy. M18, 3 A

uses intimidate

pimp.

arch.

arch. E18.

Comb.: bully-boy

(.']

1

engross (oneself) in (freq. in pass.). lME. 5 Of inanimate agents: cover up or over with material, submerge. M18. 1 Steele My elder Sister buried her Husband about Six Months ago. B. Chatwin There were snowdrops in the graveyard when they buried her. dead and buried: see DEAD a. b Shakes. Temp. I'll break my staff. Bury it certain fathoms in the earth, bury the hatcher. see hatchet n. bury the tomahawk: see tomahawk n. 2 Sir W. Scott To retire from the world and bury

.

red,

of

[Alt.

fully

tackle.

M19.

also of

lME.

r

More

Spanish burton: see SPANISH

buru bury

2 Spenser Poyson Made him to swell, that nigh his bowells brust. S. Sassoon A bomb burst in the water. Day Lewis A gigantic wave had just burst on the fo'c'sle. J. Bowen Bubbles on a tarred roof, which grew, and burst, and grew again. P. F. Boller There was a loud ripping sound; the seam of his trousers had burst, bursting at the seams: see seam n.' bursting

man, n no, p pen,

1

handy two-block

slang (orig. RAF). Also B-. M20. [Origin uncertain: perh. f Burton ale B«rron-on-Trent, a town in Staffordshire, f. England.] go for a burton, be killed, destroyed, ruined, or lost.

-ed,

v.i.

.

Naut.

v.

burton-tackle. E18. 2 Athwartship stowage of casks etc. Also a-burton adv. (tackle).]

light

brast /brast/.

f 1 Break suddenly, snap, crack. OE-E19. 2 Fly apart or into pieces or break open with expansion of contents or release of pressure; split; explode; (of a cloud etc.) release rain with sudden force; (of a door) fly open suddenly. OE. 3 Issue suddenly (as if) by breaking restraint or overcoming resistance; break out suddenly or forcibly. OE. b Of thoughts, emotions, find (sudden) etc.: utterance or manifestation. M16. 4 Force one's way through, out, into, etc., come or appear suddenly, intrude. ME. 5 Be full to overflowing (with); be imable to contain oneself; have an overwhelming desire or urgent need to do something; (of the heart) break. ME. 6 Break out into sudden activity or expression of feelings; exclaim, begin suddenly. Usu. w. into, out.

A

burton

-en

bresta,

its

Austral.

.

bursts.

burst

he would

machine

the view

burst over the Downs after a hare M. Arnold The burst of creative activity in our literature. I. Hay They proceeded to row courses, half courses and short .

.

burster /'b3:st3/ n. E17. [f. prec. + -er'.] 1 A person who or thing which bursts. E17. b spec. A

A .

.

have burst himself

spell of increased activity; a display of

energy, a spurt; a hard gallop. L18. 5 A spree, a drinking-bout; a large meal, collog. .M19. 2 G. Meredith When beech-buds were near the burst. 3 SouTHEY Burst after burst the innocuous thunders brake. P G. Wodehouse She flung her arms round his neck in a burst of remorseful affection. W. BovT> A loud and prolonged burst of applause, b J. AusiKN Here is a fiiie burst of country. 4 Thackeray

.

crowded Bams. Defoe Water, with which

A

3

.

.

act or the result of bursting

splitting.

.

.

Marlowe Whose chariot-wheels have burst the Assyrians' bones. Tennyson Many a heel against the pavement echoing burst their drowse. 10 Milton Cramm'd and gorged, right burst With suck'd and glutted offal. Dryden That Crop bursts the

branch II the vb.] fll Damage, injury, harm.

(.

.

force of the explosion burst the water tanks C. Fry One day I shall burst my bud Of calm, and blossom into hysteria, burst one's sides: see side n. 8 Shakes. 7 Hen. VI Open the gates unto the Lord Protector, Or we'll burst them open. A. F. Douglas-Home A crowd burst the barriers and swarmed across the route, burst its banks (of a river etc.) break through or overflow its banks and cause flooding. 9 C.

Purse-shaped.

]

.

.

bursectomy

bursiform

.

(esp.

A

in

.

split;

bourse or med.L BURSA; in sense 2 cf. bourse.] 1 purse, esp. as the designation of cne of the official insignia of

or academic hall. L16. 2 the Burse Hist, the Royal Exchange

.

disrupt with internal pressure, rupture, cause to

lME. [(0)Fr

/b3:s/ n.

.

HtnaEY TTie taper will burst again into full flame. J. Gary She burst into tears and called for her mama. K. Amis Bowen burst into song. II v.t. 7 Cause to fly apart or into pieces,

M18.

burse

a container will

was something that was just bursung to be said. Day Lewis Plums bursting with ripeness. S. Hill She was bursting to talk now. 6 Spenser The wisard brusting forth in laughter, to her sayd. B. Jowett The crew of his own trireme also burst out laughing. T. H.

to a bursar or

bursary.

bursary

which

at

burst (usu. transf.). burst in(w) shivers: see SHIVER n.' i. 3 Bunyan What sighs and groans brast from Christians heart. Tennyson A river Ready to burst and fill the world with foam. 4 S. O'FaolAin The weeds bursting through the gravel. V. Brittain Winifred Holtby burst suddenly in upon this morose atmosphere of ruminant lethargy. 5 AV Prov. 3:10 Thy presses shall burst out with new wine G. B. Shaw It

of a college etc. lME. 2 A student who holds a bursary. Orig. Sc. M16. estates bursar, see 1 domestic bursar, see domestic a. i

London.

The gadfly. burrito b.\'ri:t3o

.

bury

304

millstone or whetstone of this. M17. 4 A kind of limestone used for building, containing hard siliceous inclusions, dial. E19. 5 A mass of

herself in the recesses of the cloister. A. B. Ellis TTie natives had buried their own differences and united .

J

.

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, d this,

ij

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

Bui-yat pieces of gold. T. A. is that of burying nuts,

.

buried 3000

[of

the jay) inedible .

.

even

or

acorns,

.

objects, burying beetle = sexton beetle, bury one's head in the sand: see SAND n. 4 Byron Bury your steel in the bosoms of Gath. S. Leacock So buried in his own thoughts that he was oblivious of our approach. J. Cheever He buried his nose in the paper. 5 O. SiTWELL Vesuvius has doubtless in its time buried town after town. R. P. Jhabvala Some of the older houses would collapse and bury the people inside. burying vbl n. (a) the action of the vb (burymg-ground, -place, a cemetery); (h) (now dial.) a burial, a funeral:

Buryat n. bus /bAs/

var.

ME. of Buriat.

Also (now rare) 'bus; (sense 4) buses, *busses. E19. [Abbrev. of OMNIBUS.] 1 A large passenger road vehicle running on a fixed route. E19. 2 Any conveyance, as a motor car, aeroplane, etc. colloq. H9. 3 A hand-pushed trolley used esp. for carrying dishes etc. in a cafeteria. N. Amer. M20. 4 Computing. = HIGHWAY ic. M20.

buss.

I

n.

PI.

miss the

bits:

see Miss

v.'

Comb.: busbar an electrical conductor serving as a connection between several circuits, esp. in a generating station; busboy N. Amer. a waiter's assistant who clears tables etc.; a person who pushes a

common

trolley carrying dishes etc. in a cafeteria; busconductor (a) the conductor of a bus; (b) = busbar above; bus-conductress a female bus-conductor; bus

lane a

mainly for the use of buses; busman a driver of a bus (busman's holiday, a period of leisure time spent in the same kind of occupation as one's regular work); bus shelter a roadside shelter affording protection from the weather to passengers awaiting buses; bus station: see station «.; bus-stop a place at which a bus regularly stops; busway a bus lane, spec, one with means to guide the movement of traffic-lane

buses.

bus

/bAs/

&

M19.

-S-, *-ss-.

V.' Infl.

[{.

the n.]

1

with If. Go by bus. M19. 2 v.t. spec. (US) to a school in a area in order to counteract racial segregation. Chiefly N. Amer. M20. b Carry or remove (dishes etc.) in a cafeteria etc., clear fi'om tables; clear (a table in a cafeteria etc.) of dishes etc. US. M20. v.i.

t.

Transpon by bus, different

fbus v.- var. of BOOST busby /'bAzbi/ n. mi8. v.''

[Origin unkn.] fl A bushy wig. M18 L19. 2 A tall fur hat forming part of the dress uniform of hussars, artillerymen, and guardsmen. E19. large

busbied

buscarl

a.

wearing

busby E20.

a

Long obs. exc. Hist. Also butsecarl /'bAtsiku:!/. OE. [ON biizukarl.] A seaman,

bush

/'bAska:l/

n.

a sailor.

/buj/

BOSK.

ME.

n.'

[Partly

f.

busk

/bAsk/. See also OFr. bos, base vars. of bois

(dial.)

New

rural areas, esp. in Australia, Africa. M17. 1 beat about the bush: see BEAT k.'

15. a.

STAG

RAG

I. caustic bush: see caustic take the rag off the bush: see

Zealand, or

burning bush: see

BURNING

i.

stag bush: see

n.' 3 Proverb: needs no bush. 7 go bush Austral, leave one's usual surroundings (for the country), run wild native bush: see NATrvE a. Sydney or the bush: see

Good wine Sydney

2

Comb.: bushbaby a small tree-dwelling African primate of the subfamily Galaginae (family Lorisidae); bush basil: see basil i; bush-bean N. Amer. the kidney bean; bushbuck a small African antelope, Tragelaphus scriptm, red-brown with white chest-band and spots, bush NZ the burning of bush on cultivable land, land so cleared; bush canary /I usrra/.

bum

& NZ

& NZ

an untrained or unskilled carpenter; bush-cat the serval; bush clover = lespedeza; bush cow (a) a wild cow of the bush; (fc) a tapir; bushcraft livmg in the bush; bush cranberry: see skill in cranberry 2; bush-cricket: sec cricket «.'; bush-eel dial, a snake, esp. as food; bush-fighting hghting in the bush, guerrilla warfare; bushfire a fire in the bush

Austral.

(sense 7); bush-fly a pestiferous Australian

Musca

bush-harrow

vestusissima;

n.

&

fly,

v.t.

esp.

(Hist.)

(harrow etc. with) an agricultural implement underneath which bushes are interwoven, for harrowing grassland or covering in seed; bush hen NZ the weka; bush jacket a belted cotton jacket; bush lawyer NZ & Austral, (a) the New Zealand bramble, Rubus aiistralis; (h) a layman pretending to legal knowledge; an argumentative person; bush league N. Amer. a minor league of a professional sport, orig. spec. baseball, bush-league a. (N. Amer. colloq.) inferior, minor, unsophisticated; bush-leaguer N. Amer. a player in a bush league; bushline the altitude above which bush does not grow; bushmaster a large venomous viper, Lachesis muta, of tropical America; called

also

bush-pig

surticucu;

(a)

a

long-haired

southern African wild hog, Potamochoerus porcus; (b) NZ a wild pig; bush poppy N. Amer. a yellowflowered shritb of the poppy family, Dendromecon rigida, native to California and Mexico; bushranger Hist, an Australian brigand living in the bush; bush-ranging Hist, living as a bush-ranger, bush-rat any of various small rodents; bush-rope a tropical vine or creeper, bush shrike any African shrike of the subfamily Malaconotinae; bush shirt = bush jacket above; bush-sick a. (chiefly NZ) suffering from bushsickness; bush-sickness (chiefly NZ) disease of animals due to cobalt deficiency in soil; bush tea: made from the dried leaves of certain shrubs and used medicinally in southern Africa; bush telegraph a rapid informal spreading of information, rumour, etc.; bush-tit a N. American tit of the genus Psaltriparus; bushveld veld composed largely of bush; a wooded region in Transvaal; bush vetch a climbing purpleflowered vetch, Vicia sepium, bush wall( Austral. & NZ a tramp or camping expedition in the bush; bushwalk v.i. (Austral. & NZ) go tramping or camping in the bush; bushwhack v.t. & deal with or act in the manner of a bushwhacker; bushwhacker (a) a

NW

;.

backwoodsman; (c) Austral.

US

(b)

& NZ a

a deserter, a guerrilla;

Hist,

person

who

clears land of bush, a

timber-worker.

busher

(N. Amer. colloq.)

n.

E20. bushless

bush

=

bush-leaguer above

M19.

a.

L15. [MDu. busse (Du. bus). Cf. metal lining for an axle-hole or other circular orifice; a perforated plug; a box or bearing in which a shaft revolves; Electr. an

G

/buJ/

A

Biichse.]

insulating sleeve. bushing n. a bush, esp. of an electrically insulating material L19.

bush

/buJ/ t).' ME. [f. BUSH w.'l 1 1 V '- Conceal bush. Usu. in pass, (of oneselO- ME~EI7. 2 & i. (Cause to) grow thick like a bush; (cause to) grow or stick out like a bush. L15. 3 v.t. Protect or support with bushes. E17. 4 v.t. w. ti & t. Camp in the bush. Austral. & NZ. E19. in a

Also

wood, partly f ON buski, f. Gmc base repr. also by OS busc (Du. bos, bosch), OHG busc (G Busch) (corresp. form prob. in OE but not recorded). Sense 7 prob. directly f. Du. bosch.] 1 A shi^b or clump of shrubs with stems of moderate length. ME. b A subshrub; a clump of dwarf shrubs or herbaceous plants. 5c. & north. E16. 2 Thicket; bushy groimd. obs. exc. as coinciding w. sense 7- ^^'^E. 3 A bimch of ivy anciently used as a vintner's sign. lME. 4 A luxunant growth of hair. E16. b Pubic hair, esp. of a woman, slang. E20. fS A bushy mass of foliage, feathers, etc. E16-M17. f 6 A bushy tail; a fox's brush. L16-E17. 7 (An area of) woodland, forest, uncultivated land, the remote

n.

business

305

W. Lane I Coward One habit 3 E.

to repel the invaders.

any of various songbirds; bush carpenter

a cat, a: arm, e bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

y.

v.t.

bush

/boj/

v.'l.

obs.

exc. dial.

lME.

[Perh. f

OFr. buschter knock, beat or f MDu. buuschen (= biuschen) in same sense.] Burt, push. bush /buJ/ ii.-'r. mi6. [f. bush n.-'] Provide with a

MHG

bushed

/bojt/

a.

LI9.

colloq.

[f.

BUSH

n.'

+

1 Lost in the bush; bewildered. Austral. & L19. 2 Tired, exhausted. Chieflv N. Amer.

-ED-.]

L19.

bushel (mod.

morals evolved by the samurai. n. var. of bushy n. Bushman /'bujmon/ n. & a. Also (esp. in sense + MAN n.; sense A.i A. 2) b-. L18. [f. bush

bushie

after

A

Du. boschjesman.]

A

-men. la

PI.

n.

member

of any of various aboriginal southern Aft-ican peoples. L18. b (Any of) the group of languages of these peoples, = San n.' 2. mi 9. 2 A dweller, farmer, or traveller in the bush of Australia or New Zealand. In also, a person who fells timber. M19. B attrib. or as adj. Of or pertaining to the Bushmen or their language. M19. bushman grass Afr. = twaa-grass.

NZ

.S'.

Bushmanoid

type M20.

in physical

bushment aphet.

f.

resembling

(Anthropol.)

a.

bushmanship

/'bujm(3)nt/

n.

lME. [Sense

arch.

n.

AMBUSHMEhJT; sense 2 app.

+ -MENT.]

1

Bushmen

bushcraft L19.

= AMBUSHMENT. LME.

i

bush n.' 2 A masS of f.

bushes. L16.

bushwa

/'bojwa:/ n. N. Amer. slang. Also -wah. E20. [App. euphem. for bullshit n. s.v. bull «.' & a.]

Rubbish, nonsense.

bushy L19.

/'buji/

[f.

BUSH

& NZ. Also bushie. a dweller in the bush.

Austral.

n.

n.'

+

-y".]

bushy

/'buJi/ a. lME. [f. bush n.' + -y'.] 1 Having many bushes; covered with bush. lME. 2 Growing thickly; like a bush. M16.

Comb.

:

bushy-tailed

a.

lively (freq. in bright-eyed

busily

adv.

/'bizili/

with a bushy

and

ME.

alert,

tail; fig.

bushy-tailed).

[f.

busy

a.

+ -ly^]

In a

busy manner.

business /'biznis/ n. [OE + -NESS.] -j-I The state BUSYNESS).

Anxiety;

bisignis,

f.

as

busy

of being busy

a.

(cf.

uneasiness. busily engaged; activity; application, industry; diligent labour. ME-E18. 3 Eagerness; importtinity; officiousness. LME-L16. 4 Attention, care; observance. lME-mi6. 5 Trouble, difficulty; ado; commotion. LME-L17. II The object of concern or activity, f 6 The object of serious effort; an aim. LME-M16. 7 An appointed task; a duty, a province; spec, a particular errand, a cause of coming. lME. 8 Action demanding time and labour; serious work. lME. 9 A habitual occupation, a profession, a trade. L15. 10 A thing that concerns one; a matter in which one may take part. E16. particular matter requiring 11 attention; a piece of work; a job; an agenda. M16. f b A topic, a subject. Only in 17. c difficult matter, colloq. M19. 12 gen. An affair; a concern, a process; a matter; a structure; slang all that is available. Usu. derog. E17. 13 Dealings, intercourse, (with). E17. 14 Theatr. Action on stage (as opp. to dialogue). L17. 15 Trade; commercial transactions or engagements; total

OE

1

2

L16.

The

state

distress,

being

of

A

A

bookings, receipts, house, a firm. H9.

etc.

A

16

E18.

commercial

7 Bin^AN What is your business here so late to Night? W. S. Churchill TTie Pnme Minister believed that the primary business of government was to administer the existing order. 8 Proverb: Business comes before pleasure 9 Carlyle I wished to be a fisherman, and tried that business for a time. 10 M. Leitch What went on in between was their business, none of hers. 1 1 Pope What I act, survey, And learn from thence the business of the day c Carlyle If he had known what a business it was to govern the .

bush.

NZ.

/'buijidoo, bo'Jiidou/ n. L19. [Jap. = military knight's way.] The code of honour and

bushido

/'boKs)!/ boisseau)

A

n.

Sc

= Prov.

v.'

ME.

boissel,

[OFr.

boisell

perh. of Gaulish

A

.

British unit of dry and liquid equal to 8 gallons or 32 quarts (approx.

Abbey. 12 C. Stead The difficult and dangerous business of chmbing on the roof. D. CusACK That

36.4 litres); a US unit of dry measure equal to 4 pecks or 32 quarts (approx. 35.2 litres). ME. 2 loosely. A very large number or quantity. lME. 3 A vessel used as a measure of a bushel, arch. exc. as below. lME. I Winchester bushel: see WINCHESTER I. 3 hide one's light under a bushel conceal one's merits. B v.t. Hide (a light etc.) under a bushel ifig.): see sense A. 3 above, rare. M17.

nasty business in Second Year. They lampooned the Staff in their class paper. Phrases etc.: any other business matters not specifically listed on tlie agenda for a meeting, bad business: see BAD a. big business: see BIG a. business as usual normal trading, proceedings, etc., despite disturbances, do one's business colloq. urinate or

origin.]

measure

«.

1

busheliiil n. as quantity: lME.

much

as a bushel will hold; a large

G

/buj(3)l/ vl't. & i. 175. M19. [Perh. f. do odd jobs.] Mend or alter (clothes). Comb. bushelman, -woman: employed to mend or

bushel bosseln

:

alter clothes.

saw, a run, o put,

u:

too, a ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

.

.

(esp.)

defecate,

.

.

do the business

colloq.

do what is funny

required or expected, achieve the desired result business: see funny a. get down to business serious work, begin in earnest, go about business stop interfering in another's affairs, go (freq. in imper.).

begin

one's away, in business habitually occupied in

trade or commerce; fig. able to begin operations, operational, in the business of engaged or involved in, concerned with, (usu. in neg. contexts), line of

day, so no,

c:

hair,

la

near,

.n

boy, 03 poor, Aia tire, aoa sour

I

busk

intcrtcnng in another's affairs (freq

mmd-

in impt-r.)-

monkty business: see MONKEY n. nobody's business tWAx/. something to an {Itktnobody's business, extr.iordinar\' extraordinarv' degree) on business with a definite purpose, esp. one relating to one's trade or profession send t.a person) about his or her business send see

wniT-i-nvn-biisificiy

way

packing, dismiss,

MIS'I)

v.

ot business:

see

WAY

n.

business card: \Mth one's name and information about one's firm etc business cycle the trade cycle, business end colloq. the working end of a business hours: in which business is tool etc regularly transacted, during which shops or offices are which commercial at lunch: open; business transactions are discussed, businessman: engaged in trade or commerce {the TIRED businessman); business studies the analysis of commercial activities as an academic subject; business suit a lounge suit; businesswoman: engaged in trade or commerce.

Macaui^y The right by which freeholders chose knights of the shire. C. Kingsley They had timed .

b but, d dog,

f

.

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

undertaking, a side issue, an incidental matter. chiefly in by the bye, parenthetically, incidentally. M16. 2 A (sponing) match not listed in the programme; a side event. ei8. 3 Cricket. A run made from a ball that passes the batsman without being struck. M18. 4 Golf. A hole or holes remaining to be played when a match is decided. L19. 5 (The position of) a competitor against whom no opponent has been drawn, and who proceeds to the next round of a sporting competition without a contest. L19. = the Bye Plot s.v. bye a. i leg-bye I the Bye Hist. a bye from a ball that touches the batsman,

We

Now

W

.

.

C. TiiiRLWALL He began by banishing 700 families. J. B. Yeats By ambition the rebel angels fell. M. Twain Owen By his dead smile I knew gas to read by we stood in Hell. Day Lewis A brisk walk, which by a tremendous effort I prevent from degenerating into a ? By lift? trot. D. J. Enright How did he get there By helicopter? A. White I like being admired,

W

No

OE. [ON

b.\i

their journey by the tides. R. Hardy The families of settlers met by arr-angement. d J. P Donleavy sell butter usually by the weight half pound or a pound, e E. A. Freeman By twenties, by hundreds, by thousands, the force gathered. I. C. Smith Stone by stone the castles crumble Bronk The garden grew more tangled year by year. 5 H. Latimer Christe draweth soules unto hym by his bloudy sacrifice. Shakes, j Hen. VI Warwick's brother, and by that our foe. AV Mati. 4:4 Man shall not live by bread alone.

bye

flattered,

Spiritual

and listened and carnal love .

.

men

by

to

way;

Bronowski

J.

are inseparable.

A poem

Also by. M17. [Independent use of one side, out of the subsidiary, incidental, secondary;

a.

ftg-

clandestine.

by

Richardson Nothing can be more bye and

S.

John Donne says that. A. McCowen We were joined by Lapkah and tlie bearers, b J. AusTEN By a former marriage, Dashwood had one son. W. Holtby A grand animal, by Al'j

retained

in

(rarely ce)

sound J (cf. T,

CAB

= Citizens' Advice = Bureau; (US) Civil Aeronautics Board. computer-aided (or -assisted) design. CAF (US) = cost and freight. CAI = computer-aided (or -assisted) instruction. CAL = computeraided (or -assisted) learning. Cal = (large)

Aviation Authority.

cal

calorie,

California.

CAMRA

Real

for

W

Canticles (in Agricultural

the Bible). Policy (of

Community).

Capt.

Cardinal. Carms. Welsh county).

CB

citizens'

now

C

the letter

suppon

body of a

the

its

sound. 2

The shape

of the

having a shape or cross-section like C-spring a C-shaped spring, used to a.

carriage.

II S>Tnbolical uses. 3 Used to denote serial order; applied e.g. to the third group or section, sheet of a book, etc. 4 Mus. (Cap. C.) The first note of the natural major scale (C major), often defined as having a frequency of 256 Hz. Also, the scale of a composition with as its keynote. 5 The third hypothetical person or example. 6 Math. (Usu. Italic c.) The third known quantity; a constant; spec. {Physics) denoting the velocity

C

of

a

in

light

vacuimi.

(Usu.

7

Designatmg the third-highest

cap.

C.)

academic marks, population as regards affluence, etc.). 8 The roman numeral for 100. 9 (Cap. C.) class (of

Designating a range of international standard paper sizes with a fixed shape and twice the area of the next 3

size, as

C-DNA Bwchem.

adopted

Co, Ci, C2, Cs, C4, etc. a form of double-stranded

DNA

presence of certain solvents, more tightly coiled than B-DNA 4 C clef the soprano, alto, or tenor clef middle C: see middle u. 7 C Special Hisi. a member oi ;jn unpaid occasional police force in Northern Ireland. C3 si: '6ri: the lowest grade of medical fitness in the war of 1914 18; colhq unfit, in

the

worthless.

10 Abbrevs.: (A small selection only is given here. Iliose all in caps, or small caps, also occur with a full stop after each letter; some of those all in caps, also occur (i) with initial cap. III

CBE

= before delivery. Order of) the British Confederation of British

Commander

corps

[Fr.]

disc);

CD-I = compact

Cdr.

=

(Mil.)

disc

Commander.

(interactive).

a.);

Paper (second series, 1870 99), C = cancer (in the big C s.v. big {Electr.) capacitance; {Chew. carbon;

centigrade; Channel (as in C4, a television channel); {Panicle Physics/ charge conjugation; cocaine; (Mus.) common time; (Physics) coulomb(s). c. = (Cricket) caught by; cent(s;; centuries; ce:itury; chapter; (Meieorol.) cloudy; cold; colt; cubic, c. = [L] circa about Celsius,

(also CO.). c

=

(as pref.

]

centi-; (Particle Physics)

= CHARM n.' 4. c/- (Austral. & NZ) = care of © = copyright. CA = California; (Sc. & Canad.) chanered accountant. Ca (Chem.) = calcium. ca. = [L] circa about (also c). CAA = Civil b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

CPU

CR

CRC

CRT

CFE

General

C. = Cape; Catholic;

CPT

Cert. Ed. !freq. s3:t'Ed/ Certificate in Education. GET = Central European Time. CF = Chaplain to the Forces; cystic fibrosis. Cf (Chem.) = californium, cf. = [L] confer compare, cf. = carried forward.

Conservative.

in small caps.)

CPRE

certificate; certified.

Command

(ii)

CGA

(system).

CH ch.

CSC

=

CSE

CSM

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

CST CSU

CT

curie. CIA (US) = Central Agency. CID = Criminal Department; (Hist.) Committee of Imperial Defence. CIE = Companion of (the

CAT

Intelligence Investigation

man, n no, p pen,

Corson Stoughton

in finely-divided form for riot control etc.; Court of Session. Cs (Chem.) = = Civil caesium, c/s = cycles per second. Service Commission; Conspicuous Service Cross. (Hist.) = Certificate of Secondary Education. CSI = Companion of (the Order of) the Star of India. CSIRO = Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization. = Company Sergeant-Major. (N. = Civil Amer.) = Central Standard Time. = (Med.) computed (or Service Union. above); computerized) tomography (cf.

centimetre-gram-second = Companion of Honour. Ch. =

=

Ci

US

compound used

cgs =

CHP

India.

gas)

) & R. W. 5toughton chemists], (name of) an irritant

Corson (1896-

(gas) [B. B.

(1906-57),

chapter; chestnut. Chas. = Charles. Ch. B = [L] Chirurgiae Baccalaureus Bachelor of Surgery. Ches. = Cheshire. Ch. M. = [L] Chirurgiae Magister Master of Surgery. = combined heat and power. Chr., Chron. = Chronicles (in the Bible). CI = Channel Islands; (Hist.) Order of the Crown of

Church,

CS

Civil Service; (also

CGM

CGS

Staff,

CPR

CPO

for Particle Physics), cert.

CFC =

Staff.

Officer;

CPA

Civil

CERN

= =

Naval

Commanding

= =

CP

CEGB

European Laboratory

Colorado;

CNS

= Research. Coy. (esp. AW.) = Company. Province; (Particle Physics) Cape charge conjugation and parity; Communist Party; (Austral.) Country Party, cp. = [L] compara (US) = compare, cp. = candlepower. certified public accountant. Cpl. = Corporal. = Chief Petty Officer. = Canadian = Council for the Pacific Railway. = Protection of Rural England. cps. (Computing) characters per second; cycles per second. CPSA = Civil and Public Services (Particle Physics) = charge Association. = conjugation, parity, and time reversal. (Chr. Ch.) = central processing unit. Community of the Resurrection. Cr. = Councillor; creditor. Cr (Chem.) = chromium. = camera-ready copy. Cres. = Crescent, = cres., cresc (Mus.) = crescendo. cathode-ray tube. CS = chartered surveyor;

=

Engineer, ce = Common (or Christian) Era. Ce (Chem.) = = cerium. Central Electricity = Board. chartered Generating C.Eng. = engineer. /s3:n/ [Fr.] Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire European Nuclear Organization for Research (later

England;

=

CNG

= comer.

CORE

CD-ROM /si:di:'rDni/ = compact disc (with) read-only memory. CDT (N. Amer.) = Central Daylight Time. CDTV = compact = CD-video. CE = disc television. CDV of

CND).

Testament); (US) comer. (US) = Congress of Racial Equality. Corp. = Corporal; (N. Amer.) Corporation. COS = Chief of Staff. COSPAR /'kauspa:/ = Committee on Space

Commodore.

Church

of

gas. cnr.

COM

diplomatique

Cdre.

(the

COHSE

diplomatic corps. Cd. = Command Paper (third series, 1900-18). Cd (Chem.) = cadmium, cd caridela.

of

COD

CD

compact

series,

conscientious objector. Co (Chem.) = cobalt. Co. = Company (and Co. /ksu/ (colloq.), and the rest of them, and similar things, etcetera); = cash (or (US) County, c/o = care of. collect) on delivery; Concise Oxford Dictionary. C. of E. = Church of England. /'kauzi/ = Confederation of Health Service Employees. CGI = Central Office of = Colonel; Colorado; Information. Col. Colossians (New Testament), col. = column. = computer output on microfilm or microfiche. Comp", Compa = Company (esp. on banknotes). Conn. = Connecticut. Cons. = = Corinthians (New Conservative. Cor.

CC

= College of chlorofluorocarbon. Further Education, eg = centigram(s). = (Computing) = colour graphics adapter. = Conspicuous Gallantry Medal. centimetre-gram-second (system); Chief of the

only,

CO

= = =

CBW

supporter

or

central nervous system; Chief of the

of (the

CBS

Industry.

(fourth

Companion

CMV

compressed natural

System. chemical and biological warfare, weapons. = City Coimcil; Companion of (the Order of) Canada; County Council(lor); Cricket Club, cc = carbon copy; cubic centimetre(s). = Civil Defence; compact disc, compact disc player (CD-video, system of simultaneously a reproducing sound and video pictures from a Broadcasting

Paper

=

of) St

member

Bath; (Chem.,

CBI

Empire.

CMC

CND

(radio);

the

Cb

=

Cm

Command

CBC = Canadian CBD (US) = cash

= columbium.

Hist.)

Columbia

lener. 2 C-shaped

band

Companion (of the Order) of confined, confinement, to barracks.

cl.

C.Lit. = Coimcillor.

Michael and St George. Cmnd. = Paper (fifth series 1956-86). (Med.) = cytomegalovirus. CNAA = Coimcil = for National Academic Awards. Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CNDer, a

Order

CAT

catholic.

chlorine,

centilitre (s).

Cmdr. = Commander. Cmdre. =

Commodore.

(former CAS = Chief of the Air (Force) /kat/ = (chiefly Hist.) College of Staff. Advanced Technology; (Med.) computed (or axial (or computer-assisted) computerized) tomography (cf. CT below). Cath. = cathedral;

=

=

cl

Command

=

1918-56).

European Card. =

the

CI (Chem.) =

= Member of

Cmd.

Common

=

clause,

of Literature. Cllr. = the Order of Canada. (Chem.) = curium. Cm. = Command Paper (sixth series, 1986- ). cm = centimetre (s).

= Captain. = Carmarthenshire

cees, C's, Cs. 1 1 TTie letter and

C

CAP

Justice.

class;

CM

Can.

Ale.

Chief

Companion

=

/'kamrs/

= Canada; Canadian, c & b ^Cricket) = caught and bowled = country and western. Cant. = by. C &

Campaign

Broadcasting Corporation.

(iv)

Commonwealth

(small) calorie. Cal., Calif.

Cambridgeshire.

C.-in-C. = commander-in-chief CIS = of Independent States. CJ =

Staff.

= Camb. = Cambridge. Cambs. = =

ch is in effect a separate consonant: see bef. the beginning of the ch- wds. (v) In adoptions from other langs. may retain the foreign pronunciation {ceilidh, cello). PI. t).

of) the Indian Empire, c.i.f. = cost, insurance, freight (as being included in a price). CIGS (Hist.) = Chief of the Imperial General

Order

CAD

Connecticut. Ct. cent.

J

CTC

=

= Count; Court, City

ct.

Technology

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 6 this, 0 ring,

tj

=

carat;

College;

chip, d3 jar

ca'

CU

Cambridge Cyclists' Touring Club. University. Cu (Chem.) = [L] cuprum copper. CU. = cubic. Cumb. = Cumberland (former = Cambridge University English county). = = curriculum vitae. c.v. Press, Commander of the Royal Victorian Order. CVS = {Med.) = chorionic villus sampling. chemical warfare, weapons; continuous wave. = = Commonwealth, c.w.o. cash with Cwlth. = Cooperative \X'holesale Society, order. = [L centum hundred] hundredweight. cwt

CUP

CVO

CW

CWS

ca'

see call

n., V.

Caaba

n., v.

Brazil, a forest consisting of

thorny shrubs and

stunted trees.

cab

/kab/ n} E19. [Abbrev. of cabriolet] la A hackney carriage. E19. b A taxi. Also L19. 2 A driver of a cab. M19. 3 A

Hist.

taxi-cab.

compartment

shelter or

&

Phrases

comb.

for the driver of a train,

M19.

lorry, crane, etc.

cabman

:

man who

a

drives a cab.

cab-rank, -stand a place where cabs are authorized to wait, spy in the cab: see spy n.

f cab n.^ see kab. cab /kab/ v.i. &

(w.

i.

Ind. -bb-. M19.

it).

[{.

cab

Travel in or drive a cab.

caba

/ks'ba:/

n.

M19.

/ka'bais/.

[Fr.

Chiefly US. Also cabas cabas basket, paimier.] A

small satchel or handbag,

fcabaia

see kebaya.

n.

cabas n. var. of caiia. cabbage /'kabids/ n.' lME. head,

caboche origin.]

/ka'bal/ n. & v. li6. [Fr. cabale f med.L cab(b)ala (It., Sp. cabala): see cabbala.] A «. f 1 = CABBALA. L16-M18. 2 A secret intrigue, a conspiracy; petty plotting, arch. E17. 3 A secret meeting (of intriguers), arch, mi 7. 4 A pohtical

cabal

m

B

v.t. Infl. -U-. Combine (together) for some private end (usu. derog.); intrigue {against). L17. caballer n. a person who cabals, an mtriguer L17.

my

a noctuid moth, Mamcstra brassicae, whose larvae are pests of cabbages; cabbage palm any of various palms having edible terminal buds or other similarities to the cabbage, esp. (a) either of two tall W. Indian palms, Roystonca oleracea and Sabal palmetto, with edible buds; (b) an Australian palm, Livisiona australis, with large leaves used to make hats, etc.; cabbage rose an old double garden rose, Rosa centifoUa, with a large round compact flower; cabbage tree any of

various tropical trees suggesting cabbages, esp. = cabbage palm above, or (N2^ a tree of the agave family, Cordyline australis, with narrow leaves crowded at the top of the stem; cabbage white a white pierid butterfly whose larvae feed on cabbage-leaves, esp. the large white, Piens brassicae.

cabbage-like a. resembling cabbagy a. M19.

of cabbala.

dim.

M19.

n.

of cob{b)ola

[It.,

stanza,

caballada

/kaba'ljaida/ n. US. See also CAVAVARD. M19. [Sp., f caballo horse.] A drove of horses or mules,

caballero Fr.

/kabs'ljEirau/

chevalier.

It.

M19. [Sp. = see CAVALIER «.] A

PI. -os.

n.

cavaliere:

Spanish gentleman,

caballine /'kabalAm/

a.

lME. [L

caballinus,

i.

caballus horse: see -ine'.] Equine,

caballine fountain [L

the fountain

forts caballinus]

Hippocrene (see Hippocrene).

caban

/ka'bam/

n.

L17. [(Pers. f ) Arab, kaba'.]

A type of coat or ttmic worn esp. by Arab men. cabana /ka'baina/ n. Chiefly US. Also -n/-nj-/. L19. [Sp. cabana late L capanna, cavCABIN.] A cabin; spec, a shelter at a beach or f.

swimming

pool,

/ka'ba:n/ n. M19. [Fr.: see cabin ] 1 A hut, a cabin. Fr. Canad. M19. 2 A pyramidal structure supporting the wings of an aircraft. E20. /'kabsrei; in sense i also foreign kabare

[(0)Fr., orig. Walloon & Picard, f. MDu. var. of camaret, camhret {. OPicard camberet little room.] 1 A public house in France etc. mi 7. 2 An entertainment provided in a restaurant etc. while customers are at table; a restaurant, nightclub, etc., providing such entertainment. E20. {pi.

same)/

a cat, u: arm,

n.

e

M17.

bed,

a:

her,

cabbage M19.

tailor, slang.

L17-E18.

/'kabidj/ v} Sense i also f caboche. lME. [Fr. cabocher, i. caboche (see CABBAGE «.') or direcdy f. cabbage «.'] 1 v.t. Cut off' (a deer's head) close behind the horns; cut olT the head of (a deer) so. lME. f 2 v.i. Of the horns of a deer: grow to a head. Only in E16. 3 v.t. In pass. Be formed into a head like a cabbage. L16. 4 v.i. Of a

cabbage, lettuce,

etc.:

form

a head. E17.

/'kabidj/ v.- 1. & ei8. [f. cabbage n.-: cf OFr. cabas deceit, theft, Du. kabassen pilfer.] Pilfer (orig. pieces of cloth), appropriate surreptitiously.

H

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

d:

Mencken The

L.

cabbaged most of

cabbala

&

kabbala,

[med.L

quacks

.

.

in

all

probability

'kabsb/

sense

(in

i)

n.

Also

w. cap.

cabala,

initial.

ei6.

f rabbinical Heb. qabbdldh

cab{b)ala

receive, accept.] 1 The mystical Jewish tradition, first transmitted orally, of which the Zohar (13th cent.) is the basic text. E16. 2 gen. fa (An) oral tradition. M-L17. b (An) esoteric doctrine; (a) mystic interpretation; occult lore. M17. cabbalism n. the system of the Jewisii cabbala; (an) esoteric doctrine, occult lore: L16 cabbalist n. one versed in the Jewish cabbala or in mystic arts M16. tradition,

esoteric

qibbel

f.

and

cabba'listic a. pertaining to or of the nature of the cabbala or cabbalists; having a private or mystic sense: E17. cabba'listical a. L16 cabba'listically adv. M17.

cabby

/'kabi/ n. driver of a cab. /'keibs/

colloq.

n.

Sc.

E16. [Gael.,

-y".]

A

cabar.]

A

+

M19. [f cab Ir.

roughly trimmed tree-tnmk, esp. one with a slightly tapered end used in Highland Games. tossing the caber the sport of throwing such a treetrunk.

Cabernet M19.

[Fr.]

/'kabsnei, foreign kaberne/ several vines yielding)

(Any of

n.

a

used in wine-making; red wine these grapes. Cabernet Franc /frfi, ha/, Cabernet Sauvignon /'s3uvinjDn,/orei^i sovijiS/: two of the chief varieties.

black

grape

made from cabildo -30z/.

/ka'bildo,

E19.

[Sp.

saw, a run, o put,

u:

f

ka'bildau/ n. PI. -os /-os, late L capitulum chapter-

too, a ago,

ai

my, au how,

ei

n.

A town

]

and

or town

hall

Spanish-speaking

countries.

cabin /'kabm/ n. & v. ME. [(0)Fr. cabane (. Prov. cabana = It. capanna f late L capanna, cavanna.] A w. 1 A room or compartment in a ship,

spacecraft,

aircraft,

housing

for

etc.,

passengers, crew (in an aircraft), or cargo. ME. fb A berth in a ship. L16 M18. f 2 A temporary shelter; a booth. lME M19. 3 A permanent habitation of rough or rudimentary construction; a poor dwelling. lME. f 4 A small room; a cell. EI 7. f5 A natural cave or grotto; an animal's den. L18. A litter for carrying a person. L16 M17. f7 A political cabinet. Usu. attrib. M-L17. 8 A driver's cab; the enclosed compartment of a crane, lorry, etc. M20. ladies' cabin: sec lady n. & a. outside cabin: see I OUTSIDE a. pressure cabin: see PRESSURE n. Comb.: cabin-boy: attending to officers or passengers on a ship; cabin class an intermediate class of accommodation on a passenger ship; cabin crew: attending to passengers and cargo on an aircraft; cabin cruiser a power-driven vessel equipped with a cabin and living accommodation; cabin fever N. Amer. colloq. lassitude, irritability, etc., resulting from long confinement or isolation in one's home etc. during the winter. B z). 1 v.i. & t. Dwell or lodge (as) in a cabin; take or give shelter (as) in a cabin. L16. 2 v.t. Confine in a small space; cramp. Chiefly as cabined ppl a. EI 7.

lME

lME

cabinet

/'kabmit/

&

n.

by Fr. cabinet chest of drawers ] infl.

v.

It.

f.

\

M16. [f. prec. + -et', gabinetto closet, press,

n.

I

gen.

receptacle, a repository. Chiefly

A

f

fig.

1

A

secret

M16-L17. 2

case or cupboard with drawers, shelves,

for storing or displaying objects.

containing a

M16. b

radio

or

A

etc.,

piece

television

M20. 3 A small chamber; a private room. arch. M16. f4 A small cabin; a tent; a rustic lodging; an animal's den. L16-M17. fS A summer-house; a bower. L16 M18. f6 A room devoted to the display of works of art; a gallery. receiver etc.

L17-L18. II Polit.

(f.

sense

3).

(Usu. C-.) 7 The council-

chamber in which the inner circle of a Government meet; the world of politics, arch. EI 7. 8 A committee of senior ministers responsible for determining Government poHcy. M17. j-9 A meeting of a Cabinet. E18-E19. 8 inner cabinet: see INNER a. Comb.: Cabinet Council arch. - senses 8, 9 above; cabinet-maker a person who makes cabinets, a skilled loiner; cabinet-making the activity or occupation of a cabinet-maker, Cabinet Minister a member of the Cabinet, cabinet organ (a) a reedorgan

their victims' property.

/ks'bails,

house: see chapter council in Spain

of furniture

/'kabids/ mi 7. [Ongin unkn.] 1 Shreds (or larger pieces) of cloth appropriated by tailors in cutting out clothes. M17. t2 A

caber

cabane

cabaret

(that of) a

cabbage

var. of couplet f OProv. cohla i. I, coPliLA.] Mus. A simple aria with a repetitive rhythm; the imiformly quick final section of an aria, coboletta

4

slang (chiefly N. Amer.). E20. Chinese cabbage, Kcrguctcn cabbage, red cabbage. Savoy cabbage, etc. cabbage [tr. Fr. won chou] my dear, my darling. 3 Guardian I stayed at home for nearly a year. It was awful. I became a cabbage. Comb., cabbage-bark (the bark or timber of) the angelin, Andira inemm; cabbage butterfly ~ cabbage white below; cabbage-head fig. a stupid person; cabbage-looking: see be not so green as one is cabbagelooking s.v. green a.; cabbage lettuce a variety of lettuce with broad rounded leaves forming a more or less globular head close to the ground; cabbage moth 1

cabbage

2 Burke Centres of cabal. W. Irving Cabals breaking out in the company. 3 Marvell Is he caball in his cabinet! sett. 4 G. B Shaw The radical cabal in the cabinet which pursues ray family with rancorous class hatred

L19.

Money,

Lauderdale). M17.

/kaba'lets/

of unkn. or hean

green culinary vegetable; a plant of this species. Also (w. specifying wd), any of various related or otherwise similar plants. lMH. 2 'ITie edible terminal bud of a cabbage palm or other palm. M17. 3 A brainless person; someone utterly lacking interests or ambition, or reduced by

cabbage

n. var.

(Picard)

formed by the leaves of a cultivated variety of the cruciferous plant Brassica oleracea, used as a

committee of five ministers under Charles 11 whose surnames happened to begin with C, A, B, A, and L (Clifford, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and

cabaletta

caboce,

The compact round head

1

clique, a faction; spec. (C-) a

cabala

of OFr.

vai.

[OFr.

illness to inactivity, a 'vegetable', colloq.

of Kaaba.

n. var.

caa'ing whale n. phr. var. of ca'ing whale. caatinga /'kaitirjga/ n. M19. [Pon. f Tupi, f cad natural vegetation, forest + tinga white.] In

n.']

Cable

313

=

in a case

resembling that of an upright piano;

(b) a chamber or portative organ; cabinet photograph: measuring approximately six by four inches; cabinet piano a small upright piano; cabinet pudding a steamed pudding made with dried fruit; ca.'nict scraper: see SCRAPER 3, cabinet-work fine

himiture, skilled joinery.

B

v.t. Infl. -t-,

*-tt-. Enclose (as) in a cabinet.

M17.

Cabistan cable

n.

&

a. var.

/'keib(3)l/ n.

of Kabistan.

ME. [AN, ONFr.

var.

of

Prov. cable) f. late L cap{u)lum halter, assoc. w. L capere seize, hold; reinforced by (M)LG, (M)Du. kabel {. Proto- Romance ] 1 A strong thick rope of hemp or wire. ME. 2 Naui. A strong rope or studded link chain attached to an anchor. lME. b More fully cable length. A unit of length of 200 yards. M16. 3 (A length of) material in the form of an insulated wire or wires sheathed in a protective casing (orig. of wire strands, now also of plastic etc.), and used for carrying electric signals and electric power. M19. b A cablegram. L19. c In full cable television, TV. The system of transmitting television signals by cable, usu. to the receiving sets of individual subscribers. M20. 4 Archit. More fully cable moulding. An ornamental moulding that looks like rope. M19. 5 In full cable pattern, stitch. A pattern or stitching in knitting or embroidery that looks like twisted rope. L19.

OFr. chable (mod.

day, ao no,

e:

hair,

la

near,

.ii

cable

(.

boy, oa poor,

ais tire,

aoa sour

cable 2

SUP

see

v.'

3

END

cable's end: see

n.

7b COAXIAL cable. CON'CENTRIC cable, jumper cable: sec MPER n.' paper cable: see PAPER n. & a. pilot cable: see PILOT n. 5. standard cable: see standard a. Comb.: cable-car: moved by an endless cable; cable-laid a. (of rope) having three triple strands; cable length: sec sense 2b above; cable moulding: see sense 4 above, cable panem: see sense 5 above; cable railway: with cars or carnages drawn along an endless cable moved by a fixed engine; cable stitch: see sense 5 above, cable telet'ision. Tl': see sense 3c above; JI

cablex-ision cable television (see sense 3c above); cableway a transporting-s>'stem with a (usu. elevated) cable.

cablegram n. a message by telegraphic cable Mi 9. cable-'ese, cab'lese n. the contracted or cryptic st>'le of expression used cablegrams M20. cablet 'keiblit n. a small cable or cable-laid rope, spec, one of less than ten mches circumference L15.

m

m

cable

v. ei6. [f. the n.] 1 v.t. Provide or equip with a cable or cables; fasten (as) with a cable, ne up. E16. 2 v.i. Archil. Ornament with cable moulding. M17. i v.t. & Transmit (a message) or transmit a message to (a person) by telegraphic cable. L19. 4 v.t. Provide with or equip for cable television. L20. cabler n. L19.

'keib(3)l

i.

cabob n. see kebab. caboceer kaba'sia/ cabo head: cf. -EER.] \-illage or tribe.

t caboche

of a

W.

African

dim. of caboche: see CABBAGE

n.',

mi6. [(0)Fr., -OON.] (A gem)

faceted. See also en cabochon.

ks'bsukbu/ n. PI. -os. E19. [Brazilian Pon., perh. f Tupi Kaa-boc one who has the

copper.] An American Indian descended from the abonginals of Brazil. Also, a Brazilian of mixed White and Indian or Indian

of

and Black ancestry. [Perh. f

k3'bu:d(3)l/

kit

and

the ivhole (kit

n.

slang (orig. US). M19.

boodle

boodle: see kit

and) caboodle, the

lot,

n.

i.]

everyone, the

whole number or quantity.

caboose

n.

.

caboshed

ks'bojt a. Also caboched, cabossed ks'bost \ L16. [f Fr. caboche pa. pple of cabocher: see CABBAGE i;.', -ED'.] Her. Of the head of a stag, bull, etc.: shown full-faced and CUV off close behind the ears.

cabotage

'kab3ta:3, -ids, n. M19. [Fr., f caboier coast along (a place), perh. ult. f Sp. cabo CAPE fi.': sec -AGE.] 1 Coastal trade. M19. 2

reservation to a country of (esp. air) traffic

operation withm

its

territory.

kab.itE n. Fem. -tine -lin PI. pronoimctd same. E20. [Fr. = strolling player, perh. {. as prec. from resemblance to vessels travelling from pon to pon.] A third-rate or

ca'canny

var.

n.

cack-handed

of Kabuli.

CACK

/ka:'kani, Sc.

-'koni/

in :

A

clucking

jackdaw,

var. 0/

n.

cachalote,

]

Sp.,

{.

Pon.

= sperm whale

A

n.

cackler

/kaj/

A

1

A

same), 'kajpot/

(pi.

[Fr., f as prec. + pot pot holder for a flowerpot.

n.']

An

n.

fcacochymy

heterodoxy M19. caco-magician n. an evil sorcerer MI 7. caconym n. an example of bad (scientific) nomenclature or terminology L19.

cacodemon

/kaka'diiman/ n. Also -daemon. [Gk kakodaimon evil genius, f as CACO- + daimdn: see demon n.'] 1 An evil spirit. L16. 2 A malignant or deprecated person. E18. L16.

ornamental

/kajseks {pi. same), 'kajseks/ n. E20. [Fr., f as prec. -1- sexe sex n.] A covering for the genitals.

[Fr., f cacher (in sense ecacher crush) f. ProtoRomance alt. of L coaciare constrain.] 1 seal for letters, documents, etc. rare or obs. E17. 2 characteristic or distinguishing mark; a charaaeristic feature or quality conferring prestige or distinction; high states. M19. 3 small digestible case enclosing a dose of medicine. L19. 1 LETTRE de cachet.

cacodyl

/'kakadAii, -dil/ n. M19. [f Gk kakodes + -yl.] Chem. A malodorous, toxic, spontaneously flammable liquid, tetramethyldiarsine, ((CH3),As)2. Also, the radical (CH3),As-, dimethylarsenic (freq. comb.).

stinking

/'kajei/ n. E17.

now

repr.

in

caco'dylic

A

A

caco'dylate

/ks'ksksia/ /-'ksksi/.

Gk

Also

n.

M16.

Anglicized

[Fr. cachexie or late

kakhexia,

cacoethes

-ATE^.]

L

f.

/'kakineit/

E19.

v.i.

cacography -GRAPHY,

cabri 'kabri, ks'bri:,' n. Canad. L18. [Prob. Fr. = kid f L capra goat, but perh. rep.r an Indian wd.] = pronghom s.v. prong n. cabriole kabn'aol; /oreigw kabri(j)nl {pi same)/ ,

L18. [Fr., f cabnoler, earlier capnoler, f. It. capnolare: see capriole.] 1 springing dance n.

A

m which one le^ is extended and the other brought up to it. L18. 2 Hist. More fully cabriole chair. A kind of small armchair. L18. 3 Chiefly Hisi. = CABRIOLET I L18. 4 A kind of curved leg charactenstic of Chippendale and Queen Anne step

furniture. L19.

/'kabnalei/ n. M18. [Fr., f. as prec. + Chiefly Hist. A light two-wheeled

b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat.

'.

a.

leg,

m

/kaki'neij(3)n/ n. E17. [L {. as prec: see -ation.] Loud or laughter,

li8. [Fr. f Mongolian kas chtlagun precious stone.] An opaque variety of opal. /'kajalori/

/'kaju:, ka'Ju:/

n.

li6. [Fr.

i.

cacophonous

cachucha

cacophony

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we, z zoo,

/ka'kDf(a)nas/

li8.

a.

[f

Gk

i.

/ka'kDf(a)ni/

Gk

caco'phonic(al)

adjs.

[Fr. M17. prec: see

n. f.

as

= cacophonous M19.

cactus

/'kaktas/ n. PI. cacti /'kaktAi/, -uses. E17. [L f Gk kaktos cardoon.] fl = cardoon. E17-E19. 2 succulent plant of the family Cactaceae, with thick fleshy stems, usu. spiny and without leaves, and often brilliantly coloured flowers, mi 8.

A

L19.

red,

kakologta

-I-

kakophonia, -PHONY.] Discordant sound. cacophonie

Soft or flabby substance. L19.

r

M19.

kakophonos ill-sounding, i. as CACO- + phone sound: see -ous.] Discordant in sound; illsounding, cacophonously adv. M19.

lozenge

/ka'tjuitfa/ n. mi9. [Sp.] A lively Spanish solo dance with castanets, cacique /ks'siik/ n. mi6. [Sp. or Fr., f Taino ] 1 A W. Indian or S. American Indian native chief M16. 2 A political boss in Spain or Latin America. L19. caciquism n. government by caciques E20. cack /kak/ n. Now dial. [OE cac- in cachUs (has house), rel. to next.] 1 Excrement, dimg. OE. 2

a.

[Gk

E17.

/'kakamis(a)l/ n. M19. [Amer. Sp. cacomixde f Nahuatl tlacomiztli.] A small racoon of Central America, Mexico, and the southwestern US, belonging to the genus Bassartscus.

Pon. cachu

A

1

cacomistle

n.

f Malay kacu.] 1 = catechu. li6. 2 taken to sweeten the breath. E18.

man, n no, p pen,

Gk

-logy.] f 1 Evil repon. Only in Diets. Only in 17. 2 Bad choice of words; bad pronunciation. L18.

of or connected with loud laughter

cachinnatio(n-),

a.

f.

n.

/ka'koladsi/ n. viruperation, f as caco-

cachinnation

cacky

[L

M16.

li6. [f. caco- + Incorrect spelling; spelling. L16. 2 Bad

/ka'kografi/

after orthography.]

cacology

E19.

cachou

n.

a bad system of handwriting; bad writing. M17. cacographer n. L19 caco'graphical

[L cachinnat-

Laugh loudly

immoderate

/kakau'i:6i:z/

1

stem of cachinnare, of imit. origin: see or immoderately.

pa. ppl

acid,

M19.

kakoithes use as n. of adj. kakoethes ill-disposed, f as CACO- + ethos.] An evil habit; a passion or 'itch' for doing something inadvisable. cacoethes scribendi /skri'btndi:/ an irresistible desire to wnte.

M17.

cachinnate

cacodylic

(CH5),AsO(OH):

/ka'kaoipi, 'kakau-/ n. L19. [Gk kak(o)epia, f as CACO- + epos word: see -y'.] Bad pronimciation (opp. orthoepy).

as

kakos bad + hexis Med. A condition of weakness and wasting due to severe chronic illness. M16. 2 A bad mental condition; a state of depravity. cachexia f

habit: see -ia'.]

cacodyl;

acid,

a salt or ester of cacodylic acid M19.

n.

cacoepy

A

cachexy

of

a.

dimethylarsinic

Now

cachexia

LME-M19. = a. cacochymic E17-M19 [Gk kakokhumia^ an unhealthy state humours LME-M19. ca'codorous a. illn.

of the bodily smelling, malodorous M19. caco'doxical a. (rare) of or pertammg to wrong opinion, heterodox L17. cacodoxy n. (rare) [Gk kakodoxia] a wrong doctrine,

L19.

cache-sexe

'press',

lME.

unhealthy state of the bodily humours

[Fr.,

cache-pot /kajpo

n.

/'kakau/ comb. form. Bef a vowel also cac-. [Repr. Gk kako-, f kakos bad: see -o-.] In wds {. Gk and in Eng. wds modelled on these, w. the sense 'bad, evil'. t cacochymic a. pertainmg to or suflfering from an

fcacochymical

/kafpsji/ n. PI. pronounced {. cacher to hide + peigne comb ] bow or other trimming for a hat, usu. worn at tlie back. L19.

a chatter.

etc.:

caco-

/ka'kektik/ a. E17. [Fr. cachectique or L cachecticus, i. Gk kakhektikos: see cachexia, -ic] Of or penaining to cachexia; characterized by or affected with cachexia. Also cachectical a. (now rare or obs.) E17.

same.

ME. fb Of

starling,

Of

v.i.

the point.

i.

n. & v. li8. [Fr., f cacher to hide.] hiding place for goods, provisions, ammunition, treasure, etc. L18. 2 A hidden store of provisions etc. M19. 3 An auxiliary computer memory from which high-speed retrieval is possible. Also cache memory. M20. B v.t. Place or

cache

after

similar

its

A

mi8. [Fr.,

cachola big head

i.

make

a person: be full of noisy chatter; laugh spasmodically or in a loud and silly maimer. ME. 3 v.t. Utter with or express by cackling. ME. B «. I The cackling of a hen or goose. ME. 2 Idle chattering; noisy inconsequential talk. L17. spasmodic or loud and silly laugh. M19. 3 2 cut the cackle colloq. (stop talking and) come to

cockroach.

n.

made

characteristically

magpie,

ME-L17. 2

fat extracted from the seeds of cacao or related trees, in confectionery manufacture; cacao tree = sense 2 above.

/'kajalot/

noise

laying an egg. Of a goose: characteristic noise, gaggle.

used esp

cachalot

M19. [f Left-handed;

colloq.

a.

-ED'^]

/'kak(3)l/ v. n. ME. [Prob. i. (M)LG, kakelen, partly of imit. origin, partly f. kake jaw, cheek.] v. 1 v.i. Of a hen: make the

M17. 3 The tree itself M18. cacao bean = sense i above; cacao butter

fcacaroch

+

MDu.

/ks'kaisu, -'kewu/ n. PI. -os. See also COCOA n.' M16. [Sp. f NanuatI cacauatl, i. uatl tree.] 1 The seed of the tree Theobroma cacao, native to tropical America, from which cocoa and chocolate are made. M16. t2 = cocoa n.' 2.

Comb.

n.

&

cackle

cacao

Only

/kak'handid/

+ hand

n.

clumsy.

[f ca'

L19.

n.

of CALL V. (sense 9) + canny adv.] Moderation, caution; the policy of going slow or limiting output at work.

var.

cacholong

cabotinage kabDtinu:3, n. the life and behaviour supposedly characteristic of third-rate actors, Liv

1

&

a.

comb, form see CACO-.

.

iow-class actor.

-et'.]

cac-

cachin'natory

M20.

cabotin

cabriolet

/kak/ v. Now dial. lME. [MLG, MDu. cacken (Du. kakken) f hcacare.] 1 v.i. Defecate. lME. 2 v.t. Void as excrement. L15.

cack

with a folding top. E20.

fCabuli

cachet

Also (now rare) cambkam'bu:s M18. [Du. cabuse, combuse, now kabuis, kombuis, = (M)LG kabuse, of unkn. origin.] 1 A small kitchen on the deck of a ship. M18. b An oven or fireplace erected on land. E19. 2 A hut, a cabin; a poor dwelling. Chiefly .V. Amer. E19. 3 A guard's van on a train; a car for workmen etc. on a goods train. A' Amer. M19. 4 = CALABOOSE, slang (orig. US). M19. 5 A mobile hut or bunk-house. Canad. E20. ks'buis,

bonnet or motor car

cache-peigrte

Caboclo

caboodle

A A

M18. 2 hat shaped hke a cabriolet. L18. 3 chaise.

cachectic

t;.'

poUshed but not

colour

hooded one-horse

store in a cache. E19.

see cabbage

v.

[Port, cabociero, f

ei8.

n.

A headman

caboched a. var. ofcABOSHED. cabochon 'kabsjon a. & n.

The

cactus

314

slip imi's cable:

J

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 6 this,

t)

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

.

cacuminal Comb. cactus dahlia a varicry of dahlia with rolledback flower-rays resembling a cactus flower. cactaceous /kak'teijas/ a. of or pertaining to the family Cactaceae M19 :

cacuminal

[L cadus wine-jar, measure kados cask, jar, of Semitic origin (cf Hcb. kad pitcher).] A cask, a barrel, esp. of

herrings.

Pronounced with the tongue-tip curled up towards the hard palate.

cade

make pointed

summit) +

(f.

a.

-al'.] Phonet.

cad

/kad/ n. li8. [Abbrev. of caddie n. or cadet 1 1 An unbooked passenger taken up by a coach-driver for his own profit. Only in L18. 2 One who takes the fare of or attends to the passengers of a coach; a conductor of a coach or omnibus, obs. exc. Hist. E19. 3 = CADDIE n. 2. arch. M19. 4 A vulgar ill-bred person; a person guilty or capable of ungentlemanly behaviour, a blackguard, mi 9. n.']

cadastral /ks'dastrCa)!/ a. M19. [Fr., f. as next + -al'.] Of or according to a cadastre; having reference to the extent, value, and ownership of land, spec, for taxation; loosely, showing the extent and measurement of every plot of land.

cadastre cadastro

/ks'dasts/

li8.

n.

[Fr.

mod.Prov.

f.

catast{r)o earlier caiasiico

It.

f.

f.

Gk

late

kala slikhon line by showing the extent, value, and ownership, of land for taxation. katastikhon

A

line.]

register,

list,

f.

register of property

cadaver cadere to

/ka'daiva, -'dei-/

n.

lME.

[l^

cadaver,

f.

A corpse.

Chiefly Med.

fall.]

cadaveric

/k3'dav(3)rik/ a. M19. [Fr. cadaverique or f. prec. -I- -ic] Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a corpse.

cadaverine

/k3'dav(3)ri:n/

L19.

n.

as

[f.

CADAVER + -INe\] Chetn. A toxic liquid base, 1,5-diammopentane, H,N(CH,),NH,, formed by the putrefaction of proteins. cadaverous /k3'dav(3)r3s/ a. lME. [L cadaverosus, f. pertaining to,

CADAVER: see -oirs.] resembling a corpse;

as

or

deathly pale, cadaverously adv. M19. cadaverousness

M17.

n.

Now

cad-bait cod-. CADDIS

Of, esp.

/'kadbeit/ n. dial. Also (earher) E17. [f. as cad-worm: see bait n.'] = n:- I. '

caddice n. var. of CADDIS caddie /'kadi/ n. Orig. Sc.

Also caddy, cadee, 2. fcadie. M17. [Fr. cadet n.'] f 1 = cadet M17-E19. 2 A boy or man on the lookout for odd jobs. M18. 3 A yoimg fellow, a lad. Sc. joc. L18. 4 A golfer's assistant for carrying clubs etc. L18.

Comb. caddie-car, -cart a

two-wheeled transporting golf clubs during a game. light

:

for

caddie

/'kadi/

Act as caddie

caddis

Also caddy. E20.

v.i.

[f.

]

w.' obs.

exc. Sc.

ME.

[Sense

i

f.

OFr. cadas, -z, sense 2 f. (0)Fr. cadis f. Prov., both of unkn. origin ] 1 Cotton wool; floss silk; fluff; surgical Imt. ME. t2 (A tape or binding of) worsted yam, crewel; worsted material; coarse serge. M16-L19.

caddis

Also -ice. E17. [Origin unkn.:

/'kadis/

cad-worm ] The aquatic

cad-bait, cadew,

cf.

worm.

caddis-bait,

caddis-fly

makes

sense

(see

fully

of

larva

a

used

as

fishing-bait.

E17.

/'kadij/

a.

M19.

[f.

cad

+

n.

-ish'.]

nature of or characteristic of ungentlemanly; blackguardly, caddishly adv. L19 caddishness n. M19

caddie unkn

/'kad(a)l/

A

]

&

v.

dial.

n.

Trouble,

v.t.

L18.

disturb.

a

Of

cad;

B

f.

as

/'kadau/

CAW + DAW

caddow

2.]

/'kadi/

fully tea caddy.

2

A

n.: cf.

/'kadau/

[Cf CADDIS

caddy

n.' obs.

n.'

A

container,

exc. dial.

kae

A

«.]

lME.

jackdaw.

Lx)ng obs. exc. dial. L16. rough woollen covering.

li8. [Alt. of catty n.] 1 More small box for holding tea. L18. sometimes with divisions, for

other substances or small objects ready for use. n.^

a cat, a:

v. var.

arm,

t

of caddie

bed,

s:

her,

i

i

cosy,

A

/'keid(3)ns/

&

n.

lME.

v.

cf caddie

n.':

[OFr. f

It.

L

cadent- pres. ppl stem of cadere fall: see -ENCE.] A «. 1 (A) rhythm; (a) measured beat; (a) metrical or musical movement, esp. of sounds. lME. 2 a (A pattern oO falling intonation or pitch of voice, esp. at the end of a sentence etc. L16. b gen. Intonation; an intonation pattern; (a) modulation of the voice; (a) national or local accent. E18. 3 The close of a musical phrase; a sequence of notes resolving discord or estabhshing arrival in a key. Also, a flourish at the close of a movement, a cadenza. L16. t4 Sinking or falling down. E-M17. 5 The sound of the rising and (esp.)

cadenza

pop.L, f

f.

storm, the sea, etc. arch, mi 7. Shakes. L.L L The elegancy, facility, and golden I cadence of poesy. F. Norris Listerung to the one-twoone-two-three cadence of the musicians. tfuee, Scientific American A bicyclist confronting a head wind pedaling cadence tries to maintain his customary by shifting gears 2a L. Sterne A low voice, with a sweet cadence at the end of it. b G. Murray The accent, the cadences, tlie expression, with which the words were originally spoken. J. Berger The cadence of their voices is like that of a couple talking in bed. 3 imperfect cadence: see IMPERFECT a. medial cadence: see MEDIAL a. perfect cadence: see perfect a. plagal cadence. 4 Milton Now was the Sun in Western cadence low. Comb.: cadence braking repeated rhythmic apphcation of the brakes of a motor vehicle. B 1). 1 v.t. Compose metrically, rare. M18. 2 v.i. Flow in rhythm; resolve discord or establish a key with a cadence. E20. cadenced a. characterized by cadence, rhythmical, measured L18. falling of a

.

.

.

.

.

cadency

/'keid(3)nsi/

= CADENCE

1

]

E17.

n. n.

I.

Now

.

[f as prec: see rare. E17. 2 The

younger branch of a family. E18. a. & n. li6. [L cadent-: see

status of a

/'keid(3)nt/

a

Designating or pertaining to each of the four mundane houses (the 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th of the twelve divisions of the heavens) next clockwise from the adj.

1

Astrol.

angles (angle «.' 3). Cf succedent a. 2. L16. 2 Falling in intonation or pitch; rhythmical;

modulated, E17.

assimilated to that of cadet «.'] Russ. Hist. A member of the Constitutional Democratic Party.

1:

see, d hot,

d:

Now

/'kadju:/ n. to cad-bait, caddis

n.',

rare or obs.

M17. [Rel.

cad-worm.] = caddis

n.- I.

cadge

/kad3/

E17. [App.

n.'

alt.

conf w. cadge v. 2.] Falconry. framework on which hawks are

of cage

A

perh.

n.,

wooden)

(usu.

carried.

/kad3/ v. & n.' lME. [Origin unkn. Exc. A.i (which may be a different wd) perh. back-form. f. next.] A d. 1 v.t. Fasten, tie, bind, knot. obs. exc. dial. lME. 2 v.t. Carry about, obs. exc. dial. E17. 3 v.t. Load, stuff, (the stomach). dial. LI 7. 4 v.t. Hawk, peddle (Sc.); get by begging or scrounging. E18. 5 v.i. Go about begging or scrounging. E19. 1 T. Roethke So caged and cadged. 4 R. Hoggart Those who can cadge a few coppers from their mothers. E. Reveley I'm cadging a lift home with you

cadge

B

cadential

3 gen. Falling. Long arch. cadent house (see A.i above).

arch. E17.

n. Astrol.

A

/k3'dEnJ(3)i/

essence,

essential,

a.

M19. see

etc.:

[f

cadence,

Of

-ial.]

or

/ka'dsnzs/

or

close

movement;

spec,

/ka'det/

E17.

[Fr.,

earlier

capdet

f.

(= Prov. capdel) f Proto-Romance caput, -it- head: see -et'.] 1 A younger

dial.

(a

member

of)

a

younger branch of a family. E17. b The yoimgest son or brother, mi 7. 2 Hist. A gentleman who entered the army without a commission, to learn the profession. M17. 3 A student in a naval, military, or air force college. L18. 4 A yoimg man learning sheep-farming. NZ. M19. 5 A member of a corps receiving elementary military

saw, a run, u put,

cadgy

/'kad3i/

too, a ago, ai

my, ao how,

ei

a.

Sc.

&

a

E18.

north.

[Origin

imkn.] 1 Amorous; wanton. E18. 2 Cheerful, merry. E18. cadgUy adv. E18. cadginess n. L19. cadi /'ka:di, 'keidi/ n. Also k-, q-. L16. [Arab. (al-)kadt. See also kazi.] A civil judge in a

Muslim country.

fcadie

of caddie

n. var.

cadilesker

n.

n. L16. [Turk. cadilaskar f Arab, kddi {a)l-'askar judge of the army.] Hist. chief judge in the Ottoman Empire, whose jurisdiction originally included the army.

/kaidi'lssks/

A

f cadian

&

n.

see kajang.

a.

Cadmean

/kad'miian/ a. Also -aean. E17. [f L Cadmeus f. Gk Kadmeios, f. Kadmos Cadmus (see below) -I- -an.] Pertaining to Cadmus, the legendary founder of Thebes; Theban; spec. designating a victory gained at too great a cost.

cadmium

/'kadmism/ n. E19. [f L cadmia (see calamine) + -lUM.] A bluish-white metalhc chemical element, atomic no. 48, which occurs in small amoimts in zinc ores and resembles zinc chemically. (Symbol Cd.) Comb. cadmium cell a voltaic cell with cadmium amalgam and mercury electrodes and saturated cadmium sulphate electrolyte, used as a standard of :

ek'ctromotive force; cadmium yellow an yellow pigment containing cadmium sulphide,

f cadouk

lME. fall;

a.

&

intense

cadmium E19. Chiefly Sc. As n. also caduac.

yielding

a.

n.

CADUCITY.] A adj. Liable penshable; transitory; frail. LME-L17. B

[Fr. caduc: see

n. An incidental payment; a windfall. M17-E19. cadre /'kaida, 'ka:dr(3), 'kadri/ n. M19. [Fr.

f frame, a framework; a plan. rare. M19. 2 Mil. a A permanent establishment of trained persormel forming a nucleus for expansion at need. M19. b (A hst of) the complement of the officers of a regiment etc M19. 3 (A member of) a group of workers acting to promote the aims and interests of the Communist Party. M20. b In the People's Republic of China, an office-holder in a Party, governmental, or military organization. m2o. It.

quadro

f caduac

f.

L

n. var.

caduceus

quadrus square.]

of cadouk

/k3'dju:si3s/

n.

1

A

n.

PI.

-cei

/-siai/.

li6.

Doric Gk karuk(e)ion = Attic kerukeion neut. adj. used as n., f klrux, -uk-

[L caduceus, -um

f.

herald.] In Class. Hist., a Greek or Roman herald's wand; spec, (also C-) the wand carried by the messenger-god Hermes or Mercury, usu.

represented with two serpents twined round

caducean u:

prec]

hawker, arch. Chiefly Sc. & north. L15. 2 A person who scrounges or begs habitually; a sponger. M19. + cadger /'kadss/ n.' M19. [Prob. f cadge -er': cf OFr. cagter.] Falconry. A man who carries hawks.

to

A

L15. [Origin imkn.: cf

itinerant dealer, esp. travelling

1

between town and coimtry;

cad'miferous

betvveen the divisions of a such a passage in a concerto in which the main themes of the movement (usu. the first or last) are developed. the

cadger /'kad33/ A carrier; an

L16.

n. mi8. [It.: see cadence ] (sometimes improvised) flourish or passage for a solo instrument or voice, usu. near

Mus.

for invitations to tea. J. Buchan I cadged B f 1 A circuit for begging. Sc. Only in L17. 2 The action of cadging, colloq. E19.

people. 5

E19.

n., v.

sit,

[Fr.]

or police training. L19. cadetship n. a place as a cadet; the status of a cadet:

L19.

caddy

cadet

[Fr.

dim. of L son or brother; also occas.

[Prob.

n.'

A

cadence

Gascon

n.

Disorder, confusion; trouble. E19.

caddow

f cadee ti. M17 li8. n.] = cadet 2.

cadet

[Origin

L18.

n8.

/-o/.

n.' Also K-. E20. [Russ. Kadet, f pronunc. of the initials of Konstitutsionnyf demokrat Constitutional Democrat, with ending

/ko'det/

in sense

cadenza

2

nocturnal insect of the order Trichoptera, living near water, mi 7. the

-eaux

PI.

n.

gift.

pertaining to a cadence or cadenza.

caddis-fly, a feeble-flying usu.

caddish

/kado/

Cadet Ka de,

cadew

pet.

oxycedrus.

cadeau

after

which often and

[Origin unkn.] (A

brought up by hand as a

foal, etc.)

obs. exc. Hist.

cylindrical protective cases of debris

commonly

is

below),

2

More

1

lME.

a.

/keid/ li6. [Fr. f Prov. f med.L catanus, perh. f Gaulish.] cade oil, oil of cade, a bitter dark oil, having some medicinal use, distilled from the wood of a juniper, Juniperus

cadence.]

(Jor a golfer)

/'kadis/

lamb,

cadent

the n

&

/keid/ n-

-ency trolley

L19.

Gk

f

for liquids

cade

/ka'kjuiminCa)!/

ME

fcade

M19. [f. I, cacumin-, -men top,

cacuminare

caduceus

315

day, 3o no,

t:

hair,

I3

a.

it.

M17.

near,

.ii

boy, us poor,

ai3 tire,

aoa sour

.

caduciary caduciary k3'tiju:sj3ri/ a. Now rare. M18. [Ijte L caJucaniis, f. caducus (in bona caduca lapsed possessions): see next, -ary'.] LMtu. (Of a bequest, esp. of an estate) subject to reversion; pcnaining to reversion of a bequest.

caducit>' tjiic-rt-

k3'dju:siti

L

caduc f to

n.

mi8. [Fr. caducite,

f.

perishable,

f.

caducus liable to see -ITY.]

fall:

caducous

fall,

The

1

age, senilit>'. M18. 2 gen. transitoriness; frailt>'. L18. i

testamentar.'

of old

infinnit>'

Tendency

to

fall;

Law. 'Vhe lapse of

a

L19.

gift.

caducus (see prec.) + -ous.] 1 1 Epileptic. Only in L17. 2 Bot. & Zool. Of an organ or pan: that falls off serving its purpose. Opp. naturally after PERSISTENT I. Ml8. 3 Latu. Of a bequest: subject to reversion. L19. ks'dju:k,->s

a.

L17. [f

'kadw5:m n. Now dial. Also f^od-. lME. [Origin of 1st elem. CAD-BAIT, CADDIS n.', CADEW. See WORAt n. ] = CADDIS n.- 1. cady 'keidi «. dial. & slang. M19. [Origin unkn.] A hat, a cap. Caecias 'si:si?s n. literary. E17. [L f. Gk kaikios.] The north-east wind, esp. personified.

cad-worm vearlier")

cf

unkn.:

caecilian

Also coe-. L19. [f. Caecilia genus name f L caecilta slow-

mod.L worm:

si'silisn

see

n.

A

-AN.]

superficially

legless,

burrowing amphibian of the order G\Tnnophiona, with poorly-developed eyes; = APODAN. caecum 'siikam n. Also *cec«un. PI. -ca -ks lME. [L {imesiinum) caecum blind gut, tr. snakelike,

.

Gk

Anat.

The

blind prolongation of the large intestine beyond the junction with the small intestine, bearing the vermiform appendix; the blmd gut. lME. 2 Any blind-ended tube or vessel. M18. caecal j of, penairung to, or resembling the caecum E19 caecids si'SMtis n. inflammation of the caecum tuphlon

caique

316

enieron.]

1

.M19 caecostomy si'kostsmi n. {an instance of) the surgical formadon of an opening in the caecum

may be removed

through which intestinal contents

/si'zEirwn/ n. & a. Also *Ces-, -ian. E16. [f. L Caesarianus or Caesareus, f Caesar: see prec, -EAN, -IAN.] A m. 1 A follower or adherent of Caesar; a person in favour of autocracy or imperialism. E16. 2 ellipi. (A) Caesarean section; a Caesarean birth. E20. B ad]. I [From the story that Julius Caesar was so delivered.] Caesarean section, operation, the surgical operation of cutting the walls of the abdomen to deliver a child. Hence Caesarean birth, delii'cry, etc. E17. 2 Of or pertaining to Caesar or the Caesars; imperial. M17.

Caesarean

caesious

L

E19. [f

'siizias/ a.

,

caesius

+

-ous.]

Greyish-blue or -green. /'si:zi3m/

n.

Also *ces-. M19.

+ -ium: named from having

[f. as characteristic

blue part of the spectrum.] A soft highly reactive chemical element of the alkali metal group, atomic no. 55. (Symbol Cs.) lines in the

caespititious

/stspi tijss/ a. Also *ces-. L18. f as next: see -ITIOUS-.] Made of

[I, cacspiticius,

/'sespitaos/ a. Also *ces-. mi8. [f

caespit-, -es sod,

Growing

in tufts or

caesura

turf

+

-OSE'.]

Chiefly Bot.

clumps.

/si'zjusrs/ n.

'siibm/ n. M19. [L caelum chisel.] A minor constellation of the southern hemisphere, next to Endanus; the Chisel. caenogenesis si:n9'd3enisis n. Also keno'kimj *ceno-; caino-, kaino- 'kema-/. Lig. Gk kamos new, recent + -genesis.] Biol. [{. Ong., the development in of features which ontogenesis are the result of ,

environmental adaptation (opp. palingenesis or

Now

spec, the development in forms of functional adaptations not present in the adult, caenoge'netic a. L19. recapitulation).

embryonic

or

Caenozoic

a.

Caen stone wn

a

larval

&

var. of

n.

Cenozoic.

'kein stsun/ n. phr.

A

Normandy.]

in

lME.

Caen,

[f.

lightish-yellow

building stone found near Caen.

Caerphilly

kei'fili,

Wales.] jVU mild white

in S.

ka:-, k?-/ n. E20.

[A town

A

Caerphilly cheese. kind cheese, orig. marketed in

re fully

of Caerphilly.

caemlean a. & n. var. of ceritlean. Caesar /o n. [OE cOsere, OFn.s kaiser, keiser, OS kesar, OHG keisar, ON keisan, Goth. kjisar, Gmc L family name of Gains Julius {.

Caesar,

tsar

]

(.

Roman statesman d. 44 bc: cf. Kaiser, i A Roman emperor, esp. one of those

from Augustus

oQ

the

OE. fb 'The heir Holy Roman Empire.

to Hadrian.

Emperor of

M16

E18. 2 iransf. autocrat. ME.

the

& fig. a An absolute monarch; b A temporal ruler, the civil

an power. E17. 3 Med. (A case of or baby delivered by) Caesarean section Now slang. M16. 1 appeal to Caesar: to the highest possible authont>'. Caesar's above suspicion.

wife a person required to be

{.

caes-

stem of caedere cut: see -ure.] 1 Pros. A break or pause between words within a metrical foot in classical prosody or near the middle of a line in English etc. prosody. M16. 2 gen. A break, a stop, an interruption. L16. pa. ppl

caesural

M18.

a.

caf n. var. of CAFF. cafard /ka'fa:, foreign

:

Caesarism

n.

.Med.

Caesaro-'papism

n.

in ecclesiastical affairs

f

delivered

by

CAFFA.]

see

1

A

1

f.

n.

late

hypocrite.

M16. [Fr. ^ L caphardum:

M16-M17.

2

Melancholia. E20.

cafe

/'kafei, -fi; joc. or slang kaf, keif/ Also cafe, CAFF. E19. [Fr. = coffee (-house).] A coffee-house; a teashop; an informal restaurant;

US a

bar.

Comb. cafe society regular patrons of fashionable and nightspots.

•((a) rare a

monarch,

of Caesarism: L16. the supremacy of the civil power

cafe /kafe/

The

n.' PI.

pronoimced same. [See prec]

Fr. for 'coffee' or 'coffee-house', occurring

in various phrases used in Eng. cafe au lait /o It/ coffee with milk; (oO the light brown colour of this: M18. cafe chantant /Jato/ [lit. 'singing cafe'], pi. -s -s (pronounced same), a cafe

with live musical entertainment /nwa:r/ black coffee M19.

cafeteria

/kafi'tiaria/ n. Orig.

M19

cafe

noir

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

cagey E20.

/'keidsi/

(orig. US). Also cagy. Shrewd; wary; secretive;

colloq.

a.

[Origin unkn.]

cageyness, caginess

M20. cagily adv. E20.

n.

cagmag /'kagmag/ n. & v. dial. M18. [Origin unkn A «. A tough old goose; unwholesome meat; offal. M18. B v.i. & Quarrel; nag. L19. t.

cagnotte

/kajiat/ n. L19. [Fr,]

from the stakes games.

bank

for the

Money

at certain

reserved

gambling

cagot /kago/ n. PI. pronounced same. M16. [Fr.] f 1 An affectedly pious person. Sc. Only in M16. 2 A member of an outcast group in an outcast,

(Hist.);

a

pariah.

E19.

cagoulard

/kagula::/ n. PI. pronounced same. as next: see -ard ] Hist. A member of a secret French right-wing organization in the 1930s.

M20.

[Fr.,

cagoule

i.

Also k-. M20. [Fr., lit. waterproof garment pulled on over the head, 'cowl'.]

cafetiere M19.

/kaftjeir/

[Fr.,

CAF^

as

{.

n.

PI.

pronounced same.

A

coffee-pot; a coffee-

«.']

making machine; a coffee-percolator. caff /kaf/ n. slang. Also caf. M20. [Abbrev.] = CAF6

CAFETERIA.

[OFr. f late L caphardum fcaffa imiversity gown, of imkn. origin.] 1 A rich silk cloth. L15-M17. 2 A kind of painted cotton cloth made in India. M18-E19. L15.

n.

caffeine /'kafi:n/ n. M19. [Fr. cafeine, i. as caf6 + -INE^.] Chem. A crystalline alkaloid, CgH,„N402, which is foimd esp. in tea and coffee plants and is a central nervous system stimulant; 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine. cafTeinism n. headache, sleeplessness, and palpitations caused by excessive intake of caffeine L19

cafHe

/'kaf(3)l/

v.i. dial.

M19. [Var. of cavil

v.]

Argue; prevaricate.

Caffrarian a. see Kaffrarian. Caffre n. see Kaffir. cafila

[Arab, kafila: cf coffle.] of travellers in the Middle East, a

/'ka:fil3/ n. li6.

A company caravan.

caftan

/'kaftan,

cafetan.]

{.

An

1

fitting shirt.

kaf'ta:n/ n. Also k-. L16. Pers. kaftan, partly through Fr.

Eastern man's long txmic with a A long loose dress; a loose-

cafufHe

cag

m man,

M20.

n. var.

/kag/

n.

/ks'gu:!/

A

n.

hooded

thin

lME. [ON

n no, p pen,

r

&

exc. Sc. US dial. See also kaggi.] small cask, a keg.

A

red,

s

sit,

t

top, v van,

of cagey.

a. var.

ca/iier /kaje/ n. PI. pronounced same. L18. [Fr.: see QUIRE «.'] 1 Hist. In pi The instructions prepared by each of the three representative bodies as a guide for their policy at the French National Assembly of 1789. L18. 2 An exercisebook; a pamphlet, a fascicle. M19. cahoot /ka'huit/ n. slang (orig. US). E19. sing. & (now usu.) in pi. partnership; collusion. Chiefly in in

unkn.]

Company,

cahoots with.

cahoun n. var. of cohune cahow /ka'hao/ n. E17. Pterodroma

petrel,

A

[Imit.]

which

cahow,

rare

large

breeds

in

Bermuda.

caid

n.

see kaid.

cailleach

/'ksljAx/

=

[Gael.

woman,

old a crone,

fcaimacam n. caiman

n.

n.

Also

Sc.

woman.] An

old

-iach. E19. (Highland)

kaimakam. cayman.

var. of

var. of

/kein/ Sc. & Anglo-h. Also k-. Gael, cdin.] A rent paid in kind.

cain

&

Cain

/kein/

murderer, a

ME. [The

n.-

who murdered

his brother

eldest son of

Abel {Gen.

ME.

fi-atricide.

ME.

2

raise

Adam,

4).]

Cain,

[Ir.

1

A

make

w

we,

a

disturbance, create trouble, collog. M19. Cainite n. (Eccl. Hist.) a member of a gnostic sect which exalted everyone and everything reviled by God in the Old Testament M17. -caine /kein/ suff. Also -cain. [f cocaine.] Pharm. Forming ns. denoting drugs, esp. ones lignocaine. properties, as with anaesthetic Novocain. ca'ing whale /'kanr) weil/ n. phr. Also caa'ing.

M20.

[Sc. ca'ing calling (see

call

v.

9).]

The

pilot whale, Glohicephala melaena.

cainogenesis

n.

Cainozoic a. & caique /kM'i:k,

var. n.

of caenogenesis.

var.

of Cenozoic.

ks-/ n.' E17. [Fr. caigue f. It. light rowing boat or caicco {. Turk, kayik.] 1 skiff used on the Bosporus. E17. 2 An eastern

A

of kerfuffle.

obs.

cagy

[Origin

US. M19. [Amer.

Sp. cafeteria, f. cafe coffee.] A coffee-house; a restaurant; now esp. a self-service restaurant.

KEG.

L19

:

:

cafes

waist girdle. L16. 2

the principle of absolute government;

impenalism: MI9. Caesarist n. an emperor; (b) an adherent

b but, d dog,

slang-,

Comb. cage-bird: (of a kind customarily) kept in a cage-work (a) openwork like the bars of a cage; t(ft) the upper works of a ship. B v.t. Confine in or as in a cage. L16. cageling n. a bird kept in a cage M19.

cage;

southern France kafa:r/

cockroach, hypocrite, prob.

[Turk, kaftan

Comb. Caesar baby Caesarean section.

etc., in a mine; (b) a compartment for passengers etc. in a lift. lME. 1 gilded cage. 3 W. Beveridge The Cage of Flesh, Wherein the Soul is penned. 4 ribcage. thoracic

]

mi6. [L caesura,

L19.

Caelum

wagons,

uncommunicative

turf.

caespitose

L

/keid3/ n. v. ME. [(0)Fr. f. L cavea stall, cage, coop, etc.] A w. 1 A box or place of confinement for birds, animals, etc., made wholly or partly of wire, or bars of metal, wood, etc., so as to admit air and light. ME. 2 A prison, a lock-up. ME. b An enclosure for prisoners of war. E20. 3 fig. That which confines or imprisons. ME. 4 A structure resembling a cage for birds etc.; an open framework of various kinds; spec, (a) a frame for hoisting men,

cage.

caesium prec.

&

cage

Mediterranean

sailing vessel.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 9 thin,

6

this,

i)

M17. ring,

tj

chip, dj jar

caique caique

/kAi'iiko, -kei/ n.' M20. [Sp. or Port.] Either of two small tropical S. American parrots of the genus Pionites, mainly green, yellow, and black in colour. Cf. sackie.

caird

/keid/

=

metal

Sc.

n.

lME.

(Gael, ceard artificer in Olr. cerd craftsman.] A

ceard,

Ir.

travelling tinker; a

Cairene

Gypsy.

&

M19. [f. Cairo (see below) + -ene, after Nazarene etc.] A n. A native or inhabitant of the Egyptian city of Cairo. M19. B adj. Of or pertaining to Cairo or its

/'kAiri:n, kAi'ri:n/ n.

a.

mi 9.

inhabitants,

/kcin/ n. & v. lME. [Gael, cam corresp. to Olr., Welsh cam.] A n. 1 A pyramid of rough stones raised as a memorial or to mark a path etc. lME. 2 In full cairn terrier. A small terrier with short legs, a longish body, and a shaggy coat. E20. I homed cairn, see horned a. stalled cairn: see stall V.'

Provide or mark with a cairn or cairns; as a cairn. Chiefly as caimed ppl a. M16.

I'.t.

pile

cairngorm

[A mountain in Grampian, Scotland, = Gael, cam gomi blue caim.] (A piece of) smoky quartz, esp. as found in parts of Scotland. Also caimgorm stone. /'kemgoim/

li8.

n.

ks'sum/ n. L17. [Fr. = large cassone w. assim. to caisse case n.'-: see -OON.] 1 large watertight chamber open at the bottom, from which the water is kept out by air pressure, used in laying foimdations under water. L17. b floating vessel used as a dock gate. M19. 2 An anmiunition chest; an ammimition wagon. E18. Comb.: caisson disease illness of workers in

caisson chest,

/'keis(3)n, It.

f.

A

A

compressed air, resulting decompression; the 'bends'.

caitiff

/'keitif/

n.

&

from

ME.

arch.

a.

captive, var. of chaitif

(mod.

chetif

too

rapid

[OFr. caitif wretched) i.

L

capttvus captive a. ] A n. 1 a A captive, a prisoner. ME-E17. b -f wretched or miserable person, a poor wretch. LME-L17. 2 base, despicable wretch; a villain; a coward. ME. B adj. f 1 Wretched, miserable. ME-L16. 2 Vile, base, wicked; worthless;

Proto-Romance

of

alt.

A

A

cowardly.

cajan

A

ME.

/'keid3(3)n, 'ka:-/

tropical

L17.

n.

leguminous

shrub

[Malay kacang.] of the genus

Cajanus, esp. C. cajan, cultivated for

its

edible

pulses.

cajang n. & a. see kajang. cajeput n. var. of cajuput. cajole /k3'd33ul/

v. M17. [Fr. cajoler.] 1 v.i. Persuade or prevail upon (a person) by delusive flattery, specious promises, etc. (Foil, by into, out of, to do.) Miy. b Coax (something) out of a person. M18. 2 v.i. Use cajolery. M17. 1 W. Irving TTie populace are not to be cajoled out of a ghost story by any of these plausible explanations. V WooLF We tried to cajole him to wnte with £10 p. 1,000 for bait. Dreiser She cajoled him into getting thmgs for her and then would not even let him kiss her. 2 S King Herb talked to her, then cajoled, finally demanded, cajolement n. E19. cajoler n. L17. .

.

T

cajolery

/ka'dsauisri/ n. M17. [Fr. cajoierie, f. as prec: see -erv.] The action or an instance of cajoling; persuasion by flattery, deceit, etc.

Cajun

& A

N. Amer. coUoq. M19. [Alt. of Acadian.] «. A French-speaking descendant of early settlers in Acadia, living esp. in Louisiana and Maine; gen. an Acadian. M19. B adj. Of or pertaining to the Cajuns; gen. Acadian. L19. /'keid3(3)n/

n.

a.

cajuput

/'kad33pAt/ n. Also caje-. L18. [Malay kayuputih, name of the tree, f kayu tree + puteh white.] More fully cajuput oil, oil of cajuput. An aromatic medicinal oil obtained from certain E. Indian trees of the genus Melaleuca, of the myrtle family.

cake

/keik/ n. ME. [Of Scand. origin: cf Icel., Sw. kaka. Da. kage, rel. to G Kuchen.] I (A quantity of) bread baked in smallish flattened rounds or other regular shapes, usu. turned in baking and so hard on both sides. Now chiefly Hist. ME. 2 (A quantity oO thin oaten bread. (Cf. oatcake s.v. oat n.) Sc. & north. lME. 3 (A a cat, a:

arm,

t

bed,

a:

quantity of) sweet usu. imleavcned bread with other ingredients besides flour, e.g. currants, spice, butter, eggs, sugar, usu. baked in a round or other ornamental shape. l.ME. 4 A flattish compact mass of other food or of any compressed substance. lME.

calamander

3 birthday cake, chocolate cake, cup-cake, seed-cake, shortcake, sponge-cake, teacake, upside-down cake, etc.

calamary

cheesecake: see

cheese

cake of soap,

etc.

BEEF

beefcake: see

WASTEL

wastel cake: see

potato

oilcake,

i.

4

cake,

cotton-cake, fish

cattlc-cake,

mint-cake,

cake,

linseed

n.'

cake,

etc.

n.

cakes and ale merrymaking, good thmgs. hot cake: see HOT a. have one's cake and eat it, eat one's cake and have it enjoy both alternatives, land of cakes (sense 2) Scotland, piece of cake colloq. something easy or pleasant, the cake fig. assets etc. to be shared out (slice of the cake, a share in benefits etc take the cake: see TAKE v. Comb.: cake-bread (now rare) (a) bread of the fine Phrases:

cairn

B

calash

317

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

1:

see, d hot,

a:

)

made in flattened cakes; f cake-house: where cakes are sold; cake-hole slang a person's mouth; cake-mix the prepared ingredients of a cake sold ready for cooking. cakelet n. a small cake M19. caky a. like (a) cake texture of cake; (b) bread

M16.

cake

/keik/

the n.] mass. E17. 2

E17.

v.

[f.

v.t.

1

&

(.

Form

Cover with

a

Shakes. Timon TTieir blood is cak'd, 'tis cold, flows. H. G. Wells Black mud had caked hard ridges. 2 P. L. Fermor Hair caked with snow.

in

compact hardened mass. M20. into a

v.t.

1

seldom

.

Cakewalk

/'keikwDik/

&

n.

Orig. US. M19.

v.

it

n. + WALK n.] A n. 1 (A dance developed from) a Blacks' contest in graceful walking with a cake as the prize. M19. 2 A moving platform on which people walk, as a fairgroimd entertainment. E20. 3 An easy task. E20. B v.i. Walk as in a Cakewalk; dance the Cakewalk. L19.

n. var.

of calaber.

Calabar bean

/'kabba: bi:n/ n. phr. L19. [f Calabar a town and province in Nigeria + bean n. ] The poisonous seed of a leguminous climbing plant, Physostigma venenosum, which contams physostigmine and is used in W. Africa in trials of witchcraft;

= ordeal

bean.

calabash

/'kabbaj/ n. M17. [Fr. calebasse {. as next.] 1 a A gourd or similar large fruit that can be used as a container for liquid; esp. the fruit of the bottle-gourd or (N. Amer.) that of the tree Bignonia cujete. Mi 7. b A tree yielding such a fruit, esp. (a) a bignonia; (b) the baobab. Also calabash tree. Mij. 2 A vessel or other utensil (as a pipe) made from or having a resemblance to such a fruit; such a vessel full of a substance. M17. f 3 The head. US slang. E18-M19. Comb. tree:

calabash nutmeg, see nlitmeg see sense ib above.

n.

:

calabash

1;

tree itself

/'kabmari/

[med.L

mi6.

n.

calamarium pen-case, use as n. of neut. of L calamarius adj., f calamus f. Gk kalamos pen: see -ary'.] a squid with a long, tapering, homy, internal shell, esp. one of the common genus Lx>ligo.

calambac

/'kal(3)mbak/

L16. [Fr., Sp., or

n.

=

Malay kelembak.]

f

Port.,

aloes

wood

s.v.

aloe.

calamine

/'kabmAin/ n. lME. [(0)Fr. f. med.L calamina alt. of L cadmia f Gk kadm(e)ta Cadmean (earth), f. Kadmos: sec igl)

Cadmean.] An ore of

zinc, spec, the carbonate (smithsonite), or less commonly the basic sihcate (hemimorphite) Also, a pink preparation of powdered zinc carbonate or oxide used in .

lotions, ointments, etc.

calamint /'kabmint/ n. ME. [OFr. calament med.L calamentum late L calaminthe Gk kataminthe.] An aromatic herb or shrub of the f.

f.

f.

genus Clinopodium (formerly Calamintha), of the mint family.

calamistrum [f.

CAKE

calabar

/'kabmands/ n. E19. [Sinhalese kalumddiriya, perh. f. Eng. Coromandel ebony, assim. to Sinhalese kalu black.] A fine-grained red-brown ebony, streaked with black, from the southern Asian tree Diospyros quaesita. Also, the

/kab'mistrsm/

n.

PI.

-stra

=

curling- iron.] Zool. A combUke structure on the fourth pair of legs of certain spiders, serving to 'card' the silk as it is secreted.

[L

M19.

/-stra/.

calamite /'kabmAit/

n. M19. [mod.L Calamim calamus: see -ite'.] Palaeont. A reedlike plant of an extinct group related to the horsetails, foimd as fossils chiefly of Carboniferous age.

genus name,

f.

cala'mitean

a.

as

L19.

calamitous

/ka'lamitas/ a. mi6. [Fr. calamiteux or L calamiiosus, f. as next: see -ous.] 1 Disastrous, deeply distressing, mi 6. f 2 In deep distress; grievously afflicted. M17-M18. calamitously adtt. L18 calamitousness n. (rare) M17.

calamity

L

/ka'lamiti/

n.

calamitas: see -ity.]

lME.

1

lME.

[(0)Fr. calamite f. Adversity; deep distress.

A grievous

disaster. M16. the world of calamity, that every source of pleasure is polluted. 2 E. Wilson And all the kinds of calamities befell them: fires and I

S.

2

Johnson So

full is

typhoid epidemics

Comb. calamity-howler, Calamity Jane N. Amer. prophet of disaster. :

a

calamus /'kabniss/ n. lME. [L Gk kalamos.] A reed; a cane. lME E18. 2 More fully sweet 1 f.

1

calabaza

/kab'ba:za/ n. li6. [Sp., perh. Pers. karbuz melon ] = calabash i.

calaber /'kabba/

n.

-ebrum,

calabris,

Also -bar. app.

f

lME. [med.L Calabria:

f.

ult.

see

Calabrian.] Squirrel fur; now spec, the fur of grey varieties of the common Eurasian squirrel Sciurus vulgaris.

calaboose

US

A

calabrese M20.

[It.

US. li8.

n.

calahouse Fr. prison, a lock-up.

/'kalsbriis,

=

Sp.

f.

[Southern calabozo

A

broccoli.

&

/ka'labnsn/ a. n. li6. [f. Calabria (see below) + -an ] (A native or inhabitant) of Calabria, a region of S. Italy.

caladium

/ka'leidiam/ n. M19. [mod.L, f Malay keladv. see -lUM.] A plant of the tropical American genus Caladium, of the arum family,

with starchy tubers. n. Also callaloo. M18. [Amer. of various tropical American of the aroid genus Xanthosoma, cultivated for their edible leaves; soup or stew made with these.

Any

esp.

calamanco

/kab'marjkau/

-oes. L16. [Origin unkn.: kalmank, Fr. calmande.]

cf.

n.

&

a.

PI.

u:

too, a ago, ai

of n.

Du. kal{a)mink,

Hist.

(Of)

my,

af)

how,

G

glossy

a

worsted material. saw, a run, o put,

see calandra.

=

[It.

speed and volume. /ka'landra/ n. Orig. f-der. L16. calandre f. med.L calandrus f. Gk kalandros.] More fully calandra lark. A lark, Melanocorypha calandra, native to southern

[(0)Fr.

Europe, N. Africa, and the Middle East.

calandria with

ei

n. E20. [Sp., f. Gk closed cylindrical vessel of tubes passing through it,

/ka'landna/

cylinder

kylindros

number

a

]

A

serving as a heat-exchanger etc.

calanoid

/'kaianaid/

Calanus genus

calalu /kab'lu:/ plants,

n.

/ka'landau, foreign ka'lando/ adv. E19. slackening.] Alus. Gradually decreasing in

calandra

kab'bri:s, kab'breisi/ n. variety of sprouting

Calabrian.]

Calabrian

Sp. calalu.]

f calander

calando

/kab'bu:s/

Blacks'

dungeon.]

calamus: a An Eastern aromatic plant mentioned in the Bible (e.g. Ex. 30:23). lME. b The sweet flag, Acorus calamus. Ml 7. 3 A rattan palm of the genus Calamus. M19. 4 The hollow lower part of tlie shaft of a feather, which lacks barbs. L19.

n.

&

a.

M20. [f mod.L

name +

-oid ] Zool. (Designating or pertaining to) a planktonic copepod of the order Calanoida.

calash

/ka'laj/

n.

Also caliche, -eche, /ka'lej/,

G

Kalesche f. f galeche. M17. [Fr. caliche, ^g- f. Pol. kdasa (or Czech kolesa), f. kolo (kolo) low-wheeled wheel ] Chiefly Hist. 1 A light carriage with a removable folding hood. M17. 2 In Canada, a two-wheeled one-horse vehicle with a seat for the driver on the splashboard.

day, 30 no,

e:

hair,

is

near,

di

boy, oa poor,

ai3 tire,

30s sour

calathus MiS. 3 A woman's large and folding hooped hood. L18. 4 A folding hood on a vehicle. M19. 'kaloOss «. PI. -thi /-d.w/. M18. [L f. kalathos ] Class. Anhq. A basket, as depicted

calathus

Gk

deposition of such compounds; petrify. Freq. as ppl a. M19. 2 v.i. Undergo or become hardened by such deposition. M19. P. Gallico The humanity in her had been 1 fig.: calcified by the pursuit of money. calcified

in sculpture etc.

cal'cific

calavance

'kabvans/ n. obs. exc. Canad. dial. Sp. garbanzo [Ult. f. Earlier fcara-. E17. chick-pea.] Any of cenain kinds of pulse; a small bean.

calaverite

kals'vEir.Mt

Counu', California +

M19.

n.

Mm. A

-ite'.]

Calaveras

[f.

monoclinic elongated

gold telluride, usu. occurring as bronze-yellow or silver>'-white metallic crystals, or as granular or massive deposits.

calc- kalk comb. form. [G kalk lime, alt. cak- calx: cf. CALCI-.] Forming wds

after

L

chiefly

& Mm.

rich

both

in

alkali metals E20 calc-sinter n. a calcareous deposit from mineral springs;

and

cn-stalline

calc-spar ri. calcite E19. calc-tuiTn porous calcareous deposit from mineral springs E19. travertine: E19.

calcanea n. calcaneo-

pi.

a

of calcaneum.

calcaneocuboid

of

a.

pertaining

or

both

to

calcaneum and cuboid bone M19.

calcaneum

kal'keiniam n. PI. -ea /-is/. Also -ei -iai/. mi8. [L.] Anat. The large bone of the heel. calcaneal a. .M19. calcanean a. L19. f calcany n. {rare) = C^LCAKEVM: only m L16.

-ws

calcar

pi.

,

'kalks

n.'

Now

M17.

rare or obs.

cakara: cf late L cakana limekiln.] calcining furnace used in glass-making.

A

A

[It.

small

mi8. [L = spur.] Bot. & Zool. spurlike projection on a petal, bone, etc.

calcar

'kalks

n.-

caJcarate j having a calcar or spur E19.

calcarenite kaiks'nmMt/ n. E20. [f. calc- + L {h)aretia sand ^ -ITE'.] Geol. A limestone built up from

sand grains.

particles similar in size to

Also -ious. L17. [f L cakanus of lime (see calx, -ary') + -ous.] Of or containing calcium carbonate or other, usu. msoluble, calcium salt; of the nature of calcium kal'keirias

a.

carbonate. -ixe'

]

/'kalsimAin/ n. & v. M19. calx lime.] = kalsomine.

calcimine

[Alt., after

did speak

,

[(0)Fr., ppl stem action or

of calcinare: see next, -ATION.] 1 The process of reducing to a friable substance by heat; calcining. lME. f b Oxidation. E17-E19. 2

Burning to combustion. E17.

ashes,

gen.

Obviously, the So'/iet Union calculatedly adv. L19.

reckoning the chances advantage, acting self-interestedly.

{.

late

reckoning; computation; estimation of outcome or probabihty; shrewd or selfish reckoning of the chances of gain or advantage. lME. b An act or instance of so reckoning or estimating. lME. 2 A form in which reckoning is made; a product or result of calculating; a forecast. lME. I M. Kline Calculation was done on various forms of the abacus. J. Gross The impression which remains longest is one of artfulness and calculation, b E. J. Howard She did some calculations then, and said

'kalksr.\in

L19.

a.

[f.

L calcar

n.'^

+

Anal. Spurlike: esp. designating a small

calculator

calcitrate /'kalsitreit/ v.t. & E17. [L cakitratpa. ppl stem of cakitrare kick out with the heels, i.

L18. b carrying

calcarious

calcedony

a. n.

var. of

calcareous.

var. of

chalcedony.

kalsis'lciris/ n. li8. [mod.L, f L cakeotus dim. of cak eus shoe + -aria: see -ary'.] S. American plant of the genus Calceolaria, of figwon family, bearing slipper-shaped the flowers.

A

a

calculus /'kalkjubs/ n. PI. -li M17. [L = small stone (used

calceolate calces

/'kalsisleit/

+

(see prec.) n.pl.

-ate-.] Bot.

M19.

a.

Shaped

L

[f.

cakeolus

like a slipper,

kalsi

calcareous

hormone

som

M19,

secr.; -d

calci'tonin

n.

a

pul^-peptide

by the thyroid, havmg the

lowering blood calcium;

also

called

effect of

thyrocakiiomn

M20.

-ic] Of or containing calcium; relatively rich in calcium.

calcic

'kalsik

calciferol

a. V119. [f.

kal'sifsrol/ n.

calcium M20.

[f.

-i-

next

+

-ol:

so called because of its activity in promoting bone calcification.] Biochem. A sterol which is formed when its isomer ergosterol is exposed to ultraviolet light, and is essential for the deposition of calcium in bones and the prevenuon of rickets and osteomalacia. Also called viiamm D^, ergocalctferol.

calciferous

/karsif(3)r.-.s

a.

li8.

[f.

calci- +

-FEROUS.] Yielding calcium carbonate.

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

ppl stem of calculare, (. as calculus: see 1 v.t. Estimate or determine by arithmetical or mathematical reckoning; estimate or determine by practical judgement or on the basis of experience. lME. 2 v.t. Ascertain esp. beforehand the time or circumstances of (an event etc.) by exact reckoning. lME. 3 v.i. Perform a calculation or calculations; make an estimate; form a judgement about the future. E17. 4 v.t. Plan dehberately; think out, frame. M17. 5 v.t. Arrange, design, adjust, adapt; be

intended. Foil, by for a purpose, to do. Now always pass, in meaning and usu. in form (see calculated i). M17. 6 v.i. Rely, reckon, coimt, on, upon. E19. 7 v.t. Suppose, believe, (that); intend (that, to do). US colloq. E19. 1 S Bellow He could calculate percentages mentally at high speed. I. Murdoch She was now calculating how soon she could decently rise to go. 2 Shakes 2 Hen. VI A cunning man did calculate my birth And told me that by water I should die. 4 R. W. Emerson TTie English did not calculate the conquest of the Indies. 5 T. S. Eliot His manners and appearance did not calculate to please. 6 H. B Tristram We had calculated on a quiet Sunday. calculative

a.

I

leg,

m

of or pertaining to calculation; given a. (now rare) of or

mi 8. calculatory

pertaining to calculation E17.

calculated -ED'.]

1

[f. prec. + fined, suited, apt, to do.

/'kalkjoleitid/ ppl a. E18.

Intended

man, n no, p pen,

r

to do;

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we, z zoo,

of

differences,

infinitesimal

integral

calculus the part of infinitesimal calculus that deals with integrals and integration, predicate calculus: see PREDICATE n. propositional cakulus.

calculat-

pa.

to calculating:

calcify /'kalsif/vi/ v. M19. [f. calci- + -fy ] 1 v.i. Convert into calcium carbonate or other calcium compounds; harden insoluble by b but, d dog,

L

[Late

-luses.

calculus of variations: see VARIATION, differential

summation

lME.

v.

-ATE^.]

see calx.

comb, form of L cak-, CALX lime, usu. w. the sense 'calcium carbonate': see Cf. CALC-. calcicole a. & n. [L cokre inhabit] Bot. (a plant) growing best in calcareous soil L19. cal'cicolous a. = CALCICOLE a. L19. cal'cigerous a. contaimng lime M19. calcifiige a. & n. (Bot.) (a plant) not suned by

calci-

I

L19.

n.

/-Iai, -li:/,

in

calculus the part of infinitesimal calculus that deals with derivatives and differentiation, infinitesimal calculus the branch of mathemaucs that deals with the finding and properties of denvatives and integrals of functions, by methods ong. based on the

predictable, /'kalkjuleit/

CALCULUS.]

.

/'kalkjubb(3)l/ a. M18. [f. next + to be calculated. Of a person:

calcula'bility

L

reckoning with an abacus) ] 1 a A particular method or system of calculation or reasoning; esp. (Math.) infinitesimal calculus (see below). M17. f b gen. Computation; calculation. L17-E19. 2 Med. A stone. M18.

Able

calculate

calculi.

calculiform /'kalkjulifo:m/ a. e2o. [f. L CALCULUS + -I- + -FORM.] Pebble-shaped. calculous /'kalkjubs/ a. E17. [f. L calculosus, f

calcrete /'kalkriit/ n. ezo. [f. calcCon)crete n.] A breccia or conglomerate cemented together by calcareous material; a

]

M20.

Med. Of, penaining to, or of the nature of a calculus; aiTected with calculi.

/'kalsism/ n. E19. [f. L cak-, calx + greyish-white chemical element, atomic no. 20, which is one of the alkaline earth metals and occurs abundantly in nature, esp. as its carbonate (limestone etc.). (Symbol Ca.)

-ABLE

calculator,

as next: see -ULOus.]

calcium

calculable

lME. [L

n.

A

A programmed

visual display.

calcareous duricrust.

calceolaria

is

see

1

]

f calcule n. L16-M18. [Fr. = CALCULATION.

-i-

cerebrum.

fissure of the occipital lobes of the

calculation

first

electronic device for out calculations, esp. (also pocket calculator) a small flat one with a keyboard and

calx heel: see -ate^.] Kick, calci'tration n. mi 7.

]

the

If

better,

/'kalkjuleits/

calculate:

calculate + -or

calcio- /'kalsiau/ comb. form. [{. CALCIUM + -0-] Used esp. to form mineral names. calcite /'kalsAit/ n. M19. [f. L calc-, calx + -ite'.] Aim. Trigonal calcium carbonate, which

pertaining to, or of the

.

Austen

-or. In mod. use f. person who calculates; a reckoner. lME. 2 A set of tables to facilitate calculations; a machine to carry out calculations. as

f.

of,

J.

wrong, we make a second calculational a. L19.

calcining: M17.

-ium

2

thirty-eight

a.

or

/kalkjo'leiJ(3)n/ n. lME. [(0)Fr. f. cakulatio(n-), f. as calculate: see -ATION.] 1 Arithmetical or mathematical

calciner or

occurs widely in a variety of forms, e.g. as prismatic crystals of Iceland spar etc., or in limestone, marble, and other rocks, and is colourless or white when pure.

gain

L

late

processes. E18.

calcitic /kal'sitik/ nature of calcite L19.

of

calculation

L

2 V. S. Naipaul In the dry season the earth baked, cracked, and calcined. cal'cinable a. M17. cal'ciner n. (a) rare a person who calcines; (ft) a kiln or other apparatus for

risk.

calculatingly adv. M19.

complete

roasting;

lME. [OFr.

/'kalsAin, -sin/ v. calcinare,

taking a calculated

is

calculating /'kalkjoleitio/ ppl a. E19. [f. as prec. + -ING-.] TTiat calculates; esp. shrewdly or

cakina lime, f L calc-, calx.] 1 v.t. a Reduce by roasting or burning to quicklime or a sii.uiar friable substance or powder. lME. b gen. Bum to ashes, consume by fire; roast. E17. ^cfig. Consume or purify as if by fire. M17-E18. 2 v.i. Undergo any of these

med.L

it

selfishly

calcination /kalsrneij(3)n/ n. lME. or mcd.L cakinatw(n-) f. cakinat- pa.

f.

calcareous

calcarine

M19.

most torpid. 2 Geo. Eliot When he was with a calculated caution. Listener

inspire even the

.

kal'keiniau/ comb, form of next: see

-0-.

-eus

calcified structure:

L cak-,

E18. 2 Reckoned, estimated; considered; with consequences etc. known. M19. S. J. Perelman a scene of activity calculated to 1

of or pertaining to calcification M19 n. the process of becoming calcified; a

a.

calcifi'cation

calcine

Gcol. w. the sense 'lime'. cal'calkaline a. (Pcnvgr.) relatively

calcium

caledonite

318

caldarium [L.] Hist.

caldera

A

/kardE:rium/

n.

/kol'dEira, -'diara/

caldana pot for boiling.]

-ria /-ns/. mi8. or bathroom.

PI.

(Roman) hot bath n.

A

L17. [Sp. f. late L volcanic crater of

one whose breadth size; spec, exceeds that of the vent(s) within it. great

greatly

caldron «. var. of cauldron. calean /'kalia:n/ n. M18. [Pers.

gilydn, kalyan f. Arab, gilydn for galayan bubbling up, boiling: cf. kalian.] a hookah.

caleche, -eche

Caledonian

n.

vars. of

calash.

/kali'dsunisn/

a.

&

n.

E17.

[f.

L

Caledonia Caledonia, Roman name of part of northern Britain, later applied to Scotland or the Scottish Highlands, + -an.] A adj. 1 Of or pertaining to ancient Caledonia; Scottish, of the Scottish Highlands, (now joc. or literary exc. in names of existing institutions etc.). E17. 2 Geol. Designating or pertaining to an episode of Europe in the moimtain-building in Palaeozoic era. E20. B ». A native or inhabitant of ancient Caledonia; a Scotsman, a Scottish Highlander, (now joc. or literary). M18. ^ See also New Caledonian s.v. new a. caledonite /'kalidanAit/ n. M19. [f. as prec. -I-ite'.] Min. An orthorhombic basic sulphate

NW

J

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, d this, o ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

)

calefacient

calefacient

/kali'feij(3)nt/

n.

&

usu.

M17.

a.

[L, see

stem oi calcfacere, f. calere be warm; -FACIENT.] Med. (A substance) producing sense of warmth. pres. ppl

calefaction /kairfakj(3)n/ [(0)Fr.

{lit.

&

L

late

Now

rare.

lME.

calefactio(n-) ,

{.

ppl stem of calefacere: see prec, (A) heated condition of the body. 2 The action of making something warm fig.); heating. E16. 1

calefactive

L

n.

a

pa.

-FACTION.]

lME.

or

calefaction

cale/aci-

calefact-

Now

/kali'faktiv/ a.

(see

+

prec.)

rare.

lME.

[f.

Having the

-rVE.]

tendency to warm; warming.

calefactory

L

/kali'fakt(3)ri/ n.

calefactorius adj.,

med.L

&

lME.

a.

-torium n.,

f.

[Late

as prec:

A «. f 1 Med. = calefacient n. 2 Hist. A vessel providing heat; spec. a metal ball containing hot water on which a warm priest could his hands before administering the Eucharist. M16. 3 A warm room in a monastery. L17. B adj. Adapted to see -ory'.]

LME-M17.

warming; producing warmth. E18.

calemhour PI.

Also -bourg /-bu:r/. pronounced same. E19. [Fr.] A pun. /kalabu:r/

n.

calendar /'kalinds/ n. Also (now rare) k-. ME. [AN calender, OFr. calendier (mod. calendner) f.

L

kalendanum, c- account-book, f kalendae (the day on which accounts were due): see calends, -AR-.] 1 The system by which the beginning, duration, and subdivisions of a year are fixed. ME. 2 A table or set of tables displaying the months, weeks, festivals, etc., of a given year, or with dates imponant to a particular pursuit or occupation. lME. b A contrivance for reckoning days, months, etc.; an adjustable device showing the day's date etc. E18. f3 fig. guide; an

A

example; a model. LME-E17. 4 A list, a register, spec, (a) of canonized saints, (t>) of cases for trial, (c) of documents arranged chronologically with simmiaries, (d) US of matters for debate.

lME. I

Gregorian

calendar,

see

GREGORIAN

a.

calendar, see JULIAN a. Liherian calendar, see

Julian

LiBERlAN

2 gardener's calendar, racing calendar, etc. perpetual calendar, see perpetual a. 4 Newgate Calendar, see d.'

Newgate

n.

any of the (usu. twelve)

into which a year is divided; the penod between the same dates in successive months; calendar year, see YEAR n.' 2.

calen'darial a. of, pertaining to, or according to a calendar E19. calendary n. & a. f (o) n. - calendar n., (ft) adj. = calendarial: lME. ca'lendric a. of the nature of a calendar L19. ca'lendrical a. = calendric

M19

calendar

/'kahnds/ v.t. L15. [f the n.] 1 Register or enter in a calendar, esp. of saints or saints' days. L15. 2 Arrange, analyse, and index

(documents). M19. calendarer n. M19 ei6. [(0)Fr. calandre, f

/'kalinds/

CALENDER l). ] f • = CALENDERER. E16-L18. 2 A machine in which cloth, paper, etc. is pressed by rollers to glaze or smooth it. E17.

calender

/'kalinda/ mendicant dervish,

/'kalmda/

li6. [Pers. kalandar.]

n.^

A

{.

L

be

warm.] 1 A form of delirium formerly supposed to afflict sailors in the tropics, in which the sea is mistaken for green fields; a fever, sunstroke. L16. 2 fig. A burning passion, calere

ardour, zeal. L16.

calescence

/k3'les(3)ns/

n.

rare.

M19.

[f.

L

stem of calescere grow warm, be warm: see -escence.] Increasing

calescent- pres. ppl calere

f.

or heat, calescent a. E19

PI. calves /ka:vz/. [OE aelf, cealf kdlb neut. (G kalb), (Du. kalf), kalha fem., kalfi', Goth, kalbo, i. Ginc. In sense 4 f ON.] 1 A young bovine animal, esp. the domestic cow, spec, in its first year. OE. b A stupid or inoffensive person. M16. 2 Tlie young of some other large mammals, as the elephant, deer, whale, etc. lME. 3 sea-calf, the common seal. lME. 4 A small island lying close to a larger one. rare exc. in the Calf of Man (off the Isle of Man). L17. 5 Leather made from the hide or skin of a calf, used esp. in shoemaking and bookbinding. E18. 6 A floating piece of ice detached from an iceberg. E19. 5 MOTTLED calf, rough calf, see rough a. Phrases: GOLDEN calf, in, with, calf (of a cow etc.)

calf /ka:f/

= OS

OHG

ca//

ON

kill thefaned calf, see FAT n. calf-love romantic affection felt by a young person; calf's foot (a) the foot of a calf, esp. as food; f(ft) wild arum, cuckoo-pint; calfskin = sense 5 above; calf's snout the plant weasel's snout, Misopates orontium.

pregnant,

Comb.

:

calihood

n.

L19. calfless

a.^

lM£

calves /ka:vz/. ME. [ON kilfi, of unkn. origin.] The fleshy hinder part of the leg below the knee; transf. the corresponding

calf /ka:f/

n:' PI.

part of a stocking, trouser-leg, etc. Comb.: calf-length a. (of a garment, boots, etc reaching to the calf calfless a} E16.

caliish /'ka:fij/ a. Also calvish [f. CALF n.' + -ish'.] Like a untrained, immature.

Caliban

/'kaliban, -ban/

Temp.}

Shakes.

caliciform +

)

L16. stupid;

/'ka:vij/. calf;

L17. [A character in of a degraded bestial

n.

A man

+

-I-

v.t.

/'kalindz/ n.pl. Also k- & fin smg. OE. [((0)Fr. calendes f ) L kalendae, c- (pi.) first day of the month, when the order of days was proclaimed, f base of L calare, Gk kalein call, proclaim.] f 1 In sing. A month; an appointed time. Only in OE. ^2 The Jewish festival of the new moon. lME~ei7. 3 The first day of the month in the ancient-Roman calendar. lME. f4 A prelude, a begirming. LME-E17. 5 A calendar, a record, rare. lME. 3 on or at, till the Greek Calends never, for ever.

calends

calendula

/ks'lendjob/ n. li6. [mod.L, dim. of calendae (see prec), perh. because it flowers for most of the year.] A marigold of the genus Calendula, with large yellow or orange flowers.

arm,

e

bed,

caliber

see calibre.

n.

calibogus unkn

/kali'baugas/ n. US. M18. [Origin mixture of rum and spruce beer.

A

]

calibrate /'kalibreit/ -ate'.] Measure the

M19. [f calibre + calibre of; measure the v.t.

irregularities of (a tube, gauge, etc.) before graduating it; graduate (a tube, etc) with allowance for irregularities; determine the

correct value, position, capacity, etc. of; correlate the readings of (an instnmient) with a standard. calibrator n. an instrument or device used m

a:

calibration

/kah'breij(3)n/ n. L19. [f prec: see -ation ] The action or process of calibrating an instrument, gauge, etc. Also, (one of) a set of graduations on an instrument, etc.

calibre

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, o hot,

d:

kdlib

/'kaliba, i.

It.

ka'liiba/ n.

Als'^

calibre or Sp. calibre,

mould

f

kalab

ult.

i.

*-ber. mi6. perh. f Arab.

Gk

kalapous standing,

shoemaker's last ] 1 (Orig. social) rank, importance; ability, personal capacity, weight of character; worth. M16. 2 The diameter of a projectile; the bore or internal diameter of a gim. L16. b transf. The diameter of any body of circular section, esp. a tube, as an artery etc E18.

Magee Works

of this calibre, complexity and depth take a lot of getting to know. D. Piper Two of the three most impressive sculptors who flourished in England in his lifetime were of considerable calibre. 2b Allen The gross calibre of the white linen socks ending in small, black, varnished shoes. calibred a. having a calibre (of a specified kind) L19 1

B.

H

calice

n.

caliche

var. of calix.

M19. [Amer. Sp.] A mineral arid areas of N. or S. Amenca,

/ks'liitji/ n.

deposit found in Chile nitre.

esp.

saw, a run, o put,

u: too, a

M19. [f L calix, -tcCup-shaped; resembling a

/'kalisifDim/ a.

-FORM.]

calyx.

calicle

M19. [L

/'kalik(a)l/ n.

CAi-ix, -ic-: see -CLE.] Zool.

structure. calicular /ka'likjolo/

A

caliculus dim. of small cup-shaped

of or pertaining to a calicle,

a.

cuplike M19. n. & a. Orig. also f-cut. M16. town in India.] A n. PI. -oes, a Orig. calico cloth. Cotton cloth, orig. as imported from the East; fabric resembling this. Now esp. (a) plain white unprinted bleached or unbleached cotton cloth; (h) N. Amer. printed cotton cloth. MI 6. b A piece or example of such cloth. L16. 2 A piebald horse. US. M19. Comb.: calico-bush N. Amer. the mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia; calico-printer, -printing (one engaged in) the production of printed patterns on

calico /'kalikao/

[Alt. of Calicut, a

*-os.

warmth

[(0)Fr.

L15. [(0)Fr. calandrer, of unkn. origin.] Press (cloth, paper, etc.) in a calender. calenderer n. a person who calenders cloth etc. H5.

a cat, a:

calentura,

calibrating E20.

as

calender

/'kal(3)ntjo3/ n. li6. [Fr. f Sp. calentar be hot f. Proto-Romance f.

1

calico.

B

adj.

Of calico.

1

L16. 2 Suggestive of printed

calico; multicoloured; piebald. N. Amer. E19. 2 calico cat a cat with black, ginger, and white patches.

calid

lME. [L

/'kalid/ a. arch.

calidus.]

Warm,

tepid; hot.

caliduct

n. M17. [f as prec, after pipe for conveying heat.

/'kalidAkt/

A

aqueduct.]

calif, califate

of caliph, caliphate.

ns. vars.

Califomian

/kali'fsinisn/

& A

[f or belonging to, native or peculiar to, California, a state on the Pacific coast of N. America. ei8. Califomian CONDOR Califomian holly the toyon, Hcteromeles arbutifolta. Califomian jack: see JACK n.' Califomian poppy a plant of the poppy family, Eschscholtzia califomica (see eschscholtzia). Califomian sea lion: see SEA LION 3. B n. A native or inhabitant of California. L18. California

califomite

/kali'fDinAit/ n.

Aim. A resembling jade.

green

-ite'.]

a.

+ -an

below)

(see

]

n.

ei8.

adj.

Of

E2o. [f as prec. + of vesuvianite

variety

californium

/kali'farniam/ n. M20. [f where first made + -lUM.] radioactive metallic chemical element of the actinide series, atomic no. 98, which is produced California University,

A

Cf

(Symbol

artificially.

caliginous caliginosus,

month

portions

calender

calenture

nature,

Comb.: calendar

a.

caliver

319

carbonate of copper and lead, occurring as blue or blue-green prisms.

and

/k3'lid5in3s/ f.

caligo,

-in-

M16.

arch.

a.

mistiness:

[L

see -ous.]

Misty, dim; obscure, dark, caligi'nosity n. (arch.) dimness of sight M17.

calinda /ks'lmda/

n.

mi8. [Amer. Sp.] A Black in Latin America and the

American dance found southern US.

/'kalipa|/ n. L17. [Perh. W. Indian or of Sp. carapacho CARAPACE.] Orig. the upper shell or carapace of the turtle. Now, that part next to this, containing a dull green gelatinous substance; also, this substance, which is regarded as a delicacy. Cf next.

calipash alt.

/'kalipi:/ n. M17. [Perh. W. Indian: cf prec] Orig., the lower shell or plastron of the

calipee

Now, that pan next to this, containing a yellowish gelatinous substance; also, this substance, which is regarded as a delicacy. Cf turtle.

light

prec.

caliper n. & v. caliph /'keihf,

n.

Also calif, khalif.

lME.

(med.L calipha, -es) f Arab. deputy (of God), f title kaltfat Allah, or

[(0)Fr. kalrfa

var. of calliper.

'ka-/

caliphe

successor (of Muhammad), f title kaltfat rasul Allah of the Messenger of God, f kalafa succeed. See also kkalifa.] Chiefly Hist. The chief civil and religious ruler of the Muslim

community, caliphal

a.

L19.

caliphate /'kalifeit/ n. Also -f-, khalif-. E17. [(. prec. + -ATE': cf. Fr. caliphat.] Chiefly Hist. 1 A country governed by a caliph. E17. 2 The reign or term of office of a caliph. M18. 3 The rank or dignity of a caliph. M18.

Calippic

a. var.

of Callippic. var. of callisthenic.

calisthenic a. & n. caliver /'kaliva/ n. calibre, prob. calibre.}

A

obs.

first

in

M16. [Var. of arquebuse, piece de

exc. Hist. Fr.

light

kind of harquebus fired without

near,

01

a rest.

ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

day, so no,

e:

hair,

la

boy, oa poor,

Aia tire,

aoa sour

calix Also -ice /-is/. PI. -ices 'keiliks n. -isiiz E18. [L calvt, -If- cup: of. calyx.] Chiefly Anat. A cuplike cavity or structure; esp. one of the divisions of the renal pelvis.

calix

.

Calixtlne

'kalikstin/ n.

Cf

f as prec of a

pi.,

member

E18. [med.L Catixtini catuxtm.} Ecd. Hist.

A

Fr

who

Hussites

of the

section

both the cup and the bread should be administered to the laity during the

mamtained

that

Eucharist.

Also *cork. L16. [App. ult. f. L heel, or cakar spur: see calkin.] = CALKIN. L16. 2 A piece of iron projecting 1 from the heel of a boot etc. to prevent shpping. VS. EI 9.

calk

k.rk

cak-,

n.

caUancum

calk

f.'r. Also *cork. E17. [f. the n.] horseshoe, a boot, etc.) with a calk or

k.-i:k

Provide calkm.

(a

calker

calk

n.

ichicfly Sc.)

= calkin

li8.

M17. [Fr. calquer to copy, trace f It. cakare f L cakare to tread.] Copy (a design etc.) by colouring the back and following its lines so as to trace them on to a surface placed k.rk

'

'kalkin,

'k.-i:kin,

n.

lME. [MDu.

Also {Sc.) ca' /ka:/ (the usual form ME. [f. the vb.] 1 1 A loud vocal unerance; a cry, a shout. ME. b Tlie reading aloud of a list of names; a roll-call. E17. 2 The cry of an animal, esp. a bird. Also, an imitation of this, or an instrument imitating this, esp. as used to attract birds. M16. fb A decoy bird. L16-E18. 3 A signal, summons, or short theme sounded on an instnjment; a whistle etc. used /ks:l/ n.

in sense 10).

for this. L16.

Bu>A AN They gave but

iMaster

see

roll-call:

and in came their 2 J. Steinbeck The Masters Two buglers

a call,

roll

t»-inenng call of a raccoon 3 blew a short loud call. .

J.

.

With less emphasis on the actual sound. 4 A summons, an invitation; exhortation, bidding. ME. b spec. An invitation or summons to undertake the office of pastor, from God, one's II

a congregation. M17. c A an actor etc. to appear on stage to receive applause, begin a performance, etc. L18.

conscience,

summons

or

for

A

d

Cards. bid, pass, double, or redouble; a player's right or turn to bid. M19. e Cricket. shouted direction by a batsman to his or her partner to run or to remain in the crease: the responsibility to do this in a particular case. M19. f direction in a square dance given by the caller. M19. g shout or call by an umpire or referee indicating that the ball has gone out of play or that a fault or foul has been committed; the decision or ruling indicated. L19. 5 demand, a requisition, a claim. ME. b Chiefly Stock Exch. demand for the payment of lent or unpaid capital. Also, an option of buying stock at a fixed price at a given date. E18. 6 Divine, spiritual, or inner prompting; a vocation, calling. M16. 7 Requ rement, need; occasion. L17. 8 A shon visit; a stop en route. L18. 9 communication by telephone, radio, etc.; a telephone conversation. L19.

A

A

A

A

A

A

.

4 P Brook Alienation holding something up .

again.

E Longford The

are called to the bar; call-girl appointments by telephone; characteristic call; call-$ign(al) indicating the identity of a radio

call /k3:l/

G. Berkeley To call things by their right names. SotrrHEY Her parents mock at her and call her crazed. Tolkien Nobody else calls us hobbits; we call ourselves that. H. Williamson A shame, I calls it, Mr.

when

troubles.

Maddyzun. C. Hill His mother, Stevenson The aunts

R.

is

a call to halt: alienation

is

making us look had come. He was to be

to the light, call

(a

(heads or

v.t.

demand spec.

summons

notion of a

make

train, etc.:

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

see call in question above, call it a day: DAY n. call it quits: see QUITS a. call off (a) cancel (an engagement etc.); (b) order (a pursuer etc.) to desist, divert, call on or upon (a) invoke, appeal to; request or require to do etc.; f (fc) impeach, challenge; (c) pay a short visit to (someone), call one's own claim ownership of, possess, call one's shor. see shot n.' call one's soul one's own: see SOUL n. call out summon out esp. to active service (as troops to aid civil authorities); elicit; challenge to a duel; summon (workers) to strike; (see also senses i, 2 above), call out of one's name arch, address by a name other than the true one. call over (a) read aloud (a list etc.); (b) call over the coals: see coal n. call quits: see QtnTS a. call someone's bluff, see bluff n.' 2. call the roll: see roll n.' call the shots: see SHOT n.' call the tune: see TITNE n. call the turn: see TURN n. call to account summon to answer for his or her conduct, bnng to justice call to mind recollect, call to order request to be orderly, declare (a meeting) open, call truce: see TRUCE n. caiU up (a) summon from below, summon up; recollect; (b) call to action; conscript for military service; (c) call on the telephone, pay the piper and call the tune: see PAY j'.' Comb.: call-down N. Amer. a rebuke, an abusive tirade; call-over a roll-call; the reading aloud of a list of betting pnces; call-up a summons to action or service; spec, conscription. callable a. E19. callee n. a person who is called or

(a

calling; v.t.

someone, I

at the door); of a vessel,

a brief visit. (Foil,

by

on,

upon

at a place). L16.

Shakes. Tarn. Shr. Sometimes you would call out T. Ellwood He calling eamestiy me. S. T. Warner He called softly, fig.:

for Cicely Hacket.

called

after

Tennyson To the billow the fountain calls, b J. Grenfell The litde owls that call by night. 2 Thackeray The word we used at school when names were called. Ld Macaulay His duties were to call the odds when the Court played at hazard. R. Graves Gratus called out, 'Hey, Sergeant! Lx)ok whom we have here!' J. L. Waten I continued to call my wares as though at the market. 3 Coverdale Mark 15:16 The soudyers called the whole multitude together P. Mortimer My mother called the doctor in. C.

calla

.

.

I

similar plant. Also calla

Wesley I am God and man.

callant

m man,

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

/'kQ:l(9)nt/

n.

&

Sc.

north.

E16. [Flem.

A

6

dance, or

caller /'kaib/

W

out the numbers in bingo etc. a telephone call. L19. d One employed to knock up workers for duty. L19. 2 A driver. Sc. lME. 3 One who pays a (shon) visit. L18.

who

.

w

lily.

youth; a (yoimg) fellow. L16.

L19. c

.

top, v van,

arum

called

simply detested I. Colegate Her friend being called on before 4 o'clock in the afternoon. II Name, describe as. 7 v.t. Give as name or title to; name; style, designate, or address as; reckon, consider. ME. 8 v.t. Apply rude or abusive names to, vilify, dial. E19. called his name lesus. 7 Coverdale Matt. 1:25 He Donne You can cal it pleasure to be beguil'd in .

calla

kalant f. NFr. dial, caland, earlier calland, var. of chaland customer, chap, f chaloir be warm f L calere.'\ f 1 A customer. E16-M17. 2 boy, a

came six miles out of his way to see me. G. F. Fiennes The Fishguard boat train called at Challow to pick up .

It.

+ -er'.] 1 n. lME. [f. call v. One who or that which calls aloud. lME. b spec. One who atmoimces the directions in a square

called here yesterday

commuters.

cf.

n. Also c-. L20. [f. Callan Pinckney (b. 1939), US deviser of the (Proprietary name perh. after athletus.] system, for) a system of physical exercises based on small repeated movements.

.

J.

[mod.L:

/'kala/ n. E19.

An

callaloo n. var. of calalu. Callanetics /kab'nEtiks/

.

have called them. Gospel both by

on L19.

aquatic plant of the arum family, Calla palustris. Also, an arum lily (Zantedeschia) or lily ]

.

Isherwood George calls the bartender— ver>' loudly, so he can't pretend not to have heard. T. Stoppard What wimesses do you want to call? B. Mason A long blast on a whisde called her home. 4 Ld Macaui^y It might be necessary to call a Parliament. Daily Telegraph The strike was called because we want to will take notice of ensure that any fiiture owners what we say. 5 Shakes. ; Hen. 17 Is my Lord of Winchester call'd unto a cardinal's degree? AV Acts 13:7 Separate me Bamabas and Saul for the work

v.phr.i.

see

I.

CowpER A young gendeman

j

by

require

call into question:

d v.t. & Make a telephone call (to); communicate (with) by radio. L19. e Computing. Cause the execution of (a subroutine, procedure, etc.); invoke (a program). M20. 4 v.t. Convene, fix a time for, (a meeting etc.); armoimce as ensuing. ME. 5 v.t. Nominate by a personal summons, inspire with a vocation; of duty, God, etc.: bid, enjoin, urge, to do something. ME. b Invite formally to a pastorate. M16. 6 v.i. Make or pay a visit (orig. w. the

to preach the

b but, d dog, f Cew, g get, h he,

Summon

v.phr.i.

from; (b)

the presence or attention ME. b to another world; take by death. Rouse from sleep, summon to get up.

whereunto

.

withdraw from circulation, recall to repayment of; seek advice or help pay a short visit, esp. in passing call in evidence: see EVIDENCE n. calling hare a pika. call in or into question cast doubt on, dispute, call into being or existence create, call into play: see play n. (a)

oneself,

v.t.

EI 7.

knowes.

preps, in specialized senses: be

(to), call cousin($) arch, address each other as cousin, claim kinship with, call down (a) invoke from above; (b) colloq. reprimand, reprove, call for (a) ask for, order, demand; need, require; (b) go to or stop briefly at a place in order to get. call forth elicit, summon up. call home: see home adv. call in

Summon

E16. c

bad

7"im£j An official TTJC call not to take c curtain-call: see curtain n. 5a. g lau call, etc 5 S. JoHNSON The ^all for novelty is never satisfied. Conan Doyle TTie busy medical man, with calls on him every hour. 7 K. Amis A girl like you's got no call to bt depressed about anything L. Garfield He was inclined to show courage when there was no call for it. 8 .\. Trollope She had made a moming call on Martha Biggs. 9 L. Deighton I heard the operator asking Charlie if he'd accept a reversed charge call II! 10 Driving; a place where cattle etc. are driven; exertion, hard breathing. Sc. Ml8.

umpire: declare

of.

part in the protest call,

the tossing o£-a

Of an

v.t.

to the

&

communication

bowler) to have bowled a no-ball; declare

delivery) illegal. M19. 3

yowes

transmitter.

tails) in

Cricket.

the

tvith advs.

to, point out. call away distract, call back (a) v.phr.i. summon to return, recall, retract; (6) v.phr.i. & r. return to pay a short visit; repeat or return a telephone call or radio

(a suit, contract) in bidding. L17. c

d

coin. E19.

&

divert,

I

Name

Burns Ca'

attention to direct notice

i.

I.

.

call note a bird's a conventional signal

a prostitute accepting

v.i.

name

.

Drive, urge forward; be driven.

.

make its characteristic note. L15. c Rhythmically shout or chant (the steps or figures) to people performing a bam dance. M19. 2 v.t. Utter loudly or distinctly, shout (out), proclaim; read Cards. out (a list of names, etc.). ME. h v.t. & Make a demand for (a card, show of hands,

&

i.

BAR 16. ca' canny: see CANNY adv. call a halt (to) demand or order a stop (to) call all to naught: see naught pron. & n. I. call a person names abuse someone in speech, call a spade a (bloody) shovel: see spade n.' call a spade a spade: see spade n.' call a truce: see TRUCE n. call

Cry, shout, (out); speak loudly or distinctly, in order to engage attention. (Foil, by after, to a person.) lOE. b Of an animal:

t.

&

called to the bar, within the bar. see

lOE. [ON kalla cry, summon loudly MLG, (M)Du. kallen, OHG kalldn talk, chatter, Gmc] Shout, utter loudly;

V.

v.t.

all

lME.

Phrases,

=

etc.);

9

Ill Sc.

in sense 9).

1

his wife and his called Elizabeth. Anne called everybody 'sugar'.

favourite daughter were

Also (Sc.) ca' /ka:/ (the usual form

V.

Prime Minister

.

available

or

by calling. Comb.: call-box a public telephone kiosk; call-boy (a) a messenger boy; spec, a prompter's attendant employed to summon the actors; (b) a male prostitute accepting appointments by telephone; call changes changes rung in response to oral Campanol. instructions; call-day, -night: on which law students

summon.

Z'.'

M19.

I

ready

call

lent) repayable on demand; at the and call of. see beck n.^ 2. call of nature: see nature n. call to the bar. see BAR n.' i6. close call: see close a. & adv. get one's (or the) call dial, die, be about to die. house of call: see house n.' hurry call: see HURRY n. local call: see LOCAL a. moderate (in) a call: see MODERATE I', pay a call make a visit (pay a call on a person, pay a person a call); colloq. go to the lavatory, port of call a place at which a ship etc. calls, sick call: see SICK a. within call near enough to be summoned

beck

f.

CAULK

see

kalkoen or its source OFr. cakam, f. L cakaneum heel, f calx, cak- heel.] 1 The tumed-down ends of a horseshoe; a turned edge under the front of a horseshoe. lME. 2 The irons nailed on the heels and soles of shoes or clogs to make them last.

call

on

or

at

Phrases:

wanted; (of money

I'.-r.

beneath.

calk calkin

callet

320

we, z zoo,

calls

One who makes

caller /'koila/ a. Sc. & north. lME. [Alt. of CALVER a.: cf. silkr, silver.] 1 Esp. of fish: fresh, not decaying. lME. 2 Of air etc.: fresh and cool. E16.

callet

/'kalit/

n.

&

v.

obs.

exc.

[(0)Fr. cailktte dim. of cailk quail J

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, 6 this,

i)

ring,

if

dial. n.:

lME.

see -et'.]

chip, d3 jar

calliard

A

A

n.

lewd woman,

lME. B

v.

Scold,

I.

calliard /'kalia:d/ hard smooth flinty callidity [Fr.

L17.

L18. [Origin unkn.] gritstone.

Now

n.

lME.

rare or obs.

callidilas,

callidus

f.

A

skilful,

cunning: see -ity.] Craftiness, ctmning.

calligraph

/'kaligru:f/

calligraphe

&

n.

med.L

f.

M19.

v.

calligraphus

[Fr.

Gk

f.

kalligraphos: see

CALLIGRAPHY. Sense A. 2 and vb

after autograph

etc.]

A

n.

B

L19.

calligraphy.

One who

1

writes

M19. 2 An example of Write beautifully or

beautifully, a calligrapher. v.t.

a

mi8.

/ka'ligrafs/ n.

as next

[f.

+

who

person

writes beautifully; spec, a professional transcriber of manuscripts.

calligraphy

/ka'ligrafi/ n. E17.

[Gk

kalligraphia,

kalligraphos fair writer, t. kalli-, kallos beauty; see -GRAPHY.] 1 Beautiful handwriting; elegant penmanship. E17. 2 Style of handwriting, penmanship generally. M17. 3 In painting etc.: beauty of line; (elegant) brushwork. E20. calli'graphic a. of or pertaining to calligraphers or calligraphy; having beauty of style or line: L18. tcalligraphical a. = calligraphic: only in M17. = calli'graphically adi'. L19. calUgraphist n. i.

CALLIGRAPHER EI9.

calling

ME.

/'kDiliq/ n.

call

[f.

+

v.

I 1 The action of call v. ME. 112 (An inward conviction prompting to salvation or to serve

-ing'.]

(w. ref.

4); a strong impulse towards a course of action as the right thing to do; (a) vocation.

ME.

Station in life; rank. M16-L17. 4 An occupation, a profession, a trade, mi 6. 2 F. Nightingale What is it to feel a calling for any thing? M. L. King I am a preacher by calling. 4 J. BucHAN Business is now accepted as a calling for those who have received a liberal education. M. Harris Men who were known by their calling— Carter Temple, Shepherd Spindlow, Cowman Godfrey. Comb.- calling-card (chiefly N. Amer.) a visitingcard; esp. (fig.) a distinctive mark left behind by someone. .

calliope Kalliope poetry.]

/ka'lAispi/

n.

.

Amer.

N.

'beautiful-voiced') the

(lit.

A

M19.

Muse

alt.

set

&

/'kalips/ n.

A

of CALIBRE.]

w.

of epic

like that of

Also call-. li6. [App.

v. 1

[Gk

producing

of steam-whistles musical notes, played by a keyboard an organ. Also steam calliope.

calliper

calliper compasses,

{pair

compasses with bowed legs for measuring the diameter of convex bodies, or with out-turned points for measuring cavities.

of)

callipers,

L16. 2 splint.

A

metal suppon for the leg. Also calliper L19. B v.t. Measure with callipers. L19.

Callippic

/ka'lipik/ a. Also Calippic. L17. [f. Callippus Gk astronomer of the 4th cent. BC + -ic] Astron. (Hist.) Designating a period of 76 years, equal to four Metonic cycles, at the end of which, by omission of one day, the phases of the

moon

same day and hour. /kairpidjisn/ a. n8.

recur at the

callipygian

[f

kallipugos (epithet of a statue of Venus),

f.

Gk kalli-,

+

beauty

puge buttocks: see -ian.] Pertaining to or having well-shaped buttocks.

kallos

Also callipygous /-'pid33S, -'pAigss/

callistemon

a.

E20.

/kali'stiiman/

kallos

kalli-,

beanng flowers (resembling

US

a.

M19. B adj. Designating, pertaining to, or resembling such a band. M19. callitriche /ko'lilriki/ n. li8. [mod.L genus name f Gk kallitnkhos: see callithrix.] A water starwon (sec starwort i). callitrix n. var. of callithrix.

calloo call

]

li8. [Imit. of the duck's long-tailed duck, Clangula hyemalis.

/ka'lu:/ n. Sc.

The

callop /'kabp/ golden perch

Austral.

n.

GOLDEN

s.v.

=

[Aborig.]

E20.

a.

M19. [f as next + -al'.] Anat. Of or pertaining to the corpus callosimi of /k3'l3us(a)l/ a.

the brain.

callose

/ks'bus/ a. M19. [L callosus: see CALLOUS, -ose'.] Bot. Having callosities. callosity /ka'lositi/ n. lME. [Fr. callosite or L callositas, f as prec: see -ity.] 1 Abnormal hardness and thickness of the skin or other tissue. lME. 2 A callus; a hardened insensitive part of the skin etc. lME. 3 fig. A hardened state of mind; callousness. M17.

callous /'kabs/

L

a., n.,

&

v.

lME.

[(Fr. calleux

hardened skin: see Chiefly of the skin or other tissue: hardened, indurated, esp. by continual friction; naturally hard. lME. 2 fig. Hardened in f.)

callosus,

a

-ous.]

callum, -us

{.

adj.

1

1 W. Congreve With labouring callous hands. 2 Arnold Bennett He had shown a singular, callous

disregard for the progress of the rest of the house H. in wrongdoing and callous to all influence.

T. Lane Hardened

good

B C

= CALLUS

n.

I.

v.t.

a.

callow /'kabu/

a.

&

n.

[OE

calu

=

MLG

kale,

MDu. kale (Du. kaal), OHG kalo (G kahl) WGmc, prob. f L calvus bald.] A adj. f Bald. OE-lME. 2 Unfledged; downy, downlike; f.

1

inexperienced, raw, youthful. L16. 3 fig. land: bare; Anglo-Ir. low-lying and liable to flooding. L17. 2 Dryden The callow Down began to cloath my Chin. C. L^MB The first callow flights in authorship. N. Mitford The callow young world of my acquaintance. chiefly

:

Of

B «. fl A bald person. Only in ME. t2 A callow nestling; a raw youth. M-L17. 3 Topsoil, overburden, dial, mi 9. 4 A low-lying meadow liable to flooding. Anglo-Ir.

M19.

callowly adv. L20. callowness

calluna

/ka'lums/

kallunein beautify,

n.

M19.

E19. [mod.L, f. Gk clean, f kallos beauty.]

n.

sweep

Common heather or ling, Calluna vulgaris. callus /'kabs/ n. & v. M16. [L (more commonly callum).] An. A tliickened and hardened part 1

of the skin or soft tissue, a callosity. M16. 2 Aled. healing tissue which forms around the ends of broken bone. L17. 3 Bot. A hard formation of tissue; new tissue formed over a

The bony woimd.

a bottle-brush) with

B V.:. Form a callus, become hardened Cf CALLOUS V. MI 9. Also fcallum

n.

.

(over).

movement.

tranquillity. E16.

long red or yellow stamens.

E19. [f. strength strength

/kalis'Osnik/

Gk

A

Si

a.

kallos

kalli-,

+ -ic]

Also cali-.

n.

+

beauty

E19.

callithrix /'kahenks/

[mod.L f L =

n.

Also -trix

/-triks/. E17.

a kind of Ethiopian

Gk kallitnkhos beautiful-haired.] A Now only as mod.L genus name. a cat, a:

sthenos

adj.

arm,

e

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

1:

monkey, f. marmoset.

see, o hot,

0:

calm

/ka:m/

w.'

/ka:m, koiin,

in sense 2 also keim/ n.^ Sense /keim/. E16. [Origin unkn.] 1 A mould in which metal objects are cast. Sc. E16. 2 An enclosing frame for a pane of glass etc.; spec.

2 also

a.

(usu. in pi.). L16.

lME. [med.L

calmus,

f.

as

calm

Of the

weather, air, or sea, of the mind or behaviour, of conditions or circumstances: still, tranquil, quiet, serene. lME. 2 Self-confident; «.']

1

impudent,

M20.

colloq.

Phrases: keep a calm sough: see

calmly

SOUGH

n.'

L16. calmness n. E16. rare) tranquil, peaceful L16.

calmy

adv.

now

(literary,

a.

calm

/ka:m/ v. lME. [f. the adj.] 1 v.i. Become calm. Now only foil, by down. lME. 2 v.t. Make calm. Also foil, by down. M16. f3 v.t. Becalm (a

ship).

L16-M18.

I L. Uris Let's stop yelling at each other. Let's calm down. 2 G. Greene It calms the nerves and .

.

came

saw, a run, u put,

calmant /'ka:m(3)nt, 'kal-/ n. [Fr ] a calmative, a sedative E19. calmer n. a person who or thing which calms M17. calmingly adv. in a calming manner £20.

&

calmative

/'kaimativ, 'kal-/ a. -ATIVE.] Med. (An agent)

+

prec.

calming

L19.

n.

[f.

that has a

effect, (a) sedative.

calmodulin

/kal'modjulm/ n. L20. [f CAL(ciUM + modul(ate + -IN'.] Biochem. A

calcium-binding

which

protein in eukaryotic cells involved in regulating a variety of

is

cellular activities.

fcalmstone n. see camstone. calomel /'kabmel/ n. L17. [mod.L,

perh. f. Gk -Ibeautiful melas black ] Mercury(I) chloride, Hg,Cl2, a white powder formerly much used as a purgative. kalos

Calor

/'kab/

n.

M20. [L

name

ca/or heat.] In full Calor

for hquefied gas (chiefly

butane) supplied under pressure in containers for use as domestic fuel. n. & a. li8. [Fr. calonque, f. L calor heat: see -Ic] A «. 1 Hist. A hypothetical fluid formerly thought to be responsible for the phenomena of heat. L18. 2 Heat. arch. LI 8. B adj. Of or penaining to heat;

caloric /ks'lonk, 'kabrik/

expressed

in calories.

M19.

calorically /k3'lDrik(3)li/ adv. as or in the manner of heat; as regards heat: M19.

calorie /'kabri/ n. Also calory. M19. [Fr., f L calor heat + Fr. -ie -Y^.] A unit of heat or energy; spec, (a) the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree centigrade (also called kilocalone, large or great calorie), freq. used as a measure of the energy value of foods (abbrev. Cal); (b) the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree centigrade, equal to approximately 4.19 joule (also called small calone, abbrev. cal). empty calorics: see EMPTY a.

calorific /kab'nfik/

a. L17. [L calonficus, f. see -Flc] Producing heat; Icosely of or penaining to heat. Comb.: calorific value the quantity of heat

calon-,

calor

heat:

obtainable from a given quantity (of a fuel).

calorimeter

/kab'rimita/

+

heat

calor

li8.

n.

[f.

L

calon-,

-meter] An apparatus amount of heat involved

for in

a

chemical reaction or other process. calorimetric /kabn'melrik/ a. of, pertaining to, or by means of calorimeters or calorimetry M19. = calori'metrical calorimetric a. L19. calori'metrically adv. L19 calorimetry n. the measurement of quantities of heat M19.

calory

lME.

Suitable for producing and grace; of or pertaining to callisthenics. E19. B n. In pi. gymnastic exercises designed to promote bodily health and grace of

many

/ku:m/

n. var.

of calorie.

lME-liS.

[Perh. f. pop.L alt. (cf med.L calmus adj., calmacio(n-)) of late L cauma i. Gk kauma heat (of the day or sun), by assoc. w. L calere be warm.] 1 Stillness, tranquillity, quiet, serenity, (of the weather, air, or sea, of (esp. social or political) conditions or circimistances, of the mind or behaviour). lME. 2 An absence of wind; a period of stillness or

callisthenic

calm

of lead used for framing the glass

slip

windows

measuring the

L19.

I E. Linklater Their noses were unremarkable, being small and without sufficient callus to give them a definite shape, fig.: O. W. Holmes Editors have to develop enormous calluses at every point of contact with authorship.

calm

grooved

in lattice

gas. Proprietary

MI7.

Make callous, harden. Chiefly calloused Cf. CALLUS V. M19. callously adv. L19. callousness n. (a) callous quality or condition; behaviour, esp. callous insensitivity; (b) a callosity: M17. ppl

a

soothes the emotions.

.

n. M19. [mod.L, f beauty + stemdn thread, stamen ] An evergreen myrtaceous shrub or small tree of the Australian genus Callistemon,

Gk

&

n.

feeling etc.; insensitive, unfeeling. L17.

divine

of)

God

Christian ministry w. mixture of sense

to the

/kali'OAmpian/

M19. [Fanciful: cf Gallithumpian.] A n. of a band of discordant instruments.

A member

callosal

ornamentally. L19.

calligrapher

callithumpian colloq.

n. dial.

L

or

a prostitute; a hag, a scold.

rail.

/ka'liditi/

callidiU

-er'.]

caloyer

321

u: too, a

ago,

ai

my, an how,

ei

calotte /ka'lot/ n. Mij. [Fr., perh. rel. to cale CAUL «.'] 1 A skullcap, esp. as worn by Roman Catholic priests. M17. 2 A snowcap, an ice-cap. L19.

calotype

/'kabtAip/

«.

&

v.

M19.

[f.

Gk

kalos

+ -type.] Hist. A n. A photographic process in which negatives were made using beautiful

paper coated with silver iodide. M19. Photograph by this process, mi 9.

caloyer

B

v.t.

(pi. same) I n. L16. eccl.Gk kalogeros, i. kalos beautiful -t- gerds, -as old age ] A Greek monk, esp. of the order of St Basil.

[Fr.

day, su no,

t:

f

/'kahis, foreign kabje

It.

hair,

is

caloiero

near,

01

(.

boy, us poor,

ais dre,

3us sour

cambre

calpac calpac

'kalpuk n. .\lso -pack, kalpa(c)k. li6. [Turk, kjlpak ] An oriental cap; spec, a tall felt sheepskin cap worn in east central Asia, or

caique

kalk;

CALK

as

f

B

\\20.

by

v.

&

n.

A

V.-]

M20.

r.

A

M.

Form

I.

= copy,

[Fr.

loan-translation

Usu.

as a caique.

tracing, on).

{of,

in pass. (foil.

.\120.

caltha

name

A

[mod.L Caltha genus

li6.

n.

marsh mangold. .

OFr.

kauketrape chauchc- (mod.

cjucherrapey

of

var.

dial.

chausserrape),

f.

chjuchur tread + trjppe trap.] 1 Orig., a plant which tended to catch or entangle the feet. Later, a plant with a flower-head suggestive of the militan,- instrument (sense 3 below); spec, (a) Trapa natans (also water a water chestnut, cTnbol of peace.

ks'l.vmnieit

1 v.t. Slander, charges against. M16. f 2 E17 E18.

-ATE*.]

calumni ation a

calomnieux

Of

as

v.i.

:

Utter calumnies.

(a) the action of calumniating; (b)

n.

caluimiious -ous.]

calumniat-

[1^

CALUMNY n. see defame, make false f.

.MI6.

.\ii6

ks'lAmnias; a. L calumniosus,

a false

lME. [L calumma.]

n.

misrepresentation, slander, libel; false charge, a slanderous statement or report.

'kabmni

M16. [(Fr. calommer

v.

a

f.)

calumniare calumniari for (see In mod. use f. the n.] fJ ^-fUtter calumnies. Only in M16. t2 v.t. Declare calumniously. Only in M16. 3 v.t. Calumniate, C.-U.U.MN1ATE)

.

fcalumnize

E20. [Calvados, a department Normandy, France.] Apple brandy, traditionally made in the Calvados region; a dnnk of this. n.

m

-i3m Anal.

pi.

,

The

kal'veirw n. PI. -iae /-li:/. Also -ium -ia -13/. lME. [L calvaria: see next.] vault of the skull.

Calvary

'kalv(3;ri n. Also c-. L17. [The site of the Crucifixion of Jesus, f. L calvana skull (f calva scalp, calvus bald), tr. Gk GOLGOTHA.] 1 Her. Calvary cross, cross Calvary: with the upper and side limbs of equal length and the lower limb considerably longer, moimted on a p>Tamid of three grises or steps. L17. 2 Ch A sculptured or piaorial representation of the Crucifixion. E18. 3 place of crucifixion (Hi. & fig.). L19.

RC

A

calve 1

/

ka:v/

z'.'

[OE

Give birth Usu.

v.i.

calve

cow that calves see cave v."

f.

cai.f n.']

OE. 2

v.t.

(.jive

lME. i

v.t.

&

produce

n. a

calved

i

birth

Of an

detached part).

(a

a.

&

v.

MLG

to 'be cold'.]

b but, d dog,

Calvinist.

v.

Calvinism

/'kalviniz(3)m/ n. li6. [Fr. calvinisme or mod.L calvinismus, f. Calvin (see below): see -ism.] The doctrines of the French Protestant reformer Jean Calvin (1509-64) and his followers, esp. those relating to grace and salvation; adherence to these election to doctrines.

A

-1ST.]

Of

adj.

/'kalvmist/

An

n.

n.

adJ-.jient

M16. Calvi'nistic a. of, pertaining to, or following the doctrines of Calvinism Mi 8. Calvi'nistical a. = Calvinistic li6. Calvi'nistically adv. L17.

Calvinize

Also -ise. M17. [f. Calvin (see Calvinism) + -ize.] 1 v.i. Follow Calvin; teach Calvinism. M17. 2 v.t. Imbue with Calvinism. E19.

calvish calvity

a.

/'kalvmAiz/

var.

v.

of calfish.

/'kalviti/

/kalks/

calvitium,

f.

fcabces.

/'kalsi:z/,

calx, calc- lime, prob. f. Gk khaiuc pebble, limestone.] 1 A powder or friable substance produced by roasting or burning a mineral or metal, formerly taken as the essence of the mineral, arch. lME. 2 Orig. more fully ^calx vive. Quicklime, arch. lME. 3 The area behind goal-line in the Eton College wall game.

lME. [L

calycanthus /kali'kanGss/ n. li8. [mod.L, as CALYX + Gk anthos flower.] A shrub of the N. genus

Calycanthus;

Carolina

esp.

'kei-/

calyx

calyci-,

to

small

or

calyx

Also

n.

calyculus /ks'likjubs/, pi. [L calyculus dim. of calyx,

A

the

calyx;

calycine

-li

L

form

-li:/.

M18.

in

/-1m,

-yc-: see -CLE.] Bot.

structure,

of

esp.

f

A

Long

obs. exc. Hist.

kelkr adj.

= calyculated li8. calycular of or pertaining to a calycle, calycine M17. calyculate /ka'likjubt/ a. = calyculated M19. calyculated /ka'likjolertid/ a. enclosed in or furnished with a calycle L17. /ka'likjob/

a.

a.

calypso

/ks'lipsso/ n. PI. -os. E2o. [Origin A type of W. Indian (orig. Trinidadian) ballad or song, usu. with a topical theme; the kind of music to which this is sung, calyp'sonian n. a composer and singer of calypsos M20.

unkn.]

calyptra

Of

few, g get, h he,

&

f

fish,

j

ME.

Gmc

base esp. salmon:

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

/ks'liptra/

kaluptra covering, cover; protective

n.

M18.

veil.]

Bot.

spec.

(a)

[mod.L f

A a

Gk

hood,

a

of

layer

parenchymatous cells protecting the tip of growing root (also called root-cap); (b)

a a

structure over the capsule of a moss.

calyx

/'kaliks, 'kei-/ n. PI. -yces /-isi:z/, -yxes. L17. [L calyx, -yc- f. Gk kalux shell, husk, pod, f. base of kaluptem to hide.] 1 Bot. A whorl of leaves (sepals), forming the outer case of a bud or the envelope of a flower. L17. 2 = calix. M19. Comb.: calyx-tube: see TUBE n. 10.

part of a wheel etc. in machinery, used to impan reciprocal or variable motion to another part with which it makes sliding contact as it rotates. Comb. camshaft a shaft carrying a cam or cams, esp. (in an mtemal-combustion engine) for operating the cylinder valves (overhead cam: see OVERHEAD a. 1). :

man,

camail

n no, p pen,

r

red, s

/'kameil/

Hist.

pronoimced same.

PI.

n.

L16-L18. 2

painting. E18.

[(0)Fr.

L17.

n.

f.

Prov.

f.

cap head + malh, malhar mail n.'] hood worn by the Roman Catholic Also, a blue or purple ornament worn by

capmalh,

f.

A

1

A piece of chainmail attached to the headpiece and protecting the neck and shoulders. E19. Camaldolese

/ka'maldsliiz/

&

a.

E19.

n.

[f.

+ -ese.] A adj. below) Designating or belonging to a religious order CamaldoU

(see

founded by St Romuald the

nth

B

cent. E19.

n.

Camaldoh,

at

Italy, in

A member

same.

PI.

of

this order. E19.

Camaldolite

camalote

= Camaldolese

n.

n.

ei8.

Also camel-. L19. [Amer. Sp.] A floating island of vegetation in N. or S. America; a blue-flowered aquatic plant of the genus Pontederia, which forms such islands.

caman

/kams'buti/

/'kamsn/

n.

L19.

n.

camdn,

[Ir.

cammdn, f cam bent, crooked.] The

Olr.

stick

used

n.

M19.

in shinty.

camaraderie [Fr.,

mutual

/kani3'ra:d(s)ri,

COMRADE:

camarade

{.

and

trust

sociability of

-ri:/

The

-ery.]

see

comrades. M19. [Sp., dim. of

/kama'rila, -\pl n. cabal, a clique.

A

camara CHAMBER.]

/kama'rsun, 'kam9r(3)n/ n. L19. [Sp. camaron shrimp.] A freshwater shrimp or prawn resembling a crayfish.

camas, camass

sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

n. vars.

of quamash.

camber

/'kambs/ n. lME. [OFr. cambre, f dial, var. of chambre arched f L camurus curved inwards ] 1 A harbour, a dock; a dockyard where cambering is performed, rare. lME. 2 A slight convexity above, an arched form, esp. of a road surface in cross-section, a beam, deck, aircraft wing, etc. E17. b Sideways inclination of a

motor

vehicle's wheel.

camber

/'kambs/

M20.

lME.

v.

[Fr. cambrer,

Be or become

V.I.

1

f.

as

convex so

slightly

higher than the ends. lME. 2 etc.) to arch upwards slightly in the middle; give camber to (a road surface, wing, etc.). E17. that the centre

L

resembling a calyx, /'kalik(3)l,

exc. dial. Also

camec] fl A cameo.

method of monochrome

prec]

calyces n.pl. see calyx. calycine /'kaliSAin/ a. mi8. [f. + -ine'.] Of or pertaining calycle

obs.

camaron

calces

PI.

n.

Long

adv.

/kamajo/

L16. [Fr.: see

camarilla [L

E17.

rare.

n.

cafous bald.] Baldness.

American

camaieu

&

a. M16. [f. as prec. + of Calvinism. M16. B or pertaining to Calvinists or Calvinism.

Calvinist

&

a.

a bishop over his rochet. L17. 2

of Calvinize.

var.

/kam/ n. L18. [Du. kam comb, as in kamrad toothed wheel, cog-wheel.] A projecting

a. L16. [f. calf n.-: see -ed'.] (of a given description etc.).

'ka:v3/ rcl.

meaning

A

n.

cam

L18.

ka:vd/

Havmg calves [Perh.

in pass.

etc.: split to

V.'

calver

calfian, cealfian,

to a calf.

to (a calf;.

iceberg E19. calver

M16. [f. Calvin or pertaining to

/kam/

M16. [Welsh (also Ir., Gael., Manx) Celt.] Crooked(ly), perverse(ly); awry, askew. fk-.

clergy.

M16 M18. Calvinise

calycled

calumniate E17-E18.

v.i.

'kalvsdos

calvaria

fB

M16.

Calvinistic.

n.

Of

bracts.

slander. E19.

Calvados

&

allspice (allspice 2).

Malicious

calumny late L

/kal'vinion/ a. -lAN.] A adj.

+

(sec next)

cam

A

^i.'

f.

defamatory, calumniously adv. M16.

'kabmni

of calf

n. pi.

M19.

[(0)Fr.

L15.

or f. as next: see the nature of a calumny; slanderous;

calumny

calves

calx

calumniator n. a slanderer, calumniatory a. slanderous E17.

calumny:

accuser

mi6.

v.

stem oi calumniari,

pa. ppl

v.t.

Calvin;

caltrop 'kaltrop n. Also -trap. [OE calcatrippe (ult. f. med.L cakamppa, -irappa; senses 2 & 3 f identical)

alive or

Calvinian

'kalO-i

L.]

f.

prepared in a now unknown way while newly dead. Cf. caller a. ME. B v. 1 Prepare (fish) when fresh in a now unknown way. Chiefly as calvered ppl a. E17. ^2 v.i. Behave as a 'calver' fish when cooked. M17-M18. fresh;

V.t.

Cause

is

beam

(a

Camberwell beauty phr.

M18. [Camberwell,

SE London.] A

/'kambawel

a village,

now

'bju:ti/

n.

a district of

nymphalid

holarctic

butterfly,

Nymphalis antiopa, with dark brown creambordered wings, which is a rare migrant to Britain fi-om Continental Europe. Cf. mourning

MOURNING

cloak (b) s.v.

cambia n. fcambio

n.'

pi.

of cambium.

n.

PI.

-os.

CAMBIUM.] (A place,

mi6-lx8.

a bill, of)

[It.

f.

med.L

exchange.

Now

cambist

rare or obs. E19. [Fr. /'kambist/ n. cambiste f. It. cambista, f. as prec: see -1ST.] An expert in or a manual of financial exchange; a dealer in bills of exchange, a speculator.

cambium

/'kambwm/ n. PI. -ia /-la/. L16. [med.L = (ex)change.] 1 One of the alimentary humours formerly supposed to nourish the body.

L16. 2 Bot. (A layer of) firom which phloem, xylem, or division. by L17. 3 (A place of)

exc. Hist.

obs.

cellular tissue

cork grows

exchange or barter, rare. E18. cambial a. (a) Bot. of, pertaining to, or of the nature of cambium, ^(b) relating to financial exchange: M19. fcamblet n. & v. var. of camlet. f cambock n. Cambodian

var. of

cammock

n.'

/kam'baudisn/ n. & Cambodia (see below) + -an.] An. 1 inhabitant

of

country in

SE

L18. [f native or (Kampuchea), a

Cambodia Asia.

2

L18.

Cambodia, Khmer. M19. B to Cambodia, its people, or

A

The language of Of or penaining

adj. its

language. M19.

camboose n. var. of caboose. cambre /kabre/ a. E20. [Fr., pa. CAMBER

a.

pple of cambrer

body) bent fi'om the waist sideways or backwards. V.

]

Curved, arched;

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

6

this,

t)

Ballet (of the

ring, tj chip,

d3

jar

.

cambrel cambrel

/'kambr(3)l/

exc. dial. In sense

obs.

n.

2 also fch-. lME. [Sense i perh. f. AN var. of OFr. chambnl lath; sense 3 prob. rel. to Welsh cambren crooked tree, bent stick, swingletrec, butcher's cambrel, etc., f. cam crooked (see cam a. & adv.) + pren wood, stick. Cf. GAMBREL.] f 1 A spatula. Only in lME. 2 The hock of a horse's hind leg. E17. 3 A bent piece of wood or iron used by butchers to hang carcasses on. M17. Cambrian /'kambnan/ a. & n. M17. [f. med.I. Cambria Wales, var. (with differentiation of sense) of Cumbria (see Cumbrian), + -an.] A adj. 1 Of or pertaining to Wales, Welsh; a Welsh person. M17. 2 Geol. Designating or pertaining to the earliest period of the Palaeozoic era, preceding the Ordovician. M19. B n. Geol. The Cambrian period; the system of rocks dating from this time. M19.

cambric

/'kambnk,

'keim-/

&

n.

a.

lME.

Cambridge

/'kembrid^/ n. M19. [A university and the county town of Cambridgeshire, a Cambndge 1 county in eastern England] sausage, a variety of pork sausage. M19. 2 Cambridge blue, a light blue (adopted by Cambridge University). L19. city

Cambridgeshire nightingale

/'keunbrid3j3 'pMtirjgeil/ n. phr. M19. [f. Cambridgeshire (see they were introduced prec.) + NIGHTINGALE into East Anglia in the 17th cent.] = edible frog

EDIBLE

f.

-o-.]

camcorder

/'kamkoida/

A

?;.']

n.

see

calm

v.

pa.

t.

n.

L20.

ponable

[f.

camera + camera

video

of come

v.

/'kam(3)l/ n. OE. [L camelus f. Gk kamelos f. Semitic (cf. Heb. gamal): in reinforced by OFr. c{h)amel, -eii] 1 Either of two large hornless long-necked domesticated ruminants of the genus Camelus, (more fully Arabian camel) the dromedary, C. dromedarius, with one hump, and (more hilly Bactnan camel) C. ferus, with two humps. OE. 2 An apparatus consisting of one or more watertight chests, used to provide buoyancy for a sunken ship etc. E18. 3 A shade of fawn colour. L19. 1 swallow a camel (w. allusion to Man. 23:24) make no difficulty about something incredible or

ME

unreasonable, the

last

straw that breaks the camel's back:

STRAW n. Comb. camel-back a kind of rubber used esp. to retread tyres; camel('s)-hair the hair of the camel, or see

,

paintbrushes) of a squirrel's tail; camel-spider = SOLIFUGID; camel-thorn (a) a Middle Eastern leguminous shrub, Alhagi camelorum; (b) a southern African shrub. Acacia giraffac. came'leer n. a camel-driver E19. camel-like a. resembling (that of) a camel M18. cameloid a. & n. (an animal) belonging to the family Camelidae, which includes the camels and llamas; camel-like: L19 camelry n. troops mounted on camels M19. n.

var. of

n.'

Now

rare or obs.

Joseph

Moravian

to leave a design in relief;

outermost being cut cameo part: see sense 2

gold of pleasure, C. saliva.

mi8. [mod.L, f. (1661-1706),

/ka'miilis, -'mzhs/ n.

Kamel Jesuit

or

Camellus

and

botanist:

see

-ia'.]

An

shrub of the Far Eastern genus Camellia, of the tea family; esp. C. japonica, bearing showy red, pink, or white flowers. evergreen

e

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

i:

/'kam(s)r3/

n.

see, d hot,

[L =

L17.

vault,

arched

Gk kamara

f.

obscura. mi8. 4 Any taking photographs or

television pictures, mi 9. 4 cmc camera, motne camera, rtionorail camera, teleztsiOTi camera, video camera. X-ray camera, etc. candid camera: see CANDID a. 6. ofT camera while not being filmed, on camera while being filmed Comb.: camera-eye an eye that records detailed impressions; a person capable of unusually detailed or detached observation or memory; cameraman: operating a camera professionally, esp. in cinema or television; camera-ready a. {Pnnnng) (of copy) in a photographing or electronic form suitable for scanning; camera shake (blumng due to) unintentional movement of the camera during photography or filming; camera-shy ti. not liking to be photographed or filmed; camerawoman: operating a camera professionally esp. in cinema or television; camera-work the maimer or technique of positioning and using cameras in films, television, etc, camerist n. (chiefly US arch.) a person who uses a

y.

f

pple,

/'kam(3)r3t/ a. M16. [L cameratus pa. next: see -ate^.] Divided into

as

chambers. /'kam(3)reit/ v.t. Now rare or obs. pa. ppl stem of camerare vault or arch over, f. as CAMERA: see -ate^.] Chiefly as cameraied ppl a. 1 Archit. Vault, arch over. E17. 2 Divide into chambers. M19.

[L camerat-

E17.

camerlingo /-'Icrjgsu/.

/kam3'lir|g3o/ -OS.

PI.

E17.

-lengo

Also

n.

[It.

Frank.:

f.

see

A

CHAMBERLAIN.]

chamberlain or treasurer; spec, (a) the Pope's chamberlain and financial secretary; (h) the treasurer of the Sacred College of cardinals.

Cameronian Cameron

&

/kam3'r3oni3n/ «. below) + -ian.]

(see

L17.

a.

A

Htst.

[f.

A

«.

follower of Richard Cameron (1648-80), a Scottish Covenanter; a member of the Reformed Presbyterian Church. Also, a member of the Cameronian regiment (see below). L17. B adj. Of or pertaining to Richard Cameron, his tenets, or his followers. L17. Cameronian regiment a former infantry regiment of the British army orig. raised from Cameron's followers and other Presbytenans.

Cameroonian -oun-. M20.

[f.

/kam3'ru:ni3n/

Cameroon

&

n.

a.

+

(see below)

Also -LAN.]

A

native or inhabitant of, of or pertaining to, a country on the west coast of Africa between Nigeria and Gabon.

Cameroon,

Camestres

n.

see

comrade.

/'kani(3)r(3)l/ a.

cameralis,

f.

mi8. [G kameral

L CAMERA

(in

{.

med.L

/'kain(3)r(3)liz(3)m/ n. E20. [f prec. + -ISM.] Hist. The theory that economic management should be directed primarily at benefiting the treasury (prevalent in i8th-cent. Germany); advocacy of this theory, cameralist n. an advocate of cameralism E2o.

cameralistic CAMERAL or

/,kam(3)r(3)'listik/ a. L19. [f. CAMERALIST: -ISTIC] see Characteristic of cameralism or cameralists; gen. penaining to or characterized by emphasis on

economic management. camera lucida /,kam(3)r3 'lu:sid3/ n. phr PI. camera lucidas. M18. [L = bright chamber.] An instrument by which the rays of light from an object are reflected by a prism and produce an image on paper placed beneath the instrument, political factors in

camera obscura saw,

PI.

a run,

mi6. [A mnemonic used in med.L, A

n.

first

indicating a universal affirmative proposition, E a imiversal negative proposition.] Logic. The second mood of the second syllogistic figure, in which the major premiss is a universal

and

the minor premiss conclusion universal negatives. affirmative,

Camford

/'kamf3d/

n.

M19.

the

Cambridge

[f.

-i-

OxFORD.] = Oxbridge. camiknickers /'kammiksz/ n. pi. E20. [f. CAMISOLE + knickers.] A woman's one-piece undergarment which combines camisole and knickers.

camion

/'kami3n/

L19. [Fr

n.

]

A

large dray; a

lorry; a bus.

f camis

rare (Spenser).

n.

Also camus. Only in

L16. [Prob. Sp., Port, camisa f. late L camista: light loose dress of silk or linen. see CHEMISE.]

A

Now

camisado

arch, or Hist. /kanii'sa:d3u/ n. [Sp. camisada, f. camisa: see ] A night attack; orig. one in which the attackers wore shirts over their armour as a PI.

M16.

-oes.

prec, -ado

means of mutual recogniuon.

Camisard

/'kamisa:, kami'sa:/ n. E18. [Fr. f. {. late L camisia (see chemise): see -ard ] Htst. Any of the French Protestant insurgents of the Cevennes who rebelled against the persecution following the revocation of the

Edict of Nantes (I685).

camise

/,kam(3)r3

u put,

u:

too, 3 ago,

ai

Dbs'kju3r3/

E18.

n.

ei

/'kamissol/

A

shoulder-straps and embroidered or otherwise

ornamentally trimmed. M19.

camlet

/'kamlit/

(earlier), f-blet.

h.

&

v.

arch.

lME. [OFr.

Also

chamelot,

fchamc-, ult.

f.

Arab. kamla{t) nap, pile of velvet: pop assoc. with camel.] a n. Orig., a costly eastern fabric. Later, a light cloth used for cloaks etc., made of various materials. Also, a garment of such a fabric.

lME.

f watered v.t.

camlet: having a wavy appearance. or variegate as (watered) camlet.

Mark

E17-E18.

[L = dark

my, ao how,

see kameez.

n. ei9. [Fr. f It. camiciola or Sp. camisola, dim. of (respectively) camicia, camisa f. late L camisia: see chemise, -ole'.] 1 Hist. A type of sleeved short jacket worn by men. E19. 2 Hist. A shon loose jacket worn by women when dressed in neglige. M19. 3 woman's underbodice, usu. straight with

fB

camera obscuras.

«.

camisole

traceable with a pencil. phr.

/k3'm£stri:z/

of scholastic philosophers

Prov. camisa

cameralism

Cf.

esp.

a cat, u: arm,

away

sense 'treasury'): see -al'.] Hist. Of or pertaining to the management of State finance in Germany.

camlet. cameline /'kamilAin/ n} li6. [Fr., earlier camamine, f. late L chamaemelinus resembling camomile ] A cruciferous plant of the genus Camelina,

layers of different colours, the

med.L

ME.

enclosure.

:

f camerade

chameleon.

/'kam(3)lin/

this.

camellia

/'kanuao/ n. PI. -os. lME. [OFr. came(h)u, camahieu (mod. camaieu): cf. med.L camahutus etc. Later infl. by It. cam{m)eo, corresp. to med.L cammaeus.] 1 A small piece of relief-carving in onyx, agate, etc., usu. with coloiu'-layers, the lower of which serves as ground; a relief design of similar form. lME. 2 A shon literary sketch or acted scene; (more fully cameo pan) a small character pan in a play, film, etc. M19. Comb. cameo glass a decorative glass consisting of

cameral

[OFr. camelm f. med.L camelinum, use as n. of neut. of adj. camelinus of a camel: see camel, -ine'.] A kind of fabric made from or supposedly made from camel's hair; a garment of

scholastic

camera mi 9.

(in

made

var. of

3 ellipt. = camera apparatus used for

n.-

camel

cameline

camalote. Camembert /'kamflbc:, 'kamsmbs:/ n. L19. [A village in Normandy, France ] A rich soft cheese orig. made near Camembert. Camenes /'kani(o)ni:z/ n. M19. [A mnemonic n.

object with arched cover: cf. chamber «. ] 1 In Italy, Spain, etc. a (council or legislative) chamber, the treasury department of the papal curia. L17. 2 An arched or vaulted roof or chamber. Chiefly in the names of (parts oO buildings. See also in camera. ei8.

incorporating a built-in video recorder.

f cameleon

camelote

chamber,

Cambro-Ordovician)

came came

camerate

camera

(see

RECORDER

M18.

above.

a.

/'kambrsu/ comb. form. E17. [mod.L,

CAMBRIAN), or f. Cambrian: see Welsh (as Cambro-Bnwn); Cambrian (as

Cambria

camerate

cameo

:

chamber.] A darkened box or enclosure with an apenure for projecting an image of external objects on a screen placed at the focus of the lens; a building containing such a box or

-pardalis f. Gk [L camelopardus, lME. kamelopardalis, f. kamSlos (sec camel) + pardalis (sec PARD w.') ] 1 A giraffe, arch. lME. 2 (C-.) A constellation of the northern hemisphere between the polestar and Perseus; the Giraffe.

philosophers, A indicating a universal affirmative proposition, E a universal negative proposition.] Logic. The second mood of the fourth syllogistic figure, in which a imiversal affirmative major premiss and a negative minor premiss yield a universal universal negative conclusion.

Comb. cambric tea US a drink mainly of hot milk and water given esp. to children.

S.V.

camelopard /'kamilo(o)pa:d, ka'mcl.ipuid/ n. Also (now only in sense 2) in L forms -partialis /komi;lo'pa:d(3)lis/, -pardus /k3mt;l3'pu:d3s/.

of

[Flem. Kamerijk Cambrai, a town in northern France, where orig. made.] (Of) a fine white linen; (of) a similar cotton fabric.

Cambro-

camlet

323

day, ao no,

camleteen e:

hair,

la

n.

an imitation or

near,

oi

inferior camlet

boy, U3 poor,

ai3 tire,

M18.

aoa sour

cammock cammock

'kamak m.' ohs. exc. dial. [OE ijtnnuw of unkn. origin.] Rest-harrow. Also, any ot vanous other weeds of pasture.

cammock

'kaniak

exc.

ohs.

Also

Sc.

f-bock. t_\lE. [App. f med.L cambuca, -buta curved stick, crosier, app. of Gaulish origin and rel. to CAM a. & adv., caman.] 1 A crooked staff; up. a hockey-stick etc.; a game in which this is used. lME. 2 A crooked piece of wood; a

camois j. & camomile

n.

var. of

'kanwm.Ml

[(0)Fr. cjmomilk

chamaemdon

camus

f.

f.

Gk

&

a.

L

Also ch-. c{h)amomilla lit.

campcraft skill at living in camp; campfever typhus; camp-fire an open-air fire in a camp etc.; camp fire girl (US), a member of a training and recreational organization; camp-follower (now usu. portable;

derog.)

ME. alt.

of

'earth apple':

camp

ncbik, taken as a tonic.

of CAAioinsiE.

/k^'msira, -'mors/ n. Also c-. M19. [It., perh. f. Sp. camorra dispute, quarrel.] secret society akin to the Mafia operating in the

A

Neapolitan district; gen. any organized body engaged in extortion or other dishonest actiNities.

camoudie

ks'murdi/

n.

& other A boa constrictor. -muf- n. & v. e20. Also -oodi

[Arawak kamudu.]

vars. E19.

camouflage

'kamaflaij,

'

f camoufler vb (thieves' slang) f. It. camuffare disguise, deceive, perh. assoc. w. Fr. camoufia whiff of smoke in the face: see -age.] A n. The disguising or concealment of guns, ships, aircraft, etc., by obscuring with splashes of various colours, foliage, netting, smokescreens, etc.; the disguise so used; gen. any means of disguise or evasion. E20. K. Galbraith An extraordinanly elaborate J. exercise in social camouflage has kept us from seeing what has been happening, anrih. N. Tinbergen Developed dark cross-bars (the stickleback's disruptive camouflage panem). B v.t. Conceal by camouflage. E20. F. Trom' A scarlet wool dress designed to celebrate rather than camouflage her pregnanc>'. Anthon".' HfXLEY Unnpe fruits are green to camouflage them. [Fr.,

:

camp

kamp

Long

n.'

obs. exc. Hist.

[OE camp,

comp = OFris. camp, comp, MDu. camp (Du. kamp), OHG champf (G kampf), ON kapp, f.

Gmc

L

campus camp n.- (in med.L sense 'combat, banle'.] fl Combat, bank, war. OE-lME. 2 In full camp-ball. An ancient fonn of football in which large numbers engaged on each side. E17. camp kamp, n.- ei6. [(0)Fr. (alongside champ) :ampo f. L campus level field, place for I. It. games or miUtary exercises.] 1 A place where troops are lodged or trained; (the remains of) an ancient fortified site. E16. b (The scene of) f.

rmlitary service; military hfe in general. E18. 2 An encampment, the temporary quarters, often in tents or cabins, of nomads, Gypsies,

detainees,

travellers,

holiday-makers.

Scouts,

b An assembly place for sheep A'Z. L19. 3 A body of troops etc encamping and moving together; an army on campaign; fig. a host. arch. M16. 4 A body of Guides,

etc. a.; 6.

or cattle. Austral.

&

Scouts, etc., encamped together; a campmg-out, a period spent encamped M18 5 fig. A body of adherents of a particulai doctrine, travellers,

theory, or party. L19. 6 [Afk. kamp.] .\ portion of veld fenced off for pasture. 5. Afr. l;9. 1 Drvden The Youth of Rome pitch their sudden Camp before the Foe. armeJ camp: see armed a.' i. cauietuaycd camp: see CAUSEWAY, b '. Keble Through court and camp. 2 Exoa. 16:13 At even the Quailes came vp, and couered the campe. J. Steinbeck There was no order in the camp; little gray tents, shacks, cars were scattered about at ranaom. concentration camp, holiday camp, motor camp, iummer camp, etc. Sitvash camp: see SrwASH a. 3 S Johnson .Multitudes follow the camp only for want of employment. 5 John Brooke Europe was divided into two great camps; .

.

AV

b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

K-.e

& NZ a top; camp-

flat

camping; camp-stool a

light stool

legs,

a. & n." E20. [Origin unkn.] Ostentatious, exaggerated, affected, theatrical; effeminate, homosexual. E20. B n. Camp behaviour, mannerisms, etc. E20.

A

/kamp/

adj.

HIGH

high camp: see

campy a.

camp

f.

a.

= CM,

(colloq.)

/kamp/

campian,

camp

M20.

P a.

Contend,

n.']

[OE

exc. dial, or Hist.

obs.

v.^i.

camp-

esp. at

ball. v.- M16. [Fr. camper, f. as camp Live or stay in a camp or tent; form or pitch one's camp; encamp; gen. take up residence, lodge. M16. 2 v.t. Establish or place in a camp. Now usu. in pass. M16. 3 v.i. Of sheep or cattle: flock together, usu. for rest or at night. Austral. & NZ. M19. 4 v.t. & i. Teleph. Reserve (a call) for connection on to or on to an engaged telephone as soon as it becomes free. L20. 1 camp out lodge in the open in a camp 2 OED The troops would be camped along the river side. ^ Comb. camp-on (busy) Telcph. a facility allowing a call to be camped on to an engaged telephone,

n.-]

Camorra

a

meeting often

Austral.

three-legged iron cooking-pot with a

Chamaemclum

n. var.

camp oven

several days;

in

camp-

of a group or theory;

religious open-air or tent

with collapsible

camp

camoodi

a disciple

site a place for

so called from the smell of the flowers.] A creeping aromatic plant of the composite family, Chamacmelum nobile, with yellow-centred whiterayed flowers, formerly much grown for its fragrance. Also (w. specifying wd), any of various plants (mostly weeds) of the related genera Anrhemis, Chamomilla, and Matricaria, stinking CiJtnomilc: see STINKING a. Comb. camomile tea; an infusion of the flowers of :

worker or hanger-on

a non-military

(.a)

lasting

n.

late

khamaimllon

Catholic and Protestant. M. J. Laskv One of Milton's traditionalist contemporaries in the moderate camp, a foot In both camps connection or sympathy with two opposite groups, factions, etc. camp-bed, -chair, etc.: folding and Comb.:

camp etc.; (b) meeting US a

lME.

cambrel.

campion

324

/kamp/

1 I'.!.

:

camp

/kamp/

v.h.

&

i.

M2o.

[f.

camp

&

a.

«."]

Do

or behave in a camp manner. camp it up behave affectedly or with exaggeration,

overact.

campagna

/kam'pa:nja, foreign kam'pajijia/ n. Also f-a(g)nia. L16. [It. f. late L campania: see

champaign. champaign.

Cf.

Now

Campagna

next.] rare

Roma.

di

1

Open

exc.

w.

L16.

f2

coimtry; to the military

ref.

A

campaign. M-L17.

campaign

/kam'pem/ n. & v. E17. [Fr. campagne (alongside (0)Fr. champagne) f. late L campania: see CHAMPAIGN. Cf. prec] A n. 1 (A tract of) open coimtry, as opp. to hills, woods, etc.; champaign. Now rare or obs. E17. 2 A series of military operations in a definite area or with one objective or forming the whole or a distinct part ol a war. mi 7. f3 An expedition, an excursion; a tour. Only in 18. 4 Any organized course of action analogous to a military campaign; esp. one designed to arouse public support for a party in an election, a cause, etc. L18.

2 on campaign on military service in the field. 4 Dickens I am now preparing for a final reading campaign. E. Roosevelt President Wilson started out on a campaign to take the cause of the League of Nations to the American people, plan of campaign: see plan n. .

.

Comb.: campaign trail a route taken in Jie course of a political campaign, with stops for canvassing etc. (chiefly in on the campaign trail); campaign wig Hist. a close-fitting wig with a curled forehead, worn for travelling.

B v.i. Serve on or conduct a campaign. E18. campaigner n. a person who serves in a campaign; one who has served in many campaigns (old

esp.

campaigner, a veteran, a person skilled in adapting to circumstances): L17.

campanist

/'kampsnist/ n. L19. [med.L campanista, f. as campana: see -1ST.] A person versed in the subject of bells; a campanologist.

campanology

campanularian M19. [f

campana

f campania

n.

The

bell.]

PI.

-os.

S.

American

campana + campana

-I-

bell

of campagna.

n.

as

+ -ana: see -ary', -an.] Zool. A adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the order Calyptoblastea of hydrozoans possessing bellshaped hydrothecae. M19. B «. A member of this order.

H9.

campanulate CAMPANULA

-I-

/kam'panjubt/

a.

-ATE^] Chiefly Bot.

M17.

&

[f.

as

Zool. Bell-

shaped. Also

campanulated

M18.

a.

Campari

/kam'pairi/ n. e20. [The manufacturer] (Proprietary name for) aperitif flavoured with bitters; a drink of this.

Campeachy

/ksm'piitji/

Also

n.

Campeche.

full Campeachy wood. = logwood. camper /'kamps/ n. M17. [f. camp

-er'.]

fl

a

It.

an

and State of Mexico.] In

E17. [Campeche, port

man,

military

a

soldier;

i>.^

a

+

camp-

follower. M-L17. 2 A person who takes part in a camp-meeting. VS. E19. 3 A person who lives or

lodges in a

camp

or tent; a resident in a holiday

camp, summer camp, etc. M19. 4 A trailer or (more fiiUy camper van) motor vehicle furnished with beds and other equipment for camping. Orig. US. M20. campesino /kampe'sino, kampa'simsu/ n. PI. -OS /-OS, -soz/. M20. [Sp.] In Spain and Spanish-speaking countries: a peasant farmer. /kam'pEstr(3)l/ a. E18. [f. L f. campus: see CAMP «.', -AL'.] Pertaining to fields or open country; growing or

campestral campester,

-tr-,

living in fields. Also f campestrial

a.:

only in

17.

camph-

/kanif/ comb, form of CAMPHOR n. camphene n. (Chem.) a crystalline bicyclic terpene, C,„Hu, present in many essential oils. M19. camphine n. (Hist.) an oil for lamps, distilled from turpentine M19.

camphor

/'kanifa/

med.L camphora

ME.

n.

Arab,

f.

[OFr. camphore or Malay kapur f.

kafiir

f. Skt karpura.] 1 A colourless crystalline terpenoid ketone, C,„H|,0, with an aromatic smell and bitter taste, which occurs in certain essential oils and is used esp. in pharmacy and as an insect repellent. ME. b Borneo camphor, ^camphor of Borneo, an essential oil consisting chiefly of bomeol, obtained from the tree Dryobalanops aromatica. L17. t2 A tree yielding camphor (cf camphor tree heXovi) L16-L17.

ult.

.

Comb.: camphor laurel Austral any of various trees of the genus Cinnamomum; camphor tree a tree of the laurel family, Cinnamomum camphora, which is native to the Far East and is the major natural source of camphor; camphor-wood (the timber of) any of various trees with fragrant wood. camphorate n. a salt or ester of camphoric acid

fcamphorate a. camphorated lME-eiS. camphorate v.t. impregnate or treat with camphor M17. camphoric /kam'forik/ a. of or pertaining to L18.

camphor (camphoric

acid,

a crystalline dibasic

acid,

CiuHi^Oj, obtained by the oxidation of camphor) L18.

/'kamfa/

M16.

v.t.

[f.

the

n.]

Camphorate. /kam'pimits/ n. L19. [f. L campus camp n}) + -imeter ] An apparatus measuring or mapping the field of vision of

field (see

for

campimetry

/kam'panifsim/ a. M18. + -FORM.] Bell-shaped.

[f.

as

/kampa'niili/ n. M17. [It., f -He -IL, -ILE.] A (usu. lofty and

-t-

detached) bell-tower, esp. in

m man,

f.

the eye. n. var.

campaniform campanile

E19.

&

a.

prec.

campimeter

[Sp., f. bellbird.

E19.

/.kampanju'lernan/

mod.L Campanularia genus name,

camphor

2

M19. [mod.L

/kani'panjob/ n. E17. [mod.L, f. as CAMPANA: see -ule.] a plant of the genus Campanula, with usu. blue, pink, or white bellshaped flowers; a bellflower.

A bell-shaped vase. campanero /kampa'neirau/

1

n.

campanula

campana /kam'pains/ n. E17. [Late L campana bell.] A bell; a bell-shaped flower. Now rare or obs. E17.

/kampa'nobdsi/

campanologia, {. as campana + -ology.] The subject of bells, their founding, ringing, etc. campanologer n. campanologist E19. campano'logical a. M19. campano'logically adv. L19. campanologist n. an expert in campanology, a student of bells M19.

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

Italy.

top, v van,

w

we,

n.

E20.

campion

/'kampian/ n. M16. [Perh. rel. to CHAMPION n.' Orig. used for L lychnis coronaria, Gk lukhnis stephandmatike rose campion 'used for garlands'.] Any of various plants of the genera Silene and Lychnis of the pink family.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

6

this,

i)

ring, tf chip, d3 jar

cample

canary

325

plain with occasional stunted trees; a savannah.

Neg. can not, cannot /'kanal/, {informal) can't /ku:nl/; could not, {informal) couldn't /'k()d(a)nt/. No other parts used. Sec also con v.^ [OE cunnan = OFris. kunna, OS cunnan (Du. kunnen), kunnan (G konnen), kunna, Goth, kunnan, ult. {. IE base found also in L gnoscere, Gk gignOskein know: a Gmc preterite-present vb w. primary meaning 'have learned, come to know'.] I As full vb. f 1 v.t. Know; be acquainted with; have learned. OE-M19. 2 v.i. Have knowledge,

Freq. in

know

bearing red or white flowers with notched petals. Cf. LYCHNIS, SILENE. moss campion, red campion, while

bladder campion, campion, etc.

cample [App.

/'kamp(3)l/

f.

CAMP

exc.

obs.

v.i.

+

V.'

L15.

dial.

wrangle.

campo

/'kampau/ n. PI. -os. M19. [(Amer.) Sp. = field, open country, f. L campus: see CAMP n.'] In S. America (esp. Brazil), a grass or Port.

pi.

campong n. see kampong. campoo /kam'pu:/ n. E19.

I

/'kampjsd/

Also -shot /-Jot/

n.

collectively: E19.

/'kampas/ n. Orig. US. L18. [L: see The grounds and buildings of a college, university, etc., esp. where forming a distinct area; a separate part of a university; «.-]

imiversity or college

campylite -ite'.]

life.

small rounded orange-yellow crystals.

Campylobacter

/'kampibu.bakta, ,kam pibu'bakta/ n. L20. [mod.L (see below), f. as next + bacter(ium.] A bacterium of the genus Campylobacter, which includes curved and spiral forms causing food poisoning in humans and abortion in some farm animals.

Of an

ovule:

bent transversely across

Dangerfield, and get Please.

its

"{"camus

var. of camis.

camus

/'kamss/

a.

of me: see life n. cannot, could not resist: see 2. can skill: see SKILL n. can you tie that: see (no) can do colloq. it is (not) possible, I am (not) able or willing to do it. zvalk before one can run: see walk f.' fwho cannot want the thought?: see WANT V. you can say that again: see SAY ii.' you can or can't

Sc.

Now

Also

[(0)Fr., of unkn. origin.] A adj. low and concave. Of a person: snub-nosed. lME. f B n. A person or animal with a low concave nose. L15-M18.

-mois.

Of

TIE

lME.

can

/'kamwud/

Temne

L17. [Prob. f

n.

WOOD «.'] = BARWOOD. can /kan/ n. [OE canne, corresp. k'am +

(Du. kan),

OHG

to

MDu.

ON

channa (G kanne),

kanne kanna,

ult. Gmc or f. late L canna.] 1 A vessel for holding liquids, now spec, one of metal, and usu. cylindrical with a handle over the top. Also (chiefly N. Amer.), any large cylindrical metal container, a bin. OE. b A measure of capacity; about a gallon. Sc. E19. 2 A (usu. cylindrical) container of tin plate or alimiinium in which food, drink, etc., can be hermetically sealed; (such a container and) its contents. Cf. tin n. 2. M19. 3a A chimney pot. Chiefly Sc. M19. b A lavatory. N. Amer. slang. E20. c the can, jail, slang (chiefly US). E20. d The buttocks. N. Amer. slang. M20. e A protective jacket for a nuclear fuel rod. M20. f In pi. Headphones, slang. L20. 1

Wordsworth

I

have brought thee

in this

can fresh

water from the brook, ashcan, jerrycan, oil can, waienng-can, etc. 2 J. B. Priestley We sat in the office, with a can of beer each. Phrases: can of worms: see WORM n. carry the can (back) slang bear the responsibihty or blame, in the can safely recorded on film, tape, etc., completed, take the can (back) slang = carry the can (back) above, tte a can on or to: see TIE v.^ Comb.: can bank a collection point to which empty cans may be taken for recycling; can-buoy a large cone-shaped marker buoy; can-dock a water lily, esp. of the yellow-flowered species; can-opener a tool for opening cans of food etc. canful n. as much or as many as a can will hold, the contents of a can E18.

can

/kan, unstressed k(3)n/

{arch.)

unstressed kad/; 2 sing, a cat, a:

v.^

Pres.:

canst /kanst, k(a)nst/.

arm,

e

bed,

a:

{arch.)

her,

i

sit,

i

Pa.:

can;

2 sing.

could /kud,

couldst /kodst, cosy,

i:

see, o hot,

y.

lose:

you

see LOSE v.

can't

-nn-. M19. [f. can «. ] 1 Put into a can; preserve (meat, firuit, etc.) by sealing in cans. Cf tin v. 2. M19. b fig. & transf Confine; preserve, esp. by recordmg on film, tape, etc. M19. c Cover (a nuclear fuel rod) with a protective jacket. M20. 2 a Expel, suspend, dismiss. N. Amer. slang. E20. b Desist from,

the nose:

camwood

V.

V.'

see talk v. you etc. can't take it with you: see take v.

rare or obs.

I

I insist.'

talk:

&

Mr

note, couldn't.' 'Do.

shilling

life

RESIST

Also (earher) f calm-. E16. [f. imidentified ist elem. + stone «. ] A white limestone; pipeclay used to whiten doorsteps etc. n.

ten

eggs.' 'No,

Phrases: as far as I can see: see see v. as far as one can see TELL v. can do: see no can do below, cannot for

the

/'kamstaun/

that

some

tell:

fimicle.

camstone

Take

Donleavy

campylotropous /kampi'lotrapas/ a. M19. [f Gk kampulos bent + -tropos turning + -OUS.] Bot.

that can no letters. Jonson the holy tongue. 2 S.

3 Spenser Well couth hee tune his pipe. 4 AV Exod. 7:21 TTie Egyptians could not drinke of the water Defoe I will do all I can with them. OED Such language can do no good to the cause. Day Lewis I can remember no pain, no perturbation, no sense of parting. 5 Steele The best Sort of Companion that can be. Ld Macaulay Even if it could be believed that the court was sincere. Anthony Smith Other kinds of brain-dead patients could, or should, be regarded as potential donors, b T. B. Reed Father says you can come. 6 Addison I could wish our Royal Society would compile a Body of Natural History. J. P.

/'kampil/ut/ n. M19. [f. as next + A variety of mimetite, occurring as

Mm.

in

understood or supplied firom the context). 3 Know how to, have learned to. Now absorbed in sense 4. ME. 4 Have the power or capacity to; be able to. ME. 5 May possibly; be enabled by circumstances etc. to. ME. b Be allowed or given permission to; may. colloq. L19. 6 In pa. form {could etc.). Feel inclined to, would like to. M17.

& A

campus CAMP

Bible

the

Rowlands I never was there (that I can of). Sir W. Scott Thou canst well of wood-craft. II As auxiliary vb (often ellipt. with vb

other vars. L15. [Prob. f. cant n.^ + shide.] facing of piles and boarding along the bank of a river etc. or at the side of an embankment. campshedding (also -sheeting & other vars.) n. a

campshed; campsheds

could

/kan/

leave

off^,

can can

v.'t.

Infl.

cut out. slang (orig. US). E20.

V? see gin

j"

11.''

var. of

Canaan

zj.'

con v}

/'keinan/

[eccl.L

E17.

n.

Chanaan

and

Hebrew

/'keinanAit/

n.

mi6.

[f

the

to

Scripttires

children of Israel {Exod. 3:17 etc.).] promise; heaven.

Canaanite

A

land of

/'kanada/

n.

L17.

[A Federal

State

(formerly a British territory) in N. America.] I 1 Used attrib. to designate things foimd in or associated with Canada. L17. I Canada balsam a resin exuded from the N. American balsam fir, Abies balsamea, and used esp. for mounting microscope specimens. Canada bird Canad. = Peabody Canada Day i July, observed as a public holiday in Canada to observe the day in 1867 when four of the former colonial provinces were united under one government as the Dominion of Canada (formerly called Dominion Day). Canada goose a large grey-brown, black, and white goose, Branta canadensis, native to N. America and widely introduced elsewhere. Canada jay the N. American Perisoreus

jay,

Amer. a naturalized European with spreading roots. II ellipt.

saw,

a run,

2

A Canada

u put,

u: too, a

Canada

thistle N. thistle, Cirsium arvense,

canadensis.

goose. L19. ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

Canadian pondweed water n. Canadian s.v. WATER n. French

special collocations:

Canadian

waterweed

s.v.

sec waterweed (b) Canadian: see French a.

Canadi'ana

[-ana] publications or other items associated with Canada M19. Canadian character or spirit; (b) a Canadian idiom or word: L19. Canadianize v.t. render Canadian in character E19.

concerning

n.pl.

or

Canadianism

Canadien

(a)

n.

/kanadji;/

&

n.

Fem. -ienne

a.

pronoimccd same. M19. (A) French Canadian.

/-jen/. PI.

f canaglia

n.

E17-E19.

canaille /kana:j/ 'pack of dogs', populace.

canakin

=

see next.]

next.

canaglia lit. The rabble, the

cane dog.]

i.

var. of

n.

[It.:

L16. [Fr. f

n.

= prec]

[Fr.

It

cannikin.

canal /ka'nal/ n. lME. [(0)Fr. refash. ot chanel CHANNEL after L canalis or It. canale. Cf

A pipe or tube for tubular cavity. Now rare or obs. lME. 2 A tubular duct or passage in a plant or animal body. lME. b A groove in a mollusc's shell for protrusion of a breathing rube. M19. 3 A watercourse, a channel; a strait. 065. exc. as in sense 4 or {N. Amer.) in proper names. M16. fb An ornamental strip of water in KENNEL

CANNEL

conveying

n.^]

1

gen.

fluid; a faucet; a

a garden watercourse

An

4

M17-E19.

etc.

artificial

constructed for the piupose of inland navigation or to convey water for irrigation etc. (Now the predominant sense.) L17. 5 Astron. [tr. It. canali channels.] Any of a network of dubious linear markings on Mars reported by telescopic observers. L19. 2 ALIMENTARY canal. SEMICIRCULAR canal, spinal canal: see spinal a. Stensen's canal, vallecular canal. 4 junction canal: see praCTiON n. 1. Comb. canal boat a long narrow boat designed for use on canals; canal rays [tr. G Kanalstrahlen 'channel rays'] Physics streams of positive ions which move towards the cathode in a high-vacuum discharge :

tube.

canal /ka'nal/ v. = canalize v.t. canal

canaliculus

E19. [f the n.]

rare. Infl. -11-. v.

I.

or

E19.

canals; travel canalling vbl n. M19.

2

v.i.

by canal.

/kana'likjulas/

n.

1

Construct a Chiefly

as

PI. -li /-Ui, -li:/.

M16. [L canaliculus dim. of

canalis: see canal n., -CULE.] Chiefly Anat. A small charmel or duct. canalicular a. of or pertaining to a canaliculus; minutely tubular; L19. canaliculate a. minutely channelled or grooved M18 canaliculated a. = CANALICULATE M18. ca'nalicule «. = CANALICULUS MI9.

/'kan(a)lAiz/ v.t. Also -ise. M19. [Fr. see CANAL n., -IZE.] 1 Make a canal

canaliser.

through, provide with canals; provide with locks etc. like a canal, make into a canal. M19. 2 Provide with or convey through ducts or channels. L19. 3 fig. Give a specific direction etc.

+

atinb.

grey

&

Phrases

=

waterweed:

to.

prec.

sense 2 tr. Gk Kananiies, f. Heb. qanna' zealous.] 1 A native or inhabitant of Canaan; /i.?. a heathen. M16. 2 A zealot. Now rare or obs. E17. Canaanitic /-'nilik/ a. of Canaan; of or like a Canaanite; L19. Canaanitish a. = Canaanitic mi6. -ite'. In

Canada

/ka'neidian/ n. & a. mi6. [f. prec. -I-!AN.] A n. A native or inhabitant of Canada. M16. B adj. Of or pertaining to Canada or its people. L17.

canalize f.

eccl.Gk Khanaan f Heb. kena'an ancient name of western Palestine, promised in the Old

Testament

Canadian

OHG

ME.

arch.

of.

FoxE Unlearned men

J.

She

[Hind, kampa f. Port, campo camp.] Hist. A brigade of Maratha troops, led by a European mercenary.

campshed

/'kudisl/.

ON

Quarrel, dispute,

-le'.]

couldest

kadst/,

3

E20. J.

M. Kevnes Dangerous human

proclivities

can be

canalised into comparauvely harmless channels. A. Wilson She must not allow middle-aged rancour to canalize her happiness.

canali'zation

canape

bread, toast,

A

L19. 2

canard

n.

M19. n. L19. [Fr.] 1 A piece of with a small savoury on top.

/'kanapei, -pi/ etc.,

sofa. L19.

'kanard/

/ka'na:d,

A

n.

M19.

[Fr.,

lit.

report, a hoax. M19. 2 An extra surface attached to an aircraft, hydrofoil, etc., for stability or control. Also, an aircraft

'duck'.]

fitted

1

with

Canarese Canarian

false

this. a.

&

E20. n. var.

of Kanarese.

&

/ka'nEirian/ n. a. M17. [f as next -t-ian.] native or inhabitant of the Canary n. Islands. M17, B adj. Of or pertaining to the Canary Islands off the west coast of Africa. L18.

A

canary C-. L16.

a

/ka'nsiri/ n. Also (esp. in senses [f.

Canary Islands

&

i 2) off the west coast of

Africa, I. Fr. Canarie f. Sp. Candria f. L Canaria {insula island), i. cams dog: one of the islands was noted in Roman times for large dogs. In

day, au no,

e:

hair,

I3

near,

3i

boy, ua poor,

m3 dre, aoa sour

canary sense 3

f.

Fr. canari, f-if

Sp. canario.]

f.

Hist,

1

A lively dance similar to ihe jig from the Canary Islands). i.t6. 2 Hist. sing. Si fin pi. Sweet wine from the Canary Islands. L16. 3 A songbird of the finch family, Sennus canana, native to the Canary Islands, Madeira, and the Azores, of which wild individuals are green and the numerous cage varieties usu. yellow. Also, any of certain other Sc fin (perh. ong.

sing.

pi.

birds of this genus. Also more fully canary-bird. L16. b jailbird, a convict, slang. L17. c A gold coin (from its colour). L18. 4 bright yellow. Freq. jtmb. mi 9. Comb carian bird: see sense 3 above; canary-

A

A

:

J. canar>' vfllow; canary creeper a yellowflowered climbing nasturtium, Tropaeolum percgrinum;

coloured

canary-grass

grown

a grass, Phalaris canariensis,

as a

source of birdseed; also, with specifying wd, any other plant of this genus {rccd canary-grass: see REED n.'); canar>'-see.t. Quaner (soldiers); provide with quaners. ei8. I Defoe He Canton'd out the Country to his Men. C. Thirl WALL They cantoned their great dioceses into Archdeaconries. 2 J. Locke They canton out to themselves a little Goshen in the intellectual world.

Now

n no, p pen,

r

^2

A

in

singer.

/kan'tairial/ a. li8.

the precentor;

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

A

singer,

f.

precentor in a

who

official

gen.

a

1

sings liturgical

a synagogue, E-M17. [f.

prec.

+

=

-ial.]

designating or penaining

spec,

to the north side of the choir of a church, sits (cf.

decanal

on 2)

cantoris

/kan'toiris/ a. M17. [L, genit. of cantor.] Of or belonging to the cantor or precentor; cantorial; to be simg by the cantorial side in antiphonal singing (cf. decani)

cantred /'kantrad/ n. Also in Welsh form -ef /-av/. ME. [App. f. Welsh cantref, (f. cant himdred + tref town, settlement, farmstead) w.

w

we,

hundred.] Hist. one himdred

A

district of townships, a himdred; an area consisting of two or more

assim.

to

(approximately)

commots.

cantrip spell,

/'kantrip/

charm;

a

Sc. L16. [Origin unkn.] A witch's trick; a playful or

n.

a

extravagant act.

cantus

/'kantas/ n. PI. cantus /'kantuis, -tas/. [L = song. Cf. cant n.^ canto, chant «.] Early Mus. A song, a melody, esp. in church L16.

music. Also, the highest voice in a polyphonic song.

cantus firmus

/, kantas

'fa:mas/

n.

phr.

PI.

cantus firmi /'fa:niAi/. M19. [med.L = firm song ] Mus. = canto fermo. canty /'kanti/ a. Sc. & north. ei8. [f cant a.' + -y'.] Cheerful, lively, brisk.

Canuck

&

N. Amer. colloq. M19. Canadian, orig. esp. a French Canadian; a Canadian horse or pony. M19. 2 Canadian French. E20. B adj. Canadian, orig. esp. French Canadian. M19. [App.

/ka'nAk/

Canada

i.

]

n.

A

a.

A

1

&

a. Also canvass. lME. OFr. chanevaz f ProtoL CANNABIS.] An. I As a noncoimt n. 1 A strong unbleached cloth of hemp, flax, or other coarse yam, used for sails, tents,

/'kanvas/

[ONFr. canevas Romance, ult. f.

var. of

painting on, etc.; hence, sails collectively. lME. 2 A type of this cloth woven in regular meshes and used as a basis for tapestry and embroidery. E17. 1 under canvas (a) in a tent or tents; (b) with sails spread. viTRV canvas. 2 Java canvas. Penelope canvas: see Penelope 3.

As

A

n. 3 piece of canvas, obs. exc. piece of canvas primed for painting, esp. in oils. E18. 5 painting; covering over the ends of a racing-boat (orig. made of canvas); transf. the length between the bow and the first oarsman. L19. 6 The floor of a

II

a

count

lME. 4 A

as below.

canton M19. cantoni'zation n. division into cantons; making cantonal: M20. cantonize v.t. & (now rare) divide into parts; form (into) cantons; separate: E17.

man,

HAZZAN.

canvas

/'kantan; in sense 1 also kan'ton/ n.' E16. [(0)Fr. f Prov. f. obi. case of Proto-Romance var. of L cant(h)us: see cant n.'] 1 A subdivision of a coimtry; a small district; spec, one of the several States which form the Swiss confederation. E16. b A division of a French arrondissement, containing several commimes. E17. 2 A comer, an angle; a nook. Now rare or obs. M16. 3 Her. A square division, less than a quarter, orig. occupying one-ninth pan and the upper (usu. dexter) comer of a shield. L16. f 4 A quaner; a division of anything, a pan. Only in

cantonal

An

church. M16. b

[L =

mi6.

n.

v., -OR.]

.

camel =

ME. [AN

v.

OFr. chantel (mod. chanieau)

f cantling

-a/

chant

which the precentor usually

Spanish-speaking coimtries, and the western US) a bar-room, a saloon; (in wine-shop.

cantle

/'kants:,

music and leads prayer

cantilever E20.

canti'llation

cantor

canere: see

cantilevers of adjacent piers.

17-

lME.

cantha'ridean a. of the nature of or containing canthandes L18. cantharidin n. a lactone, C,(,H, O,, obtained from the el>tra of the insect, which is the active principle of canthandes: E19. cantharidize v.t. (now rare) affect or treat with cantharides 1

cantharus

canto of a poem.

canton

[A province in South Island, NZ.] In full Canterbury lamb. In Great Britain, formerly: lamb or munon imported from New Zealand. In New Zealand: certain grades of lamb or munon.

A

A

L16 M17.

canto

Canterbury beU(s)

1

pilgnms"

Song of Solomon. lME. +3

cantilever M18.

n.

cantma

n.

canvas

330

A

a

boxing, wrestling, etc., ring, with a canvas covering. E20. 5 win, lose, etc., by a canvas (in boat-racing): by a narrow margin. B attrib. or as adj. Made of canvas. lME. Comb.: canvas-back (a) a back of a garment made of canvas; (fe) a N. American diving duck, Aythya valisineria, so called from the white back of the male,

canvas canvas

n?

var.

of canvass

n.'

-s-, -ss-. Also canvass. M16. [f. canvas w.'] Ifl Falconry. Entangle or catch in a net. M16-M17. 2 Cover, line, or provide with canvas. M16.

/'kanvas/

v.t.

2 sand and canvas: see sand II

See canvass

Infl.

v.

v.

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

6

this,

i)

ring, tj chip, d3 jar

canvass canvass

n.' Also canvas. E17. [f. shaking up; a shock, an attack; a repulse. E M17. ^2 An examination of pros and cons. Only in 17. 3 The action or process of personally soliciting votes before an election, or of ascertaining the amount of support a candidate may count on. L17. b A scrutiny of votes in an election. US. L18. 4 A solicitation of support, custom, etc. L18.

/'kanvas/

CANVASS

1

z). ]

canvass canvass

&

n.'

A

1

a. var.

&

of canvas

a.

/'kanvas/ v. Also canvas. ei6. [f. CANVAS n.': the sense-development is unexpl.] I f 1 v.t. Toss in a canvas sheet as a sport or punishment; knock about, batter. E16-M17. 2 v.t. Discuss, criticize, examine fully; seek to ascertain; discuss with a view to adoption, propose (a plan etc.). M16. b v.i. Engage in debate or discussion. M17. c v.t. Scrutinize (votes), obs. exc. US. E18. 3 v.i. Solicit votes, support, goods, etc. M16. 4 v.t. Solicit votes, support, custom, etc., from; seek to ascertain the sentiments or intentions of. L17. 2 Disraeli It was canvassed and criticised sentence by sentence. J. K. Galbraith We canvass our public wants to see where happiness can be improved. P. G WoDEHOUSE His first act had been to canvass Ed. Robinson's views, b F. Marryat We sat there canvassing over the affair. 3 T. Dreiser His father canvassed for a washing machine and wringer company. 4 J. L. Motley His most trustworthy agent was now actively canvassing the governments and peoples of Germany. Joyce Mr O'Connor had been engaged by Tiemey's agents to canvass one part of the ward. .

.

.

M17.

a.

cane

[f.

+

n.'

cane; like cane,

canyon /'kanjsn/ n. & v. Also canon. M19. [Sp. canon tube, pipe, gim barrel, etc., augm. o( cana f. L canna: see cane w.', -oon.] A n. A deep gorge (esp. in the US or Mexico), frequently with a stream at its bottom. M19. B v. I v.i. Flow in or into a canyon. M19. 2 v.t. Cut into canyons. L19.

cap

Caodaist

caoine keen

n.

sect,

lit.

/'ki:na/ n.

ei8.

[Ir.,

f as keen

/kap/ n.^ captain n.

cap

/kap/ [Abbrev.]

[f.

SE

cap cap

=

n.

/'kaotjok/ n. & cauchuc f. Quechua unvulcanized natural rubber.

a.

/kap/

li8. [Fr.

kauchuk.]

Sp.

OE. [Late L cappa,

n.'

f.

obs.

(Of)

I

]

in

perh. f caput

A

OE. 2

lME.

A

A

cardinal's biretta. L16. d special cap awarded as a sign of membership of a sporting team, esp. a national team in international competition; a person tramf. mail.

c

awarded such a cap. L19. 4 In full cap-paper, a A kind of wrapping paper. L16. b A size or kind of writing-paper. Cf. foolscap. M19. 5 A sum of

money

collected in a cap, esp. at a fox-hunt etc.

a cat,

arm,

a:

e

bed,

s:

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, o hot,

n:' var.

A

colloq.

Also cap'. M18. [Abbrev

colloq. (chiefly N. Amer.). capsule, esp. of a drug,

of cap.

]

=

d:

M20.

M. Beerbohm Katie uttered a loud sob. Mrs Batch capped this with a much louder one. S.

fig. Impose an upper limit on; limit the expenditure of. L20. 4 v.t. fig. a Serve as a climax or culmination to; overtop, outdo, beat; follow (an anecdote, witticism, etc.) with a better or more apposite one. Li6. b Pass the comprehension of, puzzle, dial. Mi8. 5 v.t. Form a cap or upper part to; overlie. E17. 6 v.t. & Give cap-money to; take cap-money. M19. like an I J. Skelton With her clothes on her hed Egyptian capped about. Times Baker, capped five times for England in 1959-60. 2 Thackeray He and the Proctor capped each other as they met. G. A. Sala Soon I was well known and Capped to. 3 P Nicholson The extremities of beams, etc., have sometimes been capped with pitch. J Cary Sphinxlike tors with their crowns of granite capped with ermine. B. Plain Jessie put the remainder of the lunch

L20. c

t.

.

u:

too, a ago, ai

my, au how,

ei

.

was

.

Municipal Reception, a Foreign luncheon and finally to cap it were invited to lunch with the The announcement capped a day cap verses reply with a verse beginning with the last letter of the previous one. 5 C. Lyell The basalts capping the hills. B. Taylor One block Shall cap the pediment. capped, fcapt ppl a. (a) wearing or having a (specified) cap or covering; (b) dial, puzzled, 'ITiere

Office Reception the members President. Times of speculation,

a

.

.

all

a

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

astonished: lME. capping n. (a) the action of the vb; (6) that with which anything is capped, covered, or overlaid:

cap

lME.

Infl. -pp-. L16. [OFr. caper v:H. 1 Arrest, obs. exc. Sc. L16. 2 Appropriate violence, seize. Sc. E19.

/kap/

seize.]

by

/kap/ n. Also cap [Abbrev.] A capital letter. small cap: see SMALL a.

cap.

(no

M19.

point).

/'kapa/ n. L18. [Sp. f. late L cappa: see cap In Spain and Spanish-speaking coimtries: a cape, a cloak.

capa n.']

/keipa'biliti/ n. L16. [f next + -itv.] quality of being capable; power of (action, doing); capacity for. L16. 2 An undeveloped or vmused faculty. Freq. in pi. L18.

capability 1

The

1 B C Brodie The capability of fixing the attention. H. Kissinger Had Hanoi possessed the capability it negative could have inflicted higher casualties, capability: see NEGATIVE a. 2 A Ward He .

.

W

recognised the capabilities of the character.

L

capable

/'keipab(a)l/ a. mi6. [Fr. f. late capere take: see -able.] fla Able to take in (In. fig.); having sufficient room or capabilis,

f.

&

by of, to do. (= capacious i.) M16-L18. b = capacious 2. L16-M17. 2 Foil, by of: open to, admitting of, susceptible to. L16. 3 Having the ability, power, or fitness for some wicked specified purpose or activity; or impudent enough. (Foil, by of, fw do.) L16. 4 Law. Qualified or entitled to inherit, possess, etc. (Foil, by of.) L16. 5 Havmg general capacity, intelligence, or ability; competent; gifted. E17. la Milton Not capable her eare Of what was high, b T. Fuller That capable vessell of brass. 2 Shakes. 2 Hen. IV You were advis'd his flesh was capable Of wounds and scars. R. Bolt Some men think the Earth capacity.

Foil,

round, others think it flat; it is a matter capable of question 3 O. Manning As soon as he is capable, he will be ordered to leave. S. Themerson He wouldn't be capable of committing such a crime! 4 D. M. Walker A person may be capable of marriage at a different age from that at which he acquires capacity witness to vote. 5 J. S. Blackie A more capable could not be desired. B. Tarkington Lucy is so capable; she keeps house exquisitely. is

.

L16.

n.

capably

.

adv. L19.

capable de tout

/kapabl da tu/ a. phr. L19. [Fr.] Capable of anything; without scruple or

restraint.

n.

/kap/ f.' Infl. -pp-. lME. [f. cap «.'] 1 v.t. Provide (a person, head) with a cap, put a cap on; award a cap to for membership of a team etc., select as a member of a national team; Sc. & NZ confer a imiversity degree on. lME. 2 v.t. & Take oflf one's cap in token of respect (to). Mi6. 3 v.t. Cover or protect as with a cap; cover at the top or end; seal with a cap. Li6. b Seal (a well) to prevent or control the loss of gas or oil.

saw, a run, u put,

will

capableness

1.

covering for the head, fl A hood. A head-dress for women; latterly usu. a hght one of muslin etc. for indoor use, worn by a nurse, woman servant, etc. ME. 3 Any of various kinds of brimless head-dress, usu. soft and often with a peak, to be worn outdoors or for a special purpose (e.g. as part of academic or Highland dress), orig. only by men or boys. lME. b spec. A helmet, a headpiece of

head Only

A A

M.^ Sc.

cap

'great

v.'^]

in

E17.

an adherent of Caodaism M20.

caoutchouc

cap

m2o.

n.

syncretistic religion of

cap

a

L16. [App. var. of cop «.'] 1 as a drinking-vessel. L16. 2 of quantity: a quarter of a Scots peck.

/kap/

measure

A

A

see

I.

wooden bowl used

/kantsa'net, -z-/ n. L16. [It. canzonetta, dim. of prec] short light song; a short canzone. Also canzonetta n. E18.

]

n.

cap-money =

capless a. M19. caplike a. resembling appearance, position, or use M19.

canzonet

/kau'dAiiz(3)m/

.

sense 5 above; cap-paper, see sense 4 above; cap rock an overlying stratum of (esp resistant) rock, cap sleeve: extending only a short distance from the shoulder, capstone a stone which caps or crowns, a coping stone. capful n. the amount that a cap will contain M17

L

+ -ism

throw one's cap over the windmill:

question,

Comb.:

/kan'tsauni, -z-/ n. PI. -ni /-ni/. li6. (corresp. to (0)Fr. chanson) f. cantio(n-) singing, f. cant- pa. pple of canere sing.] An Itahan or Provencal song or ballad; a style of lyric resembling a madrigal. Also canzon /'kants(3)n, -z-/ n. (long arch, rare) L16.

palace' Asia.

.

an act of imposing an upper limit. L20. Phrases: cap and bells: the insignia of the professional jester, cap in hand fig. humbly, cap of liberty a conical cap given to Roman slaves on emancipation, often used as a Republican symbol, cap of maintenance a cap or hat worn as a symbol of official dignity, or carried before a monarch etc. on

in

charaaer.

Vietnamese Cao Dai, name of the

in

this

.

WINDMILL

canzone

Caodaism

shape, position, or use. 6 A caplikc natural covering or topmost part. lME. b spec. The top of a bird's head, when distinctively coloured. Also in names, as blackcap. L17. c The pileus of a mushroom or toadstool. Also in names, as death cap. M18. 7 A caplike pan fitting over or forming the top or end of an object; a caplike cover or case; a device sealing the opening of a bottle etc., or protecting the lens of a camera etc. or the nib of a fountain pen. lME. 8 Naut. A wooden collar used to hold two masts together. E17. 9 A pan laid horizontally along the top of various structures. L17. 10 In full percussion cap. A metal or paper device (orig. cap-shaped) used with (real or toy) firearms and containing explosive powder which is exploded by the fall 11 A contraceptive of a hammer. E19. diaphragm. Cf. Dutch cap s.v. Dutch a. E20. 6 Whitman The tossing waves, the snowy, curling caps. F. O'Connor Her face, reddish under a cap of fox-colored hair, ice-cap, kneecap, snowcap, etc. whitecap. 7 J. Ray The refining Furnace is covered with a thick cap of stone. J Steinbeck Tom

resembling

see THINKING n. la. saffron milk-cap: see saffron a. set one's cap at seek to attract as a suitor, shaggy cap. the cap fits fig. a general remark is true of the person

/kan'tsauns, -z-/ n. L19. [It. f. next.] (A musical setting of the words of) a canzone; an instrumental piece resembling a madrigal in

= song

Something

II

I

Unwin

trencher cap, etc.

ceremonial occasions. Hungarian cap: see HtnJGARlAN a. Kilmarnock cap: see KILMARNOCK i. Polar cap: see POLAR a. pull caps: see PtJLL v. put on one's thinking cap:

canzona

[It.

2 mob-cap: see MOB n.' 3. 3 Basque cap, clolh-cap, dunce '5 cap, jockey cap, nightcap, skullcap, swimming cap,

.

Of

-y'.]

bag and capped the Thermos. 4a Shakes. Hen. cap that proverb with 'There is flattery in

V

friendship'.

loosened the oil cap with a pair of pliers toecap: see n. 9 R. Holme A Wall with a Cap or Head over the Door. III Panly f. the vb. 12 An imposed upper limit;

See CANVAS v. canvasser n. L16.

Into a

M19.

toe

II

/'keini/

from those who are not subscribing members.

W

.

cany

capacitive

331

capacious

/ka'peijas/

a.

E17.

[f.

L

capac-,

capax, f. capere take: see -ACIOUS ] f 1 = CAPABLE la. E17-L18. 2 Able to hold much; roomy, spacious, wide; comprehensive. E17. 3 Disposed or adapted for the reception of. arch. L17. I W. Brereton A spacious harbour capacious of many thousand sail. 2 Hazlitt TTie capacious soul of

N

Wilson It was a large, comfortable, reassuring bnck house, with capacious bow windows on three floors. 3 M. Beerbohm Women of her own age and kind, capacious of tragedy, capaciously adv. E19. capaciousness n. M17. Shakspeare. A.

capacitance /k3'pasit(a)ns/ CAPACITY + -ance ] Ability to charge;

the

ratio

of

corresponding change

the

of

charge

electrostatic

in

its

a

n. L19. [f. store electrical

change

body

in

to

the the

potential.

M17. [f. capacity + with capacity (Jor, to do), make capable; make legally competent; Biol, cause (a spermatozoon) to undergo changes in the female reproductive tract that enable it to penetrate and

capacitate

/ka'pasiteit/

-ATE^.]

Endow

fertilize

an ovum (usu.

capaci'tation

capacitive -rvE.]

day, au no,

e:

Of or

hair,

la

n.

v.t.

in pass.).

M19.

/ka'pasitiv/ a. E20. [f. capacity + pertaining to electrical capacitance.

near,

31

boy, oa poor, Aia

tire,

aoa sour

,

capacitor capacitative a. = CAPACmvt mzo. capacitadvely, -dvely jAs. ihrough the medium of, as regards, capacitance M20.

capacitor

An

E20. [f. next + -or.] component which provides

ks'pasits/ circuit

electric

>i.

capacitance, usu. consisting of conducting plates separated by an insulating matcrialj a condenser. paddtT capacitor, see padder

capacity

&

ka'pasili; n.

capjatas,

1,

lME.

a.

[Fr. capacitei.

A

as CAPACIOUS: see -acity.]

f.

n.

1

contain, hold, produce, or (formerly also earn,'; cubic content, volume surface area, width). iJVlE. b = capacitance. The maximum amount or number that L18. c can be contained, produced, etc. E20. d The total c>'linder volume that is swept by the pistons in an intcmal-combustion engine. M20. 2 Mental or intellectual power, as an inherent facult\- or as developed; (a) talent; a mental facult>'. lME. 3 Legal competency or qualification. lME. •|-4 A containing space or a void; a cavit>'. M16 M18. 5 An ability, area; power, or propensity for some specified purpose, activity, a susceptibility, a or experience;

by

M17. 6 position, a condition, a relative character. M17. possibility.

(Foil,

Shakes. Am.

1

capacit)'

To camp

Had

CI.

this host,

His

jNtAcLEAN

A.

&

do.)

to

of, for,

A

our great palace the all sup together. for brandy was

we would

capacity

phenomenal. F. HoYLE The cranial capacity eventually grew to about 1600 cubic centimetres, measure of capacity a measure of volume used for vessels and liquids, grain, etc. specific heat capacity: see SPECIFIC a. specific inductive capacitor, see specific a. thermal capacity: see thermal a. vital capacity: see a. c J. K. Galbraith Production is at or near completely. capacity-, to capacity fully, 2 G. Berkeley' He wants capacity to relish what true piety IS. Isaiah Berlin The more mysterious capacities called 'msight' and 'mtuition'. 3 legal capacity: see LEGAL a. 5 Defoe To deprive them of the capacit>' of ever returmng. S. Butler are endued with Capacities of action, of happmess and misery. H. L. Mencken There was grave uneasiness about his physical capacity- for the job. N. Shute It was within the capacit>' of his ship to execute. E. Reveley It was not that Erv had ever laid a hand on her but the capaciu- was there. 6 G. K. Chesterton The King

MTAL

We

.

reviewed I

it

in his capacity' as literary critic.

was working for him B atmb. or as

..ma

.

G. Greene

secretarial capacit>'.

That

reaches or fills maximum capacity; fully occupying. M20. Times Lit. Siippi Both the play and film are now drawing capacit\' houses in London. F. Ast.mre Busmess was capacity' wherever we went.

cap-a-pie

adj.

adv. arch. E16. [OFr. cap a

kaps'pi:

(mod. de pied en

pic

(armed, ready,

fully

From head

cap).]

E16.

[Fr.

to foot,

etc.).

Now

caparison

k3'paris(9)n/ n. arch, or Hist. ^icaparasson (mod. capara(on) f. Sp.

caparazon saddle-cloth, perh. f. capa.] 1 An ornamented covering spread over a horse's saddle or harness; (usu. in pi.) a horse's trappings. E16. 2 transf. A set of clothes or ornaments, an outfit. L16.

caparison

/k3'paris(3)n/

caparassoner,

prec]

as

{.

v.t.

Put

li6.

[Fr.

trappings

or

hangings on; deck.

capataz [Sp.,

kapa'tafl

irreg.

f.

L

Spamsh-speaking superintend

cape

keip

n.

PI.

caput

-taces -'ta9es /. E19. head.] In Spain or

an

America:

overseer,

a

nt, a boss.

lME.

[(0)Fr. cap {. Prov. (= Sp. f. L caput head.] I gen. \ A headland, a promontory. lME. II spec. 2 the Cape, some familiar headland, esp. (the province containing) the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa. M17. 3 .More fully capeskin. A soft leather made from South African sheepskin. E20. Comb.: Cape Barren goose [Cape Barren, an island caho)

m

{.

Bass

n.'

Proto-Romance

Strait,

Australia]

a

large

Australian goose,

Cercopsis novaehoUandtac, wrtich has a short black bill

that also

is

almost covered by a swollen waxy yellow cere;

called

ccreopsis

(goose);

Cape brandy

.S.

Afr.

brandy made from vines in the Cape Province; crude brandy; Cape buffalo: see buffalo n. ib; Cape cart S. Afr. a two-wheeled horse-drawTi cart, Cape chestnut a southern African evergreen tree, Calodcndrum capense, of the rue family; Cape Cod A'. Amer. b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

(designating) a type of rectangular house with a steeply-gabled roof, characteristic of Cape Cod, Massachusetts; Cape Coloured (a member) of the Coloured population of the Cape Province; Cape cowslip = LACHENALIA; Cape daisy a yellow-fiowered plant of the composite family, Arctotis fasiuosa, native to southem Africa and widely introduced as an ornamental; Cape doctor S. Afr. a strong south-east wind; Cape Dutch n. a. (a) n. the early Dutch settlers at the Cape of Good Hope; arch. Afrikaans (regarded as a dialect of Dutch); (ft) adj. of or pertaining to the Cape Dutch; spec, designating a style of architecture characterized by gables and whitewashed walls; Cape fox a fox, Vulpes chama, with a silverj'-grey back, occurring in the drier areas of

&

3.

n.-'

receive,

to

AbilitN'

capital

332

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

southem Africa; Cape gannet; Cape gooseberry a S. American physalis or ground cherry, Physalis edible the round yellow berry of this plant; Cape hartebeest; Cape hunting dog = hunting dog (b) s.v. HUNTING n.; Cape HYACINTH, Cape jasmine, Cape jessamine gardenia; esp.

peruviana;

Gardenia jasminioides, native to China; Cape leaping leaping ppl t.; Cape Malay: see Malay ib;

hare: see

Cape marigold = dimorphotheca; Cape pigeon: see PIGEON n.' i; Cape pondweed a southem African aquatic plant, Aponogeton distachyos, with two spikes of = white flowers; fragrant Cape primrose streptocarpus; Cape salmon .S. Afr. any of various fishes; esp. = geelbek; capeskin: see sense 3 above; Cape smoke: see smoke «. 7a; Cape sparrow a darkcoloured sparrow of southem Africa, Passer melanurus; Cape-weed any of various plants; esp. (Austral. & NZ) = Cape daisy above.

cape

n.-

Capernaum

Capema'itic [Origin

ult. rel.

Caphtor

capillaceous capillaire

capeline

/'kap(3)lin/

lME.

n.

[(0)Fr.

f.

/'keips/ n.' lME. [Fr. cdpres or L capparis Gk kapparis) treated as pi.] 1 A trailing shrub, Capparis spinosa, of southem Europe. lME. 2 Usu. in pi. a The flower-buds of this shrub, used for pickling and served esp. in a sauce. L15. b The seed-pods of other plants, e.g. nasturtium, used similarly; any such plant. Cf bean caper s.v. bean n. L16. 3 A kind of scented tea. L18. Comb.: caper spurge an ornamental poisonous f.

A

1

fiisky

lathyris.

nl'-

li6. [Abbrev. of capriole n.]

movement,

capillarity /kapi'lanti/

capillary

1

kapen take away, rob, plunder.] of) a privateer; a corsair.

caper

/'keipa/

friskily, skip,

caperer

n.

v.i.

E2o.

coUoq.

li6.

[{.

/kapa'keili/

as

n.

r

coille ht.

red,

f.

arterioles

and venules.

A

of

certain fungi.

capital

ME.

[OFr. capitel (mod. dim. of caput, capithead: mod. sp. -al through assoc. w. next ] 1 The head or cornice of a pillar or column. ME. 2 The cap of a chimney, crucible, etc. E18. capital /'kapit(3)l/ a. & «.- ME. [(0)Fr. f L capttalis,

/'kapit(9)l/ {.

{.

late

n.'

L capitellum

caput, capit- head: see -AL'.]

Relating to the head, f

1

Of

A

adj.

I

or pertaining to the

ME

head or top. L17. 2 Involving loss of the head or life; vitally injurious, fatal. lME. f b Of an enemy, enmity: deadly, mortal. lME-miS. c Of a crime etc.: pimishable by death. E16. 2 Caxton To have capytal sentence & be beheded. W. H. Prescott In the outset, he seems to have fig.

fig.

a

fallen into a capital error.

II

Standing

dance.

caper n}}

s sit,

t

ME

-/j-.]

top, v van,

w

A

head

{lit.

&

3 Chief, Orig. (of a

fig.).

lME. 4

word), standing at the head of a page, Now (of a letter), having the form used to begin a sentence, proper name,

passage, etc.

and

(The captain [Abbrev.]

at the

principal; important, leading.

size

lME. 5 Of funds, stock, etc.: original, serving as a basis for commercial or financial operations. E18. 6 Excellent, first-rate. Freq. as an exclam. of approval, colloq. M18. 3 W. Blackstone The eldest son had the capital fee of his father's possessions. T. Warton The cloister of some capital monastery. R. W. Dale The old traditions made Obedience the capital virtue of childhood. 4 W. van T. Clark When Joyce spoke about Davies he said 'he' as if it had a capital H. a with a capital A (or similar phr.) emphatically a etc.

=

Move

Also -Izie /-Iji, -Izi/. 'horse of the wood*:

the spelling -Iz- derives fi-om n no, p pen,

capillaris,

fern, esp. the maidenhair. M17-M18. Also f capillar a. LME-L17. capillitium /kapi'lijiam/ n. M19. [L = hair collectively, f capillus hair ] Mycol. Spore-

M17. t2

.

.

.

.

.

man,

M17. [L

A

network between the

dance, {about).

Mi6. [Gael, capull

n.

B «. 1 A capillary vessel; esp. any of the extremely narrow blood-vessels which form a

L17.

capercaillie

&

Of

liquid in a capillary tube to rise, recede, as a result of surface forces.

M17. [Du. kaper,

f.

n.*

1

letter or friskily, arch,

obs. exc. Hist.

/'kapa/ capercaillie.

/ks'pilari/ a.

or

:

a leap, a spring;

cut a caper, capers move

caper

[Fr. capillarite,

(0)Fr. capillaire: see -arv-.] or pertaining to hair; hairhke, esp. in tenuity. M17. 2 Of a tube etc.: having a hairlike bore. M17. 3 Of, pertaining to, or occurring in capillaries. E19. 3 capillary attraction, repulsion the tendency of adj.

M19.

/'keipa/

M19.

n.

capillus hair, after

proceeding. L16. 2 An activity or occupation, esp. a risky or questionable venture;

caper

capillans,

f. as next + -ity.] Capillary attraction repulsion; the property of exerting this.

fantastic

a 'dodge', slang.

L

mi8. [Fr. f

/kapi'ls:/ n.

capillaris

chapiteau)

relics.

caper

/'keips/

capillaceus,

containing fibrous rissue in the sporangia

chaplain; a keeper of sacred

spurge. Euphorbia

L

[L

-aceous.] Hairlike, threadlike.

A

with an attached cape. L18.

capellane /'kap(3)lein/ n. Long obs. exc. Hist. OE. [med.L cappellanus: see chaplain.] A

caper

lOE.

L17-M19. [L capillamentum n. the hair collectively, f capillus hair.] hairlike fibre, a filament.

Prov.

(= mod.Fr. chapeau).] 1 Hist. An worn by medieval archers. lME. 2 A woman's hat, esp. one with a wide brim trimmed with feathers. Also, a light hood capel hat iron skullcap

/-rim/.

fcapUlament

of northern oceans.

capelina, f

-rim

PI.

herba maidenhair fern: see capillary.] a syrup of maidenhair fern; a syrup flavoured with orange-flower water. late

'kap-/ n. Also caplin. E17. capelan chaplain.] A smelt,

Prov.

n.

/kapi'leijss/ a. E18.

capiltus hair: see

f.

crew: head, bear.

villosus,

/'kafts/

judgement, directing the imprisonment of the defendant until the plaintiffs claim is satisfied (abbrev. CA. SA.). capias in withernam, pluries capias.

/'keiplin,

{.

ei8.

muddle-

after

A

[Fr.

arch.

peevish;

Irritable;

[Heb. Kaptor, (. place-name = Caphtor. see Ijelow. Cf Keftiu.] Ancient Hist. A native or inhabitant of Caphtor, a region of the eastern Mediterranean mentioned in the Bible but not firmly located. Usu. in pi. capias /'keipias, 'kap-/ n. lME. [L = you are to seize, 2nd person sing. pres. subjunct. of capere take.] Law. A writ or process commanding the arrest of the person named. capias ad satisfaciendum /ad .satisfasi'enddm/:

/kapis'da:/ n. e20. [Sp., f capear xxicV. a bull with a cape, f. capa.] person who aids a bullfighter by distracting the bull with his cloak.

Mallotus

L16.

a.

Sc.

a.

17.

/k3'pi:J(3)n/ a. & n. M19. [Fr. Capetien.] (A member) of the dynasty of French kings founded by Hugh Capet in 987.

capeador capelin

A

&

headed; affected by drink.

E16-M19. [Origin uncertain: perh. to Fr. cap head of the ship.] Naut. Of a its

/kapa'noitid/

unkn.]

[f.

Capetian

v.i.

vessel or

Capema'itical

L19.

a.

mi6. -ITE']

arch, derog.

n.

Gahlee {John 6:26-59) +

capemoited

.

fcape

/ka'painiAit/

in

believer in transubstantiation. il Used esp. in theological controversy in 16

L

late

f.

Capernaite

mi6.

[Fr. f. Prov. capa (= (0)Fr. cappa: see cap n.'] 1 A shon (formerly also a long) sleeveless cloak; a fixed or detachable part of a longer cloak, coat, etc., falling loosely over the shoulders from the neckband; spec, the red cloak used bj?; a bullfighter. M16. 2 transf. A growth of feathers or hair suggesting a cape. L19. 1 Inverness cape: see Inverness i caped a. having a cape, wearing a cape M16. capelet n. a small cape E20.

/keip/

chape)

grouse, Tetrao urogallus, formerly nauve to and now re-established in the Scottish Highlands.

—

—

large

we, z zoo,

.

J

she, 5 vision, 9 thin, 6 this,

r|

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

capitalise

—

5 Adam Smith The was not diininished even by the enormous expense of the late war. 6 B. Jowett Capital, Socrates; by the gods, that is truly good. A. the real or quintessential a capital stock of Great Britain

MoOREHEAD He

a

is

.

capital

zealous

officer,

and

untiring in the performance of his duties.

B

A

lME.

2 TTie stock with which a company or person enters into business; the total sum of shareholders' contributions in a joint-stock company; accumulated wealth, esp. as used in further production. Mi6. b The class; capitalists, holders of wealth as a employers of labour. M19. 3 A capital town or «.

city.

1

capital letter.

M17.

small capitals: see small a. 2 Burke You began ill set up your trade without a capital. F. Raphael Lack of capital prevented Nat's buying a practice. H. .

capitao

/kapi'tau/

CAPTAIN

A

«.]

You

Macmillan a widespread development should be

.

.

desire

that

.

.

economic

supported by British

capital,

fixed capital: invested in permanent assets such as land, buildings, machinery, etc. make capital out of fig. turn to account, turn to one's own advantage. organic composition of capital: see organic a. refugee

refugee

capital: see

working

capital: available for the actual carrying-on of business, b W. HoLTBY Here gallant Labour, with nothing to lose but its chains, would fight entrenched and armoured Capital. Special collocations & comb. capital gain profit from the sale of investments or property, capital goods goods (to be) used in producing commodities, as opp. to consumer goods, capital-intensive a. requiring much use of capital, capital levy the appropriation by the State of a proportion of a nation's private wealth, a.

=

L19.

n.

[Port, capitdo a gang, etc.,

headman, leader of

in E. Africa.

SUCCEDANEUM. capitate /'kapiteit/

phr.

n.

pi.

caput

of

capit- head: see -ATE-.]

capitalise

v. var.

capitalism

of capitalize.

n. M19. [f possession of capital or a system in which private capital or wealth is used in the production or distribution of goods; the dominance of private owners of capital and of production for profit. popular capitalism: see POPULAK a.

CAPITAL

/'kapit(3)lLz(3)ni/

+

n.-

The

-ISM.]

wealth;

capitalist /'kapit(3)hst/ [f.

+

as prec.

capital,

&

n.

A

-1ST.]

one who uses

esp.

Freq. derog. L18. who has

a.

A

«.

person

it

business enterprises. L18. B adj. Of or pertaining

(large-scale)

in

to

capitalists

or

roadcr.

see

capitalism. M19. road:

capitalist

ROADER

see

ROAD

capitalist

n.

n.' 2.

capita'listic a. of or pertaining to capitalists; characterized by capitalism: 119. capita'listically adv. L19.

f caput,

['L capitatus,

Chiefly Anat. Having a

1

largest

/kapi'teij(3)n/

n.

E17. [Fr., or late

see -ation.] 1 The counting of heads or persons. E17. 2 (The levying of) a tax or fee of so much a head; a payment of so much a head. Ml 7. Comb.: capitation fee, grant, etc.: of so much per

head subject

capite

as

prec:

to certain conditions. n. E17. [L, abl. of caput head.] tenure in capite. Tenure by which

/'kapiti/

In

Hist.

{.

full

n.

PI.

-11a /-b/. E17.

[Late L, dim. of L capit-, caput head: see -ELLUM.] fl = CAPITAL n.' I. Only in E17. 2 The capitulum of the humerus. L19.

Anal.

/'kapit(3)lAiz/ v. Also -ise. M18. [f CAPITAL n.' + -IZE. Cf Fr. capitaliser.] 1 v.t. Write or print (a letter) as a capital; begin (a word) with a capital letter; write or print in capitals. M18. 2 v.t. Convert into a capital sum; compute or realize the current value of; reckon the value of by setting future benefits against the cost of maintenance. M19. 3 v.t. & i. (foil, by on). Make capital out of, use to one's advantage, turn to account. M19. 4 v.t. Provide with capital. Orig. US. L19. 3 Publishers Weekly TTie publishers do not intend .

.

to

Capitol

the

capitalize

N.

publicity.

Cambodian

left is

peasantry,

capitalizing

now

Chomsky

The

in a position to mobilize the

on

Sihanouk's

personal prestige. 4 Observer At the current price of 213P, Burmah is capitalised at a little over £300 million. capitali'zation n. M19.

capitan

/'kapit(3)n, kapi'tarn/ n. mi8. [Sp. capitdn captain n.] Chiefly Hist. captain, a naval commander. Capitan Pasha Hist, the chief admiral of the Turkish fleet.

A

capitana The ship

/kapi'taina/

n.

L17.

[It.,

Sp.,

&

Port.]

of the admiral of an Italian, Spanish,

etc., fleet.

/kapi'tainao/ n. PI. -os. L16. [It. = In Italy or among Italian-speakers: a captain, a headman, a chief

capitano CAPTAIN

«.]

a cat, a:

arm,

t

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, 0 hot,

a:

/'kaprt(3)l/

lME. [OFr.

n.

capitolie,

L

Capitolium, f caput, capit- head.] 1 A citadel on lop of a hill; esp. the temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, on the Satumian or Tarpeian (later called Capitoline) Hill at Rome. lME. 2 The building occupied by the US Congress in Washington DC; in some other cities, the State legislature building. L17. Capitolian /kapi'tsolisn/ a. = Capitoline E17. Capitoline /ka'pitaUm/ a. designating or pertaining to the hill at Rome on which the Capitol stood; of or -oile, later

assim. to the source,

pertaining to the Capitol. E17.

/kapitone/ a. L19. [Fr., pa. pple capttonner upholster, quilt.] Designating characterized by a style of upholstery embroidery in which the material is drawn in intervals to present a quilted appearance.

of or or at

B

n.

= CAPITULARY

n.

M17.

f capitularly adv. as a chapter E-M18.

A

A A

A

Now

CAPITULAR a. capitiilate

I.

L18.

/ka'pitjuleit/

v.

M16.

[med.L draw up

ppl stem of capitulare f late L capitulum head of a discourse: see chapter -ate'. In sense 3

under

pa.

distinct heads,

through Fr. capituler.} f 1 v.i. Draw up articles of agreement; treat, parley; make conditions. M16-E19. b v.t. Make terms about, negotiate. L16-M17. f 2 v.t. Draw up in chapters or under heads; enumerate. H6-L17. 3 v.i. & (less usually) t. Surrender, esp. on stated conditions. L17. 3 W. Robertson Want of provisions quickly obliged Trevulci to capitulate. W. Styron I knew that I was on the verge of capitulating to him, backing down, capitulator n. E17. capitulatory a. E19. /k3pitju'leif(3)n/ n. M16. [Late L capnulatio{n-), f as prec: see -ation. In sense 3 through Fr. capitulation.] fla The making of

capitulation

tenns; a covenant, treaty. mi6~mi9. b In pi. Articles of agreement, terms, conditions; spec. articles giving special immimities and privileges

within a State to subjects of another State. Now Hist. L16. 2 A statement of the main divisions of a subject. Cf recapitulation. li6. 3 The action of surrendering, esp. on stated conditions; an instrument containing terms of surrender, mi 7.

capittilum /ka'pitjobm/

-la /-b/. E18. [L, dim. caput, capit- head: see -ule.] small rounded head or knob; esp. (a) Anat. a bony protuberance articulating with another bone, esp. the prominence at the end of the humerus n.

PI.

A

saw, \ run, u put,

u: too, 3

ago,

M

obs.

exc.

Also

dial.

L caballus.] A

horse.

of capelin.

[Abbrev

n.

colloq.

= captain

]

Chiefly N. Amer. E19.

n.

capnomancy

/'kapnamansi/ n. rare. E17. [f Gk kapnos smoke + -mancy, perh. through Fr. capnomancie.] Divination by smoke, capo /'kapsu/ «.' PI. -os. M20. [Abbrev.] = capotasto.

capo /'kapau/ «.' Chiefly US. PI. -os. mzo. [It. f L caput head.] The head of a crime syndicate branches,

its

capon

/'keip(3)n/ n. & v. lOE. [AN capun var. of (0)Fr. capon, f Proto-Romance f. L capo, -onis.] An. 1 castrated domestic cock (usu. one fattened for eating). Cf poulard. lOE. t2 eimuch. ME-L17. 3 A dull-witted person, obs. exc. dial. M16. f 4 A billet-doux. Cf poitlet. rare (Shakes.). Only in L16. 5 kind of fish, esp. a red herring, dial, mi 7. 5 Norfolk capon: see Norfolk i.

A

A

A

B

Make

V.I.

f caponet n. capon v. mi 7.

caponier (whence

a

capon

a small

L16. v.t.

=

/kapa'nis/

n. L17. [Sp. caponera lit. 'capon-pen'.] Fonif. across a ditch.

Fr. caponniere)

A covered passage capot

of; castrate.

capon li6~ei8. caponize

& V. M17. [Fr., perh. f capoter of c^iapoier castrate.] Piquet. A n. The

/ka'pot/

winning of all the tricks by one player; a score awarded for this. M17. B v.t. Infl. -tt-. Win all the tricks from. M17. ^Formerly stressed on ist syll. /'kapsu, ka'pot; foreign kapo {pi. same) I n.^ L17. [Fr., masc. form of capote.] = capote la.

capotasto

/kapau'tastsu/ n. PI. -os. Also capo [It., lit. 'head stop': cf tasto.] Mus. A movable bar attached to the finger-board of a stringed instrument to make possible the simultaneous adjustment of the pitch of all the tasto. L19.

strings.

&

/ka'pitjubri/ n. a. M17. [Late L capitularius, f as prec: see -ary'.] «. 1 Hist. collection of ordinances, esp. of Frankish kings. MI 7. 2 member of a chapter. rare or obs. L17. 3 heading, a tide. rare. E19. B adj. =

capitulary

{.

capot

/ka'pitjob/ a. & n. ei6. [Late L capitularis, i. L capitulum: see chapter n., -ar'.] A adj. 1 Of, pertaining to, or governed by a cathedral chapter. E16. 2 Chiefly Anat. Pertaining to or of the nature of a capitulum.

capitular

MI9.

var.

n.

cap'n /'kapm/

dial. var.

capitonne

kapall

/'kaplit/ n. Also c-. M20. [f cap(sule n. + tab) let n.] Pharm. (Proprietary name coated capsule or tablet,

or one of

land was held immediately of the Crown.

capitellum /kapi'tebm/

a.

caplin

L

Long

n.

ME. [ON

Caplet for) a

inflorescence in a close terminal cluster. L17. Also capitated a. (now rare or obs.) Lt7.

/'keip(3)l/

capul.

&

knob-headed; spec, denoting the bone of the wrist. M17. 2 Boi. Having the

capitulai-,

capitalize

composite family,

distinct head,

capitation

with the radius; {b) Bat. a terminal cluster of sessile flowers or on a common receptacle, as in the

articulates flat

caple M17.

a.

:

capital punishment infliction of death by an authorized public authority as punishment for a crime, capital ship a battleship or other large warship, capital sum a lump sum of money, esp. one payable to an insured person, capital territory: containing the capital city of a country, capital transfer tax: levied on the transfer of capital by gift, bequest, etc (in Britain 1975-86). capitalling n. the furnishing of a word with a capital letter L17. capitally adv. in a capital manner E17.

which dense florets

succedanea

capita

capitatio(n-},

I

.

capriccio

333

my, ao how,

ei

capote

n. E19. [Fr., dim. of cape cape long hooded cloak worn by soldiers, travellers, etc. E19. b A long mantle worn by women. M19. 2 A bonnet with a soft crovm and stiff projecting brim. E19.

«.-]

1

/ka'paut/

a

A

capouch n. var. of CAPUCHE. cappa /'kapa/ n. M19. [It. =

cape n.-'] forming part of a religious habit; a cope.

Cappadocian

/kapa'daoJ(a)n/

a.

Sc n.

A

cloak

E17. [f

Cappadocia (see below) + -an.] (A native or inhabitant) of Cappadocia, an ancient kingdom of Asia Minor, now part of Turkey. capper /'kapa/ n. ME. [f cap or t).' + -er'.] 1 A cap-maker, obs. exc. Hist. ME. 2 A person who or thing which provides or forms a cap. L16. 3 An accomplice, esp. a confederate in a gambling game, slang (chiefly US). M18. 4 A person or thing that outdoes all rivals; something surpnsing or puzzling, dial. L18. cappuccino /kapu'tjiinau/ n. PI. -os. mzo. [It.: see capuchin.] (A cup of) coffee with milk, esp. made with espresso coffee and topped with white foam.

Capri

/'kapri:, ka'pri:/ n. L19.

Bay of Naples.]

1

A

[An

island in the

wine from Capri. L19. 2 In

Women's

pi, or as Capri pants. tapered trousers. M20.

close-fitting

capric /'kapnk/ a. M19. [f 'L caper, capr- goat + -ic] 1 Chem. capnc acid, a crystalline fatty acid present in butter, coconut

CH,(CH,)„COOH.

oil,

etc.; >i-decanoic

2 Of a goat; goadike. L19. caprate n. a salt or ester of capric acid M19. acid,

capriccio

/ka'pritjiao/

n.

M19.

PI. -os. E17.

[It.:

see

= caprice 1. E17-E19. f2 A sudden movement; a trick, a prank, a caper. caprice.]

day, so no,

e:

hair,

la

fl

near,

ai

boy, oa poor, Aia

tire,

aos sour

capriccioso M17-M19. 3

A

work of lively fancy

thing or

more or less free in fonn, L17. capriccioso kjpntji'juzoo/

A

CAPRICIOUS.] ,\fi/,t. impulsive sr>'le. ka'priis

ti.

in art

musical composition,

etc.; esp. a lively usu. short

caprice

adv. M18.

direction:

M17. [Fr.

and

capriccio

It.

{.

sec

[It.:

free

in a

head with the hair standing on end, (hence) horror, (later, by assoc. w. capra goat) sudden Stan, i. capo head (see capo h.-) + riccio hedgehog (ult. f L (,h)encius urchin).] 1 An unaccountable change of mind or conduct; a whim; a freakish fancy, mi 7. b Inclination or Oit.)

disposition to such changes etc.; capriciousness. .mi- 1 = CAPRICCIO 3. E18.

capricious It.

E17. [Fr. capricieux i. capriccio (see prec.) + -oso

ko'prijas

f

capriccioso,

a.

-ous.] fl Humorous; fantastic; characterized by far-fetched comparisons etc. E17 E18. 2 Guided by caprice; readily swayed by whim or fancy; inconstant. Of a thing: subject to sudden change, irregular, unpredictable. E17. 2 J. Chee\'ER They cultivated tropical plants in a capncious climate, capriciously adv. EI7. capriciousness n. L16. >i. In sense i also in L kapn'karnss /. OE. [L caper-, capr- goat + comu horn,

Capricorn 'kaprikain form Capricomus capncomus,

f.

Gk

after

goat-homed,

aigokeros

Capncom.]

(The name

1

(as

n.)

of) a constellation of

hemisphere, on the ecliptic between Sagittarius and Aquarius; Astrol. (the southern

the

name

of) the tenth zodiacal sign, usu. associated

period 22 December to 19 January (see ZODIAC); the Goat. OE. b A person bom imder the sign Capricorn. M20. j2 An ibex; a chamois. M17-M19. 1 atrrib.: E. KlRK Capricorn people resent all vcixh the

note

captious

334

s.v.

&

a. interference, nvptc of Capricorn see tropic n. Comb. Capricorn beetle a longhom beetle of the :

present

acid

fatty

and other

butter

in

fats;

ri-octanoic acid, CH,(CHJ„COH. 'caprylate n. a salt or ester of this acid M19. 'caprylyl n. the radical CH,(CHJ6'; "-OCtanoyl; (cf CAPRYL): E20.

capsa

/'kapsa/ n. PI. capsae /'kapsi:/, capsas. M20. [L: see case «.-'] Rom. Antiq. A cylindrical box for holding upright rolls of documents.

capsaicin

[Alt. of /kap'seusin/ n. L19. see -in'.] Chem. A cyclic amide, C,„H,7NO,, responsible for the pungency of

capsicine:

capsicums.

Capsian L Capsa

/'kapsian/

E20. [Fr. capsien, f

Si n.

a.

for Gafsa, central Timisia: see -ian.]

Archaeol. (Designating or pertaining to) a late palaeolithic culture of N. Africa.

capsicum /'kapsikam/ n. li6. [mod.L, perh. f L capsa CASE n.-] Any plant of the tropical genus Capsicum, of the nightshade family, esp. C. diflferent .orms of which bear chilli peppers and sweet peppers; the fmit of such a plant, esp. one of the more pungent varieties. capsicine /-si:n/ n. (now rare or 065.) (Chem.) a

annuum,

substance formerly regarded as an alkaloid responsible for the pungency of capsicums M19.

/'kapsid/ /!.' & a. L19. [mod.L Capsidae MlRlD), f Capsus genus name: see -id'.] Eniomol. = MIRID.

capsid (see

capsid -ID-

]

/'kapsid/

The

Microbiol.

L

+ capsa case protein coat or shell of

m20. [f

n.'-

certain viruses.

capsize

/kap'sAiz/

v.

&

li8. [Perh.

n.

ult.

f Sp.

capuzar sink (a ship) by the head, f. cabo head + chapuzar to dive, duck.] \ v. \ v.i. Overturn, upset, (esp. a boat, people in boat). L18. i-z'.t. Of a boat etc.: be overtumed or upset. E19. B n.

An

act or instance of capsizing. E19. capsizal n. = capsize n. L19.

capsomere

/'kapsaumia/

M20.

n.

[Fr.

:

genus Ccrambyx.

Capri'comian n. & a. (a) n. sign Capncom, (fc) adj. Capncom; (characteristic of Capncom: E20.

caprid goat +

'kapnd,

A

&

a.

of or one)

under

pertaining

bom

to

under

L

caper, capr-

Of or

pertaining to the tribe of ruminants including the goats and sheep. M19. B n. A caprid animal. L20. -id'.]

adj.

capriiication

kapnfi'keiK3)n

capnficatio{n-), caprificare,

pa.

capnficat-

i.

[L

E17.

n.

stem

ppl

of

caprificus wild fig tree: see -ATION.]

f.

1 A process of ripening figs by means of pimctures produced on the friiit by the action of

or

insects

fertilization.

2

E17.

artificially.

Artificial

M19.

caprifoil kaprifsil/ n. Now rare or obr. lME. [med.L caprifohum 'goat-leaf, with spelling assim. to

trefoil etc.]

caprine

Honeysuckle.

'kapr.\in; a.

lAIE. [L capnnus,

caper,

f.

Of

capr- goat: see -ine'. Cf. (0)Fr. capnn.] penaining to a goat or goats; goatlike.

capriole cabnole), capriolo

'kapnsul f.

n.

capriola,

It

& f.

li6.

v.

or

(now

[Fr.

capriolare to leap, f

L capreolus dim. \ n. 1 A leap or

roebuck f

goat: see -OLE'.]

made

'

dancing (cf cabriole

of caper, caprcaper, esp. as

A

16. 2 trained horse's horizontal leap with the hind legs kicking .»gorously. L16. B v.i. Perform a capriole; skip, leap, caper. L16.

in

i).

i

'kapnpEd,' a. & n. rare. Also -pede M18. [L capripes, -ped-, f. caper, caprgoat + pes, ped- foot.] (A person) having feet like those of a goat.

capriped ,

-pi:d

.

caproic

ka'prsuik/ a. M19. [f. I. capr-, caper goat + -Oic] Chem. caproic acta, = liEXANOIC acid.

caproate n. capro 'lactam

a n.

salt

a

or ester :rystaUine

of this lactam,

M19 CjH.iNO,

acid

which IS an intermed'ate in r.ylon manufacture M20. caproyl /'kaprau.Ml, -aoil/ n. the radical C5H,,COM19.

capryl

/'kaprAil,

-pnl/

n.

M19.

[f

capric

+

Chem. The radical C,H,,CO-; n-decanoyl. Usu. in comb. Occas. confused w. capryliT. caprylic /ka'prilik/ a. M19. [f L capr-, caper, -yl

]

goat + -yl + -ic] b but, d dog,

f

Chem.

capstan /'kapst(3)n/ n. Also f capstem & other vars. lME. [Prov. cabestan (earlier cabestran), f.

M19. [f

n.

bom

a person

the

capsomere: see capsid w.^, -mer.] Microbiol. Each of a number of protein subunits from which the capsid of a virus is built up.

caprylic acid, a liquid

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat

!

leg,

m

cabestre halter

L

f.

capistrum, f capere seize.]

1

A

revolving barrel on a vertical axis for winding cable etc., esp. on board ship: worked by persons walking roimd pushing bars fitting into the barrel, or by electricity, steam, etc. lME. 2 A revolving spindle on a tape recorder etc. M20. Comb. capstan lathe: with a revolving tool-holder. :

/'kapsjubt/ a. M17. [f next + -ate-.] Chiefly Bot. Enclosed in, formed into, or furnished with a capsule. Also capsulated 13. mi 7.

capsulate

capsule

&

/'kapsjuil, -sjol/ n.

Formerly also

t-ula. pl- -lae. lME. [Fr. f. L capsula dim. of capsa case w.-; see -ULE.] A n. 1 gen. A small case or container; an envelope, a sheath. lME. 2 Anal. A membranous or fibrous envelope aroimd an organ, joint, etc.; a sac. L17. 3 Bot. A dry seed-case which opens when ripe by the parting of valves. L17. |4 Chem. A shallow vessel for roasting or evaporating. E18-L19. 5 A top or cover for a bottle. M19. 6 A small case of gelatin etc. enclosing a dose of medicine. L19. 7 A detachable nose-cone of a rocket, compartment of a spacecraft, etc., containing instruments or crew. M20. 1 fig.: N. Mailer This is all very sketchy, but I'm trying to put seven years into a capsule, time-capsule: see time n. 2 Tenon's capsule: see Tenon n.^

B

condensed; small and

attnb. or as adj. Brief,

compact. Chiefly US. M20. penaining

capsule Enclose

/'kapsju:!, in or

capsule

[{.

(information form.

capsulo-

v.t.

M19. [f the

n.]

provide with a capsule.

capsulize /'kapsjuUiz/ M20.

to,

-sjul/

etc.)

v.t.

+

n.

into

Orig. US. Also -ise. brief

a

Comptess and compact

-IZE.]

/'kapsjulau/ comb, form of

capsule n. see -0-. capsulotomy /-'lotsmi/

L

capsula

:

(an instance of) surgical incision into the capsule of the lens of the eye L19,

man,

n no, p pen,

r

red,

n.

s sit,

L capitaneus chief, A chief or leader,

late n.

1

commander. lME.

f caput, capit- head.] A esp. a military leader or rnilitary officer holding

A

2

command. lME. b

subordinate

army or (US etc.) major and above a

spec.

An

officer

ranking below a lieutenant. M16. c An officer in the Salvation Army, ranking below a major and above a lieutenant. L19. 3 A naval officer commanding a warship; an officer in the navy or marines, ranking below a rear admiral and above a commander or lieutenant. Also (as a courtesy tide), a commander. M16. b The master or commander of a merchant ship, passenger vessel, etc. M17. c The chief sailor of a group having specific duties. E19. 4 A great soldier; an experienced commander; a strategist. L16. 5 The head boy or girl of a school or class. L16. 6 The superintendent of a mine; a foreman; (chiefly N. Amer.) a supervisor of a group of waiters, bellboys, etc. E17. 7 As voc: sir. arch, slang. E17. 8 The leader of a sports team, sports club, etc. E19. 9 The pilot of a civil aircraft. E20. 10 In the US and elsewhere: a police officer ranking next below a chief officer. E2o. 1 H. A. L. Fisher The illustrious Emperor the in the

air force,

.

captain of

Roman

.

Christianity in the western world,

captain of industry an industnal magnate. 2b group captain: see GROUP n. 3 Captain of the Fleet the officer on an admiral's staff in charge of maintenance, captain's biscuit a hard fancy biscuit, post captain: see POST n.' c captain of the foretop, hold, etc. 4 E. A. Freeman How great a captain England had in her future king. 7 Shakes. Timon Why, how now, Captain? What do you in this wise company? Comb.: captain-general (a) Hist, a commander-inchief, a military governor; (ft) an honorary rank esp. in the British artillery or Royal Marines; captaingeneralcy Htst. the oflice or province of a captamgeneral; captain-lieutenant Htst. a military officer

commanding

company

a

or troop, with a captain's

rank and lieutenant's pay.

B

v.t.

Be captain

captainess captainless

(now

n. a.

distnct under a

of, lead. L16. rare)

a

female captain

fcaptainry captain: lME-liS. L16

lME.

captaincy;

n.

a

Captain Cooker

/.kaptm 'kuks/ n. phr. NZ. Captain Cook. L19. [f Capt. Cook James (1728-79), navigator and explorer Also

(earlier)

-er'

a

-I-

.]

wild boar,

captaincy /'kaptinsi/ n. E19. [f captain n. + -cy 1 The position, rank, office, or authority of ]

a captain. E19. 2

M19 captainship

A

captain's

skill,

the ability to

lead.

/'kaptinjip/

n.

lME.

[f as prec.

-1-

Sense 4 tr. Sp. capitania.] 1 = CAPTAINCY I. lME. 2 = CAPTAINCY 2. E17. 3 With possess, adj. (as your etc. captainship): a mock tide of respect given to a captain. Now rare. E17. 4 Hist. A district in S. America etc. under the mle of a captain. L17. n. E16. [Fr., or L ppl stem of captare -ation.] An attempt frequent, of capere seize: see to acquire something, esp. dexterously; the making of an ad captandum appeal.

captation

/kap'leij(3)n/ capiat-

captatio(n-),

caption {.

/'kapj(3)n/

capt- pa. ppl

pa.

n.

&

v.

lME. [L

stem oi capere

capiio(n-),

seize: see -ion.]

A

a Seizure, capture, taking. Now rare or obs. in gen. sense. lME. b Lazo (orig. Sc., now Hist.). Arrest or seizure under civil process; a warrant for the civil arrest of a debtor. H5. 2 A captious n.

1

cavil. Now rare. I16. 3 Law. A attached to or written on a legal instrument detailing before whom it was made. L17. 4 A heading of a chapter, article, etc.; wording appended to an illustration, cartoon, etc.; a (cinema or television) subtide. Orig. US. L18. B v.t. Provide with (as) a caption; entitle.

argument; a certificate

or of the nature of a capsule M18. capsulitis /-'Uitis/ n. (Med.) inflammation of a capsule, esp. of a joint M19. of,

a.

capitain

-SHIP.

a.

m L form

capsular

/'kaptin/ n. & v. lME. [Late OFr. (mod. capitaine), superseding earlier chevetaigne CHIEFTAIN and chalaigne, catame, f.

captain

t

top, v van,

w

we,

E20.

captious

/'kapjas/

L captiosus,

f.

a.

lME.

capiio(n-): see

[(0)Fr. captieux or

prec, -ous.]

1

Fond

or raising objections; of taking exception carping. lME. 2 Apt or intended to deceive; lME. arch. fallacious, misleading. f3 Capacious, rare (Shakes.). Only in E17. captiously adv. M16. captiousness n. M16.

z zoo, J she, 5 vision, 6 thin,

d

this,

i]

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

captivance fcaptivance CAPTIVE

n.

rare (Spenser).

+ -ance

V.

captivate

]

Only

in Li6.

[f.

Captivity.

/'kaptiveit/

v.i.

L

ei6. [Late

captivai-

stem of captivare: sec captive i^. -ate^] fl Subjugate (the mind, reason, etc.) to. E16-M19. 2 Enthrall, fascinate, charm. M16. 3 Make or hold captive, capture. Now rare or ohs. M16. b spec. = CAPTURE V. 2. L18. f captivate ppl a. captivated M16 L17 captivater n. (now rare) mi 7. captivatingly adv. in a captivating manner M19. captivator n. mi 9. pa. ppl

,

/kapti'veij(3)n/ n. E17. [Late L captivatwin-), f. as prec: see -ation.] The action of taking or holding captive; the state of only fig.; fascination, being held captive.

captivation

Now

enthralment.

captive

/'kaptiv/

a.

&

n.

lME. [L

stem of capere

capt- pa. ppl

A

captivus,

f.

seize: see -rvE. Cf.

1 Taken prisoner; kept in or under restraint; unable to escape. lME. 2 Of or like a prisoner. L16. 1 R. Graves He would bring back the whole Spartan force capuve within twenty days. fig. Shakes. All's whose words all ears took captive, Well A wife captive audience: unable to avoid being addressed etc. captive balloon: held by a rope from the ground. lead captive, see lead f.' 2 Milton I sorrowed at his

CAITIFF.]

adj.

confinement

:

.

.

captive state.

A

B

person or animal captured, held confinement, or under restraint. lME. lead captive: see LEAD f.'

captive

also kap'tAiv/

/'kaptiv, poet,

[(0)Fr.

L15.

captivus: see

captivity

captiver

L

late

f.

v.t.

in

lME. [L -ITY.] 1 The

&

captwitas,

f.

f.

as

a. n.: see condition of a captive; the state of being held captive. lME. b

The

subjugation of the mind, reason, etc.; captivation. arch. M16. 2 Captives collectively. Chiefly in or after biblical translations. Long

fig.

arch. 1

the Captivity: of the Jews

capuchin [Fr.

/'kapta/ n. mi6. [L, f. capt-: see captive -OR.] A person who takes by force a capuve or a prize. n.,

[Fr., f. L captura, f. -ure.] 1 1 The act of seizing or taking as a prisoner or prize; gaining possession of by force, surpnse, stratagem, etc. M16. 2 The capturing of a piece in chess etc. M19. 3 Physical Geogr. The diversion of the waters of a stream into the charmel of another, due to erosional encroachment by the second stream. L19. 4 Astron. The process whereby a less massive body becomes permanently linked gravitationally to a star, planet, etc. E20. 5 Physics. The absorption of an atomic or subatomic particle. E20. 6 In full data capture. The action or process of entering data into a computer, esp. as an accompaniment to a related operation. M20. 5 M-capture: see M, M 6. radiative capture. II 7 A thing or person captured. E18. Comb.: capture myopathy Vet. Med. a condition involving muscular wasting and partial paralysis which affects some wild animals when captured; also called

capture

capt-: see

/'kaptja/

captive

n.

a.

M16.

&

n.,

overstraining disease.

capture

/'kaptja/ v.t. li8. [f the n.] 1 Effect the capture of; take prisoner; seize or gain as a prize. L18. 2 In Chess etc., remove (an opponent's piece) from the board as the rules of the game allow when particular relative positions are taken up or particular moves are made. Cf earlier captivate 3b. E19. 3 Physical Geogr. Of a stream etc.: diven the upper course of (another) by encroaching on its basin. E20. 4 Astron. Of a star, planet, etc.: bring (a less massive body) permanently within its gravitational influence. E20. 5 Physics. Absorb (an atomic or subatomic particle). E20. 6 Put in a relatively permanently accessible form, portraiture or e.g. by photography. M20. b Cause (data) to be entered into a computer. L20. fig.:].

Buchan a book

strongly captured

my

of Norse mythology which

capul n. var. of CAPLE. caput /'kapat/ n. ohs. exc. Hist. E18. [L = head ] The former ruling body of Cambridge University; occas. a member of this. caput mortuum /.kapat 'm3:tu:am/ n. phr. ^ death's head, a M17. [L = dead head] skull. Only in M17. 2 Alch. The residue remaining after distillation or sublimation. M17. 3 Worthless residue. E18. caput succedaneum /, kapat sAksi'demiam/ n. phr. PI. capita succedanea /,kapita SAksi'deinia/. M19. [mod.L, lit. 'substitute head'.] Aled. A temporary swelling of the head of an infant during childbirth resulting from compression by the birth canal. /kapi'ba:ra/

Port, capivara,

f.

E17. [Sp. capibara or + f. capi grass

n.

Tupi capiudra,

udra eater.] A large tailless river-dwelling rodent, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, of Central and S. America, resembling a guinea-pig.

car /ka:/ Romance

lME. [AN, ONFr.

n.

var.

of

Celt, base repr.

L

carre

Proto-

f.

carrum neut., carrus masc,

by (0)lr.

carr,

Welsh

car.]

1

f.

gen.

A

wheeled conveyance, a carriage. Without sledge, specification of type now rare. lME. 2 Canad. dial. lME. a sleigh. Long obs. exc. Sc.

e

bed,

a:

her,

A

chariot, esp. of war, triimiph, or pageantry.

L16. 4 The passenger compartment of a balloon, airship, cableway, etc. L18. b The cage of a lift. Chiefly US. L19. 5 A railway carriage or van; a tramway vehicle. Chiefly N. Amer. exc. as 2nd elem. of comb. E19. b As many or as much as a railway car will hold; a carload. N. Amer. M19. 6 A usu. four-wheeled motorized vehicle for use on roads, able to carry a small number of people; an automobile. L19. 1 jaunting car. see jaunt v. side-car. see side n. 3 Tennyson A reverent people behold The towering car, the sable steeds. 5 boxcar, buffet car, dining-car, literary.

freight car, observation car, railcar, sleeping-car, streetcar,

6 bubble

etc.

car, estate car, racing car, rally car, sports

car, etc.

carhop US

a waiter at a

dnve-m

restaurant etc carload (o) as many or as much as can be carried in a car; (b) US a minimum quantity of goods for which a lower rate is charged for transport, carman a driver of a van etc., a carrier; car park a space or building for parking cars; car-phoue a radio telephone for use in a car; car pool N. Amer. an arrangement for sharing a car for regular travelling, a colloq.

;

group of people with sjch an arrangement; car-pool Z'.i. (N. Amer.) form or join a car pool, share a car for regular travelling; car pooler N. Amer. a member of a car pool; carport a roofed open-sided shelter for a car, carsick a. affected with carsickness, carsickness nausea caused by the motion of a motor car; car wash (an establishment with) a piece of equipment for washing cars automatically,

carabid

1

sit,

n.

i

a person

cosy,

1:

who

or

see, d hot,

3:

Guards

carabinero

/karabi'nero, karabi'nEirau/

n.

PI.

M19. [Sp., lit. = carabineer.] customs or revenue officer;

-aoz/.

A

(Spanish) (Spanish) frontier guard.

a

-OS

/-.IS,

carabinier n. var. of carabineer. carabiniere /karabi'njere, karabi'nje:ri/ n. PI. -rt /-ri/. M19. [It., lit. = carabineer.] An soldier in

Italian

corps serving as a police

a

force.

caracal

n. M18. [Fr. or Sp., f Turk. kara black + kulak ear.] A lynxlike of Africa and Asia.

/'karakal/ {.

SW

feline, Felis caracal,

caracara

/kara'ka:ra/

M19.

[Sp. or Port. caracard, f. Tupi-Guarani, of imit. origin.] Any of several mainly neotropical raptors of the family Falconidae that arc related to the falcons but somewhat resemble vultures. common caracara a caracara, Polyboms plancus, of S. America and southern N. America.

caracole [Sense sense 2

/'karakaul/

i

Also

n.

caracol(e)

Fr.

f.

n.

-ol

snail's

/-d1/.

shell,

E17.

spiral;

A

f. as next ] f 1 a spiral shell. Only in helical staircase, rare. E18. 2 E17. b Archil. half-turn or wheel to the right or left by a horse or rider. Formerly also, a series of such turns

A

A

and

alternately to right

caracole

left.

E17.

M17. [Fr. horse or rider: execute a caracole; loosely prance about. M17. 2 v.t. Make (a horse) caracole. M19. /'karakaul/

caracoler,

Also -ol

prec]

caracol(e): see

f.

f caract

v.

/-ol/.

Of a

1 v.i.

var. of carat.

n.'

f caract

var. of

charact.

caracul n. & a. var. of KARAjaiL. carafe /ka'raf, -'ra:f/ n. L18. [Fr.

A

unkn. origin.] at a table, in a

glass bottle for

bedroom,

It. caraffa, of water or wine

f.

etc.

caragana

/kara'gama/ n. M19. [mod.L (see below), of Turkic origin ] Any of various leguminous shrubs and trees of the genus Caragana, native to central Asia and Siberia and widely planted in N. America; esp. the Siberian pea-tree, C. arborescens.

n. & a. see Karaite. carama «. var. of seriema. caramba /ka'ramba, /orei^n ka'ramba/

fCaraite

[Sp

]

int.

M19.

Expr. surpnse or dismay.

carambola prob.

/kar(a)m'baola/

Marathi karanthal.]

f.

Averrhoa

n.

[Pon., Asian tree,

li6.

A SE

carambola, of the oxalis family; its yellow fruit (also called star

astringent fruit).

Comb.: car bomb a bomb concealed by terrorists under or in a (usu. parked) car; car-boot sale an outdoor sale at which people sell unwanted possessions from the boots of their cars; car coat a short coat designed esp. for motorists; carfare N. Amer. a passenger's fare to travel by streetcar, bus, etc.,

the Carabiniers a former regiment of Dragoon Guards, now incorporated in the Royal Scots Dragoon

karakulak,

hair suggestive of a cowl. L18.

& L

[mod.L a. L19. carabus a kind of crab: see -id'.] (A large carnivorous beetle) of the family Carabidae. ca'rabidan n. (now rare or ohs.) = carabid n. M19. cara'bideous a. = carabid a. M19. /'karabid/

n.

Carabidae (see below),

f carabine

n.

var. of

f.

carbine.

carabineer

fancy.

capturable a. M19. capturer thing which captures E19. a cat, a: arm,

(now

hood, cowl, augm. of cappa cape «.^] 1 More fully Capuchin Fnar etc. A F'ranciscan friar of the new rule of 1528 (so called from the sharppointed capuche adopted by the order). L16. 2 Hist. A woman's cloak and hood resembling the dress of a Capuchin. M18. 3 In full capuchin pigeon. A vanety of jacobin. M18. 4 In full capuchin monkey. Any of various monkeys of the genus Cebus, of Central and S. Amenca, with head

3

&

/'kap(j)otJin/ n. In sense i C-. li6. capucin) f. It. cappuccino, f cappuccio

&

Babylon, 6th cent

in

captor

1

/ka'pu:J/ n. Also capouch. L16. [Fr. (now capuce), f. It. cappuccio: sec next.] The hood of 3 cloak, esp. that of a Capuchin.

A

lME.

BC.

a.

capuche

capybara

arch.

captivare,

prec] Take captive; captivate,

/kap'trviti/ n.

CAPTIVE

carapace

335

/karabi'nia/ n. Also -ier. M17. [Fr. f as CARBINE: see -eer.] A cavalry soldier armed with a carbine. carabinier,

saw, a run, o put,

u: too, a

ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

/'kar(a)mbaol/ n. & v.i. L18. [Sp. Fr. carambole red ball in billiards), app. f. bola ball.] (Make) a cannon in

carambole

(whence

carambola billiards.

/'karamel, -m(a)l/ n. & v. E18. [Fr. f. Sp. caramelo.] A n. 1 Burnt sugar or syrup used for colouring spirits etc.; (a) toffee made with sugar that has been melted and heated fiirther. E18. 2 A light-brown colour. Freq. attrib. E20. See also crcme caramel s.v. CR^ME i.

caramel

B

v.t.

&

=

(.

next. E18.

/'kar(a)maUiz/ v.t. & ;. Also -ise. M19. [Fr. carameliser, {. as prec: see -IZE.] Turn into caramel, carameli'zation n. L19.

caramelize

Carancahua

n.

&

a. var.

of Karankawa.

/ka'randsid/ n. & a. L19. [mod.L Carangidae (see below), f. Caranx genus name: see -ID'.] (A percoid fish) of the large family Carangidae, which includes the scads and

carangid

pompanos. Also carangoid

carap(a)

n.

see

n.

&

12.

M19.

crab

carapace

/'karapeis/ n. Also f-pax. M19. [Fr. f Sp. carapacho, of unkn. origin ] The upper

shell of a tonoise, crustacean, etc. N. Bavvden I wanted to hurt you. fig. :

Get through

that carapace of self-regard somehow carapaced a. having a carapace L19.

day, au no,

z:

hair,

la

near,

Di

boy, ua poor, Aia

tire,

aua sour

cava sposa cara sposa spose

'spo:za

'ka:ra

phr.

n.

care

PI.

(One's) dear wite, a devoted wife. Cf. caro sposo.

carat

L18.

.

[It.]

Also f-act. *k- lME. [Fr. f. weight equal to one Arab.

'karst

Ciiraio

It.

'spoize

'ka:re

n.

f.

rwent>'-founh of a niiskal. {. Gk keraiion fruit of the carob, dim. of ktras horn.] 1 A proportional measure of one t\vent> -fourtli used in stating the punt>- of gold ijiure gold bemg 24 carats). lME. 2 A unit of weight used for precious stones, equal to 200 milligrams. M16. fig. Worth, value. L16 L17. c jrar: see twenty' n. 3 Shakes. 2 Hen. Therefore thou best of gold art worst of gold. Other, less fine in carat, is more precious.

1

ming pressure.

B

A follower

n.

Cartesianism

of Descanes. M17. the philosophy of Descartes M17.

n.

ka:G3'd3ini3n/ n. & a. mi6. [f L Carthago, -ginis Carthage (see below) + -IAN.] (A native or inhabitant) of Carthage, a powerful ancient city of N. Africa near Tunis, defeated and destroyed by Rome in 146 BC, but later recolonized. Carthaginian peace a peace settlement which imposes ver>' severe terms on the defeated side.

Carthaginian

carthamus

'kaiSsmss/ n. mi6. [mod.L f Arab, kirtim, kurtum saffiower.] Any plant of the genus Carthamus of the composite family, esp. safflower, C. tinctorius. carthamin n. (Chcm.) a red quinonoid glycoside which is the colouring matter of safflower M19.

Carthusian

ka:'0ju:zi3n/

/

&

n.

M16. [med.L

a.

Carthusianus, Cart{h)usia La Grande f. Chartreuse, a monastery near Grenoble, France: see -IAN. Cf Charterhouse, chartreuse, Chartreux.] 1 (A member) of the austere order of monks foimded by St Bruno in 1084. M16. 2 (A past or present member) of Charterhouse

School (see Charterhouse

M19.

2).

[Fr. f L semi-opaque coimective dssue of the vertebrate body; grisde.

cartilage cartilago,

/'ka:t(i)lid3/

thyroid

cartilage,

nasal cartilage, that

cartilage,

temporary

etc.

m

the young cartilaginifi'cation

cartilage

of this.

Meckel's

cartilage,

elasuc,

firm,

made

Also, a structure hyaline

A

-agin-.]

lME.

n.

which

cartilage

later ossifies.

formation of or conversion mto cartilage Mig. carti'laginoid a. of the form or nature of cartilage M19. n.

/kaui'ladjinss/ a. lME. [OFr or L canilaginosus, f. as prec: see -ous.] 1 Of, or of the nature of, cartilage. lME. 2 Bot. Of the texture of carulage. L17. cartilaginous fish a fish with a skeleton of 1 cartilage, i.e. a member of the class Selachii (or Chondnchthyf^\ which includes the sharks and rays.

cartilaginous (also -etis),

cartle

n.

see katel.

cartogram

/'kaitsgram/

cam map:

canogramme,

f.

A

with

map

lk).

n.

card diagrammatic see

n

.

[Fr.

-GRAM.]

statisdcal

information.

cartographer ch-. M19.

/kar'togrsfa/

.Also

n.

(now

rare)

next or after Fr. canographe. see -GRAPHER, -er'. W. ch- after L chana.] A person who draws maps; an expert in or practitioner of cartography. [l.

cartography ch-. M19.

/kai'tDgrsfi/

n.

canographie,

[Fr.

CARD n}, -OGRAPHY. W. chdrawing of maps or charts, carto graphic

cartomancy

f.

Also (now rare) cane map: see

after

/'kuitsmansi/

The

/'ka:t(a)n

n.

An.

la

& A

L19.

n.

carte CARD «.-': f. Fomme-telling by playing-cards.

CARTOON.] pasteboard cardboard,

charta.]

M19.

a.

cartomancic,

carton

L

see

f cardboard

E19.

v.

light

[Fr.

-manCV.] [Fr.

as

or

of waxed which dnnks and are packaged. r:i9. other foodstuffs b Cardboard, pasteboard; papier mache. L19. 2

box;

a

b but, d dog,

plastic,

f

light

etc.,

container

in

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

Thurber

J.

Christmas cards. v.t.

Pack

canons filled with old Two Milk cartons,

Fifteen large R. Lowell

plates sheathed with silver

B

/kai'tiizjsn,

disc within the bull's-eye of a target; a shot

that hits this. M19.

E20.

cartes blanches n. phr. pi. of carte blanche. cartes d'identite, du pays n. phrs. pis. of CARTE d'identite, DU PAYS.

Cartesian

carvery

344

.

.

foil.

in a carton. Chiefly as cartoned ppl

cartonnage MI9.

/'ka:t(3)nid5/

Also cartonage.

n.

f as prec: see -age.] Egyptol.

[Fr.,

A

mummy-case made

of tightly fitting layers of linen or papyrus glued together.

carton-pierre

/kartSpjsr/

M19.

n.

cartoon

/ka:'tu:n/

&

n.

lit.

to

cartone

[It.

augm. of carta: see CARTEL, -OON.] A n. 1 A fullsize drawing made on stout paper as a design for painting,

mosaic,

tapestry,

L16.

etc.

2

An

drawing (orig. full-page or large) in a newspaper or magazine, esp. as a vehicle for political satire or hiunour; an amusing drawing with or without a caption; a sequence of these in a strip. M19. b A film made by animating a series illustrative

of drawings. E20. 2

see STRIP

strip cartoon:

B

t).

/'karjukids/ n. li6. [med.L car{r)ucagium, f. car(r)uca: see next, -AGE.] Hist. A feudal tax levied on each carucate of land.

1

Draw

v.i.

3b.

m.'

a cartoon or cartoons. Chiefly

M19. 2 v.t. Represent in a cartoon; caricature in a cartoon. L19. as cartooning vbl n.

cartoons collectively; the making of cartoons: M19. cartoonish a. resembling (the style of) cartoon (sense 2), showing simplification or a exaggeration of some features: L20. cartoonishly adv. L20. cartoonishness n. L20 cartoonist n. a person who draws cartoons L19.

cartoonery

/'karjukeit/ n. lME. [med.L car{r)ucata, f carlr)uca (orig.) coach, chariot, in Gaul early applied to the wheel-plough, rel. to L n.: see -ate'.] Hist. A measure of land equivalent to the area that could be ploughed in a year by one plough and eight oxen; a plough-

camis CAR

land.

cartincle

/'kar3i)k(3)l, ks'TM)-/ n. li6. [Obs. Fr. caruncula dim. of caro fiesh: see -uncle.] A fleshy excrescence or swelling, such as that at the iimer comer of the eye (the lacrimal caruncle), or the watdes of a turkey, etc., or {Bot.) adjoining the micropyle of certain seeds. ca'runcular a. of the nature of or resembling a caruncle M19. ca'nincnlate a. having a caruncle or

f

L16.

v.

[Fr.,

mache made

'cardboard (oO stone'.] Papier resemble stone or bronze.

a

carucage

carucate

E19.

a.

B v.i. Move like a rotating wheel; turn a cartwheel or cartwheels; revolve. E20.

L

caruncles

ca'mnculated

E19.

CARUNCULATE

(now

a.

rare)

=

EI9.

carvacrol

/'kaivskrol/ n. M19. [f mod.L {Carum) carvi caraway + L acris ACRID a. + Chem. -ol] A fimgicidal hquid phenol, C,oH,40, present in many essential oils.

carval

/'ka:v(3)l/ n. L19. [Manx.] or ballad on a sacred subject.

A Manx

n.

carve

/ka:v/

Pa. pple carved, {arch.

v.

&

carol

poet.)

carven /'ka:v(3)n/. [OE ceorfan = OFris. kerva, kerben, f WGmc] 1 v.t. (M)Du. kerven, & Cut. Long obs. in gen. sense. OE. 2 v.t. Produce or shape by cutting, chiselling, or

MHG

I.

/'ku:trid3/ n. L16. [Alt. of prec] 1 1 A paper, metal, etc. case containing a charge of propellent explosive for firearms or blasting, with a bullet or shot if intended for small arms. L16. 2 A case and its contents prepared for more msertion into a particular or less direct mechanism, as a spool of photographic film or magnetic tape in a container, an ink-container for a pen, etc. E20. 3 A removable pick-up head of a record-player. M20. 1 blank cartridge: see BLANK a. 3 turnover cartridge: see

sculpturing, (a statue, portrait, representation in relief or intaglio, an inscription, a design, out of, in, or on a material). OE. b v.t. Fashion (a material, into something) by cutting, chiselling, or sculpturing; cover or adorn with (or tvith) figures cut out, cut designs, etc. ME. c v.t. Cut figures, designs, etc.; practise sculpture, engraving, etc. M16. 3 v.t. r. Cut up (meat etc.) into portions for serving; cut into (meat etc.) to produce servings. ME. fb v.i. Of a woman: be hospitable, be affable, rare (Shakes.). Only in L16. c v.t. Slash or cut with a knife or razor. Also foil, by up. slang, ezo. f 4 v.t. Divide or part by cutting, cleave. LME-E17. 5 v.t. & i. Cut (a way, passage, etc.). lME. f6 v.t. & i. Apportion; reserve, take, (for); minister to, L16-M18. 7 v.t. Divide into several pieces or portions, subdivide. E18. carved in stone. R. Kipling 2 Tennyson An angel b J. 1 carved on the stone: 'After me cometh a Builder. Marqua>7D Sandal-wood, carved into a design of herons and lotus flowers R Lehmann A crookhandled Alpenstock carved with edelweiss. K. Clark He carved marble faster than any mason. 3 J. Wyndham Over at a side-table three girls were carving chickens J Grigson As you carve into the Owen chicken, spnnkle it lightly with salt. 5 Swimmers carving thro' the sparkling cold. 6 carve for oneself take at one's pleasure; indulge oneself VC'hh advs. in specialized senses: carve out (a) take from a larger whole {Law esp a smaller estate from a larger one); (ft) cut out (a way, passage, etc.); create or bring about by much effon (a career, name, etc., for oneself or oneself and others), carve up (a) cut up

TURNOVER a. •} II 4 = CARTOUCHE

into several pieces (see also sense 3c above); divide into several portions; (ft) slang cheat, swindle.

cartophily

m20.

/kai'tofili/ n.

[f.

Fr.

carte

n.'

or It. carta (see CARTEL) + -O- + -PHILY.] The collection of picture cards, as cigarette cards etc., as a pursuit or hobby. carto'philic a. & n. (rare) L19 cartophilist n. a collector of cigarette cards etc. M20.

cartouche

/ka:'tu:J/ n. E17. [Fr. f It. canoccio, CARTEL.] 11= CARTRIDGE I. obs. exc. Hist. E17. f b A case of wood, pasteboard, etc., for cannon-balls. E17-M18. II 2a Archil. A scroll-shaped ornament; a scroll-shaped corbel, mutule, or modillion; a tablet representing a scroll with rolled-up ends or edges, with or without an inscription. E17. b A painting or drawing of a scroll with rolled-up ends, with or without a text; an ornate frame in the shape of such a scroll. L18. 3 Egyptol. An elongated oval with a straight bar at the end containing the hieroglyphic names and titles of kings. M19. Comb.: cartouche-box {obs. exc. Hist.) a cartndge-

f

carta: see

box.

cartridge

2.

Comb.: cartridge-belt cartridges; cartridges, (ft)

the

EI7-M18.

a belt fined

with sockets for

cartridge-box a box for storing or carrymg cartridge-case (a) = cartndge-box above;

paper,

cartridge

metal,

paper

a

cartridges, drawing,

and

shell

etc.

thick,

for

rough

makmg

of

a

paper

cartridge;

used

for

strong envelopes.

cartulary /'kartjulari/ n. Also ch-. lME. [med.L c(h)anulanum, f c{h)anula dim. of -ULE, -ary'.] fl c{h)ana: see CHARTA, CARD A collection of medical recipes. Only in lME. 2 A place where charters or records are kept; a collection of charters or records. M16.

cartwheel /'ka:twi:l/ n. & v. Also cart-wheel. lME. [f CART n. + WHEEL w. ] A 1 A wheel of a cart. lME. 2 A lateral handspring with the arms and M19. 4 In

A

large coin. M19. 3 cartwheel hat. hat with a wide circular brim. L19. 2 turn a cartwheel, cartwheels execute one of, a succession of, these movements. legs extended.

A

full

man, n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we, z zoo,

&

.

.

'

.

W

Comb.

carve-up

:

slang (the result of) a sharing-out,

esp. of dishonest gains.

carvel

/'ka:v(3)l/ n.

lME. [OFr

carvelle

f Port, caravela dim. of caravo

caravelle)

carabus f

Gk

karabos

homed

beetie,

f.

(mod. late

light ship.] = CARAVEL. Comb. carvel-built, -planked adjs. (of a boat with planks that are set flush (opp. clinker-built). :

L

crayfish, etc.)

A

/'ka:v3/ lME. [f carve + -er'.] 1 carving-knife; (in carves. lME. 2 pi.) a carving-knife and -fork. M19. 3 An armchair in a set of dining-room chairs. E20.

carver person

Carver

A

who

US. E20. [John Carver Plymouth governor of Colony ] In full Carver chair. A chair with a msh seat, arms, and a back having horizontal and /'ka:v3/

(1576-1621),

first

vertical spindles.

carvery /'kaivari/ n. M19. [f carve + -ery.] 1 Meat for carving, rare. M19. 2 Carved work. rare. J she, 3 vision, 8 thin,

6 this, g ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

.

carving M19. 3 A buffet or restaurant where meat carved from a joint as required. M20.

is

/'ka:vir|/ n. ME. [f. carve + -ing'.] TTie action of carve. ME. 2 Carved work; a carved figure, design, etc. lME. Comb.: carving-fork: long-tined, used to steady a joint etc. and serve portions; carving-knife: longbladed, used for cutting portions of meat for serving.

carving 1

/'ka-.vson/ n. L19. [f as carvacrol + -ONE.] Chem. A liquid cyclic ketone, C|,4-InO, with a characteristic odour, present in caraway

carvone and

dill oils.

carwitchet n. var. of carriwitchet. caryatid /kan'atid/ n. PI. -ides /-idi:z/, -ids It. cariatide f ) L caryatides Gk. karuatides (pi.) priestesses of Artemis at Karuai (Caryae) in Laconia.] Archit. A female figure used as a pillar to support an entablature. Cf telamon.

M16. [(Fr. caryatide f

{.

caryophyllaceous /.karwufi'leijas/ a. M19. [f Caryophyllaceae mod.L (see below), f caryophyllus clove-pink f Gk karuophullon: see -ACEOUS.] Bot. Of or pertaining to the family

Caryophyllaceae, including the pinks, campions, and stitchwons.

caryopsis /kan'opsis/

-opses

PI.

n.

/-'opsiiz/.

Gk

karuon nut + opsis appearance.] Bot. A one-seeded indehiscent fruit having the pericarp fused to the seed-coat, as in wheat and maize.

[mod.L,

E19.

carz(e)y

f.

ns. vars.

of karzy.

casale

/ka'saile/ n. Also -sal /-'sq:1/. ei6. [It., casa house.] In Italy, Malta, etc.: a hamlet. n.

]

i.

see casemate.

/kasa'nsuva, -z-/ n. E20. [Giovanni Jacopo Casanova de Seingalt (1725-98), It. adventurer.] A man who engages in promiscuous love affairs. var.

n.

of kasbah.

'kask3b(3)l/ n. Also -able. M17. [Sp. f Catal. (Prov.) cascavel i. med.L

cascabel,

little bell.] The knob at the rear end of a cannon; also, the whole section of a cannon behind the nng bolted to the emplacement.

cascabeUus

/kas'keid, n. & v. M17. [Fr. f It. f cascare fall f. Proto-Romance, f L casus fall: see case n.\ -ade] An. 1 A waterfall, esp. a small one; a section of a large broken (esp. artificial) waterfall; a falling body of water. M17.

cascade cascaia,

b

& fig. A

quantity of matenal etc. falling; mi 9. 2 A pyrotechnic device imitating a waterfall. M18. 3 A succession of electrical devices or stages in a process. M19. 4 A wavy arrangement of hanging lace etc. L19. 1 F. TtJOHY The rain fell in a solid cascade, b R. Kipling A cascade of Survey-instruments, books, diaries, [etc.] C. S. Forester The battle had begun in a muddle amid a cascade of vague orders B V. I v.t. Fall in or like a cascade. E18. 2 I'.i. Vomit, arch, colloq. L18. 3 v.t. Connect (electrical devices) in a cascade. E20. transf.

stream

of.

.

1

R

Chandler From

outer

his

breast

pocket

show handkerchief D Welch Short, sneering Chinese words cascaded out of his mouth G.

cascaded

a

Down

Ht'NTrNGTON

cascara

a linle ravine a stream cascaded

/ka'skaira/

n. L19. cdscara [Sp. '(sacred) bark'.] In fiill cascara sagrada /sa'grards The bark of a Califomian

(sagrada)

lit.

.

buckthorn, Rhamnus purshiana; an extract of this, used as a purgative.

cascarilla /kaska'nb/ Croton

case

eluterta.

Also

ME.

keis/

of cadere to

fall.

L17.

n.

The aromatic bark

prec]

of the

dim. of Indian plant

[Sp.,

W.

cascarilla bark.

[(0)Fr. cas f

In branch

II

L

casus, f base

directly f L,

tr.

Gk

A

thing that befalls or happens, an event, occurrence; chance, hazard. L16. 2 An instance of a thing's occurrence, a circumstance, a fact, etc. ME. b A person (of a specified sort); an eccentric or comical person. slang. M19. c An infatuation, an instance of

ptosis

lit.

'fall'.]

Ifl

ME

love, slang. M19. 3 Condition, state, (good) physical condition, arch. exc. in certain phrs. (sec below). ME. 4 The state of falling in

plight;

a cat, a:

one brought to an adjudicated

facts

in

trial;

legal action or a statement of the

drawn up

case,

for a

higher court's consideration; an action or suit that has been decided and may be cited. E16. 7 The sum of arguments on one side of a legal cause or transf. of any matter of debate or controversy; a valid set of arguments. L16. 8 An incident or set of circumstances for investigation by police, a detective agency, a social worker, etc.

M19.

I Caxton By caase of fortune. Spenser I you recount a ruefuU cace. 2 R. Davies You get used to vanity, but Andro was a very special case. A. Hailey A clear case of the women versus the men. b K. Waterhouse They laughed shaking their heads. 'He's a case, i'n't he?' 3 AV Exod. 5:19 They were in euill case. Swift Their Horses large, but extreamly out of Case. R. Bolt I have been several times in such a case that I thought to die within the hour. 4 Jer. Taylor He hath no need to use them, as the case now stands. Ld Macaulay The case with me is the reverse. .

.

.

,

.

Kennedy

In Germany's case the old ideas and were completely destroyed. L. Hdel As has often been the case, changes in philosophical thought heralded technical innovations in the arts. 5 W. H. Dixon At Deal they shipped a case of small-pox. N. MiTFORD Not able to leave the Treatment Room except to carry 'cases' upstairs to the Hospital. W. C. Williams My first case was one of dandruff which I treated with some simple remedy. H Robbins She's a mental case. T. S. Eliot I will not discuss my case before another patient. 6 Shakes. Hamt. Why may that not be the skull of a lawyer? Where be his quiddities now, his cases, his tenures, and his tncks? J.

F.

.

.

beliefs

.

Raphael

.

.

months before the case came up. 7 M. Drayton My doubtfuU Case to plead. R. A. Knox In arguing, never disguise from yourself the strength of the other man's case. T. Benn Let me try and make the case for fundamental changes to the way our economy is organised. 8 L. Lee TTie police left F.

It

was

six

.

cascabel

a falling

lME. 6 A

(specified) treatment. suit, esp.

.

Casanova

casbah

matters relating to a given person or thing, one's circumstances or position; the actual state of affairs, the fact. lME. 5 The condition of disease or injiuy of a person etc.; an instance of disease or injury; colloq. a patient, a person in need of

.

ca. sa. /kei 'sei, ka: 'sa:/ n. phr. L18. [Abbrev Law. = CAPIAS ad satisfaciendum.

f casatnat

casement

345

arm,

e

bed,

3:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

1:

see, n hot,

.•>:

with the case unsolved.

119 Gram. Any of the inflected forms of noim, adjective, or pronoun which express the varied relation in which the word may stand to other words in the sentence; this relation itself whether indicated by inflection or not. lME. Phrases: as the case may be according to the situation, by the (trrv) nature of the case: see NATliRE H. case in point: see point n.' case of conscience, from the

hard case: see HARD a. have a case on slang be infatuated or in love with, fif case = m case below, m any ease: see an'y a. la. in case if, in the event that, lest in case of in the evenl of in good, bad, etc., case arch, in good, bad, (vety) nature of the case: see NATl'RE n.

etc.,

condition, well, badly, etc

,

off in

no case under

no circumstances in that case if that is that happen, in the case of as regards

true,

should

in the (j'cnO

nature of the case: see NATL'RE n. (just) in case (as a precaution) against some possible occurrence, leading case Imui a case serving as a precedent for deciding others make out a case (for) put forward valid case: see MEET f. on the case action) based on a wnt sening of a personal wrong noi involving force, special ease: see special a. sutc a case: see state V. STATED case, subjective case: see subjecttve a. 5. test case: see test n.' the slate of the case: see STATE n. trespass on the case' see TRESPASS n. 3. Comb. casebook a book containing records of legal, medical, or other cases; case conference a meeting of professionals (as doctors, teachers, social workers, etc ) to discuss a particular case; case grammar I.ing a form of transformational grammar in which the deep structure of sentences is analysed in terms of semantic case relationships, case history a record of a person's origins, personal history, and other information, for use in determining (esp. medical) treatment or other course of action; case-law law as settled by decided

arguments

meet the

(for),

Hist, (of a

common-law

out

details

fiilly

:

case-load the cases with which a doctor etc is concerned at any one time; case-study (a record of) an attempt to understand a person, matter, etc., from collected information about his, her, or its development; casework social work concerned with individual persons or small groups (also more fully social casework), caseworker a social worker involved in casework (also more fully social caseworker) cases;

box, bookcase, f base of capere to hold: in sense 5 perh. infl. by It. casa house.] 1 A thing fitted to contain something else; a box, receptacle, bag, sheath, etc.; a glass box for displaying specimens, curiosities, etc. lME. 2 The outer protective or covering pan of a natural or

manufactured objeCT, as

a seed-vessel, chrysalis,

sausage, watch, book, etc. lME. 3 The frame in which a door, stair, window, etc., is set. E16. 4 A box with its appropriate contents; hence, a brace (of pistols etc.), gen. a set. M16. 5 The shell or carcass of a building; a house, esp. (slang) a brothel. M16. 6 Printing (now chiefly Hist.). A receptacle divided into compartments for type. L16. 7 In full case-shot. Bullets in an iron case fired from a caimon; shrapnel. E17. 8 In faro, the fourth card of a denomination, remaining in the box when the other three have been dealt. M19. attache case, bookcase, brief-case, card case, cigarettecrankcase, dressing-case, notecase, packing-case, showcase, spectacle-case, suitcase, etc.

1

case,

pillowcase,

Wardian

case. 2 Shakes. K'int. T. They seem'd almost, with staring on one another, to tear the cases of their eyes. Cloth cases for binding the volume will be issued with the December number. 4 C. Marlowe This case of rapiers. Sir W. Scott Cicely displayed a case of teeth which might have rivalled ivory. R. Brautigan A couple of cases of sweet wine.

OED

.

.

.

Phrases: come, get, etc down to cases US colloq. to the point keep cases US colloq. note cards as they are dealt, keep a close watch. lower case (a) (chiefly Hist.) a receptacle for type for small letters; (b) the small letters used in printing or (loosely) in writing, typing, etc. upper case (a) (chiefly Hist.) a receptacle for type for capital letters; (b) the capital letters used in printing or (loosely) writing, typing, etc. ,

come

m

Comb.: case-bottle (a) a bottle that fits in a case with others; (ft) a bottle with a protective case; case-

harden

harden on the surface; spec, give a steel by carburizing; fig. make callous;

v.t.

surface to

(iron)

case-knife

a knife carried in a sheath;

case-oil

oil etc.

containers packed in wooden cases; sense above; case-weed dial. 7 shepherd's purse; case-worm a caddis-worm,

transported

case

/keis/

surroimd

Now

lME.

v.t.

[f case n.'] 1 Provide with or as in a case; encase, lME. 2 Strip of its case; skin.

enclose

case,

a

in

see

case-shot:

tvith.

in

& N. Amer. LI 6. 3 Examine beforehand, size up, spy out, esp. in preparation dial.

for robbery, slang. E20. Pope They case their limbs in brass; to arms they I E. K. Kane Bones of seals, walrus, and whales all now cased in ice. J. GwtLT A brick wall cased with stone. 3 J. Steinbeck He was casmg the run.

—

.

casing n. (o) the action of the vb; (ft) matenal or a structure that encases (surface casing: see surface n. ii.): LI6.

&

caseation

/keisi'eiJ(o)n/

lME.

n.

[med.L

f L caseus cheese: see -ation.] 1 The coagulation of milk; conversion into cheese. Ix>ng rare or obs. lME. 2 Med. A form of caseatio(n-),

necrosis characteristic of tuberculosis, in which diseased tissue forms a firm and dry mass like cheese in appearance. M19. 'caseate v.i. [back-form ] undergo caseation (sense 2)

L19

casein

-sun/ n. M19. [f L caseus cheese chief protein of milk; esp. this in coagulated form, as in cheese.

+

/'keisi:n,

-in'.]

The

caseinogen -'si:n-, -si'in-/ n which casein occurs in milk I-19.

the soluble form in

casemate

/'keismeit/ n. Also (earlier) jcasamat. M16. [(Fr. f) It. casamatta, earlier camata, perh. f Gk khasma, pi. -mata, chasm.] A chamber in the thickness of a wall of a fortress, provided with embrasures for defence. Also, an armoured enclosure protecting guns in a warship,

casemated

/'keisni(3)n(/

]

1

lME.

n.

[AL

cassa (L capsa CASE n.-): see Archit. hollow moulding, esp. a

cassimentum,

-ment

provided with casemates M18.

a.

casement

f

A

matrix made to receive a monumental brass. i.ME. 2 A vertically-hinged frame with glass forming (part of) a window (the usual sense); literary a window. M16. Comb. casement cloth plain fabric used chiefly for cavetto.

Also,

a

:

/keis/ n.- lME. [OFr. casse dial. chasse (mod. chdsse reliquary, frame) f

case

saw,

a run,

o put,

u:

too, 0 ago,

m my,

ao how,

of capsa

var.

L ci

.

field for a career.

curtains;

casement window: with

a vertically-hinged

frame.

day, .w no,

t:

hair,

la

near,

ii

boy, 03 poor,

ai.t

tire,

aos sour

caseous caseous

'keisiss

M17

a.

L

[f.

cheese +

caseus

1 Of or like cheese, cheesy. M17. 2 Med. cheese in appearance; characterized by caseation. M18.

-ous.]

Like

caser

,'keiS3,

keser

Heb.

f.

n.

keicr

M19. [Prob. f. Yiddish crown.] A crown, five shilhngs slang.

US a

or (now) 25 pence;

casern

ks'zam

caserne

dollar.

Also -z-, -ne.

n.

Prov. cazema

{.

f.

L17.

for four.] A barrack; erected temporarily in a garrison town.

/'kasivak

slang.

n.

[Fr.

Proto-Romance

quaiema (hut)

casevac

m20.

f.

L

one

esp.

by

air.

[Fr. casse or its source It. n.' L16. capsa case h.^] f 1 a A box for money; a cash-box. L16-M18. b A sum of money. L17-M18. 2 Ready money, actual coins, notes, etc., (opp. credit); (in banking and commerce) coins, or coins and banknotes, as opp. to cheques and orders; gen. {colloq.) money, wealth.

cassa

/kaj

L

f.

L16.

2 cash and carry (designating) a system whereby the purchaser pays cash for (bulk orders oO goods and takes them away personally; (a store) trading thus, cash down: see down adv. cash on delivery the forwarding of goods against cash to be paid to the postman or carrier; abbrev. COD. hard cash (a) coins as opp. to paper money; (b) money as opp. to cheques etc. peny cash: see petty a. Comb.: cash-account: to which nothing is carried but cash received and cash paid; cash-book: in which is entered a record of all cash paid and received, cashbox a box where cash is kept; cashcard a coded card inserted into a cash-dispenser to make a withdrawal; cash crop (orig. US): cultivated primarily for its commercial value (as opp. to subsistence); cash desk a desk where cash is taken in a shop etc.; cash dispenser, see dispenser 3; cash flow the movement of

money

affecting

as

liquidity,

cash nexus

profitabihtj',

or

as

a

measure of

the relationship constituted

by monetary' transactions; cash payment: in ready money; cashpoint (a location of) a cash-dispenser, cash price: for payment m ready money (the lowest), cash register a till which visibly records the amount of each purchase, totals receipts, etc.; cash-sale: for ready money; cash surrender value the value of an

insurance policy etc. cashed before it matures; cash (a) the value in cash, spec. = cash surrender value above; (b) Philos. the empirical content of a concept, word, or proposition.

value

cashless

a.

casser break, dismiss, rescind = It. cassare cancel, {. L quassare quash v.] f 1 Discharge or disband (troops). L16-M18. 2 Dismiss from a position of command or authority, esp. with disgrace; depose. L16. 3 gen. Dismiss, obs. exc. as fig. use of sense 2. L16. 4 Discard; get rid of. arch. L16. 2 W. S. Maugham He'd been kicked out of the Officers' Club at Warsaw and cashiered because he'd been caught cheating at cards. 3 Addison The Ladies have already cashiered several of their Followers. cashierment n. M17. .

.

/kaj'mia, esp. adj. 'kajmia/ n. & a. spelling of Kashmir in Asia (see «. (Material 1 Kashmiri): cf. cassimere ] made from) the fine soft wool of the Kashmir goat or the wild goat of Tibet; woollen fabric imitating this. L17. 2 A cashmere shawl etc. E19. B adj. Made of cashmere. E19. f Rare bef 19.

cashmere casualty

[f.

+ EVACUATION. Cf Taceval.] TTie evacuation of casualties of battle

cash

cassimere

346 '

M18

[Early

L17.

A

casino

/ka'simau/ n. PI. -os. See also cassino. dim. olcasa house f l^casa cottage.] 1 Orig., a public room used for social meetings; public music or dancing saloon. Now, a esp. a gambling, often with other building for amenities. M18. 2 A summer-house {spec, in

M18.

[It.,

M18.

Italy).

/koisk/ n. & v. E16. [Fr. casque or Sp. casco helmet, casque. In sense i only in Eng.] A «. 1 A wooden vessel of cylindrical form, usu. bulging in the middle, made of curved staves botmd together by hoops, with fiat ends, used esp. for alcoholic drinks; a similar vessel of metal, plastic, etc.; a barrel. E16. b Such a vessel and its contents; the capacity of such a vessel as a measure for wine, spirits, etc. E18. f2a = casket n. I. rare (Shakes.). Only in L16. b A

cask

= casque i. L16-L18. case; a shell. M17-E18. 3 fig. Shakes. Conol. Not moving From th' cask to th' cushion, but commanding peace .As he controll'd the war. :

cask-conditioned

beer) matured naturally in a cask, without chemical processing.

Comb.:

B

(of

a.

Put into a cask. M16.

v.t.

casket

&

AN

lME.

alt. of [Perh. 1 A small box or chest for jewels, letters, cremated ashes, or other things of value, itself often of value and richly ornamented. lME. 2 A (rectangular) coffin. Orig. US. M19. An 1 Shakes. John They found him dead, fig. ta'en empty casket, where the jewel of life was away. B v.t. Enclose or store in a casket. E17.

/'kaiskit/

n.

v.

synon. (0)Fr. cassette.]

A

n.

.

:

.

cash

same. L16. [Port, f cajca, caixa by prec] Hist. Any of various southern Indian, SE Asian, and Chinese coins of low value.

f.

/kaJ/

n.^ PI.

Tamil kScu,

fcash

v.h.

infl.

M16-E19. [Var. of cass

v.]

= cashier

V. I, 2.

cash

/kaJ/ v.^ E19. [f. cash «.'] 1 v.t. Give or obtain cash for (a note, cheque, etc.) E19. b

Lead

winning card); win (a trick) by leading a winning card. M20. 2 cash up: a v.i. Pay the full amount of arrears, pay up. Now chiefly US. E19. b v.t. & Add up (takings etc.). M20. 3 cash m. a v.t. Exchange for cash. L19. b v.t. Settle accounts (orig. at the end of a poker game); fig. die. L19. c Foil, by on: realize profit on; fig. get advantage from. E20.

Bridge.

(a

i.

exchange 3a cash in one's chips, checks, e\.. counters for money on leaving the gammg-table, settle accounts; /i^. die. cashable a. able to be cashed L19. ,

fcasha

n.

see

kasha

/'kaj'(3)l/ n.

cashew

/'kaju:, ks'Ju:/

n.

L16.

[Port.

Tupi

f.

fCasleu n. see Kjslev. Caslon /'kazbn/ n. M19.

[William Caslon, father son Eng. (1720-78), typefounders.] More fully Caslon font, type, etc. A style of type cut by the Caslons or imitated

from

theirs.

/'kaspisn/ a. & n. mi6. [f L Caspius (Gk Kaspios) + -AN.] A adj. Designating, of, or pertaining to an inland sea of central Asia. M16. B n. The Caspian Sea. L16.

Caspian

casque

/ka:sk/ n. L17. [Fr. A piece of armour to Now Hist, or poet. L17. like structtire, as in the hombills. L18. CASK.] 1 helmet.

casquet

fully cashew-nut)

a nut of

the flesh" receptacle bearing several

such nuts.

cashier

/ka'Jia/ n. li6. [Du. cajjieror its source person Fr. caisster, f. caisse cash n.': see -ier.] in charge of a bank's or business's cash, a person

A

handles customer payments in a shop

li6. [Ear)y Flem. /ka'Jia, ka-/ v.t. kasseren disband (soldiers), revoke (a wili;, f Fr. few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

/k3'sa:b/

same)/

Hist.

A

n.

light

m

lME.

exc. Sc.

[Fr. casser

f.

L

the sense later infl. by cassare void, annul, quash. lME. 2

n.

L19.

player of a flute or pipe n.

[Urdu

An

]

Arab, kassab Asian merchant

/ks'sandra/ n. E17. [L f. Gk Kas{s)andra, daughter of Priam king of Troy, conderrmed by Apollo to prophesy correctly but never to be believed ] A prophet of disaster, esp. one who is disbeheved.

brown syrup prepared by

r

red,

s sit,

A

M19. [Carib.] boiling

of the cassava with sugar, spices,

man, n no, p pen,

fcassate

t

[It.]

A Neapolitan

and nuts. L15-M18. [L cassat-

v.t.

of cassare: see CASS

cassation

ezo.

/k3'seij(3)n/

n.'

pa. ppl

= CASS

v., -ATE'.]

lME.

/ka'seij(3)n/

in

France

etc.

[G Kassatwn

L19.

n.'

stem

as prec: see

[f.

-ation ] Annulment, cancellation. Court of Cassation a court of appeal

cassation

ice-

v.

serenade f It. cassazione.] Mus. An eighteenthcentury orchestral composition resembling a serenade.

cassava

Also -da /-da/. M16. by Fr. cassave, Sp. of the spurge family, Aianihot esculenta (manioc), grown in the tropics for its tuberous roots and having two groups of /ks'sa-.vs/

n.

[Taino casdvi, cazdbbi,

cassava.]

A

1

cultivars

infl.

plant

more

(called

and

bitter

fvilly

sweet

cassava according to the amount of cyanide in their untreated roots), mi 6. 2 Starch or flour

obtained from

its

roots;

bread

made from

this.

L16.

casse /ka:s/ n.' L19. [Fr., f casser to break.] Sounng of certain wines, accompanied by the and the throwing of a sediment.

loss of colour

casse

of cassie

n.- var.

n.'

Cassegrain

/kasi'grem/ n. L19. [f Giovanni Cassegrain (1625-1712), Fr. astronomer.] Astron. 1 Used attnb. with ref. to a kind of reflecting telescope having a convex secondary mirror which produces a focus at an aperture in the centre of the primary mirror, as Cassegrain focus, telescope, etc. L19. 2 A Cassegrain telescope. L19. Cassegrainian a. pertaining to or designating a telescope of this kind E19.

Casseiver

/k3'si:v3/ Also c-. L20. [f n. RECEIVER.] (Proprietary name for) a combined cassette recorder and radio receiver.

cassette

-I-

casserole

/'kasarsul/

&

n.

ei8.

v.

[Fr.,

extension of cassole dim. of casse f. Prov. casa f. late L cattia ladle, pan f Gk kuathion, -eion dim. of kuathos cup: see -ole'.] A w. 1 A covered heatproof vessel in which food is cooked and served (now also casserole dish, pan, etc.); (a dish oO food cooked in this. E18. 2 The edging or outer portion of certain dressed dishes. Now rare. E18.

cassette

B

Cook

v.t.

in a casserole.

L18. see -ette.]

/ka'set/

[Fr.,

n.

M20.

dim.

of casse,

1 A casket. Now rare. CASE n.^: L18. 2 A container for transporting photographic for plates; a frame or holder an X-ray plate or film. L19. 3 A container for a spool of magnetic tape, photographic film, etc., fashioned so as to into immediately usable on insertion be equipment designed for it; (now usu.) such a container together with its tape, film, etc.; a video or audio magnetic recording on such a tape etc. M20. 4 Genetics. A block of genetic material which can be insened or moved as a unit, esp. one which is expressed only at one

caisse

location. L20. Comb.: cassette deck, player, (tape-)recorder: designed to (record and) play back magnetic tapes,

cassia /'kasis/ Heb. qesT'dh.] esp.

OE. [L

n. 1

An

bark

the

cas{s)ia

f.

inferior kind of

Far

the

of

Gk

kasia

f.

cinnamon;

Eastern

tree

Cinnamomum cassia, of the bay family. Also cassia bark. OE. b The tree yielding this. Also cassia tree. lME. c A fragrant tree or shrub (cf Ps. 45:8). poet. L16. 2 Any leguminous plant of the genus Cassia, esp. one yielding senna. Also called shower tree. L^AE. b Any medicinal

product obtained from var.

of

n.'

M16.

this.

ME~mi8. [OFr.

calcidome

cassidoine pop.

CHALCEDONY.]

as

{.

=

CHALCEDONY. [Origin li6-mi8. f cassidony French lavender, Lavandula stoechas.

Cassandra

n.

n.

fi^it

f.

var. of. cassava.

/'kas3ri:p/

/ks'saita/

cream containing

f cassidony

seaman.

cassareep

etc.

cashier

f

{pi. .]

annul ] 1 Make Discharge; cashier. M16.

cassada

b but, d dog,

/'ka:skit; foreign ka:ske

cass /kas/ v.t. obs. quassare QUASH v.,

shaped nuts; (more

who

f Sp. casco: cf cover the head, a 2 Zool. A helmetcassowaries and

E17. [Fr., dim. of casque: see -et'

cassab

tree;

and

(1692-1766)

(More fully cashew tree) a large tree, Anacardium occidentale, native to tropical America and cultivated for its edible kidney(a)ca/ii.]

this

.

and open helmet.

n.'

M19. [Ir. caiseal f L casullum fortlet ] In Ireland, an ancient circular wall enclosing a group of ecclesiastical buildings.

cashel

.

.

.

cassata

down

thick

the juice

top, v van,

Also casse /kas/. L17. [Fr. broken (paper).] In fiill cassie paper. The paper of the two outside quires of a

cassie

/'kasi/

{papier)

casse

ream.

cassie

/'kasi/

cacio

acacia.]

w

we,

n.-

N. Amer.

The

L19.

opopanax

[Fr. tree.

f Prov. Acacia

famesiana.

cassimere

etc.

unkn.]

/'kasimis/

z zoo, J she, 3 vision, 6 thin,

6 this,

n.

r)

M18.

[Var.

of

ring, tj chip, d3 jar

Cassinese cashmere

a

]

medium-weight twilled woollen kerseymere.

cloth of soft texture. Cf.

Cassinese L19.

[It.,

& n. PI. of n. same. Cassino where the earliest

/kasi'ni:z/ a.

Monte

f.

Benedictine monastery was founded: see -ese.] (A monk) of the Benedictine order of Monte Cassino.

cassinette

/kasi'net/

[Perh.

E19.

n.

alt.

of

cassimere: see -ette.] A thin fine twilled cloth with a cotton warp and a weft of wool or wool

and

silk.

Cassinian /ka'smian/ a. ei8. [f. Cassini (see below) + -AN.] Math. Of or pertaining to the French astronomer G. D. Cassini (1625-1712) or other astronomers descended from him, or their work. Chiefly in Cassinian oval below. Cassinian oval an oval with two foci such that the product of the focal distances of any point on the curve is a constant (instead of their sum being constant, as in an ellipse); any closed curve defined in this way.

cassino /ka'siinsu/ n. li8. [Var. of casino ] A two-handed card-game in which players match or combine cards exposed on the table v/ith cards from their hands. Also, either of two highscoring cards in this game, (a) big cassino, (now rare) great cassino, the ten of diamonds, (b) little cassino, the two of spades.

Cassiopeia

kasi'supis/

/.kasisu'piia,

[Mother of Andromeda

name

Gk

in

M16. (The

n.

mythol.]

conspicuous constellation of the northern hemisphere, between the polestar and of)

a

Andromeda. cassiri

An

/ka'siari/ n. L18. [Carib: cf. cassareep.] intoxicating liquor made in Guyana from

sweet potatoes. /ka'sirs,

blackcurrant,

M19. [f. Gk kassneros tin + -ite' ] Min. Native tin dioxide, SnO,, which is the major ore of tin and is a tetragonal mineral usu. occurring as yellow, brown, or reddish pnsms.

cassiterite

Cassius

/ka'sitsrAit/ n.

/'kasias/

M19.

n.

[Andreas

Cassius

1605-73), Ger. physician and chemist.] purple of Cassius, a purple pigment consisting of a colloidal mixture of metallic gold and tin(iv) (f

dioxide.

&

cassock

/'kasak / n. v. M16. [Fr. casaque long coat f. It. casacca riding-coat, prob. f Turkic kazak: see Cossack.] A «. 1 1 long coat or cloak worn by soldiers. Long obs. exc. Hist. M16. 2 A kind of long loose coat or gown worn by men or women. Long obs. exc. Hist. M16. 3 A close-fitting garment with sleeves, fastened at the neck and reaching to the heels, worn under surpUce, alb, or gown by clerics, choristers, etc., or as ordinary clerical costume. M17. 3 the cassock fig. the position or office of being a

A

member II

4

of the clergy.

A

wearer of a cassock;

esp. a

member

of the

clergy. E17.

B

or provide with Chiefly as cassocked ppl a. L18.

Dress

v.t.

cassolette Prov.

in

/kasa'lEt/

a

cassock.

Also -et. mi 7. [Fr. f

n.

dim.

casoteta

of

casola,

casa:

f.

see

CASSEROLE, -ETTE.] 1 A vessel in which perfumes are burned, mi 7. 2 A box with a perforated cover for diffusing the odour of perfume in it. E19. 3 A small casserole dish; (a dish of) food

cooked sugar,

n.

L16-E19. [Fr.,

casser break: see -ade.]

(.

f.

casson broken

Unrefined cane-

sugar (imported in casks).

cassone

/ka'sauni, foreign kas'so:ne/ n. PI. -nes I -nil. L19. [It., augm. of cassa chest.] A large Italian coffer, esp. to hold a bride's trousseau. /-niz/,

-ni

cassoulet cassolo

/'kasolei/ n.

M20.

A

stew-pan, tureen.]

[Fr., dim. of dial. ragout of meat and

beans.

cassowary /'kasawari, -WE:ri/ n. E17. [Malay kesuan.} Any of the large flightless birds of the genus Casuarius, related to the emu and native a cat, a:

arm,

t

bed,

neighbouring

Cassubian

n.

&

islands,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

and

see Kashubian.

a.

Comb.

/kass'mjums/ n. Now rare or obs. Also f-iar. L17. [App. of Eastern origin.] The aromatic root of a plant of the ginger family used medicinally in the Indian subcontinent and eastern Asia, and probably a form of zedoary.

cassumunar

cast

ME.

Senses conn, w. throwing or movement. 1 An act of casting, a throw of a missile, fishing-line, net, soundingline, etc.; the distance thrown; spec, a throw of dice, the number thrown. ME. b Angling. That which is cast; (formerly) a length of gut with hook and fly, (now) a leader (usu. of nylon monofilament). Also (now rare), a place suited for casting. E19. 2 A throw or stroke of fortime; chance, lot, fate. obs. exc. dial. ME. 3 A turn of the eye in any direction; a look, a glance. ME. 4 A throw in wrestling; a fall, an overthrow. Now rare or obs. lME. 5 That which is thrown, thrown out, or (chiefly dial.) produced; a /ka:st/

[f.

cast v.]

I

amount thrown etc. at one time. lME. b spec. A number of hawks flown off at a time (usu. a couple). lME. c A warp (of herring). L15. d A second swarm thrown off by a quantity or

beehive in a season. M17. e A (convoluted) mass of earth, mud, or sand thrown out from its hole a worm etc. E18. f bird of prey. M19. 6

by

A

pellet regurgitated

A

fig.

by

a

stroke, a touch; a

sample. M16. 7 A lift in a vehicle, obs. exc. dial. M17. 8 A spreading out (as) of himting hounds in search of a scent. M19. b The sweep of a trained dog in sheep-mustering. Austral. & NZ.

M20.

AV

Luke 22:41

He was withdrawen from them

about a stones cast. W. Robertson Their clothes, upon a single cast. R. Graves their arms, are staked As the hare doubled the leader killed it with a javelin cast, measuring cast: see MEASURING n. 3 O. JOHNSON His big blue eyes had an upward cast toward the angels. 5 Malory Two cast of bread, with fat venison baked. Dryden A cast of scatter'd dust. 6 .

you hate Verses, I'll give you a cast of my Politics in Prose. 7 S Richardson If you are for Village, the I'll give you a Cast. 8 R. SirrCLiFF To work their way north in a senes of casts in the If

.

.

.

manner of a hound cutting across a scent. II Senses coim. w. arrangement, shaping, or appearance. 9f a The plan or conformation of a building etc. ME-L16. b The way in which something is laid out or drawn up; disposition, arrangement; spec, the assignment of parts in a play etc. to the various actors; the actors themselves; formerly also the pan assigned to one actor. L16. f 10 Purpose, aim; a contrivance, a trick. LME-E17. 11 Calculation, reckoning; esp. the addition of columns of an account. L15. 12 A model made by casting in a mould; a moulded mass of solidified matenal, esp. of plaster enclosing a fractured limb etc.; a negative impression of an object made in plaster, wax, etc. E16. fb Casting, founding, rare (Shakes). Only in E17. c Aied. mass of dead cells and other matter formed in a diseased kidney and passed in the urine. M19. d A fossil impression of the inside of a hollow structure. L19, 13 A permanent twist or inclination, esp. a squint (w an eye). E16. 14 fig. Form, shape, appearance,

A

(esp.

of

facial

features);

stamp, quality. M16. 15 A

inclination;

mould; nature, kind, style, dash of some colour; a tinge, a shade. E17. 9b M. Ar-nold The happy cast and flow of the sentence. J Agate A musical comedy played by a .

sixteen-year-old cast. 1 1 If the account does not balance now, there must be an error in the cast. 12 Shenstone A most excellent figure, and I shall wish much to get a good cast of it. D. L Sayers When he makes a new key, he keeps a cast of it. E. Birney The up-patients had gone about autographing all the casts with indelible pencils b Shakes. Haml. Why such daily cast of brazen cannon 13 R. Hoggart Her left eye had a violent cast 14 I. Walton This fish is of a fine cast and handsome shape. Addison The Mind that hath

W

any Cast towards Devotion.

cast of talk, peculiar to their

own

S.

Johnson A Gibbon

fraternity.

claim our admiration. R Church A sallow skin that gave him a Spanish cast S King His cast of mind makes it impossible for him to think otherwise. 15 Shakes. Haml. Sicklied o'er with

Heroines of such a cast

saw,

a

run,

i>

put,

u:

had was

cast-net

:

fishing

a

net

drawn immediately, rather than

feast cast

set

which is cast and and left,

var. of CASTE.

w.-'

/ka:st/ ppl

has been

a.

lME.

That

[pa. pple of next.]

cast.

Special collocaiiom & comb. cast-for-age a. {Austral. (of a sheep) disposed of because too old. cast iron a hard alloy of iron, carbon (in greater proportion than in steel), and silicon, cast in a mould (malleable cast iron: see malleable i). cast-iron a. made of cast iron; fig. hard, unchangeable, impregnable, cast steel steel made by melting and casting blister steel. See also castaway, cast-off. :

& NZ)

cast

/ka:st/ v. Pa. kasta.]

ME. [ON

&

t.

pple cast. See also kest.

Throw; throw down,

I

Throw, move (as) by throwing, toss. ME. b v.i. Aim, throw; esp. throw

dice.

ME.

ME. 3 v.t. sounding-lead,

or project oneself. net,

fishing-line,

Throw 4

v.t.

etc.). etc.).

exc.

1

•f(a)

shoot

Throw

v.refl.

Throw

forth (a

etc.).

ME. b

a fishing-line over (a piece of water). L19.

Direct (one's eyes, a glance,

Cause

v.t.

2

v.

fling, hurl,

v.t.

projectiles; (6)

defeat;

throw

put forcibly: generally replaced by

shadow,

(light, a

ME.

etc.).

5

etc.) to fall {on, over,

ME. f 6 v.t. Emit, give out (heat, odour, ME-M18. 7 z'.t. Toss (the head). Long obs. Sc. ME. 8 v.t. Place or apply hastily,

forcefully, or decisively; place or cause to fall

(doubt, blame, a spell, etc.)

ME. fb

(up)on.

Cover by applying mortar etc.; plaster, daub. Cf roughcast. L16-E19. 9 v.t. Put, cause to be put, prison

into

or {arch.) into a rage, sleep,

etc.,

ME. fb Set (a person) upon LME-M18. 10 v.t. Throw to

doing,

etc.

do.

to

ground;

the

overthrow, defeat, arch. & dial. ME. b Throw (an animal) on its back or side. Usu. in pass.

.

W

Wycherley

the pale cast of thought. J. Gardner His blue eyes a pink cast, as they always did when the light strong.

OED

in this. E19.

fcassonade

New Guinea, Queensland. to

I

= 'kasis/ n. L19. [Fr. app. f. L cassia.] A (freq. alcoholic) syrup made from blackcurrants and used to flavour drinks etc.

cassis

cast

347

may

too, a ago,

m my,

ao how,

ei

fll

L16.

LME-M19.

Find

I'.t.

12

guilty,

condemn.

convict;

Add, throw

v.t.

in

to;

bestow,

Now

rare or obs. lME. 13 v.t. Give confer, allot. or deposit (one's vote) in a vote or election. L19. I AV John 8:7 Hee that is without sinne among you, let him first cast a stone at her. T. Herbert The wind blowing strongly, we were cast upon the shoales of .

.

Mozambique. Evelyn Never cast Water on things newly planted. C S. Forester Tomorrow or the next day would see fate cast the dice -liberty or prison, b R. Graves He cast, and the javelin came darting surely down. 3 fig.: K. Tynan The lady might cast her net wider than her special talents would permit. 4 Drvtjen Til' unwary Lxwer cast his Eyes behind E F. Benson Lucia cast him a quick glance. 5 Tennyson There is no bnght form Doth not cast a shade. C Odets A traffic light casts its colours on the faces of the boy and girl 8 W. Raleigh Casting ungratefully on Moses all their misadventures. Milton His ponderous shield behind him cast. S. Wilberforce .

.

.

My

guide cast on

my

shoulders a beautiful mantle.

Mason A

A

M

spell to cast harm on a neighbour. Edwardes The Committee also cast doubt on the value of the Ryder Repon. 9 W. Dampier Our continuing wet cast us all into Fevers. B. Jowett They were being taken away to be cast into hell. 10 Shakes. Macb. Though he took up my legs sometime, yet I made a shift to cast him. Thackeray Low he lies who was cast lower than the poorest b J. Herriot .

.

A

horse which had got cast in its stall 1 1 T. Stanley Socrates was cast by 281 voices. H Mackenzie I was tried for the crime, & was cast for transportation 13

H. Wilson Twelve members elected by 280-odd each with twelve votes to cast. II Throw off, out, or up: except in sense 14b, now generally expressed with the use of advs. (see below). 14 v.t. Throw off, shed, slough, esp. in the process of growth; cease to wear (clothes). ME. b Esp. of a tree, an animal, etc.: drop or shed out of due season; give birth to prematurely. i.ME. 15 v.t. & i. Throw up from within, vomit. Now chiefly dial. ME. fb I'.t. E18. c Utter forcibly, ejaculate (words etc.). v.t. St t. Of a bird of prey: regurgitate. L15. 16 v.t. Throw aside, reject, discard; dismiss, expel. ME. 17 v.t. ITirow up with a spade etc., dig up or out. Now chiefly Sc. lME. fb Raise by digging, throw up (a mound etc.). L16 M17. 14 J. Selden The Eagle had cast its feathers, and could towre no more. Thackeray The horse had cast a shoe b AV Rev. 6:13 As a figge tree casteth her vntimely figs when she is shaken of a mighty winde. 15b Pope Not louder shouts to pitying Heav'n are .

.

MPs

day, 30 no,

ME

t::

hair,

i.i

near,

.n

boy, oa poor,

.m.t

tire,

aos sour

cast cast.

The state Cannot with safety W. Raleigh A newe ditch lately cast by to trench a field Or

16 Shakes. Oth.

cast him. 17

.

Perseus, b Milton Pioneers cast a rampart.

.

.

.

18 v.t. & (accounts etc.); calculate and record the details of (a horoscope), ME. fb Forecast, speculate. lME M17. 19 v.i. & fi. (w. inf.). Contrive, devise, scheme. ME. Revolve in the mind, deliberate, t20 v.t. & ponder. lME-eiS. f 21 v.i. intend, determine 10 Calculate,

III

Reckon,

design.

devise,

1.

sum up

calculate,

i.

do.

castle

348

LME-E19.

18 D. Brewster Drawing an income from casting natinties. TEN>r\'SON Who would cast and balance at a desk? 19 1. Walton Before you begin to angle, cast to have the wind on your back. E. B. Browning Do not for my feet. 20 Caxton They cast Ambiguous paths how they myght breng hym out of prison caste Addison Casting in my thoughts the several unhappinesses of life. 21 Sir W. Scott The marshall and mj'self had cast To stop him. .

.

.

.

IV Arrange, shape; found. 22

v.t. Put into arrange, dispose, lay out; put into a immaterial things, particular form. only of and passing into fig. use of sense 23. ME. 23 v.t. Form (a plastic or liquid substance, esp. molten metal) into a shape by pouring it into a mould; form (an object) of metal etc. in this way; found. L15. t24 v.t. Arrange or dispose (colours) in painting. mi6-mi7. 25 v.t. Allocate (the roles in a play, film, etc.) to the actors; appoint (an actor) in or for a role, as a character. E18. 22 AV They did not cast the streets, nor proportion the houses in such comely fashion. Addison Casting into an Opera the Story of Whittington and his Cat. P. G. WoDEHOUSE The thing was cast in narrative form. melte it & caste it fyrste into 23 R. Eden They masses or wedges. W. Hogarth A figure cast in soft wax. fig. R. Graves These lieutenants were all cast in the same mould. 24 J. Lyly Cunning Painters who for the whitest worke, cast the blackest ground. 25 P. G. Wodehouse Cast for the part of Macbeth. L.

shape,

Now

.

.

:

.

Hellman

I

belief that

good

V Turn,

.

.

cast the play with a kind of

abandoned

actors can play anything.

&

Turn, veer; bring (a ship) round. Now only Nam. lME. 27 V.I. (in pass.) & Of timber: be warped, warp. M16. 28 v.t. Turn (the scale or balance). Now only^^. Cf. casting vote s.v. CASTING ppl a. L16. t29 v.i. Incline, slant. L16-L18. 30 v.i. Of himters, hounds, etc.: go searching, spread out and search (in a given general direction). (Cf.

26

twist; incline.

v.i.

r.

PEARL

cast pearls before swine: see

cast round =

n.' 2.

stone

cast about above, cast stones (at): see

n. cast the

see stone n. cast the glove: see glove n. cast cast the lead: see lead n.' the gorge (at): see GORGE cast up (a) throw up; (of the sea etc.) deposit on shore; raise up by digging etc.; (dial, or obs.) vomit; cast up the gorge: see GORGE n.'; (b) add (a column of figures etc.), count; (c) dial, utter as a reproach, feast water diagnose disease by the inspection of urine, the die is cast: see DIE «.'

Also castellate

castellation

Castalian below)

Gk

Of

Castalie

Kastalia.]

/'kastali/ n. arch, or poet.

A

[Alt. of Castalia: see prec] water; a source of inspiration.

castaneous

/ka'steinias/

Also

castanea chestnut (see chesten) -Eous.] Chestnut-coloured.

Castanet

/kasta'ast/

E17.

n.

later assim. to Fr. castagnette)

+

A

caste

/ka:st/

w.

[Sp. castaneta (w. dim. of castana f

A

umnixed

L

f.

Comb. castor action the swivelUng of vehicle wheels to ensure stability; caster sugar finely granulated :

white sugar.

castigate

&

castas: cf.

26

F.

Marryat Her

W.

.

VI 31

v.t.

&

i.

Tie

(a

entangle, catch. L16. 31 R. Price Struggling

.

knot),

make

(a

loop);

1

.

hereditary class of socially equal persons, imited in religion and usu. following similar occupations, distinguished from other castes in the hierarchy by its relative degree of purity or pollution. E17. b Any more or less exclusive social class. E19. 3 The position conferred by membership of a caste. L18. 4 The system of division of society into castes. M19. 5 The form of a social insect having a particular fiinction.

.

.

—

(a) go this way and that in search, seek to discover or devise means. for, to do, how); (b) arch, change course or direction, cast accounts: see Accotn^ n. cast a clour. see CLOtrr n.' 4. cast adrift leave to drift, cast anchor. see ANCHOR n.' cast an eye glance, have ;i quick look, cast around — cast about above, cast ashore (of waves et deposit on the shore, cast aside discard, abandon, cast a slur (up)on: see slur k.' i cast aspersions (on) utter aspersions ''regarding), slander. cast a sionc or stones (at): see STONE n. cast away (a) throw away, squander, reject; (6) cast ashore, strand (cf. CASTAWAY); (in pass., of a ship) be wrecked, feast by discard, cast down (a) throv. down, destroy, demoUsh, overthrow; (b) bend or rum downward; dispirit, depress, (usu. in pass.; cf. dc>wncast a.), cast forth throw out, expel, eject, cast in a heroic etc. mould: see MOULD n.^ cast in a person^ teeth: see TOOTH n. cast in one's lot 'vith: see LOT n. cast light on: see UGHT n. cast loose unfasten, set adrift, detach (oneself), cast lots: see LOT n. cast off (a) throw off, abandon, discard; (b) Knitting take (a stitch) off a needle by looping it over the next; take off all stitches in this way to finish an edge; (c) v.phr.t. & i. loosen and throw off (a mooring rope etc.); (d) Typogr. calculate the space required in print by (copy), cast on Knitting make (a stitch) on a needle; make the first row of stitches on a needle, cast one's bread upon the waurs: see water n. cast one's mind back: see mind n.' cast out (a) expel, eject; (b) dial, disagree quarrel. :

b but, d dog,

f

1

see

Scheduled

2

HALF-.

Caste:

castigation castigatio(n-),

Hindu

original

castes,

later

casteless

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

Cf

a

castilian

/ka'steb/

a.

L18.

[f.

L

/'kaistiri/ n. ME. [f cast v. + -ing'.] 1 TTie action of cast v. ME. 2 a That which is cast up; a worm-cast etc.; a pellet disgorged by a hawk etc. lME. b An object cast in metal. L18. Comb.: casting-bottle Hist a vinaigrette; castingcouch joc: on which actresses are said to be seduced in return for being awarded parts in films etc.; casting-director one responsible for assigning roles in a film, play, etc.; casting-net = cast-net s.v cast n.'

casting -ING".]

chairman

castle

castellum (see

i.

castellum:

r

red,

s sit,

1

top, v van,

w

we, z zoo,

ppl

casts.

a.

ME.

ME.

[f

as

prec.

+

2 Deciding, decisive.

etc.

/'ka:s(3)l/

lOE. [AN, ONFr,

(mod. chateau)

i.

L

castel

castellum dim.

of castrum fortified place: see -le'^ In branch 11 rendering late L (Vulgate) castellum village, L castra camp.] 1 1 A (usu. large) fortified building or set of buildings; a stronghold (lit. & fig.); (esp. in proper names) a mansion that was once such. Also (in proper names), a site of ancient earthworks. lOE. b A model or representation of such a building or buildings. lME. 2 A tower moimted on an elephant's back; a movable tower formerly used in warfare. ME. 3 An elevated structure on the deck of a ship. obs. exc.

/'kastaleitid/

man, n no, p pen,

That

var. of chasiel

a. L17. [f. med.L see CASTLE -ATE^ -ed'.] 1 Built like a casde; batdemented; resembling a casde. L17. 2 Furnished or dotted with casdes. E19.

castellatus,

/'kaistirj/ 1

E17. 2 casting vote a vote that decides between two equal parties, esp. when (entitled to be) used by a

castle n.') + -ar'.] Pertaining to or of the nature of a castle. castellate /'kastaleit/ v. rare. M19. [Back-form. f. next.] 1 v.i. Take the form of a casde. M19. 2 v.t. Build like a castle; build with batdements. M19.

castellated

/ka'stilisn/ n.' obs. exc. Hist. L16. [Alt.

casting

n.

castellany n. the office or jurisdiction of a castellan; the territory subject to a castellan: lME.

&

f.

of CASTELLAN.] A member of the garrison of a casde; a person living in a casde.

>!.-*

casteUar

emendation.

A

small castle.

Also f-ane. See also castilian lME. [ONFr. castelain (mod. chdielatn) i. med.L castellanus use as n. of L adj., f castellum fortified place: see castle n.', -an, and cf chatelain. In sense 2 f med.L.] 1 Hist. The governor of a casde. lME. f 2 = castilian n.^ Sc. E16-E17.

]

A

M20.

castlet, chatelet.]

lME. [L The action

n.

prec: see -ation

/ka'stdisn/ n.' a. L15. [Sp. Castella Castile (see below); later f Castile: see -an, -ian.] n. 1 A particular Spanish gold coin. Long obs. exc. Hist. L15. 2 province of Spanish spoken in the The form (earlier the kingdom) of Castile; standard native or inhabitant of literary Spanish. M16. 3 Castile. L16. B adj. Of or pertaining to Castile, Castilian, or Castilians. M16.

castelet /'kastalit/ n. Also -U-. ME. [ONFr. (mod. chdtelel) dim. of castel: see CASTLE n.', -et'.

castellan /'kastsbn/

of

/ka'sti:!/ n.

Castellano,

casteist n. & a. (a) n. a believer in or advocate of casteism; (b) adj. of or pertaining to casteism or casteists:

as

Castilian

greatly

/'ka:stiz(3)m/ n. Also castism. L19. [f prec. + -ISM.] (Belief in or advocacy of) the system of division of society into castes.

instrument

Also f castle. lME. [Castile (see next) in Spain, where orig. made.] In full Castile soap. A fine hard white or motded soap made with olive oil and soda.

L19.

a.

/kasti'geij(a)n/ [.

arch, (a) revision, (an)

Castile

see

augmented, were priests, warriors, merchants, and artisans (see brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaisya, Sudra).

an

n.

f(ft)

.

adj.

or an act of castigating; chastisement; a rebuke;

of the samurai as a legal caste. 3 lose caste be deprived of membership of one's caste; descend in the social scale. 4 Max-Muller In India caste has existed from the earliest times Comb.: caste-mark: on the forehead, denoting membership of a particular Hindu caste; castesystem a system of division of society into castes. four

.

.

chastisement: E17.

Anderson Elimination

^The

punitive;

corrective,

M19.

half-caste:

scheduled, b R. G. Collingwood The view that artists can or should form a special order or caste. B.

1

subdue;

or

been castigated abroad by several learned hands. castigator n. E17. castigatory a. & n. (a)

Hindu

casteism

to hold off the snake from casting again. Two coils you're lost. Phrases, & with advs. in specialized sertses: cast about

punish

to

severely.

and emend

.

foresail is loose, all ready to cast C. Russell TTie wind has so got hold of her that she won't cast one way or the other. 29 T. Best Which way the ground casts. 30 G. J. WhyteMelville Like a hound casting forward upon a vague speculation.

her.

castigat- pa.

intensity,

i.

cast about below.) L16.

[L

castas pure: see -ATE^.]

rebuke E17. f2 Reduce in moderate. M17-L18. 3 Correct, revise, (a literary work etc.). arch. M17. 1 A. Brink Castigating my body bke some mediaeval nun. H. Kissinger An editorial castigating the Nixon Administration for misleading the American people. 2 R. Burns When your castigated pulse Gies now and then a wallop. 3 Evelyn Seneca's tragedies have chastise;

Port.

chaste^.]

f.

on

suffering

Inflict

E17.

/'kastigeit/ v.t.

ppl stem of castigare,

race, a stock, a breed, obs. in gen. sense. iWi6.

A

2

Mi 8.

chair, table, etc.

casta use as n. (sc. raza, ra(a race) of fem. of casto pure,

see

territory subject to) the

/'kaista/ n. In branch n also (& more usual in sense 4) -or. lME. [f cast v. + -er'.] 1 1 A person who casts something. lME. 2 A Monotype machine for casting type. E20. II 3 A small botde, jar, etc., with a perforated top, used for sprinkling pepper, sugar, etc., on food (in pi. sometimes including cruets for vinegar, oil, etc.). l 1 7. 4 A small swivel wheel on the leg of a

L17, [f L -ous: see

Also feast. M16. [Sp.

n.

(The

-RY.]

[OFr.

castellum:

f.

jurisdiction of a casde.

A

1

castellaria,

caster

reprobate, arch. E16. 2 A shipwrecked person. L18. 3 An outcast; a drifter. M19. B adj. Rejected, abandoned; shipwrecked, stranded; (arch.) reprobate. M16. ]

med.L

{.

castle

-ly. E17.

castanea chestnut: see chesten, -et'.] A small concave piece of hardwood, ivory, etc., clicked or rattled in pairs as a rhythmic accompaniment to a Spanish dance etc. Usu. in pi castaway /'ka:st3wei/ n. & a. E16. [f. cast ppl a. adv.

/'kast(3)lri/ n. obs. exc. Hist. L17.

casteterie

L

+ AWAY

of castelet.

n. var.

castelry

spring of pure

rare.

a.

castellet

(see pertaining to

or Castalia, the foimtain sacred to the Muses on Mount Parnassus; of or pertaining to the Muses. f.

/kast3'leij(3)n/ n.

castellat- pa.

L Castalia

/ka'steilisn/ a. L16. [f

M19.

a. (rare)

E19. [f. med.L ppl stem oi castellare build casdes, f castellum: see castle -ation.] The building of casdes or battlements; a castellated structure, a battlement.

first stone:

J

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 6 this,

t)

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

castle in

FORECASTLE. ME. 4 li6. 5 Chess =

literary. 1

An

Proverb:

A

large ship, esp. of war.

rook

M17.

n.'

Englishman's house

his

is

castle,

castle in the air, in Spain a visionary project, a daydream unlikely to be realized (see also build casiles in the air s.v. AIR 3). the Castle Ir. Hist, the viceregal government and administration, of which Dublin Castle was the seat, b bouncing or bouncy castle a large inflatable in the form of a castle for people to throw themselves around in. sandcastic: see

SAND

and

biblical translations

LOE-M16. t?

village.

&

sing.

allusions:

(usu.)

in

a

A

pi.

ME- L15.

guard Hist, was bound

form of feudal service by which

a

baked

small mould; castleward Hist.

in a

An

small castle.

= CAST

n.'

5d.

exc. dial. li6. 1

E-M17.

/'kastok/ n. Sc. & north. Also cust/'kASt-/. L15. [Phonet. devel. of kale-stock s.v. KALE.] cabbage stalk or stem.

A

& n. E18. [f. cast ppl a. ppl a. Thrown away, abandoned, rejected, discarded. E18. B n. 1 A person who or /'karstof/ ppl a.

A

+ OFF adv.]

lME. [(0)Fr. or L f Gk beaver; its pelt. Now rare. lME. 2 A pimgent, biner-tasting, reddish-brown substance obtained from two perineal sacs of the beaver, used in medicine and perfumery. E17. 3 A hat, ong. of (beaver's) fur. arch, slang. M17. /'ka:sta/

kastHr.]

lubricant. Comb.: castor (oil)

bean

Also f-ry.

f as CASTOR w.'] = castor n.' 2. castral /'kastr(a)l/ a. rare. M16.

ME.

castra

camp + -al'.] Of or pertaining to a camp, castrametation /,kastr3mrteij(3)n/ n.

L17.

[Fr. castrametation,

mark out

{.

L

camp.] The designing or laying out

a

castrate

/'kastreit/ n.

pa. pple,

f.

&

a.

lME. [L

as next: see -ate', -ate^.J

castrated

man

Castrated.

Now

animal. rare or obs. E18. or

castratus

A B

lME.

n.

A

[l^castrai1

Remove

the testicles of; geld; fig. deprive of potency, vigour, or force. M16. 2 Expurgate (a text), obs. exc. as passing into fig. use of sense i. E17. ca'strative a. of or pertaining to castration, tending to deprive of potency M20. ca'strator n. E19. n. lME. [Fr., or L as prec: see -ation.] The action or something; the fact of being castrated.

castration

castraiw(n-),

of castrating

a cat, a:

arm,

/ka'streij(3)n/ f.

someone

t

bed,

a:

her,

i

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, o hot,

:>:

to

Bound me

in

happened

casualties have

the world servitude.

and awkward Swift Several

week, and the

bill of very much increased, b S. Sassoon About 40 casualties; only 4 killed. J. T. Story His own father's wool business was a casualty of the war years.

mortality

this

is

casuarina

A

and parts of SE Asia, with jointed

to Australia

branches resembling gigantic horsetail plants.

casuist

/'kazjuist, -3j-/ n. E17. [Fr. casuiste f Sp.

f. mod.L, f L casus case «.': see -1ST.] person, esp. a theologian, who resolves cases of conscience, duty, etc.; a sophist, a quibbler.

lME.

[(0)Fr.

and med.

uses),

imconcemed,

careless;

.

.

or Hist.): receiving occasional a

relief,

workhouse, casual ward,

for a place the temporary of vagrants, casual water Golf a

A

casu'istic(al) adjs. of or pertaining to casuists or casuistry M17. casu'istically adv. L17. casuistry n. the reasoning of the casuist; the resolution of cases of

by the application of general rules instances, freq. disclosing a conflict

conscience particular

to

of

duties; sophistry: E18.

fcasule hooded

OE-E19. [(OFr. f)

n.

L

late

casula

= chasuble.

cloak: see chasuble.]

castis belli /,ka:sus 'beli:, .keisas 'bEUi/ n. phr. PI. same. M19. [f. L casus case n.' belli genit. -I-

of helium war.] An act or situation justifying or precipitating war.

casus foederis

/,ka:sos

'faidsris,

.keisas

same. L18. [f. L casus case n.' + foederis genit. of foedus treaty.] An event which imder the terms of a treaty of alliance, entitles one of the allies to help from the other(s). 'fndsris/

n.

phr. PI.

ON

[OE catt masc. (= kgttr), catte fem. (= OFris., MDu. kane, Du. kat, kazza, katze), reinforced in by AN, ONFr. cat var. of (0)Fr. chat {. late L cattus.] 1 An agile, partly nocturnal, quadrupedal carnivorous mammal. Felts catus, with smooth fur and retractile claws, long domesticated as a pet. OE. b Any of numerous related animals constituting the family Felidae, including the lion, tiger, leopard, lynx, etc. Also, any of various catlike animals of other taxa. M16. c In full catfish: (a) any of vanous mainly freshwater fishes of the order Siluriformes, having several sensory barbels and scaleless bodies; (b) = vjolf-fish s.v. WOLF n.; (c) a cuttlefish or other cephalopod. L16. 2 fig. A spiteful person, esp. (derog.) a spiteful or malicious woman; a prostitute {obs. exc. in cat-house (a) below). ME. b A person, a fellow (usu. of a specified kind); a jazz enthusiast, slang. E20. 3 A small piece of wood tapering at each end, used in the game of tipcat; the game itself lME. 4 Hist. A movable

cat /kat/

OHG

ME

G

penthouse used by besiegers for protection. L15. 5 Naut. horizontal

«.

1

A

n.

the doctrine that

happen by chani.e casualness n. L19.

all

things exist or adv. lME.

casually

L19

-zj-/

n.

Now

rare.

E16.

A

^2 (A) chance; esp. an unfortunate M16 L18. 3 TTie quality or state of

being casual, casualness. L19.

casualty /'kajjoalti, -zj-/ med.L casualitas (see prec.)

n.

lME.

[Alt.

of

after penalty, royalty,

see -ty'.] 1 Chance. Now rare. lME. 2 A chance occurrence; an accident, a mishap, a disaster. lME. b A person killed or injured in war or an accident; a thing lost or destroyed. M19. 3 An incidental charge or payment; spec. {Sc. Law, now Hist.) a payment due from a etc.:

in certain contingencies. lME. f4 Subjection to chance, imcertainty. E16 E19. 5 In

vassal

saw,

a run,

u put,

ship's

bow

^cat's-head) a side of a for raising and carrying an anchor;

(In

full

cathead,

beam extending from each

cat-purchase, -tackle) a tackle used in hoisting an anchor to the cathead. L15. 6 Hist. In (in

full

full

cat-o'-nine-tails.

A

whip with nine

rope

knotted lashes for flogging sailors, soldiers, or criminals. L17. 7 double tripod with six legs so placed that it always rests on three legs. E19. 1 Maltese cat, Manx cat, Persian eat, Siamese cat,

A

tortoiseshcll cat,

tabby

cat, etc.

b

big cat, bobcat, civet-

cat, native cat, polecat, sea-cat, tiger-cat, wild cat, etc.

/kajju'aliti,

[Fr. casualile {. med.L casualitas, f. casualis: see CASlJAL, -ITY.] f I casual item of income.

accident.

castrate /ka'streit, 'kastreit/ z;.r. M16. pa. ppl stem of castrare: see -ate^.]

n.

late

its

chance. Usu. in pi. lME M17. 2 A f casual item of income, rare. E19. 3 A casual labourer. M19. 4 A casual pauper. Now arch, or Hist. M19. 5 A introduced plant, animal, etc., which fails to establish itself L19. 6 An item of casual clothing; spec, a low-heeled slip-on shoe. Usu. in pi. M20. 7 A hooligan who dresses conventionally in casual clothing, slang. L20.

B

E16-L17.

adj.

And

parentage,

casualties

of the recognized hazards of the course.

casuality

of military camps,

my

temporary accumulation of water not constituting one

casualisni

metan measure or

castra

&

a.

ward

accommodation

[L,

L

[f

arch,

casual

etc.

(a

n.

-zj-/

casualis (in

admitted temporarily to

see caster.

/ka'stoinsm/

L

unmethodical,

poor (now

seed of) the castor oil plant; castor oil plant the plant that yields castor oil, esp. as grown as a pot plant,

castoreum

/'kajjual,

M19.

casual labourer: without permanent employment, working when the chance comes, casual pauper,

mi8. [Origin uncertain: perh. = CASTOR 2, as having succeeded it in medical use.] castor oil, a pale yellow oil from the seeds of a tropical or subtropical shrub or tree, Ricinus communis, used as a purgative and

castor

castrum /'kastram/ «. PI. castra /'kastrs/. [L.] A Roman encampment or fortress.

We

/'kaists/ n.-

part of a

casuista

the office had been kept. A. LURIE were both very strained, though we pretended to be casual. J. Irving He puts up a casual hand to catch it. Special collocations: casual acquaintance: whom one met incidentally or whom one meets only occasionally,

The

1

Fidel

[{.

or a casual spree on shore. CoNAN Doyle A problem without a solution may interest the student, but can hardly fail to annoy the casual reader. 5 G. Greene It needed only a casual inspection to realise how badly

m

'I"he

genus Casuarina (family Casuarinaceae), native

n.

FiDELISM.

and

ward.

where casualties arc attended to. M19. 1 S. Johnson Combinations of skilful genius with happy casualty. 2 Shakes. Per. Time hath rooted out

mzo.

/'kastraoiz(3)m/

.

is

A

castor

L

[f

casualty department,

/kasjoa'rims/ n. L18. [mod.L, f. casuarius cassowary (from resemblance of the branches to the bird's feathers).] tree of the

.

cast off, esp. an unwanted garment. ei8. 2 Typogr. calculation of the space required for a given amoimt of copy a particular typographic form. L19.

which

M17.

a.

full

hospital

camp, + -AN.] Of or camp.

castra

iminterested; informal, imceremonious. L19. b Of an item of clothing: suitable for informal wear. M2o. 1 W. Raleigh That which seemeth most casual and subject to fortune, is yet disposed by the ordinance of God. Milton Where casual fire had wasted woods. 2 Clarendon Both the known and casual Revenue. J Gary The few shillings a week earned at casual and temporary jobs. 3 J Worlidge In case the weather prove casual. 4 D G Mitchell I made some casual remark about the weather. J. Conrad A casual stroU

An aboned

castock

cast-off

f

pertaining to a military

etc.:

Long obs. + -ling'.]

n.

/ka'strEnsisn/

adj.,

as

f casus CASE «.': see -Al'.] A adj. 1 Due to, subject to chance; characterized by, or accidental, fonuitous. lME. fb Non-essential. LME-M17. 2 Occurring unpredictably; irregular; lME. Frail, precarious, occasional. unreliable. E16-E18. 4 Occurring or brought about without design or premeditation; having no specific plan, method, motivation, or interest; performed or entered into casually; spec. designating or pertaining to sex between individuals who are not regular or established sexual partners. M17. 5 Of a person, action,

f castle n.'^ var. of Castile. castle /'ka:s(3)l/ v. lME. [f. castle h.'] 1 v.t. Provide or equip with castles or battlements. Chiefly as castled ppl a. lME. 2 v.t. Enclose (as) in a castle. L16. 3 v.i. Chess. Move the king two squares towards a rook and the rook to the square which the king has crossed; (of the king) move thus in relation to a rook. M17. b v.t. Move (the king) thus in relation to a rook. M18. castlet /'ka:slit/ n. M16. [Var. of castelet assim. to CASTLE n.', or f. castle n.' + -let.] A /'ka:stlir)/

boyhood so

adult male singer castrated in to retain a soprano or alto voice.

casuel

[f CAST ppl a. or offspring. L16. t2

[It.,

use as n. of pa. pple of castrare castrate.] Hist.

casual

castle-

guard above.

castling

M18.

Castro Ruz (1927- ), ] TTie political principles or actions of Fidel Castro or his adherents or imitators. Cf

a tenant

=

PI. -ti /-ti/.

n.

Cuban statesman + -ism

to defend his lord's castle; the tenure of such service; a tax orig. paid in commutation of this service; castle-nut Mech. a nut with a notched extension for a locking-pin; castle pudding: steamed

castor

/ka'stra:tao/

Castroism

castle-builder fig. a person who builds castles in the air, a daydreamer; castle-building fig. the building of castles in the air, daydreaming; castle-

thing

castrato

caslrensis

Comb.:

or

Comb.: castration complex Psychoanalysis (a) a man's neurotic and unconscious fear of castration resulting from childhood fears of his father; (6) a woman's neurotic anxiety caused by her unconsciously feeling that she has been castrated.

castrensian

n.

fII6 In camp.

cat

349

u: too, 3

ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ci

2b

C. MacInnes The coK ured cats saw I had an ally, and melted, hep-cat: sec hep a. hip-cat: see hip a. Phrases: bell the cat: see BELL v.^ enough to make a cat laugh extremely amusing, fat cat: see fat a. grin like

a Cheshire

cat:

see

CHESHIRE

2.

KILKENNY

eat. let

the cat out of the bag reveal a secret, esp. involuntarily, like a cat on hot bricks & vars., (moving) quickly and uneasily, like a scalded cat: see SCALDED a.' like something the cat brought in bedraggled, unkempt. no room to swing a cat in: see ROOM not a cat in hell's chance no chance whatever, not room to swing a cat in: see ROOM n.' play cat and mouse toy with a weaker party; engage in prolonged wary manoeuvres, put a or the cat among the pigeons create a violent intrusion, cause a severe upset, queen cat: see QUEEN n. 6. rain cats and dogs rain very hard, see which way the cat jumps wait for an opinion or result to declare itself, shoot the car. see SHOOT v. singed cat: see SINGE v.

day, ao no,

e:

hair,

13

near,

:ii

boy, ua poor, ai3

tire,

aoa sour

cat skin the car. see SKIN v. suffering cats.': see suffering I a. 3. tame cat: see TAME a. i. tear a or the car. see TEAR (>.' turn cat in pan, turn the cat in the pan t(a) reverse the order or nature of things, make black seem white; (ft) change sides, be a turncoat, whip the .

ppl

whip Comb. cat-and-dog a. quarrelsome, inharmonious; cat-and-mouse j, involving playing cat and mouse (see above), catbird any of various birds with mewing

cat:

see

i'.

:

cnes;

esp.

a

American mockingbird, Dumctalla

N.

with slat\-black plumage, (Attstral.) any of of bowerbirds; cat-burglar: who climbs a wall to enter an upper storey; cat-door a small door which can be pushed open by a cat, enabling its entrances and exits; catfish: see sense ic above (walking catfish: see WALKING ppl a.); cat-flap = catdoor above; cat foot a dog's compact round foot, with the toes well knuckled up; cat-foot v.t. w. it (chiefly iV. Amcr.) walk stealthily or noiselessly; cat-footed a. carolinensis,

a

catalytic

350

number

stealthy in movement, cat-haul n. & v. (US) (a) n. a punishment m which a cat is caused to maul the subject to this punishment; fig. Wctim; (ft) examine stringently; cathead: see sense 5 above, cathole (a) a hole large enough to let a cat through; (ft) S'aut. a hole at the stem of a ship, through which a cable or hawser can be passed; cat-house (a) a brothel; (ft) a house for felines in a zoo; cat-ice thin ice imsupported by water; cat-lap slang slops, weak

catlick see LITTER n. 3.

colloq.

tea, etc.;

a perfunctory wash; cat

catmint

med.L

[after

litter.

herba catti or

an aromatic plant of the large genus Nepeta, of the mint family, esp. iV. cataria, whose smell is

catiaria]

catnap

&

(have) a brief sleep nep «.'] catmint; cat-o'-nine-taiU: see sense 6 above; cat-purchase: see sense 5 above, cat's cradle (a children's game with) string forming patterns held between the fingers and passed between players; cat's-ear any of several composite plants constituting the genus Hypochaens, with heads of yellow ligulate flowers and leaves in rosettes; esp. H. radicata, a common plant of grassland; cat's-foot fig. t(o) = cat's-paw 2; (ft) ground ivy, Glechoma hederacea; (c) a hill plant, Antennana diotca, of the composite family, with heads irresistible to cats;

catnip

in a chair etc.;

n.

v.

i.

[nip, var. of

of mconspicuous white flowers; cat's-head fig. f (a) see sense 5 above; f (ft) a variety of apple; (c) (now rarf) = beak-head (c) s.v. BEAK n.' f cat-silver mica; cat's-meat horseflesh or other meat prepared and sold as food for cats; cat's pyjamas slang (orig. US) the acme of excellence, the cat's whiskers (see below); catstick a stick used in tipcat and trap-ball; cat$uit an all-in-one, usu. close-fitting, garment with trouser legs; cat's whisker (a) (in pi.) slang (orig. US) the acme of excellence (cf car's pyjamas above); {t>) a fine adjustable wire in a crystal wireless receiver; car-tackle: see sense 5 above; cat-tail: see cat's-tail; catwalk a narrow footway or platform; cat-witted a. (arch.) pett>'-minded and spiteful catlike a. resembling (that of) a cat; stealthy; agile: ;

L16.

kat/ n.^ obs. exc. (perh.) in catboat L17. [Perh. same wd as prec: cf. med.L caaa a kind of ship, OFr. chat etc. merchant ship.] A strong

merchant

with a narrow stem, projecting quaners, and a deep waist, formerly used esp. in the coal and timber trade on the north-east coast of England.

cat

kat/

sailing

&

vessel

M20.

[Abbrev.

of CATALYTIC a.] .\ adj. cat cracker, cracking, (an installation for) cracking the catalytic of hydrocarbons. M20. B n. = CATALVIk: converter. L20. J.

n.^

colloq.

cat

kat, V.:. Infl. -tt-. li6. [f. cat «.'] 1 Naut. Raise (the anchor) from the surface of the water to the cathead. L16. 2 Flog with a cat-i>'-ninetails.

or inhabitant of Catalonia, a province of

catabolism

Spain, once an independent principality. lME. 2 The Romance language of Catalonia. L18. B anrib. or as adj. Of or pertaining to Catalonia, its

a. Also k-. L19. [f. as next + -ic] Biol. Pertaining to, involved in, or characterized by catabolism. Opp. anabolic.

/k3'tab3liz(3)m/ n. Also k-. L19. [f katabole throwing down, ult. f. as cata- -Ithrow: see -ISM.] Biol. Destructive metabolism with the release of energy; the breakdown of complex substances within the

Gk

ballein

body. Opp. anabolism. cataboUte n. a product of catabolism cataboUze v.t. break down by catabolism M20.

catabothron catacaustic + caustic]

M19.

cata-

'kata/ pref. Bef a vowel or h usu. cat-. Also k-. [Gk kata.] Used in wds adopted f Gk and in Eng. wds modelled on ihese, in senses (a) down, in position or in quantitv' or degree, as caiadromous, catalysis, catastrophe; (b) amiss, catachrer inhabitant) of Central .America central hank: see bank n.' 3 central force a force attracting or repelling from

centralization

/'sEnts,

an installation etc. devoted to a panicular activity. M19 c spec. A location in the brain or nervous system responsible for a panicular faculty etc. M19. 4 In a lathe etc., a conical adjustable support for a workpiecc. L18. 5 The area of a target located between the bull's eye and the outer; the hitting of this part. L19. Iliis bed thy center is, these wals thy 1 Jig.: Donne that all betwixt sky sphearc. b C. Lamb The feeling and centre was my own. 2 Milton As a rock Of adamant, and as a centre, finn. fig.: Carlyle Even an anarchy must have a centre to revolve around. .$ Joyce Hell is the centre of evils. M. Kline Great activity;

.

saw,

A run,

0 put,

u:

too, a ago,

m my, ao how,

ci

.

banking houses made Italy the financial center. R 1 Fox Pella was the centre of a tnbal aristocracy, b .

central heating (the apparatus for) warming a building by hot water or hot air or steam conveyed by pipes from a central source, or by a general system of radiators etc central lobby: see LOBBY n. 3a. central nervous system the brain and spinal cord considered together Central Powers Germany and AustnaHungary before and during the war of 1914 18 central processing unit the part of a computer in which the control and execution of operations occur. central reservation: see reservation 7b. central resen'e: a centre

M19

n. & a. Also * center. lME. [(0)Fr., or directly f. L centrum f. Gk kentron goad, peg, stationary point of a pair of compasses, f. base of kentem to prick.] A «. I 1 ITie middle pomt equidistant from all points on the circumference of an arc, circle, or sphere. lME. b ellipt. The centre of the earth; the earth Itself considered as the centre of the universe. arch. lME. 2 The point, pivot, or axis around which a body revolves. lMF. 3 A point around which things group themselves; a focus of point of concentration or attraction; a dispersion, a nucleus, a source. E17. b A building or group of buildings fonning a central point, or constituting a main site for a particular

centre

.

attendance centre, civic centre, detention centre, health centre, information centre, johcentre, nimic centre, shopping centre, youth centre, etc, c P. Parish The centres in the

movement. 6 The middle point or point of equilibrium of a body or figure of any shape; the point brain which control 1 1

equidistant or al a median distance from the extremities of a body or figure; the midpoint of a line; gen. the middle part or portion, the midst.

day, so no,

c:

hair,

i.i

near,

m

boy,

ii.t

poor,

m.i tire, ao.i

sour

.

centre lME.

b

The

spec.

main

body

of

troops

occupying the space between the wings of an army; the middle division of a fleet. L16. c (C-.) TTie remote central regions of Australia. Also Red Centre. E2o. 7 Archh. A temporary framework supporting a superstructure; esp. = centring 2. E16. 8 Sport, a A player whose position is in the middle of a line or field of players. M19. b Soccer, Hockey, etc. A kick or pass from either of the wings towards the middle of the pitch, esp. in the vicinity of the opponent's goal area. E20. 9 Orig., those deputies of moderate political opinions in the French Chamber who sit on central benches in front of the President. Now, (the views and aims of) any party or group holding moderate political views. M19. 6 J. Howell They dwelt in the center of Spain not from Toledo. D. Welch The chocolate had a cream centre. J. Johnston Steam hid the centre of far

.

.

the bridge, fig. R. W. Emerson If the man is off his centre, the eyes show it. 9 Listener All three parties are now parties of the centre. Phrases: centre of attraction (a) a point to which bodies tend by gravity; (b) a person or thing drawing general attention, centre of buoyancy the centroid of the volume of fluid displaced by a floating body, centre of curvature: see curvature ib. centre of flotation (o) the centre of gravity of the water plane of a floating body; (ft) = centre of buoyancy above, centre of gravity (o) = centre of mass below, (ft) fig. the point or object of greatest importance or interest, centre of inertia, centre of mass the point representing the mean position of the matter in an object or system. .

.

of ossification: see ossification i. centre of a point on a surface through which the resultant force due to pressure passes, dead centre: see centre

pressure

a. etc. lefi centre: see left a. lefi, right, and centre: see LEFT adv. optical centre: see optical a. right centre: see right a. nght, left, and centre: see left adv. shifting

centric

SHIFTING

a.

I.

stage centre: see

STAGE

n. 4.

B attrib. or as adj. Situated in or forming the centre; of or pertaining to the centre; central. L18. Bentham The center one of the 5 uppermost J. Cells. R. K. Douglas The centre figures of his philosophy. Comb.

&

special collocations:

centre-back

in Football,

position of) a back who plays primarily in the centre of the pitch; centre-bit a boring tool with a centre point and side cutters, centreboard a board for lowenng through the keel of a sailing boat to prevent leeway; centre field Baseball (a fielder in) the central pan of the outfield, centre fielder Baseball a fielder in the centre field; centrefold a centre spread that folds out, a (usu naked or scantily clad) model pictured on such a

Hockey,

etc.,

(the

spread in a magazine; centre forward in Football, Hockey, etc., (the position of) the middle player in a forward line; centre half in Football, Hockey, etc (the position of) the middle player in a half-back line; loosely = centre-back above; centre-line a real or imaginar>' line through the centre of something; centrepiece the principal item on display (/ir. & fit: i; spec, a glass or china ornament designed for the cernre of a table, centre-second (a clock or watch witl> a seconds hand mounted on the centre arbor; centre spread (the illustration, text, etc., occupying) the two facing middle pages of a newspaper etc., centre three-quarter Rugby Football either of two middle ,

players

m

the line of three-quarters.

centremost

a.

most

central,

centre

/'senta/ v. Also *center. Pres. pple centring, -treing, *-tering. L16. [f. the n ] 1 v.i. Place in the centre or a central position; make exactly central; concentrate or focus in,

{up)on, {a)round; mark wit'i a centre, constitute the centre of. Freq. in pass. L16. h v.l. & i. Soccer, Hockey, etc. Kick or hit (the ball) from the wing to the centre of the pitch, esp. in the vicinity of the opponent's goal area. L19. 2 v.i. Be situated (as) on a frxed centre; have its centre or be concentrated in, {up)on, (a)round; move (as) round a focal point. E17. In reverie centred. C. Hutton The necessity of well centnng the object glass of a largt grass centred by a telescope. K. Little A plot of universe was still centred in my basin. R. Church Biwyan Here centreth mother's fragrant person. 2 Luke the Evangebst W. Sansom That strange figure around whom this account properly centres. B. Bainbridge Tedious conversations centred on food. I

Goldsmith

.

.

My

centreing

vbl

b but, d dog,

f

n. var.

of centring.

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

&

kentrikos,

centromere: M20. centrosome n. of cytoplasm which is adjacent to the nucleus during interphase and forms the centre of an aster during division LI9. centrosphere n. (Cytol.) a centrosome; spec, the central part of an aster during or

f.

-ic] 1 That is in or at the centre, central. L16. 2 Of, penaining to, or characterized by a centre. E18. 3 Cyiol. = 1

C.

Marlowe

centrical centricity

centrode

L19. [i. prec. + traced by the instantaneous centre of rotation of a moving

= centric M17. centrically

a.

/stn'trisiti/

n.

Forming

etc.,

[After

suff.

Gk

f.

kertrikos:

concentric, see prec]

centroid

centre', as: anthropocentnc,

its

S£ntri'fju:g(3)l/

centrifugus,

{.

&

a.

E18.

n.

centrum CENTRE

+

n.

mod.L

[f.

f centronel

centrum

-fugus fleeing,

M19.

&

the centre outwards. M19. centrifugal machine; a centrifuge. M19.

from

B

centrifu'gation

centrifuge

&

usual form in sense 2), centreing,

dim.

of centrum

centre:

see

Roman

i.

/sen'tAmva:, k-

n.

PI. -viri

himdred +

t

in

-vari s

men

]

people.

centuple

L

;'st;ntj()p(3)l/ a., n., St v. E17. [Fr.,

or

centum hundred.] A adj. & n. A himdredfold (amount). E17. B v.t. Multiply by a hundred. E17. = centuple M17 centuplicate v., a., & n centuph'cation n. L19. eccl

centuplus

centurial

of centuptex,

var.

st;n'tjoarial/

[L

E17.

a.

centuna CENTURY: see -al'.]

f.

centunalis,

f.

Of or

pertaining to a

E17.

[L cemunatus

century.

centuriate

/sEn'tjuariat/ a.

Rom. Hist. Of, pertaining to, or divided into units of a hundred; spec, designating an assembly (L comitia centunata) in which the people voted by units of pa. pple, f as next: see -ate'.]

A

Cytol.

w.'

centumviral a. L17 centumvirate n. the position of being centumvin, the centumvnn collectively; transf. any body of loo men: M18.

[mod.L centnolum -OLE'.]

= cent

]

Rom. Hist. Any of a body of (orig. 1 05) judges appointed to decide common causes among the

(the

centrosome of a cell, involved esp. in development the of microtubular structures such as spindles and

n.'

sibilants.

-virs. E17. [L, f centum a

/-t(3)rir|/.

MI 7. [f CENTRE V. + -ing'.] 1 The action of CENTRE v.; placing in the centre; making central; bringing centres into alignment. M17. 2 Archil. The temporary framework used to suppon an arch, dome, etc., while under construction. M18.

sentry

/'kentam,

group have

centrifuge e::o.

/'sEnlriaul/ n. L19.

var. of

n.'-'

a. E20. [L (see prec): this exemplifying this distinction between the two groups.] Philol. Designating or pertaining to a chiefly western group of IndoEuropean languages having (voiceless) velar plosives where cognate words in the eastern

E18. [Fr.,

fcentrine! n. var. of sentinel n. centring /'scntriq/ vbl n. Also centering

1

wd and satem

mod.L

centriole

etc.

centumvir v.

centnfugus CENTRIFUGAL.] f A adj. CENTRIFUGAL a. I. Ei8 E19. B n. A centrifugal machine; esp. a device for effecting separation, usu. of one liquid from another or of a solid from a liquid, by rapid rotation. L19. (- v.t. Subject to centrifugal motion; separate by means of a centrifuge. E20. n. matenal separated cen'trifiigate using a

f

bridge

(pi.).]

/'ssntam/ n. M17. [L Chiefly in per centum.

as

E19

n.

/'stntrifju:d3/ a., n.,

/-trs/.

(Anal.)

spec.

[Origin imcenain: cf. AL In pi. The centering of a E16-M19. 2 The centre, midst. Only

-li

f centry

centrifugally adv. E19

[f

centre;

n.

-trums, -tra

PI.

ei6.

«.'

cenine,

centum

centrifugate /s£n'trif]ugeit/ v.t. M19. prec. + -ATE'.] = CENTRIFUGES.

n.

centum

M20

n.

-oiD.]

in L16.

A

n.

A

[L.]

sentinel

var. of

n.

/'sentram/

fcentry

centrifiigali'zation n. the process of centrifiigalizing E20. centrifiigalize v.t. subject to a centrifugal force or process L19 centrifii'gality

+

as prec.

the solid central pan of a venebra, to which the arches and processes are attached.

A

adj. 1 Moving or fugere flee; see -al'.] tending to move away from a centre {lit. fig. ; opp. centripetal); centrifugal force, (the inertial force causing) the tendency of a body rotating about a centre to move outwards from that centre. E18. 2 Of a machine, process, etc.: employing centrifugal force or motion. Of a product: obtained by the use of such a machine. M18. 3 Chiefly Bot. Developing or progressing f.

[f.

prec.

'sentrifju:g(3)l,

/s£n'triljog(3)l,

/'sentroid/ n. L19.

point defined in relation to a given figure in a maimer analogous to the centre of mass of a corresponding body. Orig. also =

heliocentric, polycentric, theocentric, etc.

centrifugal

path

A

Math.

adjs. w. the senses 'having a (specified)

centre', 'having as

rare.

n.

The

plane figure.

/'sEntrik/

eccentric,

/'sentrsud/

Math.

-ode'.]

adv. L18. centric quality or position;

relation to a centre: E19.

-centric

a

division: L19.

This centric earth. 2 R. Blackmore

and excentrick.

centric

involving

(Cytol.) a region

a.,

CENTROMERIC. M20. Orbs

cylindrical organelle in the

a

hundred.

centuriate

sEn'tjuaneit/ v.t. ei8. (L centunatstem of centuriate divide into centuries, f. centuna CENTURY: see -ATE'.] Rom. Hut. Divide

cilia,

pa. ppl

centri'olar

a.

M20.

centripetal

/sEn'tripH(3)l,

SKn;ri'pi:t(3)l/

a.

centrum CENTRE see -al'.] a centre

midmost M19.

[Gk

li6.

/'sentrik/ a. kentron: see centre n.

DEAD

centre: see

century

362

1

n.

hundred or so

move towards opp. centrifugal); centripetal

Centuriator

Moving

(lit.

&

into hundreds; spec, divide (land) into units of a estates for assigning to colonists, centuri'ation ['L ccntunano(n-)\ n. M19.

'sEntripi:t(3)l,

E18. [{. mod.L centnpetus, (. + -peius seeking, f. petere seek:

or tending to

fig.;

force, the force directed towards the centre of rotation which acts upon a body in circular motion. E18. 2 Chiefly Bot. Developing or progressmg from the periphery inwards. M19. centripetally adv. mi 9.

centrist /'sentnst/ n. & a. L19. [Fr. ceniriste, f. as CENTRE n. & a. + -1ST.] A n. Orig., a member of the French political centre (see centre n. 9) Now, any holder of moderate (political) views. L19. B adj. Of or pertaining to centrists; characterized by centrism. E20. centrism n. (the policy of adopting) a middle position between extreme views M20.

as

volume

f.

t

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

a

CENTURY:

More

century.

fiiUy

pi.

ME. [L

/sEn'tjuarian/ n.

centuria

commander

centuno(^n-),

A

see

Hist. -ION.] 1 of a century in the ancient Roman

army; an officer in command of 100 men. ME. 2 A person who has achieved a sportmg century; spec, the scorer of a century in cricket. coUoq. L19.

century centum

a

/'ssntjtjri/

n.

hundred: see

lME. [L -v^.]

1

Hist.

centuna,

f

A company

in the ancient Roman army, consisting nominally of a himdred men. lME. 2 A group of a himdred things; a hundred, arch. exc. as below. L16. b A sum of a hundred dollars, pounds, etc. slang. M19. c A score of a hundred

made runs

associated in cell division E20. centro'meric a. pertaining to or associated with a centromere; having

s sit,

embraced

centurion

:

red,

M17. [mod.L, f of a number of

Centunator of Magdeburg. Usu. in

/'sentrau/ comb, form of L centrum CENTRE n. see -0-. centro'baric a. (now rare or ohs.) relating to or possessing a centre of gravity E18. centroiecithal a. (of an egg or egg cell) having a centrally-placed yolk L19. centromere n. [Gk meros part] Cytol. the part of a chromosome with which the spindle fibres become

r

Any

Hist.

i6th-cent. Protestant divines who compiled a thirteen-volume Church History of which each

centre-

man, n no, p pen,

/sEn'tjuarieita/ n.

prec: see -OR.]

J

game; esp. a hundred or more one batsman's innings at cricket. divisions by which

in a sport or

made

L19. 3 Hist.

in

Each of the 193

she, 3 vision, 0 thin,

this,

r)

nng,

tj

chip, dj jar

ceorl

1

De Quincey Centunes of armed men from windows. 2 Shakes. Cymb. A century of

iramf.

firing

cerebro-

363

the Roman people voted in the centuriate assembly. E17. 4 Orig. more fully century of years. A period of 100 years. E17. 5 Each of the hundred-year periods reckoned successively from an accepted epoch, esp. from the date assumed for the birth of Jesus. M17. :

.

prayers, double century: see doitble

&

a.

adv.

.

triple

Any

of derived

a

of semisynthetic antibiotics mould of the genus a

class

from

Cephalosponum.

-cephalous /'s£f(3)bs, 'ksf-/ head + -ous.] Forming adjs.

Gk

[f.

suff.

kephale

Amhropol.)

{chiefiy

having a head of a specified

in sense '-headed,

kind', as brachycephalous, dolichocephalous, etc.

cepheid

/'si:fiid, 'se-/ a.

& A

Also C-. E20. [f. adj. Belonging or

n.

& adv. 4 A. Alison Not years, but centuries must elapse. 5 first century AD i-ioo; twentieth century 1901-2000, pop. 1900-1999,

next + -id'.] Astron. pertaining to a class of variable stars, typified by 6 Cephei, which have regular cycles of

second century BC 200-101 BC; (etc.). Comb. century plant = American aloe

brighmess which can be used to deduce their

century: see TRIPLE a.

:

centuried

a.

s.v.

ALOE

4.

cep

/ssp/

[Fr. cepe

L cippus 'cep

Also cepe

n.

Gascon

f.

An

stake.]

&

prep.

/'si:fju:s, -fias/ n. mi6. [L Cepheus, Gk Andromeda in Gk mythol ] (The name of) a constellation of the northern hemisphere on the edge of the Milky Way, near

sep {pi. same)l. M19. cep tree-trunk, mushroom, f. edible boletus.

conj. var.

,

Gk

waxy.

Also in

.

Headache.

ke'falik

&

a.

lME.

n.

cephaltque f L cephalicus f. Gk f. kephale head: see -ic] A adj. 1 Of, relating, or pertaining to the head, situated in the head; of the nature of a head. lME. 2 Cunng or relieving disorders of the head. Now-

[(0)Ft.

MI 7.

cephalic index the rauo of the maximum breadth of a skull (multiplied by 100) to its maximum length, cephalic presentation the presentation of a foetus such that It IS delivered head first cephalic vein a major vein of the arm (so called because opening it was anciently supposed to relieve disorders of the 1

A

n.

lMF. mi 8. -cephalic + -IC

si'faiik,

ks-

Gk

kephale head

L19.

[f.

cephalo- t

suff.

cephalin

n.

n.

Also

[f. CEPHALO- + -IZATION.] A greater development of the head in relation to the rest of the body ''as in an embryo); the extent of this.

cephalo-

,

)

antibiotic related to cephalosponn, used to treat bactcnal infections .M20 cephalotho'racic a. of or pertaining to a cephalothorax M19 cephalo'thorax n (Zool) the fused head and thorax possessed by chclicerate arthropods and some crustaceans M19.

L19. [f Gk kephale region of the head in some n.

head.] Zool. The arthropods, esp. tnlobites.

(A mollusc) of the class Cephalopoda, members of which have a well-developed head surrounded by tentacles, and include the cuttlefish, octopus, nautilus, and extinct forms such as ammonites. cepha lopoda! a L19 cepha'lopodous a. (now rare or obi

)

]

.MI9

cephalosporin /sEf3b(o)'sp3:rin, kE-/ n. m20. [f. mod.L Cephalosponum (see below) + -in'.] a cat, a:

arm,

1.

bed,

a:

E19.

n.

her,

1

[Gk

keramikos,

-Ic] A adj. designating substances heating of of pottery. In

B

«.

An

article

made

srra:d3irAit/

mi 9.

M19.

n.

[Irreg.

f.

Gk

system, horn

cerastes kerastes,

silver.

lME. [L

srrasli:z/ n.

keras horn N. Africa;

f.

A

]

cerastes

f.

Gk

viper of the genus the homed viper,

C

esp.

cerastium si'tastiam/ n. L18. [mod.L, Gk kerastes homed (from the shape of the capsule in many species): see -ium A white-flowered ]

plant of the genus Cerastium, which belongs to includes the pink family and mouse-ear

cerate

/"siarat/

n.

Now

rare or obs.

kerOton neut. of adj. kerSios, covered with wax. Cf. Fr. cerat.] Med. A stiff ointment composed of wax, lard, or oil, and other ingredients.

ceration /srreij(3)n/ [med.L ceraiio(n-), f. f.

exc. Hist. E17. pa. ppl stem of cera wax: sec -ion.] Alch. The process obs.

n.

cerat-

of softening a hard substance.

ceratite

/'sEratAit,

'sisr-/

n.

M19.

mod.L

[f.

cerames (see below), f. Gk keras, kerat- horn; see -ite'.] Palaeom. An ammonoid fossil of the genus Ccraihes or a related genus, common in

Permo-Tnassic rocks, and having usu. partly frilled, partly lobed suture lines. Cf. ammonite,

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, D hot,

y.

ceratitic /-'tHik a ceratite

cerato-

'

a.

pertaining to or characteristic of

E20 /'sEratso,

k-/ comb, form of

Gk

keras,

kerat- horn, occas. as var. of kerato-: see -0-. cerato'branchial a. & n. fof, pertaining to, or designating) any of the paired cartilaginous sections of the branchial arch (e.g. in fishes) M19. cerato'hyal a. (of, pertaining to, or designating) any of the n. paired sections of the hyoid arch of the vertebrate

&

skeleton M19.

Cerberus saw,

A run,

Gk

n.

-iae

PI.

kerkos

M19.

/-li:/.

see -ary'.] Zool. digenean trematode (fluke) in the freesvrimming larval stage developed from the redia, in which form it passes from the intermediate to the definitive host. Cf miracidium. cercarial a. LI9. cercarian a. M19. f.

tail:

A

cerclage

Also cir-. M20.

/S3:'kla:3/ n.

[Fr.,

lit.

'encirclement'.] Med. The use of a ring or loop to bind together the ends of an obliquely fractured bone or encircle the os of an

mcompetent

cervix.

cercopithecoid

L

&

/saiks'piOik.nd/

a. n. L19. [f. kerkoptthekos a long-tailed + tail pithekos ape: see -oid ] adj. Of, pertaining to or characteristic of

Gk

cercopithecus f

Zool.

A

f.

kerkos

which

superfamily Cercopithecoidea, comprises the Old World monkeys. L19. cercopithecoid monkey. M20. the

/'sa:k3s/

[mod.L

Gk

PI.

n.

kerkos

cerci

B

n.

A

E19.

/'s3:kAi/.

Either of a pair of small appendages at the end of the abdomen of certain insects and other arthropods, cereal

cere

f.

a.

tail.] Zool.

L19.

The

Also fs-. L15. [L cera wax.]

/sis/ n.

beak in which the

soft waxlike covering of the base of the

certain birds (esp. birds of prey), in nostrils are pierced.

cere

/sia/

lME. [L

v.t.

wax,

cerare to

cera

t.

wax.] 1 Wrap in a cerecloth. lME. f b Anouit with spices etc., embalm. L15-L16. t2 Smear, cover, or impregnate with wax. lME MI7.

cereal to

/'siariai/ a.

&

cultivation

the

n.

E19.

[L

of grain,

goddess of agriculture: see

cerealis

penaining

Ceres

f.

A

Roman

Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of edible grain. E19. B n. 1 Any of the plants of the grass family Graminac which are cultivated for their edible seeds; a grain used for human food. Usu. in pi. M19. 2 Food made from wheat, maize, or another grain (usu. as a breakfast dish). L19. -al'.]

adj.

cerebellum /sEn'bEbm/

n. mi6. [L, dim. of Anat. The larger pan of the hindbrain, responsible for the control of muscle tone and balance. fcerebel n. ' cerebellum E17 M19 cerebellar a.

cerebrum: see -ellum

]

of or pertaining to the cerebellum E19.

cerebral /'sEribr(3)l/ a. & n. E19. CEREBRUM + -al': cf Fr. cerebral.] A adj.

[(. 1

L

Of or

penaining to the brain. E19. b Appealing to the intellect rather than to the emotions; clever; intellectual. E20. 2 Phonet. = CACUMINAL a. E19. I cerebral palsy a disorder chiefly characterized by spastic paralysis due to brain damage before or at

/'sa:b(a)r3s/ n.

o put,

u:

M17. [L

too, 3 ago,

ai

f.

Gk Kerberos

my, ao how,

ei

Phonet.

A

cerebralism

n.

B

lME. [L

ceratum = Gk

cerare,

/ sa-.'kczns /

irreg.

birth.

chickweed.

GONIATITE.

cephalopod /"sEf(o)bpnd, 'kE-/ n. & a. E19. [f. mod I, Cephalopoda (see below), f as cephalo+ -pod

&

a.

f.

(Med.) pertaining to or involving cephalometry L19 measurement of the head, n. (Med. esp that of a foetus L19 cephalo'pelvic a. (Med.) of the relation between the matemal pelvis and the foetal an cephalothin n. [thio-] Pharm head .M20

/'sEfoion/

(see below),

comuta.

w. the sense 'head, skull' 2 Pharm Forming names of drugs related to cephalosporin. cephalhaetna'toma n pi -mas, -mata -mats Med. a swelling caused by a collecuon of blood between the skull and pencranium E20 cepha litis n. (now rare or obi.) = ENXEPHALITIS E19 cephalocele n. = LI9 now rare) ENCEPHALOCELE (Med., cephalo'chordate a. & n. (Zool.) (of, pertaining to, or of subphylum animal the a protochordate designating) Cephalochordata, a lancelet M2o cephalo'metric a.

cephalon

/si'ramik/

Cerastes, of

/'ssfabu, 'ke-/ comb. form. Also (rare) k- 'k-A Bef a vowel or h also cephal- [f Gk kephale head: sec -o- ] 1 Forming ns and adjs.

cepha'lometry

[f

keras horn + arguros silver + -ITE'.] Min. A waxy mineral consisting of silver halides, esp. the chloride, and crystallizing in the cubic

-isa-. M19.

,

L19.

a.

f Cerambyx genus name, f. Gk kerambux a kind of beetle: see -id'.] Enumol. A n. A beetie of the family Cerambycidae, which comprises the longhom beedes. L19. B adj. Of, pertaining to, or designating this family. E20.

cerargyrite

Btochem. Any of a class of phospholipids ] present in cell membranes, esp. in the brain. kt-

n.;

pi also, pottery, the art of making pottery. M19. ceramicist -isist n. - ceramist M20 ceramist n.

-IN''

sEf3lAi'zeiJ(3)n,

&

n.

a person skilled in the art of pottery'

'sEfsIm, 'kE-

cephalization

/sersm'bAisid/

mod.L Cerambycidae

clay etc. E19.

[f.

cere

f.

keramos potter's earth, pottery: see Of or relating to (the an oO ponery; or pertainmg to hard brittle produced by the process of strong

= -CEPHALOUS.

]

cerambycid

i

f.

medicine for ailments of the head

[mod.L,

cercus [Sense

'si3r(3)i/ a. L19.

ceramic

head).

fB

Also 'cep. M19.

conj. colloq.

sense 2 f L cera wax: see -al'.] 1 Of or pertaining to the cere of a bird's bill. L19. 2 Of or relating to wax. L19.

kephalikos,

rare or obs.

&

prep.

/

= except />rep., conj. ceraceous /si'reijss, a. Now rare. M18. [f. L cera wax + -aceous.] Of the nattire of wax, ceral

/si'falik,

SEpt

official, etc.

cercaria

monkey,

[Abbrev,]

L

f.

Cf. (0)Fr. cephalalgte.]

cephalic

'cept

M16. [L cephalalgia f. kephale head: see -algla, -y'.

S€fa'lald33

kephalalgia,

the polestar.

of 'CEPT.

cepe n. var. of cep. cephal- comb, form see cephalo-. cephalalgy 'sef3lald5i n. Now rare. form -algia

star of this type. E20.

Kepheus, father of

see churl.

n.

A

«.

Cepheus

E19.

ceorl

B

distances. E20.

established for centuries; centuries old

the three-headed watchdog which guarded the entrance of Hades.] A watchdog. a sop to Cerberus something to propitiate a guard,

n.

cerebral consonant. E19. (a)

(now

intellectualism; (6)

rare)

the theory that mental processes arise from the action of the brain: L19 cerebralist n. (a) an intellcctualist, an intellectual, (b) (now rare) a supporter of the theory of cerebralism: L19 cerebrally adv. L19 v. L19. [f. as next + Subject to or produced by brain action. L19. 2 v.i. Cogitate. E20.

cerebrate -ATE'.]

/'sEribreit/

v.t.

1

cerebration /sEri'breiJ(3)n/ n. M19. CEREBRUM + -ATION.] The working of the

[f.

L

brain;

(in full unconscious cerebration) the action of the brain in producing results without conscious

esp.

thought.

cerebro-

/'sEnbrau/ comb, form of

L

cerebrum:

see -0-. cerebro'centric

a. centring on the brain M20. cerebroside n. [-ose' + -ide] Biochcm. any of a group of glycolipids present in the sheaths of nerve fibres (cf ganglioside) L19. cerebro'spinal a. of, pertaining to, or involving the brain and spinal cord (.cerebrospinal fluid, the clear water>' fluid occupying the space between the arachnoid membrane and the pia & n. (a) adj. cerebro'tonic a. mater) E19. temperamentally resembling or characteristic of an ectomorph, with predominantly intellectual interests; (b) n. a cerebrotonic person: M20 cerebrovascular a. of or pertaining to the brain and the blood-vessels which supply it M2o.

day, so no,

t:

hair,

i.i

near,

.-)i

boy, os poor,

ai.i

tire,

aos sour

.

cerebrum cerebrum

/'sEnbram/ n. E17. [L = brain.] Anat. The larger, anterior part of the brain, responsible for voluntary activity and mental processes.

cerecloth

& A

lME.

[f cered cloth: see CERE v., CLOTH.] n. (A piece oQ cloth made waterproof by smearing or impregnation with wax; spec, (a) one used for wrapping a corpse, a winding-sheet; one used as a plaster. lME. v.t. Wrap in or cover with a cerecloth. E-M17. 'siskloB

'

n.

v.

fB

cerement

/'si9m(9)nt/ n. literary. E17. [App. f CERE i: + -MENT.] 1 In pi. (Waxed) wrappings for the dead; grave-clothes. E17. 2 cerecloth. rare. E19. 1 Shakes. Haml. Tell Why thy canoniz'd bones Have burst their cerements. 51 First recorded in Shakes.

A

.

.

/sEn'maunial/ a. & n. lME. [Late L caerimonialh, {. caerimonia CEREMONY: see -AL'. Cf. (0)Fr. ceremonial.} A ad]. 1 Relating to or consisting of ceremonies or rites; ritual; formal. lME. 2 Relating to or involving social

ceremonial

M16.

formalities.

=

f3

ceremonious

2.

L16-M17.

Ta^xor The

upper-class uniform of top J. hat and tail coat was worn only on ceremonial occasions, such as weddings and race-meetings. E H. Pinto Ceremonial tools of considerable elaboration were made for presentation to the notabilities invited to lay foundation stones. 2 ceremonial law; enforced 1

A.

P.

by custom.

B

A A

ceremonial commandment. 1 LME-E17. 2 system of rites; a rite or ceremony; the formahties proper to an occasion. lME. 3 RC Ch. A book containing the order of ritual. E17. 4 The observance of ritual or convention; ceremonial display. M19. 2 H. Fielding The two ladies after very short n.

1

previous ceremonials, fell to business. I. prescribed in the Anglican precise ceremonial which sequence of operations so that they are

The ceremonial Bronowski a

D'Israeli service.

J.

fixes the exact and

memorable.

ceremonialism

addiction to or fondness for M19. ceremonialist «. a ceremonies L17. ceremonialize V. (a) v.t. render ceremonial or ritualistic; (b) v.i. carry out a ceremony: M19. ceremonially ad%>. M17.

ceremonies; ritualist,

n.

rituahsm:

one given

to

ceremonious

/sEri'mauniss/ a. mi6. [Fr. ceremonieux or late L caerimoniosus, f. caerimonia: see next, -ous.] 1 = ceremonial a. i. M16. 2 Addicted or given to ceremony; punctilious. .M16. 3 According to prescribed or customary Full of formalities. L16. 4 ceremony; accompanied by rites. E17.

ceremoniously

cereraoniousness n. L16. lME. [L caerimonia religious worship, (in pi.) ritual observances, perh. through (0)Fr. ceremonie: see -mony.1 1 An outward rite or observance; the performance of some solemn act according to a prescribed form. lME. b (A rite regarded as) an empty form, a mere formality. M16. 2 A formal act of

ceremony

adv. L16.

/'sErimani

n.

politeness, courtesy, civility, etc. lME. f3 An object or symbolic attribute of worship, state, or pomp. L16-E18. f4 portent, an omen, ^are (Shakes.). Only in L16. 5 (Non-coimt.)

A

Performance

of

pomp,

(religious)

ceremonial

rites;

precise observance of conventional forms; pimctilious behaviour. L16. 1 R. W. Emerson They repeated the ceremonies of the eleventh century in the coronation of the present Queen. A. N. Wilson It was not until she herself married that she became aware that this was a ceremony which her parents had never actually imdergone. b Robert Burton It is a meet flash, a ceremony, a toy, a thing of nought. 2 H. James She went and knocked at his door — a ceremony without which she never crossed the threshold. 5 Shakes. Hen. V What have kings that privates have not too, Save ceremony. G. Macdonald I was shown with much into the presence of two ladies. ceremony Phrases: Master of Ceremonies a person in ch-aigv of ceremonies observed on state or public occasions, a person introducing speakers at a banquet, entertainers in a variety show, etc. sans ceremonie: see SANS prep. stand on ceremony insist on the observance of display;

state;

.

.

.

.

formalities,

phr.

.

without ceremony informally,

Also

b but, d dog,

f

j

the same medium. cereologist /siari'obdsist/ n. L20. [f. Ceres (see cereal) + -ologist.] A student or investigator

to happen; a racehorse etc. regarded as certain to win. Freq. in dead cert for cert = for certain (see next)

certain

cereopsis

Gk

= Cape E17.

/'siarias/ a.

&

(f.

waxy

[f.

L

CAPE

ceresin /'sErism/ n. L19. [f. mod.L ceres f. L cera wax + -in'.] a hard whitish paraffin wax used /'sianas/ n. L17. [L: see cereous.]

now

of numerous neotropical cacti included in the genus Cereus. night-blooming cereus: see night n. 51

Many

species,

/'sisnk/

Of cerium f cerilla

in

a. its

placed

and adamant. I Murdoch He was quite certain that he was acting rightly, morally certain so sure that oae is justified in acting upon the conviction, b OED We are certain to meet him in the course of our

'night-

in

rambles.

=

var. of cedilla.]

Chem.

A

I

cork.

terpenoid

The

2

E19.

[f

E19.

/'siarin/ n.

L

cera

wax +

ketone extracted from alcohol-soluble part of

S

M19.

=

[Fr.

cherry.]

granular masses.

cerium

/'sisnam/ n. E19. [{. Ceres, an asteroid discovered shortly before this element + -ium ] A metallic chemical element, atomic no. 58, which is the most abundant of the lanthanidc series. (Symbol Ce.)

ceramic + metai. made by sintering an intimate mixture of ceramic and metallic /'saimst/ n. m20. [f. heat-resistant material

certainly rare (Shakes.).

v.t.

= concern

/'ssinjoas/

mtlined forwards

-ly'.]

+

M17.

a.

-ous.]

L

[f.

(Chiefly

/'siarsu/ n.

saw, sawfish.] in

be

surely E17. 2

that

is

ME.

+ way

[f prec.

certain; in a

depended on. ME. fb With certainty; unfailingly;

indubitably, assuredly, admittedly; (in answers) without doubt, undeniably, yes {certainly not, (emphatically) no). ME. b Fixedly. Now rare. L16.

PI. -os,

A mackerel,

warm

Also called

same. L19. [Sp. sierra Scomberomorus regalis, parts of the western Atlantic.

manner

lME

of

Bot.,

certain point:

disintegrated to a certain depth, c

/'s3:t(a)nli, -lin-/ adv.

In a

1

that may Exactly.

cemutts

bowing downwards, drooping,

flowers)

found

[Abbrcv.J

in L16.

v.

cemuous cero

Only

is

shall

ME

cermet

powders.

ice

just a I

books and see point n.' b J.

designated

certain

a certain age an age when one is no longer young of a woman), a certain ilisease venereal (usu disease in a certain condition: see condition n. 8. of a certain description (of a woman) of the demimonde, d SoUTHEV A certain Benjamin Franklin French writes to me from New Orleans B ellipt. as n. or pi. pron. 1 What is cenain, certainty, obs. exc. in for certain below. ME. +2 A particular quantity, amount, number, etc., of, ellipt. a particular sum of money. £17. 3 Some but not all (of). lME. 1 Shakes. Hen. V I will live so long as 1 may, that's the certain of it for certain, {dial.) for a certain, (arch.) of (a) certain as a certainty, assuredly. C adv. Certainly; assuredly. Now dial, or arch. .ME. certain sure very certain,

cerite /'suhaiI/ n. E19. [f next 4 -ite'.] Mm. An orthorhombic hydrated silicate of cerium and other lanthanides, occurring as brown

fcem

M. Montgomery If it isn't carried in way the handle pulls out M. Fravn

Tyndall The

n.

not

particular,

want him to bring documents, up to a

(Of) a light clear red.

A

I,.

certain

ceriph n. see serif. f Ceris n. & a. see Seri.

n.]

some

pi. n.)

necessary to define further. M18. d Of a person: unknown except by name; existing, but probably unknown to the reader or hearer. L18.

/si'nnOian/ n. & a. lME. [f Cerinthus (see below) + -IAN.] Eccl. Hist. A n. An adherent of Cerinthus, a Gnostic of the ist cent. AD who is usu. presented as antagonistic to the Apostle John. lME. B adj. Of or pertaining to Cerinthus or his teaching. L16.

&

but

particularized

some definite. ME. b Of some extent at least; some though not much. M16. c euphem. Which it is not polite or (with

Cerinthian

/sE'ri:z, -s/ a.

and

explicitly identified: (with sing, n.) a particular, -in'.]

beeswax. E19.

cerise

Known

115

CEDILLA.

cerin

Sure; inevitable;

Putting his certain ignorance agamst this man's possible knowledge, make certain make sure. 4 C. ISHERWOOD He can't be certain if Kenny answered his question or not. W. Trevor One of the daily women was only a little sceptical, while the other was certain

Any

M19. [f cerium + -ic] Chem. higher valency (4). Cf. CEROUS.

L16-M19. [Sp.,

n.

lME. 2 ME.

there any knowledge in the world which is so certain that no reasonable man could doubt it? J. Steinbeck

or formerly

those designated other genera.

esp.

now

blooming', are

eerie

Determined, fixed; not ME. b Definite,

1 1

postpositive.

arch.

Is

with or instead of beeswax.

cereus

certus

3 Established as be doubted. lME. 4 Of a person: having no doubt, assured, convinced. lME. b Destined, undoubtedly going to do. M17. 1 H. J. Stephen Payment of money on a day certain. J. Arlott The fixed and certain oak. b Marvell The answer is now much shorter and certainer. 2 Spenser Fearfull more of shame Then of the certeine perill he stood in. M. Somerville A certain indication of a coming tempest. H. Cecil An absolutely cenain thing for the four o'clock had come in second. 3 B. Russell

cereus waxen, f nature of wax;

the

L

a truth or fact; not to

cere.] In s.v.

adj.

Occas.

ME.

adv.

imfailing; wholly reliable.

wax) +

see Seri.

a.

A

settled, sure.]

Cereopsis

keros

Eu.ren goose

Of

wax: see -ous.] waxen, waxy. n.

waxen

to the swollen

ref.

cera

f Ceres

m20. [mod.L

n.

kerinos

&

Proto-Romance extension of

precise, exact,

full cereopsis goose.

cereous

f.

variable.

/sEn'opsis/

genus name, f. opsis face, with

/'s3:t(3)n, -tin/ a., n., pron.,

[(0)Fr.

of crop circles, cereology n. L20.

certainty

-tin-/

/'sa:t(3)nti,

OFr.

ME.

n.

[AN

see CERTAIN, -ty'.] 1 The quality or fact of being objectively certain. ME. 2 The quality or state of being subjectively certain; assurance, confidence; certitude. ME. 3 A definite number or quantity, obs. exc. Theatr.,

sierra.

certainte,

/'sisrau/ comb, form of L cera or Gk keros wax: see -0-. ce'rography n. writing, engraving, designing, or painting on or in wax L16. cero'plastic a. of or relating to modelling in wax E19. ceroon n. var. of seron.

cero-

yes,

K

cat,

1

leg,

f cerote

n.

see cerate.]

cerotic

Chem.

mi6-mi8. [L cerotum

a

flat

rate.

certainete:

lME. 4 An imdoubted

fact;

an

indubitable prospect; a thing or person which

f.

Gk

m

may be

keroton:

= cerate.

I

M19.

/si'rotik/ a.

[f.

as prec.

cerotic acid, a fatty acid,

J

was

filled

him. 4

'cerotate n. a salt or ester of cerotic acid L19. 'cerotin n. ceryl alcohol, CjjHjjOH, obtained from

Though

/'siaras/

a.

Chem. Of cerium

M19. in its

[f.

cerium + -ous.]

lower valency

(3).

cert

/S3:t/ n. slang.

Cf.

certainty.]

a

man, n no, p pen,

H9. [Abbrev. of certain

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we, z zoo,

E17. truly boasts the

man

a

If

will

Beauty

begin with

hee shall end in doubts. R. P. Warren He with certainty, a conviction that engulfed I would not advise you to .

.

M. W. Montagu

certes "sa:tiz/ adv. arch. ME. [(0)Fr., prob. Proto-Romance f. L certus: see certain.] Of

something

certainty, a sure thing; r

or

{to do).

Bacon

neglect a certaint>' for an uncertainty. G. B. Shaw these are only risks to the individual, to the community they are certainties. Phrases: for a certainty beyond possibiUt>' of doubt. moral certainty: see moral a.

waxes M19.

cerous

on 2

certainties,

C,„H5,COOH,

present in insect waxes, usu. as the ceryl ester,

insect

relied

Keill Geometry, which

of Certainty.

+ -ic]

CERIC.

casually.

/tfaVErikof reidi'eij(3)n/ Cherenkov. M20. [Pavel A.

few, g get, h he,

boimd

Cherenkov (b. 1904), Soviet physicist.] Physics. Light emitted by a charged particle moving in a medium at a speed greater than that of light in

.

Cerenkov radiation n.

certes

364

truth; assuredly,

J

I

f.

assure you.

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, d this,

i)

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

a

certie certie form,

Also prec, taken as

/'sxti/ n. Sc.

-y. E19.

f.

pi.]

good

phr.), in

faith,

my

records and proceedings in some review or a speedier judgement.

[Perh. backcertie (advb.

my word.

on

certiorate

certifiable /'sa:tifAi3b(3)l/ a. M19. [f. certify + -ABLE.] 1 Able to be certified; spec, (of a person) so deranged as to be certifiably insane; (of mental illness) of such a type as to warrant M19. 2 Of iiifectious disease: certification. notifiable US. E20. certifiably adv. in a manner or degree warranting

of

2

certy

birth

ORIGIN

I

marriage

certificate,

X-certificau,

etc.

Certificate of

.

&

ceruse

medical of origin: see

L

-ATE^.

Cf

pa. ppl

stem of

cenificatto(n-), f

n.

lME.

L

certtficat-

/S3'tifik3t(3)ri/

a.

law I^ pass,

of

L

certiorare

Cf

n.

lME.

inform, t. siserary

a cat, u:

arm,

>:

bed,

a:

her,

1

sh,

1

cosy,

1:

L19.

n.

L

[f

/'sa:vMn/

&

a.

see -ine'.]

M19. [L cervinus,

n.

Of

L19.

'siarAil, -ril/ n.

[f.

L

cera

wax +

to

proposition ] Logic. The of the second syllogistic figure, in universal negative major premiss and a

minor

certior ]

.r

yield

a

universal

Cesarean, -ian n. & a. see Caesarean. Cesarewitch /si'zarawitj/ n. In sense -vitch

/-vitj/,

tsesar'

emperor

-evich.

Cf.

saw,

A run,

C-.

(f

tsarevich

o put,

u:

too,

.i

]

also

[Russ. tsesarevich, f Caesar) + patronymic 1 Hist. = tsarevich.

ago,

ai

lME. [Aphet. f .\ssES.s lME-MiS. 2 = ASSESS V. 2. 3

L15.

dial.

v.t.

Impose

Hist.

Ir.

on the communir.'

(see CESS

n.' 2).

v.'i.

perform

lME

M18. [Var. of cease

Cf

a legal duty.

/sK'seiJ(a)n/ n.

v.]

Cease

cessavit.

lME. [L

cessatio{n-),

ppl stem of cessare: see cease v., -ATiON.] 1 Ceasing; a pause, stoppage. lME. fb cllipt. An armistice, a truce. M17 mi 8. f2 Inactivity. E17 E19. cessat- pa.

cessavit

/se'sciviI/ n. ei6. [L, 3rd person sing, writ to preterite of cessare: see cease v.] Hist. recover lands, which lay when a tenant ceased to

A

pay rent or perform legal duties for the space of two years. cesser /'scsa/ n. mi6. [Use as n. of AN, (0)Fr. cesser CE/iSE v.: see -ER''.] Law. 1 Hist. Ceasing of a tenant to pay rent or perform legal duties for the space of two years (cf prec). M16. 2 Cessation, termination (of a term,

liability, etc.).

E19.

cessile

/'sesaiI/

[f

L16.

rare.

a.

L

cess-

(see

Of the air: yielding. cession /'sej'(a)n/ n. lME. [(0)Fr., or cession) + -ILE.]

its source ppl stem of cedere cede: see -ION.] t'f The relinquishing of title or office. M18. b Eccl. Law. The vacating of a benefice by taking another without dispensation. L16. 2 Ceding, giving up {of nghts, property,

L

ccssio{n-),

cess- pa.

(.

lME

etc., esp. of territory

by

a State).

lME. b Law.

voluntary surrender by a debtor of all his or her effects to creditors. 1.16. f 3 gen. Giving way, yielding.

my, ao how,

Only

in 17.

[med.L n. L15. cessionanus n., {. cessio{n-): see prec, -ARY'.] 1 An assignee. L15. t2 A bankrupt who makes cession. Only in 17.

cessionary

f

cessment

f cessor

/'sEj(a)n(a)ri/

n. var.

n. var.

of sessment.

of sessor.

/'sEspAip/ n. L19. [f the imagined base of cesspool, w. implied sense 'sewage, liquid waste', + pipe «.'] A pipe leading to or from 2 cesspool. cesspit /'.sEspil/ n. M19. [f as prec. + pit n.'] A pit for the disposal of sewage. cesspool /'sEspu:l/ n. L17. [Prob. alt. of

cesspipe

A

1

M19.

L

ASSESS V.l.

cessation

-yl.J

mood a

to CESS

ref.

evil befall.

The

a universal affirmative

universal affirmative negative conclusion.

=

exc.

fcess

cervisia

Chem. The straight-chain radical C^^H,,, present in cerotin. Usu. in comb. Cesare 'si:zari/ n. mi6. [A mnemonic of scholastic philosophers first used in med.L, E indicating a universal negative proposition and A first

M19. [Perh. w.

may

cess to,

E17.

the vagina. /

all cess.

(soldiers etc.)

(.

/'sa:viks/ n. PI. -vices /-visi:z/. mi8. [L.] Anat. The neck; a part of an organ resembling or forming a neck, spec, the narrow passage forming the lower end of the womb adjacent tn

ceryl

see caespititious.

a.

/sEs/ v.U. Also f S-.

obs.

or like a deer; (an

L

bad

v.] -fx

cervix

[Late

see, n hot,

cess

L17.

cemc-, Med. Inflammation of the neck

satvi'sMtis,

cervisial /sa:'vizial/ a. joc. li8. [f beer + -al'.] Of or pertaining to beer,

Imw. An order or ("formerly) writ issuing from a superior court (in England the High Court) to an inferior court or tribunal and calling up the compar. of cenus certain.

n.

/sa:'vAikau/ comb, form of L cervicn. CERVIX: see -o-. cervico'facial a. pertaining to the neck and face.

which -'ra:ri/

&

a.

Alamire,

ut respectively. Cf.

etc.

/ses/ n.' Anglo-lr.

2.]

n.'

animal) of the deer family,

LI9. L16 /s3:ti3'rc:rM,

cess

L cervtcis,

cervico-

cervus deer:

n.

certiorari

,

CERVIX + -itis.] of the womb.

cervine

vouch for. ME. b Law. on a certain scale.

rare.

certifier

cervicitis

f.

C

sol,

m

{.

CERVIX: see -al'.] Anat. A adj. 1 Of or pertaining to the neck. L17. 2 Of or pertaining to a cervix, spec. that of the womb. M19. 2 cenncal smear, see SMEAR n. 2b B n. A cervical nerve, vertebra, etc. Ml 8. cervicatis,

and

fa,

withers out of

of

kind

/'sa:vid, n. Sc a. L19. [mod.L Cervidae below), f. L cervus deer: see -ll)-.] (A ruminant) of the family Cer'idac, to which most deer belong.

Make (a person) cenain {of); assure; give (a person) formal or legal attestation {of), arch.

Now

A

sausage.]

sa:'vMk(3)l/

cervelas), f

(see

v.t.

to;

Milanese

(now

Also

+

as a pitch letter

provisions at prices fixed by government. L15. 2 A local tax or rate; Sc. land tax. obs. exc dial. L16. M16. f3 Assessment, estimation. Only Shakes. / Hen. IV Poor jade is wrung in the

(see

cervid

ME.

Testify

/'sa:vala:/ n. E17. [Fr.

C

[f.

cespitose a. see caespitose. cess /ses/ n.' Also fs-. L15. [f cess v.' or aphet. f ASSESS n. ] 1 Ir. Hist. The obUgation to supply the Lord Deputy's household and soldiers with

M19

lME. [med.L

[(0)Fr. certifier {. late L v.t. 1 certificare, {. cenus: see CERTAIN, -FY.] Make (a thing) ccnain; guarantee as certain, give ccnain information of ME. 2 v.t. Declare or ancst by a formal or legal certificate. ME. b spec. Declare (a person) officially insane. L19. 3

v.i.

mi 9. [f. L cerussa Orthorhombic

/sa:'vantik/ a. mi8.

mod.L

[Fr., or

guaranteed to be available.

a certificate for costs

Aim.

-ite'.]

smoked pork sausage. cervical /'sa:vik(a)l,

:

Give

/'siarssAit/ n.

cervellaia

It.

certified cheque: whose value is guaranteed by a bank certified mail C'.S" whose delivery is recorded, certified milk: guaranteed free from tuberculosis bacillus certified 'public) accountant US: holding certified a certificate of professional competence for which the shares arc transfer Stock F.xch

ME. 4

{.

sol,

cespititious

in

cervelat

certified 'saUifAid/ a. E17. [f next + -ed'.] That has been cerufied; having a certificate, attested by certificate, arch, certain.

/'.saitifM/ v.

[(0)Fr. ceruse

kiros wax.] ViTiite lead

sa:'vantMt/ n. M19. [f Cervantes, a Spain + -ite'.] Min. Galicia, tetroxide, usu. Orthorhombic antimony occumng as yellow or reddish needles.

locahty

centficaionus, f L cenificat-: see prec, -ory-.] Serving to certify; of the nature of a certificate, letter certificatory a wnnen testimomal.

certify

lME.

Gk

f.

sol

and fa

sol

/si:sDlfa:'ut/ n. obs. exc. Hist.

lME.

Befa, prec,

cervantite

1 I Sure information; assurance. Now rare. lME. 2 Sc. Laui. Nonce or a wammg to a party of the consequences of a failure to obey the summons or other wnt. L15. 3 The aaion or an mstance of certifymg the truth of something. M16. 4 Provision of a formal or legal certificate, esp. of insanity. L19. f II 5 A ceruficate. M16 L18.

certificatory

syllables

cera

[f. Cervantes (see or -ic] Of, pertaining to, characteristic of the Spanish novelist and Saavedra de Cervantes dramatist Miguel (1547 1616).

see CERTIFY, -ATION.]

certificare:

L

+

below)

v.t.

,s3:tifi'kei](3)n

med.L

[med.L, f

L17.

n.

/'siaruis, si'ruis/ n.

cerussa, perh. ult.

Cervantic

mi8. [f the n.: see -ATE'. Cf prec] 1 Provide with a certificate; license or authorize by certificate. M18. 2 Attest by a certificate. L19. [('O)Fr., or

Chiefly poet. Also

n.

C

Also

+

fa and ui designating tones in the solmization of Guido d'Arezzo ((-990 1050).] Medieval Mus. The note C in Guido d'Arezzo's 3rd, 4th, and 5th hexachords, where it was simg to the

lead carbonate, most commonly occurring as white, grey, or yellowish crystals. Also called lead-spar.

& ppt a. e-mi6. [med.L pple of centficare: see certifv, next.] Certified; assured,

certification

&

as a pitch letter

etc.

Cesolfaut

caeruleus sky-blue, sea-blue (or

C

[f.

designating tones in the solmization of Guido d'Arezzo (-, the growth of the 2

machine-shop.

114 An assembly or the totality of the canons of a collegiate or cathedral church, or of the members of a monastic or knightly order. ME. 5 A local branch of a society. N. Amer. E19. Phrases: chapter and verse fig. exact reference or authont\' the chapter of accidents: see ACCIDENT lb. to the end of the chapter fig. always, throughout. Comb.: chapter house a building where a chapter

chapterman

a

member

of the chapter of a

chapter

'Ijapta/ v.t. Earlier f chapiter etc. i f. the n.; sense 2 f Fr. chapitrer, f prec] 1 Divide into chapters. L15. 2 Reprimand, take to task. rare. M16.

LI 5. [Sense as

f chapwoman

(little)

Indian

Also -y.

chap or

I

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

r.

lME

-women.

PI.

n.

chap(man + WOMAN

n.]

A

E19.

[f

female pedlar or

char

/tja:/

also cyrr

chore

Also (now rare) chare /tje:/. See jar n? [OE cerr, (WS) cierr, 'ate rcl. to CHAR v.'] f 1 A return; a turn; an occasion, a time. Long only in a-char ajar adv.' & pred. a.' OE L18. A turn of work; a deed; a piece of business. OE LI7. 3 An odd job, esp. of domestic work; in pi, the housework of a domestic servant. Now orily in comb. ME. 4 A n.'

nl',

charwoman, hour or

E20.

colloq.

charwoman

Comb.: charlady, the

ilay or

week

to clean

a

woman

rooms

hired by

in offices or

houses.

char

/tJa:/

n.^

Also

charr.

PI.

same.

M17.

[Origin uncenain: perh. f Celt.] A small trout of the genus Salvehnus; esp. i". alpinus (also Arctic char), of Arctic waters and northern lakes. Also (AT. Amer.), the brook trout, S. foniinalis. /tJa:/ n.' L19. [f char v-] A charred substance, esp. the residue resulting from the removal of volatile materials from coal.

char

char char

n.*

sec chair

«.' var.

/'Jara/

n.'-

E20. [Abbrev. of next.]

colloq.

A

motor coach.

charabanc

Also char-4'carriage with seats'.] A long and light vehicle with transverse seats looking forward; a motor coach.

banc. E19.

characin

/'Jarabaij/

arch.

n.

[Fr. char-a-bancs

/'karasin/

genus name, f

[mod.L Characinus

L19.

n.

lit.

Gk kharax a kind A freshwater fish

of fish, lit. a pointed stake.] of the large family Characidae, most members of which (e.g. the piranhas, tetras) occur in S. and Central America.

charact

/'karakt/ n. arch. Also fear-. lME. [OFr. c(h)aract masc, c(h)aracie fem., perh. ult. f Gk kharaktos given or impressed as a mark, taken as n.] f 1 A mark, a sign; an engraved or impressed character. LME-M17. 2 A magical or cabbalistic sign or

emblem. lME.

character

/'karakta/ n. ME. [(0)Fr. caraciere f L character f Gk kharakter instrument for marking, f. kharassein engrave; assim. to L in 16.]

1

A

distinctive

mark impressed, engraved,

ME.

or otherwise formed, arch, in gen. sense.

2

= charact 2. arch. lME. fb gen. A symbol, an emblem; a representation. E17-E18. 3 A graphic esp. one denoting a soimd or idea. Usu. L15. b A writing-system, a set of letters etc.; writing, printing; a style of writing or arch. printing, L16. fc In pi. Shortliand. M17-E18. fd A cipher for secret correspondence etc. M17-M18. e Computing. A lener, digit, or

symbol, in pi.

other symbol which can be read, stored, and output lay a computer; a representation of such a symbol. M20. 4 fig. A token; a feature, trait, characteristic, arch, in gen. sense. E16.

b

Biol.

A

distinguishing characteristic of a species etc. E18. 5 A description; spec, a description or detailed report of a person's qualities, a testimonial. M16. 6 The estimate formed of a person's qualities; reputation; good repute. E17. \7 Personal appearance. E17 M18. 8 Collective peculiarities; nature, sort, style; the distinctive mental or moral qualities of an individual, a people, etc.; distinction,

individuality.

E17.

9

Recognized

A

rank; status, position; role. M17. 10a person regarded as the possessor of specified qualities; a personage, a personality. M17. b person portrayed in a novel, a drama, etc; a part played by an actor or (arch.) a dissembler. Mi 7. c An eccentric or noticeable person. L18. 11 Moral strength, esp. if highly developed or evident. M18. i F. King Some in Western leners and some in Japanese characters D. Walcott An old lady v, rites official

v.' Infl. -rr-. Also (now rare) chare Sec also chore v. (OE cierran rel. to char Turn; esp. turn away or aside. n.'] fl v.i. & OE-L17. t2 v.t. Do (a turn of work). L16 E19. 3 v.i. Do odd jobs, esp. of domestic work; work as

/tju:/

i.

charwoman. /tJa:/

v.'^

charcoal: cf chark

L17. [App. back-form, to v:'] 1 v.t.

Bum

charcoal; scorch, blacken with fire. L17. 2 Become reduced to charcoal. E18.

chara

v.i.

n.' M18. [L, name of an unkn. charophyte of the genus Chara Characcae), the members of which

/'ke:ra/

A

saw, a run, o put,

u:

in a spidery style. Each character trembling, b Spenser The Saxons Character is the same with the Irish. Shakes Aicas. for M. Here is the hand and seal of the Duke. You know the character, I doubt not. 4 BtiRKE Tell me, what one character of liberty the Americans have. 5 A. Wilson If you land back in the approved school don't come to me for a good character. 6 E A Freeman His character for sanctity. 8 A. Crump The amount and character of the deposits of English banks M. Innes Inquiries on the character and habits of the missing girl. C. G. Seligman In Tuareg are independent, brave, character the impulsive, and mendacious. 9 G. Burnet He had the appointments of an ambassador, but would not take the character. 10a L. P. Hartley Both were

characters.

too, 3 ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

J.

Cannan

The

Mab leaves his gear out in her. story with a senior civil servant as the 1 1 Day Lewis A delicate vivid face, giving an impression of character beyond her years. Phrases: in, out of, character in, not in, accord with a person's nature and reputation, optical character reader, recognition: see OPTICAL a. social character: see .

.

b G. Greene A main character.

social

E18. Infl. -rr-.

me

strong exceedingly character who owns

nl'

of CHA.

/iJe:/.

f

to the family Characeae (the stoneworts): M19.

A

dealer.

char

/'tjapli/.

of chappai..

bed,

Also

n.

A. Chaptal (1756-1832), Fr. chemist who invented the process + -ization.] In wine-making, the correction or improvement of must by the addition of calciiun carbonate to neutralize acid or of sugar to increase alcoholic

chappli

r.

Also

-i(e)s.

PI.

n.

etc.

chapter

are encrusted with lime and have a fetid smell. cha'raceous a. resembling a chara; of or pertaining characteristically

chara

chaptalization

(family

n. var.

-y'.] Full

E19. [Urdu chaprasT, f chapras badge, f. Pers. caprdsi.} In the Indian subcontinent: an attendant, a messenger, a household official, chaps /Japs, tj-/ n.pl. N. Amer. L19. [Abbrev. of chaparejos.] Stout protective trousers for

plant.]

arm,

+

n.'

official

fellow.

a cat, u:

chap

clefts,

chuprassy.

a

/'tjap(3)l/

chappie.

/'tJapi/ a. E17. [f

chaprassi

f char

arch, or Htst. PI.

merchant, a dealer. OE. 2 spec. A pedlar. ME. A customer. E19. t4 A broker. lME M17.

chappal

var. of

E19. [Pashto.]

monastic order

,

chapman

n.

of chaps or

meets; v.

chaplain 'tjaplin, n. ME. [AN, OFr. chapelain f med.L cappellanus (whence earlier capellane)

(see

chappy chappy

chapelerie

f.

A

chappow /tfa'pau/ n. Anglo-Ind. A plimdering expedition; a raid,

-isation. L19. [f

to a play.

-RY.] 1 chapel.

character

373

&

character,

specific

a.

character, see

titular

a.

3.

see

specific

a.

unit character see

titular

tWlT

n.'

a.

specializing

in Comb.: character actor, actress: character parts; character assassination deliberate destruction of a person's reputation, character part an acting pan requiring strong delineation of eccentric or unusual, character; esp individual, character reference a testimonial to a person's

day, so no,

c:

hair,

13

near,

.n

boy, oa poor,

ai.i

tire,

ao

character character

qualities;

sketch

(written)

brief

a

description of a person's qualities; character string a linear sequence of characters, esp. stored in or

processed by a computer; character witness a person who attests to another person's good reputation.

characterful a. full of character, individual E20. characterless a. without character or individuality E17. characterlessness n. M19. charactery, -try n. (now poet) expression of thought by symbols or characters; the symbols or characters collectively; L16.

character

/'karakts/

v.t.

arch. li6.

the n.]

[f.

1

Engrave; inscribe. L16. 2 Represent, portray. L16. 3 Describe. (Foil, by ^as, be.) Cf. CHARACTERIZE 2. EI7. 4 = CHARACTERIZE 4. MI7. 5 = CHARACTERIZE 5. MI7.

fcharacterical

E17.

a.

[f.

Gk

kharaktlrikos,

f.

kharaktlr. CHARACTER see n., -ICAL.] 1 Characteristic, distinctive. E17-M18. 2 Of or

pertaining to symbolic characters, symbols, or charms. M-L17.

characterisation CHARACTERIZATION,

-ise

n.,

magical of

vars.

v.

-ISM.] 1 Characterization, description of character. M16-E19. 2 Charaaeristic quality; a characteristic. M17-L19.

characteristic

/karakta'ristik/

[Fr. caraclenstique or

&

a.

M17.

n.

med.L characteristicus

late

f.

Gk

kharaktensnkos, f. Gk kharakter. see -iSTlc] A adj. Indicative of «. character; typical; distinctive. (Foil, by of.) M17. characteristic curve: showing the relabon between two interdependent quantities (esp. properties of a

A

mark; a distinguishing trait, peculiarity, or quality. M17. 2 Math. The integral pan of a logarithm. M17. 3 A n.

1

distinctive

mi;tiial

static

a.

= (arch.) characteristical a. Sc n. (a) adj. CHARACTERISTIC a.; f() n. = CHARACTERISTIC n. I: E17. characteristically adv. M17. characteristicalness n. (arch.) L18. characteristicness n. E19.

characterization

/kar3kt(3)rAj'zeiJ(9)n/

n.

The

Also -isation. L16. [f next + -ation.] action or result of characterizing; esp.

(a)

words etc., description; (b) the creation of a fictitious character or fictitious characters. in

(effective)

characterize

/'karaktstAiz/ v. Also -ise. li6. med.L characterizare, f. Gk

[Fr. caractiriser or

kharakter. see CHARACTER n., Engrave, inscribe; = character v.

kharakterizein, -IZE.] f 1 V.t. I.

2

I.:6-EI9.

f.

v.t.

Describe the character or

peculiar qualities of; describe as (also fro be). E17. t3 Represent, portray; = character v. 2. M17-E18. 4 v.t. Mark or distinguish as a character does; be a characteristic of. M18. 5 v.i. I. Impan character (to). E19. characterizer n. M18.

6

characterology character

n.

/karakta'robdsi/

+ -OLOGY,

tr.

G

n.

E20.

[f.

Charakterologie.]

The branch

of psychology that deals with character, esp. its development and variation between individuals. charactero'logical a. E20. characterologist n. E20.

charade

/Ja'raid/

n.

li8.

[Fr.

f

mod.Prov

charrado conversation, f charra chatter, perh. of imit. origin ] 1 A written or (now usu.) acted clue from which a syllable of a word or a complete word is to be guessed. L18. b (In pi. usu. treated as sing.) A game of guessmg words from such clues. M19. 2 fig. An absurd pretence. L19.

charas

/'tjairss/ n.

Also churrus

/'tjAras/.

M19

[Hind, caras.] A narcotic resin from the flowerheads of hemp; caimabis resin. charbroil /'tfa:broil/ v.t. Orig. US. M20. li charcoal n. + BROIL V.'] Grill (meat etc.) on a rack over charcoal.

charchaf n. charcoal

.

.

n.

M19.

{.

Cold cooked meats;

-erv.]

see

flesh:

shop

a

in football etc.

1 16

H9. assoc.

and

chard), (the edible leaves beet.

stalks

oO

/'Ja:d3nei/ n. E20. [Fr.] (The bearing) a white grape used in winemaking; (a drink of) dry white wine made from these grapes. Also Pinot Chardonnay.

CHAR

chare n.-, fcharet charrette,

v.

«.']

as

A

char

see

n. (.

ME.

north.

/tje:/ w.' n.'',

[Perh.

narrow n.\

lane;

same wd an

particular offence under (esp. military) law. on (of a battery) being charged, prior charge: see

as

charge

alley.

prior a. put in charge cause (a person) to have supervision or control, put on a charge accuse of a particular offence under (esp. military) law. return to the charge fig. begin again, esp. in argument, reverse

v.^

Also

-ette.

chair

n.':

LME-E19.

[(0)Fr.

see -Et', -ette.]

A

cart;

the charges: see

a chariot.

charge

/tja:d3/

A

late

ME.

n.

L

[(0)Fr.

car(ri)care:

see

f

f

1

v.}

var. of

Comb.: charge account

/'tjaikaul/

uncertain: corm. w. b but, d dog,

f

n.

coal

& n.

v.

lME.

[Origin

in sense 'charcoal'.]

few, g get, h he,

etc.;

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m mm,

n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

top, v van,

w

we, z zoo,

in

a credit account at a shop which are recorded cases and charge cap an imposed

police court;

a

that can be charged, esp. by a local authority for public services, charge card a credit card, esp for use at a particular store or chain of stores or for an account which must be cleared in full on receipt of a statement, charge carrier = carrier n. 9; chargehand a worker who is in charge of others; chargehouse f (a) a (boarding-)school; (b) a workshop in which explosive is loaded into shells etc chargenurse: in charge of a ward etc.; charge-sheet: on which are recorded cases and charges made at a police ;

station.

fchargeful responsibility:

a.

lME

burdensome; costly; full of E17. chargeless a. (now rare)

L16

[(0)Fr. charger f late L v.t. Place a load on or in. obs. exc. as passing into other senses. ME. fb Overload. lME li8. 2 v.t. Load or fill (a thing) to the full or proper extent; spec. load (a gtm) with explosive and shot. ME. b

charge

/tja:d3/

ME.

v.

car{ri)care to load,

f.

L

carrus CAR.] II

&

Load, fill, saturate, wtth (Itt. fig.); imbue with. L16. c Give an electric charge to (a body); store a charge in (a battery etc.). Also foil, by up. M18. f3 v.t. Burden with sin, guilt, sickness, etc. ME-M17. t4 v.t. Burden with or put to expense etc. ME-M17. 5 v.t. Entrust or commission with as a duty, task, or responsibility. ME. 6 v.t. Command, order, to do, that (w. subjimct.). ME. b Deliver an official or formal instruction or exhortation to. E17. 7 v.t. Blame, censure; accuse, spec, of a particular offence imder law. (Foil, by with an offence.) ME. b Lay as a charge against, on, upon; state or assert in an indictment; make the charge that. E17. v.t. Attach weight or imponance to; regard. M16. 9a v.t. Subject or make liable (a person, estate, etc.) to a pecimiary obligation or

ME

liability.

(Foil,

Require or or

by with the

demand

liability.)

ME. b

(a price, for service

goods supplied); impose as

a

v.t.

rendered

liability

or

pecuniary charge {on a person, estate, etc.); put as a charge {up) to, against, on, an accoimt; debit to an accoimt. L18. c v.t. w. double obj. Require

.

t

ai

upper limit on the amount that can be charged; charge-cap v.t. subiect to charge-capping, chargecapping imposition of an upper hmit on the amount

.

.

charge-book:

charges

&

charshaf.

shaped charge: see shaped a. stratified charge.

results.

(material)

.

v. 7.

see specific

take charge assume control or direction (of); coUoq. (of things) get out of control, esp. with disastrous

Proto-

CHARGE

reverse

charge:

specific

I.

load, burden, or weight. 2 A load (of trouble, fig. inconvenience, etc.); a source of trouble or inconvenience. ME. 3 A task or duty laid upon one; commission, responsibility. ME. 4 TTie duty or responsibility of taking care of (a person or thing); care, custody, control, superintendence. lME. b A thing or person entrusted ii> the care of someone; spec, the people or district committed to the care of a member of the clergy, mi 6. |5 Importance, moment. LME-L16. 6 a Pecuniary burden, cost. arch. lME. b smg. & in/)/. Expense, arch. E16. c Comm. In pi. Incidental expenses. M16. d A price required or demanded for service rendered or goods supplied. E19. 7 A liability to pay money laid on a person or estate. lME. 8 A precept, an order, spec, an official instruction or admonition given by a judge to a jury, by a bishop to his clergy, etc. lME. 9 An accusation; spec, that upon which a prisoner is brought up for trial. L15. 10 Her. A device or bearing placed on a shield, crest, or supporter. L16. 1 1 Farriery. A thick adhesive plaster; a protective pad for the foot E17. 12 TTie quantity of something which a receptacle, mechanism, etc., is designed to bear or receive at one time; esp. the appropriate quantity of explosive for a gun. mi 7. b A quantity of explosive; an explosive device. L19. 13 a An accumulation of electricity on or in a body, or of chemical energy in a banery that is available for conversion to electricity; the amount of this, = electric charge s.v. ELECTRIC a. Also, the process of charging a battery. M18. b fig. A concentration of emotion etc. M19. c A quantity of electricity borne by an atom, molecule, or subatomic particle. L19. 14 slang, a A dose or injection of a drug. E20. b A thrill; a sharp stimulant eflfea; a feeling of excitement or satisfaction. M20. c Marijuana. M20. 2 A. Eraser TTie village was selfishly concerned that the baby should not be abandoned there, as a charge on the parish. 3 W. S. Churchill I have therefore laid down the charge which was placed upon me. 4b ]. FowLES That sustained attention to her charges that a governess's duties require. 5 Shakes. Rom. Jul. The letter was not nice, but full of charge Of dear import. 6b THACKiRAY A cathedral built by the present bishop at his own charges. Ld Macaulay Well I

for action.

or control of; (b) having supervision or control of. lay to someone's charge impute to someone as a fault; charge someone with, on a charge accused of a

vine

CHARE

weapon ready

sound the charge. Phrases: free of charge without payment, give in charge hand over (a person) to the custody of the police. in charge in control, with overall responsibility, in charge of (a) under the supervision

seakale

Chardonnay

chare

position of a

15 P. G. WoDEHOUSE TTie Old Guard made their last desperate charge up the blood-soaked slopes of Waterloo, b C. S. Forester He yelled to his bugler to

Also sh- /J-/, mi 7. [Fr. carde, w. chardon thistle: see CARDOON.] The blanched shoots of globe artichoke or salsify. Also (more fully Swiss n.

by

alt.

The

L16-M17.

/tja:d/

perh.

.

mi 6. b Mil. A signal for anack soimded on a trumpet or other instrument. M17.

selling these; a (French) pork-butcher's shop. charcutier /Jarkytje (pi. same); fa:'ku:tiei/ n. a (French) pork-butcher; a person who prepares or sells charcuterie:

.

.

.

/Jarkytri {pi. same); Ja:'ku:t(3)ri:/ ^char (mod. chair) cuite cooked

[Fr.,

.

.

B v.t. 1 Mark, write, or blacken with charcoal. M19. 2 Suffocate with the fumes of charcoal. M19. charcuterie

.

i

.

ME-E18.

characteristic.

portrayal

.

.

.

Romance, f

characteristic curve. E20. 3 mutual characterisiic: see

armed and mounted at their own charge, d A. C. BouLT The charge for admission was always one penny. 8 H. James The very words of the lady of Woollen her parting charge to her child. 9 R Travers His warrant for the arrest of one Frank Harwood on the charge of wilful murder, bring, lay, prefer, etc., a charge (against). 12 PoPE A charge of snuff the wily virgin threw. S. Sassoon The trigger had come loose and wouldn't fire the charge, b F FrrzGERALD The Viet Cong had set off plastic charges in the midst of the crowd. 13b P. Brook A verse play is half way between prose and the opera, yet with a higher charge than prose. 14b J. Raban It gives one a charge as strong as a snift of cocaine, c Melody Maker Smoking charge on the premises. II 15 A rushing anack by soldiers, police, members of a team, an animal, etc.; an attack made by throwing oneself against an opponent

activated charcoal: see activate v. 1 active charcoal: 1 see ACTIVE a. 5 mineral charcoal: see MINERAL a. Comb.: charcoal biscuit: containing wood-charcoal as an aid to digestion; charcoal-burner a maker of charcoal; charcoal filter: using charcoal to absorb impurities; charcoal grey: see sense 3 above.

,

device), static charcutenstic curve.

B

A n. 1 sing. & fin pi. The black porous residue of partly burnt wood, bones, etc., a form of carbon. lME. 2 A charcoal pencil or crayon; a drawing in this medium. L17. 3 In full charcoal grey. A dark grey. E20.

chard

-IZE.

f characterism n. Also (earlier) in L form -ismus. M16. [Late L charactensmus f. Gk kharaktirismos, f. kharaktSr. see CHARACTER n.,

CHARACTER

charge

374

f

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, d this,

i)

ring, tj chip, d3 jar

charge from

person etc.). (Foil, by for.) M19. d v.i. Make a pecuniary charge. M19. 10 Her. Place a bearing on (an escutcheon or another bearing). L16. 2 ]. Herriot a bottle of Glenlivet Malt to charge Granville's glass, b E. A. Parkes Water highly charged (a price)

(a

calcium carbonate. H. James A table charged purchases. T. Collins The air was still charged dust. W. C. Williams Poetry is language charged emonon. F. Herbert Starlight displaced just enough of the night to charge each shadow with menace. 5 J. C. Ransom The department of English is charged with the communication of literature. 6 Sir W. Scott He charged, That his array Should southward march. R. V. Jones Staflford Cripps was charged by Churchill to conduct an enquiry. 7 F. Raphael Cricklewood Police Station where his father had been charged. H. Kissinger He had charged his predecessors with weakness, b Dryden Charge the crime, On native sloth. L. A. Fiedler It has been charged against vulgar art that it is sadistic. S. KiNGSLEY Mr. Reynolds charges you gave him money from the public treasuries. 9a W. Cruise: H. Lawson charged all his personal estate, with the payment of his debts, b A. Loos They would charge up all the bills to Lady Francis Beekman. W. Falt-KNer Have you been charging things at stores again? T. S. Eliot The villages dirty and charging high pnces. E. Waugh This is the first time I've charged anything on expenses. G. M. Eraser Fifteen dollars a bottle they were charging for claret c They were charged with with with with

.

.

charm

375

demand

or

.

charioteership

charism

n.

performance as

/'kariz(3)m/

= CHARISMA

Theol.

charisma

M19.

a charioteer

L15. [f as next.] Chr.

n.

cotton.

I.

-tnata /-mats/. M17. [eccl.L f. Gk khansma, -mat-, f khans favour, grace.] 1 Chr. Theol. A divinely conferred power or talent. M17. 2 A capacity to inspire devotion and enthusiasm; aura. M20. /ka'rizms/

charismatic

«. PI.

/kariz'matik/

&

a.

Gk

L19. [f

n.

A

+ -ic] adj. 1 Chr. or pertaining to a charisma; divinely conferred. L19. b Designating, of, or penaining to Christian worship marked by enthusiasm, spontaneity, ecstatic utterance, etc.; Pentecostal. M20. 2 Having charisma. M20. B «. A person who claims divine inspiration; an adherent of charismatic worship. M20. charismatically adv. M20. khansmat- (see prec.)

Of

Theol.

charitable

ME.

/'tjarit3b(3)l/ a.

[(0)Fr., f as

Showing Christian God and man. ME-M17.

CHARITY:

see -able.] charity or the love of

fl

.

OED

head

five shillings a

could

dmner d Mrs H. Wood I please say no more about

for

not charge pa>'ment. 10 charged with bearing. .

.

II II v.i. & (. Make a rushing attack (on); rush or throw oneself (against or upon) with all one's force. lME. 12 v.t. Place (a weapon) in position for action. E16.

M. Mitchell Chargmg up

1 1

the

M

hill at his

usual

breakneck speed. Roberts I thought I was going to be killed when those police horses charged us. chargeable a. f (a) of the nature of a charge or burden; responsible; burdensome; costly; (b) able or hable to be charged: lME charged ppl a. that has been charged, now spec, with electricity or (Jig.) emotion etc. lME

charge

foreign Jar3e {pi same) I n.

,"J'a:3ei; ]

minister who transacts diplomatic business during the temporary absence of an ambassador; a State's representative at a minor foreign coun or government. M18. 2 gen. A person temporarily charge. L18.

m

chargee

tja:'d3i:

Now

n.

rare.

or

n.

charger

ME. [AN

'tjQ:d33,

CHARGE

L19. [f

+ -EE'.] Law. The person to charge on an estate etc. is due. V.

whom

a

chargeour (cf

OFr. chargeoir basket strapped on the back, chargeoire device for loading guns): see v.,

-our, -er^]

charger -er'

.]

1

a large

/'tja:d33/

plate or

n.'

An apphance

1,15.

flat

charge

dish.

charge

[f.

v.

+

for charging a gun, rifle,

electnc battery, etc. L15. 2 A person who makes a charge, an accuser, rare. L16. 3 A cavalry horse, poet, any horse. M18. 4 Law. A person

who must pay rare.

a charge

on an

estate etc.

Now

M19.

chariot

/'tjanst/

L \

n.

&

lME.

v.

[(0)Fr., augm.

Cf

CHAIR n.', charet ] n. a wheeled conveyance, usu. horse-drawn, spec. t(a) a cart, a wagon; (b) poet. a stately or triumphal carriage; (c) a twowheeled vehicle used in ancient warfare and racing; (d) (chiefly Hist.) a light four-wheeled carriage with back scats only. lME. B t^. 1 v.i. Drive or ride in a chariot. M16. 2 v.i. Carry or convey in or as a chariot. M17. of char

ult.

f

carrum,

see CAR.

-us:

chario'tee n. (US, Hist.) a light four-wheeled pleasure carnage with two seats EI9. chariotry n. t(a) rare the art of dnving a chariot, (b) the body of soldiers who fought from chariots; L17,

charioteer

/tJariD'tia/

n.

&

v.

ME.

arm,

1,

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, n hot,

in

charitable of persons,

charitableness

n.

lME. charitably

charitarian /tjari'tsirian/ + -ARIAN.] A supporter

adv.

gooder.

charitative

/'tjantatrv/

Now

a.

lME.

rare.

med.L caritattvus, {. L cantat-: see next, -rvE.] 1 Of the nature of or penaining to charity. lME. f 2 Of the nature of a charitable [OFr.

gift

charitatif

t.

or donation. L16-E18. /'tjanti/

n.

lOE. [(0)Fr. chante

cams dear: see

{.

L

Cf

caritas.] 1 Christian love; esp. Christian love of one's fellow-men. lOE. 2 gen. Love, kindness, natural

caritas,

{.

spontaneous

affection;

-ity.

ME.

goodness.

fb

A

Fairness, equity. LME-M17. c disposition to think favourably of others, their actions, etc.,

and

make allowance

to

for their shortcomings.

d In pi. Feelings or acts of affection. M17. 3 Beneficence; liberality 10 or provision for those in need or distress; alms-giving. ME. b Money, a gift, or other assistance to relieve need or distress. ME. c A trust, foundation, organization, etc., for the benefit of others, esp of those in need or distress. L16. d In pi. Acts or works of liberality. E17. i R H Tavvney Each town must organize chanty for the support of the honest poor Proverb: Charity begins at home, charity ball, concert, etc. cold as charity to the unsympathetic administration of (w. alius charity) Brother, Sister, of Charity a male, female, member of a religious order devoted to charity, legal charity: see LEGAL a. Comb. Charity Commission(ers) a board established to control charitable trusts; charity school: supported by chantable contributions, charity walk a sponsored walk to raise money for a cliant>-; charity walker a participant in a charity L15.

.i;

ciarlatano,

charivari

&

See also shivaree. M17. [Fr., of unkn. origin.] \ n. A cacophonous mock serenade in derision of an unpopular person, marriage, etc.; a discordant medley of sounds, a hubbub. M17. B v.t. Greet or serenade /Ja:ri'va:ri/ n.

v.

with a charivari. E19.

chark CHARK

chark CHIRK

/t|a:k/ V.']

exc.

obs.

n.

Charred wood or

/tja:k/

v.'i.

[App. f

E18.

dial.

coal; charcoal,

obs. exc. dial.

[OE

cearcian: cf

Grind one's teeth; (of teeth) grind. ] f2 Creak. Only in lME. 3 Complain

chark

v.

1

/tja:k/

v:'t.

M17.

[f.

charcoal analysed

as

Bum

or

chark coal: cf char v^} coke; char.

charka

/'tjaiks/

n.

run, u put,

u:

to charcoal

-kha.

Also

charka, -ka spinning-wheel

,\

an itinerant

esp.

as passing into

sense 2. E17. 2 A false pretender to knowledge or skill, orig. and esp. in medicine; a quack; a pretentious impostor. L17. B adj. Of, penaining to, or characteristic of a charlatan. L17. charlatanic /Jaib'tanik/ a. M19 charlatanical /Ja:b'tanik(3)l/ a. MI7. charlatanism n. the practice or method of a charlatan; the condition of being a charlatan: E19. charlatanry n. quackery, imposture

M17.

law

Charles'

Also A. C. Charles (1746- 1823), Fr. physicist.] Chem. A law stating that the volume of an ideal gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperanire.

Charles's law

/'tjoilz

b:/

/'tja:lztz

b:/.

Wain

Charles's

n.

phr.

L19.

[J.

'wein/

/tja:lziz

[OE

phr.

n.

wsegn the wain of Carl or Charles (Charlemagne), perh. by assoc. of the star Arcturus with King Arthur, himself assoc. w. Charlemagne.] The Plough (plough n. 4). Carles

Charleston

/'tja:lst(3)n, -Iz-/ n.

&

v.

Also c-.

USA A

E20. [A city and county in S. Carolina, ] n. dance characterized by side-kicks from the knee. E20. B v.i. Dance the Charleston; kick sideways from the knee. E20.

A

n. var.

of Charlie.

Charley horse an arm or a

Charlie

hais/ n. phr. N. Amer. imkn.] Stiffness or cramp in

/'tja:li

slang. L19. [Origin leg.

Also -ley, c-. £19. [Dim. of male forename Charles: see -IE, -y'" ] f 1 \ nightwatchman. E-M19. 2 A small triangular beard, as worn by King Charles I. E19. 3 A name for the fox. M19. 4 In pi. A woman's breasts, slang. L19. 5 A fool, an idiot, slang. M2o. 6 A native or /'tja:li/ n.

Viemam.

inhabitant, esp. a soldier, of (North)

US & Austral,

M20.

slang.

Phrases: tail-end Charlie: see TAIL-END lb.

charlock origin.]

/'tja:lnk/

[OE

n.

cerlic, cyrlic,

Wild mustard, Sinapis

flowered cruciferous

Formerly

weed of

any

also,

of imkn.

arvensis, a yellow-

cultivated land. other similar

of several

plants.

charlotte

made

/'Ju:bt/

of stewed

fruit

n.

L18.

[Fr.]

A

pudding

with a casing or covering of

bread, biscuits, sponge cake, or breadcrumbs. charlotte russe /ru:s/ [Fr. rassc Russian ] a custard etc, enclosed in a sponge cake or sponge biscuits.

charm

/tja:m/ n.' ME. [(0)Fr. charme f L carmen song, verse, oracular response, incantation] 1 The chanting of a verse supposedly having magic power; an incantation; any action, process, verse, etc., credited with such propenies; a magic spell, a talisman. ME. 2

A

quality or feature exciting love or admiration; attractiveness; the indefinable power of delighting; in

worn

pi.,

A

sexual attractiveness. L16. 3

an amulet; a trinket on a bracelet etc. L16. 4 Particle Physics. A quark flavour associated with a charge of +V>. (Symbol thing

C.)

to avert evil etc.;

M20.

work like a charm work perfectly. charm-bracelet: hung with charms; charm school: at which the social graces are taught. charmful a. full of channs or spells; charming: M17. L19. charmless a. £i8. charmlessly adv. charmlessness n. E20. Phrases:

walk

saw,

f.

origin.] A «. 1 A mountebank; vendor of medicines, obs. exc.

:

OE.

/'Ja:bt(3)n/ n. & a. E17. [Fr. f It. ciarlare to babble, patter, of imit.

charlatan

Charley

lME.

M19. [f charity of charities; a don.

querulously. Sc. E19.

[OFr.

chaneter, chanoteur, f. as prec; later directly f prec: see -EER.] A n. 1 TTie driver of a chariot. ME. 2 (Usu. C-.) The constellation Auriga. E20. B II. 1 v.i. & t. Drive (a chariot). E19. 2 v.t. Drive (a person) in a chariot. M19. a cat, u:

benevolent. to others; esp.

giving to the poor. lME. 4 Connected with or devoted to a recognized object of charity; of the nature of a charity. L16. 5 Apt to judge favoitrably of persons, acts, motives, etc. E17. 4 I. Murdoch A charitable organization supported mainly by Amencan contributions. 5 Bacon By a charitable construction it may be a sermon, A. F. Douglas-Home The most even-tempered and

charity

M19.

= charge d'affaires. charge d'affaires ,Ja:3ei da'fe:; foreign Jar3e phr. dafe:r/ n. PI. charges d'affaires (pronounced same). Also f charge des affaires. M18. [Fr. = (a person) in charge of affairs.] 1 A [Abbrev

Tender-hearted; loving; f2 LME-M17. 3 Full of active charity

generous

Skt cakra wheel.] In the Indian subcontinent: a domestic spinning-wheel, used chiefly for

i.

too, a ago, ai

[Urdu

L19.

Pers. iark(a)

my, ao how,

ei

rel.

to

Comb.

:

charm n.- see chirm n. charm /tja:m/ v.' ME.

[(0)Fr. charmer,

CHARM Sense 7 prob. Work charms, use spells,

ME.

infl.

by prec]

practise magic.

(.

1

as v.i.

Now

with a charm or magic; put a spell on; bewitch. lME. b Bring from or out (of), send away, etc., by a charm or charms. M16. 3 v.t. Give (seemingly) magical powers or virtues to; give special good fonune or protection to. lME. 4 v.t. Enthral, captivate, b v.i. Be delight; give pleasure to. lME. enthralling; give pleasure, poet. E18. 5 v.t. Subdue as if by magic power; soothe, allay. M16. rare.

day, ao no,

t:

hair,

i.i

2

v.t.

near,

Act upon

.->i

(as)

boy, 03 poor, aio

tire,

aos sour

charm f6

name

Invoke; entreat in the

v.i.

of a power.

L16 MI 8. Temper, tune, I' finstrument or melody). L16-E17. 1

No

Shakes. Haml.

nor witch hath

takes,

fairy

(an

play,

power to charm. 2 E. K. Kane They wanted me to charm or cure him. 4 Addison He every where charms and pleases us by the Force of his own Genius. P. G. WODEHOUSE 'Like you to meet my friends. Lady Underhill. Mr. Devereux.' 'Charmed,' said Ronnie affably. 5 Pope Music the fiercest grief can .

.

charm.

charmer

who charms;

person

a

n.

an

(a)

spec,

enchanter; (b) a particularly attractive or delightful person; (c) a person who subdues or controls as if by

magic

power {snake-charmer,

delightful

attractive,

PRINCE

charmingness

charm v.charmed

ME. rare)

(b) particularly

charmingly

Charming: adv.

E17.

M18.

n.

chirm

see

(a)

(Prince

iron.)

(freq.

lME.

n.):

n.):

(now

SNAKE

see

charming ppl a. that charms; spec, usmg charms, exercising magic power; see

/tja:md/ -ED'.]

-ED',

[f.

charm

n.':

v.',

was acquitted of high treason,

charmeuse

Jai'maiz, foreign Jarmoiz/ n. Ezo. [Ft., fem. of charmeur charmer, f. as charm v.'] soft smooth silky dress-fabric,

A a

/tjai'msunism/

L20.

n.

[f.

+ -ONIUM.] Physics. A combination of charmed quark and antiquark.

CHARM

n.'

fchameco

L16-M17. [Said to be f. the name near Lisbon, Ponugal] A Portuguese

of a village wine.

chamcl

n.

/'tja:n(3)l/

med.L camale

A

&

rj.'

f.

of camalis

use as n. of neut.

Now

n.

(more which

B

adj.

chamel

'tja:n(3)l/ n} obs. exc. Hist. L15. [OFr., prob. {. L cardinale neut. of cardinalis, f. cardo, -in- hinge; see -al'.] A hinge, esp. that of a helmet.

chamockite

L19. [f. Job Chamock (d. 1693), foimder of Calcutta, whose tombstone is of this rock, + -ite'.] Geol. A granite containing hypersthene.

chamockitic

Charolais

/'tJainskAit/

/tjaina'kitik/ a.

n.

M20.

Also -U-. L19. [f Monts du Charollais in eastern France.] (An animal of) a breed of large white beef/'Jaraulei, foreign Jarsle/ n.

cattle.

/'k£:ran/

L15.

n.

[L

{.

Gk

Khardn.]

I

Gk Alythol. The ferrynian conveying souls across the Styx to Hades. L15. 2 A ferryman. ;oc. M19.

charophyte

/'karsfAit/

Charophyta former

[mod.L

ezo.

n.

name

of the Characeae, CHARA n}: see -0-, -phyte.] A member of tlT: Characeae, a group of macroscopic maini;' freshwater algae marked by whorls of short branches arising from a main axis, often partly encrusted with calcium carbonate; a stonewort. charophytic -'fitik/ a. EZO.

charoset(h)

charpie

\

n.^]

[(0)Fr. charte

L16.

v.

n.

A

1 1

Now

map.

L

i.

spec.

navigator's sea map, showing coast outlines, rocks, shoals, depths of water, etc.; (b) an air navigator's map; (c) an outline map showing special features. L16. 2 A sheet of tabulated or diagrammatic information; a set of curves on a graph etc. showing fluctuations in temperature, price, etc. M19. b spec. A list of the

most popular

currently

A

M20. 113

pi.

charter; a

A

•|-4

exc. Sc. E17.

Usu. in deed, document, obs.

discs

.apes, etc.

,

B

V.

Make

t.

a chart of; record in a chart;

B

of

/'kaita/

Magna

n.

CARTOGRAPHER

chartreuse

chartaceous

card

A

«.^]

map.

n. pi.

f chartel

/koi'teijss/

=

legal writing,

a.

L

M17. [f. late -ACEOUS.]

Of

chartiilary

ME.

ME.

«.

chary

OHG

written contract between individuals; a deed conveying land; (b) = ME. 3 A publicly conceded right, a privilege; effective public permission; (a) licence. Mi6. 4 A chartered aircraft, boat, Hist,

vehicle, etc. M20. 3 Wordsworth And mighty forms seizing a youthful fancy Had given charter to irregular hopes. Listener 'It's the Scroungers' Charter,' said the man in the Liverpool jeweller's shop Phrases: Atlantic Charter: see ATUVhmc a. 2. blank

uLANK

Great Charter =

a.

n. var.

/'Ja:pi

charpoy

'

of haroseth.

In bedstead.

the

Pers.]

'

Indian

r

id ;ov

[Urdu charpar

mi-j.

n.

subcontinent:

a

f.

light

charqui

/'tfa:ki/ n. See also jerky n.' E17. [(Amer. Sp. charqui, charque f.) Quechua cc'arki: cf. jerk v^] Meat, esp. beef, cut into thin slices

and dried

in the

wind and sim.

charr n. var. of char n.' charro /'tjairau/ n. PI. -os. e20. [Mex. Sp. Sp. = rustic] A Mexican cowboy, esp. one f.

elaborately dressed, [f. char v.'^ or charcoal: the nature of charcoal or a similar charred substance.

/'tjorn/ a. L18.

see -y'.]

Of

charshaf

/'tjarjaf,

E20.

[Turk,

'tja:jaf/

(ar^af

b but, d dog, f few, g get, h he,

lME.

Privilege, license.

n.

f.

j

aircraft, etc.) as a

chartered

lME.

establish

to;

the n.]

[{.

by

Grant a

1

lME.

charter.

2

Mi6. 3 Hire (a ship, vehicle, conveyance. li8.

lME.

/'tjaitsd/ ppl a.

[f.

prec.

-i-

That has been chartered. lME. 2 Having membership of a professional body with ~ed'.]

I

a royal charter. M19. ! chartered libertine a person allowed to do as he pleases. 2 chartered accountant, engineer, librarian,

-chaf

Also

Pers.

cddor-sab

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

charterer + -er'.]

ME.

/'tja:t(3)r3/ n. 1

A

[f

freeholder;

a

charter n., freeman of

ship, vehicle, aircraft, etc.

v.

a

n.

&

alt.

a.

AN

chase

chane

partie

charter,

man,

/'lja:t3pa:ti/

med.L

f.

indenture.]

n no, p pen,

r

red,

A

n.

lME.

[Fr.

[Fr. chasse: see case n.^] metal frame for holding composed type and blocks for printing a page or sheet. rack chase: see rack n.'

t

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

/tjeis/ n.' li6.

A

chase

/tjeis/ n.^ E17. [Fr. chas enclosed space f. Prov. ca(u)s f. med.L capsum thorax, nave of a church.] 1 The cavity of a gim barrel; the part of a gun enclosing the bore. E17. 2 A groove or furrow cut in the face of a wall etc. to receive a pipe; a trench for drain tiles etc. M19.

chase

/tjeis/

n.^

dial.

M17.

(Norman) chasse. A green up to a farmhouse or field.

charta partita divided written contract made

s sit,

/tjeis/ n.'

Printing.

Charterhouse School (or ^Hospital). A charitable institution, later a public school, founded on the site of the Carthusian monastery in London (later moved to Godalming, Surrey). M17. B adj. Carthusian. lME.

charter-party

i.

GOOSE. Comb.: chase chorus Jazz: in which musicians improvise for a few bars in turn; chase-gun, -port Hist, a gun, port, in the bow or stem of a vessel for use while chasing or being chased.

lME. [AN

of earlier

Chanous, OFr. Chaneuse, f. med.L Can{h)tisius, f Can{h)usia: see Carthusian. Assim. to house n.' Cf. Chartreux.] a w. 1 a Carthusian monastery. Now arch, or Hist. lME. 2 In full

charag, f

of carti^^y.

& adv. [OE cearig = OS carag, WGmc, base of care n.: see

6 Hist. 'ITie chase-guns of a ship; the part of a ship where the chase-ports are. E17. 1 paper-chase, steeplechase, etc. give chase (to) go in pursuit (of), lead a person a chase: see lead u.' the chase the sport of hunting, wild-goose chase: see wild

M19.

/'tjaitahaus/ Chartrous, (0)Fr. Chartreuse

var.

lME.

chartered borough. Now chiefly Hist. ME. 2 A person who or organization which charters a

Charterhouse

n.'^

/'tje:ri/ a.

chace

surveyor, etc.

n.

/'tJa:poi/

charter

An

Also {arch.) chace. ME. [OFr. (mod. chasse) f. Proto-Romance, f. vb whence chase z;.'] 1 The action or an act of chasing; pursuit; hunting. ME. b A steeplechase. M9. 2 The or one's object of pursuit, as an animal, a ship, etc. ME. 3 A tract of unenclosed land reserved for himting, spec, one owned by the Crown. Now chiefly Hist. exc. in proper names. ME. 4 The right of hunting over or of keeping animals for hunting on a tract of land. lME. 5 Real Tennis. The second impact of an unretumed ball, for which the player scores unless the opponent betters it by a similar and subsequent imretumed impact which lands nearer the end wall where the chase was made.

chase

of a society, Hist, a school

corporation, etc.; Charter School established by the Charter Society; Charter Society Hist. founded to provide Protestant education for the Catholic poor in Ireland, a.

[med.L

/ko'nbdis/ n. lME. [L f. Gk kharubdis a dangerous whirlpool in Gk mythol ] A danger which threatens to engulf one; esp. (opp. ScYLLA) either of two dangers such that to avoid one increases the risk from the other.

member

original

/'tjaita/ v.t.

L17.

w.'

f c(h)artula: see CARTULARY.]

Charybdis

Magna

and demands of the Chartists. Comb.: charter flight: by chartered aircraft; charter-land land held by charter, freehold land;

charterless

/'ka:tjubri/

f.

(A)

Now

the principles

charter

Now

[Fr.,

about it. rare. L16. B adv. Charily. charily adv. L.16. chariness n. L16.

Carta. People's Charter the document embodying

charter-member an

a.

Cautious, wary; shy, fastidious; frugal, sparing, imgenerous. (Foil, by about, in, of, (doing).) M16. i Shakes. Haml. The chariest maid is prodigal enough If she unmask her beauty to the moon. Sir W. Scott They were more chary of their royal presence. V. Glendinning One would be more chary about charactenzing the Anglo-Insh were it not for the fact that they themselves have not been in the least chary

university, etc.; a written constitution.

see

&

lME.

Charterhouse.]

A adj. fl Sorrowful, anxious; grievous. OE-ME. t2 Dear; cherished. LME-E19. 3

CHARTER-PARTY.

charter,

/-s:z, -0/.

-y'.]

A

2

(a)

esp.

see

archivist.

see cartel.

n.

-eux

(0)Fr. Chartreuse: Carthusian.

chartulary

of charta.

/'tja:t3/

/'laitra:, foreign Jartre/ n.

rare or obs. PI. of n.

c(}f)artularius,

[(0)Fr. chartre f. L chartula dim. of charta: see CARD «.-] 1 A written document delivered by the monarch or privileges esp. granting or legislature, recognizing rights, or creating a borough,

charter

/la-.'trsiz;

[Fr.,

E19.

Chartreux

charter,

chanaceus, i. L charta: see card the nature of paper; papery,

chartae

see

etc.,

ns.

foreign Jartreiz (pi. same) I fem. of Chartreux: see next.] 1 Cookery. A dish turned out from a mould, of meat, vegetables, or (now more usually) of fiuit enclosed in jelly etc. E19. 2 A green or yellow liqueur of brandy and aromatic herbs etc., orig. made by the monks of La Grande Chartreuse, near Grenoble, France. M19. 3 An apple-green n.

n.'

rare exc. in var.

/-ti:/.

Carta. M17. [med.L

charter, f L: see

-graphy

etC.

colour. L19.

-tae

PI.

adj.

An

n.

chartographer,

in a chart of discs, tapes, etc.

charta

& a. M19. [f as prec. -1adherent of Chartism. M19. Of or pertaining to Chartism or Chartists. A

M19.

a very popular disc, occupying the first place

a.

med.L

[f.

/'tjaitist/ n.

-IST.] Hist.

colloq.

chart-topping

tape, etc.;

M19.

n.

democratic reform movement of 1837-48.

Chartist

card; esp. (a) a playing-card;

(b) a compass card. L17-L18. I plane chart: see PLANE a. 2 test chart, see TEST

/'tfa:tiz(3)m/

charta + -ISM, after the People's Charter (see CHARTER «. ).] Hist. The principles of a British

a

1

li8. [Fr.: see carpet n. linen vmravelled into short ends of thread surgical dressings,

/-tjaf/.

chana: see card (a)

shipowner and a merchant for the and the delivery of the cargo.

a

hire of a ship

:

Charon

charry

between

Chartism

&

/tja:t/ n.

company,

lME. [OFr.

a.

Orig., a cemetery fully charnel-house) a house or vault in dead bodies or bones are piled. lME. Sepulchral, deathlike, ghastly. E19.

CARNAL.]

chart

headscarf worn by Turkish and (a remnant of the veil formerly

women

Balkan worn).

Comb.: chart-buster

lME.

a.

1

Panicle Physics. Designating a c quark; having the property charm. M20. 1 E. P Thompson Binns, who bore a charmed Ufe,

charmonium

A

bedspread.]

M19. v.

That has been charmed; enchanted; protected by a charm. lME. 2 see

chase

376

J

she, 3 vision, 8 thin, 6 this,

[Cf.

lane, esp.

r)

Fr.

dial.

one leading

ring, tj chip, d3 jar

chase chase

{arch.)

ME.

chace.

[OFr.

f. Proto-Romance var. of of capere take: cf. CATCH v.] 1 v.t. Follow with intent to kill, capture, overtake, attract, etc.; pursue, run after; appear to follow thus; try to attain or achieve. ME. f b Persecute, harass. ME-E17. c Follow (a drink etc.) with (or with) a chaser, colloq. M20. 2 v.i. fa Go hunting. ME-E16. b Go in pursuit. Freq. foil, by after. lME. c Hurry; move with speed. Usu. w. adv. or prep. phr. lME. 3 v.t. Drive away, out, from,

(mod.

chacier

chasser)

L captare frequent,

out

of, etc.

ME. c lME.

ME. b

Drive

Put to

flight, rout; dispel, arch.

(cattle etc.).

Long

exc. dial.

obs.

1 Swift We were chased by two pirates, who soon ovenook us. Tennyson Chasing each other merrily. Yeats I chased with hounds the flying deer. P. G. WoDEHOUSE He drank like a fish and was always chasing girls. J. Snow The Australians chased the 242 runs they needed to win. chase one's tail: see tail n.' chase the dragon: see DRAGON n. chase up colloq. pursue with a specific purpose, (go and) chase oneself coUoq. (usu. in imper. ) leave, go away. 2b Sir W. Scott 'Horse! horse!' the Douglas cried, 'and

E.

chase!'

O'Neux He

doesn't

wild

give

parties,

chase after musical-comedy cuties. c R. jMacaulav Aunt Cynthia chased off after another exciting subject. D. H. Lawrence TTie wind chases by us and over the com. 3 J. Conrad The ship had been chased away. G. B. Shaw A flush of interest and delight suddenly chases the growing perplexity and boredom from her face. chaseable a. fit to be chased or hunted lME. chasing vbl n.' (a) the vb action of the (contour-chasing: see CONTOL"R n.); (b) steeplechasing: doesn't

lME.

chase

tJeis,

Ornament

lME. [App.

v.-i.

(metal) with

f. enchase v.-] embossed work, engrave

in relief.

E19.

tjeis/

[f

chase

(ft)

«.^]

a

chased

Groove,

indent.

chaser

ME.

[OFr. chace{o)ur (mod. chasseur, f. as chase f.': see -ER'^ Later senses f chase 1).' + -er'.] 1 A person who or thing which pursues, hunts, or drives away. (Foil, by off.) ME. b spec. An amorous pursuer of women. colloq. (chiefly US), ng. f2a A horse for himting. mi 7. b A horse for steeplechasing. L19. 3 Hist. A chase-gun. E19. 4 A drink following a drink of another kind, as water or /'tjeisa/

w.'

ME

beer after spirits, etc. colloq. L19. 1 submanne chaser, see submarine n.

chaser person

/'tjeiss/ n.^ ei8. [f

who

chaser

chase

v.''

+

-er'.]

A

chases metal,

/'tjeisa/ n.^ L19.

[f.

chase

r.'

+

-er'.]

A

tool for cutting grooves.

Chasid

chasm

n.

var. of

fchasma,

pi.

or of the earth in an eartliquake. L16 M17. b A (supposed) rending of the firmament or vault of heaven. E17-M18. 2 A deep fissure, a wide crack. E17. 3 fig. A wide difference of feeling, mterests, etc., a gulf; arch, a hiatus, a void.

M17.

chasmal a. belonging to or of the nature of a chasm M19 chasmed a. having chasms, cleft into chasms L18. chasmic a. = chasmai. e20. chasray a. ftill of chasms; of the nature of a chasm: L18

chasmogamy

kaz'mDgami/ n. ezo. [f. prec. + The opening of the perianth at the time of flowering. Opp. cleistogamv. chasmo gamic, chasmogaraous adjs. E20. + -gamy

chasse see

Bot.

]

/Jas,

case

lME.

a chasse. E19.

v.t.

chasse-cafe

Ja:s/

n.^]

A

case

the

for

chasses

/Jas, Ja:s/ n.' PI.

relics

chdsse:

of

a

/Jas, 'Ja:siz/.

M18. [Fr., abbrev. of chasse-caf^.] A liqueur taken after coffee, tobacco, etc.; a chaser.

chasse

/Jase (pi. same), 'Jasci/ n. E19. [Fr., lit. 'chasing, chase'.] sliding step in which one foot displaces the other in dancing. chaaai croiai krwazc [lit. 'crossed'] a double chasse in which partners change position; fig. an

A

elaborate reversal of position,

chasse

/'Jasei/ v. Pa.

(imper.

chasser

a cat, a:

arm,

t

bed,

s:

&

pple -6d, -6'd. M18. chassez!) lit. "to chase.

t.

her,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

rare.

PI.

'chase-coffee'.]

lit.

after coffee.

chasselas /Jasla/ n. M17. [A village near Macon in France.] A variety of white grape. /Jasmare/

same.

E19. [Fr., lit. coasting lugger used

pronoimced

PI.

n.

'chase-tide.']

by

Hist.

French

the

A for

smuggling and privateering. /Jaspo/ n. PI. pronoimced same. M19. [Antoine A. Chassepot (1833-1905), its Fr. designer.] A type of bolt-action breech-loading rifle, used by the French army between 1866 and 1874-

chasseur Ml8.

/Ja'ss:; foreign

Jasoeir

(pi.

same) I

A

soldier (esp. French) equipped for rapid movement. M18. 2a

trained

n.

chase u') + -eur -or.] and

[Fr., f chasser (see

Hist.

1

An

attendant dressed in military style. Now rare or obs. M18. b A hotel messenger, esp. in France. L19. 3 A huntsman. L18. Comb.: chasseur sauce a rich sauce with wine and mushrooms for poultry or game; chicken etc. chasseur: cooked in chasseur sauce.

Chassid chassis

-i: n. PI. same /'Jasiz, -i:z/. M17. f Proto-Romance, f. L capsa case «.-] 1 1 A window frame, a sash. Mi7~El8. 2 The sliding base-frame of a mounted gtm. M19. 3 The base-frame of a motor vehicle etc. E20. 4 A frame carrying radio etc. equipment. M20. 5 The human or animal frame, the body, slang.

[Fr.

/'Jasi,

chassis

M20. M20.

a.

[(0)Fr. f. L castus.] 1 or immoral or all sexual intercourse; pure, virginal. ME. fb Unmarried, single. ME-L16. f 2 Free from guilt, innocent. M16. 3 fig. Undefiled, stainless. E17. 4 Decent, seemly, esp. in speech. E17. 5 Pure in taste or style, unadorned, simple;

chaste

/tjeist/

ME.

a.

Abstaining from

unlawftil

ME

restrained, severe. Mi 8. 3 Shakes. Oth. Let me not name it to you, you chaste stars. 4 L. Sterne The Hero's horse was a horse of chaste deportment. 5 J. Warton So chaste and correct a writer C Hampton A large, chaste desk, its only ornament a large granile crucifix. Comb.: chaste-tree [cf agnvs castus] a violetflowered aromatic shrub of the verbena family, Vitex agnus-casius, native to southern Europe which is reputed to reduce sexual desire. chastely adv. ME. chasteness n. lME.

t chaste

Also chasty.

v.t.

ME.

[OFr. chastier

CASTIGATE.] 1 = E17. 2 Reprove, rebuke. Only in

chatter)

f.

ME

L

castigare

ME. chastelain f chastelet

chasten

n. var.

/'tjeis(3)n/

ei6.

v.t.

[f

chaste

v.

+

1

subdue. M19.

restrain,

Tennyson The

I

love

Wherewith we love the Herbert Ernest

chastens us. 3 A P hobbled on board, chastened by his

Heaven

that

fall,

but cursing

terribly.

chastener

a person

n.

who

/tJa'stMz/ v.t. Also -ize. ME. [App. f chaste v.] f 1 Correct the faults of; reform. L17. 2 Reprove, rebuke. Long obs. exc. dtal. ME. 3 Punish with a view to

chastise

ME

1:

see, n hot,

3:

punishment on; thrash. ME. b Inflict punishment for (an offence), rare. L16. 4 = chasten 3. Now rare or obs. lME. 5 = chasten 2. Now rare or obs. E17. ilOrig., next.

&

(esp. corporal)

usu. in Shakes., stressed on

chastisable chastised E17.

ist syll.:

cf

that

or deserves

to

a

of chaste

chasuble

/'tjazjub(3)l/

v.

ME.

n.

[OFr.

chesible,

L

casubla obscure alt. of L casula httle cottage, hooded cloak, dim. of casa house ] A sleeveless vestment worn by the celebrant at the Mass or Eucharist.

chat

/tjat/

'cats'.]

1

lME. [Fr. chats lit. lME. t2 The winged fruit of

exc. dial.

n.' obs.

A

late

f.

catkin.

A

the sycamore etc. M16-L17. 3 twig, for kindling etc. M16.

chat

M16.

/tJat/

small branch or

chat

[{.

frivolous talk, small talk, gossip;

v.]

A

famihar

Idle or usu.) easy (usu.) easy 1

(now

talk. M16. 2 light or familiar conversation. M17. 1 Shakes. Tam. Shr. O, how I long to have some chat with her! Swift Scarce list'ning to their idle chat. I.

Murdoch

chat?' 2 E.

am

'I

my

writing

memoirs.

'

'TTieatre

M. FoRSTER Dear, one moment — we may

chance for a chat again. Comb. chatline a telephone service for conversation among a number of people on separate lines; chat show an entertainment of interviews, on television etc. this

:

chat

n? L17.

/tJat/

[Prob.

imit.]

Any

1

of

numerous small Old World thrushes with harsh calls and freq. boldly coloured plumage: esp. z stonechat, a whinchat. L17. 2 Any of various other small birds with harsh calls, esp New World warblers of the genera Granatetlus and Ictena (family Parulidae), and Australian birds of the family Ephthianuridae. L18. I rohm-char. see robin n.' 2 woodchat: see wood n.' yellow-breasted chat: see

chat

/tJat/

YELLOW

Infl.

V.

a.

lME.

-tt-.

[Abbrev.

of

CHATTER v.] 1 V.I. Talk idly or frivolously or (now usu.) easily and familiarly. lME. f2 v.t. Talk idly or familiarly of; say idly or familiarly. L15 M18. 3 v.t. Talk to (a person), esp. with an ulterior motive. Freq.

flirtatiously or

by

foil,

up. slang. L19.

I T. F. PowTS The remainder chatted with one another M. L^Ki They were chatted to in the streets P. H. Johnson We sat chatting of nothing in particular 3 V S. Pritchett The girl in red, the one you were chatting up .

.

.

chateau

/'Jatsu,

foreign

Ju:to/

-eaux

PI.

n.

M18. [Fr.: see casti.e w.'] A large coimtry house in France (formerly also elsewhere); esp. one giving its name to wine made in its neighbourhood. chateau in air, in Spain, en Espagne /nn cspaji/ -3()z, foreign -o/.

s v. a.

CASTLE

I.

honied

(of wine)

at the

Chateaubriand

/Jatobrija/

n.

PI.

pronounced

same. L19. [Franfois Rene, Vicomte de Chateaubriand (1768 1848), Fr. writer and Statesman.] A thick fillet beefsteak, grilled and garnished with herbs etc. Also Chateaubriand gnll, steak, etc.

chatelain

/'Jatalein/

lME. [OFr.

/'Jas(-/.

n.

Also (earUer) chast(mod. chatelain):

chastelain

= castellan

i.

chatelaine

/'Jatalem/ n. M19. [Fr. chatelaine fem. of chatelain: see prec] 1 A female castellan

country house. of short chains attached to a for carrying keys, a watch, a

(Hist.); the mistress of a castle or

M19. 2

Hist.

A

woman's

set

belt pencil, etc. M19.

chatelet

/'Jatalit/

lME. [OFr. casiel

castle

small castle;

n.

chastelet n.':

Also

(mod.

(earlier) chatelet)

see -ET'. Cf castelet a particular ancient

spec,

fchast-. dim. of Hist.

A

pnson

in

]

be,

ME

discipline.

run, o put,

u:

]

too, 3 ago, ai

chatellany

M17. [Fr. chdtellenie, = castellany. chaton /Jat3/ n. PI. pronounced same. L16. [Fr. kasto).] The pan of a f. G Kasten (OHG, finger-ring in which a stone is set or on which a engraved. device is /'Jatalani/

n.

assun. to castellany.] Hist.

E17. 2 Punishment, corrective or disciplinary; thrashing. ME.

saw,

of chastise.

v. var. v. var.

Paris.

may be, chastiser n. lME. a.

chastisement /'tjastizm(3)nt, tJa'stAiz-/ n. ME. [f. prec. + -ment f • Correction of faults; (a)

f chasty

see castellan.] Hist. or thing which chastens

M16

inflict

L

f.

vineyard

Esp. of God: discipline, punish by inflicting suifenng, chastise. E16. 2 Render pure in character or style. E18. 3 fig. Moderate; -en''.]

chastize

= casilc in the air, w .Spain Comb, chateau-bottled

of chatelain.

see chatelet.

n.

[(0)Fr. chastete

:

not have

Hasid.

var. of

n.

ME.

/'tjastiti/ n.

f castus chaste a.: see -ity ] 1 The quality or state of being chaste; virginity, celibacy. ME. 2 Moderation, restraint; simplicity of style or taste, mi 8. 1 girdle of chastity: see GIRDLE «.' Comb. chastity belt a garment designed to prevent the woman wearing it from having sexual intercourse.

later (0)Fr. chasuble,

chassepot

amendment;

chasse

Now

/Jaskafe/ n. E19. [Fr.,

chasse-maree

chastity castitas,

pronoimced same.

A liqueur taken

v.i.

irreg.

[Fr.

saint.

[Fr.

Execute

CHASTEN. Earlier

n.

-mae, -mas. L16. [L chasma f Gk khasma gapmg hollow.] f 1 a An openmg up of the sea,

-o-

1

(mod

Hasid.

/'kaz(3)m/

mi 8. 2

Dismiss, arch, slang,

hunt'.]

chassisless

chasing vbl n.' (a) the action of the vb; design or figure: M19.

chase

chaton

377

v} Also

/tjeis/

my, au how,

ci

esp.

day, 30 no,

MHG

t:

hair,

i.i

near,

,ii

boy, 03 poor, m3

tire,

ao3 sour

chatoyant &

chatoyant

chauffer

Ja'toiant, foreign Jatwaja/ n. a. L18. [Fr., pres. pple of chawyer: see undulating lustre. -ant'.] (Of) iridescent

Now

chafe

'tjata, 'tjoua/ n. L18. [Hind, chata.] In the Indian subcontinent: an umbrella.

capiat

chauffeur

[OFr. chatel = Prov. med.L capitale use as n. of neut. of L see capital a. & nr Cf. cattle.] fla

f.

capttalis:

Propert\'.

ME.

Only in ME. b Livestock, rare. Only in movable possession (in Law including

2 A immaterial but transferable possessions, as leases 17.

bondman. Usu.

etc.); (chiefly rhet.) a slave, a pi.

in

ME.

chattels personal Law all movable goods, chattels real Laui: such as concern the realty, as leases etc. goods and chattels all kinds of personal propert>'.

Comb.: chattel interest (now rare) an interest in leasehold property, chattel mortgage N. Amcr. the conveyance of chattels by mortgage as security for a debt; chattel slave a human being held as a chattel;

chatter

/'tjats/ v.

formation: see

Of a

&

-er''.

ME.

n.

human

beings

A

d.

I

v.i.

1

(now

esp. notes approaching those of the human voice). ME. 2 Of a person: talk quickly, incessantly, foolishly, or inopportunely. ME. b Make sounds suggestive of himian chattering. EI 7. 3

Of the

teeth: rattle together.

lME. b Of a

person: shiver, have chattering teeth, rare. E17. c Rattle with vibration. L19. I Wordsworth TTie jay makes answer as the magpie chatters. 2 E. Ferber They chattered on and on about mconsequennal things chattering classes little

employed

at

4 Utter or say chatteringly; chatter

ME.

5

of.

Make

(teeth) rattle. E17. 4 Tennyson They chatter'd tnfies at the door. 5 G. A. Sala Gibbermg and chattering their teeth.

B

n. 1 The chattering of birds chattering; ratding, noisy vibradon. ME. 2 Incessant, trivial talk. M19. Comb.: chatterbox a talkative person, esp. a child; chattertnag colloq. & dial, a chanerbox; chaner. chatte'ration n. prolonged chattering, noisy chatter M19 chatterer ti. (a) a person who charters; (6) orig. = VvAXv.TNG {waxen chatterer, see WAXEN a.); now more often, any of vanous other garrulous birds, esp. a babbler; lME. chatteringly adv. in a chartering manner M19. fchattery n. chat, chatter L18-L19 chattery a. characterized by chartering, given tn chattenng mi 9.

sound of

etc.; a

Chattertonian

/tjats'taunian/

+

a.

&

M19.

n.

[f.

(An admirer or student) of the English poet Thomas Chanerton

Chatunon

(see below)

-ian.]

(1752-70) or his pseudo-archaic literary

style.

/'tfati/ n. li8.

for water.

chatty

mi8.

[f.

chat

n.'

+

-y'.]

Given

to chat, fond of chatting; resembling chat, chattily adv. E19. chattiness n L19.

Chaucerian Chaucer

/tjoi'sianan/

below)

(see

chaulmoogric

a. (Chem.): chaulmoogric acid, a soft C,,H,|COOH, cyclopentene derivative,

yellowish is

-IAN.]

chaung

/tjaut)/

n.

M17.

[f.

(An admirer,

Chaucerism

(c

'tj3:s3ri2(3)m/

n.

an expression used

by or imitated from Chaucer L16.

chaunt chaunter

see

v.

(pi /Jao'frwa:; foreign Jofrwa dish of same) I n. L19. [Fr., lit. 'hot-cold.'] sauce. in a jelly or cold cooked meat or fish

A

/J3:d'meli/ n. lME. [f. OFr. chaud(e) heated + metlee affray, mellay.] Sc. sudden affray arising from Law (now Hist.).

chaud-melle

A

heated emotions; a homicide committed blood and without premeditation. f

few, q get, h he,

j

Myanmar

In

]

E20.

chant

yes, k cat,

in

I

hot

leg,

m

chawer

E17.

n. (rare)

fchawbuck

&

v.t.

As

n.

/'jDidrsn/

n.

chanter. n. PI. pronoimced same. E19. [Fr.: see causey ] In France, Belgium, etc.: a causeway; a high road. /Jose/

/Jo:s/ n.pl. L15. [Fr. = clothing for the legs.] Hist. Pantaloons or tight coverings for the legs and feet, esp. of mail. 51 Formerly naturalized.

chausses

chaussure

/Josy:r/ chaucier (mod.

OFr.

chaucer = Prov. causier

lME. [AN

n.

chaussure), shoe. Cf. med.'L calceatura.] Footwear. naturalized.

/Ij3:'t3:kw3, J-/

Orig.

n.

&

chiefly

Amer. (now Hist.). L19. [Chautauqua, a coimty and lake in New York State ] A summer N.

school or similar educational course,

(fiog with) a

/'j3ov(i)niz(a)m/ n. Also C-. L19. [Fr. chauvimsme, f. as next: see -ISM.] The state or quality of being a chauvinist; chauvinistic feeling or behaviour. B. Cottle American hurricanes were always given women's names, a blatant piece of chauvinism, male social

MALE

&

a.

med.L calduna, chaldron «.']

f.

assim. to

made

chopped

with

LME-E17. 2

&

sing.

in

L

f.

A

I

offal, pig's

calidus hot:

kind of sauce

entrails,

spices,

etc.

Entrails, esp. as food.

pi.

L16.

chawl

/tj3:l/ n. L19. [Marathi cdl long narrow building.] In the Indian subcontment: a type of

lodging-house.

fchawn

E17-L18. [Rel. to chine

n.

«.']

= chine

social chauvinism:

n.

chay

/tjei/ n.' Also chaya /'tjeis/. L16. [Tamil caya.] The root of an Indian plant, Oldenlandia umbellata, of the madder family, which yields a red dye.

chay

n}

of shay

var.

chayote

/'tjeisoti/

chayotli.]

A

vine,

chazan

Nahuatl

for its fruit;

var. of

n.

hazzan.

Chazar n. & a. var. of Khazar. cheap /tji:p/ n. Long arch. rare. [OE ciap = OFns. kap, OS kop (Du. koop), OHG kouf (G Gmc, L caupo small Kauf), ON kaup, A tradesman, innkeeper. Cf. chapman.] f.

f.

see

(good) bargain; bargaining, trade; state of the market; abimdance; price, value. After chiefly in good cheap, good value, cheapness, advantageous terms, ease, plenty (passing into adj. use). OE. 2 A place of buying and selling; a market. Long obs. exc. as a component of proper names, as Cheapside, Chepstow, etc. OE. f3

ME

also C-. L19. [f. Nicolas Chauvm, a Napoleonic veteran popularized as a character in La cocarde incolore by the brothers Cogniard + -ist.] A n. 1 A bellicose patriot; a fervent supponer of a cause. L19. 2 A person who is prejudiced against or inconsiderate of those of a different sex, class, nationality, culture, etc.; esp. = male chauvinist s.v. MALE a. & n. M20. B adj. Of or pertaining to chauvinism or chauvinists; chauvinisuc. L19.

cattle.

live

esp.

Only

in

OE.

In sense A.i

a.

f.

edule, native to tropical

the succulent fruit (resembling a cucumber) of this vine. Also called chocho.

Merchandise, chattels;

&

/'J3uv(i)nist/ n.

[Sp.

L19.

n.

Sechium

America and cultivated elsewhere

a.

chauvinist

app. f

Also

obs. exc. dial.

1

chauvinism

chauvinism: see

trotters,

iabuk

Pers.

f.

etc.:

Long

chabuk.

also

n.

E17-E19. [Urdu chabuk horsewhip.] In India, Persia, whip.

w.'

n., v.

see

«.

chatissee

& A

cheap

/tji:p/ a. adv. L15. [Ellipt. for good cheap: see prec] adj. 1 Ixiw in pnce or charge made, absolutely or in relation to value; not costly, inexpensive. L15. b Having or charging

prices. L16. c Of a fare, rate, etc.: lower than the ordinary fare etc. E18. d Of money: available on loan at a low rate of interest. M19. 2 Low in value, worthless, paltry. L16. 3 Lightly esteemed; through brought into contempt esp. overfamiliarity. L16. 4 fig. Easily got or made; involving little labour, effon, etc. E17. 5 In poor health, out of sorts, slang. L19.

low

chauvi'nistic a. belhcosely patriotic, prejudiced against or inconsiderate of those of a different sex, nationality, etc. (male-chauvinistic: see male a. & n.); showing or prejudice: such patriotism LI9.

Ld Macaulay The services of a Secretary of State well qualified for his post would have been cheap at five thousand, b He is not a cheap tailor. 2 S. 1

chauvi'nistically adv. L20.

.

v.t. & Also cave. Separate chaff (from).

f chave

chavel

LME-L19.

t.

f chavel

see

n.

jowl

[f.

idly, chatter.

ME

Long

Only

ME.

in

exc.

obs.

form of jowl 2

dial.

Infi.

fl v.i. Talk Miunble (food);

«.']

v.t.

Johnson The cheap reward of empty praise. T. Stoppard a cynical pursuit of cheap sensationalism. 3 S. Pepys Making the king cheap and ndiculous. 4 Shakes. Mcas. for M. 'Twere the cheaper way: Better it were a brother died at once Than that a sister, by redeeming him, Should die for ever. J. RUNCIMAN My kisses ain't cheap.

broken and 2 fig. D. H. Lawrence The bracken chavelled by the restless wild winds of the long winter. .

chavender [Obscurely

chaw JAW

/'tfav(3)nd3/ f.

Long

A

n.']

Now

obs. exc. Sc.

jaw.

B

,

Usu. in

pi.

/tjo:/

n-

chow

colloq.

&

M16. [Var. of M16-L17. 2

An

chew esp.

v.:

cf.

n.']

chow

v.]

manner. lME. f b

make

it

man,

n no, p pen,

r

v.t.

Chiefly

red,

s sit,

as

t

&

(pi.

= OS

top, v van,

w

we,

cheap Buy.

a.

z

zoo,

V.

[OE

ciepan,

kopian, kopon,

kaupa, Goth kaupon,

Bite (a bullet) to

ppl

cheap and

or

ill.

hold cheap

= cheapo M16. cheapo a.

slang)

L19.

n.

&

n.

M20.

i.

chawed

comb.:

-OS) slang (something) inexpensive (cf EL cheapo)

f cheap

Chew, now swallow and in a

v.t.

without intending to

vtilgar

jagged.

cheapie a. & n. (dial. & cheaply adv. M16. cheapness

act

1

&

collocations,

despise,

chew

of chewing, esp. something not for swallowing; something so chewed, esp. a quid of tobacco. chaw /tja:/ v. Now colloq. & dial. lME. [Var. of cf.

special

cheap slang feel ashamed on the cheap cheaply.

feel

E18. [Var. of

dial.

adv. At a low price, cheaply; easily. M16.

Phrases,

cheertul inexpensive but not unatuactive. cheap and nasty of low cost and poor quality, cheapjack n. & a. (a) n. a hawker at a fair; (b) adj. infenor, shoddy; cheapskate: see skate dm cheap: see dirt n.

L15.

dial.

The chub.

chevin.]

(as)

/tjo:/ n.'

n.

.

Loquacity; lecturing; cheek. Sc. E20. n.:

.

OED

chaff

[f.

n."

/'tjav(3)l/ v.

ME.

chaw

chaud-froid

b but, d dog,

M20. [Burm

n.

oil

a watercourse,

:

student)

or

Geoffrey Chaucer

chaulmoogra

a major constituent of

chew. E17.

of the English poet 1343 1400) or his writing. Chaucerian: see Scottish a.

imitator, Scottish

+

&

a.

over, nominate on.

chald- r\yAd-l lME. [OFr. chaudun

/tjail'muigrs/ n. E19. [Bengali caul-mugrd.] Any of several tropical Asian trees of the family Flacourtiaceae, esp. Hydnocarpus kurzii, whose seeds yield an oil (chaulmoogra oil) formerly used to treat skin diseases,

-11-.

"tjati/ a.

Brood

fig.

With advs. in specialized senses: chaw up US slang destroy, put an end to. Comb.: chaw-bacon derog. a bumpkin, a yokel; chaw-stick a W. Indian climbing plant, Gouania domingcnsis, of the buckthorn family; the bark or 3 twig of this, chewed as a stimulant or stomachic.

chawdron

chauhnoogra

n.']

[Hind, carf f. Tamil cam.] In the Indian subcontinent: an earthenware pot

chatty

v.t.

M16.

car.

.

saucer.

its

M17-M19. 2

.

Chautauqua

mow

me. Quiller-Couch A hollow in the was chattering road, across which a tiny beck bravely. 3 J. Cary She dressed quickly, her teeth chattering, her fingers white and weak with cold, b 1. Murdoch I was chattering with cold, c N. Gordimer A child bore over to me a cup of milky tea chanering II v.t.

A

motor

chauki «. see choky n. chaukidar n. var. of chokidar.

to free expression of (esp. liberal) opinions on society and culture, b Shakes. Temp. Like apes, that

against

&

E20. B v.t. Drive (a car) as a chauffeur; convey (a person) by car. E20. chaulTeuse /'fsufs^z, j3o'f3:z/ n. a female chauffeur

^Formerly

.

v. L19. [Fr. = chauffer (see chafe v.) + -eur person motorist. L19-E20. 2

to drive a private or hired

coUoq. (derog.) the articulate professional people given

and chatter

A

f.

An. fl A

-OR.]

(Burma),

[Imit., of frequent,

Cf. CHITTER.]

chauffer, see

f.

LME-EI7. 2

I.

/'Jaufa, Jau'fs:/ n.

stoker, fireman,

which

bird: utter quick series of short notes

chafer n};

[Var. of

Fr. chauffoir,

E20.

2

chattel slavery = CHATTELISM. chattelism n. the system of holding as chanels M19.

by

fl ~ CHAFER

Z). ]

small portable furnace, a brazier. M19.

chatta

'tjat(3)l/ n.

lME.

/'tjoifa/ n.

later perh. infl.

rare.

chattel

cheap

378

i

n.]

1

v.i.

(f.

different base) clapian

OHG f.

ON

koufen, koufdn, f. L caupo: see

Gmc,

Barter; trade.

OE-lME. b

Bargain

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, 6 this,

for;

i)

OE-ME.

2

v.t.

ask the price

a

of.

ring, tj chip, dj jar

cheapen ME-M19.

Offer for sale;

v.t.

offer

to

sell.

ME-L16. fcheaping n. (a) buying and selling, bargaining, trading; (b) a market, a market-place, (surviving in place-names as Chipping Campden, Chipping Sodhury, OE-L16.

etc.):

cheapen

+ [f. cheap a., v. Ask the price of, bid for. arch. L16. Lower the price of, make cheap; fig.

-en'^.]

/'tji:p(3)n/ v. li6.

v.i.

1

2 v.t. depreciate, degrade. M17. 3 {lit.

v.i.

Become cheap

&.fig.). E19.

cheapener

who cheapens something

a person

n.

M17. /tji:t/ lME. [Aphet. f. escheat «.; sense 3 of unkn. origin; later senses f. the vb.] fl An escheat. LME-M17. ^2 An item of booty or spoil. M16-E17. 3 A thing, an article, (usu. of

cheat

a specified description); spec, the gallows, slang

(long arch.). M16. •}-4a Cheating, fraudulence. M-L17. b A fraud, a deception, a trick. M17. 5 A person who cheats (habitually); a swindJer, a deceiver; an impostor; an unfair player. M17. 6 Darnel, chess, or other grass growing as a weed among cereal crops. N. Amer. & dial. L18. 7 A card-game the point of which is to lie successfully and detect King in others. L19. «.- LME-M17. [Ongm unkn.] Wheaten bread of the second quahty, inferior to manchet. llPerh. the 2nd elem. of manchet.

fcheat cheat

lME.

[Aphet. f escheat v.] -^l v.t. Escheat. Only in lME. 2 v.i. Act fraudulently, practise deception; play imfairly. Mi6. b spec. Be sexually unfaithful. (Foil, by on the deceived person.) N. Amer. M20. 3 v.t. Deprive of by deceit; defraud; deceive, trick (into, out of). L16. 4 v.t. Beguile (time, weariness, etc.). E18. fS ^'t- Obtain by cheating. E-M18. b v.t. & i. Cinemat. Suppress or adapt (part of a film) during editing so as to create a /tji:t/ v.

desired illusion. E20. 2 E F. Benson After dinner she permitted herself game of patience, and since she never cheated, it was often ten o'clock before her game was over. 3 Shakes RKh. Ill Cheated of feature by dissembling nature. Gather I don't admire people who cheat Indians Tolkien are no phantoms, nor do your eyes cheat you. 4 Steele No Lay unsung to cheat the tedious Way cheatable a, able to be cheated MI 7 chea'tee n. .

a

W

We

(colloq.) a

person

who

is

cheated E17. cheater

n.

f (o)

escheator; (6) a person who cheats, see also imndcheaier s.v WIND n.'; (c) in pi. (US slang), spectacles:

chebule

ME

cheatery

var. of

n.

ka'buil/

trickery, swindling

n.

M16

xebec.

n.

Now

rare or obs.

lME.

[Fr.

{. It. chebuli, f Pers. & Urdu Kabult of Kabul.] The astrmgent fruit of the Indian tree Termmalia chebula. Also chebule myrobalan. chebulic a. E18.

chebule

Chechen

/'tjEtf(3)n/

n.

PI.

-s,

same.

E19.

[Russ. ^Chechen (mod. chechenets).] A member of a N. Caucasian people formmg the main part of the population of Checheno-Ingushetia, in Asia; the language of this people.

SW

Chechia

/'Jeijia/ n. M19. [Fr. chechia f. Maghribi pronunc. of Arab. sOsiyya, f Arab. Sds Tashkent in Uzbekistan.] A red felt cap worn in Afnca.

NW

check

/tjek/

cheque

n.'

Also (long arch.) cheque. See

ME.

[f check int.] 1 1 In Chess, the state or condition of a king (formerly also a queen or other powerful piece) exposed to direct attack; a move directly attackmg a king etc. Formerly also fig., an attack, a harmfiil act. ME. 2 Falconry. A false stoop when a hawk abandons its proper quarry and pursues crows, doves, or other prey; lesser game lME. f3 A taunt; a rebuke. E16 M18. 4 A sudden stopping or slowing of motion; a rebuff, a repulse. E16. b A stoppage, a pause. M16. c Hunting. The loss of a scent. L18. d A crack or flaw in timber. L19. f 5 A stoppage of wages or a fine imposed on servants in the royal household; the amount stopped. E16 EI 8. 6 Restraint on action; a restraining control. Mi 6. b A person who or thing which acts as a stop or restraint, mi 7. 7 Control by which accuracy is secured; the means or act of testing quality. E17. 8 A token. also

a cat, a:

arm,

counterfoil, ticket, or other receipt for the identification of left luggage, the reserver of a seat, etc. Chiefly N. Amer. E19. b restaurant

A

Chiefly US. M19. 9 A coimter used as a stake in a game of chance. US. L19. 10 A mark made against an item in an accoimt or list indicating that it has been verified or noted; a bill.

tick. L19. II

See cheque

Phrases: cash in

and balances

erne's

n.'

US)

(chiefly

cash

checks constitutional means

checks: see

v.' 3a.

of limiting or counteracting the wrongful use of governmental power; gen. guarantees and counterbalancing influences, clerk of the cheque (a) an officer of the royal household keeping the roll of royal staff and having control of the yeomen of the guard; t(ft) an officer in control of a royal port, dockyard, etc. hand (or pass etc.) in one's checks fig. (colloq.) die. hatcheck boy, girl, etc.: see HAT n. in check (a) Chess under direct attack; (ft) under control. overdraw check: see overdraw n. 2. parity check: see parity w.' perpetual check: see PERPETtJAL a. rain check: see RAIN

checkless

check

a. (rare)

unchecked

&

/tjEk/ n}

check check check

of chick n}

n.' var.

var. of

n.^

cheque

n.'

/tjEk/ v.'^ lME. [Aphet. f. OFr. escheguier play chess, give check to, f eschec check n.'] 1 v.t. Directly threaten (an opponent's king,

one's opponent) at chess; put in check. lME. 2 v.t. Suddenly stop or slow the motion of; physically obstruct (an opposing player) in ice hockey etc. lME. 3 v.i. Falconry. Of a falcon etc.: recoil at or shy from the fist; abandon the quarry and fly at other prey. E16. f 4 v.t. Stop (a person) from receiving part of his or her wages. E16-E19. 5 v.t. Rebuke, reprove, reprimand. Now coltog. E16. f 6 v.i. & t. Clash or collide with or with. M16-M17. 7 v.t. Stay the onward course transf.

of,

repress, restrain, (actions, growth, feelings,

n.'

c

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

.r

agent) in check or under curb oneself in an action etc. L16. 8 v.i. Stop (short); restrain oneself Formerly also fig., take offence (at). E17. b Hunting. Of a dog: stop on losing a scent, or to make sure of one. M18. 9 v.t. Test (a statement, account, work, a person working, etc.) by figures, comparison or other investigation; examine the accuracy or condition of; mspect or investigate to ensure the satisfactoriness or suitability of Now freq. foil, by out, up. L17. b v.t. Make a

hold

etc.);

(a hotel etc.). check out depan, and be recorded as departing, from a hotel, factory, airport, etc.; fig. (colloq.) die; record the departure of (a person) at a hotel etc.; (see also senses 9, 13 above), check out of depart, and be recorded as departing, from (a hotel etc.).

(an

restraint, curb;

comparison or investigation, conduct a check. Freq. foil, by on, up (on). E20. 10 v.i. Draw a cheque (upon, for). US. E19. 11 v.t. Deposit (luggage etc.) for storage or dispatch (in return check (see check n.' 8)). Chiefly A' Amer. M19. 12 v.t. Note with or indicate by a tick or other mark of verification. Also foil, by off. M19. 13 V.I. AgT-ce when compared. Also foil, by out. E20. I fig. Shakes. John Thy bastard shall be king, That thou mayst be a queen and check the world. 2 S Brett As his finger moved towards the button, he checked it. 7 J Gary She began to laugh and then checked herself C. Mackenzie You will exercise your influence to check such criticism E Bowen She checked or attempted to hide a shiver by wrapping her arms closely across her breast. IsAiAH Berlin This does tend to check our arrogance, to induce humility. 8 R. Kipling The lama tumed to this and tliat, and before a large alto-relief F TuoHV finally checked The small movements of his body checked and became total stillness 9 Burke I have checked this account and find it to be correct A Lurie My first reaction is to check my stockings for runs, b D for a

:

.

.

Hammett TTie District Attomey will have questioned him and checked up on him. J. Dickey As we cleared each turn I kept looking for white water, and when .

checked

.

looked along both banks, parity checking: see parity n.' 10 checking account US a current account at a bank etc. 13 M. M. Atwater If there's finger-prints on it, and yours don't check, I'd

that'll let

for that

you

I

out.

With advs. & preps, in specialized senses: check in and be recorded as arriving, at a hotel, factory,

arrive,

saw,

,\

run, o put, u: too, 3 ago,

ai

my, ao how,

ei

verify

check

/tjek/ v.'t. lME. [f. check n.' or abbrev. of checker CHEQUER v.] Mark with a pattern of crossing lines or squares.

check

ME. [Aphet. f OFr. eschec Prov. escac, It. scacco f. ProtoRomance (med.L) scaccus f. Arab. f. Pers. sdh king, SHAH. Cf CHESS EXCHEQUER.] 1 In chess, notifying the exposure of an opponent's king to direct attack. ME. 2 Expr. assent or /tjEk/

(mod.

int.

=

echec)

agreement.

(Cf.

source.) N. Amer.

check colloq.

lo,

n.'

its

probable

E20.

Mailer 'No audience

whose wife takes

is

.

going to trust

a

man

a leap.' 'Check."

check-

/tjek/ comb. form. lME. [f CHECK n.' or v}] In combs, in various relations w. the senses 'that serves to check or control', 'an act of checking or being checked'. check-action a mechanism restraining a piano hammer from striking a string twice, check-in the act

of checking in. check-list a (complete) list for reference and venfication. check-nut = lock-nut (a) s.v. lock checkout (a) the act of checking out; a final check; (b) the pay desk in a supermarket etc. (also checkout counter, desk, etc.). checkpoint a point at which documents, vehicles, etc are checked or inspected; a time or stage at which progre^.s etc is assessed check-rail Railways an exna raii laid (o resist sideways pressure on a sharp curve check-rein a rein attaching one horse's rein to another's bit, or preventing a horse from lowering iis head f checkroll a list of the names and other details of people in the service of the royal or other large household; a muster-roll, checkroom, -stand N. Amer. a room, a stand, in which 'checked' articles are placed, checkstring Hist, a string used by a passenger in a carriage ,

to signal the driver to stop,

checksum Computing

a

modular sum of the digits in a data item, transmitted with the item to provide a check of any errors that may arise in it check-taker US a person who takes or collects the checks or tickets for admission to a theatre etc, check-up a careful examination, esp. of a person's general medical condition, check-valve a valve preventing backward flow of liquid in a pipe etc checkweighman a person who checks the weight of mined coal on behalf of miners

checked

/tjekt/ a.' Also n:\ v.'': see -ed^

CHECK

fchequed. lME. [f -ed'.] Marked with

checks, having checks, chequered. Time Young kids in checked shirts and baseball caps.

checked

/tjekt/

CHECK

Also fchequed. mi8.

a.-'

CHEQUE

-ed'.] f 1 Of as a cheque.

or

CHECK

[f.

see -ED'', paper: having a counterfoil; for use n.'

,

V.':

Only in mi8. 2 gen. That has been checked. Also checked-in, -out, -up, etc. Li8. 3 Phonet. Of a syllable: ending in a consonant, closed. Of a vowel: occurring in such a syllable. L19.

checker

/'tjska/ n.' mi6. [f. check v.' + -er'.] person who or device which checks; spec, (a) a person who works at the checkout of a supermarket etc.; (b) a player who checks an opponent in ice hockey etc.

A

.

.

check over, check through examine or

successive items or parts of checkable a. L19.

E17.

lME.

[Prob. abbrev. of checker CHEQUER «.'] A n. 1 A pattern of cross lines forming small squares. lME. 2 A fabric marked or woven with such a pattern. E17. 2 taaersal check: see tattersall n. B ad]. Marked or woven with such a pattern; made of such a fabric. E16. a.

airport, etc.; record the arrival of (a person) at a hotel etc. check into arrive, and be recorded as arriving, at

2 N.

.

an

f chebec

checkmate

379

3

SPELLING

checker.

checker «.-, checkerberry var. of

v. vars.

of chequer

/'Ijekaberi/

n.

li8.

n.', v. [f.

checker

chequer n.' + berry «.'] A low creeping N. American shrub of the heath

evergreen

family, Gaulthena procumbens, with spicy-scented leaves and waxy white flowers (also called partidge-berry, winlergreen); the edible red fruit of this shrub.

checkered a. f checklaton

var. n.

of chequered. rare

(Spenser).

Only

in

li6.

[Alt] = CICLATOUN.

checkmate

/'tjEkmeit/

int.,

«.,

a.,

&

v.

ME.

[Aphet. f OFr. eschec mat = Prov. escac mat, f. Arab, sdh mat(a) repr. Pers. Sdh mdt the king is defeated, the king is perplexed: see check int., MATE a. ] A int. In Chess, notifying the puning of

day, so no,

r.:

hair,

13

near,

si

boy, 03 poor, aio tire, aos sour

check-stone an opponent's king into inextricable check, by which the game is won; transf. notifying an adversary's defeat. ME. B n. (The notifying to an opponent of) the inextricable check of a king in chess; transf.

&

lME. C

a.

pred.

deadlock. check; fig.

final defeat or

fig.

In

inextricable

lME. D v.t. Give checkmate to; fig. defeat, friistrate. lME. check-Stone /'tjekstsun/ n. Now dial. rare. defeated.

n6. [Origin unkn.] A smooth round pebble; smg. & in p/. a game played with such pebbles.

cheeky

'tjski a. In Her. also che(c)quy. lME. [Aphet. f OFr. eschequie, escheque, later assim. to adjs. in -y'.] Chiefly Her. Checked, chequered; (of a field or charge) divided into three or more rows of small squares of alternate tinctures.

chedarim Cheddar

see heder.

n.pl.

n. M17. [A village in Somerset, England.] 1 In full Cheddar cheese. A hard smooth-textured cheese made (orig. at Cheddar) by piling the curds and forming a smooth mass. M17. 2 Cheddar pink, a pink, Dianthus gratianopohtanus, with dull greyish leaves, in Britain foimd only at Cheddar Gorge. M19.

/'tjeda/

cheddarmg

manufacture of cheese, involving the piling of the curds to form a smooth mass E20. a process or stage in the

n.

cheder n. var. of heder. cheechako /tji:'tja:k3u/

n. N. Amer. colloq. PI. L19. [Chinook Jargon = newcomer.] A newly arrived immigrant to the mining districts of N. America; a greenhorn, a tenderfoot.

-OS.

chee-chee a. cheek /tji:k/

var. of chi-chi.

WGmc]

gate.

II transf. & techn. (All usu. in pi.) 5 The side post of a door, gate, etc. lME. 6 gen. A side. M16. 7 Either of the side-pieces of a horse's bit; the strap of a bridle passing down each side of a horse's head, to cormect the headpiece with the bit. E17. 8 Naut. On a square-rigged ship, each of die projections on either side of a mast on which the trestle-trees rest; the outside wooden part of a block etc. E17. 9 Each of a pair of laterally arranged side-pieces forming pan of j machme; esp. each of the jaws of a vice. M17. Phrases etc.: cheek by jowl (or fby cheek) side v '

cheek to cheek

side, close together, mtimate(ly).

(in

dancing) with the cheeks of partners (nearly) touching. all the

cheek

etc.:

see

OF

tongue-in-cheek: see

prep,

n. to one's own cheek without sharing or not shared with others, turn the other cheek [alluding to Man. 5:39, Luke 6:29] permit or invite another blow, anack, etc.; refuse to retaliate, with (one's) tongue in

TONGUE

(one's) cheek: see

tongue

n.

Comb.: cheek-bone (a) the bone above the cheek, forming the lower boundary of the orbits of the eyes; jawbone; the cheek- pouch a pouchlike t(fc) enlargement of the cheek, esp. m certain monkeys;

cheek-tooth

rheeked

a.

a molar.

having a cheek or cheeks (of a specified

kind) M16.

cheek /tji:k/ or side colloq.

to.

v.t. mi6. [f. the n.] 1 Form a cheek M16. 2 Address cheekily or saucily.

M19.

cheeky

/'tji:ki/

a.

E19.

cheek

[f

n.

+

-y'.j

Characterized by or showing cheek; insolent,

impudent, cheekily adv. E20. cheekiness

B

A

n.

n.

/tji:p/ v. & n. Orig. Sc. E16. [Imit.: cf PEEP v.^ & n.^] h. V. \ v.i. Utter shrill feeble soimds (like those) of a young bird. E16. 2 v.t. Utter with a cheeping voice. M19.

cheep

b but, d dog, f few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

of a yoimg bird.

(as)

cheers

of cheer «.'] good wishes, esp. before drinking; cheerio, good health. Also, goodbye. E2o. 2

not the slightest sound, not a

colloq.

word.

Expr. thank.s. L20.

cheeper

cheer

cheepy

E17.

n.

given to cheeping M19.

a.

See also cheers

/tjis/

ME. [AN

int.

chiere face,

late

f.

do you

wotcher

cheese

int.).

securely gives good cheer And her princely guest. 4 B. Rubens He engaged a smile in preparation for the cheer he would put into his voice. 5 make good cheer feast, revel. 6 Times The and marked the shares up 3p. 7 J. market took cheer Herriot The farm men didn't exacdy break into a cheer but they were enormously pleased, three cheers successive united hurrahs (for a person or thing honoured), two cheers iron, mild enthusiasm. Comb.: cheer-leader a person who leads collective yells, organized cheers of applause, supportive chanting, etc., esp. at a sporting event. .

.

With

adv.:

state of

cheer

assume

mind. LME-E18. 2

Make of good joyous, gladden,

lME. f3a

up.

i.

.

.

.

cheese Pers.

one

E19. [Prob. f Urdu f The right or correct thing; E19. 2 An important or self-

slang.

/tji:z/

ciz

thing.]

something

;

1

first-rate.

important person; the boss. Freq. as big Ong. US. E20.

stage-fiight. .

blue

BUTTER «.'; cheese-cutter (a) a knife with a curved blade used for cutting cheese; (b) a device for cutting cheese by pulling a wire through it; cheese fly a small black fly, Pwphila casei, whose larvae feed on cheese; cheese-head a squat cylindrical head of a screw etc.; cheese-knife (a) ~ cheese-cutter (a) above; (b) a spatula used to break down curd in cheese-making; cheese tnite a mite of the genus Tyroglyphus, feeding on old cheese; cheesemonger a dealer in cheese, butter, etc., cheese-pare v.t. be stingy, make miserly economies; cheese-paring a. & n. (a) adj. stingy; (ft) n. stinginess; J cheese-rennet, J -running lady's bedstraw, Galium vcrum, formerly used to curdle milk, cheese skipper the larva of the cheese fly; cheese straw a thin cheese-flavoured strip of pastry; cheesewood (the hard yellow wood of) an Australian tree of the genus Pittosporum.

(one's f:i« e etc.). E17. 7 v.t. & Salute with cheers, applause, or other indications of approbation or support. L18. 1 Shakes. Merch. V. How cheer'st thou, Jessica? 2 V. S. Pritchett It cheers me that I live on the frontier of Camden Town and Regent's Park G. M. Fraser Grattan didn't cheer me up by remarking that the Cumanche are cannibals. 3a Dryden I myself the Guests with friendly Bowls will chear. b W. H.

5 W. Faulkner When I gave him another sup he cheered up some. 7 B. Jowett Many of the audience cheered and applauded this. H. Carpenter The boys were even forbidden to cheer at their own football matches. cheerer n. a person who or thing which cheers L16. cheeringly adv. in a cheering manner, so as to cheer

6 The word 'cheese' pronounced to form the when one is being

buiicr muslin s.v.

up

.

WGmc

m

v.t.

Entenain with feasting. lME L17. b v.t. & Solace or comfort as food does, mi 6. 4 v.t. Encourage, inspirit, animate, incite, by word or deed (now esp. with cheers, passing into sense 7). Freq. foil, by on. lME. 5 v.i. Be or grow cheerful, enjoy oneself Now only foil, by up: become cheerful, take heart. L16. b t>.i. Brighten

Russell A cup which to my mind neither cheers nor inebriates. 4 C. Thirlwall Cheering his troops by his presence and his words. K. Graiiame His comrades cheered him on, Mole coaxed and encouraged him but nothing could overcome his

kdsi, k(i}esi

lemon cheese^ etc. Comb.: cheeseboard a board from which cheese is served, a selection of cheeses served with a meal; cheeseburger a hamburger with cheese in or on it; cheesecake (a) a tart(let) with a fillmg of sweetened curds on a pastry or biscuit-crumb base; (b) slang (ong US) the display of shapely female form advertisements, photographs, etc., cheesecloth =

&

v.t.

make

cheer; comfort, console; enliven. Freq. foil, by

= OS

(G

cheese, Cheddar cheese, cottage cheese, cream Dutch cheese, Lancashire cheese, Limburger cheese, Parmesan cheese, processed cheese, Swiss cheese, etc. as different as chalk and (or from) cheese: see CHALK n. green cheese: see GREEN a. hard cheese: see HARD a. mousetrap cheese: see MOUSETRAP 2. 3 damson cheese,

1

;. f • v.refl. a particular disposition or

>!.']

-y'.]

-¥

cheese,

A

[f

n.'

photographed. M20.

/tjis/ n.'- Also chir. E19. [Nepali: imit.] In cheer pheasant. pheasant, Catreus wallichii, native to the Himalayan region.

lME.

M19.

notionally or actually lips into a smile,

cheer

/tjis/ v.

cese, cyse

OHG chdsi, kasi

arch.

frontages.)

.

full

cheer

[{.

Kdse), f. i. L caseus.] 1 The curds of milk (coagulated by reimet) separated from the whey and pressed into a solid mass, eaten as food; a distinct kind of this. OE. b A mass or cake of this within a rind. lME. 2 The fruit of the common mallow, Malva silvestris, which has a round flattened shape like a cheese. E16. 3 A conserve of frxiit etc. having the consistency or form of (cream) cheese. M16. b A mass of crushed apples pressed together in the form of a cheese. E18. 4 Any object shaped like a cheese (usu. taken as being cylindrical or an oblate spheroid). M19. 5 The action of tummg roimd rapidly and sinking down so that skirts and petticoats take the form of a cheese; a deep cunsy. (Cf Fr. faire des

3 Shakes. Lucr. She reverend welcome to .

[OE

/t|i:z/ n.'

(Du. kaas),

what cheer? how

stout-hearted, hopeful,

feel? (cf

lME.

/'tjisri/ a.

Cheerful, in good spirits; genial, cheering, cheerily adv. E17. cheeriness n.

A

.

good cheer

cheery

L

cara f Gk kara head.] f 1 The face; the expression of the face; countenance. ME-M19. 2 Disposition, frame of mind, mood. Now usu. w. specifying wd, esp. good. ME. 3 Kindly welcome or reception, hospitable entertainment (passing into sense 5). obs. exc. dial ME. 4 Cheerfulness, gladness, mirth, joy, gaiety. lME. 5 I rovisions, viands, thing which food (for entertaiiunent) lME. 6 gives joy or gladness; comfort; encouragement. M16. 7 A shout of encouragement, welcome, approbation, or congratulation. L17. 2 T. H. White I rode away with heavy cheer, of

OFr.

chere,

.

/tjisz/ mt. colloq. e2o. [pi.

Expr.

1

not a cheep

cheese.

,

EI 9.

cheerful + -FUL.] willing,

lME.

/'tjisfui, -f(3)l/ a.

[f

cheese

slang. E19. [Origin unkn.] 1 leave off. Esp. in imper. E19. 2 Bore, exasperate. Chiefly as cheesed off, browned off, fed up. M20.

Stop

cheery

-I-

O

int.]

-LESS.]

a.

li6.

Devoid of comfort;

cheesy

[{.

/'tjisli/

a.

arch.

cheer

L15.

[f

n.

n.'

man, n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

t

/'tjiita/

and

w

we,

z

zoo,

exc.

dial.

or

M16. similar

slang. L19.

J

n.

A

SW Asia.

cheetal

n. var.

cheewink top, v van,

obs.

woodlouse

L18. [Hind, crta, f. Skt swift-running spotted feline, Acinonyx jubatus, native to the plains of Africa

-ly'.] Cheerful, lively,

mt. var. of cheerio.

«.''

M19.

n.

citraka leopard.]

-I-

cheerly

cheero

[OE

dial.

+

w.'

cheesiness

-I/'tfisli/ adv. L15. [f cheer -ly^] Cheerily; cheeringly; Naut. heartily, with a will,

exc.

a

/'tji:zi/ a.

cheese

cheetah

cheer

A

cheap and nasty,

-H

gloomy,

M19.

+

In sense 3 also cheesey. lME. -y'.] 1 Of, belonging to, consisting of, or of the nature of cheese; containing cheese. lME. 2 Resembling cheese in appearance etc. M18. 3 Inferior, second-rate, [f.

Expr. good

dispiriting;

cheerlessly adv. L19. cheerlessness

/'tjiizlip/

[Origin unkn.] crustacean.

wishes on parting or before drinkmg; goodbye;

good health. cheerless /'tjislis/

n.'

prepared.

cheeselip

cheerie-bye /tJisri'bAi/ int. colloq. M20. [{. next + GOODBYE.] Goodbye, cheerio /tjian'su/ int. colloq. Also cheero

obs.

n.'

word = ON /y/herb, mod.G dial. Lapp reimet.] Rermet for cheesemaking; the dried (calf's) stomach from which it is

etc.; bright, pleasant. lME. cheerfully adv. Mi 6. cheerfulness n. lME.

/'tji:zlip/

f cheese

ceselyb(b),

1 Contented, in good spirits, hopeful; not reluctant. lME. 2 Inspiring

/tjis'rau/. E20. [f

/tji:z/ v.t.

it,

cheeselip

cheer

contentment

cheerly

M19.

soimd

shrill feeble

L18.

cheer

n. [OE ceoce = OFris. zidke, varying w. OE ceace, cece = (M)LG kake, keke, JvlDu. kake (Du. kaak), f I Of a person or animal, f 1 The jaw, the jawbone; sing. & (usu.) in pi., the chops, the fauces. OE-M16. 2 The side-wall of the mouth; the side of the face below the eye; fig. something suggestive of the cheek in shape, colour, etc. OE. 3 A buttock. Usu. in pi. L16. 4 Impertinent speech; cool confidence, ef&ontery; insolence. M19. 2 Byron Ocean's cheek Reflects the tints of many a peak. 4 George Moore If he gives me any of his cheek I'll knock him down. J. FowLES Some even had the cheek to push their cameras through the front

of

cheewink

380

n.

of chital.

var. of

chewink.

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, 6 this,

i)

ring, tj chip, d3 jar

chef chef /jEf/ n. E19. [Fr. = man) who is (usu. the

head.]

A person

chief)

cook

(usu. a

in a hotel,

restaurant, etc.

chef d'ecole

/Jef

dskoi/

phr.

n.

chefs

PI.

d'ecole (pronounced same). M19. [Fr. = head of school.] The initiator or leader of a school or style of music, painting, literature, etc.

chef-d'cBuvre

/Jedoeivr/

(pronounced same). E17.

chef d'orchestre

chefs-

PI.

n.

=

[Fr.

chief (piece) of

work.] The greatest work of an masterpiece.

artist

/Jef darkestr/

phr.

n.

a

etc.;

PI.

chefs d'orchestre (pronounced same). M19.

= head

[Fr.

The

of orchestra.]

leader

or

conduaor of an orchestra. chefs d'ecole, -d'ceuvre, d'orchestre ns. pis. of CHEF d'ecole etc. cheilo- /'kMlao/ comb. form. Also chile-, (bef a vowel) ch(e)il-. Repr. Gk kheilos lip: see -0-. chei'litis n. (Med) mflammation of the lips M19. of or pertaining to cheiloplasty- M19. n. (an instance of) surgical repair of or deformitj' of the lip M19.

cheiloplastic cheiloplasty injur>'

a.

cheir- comb, form

cheiranthus

see CHIRO-.

M19. [mod.L (see

'k.\i'ran9as/ n.

below), f Gk kheir hand + anthos flower.] A cruciferous plant of the genus Cheiranthus (now freq. included in the genus Erysimum), to which the wallflower belongs.

cheiro- comb, form var. of CHIRO-. cheirology n. var. of chirology. n.

n.

Speculation).] Hist. An organization set up in 1917 in the USSR to investigate coimterrevolutionary activities, superseded in 1922 by

Ogpu.

Chekhovian

Also Tch-. E20. [f Chekhov (see below) + -LAN.] Of, penaining to, or characteristic of the work of the Russian author Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (i860 1904), esp. in attaching dramatic and symbolic /tjs'koovion/

a.

significance to detail.

-lae /-li:/. M17. [mod.L f L chek, Gk khel£ claw.] Zool. A pincer-like claw of a crab, lobster, scorpion, etc. ,

che'liferous

cheliform

chela

«.'

'ki:b/

a.

PI.

a. bearing chelae or claws having the form of a chela L18.

M19. [Hind, Hinduism.

'tjeib/ n.-

pupil, spec, in

cela.]

A

.M18

disciple, a

&

n. E19. [f chela n.' + Having two opposing claws or pincer-like structures. E19. 2 Chem. That is or involves a ligand which forms bonds to the same central atom at two or more points. E20. B n. Chem. A chelate compound. M20.

chelate -ATE-.]

/'ki:leit

A

adj.

I

a.

Zool.

chelate /'kirleit, ki'leit/ v.i. E20. [f the adj.] Chem. Combine with in the maimer of a chelate hgand. che lation n. the state or process of being chelated M20. che lator n. a chelate ligand M20.

chelicera

/k3'lis(s)r3/

Anglicized as chelicer

n. /

-rae /-ri:/. Also M19. [mod.L, f

PI.

'kcliso/.

chela h.' + Gk keras horn.] Zool. Each of the antenor pair of appendages of arachnids and some other arthropods, modified as pincer-like as

jaws. cbeliceral a. L19. chelicerate arthropod) having chelicerae E20.

cheUped /'kiiliped/ n. -I- + L ped-, pes foot

]

Umbs

bearing

claws

&

a.

n.

(an

n.'

+

Zool. Either of a pair of

found

pincers,

/']Elion/ a. L19. [Fr. Chetleen,

near Paris; see -an.] - Abbevillian

in

f.

Chelles

E19. [f. mod.L Chelonta, f. Gk khelOnl tortoise: see -lA^ -AN.] Zool. A adj. Of, pertainmg to, or characteristic of the reptilian order Testudines (formerly

Chelonia), which includes the tortoises, turtles, and terrapins. E19. B n. A reptile of this order. E19.

arm,

1.

bed,

3:

her,

1

sit,

1

E19. [Origin uncertain: Chirp, squeak; chatter; Chatter; backchat. L19. n. dial.

v.t.

n.

&

1.

ei8. [A district in London on the north bank of the Thames.] 1 Chelsea /'tjelsi/ n.

kind of rolled currant-bim, originally made in Chelsea. ei8. 2 More fully Chelsea ware, porcelain, etc. A kind of porcelain made at Chelsea in the i8th cent. M18. 3 Chelsea pensioner, an inmate of the Chelsea Royal Hospital for old or disabled soldiers. E19. 4 Chelsea boot, an elastic-sided boot. M20. bun,

a

Cheltonian

/tjel'taunian/

n.

&

a.

L19.

[f

Cheltenham (see below) after Aberdonian etc.] (A native or inhabitant) of the town of

Cheltenham

in Gloucestershire; (a

member

former member)

or or

of Cheltenham College Cheltenham Ladies' College. chemi- /'kemi/ comb, form of CHEMICAL a. see -I-. Cf CHEMICO-, CHEMO-. :

chemiliuni'nescence n. the emission of (cold) light accompanying a chemical reaction L19. chemilumi'nescent a. exhibiting chemiluminescence E20. chemios'motic a. (Biochem.) pertaining to or involving the transfer of electrons, protons, or other species through membranes, as a mechanism of metabolic reactions M20. v.i. chemisorb

[back-form] collect by chemisorption M20. cbetni'sorption n. adsorption involving the formation of chemical bonds M20. /kEmi'atrik/ a. & n. M19. [f. mod.L chemiaina iatrochemistry (Paracelsus), f. as prec. + Gk latreia medical treatment: see -ic] A adj. = iatrochemical. M19. B = l^trochemist. M19.

cosy,

chemic

/'kEmik/ a., n., & v. Orig. fchymic. L16. [Fr. chimique, or mod.L chimicus, chym-, for med.L alchimtcus, f. alchimia alchemy: see -ic] A adj. 1 Alchemical, arch. L16. f2 = IATROCHEMICAL. E17 M18. 3 Of Or belonging to

chemistry, poet. M17. B >!. f ' An alchemist. L16-LI7. f2 = lATROCHEMIST. E MI7. A chemist. M-L17. 4 Calcium or sodium hypochlorite used as bleach, arch. M19. C v.t. Infl. -ck-. 1 1 Transmute (as) by alchemy. E17 E18. 2 Bleach with a solution of calcium or sodiimi hypochlorite, arch. M19.

chemical

/'kEmik(3)l a. & n. Orig. fchym-. L16. [f as prec. + -AI.'.] A adj. fl Alchemical. L16 M18. 2 Of, made by, or relating to, chemistry; employing chemicals. L16. b spec. Designating a lavatory or closet in which waste IS decomposed by chemicals. M20. f3 = iatrochemical. L16 L18. 4 Of a person: engaged in the practice of chemistry; versed 'n chemistry. E17. Special collocations, chemical attraction: see attraction 3.

cbemical bond = BOND

1:

see, n hot,

n.' 11.

chemical engineer

chemical engineenng. chemical engineering the science of the uulization of chemical processes in manufacturing, cbemical potential a thermod>Tiamic function peuaining to any one component present in a system, equal to the derivative of the free energy with respect to the quantity of that component jhcniical shift: see shift n. chemical warfare: employing chemical weapons, cbemical weapon a weapon that depends for its effect on the release of a toxic or noxious substance. B n. A distinct substance obtained by or used in a chemical process, mi 8. fine chemicals: used in small amounts and in a punfied state, heavy chemicals bulk chemicals used in industry and agnculture chemicalize v.t. treat with chemicals, use chemicals

an

expert

in

chemically adv.

E17.

'kEmikau/ comb, form of chemical a. sec -0-. Cf CHEMI-, CHEMO-. chemico-'physical a. of or pertaining to chemistry and physics M19. :

chemin de fer

l\{s)ml do

L19. [Fr. = railway, of baccarat.

a.

fcheloid n. & a. var. of KELOID. chelonian /kriscinian/ a. & n.

a cat, a:

Chelsea

&

V.

A

chemico-

decapod crustaceans.

Chellean

/tjelp/

perh. imit.] cheep. E19. B

in (an activity): E20.

M19. [f as chela or

chelp

chemiatric

& a. var. of chiropteran. Also Tch-. E20. [Russ., f Che, ka, pronunc. of initials of Chreziychainaya Komissiya Extraordinary Commission (for combating Counter-revolution, Sabotage, and

t cheiropteran

Cheka /'tjeka/

chela

chemurgy

381

y.

chemise

/J3'mi:z/

lit.

fE:r,

Ja'mS da

'road of iron'.]

Fe:/ n.

A

form

ME.

[(0)Fr., f

late

I.

1 A ganncnt for the ] a woman's loose-fitting upper body; esp. undergarment or dress hanging straight from the shoulders. ME. 2 Htst. A wall with which a

bastion etc. is lined as a fortification. E18. 3 Hist. A loose covering for a book. L19. u:

too,

/femi:'z£l/ n. E19. [Fr., dim. of prec: see -ETTe.] 1 A bodice, resembling the upper pan of a chemise. E19. 2 A piece of muslin, lace, etc., used to fill in the open front of a

woman's

dress. E19.

chemism

/'kEmiz(3)m/

E19.

rare.

n.

[Fr.

chimisme, parallel to chimiste chemist: see -ISM.] Chemical action, activity, or force.

chemist

/'kEmist/

n.

Also (arch.) chym-.

lME.

jchym- f mod.L chimysta, -ista for alchimisia ALCHEMIST.] An alchemist. fl LME-M18. t2 = lATROCHEMIST. Only in E17. 3 A person skilled in chemistry; one who makes chemical investigations. E17. 4 A dealer in [Fr. chimiste,

medicinal drugs, usu. also selling other medical goods and toiletries. M18.

chemistry L16. that

/' kEmist ri/ n. Also (arch.) chym-. prec. + -RV.] 1 (The branch of science deals with) the investigation of the

[f.

substances of which maner is composed, and of the phenomena of combination and change which they display (cf alchemy); chemical reactions or properties. Also fig., mysterious processes or change; imponderable interaction. L16. t2 = iatrochemistry. L17-E18. 1

inorganic, organic, physical, surface chemistry, etc. R.

W. Emerson The world

has a sure chemistry, by its children. C. Sagan Our chemistry is delicately attuned to the temperature of the planet on which we have evolved. R. Jaffe Annabel hadn't been to bed with her husband for two years, except to sleep. There just wasn't any chemistry between them anymore.

which

what

extracts

it

.

,

chemmy

/'jEmi/ per.

chemin de

excellent in

is

colloq.

n.

chemo-

/'kemau/ comb, form of chemical CHEMI-, chemico-. chemoprophy'lactic a. of, perta.ning to,

see -0-.

=

[Abbrev.]

E2o.

a.:

Cf

chemoprophylaxis

involving

M20.

or

cbemopropby-

prophylactic use of chemicals M20. chemoreception n. the response of an organism to environment E20. a chemical change its cbemoreceptor n. a sensory organ responsive to chemical stimuli E20. chemo'syntbesis n. the formation by living organisms of carbohydrates from inorganic compounds without the agency of light E20. cbemosyn'tbetic a. of, pertaining to, or involving 'laxis

the

n.

m

chemosynthesis

M20

chemo-autotrophic

/.kEmausita'traofik,

M20. [f prec. + autotrophic] Of micro-organisms or their metabolism: deriving energy from inorganic the oxidation of compounds. chemo-'aututropb n. a chemo-autotrophic organism M20 cbemo-autotrophism /-'traof-/ n. M20. -'trof-/ a.

chemokinesis

/kKnio(())ki'ni:sis, -kM-/ n. E20. + kinesis.] Biol. A kinesis in [f chemoresponse to a particular substance. chemokinetic /-'nttik/ ' contained in a chest E18.

chestfiil n

chest coffin.

/tjest/ v.t.

Now

dial.

OE. [f the n.] OE. 2 Enclose m

Put into

1

a

a chest; store

away. OE. 3 Strike with the chest, guide or propel (a ball) with the chest. M19.

fchesten

OE

/'tjEsnAt/ n. & a. Also fchesnut. E16. -I- nut n.] A n. la The edible nut of the genus Castanea, of the beech family; a tree of esp. that of C. sativa (also Spanish or sweet chestnut). Also (w. specifying wd), any of various finaits etc. resembling this nut. E16. b (More fully chestnut tree) the tree itself, (with specifying wd) any of various similar trees. Also, the wood of these trees. L16. c ellipt. A horse chesmut. L18. 2 A chestnut colour; a chesmut horse. (See sense B. below.) L16. 3 The small hard callosity in the skm of the horse at the inner side of the forelegs. M19. 4 A stale joke or anecdote; anythmg too often repeated. L19. Phrases: Cape chestnut: see CAPE n.' Chinese water chesmut: see water n. HORSE chestnlt. Moreton Bay chestnut, pull the chestnuts out of the fire succeed in a hazardous undertaking on behalf of or through the agency of another (w. ref to the fable of a monkey using a cat's paw to get roasting chestnuts from a fire). Tahiti chesmut. water chesmut: see water n. wild [f.

CHESTEN

chesmut: see

WILD

chesty

ult.

f

L

(also in spec,

L

a chestnut tree. obs.

/'tftsts/ n.

castra: a

forms

exc. Htsi.

common

-caster,

Chesterfield.]

A

Chesterfield (sec

a cat, a:

arm,

>.

a

Roman

Chesvan

A

chetif

chetnik

oO any

of a

frequently

+

n.

-V'.]

horseback,

chevage =

1

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

.r

to horses.

]

Pimy,

sickly,

f. capillatus haired, f capillus hair: see -URE.] 1 The hair of the head, a head of hair; (formerly) a wig. lME. 2 A halo around a star etc.; a comet's coma. L17.

capillatura,

cheverel noted for

chevesaile

lME. [OFr

c>i' crystals. a.

t.

chlorite 'kln:r.\it n.- M19. [f chlorine n. + -ite' .] Chem. A salt of chlorous acid. chloritoid 'kl.i:rit3id n. M19. [f chlorite n.' '

+ -oid ] Afm. A basic aluminosilicatc of iron and usu. also magnesium, similar to mica and varying in colour from greenish black to grey.

chloro-

'klorsu

'kl.Trao,

comb, form'

Gk

of

Bef

a vowel also chlor-. green respirator)' pigment related to haemogUtbin, present in the blood of some manne worms L19 chloroma n., pi. -mas, -mata -mats Med. (the occurrence oO a greenish tumour of bone associated with myeloid leukaemia LI9 chloro'melanite n. (Gk khliromclan dark green] Min a grccnish-black iron-containmg vanet>' of ladeite L19 = chlo'ropal n. (Mm.) sontrontte Ely chlorophyte n Boi. t(a) rare a green plant, (b) a green alga L19 khloros green; see -0-. chloro'cruorin n a

,

chloro-

comb, form- of chlor-'. Often formed by replacement of

'klorso/

'kb:r3u,

CHLORnsTE

n.:

see

Cf

-o-.

denotmg compounds one or more hydrogen atoms by chlonne, chlorobemene. chloro'picrin

n.

[picnc

which

from

acid,

as

prepared] tnchloronitromethanc, CCl|NO,, a volatile, toxic, reactive liquid used as a disinfectant, pesticide, etc M19 chloro'platinate n a salt of chloroplaiinit acid MI9 chloropla tinic a. chloroplatimc acid, an acid, H;PtCl^, formed when platinum dissolves in aqua regia LI9. chloroprene n [isoprene] ,

2-chloro-i,3-buiadiene, C,H,CI, a colourless liquid made from acetylene and hydrochlonc acid, easily poly-menzed to ncoprenc .VI20 chloroquinc -kwi:n n. (qi,in(oline] Pharm a quinoline dcnvativc used esp. as an antimalarial M20 chlorothiazide n (Pharm.) a chlorinated thiazide used as a diuretic M20

chlorodyne

"kinrr.idAin, 'klnr-/ n. M19. [f next + anodyne] a preparation containing chloroform and morphine, fcsp. formerly) used as an anodyne.

chlorofluorocarbon /,kl.->:r3ononrn()'ka:b(3)n

/

+ n.uoRo- + CARBON

«.

exceptionally

n.

M20. [f CHLORO-a group of

Any of compounds ]

containing carbon, fluorine, and chlorine (analogous to the hydrocarbons), which have been used esp. as a cat, a:

arm,

stable

k

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

like

chlorophylle

'kbirafil,

i.

'klor-'

CHLORO-' +

as

E19. [Fr. phullon leaf]

n.

Gk

Any

of a group of magnesium-contaming green pigments which occur in plants (giving the

and

characteristic colour to foliage etc.)

act as

absorbers of light for photosynthesis. chloro'phyllous a. of the nature of, containing, or characteristic of chlorophyll Mi 9. 'kbirsplast, -pla:st, 'klor-/ n. L19.

+

CHLORO-'

[f

-plast]

A

Bot.

plastid

rntik

-

n.

PI.

.

-osis.]

penaining

a.

to or affected with

M19. [f chlorine n. + -OUS: cf chloric] Chem. Of chlorine; chlorous 'kb:r?s

weak

a

a.

'

HCIO., known only

acid,

in

aqueous solutions.

chlorpromazine

ki,->:'proum9zin,

-zi:n

n.

M20. [f chlor-' + promethazine ] Pharm. A phenothiazine derivative used as a tranquillizer, sedative, and anti-emetic. ^ Propnetar>' names for this drug are Largactil,

choak-full

a. var.

a. var.

of chock-full

of choky

a.

-nae -ni: L19. f Gk khoani funnel ] Anat. A funnelshaped opening, esp either of those connecting the nasal cavities to the pharNTix.

[mod

'ksosna

PI.

n.

.

i,

choano-

'kooanao

comb, form of

Gk

khoand

funnel: see -o-.

choanocyte protoplasm sponges ti9.

n.

at

(Zool.) a flagellate cell with a collar of

base

the

of

the

flagellum,

e.g.

in

'ksusnnid a. M19. [f as prec. -oil).] Anat. & Bwl. Funnel-shaped,

+

'kaoeit/ a.

were

L19 [Back-fonn. f inchoate complete; fully

in-'.] Finished,

developed.

chobdar on

n.

ei8.

(Urdu f the staff,

Pers.

Indian attending

a dignitary.

Ijok,

colloq.

n.

1.19.

[Abbrev]

chocolate n Comb choc-bar,

-ice, a small bar of ice-cream enclosed in a thin layer of chocolate

chocaholic

chocho

n.

&

a. var.

'tj.iotjou/ n.

chock tjnk n.' Also fchoak. See also chuck n ME. [Prob. f ONFr. (mod. Picard choke big log, Norman chouque) var. of OFr. i,o{u)chc '

log, block of wood: ult. origin block of wood, esp. a wedge for stopping the motion of a cask or wheel; a block (of wood or other material) placed in front of an aeroplane wheel as a brake. ME. 2 A log, esp.

(mod. souche)

x saw,

]

a run,

1

f2

v.t.

v.i.

Fit tn tighdy

make

Fit or

fast

and

with a

chock

/tJok/ adv. Also choke /tjauk/. L18. [Prob. f chock-full a.] Closely, tighdy; close upchock-a-block (a) Naut. (of two blocks) run close together in a tackle; (6)

crammed

& fig. jammed

trans/.

together,

with.

chocker

/'tjoka/ a. slang. Also -cka. M20. [Abbrev. of chock-a-block: see prec] Fed up; very disgruntled.

chock-full /tJokTul/ a. Also choak-, choke/tjsuk-/; chuck/tjAk-/. lME. [Origin uncenain: later assoc. with chock n.', v.]

Crammed full (of); packed with; stuffed. choco /'tjokau/ n. Austral, slang. Also -cko. M20. [Abbrev. of chocolate

PI.

A

soldier.]

tjDks'holik/ n. & a. Also choca-. L20. [f next: see -aholic] \ n. A person addicted to or very fond of chocolate. L20. B adj. Of or pertaining to chocoholics; addicted to or very fond of chocolate. L20.

chocoholic

,

&

chocolate

'tJok(3)bt/ n. a. E17. [Fr. chocolat or Sp. chocolate, f Nahuatl chocolatl article of food made from cacao seeds, infl. by imrelated cacaua-atl dnnk made from cacao.] «. 1 drink made of prepared chocolate (sense 2) dissolved hot milk or water. E17. 2 An edible paste or solid made fi^om cacao seeds by roasting, grinding, etc.; a small sweet or confection made of or covered with chocolate. = MI 7. 3 CACAO n. 3 (cf chocolate-tree below). Now rart' or obs. M18. 4 A dark brown colour. L18. 2 milk chocolate: see MILK n. plain chocolate: see PLAIN

A

m

& adz'. B attnb.

or as adj. Of or resembling the colour or flavour of chocolate; dark brown. L18. Comb. & ipcciat collocations: chocolate biscuit a chocolate-coated biscuit, chocolate-box a decorated box filled with chocolates; ti.e (usu aimh.) a stercor\-ped romantic style of prottiness; chocolateboxy a in chocolate-box style, chocolate-brown a dark nch brown, chocolate chip a small piece of chocolate used in making sweet biscuits and other confections, chocolate drop a small rc>und sweet made of chocolate, chocolate-house Hiu. a house provnding chocolate as a beverage, chocolate mousse: see .MOUSSE n. 2, chocolate soldier a chocolate figurine of a soldier, fig. a soldier unwilling to fight; chocolatetree - CACAO

A

o put,

u:

too, a ago,

m my,

ao how,

ci

n. 3.

chocolatey

/'tjDk(o)bti/

Made

-y'.]

f

of,

a.

Also -ty. m20.

[t.

containing, or resembling

chocolate.

chocolatier same)

tji>k,i'lali.i,

L19.

n.

maker or

Choctaw cahta.] A

foreign

J.ik.-ilatje

f as CHOCOLATE: see -ier.] of chocolate.

[I'"r.,

seller

a. var.

pi.

A

of chocolatey.

'tjnkt.i:/

n.

&

[Choctaw

ei8.

a.

same. 1 A member of a Muskogean Indian people originally inhabiting Mississippi and Alabama; the language of this people. E18. b Used as a type of an unknown or ditficult language, colloq. M19. 2 Skating. A step from either edge of the skate to the other edge on the other foot in an opposite direction. Cf n.

Mohawk

of chocoholic.

Also (chiefly Austral. Sc NZ) choko 'tjsok.io/. PI. -os. M18. [Sp., of Amcr. Indian origin.] = chayote.

unkn

in E17.

M17-L18. 3

exactly.

chocolaty 'tjjobdu:

iabdar mace-bearer. ] In subcontinent: an usher bearing a

choc

Only

in firmly.

prec.

choanoid choate

hollow sound

is

J.'

Thorazine

fchoak n. var. of chock n.' fchoak V. var. of choke v. fchoaker n. var. of choker. fchoaky choana

as

A

M18

chlorosis (in either sense)

chlorous

A

E20. [Imit.]

/tjok/

made by an impact on wood. chock /tjok/ V. E17. [f chock «.'] fl v.t. Drive such

militiaman, a conscripted soldier.

-roses -'rsosiiz Med. Severe 1 deficiency, causing a characteristic greenish pallor. Also called greensickness. L17. 2 Bot. The blanching of normally green parts of plants. Also, the abnormal turning green of other parts. E19. klo'rsusis

CHLORO-' + anaemia due to iron [f.

chlorotic

chock

-OS.

containing chlorophyll, fchloroplastid n. = chloroplast L19 E20

chlorosis

:

hold.

chock or chocks; wedge up tighdy. M19. /

drug chloramphenicol.

a., as if in-

img

or

to,

kb:rs(u)'mAisitin, klDr3(u)-, ,kb:raumAj'si:tin/ n. M20. [f chloro-- + myceto- + -in'.] (Proprietary name for) the

acid,

consisung of or containing chlonte E19. chloriti'zation n. conversion into (a form containing) chlonte L19 chloritize t bring about chloritization of (usu in pojs.) E20 chloritous a. = CHLORmc M19 chlo'ritic

pertaining

of,

a.

Chloromycetin

L17.

n.

n.

trichloromethane,

chloroplast khloros green

yellowish-green gaseous chemical element, atomic no. 17, of the halogen group, with a strong pimgent smell. (Symbol

etc.)

liquid,

chlorophyll

chlorinate

+

chloro-" + formic]

= chuck n.* 3 (now the usual form). E18. Comb. chockstone Mountaineering a stone wedged in a vertical cleft, used as a belay point, stance, or for burning, dial. L17. 3

n.

PI.

2.

-s,

B

L19.

pertaining to the

attnb.

or as

Choctaws or

adj.

Of

or

their language.

M18. E17. (I^te I. f Gk dry measure equal to I quart or i'/2 pints imperial measure, choga /'tJaog.T/ n. M19. [Urdu chogha, -d f Pers. taka.] A loose Afghan garment with long

choenix khotnix.]

/'ki:niks/

(Ik

Hist.

n.

A

sleeves. /tj.iis/ n. MH. [OFr. chois (mod. choix) f choose, f Proto-Gallo-Romance f Gmc base of choose ] 1 Choosing, deciding between

choice choisir

day, an no,

»::

hair,

la

near,

.ii

boy, oa poor, Aia

tire,

aoa sour

choice choose, a selection.

possibilities; a necessity to

ME.

2 The power, right, or faculty of choosing; option. ME. 3 person or thing (to be) specially chosen or selected; the ehte; the best of a group etc.; the pick. lME. 4 Variety and abundance to choose from; a scope or field of possibilities. L16. b An abundant and wellchosen supply. L16. f5 Care in choosing, judgement, discrimination. L16 M18 f6 Special value, estimation, rare (Shakes.). Only in E17. 7 An alternative. L18.

A

R. Green With this body too lay the choice of all hiture Protectors R. L. Stevenson At breakfast we had a choice between tea and coffee. J. BucHAN I had before me a choice of routes, and I chose a ridge. A. LuRiE You have already made your choices, taken the significant moral actions of your life. 2 E. W. Lane I have given thee thy choice of the Manner which thou wilt die. 3 MlLTON The flower and choice of Provinces. Drtoen For me, the Wilds and DeSWrts arc my Choice. 4 E. Heath Shops stocked with an immense choice of goods. 5 Bacon They were collected with ludgement, and Choice. 6 Shakes. All's K'cll This ring he holds In most rich choice. 7 W. Paley Death or conversion was the only choice offered to idolaters. J. D. Salinger I didn't have any goddam choice except to leave. Phrases: by choice, for choice preferably, from 1

J

.

.

m

m^y

choice

willingly, voluntarily,

have no choice have no

HoBSON's choice make or take one's choice decide between possibilities, ipoili for choice: alternative.

see SPOIL

choice

V.

ME.

/tjois/ a.

the n.]

[f.

being chosen; of picked quality,

1

Worthy of

select; exquisite;

ME.

2 Carefiilly chosen; (esp. of words) apt, appropriate. L16. 3 Careful in choosing; discriminative; making much of. obs. especially fine.

exc. dial. E17.

My

1 Pope hi a sea of folly toss'd, choicest Hours of Life are lost. 3 Jer. Taylor He that is choice of his time, will also be choice of his company and choice of

his acuons.

lME. choiceness

choicely adv.

n.

M17.

/tjsil/ n. [Origin unkn.] The L19. indentation in a knife where the edge of the blade adjoins the tang; the point at which the curung edge ends.

choil

/'kwAia/ n. & v. Also (arch., earlier) quire. ME. [OFr. guer (mod. choeur) f. L chorus; sp. w. assim. to Fr. & L introduced 17.] A n. 1 An organized body of singers performing or leading in the musical parts of a church service. ME. 2 That part of a chiu'ch appropriated to singers; esp. the chancel of a cathedral, minster, or large church. ME. 3 Any company of singers, esp. an organized body performing at concerts etc., a choral society; a company of singing birds, angels, etc.; gen. a band or collection of similar persons or things. lME. b A band of dancers or dancers and singers in non-Christian religious

choir

Cf chorus

M17. 4 (The players of) a group of musical instruments of the same class in an orchestra. E20. festivals

etc.

n.

Phrases: ritual choir, see RITUAL

RULER

:

choirboy

a. ruler

of the choir: see

boy who sings in a choir, esp an choirman a man who sings in a

a

ecclesiastical choir;

choir;

nun

ib.

n.

Cotnb.

a

,

choirmaster the conductor of a choir; choir nun professed to perform choir offices; choir

office a divine service said or sung by a choir; choir organ [alt. of chair organ s.v. chair n.'] the softest of three parts making up a large compound organ, with the lowest of three keyboards; choir practice the regular rehearsal of set pieces of music by a choir; choir school a school for choirboys (and other pupils) maintained by a cathedral etc.; choir sister = choir nun above; choir-stall a fixed seat in the choir of a

church

B

etc,

v.i.

&

choired

t.

Sing as a choir,

a.

(rare)

poet. rare. L16. in a choir; sung

assembled

in

chorus: L18.

choise

/tjDis, -z/ v.t.

&

Long

obs. exc. Sc. E16.

of CHOOSE, prob. through assim. to Fr. forms.] = CHOOSE. [Alt.

/'Jwaizw/ «. M19. [mod.L, f. M. J. D. Choisy (1799-1859), Swiss tjotanist: see -a'.] A white-flowered evergreen shrub of the genus Choisya, of the rue family, nauve to Mexico and Arizona; esp. Mexican orange, C. temata.

choisya

choke chowk

cholic

392

/tjsuk/ /tjauk/.

b but, d dog,

f

w.'

obs.

ME.

exc.

dial.

[Prob. var. of

few, g get, h he,

j

Also

(Sc.;

cheek

yes, k cat,

1

n.;

leg,

m

perh.

also

fleshy part

infl. by ON kjalki jawbone.] The around and imder the jaw; in pL, the

cholate

chole-

E16. [f. the vb.] 1 A thing /tJauk/ which chokes. In pi. formerly also, quinsy. E16. A block progress, an obstrucuon. L17-E18. to t2 3 [Perh. infl. by ending of artichoke.] The central part of an artichoke. L17. 4 A constriction; esp. a narrowed part of a gun bore etc. Ml 8. 5 (The sound produced by) the action of choking, mi 9. 6 Electr. A high-inductance coil which serves to smooth variations or change the phase of an alternating voltage applied to it. E20. 7 A valve in the air intake of a carburettor serving esp. to provide a richer mixture for engine starring. E20.

choke

choke late

/tjsuk/

OE

ME. [Aphet. + CHEEK n.] \ v.t.

Also fcl-oak.

v.

aceocian,

as A-'

I.

/'koli/ comb,

cholagogue

kholagdgos adj.,

agdgos leading,

f.

compound

related to calciferol, formed in the skin by and present in egg yolk, liver, and fishM20. fcholedoch a. [Gk dokhos containing, receiving] conveying or containing bile L17-M19. choledo'chotomy n. (an instance of) surgical opening ultraviolet light liver oils

of the bile duct draining into the duodenum L19. choleli thiasis n., pi. -ases /-asiiz/, the formation of gallstones L19.

cholecyst-

\

cholecystectomy removal of the

(an instance of) surgical bladder L19. cholecy'stitis n.

n.

gall

inflammauon of the gall bladder M19. cholecy'stography n. radiological examination of the gall bladder E2o. cholecy'stotomy n. (an instance oO surgical incision

cholent

mto

the gall bladder L19.

M20. [Yiddish Sabbath dish of slowly baked meat and vegetables, prepared on a Friday and cooked overnight. "tjDl(a)nt,

tscholnt. Cf.

'Jo-/

SCHALET.]

A Jewish

choler /'kob/ n. lME. CHOLERA.] t 1 = CHOLERA Bile,

[(0)Fr.

Bihous Anger;

cholera late

L

as that one of the believed to cause irascibility. lME. disorder, biliousness. LME-L17.

'knbrs

lME. [L

n.

Gk kholcra; in Gk khols bile,

f.

3 chicken cholera, fowl cholera, infectious

EI 9.

pasteurcllosis of fowls (orig. thought to coincide

with cholera epidemics). L19.

W

2 distinguishing wds (now largely obs exc Hist ): cholera - sense 2b cholera infantum m'fant.im [L - of infants] gastro-entcntis or a similar condition when occurring in a child, also called

Asiatic

summer

summer diarrhoea, etc, cholera [L - the disease cholera) = sense epidemic cholera = sense 2b summer cholera,

mitbas

2a, b cholera - cholera infantum above. Comb. cholera belt arch, a flannel or

adv.

:

worn

n.

choleraic

n.

+ Urdu

&

L

choky [f.

v.

-y'.]

Gk

chol- comb, form

chola

n.

see

r

/'tjaoli/

choliamb choliambus f

iambus

t

w

we,

z

choler

bilious.

ME. ^2

the Subject as

+

-OL.]

n.

Chem.

L19. [f. chole- + steroid alcohol,

A

n.

(now

rare or obs.) E19.

]

n.

- SCAZON.

& a. (a) n. (in pi.) (poetry written in) metre; (h) adj. of or pertaining to the choUamb; choliambs: written in L17. n.

this

cholic

top, v van,

Having

/'kooliam(b)/ n. M19. [Late L Gk kholiambos, f. khdlos lame: see

Pros.

choli'ambic

/'kaolik, 'kol-/ a.

CHOLE-, sit,

{.

I.

E20. [Hind, coif.] A woman's short-sleeved bodice of a type worn in the Indian subcontinent,

choli

with choking. M19.

see CHOLE-.

red, s

of the

ME. [(0)Fr. cholerique kholera Gk kholenkos,

/ks'lf-starDl/

stereos stiff

gallstones. Also cholesterin

cholo.

man, n no, p pen,

or

C_,7H,,OH, which occurs widely in body cells and fluids, has several metabolic functions, and a major component of atheromas and is

fchoaky; chokey. L16. I Apt to cause choking.

L16. 2 Liable to or aflBicted chokiness n. M19.

Hist.

1

cholesterol

n.

+

to

causing biliousness. M16 E18. 3 Angry, Irascible; hot-tempered. L16. wrathful. L16 ei8. 5 = choleraic. M19.

/'tjsuki/ a. Also

choke

waistband

to, involving or

Hind, caukr Pers. -ddr keeper ] In the

Also chokey; (in sense i) chauki /'tjauki/. E17. [Hindi caukr. in sense 2 infl. by choke v. etc.] 1 In the Indian subcontinent: a custom or toll station; a station for horses etc.; a police station, a lock-up. EI7. 2 Prison, imprisonment, slang. L19

f

predominant humour;

[Hind, chokrd.] In the Indian subcontinent: a boy, esp. one employed as a household or regimental servant. /'tjauki/

pertaining

a.

a.

cholericus bilious

cholera]

choko n. var. of CHOCHO. chokra /'tjaokrs/ n. L19. choky

kob'reiik

choleric "knbnk/

f.

Indian subcontinent: a watchman,

silk

to prevent intestinal ailments

nature of cholera M19.

chokey n., a. vars. of choky n., a. chokidar /'tjaokido:/ n. Also chauk-, chowk-, CHOKY

3

infectious disease, endemic in Asia, which is caused by intestinal infection with the baaerium Vibno cholerae and is characterized by severe vomiting and diarrhoea leading to dehydration.

of chock-full.

[Urdu chaukiddr,

fb

taking over the meanings of

morbus

'tfauk-/. E17.

L

anger ] 1 1 = choler 2. lME mi6. 2a gen. Any of various ailments involving severe vomiting and diarrhoea. Freq. w. distinguishing wd (see below), obs. exc. Hist. El 7. b spec. A dangerous

E17.

Also fchoaker. M16. [f choke v. + -ER'.] I A person who or thing which chokes. M16. 2 A clerical or other high collar, colloq. M19. 3 A close-fitting necklace. E20. 4 A noose of wire rope etc. tied round a log for hauling it. E20.

f.

2 HlSt. four bodily

irascibihry, temper. M16. 2 choler adust a thick black fluid formerly supposed to be secreted by the suprarenal glands and to cause melancholy; black bile (cf atrabilious)

'

/'tf-ioka/

colere

LME-MiS.

2a.

orig.

ihumours

virginiana, choke-coil = choke n 6; choke-cymbal: equipped or able to be rapidly damped; choke-damp asphyxiating gas, largely carbon dioxide, accumulated in a mine, well, etc., choke-pear (now rare or obs.) a hard or unpalatable pear; fig. something hard to accept, a difficulty, choke-weed a weed which chokes other plants, esp. (formerly) broomrapc; choking coil = choke n? 6. chokingly adv. in a choking manner, so as to choke

choker

mod.L

comb, form of bladder: see prec, cyst.

/'kohsist/

cholecystis gall

Comb.: choke-berry (the red, black, or purple astringent fruit of) a N. American shrub of the genus Aronia, of the rose family; choke-cherry (the astnngent cherry of) a N. Amencan tree, Prurnts

chock

[Gk

n.

cholan'gitis n. mflammanon of the bile ducts L19. ,cholecal'ciferol n. (Biochem.) vitamin D„ a

discourage, rebuke.

a. var.

khole bile, gall.

medicine supposed to promote the flow of bladder L17. cholangi ography n. radiological examination of the bile ducts M20.

obstruction. L16. With advs. in specialized senses: choke back conceal (emotion etc.) with difficulty choke down swallow (food) with difficulty, restrain oneself with an effort from uttering (words etc.). choke off colloq. stop (a person, an attempt, etc.), esp forcibly; dissuade,

adv. var. of

Gk

bile firom the gall

fig.

choke-full

form of

f.

stop the vibration of (a suppress (feelings, aspirations, etc.). lME fb Silence (an opponent) by an argument. M16-M17. 3 Block up (or up) wholly or partly; constrict (a tube) by narrowing part of it; obstruct (a channel) with sand, debris, etc. E17. 4 Fill chock-full (lit. Si fig.). E18. 5 Stop (a machine or its action) by clogging or jamming, chock. El 8. 6 Fit tightly in, ram in. mi 8, 7 Close the choke of (an internal-combustion engine, a vehicle). M20. II v.i. 8 Suffer a temporary or stoppage of breath; become permanent through emotion etc. lME. 9 speechless Undergo smothering, suppression, blockage, or

choke

cholic +

[f.

or ester of cholic acid.

salt

eliciting] a

etc.;

air,

A

Bef. a vowel chol-.

Stop the breath of; suffocate, temporarily or finally, by squeezing the throat, blocking it up, or (of water, smoke, etc.) being unbreathable; (of emouon etc.) render speechless. ME. 2 Smother, kill (a plant, fire, etc.) by deprivation of light, cymbal);

M19.

'kol-/ n.

/'kaoleit,

-ate'.] Biochem.

chops.

zoo,

J

-ic

]

M19. [Gk

Biochem.

she, 5 vision, G thin,

ft

this,

cholic

i)

kholikos: see

acid,

ring,

tj

a

steroid

chip, dj iar

choline which

acid, C24H40O5,

and

cholesterol

choline

is an oxidation product of present (as salts) in bile.

is

Also -in /-in/. M19. [f. CHOLE- + -ine\] Biochem. A strong base, N(CH,), CH,CH20H, which occurs widely in living organisms as a metabolic intermediate. cholinergic a. (Physiol.) releasing or involving /'k3uli:n, -in; n.

HO

(cf. adrenergic) an enzyme which hydrolyses acet>'lcholinesterase: M20.

acet>icholine as a neurotransmitter

M20. choli'nesterase esters of choline; esp.

cholla

"tjoia/

n.

US. Also choya. M19. [Mex.

n.

Sp. use of Sp. = skull, head, of unkn. origin.] Ally of various opuntias of Mexico and the

south-western US.

fcholle n.', n.' vars. of jowl n.', n.' cholo 'tjsubu/ n. PI. -os. Fem. chola

/'tjaub/.

[Amer. Sp., f. Cholollan, now Cholula, a district of Mexico.] An Indian of Latin America; a mestizo; US (freq. derog.) a lower-class Mexican.

Also C-. M19.

chomer

chomp V.

n.'

tjomp

&

v.t.

M17. [Imit.] =

r.

champ

Chomsky

/'tjomskisn

below)

(see

(1928

US

of

),

chondrify

-FY.]

Also -skian. M20.

a.

+

-an.] Of, pertaining

Noam Avram

Chomsky-

see

chondroL19.

v.t.

Convert mto

[i.

Gk

khondros

Usu.

cartilage.

'knndrin

a

substance

cartilage

by boiling

]

chondrite

M19.

[f

like gelatin,

'kondrau

embr\o L19

M19.

n.

prec.

as

chon droma

-0-.

see '/

pi

n.,

[f.

Gk

khondros

Gk

Bef

khondros

vowel

a

the cartilagmous skull of an

E20 n. cartilage formation L19 -mas. -mata -mat.i Med. a a

n.

cartilage

cell

,

chondrosar'coma

pi. -mas, -mata -mots Alcd a malignant tumour ansing from cartilage cells in bone L19. n.,

,

/'knndradAit Gk n. E19. [f khondrddis granular + -ite'.] Min. A monoclinic basic silicate and fluoride of magnesium and iron, usu. occumng as yellow to dark red pnsms or granules.

chondrodite

'kondr-nd a. M19. [f Gk khondros canilage + -oid ] Resembling cartilage.

chondroid

chondroidn

/kDn'draoitin/

L19.

n.

'knndr.ifo:

L19.

n.

[f.

CHOKDRo- + -phore, in sense 2 via mod.L Chondrophora (see below).] Zool. 1 A pit or projection that supports the internal hinge canilage of a bivalve mollusc. L19. 2 Any of vanous pelagic hydroids of the suborder Chondrophora, consisting of polymorphic colonics or single large polyps with a chitinous a sail.

L20.

/knn'drnsti.m / n. & a. L19. [f. Chondrosiei ("see below), f as CHOhfDRO+ Gk osteon bone: see -an ] A n. A bony fish of the superorder Chondrostci, which includes the sturgeons and many fossil forms. L19. B adj. Of or penaining to the Chondrostei. L19.

mod.L

chondrule 'kondru:! n. L19. [f chondrite + -ULE.] A spheroidal mineral grain embedded in a '

meteorite,

chook

n.

Austral.

chucky.]

n.^

& NZ colloq. a domestic

M20.

Thomas

Sir

Arundell,

who

chose out

this

.

.

D. Lodge The Poles did not choose the political system under which they live. 2 AV Heh. 9:25 .

.

rather to suffer affliction with the people of

God, then to enioy the pleasures of sinne for a season. didn't hear him Or chose not to D. BOGAWJE She 3 G. CoLMAN Do you chuse any refreshment, Sir? II v.i. 4 Make a selection; exercise choice .

ME.

(between, from).

one's

own

way.

or

obs.

Do

5

one

as

take

likes,

lME.

dial.

Benson She knew

that she

must

one

act in

or in another way, and she had to choose. Phrases: cannot choose arch, has or have no altemative {hut), choose ends: see END n. nothing to choose between no difference between, pick and

PICK

v.'

.M17.

/'t|u:zi

choosiness

chop

n.

tjnp

Also -sey. Mig. [f

colloq.

a.

+ -y'.] prec. fastidious,

Particular

one's

in

choice,

M20.

«.'

lME.

chop

[f.

v.']

I

An

act of

chopping; a cutting stroke made with an axe or similar implement. I.ME. b A shon sharp downward blow or stroke in boxing, cricket,

&

A woodA piece

tennis, etc. L19. c sing. (usu.) in pi. chopping contest. Austral. XZ. E20 2

&

chopped

thick slice of meat (esp. pork usu. including a rib. lME. f-^ A fissure, cleft, crack; a chap in the skin. L16 M19 4 A broken motion of waves, usu. due to the action of the wind against the tide; choppiness.

or

off; spec, a

lamb)

M19. 1 the chop slang being killed or dismissed, sudden cancellation (of a project etc.). b karate-c/i(i/> 2 chump chop, loin chop, etc. Mainicnon chop: see

.VtAINTENON I. Comb.: chop-house a (cheap) restaurant.

chop 1

tJnp

n.-

lME.

= CHAP n-

2.

I,

L16 E17. 3 The entrance or opening of a channel, valley, etc. Ml 7. 1 lick om \ chopf see LICK i 2 Shakes ; Hen. II': I'll hang you lor going You will, chops? .i Chops of the Channel the entrance from the Atlanuc Ocean to the English Channel Comb chop-fallen a. = chap-fallen s v. CHAP n.' fat-faced person.

chop

tJnp n.' E17. [Hmd. chap stamp, brand ] In the Indian subcontinent, China, etc.: a seal, an official stamp. E17. 2 A licence, permit, etc., validated by an official stamp; an official permit E17. 3 A trade mark, a brand of goods (orig. in China). E19. 1

chop, second chop (colloq.) first class, second class no chop, not much chop Austral. & K7. colloq. no good, not up to much

chop

M17. tfnp the jaws or mouth.

[{.

CHOP

t'.']

A

arm,

a

snap with

bed,

.i:

her,

1

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

see, n hot,

like.

Freq. w. adv. or advb. phr.

lME.

b Strike (a ball, a person, etc.) with a shon heavy (esp. edgewise) blow. L19. 2 v.t. Cut (up) into pieces, mince. lME. 3 v.t. Strike a short heavy (esp. edgewise) blow at (occas. on), orig. in order to cut; cut through with such a blow.

lME. b

In cricket, tennis, etc.: hit the ball with (esp. edgewise) stroke. L19. 4 v.t. Thrust, go, or come, (m, into) with sudden impetus or violence; drop, fall, etc., suddenly. Long obs. exc. dial. lME. 5 v.t. & Strike, knock. Chiefly Sc. Now rare or obs. lME. v.i. Break open in clefts or fissures; crack; chap. L16-M18. 7 v.i. Of the sea, waves, etc.: have a short jerky motion; break in shon abrupt waves. Chiefly as chopping ppl a. Ml 7. 1 AV Micah 3:3 They breake their bones, and chop them in pieces. E. Crispin I'll chop off your feet with these shears, chopping-block a block for chopping wood etc. on; fig. something sustaining continual blows, chopping-board: for preparing vegetables etc. on. b J. Clavell Mura had chopped his [another's) elbow with the side of his hand. 2 E. M. Forster will Euphemia not chop the suet sufficiently small. 3 J. T. Story Felix started chopping at the chain with an axe. 4 Shakes. Rich. Ill Chop him in the malmsey-butt in the next room. Sir W. Scott Lest some passing stranger should chop in between me and the pnze 7 R. H. Dana A stiff breeze

shon heavy

a

&

;.

1.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

directly against the course of the current,

chopping

ugly,

chop

made an

sea.

-pp-. Pa. t. & pple -pped, [Origin uncertain: perh. var. First evidenced in chop-church (see

/tJop,' f.- Infl.

lME.

(arch.) -pt.

of CHAP below).]

7;.'

&

v.i.

1

Barter,

t.

(with);

traffic

exchange by way of commerce. Long obs. exc. dial. lME. 2 chop and change: a v.phr.t. Barter, traffic, (with). Now chiefly fig., change one's tactics, vacillate, be inconstant. L15. b v.phr.t. Barter, exchange; fig. make different, alter. Now rare. M16. 3 v.t. chop logic, engage in pedantically logical arguments. E16. •|-4 v.i. Exchange words; answer back. L16 E17. 5 v.i. Change, shift; esp. Xaut. (of the wind) veer round, about, suddenly.

MI 7. Comb.: f chop-church a trafficker in ecclesiasucal benefices, chop-logic (o) disputatious argument; (h) a person who argues pedantically or sophisucally.

chop «.-]

+

/tJop

hounds

[App. f. CHOP and eat; snap up. L16 L17. 3 v.t. Of seize (prey) before it is fairly away

etc.:

-pp-.

Infl.

V.'

Take

V.t.

1

L16 E18. t2

1.16.

into the laws

Snap, bite

V.I.

at.

from cover. E17.

chop

/tJnp/

V.'

t.

&

/.

U/. Afr.

M19. [Ongin unkn.: cf chop

Infl.

colloq.

n.']

Eat;

kill

-pp-. to eat.

chop-chop tjnp'tjnp adv. & int. Pidgin Eng. & colloq. M19. [An obscure fonnation rendering dial,

kuai-kuai.] Quick, quickly; hurry up!

chopin /'tjnpin, n.' Chiefly Sc. obs. exc. Hist. ME. ((0)Fr. chopmc LG schopen an old f.

measure - half a pint.] about one English quart.

chopin chopine

M.-'

A

liquid

measure of

var. of next.

n. arch. Also chopin /-pin/. [App. orig. f. Sp. chapin - Port, chapim, OFr. chapm.} A kind of shoe raised above the ground by a cork sole or the like. Chopinesque Joopi'ncsk a. E20. [f Chopin (sec below) + -e,sque.] Aius. Pertaining to or resembling the compositions or pianistic style of

"tfnpi:n

I.16.

the

Polish

composer

Frederic

Chopin

(1809 49). n.' L15. [f CHOP v.~ + -ek'.] A barters or exchanges, esp. (fonnerly) - chop-church s.v. CHOP v.-, a person who chops

chopper person

'tjnpa

who

logic.

+ -er'.] chopper /'tjops mi6. [(. chop A person who chops or cuts into pieces. M16. b A person who fells trees; a lumbennan. US colloq. E19. 2 An implement for chopping, esp. a 1

t'.'

chop

/tjop/

n.'

Now

rare or dial. exc. in chop

change below. L17. [f bancr.

chop and change CHOP V.' 2).

chop

/tjop/

(arch.) -pt.

t.

axe or the

Chin.

chap n.~] Usu. in I.ME. t2 (A name for) a

[Var. of

and

CHOP v}] An exchange,

a change, an alteration (usu

a in

E19. [Ongin and cooked)

W. Afr. colloq. /tJnp/ unkn.: cf. chop v:'] (Prepared food. Freq. in comb.

[cf

fowl,

chicken. a cat, u:

RowsE

spot.

chop

/'tju:tju:/ n. colloq. or nursery. E20. railway (steam) train or locomotive,

tjtjk/

CHUCK

ON

pi.) (cf

choo-choo

A

pa.

Phrases: first

chondrostean

]

L.

v.

.

other connective tissue.

[Imit

OHG

pi

[f

CHONTiRO+ -ITE' + -in'.] Biochem. A polysacchande which in the form of sulphate esters is a major component of canilage and

chondrophore

/tju:z/

/tjsuz/;

+

extracted from

comb, form of

chondrocyte

chondro'genesis

and

Also (arch.) chuse. Pa. t. pple chosen /'tj3uz(3)n/, (arch. & non-standard) chose. [OE ceosan = OFris. kiasa, ziasa, OS kiosan (Du. kiezen), kiosan, kjosa, Goth, kiusan, i. Gmc, cogn. w. L gustare to taste ] \ v.t. 1 Take by preference out of all that are available; select, pick (out); (w. compl.) select as. OE. 2 Decide to do something (rather than something else); think fit to do; be determined to do. ME. 3 Wish to have, want. obs. exc. dial. M18. I S FoOTE Have unanimously chosen you Mayor. A.

chose

choosy

benign tumour of canilage M19

float

choose

Austral. & NZ slang. E20. [Alt. English soldier; an Enghshman.

n.

An

Formerly also with weak inflections. n. (a) gen. a person who chooses; fC') spec. an elector: u\lE. choosingly adv. (rare) by choice

in water,

granule:

cartilage,

«.']

choose: see

granule + -ite'.] A stony meteorite containmg chondrules. chondritic knn'dritik a. M19

chondr-. chondro'cranium

/tjum/

of CHUM

chooser

n.

'kondrAit

chondro-

fireplace, a cooking-place.

choom

in

chondrifi'cation n L19. -in'

Also chula. E19. [Hind, ciilha In the Indian subcontinent: a

cw//i.]

4 E. F.

pass.

chondrin

Skt

by one or more quick heavy blows, usu. with an

chucky.

see

ns.

/'tju:la/ n.

way

'kondnfAi

+

L

linguistic scholar, or his writmgs.

chon n. see JUN. chondr- comb, form cartilage

choola

.

I, 2.

to, or characteristic

chookie, -y

Chusmg

of hametz.

n. var.

Chomskyan [i,

of homer

n. var.

chometz

chopper

393

x saw,

V.'

Infl.

lME.

-pp-. Pa.

[Var. of

a run, u put, u: too,

.i

ago,

t.

CHAP

ai

&

pplc -pped,

v.']

1

v.t.

my, ao how,

ei

Cut day,

.10

large-bladcd short axe; a butcher's cleaver. £19. 3 A device for regularly interrupting a lightbeam etc. E20. 4 A machine-gun or -gunner. I'S slang. E20. 5 A helicopter, colloq. M20. 6 A motorcycle built or adapted for speed and stopped of inessential parts, .slang (orig. US).

M20. no,

1.:

hair,

i.i

near,

n boy,

0,1

poor,

ai,i

lire,

ana sour

,

.

chopper chopper

'tjops' n.^ li8. [Hind, chappar.] In ihe Indian subcontinent: a thatched roof. Comh. chopper-cot a camp-bed with curtains, :

choppered

chopping CHOP

thatched E19.

a.

Z'tjopir)/ a.

+

t'.'

Now

rare or obs. M16. [f. and vigorous; strapping;

-ING-.] Big

(of a baby) bouncing,

choppy

/"tjopi/ a.' E17.

[f.

chop

n.'

+

-v'.]

=

1

2 Of the sea etc.: breaking in short abrupt waves; giving a short jerky motion to things floating. M19. choppiness L19.

CHAPPY

rare. E17.

a.

ti.

choppy

a- M19.

/'tJopi/

[{.

CHOP

Liable to change (hke the wind);

+

v.'

fig.

-y'.]

unstable,

vacillating.

Pidgin Eng. chop quick (cf. CHOP-CHOP) + STICK n.', rendering Chin. dial, kuaizi ht. 'nimble ones'.] 1 Either of a pair of sticks of wood, ivory, etc., held in one hand, used by the Chinese etc. to lift food to the mouth. L17. 2 In pi A simple tune for the piano, played with the forefinger of each hand. L19. /'tjopstik/

chopsuey

L17.

n.

/tjop'suii/

[f.

[Chin.

L19.

n.

(Cantonese) tsadp sui mixed bits.] A Chinese dish of pieces of meat or chicken fried with rice, onions, etc., often made with leftover food. pa. & pple: see chop v.^, vr choragium /ko'reidsism/ n. rare. PI. -ia /-is/. L17. [L f Gk khoreg{e)ion place where a chorus

chopt

I'.',

t).-

was trained,

choragus

t.

as next.]

f.

/ko'reigas/

A dancing-ground. Also -regus.

PI. -gi khoragos, -egos, f khoros CHORUS n. + agein to lead.] 1 A fimctionary at Oxford University orig. appointed to supervise the practice of music. E17. 2 Chiefly Gk Hist. The leader of a chorus, or of any

/-gAi,

n.

[L f

E17.

-gi:/.

Gk

group; spec, at Athens, a person who defrayed the cost of bringing out a chorus. E17. choragic /-'radjik, -'reidsik/ a. of or pertaining to a choragus mi 8.

choral choral

of chorale.

n. var.

L16. [med.L choralts, f L see -al'.] 1 Of or belonging to a choir. a L16. 2 Of, belonging to,

/'k3:r(3)l/ a.

chorus

n.

:

choir; sung by

or of the nature of a chorus; sung in chorus; containing a chorus or choruses. M17. b Of poetry, drama, etc.: said or read by a group of voices. M20. 3 Gk Hist. Pertaining to or forming a chorus as in ancient Greek religious festivals.

M17. Special collocations: Choral Ode: see ode i. choral service a religious service with canticles, anthems, etc., sung in chorus (also occas. with the versicles and responses being chanted), choral society a society of people interested in performing choral music, ziicar choral: see vicar «. 4 choralism n. choral composition; choral rendering and technique: E20. choraUst n. a person who sings in a chorus M19. chorally adv. L18.

chorale

/ko'ra:!/

n.

Also

-ral.

mi9.

[G

Choral(gesang) tr. med.L cantus choralis.] 1 (A metrical hymn to) a simple tune usu. sung or played in imison, orig. in the Lutheran Church; the harmonized form of this. M19. 2 A group of singers.

M20.

Comb.: chorale prelude an organ piece based on a chorale.

/kn'razmian/ a. poet. E19. [f Gk name of a tribe of Sogdiana + -AN.] Of, pertaining to, or designating a desert land south of the Aral Sea and about the lower course of the Oxus.

Chorastnian Khorasmioi

chord

(pi.)

ME.

[Aph.t f accord later infl. by next.] fl Agreement, reconciliation; an agreement, a peace treaty. Only in ME. t2 = accopjj n. 4. LME-M17. |3 Mus. A concord; in pL, the notes added to a bass to make up a chord (senst 4). L16-M18. 4 Mus. A group of notes sounded usu. together, combined according to some system. M18. 4 common chord any note with its major or minor third and perfect fifth, supplemental chord: see SUPPLEMENTAL a.

chord

the extremities of an arc. Cf earlier cord n.' 5. L16. b Aeronaut. The width of an aerofoil from leading to trailing edge. E20. \i = cord h.' i. M17-E19. 4 The string of a harp or other instrument. Chiefly poet, or fig. M17. 5 Engirt. Either of the two principal members of the truss of a bridge. L19. 4 strike a chord evoke some reaction in a person touch the right chord appeal skilfully to emotion; evoke sympathy,

/k3:d/

n.'

Also fcord.

after mi6. [Refash. of cord L chorda.'\ 1 Anat. - CORD k.' 3, esp. in spmui chord, vocal chord. M16. 2 A straight line joining

/kD:d/

b but, d dog,

rt.^

f

few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

choreography of (a ballet etc.); fig. arrange or combine harmoniously or for maximum effect. M20. 2 v.t. Compose choreography. M20.

choreographer

choreography.

choreographic

or pertaining to choreography or the devising of ballet or stage dances. E20. choreographical a. L19. choreographically adv.

-dae

PI.

n.

E19.

/-di:/.

[L.]

choreography

n.' 3.

choregraphy

/'k3:d(3)l/ a. E17. [f chord w.' or n.-: see -al'.] Relating to, consisting or of the nature

chordal

chord or chords,

chordate

/'kaideit/

&

a.

mod.L

[f

L19.

n.

Chordata, f. L CHORDA: see -ate'.] Zool. A adj. Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the phylum Chordata of animals which possess a notochord (for at least some part of their lives). L19. B «. A member of this phylum, including all vertebrates, cephalochordates (lancelets), and (usu.) urochordates. E20. n.\

n.-,

v.

Having chords; combined harmony,

in

-ED'.]

chords, in

chordee

chord

/'kn:did/ a. L17. [f

-ED%

downward

study and dancing.

/'k.rdafsun/

Any

-phone]

M20.

n.

OE f3

n..

Long

m.'

chore

lME

exc.

obs.

with

OE.

dial.

chorepiscopal

chori-

/t(o:/

&

n.'

«.']

in

&

dial.

A

«.

pi.);

A

:

-chore

/ko:/

suff.

ns.

dispersed in

[f.

Gk

chorine CHORUS

/kn'na/ n. L17. [L f Gk khoreia dance.) Med. Jerky involuntary movements; a disease

pi.

s.v

f.

choregus choregy

of choragus.

/ko'riidsi,

'kDnd3i/

[Gk

M19.

i. khoregos CHORAGUS: see -Y'.] Gk Hist. function or position of a choragus in ancient Athens,

khoregia,

/'konagraif/

n.

Also

rare.

choregraph /'korigraif/. L19. [f. choreography + Gk graphos writer.] CHOREOGRAPHER.

choreograph [Back-form.

/'koriagraif/

next.]

f.

man, n no, p pen,

r

red, s

v.t.

1

sit,

t

form

of

I.I9

/'k.->:rion/ n.

L19, n.

The

choreograph

comb,

,

n. etc.

n. var.

'knriao/

-mola Med. a carcinoma of maternal tissue, onginating in the chorion. chori'onic ij. of or pertaining to the chorion; chorionic villus sampling, a procedure for obtaining information about a foetus in which a sample of tissue is taken from the villi of the chorion (abbrev. CVS):

see

etc.,

US. e20. [f

girl.

Mi6. [Gk khonon.] 1 Anal. outennost membrane enveloping the foetus in mammals, birds, and reptiles. mi6. 2 Entomol. The outer covering or shell of an insect's egg. M19. Comb: chorionepithelioma, pi -mas, -mata

to a dance.]

ns.,

chiefly

ITie

cho'reic a? characterized by trochees L19

choregrapher

&

chorus

chononcpithclioma -mas, -mata /-m.tla/, = chorioretinitis n. CHORION n. E20.

chorion

= TROCHEE,

CHOREOGRAPH

a

/'k.i:ri3i),

CHOROIDORETINITIS

L19.

choregraph,

+ -ine'.]

also occas. of choroid: see -0-. chorio-allan'toic a. of or pertaining to the chorioallantois E2o chorio-a'llantois n the chorion and allantois fused together M20. choriocarci'noma n.

hydrochore.

[Fr. choree

:

CHORION, and

chorea

I.

Gk

/'k.i:n:n/ n. Orig. n.

choriokhorcin to spread.] Bot.

denoting plants whose seeds are a panicular way, as anemochore,

choree /ko'ri:, 'ksiri:/ n. rare. L16. L choreus Gk khoretos pertaining

a

/'knrik,

chon:us f

an odd job; a

with symptoms of this kind. Huntington's chorea. Sydenham's i:horea choreal a. = choreic a.' M19 choreic kn'riik a.' pertaining to or affected with chorea L19. choreiform kn'rufDim/ a. resembling the symptoms of chorea

;

'k.->:rik n. & a. E19. [Late L khonkos, f khoros CHORUS n. see -ic. As n. perh. after heroics etc.] A n. In pi. The verses of a (Greek) chorus, rare. E19. B adj. 1 Of, pertaining to, or resembling the chorus in a classical Greek play. M19. 2 Pertaining to a choir or chorus; choral, rare. L19. chorically adv. Mzo.

choric

:

Forming

khdn,

chonambic verse, a chonamb; (6) adj. consisting of chonamb, containing choriambs: E17.

US. M18.

jobs.

Gk

having separate petals LI9.

/'knriam(b)/ n. Also in L form kori'ambas/, pi. -hi /-bAi/. L18. [I jte 1. chonambus, {. as CHOREE + IAMB.] Pros. A metncal foot consisting of two short syllables between two long ones. chori'ambic n. & a. [late L chonambicus'^ (a) n. a

small piece of

recurrent, routine, or tedious task, mi 8. B I'.t. Do household work etc.; perform routine tasks. L18. Comb. chore-boy N. Amer employed to do odd

a.

choriamb

or singers; a dance, a

Orig.

v.

of or pertaming to a chorepiscopus

'kori/

/'k,->:ri,

chori'petalous

[1-

fl = choir n. 2. company; a group. OE.

a.

comb, form of khons asunder, apart, used in Bot.

LI 7.

[Unexpl var. of char domestic work (freq.

movements of

of the

M19

n.']

Mr;. 2 A band, a A company of dancers

chorus.

description

choriambus

Cf CORE

L19.

A

[f /kn:d3o't3un(3)l/ a. L19. chord n.-' + -o- + tonal a ] Zoo/. Of senseorgans in insects: responsive to mechanical vibrations such as sound and bodily movements. /kn:/

= choreographer

-pi:/.

chordotonal

chorus

n.

Church.

stnngs.

chore

khoreia

chorepiscopus

[f as next

instrument

musical

Gk

[f

/k3:ri'pisk3p3s/ n. PI. -pi /-p/u, L16. [Late L f Gk khorepiskopos, f khora, khoros coimtry + episkopos BISHOP n.] Eccl. Hist. ' country or suff'ragan bishop of the early

curvature of the erect penis,

chordophone +

choreographist

Abnormal

corded (urethral discharge).] Aied.

Also

n.

L18.

choreology /kon'obdsi/ n. M20. [f as prec. + -ology.] The written notation of dancmg; the

ei8. [Fr. (chaudepisse) cordee

/'k.-):di:/ n.

/kon'ografi/

/kn'regrafi/.

choral dancing to music + -ography ] 1 The written notation of dancing, choreology. L18. 2 The art of dancing. M19. 3 The creation or arrangement of a ballet or stage dance; the devising of steps and figures for a ballet or stage dance; the steps and figtires of a particular ballet etc. E20.

attaching the borders of the mitral and tricuspid valves of the heart to the papillary muscles,

see

Also

E20.

/'korda/

= cord

chorded

a.

Of

the playing, singing, or arrangement of

chorda tendinea /tEn'li.iis/, pi. -neae /-nii:/, [med.L = tendinous cord] any of the fine cords

of, a

/kons'grafik/

choregraphic /kon'grafik/. E19. [f as next + -GRAPHIC] 1 Of or penaining to dancing. E19. 2

chords M19.

Anat.

Also

n.

/kn'regrsfa/. L19. [f. as next: see -GRAPHER.] The creator or arranger of a ballet, stage dance, etc.; a person skilled in

/k3:d/ v.i. rare. M19. [Prob. f. chord «.', but perh. var. of cord v^'^ Form a chord {with);

harmonize. chording n.

/kon'ogrsfa/

choregrapher

chord

chorda

chopstick

chorister

394

=

Compose w

we,

/'korist, 'k3:rist/ n. L15.

cueriste,

group of angels, songbirds, leader of a choir.

the zoo,

quer CHOIR; refash. in 16 after prec] A of a choir, esp. a choirboy; fig. each of a etc. Also {US), the

[.

member

z

[(0)Fr. choriste

med.L chortsta, f. as chorus n. + -1ST.] fl A member of a choir. L15 M18. 2 Gk Hist. A member of the chorus in Greek drama. M18. 3 A person who sings in a chorus. M19. chorister /'knrista/ n. lME. [AN var. of OFr. f

M20.

v.

top, v van,

as

chorist

J

she, 3 vision, 0 thin,

("i

this,

i)

nng,

tj

chip, d^ jar

chorizo choristership

chorizo

the office of chorister Mi6.

n.

tj3'ri:z3o/

chorus

A

M19. [Sp.]

-os.

PI.

n.

wailing chorus of 'Oh, dad!' G. Orwell Utter silence except for the chorus of the frogs, dawn chorus: see DAWN n. in chorus in unison, all giving utterance together. 5 Hallelujah Chorus: see hallelujah n.

n.

more than one author.

Now rare or obs. chorographia i. Gk khorographia, f. khora, khoros country, district: see -GRAPHY.] The description and mapping of particular regions or districts; a description or delineation, or the natural configuration and features, of such a region. Taken as intermediate in its scale between

chorography

/ksi'rDgrafi/

n.^

L

[Fr. chorographte or

geography and topography.

chorographer choro'graphical

n. a.

E17. choro'graphic a. L17 L16. chore' graphically adv. L16.

notanon; choreography.

choroid

'kor-/

'ksirsid,

&

n.

[Gk chorion + M17.

a.

khoroeides adj., for khonoeides, f as -OID.] Anat. n. The pigmented vascular layer of the eyeball, situated between the retina and

A

the sclera. M17.

Resembling the chorion; choroidal. M18. choroid coat, membrane = CHOROID n. choroid adj.

plexus

network of blood-vessels

a

m

each ventncle of

the brain.

cho'roidal eye or the

a.

cboroi

n.

ditis

choroido-

of or pertaining to the choroid of the choroid plexus of the brain Liinflammation of the choroid M19

ka'raidao/ comb, form of prec: see

-0-.

choroidoreti'nids and the retina .mi 9

inflammation of the choroid

n.

Comb.: chorus girl a young woman who sings and dances in the chorus of a musical comedy or the like; chorus-master the conductor of a chorus or choir.

chorus

/'koirss/ v. ei8. [f the n.]

with a chorus. Ei8. 2 speak in chorus, mi 8.

chose

/Jsuz/

lME.

n.

A

thing.]

affair,

&

I'.t.

Provide

v.t.

1

Sing, utter, or

[(0)Fr. i. L causa matter, thing (as a vague general

term). LME-M17. 2 Laze. A thing, a chattel, a piece of property. L17. 2 chose in action a nght enforceable by legal action, chose in possession a tangible good capable of being possessed and enjoyed, as a book, item of

chose v. pa. t. & pple: chose jugee Jo:z

n.

phr.

[Fr.] it is

-s

PI.

A

-s or

settled

idle to discuss.

ppl a. & «. ME. [pa. pple of preference, selected, picked out, spec. {Theol.) elect of God. the, one's, chosen, a person or (usu.) people chosen, esp. by God. chosen people, chosen race the Jews; loosely those specially favoured by God. 'tJsoz(s)n

choose

Taken by

]

choses jugees n. phr. pi. of chose jugee. chota 'tj3i)ts a. Anglo-Ind. E19. [Hind, chotd.] Small, lutle; younger, junior, chota hazri 'ho:7n [Urdu hsitrf breakfast] a lighi early breakfast, chota peg a small dnnk of whisky,

chott

n. var.

of SHOTT

Ju:,

foreign

chou

,

choux

Also

n.

region + -OLOGY.] (The knowledge oO the geographical distnbution of an animal, plant, etc.

woman's

k.ii'rnbdji

choro'Iogical

a.

L19.

n.

[f

Gk

khora

hat or dress. L19. Comb.: choux pastry a very

.M19

choropleth

'koraple9 n. M20. [f as prec. + multitude, quantity.] Ueogr. A symbol on a choropleth map (see below). Chiefly in

Gk plethos Comb.

map

choropleth

:

map

a

showing

the

geographical distnbution of a propeny or quanurvother than by isopleths, e g where an average value over an area is indicated by the way the area is shaded or coloured or by a symbol within the area

chorten

/"tj3:t(a)n, «. L19.

chortle

"tj3:t(3)l

&

[Tib

]

= chaitva.

v.

n.

f la A character in a play whose function is to speak the prologue and epilogue and comment upon events. M16. b (Jk Hist. A band of organized 'k,i:r3s

n.

Gk

mi6 [L

khoros.]

smgers and dancers in religious festivals and dramatic performances; esp. in Attic tragedy, such a group providing a moral and religious commentary upon events, an utterance of such a group. LI 6. 2 TTie refrain of a song in which the audience joins the performer in singing; the (repeated) main pan of a popular song, a jazz improvisation on this. L16. A band of singers, a choir; spec, in opera, oratono, etc., the body of vocalists (as opp. to the soloists) who sing the choral pans. M17. b A group of organized dancers and usu. singers who provide suppon for the main roles in musical comedy, vanety shows, etc. M19. 4 Anything sung by many at once; the simultaneous utterance of sounds by many persons, animals, etc. H7. 5 Afui. A composition in several (freq. four) pans each sung by several voices L17. 6 (The sound produced by) a group of organ-pipes or stops designed to be played together; a compound stop. L18. la Shakes. Hen. Admit me Chorus to this history b Greek choms: see GREEK a. 2 G. Dawson The a cat, a:

arm,

r.

ennched

pastry

same.

L18.

Chouan', an early Chouan leader, used the cr>' of the chouan (dial ), a kind of

bed,

3:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

1:

see, n hot,

owl

A member

of the irregular forces who maintained a panisan resistance in the west of France against the Republican and Bonapartist governments, a Bourbon panisan. ]

Fr. Hist.

n. Jukrut M19. [Fr. f Surknu SAUERKRAUT, assim. to Fr. chou of pickled cabbage.

G

chough

A

]

tj.\f

n.

ME

'tjaoltri

[Prob. imit

]

I

A

jackdaw

E17. [f

n.

Malayalam

i

(a cell) that

(Histol.)

(Histol)

is

readily stained

i

19

chromo'philic a

readily stained 1.19 chromophobe a. (a cell) that is not readily stained

chrorao'phobic

chromophore

a.

Waugh Do

(Hislol.)

&

n.

H20

realize that a letter

too, a ago,

\i

my, ao how,

ei

day,

drama drama,

chronicle

chronicle

histoncal accnik skadaloiz/ n.

not readily stained I.19

n.

u:

:

n.

(Chem.) that part of the molecule which IS responsible for a compound's colour L19 for chromo'phoric a. (Chem.) responsible a compound's colour n Lt9 chromo'protein (Biochem ) a compound consisting of a protein bound to a metal-containing pigment or a carotenoid E20 run, o put,

Comb

n

m

\

chromoli'thographer n. mi 9. chromoUthoa. Mi 9. chromoli'thography n. M19.

'graphic

bald chronicle of events

chromody'namics

saw,

/krsumau'liSsgra:!"/ n. & V. M19. [f prec. + LITHOGRAPH n.,v.] Chiefly Hist. A n. An image printed in colours by lithography and produced by hand separation of the colours. M19. B v.t. Print in colours in this way. M19.

chromolithograph

-YL.]

M20.

-0-.

/kra'matsgraif v. & n. M19 -graph.] A v.t. fl Represent Only in M19. 2 Separate or

colours, rare. analyse by chromatography. in

+

e2o.

a.

in staining readily.

colour, or,

chromatographic scparauon. paper chromarof^am: see PAPER

/'krsumstoid/

electrolytically

vowel

chromat-. Cf chromo-.

a

chromatin

plate.

chromatic

'.]

chromatoid

compounds.]

+

chromatographic

in the earliest

separations the result was displayed as a number of coloured bands or spots. chromatographic /kraomats'grafik/ a. of, pertaining to, or involving chromatography E20. chromato'graphical a = chromatographic M20. chromato'graphically adf. M20.

colour: so

prec.

chromat- comb, form see chromato-. chromate 'krsumeit/ n. E19. [f. chromic

-IN

51 So named because

CHROMATIN

-plasia,

Forming ns. denoting a condition or property to do with colour, as hyperchromasia.

Med.

chrono-

397 n.

.10

phr PI -s -s (pronounced same). M19. [Fr.]

A compilation or body of gossip, chrono- /'krnnao/ comb, form

scandal, etc.

of

Gk

khronos

time: see -ochronobio'logic a. = CHRONOBIOLOGICAL M20. or pertaining to of chronobio'logical a. chronobiology L2o. chronobi'ology n. the biology of no,

1::

hair,

10

near,

n boy, no poor,

.Ma tire,

aoa sour

chronogram straagraphy M20. chronostra'tigraphy n. {Gcol.) the branch of stratigraphy that deals with the absolute ages of strata M20. chronotropic -'traopik, -'tropik/ (Physiol.)

J.

affecting

the

rate

which the heart

at

beats M20.

chronogram 'kronsgram/ n. E17. [f. -GRAM.] A phrase etc. of which the lettei^

together

(e.g.

=

+

50 + 500

+

prec.

roman-

when added LorD haVe MerCIe Vpon Vs + 1000 + 100 + I + 5 + 5 = 1666).

numeral

5

express

chronogra'mmatic

a.

a

date

of

or

pertaining

to

chronograms; of the nature of a chronogram: M18.

chronogra'mmatical a. CHRONOGRAMMATIC MI7.

chronograph

(now

or

rare

/'kronsgraif/ 1 = prec.

CHRONO- + -GRAPH.]

M17.

n.

Now

=

os.)

[f.

rare or obs.

M17. 2 An instrument for recording time with considerable accuracy; a stopwatch. M19.

chronographic /krona'grafik/ prec. + -ic] Of or pertaining to

a.

a

M19. [f. as chronograph

or chronography.

= chronographic li6. aiif. Mi 9. chronography /kra'nografi/ >i. mi6. [Late L chronographia {. Gk khronographia, f as CHRONO+ -GRAPHY.] A chronological description or arrangement of past events. Also, chronology, chronographer n. a chronicler, a chronologist M16 chronographical chronographically

chronological

a.

/krDn3'lDd3ik(3)l/

eij.

a.

[f

next + -ICAL.] Of, pertaining to, relating to, or dealing with chronology; in accordance with chronology; arranged in order of time. = chronologic a. chronological E17. chronologically adv. L17.

chronology

n. L16. [mod.L CHRONO- + -LOGY.] 1 The science of computing dates; the arrangement of

chronologia,

/kra'nobdsi/ as

I.

events according to dates or times of occurrence. L16. 2 A chronological table, list, or treatise. E17. 1 R. Cudworth If Chronology had not contradicted it, it would have been concluded, that he had been an Auditour of Pythagoras himself C. S. Lewis The chronology of this disaster is a little vague, but I know that it had not begun when 1 went there and that the process was complete very shortly after I left. chronologer n. = chronologist 1.16 chronologist n. a person versed in chronology, a person who investigates the dates of events E17. chronologize v.t. t(a) chronicle, record; (ft) apply chronology to, .

.

arrange chronologically; E17.

chronometer

/kra'nomita/

n.

ei8. [f

chrono-

f 1 Mus. = metronome. E18-MI9. 2 instrument for measuring time; esp. one designed to keep accurate time at all temperatures etc. and to be used at sea in determirung longitude etc. by astronomical

+ -METER.]

An

observation. E18.

chronometry

/kra'nDniitri/

n.

M19.

+ -metry ] (The science oO measurement of time.

[f.

the

as prec.

accurate

chrono'metric, -ical adjs. of or penaining to chronometry; relating to the measurement of time: M19. chrono'metrically ac^ti. M19.

chronoscope

/'kronssksup/

n.

ei8.

[f.

as prec.

a

r -scope.]

device for measuring (short) time intervals, esp. in determining (a) the velociry of projectiles, or (b) a person's reaction time.

f chrony

&

n.

v. var.

a chrj'salis. E19.

chrysalides r2.pi. see chrysalis. chrysalis /'kris(3)lis/ n. PI. -tses rare)

-ides

/-idi:z/. E17.

fig.,

[L

{.

Gk

A

moth; the hard sheath of

penaining 10, or of the nature of a chrysalis L18. chrysalize v.i. & reft, (rare) become a chrysalis; pupate: E19. chrysaloid a. resembling a

chrysaline

a. of,

chrysalis E19.

chrysanth [Abbrev.]

=

late-blooming species or varieties placed in the a flower or flowering

.VI16-E19. 1 RED-TAIL chub.

genus Dendranthema. Also, stem of such a plant. Korean chrysanthemum.

chryselephantine

-z-/

n.

ezo.

colhg.

next.

/kn'sanBimam, -z-/ n. mi6. [L chrysanthemum f. Gk khriisanihemon, f. as CHRYSO- + anthemon flower.] Any plant of the f few, g get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

chubbed

Chubb

/.krissliTantAin/

[Gk

E19.

a.

chrysene

M19. [Fr. chrysene, f as impure, specimens A polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, C.sH,,, present in coal tar and /'krMsi:n/

first,

chubby

/'kr/asid/

&

«.

Chrysidtdae (see below), f. name: CHRYSO-, -ID^.] see A n. A parasitic hymenopterous insect of the family Chrysididae, which includes the cuckoo wasps. L19. B ad]. Of, pertaining to, or designating this family. E20.

/'knsau/ comb, form of Gk khrusos gold: see -0-. Bef. a vowel chrys-. chrysarobin /krisa'raobin/ n. [mod.L araroha f. Port. f. Tupi ardrouia] a mixture of chrysophamc acid and related compounds obtained from a S. American leguminous tree, Andtra araroba, used to treat skin ailments L19. chrysophanic /-'fanik/ a. [Gk phainein to show] (Chem.): chrysophamc acid, a yellow crystalline phenol, C|,H,20,, which is a derivative of anthraquinone and occurs in many plants and lichens

chrysoberyl

/kriss'btnl/

chuck

chrysocolla /kri.s3'kDla/ n. In sense i chrysocoU /'krisakol/. L16. [L chrysocolla

chuck

n.

lME.

f.

Gk

[OFr.

cnsolite

L16. 1

/tjAk/

Sc.

chuck

n.']

a

yellow

little

A

-id'.] Zool.

designating

the

Now

n.^

as

/tjAk; w.'* L19. [Chinook Jargon = water Canada, a large body of water. SKOOKUM chuck.

chuck

/tjAk/ v.U.

Make Only

lME.

B

in L16.

f.

f

chrysomelid beetle, a leaf-beetle. L19.

chrysoprase

/'krisopreiz/

L

f.

ME.

n.

chrysopassus,

[OFr.

Gk

f

-prasus

CHRYSO- + prason leek ] Orig., golden-green precious stone, perh. a variety of beryl. Now (Min.), an apple-green variety of chalcedony. /'knsatAil/ n.

fibre.]

Mm. An

M19.

[f.

chryso- +

asbestiform

n.

& a.,

f chrystalline

v. vars.

of crystal

of

chthonian (f.

n.

&

/'kSaunian/ a. M19. [f khthon earth) + -an.] = next,

Gk

toss, fiing,

now

esp.

towel

n.

1

chuck

it

slang stop,

in specialized senses:

NZ

(at),

Comb.:

a., v.

chuck-farthing

(orig.)

a

game

in

which

coins were pitched at a mark and then tossed at a hole; (later) any similar game; chuck-hole US a hole or rut in a road or track.

of crystalline.

a. &. n. var.

Throw,

carelessness,

chuck in abandon (an chuck off Austral. & slang chaff chuck out eject, get rid of, (a troublesome or unwanted person) from a meeting, public house, etc. chuck up abandon, dismiss; throw over, jilt. With advs.

sneer

serpentine.

fchrystal

t'.r

contempt,

activity), stop doing,

Gk

variety

2

or ease; throw away, nut, etc. (see also specialized senses below); throw or give up; throw out; reject, abandon. (Earliest in chuck-farthing below.) colloq. L17. b Cncket. Deliver (a ball) with an action considered to be a throw and so illegal. colloq. M19. 3 v.i. Play chuck-farthing, rare. M18. 4 V.I. Throw a ball etc.; spec, in Cncket, deliver the ball with an action considered to be a throw and so illegal, colloq. E20. 2 Tennyson England now Is but a ball chuck'd between France and Spain. W. Gerhardie To chuck the army and enter a commercial life. P H GiBBS A girl who had chucked them for someone else P. Lively He chucks me free concert tickets he can't use.

A

n.

cf chuck w.'] 1 1 2 Chuckle.

lME.

tjAk v:' E16. [Perh. f OFr. chuquer, form of choqucr knock, bump, of unkn. origin ] 1 z'. Give a playful touch under the

chafer: see Of, pertaining to, or family Chrysoniclidae,

L19.

[Imit.:

a soft clucking noise.

earlier

golden

leaf-beetles.

]

chuck

adj.

insect

which comprises the

playful

In

chrysomelid /kris3(o)'melid, -'mi:lid/ a. & n. L19. [f mod.L Chrysomelidae (sec below), f Chrysomela genus name, L Gk khrusomelon quince (lit. 'golden apple') but infl. by Gk CHRYSO-,

A

etc.

olivine.

khrusomelolonthion

1

chuck

of

variety

v."]

N. Amer. colloq. M19. prec] I Food, provisions. M19. 2 A meal; meal-time. M19. Comb.: chuck-wagon a provision-cart on a ranch /tjAk/

same wd

[Perh.

any of various green

(Mm.),

chuck

[f.

A

in the towel: see

Now

A

n.*

1

desist

gemstones.

esp.

L16. 2

L17. [Var. of chock n.': cf chock; a chunk. Chiefly dial. L17. 2 A cut of beef from the neck to the ribs. E18. 3 A contrivance in a lathe etc. for holdmg a workpiece. E19.

/tjAk/

CHtnJK

chuck

-LITE.] Orig.,

dial.

slang. L19.

£ihuck

as

f.

Now

v.'^

a

CHRYSO- +

khrusolithos,

after

term of endearment,

An

E19. 4

khnlsoprasos, f as

ult.

A

zj.']

Now dial. E18. 3 = chuckie n.' abrupt movement, a jerk, a toss. M19. 5 A throw fi-om the hand; spec, in Cricket, a delivery considered to be a throw and so illegal. colloq. M19. 6 the chuck, dismissal, rejection. CHUCK

s.v.

to. E16.

crisolitus,

chuck

of chick

[Alt.

A

E17.

chin with

med.L

M19.

n.

[Imit.: cf.

touch under the chin. E17. 2 = chuck-farthing

chrysoidine

chrysolite /'knsnbil/

1

f

chicken, a domestic fowl, north. L17. 1 E Bronte Will you come Chuck?

A

/kn'sauidim/ n. L19. [f Gk khriisoctdcs like gold + -INE''.] A golden-yellow dye made by diazo coupling of aniline and w-phenyk-nediaminc.

lME.

n.'

as voc: dear one, darling.

Gk

A

khrusokolla 'gold-solder'.] 1 Hist. mineral used by the ancients for soldering gold, usu. identified with borax or malachite. L16. 2 Mm. hydrated silicate of copper usu. occurring as green opaline crusts and masses. L18.

/tjAk/

chuck /tjAk/ prec. Cf CHOOK.]

also {.

-y'.]

chub. E17-L19. 2 Round-

cluckmg soimd.

soft

[L

M17.

n.

chrysoberyllus, f as prec. + BERYL.] Min. Orig., a yellow-tinged variety of beryl. Now, a yellowishgreen orthorhombic oxide of beryllium and aluminium which occurs as tabular crystals often of gem quality.

L17.

faced; plump. E18.

chryso-

M19. chrysopo'etic a. & n. (rare) (in pi.) [Gk poietikos making] gold-making E18. chrysotype n. a photographic process employing gold chloride M19.

chubby

chub +

[f

E17.

a.

like a

chubbily adv. E20 chubbiness

mod.L

L19. [f Chrysis genus a.

thick,

M19.

n.

/'tjAbi/

Short and thick

isolated as colourless crystals.

chrysid

and

rare) short

/tjAb/

it.

n.

CHRYSO- + -ene: the were yellow.] Chem.

(now

a.

[Charies Chubb (1773-1845), London locksmith.] In full Chubb lock. (Proprietary name for) a patent lock with tumblers and a device for fixing the bolt immovably should an anempt be made to pick

khn4selepharttinos, f. khntsos gold + elephant-, -as elephant, ivory: see -ine'.] Overlaid with gold and ivory, as by ancient Greek sculptors.

khthonios

chuck

the

/tjAk/ v.^t. M19. [f chuck n.'] Fix on a by means of a chuck, chuck /tjAk/ adv. M18. [Imit.] With direct

[Origin imkn ] 1 fish, coarse-fleshed river Leuciscus cephalus, of the carp family. Also (N. Amer.), any of various fi'eshwater fishes of the

chuck-a-luck /'tjAkaUk/ n. N. Amer. M19. [App. f CHUCK V.' + connective -a- + LUCK n.] A gamblmg game played with dice, chuckawalla n. see chuckwalla.

chthonic

/'kBonik/

a.

+ -ic] Dwelling

in or

underworld; underworld.

of

the /kri'san9,

chrysanthemum

b but, d dog,

carp family; any of various similar marine fishes of the family Kyphosidae (also sea chub). lME. t2 A lazy person; a yokel, a dolt; a lad.

tilos

(now

/-isiz,,

chrysal{l)is, -id-

kkrHsos gold.]

f.

genus Chrysanthemum, of the composite family. Orig. spec, the com mangold, C. segetum; now usu., any of numerous cultivated chiefly

chrysotile

pupa, esp. of a this. Also a quiescent transitional form.

khrusallis,

large

cnsopace

of crony.

chrys- comb, form see CHRYS0-. chrysalid /'kris(3)lid/ n. & a. L18. [f. as next.] A n. A chrysahs. L18. B adj. Of or pertaining to

butterfly or

chuckawalla

398

physiological phenomena M20. chronostrati'graphic, -ical adjs. of or penaining to chronocyclical

chub /tjAb/ n. PI. A thick-bodied

man, n no, p pen,

r

[f. Gk khthon earth beneath the earth or in

L19.

or

pertaining

to

lathe

impact.

same.

red,

lME.

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

we,

z

zoo,

f

she, 3 vision, 9 thin, d this,

i)

ring, Ij chip,

d3

jar

chucker

L19.

chucker

of chukka.

var.

n.-'

chuck-full

of chock-full.

a. var.

chuckle /'tj.\ki/ + -IE.] More fully

mi8.

Sc.

[f.

chuck

chuckie-smne, -stone.

or n.' small

v.-

A

pebble, a smooth stone, esp. as used in games, for skimmmg on water, etc.; m pi, a game with

mi 8.

/'tjAk(3)l/ n.

chuckle

[f

zj. ]

An

1

act of chuckling; a suppressed (formerly, a loud or convulsive) laugh; a soft cackle or clucking sound. M18. 2 Private amusement, chuckling.

M19.

chuckle

/'tjAk(3)l/ a. ei8. [Prob. rel. to

chuck

n.*: see -le'.] Esp. of the head: large, clumsy, blockish. Usu. in comb, as below. Comb.: chucklehead a stupid person, a blockhead; chuckleheaded a. stupid, blockheaded, chuckle-

headedness

stupidit>'.

chuckle 'tjAk(3)l/ v. li6. [f. chuck r.' + -le\] v.t. 1 fa Laugh vehemently or convulsively. L16-E19. b Laugh to oneself; make suppressed sounds of glee

E19. 2

Call (fowl etc.) together with a chucking sound, rare. L17. 3 v.i. bird: cackle or cluck softly. E19. Of a lb I D'IsRA£Li A tale which some antiquaries sull chuckle over. 3 Keats The chuckling linnet, etc.

v.t.

n. PI. -s,

language. E19.

chukka

/'tjAks/ n. Also chucker, chukker. L19. [Hind. cak{k)ar f. Skt cakra circle, wheel.] Each of the periods into which a game of polo is

divided. Comb.: chukka boot an ankle-high leather boot, as worn by polo players,

chula chulo

-os

/'tjulo, 'tju:bu/ n. PI.

A bullfighter's /tjAm/

/-as, -auz/. L18.

assistant,

shon

[Prob.

L17.

colloq.

w.'

A

US. M19.

/tjAm/

expressing

fish,

oil.

overboard as

chum

A

chum

1

that

esp.

bait, as in trolling. L19.

L19. [Perh. alt. of chump n.] receptacle used for turning a form.

t|.\m

Ceramics.

[Origin unkn.]

remainmg after M19. 2 Chopped fish thrown

from

Refuse

n.'

E20. [Chinook Jargon izum (samun) ht. 'spotted (salmon)'.] A salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, of the N. American Pacific coast. Also chum salmon. /tjAm,

chum

n.*

tjAm,

-mm-

Infl.

colloq.

V.'

M18. [f be very-

'tj.\kb n. mi8. [Tamil cakkili.] A person of a very low caste m southern India,

CHUM

whose members

friendship (with). L19. 2 v.t. Quarter (a person) on another to share rooms. M19.

chuckler

are tanners southern Indian shoemaker,

chuckwalla

or

cobblers;

a

Also chuckawalla chacahuala f. Amer. Indian.] An iguanid lizard, Sauromaius obesus, of Mexico and the south-western US.

'tjAkwob [Mex. Sp.

L19.

/-ks-/.

chuck-will's-widow

n.

/tjAkwil/'widau

A

chucky

'tjAki

+

-y", -IE.]

Now

dearie.

E18. (f

'.

term of endearment:

A

E18. 2

dial.

&

\'Z

chuck little

one,

chicken, a domestic

chuddar n. var. of chadar. chuddy n. var. of chutty. tuber

called earth almond.

chuff

tjAf

A

unkn.]

&

n.'

M.

A

Now

dial

lME. [Ongm

chuff unkn

An

= CHfFF

tjAf,

tA

]

n.-

n.

1

a.'

chuffy

chuff

muzzle. Only in E17. B M16. 2 Pleased, happy. M19. plump-cheeked, chubby E17 mt.,

&

adj.

/tjAf/ n.* slang.

a.^] 1

chug

/tjAg/

a.

Infl.

-gg-.

Move

with or

/'tjoka:/

n.

make

this

Tchuktchi, a cat, u:

arm,

& i.

bed,

]

'tjik.i:/

&

3:

n.

her,

1

1

cosy,

1:

"tjAini n.

A

]

1

arch, colloq.

M19. [f. chum n.' + person accused or prisoner. Police slang M20. 'tj,\mi/ a. colloq. L19. [f chum n.' + 'ijAmi

,

CHUM

=

)

m.- colloq.

n.'

A

M19. 2

Intimate, fnendly, sociable, tuif. M20.

Honan

orig.

made

China,

province,

at

Chun Chou

during

in

Song

the

dynasty.

chunam

&

see, n hot,

/tju'nam/

&

n.

v.t.

[Tamil

L17.

cunndmbu lime.] (Cover with) a cement of shelllime and sea-sand, used chiefly in the Indian subcontinent.

-1:

chunder

/'tjAnds/

v.i.

&

n.

Austral.

&

N/C

Also -da M20. [Origin unkn.] Vomit. saw,

\

run, o put,

u:

too,

1

M19. 2 Replenish

.i

ago,

,\i

my, ao how,

ei

with fuel; build

(a fire)

(a fire)

US colloq. MI 9.

up.

chunky

comprising chunks; short and thick; small and sturdy; bulky: M18. a.

/tjAqk/

&

n.-,

v.'-,

mt.

Also

redupl.

chunk-chunk. L19. [Imit.] A v.i. Move with or make a muffled metallic sound. L19. B n. & int.

Chunnel

/'tjAn(3)l/ n.

Channel Tunnel

chunner L16.

slang.

&

v.t.

& US. chunter.]

Chiefly Sc.

i.

channer,

cf

imit.:

murmur

Mutter, grumble,

chuno

=

E20. [Conu.]

colloq.

chaivtnel

s.v.

/'tjAna/

[Prob.

querulously.

'tjumjsu/ n. E17. [Amer. Sp. f Quechua ch'uiiu.] (Flour prepared from) dried potatoes, as eaten by Andean Indians. 'tjujto,

chunter

/'tjAnta/

L17.

v.i.

[Prob.

imit.:

cf

channer, chunner.] Mutter, grumble, murmur querulously.

chupatti

n. var.

chuppah

of CHAPATTI.

n. Also -a. L19. [Heb. huppdh A canopy beneath which Jewish marriage ceremonies are performed.

'xups/

cover, canopy.]

chuprassy n. var. of chaprassi. church /tjsitj, n. [OE cir{t)ce, cyr(i)ce =

OFris. kinka, kenka (Du. kerk), chtnhha, kincha (G Kirche), f. i. med.Gk kurikon for kunakon use as n. (sc. doma house) of neut. of kunakos pertaining to the Lord, f kurios master, lord. Cf kirk n.] I (Usu. C-.) A building and extended uses. 1 A building for public Christian worship, esp. of the denomination recognized by the State (cf. chapel, oratory); public Chnstian worship. OE. f 2 A temple; a mosque. OE M17. I SteklI: As soon as church was done, she immediately stepp'd out. go to church spec, (colloq.) cathedral church, collegial church, get married collckidic church s.v COLLEGIATE ii. niinstcr church: see szereke, szurka, tzierka,

WGmc

OHG

.MINSTER 2. PARISH PATRIARCHAI. I.

OS

Patriarchal

church.

church:

see

A community or organization. 3 of all Christians. OE. 4 A particular Christian society, distinguished by special features of doctrine, worship, etc., or confined to territorial or historical limits. OE. 5 A congregation of Chnstians locally organized (Usu C-.)

II

The body organized

into a society for religious

The

ecclesiastical

Chnstian

M19. [Alt. of chimney-sweeper's boy; a

n.'

'

coloured stoneware

a.

sit,

'ijAm.iri n. L19 [f chum n.' + Intimate friendship. L19. 2 In India: a or apartment shared by individuals;

1

tju:n/ a. & n. L19. [f. Chiin Chou (see below).] (Designating) a type of thickly glazed

sound. L19.

Also chikhor

-1:/

or

Chiin

Also Chukchee, other vars. E18. [Russ. Chukchi

/'tjoktji,

n.'

demanded by pnsoncrs

colloq. L19. i off one's chump crazy, wild with excitement, etc Comb., chump chop a chop from the chump end, chump end the thick end of a loin of lamb or mutton

other vars. Ei9. [Skt cakoT{a).\ A red-lcggcd partridge, Alecions chukar, native to Asia and SE Europe. Also chukar partridge.

Chukchi

chum

li8. [f

n.

fee

blockhead,

chug. M19. [Imit ] A n. & mt. fRepr.) a muffled explosive sound as of a slowly-running internalcombustion engine or its exhaust. M19. B v.i.

chukar

A

tjAmp n. E18. [Perh. blend of cih;nk and lump n.' or stump n.'] I A shon thick lump of wood; an end-piece. E18. 2 The thick end, esp. of a loin of lamb or mutton. M19. 3 The head, colloq. M19. 4 A foolish person, a

Also redupl. chug-

V.

colloq.

mumble,

chump

M20. [Origin unkn.] The

&

&

dial.

chummily

slang.

mt.,

It.,

-ERY

-y'

M20. [Cf CHUFF a.\ Pleased. M20. 2 Displeased. M20. /ijAft/

1.

nibble, peck,

chummery

detained, a

bunocks; the anus.

chuffed

'tjAinid^ Hist.

1

]

chummy

I

Also redupl. chuffmt. (Repr.) a sharp

V.

&

v.t.

Gnaw,

from a new inmate, a fee paid by a person to another chummed on him, as an inducement to find alternative accommodation. n8. 2 The system of chumming one person on another.

-Y'.]

chuff. E20. [Imit.] A w. & puffing sound, as of a steam engine. E20. B v.t. Of a steam engine etc.: work with or make a regular sharp puffing sound. E20.

chuff

* -age

'

chummy

& a.- Now dial M16. [Origin A chubby cheek. Only in M16. 2

ifAf/

L19. [f

with chum;

chimney-sweeper.

fat.

a.'

chummage

CHIMNEY

E18.

animal's

Chubby,

-mm-

shared quarters. L19.

miser; gen. a person of the specified impleasant kind. lME. B adj. Surly, gruff, morose. L18. '

'tjAmb(3)l

,

chummy

rustic, a boor; a churlish person,

a

chuffy a

Infl.

chum. chamar.

E19. [Prob. imit.]

house a.'

US.

fishmg-place)

M19

M19. [Sp ] (The edible nutty the nut-grass, Cyperus esculentus. Also

'tju:f3 / n.

oO

I.

(a

a close

var. of

n.

chumble

&

v.-t.

Bait

attract (fish) with

n.-

fowl, colloq. LI 8.

chufa

tjAm n.-]

chumar

z-

A

1

'tjoki

li8.

chlun CHUM

Share rooms (with); MI 8. b chum up, form

V.i.

1

(at).

Also chuckie; Austral.

n.

'

(sense 2) chookie, -y

n.

N. America,

large nightjar of eastern Capnmulgus carohnensis.

[Imit.]

«.']

friendly {with).

t;.'

(Repr.) such a soimd. L19. for

chamber-fellow: orig. Oxford Univ. slang equiv. person who shares to Cambridge crony. apartments with another or others; (now usu.) an intimate friend, esp. among schoolchildren, new chum Austral & NZ a recent immigrant, a greenhorn. chumship n. the state or condition of being chums; (the penod of) intimate friendship; M19-

chum

chunk /tjAqk/ n.' & L17. [App. alt. of chuck «.'] A «. 1 A thick lump (of wood, bread, cheese, etc.) cut or broken off. L17. b A block of wood. Chiefly US. L18. 2 A sturdy person or horse; a sturdy specimen of. US. E19. 3 A substantial amount or portion (of). L19. B v.t. Hit with a missile; throw a missile at. US colloq.

chunk

of choola.

n. var.

chum

of chucky.

n.' var.

same. A member of a Palaeoasiatic people of extreme NE Siberia; B adj. the language of this people. E18. Designating, of, or pertaining to this people or

A

pi. (sing, -cha).]

[Sp.]

pebbles or marbles.

chuckle chuckle

church

399

mi8. [f. chuck vr + chucker /'tjAka/ -ER'.] 1 A small pebble. Mi8. 2 A person who throws; spec, in Cricket, a bowler whose delivery of the ball is considered to be a throw and so illegal. L19. 3 chucker-out, a person who ejects troublesome or unwanted persons, a bouncer. colloq.

and

society

or

society; the clergy

and

worship

clerical

a

etc.

OE. 6

organization of

particular

Chnstian

officers collectively or as a

corporation, formerly esp. as an estate of the realm (opp. State). OE. 7 (In biblical translations) the congregation of Israelites; the faithful Israelites of the Old Testament, regarded as analogous to the Christian Church. OE. 8 A non-C~hristian society or movement regarded as a religion or as having tlie social, ethical, or spiritual qualities of a religion. lME. Doctors of the Church: see

DOCTOR

n.

Fathers of the

('hurch: see FATHER n the Church Catholic: emphasizing its universality the Church invisible the whole body of ('hnstians, past and present, the Church militant ("hnstians on e.irth wamng against evil the Church triumphant Christians at peace in heaven the Church visible the whole body of Chnstians on earth 4 Ancient (Church, Anglican

Church, Baptist Church, (Catholic Church, Congregational Church, F.astcm Church, Greek Church, Latin Church, Lutheran Church, Methodist Church, Ncstonan Church, Orthodox Church, I^cshytcnan Church, Roman Catholic Church, Russian Church, H'estcm Church, etc. Broad Church: see BROAD a. Church of England the linglish branch of the Western or Ijuin Church which has rciected the Pope's supremacy since ihe Retorination Church-of-Knglandism bui reiaincd episcopacy adherence lo the Church of lingland. Church of Scotland Scotland's national Presbyterian Chuich High Church: see HIGH ' cigar-smoker Ezo. plant

y.

cigarette

Also *-ret. M19. [Fr., f cigare: sec prec, -ette ] A small cylinder of finely-cut tobacco or of a narcotic or medicated substance rolled in paper for smoking.

saw,

\

/siga'ret/

run, 0 put,

u:

too,

n.

.1

ago,

m my, ao how,

ci

A

/sigws'teira/

M19. [Amer. Sp., f

n.

due to ingestion of neurotoxins sometimes present in the flesh of cigua sea-snail.] Poisoning

marine

tropical

cilery

fish.

Now

/'sibri/ n.

rare or obs.

[Origin imcertain: perh. Drapery or foliage carved

such

to

rel.

Also

M16.

-11-.

ceil.]

Archit.

on the heads of pillars;

cilia

a carving.

of CILIUM.

n. pi.

L17. [f as cilium + -ary'.] 1 pertaining to the eyelashes or eyehds. L17. 2 Of, pertaining to, caused by, or involving cilia (sense 3). M19. 1 ciliary body the pan of the eye connecting the choroid to the ins. ciliary muscle an annular muscle within the ciliar>' body controlling the shape of the

ciliary

/'siliari/ a.

lens of the eye.

Also fciliar

ciliate

A

-ATE-.]

B

M18.

E17-E19.

a.

a. & n. M18. [f as prec. + Furnished or fringed with cilia. protozoan of the phylum Ciliophora

/'silieit/

adj.

A

n.

(formerly class Ciliophora), characterized by the cilia. L19. ciliated a. = ciLlATE a. M18. cili'ation n. the presence or arrangement of cilia Mi 9.

presence of motile

cilice

n. L16. [Fr. f. L cilicium f. Gk f Kilikia Cilicia (see next).] (A garment

/'silis/

kilikion,

of) haircloth.

Cilician 'sriij(.-i)n/ a. & n. L16. [f CUicia (see below) + -an ] a adj. of or penaining to Cilicia, an ancient district of S. Anatolia, now in S. Turkey. L16. B «. A native or inhabitant of

MI 8.

Cilicia.

Cilicism

+ n. M19. [f as prec. or expression characteristic of

'silisiz(.-i)ni/

A word

-ISM.]

Cihcia.

ciliiform /'siliif.->:m/ a. M19. [f cilium + -FORM.] Having the fonn of cilia. cilio-

/'sili.io

'

-i-

day,

.10

+

comb, form of CILIUM: sec -0-.

and

'sili.im/ n. PI. -ia /-lo/. E18. [L.] 1 An eyelash, (the edge of) an eyelid. E18. 2 A delicate hair like an eyelash, e.g. on the margin A of a leaf, or the wing of an insect. L18. hairlike appendage, usu. motile, which is found

cilium

.

numbers on

the surfaces of

many organisms

is

used

cUl n. & V. see sill n.' & cUlery n. var. of cilery.

cimarron

in

some

and

cells,

in

locomotion. M19.

v.

'siinor(,-))n, sima'raun/ n. N. Amer. Also citnmaron. M19. [Amer. Sp. cimarron =

wild,

,

untamed,

(n.)

runaway

The Rocky Mountain

cigar,

-Y*.]

cigarette.

in

occas. a cigar, a cigarillo

cigala

-os. Also -ta /-ts/. dim. of cigarro CIGAR.]

PI.

cigarrito,

cigarene.

cilio'retinal a. of or pertaining to the retina ciliary body of the eye 1.19

of ceiling.

(also

/sigs'riitau/ n.

M19. [Amer. Sp.

A

{.

of ceil.

si3d3; foreign cerge,

taper, f cera

Comb

-ni /-ni/,

to.

bed,

1

eccI.L sicera (med.L cisera) f eccl.Gk sikera f Heb. slkSr strong drink ] A drink made from the juice of apples expressed and (and formerly other fruit) fermented; ;V. Amer. imfermented apple juice. Comb.: cider apple: from which cider is made, cider-press: for squeezing luice from apples. ciderist n. (now rare) a maker or connoisseur of cider MI 7 ciderkin n. a weak cider made from second pressings LI7 cidery a. of the nature of or resembling

PA.VATELA n.

/siss'rsunisn/ a. & n. li6. [L Ciceronianus, f Cicero, -on- cognomen of Marcus TuUius Cicero (106 43 BC), Roman politician and orator: see -ian ] A adj. Pertaining to or in the style of Cicero; eloquent, classical, rhythmical. L16. B n. An admirer, student, or imitator of Cicero or his works. L16.

arm,

/'s.uda/

smoking

Now

Ciceronian

a cat, a:

the

w. intermediate -I-) substance that kills', as fratricide, insecticide, etc. 2 Forming (usu. w. intermediate -I-) ns. of action w. the sense 'the killing of (the first element)', as suicide etc. earlier ctsdre

cigarito

Of or is

(usu. ns. w. the sense 'a person or

source

etc.

a

L

f.

make a cigarette. cigarillo /siga'rilsu, -Ijao/ n. PI. -os. M19. [Sp. cigarrillo, dim. of cigarro CIGAR.] A small cigar.

.

chick-pea.

C'iceron-: see

who understands and

cicerone

Hemlock,

i f Fr. -cide f L -cida, -cidium cutting, killing,

[Sense

suff.

Fr. -cide

f.

caedere, -cidere cut, kill.]

{.

dial.)

cow

lME.

n.

cicuia.]

esp. as a poison. cicu'toxin n. a polyunsaturated alcohol that major toxin of water hemlock, Cicuta vtrosa L19

[OFr.

medicine) that cicatnzes

of the genus Usmorhiza

/'sisa/

lME. [L

si'kjuita/ n.

cieling

M17. cicatri'zation

and white

-nes E18.

Act as

v.t. E17-E18. [L cicurat- pa. ppl stem of cicurare to tame f cicur tame: see -ate'.] domesticate.

fcicurate Tame, cicuta

cigareiie.

Comb.: cigarette card, -coupon a picture card, a voucher, inserted by the manufacturer into a packet or box of cigarettes; cigarette-case: for holding cigarettes before use, cigarette-end the unsmoked remainder of a cigarette; cigarette-holder a device for holding a cigarette for smoking; cigarette-lighter a mechanical device for lighting cigarettes; cigarette machine: that dispenses (boxes or packets of) cigarettes; cigarette-paper: for rolling tobacco in to

ciguatera

/si'kaunufsim/ a. L19. [mod.L ciconiiformis, {. ciconia stork: see -FORM.] Omith. or pertaining to the order Belonging Ciconiiformes, which includes the herons, storks, ibises, flamingos, and related birds.

ciconiiform

t.

only as mod.L genus name. cicerone /tjitja'rsuni, siss-/

guide

ciclatoiin /'sikbtan/ n. Long obs. exc. Hist. ME. [OFr. ctclaton, perh. i. Arab, siqilatun.] Cloth of

cierge

&

odoraia, resembling

member

(orig.

woman's male companion or

lover. cicisbeism /-'bi:iz(3)m/ n. the practice of attending a married woman as a cicisbeo M18.

ciel

L16

cicer

married

-os.

/sidvd/ a. & adv. ei8. [Fr] Former(ly); that has been (with the person's earher name or status).

cicely /'sisili/ n. li6. [App. f L seselis SESELI f Gk, w. assim. to female forename Cicely.] Any of various umbelliferous plants; esp. (a) (more fully sweet cicely) a European plant, Myrrhis foliage

A

origin.]

/-'beii:/,

ci-devant

(a

heaUng of

who

a person

of unkn.

[It.,

or

to,

v.i.

healed by forming a scars; scar. E18. cica'trizant a.

pertaining

cider L19.

as cicatrice; assim. to vbs in

Heal

lME.

skin over.

scar

E18.

Italian)

cider

lME. b

cicatricial siks'tnJCs)! a. pertainmg to or of the nature of a scar; forming a scar: L19

-ize

aquaria. L19. B adj. Of, designating this family. L19.

both

name 1718 was cigala

'sikad

cicatrice esp.

A

A

sense 2 usual

Cichlidae

royal tiara or cap of state of the ancient Persians.

SEVENTEEN->'€ar

cicada.

f The

[mod.L

L19.

a.

cidaris /'sidaris/ n. E17. [L f Gk kidaris, kitaris, = Heb. keter (Persian) crown, diadem.] The

Cicadidae of large-winged homopteran insects, the males of which make shrill chirping soimds. of

&

/'siklid/ n.

kikhle a kind of fish: see -id'.] (see below), f «. tropical freshwater fish of the family Cichlidae, of which many kinds are kept in

gold or a similar rich material.

Gk

[med.L f

cichlid

Russian

imitating Cicero

f cichling n. see chickling. cicisbeo /tjitjiz'beisu/ n. PI. -bei

the preoral cavity of an insect, often specialized for the temporary storage of food or as a salivary pump M20.

f cibadon

Ciceronianism n. (an expression) model of Latin style L16. fcich n. var. of chich. as a

Gk

rare.

E17.

=

cime

401

cimbalom

slave, cinia peak.] sheep, Ovis canadensis.

Also z- /z-/. L19. cembalo, cimbalo CYMBALO.] A

'siinb(.i)l(.-))in/ n.

[Hungarian f

It.

dulcimer.

cimbia

/'simbia/

nng round

n.

M17.

[It

]

A

Archit.

fillet

Cimbrian /'simbnon/ n. & a. f -an \ n. a member of an ]

M16. [f

1.

Cimbn

ancient people of

Europe of unknown affinities. Mi 6. of or pertaining to the Cimbrians. L16.

B

&

+

central adj.

Cimbric -ic] 'ITie

/'simbnk/

a.

E17. rare.

[(.

as prec.

Only

language of the Cimbrians. M18.

Cimbrian

1,:

n.

An. \l A Cimbrian.

f cime no,

or

the shaft of a column; an apophyge.

n.

hair,

a.

in E17.

2

B

=

adj.

li8.

see cyme. i.t

near,

.11

boy,

o.i

poor,

,mo tire, no.i

sour

cimelia cimelia

/si'miiha/ n.pl. rare. M17. [Late L, pi. of cimelium (church) treasure f. Gk keimelion anything stored up as valuable.] Treasures laid

up

B

(a) a storehouse (for treasures); (b) a

sM'metidim

l2o.

n.

met(hyl +

+

[f.

ct- alt.

An

Phami.

-IDINE.]

of

's.vjmEks/

A

li6. [L.]

n.

Now

bedbug.

mod.L genus name.

only as

cimmaron n. Cimmerian

var. of

/si'miansn/ n. & a. L16. [f. L (f Gk Kimmerios) + -AN.] A 1 A of a people fabled to live in perpetual darkness. L16. 2 A member of a nomadic people of antiquity, the earliest known inhabitants of the Crimea, who overran Asia Minor in the 7th cent. BC. L18. B adj. 1 Of or pertaining to the legendary Cimmerians; (of darkness, night, etc.) thick, gloomy. L16. 2 Of or pertaining to the nomadic Cimmerians. M19.

&

M19. [Sp. cincha girth.] A saddle-girth used in Mexico and the

/sin(t)J'/ n.

A

v.

western US, usu. made of twisted horsehair or cord. M19. 2 fig. A firm hold; slang a sure, safe, or easy thing, a certainty. L19. 3 A variant of the

card-game

all fours. L19. 2 kad-pipc cinch: see lead

B

Fix

v.t.

1

means of

&

a.

saddle etc.)

(a

securely by

a girth, fix (a girth); transf. girdle, pull

fairy

tale,

cinchona

drug

this

is

Also chinchona /tjin'tjauns/. M18. [mod.L, f Countess of Chinchon (d. 1641), vicereine of Peru, who introduced the drug to Spain ] 1 An evergreen tree or shrub of the S. American genus Cinchona, of the madder family, with fragrant flowers. M18. 2 = cinchona bark below. Also, a drug made from cinchona bark. L18. Comb. cinchona bark the dried bark of a cinchona (as a source of quinine and other medicinal alkaloids). cinchomcine, cinchonidine ns. cinchona alkaloids isomeric with cinchonine M19. cinchonine n. an alkaloid, C,„H,,ON,, with febrifuge properties, found /siri'ksuns/

n.

:

with quinine in cinchona bark E19. cinchonism n. poisoning due to excessive ingestion of cinchona

cincinnus

/sm'sinss/ n. M19. ringlet.] Bat. A scorpioid cyme,

cinct

pred.

/sirjkt/

[L

curl,

lME. [L

cincius pa. pple of cingere gird.] Girt, encircled,

cincture + prec.

/'siriktjs/ n.

-ura

&

v.

A

-URE.]

L16. [Lcinctura, f as w. 1 girding,

A

encompassing, or encircling; enclosure. L16. 2 A thing which girdles or encompasses; spec, a girdle or belt for the waist. M17. b Archit. The ring at the top or bottom of a column which divides the shaft firom the capital or base; a nng or band encircling a column or interrupting an architrave. L17. B v.t. Gird; encompass, siuToimd. L18.

cinder

/'sinda/ n. sintar

OHG

&

v.

[OE

smder

=

ON

MLG

sindr, w. (G Sinter), assim. since 16 to unrelated Fr. cendre (L cinis, ciner- ashes).] \ n. \ Slag, scoria. OE. 2 In pi The residue of combustion; ashes. lME. 3 spec. residual piece of coal, wood, etc., whether cold or not, that has ceased to flame but has still

sinder,

A

combustible maner in it. M16. 3 burn to a cinder make inedible or

useless by

burning.

cinder-cone a cone formed round the mouth of a volcano by debris cast up during eruption; Comb.:

b but, d dog,

f

few, q get, h he,

j

yes, k cat,

1

leg,

m

pertaining

cinefluo'rography

M20

cinemicrography

cineraria n}

cinemi'crography

the

n.

+

same)/ n. f cine cine

/'sineiast, foreign sineast (pi.

Also cineast(e) as

-aste

/'siniast/. E20. [Fr.,

enthousiaste

in

An

enthusiast.]

enthusiast for or devotee of the cinema. /'sinims/

n.

cinema

[Fr.

CINEMATOGRAPH CINEMATOGRAPH

n.

Initial

k-

E20. 2

A

cinematographic films are Cinematography; the production of cinematographic films, esp. as an art or an industry.

/si'msrias/ a. lME. [f. cinereus, f. ciner- ashes, + -ous.] Of the nature of ashes; (esp. of a bird or plimiage) ash-coloured,

cinis,

cineritious

Cingalese

&

the cinema;

-ize

make

v.t.

Also -ise. E20.

/sim'matagraif/ n. & v. Also k- /k-/. L19. [Fr. cinematographe, f Gk kinema, kinemat- movement: see -graph. Initial k- after Gk.] A n. An apparatus for producing an image in which persons and things appear to move, by rapidly projecting on to a screen a succession of photographs on a long film, often also with the reproduction of sound recorded on it; a film projector. L19. B v.t. Make a cinematographic record of L19.

a.

arch.

PI.

of n.

/'sir|g(3)l/ {.

L

ME.

n.

cingulum,

[OFr. cengle (mod. f cingere gird.] A

-la girdle,

&

corpus callosum. cingular a. of or pertaining to a cingulum E20. cingulate a. having a cingulum; of the nature of a cingulum; K19.

cinnabar /'sinabu:/ n. & Gk kinnahan, of oriental

ME. [L cmnabans \ Native ] \ n.

a.

i.

origin

sulphide, a bright red hexagonal usu. occurs in massive form and is the only important ore of mercury; this mineral used as a pigment, vermilion. ME. 2 A moth, Tyna jacobaeae, with bright red wing markings. Also cinnabar-moth. E19. B adj. Of the colour of cinnabar; vermilion. E19.

mcrcury(ii)

mmeral which

[f.

cinematograph

n.

m20.

/'sirigjobm/ n. PI. -la /-b/. M19. [L; see prec] Chiefly /Inar. Zool. A girdle, belt, or analogous structure; esp. (a) a ridge surrounding the base of the crown of a tooth; (b) a gyrus of each cerebral hemisphere, partly encircling the

cinnabarine a. consisting of or containing cinnabar; of the colour of cinnabar: L17.

(a play, story, etc.) to

a film of.

/sir)g3'li:z/

n.

girdle; a girth; a belt.

M20.

Adapt

]

f.

cingulum

cinema,

+

cmericius

same. L16. [f as Sinhalese, partly through Fr. Cing(h)alais.] = SINHALESE.

the cinematograph; suitable for cinematography; suggestive of the technique, dialogue, etc., of the ad%>.

L

sini'vEritei

/sini'malik/ a. E20. [f. cinema after CINEMATOGRAPH: scc -ic] Of Or pertaining to

/'sinimstAiz/

L17. [f

a.

cine-verite /sineverite, [Fr] = cinema- VfeRlTE.

cinematic

cinematize

/sma'rijss/

cmer- ashes, + -ous: see -mous'.] 1 Ashley; also formerly used of the grey matter of the brain and spinal cord. L17. 2 Of the nature of ashes or cinders. M18. cints,

cinematheque

artistic films.

after

L

cinereous

cinematheque

showing

[.

pertaining to

cinerary urn: holding the ashes of the dead

E20. Comb.: cinema-goer a person who frequents the cinema; cinema organ: with extra stops and effects /sinima'ttk/ n. Also /sincinatek (pi. same)/. M20. [Fr. cinematheque, I. as prec, after bibliotheque library.] A library of cinema films; a (national) repository of old films. Also, a small cinema

Of or

ashes.

sangle)

1

[L cineranus,

M18.

a.

cremation.

cingle

]

/'sinsrsri/

ciner-, cinis ashes: see -ARY'.]

=

Gk

of next.

cineranus: see next, -ARRIM.] A place for depositing the ashes of the dead after cremation.

theatre in which shown. E20. 3

after

pi.

L

Also (now rare) k- /k-/. abbrev. of cinematographe

n.

cinerary.]

cinerarium /sin3'rE:ri3m/ n. PI. -ria /-na/. L19. [Late L cineranum use as n. of neul. sing, of

the

n.

[mod.L (former

cinerarius

hybrids of the alhed Pericallis cruenta, of the Canary Islands, with corymbs of daisy-like blue, purple, etc., flower-heads, grown as pot plants.

to

making of a cine film of an object, process, etc., seen with the aid of a microscope M20 cinepho tography n. the making of a cine film E20. cine'radiograph « a series of cineradiographic photographs M20. a. cineradio'graphic of or pertaining to cineradiography M20. cineradiography n. the taking of a series of X-ray photographs which can be viewed in the manner of a cine film M20

(now

(with).

or

L

Orig., the silver ragwort, Senecio cineraria, grown for its hoary leaves. Now, any of various garden

recording of a fluoroscopic image by cinephotography M20. cinemicro'graphic a. of or pertaining to

as prec.

Chiefly poet.

a.

=

of

a.

li6.

/sina'reiria/

genus name), fem. of

cinerary

cinematically

alkaloids M19.

cineraria

[f.

cinefluoro'graphic cinefluorography M20.

n.

L

/'sind(3)r9s/

cine-goer.

/sinemaverite, .sinima'vEntei/

(The making of) films which avoid and have the appearance of real life.

/'smiaul/ n. Also -ol /-ol/. L19. [f. reversal of mod.L oleum cinae wormseed oil, f oleum oil + cynas an Arabian tree: see -ole^.] Either of two isomeric essential oils, 1,4- and 1,8-cineole; esp. the laner, = eucalyptol.

+

comb. /'sini/ [Abbrev. form. of CINEMA. Cf prec] 1 Cinematographic. 2 With the sense 'cinema', as

E20.

Nupercaine.

n.

[Fr.]

cineole

CINEMATOGRAPHIC,

cinema

spinal applications. ilA proprietary name for

cinder

f.

cine-

In the card-game cinch: protect (a trick) playing a higher trump than the five. L19.

/'sigkatjem/ «. M20. [f next + -cajne ] Pharm. A quinoline derivative used as a very powerful local anaesthetic for surface or

M20.

M19. [The heroine of

n.

cine camera^ film, projector, etc.

cineaste

cinchocaine

of cinders:

Also cindrous a. cinder n. + -ous.] Cindery. cine /'sini/ a. Also (now rare) k- /k-/. See also CINE-. L19. [Abbrev.] Cinematographic.

in, (clothing). M19. b v.i. Fix a saddle-girth. L19. 2 v.t. fig. Get (a person) into a tight place; secure a hold upon. L19. b Make certain of (something); render conclusive, slang. E20. 3 v.i.

by

cinema-verite artificiality

full

-ella, after Fr. Cendnllon, f. cendre cinders, ashes + dim. ending -illon.] 1 A drudge; a neglected or despised parmer, member of a group, etc.; a person or thing of unrecognized or disregarded merit or beauty, mi 9. 2 In full Cinderella dance. A dance stopping at midnight. L19. a

/'sindrss/. E17.

Cimmenus

1

a.

M16,

cinderous

cimarron.

member

cinch

to cinders. lME. of the nature of a cinder;

Reduce

Cinderella /smds'reb/

antihistamine drug which is a sulphurcontaining derivative of imidazole used to treat peptic ulcers. A proprietary name for this drug is Tagamet.

cimex

v.t.

cindery

cimetidine

n.

cinder path, track a footpath or running-track laid with fine cinders.

in store.

cimeliarch n. treasurer: Mi 7.

CY(ANO-

cinnamon

402

cinnamic

/si'namik/

M19.

a.

[f.

L cinnamum

CINNAMON + -ic] Chem. Of cirmamon; cinnamic acid, the compound, 3-phenylpropenoic acid, C„H, CHCHCOOH, a crystallme unsaturated acid present in many resins and balsams.

rare)

cinna'maldehyde

C^H,CHCHCHO, cinnamon and

n.

the

which

is

corresponding aldehyde, the major constituent of

cassia oils L19.

'cinnamate

cinnamic acid M19. 'cinnamyl QH^CHCHCH; usu. in comb.: M19.

ester of

n.

a salt or the radical

n.

,

cinnamon

n. & a. lME. [(0)Fr. L cinnamomum Gk kinnamOmon, Gk later refash. after L cinnamon, -mum kinnamon, Semitic, pcrh. ult. f Malay.] A n. 1

cinematographic

/'sinaman/

/.sinimata'grafik/ a. Also (now rare) k- /k-/. L19. [f. prec. + -ic. Initial kafter Gk ] Of or pertaining to cinematography or

cinnamome f

the cinematograph. cinematographical adv. H9.

The powdered aromatic inner bark of a southern Indian tree, Cinnamomum zeylanicuni, used as a

cinematography

hands

and

effort.

ME.

struggle

(up)

and

or

put, u: too,

to.

Now

L16.

rare.

b

.

.

and feet. E19. clamberer n. formerly

esp. a

who

a person

climbmg

or thing which clambers;

plant: L16.

clame v. var. of cleam. clamjamphrie /klam'dsamfri/

n.

Sc.

&

north.

Also clan- /klan-/, -fry> & other vars. E19. [Origin unkn.] Worthless or vulgar people; a

mob,

a rabble.

clammer v. see clamour v} clammy /'klami/ a. lME. [f clam -y'.]

v.^ or a. + Moist, usu. cold, and sticky or slimy; damp

and cold. Southey The cold sweat stands Upon his clammy limbs D. H. Lawrence TTie wind drifted a clammy fog across the hills. J. Masters The clammy sari was clinging to

my

clammily

body.

M19 claimniness

adv.

n.

EI 6.

clamor n., v.', v.- see clamour n., v.\ v.' clamorous /'klam(a)ras/ a. lME. [f late L clamorosus, f L clamor, see clamour «. -ous. Cf OFr. clamoreus.] Of the nature of clamour; ,

uttered with or accompanied by shouting; noisy; loudly and persistendy complaining, appealing, or demandmg; urgently claiming attention. more clamorous than a Shakes A.Y L. I will be parrot against rain D H. Lawrence Her voice was Sr^TtoN The night was loud and clamorous clamorous with frogs and katydids,

W

clamorously

adi>.

M16 clamorousness

n.

E17.

clamour

/'klam?/ n. Also *-or. lME. [AN clamur, OFr. clamour f L clamor rel. to clamare: see -OUR. Cf claim v. ] 1 Loud shouting (by one or, freq., many), esp. in complaint, appeal, or opposition; vehement expression of feeling, esp. of discontent or disapprobation; popular outcry. lME. 2 A loud shout, an outburst of noisy utterance; a popular outcry. lME. 3 Any loud or

confused noise. L16. 1 R Whatei.y Attempts to silence a speaker by clamour. E Ixingford An important section of the to the country's clamour for .\rmy fell a vicum economy. 2 C Thirlwall Interrupted in a speech by clamours of disapprobauon. 3 VC' Irving ITie clamour of a troop of dogs A. C. Swinburne ITie clamour of his storms. A. AIacLean The sudden stndent clamour of an alarm bell

clamour

v.' Also *-or. lME. [f the clamour; raise an outcry; make complaint, or demand, (for, a appeal, against, to do). lME. 2 v.t. fa Disturb with clamour. Only in 17. b Move or dnve out of, into, etc., by clamounng; put down by clamour. M17. 3 v.t. Utter or assert clamorously. M19. Shakes. Maeb. The obscure bird Clamour'd the I livelong night. A. Brigos The urban working classes came into the open to clamour for reform. R. Sutclii'f If you icll me to do a thing, I will do it, without clamounng to know why

n

1

]

/'klania/

Make

v.t.

a

loud

clamourer

clamour

n.

M17.

Now rare. Also -or, I'.-t. [Origin uncertain: perh. rel. to use of prec] Silence, stop the

/'klam.i/

clammer. E17. clam 1'.' or a

noise of, (spec, bells). First recorded in Shakes

/klamp/ M.' & I'.' ME. [Prob. of LG cf Du., LG klamp, \klampe (whence G Klampc), [. Gmc (rel. to clam n.').] An. I A brace, clasp, or band, usu. of rigid material, used for strengthening or fastening things together. 2 Naut. Each of the thick planks

.i

ago,

feet;

[Of frequent, v.

I

v.i.

climb

&

t.

with

2 v.i. transf. & fig. a into a position of ai

ME

side below the shelf-piecc, which the ends of the deck-beams. L15. 3 An appliance or tool with parts which may be brought together by a screw etc. for holding or in

a

ship's

suppon

M19.

fclamb V. pa. of climb v. clamber /'klambn/ v. & n. ME. form, prob. f prec: see -er''.] \ Climb

effort

Rise upwards heavily, irregularly, or steeply. E17. c Of a plant: climb by means of tendrils. E17. clamber the mountain. F. 1 S. Johnson They can Herbert The craft creaked as the others clambered aboard. 2b N. Hawthorne A tall palace of gray, timewom stone clambered skyward. Tennyson The narrow street that clamber'd toward the mill, c C. Ratne Ivy clambers over the sides of a rusry cot B n. An act of clambering; a climb using hands

origin:

/'kleim(3)nt, 'klam-/ a. M17. [f L clamant- pres. ppl stem of clamare cry out: sec -ant'. Cf CLAIM v.] 1 Clamorous, noisy. M17. 2

fig.

eminence; attain with

clamp

of clem.

v:' var.

transfer of

M19. [f Fr. clairvoyance.] The supposed faculty of perceiving, as if by hearing, what is inaudible. clair

MHG, G

clamant

5 Pope Say from what scepter'd ancestry ye claim. claimable a. ti7 claimant n a person who makes claim, esp formally; a person (up)on: L17 claimer n. lME.

OHG

clam = klamma (G klemme, Du. klemme,

[OE

n.'

siphon (also long, longneck. soft, or steamer clam) (Earliest in clam-shell below.) E16. 2 The mouth. US slang. E19. 3 A person who is close-minded, close-mouthed, etc.; a taciturn person. US slang. M19. 1 (as) happy as a clam: see happy a. Venus clam: see Venus 9. Washington clam: see Washington i. Comb. clambake U.S a social gathenng for eating (esp clams and fish) outdoors; a loud and lively gathenng, a lam-session, clam-shell (a) the shell of a clam, (b) US slang ~ sense 2 above

clam

ME. a

n.

prec] 1 A bivalve an exuemely large tropical bivalve, Tndacna gigas (usu. giant clam); (f) either of two common bivalves valued as food on the east coast of N. America, the quahog Venus mercenana (also hard or round clam) and Mya arenana, which has a very long

C. .Merivale He claimed that his word should be law. J. R. Green' Every townsman could claim to be

.

{.

mollusc;

\

B Pym The

Klamm),

clam

[OFr. claim- tonic stem of appeal, f L ctamare. Cf

fellow-townsman

/kl£:'vDians/

clamp, vice, pair of pincers, etc.; also, a lining for the jaws of a vice. lME. 3 In pi. clutches, claws. Long 065. exc. dial. M16.

I

his

'klam

dial.

holding

call for. E17.

by

plays the clairschach

fl Anything that holds tight; m pi. bonds, bondage. Only in OE. 2 An tnstnmient for claspmg rigidly or

ME

tried

clam klem,

v.t. 1 Demand as one's due or property, require as a right, (arch. foil, by that, to be + pa. ppl a.); fig. have as a property, achievement, or consequence, esp. take by death. ME. 2 Assen or demand recognition of (the fact that); represent oneself as having, oneself to be, to have done; represent oneself so as to seem to Name (as), do; assen, contend, that. ME. proclaim be); represent (oneselO as. (to L16. 4 Of a thing: have a right to, deserve,

clamour

who

of foir see: see -ant'.] A adj. 1 Clear-sighted, perceptive, rare. L17. 2 Having or exercising faculty of clairvoyance; pertaining to the 1 A clear-sighted clairvoyance. M19. B person, rare. L18. 2 A person having the faculty of clairvoyance. M19. clairvoyantly adv. L19.

W

tII4

[Ir.

traditional Celtic

a.

a

L16. Comb.: claim-jumper one who appropriates mimng claim already taken by another claimless a. E19

The

M19. [Fr., f as next: see -ance.] 1 The supposed faculty of perceiving, as if by seeing, what is happening or exists out of sight. M19. 2 Keenness of mental perception: exceptional insight. M19. clairvoyant /klei'voisnt/ a. & n. Occas. fem. -ante. L17. [Fr., f clair clear + voyant pres. ppl

A

consent.

instituted

a person

n.

clairvoyance

Brintc The claim for libel against the newspaper. Court of Claims see COURT lay claim to assert one's right to, claim. no-daim(.s) bonus, see no a. quit claim to: see QnT v. small-claims court: see small a. 2 J. B. Priestley .Miss Trant had waived any claim to her part of the fee. R S. Tho.mas S. Churchill The claim Of wife and young ones. His care for the Royal Navy is his chief claim upon the gratitude of his countrymen. 3 prospecting claim: see PROSPECT V. 4. stake (out) a claim make a claim to a piece of land for mining etc by marking it with stakes; fig. make a statement of one's nghts (to) Justice

CHIAROSCURO.] = CHIAROSCURO. /'klaijax/ n. Also clar-. L15.

tr. It.

clairschacher

ME.

Parliamentary

Department of

ei8. [Fr. clair-

E16.

[OFr. claime, f. darner, see next.] 1 1 A demand for something as due; a statement of one's right to something; a contention, an assertion; spec, (a) a formal assertion of a right to a piece of land for mining etc.; (b) a demand for payment in accordance with law, an insurance pohcy, etc.; (c) (in full pay-claim) a demand for an increase in pay; (d) a formal statement of the novel features in a patent. ME. 2 A right or title {to something); a right to make a demand {{up)on a person etc.). ME. 3 A piece of land allotted or taken for the purpose of minmg etc. L18. I C. Day The telephone company sent us circulars in which they made large claims. C. Hill By arbitrary arrest and impnsonment he enforced his claim to tax without

n.

harp strung with wire.

M19. /klerai/ n.

/kkTab'skjtis/

cldirseach, Gael, clarsach.]

barnacle goose. the harsh call of a goose, the cluck or cackle of a hen etc. L15. 3 Chatter, gossip; a gossipy person. LI 8. B v.i. 1 Of a goose: call harshly. Of a hen etc.: cluck, cackle. E16. 2 Charter, talk tediously.

claim

clamp

409

my, ao how,

ci

compressing. 1.17. 4 serves to maintain

Electr.

A

circuit

which

prescribed levels the Also clamp circuit. M20. B V. I v.t. Patch (up). Sc. L15. 2 v.t. Make fast or strengthen (as) with a clamp or clamps; place at

voltage limits of a signal.

day, ao no,

t:

hair,

i.i

near,

-11

boy, 00 poor,

ai.i

ure, aiu

clamp or hold firmly. L17. b Immobilize with a wheel clamp. L20. 3 v.i. a clamp down (on), press down hard (on), become stricter (regarding), call a halt (to). E20. b clamp down, (of cloud, fog, etc.) descend very low, so as to prevent flying etc. M20. 4 v.i. Electr. Maintain the voltage limits of (a signal) at prescribed values. Freq. as clamping vbl n. M20.

clamp a cigar in his left jaw. 2 R. P. Warren To W. GOLDING A heavy hand clamped me down. L. Deighton The cables were roughly clamped across .

.

.

.

.

the charred ends as

with artery forceps. 3a Economist

if

The government clamped down

firmly on all political Lee Suddenly the iron-frost of destitution would clamp down on the house. Comb. clamp-down an act of clamping down. agitation. L.

:

/klamp/ n} & v} L16. [Prob. i. (M)Du klamp heap, rel. to clump n.} \ n. 1 A stack or pile of bricks for burning. L16. 2 A heap or pile of straw and earth covering potatoes etc. during winter; a heap or pile of turf, peat, garden

clamp

rubbish, etc. E18. B v.t. Pile up'mz clamp; store (potatoes etc.) in a clamp. M19.

/klamp/ n? & v.^ Chiefly Sc. & north. L18. cf CLOMP, CLUMP n., v.] A n. A heavy step or tread; a stamp with the feet. L18. B v.i. Tread heavily, clump. E19.

clamp [Imit.:

clamper

/'klampa/

&

v.^

Now

n.

chiefly

Sc.

-er\] a v.t. Put together hastily or clumsily, patch up, (lit. Si fig.), mi 6. B n. \ A metal patch or plate. Sc. E17. 2 A botched-up argument or charge, mi 7.

M16.

CLAMP

[f.

clamper [f

+

V.'

/'klampa/

CLAMP

+

V.-'

v.-

Chiefly Sc. & dial. E19. or step heavily or

1.

-ER*.]

Walk

noisily.

clan

&

lME.

[Gael, clann off^spring, family, stock, f Olr. eland (mod.Ir. clann) f. L planta sprout, scion, plant n. ] A 1 A group of (esp. Highland) Scots claiming descent from a common ancestor, acknowledging a patriarchal chief, and usu. all having the same surname. lME. 2 gen. Any similar tribal division or group; a (large) close-knit family. E16. 3 A group of n.

having

v.

shared

attributes;

a

party,

M16. 4

A

group of

objects, animals, plants, etc., sharing

common

Usu.

coterie, a set.

derog.

origins or attributes. M17.

b

a

A

small local group of a dominant plant species. E20. c Geol. A group of igneous rocks of similar chemical composition. E20. Comb.: clansfolk (fellow) members of a clan, clansman a male (fellow) member of a clan,

clanswoman

B

I'.!.

members danism

a female (fellow)

member

Combine

-nn-.

Infl.

Ecol.

of a clan {together)

as

of a clan. L17.

clan system or feeling Mi 9. clanny a. = CLANNISH L19. clanship n. a clan system; clannish behaviour, clan membership or feeling; M18. n.

fclancular

E17-M18. [L clancularius, f cUnculum adv., dim. of clam in secret: see -ar^.] a.

Secret; clandestine,

fclancularly

E17 M19.

adv.

fclanculary

a.

—

CLANCULAR M16-MI7.

clandestine

/klan'destm, 'klandestin/ a. mi6. [Fr. clandestin or L clandestinus, f. clam in secret: see -ine'.] Surreptitious, secret, clandestinely adv. clande'stinity n. M17. (surreptitious) secrecy L17.

clang

/klaq/

n.

&

v.

Li6. [Imit., but

by

infl.

L

G

Klang. f Cf. CLANK, CLINK «.', z;.'] A «. 1 A loud resonant metallic sound, as of a trumpet, armour, a large bell, etc. Li6. 2 The loud harsh scream of cenain birds, as geese. Mi 7. 3 Chiefly Psychol. clangor, clangere (see next); sense A. 3

(The acoustic sensation of) a sound consisting of a fimdamental tone and overtones. Now rare. M19. Comb.: clang association Psychol, an association of words by sound rather than meaning. fl V. \ V.I. Move with or make a loud resonant metallic sound. L16. 2 v.t. Cause to make a clang; strike together with a clang. E18. 3 v.i. Of certain birds: utter their loud harsh cry. M19. 1 J. Steinbeck Every day the red bus clangs back and forth. A. Carter A voice that clanged like dustbin

clangor,

&

/'klaijgs/ n.

clanger a

n.

(slang) a

blunder (esp.

in drop

a clanger,

blunder) M20.

b but, d dog,

f

few, g get, h he,

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

A

n.

Clanging noise; a succession or prevalence of clanging noises. L16. B v.i. Make a clangour. M19. clangorous adv. MI 9.

a.

of clangour E18. clangorously

fiill

.

clanjamfry, -phrie ns. vars. of clamjamphrie. clank /klaqk/ n. & v. lME. [Imit., = MLG, (M)Du. klank, OHG klanc, ktank-. Cf. clang, CLINK n.\ v.\ CLONK, CLUNK V. & n."] A n. An

.

.

.

Mi8.

/'klanij/ a.

[f.

clan

n.

+

-ish'.]

Pertaining to or characteristic of a clan; (too much) attached to one's own clan, family, etc. clannishly adv. L19 clannishness n. E19.

ME. [f clap !>.'] Noisy talk, chatter. Long sounding blow; a slap, a

clap /klap/

ME.

2

I

A

&

(lit.

I

A

noise or

obs. exc. dial.

pat.

exc.

obs.

fig.),

ME. 4 An

afierclap s.v. AFTER-.

ME. Sc.

3

&

A in

abrupt explosive

as of two hard surfaces striking one another; the report of a gun. lME. b spec. A peal of thimder. lME. c spec. The noise of the palms of the hands being struck together; (a round of) applause. L16. salutation, from the 2 S. Johnson All the forms of clap on the shoulder to the humble bow. II A physical object. 5 = claj'Per «.' i; esp. the clapper of a mill. f6 ITic human tongue. L16. 7 The lower mandible of a hawk. L15. For combs, see CLAP v.'

noise,

ME

ME

clap

/klap/ n.' coarse slang. L16. venereal bubo.] Venereal

gonorrhoea, (also the /klap/

(arch.)

clap);

[f.

OFr.

clapped out

clap CLAP

Infl.

V.'

clapt. klappen,

-pp-. Pa. t. clappan =

[Partial

worn

out, exhausted,

no

OE lME.

pulsate.

2

v.t.

female

with

with a bang, slam; f(b) rap, knock at a door etc.; (see also sense 6b). Now arch. & dial. lME. 4 v.t. Chatter loudly, talk continually, (= clack V. i). Now rare. lME. 5 v.t. Cause to make an abrupt explosive noise, strike together; cause to make a loud rattling noise; spec, (a) close (a door, window, etc., to) with a bang, slam; f (b) strike (hands) reciprocally, in token of a bargain,

b

by

Foil,

on:

close

(to,

in,

etc.).

r

red,

oneself

top, v van,

w

we,

z

200,

v.

ME.

[f

clap

z'.'

+

/'klaps/

Prov.

f.

LME-E18. clapt V. pa.

t.

&

pple: see

clap

v.^

/'klaptrap/ n. mi8. [f clap n.' + trap A device, expression, etc., to elicit

claptrap n.']

I

applause, arch. mi8. 2 Language used or sentiments expressed only to elicit applause; pretentious but empty assertions; nonsense. E19. claptrappy a. mi 9.

claque

mi 9.

t

&

n."

a

rough bridge or raised path of stones, dial. ME. t2 A rabbit burrow; a place for keeping rabbits.

M19.

11 v.i. Press or chiefly Sc. L16. 12 or construct hastily or

s sit,

1

n.' ME. [AN claper = OFr. = heap of stones, rabbit warren, of Gaulish origin ] 1 More fully clapper bridge. A

clapier

Now

a Foil, by up: make n no, p pen,

apply

«.

clapper

decisively; enter into (an activity) with alacrity.

M16-M18.

/'klap.-i/

a

.]

:

&

applaud by clapping hands. E16. 7 v.t. Of a bird: flap (the wings) audibly. lME. 8 v.t. Slap with the palm of the hand, as a sign of approval, in encouragement, etc.; Sc. & north, pat fondly. lME. b Smooth or flatten (out) with the palms or with a flat-surfaced object. Chiefly north. M16. 9 v.i. Put or place quickly, energetically, or unceremoniously; impose (as) with authority (up)on. lME. 10 V.I. fa Come or go suddenly or

ei6.

device that makes short repeated strokes or that makes a clapping or loud rattling noise; spec, (a) a contrivance in a mill for sinking or shaking the hopper so as to make the grain move down to the millstones; (b) Hist, the lid of a clap-dish, or a rattle, used by beggars, lepers, etc., to attract attention; (r) the tongue or striker of a bell; (d) an instrument for frightening birds away; (e) Cinemat. (in full clapperboard) a device making a sharp noise for the synchronization of picture and sound. ME. b The human tongue. Usu contempt. M17. 2 A person who claps; a claqueur. E19. 1 like the clappers slang very fast, very hard Comb. clapperboard: see sense I above; clapperclaw (arch.) claw with the open hand and nails; fig. V.I. dudgeon revile, clapperdudgeon arch, slang [app «.'] a person bom a beggar, a low wretch; clapper longirostris, large greyish N American rail, Rallus rail a of coastal marshes B V. I v.t. a Fit a clapper to (a bell), rare. E16. b Sound (a bell) by pulling the clapper. L19. 2 v.t. Make a noise like a clapper, mi 9. -er'

OE. 3 ^'.i. Make an abrupt explosive noise; make a loud rattling noise; spec, (a) (of a door, window, etc.) close

show approval, for warmth, as a signal, etc.; show approval of (a person, an event, etc.) by doing this. lME. b v.i. Clap the hands together;

v.

seal.

clapper

arch.

Now

&

/'klap(3)m/ n. M19. [A district of SW London.] I the Clapham Sect, an early- 19thcent. group noted for evangelical opinions and philanthropic activity (some of whose chief members hved at Clapham). Somewhat derog. obs. exc. Hist. M19. 2 the man on the Clapham omnibus, the average man. E20. t clapholt n. lME E18. [LG klappholt = Du. klaphoui, f. klappen crack + holt wood.] = CLAPBOARD n. 2. clapmatch /'klapmatj/ n. Also k-. mi8. [Du. klapmuts(rob) hooded seal, f klapmuts cap with flaps ] Orig., a hooded or eared seal. Now, a

'ITirob,

arch. dial. lMF. 6 (see also senses 6, 7). Strike (the hands) together loudly, esp. to

n.

An. la A

Clapham

kleppen,

v.t.

'klabsd/

E16. b A weatherboard. A'. Amer. MI 7. f2 Tlie material of such boards; such boards collectively. M16-L19. B v.t. Cover or line with clapboards. US. M17. clapboarding vbl n. (US) (a) the action of the vb; ""fft) a covering of clapboards on a building etc.: M17.

esp.

Strike

tr.

obs. exc. Hist.

pplc clapped, OFris. klappia, klappa, beside v.i.

/'klapbsid,

of clapholt.]

piece of split oak used for barrel-staves and wainscoting.

&

[OE

sounding blows,

man,

(slang)

gonorrhoea.

clapoir

disease,

I

lie

a. phr.

/klap/ v}t. coarse slang. Infl. -pp-. M17. [f. «.^] Infect with venereal disease, esp.

clapboard

an infection with

MLG OHG klapfon, ON OE clappan = OFris. kleppa, MLG OHG klepfen: of imit. origin.] f beat,

.

.

longer functioning M20.

this.

clap

.

.

.

clannish

action.

has clapped copyright The ices were clapped I clapped my hat on my

carried by beggars, lepers, etc., and rattled to attract notice; clap-net a fowler's or entomologist's net shut by pulling a stnng.

.

Snow Some

.

He

head, and marched out. A. Fraser The government speedily clapped the leaders in prison, clap eyes on colloq. catch sight of, see (usu. in neg. contexts). Comb, (partly f clap n.'): clap-bread thin oatmeal cake; clap-dish Hist, a wooden alms-dish with a lid,

Galsworthy The

iron gates clanked open. C. P. undergraduates came clanking through in football boots. 3 J. Clare The beating snow-clad bell, with sounding dead, Hath clanked four C H. SissoN Gaolers Clanking their keys. % In isolated use bef 17. clankety-clank /,klar|kiti'klarik/ n. a repeated clanking sound L19. clankless a. (rare) that does not or do not clank E19.

J.

.

the doors. R. W. Emerson on the world. E. Bowen between wafers. J. Cheever

abrupt heavy metallic sound, as of heavy pieces of metal meeting, a chain rattling, etc. lME. B i;. 1 v.t. Deposit with a clank; put down heavily. E17. 2 v.i. Make an abrupt heavy metallic sound; move with a clank or clanks. M17. 3 v.t. Cause to make a clank or clanks; proclaim by a clank or clanks, mi 8. fetters clank. 2 E. Darwin Dungeons dank Where

v.t.

j

without much care; chiefly (& now only) fig., arrange or settle (an agreement etc.) hastily or without much care. arch. L16. f b Put or stick together. M17-E18. 6 S. Pepys It was very finely sung, so as to make the whole house clap her. D. Parker The Swedish girl raised her hands and clapped them twice together to summon the waiter. 9 Shakes. Merry W. Clap on more sails; pursue. Byron I have clapt sentinels at

Also *-or. n6. [L

v.

clangere resoimd; see -OUR, -DR.]

f.

energetically, set to. colloq.

lids.

make

clangour

sudden stroke

/klan/

people

claque

410

/klak, klu:k; foreign klak (pi. same) I n. hired body of f. claquer to clap.]

A

[Fr.,

applauders;

a

transf.

body

of

sycophantic

followers.

J

she, 3 vision, 0 thin,

(i

this,

r)

ring,

If

chip, d3 jar

claqueur claqueur M19.

member

clarabella /klara'bsb/

+

-ra clear

(fern.)

An

+

claquer (see prec.) of a claque. f.

(fern.)

bellus,

etc.

A

quality. L19.

L

[f.

clarus,

-Ua beautiful.]

E20. [f L clarus clear a., of the lithotypes of coal: a finely laminated material with a silky lustre. /'klarein/

n.

One

after fusain.] Geol.

Clare

A

/klE:/ n. E17. [f St Clare (see below).]

nun of the Franciscan order founded by

St Clare

/'klar(3)ns/ n. M19. [f. the Duke of Clarence, later William FV.] Chiefly Hist. A fourwheeled closed carriage with seats for four inside and two on the box. n. Also f-cieux. an English dukedom Suffolk ] The second

/"klar(3)nsu:/

Clarence,

f.

named from

Clare in English King of Arms, having jurisdiction south of the Trent.

Clarendon

'klar(3)nd3n n. M19. [Prob. f. the Clarendon Press, Oxford] Typogr. bold condensed type with bracketed serifs, used esp.

A

claret (mod. CLARY

'klarst/ a. 8c n. clairet) orig.

below.

lME. [OFr.

of light-red wines,

(vin) claret

dare: see sense B.l

f.

n.'] A adj. fl claret ivine = LME-E18. 2 Of the colour of claret. M16.

B n. 1 Orig., wme of a yellowish or hght-red colour, as distinguished fi'om white or red wine; later, red wine generally. Now, (a) red wine from Bordeaux in France; trans/, (a) wine of the same character from some other country. Also, a dnnk of such wine. E16. 2 Blood, slang. E17. 3 The colour of claret, (now) a reddish violet. M17. tap a of claret: see riddle n.-' i person's claret slang make a person's nose bleed by a blow with the fist Phrases:

riddle

Comb, claret-colour(ed) fhaving) colour clare'teer LIT clarety

(now

n.

rare or obs.) a

reddish-violet

a

dnnker of

claret

clarichord

'klarikxd/

lME.

exc. Hist.

obs.

n.

CLAVICHORD by assoc. w. = CLAVICHORD. clarification ,klarifrkeij(3)n [Alt. of

1,

clarus clear

]

n. E16. [In next, partly f Fr. clarification, as next: see -ncATlON. In branch II f eccl.I. '

branch {.

partly

I

f.

f

stem

of clanficare: see next, -ation ] II The action of or making clear plain to the understanding, removal of complexity, ambiguity, or obscurity. E16. 2 The action of freeing from impurities or making transparent; the process of becoming free from impurities or transparent. E17. fII3 Glonfication, transfiguration, m L17. clarificatory a. tending to, having the purpose of, or clarificatto(n-),

relaung

L

clanficauon

to,

clarify

f.

ppl

pa.

ME.

v.

L

Declare, set forth clearly. Only in

Make pure and morally;

free

clean,

from

impunties;

ME. or

physically

Free from

2

(a

ME.

or gloom, bnghtcn, Enlighten, make clear or plain to the understanding; remove complexity, ambiguity, or obscurity from (a subject, statement, etc.), remove ignorance, misconception, or error from (the mind etc.). lME. 5 v.t. Make unobstructed, clear, (the sight, eyes, mental vision; arch, the throat, the voice). lME. 6 v.i. Become transparent; be made clear or pure (lit. & fig.). L16. ^117 v.t. Make illustrious or glorious; exalt. lME M17. clarifier n. a person who or thing which provides clarification, a vessel used in clarification: .M16

lME

illumine.

clarine clanne

darkness

L17. 4

clarion

]

bell, rare.

clarinet

sense \ \ E20.

v.t.

n.

lME. [OFr.

2

only)

clann (mod. by-form of claron = CLARION. lME Mi8, 2 A cow-

/'klari:n/ in

ME.

n.

Mii. [Fr. clanneite dim. of

prec, -ette.] 1 A woodwind instrument having a single-reed mouthpiece, holes, and keys; a player on this in an orchestra clanne:

see

a cat, a:

arm,

e

The

2

soimd.

poet,

quality similar to a clarion. L17. 2

MlLTON The

The

silent hours.

.

Cock whose

crested

Tynan Her

K.

sounds

clarion

voice

a rallying-call

is

downright clarion. aarib. or as adj. Of a clarion; sounding like a

a

and

clarion; loud

clarionet partly

clear.

'klaria'nct/

Clarisse

lME. li8.

n.

=

clartnet.]

i.

+

prec.

[f.

bed,

x

her,

-et',

clarinet.

/kla'ri:s/ n. L17. [Fr.,

f as Clare

]

=

Clare.

clarity

/'klanti/

ME. [L

n.

clantas,

f.

(of hterary style, ideas, etc.). E17.

/kla:k/

n.

US

nutcracker,

Clark('s)

crow, Nucifraga America.

clarkia

[William E19. explorer.] Clark's a

black,

columbiana,

'kloikia

E19.

n.

Clark crow,

and white of western N.

grey,

[mod.L

(see below), f. explorer: see

US

William Clark (1770 1838),

a

plant of the American genus Clarkia, which includes several armuals cultivated for their white, pink, or purple flowers. -ia'.]

claro

'kluirso

A

clear.]

n. PI. -os. L19. light-coloured cigar.

t claro-obscuro It.

chiaroscuro

clarschach clart

kla:I

]

&

v.

=

[Sp.

light,

of clairschach. n.

Sc.

Sc

north.

[Ongin {up)on. Only L17.

fl Smear or plaster 2 Smear or daub with dirt. E19. B «. 1 Sticky din, mud, filth; a daub of this. E19. 2 A dirty person; a nasty thing; hypocritical talk. E19. f Much older than the written record: bcclan vb is evidenced in ME

unkn

.\ v.t.

]

clarty

a.

covered

in or

of the nature of sticky

dirt;

nasty: L16 /'klE:ri/ n.' ME. [OFr. dare, f. med.L (vinum) claratum clarified (wme), f. clarare, f clarus clear: sec -Y'.] Chiefly Hist. A sweet dnnk made of wine, clanfied honey, pepper, ginger, and other spices.

clary

lME.

^dane f med.L unexpl ] An aromatic herb of the genus Salvia, of the mint family; esp. sclarea, native to southern Europe.

clary

'kkiri/

sclarea: loss

n.-

of

[Fr.

initial s is

.S".

klaj n. E16. [Imit.: cf. next ] 1 A loud discordant resonant sound as of a collision, the sinking of weapons, bells rung together, cymbals, etc .SV. a blow yielding such a sound. E16. 2 A collision, a conflict, esp. of hostile opinions, a disagreement; being at vanance or incompatible (with); a jarring or unpleasant contrast (of colour etc.). IVI17. 3 Chatter, idle talk; an item of (malicious) gossip. Sc. & north. M17. 4 The sound of heavy rainfall; Sc. & nonh. a sudden and heavy fall of rain etc. E19.

clash

[Imit.: cf prec] I v.i. I discordant resonant sound, produce a clash; stnke violently, esp. so as to produce a clash (against, together). E16. 2 Come

/klaj/

Make into

a

V.

E16.

loud

conflict;

disagree,

be

at

variance,

i

sit,

1

cosy,

1:

sec, d hot,

0:

be

incompatible; (of colours etc.) contrast jarringly. (Foil, by with.) E17. 3 Talk recklessly or maliciously. Sc. L17.

W

Milton Arms on Armour

clashing Sir Scott TTie swords clashed smartly together Manninc. Outside, a thunderstorm was roaring and clashing 2 I

O

D. Carnegie TTiesc two clashed on every debatable subject.

W

S.

Churchill When pleasure clashed with

duty it was usually pleasure that won H Kissinger Soviet and Chinese troops clashed in the frozen Siberian tundra II v.t. 4 Strike (together) so as to produce a clash; slam (a door etc.); Sc. throw violently so

saw, a run, u put,

u: too, 3

ago,

ai

my, au how,

ci

for

the terminal sounds cf. grasp, hasp, MDu. gaspe, gespe (Du. gesp clasp, buckle).] A w. 1 A contrivance of interlocking parts for fastening, a buckle, a brooch; a metal fastening of a bookcover. ME. t2 = CLASPER 2. L16-E18. 3 An

embrace; an encircling grip of the hand or arm; a handshake; grasp, reach. M17. 4 A bar of silver on a medal-ribbon with the name of a battle etc. (fought during the campaign commemorated by the medal) at which the wearer was present. E19. Comb. clasp-knife a folding to fix the blade

B

knife, usu.

with a catch

when open.

Fasten, secure, or close with or as lME. 2 Provide or fit (a book etc.) with a clasp. lME. 3 gen. Encircle and hold closely; loosely & poet, surround, enfold. lME. 4 spec. Hold with close pressure of the curved hand; press (one's hands) closely together with fingers interlaced; hold closely in one's anns with hands joined; throw both arms roimd, embrace. lME. 5 Bend or fold tightly around or over. L18. 1 Shenstone One modest em'rald clasp'd the robe she wore 3 T Hood She stood Clasp'd by the golden light of mom. R. Macaulay She clasped Helen's hand in both hers. 4 Geo. Eliot She should clasp her son again. A. G. Gardiner Two other children walk with the soldier, each clasping a hand. V WooLF She sank down clasping her knees together I. AsiMov His hands, which had been clasped, drew apan. clasp hands shake hands with V.

\ v.t.

1

a clasp; fasten (a clasp).

W

.

.

.

.

Only in 18. [Latinization of = chiaroscuro. n.

var.

n.

E17.

n.

:

-ITY.]

(1770-1838),

dasher

fclashee, -y ns. vars. khalassi. clasp /kla:sp/ n. & v. ME. [Origin unkn.:

clarus

f' Glory, divine lustre. ME-L17. t2 Brighmess, brilUancy, splendour. LME-L17. 3 Clearness (of sight, judgement, colour, sky, atmosphere, etc.); unambiguousness see

clear:

produce a clash. E16. 5 Produce or express with a clash, mi 7. 4 Tennyson Sir Gareth's brand clashed his. Tolkien The armed men that stood near clashed their weapons. J. Dickey I got in and clashed the car door. 5 R. Ellis Let a gong clash glad emotion. as to

shrill

royal

/klan'nr.t/

M19.

clario{n-),

;

v.t.

(arch.)

make

spec,

liquid, butter, the air, etc.) transparent v.t.

clarinet

ME. [med.L

clash

M20

[(0)Fr. clanfier f. late clarus clear + -ficare -FY.] If 1

'kianfAi

clanficare,

v.t.

clanficat-

a.

in L17.

E18

a.

&

cf OFr. claron (mod. clairon).'\ narrow-tubed war trumpet. sound of a trumpet; any rousing mi 7. 3 An organ-stop of sound-

A

Hist.

1

Clark

for emphasis.

on the

a player

n.

n.

clarus clear:

n.

B

clarence

Clarenceux lME. [an,

L

f

.

poor Clare.

at Assisi c 121 2. Freq.

organ-stop of similar soimd-

clarion /'klanan/

A

organ-stop having a fiutelike quality.

clarain

An

2

n.

clarinettist, *-etist

M19.

n.

Mi8.

same) I

-eur -or.]

/klai'ks:; foreign klakoe:r {pi.

[Fr.,

class

411

.

,

fervour or afTecuon. II V.I. 6 Be fastened as a clasp; hold tight; embrace; (of hands) press tightly together, esp. with mterlaced fingers. M16.

6 Shakes. Per Clasping to the mast. R. Warner saw his hands clasp and unclasp

I

'klu:sp.T, n. mi6. [f cij\sp v. + -er'.) 1 person who or thing which clasps; a means of holding fast. M16. 2 Bot. A tendril. 1.16. 3 Zool. Either of a pair of appendages of the male used to hold the female in copulation, esp. in cenain fishes and insects. Usu. in pi M19.

clasper

A

class

/kla:s/

n.

division of the

&

a.

M16. [L

classis

assembly,

Roman

people. Cf. (0)Fr. dassc.] .\ n. 1 Rom. Hist. Each of the divisions or orders of the Roman people in the constitution ascribed to Servius Tullius M16. 2 A set of students or scholars taught together, a course of instruction for a group of students; a meeting of students for instruction. M16. b All college or school students of the same standing. N. Amcr. L17. 3 gen. A division according to grade or quality. E17. 4 gen. A group of people or things having some attribute in common; a set, a category. MI 7. 5 a A presbytery in the Church of Scotland. Cf classis 2. obs. exc. Hisi. E18. b A subdivision of a Methodist congregation, meeting together. M18. 6 A rank or order of a socijty; smg. & in pi., the members of a specified social rank, in pi. also (arch.) the rich or educated. M18. b 'ITie system or fact of the division of society into ranks or orders; social rank, esp. high rank. M19. 7 Biol. The principal

taxonomic grouping ranking above order and below phylum or division. Ml 8. 8 A division of candidates or competitors according to merit in an examination. E19. ') Distinction, high quahty. colloq.

L19.

Lytton was in the head class when I left Eton. S. Heaney My lesson note reads: Teacher will play 2

I

Beethoven's Concerto Number I-ive And class will express themselves freely In writing Jo Grimond A class in first aid, which he attended, in class (a) leaching or being taught in a class; (ft) as a member of a class (tnior class: sec SENIOR a. b class of (a specified year): all those graduating from a school or college in a particular year. hiKh class, low class, first class, second class, etc. in a class of (or on) its, one's, own unequalled 4 Coleridge 'Hic class of readers, to which he means to address his communications. I). R,

day, so no,

k:

hair,

13

near,

31

boy, 03 poor, ai3

tire,

aua sour

class of numbers

class

known

to

be

producible, open class: see open a. spectral class. SPECTRAL-/i' the

m

cUnopy'roxene

monoclinic system L19 monoclinic pyroxene E20.

any

n.

/'kl.Mnsid/ a. M18. [f Gk klme bed + -OID.] Anal. Resembling a bed; spec, designating four processes of the sphenoid bone surrounding the base of the pituitary gland.

cUnoid

clinometer -METER.]

n. E19. [f clinoof various instruments for inclination or elevation, esp. of

ki.\i'nnmits, kli-

Any

measuring sloping ground,

clinquant

strata, etc.

&

'klir|k(3)nt/ a.

pple of f clmquer ring, f.':

see -ant'.]

A

n.

L16. [Fr., pres.

f LG klmken CLINK Glittcnng with gold and n. Imitation gold leaf; fig.

glitter,

adj.

silver, tinselled. L16.

B

literary or artistic tinsel; false glitter. L17.

[Da. & Sw. klmt, f. OSw. klinter rock ] A hard or flinty rock; spec. (Geol.) any of the masses of rock left standing between fissures (grikes) in a limestone pavement; also

Clint

/klint

n.

'

ME.

occas., a grike. clinty a. consisung of or characterized by dints E16

cUometrics kUia'mEtnks n. M20. [f Ctto, Muse of history + metric n.': see -ics method of historical research making much

the ]

A use

kl.Ma(i))'kwmnl n. m20. [f 67, symbol for chlorine + ioCdine + QUiNOLdNE.] Pharm. A qumoline derivative that has been used as an antiseptic to treat intestinal diarrhoea, amoebiasis, and ear and skin

chemical

5-chloro-8-hydroxy-7-iodoquinoIine, n.'

lME. [f clip u'] 1 In pi lME. 2 A thing which is

from a motion picture, a television programme, etc. M20. 3 An act of clipping or shearing; a haircut. E19. 4 A smart blow or stroke. M19. 5 A rate of f^esp. rapid) motion. MI9. 2b Sunday Times The illustrative clip shown on the night featured a large Chinese family. 4 J FowxES I felt like

giving her a

good

clip

over the earholc

S

H

arm,

>.

bed,

a:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

1:

v.^ Infl.

[OE

clipt.

{arch.)

WGmc] (.

OE. 2 W. CowPER Yon fair sea, That clips thy shores. 3 E. Hemingway Their carbines were chpped to the frame of the bicycles. A. MacLean They clipped their parachute snap catches on to the overhead wire. VChich has guides that clip onto the Computer? TTie ribbon print head. Comb.: clip-on a. that attaches by a clip. .

see, n hot,

.

&

pple clipped, cf LG, Fris. klippen.] 1 v.t. Cut or trim with away (part of the hair, scissors or shears; take wool, etc.) with scissors or shears (foil, by off). ME. b Form or mark by so cutting or trimming. L17. 2 spec, a v.i. & i. Shear (sheep); cut off (a sheep's fleece etc.); cut off (a person's hair), Pare the edges of (coinage). poll. ME. b v.t. & lME. c v.i. Cut out (an article, coupon, etc.) from a newspaper etc. Chiefly N. Amer. L19. d v.t. Remove a small piece of (a railway, bus, etc., ticket) to show that it has been used. L19. e v.t. Computing. Process (an image) so as to remove the pans outside a certain area. M20. 3 Cut short, diminish; spec. v.t. & (now dial.) pronounce hurriedly and imperfectly or in a staccato fashion, omit (letters or syllables) from words. EI 6. 4 v.i. a Move the wings rapidly, fly rapidly, arch. E17. b Move or run quickly. US colloq. M19. 5 v.t. Hit smanly, strike against in passing, colloq. M19. 6 v.t. Swindle; rob, steal. slang (orig. US). E20. 1 Vr. Gass She'd be chpping the hedge. W. Boyd A moustache P. neatly clipped pencil G fig.: WoDEHOl'SE How your grandfather clipped six seconds off Roger Bannister's mile clip the wings of trim the feathers of (a bird) so as to disable from flight; /ig. check the aspirations of, prevent (a person) from acting, b P Pearce Each alcove and archway clipped in the yew-trees .3 Carlyle Pfalz must be reinstated, though with temtones much clipped D CusACK A habit of chpping her sentences ull they

clip /klip/ vr

-pp-. Pa.

Infl.

ME. [ON

{arch.) clipt.

t.

klippa, prob. imit.:

i.

t.

resemble explosive bullets rather than conversation I MiRDOCH He had given her clipped answers, minimizing everything 5 Xcw Statesman He had the earhole' Daily Express Tony up the filly to avoid clipping

him round

'clipped

had

definitely

to snatch

clip-clop

slang

charging

nightclub etc

a

'klipklop/

&

n.

V.

A

L19. [Imit.]

n.

abrupt alternating sound as of the beating of on a hard surface. L19. B v.t. Infl. -pp-. Move with or make such a sound.

E20. Also clippety-clop

&

V.

clipper

An

A

c

ME.

n.

[f clip

v.^

+

-er'.]

clips fleeces, hair, coinage, etc.

instrument for clipping;

person M19,

first-rate

slang.

y.

clique

t.

/kli:k/ n.

cliquish a. resembling or suggestive of a clique or cUques; pettily exclusive; M19. cliquishness n. M19. cliquism n. the practice of forming cliques; petty exclusiveness: M19.

cliquey

/'kli:ki/ a. Also cliquy. M19. [f prec. Characterized by cliques; chquish.

-y'.]

clish-clash CLASH n.] 1

in

pi.,

1

A

ME

shears,

or

thing,

an

excellent

Comb clipper-built a. (of a sailing ship) built for speed, with raking bows and masts; clipper ship sense 3a above

/'klijklaj/ n. 8c

&

n.

int.

Sc. L17.

clish-ma-claver /klijma'klerva/ n. Sc. E18. [f dish- in prec. + euphonic -ma- + claver n.] Idle gossip.

M20. [Abbrev.] = clitoris. See also clutch v. [OE clyccan f. Gmc] f la v.t. Crook, bend; close (the hand); clench (the fist). OE-L16. b v.i. Crook, bend at a joint, crouch. Only in ME. 2 I'. Grasp tightly, clutch. lME. 3 v.t. Make fast; suck together. lME. cliteUum /kUi'tebm/ n. PI. -11a /-b/. M19. clit /klit/

clitch

slang.

n.

/klitj/ V. obs. exc. dial.

r.

[mod.L f. L clitellae pi., pack-saddle.] Zool. A band encircling the body of oligochaete worms and some leeches, made up of raised

reproductive segments, clitellar

a.

L19

&

clitic /'klitik/ n. PRO)CLITIC.] Gram.

clitoris

=

/'klit(3)ris/

a. M20. [f. en)clitic, ENCLITIC, PROCLITIC.

CLIP

v.-

/'klipi/

+

small erectile part of the female genitals in mammals and some other vertebrates. clitoral, cli'torial adjs. M20, clitori'dectomy n, (an instance of) surgical removal of the clitons M19,

& n. ei6. [Imit.: cf clatter n., fl V.I. Chatter, rare. E16 M19. 2 v.t. & (Cause to) make a thin vibratory rattling soimd. M16. B «. A thin vibratory rattling sound. L19. clitter-clatter /'khtoklato/ n. mi6. [Redupl. of CLATTER n. ] A light or repeated clatter; garrulous clitter

\

z'.]

/'klita/ v.

V.

i.

talk, idle gossip.

clivers

of cleavers.

var.

n.

n. Also -vea. E19. [mod.L, f Clive, maiden name of Charlotte, Duchess of Northumberland (1787 1866): see -la'.] A

clivia

'klAivia/

southern African amaryllid of the genus Clivia, with orange, red, or yellow flowers. Also called Kaffir lily. Cf Natal Wv. clo /kbu/ n. Orig. US. PI. same. M20. [f CLo(THlNG. Cf TOG n. 3 ] A unit expressing the

/kbu/

clo'

power of clothing arch,

n.pl.

material.

M19.

colloq.

Also clippy, M20, (f bus-conductress,

A

clipping /'klipir)/ n. ME. [f clip v.' + -ing'.] The action of clip v.' ME. 2 A piece clipped off; 1

clipping That

n. 2C.

L16.

Amer.)

ME.

/'klipir)/ a.

clips.

n. PI, -cae /-si:, -ki:/, -cas. [L cloaca, cluaca rel. to cluere cleanse.] 1 An underground conduit for drainage, a sewer.

L16.

Also, a water-closet. L16. 2 Zool. A common cavity for the release of digestive and urogenital

I

birds,

in

reptiles,

amphibians, most

and monotremes. M19. f'g.

'

Carlyle

That

2

saw,

a

(ji/7>

run, o put,

M19 u:

too,

.1

ago,

,\i

my, ao how,

ci

Cloaca

tremendous

of

Pauperism, cloaca! a. M17

&

Also {arch.) cloke. ME. of cloche (i) bell, (ii) cloak, f med.L clocca: cf clock «.'] A «. 1 A loose usu. sleeveless outdoor garment. ME. b fig. A thing which covers over and conceals; a

cloak /kbok/ [OFr.

n.

v.

cloke, cloqiic, dial. var.

pretext;

a

pretence;

academic or

M17 I

clerical

E18. 3 In

a

covering.

gown,

esp.

= cloakroom

pi.

Inverness cloak: see INVERNESS

Tucking up

the

ground under

a

E16. t2 An Geneva gown.

(b) below. 2.

b

M20.

R W. Hmerson

a cloak of snow. E.

Wai'gh She pretends to be a painter, but you have only to look at her work to realise it is a cloak for other activities.

Plymouth cloak: see

Comb.:

cloak-and-dagger

1*1

YMOUTH

a.

(tr,

I

Hr,

d'cpee] involving or characterisuc of plot

L16. [f clip v." + -ing-'.] 1 First-rate, excellent, slang.

M19, clippingly

[Abbrev.]

cloaca /kbu'eiks/

colloq.

n.

-IE, -V",]

= CUTTING

Gk

[mod.L f

E17.

n.

A

kleitons.]

:

clippie

+

int. li6. [Redupl. of (Repr.) the reciprocal or alternate clash of weapons. L16. 2 n. Idle gossip.

fish,

3a A fast sailing ship, esp. one with bows and masts. E19. b A fast horse. M19.

specimen,

& pple: see clip v.^, v.' See also click n.' E18. [(0)Fr., f cliquer make a noise, f MDu. klikken click z).'] A small exclusive group; a coterie, V- pa.

products

tio.

n.

of CLVPE.

var.

'klipa

who

person 2

n

of CLIPPIE.

n. var.

V.',

Clothes. Esp. in old do'.

An

clipe

clippy clipt

heat-retaining

the winner's heels Comb clip-joint exorbitant pnces

a paring; a shred of cloth etc.; (chiefly N.

Allen He spla.shed at a sharp clip through the ford clip /klip/ n.' L15. [f CLIP 1.'] 1 A thing which clips or clasps; an instrument or device (usu. worked by a spring) that holds an objea or objects fast or together, or that attaches to an a cat, a:

clip

-pp-. Pa. t. & pple clipped, clyppan = OFris. kleppa, i. v.t. & i. Clasp with the arms, 1 embrace, hug. arch. & dial. OE. 2 v.i. Surround closely, encircle, encompass, arch. OE. 3 v.t. & Grip tightly; fasten with a clip; fasten (a clip).

clip /klip/

raking

Shears, clipped or cut; a clipping; the whole quantity of wool shorn in any place or season. E19. b An extract klip

bicycle-clip, crocodile-clip, hair-clip, paper-clip, etc.

1

Comb.: clipboard a small board with a sprung for holding papers etc,

scissors, L16.

C„H,NOClI. esp. for wool.

an embrace. M16-L17.

a horse's hoofs

clioquinol

clip

object as a marker. L15. b A linked set of cartridges for a firearm. E20. c A piece of jewellery fastened by a clip. M20. f 2 Embracing;

:

of statistical information and methods. cliometric a. M20 cliometrician klAi9me'tnf(3)n n. a pracuuoner of cliometncs M20

infections;

cloak

419

de cape

and

ei

intrigue,

[tr. Sp. cloak-and-sword a. espionage; (comedia) dc capa y cspada] involving or characteristic of fighting and romance; f cloak-bag a bag for a cloak or other clothes; a valise, cloakroom (.

TONIC

a.

I

& v. M19. [Imit.: cf CLANK, CLINK rt.' V.' CLITNK V. & n.-] \ n. & int. (Repr.) an abrupt heavy metallic sound of impaa. M19. B v. I v.i. Move with or make a clonk or clonks. M19. 2 v.t. Hit forcibly, colloq. M20. clonus "kbunas/ n. E19. [L f Gk klonos Med. Muscular spasm involving turmoil.] clonk /klook/

im.,

n., ,

,

repeated, often rhythmic, contractions.

f clooch n. see CLUTCH n.' cloop klu:p, n. 8l v.i. M19.

(Make) a muted popping sound, as of a cork being drawn from a bottle. cloose n. see CLOW. cloot /klu:t/ n. Sc. & north. E18. [Prob. f ON kid CLAW «.'] 1 (A division oO a cloven hoof E18. 2 In pi. C-. The Devil, colloq. L18. Clootie n. {colloq.) the Devil L18

clop

V. Freq. redupl. clop-clop k-. See also clip-clop. M19. abrupt sound as of heavy shoes or a horse's hoofs on a hard surface. M19. B v.i. Infl. -pp-. Move with or make such a sound. M19. cloque /'kbokei/ n. Also Anglicized as cloky /'kbuki /. E20. [Fr., lit. 'blistered'.] A fabric with an irregularly raised or embossed surface.

/klop/

Also (now [Imit.]

A

closable

Si

n.

rare)

n.

An

/'kl3uz3b(3)l/

Pent

in a roofless close

of ragged

break a close, a person's close Law trespass on another's land. 3b H. Newbolt There's a breathless hush in the Close to-night. Ten to make and the match to win! f 116 An enclosing line, a circuit, a boundary. MI7. close /kboz/ n.' lME. [f close u] 1 An act of coming to an end; an end, a conclusion. lME.

ME

arm,

t

bed,

a:

her,

i

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

arrest. I.

3

S.

the close, darkening lanes they sang their way.

.

members of a

.

.

.

close college

of space or time. 1 1 Dense or arrangement; with no or only slight intervals. Cf earlier B.4 below. L15. b Detailed, concentrated, searching, thorough; leaving no gaps or weaknesses, mi 7. 12 Of an item of clothing etc.: fitting exactly or tightly. LI 5. 13 Very near in relation or connection, intimate, confidential. Cf earlier B.5 below. L16. b Of a translation etc.: following or resembling the onginal to a large extent. E18. 14 Very near in position; in or nearly in contact; narrowly escaped. Cf earlier B.5 below. E17. 15 Of a contest, its outcome, etc.: nearly equal, narrowly decided. M19. II

Of proximity

in texture or

Dryden

In close plantations in close file

were drawn up

.

T

Hardy Their

b Coleridge

.r

B

A

.

(Some prcd. uses of the adj. pass into In or into a closed position. lME. 2 In concealment, hiding, or strict confinement. adv.

this.)

1

lME.

t3

covertly.

Secretly,

lME

M17.

4

Tightly; fast; densely, compactly; so as to leave scarchingly, no interstices or openings; thoroughly. lME. 5 Very near in position, relation, or connection; in or into immediate proxirruty or intimacy. lME. 6 gen. In a close

manner;

closely,

mi 7.

2 A S Byatt Wc must keep our secrets close. 4 C Thirlwall The closer they are examined, the more suspicious do they appear 5 Joseph Hall Let us pile to up all close together J. C Pow^s The courage move up close to him. I McEwan TTicy kissed and sat close

Special collocations, comb., & phrases, as close as 11 or one can slick: see STICK v.' at close range see RANGE n.' close as wax: see WAX n.' close borough: see borough n. ~ close 3. close by very near (to), close call colloq. shave below close-carpet v.t. cover the whole floor of (a room) with carpet, close commumon: see COMMUNION 5 close-cropped a. (of hair) cut very short t close-fights pi ^ close quarters (a) below, close-fisted a. that keeps the hand tightly shut, chiefly pg., niggardly, grudging, close-fitting a. (of a

garment) fitting closely without gaps between saw,

a run,

i)

put,

u:

too,

to the body, fibres

.i

ago,

etc.

\i

close-grained

a.

close-handed

a.

my, ao how,

ci

day,

close-lipped

a.

with

above, close on very near to, nearly, close port: see PORT n.' close quarters pi. (a) Hist, barriers across a ship's decks providing a place of retreat for the crew and with holes for firing at a hostile boarding party; (b) direct contact, esp. with an enemy; uncomfortable nearness; (at close quaners, very near, from a very short distance), close-reef t/. r. (Naut.) reef closely, take in all the reefs of (a sail or ship), close season a period when something is forbidden by law, as the killing of game, or does not take place, as the playing of cricket or another organized sport, close shave a narrow escape, a near thing, close-stool a chamber-pot enclosed in a stool with a cover, close thing = close shave above, close to home: see home n. & a. close to the bone: see BONE n. close to the wind Naut. against the wind as nearly as is compatible with its filling the sails, close upon = close on above, hold etc. one's cards close

POUND

.10

chest

see

to one's chest:

n.

MAISON

pound

close:

see

close(r), close

up

close,

n.' la.

&

closen v.t. M19. closish

i.

make

a. fairly

close /kbuz /

Murdoch

.

stones,

a cat, a:

close chair.

W

proper names. E18. lay

3

reasoner E A Bond Under a close crossquestioning. F. R. Leavis Close analytical study of a few poems 13 Paley In close conformity with the Scripture account. P. Scott No close friend by whom his to be comforted. C. Connolly With the sea relations were always close and harmonious. P. V White We were a very close family 14 J Heller The tables in the delicatessen were small and close.

kbus/ n.' ME. [(0)Fr. clos f. L clausum closed place, enclosure, use as n. of neut. pa. pplc of claudere CLOSE f. ] I 1 gen. An enclosed place, an enclosure. ME. 2 a An enclosure about or beside a building. Long obs. in gen. sense. ME. b spec. ITie precinct of a cathedral. Formerly also, the precinct of any sacred place, a cloister. lME. c A farmyard. Now dial. lME. 3a A field, an enclosed piece of land. Now dial. & Latu. lME. b A playing field at certain English public schools. L19. 4 An entry, a passage, an alleyway. Chiefly Sc., an entry from a street to a common stairway or a court at the back of a buildmg; also, a common stairway or court with such an entry. lME. 5 A (usu. short) street closed at one end, a cul-de-sac. Freq. in I

under

lME.

strict.

close

close

Tennyson

Down

1 1

CLOSE V. + -ABLE.] Able to be closed. H Earlier in unclosable.

1

Of

7 A. Paton It was close and sultry, and soon there would be thunder. S. Bellow The house was close and faintly sour with furniture polish. 8 A S. Byatt He would break a close northern habit of meanness to filled up provide champagne. 9 Bosw. Smith These from among themselves, like the the vacancies

vans

Also close-. E20. [f

a.

L

t.

adj. I

She kept this interlude a close secret and never spoke of it to anyone 4 Dickens He was too close to name his circumstances to me. 5 ]. Wesley She had close trials from her poor, apostate husband. 6 W. Owen

compact

[Imit.]

,

clos

\

in prison etc.,

2 Wellington Captain— is in Johnson A close room, an easy

a. I.

wnic-clonic: see

v.]

observation; hidden, secret, secluded; arch, private, snug. lME. 4 Secretive, reticent, reserved. lME. f5 Rigorous, severe. LME-L18. 6 Enclosed, esp. with walls or shut in or away from; confined, barriers; contracted; narrow. L15. 7 Of air, atmosphere, stifling. L16. 8 Stingy, airless, etc.: stuffy, grudging any expense. M17. 9 niggardly; Restricted or limited to a privileged few. E19. 10 Under prohibition; during which something is prohibited. E19. 1 A. Trollope I've brought a close carriage for him.

Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of clonus.

Opp. TONIC

[(0)Fr.

close

interests, marriage, etc.

tightly set lips; fig. reticent, discreet, close mourning arch, deep mourning, close-mouthed a. = close-lipped

Concealed from

M19. [f clonus + -ic] Med.

/'klonik/ a.

lME.

Of confinement:

strict restraint.

ancestor to which they are genetically identical. E20. 2 An individual organism so produced; an animal or person that develops from one somatic cell of its parent and is genetically identical to that parent. L2o. b Each of two or more identical people, an imitator, a double; a copy, a microcomputer designed to simulate esp. another (more expensive) model. L20. B v.t. Propagate or produce as a clone; create genetically identical copies of. M20. clonal a. £20. clonally adv. M20.

clonic

adv.

Shut up

position. E17. 2

&

n.

common

a closed condition or its results. 1 Closed, shut; having no part left open. lME. b Her. Of wings: folded to the body. E17. c Phonet. Of a vowel: articulated with the tongue in a relatively high

M19.

clone /kbun/

A

&

a.

clausus pa. pple of claudere

/klorof/. E19. [Imit.: n., v.]

3 Mus. The conclusion of a phrase, a cadence. L16. 4 A closing or uniting together; union, junction. Chiefly poet. L16. 5 A

close /kbus/

see cloquS.

V.

= close-fisted above, close harmony the (arch.) singing of parts within an octave or twelfth, closehauled a. (of a ship) with sails hauled aft to sail close to the wind, close-knit a. intimately united by

closing passage of a speech, argument,

L16-M18.

etc.

closing in fight, a grapple, a struggle, arch. L16. 3 PLAGAL close.

clutch n}

see n.^

close

421

become

or

close

ME.

MI 9.

ppl stem Enclose, confine, encompass; fig. include, contain. (Foil, by m, withm.) arch. ME. 2 v.t. Cover or block (an opening); move (a hd, door, etc.) so as to cover or block an opening; cover or block up the opening(s) of (a box, room, etc.); officially prohibit access to (a public building etc.), declare to be no longer open. ME. 3 v.i. Become enclosed, covered or blocked up, or officially) inaccessible; become or be (esp. declared to be no longer open; move so as to cover or block an opening (foil, by over, (up)on a person who or a thing which has entered). lME.

of

clore

f.

L

V.

[(0)Fr.

clos- pa.

claudere shut, close.]

v.t.

1

Bring to an end; conclude, complete, bargain etc.). lME. 5 v.i. Come to an end; conclude, finish speaking or writing (with a particular remark etc.). I.ME. b v.i. Of stocks or shares: be at a particular price at the close of a day's trading. M19. 6 v.t. Bring closer or into contact; draw together so as to eliminate gaps or openings. lME. b Join together the uppers of (a boot or shoe). E19. c Make (an electric circuit etc.) continuous. L19. 7 v.i. Come closer or into

4

v.t.

settle (a

contact; coalesce, meet in a common centre; near, approach close. I.MF^. b Come within sinking distance, come to close quarters, grapple (with). L16. 8 v.i. Come to terms, come to an agreement, (zuith); agree with, (up)on an offer, terms, etc. E17. 9 v.t. Chiefly Naut. Come close to or alongside of H7. I W. Pr^twe They closed him in a monastery. Tennyson 1 clung to all the present for the promise that it closed. 2 T Gray Now my weary lips I close. Ld Macaulay An attempt to close the coffee houses P. Kavanagh The potato-stalks closed the pasture gates alleys. T Keneaii.y They closed the behind them. T. Berger He sprinkled a bit of salt into

draw

.

.

.

the pot before closing

it

with the

close

lid

a gap: see

GAP n. close one's eyes, heart, mind, (to, against): see EYE n., heart n., MIND n.' close the hooks: see BOOK n. close the door on, to: see DOOR n. 3 Dickens On June 24th the eyes of the brilliant comedian closed upon the world Ja,v Morris 'ITie Cowley works close for their at once annual holidays 4 G. Saintsbury Dryden closed the period of his own contemporaries and opened a new one. 5 D. J. Enright 1 want to close by reading three poems. C. Ives The day of leaders, as such, IS gradually closing 6 E. Hemingway My hands were so sore I could hardly close them over the oars close ranks fig. maintain solidanty. 7 Shakes. Hen. V As many lines close in the dial's centre. R. Sutcliff Closing round them as a wolf-pack closes round its and staggered prey, b C Isherwood They closed grappling about the room. 8 H Belloc Mr Foley was .

.

.

.

glad that he came to a sensible business decision with this and closed with him. W. Golding I closed closed very advantageous offer. •> F Marryat We the admiral's ship, and the captain went on board .

With

advs.

in

specialised

senses:

close

.

down

(a)

by forcing or fastening down; (b) v.phr.t. stop the functioning of, stop functioning, esp. end broadcasung station) (of a permanently; transmission until the next day. close in (a) v.phr.t. confine by covering i>r blocking the means of egress, v.phr.t. close

&

no,

I.

c:

hair,

1.1

near,

m

boy, 00 poor,

tire, ao.i

sour

.

closeable hem

come

agreement

to

(d)

with;

t(c)

v.phr.i.

come come

into contact or to close quarters with; (e) v.phr.i.

v.phr.i.

nearer so as to surround or envelop; (of days by (up)on). close off v.phr.i. prevent access to by covering or blocking the means of entrance, close out v.phr.i. (N. Amer.) clear out (stock etc.), bring (a business etc.) to a close, dispose of, discontinue, close up (a) v.phr.i. confine or prevent access to by covering or blocking the opening(s); cover or block up completely; shut, esp temporarily; bring the parts of closer together or into contact; (6) v.phr.i. (arch.) bring to an end; (c) v.phr.i. move closer {to)\ coalesce; become more dense or etc.) get successively shorter; (foil,

compact.

closeable

of closable.

a. var.

closed /kbuzd/

ppl

ME.

a.

[f.

a

itself

member

of the

+

v.

-ed'.]

(of a

also,

set;

limit points. E20. Special collocations & comb. closed book: see

set)

all its

:

book

n.

closed-circuit a. (of television) for a restricted number of receivers by use of wires not waves for transmission, closed door fig. an obstacle, an impasse, a restriction; behind closed doors, in secret, in private, closed-door a. restricted, obstructive, secret, closed-end a. having a predetermined extent, closed loop: see LOOP 13. closed season N. Amer. = close season s.v CLOSE a. & adv. closed shop (the system obtaining in) a workshop or other establishment where

only members of a trade union may be employed, closed society: characterized by a rigid system of beliefs, resisting all contact with other systems, and hostile to any structural change, closed syllable: ending in a consonant.

closely /'kbusli/ adv. lME. [f close a. + -LY-.] In a close maimer; so as to be or make close.

We

have closely sent for Hamlet closely confined in the Tower. followed her closely. J. Buchan sheet of yellowish parchment, covered closely with

Shakes. Haml.

OED

hither.

Henry was

He

D. H. Lawrence

A

Greek

characters.

J. Gary He listened closely life. G. Greene He leant Mitchell The men were in

to the

details of fashionable

closely

to the canvas.

closely

J.

tailored slacks or jeans. a.

+

Swift Almost stifled by the closeness of the room H A L. Fisher The old Norxe literature stands out .

.

for

She

.

.

closeness to the facts of life. C. Freeman a strange closeness to the actors on the stage. its

.

felt

(with).

Ld Macaulay Some

close-up /'kbusAp/ n. E20. [f close a. & adv. + UP adv.^] A photograph or film taken at shon range and showing the subject on a large scale; an intimate and detailed description. medium close-up: see MEDIUM a.

fig.

closh

n. lME. [f. close v. + -er'.] 1 person who or thing which closes something; a person who or thing which forms a close. lME. 2 A worker who joins together the uppers of boots or shoes. Er8. 3 A stone or brick smaller than the rest, used to end a course of brickwork etc. E18.

A

closet

/'klozit/ n.

see CLOSE

room,

n.',

&

-ET'.]

a.

lME.

A

1

[OFr., dim. of c/os: A private or small

one used for private interviews, 2 The private or study. lME. apartment of a monarch. Now Hist. lME. 3 room etc. for urination and defecation; a private repository of lavatory. L15. 4a valuables, curiosities, etc.; a cabinet. Now chiefly in chma-doset (passing into sense b). E17. dial. & cupboard, a recess for storage. b N. Amer. E17. 2 Clerk of the Closet the British monarch's principal chaplain. 3 uiaur-closci: see water n. 4b come out of the closet fig. stop hiding something about oneself, esp. one's homosexuality; come to esp.

devotions,

A

A

Now

A

pubhc notice SKELETON n.

or

view,

skeleton

in

the

closet:

see

Comb.: closet play a play to be read rather than acted.

B

attrib.

or as

adj.

/kloj/

Concealed, secret, private.

E17.

A

E19. [Origin unkn.] spiked the deck of a whaling vessel, on

n.

upright block on which blubber is cut up.

Sunday

early closing,

clostridial

of,

a.

pertaming

j

yes, k cat,

I

leg,

m

or caused by such

to,

v.

5a A garment. OE-lME. b ME-E19. The distinctive clothing worn by employees of the same person or members of the same profession; livery. LME-E19. 7 transf. One's profession as shown

bringing to an end; a conclusion; close. lME. 8 In a legislative assembly, decision, by vote or under rules, to put question without further debate. L19. 8 kangaroo closure: see KANGAROO n. 3. f IV9 An agreement, a union, (with). Only

Apply closure

arrow a yard long.

a

a a

prec. Infl. I

to (a motion, speakers,

arch.

—

clot!

clodpole, -poll s.v.

clottish

V.

Infl. -tt-.

la

V.t.

Clear (land) of

v.t. v.l.

Form

into clots;

Cause

lME.

to

cf.

clots;

clod

sticky

matter; cover with clots of dirt etc. L17. 2a A. Koestler The people were clotting into groups, chattenng excitedly. D. Morris Blood spilled will clot more quickly b D. Welch The autumn leaves were clotted into great coloured lumps E Bowen Dead leaves cloned and marred the lake. .

.

n.

n.

Now

Now dial.

stick'; rel. to

man, n no, p pen,

r

red,

s sit,

dial.

.

clay t

n.]

w

we,

z

zoo,

OE. b

with.)

f.

spec.

Tennyson The hand

your

8

.

.

httle ones. B.

that

.

often

Trapido Jane would

in a

endow with power, a Express (thoughts, ideas,

etc.;

liability,

v.t.

etc.) in,

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

clotheless /'kbudlis/ a. Also fclothless. lME. [f CLOTH n. + -LESS.] Without clothes, destitute of clothing.

clothes /kbudz, kbuz/

n.pl.

Also fcloaths,

(Sc.

&

nonh^) claes /kleiz/. [OE dapas pi. of CLOTH fi. ] 1 Things worn to cover the body and limbs. Freq. in comb. w. wd specifying purpose. OE. b Clothing etc. for washing; laundry. lME. ^2 M18. 3 Bedclothes. Swaddling-clothes.

ME

f Gmc base Burdock, or

top, v van,

a.,

pple.]

need to clothe them. 7 BuNYAN With such gravity cloath every page. T. Jefferson TTie clauses clothing consuls with privileges of the law of nations

M16. [f next +

[OE dau

by m,

W

dial.

mat with

&

with. L17. And blossoms Scott Will spring return 5 Sir clothe the hawthorn spray? Carlyle Thus he [Man] is body. H. Belloc A clothed with a also said to be wood clothing a rocky peak. 6 E. J. Howard Men no had more practice at dressing up their lusts, or

lME. b clods. Long dial. M16. 2a congeal, coagulate. lME. b

form into

(Foil,

clothe herself

etc. E17.

of clots or lumps,

[f the n.:

.

attributes,

somewhat blockheaded full

Break up clods. Long

v.]

v.l.

rare)

t.

dowdy two-piece. II fig. 5 v.t. Cover as with clothes or a cloth. (Foil, by in, with.) ME. 6 v.t. Conceal the true nature or form of, disguise. (Foil, by m, with.) lME. 7 v.l. Invest or endue with a character, .

lME.

inclined to clot

clot /klDt/

(now

a.

toil'd to clothe

n.

stupid,

(colloq.)

a.

M20. clotty

-ed ppl

(ge)clapod,

klsedda, kUeddr pa.

Provide with clothes; put clothes

Skins of Beasts

What about that beer? wheatear, clotpole, -poll

CLOD

[OE

ON

Now

n.

the

Also fcloath. Pa. t. & pple & formal) clad /klad/.

techn.,

Invest in a religious habit. E17. t2 v.t. Put on as clothing, don. Only in ME. 3 v.t. Cover with a cloth or cloths. lME. b Naut. Rig (a ship, mast, etc.). E18. 4 v.l. Put clothes on, dress oneself; be rare. lME. clothed. Spenser In mighty arrnes he was yclad anon. And I silver shield Milton He clad Thir nakedness with

kloz

f clot-bird

v.t.

1

lit.

by

upon; dress. in

assembly. L19.

Rattigan Johnny, you

v.

clothed, (arch., See also yclad.

See also clod n. [OE c/of(f) = (G Klotz), f Gmc; cf cleat, cloitt 1 A mass of material stuck or matted n.'] together; a semi-solid lump of coagulated liquid, esp. one formed from blood exposed to air. OE. 2 = clod n. 2. Long dial. ME. 3 = clod n. 4. Now rare. lME. 4 fig. A clumsy awkward person; (now more commonly) a stupid person, a dolt. Cf. clod n. 6. Now colloq. M17. 1 R. Adams A flat, wet clot of dead leaves. 4 T

clot /kiot/

the clergy

Made

attnb. or as adj.

clothe /kbufl/

M17. etc.) in a legislative

clothing, f

of cloth. L16. Comb. & special collocations: cloth-binding the cover of a book in cloth over boards, cloth-bound a. havmg pertaining to or a cloth-binding; cloth-cap a. characteristic of the working class, cloth-eared a. (colloq.) having poor hearing, insensitive to sound; cloth ears colloq. (a person with) poor hearing; clothhead colloq. a stupid person, a dolt, cloth-headed a. (colloq.) stupid, foolish, cloth-worker a maker or manufacturer of cloth; cloth-yard shaft Hist, an

lME

A

As

by clothes, esp. clerical. M17. 7 man of the cloth: see MAN n. the cloth

B

114 An act of closing or shutting. lME. 5f a A fontanelle of the skull. mi6. b A thing by which another thing is closed or fastened, a fastener. E17. 6 The state or condition of being closed. M19. b Math. The condition or property of being closed (sense 2b); a function, operation, etc., which produces this condition; the smallest closed set that contains a given set, the closed set obtained from a given set by adding all the limit points of the latter. E20.

a

tlothing, dress.

lME-eiS.

Enclosing.

ME. fc A

tablecloth.

on,

etc

cloth,

II

&

n.

A

cloth of estate, state a cloth erected over a throne or chair as a sign of rank, a canopy, t painted cloth a pamted or embroidered wallhanging, a tapestry. 4 broadcloth, Lancaster cloth, long cloth, oilcloth, sackcloth, etc. cloth of gold, of silver, tissue of gold, silver, threads interwoven with silk or wool, cloth of TARS, cut one's coat according to one's cloth adapt expenditure to resources, limit one's ambition to what is feasible.

L16 M17. 2 An enclosed place; spec, a an entrenchment. lME E17. 3

Comb.:

(G

kleit

altar-cloth, dust-cloth, loincloth, neckcloth, tablecloth,

I

ua

fortification,

MHG

OFris. klath,

MHG

lME.

for clothes.

claus- pa. ppl

{.

clote /kbut/ meaning 'to

few, g get, h he,

set time at which a public public-house, is closed.

lME. [OFr. f late L stem of daudere CLOSE v.: see -ure.] A «. \l\ A thing which encloses, shuts in, or confines. lME L19. b Boimd, limit, /'klausa/

clausura,

v.t.

(Du. kleed),

lily

painted canvas. LI7-EI9. d Theatr. A large piece of painted scenery. See also backcloth i. L19. 2 Naut. fa A sail. Only in lME. b The sails of a ship collectively. M17. c Each of the breadths of canvas of which a sail is composed. L17. 3 A particular length or quantity of woven fabric; a 'piece', obs. exc. dial. lME. 4 Fabric woven or felted from animal, vegetable, mineral, or synthetic fibres; esp. woollen woven fabric used

M20.

closure

B

[OE dap =

a.

kleet

covering, etc. OE. b canvas for painting

poisoning.

circuit.

the yellow water

it;

of unkn. origin.] A n. PI. cloths, CLOTHES. I (A piece of) fabric. 1 A piece of woven or felted material, suited for any of various purposes (identified contexTually or specified), as wrapping, spreading, wiping,

rod-shaped anaerobic bacterium of the large Clostridium, which includes genus many pathogenic species, e.g. those causing tetanus, gas gangrene, botulism, and other forms of food

bacteria

&

n.

MDu.

kteth,

Clostridium /klo'stridiam/ n. PI. -dia /-dis/. L19. [mod.L f Gk ktSstSr spindle: see -idium.] A

/'klozit/ v.l. L16. [f. the n.] Shut up (or t«p) in a closet; detain for a private consultation f

closing, etc.

spec, a

clot-bur /'klotbs:/ BUR «.'] Burdock.

b but, d dog,

cloth /kloe/

Comb.: closing-time the building or place,

Sunday Telegraph He was not a intoxicated by bells and fancy vestments, slang a man who conceals his homosexuality.

closet

or

instance of this; esp. the prohibition of access to a public building, the declaration that a shop etc. is no longer open.

queen

Papist closet

closet

+

/'kbuzii}/ n. lME. [f close v. action of cl-^se v., an act

The

-ing'.]

another plant resembling (also water dole)

Kleid),

long time.

closer /'kbuza/ gen.

Churchmen whom he

of the

had closeted had offered to make large concessions. C. S. Forester He was closeted alone with Hudson for a

1117

closeness /'klausnis/ n. lME. [{. close -NESS.] The state or quality of being close.

.

Freq. in pass., be in private consultation

etc.

closing close

1 gen. That has been closed; not open. ME. 2 Limited in number or by certain conditions; self-contained, not commimicating with others. L19. b Math. Limited in some specified way; esp. (of a set) having the property that the result of a specified operation on any element of the set is

containing

clothes

422 shut with inward motioni

in, enclose; (ft) v.phr.i.

ME. J

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, 6 this,

i)

ring,

tj

chip, dj jar

clothier 1 bedclothes, sivaddlmg-chihes, underclothes, etc. change change n. 2. old clothes man: see OLD a. Comb.: clothes-bag, -basket: for holding or conveying clothes to be washed; clothes-brush a stiff brush for removing dust, dirt, etc., from clothes; clothes-conscious a. aware of or concerned with clothes; clothes-drier a device for drying washed or wet clothes, rotary clothes-drier, see ROTARY a. clotheshanger a shaped piece of wood, wire, etc., from which clothes can be hung in the normal shape, a coathanger; clothes-horse a frame for airing washed clothes; fig. an affectedly fashionable person; clothesline a rope, wire, etc., for hanging washed clothes etc. to dry (rotary clothes-line: see rotary a.); clothes-moth: see MOTH la; clothes-peg, (chiefly N. Amcr.) -pin a chp or forked device of wood, plastic, etc., to hold washing on a clothes-line; clothes-post, -prop a support for a clothes-line. clothesless a. = clotheless M19. clotheslessness

of clothes: see

;

,

n.

L19.

clothier /'kbudia/ esp. a seller

cloth

[f.

/'kbudii)/

ME.

1

n.

Clothes collectively, dress.

[f.

ME. fb

Bedclothes.

Livery; ME-L18. a livery LME-E17. 3 Cloth-making; the cloth

M16. 4

rare.

see

n.:

person engaged in the cloth trade; of men's clothes.

clothe v. + The action of clothe v. ME. 2

clothing -ing'.]

ME.

n.

a

-ER', -ier.]

A

company. Now-

trade.

covering or casing of cloth etc., cladding. L18. 5 Naut. Sails,

lagging, nggmg. L18. 2 proucnve clothing: see protective esp.

clothing: see

WOLF

a.

wolf in sheep's

n.

clothing-book a raoon book containing coupons; clothing-club a club for the purchase or exchange of clothmg by small partpayments; clothing coupon a ration coupon entiding the holder to a specified quantity of clothes or clothmg Comb.:

clothing

materials

fclothless a. var. of clotheless. clotted /'klotid/ ppl a. E17. [f. clot

v.

+

-ed'.

In sense ib prob. alt. of clouted.] 1 Formed into clots or lumps; coagulated, congealed; matted in or with clots; covered with clots of blood etc. E17. b Of cream: made by scalding milk. L19. 2 Concentrated, dense, fig. impenetrable. L17. Empson I tned to defend my clotted kind of 2

W

poetry.

clotter

/'klots/

dodder clot

v.

v.i.

/'kloda/.

cloture /'kbutjuo/ 8.

L19.

&

Now

i.

B

f.

v.t.

&

arch.

See also clutter

+ -er\] = clot

[Fr. cloture

n.

&

dial.

v.

Also

lME.

v. 2. v.

Now

OFr. closure.] \ = closure v. L19.

chiefly n.

US. L19.

= closure

n.

/klu/ n. L19. [Fr., lit. 'nail, stud'.] The chief attraction, the point of greatest interest, the central idea.

klaod/ n. [OE clad, prob. rel. to clot n.] 1 A mass of rock, earth, etc.; a hill. Long obs. exc. local in place-names. OE. 2 (A mass of) visible condensed water vapour suspended in the atmosphere high over the general level of the ground, in pi. also, the sky, the heavens. ME. 3 A thing that darkens or overshadows with gloom, trouble, suspicion, etc.; obscunty; a state of gloom, trouble, etc., a frowning or depressed look. ME. 4 An airborne suspension of smoke, dust, etc.; a hazy aggregation of gas, particles, etc. lME. b Astron. A hazy area in the night sky produced by the light of distant stars; a nebula; a region of dust, gas, etc., in deep space appearing lighter or darker owing to the reflection, absorption, etc., of light. M16. 5 A great number of birds, insects, persons, etc., moving together. lME. 6 A thing that obscures or conceals. E16. b A region of dimness or obscurity in an otherwise clear or transparent body or liquid; a fuzzy patch or spot, spec, of another colour on the face of a horse, mi 6. c A light loosely knitted woollen scarf or shawl. Now

cloud

&

Canad. dial. LI 9. 2 Shaxes Rom. Jul. She is advanc'd Above the clouds, as high as heaven iLself L DeightoN' Big ram clouds raced across the moon K. A. Porter Ijh Condesa rose lightly as a cloud Anthonty Huxley Cloud may reduce light intensity to as little as five per cent of that of the fiill sun a cloud on the horizon an indication of future trouble in the clouds mystical, unreal, imaginary; Cof a person) abstracted, a cat, a:

&

arm,

r.

bed,

3:

her,

1

sit,

i

cosy,

i:

see, n hot,

0:

Land

Long White Cloud: see land n.' on cloud seven or nine colloq. with one's head in the clouds unrealistic(ally); living in a world of fantasy. 3 J. Heath-Stubbs A dark cloud of suspicion broods over all. under a cloud out of favour, discredited. 4 H. E Bates The tractor seemed to draw behind it a brown and smoky cloud, blow a cloud: see BLOW v.^ mushroom cloud: see mushroom n. &. a. b Magellanic Cloud. 5 Oorti's) {comet) cloud: see OoRT 2. 6 C. V. Wedgwood The cloud of conjecture which obscures Cromwell's actions and motives. Comb.: cloudburst a sudden violent rainstorm; cloud-castle a daydream; cloud chamber Physics a inattentive.

LENTICULAR

of the

cloud,

extremely happy

container of air or gas supersaturated with water vapour, used to detect charged particles by the condensation trails which they produce; cloud cover cloud that covers (much of) the sky, the extent to which the sky is covered by cloud; cloud-cuckooland [tr. Gk Nephelokokkugia (nephele cloud, kokkux cuckoo) in Aristophanes' Birds] a fanciful or ideal realm; cloud-hopping (of aircraft) flying from cloud to cloud esp for concealment; cloud-land Utopia, cloudscape a picture or picturesque fairyland; grouping of clouds; cloud seeder a person who or thing which seeds clouds with crystals to cause rain; cloud seeding the seeding of clouds with crystals; cloud street a line of cumulus clouds formed parallel to the

wind

direction.

a. lME. cloudlessness n. a Uttle cloud L18. cloudlike a. resembling (that of) a cloud; (b) adv. a cloud: M17.

cloudless

cloud

/klaud,'

lME.

v.

[f.

M19. cloudlet

n.

&

adv.

(a)

adj.

maimer

in the

of

trouble,

the n.]

v.t.

I

1

or

etc.;

an orange or yellow and black piend butterfly of the genus Cohas, esp C. croceus, known in Bntain as a migrant from southern Europe. II v.t. 4 Become overcast or gloomy. (Foil, by

M16.

over, up.)

'klaudberi, -b(3)ri/ n. L16. [App. f. + BERRY n.'] (The edible orange fhiit oO a dwarf thomless bramble, Rubus chamaemorus, of mountain moorlands in north temperate regions. n.

'klaodi

a.

OE.

[f.

cloud

n.

+

-y'.]

lME.

ideas etc.) unclear, indistinct, vague.

by

misfortune, grief, gloomy, sullen, frowning. lME. cloudily adv L16 cloudiness n. L16

dough Gmc,

/klAf,

ravme.]

torrent bed.

unkn

OE. 2

A

cluh (in

place-names)

f.

'I

A

cliff,

a crag, a rock. Ixtng

of CLOW.

n.- var.

]

n.

&

v.

t'

A

knoll, a

Sc.

&

lME.

north.

mound.

lME

[Origin mi7. 2

A

swelling or lump (on the head) caused by a heavy blow. E16. 3 A heavy blow. L18. 4 A dent caused by a heavy blow. E19. B v.t. Dent; strike heavily; raise a swelling or lump on (the head) by a heavy blow. L16.

clout /klaut/

[OE

corrcsp. to (M)LG, MDu. klat(e) (Du. ktuit lump, clod), klutr kerchief: rel. to cleat, clot n.] II A piece of cloth, leather, etc., for mending; a patch. OE. 2 A metal plate, esp. one fixed to an axle-tree to prevent wear. obs. exc. dial. OE. t3 A shred, esp. of cloth. 817. 4 A piece of cloth (gen.); a cloth, esp. one put to squalid uses; a rag; an article of clothing. arch. & dial. ME. b A n.'

clat,

ON

ME

Now

handkerchief. Now dial. & slang. lME. 5 In pi. Swaddling-clothes. Now dial. ME. 6 Archery. Ong. (Hist.), (a piece of canvas on a frame and laid on the ground as) the mark shot at in archery; a shot that hits the mark. Now spec, a target twelve times the usual size, used flat on saw,

a run,

i)

protection against wear.

ME.

115 Hit hard.

person who fclouterly clownish Miy-Eig.

clouter

mends

a

n.

ME.

botcher:

clouted

Now

/'klautid/ a.

or

patches;

clumsy,

a.

a

awkward,

M16. [Perh.

dial.

f.

+ -ED\] Of cream: clotted. clout clout-nail /'klautneil/ n. ME. [f. clout n.' or V. + NAIL n.] A nail with a large flat head. clove /kbov/ n.' [OE clufu, corresp. to the first

OHG

OS clufloc 'clove-leek', garhc, klovolouh (G Knoblauch), f. base rel. to that of CLEAVE v.'] I Each of the small bulbs which make up the compoimd bulb of garhc, shallot, etc. OE. 2 nattiral segment of a fruit. elem. of

A

Now

M17.

rare.

n.'- ME. [OFr. clou de girofle lit. of gillyflower': cf. gillyflower.] I Orig. (long rare in sense l) clove-gillyfloiver Si vars. 1 The dried flower-bud of a tropical myrtle, Syzygium aroniaticum, used as a pimgent aromatic spice. Usu. in pi. ME. 2 A clovescented pmk, Dianthus caryophyllus, now known only as carnations and other cultivated forms.

clove /kbuv/ 'nail

put, u: too, 3 ago,

m my,

1

oil

of cloves

113

In

medicinal

a

extracted from cloves.

oil

tropical myrtle, Syzygiuni aroniaticum, native to the Moluccas. LI 6. 4 In pi. A cordial flavoured with cloves. full

cloi'e

'ITie

tree.

M19.

clove-brown

Comb.:

colour of cloves; = sense 2 above; above; clove pink =

the

(of)

medium brown, clove carnation branch

see

clovc-gillyflouicr.

I

sense 2 above,

clove /kbuv/

AN

fdaw.

Also

clove.]

clou,

A

Hist.

[AL

L15.

ai>

how,

ci

clavus,

weight of cheese or

wool, equal to 7 or 8 lbs (approx. 3.2 to 3.6 kg),

clove /kbuv/ in

MDu.

US. L18. [Du.

n.'

clove,

MLG

Move

klove, also kloof, cleft,

split,

A

rocky cleft or fissure; ravine. Chiefly in place-names,

lME.

/kloa/

stupid person. E19.

[f. clout n.'] II Mend with a patch, patch. OE. f b Put in, on, to, as a patch. ME-L16. 2 Arm or protect with a metal plate; shoe with clout-nails as protection against wear. lME. t3 Put together clumsily; botch (up). LME-M17. 4 Cover with a cloth, arch. L16. 2 clouted shoe: studded with clout-nails as a

CLEAVE

A

obs. exc. .Sc.

clour

[OE

etc.;

OHG

1

clough

n.'

anger,

5

kltnga (G dial. Kltnge) to ravine, a steep valley usu. with a

rel.

LME-M17. 3 A v.t. OE.

cream.

clout /klaut/

fl

Rocky, hilly. OE lME. 2 Of or like cloud, of or penaining to the clouds; characterized by clouds, having many clouds; obscured by cloud(s). ME. 3 Not transparent or clear. lME. b Variegated with vague patches of colour. Now rare. L17. 4 Darkened by ignorance etc.; (of

Darkened

M20.

politics, colloq.

clout /klaut/ n.' Long obs. exc. dial. ME. [Perh. var. of clot n. or f. as prec] 1 A clot or clod of earth. ME. f2 In pi. Cream curds, clotted

M16

cloudberry cloud

the ground with a flag marking its centre. L16. 7 = clout-nail. E19. 4 f babe of clouts a doll, cast a clout remove a garment. 118 A heavy blow. lME. 9 Personal or private influence; power of effective action, esp. in

Gmc

darken with clouds, gloom, throw mto the shade, surpass; make dim or obscure; mar, detract from; arch. defame. lME. +2 Hide, conceal. L17-E18. 3 Variegate with vague patches of colour. L17. 3 clouded leopard a large, spotted, mainly arboreal feline, Neofclis nebulosa, of SE Asia clouded yellow

Overspread

cloudy

[f.

clou

arch.

clover

423

v.^]

clove V. see cleave v.^ clove hitch /'kbuv hitj/

n.

mi8.

phr.

rel.

to

gap, a

a

[f.

clove

pple of CLEAVE f.' (as showing parallel separate lines) + hitch n. ] A hitch by whi.h a rope etc. is secured by passing it twice roimd a spar or rope etc. that it crosses at right angles. pa.

/'kl3uv(3)n/ ppl a. MH. [pa. pple of Divided lengthwise; split (into pieces or to a certain depth); bifurcate. cloven foot, hoof: of ruminant quadrupeds, of the god Pan, of the Devil (shiyw the cloven foot (or hoof):

cloven

CLEAVE

sec

z).']

SHOW

cloven clover Du.

v.).

V.

see cleave

ktsver,

OHG

v.'

&

v. [OE clafre = (M)LG, Gmc. First syll. corresp. to OS Ml, kko (G Klee).] A n. Any of various

/'klativ.i/ n. f.

genus the plants constituting white, pink, etc., flowers in

leguminous Tnfolium,

with

crowded heads and with

trifoliate

leaves;

esp.

any of several such plants grown as fodder, T. repens (more fully Dutch or white clover), T. pratense (more fully red clover), and T. hyhnduni (more fully ALSIKE clover). Cf. trefoil. OE. Darling clover: sec Darling n.' four-leaf, four(a representation of) a clover leaf with four leaflets, tliought to bring good luck, in clover in ease and luxury Japan clover = lespedeza. rabbitfoot clover, see rabbit n. subterranean clover, see

leaved, clover

subterranean

day, an no,

1.:

hair,

i.t

a.

sweet clover, see

near,

ni

boy,

o.i

sweet

poor, am

a.

&

adv.

tire, ai).i

sour

Clovis Comb. clover-grass clover; clover leaf (chiefly N. Amer.) a road intersection whose layout resembles a four-leaf clover; clover weevil any of various small weevils which feed on leguminous crops. B v. I. Sow or cover with clover. Chiefly as clovered ppl a. M17. clovery a. having much clover; of the nature of clover: M17. :

Clovis

/'kbuvis/ a. M20. [See below.] Designating a prehistoric culture first found near Clovis in eastern New Mexico, USA, or its remains, esp. the typical stone projectile points with fluting at the base, which are earher than the Folsom points (see Folsom).

clow

/klau/

var. pi.]

n.

cloose

north.)

Now

Also clough,

dial.

[OE

/klu:s/.

cluse

f.

late

{Sc.

L

&

clusa

of clausa closed place or way, later taken as 1 1 A narrow pass. Only in OE. 2 A dam for

water, a sluice.

ME.

/klaun/ n. & v. M16. [Perh. of LG origin: cf NFris. klonne, kliinne, clumsy fellow, kliinj clod, lump, etc.] A «. 1 A countryman, a rustic, a peasant, esp. when regarded as ignorant, crass, or rude. M16. 2 A person without refinement or culture; an ignoramus, a boor, an uncouth or illbred person. L16. 3 A fool or jester, esp. in a

pantomime or

circus. E17. fish an anemone fish, Amphiprion is orange-brown with black-bordered white stripes and occurs in the Indian and Pacific

Comb.,

clown

which

Oceans.

B

t).

\

w.

V. ff.

it

as a clown. L16. 2 hke a clown. L19.

n.

& v.t.

Play the clown; perform Play the clown in; portray

i.

clownship

L16.

n.

(a) the estate or

condition of a clown or clowns; (6) (with possess, adj., as your etc. clownsh:p) a mock title of respect given to a clown: E17.

cloy /kbi/ Pierce

lME.

V.

(as)

lME-eiS. 2

with v.t.

[Aphet. f accloy.] f a

nail;

fa Stop

=

esp.

v.t.

1

accloy

i.

up, block (a passage

choke, fill up; clog, encumber. LME-M17. b Spike (a gim). Now rare. E17. 3 v.t. & Satiate, weary, or nauseate by richness, sweetness, sameness, or excess, of food, pleasure, attention, etc. (Foil, by with.) M16. etc.);

cloyingly adv. in a cloying manner or degree E20. cloyless a. that does not cloy Ei7. fcloyment n. (rare. Shakes.) satiety: only E17. cloysome a. (rare) tending to cloy E17.

m

clozapine /'kbozapiin/ n. m2o. [f c(h)lo(ro-'^ + elems. of benzodiazepine.} Pharm. A sedative of the benzodiazepine schizophrenia.

cloze /kbuz/

group

used

to

treat

M20. [Repr. abbrev. of closure M.] Designating a comprehension test or testing procedure in which the subject is asked to supply words deleted from a text. club kUb/ n. ME. [ON clubba assim. form of a.

/

klutnba (cf klumbu-, klubbufoir club-footed), rel. to CLUMP n.} 1 1 A heavy stick which increases in thickness and weight towards one end, used as a weapon etc. ME. 2 A stick or bat used in vanous ball games, esp. golf lME. 3 Any organ, structure, etc., shaped like a club or with a knob at the end. lME. b The butt-end of a gim. E18. c Chiefly Hist. (A wig with) a club-shaped pigtail. L18. 4 Cards, [tr. Sp. basto. It. bastone (cf. BASTO, BATON n.) the club or cudgel figured on Sp. or It. cards.] In pi. (occas. treated as smg.), one of the four suits into which a pack of playmg-cards is divided, distinguished in British cards by a trefoil leaf in black; sing, a card of this suit. Also occas. a card or (in pi.) the suit distinguished in Spanish and Itahan cards by cudgels or batons. M16. I Indian clubs: see Indian a. II f 5 Combination into one mass; esp. combination of contributions to make up a total sum; one share of such joint expense. M17-L18. f 6 A social meeting the expenses of which are secret society, jointly defrayed. M17-E19. f 7

A

with a political object. L17-M18. 8 An association of people imited by some common an association meeting interest; esp. (a) esp.

b but, d dog,

f

purpose, nature, or membership.) L17. b spec. association of people formed mainly for social purposes and having premises providing meals, temporary residence, etc., for the use of members. L18. c A group of people, nations, etc., having something in common. M20. 9 A building, rooms, or other premises occupied or owned by a club; an estabhshment providing entertainment etc. to members and guests; also = nightclub s.v. night n. (Freq. w. specification as in sense 8 above.) M19. 8 athletic club, benefit-club, b. ok club, Christmas club,

An

fan

club, football club,

social club,

Pakistanis

=

TALIPES,

also,

few, g get, h he,

j

yes,

k

cat,

1

leg,

m

a a.

clubbed /kUbd/

a. lME. [f. club n., v.\ see Shaped like a club; thickset. lME. 2 That has been clubbed; formed into a club;

-ED^

-1n. M17. [f club v. or n. person who clubs or combines vyith others for any object; a person who belongs to a club. M17. 2 A person who wields a club. L19.

-er'.]

hen desiring to sit or calling its chicks. Also, any similar sound, esp. the click of Afincan etc. languages (see click 3). ei8. 2 A stupid person. Esp. in dumb cluck, slang. M20. B int. Repr. the cluck of a hen (see above). E19. a

a

sandwich with

three

slices

of

toast

rwo

layers

of

or

bread,

esp.

V. L15. [Imit., corresp. to klukken. Da. klukke, Sw. klucka: cf. clock v.'] 1 v.t. (Of a hen) simmion (chicks) with clucks; summon or encourage as a hen her chicks. L15. 2 V. i. Utter a cluck; fig. express fiissy concern, disapproval, etc. L16. 2 J. Dos Passos Fainy clacked the reins and clucked with his tongue S. Miles The nurse is .

.

clucking distressedly. clucky a. (of a hen) sitting or ready to

^20. clue arch.

dozen great towns clubbed together. 3

How he

clueless a. without a clue; M19 cluelessness n. M20.

red,

s sit,

t

top, v van,

w

ignorant

or

ignorant, stupid:

up. slang.

M20. /'kUmba/

Clumber

n. M19. [f Clumber Park Nottinghamshire.] More fully Clumber spaniel. spaniel of a slow hcavily-built breed.

clump /kUmp/ (LG klump) partly

rel.

n.

ME.

to

in

A

MLG

klumpe ktompe (Du. klomp)

[Partly f

MDu.

&

clumper, clamp n}, club n.; A compact shapeless mass, a lump. ME. b spec. An agglutinated mass

lump, mass, imit.]

heap, a of blood

1

cells, bacteria, etc.

L19. 2

A

cluster or

compact group of or

of trees, shrubs, or other (transf.) buildings, people,

growing things, or etc. LI 6. 3 More fully clump-sole. A thick extra sole on a shoe. M19. 4 A heavy blow, colloq. L19. 5 A noise of a heavy step or tread, a nonresonant sound as of a heavy blow. Cf clamp n.', clomp n. L19. 6 In pi. A game in which two teams try to guess an agreed word. L19. I E. Garrett A baker gave me a clump o' bread. 2 V. WooLF The fine clump of St John's wort that grew beside it. A Carter Discontented tradespeople stood in fretful clumps in the street. 5 W. BovD Acutely aware of the clump of his boots on the wood.

dumpish a. heavy and clumsy L17. clumpy a. forming clumps; having many clumps; dumpish: E19.

clump /kkmp/ imit.]

1

v.i.

v.

Move

M17. [Partly f the n., partly with or make a heavy non-

resonant sound; tread heavily. Cf clamp v.^, clomp v. M17. 2a v.t. Arrange or plant in a clump or mass. L18. b v.t. Provide with clumps of trees or other growing things. Chiefly as clumped ppl a. E19. c v.i. Form a clump or climips. L19. 3 v.t. Hit, strike, colloq. M19. BuNYAN Every clown with his clumping dirty 1 shoes. F. TuoHY They clumped around in rweeds and brogues. 2a C. Beaton Three carnations clumped together, b E. BowEN A sort of outdoor drawing-room

P. A.

we, z zoo,

be

/klu:/ v. M17. [Var. of clew v.] fl v.i. Follow, track. Only in M17. 2 v.t. & i. = clew v. 3. M18. 3 v.t. = clew v. I. M19. 4 v.t. Provide a clue to (a line in a crossword puzzle etc.). M20. 5 v.t. Inform, tell (a person). Freq. foil, by in,

did endeavour to find out a ninepence to club for the coach. E. Huxley A group of

r

colloq.

clue

me

man, n no, p pen,

on eggs

n. lME. [Var. of clew n. ] 1 = CLEW lME. 2 = CLEW n. 5. L16. 3 = clew n. 2. EI 7. 4a A fact or principle that serves as a

8 = CLEW n. 6. M18. 4a not have a clue colloq. mcompetent, be at a complete loss.

MoTTEUX Let every Man club his Penny towards it. G Greene We clubbed our butter rations. 4 S. Pepys with

.

m

club

half a

sit

.

guide, or suggests a line of inquiry, in a problem or mvestigation, an intricate structure, etc. E17. b A word, phrase, etc., indicating a word or words to be inserted a crossword puzzle. E20. 5 The thread of a story; a train of thought, mi 7. t6 = CLEW n. lb. L17-E18. 7 = clew n. 5. L17.

one

/klAb/ V. Infl. -bb-. L16. [f the n.] 1 v.t. Beat with or as with a club. L16. b Use (esp. a musket) as a club. E18. 2 v.t. Gather into a clublike mass, gather together, (foil, by together); (chiefly Hist.) dress (hair) in a club-shaped pigtail. EI 7. 3 v.t. Combine into a common stock or to a common end (foil, by together); contribute (money etc.) as one's share of a common stock; make up or put together (a sum of money etc.) by joint contributions. M17. 4 v.i. Combine, form into a club or mass; esp. combine for joint action, to make up a simi of money for a particular piupose, or (formerly) as members of a secret society. (Foil, by together, with.) M17. 5 v.t. Mil. Throw into a confused mass. E19. ICG. Seligman Kinnyole was clubbed to death by his own people. 2 J. Payn London which is equal to

.

.

/klu:/

n. 3a.

filling

containing bacon, chicken, and tomato; Club Soda (proprietary name for) a vanety of soda-water. clubbish a. (a) resembling a club, clumsy, (now dial.) clownish, boorish; (ft) fond of clubs, given to frequenting clubs: E16. clubbism n. the club system, the practice of forming clubs (orig. poUtical clubs of the French Revolution) mi 9. clubbist n. (a) a member or supporter of the political clubs of the French Revolution, or of their principles; (ft) a member of a club: L18. clubby a. (US) (a) identified with a club, characteristic of a club; (ft) friendly, sociable: Mi 9. clublike a. resembling a club; having a swelling at one end: M19 clubster n. (a) = club-man above; (ft) dial, a stoat: E18.

MHG

cluck /kUk/

with a club;

US)

A

1

cluck /kUk/ n. & mt. E18. [f the vb, or imit.] A n. 1 The abrupt hollow guttural soimd made by

the vicinity of St James's in Lxjndon; any area where there are many clubs; club-law the use of physical force as contrasted with argument; the law of

(orig.

1

used as a club. E17.

colloq.

between

-ED'.]

clubber /'kkba/

i.

the physically stronger; club-man (a) a man armed (ft) a member of one or more clubs; clubmoney money for a club, the subscription to a benefit-club etc.; clubmoss of various any pteridophytes constituting the genus Lycopodium (family Lycopodiaceae) or formerly included in it, which are small creeping plants (unrelated to mosses) with needle-like or scalelike leaves; lesser clubmoss, an allied smaller mosslike plant, Sdagmella selaginmdes, club-root a fungal disease of turnips and other root crops, in which root galls are produced; club-rush a marsh or aquatic plant of the genus Scirpus or certain related genera of the sedge family; club sandwich

have clubbed together to buy a joint

/'kUb3b(3)l/ a. Also clubable. L18. [f CLUB n. + -able.] Fit to be a member of a club, sociable, clubba'bility n. L19. clubbableness n. M20.

foot of stunted lumpy having a club-foot; club-

haul v.t. & (Naut.) tack (a ship) by letting the leeanchor down as soon as the wind is out of the sails, so bringing the head to wmd, then cutting the cable and trimming the sails to the other tack when the ship pays off (a last resort); clubhouse the premises occupied by a club; esp. those attached to a golf course; clubland

.

clubbable

the club colloq. through a benefit-club etc. the best club in London joc. the House of Commons. Comb.: club (arm)chair a thickly upholstered armchair of the type often found in clubs; club class an intermediate class of fare and accommodation on a passenger aircraft; club-foot a congenitally distorted foot,

.

house.

working-man's (or

b A. Trollope The club went on its way like other clubs, and men dined and smoked and played billiards and pretended to read, c nuclear club: see NUCLEAR a. 9 R. HoGGART Going with her husband to his pub or club. Phrases: in the (pudding) club slang pregnant, on

appearance; club-footed

clownery n. the behaviour or acts of a clown, clownish behaviour L16. clownish a. pertaining to or characteristic of a clown; ignorant, crass, rude; jesting, boisterously comic: L16. clownishly adv. L16. clownishness

periodically for a shared activity or for social purposes; (b) an association in which members make regular payments to a central ftmd or regular purchases fi'om a central source to acquire some benefit. (Freq. w. specification of

-men's) club, etc.

clown

percula,

clump

424

J

she, 3 vision, 6 thin, d this,

i)

ring,

tj

chip, d3 jar

.

dumper clumped with mauve rhododendrons, c Anthony Smith Further aggregation, or clumping, of the blood platelets.

dumper [OE

/'klAmps/

clympre

OE. fB M16-M17.

clumps

v.

Long

obs. exc. dial.

to CLUMP w. ] A n. = clump n. Form into lumps or masses, clot.

/klAmps/

fclumse.

&

n.

rei.

v.t.

I.

E17.

Long

a.

exc. dial. Also

obs.

to next:

[Rel.

klumsa

Icel.

cf.

lockjawed, Sw. dial, klumsen benumbed, dazed.] Nimib with cold; awkward, stupid, lazy; gruff, surly.

clumse

/klAHiz/ v. Long obs. exc. dial. Also clumps /klAmps /. ME. [Prob. of Scand. origin: Norw. dial, klumsen strike dumb, clog, cf.

hamper, klumst clumsy.] 1 v.t. Numb daze, stupefy, dumbfound. Orig. &

(lit.

clumst ppl a. ME. cold. Only in

clumsed,

become numb with

clumsy

'kl.vtnzi

li6.

a.

/

numb, clumsy.]

klumsig

[f.

1

^2

&

chiefly

fig.);

as

v.i.

Be or

lME.

prec.

+

-y': cf.

Sw.

Heavy and awkward awkward in shape;

in motion or action; ungainly; lacking in grace or constructed; without tact. L16.

rudely Numb or

skill;

^2

stiffened with cold. Only in E17. 1 I. D'ISRAILI A clumsy forgery. G. Orwell He wrote in large clumsy capitals. A. Wilson Tom was knocked over full ashtrays clumsy; he clumsily L17. clumsiness n. M17. .

.

.

clunch /klAJi(t)J/ n. lME. [Perh. f. next, or rel. to CLUMP n. as bump.bunch, hump.hunch.] 1 A lump. Long obs. exc. dial. lME. 2 A lumpish fellow, a lout. obs. exc. dial. E17. 3a Any of Also clunch clay, local. L17. b limestone used esp. for internal carved

various

A

stiff clays.

soft

building-work. E19.

clunch kUnCDj/ fQunt,

Du.

and

stiff in

consistency; thickset.

kUi]

CLING

V.

]

lump, clod

klont

ppl

&

a. arch.

]

Lumpy; heavy [pa. pple of

Drawn together, shrunken; pinched Of soil: stiff, tenacious.

with himger.

clung V. pz. Sc pple Cluniac /'klu:niak/ X..

of cling

v.

&

a. li6. [med.L Ctuniacus, f. Clun(i)aeum Cluny (or Clugny), France: see -AC.] A n. A monk of the monastery of Cluny, near Macon in France, or of the n.

reformed Benedictine order which developed from it. L16. B cuJj. Of or pertainmg to this monastery or order. L19.

climk climk

n.'

var.

of klunk

&

n.

Orig. Sc. L18. [Imit.: cf CLANK, CLINK n.' V.', CLONK.] A V.I. Make a hollow gurgling sound, as liquid poured from a bottle; make a dull clanking sound. L18. B rj. Such a sound. E19. kl,\r|k/ v.

n.^

,

Cluny Cluny

/'klu:ni/

n.

A kmd

lace.

L19. [See Cluniac] In full of bobbin-lace for clothing

etc.

clupeoid

'klu:pi3id/ n.

&

a.

mod.L name of a

M19. [f

genus name f L clupea, + -oiD.] (A fish) of the family Clupeidae, which includes the herring, sprat, anchovy, etc. (Uupea

river-fish

Also clupeid

cluster

n.

&

a.

/'klASta/ n.

L19.

[OE

clysur, rarely cluster, also

prob. f Gmc base also of clot n ] 1 A collection of fruit (orig. grapes), flowers, etc., growing closely together; a bunch. OE. 2 A compact group of other similar things, as persons, animals, gems, etc. lME. b Astron. A group of stars or galaxies fomung a relatively close association. E18. c Ling. A group of successive consonants. E20. 2 A P Herbert TTiere was a lock every quarter of a mile, and someumes a cluster of two or three. B.

geclystre,

Moore The

other monks bunched in a cluster LAYGEAR duster, b GLOBI;lar cluster local cluster, sec LOCAL a. open clusur see OPEN a. Comb, cluster bomb an anu-personnel bomb spraying metal pellets on impact; cluster compound Chem. a compound whose structure involves a number of atoms of a metallic element bonded together as the nucleus of an ion; cluster pine the manume pine, Pinus ptnasur.

fruitful pines.

Clydesdale

II

4 Congregate

v.i.

grow or be situated gather

v. lME. [f the n chiefly as clustered pa. pple ppl

&

in a cluster or clusters;

in

lME. jS

(a)round.

]

a.

I

v.t. 1

Orig.

Arrange

or clusters;

cluster

a

Coagulate,

clot.

L15-M16.

Maury The

icebergs which cluster off the 4 M. F. Falkland Islands. K. Mansfield Round the ice-cream were a cart the children cluster. R. Ellison small tight group, clustered together, .

.

.

We

.

clutch

Branch I also (all earlier) (Sc. /klAtJ/ north.) cleuk /klu:k, klyk/, (now dial.) cloke other vars. ME. [Origin /kbuk/, tclooch,

&

&

imkn.: mod. form f CLITTCH v. The relationship of the various early forms is obscure.] 1 1 A claw; contempt, a hand. Usu. in pi. Now chiefly Sc. in gen. sense. ME. 2 spec. A hand as an instrument of rapacity or cruelty, a grasping hand. Usu. in pi., & in in, into, out of, etc., a person's cluuhes (passing into sense 3). El 6. 3a Tight hold or grip; relentless control. L18. b An act of grasping at. M19. hath caught me in his 2 Shakes. Haml. But age clutch. Steele [He] escapes the Clutches of the Hangman. 3a F. Marryat 1 can't hold on ten seconds more. my clutch is going now, .

.

.

II clutch only. 4 Mech. An arrangement for connecting or disconnecting working parts. E19. b In a motor vehicle: a device for connecting the engine to the transmission; the pedal operating

L19.

this.

4b

V.

LG

ride the clutch: see

RIDE

v.

slip (in)

the clutch, see

v.^

clutch /klAtJ; n.- E18. [Prob. southern var. of cletch ] a set of eggs for hatchmg, or of birds contempt.)

transf. (usu.

a closely associated group of. A. L. RowsE A clutch of leering women. D. Attenborough The female can only lay a relatively small number of eggs m a clutch. clutch /klAtJ/ V. ME. [Var. of clitch v.] fla v.i. Bend or crook at the joint. Only in ME. b v.t. Incurve (the fingers), clench (the hand). L16 E18. 2 v.t. Seize eagerly or convulsively with the claws or fingers. lME. 3 v.t. Hold firmly in one's grasp, grip. E17. 4 v.i. Grasp or snatch at. M19. 2 Sir W. Scott With all the fingers spread out as if Lawrence Alvina counted it to clutch It 3 D. H [money] and kept it clutched in her hand J. Berger

slang,

n.

mi 6. [Perh. of claw.]

kleien to scratch,

steal,

pocket.

M16-M19. B

«.

A A

LG

origin:

cf

Take; esp. pocket; money. v.t.

L17-L19. Comb.: cly-faker a pickpocket; cly-faking picking pockets.

/'kUidzdeil/ n. li8. [The area of the River Clyde in Scotland.] 1 More fully horse. Clydesdale A horse of a heavy draught breed originating around Clydesdale. L18. 2 More fully Clydesdale terrier. A terrier of a small smooth-haired breed originating around Clydesdale. L19.

clype

/klAip/

[Obscurely (on). E18.

clypeate

B

«.

A

A

telltale.

Also

clipe. E18. Tell tales, tattle

Sc.

n.

clepe.]

v.t.

E19.

M19. [f as next + -ate'.] Resembling a roimd shield.

/'klipieit/ a.

&

clypeus

&

V.

f.

Bot. Zool. Also clypeated

a. (rare)

/'klipiss/

E18.

-ei

PI.

n.

round

clipeus, clupeus

shield.]

shaped frontal part of an

M19.

/-iai/.

The broad

[L

shield-

above

insect's head,

the labrum. clypeal a. L19. n. & v. arch. lME. L clyster f Gk clustSr syringe, out.] A n. A medicine injected

clyster clystere

rinse

[(0)Fr.

/'klista/

or

cluzein into the

f.

lME.

rectum, an enema; occas., a suppository. B v.t. Treat with a clyster, lis.

.

/'knnmial/ a. L19. [f. Gk kneme xibiz + Of or pertaining to the tibia.

cnemial -al'.]

Omith.

cnidarian Cnidana

/ni'dginsn

(see below),

n. f.

as

&

a. m20. [{. inod.L CNIDO- + -ana pi. of

L -anum -ary' (cf -ARIAN): see -an.] Zool. A n. An animal of the invenebrate phylum Cnidaria (cf coelenterate n.). M20. B adj. Of or pertaining to this phylum. M20.

cnido-

/'knAidan/

comb.

nettle: see -o-.] Zool.

form.

Used

in

[f.

Gk

knid^

terms relating to

stinging cells of coelenterates etc. cnidoblast n. a cell in which a nemaiocyst develops L19. cnidocil n. [L CILIUm] the external irritable process of a nematocyst L19. pref. [L, var. of com- esp. bef vowels, and gn: cf. COL-, CON-, coR-.] 1 Used in wds adopted f L and in Eng. wds modelled on these, and as a productive pref, forming: (a) vbs f. vbs

CO- /k3u/ h,

She dances like a bear, clutching her partner close to her 4 could only clutch at the hope James She of some inspiration. L. Durrell The sleeper awoke and clutched at my hand. Phrases clutch (at) a straw or straws: see straw n. Comb.: clutch bag a handbag with no handle or

w. the sense 'with others', as co-edit, cooperate; (b) adjs. {. adjs. and advs. f advs. w. the senses 'jointly', 'mutually*, as co-belligerent, coequalQy); (c) ns. t. ns. w. the senses 'joint', as co-author, co-precipitation, and 'mutual', as cocquality. b Biol. Forming names of substances which combine with others to produce an effect, or enhance the action of others, but are mdividually inactive, as co-carcinogcn, coenzyme. 2 AJath. Short for complement, in the sense 'of the complement' (as cosine) or 'complement of

strap.

(as co-latitude)

H

clutter

/'klAta/ n. li6. [Var. of

the vb: assoc. w.

L16 E17.

mass.

clatter.]

A

mingled rattle. Now arch. 2 G Heyer An open book

or (. clotted

n.

^\ A confused collection,

cluster,

2

clodder

crowded disorder, untidy state, Busde, commotion; hibbub,

&

litter,

mi 7. 3

disturbance,

M17. lay on the ground beside it, with a clutter of newspapers and magazines H Acton She *as surrounded by neatness and order: there was a complete absence of clutter. 3 Milton The clutter of their Horse, and of their Wheels. Swift Those ladies, who arc apt to make the greatest clutter on such occasions.

clutter assoc.

/'klAts/ v.

w.

clusur,

coagulate,

lME.

[Var. of

clatter.]

exc.

obs.

dial.

&

v.t.

1

clotter

lME. 2a

dial.

i.

v.i.

v.,

Clot,

Run

confused groups, crowd (together). Now rare or obs. M16. b v.t. Heap together in confusion. 065. exc. dial. M17. 3 v.i. Run in bustling disorder or with a confused noise. Now chiefly dial. E17. 4 v.t. & Utter or speak confusedly, esp. habitually. M17. 5 v.t. Crowd untidily (with), litter with. Freq. foil, by up. L17. 3 Depoe The coaches, horsemen and crowd, (together)

in

i.

away,

cluttered

McCuLLERS calendars

cluster /'klAso/

&

fcly

hatched, at a single time;

ME.

dial.

&

group closely. lME. 2 Provide or cover with clusters. (Foil, by with.) lME. fS Coagulate, clot. Only in M16. 1 clustered columns, pillars, shafts: several close together, or disposed round and half detached from the pier. 2 SoUTHEY Mountains clustered with the in a cluster,

SLIP

exc. dial. L18. [Prob. f

a. obs.

/

LG

clung

co-

425

Frame

Who

to

be

four crudely

TTie

and

out

of harm's

walls

were

painted

way.

5

cluttered

advertisements

C with J

wanted an ugly old broken-down up precious hospital cubic feet?

alcoholic cluttering

For other words beginning with

co- see the

adaptation coadap'tation n. mutual E19 coa'dapted a. mutually adapted M19 coa'djust v.i to each other M19 co'adjutant a. & n. (a person) helping another or others or with another or others E18 co-adore v.t. adore con)ointly (with) E17 coad'venturer n. a fellow adventurer Mi 7. co'agency n. loint or combined agency E17 co'agcnt 11 a |oint agent L16. co-a'ration n. cooperative ploughing or

adjust

ullage,

esp.

anciently

as

practised

in

Wales L19.

co'arbiter n. a joint arbiter li6. coa'ssessor n. a joint assessor M17. coa'ssume I'.i. assume together or conjointly (with) EI7 coa'ttest i-.i. attest together or conjointly

(with)

M17

code'fendant

«

a

joint

M17

emotional code'pendency n supporting or caring for another person or other people L20. code'terminant n. each coof of determining factors L19. a set determi'nation n. joint deiennination; spec, of company policies by unions and workers as well as management E20 code'termine v.i. )ointly determine E20. codi'rector n. a (oint director M19. co-'driver n. a person who takes turns in driving a vehicle, esp in a race, rally, etc. M20. co-'editor n. a joint editor L19. coe'ffect n. a joint or concomitant effect M18. coenzyme n. (Biochcm.) an organic compound which combines with an enzyme to activate it 1:20. coc'statc n. an estate or state possessing equal authority or rank with another M18 co-'favourite n an equal or )oint favourite, esp in a sporting contest E20. co-

defendant

dependency on

feo'flfee n. (Hist

a

main alphabetic sequence of

joint

entries

)

founder

lMK co-'founder n. co-'foundress n. a joint

a joint feoffee

E17

coacervate coach-horse: used

n. a joint guardian Mi7. co-'guardianship n. joint guardianship L19. co-'head n. a joint leader or principal L19 co'heir n. a joint heir lME. co'heiress n. a joint heiress, a female coheir Mi 7. co'heirship n. joint heirship E17. co'helper n. a joint helper M16. co'heritor n. a joint inheritor M16. coindi'cation n. (a) conjoint or concurrent indication E17 co-'infinite a. equally or coniointly infinite M17. co-in'habitant n. a joint inhabitant M16 co-in'here v.i. inhere together M19. co-inherence n. joint inherence E19. coin'herent a. jointly inherent E19. co-in'heritance «. (a) joint inheritance L16. co-in'heritor n. a joint inheritor E16. co-instan'taneous a. occurring or existing at the same moment M18. coinstan'taneously adv. simultaneously E19 co'iuror n. (chiefly Hist. ) a fellow oath-taker, one who confirms under oath the oath of another M18. co-'labourer n. a fellow labourer M19. co-'obligant n. a person under joint obligation E19. co-'obligor n. (Law) a person who accepts an obligation or makes a commitment along with others L18. co-o'ccur v.i. occur together or (with) simultaneously Mzo. co-o'ccurrence n. simultaneous or joint occurrence M20. co-o'ccurrent a. & n. (each of two or more things) occurring together or simultaneously M20 co-om'nipotent a. conjointly omnipotent M16. co-'ossify v.i. & t. ossify together L19. co-'owner n. a joint owner M19. co'ownership n. joint ownership L19. co'pastor n. a joint pastor E19. co-pro'duction n. (a) joint production; esp. a cinematographic film produced by teams from more than one country: M20. copro'moter n a |oint promoter E19. co-pro prietor n. a )oint proprietor L18. co-'regency n. a joint regency M17. CO- 'regent a. & n. (a person) ruhng lointly with another L18. co-'regnant n. & a. (a person) reigning jointly with another M17. co-'residence n. residence together, joint residence mi 7. co-'ruler «. a joint ruler

horse:

LI 7.

co'seismal

a.

&

«.

(a)

adj.

relating to points

affected simultaneously by an earthquake; (fe) n. a line or curve cormecting such points: M19. co-'sovereign n. a joint sovereign, a fellow sovereign L18. co-

'sovereignty n. joint sovereignty E18. co-spe'cific a. = CONSPECIFIC a. L19. co'tectic a. [after eutectic] PctrogT. representing conditions under which two or more minerals etc. crystallize simultaneously from a liquid E20. co-'tenancy n. joint tenancy L19 co'tenant n. a joint tenant M19. cotext n. the text surroimding a particular word etc M20. co-u'nite i>.t.

&

(arch.) imite together, conjoin mi 6. co-'work v.i. work together, cooperate E17. co- worker n. a person who works in collaboration with another; a fellow

coachee

lME. [L -ation.] 1 The n.

f. as prec: see of heaping together; accumulation; an accumulated mass. Now rare. lME. 2 Chem. The separation of a coacervate from a colloidal solution. E20.

coacervatio(n-),

action

coach kocsi

/kautj/ (szeker)

Himgary.]

1

n.

mi6. [Fr. cache

(cart)

A

large

from Kocs, horse-drawn

f.

a

L18.

coachful

esp.

tree,

a

n.

coach's n.

US

(ft)

horse-drawn carriage: full

complement of coachman

(arch, colloq.) a

E19.

coach

/kautj/ v. E17. [f. the n.] 1 v.t. Convey or provide with a coach. Now rare. E17. 2 v.i. Ride or drive ui a coach. M17. 3 v.t. Tutor, train, esp. individually or intensively (Jor an examination, competition, etc.); give hints to; prime with facts. E18. b Decoy (wild cattle, horses, etc.) with tame animals. Austral. L19. 2 J. Hatton The inn of the old coaching days. 3 C. Chaplin Sydney had so zealously coached me that I was almost word-perfect. H. Macmillan Expert scientists who tried to coach me in the profound in, seat in,

.

.

.

.

mysteries of atomic theory.

coacher

/'kautjs/

a

fl

-er'.]

n.

L16.

[f.

coach

coachman. L16-E17. 2

or

n.

A

+

v.

coach-

A

horse. E18. 3 person who coaches a pupil, a NZ. team, etc. L19. b = coach n. 3c. Austral.

&

£20.

coachwhip WHIP

«.

More

fully

/'kautjwip/

A

1

]

mi8.

n.

whip used by

a

coach

[f.

n.

+

coachman. M18. 2

A

fast-moving black or brown N. Amencan snake, Masticophts flagellum. M18. 3 More fully coachwhip bird. The Australian whipbird. L18.

coachwhip snake.

/kau'akt/ v. lME. [Branch I f L coact- pa. ppl stem of cogere compel (see cogent); branch

coact

.

f. CO- + act v.} Ifl v.t. Compel, LME-M17. 2 v.t. Control, rare. M19.

II

Enact together,

rare.

Only

in

L16.

constrain. II

4

t3

v.t.

Act

v.i.

together, cooperate. E17.

coaction coercion;

or (0)Fr. a., infl.

(a) (now rare) compulsion, restraint, concerted action, acting together: lME.

n.

(ft)

coactive

/kao'aktiv/

compulsory, coactif, -ive.

by

AL

&

n. f.

a.

[Late

ei6.

L

prec, -IVE), CO- + ACTIVE

coact- (see

Sense B.2

f.

coactivus acting jointly

]

f

A

n.

A

compelling cause, rare. Only in E16. B adj. f ' 'geal region L19.

cocarcinogen

'k3uka:'sin3d3(3)n

M20. [f

n.

A

CO- + CARCINOGEN.]

substance that increases the carcinogenic effect of another, cocarcino'genic

a.

M20

cocasse /kokas/ a. M19. coccagee /koka'dsi:, n.

ei8. [Ir. cac an gheidh greenish-yellow colour).] cider apple formerly in repute; cider made

goose-dung (from

A

[Fr.] Droll; ndiculous.

from

kok'siian,

below)

&

n.

Latinized

surname Koch + -an

German

An

adherent

Hist.

Eccl.

]

[f Cocceius

L17.

a.

form of the

the beliefs of the theologian Johannes Cocceius (1603 69), who held that Old Testament history was a foreshadowing of the history of Chnst and his Church.

of

of,

pertaining

or

German-bom

coccid

\

n.

'koksid

A

to,

dogmatic

&

n.

L19.

a.

homopteran

coccus +

[{.

of

insect

the

-id'.]

family

L19. B adj. Of, pertaining to, or designating this family. E20.

Coccidae;

coccidia

scale

a

n. pi.

insect.

of coccidium.

[f

mod.L

mycosis]

/

-coses

PI.

n.

Med.

k Dksidi,.-iid3()mAi

-'kausi:z/.

M20. -o- +

below) + with the fungus

(sec

(joccidioides

Infection

which usu. affects the endemic in the warmer, and regions

Coccidioides

immttis,

lungs and is of Amenca. Also called

San Joaquin

Valley fever,

valley fever.

coccidiosis /

-'3i gamecocks; t cock-match a cock-fighting match; cock-paddle set to fight, as a sport,

as a sport,

fight,

cock-light

.SV

&

dial,

north,

the

lumpfish;

cock-penny

Hist,

a

customary payment at ShKweude, formerly made to the schoolmaster in certain schools in the north of England, orig. to defray cock-fighting or ockthrowing expenses; cock robin (a familiar name for) a male robin; cocksfoot (grass) a pasture grass, Dactytis glomerata, with a large branched panicle; cockshead dtai. any of various meadow plants with reddish flowers, esp. sainfoin and red clover, cockshoot (now dial.) a broad woodland glade with nets stretched across the opening to catch woodcock; cock-shut (time) (now dial.) twilight, cock-shy (a throw at) an object (orig. a cock) set up to be thrown at with sticks, stones, etc fig. an ob|ect of ridicule or cnticism, cock sparrow a male sparrow; a small lively pugnacious ,

person; cock-stand coarse slang an erection of the

cock-sucker

penis;

coarse slang a fellator; freq. as a

generalized term of abuse; cock-teaser

=

prick-teaser

prick n.; cock-throppled, -throttled a. (of a horse) having a long excessively curved neck; cockS V.

throwing

Hist

post to knock Shrovetide

throwing sticks etc it

down

or

kill

it,

at a

cock

tied to a

as a sport esp. at

,knkodu:d(3)rdu:/ «. & int. cock's crow, (.nursery or joc.) a cock: L16. cockish a. (a) strutting, self-assertive, cocky; (h) (now dial.) lecherous; (c) joc. resembling a cock: M16.

cock-a-doodle-doo

(repr.)

cock ME.

a

/kok/ n:' obs. exc. in cockboat, coxswain. [OFr. coquc dial. var. of cnchc = Prov. coca,

cock f.

kok heap, lump, Da.

kok haycock, Sw. koka

dial,

OE

clod), but an wd = 'hill' has been assumed for the place-names Cockhampsiead, Cookhant, etc.] small conical heap of hay etc. in a field.

A

cock

&

Now

arch. dial. lME. [Alt.] esp. in oaths and exclamations. JONSON Cock's bodikins! we must not lose John Clay Sir Scott Is he? ay, by cock and pie is he.

kok/ n}

God: used

.

cock kok (w.

.

ME.

COCK

[f.

Fight, quarrel.

If).

ME

fll

n.^'\

v-i.

&

t.

E17.

112 v.i. Train or use gamecocks. Chiefly as cocking vbl n. M16. 3 v.i. Strut, swagger; brag, crow over. obs. exc. dial. L16. 4 v.i. Shoot woodcocks. Chiefly as cocking vbl n. L17. Ill 5 fa v.t. Place (a match) in the cock of a matchlock gun. L16-M17. b v.t. Put (a firearm) in readiness for firing by raising the cock etc.; raise (the cock), draw back (the hammer), set (the trigger), in readiness for firing, mi 7. 6 v.t. Erect, stick or stand up (or up), jauntily or defiantly; turn or tip to one side alertly, jauntily, or defiantly; bend (a limb, a joint, etc.) at an angle. E17. b Turn up the brim of (a hat). M17. 7 V.I. Stick or stand up (or up) conspicuously. EI 7. 8 z'.t. Foil, by up: bungle, make a mess of.

M20. 6 Sir W. Scott The

slang.

wisest Captain that ever cocked the sweet gale in his bonnet. E. Figes A small bird .

stopped to

listen, its

head cocked

to

one

side,

cock an

eyebrow

look quizzically (at), cock a $nook: see snook n.' cock one's (or the) ears raise or turn the ears in attention, begin to listen, cock one's eye glance knowingly, wink, (ai). cock one's eyebrows = cock an eyebrow above, cock one's hat set one's hat jauntily on one side of the head, tip or raise one's hat jauntily, as a salutation; (see also sense 6b above), cock one's (or the) nose turn up one's nose in

contempt or indifference b cocked hat (a) formerly, a (three-cornered) hat with the brim permanently turned up; now, a bnmless triangular hat pointed al front and back and rising to a point at the crown, knack

cocked

a

into

defeat

hat,

irreparably; (b) a note, napkin, etc

shape of

a

cocking

cocked

utterly, ,

damage

folded into the

hat.

(a) the action of the vb; (b) arch, a cock-

n.

ME

fight:

cock

/kok /

v:h. Si

i.

lME.

cock

[{.

n:'] Pile

(hay

cock /kok/

v.-^t.

colloq.

&

L16. [Perh. abbrev. reward indulge;

dial.

of COCKER I'.'] Pamper, disproportionately. Freq. foil, by up.

cock /kok/

Also cau(l)k /k.-):k/. M17. [Perh. COG v.^] Secure by a dovetail, mortise and tenon, etc.

COAK

v.'t.

n.:

cockabully

cf.

NZ.

/'kokabuli/

n.

BULLY

Any

L19.

[f

Maori

of various small blimt-nosed freshwater fishes, esp. of the genus Gohiomorphus. kokopu:

cf

n.^]

cockade

/ko'keid/ n. Also f-ard. mi 7. [Fr. cocarde orig. in bonnet d la coquarde f. fem. of ^coquard proud, saucy, f. coq COCK n.': see -ard. Assim. to -ADE.] A rosette, knot of ribbons, etc., worn in the hat as a badge of office or partv or as part of a livery, cockaded a. having or wearing a cockade mi 8.

cock-a-hoop

cockall

Also -al /-(a)!/. M16. [Origin unkn.] fl A knuckle-bone, esp. (in pi.) as used in various games. M16-L17. 2 smg. & in pi. Any of various games using knuckle-bones. L16.

&

M17. [f. \set cock a hoop s.v. COCK n.', infl. by sense i of COCK «.'] A adj. Elated, boastfully triumphant. M17. B adv. f 1 set cock-a-hoop, elate, make boastfully triumphant. H7-E18. 2 Elatedly, with boastfiil triumph. E19. /kDk3'hu:p/

a.

adv.

Cockaigne

/ko'kein/ n. Also -ayne. ME. [OFr. cocaigne, as in pais de cocaigne fool's paradise (mod. cocagne), corresp. to Sp. cucana. Port. cucanha. It. cuccagna, f. kokenje small very sweet cake, dim. of koke cake n. ] 1 An imaginary land of idleness and luxury. ME. 2 London (punningly w. reference to cockney). joc. E19.

MLG

cockalorum

var. of

cockall.

/koki-/, -leeky. M18. -IE, -Y*.]

leeks.

/koks'loirsm/

[f.

n.

Also

cock

A Scottish soup made with

cocky-

+ leek:

see

chicken and

A

w.']

dial.

n.

ei8.

colloq.

self-imponant

littie

man. hey cockalorum, hi cockalorum, cockalorum: (the cry in) a game like leap-frog.

cockamamie

/'kokameuni/

US). Also -my. DECALCOMANiA.] A n.

&

n.

M20.

high

slang (orig.

a.

[Prob. alt. of or design left on

A picture

B

the skin as a transfer. M20. implausible, incredible. M20.

Muddled;

adj.

cockamaroo /kokama'ru:/ unkn.] A variety of bagat?l.e

n. M19. [Origin played on a board or table with pins, holes, arches, and bells. Also called Russian bagatelle.

f cockard

n.

cockatiel

/koka'ti:!/

of cockade.

var.

Nymphicus

delicately crested Australian parrot, hollandicus. Cf QUARRION.

cockatoo

/koka'tu:/ Malay kakatua: infl. various Australasian

M17.

n.

& NZ colloq.

by cock

«.']

Any

1

M19. rose{-breasted)

cockatoo,

Comb. cockatoo fanner, see sense 3 above; cockatoo fence Austral, a rough fence of logs and saplings. :

cockatrice /'knkatrAis, -tris/ n. lME. [OFr. cocatns f. med.L calcatrix, cauc- fem. agent-n. f

L calcare to tread, track, f Gk ikhneumon tracker (see

calx heel, rendering

ichneumon).]

1

A

fabulous reptile, whose gaze or breath is fatal, hatched by a serpent from a cock's egg; a basilisk. lME. b Chiefly Her. A monster represented as a two-legged dragon (or wyvem) with a cock's head and a barbed tongue. E16. 2 a A malicious or destructive person. Cf fig. basilisk 2. E16. fb A prostitute, a whore. L16 M18. n.

& v. Also f-beU. L16. A n. 'ITie position of an

anchor hanging from

the cathead ready for dropping, or of the yards of a vessel when placed at an angle with the deck, as a sign of mourning.

Only

adv.

a-cock-hill

in

B

position. L16.

cockboat

[a

prep.'},

in

this

Place a-cock-bill. M19.

v.t.

/"knkbaol/

n.

lME.

[f

cock

+

boat «. ] a ship's small boat, esp. one towed behind a vessel going up or down river. ei8. [f cock n.' + pale brown chafer, Melolontha melolontha, which often flies at night with a whirring sound. Also called may-bug.

cockchafer CHAFER

cocker koker,

/'kokt^eifa/

A

«.']

/'koka/

OS

cocdr(i

n.

large

n.'

Now

dial.

[OH

(Du. koker),

f

OHG

A A

/'koka/ nr

ME.

[f

cock

OFris. kohhar{i (Ci ME. 2 A

OE

lME.

v.'

+

-er'.]

fl

quarrelsome person. Only in ME. 2 patron of cock-fighting; a breeder or trainer of gamecocks. L17. 3 More fully cocker spaniel. A small spaniel of a type bred to rouse woodcock etc. E19.

[f.

Now dial. Also coker. ME. a person who piles hay into

/'koka/

COCK v} +

-er'.]

cocks; gen. a harvest-labourer.

Cocker

/'koka/ E19. [Edward Cocker (1631-75), Eng. arithmetician, reputed author of Cocker, widely-used text.] according to a exact(ly), correct(ly).

cocker 4.]

COCK

/'koka/

Used

as a

/'koka/

v.-^]

n.^

slang

&

dial.

L19.

[Cf cock

lME.

[Origin imkn.: cf

Pamper, indulge, coddle. Also

foil,

by

AV Ecclus thee

Rock

cockerel

/'kDk(a)r(a)l/ n. ME. see -rel ] 1 young cock. man. arch. L16.

A

n.':

[Dim. of cock 2 A young

ME.

cockemony

/koka'nauni/ n. Sc. arch. ei8. [Origin unkn.] The gathering up of a young

woman's hair in a snood. cocket /'kokit/ n. ME. [Perh. f L quo

quietus est

by which he is quit, the last wds of the customhouse officer's receipt. Cf AN cokete, AL cokeia, of the King's Customduty. arch. ME. 3 Hist. sealed docimient certifying the payment of 1

House.

ME.

A

A

Hist.

-turn.]

2

seal

Customs

duty. lME. cocket /'kokit/ cf.

Now

a.

M16. [Perh. Fr. by cocK n.', but Orig., proud; pen. Now, dial.

Eng.

Fr. coqueter strut.]

infl.

merry, perky,

cock-eye

/'kokAi/

Sc a.

n.

E19. [App. f

colloq.

COCK 1'.' eye n.] \ n. a squinting adj. = COCK-EYED a. LI 9.

eye. E19.

B

prec.

+

cockeye pilot = BEAU Gregory.

cock-eyed -ED-.]

/'kokAid/

Having

1

colloq.

a.

a squint. E19.

aslant, not level; absurd.

L19.

E19.

[f.

2 Crooked, set 3 Drunk. Orig.

US. E20.

&

cock-horse

/'kokhais, kok'hais/ n. adv. M16. or I'.' + HORSE n.] \ n. 1 A child's hobby-horse; anything a child rides astride, as a person's knee. Now chiefly in a-cock-horse. M16. f 2 An exalted position, a place of triumph. Chiefly in a-cock-horse. L16-E19. 3 A highspirited horse, a stallion. L16. 4 Chiefly Hist. An additional horse for helping a coach uphill. L19. B adv. = a-cock-horse i. mi6.

COCK

n.'

cockle /'kDk(a)l/ [OE coccul, -el perh. f. med.L dun. of L coccum berry: see -le-.] 1 Now usu. more fully corn-cockle. A purple-flowered Agrostemma gtthago, of the pink family,

plant,

common weed of cornfields. OE. 2 Gk zizania, L lolium darnel 13:25).] An mjunous weed of com; a of com which tums the grains black.

formerly a [Orig.

as

{Matt. disease

mistr.

OE. 2 jig. Shakes. Conot. insolence, sedition. ;

The

cockle

of rebellion,

Comb. cocklebur(r) a weed of the genus Xanthium, of the composite family, producing fruit covered with hooked bnstles :

ME. [(0)Fr. coqmlle shell f kokhulia pi. of kokhulion, for kogkhulion, f kogkhi CONCH.] 1 An edible bivalve mollusc of the genus Cardium, common on sandy coasts. Formerly also, any of various other bivalves. ME. 2 The shell, or a valve of the shell, of a cockle. lME. 3 A small shallow boat.

cockle /•kDk(a)l/ med.L f mcd.Gk

Gk

M19. cockles of one's heart one's deepest warm, the cockles of one's heart). cockle-hat Hisi a hat with a cockle- or scallop-shell in it, worn by pilgrims; cockle-shell = Phrases: the

('omb.:

senses

2, 3

cockle

above. person

n. a

30:9 Cocker thy childe, and hee shall make afraid. S. Richardson [He] cockers up that co- see the entry for

co-

who

gathers cockles M18.

lME.

/'kDk(a)l/

[Rel. to

A

bulge or wrinkle in paper, glass, cockly a. wnnkled, puckered E16.

cockle

cockle

etc.; a

v.']

pucker.

[Perh. f Du. kakel, Kachel kacheluven, f. stove-tile, Kachelofen stove made of these.] 1 The fire-chamber of a hop or malt kiln. Also cockle-oast. L17. 2 A kind of large heating stove, spec, one with radiating plates or chambers aroimd which air is passed before entering for heating. Also cockle-stove. L18. /'knk(a)l/

n.'

kaekel, kSchel, esp.

f cockle a. Whimsical.

cockle

(Cause

E18 E19.

G

(Perh.

f

cockle

w.-]

& r. mi6. [Fr. coquiller cooking (cf recoqutller turn or

f.

coqutlle shell

etc.:

see

COCKLE

«.^]

to) bulge, curl up, pucker.

/'kDk(a)l/ v:h. dial. li8. [Rel. to cocker coggle v.] Rock also

see -le-'. Cf imsteadily; totter. v:^:

1.17.

in

/'kDk(a)l/ v.U.

curl up),

cockle

up.

For other words beginning with

M16. [Rel. to unsteadily, toner.

exc. Sc.

obs.

v.^i.

see -er\]

v.-:

blister (bread) in

fonn of address, v.'t.

/'koka/

COCKLE

cockier

fighter; a

cocker

.

feelings (esp. in rejoice,

=

cocor

Kocher).] A quiver for arrows. high laced boot; a kind of legging.

cocker

cocker

"-[f

Lcadbcatcr'i cockatoo, sulphur-crested cockatoo, etc. 1

[Origin unkn.] Naui.

.

or indulgence.

-I-

[Du. kakeroe f

of parrots of the family Cacatuidae, with an erectile crest. M17. 2 A lookout usu. acting on behalf of those engaged in some illegal activity. Austral, slang. E19. 3 A small farmer. Also cockatoo farmer. Cf cocky nAustral.

dangerous Propensity, which he ought to subdue. Sir W. Scott I have not been cockered in wantonness

coquet, -ette gallant; in

Also -teel. L19. [Du. f as next.] A small,

n.

dim.

prob.

kakatielje,

cocker

/koka'liiki/

exc.

obs.

n.

COCK

[Arbitrary, f

n.'

cockal n. cock-a-leekie

/'koka:!/

cock-bill /'kokhil/

etc.) into cocks,

f.

cockle

430

med.L caudica, f. L caudex, codex block of wood: cf. cog n.'] = cockboat. cock kok/ n.^ lME. [Perh. Scand. (cf. Nonv. Olt. cocca,

9

cockloche f cockloche

cockoloach.

Also

n.

unkn ] A silly coxcomb, cock-loft /'kokloft/ n. L16. [Perh.

E17 M19.

[Origin

LOFT

n.

]

A

cockney

small upper

/'kokni/

[Prob. f. cock cocks' egg; cf.

G 1

cocktail

+ EY

-n- of genit. pi.

Hahnenei. Sense 2 assoc. w. cocker v)'] A n. An egg; a small misshapen egg (= cock's egg s.v. cock n} i). lME. 2 A pampered child; a milksop. Long obs. exc. dial. lME. fb A wanton or squeamish woman. Only in E17. f 3 A person who hves in a town, regarded as effeminate, affeaed, or weakly. L16-E19. 4 A native of London, esp. of the East End or speaking its dialect; the dialect of the East End of London. Formerly somewhat derog. E17. 5 Austral. A young snapper (fish). E20. B adj. 1 Pampered, efTeminate, squeamish; derog. charactenstic of a town-dweller. Now arch. dial. Si L16. 2 Pertaining to or charactenstic of the London cockney. M17. 2 Cockney School (somewhat derog.) a group of igth-cent wnters belonging to London, of whom Leigh Hunt was taken as the representative. cockneydom the domain of cockneys; cockneys collectively: M19 cockney'ess n. (now rare) a female cockney M19 cockneyfi'cation makmg or becoming cockney in character L19. cockneyfy v.t. & make or become cockney in character E19. cockneyish a. somewhat cockney in character EI cockneyism n. (a) cockney quality; (ft) a cockney 1

ri.

I.

characteristic

cockneyize

(in v.

idiom,

(a)

v.t.

pronunciation, make cockney;

etc.): (ft)

E19.

v.i.

use

cockneynsms: E19.

f cockoloach

cockpit 1

n.

'kokpit

cockloche.

var. of n.

li6.

[f.

+

cock

pit «.']

A pit or other place made for cock-fights. L16. An arena for any struggle. L16. A theatre;

2 the pit of a theatre. L16 M17. 4 Xaut. The after part of the orlop deck of a man-of-war, to which the woimded were carried for treatment; the well of a sailmg yacht where the steering wheel or tiller is located. E18. 5 Aeronaut. The space for a pilot etc. in the fuselage of an aircraft or in a spacecraft. E20. 6 The dnver's seat in a racing car.

M20.

'knkraotj n. Ong. fcacaroch & other vars- E17. [Sp. cucaracha, assim. (by 19) to cock n.', roach n.*] An insect of the suborder Blattana (order Dictyoptera), typically a stoutbodied scavenger resembling a beetle, with hardened forewings; esp. the large dark brown Blatta onenlalts and Penplaneta amencana, which

cockroach

'knksksum/ n. Also cock's comb, t coxcomb. See also coxcomb. lME. [f cock ^ -'s' + comb II The comb of a cock. lME. 112 Any of various plants having some resemblance to a cock's comb, esp. {a) the yellow rattle; (t») Celosia cnsiaia, of the amaranth

lME

feathery flowers. .? A jester's cap, resembling a cock's comb. E16 1 4 The head. 70c. L16 M19. Ill See coxcomb i its

Amencan hawthorn,

/kok'fua/ + SURE a.: assoc. w.

Of

a.

Crataegus crus-galb.

&

adv. E16.

cocK

n.'

is

[f.

later.]

COCK

A

n.*

adj.

I

Absolutely safe (from etc.). E16 L17. ^2 Absolutely to be depended on; absolutely certain of, to do. (Of a person passing into sense 3.) E16 M19. 11 Of subjective sureness. 3 Quite convinced m one's own mmd. L17. 4 Self{of, about) confident, dogmatic, presumptuous. Mi8. .? F Marryat 'I do believe thai I'm drunk 'And I'm cock sure of it.' 4 Spectator It was Lord Melbourne who said, 'I wish I was as cock-sure of anything as Tom Macaulay is cock-sure of everything G. Greene He was happy, he was conceited, he was cocksure. M. Renaot-T I didn't say so I've had objective sureness. f danger, interference,

&

A

hinder pan. thoroughbred;

adj.

1

cock

E17. [f

That cocks the (Of

2

E17.

horse)

a

«.',

tail

characteristic

(arch.)

fig.

v.

or

not of an

upstart, lacking in true gentility. M19. 1 cocktail beetle = sense B.3 beiow. cock-tailed horse; a racehorse that n. 1

A

B

is

shrimp cocktail, etc. 5 Daily Telegraph A drugs which included caimabis. Molotov

'cocktail' of cocktail: see

Comb.: drinks,

MoLOTOV

i.

cocktail cabinet: for stonng alcoholic cocktail dress: semi-formal, suitable for

wearing

cocktail

a

at

party;

cocktail-mixer

a

container in which a cocktail is mixed by vigorous shaking; cocktail onion a small pickled onion, cocktail party: at which cocktails or other alcoholic dnnks are the principal refreshments provided, cocktail sausage a small sausage suitable for serving on a cockuil suck, cocktail-shaker = cocktail-mixer above; cocktail stick a small pomted suck on which articles of food, as omons, small sausages, etc., are served.

C

v.t.

1

t;.

Affect with cocktails; provide with Dnnk cocktails; attend

M19. 2 v.i. cocktail parties. M20. cocktails.

'kokteild, a. mi8. [f as prec. + horse: having a docked tail. M18. 2 the tail or hmder part cocked up. L18.

cock-tailed -ED-'.] 1 Of a

Havmg cock-up

'knkAp

L17. [f cock up: see

n.

COCK

hat or cap cocked up in front. Now rare. L17. 2 A bungle, a mistake, a muddle, slang.

A

t.'] 1

M20.

cocky

'koki n.' arch. L17. [f cock h.' + -y*.] cock: used as a term of endearment, /

n} Austral.

/'koki

cock(atoo +

-y*.]

a

& NZ

colloq.

small farmer (=

Also cocky farmer. cocky's joy slang (o) golden syrup,

L19.

A [f

cockatoo

3).

treacle,

(ft)

molasses

cocky

M16. [f cock n.' + -y'.] t' M16. 2 Arrogant, conceited, saucy, impertinent. M18. 'koki/

a.

lecherous. Only

in

-leeky

ns.

•

'

.

'

COCkyolly

coco

vars.

of

/knki'Dli «.']

n.

nursery

More

little

&

colloq.

M19

A

bird.

W.

n.

/'kaukau/ n. PI. -os. Also cocoa. M16 & Sp. coco (ong.) gnnning face, alluding to the appearance of the base of the shell. The form cocoa anses (app. by accident) from Johnson's Dictionary.] Ifl = coconut i M16 M18. 2 = COCONOfT 2. M16. 3 = COCONUT 3. slang. E19. 114 Tlic root of the taro. W. Indies. M18. Comb.: coco fibre the fibre of the coconut husk, coco-grass A'. Amer. a nut-grass, Cypcrus rotundus, coco matting = cocONtrr matting; coco palm, tree = sense 2 above. [Port.

v.

ei8. [Alt. of cacao ] 1 ^ CACAO I. Now only more fully cocoa bean. E18. 2 The powder produced by crushing and grinding

cacao beans (often with other ingredients), a drink made from this. L18. b A shade of brown resembling the colour of this powder. E20. 3 =

[Twi

L18.

Indies.

cocobolo

/ksuksu'bsulao/ n. PI. -os. Also -la /-b/. M19. [Sp. {. Arawak kakabali.] (The hard wood of) a tropical American tree of the genus Dalbergia. /.ksukauda'me:/ n. E19. [Fr. = coco from the sea (as having been first known from the nuts found floating in the sea).] A tall

coco-de-mer palm

Lodoicea

tree

Seychelles;

its

maldivica,

immense woody

co- see the entry for co-

native

the

to

nut.

/kao'konjas/ a. & n. E20. [(. co+ CONSCIOUS.] Psychol. A adj. Pertaining to the conjunction of experiences within a single consciousness (applied to the supposed knowledge an omniscient god would have of the conscious acts and states of all beings). Also, of or pertaining to the experiences that are split from one another in a multiple personality. E20. B M. A hypothetical part of the subconscious.

co-conscious

E20. co-consciously adv. E20 co-consciousness

coconut

/'ksukanAt/

n.

E20

Also cocoanut. E17. [f

n.

COCO n. + NUT n.] II The large ovate brown hard-shelled seed of the tropical palm tree Cocos nucifera, which has an edible white lining enclosing a white liquid; the flesh of this. E17. 2 The tree itself M19. 3 The human head, slang. M19. 114 double coconut, = coco-de-mer. E19. 1

SEA coconut.

&

Comb.

coconut butter

phrases:

the

solid

oil

obtained from the flesh of the coconut, used m soap, candles, ointment, etc., coconut crab a large terrestrial pagund crab Btrgus latro, which climbs palm trees to get coconuts, also called palm-crab, robber crab; coconut ice a sweet of sugar and desiccated coconut;

coconut matting: made from the fibre of the nut's outer husk, coconut milk the liquid found inside the coconut, coconut palm - sense 2 above, coconut shy a sideshow in a fairground where balls are thrown to try to dislodge coconuts, coconut tree = sense 2 above; the mtlk m the coconut: see MILK n.

cocoon

/ko'kurn/

&

n.

L17.

v.

[Fr.

cocon,

fcoucon {. ined. Prov. coucoun eggshell, cocoon, dim. of coca shell ] A n. 1 A silky case spun by an insect larva to protect it as a pupa, esp. and orig. that of the silkwonn. L17. 2 transf. & fig. A similar structure made by other animals; something which encloses like a cocoon; a protective covenng, prevent esp. to the corrosion of metal equipment. M19. lives cocoon of fantasy 2 K. Tynan Each in a which the outside world can hardly penetrate, C Francis As the darkness envelops you, Is a cocoon of safety.

it

is

easy to believe your

boat

B

V.

V.I.

1

Wrap

(as) in a

cocoon; spray with a v.i. Form a cocoon.

"9I

Listener

Cocooned

In their

bungalows, isolated

In

their club n.

(US)

a building or

room

for rearing

silkworms MI9

cocopan

'kookaopan/ n. S. Afr. e20. [Zulu i-ngqukumhana, -bane stumpy wagon.] A small steel truck which runs on rails, used esp. in goldmines.

coco-plum

'kookaoplAm

n.

1.17.

[f icaco

+

PLUM n. icaco. cocorite /'kaoksrMt/ ]

n. L18. [t. a Brazilian or small S. Aincncan palm, Maximiliana manpa. Also coconte palm.

Guyanese

lang.

]

A

COCOtte /ko'knt/ «. M19. [Fr.: sense i f a child's name for a hen; sense 2 (. F"r. cocassc t. L cucunia cooking vessel.] 1 A fashionable prostitute, arch. M19. 2 A small fireproof dish for cooking and serving one fiortion of food. E20. cocoyam /'k.iok.-iojani/ n. E20. [Prob. f coco n.

4

+

Colocasia

YAM m'] cscutcma,

Xanthosoma

3. rare. LI 9.

For other words beginning with

M20.

coco.

in / should cocoa.

kokobe.] Leprosy or other skin disease.

cocoonery

coco

COCO V. var. of COCOA cocoa /'kaukao/

Also

sl.ang.

so.

cocoanut «. var. cocobay /'ksuksobei/

cock-a-

fully cockyolly bird.

tree.

n.

protective covering. M19. 2

[Fanciful f cock small bird, a dear

CACAO

var. of

= = cacao

red

(arch.) person thoroughbred; fig. a not pretending to gentility but lacking in breeding, an upstart. E19. 2 A drink of spirits with bitters, sugar, etc.; a usu. iced mixed drink with spints. Orig. US. E19. 3 = devil's coach-horse s.v. devil n. L19. 4 An item of food or drink, usu. a made dish such as finely-chopped fruit salad, shellfish in a sauce, etc., served as an appetizer at the begiiming of a meal or as a light refreshment. E20. 5 fig. Any (esp. impleasant or dangerous) mixture of substances or factors. M20. 2 Manhattan cocktail, old-fashioned cocktail, rattlesnake cocktail, Sazarac cocktail, etc. 4 fruit cocktail, pravm cocktail,

nr

above; cocoa butter tobacco moth; cocoa

i

Only of coconut.

of coxy.

«.']

butur, cocoa moth see NiB n.' 6; cocoa tree

/'ksukau/ v.i. [Rh>Tning slang.] Say

of coxswain.

LEEKIE.

/'koksps:/ n. In sense i also cock's spur. L16. [f. cock n.' + -'s' + SPUR n.'] 1 The spur of a cock. L16. 2 Angling. A kind of worm. MI7. 3 = FINGRIGO. M18. Comb cockspur grass a millei, Echinochloa crusgallt, which is a common weed in warmer parts of the world; also called barnyard grass, cockspur thorn

N

var.

nibs:

cocoa cocoa

L19.

n.

cocky-leekie,

cockspur

a

perfect security or certainty, arch.

/'kokteil/ a., n.,

TALL

cocky

cockscomb

cocksure

+

little

infest kitchens, warehouses, etc. German cockroach, see GERMAN a.'

family, cultivated for

v.^

Comb.: cocoa bean: see sense

= CACAO

With

adv.

cocksureness

lME. n., =

a.

B

that sort of cocksure

L16.

loft,

&

n.

cock n} +

f.

make

to

training prognosis.

cockswain n. cocksy a. var.

+

cocoyam

431 enough not

ITie

or

sagittifolium.

edible root of taro, of a related plant,

coctile coctile

[L coctilis baked, burnt, ppl stem oi coquere to cook; see -ILE.] Of baked brick; baked. 'koktAil/ a. L17.

,

coct- pa.

f.

/'kDkJ(a)n/ n. Now rare or obs. lME. [L coctio{n-) digestion, (in late L) cooking, f. coct-: see prec, -ion.] 1 Cooking; boiling. lME. f 2 Suppuration as a process regarded as necessary for the healing of wounds or diseases. L16-M19. t3 Digestion of food. E17 L19. f 4 The action of heat in preparing any substance. L17-M18. fS Preparation by a natural process leading to perfection. L17-E18.

coction

cocus

/'kaukss/ n. M17. [Origin unkn.] The dark, heavy wood of a W. Indian leguminous tree, Brya ebenus, used in turnery. Also cocus-wood.

hard,

ON

/kod/ n} [OE codid) = koddi, ODa. kodde (cf COD «.'), Sw. kudde cushion, pillow, pad, Norw. kodd testicle, scrotum, f. Gmc] 1 A bag, a wallet. Long obs. exc. dial. OE. 2 A husk, a pod. Cf. PEASECOD. obs. exc. dial. OE. 3 The scrotum; in pi., the testicles, arch. lME. 4 The narrow-necked bag at the end of a trawl-net etc. Now usu. more fiiUy cod end. M16. fb The innermost recess of a bay or inlet. L17-M18. f5 A cocoon. E17-E19. codded a. (now dial.) (a) bearing pods; (b) in the pod or (of com) the ear: lME. cod /kod/ PI. same. ME. [Origin unkn.]

cod

More

A

fully codfish.

manne

large

Gadus

fish,

morrhua, which inhabits the N. Atlantic and adjacent seas, and has considerable economic importance as a food fish. Also (usu. w. specifying wd), any of various other fishes related to this (in the family Gadidae) or of corresponding value in other regions. Murray cod: see MURRAY red rock-cod: see RED a. Comb.: cod-bank a submarine bank frequented by cod; codfish: see above; cod-line a line used in fishing for cod; cod-liver oil oil expressed from the liver of the cod or a related fish, used as a nch source of vitamins A and D; cod's-head fig. a stupid person; cod war colloq. any of a number of disputes between Britain and Iceland in the period 1958 76, concerning fishing rights in Icelandic waters.

cod

&

lME. [ODa. kodde, ON koddi cushion, pillow (cf. cod «.').] 1 A pillow. lME. 2 The bearing of an axle. lME. /kod/

cod

Sc.

&

/kod/

a.

north.

[Origin unkn.: A n. 1 A person; 2 A joke, a hoax; a Parodying, mock. M20. slang.

CODGER appears much an old

esp.

an

fool,

B

parody. E20.

L17.

later.]

idiot. L17.

ad).

/kod/

«.'^

Also cod(')s /kodz/. M20.

slang.

[Abbrev.] = codswallop.

cod

/kod/

COD

n.']

v.^ v.i.

1

exc. dial. Infl. -dd-. M16. [f

obs.

Produce pods. M16. 2

Gather

v.t.

the pods of. L16.

cod

/kod/

[Perh.

f.

v:-t.

&

COD

i.

&

dial.

-dd-. L19.

Hoax; parody; play

n.^]

a

joke

mi8. [It. f. L cauda tail.] 1 Alus. An independent and often elaborate passage introduced after the end of the main /'ksuds/

n.

movement. Mi 8. b

part of a

concluding event, remark,

trans/.

&

fig.

A

literary passage, etc.

LI 9. 2 Ballet. The final section of a classical pas de deux; the concluding dance of a whole ballet.

E20.

cod-bait

codder -Er'.]

a

codder -er'.]

a

n.

see cad-bait.

/'kods/

worker

n.'

/'kods/

person

Now

dial.

E16. [f

cod

n.^

+

or

z-.'

+

in leather; a saddler,

L17.

dial.

who

[f.

cod

collections of statutes made by or for the later emperors, esp. that of Justinian. ME. b systematic collection or digest of laws; a body of laws so arranged as to avoid inconsistency and overlapping. M18. f2 collection of (chiefly religious) writings forming a book. Only in 18. 3 set of rules on any subject; esp. the prevalent morality of a society or class; an individual's standard of moral behaviour. E19. 4 system of military etc. signals esp. used to ensure secrecy; cipher; systematic modification of a a a language, information, etc., into letter, figure, or word groups or symbols for the purposes of brevity, secrecy, or the machine-processing of

A

A

A

A

information; transf. a system by which genetic etc. information is stored. "19. lb criminal code: see criminal a. 2. Salic code: see Salic a.' 2. 3 G. Orwell In all questions of morals they were allowed to follow their ancestral code. G. Steiner Fascism is the ultimate code of the hoodlum. code of honour, see honour n. 4 U. Le Guin He took pleasure only in writing to his friends in a code they had worked out at the Institute. N. Chomsky The phrase 'contain the expansion of China' must be understood as code for 'repress movements for national independence and social reconstruction in SE Asia', dialling code, genetic code, machine code, Mone .

.

n.-'

cod

n.'

3.] Lustful,

&

coddle

/'kDd(3)l/ v.h. i. li6. [Origin unkn.: next.] Boil gendy, parboil, stew,

&

coddle

/'kDd(3)l/ v} n. E19. [Prob. dial. var. of caudle v., but perh. fig. use of prec. Cf V.t. Treat as an invahd, keep MOLLYCODDLE.] «. from cold and exertion, feed up. E19. person who coddles himself or herself or is

A

B

coddled by others, coddler n. EGG n.: M19.

(a) rare

M19. = coddle n.

A

colloq.

(6) egg-coddkr. see

.

.

code. Play/air code, postcode, shift code, zip code, etc.

Comb.: code-book

of symbols etc used in a code; code-breaker a person who solves or breaks a code or codes; a device for breaking codes; codename, -number a word, symbol, or number used for secrecy or convenience instead of an ordinary name. a

list

code

/kaud/ v. E19. [f. the n ] 1 v.t. Put (a message etc.) into code; represent by means of a code. E19. 2 v.i. Biol. Foil, by for. be the genetic code for (an amino acid etc.), be the genetic determiner of (a character etc.). M20. coda'bility n. ability to be coded M20. coder n, person who or thing which codes messages etc. E20

a

codetta

/'kaodiin, -dii:n/

/k3o'df:t3/

n.

n.

M19.

dim. of coda.] shon passage connecting [It.,

A short coda; a sections of a movement or fugue. Mus.

codex

codices

/'kaudisiiz,

codex, codic- block of

wood, block = code n. \

/'kaodcks/

[L

'kod-/. L16.

split into leaves

n.

or tablets, book.] ^

A manuscnpt

L16 M18. 2

3.

PI.

volume, esp.

of ancient texts. L18. 3 A of pharmaceutical descriptions preparations, etc. M19.

codger

/'kod.v/

n.

mi8. [Perh.

collection

of

drugs,

cadger

var. of

A

fellow, a person, esp. a strange one; an elderly man (freq. in old codger), colloq. M18. 2 A 1

mean,

stingy, or miserly (old) person; a tramp; a

beggar,

codiaeum

M19.

n.

Indonesian kodiho.] Bot. = croton n. pi.

codicil

/'kodisil,

[mod.L f

'kau-/

n.

lME. [L

(chiefly in pi.) dim. of codex: see

codicillus

codex.]

A

1

supplement to a will, added by the testator for the purpose of explanation, alteration, etc., of the original contents. lME. b transf. & fig. A supplementary addition, an appendix. L18. t2 (A letter on) a writing-tablet; a letter granting a patent. M17-L18. of the nature of or belonging to a

codicology

n. mzo. [Ft. codex: see -ology.] The deals with branch of knowledge that manuscripts and their interrelationships.

/kaudi'koladsi/

{.

L

codico'Iogical

codic-,

a.

M20. codico'lo^cally adv. M20.

v.t. M19. [f. code n.: see -FY. Cf. Fr. codifier.] 1 Reduce (laws) to a code. M19. 2 Reduce to a general system; systematize. M19. codifi'cation n. E19. codifier n. M19.

codify

/'kaudifAi/

Quer de lion (Fr. Cceur de lion) lion-heart.] 1 A cooking apple of a long tapering shape; the tree bearing this type of apple. Formerly also, any hard or unnpe apple. lME. A raw youth. e~mi7. Comb.: codling-moth a small moth, Cydia pomonella, whose larvae feed on apples; codlings-

and-cream

great

wiUcwherb,

hairy

Epilobium

hirsutum.

codology [f

COD

/kD'dDlad3i/

Anglo. -Ir.

«.

+ -OLOGY.] Hoaxing,

colloq.

E20.

leg-pulling.

codominant

/kau'dDmin(a)nt/ a. & n. e20. [f CO- + dominant.] a adj. 1 Chiefly Ecol. Sharing dominance; of equal dominance. E20. 2

Genetics. Of characters, alleles: expressed independently in heterozygous offspring, without displaying dominance or recessiveness. M20. B n. A species etc. that is codominant.

M20.

co-domini L dommi

/kau'donunAi/ n.pl. m20. [f. co- + pi. of dommus lord, ruler.] Condominium powers, spec, the and Egypt in relation to Sudan between 1899 and 1966. codon /'kaudon/ n. M20. [f code n. + -on.] Genetics. A group of three consecutive nucleotides which together form a imit of the 'genetic code and determine which amino acid is

UK

added

at a particular point in protein synthesis.

codpiece cod

n.'

3

/'kodpics/

+ PIECE

n.

n.

]

lME.

[f

bagged appendage

to

exc. Hist.

obs.

A

the front of a man's breeches or close-fitting hose.

codswallop

/'kndzwolap/

Nonsense,

]

f cod-worm

coecilian

see

n.

n. slang.

M20. [Origin

drivel,

cad-worm.

of caecilian.

n. var.

&

coed

/'kaued, kao'ed/ n. a. coUoq. (orig. LI9. COEDUCATION(AL).] A W. 1 [{. A coeducational institution or system; coeducauon. L19. 2 A female student at a coeducational institution. L19. B adj. Coeducational; of or pertaining to a coed (sense 2). L19.

US).

coeducate

/kau'r.djokeit/ v.t. Orig. US. M19. [Back-form. f. coeducation.] Educate (persons of sexes) together; educate in a both coeducational institution. coeducator n. a proponent or practitioner of c!. 1 A collective noim. E17. 2 A collective body, whole, or organizauon; esp. a collective farm. M17. collectively adv. in a collective manner; in a body, jointly: L16. coUectiveness n. M17. collectivise

of collectivize.

v. var.

collectivism /k3'l£ktiviz(3)m/ n. M19. [f prec. + -ISM, after Fr. collectivisme.] Collective ownership of land and the means of production, as a political principle; the practice or principle of giving the group priority over the individual. collecdvist n. & a. (a) n. an advocate of collecuvism, (b) adj. of or pertaining to collectivism or

1

M20.

kolek'tainia,

collectanea neut. pi.,

used

B

L19.

I J. Locke TTie great collective idea of all bodies whatsoever, signified by the name world, collective noun: denoting, in the singular, more than one individual, e.g. committee, flock. 2 W. Taylor A collective edition of his works collective fi-uit Bot. a fruit formed by the aggregauon of carpels from several

collectivists: L19. collecti'vistic a. LI9.

adj.

Able to be collected. M17. 2 Worth collecting; of

as

E18.

LA

collect

lunches or

collativus,

& a. Orig. US. ezo. \ adv. On the condition

that the recipient (of a parcel, telephone call, etc.) pays, in some cases at the time of delivery.

i.

collative

college

439

collectivity /kokk'tiviti/

+

and

-ity: in senses 2

M19. [f collective

n.

3 after Fr. collectiviie.]

1

Collective quality. M19. 2 Collectivism. L19. 3 A group or community of people bound together by common beliefs or interests. L19. 4 An aggregate, a whole. L19. 1 S Neill He uses the term in the plural for the churches as a collectl^^t^• in which a common faith and a common order prevail 4 J Z Young TTie relation .

collator

/ko'leits

COLLATE:

see

lME. [L

n.

f

]

A

f

as

= med.L 2, 3 collector, rare. Only

senses

In

-or.

collator, Fr. collateur.

collator,

A

1

person who collates a text, edition, etc.; a person who collates the sheets of a printed book etc. E17. 3 Eccl. A person who collates to a benefice. E17. 4 A person who bestows. M17. 5 A machine for combining sets of punched cards, or sheets to form copies of a in

lME.

2

document. M20.

collaudation collaudatio(n-),

to

arch.

n.

collaudare, f as

{.

E17.

[L

COL- + laudare

Warm

-ation.]

sec

praise:

praise,

high

collegue

(.

commendation.

colleague

'kDli:q

ei6.

n.

[Fr.

L

partner in oflice, f as col- + leg- stem of legare depute.] A fellow official or worker, esp. in a profession or business. collega lex

law,

coUeagueship colleague

the

n.

position

or

relation

of a

.mi 7

colleague colliguer,

ka'liig

later

v.

associate,

cooperate;

obs.

exc. Sc.

M16. [OFr.

f L colligare bind ligare bind.] f 1 I'-f- Join in mi 6 m 18. 2 v.i. Unite,

colleguer

together, f as colalliance,

conspire.

(Foil,

by

with,

together.)

M16.

collect /'kokkt,

L

-likt,

n.

ME

[(0)Fr.

collecte

{.

gathering, collection, (in late L) assembly, meeting, use as n. of fern. pa. pplc of colligere: see COLLECT i. ] 1 A short prayer said by the mmistcr in Anglican and Roman Catholic hturgies, esp. one before the first reading in the Euchanst and varying according to the day or season. ME. 1[2 The action or an act of collecta

colleaing (esp. money). lME mi 6. A meeting, esp. for worship. lME ei8. 14 A group of thmgs collected or occurring together.

lME

L19.

Collected.

miscellany.

sing., a

coUectar

of the individual to the collectivity of

'knlekta:

n.

Also -are.

ME. [med.L

collectanum, f collecta collect n. see -arium ] Chr. Ch. A book of collects. Also collectariutn kniEk'tuiriam, -'tt:r- n., pi. -ia -1.1 -iuras Miy :

,

collected

ko'lcktid, />/)/a. E17. [f

collects. +

In command of one's thoughts or self-possessed. E17. 2 Gathered together; spec, (of a horse) with its legs brought compactly under itself L17. collectedly adv. L17. collectedness n. M17 1

feelings;

collectible

a.

&

n.

see collectable.

/ n. lME. [(0)Fr. f L see COLLECT v., -ION.] 1 The action or an act of collecting or gathenng together. lME. b The action or an act of collecting taxes, or money for a definite purpose (e.g. in church or at a meeting); money so collected. L15. \2 A summary, an abstract. ei8. 3 A group of things collected or gathered together, e.g. literary items, specimens, works of an, or fashionabl clothes. lME. b An accumulation of material. L17. 4 The district under the junsdiction of a collector of taxes or customs. 115. The action of inferring; an mference. £16 E18. pi. 6 In A college examination held at the beginning or end of each tenn at Oxford (hence occas. elsewhere). L18.

collection

collectio(n-),

k3'lr.kj(3)n

f.

collect-:

lME

1 L MAcN'tiCE A red letter-box fastened to a telegraph pole four collecuons a week A Thwaitk Parcelling up the garbage for Collection b D. Ij^wrence The collection arrived with the last hymn.

H

^

R

G. CoLLiNGWOOD

Roman

inscnptions

A new

in Britain.

collection of

P Roth

We

all

the

have an

collective /ka'kktiv, collecttf,

-ive

or

L

a.

&

n.

colleciivus,

V.

[(0)Fr.

collect-:

see

v., -IVE.] A adj. 1 Denoting or representing a number of individuals or items. lME. 2 Formed by collection; constituting a collection; taken as a whole, aggregate. L16. That deduces or infers rare. Only in mi 7. 4 Pertaining to or derived from a number of individuals taken or acting together. M17.

For other words beginning with

men

collectivize /ks'lektivAtz/ v.t. Also -ise. L19. [f COLLECTIVE + -IZE.] Establish or organize in accordance with principles of collectivism. co.llectivi'zation collecuvizing L19.

collector

med.L

A

«.

ks'lEkla

collector,

f

'

process

the

n.

collect-:

or

lME. [AN see

co- see the entry for

co-

of

policy

collectour

collect

-or

v.,

{.

]

1

who collects money; an official who money due, as taxes or rent. lME. b

person

receives

Hist. In India, the chief administrative official of

a district, whose special duty was the collection of revenue. L18. 2 A person who or thing which collects or gathers together; spec, a person who collects and keeps specimens, works of art, etc.; fonnerly also, a compiler. M16. b A part of vanous electrical machines that receives or attracts current. L18. c The part of a transistor into which charge-carriers flow from the base.

M20. 2 collector's item, piece a thing of sufficient beauty, ranty, or interest to be placed in a collection. tickci-collcctor. see ticket n. coUectorate n. the distnct in which a collector (sense 1) has jurisdiction L18 coUectorship n. (a) the position ox office of a collector; (ft) an Indian collcctorale: t:i6-

colleen -EEN-'.]

college source

/kn'li:n,

dim.

cailin

A

of

Anglo-Ir.

E19.

[Ir.

countrywoman,

girl:

see

'knli:n/ cailc

n.

girl.

/'kr)lid3/

L

n.

collegium

i.ME. [(0)Fr. association,

guild, corporation, f collega

or its partnership,

college

colleague

n.

]

1

An

organized body of people performing certain common fimctions and sharing special privileges. l.ME. f 2 An assemblage or company

G

lME

lME. f

COLLECT

lME.

[(0)Fr. collecter or med.I, collectare, f. L collect- pa. ppl stem of colligere, f as COL- + legere collect, assemble, choose, read.] II v.t. Assemble into one place or group. lME. b v.t. Obtain or seek out (specimens, stamps, books, etc.) to add to /ks'lEkt/

etc., collected

excellent classical record collection.

collect /ka'lekt/ pa. pple & ppl a. Long arch. lME. [L coUectus pa. pple of colligere: sec next.] collect

remarks,

-ED'.]

'kDb:'deiJ(3)n/

] As pi., passages, from various sources. As

as n. in Collectanea of Solinus

[Rcpr. individuals. mi8 b of Collegium.] A reunion, a meeting of companions. E18. 3 A community of clergy living together on a foundation for religious service etc.

Now

chiefly

Hist.

lME. 4 a An independent

self-

governing corporation of teachers and scholars,

one within or associated with a university; an American or (formerly) Scottish university,

esp.

esp.

a

small

US

university that offers a limited

curriculum or teaches only to the

first

degree.

collegial lME.

or vocational training or study, e.g. in music, agriculture, or theology; a higher educational institution for those who have left school, other than a university (sometimes also other than a polytechnic), having a bias towards usu. technical or vocational subjects; a school for pupils over the school-leavmg age. Also, the name of some modem public schools and smaller private ones. M19. 5 a The building or set of buildmgs occupied by a college (sense 4). lME. b Without article: some college, known or unknown; attendance at a college or university. M18. 6 Hist. A hospital, almshouse, or similar charitable foundation. L17. 7 A prison, a reformatory, dang. L17. 8 A course of lectures at a foreign university. E18. I College of Arms, (colloq.) College of Heralds a corporation recording armorial beanngs and lineages. College of Justice all those who participate in the administration of justice in the Court of Session in Scotland (Senator of the College of Justice: see SENATOR 3). ELECTORAL college. Heralds' College = College of Arms above. Sacred College the Pope's council of cardinals, which elects a new pope, usu. from amongst their number (Dean of the Sacred College: sec dean College

institution

professional

for

6). of Surgeons, etc. 2 Dryden Thick as the college of the bees in May. 3 College of the Propaganda: see propaganda n. i. 4a

of Preceptors,

College

Eton College, Harvard College, New College, etc. college institution for education an training

of

schoolteachers,

college:

college:

b Cheltenham

junior see senior a.

Lancing College, sixth-form military

college,

technical

see

JLINJOR

senior

a.

Ladies' College,

tertiary college,

college,

etc.

college,

etc.

5b Disraeli A young social

College had ruined me. Netv Society worker, fresh out of college and with all the right letters after his name, be at college attend a college or university, go to college attend or begin attending a college or university. Comb.: college living a benefice in the gift of a college, college pudding a small plum pudding for one person. colleger n. (a) a member of a college or (formerly) of the same college; spec, each of the 70 foundation scholars at Eton College; (h) slang a mortarboard:

M16.

collegial

/ka'liidsial,

L

lME.

-d3(3)I/ a.

[(0)Fr.

f collegium: see COLLEGE, -lAL.] 1 = COLLEGIATE a. I. lME. 2 Of or pertaining to a (university etc.) college. E17. 3 Pertaining to or involving a body of people collegial

or

late

collegtahs,

associated as colleagues. E17. 1

collegial

church

Catholic bishops collegially iJi^ti. Mi

in

government:

church

L19.

7.

collegian /ka'liidsian, [med.L collegianus, f.

-d3(3)n/

n.

1

a.

lME.

A

A

M17. coUegianer

n.

(a) (obs. exc. Sc.)

= collegian

«.

i;

f (6) a colleague: M16.

collegiate

&

/k3'li:d3(i)3t/ a.

n.

member

lME. [Late L (in med.L as

of a college adj.), f collegium COLLEGE: see -ate', -ate'.] A adj. 1 Of the nature of, constituted as, a college. lME. 2 Of or pertaining to colleagues; corporate, combined. lME. 3 Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of a college or college students. M16. b spec. Designed for use by college students or others of similar educanonal standard. US. L19. 4 Composed of colleges. collegiaius

M19. 3 Defoe A

collegiate

life

did

n>-x suit

He

liked to dress sharp, slightly Special collocations: collegiate

that

but joint

IS

endowed

on the

me.

J

Kerouac

collegiate side.

church

for a chapter of

(a) a church canons or prebends US a church in the

not a cathedral; (ft) .Sc. & charge of two ministers, collegiate Gothic US of Gothic architecture associated with old

is

(in) a style

colleges.

B E17.

1 A member of fb An inmate of a

n.

L17-M18.

t2

A

a college, obs. exc.

colleague.

coUegiately adv. E17.

US.

prison or asylum, slang.

collegiate dictionary. US. L19.

Only

M16. [f prec: see Constitute as a college or a collegiate

-ate'.]

in

17.

3

A

/k3'lj:d3ieit/ v.t.

church. /ka'liidsiam/ n. PI. -ia /-is/. L19. [L: see COLLEGE.] 1 In full collegium musicum /'mjuizikom/, pi. collegia musica /'inju:zik3/. A society of amateurs for performing music, now esp. one attached to a Gennan or US university. L19. 2 Hist. [Repr. Russ. kollegiya.] An advisory or administrative board in Russia. E20.

colletnbolan /ka'kmbabn/

&

L19. [f mod.L Collembola (see below), f Gk koUa glue + embolon peg, stopper (with ref to the insect's ventral tube, which can secrete an adhesive substance): see -an.] A n. A minute wingless insect of the order Collembola; a springtail. L19. B adj. Of or pertaining '0 the order Collembola or collembolans. L19.

collenchyma

/ks'leokima/

n.

n.

a.

Gk

M19. [f

+

egkhuma infusion.] Bot. strengthened by the thickening of cell in young shoots, glue

collen'chymatous

CoUeries thieves.]

a.

kolta

Tissue walls, as

Colles's

'fraktja/ n.

/'kolis

/'knlisiz/.

L19.

phr.

[Abraham

Also Colles

(1773 1843), Ir. surgeon ] Med. Fracture of the lower end of the radius accompanied by backward displacement of the hand.

&

/'kolit/ V. lME. [(0)Fr., dim. of col collum neck: see -et'.] A «. f 1 a A piece of armour for the neck. Sc. E17. b TTie neckband of a garment; a necklet. M16 M17. 2 A circular metal ring on a spindle or lining in a hole, Hngin. a slit sleeve with an external taper which tightens when pushed into an internally tapered socket in a lathe mandrel etc. E16. 3 A metal flange or setting for a precious stone. E16. f 4 Olass-making. 'ITic portion of glass left on the end of a blowing-iron after the removal of the finished anicle. See also gullet. M17 L18. B v.t. Set in or provide with a collet. E17.

collet

L

lME

collet «.- see culet colleterial /knli'tinrwl/

a. L19. [f Gk kollan to glue ( -eilr agent-sufT. + -lAI..] Entomol. Of a gland: secreting the materials which form the ootheca.

fcoUey

n. var.

of collie.

/k.i'likjol.is/ n. PI. -li /-Iaj, -li:/.

M19.

see -cui.E.] Anat. A small protuberance; spec, any of those of the roof of the midbrain, of which there are two pairs involved respectively in vision and hearing. [L, dim. o{

collide

collis hill:

a.

L19.

E17. [L collidcre clash together, f as col- + taedere hurt by sinking ] 1 v.t. Bring into violent contact, strike together. /kfl'lAid/

V.

V.

lME-eiS. [OFr., or med.L f L coUigare: see COLLEAGUE v., -ance.] Attachment together; coimeclion.

colligate

E17. 2

v.i.

two beams are made to collide L20 collidine /'kolidjin/ n. M19. [f Gk kolla glue + -IDINE.] Chem. Any of a number of isomeric tnmethyl and methylethyl derivatives of pyndine, found in coal tar. /'koli/

n.

Also -y, ^-ey. M17. [Perh. f

coal (f its colour) + -ie, -y": cf colly a. & n.^] A sheepdog of an orig. Scottish breed with a long pointed nose and usu. long hair. Also colliedog. bearded collie: see bearded n. rough collie: see rough a.

collier

/'kniia/ n.

ME.

.

border

collie:

[f coal

+

see

border

A ME. t2 A

-ier.]

1

maker of wood charcoal, obs. exc. US. person who carries coal or charcoal for sale. L15-E19. 3 A person who works in a coalmine; a coalminer. M16. 4 A ship carrying coal; a member of the crew of such a ship. E17. 5 In full collier-aphid, fly, etc. A black aphid. Aphis fabae. obs. exc. US. MI 8. 6 The swift, dial. L18.

colliery /'koliari/ n. M17. [f prec. + -y'.] 1 A place where coal is worked; a coalmine and its buildings. M17. f 2 Ships employed in the coal trade; one such vessel. E M18. For other words beginning with

a.

Long

rare.

co- see the entry for

co-

[L

L15.

f as next: see -ate'^]

Boimd

together, attached.

colligate /'koligeit/ v. mi6. [L colligai- pa. ppl stem of colligare, i. as col- + ligare bind: see -ATE'.] 1 1 v.t. Bind or fasten together. M16-L18. 2

v.t.

Join or unite with. E17. 3

v.t. Unite in a connect together general notion or

class or order; spec,

in Logic,

(isolated facts) by a hypothesis. L17. 4 v.i. Ling. Of a word-class or other fimctional category: be in colligation with.

M20. binding

the

to

L

/kDli'geiJ(a)n/ n. lME. [OFr., or {. as prec: see -ation.] f 1 Physical together; connection. l\IE-mi7. 2

colligation

colligatio(n-),

binding Conjunction, alliance; imion. M17. 3 Logic. The connection of a number of isolated facts by a general notion or hypothesis; a group of facts so cormected. M19. 4 Ling. Juxtaposition or grouping in syntactic relation of particular wordclasses or other functional categories; a sequence of word-classes etc. in syntactic relation. M20.

Now

colligible /'kniid3ib(3)I a. stem of L colligere COLLECT may be collected.

collimate

in

rare.

+

v.

M17.

[f.

-IBLE.] TTiat

L

V.

EI7.

[f.

some

eds.

of Cicero

/'kolimeit/

reading

erron.

collimare

collineare aim: see -ate-^.] f 1 v.i. Level or a mark. Only in Diets. E17 L18. 2 v.t.

for

aim

at

Orig. Astron. Correct the direction of (telescopes or other devices, rays of light, etc.); make accurately parallel. M19. collimator n. a device for collimating; esp. (a) a small telescope for collimating another; (ft) a device for producmg a beam of parallel rays: M19.

collimation

kDli'mei](3)n/ n. L17. [f as prec: action of collimatmg (sense 2) light-beam, etc. Also, correct or parallel alignment, absence of divergence. sec -ATION.] a telescope,

,

The

.'ko'linia/ a. M18. [f col- + linear.] f 1 Lying in the same plane, rare. Only in M18. 2 In the same straight line. M19. coUine'arity n. M19 coUinearly adi'. M19

collinear

CoUinS

/'knlin// n.' M19. [A surname ] (In full John or Tom Collins) a cocktail consisting of gin mixed with soda, lemon or lime juice, and sugar; (usu. w. specifying wd, as brandy Collins) this

made

with a different

/'knlinz

'

n.' colloq.

spirit.

E20. [William Collins,

&

Prejudice.] character in Jane Austen's Pnde or letter of thanks for hospitality entertainment, sent by a departed guest. a

A

f colliquation

n. E17. [med. 1. colliquatio(n-), f see -ation. Cf. Fr. ^colliquation.] 1 Melting, fusion, liquefaction. E17 M18. 2 Med. Wasting away of the body; disintegration of tissue into pus etc.; excessive fluidification of the bodily humours, esp. the blood. E17 M18.

as

next:

colliquative /ko'likwatiV

lME.

[f

colliquare, i

/'koligst/

colligaius pa. pple,

cocktail

techn.

n.

colligantia

Collins

exc.

M20.

n.

fcolligance

Come

rare or obs.

collie

/kDh'Jatji/ n. Sc. M18. [Origin quarrel; a confused fight.

/'kDlig3b(3)l/ a. m2o. [f colligate -able.] Lmg. Capable of forming part of a

+

colligation. coUiga'bility

into collision (with); strike or dash together. E18. b fig. Be in conflict, clash, conflict. M19. collider n. (Physics) a particle accelerator in which

Now

A noisy

unkn.]

co'Uigative a. of or pertaining together of molecules E20.

L19.

/'kobri?/ n.pl. mi8. [Tamil kallar Dravidian people of SE India.

A

CoUes fracture

f

collieshangie colligable

collegium

coUicular

&

collegium: see college, past or present member of a college; a foundation scholar, a colleger. lME. 2 prisoner, slang. E19. B adj. = collegial. rare.

An.

collegiate

CoUiculus

a collegiate church.

collegi'ality n. the relationship of, or appropriate to, colleagues, spa )oint responsibility, esp. of Roman

-IAN.]

collision

440

An

b

med.L f as

n.

colliquat-

COL- +

A

Cf

& pa.

n. Fr. \ colliquatif.] f dissolve or reduce bodily solids,

-IVE.

Now

a.

ppl

rare.

stem

liquare liquefy, melt,

A

of

+

medicine to

rare. Only in Having the power or effect of liquefying; Med. causing the body to waste away, characterized by wasting away of the body. M17. n. lME. [Late L collision /ka'li3(3)n/ collis- pa. ppl stem of coUidere collisio(,n-), f. COLLIDE v.: see -ion.] 1 The action of striking against something with force; the action or an

lME. B

adj.

encoimter of a ship or vehicle, with another or with a fixed object. lME. b Computing. An instance of two or more records being assigned the same location in memory. act

of colliding;

moving body,

violent

(a)

esp.

a

9

colloblast Also, an instance of different sources or nodes attempting to send a signal simultaneously along a shared line. M20. fia Synaeresis of two vowels. M16-L17. b Dissonant conjunction of speech sounds. M17. 3 fig. The encounter of

opposed

ideas, interests, factions, etc.; a clash, a

conflict.

M17. b The action of coming into

contact (with no notion of violence or hostility); coincidence, conjunction. Now rare or obs. mi 7. 1 E. Rutherford The number of collisions of the particle with the atom. J. Wain His head came into painful collision with a wooden crate. M. Shadbolt His brakes squealed, to avoid a collision with a truck. 3b S. Johnson By the fortuitous collision of happy incidents. Comb.: collision bulkhead a strong watertight bulkhead built in the bows of a ship to prevent flooding after a collision; collision course a course or action bound to end in a collision (lit. fig.), collision-mat Naut. a mat with oakum on one face for putting over a hole made by a collision; collision quarters, stations pre-assigned positions to be taken up by the crew and passengers of a ship etc. in the

&

event of a collision. collisional a. pertainmg to or esp. of microscopic collision, collisionally adv. .M20. collisionless

resulting

from

particles

L19.

a.

M20.

colloblast 'kobublast, n. ezo. [f. Gk kolla glue + -O- + -BLAST.] Zool = lasso-cell S.V. LASSO n. collocable /'kDbk3b(3)l/ a. M2o. [f next + -ABLE.] Ling. Capable of forming part of a collocation. coUocaljility

collocate stem of

M20.

n.

'kobkeit

collocare,

v.

as

t.

[L col- + ei6.

coltocat- pa.

ppl

locare to place,

Place side by side or in some relation; set in a place or position; spec, in Ling., juxtapose (a word) with another so as to form a collocation. E16. 2 v.i. Ling. Be habitually juxtaposed with, form a collocation.

LOCATE: see -ate'.]

1

v.t.

M20. collocative

a.

of the

of or pertaining to

nature

collocation E19.

collocation collocanoin-) ,

kDb'keiJ(3)n i.

n.

as prec; see -ation.]

lME. [L The action

of collocating; the state of being collocated; a disposition, an arrangement; spec, in Ling., (esp. juxtaposition or association of a habitual) particular word with other particular words, a group of words so associated, collo cational a. of or pertaining to collocation L19.

collocutor

'knbkjuita, ks'lokjota/ n. M16. f collocut- pa. ppl stem of colloqui, f as COL- + loqw talk: see -or ] A participant in a conversation or dialogue. one's collocutor the person with whom one is

L

[Late

collocutor,

talking

col'locutory dialogue L18

collodion

a.

of the

nature of conversation or

ka'budian

n.

Also

(rare)

-ium

/-lam M19. [f Gk koUodis gluelikc, f kolla glue: cf -ode'.] A solution of pvToxylin in ether, used to apply a thin gummy film in photography and '.

surgery. collodionize

v.t.

treat with collodion

ti.i.

deal flatteringly with. E17-E18. b or belief E M17. 2 v.i. a collude, conspire, (with). dial. M17. b Talk confidentially (with). E19. 3 v t. Influence by flattery, coax. obs. exc. dial. L17.

flatteringly;

agreement

Now

Intrigue,

colloid 'knl.nd a. & n. M19. [f Gk kolla glue + -oiD ] A adj Of the nature or appearance of glue; Med. characterized by the formation of colloid; Chem. - colloidal, rare in gen. sense. M19. B n. 1 Med. & Anat. A )clly-like substance; esp. (a) one characteristic of certain cancers; (b) one normally present in the follicles of the thyroid gland. M19. 2 Chem. A non-crystalline substance of ultramicroscopic particles (often large smgle molecules); such a substance dispersed in another phase, esp. to form a viscous solution having special properties. M19. 2 protective colloid: see PROTECTIVt a. 3a. consisting

colloidal /k3'bid(3)l/ Chem. Of, pertaining colloid.

a.

[{. prec. + -al'.] of the nature of a

M19.

to, or

colloi'dality

M19. colloidally adv.

n.

manner of a colloid: E20. collop /'kobp/ n.' lME.

as a colloid; in

the

wd

Scand.

[{.

by

repr.

OSw. kolhuppadher roasted on coals (i. kol coal + huppa leap, cf saute), Sw. kalops, dial. n. kollops dish of

bacon and

Now

bacon.

stewed meat

In

1

]

eggs. Later (in collops dial.

lME.

A

2

pi.

Orig., fried

and

eggs), fried

slice

of meat (orig.

an escalope. lME. b In pi. (A dish of) minced or chopped meat. dial. M17. f 3 A piece of flesh; /i^. an offspring. E16-M17. 4 A thick fold of flesh on the body. Now Sc. & dial. M16. 5 fig. A slice; a piece cut off. L16. 2b Scotch collops: see Scotch a. Comb.: Collop Monday (now dial.) the Monday before Shrove Tuesday, on which bacon and eggs would be served. fried or grilled);

collop /'kobp/

n.' Anglo-Ir. LI7. [Ir. colp{th)ach bullock.] A full-grown cow or horse; transf. the quantity of grass or area of pasture needed for a cow for one year.

heifer,

collophane /'kobfem as

[G

E20.

n.

Kollophan,

{.

Gk -phanes showing, f phainein to A cryptocrystalline calciferous form

COLLOID +

show

Min.

]

of apatite which occurs in fossilized bone and other organic deposits. Also co'llophanite n. M19.

ks'bok n. Now rare. L15. [Fr. f L COLLOQUIUM.] 1 1 A place for conversation, rare. Only in L15. A conversation, a conference. L16 L17. 3 = C0LL0QtrY2. M19. colloquial ks'bukwnal/ a. & n. mi8. [f L

colloque

COLLOQUIUM +

A

-AL'.]

adj.

Conversational,

1

M18. 2 Belonging to familiar not used in formal or elevated language. M18. B n. Colloquial speech in or of talk, oral.

speech

and

writing;

or language. E20. colloquialism n. colloquial

st^ie, esp of language; a expression: L18 colloquialist n. (a) a person who uses colloquialisms; (h) a good talker: E19. coUoqui'ality n. (now rare) = COLLOQUIALISM E19 colloquially a.t.

rare (Shakes.).

Fall in, cave in; collapse, dial.

v.i.

Beat with a colt (see colt

v.t.

4).

MI 8.

colting n. (a) the action of the vb; (b) slang a beating with a colt: M19.

colter

see coulter.

n.

coluber

/'koljuba/ n. lME. snake; spec, a colubrid.

[L

coluber, -bris.]

A

only as

mod.L

L19.

[mod.L

genus name. n.

Colubridae (see below),

A

\

a.

as

prec: see

f.

A

snake

to

which

n.

Colubridae,

of

the

family

large

most

-ID^.]

non-

typical

snakes belong. L19. B adj. Of, pertaining to, or designating this family. L19.

venomous

colubrine /'koljubrMn/ coluber: see

E16.

a.

[L

colubrinus,

f.

Of

or belonging to a snake; snakelike. E16. 2 Zool. Colubrid; spec, of or pertaining to the subfamily Colubrinae of colubrid snakes with sohd teeth. M19.

as

colugo imkn.]

-ine'.]

/ks'luigsu/

A

colulus

n.

I

[Origin

L18.

-os.

PI.

flying lemur.

/'koljubs/

PI.

n.

-li

/-Im,

E20.

-li:/.

[mod.L, dim. of colus distaff.] Zool. A sclerite the base of and between the front spiimerets

many

Columban

/k3'lAmb(3)n/ a. & below) + -an]

n.

A

(see

or

to,

of

characteristic

Columba of lona

missionary St

L19.

followers.

B

A

n.

((

L19. adj.

the

[f Of, Irish

521 97), or of St

disciple

L19.

columbarium

/kDl(3)m'b£:ri3m/

PI.

n.

-ia

M18. [L columbarium, f as Columba: see -arium.] 1 A vault or building with niches for the reception of cinerary urns; a niche in such a vault etc. M18. 2 A pigeon-hole; a columbary. E19. columbary /'kDl(3)mb(3)ri/ n. mi6. [f. as prec: see -ary'.] A pigeon-house, a dovecote. columbiad /ka'lAmbiad/ n. L18. [f. as next + -ad'.] 1 An epic of America. Chiefly as a poem tide. L18. 2 A kind of heavy cast-iron cannon formerly used in the US army. E19. Columbian /ka'lAmbian/ a. & n. M18. [f. mod.L Columbia poet, name for America, f as

-iums.

A

Of

or pertaining to America, esp. at the time of its discovery by Christopher Columbus; spec, of or pertaining to the United States. M18. B «. An American; a native or inhabitant of the United States, obs. see -an.]

adj.

exc. Hist. LI 8.

columbic [f to

/ks'lAmbik/

a.

Now

rare or obs. E19.

COLUMBIUM + -ic] Chem. Of columbium (niobium),

columbic acid = niobic colurabate n. = niobate

columbine

or pertaining

[f.

Chiefly US.

n.

mod.L Columbia

poet,

Now name

America, f. Columbus (see next), + -lUM.] Chem. = NIOBIUM (symbol Cb). Columbus /ks'lAmbss/ n. L16. [Christopher Columbus Genoese (1451-1506), explorer, discoverer of America.] An explorer, a for

discoverer. % See also Knight of Columbus

knight

s.v.

n.

columel

/'kDljumel/ n. rare. E17. [L columella, dim. of columna: see COLUMN, -EL^.] small colimin.

f.

columella

/kolju'rasb/ n. PI. -llae /-h:/. L16. A structure or organ resembling a esp. f (a) the uvula; (b) the axis of the cochlea; (c) the axis of a spiral shell; (d) Bot. the axis of a fruit composed of several carpels; the axis of the spore-producing body of certain plants; (e) Zool. one of the ossicles of the middle ear of birds, reptiles, and amphibians. columellar a. E19

prec] small column; [L: see

column vertical,

ME.

[OFr.

med.L

/'kDl(3)mbAin/ nr ei8. [Fr. f It. Colombina use as n. of fem. of colombino dovehke in gentleness.] Orig., a servant-girl in

commedta

the sweetheart of Harlequin in

pantomime.

Now rare. /'kDl(3)mbAin/ a. & [(0)Fr. columbin{e) f. L columbinus f columba dove: see -ine'.] A adj. 1 Of, penaining to, or of the nature of a dove; dovelike. lME. 2 Dove-coloured. lME. B n. Dove-colour. E17.

columbine lME.

For other words beginning with

lME.

n.

[Partly

often slightly tapering,

monument. lME. b

f.

OFr.

cylinder usu.

co- see the entry for co-

A

support, a prop. on a page; a vertical array of figures or other mformation in a table. lME. b A part of a newspaper, sometimes more or less than a column of print, devoted (esp. regularly) to a special subject or writer. M19. 3 A structure or object likened to a column (sense i), as pan of an animal body, pan of a machine, etc. lME. b Bot. The structure formed by the imion of the style and stamens, or of staminal filaments, esp. in the orchids. E19. 4 Ail/. A narrow-fronted deep formation of troops or armoured vehicles etc. in successive lines. lME. b Nai4t. A body or division of ships. E19. 5 A venical cylindrical mass of liquid or vapour. L17. 6 A party, a faction. Chiefly US. E20. I S. Maugham Long halls, the roof supported by sculptured columns. A. Wilson The towering column of the Duke of York. COUPLED columns. Osiride column. 2 G. K. Chesterton Adding up a column m a ledger, b R CAMPBELL Then through my weekly columns I may pour The sentiments that dowagers adore advertisement column, agony column, gossip column, etc. funny column: see FtnJNY a. personal column: see PERSONAL a. social column: see SOCIAL a. the columns of (a newspaper): its contents; (our columns, used by the newspaper itselQ. ^ Tennyson The knotted column of his throat puked column: see PULSED ppl a. rectifying column: see RECTIfT v. 2. E17. 2

A

fig.

vertical division of text

W

column: see SPINAL a. vertebral column: see 2. 4 transf: R. LoWELL A mother skunk with her column of kittens column of rolte. dodge the column colloq. shirk a duty; avoid work fifth column: see fifth a. 5 L. van der Post I spotted two spinal

VERTEBRAL a

more columns of smoke. Comb.: column-inch

quantity

the

of

occupying one inch length of column. columniform /kd'Umnif3:m/ a. shaped

column

print like

a

E19.

/ka'lAmna/

n.

-nae

PI.

rare.

/-ni:/.

= column 3b. A coliunn-shaped pan of the body.

column

L17. 2 Anat.

E19.

/'kDl(3)mbAm/

Now,

/'kobm/

columpne (mod. colonne, after It. colonna), partly f. its source L columna pillar.] 1 Archit. A long

L17. [L: see

Columbine dell'arte.

/ka'lAmbism/

rare or obs. E19.

columna

acid.

columbina (herba) dovelike (plant), f. columba pigeon, the flower being likened to five clustered pigeons: see -ine'.] Aquilegia, esp. Aquilegia vulgaris. colombine

usu. as red prismatic crystals.

columbium

a

/kDl(3)m'bei|3s/ a. L17. [f. as + -aceous.] Of the nature of a dove or pigeon; dovelike.

Columbus:

+

in

prec.

/-lo/,

next

[f.

surmounted by an entablature and forming part

/ks'Umba/ n. L18. [L columba dove, pigeon.] (The name of) a constellation of the southern hemisphere near Canis Major; the Dove.

Columba.

E19.

n.

j>{ an arcade or colormade, or standing alone as

Columba

his

/ka'lAmbAit/

Min. The chief ore of niobiimi, an orthorhombic oxide of iron, manganese, and niobium (usu. with some tantalum), occurring -ite'.]

at

spiders.

Columba

columbite

A

colubrid /'koljubnd/

pertaining

colportage

colsa

nm

06s. exc. dial. L16.

columbaceous

their derivs.) w. the sense 'of the vagina'.

colposcope

V. L16. [f. colt w.'] 1 v.i. Frisk or wild as a colt (usu. implying wantoimess).

colt /kaolt/

Zool.

colou'ristic a. of or pertaining to a colourist or artistic colouring L19.

colere inhabit:

/ksult/ n." M19. [Samuel Coll (1814-62), inventor.] (Proprietary name for) a type of firearm, esp. a type of repeating pistol,

Now

colouring;

painter skilful in adept user of colour (lit. & fig.).

-colous /'kAbs/

Colt

US

Also * color-.

COLOUR

coloriste).]

columnated

444

Also (S. Afr.) C-. Freq. in pi M20. n.

«.]

1

Bot.

M18.

columnal

/k3'lAmn(3)l/

a.

&

mi8.

n.

[f.

COLUMN + -al'.] a adf Colunmar. Now rare. MI 8. B M. Zool. A segment or joint of the stem of a crinoid. L19.

ei8. [Late L a. /ks'lAmns/ columna column: see -ar'.] 1 Of the nature or form of a column or columns. E18. 2 Written or printed in columns. Ml 9. 3 Characterized by or raised on colimms. M19.

columnar columnaris,

{.

Also f columnary a. L16-E18. /'kDl(3)mneilid/

columnated /-leitid/.

E18.

[f.

L

+

a.

columnatus,

Form COLUMNIATION.] = COLUMNED

COLUMN,

w.

-ED'.

I.

Also f.

-iated columna

-i-

after

columned columned

/'kDl(3)md/

li8.

a.

column

[f.

n.

+

Furnished with columns; supponed on columns. li8. 2 Divided into columns. E19. 3 Like a column, columnar. M19. -ED-.]

1

columniated a. see columnated. colunmiation /k3lAmni'eiJ(3)n/ n.

m.\-].

[f.

L

columna column, after columnam(n-), f. INTERCOLUMNIATION.] Archit. The employment of colvmins; the arrangement of columns.

columnist + -1ST.] A

/'kDl(3)m(n)ist/

who

journalist

E20.

n.

[f.

column

newspaper a colimin, esp. of miscellaneous comment on people and events. flSee aiso fifth columnist /ka'ljua/

lME.

n.

fifth

a.

[Late

L

s.v.

coluri pi.

f

Gk

kolourai (sc. grammai lines) pi. of kolouros truncated, f kolos docked -1- oura tail (so called because their lower part is permanently cut off from view).] Astron. Either of the two great circles passing through the celestial poles and intersecting the ecliptic at either the equinoxes

or the solstices.

M19. [f. mod.L Colius f Gk kolios a kind of woodpecker.] = mousebird s.v. mouse

coly

/'ksuli, n.

n.

colza

/'kolza/ n. Also colsa. E18. [Fr. (Walloon) kohat, Du. koolzaad, I. kolza, earlier colzat f.

LG

cole n} + zaad SEED

kool

= COLESEED

com-

Rape, rape-seed;

n.]

2.

kom,

unstressed

(= cum prep,

ksm

L

Repr.

pref.

'

com-

'with') in senses 'with', 'together',

and hence intensive. few words beginning with vowels or/, assim. to COL- bef /, coR- bef r, reduced to co- bef vowels generally, h, and gn; as CON- bef. other consonants. As a living 'completely',

'jointly'; also

Used bef

b, p,

prefix chiefly in

coma Gk

'ksuma'

kome

m, and

a

form CO-. n.'

hair of the

-mae

PI.

head

[L f top of a

-mi:/. E17.

The

Boi.

1

]

plant; esp. a terminal tuft of bracts or leaves; a leafy crown of branches; a tuft of silky hairs at

some

the end of

The

seeds. E17. 2 Astron.

diffuse

hazy region surrounding the nucleus of a comet. M18. 3 An optical aberration causmg the image of an off-axis point to be flared, like a comet with a diverging tail; the flared image itself. M19. co'matic

coma

£20.

a.

Gk koma, down.] Med. A prolonged state of unconsciousness from which the patient carmot be roused. Formerly also, an unnatural heavy sleep. /'kaums

-mat-,

(b)

pauent

M17. [mod.L f lie

coma

Comb,

drowsiness sleep;

n.-

to koite bed, keisthat

rel.

lies

vigil ff") 3 prolonged state of which the pauent nevertheless cannot in which the unconscious but with eyes wide open. in

a state in typhus fever etc

Coma

Berenices /'kauma ben'n.Msirz n. phr. [L, f as COMA n.' + Berenice (^273 221 BC), wife of Ptolemy III of Egypt, whose hair was said to have been stolen from the temple of Venus and afterwards placed in the heavens ] (The name oO an inconspicuous constellation of L17.

the northern hemisphere, Virgo; = Berenice's Hair.

comae n. pi. Comanche

between Bootes and

&

a.

E19.

[Sp.

f

Comanches

or their language.

E19.

/'ksumeit, kao'meit

'

n.

A companion, a mate, comatose /'kaumataus/ a. L17.

L16. [f co-

+

n.']

COMA

(see

«.')

+ -OSE'.]

nature of coma. L17. 2

1

transj.

[f

Gk

komat-

coma; of the Drowsy, lethargic.

E19. Also

fcomatous a. M17 L18. comb /kaom/ n.' See also kame. [OE camb, comb = OS camb (Du. kam), OHG kamb (G Kamm), ON kambr, f Gmc] I 1 A toothed strip plastic, for metal, etc., bone, horn, untanglmg, arrangmg, or keeping in place the hair. See also curry-comb «. , horse-comb s.v. HORSE n. OE. 2 Something resembling this in

of

NZ

combing. E20. 1

v.^

fine-tooth comb: see fine a. redding-comb: see REDD Spanish comb: see Spanish a. tooth-comb: see tooth

n.

114 The red fleshy crest on the head of the domestic fowl, esp. the male; so called from its serrated form (cf cockscomb i); an analogous growth in other birds. OE. 5 Something resembling a cock's comb in position or appearance, as (a) the crest of a helmet; the upright blade on a monon; (b) (now dial.) the crest or top of a bank, hill, etc.; the ridge formed between ruts; (c) the upper comer of a gunstock, against which the cheek is placed in firing; id) the crest of a wave. OE. 4 cut the comb of humiliate, make less conceited. white comb: see white a. Ill (Not foimd in the cognates.) 6 =

honeycomb

n. I (earlier).

ME.

6 i-irgin comb: see VIRGIN a. Comb.: comb-back a high-backed Windsor chair with a straight top rail; comb-brush (a) a brush to clean combs; ^{b) a lady's maid; comb-jelly Zool. a ctenophore; comb-tailed paradise fish: see paradise n. combed a. (esp. of a cock) ha^g a comb M16. combless a. without a comb or crest L16 comblike a. resembling (that of) a comb E17 comby a. (a) fuU of holes like a honeycomb; (b) Geo!, having layers with parallel crystals like the teeth of a

comb

kaum

n.-

Now

comb:

L18.

chiefly dial. Also

come

coomb

ku:m/. lME. [Prob. f Gmc base repr. also by Keim.] The radicle of the grain, which develops during malting and is then dried up by roasting and separated.

kaom, kumi/,

G

comb comb v.]

1

of COOMB n.', n.lME. [f comb ti.\ repl. kemb v.i. a Draw a comb through (the hair); (a horse). lME. b Dress (wool, flax, etc.) n.

n.' vars.

',

'kaom

v.

curry with a comb, so as to separate and arrange the fibres. L16. c Scrape or rake with an action like that of a comb. M17. 2 v.i. Of a wave: roll over and break with a foamy crest. Orig. US. E19. 3 V.I. Search minutely and systematically. (Earlier in beachcombing.) cotloq. E20. 4 v.i. Of a ship: turn into Ime with (the track of a torpedo) to avoid being hit. M20. I comb a person's head with a three-legged stool & vars. (now dial.), give a person a thrashing comb out comb through (the hair) after setting and drying it, or to remove kn