The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland for 1895 [1 ed.]

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1895

1895 TIIE

JOURNAL OF THB

V

ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY OF

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND

1895

.

PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY, 22,

ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON, W. MDCCCXCV.

STEPHEN AUSTIN AND SONS,

PRINTERS, HERTFORD.

—

—

CONTENTS.

Art.

I.

— Description

the

about (Part

Art.

II.

—The

Art. IY.

Art. Y.

Mesopotamia and Baghdad, written year 900 a.d. by Ibn Serapion.

By Guy

1.)

Poem and its Author. By the Rev. Prof. Legge

— Ssuma

1

Part I

Ch'ien’s Historical Records.

:

The 77

Chapter II

:

The Hsia Dynasty. M.R.A.S

By Herbert

Kami Vocabularies. M.R.A.S

By Bernard Houghton,

—On

J.

Allen, 93

Ill

the Stress-Accent in the Modern Indo-Aryan

Vernaculars.

Art.

le Strange

Li Sao

Author.

Art. III.

PAGF.

of

YI. —Nejamesha,

By

G. A. Grierson, Ph.D., C.I.E.

Kaigamesha,

Kemeso.

By

Dr.

M.

Winternitz. Art. Art.

139

149

YII. — On the Khamtis. By P. R. Gukdon, M.R.A.S. By YIII. — Mythological Studies in the Rigveda.

A. A. Maclonell

157

165

The Tenth International Oriental

Congress.

Geneva, 1894

191

Correspondence. 1.

Relics found in Rangoon. St.

By

R. F. St.

Andrew

John

199

202

5.

By F. Max Muller. An Indo-Eranian Parallel. By L. C. Casartelli. Bud, Bad-a-r, and Badra. By J. G. R. Forlong. Ditto. By ditto

6.

The Author

211

2. 3. 4.

Sanskrit

MSS.

in China.

of the

Khalasat-at-Tawarlkh

.

.

202

203 204

— —K CONTENTS.

VI

PACK

Notes of the Quarter. 213

General Meetings of the Royal Asiatic Society

I.

Obituary Notices

II.

By R. K. Douglas 214 By Henri Cordier 216

1.

Dr. Terrien de Lacouperie.

2.

James Darmesteter.

III. Notices of

D.

S.

Books

Margoliouth.

Chrestomathin Baidawiana,

Commentary of El-Baidawi on Sura Reviewed by H. Hirschfeld the

Friedrich

Untersuchungen

Giese.

ueber

III.

222 die

’Addad auf Grund von Stellen in altarabischen Dichtern. By H. Hirschfeld C'apt. F. E. Johnson. The Seven Poems Suspended By H. Hirschfeld in the Temples at Mecca. Dr. H. Stumme. Tripolitanisch-TunisiscbeBeduinenlieder. By M. Gaster Elf Stiicke im Silha-Dialect von Dr. H. Stumme. Tazerwalt. By Th. G. de G d’Eskender, M. Jules Perruchon. Histoire d’‘Amda-Seyon II Na’od, Rois et de d’Ethiopie. By Tn. G. de G Rene Basset. Les Apocryphes ethiopiens. By

G

Th. G. de

Steindorff

—

optische Grammatik.

Socin and Dr.

By

Annamitischen Sprache.

H. Stumme.

Dialekt der Houwara By Tn. G. de G F. Kittel. L.

229 ;

Georg By Th.

A

des

Tir. G.

de G.

.

.

E. G.

230

Der Arabische

Wad Sus in

Marokko. 231

Kannada-English Dictionary.

R

T. Platts.

By

228

230

A.

By

227

Theoretisch-praktische Grammatik der

Dirr.

J.

227

Bou§iri.

G

A.

ltcv.

225

229

Rene Basset. La Bordah du Cheikh El By Th. G. de G Adolf Erman vEgyptische Grammatik G. de

223

232

A Grammar of

the Persian Language.

B

Gauiiishankar G. Ojua. Palaeography of India.

Pracin

Lipimala

By G. B

—The

235 2 16

—— CONTEXTS.

vii PAQK

A

Note on the Royal Asiatic Society’s . Ancient MS. of the Ganaratnamahodadhi.

G. Buhler.

.

IV. Additions

(

251

1-28

Members

List of

I.

218

Library

to the

continued ).

— Description

Mesopotamia

of

Baghdad, -written about the year 900

Ibn Serapion. Art. IX.

— The

— An of

Art.

By Gcr

(Part 2.)

and

a.d.

by

le Strange.

255

Origin and Earlier History of the Chinese

By

Coinage.

Art. X.

247

By

Gathiis.

W. West

E.

Art.

The Five Zoroastrian

H. Mills.

L.

L. C. Hopkins

317

unpublished Valabhl Copper-plate Inscription

King Dhruvasena

XI. — The

History of Kihva.

MS. by

By

I.

Dr. Tn. Bloch.

.

.

Edited from an Arabic

Arthur Strong

S.

379

385

Correspondence.

By

1.

The Burmese Hitopadesa. St. John

2.

Setebhissara.

3.

The Yidyadharapitaka.

4.

Chinese Biographical Dictionary.

By

R. F. St.

Andrew 431

Y. Fausboll

By

432

Louis de la Yallee

Poussin

By

E. H. F...

433 437

Notes of the Quarter. General Meetings of the Royal Asiatic Society

I.

II.

439

Obituary Notices 1.

August Dillmann.

By Wolf Wilhelm Count

Baudissin

3.

448

By Arthur A. Macdonell. Heinrich Karl Brugsch. By M. L. McClure.

2. Dr. S. C.

III. Notes and

Mai.an.

. .

453

.

457

.

News

The Ruins

of

Anuradhapura

Oriental Studies in Ceylon

464 464

—

::

CONTEXTS.

via IV. Xotices of Books

Maspero. The Dawn of Civilization Egypt and Ckaldaea. Reviewed by R. If. Cost. G. P. Taylok. The Student’s Gujarati Grammar.

Professor

By A. R Rene Basset. Etudes sur les By Th. G. de Geiraudon

476 Dialectes Berberes.

482

Leo Reinisch. AVorterbuch der Bedauye Sprache. By Th. G. de Gijiratidon Dr. R. Bbunnow.

484

By H.

Bibliotheque Khediviale.

Hibschfeld

485 Diary

AV. AV. Rockhill.

Journey through

a

of

Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892.

487

H. Hcbschmann.

G oku Pbosad of

By

W

T.

An Introduction By R. AAr

Sen.

Hinduism.

Country.

By

Persische Studien.

Major-General M.

R.

By

F.

J.

E. D. R.

to the

—AVriting, By W.

Akt.

XIII.

492

The Indus Delta

Haig.

G

497 501

Printing, and the Alphabet in Corea.

G. Aston

— Ghatayala

505

Inscription

of

the

Pratihara

Kakkuka, of [Vikrama-JSamvat Mcnshi Debipbasad Akt.

XIA

r.

— Mahuan’s Account of By

(Bengal).

Art.

r

XA

.

—The

Edward

— The

By 513

Kingdom

of Bengala

Geo. Phillips, M.R.A.S

from

the

Persian by

C. Ross, C.S.I.,

LI Sdo Poem and

The Poem. Art. XVII.

the

918.

523

Story of Yusuf Shah Sarraj, the Saddler.

Translated

Art. XVI.

490

Study

Y. Additions to the Library

Aet. XII.

483

Chrestomathy of Arabic Prose-

By H. Hibschfeld

Pieces.

Ibn Doukjiak.

465

— Ssuma

By

Professor

its

Sir

Author.

537 Part II

Legge

Ch'ien’s Historical Records.

III: The Yin Dynasty.

M.R.A.S

Colonel

M.R.A.S

By Herbert

571

Chapter J. Ai.lf.n,

601

— CONTENTS. Art.

XYIII.

XIX.

PAOK

— Some

Buddhist

and

Bronzes,

Relics

of

By Robert Sewell, M.R.A.S

Buddha. Art.

IX

617

— Sinhalese

Copper-plate Grants in the British

Museum.

By

Don

Martino

de

Zilva

639

AVTcKREMASINGHE Art.

XX.

— Some

Notes on Fast and Future Archfeological

Explorations in India.

By

Hon.

Buhler,

G.

649

Mem. R.A.S Correspondence.

By John Beames

2.

Rajuka or Lajuka. Yidyadhara Pitaka

3.

Archaeological Research.

4.

The

1.

Jains.

—

661

(a correction)

By W.

F. Sinclair.

.

.

662 662 665

By Robert Chalmers

Notes of the Quarter. I.

General Meetings of the Royal Asiatic Society.

.

.

III.

667

680

II. Contents of Foreign Oriental Journals

Obituary Notice Sir

Henry Rawlinson,

IY. Notes and

Bart.

By

Dr. R. N. Cust.

News

681

691

—

Y. Notices of Books

G. E. Gerini. Chula Kanta Mangala Ramkrishna Gopal Bhandarkar. Early History of the Dekkan down to the Mahomedan Conquest. Reviewed by C. M. Duff Robert Chalmers. The Jataka. By J. E. C. R. S. Gundry. China, Present and Past. By T. AY. Henri Cordier. Les Etudes Chinoises. By T. AY. Henri Cordier. Notice sur Le Japon. By T. W. Darab Dastur Peshotan Sanjana. The Pahlavi Text Series Yol. I: Nlrangistan. By E. AY. .

.

692

693 699 702 706 708

—

AYest

M. A.

708

Stein, Ph.D.

in the

Catalogue of Sanskrit

Raghunatha Temple Library of Jammu and Kashmir

the Maharaja of

MSS. H.H. 711

—

:

CONTEXTS.

X

PAGE

C.

Van Vloten.

L.

A.

Liber Mafatlh al-Olum.

By

The Buddhism

By

H. Hibschfeld T.

Waddell.

W

716

Notes on African Philology.

By

R. X. Cost

....

719

Notes on Oceanic Philology.

By

R. N. Cusx

....

721

YI. Additions Aet.

712 Tibet.

of

XXI.

to the

— Southern

722

Library

Chin Yocabulary (Minbu

District).

By Beenaed Houghton, M.R.A.S Aet. XXII.

By Guy

the modern Arabkir.

Aet. XXIII.

—

The Nativity Chalmebs

Aet.

XXIY.

— Some

Aet.

XXV. — Arabic

Aet.

XXVI. — The

of

of Abrik,

le Steange

....

739

By Robeet

the Buddha.

751

Notes on the Poetry of the Persian

By

Dialects.

E. G.

Beowne, M.A., M.R.A.S.

Inscriptions in Egypt.

Li Sdo Poem and

The Chinese Text and Legge Aet.

727

—The Mediaeval Castle and Sanctuary

By H.

Author.

its

Translation.

C.

.

773

Kay.

827

.

Part III

By

Professor

839

XXVII. — Counter-marks on early By E. Rapson, M.A Coins.

Persian and Indian

865

Repoet of the Teanslitebation Committee

879

CoEEESPONDENCE. 1

.

The Aritthaka Stone.

By

T.

W. Rhys

Davids

.

.

Semitic Origin of the Old Indian Alphabet.

3.

Don Maetino de Zilva Wickbemasinghe .... Mahuan’s Account of Bengal. By Jonx Beames

4.

Epigraphic Discoveries in Mysore.

.

By

G.

893

By

2.

Buuleb

895 898 900

Notes of the Quabtee. I.

II.

Contents of Foreign Oriental Journals

905

Obituaey Notices Roin. By AnTncn A. Macdonkll .... Thomas Fbancis Wade. By Heniu Coediee..

Prof, von

906

Sir

911

— CONTEXTS.

xi PAGE

Books

III. Notices of

Graham

Tibetan.

Edith T.

Handbook of Colloquial Reviewed by W. W. Rockhill ....

Sandberg.

J.

Simcox.

H. Parker H. Thornton.

By

Primitive Civilizations.

926

-

Colonel Sir Robert Sandeman.

By W. Irvine N. Elias.

937

The Tarlkh-i Rashid!

hammad Haidar

Dughliit.

of

Mirza Mu-

By Reynold

A.

Nicholson

941

Bibliotheca Lindesiana.

By

T.

W

Die Religion Hermann Oldenberg. By Arthur A. Macdonell G. E. Morrison. T.

916

E.

An

W

IV. Additions to the Library

Index Alphabetical List of Authors.

943 des Veda.

Australian in China.

946

By 962 963 969

*

.

'

•

,

*

.

.

.

jA

—

JOURNAL THE ROYAL ASIATIC

Art.

Description

I.

SOCIETY.

of Mesopotamia and Baghdad, written a.d. by Ibn Serapion. The Arabic

about the year 900

MS.

Text edited from a

Museum

in the British

with Translation and Notes.

By Guy

Library,

le Strange.

Introduction.

The Geography

of Mesopotamia during the epoch of the

Baghdad Caliphate has

not, I think, received the attention

With the exception of the which the subject deserves. small maps found in the Spruner-Menke Atlas, I believe no detailed description or delineation of the country at this date has been attempted. Yet it must be admitted that the history of the Abbasids is almost incomprehensible without such an aid for the physical and political condition of the country was not then what it is now, as a glance at the accompanying map will show. ;

The rivers,

basis

of

this

Euphrates

map

and

is

the description

Tigris,

inter-communicating canals,

with

which

of

the two

and was written by Ibn their

affluents

Serapion at the beginning of the fourth century a.h., corre-

sponding with the tenth a.d. time

The

text

from the unique MS.

now published

for

the

first

his

work preserved in the British Museum Library (Add. 23,379). Of Ibn Serapion, personally, I believe

MS.

j.r.a.s.

1895.

is

of

one volume of

1

a

DESCRIPTION OF MESOPOTAMIA AND BAGHDAD.

2

nothing

is

known

the date of his work, however,

;

by the minute description

he

has

Various palaces are described, the

given

is

fixed

Baghdad.

of

being the cele-

latest

brated Kasr-at-Taj (the Palace of the Crown), completed

by the Caliph Al-MuktafI immediately after his accession That Ibn Serapion wrote not later in a.h. 289 (902). than the first part of the tenth century a.d. is proved by is made of the palaces which Baghdad by the Buwayhid princes, subsequent to the year 334 a.h. (945), when Mu‘izz-adDawla became master of both the capital and the person

the fact that no mention

were built in

of the Caliph.

In regard

the

to

Topography of ancient Baghdad

—

subject which I hope to take up again and elucidate more in

a

Serapion

is

fully

paper

future of

much

— the

information

importance, for

it

the minute description of the city which

work or

before

so

written

Ya'kiibl,

of

date

the

main-roads

;

a.h.

Ibn

of

Baghdad from the

describes

in

by Ibn

given

enables us to complete

we

278

possess in the a

(891),

Now

Serapion.

decade Ya'kiibl

centre outwards, going along the

while, on the other hand, Ibn Serapion follows

of the canals, beginning above and passing where each flows out into the Tigris. It will readily be understood that the canals and the high-roads, hence by for the most part, cross each other, and interlace plotting out the palaces and quarters described by these two independent authorities, a net - work of points is gained, which, with the main course of the Tigris for a back-bone, enables us to reconstitute the ground-plan of Baghdad of the times of the Caliphate. This is what I

the

course

down

to

;

have attempted in ray plan, but various buildings

full details

concerning the

Serapion,

and of others

given in Ibn

mentioned by Ya'kiibl must be reserved for a future paper. It

will

point

out

differed in

be convenient,

how

the

in

courses

this

of

Introduction,

the Tigris and

the 10th century a.d. from what

is

briefly

to

Euphrates at present

Ibn Serapion describes the Tigris as rising at a spring and flowing down past Amid, which is proof that found.

a

DESCRIPTION OF MESOPOTAMIA AND BAGHDAD.

3

the eastern branch of the Tigris (and not the Bitlis river) as the main-stream

was that regarded

Down

by the Arabs.

as far as Samarra, the towns given show that the course was then much what it is now. From this place, however,

Baghdad, the river followed more westerly channel than it does at the The line of this older river-bed which present day. still has the ruins of the towns named by Ibn Serapion After flowing lying on its bank is marked on our maps. through Baghdad and past Al-Madain (Ctesiphon), the to a point

a few miles above

a shorter and

—

—

Tigris

and

passed

down

the

to

of

latitude

here the great alterations iu

its

Kiit-al-Amarah,

course are to be noticed.

At the present day the Tigris follows an easterly channel down to Korna this also, as we shall show (see Note 1 to

—

Section xiv.), was its

its

course in Sassauian times

— and

here

waters join the Euphrates to form the Shatt-al-‘Arab

or Tidal Estuary of the combined streams.

In the days of

the Caliphate, however, the Tigris flowed due south from

Kut-al-Amarah, running down the channel now known as the Shatt-al-Hay, and passing through the city of Wasit,

below which, by various canals and mouths, the stream spread out and became lost in the great

Swamp, which

is

so

important a feature in the geography, political and physical,

From

of that epoch.

we

shall see later, the

canal

flowed

out

direct

thus served to drain off the Euphrates.

Swamp — into

the great

Euphrates

also

poured

waters

—

which the waters of both the Tigris and into

Tidal

the

Estuary,

came

to

the

open sea at ‘Abbadiln,

a town which, on account of the recession of

now

which, as

This Estuary, after passing to the eastward

of Al-Basra, finally

Gulf,

its

lies

present shore-line.

the Persian

twenty miles distant from the In the account which Ibn Serapion gives

nearly

of the Estuary of the Dujayl, as he calls the river Karun,

there are some matters of importance which will be dis-

cussed in the notes appended to

The

my

translation.

description of the Euphrates presents

many

points

In the first place the Orientals then, as now, considered what we call the Western Euphrates, which

of interest.

— DESCRIPTION OF MESOPOTAMIA AND BAGHDAD.

4

mountains

in the

rises

main arm

now

the

of

to

Erzeroum,

the north of

the

as

The Eastern Euphrates, the Murad-Su, a name given to it

great river.

generally called

by the Turks, Ibn Serapion and other mediaeval geographers speak of evidently

the

as

apparently,

with

identical

the

curious

is

but

Arsanias

classical

apparently,

in use in the tenth century a.d., although, as in the

still

case, this also has now been long forgotten for Nahr Lukiya, no longer to be found on our modern

former the

is

it

Flutnen,

century after Christ.

first

another classical name,

find

to

desuetude,

into

which Pliny describes in the It

This latter name has,

Arsanas.

river

long since fallen

maps,

is

;

doubtless the river Lycus of the

Roman

Ibn Serapion, many of

In the time of

geographer. other

the

great

tributaries of the Euphrates, as also their secondary affluents,

As

bore names which are evidently not. Arabic. I

may mention

instances

the rivers Salkit, Jarjarlya, and Karakis

possibly there are

some others

—

all

under Turkish names, but which,

of which are

in the tenth

now known

century

a.d.,

kept the nomenclature of pre-Islamic times,

evidently

still

and thus,

in a modified form, preserved the original

Greek

or native denomination for these streams.

The main-stream

the

of

Euphrates,

after

passing

out

from the mountains, received various affluents in the plain of northern Mesopotamia, and flowing south-east, followed its

present course

of

Al-Kiifa.

to

the right

— considered

to a point a short

bifurcated.

past Al-Kfif'a,

distance north

The branch

then as the main-stream of the

—

now known

Euphrates, but

down

down

Here the stream

as the Hindiyya Canal ran and a short distance below this city

became lost in the western part of the great Swamp, which has already been spoken of as swallowing up the waters of the Tigris. called the

the

line

Sfira

of

Canal

The stream

—which,

in

to the left or eastward, its

upper reach, follows

—

modern Euphrates ran a short course up into numerous canals whose waters, for

the

and then split the most part, flowed out into the Tigris above AVasit.. Those canals which did not join the Tigris above that

DESCRIPTION OF MESOPOTAMIA AND BAGHDAD. joined

city,

its

waters lower down, for they

all

drained into

the northern part of the great Swaiups.

The Arabs had

inherited from the Persians, their pre-

which

decessors in Mesopotamia, the system of canalization

joined the lower courses of the Euphrates and the Tigris,

—

making the Sawad Takrlt and Al-Anbar

A

East.

Alluvial

or

— one

the

to

south

of the richest countries of

map

glance at the

plain

of the

show that the system

will

adopted was to carry off the surplus waters of the Euphrates into the Tigris, for the purpose of irrigating the lands between the

two

rivers.

On

hand,

other

the

the waters of the Tigris were, for the most part, tapped

by canals on

its

bank, in order more which lay on the Persian

further or eastern

thoroughly to irrigate the lands border of

its

The

stream.

the Euphrates were the these

the

four with

bifurcation

part of

four great irrigation canals of

‘Isa, Sarsar,

Sura Canal

the

Al-Kufa)

above

Malik, and Kiitha, and

eastward

(flowing carried

the

off

the waters of the Euphrates to the Tigris.

separating

distances

these

canals

Ibn

which

from

greater

The

Serapion

mentions are of great importance, since they enable us fix

their

to

The main canal of the left bank of was the great Katul-Nahrawan channel, dating

positions.

the Tigris

from the days of the Chosroes existed on

but a shorter line also

;

the right bank of the

formed by the

Tigris,

Ishakiyya and the Dujayl Canals, and this irrigated the lands immediately to the north of Baghdad.

With only

a single

MS.

of the

work

of

consult, the reconstitution of the text has

of some difficulty.

occur

again

either

Most in

of

the

Ibn Serapion to been a matter

the place-names,

works of

it

is

true,

contemporary

the

geographers of the third and fourth centuries a.h., or in the later compilations of

Yakut and Bakri

;

but in some

instances places are mentioned once only in Ibn Serapion

and by no other geographer, and often the reading of our MS. is corrupt or uncertain. For plotting out the names on my map, I have in most cases been able to fix the position of

the towns along the various

streams by

a reference

DESCRIPTION OF MESOPOTAMIA AND BAGHDAD.

G

the distances given in the Road-books of Kudama and other authorities, taking as fixed points the places therein mentioned which still exist. In the three sections describing the city of Baghdad, great help has been derived from the work written by Al-Khatib on the “ History of Baghdad,” of which the British Museum possesses three fairly correct MSS. Al-Khatib has often copied Ibn Serapion verbatim and some portions of the work of Al-Khatib have been incorporated by Yakut, who thus quotes Ibn

to

;

Serapion

second-hand

at

Abu-l-Fida in his geography,

;

on the other hand, appears to have copied some of the text of Ibn Serapion at first-hand.

With all these aids, however, a few corrupt passages remain over, which I have emended as best I could, and these, with minor verbal additions, have been marked by enclosure in square brackets

made

as

literal

as

[

The

].

translation has been

but to avoid ambiguity the

possible,

antecedent proper-name has constantly been of

place

pronoun

the

marked by enclosure

such additions,

;

parentheses

in

given in years of the Hijra; figures

ad.

(in

I

).

in

have

I

All dates are

the succeeding, and higher,

parentheses) represent the corresponding dates

have translated

with which measure roads,

(

repeated

however,

term

the

Farsakh

by “league,”

practically corresponds

it

;

for

along

and counting the winding course of the rivers, three

miles as the crow

above, rather than below, the fair

flies is

The Arab mile

estimate of the Farsakh.

used by Ibn Serapion,

—that

is

(mil),

the one

equivalent to our nautical mile

about one English statute mile and must be remembered, however, that distances those early days were not measured, but only estimated

or knot

a quarter.

in

is to say,

It

as so many Farsakhs (the League, many Marhalas (the Day’s march) hence

by time, being counted or Hour), or so

the

;

Arab mile may,

as

equivalent of our mile. or fifty-seven I

Arab

miles,

a

rule,

On

be

the

taken as roughly the

Map

nineteen Farsakhs,

go to the degree of

latitude.

have divided up the text (and the translation) into

sections, for convenience in

adding the notes.

These

lust

— DESCRIPTION OF MESOPOTAMIA AND BAGHDAD.

7

have been made as succinct as was compatible with giving of short passages from contemporary geo-

translations

graphers, whose descriptions enable us to fix distances and positions.

The a

text of

Ibn Serapion, which

I

now

over eleven leaves (22 pages)

little

contains in

publish, occupies

of the MS., which

68 leaves of a folio-sized volume, written

all

The and dated a.h. 709 (1309). volume contains a description of the various seas, islands, lakes, and mountains of the world, after which come the rivers. Following on the notice of the Euphrates and Tigris (now published) is a page devoted to a minute description of the course of the Nile, and this contains some curious information. The volume closes with an enumeration of various springs and minor streams. The whole of this volume by Ibn Serapion would, I believe, be well worth translating and editing. Apa

in

band,

clear

beginning

of

the

MS. we only

parently, however, in our present

possess a

portion of the entire work, for Ibn Serapion refers to a

chapter

which British

the Roads and Ways” (see Section XIV.), nowhere to be found in the volume in the

“On is

Museum.

In conclusion

my

notes,

with

add a

I

a

readers to identify

my

the authorities quoted in

of

list

bibliography to enable

sufficient

the editions of

the

texts from

my

which

translations have been made. Ibn Kutayba, wrote about a.h. 250 (8G4). Edited by tViistenfeld, 1850. Ibn Khurdadbih, a.h. 250 (864). Edited by De Goeje. Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum, vol. vi. Biladhuri, a.h. 255 (869).

Kudama, a.h. 266

(880).

Ta‘kubi, a.h. 278 (891).

Edited by

De

Goeje, 1866.

Bibl. Geogr. Arab. vol. vi.

Idem. vol.

vii.

Ibn Rusta, a.h. 290 (903).

Idem

Mas'udI, a.h. 332 (943).

Edited by Barbier de Meynard.

Paris, 1877.

.

vol. vii.

Nine

vols.

Tanbih, by the same Author, in Bibl. Geogr. Arab,

vol. viii.

Istakhrl, wrote about a.h. 340 (951).

Bibl. Geogr. Arab. vol.

i.

Ibn Hawkal, a.h. 367 (978). Idem. vol. ii. Mukaddasi, a.h. 375 (985). Idem. vol. iii. Nasir-i-Kkusraw, a.h. 438 (1047).

Edited in Persian by C. Schefer, 1881.

DESCRIPTION OF MESOPOTAMIA AND BAGHDAD. Three MSS. Museum under

Al-Khatib, wrote about a.h. 450 (1058).

Baghdad

exist in the

British

1507, 1508, and Ad. 23,319. copies that

MS.

my

of bis History of

the numbers

Or.

It is to the folios of the first of these

references are made.

There

at the Bibliotheque Rationale in Paris,

is also an excellent No. 2128 of the new

Catalogue, and this I have collated. Bakri, wrote in a.h. 585 (1189).

Edited by Wiistenfeld, 1876.

Yakut, wrote in a.h. 623 (1225).

Epitome

Edited by Wiistenfeld.

Six vols. 1873.

of the same, called the Marasid, written about a.h. 700 (1300).

Edited by Juynboll.

Six vols. 1859.

Edited by Mehren, 1866.

Dimashki, wrote about a.h. 700 (1300). Fakhri, of about the same date.

Edited by Ahlwardt, 1860.

Abu-l-Fida, wrote a.h. 721 (1321). Ibn-al-Atlnr.

Edited by Reinaud, 1840.

Edited by C. J.

Chronicle.

Tomberg.

Fourteen

vols.

1876. Z. D.

M. G.

refers to the Journal of the

German

Jones (Commander J. F. Jones, R.N.). the Ritter.

Bombay Government. No. The volumes

xliii.

Die Erdkunde. second edition.

The Maps

I

New

relating to

Series, 1857.

Western Asia of the

Berlin, 1844.

have used are those of Kiepert, namely Provinces Asiatiques de

V Empire Ottoman. der

Oriental Society.

Various papers in the Records of

Six

feuilles,

Umgegend von Babylon.

fur Erdkunde.

An anonymous

Arabic

Berlin.

—And

the Ruinenfclder

Published in the Zeitsehr. der Ges.

Vol. xviii.

MS.

in the

Bibliotheque Nationale of a work on

Geography, written for the Hamdanid prince Sayf-ad-Dawla, who died in a.h. 356 (967), gives occasionally been of

This

MS.

bears the

use to

some curious native maps, which have

me

number 2214

in fixing the position of towns. in the

new Catalogue.

DESCRIPTION OF MESOPOTAMIA AND BAGHDAD.

9

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