Spoken Marshallese: An Intensive Language Course with Grammatical Notes and Glossary 9780824851231

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SPOKEN MARSHALLESE

PALI LANGUAGE TEXTS: MICRONESIA Social Science Research Institute University of Hawaii Donald M. Topping Editor

SPOKEN MARSHALLESE AN INTENSIVE LANGUAGE COURSE WITH GRAMMATICAL NOTES AND GLOSSARY

BYRON W . BENDER

The University Press of Hawaii Honolulu

First printing 1969 Second printing 1978 Copyright© 1969 by University of Hawaii Press (since 1971, The University Press of Hawaii) All rights reserved Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68-65039 ISBN 0-87022-070-5 Manufactured in the United States of America

with deep and grateful acknowledgment of the painstaking and insightful help of Takaji Abo and Tony de Brum, but with final responsibility mine alone

Preface Spoken Marshallese is a course of 30 lessons designed to give the student a basic fluency in the Marshallese language, and a feeling for i ts structure that will enable him to converse freely with islanders on a b r o a d range of subjects without additional formal instruction. The course is designed for teaching by modern drill methods, and is based on a scientific analysis of the language. Tapes averaging between 30 and 60 minutes duration are available* for each lesson to supplement class work, or to enable students to work on the language independently. Individual lessons consist of one or more short but authentic dialogues, from 15 to 20 structural drills of a variety of designs, grammatical notes, and a listing of new vocabulary. Earlier lessons include drills on difficult sound contrasts, and later lessons include short prose passages, proverbs, and miscellaneous other selections designed to display important syntactic structures in context and give practice in reading the language as well. Lessons introducing key paradigms display them in reference sections. Illustrations are included where they are germane. The total number of vocabulary items introduced is about 1500, but because of the nature of the structure of the language, the student completing the course is able to form many times this number of new words by recombining parts of words. The morphology of the language is treated exhaustively; all major syntactic patterns and a number of important idioms are included. The course provides material for at least 300 hours of classroom drill and should take the capable student to a Foreign Service Institute rating of at least 2 in both speaking and reading. The Marshall Islands have an indigenous population of only 20,000, but by virtue of their strategic location have acquired a disproportionate weight on the international scene since World War II. Kwajalein, Eniwetok, *From the National Center for Audio Tapes, Bureau of Audiovisual Instruction, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302.

and Bikini will not soon pass from memory. W i t h new Trust Territory government programs and the advent of the Peace Corps to the islands, there are today an estimated 250 non-indigenous civil employees working out of the District Center at Majuro, and a m u c h larger group--exact number unknown, but estimated to approach 2000--of Stateside personnel who work at the Kwajalein missile base of the Pacific Test Range. The former work closely with the Marshallese populace and have a deep interest in the language; this group turns over about once every two years. The latter group--at Kwajalein--has sufficient contact w i t h Marshallese speakers to stimulate interest in the language on the part of many, and a much higher turnover rate. (The interest in the language on the part of these Kwajalein residents was sufficient to cause the publication on local presses of a small English-Marshallese dictionary in 1962, and the printing of another edition of an earlier 'Navy 1 dictionary in 1968.) The amount of scientific information contained in the course--in the introduction, grammatical notes, reference sections, and vocabulary listings--is sufficiently exhaustive to make this volume the most comprehensive treatment of the language to date. As such, it should be in considerable (and continuing) demand in the scholarly community. Byron W. Bender

CONTENTS MAP OF THE MARSHALL ISLANDS

X

INTRODUCTION

xi

LESSON ONE

3

SIXTEEN

162

TWO

10

SEVENTEEN

170

THREE

15

EIGHTEEN

178

FOUR

23

NINETEEN

188

FIVE

33

TWENTY

199

SIX

43

TWENTY-ONE

209

SEVEN

55

TWENTY-TWO

218

EIGHT....

67

TWENTY-THREE

230

NINE

77

TWENTY-FOUR

238

TEN

90

TWENTY-FIVE

248

ELEVEN

103

TWENTY-SIX

256

TWELVE

118

TWENTY-SEVEN

264

THIRTEEN

129

TWENTY-EIGHT

274

FOURTEEN

141

TWENTY-NINE

290

FIFTEEN

152

THIRTY

302

GLOSSARY

315

FINDER LIST

367

INDEX

435

•o 0)

•K

c c
.. . &h

kij&h

(3) short a-stems

a + - h i > ... ah

qenah

(4) long a - s t e m s

...aha + - h i > ...ah&h

for

wah&h

(c) Stems containing a light m (m) h a v e it c h a n g e d to a h e a v y m (ih) b e f o r e the h e a v y m of the s e c o n d p e r s o n singular s u i f i x : limebut jemabut

lim&h liiheih jemah jeihaih

my drink y o u r drink my father y o u r father

3. The term k a b k i l h a j 'drinking glass' and j i b w i n b a w a k 'fork* illustrate two important p o i n t s to remember: (a) In M a r s h a l l e s e , a d j e c t i v e - l i k e m o d i f i e r s - such as k i l h a j 'glass' a n d b a w a k 'forked'--follow the w o r d s they m o d i f y - - r a t h e r than p r e c e d e , as in E n g l i s h . (b) A l t h o u g h a w o r d may o b v i o u s l y have b e e n b o r rowed from E n g l i s h - - l i k e k a b or jibwin-- its m e a n i n g may have b e e n s h i f t e d or e x t e n d e d , as is the case w i t h these two w o r d s : k a b h a s become a general term for all drinking u t e n s i l s , and forks are one k i n d of jibwin. 4. The v o c a b u l a r y that follows is quite long b u t contains a large n u m b e r of w o r d s that have b e e n b o r r o w e d from E n g l i s h . These s h o u l d not be so d i f f i c u l t to remember. There is, h o w e v e r , one c a u t i o n that applies J u s t as boeuf and mouton h a v e b e e n b o r r o w e d f r o m F r e n c h into E n g l i s h b u t a n g l i c i z e d - - g i v e n c o m p a t i b l e E n g l i s h p r o n u n c i a t i o n s - - s o also the M a r s h a l l e s e w o r d s of E n g l i s h o r i g i n h a v e u n d e r g o n e 'Marshallization.' Do not be t e m p t e d to take the easy w a y out and give them E n g l i s h (foreign) p r o n u n c i a t i o n s . If y o u d o , y o u w i l l be less easily u n d e r s t o o d b y those w h o do n o t k n o w E n g l i s h , and y o u w i l l b e m i s s i n g a m o s t v a l u a b l e o p p o r t u n i t y for g e t t i n g an early feel for the essence of M a r s h a l l e s e p r o n u n c i a t i o n h a b i t s . The s c i e n t i f i c spelling s h o u l d f u r n i s h y o u clues to some of the p u z zling changes that h a v e t a k e n p l a c e in the p r o c e s s o f 'Marshallization.*

21 VOCABULARY aet ainbat ajri ak am aO bao beba ben ber bia bilawS binj el bok bol booj bwil drekS dren ejelok efie ettene eo ewi ewOr ieo j ab jaje j ibun j ikka kaar kab

hay&t hayinbat hajiriy hak haih hah&h bahwew p&ybah peyen pad piyah pilahway pinjei bawak bawal bewe j bil dekay dan yejjelaq y&g&y yegney yew yewiy yewer yi'yeyew jahab jahj Sy jibwin j ikkah kahar kab

ke kidru kijO kijOm kikHr

key kidiw kij&h ki jeih kik&r

kilaj kita kobe kojaiijaH kola

kilhaj kitah kawp&y kejagjag k&wiah

yes iron pot, pot child in that case, but your, yours my, mine hen, chicken, fowl paper pen stay, remain, be somewhere beer flour, bread pencil forked, box ball boat gum stone water there is none here it is (close to me) there it is (close to you) the where? (singular) there is, are here it is, take it no not know spoon cigarettes car cup, glass: general term for drinking utensil question particle dog my food your food small bivalve shell found in sand--used to scrape copra meat from nut and to eat with glass guitar coffee musical instrument cola

22 ktJrktJr kuuj likaebeb limakaak limO limHm Iole maj et otobai piik pilej rai j ti tibat

kerker kiwi j likayebyeb liihahakhak lim&h liiheA lawl&y ma jet wetewbahyiy piyik pilyej rahyij tiy tiybat

tibtiil tima tirak toli tHre wa

tipg&l tiyihah tirak tawl&y t&r&y wah

waj

waj

paddling canoe cat top kite my drink your drink candy matches motor bike, scooter pig plate rice tea teapot, tea kettle, coffee pot sailing canoe ship (from English steamer) truck doll tray canoe; general term for vehicle watch

REFERENCE--Some possessive paradigms general Sg. 1 2 3 PI. 1(incl.) 1(excl.) 2 3

hah&h haih han had ham hamiy hay&r canoe

Sg. 1 2 3 PI. 1(incl.) 1(excl.) 2 3

wah&h wahaih wahan wahad wah am wahamiy wahay&r

food ki jsh ki jeiti ki jen ki jed ki jem kijemiy kij &yy&r tooth giyih giyiih giyin giyid giyim giyimiy giyiyy&r

drink lim&h lirtieih limen limed limem limemiy lim&yy&r plant ketkah ketkaih ketken ketkad ketkam ketkamiy ketkayy&r

child *najih na jiih najin najid najim najimiy najiyy&r catch qeftah qeAaih qeAan qeAad qeAam qeftamiy qeAayy&r

*naji- is the Ratak dialect stem; for the Ralik dialect it is n&ji-.

LESSON FOUR More comings and goings--hither, thither, and yon: directionals; future negative; the construct particle; the locative particle DIALOGUE A: Komro ej itok ke?

Q&ihrew yej yiteq key?

B: Jab.

Jahab. wet.

Kimro ej ber wBt.

K&mrew yej p a d

A: Ak John ej itok ke?

Hak J a w a n yej yiteq key

B: BwOlen enaj iwtJj.

B&l&n yenahaj yiw&j.

A: Etke komjil ejjab itok ibben dron?

Yetkey q&ihj&y&l yej jab yiteq y i p p a n dewen?

B: Ekwe emman. etal.

Yeqey yeihAan. yetal.

A: B: A: B: A: B:

KejeaH

K&jyag

Are y o u two coming? No, we're staying here. How about John--is he coming? Maybe he'll join you. Why don't the three of you come together? W e l l , O.K. Let's (the four of us) go.

DRILLS 1. Future (Positive and Negative) Examples: J o h n ej_ itok in ber. Jawan yej y i t e q y i n p a d John's coming to stay. John enaj itok in ber. Jawan yenahaj yiteq y i n pad. John will come to stay. John eban itok in ber.

Jawan yeban yiteq yin pad. John won't come to stay.

24 Ej itok in ber. Enaj Eban

Yej yiteq yin pad. Yenahaj Yeban

Rej etal in jerbal. Renaj Reban

Re j yetal yin jerbal. Renahaj Reban

Ij etal Han Namu. Inaj Iban

Yij yetal gan Naih&w. Ymahaj Yiban

Komuij etal in ikkure. Kom naj Kom ban

Q&ihw& j yetal yin qqir&y. Q&ih nahaj Q&ih ban

KwHj itok in tutu. Kwönaj Kob an

Qej yiteq yin tiwtiw. Qenahaj Qeban

2. Kijeaíi etal in tutu. jerbal ikkure katak j ikul

K&jyag yetal yin tiwtiw. jerbal qqir&y kahtak jikiwii

3. Bwölen enaj iwöj in tutu, jerbal ikkure katak j ikul

B&l&n yenahaj yiw&j yin tiwtiw. jerbal qqir&y kahtak jikiwii

4. Etke komjil ejjab itok in tutu? jerbal ikkure katak j ikul

Yetkey q&ihj&l ye j jab yiteq yin tiwtiw? jerbal qqir&y kahtak jikiwii

5. Ej ber wöt i Ailuk. Mille Likiep Namodrik Jaluit

Yej pad wet yiy Hay&l&q. Mil&y Likiyep Naihdik Jalwsj

25 6. Ej ber wtJt in j erbai. j ikul ikkure katak tutu Ej ber wBt in (i) jerbai. j ikul Mille katak Likiep Namodrik tutu ikkure Jaluit Ailuk

Yej pad wet yin jerbai, jikiwiè qqir&y kahtak tiwtiw Yej pad wet yin (yiy) jerbal. jikiwii Mil&y kahtak Likiyep Naihdik tiwtiw qqir&y Jalw&j Hay&l&q

8. Practice with both etal in yetal yin and i~len yilan: See Grammatical Note 1. Kijeatt etal in tutu. Kijeaii ilen tutu. jerbal ikkure katak j ikul

K&jyag yetal yin tiwtiw. K&jyag yilan tiwtiw. jerbal qqir&y kahtak jikiwii

Practice with both itok in yiteq yin and iten yiten: Etke komjil ejjab itok in tutu? Etke komjil ejjab iten tutu? jerbal ikkure j ikul katak 10. Ej itok Haat wa eo? TToìc tartok tarlok roltok rollok botok bolok

Yetkey yiteq Yetkey yiten

q&itij&y&l yej jab yin tiwtiw? q&ihj&y&l yejjab tiwtiw? jerbal qqir&y j ikiwiA kahtak

Yej yiteq gayat wah yew? yilaq tarteq tariaq rawalteq rawaiiaq pewteq pewlaq

26

tokeaktok tokeaklok jeraktok jeraklok

tekyakteq tekyakiaq jerakteq jerakiaq

11. (Practice answering the questions in Drill 10 with the following pattern.) Enaj itok ilju. ilok tartok (etc.) 12. Ej iwBj HSat wa eo? Enaj itok ilju. Ej itok HSat wa eo? Enaj iwBj ilju.

Yenahaj yiteq yiljiw. yilaq tarteq (etc.) Yej yiw&j gayat wah yew? Yenahaj yiteq yiljiw. Yej yiteq gayat wah yew? Yenahaj yiw&j yiljiw.

(Continue this drill using the verbs introduced in Drill 10j being careful to choose -teg or -w&j from the speaker's viewpoint--see Grammatical Note 3.) 13. 'Is he coming to stay with me?' Ej itok ke iba? Yej yiteq key yippah? Aet, ej iwt)j . Hay&t, yej yiw&j. Jab, ejjab iwHj. Jahab, yejjab yiw&j. Aet, enaj iwBj. Hay&t, yenahaj yiw&j. Jab, eban iwBj. Jahab, yeban yiw&j. (Continue by supplying parallel answers to the following questions, being careful to choose correctly among yiteq, yiw&j, and yilaq and to give appropriate subjects to your answers.) Ej iwBj ke ibam? Aet, ej itok. (etc.) Ej ilok ke iben? Kwtlj itok ke iba? KwBj ilok ke iben? Rej itok ke iba? Rej iwOj ke ibam? Rej ilok ke iben? 14.

'Is he going with me?' Ej itok ke iba tok? Aet, ej iwBj ibam wBj.

Yej yiw&j key yippaiti? Hay&t, yej yiteq. (etc.) Yej yilaq key yippan? Qej yiteq key yippah? Qej yilaq key yippan? Rej yiteq key yippah? Rej yiw&j key yippaiti? Rej yilaq key yippan? Yej yiteq key yippah teq? Hay&t, yej yiw&j yippaiti w& j.

27 Jab, ejjab iwOj ibam w8 j . Aet, enaj iwtJj ibam wt5j . Jab, eban iwOj ibam wtl j .

Jahab, yejjab yiw&j yippaih w&j . Hay&t, yenahaj yiw&j yippaih w&j. Jahab, yeban yiw&j yippaih w&j .

(Continue by supplying parallel answers to the following questions, being oareful to use appropriate subjectsj direotionals, and forms of yippa-.) Ej iwtJj ke ibam wBj? Yej yiw&j key yippaih w&j? Aet, ej itok iba tok. Hay&t, yej yiteq yippah teq. ( etc.) ( eto.) Ej ilok ke iben lok? Yej yilaq key yippan laq? (Repeat, substituting rej (and where possible yij and qej) for yej in the questions, and give appropriate answers.) GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1. In this lesson the 'construct particle1 is introduced. It is called this because it functions to join the word that precedes it and the one that follows it into a construction. The results thus obtained may be translated into English in a variety of ways. Here are a few examples: yetal yin jerbal ihihahan yin Jepahan dan yin yidahak Qekahn&w&j yin ituhewel.

go to work Japanese man drinking water You are extremely generous. (Thank you very much.)

In rapid speech it may be fused more closely with the preceding word, like a suffix. When this happens, the Y_ is dropped, and there may be other changes, as for example with yiten (from yiteq yin) and yilan (from yilaq yin) in Drills 8 and 9. 2. The word qqir&y 'play' introduced in Drill 1 is typical of a large group of Marshallese words which are referred to as 'double consonant stems.1 As this name implies, all such stems begin with a doubled consonant. The actual sounding out of such words requires that a vowel be added, but the two dialects differ in where the vowel is added. The Ratak (eastern) dialect inserts the extra vowel between the consonants, while

28 the Raiik (western) dialect puts it before the double consonants and also puts a before the added vowel, at the front of the word. Ratak

Raiik

(y_) qqir&y q(_)qir&y The vowel to be added is the same as the one that follows the doubled consonants, except that when the following one is a, e is added: Stem qqir&y tt&r bbe j ituhan

Raiik (yi)qqir&y ikkure (y&)tt&r ettOv (ye)bbej ebbBj (ye)ifuhan emdn

Ratak q(i)qir&y kukure t(&)t&r tOtOr b (e)bej bbbBj ih(e)ihan mSmOn

Meaning 'play' ' run' 'swollen' 'good'

When such stems have subject prefixes added, no vowel other than that of the prefix is added. This makes + words like 'I play 1 qqir&y and 'he is good' ^e + ituhan identical to tKe Raiik pronunciation of the bare stems without the prefixes. When you have mastered this rule, you will have control of one of the major differences between the two dialects. To help remind you of the words to which the rule applies, this and future lessons omit the extra vowels in the phonetic spelling when such words occur without subject prefixes; you can soon learn in either Raiik or Ratak fashion, depending at first on the pronunciation of your teacher and later--when you are using the language--on the dictates of the situation. However, in the Marshallese spelling, these words will be spelled with the extra vowel added according to the Raiik pronunciation. 3. Whereas English has essentially a two-way frame of reference built into many of its words involving location and direction:

29

close to or toward speaker

further or away from speaker

come bring here, hither this, these here

go take there, thither that, those away

the basic set of Marshallese directionals introduced in this lesson involves a three-way division of the same semantic area, which correlates closely with the three persons of the pronoun system: 1 toward me

2 toward you L

teq

w&j (RSlik) waj (Ratak)

3 t o w a r d

® third location, away from both of us laq

These directionals may occur alone as words, as in Drill 14, or suffixed to certain verb formatives, as in yiteq, yiw&j, yilaq, tarteq, etc. In moving from an English to a Marshallese mode of thought in this matter, your biggest task will be to separate 2 from 3-- 'toward addressee' as distinct from the more general 'away from speaker' of English. 4. In the RHlik dialect one can say: and

Yej yiteq gayat wah yew?

When is the canoe coming?

Yej yiteq gayat Tiyihej?

When is Timos coming?

But yiteq is not used in the Ratak dialect. There the equivalents to the above sentences w o u l d be:

and

Yej tarteq gayat w a h yew? pewteq tekyakteq Yej wayteq gayat Tiyihej?

This last sentence introduces a Ratak equivalent for yiteq w h e n referring to the moving of humans only: wayteq. The Ratak counterpart of yilaq is waylaq, and of yiw&j, wahw&j (again, for humans only). For vessels or vehicles, the Ratak dialect uses words like pewteq, tarteq, tekyakteq instead of yiteq. Thus, in the Ratak dialect, the first two lines of Drill 14 w o u l d be:

30 Yej wayteq key yippah teq? Hay&t, yej wahw&j yippaih waj. All the drills in this lesson have been written in the RSlik dialect. After you have mastered them in this form, you may want to go through them using Ratak forms if your teacher is sufficiently familiar with that dialect to guide you. 5. Note that while iaq generally has a heavy i, there are two exceptions in this lesson in which thTs è is changed to a light one: yilaq waylaq In later lessons you will find a third exception: keylaq ( 1 j ump, fly 1 ) 6. The words yippah, yippaih and yippan in Drills 13 and 14 are the stem yippa- plus the possessive suffixes - h (i) , - A , - n and are translated respectively 'with me', 'with you (sg.), and 'with him (her, it)'. SOUND DRILL Continuing with the & - e distinction, which we practiced in a 'y' environment in Lesson 2, let us now practice the same sound types in other environments. When £ does not precede or follow these two vowels and w h e n w does not follow, both these vowel sounds resemble the English hesitation form 'uh' , but they must be distinguished from each other since they often constitute the only and therefore crucial difference between words. Here are some key examples to practice w i t h your teacher. &

e

ati wit mOk wOr

hah&h w&t ih&k w&r

'my, mine* 'rain' •tired'(RSI.) 'lobster'

aH w8t mOk wt)r

haheh wet ihek wer

wOn

w&n

'turtle'

wOn

wen

'to swim' 'only' 'please' 'have, there is (are)' 'who?'

(Note that the traditional spelling often does not distinguish these pairs of words.) Some other words you have already learned that contain these sounds include:

31 qej wet teprak

yiw& j b&l&n k&m K&l&y

PROVERB -- JabOn kennan -- Jaben kennahan 'MOkajkaji, jaljali, batbat Roughly:

'Wekajkajiy, batbat.'

jaijaliy,

'Speed it up , unsnarl it, slow it down.' Equivalent:

'Haste makes waste.'

VOCABULARY ban bat bo

ban bat pew

bwOlen ekwe emman etke ikkure iba ibam iben

b&l&n yeqey itahan yetkey qqir&y yippah yippaih yippan

il ju in

yiljiw yin

ilok itok iwH j j ab j ab jaljal j erak

yilaq yiteq yiw& j jahab jab jaljai jerak

jerbal j ikul katak Kili lok mOkaj naj Namu tar

jerbal jikiwil kahtak K&l&y iaq ihekaj nahaj Naiti&w tar

unable, w e a k , tired, cannot slow arrive, lower sail--canoes and ships only perhaps, maybe well good why play with me w i t h you (sg.) with him (her, it) (3rd per. sg.) tomorrow to, in order to, of, etc. (construct particle) go (away from b o t h of us) come (to me) come, go (to you) no not loosen, unwind, unsnarl leave, hoist sail--canoes and ships only work school study island in RSlik chain there fast will atoll in RSlik chain come, go, ride--of or on vessels or vehicles only

32 tokeak tok tutu Utirik wtJj wtlt

tekyak teq tiwtiw Witr&k w&j wet

arrive at, reach here, to me--to the speaker bathe, wet Ratak Atoll to you--to the addressee only, still, just, continue

LESSON FIVE To and from; going w i t h a purpose; wearing clothes and other things; arrivals and departures DIALOGUE A: KwOj itok jen ia?

Qej yiteq jan yi'yah?

B: Ij itok jen Rita--ak kwe, kwBj etal Han ia?

Yij yiteq jan R i y t a h — hak qey, qej yetal gan yi'yah?

A: Ij etal Han MIECO in wia.

Yij yetal gan Miyeykew yin wiyah.

B: Ij iwtJj ibbam. kabbok ta?

Yij yiw&j yippaih. kapp&q tah?

KwOj

Qej

Yij kapp&q jewdiy; yelap han bil gan jiwijwij.

A: Ij kabbok jodri; elab an bwil Han jujuj.

A: Where are you coming from? B: I'm coming from Rita. And you, where are you going! I'm going to MIECO to buy (something). I'm coming w i t h you. What are you looking for? I'm looking for zories; it's too hot for shoes. DRILLS 1. Ij itok jen Rita. KlTT Arno Jemo Mieco

Yij yiteq jan Riytah. K&l&y Harftew Jeymaw Miyeykew

2. Ij etal Han Mieco in wia. j erbal ikkure mubi mOHS

Yij yetal gan Miyeykew yin wiyah. jerbal qqir&y miwpiy ftegay 33

34

3. I j e t a l fian Mieco in wia j o d r i . binjel beba nuknuk juj at jOt waj rifi me j kaflir

Y i j y e t a l gan Miyeykew y i n wiyah j e w d i y . pinjei p&ybah niqniq jiwij hat jehet waj riyig maj kagir

4. I n a j r o l t o k in w i a .

Yinahaj r a w a l t e q y i n wiyah. Yinahaj r a w a l t e n wiyah. jerbal qqir&y ihiwpiy ihegay

Inaj rolten wia. jerbal ikkure mubi mtma 5. Elab an bwil Han jujuj_. atat jBtOt icoj oj takinkin mejmej rittitt wajwaj nuknuk kafiirliir 6 . Ne i r o l t o k j e n Hawaii, inaj j u j u j . atat jOtOt wajwaj ritlitl mejmej ko j o j takinkin j odri j intOb (Continue, yiabove.)

Yelap han b i l gan jiwijwij. hathat jehethet kawajwsj takinkin majmaj riyigyig wajwaj niqniq kagirgir

Gey y i r a w a l t e q j a n Hawahyiy, yinahaj j i w i j w i j . hathat jehethet wajwaj riyigyig majmaj kawajw&j takinkin jewdiy jint&b substituting y e ~ , q e - , r e - , etc. for

35 7.

'She is wearing...' Ej marmar lien. befikHl driedre j okankan j emi j likko nien-ittit kabirOrb jakHlkOl buj Bk kailajtli j wutwut

8.

'She is going to buy...' Ej ilen wia marmar. beHkHl driedre jokankan jemi j likko nien-ittit kabirbrH jakOlkOl

9.

Yej yilan wiyah iharitiar. payagkei diy&d&y jewkankan j&ym&j liqq&w niyen-yittit kabirehreh jakk&lk&l

'She is putting on her. Lien ej konak(e) j okankan eo an. j emi j likko nien-ittit jakHlkOl bettkHl

10.

Yej iharihar liyeft. payagkel diy&d&y jewkankan j&ym&j liqq&w niyen-yittit kabirehreh jakk&lk&l biw j Stk kagajg&j witwit

Liyeft yej keftak(ey) jewkankan yew han. j&ym&j liqq&w niyen-yittit jakk&lk&l payagkei

'She is putting on (her)...' (Continued for exceptional items.) (Teacher should use the underlined words as cues.) Lien ej marbk(e) marmar eo mbran. Lien ej dibk(e) driedre eo dien. Lien ej kabirHrBik(i) tien.

Liyeft yej iharek (ey) riiarihar yew iheran. Liyeft yej diyek(ey) diy&d&y yew diyen. Liyeft yej kabirehrehyik(iy) tiyen.

36

Lien ej bujOke boran.

Liyeñ yej biwj &k&y beran.

Lien ej kaHaj(e) bBran.

LiyeA yej kagaj(ey) beran.

Lien ej wutwut.

Liyeñ yej witwit.

11. 'He is wearing...' Ej jormtlta leen. jiHlij jedoujij kadru-nen tabtab ili-iiat nuknuk

Yej jeMetah leyeñ. jiyigliD jedawijij kadiw-neyen tabtab giy-gat niqnig

12. 'He is going to buy...' Ej ilen wia jormBta. (Continue,

11.)

Yej yilan wiyah jeffitietah.

substituting all the words from Drill

13. 'He is putting on his.. Leen ej ditJk(e) binjel eo an.

BeyeA yej diyek(ey) pinjel yew han.

Leen ej marOk(e) emmar eo mUran.

&eyeA yej iharek(ey) Miar yew Aeran.

Leen ej kOnak(e) mej eo mej an.

beyeA yej keAak (ey) maj yew mejan.

Leen ej ktJnak(e) HiHat eo Hin.

fceyeA yej keAak(ey) giy-gat yew giyin.

Leen ej kOnak(e) riH eo an. at eo waj eo JUJ Ico nuknulc ko Jodri ko j ormOta eo jiHlij eo edoujij eo adru-nen eo tabtab eo

LeyeA yej keAak(ey) riyig yew han. hat yew waj yew jiwij kew niqniq kew jewdiy kew jefitietah yew jiyigli^ yew jedawijxj yew kadiw-neyen yew tabtab yew

¿

37

14. (The underlined portions of the following sentences are cues for the teacher to give. The entire sentence is the desired response on the part of the student.) Ej joktok Hctat balun eo?

Yej jeqteq gayat batwin yew?

Balun eo ej joktok iiaat?

Batwin yew yej jeqteq gayat?

Naat eo balun eo ej j oktok?

Gayat yew balwin yew yej jeqteq?

Enaj joktok Haat balun eo?

Yenahaj jeqteq gayat balwin yew?

Balun eo enaj joktok Haat?

Balwin yew yenahaj jeqteq gayat?

Naat eo balun eo enaj joktok?

Gayat yew balwin yew yenahaj jeqteq?

(Run through parallel cues and responses, substituting the following verbs for joktok in the above sentences:) ketok tBkeaktok kelok bellok tObraktok 15. (Follow

the procedure

Ej botok tiaat wa eo? tartok itaktok tOkeaktok roltok jeblaktok tObraktok jeblak jerak 16. (Follow

the procedure

Ej joklok Kwajalein Haat balun eo? ttikeaklok itaklok tObraklok

kayteq tekyakteq kaylaq peilaq teprakteq of Drill

14.)

Yej pewteq gayat wah yew? tarteq yitahakteq tekyakteq rawalteq jebiahakteq teprakteq jeplahak jerak of Brills

14 and

15.)

Yej jeqlaq Kiwajleyen gayat balwin yew? tekyaklaq yitahaklaq teprakteq

38 jeblaklok Han rollok Han

jebiahakiaq gan rawaliaq gan

17. Ej bolok Laura H^at wa eo? tokeaklok itaklok tHbraklok

Yej pewlag jLewrah gayat wah yew? tekyaklaq yitahakiaq teprak4aq

18. (Practice answering the questions in Drills 14 through 17} using yiljiw 'tomorrow'. For example :) Yej jeqteq yiljiw. Yenahaj jeqlaq yiljiw. 19. Bonus drill--another use for kenak: 'I love you.' (You are all around me.) IkBnak yuk.

Yikeftak y&q.

GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1. The vocabulary of this lesson again is large, but as in Lesson Three contains a number of loans which should reduce your memory burden. Most of these loans are articles of apparel. Some are both the name of the article and a verb meaning to wear the article. For others to form the verb for wearing we must repeat all or a portion of the word. This process, which linguists call 'reduplication' , is a very important one in Marshallese, and you will meet it again serving other purposes in later lessons. Examples from this lesson include: wit hat riyig jiwij jehet takin kagir waj

flower hat ring shoe shirt socks belt watch

witwit hathat riyigyig jiwijwij jehethet takinkin kagirgir wajwaj

wear wear wear wear wear wear wear wear

a flower a hat a ring shoes a shirt socks a belt a watch

From these examples it is clear that only the final syllable is involved in this type of reduplication. To distinguish it from several other types, we will refer to it as FINAL-SYLLABLE REDUPLICATION. The words kacjajg&j and kawapwSj are also formed by reduplication but are complicated by vowel changes too

39 complex to be discussed here. What you should take from this discussion is a general feeling for how final-syllable reduplication works in Marshallese; it will afford you many insights into the grammar of the language as you proceed. 2. Drills 10 and 13 introduce a number of new grammatical patterns, and you may wish to skip them until the more general patterns of the lesson have been learned. Some of the grammatical complications include : (a) Special transitive forms like keftak (ey), iharek(ey), diyek(ey), kagaj(ey), kabirehrehyik(iy), and biwj&k&y. In later lessons you will see that many verbs have special transitive forms like these, and you will learn more about where they can or must be used. (b) Some more possessive words like those introduced in Lesson Three: iheran, diyen, tiyen, beran, and mejan. Whereas tiye- refers only to lips and bera- to head, the others can refer to several different objects (for example, mera- to both necklaces and fish baskets) and thereby take on a classifying function as did the possessives introduced earlier. (c) In Drill 13, the kew occurring after niqniq, jiwij and jewdiy is the plural form of yew for non-humans, and comes from a large set of demonstrative or locational words which will be discussed at length in Lesson Eight. For the moment you should memorize the sentences of Drills 10 and 13 as wholes. These will then provide an internalized basis for grammatical insights that will come to you gradually. 3. Drills 14 through 17 provide more practice on the use of directionals with the movement of planes and surface vessels. They are also designed to give a feel for optional variations in word order. Be careful to distinguish the two words spelled jeblak. The phonetic spelling shows the two points at which they differ. SOUND DRILL We have practiced the - e distinction in environments before light and before heavy consonants. Let us now practice the same distinction in the environment before rounded consonants where these two vowels have two different [o]-like sounds.

40 'down; to get off* 'stone fish' 'escape'

to

t&w

no

A&w

ko

k&w

jojo

j &w j &w 'little chicken' b&q 'book ; blister'

buk

to

tew

no

hew

ko

kew

jojo

jewjew

bok

beq

'channel, pass ' 'wave' 'plural particle; inanimate' 'flying fish' ' s and ; sandspit'

Other examples of these two sounds you have already met include: y&q jartib&w Naiti&w kapp&q Jalw&j Hay&l&q

yiteq HarAew jewdiy Miyeykew •iiewrah Yepwen

PROVERB Kwojab aikoj pein ak.

Qejab yalqej p&yin hak.

Literally: Don't bend the wing of the frigate bird. Equivalent: Don't bite the hand that feeds you. VOCABULARY ak an Arno at atat aikoj balun belbetikOl bHran bujOk bujHke

frigate bird--iroij in bao-king of the birds his, her, its (general posh an sessive) Ratak Atoll HarAew hat (from hat) hat wear a hat hathat bend yalqej airplane (from balloon balwin (dirigible)) (with directionals) fly, palglide, jump, wave (of flags) (wear a) bracelet (from payagkel bangle) beran, bera- his (her, its) head wear hair in a knot biwj&k tie hair (transitive) biwj &k&y hak

41 bwil diOk(e) driedre elab emmar itak jakHlkOl jeblak jeblak jedouj ij j emi j Jemo jen jintOb j itlli j j odri j ok jokankan j ormbta jbt jbtbt juj jujuj kabbok kabirOrb kadru-nen kaiiaj (e) katiajHij kailir kattirllir keko

hot, burning (wear) something on ear (transitive) (wear) something on ear, diy&d&y earring be big, great (3rd per. sg.) yeiap Miar, rtiera- fish basket bump, touch yitahak (wear) panties jakk&lk&l return jebiahak sail away jeplahak (wear) trousers--short or jedawijij long (from trousers) (wear a) slip (from chemise) j&ym&j uninhabited atoll near Likiep Jeymaw --sanctuary for birds and turtles from, than jan go barefoot; eat only one jint&b thing (wear an) undershirt jiyiglij jewdiy zories--Japanese 'go-ahead' slippers with thongs between toes jeq alight, land, settle down on surface jewkankan (wear a) dress jetitietah (wear) undershorts shirt (from shirt) jehet wear a shirt jehethet jiwij shoes (from shoes; note however that jiwij is not a plural in Marshallese) jiwijwij wear shoes kapp&k look for (wear) lipstick (from birehreh kabirehreh red) kadiw-neyen (wear) short trousers ( 'short-its legs') make it fragrant (transitive) kagaj(ey) have perfume on (from gaj kagajg&j fragrant) belt kagir wear a belt kagirgir (plus directionals) jump, fly keythe (plural of eo yew--nonkew humans)

bil diyek(ey)

42 kBnak(e) koj kojoj leen lien likko marmar marHk(e) me j mejmej mtJran MIECO, Mieco mOHa mubi nien-ittit nuknuk Hi-Hat pein riH rifliH ta tabtab takin takinkin tien tttbrak waj wajwaj wia wut wutwut

keftak(ey)

put on, become surrounded by, love kawaj blanket use a blanket kawajwSj leyeA that man, boy that woman, girl liyeA (wear a) half-slip liqq&w iharitiar (wear a) necklace rtiarek (ey) wear a necklace or fish basket (transitive) mejan, meja- eye, face, (sun) glasses wear glasses majmaj his fish basket, her necklace Aeran Miyeykew Marshall Islands Import Export Company ftegay food, eat Mwpiy movie, see a movie niyen-yittit bra (container for breasts) (Ratak: niyen-tittit) niqniq cloth, (wear) clothing giy-gat (wear) false teeth ( 'teethpalate' ) p&yin, his, (her, its) hand, arm, p&yi- (pay) wing riyig ring (from ring) riyigyig wear a ring tah what? tabtab (wear) long trousers socks (from stocking) takin wear socks takinkin tiyen, tiye- his, (her, its) lips teprak achieve, reach--a goal or destination waj (a) watch wajwaj wear a watch (from watch) wiyah buy (or sell) flower, flowering shrub wit wear flowers witwit

LESSON

SIX

N a m e s ; ages; n u m b e r s ; telling time; days of the w e e k , months of the year; some d e m o n s t r a t i v e s DIALOGUE A: Etam?

Yetaih?

B: E t a in Ali.

Yetah yin Haliy.

A : J e t e am iib?

Jetey harti 'yiyeh?

B: R o H o u l - r u o , ak kwe?

R&g&wil riwew, hak qey?

A : E t a in TimOj . ruo ab iit).

Y e t a h y i n Tiyihej. J&g&wil riwew h a h & h 'yiyeh.

Joiioul-

B: KwOj jikul ke?

Qej j i k i w i i k e y ?

A : A e t , ij jikul ilo jikul en an k i e n .

H a y & t , yij jikiwii y i l e w jikiwii yeA h a n k i y e n .

A: B: A: B: A: B:

W h a t is y o u r name? My n a m e is Ali. How o l d are y o u ? T w e n t y - t w o -- a n d you? My name is T i m o s . I'm twelve. Do y o u go to school?

A: Yes.

I go to the government

school.

DRILLS 1. P r a c t i c e counting in chorus, i n d i v i d u a l l y , a n d in(See the dividuals in s u c c e s s i o n a r o u n d the class. REFERENCE section.) 2. P r a c t i c e the days of the w e e k in s i m i l a r

fashion.

3. P r a c t i c e the m o n t h s of the y e a r . 4. (Teacher

holds

up a certain

number

of

fingers.)

Jete eo adri?

Jetey y e w h a d d i y ?

(Sample Ruo.

Riwew.

answer:) 43

(Teacher writes an arabio numeral on indicating desired answer )

blackboard,

Jete beij in buk ne am?

Jetey peyij yin b&q fiey haih?

(Sample Rubuki.

Ribiqiy.

answer:)

Jete alen in buk ne am?

Jetey halenin b&q ñey ham?

Jibiqiy. Jibuki. (half the number of pages (Teacher draws clock face on blackboard to an hour.)

and points

Jete awa kiO?

Jetey hawah kiyyeh?

(Sample answer:) JoHoul awa kiO.

J&g&wil hawah kiyyeh.

(Teacher writes a time on the board.) Jete awa kiO?

Jetey hawah kiyyeh?

(Sample answer:) (10:10) Jolioul minit jen joHoul.

J&g&wil minit jan j&g&wil.

JoHoul minit elikin j otloul.

J&g&wil minit yalikin j &g&wil.

Emotlok jotloul minit jen jolioul.

Yemewetiaq j&g&wil minit jan j&g&wil.

( 9:50) JoHoul minit Han joHoul.

J&g&wil minit gan j&g&wil.

MOttan joHoul Han joHoul.

Mettan j&g&wil gan j&g&wil.

LimHoul minit jen ruatimjuOn.

L&mg&wil minit jan riwatim-j iwen.

( 9:30) RuatimjuOn j imettan.

Riwatim-jiwen jimettan.

RuatimjuOn awa j imettan.

Riwatim-jiwen hawah jimettan.

(12:00) JoHoul-ruo awa lukon-boH.

J&g&wil-riwew hawah liqen-b&§.

45

Jofioul-ruo awa raeleb. (12:30) Jotioul-ruo awa jimettan elikin raeleb. Joiloul-ruo awa jimettan elikin lukon-botl. ( 6:00) Jiljino awa j ibboH. Jiljino awa jota. ( 5:00) Lalim awa jorantak.

J&g&wil-riwew hawah rahyelep. J&g&wil-riwew hawah jimettan yalikin rahyelep. J&g&wil-riwew hawah jimettan yalikin liqen-b&9. Jiljinew hawah jibb&g. Jiljinew hawah j&wtah. Bal&m hawah jewrahantak.

8. Jete am iib? (Sample answer:) JilHul a« iiO.

Jetey haih 'yiyeh?

9. Naat eo kwar lotak? (Sam-pie answer:) Maj rutioul-jutJn ran, juOn taujin ruatimjut)n-buki eiloul-juOn.

Gayat yew qehar letak?

10. Naat eo kwar itok ttan Maj01? (Sample answer:) Tijemba, juOn taujin ruatimjuHn-buki j ilj ino-Houl-j ilj ino. 11. Naat eo kwar driojlok jen jikul. (Sample answer:) JuOn taujin ruatimjuOnbuki jiljino-Houl lalim.

Jilgiwil hah&h 'yiyeh.

ftahaj r&g&wil-jiwen rahan, jiwen tawijin riwahtim-jiwen-biqiy y&g&wil-j iwen. Gayat yew qehar yiteq gan Aahjel? Tiyjeitibah, jiwen tawijin riwahtimj iwen-biqiy jiljin&w-g&wil-jiljinew. Gayat yew qehar diyw&jlaq jan jikiwil? Jiwen tawijin riwahtimjiwen-biqiy jiljin&wg&wil ial&m.

12. Practice simple addition. Ruo im ruo, emen. Jutioul im juiloul, ruHoul.

Riwew yim riwew, yeman. J&g&wil yim j&g&wil, r&g&wil.

46 13. Practice simple subtraction. Emen bOk ruo, ruo. Yeman bek riwew, riwew. Ruttoul bfc)k juttoul, juiloul.

R&g&wil bek j&g&wil, j&g&wil.

Ruo jen emen, ruo.

Riwew jan yeman, riwew.

Juttoul jen ruttoul, jufioul.

J&g&wil jan r&g&wil, j&g&wil.

14. Practice simple multiplication. Ruo alen ruo, emen. Jutioul alen juttoul, jibuki.

Riwew halen riwew, yeman. J&g&wil halen j&g&wil, jibigiy.

15. Practice simple division. Emen ajij ruo, ruo. Jibuki ajij juttoul, juttoul.

Yeman hajy&j riwew, riwew. Jibiqiy hajy&j j&g&wil, j&g&wil.

16. Practice answering questions like the following. Jete drijikul ilo kilaj in? Lalim.

Jetey rijikiwii yilew kilhaj yin? ial&m.

Jete ladrik ilo kilaj in? (eta.) Jete ledrik ilo kilaj in?

Jetey iaddik yilew kilhaj yin? (eta.) Jetey leddik yilew kilhaj yin?

Jete jea ilo rum in?

Jete kejamin rum in?

Jetey jeyah yilew riwiih yin? Jetey wintehen riwiih yin? Jetey kejamin riwiih yin?

Jete blackboard ilo rum in?

Jetey bilyak-bewet yilew riwiih yin?

Jete tefiki jarom ilo rum in? C etc.)

Jetey teyegkiy jafem yilew riwiih yin? (eta.)

Jete wintB'n rum in?

47 17. Substitution Ij jikul ilo j ikul en an kien. j ikul en an katlik jikul en an birotijen jikul en an bata jikul en an mission

Yij jikiwii yilew jikiwii yeA han kiyen. jikiwii yeA han katlik jikiwii yeA han birewtiyjen jikiwii yeA han bahtah jikiwii yeA han miyjen

18. Practice asking and answering questions like the following. Yetan leyeA? Etan leen? Yetan yin TawaA. Etan in Tom. Etan lien? Etan in Meri.

Yetan liyeA? Yetan yin Meydiy.

Jete an iiB? Ruttoul-ruo an iiO.

Jetey han 'yiyeh? R&g&wil-riwew han 'yiyeh.

Ej jokwe ia? (I) Rita.

Yej j&q&y yi'yah? (Yiy) Riytah.

Ej jikul ke? Aet.

Yej jikiwil key? Hay&t. Yej jikiwii yi'yah? Yilew jikiwii yeA han kiyen.

Ej jikul ia? Ilo jikul en an kien. Ej jerebal kç? Aet.

Yej jerbal key? Hay&t.

Ej jerebal ia? MIECO. Iben kien. Iben Robert.

Yej jerbal yi'yah? Miyeykew. Yippan kiyen. Yippan Rewbet.

Ta jerebal eo an? Dri kaki. Dri wia.

Tah jerbal yew han? Rikakiy. Riwiyah.

Ej etal il an ia kiO?

Yej yetal gan yi'yah kiyyeh? Yej yetal gan Miyeykew.

Ej etal Han MIECO. Etam le? Eta in Tom.

Yeta* ley? Yetah yin Tawaih.

Etam le? Eta in Meri.

Yetaih ley? Yetah yin Meydiy.

48 Kar e t a n at eo etarro? Tom. Jete am iiB? Ruiioul aH iiO. (eta.)

Kar yetan yat yew yetarrew? Tawaih. J e t e y haih 'yiyeh? R & g & w i l h a h & h 'yiyeh. (eta.)

19. A n s w e r questions like the following w i t h p o s s e s s i v e pronouns. A n wtJn b u k e?

Han wen b&q y&y?

A m b u k ne.

Haih b & q ftey.

AB buk n e .

H a h & h b & q ftey.

A n b u k ne.

H a n b & q ftey.

A n w b n b i n j e l e? A n Tom binjel ne.

Han wen pinjel y&y? H a n Tawaih p i n j e i ftey.

A n w O n b e b a e? Ijaje an wtJn b e b a ne.

Han w e n p&ybah y&y? Yijahj&y han wen p&ybah ftey.

A n w O n j e a e? (eta.)

H a n w e n jeyah y & y ? (eta.)

20. Practice answering questions like the u s i n g mot a n d jako. E b e r ia Tom? Emotlok. Emottok. EmotwBj. Ejako. GRAMMATICAL

following,

Y e p a d y i ' y a h Tawaih? Yemewetiaq. Yemewetteq. Yemewetw&j. Yejak&w.

NOTES

1. N a m e s play a m u c h d i f f e r e n t role in M a r s h a l l e s e culture than they do in our own. N a m e s are n o t u s u a l l y m e n t i o n e d in g r e e t i n g s , and are rarely u s e d in the p r e s e n c e of the i n d i v i d u a l . They m a y be u s e d b y p a r e n t s in calling c h i l d r e n , and by teachers or c h u r c h elders in calling roll. First n a m e s are o f t e n i n h e r i t e d from d e c e a s e d g r a n d p a r e n t s , a n d s u r n a m e s are n o r m a l l y the first name of one's father. One n e v e r asks a surname d i r e c t l y , a n d e v e n first n a m e s are usually asked o b l i q u e l y , as in Drill 18 'What was the name of us two?'. Thus the d i a l o g u e of this l e s s o n actually starts off in very u n - M a r s h a l l e s e f a s h i o n w i t h Etam?, but this does occur today as the two

49 cultures meet--for example w h e n a patient visits the Public Health Clinic at the District Center. 2. The numbers from six through nine by virtue of their length alone seem to be fossilized compounds, and there is enough formal resemblance to tempt one to try an analysis. Seven can be thought of as 'three-three and one', eight as 'two (fours?)...' and nine as "two fours and one'. Be sure to note the similarities and differences among respective units, decades, and hundreds; for example: 1, 10, and 100. 3. In this and the preceding lesson you have met several words which w h e n unsuffixed have one syllable w i t h the vowel a, but which change this a to e w h e n a suffix is added after the a that appears in tETe second syllable: Without suffix

Meaning

With Suffix

Stem

head be ran baraftaraiheran necklace, fishbasket m e jan majamaj eye yetan yatayat name There seems to be a general rule in Marshallese that prohibits certain sequences of a...a and changes the first to e. Thus words like the above can be considered as having stems as given in the fourth column. When they remain unsuffixed, the stem-final a is dropped, there are no longer two a's in sequence, and the first vowel remains a. But w K e n they are suffixed and the stem-final vowel is retained, the first a is forced to change by the rule that prohibits a...a sequences. bar (ft)Aar

4. The words y&y, yin, Aey, yeA, yew are part of a complex demonstrative-locational system which will be learned and discussed fully in Lesson Eight. As w i t h the directionals discussed in Grammatical Note 3 of Lesson Four, your biggest task for the moment will be to distinguish the environs of the addressee (Aey) from those further out (yeA). Note that the y i n of this set (as in yetah yin] is a different w o r d from y i n the construct particle. The portion of the system y o u have met thus far can be viewed as follows:

50 y&y yin ftey yeft yew

this this that that the

here (close to me) here (close to both of us) there (close to you) there (close to neither of us) (out of sight, in the past)

SOUND DRILLS Make sure you can hear the difference between i^, e, and 1. In light environments: ki ke ke

kiy k&y key

mi

miy

me me

m&y mey

•key* 'porpoise' •question particle' 'syllable of the musical scale: 'mi'' 'fortress' 'that, which'

it it eta

yit y&t yetah

'to make fire by friction' 'do what?' 'my name'

2. In heavy

environments:

all aH aO

hahih hah&h haheh

'to die' 'my, mine 'to swim'

wit wBt wtlt

wit w&t wet

'flower' 'rain' 'only'

In rounded environments : tu to to

tiw t&w tew

bu bo

piw p&w

bo

pew

'gizzard' 'down; to get off' 'channel, pass' 'stuffed from overeating' 'falling of ripe pandanus key' 'second story'

PROVERB JuOn jot, ruo mule. Literally: Equivalent:

Jiwen jewet, riwew rtiiï&y.

'One missile, two doves.'

'Kill two birds with one stone.'

51 VOCABULARY adri alen

haddiy, haddiyihalen

ajij

hajySj

at aw a bata

yat, yetahawah bahtah

bei j b«k bofi brotijen

peyij bek

buk dri

b&g ri-

dri kaki driojlok e

rikakiy diyw&jlaq y&y

elikin

yalikin

en

yeñ

eta (-m; -n)

yetah (-m; -n)

etarro

yetarrew

in

yin

iit) ilo j ako

'yiyeh yilew (Ratak) yil&w (Raiik) jak&w

j arom j ea jete jibbott j imettan j okwe j orantak jot

jatem jeyah jetey jibb&§ jimettan j&q&y jewrahantak jewet

birewtiyjen

finger, toe, digit time(s), rows, stories of building, sheets of paper divide, divide up, distribute name hour priest, Father (from English) page (from English) take, bring, carry night, last night Protestant (from English) book (from English) person of, person from, person who preacher, teacher go out, graduate this here (close to me) after, its back, behind it that there (close to neither me nor you) my name (your; his, her) the name of the two of us this here (close to both of us) year (from English) in, at missing, gone — destination and location unknown lightning, electric(ityi chair (from English) how many? morning half live, dwell dawn bullet, missile, something for throwing

52

j ota katlik ke j am kej amin

j swtah katlik ke jam kejamin

kien

kiyen, kiye-

kilaj kiO kwar

kilhaj kiyyeh kiyin qehar

ladrik ladik eo le le ledrik ledik eo lotak lukon lukon-bofi MajOl

iaddik ladik yew iey ley leddik ledik yew letak liqen, liqeliqen-b&g ilah jel

minit mot

minit mewet

mOttan mule ne

Ae^tan, ihettartiii&y Aey

raeleb rum tetlki tettki jarom winttJ wintB'n

rahyelep riwiih teyegkiy teyegkiy jaiem winteh wintehen

wt)n

wen

(RM1.) (Rat.)

evening Catholic (from English) door(way) its door(s) (kejam fused w i t h construct particle) government, law, commandment class (from English) now y o u w e r e , y o u did (2nd per. sg. subject prefix plus har past tense) boy the boy sir ma 1 am girl the girl be b o r n middle of midnight Marshall (Islands) (from English) minute(s) (from English) gone, came--movement completed and location known piece of, part of . dove that there (close to you) noon room (from English) flashlight electric light window (from English) window of (winte fused with construct particle) who?

53 REFERENCE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 20 30 40 50 60 100 111 200 300 400 500 600 1000

jutJn ruo jilu emen lalim j ilj ino j ilj ilimjuOn rualitBk ruatimj utJn joiioul jofloul- jutJn jofioul-ruo rofloul jilttul eiioul limHoul j ilj ino-Houl j ibuki j ibuki- joiioul-jutin rubuki j ilubuki abuki limabuki j ilj ino-buki juOn-taujin

jiwen riwew jiliw yeman lal&m jiljinew (or jiljin&w) jiljilim-jiwen (or jijilim-jiwen) riwahliyt&k riwahtim-j iwen j&g&wil j&g&wil-jiwen j &g&wil-riwew r&g&wil jilgiwil y&g&wil l&mg&wil jiljin&w-g&wil jibigiy jibiqiy-j &g&wil-jiwen ribiqiy jil(iw)biqiy yabiqiy limabiqiy jiljinew-biqiy j iwen-tawi j in

Days of the week Mandre ilandey Juje Jiwjey Wbnje Wenjey Taije Tahyijey BOlaidre Beiahyidey Jedredre Jadeydey Jabbt Jabet Months of the year Janodre Bebodre Maj ApertJl Mae Jun Julae Okoj

Janewdey Papewdey Mahaj Yeperei May&y Jiwin Jiwlahyey Waqe j

Jebötemba Okotoba Nobemba Tijemba

Jebteitibah Wektewbah Newbeitibah Tiyjeihbah

LESSON SEVEN Time expressions--from the year before the year before last to the year after next DIALOGUE A: Jete awa kiO?

Jetey hawah kiyyeh?

B: Ruo awa.

Riwew hawah.

A: Jete awa ien kemem?

Jetey hawah 'yiyen keyemyem?

B: Rar ba lalim awa j imettan.

Rehar bah lal&m hawah jimettan.

A: Enaj jemlok i i a a t ?

Yenahaj jeihlaq gayat.

B: Iar roil ke enaj jemlok lukon buttnin.

Yihar re§ key yenahaj jeihiaq liqen bi^niyin.

A: B: A: B: A: B:

What time is it? Two o'clock. What time is the party? They said 5:30. What time will it be over? I heard it will finish at midnight.

DRILLS Jenahaj keyemyem tal&m hawah jimettan. gey yejibb&§ gey yerahyeleb gey y&j&wtah jawt&yniyin gey y&b biijniyin liqen bi§niyin gey yejewrahantak gey yerahan

1. Jenaj kemem lalim awa jimettan. tie ejibboH tie eraeleb He ejota j otenin He eboH buttnin lukon buttnin He ejorantak He eran

(In Drills 2 and 3, substitute the expressions from drill 1.) 2. Enaj roltok lalim awa Yenahaj rawalteq lal&m j imettan. hawah jimettan. 55

56

3. Enaj jemlok lalim awa jimettan.

Yenahaj jeihiaq ial&m hawah jimettan.

4. Ij roü ke enaj jemlok ilju ej jibbofl. ilju ej jota ilju ej raeleb ilju ej jorantak

Yij re§ yiljiw yiljiw yiljiw yiljiw

5. Ej iuwe rainin Han Kwaj aleiiu bullnin jotenin j ibboiinin tireb in tima in balun in wik in alliil iiö in jömar in rak in aüan-eatt in Kirijmöj in Ijitö in U. N. Day in New Year in Tijemba in Mandre

Yej wiw&y rahyinyin gan Kiwajleyen. bi§niyin jawt&yniyin jibb&^niyin tiryep yin tiyihah yin baiwin yin wiyik yin hall&g yin •yiyeh yin jaihar yin rak yin hagan-yag yin Kirijih&j yin Yijiteh yin Yiwyent&y yin Niwiyyeh yin Tiyjeihbah yin Mandey yin

key yej yej yej yej

yenahaj jeihiaq jibb&§. j&wtah rahyelep jewrahantak

6. (Using the correct responses for Drill 5 as cues, change each to refer to the comparable unit of time immediately preceding. Be sure to change the verb phrase to agree.)

Cue: Ej iuwe rainin Han Kwaj alein. Response: Ear iuwe inne flan Kwaj alein. Cue: Ej iuwe buiinin Han Kwaj alein. Response: ar iuwe boil Han Kwaj alein. (etc.)

Yej wiw&y rahyinyin gan Kiwajleyen. Yehar wiw&y yinney gan Kiwajleyen. Yej wiw&y bi^niyin gan Kiwajleyen. Yehar wiw&y b&§ gan Kiwajleyen. (etc.)

57

7. (Using the correct responses for Drill 6 as cues, change each to refer to the next earlier unit of time.) Cue: Ear iuwe inne Han Kwajalein. Response: Ear iuwe inne eo lok juOn Han Kwajalein. (eta.) 8.

Yehar wiw&y yinney gan Kiwajleyen. Yehar wiw&y yinney yew iaq jiwen gan Kiwajleyen. (etc.)

(Repeat Drills 6 and 7, this time making the RESPONSES negative and not repeating the place.)

Cue: Ej iuwe rainin Han Kwajalein. Response: Ear jab iuwe inne. (etc.)

Yej wiw&y rahyinyin gan Kiwajleyen. Yehar jab wiw&y yinney. ( etc.)

9. (Using the correct responses for Drill 6 as cues} change each to refer to the comparable unit of time in the present} making the response negative and omitting the place.) Cue: Ear iuwe inne Han Kwajalein. Response: E j j ab iuwe rainin.

Yehar wiw&y yinney gan Kiwajleyen. Yejjab wiw&y rahyinyin.

10. (Substitute Enaj S.)

(Yenahaj) for Ej (Yej) in Drill

11. (Substitute Eban

(Yeban) for Ej (Yej) in Drill S.)

12. (Using the correct responses for Drill 5 as cues, give a double response, first substituting Eban Yeban for Ej Yej then substituting Enaj (Yenahaj) and changing the time unit to the comparable one NEXT in time (omitting the place).) Cue: Ej iuwe rainin Han Kwajalein.

Yej wiw&y rahyinyin gan Kiwajleyen.

58 Response: E b a n iuwe r a i n i n H a n K w a j a l e i n ; enaj iuwe ilju.

Yeban wiw&y rahyinyin gan Kiwajleyen; yenahaj wiw&y yiljiw.

13. (Make this drill parallel to Drill 12, but advance each time unit in the double response one degree more into the future. Use the responses to Drill 10 as cues.) Cue: Enaj iuwe r a i n i n H a n Kwajalein. Response: E b a n iuwe ilju H a n K w a j a l e i n ; enaj iuwe jöklaj. 14. (Substitute frames such

Yenahaj wiw&y rahyinyin gan Kiwajleyen. Yeba'n w i w & y y i l j i w g a n Kiwajleyen; yenahaj w i w & y jeklaj.

appropriate time expressions as the following:)

Enaj roltok

.

Yenahaj rawalteq

Jenaj bar lo dron .

J e n a h a j b a r lew dewen .

Ear tökeak tok Ear mare

into

. .

Y e h a r tekyak t e q Y e h a r iharey

15. (Go back to Drills 10 through 12 of LESSON FOUR and create new responses using appropriate time expressions you have learned in this lesson.) (Use as cues the time clauses from Drill 1 that contain He e- (gey ye-), and change these to past tense by substituting ar (har) for naj (nahaj), and ke ej (key yej) for He e- (ney ye-). Do the same for Drilis 2 and S.) Cue: Jenaj k e m e m He ejibboH. Response: Jar k e m e m ke ej jibboH.

J e n a h a j k e y e m y e m gey yejibb&g. Jfehar ehar k kej e y e m y e m k e y yej jibb&g.

.

59 Cue : Enaj roltok He eraeleb. Response : Ear roltok ke ej raeleb. GRAMMATICAL

Y e n a h a j r a w a l t e q gey yerahyelep. Yehar r a w a l t e q key yej rahyelep.

NOTES

1. N o t e the use of k e y to introduce d e p e n d e n t clauses f o l l o w i n g i n d e p e n d e n t ones w i t h or har in the last line of the dialogue and in Drills 4 an care to insert key at the proper place.)

taking

11. 'This shirt is awfully big. ' Enaflin kileb jBt e. tOttal ti ne bin un ne meram teHki ne bat wa en enno mBtta in bakij leen mat mHkaj pilawH eo mat bat mS kane uwi ik rot ne rumij am itok marok loan mwin to ien kOllS drik wBnen ritto mOkaj likao eo

Yenahgin kilep jehet y&y. tegal tiy Aey p&n win Aey meram teyegkiy Aey bat wah yeA nnaw ihegay yin pakij ieyeA mahat ihekaj pilahway yew mat bat may kaAey wwiy y&k £et Aey fiihij haih yiteq mareq lewwahan ihiyin tew 'yiyen keiiay dik weAyan rittew ihekaj likahwew yew

12. 'Why is this shirt so big?' (In the statements of Drill 11, the voice falls at the end of the sentence. By raising the voice instead3 one can form questions with the change in meaning indicated. Mimic your teacher's intonation closely3 using the cues from above to form questions.)

182

(Now the teacher should intermix statement and question forms of the sentences from Drills 11 and 12, and students should respond with either 'statement' or 'question '.) 13.

(Continue as in the last part of Drill 12, but now students should respond to statements as follows:)

ekileb. etHilal ebin emeram ebat enno ebakij emat mOkaj remat bat eouwi erumij emarok eto edrik eritto mOkaj

Qej ihewel key yekilep. yetegal y&p&n yemeram yebat yennaw yepakij yemahat ihekaj remat bat yewwiy yef iihi j yemareq ye tew yedik yerittew ihekaj

(And to questions3 students should respond with answers made up like the following, beginning

with k&nkey: )

Kinke an leo jeim. elab am kar jukaiki kwojaje bwinbwin rekai bUtBre ka edrik injin en ejeia iBk lien emminene in tulok elab air kBmat emattia leen ma en ikOn wOd ear wit ejelok wintO ejaHin wBr mak mweiuk in Jepan edrik an jerbal 14,

K&nkey h an leyew j&yiih. yelap haih kar jiqahyikiy qejahj&y b&nb&n rekayal payt&r&y kay yedik yinjin yeh yejeiay 'yiy&k liyeft yemmin&yn&y yin tiwiaq yeèap hay&r kemat yemattiyyah leyen may yeA yiken wed yehar w&t yejjelaq winteh yejjahgin wer ihahak iheyiq yin Jepahan yedik han jerbal

'Your feet don't seem to hurt from going

Emake jab metak nem in j intHb.

barefoot.

Yemak&y jab metak neyeih yin jint&b."

183 mOk nem...jutak abnOnO nem...jujuj mHk bein...jeje bwil elikin...kejeje mOlo lofiin. . .mBiia ioe.

mBk lottin... al Kwomake jab bio in turBn in bott. ekkil. . . talliti ekkil...bul otobai abinmake...make iam mtJk...jerbai mt)nt)nt). . .katak kajin MajOl abnOnB...jujuj 15. 'You and who

A: B: A: A: B: A: A: B: A: A: B: A:

rti&k neyerti... jiwtak habAehAeh neyeih. .. jiwi jwi j ih&k p&yin. . • j &y j &y bil yalikin...kejeyjey ih&l&w law^iyin. . .rtiegay hay& j ih&k lawijiyin.. .hai Qemak&y jab piyaw yin tiwra^ yin b&§. kk&l...tall&g kk&l...biwii wetewbahyiy habinimak&y..mak&y yi'yaharti ih&k. .. jerbal iheAehAeh.. .kahtak kajin ftahjei habAehAeh..jiwijwij

else?'

Iar eiiwbr bott. Kwe at iam? Na wOt iaO. Tony ear ettwHr boli. E~St ian? E wOt ian. Tony in Ali rar... Erro St iairro? Erro w(jt iairro. Kimro Tony ar... Komro at iamiro? Kimro wOt iamro.

Yihar ya§ed b&§. Qey yat yi'yaharti? Gah wet yi'yah&h. Tewniy yehar ya^ed b&§. Y&y yat yi'yahan? Y&y wet yi'yahan. Tewniy yim Haliy rehar... Y&rrew yat yi'yahay&rrew? Y&rrew wet yi'yahay&rrew. K&mrew Tewniy har... Q&ihrew yat yi'yahamiyrew? K&mrew wet yi'yahamrew.

'One share for every two people. ' share with? '

A: B: A: B: B:

Ruo armij juOn kij. Na at iaO? Kwe im lio ibOm. E at ian? Kwe at iam? 'I saw you last night.

A: Iar lo yok boil. B: Kar Ha at eo iao? A: Kwe wOt iam.

'Who should I

Riwew harmsj jiwen k&j. Gah yat yi'yah&h? Qey yim liyew yippaih. Y&y yat yi'yahan? Qey yat yi'yahaih? 'Me and who else? '

Yihar lew y&q b&§. Kar gah yat yew yi'yah&h? Qey wet yi'yaharti.

184 A: Iar lo e boH. Eomro erro

Yihar lew y&y b&§. q&ihrew y&rrew

'What did you say? '

'Say that again. '

Ej jam? lan iamiro iairro iaH iamro

Yej yi 'yahaiti? yi'yahan yi'yahamiyrew yi'yahay&rrew yi'yah&h yi'yahamrew

'What are you going

to say? '

Enaj iam?

Yenahaj yi'yahaih?

(Substitute the words immediately yi 'yahaih here and below.)

above

'What did you say (some were interrupted)?'

or before

Ekar iam? 'What were

we

Yekar yi'yahaiti? you supposed

En kar iam? 'What would

time ago,

for

to say? ' Yen kar yi 'yahaih?

you have said? '

Enaj kar iam?

Yenahaj kar yi 'yahaih?

GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1. The drills of this lesson show some of the uses of words like mak&y, kahn&w&j yin, tahwinyin: winin... k&nkey, nahgin, yat, and y i 1 y a h a - , many of w h i c h seem idiomatic from an English point of view. There is little more that can be said beyond what is brought out by the organization of the drills. Learn them well! SHORT PROSE SELECTION Legends InoH in MajOl Yine§ y i n Aahjei until Kinke kajin MajOl ear jab ber ilo beba mae K&nkey kajin Aahjei yehar jab p a d yilew p&ybah Aiahyey ien eo ear itok dri belle, ejjab kanuij loH 'yiyen yew yehar yiteq ripalley, yejjab kahn&w&j leg

185 armij rej mour wBt kid harm&j rej m&wir wet kiyyeh dri MajBl. Botab ewBr jet riftahjel. Bethab yewer jet

rejeia inoii rejeiay yina$ inoH rej ber yina§ rej pad

ko kew wBt wet

an hail Han gan

rainin im jej maroH wBt roH ilo ien kiki. rahyinyin yim jej mare§ wet retj yilew 'yiyen kiykiy. most famous ButlbuHtata ilo inoii in MajBl, l'Etao. Bigbi^tahtah yilew yina§ yin ftahjei, leYetahwew. rascal Etao kar lukun dri nana im maroii ko an Yetahwew kar liqqiwin rinahnah yim mare§ kew han amazing rekanuij in kabwilBiilBii. E eo rekahn&w&j yin kabilegleg. Y&y yew reason an im inoii ko rej ba bwe unin yim yina$ kew rej bah bey winin han

fire ear lo kijeek, yehar lew kijyek, smart dri Amerka meletlet, riHamedkah maletlet,

fled Etao ear ko jen MajBl im bBklok an meletlet Yetahwew yehar kew jan ilahjel yim bekiaq han maletlet iian Amerka. gan Hamedkah.

try Jenaj kajjioii in lale jet inoii Jenahaj kaj jeyeff yin lahley jet yina§

lessons ilo leejen kein lal. yilew leyjen k&yin lai. PROVERB

Jeblab dejlok.

Jeblap dejiaq.

'People shy away from one who has too much.' VOCABULARY

abinmake abonono aibuijuij at bal batBre boti

habinmak&y habAehAeh hayib&w&jw&j yat bal payt&r&y bawtiy, bawati-

fear being alone (be) uncomfortable beautiful and who else? cover an earth oven battery (from English) nose

186

bui buttbuti bwilOH drakelkel ekkil

biwiè (intr.) ...iy (tr.) bigbi§ bileg dak&lk&l kk&l

ektìtoto

kk&t&wt&w

eminene Etao

mmin&yn&y Yetahwew

iaittimonmon

yi 'yahattiyiheflihefl

iur j attin j imj im

yif jahgin j&mj&m (intr.) j&m(&y) (tr.) jiqeg ka + yit(iy) kayal kayaih, kayak&j kimiwir

jukok kaiur kai kam kij kimur kinke konkon lotti

taunin talli« tee j

k&nkey qeflqefl law^iy law^iyimajit majitlep maletlet ihe jeAaw nahgin webrak w&k, wikerabelbel tiihij (intr.) — i y (tr.) tahwinyin tall&g teye j

tie to

tiyey, tiyet&w

majur majurleb meletlet mBjtìno n attin obrak ok rabOlbtìl rumi j

go at full speed famous (be) surprised ugly (be) afraid of speed or heights windy (distributive of k&t&w) (be) accustomed, used to name of legendary trickster; sly with... , said by... full of demons (distributive of tiyihefl) fast not yet sharpen open an earth oven hurry new (your) figure a share productive (of plants or land) (cf. m&wir) because able to catch many fish mouth sleep (Rat.) sleep a long time smart weak almost overloaded net shiny late (for something) why?, what is the reason? climb up (have a) test (from English) lips get off, not ride (opposite of wiw&y)

187 to tulok turoii

tew tiwlaq tiwra^

w3to wtllio wtld un

wayt&w wiliy&w wed win, wini-

(be) a long time dive fishing method: skin diving w i t h spear, shooting fish in hole (refl) land tract handsome coral reason; base, foundation; problem

LESSON NINETEEN More store scenes; double consonant intransitives; kab and hawelep...yem; colors. DIALOGUES 1. A: I maroti ke kejerbal waj ne am? B: Ejelok aö waj. Eteke kwöj jab wia am?

Yimare^ key kejerbal waj ftey haA? Yejjeiaq hah&h waj. Yetkey qej jab wiyah hath?

Ewör ia waj in wia?

Yewer yi'yah waj yin wiyah?

Ewör ilo mön wia en an Jelba.

Yewer yilewrtienwiyah yen han Jelbah.

Inaj wia He ewör aö mak.

Yinahaj wiyah hah&h gey yewer hah&h ihahak.

Emman bwe en wör am make.

Yertuhan bey yen wer haih mak&y.

A: May I use your watch? B: I don't have a watch. Why don't you buy one (for yourself)? A: Where do they have watches for sale? B: There are some at Jelba's store. A: I'll buy one for myself when I have money. B: It'll be good for you to have one of your own. 2.

A: Ewör ke jatin mwin?

Yewer key jahtiyin M y i n ?

Aet, ewör. Jete eo kwo könaan? A: Letok ruo kuat kab lalim baun in juka.

Hay&t, yewer. Jetey yew qekeAhan? Leyteq riwew qiwat kab ial&m bawin yin jiqah.

B: Kwöj ebbok ke kon bib im tuna?

Qej pp&q key kawan piyip yim tiwnah? 188

189 Aet, ka-ruo tok. 0, kab juOn bok in j ikka. B: Jikka rot? A: Salem He ejab Kool, einwOt juHn. B: Ebar wBr ke ta? A: Ejja mtJj . Jete wtfnen aolep? B: Lalim tala jonBul-ruo jeen. A: Ejelok a8 jaan jebleklek, jofloul eo tala. B: Bwe eo am eo. Kommol tata. A: Kommol. A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A:

Hay&t, kariwew teq. Wew, kab jiwen bawak yin jikkah. Jikka tfet? Jeyieih gey ye j jab Qiwil, yayinwet jiwen. Yebar wer key tah? Yejjah ih& j. Jetey we Ay an hawelep? &al&m tahlah j&g&wil-riwew j ayan. Yejjeiaq hah&h jayan jepleklek, j&g&wil yew tahlah. Bey yew haih yew. tahtah. Qeihihewel.

Qeihihewel

Do you have any sardines? Yes, how many do you want? Give me two cans and five pounds of sugar. Do you want any corned beef or tuna? Yes, give me two of each. Oh, a carton of cigarettes, too. What brand? Salems or Kools. Either one. Anything else? That's all. How much for everything? Five dollars and twelve cents. I don't have any coins. Here's a ten dollar bill. Here's your change. Thanks. Thank you.

3. A: EwBr ke bilawU in wia? B: Kwo rumij. Ej kab mat. A: Enaj bar wBr HSSt? B: Ilju ej jibboii. Kwo maroH roltok.

Yewer key pilahway yin wiyah? Qetirtii j . Ye j kab mahat. Yenahaj bar wer gayat? Yiljiw yej jibb&§. Qemare^ rawalteq.

190 A: Ekwe ij likit jutln dollar, kab kakon ruo aO lob.

Yeqey yij likit jiwen tahiah, kab kaqefl riwew hah&h leweb.

B: Ekwe, kommol.

Yeqey, qeituhewe 1.

A: Kommol tata. itok ilju.

Inaj

Qeihihewel tahtah. yiteq yiljiw.

Yinahaj

A: B: A: B: A:

Do you have any bread for sale? You're late; we just ran out. When will you have more? Tomorrow morning. You can come back. OK. I'll give you a dollar now. Please save two loaves for me. B: Fine. Thank you. A: Thank you. I'll come tomorrow. DRILLS 1. I maroii ke kejerbal waj ne am? Ejelok aO waj. EwHr an Meri binjel ben buk job jea tebel mej in dret

Yiihare§ key kejerbal waj Aey haih? Yejjeiaq hah&h waj. Yewer han Meydiy. pinjei peyen b&q jeweb jeyah teybei maj yin det

2. Iar kejerbal wa eo waan. tirak C clT kHrkHr balun wHtobai bajikBl drieka tibilel boj

Yihar kejerbal wah yew wahan. tirak kahar kerker baiwin wetewbahyiy bahajkel diyyakah tipg&l bewe j

3. EwHr ia waj in wia? Mieco. EwHr waj in wia Mieco.

Yewer yi'yah waj yin wiyah? Miyeykew. Yewer waj yin wiyah Miyeykew.

(Repeat Drill 1.)

191 Ewör aö maak. am an ad am ami air

Yewer hah&h itiahak. haih han had ham hamiy hay&r

naj wia aö bwe en wör ajj make. kwo... am... am e... an... an je...adr...adr

Yinahaj wiyah hah&h bey yen wer hah&h mak&y. qe... h aiti. .. haih ye...han...han je...had...had

kim

k&m

kom re

(eto.)

q&ih re

6. A: Ewör ke j atin mwin? B: Aet, ewör. Jete eo kwo könan? kon bib bao ik kanniek tuna anien biteto 7.

'We just

ran

out

Yewer key jahtiyin ihiyin? Hay&t, yewer. Jetey yew qekeAhan? kawan piyip bahwew y&k kanniy&k tiwnah haniyen piteytew

of it. '

Ej kab maat. mat itok etal drelofitok driwöjlok ijjino j emlok 8.

'And give

me

(eto.)

a loaf

Yej kab mahat. mat yiteq yetal d&yiaijteq diyw& jiaq jjinew jeifiiaq of bread. '

Kab letok juön bilawä. kon bib j ikka mäjet j atin tuna

Kab leyteq jiwen pilahway. kawan piyip jikkah majet jahtiyin tiwnah

192 jarheft jeweb kaAaihAaih jakk&lk&l jefihetah jiyiglij teyiAaih

j amtin job kanamnam j akHlkHl j ormOta jifiilij teinam 9. 'All the things you wanted have been

Aoleb men ko kwar kBnaan em ttJbrak. mat j ako jorren m8j ab kHmmani dredrelok air keboji

achieved

Hawelep men kew qehar keAhan yem teprak. mahat jak&w jeffayan ih&j hah&h kertuhaniy d&yd&ylaq hay&r kepewejiy

(Change eaoh of the above to the following

patterns:)

Reteprak hawelep men kew qehar keAhan. Hawelepem teprak. 10. 'All these oases are full of aorned beef. '

Aoleb bok ka em bol kin koonbib. bek...drekU tiroot...mOHa ekekak...buk bMntOre...pilej tibtib...mweiuk kabaii. . .nuknuk kalan...karj in bakUj...dren

Hawelep bawak kay yem b&w&l k&n kawan piyip. payak...dekay tirwet. . .ihegay kkeykahak...b&q payant&r&y...pilyej t&pt&p.. .iti&yiq kabag...niqniq kaian...karjin bakej...dan

(Change eaoh of the above to the following

patterns:)

R&b&w&i k&n kawan piyip hawelep bawak kay. Hawelepem b&w&4 k&n kawan piyip. 11. I makoko in

baj bwe elab wHnen. baj injea wia kanniek kelok ilo baluun idraak dren kajur ebbOk nejtl kirababon

Yiihak&wk&w yin baj bey yeiap weAyan. bahjinjeyah wiyah kanniy&k keyiaq yilew balwin yidahak dan kajw&r bbek najih kirahbahbewen

193

mtJñS ekkan in belle jambo lok Han Jeban

ihegay kkan yin palley j aitib&w iaq gan Jepahan

12. Komarofl ke elletok jeen jebleklek? jeen jiddik jeen in jaba konam Han kemeem en wOnen at) mubi jidik aO muri Han külia in lal jet aH aikuj im akkauni

Qemare^ key lleyteq jayan jepleklek? jayan jiddik jayan yin jahbah qeAaharti gan keyemyem yeA weftyan hahsh ihiwpiy jidik hah&hrtiifiygan keilay yin lal jet hah&h hayiqij yim hakkawiniy

13. E make lab wtlnen müfla ailiH kein! drik...kiaj mweiuk nuknuk taktü baj injea

Yemak&y tap weñyan ihegay

14. Kwo maroH ke j anij i tok tala e nejtl. rube lok mak en nejin i....wt)j jeen ne nejim e mani

Qemare^ key janijiy teq tahlah y&y najih? fipey iaq ihahak yen na jin yi....w&j jayan Aey najiih ye ihaniy

15.

brinq

'I d-idn't brinej rice.''So

j ab ebbUktok raij. büktok juün bek. jab ellelok kijen lelok juün kijen. j ab ekkaiel am kaiet juün at). jab ekkOnak aO ktJnak juOn am. j ab ebbok an ben. bukot juBn an. jab edr&b an waidiboj jutln an. jab ekkal imt) im.

hay&l&g k&yin! dik...kiyhaj Ai&yiq niqniq takteh bahjinjeyah

one bag. '

Yihar jab bbekteq rahyij. Kab bekteq jiwen payak. Yihar jab lleylaq kijen y&k. Kab leylaq jiwen kijen. Yihar jab kkayaly&l haih jehet. Kab kaylet jiwen hah&h. Yihar jab kkeftak hah&h jehet. Kab keAak jiwen haih. Yihar jab pp&q han peyen. Kab piqet jiwen han. Yihar jab ddeb han wahyiniy. Kab dibej jiwen han. Yihar jab kkal yiih&h y&ih.

194 Kab kalek juön imöm. Iar jab eokkwal an eo. Kab kwale juön an. Iar j ab ellok an teinam. Kab lukoj juön an. Iar jab illik konaö. Kab likit juön konam. Iar jab ekekak aö nuknuk. Kab kekake juön am. 16.

Kab kalek jiwen yifteih. Yihar jab qqal han yew. Kab qaley jiwen han. Yihar jab ll&q han teyiAaih. Kab liqej jiwen han. Yihar jab llik qeftah&h. Kab likit jiwen qeAahaft. Yihar jab kkeykahak hah&h niqniq. Kab keykahakey jiwen haft.

'Do you know where Tom is? ' is? '

'Do you know who Tom

Kwo jelä ke kajjien Tom? B: E ber möuweo.

Qejeiay key kajjiyen Tawaih? Yepad ihewiweyew.

A: Kwo jelä ke kajjien Tom? Aet, nejin Ali im men.

Qejeiay key kajjiyen Tawaih? Hay&t, najin Haiiy yim men.

(Substitute other personal names and locations in the above two conversations.) A: Kwo jelä ke kajjien buk eo aö? B: Bülc-öt?

Qejeiay key kajjiyen b&q yew hah&h? Biqet?

A: Buk birörö eo. B: E ber ion teböl en.

B&q birehreh yew. Yepad yi'yewen teybei yeft.

(Substitute the following words for b&q, and substitute other colors from the reference section for birehreh.) Other things to ask about (with possessing words other tnan hah&h shown in parentheses) bik beba b ao waj boj ok bu

(najih, kij&h) (j ibih) (najih) (wah&h) (najih)

piyik p&ybah bahwew waj bewej w&k biw

(Rälik)

(Ratak)

piyikit? p&ybahat? bahwewet? wajet? bewejet? wiket? biwit?

piyiktah? p&ybahtah? bahwewtah? wattah? bewettah? w&ktah? biwtah?

195 wa (wah&h) pilej (giyih) jibun (giyih) ki bwS

wah pilyej jibwin kiy bay

wahat? pilyejet? jibwinit? kiyit? bayat?

wahtah? pilyettah? jibwintah? kiytah? baytah?

GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1. Note the uses of kab in Drill 7: 'just' and Drill 8: 'and'. 2. Note the use of y e m in Drills 9 and 10. It is related to y i m 'and', and has a conjoining function, although it defies direct translation into some one English equivalent; note that hawelep always precedes it in the sentence. The first sentences of these two drills, are the equivalents of the first of the two alternative patterns at the end of each of these two drills. 3. The lleyteq of Drill 12, and all of the verbs in the cues of Drill 15 are double consonant intransitives. Their transitive counterparts are called for in the responses to Drill 15. 4. The last part of Drill 16 gives a new pattern, one for asking 'What book?' or 'Which book?'. It consists of adding a suffix which consists of the repetition of the last vowel of the stem + t, or the adding of tah, depending on the dialect. Some stems w i t h £ as the vowel change in the w e s t e r n dialect, as in b&q and w&k. House and fish also change: y&rti y&k

yiihet? yiket?

y&ihtah? y&ktah?

Note also the change from i to t in the Ratak forms for words that end in like waj a n ? bewe j. SHORT PROSE SELECTION Ilomij Yil&wmsj ?!

Ne juBn armij ej mij ilo ailitt in MajOl men Gey jiwen harm&j yej m&j yilew hay&l&g y i n Aahjei m e n relatives in ej juOn ien kwelok tok an ro nukun, ro yin yej jiwen 'yiyen q&ylaq teq han rew niqin, rew

196 jeran, im aoleb ro rejelS kajien. jeran, y i m hawelep rew rejeiay kajjiyen. men in lelok ko. m e n yin leylaq kew.

Rej bOktok Rej bekteq

Men kein rej job, jeen, mOttan M e n k&yin rej jeweb, jayan, ihettan

nuknuk im men ko eirlokwtit. niqniq y i m men kew yayiy&rlaqwet.

Men kein rej Men k&yin rej

kejerbali Han ien eoreak, jiljino ran elkin kejerbaliy gan 'yiyen yetyak, jiljin&w rahan yalikin an armij en mij im ien eo rej ttJmak bwe dri mij han harmsj yeA m&j y i m 'yiyen yew rej temak bey rim&j rise (from the dead) en ej jerkakbije. Mweiuk kein rej likit ion yeA yej jerkakpSj&y ft&yiq k&yin rej likit yi'yewen grave leb eo Han an armij tebteb. l&b yew gan han harm&j t&pt&p.

Elkin eoreak eor Yalikin yetyak yewer

supper bring to an end kejota in kejemlok ien buromij en Han armij en. k&j&wtah y i n kejeihlaq 'yiyen bir&wih&j yeA gan harm&j yen. PROVERB A n biliHliH koba, kOmman lometo.

H a n piliglig k&wbah, keitahan lawmetew.

Roughly: 'Of the drops combined is the ocean made.' Equivalent: 'A penny saved is a penny earned.' VOCABULARY akkaun bajikOl baj injea

hakkawin (intr.) ...iy (tr.) bahajkei (intr.) ...ey (tr.) bahjinjeyah (intr.) ...yik(iy) (tr.)

bantOre bilitlliH

payant&r&y piliglig

boj bol

bewe j b&w&l

buy on account (go on a) bicycle carry on a bicycle (go as a) passenger take someone as a passenger pantry (from English) drops of liquid (distributive of pil(it)(iy)) boat (from English) full (from English)

197 bu ekkaiel ekekak ekkan eoreak

b i w (intr.) biwik(iy) (tr.) k k a y a l y & l (intr.) k a y a l e t (tr.) k k e y k a h a k (intr.) k e y k a h a k e y (tr.) kkan y e f y a k (intr.) ...ey (tr.)

im m e n j aba janij

yew llik (intr.) likit(iy) (tr.) yim men j ahbah janij(iy)

j amHn j ebleklek

jaitieA j&pl&kl&k

j erkakbij e kabati kajjien

jerkakpsj&y kabag kajjiye-

kanamnam

kaAaihAaih

keboj i

kepewejiy

kirababon

kirahbahbewen

kOrkBr kona-

kerker qefiaha- (R&l.) q i A a h a - (Rat.) l&b, libeieweb lawmetew ihak&wk&w m i t i y (ik) (iy)

eo illik

leb lob lometo makoko muri

shoot gun shoot it elect, chose p u l l ; a drawer food s m o o t h out the g r o u n d ; a service h e l d at the grave six days after b u r i a l , in w h i c h the grave is s m o o t h e d out w i t h gravel fish line p u t , p l a c e , donate; c o n s i d e r . . . as a n d spouse church collection change, e x c h a n g e , make change (from English) s a l m o n (from English) s c a t t e r e d (a distributive) rise from the d e a d suitcase l o c a t i o n of, the i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of (also k & y i n kaAaihAaih) mosquito aoil (cf.ftaft mosquito) get them ready (causative + transitive of pewjak) p h o n o g r a p h (from German Grammophon) p a d d l i n g canoe d u t y , share of expenses g r a v e , tomb loaf (from English) ocean, sea refuse to buy o n credit, be in debt (to)

198 nukun rubrub rube tebteb teinam

mqin niqiy(i-) tfipïip (intr.) ïipey (tr.) t&pt&p (intr.) tep/t&p&y (tr.) (sg.) tepiy (tr.) (pi. ) teyiftaih

tibtib

t&pt&p (intr.) ...&y (tr.)

ttlmak tiroot

temak(&y) tirwet

(his) family, relatives shatter, break gifts taken away from birthday party, wedding, or funeral mosquito net (cf. Aaih mosquito) trunk, foot locker put something in a trunk believe, faith cabinet, wardrobe, closet

REFERENCE -- Colors mouj kilmej birBrB maroro mOnaknak ubaj aj mir

mewi j kilmeyej birehreh mahrewrew iheftakftak wipahajhaj mir

kieo

kiyew

kilmir ialo bilu biolet kirin biraun kire biH

kilmir yi'yai&w biliw piyewlet kiryin birahwin kir&y piyig

white black red green brown gray red (of reddish coconuts) orange (also a name of a plant with orange flower) black yellow blue violet green brown gray pink

LESSON TWENTY

More causatives; distributives; compound verbs. DIALOGUES

A: Ewör ke am buk in read?

Yewer key haih b&q yin riyit?

B: Aet, ewör jet. Kwo könaan ke lali? A: Letok mök juön bwe in lale.

Hay&t, yewer jet. Qekefthan key lahliy? Leyteq ihek jiwen bey yin lahley?

B: Emman bwebwenato eo ak ekaburomijmij.

Yeifuhan beybeynahtew yew hak yekabir&wihs jih& j .

A: Etke ekaburomijmij?

Yetkey yekabir&wih&jih&j?

B: Likao eo enaj mij jemlokin tata.

Likahwew yew yenahaj m&j jeihlaqin tahtah.

A: B A: B: A: B:

Do you have any books to read? Yes, I have some. Would you like to see them? Give me one to look at. This story is good but sad. Why is it sad? The hero dies at the end.

2. A: Jen ilen kwelok.

Jen yilan q&ylaq.

B: Kwelok in ta?

Q&ylaq yin tah.

A: Kwelok an aoleb dri jikul.

Q&ylaq han hawelep rijikiwii.

B: Jenaj et ilo kwelok en?

Jenahaj y&t yilew q&ylaq yeh?

A: Rej ba jenaj ekkälel obija Han iiö in.

Rej bah jenahaj kkayaly&l wepiyjah gan 'yiyeh yin. 199

200

A: B: A: B: A:

L e t ' s go to the meeting. What's i t f o r ? I t ' s a meeting f o r a l l students. What are we going to do there? They say w e ' l l have our annual e l e c t i o n of

officers.

DRILLS

1. Emman bwebwenato eo bwe ekaburomijmij. ekabwilHHlHH ekabalbal ekaklimklim ekamOnBnO

Yeituhan beybeynahtew yew bey yekabir&wih& jiti& j . yeka(b)bilegleg yekappaipai yekakkiihkiiti yeka (fti) ftiertehfteh

2. Jerbal kan an rekematHrtHr. rekaiHtanan rekakitBttJ rekarubrub burO rekaitoktok limo rekamakoko

Jerbal kaA han reka(m)materter. rekay>ahanhan rekakit&ht&h r e k a ( f ) t f i p f i p b&r&w r e k a y i ( t ) t e q t e q limew reka (Ai) ihak&wk&w

3.

Yimaterter k&n j e r b a l kciA han. yiy>ahan yikit&ht&h yetip-biriw&h yeyiteq-limewih yiihak&wk&w

matHrtHr kin j e r b a l kan an. i iiitan i kotOtH e rub buruB e i t o k limoU i makoko

4. Renaj mBrOik l i k a o eo tie etak a l . tie etulok al i l o takin a l l i t t iumin meramin a l l i t i i l o ran j i d i k en lokan al e l k i n an ettotl

Renahaj ihehrehyik likahwew yew gey yetak h a i . gey y e t i w l a q hai y i l e w takin hall&g yiwihin meramin hall&g y i l e w rahan j i d i k yeft leqan hal y a l i k i n han t t e §

5. Likao eo enaj mij jemlokin t a t a . j i n o i n tata lukalban lok lukon lok iolaban lok

Likahwew yew yenahaj iti&j jeihlaqin tahtah. jinewin tahtah l i q a i p a n laq l i q e n laq yeweiepan laq

201 6. Ta unin am ba ekaburomijmij ? ekabwiltWlOH ekabbalbal ekaktlmkllm ekamOnHntJ ekaitltanan ekakitOtH ekarubrub bilrO ekaitoktok limo ekamakoko ekamtJkmBk

Tah winin haA bah yeka (b) bir&wih& jih& j? yeka(b)bilegleg yekappalpai yekakkirfikiih yeka (ih) iheAéhAeh yekay>ahanhan yekakit&ht&h yeka (£) £ ip£ip-b&r&w yekayi(t)teqteq-limew yeka (ih) ihak&wk&w yeka (ih) ihekihek

7. Jen ilen kwelok. kulab biknik j ambo turott lOkS kOmat kalur

Jen yilan q&ylaq. qiiab piknik jaihb&w tiwra^ lekay kemat kalw&r

8. Jenaj ekHleel obija ilo kwelok en. idrak kobe mtJiia tonaj aluij bija le kBto al in maina

Jenahaj kkayaly&l wepiyjah yilew q&ylaq yeA. yidahak kawp&y ihegay tewnahaj halw&j pijah leyk&t&w hai yin ihahyinah

9. (Be careful to substitute at the right place in these sentences. Two places are used.) Rej ba jenaj ekaiel obi j a buflnin. idrak kobe j eklaj aluij bija kajukkwe kalur wik in lai j ambo le koto kulab iit) in lai ilju ej jibboH kit) eraeleb kit) ejota

Rej bah yenahaj kkayaly&l wepiyjah biflniyin. yidahak kawp&y jeklaj halw&j pijah kajiqq&y kalw&r wiyik yin lai jaihb&w leyk&t&w qiiab 'yiyeh yin lai yiljiw yej jibb&§ kiyyeh yerahyelep kiyyeh y&j&wtah

202 10. Kwo naj et ilju? Inaj kakkonkon ilju. katak kiki kaikujkuj kakij en kakkije kakkör kökkörärä

Qenahaj y&t yiljiw? Yinahaj kaqgeAgeA yiljiw. kahtak kiykiy kahayiqijqij kakijen kakkij&y kakk&r kekkerayray

11. Wa en ej le inj in Lam en ej le karijin. wa wöjelä teiHki bätere ratio j arom inj in ti jel j itob kiaj leto Han talli« ladrik bwä löllab körkör likao eo im eHwör kijak me j im tutu

Wah yeA yej ley yinjin. Baharh yeA yej ley karjin. wah w&jiay t&yigkiy payt&r&y reytiy&w jafem yinjin tiyjei jitweb kiyhaj ietew gan tall&g iadik bay ieüap kerker likahwew yew yim ya^ed kijak maj yim tiwtiw

12. 'This islet has lots of fish.' Cue: •ik' Response: E ike ene in. 1

C: 'im R: E ime ene in. C: 'armij' R: E armije ene in. C: 'mar' R: E mar(mar)e... 1

C: ujui j' R: E ujuije... « C: iu' R: E iui. C: 'kijdrik' R: Ekkijdrikdrik(i).

'y&k' Yeyikey yanyin. 'y&ih' Yeyiihey yanyin. 'harmsj' Yeharmijey yanyin. 'mar' Yemar(mar)ey... 'wijw&j' Yewijw&j&y... 'yiw' Yeyiwiy... 'kijdik' Yekkijdikdik(iy)..

203 c R

'kuj ' Ekkujuj(i)...

'kiwij' Yekkiwijwij(iy)..

C R

'kidru' Ekkidrudru(i)...

'kidiw' Yekkidiwdiw(iy)..

C R

'bako' Ebbakoko(e)...

'pakew' Yeppakewkew(ey)..

C R

' jojo' E jojoe...

'jewjew* Yejewjewey...

C R

'bik' Ebbikik(i)...

'piyik' Yeppiyikyik(iy)..

C R

'bao* Ebbaoo(e)...

'bahwew' Yebbahwewwew(ey).

G R

'bttb* E btJbe...

'beb' Yebebey...

C R

'drekii' E drekSke...

'dekay' Yedekayk&y...

C R

•bok' E bokbok(e)...

'beq' Yebeqbeq(ey)...

C R

•bar' E barbar(e)...

'bar' Yebarbar(ey)...

C R

'dret' Edretdret(e)...

•det' Yeddetdet(ey)...

C R

'wit* E wituwit...

'w&t' Y&w&tt&w&t

C R

'makmOk' E makmike...

' ihakih&k' Yeihakihikey...

C R

'baru' Ebbaruru(i)...

'bariw' Yebbariwriw(iy)..

C R

' tol' E toltol(e)...

'te!' Yeteitel(ey)...

C R

'bat' E batbat(e)...

'bat' Yebatbat(ey)...

GRAMMATICAL

NOTES

1 . S p o r a d i c r e f e r e n c e s h a v e b e e n made i n e a r l i e r lessons to a ' d i s t r i b u t i v e ' form of c e r t a i n words. In t h i s a n d f o l l o w i n g l e s s o n s y o u w i l l now b e g i v e n some d r i l l and e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h i s v e r y i m p o r t a n t c a t e g o r y of M a r s h a l l e s e .

204 Drill 12 gives examples of h o w the d i s t r i b u t i v e is f o r m e d for a n u m b e r of n o u n - l i k e w o r d s . Note the w o r d s for dog, oat, rat, pig, shark, crab, mountain, hill a n d sunshine. For these w o r d s the d i s t r i b u t i v e is f o r m e d by r e d u p l i c a t i o n of the final two h i s t o r i c a l s y l l a b l e s : *kidiwi

>

...*kidiwidiwi

a n d the doubling of the earli er c o n s o n a n t , in this the k : > *kkidiwidiwi

case

The final vowel is t h e n o p t i o n a l l y either p r e s e r v e d b y o r the a d d i t i o n of a d r o p p e d , and the a n t e p e n u l t i m a t e v o w e l is d r o p p e d : kkidiwdiwiy or kkidiwdiw This is the m a i n p a t t e r n for forming d i s t r i b u t i v e s . In fact, w h e n e v e r y o u find a w o r d in M a r s h a l l e s e that has u n d e r g o n e b o t h consonant doubling a n d final s y l l a b l e r e d u p l i c a t i o n like K k i d i w D I W above, you can be fairly sure it is a distributive. The r e m a i n i n g w o r d s in Drill 12 exemplify o t h e r m i n o r p a t t e r n s for forming d i s t r i b u t i v e s . These include some vowel changes in the base (which u s u a l l y go b a c k to the h i s t o r i c a l u n d e r l y i n g form) a n d the o b l i g a t o r y p r e s e r v a t i o n of a final vowel w i t h the £ increment. The w o r d s for fish a n d house e x e m p l i f y both: Base v o w e l change:

y&k y&ih

> >

P r e s e r v a t i o n of final v o w e l :

*yike... *yiihe... yikey yirtiey

The m e a n i n g difference s i g n a l l e d b y d i s t r i b u t i v e m a y seem quite diverse a n d w i d e in range from an p o i n t of v i e w , and it w i l l be p r e s e n t e d g r a d u a l l y this and following lessons. In general it c a n be s i d e r e d as a d i s t r i b u t i n g or s p r e a d i n g out of the m e a n i n g of the stem in e i t h e r time or space. For w o r d s of Drill 12, the d i s t r i b u t i o n is in space: w a t e r s around this island are full of fish. 1

forms English in conbasic the 'The

Drills 1, 2, and 6 also c o n t a i n some d i s t r i b u t i v e forms u s e d together w i t h the causative ka,—» h e r e the m e a n i n g d i s t i n c t i o n is d i f f e r e n t , a n d m o r e - s u b t l e . For e x a m p l e , consider the f o l l o w i n g : Menyin yenahaj kabilegey.

'This thing w i l l s u r p r i s e h i m . ' (transitive)

205 M e n y i n yenahaj kabilegleg.

'This thing will cause surprise. 1 (intransitive)

Menyin yenahaj kabbilegleg.

'This thing will cause great surprise.' (distributive)

Here the distributive seems to intensify. Similar intensification is effected by use of the doubled consonant forms shown in parentheses for (b)bilegleg and other words in Drills 1, 2, and 6. In some contexts the distributive indicates the widespread nature or ease of an action. Consider a classic example : reÇ jarreÇreÇ rre^re^

'hear' 'deaf' 'able to hear well'

There are a number of such pairs of opposites in the language: forms with and without the ja- negating prefix, and quite often the form without the prefix is a distributive. Thus the following are possible: Yebbilegleg leyeA. Yejabbilegleg leyeA.

'He is easy to surprise.' 'He is hard to surprise.'

Finally, consider the following: Yibileg.

'I'm surprised.'

and the sarcastic: Jebar bbilegleg.

(literally:) 'Again we are greatly surprised.' (implication:) 'What else could we expect of you. 1

2. Yiteq-limew is one of a number of compound words, of w h i c h the first part behaves like a verb, taking subject prefixes (usually 3rd person), and the last part behaves like a noun, taking possessive suffixes. Thus: Yekayiteqteq-limew.

'It causes interest.' (intransitive)

Yekayiteq-limewih.

'It interests me.' (transitive)

Yeyiteq-limewih k & n pijah yew.

'I am interested in the picture.' (literally: 'It comes: my interest...')

206 fip-b&r&w in this lesson behaves in the same way. SHORT PROSE SELECTION „ „ Marshall Islands Congress r 6 conferees Dri bebe ro ilo ailiii in MajUl rej kweloktok Ripeypey rew yilew hay&l&g y i n ftahjei rej q&ylaqteq go over Han Majuro aoleb iiO im etali kien ko im gan Majr&w hawelep 'yiyeh y i m yetaliy kiyen kew y i m bar kHmman kien ekkar Han aikuj ko im ktJnan bar keftihan kiyen kkar gan hayiqij kew y i m kefthan an armij ro i MajOl. han harm&j rew yiy Aahjei.

ko kew

leaders Congress Dri tel ro an kotlkirej Ritel rew h a n qagkerej

ro rar jikul im katak kin in rej likao yin rej likahwew rew rahar jikiwii y i m kahtak k & n wMwen kien. wayw&y&n kiyen.

Eloil ian dri bebe rein rej Yeleg yi'yahan ripeypey r&yin rej

used to alab im iroij ro rej jaHin iminene kin kilen halap yim yirw&j rew rej jahgin mmin&yn&y k & n kilen kBmakit ko an ran kein. kertahakit kew h a n rahan k&yin.

Koiikirej in ejjab Qagkerej yin yejjab

however lukkun lab an maroil ijoke elab an jibatt dri liqqiwin lap h a n marefj yijewkey yelap h a n jipag ribetter (vt) jikul im dri naliinmij im Han kHmanmanlok wSwen jikiwii y i m rinahginm&j yim gan keihanihantaq wayw&y&n mour ko an dri MajHl. m&wir kew h a n riftahjei. PROVERB Kijenmij bwe en am jemlok eo.

Kijenm&j bey y e n haft jeihiaq yew.

'Persevere and the reward shall be yours. 1

207 VOCABULARY alab bar

haiap bar

bat biknik dri b e b e dri tel ebbal ettoH iiitan iolab itok limo jidbMn j itob jojo kabalbal kaburomijmij

bat piknik ripeypey ritel ppal tte§ y>ahan yewiap, yewiapayiteq-limew jidpan j itweb jewjew kappalpai k abi r &wih& j ih& j (intr.) kabir&wA&j(&y) (tr.) kabilegleg (intr.) kabileg(ey) (tr.) kay>ahanhan (intr.) kay>ahaney (tr.) kakit&ht&h (intr.) ...ik (tr.) kakiihkiih (intr.) ...iy (tr.) kalw&r

kabwilHHldii kaiiltanan

kakitBt« kakUmktlm kalur kemakoko

kijenmij kiktJr

keihak&wk&w (intr.) ...ik(iy) (tr.) kematerter (intr.) .. .ey (tr.) kijenm&j kk&r

kitOtO kOkkOrarS

kit&ht&h kekkerayray

kematOrtOr

e l d e r ; lineage h e a d rocky f o r m a t i o n , rocks along shore hill p i c n i c (from English) conferee; planner leader absent minded fast asleep suffer m i d d l e of be i n t e r e s t e d saw stove (from English) flying fish fantastic sad

surprising strenuous; requiring great e f f o r t tease; n a u g h t y ; provoking

anger-

thrilling h u n t lobsters (cf. w & r lobster') b o t h e r s o m e ; force someone against w i l l anger p r o v o k i n g persevere (Ratak only) c l a m (Raiik jiqq&y) angry chase w o m e n (cf. keray]

208

ktìmakitkit kOmanmanlok koiikirej kUmkUm lam le le ktìto lokan

18ka

limo lukalban mar matOrtOr mHk rub-bdrt) tak ti jel ujuij

keihakitkit move; plan a move (intr.) keAakit(iy) (tr.) keiharutianlaq improve gagkerej congress (from English) kiihkiih heart beat fast lahaih lamp (from English) ley use leyk&t&w chat; soft sell; proposition ieqan after lek ay (RM1.) , to surf l&k&r CRat.) 1imew, 1imewiinterest liqaipan middle of it mar vines, bushes, boondocks materter angry ihek (Rat.) tired ih&k (R31.) fip-b&r&w be broken hearted; be angry; be disappointed tak rise; upward tiyjel diesel (oil) (from English) wijw&j grass

LESSON TWENTY-ONE Flags and more on Congress; distributives of color words; 'and then w h e n 1 . DIALOGUES 1. A: Böläk in ia ne?

Beiyak y i n yi'yah Aey?

Bölak in Micronesia, bwe ebilu kab mouj .

Beiyak y i n Aahyikr&wn&yjiyah, bey yebiiiw kab mewi j.

Me ear wör birörö, enaj kar einwöt böläk in Amedka.

Gey yehar w e r birehreh, yenahaj kar yayinwet b e i yak y i n Hamedkah. Hay&t, hak biiiw y&y, yeiap han merah.

B: Aet, ak bilu e, elab an mera.

Aewel, yeddewiaq biiiw yeA yilew beiyak y i n Hamedkah.

Mol, edrolok bilu en ilo böläk in Amedka.

A: What flag is that? B: Micronesian, blue and white. A: If it had red, it would've been like the American flag. B: Yes, but this blue is much lighter. A: That's right, the blue in the American flag is darker. 2.

A: Kwöj et jiboflin Jaböt?

Qej y & t jibb&^in Jabet?

B: Inaj ilen jar.

Yinahaj yilan jar.

A: A elkin raeleb? B: Ij lemnak in etal in ejerakrök, lak jota, etal im mubi.

Yij iemAak y i n yetal y i n jjerakr&k, iak j&wtah, yetal y i m ihiwpiy.

A: Kwo könaan ke itok in eiiwör bofiin Jadredre?

QekeAhan key yiteq yin ya^ed b i ^ i n Jadeydey?

B: Jete awa?

Jetey hawah?

Hah yalikin rahyelep?

209

210 A: Jen lukon boH Han joraantak.

Jan liqen b&§ gan jewrahantak.

B: Ekwe, kab bukHt iO imwen imtJ.

Yeqey, kab piqet y&h yiiheyeA yiih&h.

A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B:

What are you doing Sunday morning? I'm going to church. How about in the afternoon? I'm thinking of going sailing, then in the evening, going to a movie. Would you like to go fishing Saturday night? What time? From midnight till dawn. OK, pick me up at my place.

DRILLS 1. He ear itok, enaj kar tim. bo jorSan kadOk mat uwe kalbuj kakkije mUk mij

Gey yehar yiteq yenahaj kar tiih. pew jetfayan kadek mat wiw&y kalbiwij kakkij&y ihek m&j

2. Ne rar jab itok, reban kar tim.

Gey rehar jab yiteq, reban kar tiih.

(Repeat Drill 1) 3. E birOrfl nuknuk en an Betra. bilu mouj kirin kire bilu en emera kirin en emera kilmej ialo biii kieo biraun biii en edro maroro

Yebirehreh niqniq yeA han Peyetrah. biiiw mewi j kiryin kir&y biliw yeft yemerah kiriyin yeA yemerah kilmeyej yi'yai&w piyig kiyew birahwin piyig yeA yeddew mahrewrew

211

4. Böläk in ia ne? Micronesia. Böläk in Micronesia men e. WUt in ia ne? Likiep. WUt in Likiep men e. Nuknuk in ia ne? Hawaii. Waj in ia ne? Belle. Retio in ia ne? Jeban.

Beiyak yin yi'yah Aey? Mahyikr&wn&yjiyah. Beiyak yinftahyikr&wn&yjiyahmen y&y. Wit yin yi'yah ftey? Likiyep. Wit yin Likiyep men y&y. Niqniq yin yi'yah Aey? Hawahyiy. Waj yin yi'yah Aey? Palley. R&ytiy&w yin yi'yah Aey? Jepahan.

5. Ij ilen kajutak juön wörwör in bik. bao kau koot ooj

Yij yilan kajiwtak jiwen werwer yin piyik. bahwew kahwiw kewet wewaj

6. Ewör kötka ine in kotin. meria mä böb makmök

Yewer ketkah yiney yin qetin. meyriyah may beb ihakih&k

7. Kwöj et j ibotlin Jabot. jotm Mandre raeleben Juje Wönje Tai je Bölaidre Jadredre

Qej y&t jibb&^in Jabet. j awt &y &n flandey rahyelepen Jiwjey Wenjey Tahyijey Beiahyidey Jadeydey

8. Ne ijab boub, inaj ilen jar. kadkad köb kadmuj Jeabutl kattil kallip kaj idul kaladikdik kakaj riri karkar k amatt

Gey yijab pewib, yinahaj yilan jar. kadkad k&b kadimwij kabi§ kattil kallib kajiddiwil kalladikidik kkaha(j)jiriyriy karkar kamahag

212 9. Ij lOmnak in etal in ejerakrOk, lak jota etal em movie. ilen kab bar naj

Yij iemAak yin yetal y i n jjerakr&k, lak j&wtah yetal y e m ihiwpiy. yilan kab bar nahaj

10. KokOnan ke itok in eollwod buHin Jadredre? mubi badre kemem biknik kulab

QekeAhan key yiteq yin ya^ed bi$in Jadeydey. ihiwpiy bahd&y keyemyem piknik qilab

11. Eokwe kab bukOt i« inwen imwB"! karuj kiri lamije kajitbk kabukOt

Yeqey kab i->iqet y&h yiiheyeA ylih&h. katij kiriy laih& j&y kajjit&k kappiqet

12.

'My clothing is redder than his* because his (only) SPOTTED WITH RED on the surface. ' EbirBrB nuknuk eo a B - J e n nuknuk en an, bwe nuknuk en an ebibbirHrO mejen.

Cue mouj kilmej maroro mtJnaknak ubajaj kieo ialo bilu biolet kirin biraun kire biH

Response emmoujuj ekkilmejej emmaroro emmtJnaknak ub a j a j e ekkieoeo eialolo ebbilulu ebbioletlet ekkirinin ebbiraunun ekkirere ebbiHiH

is

Yebirehreh niqniq yew hah&h jan niqniq yeA han, b e y niqniq yeA h a n yebibbirehreh mejan. Cue mewi j kilmeyej mahrewrew iheAakAak wipahajhaj kiyew yi'yal&w biiiw piyewlet kiryin birahwin kir&y piyig

Response mmewijwx] kkilmeyejyej mmahrewrew itaheAakAak wipahajhajey kkiyewyew yi'yal&wl&w bbiiiwiiw ppiyewletlet kkiryinyin bbirahwinwin kkir&yr&y ppiyigyig

213 13. 'I'm playing, to you. ' 'I'm playing,

and then when it's night, I'll come and then when I'm tired, I'll rest. '

Ij ikkure em lak bott i iwöj. ilju...jerbal jota...badre raeleb. . .möHä bofi. . .kiki mök...kakkije menokaru...tutu kwole. . .möliä mwij . . .rolwöj jemlok. . .mökajwöj

Yij qqir&y yem iak b&g yiyiw&j. yiljiw...jerbal j&wtah...bahd&y rahyelep. . .ihegay b&i}. . .kiykiy A&k...kakkij&y menewkadiw...tiwtiw q&l&y.. .ihegay ih&j.. .rawalw&j jeihiaq.. .Aekajw&j

14. 'The ship is leaving for Majuro and from there for Arno.'

Wa en ej jerak em lak Majuro, ejerak Han Arno. (Substitute

Wah yeA yej jerak yem lak Majr&w, yejerak gan HarAew.

other -place names in the above

frame.)

15. 'Why don't you stop sleeping so late. '

Emwij ne am mejurleb. rumij kot rit köjafijaft ikkure aböbleb tutu iar kakkije (Practice also the

Y&ih&j Aey haih Majifflep. fiitii j kawat riyit kejagjag qqir&y hab&blep tiwtiw yiyhar kakkij&y following:)

En mwij ne am mejurleb. Yen ih&j Aey haih majifflep. 'I want your sleeping late to stop.' 16. 'Please help each other carry that bag. '

Komin maijBk bek en em büke. köjerräik totoik inek kaabdrik

Q&ihin ihahyi j&k payak yeA yem b&k&y. kejerrayik tewtewyik yinyek kahapdik

214

kabol kanne lutOk wiaik akkauni 17.

'The hag

he took

kab&w&l kanney liwt&k wiyahyik hakkawiniy was

unopened.

Elikio bek eo ear FBTceT j imettan drik kileb jebolkwan dro mera bol jelok k o b b a n jekaben

'

Yelikiyy&w payak yew yehar b&k&y. j imattan dik kilep j&b&lqan ddew me rah b&w jjeiaq qebban jekapen

G R A M M A T I C A L NOTES 1. In Drill 12 the d i s t r i b u t i v e forms of color w o r d s are p r a c t i c e d . Note that they result in the spreadingo u t , t h i n n i n g - o u t , or t o n i n g - d o w n of the color. Thus b i b b i r e h r e h could be t r a n s l a t e d as in the drill as 'spotted w i t h red', or as 'speckled w i t h r e d ' , or simply as ' r e d d i s h 1 . The n o n - d i s t r i b u t i v e forms of color w o r d s , on the other h a n d , generally refer to solid colors . 2. Drills 13 and 14 give p r a c t i c e on y e m iak, w h i c h u s u a l l y translates into E n g l i s h as 'and then w h e n ' or 'and then after'. 3. Drill 15 gives p r a c t i c e on two i d i o m a t i c exhortations, the s e c o n d of w h i c h is stronger than the first. SHORT PROSE Kwelok Q&ylaq

SELECTION

eo m o k t a t a an Congress of Micronesia yew Aeqtahtah han Qagqirej wab Aahyikr&wn&yjiyah

ear ilo July 1965. y e h a r y i l e w J i w l a h y e y 1965.

countries Aoleb lal ko rellab H a w e l e p lai k e w r e l i a p

interested rar kanuij in itok limoier k i n m e n in b w e rehar kahn&w&j yin yiteq limewiyy&r k & n men yin bey

215

sign rar tOmak bwe men in juOn kOkkale in an rehar temak bey men yin jiwen kakelley yin han progress Micronesia jino wHnmanlok Han an make Aahyikr&wn&yjiyah jinew wenihahanlaq gan han mak&y jutak im kejbarok jerbal ko an make. Ej kab jiwtak yim kejpareq jerbal kew han mak&y. Yej kab kar jubn ien an dri Majtfl mat im ekkUlel kar jiwen 'yiyen han riAahjel mahat yim kkayaly&l dri kwelok im ear kanuij lab iruj. Ear itok riq&ylaq yim yehar kahn&w&j lap yitij. Yehar yiteq of Hawaii im rar dri kaki jen University rikakiy jan Yiwinb&hsjt&y wab Hawahyiy yim rehar katakin dri bebe ro wSwen kwelok im bar men ko kahtakin ripeypey rew wayw&y&n q&ylaq yim bar men kew jet elab tokjeir Han kBmmani kwelok ko an kien. jet yelap teqjay&r gan keituhaniy q&ylaq kew han kiyen. first time Ear jab kanuij lab tHbrak kinke ej kab jutln alen Yehar jab kahn&w&j lap teprak k&nkey yej kab jiwen halen pass aer kwelok ak ewOr ruo men ellab rar kartJki Han hay&r qeylaq hak yewer riwew men llap rehar karekiy gan follow an dri Micronesia lor i. JuBn, rar kowalok han ri&ahyikr&wn&yjiyah leweriy. Jiwen, rehar kewwahlaq btJiak eo an Micronesia im ruo, rar kBmman belyak yew han Aahyikr&wn&yjiyah yim riwew, rehar kertuhan bwe Julae 12 ran en an Micronesia bey Jiwlahyey 12 rahan yen han Aahyikr&wn&yjiyah remembrance holiday in kakememij jinoin Congress of hal&yt&y yin kak&y&my&m&j jinewin Qagqirej wab Micronesia. Aahyikir&wn&yj iyah.

216 PROVERB

E w d r tarlik tarar in bHka.

Y e w e r tarlik t a r h a r y i n bekay.

'The tide n e v e r ceases to go out and come

in. 1

(Commentary on the r e g u l a r i t y and p e r p e t u i t y of nature.) VOCABULARY

abdrik abHbleb biii bo bOlHk boub dimuj inek

hapdik hab&blep piyig pew beiyak pewib dimwij yinyek

jebolkwan jekaben

j&b&lqan jekapen

j idul kabtin kakaj iriri kaladrikdrik

jiddiwil kabig kakahajjiriyriy kallahdikidik

kalbuj

kalbiwij

karkar

karkar

karuj kattil kir koot kot kwole lak lami j likio lutOk maijHk menokaru meria

kafij kattil kir kewet kawat q&l&y iak laft& j likiyy&w liwt&k Aahyij&k menewkadiw meyriyah

less in q u a n t i t y lazy pink (from English) caught flag (from English) busy a clam shell carry o n s h o u l d e r , or on p o l e across shoulders of two m e n half less than h a l f (in container) a shell worship, religion b a b y sit; adopt a c h i l d sit in shade and enjoy breeze (be in) jail (from calaboose) cut copra m e a t out of shell w a k e someone burn rubbish call goat (from English) steal hungry then w h e n , after shout whole p o u r out help e a c h other sweat, perspiration plumeria

217 ooj tim toto wHrwBr

wewaj/wawaj tiih tewtew werwer

horse (from English) break, to miss a ride hang pen, fence, enclosure

LESSON TWENTY-TWO Relatives. DIALOGUES A: EwWr ke belen Tom?

Yewer key palyen Tawaih?

B: Aet, ewBr belen.

Hay&t, yewer palyen.

A: EwOr ke nejin?

Yewer key najin?

B: Ejelok, ejailin wOr nej in.

Yejjeiaq, yejjahgin wer najin.

A: Jen HSat in an belele?

Jan gayat yin han pal&yl&y.

B: Elok ruo iitJ in an belele.

Yeiaq riwew 'yiyeh yin han pal&yl&y.

A: B: A: B: A: B:

Is Tom married? Yes, he's got a wife. Does he have any children? No, not yet. (He doesn't have children yet.) How long has he been married? Two years now.

2. A: Obed, kwtJj etal tian ia?

Wepet, qej yetal gan yi'yah?

B: Ij ilen kemem, itok kejro etal.

Yij yilan keyemyem, yiteq kejrew yetal.

A: An wtJn en kemem?

Han wen yeA keyemyem?

B: An ajiri en nejin Mauro emmen.

Han hajiriy yeA najin Mawirew yemman.

A: Ledrik ke ladrik?

Leddik key laddik?

B: Ladrik. Ejatlin wOr nejierro ledrik.

fcaddik. Yejjahgin wer najiyy&rrew leddik.

A: Etolok ke jikin kemem en?

Yettewiaq key jikin keyemyem yeA?

B: Jab ebak.

Jahab yepahak.

Itok.

A: IwOj, kejro etal.

Yiteq.

Yiw&j, k&jrew yetal. 218

219

A: Obed, where are you going? B: I'm going to a first birthday party; why don't the two of us go? A: Whose birthday? B: The baby of Mr. and Mrs. Mauro. A: Girl or boy? B: Boy. They don't have any girls. A: Is it far from here? B: No, it's close. Come. A: I'm coming. Let's go. 3.

A: Enaj wUr pade ilju.

Yenahaj wer bahd&y yiljiw.

B: Pade in ta?

Bahd&y yin tah?

A: Ledrik en jein Tommy ej driwOjlok jen high school.

Ledik yeA j&yin Tewmiy yej diyw&jlak jan hayey jikiwii.

B: WOn iaer, Mila ke Mina?

Wen yi'yahay&r Miyiah key Minah?

A: Mina.

Minah.

B: WOn ran rar kir ir?

Wen raft rehar kir y&r?

A: Aoleb...Tommy ear ba kwBn j ab j ako.

Hawelep...Tewmiy yehar bah qen jab jak&w.

B: Ekwe, inaj iwOj.

Yeqey, yinahaj yiw&j.

A: Lale kwar meloklok! JiljilimjuOn ilju ej jota.

Lahley qehar meiaqlaq! Jiljilimjiwen yiljiw yej j&wtah.

A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A:

There's a party tomorrow. What's the occasion? Tommy's daughter is graduating from high school. Which one, Mila or Mina? Mina. Who's invited? Everyone. Tom said for you to be there. OK. I'll be there. Don't forget now! Seven o'clock tomorrow evening.

DRILLS 1. A: EwOr ke belen Tom? ne j in

Yewer key palyen Tawaih? najin

220 jatin jeyin riylikin

j atin jein rilikin B : A e t , ewör b e l e n .

Hay&t, yewer palyen.

B: J a b , e j e l o k , ejaliin wör belen.

Jahab, yejjeiaq, wer palyen.

2.

yejjahgin

A : J e n H ä ä t in an belele? dri k a k i j ikul nailinmi j kadök bwebwe jako jebel birok kob a kwole maro

Jan gayat yin han pal&yl&y? rikakiy jikiwil nahginm&j kadek bsyb&y jakew j&p&l birwek k&wbah q&l&y mar&w

B: Ruó dre ran in an belele.

R i w e w d&y r a h a n y i n h a n pal&yl&y.

B: Elok ruo r a a n in an belele.

Yelaq riwew rahan yin han pal&yl&y.

3. (Be sure to substitute in the proper R i w e w d&y Ruo dre r a a n in an jak&w. jako. allin j i lu iiö wiik aw a lalim joHoul jilHoul eHoul minit 4. Ij i l e n k e m e m , itok kejro etal. ilomij enwör kaikujkuj

places.) rahan yin han hall&g jiliw 'yiyeh wiyik hawah ial&m j&g&wil jilgiwil yegewil minit

Yij y i l a n k e y e m y e m , y i t k e w k&jrew yetal. yil&wm&j ya§ed kahayiqijqij

221 entak okok kakijen taktt) kulab mOHa jambo Ejatiin wür nej ierro ledrik. waerro wa enerro ene kijeero biik imeerro em kHtkHerro ni limeerro bia kojeerro kooj aerro nuknuk

y&ntak wekwek kakijen takteh qilab ifiegay jartib&w Yejjahgin wer najiyy&rrew leddik. wahy&rrew wah yan&yy&rrew yan&y kij&yy&rrew piyik yiih&yy&rrew y&ih ketkayy&rrew niy lim&yy&rrew piyah kawaj&yy&rrew kawaj hay&rrew niqniq

Some practice on opposites. (In addition to doing the drill as outlined below, ask and answer questions like the following: Yewer key najin hajiriy? Yewer najin hajiriy key yejjelaq? Also3 try composing similar questions using the pairs of opposites from Lesson Fourteen.) A: EwOr nejin ajiri. B: Ejelok...

Yewer najin hajiriy. Yejjeiaq...

A: EltJti waan korkor. B: Eiet. . .

Yeleg wahan kerker. Yeyiy&t...

A: Ebak eneen. B: Etolok...

Yepahak yanyeA. Yettewiaq...

A: Ebwil rainin. B: EmOlo...

Yebil rahyinyin. Y&iti&i&w...

A: Ebidodo nuknuk in. B: Ebin...

Yepid&wd&w niqniq yin. Y&p&n...

A: Ernüii apel in. B: EtOHal...

Y&m&g habel yin. Yetegal...

7. Kejro etal tlan i jen jikll. j ikllm jikin j ikid

K&jrew yetal gan yijeft jikih. jikiih jikin jikid

222

j ikim j ikimi j ikier

jikim j ikimiy jikiyy&r

(Substitute the above words in eaah of the foltowing:) Kimro ar etal Han ijo jiktl. Kimro ej iwöj Han ijöne jikü. Kimro ej bed wöt ije j ikli. Kimro naj iwöj Han ijökane j iktl. Kimro ej bed wöt ijökein j iktl. Kimro ar etal Han ijöko jiktl.

K&mrew har yetal gan yijew jikih. K&mrew yej yiw&j gan yijeftey jikih. K&mrew yej pad wet yij&y jikih. K&mrew nahaj yiw&j gan yijekaAey jikih. K&mrew yej pad wet yij&k&yin jikih. K&mrew har yetal gan yijekew jikih.

8. 'I wish I knew Spanish. 1 Yokwe bwe in kar jelS kajin Jibein. bed ibben Sophia Loren jikul in taktO mweie im einwOt kwe kakkije lok Han Paris jimaat im einwtJt Einstein 9. Ledrik en nejin Tommy ej driwbjlok iit) in. mare ibben Dave j aFtJt in kelok Han Honolulu wiik in lal jino jerbal ilo obiij il ju kamOj an jikul alliH in lal rejetak kij ilo lemnak in 10. Tommy ear ba kwHn jab j ako. j abwUbwe rumi j

Yaqey bey yin kar jeiay kajin Jipeyin. pad yippan Sophia Loren jikiwii yin takteh rtieyiyey yim yayinwet qey kakkij&y iaq gan Paris jiihahat yim yayinwet Einstein Ledik yeft najin Tewmiy yej diyw&jiak 'yiyeh yin. iharey yxppan T&y&b jabet yin keylaq gan Weftewiiwiiw wiyik yin lai jinew jerbal yilew wepyij yiljiw kaih&j han jikiwii hall&g yin lai reyejtak k&j yilew iemAak yin Tewmiy yehar bah qen jab jak&w. pad jebayb&y ffiihij

223

ko kabwir am ial kabwir am lemank 11,

kew kab&d haih yiyai kab&d haft lemAak

'Don't do your work that way all the time. ' (Teaaher should mix the cues from the two slots in this drill.) KwBn jab kBnaan jerbal rot ne. kijoH lemnak rot ekkein kOmman kain kain rot eindre kain men rot

Qen jab kefthan jerbal ffet hey. kije§ iemrtak fet kk&yin keihihan kahyin kahyin £et yayin d&y kahyin men fet

(Now make the same substitutions in the Emwij ne am kBnaan jerbal rot ne. 12. KwBn ajmour ke Han pade eo buHnin? emourur bo j ak mOk rumi j ebbat

following:)

Y&rti&j Aey haih keAhan jerbal fet Aey. Qen yajmiwir key gan bahd&y yew bi^niyin. mmewirwir pewjak itiek firtiij bbat

13. (Ask and answer questions like the following based on the diagram 'Some Marshallese Relatives. ') A: Teen TimOj Tom? B: Nejin. (his child) B: Ne j in TimtJj Tom.

Teyen Tiyihej Tawaiti? Najin. Najin Tiyihej Tawaih.

A: Teen Tom TimOj? B: JemUn. (his father) B: JemUn Tom TimOj.

Teyen Tawaih Tiyihej? Jeman. Jeman Tawaih Tiyihej.

A: Teen Medri Mina? (her mother) B: Jinen. B: Jinen Medri Mina.

Teyen Meydiy Minah? Jinen. Jinen Meydiy Minah.

A: Teen Ali Tom? (his younger B: J&tin. B: jatin Ali Tom. brother)

Teyen Haiiy Tawaih? Jatin. Jatin Haiiy Tawaih.

A: Teen AlHk Medri? Teyen Halek Meydiy. B: Rilikin. (his oross oous- Riylikin. B: Rilikin AlOk Medri. in) Riylikin Halek Meydiy.

224 A: Teen Tom Bokin? B: Erro ej jimjSn jimjatin. (siblings)

Teyen Tawaih Bawakin? Yerrew yej j&ihjayan j&ihjatin.

A: Teen Ali Bita? B: Wileben (Rat.)/Rikorean (RSI.). B: Wileben Ali Bita. B: Rikorean Ali Bita, (his mother'8 brother)

Teyen Haliy Piytah? Willepan/Rikeweryan.

A: Teen Bita Ali? B: Mattden. (his sister's B: Mattden Bita Ali. son)

Teyen Piytah Haiiy? Magden. Magden Piytah Haliy.

A: Teen TimtJj Rojita? B: Jinen. (his 'mother') B: Jinen lio iben.

Teyen Tiyihej Rewjiytah? Jinen. Jinen liyew yippan.

A: Teen Ali Mitel? B: JemUn. Eritto jen lukkun j eman. B: JemHn eo eritto. (his older 'father')

Teyen Haiiy Miyt&l. Jeman. Yerittew jan liqqiwin jeman. Jeman yew yerittew.

A: Teen Medri Mila? B: Jinen. Edrik jen lukkun j inen. B: Jinen eo edrik. (her younger 'mother')

Teyen Meyediy Miylah? Jinen. Yedik jan liqqiwin jinen. Jinen yew yedik.

Willepan Haiiy Piytah. Rikeweryan Haliy Piytah.

Teyen Haiiy Riwben? A: Teen Ali Rubon? B: Jimman. (his grandfather) Jiituhahan. Jirtuhahan Haiiy Riwben. B: Jimman Ali Rubon. A: Teen Rubon Ali? B: JibUn. (his grandchild) B: JibUn Rubon Ali.

Teyen Riwben Haiiy? Jibin. Jibin Riwben Haiiy.

A: Teen Medri Rojita? B: JibUn. (her grandmother) B: JibUn Medri Rojita.

Teyen Meydiy Rewjiytah? Jibin. Jibin Meydiy Rewjiytah.

A: Teen Rojita Medri? B: JibUn. (her grandchild)

Teyen Rewjiytah Meydiy. Jibin.

A: Teen TimtJj Bita? B: An emman. (his wife's brother)

Teyen Tiyihej Piytah? Han ituhahan.

A: Teen Bita TimtJj? B: JemSn lellab. (his sister's husband)

Teyen Piytah TiyAej? Jeman iellap.

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A: Teen TimOj Ten? B: JemMnjin. (his wife's sister's husband)

Teyen Tiyihej Tayan? Jemanjin.

A: Teen Mina Rita? B: Jininjin. (her husband' brother's wife)

Teyen Minah Riytah? Jininjin.

14. (Ask questions like the following based on the same diagram.) A: Rej teek dron TimOj im Ali? B: Rej jimnSjin. (parent and child)

Rej teyek dewen Tiyihej yim Haiiy? Rej J&rtinajin.

A: Medri im Alice rej teek dron? B: Rej rilikin dron. (cross cousins) A: Rej teek dron Ali im Nena? B: Rej jimjSn jimjStin, nejin emman erro jimor. (brothers : children of brothers)

Meydiy yim Hal&j rej teyek dewen? Rej riylikin dewen.

A: Rej teek dron Bita im Tom? B: Laulleb im lojemmattOd. (brother and son of a woman)

Rej teyek dewen Piytah yim Tawaih? Bawillep yim iejemmaged.

A: Medri im Rojita rej teek dron? B: Rej jim jibwik dron. (grandparent and grandchild)

Meydiy yim Rewjiytah rej teyek dewen? Rej j&ih jibiyik dewen.

A: Rej teek dron TimOj im Ten? B: Rej jem3njik dron. (husbands of sisters)

Rej teyek dewen Tiyihej yim Tayan? Rej jemanjiyik dewen.

A: Ewi kadkadin Medri kab Tom im Ali? B: Emman ro ran Ali im Tom ak kOrU eo en Medri. (brothers and sisters)

Yewiy kadkadin Meydiy kab Tawaih yim Haliy? Yeihihahan rew raA Haiiy yim Tawaih hak keray yew yeft Meydiy.

Rej teyek dewen Haliy yim Neynah? Rej j&ihjayan j&ihjatin, najin ihihahan yerrew jimeï.

227

A : Ewi k a d k a d i n A l i , T o m , im M e d r i H a n J o s e p h im M a i k a ? B: N e j i n k O r S aolepair. Bwij eo edrik e n an J o s e p h im M a i k a . (children of sisters)

Y e w i y k a d k a d i n H a l i y , Tawaih, y i m M e y d i y gaA J e w j e p y i m Mayikah? Najin keray hawelepayy&r. Bij y e w y e d i k y e A h a n J e w j e p y i m ílayikah.

A : Ewi k a d k a d i n A l i , T o m , im M e d r i H a n N e n a im Mera? B: N e j i n e m m a n aolepair. E r i t t o jeman N e n a im M e r a , (children of brothers)

Yewiy k a d k a d i n H a l i y , Tawaih, yim Meydiy gan Neynah yim Meyrah? N a j i n ituhahan h a w e l e p a y y & r . Yerittew jeman N e y n a h y i m Meyrah.

GRAMMATICAL

NOTES

1. Drill 2 gives two w a y s for counting up until a g i v e n point: (2) d&y and y e l a q (2). D&y is r e l a t e d to d & y d & y laq 'completed', a n d i a q is the same w o r d as in i a q i n jet r a h a n 'after several days' and k i y y e h i a q jidik 'in a little bit' or 'a little after n o w ' . 2. M a r s h a l l e s e kinship reckoning is quite c o m p l e x , since lineage ties are of greater importance in M a r s h a l l e s e culture than in the more mobile W e s t e r n w o r l d . Y o u have already l e a r n e d some of the b a s i c k i n terms in e a r l i e r lessons; Drills 13 and 14 now introduce a n u m b e r o f additional relationship terms. W h e n y o u have m a s t e r e d all these as there p r e s e n t e d , y o u w i l l be able to learn more about their a p p l i c a t i o n by asking questions of y o u r teacher concerning other pairs of individuals shown on the d i a g r a m 'Some M a r s h a l l e s e R e l a t i v e s . ' For a d i s c u s s i o n of M a r s h a l l e s e kinship from an anthrop o l o g i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e , see A l e x a n d e r S p o e h r , M a j u r o : A V i l l a g e in the M a r s h a l l Islands, V o l u m e 39, A n t h r o p o l o g i c a l Series of Field M u s e u m of N a t u r a l H i s t o r y , C h i c a g o , 1949, C h a p t e r VII and V I I I , pp. 155-220. SHORT PROSE

SELECTION Field Trip Piyii Tiryep

field trip ship E l k i n aolep ruo allitt, w a n raun en ej raun Y a l k i n h a w e l e p riwew h a l l & g , w a h a n r a h w i n y e A yej r a h w i n

228

Han aolep ailiH in MajtJl. gan hawelep hay&l&g y i n iflahjel.

W3wen raun, wan Wayw&y&n rahwin, w a h a n

raun en ej etal Han aolep ene in Relik, He rahwin yeA yej yetal gan hawelep yan&y y i n Raylik, gey full its contents ebol kobban kab He emat mBHS im mweiuk, erol yeb&w&i qebban kab gey yeraahat iliegay y i m ih&yiq, yerawal discharge load finish Han Majuro, ekto im ektak, kamtljlok trip en an. gan Majr&w, yakt&w y i m yektak, karti&jiaq tiryep yeA han. Ejja w3wen drein wtJt an raun Ratak. Yejjah wayw&y&n d&yin w e t h a n rahwin Rahtak.

Unin Winin

trip in raun kein, kinke en btlklok mHHH im tiryep y i n rahwin k&yin, k&nkey y e n b e k i a q ihegay y i m mweiuk im ektak waini jen aolep ailiH ko ih&yiq y i m yektak wahyiniy jan hawelep hay&l&g kew ilikin Majuro. yilikin Majr&w. wan raun. wahan rahwin.

Ilo Majbl kib, ewBr jilu Yilew ilahjei kiyyeh, yewer jiliw Militobi, Mieco Queen, im RSlikMilitewpiy, Miyeykew Qiyin, y i m Raylik-

Ratak. Rahtak. PROVERB

Edrik a ejatdrik.

Yedik h a h yejatdik.

'Small but mighty.' VOCABULARY

belen biil tirep birok bwebwe bwir

palyen piyii tiryep birwek b&yb&y b&d

dre

d&y

dredrelok ebak j atdrik

d&yd&yiaq yepahak j atdik

ektak ekto

yektak yakt&w

his w i f e , her husband; spouse field trip broke crazy, foolish mistake, sin, error, fault, wrong up until now, just, at his point as of now completed close, near able, strong, w i t h hidden resources to load, carry discharge, unload

229

emmourur ial j abwSbwe jebel j imaat

itunewirwir yiyal jebayb&y j&p&l jiihahat

kadkadin kobban lok maHden maro raun

kadkadin qebban qebbaiaq magden mar&w rahwin

rejetak rilikin rukorea teek teen wileba

reyejtak riylikin rikeweryah teyek teyen willepah

energetic (distr.) road, path lost apart, divorced, separated smart, wise, cunning (from English) relationship of its contents after his sister's children thirsty go around, make a field trip (from English) agree with, concur, to second his cross cousin my mother's brother (RH1.) what relationship? what relative of? my mother's brother (Rat.)

LESSON TWENTY-THREE Yewen vs. rahan; this particular one; becoming; look alike. DIALOGUES 1.

Tah Aey p&yirti?

A: Ta ne beim?

Libbiq&y.

B: Libbuke.

Qehar bek yi'yah?

A: Kwar bOk ia?

Yihar lew yewen beq.

B: Iar lo ion bok.

QekeAhan key wiyah kahkey?

A: Kwo kOnan ke w i a kake? B: Bwe kwo ktJnan ke wiaiki?

Bey qekeAhan key wiyahyikiy? Hay&t, yij hay&y n&jih libbiq&y.

A: A e t , ij ae nejll libbuke. A: B: A: B: A: B: A:

What do you have in your hand? A shell. Where did you get it? I found it on the sand. Do y o u w a n t to sell it? Why, will y o u buy it? Yes, I'm making a shell collection.

A: EwBr ke imbn mwijbar?

Yewer key yiihen Aijbar?

B: Ejelok. Ak eloil likao re kanoj jelS mwijbar.

Yejjeiaq. Hak yeleg likahwew rekahn&w&j jelay ihijbar.

A: Kwo marott ke bukot tok juHn.

Qemare^ key piqet teq jiwen?

B: Aet, rainin wOt.

Hay&t, rahyinyin wet.

A: Jete wOnHUn mwijbar?

Jetey weAyan ihijbar?

B: Ejelok. KwOj jab aikuj kOlia.

Yejjeiaq. Qej jab hayiqij kellay. 230

231 A: Is there a barber shop (around here)? B: No. But there are many fellows who know how to cut hair. A: Can you find one for me? B: Yes. I'll get one today. A: How much for a haircut? B: Nothing. You don't have to pay. DRILLS I. 'What's that in your hand, a cowrie? ' (Teacher asks questions, students answer. Later teacher may give underlined cues, one student asks question, and another answers.) Ta ne beim, libbuke ke? Aet, libbuke men e beill.

Tah Aey peyiih, libbiq&y key? Hay&t, libbiq&y men y&y peyih.

Ta ne turum, m^jet ke? Aet, mSjet men e turli. Ta ne lottiim, lole ke?

Tah Aey tiffiiti, ma jet key? Hay&t, majet men y&y tifih.

Ta ne adrim, riiti ke?

Tah Aey haddiyiih, key?

Ta ne iumtlm, j aki ke?

Tah Aey yiwihiih, jakiy key?

Ta ne likim, kulul ke?

Tah Aey likiih, qiiii key?

Ta ne katUm, jaki ke?

Tah Aey katirtt, jakiy key?

Ta ne yipim, bu ke?

Tah Aey yipirfi, biw key?

Ta ne bOram, wtlt ke?

Tah Aey beraih, wit key?

Ta ne lojiHltlm, diede ke?

Tah Aey lawjilqiih, key?

Tah Aey lawfliyiih, tawi&y key? r3

-y]-g

diy&d&y

'I saw it on the sand. ' (As the exercise is learned} teacher may give only the second part of cue, and students supply rahan or yewen as appropriate.) Iar loe ion bole. raan bok en raan mwen

Yihar lewey yewen beg. rahan bawak yeA rahan iheyeA

232

yewen jimyeA yeñ yewen wijw&j kañ yewen wah yeñ (rahan) yewen tebel yeA (rahan) yewen jakiy yeA rahan teï yeA rahan may yeA yewen jeyah yeA (rahan) yewen peyet yeA (rahan)

ion jímen en ion ujoj kan ion wa en (raan) ion tebel en (raan) ion jaki en raan toi en raan mä en ion jea en (raan) ion bed en (raan)

3. 'Eatfield, is going to buy a cowrie.

T: Ejbil enaj wiaik juön libbuke. A: Enaj wiaiki. B: Kwo könan ke wia libbuke. T: Liiemjo ej biraeik juön ik. A: Enaj biraeiki. B: Kwo könan ke birae ik? T: Mönjob enaj dilaik juön alai. Bijja enaj jeräik juön ledrik. Laji enaj jukaik juön kobe. Embi enaj jikiruik juön nat. Kijbal enaj lekötoik juön jiroft.

Yejpiyii yenahaj wiyahyik jiwen libbiq&y. Yenahaj wiyahyikiy. QekeAhan key wiyah libbiq&y. Liyeihjew yej birahyeyik jiwen y&k. Yenahaj birahyeyikiy. QekeAhan key birahyey y&k? Menjeweb yenahaj diylahyik jiwen haihal. Pijjah yenahaj jerayik jiwen leddik. Bajiy yenahaj jiqahyik jiwen kawp&y. Yerapiy yenahaj jikiriwik jiwen Aat. Kiyijbahal yenahaj leyk&t&wyik jiwen jire§.

4. 'Would, you like to sell it?'

Kwo könan ke wia kake? j oloke aj e kote kej erbale

QekeAhan key wiyah kahkey? jewiaqey hajey kawatey kejerbaley

233

wiaiki kokone kejbaroke kokkure noje

wiyahyikiy kaqeAey kejpareq&y kaqqirey Aewejey

5. 'Is there a barber shop? '

EwUr ke imwen HW11 D mwijbar?

Yewer key yiihen ihijbar? pi j&k bid&j q&p&j keppewjak tiwtiw

nySF

bwirej kobe j kepoj ak tutu 6. 'Can you find me a spear? '

Kwo marott ke bukot tok juBn aB made? wiaik kajitHk kOmmane jeme

Qemare^ key piqet teq jiwen hah&h ihad&y? wiyahyik kajjit&k keihihaney j&m&y

7. 'You don't need to pay for a haircut. '

Kwojjab aikuj kOlia Qejjab hayiqij keilay wonaan mwijbar. we Ay an ihijbar. uwe ibba wiw&y yippah kejerbal made ne aH kejerbal ihad&y Aey hah&h tak wa ne waO tak wah Aey wah&h uwe ilo wa en waan wiw&y yilew wah yeA kien wahan kiyen takteh gey qey rijikiwil taktO fie kwe dri j ikul 8. 'Give him my greetings

when you write him. '

Kab lelok ad yokwe He kwo jeje Han e. lo iion telebon Han waaiej Han 9.

Kab leylaq hah&h yi'yaqey gey q&j&yj&y gan y&y. qelew qeyiyewen qetalebewen gan qewayl&j gan

'I was going to write, but I forgot his address. '

I naj kar jeje ak i meloklok aterej eo an. jaje

Yinahaj kar j&yj&y hak yimeiaqiaq hateryej yew han. jahj&y

234

j olok kawitlok jaje i likit na ia

jewlaq kaw&tlaq jahj&y yilikit ftah yi'yah

10. 'Jas, today yet. ' Hay&t, rahyinyin wet. kiyyeh/kiyin kiyyeh-kiyyeh/kiyinkiyin yiljiw biijniyin jekiaj wiyik yin hall&g yin wet hawah yin wet hall&g k&yin lal

Aet, rainin wöt. kiö/kin kiökiö/kinkin il ju buttnin jöklaj wiik in allill in wöt awa in wöt allitt kein lal

11. 'That partiaular book is better than this partiaular one. ' Buk j ab en emman j en B&q jab yeft yeihrfian jan buk j ab in. b&q jab yin. mwö ihewa wah niqniq nuknuk teybei teböl waj waj ratio r&ytiy&w kar kahar j ikul jikiwil 12. 'This partiaular book is better than the one I read. ' Buk jab in emman jen buk jab eo iar riti. mwö jokwe wa kömmane nuknuk...wiaiki teböl....köjerbale waj loe ratio....wia kake jikul....jikul ie

B&q jab yin yeiluhan jan b&q jab yew yihar riytiy. rtiej&q&y wah keitahaney niqniq wiyahyikiy teybei kejerbaley waj ........ lewey r&ytiy&w...wiyah kahkey jikiwil....jikiwil yi'y&y

13. 'He beeame a Protestant.' Emwij an erom brotijen. katilik

Y&ih&j han y&t&m birewtiyjen. katilik

235 rinahnah rikabahathat rikadek kirijin takteh rikakiy babbib bahwew jekihayiy harkewei

dri n a n a dri k a b a t a t dri kadrok kirij in takötö dri k a k i babbUb bao jökmai arkol 14.

15.

'She looks

almost

exaatly

like her

sister. '

E n a H i n ein n e m H m i n lien wtlt lieo jein. ladrik e n . . . j e m S n ledrik e n . . . j i n e n ktlrM en lieo n e j i n kwe j immam kuj en taikt) k i j a k en....dri balle bao en ak

Yenahgin yayin nemaym&y&n liyeA w e t liyew j&yin. iadik y e A . . . j e m a n ledik y e A . . . j i n e n keray y e A . . . l i y e w n e j i n qey j iihihahaih kiwij y e A . . .tahyikeh kijak yeA...ripalley b a h w e w y e A . .hak

'She looks

like

almost

exactly

Enaliin e i n n e m ä m i n lien w ö t lieo jein. wäwen jökjökin baotokin ettöHin jorjorin ainikien mantin rokojän GRAMMATICAL

her

sister. '

Yenahgin yayin nemaym&y&n liyeA w e t liyew j&yin. wayw&y&n j&kj&kin pahwewteqin y&tt&gin jetjefin hayinikiyen lhantin regejan

NOTES

1. Y e w e n is u s e d w i t h objects like b & q , j i m e y e A , j a k i y , and"j in g e n e r a l , flat surfaces. R a h a n is u s e d w i t H w & j k & y , n i y , k i j i w , and, in g e n e r a l , w h e n one w a n t s to specify 'on top of' something h i g h . Sometimes there are w o r d s that take either y e w e n or r a h a n such as w a h , jeyah, t e y b e i , etc. 2. J a b is u s e d b e t w e e n noun-like w o r d s and following d e m o n s t r a t i v e s in singling out a p a r t i c u l a r or s p e c i f i c item from among others.

236 SHORT PROSE SELECTION

Coconut Oil Biniep Pinneyep MBttan men ko rellab tokjeir im rej walok jen ni Aettan men kew reliap teqjayy&r yim rej wahieq jan niy ej biniep. Binieb ej ktlmman jen waini im yej pinneyep. Pinneyep yej keitohan jan wahyiniy yim dri MajHl rej kejerbale Han eloil men ko einwUt riftahjei rej kejerbaley gan yeleg men kew yayinwet annoint light ekabit bar, enbwin, ilan uno im Han romrom. EwOr yekkapit bar, yanbin, gan winew yim gan femffem. Yewer ruo wHwen kbmman biniep. WHwen eo mokta riwew wayw&y&n keituhan pinneyep. Wayw&y&n yew meqtah grate it rej kejeke. Moktata, elkin aer raankeik rej kejeyekey. Aeqtahtah, yalkin hay&r rahank&yik milk waini en im bBk SI en jen e, rej kejeke im wahyiniy yeA yim bek yal yeA jan y&y, rej kejeyekey yim become second ej erom biniep. Kein karuo wHwen, rej kHmat e yej y&i?sm pinneyep. K&yin kariwew wayw&y&n, rej kemattey elkin aer bok HI in waini en. WHwen jab in yalkin hay&r bek yaiin wahyiniy yeA. Wayw&y&n jab yin musty elablok an mOkaj im biniep en ejjab kanoj 181 yeiaplaq han ihekaj yim pinneyep yeA yejjab kahn&w&j lei that im einwBt en me rej kejek wHt. Jet ien ilo yim yayinwet yeA mey rej kejeyek wet. Jet 'yiyen yilew put in fragrant aer kOmatte rej illik wOt men ko re Haj nai ie hay&r kemattey rej llik wet men kew regaj Aahyiy yi'y&y its odor bwe en enno bwin im jab 101. bey yen nnaw biyin yim jab lei.

237 PROVERB AiliH in Jaluit, ailitl in jálele.

Hay&l&g yin Jalwsj, hay&l&g yin jal&yl&y.

'Jaluit is a rich island (where one can always have meat and gravy with his staples).1 VOCABULARY ae ainikien alal ai arkol aterej baotok bijbk biniep birae (ik) bwin drila(ik) ekkabit erom iyon j ab jeme jera j ikiru(ik) j imen

hay&y hayinikiyen halhal yai harkewel hateryej pahwewteq pi j&k pinneyep birahyey(ik) biyin diylah(yik) kkapit y&f&m 1 yiyewen jab jemey jeray jikiriw(ik) j imyeA

jOkjbkin

j&kj&kin

jOkmai jorjor j orj orin kobe j kulul libbuke iai mSj et man it nat nemHmin raanke

jekihayiy jefjet jetjetfin Jiíií libbiq&y iel ma jet ihanit Aat nemaym&y&n rahank&y

rokoj Hn romrom talebon waiij

feqejan femfem talebewen wayl&j

collect, gather sound, voice lumber, piece of wood coconut milk alcohol (from English) address (from English) to appear defecate coconut oil fry smell of, odor of nail annoint, massage, lubricate become meet particular, specific sharpen it (tr.) a formalized friendship screw, to screw cement, concrete (from English) (his) shape, the way he is hewn coconut syrup walk rapidly the way he walks garbage cockroach cowrie shell moldy, smell moldy matches custom, behavior, manner nut (for bolt) (from English) appearance grate (coconut), coconut grater the shape of (his) body light telephone (send a) cable (from wireless)

LESSON TWENTY-FOUR More past tense, contrary-to-fact, and conditional practice; more on the coconut; several idiomatic expressions. DIALOGUES 1. A: Kwar bed ia inne?

Qehar pad yi'yah yinney?

B: Iar b e d imwen imtf.

Yihar p a d yiiheyeft yiih&h.

A: Iar iwöj in bukot yok ak kwar j ako.

Yihar yiw&j y i n piqet y&q hak qehar jak&w.

B: Jete awa?

Jetey hawah?

A: Ruo jimettan.

Riwew j imettan.

B: 0, iar bed imwen Are. Bwe Han ta?

Wew, yihar pad yiihen Har&y. Bey gan tah.

A: Kejro en kar etal Han Rita in iakiu.

K&jrew y e n kar yetal gan Riytah yin yi'yakiyiw.

B: Ak kwöj et ilju, bwe He men kejro etal?

Hak qej y&t yiljiw, bey gey m e n k&jrew yetal?

A: Ekwe ilju ej raeleb, lale kwar jako.

Yeqey yiljiw yej rahyelep, lahley qehar jak&w.

A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B:

Where were you yesterday? At my place. I came to see y o u but you were gone. What time? Two-thirty. Oh, I was at Harry's. What did you want? We were supposed to go to Rita to play baseball. What are you doing tomorrow? Why don't we go then if it's convenient. A: OK. Tomorrow at noon. Be there. 2.

Aeqtah jan han ripalley yiteq yehar w e r key dannin kadek hay&l&g k&yin?

A: Mokta jen an dri belle itok ear wt)r ke dren in kadök ailiH kein? 238

239

B: A e t , k i m k e i n k O m m a n jimaHiH jen n i .

Hay&t, k & m k & y i n keihihan jimagig jan niy.

A : Ej baj 18H m e n en komij k O m m a n j en ni!

Yej b a j leg m e n yeA q&ihij keihihan jan n i y !

B: Mol...kimij bOk natlin aoleb am aikuj j e n ni .. .mOHH, em, e o , u n o , d r e n in kadOk im eloH m e n ko jet.

ftewel...k&mij bek nahgin h a w e l e p h a m h a y i q i j jan niy.. .ihegay, y&ih, y e w winew, dannin kadek y i m y e l e g m e n k e w jet.

A : Mol ke komij k e j e r b a l a o l e b e n ni en ke?

A e w e l k e y q&ihij k e j e r b a l h a w e l e p a n niy yeA k e y ?

B: E j e l o k m e n en kimij jab k e j e r b a l e - - j e n okar H a n j u b u b , ewOr tokjen.

Y e j j e l a q m e n yeA k & m i j jab k e j e r b a l e y — j a n wekar gan jiwibwib, y e w e r t e q j a n .

A : J u B n ne ami lablab.

Jiwen Aey hamiy iapiap.

jeraman

B: M o l . . . H e ear jab w 8 r n i , i jaje ewi w S w e n am naj kar m o u r .

jerahamman

A e w e l . . . g e y y e h a r jab w e r niy, y i j a h j & y y e w i y w a y w & y & n h a m nahaj k a r m e w i r .

A : D i d y o u have alcohol in these islands b e f o r e the foreigners came? B: Y e s , w e u s e d to make toddy from c o c o n u t (sap). A : Y o u sure make a lot of things from coconut trees! B: R i g h t . . . w e get p r a c t i c a l l y everything we n e e d from the c o c o n u t . . . f o o d , h o u s i n g , fishing lines, m e d i c i n e , a l c o h o l i c b e v e r a g e s , and m a n y other things. A : Is it true that y o u make use of the entire tree? B: There isn't a single thing we don't u s e - - f r o m roots to s p r o u t s - - a l l of it serves a p u r p o s e . A : It's really a g o d s e n d for you! B: That's r i g h t . . . i f it h a d n ' t b e e n for the c o c o n u t , I don't know how w e could have s u r v i v e d . DRILLS 1.

'Where

were

you yesterday?

Kwar b e d ia inne? r a n eo lok jutln M a n d r e eo BtJlaidre eo ke ej raeleb ke ej jota

' Qehar pad yi'yah yinney? rahan y e w l a q jiwen ilandey y e w Beiahyidey yew key yej r a h y e l e p key yej j&wtah

240

wiik eo lok allifi eo lok ekkein

wiyik yew iaq hall&g yew ìaq y&kk&yin

2. 'I oame to look for you.

Iar iwHj in bukot yok. ektake attin lowaj ukwe kaj amboik kaaluj e

Yihar yiw&j yin piqet y&q. yektakey yagin lewwaj wiqey kejaftb&wyik kahalwijey

3. 'We'll go play baseball

Jenaj ilen iakiu iliu. jekOlaj Mandre in BOlaidre in kiO e raeleb wik in lal allift in lal kiin lok jirik

tomorrow. '

Jenahaj yilan yi'yakiyiw yiljiw. jeklaj ftandey yin Beiahyidey yin kiyyeh yerahyelep wiyik yin lal hall&g yin lal kiyin laq jidik

4. 'Be sure not to be late. ' don't be late. ')

Lale bwe kwbn jab rumij. Lale kwar rumij. j ako meloklok ebbat mad

('Watch out that you

Lahley bey qen jabffiihij. Lahley qeharffiihij . jak&w meiaqlaq bbat itiad

5. 'I wish there were only the two of us here. '

En kar kejro wt)t ij in. j Bkein lalin ienin imwin enekein imOkein

Yen kar k&jrew wet yijin. yi]&k&yin yilaiin yiyanyin yirtiiyin yiyeney k&yin yirfi&k&yin

241 'We will need to look for some drinking water we go. '

Jenaj aikuj in kabbok dren in idrak mokta jen ad etal. amin tutu orme j kwalkwol kadrök

before

Jenahaj hayiqij yin kapp&q dannin yidahak Aieqtah jan had yetal. haihin tiwtiw wSrmSj qalq&i kadek

'You are really 1 fortunate, t

Ej baj lab am jeraman! jorren bul jerbal kijotl kadrök kein natlinmij könan illu

Yej baj lap haih jeraharfutian! jeffayan biwii jerbal kije^ kadek k&yin nahginm&j keAhan lliw

'You can build a house with ooaonut trees. '

KomaroH kömman em jen ni. kein liklik kein kauwe kein boktak kein arar Hi kein käre ieb at jeinae jor kijen ajiri jekmai börwaj in em tererein em kein ikkure ametama

Remare^ keihihan y&iti jan niy. k&yin liklik k&yin kawiw&y k&yin p&qtak k&yin harhar giy k&yin kayrey yiyep hat jeyiynahyey j&w&r kijen hajiriy jekihayiy berwaj yin y&A t&r&yr&yin y&ih k&yin qqir&y hameyteihah

'If there hadn''t been trouble, been a good one. '

Me ear jab wör tirabel, enaj kar emman bade eo.

the party would have

Gey yehar jab wer tirabei, yenahaj kar ihitian bahd&y yew.

242

lofi lok jidrik ledrik lab lok jidrik dren in le ci ci eie boi lok kain mtJHa jab mat bia jino wtìt ke ej ran jemlok wBt ke ej jilu awa kadek dri belle ro

leg laq jidik leddik iap ìaq jidik dannin kadek b&w&l laq kahyin itiegay jab mahat piyah jinew wet key yej rahan jeihlaq wet key yej jiliw hawah kadek ripalley rew

10. 'Ve used to go skin diving only at night. '

Kim kein turott wOt in boti. mubi wbt in ran entak wOt in Jadede jar wHt in jota jikul wOt in jibboii tutu wt)t in jota jerbal wt)t iben kien jikul wt)t iben dri belle

K&m k&yin tiwrafl wet yin b&fl. Aiwpiy wet yin rahan y&ntak wet yin Jadeydey jar wet yin j&wtah jikiwil wet yin jibb&§ tiwtiw wet yin j&wtah jerbal wet yippan kiyen jikiwii wet yippan ripalley

11. 'If it's convenient let's have the party Saturdayj because it's raining now. '

Ne men jebade Jadede in IBI bwe ewit. iakiu eiiwOr j erak etal mubi kabiro entak kwelok

next

Gey men jebahd&y Jadeydey yin lai bey y&w&t. jeyiyakiyiw jeya§ed jejerak jeyetal jertiiwpiy jekabiyr&w j&y&ntak j&q&ylaq

12. 'There are many kinds of things coconut sap can be changed into. ' 'There is only one kind of thing coconut sap can be changed into. ' (Change each of these sentences done for the first example.)

ElBfl kain im jekaro emaroii oktak fiani^.

to singular

as is

Yeleg kahyin yim jekar&w yemare^ w&ktak ganiy.

243 JuOn wHt kain im j ekaro emaroH oktak Hane. E18H jikin im armij remaroH etal Hani. EltJtl buk im dri jikul remaroH katak jMni.

Jiwen wet kahyin yim jekar&w yemare§ w&ktak ganey. Yeleg jikin yim harm&j remareij yetal ganiy. Yeleg b&q yim rijikiwii remare§ kahtak janiy.

E18H mweiuk im dri wia remaroH wia kaki. E10H bebe im koHkurej remaroH lemnak kaki.

Yeleg iheyiq yim riwiyah remareQ wiyah kahkiy.

E1HH kain im dri MajOl remaroH mour j&ni.

Yeleg kahyin yim riilahjei remareij mewir janiy.

E10H job im ajiri remaroH tutu kaki.

Yeleg jeweb yim remareQ tiwtiw Yeleg jeweb yim remare§ tiwtiw

E18H job im ajiri remaroH tutu eaki.

Yeleg peypey yim qaggirej remare^ iemAak kahkiy.

hajiriy kahkiy. hajiriy yahkiy.

GRAMMATICAL NOTES 1. The gey men of the first dialogue and of Drill 11 is idiomatic and is best translated as 'if it is convenient1 or 'if it suits'. 2. The k&yin of the second line of the second dialogue, and of Drill 10 is pronounced this way in the RHlik dialect, but [k(&)k&yin] in the Ratak dialect. It is practically synonomous with the k&n of Drills 10, 11, and 13 of Lesson 16, and is also translated 'used to'. 3. The final line of the second dialogue is a good example of a contrary-to-fact conditional sentence, and should be memorized thoroughly as a basis for constructing similar complex sentences in the future. Drill 9 furnishes additional practice on a very similar pattern. 4. The second line of Drill 4, even though it contains a form that is usually used for past tense (qehar), is synonomous with the first line, and must be considered idiomatic. 5. Drill 12 furnishes more practice on yim constructions which do not translate directly as 'and', and in addition gives practice on ganey, janey, kahkey and yahkey. (Yahkey is the Ratak form of the RSlik kahkey.) These words behave like transitive verbs in that tneir

244

ey-endings change to for plural objects, but differ Trom verbs in that they never take the subject prefixes. Ganey and janey are forms of gan 'to' and jan 'from' that have obj ects incorporated. SHORT PROSE SELECTION

Coconut Toddy Jekaro Jekar&w shoot Jekaro ej walok jen witak in ni ilo ien en Jekar&w yej wahlaq jan witak yin niy yilew 'yiyen yeA break spread apart ejaliin rub im jebbellok im walok kwalini. Mokta, yejjahgin fip yim j&p&llaq yim wahiaq qaiiyniy. fteqtah, examine size cut jej kakilen witak eo, bwe fie emman joHan, jej jebe jej kakilen witak yew, bey gey yeitutian jeffan, jej j&p&y bind it peel off the end of it *bend it down im eouti, kaudebake, im *kietake jidrik. Aolep yim yawitxy, kawidepakey, yim kiy&ytakey jidik. Hawelep collect toddy ien ar jekaro, ilo jibboil im jota im jet 'yiyen had jekar&w, yilew jibb&§ yim j&wtah yim jet little by ien ilo raelep, jej jeb witak eo jidrik illok 'yiyen yilew rahyelep, jej jep witak yew jidik yillag little jidrik, im bareinwOt jidik, yim barayinwet

be unable to kietake bwe en jab idrak kiy&ytakey bey yen jab yidahak

flow ready for a bottle bwijen. Elatte erani-bOkaH, kiB eien an bijen. Yeiaggey yerahaniy-bekayan, kiyyeh yeyiyen han fasten the bottle take down kajokkwor. Aolep jibbott im jota, ej ien ekato kaj&qq&r. Hawelep jibb&§ yim j&wtah yej 'yiyen yakt&w replace the bottle jekaro im kHkkai jeib. E18H kain im jekaro jekar&w yim kekkayal j&yib. Yeleg kahyin yim jekar&w emaroH oktak Hani. yemare§ w&ktak ganiy.

Jemarott kOmatte im ewalok Jemare§ kemattey yim yewahiaq

245

concentrate jOkajeje (emman ilan limen niiiniil) . ElaHe j e k a j e y j e y (yertuhan gan limen n i g n i g ) . Yeiaggey syrup lok wUt ar kOmatte enaj walok jekHmai. laq wet had kemattey yenahaj wahiaq jekeihayiy.

eto yetew Bar Bar

leave juUn, elaiie jenaj kHtlok jekaro eo bwe en ber j i w e n , yeiaggey jenahaj kettaq jekar&w yew bey yen pad wine jilu ran, enaj erom jimaiiiH. . . .dren in kadrHk eo j i l i w rahan, yenahaj y&t&m j i m a g i g . . . . d a n n i n kadek yew limen dri MajtJl. Ne eto lok wbt an ber jimafliH eo limen r i í l a h j e i . Gey yetew ±aq wet han pad j imagig yew vinegar enaj erom bentlkO. yenahaj y&t&m penkeh.

yeast Jekaro e j bar bHk j i k i n i i j Jekar&w y e j bar bek j i k i n y i j

ilo it)k bilawH. y i l e w 'yiy&k pilahway. Men kein r e j kwalok im k a l i k a r jotian an lab an Men k&yin r e j kewwahlaq yim kalikkar je§an han lap han ni jibaü d r i MajOl. niy j i p a g r i í l a h j e i . PROVERB

Loje kOlla.

Lawj&y k e l l a h .

'Stomachs are dumps.' 'Don't be p a r t i c u l a r about your food--your stomach i s but a garbage p i l e . ' VOCABULARY

ametama amin

hameyteihah haihin

aitin

yagin

arar benbkH

harhar penkeh

coconut candy wash hands (and mouth) ( b e f o r e and a f t e r eating) g e t , pick up (a person) and take him somewhere pick ( t e e t h , nose, e t c . ) vinegar (from English)

246

bökä boktak börwaj eake

bekay p&qtak berwaj yahkey

ebbat eoeu eouti ekkein j ebj eb jeib

bbat yawy&w (intr.) yawitiy (tr.) yekk&yin j&pj&p (intr.) jep, j&p&y (tr.) j&yip

j einae

jeyinahyey

jekajeje

jekajeyjey

jekaro jekmai j imattiH j or kaaluj e kake

jekar&w jekihayiy j imagin j&w&r, jiwirekahalwijey (tr., causative) kahkey (Räl.)

kabiro

kabiyr&w

kaj ambo(ik)

ke jaihb&w (ik)

kajukwor

kaj&qq&r

kakilen kalikar kaudbak(ey)

kakilen kahalikkar kawidpak

kauwe(ik)

kawiw&y(ik)

kein kauwe kiele kietak

k&yin kawiw&y kiyeley kiy&ytak

kiin kökääl kölla liklik lowaj mad

kiyin kekayal kellah liklik lewwaj ihad

(Rat.)

bottle stir roof concerning it, about it (c£. kahkey) late bind, lash bind it, lash it a little while ago cut the end off; amputate bottle used for collecting coconut sap mat of fresh, green palm leaves half-cooked coconut sap; concentrate coconut sap, toddy coconut syrup toddy wine post, pole; to show someone around about it, concerning it (cf. yahkey to make preserved breadfruit take (someone) for a change of scene fasten a bottle (q&r) for tapping coconut sap examine clarify peel off the end of a coconut shoot to make rise; leaven (cf. wiw&y) yeast to bend it to bend down (coconut shoots only) now (Rat.) renew, replace garbage, dump strain, sift to visit (you) be distracted, detained

247 meloklok He men

meiaqlaq gey men

niHnitt okar ormej ranibOkHn

nignig wekar w&rm&j rahaniy-bekayan

tererein toor ukwe witak

t&r&yr&yin tawar wiqey witak

forget if it suits, if it is convenient baby, infant root wash face ready for a bottle (bekay) (of coconut shoots only) its side, edge, wall pour out, run, flow to take out coconut shoot

LESSON TWENTY-FIVE Beverages; more distributives; arrowroot and divination. DIALOGUES 1. A: I maro. Ewör ke aiböj in drak? B: Köttar i ja lale.

Yimar&w. Yewer k e y hay&b&j y i n dahak? Kettar yijjah lahley.

A: Me ewör, böktok jidrik.

Gey yewer, b e k t e q jidik.

B: Ewör jekaro im aiböj. Ta eo limöm?

Yewer jekar&w y i m hay&b&j. Tah yew liiheih?

A: Ebwe aiböj, kommol.

Yebey

A: B: A: B: A:

hay&b&j.

Qeitahewel.

I'm thirsty. Do y o u have any w a t e r to drink? Wait, let me see. If there is any, bring me some. There's toddy and water. Which do y o u want? Water will do. Thank y o u

A: Ewör ke k o l a mölo?

Yewer key k&wiah ih&i&w?

B: Emat, ak ewör bia. Kwöj idrak ke bia?

Yemahat, hak yewer piyah. Qej yidahak key piyah?

A: Kommol a ij jab.

Qertuhewel hah yijjab.

B: Ewör b a n ak ejjab kanuij mölo.

Yewer b a n hak yejjab kahn&w&j A&è&w.

A: Eokwe letok juön..., kommol tata.

Yeqey leyteq j iwen.... qeitahewel tahtah.

A: Do you have any cold coke? B: It's all gone, but we have some beer. Do y o u drink beer? A: No, thank you. B: There's some punch but it's not very cold. A: That'll do, let me have one....thank y o u very much. 248

249

DRILLS Yimar&w. q&l&y bil piyaw haddebewilwil m& j k i y ih&k metak menewkadiw iheiagi&g

1 . I maro. kwole bwil bio adreboulul me j k i milk metak menokaru mHlattlHH 2 . EwOr ke a i b b j idrak? tutu kwalkwol kamOlo kabodren 3. K O t t a r .

4.

Ij

ja

in

lale. jerbai kiki tutu kHmra mona idrak kwalkwol kakije jeje

Ta eo limHm? kijOm j elem am kunam

5. Kwo maroH ke bOktok j i d r i k bia? aiboj kanniek rai j dren ma j ekaro bilawa eal ik

Yewer key hay&b&j y i n yidahak? tiwtiw qaiq&è kaiti&i&w kab&wdan Kettar.

Yijjah

lahley. jerbal kiykiy tiwtiw keiheray ihegay yidahak qalq&ì kakkij&y j&yj&y

Tah yew liiheih? k i jeih jaleyeih haih qiftahaih Qemare^ key b e k t e q piyah? hay&b&j kanniy&k rahyij dan may jekar&w pilahway yal y&k

jidik

250 EwOr ke kola mBlo? kola in wia kola bwil kola in kSre bia mOlo wBjke aibOj in kSre

Yewer key k&wlah ih&l&w? k&wlah yin wiyah k&wlah bil k&wlah yin kayrey piyah ih&l&w w&jk&y hay&b&j yin kayrey

Emat bia imwin. kola jodi j atin konbib wtJ jke

Yemahat piyah yiihyin. k&wlah jewdiy jahtiyin kawanpiyip w& jk&y

Kwbj idrak ke bia? Aet, lie ewBr, letok juÔn. kola j ekaro j imaiiifi jekmai jbkajeje ni dren mOlo

Qej yidahak key piyah? Hay&t, gey yewer, leyteq j iwen. k&wlah jekar&w j imagig jekihayiy jekajeyjey niy dan ih&l&w

Ejjab kanuij mOlo bia e limB.

Ye j jab kahn&w&j ih&l&w piyah y&y lim&h.

(Repeat

10. Letok juOn limt) kola. limen limbm limerjel limerwt) j limier limemwHj 11.

Drill

8.)

Leyteq jiwen lim&h k&wlah. limen liiheiti lim&yy&rj&l lim&yy&rw&j lim&yy&r limemwSj

'Who folded this MAT and folded Could you fold it properly? '

WtJn e ear limlim im limlimi i aki e na ije? Kwo marott ke kömanman am limi?

it oarelessly

here?

Wen y&y yehar l&ml&m yim limlimiy jakiy y&y ftah yij&y? Qemare^ key keihanihan haih limiy?

251 .lashed, this COCONUT SHOOT... ' (for tapping

toddy)

Wen y&y yehar yawy&w yim yawyiwitiy witak y&y Aah yi^&y? QemareiJ key keihanihan haih yawitiy?

WHn e ear eoeu im eoiuti utak e na rjeT? Kwo maroil ke kOmanman am eouti? .wound up this FISH

LINE...'

WBn e ear bobu im bobuti eo e na IJe? Kwo maroli ke kUmanman am bouti?

Wen y&y yehar pawp&w yim pawpiwitiy vew y&y Aah yij&y? QemareÇ key keihanihan haih pawitiy?

.knotted this ROPE. ...biwbiw yim biwbiwijiy tew... ...biwijiy?

.bubu im bubuj i to... buji? .took apart this

ENGINE...'

j aljal im j al j alate im m... jalate?

. .. ja-b jal yim jai jaiatey viniin... ...jatatey?

.turned this SEWING MACHINE... ' • iflitt im iHitliti men in.. . iHiti? ..rolled this EMPTY

.. .yicfyig yim yigyigitiy mevnn... . . .yigitiy DRUM..

• kaiabilbil im kajj ailbili kaTTiH... .kajabili?

...kejabilbil yim kejjabilbiliy kahailivig... ...kejabiliy?

.kadrabilbil im kadrailibili kaTTiH... .kadrabili?

. . .kadaipilpil yim kaddapilpiliy kaha-iliyiq. .. .. .kadapiliy?

..opened this CASE... .rubrub im irrubrube bok... .rube?

... ^ipfip yim t-fipfipey bawak... ...tipey?

..sliaed this BREAD.. .mwijmwij im *(mwi-) . . .ihijihi j yim * (ih)rttijAtimwijmwij iti pilawU... jitiy pilahwav... .mwi3iti? .. .ihi jitiy (*part of word in parenthesis indicates Ratak pronunciation.)

252

'...pounded

this

OCTOPUS.

. . .drettdrett im dretldreHete kwet... ...dreflete? GRAMMATICAL

...degdeg y i m d e g d e g e t e y g&v&t... ...degetey?

NOTES

1. D i s t r i b u t i v e forms of n o u n - l i k e w o r d s and o f c e r t a i n verbs w e r e p r a c t i c e d in L e s s o n 21. Now in Drill 11 of tying, this lesson the d i s t r i b u t i v e forms of v e r b s of binding, wrapping, rolling, opening, taking apart, etc. are i n t r o d u c e d . For w o r d s of this s o r t , the s e m a n t i c e l e m e n t a d d e d b y the d i s t r i b u t i v e is one of c a r e l e s s n e s s , s l o p p i n e s s , in every d i r e c t i o n , all over the p l a c e , etc. It s h o u l d n o t be too d i f f i c u l t to r e l a t e this concept to that of items that are w i d e s p r e a d over an island, actions that are i n t e n s i f i e d or f a c i l i t a t e d , a n d colors that are s p l a t t e r e d about. SHORT PROSE 1.

SELECTIONS Starch Makmbk ftakih&k

starch M a k m B k ej juOn ian m O H H ko k i j e n dri M a j O l . Aakih&k yej j i w e n y i ' y a h a n ihegay k e w k i j e n riftahjei. Ekka wOt an edrek ilo ailiii ko iOH k i n k e makmOk Y e k k a y w e t h a n ddek y i l e w h a y & l & g k e w y & g k & n k e y ihakih&k dry (not rainy) emman an edrek ilo j i k i n ko rejawbtwOt im yeitahan h a n ddek y i l e w j i k i n k e w r e j a w w & t w & t y i m sandy kabokbok. kabeqbeq.

dig u p after Kilen kBmmane, totake mokta, mwijin kwale, K i l e n keiluhaney, t & w t a k e y iheqtah, ih&jin q a è e y ,

then grate stone then strain tokelik iri k i n dekH b u k o r inem likliki im t e q a y l i k y i r i y k & n d e k a y p i q & r y i n n a m liklikiy y i m sun-dry kejeeke. kejeyekey.

Elatle e m w i j , likit ilo n u k n u k im Y e i a g g e y y&ft&j, l i k i t y i l e w n i q n i q y i m

h a n g it dry totoiki mae ien emorH. t e w t e w y i k i y ihahyey 'yiyen yeiheray.

finally grind Eliktata rube Yaliktahtah fipey

253 basket im likit n a iloan btJjo. y i m likit Aah yilewwahan bejaw.

KiO ebojak Han Kiyyeh yepewjak gan

to starch clothes mtJHa, kOmakmOk nuknuk, im Han uno. ihegay, keihakih&k niqniq, y i m gan winew. 2.

Divination Bubu Biwbiw

Bubu ej jubn maroH dri uno in etto ilo MajOl Biwbiw yej jiwen mare9 riwinew yin yettew yilew ftahjel wish rar kejerbale He rej kOnan rehar kejerbaley gey rej kefthan eo rej jab melele kake. yew rej jab meleyley kahkey. voodoo ekbbai im uno. kkepal y i m winew.

jeia kin juHn men jeiay k & n jiwen m e n

Men in kar mOttan Men y i n kar rtiettan

important Bubu elab tokjen Han uno, Han Biwbiw yetap tegjan gan winew, gan

kabbok dri kot im Han kabbok men ko rej jako. kapp&q rikawat y i m gan kapp&q m e n kew rej jakfiw.

Rar Rehar

kejerbal Han uno He rej bukot naHinmij rot eo an kejerbal gan winew gey rej piqet naginm&j fet yew h a n jubn armij, uno ta eo ekkar, ia eo uno jiwen harmsj, winew tah yew yekkar, yi'yah yew w i n e w eo eber ie, kab w b n eo ekkar Han lelok uno eo. kab w e n yew yekkar gan leyiaq winew yew. yew y e p a d y&y, Ien eo ien uno ej bar jubn ian m e n ko "Yiyen yew 'yiyen winew yej bar jiwen yi'yahan m e n k e w bubu ej kwalok. biwbiw yej qahiaq.

M e n ko rej kejerbali H a n b u b u M e n kew rej kejerbaliy gan biwbiw

remaroH kimej, jubub, maaH, ekwal, dreka im bwelek. remare^ kim&j, jiwibwib, mahag, qqai, dekay y i m b&l&k. PROVERBS 1. Etetal mOmbHaHe.

Yetyetal ihihegayg&y.

'Walking, eating.'

254 Note: When visitors are greeted in a Marshallese household the first thing that's offered is food. Thus: When you walk around visiting, you'll have to be ready to eat at each house you visit. 2. Kwe wbt kwe, Ha wBt Ha.

Qey wet qey, gah wet gah.

Equivalent: 'Each man for himself.' VOCABULARY adreboulul

haddebewilwi1

ban bio bobu bobouti bouti bOjo bubu

ban piyaw pawp&w (intr.) pawpiwitiy (distr.) pawitiy (tr.) be jaw biwbiw (intr.)

bubuj i buj i drabilbil dri kot dri uno

biwbiwijiy (distr.) biwijiy (tr.) dapilpil rikawat riwinew

eal ekkar

yai kkar

ekObai elap tokjen eliktata eo ifliH

kkepal yelap tegjan yaliktahtah yew yigyig

iiiiHiti iHiti j abilbil j awtltwbt

yigyigitiy (distr.) yigitiy (tr.) jabilbil jaww&tw&t

jeleem

jaleyeih jaleyejewcjiy j iwibwib

jodi jubub

dizzy (a distributive in form and meaning) punch (from English) to be cold, chilly wind up (as fish line) wind up carelessly wind it up basket, pocket to knot; divination, fortune teller, wizardism knot carelessly knot it roll thief, robber witch doctor, medicine man (woman) coconut milk fit, it is fitting, suitable voodoo it is important finally, last of all fish line to wind, crank, cause to revolve wind carelessly wind it roll not rainy ( ja- + distributive oF w&t rain) your meat course (cf. jaleyley) zories [from Jap.) stem of coconut, pandanus, etc.

255

kabokbok kajliii

kabeqbeq kahajliyig

sandy barrel, drum--gas, kerosene (from

kare kimej ktimra kOmakmOk limi limlim me j in

kayrey kim& j keiheray keihakih&k limiy (tr.) limlim meyjin

mejki melele menokaru

m& jkiy meieyiey menewkadiw

mtJk mBlaiilHfi mHmOttaile

ihek (Rat.) ih&k ( R a i . ) Aelagl&g ihihegayg&y

mix coconut leaves to dry to starch (clothes) to fold fold sewing machine (from English) sleepy understand perspiration, to perspire

mwij in tokelik totake totoiki

ih& jin teqaylik t&wtakey (tr.) tewtewyikiy

gasolene)

nausea, nauseated always eating (distributive of Aegay) after (it) afterwards, then dig (it) up hang (it) up

LESSON TWENTY-SIX Working and getting accustomed; more negatives with ja-. DIALOGUES 1. A: Ij lHmnak in jerbal jOmar in.

Yij iemAak yin jerbal jertiar yin.

B: Kwo naj jerbal ia?

Qenahaj jerbal yi'yah?

A: Inaj dri wia ilo imOn wia en an Mieco.

Yinahaj riwiyah yilew yiihen wiyah yeft han Miyeykew.

B: Naj jete wOnem?

Nahaj jetey weAyaih?

A: Lemtloul jeen juBn awa.

L&mg&wil jayan jiwen hawah.

B: Emake naj 1HH am mak.

Yemak&y nahaj leg haiti ihahak.

A: B: A: B: A: B:

I'm thinking o£ working this summer. Where will you work? I'll be a salesman at Mieco. How much will you be making? Fifty cents an hour. You'll make a lot of money.

2.

A: Lina, emwij ke am karreoik rum en?

Liynah, y&ih&j key haiti karr&y&wik riwirti yeft?

IjaHin. Ejatiin mwij aO kwalkwol pileij.

Yijjahgin. Yejjahgin ih&j hah&h qalq&l pilyej.

Lale kwar meloklok wintO kan.

Lahley qehar meiaqiaq winteh kaft.

B: Ewi Jomi? A: E kBmat.

Yewiy Jewmiy? Bwe?

Yekemat.

B: Ejelok. Ij baj kaj itok.

Bey?

Yejjelaq. Yij baj kajjit&k. 256

257 A: B: A: B: A: B:

Lina, have you finished cleaning that room? Not yet. I haven't washed the dishes yet. Don't forget the windows. Where's Jomi? She's cooking. Why? Nothing. I was just wondering.

3.

A: Emetak drill.

Yemetak diyih.

B: Eita, elab am mOk ke?

Yeyitah, yeiap haih ih&k key?

A: Jab, I jaminene in kiki ion jaki.

Jahab, yijammin&yn&y yin kiykiy yewen jakiy.

B: Oh, eminene drim Han bitofl ke?

W&w&w, yemmin&yn&y diyiih gan bitei} -key?

A: Aet, a ejab to im inaj bar iminene kin jaki.

Hay&t, hah yejjab tew yim yinahaj bar mmin&yn&y k&n jakiy.

A: B: A: B: A:

My back hurts. What happened? Are you exhausted? No. I'm not used to sleeping on mats. Oh, you're used to mattresses. Yes, but it won't take long for me to become accustomed to mats.

DRILLS 'I plan to work during this summer vaeation. ' Ij lOmnak in jerbal jOmar in. kowainini jikul dri kaki job etiwHr kabwiro jerakrOk

Yi j iemAak yin jerbal jeAar yin. kewwahyiniyniy jikiwii rikakiy jawab ya§ed kabiyr&w jerakr&k

2. Kwo naj jerbal ia? Qenahaj jerbal yi 1 yah? (Repeat Drill 1.) 3. I naj dri wia i Mieco jOmar in. kamtO

Yinahaj riwiyah yiy Miyevkew jeifcar yin. kahaihteh

258 wUkin pade inj inia kuk job jerbal

wekin bahd&y yinjiniyah giq jawab jerbal

4. 'You will earn a lot of money.' Emake naj loH am mak! iiet lab drik bool

Yemak&y nahaj leg haih ihahak! 'yiy&t lap dik b&w&l

5. 'How muoh will you get paid?' Naj jete wHnem? kunam waam baiem enem

Nahaj jetey weftyaih? qiftahaih wahaih palyerti yanyeih

6. Lina, emwij ke am karreoik rum en? kabelok karBk kili kainHknBk

Liynah, y&ih&j key haih karr&y&wik riwiih yeft? kabeliaq karek kiyiliy kayin&kn&k

7. Ijailin. Ejaiiin mwij at) kwalkwol pilej? kOmman kwalok kaboj ak kOmrS kUrol

Yijjahgin. Yejjahgin ih&j hah&h qalq&l pilyej? keihrtian kewwahlaq keppewjak keitieray kerrawal

8. 'Don't forget the windows. Lale kwar meloklok wintB kane. ke j am katitt kilaj eteiiak ne

Lahley qehar melaqiaq winteh kaAey. ke jam kaht&y&g kilahaj tteghak Aey

259 Don't

forget

that

Komin lemnake ad kömköm mä. k ö b rott j e k j e k kane keke nuknuk okok böb entak n i 10.

'Watch Laie

11.

out

kwo

'What's

that

we have ilen

you

don 't get burned.

bwil. o k j ak wutlok malotl tibbok mwijmwij tibjek j irilok butt the matter

to go pick

breadfruit.

Qeihin i e m A a k e y h a d keihkeih m a y . k&b r a § j&kj&k kan&y k&yk&y n i q n i q wekwek b e b y&ntak n i y

Lahley

with your

'

qebil. w&kjak w&tlaq male§ tibbaq ihi j i h i j tipj&k jiriylaq big

back? '

E i t a drim? E joren drill. akkllm kilUm botUm ätlim attlm ärUm enbw intim Mar Ilm l o j i I i i Ilm Hatim ittllm katllm a j ajtlm nem ilim ibtlm alkUm möjHalllm

Yeyitah diyiih? Yejettayan diyih. hakkiyiih kiliih bawtiih yatirti hatiih yariih yanbinniiti gariih lawjilgiih gatiih yittirti katiih hajhajiiti neyeih giyiih yipiih yalkirti rtie j g a l i i h

( " Y e y i t a h above is a Ratak dialect, substitute yebaj

form; for y&t.)

the

Rälik

260 12.

'I haven't

gotten

used

to sleeping

I jaminene in kiki ion j aki. bet bitotl tOlao mSterej j einae jebko ra j imen ujoj bok amak 13.

'Be hasn't

gotten

on mats

yet. '

Yijammin&yn&y yin kiykiy y e w e n jakiy. peyet biteg teiahwew materej j&yinahyey j &pkaw ray j imyeft wijw&j beq haihak used

to steeping

on mats

net. '

Ejaminene enbwinin H a n kiki ion j aki.

Yejammin&yn&y yanbinnin g a n k i y k i y y e w e n jakiy.

(Re-peat the cues ing drill.)

12 for

of Drill

14.

E j a m i n e n e k i n j aki.

15.

(Praotioe prefix.)

negating

this

and

the

Yejammin&yn&y k&n the following

by using

follow-

jakiy.

the

ja-

A : Iminene in k a d ü k . B: Ijaminene in k a d O k .

Yimmin&yn&y yin kadek. Yijammin&yn&y yin kadek.

A : E k k u t k u t an k a d O k . B: E j a k u t k u t an k a d ü k .

Yeqqitqit han kadek. Yejaqqitqit han kadek.

Ebakij

leen.

Eniknik

leen.

Emmourur

leen.

Y e p a k i j ieyeft. Y e n i k n i k ieyeft. Y e m m e w i r w i r Ieyeft.

E k o n lowan m w e e n .

Yeqeft l e w w a h a n iheyeft.

E u H b w i n b w i n eo.

Yewi§ b&nb&n yew.

Ekkijeje

Y e k k i j & y j & y Ieyeft.

leen.

ErrottroH leen.

Y e r r e § r e § ieyeft.

E o w a n leen.

Y e w w a n ieyeft.

Eiur

Y e y i f ieyeft.

leen.

Ejimat

leen.

Yejiihahat ieyeft.

261 SHORT PROSE

SELECTION

AibBj Lai Hay&b&j Lai Mokta jen an itok armij in belle Han Mai81, dri fteqtah jan han yiteq harmsj yin palley gan ftahjei, riMaiBl r8kein kejerbal emmak, aib8j lal, kab lojet Aahjel rek&yin kejerbal ihihak, hay&b&j lai, kab lawj&t iian tutu? amwin, im idrak. Emmak im aibBi lal gan tiwtiw, haihin, yim yidahak. ifatiak yim hay&b&j lai ko etto rar jab kanuij in erreo. kew yettew rehar jab kahn&w&j yin rr&y&w.

Ran kein Rahan k&yin

ekanuij in emman lok im erreo lok aibBj lal. yekahn&w&j yin ihftan iaq yim rr&y&w lag hay&b&j lai. dig them caught Wawen aer kBmmani, rej kibwiji Han He ebo dren Wayw&y&n hay&r keitnhaniy, rej kibijxy gan gey yepew dan inem jimeene yinnam jimyeftey

its sides protect (it) tererein ak abare tererein kin t&r&yr&yin hak haparey t&r&yr&yin k&n

crumble kajliH ak dreka bwe en jab rBm tererein im kahajliyig hak dekay bey yeft jab r&ih ter&yr&yin yim k8mman an etton. kerfuhan han tt&w&n.

cover o£ Ki8 rej kBmman benjen mejen bwe Kiyyeh rej kerfuhan p&njan me jan bey

en jab wBtlok menoknok ak jabrewBt men iloan yen jab w&tlag menaqnaq hak jabdeywet men yilewwahan im kattone. yim katt&w&n&y.

Ear kanuij iiet aibBi lal Yehar kahn&w&j 'yiy&t hay&D&j lai

etto im jabrewBt armij rej kejerbali im kattoni. yettew yim jabdeywet harmsj rej kejerbaliy yim katt&w&niy.

Ki8 enattin wBr aibBi lal iturin aolep Kiyyeh yenahgin wer haysbsj lai yitifin hawelep

em. y&ih.

Elab lok an armij ro aer aibBi lal kein Yeiap iaq han harm&j rew hay&r hay&D&j lai k&yin

karreoiki bwe ren erreo im jab kBmman naHinmij karr&y&wikiy bey ren rreyew yim jab keihrtian nahginm&j Han ir He rej tutu, idrak, ak kBmman mBHH ilo gan y&r gey rej tiwtiw, yidahak, hak kertuhan Aegay yilew

262

aibtJj lal kein. hay&b&j lai k&yin. PROVERB EmtfntJnU eo ej roH jen eo ej loe.

YeiheAehAeh yew yej re§ jan yew yej lewey.

'He that hears is happier than he that sees.' VOCABULARY ab are

haparey

akki

hakkiy

amak amwim at benjen bitoii bool di, -U, -im, -in ebo eita ekkij ej e emmak

haihak harhin hat p&njan, p&njabite$ b&w&i diy, diyi-

eowan

ww an

etetlak ib, -U, -im, -in imminene

tteghak yip, yipi-

itti jakkijeje j amminene j aniknik j irilok job

yittiy, yitti- ( R a i o tittit, titti- (Rat.) jakkij&yj&y jammin&yn&y janiknik jiriylaq jawab

kainöknök karök

kayin&kn&k karek

yepew yeyitah kkijsyj&y ituhak

mmin&yn&y

support; escort; outline (edges) fingernails, toenails, claws hammock (from English) wash hands gall bladder its cover mattress (from Jap.) full; bowl bone reach, caught what happened to gets tired easily a tree-hole water catchment hard worker, industrious porch waist be accustomed to; be used to breast not tire easily not accustomed to lazy slip; accident get a job; work for a salary (from English) to decorate to put things in order

263 kat, -11, - i m , -in katitt

kat, kati-

side

kaht&y&g

kibwij kOrol malott meloklok menoknok mHjHal niicnik fiar okj ak rbm

kibij (tr.) kerawal ma±e§ meiaqlaq menaqnaq ihe jgal niknik gad, gadiw&kjak r&ih

tererein tibbok tibjek wBkin bade

t&r&yr&yin tibbaq tipj &k

curtain (from English) to dig to return to drown forget debris, litter intestines work h a r d gums capsize, fall, trip cave in; m u d slide; crumble side, edge fall, trip fall, trip stevedore; (working party) (from Engl.) fall down, drop

wutlok

w e k i n bahd&y w&tlaq

LESSON TWENTY-SEVEN Animals ; more on directionals. DIALOGUES 1. A: EamOn, elukun yokwe men in mour. B: Mol, elHii nejin bik im bao.

Aewel, yeleg najin piyik yim bahwew.

A: Koba ruo jiblin bao in mejatoto.

K&wbah riwew jibin bahwew yin mejatewtew.

B: Ebar wBr jilu nejin kuuj kab juOn kiru.

Yebar wer jiliw najin kiwij kab jiwen kidiw.

A: Jab meloklok dak kan me elabtata an yokwi.

Jab meìaqìaq dak kaft mey yelaptahtah han yi'yaqiy.

A: B: A: B: A:

YeyaiheA yeliqqiwin yi'yaqey men yin mewir.

Herman really loves animals. That's right. He's got a lot of pigs and chickens. Plus two birds. He also has three cats and a dog. Don't forget the ducks. He loves them most.

2. A: Juttn en nejll kiru.

Jiwen yeft najih kidiw.

B: Kwar bOk ia?

Qehar bek yi'yah?

A: Baba ear btJktok jen Hawaii. B: Kiru in belle ke? A: Aet koman kilmej. B: Emman bwe ejeja en ekOnaan nejnej kokUrH.

Bahbah yehar bekteq jan Hawahyiy. Kidiw yin palley key?

A: B: A: B: A: B:

Hay&t, kewihahan kilmeyej. Yeitutian bey y&j&yjah yeft yekeAhan najn&j kewkeray.

I have a dog. Where did you get it? Dad brought it down from Hawaii An American dog? Yes , a black male. That's nice. Not many people like females as pets. 264

265 DRILLS

1. A: Eamön e yokwe men in mour. B: Eamön elukun yokwe men in mour. A: Elofl nejin bik im bao. B: E lukun lott nejin bik im bao. A: Kwo naüinmij. B: Kwo lukun naüinmij. A: Re dreo. I mök. E meletlet. Ej kate ilo jikul. Ear lab an natlinmij . E bwil rainin. I mök in katak. 2. Eloü nejin bao. kau biik kiru dak lolo kako kuj kij idrik koot jojo 3.

YeyaiheA yeyiyaqey men yin mewir. YeyaiheA yeliqqiwin yi'yaqey men yin mewir. Yeleg najin piyik yim bahwew. Yeliqqiwin leg najin piyik yim bahwew. Qenahginmsj. Qeliqqiwin nahginm&j. Redeyew. Yiih&k

Yemaletlet. Yej katey yilew jikiwil. Yehar lap han nahginm&j. Yebil rahyinyin. Yiih&k y i n

kahtak.

Yeleg najin bahwew. kahwiw piyik kidiw dak lawlaw kahk&w kiwi j kijdik kewet j&wj&w

(Substitute the pronouns indicated in the questions and be sure to make the pronouns of the response agree with those of the question.)

A: Kwo meloklok iö ke? B: Jab Ij janin meloklok yok. e ir kim Ha

Qemelaqlaq y&h key? Jahab. Yij jahgin melaqiaq y&q. y&y y&r k&m g ah

4. E bar wOr jutìn at) pitti el. kijo jikka nejU bik jibll bao wad wa imt) em eneB ene kHtka ni limtJ aspirili kona ek kineO jaki meja mej kojO koj

Yebar wer jiwen hah&h pinjei. kij&h jikkah najih piyik jibih bahwew wah&h wah yiih&h y&ih yan&y&h yan&y ketkah niy lim&h hajbiryin qeftah y&k kiniy&h jakiy mejah maj kawj&h kawaj

5. Kwar btìk ia kiru en ne jtlm? penjil... am j ikka....kijtìm bao (età.) wa em ene ni aspirin j aki mej wtit

Qehar bek yi'yah kidiw yeft najiih. pinjei.. .haih jikkah.. .ki jeih bahwew (eta.) wah y&ih yan&y niy hajbiryin jakiy maj wit

6. WOn ekHnan nejnij koman? tutu iar komat mOttU iakiu turofi dri kaki j erbai katak kaamttJ

Wen yekefihaft najn&j kewihahan. tiwtiw yiyhar kemat ihegay yi'yakiyiw tiwra§ rikakiy jerbal kahtak kahaihteh

Yehar bekteg jehet. Yehar bekiaq jehet. Yehar bekw&j jehet. (Continue3 substituting the other two and the appropriate pos, essive:)

7. Ear bOktok jutìn aH jtìt. Ear bbklok jutìn an jHt. Ear bOkwBj jutìn am jtìt.

jiwen hah&h jiwen han jiwen haih direotionals

267

letok jilkintok buktJttok wiaiktok aenetok kwaltok

leyteq jilkinteq piqetteq wiyahyikteq hayeneyteq qaiteq

8. 'Move that table this way. '

KBmakittok tebel ne. kBmakitwBj kBmakitlok iuntok (Substitute

Keihakitteq teybei ftey. keihakitw&j keihakitiaq yiwinteq

the other direationals}

kebaktok wuraketok

as

above.)

keyepahakteq wirahakeyteq

9. 'Laiben is going northward. '

Laiben ej wanilialok. warOHalok tarnilialok tarrHHalok ettOrniHalok ettOrrottalok malniHalok (Continue3

changing

Bayipen yej waynigahtag. wayr&gahiaq tarnigahiaq tarr&gahlaq tt&rnigahlaq tt&rr&gahlaq ihalnigahlaq

'northward' to

jorjorniflalok aj ariknitlalok

'southward'.)

jet jetnigahiaq hajadiknigahiaq

(The parts of the above words meaning 'northward' and 'southward' are Rti.Hk forms; the Ratak equivalents and those for 'eastward' and 'westward' as praotiaed in the next drill are as follows:)

Raiik

Ratak

waynigahiaq wayr&gahiaq yitahiaq

way nigyagiaq wayr&kyagiaq waytahlaq/ waytakiaq wayt&wiaq

yit&wiaq

northward southward eas tward eastward westward

268 Note the change of the root to yi- for Rälik 'eastward' and 'westward' (paralleling the dialectal pattern of yiteg/wayteg), and the optional substitution of k for h in the Ratak 'eastward'. 10. 'Laiben is going eastward. ' Laiben ej italok. itolok

fcayipen

yej yitahlag. yit&wlag

tartalok tartahlag tartolok tart&wiag ettörtalok tt&rtahlag ettörtolok tt&rt&wiag (Continue, changing 'eastward' to 'westward'.) maltalok

ihaltahïag

jorjortalok

jeïjeftahlag

ajäriktalok

hajadiktahiag

kotalok

kewtahiag

(This and the following drills give Rälik forms. The Ratak equivalents can be derived from the information at the end of Drill 9.) 11. 'Laiben is coming northward. ' Laiben ej wäniflatak. wäröHatak

Bayipen yej waynigahtak. wayr&gahtak

tarniHatak tarrötiatak

tarnigahtak tarr&gahtak

ettörnifiatak

tt&rnigahtak

malnitiatak

ihalnigahtak

j or jorniilatak

jetf jefnigahtak

ajMrikniiiatak

hajadiknigahtak

konifiatak

kewnigahtak

12. 'Laiben is coming eastward. ' Laiben ej itak. ito tartak tarto (etc.)

Bayipen yej yitak. yit&w tartak tart&w (etc.)

269 (Note that in this drill the forms we might expect (*yitahtakj *yit&wtak, *tartahtak, eta.) are shortened to those given above-. Similarly} in the Ratak dialect, *waytahtak becomes waytak, etc.) 13.

'Laiben went away northward; ward in a moment. ' EwäniHalok Laiben, möttan wöt jidrik ewäröüatak.

he'll

come

(back)

south-

Yewaynigahiaq fcayipen, ihettan wet jidik yewayr&gahtak.

(Continue, substituting tar ^ tt&r, rtial, jeffjeff, hajadik, and kew- in the above frame, and in the following one:) 'Laiben went away eastward; ward in a moment. ' Ei^talok Laiben, möttan wöt jidrik ei^to. 14.

'Where did Laiben

(Answer with appropriate ing drills.) 'Where is Laiben

come

(back)

west-

Yeyitahiaq Bayipen, rtiettan wet jidik yeyit&w.

go? '

Ewaj jikit Laiben? tar ttör mal jorjor ajärik ko töbal wäwe

15.

he'll

Yewa(j) j&k&t fcayipen? tar tt&r ihal jetjef hajadik kew tebal wayw&y statements

from the

preced-

going?'

(Continue exactly as in Drill changed as indicated.)

14s but with

the

tense

A: Ej waj jikit Laiben?

Yej wa(j)jikit Bayipen?

B: Ej wäniHalok, möttan wet jidrik ewäröHatak.

Yej waynigahiaq, ihettan jidik yewayr&gahtak.

(etc.)

(etc.)

2 70 16. (Practice the followingj which can be added to the repertory of possible answers to the questions of Brills 14 and 15. Substitute other verbal roots from preceding lessons, and other directional combinations .) 'He went (is going) away northward; he'll ward in your direction in a moment. '

come

south-

E(j) wUnifialok, m O t t a n w O t jidrik ewfctrHHawBj .

Ye(j) w a y n i g a h i a q , ihettan w e t jidrik yewajrr&gahw& j.

E(j) wSniflawOj , m O t t a n w B t jidrik ewarHtlatak .

Ye(j) w a y n i g a h w s j , ihettan w e t jidik y e w a y r S g a h t a k .

(physically p o s s i b l e p r o b a b l y only b y (Ratak

equivalents

of the above

telephone.)

would

be:)

E(j) w S n i H e a H l o k , m O t t a n Ye(j) w a y n i g y a g i a q , ihettan w 8 t jidrik ewarOkeafiwaj . w e t jidik y e w a ^ r & k y a g w a j . E(j) wSnitleattwaj , m H t t a n Ye(j) w a y n i g y a q w a j , ihettan w O t jidrik ewMrOkeaiitak. w e t jidik y e w a ^ r & k y a g t a k . GRAMMATICAL

NOTES

1. The directionals t e g , i a g , and w & j / w a j w e r e p r e s e n t e d a n d d i s c u s s e d in L e s s o n 4, and h a v e b e e n m e t again in the lesson m a t e r i a l s that followed. They form a set of three w h i c h c a n occupy c e r t a i n p o s t - v e r b a l slots. With this lesson b e g i n s the p r e s e n t a t i o n of another set of directionals, w h i c h occupy a d i f f e r e n t , p r e c e d i n g slot. Verbal Roots

DIRECTIONALS Slot I

Slot II

waytartt&r-

-nigah-/-nigyag-r&gah-/-r&kyag-tah-/-tak-t&w-

-teq(-tak) -laq -w&j/waj

(etc.)

(additional members of this set will be introduced in later lessons)

(a set consisting of only these three)

Note that teg is r e p l a c e d b y tak w h e n Slot p i e d , but that this tak m u s t be c o n s i d e r e d h o m o n y m of (not identical with) the one in ing 'eastward*. Note also the p r o h i b i t i o n

I is occuonly as a Slot I meanagainst the

271

sequences -*tahtak, -*taktak and -*t&wtak referred to in Drill 12. SHORT PROSE SELECTIONS

1.

Men in Mour Men yin Mewir Ilo MajOl, kin an idrik ene ko ie im jabwe Yilew Aahjel, k&n han ddik yan&y kew yi'y&y yim jabwey jikin men in mour, ejelok men in mour ellab. EwHr jikin men yin mewir, yejjeiaq men yin mewir ±iap. Yewer bik im bao, ak men kein ebbtfktok in dri belle piyik yim bahwew, hak men k&yin bb&kteg yin ripalley im ejjab men in mour in MajHl. Kar kijen dri MajOl yim yejjab men yin mewir yin ftahjei. Kar kijen riAahjei wHt ik tian jHlele im Han On ko reaikuji jen wet y&k gan jal&yl&y yim gan h&n kew rehayiqijiy jan kanniek. Ekanuij in loH wMwen kbmat im keboj kanniy&k. Yekahn&w&j yin leg wayw&y&n kemat yim kep&w&j ik Han mOHa im jekdron ewi ikutkut in aer mOHU y&k gan ihegay yim jekdawan yewiy qqitqit yin hay&r ihegay ak reban in mtJk kake. hak reban yin ih&k kahkey. 2.

Jikul ko ilo AiliH ko Ilikin Jikiwiì kew yilew Hay&l&g kew Yilikin middle o£ Jikul ko ilo ailiH ko ilikin rej bed eolaban Jikiwii kew yilew hay&l&g kew yilikin rej pad yewiapan magistrate jikin kwelok ko, ijo im jonjo ro im alab ro jikin q&ylaq kew, yijew yim jewenjew rew yim halap rew rej jokwe ie. EkkH aer bed ijo imOn taktO rej j&q&y yi'y&y. Yekkay hay&r pad yijew yirtien takteh eo ej bed ie. yew yej pad yi'y&y.

these houses thatch Mbkein ktJmman jen aj im Aek&yin keituhan jan haj yim

cement iloair ejab jimeen yilewwahy&r yejjab jimyeft

gravel ak 13. Ran kein ewOr hak lay. Rahan k&yin yewer

272

better planned jet jikul könunan in kien im ebo lok jirik lemäir. jet jikiwii keihihan yin kiyen yim yep&wlaq jidik lemayy&r. Wöran dri jikul ilo jikul kein ekkä jen rotloul Weran rijikiwii yilew jikiwii k&yin yekkay jan r&g&wil class Han rualitökttoul koba kilaj juön Han rualitök. gan riwahliyt&kg&wil, k&wbah kilhaj jiwen gan riwahliyElkin kilaj rualitök ro dri kaki ro rej t&k. Yalkin kilhaj riwahliyt&k, rew rikakiy rew rej lemenak bwe remaroH etal Han aer jikul, rej lemAak bey remareif yetal gan hayey jikiwii, rej send well jilkinlok ir Han Majuro. Ro jet, ekwe, emwij aer jilkinlaq y&r gan Majr&w. Rew jet, yeqey, y&ih&j hay&r j ikul. jikiwii. PROVERB

Kwojab inojeeklok jeni Qejab yinewj&yiklaq janiy wa kein, ial in mour wah k&yin, yiyal yin mewir ko kein. kew k&yin. 'Don't drift away from these canoes, these are your passes to life.' 'Don't take things for granted.' VOCABULARY

aen aj aj Hrik bolemSn

hay en haj hajadik pewleman

bukottok

piqetteq

dak dreo ekka eolab&n itak-/itaiun

dak deyaw yekkay yewlapan yitak-, yitahyiwin

iron, to iron thatch stroll well planned, well designed, perfect to look for and bring here duck (from English) beautiful--woman only usually, often in the middle of it to go toward the east to push

273 jilkin-, -lok, - t o k , -woj

jilkin-

jojo jonjo

j &w j &w jewenjew

jorjor

jetjet

kako kebak kij idrik kilaj kiniO koj kojtJ kOmakit koman koot kuj ia lolo mal -

kahk&w keyepahak kijdik kilhaj k i n i y & h , kiniyekawaj k a w a j & h , kawajekeihakit kewftahan kewet kiwi j lay 1awlaw ihal-

mej atoto nejnij tar

me j a t e w t e w najn&j tar

tHbal wS

tebal way-

w3we

wayw&y

wurake

wirahkey

send--it, her, him (with d i r e c t i o n a l suffixes) chick m a g i s t r a t e (from Japanese) to w a l k fast and vigorously rooster to m o v e closer m o u s e , rat class my mat blanket my blanket to m o v e male goat (from E n g l i s h ) cat gravel hen to lean t o w a r d (always used with directional suffix) air to keep as a pet to h e a d (always u s e d with a directional suffix) to crawl to p r o c e e d (always used w i t h a directional s u f f i x ) to go toward (used with directional suffix) to m o v e it

LESSON TWENTY-EIGHT Drinking and eating; washing; common questions; personal names; Aah; more Slot I directionals. DIALOGUES 1. A: I kwBle. B: Bar tta. mBtta.

Yiq&l&y. Kejro ilen

Bar gah. ihegay.

K&jrew yilan

A: EwOr bik im mS imwen imtf. Jero naj idrak ni.

Yewer piyik y i m m a y yiiheyeft yiih&h. Jerew nahaj yidahak niy.

B: Ekwe kejro kaiur.

Yeqey k&jrew yetal.

A: Kwo mat ke?

Qemat key?

B: I lukun mat, jej amwin ia?

Yiiiqqiwin mat, jej haihin yi'yah?

A: EwOr dren in amwin nabij , turin kejam en.

Yewer dannin haihin nab&j, tiïin k e j a m yeA.

B: Ko kanuij in emol.

Qekahn&w&j y i n ihihewel.

A: I'm hungry. B: Me too. Let's go eat. A: There's some pork and some breadfruit at my house. We'll drink coconut (juice). B: Let's hurry. A: Are you full? B: I really am full. Where do we w a s h our hands? A: There's water outside by the door. B: Thanks. 2. A: Enno ke mOHS imwOn jikul kan?

Yennaw key ihegay yiihen jikiwii kaA?

B : Ebwe, ak awa in mOflU kan renana.

Yebey, hak hawah y i n ihegay kaA renahnah.

A: Bwe?

Bey? 274

275

B: Kimij mötiä in jibbott ilo jiljino awa jimettan, lak möfiä in raeleb, jotioul-ruo awa jimettan.

K&mij ihegay yin jibb&g yilew jiljinew hawah jimettan, lak ihegay yin rahyelep, jegewil-riwew hawah jimettan.

A: Ak möilä in jota?

Hak ihegay yin j&wtah?

B: Lalim awa. Emen im jimettan awa jen ien möilä in raeleb. A: Etke komij jab jänij i awa kan?

Bal&m hawah. Yeman yim jimettan hawah jan 'yiyen ihegay yin rahyelep. Yetkey q&Aij jab janijiy hawah kaA?

B: Kim ar kajjioil, ak ejaHin wör töbrak.

K&m har kajjiye§, hak yejjahgin wer teprak.

A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B:

Is the food at the school good? Yes, but the meal times are bad. Why? We eat breakfast at 6:30 and lunch at 12:30. How about dinner? Five. Four and a half hours after lunch. Why don't you change the time? We tried but there have been no results.

DRILLS 1.

'When are you going

Kwonaj amwin fläät? kwalkwol ormij tutu karreo jokiiH biraj rukruk kurkut namnam mukmuk re j a 2. 'There is some pork

Ewör bik imwen imö. bao ik bwiro kwanjin

to wash your

hands? '

Qenahaj haihin gayat? qalq&i w&rm&j tiwtiw karr&y&w jewkiyig biraj riqriq kitkif naihnaih ihiqihiq reyjah at my house. '

Yewer piyik yiiheyeA yiih&h. bahwew y&k biyr&w qanjin

276

jenkun raij jekkob böb ni 3. 'Are you full?'

jayanqin rahyij jeqqep beb niy 'Yes, I'm really full. '

A: Kwo mat ke? B: Aet, ilukkun mat. maro kwo le äfiden batur afiir aHaaüe

Qemat key? Hay&t, yiliqqiwin mat. marfcw q&l&y yagden batif hagir haghagey

4. 'Mwejen oraves ahicken meat. '

Elab an Mwejen ijol bao. bwiro kau böb ieraj ma binana ik iu baru

Yeiap han fteyjen yijei bahwew. biyr&w kahwiw beb yi"yeraj may pinahnah y&k yiw bariw

5. 'These foods are delioious. '

Enno wöt kein möHä. etMal ekirij i edrendren ebil emölu ebin ebidodo ekömatmat ekö j amj am emattia emattie

Yennaw wet k&yin ihegay. tegal kiryijiy dandan bil A&l&w p&n pid&wd&w kematmat kejaihjaih mattiyyah mattiyy&y

6. 'Is the food at sohool delioious? '

Enno ke mBflä imön jikul kan?

Yennaw key ihegay yiihen jikiwii kaA?

Ill

y&p&n key kahtak yelap key kahtak yeleg key rijikiwil yewer key kawp&y yemeram key teyegkiy yepid&wd&w key kahtak yebil key lewwahan y&ih&i&w key lewwahan

ebin ke katak elap ke katak elOil ke drijikul eor ke kobe emeram ke teiiki ebiroro ke katak ebil ke loan emolu ke loan 7. Some questions. Bwe? Etke? Taunin? Bwe et? Ebaj et? Bwe eake? En ta? Ta rot? Kein ta? Men ta? Waj jikOt? Tu ia?

(Use English

cues.)

Why? Why? What's the reason? So that what? What's the matter? Why do you ask? Why do you ask? What for? What's that for? Which thing? Where to? Where exactly?

Bey? Yetkey? Tahwinin? Bey y&t? Yebaj y&t? Bey yahkey Yen tah? Tah £et? K&yin tah? Men tah? Wajjik&t? Tiw yi'yah?

8. 'Translate your book. KwOn ukot buk ne am. JlnTji ikir lale kOmanmanlok riti kakOleik kejbarok

Qen wiket b&q Aey haih. janijiy yikir lahley keihanihanlaq riyitiy kakeiieyik kejpareq

We tried but haven't suooeeded yet. ' Kim ar kajjioii ak e j aiiin wtJr tttbrak. oktak irilok jSnij aineman melele walok uak alikkar

K&m har kajjiyeÇ hak yejjahgin wer teprak. w&qtak yirlaq jani j hay&n&ihihan meieyley wahiaq wiwahak halikkar

278

10. 'They named the boy Jori. ' (Practice these names with and without the prefixes.) Jewdiy T: Jori Rehar ftah yetan ladik yew A: Rar na etan ladrik eo Jewdiy. Jori. Rehar ftah yetan ladik yew B: Rar na etan ladrik eo Lejewdiy. LOj ori. T: Mithen A: Rar na etan ladrik eo Mithen. B: Rar na etan ladrik eo Lamithen. T: Anwoj Katnar JBbro Rena Beia

Miyten Rehar ftah yetan ladik yew Miyten. Rehar ftah yetan ladik yew fcamiyten.

Hanwej (la-) Ketnar Jebraw Reynah Peyiyah (Prefix is pronounced le- unless otherwise indicated.)

11. 'They named the girl Almi. T: Almi A: Rar na etan ledrik eo Almi. Rar na etan ledrik eo Laalmi.

Halmiy Rehar ftah yetan ledik yew Halimiy. Rehar ftah yetan ledik yew Lahalimiy.

T: Tiblok A: Rar na etan ledrik eo Tiblok. B: Rar na etan ledrik eo Litiblok.

Tiblaq Rehar ftah yetan ledik yew Tiblaq. Rehar ftah yetan ledik yew Litiblaq.

T: Tokkwi Betra Ajenet Mina Witen Joubon Niba (Prefix is pronounced li-

Teqqiy Peyetrah Hajenet (la-) Minah Wiytayan Jewiben Niybah unless otherwise indicated.)

12. 'Make room for that boy. ' KwHn kab na jikin ladrik ne. na mweien

Qen kab ftah jikin ladik ftey. ftah iheyiyen

279

na na na na na na na

kinien biten etan ballin kojen kijen limen

Aah Aah Aah Aah Aah Aah Aah

kiniyen piten yetan ballin kawajen kijen limen

13. 'Laiben went towards the ocean side; he'll (back) to the lagoon side in a moment. ' (speaker and addressee(s) of island)

both near

Laiben ewanliklok, möttan wöt jidrik ewanartak. tar ttör ko bul jorjor ajärik kkaiuriur töbal ju

Layipen yewanlikiaq, itiettan wet jidik yewanhartak.

(Use the above 14.

side

tar tt&r kew biwii jetjef hajadik kkayifyif tebal jiw

oues with each of the

following:)

'Laiben went towards the ooean side; he'll oome towards the lagoon beaoh to you in a moment. ' Laiben ewanliklok, möttan wöt jidrik ewanarwöj.

15.

lagoon

oome

Layipen yewanlikiaq, itiettan wet jidik yewanharw&j.

'Laiben went towards the interior of the island; he'll oome (back) to the lagoon side in a moment. ' (speaker island)

and addressee(s)

Laiben ewönojlok, möttan wöt jidrik ewanartak.

both near

lagoon side of

Bayipen yewenwejlaq, itiettan wet jidik yewanhartak.

16. 'Laiben went towards the lagoon side; towards the ooean side in a moment. ' (speaker and addressee(s) ooean side)

he'll

both in interior

oome or near

2 80 Laiben ewanarlok, möttan w ö t jidrik ewanliktak. 17.

'The canoe went out toward the ocean; (back) toward the island soon. ' W a eo ewanmetolok, möttan w ö t jidrik ewanenetak. tar jejjej töbtöb be j erak ttör bukarar le inj in le wöjlä

18.

Bayipen yewanharlag, ihettan w e t jidik yewanliktak. it'll

come

W a h yew yewanmetewiaq, ihettan w e t jidik yewany an & y t ak. tar jajjaj tebteb pey jerak tt&r bigaharhar ley y i n j i n ley w&jiay

'Laiben went up to the top of the mountain; come down in a little while. '

he'll

(Learn each of the following underlined words as cues.)

the

well;

then use

Laiben ewanliHlok Han ran tol en, möttan wöt j idrik ewanlöltak.

fcayipen yewanl&glaq gan rahan tel yeft, ihettan w e t jidik yewanlaltak.

Laiben euweliHlok ilan ran tima en, möttan wöt j idrik etolöltak.

Bayipen yewiw&yl&glaq gan rahan tiyihah yeA, ihettan w e t jidik y&t&wlaltak.

Bao eo ekelitllok H a n ran m ä en, möttan wöt jidrilc ekelöltak.

Bahwew yew yekayl&glaq gan rahan may yeA, ihettan w e t jidik yekaylaltak.

Ladrik eo etalliHlittlok Han ran nl en, möttan wöt jidrik etolöltak.

fcadik yew yetall&gl&giaq gan rahan niy y e A , ihettan w e t jidik y&t&wlaitak.

19. A classroom exercise in directionals, requiring two sitting mats. (A is standing,

B is seated

A: KwOn jutak mbk lHHtak. (while

ground.)

Q e n jiwtak Aek l>ak.

in the act of getting

B: Ij jutak lHHwOj.

on a mat on the up, B

says:)

Yij jiwtak l&gw&j.

281 (when

on his

feet,

B

says:)

B: Emwij aB j u t a k lfliltak.

Y&ih&j hah&h j i w t a k

A: Emwij am j u t a k l B t l t a k . KiB kwBn b a r j i j B t mBk lBllok.

Y&ih&j haih j i w t a k l & g t a k . Kiyyeh qen b a r j i y j e t ihek laiiaq.

(while

Ij

in

jijBt

(when

the

act

of being

lBllok.

seated,

A

Ij

in the

jiyjet

on his

says:)

laiiaq.

act

Y&ih&j hah&h j i y j e t

of getting

feet,

up,

A

says:)

Y i j jiwtak A

l&giaq.

says:)

A: Emwij aB j u t a k lBtttak.

Y&ih&j hah&h j i w t a k

B: Emwij am j u t a k lBHlok.

Y&ih&j haih j i w t a k

(Ilow repeat,

trading

laltak.

Y&ih&j haih j i y j e t l a i t a k . Kiyyeh qen b a r j i w t a k ihek l & g i a q .

j u t a k lBHlok.

(when

B

says:)

A: Emwij aB j i j B t l B l t a k . B: Emwij am j i j B t l B l t a k . KitJ kwBn b a r j u t a k mBk lOHlok. (while

seated,

l>ak.

l>ak.

l&giaq.

roles.)

2 0 . Another c l a s s r o o m e x e r c i s e in d i r e c t i o n a l s u s i n g same format as D r i l l 1 9 . (A is standing the back.)

at the

front

of the

classroom,

A: KwBn wbnmantak mBk.

Qen wenihahantak ihek.

B

the near

B: I j wBnmanwBj .

Y i j wenihahanwsj.

B: Emwij aB wdnmantak.

Y&ih&j hah&h wenihahantak.

A: Emwij am wtfnmantak. KiB kwBn b a r w b n l i k l o k .

Y&ih&j haih wenihahantak. Kiyyeh qen b a r w e n l i k i a q .

B: I j

Yij wenlikiaq.

wbnliklok.

B; Emwij aB w o n l i k t a k .

Y&ih&j hah&h w e n l i k t a k .

A: Emwij am w b n l i k l o k .

Y&ih&j haih w e n l i k i a q .

B: KwBn wBnliktak mBk.

Qen w e n l i k t a k ihek.

A: I j

Y i j wenlikw&j.

wbnlikwBj.

A: Emwij aB w B n l i k t a k .

Y&ih&j hah&h w e n l i k t a k .

/—\

,—,

J3 rtf +J >1 m •H p Pi • H y OS

SX nj X

/—«

a cd i—1 P . nî ni i-H eo-H rH > i •H S a) o r H —' D i O , « EH Kv 1 —'

l/î P m rH W o •H M

»

/ 1 ID •r-> - n J S cd the- 97; 104, 134-136; jab 233-235; 294-297 Dialects: xii-xiii, 28-30; naji22; 87; lime- 122; kahkey-yahkey 243-244; yeyitah-yebaj yst 259; har-kar 292; jahaih 297 Dialogues: where are you going 3; where is TimBj going 10; do you have a pencil 15; are you two coming 23; where are you coming from 33; what is your name 43; what time is it 55; whose pencil is that 67; can you build houses 77; MelaH, sing 90; is the food cooked 103; how are you 118; I have a headache 129; what kind of work do you do 141; hello folks 152; can 435

436 you play an instrument 162; Exist: wer 15, 68, 71, 118, 129; where is your older brother yewer...-n 165, 190-191, 219170; who fixed your hair 178; 221, 232, 249-250, 275 may I use your watch 188; do you have any sardines 188-189; Finish A&j: 142, 171, 212-213, do you have any books to read 234, 258, 303-304 199; let's go to the meeting 199-200; what flag is that Fishing methods: 291 209; what are you doing Sunday morning 209-210; is Tom marFormative law-: 123 ried 218; Obed, where are you going 218-219; there's a party Frequency : 166, 260 tomorrow 219; what do you have in your hand 230; is there a Future : nahaj 10, 240; nahaj vs. barber shop around here 230ban 23-24; mettan jidik 152; 231; where were you yesterday 257-258, 302 238; did you have alcohol in these islands 238-239; I'm Give: Aah 277-279 thirsty 248; do you have any cold coke 248; I'm thinking Gone: mahat 104, 191; mewet 48, of working this summer 256; 152; jak&w 48 Lina, have you finished cleaning that room 256-257; my back Imperative (jussive): 90-96, 163, hurts 257; Herman really loves 213, 223, 240, 293-294 animals 264; I have a dog 264; I'm hungry 274; is the food at Intensifiers: liqqiwin 120; the school good 274-275; do kahn&w&j 120; jjeiaq wet...-n you have a spear 290; let's go 120; mak&y 120, 179, 182, 193, fishing 302; did you catch 294; nahgin (as understatement) anything 302-303 180-182; baj 241 Directionals: 25-28, 39, 130, 232, 266-270, 279-285, 306307, 310 Distributive: flora and fauna 202-205; colors 212-214; actions 250-252, 291-292 Double consonant stems:

26-28

Earlier stages of the language: 19-20, 38, 60; *yiihe 96, Exhortations with qehar 240, 243, 258

Intonation: xxii, 181-182, 304, 308-309 Just: kab 191; baj 241, 256, 304, 308 Kin: 69-71, 170-171, 218-227, 308-309 Like keAhan: 93-94, 96, 163, 191, 223, 232, 305 Loan words: Locative:

20, 38, 60 yiy 24; locative

437

demonstratives 83, ref. 8889, near yititfi- 130; location of kajjiye- 194; direction tiw 306-307, 310 Maps: Marshall Islands x; Majuro Atoll 284 Months of the year:

ref. 53-54

More than (quantities) jimah, yim men: 308 Names: 48-49, 82, 232, 277278; personal name prefixes 88-89, 283-285, 305 Negative: jab 10-12, jahab 12; answers to negative questions 13-14; ban 23-24; jahjSy 79; ja- 163-166, 259-260, 292; jjahgin 220, 258 Numerals: 112

ref. 53; ordinals

Occupations:

with ri- 141-142

On (yi')yewen, rahan: 231-232 Origins yin yi'yah: Other:

211

173

Past: har 77, 82; kar 82, 183184, 238-240 Possessives: 15-20, ref. 22; yippa- 29-30; 39, 47-48, 73; yiihe- 96-97; 118-120; used to embed clauses 132-134; 165166, 190, 193-195, 265-266, 307 Prepositions: 74, 243-244

gan 3-4; jan 33;

Progressive:

5

Prose selections: the Marshalls 61-62; the people 83-84; entertaining 98; the Ten Commandments 98-100; importing food 112-113; public health 126; native medicine 137-138; schools 149-150; coconut 159-160; drums 167; custard jayanqin 174-175; legends 184-185; wakes 195-196; Marshall Islands Congress 206; Congress of Micronesia 214-215; field trips 227-228; coconut oil 236; toddy 244-245; starch 252253; divination 253; wells 261262; animals 271; outer-island schools 271; radio 286-288; preserving fish 298-299; preserved breadfruit 311 Proverbs: haste makes waste 31; don't bite the hand 40; two birds 50; kindness 66; losing 84; he who hesitates 100; share with love 113; men fool 126; our mother 138; blood 150; don't sleep 159; small but mighty 168; woman 175; one who has too much 185; a penny saved 196; persevere 206; the tide never ceases 216; small but mighty 228; Jaluit 237; stomachs 245; walking, eating 253-254; each man 254; he that hears 262; don't drift away 272; canoes 288; the early bird 288; Likiep 311-312. Questions: yes-no key 11, 73-74; is there 13-14, 72, 118, 129; when gayat 25-26, 275; where yi'yah 3, how many jetey 43, 174; who wen 67, 178; which -t(ah) 181, 194-195; yes-no (fut. with -n) 92, 96; yes-no (contrary to fact with -n kar)

438 93; what kind iiet 93, 130-131, 141, 165; like keAhan 103; alternative 133; where yewiy 68-70, 142; do what y&t 173; why tahwinyin 180; why (nahgin with rising intonation) 182; who else yat 183; what tah 231, 249; what relation teyen, teyek 224-226; yewiy kadkadin 226-227; what's the matter yeyitah, yebaj y&t 259, 277, 304; why jahaih 297; in what direction, exactly where tiw yi'yah 306-307

Sounds:

xiii-xxi, 20

Sounds—specific pointers: a vs. aha 14; m > ih 20; i > 1 30; i... e > & 123; ...n > nn- 124; j > t 195 Straightway jah: 152, 154, 248, 303 Subject prefixes: Then when lak:

ref. 8-9, 104

213-214

Tides, waves, and water: 292, 294 Reduplication: Reflexives: Relative:

38-39, 204 Times: 44-45, ref. 53-54, 55-60, ref. 63-66, 103, 171, 307

katey 147

Tractable: 164-167

mey 165-167

Relatives: when (fut.) gey 57-59, 79-80; when (past) key 58-59, 73-74, 79-80 Same, similar, different: 124, 234-235

Transitive: 39, 104-111, ref. 114-117, 135-136, 148, 195, 243244 121,

Self: makey 120, 131, 178179, 183, 191, 294 Sickness:

-iyy&y vs. -iyyah

Understatement nahgin: 180-182 Until now dSy, yelaq: Use ley:

201

Used to: 243

k&n 163-165; k&yin 241,

119-120, 127-129

So that: bey...-n 96, 121122; 124, 293-294

Useful expressions: Song:

220, 227

xxiv

Yij yi'yaqey laq... 74 Verb phrases:

Sound drills: b-p 60-61; d-r 125; double consonants 148149; S-e 30; Sw-ew 39-40; i-S-e 50; q 137; i-1 97; long vowels 112; i 136; A-m 4-6; M (double consonant stems) 74; A-n 83; g 4-5; § 136-137; £ 136; t-j 83

13-14

Wishes: yi'yaqey bey...n kar 222; yen kar 240 With: yippa- 25-27, 30, 306; yi'yaha- 183-184 Word order:

13-14, 19, 39