Saxo Grammaticus, Danorum Regum Heroumque Historia Books X-XVI: The text of the first edition with translation and commentary in three volumes, Vol I: Books X, XI, XII, and XIII 9780860540977, 9781407351858

Table of contents :
Cover Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
PREFACE
NOTE ON SPELLING
ABBREVIATIONS
BOOK TEN: INTRODUCTION
BOOKS X-XIII: GENEALOGIES
MAPS

Citation preview

Saxo Grammaticus Danorum Regum Heroumque Historia BooksX-XVI The text of the first edition with translation and commentary in three volumes Vol. I: Books X, XI, XII and .XIII

Eric Christiansen

BAR International Series 84 1980

B.A.R.

B.A.R., 122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., ::\I.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, l\1.A.

B. A. R. S84, 1980: "Saxo Grammaticus, Books X-XVI" © Eric C hristiansen, 1980

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540977 paperback ISBN 9781407351858 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540977 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com Also available S118 (I) and (II), 1981: ‘Saxo Grammaticus. Danorum Regum Heroumque Historia Books X-XVI: The text of the first edition with translation and commentary in three volumes. Vol. II Books XIV, XV and XVI; Text and Translation, Tables and Maps. Vol III: Introduction and Commentary; General Index’ by Eric Christiansen ISBN 9781407389653 (Volume I) paperback ISBN 9781407389660 (Volume II) paperback ISBN 9780860541417 (Volume set) paperback ISBN 9781407325972 (Volume set) e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541417

CONTENTS

Page P reface N ote o n S pe l ling Abbrev ia t ions T ex t a nd Trans la t ion o f B ooks X-X 1T I

1 -143

I n troduct ion a nd N o tes

1 44-330

Genea log ies

3 31-341

Maps

3 42-347

PREFACE

S axo h as a lready b een e d i ted a t l eas t s ix t imes , a nd t rans la ted i n to f our l anguages . Why d o i ta ga in? There a re s evera l g ood r easons . F irs t ly , b ecause o ft he e lus iveness o ft he t ext . v ers ion i s t ha t p roduced b y O lr ik a nd R aeder i n 1 931 .

The r ece ived modern I t was a monu ment o f

emenda t ion , wh ich was i n tended t o l i e a s c lose ly a s p oss ib le t o wha t S axo a ctua l ly w ro te . B u t t here i s n o e x tan t manuscr ip t o ft he work , o n ly a f ew f ragmen ts , a nd i n o rder t o r ecrea te t he a uthor 's words , t he e di tors a pp l ied t he ir s k i l l a nd i mag ina t ion t o i mprov ing t he f i rs t e d i t ion , p ub l ished a t P ar is i n 1 514 .

The ir me thods were c on trovers ia l , a nd t he ir i mprovements h ave i n

many c ases r e ma ined q ues t ionab le .

I ti s a rguab le t ha t t hey a t te mp ted t he

imposs ib le , a nd t ha t t he c losest we c an g e t t o t he o r igina l i s t he f au l ty a nd s o me t i mes u nin te l l ig ib le c opy wh ich B adius p rin ted f ro m C hr is t ian P edersen 's manuscr ipt . T o O lrik a nd R aeder 's t ex t , t here i s a n e ssen t ia l c ompan ion i n t he ir magn if icen t a ppara tus c r i t icus ; b ut t he s tart ing-po int i s t he f i rs t e d it ion , a nd t he r ari ty a nd c os t o f i t makes i ti naccess ib le t o mos t s cho lars . Theref ore a r educed c opy o f f o lios 9 6b t o 1 99b o ft he 1 514 e di t ion h as b een r eprod uced o n t he r igh t h and p ages o ft hese v o lu mes b y t he k ind p ermiss ion o f t he Bodle ian L ibrary a t O xford . S econd ly , b ecause n o E ng lish t rans la t ion o f B ooks X-XV I h as y e t b een p ub lished . The f i rst n ine b ooks h ave b een e xce l len t ly s erved b y O liver E lton ( 1894 ) a nd b y P e ter F isher ( 1 979 ) , b ut t he l as t s even h ave b een l ef t i n t he ir d ecen t o bscur i ty b y E ng lish s cho lars . Wha t i s o f fered b e low i s a n a t temp t a t a n E ng l ish S axo wh ich i ncorpora tes s o me , b ut b y n o means a l l , o f t he emendat ions a nd r eadings p roposed b y t he n ob le a rmy o f c r i t ics wh ich marches f ro m S teph a n ius t o B la t t .

S axo 's l a t in i s d if icu lt t o r ead q u ick ly , a nd my E ng l ish

may s ave t ime , i fi ta f fords l i t t le p leasure .

The a im h as b een t o r eproduce

s o me o ft he i d iosyncrac ies ( e .g . S axo 's p o mpos i ty , c lass ic is m , a nd t endency t o b orrow words a nd p hrases f ro m V a ler ius Max i mus a nd J ust in ) wh i le u s ing O lr ik a nd R aeder 's s yste m o f c hap ters a nd s ec t ions t o make r ead ing e as ier . The c ase f or a no ther S axo C o m men tary i s weak , a nd t h is s cho l ias t h as n o q uarre l w ith t he p ropos i t ion t ha t , i ng enera l , t he d ay o ft hese works i s o ver . N o-one r eads t hem e xcep t t hose who d o n o t n eed t hem . They p ut i n t oo f ew words a rgu men ts t ha t n eed p ages t o c arry c onv ic t ion , y e t t hey o f ten miss more p o in ts t han t hey e luc ida te . t he t ex ts t hey a cco mpany .

T hey c u mber , a nd i n f la te t he p r ice o f ,

N ever the less , t here i s s o me th ing t o b e s a id f or

n o tes t ha t r efer t he r eader t o o ther b ooks , a nd f or c o m men ts t ha t a t temp t t o s epara te t he c a tegor ies o f f ac t a nd f i c t ion f rom wh ich S axo c oncoc ted h is h ist ory .

T hese s even b ooks c oncern t he d eve lop men t o f Denmark a nd h er n e igh-

b ours i n t he p os t-v ik ing a ge , a nd t he s tor ies t hey t e l l c an b e c o mpared w i th more r ecen t i n terpre ta t ions o f wha t h appened . Th is i s n o t i n i t se lf a n i l lu mi na t ing e xerc ise , s ince i t mere ly r evea ls d if ferences i n a pproach b e tween t hen a nd n ow wh ich many r eaders w i l l t ake f or g ran ted . However , i t may

g ive t he E ng lish r eader u nfam i l iar w ith medieva l S candinav ia a n i dea o f t he h is tor ica l i mp l ica t ions o fp assages wh ich wou ld o therw ise a ppear e ccen tr ic o r i nconsequen t ia l . T he s tuden t o f l i tera ture w i l l n o t a t tach i mpor tance t o s uch ' background mus ic ' , b ut may s t i l l b e p uzz led b y t he m ixture o f c u l tura l e choes i n t he t ex t .

P la ton is m , medieva l c a tho l ic is m , R o man r he tor ic , p a tr iot ic p ropaganda

a nd O ld N ordic h ero is m a re n o t u sua l ly f ound s o c lose ly i nvo lved w i th e ach o ther .

T o t race t he s ources o f S axo 's l i terary i nsp ira t ion where p ossib le

may r educe t he p uzz le men t . A lso , t he d ef ic ienc ies o f t he f i rs t p r in ted t ex t , a nd s ubsequen t e f for ts t o mend t he m , b o th n eed t obe p oin ted o u t . F or t hese r easons , t he t rans la t ion d raws a f ter i t a mus ty c argo o f i n trod uc t ion a nd n otes . I fi tf a i ls t o e nhance a t l eas t i tc anno t much d e trac t f ro m t he ma in p urpose , wh ich i s t o make t he t ex t o f S axo 's l as t s even b ooks a va i la b le a s c heap ly a s p oss ib le . T he G enera l E d i tors o f B r i t ish A rchaeo logica l R epor ts h ave u ndertaken t o p r in t t he who le i n t hree v o lu mes ,a nd i ti s t he b e lief o ft he t rans la tor t ha t w i thou t t he ir e nterpr ise a nd e xper t ise n oth ing o f t he s or t c ou ld h ave b een a t te mp ted .

E ric C hris t iansen

NOTE ON S PELL ING

I n t he t rans la t ion , p ersona l a nd u n iden t if iab le n ames t ake t he L a tin f or ms o ft he f i rs t e di t ion , e xcept where t hey c an b e emended w i th s ome c onf idence . Th is p o l icy s ee ms t he l eas t o f s ix e v i ls . T o t rans la te t hese n ames i n to E ng l ish w ou ld c rea te a mis leading d is t inc t ion b e tween t hose w i th , a nd t hose w i thout , a modern E ng lish e qu iva len t : e .g . b etween H ara ld a nd E bbe . T o g ive modern Dan ish f or ms wou ld make e ven f am i liar n ames l ook s trange t o t he E ng l ish r eader , who k nows C anu te a nd Wi l l iam , b u t n ot K nud a nd V i lhe lm . To u se wha tever f or ms a re c urren t i n t he modern s peech o f a l l t he n a t ions c oncerned w ou ld b e B abe l .

T o g o b ack t o t he med ieva l Dan ish f or ms w ou ld mean mak ing

a n a rb i trary c ho ice b etween s pe l lings t ha t v aried a ccording t o p lace a nd d a te :

e .g . b etween N icho laus , N ico laus , N ic las , N iko las , N ik las , N ig les a nd

s o o n .

T o u se s tandard ized O ld Wes t N orse s pe l l ings l i ke K nu tr wou ld b e

a bsurd , a nd i nept .

K eeping t he L a t in may b e a n a bdica t ion o ft he d uty t o

t rans la te , b u t t he L a t in f or ms a re e as ier o n t he E ng lish e ye a nd e ar t han t he a l terna t ives , a nd h ave t he a dvan tage o f r em inding t he r eader o f t he R o man s tandpoin t f ro m wh ich t he a u thor wro te . P lace-na mes a re g iven i n modern f or ms .

E ng l ish , where t hey e x is t ,

o therw ise a s s pe l t i n t he c oun tr ies where t he p laces n ow l ie .

Thus S ca n ian

n a mes a re s pe lt a s i n S wedish , Wendish a nd P o meran ian a s i n G er man ( West o ft he O der ) a nd P o lish ( beyond t he O der ) . S ch lesw ig i s t he c i ty , S lesw ick t he p rov ince . T here c an b e n o g ood r eason f or r enounc ing s uch l ong-used f or ms a s S can ia a nd J ut land i n f avour o f S käne a nd J y l land; i n t he c ho ice b e tween e .g . S tet t in a nd S zczec in a n e le men t o f R e ichsfe ind lichke i t may h ave c o me i n to p lay . I n t he c o m men tary , t he s pe l ling o fn ames f o l lows n o o ne r u le , b u t t here i s a n a t te mp t t o u se l oca l f or ms f or p ersona l n ames where i ti s d esirab le t o d is t inguish b e tween n a t iona l i t ies . N orweg ian O laves a nd H aro lds a re b läfr a nd H ara ldr , a nd t he P o les c o me i n P o l ish , minus a f ew a ccen ts .

ABBREV IATIONS

Aarb eer

Aarbdger f or n ord isk O ldkynd ighed o g H is tor ie ( De t k onge l ige n ord iske o ldskr if tse lskab C op . 1 866 -

Ac ta S S

Ac ta S anc toru m e d . J . B o l landus , G . H enschen ius e t a l . A ntwerp 1 643_

A da m

Mag is tr i A dam B re mens is G es ta H am maburgens is e cc les iae P on t if icu m e d . B . S chm ied ler SRG Hanover 1 917

ADM . Ägr ip

EAnna les Dan ie l Medi i A Ev i

e d . E . J 9 Srgensen C op . 1 920

Ägr ip a f No regs K onunga s Qgu m

e d . F . Ansson H a l le

1 929 A lex a ndre is

Ga lten id e C aste l l ione A lexandre is e d . M . L . C o lker P adua 1 978

ANF

A rk iv f ör N ord isk F i lo log i

Anna lista S axo

Anna l is ta S axo a . 7 41-1139

C hr is t ian ia 1 883e d . G . Wa i tz MGH S S v i

5 42 APS

Ac ta P h i lo log ica S candinav ica C op . 1 926-

Arno ld

A rno ld i C hron ica S lavoru m MGH S S x x i ( 1 869 ) 1 01

ASC

Two o f t he S axon C hron ic les p ara l le l

e d . I . M . L appenberg

e d . C . P lu m mer

a nd J . E ar le 2 vv O xford 1 892-99 Ass mann

E . Ass mann ' D ie S chaup la tze d er d än isch-wend ischen Ka mpfe ' BS 4 3 1 955

Av ia R ipens is

S am ling ....ka lde t ' O lde moder ' ( Av ia R ipens is ) e d . 0 . N ie lsen C op . 1 869

B a lzer B au mgar ten

0 . B a lzer G enea log ia P ias tbw C racow 1 895 N . d e B au mgar ten G enea log ies e t man ages o cc iden taux d es R urik ides ( Or ien ta lia C hr is t iana i x ) R o me 1 924

BD

B u l lar iu m Dan icu m e d . A . K rarup C op . 1 932

B ernhard i

W . B ernhardi L othar v on S upp linburg ( Jahrbücher d er d eu tschen G esch ich te ) L e ips ic 1 879

B la t t

S 1931 v o l . i :

B oberg

I . B oberg Mot if-index o f E ar ly I ce land ic L i tera ture

I ndex v erboru m F . B la t t C op . 1 957

( B ib lio theca Arnamagnaeana 2 7) C op . 1 966

B rankack

J . B rankack S tudien z ur Wir tschaf t u nd S oz ia ls truk tur d er West lawen

B renner

B autzen 1 964

0 . B renner D ie N achko m men G or ms d es A l ten C op . 1 964

B r ix

H . B r ix

A na lyser o g P rob le mer 6 v v .Cop . 1 933-1950

BRG

B ib l io theca R eru m G er man icaru m

e d . P . J af fe 6 v v .

B er lin 1 864-73 B r i lske

W . B rüske

U n tersuchungen z ur Gesch ich te d es L u t izen-

b undes Muns ter/Co logne 1 955 BS

B a lt ische S tudien ( Gese l lschaf t f t ir p o m mersche G esch ich te ) S te t t in 1 832-

C ampbe l l 1 949

E nco m iu m Em mae R eginae e d . A . C a mpbe l l ( Ca mden 3 rd s er ies b o c i i ) L ondon 1 949

CDSR

C odex D ip lo ma t icus S axon iae R eg iae

e d . 0 . P osse 3 v v .

L e ips ic 1 882-98 C JSGA

C orpus J ur is S veo-Gotoru m An t iqui e d . H . S . C o l l in a nd a nd C . J . S ch ly ter 1 3 v v . S tockho lm 1 827-1877

C leasby V ig fusson

R . C leasby a nd G . V igfusson D ic t ionary

C o mpend iu m S axon is

S axon is G es ta Danoru m a b i ncer to a uc tore i n c o mp endiu m r edac ta e t c ont inua ta

CPB

A n I ce landic-Eng l ish

O xford 1 874

C orpus P oe t icu m B orea le

e d . M . C . G er tz SM i

e d . G . V igfusson a nd F .

Y ork P owe l l 2v v O xford 1 883 CPD

C odex P o meran iae D ip lo ma t icus e d . K . F . W . Hasse lb ach a nd J . G . L . K osegar ten G re ifswa ld 1 843-62

DAA

Dammarks A de ls Aarbog

e d . H . R . H ior t-Lorenzen

a nd A . T h ise t 7 9 v v . C op . 1 884-1963 Danske S tud ier

Danske S tud ier ( Dan ia ) C op . 1 904

DB

Dan ische B ib lio thec 3 v v C op . a nd L e ips ic 1 738-39

DEL

Dansk b iograf isk L eks ikon

e d . P . E nge ls tof t a nd S .

Dah l 2 6 v v C op . 1 933-44 DD

D ip lo ma tar iu m Dan icu m s er ies Iv o l . 2( 1053-1169 ) e d . L . We ibu l l C op . 1 963

DD 1 /3

i b id . v o l . 3p ar t i( 1170-1199) e d . C . A . C hr is tensen , H . N ie lsen , a nd L . We ibu l l C op . 1 976-77

DD 1 /4

i b id . v o l . 4( 1200-1210 ) e d . N . s cu m-N ie lsen C op . 1 958

DDC

D ic t ionna ire d u Dro i t C anon ique e d . R . N az 7 v v P ar is 1 935-65

Decre tu m

Decretu m Mag istr i Gra t ian i e d . 1 E . F r iedberg L e ips ic 1 879

DGF

S . G rundtv ig Dan marks Ga m le F o lkev iser I v v C op . 1 853-

DGKL

Dan marks Ga m le K Astads lovg ivn ing e d . E . Kro man 5v v C op . 1 951-61

DGL

Dan marks Ga m le L andskabs love e d . J . B rSndu m-N ie lsen a nd P . J . J Orgensen 8 vv C op . 1 933-41

DGP

Dan marks Ga m le P ersonnavne e d . G . Knudsen , M . Kristensen a nd R . Hornby 2 v v C op . 1 936-64

D ia logus

H erbordi D ia logus d e O t tone e p iscopo B a mbergens i e d . P . J af fe BRG v 1 869

DN

D ip lo ma tar iu m N orveg icu m e d . C . C . A . L ange a nd C . R . U nger C hrist ian ia 1 849

DR

Dan marks R une indskr if ter e d . L . J acobsen a nd E . Mo ltke 2 v v C op . 1 942

DRL

Den D anske R igs lovg ivning i ndt i l 1 400 e d . E . K ro man C op . 1 971

DS

Dan marks S tednavne ( S tednavneudva lge t ) C op . 1 922-

Ducange

C . Dufresne , S ieur D u C ange G lossariu m a d S cr ip tores Mediae e t I nf imw L a t ini ta t is 6 v v Par is 1 733-36

E bbo

E bonis V i ta O t ton is E piscop i B a mbergens is e d. P . J af fe BRG V

Egger t 1 927

0 . E gger t ' D ie Wendenz t tge Wa lde mars Iu nd Knut V I ' ES 2 9 1 927

E gger t 1 928

0 . E gger t ' Dan ische Wendische Kä mpfe i n P o m mern u nd Meck lenburg 1 157-1208 ' BS 3 0 1 928

EHD I

E ng lish H istor ica l Docu men ts c . 5 00-1042 t rs . D . Wh i te lock L ondon 1 955

E nco m iu m

S ee C a mpbe l l 1 949

ES

W. z u I senburg a nd P . v on L or inghoven E uropä ische S ta m m tafe ln 4 v v Marburg 1 961-65

F abr ic ius

Fagrsk inna

C . G . F abr ic ius

Urkunden z ur Gesch ich te d es F t irsten-

t hu ms R t igen

2v v S tra lsund 1 841

F agrsk inna .

N oregs K ononga Ta l

e d . F . J önsson

C op . 1 902-03 F a lk 1 912

H . I V )

F a lk 1 914

F a lk

A ltnordisches S eewesen ( Wörter u nd S achen

He ide lberg 1 912

H . F a lk

A ltnordische Waf fenkunde

Kr ist ian ia 1 914

F la tey jarbok

F la tey jarbök

e d . G . V igfüsson a nd C . R . U nger 3 v v

C hr ist ian ia 1 860-68 ' F lorence o f Worces ter '

C hron icon e x C hron ic is

e d . B . Thorpe 2 v v L ondon

1 848-49 F örste mann

E . F örste mann A l tdeu tsches N a menbuch I P ersonenn a me n _

F r i tzner

N ordhausen 1 856

J . F r i tzner

O rdbog o ver d e t g am le N orske S prog 3 v v

C hr ist ian ia 1 886-96 G es ta F r ider ic i

O t ton is e t R ahew in i G es ta F r ider ic i IImpera tor is e d . G . Wa i tz S RG H anover 1 884

G iesebrech t

W . v on G iesebrech t

Gesch ich te d et d eu tschen K a iser-

z e i t 5v v L e ips ic 1 877-90 GL

G ra m ma t ic i L a t in i

GR

Wi l le lm i Ma l mesb ir iens is ... d e G est is R egu m Ang loru m

G r isco m

e d . H . K e i l 7v v L e ips ic 1 855-80

e d . W . S tubbs RS 2 v v 1 887-89

The H is tor ia R egu m B r it tan iae o f G eof frey o f Mon mouth e d . A . G r isco m L ondon 1 929

G rundtv ig

N . F . S . G rundtv ig Dan marks K rOn ike a f S axo Gra mma t icus

3v v C op . 1 818-22

H akonar s aga

H akonar S aga

H a ld

K . H a ld

e d . G . V igfusson

RS 1 887

P ersonnavne iD an mark I Midde la lderen

( Dansk H is tor isk F ae l lesforen ings H aandb eer ) C op . 1 974 H asse

S ch lesw ig-Ho ls te in-Lauenburg ischen Reges ten u nd U rkunden e d . P . H asse 3 v v Ha mburg 1 886-96

HE

B ede H is tor ia E cc les iast ica G en t is Ang loru m

e d . C .

P lu m mer 2 vv O xford 1 899 H e l mo ld

H e l mo ldi P resby ter i B ozov iens is C ron ica S lavoru m 3 rd e d .

B . S chm ied ler S RG H anover 1 937

H enry o f L ivon ia

H e inr ichs l iv ländische C hron ik e d . L . Arbusow a nd A . B auer SRG Hanover 1 955

H err mann 1 968

J . Herr mann

S ied lung , Wir tschaf t u nd G ese l lschaf t-

l iche V erhä ltn isse d er s law ischen S tä m me H err mann 1 970

J . H err mann

H eyde l

H eyde l

D ie S lawen i n Deu tsch land

B er lin 1 968

B er lin 1 970

' Das I t inerär H e inr ichs d es L öwen '

N e ider-

s achs isches J ahrbuch W 1 929 H is tor ie H of fmann 1 975

P . F . S uh m

H istor ie a f Dan mark 1 4 v v C op . 1 782-1828

E . H of fmann D ie H e i lige K ön ige b e i d en Ange lsachsen u nd d en s kandinav ischen V ö lkern ( Que l len u nd F orschungen z ur Gesch ich te S ch lesw ig-Ho lse ins 6 0 ) N eu muns ter 1 975

H of fmann 1 976

E . H of fmann

K ön igserhebung u nd Thronfo lgeordnung

i n D äne mark b is z u m Ausgang d es Mi t te la l ters

B er l in

1 976 HOSH

W. L aur

H istor isches O rtsnamen lex icon v on S ch lesw ig-

H o ls te in ( Got torfer S chr if ten 8 ) S ch lesw ig 1 967 H ovgaard

0 . A . H ovgaard ' T idsregn ingen iVa lde mar d en f Srs tes h is tor ie i

H ouken

HT(D ) 4 th s er ies I 1 872

A . H ouken

H aandbog id ansk S tednavne

2 nd e d . C op .

1 976 HT ( D )

H is tor isk T idsskr if t ( Den Danske H is tor iske F oren ing ) C op . 1 840-

HT ( N )

H is torisk T idsskrif t ( Den N orske H is tor iske F oren ing ) K r is t ian ia 1 871-

HT ( Sc )

H is tor isk T idskr if t f or & Le land

e d . L . We ibu l l

7v v

L und 1 903-23 HT ( S )

H is tor isk T idskr if t ( Svensk H is tor isk F örening ) S tockho lm 1 881-

H ui t fe ld

A . H u i tfe ld

Dan marck is R iges K rön icke

1 0 v v C op .

1 595-1604 HZ

H is tor ische Z e i tschr if t Munich 1 839-

J ohannesson

K . J ohannesson

J ordan 1 954

K . J ordan

S axo G ra mma t icus

S tockho lm 1 978

' He inr ich d er L öwe u nd D äne mark '

Gesch ich t l iche K räf te ( Fes tschr if t :

O t to B ecker )

Wiesbaden 1 954 J Orgensen

P . J . 4 Srgensen Dansk R e tsh is tor ie

6 th e d . C op . 1 974

J ust in

M . I un ian i I ust in i E p i to ma H is tor iaru m

e d . F . R ueh l

a nd 0 . S ee l L e ips ic 1 935 Ka lkar

0 . Ka lkar

O rdbog t i l d e t w ldre d anske S prog 1 300-

1 700 5 v v C op . 1 881-1918 KCD

J . M . K e mb le

C odex D ip lo ma t icus ! Ev i S axon ic i 6v v

L ondon 1 839-48 K inch

J . K inch ' B idrag t i l e n T ex tkr i t ik a fd e s yv s ids te B eer a f S am '

KL

Aarbdger 1 874

K u lturh is tor isk L eks ikon f or n ordisk Midde la lder f ra v ik inge t id t i l r efor ma t ionst id 2 2 v v Ma l mö 1 956-78

Kny t linga

S ogur Danakonunga e d . Ca f P e tersen a nd E . O lson C op . 1 919-1925

Kock

E . A . K ock L und 1 946-49

2 7-294 :Kny t l inga S aga

e n N or s k-Is ländska S ka lded ik tn ingen

K onungsskuggs ja

K onungs s kuggs ja

e d . F . J önsson

K r is tensen

A . K . G . K r is tensen

C op . 1 920

Dan marks 2 T 1dste A nna lis t ik

C op . 1 969 KT KU

K irkeh is tor iske T idsskr if t C . We i lbu l l T Kr i t iska u ndersökningar iDan marks h is tor ia ' HT ( Sc ) v i 1 915-16

KVAAH

K ung liga v i t terhe ts h is tor ia o ch a n t ikv i te ts a kade m iens h and lingar

KVJ

S . Aak jaer

K ong V a lde mars J ordebog 3 v v C op . 1 926-

4 3 L a C our 1 972

V . L a C our D ansk B organ laeg t i l midten a f d e t t re tt ende a arhundrede 2 v v C op . 1 972

LC

L ex C as trens is s ive C ur iae e d . E . K ro man DRL 5 -34

LDR

L iber Da t icus R osk i ldens is

L iber C ensus D an l .*

s ee KVJ

May

0 . H . May

e d . A . O t to C op . 1 933

R eges ten d er E rzb ischöfe v on B re men

Hanover 1 928-37 Meyer

J . Meyer 's maps i n C . Danckwer th

N ewe L andes-

b eschre ibung d er z wey H erzog th t i mer S ch lesw ich u nd H o ls te in 1 652 MGH S S

Monu men ta G er manic H istor ica

e d . G . H . P er tz :

S cr ip tores 3 2 c c H anover 1 826-1926 MGH F on tes

i b id .

MGH LL

i b id .

Midde la lders tudier

Midde la lderstud ier t i legnede Akse l E . C hr is tensen C op . 1 966

Migne

P a tro log iae c ursus c o mp le tus P ar is 1 844-1905

Mik los ich

F . Mik los ich

e d . J . P . Migne

2 21 v v

' D ie B i ldung d er s lav ischen P ersonna men '

Denkschr if ten d er Ka iser l ichen Akade m ie d er Wissens chaf ten P h-H ist K lasse 1 0 1 860 MIRG

Monu menta I nedi ta R eru m Ger man icaru m Westpha len 4 v v L e ips ic 1 739-45

Morkinskinna

Morkinsk inna

MPH

Monu men ta P o lon iae H is tor ica

e d . F . J önsson

C op . 1 932 e d . A . B ie lowsk i 4v v

Lwow 1 864-84 MS

e d . E . J . v on

Med ieva l S candinav ia O dense 1 968-

MU

Meck lenburg isches U rkundenbuch ( Vere in f ür Meck lenb urg isches G esch ich te u nd A l tertu mskunde ) S chwer in 1 863-

NBL

N orsk B iograf isk L eks ikon a nd G . G ran

e d . E . B u l l , A . K rogv ig

1 4 v v O s lo 1 923-62

NGL

N orges g am le L ove 5 v v K r is t ian ia 1 846-95

NL

N ecro log iu m L undense

NNA

N ord isk N um is ma t isk I rskr if t S tockho lm 1 936-

NU

S . J . S tephan ius N ot

e d . L . We ibu l l L und 1 923

U ber iores i n H is tor ia m Dan ica m

S axon is G ra m ma t ic i S or 9 S 1 645 ( rep . H . S chepe lern C op . 1 978) OD

O ld Midd le Dan ish , u sed c . 1 100-c . 1 350 ; n o t t o b e c onfused w i th O lddansk , t he e ar l ier f or m o f t he l anguage

O hnsorge

W . O hnsorge

P äps t l iche u nd g egenpäps t l iche L ega ten

1 159-1181 ( H is tor ische S tudien 1 88) B er lin 1 923 O lr ik 1 910

J . O lr ik ' S tudier o ver t i lb l ive lsen a f S akses v a erk ' HT ( D ) 8 th s er ies , i 1 909-10

ON O rder icus V i ta l is

O ld N orse The E cc lesiast ica l H is tory o f O rder icus V i ta l is

e d .

a nd t rs . M . C h ibna l l O xford 1 969O rkney inga

O rkney inga S aga e d . V . V igfusson 2 v v RS L ondon 1 887

0 Sw

O ld S wed ish P o l ish

P au ly Wissowa

P au lys R ea l-Encyc lopädie d er c lass ischen A lter tu msw issenschaf t e d . G . Wissowa

Phagdrus

P haedr i F abu lae A Esop iae

S tut tgar t 1 893-

e d . J . P . P os tga te

O xford

1 919 PHT

P ersonh is tor isk T idskr if t ( Personh istor iska S a mfunde t ) S tockho lm 1 900-

P o l iocra t icus

I oann is S aresber iens is e p iscop i C arno tens is P o licra t ic i ..l ibr i v i i i e d . C . C . Webb 2 v v O xford 1 909

PUB

P o m mersches U rkundenbuch e d . R . K le mpin , R . P rud mers 7 v v S te t t in 1 868-

Radu lphus

The C hron ic les o f Ra lph N iger e d . R . Ans truther L ondon 1 851

RC

C hron icon R osk i ldense e d . M . C . G er tz SM i1 -33

R i is 1 977

T . R i is :

L es i nst itut ions p o l i t iques c en tra les d u

Dane mark 1 100-1332

O dense 1 977

RLM

R he tores L a t in i Minores

RPC

The R uss ian P r i mary C hron ic le e d . S . C ross a nd 0 . S cherbow i tz- We tzor

RS

e d .

C . H a lm L e ips ic 1 863

C amb . Mass .

1 970

R eru m B r i tann icaru m Medi i 2 Vv i S cr iptores o r C hron ic les a nd Me mor ia ls ...pub l ished ...under t he d irec t ion o f t he Mas ter o f t he R o l ls

L ondon 1 857-

( Ro l ls S er ies ) S 1514

Danoru m R egu m H erou mque H is tor iae e d . C . P ederson P ar is 1 514

S 1644

S axon is G ra m ma t ic i H is tor ia e Dan icae e d . S . J . S tephan ius S or0 1 644

S 1839

i b id . H is tor ia Dan ica e d . P . E . Mi l ler & J . M . V e lschow 2 v v C op . 1 839-58

S 1886

i b id .

Gesta Danoru m e d . A . H o lder S trassburg 1 886

S 1931

i b id .

G es ta Danoru m

e d . J . O lr ik a nd H . Rxder 2 v v

C op . 1 931-57 S B

S aga-Book ( V ik ing S oc ie ty f or N or thern R esearch )

S BL

S vensk t B iograf isk t L ex ikon

e d . B . B oe th ius S tockho lm

1 918S cand ia

S candia .

T idskr if t f ör h is tor isk f orskn ing

S k ja ldedig tn ing

Den n orsk-is landske S k ja ldedig tn ing

L und 1 928-

e d . F . J önsson

C op . 1 912-15 S kyu m-N ie lsen 1 971 SM

N . S kyv m-N ie lsen Kv inde o g S lave

C op . 1 971

S cr ip tores Minores H is tor i m Dan icae Medi i/Wv i

e d .

M . C . G er tz 2 v v C op . 1 917-20 S norr i

S norr i S tur luson

H e i mskr ing la ( I z lenzk F ornr i t 2 6-28)

e d . B . A da lb jarnarson 3 v v R eyk jav ik 1 941-51 S RB

S cr ip tores R eru m B runsv icens iu m

e d . G . G . L e ibn i tz

3v v H anover 1 707-11 S RD

S cr ip tores R eru m Dan icaru m medi i a ev i

e d . J .

L angebek a nd P . F . S uhm 9 v v C op . 1 772-1878 S RG

S cr ip tores R eru m G er man icaru m i n u su m s cho laru m e x e x MGH r ecus i

SRS

S cr ip tores R eru m S uec icaru m medi i a ev i

e d . F an t

3v v U psa la 1 818-76 S S

S axostudier

e d . I . B oserup C op . 1 975

S SS

S lown ik s tarozy tnosc i s low iansk ich ( Lex icon An t iqu i ta tu m S lav icaru m ) e d . W . K owa lenk i e t a l . Wroc law 1 961-

S teens trup

J . H . R . S teens trup J ordebog

S t i th Tho mpson

S tudier o ver k ong Va lde mars

C op . 1 874

S . Tho mpson Mo t if-Index o f F o lk-L itera ture 6 v v C op . 1 955-58

' S tudier '

J . O lr ik ' S tudier o ver S akses h is tor iske K i lder ' HT ( D ) 1 932-34

S vabo

J . C . S vabo D ic t ionar iu m F aeroense

C op . 1 966-70

S veno

S veno Aggon is f i li i B rev is H is tor ia R egu m D ac ie e d . M . C . Gertz SM i9 5-143

S verr issaga

S verr is S aga e f t ir Kar l Äbö ta e d . G . J önsson ( Konunga S ögur :

Theodr icus

I s lendingasagna u tgafan 3 v v :

i ) R eyk jav ik 1 947

Theodr ic i Monach i H istoria d e An t iqui ta te R egu m N orwagens iu m ( Monu menta H is tor ica N orveg iae ) e d . G . S tor m K r is t ian ia 1 880

T raut mann 1 947

R . T rau t mann ' D ie E lb- u nd O s tsees lav ischen O rtsn a men ' A bhand lungen d er d eu tschen Akade m ie d er Wissenschaf ten z u B er lin P h i l-H ist . Masse I V 1 947

Traut mann 1 949

i b id .

V I I 1 949

Traut mann 1 950

R . T rau t mann ' D ie s lav ischen O r tsna men Meck lenb urgs u nd H o ls te ins ' Abhand lungen d er s achs ischen Akade m ie d er Wissenschaf ten z u L e ipz ig

P h i l-H is t .

K l . 4 5 , I B er l in 1 950 UHL

D ie U rkunden H einr ichs d es L öwen

e d . K . J ordan

MGH We imar 1 949 Vede l

A . S . V ede l

Den d anske K r 9 Sn icke s om S axo G ra m ma-

t icus s cref f C op . 1 575 ( rep . C op . 1 851 ) V i ta O t ton is

s ee E bbo

VM

Va ler i i Max im i D ic toru m F ac toru mque Memorab i liu m e d .

VSD

C . K e mpf L e ips ic 1 887

V i tae S anc toru m Danoru m e d . M . C . G er tz 2 v v C op . 1 908-12

Wa l ther

H . Wa l ther

P roverb ia s en ten t iaeque l a t in i ta t is med ii

a ev i 5v v G öt t ingen 1 963-67 Wehr mann

M . Wehr mann

G enea log ie d es p o m merschen Herzogs-

h auses ( Veröf fent l ichungen d er l andesgesch ich t l ichen F orschungss te l le f t ir P o m mern We ibu l l 1 915

We ibu l l 1 918

C . We ibu l l v i 1 915-16

' Saxo :

1 937

K r i t iska u ndersökn ingar '

C . We ibu l l ' Saxos tud ier I : 8 2 '

1/5 )S te t t in

HT ( Sc ) v i i 1 917-21

HT (Sc )

D e s kanske u pproren 1 180-

We ibu l l 1 928

L . We ibu l l

' Nekro log iarna f ran L und , R osk i ldekrön ikan ,

o ch S axo ' S cand ia I1 928 We ibu l l 1 943

L . We ibu l l

' T iden f ör s kanska o ch s jae l landska k yrko-

l agarnas t i l ltko ms t ' S candia XV 1 943 We ibu l l 1 976

C . We ibu l l

' Kny t lingasagan o ch S axo '

S candia XL I I

1 976 Widuk ind

Widuk ind i R eru m G es taru m S axon icaru m L ibr i Tres e d . Wa i tz S RG H anover 1 882

Winke l H orn

F . Winke l H orn ( t rs ) S axo G ram ma t icus Dan marks k r0n ike 2p ts . C op . 1 907

WR

Wi ther lax r ae t :

V eder loven ( Dan ish t ex t ) e d . E . K ro man

DRL 1 -5 WS I ZGHSHG

Wes t S lav ic Z e i tschr if t d er G ese l lschaf t f t ir s ch lesw ig-ho ls te in ische Gesch ich te

TEXT AND TRANSLATION OF SAX( ) BOOKS X-X I I I

1

BOOK TEN

I .

O n t he d ea th o f G or mo , H ara ldus s ough t t o e x tend h is h eredi tory d om in-

i on b y ' deeds o f c onsp icuous v a lour ', o ver t he s urround ing o cean .

1

a nd h e made a v ik ing r a id e as twards

Meanwh i le , h owever , E de lradus h ad d ied; a nd

wh i le H ara ldus was r eap ing t he f rui ts o f t h is p rof i tab le e n terpr ise , h e s uf fere d ab low b y h is g randfa ther 's d ea th wh ich o utwe ighed t he j oys o f emp ire . F or wh i le h e was e nr ich ing h i mse lf w i th b arbar ic wea lth , h e l os t t ha t o f E ngl and; f or t he s ake o f f ore ign s po i l , h e d epr ived h i mse lf o f t he t reasures h e h ad i nher i ted a t h o me .

F or A de ls tenus ,

2

t he s on o f E de lradus , s e t a s ide h is

f a ther 's w i l l , r epudia ted w i th i nd igna t ion t he d ocu men t i n wh ich H ara ldus was d escr ibed a s h e ir , d isregarded h is p aren t 's w ishes , a nd s ough t t o r ecover wha t was h is . S o t he K ing o f N orway s e t s a i l w i th h is f l ee t t o c onquer E ng land ,

3

c o m-

p la ining t ha t t he g overn men t o f af ar-ex tended r ea lm h ad b een y ie lded u p t o a man ' o f o b tuse mind ' .

4

When A de ls tenus f ound t ha t h is f orces were i nfer ior

h e g ave u p h ope o ff i gh t ing a nd t urned f rom w ar t o b landishmen ts ;

h e t r ied t o

r id h i mse lf o f h is e ne my b y f avour r a ther t han b y f orce , a nd t o c apt iva te b y h is g ood o f f ices . N o t o n ly d id h e we lco me t he k ing w i th t he f r iend lies t manner a nd t he f a ires t o f s peeches b u t i n o rder ' t o f ree h is n a t ive l and f rom h os t i le a r ms t5 t he more r eadi ly , h e p rom ised t o s tand t he c os t o f t he k ing 's y oung s on H aquinus ' e duca t ion , a nd t o b equea th h im a s hare i n h is k ingdo m b y h is w i l l . H e d ee med t h is s acr if ice wor thwh i le i fh e c ou ld g e t t he u se o ft he N orweg ian a r my a ga ins t H ara ldus ; f or h e d readed h is h igh s p ir i t , a nd p referred t o s o lace h is c h i ld lessness 6 w i th a s uccessor o f h is own c hoos ing , r a ther t han wa i t t o b e f orc ib ly d isinher i ted .

H is i mpetuous f oe a ccep ted h is t erms , a nd

embraced t he p roposed a l l iance; h e t rusted t he p roposer 's h u man i ty s o e nt i re ly t ha t w i thou t h av ing t ested h is g ood f a i th , h e c o mm i t ted t o h im u nhes it a t ing ly a s on who was ' dearer t o h im t han h is own l i fe . ' 7 Af ter t h is , H ara ldus b rough t b ack h is f orces f ro m t he e as t , a nd a l though h e c ou ld l eg i t i ma te ly h ave p rosecu ted h is u nc le f or wha t h e h ad d one , n evert he less h e smo thered h is i ndigna t ion ; h e l e t h is amb i t ion g o u npun ished , c ont a ined h i mse lf i n p a t ience , a nd p ious ly p referred t o f orego t he work o f j us t ice r a ther t han t o d ispossess h im b y v io lence . H owever , a f ter a s hor t wh i le , H aquinus h eard o f h is f a ther 's d ea th8 f ro m a messenger , a nd h o is ted h is s a i ls f or t he j ourney h o me ; b u t wh i le d o ing s o , h e was c a l led b ack b y E de lst anus mos t i ns is ten t ly , whereupon h e h ove-to a nd p ut b ack t o t he n earby s hore . F or h e e xpec ted t o r ece ive f rom h im s o me n ew a ddi t ion t o t he r u les o f c onduc t9 i n wh ich h e was b e ing i nstruc ted d a i ly , a nd wha t h e h eard was t ha t ' he mus t n o t wear a g loo my f ace am id f es t iv i ty , b u t r a ther d isp lay a c heerfu l

2

e a x o n i 9G r a n im a t i c i t u sa f p e r i t a t et c f l an t e s . T un cG o rmo .E nm ih ii n qu i th anu t it h rum s !E t T h i r ai di p f um ( a i r) r u o p o r iu s n oi f ro d e c l a r a tur a ugu r io . Quod i e tom a r i to r n o r t c r n/ f i b iv i du i t a t i sc a u f am p rabu i tn i c ca n t ef t l ium c o n iug t "p l an x i t . l t ag 3c h i v i ro n a t if o r run am e x p r im i t :a l t e ru ma l t cr iu sf u z i c r if o c iau i t :a mb o r t ig te x c qu i . .s p a r ibu sp ro f c cu t al a ch rym i s :hu i cc on iug a l e sr n a te rno sl i l tp l an c tu si mp cnd i t : t w i ct emp o ri sm ag i sf o l a r i i se r ig en c i a :§ c l ad ib u so b t c rg end af u i f f e r . E xp l ic i tL i b e r Nonu s . E id d e r nS a xon i sG r amm at ic iS i a l and ic iv i r id i f e r t i f r im i L i b e r D e c imu sI n c ip i t .

r i a r a Id t t s

E f un d to G o rmon e H a r a ldu sh x r ed i t a r ix d om in at ion i s f o rr un am c onf p ic ux f o r r in t d in iso p e r ibu sp rof equ ic up i en s :t r a i e e t ai n o r i e n t e r n p i r a t i c a : c i r C um p o f i t um l a c e f f u e , t u to c e anu tnS cd a b f ump to i n t e r im H e c i ck : r a do : f e du lo sg ur f luo l i n ego t i if r ue tus d e c e rp e re t: a l iqu an ro p l u st ar n en i na u i to f a ro a m a r i rud in i s e xr y r ann id ev o lup ta i s c i sa c c ep i t .D um e n im r um f o r tun ac umu a l a r iu sb a rb a r i sd i t au i to p ibtAng l ic i se xu a ' i r : ex te rn ag td on a tum p rxd a ,dome f l i c aa t . g 3h x r ed i t a r i af p o l iau i t S i qu id cm H ed e ld r ad if iI i usA d e l f t enu sp a t r i st e l l am E to ;m e t e r r i tu si n d ign anon cm f u am l i t en sq u tbu sH a ra ld u sh x r e sf c r ib eb a tu ro ppo f u it r e c i fr og 3p an : r id sa r b i t r io / p rop r ium zmu l a ru sc f l. i r u rN o ru ag ix r e xo b tu f i c o rd i sh o r n in ia mp l i( r ims r e if ummam c e f f i f f ci n im ,a en sp o t i endx e iu sf p ea rm a › t ai n fu l am c l af f ep e t-i t C u iu sc u r nf tAd e l f t enu sv i r ibu sm ino r c-m a n im adu cr t e : : r e t c onf ic i endx p ugnx f i dur ia v ac uu s b e l lu r n a do b f equ ium t r an fh t l i rl en iu co l e n t ia mh o f ti sq u er na rm i sp ropu lf a r en equ iu e r a t: o f ic i i sc a p e fr e r ec up ien s . Non f o lum e n im r e g em a r n ic i f l imo v u lru , b en ign if f imcg 3e x c cp i ta lo qu io : f e dc t i a rn q uo f i lubnu sp a t r i am a nu sh o f l i l ibu s f i l io e m sH a tp in° a dmodum r e i n c ro e du c a t ion i si mp en f am :r e gnum f tp a r i t e rt c f l amen to l c g a turum p rom i t t i t . Qu am r em m ax im ev t No ru ag ic i sa rm i sa due r f um H a r a ldum v r c r c a t u ro b l a tu d i gn am p u t au t t .E iu sT une f e ro c iam p e r r im cf c en so r b i r a t em f u am g ra t u i ro hx r ed ef o l a r i : v i o len rum e xp ee t a r ef a t iu se x i f t im au i t .Rapu i th o f l i s n on ep rxc ep s :p ropof i täg 3p a e t ion ia mp l exu s it a n tum d eo f e rin sh uman i t a r e1 5 a f ump f i r :v r9 l iump rop r iof p ir i rucha r io r C in c xp lo r a rzc lu sf ld e ic r edc r cn on d ub i t a rc t . P o l lh x cH a r a ldu sr e due t is a bo r i en r ec op i i s a di mp e r id t ia uacu l if a e ta p rxc ipu i si u r i sv i r ibu si n u i t ar ip o t e r a t: n i h i lom inu si mpun i r am c i u sa mb i t ion df l imu l a t gi tI di g n at ion i sp a t i ent i a1 3t e r i r e o p e r ibu sp i ec t re r e :ec r ud c l i t c rp o t i t im a lu i t .Po f tp au lu lu mv e ro t i po r i sH aqu inu sa ud i t° F . r e rn i t in un t io /c um p r o f ic if c end ig r a t ia y e l l sn au ig a t ionat i n f l-r u e re t :M a im° f u p e r A u en i en ti sA d c l I t cn ii mF e tu r c uo c a tu sp au l if p e ro m i f lb v en t o r um v f up r t .p ius l i t : t o r in au ig ium e g i t .A q uo p o l lc x t e r am o rum d o c um en t a ,q u ibu sq uo t id i ci n f te = i n ab an t r :n ou iq u id a c c cp tu rum f tr a rus :n ei n t e re pu l a sc b f cu ro f tv u l tu g e tt re t :

e -

3

c oun tenance b efore t he e yes o f h is f r iends .'

F or E de lstanus h ad t augh t h im

many o ther r u les , o fg ood mora l c onduc t , a nd wou ld n o t a l low h im t o r e ma in i gnoran t o ft he a ppropr ia te s oc ia l c onven t ions . The d ea th o f h is f a ther g ave h im N orway , a nd s hor t ly a f terwards , t ha t o f h is f oster-fa ther p u t E ng land a t h is d isposa l . F earing t ha t t he t o lerance o f i nsu lt wh ich h e h ad s hewn h i ther to , o ut o f r espec t f or f am i ly f ee ling , migh t e ven tua l ly b e c onstrued a s c owardice , a nd t ha t h is t rue modera t ion m igh t b e a t tr ibuted t o n eg l igence , H ara ldus t heref ore d ec ided t o o verthrow H aquinus b y i n tervening i n t he a f fa irs o f N orway ; h e r eckoned t ha t h e w ou ld d es troy h is emp ire o verseas more e as i ly b y d efea ti ng h im a t h o me . F or when h e h ad r eturned t o D enmark a f ter r oya l ly t rounc ing t he b arbar ians , h e h ad r ece ived H ara ldus , s on o f G unn i lda , 10 who h ad c o me s eek ing a id a ga ins t t he s ame H aquinus , a nd h ad p rom ised t o p ay t r ibute i ft he Danes wou ld h e lp h im l ead a n e f fec t ive a rmy b ack t o h is own c oun try . A l though h is f or tunes were a t t he ir l owes t e bb , t he k ing was e x treme ly g enerous t o h im . H e was g iven H ev indus a nd K ar lho lf thusll a s h is l i eu tenan ts , w i th a f l ee t o f s ix ty s h ips , a nd d epar ted i n p ossess ion o ft he r e inforce ments h e h ad a sked f or , more c onf iden t i n h is Dan ish a ux i liar ies t han f earfu l o f h is a dverse f a te .

1 2

O n c o mp le t ing t he ir v oyage , t hey f ound t ha t t he e ne my was u nprepared f or a n ava l e ngagemen t , a nd s o t hey f ough t h im o n l and .

Dur ing t he b a t t le

H ev indus c a l led o ut t o H aquinus t o march am id t he v anguard o f h is warr iors , a nd when h e s hewed h i mse lf i n f u l l v iew , a t tacked h im w i th a n u nusua l ly l arge a xe ; a nd h ad n o t o ne o ft he h enchmen n ex t t o t he k ing d ef lec ted t he weapon w i th h is own b ody , h e w ou ld h ave s truck h im .

H ev indus l a id i n to t he man s o

v igorous ly w i th t h is a xe t ha t t he weapon s l iced c lean t hrough h is b ody .

And

wh i le h e was k nee ling d own t ry ing t o p u l l i to u t o f t he g round where i t was d eep ly embedded , H aqu inus s tepped o ver t he s la in warr ior 's b ody a nd r an h im t hrough .

T hus i tc ou ld n o t b e d ec ided wh ich o f t hem owed more t o t he

o ther , f or t he warr ior p u t t he k ing 's l i fe b efore h is own s afe ty , a nd t he k ing , who h ad b een s aved b y h is d ea th , r evenged t he f a l l o f h is s ervan t b y a mos t g lor ious a c t o f r e tr ibu t ion . And wha t d eed 1 3 c ou ld h ave b een more c redi tab le t han t h is warr ior 's , who p referred a no ther 's s afe ty t o h is own , w i l ling ly g ave u p h is l i fe f or h is c h ief , a nd s aved h is c o mrade Meanwh i le Thora lvus ,

2 4

b y h is own d ea th?

who m H aquinus h ad s en t i n to ambush t o a ssau lt

t he e nemy i n t he r ear , c a me u p a nd p u t t he Danes t o f l igh t , s lay ing Kar lh of thus i n h is c harge . man .

F or t he f a te o ft he r es t was d ec ided b y t he f a l l o f o ne

B u t H aqu inus f eared t o p ress t he f ug i t ives t oo c lose ly , a nd p ruden t ly

r eca l led h is l oose-re ined '2 5 f o l lowers l es t t he c are lessness o f a n u nd isc ipl i ned s o ld iery s hou ld c ause t he f ortunes o f war t o d eser t t he c onquerers f or t he c onquered .

Thus , a s t he l oss o n e i ther s ide was e qua l , t he o u tco me o f

t he b a t t le was t he s ame f or b o th . F or i ft he v ic tory e v iden t ly l ay w i th t he e nemy , s o d id t he c asua l t ies o fd efea t . B u t wh i le H aquinus was r e-for m ing h is t roops , t here o ccurred a wonder i ncredib le t o r ecord . As pear was s een f l y ing a bou t i n t he a ir w i th a n e rra t ic u ndec ided c ourse ,f i l ling t he b eho lders w i th t error a nd amaze men t .

F or i t

s eemed t o b e s haken h es i tan t ly i n d iferen t d irec t ions , a s i fn arrow ly s earchi ng o u t ap lace i n wh ich t o i nf l ic t a wound . Th is mirac le was a t tended b y a u n iversa l p an ic , f or n o-one c ou ld t e l l wha t s o u nusua l ap or ten t migh t s igni fy ; 4

t hen , s udden ly , i tf e l l —and b rough t o n t he h ead o f Haquinus a lone t he d isas ter f eared b y a l l . I ti s t hough t t ha t G unni lda , t he mother o f Hara ldus , c on jured u p t he d ar t w i th s pe l ls t o make t he v ic tor p ay f or h er s on 's d efea t . Thus b y t he u nexpec ted d ea th o f h is f oe , H ara ldus s ucceeded t o t he t hrone a nd p a id t he p rom ised t r ibute t o t he Danes f or t hree y ears i n g ood f a i th . I .

A bout t ha t t ime S turb iornus ,

2 7

1 6

t he s on o f k ing B iorno o f S weden , was

r obbed o f h is k ingdo m b y E r icus , t he s on o f h is u nc le O lavus , a nd c ame a s a s upp l ian t t o H ara ldus ( Thyra 's s on ) w i th h is s is ter G yr i tha ,2 8 a nd r ece ived s uch r eady f r iendsh ip f rom h im t ha t h e g ran ted h im h is s ister i n marriage .

x cv i i b

1 , 9 i f to z i gDon i c g .L ib .X , P .XCV II . f e dm ag i si nc i rc t if p ic i en c l i sa m i c i sh i l a r io c u lo rü h a b iru v t e r c rur a ud iu i t . Qu e rn e n im A d e l f t enu sc omp lu r ibu sa l i i sh on c I l an sp r yc ep t i si mbu e ra t :c t iam a p to sc on u i e tu im o r e si g n o r . a r ep a Ir u sn on e f t .A tc u ip a renr i sm o r sN o ru ag i am c e f f i tp au s g op of tp r y c rp to r i so c c a fu sa ng l i am p a r e f rc i t .V e r i tu se r go H a ra ldu sn ei n iu r i a rG t o l e rä t i ag u yh a e t enu sc o nf angu in c yc h a ri t a r i sr e f F ee tu id a b a tu rr d e in c ep si ni g n a u i yv e r i c r e tu ro pp rob r iü i& q uod m od c r a t ion i sd i e t :v i r io a pp l ic a re tu r :No rua s g i c yr e ir u rb ar ion ep r ima H aq u ino i a e tu ra i n f c r end am c ön fh tu i t :dom e l l i c i se i u s v i r ibu sd e b e l l a t i s/ e x t e rn a sf a c i l iu so b t e re nd a se x i f t iman s .C tun i t ze r e sb a rb a ra s r e g i ae x ccunö et r ae t a f f er i nD an i am r e u e rf u so c cu rf uH a r a ld 'G unn i ld yf i l i ia d i u c rf u se und em H aqu inü a ux il i ai x tar i se x c ip i ru rp ol i c en t ife f tr ibu t ad a tu rü : f id an ic yo p i sb e n ef i c io e f i c ac i ap a r t ium f u a ru rn a d iu rnen t af umpf ür e t .E n imu e ro i n t e ra c e rb if f imo sr e tur nc a f u sc l emen t if im ä r e g i sh um an i t a t ie x p e r tu se f t .H r o u i ndo e n im a te k a r lho l f rho p ug = a d iu t o r ib9r e c ep r i s .h .n au ium c l a Ir ed on a tu s p a id p r y f id i ic omp o sa b f c ef f i t: c u en i te v tp l u sf p e ii naud io d ano rü me nu si n f u aa du e r f i t a t er e pon e re t .I g i tur n au ig a t ion ar e rn enf u st a du e rf u sh o f t em n au a l is p ugn yc o p i an on f u pp e t en t e :t e r r e f lr em e x e rcu i t ,i nq u a Haündu sH aqu inum v e i np r imo sp r y l i annü g l obe sp r og r ed e r e tu rh o r t a ru s :i p f um c l a r iu sf u ii n d ic iü e x , h i b en tan :i n u f it u gm agn i tud in i sf e cu r ip c t i i t: a r t ig i f f e te r üf a t el i tum q u id äa d a e tum r e g if e rrum p r op rü c o rpo r i sp e r ic u lo f e f el if e t . In q uer nH eu indu st a n t av i d e f t r imx b i p enn i sa c i e rn e g i tI v tf e rrü m ed io c o rp o r ie l ap f um n u l lum i n t e ra r tu s o b f l acu lü r e p e r i re t .Quod c um t e r r ya l r iu si l apf um :g en ibu sn i xu sa bf t r ah e rec r u n a rc ru r :a bH aqu ino i n t e rf e e t ir n il i r i sc o rpu sc ä f c end en t ep e rf od iru r .I n c e r tü e r s g ov t e ra l t e r ip l u sp i e t a t i si mp rud e nt :l i l te n im f a lu r i sf ux i mp end io r e g i sf a tum r c pu l i t : I l ef e ru a to r i sf u ic l ad em f p e c io f if f i tn av l t ion ep a f au i t :c u iu sb e n e f ic io f a ta e f f ug e r a t , ex i r iwn v I tu s .E tq u id h u iu sm il i t i so p e r ac l a r iu s :qu ia l i en yi n co lu rn i ta s t i f uz p rop io rv o lun t a r ium p r od u c ef p i r i t f ic r og au i t :p r iv a tee m o r t i so b i ee tu n ep ub l i c af o c io rum f a lu sp e r i c l i t a re ru re f f e c i t !I n t e rn T ho ra luu sq u aH aqu inu s a dcx ru rb ãdaho l l it it e rg ai ni n f id i i sc o l lo c au e ra t :f ug ru en i en se d i to i na c iem i s n p e tu k a r lho lf tho m o r ta l s' D an i sf u g am i n f l ix i t .En imu e ro c y t e ro rü f o r tun ävn iu s i n c lü s au i to c c a f u s .H aqu inu sa u t em p a la t e sF e rr in a c iu sv rg e r ev e r iru s ie f fuf a sf o s c i o rum h ab en a sf a lu t a r ic . o n f i l io r e uo c au ir .n eq u ai mp rou id im i l i r i si n cu r ia e f f i c i p o f f e t ,v ti nv i e t r ic em v i e t yp a r r i sf o r tun ar e c id e r edg i r ur y q u a l e sa mb a rum p a r s t i um I t r ag e sp a r e rn v t rob ie b e l if u c c e l r um e f f e c e ra t . Na e t f ia l t e ra v i e to r iz p ra d p i o rv i b eb a tunc l ad ibu sv i e t äy q uab a t .R epe t en t ev e to c lean H aqu ino i n c r ed ib i D ei x t ig i° . l em e rno r a tu m on f t rum i n c id i t ,l a cu lum n á c v age a n t ip i r ie d i f cu rf uf u F e rn ei n s t e ra u ra so b c r r a r ec on f p ee tum :n on m in o r ei n ru en t e s me nu : a mm i r a r ion ec o rn s p l eu i t .S i qu idan i nd i u e rf a sp a r t c sd ubü sr e f la ibu sa g i t a tum :f ig end iv u ln e r i sl o a im c x p lo r ar iu sp rof p ic e r ev i d eb a tu r. Qiod m i r a cu lu tn c un e t i si mm an if t upo re p r of equ en t ibu s :i n c e r t ife q u idn am r e st am i n uf i r a t ap o r t end e re t: f u b i to c a r u si n f o l iu sH aqu in ic a pu tf u f F c e tü o mn ibu sg r ic u lü t r an f lul i t .A rb i trä ru rq u idäm a . H aqu in i i t em H a ra ld iG unn i ld am p ro cu r a to m a lef i cü sf p i cu lo v ie t i f i l l p c cn a s av i e to re t x d e s . f umpf i f f e .H a ra ldu si t ae i n f ir ra to h o l l i se x i r io r e gn äd if o rrun äa d ep tu s :t r i enn io 2m i lr um D an i sb onx f i d e iv e f t ig a le x hlu i t .E 3t E p e l l a t eS t u rb iorn9S u e di r eg i s B io rnon i sf i l iu s ap a t ru iO l au if i l io E r ic °r e gno f p o l i a t u s :r e t a il a ux i l i ig ra t ia a d c u iThy ra m a t c rcx r i r l tcü f o r o r e Gy r i th af u pp l ex m ig rau i t , t ä toe a pud

5

Af ter wh ich , a s H ara ldus was master o f S c lav ia h e p ut S turb iornus i n c harge o f af or m idab le g arr ison a t Wo hn ,1 9 t he mos t n ob le t own o f t ha t p rov ince . The p irac ies o ft hese men made t he ir b ravery n o tor ious , a nd were e ncouraged b y v ic tor ies o ver t he ir n e ighbours , u n t i l a t l as t t hey g rew s o b o ld t ha t t hey c overed t he wa ters o ft he n or th w i th t he c on t inua l d es truc t ion o f s ea-farers . Th is c on tributed t o t he s upre macy o ft he D anes more t han a ny s o ld iering b y l and .

Among t he m were B o ,

2 0

U lf f ,

2 1

K ar lshefn i ,

2 1

S iva ldus 2 2 a nd many

o thers , o f who m Iom i t al onger a ccoun t a s more l i ke ly t o weary t han d e ligh t . There S turb iornus was r oused b y t he d es ire f or v engeance , a nd l ong ing t o r epay t he wrong t ha t h ad b een d one h im , h e s u mmoned H ara ldus t o h is a ss ist ance a nd ' un loosed h is a nger '2 3 a t r e me mbered l osses a ga ins t t he h a ted r u le o f E r icus . H ara ldus was s e t t ing o u t f or H a l land t o d ea l w i th t h is ma t ter , when h e r ece ived n ews o f aG er man i nvas ion l ed b y O tho C aesar .

2 4

As h e was l ess

c oncerned w i th t he p rosecu t ion o f a nother 's c ause t han w i th t he d efence o f h is own , h e p os tponed t he p rospec t ive c on tes t o verseas t o p ro tec t h is own c oun try , a nd marched b ack t o J u t land w ith a l l s peed t o s uccour t he o ppressed i nhab i tan ts .

B u t wh i le h e was o n h is way , C aesar h ad b een march ing t hrough

J u t land , a nd a s t here was n o k ing t o l ead t hem , h e h ad e ncoun tered n o r es ist ance a l l t he way t o t he L imf jord , wh ich t hen c ut of V endsysse l b y wa ter , a nd s o h e was p reven ted f ro m g o ing f ur ther .

S o h e t hrew h is s pear i n to t he

waves a nd r e turned t o t he E ider , a l though h is r e turn was more l i ke a f l igh t . As h e h ad c as t t he s pear h e was c arry ing i n to t he wa ter f or t he s ake o f l eav ing a me mor ia l b eh ind h im , h e g ave h is n ame t o t he s tra i ts . B ut ' t err ib le a s i n a dvance h e l ooked , s o i n d epar ture v a in . ' 2 5 F or H ara ldus h ot ly p ursued t he r e t ir ing r e mnan t o ft he e nemy , a nd s laugh tered E ppo , t he c o mmander o ft he r earguard ,2 6 w i th a l l t he men h e f ound t here . S turb iornus , meanwh i le , e gged o n b y t he mockery o f h is warr iors , r ash ly e n trus ted h is f or tunes t o t he c ourage o f h is c o mpan ions , a nd ' dashed t oward h is own d es truc t ion '2 7 b y l e t t ing h is f oo lish b ravery p rec ip i ta te h is r es tora t ion . H e e ngaged i n b at t le o ver-has t i ly , t he S wedish e n terpr ize was r u ined b y h is c are lessness , a nd h e was s la in . O bv ious ly , a man who i n ac r i t ica l mo ment f o l lows t he t e mer i ty o f o thers i n p reference t o h is own f ores igh t h as w i l ling ly b ared h is t hroa t t o t he e ne my 's s word . I I . Af ter t h is , i n o rder t o s ecure h er c oun try f ro m u nexpec ted f ore ign a t tacks , Thyra h ad t he a rea f ro m S ch lesw ig t o t he N or th S ea c u t o f fb y a wa l l a nd d i tch ,2 8 a nd c ons truc ted a r a mpar t o fp i led e ar th a cross i ta s a mos t r edoub ta b le f or t if ica t ion . The s im i lar p a tr io t ism o f K ing V a ldemarus a nd A bso lon , a rchb ishop o f t he Dan ish n a t ion , l a ter a dded a b r ick wa l l t o t h is , s o a s t o

2 9

r epa ir t he d i lap ida t ions o ft he o ld r ampar t w i th a n ew a nd s o lider s truc ture a nd p reven t worse d a mage t o t he v u lnerab le s i te i n f uture . U s ing t he o ld d efences a s t he ir f ounda t ion ,

t hey c o mp le ted t he u nf in ished p ro jec t o f aw oman 's

g en ius w i th man ly p rudence ,a nd a ch ieved t he ir t ask t he b et ter f or t he r enown o f s urpassing f e ma le i ngenu i ty . And s ince T hyra ' wore man ly r eso lu t ion u nder wo man 's g u ize ', s he f reed S ca .n ia f ro m ' pay ing t r ibute 's b urden ' " when i t was o ppressed b y S wedish p ower . S o s he r epu lsed t he e ne my h ere b y a wa l l , t here b y a r ms , a nd p rov ided a n e qua l ly b enef ic ia l p ro tec t ion t o t he d if feren t f ron t iers o f h er c oun try . 6

I V .

Meanwh i le i n N orway , H ara ldus h ad d ied a nd h is s on H aqu inus 3 1

t o r id h is c oun try o ft he s ha mefu l h eredi tary t r ibu te .

3 2

s ough t

H op ing t ha t when

H ara ldus h eard wha t C aesar was d o ing i n J u t land h e w ou ld b e i nvo lved f or a wh i le i n aG er man war , h e v entured o pen ly t o r efuse p ayment , f or h e was embo ldened more b y S axon a r ms t han b y h is own s treng th . B u t H ara ldus c a me t o a n a gree men t w i th C aesar , embraced t he f e l lowsh ip o ft he C a tho l ic r e l ig ion 3 3

a nd g ave h is k ingdo m p eace b y means o f as p ir itua l a nd a s ecu lar

c oncord .

x cv i i i a

e 3 y o n i o 6raniniatfci r um p a r a t io rcm a m ic i t ix r e pp e r i t q uan to l i ic i uf d em f o ro r i sf u xm a t ti, m on ium l i b c r ahu s p e rm lf i t .P o f th x cH a r a ldu sa rm i sS c l am ap one‚a p ud u l in n ob i l i ff in a t ii l iu sp r ou in c i go pp idum S t u rb io rn od uc ed ip c t en t i a m i i ir um p rx i i i d i ac o ll o c au i t .Quo rü p ir a tl ae g r eg io a l umo r t ir o bo rc c e l cb ra t a a cf i n i t im i sp au b r im t r oph e i sa l t a :t od emü f c roa t a t se x c e if i t :v tc o n t inu i n a u t a rum c l ad ibu s f c p t E t r ion a lem r e p l e rc to cr anum .E ar e sp l u sd a inco i mp e r io v lum t e r r en gm i d J i nx n ego t ium a t ru l i r . in t c rq uo sf u c r e :Bo .V I f .k a rl f h c f n i .S i t a ldu sa l i ie c öp lu s y e s .q uo rum p ro l i x am e nun t i anonem t e d io v o lup t a t ip r op i l iqu io r E p f cqu i f u p e rf ed eo . In t e rh x cS t u rb io rn u sv l t ion i sa c u l co l a c c if en t e :a c c ep t am i n iur iä zu f a r ec up i en s :H a r a ldo i no p en a c c i to :memo rc tn d amno r t ii r a rn a du e rf u s inu if am , C kh° c 4C i r E r ic id om in a t ion d e f t r ia n t .C u iu sr e ig r a t ia H a r a ldu sh a l l äd iä p rof i c if c i s : th eu t o n icx i r ru p non i sn unn u r n: q ux ac x f a r cO thon cg e r eb aru ra c c cp i t. 1 g i tur a i e n xr e ii mp en t ion cm p r op r i gd e f enf i on em l a ngu i dl o r ea ud io p r of c cu tus : e x t c r a n xp ugnx p r op o f i to d omen icx c u r am a n t cpo f u i t: r e f l exoe i nl u t i am c u rf u: a d o p em o pp r e ff i sf acnd am p rxc ip ir ic e l c r i t a t cc o n t end i t .S cd t of u p e rucn ien t c :cx : L ym5o rd . f a rl u n am v tpo t e r e g io d u , f tu v a cu am n uI t or e f i l lcn t e p em en f u sc um l y tn i c i f r l n u so b i cau r u n ct e rn p o r i sT r end a l am a qu i sc l aude n t i s :v I t e r iu se x cu r re r ev e t a re d t u r . con i c z t ai nv nd a sl a nc a ,non f i lu rn i t c ra deydo r amr ef l ex i r iv e rü &f i m i l i im u i O thrand , f u g a cr c c h tum h a bu i t .S iqu id cm h a f l am c u iu sv f um h ab cb a t :m a r ir imo si nf i u : tu s r c hnqu end im onum e u t ig r ar i ai a cu l a tu s :f uum f r e to v o c abu lum i n d id i t .V e rü v t i mp = g r aw s : i r ae x i tu v anu sa pp ann t .H a r a ldu sq u ipp ca r d cn t i f f imocu rf ua b f a c e d e 'i t e sh c f l ium r c l iqu i a si n f equu tu s :E ppon em e x t rem ia gm in I sd u c e rn c um u s S tu rb io rn i q uo sr e ppa i ti ru c id au i t .k i t cie aS t u rb io rn 9c o n tum ehof am i l i tum a dho r t a t ion e c xd c s . c ompu l f u s: f o rrun am f u am r e tn e r e f o c io rum f o r t irud in ic r ed id i t p r op r ium e x inum r u cn sr e g ia ru mp a r r ium r e d i tum f l ohd ap rx c e f f i ta ud a c i a .B c l lum e n im p r gp ropar auf u s : r ebu sS u eonum p e ri n cu r i am l a c c ff i t i so c c idnu r. E tC a n eh on i d T hy rx m u h bu sg l a c h i sv i t ro i u gu lum f u b i ic i t: q u if qu i si nv rg cn t i a l iquo d i f c r im in em ag i s ni m en t u rn . a l i cnx c -m e r i t a t -4e p r opr i go b f e qu i tu rp r ou ide nnx .Po l lh x cThy ra q uo p a t r i am ac l and e l l in i se x t e ro ru m i r rup r ion ibu st u t io r em p rx i l a rc t: q u an tum aS l e f u i co D ann e d a do c c id en t a l em o c c anum p a r e t :v a l lo f o f f ae p rofand e r ea gg re lf ae f t. Sup e re l a d r x r ck c . t oa gg c r et e n ac i l l im io p en sr a r cnum m o l i t ae f tm un imcn tum C u ip on tnodum V a Id cm a r ir e g i sA bf a lon ife d an ic eg en t i sa n t if in s :c onf im il i sc rg ap a r r i am p i c a t a sm u rum c od 'l a ta i sf u p e r i cc i t :vn p o t iu sv e t e r i sv a l l io c c iduo s l ap f u sf o l id io r n oux m ob sf t ruf tu r ar e f i c i c c ra :e d e b i l em c i u s &um c r eb r io r i np o i l c rum r u ina f u bm i t t c ra .S iqu id em p r ior im un i t ion ef u nd amcn r il ow v f ii mp e rf r ef i x rn in ex v i r tu t i sp ropo f i tum v i r i l ip r ud enna c omp l cuaf i t . t an to e x c e l le nt iu so pu se d ema q u ä to f cm u l i eb r in ou c r an ti n du f i r l ac l ar io r c s .E ad em q uoq ;c üf u bf F e c i cf a -m inz v i r l i em a n imü g e r c ra ,S c an i am S u enc ad o rn in a t iö cc omp r c ir am p te f l äd it r ibu t i o n e r c l ib e r au i t I r aq ;h i n cm u ro i n d ea rm i sh o l lan r e p T I len sd i uc rf i sp a r r ixf in i o b u sp a rt u t c l gb e nef ic ium p epa i t . In t e r e ad e f un e to a pud No ru ag i am H a r a 1dof i H aqu i n i l i u sn u sH aqu inu sp a t r i am h e r ed i t a r i ep cnf ion i si g no n l in i a c x u e r ec up i en sc um r c b c l l io . H a r a ldum a ud i t i squx C e f a ra pud l u t i am g e tt c r a tg e rm an ic i sd i u r il cb c i l i si mp l i H a r a ldu s c a ndum f p e r a r e t p a lam d c t r af t andx ( b p i sa ud ac i am p rx bu i tI p l u sf p c ia cf i duc i e r e xc h r i tha e xS a x cm i c i sa rm i s jf u i sv inbu sc a p iar .Ve rüH a ra l c h i sr e bu sc i ii mr c ra to r ec 8 . • n i t se f ic i f . p of i t i s : caf o r t iume a tho l i c er c l ig io rü sa mp l cxus d i u in am h t un an äe p ac cm r e gno

7

Thus c onfound ing t he emp ty h opes c once ived b y H aquinus , h e f reed h i mse lf f ro m e rror a nd h is c oun try f ro m war . When h e l earned o ft he r ebe l l ion o f Haqu inus H ara ldus d ec ided t o d ea l t he more s evere ly w i th t he y oung men o f N orway f or t he i nso lence w i th wh ich t hey h ad r a ised t he ir n ecks a ga ins t h im .

H e t herefore e n trus ted t he p unishmen t o f

t he ir c on te mp t t o ap ira t ica l f orce f ro m Wo lin , 34 wh ich h e s en t o u t u nder t he c o mmand o f B o a nd S iva ldus . When H aqu inus c augh t s igh t o ft he ir a rray h e r ea l ized t ha t h is c oun try was menaced b y a n i rres is t ib le f orce , wh ich h e h ad n ot t he r esources t o a ver t .

Despa ir ing o f h u man a id h e t hrew h i mse lf o n t ha t

o f h eaven , a nd p rop i t ia ted t he g ods w i th a n e x traordinary s acr if ice . F or h e s en t a s v ic t i ms t o t he a l tar t wo v ery p ro m is ing s ons ,and d ef i led h i mse lf w i th a n i n famous h o locaus t f or t he s ake o fw inn ing a v ic tory ; i n t he h ope o fb uy ing t he s afe ty o f h is r ea lm w i th h is own b lood h e p referred t o f orfe i t t he n ame o f f a ther t han l ose t he f a ther land i t se lf . B ut wha t c ou ld b e more f oo lish? B y p ay ing f or t he u ncerta in o utco me o f as ing le b a t t le w i th t he d oub le l oss o f h is d eares t c h i ldren , t h is k ing s ough t v ic tory t hrough p arric ide , a nd c onsen ted t o woo t he f avour o ft he g ods i n b a t t le b y ' o f fering h is own b ereavemen t a s a , 3 5

g if t .

S o i tt urned o ut t ha t when t he Dan ish f orces me t h im i n an ava l e ngagemen t , t hey were c onfron ted b y af ur ious s torm-c loud wherever t hey a t tacked , a nd t h is h ur t t he m a s much a s t he e ne my c ou ld .

I ndeed, t h is e nchan ted

t e mpes t r a ined d own a f a l l o fu nusua l ly g igan t ic h a i l-s tones o n o ur p eop le 's h eads , s o t ha t t hey were h alf b linded a s i fb y miss i les f ro m t he c louds , a nd f e l t t he mse lves h arder h i t b y t he e le ments t han b y t he e ne my . S o i th appened t ha t t he N orweg ians , more f or tuna te i n t he p owers o f h eaven t han i n t he ir own s treng th , d rove t he D anes t o f l ee f or t he ir l ives , c onv inced t ha t t he a nger o f t he g ods was u n leashed a ga ins t t he m . Among t hem , K ar lshefn i a nd S iva ldus were c aptured b y t he v ic tors .

Wh i le f i gh t ing t hey h ad s hewn t he

mos t magn if ican t c ourage , b u t t hey won e ven g rea ter p ra ise i n c ha ins t han i n b at t le . F or H aquinus was a nx ious t o t est t he f ar-famed b ravery o f t he y oung Danes , a nd h e o rdered t wo men t o p rove t he e ndurance o f t he p r isoners more f u l ly . F or i t was r u moured t ha t t hey were s o e x traordinar i ly h ardy t ha t when h i t f u l l i n t he f ace t hey wou ld n o t r a ise t he ir e ye-brows e ven a f rac t ion , a nd wou ld ' keep t he s ame c oun tenance ' wha tever h arm t he ir a ssa i lan t d id t hem . A s p roof o ft h is , f i rs t S igva ldus 3 6 w as s truck b y o ne h enchman 's migh ty c lub , a nd h is e yes n ever moved . F or t he more c rue l ly h e was t r ied , t he l ess h e b owed t o h is f a te . And t he o ther 's s teadfastness e qua l led h is . F or wh i le t he s econd man was menac ing K ar lhefn i 's 3 7

h ead w i th a n a xe , h e l a id h im

f l a t o n t he g round w i th a k ick , a nd , c ha ined a s h e was , wrenched f ro m t he h ands o f h is wou ld-be e xecu t ioner t he b lade t ha t was a i med a t h is own n eck , a nd b eheaded t he man h e h ad p ros tra ted .

T hus , b y a n efor t t ha t was b oth

s trenuous a nd n i mb le , h is d ar ing g o t h im o u t o fd anger . F or t he p r isoner 's c ourage c ou ld n o t b e s haken am id t he c lash ing o f c ha ins , e ven am id t he h arshes t i nsu l ts , h e g ave t he more g lor ious p roof o f h is f or t itude t he more f i erce ly h e f e lt t herage o f f or tune a ga inst h im . N e i ther t he c loseness o f d ea th n or t he s ha me o f c ap t iv i ty s uf f iced t o i mpede h is n ob le d eed o f v a lour . T he u surper a dm ired t he ir c ons tancy , a nd ' i n o rder t o emp loy t wo g ood warr iors r a ther t han p un ish ing e i ther '3 8 p rom ised t o r epr ieve t hem i ft hey

8

wou ld s erve h im i n f a i th a nd am i ty .

D ee m ing i tb ase t o o b ta in t he ir l i ves b y

ac o mpu lsory s ub m iss ion , t hey p rized t he ir l oya lty t o a nother more h igh ly t han t he ir own l i ves , a nd r ude ly s purned t he c ondi t ion ; t hey r efused t o c onc lude a d ishonourab le p ac t f or t he s ake o ft he ir own s afe ty .

O n s ee ing t h is ,

H aquinus d ec ided t o s pare t he m f or t he ir c ourage , a nd a pprove r a ther t han p un ish t he ir e ndurance . V .

N ow i ti s r e la ted t ha t H ara ldus h ad t wo s ons b y G ery tha .

3 9

H aquinus ,

t he e lder o ft hese , o u tshone h is b ro ther S veno b o th i n h is e ndowmen ts a nd i n

x cv i i i b

f ? i f to z i g

I i c ç .i b tb ,X o ,XC V I II .

f u oc o n c i l i au i t .S i cc i rH aqu inum c o n c ep t ei n an i t e rf p c ii r r i tum r e dd en s: f c i pf um e r ro r e ,p a r r i am p r eh i sl i b c r au r t .C o rnp e r t av c ro H aqu in id e f e c t ion er a n t° i nN o r u ag icx m u en tu r i sc o n r um a c i am a f p e r iu sa n im adu e r t endum p u t au i t :q u ä to c am a du c rf um f ea ru i c em i n f o l en r iu se x tu ld i ec o gnou i t i g i tu ra du c rf u sh anc i u l in ep i ra t i cx m anu B ea tT S i va ldo d u c ibu sc ö temp t u sf u iv I r ion em m and au i t . Quo rum H aqu inu s: p e rf p en i sc o p i i sc um i n to l c r ab i l er e bu sf u i so nu si mm in e re c ognof c c re t: e x c ip i end ic i u sm at e r ia n on f u p F e t en t e : t an" h um anz o p i sd i f fi d ea : r i a :d ru in am a mp l exu sf u F c ro si n u f i t a to p i acu lo p r op i r i ando sc u rau i t .Duo sf i qu i d P i acu lu r t i d em p r e l l anr i ff imx i n do l i sf i l io sh o l l ia r um m o r ea ns a dmo to sp o t i end ev i c io r ix n ouum 4 c a uf an e a r ia l i t a t ion em ad au r t .N e cf a ngu in i sf u ii n t e r iru r e gnum e m e r ed ub i tu D em a l i t i a u i r .P a t r ifT n om in c p a t r ia c a re r em a lu i t .S ed q u id h o cr e g ef u 1 r iu squ fg em in ä H aqu in i . c h a ri f imo rum p i gno rü f i r ag e rn i n c e r t i sv n iu sp ugnx c u en t ibu si mp end ed° f o r t un am b e l l ip ari c i d ro F e t e r e ,£ -o rb i t a r em f u am m un e r i sl o co d i sb e l lo ru rn a u t o s r i bu sc r og a r ef u f l inu i t oe u en i rv rD an im anu rn c um c on a u a l rc e r t a r n in ec on f e r en t e s: q uo cunT m i l i r a r i sc l i f c u rf u si mp e r um c o n tuh f f en t i n f e f t am n ymb iv im q u at a n a bh o f l el e d c r en tu re x c ip er e n t .C x t c ru mc o ho r t ii r nb ri sm a l e f rc i um , i t a Da n i v i ed n of ro ru mv e r t i c e si n uf i t a t i sg r and in i si f t ibu sc o nuc rb e r au i r :v te o ru r no c u l iv e i l u t iq u ibuf d am n ymb o rum f p icu l l sl a c e f f i t ip r o f p ic ie nd iw p e n i ru sf a cu l t a t e d e f e : : e t i ,g r au io r em a t )e l cm en t i sp ugn am a bh o f t ef e n r i r ent .A cc id i te r go v tN o rau g i en f c so c e l i f i n sv i r ib 9f e l ic io r e sD ano sd i l l r i d tam a du e rf um f en um inum i r am h au td ub i ef e n t ien t e s :a n t eK ip c xd ibu si mp l i c a re n r. I n te r q uo sk a r l fhc f n ia c S i v a ldu s av ido r ibu sc a p r i ,e d rm ic ando f p c c iof i f f im am r e im i l i t a r i so p e r am c d i d i f r enna l iqu an to t a rn en p l u sl a ud i si nv i ncu l i s p rz l io m e ru c run tH aqu inu se r i x c e l eb e r r im äd an ic ei u u en tu t i sf o r t i tud in em e x p lo ra t iu sn o ir ec up i e s :duo sq u ic a . p t iuo rum p a t ie n t i am p l en iu se x p e r i re r u ra dmou i t. T an rum e n im v i r ium a n i rn i s c o rum an a tu ra i n f irum e f f ef am af u e r a t v te t iam r e c ep t i si nv u l tum i e t ibu s :n el e t i e sq u idem f u p e r c i l io ru mn u ru se d e r E t ?a r i l ;a du c rf u sc r i me F er c u f r o r i si r r i t amb t u rn i ne o d cm a n i im h ab i ru c o nr in c r en t .G u ru se x p e r i en t i gg r a t i ap r io rS i v a ldu s i n g e t if a t e l l i t i sf u l l ep e rc u tr u s :o cu lo sm o tu v acuo sp r ebu i r. Qu in e r i am c om inu s . f o rtun ec e fr i t :quo m i f e r iu sv i r tu r i sf u ge x p e r im en tum h abu i t .N e cm inu si nr e l i a V i r tu sd a o q uo m en t i sr o bu ra pp a ru i t .k a r l fhc f n ie n um a l i un ad i f r Iaf c cu r ic a p i t if u oi m r n i n on = c a d , n or m p u lf up e d i sh um ip r of t rau i t . app l ic a tumq sc ru i c if u gf e r rum m an ib9f e r i A P to runu r ec o n an r i se x cu r ien s ,v te r a tv i n cu l a tu sa r r ipu i t :q uEg il a p f ua f e c e ra t , c ap i t ef p o d k au i t .En imu e ro v tI l r enuo I r ai mp ig ro n i f up e r icu lum a ud a c ia p r g cu cu r r i t .N eg s c n im c a p t iu iv i r t 9i n te rv i n cu lo rü i t r ido rem v i go r ef u oe x u ip o ru i t , qu in 8 ci n t e r g rau if im a sc o n tum e l i a s : eo c l a r io rem f o rt i tud in i sf ux e x p e r ien t i am p r ebu i t :quo a n c i t a t io r Ef o r tun ea dd e rC um f ef r em i t t if e nf i t .S cd n e cl i ia u tm o r t i sp r op inqu i t a s n u tc at h en a rü c ö tum e l i aq uo m inu sl i b c rü f o rr i tud in i so p9c d e re t ,o b f la r e ;v a lu i t . Q t _ io rü c o n f lä t i am a mm i r an sr y ränu s :v tv t rog ;p o r iu sb on om i l i t e% / M al l ! ' i n v t rüq ; an i rn adu c r t e re t: r em i f f ion ep c en g ,dümodo p an e sf u a sf i d ea t a m ic i t ia c o l e r en tp e l i ic e ru r . 1 1 1 1v e to v i o l en tü t hf equ I i iv i r çr e p enu ic r op r ei n d e corü p u rl a H aqu inu s t e sv rpo t ca l i cnr f i d e l p r op r i cf a l ur ip rop io r e s :cöd i t ion ei n f o l C r iu sf p re t a :rurp t v i r tu t ic on p a z io p rog and if p i r 1 t 9b e n e f i c iü e x p e t e r en o lu e rü t . Qp v i f oH aqu inu sn ep a t ien c d i r . t i ep un it o rm ag i s p b a to re x i f l e re t :v i rr u t ie o rü i n co lum i t a t it r ibu en c lä p u t au i r H a r a ld i H a r a ldum v e to d uo sc xG c ry th af i l i o sf u f lu l i ir cm cmo r i £p rod i ru r ne f l . Quo rum ? ro l e s . n i l

e -

9

' h is h app ies t f ur therance o f n a ture 's work .' H e a t tacked t he S emb i , 40 a nd when h e f ound t ha t t he mora le o f h is t roops was s omewha t s haken b y t he p rosp ec t o f ap er i lous war , h e d epr ived t he waverers o f a ny h ope o f f l igh t b y s et t ing f i re t o h is own f l ee t , a nd s o d ispe l led t he ir s hamefu l c owardice w i th ' co mpu lsory f or t i tude ' . B y d epr iv ing t hem o f t he ir t ranspor t h e made t he m a im f or v ic tory . S o h e c a lm ly r obbed h i mse lf o f h is own f l ee t , a nd c arr ied o f f t he s po i ls o f t he e ne my more e as i ly a s ar esu l t . F or tune a t o nce t ook p i ty o n t he D an ish c h ief , n ow a ided b y t he c rews o fl os t s h ips , a nd g ran ted h im v ic tory w i th a l l h is v esse ls m issing .

Thus h e was s uccessfu l , b y v irtue

o f ' a s tra tege m b o th h azardous a nd p ruden t ' . S o t he Danes g o t p ossess ion o f S e mbia , a nd , h av ing k i l led t he men , c ompe l led t he women t o marry t he m . They t ook t o f ore ign ma tes more r eadi ly f or t he l oss o f t he ir n a t ive h usbands , a nd j o ined t he ir l o t t o t he e ne my i n t he b ond o f ma tr i mony .

S o t he S embi

r igh t ly r eckon t hemse lves l i nked b y b lood w i th t he D an ish n a t ion .

F or l ove

o f t he ir c ap t ives s o e ns laved t he v ic tors t ha t t hey l os t t he d esire t o r eturn h o me , a nd h av ing g rown f onder o f a l ien w ives t han o ft he ir own , t hey s e t t led i n as trange a nd u nfam i liar c oun try . V I . A f ter t h is d ied T hyra , t he c h ief g lory o f t he D anes . 4 1 A f ter a most s p lendid f unera l , H ara ldus o rdered h er b ody t o b e b ur ied am id u n iversa l l a men ta t ion n o t f ar f ro m t he mound o f h is f a ther .

' No f am i ly was u nmoved

b y g r ief ' a t s o b i t ter a l oss , f or t hey b e lieved t ha t t he p ub lic f ortunes o f t he c oun try w ou ld e xp ire i n t hese p r iva te o bsequ ies .

N owadays , as acred e dif ice

i s t o b e s een s tanding t here b e tween t he a ssoc ia ted t o mbs o f h usband a nd w ife . V I I .

N or s hou ld t he f o l low ing e ven ts b e p assed o ver i n s i lence .

ac erta in T oko ,

4 2

T here was

who h ad b een i n t he k ing 's p ay f or s o me t ime , a nd T oko h ad

made many e nem ies b y h is s erv ices , s ince h e o u tdid t he e f for ts o f h is f e l lows o ldiers .

Wh i le t a lking d runken ly among h is c o mpan ions a t af eas t , h e h appened

t o b oas t t ha t h e was s o s k i l led i n a rchery t ha t w i th h is f i rs t s haf t h e c ou ld h i t a n a pp le , h owever sma l l , p laced a t ad istance o n as t ick .

Word o f t h is f i rs t

r eached t he e ars o f h is d e trac tors , a nd t hen c ame t o t he a t ten t ion o f t he k ing . The d ishonourab le p r ince i m med ia te ly l e t af a ther 's c onf idence i mperi l t he l i fe o f as on , a nd h e o rdered ' t he d eares t p ledge o f h is l i fe ' t o b e s tood i n t he p lace o f t he s t ick . I ft he b oas ter f a i led t o h i t t he b a lanced a pp le w i th h is f i rs t a rrow , h e was t o p ay f or h is emp ty v aun t w i th h is own h ead . The k ing 's o rder moved t he warr ior t o p roc la im t ha t h e wou ld o u tdo t he p ro m ises wh ich men h ad t eased f ro m h im d ece i tfu l ly , when h e was s carce ly s ober .

S o h e was

b ound b y h is own w ords , n o t j us t b y t he r epor t o f t hem , a nd i tf e l l o u t t ha t h e h ad t o a t te mp t wha t h e n ever e xpec ted , a nd d emons tra te h is s k i l l t o t he u tmos t f or t he s ake o fk eep ing h is word .

F or t rue c ourage , h owever e nsnared i n

s lander 's mesh , w i l l n o t d eser t a man o f g ood f a i th .

Moreover , h e c ons idered

t ha t t he more d if f icu lt t he t es t , t he more d ec is ive i tw ou ld b e . S o t he b oy was l ed o ut , a nd T oko warned h im t o t ake c are a nd b ear t he wh izz o f t he o nco m ing s ho t a s p a t ien t ly a s p oss ib le , w i th e ars h e ld l eve l a nd h ead e rec t , l es t t he t es t o f h is e xper t ize s hou ld b e s po i lt b y as l igh t b od i ly move men t . I n o rder t o r educe t he b oy 's t error , h e t urned h is h ead t o o ne s ide , l es t h e b e f r igh tened b y t he s igh t o f t he miss i le .

T hen h e t ook t hree

a rrows f ro m h is q u iver , a nd h i t t he c hosen mark w i th t he f i rs t o ne h e s trung .

1 0

I fh e h ad c hanced t o h i t t he b oy 's h ead , t he s on 's misfor tune wou ld s ure ly h ave u ndone t he f a ther : a n i naccura te a rrow w ou ld h ave d estroyed q uarry a nd marksman a l ike . Iam t herefore u ncer tain w he ther t o d escr ibe t he c ourage o f t he f a ther o r t he s p ir i t o f t he s on a s t he more worthy o f a dm ira t ion , t he o ne h av ing a vo ided p arr ic ide b y means o f h is s k i l l , a nd t he o ther h av ing s aved h i mse lf , a nd p reserved t he i nnocence o f h is f a ther b y h is p hys ica l a nd men ta l p a t ience . F or h e s teadied h is y oung f rame a nd w i th v e teran f or t i tude , a nd d isp layed a s much c ourage i n wa i t ing f or t he s haf t a s h is f a ther s hewed a ccuracy i n s hoo ti ng i t .

T herefore , b y v ir tue o f h is s teadiness , h e p reserved h is own l i fe ,

a nd t ha t o f h is f a ther a s we l l . x c ix a

e a y o n i 9&

m inu t ia

H aqu inu s d ux f o r t i s .

m a jo rH aqu inu se x c e l l en ti ( T im ei l i do l i sh ab i tu : a cf e l ic i f f im i sn a t u rx i n e rcm cn r i s i f r ar r i sS u e : ion i cf u lgo rcm f u pp r e ff e r at ld em S cmbo sa gg r e f f u sc um m i lau m a n t r i o sp e ri c u lo f ib e n tr e f p e c tu a l i quan to i n f r ad io r e sa n im adu c r te r e t :quo m e l iu sf l u

m S t a r . a t agu

d r a u a mc n t n i t b o u s i mb f u e g c e i l lf p a cm ar i sd ei g m n c aw r c t ä , ig r e n p em puhf t u b e d f u c e c i t t xc c um l a f f iv t f u b i n a e u c i t g . io r c o q üf a n e c c u l e i t r a i t e an s d e f e d u d i

vi z i o ri af l ru end i la i adu e r te r en t .I t ae q uo e q u io r ea n imo f e ipf um c h i l ef p o h au i t :t ot u r io r eh o f l if p o l i ad e t rax i t . Nhf c r r ae f tr w i cp ro f ee to f o rr un ad an i c id u c i s :a n au ig io rum i a dur an au t a rum p rx f i c ha m u tuär i s: c um f umm am c l a f f i si n o p i am o pem v ido r i ec e rnc r e t .l g ir ur v tp rud en t ii r ap e r i cu lof oc o nf i l io f a lu t a r En i l D an i % r ah n i f t r au i re u en tum . Pa i r 'e n i rn S cmb ia d an in e c a t i s m a r ibu sf c em in a sf i b in ub e r e u rn i tS em c o eg e ru n tr cf c i f f ae d om e f t i con im a t r imon io rü f i d e :e x t e rn i sa u id iu si n hx re n t e s b i am , f u am c um h o l t ef o r run am c ömun in up t i a rum v i n cu lo p a r r i t if u n t .N e ci mme r i to . S e r nb if an gu in i sf u ic ö r ex rum ad an ic eg en t i sf am i l ia n ume r an t .Ad eo t r im c a p t i i u a rum a mo rv ido rü a n imo sc xp i r :v to m i f f ar e deund ic up id i t a t ei b a rb a r iem p ro p a r r i ac o l e r en t .A l i en i s( j -f u i sc o mp sp rop io r e s .Po l lh x cT hy r ad an i c em a ie f ia T hy r e t i sc a pu ta b f ump t ac I t .C u iu sc o rpu sH a r a ldu sa mp l i fr imo t i me r ed a tum m agno m o r s . p l ägo r en ol o ng e ap a r ri st umu lo f c pu l tu rx m äd au i t .N ee t r im t äa c r i i adu ra c u iuf j p cn a t e s m c c ro ri se xp e r t e s e f f ep o r c ran t ,p ri v at of u n e r ep ub l i c : am p a r ri ef o r tun am e x f p ir a f f ec r ed en t e s . Vb in un cquce f a c r ar i t ip e rf p i c e r ee f Fduo i r um c ö iugum f o c i a l ibu sb u lb si n t e rf i r um .N c cf i l en t io i mp l ic and l iq uod f e qu i tur T o l co f a g i t T o I ca q ui d am a l iquäd iu r eg i sf l ip end i am e r i tu so f ic ii sq u ibu sc öm i l i tonum f l u = t a to r opti d i af u p e r ab a tc omp lu r e sv i r tu tum f u a rum h o t l e sc f f e c e r a t .H ic f o r t ef e rn ion ei n t e rc o nu iva s t emu l en t iu sh ab i t° :t am c op iof of ef a g i t t and iv f uc a l l e r ei ad ab a r :v e p onn iq u an n i cu r ie e nguum b a cu lo ed i f t an t i af up e rpo l i t t ip r ima f p i cu l id i r e e t io : n ef e r i r e t . Qux v o xp r im f io b t r ed ä t ium a u r ibu se x cep t ar e gi se t iar l l a ud irum a r t i g i t .S ed m ox p r inc ip i si mp rob i t a sp a t r i sf i du r i am a df l ui p e r ic u lü t r an f lu l i t :d u l c i f f imum v i t ee i u sp i gnu sb a cu l il o co f l a tu ii mp e ran s .Cu in i f ip rom i f f ion i sa u e to r p r imo f a g ir r ec o n aru p omü i mpo f i tum e x c u r r i lr e t :p rop r io c a p i t ei n an i si a e t anr ix p c en a sl u e re t .Vrg eb a ti mp e r ium r eg i sm i l i t em m ai o r ap rom i ff i se d e r ea l i en eo b z t r e c t a t iö i si n f idu sp ar um f o b r i ev o c i si a c c tum c ar p m r ibu & I r aq ;e xd i e t i se t i am n on di dc rum e f f e c lu io b l ig ab ar u r. E u en i te v tc on a tu sf u o sa di dq uod m inu sp rxf u , m eb a te r ig e r e t :&quod p ar um p ro f e f f ion ec o lue r a t ,p l en iu sex p e r ien t i ac e l eb r an t . N ee t r im f o l id av i r ru sr ame r f i d e r r ad ionü l a qu e i si mp l i c ar a :i u f t am a n im if i du : t i am a bnce r ep o tu i t . Qu in e t i am t oc e r r iu sq uo d i f f i c i l iu se xp e r im en tum a c c ep i t . E xh ib in iI r aq ;T oko a do l e f c en t em a t r en t iu sm onu i t :v te q u i sa u r ibu s ic a p i t e r : d e f l e xo p a r i cn r i u 1 im ef l r ep i rum i a cu l iv en i en t i se x c ip e r e t .N el e u ic o rpo r is ma = t ue f i c a c i f f im ea r ti se xp e r i en t iä f r u f t r a r e ru r .P rz t e re ad cm endef o rm id in i sc on s f i l ium c i r ca p ic ien s :vu l tum e i u sn ev i f ot lo t e r re re r ur a u e rr i t .T r ibu sd r ind ef a O r r i sp h a re t ra e xpo f i t i sp r ima q ua n e ruo i n f e ru i t p po f i to o b f l acu lo i n c id i t . C u i I if o r t un ac a pu t ad o le f c i t i so b iec if f e t ,h au td ub i ei np a t r i sp e ri c u lü n a t ip c cn ar e d i d e r e c .f p icuhe e r ro r p e rcu f f o r Ep e rc u l l ie x i r io f o c i a f f e t . Vi r ru t ie r go p a t r i sa ni n g en ium f l u ii mp en f io r ia mm i r a t ion ep f equ a ra mb igo .Q uo rü a l t e ra r t i sf u ep ru a d en t ia p a r r i c ida lc a u it a l t e rc o rp o r i sa n im ie p a t i en t i af i b if o f p i t a t ep ep e r i t ,p ar r i p i e t a tem f e ru au i t .En imue ro i u u en i l ec o rpu sf e n i l ia n umü r ob o r au i t . r an tü f o r t i tu d im si n ap e :Undo i a c u lo e x h ib cn st q t . an t i ip e r i t i ep a t e ri ne m i t ta ido p rxbue r a t .

1 1

T he k ing a sked T oko why , s ince h e was t o t ry t he l uck o f h is b ow w i th b ut a s ing le s ho t , d id h e c arry more a rrows i n h is q u iver ? S o t ha t i f my f i rs t s hou ld miss , h e s a id , Imigh t a venge myse lf o n y ou w i th t he o thers ; t hen my i nnocence wou ld n o t s uf fer wh i le y our c rue l ty wen t u npurished .

B y t hese f ree-spoken w ords h e p roved t ha t h e d eserved h is

r epu ta t ion a s ab rave man , a nd h e s hewed h ow c r im ina l t he k ing 's o rder h ad b een .

4 3

H e d ispersed t hese s tor m-c louds o f a dvers i ty b u t s oon a f terwards f e l l i n to d if f icu lt ies j us t a s s er ious .

F or wh i le H ara ldus was b oas t ing t ha t h e was

t he more s k i l led i n t he a r t b y w h ich t he F inns t raverse t he s nowy g round ,

4 4

T oko v en tured t o c o mpare h is own d ex ter i ty i n t ha t a r t ' w i th a n e qua l s tra in o f c o m menda t ion ' a nd was c o mpe l led t o g ive a d e mons tra t ion o f h is v aun ted s k i l l o n t he r ock o f K u l len .

4 5

H owever , h is a udac i ty made u p f or h is l ack o f

e xper ience . H e c l imbed t o t he s umm i t o f t h is l o f ty p eak , g rasped t he s lender s t ick , f i xed t he smoo th b oards t o t he s o les o f h is f ee t , a nd p ushed t he s w if t c onveyance d own t he s lope . H is i mpetus c arr ied h im t owards p ro jec t ing r ocks , b ut h e s t i l l managed t o k eep c on tro l w i th a s teady h and . N e i ther t he s ize o f t he r isk , n or a ny p ara lys is o f t he f acu lt ies p reven ted h im f rom s taying u pr igh t . T he p rospec t o f t he e nor mous d escent w ou ld h ave t err if ied a no ther man , a nd f r igh tened h im of b efore h e e ven s tar ted . I n t he e nd , t he s k is h e s tood o n were b roken b y o bs tac les , b ut t he s k ier was t hrown of , a nd f ound s afe ty i n t he a cc iden ta l smashing o f t he r unners , j us t a vo iding a d if feren t f a te b y s na tch ing as ure b u t u nexpec ted a nchorage f ro m t he wreck .

F or h e h i t ab ank w i th a l l

h is migh t , a nd t he l oss o f h is b roken s k is b rough t h is r un t o as afe c onc lus ion .

4 6

F or i fh e h ad n o t c rashed i n to i mpassib le r ocks a nd d eep c ravasses , h e wou ld c erta in ly h ave s ho t o f f t he c l if f i n to t he s ea b e low . H e was t aken o f f b y s o me s a i lors , b ut l ef t t he h a ted k ing a r u mour t ha t h e h ad f ared s t i l l worse . S p lin ters o f h is s k is were f ound i n t he wa ter b y s ea-farers , a nd c orrobora ted t he f a lse r epor t o f h is d estruc t ion . T oko h i mse lf c onc luded t ha t H ara ldus c ou ld n ot b ear t he s igh t o f h im , b ecause h e k new t ha t h e h ad mean t t o p u t h im i n mor ta l p er i l , r a ther t han r ewarding h im f or h is b ravery , a nd h e t ransferred h is s erv ices t o t he r e t inue o ft he k ing 's s on S veno . V II I .

A f ter t h is , H ara ldus o rdered t ha t a n u nusua l ly l arge r ock , wh ich was

f ound o n t he s hore o fJ u t land , s hou ld b e d ragged o ver land b y j o in t t eams o f men a nd o xen t o a dorn h is mo ther 's t o mb , h arnessing t he who le mi li tary s treng th o f t he k ingdo m t o ma tch t he w ork-force t o t he l oad .

4 7

Meanwh i le , t hose who c o m manded t he f l ee t w i th S veno , a nd d e tes ted t he r u le o f H ara ldus , b o th b ecause h e f avoured t he worsh ip o f God , a nd a lso b ec ause h e was i mpos ing u nprecenden ted b urdens o n t he p eop le , p ersuade ' an i ns truc ted c o l labora tor '4 8 t o a sk S veno p r iva te ly whe ther h e w i l l t ake u p a r ms a ga ins t h is f a ther a nd o b ta in p ossess ion o f t he k ingdom .

Th is r eques t

i nduces S veno t o s eek t he t hrone b y way o fp arr ic ide , a nd h e a nswers t ha t h e w i l l b e we l l c on ten t t o w in c ontro l o f t he c oun try . When t hey h eard t h is , t he c h iefs c onf iden t ly p andered t o t he amb i t ion h e h ad r evea led , a nd b o ld ly e xposed t he ir s ecre t p lans . C arry ing o ut i n p ub lic wha t t hey h ad p lo t ted i n p r iva te , t hey i m media te ly p roc la i med h im k ing .

1 2

Meanwh i le H ara ldus was b usy w i th t he d ragg ing o f h is s tone , a nd when o ne o f h is men a rr ived f rom t he f l ee t h e a sked h im e ager ly whe ther h e t hough t s o h uge a mass c ou ld h ave b een s h if ted b y a ny o ther mor ta l h and ? T he man c a l led t o min E l t ha t h e h ad r ecen t ly o bserved a n e ven g rea ter we igh t r e moved b y h u man e f for t .

y ou .

The k ing q uest ioned h im c lose ly a bout t h is , a nd h e s a id :

I was p resen t as hor t wh i le a go when D en mark c as t o f i t s a l leg iance t o D ec ide f or y ourse lf wh ich l oad was t he h eav ier t o s h if t .

T hus , wh i le H ara ldus was h op ing t ha t t he o ther wou ld p ra ise h is u ndert ak ing , h e g o t n ews t ha t h e h ad l os t h is k ingdo m . Then t he k ing r egret ted h av ing b urdened t he n ecks o f men w i th t he y okes o f c a t t le .

F or when h e

a bandoned h is p lan o f mov ing t he b lock , a nd t r ied t o t urn h is d raugh tteam i n to a n a r my , h e f e lt t he u t ter s corn o f h is warr iors .

The t roops were

x c ix b

f if t o z i çDn i c g . gu l b .X efo eXC IX . I r aq 'f on f l an t ia :f ux b end 'c i o .n ef i b if p i r i ru s :p a r ri f a lu st r ip e re tu rt f f e c i r. I n t e r , r og a tu sa u r cm ar e g eT o ko c u rp l u ra p ha re t rx f p icu l a& I ra : t ine tc um f o r tun am T o kon i si a r cu sf ond d un t ax a te x p e r im en t° p ro f iqu id ebu i f f e t !v ti nt e( i nqu i t) p r im ie rd b c r t a si nr e r o r cm r c l iquo rum a c um in ev i nd ic a re rn :n em e af o r t ei n no c enna p c cn am :ru ai mv f p ond ed o . p un in tan e x p e r r e cu rv i o l ent i a . Quo t am l i b c ro d iao &f i b if o r t i tud in i st i r u lum d cbe r id o cu i t &r e g i si mp e r ium p c cn ad i gnum o f tend i t .S cd u sn e c e f f i t a r um p ro d c e lI i se r u tum p au lopo l lp a rm a l l t emp e f l a si mp l i cu i t. H a r a ldo e n im e i u sf ta r t i s q ua F i nn n i v a l c sf a l r u sp e r ag r an tp e r i t io r ei a t t an t i :T oko i nc o n f im i l ig en c r el a u d k u ld en d isf u am a uf u sc ö f c rr ev ir t ur e :a pud c o l l am r up e rn c d i tx p ro f e f T ion i se x p e r im en t I . Skon c t r um p r4 ) c r ec omp e l l i tu r .S ed q uod m inu se x e rc i t io c e l eb r au e r a t :p lr n iu s av i r tu r em uru aru se f t. E m in cn r i se n im f c opu l ic a cum in ec on f c en f oe x iguo f cf u ib c r ed i d d i t . lub r i c a4 p l an t i st a bu l a sa d ap t ando ,r a p idum i np rx c ep sv eh icu lum e g i t .Cu i u sp rx c ip in r a p tu i np rx rup ro sf i l i c e sa nu s :n i h i lom inu sd cb i r um e i u sr e g im en i n t rep :d a; m in t 'c o n t ine r ef u f f e c i t .N ee j i l la u tp e ri c u l im agn i rudoau tv I lu sa n i d m if l upo rq uo m inu sf i rmo f tc a rpo r tc on t in e re to f f i c e r ep o ru i t .E r te r ru i f f e ra l i t / c onf p ct t ap r e c ip in ii mmen f i r a s : a rean te ip f um p e r icu l ii n g r e f f um p l en am e ru sh e b i tu d i n tc o Ac i fT e r .T and ei l if oc au t ibu sv eh icu lo c u ii n f i f t eb a te x cu f f u s , f o r tu i to f u l t ium f r agmen t° f o l idum i n co lum i r a t i sp rx f id iü r e p e r i t ,f a ta l ;a l ioqu ip rop in d q u iu sf e l i c in auf r ag io i n f p e r a t am f a lu r i sa n cho ram a pp r ehe nd i t .En imu c ro a c r ius c huo i mpadus p e r f ra t t iv eh icu l id äno t u tu rn c u r f i t and ie u cn rum h abu i t .N i f iC li l iMpCtU m e i u si n u i a gua r um r o bo r av a l l ee v o r ag in e si n tap e l l a ir en t ,h au td ub ie p roc u rf um f u b i c z-t ü rup ip e l agu st x c ep i f f e t . Vb i an au t i se x c ep r u 5i nuifo r eg tt r i d f ho r em f o r tun af u af am är e l iqu i t .V eh icu lo q uoe f r agm en t a an au ig annbu si n t er v nd a sr e p e r t af al f op e r ic u l ie m sf i dem a ux e ran t .1 p f ev e to f u f p ed am H a r a l c i ip r e d f e n r i am r c pu r an sc pv i rr un f u çp r em io rum l o co p e r icu l ap ropon ic ogno f c c re t : I tu d i o rum f u o rum e x c rc ir i aa df i l 'e i u sS uenon i sm il i t i am c on ru l i t .P o f th a cH a ra l d d u st o t am r egn tc l a f f cm c x e ren s: n ep a ruo a pp a r aru m agn e m o l i sp ondu sa gg r e d d e r e tur . iun t t i sh om inü b ou rne c op ii si n uf i t a t em agn i tud in i si xumIu r ico l i r to Da n i abr i r er e p e rrum q uo m a t r i sr umu lum i n f ign i re t , ab i t r ah ii u l T i r. I n t e rn q u ic um S ue d i u go n on ec l a f f ip rx e r an tH a r a ld iI mp e r ium r um q u i a d i u ino c u l ru i f a uo re rn r ibu e d ada c t i . r a t: r um q u i ai n u f i r a t i sp l xb em o n e r ibu sa d ig cb a tp e rof i : Qu end am c ompof i rum f u bo rn a tum q u iS u enon em a n a rm aa du e rf u sp a r rem f um rn e r e :r egnoe p o r ir i v e tl e t :c a l l id ep e rcun t t a re r u ri n ducun t . Quo r n and a to S u cno a dr egnum p a r r ic i d d i op e t endum a ddu c lu s ,p e rcun d t an r ig r a t e sh abu i t .l ib en t e re f tp a r r i ed i gn a t io d n ev f u ru mr e f p ond i r . Quo a c c cp ro m a io r e se r p lo r a r am c i u scup i chr a t e r nf e cu r iu s S u eno r e x a mp l et t en t e s: o c cu l r i sa n imo rum c omm en r i sa ud a c t e r e u id en t i am p rxbu erun r . E n imu c ro q uod c l and e f l in i sm o t ibu st e xe r an ta p e r t iu se xecu t i ,c o n t inuo r e g em c um p ub l i c a a c c l am a r ion cd e c e rnun t .I n t e r h x cH a r a ldu sc i rc a r a c tum l a p id is o c c-u p a tu s: q uend am f o o rum ec l a i r ef u p e ru en ien t em a ra iu s p e ram t t a r ic ep i t : Ant a n tä a l i a sm o le m o r t a l im anu t e n t a t äc öf p cx e r i t .l i l tf tr n a io r i sp öd e r i sd ue l h um an i sv i r ibu se f f e c t ür e ci t e r mu l l sf u b i c c i f f ec ömemo r a t . Qd r eg ec r cb r i sp a d c i k t a t ion ib u s, p f equ en t e :Nup e ri n qu i tc t id an ia n b if u bduc e re fi n t e re ränp f cw et c n erof ior t r af tus e x t i tcr it p cn f c s . l r aH a r a ldu sc üa l i eno i u d i c io c cp t ig l o r iä c l r i t : S e r aN a ta l e r cp r ir e gn in un t iü a c c ep i r .P c cn i tu i tr ü cr e g ep e cud a l ib9i ug i sh um an a sa l ig a lr e d ip c cn i . : a ru i c es .Nä a lo m i ff ov e cndx m ol i s p of i to t r a e tü f a x ii nb cl i a pp a r an ic onu e r t c nna t nu i g t

1 3

a sha med o ft he ir d ishonourab le s erv ice , a nd r efused t o t ake u p a rms f or o ne f or whom t hey h ad b orne t he y oke . N e i ther t he c om mands n or t he p rayers o f t he k ing c ou ld i nduce t he m t o d efend t he l i fe o f a man who h ad c ondemned t hem a l l t o as erv ice f or wh ich t hey h ad b lushed .

H owever , am id t he g enera l u p-

h eava l , s o me men r e ma ined u n moved b y t he p opu lar f ee l ing a nd s hewed t he ir c us to mary a f fec t ion f or t he k ing .

With t he a ss is tance o f t hese a l lies , h e t r ied

t o s uppress h is s on 's r ising b y f orce , a nd wages a s avage war o n h is own f l esh a nd b lood . D efea ted b y S veno , h e t ook r efuge i n Z ea land , where h e l ev ied r e inforce men ts a nd t hen c ame o f f j ust a s b ad ly i n an ava l b a t t le . A nd n ow , h av ing u sed u p h is d o mes t ic r esources , i tr ema ined f or h im t o b eg a ss ist ance f ro m a broad .

S o h e l ef t h is own c ountry , a nd wen t i n to e x i le a t Wo lin ,

4 9

wh ich was g arr isoned b y aD an ish f orce a nd s erved a s b i l le t f or h is t rus tiest warr iors . S veno , meanwh i le , was n o t c on ten t w i th h av ing o u traged d ecency b y h is h a tred o f h is f a ther , a nd h e s ough t t o c onc i lia te t he p opu lace b y r es tor ing t he b roken s way o fp agan is m a nd v igorous ly a pp ly ing h i mse lf t o t he d es truc t ion o f t rue r e l ig ion .

H e b an ished God 's worsh ip f rom t he l and , a nd b rough t b ack

o f ferings t o t he a l tar a nd t he h ea then

p r iests t o t he ir t e mp les .

made a no ther a t tack , o n t he c oas t o f H e lgenaes ,

5 0

H is f a ther

w i th a c omb ined f orce o f

Danes a nd S lays , a nd c arr ied o n t he b a t t le f or a d ay , p o ised b e tween f l igh t a nd v ic tory . S ince t he a rm ies were e xhaus ted , t hey a ppo in ted a p ar ley f or t he f o l low ing d ay , i n t he h ope o f c om ing t o t er ms . H ara ldus was c onf iden t t ha t a n a gree men t w ou ld b e c onc luded , a nd wandered o f f i ncaut ious ly i n to t he d ep ths o f aw ood . T here h e s qua t ted d own am id t he f o l iage f or t he p urpose o f emp ty ing h is b owe ls , a nd was h i t b y a n a rrow f ro m T oko ' a th irs t t o r evenge ' h is wrongs .

5 1

H e was c arried b ack w ounded t o Wo h in , a nd h is l i fe

d rew t o as peedy c lose . H is b ody was s en t t o R osk i lde ,5 2 a nd r ece ived c eremon ious i n ter men t i n t he c hurch t ha t h e h ad r ecen t ly f ounded t here . F or t he c oun try , wh ich h ad f or mer ly b een mind less o f i t s own a dvan tages , a ddressed i t se lf t oo l a te t o t he a pprec ia t ion o f wha t t h is mos t p ious s overeign h ad a ch ieved , a nd t r ied t o p ay more f u l ly a t h is f unera l t he r espec t wh ich h ad b een s o l i t t le a ccorded h i m wh i le h e l ived , i ns is t ing w i th a l l p ossib le h u mani ty o n t he p roper o bservance o f h is o bsequies , a nd c ourteous ly r espec t ing t he a shes , a f ter p roud ly r esen t ing t he man . 5 3 I X .

O n t he d ea th o f H ara ldus , S veno was d e ligh ted t ha t ag ood o ppor tun i ty f or

a t tack ing r e l ig ion h ad a rr ived , a nd u proo ted t he who le t ree o f t he f a i th .

The

Danes h ad a ccep ted t he worsh ip o f G od , b ut o n h is a u thor i ty t hey e xchanged i tf or a r ev ived s upers t i t ion , a nd t urned b ack t o t he ir e rror t he more r eadi ly a s t hey k new f u l l w e l l t ha t i t s b it teres t o pponen t h ad b een k i l led .

G od a venged

t h is c on temp t f or H is d iv in i ty b y r equ i t ing t he ir r ashness w i th n o sma l l a dvers i ty , a nd b y h arry ing i t s a u thor w i th t he mos t p i t ifu l misfor tunes .

And

h owever s ore ly h e was t r ied , t he i ns t iga tor o f t h is a postacy was s t i l l c ont inu a l ly p lunged i n to t he mos t a b jec t d isas ters; f or tune n o l onger f avoured h im , a nd h e b egan t o ' exper ience t he b i t terness o f l i fe . ' 5 4

H e was c aptured b y

c o lon is ts o ft he t own o f Wo hn ,5 5 t hen r a iding D en mark a s v ikings , a nd h e p rom ised t o p ay t he m t he we igh t o f h is b ody , o nce i n g o ld , a nd t w ice i n s i lver , a s ar anso m . T h is s u m was p a id b y t he D anes b ecause t hey l oved h im e xc eeding ly f or a bandoning t he F a i th , a nd h e was r eturned t o h is c oun try ; b ut

1 4

h is e yes were s t i l l d arkened b y t he t h ickes t c louds o f i gnorance , a nd h e s corned t o r a ise t he m t o t he b eams o f b r i l l ian t l i gh t . Ye t t h is p or ten t f i l led w i th w ickedness —so u n l ike h is f a ther—was n o t a shamed t o t urn a s ide f ro m t he r ad iance t ha t h ad a dorned H ara ldus ,into t he d ep th o f d arkness . B ut h av ing b eco me t he c ause o f h is own d ownfa l l , h e was s erved b y t he k indness o f o thers . T hen h e h ad t he s ame misfortune a s econd t ime ; t he c h i ldren o f t he n ob i l i ty were g iven a s h os tages f or h im , t he s a me s u m was a greed o n a s b efore , a nd h e d e manded a ss is tance w i th h is r anso m . B ut a s h e c ou ld n o t s upp ly t he

ca

Zayon is G r amm a t i c i t e r cv o lu i f f crg r au i f f imum m i l i t i sf u p e rc i hu r ne xp e r t-u se f t .E t c rc i tu sn amq ir am p ro b rof io fi c i ic on rum c l i al a c r i l i tu s :p r oq ua i u gum t u l c r ara rma c a p e re r c cuf a s u i t .Ncq ze n im m a i c t t a t i si mp eno a u tp r e c ea dduc i v te i us c a p i t ii n co lum i t a t cm q ua Ta c t :gu to mn ium c e ru i c c se r ub e f c end al u ff ion ed amn a ir c t . ö nu l l it a m en p opu l a r i sf c n t en t ia e x p e r t e s i n te r p ub l ica c on f t e rn a t ion i sp r oc e il asc onf ue s t af ee r g ar c gem c h a ri t a t eg e f f e run t. Qu tbu sa d u t o ri b u sv f u sd um f l ui c on a tus a rm i se l i d c re n i t itu r: a c r iu sf a ngu in i sf u iv inbu so ppugn a tu r. S i qu idem h e l lo a H a r a ldu s ucnon ev i d tu s , fug am f u am S i a l andn c r ed id inc on t r af f i fp e xe av i r ibu s :r u rf um v i e t 9c r u l a t S o znf im i lcm f o r tuna h ab i tum n au a l i e xc e r tam in er e tu l i t . l amg ;d o rn e f t ic i se x u to c op i i s: e x te rn am inu si mp lo rand ar e f l ab a t I g iru rr e l id t a p a t r ia l u l inum d an ic i s a r rn i sr e f e r tu rn :v tpo t ef i d i f f imum m i l i tn f u çg r cm ium e x i l lo p e ti ui t . In t c re aS u e . n on ond um p a t e rno o d io p i e t a t e rn v i o l ai r ec o n t en tu s :c on c i l iandx f i b ip kb i gg ra s S u enon i s n ae f fuf i s i mp i e t a t i s h ab en i s d e l endo rum f a c ro rum c u r am ia n imo p e r t in ac iu s i l np ie t a si n f umpf inomn ip d i u in i t a t i sc u l ru p a t r i ad e f t° v ia im a ri o st emp l i s ia r t sI i b amen ta c hn fh an i s r e f l i t u i t . Qu e rn r u rf um p a t e rm in i sd ano rum S l auo tun IT c op i i s ,a pud h e lg en e s r a tan . l i t tu sa gg ra u s :d iem p r c l io t am f u ga v i f t o r i ca l i enu se x t r an t :i nq uo d e f a t ig aa r ie x e rc itu sn ee t endx p a c i sg ra t-i ap o f t e ram l u c e rn c o l loqu io r ibuun t .C um f o r. t eH a r a ldu sc r e andx c o rnp of ino ru sf i du t i al i c en t iu se u ag a tu si na ngu r t io r e sn e s m o r i sp a r t e sc ö c c if i t . Vb ia un e x in an i cnd iv en t r i sg r ar ia a r bu l l i si n f id e re t/ aT o H a r a ld i k a l ei n iu r i a rü f u an iv I t ion if i t i en t ef a g i t t av u lnu se x c ep in i d ë f a u t iu s af u is c e d e s . l i n t um r e l a tu s :c e l e r em v i ta a ir = h abu i t .C o rpu sc i u sR o tk i ld i a rn m i f f um a pud f a c rx r ium n u ra bi p f oc , o nd iru rn f o l En e rn f e pu l tu ra l o c um r e c ep i tAng r a t ae n im o hm b ono rum f u o rum p a t r ia p i i f T im i d uc i so p e ra f e ra a n im adue rf i on e c omp l e s e t en s :quod m inu sv i ta e i u sp ra f t i te r anf une r ip l en iu sd e f c rendum p u t au i t . Om a n i bu fe h uman i t at i sn e ru i se x equ ia rum c u l t u ii n f i f t en s , cu iu sf p i r in if u mb eo d e s r a r ic l em en t e rc i ne r e sa mp l ex a t ae f t . S u enon i s r eg i s .hv i . i mp i e r a s .

E f un e to H a r a ld° S uen op ro f p e r am f i b ii nd i u in af au i end io c ca 4 , f l o wn v en if f eg au if u s: t o r am r e l ig ion is I t i rp cm a br a d i c ec on s s . u u lf i r :c og ;a u e to r eD a rn f u r c ep rum d u u In i r a r i scu l rum r e pe r i r a f u p e r f t i t ion e mu t a runnho cl i b e r iu se r ror i sf u i r e c u rf um c o rn s p l ex i :quo c a t iu sa m a r i f i l mum e m sr e p rzhen f o r em a c c id i fr ec o g noue ran t .Qu am t eme r i t a t em v i nd e xc an t e rnp ru sf u id i u in i r a sn öp a ru ar e rum a c e rb i r a t ep enf au i r : auf to rem e iu sr i f l i f f i rn i sf o r tun ev i r ibu s i n f e cu r a . lpf um n am c vd e f e rendx r e l ig ion i sd uc c r n :p e re g r au i t c ra t f e e tum v i o len e i l T im i sc a f ibu si mp l ic at en on d e thr in l a r i f c vf u c c e ff ibu sf p o l ia rum , am ar tnn v i ta v f um e xp e r i r ic or g i t . Qu ipp c aI u l in io pp id ia c c o l i sr i r a t ia d an i am i n c e f r en r ibus D eS ueno o c ap tu sf a t t af i br e d im end ip o te f t a t e: c o rpu sf u um a u ro f em e l ,a rg en t° b i sr e p e a l s e n sp r ima d endum p rom i f i t .E af umm a aD an i so bd e f e r t af a c r an im io c um f a uo r ep rof equi s c ap t ion c . t a bu sa t t r ibu t ap an i cr e f f it u tu s : n ih i lom inu so cu lo sd enf iMm i si g no r anna r a t e . b r i so b f u f o sc o nf p icu ;l u c i sr a c h i sa dmou e r ec on t empf i t .E n imue ro p l enum n cqu i p o r t e nn ip a te rna l ;a n ima p a rü r e f pöd e r l s : ab c x im io e i u sf p l ido r ei np rof undü D ef e cf id a c a li g in i sf e c edc re n öe r ubu i t .S ed c u bp pr i a &no l a b c se x t it in a l i( m av f u ib en ign i a c ap t ion e r a sf u i t . Idem f e cund° c onf im i l i f o r run aa f e e tu sn ob i l i t it i b e r I sv ad ib °p ro f cd ad s p r io r i f g ;f u t run ep a e t i c i ei n t e rpof i r ar e de t iö i sp r c l ld i L ii p e r r au t r . S ed c ü pm i tr um

1 5

p ro m ised money f ro m h is own t reasury , h e s o ld w oods a nd f ores ts b o th p ub lic ly a nd p r iva te ly t o a l l t hose who h ad g iven t he ir own s ons a s as ure ty ' dearer t o t hem t han t he ir own l i ves ' f or h is s afe ty , a nd h e p a id t he p r ice o ft hem f orthw i th t o h is c ap tors .

T he S can ians a nd Z ea landers b ough t f ores ts i n c ommon ,

b y p ub l ic c on tr ibut ion .

B ut i n J u t land t here was n o j o in t p urchase , e xcep t b y

f am i lies ' kn i t b y l ong c on t inued k insh ip . ' 5 6 A t t ha t t ime t he h ab i t o fp iracy was v ery f requen t among u s , a nd v ery r are among t he S lays ; i ts pread t o t hem b ecause t he p ira tes o f Wo lin t urned t he n a t iona l c usto m a ga ins t t he ir own n a t ion , a nd i n f l ic ted g rea tes t d amage o n t he Danes f ro m who m t hey d er ived t he ir p ropens it ies .

I n o ur own t imes ,

K ing Wa lde marus a nd A rchb ishop A bsa lon 's v ig i lan t p a tro ls o n b eha lf o f o ur c i t izens h ave b r id led t hese h ab i tua l i ncurs ions . Thanks t o t he ir v igorous measures t he e ar th i s t i l led i n p eace , a nd t he wa ters a re s a i led i n s ecuri ty . .

5 7

Th irs t ing t o a venge h is d efea t , a nd p ar t icu lar ly a nx ious t o u proo t b y f orce

o f a r ms t he h o me o ft ha t i nfa mous f e l lowsh ip o f warr iors a t Wo lin , S veno a sse mb led t he r oya l f l ee t i n t he g u lf wh ich s epara tes t he i s land o f 1 \ f 4n f ro m F a lster .

When t he men a t Wo l in s aw t ha t t h is w ou ld s oon b e u n leashed o n t o

t he t err i tory o ft he S lays , t hey b o ld ly d ec ided t o f ores ta l l t he e ne my o f fens ive b y ac unn ing r use . F or when t hey d iscovered t ha t n igh t-wa tches were b eing s en t r ound b y t he Danes t o p ro tec t t he f l ee t , t hey g o t r eady a c rew o f p icked o ars men .

E ar ly i n t he morn ing t hese men i m i ta ted t he wa tch r e turn ing f ro m

t he ir r ounds a nd c rossed t he h arbour , wh ich was t hronged w i th warsh ips , i n a sma l l s k if f , u n t i l t hey c ame t o t he k ing 's s h ip , where o ne o f t hem s a id t ha t h e was t he c ap ta in a nd h ad s o me th ing t o r eport i n p r iva te .

The k ing t hough t

h e was b e ing b rough t n ews o ft he n igh t 's r econno i tre; h e u nro l led t he s h ip 's awn ing , p ut o ut h is h ead , a nd l eaned d own t o t he man who h ad h a i led h im , e xpec t ing a f r iend ly c onversa t ion .

When t he man s aw t ha t t h is was t he mo men t

t o s urpr ise h im , h e s udden ly g r ipped h im r ound t he n eck a nd h au led h im o u t o f h is war-sh ip w i th t he h e lp o f at ug f ro m t he b oa t 's c rew , a nd p u l led h im a board h is own p ira te v esse l . A nd t hey was ted n o t ime i n r ow ing h er c lear . S o b y r esor t ing t o ab o ld t r ick , t hey a ch ieved b y f raud wha t t hey c ou ld n ot b y f orce . And o ne who s hort ly b efore ' had s hone r esp lenden t o n t he p innac le o f ma jes ty ' was n ow made t he w re tched p awn o fb arbar ians b y as ha mefu l t r ick o f f a te . Ik now n o t whe ther i t was b ecause o f t he w rong h e h ad d one t o h is f a ther , o r t o r e lig ion , b ut t he p rov ince wh ich h e h ad i nsu lted b y e x i ling h is s ire b eca me t he p lace o f h is c ap t iv i ty a nd t he a venger o f h is p arr ic ide , a nd t he c oun try wh ich h e h ad r obbed o f h o ly p laces h ad o nce more t o s urrender i t s wea lth . H is own men were n o t q uick e nough t o h e lp h im , f or t hey h ad f i rs t t o u nfur l t he awn ings o ft he ir s h ips , t hen u nsh ip t he ir o ars a nd h au l i n t he ir a nchors .

The e xpedi t ion was t hus f o i led b y ar use ;

a nd t he f l ee t , n o t

v entur ing t o make f or t he l and o ft he b arbar ians w i thout i t s r oya l c om mander , d ispersed a nd c arr ied b ack t he t roops t o t he ir h o me s hores .

5 8

I n t h is ' v io lence o f f ortune ' S veno g o t n o h e lp f rom men , b ut was s aved b y t he wo men . F or when i t was f ound t ha t t he wea l th o f t he k ingdo m was e xhaus ted , a nd t ha t n o g o ld c ou ld b e s upp lied f or h is r anso m , t he l ad ies w ere s o g enerous t o h im t ha t t hey s tr ipped t h e g o ld f ro m t he ir j ewe ls a nd o ther f i nery a nd u sed i tt o make u p t he s t ipu la ted s um , v a luing t he ir p rince 's s afe ty more h igh ly t han t he e legance o f t he ir o rnamen ts .

1 6

B o th s exes were

u n i ted i n t he ir e f forts t o f ree h im .

I t was t he l adies ' p leasure , r a ther t han a

b urden , t o r anso m t he ma ins tay o f t he k ingdo m o ut o ft he ir own r esources . T hey h ad n o h es i ta t ion i n s pend ing t he wea lth o f t he p eop le t o s ave a man who h ad p rev ious ly a c ted a s t he s teadfast p romoter o f a pos tacy .

B lind t o t he ir

o wn p erd i t ion , h is f e l low-coun trymen d ec ided t ha t i t was t he ir d u ty t o r ec o mpense h is i n famy w i th t he most e x travagan t g eneros i ty ; a pp lauding u nd eserved ly t he e ne my b o th o f h is f a ther a nd o f h is G od , t hey r ewarded w i th t he ir c o mp l iance wha t o ugh t t o h ave b een e xp ia ted b y p enance . F or t hey h a ted H ara ldus a s much a s t hey a dored S veno ; t hey t rea ted t he p ro mo ter o f r e lig ion w ith d isda in , a nd i t s e ne my w i th a f fec t ion . T hus , a pprov ing o f s acr i leg ious , a nd p un ish ing p ious i n ten t ions , t he p eop le b es towed a s much h onour o n t he f a l len s on a s c on te mp t o n t he d evout f a ther ; l av ishing t he ir cb

o ,C . e se xp rop r io f i f co f o lu c r cn equ i re t :omn ibu sq u ip ro f a lu t ce i u sf i l io sp rop r io f p i r i t uc h a r io r e sp r ed c sd cde ran tmun cp ub l i c e :r n i cp r iv a t im f a l tu sa cn cmo ra v end i a t a b a rc on ie p re ti üp ro t in u sc a p t iu i t at i sf u ea ut t o r ib9n um c rau i t .En imu c roS c aa n ia cS i a l ed enf e sc ömun e sf i l ua s p ub l ico e r ec öp a rau cr t i t .A pud l u t iä v e ro n on i f i f am i l ii sp rop inqu i t a t i sf c r iecohe r e r ibu se mpnon i sc ömun io f u i t .E ot E p o r ep i ra a r i c ev f u sn o l l r i sc r eb e r: S c l au i sp e r r a ru se x t in t .qu io bh o cl a r i 9a dc o sm an ar ec e p i t :q ,l u l in io pp id ip i rancx i f ud i b sa due rf um p a t r iä v i ic or n a x im ed an is q uad a b i p f o rü i n g cn i i st r ax c r an tn o cu c run t . Quem i n cu rf a t ion i sm o r en o uns a nn i sT c aL -, d cm a r ir e g i sm a x im p on t if i c i sa b f a lon i s : ,ppen f xp ro c i u ibu se x c ub i ed omu e rü t Ouo r t ii l r enuo i n t e ru en ru t r anq u i l lu st e rn sc u l ru sg e r i tu r :t u t aa qu i sn au ig a t io a l cb ra f .A tS u eno o po re f r ionü f u a rü v i nd i ,d 5l i nen s: m ax im ee l u l inü p e r ind ca c f c e i c fh ff i rn Ic ö tub e rn i id om ic i l iü a rm i sc u e r t e r ec up i en s :S i nü q uo N Ip en i n f u l aa f a i th i af c c e rn iturR eg i ac l a f r ec öp l eu i t .Qu ic üf em a xi nS c l auo rü e fu f u ru sp ro : u i n c i am v i d e r e tunqu il u l in io 5 f t i t e rä ta ud a f t e rc a l id ii mp e ri h o f t i sa r t ep r e cura r e ndü d ux e rü t .N am c i mun i ed ec l af f i sg r a r ia n o f tu rn a s ad an i sc i r cu i r i ,v ig i l ias n o f f en t :d e i c e to sr em ig c sf u bo rn aue rü t .Q ln m an ea n t i c ip a tov ig i l t im o r ef i mu la : : t oe a be x cub ii sr e d i tu :f r equ en t il i bu rn i sp o r tü b r cu il i n t r ep r n i f ia la dr e g i sv fe n au ig i t ip ro c ef f i f f en t :e i r eg ub e rn a to rd in tq uad f e c re r iu se ün o f f ea dmodü o p e ra t ac t . Aq uo r e xn o d tu e x p lo ra t er e in f i t iü a f f e rr ir a tu s :d e t raao n au ig i i t e gm in e : c ap i t ee c x e r to ,v c lu r if am i l i a r i sc o l lo qu i ig r a r i aa c c l iu ev o c ä t ic o rpu sp bu i t . Qu e V ti l ei n f id i so ppo rrun t ia n im adue rr i t :f u b i to c e ru i c ic i u sp e r e iv io l E ro a mp l exu c o r r ipu i t . l ibu rn e c rd e t r a i f t i la pp a r i to rü a p em yop a ron if u oi r u i c i endum c u rau i t . N e ef c g in t e rf u g ämu t ec öc i t a t i sr ema rü i d ibu se xp e t eb äd t ap rxf id iü f l rennux c a l l i di t a d sam p la i :quod a rm i sn equ ib i t , in f i ch i sp romou en i t . lg i tu rq u ip au lo a n t ei nm a id l a t i sf a l l ig io f u lf e r a t: t un cb a rb a ro rü m i f e r ab i l em anc ip iü c ö rum e l ior o l ud ib r io f o rtun ee f eCus :N cf c io p a r r i sm a ionan r d ig ion i si r nu r i ap rou inc iä q uä p a ren t i s v i o l au c r a t :m in i fhä c a rc e r i sv In i c ee p a r r ic id i if e r i f i t :p a r re q u äf a c r i sf p o l i aue ranc t iä o p ibu se x u e r en e c e f r eh abu i t .N ee e n im o c iu s af u i si u u a r ip o t e r a tv rpo t eq u ibu sp r imü c i c t r ah end an au ig i i st e gm in a :a p t and if o r i sr e in i :ex to l l e nd ee v nd i sa n cho r ef u e ran t .C . ef f i ti g i ru re x p ed i t io f r au d i .N e cb a rb ar iem a b fe r eg io d uau p e te r ea u f a :f o lu t ac l a fr ed ome lha sm i l i t em l i t to r ibu sr e dd id i t . ln q ua f o rtun ev i o l en t ia S ueno v i r i l ide f ee t t i saux i l io :f c em in eum e x p e rru se l .N am c um e xhau fh sr egn io p ibu sn ea u rü q u ide rn r e d ep t ion i e m sf u pp e t e r ev id e r e tur ma d c ae im an-o n a rü h um an i t a sa t r u it :v td e r rad i sa u r ium i n f ign ibu s ic x t e ro c ec u l tu : c e r t a t im d i g e l l am p ond c r ef u rnmä e x p l e ra t .p lu sc ömod ii nf a lu t ep r ic ip i s a m c c n i t a t i si no rn am cn to rü f u o ru mf p e c i er e pon E t e s .A d co i nl i b e rädo c ov t ere f au s v n i 9h um an iv o t ic u t äh abu i t . l t am ar ron a l i sf l o l ep ubl i cü c u lm en p r iv a t i sf a cu lr a t i bu sem e r ev o lup t a t im ag i s o n e r if u i t . Noe e i nt a u sc a p i t ii n co lu rn i t a t ep ub l iA cf l i p i si mp ed io p c t e r ed ub i t an ie f t :q u ip r im 9d e f e redx r e l ig iö i sc ö l t ä t if eg cf i f . f e rauto rE .En . iuc ro i g n a ra p d i t iö i sf u ep a r ri a :f u rnmü f c c 1 9, a mp l i f f im i sb en e f i c i i s r ep ed e re p i e t a t i sl o co d ux i t ,p a ren t-i sa cn um in i sv i o l a to r ei n d eb i to g raru l a t ion i s o f i c io p f equu t a :quode p xn i se x p i an c i f if u e r a t :ob f equ i i sp en f an s .Q u _ ä to H a a r a ld io d io t e n cb a rt ä t aS u cnon i sc h a r i t a t ef i ag rab a t . au t l x : I rE r c l ig iö i sf a l li d io : af p . n a to rem b en iuo l cn t ia i n f equendo . I r ap opu lu sf a c r i l eg ia n io np rob a to r: r e l ig iof i p un i to r: q u ä ru rn i np a t r i sf a ra i t a tan c o n z emp ru s t a n tum i nf i l i il a b em h ono r is ni u

1 7

T e r t i aS u e n on i sc a ß p t io .

D ci n d u lg e t i am u l i c rä

f avour o n o ne who h ad u proo ted d iv ine worsh ip , t hey t hr ice r edeemed t he ir c aptured k ing f ro m t he p ira tes b y t he ir own c on tr ibut ions . A nd t he k ing was b y n o means u ngra tefu l i n r ewarding t he d evot ion o ft he l ad ies ; f or h e c onceded t o wo men t hereaf ter t he r igh t o f s haring i nher i tances , f ro m wh ich t hey were f or mer ly b arred b y l aw .

5 9

And i n o rder t o g a ther t he

money owed f or t heprev ious p aymen ts , h e o rdered h is f i e lds a nd e s ta tes t o b e s o ld , a nd t hus , i n o rder t o g e t h imse lf s o ld b y f ore igners , h e p ut u p h is own c oun try f or s a le t o h is s ub jec ts .

T hus Ik now n o t whether h e was more

f ortuna te o r more p i t iab le i n h is emac ia t ion , s ince wha tever h e l os t i n g ir th r educed wha t h e h ad t o p ay i n t r ibute , a nd h e p reserved h is r iches b y t he was t ing o f h is l imbs .6 0 B u t t he b arbar ians were n o t c on ten t w ith s tr ipp ing h im o f h is p roper ty ; wh i le h e was s t i l l s ee th ing w i th r age , t hey a lso made h im s wear t o s uppress h is a nger , t hus e x trac t ing a d oub le p rom ise f ro m t he wre tch . " I t was h ard t o d isagree t o t he o ne , b u t t o a gree t o t he o ther was d isgracefu l .

N eed

o b l iged h im t o p ay money t o t he e nemy , b u t t o r enounce c ogn izance o f a wrong , a nd r eward ma l trea t men t w i th i mpun i ty , was a c oncess ion a k in t o d isgrace .

I f , i ndeed , i t was weak o f h im t o y ie ld t o f orce , i t was s hamefu l

t o f orego r evenge .

S ure ly , t o b e c o mpe l led b y s uper ior s treng th i s b e t ter

t han f a i ling t o u se o ne 's own .

B ut h e wan ted t o g e t f ree , a nd was ted n o t ime

i n p ub l ish ing h is o a th t o r enounce v engeance , a nd a greeing t o t he a rrangemen t p roposed; h e s upp l ied t he e nemy n o t o n ly w i th p aymen ts o fg o ld , b u t a lso w i th t he a dvan tageous e n joymen t o fp eace , a basing h i mse lf f ur ther b y t he s hamefu l means t hrough wh ich h e c onsented t o p rocure h is f reedom . S o g rea t , h owever , was t he l ove o ft hese r enegades f or t he ir c oun try , t ha t when t hey l earn t t ha t t he r oya l l i ne o f D en mark was r educed t o t he o ne s on o f H ara ldus , t hey d ec ided t ha t t hey o ugh t t o p reserve h im i n s afe ty l es t t he t hrone s hou ld f a l l i n to t he h ands o f f ore igners .

They t h irs ted f or h is t reasure r a ther t han

f or h is d ea th , a nd p referred t o r e lieve h im o f h is r evenue r a ther t han o f h is b lood .6 1 X . B u t t he s t ings o fd iv ine r eproba t ion n ever a ba ted a ga ins t ap rince who h ad a bandoned h is r e l ig ion . F or G od a lso s e t S weden a t e nm i ty w i th t he k ingd om o f t he Danes .

I t s k ing , E r icus , who was s urnamed af ter h is v ic tor ies ,

r e me mbered t he a ss is tance , wh ich h ad b een g iven b y H ara ldus t o S turb iornus a ga ins t t he S wedes , a s r e la ted a bove , a nd b e ing v io len t ly i nf lamed a ga ins t S veno t hereby , l ed h is a r my i n to D en mark a nd s ough t t o r epay wha t h e h ad s uf fered f ro m t he f a ther b y d efea t ing t he s on . F or a l though S veno was c lose ly r e la ted t o h im t hrough h is mo ther , E r icus p u t h is a nger b efore k insh ip—a l l t he more c onf iden t ly , b ecause h e h ad n o t iced t ha t , wh i le t he f ortunes o f S veno h ad d ec lined , a nd b een s hat tered b y f requent r everses , h is own h ad r isen c orresponding ly t o t he h ighes t p o in t o f f e l ic i ty .6 2 S veno was d efea ted b y h im i n S can ia , a nd l eav ing b eh ind h is mos t b eau t if u l d augh ter T hyra63 —she b ore h is g rand mo ther 's n ame , a l though Ik now n o t who h er mother was — h e s ough t e x i le w i th O lavus , s on o f T rugo , t he r u ler o f N orway , who m h e t rus ted t he more when h e r eca l led h ow i n d ays g one b y , when h is f a ther h ad b een d r iven f ro m h is k ingdo m , h e h ad g ot H ara ldus t o a ss is t i n h is r estora t ion .

A l though O lavus d id n o t y e t b ear t he r oya l t i t le ,

h e h e ld o f f ice a s v iceregen t w i th a l l t he a t tr ibutes o f ak ing . 1 8

A lthough h e was

indebted to Sveno for this act of friendship, nevertheless he failed to shew a proper gratitude for his father's sake, and spurned the suppliant refugee; he dismissed his request for military aid and offered him scarcely any assistance at all. He neither relieved the exile, nor was he ashamed to reject a man whose father had brought about his own father's restoration. 64 Abashed by this shameful repulse, Sveno fled to the protection of the English. Their youthful king Edvardus suspected the petitioner of ambition, and concluded that he was asking for help not as a refugee, but as a pretended exile out to regain the kingdom of England by a ruse; he interpreted his want of fortune as evidence of his cunning, and turned deaf ears to the expatriate. Thus the father's successes had made the son's failure suspect. 65 As these rulers had frustrated his hopes and prayers by their hostility, he set out for Scotland, and experienced among 'savage barbarian natures' the quality of compassion which he had not found among a rather more civilized people. 66 For the changes and chances of 'inconstant fortune' are so unpredictable that a man may be cheated of what he hopes for, yet attain the unexpected with ease. XI. Sveno was driven to espouse the Faith by this cruel misfortune; the veil ci a

�o,:onía (§ra111n1otíci H�rcditJ.:: t;iusfamí nis d.mim.

De mífrrfa Sucnonis.

Surnonís adpicraré conucrfio.

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