The Ethiopic version of the Letters to the Hebrews. Ediz. inglese e etiopica 8821007642, 9788821007644

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STUDI Ε E TESTI TESTI 419

Tedros Abraha Tedros

THE ETHIOPIC ETHIOPIC VERSION VERSION THE OF THE THE LETTER LETTER TO TO THE THE HEBREWS HEBREWS OF

CITTÀ DEL DEL VATICANO VATICANO CITTA Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana BIBLIOTECA APOSTOLICA VATICANA

2004

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E TESTI TESTI STUDI Ε Tavole ee indici indici generali generali dei primi primi cento cento volu. voluI100. ΟΟ Tavole di "Studi "Studi ee testi", testi", 1942 1942 (rist. (rist. 1973), 1973), pp. pp. XXII, xxil, mi di 182. 182. 200. Tavole ee indici indici generali generali dei dei volumi 10I 101-200 di 200. Tavole 200 di 1959 (rist. 1987), 1987), pp. pp. 151. 151. "Studi ee testi", 1959 286-287. d'Abbadie, Α. A. Douze Douze ans de de sYjour séjour dans la la 286-287. d'Abbadie, Haute-Ethiopie I-II. 1980, 1980, pp. pp. ΧΧνΙ, XXVi', Ηaυte Εthiορie (Abyssinie) 1-11. III, 628, 1 c.c. geogr. 318. III, 628, 1 geogr. ++ 318. 288. Carboni, F. Incipitario Incipitario della della lirica lirica italiana italiana dei dei Carboni, F. XIII ee XIV, ΙΙ. II. Biblioteca Biblioteca Apostolica Vatisecoli XIII cana. Fondo Fondo Vaticano Vaticano latino. latino. 1980, 1980, pp. pp. 328. 328. 289. Peri, V. Omelie origeniane Peti, V. origeniane sui salmi. salmi. Contributo del testi testo latino. latino. 1980, 1980, pp. all'identificazione dei pp. 197. 197. 290. Chionidis, N.P. - Lrna, Lilla, S. S. La brachigrafia Chionidis, N.P. La brachigrafia italo-bizantina. pp. 240. 240. italo -bizantina. Ι1981, 98 1 , pp. 291. Lupprian, K. J. J. Die der Piipste Pâpste zu Lupprian, K. Die Beziehungen der den mongolischen Herrschern Herrschern den islamischen und mongolischen 13. Jahrh. ihres BBriefwechsels. 1981, im 13. Jahrh. anhand ihres ri efwechsels. 1981. pp. 328, 88 c. c, geogr. geogr. pp. 328, 292. Sauget, J.-M. Un cas cas très très curieux curieux de de restaurarestauraSauget, 3. Μ. Un tion de de manuscrit: manuscrit: Le Le «Borgia «Borgia Syriaque Syriaque 39». 39». tun 1981, pp. pp. 128, 128, VIII Vili pl. pl. 1981, 293-294. Dykmans, Dykmans, Μ. M. L'ceuvre L'œuvre de de Pat Patrizi Piccolo293-294. ri zi Piccolomini ou le le C~r~monial Cérémonial papal papal de de la la premiare première ReRemini Tome ΙI «Livre «Livre Premier». Premier». Tome II naissance, Tome Time Ii II et et III». III». Index. Index. 1980-1982. 1980-1982. «Livres II 295. Schenker, A. Psalmen Psalmen in in den den Hexapla. Hexapla. Erste Erste Schenker, A. u. vollstandige vollstândige Ausgabe der der hexaplari hexaplari-kritische u. schen Fragmente auf auf dem dam Rande Rande der der Hs. Hs. Ottob Ottob 398 zu zu den den Psalmen Psalmen 24-32. 24-32. 1982, 1982, pp. pp. νι, VI, Gr. 398 498. 498. 296. Mercati, G. Opere Opere Minori Minori Vol. Vol. VI. VI. 1984, 1984, pp. pp. Mercati, G. XXII, 533, 533, 66 tav. tav. ΧΧιι, 297-299 bis. Carboni, Carboni, F. F. Incipitario Incipitario della lirica italiaitalia297-299 XV-XX. Biblioteca na dei secoli XV-XX. Biblioteca Apostolica VatiFondo Vaticano Vaticano latino. latino. 1982-1988, 1982-1988, pp. pp. cana. Fondo 1151+80. 1151 + 80. 300-302. Oechslin, Oechslin, L. L. Die Farnesianische Uhr. Uhr. I,I, 300-302. Die Farnesianische Text. Katalog. 111/1-2, III/1-2, Bebilderung. 1982, 1982, pp pp Text. II, II, Katalog. 228 ++ 224, 224, tav. tav. 131 1311-+ sciolte, fig. fig. 151. 151. 228 303. Gilmour Bryson, Α. A. The The Trial Trial of of the the Templars Templars Gilmour Bryson, in the the Papal Papal State State and andthe theAbruzzi. Abnizzi. 1982, 1982, pp. pp, in 313, tav. tav. 3. 3. 313, 304. d'Abbadie, A. Douze Douze ans ans de de sYjour séjour dans dans la la d'Abbadie, Α. Haute-Ethiopie (Abyssinie) (Abyssinie) III. III. 1983, pp. XVI, XVI, Haute-Ethiopie 1983. pp. 288. 288. 305-306. Santi, Santi, G. G. La vita ee le le gesta gesta di di Federico Federico di di 305-306. La vita Duca d'Urbino. d'Urbino. Poema Poema in in terza terza ririMontefeltro Duca ma (Cod. Vat. Ottob. Ottob. lat. 1305) 1305) aa cura di di L. Mi-ma (Cid. Vat. L. Mi chelini Tocci. Tocci. Voll. Voli. I-II. I-II. 1985, 1985, pp. pp. XCVIII, XCVIII, 771, chelini 771, 19 tav. 19 tav. 307. Moroni, O. Carlo Carlo Gualteruzzi Gualteruzzi (1500 (1500-1577) Mirini, Ο. 1577) ee ii corrispondenti. 1984, 1984, pp. pp. XII, 308. 308. 308. Corrispondenza Giovanni Della Della Casa Casa - Carlo Carlo Corrispondenza Giovanni Gualteruzzi (1525-1549), (1525-1549), edizione edizione aa cura di di Ο. O. Gualteruzzi Moroni. 1986, 1986, pp. pp. L, L, 607. Mirini. 607. 309. Hurtubise, P. Une Une famille famille-témoin: les Salviati. Salviati. -tdmoin: les Hurtubise, P. 1985, pp. 527. 1985, pp. 527. 310. McNamara, M. Glossa in Psalmos. Psalmos. The The HiberHiberIclamara, M. Glossa in no-latin Gloss on on the the Psalms Psalms of of Codex Codex Palatinus Palatinus no -latin Gloss latinus 68. 68. 1986, 1986, pp. pp. 387. 387. latinus -

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311. Dykmans, M. M. le Pontifical romain. romain. R~vis~~ Révisé au au le Pontifical 311. Dykmans, XV^ siècle. 1985, pp. 205, 22 tav. tav. xve sicle. 1985, pp. 205, 312-313. van Heck, Heck, Α. A. Pii Pii IIII Commentarii Commentarii Rerum Rerum 312-313. van memorabilium quae temporibus temporibus suis suis contigecontigememorabilium quae runt. Vol. Vol. I-II. I-II. 1984, 1984, pp. pp. 859, 859, 28 28 tav. tav. runt. 314. Argyriou, Argyriou, Α. A. Macaire Macaire Μakrs Makrès et et lalapilYmique polémique contre l'Islam. l'Islam. Edition Édition pprinceps de l'Eloge l'Eloge de de M. M. contre ri nceps de Makrès et de de ses ses deux deux cauvres œuvres anti anti-islamiques, -islamiques, Μ akrs et précédée d'une ètude étude critique. critique. 1986, 1986, pp. pp.X, x, 348. 348. ρr~cde 315. Mogenet, J. Le Le «Grand de Théon Ρh~ο n Migenet, J. «Grand Commentaire» de d'Alexandrie tables faciles faciles de de PtoΙ Ptolémée. ~m~e. d'Alexandrie aux tables I. Histoire Histoire du du texte, texte, édition critique, tratraLivre I. ~dition critique, duction. Revues et et com complétées par Α. A. Tihon. duction. Revues ρl~t~es par Tihon. 1985, pp. pp. 359. 359. Commentaire par par A. Α. Tihon. Tihon. 1985, 316. Oechslin, L. Die Die Uhr Uhr als als Model Model des des Kosmos Kosmos Oechslin, L. und der der astronomische astronomische Apparat Apparat Bernardo Bernardo FaFaund cinis. 1985, pp. pp. 156. 156. cinis. 1985, 317. Bedini, S. Α. A. Clockwork Clockwork cosmos. Bedini, S. cosmos. Bernardo Bernardo PaciFacini and the Farnese Farnese Planisferologio. Planisferologio.1985, 1985, 223. and the ni pp.pp. 223. 318-319. Buonocore, Buonocore, M. M. Bibliografia Bibliografia dei dei fon~~ fondi mama318-319. noscritti della della Biblioteca Biblioteca Vaticana Vaticana (1968-1980). (1968-1980). noscritti Vol. II-II. XL vii, 1414. 1414. Vol. - II. 1986, 1986, pp. pp. XLVII, 320. Sauget, J.-M. Deux »panegyrika» «panegyrika» melkites melkites pour pour Sauget, 3.-M. la de l'annYe l'année liturgique: «J~rnsa«Jérusala seconde partie de lem 38» et et ««Harisâ 37».1986, 1986, pp. pp. 88. 88. 1er S. Ηaris 37«. S. Anne Anne 38» 321. Carboni, F. Incipitario Incipitario della della lirica lirica italiana italiana dei dei Carboni, F. secoli XV-XX. XV-XX. W. TV. Biblioteca Biblioteca Angelica Angelica di Roma. di Roma. 1986, pp. 624. 1986, pp. 624. 322. A of Canin Canon and and Roman Roman Law Law Α Catalogue Cataligue if Manuscripts the Vatican VaticanLibrary. Library. ComManuscripts in in the Cornpiled at at the the Institute Institute ofofMedieval Medieval Canon Canon law law piled under the the direction direction of of S. Kuttner, with with the the aid aid under S. Kuttner, of the the Deutsches Deutsches Historisches Historisches Institut Institut Rom, Rom, of under the the direction direction of of R. Elze. Vol. Vol. I:I: Codices under R. Elze. Codices Vaticani latini 541-2299, 541-2299, 1986, 1986, pp. pp. XXLV, xxlv, 334. 334. 323. Tavole e indici indici generali generali dei volumi 201 201-300 di Tavole e 300 di testi», aa cura cura di di Ρ. P. liait Vian. 1986, 1986, pp. pp. i, v, «Studi ee testi', Ι160. 60. 324. Rationes decimarum Italiae Italiae nei nei secoli XIII ee Rationes decimarum secili XIII XIV. Lombardia Lombardia et et Pedemontium, Pedemontium, aa cura cura di di M. M. XIV. Rosada. Con Con carta carta tipografica topografica delle delle diocesi. diocesi. Rosada. 1990, pp. XXXH, 605, 22 c. 1990, pp. ΧΧΧΠ,605, c. geogr. geogr. 325. Bandelier, A. F. F. AA History the Southwest. Southwest. AA Bandelier, Α. History of of the Study of of the the Ci Civilization and Conversion Conversion of of the the Study νiliati οn and Indians in in Southwestern Southwestern United United States States and and Indians Northwestern Mexico Mexico from the Earliest Earliest Time Time to to Northwestern from the 1700. Vol. original Text Text and and Notes Notes in in 1700. Vol. II: II: the the original French (1887) (1887) edited, edited, with with English English Summaries Summaries French and Additional Additional Notes from MS. MS. Vat, Vat. lat. 14111, 14111, and lites from by E. J. Burrus Burrus S.J. S.J. in in Collaboration Collaboration with with M. T. by E. J. M. T. Rodack, Parts one one and and two. two. 1987, 1987, pp. 516. Rodack, Parts pp. 516. 326. Sauget, J.-M. Un Gazz Gazza chald chaldéen disparu et Sauget, 3. M. Un ~en dispa ru et retrouvé: le «Borgia sy syriaque 60». 1987, 1987, pp. pp. retrouv~: le ms. ms. «Borgia ri aque 60«. 94. 94. 327. Dykmans M. L'Humanisme L'Humanisme de de Pierre Pierre Marso. Marso. Dykmans M. 1988, pp. 143. 1988, pp. 143. 328. A of Canon Canon and and Roman Roman Law Law ManuManuΑ Catalogue Catalogue of scripts in in the theVatican VaticanLibrary. Library. Compiled at scripts Compiled at the Institute Institute of of Medieval Medieval Canon Canon law law under under the the the direction of of S. Kuttner, with with the the aid aid of of the the direction S. Kuttner, Deutsches Historisches Institut Institut Rim, Rom, under under the the Deutsches direction of of R. R. Elze. Elze. Vol. Vol. II: II: Cσdices Codices Vaticani Vaticani direction 2300-2746. 1987, 1987, pp. pp. xxx, XXX, 366. 366. latini 2300-2746. -

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ETHIOPIE VERSION VERSION THE ETHIOPIC OF THE LETTER TO THE HEBREWS OF LETTER TO THE HEBREWS

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STUDI Ε E TESTΙ TESTI 419 419

Tedros Abraha

Tedros Abraha

ETHIOPIC VERSION VERSION THE ETHIOPIC OF THE THE LETTER LETTER TO TO THE THE HEBREWS HEBREWS OF THE

CITTÀ DEL DEL VATICANO VATICANO CITTA Biblioteca APOSTOLICA Apostolica ΝΑΠCΑΝΑ Vaticana BIBLIOTECA 2004

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Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana Vaticana —- CIP Tedros Abraha, Abraha, O.F.M. Cap., 19601960Tedros The Ethiopie the Hebrews Hebrews // Tedios Tedros Abraha. Abraha.— - Citt Città Ethiopic version of the Letters to the Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, 2004. del Vaticano :: Biblioteca p. ;; 25 25cm. cm.—- (Studi e testi testi ;; 419) 224 p. "Bibliography": p. [22]-26. [22]-26. ISBN 88-210-0764-2 Biblia. N.T. N.T. Ad Ad Hebraeos Hebraeos—- Versioni Versioni etiopiche etiopiche 2. 2. Biblia. Biblia. Mss. Mss. etiopici. etiopici. 1. Biblia. Ad Hebraeos 3. 3. Manoscritti Manoscritti etopici etopici I. I. Biblia. Biblia. N.T. N.T. Ad Ad Hebraeos. Hebraeos. Eti EtioN.T. Ad σpico

Stampato con il contributo contributo dell'associazione dell'associazione of the the Vatican Vatican Library Library American Friends of Proprietà letteraria riservata Πrορr~etα © Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 2004 @ ISBN 88-210-0764-2

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To Tesfaldet Abraha and to all Young People whose whose lives have been stolen People stolen by war by

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PREFACE the edition edition of of the the Pauline Pauline Epistles Epistles which which The present work continues the 1 started with with the the publication publication of ofthe theCaptivity Captivity Letters' Letters and and folfolhad been started lowed by to the the Romans Romans22.. It is is worth worth recognising recognising that that since since lowed by the Letter to scholar Ο. O. Lbfgren Lôfgren appealed for for scientific scientific research research in in biblibiblithe eminent scholar taken seriously seriously33,, there has been been considerable considerable progress progress in in cal fields to be taken of New New Testament Testament studies. studies. A A good good job was was carried carried out outby by Rothe area of Zuurmond with with his his critical critical editions editions of of the the Gospels Gospels of of Mark and Ματ-k44 and chus Zuurmond 5 subsequently of Matthew5 Matthew and and we we fervently fervently hope that the the task task will will be be subsequently completed in future with with the the edition edition of of the the remaining remaining parts partsof of completed in the near future the Gospels. Gospels. Having said this, it must be acknowledged that there is still Having said this, acknowledged there is still go in in the the study study of ofthe theEthiopic EthiopieNew NewTestament. Testament. In Infact, fact, a long way to go still a big big portion portion of of the the New New Testament Testament that that needs needs to tobe becriticritithere is still cally studied an easy easy task, task, not not least least bebecally studied and edited. Of course this is not an requires financial financial resources resources that thatoften oftenare arenot notreadily readilyavailable. available. cause it requires other hand, hand, times times have have changed changed and andthe thepossibility possibilityof ofhaving havingacacOn the other cess to wide-ranging wide-ranging manuscript collections collections is aa new new and andvery verypositive positive cess development, which present study study has has taken takenadvantage advantageof. of.This Thisediedidevelopment, which the present tion of Hebrews makes use of eighteen selected manuscripts, the the earliest earliest ΧΡΙ or the which probably probably belongs second half half of of the the XIV of which belongs to to either the second the XV century. With the the exception exception of of the the six six MSS MSS from from the the first half of the the remaining remainingMSS MSS employed employed Vatican Library which ΙI could use directly, the in the present present study, study, are arereproductions reproductionsfrom frommicrofilms. microfilms.The Thedisadvandisadvantage of microfilm microfilm reproductions reproductions is that, when when faced faced with with stains, stains, blank blank tage spots etc., it is difficult to decide whether whether they they belong belong to to the the MS MS itself itself or or a consequence of the reproduction reproductionprocess. process. From Froman anattentive attentiveanalysis analysisofof the manuscripts it it has has emerged emerged that that these these can canbe beclassified classified into intothree three distinct categories. categories. distinct There is a first first layer layer comprising comprising seven seven manuscripts manuscripts which which have havebeen been 1. Its distinctive distinctive feature is that it it has has aa concise concise and and designated as Group Ι. 1

S. Uhlig Uhlig - Η. H. Macmum, Maehlum, Stuttgart. Stuttgart, 1993. 1993. Tedros, 2001. Τedrοs, Wiesbaden, 2001. 3 Cf. Lofgren, Lôfgren, Addis Ababa, 1970. 1970. 4 Zuurmond, Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 1989. 1989. 5 Zuurmond, Wiesbaden, 2001. 2001. 2

2

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PREFACE

often rudimental often rudimental text. text. The witnesses witnesses present aa homogeneous homogeneous text text and and suggests that they depend on this strongly suggests on aa single single Vorlage. It is clearly a set of manuscripts that has has struggled struggled to to produce produce aa faithful, faithful, literal literal transtranslation from aa Greek lation Greek exemplar exemplar or orexemplars. exemplars. Α A good good clue clue indicating indicating a Greek matrix matrix behind behind Group I, Ι, among other phenomena (discussed in the Greek introduction), are the the mistranslations. Plausiblythey theyare are due due to to the introduction), are mistranslations. Plausibly the translators' inadequate inadequate grasp grasp of of the Greek The amount of translators' Greek language. language. The of νΙs--νis early Greek Greek witnesses witnesses is is overwhelming. overwhelming. The The fact fact that omissions vis-à-vis many parts are skipped skipped is another another important important indication indication of ofthe thelinguistic linguistic difficulties which which the translator/s and difficulties translator/s encountered. encountered. Moreover, Moreover, Group Group IΙ and especially MSS Β, H Η and P, P, is is interesting from a palaeographical point especially MSS A, A, B, view. In In the absence of colophons in most of view. most of of these these MSS, MSS, palaegraphy palaegraphy is is an important clue to try to to date date them. them. The The script script of of the the Pentaglot Pentaglot is is uniquely fascinating. fascinating. ItIt looks looks more more like than G'3z. uniquely like hieroglific hieroglific than Ga'az. ΙI have therefore "insisted" "insisted" in in describing describing many many of of the characteristics therefore characteristics of of the the letters of this precious MS. The language of these witnesses is also very precious MS. The witnesses is also very important; an attempt has made important; made at at pinpointing pinpointing their their main main morphologimorphological and syntactic features. features. The following layer, named Group The following layer, Group ΙΙ, II, is is represented represented by by four four MSS. MSS. They date date back to the period between the late XV and XVI XVI centuries XV and centuries and They reflect a phase of textual transition. In In fact, fact, some some modest modest progress progress in in the the quality of of the text can be quality be discerned discerned in in these these documents. documents. Furthermore, Furthermore, they cast light light on the process of restoring the missing parts in they in Group Group I, Ι, expansion of texts and polishing of otherwise impenetrable readings, and and correction of morphological and and syntactical syntactical mistakes. mistakes. The The new new readings readings represent a better and and more more faithful faithful translation translation from from the the Greek, Greek, though though unlikely that that the translators it is very unlikely translators have have revised revised directly directly from from aaGreek Greek text or texts. text texts. Probably Probably the changes changes introduced introduced by by these these witnesses witnesses have have made their their way way through through Arabic. Arabic. The third and last The last stage stage in in the the long long and andcomplex complex process process of oftranslattranslating and revising the sacred sacred texts texts is is attested by an abundant ing revising the abundant number number of of manuscripts that date from manuscripts from the the XVII XVTI century onwards. They have been classified as Group ΙΙΙ. classified III. As As their made selection selection necesnecestheir large quantity has made sary, only only eight eight have have been been included included in in the critical apparatus, apparatus, whereas sary, whereas the the great majority of them have have been been omitted. omitted. The The manuscripts manuscripts are are absoabsogreat majority lutely homogeneous, homogeneous, an an incontrovertible incontrovertible sign sign that the text had lutely had reached reached aa phase standardisation. Many Many of the the omissions omissions of of Group Group Ι, I, and and to phase of standardisation. to aa lesser degree degree those of lesser of Group Group ΙΙ, II, have have been retrieved. retrieved. Furthermore, the the readings and words of of the the previous previouslayers layersthat thatare'not aren οt intelligible intelligible or altogether wrong are systematically systematically replaced or removed. removed. The The outcome outcome of of production of of aa grammatically grammatically sound sound text text which which isis this initiative is the production

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PREFACE PREFACE

99

much closer to the the Greek Greek version. version. In an an effort effort to to try try and andcorrelate correlatethe the relationship between the Go'oz texts and the Greek, the main term of relationship between the Gz texts and the Greek, the main term of 46 comparison has been p (11 century), one of the oldest witnesses of the comparison has been 1;1 46 (Π oldest witnesses of the similarities with with the theSyriac Syriacand andCopCopPauline Corpus. Though occasional similarities tic versions versions can be detected, detected, they are not not strong strong enough enough to to establish establish aa direct link textualtradition. tradition. link between betweenthem themand andthe theGa'az Gz textual the critical critical apparatus. apparatus.They They Three editions have also been included in the are: Platt's Piatt's London London edition edition of of1830, 1830, Francesco Francesco da da Bassano's Bassano's Asmara Asmara are: edition of of 1912 1912 EC EC and and the theedition editionofofMabbb.rLi Mahbárá Hawaryat published in in 1953 EC in Asmara. These publications have made a contribution of 1953 EC in Asmara. These publications have made contribution of their own own in the the history history of of the the text text so so they they should should not not be be sidelined sidelined or or ignored irrelevant for for aa critical critical study, study, not notleast leastbecause becausethey they ignored as though irrelevant give us comprehensive panorama of of the the textual textual itinerary itineraryof ofthe the give us a more comprehensive Ethiopie up to to the the last lastcentury. century.However Howeversubtly, subtly, and andin inaa Ethiopic New Testament up manner not not easily easily recognisable, recognisable, the the three threeeditions editionsreflect reflectdifferent different sensimanner tivities6. tivΙties6. There is a MS that that has has been been presented presentedseparately. separately. ItItisisn.n.S8 S8ofofCornComboniani Aethiopici's collection (a set of MSS entrusted to the Vatican boniani Aethiopici's collection (a set MSS to the Vatican Library). It unicum, in in the the sense sense that that itit shows shows aa rich rich and andrefined refined Library). It is a unicum, number of of hendyadis. hendyadis. It It belongs belongs to to the the XVII cenvocabulary with a high number is most most probably probably the the work work of of aa bilingual bilingual intellectual intellectual who who had hadaa tury and is knowledge of Arabic Thetext textdisplays displaysmany manysimilarisimilariperfect knowledge Arabic and and Ga'az. G'az. The ties with the Peshitta. A note on the the arrangement arrangement of of the the critical critical apparatus apparatus may maybe be of ofsome some Α help to clear the ground from eventual misunderstandings. I have help to clear the ground from eventual misunderstandings. I have put the the variants variantsof ofall allthe thewitnesses witnesses ΙI used, below the decided "again" to put basic text. text. This This is, is, in in my my view, view, an an easy easy way way to to readily readily see see the the body of the basic similarities and differences. No No serious serious scholar scholar can can pretend pretend toto similarities and the differences. impose "his method" as aa piece piece of of academic academic dogma. dogma. great deal deal of of attention attention both both The Letter to the Hebrews has attracted aa great in the Liturgy Liturgy and and in inthe theTheology Theologyof ofEthiopian EthiopianChristianity. Christianity.Many ManyMaMahymns have have been been inspired inspired by by vocabulary and and fifigures from rian hymns gures borrowed from Hebrews 9. Various passages from this this Letter Letter have have also also been beenused usedduring during 7 some the most mostacrimonious acrimoniousChristological Christological debates debates7;; sometimes sometimes the the some of the various quarrelling quarrelling parties appealed to the the same same passage passage with with different different various 6

In fact, fact, one one 0f of the the reasons reasons for for choosing choosing these these three three particular particularpublications publications isisfor forthe the sake sake of of par par condicio. 7 Cf. Yaqob Yaqob 1981, 1981, 311 is the the index index 0f of biblical biblical passages passages used usedininthe theChristological Christological 311 which is controversies. From this list list itit emerges emerges that that Hebrews Hebrews isis the the biblical biblical source source of ofmost mostof oftheir their controversies. quotations.

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10 10

PREFACE PREFACE

interpretations. Finally, on interpretations. Finally, the the traditional traditional commentaries commentaries ('andamias) ('andmtas) on Hebrews8 are are among among the themost mostvivid vividand andexuberant exuberantpieces piecesofofinterpretainterpretaHebrews8 New Testament, with a strong strong tendency tendency to to read readthe thetext text allealletion in the New gorically9. All óf these are elements that indicate how Hebrews has been goricaΙΙy9. ~f that indicate how Hebrews has been remains to to be a living text in the Ethio-Eritrean Ethio-EritreanChurch. Church. and remains Working on Hebrews, "one of the the earliest earliest Christian Christiansermons" sermons"10 has Working on Hebrews, 10 has it has has also also been been time timeand andenergy energy been a fascinating experience although it consuming. The of carrying carrying out out the the work workwas wasalleviated alleviated by bythe the consuming. The burden of enlightening suggestions of of Professor Professor Philippe Philippe Luisier Luisier who spent spent some some manuscript. A debt of gratitude gratitude goes goes to him him not not only only for for time reading the manuscript. for his moral moral support supportand andfriendship. friendship. ΙI am his competent advice but also for Ethiopie New New Testament Testamentexpert, expert, Rochus Rochus Zuurmond who has grateful to Ethiopic of the the manuscript. manuscript. ΙI thank thank Benedict Benedict Vadekekkara Vadekekkara and Sr. Sr. Pat Pat read part of Holloway who have been veiy helpful in proof reading the English part Holloway who have been very helpful in proof reading part manuscript. Sincere Sincere thanks thanks also also to to Professor Professor Uhlig Uhlig who who allowed allowed of the manuscript. use some some manuscript manuscript microfilms. microfilms. ΙI would like like to tothank thankDr. Dr.AlesAlesme to use sandro Bausi too too for for the the same same reason. reason. ΙI pay special tribute to the the Vatican Vatican tribute to Apostolic Library where ΙI was able able to to directly directly consult consultsix sixof ofthe themanumanuApostolic scripts. My thanks goes to to the the Libraries Librariesof ofthe theBiblical Biblicaland andOriental OrientalInstiInstithanks goes Rome. Last but not not least, least, my my respect respect and and gratitude gratitude to to the thelocal local tutes in Rome. scholars, to Mâggabe Mastir Mabrahtu Moba (Professor of New Testascholars, Μ ggabe Μ s%ir labrahtu loba (Professor of New TestaAsmara) in particular, for for the the many many invaluable invaluable insights insights he he gave gave ment in Asmara) me.

88 Cf. 595-705. cf. YQPM, yορ, 595-705. 9

There is an an annotated annotated translation translation of of the the 'andmta 'andamia on on Hebrews Hebrews in in my my drawer drawer that that ΙI There prepared some some time time ago, ago, waiting waiting to to be be published. published. prepared 10 Koester 2002. 2002, 103. 103. 18 Cf. Koester

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SIGNS AND SIGNS AND ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE USED THE APPARATUS APPARATUS 1,2,3... =

bar enclosing the the part treated in the apparatus apparatus + = addition(s) < = omission(s) = = repetition * = correction(s) in the MS itself = illegible own) additions = editor's (my own) [J = stains D = holes holes = blank ~ ...) a, = transposition (anticipated) transposition (postponed) = = alia alia manus am compare cf = compare conjecture conieci = crrp = corruption corruption delevit d = dittography dttg = dittography for example = e.g. erasure(s) er = following = ff partial erasure(s) erp = haplography hpgr = haplography that is = i.e. margin = margin mg manuscript(s) MS(S) = manuscript(s) recto r = S above the line = verso = verso i ?

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BIBLICAL ABBREVIATIONS Gen Ex Lev Leν Deut Josh Judg Ruth 1Ι Sam 2 Sam 1Ι Kings Kings 2 Kings Chm I1 Chrn 2 Chm Chrn Ezra Esth Job Ps Prov Eccl Song Is Jer Ser Lam Ezek Dan Hos His Joel Amos Ob Οb Jon Mie lic Hah Hab

Genesis Exodus Leviticus Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth Samuel i1 Samuel 2 Samuel i1 Kings 2 Kings 1i Chronicles Chronicles 2 Chronicles Ezra Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Ecciesiastes Song of Songs Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Hosca Joel Am Obadiah Jonah Micah Habakkuk

Zeph Hag Zech Mai Ma!

Zephaniab Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Ma!achi Malachi

Mt

Matthew Mark Luke John Acts of the Apostles Romans 1i Corinthians 2 Corinthians Gal Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1i Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1Ι Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1i Peter 2 Peter 1iJohn John 2 John 33 John Jude Sude Revelation

Mk Ik Lk Jn Acts Ro Ι1 Cor 2 Cor Gal Eph Phil Col Ι1 Thess 2 Thess Ι1 Tim 2 Tim Tit Philem Heb Jas i1 Pet 2 Pet 1 Jn 1 5 2 Jn 2 é Jn 3 Sn Jude Rev

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ABBREVIATIONS FOR PERIODICALS, PERIODICALS, ABBREVIATIONS AND SERIES REVIEWS AND AAL. Μ M == Atti Atti della della Reale Reale Accademia Accademia dei dei Lincei. Lincei. Memorie. Memorie. Classe Classe di di scienze scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, 8 ser, 1946. 1946. morali. AAL. R R == Atti Atti della della Reale Reale Accademia Accademia dei dei Lincei. Lincei. Rendiconti. Rendiconti. Classe Classe di di scienze scienze morali, storiche e filologiche, 8 ser, 1946. 1946. AncB Garden City, City, N.Y. 1,1964AjicB = Anchor Bible. Garden Ν.Υ. 1, 1964ÀthF Forschungen. Wiesbaden Ι1,1977AthF == Àthiopistische Athiopistische Fοrschmgen. . 1977BL == The Library. The British Library. BnF == Bibliothèque Βib1iοthqυe nationale de France. CBQ = Quarterly. Washington WashingtonDC, DC, Ι1939939CBl = Catholic Biblical Quarterly. CSCO = Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. Louvain[etc.]. [etc.].Scripto Scripto-CsCo = Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium. Louvain 1903- ;; Scriptores Arabici, Ι1,, 19031903- ;; Scriptores Syri, 1, 1903Scriptores Syri, Ι , 1903res Aethiopici Ι1,, 1903EMML == Ethiopian Ethiopian Manuscript ManuscriptMicrofilm Microfilm Library. Library. EMIL EMML, VI, VI,VII VII= =GETATCHEW, Getatchew, Η. H. - Macomber, W. F.: Α A Catalogue Catalogue of ofthe theEthioEthioMACOMBER, W. EMIL, pian Manuscripts Manuscripts Μicrn9Ιmed Microfilmed for the Ethiopian Ethiopian Manuscript Manuscript Microfilm Microfilm Libraiy, Library, pian for the Addis and for for the the Monastic Monastic Manuscript Manuscript Μicrοj9Ιm Microfilm Library, Library, HIlL. HMML. Voll. Voli. Addis Abeba and VI, VII. Collegeville, CoUegeville, 1982. 1982. 83. 83. ΝΙ, HThR == Harvard Harvard Theological Theological Review. Mass. 1, 1, 19081908HThR Review. Cambridge, Mass. International Critical Critical Commentary Commentary (of (of the the Holy Holy Scriptures Scriptures of of the the Old Old and and ICC = International Edinburgh 18951895New Testaments). Testaments). Edinburgh JA = Journal Paris 1, 1, 18221822JournalAsiatique. Asiatique. Paris JNES = Journal of Near Eastern Studies. Chicago, Ill. 111. I, 19421942JIES = Journal of Near Eastern Studies. JSSt = Journal Studies. Manchester 1, 19561956Journal of of Semitic Semitic Studies. Manchester 1, JSSt = JThS = Journal 1/1,1899/1900 50/200,194919491899/1900 --50/200, .Journal of of Theological Theological Studies. Studies. Oxford [etc.] 1/1, JThS = 27 NA 27^1 edition edition of of the the New New Testament. Testament. ΝΑ27 = Nestle Aland. Mand. 27th OCA Roma 101, 101, 19351935OCA == Orientalia Orientalia Christiana Analecta. Roma OrP Publications. ΟrΠ == Oriental Publications. PG J.-P. (ed.): (ed.): Patrologia Graeca, Paris, Paris, 1, 1, 1857 1857 --167, 167, 1866 1866 ++ Reg. Reg. Patrologia Graeca, MIGIE, J.-P. PG == Migne, 1, 1928 1928-2, 1936. (Register) 1, - 2, 1936. PL = Migne, MIGIE, J.-P. (ed.): Patrologia Patrologia Latina. Latina. RB = Revue Biblique. (1-3: Paris 1, 1,1892trimestrielle). Paris 1892Revue (1-3: RB ROC = Revue de l'Orient chrétien. Paris 1, 1896ROC = Revue de chrétien. Paris 1, 1896RSEt Roma 1, 1, 19411941studi etiopici. Roma RSEt == Rassegna di di studi SÔAW.Ph Sitzungsberichte der der Österreichischen Osterreichischen [up [up toto1918: 1918: Kaiserlichen] Kaiserlichen] SOAW.Ph == Sitzungsberichte Philosophisch-HistorischeKlasse Klasse 225. 1, 1, 19471947Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische (Wien).

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14

ABBREVAXIONS FOR FOR PERIODICALS PERIODICALS ABBREVATIONS

SPrK == Staatsbibliothek StaatsbibΙiο~ek PreuBischer Ρreυ1 ischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin. StSin == Studia Sinaitica. London 1, 1, 18941894 -12, 12, 1907. 1907. StSin StT = Studi e Testi. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. Cittα Città del 1, 19001900SIT dei Vaticano 1, Verzeichnis der der orientalischen Handschriften in in Deutschland. Deutschland. WiesbaWiesbaVOHD == Verzeichnis 1, 19611961den 1, XX, i1 ==HAMMERSCHMIDT, Hammerschmidt, Ε.: E.: Athiopische Athiopische Handschriften Handschriftenvom vomTUnUsee Tânâsee 1: I: VOHD XX, Reisebericht Beschreibung der Ηandschri~ Handschriften in dem dem Kloster Kloster des des Heiligen Heiligen en in Reisebericht und Beschreibung Kebran. VOHD VOHD XX, 1. 1. Wiesbaden, 1973. 1973. Gabriel auf auf der der Inseln Kebran. VOHD XX, XX, 22 == Hammerschmidt, E.: Athiopische Handschriften vomTUnUsee Tânâsee 1: 1: HAMMERSCHMIDT, Ε.: khiopische Handschriften vom Handschriften von von Debre Debre M&iUm Mâriâm und und von von Rima. Rèma. VOHD VOHD XX, XX, 2. 2. Die Handschriften Wiesbaden, 1977. 1977. VOHD XX, XX, 44 == Hammerschmidt, E. -- Six, Six, V.: V.: λthiορische Athiopische Handschriften Handschriften 1: 1: Die Die HAMMERSCHMIDT, Ε. Handschriften der Staatsbibliothek Preussicher Kulturbesitz. Kulturbesitz- VOHD VOHD 20, 20, 4. 4. WiesWiesStaatsbibliothek Preussicher baden 1983. 1983. baden

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OTHER ABBREVIATIONS ABBREVIATIONS Cf. Col(s). EC ed(d). e.g. f(f). i.e. Vol(s). lol(s). s.d. s.l.

s.n. s.f. tra.

compare = compare = column(s) column(s) = == Ethiopian EthiopianCalendar Calendar = editor(s) editor(s) = = for forexample example = folio folio(folios) (folios) = that thatis is == blur(s) Volum(s) = without withoutdate date(of (ofprinting) printing) = without withoutplace place(of (ofprinting) printing) = without withoutname name = translator translator

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LIST OF LIST OF THE THE MANUSCRIPTS MANUSCRIPTS Shelf-marks

Date

Described in: Described

a) EARLY MSS

End of XIV XIV Milano, Biblioteca Ambr., Pentaglotto End inf. beginning of XV XV B. 20 inf. cen. ~th. 29 Paris, BnF, Éth. ante 1426-27 1426-27 A.D. ante

Gr~baut 1933-34, 1933-34, 27. 27. Grébaut Galbiati 1957, 1957, Galbiati 340. 340. Zotenberg 1877,44b1877, 44bZotenberg 45b. 45b.

EMML 6462

XV cen. cen. s.d. XV

ansee 110 Rema 21 == Τ Tânâsee

1520-21 A.D.

VOHD XX 2, 161-65. 161-65. VOHDXX2,

]th. 27 Paris, BnF, Éth.

1461-62 A.D.

Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Comboniani Α2 Comboni ani A2 mg Estifànos ΒsiΜnοs 28 == nsee 139 Dâgâ Tânâsee µ

XVI cen. cen. s.d. XVI

Zotenberg 1877, 1877, 42a42aZotenberg 44b. 44b. Rained 2000, 2-3. Raineri 2000,2-3.

s.d.

VOHD XX. VOHDXX.

EMIL 2198 EMML

s.d.

EMIL VI, 11,309. EMML 309.

Firenze, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Or 70

XIV cen. XlVcen.

RSEt XXX, 88-91. RSEtXXX, 88-91.

b) LATER MSS

EMIL 6541 EMML

s.d. 2nd 2nd half half XVIXVIXVII cen.

EMIL 6302 EMML

ΧΝΠ cen.? cen.? s.d. XVn

London, BL, Or. 526

ΧΝΠ cen.? cen.? s.d. XVn

Wright 1877, 34. Wright

London, BL, Or. 529

s.d. XVn XVII cen.?

Wright Wright 1877, 35. 35.

London, BL, Or. 530

ΧΙΠ cen.? s.d. XVII

Wright Wright 1877, 38. 38.

Berlin, SPrK, Orient. Quart. 989 989

XVII-XVIII ΧΝΠ-ΧΝΙΠ cen. cen.

Cf. VOHD VOHD XX, XX, 4. Cf. 4.

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17

LIST OF MANUSCRIPTS Berlin, SPrK, Orient. Quart. 846 846

XVIII cen.

VOID XX 4, 196. VOHDXX4, 196.

EMIL 656 EMML

1659 AD

EMIL II, II, 406. EMML

EMIL 1695 EMML

XVII cen.

EMIL V, V, 164. EMML

EMIL 1944 EMML

ccii. ΧΙΠ cen. XVII

EMIL V, V, 453. 453. EMML

EMIL 2159 EMML

XVII cen.

EMIL VI, VI, 265. 265. EMML

EMIL 2160 EMML

XVII cen.

EMIL VI, VI, 265. 265. EMML

EMIL 4818 EMML

XVII cen.

EMIL 5509 EMML

XVII cen. XVII

EMIL 6482 EMML

XVII cen. ccii.

EMIL 7303 EMML

ccii. XVII cen.

—

EMIL 7533 EMML

XVII cen. XVII

—

EMIL 2927 EMML

XVII cen.

EMIL VII, VII, 246. 246. EMML

Berlin, SPrK, Or. Quart. 988 988

ceri. ΧΝIΙ-ΧVIΠ cen. XVII-XVIII

VOHD XX 4, 4, 205. VOHD

EMIL 175 EMML

XVII-XVIII cen. cen. XVII-XVIII

EMIL I,I, 184. EMML

EMIL 656 EMML

ΧVIΙ-ΧVIΠ cen. XVII-XVIII

EMIL II, II, 406. EMML

EMIL 1955 EMML

)W11401111 cen. cen. XVII-XVIII

EMIL V, V, 469. 469. EMML

EMIL 6273 EMML

ΧVIΙ-ΧΝΙΠ cen. XVII-XVIII

EMIL 6464 EMML

ΧVIΙ-ΧVΙΠ cen. XVII-XVIII

—

EMIL 7289 EMML

ccii. XVII-XVIII cen.

—

EMIL 2153 EMML

ΧΝII-ΧΝΙΠ cen. XVII-XVIII

EMIL VI, VI, 261. 261. EMML

EMML EMIL 2700

)01114(11111cen. ccii. XVH-XVIII

EMML EMIL VII, VII, 86.

EMML EMIL 4672 .

XVII-XVIII cen. XVII-XVIII

DC,261. 261. EMML EMIL IX,

München, IOnchen, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Cod. Aeth. 91

ccii. s.d. XVIII cen.

VOHD VOID XX 5, 5, 135.

Berlin, SPrK, Or. Quart. 846

ceri. XVIII cen.

VOID 4, 195. VOHD 195.

Cambridge, University Library, Library, Or. Or. 192

ΧVIΠ cen. XVIII

Ullendorff-Wright Ullendorff-Wright 1961,6. 1961, 6.

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18

LIST OF MANUSCRIPTS MANUSCRIPTS LIST OF

s.d. XVIII XVm cen. Grottaferrata, Biblioteca della Badia, s.d. Crypt. Aeth. 9 EMML 1119 XVnicen. ΕΜΜL ΙΙΙ9 ΧΝΙΠ cen.

Proverbio 2000, 2000,481. 481.

EMML 1403 EMIL

XVTII XVIII cen.

EMML IV, 473. EMIL W,

EMML 1902 EMIL

XVIH )01111 cen. cen.

EMML 405. EMIL V, 1,405.

EMML EMIL 1948

XVIII cen.

EMML 464. EMIL V, 1,464.

EMML EMIL 1982 EMML EMIL 2067

XVIII (1775-1809) EMIL EMML V, ΧΝΙΠ 1, 483. cen. een. XVin cen. EMML ΧΝΙΠ EMIL VI, 136.

EMML 2153 Ε11L2153

XVIH een. cen. ΧVΙΠ

EMML VI, 261. ΕΜΜLVI,261.

EMML EMIL 2209

XVIII cen. )0/111

EMML EMIL VI. VI, 314.

EMML EMIL 2372

cen, XVIII een.

EMML EMIL VI, 449.

EMML EMIL 2412

XVIII cen. een.

EMML 472. EMIL VI, 11,472.

EMML EMIL 2708

XVIII een. cen. )0/111

EMML 108. EMIL VII, III, 108.

EMML EMIL 2833

XVIH een. cen. )07111

EMML EMIL VII, 182.

EMML EMIL 3254

XVIII een. cen. )01111

EMML EMIL VIII, 173.

EMML EMIL 4672

XVnicen. )0/111 een.

EMML EMIL 5673

cen. XVIII een.

EMML EMIL 5742

XVIII een. cen.

EMML EMIL 6270

XVIH een. cen. )01111

EMML 7111 ΕΜ1L7111

XVIII cen. XVIflcen.

EMML EMIL 7516

XVIH een. cen. )0/111

EMML EMIL 4818

XVIH een. cen. ΧΝΙΠ

EMML 1Χ, IX, 325. EMIL

Paris, BnF, d'Abbadie d'Abbadie 99

s.d. XVIII een. cen.

Chaîne 1912, 1912,4; Chame 4; Conti 1914, 60. Rossini 1914,

Paris, BnF, Éth. Εth. 47

s.d. XVm ΧΝIΠ cen. een.

1877,45. Zotenberg 1877, 45.

London, BL, BL, Or. 527 527

s.d. XVIII cen. een.

1877, 38. 38. Wright 1877,

London, BL, BL, Or. 532 532

s.d. )01111 XVin cen. s.d. een.

Wright 1877, 1877, 38. 38. Wright

London, BL, BL, Or. 528 528

s.d. XVIH ΧΝΙΠ cen. een.

1877, 39. 39. Wright 1877,

EMML IV, 24. ΕΜΜL ΙΝ,24.

-

-

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LIST OF ΜΑΝΥ MANUSCRIPTS LIST OF SCRΙΡΤ S

19

s.d.XVIII XVnicen. cen. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vaticana, Aeth. Aeth. s.d. 135

Grébaut Gr~baυt - Tisserant 1935, 540. 1935,540.

s.d. ΧΙΠΙ XVIII cen. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vaticana,Aeth. Aeth. s.d. 137

Grébaut Grbaυt - Tisserant 1935, 543. 1935,543.

Paris, BnF, d'Abbadie 164 164

s.d. XVIII xvm een. cen.

EMML 585 EMIL

Chaîne Chame 1912, 98; Conti Rossini 1914, 59. XVIII - XIX EMML H, ΧΝΙΠ ΧΙΧ cen. een. ΕΜΜL Π, 331.

EMML 2103 EMIL

XVIII - XIX xrx cen. XVIIIeen.

EMIL EMML 2170

XVIII - XIX xrx cen. EMML VΠ, VII, 86. ΧΝΙΠ een. EMIL

EMML 2191 Ε11L2191

xvm cen. XVIAI- -XIX XIXcen.

EMML VI, 303. ΕΜΜL ΝΙ,303.

EMML 2246 EMIL

cen. XIX ceri.

EMML VI, 334. EMIL

EMML 2352 EMIL

XIX cen. een.

EMML VI, 416. EMIL

EMML 6272 EMIL

cen. XIX een.

—

EMML 7265 EMIL

cen. XIX een.

—

EMML 520 EMIL

XrX-XX XIX - XX cen. een.

EMML Π, H, 253. EMIL

EMML 1116 ΕΜΜL ΙΙΙ6

XIX - XX cen. XIX-XXcen.

EMML IV, 20. ΕΜΜL ΙΝ,20.

EMML 128 128 EMIL

XX cen. een.

EMML I, 132. 132. EMIL

EMML 175 175 EMIL

XX een. cen.

EMML I, 185. 185. EMIL

EMML 299 Ε11L299

XX cen. XXcen.

EMML 1,312. ΕΜΜL Ι,312.

EMML 472 EMIL

XX cen. een.

EMML Π, 11, 199. 199. EMIL

EMML 610 EMIL

XX cen. een.

EMML II, 358. EMIL

EMML 692 EMIL

XX cen. een.

EMML II, H, 452. EMIL

EMML 721 EMIL

XX cen. een.

EMML EMIL HI, ΗΙ, 24.

EMML 739 EMIL

XX cen. een.

EMML m, 46. EMIL r, 46.

EMML 1900 EMIL

XX cen. een.

EMML IV, 405. EMIL

1954-55 Vaticana, Aeth. 1954-55 Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 278

EMML EMIL VI, 197.

Lantschoot 1962, 32.

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TRANSLITERATION

Hh t

Hz if z

0 O d

f à

IT z

¿ f

'lib

1 h l b

4 yυ f

Τ p ρ T

0m

V n

^ d i d

4

7 ñ ~i.

^ Χ g

g

"V- hw hω

I r

ii λ '

1 g '1g

h'I'kw ifkw

(i s

h k hk

ill r tt

Tgw Τ' gw

7f g

Ti V k

i.i.1. e

4'q

Ww WW

ü P Αρ

(lb

0 Ο '

X ?iss

O h

ΙΡJ

~~

qw

-ν-

Vowels: 1.

a

2.

u

3.

4.

i

a

5. e

6. aα (or vowel-less)

7. o

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SIGLA OF SIGLA OF THE THE MANUSCRIPTS MANUSCRIPTS Group ΙI B. 20 inf. inf. A = Milano, Milano, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Pentaglotto B. B = Firenze, Firenze, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Or. 70. C = EMIL EMML 6462. Η H = EMIL EMML 7333. nasee 110 ΙΙΟ(Rema2 Ι). IΙ ==Tânâsee (Rema 21). µ P ~th. 29. = Paris, BnF, Éth. Rom == Vat. Vat. Aeth. 5.

Group Η II D Ε E F G

~.th. 27. = Paris, BnF, Éth. == Τ Tânâsee nsee 139 (Daga Estifanos 28). == ΕΜ1L2198. EMML 2198. Α2. == Comboniani Comboniani A2.

ΙΙΙ Group III a b c e f g h

i

= Vat. Aeth. 235. 235.1Ι = Paris, BnF, d'Abbadie 119. = Cernili Cerulli 86. = Comboniani = Comboniani A15. Α15. = Vat. Aeth. 137. 137. = Berlin, SPrK, Ms. Ms. Orient. Quart. 990. = Paris, Paris, BnF, d'Abbadie 9. = Oxford, Oxford, BodleianLibrary, Library,Bruce Bruce81. 81. Bodleian

Editions Piatt = Platt (1830). Platt Bass == Francesco Francesco da Bassano (1912 EC). Mahw Kokabâ Sabbah Mahbârâ Mahw == Κοkba Sαbbαh Ηαωαr~αt (1953). labbara Hawaryat

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Aland Ι1989 Aland, K. and Β.: B.: The The Text Text of ofthe the New NewTestament: Testament:An AnIntroduction Introduction ALAND 989 == ALA1D, nd

to the Critical Editions ModemTextual TextualCriticism. Criticism. 2nd 2 ed. ed. to the Critical Editionsand andto to the thePractice Practiceofoflodem Grand Rapids, Rapids, 1989. 1989. Attridge 1989 1989 ==ATTRIDGE, Attridge, Η. H. W.: W.: The The Epistle Epistle to to the the Hebrews. Hebrews. Hermeneia. Hermeneia. ATTRIDGE Philadelphia, 1989. Ballarini 1970 == ΒλLLλmνΙ, Ballarini, Τ.: T.: Paolo. Paolo. Vita Scritti. Torino, Torino, 1970. 1970. Βλυ.λmνι Vita Apostolato Scritti. Beylot - — Rodinson Beylot, R. R. — - Rodinson, M.: R Répertoire des Βibliοth~BibliothèBEYLOT Rornisoi Ι1995 995 == BEYLOT, Rornisoi, Μ.: ρertοire des Catalogues de Manuscrits 1995. ques et des Catalogues Manuscrits Éthiopiens. ~thiορiens. Brepols, ΒreραΙs, 1995. Sacra Arabica Arabica = = Biblia Sacra Sacra Arabica Arabica Sacrae Sacrae Congregationis Congregationis de de Propaganda Propaganda Biblia Sacra Fide iussu 1671. Fide iussu edita. Roma, 1671. Brockelmann 1928 == BROCKELMANI, Brockelmann, C.: Lexicon Syriacum. Tübingen, 1928. BROCKELMANI Lexicon Syriacum. Τ~bingen, 1928. Budge 1928 1928 == BUDGE, Budge, E.A.W.: E.A.W.: The The Book Book of ofthe the Saints Saintsofofthe theEthiopian EthiopianChurch. Church. Α A BuiGa Translation of the Ethiopic Ethiopie Sinaxarium. Cambridge, 1928. 1928. Translation ofthe Cerulu 1968 == CERULLI, Cerulei, Ε.: E.: Lii La Letteratura 1968. CERurn Letteratura Etiopica. Etiopica. Firenze, 1968. Cerulei Et 1978 1978 == Cernili 1-239: Inventario redatto da E. E. Cerulli. Cernili. BiblioBiblioCERULLI Cerulli Etiopici 1-239: teca Apostolica Vaticana (Ed. fotografica 1978).1978. 1978).1978. Chaîne 1912 == CHINE, Chaîne, Μ.: M.: Catalogue Catalogue des des manuscrits manuscrits éth~ορ~ens éthiopiens de de la la collection collection CκΑfτsτε d'Abbadie. Paris, Paris, 1912. 1912. Cohen 1994 1994 == C0HBN, Cohen, D. D. avec la collaboration de de F. F. BRON Bron et et A. A. LONNET Lonnet DictionDictionCOHEN naire des des racines racines sémitiques ou attest~es attestées dans dans les les langues langues sYmitiques. sémitiques, comprecomprefaire sémitiques ou Cantineau fase. 2, Louvain Louvain 1994. 1994. nant un fichier comparatif de Cλντm λu J., fasc. Concordance == Concordance Novum Testamentum Testamentum Graece, Graece, of of the the Nestle Nestle Concordance Concordancetoto the the Novum Aland, 26th Ed. and and to to the theGreek Greek New New Testament, Testament, 3rd 3rd ed. with the collaboracollaboraMand, 26th tion of H. Bachmann andW. W. A. A. Slaby. Slaby. Berlin, Berlin, New New York, York, 1987. 1987. Bachmann and Conti Rossini = Cοντι Conti Rossini, C.; «Notice sur les manuscrits dthiopiens éthiopiens de de CoiTι RossiNi 1914 = RossiNi, C.: os [nOs la collections d'Abbadie» d'Abbadie» [n 1-281], JA, TA, 10e 10e série: série: t. t. XIX, XIX, 551-578. 551-578. Mai-juin 1-281], 1912. T. XX, 5-72. Juill.-aοtΙt Juill.-août 1912; 1912; 449-494. Nov. Nov.-déc. 1912. 11e 11® série: série: t. Π, H, 55-ddc. 1912. Juill.-août 1913. 1913. T. W, IV, 189-238. 189-238. Sept. Sept.-oct. 1915. Τ. T. VI. VI. 445-493. 445-493. nον.-d~c. nov.-déc. 64. Juill.-aoiit -oct. 1915. 1915. Cowley 1988 1988 == COWLEY, Cowley, R.: Ethiopian Biblical Interpretation. Interpretation. Α A Study Study in inExegetiExe ge fiCOWLEY Ethiopian Biblical cai Tradition OrP 38. Cambridge, 1988. 1988. cal Tradition and and Hermeneutics. Hermeneutics. OrP Davies 987 == DAviEs, Davies, D.M.: D.M.: «The Dating of Ethiopic Ethiopie Manuscripts». Manuscripts». JNES INES 46, 287DAims 46, 287307. 1987. 1987. Delitzsch 1870 1870 == DELITZSCH, Delitzsch, F. J.: J.: Commentary on the the Epistle Epistle to to the theHebrews. Hebrews. 22 DELITZSCH Commentary on vols. Edinburgh, Edinburgh, 1870. 1870. Dillmann 1847 == DILLIANI, Dillmann, A.: Catalogus codicum codicum manuscriptorum manuscriptorum qui qui in in Museo Museo DILLIANI IH. Codices Codices Aethiopici. Aethiopici. Londini, 1847. Britannico asservantur, asservantur, ΠΙ. Londini, 1847. Dillmann 1848 1848 == DILLIANI, Dillmann, A.: Catalogus codicum codicum manuscriptorum manuscriptorumBibliothecae Bibliothecae DILLIANI Codices Aethiopici. Aethiopici. Oxonii, 1848. 1848. Bodleianae, VII. Cσdices

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Aethiopicae. Lipsia, 1865. DL = DILLIANI, Dillmann, Α.: A.: Lexicon Linguae Linguae Aethiopicae. ofthe Epistles of of Gmsoi 1894 = GIBsON, Gibson Gibson, Μ. M. - DUNLOP, Dunlop, G. (ed.): (éd.): An Arabic Version of the Epistles Π). London, 1894 mb. St. Paul. (StSin II). 1894 xnb. in deΠ'Αbrοsιana». In In Studi in GALBIATI 1957 «Ι manoscritti Etiopici dell'Abrosiana». Galbiati 1957 == GALBIATI, Galbiati, Ε.: E.: «I onore di mons. Carlo Carlo Castiglioni, 339-353, Milano, 1957. 1957. ΗλYLΕ: Bahra Bahril Hassab ¥assab (Astronomic GETATCHEW 2000 τλτcΗ w Hayle: Getatchew 2000 = =G Getatchew (Astronomie Computus). Minnesota, 2000. christlichen arabischen arabischen Literatur, Literatur, (StT, GRAF 1944-53 Graf 1944-53 == GRAF, Graf, G.: G.: Geschichte Geschichte der der christlichen (StT, dei Vaticano, 1944-53. 133, 146, 147, 172). vols. 118, 118,133,146,147, 172). Città del ~thiορiens de ΒΑUΤ, S.: GR ΒΑUΤ 1933-34 Grébaut 1933-34 == GR Grébaut, S.: «Catalogue «Catalogue des des manuscrits manuscrits éthiopiens de la ΙΧ (XXIX) 1-2. 27-30. 1933-34. Ambrosienne» . ROC 3. Serie DC ΒibΙiοthqυe Ambrosienne». Bibliothèque ΒΑUΤ, S. GR ΒΑUΤ - TISSERAIT Grébaut Tisserant 1935 1935 == GR Grébaut, S. - TISSERAIT, Tisserant, Ε.: E.: Cσdices Codices Aethiopici del Barberinianus Orientalis Orientalis 2, Rossinianus Vaticani et Borgiani Borgiani Barberinianus Rossinianus 865. I.I. Citfα Città del Vaticano, 1935. 1935. etiopico fatta dei Nuovo Testamento in etiopico GUIDI 1886 Guidi 1886 = GUIDI, Guidi, Ι.: L: «La prima stampa del Voi. patria, Archivio. Voi. storia patria, Societ~~Romana di storia in Roma nel 1548-1549». 1548-1549». Reale Società 9, 463-510. 463-510. Roma, 1886. 9, 1886. HOFMANN Ι1967 967 = Hofmann = HOFMANN, Hofmann, J.: J.: Die lithiopische dthiopische Übersetzung Übersetzung der der Johannes Johannes — Louvairi, 1967. Apokalypse. CSCO 281 Aeth 55 e 282 Aeth 56. Louvain, Apokalypse. Testamentum AethioUHLIG, S.: Novum Testamentum HoFiAiN -- UHLIG, 993 = HOFMANN, Hofmann Uhlig, Ι1993 Hofmann, J. - Uhlig, AethioBand 29. 29. Stuttgart, Stuttgart, 1993. Katholischen Briefe. AthFor Band pice. Die Katholischen Brief e. ÂthFor 1993. ofthe HORNER 1898-1905 1898-1905 == HORNER, Horner Horner, G.: The Coptic Version Version of the New Testament in the the Bohairic. With Introduction, and Bohairic. Northern Dialect, Dialect, otherwise called Memphitic and tu s and Critical Appara Apparatus and literal literal Translation TranslationI-IV. I-IV. Oxford Oxford1898-1905 1898-1905 (photome(photomeΙ 969). chanic reproduction, Οsnabr~ck Osnabmck 1969). of the Ηoi νΕR 1911-1924 == The Horner The Coptic Coptic Version Version of the New New Testament Testament in in the theSouthern Southern Dialect, Dialect, otherwise called Sahidic and and Thebaic. With Critical Critical Apparatus, literal -ΙΠ. Oxford English Translation, and Registers English Translation, Appendix Appendix and Registers of of Fragments Fragments 1I-VH. Oxford Osnabriick 1969). 1911-1924 (photomechanic reproduction, Osnabrilck C.: "Appendix "Appendixto to an an article on HosKmR 1937 Hoskier 1937 == HOSKIER, Hoskier, Η. H. C.: on the theChester-Beatty Chester-Beatty 46 JThS no. 150. Oxford, 1937. papyrus on the Pauline Epistles known as pρ46". ". In JThS Translating the the Bible. Bible. The The Ethiopie Ethiopic Version of ΚΝΙΒΒ 1995 Knibb 1995 == K1IBB, Knibb, Μ. M. A.: Translating ofthe the Old Old Testament. Oxford, 1995. 1995. Hebrews. AA New New Translation Translation with with Introduction and KOESTER 2001 = Koester = KOESTER, Koester, C.: Hebrews. Commentary. AncB. New York, 2001. I. And The The Future Of Humanity" Koester = "Hebrews, "Hebrews, Rhetoric, Rhetoric, And Humanity" In CBQ 1. KOESTER 2002 = 2002. ιigs Wiimiizgiibii UV:mg' Sιiwasw KWK 1948 == KmAix KidanâWÄLD WàldKIFLA: KiflA: Mashafa Sâwasaw W Wagas Wàmàzgâbà Qalat Qalat Grammar and Haddis andDictionary). Dictionary).Addis Addis Ababa, Ababa, 1948 1948 EC. EC. ΙΙaddis (New Grammar Oxford, 1961. LAMPE 1961 Lampe 1961 == LAMPE, Lampe, G. W. H.: A Patristic Lexicon. Oxford, Lantschoot Lantschoot, A. A. van: "Inventaire sommaire des mss. Vaticans LAiTscHoOT 1962 = LλντscΗooτ, Éthiopiens 251-299", in in Collectanea Collectanea Vaticana Vaticana in in honorer honorem Anselmi M. M. Card Card. thioρiens 251-299", dei Vaticano, Vaticano, citth del Albareda a Bibliotheca Apostolica edita. L 453-512. StT 219. Città 1962.

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24

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Leslau Leslau, W. W.:: Comparative ofofGd'dz (Classical Ethiopic). Ethiopie). LESLAU Ι1987 987 == LESLAU, ComparativeDictionary Dictionary Gz (Classical 1987. Wiesbaden, 1987. Lockot 1982 1982 == LocKoT, Lockot, H. W.: Bibliographia Bibliographia Aethiopica: LocKoT ~ . W.: Aethiopica:Die DieAthiopienkundliche khiopienkandliche Literatur des Deutschprachigen Raums. AthFor ÀthFor Band 9. Wiesbaden, Ι1982. 982. LOfgren LOfgren, Ο. O.:: Die Die Athiopische Übersetzung des des Propheten Propheten Daniel. Daniel. LOFGREN Ι1927 927 == LUFGREN, Αth~ορ~sche Übersetzung in Berlin, Berlin, Cambridge, Cambridge, Frankfurt Main, London, London,Oxford, Oxford, Nach Handschriften in Frankfurt am am Main, Paris und Wien Wien zum zum ersten ersten Male Male herausgegeben herausgegeben und KomParis und mit mit Einleitung Einleitung und Kommentar versehen. Paris, Paris, 1927. 1927. mentarversehen. LOfgren 1970 == "The "The Necessity Necessity of a Critical Critical Edition of of the the Ethiopic Ethiopie Bible". Bible". In In LYFGREN 1970 Proceedings of the Third International Conference Ethiopian Studies. Studies. 167-71. Proceedings ofthe Conferenceof ofEthiopian 1970. Addis Ababa, 1970. Ludolf 1681 1681 ==LIJDOLF, Ludolf, J.: Historia Aethiopica. Frankfurt, 1681. 1681. LUDOLF Aethiopica. Frankfurt, Maniaci 1996 == Μλ.νιλcI, Maniaci, Μ.: M.: Terminologia dei del libro manoscritto. Roma, 1996. 1996. MANIAci 1996 "I Marrassini = Marrassini, P.; "I Manoscritti Etiopici della MARRASSINI Ι1984-86 984-86 (but 1987) = Μλm.λssινι, Ρ.: Manoscritti Etiopici della RSEt 30. 81-116. Roma - Napoli, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana Laurenziana di Firenze". RSEt 1984-86 (but 1987). 1987). 1984-86 MQd (The fourteen fourteen anaphoras, anaphoras, with with comments). comments). Addis Addis Masliafd Qdddase. Qddase. (The MQd == Mdshafa 1918 EC. EC. Ababa, 1918 Qerlos. Works Works of of Cyril Cyril of Mexaiidria. Alexandria. MS MS in paper paper (18.5 (18.5 xx 25.5). 25.5). Ilishafa Qerlos. MQr == Mdshafa Private collection. collection. 457 pp. 2 cols. Private McCarter, McCarter, K.: K.: Textual Criticism. Recovering Recovering the the Text Text of ofthe the McCAwrEa, 1986 == ICCARTER, Textual Criticism. Hebrew Bible. Bible. Philadelphia, 1986. Hebrew Philadelphia, 1986. Metzger Ι1971 Metzger, B. M.: Α A Textual Textual Commentary Commentaryon onthe theGreek GreekNew NewTestaTestaMETZGER 97 1 == METZGER, Stuttgart, 1971. 1971. ment. Stuttgart, METZGER 1977 Metzger 1977 == The Early Versions of theNew NewTestament. Testament. Oxford, 1977. 1977. ofthe Moffatt Moffatt, J. A.: A.: Critical Epistle MOFFATT Ι1924 924 = MorrArr, Critical and and Exegetical Exegetical Commentary Commentary on on the Epistle Edinburgh: Clark, Clark, 1924. 1924. to the Hebrews. ICC. Edinburgh: Montgomery 1934 Montgomery J. A.: "The Ethiopie Text MONTGOMERY 1934 == MONTGOMERY J. A.: "The Ethiopic TextofofActs Actsof of the HThR 27, 169-205. 169-205. 1934. 1934. Apostles", HThR Murdock = Murdock, Syriac New New Testament. Testament. New Jersey, 2001. MURDOCK 2001 = MuRDocK, J. (tra.): Syriac Muzerelle 1985 1985 == MUZERELLE, Muzerelle, D.: D.: Vocabulaire Vocabulaire Codicologique. Codicologique. RYpertoire Répertoire m méthoMUZERELLE ~thοdique des termes français relatifs aux 1985. franais relatifs aux manuscrits. Paris, 1985. Neugebauer 1979 == NEUGEBAUER, Neugebauer, O.: O.; Ethiopian Astronomy and and Computus. Computus. Wien, NEUGEBAUER SÔAW.Ph. 347. 1979. 1979. SOAW.Ph. NEIJGEBAUER Chronographyin in Ethiopie Ethiopic Sources. Wien, S Neugebauer 1989 1989 == Chronography SÔAW.Ph. 512. ΑW. Ρh. 512. 1989. Payne SMITH Smith 1903 == PAYNE Payne SMITH Smith J.: A Compendious Syriac Dictionary, Dictionary, founded founded PAYNE the Thesaurus Thesaurus Syriacus. Syriacus. Oxford, Oxford, 1903 1903 (Photomechanic (Photomechanic Reproduction. Reproduction. upon the 1957). Oxford, 1957). Polotsky 1964 = Polotsky, 1-10. 1964. 1964. POLOTSKY POLOTSKY, H. fi. J.: "Aramaic, Syriac, Geez". JSSt ISSt 9, 1-10. ΡRονΕκrno 2000 Proverbio 2000 == PR0vERDI0, Proverbio, D. D. V.: V.: Inventario Inventario sommario dei manoscritti manoscritti arabi, arabi, ebraici, etiopici — — con notizia dei turchi — — conservati presso ¿Iella ebraici, pres so la Biblioteca della Badia di Grottaferrata. Grottaferrata. Roma, 2000. 2000. AAL.M. AAL.M. Anno Anno CCCXCVII CCCXCVII -- 2000. Se Serie DC ri e ΙΧ - Vol. ΝοΙ. XII XII -- Fascicolo 4. .

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BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY

25

Quaes t. = = Augustine: Augustine: Quaestiones Quaestiones in in Pentateuchum. PL, PL, 34. 34. Quaest. Raineri 2000 2000 == Raineri, 0.: Cσdices Codices Cοmbσniani Comboniani Aethiopici. Aethiopici. Città del Vaticano, RAINER[ dei Vaticano, RuER', Ο.: 2000. Shàfers 1912 Die 4thiορische Âthiopische Übersetzung Übersetzung des des Propheten Propheten Jeremías. SHAFERS Jeremias 1912 = Shâfers, SHAFERS, J.: Die Freiburg, 1912. 1912. Six 1999 1999 = Six, \Âthiopische Handschriften vom vom Rind Tànàsee. Stuttgart, 1999. 1999. Six see . XX, 3. Stuttgart, Ν: Λthiσρische Handschriften Spicq 1952-53 Spicq, C.: L'Épître aux Hébreux. ÉtB. Paris, 1952-53. 1952HYbreux. 2 vols. 1tΒ. Paris, 1952-53. 19521952-53 = C.: L' ρttre SPico SΡιcο, 53 Staal 1983 1983 == STAAL, Staal, Η. H. (ed.): (éd.): Mount Mount Sinai SinaiArabic Arabie Codex Codex 151. 151. Pauline Pauline Epistles. Epistles. STAAL CSCO Louvain, 1983. 1983. CsCo 452. Louvain, Strelcyn S.: Catalogue manuscripts in in the the British British STRELCYN 1921 1921 = Strelcyn, STRELCYN, S.: Catalogue of of Etiopian manuscripts Library acquired the year 1877. London, 1978. 1978. Library acquired since since the year 1877. Schwertner 1992 == Schwertner, M.: Inte Internationales Abkürzungsverzeichnis SCHWERTIER 1992 SCHWERTNER, S. S. Μ.: rnationales Abkiirzungsverzeichnis fur Theologie Théologie und und Grenzgebiete. Grenzgebiete. Zeitschriften, Zeitschriften, Serien, Serien, Lexica, Léxica, Quellenwerke Quellenwerke mit mit für bibliographischen Angaben. 2ncl ed. Berlin, Berlin, 1992. 1992. bibliographischen Angaben. 2nd Tedros 2001 == Tedros Abraha: La La Lettera Lettera ai Romani. Romani. Testo Testo ee commentari commentari della della TEDROS 2001 TEDROS ABRAHA: versione etiopica. ÀthF 57. 57. Wiesbaden, 2001. versione etiopica. AthF Wiesbaden, 2001. The Aramaic Aramaic ΝΤ NT = The The Aramaic Aramaic New NewTestament. Testament. Estrangelo Estrangelo Sc Script based on the The ript based on the Peshitta and Harklean Versions. New Knoxville, 1983. 1983. The NT in Syriac Syriac = = The The New New Testament TestamentininSyriac. Syriac. London: and Foreign Foreign London: British and The NT in Bible Society, 1905-1920. 1905-1920. Concordance = The The Concordance Concordance to the the Peshitta Peshitta Version Version of ofthe theAramaic AramaicNew New Concordance = Testament. New Knoxville, Knoxville, 1985. 1985. Testament. New Trumpp E.: Das Das Ηexamerοn Hexaëmeron des des Pseudo Pseudo-Epiphanius. Aethiopi-TRUIPP, Ε.: -Epiphanius. Aethiopi TRUIPP 1882 1882 = Trumpp, scher Text Text verglichen verglichen mit dem dem arabischen arabischen Originaltext Originaltext und und deutcher deutcher ÜberÜbersetzung. München, 1882. Μ~nchen, 1882. Uhlig 1988 == UHLIG, Uhlig, S.: S.: Athiopische Âthiopische Palaegraphie. Palaegraphie. AthFor Band Band 22. 22. Stuttgart, Stuttgart, UHLIG 1988 1988. 1988. Uhlig 1990 = Introduction Introduction to to Ethiopian Ethiopian Palaeography. Palaeography. AthFor Band 28. Stuttgart, Stuttgart, UHLIG 1990 1990. 1990. Uhlig -- maehlum 1993 == UHLIG, Uhlig, S. S.- -MAEHLUM Maehlum H. (edd.): (edd.): Novum Novum Testamentum Testamentum MAEHLUM 1993 UHLIG Aethiopice: Die Gefangenschatsbriefe. AthFor Band 33. Stuttgart, 1993. Aethiopice: Die Stuttgart, 1993. Ullendorff1961 ==ULLENDORF, Ullendorf, Ε. E. - WRIGHT, Wright, S: S: Catalogue Catalogue of ULLENDORFF - Wright WRJGHT 1961 of Ethiopian Ethiopian Manuscripts in in the the Cambridge Cambridge University University Library. Cambridge, Cambridge, 1961. 1961. Manuscripts Ullendorff 1968 == Ethiopia Ethiopia and and the the Bible. Bible. London, 1968. 1968. ULLENDORFF 1968 Wachtel Witte 1994 1994 = WACHTEL, Wachtel, K. K. -- Witte, K.: Das Das Neue Neue Testament Testament auf WrITE, K.: WACHTEL-- WITTE auf PapyPapyrus. IL Paulinischen B Briefe 2. Arbeiten Arbeiten zur zur neutestamentliche neutestamentliche TextforTextforrus. II. Die Die Paulinischen riefe 2. 1994. schung Band 22. Berlin, 1994. Walton 1657 = WALTON, Walton, B. (ed.): S.S. S.S. Biblia Biblia Polyglotta. London, London, 1657. 1657. WALTON 1657 Watson 2001 == WATSON, Watson, Ε. E. MILLS Mills (ed.): New New Testament TestamentSeries SeriesininTwentyTwenty- Mills MiLLs 2001 Wλτsον Volumes. Volume Volume XX. XK. Hebrews. Hebrews. New York, 2001. One Volumes. Weischer 1973 == Weischer, M.: Qre~Ιοs Qërellos I. 1. Der Der Prosphonetikos Vber 'Überden WEISCIER, B. M.: WEISCHER 1973 den rechten Glauben' Glauben ' des Kyrillos von Alexandrien Alexandrien an Theodosios Π. H. Hamburg, Hamburg, 1973. 1973. ten .

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26

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Westcott 1892 1892 ==WESTCOTT, Westcott, B. B. F.: F.; The Epistle to the the Hebrews. Hebrews. London, 1892. 1892. WESTCOTA The Epistle Grand Rapids, Rapids, 1980). 1980). (Reprinted, Grand

Wright 1877 1877 == WRIGHT, Wright, W.: W.; Catalogue WRIGHT Catalogueof of Ethiopian Ethiopian Manuscripts Manuscripts in in the British Museum acquired since since the the year 1847. London, 1877. 1877. Museum acquired

Yaqob 1981 1981 ==YAQOB Yaqob BEVENE: Beyene: L'Unzione L'Unzione di di Cristo Cristo nella nella Teologia Teologia Etiopica, OCA OCA ΥΑQΟΒ 215. Roma, 1981. 1981.

YQPM == MAhari, (Liqá Liqawant) Liqawant) (ed.): (ed.); YliQaddus YàQsddus Pawlos Pawlos Mashaf. (The Book MMIARI, T. (Liqa Μ!4 iaf. (The ΥΟ?Μ of Saint Paul = The fourteen fourteen Letters Letters of ofSaint SaintPaul). Paul).Addis AddisAbaba, Ababa,1948 1948EC. EC. Zotenberg 1877 1877 ==ZOTENBERG, Zotenberg, H.: H.: Catalogue manuscrits de la la ZOTENBERG Catalogue des man uscrits éthiopiens ~thiορiens de Bibliothèque Nationale. Paris, 1877. 1877. Bibliotheque ZUURMOND Zuurmond 1989 1989 == ZuuRMoND, Zuurmond, R.: R.: Novum Novum Testamentum TestamentumAethiopice: Aethiopice: The The Synoptic Synoptic Gospels: Gospel of Mark. AthFor ÂthFor 27. 27. Gospels: General GeneralIntroduction. Introduction.Edition Editionof of the the Gospel of Mark Stuttgart, 1989. Stuttgart, 1989. Zuurmond 2001 2001 == Novum Novum Testamentum TestamentumAethiopice. Aethiopice.111. III. The The Gospel Gospel of ofMatthew. Matthew. ZUURM01D ÂthFor 2001. AthFor 55. Wiesbaden, 2001.

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PART II DESCRIPTION OF OF THE THE MANUSCRIPTS MANUSCRIPTS DESCRIPTION Introduction not to to swamp swamp significant significant variants, variants, spelling spelling variations variations like like the the In order order not confusion between gutturals and sibilants, short and long a in the gutconfusion between sibilants, short and long gutturals, have not not been been taken takeninto intoaccount. account.Therefore, Therefore,interchanges interchangesbebeturals, 1; Ο, U, Y; V; «ii, rh, 'Ii, 'h, 1, *1r, ); ι, rt, **•; X, V, 0, m, variants like: like: λ aΟ# tween h, ~', 0, ο, '; ~Α'; R, r, or variants 'HWiD ;} '}; AA ïx.lSh/Mïuh'r, 0 M/OM, OxV//CKV', / h9D10*; i λ'h1' ~ µλ dι r; IM liii ILhO Ο' /lllìlUxl)-, ΙΥΥ~Ι)ιΟ'; Ρ MI ΡΙ; included in in the the critical critical apparatus. apparatus.Instead, Instead,defective defectivewritwrithave not been included ings and spelling spelling mistakes mistakes have have been taken on on board, board, since since they theyhave have ings effort to to have have aa aa better betterunderstanding understandingtoto been considered helpful in the effort codices. Most of the MSS used in this work were consulted in in micromicrothe cσdices. film form. of MSS MSS ΙI was able to to use use directly directly were were those those of of film form. The only set of the Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana. ,

Group GROUP ΙI 1. Milan, Milan, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, Pentaglot B. 20 inf. (= A) A) 1. mf. (= Cf. Gr€baut Grébaut 1933-34, 1933-34, 29. Paper. 275 folios, 35.8 χ x 26.7 Pauline Corpus. Corpus. 26.7 cm. cm. Contains the Pauline Date: The MS Scete1 does does not not provide provide MS originating originating from the desert of Scetel any indication regarding regarding the the date date of of its its origin, origin, but but itit is is conjectured conjectured that that XIV it is either of the the second second half halfof of the the first half half of of the the either of century or of the first 2 XV century . century2. Hebrews: Folios 214r-246ν. 214r-246v.

1 2 2

Cf. Galbiati Galbiati 1957, 1957, 339. 339. Cf. Gr~baυt Grébaut 1933-34, 1933-34, 30. Uhlig Uhlig-Maehlum 1993, 76. -Maehlum 1993, cf.

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PART I:I: DESCRIPTION OF THE THE MANUSCRIPTS MANUSCRIPTS PART DESCRIPTION OF

The folios folios are Syriac, The are divided divided into into five five columns. columns.While Whilethe theGs'oz, Gz, Syriac, Coptic, Arab and Armenian texts are on the recto, the Armenian, Arabic, Coptic, Arab and on the recto, the Armenian, Arabic, Coptic, Syriac versionsare areon onthe theverso. verso.The TheArmenian Armenian text text Coptic, Syriacand andGa'oz Gz versions r ends with folio folio Ι176 with the fifth fifth column column remains remainsempty empty 76· with the the result that the thereafter. fall into the category category that that Uhlig Palaeographical characteristics which fall has registered registered as as "Periode "Période Ι: I; Monumentaschrift bis bis zweite zweite Hälfte Halite 14. 14. 3 Jh." and the nature of the text indicate that this is one of the oldest exJh."3 the nature of the text indicate that this is one of the oldest exexemplars of fact,this thisdocument documentisisvery very interintertant exemplars of Hebrews HebrewsininGo'az. Gz. InInfact, palaeographical point pointof ofview. view. Internal Internalevidence evidence suggests suggests esting from the palaeographical the copyist copyist has had had at at his his disposal disposal an an older older text. text. The The upper upper margin margin that the of the initial folio's folio's (f. (f. 2141 214r) central column (i.e. (i.e. in in the the Coptic) Coptic) has has some some decoration. There are besides a few other decorations here and there. decoration. There besides few other decorations here and there. in the the upper upper margin. margin. The praescriptio praescriptio appears in a. The The script script a. The script of this codex codex resembles inscriptions engraved on tombs tombs or or The monuments rather than letters letters written written on on paper. paper. The The formation formation of of the the monuments letters is quite primitive and πegular'14 as far as the and iirregular the size size or or proportion proportion is is concerned, and are not particularly elegant: they are in fact quite unconcerned, and not particularly elegant: in fact quite uneven. The script renders renders the the study study of ofthe thedocudocueven. The rudimental rudimental nature of the script however, it makes makes this this intriguing intriguing MS MS uniquely uniquely precious precious and and ment hard, however, are attached attachedat atthe thetop topofofthe the fascinating. The vowel vowel markers markers on the right are letters5. In 9:7, 9:7, 10:11,..., 10:11,..., we -f- with an an overoverletters5. we have have among among other other things a + sized trapezoidal vocaliser on its top. top. The The letters letters are are wide, wide, tall tall and andmarkmarkedly angular. is very very difficult difficult to to distinguish distinguish the the Λ A from from the edly angular. It is the rt; 'l; the the ¿I from the C; C; the t\ from the ?»; the V from the T as well as the ¿ from the λ; from the 1 as well as the t' from the λ /n OD, Ç. There is virtually no space between the the two two eyes eyes of of the the < , thus makmaking it similar to the Ω. ffl. The The th fh and the the + +have have aasmall small horizontal horizontal stroke stroke ing "t1 close close to to the the Ι. Something Something similar happens on their top, bringing the + of its vertical left handle, there there is is also also aa small small horizonhorizonwith the h: on top of A has look like like the the ~ A.. The The letter -¾.is is tal line. The Y' has aa flat base, making it look 6 often written with aa double double hook hook6. . The always tends to resemble resemble the the often The -S1' always

·

3

Uhlig 1988, 1988, 73 73 ff. ff.

'4 Among Among the the MSS MSS studied studied by by the the author author this this has hasbeen beenthe themost mosttortured torturedcalligraphy. calligraphy.

One example: the *7 additional perpendicular perpendicularstroke strokeon onits itsleft leftside. side. "I with an additional 5

The observations in in Uhlig Uhlig 1988, 1988, 81 81 ff, ff, apply apply equally equally to the the script script of of this this codex. codex. For this this type type of of script script as as well well as as for for the the P~~cf. cf. Uhlig Uhlig 1988, 1988, 98, 98, who who ascribes ascribes it to to Fοr "Période I: Monumentaschrift bis zweite zweite Hitlfte Hâlfte 14. 14. Jh.". it is is found found "Periode I: 3h.". Davies Daviesinstead instead says says that that it until the the fifteenth fifteenth century. century. Cf. Davies Davies 1987, 1987, 291. 291. until 6

6

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+.

■fi. The The Ο O appears like like an an inverted inverted triangle. triangle. Curiously Curiously enough, there are are some instances instances (6:10) of the the % having aa vertical vertical stroke stroke on its top. some (6:10) of ¾ having top. The The ‚W, ',, way tf"*, V*, 4g!. , h', IT*, 'Π T* are written is interesting: the attached attached vocalisation vocalisation on the right looks like a hammer in aa vertical vertical position. The "? "7 and the *7 have to the normal leg on the have at times two legs: legs: to the right, right, another another one one isis added to the left, thus thus making making it it indecipherable, indecipherable, cf. 10:2; 12:5.

'J'

b. Hybrid Hybrid letters We have have instances where there is We is aa mixture mixture between between two two orders. orders.One One )i appear bound together, comes across cases in which the the h. and the h together, e.g. e.g. e.g. in 11:33 10:7; or or aa conflation i"·Il'*; 12:1 10:7; conflation of 5' 9 and and 7 Tr e.g. 11:33 with ¡i'Tiìfl'h; 12:1 with f.aoç. letter that thatlooks looks like like aa T. .ΡΟΡΤ. xhe The latter latter produces a letter Τ. There is a persistent inclination inclination to use the first first order, order, where where for instance, instance, the fourth fourth or or sixth order should should be be employed. employed. At At times, but but relatively relatively seldom, the opopposite too takes place, namely, posite namely, the fourth or or the the sixth sixth order orderbeing being used used instead of of the the first first one. one. The The following following are are some someaafew fewexamples examples77:: 1:10 Ο"C for for 9"'C 1:12 (9511701% for for αΜ011 .06. 4:12 &δ for JtV-d 'i for m 7:20 (2χ); (2x); 7:21; 10:4 10:4 m"I'I% «"AA for «"AA 7:1; 12:11.14; 13:20 ir0 for AAT" ir 7:1; 13:20 AA7 4E' for ^A7:28; 12:26 12:26 +A* ΡE» 7:7 riAi-fc for H/h-U (= P.) ~lαrt 'L1Ι'h Ρ.) ω 8:9amwdôlh ωΥιιδh. for nm'kb. (= 8:9 (= Ρ.) P.) 9:7 Π't+ rtA'td* for forHAvt't bkΙ h 9:12.13 1109° AU?" for AU?» •ΟΟ' 9:28 9:28f A-PCAÍ"^ +C?'" Ο ' for •PA-PCTtf-""f~ 10:16 N't (= P.) Η1 (= Ρ.) II·t for Id; 10:18 MP 111 for JiAn λ 'Ι 10:22 X^forX-^ ?''' for ‚' 10:22 007.007 ao^af} for yhW} (= p.) Ρ.) 10:24 P.) 10:24iTllìà 9"ΙΩι for for r"ΙΗζ (= Ρ.) Mï (= P.) ‚~ + for for?'~''· 10:27; 12:18 Mï (= Ρ.) 11:5 λρ"7ι ' for h/^aoc λρ'σ13ι ' 11:10 fld: '"•A^-t' for ~1t 11011Ζ.~. fοr Ad: Η1 ΟΡ ~~~~' 12:18 mΡ for fοr 'ΗΡ 7

Some of these these examples examples have have been been mentioned mentioned by by Zuurmond Zuurmond 1989 1989 (Η), (11), 303-307; 303-307; Some of Zuurmond 2001, 426 ff. 2001, 426

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30

PART I:I: DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUSCRIPTS PART MANUSCRIPTS

'mEii+ for ""Wn-I' 014hhi. 13:2 «"AMI* ωΙΙ~~ Ì3:18 for mn'i'U 13:18 (DHt-U for 0:117-h 14116 for Mió 13:20 hiVÌÒ

C. Orthographic peculiarities c. One of the characteristics of Ga'az G3'aΖ MSS MSS is is that that punctuation punctuation marks, marks, if One and when present present (often (often they they are are simply simply missing) missing) are are inaccurate inaccurate and, and, therefore, problematic. If, for example, example, the full stops are to be taken taken into into account, one will will find find no no logic logic in in the division of the the sentences. In this account, one division of sentences. In MS too, punctuation punctuation is absolutely arbitrary. arbitrary. It is clear that the MS too, the scribe scribe had had scarce skill at using them. Very often the full stop mark appears scarce skill Very often appears twice. twice. Mostly the prepositions prepositions are detached from Mostly the from the the lemma lemma they they accompany. accompany. 0 We have have therefore prepositions such as 'ΙΙΙ standing alone. The λ9'1, We as hS , 11fl, ílfl, ilH following are other other interesting orthographic orthographic phenomena: following are phenomena: han- instead of hThtf»5:11 115 5:11 hV VkwW'. Even though correct, it is normally used in its contracted 5:8 ΙΜΙΟ lithwao. contracted form: 11:37 where ‚ΙΙΟ 'Ο" form; 11,11α0. IMitf". The The same same happens happens in 11:37 where the text text reads reads thvaoinstead of fh#0*. Generally, as as far far as the calligraphy one is is left left with with the rn ed, one Generally, calligraphy is is conce concerned, impression that the impression the hand handresponsible responsible for forthis thisMS MSlacks lacksself-confidence. self-confidence. What to make of What of words words like like ~L W1+ split split into into two two units units &4' A,^* :s tD-T'h (11:2)? The TheMS MSpresents presentsoccasional occasionalerasures erasures and and corrections corrections in the form (11:2)? additions of missing letters or words. of additions words. The The corrections corrections belong belong to to the the same hand. There is a good number of spelling imperfections and errors. The reasons behind these mistakes can be manifold. They They can can be attribatt ribThe uted to the the scribe's scribe's insufficient insufficient understanding understanding of of what what he he was wascopying, copying, so that at so at times times we we have have crass crass errors. errors. Haste Haste could could be be another another factor. factor. Some the errors might have been inherited from other Some of the other MSS. MSS. It is is imimportant to monitor the eerrors could well well suggest suggest regional regional rrors because they could variations, as as II suspect variations, suspect is the case case with with the the ones ones in in 1:4, 1:4, 9:2 9:2 and and 12:24 12:24 below. The The following following are are some some examples examples of the many orthographiorthographi listed below. present in cal lapses present in this this codex: codex:

0)&4. for 11λ~~©A-SWV% 1:2 Ι1λ~~ ©A-S-for aD'fl'flj 1:4 01(05.11 ©"niVH for for ©"mVH ~W ο1 for 3:17M1,K"H:U-©»for hµΙ íiK'i-tÜ'a"3:17 h t ~Το". 5:2 h.J&VlA for .ε J&hA hYh&' for ht' ~Lh'h A 5:2 A?»A ?» ~ ΙΙ'οD for for Λλ "1 Afïi'fc '‚µ ~'l'h 01011Α011AXA AAi-fc (ìóiìf.""miTi instead mOi 7:6 ffllfO instead of ©HP

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31

7:13 instead of of hA?» hAh IIA?' ++ tΑλ 7:13 hA.ii hill' instead 7:15100-¾. for®^ 7:15 milL for a*L 7:27 9ΝΟ for r0 forY'O 9:2 Ωλω' iìhiD'fì't ílffl'A'f' ~ι+ for flm'Ii+ 10:8 ii.J&A+Jíh 10:8 λY'&'µ h for &4+Yh 11:1 h.ftì't'Ch' instead of 11:1 hj(i+ch instead of Kffi'tCK hJ(l+Ch 12:2 ΙΙS%'4hfor for Η?"h 12:5 fa-nKCP hiiKCP 12:5 λ'ΩYC? for λ'ΗΡ'C? 12:18'hliifc for "hififa 12:18 +ΙΜ' ?Ι" for +11)6- M-t" 1+ ArbAfi /^CD't instead of AWi-^A ¿"C'i't ~~~ P'Cl* 12:24 Λ'Ιι Λ'h'Lfl Ρ'C d. Defective writings writings 6:6 ^Arhlf ~)dd)'a»' ' ~Wd' for '"îAWilf^ 6:9 for 'iilAììoo6:9 711.VW~Ν 'fl, ~ ο~3' jafliw/}. for ?»A 8:5 KA 1 Αθαο3 i 11:16 λ f' for for it.P'î^C 11:16 λf1C 11:28 -n^-nfor 11Ι for iìKiìK ~ Y"11Y"

XAA»+

e. (Copying?) (Copying?) mistakes 7:3 .~J&V'flC hU'i AHA-TjaVHC 1hü"? HA-f-. kΙµ AHA-T"to the the punpun7:3 ΛΥΛ5 for YΙi4ΙC 101 1A11111*. '4 "to 'ΩC inn ished, reprimanded reprimandedone" one" isis evidently evidently wrong. wrong. 8:5 XA-;h for XAA"^ 8:5 Rh...4.for ' οωσ' for íDK.mUÍ- h'ih h-h-fflth for ω2 coh.&'VUC MTU~ι' λ φΟ· 8:11 mλj"W4' Κ h .g-flhA. Κ h iihA. 'fl1. λ' jWc hth ~ flm λ 9:7 fiim-Tx 9:7 fΩ ~ΙJ4' for ,Attm-ìx 11:1 +λ9' 't'h9a'i'for for + ■ W4, it it seems seems that that the the scribe scribe fails fails to to make make out out the the difference between forms; the first first one one isisderived derivedfrom from 'hhi^V difference between the the two forms; means "to "to admit"; admit"; hence henceititisisout outof ofcontext contextinin11:1. 11:1. and means 11:25 Y J&rhtf"? for Afh^y-, the subjunctive subjunctive form form of of ‚iho", ΙΙ 'W90for '9"9'; the ~'α, as given in this MS, just does not not exist. exist. 11:37 +O'h" +070- for +XVA-, the two two verbs verbs are are totally totally different. different. The The former former +WΙ', the means "they "they were were conceived" conceived" and the the latter lattersignifies signifies "they "theywere wereafafmeans flicted". 12:16 AiAA the relative relative clause clause ΙΙ, H, can can never never be attached to to the the 12:16 'µΙ1 tlfilh"}, meh.7, the form is is hAiAP HJ&hfl>-7 ιD subjunctive. Therefore, the correct form ΑΠ ιιY·h ~ ι (1~i (kh'Ι' 12:17 ,fiàtìó n¿h+ (that (that he he might mightforget forget the the blessing) blessing) for for Α411 &¿fi iiih+ n¿h+ might inherit inheritthe theblessing). blessing).This Thisan anexcellent excellentexample exampleof ofaacrass crass (that he might error. 4 ~% ,~fPAA 12:27 f¿h. J&4-AA for ,fáh. "¿h. Y4t','ι .

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32

PART I: Ι: DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUSCRIPTS MANUSCRIPTS

13:5 11.004Μ100no such word isis found found in in the the Go'az Gz language. hoo/fofoao- no language, such word Λ9 t'~'~1Η "for "foryour yourstrict strictneeds", needs",could couldeasily easily substitute substitute for for the the incorincorΑ still better option would be Λσ1Ι41α rect form in our our text. A ΙΙ+07 '9υ. Temporal adverbs such such as 13:8 Υ+'7?'σ" cannot stand for H-Tf^A?". Temporal adverbs '½$ do 41" which modifier ^^7A^ 'Yt'aD, P""" ^9° which take take the accusative accusative modifier do not not exist. Here Here the the mistake is all all the the more striking as a If Ji prefixes prefixes ^"ÎA?" '7t' exist. 13:14 reads reads l'i/"/", 11Π-Υ,0, however with verbs that 2' the the first 13:14 that begin begin with with(J, If, h a ('i'hW'C, 'th9 5h9°C person plural should should as aa rule rule always always begin with V'ι (Vrft®-C, C ...). ...). f. Morphological errors +m ω'5'½ for the verb verb is (0(00° ~πΦ0Τ~~ and and not mmw; 1:11 'taVD'Pati. for+mωΙD'm; froìtu-T'ao*; the moia); 5:1 5:1 the text reads Y" 'ρ'λ, which is is clearly clearly a mistake, mistake, since since the the subjunctive subjunctive ΑΤΑ/h. and imperative form of ',ρ4' is ^7"/?». + "LY'~~ +114' flµ ünc,h4.11/ 'iii (Η +4'CΡ 7:19 ιι (DlìJh-k ('"Ctlì-Ì' ahfi-t λ~~ h7-l- -ì-'i.X'A TA4}- 7114. h'H- ili; -l-'l'CO ω'Lh'h ^"Crli-I +(ι4. Ν74. 'Μ WIllMhM: for (O'ìfìvh A74 + -¡"IM~~ -I-M?»7-f- Ut Λ fl~λ'fldbC for ~'C'Ιι+'ιV '041+ 7'~~ Η'CΡ Λλ"ΙΚ~ΜWbC. 74*cn Ah'H/.h ihh.C. The error is 14'CQ "¡"PCP, as as the the second second person person singular singular does not agree with 00C+114.5. ¿"■CíhHMr. ΩΗΚ flΛ Ji-tWiP 9:22 ΩΥ?"hlΜ íMH?,7nArt Α×511,11 J&ìhVHAi Α00 for fl)ïl?.7nA £9° Α4-511ΙΑ f'90 10:35.36In Inthese these two twoverses versesthe the scribe scribe seems seems to to be be unsure as to 10:35.36 to when when 35 we the imperfect and the subjunctive are to to be used. the imperfect and subjunctive are used. In In y. v. 35 we have have instead of of KTi* fit li: h7h Kh-i" λ~~Hi: fit +chfl instead Ι 'Y'4' ?\7ÍI λ'h Κ+ λιY'* K'ih D ~ ItIhaB. +ΙΩ. In fydYlíh. In the the following following verse we have just the the opposite opposite hai íl*7" l(i.¿Í10 ' hai 1(1¿ÍI0°* ¿.¿•Â ïilHhiiftbC instead of ho» ¿Wm- ¿¿'A ~.Π.Κ h^H.hlìth.C ildbC ?ι' ΙΙ~λ'fldbc ïditih +ζΥΙ instead i-Cflíb 'IiC iìdhC 'IibC for forfirhC Y"c 4~κΙιι; -111,11Χ for for íb'/íIz: 04114 1,11,4; 11:8 ,C ZAC -ttdhà, 11:9 11:9(05114 iirhC 9Ο ')' ~~% ~ ΥΙai· 11:10 (O&B'ìrh ωY Ο '' (TiC for (0Y'σι Ü1C for fflJ&flTA UIC; 13:1 Í^AA íltóivo- for for 9 f-AA iTiC; 13:1 7 770 O.X'Vk "-; fífiC " AfMli /-for fACrT M l PAÌ l'ò-; 13:21 11.31101-; fdiCai ΛY-Λ+~ . for dιCr? t~Ι fl+'./f'Ι'Cο0 ~ +'; 13:21 µ 0 ΗΙ C s*'9 P'rIh ρ'9'0¿-f-. ~+. The confusion in the the use use of ,f4 ~C S"9 fitiìC ¿'b instead of ,C filile confusion in the accusative accusative modifier is all the the MSS MSS of of Group Group I, is a chronic problem in all Ι, and it is still more acute in the Pentaglot. Pentaglot. g. Interesting variants 10:7 hai 110" λ"Ι'ιΙC hlilC notwithstanding the fact that that the the subjunctive subjunctive form form of of this type is acceptable, that is is in in usual usual use useisis acceptable, it is not common; the type that hai 2½dΙωC. h0° hide. In fact fact two two verses later, namely in verse 9, one comes across 0 hai the form ho h1f1G. 7\1ilC.

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h. The The nature natureof ofthe thetext: text: The mode of spelling, spelling, the the morphology, morphology, the syntax syntax and the the resultant resultant The mode if text of this MS together make it to to some some degree degree distinct distinct from from the therest restof of the group; group; it needs needs also also to to be be said said that thatthe thepresent presenttext textevidences evidences more more imperfections and errors than than the the others. others. ItIt gives gives the the impression impression that that the the conjunction Ω ffl is is both both overused overused and andindiscriminate. indiscriminate. Α A case case in in point point is is 12:22 ΩΩ mílAd: (ì^rhìì^ '-Vil flrf"? (Dül¿ λ0111.λ'ΙL hltLhiìrh.C. The second second Ω ffl is is ~ι1 η?'d1haυ Ω mule ΙLC. The clearly a spoiler. 2. Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Or. Or. 70 (= (= B) B) Cf. RSEI, RSEt, vol. XXX. 1984-86 1984-86 (but (but 1987), 1987), 88-91. 88-91. Paper: Folios ΙI + 205. mm. 253 253 χ x 165. 165. 2 columns. contains the the PauPaucolumns. It contains line Corpus. 8 XTV century . Date: XIV century8. vb ra 181ra. . Hebrews: Ι152 52νb-180 narrow the most most two two The MS MS has two na rr ow columns with lines holding at the lemmas, otherwise and aa half halfwords. words. The The folios folios are areseen seen lemmas, otherwise one one or or one and Arabic figures side and and itit was was probprobnumbered in Arabic figures on on the top right-hand side ably done by a foreign (European) hand, whom Marrassini qualified ably foreign (European) hand, whom Marrassini qualified as an "ancient "ancient one". one". Besides Besides at three three equidistant equidistant points points the thefolios folioshave have r r 58r (presumably) a numbering in Ga'az characters, i.e. on f. 158 I?; f. 168 I numbering in Gz on f. Ι ι; f. 168r ~~ r Î; 178 Χ!. IS. Two of them are fitted in in rectangular rectangular cages, cages, the the last last one one isis Χ. - ; f.f. 178r starof ofDavid. David. The The MS MS begins begins with with aageneral generalindex indexon onfolios folios1-3. 1-3. within a star The explicit is brief: brief: just just two words, i.e. AA'dft l'fi" δódìà-Hfi. fl&.'Ι J ~~ a. The The script script a. The of this this clear, clear, elegant elegantand andhomogeneous homogeneousscript scriptare aresignifisignifiThe letters of cantly angular. It It is is difficult difficult to to distinguish distinguish the the ι6 fr from the ¿. The A" ζ. om Λ ' has a triangular eye eye on its summit. The sixth order of the m "has all three legs summit. The sixth order of the r "has α11 three legs 9 resting upon the base line"9. line" . Like in all early early Ga'oz here too too Gz manuscripts, here 88

Marrassini in in his his description description of of this this MS MS opines opines that that the the script scriptisistypical typical of ofthe the XVI XVI Marrassini century. the letters letters arid and the the nature nature of ofthe thetext textofof century. According Accordingto to me, me, both both the the character character of of the Hebrews age much much anterior anterior to to the the XVI XVI century. century. ΙI thank thank Prof. Prof. Uhlig Uhlig who who has has Hebrews point point to to an an age confirmed conjecture. He He tells tells me me (in (in aa personal personal letter letterdated: dated:Hamburg, Hamburg,7.12.01) 7.12.01)that that confirmed my my conjecture. the document: "Ist "1st ohne ohne Jeden jeden Zweifel Zweifel eine eine Schrift Schrift (meiner) (meiner) Periode Période 3.1, 3.1, i.e. i.e. MonumentalMonumentalthe document: schrift bis 2. 2. Halfte Halfte 14. 14. Sh. Jh. Und Und dazu dazu ein ein sehr sehrschönes sebonesBeispiel". Beispiel". schrift bis 9 Cf. Uhlig Uhlig 1990, 1990, 28. 28.

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34 34

PART I:I: DESCRIPTION OF THE THE MANUSCRIPTS MANUSCRIPTS PART DESCRIPTION OF

it toto telltell apart number § and and. Î. Wehave havehere here it is is quite quitedifficult difficult apart number andS;; Iand We also for 4, «fe (cf. 7:5.10) 7:5.10) as in in MS MS Α. A. In this this MS MS too, too, like like in in A, A, it it appears appears alsoífor that the the scribe scribe succumbed succumbed to to the thetemptation, temptation,however however infrequent infrequent itit might have been, to use the first order, where for instance, thefourth fourthor or been, first order, where for instance, the sixth ought to to have have been been employed. employed. At At times, times, the theopposite oppositephephesixth order ought nomenon too takes place, namely, or the the sixth sixth order order are areused used namely, the fourth or in place of the first first one. one. The The following following are are aafew few specimens: specimens: fflHhh for fflHhh; 10:2. ωλ'17 ©fc"? 7.11 hh 2:16; 6:10; 9:24 mii?ji millι; anihh millι for (Wit' 9:24; 10:2. forfltf»®' 10:28. for ωλο" M» lι 10:28. 6:9 instead of 6:9 1'Y·~ •instead 6:11 ;Jhr4' for +h9% ~ ' 7:26 KKÏ Υ ' for iWî-fr 9:2 Ο ' ~ + for 0ν1.-Τ.) 10:22 ao'ìyao'} for 9111003 ^ao", 10:22 001007for Art^ 11:25 105+ for ΛW «iíl.¿hn 12:15 Ηλζ fir n&ehn hΩ for 12:16 'Ι"9'R for ΙΙ'?'~~ seems to to be bedoggedly doggedly preferring preferring "7,19°7 "lixT*"}toto9°716ω3, e.g. The copyist seems 3:2.5. an indecisive indecisive mindset. mindset.13:7 13:7 3:2.5. Occasionally Occasionally the the calligraphy betrays an gives rather bemused bemused and and undecided; undecided; in in gives the the impression impression that that the scribe is rather fact there is is aa mixture mixture of ofC C and and T, leaving a wide erased space between ς, space between Ç" ς and h. The The source source of of the theconfusion confusion isisplausibly plausibly his hisincapacity incapacityto tofigure figure 10 out H'/ICTÌÌ* in v. 13 of the same same chapchapΙΙι'ΙCςh'β.'. A A similar similar phenomenon phenomenon occurs in i. 13 ter. Here it seems that that the the copyist copyist had had trouble trouble in in making making up up his hismind mindon on choosing between ''hófiJ-fand ihAJ&C'f. As a consequence consequence we have have aa ~Y'+ and +~YC+. As scrawl norC.C.Apart Apartfrom fromsuch such scrawl that that results results in a letter which is neither 'Jnor sporadic that this this isisaameticulously meticulouslywritten written sporadic incidents, incidents, the the fact remains that document. b. Errors Errors b. in spelling spelling are are indeed indeed rare. rare. The Thefollowing following are are some some of ofthe themismisErrors in takes; 3:12 has I1'Yi+ ÍIA'WH' λ~'ΙΙ'Y'' hfiU-K for for 047114. ilATiI'h h&lhR, 10:32 takes: 3:12 in in the margin has hY ιΝ ', 10:32 +¾0¾1 for 4'L ω, and 3:18 3:18 o1'hEha" '7DrhAhììtinw 12:25 (~ (ÍRii¿ 0.9 instead of ORiìC 4)~~'~ς' (hiC a*r who" λ4 instead ω9'1 ωλ'h (OÌìao ω' wh'U instead of mi'T' (D-fch 13:8 mW 12 12

Uhlig 1988, 126. 126. 131. 131. Cf. Uhlig 13 the absence absence 0f of some some of ofthe thenumbers numbers(like (like é) due to the the 13ItIt can be assumed that the fi) isis due

stains.

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EMML 6462 6462 EMIL

37

0 hPHï instead of t'th# '} hi" σΙm' ?~'Ι, 13:18 nv'tìxoo' 74.h0DΙ h0D1

b. Omissions with respect respect to to the thesame samefamily familyof ofMSS MSS ob'ìMì'ÌiU' instead of α1147'41-1. ?‚' hltUhiirh.C Ι11ΜL ΙbC 1:6 σ»4µ1 't ι) instead (D-h-U 2:9 ω·λ1 hlJV-if7:23 AM 41 +" Ο' WV+ 0 0 14Ρ al. (~ J"ΙΒ. hol0 hlVlh 8:9 h# hm-lhilfav' - (OMMíPao1" ‚Ω 1i5"u"· "hVRá λ1 for ha ~h fíñA'EU'" fi-í.'tfh ArhUIh h ÌxItLh'fìih.C 10:30 Y'?)Ι λ 1flΙ.hfldΙ,C instead of id.' Ι h hlUhiìih.C λ'flΙj"fld ι,C ΛΙΥΩ dΙ~1+ '4'1' 'Κ"Ι''+ (D/uA.^ Wie* instead of (Dh.A.W -fÇie-îΩh.Μ ZKIovYY' ΙσΡ +ς• 12:19 ωh.~ 13:18(0^^ Atf-A' 13:18 ιο-11.4.3 vVZ ~ΠΤΑ 44' 0 - h"Yo' tìVU- ha" ho» ^*70413:18 (DM+n^OÌì# ωµ•Πφ " οhοι'· 7fl4' c. Additions when compared to to those those of of the the same same family family 1:11 A^A?" ' ■ihV'flC 'Νµ9 Κ'ωc instead of 'hV'iiC +511C ah^'tz 4"µ «i'd'A-» instead of «M'A4'+Λ 2:9 W·?vh 2:14 (Dfiôilft ~Ι,~*flλ AAW} ΜJ'Η' 10:12 V'O yo CM instead of V'O yO 016 instead ~' nh-f-#0- 4 ACA'h A^^A7 10:19 Ηλ+ι1" 0+ 44441 instead of ñh-f"#' flh+U"1' 44 ~ +"Ι4 hlh Mh1114410"" instead of h. 1~ 4 717h Mh 10:35 ivH-R-* 0 12:13 ojM'U ωhλ i WCiit* - h^'ìa0*!. This This is is an an interesting interesting variant. variant. Here Here λΣ'Ι ha"h41'50119. we have have a contracted contracted form form of of the the verb verb M't't; usual form form should should we h?'++; the usual h "keep away". (OM^'U, and not ωλλ (Dhh-U away". The have been ωhλ+'h, The second lemma too 0 1 ,mh normal one. one. The The correct correct one one is is λ MìDÌìo is not the normal οΟ.' or MVÌia"-. d. Readings in common common with with the theRevised Revised Texts Texts (= (= Group ΙΙΙ) III)

" '* »' λh1 Υ · witnesses of the same group 1:5 υ w/faYi'tO' group read read ο vAhìì't 4:8 KfAι f'? instead of hSfcA λ '~W) ,9Ο rhl instead of £9° Y9 0 αι1 9:20 £.9° 11:4 41% instead of .9'Y' 1 0 11:20 Η~ hοΡ instead instead of ¿ÍiC # * 4h1100D 1 ?1ΙΡΤ ΙWhω'· ιι ha" 12:1 11°76+ A^ôd* Hfhat-W h« ,~A#" ? (please (please note note the theexpansion) expansion) for for A^A-b Â^Ç (1°76+ gé~DΥ 12:2 A.PA-A instead of of ÍÍ.PA-A ΙC[Ι+1Ι (again note the expansion) instead λ '~ fl ilCA'f-A λ?'W t' ~Ihal. instead of Ail 13:9 AnlFlC0 6:19 h11» a»CI% 7:28 ffl^A a 8:10 K Ti'U... mhωαiα h°774:

8:13 jaa ... h^Ü9:18 h»YV Vîh 10:13 h7h 10:30 jaa Y.'), 11:4 m-tx-i: 11:4 61Π.7ι4 11:6 00° 11:60k' 11:24 11,Ι~Κ flg 11:27-7-00 11:27 12:2 hcA-PA hcIi+fi ha» 12:7 h ωλ,~ ω 611-4+ ÔO-A-h 12:12 (ofx^at ω 13:15 JUahtB-tfl λY.h h

d. Additions 1:5 01.9" (Ohi" ωλ h 2:6 r-J-hV- tn-h-U ω9 '?' 2:6 mrtfo 8:1 Υλ'1Μ HixJiiO 10:39 h'rùVm hreιΑ197

n" (corruption 11:7 (Ι+ O'Uh'" (corruption of il'I'h of '1+2' oc 9 t) 9"Ι') 12:5 ?‚οΙΙΙ,?' KIlÜx 12:9 hPW t0Τ5 M i 13:2 a»4µ1Ι «"WxM-

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TANASEE (REMA 21) 21) ΤΜ SΕΕ 100 (RENIA

41

e. Defective lemmas lemmas 3:17 kW% hO for hem Μ.119, j,fl'ρ' ~s8 λ1+ for 3:18 hjaflflH for ω?' a)h.m βΩ iD-h* CÌÌ-fì'ì' ωλ wq* 8:5 hChY hChi for hCh/V ?iChYY 9:2 Α4110 A-n^forJ^-n-h^ for R11+1,-

9:26 fl lif'hM' Ιι?'+ for Í]A¿V*H* Q1'4'+ '~~J for '~~J 10:37 ω íOh.l"W. for aìh.£l"W. ω 13:7 W,C'11Ο tì^CTÌìo^for for 1Ι WìCTÌì**"' C'1 Ο for oih.^'fllh13:17 iOh.Jr'Uth ωλ9Υh for ωλf4ιΙh.

f. Peculiar readings ¿.¿'R ftfr'HihilflhC would the 10:36 1.,,,Φg ('. ΡJ ft'lll.h'fiíihC ?el/1011144W wouldhave havebeen been the Λ 'ΙΙth·Ωdι,C (¿.^A normal construction. We case of of what what scholars scholars call call ¿hlá* ΙΙΙ normal construction. We have have here here a case "A") 11:8for 11:8 +hiIiI +hO" for -ì-hlìlì 11:29 11.29 h.C-i;¿* tor Kcfró* hC·*~' for ~ι C+' 12:12 ?Α14 .~+ for Wá h'14 Km-Afr Α10.4× The general picture that that emerges emerges from from the the survey survey of of the script, script, the the or orthography syntax is that that the the text textwas was produced producedby byaacopyist copyistof of thography and the syntax mediocre inattentive scribe scribe of of rudimentary rudimentary training. training. It It isis mediocre calibre calibre or an inattentive certainly hand. E.g. E.g. in in 3:15 3:15 there there appear appear yîl-C 11 IPC certainly of an unsure hand. 1}C and Ωh'C probably because copyist was unable unable to to choose choose between between the thetwo, two, probably because the copyist that both both are are taken taken on onboard. board.The The MS too is severely severely pewith the result that nalised because have been been devastated devastated by by rats, rats, making making nalised because many portions have several texts illegible. These shortcomings notwithstanding, the docuseveral texts illegible. These shortcomings notwithstanding, the document remains an an important important witness witness belonging belonging to the the family family of of ABCP. ABCP. Rom. where lectiones breviores breviores are are prevalent. prevalent. The text has not not ununRom. where the lectiones process of of polishing polishing and andexpansion. expansion. dergone the process -

5. Tanasee (= Ι) I) ~'ιΙnιΙsee 110 (Rema 21) (= 161-165. Cf. VOHDXX2, VW-1D ΧΧ2, 161-165. 159. 26.5 26.5 χ x 20 cm. 22 columns. columns. Contains Contains the the PauPauParchment: Folios 159. line Corpus. Date: 13th 13th year of Labna Dangal==1520-21 1520-2116 Date: Lbna D3ngl 16.. va vb 851a8 ~1b; ff. 150ra..156νb; 150ra-156vb; 8:7c 8;7c Hebrews: 1:1 - 2:8c = ff. 85 -86 ; 2:8d - 8:7b == ff. 12;7b = ff. Ι42ral48νb; 142ra-148vb; 12:7c 12:7c - 23a = ff. 157ra-νb; 157ra-vb; 12:23b 12:23b - 13:25 = ff. 136rn136ra12:7b rb 138 . Ι38λ

16

16

Cf. VOHD XX 2, 165, 206. 206. Cf VOHD 2, 165,

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42

PART I:I: DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUSCRIPTS PART MANUSCRIPTS

The script is of the "Monumentaischrift" The "Monumentalschrift" type and is is good. good. The folios folios were numbered posteriorly by an alien hand. Internal evidence goes were posteriorly hand. Internal evidence goes to to show that the MS to the same family as the Pentaglot, B, Ρ., Β, C, C, P., show MS belongs belongs to H, Rom. Conce rn ing this document, Hammerschmidt has the following H, Concerning following dieser Handschrift weicht von von dem dem der der gegecomment to to make: make: "Der "Der Text Text dieser druckten Ausgaben (die bekanntlich keinen wissenschaftlichen Anspruch druckten k~rzer erheben können) kônnen) an zahlreichen Stellen ab und scheint vor allem kürzer (und straffer?) zu sein"17 17.. ~ . Paris, &h. 29 (= P) 6. Paris, BnF, Éth. (= P) Cf. Zotenberg 1877, 44b-45a. cm. 22 narrow columns. Contains the Parchment: Folios 120, 25 χ x 16 16 cm. columns. Contains Pauline Corpus. Date: Zotenberg Zotenberg basing basing himself himself on on the the indication indication found found on f. f. 118r 118r concludes that the the MS MS was was compiled compiled before before the theyear year1419 1419 (Ε.Ε. (E.E. = 1426142627). va Hebrews: fol. 91 91"-104. Hebrews; -104ra. The numbering on on the the folios folios is is by a different different hand. hand. The text is close to the Pentaglot (A) We (A)in in form, form, spelling spelling and and content. We have, therefore, therefore, an interchange of the first order with the have, the fourth fourth one, one, e.g. e.g. 11:2 (ι#aJΙ'Ι" A.+íD-lí' for λρω+; 8:1 (if"Ti etc. Here too, there are (1f"?', for ilfiV, 1W"Ι, etc. occasional as the the *£ occasional hybridisation of letters, such as with an additional upup'Ε with per hook, e.g. 11:21 11:21 ~'οmΕΙ.; or the If IT again again with a hook below the eye of the seventh order order modifier, modifier, e.g. 11:27 11:27 í*.¿.¿lf. λ'&.ιιΡ. There There is a homoioteleuton homoioteleuton in chapter 8. The The copyist copyist jumps jumps from from 8:3b 8:3b to to 8:4c, 8:4c, i.e. from chapter 8. from ao/^Vd't ο 'ρ"~'~+ to to 'm ρΙ'~+. ('"/"'PÒ'Ì'. a. Copying Copying mistakes mistakes Copying there, such such as as 3:4, 3:4, mEk" fflAhM for for Copyingmistakes mistakesshow showup up here here and and there, ωΛh' ~k~; 8:9, hV ®AhP"A-rt; IIh- for h'illh-. 1 ·nh' b. Readings that differ from the the MSS MSS of the same family family 5:1 Y'ΗΙλ fliìh ABCH Rom, Rom, read f-fíh Y4 λ 5:2 Ωλfl~ξιΡ" (ì?x(ìP.a^ BCDEFGH, read iìKA.U'^'Ιλ~0ι~~$'

17 17

Cf. 164. VOHD XX 2, 2, 164. Cf. VOHD

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ΝΑΤ. ΑΕΤΗΙΟ. VAT. AETHIO. 55

43 43

7. Vat. Aeth. 55

Cf.Grébaut Grbaυt - Tisserant 1935, 20-21. Cf. (rough): Folios 69, 22.2 22.2 x 15.5 Paper (rough): 15.5 cm. 2 columns. columns. Contains: Contains: Ι1 Pet ra rb ra rb vb (jjrb) (291b), (1ra), 2 Pet Ι Jn (179, 2 Jn (2711)), Jas Judg (39~2). (I ), 2 Pet (1 l ), 1 (17 ), Jn (27 ), Jas (29 ), (39ra). Hebrews: 441^-62^. 1 ra.62Τa Hebrews: Date: XVI century. Misplaced: 12:2-14, 12:2-14, which which appears appears on folio Misplaced: folio 60ab 60ab in in the the middle middle of 13:11. Both the incipit are brief. The script script is is clear Both incipit and and the the explicit are brief. The clear and and homogeneous. As Asin in AAand and P., P., here here too too the the first and the homogeneous. the fourth fourth orders orders look alike, alike, as as both letters look letters have have legs legs of of equal equal length. length. There There are are frequent frequent emendations in the form of addition of missing letters that have emendations in of addition of missing that have been been subsequently attached attached on top of subsequently of the the defective defective words. words. Even Even though though the the letters added added by by way way of of emendation emendation are are less less robust robust than than those letters those in the the ~~ body, the MS as a whole looks like like the product of body, of the same same hand. hand. The The A" has a markedly markedly triangular triangular eye. eye. There There are are spelling spelling mistakes mistakes as as well well as as grammatical errors. for grammatical errors. E.g.: E.g.: 10:9 10:9 for for 4114; 10:19 10:19 0'441 for ω~ι Y)'~~instead 114'441; 5:2 wíu^hAAs far far as as the the nature of AÍ'-S-A'í; instead of of mi Ι ,.C4it'. As of the the text text is concerned, there there is is no no doubt doubtthat thatititbelongs belongstotothe thesame samefamily familyofofAEP. ABP. oJ µ It is a concise text. In In 8:5 8:5 the the same same crude crude mistake mistakeas asin inAA isis found: found: XA»^ for Thereare areevery every now now and and then thentranspositions transpositions such such as as 11:16 11:16 for 4Λ"J. There Afí.tP-í'OO' of them · ΙΥ*'+aΡ- WYtYi+ for Λι+ο and for W?AWI· and aa good good number number of them coincide with with P. P.

a. Peculiar readings

Ωλ90~E ?C2%fΟ. This looks looks like like aa 1:3 IIhChY ñhCM Ifr ¡LhU- or ilWAA hChfU*. This 1. for ÜhCh? ω'Cλf lLi)'· theological variant. 3:4 ,C j&i-nc muΗΙ C mu$~ω'· for j&h-flc Yh·Ηc 'νο 3:19 MlUAh"V.V for h.hr"ih·Vιt1Α. ?"7' hλ9'1 ~ y' ΟΡ Μ9' f1 4:4 VìhrÌRao 'W for for H^T-Td-h 'lAf" Υλr4 φ'+ '1190 12:1 HlfV-d for for HôWh 1ω1,4h 12:11114 12:9 ith11ATirt-V instead of Ahí! Λh~) ¿WbLAV 01)1146 b. Omissions 3:6 ω ', m íO-M; λ'h il-fc (1.-t 7:5 ""ilh tint% 8:6 λΙ Y1) 10:31 10:31 tifah a1y'»

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44

PART I:I: DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION OF OF THE MANUSCRIPTS PART

'19 this omission and the other 11:13 T'-iî other textual textual variations variations in in this this verse verse change the sense of the whole sentence. of 11:16 'Ι1J·fl llrió^lJWl 11:38 fflilV* ΩΗ5,14 11:38 Almost the the whole whole of 7:6 Almost 7:6 is skipped because of the the switchover switchover from from Abraham of 7:5 7:5 to to the Abraham in 7:6. The same happens in Abraham 7:6. The in 7:9, 7:9, where where jumps from the (1).Ν.h ωλ h of verse verse 88 (last (last word word of 8) 8) to the m-Xdi the copyist jumps flHh'fc of verse 9, 9, thus thus bypassing almost of verse almost the the whole whole of of verse verse 9. 9. e. Additions c. Additions 4:14 flHW* (0-11+'kW 4:14 W WU fRC r'c 7:3 nm 8:3 'WPI'Y+ 8:12 λοq ~~ 8:12 λdrn.µυ bc +1ω 9:2Ki-V λΗ' hlllh 9:2 ihhC l-h-ii»

GROUP ΙΙ Group II

1. Paris, 1. Paris, BnF, &h. Éth. 27 (= (= D) Cf. Zotenberg 1877, 43. Parchment: Folios 162, 23 χ x 16.5 16.5 cm. cm. 2 narrow narrow columns. columns. Contains Contains Folios 162, the Pauline Corpus. Date: Basing MS that it had had been been Basing himself himselfon onthe the final final note note in in the the MS written down in the year year 38 38 of of the the Era Eraof ofGrace, Grace, Zotenberg Zotenberg calculates calculates written down 18 137818. that the year year of of its its composition composition is is 1378 . This This is an untenable datation since there are unequivocal internal elements demonstrating demonstrating that that the theMS MS could have been end of of the the XV XV century19 could not not have been written written earlier earlier than than the end 19.. Compared ones, the the present present MS MS in in fact factcarries carriesseveral several Compared to to the the earlier ones, expansions, of Grace Grace expansions, double double readings readings and additions. Therefore, the year of 38 belongs to the third cycle, thus we may calculate the corresponding 38 belongs to cycle, we may calculate the corresponding year of Christ: Christ:1416 1416(G3) (G3) ++ 38 38++ 7/8 7/8== 1461-62 1461-62A.D. A.D. year of Hebrews: Folios 1171.3-1406. 117^-140*.

18 18

Zotenberg 1877 1877,, 44. 44. For more details on the date issue, cf. Uhlig Uhlig 1988, 392-394. 19 For more

19

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TÂNASEE 139 (DAGA ESTIFA ESTIFANOS 28) ■ OS 28) ΤΝ SΕΕ 139

45

The front page is is colourfully colourfully decorated. decorated. The clear and and hohoThe The script is clear mogenous. later hand, hand, apapmogenous. The The page page numbering, numbering, done done by by an alien and later upper right right margin. margin. The The letters letters are are robust robust and andrather ratheranguangupears on the upper lar, the Ο 0 clearly clearly evidences. evidences. The 0" is is consistently consistently slanted. slanted. At At lar, as the The letter 00 times the fourth fourth orders orders are are mixed mixed up, up, e.g. e.g. +· -t'Utìà for ■i'Uhà times the first and the Υh~~for +'Υ 10:3. There middle margins. margins. Sometimes Sometimes there there 10:3. There are are christograms christograms in the middle appear the margins margins triple triple dots dots in in aatriangular triangularform. form. Most Most probably probably appear in the they were meant to serve serve as as caesurae. upper margin margin there there are are ococcaesurae. In the upper casionally liturgical indications. We have have a homoioteleuton homoioteleuton in in chapter chapter 2: 2: the the sc scribe jumps from from We ribe jumps (DfihtLft of v. 8 to that of v. 9. The same happens in chapter 4. The scribe mJ'fl,~~ y. 8 to i. in chapter 4. The scribe leaves out the TxlìLhiìfh.C last lemma lemma in iny. v. 9 and and skips skips the leaves which is the last λ' ΙΙΙjι'~ΥbC which 10 except for the last last word word which which is is λ'1ΙΙ,.~'·fl'11,C. hin.hiifh.C. whole of v. i. li a. Omissions 1:6 jan. Y11 A.llKrWfi 4:12 λ '~ 11 6:10 ;f4 ~~ 6:10 λΩΙ4 11:23 «WHhm ¿ ^ ' µ+ b. Errors 1:9 1'i~λ for for 'i~h 3:2 ffliH: ωΡ1 for fflO'fc milt ωΗ kΙ 3:3 (011.1nt (Dfith't for for fflO/hd: for?υι44Ιο îWhlfKn»- for XA+Vk"»6:11 Rααι1ΠΝ 10:7 (1401. aoliCth for IpIJDCh. w^ch12:16 1111-6"÷ ntf'T'f- (= by his sword20) sword20) for ·Οh'Cς'ιk "fliï'CTtl" c. Defective scripts scripts 13:20 for fifìóìl^13:20fXótlW' βδha1 for f'flχm. The and especially especially its its expansions expansions and and additions additionsreveal reveal The text's nature and it is is aa document document of oftextual textual transition. transition. ItIt has hasaarelatively relatively short short exthat it (ìóA 99J" Ρ~ . Œ'icu'Z The affinity affinity ΙΩ ωrY~4 Ω1 The plicit: +m fl1 between this this MS MS with the the E E and and the theFFisisobvious. obvious.

20

to Gen Gen 27:40? 27:40? 20 Reference Reference to

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46

PART I: Ι: DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUSCRIPTS MANUSCRIPTS

2. TUn'isee E) Tanasee 139 (Daga (Daga Estifanos 28) (= (= E)

Cf. Six 1999, Cf. 1999, 155. 155. Parcbment: Folios 178. Two columns. columns. Contains Contains the Pauline Corpus. Parchment: 178. Two Date: Undated. XV century (?) rα-161vb. Hebrews: 143 143ra Even though though the MS MS is is not not in in the best of conditions, conditions, the script is clear Even The letters letters are no longer angular but rectangular and and regular. The and could could 21 well fall fall into into the category of the so -caHed "compressed slender script" scriρt"21 well so-called .. 00' The letters letters are in fact The fact taH tall and slender. slender. The The size size of the Ω is often very first column, column, fourth fourth line line and folio small, e.g. e.g. 11:6; 11:6; 13:21 13:21 (see: (see: folio folio 156r 156r first r 161 r,, second column sixth line respectively) where the aD is microscopic. column sixth line respectively) o" is microscopic. Occasionally this this happens with the w Ο likens an inverted Occasionally ffl too. too. The 0 inverted triantriangle. Generally Generallyitit isis hard hard to to distinguish distinguish the first order gle. order from from the the sixth sixth and and 4; hh and and hh is is not not the seventh ones; thus the the difference difference between between Λ A and A; clear. There There are are here and with -t 't and -t clear. and there there hybrid hybrid letters, letters, e.g. e.g. 13:7 13:7 with Λ" is joined joined almost almost to to the summit of the letter. In merged. The eye of the A" the + "f1 there is is no no gap gap between between the the eye eye and and the thehorizontal horizontalstroke. stroke.SpoSporadically words like ιΙfl:λ'Ν' Hfls&'H' 10:6 10:6 are are split up. The type of spelling in this MS, especially especiallythe theabundant abundant use of the the first order instead of MS, of the fourth fourth or or the sixth, brings it closer closer to MS MS A. Α. The following following are are some examples:

+

1:7; 10:27; 11:34; 12:18 1:7; 12:18 1+ for 1+ Ι1Λm for Y+φ~%m' 1:11 fi'tHAilh for fifrUAílh 1:13 h-P-flXf»for Κ1'flhι' h hal' for 2:17 Α~Ι~·Α fifa fi for f'~~β A) for for " ~' 3:1 +841.(= (= A) ~ςΙ' for XKÏ 3:2 XKÏ κf Ι' ω(~wh'~~ (= ωηaΙ'12 3:3; 7:7.14 fflíMi-fc (= A) A) for for ffllA-fc A) for Λ~~ Λ 3:3 ΛΙΙΙΙ AMA (= A) for AillA E (= 3:4 7114ΟWlh (= A)formiF for /UV(= A) 22 3:6 3:6 AHA#0144.22 for AHA-Í* Λ'Η E+ ΙΗC~, ... fflHA-fc ωυa' -j for Í^TlCf 3:9 4'1110'... f-WCf ... Wlhh'l: 3:14 115 hV for hV h1' ωΗ 'h 4:2 (DfìJh'bitωfla1 ~~ . for ffllAi'fc 4:6 fiiihf112" (= A) for for filhY"' (= A) 6:9; 6:9; 7:18 iPt 'lt for Id: 'i: 21 21 22 22

Cf. Uhlig Uhlig 1990, 1990, 71-73. Cf. 71-73.

It literatureas asisis It has has to to be be noted noted that that this this form form appears appearsvery veryfrequent frequentininearly earlyGa'sz Gz literature the case of of the the Qerlos. Qerlos. Cf. Weischer 118, 122, 122, 136, 136, 172, 172, etc. the case Weischer 1973, 1973, 118, etc.

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TANASEE 139 (DAGA (DAGA ESTIFANOS ESTIFANOS 28) 28) ΤλΝλSΕΕ 139

47

οΙJdΙΗ~ h~ΙΒ for 66:100 wWóYl*»' for ymtÎiao(14ο ~~J~', 6 1 2 •ΝΙr, (= A) for 5KtlhW 6: iìAr (= A) 7 ~4(= 7:1 Α) for fοr Mr µ r 7 'nhr'ñíi.U' a) for n^rAA.u7:3 019°410Ι9ΜJJ' (= A) 7 0414h í»n¿h (= A) for WW1 7:6 7 1 WV% for lA?» 7:1 fοr }~1Αh 7 5.17; 9:7 9:7 hιΓ hmforhlT} fοr 1#γ 7:15.17; 77:255 Ω144 AHAf- for for A'HA-i* kflE* 8 A^A'íforA^A'í for 0447 8:2 íH'f-CílV for (D'I'-'CH'i 8 (943".ς115 ω4'C Ηι 8:3 11 h'.1t0 íf'A0 kW» for h07.¿ 110:11 fοr fr'A" ΙΥΥΠ "?1 J, 1Ι Ι :66 f41/.1' ^/"í" (contraction) for for P*1i/ '/"ip '»'ρ4 111:11 11 ~~ A¿- for fοr A¿~~~ 1 23 λΩ hílVÜfor 2d1'ΙΟ hílVlf11:23 "ΙΟ' for A^AbA for ~ΟΝ9b' A Ι11:32 Ι :32 11013-11,Α 12:15 Ω+Ι h ~ Ο for for ωβ h'"a'-

the λ h with the Ο 0 is frequent frequent in the Ga'sz MSS, but its Interchanging the Gz MSS, this document, document, as as 011111Φ".01300Ofl't'tii^Oh^0' (!) in 13:19, 13:19, is quite amazamazoccurrence in this ing. decoration23 at at the the beginning beginning of of the the secsecing. The incipit is brief and the decoration23 Hebrews is rather rather modest. modest. Often Often in in the the margins margins often often tion introducing Hebrews as well well as numberings numberings appear; appear; there there are are in in fact factinstances, instances, the word Iff '1 14 as numeration (cf. folio folio 159r 159r where is is and and where there is a twofold numeration wherethere there over it). The poor state of the MS makes it impossible to pursue the over it). The MS impossible pursue the There are are often often signs signs of of partition partition such such exact sequence of the numeration. There 4*9°. At times 4" φ occurs twice in the the same same place, place, e.g. e.g. at as the usual 4" φ. At of chapter chapter 3. 3. They They do not not always always coincide with the beginning beginning of of the end of a term or chapter, cf. 8:5. 8:5. The scribe frequently inserts missing letters letters by by way of additions above the line. The similarities between between this this codex, codex, the the way of the great great revision revision (a, (a, b, b, e, e, f) f) are many. many. With With them them the the D F and the texts of E shares many many of of their their expansions expansions and and omissions. omissions. ItItis is however however notewornoteworΕ thy that some some of the imprecisions imprécisions recurring in in the the A A are retained retained in in this this same gross gross mistake mistake ii.MlA ^hA. ~t'. MS too, e.g. 5:2 where we have the same λY1t' for Y The indication indication in the explicit that Hebrews Hebrews was was dispatched dispatched from The in the from Laodicea is indeed striking.

23 Similar, .23 Similar, though though less less elaborate, elaborate, to to those those of of "Période II: Ende 14. 14. Sb. Jh. bis Mitte 15. 15. Sb.", Jh.", "Periode Η: ílhlig 1988, 1988, 177 177 ff. cf. Uhlig

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48

PART I:I: DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUSCRIPTS PART

a. Some samples of misspelling 9:13 mhYU fflhdrt. fir for ‚ι~~~ 41 for A?iA 4µ 9:16 AM Defective lemmas lemmas b. Defective

λ" Ι'ΙI for Kll* λ" ~~ 4:8 K"!* 9:4 atao&bp for ω m'Wt*J for 'µ J ωf Α 'φ 9:4 ιΡYJJ'φ iDJ&X.A'P for fflJ&X.AAT ' ~)'ι$ for 9:6 ao/^nffoth. for 9UρJ'~'~ ΟD 4q44 for 10:19 AÏW fortâW} 0'341 11:811.111?forlH-rtf"" for iI+"Wa» ll:8lH-rtf 1 "Ι'+ 12:1 ΙΙ nil ?* for ι~Υ~"Y'+ 3. EMIL EM ML 2198 (= (= F)

EMIL VI, ‚ΤΙ, 309. Cf. EMML Folios 108; Parchment. Folios 108; 22.5 22.5 κ x 20.5. 20.5. 2 2 columns. columns. Contains: Contains: Pauline Pauline Corpus.Yaria: (1) Fragments of the prayer ~1711-1-+Α·444"? αCorpus..Varia: (1) of prayer 11?»">4" fyR'i'h AATE-ï" ff. 1laΕ ff. 1 08a; (2) (2)Incipts Incipts of of prayers, prayers, perhaps perhaps for the night 108a; night hours, hours, f.f. 108b. 108b. EMIL but Date. Undated. XV century (?) according to EMML but the the nature of the text suggests a later later date. date. Hebrews: 80νb94νa 80vb-94va. The is excellent excellent and and homogeneous. homogeneous. The The Ο 0 appears as an overoverThe script is turned triangle. The The eye of the A° too there there Λ ' appears appears at at its itstop. top.In Inthis thisMS 'S too instances of the first are several several instances first order order substituting substituting for for the the fourth fourthone, one, ωΗ' ~r ~ ; 4:4 91(Κ. H1 for e.g. Í^IÍK- for 91144.; 8:10 Hi: 13:20 e.g. 3:3 3:3 tottrh'b WUh'I for ffllA't:; for l-t; lit; 13:20 '4' Μ116. SVPB hílló for TAU Mió. It has ' Λ'Ι λΥ'Wi has a short incipit. The explicit explicit is is concise concise but the ink blot beside it does not not permit permit one one to to say say what what itit obliterates. obliterates. A Α handicap thearbitrary arbitraryway wayof ofmaking making interrupinterruphandicap presented presented by by this this MS IS isisthe tions, obscuring the sense sense of of the the sentences. sentences. The The same same tions, which which result result in obscuring indiscriminate indiscriminate excision excision of of readings readings is is widely widelyattested attested in in the the text of RoRo 24 mans . The following are some examples: examples; mans24. 1:3 HtO'h'b ΙΙωλ h hChf λC?ΙY H.M11.1102:11 coMV. F'-'MtZOωλ,W. 2: 11 Y*'kJ ~~ 13:22 +α)114-

24 Tedros cf Tedros 24 Cf.

2001, 48.

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COMBONIANI Α2 A2

49

There are however however cases cases where where dittographies dittographies too too recur, recur, e.g. e.g. 12:1 12:1 There where we have a repetition of JIKV. a. Crass errors œà-ft. ~σ '. for ω' ~~il®* 1:4 (0641. 01 HJ&hA for ιΙhjhtι 4:15 ΗYh' j+hΥ «M'-Hh/A' for ω2 «'hJ'-ï hllA' 9:5 ωY*hυ µ90 for Af-y 9:9 4Υ for 10:25 1+Ζ.11 for i-'f'C'fl +4'C Ι~~ 12:6 HZ+hHll iiihjl·ii for Υλ+h,ιιυ b. Omissions 1:6 ÍPA"^»h*'m 3:12 h5 ~ ', 4:4 ω5Er (01^9° hi0* 5:7 719'411:3 "hPC h®» text's meaning. meaning. hem the omission radically changes the text's ll:34fflM"RJt11:34 ωλ'ρ2 -ÏJBA ii M't' c. Peculiar readings 3:1 σα5.57 fflRVn for m? ωφ ~"flaν 3:7 JiAniLhiwfor AHh®»λΝΙ~Υ1 a for 4:15 11711-ξh5 flÌiT-tM for "Y9"Ι 4. Comboniani Comboniani Α2 A2 (= G) Cf. Raineri Rαiner~~2000, 2-3. Parchment: 140 140 pp., 27 χ x 33 33 κ x 55 cm. cm. 22 columns. columns. Contains: Contains: Pauline Pauline Parcimient: pp., 27 Corpus. Date: XVI cent.25 25 Hebrews: Pp. 113-136. 113-136. The general general condition MS is is very very precarious to to say say the the least. least. The condition of the MS While many parts are While many are missing, missing, some some are areruined. ruined.Page Page123 123(from (from9:149:149:17b) damage, and and p. 124 (9:19c 10:34) almost 9:17b) has suffered great damage, 124 (9:19c to 10:34) is almost p. The codex has been reorganised reorganised and and the the pages pages reorreortotally destroyed. The 25

25

ineri proposes the XVII century. Raineri

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PART I:I: DESCRIPTION OF THE THE MANUSCRIPTS MANUSCRIPTS PART DESCRIPTION OF

50

dered. The numeration numeration of of the the chapters, chapters,the thepages pagesand andthe theverses, verses,asaswell well as the title of of the the Epistle Epistle in in Latin Latin characters characters are are the the fruit fruitof oflater laterinterintervention different hand. in the the numeration numeration of ofthe the vention of of a different hand. There There is is an error in pages: we read 123 instead of 125, excluding perhaps a folio of which pages: we 123 of 125, excluding a folio of which partially damaged damaged and its its verso illegible. At one At least one verso is totally illegible. recto is partially unaccounted for, for, since since the the gap gap between between the the interruption, interruption, i.e. i.e. is unaccounted folio is 9:19c-10:34 isistoo 124 only. The state of of the the 9:19c-10:34 too big big to to be be contained contained on page 124 text of Hebrews is therefore as as follows: follows: from from1:1 1:1 to to3:9 3:9 is is lost. lost. 3:9 3:9 begins begins on p. 113g. 113a. The on p. p. 118 7:13 due to the intrusion intrusion 118ea at 7:13 The text text is is interrupted interrupted on of lTm ITm 2:8 2:8 there. there. Hebrews Hebrews resumes resumes with with the the last lasttwo twolemmas lemmasof of7:13 7:13 on on page 119b. 119b. The The section sectionfrom from9:1 9:19a to 10:34 10:34 too tooisismissing. missing.AAnote noteininItalItal9a to ian on aa piece piece of of paper paper attached attached to to page page 118 118 with with aa clip clip ("Nota ("Nota = = da da ian cap. VII, VII, metà metà versetto versetto 13 13— - salta salta aa 11 Tim Tim 11,8") 11,8") speaks speaks of this this Ebrei cap. omission. a. The script script a. The Apart the sequence sequence of of the the chapters chapters and andverses, verses, itit Apart from from the chaos in the must be acknowledged acknowledged that the the script, script, which which falls falls within within the thecategories categories 26 of the ·r V-Arh , is is elegant. elegant. The letters are robust robust and and regular. regular. There There ι'a' type type26, is a homoioteleuton: the copyist copyist leaps from from 12:22 12:22 'W?Y1' to to ilfW.P'Sh in Η'"?Y+ in 12:23 between. There There are are probationes calami imme12:23 skipping skipping the the part in between. irrediately after the last last lines lines of of both both the the columns columns on onp. p. 123 123 and andafter afterthe thelast last line of the second column column on on p. p. 125. 125. The The copyist copyist uses uses always always the theciphers ciphers instead instead of of Αth4.. hih^r. instead of of the the numbers numbers in in the the body bodyof ofthe thetext, text,e.g. e.g.§instead the type type of of script script belongs belongs to to the the second secondhalf halfof ofthe the XVI Even though the XII century and the the physical physical state state of of the theMS MS isisprecarious, precarious, itithas hasnevertheless nevertheless been selected because is very very close close to to the theearly earlywitnesses. witnesses. ItIt been selected because the the text is an old old exemplar exemplarwith withsome someediteditlooks very very likely likely that that it was copied from an ing, the persistent persistent removal removal of of the the conjunction conjunction Ω, ffl, correction correction of of ing, such as the mistakes (e.g. 5:2, 5:2, where where Ωλ Y4k*ι is is rectified rectified with with wf'hti) and and occaoccamistakes (e.g. sioned intended to to smooth smooth the the sional transpositions. transpositions. There There are some additions intended text and make make itit more moreaccessible. accessible. The The expansion expansionin in13:12, 13:12, where wherewe wehave have hllLM indicates aatextual textualevolution evolution introintroWW1, indicates ?'1Ι1λ'Ι attached to WlVfl λ1Ι ïlCrt'Wl, ducing a reverential reverential touch touch to to the theplain plain"Jesus" "Jesus"or or"Jesus "JesusChrist" Christ"27 27.. is short, that of ofA AΒ B Ρ. P. This This MS MS contains contains The explicit is short, identical with that relatively few errors, errors, e.g.: e.g.: 11:37 11:37 iPA* for ®1A-. w%ik

h'*

26 26 27

27

Cf. Uhlig 1988, 425-457.

Cf. Zuurmond 1989, 1989, 46. 46. cf Zuurmond

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Α2 COMBONIANI A2

51 51

b. Interesting variants

4:12 YQΑ' Y1ΙΑ'' == Β J&HAAι for j&dA^i B fοriΠ,eç 4:12 0041 «"lì for wj&iï = to Group Iι ~4οι 6:16 ΛΙ'ρ'~ +a' for for itàixtf'oo* ω,+'j4~t' in the MSS 7:25 ωJ~ +'Ι'4'fl = = to Group Group I; instead of ©jR'bV'ftA MSS of the same period. ~Ρ"ρ 11:29 +"Ρ'ΙΙ5' Ο for for ■l'Aíll.TV/nµ+ 12:4 +Q?"di. -Thn^di- AT'lh for ΛY' falflTrhΙiWµι ' 0 'Ι?" 12:5 KJ M-'ióih /*7K' +11'ΥΧΤ for J ~+?,•1 'l+οΙ λ*fl+ µ1 ωοu'. 12:9 Ω$~+44 for for ~'1ι',(k for 1'~ ~ -~ Ο (the 12:10 í'^rt.Ü" for í'^rA'tU(the form form adopted adopted by by G G is is weaker and more vague) λ i1lih""ιa" for 13:5 Λα AWlìiiì for h+hau 13:12 +iiYE 'hrti'A (explanation (explanation of of■i'+'hA) +++it) for 'h+'ShA ++411 j' ~~ρσιJ. Y*pivrc"Ργ'σ" for 13:17 P.-ì for JK.Tf-'7A0«oSome editor's tendency tendency to Some of the above above variants variants seem seem to to point to the editor's explain rather than merely transmit the text received. E. g. 12:4 H-ttftdr explain than merely transmit the text received. Ε. 12:4 +U?i'd' 0 „~ Ι' is an explanation of ÌIR9 ΛΙΙυ+ for ΛY. A'P'h ([£.9°+OWdi., H-ttftAv, AT'-ih ; 13:12 -bA^A ΛJ φ; +'Wl'E is is aa clarification of +4'+E. -

! 1

c. Omissions 5:12 C-h~~ CisA -bh-V* C'I-ó Λ Ah""" ■ibh-V* ~α :1114k +414 instead λ'"! C'h)

6:17 11:34 ωµ+. -bljRV OC ' Ωλ +5Y 4 OC 12:8 ωhjΝ n>h.li }yi«»mE4' (00¿£ii(n>hα ID-A-^ ωσ~Jbο' 13:20 WA-A λfE ~~

d. Additions 5:1 λ'flΙµΙ h-ltlhttcl^C dbC 5:12 Υλ'~Ι4bh4ΗW Hhmólhìì^ AhcA^A 6:4 Μ~Cfl+1 1 MaΡ 'IT7:2 JtAtf® **1149° AA90 explanatory gloss ~' 9:9 Λλ0ΙΥ,λ'ωdι,C AWlLhiidhC 13:12 71°4015 Ìi'ÌH.W WA-A A λ,~W ViCA-f ΙC~+~~ 13:12 AM ι ¿hr-A13:12E1 h'*

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52

PART I:I: DESCRIPTION OF THE MANUSCRIPTS PART MANUSCRIPTS

GROUPIII III Group I (= a) 1. Vat. 1. Vat. Aeth. Aeth. 235. 235. 1(= —Tisserant Tisserant 1935, 741. Cf.Grébaut Grbaυt Cf. (ff. cm. 22 columns. Contains: Pauline Epistles Parchmeiat: 20.8 x χ 181 Parchment: 181 cm. Epistles (£f. v ; 21231) (ff. 201Reν (ff. 2-123 ); Acts Acts (ff. (£f. 124-179); 124-179); Catholic Epistles (ff. 180-200v); 180-200v); Rev 201284v); Mt 25:1-14 (ff. 204v-205). 204v); century. Date: XVII centuiy. vb Hebrews: Ι109va-123 1 23νb Hebrews; . The script is large, homogeneous and very The very elegant. The MS makes a where in fact the h λ should have been emfairly consistent consistent use use of the Ο fairly 0 where λ~ Y Ο; ôfOtf. 6114.for ployed. Hence in 1:1 ployed. 1:1 we have have ' ~' λ instead instead of h&KO] for λ ~ΡΙ' 10:16. The incipit is rubricated. There are biblical cross references in the 10:16. in chapter 11 where the text reads margins glossae in margins and small small glossae 11 (e.g. (e.g. 11:3 11:3 where "the world was created" and in the margin we have "the in the margin we have"Adam"). "Adam"). There There are are occasional corrections corrections most most likely likelyby by the the same same hand: hand: the copyist occasional copyist has made erasings by scratches scratches and has rewritten made erasings by rewritten in in the the space space thus thusrecovrecovered. a. Omissions

7:13 rhliii a'Ηω 7:13 bοο 12:3 ωλµ 12:3 (OK-Ì KÌÌ'"'b. Peculiar readings

ρ'C5'i' 8:10 00111 for for S"C'iï' 8:10 12:11-PTiwΙΙ'Ι ' 12:11 ΟΑ~Ρ 13:5 13:5 ' Ιιt"?' for HA®The codex ends ends as as follows: follows: λΑΡ ΙΙµ1ζ I1i'iiG 111791g VvftfhK llllh^Ù-i) IIKil¿ 4,1.11 PH/fl tlhRdìK. n'ÌT?- hAP πΥλ * ?Tò 'Ρ i ÍUVÍFΩ%~~ '-~Ιfl ιι)Αg ληΓ ςσ 110174.11 4,311 υω h icioωλρ η » υµ ' Hfflrth « nfuheí ti«°h 'ιa° HhMt ~Ι »Qt 04"-1,F hJ%'II&. 1'ιΟ 'hTCf Aoob. Ììoo fAtptcooa (oKf-tTtifAAA HaoAtf « f'g' af :: ~ fqh4. .+4-Π ~Ι-0D- Af ιιφdf hai fflhA^ r'iYíS't un AAA~~ ?"~ X-paa Ι~aD''λW~' Ab-nó-m-n ~~~~noofrMrf„(j Kh¿. ‚ ~'Ω m·f' 44 xαα. Hœ-A-A 'Ιι+ ,

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VAT. 137 ΝΑΤ. AETH. ΑΕΤΗ. 137

57 57

HfiìTA -t-pàiP-tAn 0111' 'i Ρ'dΙ 41, ΟΗJ ' Ρ h 41 6:18 OilP 417 for 0ÍIJ& -flV5 7:18 hA"® 04^*0 for hA"" hilαn hAOi: hιlαν hAld: λ ' Η' Η4' ~~ 'ΑΗt '14''Ο 12:1 Ω11ΙΝ,. fflTAVi 'W, 'OV rt^d+VforfflTAVi 417 A^AihV 7 ~'~~~for ω'1». 'Wi Α°714.5 The teachers hold that this type of construction too is The is an archaic archaic one. one. e. Double accusative accusative e. Double It takes place place with with fo forms the const construct state, like like ω~mq ©A®*?" 114' A^ It takes rm s in the ru ct state, hüV45:10. In modifier WS+ in 5:10. In such cases the first accusative modi fi er is sufficient for both words. The The right right fo form is, therefore, therefore, Ω"ΟΡ% ®A®,P'' '14' A.4' ΗJ7*. *11194*. 10:3 10:3 both the words. rm is, ωρο»'. lirnlE' ffli'""HJ&74K- +-υ~~ 4-HV.'m ;Vn.h4iltl'I""')for ©í»""HJB74144*7I*1¿ λ+ ΩΗ' ο4 for ωρο» ΥY4'04' +711ι4 prn.hH' nil'}""-)-; 12:19 12:19 Ω ffl^A V7¿ for ®^A 13:22 4'A 4*iPUC4*h®»'% 'fi WOE V7C: 5n λ+ 111150Π.1.; .4'E +rt,Cliio» "C; 13:22 for ^A ,4'ΑìrVC+ììo*. ΥC+m'·. 2 out in in the the analysis analysis of of some some of ofRomans' Romans' MSS. MSS. Cf. 2 This This phenomenon phenomenon has has been been pointed pointed out Cf. Tedros 58. Tedros 2001, 2001, 58. 3 10:16 ffl41P M1Ò WIll' hAlfH 3Cf.Jn Cf. Jn 10:16 1 Αλ+ι' Μ"Μ.

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A. GROUP GROUP Α.

IΙ

73 73

f. Wrong constructions involving prepositions, adverbs and nouns nouns constructions involving 2:9 Y'POO J&TO?0 'W+; ti'F't-, 13:10 1 bCa» frhC7"- ΛΜ1+. These These are aa couple couple of of 4 samples samples of ofthe themany manycases cases commonly commonly known known as as "4./6 A" .The Thecorrect correct form is either either Y"ΡΟ9' ■ftTO?"1 10+ TH" or or ,C' fi-TOV in the the first first case ~Ν11' in caseand andhA I ΡΟ'10 HV't form 00 frhCifP or ?%A A'iìi'à' in in the the second. second. ~ ,#'11+~~or I fthC dιCφφ AA-íl'h^ dιC~" ' 11+~~ 4:1.11 h#" ~Ιωλ Trt©-?» is wrong. The correct form with with hm h#" is is 'Η1 TOh, ', i.e. the 4:1.11 hαο subjunctive. foftHv λ9''1141~ rah* the problem problem with with the the statement statement as itit 910)4 the 6:1 'I"L(WI stands is that that it it needs needs an an object object to to complete complete its its sense, sense, otherwise otherwise it it has has to to follows +"!I'Ii fatirh λ9'1'ΩC 9°0-1. í^úHh be changed as follows ~~ 10:11 haν íl'711 has to be changed into into ha» h#" nt' HAÇ 111+ ... II»0 digit'Vi ιY ιΙ* lii-t 10:20 "hti# diRil A'/ ÇT'h rhfitD^ ... 'l'fl+ lii't's 's location location is after after 'j+ a AV 'Vi 0 ha» , ~m H"£m 12:16 h^ ιι"m fllT'C "like Esau who sold sold his firstborn". firstborn". The The nére..= "like ha» 'iAffl" ,~ω Iflm "like Esau Esau who sold sold ir'im 'ιιh'cςσ' = "like text should instead read lì#" his birthright". g. Wrong constructions involving verbal forms constructions involving

ΛS» ... "M'A* 4411. in the perfect 2:10 we two verbs verbs aJJ fflAAi" perfect in the the same same 2:10 we have two an anacolouthon. anacolouthon. proposition, resulting in an hAH ΥY'1?~, it, 4:11 4:11 (ΜΑΛ (OhAO ιΙY$'; the therelative relativepronoun pronounnHcannot cannot 3:13 htιβ the subjunctive. subjunctive. The The correct correct form form is is λt'Ρ JtAH ΙΙ,''W. HfiRJó. In In 4:11 4:11 be used with the non-existing form of of subjunctive. subjunctive. The The subjunctive subjunctive of of ω4' is we have a non-existing and never never in fact ~J.'1' and λa» wrong, instead it should YdΙJ*Ρ, is wrong, 6:6 Ah#" (DK'k should have have been been ‚% Aho® 6:6 10101 ωµ firlbÂ'ÙT, ωY4ι fflJÍ'fe VihKtìT 'd'Y"~φ 7:27 Α410.00. fc'píO'aB- Y"ω' jíwahO. these are are two two imperfect imperfect forms forms put putside side by by side. side. Ο these 7:27 ωα" Α10.0. should be be aasubjunctive, subjunctive,thus thusY'4 M'tD'Oo. The second verb should ΩΟ. 'nia». 10:2 ωλaΡ mhao hhA 7x0° hJY~'4- W»' MH yW frvw-O* fflKA77". We We have have here here ~'µ i» ?‚»I, and the use two negations, followed followed by of Titti, use of of the the two by a misplacement of ® that that happens happens to to be be just justaaspoiler. spoiler. The Thewhole whole construction construction conjunction Ω a a λ9011 λriiω. been reviewed reviewed by by Group Group III IIIas asfollows: follows: Ωλ"» (07x0" hi hhA 7x9 hòd#* 7x9 H has been W'ΛJ1J la» f.0'(iHh 7xñ0"... ÇhlfC ha» ho" = = "we "we make [people] [people] know". know". The The verb verb is is in inits itscausacausa11:3 Τkι9°C will adopt), adopt), is the imperfect tive form. The correct form form (which (which Group Group III will Víií^C Sh9°C ...

4 4

"'tlA A" designates the the tendency tendency of of the the Τ3grΙfia Tagrina speakers speakers of using using the the Λ A prefix prefix Λ" designates λ(Ι4 φ of the 7 endingininthe theaccusative accusativewhen whenthey theyuse useAmharic, Amharic, e.g. instead of Txfah TA instead of ' ending Tagriña will say AA" TA. lift' 'Ρ'. Τ gri~ia speakers will

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74

ΙΙ PART II

41 Y·~ Ω4' W. 12:11 AM ¿VWKA-fc. This must This is is aa defective defective construction: construction: an object must be added to it if be if it it is is to to make make any any sense. sense. It It therefore therefore needs needs to to be be elaboelaborated again againas aseither eitherAM 41 4Κ- hJY or AXA 41 Α7.114-93 rated filiìi-'P W A't 141 6 has to (ιΟωβ TAV '1'R Mió 13:20 ιΙΚρ~' 1%91'07%41 Vrm-J l A0(l£ to be be modified modified as ΙΙΜΡ4 (IO'IY' A0íi.f- TW Oil? '"A'E Mió "4'1'Mió 118 or llh'}/"h /0%7.041 011f 'Ι'4' λ'1'1M m"195 ~ι'! = "you have 13:23 .4.Α9°CΠ fhrc?* (n.V'kPAi Timothy". Here have made known Timothy". too the verb is in in its its causative causative form form (therefore (therefore out outof ofcontext). context).The Thecorcorrect form is 'thycf +λ9 C5 h. Poor h. Poor translations

They expressions that not wrong wrong but but inelegant. inelegant. 2:1 2:1 reads reads They are are expressions that are not 1.9`)+Ι-ΠΟ ttO". 40': this is a tautology which the last layer of the textual tradition (Group III) will correct. "CΡ 1111 9:5-6 mh.i'hYA fflX.J&WA P-'ilcr ílíl ·~? IB- 11217h lfì\"/ìì nhmni IIÌW'ìl /"C'i U aì-'lcA/U ρ'C'µ "*cµ 217Η M» (041÷Α oo-A-f-A Σ4'74.× Wt.'l- 11+b. liAd. HAA Yflm2 Vlìaì-h- 'Ι# A.* hUVh VKK- '¿"/"T'ijf' 11114-4- .e.1114rρΙ' ι~~ 0 aν. ru ction that presents considerable a *. This This is is aa const construction considerable difficulties. First of h is too far from where it ought to be. Its right placement, for that all ιιλ HXTh that matter without the the relative relative conjunction conjunction li, If, isis immediately immediately after after matter without ωλΖΙ'hΥ& The Mil ΚΙΙ OhA'tA ~.~Ιm λ. too, (DK&ïhm. 0)41+11 ... (IAA liAd. .ftflffl-X" too, leaves leaves much much to be desired, because because of of the the improper use of Mil. sired, ΝΙΝ. The whole whole passage passage has has been han reworked in the MSS MSS of the great revision: fiKtl llllh UIC revision: f'h.l'V WU* Y.?'II, 111.0' ÎW" 111ς IIWWr wuhan-u ωω4+ kç&ïa m+c'I'h hho-a-înniR(wihv'ni /"d u m-'i-ca.-u y-n-iv,- li'?. haa Y11m?' janto-x,»c'µ Wd.+~~y'-U+d' htíTHír^vnr^"111Α-Ι. filíi'n ΑΙ114. 90Ρ'φ 'W'θΡ- ir-A- in 0 ωω9j οa·'~~λ9941h W'a' λh hJY 11:15 WItH fflAíl Xh hfi ΙΙY ~L&m mmlhav'L Xí^inx- AAKlAfa - = = "and hope in in her her (the (the earthly earthly home), home), and and after after "and if they they did did not set their hope they during their their lifelifethey went went out of her they would have indeed returned during time". negative Xh. sense is time". The wrecker is the negative λh. If any sense is to to be made out of the sentence, aa modification modificationisis absolutely absolutelynecessary. necessary.The Thefollowing followingwordwording could untangle the knotty hV HJ&A.Affl" ìlfi fflf.X'f»mIti h',' &Ω hJY knotty problem: fflAfl ωΝον Xf-Mixλr'ι-nλ. π~1οΑ"ΙαΠ0Τ~i. Translations or no no sense sense at at all all Τrαnslαt~οns that that make little or 2:11 mIbflO mAiit WKAtWóC h·*'anITA-"»- = = "and "and when when Y* t»M'¿ Vl 'L-yAY'4' IW"YC they sanctify, those sanctified they they are are all all together". together". As As this this they sanctify, those who who are sanctified makes incomprehensible reading, itit will will be completely completely revised by Group /D /n ‚„ρ w -λ -h η4 g» ον. AV III as as follows: follows: ?\iV ffl-X-h -'H; wMV. ■¡"l'y.A- ITA"""'« Νtιαν 7:8 04111Μ fflmifrt A-flX ""'M: Y',ρ'λ J&V/"X 9ρ'~.+ ωΥh'hh~~ mñihhítñ AA.U" lia» ~-Πλ 009't ~ι"Y')4 han i» A'iò'h Ax fat' m «d-X'Iï "and here, here, mortal mortal man man receives receives the tithe, tithe, but but there there himhim‚fw-λ -h = "and

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Α. GROUP IΙ A.

75 75

self [is] [is] a witness that fillh self that he he isisliving". living". Group Group ΙΙΙ III rectifies it: 0171411 fflfTHfrt (liih αΡ? 'Ι Y,ρ'λ ' Ρ'ι+ (0ΟΙΜ~Α output: Wíihfhü AA.lh ooptrhV " ~~"Ι'4 M» Y4ρ4' λρ'+ Υ'"7~1 Ο hον iìi.Cri) &rm. (O-h'J: αι-kt h«" ~a7 ωµ m' ~δ1 H'/'O Ι11:4 Ι :4 m λ~jgk 1150 hq" 41' íiJ-h'l; υυ'ο Ah"/». µ rn. fflílÍi'Híiy- lì^VÒ-h hi IK'" ?ζy' X1^ (Ι '~ λιJ 00Τ41. µ + JΝωdbC nhJ'thlh (""P-t-t 'l-S. Wid. '"Ι1. The preposition as it appears here, h'ílr/bC here, is not clear at α11 2W"A^iH* I?'YY+ is all and Group Group ΙΙΙ III will change it: it: Ωflλ~ fflflh'i'thlh hi' ~'yς'Ι' (0-h4: ω~"yδ'h h1H.h Ω+ωhς οΡρ'?δ'h hαn KRfy 2ω tío» tìt-h'h aW/ò-b v"/"Tò-b mΩλ~ aHlh'HJxl)~λ íhh.c: fl'1ι C n-hfflhC 'IL Wi¿ ""V-f- ti 4. ~ Ρ hh.S'ób ~ f4ι ω,ι4' KòA^Ì 11:30 especially especially its its second 114119°Τ (D^'b 11:30 second part, part, n+hí^i HhOh-f} Ι~Η~~Ι~' ¡¡íiñiló ôti't is meaningless. meaningless. Α A more intelligible intelligible form Υλω4 ~Wι'~' fiilcfrhi" ΑΠ~D-71511 is could be, hen' Vtay-R'T 45(0-Κ11 (π}Ο could be, 1111%9°Τ n-hhi^i hfl" ñtt-O 1+ óM- ΛhJ~ íiKfóhh ω4' (0^ µ4.1Υ hd^-tV Hhay-H Ω ΡΙ fl' A^^ 11:35 isis one one of of the the messiest parts of Λ"ι'" htft'b Κ+ 11:35 of the the letter. letter. ®hfl»-Aih JΙ α»111% AKao Ω+,ρ4 λ9"Ω Kírah^t (DM'¿ íl/h'b hrt»» h.+tohíο+aυ. Λλa" (00: Ma" h.4.0)114- onRpx-f-ao* 0 ha" (' ~j'α"' λ90Ω JΙ = i Ychtl ñ'iQña ' lì#0 Y+ΟΩ'h fi-t'OíDii hA ^Cilíh ‚hΥΩ+ /hfi'íD'i' hí^íD-j^'J = "they took wives wives they will will rise rise from from the the dead, for themselves, themselves, they dead, and there there are are those thosewho who went astray because they they did did not not receive receive their their salvation salvation for for themselves themselves so so that the ones ones that that obtain obtain life life from from the the dead dead might might be be known". known". It is is aa translation that does translation does not not take take into into account account the theimmediately immediately preceding preceding verses that deal verses deal with with struggle struggle and and perseverance. perseverance. The The grammatical grammaticalstrucstruci YchU. ture too too is is much much laboured. laboured. The The problem problem regards regards especially especially XA J&Chfh. ‚~' with the subjunctive Using ?»A subjunctive is is evidently evidently a mistake: it rather rathergoes goes with with i YIhU the imperfect, i.e. ?»A fidììih ΥΟ"Τ = 12:1 ΩΙ4 OìtM'i. W, -il'/ A^d-hV RooT = "and "and we we have have indeed indeed our our witness witness cloud". The The quality quality of of such such aa reading needs no comment as itit speaks cloud". speaks for for itself. 1. Voces Voces vacuae vacuae It is is aa phenomenon phenomenon that thatinvolves involves especially especially the the use use of ofconjunctions conjunctions and prepositions. One gets the impression that that they they are are often often used used indisindiscriminately in the the MSS. MSS. 9:24 Ωy,? υ, Rtx-bCK ^R'au 1?ι ifr i&liUhibb.C H bef~W ~ h +.Κ·00 ΙΠΙλΗ E,. The Η ' λ"1Υ'λ' ΩdΙ,C HiiKtlM. 'Ι '~ Κ, is superfluous. fore ii&t'tM W' 7,hth 13:15 »'/• Tiìm-h av/^Tói' ITA* 1.11, AhllLhiirhC 17h 5110)41 00Π.4)64. A-íhh* hfl1 Aωh'~~ (ιλ' ΙΙLλω'ΙbC ilÇ'Pd'i. The Il A preceding preceding Qd* is not only uselessbut butalso alsoblurs blurs the the 'WY hς ~ . The is not only useless meaning of the sentence. sentence. "

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PART ΙΙ II PART

m. Variantsthat thatdeserve deservespecial specialnotice notice r. Variants Attention has already been drawn to to lemmas lemmas such such as asthose thoseinin4:12; 4:12; Attention has already 7:25 of these these MSS. MSS. The The following following are additional additionalfeatures features 7:25 as as a peculiarity of especially mark Group Group Ι: I: 11:19 11:19 reads (011Ν7÷71 toiìK'ì'ì'H ri'o' h'i hV σ)-Ν4: ffl-íi'fc == that especially "and therefore he he became became his his likeness". likeness". In In this this case case 90~4j} is a synonym of the the more more common common λr' hiTfà "likeness, "likeness, image image ...". Here Here aa distracted distracted reader is liable to understand as meaning "with him". reader liable to understand ~0(ι~W as meaning "with him". It It is aa misunderstanding that rendering of aa passage passage in in misunderstanding that is is reflected reflected in in the rendering Missal, i.e.: i.e.: Jirt®*?* Ah ΝΗ, (V'ÍV yflA dui-l.'h5 = "I "I offer You incense in the the hω aJ'· λ 4h lissai, ri Α4-214.5 likeness (instead) of the ovine". ovine". There are translations translations into intothe thevernacuvernaculikeness 6 that mistakenly mistakenly read: read: "I "I offer offerto toYou You incense incense with withthe the ovine" lar that ονine"6.. irifiA.tf" rµσ in 11:19 11:19 is clearly a "subtlety" that needs a careful eye in order tobe be is clearly "subtlety" that needs careful eye in order to 0 MO" hai' w~ In 11:23 11:23 the the text text reads: reads: M# cλf4" Chfif ho" wçg. œ-h'h aIT,. A1V* == detected. In 'f 030-Ν+ "because seen that that the thechild childwas waslovely". lovely". The The awkward awkward form form "because they they had seen is 'µ... «MY. In In the the Gz Ga'oz languagethere thereisisnonodefinite definitearticle articleand andthe the here is language rhlV- seems seems to to be be aavariation variationaimed aimedatatspecifying specifying that thatparticuparticuending in aiT, lar child. child. It is aa form form that that corresponds corresponds to to the theAmharic Amharic rather ratherthan thanthe the Ga'oz morphology. Although P. as well as most of the witnesses of Group Gz morphology. Although Ρ. weil most of the witnesses of Group II have changed it into a1n, AST, the the revised texts have opted to retain retain it. it. ΙΙ n. Good Good readings readings n. There are instances in which which the the text text of of this this Group Group isispreferable preferable to to There w revised one, one, e.g. e.g. 6:13 6:13 Ι111CΥ9' λ~ ?J» }\1ìl the revised revised text text the revised Ι~h4~d'C, th ttth£l the (DhlHh'ÌÌJì.Ci h#0 Mi.?* Ah'ilCV?". The former former is is much much more more µ 'ζ.~' 4λ has: ωλ Ωdι.0 ha" ~cΥr. The accurate than the the latter, latter, as as ititsafeguards safeguards the theconnection connection with withthe the previ previ-ous verse. verse. In In fact, fact, in in the thecontext, context, i.e. i.e. after after 1Ο1"t'5"σ" ~'~?'~~~ A?»A (Κ'7 lus ω~ΙΙ.~ο~ρ4 ωι ~· +~4' dYphlftf"of verse verse 12, 12, the conjunction ¶i. X can can be be meanmeanη'οn'. of the conjunction hUCi^ and not not with λ"ΙΙtλiΙ KIH.hiish.C. ' ΙbC. The problem posed by the ingful with ΜΙCr revised text andamia. revised text has has always always been been tackled tackledby by the the teachers teachers of of the the 'andmta. (orally)saying: saying: íihiiCV^I AA 507. V®*7. ωλ1ΙΙJ'i~dbC (orally) They emend athlli.hiifh.Ci. (111C19' 1~t

5 6

Cf. MQ, 66. 66. Cf. MQ,

latest in in order order of of time time of of such such blunders blunders in in the the translation translation appears appears in in the the dyglot dyglot 6 The The latest

(Ga'az—- Tagriña) Missal, Asmara, Asmara, 2001, 2001, 25, which the the above above mentioned mentioned passage passage of of the the Τ grΙfia) lissai, (G'az 25, in in which

Mass has been wrongly wrongly rendered renderedas: as: ¿"Tí MTC Κ h^CílAh 9"?) h~~φC Mass has been 011 Í^Vl 'CflΑι Aft"'}}-. 7 The commentaty on Heb Heb 6:13 6:13 discusses discusses quite quite widely widely the the difficulty difficulty posed posed by by the the rerecommentary on vised text. Cf. Cf. YQPM, YQPM, 637-638. 637-638. vised text.

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Α. GROUP IΙ A.

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o. Theological variants

ha»0 Μ+ ωY ο»', the reference is to the Eucharist. In 2:14 Ìì# £4+¾¾0» (~ρ' Ηk (D^ao+44+ 'Ιρ',,' The revised text has it it as as 'h'ìd'i* ([/"P (0Α9° to£,9° p. Liturgical indications

There are quite many liturgical There liturgical hints and they they appear appear mainly mainly in in the the upper margins of of the the MSS. MSS. They They recall celebrations related to to Our Our Lord Lord ...), Our (Christmas, Easter, Easter, Ascension, Ascension, Pentecost Pentecost...), OurLady, Lady, angels angels in in general general and celebrations of particular angels, like Michael and Gabriel. Specific of particular angels, like Michael and Gabriel. Specific Minas, remembered in the Synaxarium on the saints too are named (e.g. (e.g. Minas, th of 8 Η dar)8. 155th of Hadar) . Conclusion The language and and style style of of Group IΙ differ considerably from that of of the the last stratum of of the the textual textual tradition. tradition. ItIt isiseHiptic elliptic and is is far far from from being being refined. The amount amount of of elements elements caHing calling for a thorough thorough textual textualrevision revision is is overwhelming. The The above above overview overviewisismeant meant to to show show the the extent of simply overwhelming. the work of the subsequent editors in reorganising reorganising the the material that the earlier tradition had offered. offered. tradition had

vis & vis the Early Versions of 2. The Nature of Text vis-à-vis of Hebrews of Group I's Text -

-

Introduction

This group group has aa concise This concise and and often often rudimental rudimental text. text. Whenever Whenever the the original is impenetrable, the translator/s translator/s tends tendseither eitherto totame tameit,it,e.g. e.g.3:15 3:15 7D ~yεσιχι/λ ~Ο» Ι1~W' Ο' ó~~Xôyoç tfiς àKofjç ~κο~~(here 8v A.SYeoÔai/?»rt' £11 (here we we have have .~ '~L;; 4:2 ¿¿"A & τKBλ Ρ~' Hííyth λ~γος xfjç a smoothing of of the text) text) or or even even omit omit itit altogether. altogether. A A significant significant segment segment ~µ Yραν τσι' τ~ν rpépav (twelve 3:8, i.e. i.e. tbç èv τtrâπαραπΚρασΜΦ jiaparaKpaog® Katà xoû 'met xf|v (twelve words) words) of 3:8, ~ ς 6ι nsipaopoC èv τ~~ xfj èpiipcp, has been been squeezed squeezed into into just just five, five, which which in in fact fact ~ρ~µ q, has πε~ ρασΜo~~& ha» λ"» IIIiE+ h^ììCf; ~να pij~~iv h#0 )191'40" h90¿CP' ÍIÓM' 4:11 'iva èv τ4 xrâ CLYTO aùx® τι xiç reads: Ipw λa»)1C5»; 4:11 Here ten words are translated into mere VOToSsíypaxi Ttéofj xfiç àKsiSelaç. Here ten words are translated into mere ειειας. ποδειγΙιατ~~ ΠYσ~~ ~ ΤΗς ~x five, (ΜΑΠ ffliiAn ΥY4' Ω4+ ffl-iHh (WI.+ ilffi/P iihiJ'a" tthlfuo- (in (in this this particular particular case case the the enenΥ.~~ t'φ tire Ga'az textual tradition carriesthis thiscontracted contractedreading). reading).5:14 5:14 H£AAT Gz textual tradition carries ""Tf for xœv Sià τ~ν xqv ë^iv xà αισητ~ρια aioSrixiípia ysyupvaopsva ωλh4 for γεγυλνασλ~να èyóvx®v ~χ~ντων Ttpôç πρ~ς w'?f fflhh-f τ~ν δι~~ Υιν τ~~ 8 st 61st Synaxarium, Minas Minas is the the 61 Patriarch of ofAlexandria. Alexandria. Cf. Cf. Budge Budge Patriarch 8 According According to to the the Synaxarium, 1928, 1928, 249. 249.

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PARTII PART II

δι~κρισιν καλοδ τε κα~~ ôiàicpioiv Ka^oû xe Kaì κακο~, kokoO, fourteen words, reduced to three, since since aa big big chunk has been purged the full chunk purged away. away. Most likely likely the full text had proved proved too too unwieldy to to handle handle for for the translator/s so much so unwieldy so that that he he just justtook tookrerecourse to bypassing it. This This text text too has been course bypassing it. been kept kept intact intact invariably invariably by by the Ga'az Gz witnesses. the witnesses.AtAttimes timesthe thetranslated translatedtext textisisso sodisfigured disfigured that that itit ωλωC19"0 ®A.Ï ends up being (011.Τ IIY4P'h '"'~ + ends being meaningless, meaningless, e.g. e.g. 7:9 7:9 tohiiCV? W Ο'-"ι ιο-kt 0 receive tithes, tithes, he paid a tithe" (D-ltx'b '¿ = = "and Abraham and Levi Levi who receive 'ΑβραUµmi ~~Aeuì Λευ~~ó~~ÔEKàxaç δεδεκ~τωται. δι' 'Appotàp κα δεκ~ταςLapPàvcov λαµβ ~νων ÔEÔEKàxcoxai. for κα~~ teal (bç ς ëitoç ~πος eìtceìv, ε ~πεΤΙ, Si* falls into the category of The type of text of these MSS falls of what what is is technitechnicaΠy called lectio brevior and lectio difficilior (cf. cally (cf. e.g. 9:1 9:1 where we have ω J;mΙjΙ~. 'Il: ετχε pèv j.iYv oov οι5ν [κα~ ~ τη Simirópaxa Hi; P'CO+ /"COdr 90ρ'?δ for eì%£ [mi]] f|Πρ Jtpróxr) δικαι ~µατα ~yιον KoopiKÓv, Ο:20b XaxpEÎaç xe âyrov clearly aa very very elliptic elliptic rendering. rendering. Ι10:20b λατρε ~ας τxó~~Τε κοσµικ ~ν, clearly λ flοu íhAO Kfiw M vr-ìflìfitO'l liì't' n^'ÎTn'iô'l" s*'p{h, (11.0 Λ, ,hY,a* 'Υ', ìjv ~ν èvemivioev ~νεκα~νισεν 111+ 110137011111÷Ρ ~στ~Νxf|ç ft.& 636\1 δι~~xoO το~i mxaTtExâopaxoç, καταπετ~σµατος,xoOx' w&~~ëoxrv της oapKÔç σαρΚ~ι fipìv Ó5òv Tipóocpaxov mii Çâoav ζ~σαν Sia πρ~σφατοΙ κς field at at the disposal ι~το~). The aùxoû). The semantic semantic field disposed of the the translator translator was was quite quite limited, when when compared to the Greek; limited, Greek; this limitation is quite apparent apparent99:: e.g. the verb ,£fl f11 translates Xiyco, λ~γω, ôpiÇco, e.g. (4:7), προ-λ~γω Jtpo-Léyco (4:7 (4:7 προειρηται), xpoeíprixoi), ~ ρ~ζω, (4:7), λαλ~ω, (4:8). Difficultiesare are palpable palpable when when it it comes Xákéa, (4:8). Difficulties comes to to adequately adequately translating compound "hard", èppveùcû ~ρρνε~ω δυσερ ~νευτο; δυσ translating compoundwords, words,e.g. e.g.5:11 5:11 Suoeppfjveuxoç; Suo "hard", ~ι Ο.41 574. "to explain", explain",i.e. i.e."difficult "difficulttotoexplain". explain". The Gz reads 00-41 "to The Ga'az a. The a. The verb The verb verb system systemof ofthe theGa'az Gz language The languageisisdifferent different from from the the Greek Greek and is as well is well more restricted" restricted10) and so so many many of of the the verbal verbal nuances nuances of the the Greekare arelost list in in the the translation. translation. As Asfor fir tense, tense,Ga'az Gz has Greek hasonly onlytwo twotypes, types, namely, the the Perfect Perfect which which translates the Aorist namely, Aorist and the Perfect, Perfect, and and the the Imperfect which which corresponds corresponds mainly mainly to to the Present and the Future. Future. The The Imperfect Pluperfect can be rendered by Pluperfect by both both the the Perfect Perfect and andthe theImperfect. Imperfect.As As for for the moods, there are are six six 0f of them: them: Indicative, Indicative, #l"?Y, •M"?# λ~' (e.g. (e.g.hdJ%); h¿.A); hAh-ft itl+X", designates the Imperfect Imperfect tense tense ((iMPPA); SubjuncΚΗ4%, which designates ~'h4'); Subjunc~λλf ~4t'); Gerund, tive, 'Ιt'~f. "/Mfi ?"4 hT+ft" (/MThA); Imperative, Imperative, 00111 'hhlli (Y' (.ftVl'PA); Gerund, Oil (Y4WΑ); pl ~j ~~ h4'E,.; A^A 'Ιλ (hAA**); Participle "/AA = present participle,e.g. e.g. M-A.; i'R'A '! Α~~=Í'R'A present participle, (i14.1t0); Participle (hdt'/h ~ 1^). +). The The Α); Infinitive, Jtrfl ' Μ h741t = past past participle, participle,e.g. e.g.114hf-A); ftT+ft"111 ' (hAA/hAA" 9 Hofmann's observation observation to to this this regard regard isisright: right;"Whoever "Whoever translates translates the theGreek GreekNew New Testament Ethiopie must take certain certain limitations limitations into into account, account, for for Ethiopic Ethiopie isis so sototoTestament into into Ethiopic must take tally only to aa certain certain degree degree represent represent the the fine fine distinctions distinctions tally different different from Greek Greek that that it can only and of the the latter". latter". Cf. Metzger 1977, 1977, 240. 240. and nuances nuances of 10 covered either either by the subjuncFor example, there is no Optative, which is normally subjunc10 For example, there is nonnally covered tive indicative. tive or or by by the the indicative. 11 The infinitive infinitive is /"C® h'ì'i'R. hCi+IP'Cw is also also known known as as hChfl'lh/ Μ4~ . 11 The

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participle was was one one of the most participle most difficult difficult hurdles the the translators translators had had to to overcome while dealing with the sacred texts. texts. It It is is no no exaggeration exaggeration to to say say that it it was was almost almost impossible impossible for our translators translators to to handJe handle this this mood mood in in λδ"': active its various expressions.Ga'az Gz has its various expressions. hasfive fiveforms forms known known as as hò'HR: active h°111C (+Wit); causative causative hliiC (e.g. heßt); -1-1.11C ("MTRA); 'lic (e.g. 1ÍIC h¿A); passive/reflexive passive/reflexive 'i'l'iiC ); and (ii?"); reciprocative +.'4Υ (iihAA); "PPiiC (+1Ι'.~ (d'h^.A); andcausative/reciprocative causative/reciprocative hfl1 'ΠΙ ' (h~ J). There M-t-P-ne (JiA-hhAA). There are are however however difficulties difficulties with with the the passive passive voice while translating into Gz. It seems that the translators voice while translating into Ga'az. It seems that the translators were were in 3:3, 3:3, aa perfect perfect passive passive has ~ξιωται in more inclined to to use use the theactive. active. E.g., E.g., fillomi ~ Λ9; 3:4 π~ς y~ρ oikoç ~~κος κατασκευ~ζε been translated into into the the active: active: Λrnh AH: ^Ai"; nàq yàp KataoKeuá^e-1 00 1h'* is 1+ 1141?' ~ΙΙ '. 3:13, Ται υπ~~ Tai úrcó τινος tivoç becomes becomes htì"" AÍT"A* 1Ikd" iìiìh Y' F-liìC. 3:13, καλε~ται, KaXsîxai, is rendered as .BdlA12. b. Similarities Similarities with withsome someof ofthe the oldest oldest witnesses: witnesses; 46 hΥ ΩΗ$'Ι ~ν, close to p Ι :3 1Ιλ~ ρ46 1:3 nw-thumifWrh = δι' ôi' ι~τσ~~ aÙToû κααρισ KaSaptopòv, .. 27 0 '41fl κι~~ ~ς the Gz (y. 12 in the ΝΑ27) (01100 1:11 in in the Go'oz (v. 12 in the NA ) mh# AdlA xal àç ipáTiov. This ιµ ~τον. This 46 absl Dabsl (Leninreading is is close close to to1)46, p , Ν, S, A, Β, B, 1739 1739 (minuscule Χ X cent.), D (LeninΙ, but left out grad, ΙΧ); IX); it is present present in in the the majority majority of of the the MSS MSS of Group I, does not not appear in is to be be noted that ràç by Groups II and III. It is ~ ς Igátiov ιµ ~ τιoν does the LXX. LXX. 46 we do not have µ ~χρι xéXovç τ~ λους βεβαιαν, 3:6 in in this group (as in p 13 13,, p p46 3:6 )) we have pczpi PsPalav, the an addition that will will show show up in in the the texts texts of of Groups Groups ΙΙ II and ΙΙΙ, III, in in the '111*. form of A ft A* τοιις 13:21 almost almost the whole 13:21 whole of of Groups Groups ΙI and ΙΙ II has hasjust just11'1119"814 MM0 siç xoùç airâvaç, reading that that is is in in line line with with some some of of the the earliest earliest witnesses witnesses such such αι ~νας, a reading 46 p46 as p ,, C, D, Ψ. This is is an an addition addition found in X, Ν, A, A, 041 + h" 1 41 1 LW& 2:7 ω"L90h 'Ohfì't' IT A- liìd hAUtì. This D*, 0121b, howevernot notinin13 p46 D*, P, P, T 0 012 lb, however 46.. ms νgtm5, 6:9 ω
(DhPH'i'ι is is attested attested by by W, X*, 0T0122. 0122. A A few, few, such such as: as: 257 257 r, r, vg , Augustine, have a conflated conflated form, form, i.e. i.e. "beloved "beloved brothers". brothers". ~ιaυΑ h?J4 Ι' kuxù ΜελχισYδεκ, is is κατ~~xijv τ~ν xá^iv τ~ξιν Ms^%ioé88K, 7:21 the the addition him 7:21 ho» 'Τ~ΙΙJb AonAhR.^ 2 46 B, C. D T, 0, while it is absent attested by K absentin in1) p 46,Ν*, , X*, C. Ν2,, A, D is atτ~ν âpxrav ~ρτων there there is the addition 9:2 addition ω "Y δmΗ~, iimcq'. UfflCÌ". It is 9:2 after xôv same witnesses, witnesses,the theGa'az Gz included, tested by by B, B, CopfaY. cop^y. These These same included, omit omit χρυxpuooCv σο3ν exouoa ~χoυσα Oupiaxfjptov, bνtιιcιτ~ριον, which appears at the beginning of v.i. 4. 12:22.23.ItItseems seemsthat that there there is is aa conflation conflation due due to the absorption of 12:22.23. xανηy~ρει rendered rendered as two different αγγ~λων, Tcavriyúpei two different readings, readings, namely, namely, of of áYyéLcov, 1W4 λ h' patristic citations citations (Augu(Augu"..(11 ωmΙ'h~l1. There is evidence in patristic 12

12Piatt, Platt, emends emends it as fi^hfíVA.

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80

PART II II PART

stifle13 13,, Origen, Ambrose) 14,, for for the the use use of a stine Ambrose) and in the Bohairic Bohairic version version14 participle rcavryyupvÇôvTœv π~Lνηyυρ~ζ~ντων ([angels] keeping festival) instead instead of of the the noun keeping festival) 4ΥΡ 'Ι"J1 == "rejoicing", icιινηyYρει. V^rhT "rejoicing",which which crept into Gz and jtavrryupst. crept into thethe Ga'oz and has has stayed put there there because because of of the the influence influence of of one one of of the the above above factors. factors. 13:20we wehave haveChrist Christattached attached to to Jesus. Jesus. It It does not appear 13:20 appear in in the theearearD* T, Bi. 0, Sy, witnesses. It It is is rather rather an an addition that comes up in D* liest witnesses. Sy, Bo. the personal names c. The form of the 4:8 all all of Groups Groups I and II MSS, 2'.fl: a faithful tran4:8 MSS, except C, C, read WA-fl: III and and scription of the Greek Ιησο~ς (the (the same as the scription Greek ''It|ooCç the Sahidic). Sahidic). Group Group III the printed editions read λY" Κ~~ν. Groups II and III III have have Ρ " 11:4 Α' ^*^7= = Kdïv. d. Omissions

1:1 π~λαι introduced by Group III ΠΙ as 1:17taX.ai 1:13 ποτ~~ Group III has it as hrshen ~~ jcoté idTh*10 hV ha» restored as hv h.T'Âfy 2:1 restored 2:1 prprore µηποτεnapapuòpev 'Ζ Y. ~' by by Group III Παραρυ~µεν 2:10 δι~~ ~Των xslsiôoai τελει~σαι restored restored as hai' ~'&W Μ" 1Lh'70?+ by 2:10 5ià πα8η Tra&rpâxcûv h#" £¿.¡£9° by Group III ΙΙωλΙ ~στιν rendered rendered by 2:14 το~τ' xoCx' ëoxtv byGroup Group111 III as H®-?»'!; 3:3 ο&το ofixoç 3:8 èv ~ν xfi τ~~èpf|ptù 6ρηµ qι Group III retrieves it as παρωςαλεAτε éauxoùç; ~λλα, and èauxoèç, are missing. 3:13 'Ιρ4 for áXXá ~λλ~~napaKdXene ~αυτοbς., áXXa, 3:13 ~αυτοYς, are The majority majority of of Group Group III III fills αrt C, Ρ. P. add add f1Α11006. fl.flrh®'". The fills the gap with with M AA VPrth®»4gfl~aD. 3:14 3:14péxpi µ ~χρι xélouç τYλους restored as ?»fth 1h νin by Group III u ωλ9'C9' 3:16 αρεiτικρcιναν otpejtÍKpavav reinstated as (Dh9 ¿.C!p by by Group Group III 4:4 3ioú missing missing in in all all witnesses witnesses 4:4 ΠΟY 4:5 èv missing ~ν xoúxü) TOYTq missingininall allwitnesses witnesses 4:11 ¿K8ivr|v ~κεινην missing in all witnesses 4:12 και Kod κρrnκ&; KpixtKÒc èvòuuijoeeov not literally, literally, by Groups Groups restored, though not ~ν8υ ~σεων restored, II and111 III as ωΡ'Ρ' AA.9 " and ΜS 4:16 pexà itapprioiaç 1191111 4:16 ΜεΤU H and and III with (iT'lft παρρησ~α; restored by Groups II 5:1 5:1 yáp y~ρ retrieved by Group III as íxfl#0 5:6 èv ~ν éxépro ~τ~ρω this omission will never be be taken taken up in any of the remaining texts. 13 13 14 14

Quaest. 1.168 1.168 (PL (PL 34.594). 34.594). Quaest. Attridge 1989, 1989, 371. 371. Cf. Attridge

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~πU xoO τοθ θεοθ 5:10 uno 9eo6 Groups Groups ΙΙ II and and ΙΙΙ III recover recover at least least the the word word dhLλ fl~~bC 'hlll.h'tttthC 6:1 Alò ∆ι~~(kpévteç ~φεντες xòv τ~ν xfjç ~ρχ~~το~~ Χρrnτο~~Xójov λ~γον èkì επι την τελει~τητα (pspco98266:1 xoû XptoxoO xf|v xeleióxrixa τ~ς àp^ûç µεθαrestored 7114: PWi '.7i 'Ρ~~ iC~ι+~~ peSa restored by by Group Group ΙΙΙ III ΩΩλ~~ fflilAld" HJ'U fì-ì" ¶(Ι4' VK* Λ AVlcO-fO ~W ι -in 'fl WWW» JiiH/h h' only, 6:4 και µετ ~χους yevriBévxaç Kaì pexo^ouç rendered by by Ω fflhVonly, is improved improved by γενη ~ντας rendered Groups II ΙΙ and III ΙΙΙ as ffl+A+f* 40+44+ ~ζοντας restored 6:6 και Kal παραδειγµατ napaSeiypaxiÇovxaç restored by by Group Group ΙΙ II 00011 ffllldil f,($Ρ 9'1,5 VVi. Ω "'Υ5' Group ΙΙΙ III reads fflJ&TW 5 ignored 6:7 πολλ~κις 7toA.XàKiç is ignored by by all MSS ΙΙ and III ΙΙΙ as ""TP 6:7 ε~θετον suQsxov restored by Groups II ΙΙΙ at least has H(ìKT"ì:hlh ΙΙΩΙ~ 2'Ο'· 6:7 sksîvoiç Si' ο~~ς oiiç Group III ~ κεινοις δι' δ~κιµος by all witnesses 6:8 àSôKipoç ignored ~ m" h'w wcfi 6:19 ôç ~ς áyKupav ~γκυραν Groups II ΙΙ and III ΙΙΙ fill fill up up the the blank blank with h#" 7:2 15ô èoxiv ~στιν βασιλε~ς 7:2 Paoï^sùç ειρ~νη, eipf|vriç, restored, restored, though not not fully fully in in Groups Groups ΙΙ II ~49' ΙΙΙ: TH" '~4Ρ M?" and III: λαµβ~νοντες èvxoX,r|V ~ντολ~ν ëyouoiv ~χονσιν ÙTtoSsKaxoCv, ~πoδεκατοιiν, restored by 7:5 την xf|v ιερατειαν íepaxeíav ^.apPâvovxeç ~ " i·hflti ?Ι9'Ν and by Group III ΙΙΙ as as Group ΙΙ II as as "11 Art Y"iP'h hUW" 0«"" hiT'M't and j ha' bt~ + ροι»· Ail VlD'/'lpfl®- ,W' /"C'ì-ì- -Í-íxini WM-'I- htf» oιiν τελειωσις 7:11 ει ei jλ~ν pèv o6v xeX,8Îcooiç δι~~ Sia τ~ς xfiç Αευιτικ~ς AeuixiKfjç ιερωσ~νης iepcooùviiç fiv, restored restored by (1~»4taΡ A&Tahf} ~ ?J% Ρ0 (ììn)W9ω f' ΙΙ and III ΙΙΙ ωλm ~~,fàéjfl Groups II ~λλ~~κατ~~ 7:16 óXXà Kaxá This omission which mutilates the sense sense of of the the prepoprepoΙΙ and III: ΙΙΙ: A4 i sition, is rediscovered by Groups II ΙΙ and III ΙΙΙ as ωφ m~iΙ 7:22 κατ~~ Kaxá τoσο~το xoooôxo restored by Groups II ΙΙΙ as 1111. 7:23 πλειoνες tiA-sîovsç retrieved by Group III iììhp'ì ΙΙ and III 7:27 πρ~τερον Ttpóxspov reinstated by Groups II ΙΙΙ as 444.00~ ιΟΝ KoapiKÓv κoσµ 9:1 τ~~ xó Τε xs ayiov ~ κ~ν partially replaced by Group III ΙΙΙ as Od; Q'I ΗΡ '( 0 Ιι 't1~W ~ .ι~ν RWthììo 9:14 καθαριει KaSapisî τ~ν xrjv συνειδησιν oovsiSrioiv fiprâv - some some witnesses witnesses of of Group Group ΙΙ and all of Group III, ΙΙΙ, add add "M/T 'WS II 9:23 ÚTioSsíypaxa ΙΙΙ retrieves it as ΙΙflλr'ΙE ~πo δειΥµαταGroup III ο'4 10:1 κατ' Kax' èviauxóv ~νιιχυτ~ν restored by Group III: ΙΙΙ: fllAA* ~1h' Λ '"/(ro't 10:2 συνειδησιν owvsi5r|oiv àpapxirôv ~µαρτι ~ν missing in all the witnesses 10:8 και Kcd ó^OKauxcápaxa witnesses ~ λoκαυτ~µατιιmissing in everyone of the witnesses 10:14 y~ρ yáp is absent in all the witnesses SoKsîxe ... à^icû8f|oexai 10:29 δοκε~τε ~ ιω ~σεται omitted by all the witnesses 10:32 a?Arioiv ~ λησιν is not seen in any of the witnesses 10:35 την xiiv παρρησιαν iiapprioiav oprâv. This omission, omission, retrieved by Groups Groups ΙΙ II and and ~~µ ~ν. This III Vltììioo- makes makes the the verse verse almost almost meaningless. meaningless. ΙΙΙ as ¶9(hm1 11:8 καλοYµεν KaAoûpEvoç oς Groups II ΙΙ and III ΙΙΙ have ΙΙ+~Y9' by by this this is not an accurate translation. 11:9 κατοικησας KaxoïKrjoaç found lost in all the witnesses. .

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II PART II

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lacking in in all all witnesses witnesses but but y~ρ 614 τ~ν Μ~σαπΟδΟσιαΝ 11:26 à7tépX,87tev eiç Tr|v pio8a7to5ooíav lacking ~π~βλεπεν yap "f), 1 ωh, λ' ιΙ ,~f4ΝΙ *£■*} one (ms "f'), which reads ®}'V ΙΙ and III ΙΙΙ as fflfflrtCi""®* mm"CP'W 11:37 èjtpioQrioav ~ ρισησαν recovered by Groups II Η Group ΙΙΙ has 'ΙJ11λ~ 12:1 τοιyαρo~ν 12:1 TOiyapoCv III fflílh'í'Hl IIt'Om"Yi ΙΙ and and III; ΙΙΙ: HfOffl-W ~ λ~ν retrieved by Groups II 12:1 περικε~µενον TiepiKeípevov f)pîv ε~τα missing in all the witnesses. 12:9 sm 00 ΙΙΙ ñh Hhιin ΙΙ has Λιµ.# '4 and αYΤσις Group II 12:10 κατα Kaxà τ~~ to δoκοι3ν SokoCv aôxdîç and Group Group III ¿.Was µετ ~πειτα retrieved 12:17 ïoxs furs y~ρ ~τι και 12:17 yàp ôxi Kai psxérceixa retrieved by Groups II, ΙΙΙ III as hem £^¿,0y» ila» ΙΙΙ read read (DÇwirC ε0Τ0-19°C ΙΙ, MSS MSS D D and and Group III 12:28 ε~αρ~οτως eùapéoxcoç in Group II, ΙΙΙ as as ΙΙ and by all all of of Group Group III 13:14 λ~νουσαν pévouoav restored by most of Group II ιΙY'flC HJ&V-flC The overwhelming quantity of omissions listed listed above, above, will will give a clue It was either Vorlage. to the understanding to understanding of of the the Groups' Groups' Vorlage. It was either aa seriously seriously damaged one one or the omissions damaged omissions must be be attributed attributed to to the thetranslator's translator's gravely limited knowledge of of Greek. 15 Additions15 e. Additions

1:7 [a»f\Kìl±]0[a ' 'Ι]ο 1:7 1:11 hlt1.11 KltLh ~ιΡ4λh4JjJ. 2:2{flλΗ' avIKÌì-t]!)lUaM-ì~Ρ Yj Ι~~~ 2:9 (O&hlLù 2:13 Α(1, J&a 3:1.12; 10:19 10:19 [h^]V [λ "1]', 3:1 [fhTCfliia»{d'φCf])1α 3:1 4:11 [&4}h 4:12 fflJ&A.A. (0f,~ ,E. 5:12 Y F-iUllhìu"'ωΟ hW +114 6:17-ì-fìi-O4)' 6:17

6:17 6:17 ha» hαο j ~'ο g'ρ 7:7 (O&ïomï mY*0in1' 7:7 7:16 (DR90 8:11 λ 'W4' h'ììì ?‚'h 8:11 [11+'] XKÏ 9:2 [A-íHví-] ?~'~:'' 9:7 Α11(041 ZttiD-h a~'~~~ 9:9 (011.t lO^thl^Ah]? iwcih 10:7 [hrtitl]? 0'00Ch. nd 10:30 JRft 10:30 the the 22nd 10:34 [ttovpïaiï]? [090(14α1.11? 10:35 11114 •flH-'î

11:3ω 11:3 fflh'/ λο'½ 11:9 11:9¿Art 410 11:16 11:16 Old 07Ζ 11:30 11:30 mto-ixT ,~ flm λφ fl" ~q'] 11:32 11:32 1101641Χ[[VíU"*] ωµ. 12:9 12:9 XA 1 ÍDA-S-V 12:20 12:20 Affl-Xd: 1W-hi: [^-rtC] [ 41C] 12:22 12:22 ç/81-‘117 12:23 12:23 WV-tira»λW'?11r0Ρ 12:25 12:25 tlAiiC ~L41C 12:26 12:26 Af-^-C Λ ~"C

f. Literal renderings We to We have have several severalinstances, instances,where whereitit seems seemsthat that the the translator tried to reproduce the original, word for word without withoutaavision visionof ofthe thesentence's sentence's ω11Ρ general (e.g. 6:2 6:2 Paitxiaprnv SiôaxnÇ rendered fliTí^+d" (0^9° rendered as (0151°Φ× general sense (e.g. βαπ' ~σΜ~1 διδαχflς UCd"). 15 15

The appear within within the parentheses parentheses are are present present in in the theGreek Greek text text too. too. The The The parts that appear additions are found outside.

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Α. GROUP IΙ A.

83 83

λΟ/δι' ο15. 1:2 ΙΙΩλ~ nnW'thÜ'/Si ou. Ον. 1:7 ωωEf+(ι/κα' fflflft'H'rt/Kaìι ΠΡ Ttpôç ~ ς pév. 'h 0'""! ο0Β1 fl>íl?i7'í-ll α0112.7411 '/"ílMl 4' ωλh hlUhiìdhC ch ?4' ωµ λ'rnλ '½c 1:9 µ+ ioMïill h µ hh %"ílh Ι'4ιh -1·%Π'~11.7./~1γ~πησας δικαιοσνην κιd. Αµ ~ σησας / fiyâTiuoaç SiKaioaúvriv jcaì èp.ior|oaç àvopiav ôià ~νοΜιαν· δι~~ τοιτο expioév ~χρισ~ν os Dε~ς ó~~8eôç bε~ς oou σου slaiov Υλαιον á.yaX'kmasaiq αγαλλι~σεως Σε ó~ 8eôç xoCto The word word order order is is identical to the Greek The identical to Greek and the the translation translation too too is is quite the same. ΩEΜ ΑΠΟ., W Ο/λαΟΡ+-me +ιι ' O'Vil Π111 KllUhiìdhC λ ~Ι~ λ41'hC mAM 2:3 λΙ'j h'ï'K""-'!Af'O- 1t(1 Ι ÁW/laλεtσαι Sià δι.~~το~i κυρ~ου ìmò ~κουσ~ντων ει ~~3εfξkιι~&η. One ~π~~τxrâvi áKOuoávxrov Àsîo&ai xoû Kupíou siç*gig f|pfiç èpePairóSri. One may read between the lines and attempt attempt at at translating translating ititliterally, literally, but butthe thereresuit is very poor. sult r,' 2:13 0)11611 λ+ h?' db Y41. W ι~~ Κ, Α11, hJA hlft Tv-HlhA Π.11s:: σ)11611 (Ohùiì fid (oiìóil fid M ΩΜΙ'? nwui ÌKVUÌÌ'/. ;'0rn'λ4~dbc. The KldhiirdC. The word word order order respects respects the Greek Greek and the translation translation is is π~λ~ν, 'Eycb 'Εγ~~Υσολαι Πεnot far far from from the the Greek Greek (the (the 22 YU, fid are additions) κα~~ koù raxAxv, soopai to~ δοι) èytì) kit.) Kal κα~~xà τ~~TtaiSia παιδ~α â~~poi gut sScoksv Υδωκεν ó~~8£Ôç. αY~, κα~~ TtoiStbç èn' aùxâ, Kal Π~λW, náXiv, 'I5où ε~ . πΟ~~ ς Απ' ~ $ 1111Μ. ,~ ' A^P οι „ρ(~η) ho» ~Ι1J µ9 '11007 Ílhr-Anit* 'Ιíl-d:h h 3:5 ω a)fí"-ú.V. TìxH"! h»" níf-Ahαν fiìhT ΙΙwrn Ικα'ι Mœûofiç α~τοΒ µιον Yµ ν πιστ~ς ΑνÔÀ,® 64? xrô τ4 ο~κq mnn/Kcà juoxôç èv oïk® aùxoû ôç ερ~πων óspárcrov eiç εις papxúpiov Μω~σ~ςpèv xôv Τ~ν XaA-ri9r)oopévrav λαληησοµ ~νων order is identical The word order identical to to the the Greek. Greek. mi» ?‚ Ι'Ω) ΩΚΗ is '»"+ m'Ι'~ /δι~~Mraûoéœç, 3:16 (A, (A, Β). B). toôhoi»-rt,/5ià is aa crude Μω~σΥως, ilîtT'h translation of δι~~ ôià It will be substituted in most most of of the the MSS MSS of of the the same same Ωλ, which, though not not a family and and by the rest of family of the the witnesses witnesses with with il&fi, which, though literal rendering, makes more more sense. sense. λ'ΙD:~'. λ~ ',"• Kr* ΠΡ'rΡΝ 5.7 flm'?i nwpóA iì/" w- ω14 (ÌM-'Ì- mn amAhA Hfiiìéi hx-vï-ï~hλ 'inΩ ιιY4it' ω"" Ρ Xfi#/èv Φ/~ν xaîç ~µ ~ραις xfjç oapKÔç σαρκ~ς aùxoû ιL~το3 '15C(Dh'iiìó mEHiIi hilh hflh toAíTP Ωο'ι~' TiC TIL?O fipépaiç nodfi ~Τ~Ν ~κ Θαν~του ΜεΤU ôsf|osiç Kal iKsxripiaç xòv 8uvápsvov aéÇsiv aùxòv ¿k Saváxou psxà δεησεις X8 Τε και ~κετηρ~ας Tipôç TUV ~µεν o δυν Πρ~ς ν σφζειν α ~Π~~ τ~ς ε~λακραυγ~ ~~ δακρων κα~~ εισακουσεις KpauyfjçςΙσχυρ~ς ioxupâç Κα Kal SaKpùrov JtpooevéyKaç πρΟσεΝΥΥκας Kal sioaKouoûsiç àîtô xfiç sùÀaβειας. Peiaç. The The order of the words words is is the the same. same. It It will will be be somehow somehow changed changed in in the revised texts. 4:7 Ν¥"9° ÒAH" 1+ isis aa faithful translation of fpspav, ~[ι~ραν, ofjpfipov. σ~µερον. κα& ópoióxrixa. and III III will will 4:15 nhí^AA ~)λ9"~,' reproduces perfectly Ka&' ~ µο ~~τητα. Groups II and (~ 9')~' ~• "improve" on it by adding possessive suffix, i.e. AhìfAM. adding aa possessive mm ~~+ Μ1+4. iΑλ of'ítnAó-l" ~' ~ + +447 itit λ'+ Y11Αφ 9:3 0019°Κ14 aWK'M hAh K-tt-bó- h'H' fiiìAT 'l'KA b ÏWi is a quasi-literal rendering rendering of: of: ΜεΤU psxà 5è δ~~xò 're) δεYΡεροV ôeùxepov Kaxaicéxaopa καταπ~τασµασκην~~ oicrivri f)~~X,8λεyopevr] γοµ ~ νη "Ayia "Αγια 'Aylœv. 'Αγ~ων. ~,' +11114 ~f'44' Ο'J Ω4 ‚y A/i; 11:22 11-1119°Τ ho" fiwat-iTHlìò iìhJ-t Oh-f-oo- AÂiT )100 Y ~1Χ3-Π Υλ+a" 0 m λ'699 ιΡ' has Í\/"¿fh,A. (OhHIl i;Ü has been been reproduced reproduced faith faithfully: Ilioxsi Winn nATd" ~~λ'Η Jióó9 fu lly: ΠΙσΡ& 'Iraoflcp xeXeuxôv iiepl xqçς è^óSou xrâv υι~ν uiôv 'lopafiÀ, Jiepì xrâv 'Ισρα~λ èpvqpóveuoev κα~~Περ~~ ΤΝ 'Ιωσ~φ ΡελευΤ~Ν Περ~~τ~ ~ Μ1ΗΜ~ΝεΥσε1 xaì ~ ξ~δσυ ΤιΝ óox8®v ~σΤYωΝaùxoû ατοι évsxsíXaxo. ~νετειλατο.

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84

PART II ΙΙ PART

g. Internal discrepancies

These occur occur mainly mainly where where there there are inconsistencies These inconsistencies in the choice choice of of translating from from the original. the lemmas while while translating original. The same word is is renrendered in different manners manners even even when there there is is no no apparent apparentneed needto todo doso. so. which appears twice twice and and side side by by side side in in the same In 1:9, 1:9, the word ó~~θε~ς Qsôç which sentence, is is translated by sentence, by employing employing two two different different words, words, ?"2111)dbC KlILhiifh.C have both On the other hand, ~ριος in 2:3 θε~ς in 2:4, and '‚9111. On hand, κ KÙpioç 2:3 and Qeoç 2:4, have ~π~λα j3~νεΤαΙ recurring been translated as ?"lli.iI'IbC. ÌxIll.h'fìrh'C. In 2:16 2:16 we have ¿TciA-appàveTai while the the second twice, however Gz the twice, however in Go'sz the first first reads reads+U11&, while second one one The verb κατασκευ~ζω h ¿VIA. The KtmoKeuâÇto too recurs recurs twice twice in 3:4 3:4 and and is is given given two two ~1Ι ' and ‚V'MO. translations, namely, .C' fcliiC renderings h. Raw renderings The text shows signs of difficulties The difficulties faced by the translator/s in grasping the various various nuances that that aa certain certain Greek Greek word word can can have have depending depending on the context. context. The shades of of meanings meanings were were not not often often properly properly underunderΠλ~ , stood. For instance, instance, there is an with the use of iMVH", stood. an obvious obvious difficulty difficulty with which is is "about, "about, in favour of of' and the immediate meaning of which and in in the the secsecmd place "through, The translation translation of ond "through, because" because" (cf. DL, DL, coil. coll. 775-776). 775-776). The WAl. in 1:2 by Groups ev uiqj, with Ηλ~~fflA-SGroups I and II, is is unsatisfactory. unsatisfactory. In In εν υιι', fact, it has been fact, been emended emended by by Group Group III III where where we we have have HmM'. In the the ~ποιησεν το~ςα~~•ναt, same verse δι' Si' of ou κα Km emnrioev xoùç aicovaç, has has been been rendered rendered as as same verse nnhj'thü' ¿.me16119°. aiaít In this case too, the translator fails to to grasp grasp the the ΙΙωλΗΙ'Ο' ¿me translator fails will be, be, "he G3'z will sense of 5T ou, with the result that that the the meaning meaning of of the the Go'oz δι' οf, will emend emend it it as ΙΙ 'ΙΙι created the world world for for his his sake". sake". Again, Again, Group Group ΙΙΙ III will HP'b ΩΗΙΙ (~ "µλσ - IlIIA,Wa' 'm'λ+, and its ¿.me.. In 1:3, 1:3, the text reads (ü'MÍ/. ílJtT'Ühd ftnfWrh Pm.M', its immediate [a way] way] to to purify purify sin". sin". The The immediate meaning meaning is, is, "and "and for him he did [a mIIh '14Μ right way to put put itit is: is; fflP'h liid (flIr,WJ1' (itlfWrh pm.h'i'. 2:2 consideration. 2:2 is is another another good example example of of the the phenomenon phenomenon under consideration. It reads: ω"fω· nh'Hο"h1W ?σ 719~ΙS fflAnth i'.o- Y11 jan, x-v-o '~λ~~('"tfxìì si ^a^rjBelç Xóyoq ~yy λων λαληθεις ~y νετο pépaioç βYβαιος ει yàp '04 ó~~Si' δι' àyyskav λ~γος èysvsxo This is make any any is a servile, servile, literal literal rendering rendering which which at at the end does not make sense passage was that sense at all. all. Perhaps Perhaps this passage was so so difficult difficult for for the the translator that he resorted to simply simply placing one lemma over the other. The The ST δι' 0117+) "about" and not not "tbrough". "through". Group III recovers recovers has been understood as "about" almost totally the o original as follows: follows: w(bIl'L ©Artï. hV h'i .4't' ri ginal meaning and puts itit as a Hfiíí «wAXhí" (D}i9 'tm?4'. omission hV ,4'A H is 11Y11 nhTT" ο4λh ~' λ90W Ο ωλr+m'4'. The omission is 10.14. *1' Η

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Α. GROUP IΙ A.

85 85

restored. The possessive ending in v'I'hìì'tlh, αωthtétα., replaced restored. possessive ending replaced with 094Μ)×. '""iMl'K 0 ωλr+mς'4'. But there is also an addition (0^9 "t'en?41. λ h iinhO It is is impossible impossible to to decipher decipher 9:23, 9:23, which which reads reads ?IJC "MIC ?»Tli AHh-ï. ~ 9Υ0 Y σι-kb υ7f+ YJfl Κ"! m-h-b tinù^fï m-u fWti* A—fei wn z-izfi -υ~~ A9 ν?»~' Λ14 téné-Τ6+ ?elf

been "translated" "transiated" 41191C κατηρτισrn xoùç 11:3 π~σΤε~~ Jtioxei vooCpev aiôvaç, has been νοο~µεν Ka-npTÎoÔai To& αι~νας, 1 flΟΙ!"1µΙ ' ha" +&'Ρ ho" ■f'Á.'Pd IAS ": it is absolute nonsense. i. "Difficult" "Difficult"words wordsand andexpressions expressionsare areleft left out outor orpoorly poorly translated translated

dui). It Ι :3 hChf 2'C2'$ ιΙj'ο τ~~ς èjtooxâosœç 1:3 n.hU' for for χαρακτ~ρ %apaKxf|p xfiç It is is aa minimalist minimalist ~ ποσΤ~σεως aùxoû. MS Rom, Rom, which which reads: reads: fitiChf °kWh" translation. An exception in this Group is MS 16 Ι16. IH. through as as far ~κνο~ιλενος âxpi ~χριpspiopoO µερισµοθ = 4:12 ΩY&&'? tDJ&AAT for δι Siûcvoûpevoç = passing passing through as dividing. Π4: for ópoXoyía 4:14; 13:15 te1.5 Adì ~ µολογια= =confession. λ,+σ» for 5:2 ‚¿Rh.#*"*for ,λετΡΙΟΠαθεAΝ pexpioraxBeîv == to feel in due measure. 5:2RÍhíJ h4"0 Ωλ περ~κειται àoQsveiav ~σθYνειαν = compassed with weakness. 5:2 (D-K'bh for TtepÍKSixai 4 λογ~ων το3 4'" 1 1' τ~~στοιχε?α τ~lς àpxifc ~ρχ~~τ~ν 5:12 +-¾ ¾ ^A* MfxIli.h'ttfh.C oxoi^eîa xfjç xrôv A-oyítov xoO Ι~ΙJ'4L~bC for xà Seoü rudiments of of the the beginning beginning of of the the oracles oracles of of God. God. Deck = the rudiments ιλrc for èuteipoç ~πειρος = without 5:13 KfhlfC without experience. '~Ωι ""P'P(J+ lili κατ ~~συνειδησιν 9:9 ωρ'Eι' 1(L¿ Hfl 'h'1'. AT-, pfj~µ ouveiôriow δυν~µεναιKaxà ~ Suvápevai τελει6ισαι xòv τ~ν λατρεYοντα. =Di συνειδησw xeÀ,ei 1Y rhfiiod'

r' r«£»>x

with λφim4hσ' = 6:4; 10:32 φωτισθ~ντες with 6:4; 10:32 lIhim Hha ¡iTwdiYia»' = the the Peshitta Peshitta translates translates (pcoxicQévxeç ςιι c ∆ ^=\' "«'. baptism: rsàv.-iaiwvsiA ri'.-Ui.x. It It looks looks like like aa theological theological interpreta27 which might have tion have not been been inherited inherited from from the the Syriac. Syriac. But But there there tion27 could be some margin of probability of a direct Syriac influence influencetoo. too. 0

~~~αΡ. 6:10 (ìtìuv-

ααα,

7:8 flìS'ah íl)-?»rí:

eN mz (the oisosn (thesame same in inBohairic Bohairic k JaGN εις) neMPAN, πε q ~ λν, when translating eiç) om b.»' otn «jj.i

24 24

4:24; DL, DL, col. col. 874 874 which reports Cf. Lk 1:71; 1:71; Ro 11:27 11:27 (in some some MSS); MSS); Gal Gal 3:15.17; 3:15.17; 4:24; reports cf. Lk d"lΙ. µ '; 'WL+ MT -flO ω (DrhW. 25 25 Cf. cf. DL, col. coI. 937. 26 26 Cf. 1134. cf. DL, col. 1134. 27 27 Cf. 1509b viii. cf. Lampe, 1509b

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92 92

PART II PARTII

9:6 WA.-t 9:6ahfi-M 00-11+6 WΙ finahh. hU9-ih Yflω IflJO* 9:7 ròA rillt

i1+ Υt'.

rí^-toíc^ oocn vAr^. oom fe~ ν3α

^r)\ .\s -> rsLirj rdiMsAo

r

r^o.m

9:8 '+Ο' •f'Oiy- A^'-^A'í/TÓáv ó5òv. The genitive genitive case case xrôv ~'/ τ~ν áyúov ~yιων ~δ~ν. τ~ν áyícov ~yιων can best be understood as aa neutral neutral plural: plural; the thesanctuary. sanctuary. The ThePeshitta Peshitta(but (butalso also the Sahidic Sahidic and Bohairic) Bohairic) and Ga'az take takeititas asa amasculine masculineplural, plural, and the G'3z referring to "the way of the rdwiari' inoppooppothe [Christian] [Cbristian] saints" saints" == '.υ. 'ι.' '»j οrς in sition to the the way way of of the theJewish JewishLaw Law(9:10). (9:10). 10:25 ω (Dh.'ì'ÌRI "Wno 'f ~~ ""

^ir.co^ ^in-iT. rí'oais rÁ •-'

11:13 +(Ι4{ι~ d'Actif ir-if75 h1¿¿ A"'!: 78 yj' "79 79 80 sl ‚ο4 r,tΙ 82 83 λ'J'~•84 ~ j~~)85 85 ρ8Ο ,81 78' J'.82 flJÇUι0'70-83 9 a)fi7xlLft hfìxOP ¿xï Tx^Txti-bOAA.PA-A 86 87 88 ω~)"Ωd"~~ + h0089 ~ 90 9Ο ω' λ'h86 h'Ωι 11 188 1,1'100 41 9.87 rn" ι' ffl-x-fc n?»^ '/"A h-n^ (omirh-iAhAA h»"89 fl n^

59 ΦΙ1 hE" F hAAhlh hti'hu' P. Rom fflAh 59 ΒCDΕΗΙ BCDEHI abcefghi Bass Mahw Platt Í1A" 60 60 B 111+ H w'Irh Β "9"h Π441,11 nóárh "{'"h D mg + nell'i 61 61 CFHP. -in 'Lfl 62 62 H< Η, 63 63 P. Ρ Platt Platt ffllr-A64 λ"Ι1ζ ii ω'~l σ E ^"A-A ρινét h1¿¿ Mahw ffl-flfcA ~ ' FH BCDEIP. Rom Rom Platt Platt "k "16e FH ω11ι (Dh1¿¿ abcefgh Mahw 64 ΒCDΕ~Π ~' ~ JiWE ^A-A .04'0 h"lCC ffl-nïA hICC Bass "ι "6C 65 65 aa mg + fi 66 ~4. 7x160λΥΝ' 66Fhr*AF h'~· Ii Rom Rom 1< i< h + p-ïh-t67 ?‚t'Ρ lauw 7x1X0° λ~~α" 7x6x0 h?■Ρ abcefghi Mahw 67 FH FΗ Bass Platt AAA 68 Ρ< 69 WΑ 04411AAA-f'δΑ+ AIA 69 F mg + n4.A.h 70 70 Η< H< 71 71 C C mg mg + iC D< D< 72 72 C lahw Platt< C TiCTìfi D abcefghi Bass Mahw λCλ D 73 Iahw Platt K/ÏAii. P. Cλ, CAJf C C1-¾. D< E "HP abcefghi Bass Mahw Ε mg + 1W 73 Ρ. ' Ιl. D< 2"' λ 24 74 D< 75 D< FH bcefghi 75 D< bcefghi hf-Ah'E. 76 76 D< P. bcefhi Bass 166 744 77 D< 78 78 BEF mg DDmg mg ++ f mg + C 79 "Txli P. lahw Platt < Ρ. .'λ" abcefghi Bass Mahw 79 H Η "ΝΗ. 80 81 H η "ftX ωΗλa'(ι Bass fflHÍ» AXXA WΥh'ΙιΟΡ( ff Bass 'iJi abceghi abceghiMahw lahw Platt (OHTííhBPñ 81 DEFH Rom 'l'4' 81 DΕFΗ Rom abcefghi Mahw rlx'l' 82 82 i "'fch 83 lahw Platt TO41Π 83 HP. HP. abcefghi Bass Bass Mahw 84 84 B'CλΝ 'CΜ' ICW"'CEF?. CEFP. cc Bass 'fl" D abefghi abefghiMahw lahw I^Tx. 7¿h. H H iCTi?Bass Platt Platt 16" 85 ωλ'h hm M" ωλ h FP. + YlCtl-f-tX Bass Platt Platt + (P-Tx-U TxS" (D-7x-h hCfl+i' Bass 85 D abcefghi Mahw 110° 86 a 86 D D abcefghi Bass lahw Platt ~ Bass Mahw 87 9Υ T-ì" ~~D ~~ 'ΙΙ" T-U 91-b P. P. Ai"??" Rom ^"79° Iahw Platt Ai" 87DRom φ r* φ'' EF bcfhi Bass Mahw 88 abcefghi Bass '1+" Bass Mahw Platt Platt H'h" 88 DP. DP. abcefghi 89 TxtX00 89 F< F< abcefghi abcefghiMahw Iahw htlem 90 h 90 h ".'ΙΟ'

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112

III: THE TEXT TEXT PART ΙΙΙ:

9 ~ 'Ροrς93 Μ+ hitLhiifhc91 ~nhw iï-à-92 ¿Tor ar*940)1Vh95 m-h-u95 « 10 io (drop "4. tf~.92 ωΛΡ 96* 100 01 102 m 'j)'99 w?'r',»lOO fl1 Ο1 (ahA-^ ρ'~41Ο2 1103 txtiaov frA.98 ñM-thlh" oìWtlh hr-A- (D-fìihPV M µοο97 irté.98 fl'·η tΥΙΙ, 105 106 jjq'.ου.Ι07 #+~'.108 ai 'h106 ~ jj'. ~~ ftiithï hiih104 ìm-tì-t axio&hh ï-t-A-108» 11 : 1141‘11×105 ω 11 09 ydj ~.110 112 Ω9 ωλ,W1111Ι fitoAfr112 ΙΙ3 Ινω.ρρ.114 D~C113 ω1Ω~ a)MVΙΟ9 fiixfr110 (DMV nyòc tr-fca*114 12 12 115 116 17 οées.117 „ ‚ρy,~~ 118 µ ‚1w µΙ m A.J&'ViC nhf-t-H -WUf+aV'ti íDj&a.ii8 λβ4 c116 khW y$ο119 120 lA^ïf Aí^h íon^hA °7111c tmc MEI'hh:: Xrt.'íiAha 13 130011 fflijônΑ11. jan. ~hlti ihiti flrh 120 mw'fl'hE ΙΛ&ε

71 c 91 c ±+ er 92 92 η< p. p hP-Ah