Russian coins of the X-XI Centuries A.D.: Recent research and a corpus in commemoration of the millenary of the earliest Russian coinage 9780860541677, 9781407328010

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
Chapter 1: History of the Most Ancient Coins of Russia, and Structure of the Corpus Catalog
Chapter 2: Topography of Finds of the Most Ancient Russian Coins
Chapter 3: Arranging the Coins Systematically
Corpus Catalog of Ancient Russian Coins of the Xth-XIth Centuries
Annex 1
Index of the Present Locations of Russian Coins of the Xth-XIth Centuries
Bibliography
Archive Materials
Plates

Citation preview

Russian Coins of the X-XI Centuries A.D. Recent research and a corpus in commemoration of the millenary of the earliest Russian coinage

M. P. Sotnikova and I. G. Spasski translated from the Russian by H. Bartlett Wells

B A R International Series I 3 6 1982

B.A.R.,

B.A.R.

122

Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. P. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R.-S1J6, 1982: 'Russian Coins of the X-XI Centuries A.D.'

©

M.P.Sotnikova and I.G.Spasski , 1982

The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860541677 paperback ISBN 9781407328010 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541677 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction

I. G. Spasski

1

Part 1. Analysis Chapter 1

Chapter 2 Chapter 3

History of the Study of the Most Ancient Russian Coins, and Structure of the Corpus Catalog - I. G. . Spasski, M.P. Sotnikova. Topography of Finds of the Most Ancient Russian Coins - M.P. Sotnikova Arranging the Coins Systematically M. P. Sotnikova The gold coins, and the Vladimir srebreniki of Type 1 The Vladimir srebreniki of Type 2 Vladimir's srebreniki of Type 3 The srebreniki of Vladimir's Type 4 Coins with the name of Svyatopolk Coins with the name "Petros" Coins with the name "Petar" The Yaroslavle srebro Conclusion to the chapter

7 61 79 80

90 97 102 107 111

117 125 135

Part 2. The Corpus Catalog - M.P. Sotnikova The Zlatniki of Vladimir Srebreniki, Vladimir, Type 1 af ter Tolstoi Silver of Vladimir, Type 2 Silver of Vladimir, Type 3 Silver of Vladimir, Type 4 Coins with the name of Svyatopolk Coins with the inscription "Petros" Coins with the inscription "Petar" Coins of unknown types Coins with the inscription "Yaroslavle srebro" "Yaroslavle srebro" with Latin letter "R" Annex 1 - Cast oopies from Coins of the "Yaroslavle srebro" types I ndex of the present locations of Russian ooins of the Xth-Xlth centuries Bibliography Archive materials

151 159 177 199 214 220 .231 233 237 237 239 243 246 . 252 295

L IST OF ABBREVIATIONS A IZ MAO

Arkheo log ichesk iye I zvest iya i Z ametk i Moskovskogo Arkheo log icheskogo Obshchestva ( Archeo log ica l News a nd Notes o f t he Moscow Archeo log ica l S oc iety) , Moscow.

AN S SSR

Akadem iya USSR).

BEES

E nts ik lopedichesk i S lovar Brokgauza i E fron ( Brockhaus a nd E fron Encyc loped ic D ict ionary), S t. P etersburg.

VV

V izant i isk i Vremenn ik ( Byzant ine Anna ls),

V I

Voprosy I stor i i ( Prob lems o f H istory),

VI D

Vspomogate lnyye I st or ichesk iye D ists ip l iny Aux i l iary H istor ica l D isc ipl ines), L en ingrad.

G IM

Gosudarstvenny I stor ichesk i H istor ica l Museum) , Moscow.

G IM USSR

Gosudarstvenny I stor ichesk i Muze i Ukra insko i S SR (S tate H istor ica l Museum o f t he Ukra in ian S SR) , K iev.

GE

Gosudarstvenny L en ingrad.

ZhMNP

Z hurna l M in isterstva Narodnogo P rosveshchen iya ( Journa l o f t he M in istry f or P opu lar En l ightenment), S t. P etersburg.

ZAN

Z ap isk i Akadem i i Nauk ( Notes S c iences), S t. P etersburg.

ZANO

Z ap isk i S anktpeterburzhskogo Arkheo log icheskoNumismat icheskogo Obshchestva ( Notes o f t he S t. P etersburg Archeo log ica l a nd Num ismat ic S oc iety).

ZAO

Z ap isk i Arkheo log icheskogo Obshchestva ( Notes t he Archeo log ica l S oc iety), S t. P etersburg.

Z akhar ievsk i

N. G. Z akhar ievsk i , A lbum o f Co : Än Photographs, 1 896; a manuscr ipt i n t he S c ient if ic L ibrary o f t he K iev S tate Un ivers ity , No.902 / A1, s heets 7 , 5 3.

Z ern in

A .P. Z ern in, d escr ipt ion o f t he c o ins o f t he Nezh in h oard o f 1 852; a manuscr ipt i n t he Arch ive o f t he ONGE, S .G. S troganov p apers.

ZNORAO

Z ap isk i Num izmat icheskogo o tde len iya Russkogo Arkheo log icheskogo Obshchestva ( Notes o f t he Num ismat ic Department o f t he Russ ian Archeo log ica l S oc iety), S t. P etersburg.

ZOOID

Z ap isk i (Notes

Nauk

SSSR

(Academy

E rm itazh

(The

o f

S c iences

S tate

t he

Odesskogo o bshchestva I stor i i o f t he Odessa S oc iety f or

Ant iqu it ies),

Odessa.

t he

Moscow.

Moscow.

Muze i

o f

o f

( The

( the S tate

H erm itage) ,

Academy

o f

o f

i D revnoste i H istory a nd

ZRAO

Z ap isk i Russkogo Arkheo log icheskogo Obshchestva (Notes o f t he Russ ian Archeo log ica l S oc iety), S t. P etersburg.

ZTOIDR

Z ap isk i i Trudy Obshchestva I stor i i i Drevnoste i Ross i isk ikh ( Notes a nd S tud ies o f t he S oc iety f or Russ ian H istory a nd Ant iqu it ies), Moscow.

I AN

I zvest iya i mperatorsk i Akadem i i Nauk ( News Notes o f t he I mper ia l Academy o f S c iences), S t. P etersburg.

I AO

I zvest iya

Arkheo log icheskogo

o bshchestva

Notes o f t he Archeo log ica l S oc iety), Vestn ik

( H istor ica l

( News

S t. P etersburg.

I V

I stor ichesk i P etersburg.

I GAIMK

I zvest iya Gosudarstvenno i Akadem i i I stor i i Mater ia lno i Ku ltury ( News b otes o f t he S tate Academy f or t he H istory o f Mater ia l Cu l ture).

I RAO

I zvest iya Russkogo Arkheo log icheskogo Obshchestva (News Notes o f t he Russ ian Archeo log ica l S oc iety), S t. P etersburg.

I TUAK

I zvest iya Tavar ichesko i U chono i Arkh ivno i (News Notes o f t he Taur is L earned Comm iss ion), S imferopo l.

Ka ta log 1 855

Cata log o f Russ ian C o ins o f t he I mper ia l H erm itage , 1 855. A manuscr ipt i n t he Arch ive o f t he ONGE.

KDA

K ievskaya D iv in ity).

K IM

K ievsk i I stor ichesk i Muze i Museum o f t he Ukra in ian Museum").

KS

K ievskaya S tar ina ( Anc ient T imes i n K iev),

KSIIMK

Kratk iye S oobshchen iya I nst ituta I stor i i Ma ter ia lno i Ku ltury ( Br ief C ommun icat ions o f t he I nst i tute f or t he H istory o f Mater ia l Cu lture) ( of t he Academy o f S c iences o f t he USSR).

LO IA

L en ingradskoye o tde len iya I nst ituta Arkheo log i i ( Len igrad Department o f t he I nst itute o f Archeo logy) ( of t he Academy o f S c iences o f t he USSR).

LSA

N .P. L ikhachov 's a lbum o f s ea ls.

MDK

Muze i i stor i i Donskogo k azachestva ( Museum f or t he H istory o f Don C ossackdom), R ostov o n t he Don.

MAPP

Mater ia l i i z a rkheo log i i p ivn ichnoho P r ichernomorya ( Mater ia ls f or t he Archeo logy o f t he Northern B lack S ea L ittora l), o f t he Odessa S tate Archeo log ica l Museum a t Odessa.

N IAMZ

Novgorodsk i i stor iko-arkh itekturny muze i-zapovedn ik (Novgorod H istor ica l Arch itecture Museum-Preserve).

Dukhovnaya Akadem iya ( the S SR ,

H era ld),

S t.

Komm iss i i Arch ives

( K iev Academy o f S tate " K iev

H istor ica l H istor ica l K iev.

N iS

Num izmat ika Sphrag ist ics),

i S frag ist ika K iev.

( Num ismat ics

a nd

N iE

Num izmat ika i Ep igraph ika Ep igraphy), Moscow.

( Num ismat ics

a nd

NKVD

Narodny Komm issar iat Vnutrennykh D e l ( the P eop le 's Comm issar iat f or I nterna l Affa irs).

NKF

N arodny Komm issar iat F inansov Comm issar iat f or F inances).

NORAO

Num ismat ichesk i Arkheo log icheskogo Department o f t he S t. P etersburg.

NS

Num ismat ichesk i S born ik ( the Num ismat ic Compend ium , o f t he S ta te H istor ica l Museum).

OAM

Odessk i Arkheo log ichesk i Archeo log ica l Museum).

OZ

O techsyvennyye P etersburg.

O IDR

Obshchestvo I stor i i i Drevnoste i Ross i isk ikh ( Soc iety f or Russ ian H istory a nd Ant iqu it ies, a t t he I mper ia l Moscow Un ivers ity).

ONGE

O tde l Num izmat ik i Gosudarstvennogo E rm itazha (Num ismat ics D epartment o f t he S tate Herm itage).

ORGIB

O tde l Rukop ise i i m. M .E. Department o f S tate L ibrary),

Oruzh. P .

O ruzhe inaya Museum.

PSRL

P o lnoye S obran iye Russk ikh L etop ise i Co l lect ion o f Russ ian Chron ic les).

RV

Russk i Vestn ik ( Russ ian Hera ld), S t. P etersburg.

RS

Russkaya P etersburg.

SA

S ov ietskaya Arkheo log iya a t Moscow a nd L en ingrad,

SGE

S oobshchen iya Gosudarstvennogo ( Commun icat ions o f t he S tate Herm itage),

E rm itazha L en ingrad.

SB

S evernaya P etersburg.

B ee),

S PbV

S ankt-Peterburzhsk i Vestn ik Hera ld), S t. P etersburg.

S FA

S ov ietskaya F i la te l ist icheskaya Phi late l ic Assoc iat ion).

( the

P eop le 's

O tde ln iye Russkogo o bshchestva ( Num ismat ics Russ ian Archeo log ica l S oc iety),

Z ap isk i

Muze i

( the

( Fa ther land

Odessa

Notes),

S t.

Gosudarstvenno i Pub l ichno i b ib l iotek i S a ltykova-Shchedr ina ( Manuscr ipts t he M .E. S a ltykov-Shchedr in Pub l ic L en ingrad.

P a lata

S tar ina

P che la

( the

Armory),

( Russ ian

( the

Moscow,

Krem l in

( Comp lete

Ant iqu ity),

S t.

( Sov iet Archeo logy), t hen a t Moscow.

Northern ( St.

f i rst

S t.

P etersburg

Assots iats iya

( Sov iet

TGE

Trudy Gosudarstvennogo E rm itazh S tate Herm itage), L en ingrad.

TLO IDR

Trudy i L etop is i Obshchestva I stor i i i Drevnoste i Ross i isk ikh ( Studies a nd Anna ls o f t he S oc iety f or Russ ian H istory a nd Ant iqu it ies), Moscow.

TOSRA

Trudy O tde len iya Russko i i S lavyansko i Arkheo log i i ( Stud ies o f t he D epartment o f Russ ian a nd S lavon ic Archeo logy), o f t he Russ ian Archeo log ica l S oc iety.

TsGIAL

T sentra lny Gosudarstvenny I stor ichesk i Arkh iv ( Centra l S tate H istor ica l Archive), a t L en ingrad.

T sGIA USSR

T sentra lny Gosudarstvenny I stor ichesk i Arkh iv USSR ( Centra l S tate H istor ica l Arch ive o f t he Ukra in ian S SR), a t K iev.

ChOIDR

Chten iya v Obshchestve I stor i i i D revnoste i Ross i isk ikh ( Readings o f L ectures a t t he S oc iety f or Russ ian H istory a nd Ant iqu it ies), Moscow.

v .

v es ( we ight)

vyp.

vypusk ( i ssue)

g az.

g azeta ( newspaper)

d .

d iameter

z h.

z hurna l ( per iod ica l)

I zd.

i zdan iye ( ed i t ion,

1 .s.

l i tsevaya s torona ( obverse)

o .s.

o borotnaya s torona ( reverse)

P ros ikh.

P ro iskhozhden iye ( provenance ,

r is.

r isunok ( draw ing ,

Upom.

upom inan iye ( ment ion)

Khr.

khranen iye ( safe-keep ing ,

o r p ub l icat ion ,

( Stud ies

by

t he

o r p ub l ished)

o r o r ig in)

o r i l lustrat ion)

o r c ustody)

E rm itazh ( the Herm itage) BBMSWK

B er l iner B lätter f ür Wappenkunde , Ber l in.

Münz,

S iege l,

u nd

B lfM

B lätter f ür Münzkunde , Hannover ische n um ismat ische Z e itung , H annover , L e ipz ig.

Br. M zv.

Braunschwe iger Münzverkehr.

BZ

Byzant in ische Z e itschr if t ,

NZ

Num ismat ische Z e itung. B lätter f ür Münz-, und S iege lkunde , We issensee.

RNB

R evue d e l a n um isma t ique b e ige ,

Brusse ls.

SB

S eaby 's C o in a nd Meda l Bu l let in ,

L ondon.

Mun ich. Wappen-,

SBGEG

S itzungsber ichte d er Gese l lschaft z u Dorpat.

S PbDZ

S t. P eterburg ische d eutsche Z e itung.

Z fN

Z e itschr ift f ür Num isma t ik ,

ZMSWK

Z e itschr ift Ber lin.

r ev.

r ev iew

f ür

Münz-,

g e lehrten

e stn ischen

Ber l in.

S iege l,

und

Wappenkunde ,

I NTRODUCTION The f i rst c o ins o f e ar ly Rus a re a v iv id a nd e loquent m emor ia l o f a p er iod o f u psurge o f t he a nc ien t Russ ian s ta te, o ne i n wh ich a n e xtreme ly i mpor tant c hange o f d irect ion t ook p lace i n i t s c u lture. S tr iv ing t oward c onsol idat ion, t he p r ince ly a uthor ity v igorous ly i ncu lca ted t he Chr istian s ta te r e l ig ion i n p lace o f t he i deo logy o f p agandom, o utworn a nd c rumb l ing a fter t he c entur ies dur ing wh ich b ar ter e xchange a nd a ct ive e conom ic c ontacts w ith n e ighbour ing p owers h ad e x isted. Th is s harp ly a cce lera ted t he g rowth o f t he c u ltura l l i fe o f Rus, e l im ina t ing t he m a in o bstac le , t hat o f r e lig ion, t o d eeper a nd s tronger t i es w ith t he wor ld o f Byzant ine c u lture a nd w ith t he c u lture o f t he West. The who le e ar l ier d eve lopmen t o f Rus h ad p repared t he way f or a cceptance a nd a ss im i la tion o f S lavon ic wr it ing e n masse a s a n e lement i n t he c u l ture o f t he Chr istian wor ld; upon h av ing c ome t o t erms w ith t hat wor ld 's l i terary h er itage, Rus w as r eady t o p roceed a ct ive ly t oward c reation o f i t s own l i terary c u lture. 1 The c o ins o f a nc ient Rus, t oo , w ere a r esu lt o f t h is c hange o f f ront - t he f i rs t ma ter ia l r ema ins, e xternal ized i n m eta l , o f Russ ian s ta te a ct iv i ty , a r eveal ing a ssemb lage o f m in iature e xamp les o f c raft i ndustry a nd r epresenta tiona l a r t, o f l anguage a nd o f wr itten e xpress ion, a t t he e nd o f t he X th c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he X It h. F or a l ong t ime t hey a lmos t e ntire ly f a i led t o e ngage t he a ttent ion o f s tudents o f t he h istory o f c u lture. The h istory o f t he p eop les n e ighbor ing u pon p re-Mongo l Rus s hows t ha t i n t hese s ame d ecades a t t he e nd o f t he X th c en tury a nd t he b eg inning o f t he X Ith when t he s tr ik ing o f Russ ian c o ins was c ommenc ing, P o land ( a s tep a head o f Rus), Hungary , a nd t he S candinav ian c ountr ies s ubsequent t o t he ir a cceptance o f Chr ist ian i ty p roduced t he ir f i rs t c o ins t oo . 2 Apparent ly I.I. To lsto i a nd A .A . I ly in w ere r ight i n p o int ing o ut t ha t i t w as n o t o n ly e conom ic s t imu l i a nd i mpending m onetary c r is is t ha t l ed t o t he c reation o f n ative c o in i n Rus, a c ountry t o ta l ly u nprov ided w ith l oca l s ources f or t he c o inage m eta ls. Aga inst t he b ackground o f t he t wo c entur ies ' v igorous i nf lux a nd c ircu la tion o f Arab ic s i lver c o ins 3 wh ich p receded t he i ssuance o f Russ ian o nes , t he c ontr ibut ion o f Rus t o t he c o l lapsed m onetary c ircu la tion o f e as tern E urope was modes t a nd i ns ign if icant, a l though i t a ppears p retty c ons iderab le when c ompared w ith t he quant i ty o f a nc ient c o ins o f Rus 's n e ighbors t hat h ave b een p reserved. The q ua l ity o f t hese c o ins, s omet imes s i lver b ut a t o ther t imes s o l ow i n f ineness t hat o rdinary c heck ing o n t he s tone s hows t hem a s c opper , p ersuades o ne t hat t he ir i ssuance w as i n n o s ma l l m easure p rompted by r equirements o f a n i deo log ica l c haracter , d er iv ing f rom t he f i e ld o f m ed ieva l p ub l ic l aw a nd f rom t he s pec if ic s ignif icance o f c o inage a s o ne o f t he r ega l ia , t he s ymbo ls o f a utonomous p ower. The s ignif icance o f t he c arefu l ly p lanned c o ins a nd t he ir t ypes i s manifested w ith p ar ticu lar c lar ity i n t he c arefu l s e lect ion o f i nscr ipt ions w ith in t he o vera l l c ompos it ion o f c o ins t hat a dhere t o t he c anons o f Byzant ine n um isma t ics a nd a r t. I t i s a s or t o f p o l it ica l m anifesto c ha l leng ing t he w e ll-known p re tens ions o f t he

1

c ourt o f C onstant inop le t o s upremacy o ver t he p eop les who r ece ived t he n ew f a ith a t t he h ands o f t he Byzant ine c hurch. Under c ircumstances where t he Russ ian c hurch was s ubord ina ted t o t he P a tr iarch a t C onstant inop le t hat d octr ine c ou ld n o t f a i l t o b e a s ore p o int. The f i rst i ssue o f g o ld c o ins o f V ladim ir s on o f S yva tos lav , wh ich was e v ident ly t he o ne mos t l im ited i n q uant ity , f o l lowed t he n orms o f t he Byzant ine n om isma a lready w e ll k nown t o Rus; t he v ery t urn ing t o g o ld - a lmost a n on-par tic ipant i n t he w idespread c ircu la tion o f t wo c entur ies t hat h ad p receded t he i ssuance o f Russ ian c o ins, y et a n e lement wh ich h ad n ever the less a lready m ade i ts a ppearance i n t he p agan o a ths i n " Igor 's L ay" - c an b e e xp la ined by t he e x isting g enera l e steem f or t h is m eta l , 4 wh ich h ad a lso b een f ami l iar t o t he c u lt o f t he p agan g ods a t K iev. The g o ld p ieces o f Bas i l I a nd C onstant ine V II, wh ich a re t he o nes most c ommon i n t he Russ ian g o ld h oards f rom t he e nd o f t he X th c entury t o t he m idd le o f t he X Ith, h ad o n t hem t he i mage o f Chr ist, t o whose p ro tect ion t he P r ince e ntrusted h imse lf u pon a ccept ing Chr ist iani ty , a nd t h is i mage was e mp loyed w ithout a l tera tion o n t he n ew t ype o f c o in b eing c rea ted. The p r inc ipa l d iv in i ty o f t he n ew p antheon , w ith t he t estament o f h is l aw i n h is h and, but w ithout l ower b ody o r l egs, was s ometh ing o ne c ou ld n o t a l together t ake i n , n or y et q uarre l w ith e i ther. The d ie-cutter k new t he f igure f rom t he i kons t hat h ad t aken o ver f rom t he o ld a nd f am i l iar i do ls, a nd f rom t he p ic tures i n t he f i rs t c hurches o f K iev. I t h ad t o b e a ccepted a s i t s tood. But o n t he o ther s ide o f t he c o in o ne h ad t o r epresent a p r ince who was v ery w e l l k nown t o t he m as ter a r tizan. E xecuted w ith e v ident s tr iv ing f or " por tra it l i keness" - w ith e normous mustaches a nd p erhaps o ther p ecu l iar it ies o f p hysiognomy - i t w as t o b e r ecognized a lso t hrough t he " persona l" b adge , b e long ing t o t he p r ince a lone , wh ich a ppeared a bove t he s hou lder. Th is i mage o f t he s overe ign i n a l l h is s p lendor - i n g o ld, w ear ing s umptuous v estments a nd a r oya l c rown , w ith t he s ymbo l o f t he n ew g od i n h is h and - i s p resented i n t he s p ir it o f t he Byzant ine a r t ist ic i deas t hat h ad b ecome n atural ized i n Rus. The f ru i t lessness o f s earches , s o many t imes u nder taken, f or c oncre te ( that i s t o s ay , c op ied) o r ig ina l c o ins p ersuades o ne o f t he i ndependence o f t he c o in t ypes g iven t o t he d ie-cutters a s t he ir t ask a nd f ree ly c omposed b y t hem. But s earches f or d ep ic t ion o f r ea l ia - t hat i s t o s ay , f or " l etter-perfect" r epresenta t ion o f o b jects o f o ne s or t o r a no ther - w i l l s carce ly p rove s uccessfu l. 5 O f p ar ticu lar i nteres t f or d ef in i t ion o f t he a r tistic c oncepts o f t he d ie-cutter - o r m ore l i ke ly e ven t hose o f h is " pr inc ipa l" , t he r u ler - i s a n a d justment i n troduced i nto t he c anon o f t he h a lflength p or tra it. That f orm was p resumab ly p referred i n t he i nterest o f more d ef in i te p or tra it l i keness, b ut i t s p r inc ip le o f u s ing a p ar t t o p or tray t he who le d id n o t w in o ver t he Russ ian c onsc iousness a l l t ha t e as i ly : qu i te u nexpected ly l egs w ere a dded t o t he l ower p ar t o f t he i mage i n t he f orm o f t wo l i nes s harp ly a ng led a t t he ir l ower e nds , a nd t h is i n t he mos t p r im it ive manner , qu ite o ut o f h armony w ith t he o vera l l c haracter o f t he e nt ire i mage. Th is " invent ion" i s r e ta ined i n t he d ies f or t he s i lver c o ins

2

unti l a n ew c ompos it ion i s s e lected, f u l l l ength but s eated o n at hrone. I n a lready v ers ion meaning

o ne r epresenting t he p r ince a t

t he e vo lut ion o f t he t ypes o f V ladimir 's g o ld p ieces o ne c an t race t hat q uest, j ust r eferred t o , f or t he most t e ll ing o f t he l egend. I t i s n o t o n ly a n i nterpretation o f t he o f t he i mage - j ust a s i n t he i kon t radit ion t i

i cyc

XpV ICTOC I

o r

d ef ines t he d iv ine c ountenance a t o ne s ide - but i t a lso p la in ly pursues d ef inite p o l it ica l a ims. On t wo o f t he e leven k nown c o ins we r ead "V ladim ir - t h is i s h is g o ld p iece", but o n t he r est t he p ropr ietorship o f t he " go ld p iece" h as c ome t o b e d ef ined o n ly by t he e xtreme ly a nc ient p re-Chr istian monogram, t he t amga- o r b adge-emb lem a bove t he p r ince 's s hou lder , a nd t he l egend i s c onverted i nto " V ladim ir upon t he t hrone". This c hang ing o f i nscr ipt ion i s a lso t o b e t raced o n t he s i lver c o ins o f o ne o f V ladim ir 's t ypes, d emonstrating t hat i t i s t he f i rst among t hese a nd c ontemporaneous w ith t he t ype o f t he g o ld p ieces. I t s c loseness t o t he g o ld p ieces a lso s hows t hrough i n t he more " respons ible" a pproach o f t he e ngraver t o t he matter o f mak ing t he p or tra it e xpress ive. I n a f urther a l tera tion o f t ypes, t he s equence o f which i s d etermined t hrough o verstruck c o ins, a d ef ini t ive f orm o f t he l egend i s a dopted which i ncorpora tes b oth t he e arl ier o nes a nd r equires s pace f or i t se lf o n t he o ther s ide o f t he c o ins a s we ll : " V ladim ir i s o n t he t hrone, a nd t his i s h is s i lver p iece." The s tr ik ing dynamism i n t he way t he c o in t ype t ook f orm o ver n o more t han t h irty y ears o f m inting c anno t f a i l t o a ttract a ttention. I n t he p ast, i ndeed, i t made s cho lars s eek t o p arce l t he c o ins o ut a mong t he g reatest p oss ib le n umber o f p r inces, w ithout r egard t o p er iods o r r eigns. The s econd t ype o f V ladim ir 's s i lver r epresents t he b o ldest c hange o f d irect ion i n t he who le p urpose o f t he c o ins. This t ook p lace a t a t ime when t he g o ld p ieces were p robab ly a lready a t hing o f t he p ast. The p r ince 's s ymbo l i n t he s hape o f a t r ident, wh ich h ad e ar l ier n estled modest ly a t t he s hou lder o f h is p or tra it, n ow p assed magnif ied t o t he o ther s ide o f t he c o in a s t he b adge o f t he s tate, t hrusting f rom t hat p os it ion t he d iv ine i mage. The h ome-made g raff i t i o f t h is s ame s ymbo l t hat a re f ound o n t he d irhems i n s ome a ncient Russ ian h oards 6 c onv inc ing ly p o int t oward t he i mpor tant i deo logica l f unct ion p erformed by t he p r ince ly e mb lem a nd t oward i t s a ssoc iation w ith c o ins i n t he c onsc iousness o f s oc ie ty. A fter t he c hange we h ave d escr ibed, c o ins b ecame "s ecu lar"; t hey a re n ow s anct if ied o n ly by t he c ross i n t he p r ince 's h and a nd by a n i mpor tant n ew d eta i l i n t he p or tra it : t he n imbus o n ly Chr ist h ad b efore n ow s urrounds t he h ead o f t he p r ince a s a f eature o f a " consecrated p erson" o r o f s overe ign uniqueness. Whether i t w as a s eek ing a fter a c ompos it ion t hat wou ld g ive f u l l weight t o t he i mpor tance o f t he e xtensive l egend ; o r ( as s ome h ave s upposed) a w ish t o a ver t " profanation" o f t he h o ly i mage by i nept e ngravers ; o r p erhaps t he a ppearance o n Yaros lav 's

3

Novgorod c o in o f h is p ersona l p r ince ly b adge j ust a t t his t ime t hat l ed t o t h is c harge, o ne c anno t f a i l a lso t o s ee h eee , e ven c onceding t he e xcept iona l i mpor tance o f t he a ctua l b adge f or t he p r ince, t he s imu ltaneous d irect i nf luence o f t he p r ince 's s ea l wh ich was a lready f am i l iar t o Rus. 7 The c o in , t o b e s ure , i s o ne o f t he h andiest p laces t o make u se o f i t ! F ami l iar ity w ith t he i nstrument i ndispensab le f or i t s a pp l ication, t he s ea l-press which e nsured c onstant p os it ions f or t he i mpress ions a nd d eterm ined t he c orrespondence o f t he a xes o f t he i mages, p erhaps s uggested t he n eed f or h inged t ongs i n mak ing c o ins a s w e ll . The d ies f or t he e ar l ier c o inage were f ixed i n t hese w ith a 14 o r ientat ion; but w ith t he i ntroduct ion o f t he n ew t ype ( w ith t he s ymbo l i n p lace o f t he P antocra tor), a n ew o r ienta tion u sua l f or s ea ls, w as a dopted.

T r

,

The t ry ing n o tion which e arl ier i nvestigators e nterta ined r egarding a d irect " inv itation" o f Byzantine m aster a r tisans t o K iev h as l ong s ince b een a bandoned, a nd w e n eed n o t s eek a d irect i nf luence o f n um ismatic t echno logy i n t hat q uar ter. The f i rst d ies - f or g o ld a nd p ar tly f or V ladimir 's f i rst t ype o f s i lver a s w e l l were t he o nes more p a instak ing ly e xecuted a s r egards a c er ta in r e lief q ual ity i n t he i mages o n t he c o ins. I n t he s ubsequent c o inage a m ere ly g raphic " outl ine" manner p reva i led, w ith f igures d rawn r ough ly a nd c are less ly d e l ineated i nscr ipt ions, s ometimes e ven h eed less o f t he " m irror i mage" e ffect r equired f or t he i mpress ions. The most l i ke ly t hing i s t hat t he d ie m eta l -b ronze, f rom t he s tocks o f K iev c raft i ndustry - was s o s oft t hat a fter b eing u sed f or a s hor t t ime t he d ies g ave way a nd f la ttened o ut. They h ad t o b e f reshened a t a lmost e very t urn; o ne w as o b l iged, w i ll ing ly o r n o t, t o h old t o t he " s imp lest" r epresenta tiona l manner ism. A s a c onsequence o f t h is, t he c o ins i n a l l t he ir c lasses c luster i nto s or ts o f " nests"; but i t i s n o t o ften t hat o ne f inds s er ies o f c omp lete ly u niform s tr ik ings. We a re i ndebted t o Yakov Yakov lev ich Vo losh insk i, t he f i rs t s er ious s tudent o f a nc ient Russ ian c o ins, a nd a t t he s ame t ime t he f i rst p erson t o d ea l w ith a g roup o f c o ins by a ny means s ubstantia l , f or h i tt ing upon t he s o le r easonab le a pproach t o c o ins o f s uch unusua l f abr ic. A fter h av ing c arefu l ly s tudied t he p ecu l iar it ies o f e ach s pec imen, h e a ss igned a p rec ise s ignif icance t o t he c oncept o f " type", d etermining i t t o b e where t here w as uniformity o f c ompos it ion, but i gnor ing s eem ing d ifferences - i n t he s i ze o f f igures, v ary ing e xecut ions o f d eta i ls, a nd t he l i ke. 8 I .I . To lsto i s uccessfu l ly made u se o f t h is a pproach; i t r eta ins i t s f u l l i mpact i n o ur c ata log. Vo loshinsk i 's c r it ics s ought a t v ar ious t imes t o make a pproaches t o e ach c o in i ndiv idua l ly , a s b eing a s epara te t ype, but t hey a chieved n o thing c onv inc ing. The a l together i d iosyncrat ic t echnique f or t he p repara tion o f s i lver f lans, c omparab le w ith n one o ther k nown, t e lls u s t hat t he K iev " m int" - a modest c raftindustry s hop - l acked c ontacts w ith t he C onstant inop le mas ter a r tizans o r w ith o ther p receptors. I n p lace o f t he c utt ing o f c o in f lans o ut o f s i lver h ammered i n to s heets, u sua l f or western European m edieva l s i lver c o ins, a s low h ome-grown t echnique o f c asting t he p roducts i n t wo-par t mou lds was a dopted. 9 I ts s o le a dvantage, b ut o ne e v ident ly i mpor tant t o

4

t he K iev moneyers , was t he s u itab i l ity o f t he c astings f or d irect s tr ik ing, whereas m eta l t hat h ad b een s ub jected t o h ammer ing t ook o n work-hardness i nsuperab le f or weak d ies a nd h ad t o b e h eat-treated t o a nneal t he m eta l - t o s ay n o thing o f t he t r imm ing o f t he c ircumferences t hat was n ecessary. J ust a s t he Byzantine g o ld p iece f unct ioned a s t he s tandard f or g o ld a t K iev , s o t he c oncept o f t he s i lver c o in was s tructured by t he Arab ian d irhem - a b road f lan, but a v ery t h in o ne. But t he t echnique s e lected, s u itab le f or t he manufacture o f t hick p ancake-l ike f lans, by n o means m easured u p t o t he p urpose : upon b eing p oured i nto t he v ery n arrow r ecesses o f t he mou ld t he f low ing m eta l c oo led s o r ap id ly t hat a t t imes i t d id n o t m anage t o f i l l t he mou ld e ntire ly a nd " shor t c asts" o f t he mos t e xtraordinary s hapes e merged ( our numbers 6 9-1, 2 11-2 [ Here a nd t hroughout, t he f i rst n umber i s t hat o f t he d ie p a ir, a nd t he o ne f o l low ing t he d ash i s t hat o f t he p ar ticu lar c o in - T r.] ) ,1 0 o r e lse " knot-hol ing" e xp l icab le o n ly u nder t his t echnique - h o les t hat t ook s hape when t he s tream o f mo lten meta l p oured i nto t he mou ld s ol idif ied w ithout h av ing s ucceeded i n f i ll ing t he e ntire r ecess. These h o les wou ld h ave e dges o f a c haracter istica l ly c ambered s ect ion ( 82-1, 1 28-8, 1 67-2, 1 75-1). I n o ne c ase a d rop o f s i lver which h ad b ecome a ttached h ad h ardened, b eing o f t r if l ing mass, w ithout e ven r eaching t he b ottom o f t he mou ld r ecess, a nd t he r est o f t he p our c oming i n a fter i t r an o n a l l s ides a round t he p e l let f ormed ( 128-7). The Novgorod s i lver c o ins o f Yaros lav s on o f V ladimir, b ear ing h is p r ince ly emb lem, c ontemporaneous w ith t he K ievan o nes, but c oming d own t o u s i n t r if l ing q uantity , p resent a c anonica l i mage o f h is p atron S t. G eorge a nd a Novgorod i nscr ipt ion o f s pec ial s or t wr itten o ut i n f u l l . They d iffer i n t he most v ita l r espects f rom t he K ievan e xamp les b o th i n o vera l l c ompos it ion a nd i n t he i ncomparab ly more p erfect e xecut ion , f eatures t hat e mphas ise t he u nique n ature o f t he r e la t ions b etween t he K ievan p r ince a nd h is v assa l h e ir. I t w i l l b e n o e xaggera tion t o a cknowledge t hese c o ins a s t he mas terp ieces a mong t he c urrency o f a l l Europe a nd o f Byzantium a t t he b eg inning o f t he X Ith c entury. The d ie-engraver was a n o utstanding master , i nsp ired by t he mode ls o f Byzantine s ea ls c ontemporary w ith h imse lf a nd a pp ly ing t heir t echnica l t urns o f h and t o p erfect ion. The o bserva t ions s et f or th a bove , c over ing i n s ummary f ashion t he most c haracter istic f eatures o f t he num ismat ic r ecords e xamined f rom h ere o n, w i l l p ersuade t he r eader t hat t he Russ ian c o inage which a rose a fter t he a cceptance by Rus o f t he n ew r e lig ion was e voked i n most s ignif icant m easure by t he p ol i t ica l r equirements o f t he t imes. I t was n o t c apab le o f s usta ining a c ircu la tion which e xp ired a s a r esu lt o f c auses b eyond t he c ontro l o f Rus; i t l asted o n ly t hirty y ears. But i t s h istor ica l i mpor tance was v ery g reat. A hundred y ears a go , a t t he n ine-hundredth a nniversary o f t he Russ ian c o inage, t here was i ssued i n 1 882 i n a n e di t ion o f o n ly 1 00 c op ies t he o utstanding s tudy by I .I. T o lsto i ( 1858-1916), modestly t ermed by t he a uthor h imse lf " a n um ismatic e xper iment", which b ore t he t i t le " The Most Anc ient Russ ian C o ins o f t he

5

P r inc ipa l ity o f K iev" ( Drevneishiye r ussk iye monety knyazhestva K ievskogo). I t i naugurated a n ew p hase s c ientif ic i nvestigation o f t he c o ins i n q uestion. Our b ook what h as b een d one by Russ ian a nd p r imar i ly by S ov iet t oward t he s c ientif ic p rocess ing o f t he Russ ian num ismat ic f rom t he e nd o f t he X th c entury a nd t he b eg inning o f t he

v e l ikogo i n t he s ums up s cho lars h er itage X Ith.

Notes 1

2 3

4

5 6

7 8 9 1 0

S . Bakhrushin, 1 975, p .19, 2 4 , 2 6, 2 9-36; D .S. L ikhachov , Vozniknoveniye r ussko i l i teratury ( The B eg inn ings o f Russ ian L itera ture), L eningrad a nd Moscow, 1 952, p .14-24. S . Bakhrushin, o p.c i t., p .18 The i nf lux o f European d eniers o f t he X Ith-XIIth c entur ies which d im inished t he c ircu la tion o f d irhems i n t he n or thern p ar t o f Rus a lmos t e ntire ly f a i led t o r each t he s outh, b ut t hese c o ins a nd h oards c ontinue t o b e o f v ery g reat i mpor tance f or s tudy o f t he h oards o f n or thwestern Rus i n which o ur s i lver c o ins a ppear. I .G. S passk i, Monetnoye i monetnov idnoye z o lo to i p ervyye z o lo tyye I vana II ( Go ld Co ins a nd C o in-l ike Go ld i n t he Muscovi te S tate, a nd t he F irst Go ld P ieces o f I van II), V ID, V III, 1 976 , p .127-128; I .G. S passk i, G o ld Co ins a nd Co inl ike Go ld i n t he Muscov ite S tate, a nd t he F irst Go ld P ieces o f I van II ( an Eng l ish t rans la tion o f t he p receding i t em - T r.), Num isma tic Chron ic le, X IX, 1 979, p .165-184 a nd p la te 2 6. I .V. S oko lova , 1 976, p .67-72. I .G. Dobrovo lsk i, I .V. Dubov , a nd Yu.K. Kuzmenko , Novyye i stochnik i i z i s tor ii d revenei Rusi ( New S ources f or t he H istory o f Anc ient Rus), " Ves tnik L eningradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Un ivers iteta", No.2 , L eningrad, 1 978 , p .40-45. Yanin, 1 970-1, p .35-36, 4 1. Ya. Ya. Vo losh insk i, 1 853. S passk i, 1 961, p .54. R eferences h ere a nd s ubsequent ly a re t o numbers i n t he c orpus c ata log.

[ In t he No tes t o t he s eparate Chapters t he n ames o f a uthors wr it ing i n l anguages u sing t he L atin a lphabet w i l l b e u nder l ined ( no matter what t he t rans l iteration i n c ases where t he n ame i s o r ig ina l ly Russ ian). F or e xamp le, u nder No te 4 a bove , t he a uthor S passk i ts f i rst c ontr ibution i s i n Russ ian, h is s econd i n Eng l ish. Under l ined n ames o f a uthors a re l i sted i n a s econd ( Latin-a lphabet) s ect ion o f t he g enera l B ib l iography.]

6

CHAPTER 1 H ISTORY

OF STUDY OF THE MOST ANCIENT COINS OF AND STRUCTURE OF THE CORPUS CATALOG

RUSSIA,

The b est c o l lect ion o f t he most a nc ient Russ ian c o ins i n t he USSR, t hat i n t he Hermitage, c ame i nto b eing a t t he v ery b eg inning o f t he X IXth c entury, when t he P etersburg a nd Moscow amateur a nt iquar ies were e nthus iastica l ly d e l ibera ting upon t he a ppearance, i n t he h ands o f t heir K iev c o l leagues, o f t wo unprecedented c o ins w ith t he n ame " V ladimir" i n a Russ ian i nscr ipt ion; a nd i n t his c onnect ion i t b ecame w ide ly k nown t hat a t Moscow, t oo , i n t he c o l lect ion o f t he f ormer s en ior p rocura tor o f t he Ho ly S ynod A .I. Musin-Pushk in, t here h ad l ong b een a c o in o f Yaros lay. A t j ust t hat t ime f our g o ld c o ins o f V ladimir a ppeared i n t he num ismatic c ab inet o f t he I mper ia l Museum, i naccess ib le t o o rdinary mor ta ls. F .I. Krug ( 1764-1844; F igure 1 ), who s tar ted t o work a t t he Hermitage a s a ssistant c urator i n 1 805 , a t o nce c ame o ut i n p r int i n f avor o f t hese myster ious c o ins ' b e longing t o Russ ia.' But h e d id t his s o g uarded ly t hat i t was d iff icu lt e ven t o c orre la te t hem w ith t he K iev f inds. The Hermitage c o l lect ion a ssumed f orm a nd f i l led o ut i n l e isure ly f ash ion o ver t he X IXth c entury, t o t he p o int where i n 1 917 i t i nher ited s ome d ozens o f a nc ient Russ ian c o ins f rom t he e xtreme ly r ich c o l lect ion o f LI. To lsto i ( 1858-1916; F igure 2 ), who h ad i n h is e ar l ier y ears s e t h imse lf t o d raw ing u p w ith in t he wa l ls o f t he Hermitage a c orpus c ata log o f t hese c o ins, a nd h ad p ub l ished i t i n 1 882.z Th is c o l lect ion h as more t han d oub led i n s ize o ver t he y ears o f S ov ie t r u le; A .A. I ly in ( 1856-1942; F igure 3 ) d id a g reat d ea l o f work o n i t , h av ing d evo ted t o t hese c o ins t heir f i rst t opographica l s tudy i n 1 924. 3 I n t he 1 950s , o nce t he num ismatic d epar tment o f t he Hermitage h ad b een d ep loyed a fresh a fter t he e vacuat ion, work was i n i t iated t here o n a n ew c orpus c ata log o f t he a nc ient Russ ian c o ins; t he p r inc ipa l t asks were d ef ined, a nd t he p lan o f s tudy was l a id o ut. 4 This n ew b ook, d edicated t o t he t housandth a nn iversary o f t he Russ ian c o inage, i s t o c onta in a d escr ipt ion o f a l l t he k nown c o ins o f a nc ient Rus t hat w ere i ssued b etween A .D. 9 88 a nd 1 019 e leven g o ld p ieces a nd a bout 3 30 o f s i lver. A l l t he g o ld p ieces, t he s i lver o f V ladimir s on o f Svyatos lav i n f our c ategor ies, a nd t he t hree v ar ieties o f s i lver o f Svyatopo lk Okayanny ( Svyatopo lk t he Damned) a re f rom t he K iev m int; a nd t he s rebren ik i ( Russ ian n ame f or t he s i lver p ieces - a p lura l , t he s ingu lar b eing s rebren ik Tr.) o f Yaros lav s on o f V ladimir, o f d istinct t ype, w ere s truck a t Novgorod a s i s n ow a cknow ledged. The s o-ca l led a nc ient i m ita tions o f Yaros lav 's c o ins, e xecuted i n a g reat d ea l more p r im it ive manner t han t he h igh ly a r tistic o r ig ina l c o ins, 5 r ema in d ebated g round a s r egards t he t ime a nd p lace o f t heir s tr ik ing, s o t hey a re d escr ibed a s a s epara te g roup. I n c ontradistinct ion t o t he 1 882 c ata log, t he n ew o ne d oes n o t i nc lude t he l a ter c o ins o f t he p r inc ipal i ty o f Tmutorakan; t he mater ia l t hat h as a ccumu la ted o ver t he l as t f ew d ecades s e ts t his g roup a par t a s a s ub ject f i e ld o n i t s o wn. 6 S ince p reserved

n o t i n

v ery l ong a go a l l a nc ient Russ ian c o ins h ave b een t he USSR i n o n ly s even s tate museums: t he

( F igure 1 : F .I. K rug)

( F igure 2 : I .I. To lsto i)

, ,‚ .•• • d'./..0A

,

_

( F igure 3 : A .A. I ly in)

9

Hermitage, t he Moscow a nd K iev H istor ica l Museums, t he Armory o f t he Moscow Kreml in, t he Odessa Archaeo log ica l Museum , t he Don Cossack Museum a t Novocherkassk, a nd t he Novgorod H istor ica l a nd Archi tectura l Museum-Preserve t o which t he V.V. L ukyanov c o l lect ion, t he l as t o ne i n p r iva te h ands a nd o ne c onta ining s ix s uch c o ins, was t ransferred i n 1 978; i n 1 965 t he Hermitage a nd t he Moscow H istor ica l Museum s hared b etween t hem t he t wo c o ins w i l led t o t hem by E .A. P akhomov a s c omponents o f h is c o l lect ion; 7 t he l as t p urchase o f a n a ncient Russ ian c o in f rom a p r iva te p erson was under taken by t he Hermitage i n 1 946. The l ocation o f 7 6 c o ins wh ich b e longed t o Russ ian museums a nd p r iva te c o l lect ions t hat h ave d isappeared a t v ar ious t imes r ema ins u nknown. Two f urther c o ins f rom Russ ian f inds a re i n t he c o l lect ion o f P rofessor Ph i l ip Gr iersen a t C ambr idge. Three museums a broad a re h o lders o f a f ew a nc ient Russ ian c o ins ( from f inds a broad o n ly); t he numismat ic c ab inets o f t he Berl in Museums a nd t he c i ty museum o f S chwer in ( GDR), a nd t he museum o f t he c i ty o f V isby ( Sweden) ( L ist 1 ). Cover ing a s l ightly l arger n umber o f c o ins t han t hose k nown t o I .I. To lsto i, t he n ew c ata log i nc ludes many t hat were i naccess ib le o r u nknown t o h im. Now much more r ich ly r epresented i s t hat g roup o f c o ins, p ar ticu lar ly i mpor tant t o i nvestigators, wh ich c ons ist o f a dmixtures a ppear ing i n w e l l-dated h oards o f a l ien c o ins t hat c ircu la ted a t t he e nd o f t he X th c entury a nd t he b eg inning o f t he X Ith. The c ompos it ion o f t he t wo r emarkab le h oards a pparently c onsisting o n ly o f Russ ian s i lver c o ins h as b een r econstituted s o f ar a s p oss ib le, a nd a n o r ig in f rom Byzant ine g o ld c o in h oards o f t he f i rst h alf o f t he X Ith c entury h as b een p rec ise ly d etermined f or n ine o f t he t en Russ ian g o ld p ieces t he o r ig in o f which was u nknown u nti l r ecent ly . A sma l l n ew g roup, c o ins f rom e xcava tions by S ov ie t a rchaeo log ists, i s e xcept iona l ly i mpor tant. The c omp i lers o f t he c ata log a re p rofound ly g ratefu l f or t he r espons iveness a nd h e lpfu lness t hey h ave u nfa i l ing ly e ncountered upon t he ir a ddress ing t he museums a nd t he I nstitute o f Archaeo logy o f t he USSR Academy o f S c iences. An e normous ma jor ity o f t he c o ins i n t he c ata log, n o t e xc luding t he c o ins f rom t he t wo g reat h oards o f 1 852 a nd 1 876 , h ave p assed t hrough a mu lt itude o f p r iva te c o l lect ions, n ow d ropp ing o ut o f s ight, n ow a ppear ing o nce m ore i n t he h ands o f n ew h o lders. This h as c a l led f or g reat e xer tions i n t he c r it ica l c heck ing o f t he i nformation r eaching n ew h o lders a s t o t he o r ig in o f t he ir c o ins. The a ct iv ity o f t he I mper ial Archaeo log ica l Commiss ion f rom 1 859 o nward c urbed c o l lector man ia t o a g rea t e xtent, e nsur ing t he p reserva tion o f c er ta in h oards a s i ntact who les, but i n t hose s ame y ears c er ta in e xtreme ly v a luab le num ismatic g roups w ere b roken up. R esurrect ing t he c ompos it ion o f s ome o f t hem h as p roved t o b e e ntire ly p ract icab le. 9 I t h as s eemed p ar ticu lar ly i mpor tant t o d raw u p t he f u l lest a ch ievab le c urr icu lum v itae f or e ach c o in i nsofar a s p oss ib le, s o a s t o e l im inate t he d anger o f d oub l ing. E qua l ly i mpor tant were t he c heck ing, r ef ining a nd a mp l ify ing o f t opographica l d ata - e ven f or f inds e ntered i n t he a rchive mater ia l o f t heir d ay. I n To lsto i 's t ime t he s ignif icance a nd t he p otentia ls o f t opographica l c har ting w ere j ust c ommenc ing t o b e s ensed, where t hey h ad e arl ier b een

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o ver looked a l together ; a nd a t t he s ame t ime s uch d ata m ight e ven b e f a ls if ied a s a s op t o c o l lectors ' v an i ty. Even a t t he Herm i tage, by f i fty y ears a fter t he ir a cquis it ion t he o r ig ins o f i t s V ladimir g o ld p ieces h ad c ome t o b e f orgo tten! I n r educ ing t o s ystem t he u nder ly ing m ass o f t he c o ins t he c omp i lers o f t he c ata log h ave f o l lowed t he p ath t rodden b y LI. To lsto i ; s ome o f h is s o lut ions h ave n o t s tood u p t o t he t est o f t ime, a nd t he mos t s er ious c orrect ions h ave i n e ssence b een s uggested b y h is o wn i nves tiga tions t hemse lves. The a ss ignment was n ow a d iff icu lt o ne : a long w ith c omp leteness o f c overage o f t he c o ins, a p oss ib i l ity o pened u p f or e l im ina ting, o n t he b as is o f modern m ethods, a r ange o f l acunae i n To lsto i 's r esearch, w ith s uppor t i n t h is e ndeavor c om ing f rom s ources i naccess ib le t o h im. Techno log ica l i nvestigat ion o f t he c o ins, a nd t est ing o f t he ir meta l-content, h as l ed t o i mpor tant o bserva t ions. The s hor t-l ived i ssuance o f Russ ia 's f i rs t c o ins, wh ich d esp ite i ts b rev ity was i n p o int o f t ime t he l as t i nput i nto t he n um ismat ic make-up o f t he monetary c ircu la tion o f t he p re-Mongo l p er iod, i s s epara ted f rom t he f ur ther e vo lut ion o f Russ ian n um ismat ics b y t he e normous a byss o f t he c o in less p er iod a nd t he h arsh m isery o f t he Ta tar-Mongo l i nvas ion. The i ssuance o f Russ ian c o in was r esumed o n ly a fter t wo a nd a h a lf c entur ies , u nder e n tire ly d ifferent c ond it ions. Unno t iced e i ther i n t he c hronic les o r i n o ther a ttestat ions o f whatever s or t, t hese f i rst c o ins w ere e rased f rom t he m emory o f t he p eop le. 1 ° I t was o n t h is a ccount t hat i t w as n o e asy ma tter f or h istor ica l s c ience t o b e l ieve i n t he p oss ib i l ity o f t he ir e x istence a t t he t ime when t hey f i rs t a ppeared i n t he c o l lect ions o f c onno isseurs ; i t was o rd inary c o l lectors t hat w ere t he e ar l iest t o p in t he ir f a ith o n t hem. The " modera te" t rend i n num ismat ics, wh ich c ame t o b irth a lmost s imu ltaneous ly w ith t he Academy o f S c iences a nd wh ich w as r epresented by Ya.V. B ryus a nd P .V. Me l ler , a nd b y V. N. Ta tishchev a mong t he h istor ians, s aw t he s tar t o f c o inage a s l y ing n o e arl ier t han t he b eg inning o f t he XVth c entury , c ommenc ing f rom t he f i rst m ent ion i n a c hron ic le. 1 1 A " bo lder" t rend s trove t o s eek o ut o n c o ins t he n ames o f i n i t iator p r inces, b ut i t t oo d e lved n o d eeper t han t he t ime o f I van K a l ita a nd h is mos t i mmed iate s uccessors. 1 2 No t t he s l ightest i dea o f t he mos t a nc ient c o in c ircu la tion o f Rus e x isted a s y et. Among t he XVIIIth c entury h istorians o n ly V . N. T a tishchev r egu lar ly p ronounced h imse lf i n f avor o f r ecogniz ing i n Russ ian h oards o f A rab ic c o ins t he m oney o f a nc ient Rus; 1 3 but e ven a g reat d ea l l a ter , i n t he X IXth c entury , t he h oards c on t inued, i n t he m inds o f p ersons who k new a bout t hem, t o s eem t reasures o f f ore ign m erchants wander ing a bout Russ ia a nd i n t he f ace o f d anger b ury ing t he c o ins t hat f or unknown r easons t hey h ad b rought i n w ith t hem. When K rug t r ied t o s how t hat Rus d id n o t y ie ld p lace t o i t s n e ighbors e i ther i n c u ltura l r espects o r i n w ea lth o f p rec ious m eta ls, h is b ook was r eceived a s a n i l l i teracy a nd a s ubvers ion o f a uthor ity ; i ndeed, i n t hose s ame y ears s ome w ere b usy p rov ing t hat i t w as o n ly P eter I who h ad m anaged t o c ut s hor t t he c ircu la t ion o f l eather t okens , buy ing t hem i n a ga inst t he n ew c opper.

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A t t he b eg inning o f t he X IXth c entury , when t he t hes is o f a nc ient Rus 's h av ing c o ins o f i t s own w as " brazen ly" put f orward , t he t heory o f a nc ient l eather o r s k in money was g ather ing i mpetus i n t he wor ld o f t he h is tor ians. I t s s cho lar ly b as is was a n i nterpre ta t ion o f t he i nvo lved money-payment t erm ino logy o f t he c hron ic les a nd t he a nc ient e nactments, p lus a v ery g ross e rror i n a XVIIth c entury F rench t rans la tion f rom t he m ed ieva l L a t in o f W i ll iam o f Rubrouck who was t aken t o h ave d escr ibed t he money o f a nc ient Rus a s h av ing b een b its o f s k ins i n v ar ious h ues. 1 5 I n t he c oncoct ing o f t he d octr ine o f t he s k in money a c er ta in p ar t w as p layed - s ide by s ide w ith t he n o tion o f t he b arbarous b ackwardness o f Rus a mong i t s n e ighbors s uper ior i n d eve lopment - b y a " concre te e xamp le", t he i n troduct ion i n 1 769 o f p aper money r edeemab le o n ly a ga inst c opper a nd r ead i ly a ccepted b y t he market wh ich p rompt ly e s tab l ished a r a te f or i t , a f l ex ib le v a lue s ca le o n t he m easure o f t he f undamenta l c i rcu la tion m edium o f s i lver. J ust t hen a t t he t urn o f t he XV IIIth-X IXth c entur ies , s cho lars w ere c om ing t o k now o f a h er itage o f t he c o in less p er iod , t he Russ ian s i lver i ngo ts: t here w as Musin-Pushk in 's f i rs t s i lver p o lt ina ( or " ha lf-gr ivna , h a l f-rub le" - T r.), a nd s ome m ight s ee a who le h oard o f t hem a t t he Herm i tage. 1 6 This, t hen, w as t he a nc ient s i lver o f t he c hron ic les, s ide b y s ide w ith wh ich t he s k in money h ad b een c urrent! A fter h av ing l ong p ers isted i n v ar ious i nadequate v ers ions e verybody b e l ieved what h e c hose - t h is t heory was p ut i n to d ef ini te s hape i n N .M. K aramz in 's e nter ta in ing a nd p opu lar e xpos it ion " H istory o f t he Russ ian S ta te". Upon s ee ing t he s i lver h e i ngenious ly a nd n eatly d educed t hat " our a nces tors w ere s t i l l c ontent ing t hemse lves w ith l eather s tr ips, o r k uny, f or money". 1 7 " From t ime t o t ime t he t reasury wou ld i ssue n ew l eather c urrency , t hat i s t o s ay w ith a n ew s tam p f t18 j ust l i ke b ankno tes: i t h ad a r a te a ga inst s i lver , a nd when i t wore o ut i t w as p ub l ic ly b urned a nd n ew ly p r inted b i l ls w ere g iven o ut i n p lace o f i t , q u i te a s h ad b een d one o n ly a s hor t t ime b efore , u nder t he e mperor P au l I . A s t h is w as b eing wr itten K aramz in was i n a p os it ion t o s ee v ery r ea l " sk in s tr ips" - t he b onds f or u se a s p ayment m ed ia i n t he d istant f actor ies o f t he Russ ian-Amer ican C ompany , wh ich w ere b eing p r inted j ust t hen a t P etersburg o n t r immed s l ips o f p archment.* * -T rans la tor 's No te o n t he f orego ing d iscuss ion : The t erm k uny ( a p lura l ; t he s ingu lar f orm i s k una) w i l l b e u sed t hroughout , u ntrans la ted by r eason o f i t s s h ift ing i nterpreta tions , t o c over t he f o l low ing s i tuat ions: a ) Or ig ina l ly k una meant a n a n ima l o f t he w ease l g roup, s pec if ica l ly a ny o ne o f t he mar tens , t he u sua l modern t erm f or wh ich i s ad iminut ive , kun itsa ; b ) The t erm was s oon t ransferred t o t he p e lts o f t hese a n ima ls, wh ich w ere u sed a s a s or t o f money ; t hese w ere c er ta in ly n o t " l eather" i n Eng l ish u sage ; c ) N ext t he t erm c ame t o b e a pp l ied t o a c er ta in w e ight o f s i lver , d escr ibed i n t he Bo lshaya S ov ietskaya E nts ik loped iya a s o ne t wenty-f ifth o f a g r ivna, wh ich w as o r ig ina l ly a f unt o r p ound ( of 9 6 z o lotn iks o r p erhaps e ven a t t hat t ime 4 09.5 g rams?) o f s i lver ; d ) Kuny f ina l ly c ame t o m ean a ctua l c o ins o f s i lver , a s u sages

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One i s i n duty b ound t o n o te t hat u pon b ecom ing a cqua inted w ith Mus in-Pushk in 's c o in a nd t he K iev f inds K aramz in d id n o t d oubt t hei r g enu ineness f or a moment. H e e ven s poke o ut i n f avor o f t he s enior ity o f Y aros lav 's c o in ; but i t s eems h e t hought t hey were " meda ls", a nd t he n ew e d i t ion o f t he " H istory" r epeats t he t hes is o f t he f i rs t. No t o ne o f t he d epar tments o f Russ ian n um isma tics h as h ad t o w in a ss im i la tion a m id s o f i erce a b att le o f o p in ions a s h as b een t he c ase w ith t he c o ins o f a nc ient Rus. I n t he e ar ly p hase , wh i le r e ject ion o r p roof o f t he f i rs t c o ins ' b eing o f Russ ia was s t i l l u p i n t he a ir , d iscuss ion r an i t s c ourse m ore i n p ersona l c ontacts o r i n e xchanges o f c orrespondence t han i n t he p ress. The b ib l iography f or t he f i rs t d ecades o f t he X IXth c entury i s e x iguous, a nd m any c ons iderab le n ames d o n o t a ppear o n i t . The f i rs t c o ins, a g o ld o ne a nd a s i lver o ne w ith t he n ame o f V ladimir, a ppeared o ne a fter t he o ther a t K iev. I n November 1 796 t he K iev a po thecary G .F. Bunge c hanced t o b uy a p ecu l iar g o ld c o in f rom a s o ldier o f t he j ust d isbanded c orps o f L itt le Russi an i nfantry r if lemen t hat h ad b een c a l led t o t he c o lors i n 1 794 ( 6-1). Accord ing t o t he s e ller h e h ad h ad i t f rom h is mo ther a t t heir p ar ting. Thus t he c o in may h ave c ome f rom a h oard , o r i t m ay h ave b een f ound i n i so la tion, but b efore 1 794 a nd i n t he n or thern p ar t o f t he Ukran ian l eft b ank ( of t he Dn iepr - T r.), w ith in t he c ompass o f t he Chern igov a nd P o ltava d istr icts o f t hat t ime , where t he c orps was r a ised.I 8 The c o in was s oon k nown i n P etersburg a nd Moscow f rom s eal ing-wax i mpress ions. Then a s i lver c o in o f t he t h ird V ladim ir t ype ( 118-1), t oo , was f ound i n a p easant 's h ome f i e ld a t t he o ld v i l lage o f Bor ispo l ( the s i te o f t he p resent K iev a irpor t). I t s ma in d ifference f rom t he f i rs t o ne i s t hat i n p lace o f t he P antocra tor i t b ears a s ymmetr ica l t ype s haped l i ke a t r ident a nd f i l l ing t he who le f i e ld o f t he c o in - j ust s uch a t r ident a s t hat a bove t he p r ince 's s hou lder o n t he g o ld c o in. F rom h ere o n t hat myster ious m ark h as a ppeared o n a l l t he c o ins t hat h ave b ecome k nown - t he s ame , o r al i tt le d ifferent. S tudents h ave l ong r acked t he ir b ra ins g uess ing what i t m ay r epresent. I n 1 816 b oth c o ins w ere p ub l ished i n Russ ia f rom d raw ings made f rom c asts. " Th is t ook p lace a fter t he l ess w e ll k nown p ub l icat ion a broad o f a Yaros lav c o in 2 1 ( the Musin-Pushk in s pec imen). A s t he o wner o f t h is c o in a lso n amed K iev a s i t s f ind s i te , o ne n eed n o t b e s urpr ised t hat p eop le t here e nter ta ined l eas t d oubt o f t he c o ins ' b e long ing t o Rus - a nd i ndeed t o K iev - i n t he d ays o f Y aros lav a nd o f V ladimir M onomakh: why, a ccord ing t o t he c hron ic le, when t he r ema ins o f S ts. Bor is a nd G leb h ad b een t ransferred i n 115 i t h ad b ecome n ecessary t o c ast " srebren ik i" o r s i lver p ieces a mong i n a nc ient Russ ian l i terary r ema ins s eem t o s how; e ) J etons u sed a t r oya l c eremon ies o f p ub l ic r e jo ic ing may s ti l l h ave b een m ar ten-pe lts, b ut p erhaps t hey w ere a lready s uch c o ins; f ) On t he o ther h and K aramz in was c lear ly t h ink ing o f s tr ips o f p rocessed s k in, l eather , u pon wh ich s tamps c ou ld b e a pp l ied ; a nd t he p archment t okens t hen b eing p repared r e inforced t h is i mpress ion i n t he m inds o f h is r eaders. Y et t he i n tr ins ic v a lue o f t he o r ig ina l k uny must h ave l a in i n t he ir b eing p e lts, f urs , a nd n o t d e-ha ired s k ins, n o ma tter h ow p rocessed.

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t he t hrong t hat was g ett ing i n t he way o f t he c eremon ies !2 2 That was a lso where t h is n ame t hat a ttached i t se lf s o f i rm ly t o t he s i lver c o ins was c ome a cross. By a na logy , t he n ame o f " z latn ik i" ( p lura l ; n ominative s ingu lar = z latn ik - T r.) c ame t o b e u sed f or t he g o ld p ieces , a fter t he t erm wh ich was f am i l iar f rom P r ince I gor 's t reaty o f 9 45 w ith t he G reeks. 2 3 S hor tly a fter t he ir p ub l icat ion b o th K iev c o ins j o ined c ompany i n t he c o l lect ion o f t he n ob leman o f t hat c i ty M .V . M og i lyansk i ; i n 1 817 o r 1 818 h e w ent o ff t o P etersburg w ith t hem, a nd t here Chance l lor N . P. Rumyantsev ( a lready f am i l iar w ith t he g o ld c o in f rom a c as t, a nd e ager t o b uy i t ) made i t s a cqua intance a t t he mans ion o f t he f ormer K iev M arsha l o f t he Nob i l ity V .V. K apn is t; w ith h im a t t he s ame t ime K aramz in, a nd a lso K rug , who h ad j ust s h if ted t he Hermi tage z latn ik i t o t he p r ime p os i t ion i n t he Russ ian c o l lect ion. S hor tly a fter Mog i lyansk i 's r e turn h ome , K iev w as b ereft ; n o t p ar ting w ith h is t reasure , t he o wner n ever the less l os t t he g o ld c o in wh i le o ut f or a wa lk , a nd a fter t hat h e s o ld h is s rebren ik a s w e ll . I t was a t t h is t ime t hat t he s pec imen b e long ing t o A .I. Mus inPushk in ( 1744-1817), t he e arl iest o f t he f inds a nd t he o ne p ub l ished a s f ar b ack a s 1 797 a t L e ipz ig , b ecame w ide ly k nown. This was t he c o in m ent ioned a bove , w ith t he i nscr ipt ion

" ipocna me , c peöpo" ( Yaros lav le s rebro = Yaros lav 's s i lver - T r.) a round a s pec ia l s or t o f m ark a nd w ith a n i mage o f S t. G eorge o n t he o ther s ide. I n a l l l ike l ihood a Byzantine s ea l o f t hat t ime h ad s erved a s t he o r ig ina l f or t he i mage o f Y aros lav 's Chr ist ian p atron S t. G eorge. I n t he i l lustra tion a ccompany ing t he p ub l icat ion a c o in l oop h as b een b roken away a long w ith a b it o f t he f l an ( 222-2) . S uch a n a cqu is it ion s eems e ntire ly p lausib le f or a s en ior p rocurator o f t he Ho ly S ynod ( as o f 1 796), s ince q uant i t ies o f o ld-fash ioned c o in h ad p i led up i n c hurches s tar ting f rom a l ong t ime b ack - n o t b y a ny means o n ly i n p endants t o i kons , b ut a lso i n t he f orm o f t he c asua l ly f ound u nserv iceab le c o in t radi t iona l ly d ropped i nto t he c o l lect ing b ox b eside t he i kon. I t was p o inted o ut i n t he d escr ipt ion t hat t he c o in h ad h ung upon a n i kon a t K iev " from t ime i mmemoria l". I n 1 813 t he Vestn ik Yevropy o r " Hera ld o f Europe" r epor ted, among o ther m a tters , t ha t G . I. G o lovk in h ad g iven Mus in-Pushk in s ome c hron ic les a nd a nc ient c o ins, a fter wh ich t h is c o l lector h ad r eceived f rom K iev a Y aros lav c o in o f h is own a nd a p o lt ina i ngo t f ound a s a d i tch was b eing d ug ; E . Bo lkhov i t in , t oo , w ro te a fter 1 812 r egard ing t he K iev o r ig in o f t he c o in f rom t he i kon .2 4 I n a n 1 824 a r tic le b y K . K a la idov i tch a bout Musin-Pushk in w e a lready f ind i t r epor ted t hat G o lovk in h ad g iven h im b o th t he " Yaros lav le s rebro" a nd t he p o lt ina, i n wh ich c onnect ion i t was r epeated t hat t he c o in was f rom a n i kon. I n a s cr ibe 's t ranscr ipt o f t h is s ame a r t ic le a mong t he p apers o f S. G. S troganov ( a t t he H erm itage) t here i s wr itten i n a head o f t he s tory o f t he g ifts t he d ate 1 795 i n p arenthes is; but G o lovk in h ad d ied a s f ar b ack a s 1 787. 2 5 Ano ther i rreconc i lab le d ate f or t he " donation" t hat h ad t aken p lace, 1 792, i s r ecorded i n t he r ough d raft f or a n a r tic le a bout t he " Yaros lav le s rebro" by t he P etersburg c o l lector G . I. L isenko ( 1784-1842).

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F rom a l l t hat w e h ave s a id i t t ransp ires t hat t he c o in was f ound b efore 1 797 , a nd i t m ight p erfect ly w e ll h ave t urned u p i n a c o l lect ion b ox a t a c hurch a fter h av ing b een b roken a way f rom a l oop t hat h ad r ema ined i n t he owner 's h ands a nd a fter h av ing b een f ound b y s omeone e lse. I nasmuch a s a l l l a ter f inds o f s uch c o ins a re r ecorded a s h av ing o ccurred i n t he n or thwest - b o th i ns ide Russ ia a nd a broad - i ts K ievan ( and " pendant") o r ig in d oes n o t i nsp ire a ny s pec ial t rust, when o ne c ons iders t he u nre l iab i l i ty o f what t he o wner o f t he c o in h ad t o s ay d ur ing h is l i fet ime a bout t he o r ig in o f o ther t h ings o f h is. 2 7 Unfor tunate ly n o i nforma t ion a bout t he Musin-Pushk in c o l lect ion h as b een p reserved; p erhaps, a s h as b een s upposed , t he g rea ter p ar t o f i t p er ished i n t he burn ing o f Moscow i n 1 812. But t he " Yaros lav le s rebro" w as s een i n t he h ands o f h e irs by I .I. T o ls to i , a nd d escr ibed b y h im, a round 1 880. The P insk g o ld h oard. F or tunate ly t he c o in l os t by Mog i lyansk i d id n o t l ong r ema in a u nique s pec imen. I n 1 804 f our z latn ik i o f V ladim ir t urned up i n t he H erm itage c o l lect ion o f Byzant ine c o ins. A s w e h ave b een p o int ing o ut , i n c ontras t t o t he c ase w ith t he o verwhe lm ing ma jor ity o f t he s rebren ik i t he o r ig ins o f a l l t en o f t he s urv iv ing g o ld c o ins r ema ined a p uzz le u nt i l r ecent t imes. I t i s q ui te p oss ib le t hat wh i le b usy i n t he Herm itage To lsto i t r ied t o f ind o ut s ometh ing a bout t hem, b ut h e m ay h ave b een h a l ted by a n e ntry i n t he o ldest c ata log o f Roman a nd Byzant ine c o ins a t t he Herm itage, i n i t iated by t he f i rs t c ura tor A .L. L uzhkov a s f ar b ack a s t he 1 780s a nd f in ished i n 1 803 b y K . K öh ler who t ook h is p lace. A f ter o n ly t hree ( !) l a te Byzant ine c o ins i n t he s ec t ion " Caesares i n a uro" t here i s t he e ntry " qua ttuor n um i m inim i modu l i , g o th ic i , i ncogni t i", i .e. " four c o ins o f l eas t modu le, b arbar ian u n iden tif ied". The n umber , t he s i ze, a nd t he c haracter iza tion a s " barbar ian" a l l f i t v ery w e ll . But a s econd c ata log o f t he Roman a nd Byzant ine c o ins ( from t he 1 820s) d escr ibes e ach o f t he f our c o ins s epara te ly a nd e l im inates t he p ropos it ion t hat t he V ladim ir g o ld p ieces m ight h ave a rr ived t here u nder C a ther ine I. F urther s earches, b ased u pon a "r ead-off" f rom t he 1 838 l i st o f a l l t he Byzant ine c o ins e nter ing s ince 1 804 ( no t w ithout d iff icu lty b y r eason o f a ttr ibut ions which h ad b ecome o bso lete), h ave l ed t o t he f i rst e ntry i n t he f i rs t b ook o f a ccess ions. The b r ief l i nes f or M ay 9 , 1 804 r ead t o t he e ffect t hat 1 2 Byzantine c o ins h ad b een f ound i n t he s o i l o f P insk i n t he g ubern iya o f 1 V l og i lyov ; t hey a re n o t r are , b ut t hey c onst i tute a we lcome a ddi t ion t o t he n um isma t ic c ab ine t, " wh ich e nt ire ly l acks c o ins o f R omanos D igenis a nd h is s uccessors" ( F igure 4 ). But a d ocument o f t he C ourt Chance llory , t ransmitt ing t he c o ins t o t he c ura tor K öh ler , a dv ised t hat t he s z lachc ic Rydzewsk i ( a P ol ish m inor n ob leman o r l anded g ent leman, a " la ird", a " Fre iherr" Tr.) h ad s ubm itted t o A lexander I " 20 a nc ient g o ld c o ins h e h ad c hanced t o f ind i n t he e ar th". The d ate o f t he f ind was p robab ly n o t l a ter t han 1 803 , but i t r ema ins u nknown, a s d oes t he n umber o f c o ins i n t he h oard. The d isparity i n n umber - 1 2 i n t he b ook o f a ccess ions a nd 2 0 i n t hose d e l ivered - i s t o b e e xp la ined b y t he f act t hat t he p ract ice a t t he H ermitage was t o i nc lude i n s ystema tic c o l lect ions

1 5

o n ly c o ins n o t y et r epresented i n t hem, a nd d up l icates w ere s e t a par t. The s egregat ion a nd e nter ing w ere d one b y K öh ler : u tter ly d evo ted t o c lass ica l n um isma t ics, h e d isp layed b ut a c hi l l a tt i tude t oward o ther c o ins , a nd h e k new n o th ing o f Russ ian c o ins n or d id h e w ish t o. I t was i n f act a t h is i nsistence t hat K rug w as s ent t o P etersburg f rom Moscow a s e ar ly a s t he e nd o f 1 803 ( a lready a t work o n h is b ook o n a nc ient Russ ian c o ins) a nd w as a ppo inted a ss istant c ura tor i n 1 805. I t i s more t han l i ke ly t hat K rug t oo a ss isted i n b reak ing t he h oard d own , p a instak ing ly d iscr im ina t ing f our v ar iants d ie b y d ie. No i nforma t ion h as b een p reserved c oncern ing t he r u les o f t hat t ime f or t he s a fekeep ing o f d up l icates. I t i s e ven n o t o ut o f t he q uestion t hat b efore 1 830 t hey were r e turned t o t he C ourt Chance llory wh ich r an t he Museum a nd t he n um isma tic c ab ine t. Dup l icates a re c ompr ised f or t he f i rs t t ime o n ly i n t he 1 838 l i st, wh ich p ut o n r ecord t he c o in h o ldings a fter Köh ler 's r e tirement a nd t he December f i re a t t he W inter P a lace. The r ead-off s a tisfactor i ly r econc i led " access ion" f rom 1 804 o nward w ith h o ldings, a nd i t p rov ided a n i dea o f t he 1 804 h oard c omp lex - a n X Ith c entury o ne , w ith a c ons iderab le n umber o f c o ins o f Bas i l I a nd C onstant ine V III. 2 8 But s ince a l l f our z latn ik i a re f rom d ifferent d ies , i f t here h ad b een a ny Russ ian c o ins a mong t he e ight d up l icates t hey s hou ld h ave c orresponded e xact ly w ith s ome o nes a mong t hose d epos i ted i n t he c o l lect ion. A ccord ing t o a rch ive d ata o f a bout 1 822 t here i s n o tice o f t he s imu ltaneous p resence o f t wo g o ld c o ins o f V lad im ir i n t wo o f t he m os t i mpor tan t P etersburg p r iva te c o l lect ions; 2 9 bo th c orrespond e xact ly w ith o ne o f t he Herm itage s pec imens ( 2-3). One i s t he Y a . R e iche l s pec imen ( 2-2), t hat o f a p rom inent o ff ic ia l a t t he M in istry o f F inances ; i t was s ubsequent ly a cquired b y t he Herm itage f rom t he h e irs t o h is c o l lect ion. The o ther w as t hat o f N .P. Rumyantsev ( 2-1; F igures 5 , 6 ). B efore h is d ea th h e g ave h is who le c o l lec t ion t o K rug, whom h e h e ld i n v ery h igh r egard, a nd K rug w i l led h i s e nt ire a ssemb lage t o t he Academy o f S c iences. There To ls to i made t he a cqua intance o f h is z latn ik, a nd i n 1 931 t he c o in w as c on jo ined w ith t he r est a t t he Herm i tage. " This z latn ik c ame i nto K rug 's h ands i mmed iate ly a fter i t h ad b een a cquired by Rumyantsev ; i t was s ent h im, u nder c over o f a b r ief u ndated n o te ( F igure 5 ), f or h is c onc lusions a nd r epor t. I t i s v ery l i ke ly t hat K rug r ecognized t he c o in , wh ich h e h ad f i rst s een a s f ar b ack a s 1 804 wh i le h e h ad b een a ss ist ing i n t he a na lys is o f t he P insk h oard. Three o r f our d ays b efore h is d ea th, when h e w as v isi ted b y Krug f or t he l as t t ime , Rumyantsev p ersona l ly d e l ivered t o K rug t he k ey t o a s pec ial ly p repared c ab ine t wh ich c on ta ined t he c hance llor 's who le c o l lect ion o f Russ ian c o ins; o n t he f o l low ing d ay t he c ab ine t was s ent t o K rug a t h is h ome , a ccompanied b y al e tter f rom Rumyantsev , s epara te ly s ea led w ith in which was t he z latn ik Rumyantsev was s end ing K ruk ( F igure 5 ). I n b idding h is c o l lect ion f arewe l l a nd i n l ock ing i t u p i n t he c ab ine t, t he d y ing c o l lector f or s ome d ays k ept by h im t h is g em o f h is c o l lect ion... ( As t he l a te Rumyantsev h ad r eques ted, h is e xecutor a nd b ro ther s ome d ays l a ter p roposed t o K rug t hat h e s hou ld h ead t he Museum t ha t w as t o b e e stab l ished u nder t he t erms o f Rumyantsev 's w i l l , a nd K rug

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s cho lars f or h a lf a c entury. He f lat ly a ccused Mus in-Pushk in a nd M. V. Mog i lyansk i o f b ad f a ith - i n t he s ame b last a s " A., S h., a nd Z ." ( 'A ' i s undec ipherab le, Sh. a nd Z . a re i n a l l l i ke l ihood t he c ounterfe iter a nt iquar ians S hukhov a nd Z a itsevsk i a t Moscow) . " Under s uch c ircumstances i t wou ld b e a g reat d ea l more c omfort ing t o b e a d oubt ing Thomas t han a t rust ing J erem iah ."9 6 I n 1 854 S troganov wrote upon t he c over s heet o f t he n eg lected manuscr ipt t he n ote " Rema ins i n f u l l e ffect". I n t h is manuscr ipt h e g oes f arther t han i n h is 1 853 a rt ic le: t he "Yaros lav le s rebro" i s t h is t ime w ithout qua l if icat ion c o inage o f Os momy s l , but t he z latn ik o f V lad im ir , t oo , i s " rehab i l itated", b e ing g iven t o t hat Yaros lav 's s on. I t was o n ly t he p r inces o f Ga l ic ia , who h ad e xper ienced t he i nf luence o f t he e xa lted c u lture o f t he West a nd o f Byzant ium , t hat were c apab le o f e rect ing a c o inage o f t he ir own. F or i t s p art t he Nezh in h oard - n ot w ithout t he i nf luence o f Bodyansk i 's f ortunate i dea - was s imp ly " snowed under": t hese were n ot c o ins a t a l l , but meda ls o r j etons, manufactured i n 1 636 under t he Metropo l itan Mog i la o n t he o ccas ion o f h is " acqu ir ing t he a uthor ity o f a p r ince o f quas i-aposto l ic d ign ity", o r e ven s imp ly c ounterfe its by t he " w i ly d ea lers" o f t hat t ime , i ntended f or g iv ing o ut a s r e l ics o f V lad im ir 's Church o f t he T ithes. ( In t he 1 7th c entury t he " l itt le" Church o f t he T ithes was e rected o n t he s i te o f S t. V lad im ir 's g reat Church o r Cathedra l o f t he T ithes, d estroyed by t he Tatars i n A . D. 1 240. S upposed r e l ics wou ld b e a ttract ive i n c onnect ion w ith t hat r ebu i ld ing - Tr.) I n t h is s ame y ear 1 856 S troganov t oo , o n h is way f rom t he Cr imea , v is ited Nezh in, where h e s hared h is i deas w ith t he " scho lar ly b rotherhood" a t t he Lyceum. H e s o a roused t he i nspector F .S . Morachevsk i t hat t he l atter v entured t o c omp la in i n wr it ing t o t he Count , " What wou ld h ave b een t he s ense o f h iding away j etons o r meda ls?... What n eed wou ld a ny s ing le p erson h ave h ad t o g ather t ogether s o many o f t hem?" The o ccas ion f or h is l etter was t he C ount 's u rg ing t hat h e f ind o ut a bout a c o in t hat b e longed t o t he Nezh in a pothecary 0 . Ts igra. Morachevsk i 's m ission a lso i nsp ired T s igra t o put f orward a d e l icate s uggest ion i n wr it ing: i f h is L ordsh ip t he Count were t o p erm it t h is, t he c o in wou ld b e d e l ivered t o h im p rompt ly by Cornet Ado lf Ts igra , who d reamed o f " tak ing e ven o n ly a s ing le s tep o f h is s erv ice c areer under t he c ommand o f h is L ordsh ip t he Count..." ( F igure 1 0). S troganov d id n ot c ome h a lfway t o meet t his s uggest ion, a nd Ts igra J un ior e nded h is d ays a mere Cornet s t i l l ,9 1 but t he c o in d id i n t he l ast a na lys is l and i n t he Herm itage a nd was r ecogn ized o n t he b as is o f Morachevsk i 's d raw ing. The c ompos it ion o f t he Nezh in h oard o f 1 852 i nc luding a l l t he s urv iv ing c o ins a nd t hose n ot t racked d own h as b een r econst ituted, but t he c ircumstances o f i t s h av ing b een f ound d o n ot r u le o ut t he p oss ib i l ity t hat a f ew Arab ic c o ins may h ave b ecome i nterm ing led w ith i t s s rebren ik i. The h oard n ear ly e xhausted t he g amut o f c lasses o f t he K ievan c o inage: t he o n ly t h ing t hat was l ack ing f rom i t was t he e ar l iest s i lver , t hat o f V lad im ir 's f i rst t ype , wh ich was n ot y et known a t t hat t ime. The f i rst t wo h oards o f m ixed c ompos it ion, i n wh ich i nd iv idua l s rebren ik i c onst ituted a n a dm ixture t o a l ien c o in, p roved a

3 5

s ensat ion; a nother n ove lty was t he f act t hat b oth t urned up b eyond t he b orders o f Russ ia : t he n ot e nt ire ly c lear f ind o f t he 1 840-1850 d ecade a t L enchitsa ( Po land), a nd t he 1 858 h oard f rom S chwaan ( Meck lenburg). The l ast n ove lty o f t hese s ame y ears was t he f i rst e xamp le o f a n " im itat ion" o f a c o in o f Yaros lav t ha t was b rought t o l ight i n t he S tockho lm Museum. F or a d ecade t h is d iscovery d rew t he a ttent ion o f a mu lt itude o f i nvest igators a s ide i nto t he waste land o f a n a r id a nd ug ly d ispute. The man a t f au lt was t he B er l in p ub l isher o f a n um ismat ic j ourna l Bernhard Koehne ( 1817-1866) who h ad s ett led a t P etersburg i n 1 845 a nd who h ad p rompt ly i mp lanted h imse lf i n t he Herm itage ( w ith t he i ntent ion , a s h e h imse lf a cknow ledged , o f b ecom ing a Russ ian Academ ic ian). H e made h is d ebut i n 1 849 w ith a n a r t ic le o n t he western European c o ins i n Russ ian h oards. H e d id n o t c atch o n a t t he H erm itage a nd l eft i t i n 1 850 a f ter h av ing s oured h is r e la t ionsh ips w ith h is c o l leagues; but a n a im i n v iew t hat w as by n o means a s c ient if ic o ne c ont inued , a s b efore , t o a ttract h im t oward Russ ian num ismat ics. Koehne 's s ensat iona l a rt ic le " on t he Most Anc ient C o inage o f Russ ia", r epresent ing t he S tockho lm f ind a s ac o in o f P r ince O leg , whose n ame Koehne r ead i n t he l egend u pon i t ,9 8 g ave r ise t o numerous r eact ions, i nc luding a s o l id s tudy by t he a cadem ic ian A .A. Kun ik ( 1814-1899) r egard ing Yaros lav 's c o inage. Koehne 's " r ipostes" w i th t he ir c oarse a ssau lts u pon Kun ik , who h ad b ecome t he d irector o f t he num ismat ic c ab inet o f t he Herm itage , r eca l l t o m ind , whether o ne w i l l o r n o , t he h arsh p ronouncements by M .V. L omonosov r egard ing G . M i l ler ; V .V. S tasov 's j o in ing t he f ray i n Kun ik 's d efense o n t he o ccas ion o f t h is " scho lar ly s canda l" was o f j ust t he , s ame c haracter. 9 9 The a sp irant t o t he d ign ity o f Academ ic ian g ot n o f urther t han t he r ank o f S tate C ounse lor ; but i t was i n j ust t h is man t hat S .G. S troganov f ina l ly f ound a worthy a ddressee f or h is " letter" s o l ong s ince l a id a s ide. I t a ppeared i n Koehne 's j ourna l t ogether w ith a r espectfu l e p ist le o f t he l a tter i n r ep ly. 1 00 The c a lm t hat c ame t o p reva i l a long t he ma in l ine o f t he p rob lem o f t he a nc ient Russ ian c o ins was b rought t o a n e nd by To lsto i 's monograph o f 1 882. Th is y oung s cho lar , a p up i l a nd p rotege o f Ch.Ch. G ie l , t ook a dvantage o f t he d ec l ine o f i nterest i n t he d oubtfu l ly a nc ient Russ ian c o ins ( w i th G ie l 's c onstant h e lp) a nd managed t o b r ing t ogether e veryth ing t hat h e by a ny m eans c ou ld , t hrough p urchase a nd l a ter o n t hrough e xchange a ga inst c o ins a lready s tudied, c ommenc ing w ith a cqu is it ion o f Yuzefov ich 's t estamentary c ase w ith i ts f orty-three c o ins. Kun ik was o f e normous h e lp t o t he e ighteen-year-o ld u n ivers ity undergradua te , mak ing a va i lab le t o h im f or h is s tudies t he c o ins o f t he H erm itage a nd t he s rebren ik i h e h ad b ought h imse lf : w ithout b e ing a c o l lector , c arefu l t o a vo id c ontrovers ies w ith h is s uper iors i n o ff ice who d id n ot w ish t o buy " dup l icates", h e was a cqu ir ing f or t he Herm itage e veryth ing t hat was o ffered... H e c ontr ived t o b orrow t emporar i ly f rom t he K iev Un ivers ity a l l i t s s rebren ik i ,1 01 a nd a c o in e ach f rom h is c orrespondents t he Odessa n um ismat ist N .N. Murzak iev ich ( a z latn ik h ad unexpected ly t urned up i n h is h ands , s ubsequent ly g iven by h im t o t he Odessa Museum) a nd t he P o l ish num ismat ist K . S tronch insk i ( a Russ ian c o in f rom t he L ench itsa

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h oard). The n egot iat ions a nd c orrespondence r egard ing t h is matter , s omet imes c onc luding w ith a r efusa l ( the Armory , f or e xamp le), t he r em inders o f owners , a nd t he l i ke - t hese t h ings were n ot a lways p leasant, a nd t hey o ccas ioned Kun ik many worr ies ( thus t he L ench ista c o in was l ost i n t he H erm itage; Kun ik s tood bond t o a c o l league, t he Academ ic ian A .F. Buchkov , who c eded h is s rebren ik, a Rostov f ind o f.t he y ear 1 823, a s a c ompensat ion t o t he owner; t he l ost c o in, o ur No.58-2, was f ound o n ly i n May 1 949, i n a c rack i n a n o ld-fash ioned Herm itage c ab inet a s i t was b e ing r estored). 1" ( F igure 1 1) Dur ing h is a ssemb l ing o f mater ia l To lsto i a lso b ecame a cqua inted w ith t he s ubstant ia l c o l lect ion o f S . G. S troganov. The c over o f t he manuscr ipt w e h ave r eferred t o , p ub l ished s ince i ts b e ing wr itten a nd f am i l iar t o To lsto i t hrough i t s p ub l ished v ers ion, b ears t he a ddit iona l n otat ion: " Lent t o t he y oung Count I van I vanov ich To lsto i f or h is r eading: M ay 1 879." I n h is a tt itude t oward t he i mportance o f t he h oards I .I. To lsto i a pproached o ur p resent-day understanding o f t he ir r o le a s s ources f or t he s tudy o f t he h istory o f monetary c ircu lat ion. H e r egretted t hat h e d id n ot h ave a t h is d isposa l p rec ise i nformat ion r egard ing t he e nt ire c ompos it ion o f t he Nezhin h oard, 1 04 y et h e was a b le t o b r ing t ogether i nformat ion r egarding t he g reater p art o f i t , d escr ib ing o r ment ion ing a bout 1 20 o f i t s c o ins.' " A t K iev To lsto i was g reat ly a ided by S .V. Bod i levsk i, who o ffered h is z latn ik t o h im f or s tudy ( subsequent ly i t was d onated t o t he K iev Museum - o ur 5 -1), a nd who s ecured s evera l s rebren ik i o f t he s econd g reat h oard, f ound i n 1 876 a t K iev o n t he Voznesensk i s lope , a h oard wh ich To lsto i h ad b een o n t he p o int o f o ver look ing e nt ire ly. By t hat t ime a p art o f t he Nezh in h oard h ad a lready b een pub l ished , a nd ment ions o f t h is f ind i n t he p ress h ad g iven r ise t o myths r egard ing t he v a lue o f a nc ient Russ ian c o ins; t hese i n t urn h ad e voked a f lood o f c ounterfe its. On t h is a ccount i t was t he f ate o f t he K iev h oard t o b e s cattered a nd s o ld o ff i n e ven more p redatory f ash ion t han h ad b een t he c ase w ith t he Nezhin o ne. This was i n f act c arr ied o ut i n p art by t he s ame p ersons - f or e xamp le , Do lzh ikov. 1" I nformat ion r egarding t he c ircumstances o f t he f ind ing o f t he K iev h oard o f s rebren ik i , g athered by " the K iev Num ismat ist A .F. Nov itsk i... d irect ly f rom t he p ersons who h ad f ound i t ", 1°7 h ad b een p ub l ished t w ice ( the s econd t ime w ith c erta in r ef inements) by N . Chernev: " In 1 876 a h oard o f s i lver c o ins was f ound a t K iev , i n t he O ld K iev quarter , o n t he s lope o f t he Voznesensk i h i l l , i n t he y ard o f t he n at ive o f Gome l L . N. Kushnerev wh i le h e was c utt ing away a n e levat ion wh ich f ormed p art o f h is c ourtyard p rem ises. These c o ins l ay i n a c hernozyom o r b lack-earth s tratum a t a d epth o f a bout f ive f eet. " They were wrapped i n a l ength o f h a lf-rotted c lo th, b its o f wh ich w ith t races o f embro idery s t i l l e v ident upon t hem w ere t aken o ut o f t he g round t ogether w ith t he c o ins, but t hese were d estroyed t hrough t he i gnorance o f t he f inders. The c o ins were ama lgamated t ogether by a c haracter ist ic d ark r ed o x ide i nto a s ing le s o lid l ump, f rom wh ich t he f inders s ought t o b reak o ff i ndiv idua l s pec imens by f orce, but w ithout s uccess. Qu ite a

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number o f s rebren ik i p er ished i n t hese e ndeavors , b roken i nto p ieces a nd t ossed a s ide a s u se less t rash... S ome t ime l a ter s omeone r ecommended p lac ing t he c o ins f ound i n a mmon ia. W i th t he h e lp o f t h is r eagent i t f inal ly b ecame p oss ib le t o s eparate t he c o ins, wh ich t urned o ut t o b e a bout 1 20 i n number. A l l o f t hem h ad o n o ne s ide t he i mage o f a ma le f igure w ith a c ross i n o ne h and , a nd o n t he o ther s ide a n i mage o f t he S av ior . Dur ing a n i n it ia l p er iod Mr. Kushnerev h anded o ut r ecovered c o ins l av ish ly t o h is n e ighbors a nd a cqua intances. Rumor h ad i t t hat more t han h a lf o f t hem f e l l i nto t he h ands o f o ne o f t he o ff ice e mp loyees i n h is s erv ice a nd were r emoved t o t he g ubern iya o f Mog i lyov o r o f M insk , p ract ica l ly s peak ing a s r aw m ater ia l f or h and icraft i ndustry. A f ter t hat , 4 5 p ieces w ere s o ld t o M . D. Sv ir idov a t f ive r ub les e ach , a nd s ubsequent ly t he s pec imens r ema in ing i n Kushnerev 's h ands were a cqu ired by u s , t hanks t o t he c o l laborat ion o f A .F. N ov itsk i , a nd t hey a re a t p resent i n t he c o l lect ion o f LI. To lsto i . "1°8 The d ispersa l o f t he K iev h oard by t he f inder h imse lf o ught n ot t o s urpr ise u s , s ee ing t hat s uch b arbarous a ct ions were s t i l l s anct ioned by l aw : " A h oard b e longs t o t he p ropr ietor o f t he l and, a nd w ithout h is p erm iss ion i t m ay n ot b e s earched f or whether by p r ivate p art ies o r i ndeed by t he l oca l a uthor it ies ."1°9 A l l i n a l l , i n Chernev 's o p in ion , t he n umber o f t he s rebren ik i f rom t he K iev h oard t hat h ad b ecome known by 1 891 a mounted t o 5 5.110 A c heck o f h is c ount y ie lds o n ly 4 2 s pec imens, 1 11 wh ich c o inc ides w ith t he q uant ity o f c o ins t he o r ig in o f wh ich i n t he h oard i n quest ion i s a t p resent u ncontested. But a f urther s even c o ins o f V lad im ir o f t ype I m ay b e a ss igned t o t he K iev h oard, s ince i t i s p rec ise ly t hese t hat may b e r emnants o f t he g roup o f n ine s pec imens, k nown t o Chernev a s b e ing " in o ther c o l lect ions", 1 12 i f o ne e xc ludes f rom a mong t hese o ne s pec imen t hat e nded up i n V ienna ,1 13 a nd a s econd t ha t was d onated by t he a rch itect V . N. N iko layev t o t he Museum o f t he K iev Academy o f D iv in ity. 1 14 O f t hese 4 9 s pec imens , 1 4 a re a t p resent p reserved a t t he Herm itage ( where a ma jor ity o f t hem e ntered a s p art o f t he I.I. To lsto i c o l lect ion i n 1 917) , e ight a t t he S tate H istor ica l Museum ( the ma jor ity f rom t he f ormer S. V . Bodi levsk i N. A. L eopardov, a nd E Yu. Ku lch itsk i a ggregat ions, r each ing t he Museum f rom t he c o l lect ions o f P.V . Z ubov a nd V . M. I versen); t hree i n t he K iev H istor ica l Museum ( from t he c o l lect ion o f t he Un ivers ity o f S t. V lad im ir a nd a g if t by S. V . Bodi levsk i o n t he o ccas ion o f t he o pen ing o f t he Museum i n 1 904). I n t he c o l lect ion o f t he Novgorod Museum t here a re a t p resent f ive c o ins o f t he K iev h oard, a rr iv ing t here v ia t he Bodi levsk i , Ku lch itsk i , V .M . I versen, M. V. S uz in , N . V. B e lozersk i , V. F. Ned z e lsk i, a nd V . V. L ukyanov a ggregat ions. A c o in f rom t h is h oard t hat was g iven i n 1 893 b y N. A. L eopardov t o t he s ubsequent ly d ispersed Museum o f t he K iev A cademy o f D iv in ity h as e nded u p i n t he P h i l ip Gr ierson c o l lect ion (C ambr idge , Eng land; o ur 3 7-1). I t was o n ly a fter t he d iscovery o f t he K iev h oard o f 1 876 t hat a g enu ine ly s c ient if ic c lass if icat ion o f t he a nc ient Russ ian c o ins (e ven t hough s t i l l e rroneous i n c erta in p art icu lars) b ecame

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( F igure 1 1. A . A.

( F igure 1 2. A . V.

Kun ik.)

oreshn ikov.)

p oss ib le , a s c arr ied o ut by I .I. To lsto i. 1 15 Th is was b ecause i t was j ust t h is h oard t hat f i l led i n t he l acuna b etween t he z la tn ik i o f t he e nd o f t he X th c entury known u p t o t hat t ime , o pen ing t he s er ies o f t he most a nc ient Russ ian c o ins, a nd t he s rebren ik i o f t he b eg inn ing o f t he X Ith c entury wh ich b r ing i t t o ac lose. L ike t he Nezh in h oard , t he K iev o ne c ons isted s o le ly o f Russ ian c o ins, but i t s r ange was e ven n arrower : i t c onta ined c o ins o f o n ly o ne s ort ( Type I , u nder To lsto i 's c lass if icat ion , a ssoc iated a s r egards c ompos it ion w ith t he g roup o f t he z latn ik i), a s ort wh ich moreover h as t o t h is d ay n ever b een e ncountered i n f inds t ogether w ith o ther c lasses. 1 16 Th is c ircumstance , p o int ing t oward a c erta in c hrono log ica l g ap b etween Type I a nd t he r ema in ing c lasses o f a nc ient Russ ian c o ins; a nd a lso t he p resence , i n t he s rebren ik i o f Type I , o f a c ompos it ion o f t he i mages o n b o th s ides o f t he c o in wh ich i s un iform w ith t hat o f t he z latn ik i a nd wh ich i s c omb ined a t t he s ame t ime w ith t he s ame d ie o r ientat ions (t 1 ) , h as made i t p oss ib le t o a ss ign t he s tr ik ing o f t he s rebren ik i o f Types I t o t he y ears c losest t o t he i ntroduct ion o f Chr ist ian ity i nto Rus, a nd t he r ema in ing t ypes t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he X Ith c entury. To lsto i c ons idered t he a im o f h is work o n t he s tudy o f t he a nc ient Russ ian c o ins t o b e a n e ndeavor " to p ub l ish t he most c omp lete c ompend ium o f t he mater ia l o n t he s ub ject s e lected t ha t may b e p oss ib le; but mater ia l t hat , i n i ts ma jor p , . nd f undamenta l p art , h as b een c r it ica l ly s e lected a nd a na lyzed". 1 17 And i n t h is To lsto i c omp lete ly s ucceeded. He e nr iched wor ld num ismat ic l i terature w ith o ne more c ata log o f t he c o ins o f a s pec if ic h istor ica l p er iod a nd h e s o lved p rob lems t he r eso lut ion o f wh ich c ou ld u p t o t ha t t ime b e n o b etter t han t entat ive s uggest ions. On t he b as is o f t he c orpus 1 18 h e c omp i led, To lsto i p roved b eyond d ispute t he Russ ian o r ig in o f a l l t he c o ins wh ich h e e xam ined a nd l a id t he f oundat ions f or t he ir g enera l c lass if ica t ion, a nd a lso e stab l ished t he ir d at ing a t t he t urn o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies. R egard ing i t a s h is ma in t ask t o e ssay t he c orrect d istr ibut ion o f t he v ar ious g roups o f t he most a nc ient Russ ian c o ins r e lat ive t o e ach o ther , To lsto i p roposed a d ef in ite c hrono logy f or t he ir i ssue, o ne wh ich h e h ad d er ived f rom t he r ead ing o f t he ir i nscr ipt ions, o bserva t ions r egard ing t he o verstr ik inx , o f c erta in t ypes u pon o thers , a nd s ty l ist ic a na lys is o f t he c o ins.II 9 To lsto i 's monograph g ave r ise t o a quant ity o f c r it ica l r esponses a nd a na lyses a nd t urned t he d ebate r egard ing t he most a nc ient Russ ian c o ins f rom p o ints o f d eta i l t o t he p rob lem a s a who le. 1 2 ° D ur ing t he c ourse o f t h is d iscuss ion To lsto i was o b l iged p art icu lar ly t o d efend h is r ead ing o f t he l egends, h is a ttr ibut ions , h is o vera l l c lass if icat ion, a nd t he d at ing o f t he c o ins , a nd a lso h is v iew o f t he n ature o f t he ir d epend ing upon Byzant ine p rototypes. 1 21 The un interrupted i nf lux o f mater ia l wh ich was t ak ing p lace a s To lsto i p ursued t he s ub ject h ad i t s e ffect u pon t he n eatness o f t he e xpos it ion; t here was n eed f or a fterthoughts , but t he ma in t h ing was a ccomp l ished - f inds known o f o ld were b rought t ogether

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i n a s ing le a ggrega t ion w ith t he most r ecent o nes; a l l t he c o ins o f V lad im ir a nd a p art o f t hose o f Svyatopo lk were s ub jected t o a s c ient if ica l ly warranted s ystem izat ion. On t he p rob lem o f t he K ievan c o inage o f Y aros lav , To lsto i t ook h is s tand o n Vo losh insk i 's g round, a nd h e a dded t o i t t wo t ypes w ith d isputed i nscr ipt ions but w ith t he s ame s ymbo l a s o n t he c o ins o f Svyatopo lk. The mean ing o f t he " myster ious mark" r ema ined i ncomprehens ib le t o t he s cho lar. The f i rst r eact ion t o t he 1 882 b ook was a n a rt ic le b y S.G . S troganov, b itter ly o ffended by l ack o f a ttent ion t o h is own i deas. A fter h av ing s igned i t a nd s ent i t o ff t o t he e d itors o f t he j ourna l , h e l ived o n ly t wo weeks l onger a nd d ied i n March 1 882 a t t he a ge o f e ighty-seven. To lsto i r esponded r eserved ly t o t h is n onsens ica l c r it ic ism : S troganov was a ddress ing n ot s o much h imse lf a s r ather Vo losh insk i a nd Kun ik , a nd i n a ny e vent i t w as wear isome t o e xp la in o nese lf t o a man who h ad d ied .1 22 P erhaps i t w as o n ly t he r eproach t hat h e was i gnorant o f t he Byzant ine c o ins t hat hurt To lsto i . I t was o n ly a fter t en y ears o f s tubborn s tudy o f t hese t hat h e d evo ted a f urther a rt ic le t o t he a nc ient Russ ian c o ins i n o rder t o s et f orth h is c onv ict ion t hat t hey h ad a d irect c onnect ion o n ly w ith t he Byzant ine c o ins o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies. H e d escr ibed s ome f urther c o in s pec imens t hat were n ew t o h im , i nc lud ing a nother t wo z latn ik i - h is own , " ,a cqu ired by p urchase a t Odessa" a nd a nother b e long ing t o t he Grand Duke G eorg i i M ikha i lov ich. 1 2 i The weakest s po t i n To lsto i 's s ystemat ic a rrangement c ont inued t o b e h is K ievan s rebren ik i o f Yaros lav ; i t w as w ith t hese t hat a l l t he f i rst c r it ics s tarted o ff : t he K iev r es idents N .I. P etrov, N .A. L eopardov , a nd N .P. Chernev , who s et f orth t he ir own c ombinat ions o f p r ince ly n ames a nd d emanded o f To lsto i " f ina l t ruths", s ometh ing t o wh ich h e h ad made n o p retens ions i n pub l ish ing h is s tudy. To lsto i p assed o ff t he ir a rt ic les w ithout n ot ice. To j udge by t he 1 893 p ub l icat ion To lsto i was n ot i nterested i n t he o r ig in o f t he s econd " wave" o f z latn ik i e i ther. A s i t t urned o ut, t he c o in o f t he Grand Duke G eorg i i N l ikha i lov ich h ad b een purchased f or h im ( at 1 300 r ub les) by Ch. Ch. G ie l , who was a ctua l ly f unct ion ing a s c urator o f h is c o l lect ion. Accord ing ly b oth t he s imu ltaneous ly a cqu ired c o ins h ad b een b ought i n Odessa , t o wh ich To lsto i h ad r eferred, a nd t h is was t he p lace o f d om ic i le o f t he owner o f s t i l l a nother z latn ik, N .N. Murzak iev ich; t he c o ins were b ought f rom n o s uch s imp leton a s t he K iev b azaar t rader who i n 1 876 h ad l et a z latn ik g o t o Bod i levsk i f or 1 5 r ub les. I n e xp la in ing t o A .A. Kun ik t he p oss ib i l i t ies o f a cqu ir ing a z latn ik ( for To lsto i) Murzak iev ich h ad r ep l ied t hat h e ° regarded h is c o in a s Bu lgar ian , t hat i t h ad b een b ought by h im p ersona l ly i n 1 863 " a long w ith t wo Byzant ine c o ins, f or 1 6 r ub les". ( i .e. p a tent ly i n t he f resh t racks o f t he f ind ing o f a g o ld h oard o f Byzant ine a nd Russ ian c o ins), a nd t hat a s l a te a s 1 865 h e h ad b rought t h is c o in t o S t. P etersburg , where S troganov h ad s ought t o b uy i t f rom h im . 125

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S ome d ecades o f Byzant ine c o ins f rom t he " G i le i" h oard o f t he XI th c entury , f ound o n t he b ank o f t he r iver Konka 4 0 k i lometers f rom K inburn , were d escr ibed by P . O. Burachkov 1 26 v ery t ard i ly a f ter t he ir a cqu is it ion - w ithout i ndicat ion o f t he d ate o f t he f ind; but i n a p art o f al i st o f c o in f inds o f New Russ ia wh ich h e l eft a t h is d eath o ne o f t he l ast n amed i s t h is h oard - w ithout d ate o f i t s f ind ing. I t h ad b een s o ld o ff by t he s hepherds who h ad f ound i t .1 27 I t i s o n ly Murzak iev ich 's l e tter t hat r evea ls t he e xact f ind d ate. The K ievan z latn ik o f Bodi levsk i r ema ins a q uest ion mark. D id h e t ake i t w ith h im t o K iev f rom New Russ ia i n 1 878, o r h ad i t t urned up by c hance t wo y ears e ar l ier i n t he s i lver h oard o f 1 876? Was i t a n unknown i so la ted f ind, o r was i t a l one r emnant f rom a p lundered h oard? I t b ears t he s ame r are l egend a s d oes t he o ne l ost by Mog i lyansk i , a nd To lsto i c onceded t he p oss ib i l ity o f r ecogn iz ing i n Bod i lev s k i 's c o in t he l ost Mog i lyansk i z latn ik, a lthough h e d id n ot v enture t o d ec lare t h is i n p r int .1 28 A fter t he a ppearance o f To lstors s tudy c over ing a l l t he t ypes o f a nc ient Russ ian c o ins known t i l l n ow, i nfrequent n ew f inds mere ly f i l led o ut what was a lready known , but n ew h oards d id a ppear , i n Russ ian a nd a broad , wh ich c onta ined s rebren ik i i n a dm ixture w i th f ore ign c o ins. W ith t he d eath o f S .G . S troganov t here were n o l onger a ny d oubters , but t he f i rst c r it ica l man ifestat ions t o a ppear c ontested more s tubborn ly t han a nyth ing e lse , a s s ometh ing t ota l ly unacceptab le , t he b rev ity o f t he d urat ion o f t h is c o inage. The r o le o f l eader i n t h is c r it ic ism q u ick ly p assed t o A .V . Oreshn ikov ( 1855-1933), f or many y ears c urator o f t he Moscow H istor ica l Museum ( F igure 1 2). A fter h av ing s et f orth h is v iew i n r estra ined f ash ion wh i le To lsto i was a l ive a nd f or a s hort t ime a fter h is d eath ,1 29 Oreshn ikov went o ver t o t he a ttack l a ter o n. I n 1 917, a y ear a fter To lsto i 's d eath , h is s on t he f uture S ov iet Academ ic ian LI. To lsto i f u lf i l led h is f ather 's w ishes by c onvey ing t o t he Herm itage a s a g ift t he magn if icent ly mustered e normous c o l lect ion o f Russ ian c o ins o f t he X th-XV IIIth c entur ies, wh ich a f ter i ts ama lgamat ion h ad b een c omp leted u tter ly t ransformed t he Herm itage c o l lect ion a nd made i t e ven a t t hat d ate t he b est i n t he wor ld. I n 1 893, P. M. S orok in, a p rov inv ia l g overnment s tat ist ic ian f rom Vyatka who h ad c oncerned h imse lf w ith A .A . Kun ik 's b r i l l iant guess, ment ioned by To lsto i , t hat t he " myster ious f igure" o n t he a nc ient Russ ian c o ins m ight c onst itute a f am i ly b adge , a c lan emb lem ,1 3 ° a cqua inted O reshn ikov w ith h is own o bserva t ions r egard ing t he c ustoms o f t he Udmurt p eop le. S orok in s uggested t ha t t he marks o n t he c o ins w ere t okens o f p r ince ly p ropr ietorsh ip wh ich h ad e vo lved i n a ccordance w ith t he s ame n orms a s t he emb lems o r b lazes o n t he s tanding t rees a t t he b orders o f Udmurt t imber l ots. Th is i dea f asc inated Oreshn ikov , who s et i t f orth f or t he f i rst t ime i n t he v ery n ext y ear 1 31 a nd r ema ined f a ithfu l t o i t t i l l t he e nd o f h is l i fe. I n a 1 917 a rt ic le a bout To lsto i h e wondered why t hat s cho lar h ad i gnored t he amp le number o f p r inces who , i n h is o p in ion , m ight p erfect ly we l l h ave e xtended t he c o inage , s ee ing t hat " the d ec l ine a nd i mpover ishment o f K ievan Rus s tarted f rom t he m id-XIIth c entury o nward". 1 32 H e s aw i n i nvest igat ion o f t he

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" c lan emb lems" o f t he p r inces o f t he Rur ik l i ne a way t oward o vercom ing a c oncept wh ich was i n h is o p in ion m is lead ing f or h istor ica l s c ience ;1 3 i a nd h e was t he f i rst p erson t o a pp ly h imse lf t o t he i nvest igat ion , o ver a b road f ront , o f e mb lems i n v ar ious f i e lds wh ich h as p roved s o f ru itfu l i n s ubsequent t imes. The e xchange o f c orrespondence o ver many y ears b etween Oreshn ikov a nd A .A. I ly in b ears v iv id t est imony t o t he r ise o f h is a lmost p atho log ica l unfr iend l iness t oward To lsto i a s a s cho lar ; a pprec iat ing t he t horny p ath o f a t radesman 's s on o n t he way t o h is b e loved museum work ,1 34 we may h ave s ome s ympathy w ith h im. Host i le r emarks a bout t he s cho lar-ar istocrat i n Murzak iev ich 's l etter wh ich we h ave a lready m ent ioned a re e ven more d irect .1 35 O reshn ikov 's e nm ity e xtended e ven t o t he H erm itage c urator o f E uropean c o ins N .P. Bauer ( 1888-1942) ( F igure 1 2a) who , u nder t he i nf luence o f t he b r i l l iant work o f R . R. F assmer ( 1888-1938) o n t he " anatomy" o f Cuf ic c o in h oards, p ub l ished i n 1 927 t he mater ia l t hat h ad a ccumu la ted r egard ing h oards o f m ixed c ompos it ion b ut c onta in in ,g s rebren ik i , a nd i n d o ing s o e laborated u pon To lsto i 's v iews .1 3 b I n 1 930 a n a rt ic le by Oreshn ikov s ett ing f or th t he e ssence a nd t he b as is i n p r inc ip le o f h is s ystemat izat ion ( tak ing i nto a ccount i nd iv idua l d ist inct ions h e h ad p erce ived i n t he d es igns o f emb lems wh ich were e ssent ia l ly i dent ica l) was p ub l ished i n t he " Izvest iya" o f t he USSR Academy o f S c iences o n t he r ecommendat ion o f t he Academ ic ian S.A . Zhebe lyov : Recogn iz ing Yaros lav ( at Novgorod) a s b e ing t he i n it iator o f t he c o inage - a s Karamz in h ad d one , - a nd i ns ist ing upon t he r andom a nd i nscrutab le c ompos it ion o f a ny g iven h oard , h e f o l lowed N .I . P etrov i n g iv ing o ne o f To lsto i 's " Yaros lav t ypes" t o Iz yas lav-D im itr i s on o f Y aros lav ( 1054-1078). L ater t he s on o f I zyas lav , Yaropo lk-Peter , i ssues c o ins f or Vyshgorod i n 1 077-1078 ( the s econd Yaros lav t ype a ccord ing t o To lsto i ; a s uggest ion o f N .P. Chernev). A fter I zyas lav , S vyatopo lk-M ikha i l s on o f I zyas lav i ssues c o ins a t K iev ( 1093-1112). The c o inage o f V lad im ir Monomakh r uns i t s c ourse i n p ara l le l : f i rst a t Chern igov ( 1078-1094) - z latn ik i a nd e ar ly s rebren ik i ; t hen f rom 1 094 t o 1 113 a t P ereyas lav l ; a nd t he l ast t ype f rom 1 113 o nward a t K iev. The s equence o f t he c o in ing o f t he t ypes wh ich To lsto i h ad s et up i s i rrefragab ly " loca l ized" by t he a ssert ion t hat a l l t he s orts o f c o ins were manufactured by t he " K iev m int" t o t he o rder o f t he v ar ious p r inces. O reshn ikov t ook f rom " l ike-m inded" wr iters a c oup le o f i dent if icat ions o f c o ins , but e veryth ing e lse t hey h ad i nc luded i n t he ir c onstructs h e m is interpreted t o s u it h is o wn n o t ions. More t han a ny th ing e lse O reshn ikov h oped t hat h is s o lut ions wou ld b e r ecogn ized, a nd t hat s upport o f To lsto i 's ways o f l ook ing a t t h ings wou ld b e w ithhe ld , by N .P. L ikhachov a nd A .A. I ly in; a nd h e r eacted p atho log ica l ly t o t he ir c aut ious a tt itude t oward h is i dea. More t hrough l ack o f f i rmness t han t hrough c onv ict ion , I ly in d id i rreso lute ly c onsent t o a ccept o n ly c erta in i nd iv idua l i dent if icat ions, but t h is was mere ly a n i rr itant , a s a n e v ident p roof o f d isbe l ief i n t he u nder ly ing i dea. Ev ident ly Oreshn ikov h imse lf s ensed t he weak p o ints i n h is s cheme o f t h ink ing : t he

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l ocat ing o f t he manufacture o f a l l t he c o ins a t K iev , t he s tra in ings i n t he d ifferent iat ion o f emblems; a s a n a cknow ledged c onno isseur o f Byzant ine num ismat ics, To lsto i was b eyond c r it ic ism. A c erta in l ack o f c onf idence i s a lso t o b e s ensed i n t he p osthumous ly pub l ished l ast e xtended a rt ic le by Oreshn ikov , wh ich h e d ated t o 1 931. 1 38 As h e d ied Oreshn ikov m ight s ti l l b e l ieve h e was d epart ing t he v ictor; but t he p rob lem o f t he a nc ient Russ ian c o ins a ttended by t he t wo c oncepts r e jecting e ach o ther , y et a t t he s ame t ime n ot f ree o f f ra i l t i es a nd a ttract ions, h ad e ntered i nto a c r is is z one l ast ing many y ears. Th is was c orrect ly p o inted o ut i n V .L. Y an in 's d issertat ion, wh ich o pened t he l ast c yc le o f a ct ive r esearch work o n t h is matter 1 39 a fter t he p ub l ishing i n 1 948 o f t he To lsto i-Bauer c oncept i n t he " History o f t he Cu lture o f Anc ient Rus" . 140 The p roposa l o f P etrov a nd Chernev, a ccepted by Oreshn ikov , t hat Chr ist ian n ames s hou ld b e r ead o n s ome o f t he c o ins was e va luated i n a n ew s ense i n Yan in 's s tudy. Assum ing f rom t he s tart a c omp lete un ity o f t he emblems o n t he c o ins, h e c ame t o t he s o le p oss ib le c onc lus ion, n ame ly t hat b oth c o ins w ith d isputed r ead ings o f n ames r evea l t he Chr ist ian n ame o f Svyatopo lk Okayanny wh ich h ad e ar l ier r ema ined unknown - P eter. O reshnikov 's v iews were d efended f or s ome t ime by N .D. Mets ( 1923-1965) i n c onnect ion w ith a v a luab le c omp lex o f a nc ient Russ ian c o ins o bta ined, unfortunate ly , t hrough d igg ing by s choo lboys o n t he ir own i n it iat ive a t t he v il lage o f M itkova; but s he t oo i n t he l ast a na lys is f ound Oreshn ikov 's r e ject ion o f r egu lar ity i n t he c ompos it ion o f h oards unacceptab le. 1 41 Yan in r eturned t o t he quest ion o f t he p r ince ly emb lem o f Svyatopo lk i n a s tudy i n 1 970 r egard ing s ea ls t o e nactments o f s tate. " These r evea l a c lose p rox im ity t o t he c o in t ypes s ynchronous w ith t hem , wh ich i n e ssence c onst itute a s pec ia l f i e ld o f a pp l icat ion f or t he p r ince ly s ea l... The c loseness o f t he bu l las o f a rcha ic t rad it ion t o t he t ype o f t he e ar ly Russian c o inage l eads t o b oth t hese g roups o f r ecords a fford ing c onf irmat ion f or e ach o ther... Th is r esemb lance o nce more s ubstant iates t he c orrectness o f t he d at ing o f t he a nc ient Russ ian c o ins wh ich i s a ccepted ,1 t oday. f 42 I n r ecent y ears S ov iet a rchaeo logy , s ide by s ide w ith s tudy o f s ea ls, h as made a v a luab le c ontr ibut ion t o t he s tudy o f t he a nc ient Russ ian c o ins. A f ortunate r ecovery by B . A. Rybakov 's Dniepr e xpedit ion dur ing t he e xcavat ion o f a n a nc ient Russ ian f ortress o n t he r iver S tugna - t wo s rebren ik i o f V ladim ir - i s i rreproachab ly d ated t o t he t urn o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies. *

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To lsto i 's monograph o f 1 882, c onst itut ing a c orpus o f a lmost a l l t he know ledge o f t he X IXth c entury r egard ing t he a nc ient Russ ian c o ins, may h ave b ecome o utdated a s r egards t he s cope o f t he f actua l mater ia l i t c overs a nd w ith r espect t o i ndiv idua l quest ions o f a ttr ibut ion, but i t p reserves i ts methodo log ica l i mportance. The f inds o f Russ ian c o ins o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies dug up a fter t he a ppearance o f To lsto i 's works, a nd i n p art icu lar

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( F igure 1 2a. N .P. Bauer.)

( F igure 1 3. D raw ing o f s rebren ik No.10-1 i n a l e tter o f G . A. M i loradov ich t o N .I. P etrov , a s c ompared w ith i l lustrat ion ( to t he r ight) o f t hat c o in among t he p lates t o t h is b ook.)

t he c oncentrat ion, c ommenc ing w ith t he m idd le o f t he 1 920s, o f t he ma jor ity o f t he f ormer p r ivate c o l lect ions i n t he most s ubstant ia l museums o f t he USSR , h ave made i t p oss ib le t o d raw up a n ew c orpus o f t hese c o ins. The i ndispensab i l ity o f u ndertak ing t h is work h ad b een c lear t o Oreshnikov a s much a s h a lf a c entury a go. 1 43 To lsto i knew, a nd a t o ne t ime o r a nother p ub l ished, 1 50 t o 1 70 Russ ian c o ins o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies. I n t he n ew c orpus a bout 3 40 s pec imens wh ich a re known a t f i rst h and, f rom i l lustrat ions, o r t hrough ment ion h ave b een p ut o n r ecord. Doub l ing o f t he number o f s rebren ik i h as c ome a bout n ot o n ly a s a r esu lt o f n ew f inds, but a lso t hrough c heck ing , c ompar ison , a nd c on jo in ing o f d ata c oncern ing c o ins known s ince l ong a go. Da ta e ar l ier unfam i l iar h ave b een b rought t o l i ght i n a r ange o f a rchives a nd l i brar ies i n L eningrad, K iev , a nd Moscow. The c orrespondence o f I ly in w ith Oreshn ikov ( Archives o f t he Herm itage a nd t he S tate H istor ica l Museum, a ), a nd l ikew ise t he m inutes o f t he Comm iss ion o n Num ismatics a nd — G lypt ics ( Archive o f t he L eningrad Department o f t he I nst itute o f Archaeo logy o f t he USSR Academy o f S c iences) h ave d isc losed t he p ast h istory o f many c o ins a nd t he d est in ies o f a number o f p r ivate c o l lections o f t he S ov iet p er iod. Th is s ort o f d ata h as c ome t o l ight f or t he X IXth c entury i n l etters o f To lsto i t o A .A. Kunik ( Leningrad Department , Arch ive o f t he USSR Academy o f S c iences), i n d ocuments a ccompany ing t he c o ins o f t he Nezh in h oard i n t he Herm itage ( Centra l S tate H istor ica l Arch ives i n L eningrad , Herm itage Archive), a nd i n o ld manuscr ipt c ata logs o f t he Museum f or t he b eg inn ing a nd m iddle o f t he X IXth c entury. The mansucr ipt a lbum o f c o in p hotographs by a K iev c ol lector a t t he e nd o f t he X IXth c entury a nd b eg inn ing o f t he XXth, N .G. Z ahar ievsk i , wh ich h as b een d iscovered by V .A. Anokhin ( Sc ient if ic L ibrary o f K iev Un ivers ity) h as p roved t o b e v ery u sefu l , a s h as t he a rchive o f t he E cc lesiast ica l Archaeo logy S oc iety a t t he K iev Academy o f D iv in ity , a nd f ina l ly t he pub l ished c orrespondence o f M .P. P ogodin. 1 44 I n o ur weav ing t ogether o f t he a rchive a nd l i terature d ata w ith s tudy o f t he c o ins t hemse lves we h ave s ucceeded i n t rack ing down t he " b iographies" o f a lmost a l l t he c o ins known t o u s. F or e xamp le a n i l lustrat ion, i n a p ersona l l etter o f t he e nd o f t he X IXth c entury , o f a s rebren ik f ound a t t he v i l lage o f Ve l ik i i L istven i n t he Ukra ine ( F igure 1 3) c o inc ided w ith a n u ndocumented c o in wh ich e ntered t he Herm itage i n 1 930 f rom t he P eop le 's Comm issar iat f or F inances v ia t he S ov iet Phi late l ic Assoc iat ion ( 10-1), a nd t he A . A. Kunik s rebren ik we h ave ment ioned a bove, f ound i n 1 823 " a hundred v ersts f rom R ostov" ( 170-1), was r e l iab ly l inked up w ith t he Ts im lyanskaya S tan itsa t owns ite , f rom wh ich a s rebren ik h ad a lso e ntered t he Novocherkassk Museum i n t he 1 800s ( 149-1). I n a p ub l icat ion o f t he E sthon ian L earned S oc iety o f t he 1 880s t here i s ment ion o f a n u ntraced s rebren ik t hat h ad b een g iven t o t he S oc iety by Count S o logub; but i n t he a rchive o f t he Num ismat ic Department o f t he H erm itage l i thograph ic o ffpr ints o f t h is s rebren ik were f ound ( 56-1), w ith a n ote by

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Kun ik c oncern ing t he ir h av ing b een i n F ebruary 1 870.

r ece ived

f rom

M .

R ayevskaya

I t h as b een n ecessary t o e schew a r ange o f c o ins t hat were i nc luded i n A . A. I ly in 's t opograph ica l l i st: t he Herm itage s pec imen o f Yaros lav 's s i lver f ormer ly w ith A . A. Medyntsev a nd M .P. P ogod in p roved t o b e a f orgery g o ing b ack t o t he f i rst i l lustrat ions o f t h is c o in i n t he l i terature , 1 45 a nd t he Yaros lav s rebren ik i f rom L .K. I vanovsk i 's e xcavations a nd f rom t he N .P. L ikhachov c o l lect ions a re a nc ient c ast o rnaments o f b ronze .1 46 ( They a re t aken i nto c onsiderat ion o n ly i n a ssoc iat ion w ith t he ir p rototype. ) A l l i n a l l , more t han f i fty o f t he r eports o n s rebren ik i i n v ar ious p r ivate c o l lect ions t hat h ave b een p ut o n r ecord i n t he p ast b o i l d own t o j ust 2 3 a ctua l c o ins. As h as a lready b een n oted, p art o f t he u ntraced s rebren ik i f rom t he t wo " c lean" h oards were s o ld i n t he 1 850-1880 p er iod by t he a nt iquary Do lzh ikov, who j acked t he p r ice u p p roport ionate ly a s i nterest o f c o l lectors i n mak ing p urchases mounted. But we h ave n ot managed t o d eterm ine j ust who i t was Do lzh ikov s o ld h is c o ins t o. The num ismat ic c o l lect ion o f t he Museum o f t he K iev Academy o f D iv in ity , wh ich e v ident ly i nc luded i n 1 915 n o l ess t han 1 0 t o 1 2 s rebren ik i ma in ly f rom t he K iev h oard ( a g ift o f N . A. L eopardov a nd h is h e irs i n 1 894-1895), 1 47 was p lundered a t a n e ar ly d ate. As we h ave r emarked a bove, t wo o f i ts c o ins e ntered t he S tate H istor ica l Museum i n 1 929 a s p art o f t he P.V . Z ubov c o l lect ion ( 12-3, 1 7-7), a t h ird was p urchased by Phi l ip Gr ierson i n Eng land i n 1 965 ( 37-1), a nd a f ourth was r ecogn ized i n 1 925 by A .A. I ly in i n t he c o l lect ion o f K. P. B eryozin ( 33-1 ). The r est h ave d isappeared w ithout t race. Among t hose t hat h ave d isappeared t here a re i nc luded f our s rebren ik i o f t h is c o l lect ion f rom Nezhin, i l lustrated i n t he Z akhar ievsk i a lbum ( 68-1, 8 7-1, 1 42-1, 1 85-1). I n a ddit ion t o t he f orty-f ive untraced s rebren ik i o f t he Nezh in a nd K iev h oards i n t he n ew c orpus t here a re a lso more t han t h irty known e ar ly c o ins t he p resent l ocat ion o f wh ich h as n ot b een d eterm ined. S ome o f t he d ata a va i lab le h ave t o d o w ith l ost s pec imens f rom o ther h oards, p art o f t h is b e ing s o e x iguous t hat i t i s qu ite i mposs ib le t o t i e i t up w ith a ny c oncrete s pec imens. They a re i nc luded i n t he c orpus c ata log i n o rder t o a ch ieve max imum f u l lness o f i nformat ion r egard ing s rebren ik i t he t races o f wh ich p eter o ut i n p r ivate c o l lect ions, f or t he most p art t hose o f t he p re-revo lut ionary p er iod. The l i st o f untraced s pec imens o f Russ ian c o ins o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies wh ich was p ub l ished i n 1 971 1 48 i n t he h ope t hat s ome o f t he l ost c o ins wou ld h ave b een f ound by t he t ime work o n t he c ata log s hou ld b e c onc luded h as n ot g iven r ise t o r esponses, s ometh ing wh ich p ersuades o ne n ot o n ly t hat t he Corpus i s c omplete , but o bv ious ly a lso t hat t he untraced c o ins a re i rrevocab ly l ost. There f o l lows n ext Abstract 1 o f t he c orpus, s howing t he o r ig in, t he numer ica l c ompos it ion, a nd t he p lace o f p reservation o f a l l f inds o f t he c o ins o f t he X th- X Ith c entury t hat a re known a t p resent.

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Krug, 1 805, p .51; Krug , 1 807, p .64. To lsto i , 1 882; S passk i , 1 970, p .197-200. I ly in, 1 924. S passk i , 1 961, p .51-54; S passk i , 1 974-1, p .31-49. S o tn ikova , 1 978, p .6-12. V .V. K ropotk in a nd T .I. Makarova , N akhodka monety O legaM icha i l ia v K orcheve ( f ind ing o f a C o in o f O leg -M ikha i l a t Korchevo), SA , 1 973, No.2, p .250-254. Bykov, S passk i , 1 970, p .92. To lsto i , 1 893, p .310-389. S o tn ikova , 1 968, p .114-13 ' 7; S o tn ikova , 1 971, p .15-41; S passk i , 1 974-2, p .251-260. S ome u nknown Russ ian num ismat ist o f t he XVIIth c entury s howed A . M e ierberg , who v is ited Russ ia i n t he 1 660s, c o ins o f a nc ient t imes t hat h e h ad d rawn , a mong t hem b e ing a s i lver d enga o f Vas i l i i I I wh ich h e i dent if ied a s a c o in " of V lad im ir a t K iev, r u ler o f a l l Rus". Th is was t he i nvent ion o f a Russ ian who knew t he b apt isma l n ame o f V lad im ir s on o f Svyatos lay. S ee: A lbom A . M e ierberga. V idy i bytovyye k art in i Ross i i XVII v . ( The A . M e ierberg A lbum. V iews a nd P ictures o f E veryday L ife i n XVIIth C entury Russ ia). Draw ings f rom t he Dresden a lbum r eproduced i n f acs im i le a nd i n n atura l s i ze , w ith a n a nnexed map o f t he I mper ia l M iss ion o f 1 661-1662. S t. P etersburg , 1 903, p .25, f ig.82. Novgorodskaya c hetvyortaya l etop is ( The F ourth Novgorod Chron ic le), P SRL , I V , No.2, L en ingrad , 1 925, p .427. I .G. S passk i , Rukop isnoye n as led iye d revne i Rus i v n um izmat ike n acha la XVIII v . i num izmat ichesk iye k ontakty V .N. Ta t ishcheva ( The Manuscr ipt H er itage o f Anc ient Russ ia i n Num ismat ics o f t he B eg inn ing o f t he XVIIIth C entury a nd t he Num ismat ic C ontacts o f V .N. Tat ishchev), V ID, I X , 1 978, p .22-46. I b id; I .G. S passk i , Na z are r ussko i n um izmat ik i ( At t he Dawn o f Russ ian Num ismat ics), i n t he b ook Ku ltura i i skusstvo p etrovskogo v remen i ( The Cu lture a nd t he Art o f t he P eter t he Great P er iod), L en ingrad , 1 977, p .54-62. V .N. Ta t ishchev , I stor iya Ross i iskaya ( Russ ian H istory), v o l.IV , Moscow a nd L en ingrad , 1 964, p .180, N ote 2 58, a nd p .71. H . S torch, 1 815, p .87. W i l l iam o f Rubrouck , P uteshestv iye v v ostochnyye s trany ( Journey i n E astern Countr ies) t rans lated by A .I. M a le in , S t. P etersburg , 1 910, p .155 ( a s c ient if ic t rans lat ion f rom L at in). C f. V .K. Grutovsk i : Russk iye m ekhovyye t sennost i i t ekhn ika c hekank i monet n a m in iatyurakh XV I v . ( Russ ian Fur-sk in Va lues a nd t he T echn ique o f S tr ik ing C o ins o n M in iatures i n t he XVIth C entury), i n t he s ympos ium Num izmat ichesk i S born ik MNO ( Num ismat ic C ompend ium o f t he Moscow Num ismat ic S oc iety), Moscow, 1 911, p .409 ( the a ccount g oes b ack t o t he t rans lat ion o f 1 634); I .G. S passk i : I z i s tor i i d revnerusskogo t ovaroveden iya ( From t he H istory o f Anc ient Russ ian Merchand ise E xpert ise), KSIIMK , 6 2, 1 956, p .45-50.

5 3

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B oye ikov, 1 816, p .242; M . S o tn ikova , Ryazansk i k lad l i tovsk ikh s rebryanykh s l itkov v s obran i i E rm itazha ( A Ryazan Hoard o f L ithuan ian Cast I ngots i n t he H erm itage Co l lect ion), SGE, 1 2, 1 957, p .15-18. N .M. K aramz in: I stor iya Gosudarstva R oss i ikogo ( H istory o f t he Russ ian S tate), Vo l.IV , S t. P etersburg , 1 817, N o te 1 50. N .M. K aramz in; S ame work , Vo l.I, S t. P etersburg , 1 816 , N ote 2 54. P SZ f or 1 830, Vo l.XXIII, N o.17200, a nd Vo l.XX IV , No .17566. Voye ikov, 1 816, p .316 ( f igure a t No.88, p .242). V o lkner , 1 797, p .764. P SRL , I . I patyevskaya l e top is ( The Chron ic le o f I pa t i i), s econd e d it ion , S t. P etersburg , 1 908, p .281. P SRL , I , S t. P etersburg , 1 846, p .21. Mus in-Pushk in, 1 813, p .80; M etropo l i tan Y evgen i i , 1 845, p .95. K a la idov ich , 1 824, p .7; P . D o lgorukov , R oss i iskaya r odos lovnaya kn iga ( The Book o f Russ ian G enea logy), p ar t I V , S t. P etersburg , 1 857, p .362. G .I. L isenko : The manuscr ipt " Istor iya o r ussko i num izmat ike" ( A H istory a bout Russ ian Num ismat ics), s heet 9 ( Arch ive o f t he ONGE). L .A. Dm itr iev: I stor iya o tkryt iya r ukop is i " S lova o P o lku I goreve" ( The S tory o f t he D iscovery o f t he Manuscr ipt o f " The L ay o f I gor 's Host"), i n t he b ook: S lovo o p o lku I gorever - p amyatn ik X II v eka ( The L ay o f I gor 's Host - a Memor ia l o f t he X IIth C entury), Moscow-Len ingrad , 1 962, p .406 f. S passk i , 1 970, p .131-136; S passk i , 1 974-2, p .256-258. S passk i , 1 974, p .257. S passk i , 1 970, p .143-145. S passk i , 1 978, p .183-184. F uks , 1 819, p .12; Chaudo ir , 1 837, p art I , p .11, 1 3; Funduk le i , 1 843, p .91; S ave lyev , 1 849, p .398. H . G rote, 1 835; Apr i lov , 1 841; R e iche l , 1 842. I . S passk i : P u b oSmo lenskoye ( The Smo lensk P u b ), SGE , 3 9 , 1 974, p .59-63; S passk i , 1 978, p .38-42; S passk i , 1 955, p .87-91. " Zhurna l R edkoste i" ( a magaz ine , " Journa l o f R ar it ies"), S t. P etersburg , No.2 a nd 3 , 1 911. Chaudo ir , 1 837-1838, 1 841, p late I , 1 , N o .7 a nd I , 1 , N o .4. S ave lyev , 1 849; R e iche l , 1 849. S evernaya p che la ( a magaz ine , " The N orthern B ee"), 1 852, S eptember 1 , No .194: A l e tter o f August 2 0 f rom M .P. P ogod in a t K iev , i ntended f or t he a uthor s ign ing " N" t o t he a r t ic le o n t he f i rst p age o f t he p aper ; M agaz ine "Moskv ityan in", 1 852, Vo l.IV , No.16 ( August , b ook I ), s ect ion V II , p .154 ( September , b ook I ) , s ect ion V II, p .18 , 1 9 ( no t i t le o r s ignature , but w ith a r eference t o t he f orego ing c ommun icat ion by P ogod in a nd c ont inu ing i t ). The s urname Bor is w ith t he a ccent o n t he f i rst s y l lab le i s known a t Nezh in ( In Russ ian t he n ame Bor is i s e verywhere e lse a ccented o n t he l ast s y l lab le - T r .).

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The f ormer a ss istant l i brar ian Ya. Ya. Vo losh insk i was i n c harge o f t he Num ismat ic C ab inet o f t he Un ivers ity f rom 1 852 t hrough 1 865 (Antonov ich, 1 884, p .53). Vo losh insk i w as t he owner o f a g roup o f c ast c opper wh ich was a cqu ired f rom h is h e irs by N .A. L eopardov. The l a tter 's a ssemb lage , " co l lected o ver 2 0 y ears" a nd i nc luding , by t he way , s ome a nc ient Russ ian c o ins a s we l l , was t ransm itted by h im i n 1 895 a s a g ift t o t he E cc les iast ica l Archaeo logy Museum o f t he K iev Academy o f D iv in ity ( Petrov , 1 895, p .1, 1 3-15, 1 8, 2 2-23, 2 5-26, 3 0, 3 2-33, 6 9). The f ourfo ld e xaggerat ion o f t he number o f t he N ezh in s rebren ik i i n M .P. P ogod in 's l etter o f August 2 6, 1 852 t o t he Grand Duke K onstant in N iko layev ich r egard ing t he f ind ing o f s ix p ounds o f c o ins a t Nezh in (Barsukov , p .71-72) i s a pparent ly t o b e e xp la ined by t he i nexact i tude o f t he f i rst r eports o n t he h oard, i nasmuch a s i n p r int P ogod in s pec if ied 2 00 s rebren ik i. I .D. B e lyayev 's f antast ic r eport o f t he f ind ing a t N ezh in o f a bout 4 0 p ounds ( i .e. a bout 5 300 s pec imens!) o f c o ins (B e lyayev, 1 853, p .331) i s n ot b acked u p by a nyth ing. B arsukov , p .73-75; T sGIAL , h o ld ing 4 69, i nventory 8 , No .1224 . V o losh insk i , p. 1 11. D .A. To lsto i : L etter o f August 2 3, 1 852 t o S .G . S troganov Z ern in , p .37. B arsukov , p .73. Chernev, 1 891, I I , p .13; P etrov , 1 895, p .69; P etrov , 1 897, p .238. Arch ive o f t he ONGE. S .G . S troganov p apers. B arsukov , p .73. D. A . To lsto i : L etter o f August 2 3, 1 852, t o S .G. S troganov Z ern in , p .3 7 ( In t he 1 850s C ount D . A. To lsto i was a n o ff ic ia l o n t he s taff o f t he Empress Mar ia. L ater o n h e was M in ister o f P ub l ic E ducat ion , M in ister o f t he I nter ior , a nd P rocurator Genera l o f t he S ynod. ). K M F eof i laktov : C omm iss ion f or D escr ipt ion o f t he g ubern iyas o f t he K iev S choo l R eg ion. S ympos ium " Istor ikos tat ist ichesk iye z ap isk i o b u chonykh i u chebnov spomogate lnnykh u chrezhden iyakh i mp. Un ivers iteta s v. V lad im ira" ( H istor ica l a nd S tat ist ica l N otes o n t he S cho lar ly a nd I nstruct iona l A id I nst itut ions o f t he i mper ia l S t. V lad im ir Un ivers ity ), 1 834-1884, E d ited by V .S. I konn ikov. K iev , 1 884, p. 1-8 ; N . B .: K 5 0letnemu y ub i leyu Un ivers iteta s v. V lad im ira. O cherk i i z ametk i p o i stor i i Un ivers iteta ( On t he 5 0th a nn iversary o f t he S t. V lad im ir Un ivers ity. S ketches a nd Comments o n t he H istory o f t he Un ivers ity), K iev , 1 884, p .64. Vo losh insk i , 1 853. F.S. Morachevsk i: L etter t o S troganov , May 1 1, 1 859. A rch ive o f t he ONGE, S troganov p apers. I b id. I b id; J une 1 7, 1 859 l etter o f T s igra h imse lf .

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I .P. K oz lovsk i : O tcho t o s ostoyan i i k o l lekts i i i nst ituta k nyazya Bezborodko k 1 y anvarya 1 918 g oda , s ostav lyonny d irektorom i ns ituta I .P. Koz lovsk im ( Report o n t he S tatus o f t he Co l lect ions o f t he P r ince B ezborodko I nst itute a s o f J anuary 1 , 1 918, d rawn u p by t he I nst itute 's D irector I .P. K oz lovsk i), i n: I zvest iya I stor iko-f i lo log icheskogo i nst ituta k nyazya Bezborodko v N ezh ine , N ezh in , 1 918, p .32, p .24. H ess, 1 932 ( Many o f t he c o ins p ub l ished i n t he c a ta log e ntered t he Herm itage a nd t he G IM a t t h is s ame t ime). Annotat ions o f A .A. I ly in i n h is manuscr ipt c ata log o f t he Russ ian c o ins o f t he X th-XIth c entury a t t he H erm itage ( 1920s). T iesenhausen , 1 910, p .83; Kun ik , 1 861, n ote 5 ( Kun ik i naccurate ly c a l ls h im Luchenko). O svyashchen iye i o tkryt iye k hudozhestvenno-promysh lennogo i n auchnogo muzeya i mperatora N iko laya A leksandrov icha ( Ded icat ion a nd Open ing o f t he Emperor N iko la i A leksandrov ich I ndustr ia l Ar ts a nd S c ience Museum), K iev , 1 905, p .29. S otn ikova , 1 971, No.39, No.57. Yu. Ku lakovsk i ( in c harge o f t he n um ismat ic c ab inet a t t he S t. V lad im ir Un ivers ity): L etter o f November 3 , 1 916 t o A .A. I ly in. Arch ive o f t he ONGE, I ly in p apers. A .A. I ly in: L etter o f November 1 1, 1 916 t o Yu. Ku lakovsk i a nd r eact ion t o A .V. Oreshn ikov 's b ook " Denezhnye z nak i d omongo lsko i Rus i" ( Monetary Tokens o f p re-Mongo l Rus), Moscow, 1 926. A manuscr ipt , a rch ive o f t he ONGE , A .A. I ly in p apers. ( Co ins f rom t he I ozef c o l lect ion were b ought i n t he 1 920s by t he Herm itage a nd by s ome L en ingrad c olectors ( see I . G. S passk i : P o s ledam o dno i r edko i monety ( On t he Tra i l o f a C erta in Rare C o in), L en ingrad a nd M oscow , 1 964, p .77-80), but t here were n o s rebren ik i among t hese a cqu is it ions.) B arsukov , p .74; R eg ister o f c o ins a nd meda ls e nter ing D iv is ion 1 o f t he I mper ia l Herm itage , 1 847-1862: No .243 , November 4 , 1 852, a rch ive o f t he ONGE; C ata log f or 1 855, Nos.1277-1281 ( 52-1, 1 27-1, 1 67-1, 1 86-1, 2 13-1). D .A. To lsto i : L etter t o S .G. S troganov o f August 2 3, 1 852. Arch ive o f t he ONGE, " Zern in", p .37. T sGIAL , h o ld ing 4 69 , i nventory 8 , N o.1224, s heets 1 1, 1 2; H erm itage a rch ive , 1 853, c ase 4 , s heet 5 , No .959. Arch ive o f t he ONGE. The f i rst 1 1 p ages i n t he c ompend ium o f d ocuments d ea l ing w ith t he Nezh in f ind , w ith t he n ame " Zern in" o n t he s p ine t o t he o vera l l b ind ing. I t i s n ot k nown a t what t ime t he manuscr ipt d eparted f rom t he Num ismat ic Cab inet , but t o j udge f rom t he f oreword i t w as r eturned o n December 2 9, 1 884 a s a g if t f rom t he Grand Duke G eorg i i M ikha i lov ich. A .P. Z ern in ( 1821-1866) was i n c harge o f t he Num ismat ic Cab inet o f Kharkov Un ivers ity f rom 1 847 o nward a nd h e d rew up a c ata log o f i t s n um ismat ic c o l lect ions wh ich a t t hat t ime numbered 2 2, 0 00 c o ins a nd m eda ls ( see Russk i b ib l iograf ichesk i s lovar ( Russ ian B ib l iographica l D ict ionary), l etters Z h t o Z , P etrograd , 1 916, p .359-363). Herm itage a rch ive , 1 852, c ase 4 , s heet 1 0, No .63; t he l i st o f dup l icates h as n o t b een p reserved.

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Kunik , 1 860, p .48. " Zern in", p .5, 1 ; p .7, 1 5. D .A. To lsto i : L etter o f August 2 3, 1 852 t o S .G. S troganov , Arch ive o f t he ONGE, " Zern in", p .38, 3 9. I RAO , 1 872, Vo l.7, p .218; S ess ion o f t he Russ ian D epar tment o f t he S oc iety o n O ctober 2 4, 1 867. None o f t hese p hotographs a re i n t he A .A. Kunik a rch ive ( arch ive o f t he Academy o f S c iences o f t he USSR , 9 5-2-852) o r t he Herm itage a rch ive. To lsto i , 1 882, p .1. Arch ive o f t he S tate Herm itage , h o ld ing 1 , i nventory 5 , 1 917, No.42; S passk i , 1 970, p .198, 1 99. C ahn, 1 930, No.876, 8 77, p la te 2 5. But i n t he c ase Yuzefov ich o rdered made f or h is c o l lect ion o f Nezh in s rebren ik i ( F igure 8 ), wh ich r eached LI. To lsto i w ith 4 3 c o ins i n i t , t here a re 5 4 r ecesses. The c ase i s m ade o f p o l ished o ak a nd i s 2 4 c m. x 3 5 cm. x 3 .5 c m. I n t he c enter o f t he l i d , i n la id a t i t s e dges w ith c opper , t here i s a n i n la id c opper p laque w ith t he i n it ia ls o f t he o wner ( M.Yu.) b eneath a n ob leman 's c rown. The i nter ior o f t he c ase i s l i ned w ith r aspberry-co lored v e lvet. The r ecesses f or t he c o ins a re d istr ibuted i nto 5 v ert ica l ly a rranged g roups w ith t i ckets c orrespond ing t o Vo losh insk i 's c lass if icat ion. I n 1 970 t he c ase was g iven t o t he Num ismat ics D epartment o f t he Herm itage by t he a cadem ic ian B .E. Bykhovsk i , who h ad r ece ived i t f rom t he h e irs o f t he y ounger I .I. To lsto i. To lsto i , 1 882, c hapter V . B arsukov, p . ' 72-75; Yu. P ishchu l in : Apteka d lya d ush i ( A Pharmacy f or t he S ou l), i n " Nauka i z h izn", 1 970, No.2, p .51-52. But s ee : N .S. L eskov : P echersk iye a nt ik i ( The P echersk Ant iques), c o l lected works i n 1 1 v o lumes, Vo l.7, Moscow, 1 958, p .178. B arsukov, p .73, 7 4. Arch ive o f t he ONGE , " Zern in", p .43-44; S otn ikova , 1 971, No .25, 3 3, 3 5, 4 1, 4 5, 5 4. B arsukov , p .74. N . Chernev , 1 891, p .13; S o tn ikova , 1 968, n ote 6 . To lsto i , 1 903, p .358, p la te X III, 7 -8. F .S. Morachevsk i : L etter o f May 1 , 1 859 t o S .G. S troganov , w ith d raw ing. Arch ive o f t he ONGE, S troganov p apers. A .V. O reshn ikov : L etter o f J u ly 1 8, 1 926 t o A .A. I ly in. Archive o f t he ONGE, I ly in p apers. A .V. Oreshn ikov : L etter o f March 2 2, 1 929 t o A .A. I ly in. Arch ive o f t he ONGE , I ly in p apers. I ly in r eported t he c ontents o f t he l etter a t t he r egu lar s ess ion o f t he Num ismat ics a nd G lypt ics s ect ion o f t he GAIMK ( Arch ive o f t he LO IA , h o ld ing 2 , 1 929, c ase 3 1, s heet 3 5, r ecto , 3 6). A .A. I ly in: L etter o f O ctober 3 , 1 930 t o A .V. Oreshn ikov. Arch ive o f t he G IM. D escr ipt ion o f t he s i lver a nd c opper c o ins i n A .A. I ly in 's s ystemat ic c o l lect ion. Drawn up o n t he b as is o f s tatus o n Apr i l 1 1, 1 919 ( by Yu.V. Bogdanov ich). C opy o f t he l i st o f t he Depar tment f or t he S afeguard ing o f M emor ia ls d ated Apr i l 1 1, 1 919, s heet 1 , i n t he Archive o f t he ONGE.

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A .V. Oreshn ikov : L etter o f August 2 7, 1 929 t o A . A. I ly in. Arch ive o f t he ONGE. A . A. I ly in: L etter o f S eptember 7 , 1 929 t o A . V. Oreshn ikov. Archive o f t he G IM. A .V. Oreshn ikov: L etter o f J anuary 7 /20, 1 921, a nd l e tter o f J u ly 2 3/2, 1 929 t o A . A. I ly in. Archive o f t he ONGE. I t i s p oss ib le t hat o ne o f Napp 's s rebren ik i ( 113-1) was b rought i n t o t he G IM f or i dent if icat ion a nd a uthent icat ion a t t he e nd o f March 1 975. Unfortunate ly t he owner , who w ished t o r ema in unknown , d id n ot p erm it e i ther we ighing o r p hotographing o f t he c o in. (A.S. Me ln ikova : L etter o f Apr i l 1 0, 1 975 t o I .G. Spassk i. A rch ive o f t he ONGE.) Krug , 1 807; S akharov, 1 842; S ave lyev , 1 849, p .386-289; Vo losh insk i , 1 853; a nd e lsewhere. Kun ik , 1 861. S troganoff ( Lat in l etters), 1 883, p .116. S neg irev a nd S troganov , 1 853, p .89-90. S .G. S troganov: 0 d revn ikh monetakh v e l ik ikh r ussk ikh knyaze i ( On t he Anc ient Co ins o f Great Russ ian P r inces), manuscr ipt o f 1 854, a rchive o f t he ONGE, S troganov p apers. O .M. Bodyansk i: L etter o f D ecember 2 7, 1 850 t o Count S .G. S troganov w ith r egard t o Re iche l 's a rt ic le o n a nc ient Russ ian a nd S lavon ic Co ins, ChOIDR, 1 885, book i , p .29. G imnaz iya vysshikh n auk i L itse i knyazya Bezborodko ( The P r ince B ezborodko H igher S tudies Gymnas ium a nd t he Lyceum), S t. P etersburg, 1 881, p . CIIX , A . O. Ts igra. S passk i , 1 970, p .152-154, 1 57, 1 63, 2 06; Koehne , 1 859-1862, p .249-256. S t. V lad im irov, 1 860, p .46-50. S troganoff ( Lat in l etters), 1 861, p .204-20 ' 7; Koehne , 1 859-1862, p .301-304. Antonov ich, p .58, 5 9; To lsto i , 1 882, p .III. Archive o f t he Academy o f S c iences o f t he USSR , h o ld ing 9 5, i nventory 2 , c ase 6 15, s heets 6 , 8 , 1 0, 1 2. S passk i j, 1 973, p .10-12. To lsto i , 1 893, p .356. To lsto i h imse lf b e l ieved t hat h e h ad d escr ibed " up t o 1 50 c o ins" f rom t he h oard. But s umm ing up t he Nezhin s rebren ik i h e h ad c ome t o know by 1 882 p roduces t he f o l low ing r esu lt : Pub l ished f or t he f i rst t ime by To lsto i 8 6 C ited a fter Vo losh insk i 2 1 Ment ioned 1 0 Tota l 1 . 17 I t i s t rue t hat a f urther 7 s pec imens were p ub l ished by To lsto i i n 1 893. Thus t he number o f a l l t he c o ins f rom t he Nezh in h oard t hat b ecame known t o LI. To lsto i a t v ar ious t imes c omes t o 1 24. Chernev, 1 891, p .13. Chernev, 1 888, p .67. Chernev, 1 891, p .8-9. Svod z akonov R oss i isko i i mper i i ( Code o f L aws o f t he Russ ian Emp ire), p art 1 , Vo l.10, p .430. Chernev, 1 891, p .13. Chernev pub l ished 2 0 s pec imens h imse lf , ment ioned 1 3 pub lished e ar l ier by To lsto i , a nd a dded 9 more t hat w ere known t o h im i n o ther c o l lect ions ( Chernev , 1 891).

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Chernev, 1 891, p .13. I bid. 1 b id; c f. Chernev, 1 888, p .67, a nd To lsto i , 1 882, p .12, No.6. To lsto i , 1 882. The i nformat ion o n t he c ircumstances o f t he f ind ing o f s rebren ik i i n t he kurgans n ear t he v i l lage o f M itkovka i n t he K l imovsk i r a ion o f t he Bryanskaya o b last a re s o c ontrad ictory e ven i n t he e xpos it ion o f o ne a nd t he s ame a uthor ( I. P o lozov K lady r asskazyvayut... Topograf iya k ladov monet , n a idyonnykh n a t err itor i i Bryansko i o b last i v 1 948-1960 ( The Hoards S peak - Topography o f t he Co in Hoards f ound o n t he Terr itory o f t he Bryanskaya Ob last i n 1 948-1960), Bryansk , 1 960, p .5, 8 ; S ame a uthor , s ame t i t le but c over ing 1 944-1962, Bryansk, 1 963, p .4-7, 1 3, 1 9), t hat i t i s i mposs ib le t o b r ing a l l t he c o ins t ogether a nd d ate t hem ( V ladim ir t ypes I a nd I, Svyatopo lk , a nd " Peter") a s N. D. M ets t r ied t o d o ( Mets, 1 960, p .205-214) unt i l t he o r ig in o f a l l t hese c o ins a s c om ing f rom a s ing le bur ia l c omp lex o r a t l east t he ir b e ing c ontemporaneous w ith t he a ctua l kurgans s ha l l b e d emonstrated. To lsto i , 1 884, p .47. To lsto i , 1 882. I b id, p .187-194. S ee i n t he b ibl iography o f t he work i n quest ion r ev iews o f To lsto i 's a rt ic le by: V .S . I konn ikov , N .I . P etrov , I .V. P omya lovsk i , D. N. P rozorovsk i , N .A . Chernev, D .N. Chudovsk i , U lyan itsk i. To lsto i , 1 884; To lsto i , 1 888; To lsto i , 1 891; LI. To lsto i : Kak ya s ta l num izmatom ( How I B ecame a Num ismat ist), Argus, S t. P etersburg , 1 913, October , p .86-87; To lsto j ( Latin l etters) , 1 883. S troganoff ( Lat in l etters), 1 893. To lsto i , 1 893. T sGIAL, h o ld ing 5 30, i nventory 1 , No.93 ( data o n t he s ums e xpended i n t he a cqu is it ion o f c o ins). Archive o f t he Academy o f S c iences o f t he USSR, h o ld ing 9 5, i nventory 2 , No.615, c ase 1 0. P. G. Burachkov : 0 mestonakhozhden i i d revnego g oroda Kerk initesa i monetakh, y emu p r inad lezhashchikh ( On t he S ite o f t he Anc ient Town o f Kerk in it is a nd t he Co ins P erta in ing t o i t ), ZOOID, 1 875, Vo l. 9 ( the a rt ic le i s d ated 1 873. G i le i i s t he a nc ient n ame f or t he l ower r eaches o f t he Dn iepr). Arch ive o f t he LOIA , h o ld ing 2 8, 1 880, No.22, p .48. On t he l ast p age o f t he manuscr ipt a n i nsert ion by E . L yutsenko n ames P . O. Burachkov a s t he a uthor o f t h is p art o f t he l i st. I .I. To lsto i : L etter o f November 2 3, 1 880 t o A .A. Kun ik. Archive o f t he Academy o f S c iences o f t he USSR , h o lding 9 5, i nventory 2 , No.852, s heet 1 . Oreshnikov, 1 917; Oreshn ikov: D iary. Entry f or May 2 1, 1 916, Archive o f t he G IM; Oreshn ikov : L etter o f J une 2 8, 1 916, t o B. V. F armakovsk i , Archive o f t he G IM. To lsto i , 1 882, p .185. Oreshn ikov, 1 894. Oreshn ikov, 1 917, p .15.

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1 36 1 37 1 38 1 39

1 40

1 41 1 42 1 43 1 44 1 45 1 46 1 47 1 48

I b id. A .V. Arts ikhovsk i : P amyat i A . V. Oreshn ikova ( To t he Memory o f A .V. Oreshn ikov), NSGIM , Moscow, 1 955, p art 1 , p .8. " For t he Messrs. To lsto i i t s uff ices t hat t hey s hou ld b r ing t hese c ur ios it ies t ogether a nd pub l ish t hem..." " ...I f ind i t matter f or r e jo ic ing t hat t h ings o f t he f ather land a re n ot y et b e ing f orgotten by t hose f or whom t he e arth ly p arad ise i s P ar is w ith i ts e nt icements" ( N.N. Murzak iev ich: L etters o f F ebruary 3 a nd March 1 4, 1 881, t o A .A. Kun ik. Archive o f t he Academy o f S c iences o f t he USSR , h o lding 9 5, i nventory 2 , c ase 6 15, s heets 1 0 a nd 1 2). B auer , 1 927; O reshn ikov, 1 928, p .365-366. Oreshn ikov, 1 930. Oreshnikov, 1 936. V .L. Yan in: D enezhno-vesovyye s istemy d omongo lsko i Rus i ( The Monetary Metro logy S ystems o f p re-Mongo l Rus), Author 's a bstract o f c andidate d issertat ion, Moscow, 1 954, p .7, 8 , 1 5; Yan in, 1 956, p .165-159; Yan in, 1 955-1, p .158. B .A. Romanov: D eng i id enezhnoye o brashchen iye ( Money a nd Monetary C ircu lat ion), i n t he b ook: I stor iya k u ltury d revne i Rus i. Domongo lsk i p er iod ( H istory o f t he Cu lture o f Anc ient Rus. The p re-Mongo l P er iod), Vo l.1, Moscow a nd L en ingrad, 1 948, p .86-87. Mets, 1 960; M ets, 1 963. Yan in, 1 970-1, p .34-41. A . V. Oreshn ikov : L etters o f J une 2 5, 1 917 a nd o f Apr i l 2 9, 1 919 t o A .A . I ly in. Arch ive o f t he ONGE. B arsukov. S otn ikova , 1 975, p .63. I bid, p .64, n ote; S o tn ikova , 1 971, No.2. P etrov, 1 895, p .69; P etrov, 1 897, p .238. S otn ikova , 1 971.

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CHAPTER 2 TOPOGRAPHY OF F INDS OF THE MOST ANCIENT RUSSIAN COINS The mater ia l made f ami l iar t hrough LI. To lsto i 's monograph a nd e xpanded w ith n ew d ata o n f inds o f a n umber o f t ypes f rom t he e nd o f t he X IXth c entury o nward was mapped f or t he f i rst t ime by A . A. I ly in i n 1 924. But f or s uch a c artographer by p rofess ion a s I ly in h is d escr ipt ion o f t he f inds i n a lphabet ica l o rder o f t heir g ubern iyas, h is a ttached map, a nd h is c a l l ing t he p ub l icat ion a " Topography" were mere ly d ev ices s e lected a d h oc f or o rgan iz ing a nd a rrang ing t he mater ia l i n a n o rder d ifferent f rom t hat u sed by To lsto i , but o f t he s ame s cope. I t w as p rec ise ly t he t rad it iona l n ature o f t h is s tudy a nd t he a bsence f rom i t o f a ny s ort o f c r it ica l a na lys is o f t he d ata a ssemb led t hat b rought o n, t hree y ears l a ter , t he a ppearance o f N .P. Bauer 's i nqu iry , s ubstant ia l ly e xpanding a nd - what i s more i mportant - e va luating I ly in 's l i st.' I n h is " Topography" I ly in r efra ined , d e l iberate ly i t wou ld s eem, f rom d ea l ing w ith t he d ates a t wh ich h oards were bur ied , t hus g iv ing h eed t o t he d ebated n ature o f t he p rob lem o f h oard d at ing i n t he num ismatics o f t he X IXth c entury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he XXth. 2 I n o rder t o c heck a nd c onf irm t he c lass if icat ion by To lsto i o f t he c o ins Bauer was o b l iged t o e ngage i n s tudy o f t he h oards t hat h ave a n a dm ixture o f Russ ian c o ins. 3 Bauer c ame t o t he c onc lus ion t hat a l l s uch h oards, w ithout e xcept ion, b e long t o t he f irst h a lf o f t he X Ith c entury , i n wh ich c onnect ion " the y ear o f t he bur ia l o f a h oard i s i nferred n ot o n ly t hrough o bservat ion o f o ne h oard a lone , but i s d er ived t hrough c ompar ison o f t he c ompos it ions o f h oards o f t h is p er iod t aken g enera l ly". 4 But t o j udge by I ly in 's c orrespondence w ith Oreshn ikov, t he l a tter d id manage t o k eep I ly in f rom a l low ing t h is work i t s p roper v a lue. 5 Among t he 3 8 f ind o r a cqu is it ion s i tes f or a nc ient Russ ian c o ins t hat a re s et f orth b e low, o n ly 2 1 r epeat ( and i n p art c orrect) d ata r ef lected by I ly in i n 1 924: i n t h is p rocess t he c ompos it ion o f t he n ew t opography i s e xpanded by o n ly t wo units , but i t h as b een r enovated a s r egards more t han o ne t h ird o f i ts c ontents a s a r esu lt o f c utting t he mater ia l s hort a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he X Ith c entury , r enounc ing t he i nc lusion o f t he P o l ish c o ins o f Bo les lav t he Brave ( 992-1025) 6 a nd o f p endant i m itations, 7 a nd a lso by v irtue o f t he f inding o f r epet it ions o f d ata i n I ly in. 8 P ress a nd c o l lector " sensat ions", s pr ing ing n ow f rom t he a ppearance o f n ew c ounterfe its, n ow f rom r umors s pread a bout by t he a nt iquar ian-counterfe iters t hemse lves, h ave a lso b een r e jected ;9 n or h ave t he most r ecent , s t i l l unconf irmed, r eports by magaz ines a nd by c orrespondents o f t he Num ismatic Department o f t he S tate Herm itage b een i nc luded i n t he n ew t opography. 1 0 The i nformat ion o n t wo g o ld h oards wh ich were c ons idered undocumented u nt i l r ecent ly ( Nos.13, 1 5) i s a l together n ew. I n a ddit ion t o t wo s o-ca l led " pure" h oards ( Nos.5, 1 2), t here a re 1 2 h oards o f m ixed c ompos it ion, a nd a lso s ome 2 0 f inds o f t he X IXth a nd XXth c entur ies a t a nc ient v i l lages a nd t owns ites a nd i n bur ia ls. The most c onsiderab le o f t hese ( No.18), a l though s eem ing ly p reserved i n a c omp lete s tate by t he t eacher A .V.

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I NDEX TO MAPS 1 - 5 ( F igures 1 6, 1 8, 2 1, 2 4, a nd 2 6) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4

B or ispo l Vyshgorod Z arechye K iev K iev K iev D en isy L ep lyavo Khyazha Gora V e l ik i i L istven Byshenk i N ezh in K inburn Sp it R adenskoye P insk P orechye Vo tnya I V itkovka L ip ino Nag inshchina Mo lod i T s im lyanskaya T s im lyanskaya Raad i ( Rasthof , Rastgof) S aaremaa Dobra ( Daber) Goshch ino o r S ierpow Rav ich S chwaan R omsda l ( number om itted f rom map) V isby Gret l ingbo S igsarve

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Matsuyev who d e l ivered t he c o ins t o t he Bryansk Museum , h as b een r endered v a lue less by t he u nprofess iona l c haracter o f t he wayward ly c onducted e xcava t ions a t t he c emetery. A l l t he h oards p resented i n t he i nventory b e low a re a lso o ffered i n Tab le 1 a nd o n Map 1 ( F igure 1 6). 2 0 o f t hem a re r e l iab ly d ated by t he mater ia l w ith t hem i n t he h oard o r b ur ia l , o r by t he t ime a t wh ich t he s ett lement a t t he s i te o f t he f ind e x isted. I n a l l c ases d at ings f or t he h oards a re i ntroduced i nto t he t ab le , a nd t hese a re b ased , a s f ar a s p oss ib le , n ot o n ly o n t he d ate o f t he most r ecent c o in , but a lso o n t he c haracter ist ics o f t he e nt ire c ompos it ion o f t he h oard. 1 1 F ourteen f inds c ons ist ing o f i nd iv idua l s pec imens, p lus b oth o f t he " pure" h oards , a lone a wa i t d at ing a nd c an b e t aken u nder e xam inat ion o n ly a fter c o l la t ion w ith t he c o ins o f t he g roup p receding t he irs. The f ind s i tes f or c o ins o f u ndeterm ined p rovenance c annot b e d es ignated o n t he map. F or t he s ame r eason Tab le 2 s pec if ies a f ew l ess c o ins t han Tab le 1 ; s pec imens o f u ndeterm ined p rovenance t hat h ave n ot b een t racked d own a re s egregated a part ( Tab le 3 ). The a ppearance o f Yaros lav s i lver i n h oards ( 26, 3 2) i s v ery v a luab le: I ly in c ou ld but r egret t he a bsence , i n h is d ay , o f s uch d ated h oards o f s pec imens o f Yaros lav s i lver. 1 2 The t wo f inds o f s rebren ik i o f Yaros lav i n a c u ltura l s tratum o f t he t urn o f t he X th-X Ith c entur ies d ur ing e xcava t ions a t a n a nc ient Russ ian t owns ite ( No .3, Z arechye) a re e xcept iona l ly i mportant. A l l p rev ious ly k nown f inds f rom t he s i tes o f a nc ient Russ ian s ett lements ( Nos.1, 4 , 5 , 6 , 1 1, 1 2, 2 2, 2 3), a s i ndeed a lso t he ma jor i ty o f l i ke s pec imens wh ich a re n ew ( 2 , 6 , 1 0), u nfortunate ly l ack s trat igraph ica l ly p rec ise d at ing. The p resence o f s rebren ik i i n kurgan c omp lexes o f t he X Ith c entury s erves a s a we ighty p roof o f t he s tr ik ing o f t hese c o ins a t t he t urn o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies. On ly o ne s uch c omp lex ( No.17) was k nown t o I ly in. Now a f urther t hree h ave c ome t o j o in i t ( Nos.8, 1 8, 1 9). 1 3 A c ons iderab le p art o f t he f inds o f a l l c ategor ies c omes f rom t he t err i tor ies o f t he p resent K iev , Chern igov , Cherkassk , a nd P o l tava d istr icts o f t he Ukran ian S SR , i .e . t he a nc ient Russ ian p r inc ipa l it ies ' o f K iev, Chern igov , a nd P ereyas lav l ( Nos.1-12). H ere we f ind a l l t ypes o f t he s i lver c o ins o f V lad im ir a nd Svyatopo lk , but t here i s a bso lute ly n o s i lver o f Y aros lay. 1 4 I n t he n orth , h owever , o n t erra in wh ich was w ith in t he s phere o f t he e conom ic i nterests a nd t he i nf luence o f Novgorod , we e ncounter among t he c o ins o f V lad im ir s o le ly h is s rebren ik i o f Type I ( Nos.2, 3 4). There a re n o c o ins o f S vyatopo lk a t a l l , b ut o n t he o ther h and s rebren ik i o f Yaros lav a re s cattered a bout , b oth w ith Cyr i l l ic l egend ( Nos.24, 2 5, 3 2) a nd w ith t he L a t in " R" i n t he i nscr ipt ion ( Nos.20, 3 0, 3 1, 3 3). The d iv ided c haracter o f t he c ircu la t ion w ith in Russ ian t err i tor ies o f s rebren ik i o f t he t wo g roups m ent ioned i s r ef lected i n t he c haracter ist ics o f t he d istr ibut ion o f t hese c o ins i n k urgan f inds. C o ins t urn u p i n bur ia ls a lready c onverted i nto o rnaments w ith p ierc ings s truck t hrough t hem o r w ith l oops c l inched o r r iveted t o t hem. Natura l ly i t i s t he c o ins t hat c ircu la te t here t hat

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a re c onverted i nto o rnaments i n t he t wo t err itor ies b e ing c ompared. I t i s o n t hat a ccount , a s o ne must s uppose , t hat o ver t he e nt ire l ength o f t he Dn iepr o rnaments a re m ade f rom s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir a nd S vyatopo lk ( Nos.8, 1 4, 1 7, 1 8), wh i le i n t he Ba l t ic a reas s i lver o f Y aros lav o r c ast c op ies t hereof s erve f or o rnaments. Chernev a nd To lsto i h ad n oted i n t he ir d ay t hat t he s i lver c o ins o f V lad im ir 's t ype I a re n ever e ncountered i n h oards t ogether w ith o ther t ypes o f s rebren ik i. 1 5 The s ame t h ing e v ident ly a pp l ies a lso t o bur ia ls , but t he s o le c hance o f c onf irm ing t h is p ropos it ion ( on t he b as is o f t he mater ia ls f rom t he M itkova k urgans , N o .18) h as b een l ost t hrough t he m ing l ing t ogether o f m ater ia ls f rom v ar ious kurgans. 1 6 The p resence o f s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir 's t ype I i n t he n or th i s a n i mpor tant e v idence i n f avor o f t he s en ior ity o f t h is num ismat ic i ssue. These managed t o a rr ive t here , a s o ne m ight p ut i t , e ar l ier t han t he t ime when t he c ircu lat ion o f c o ins s truck o n t he n orms o f t he s outhern Russ ian metro log ica l money s tandard w as c urta i led i n g enera l. The f ind ing o f s rebren ik i o f t ype I i n a h oard o f t he 5 0s o r 6 0s o f t he X Ith c entury o n t he i s land o f Got land ( No .34) b ears w itness t o t he f act t hat a t l east i nd iv idua l s pec imens o f c o ins o f t h is t ype were p art ic ipa t ing i n monetary c ircu lat ion n o l ess t han 6 0 y ears a fter t he ir i ssuance. I n t he s ame f ash ion t he c onvers ion i nto o rnaments o f V lad im ir s rebren ik i o f t ypes I t o I V , a nd o f Svyatopo lk s rebren ik i , o n ly w ith t he f i rst h a lf o f t he X Ith c entury ( even i n t err itor ies f a l l ing w i th in t he K ievan s phere o f i nf luence - Nos.8 a nd 1 8) t e l ls u s o f a r e la t ive ly l a ter s tr ik ing o f t hese c o ins: a t t he v ery e nd o f t he r u le o f V lad im ir a nd d ur ing t he p er iod o f Svyatopo lk 's t wo t rans itory e levat ions t o t he K ievan t hrone. F orm ing p art o f c o in i ssues c ontemporaneous w ith e ach o ther a nd e v ident ly v ery i ns ign if icant , t he s rebren ik i o f t hese t ypes were q u ick ly s wa l lowed u p by l oca l monetary c ircu la t ion ( and were i n p art c onverted i nto o rnaments) a s ac onsequence o f t he ir e xceed ing ly l ow s i lver c ontent. The c oncentrat ions o f f inds o f a nc ient Russ ian c o ins t ha t a re by a nd l arge o f l ow f ineness ( Tab le 4 ) a t K iev a nd i n i t s n e ighborhood ( Nos.1 t hrough 1 2) i s a r e l iab le i nd icat ion t hat t hese c o ins were s truck p rec ise ly a t K iev. A s im i lar " locus-concentrated" p lacement o f c o in i ssues o f b i l lon i s t o b e p erce ived i n c entra l As iat ic a nd i n Byzant ine c o inages. 1 7 And c onverse ly , t he h igher t he s i lver c ontent a nd t he b etter t he e xecut ion o f t he c o ins, t he f arther t hey w ander f rom t he p lace where t hey w ere s truck. S uch o nes a re t he s rebren ik o f V lad im ir f rom t he s o-ca l led L ench ista h oard ( No .27) a nd t he h oard o f t hem f rom Mo lod i ( No .21), t hese b e ing o f i rreproachab ly h igh f ineness ( 960 a nd 8 75 t housandths r espect ive ly). S uch , a ssured ly , w i l l a lso p rove t o b e t he c ase ( once t hey h ave b een t ested) w i th t he s pec imens o f V lad im ir a nd Yaros lav s i lver f rom t he f inds o n t he i s land o f Go t land ( Nos.32, 3 4) a nd t he c o ins f rom t he r ema in ing P o l ish h oards ( Nos.28 , 2 9, 2 6). The s rebren ik i o f Yaros lav w ith Cyr i l l ic l egend were a pparent ly a l l s truck i n f ine s i lver. One may s ay t h is o n t he b as is

6 5

t hat a l l c o ins o f t h is i ssue h ave b een f ound n ot o n ly o uts ide t he p resumed p lace o f t heir s tr ik ing ( Novgorod) but i n t he ma jor ity o f c ases b eyond t he b orders o f Russ ian l ands i n g enera l. The s tr ik ing o f h igh-f ineness s i lver c o in a t t he b eg inning o f t he X lth c entury p rec ise ly a t Novgorod was p oss ib le i n c onsequence o f t he i nt imate t rading a nd p o l it ica l t i es o f t he Novgorod o f t hat t ime w ith S candinav ia a nd t he Ba lt ic a rea , a s a r esu lt o f wh ich Novgorod 's monopo ly r ight t o s upp ly a l l t he r est o f Rus w ith merchand ise s i lver t ook s hape t oward t he X IIth c entury. The q uest ion o f t he p lace a nd t he t ime o f Yaros lav 's s tr ik ing o f s i lver w ith t he L at in " R" i n t he l egend, c a l led by To lsto i " Scandinav ian i m itat ions", r ema ins o pen. A c o in o f t h is s or t f ound f or t he f i rst t ime o n a nc ient Russ ian t err itory ( No.20, Nag inshch ina) h as u nfortunate ly n ot b een l ocated. F inds o f a nc ient Russian c o ins a re most f requent i n t he b as in o f t he upper a nd m idd le Dn iepr a nd i ts t r ibutar ies: s i lver , Nos.16-19, 4 -6, 1 -3, 1 1, 8 , 7 , 1 0, 1 2, 9 , 1 4; a nd g o ld, Nos.15 a nd 1 3. Thus t he c o ins a re c oncentrated upon t he ma in r oute c onnect ing K ievan Rus w ith Byzant ium a nd c entra l Europe. I t i s o f s ign if icance t hat g o ld c o ins o f V ladim ir h ave b een f ound a t t wo p o ints s i tuated i n d irections f rom K iev e xact ly o ppos ite t o e ach o ther. One o f t hese ( No.13, mouth o f t he Dn iepr) l i es a t t he v ery e nd o f t he c ont inenta l p art o f t he r oute " from t he Varang ians t o t he Greeks". The o ther ( No. 1 5, P insk) a pparent ly d esignates t he p o int o f t urning o ff f rom t he r oute " from t he Greeks t o t he Varang ians" i nto c entra l Europe. I n b oth c ases t he V lad im ir z latn ik i r ove i n c ompany w ith Byzant ine g o ld o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies, wh ich t est if ies t o i ntens ive e conom ic l i nks o f a nc ient Rus t o Byzant ium a nd t o ma jor i nternat iona l t rading o n t he p ar t o f K iev, i nasmuch a s a t t he t ime we a re c ons ider ing Byzant ine g o ld was o f mean ing o n ly t o i nternat iona l t rade. 1 8 The c onnection b etween t he m idd le a nd t he upper Dn iepr a rea i s we l l b rought o ut by a c ompar ison o f t he h oard f rom t he v i l lage o f Den isy ( No.7) w ith t he Gnezdov h oards o f g oods-money. S ide by s ide w ith t he 7 s rebrenik i i n t he Denisy h oard t here a re g oods c haracter ist ic a s a r u le o f more n orther ly h oards: western European c o ins, Hacks i lber , I ndian c o ins ( as a t Gnezdov), merchandise s i lver b ear ing n orthern o rnamentat ion s truck o n w ith punches. 1 2 Corresponding ly i n t he Gnezdov h oards t here a ppear t ogether s i lver o rnaments b ear ing g ranu la tion t hat were made o n t he r ight b ank o f t he m iddle Dn iepr , a rt ic les f rom t he Or ient , o nes f rom S candinav ia, a nd l oca l o nes. The c ont inuation o f t h is r oute i nto P o land i s marked by f inds o f V ladim ir s rebren ik i o f t ype I (Nos.27 a nd 2 9) a nd o f Yaros lav s i lver w ith Cyr i l l ic l egend (Nos.26 a nd 2 8). I t i s i nterest ing t hat o n ly i n P o l ish l ands d oes t he meet ing o f t he t wo f lows o f Russ ian s i lver a t l ength t ake p lace: t he V ladim ir K ievan o ne c oming t hrough B e loruss ia a nd P oznan , a nd t he Yaros lav Novgorod o ne , e v ident ly e nter ing P o land v ia t he Ba ltic c oast. Two f inds o f V ladim ir s rebrenik i a t t he Ts im lyanskaya t owns ite ( Nos.22 a nd 2 3) a re a n atura l c onsequence o f e n l ivened r e lat ionsh ips b etween Rus o f t he Dn iepr o n t he o ne h and a nd Be laya Vezha i n t he P o lovts ian s teppes o n t he o ther. The

6 6

p art ic ipat ion o f t hese c o ins i n l oca l monetary c ircu la t ion i s b rought t o a c lose w ith t he d eparture o f t he Russians i n 1 116.

2 0

The p rovenance o f t he ma jor ity o f f inds o f t he c o ins b e ing c onsidered, l ocated a long t he ma in t rade a rtery o f a nc ient Rus a s t hey h ave b een, h as l ong s ince d ec ided t he quest ion o f t he ir b e long ing a s r egards n at iona l ity t o t he a nc ient Russ ian s tate. E choes o f o ld-fash ioned i deas t hat t hese c o ins were s truck i n Bu lgar ia h ave n everthe less p ers isted, s trange t hough t h is may b e , i n l i terature a broad t o t h is d ay. 2 1 On t he b as is o f mater ia l c onsist ing o f l ess t han f orty r eports c oncerning f inds o f a nc ient Russian c o ins i t i s i mposs ib le t o d ec ide c erta in quest ions o f d eta i l b ear ing upon t he s tr ik ing a nd c h .c ulat ion o f t hese c o ins: t hose o f d eterm in ing t he s equence o f t he d issem inat ion o f i ndiv idua l c o in i ssues i nto s pec if ic t err itor ia l a reas; o f c lear ing up t he r ec iproca l r e lationsh ips b etween t ypes I , II, a nd I V o f V ladim ir 's s i lver; o f d eterm in ing t he p roper p os it ion o f t he c o in i ssues h av ing t he n ame o f P eter i n t he l egend. On t he who le , h owever, t hese d ata a re d oubt less qu ite s uff ic ient i n t hemse lves t o c onv ince o ne t hat To lsto i was r ight i n a ss ign ing t he f irst Russian c o inage t o t he X th-XIth c entur ies, a nd t o make i t s t i l l more o bv ious t hat Oreshnikov was m istaken i n s tubborn ly d efending m intage o f t hese c o ins i n t he X Ith c entury a nd t he b eg inning o f t he X IIth: t he s rebren ik i f rom h oards c onta in ing Arab ic , Byzant ine , a nd western European c o ins o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies a nd t he s rebren ik i f rom kurgan bur ia ls o f t he X Ith c entury a nd f rom t owns ites t hat p er ished n o l ater t han t he v ery b eg inn ing o f t he X Ith c entury.

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I ly in, 1 924; B auer , 1 927. The ma jor ity o f t he h oards t hat c oncern u s h ave a lso b een e xam ined i n a r ange o f t opograph ica l s tudies wh ich f o l low : Vasmer , 1 929; B auer , 1 929; Bauer , 1 935; J ammer , 1 952; A lbrecht , 1 959; K ropotk in, 1 962; P ot in , 1 967; e tc. A l l o f t hese a re t aken i nto a ccount i n t he n ew h oard i nventory. To lsto i , 1 882, p .156 f., 1 91, 1 92; Chernev, 1 888, p .59-62 o f o ffpr int ; O reshn ikov , 1 917, p .9 o f o ffpr int. B auer , 1 927. I b id, p .313. A .V. Oreshn ikov : L etter o f F ebruary 3 , 1 928 t o A .A. I ly in. Arch ive o f t he ONGE, I ly in p apers ; a nd A .A. I ly in : L etter o f F ebruary 1 9, 1 927 t o A . V. O reshn ikov. Archive o f t he G IM. The f act t hat t hese c o ins u se t he Cyr i l l ic a lphabet d oes n o t s uff ice t o c onvert t hem f rom P o l ish t o Russ ian o nes. What i s more , t he ir f ind ings o ccurred b eyond t he b ounds o f Rus , wh ich r uns c ounter t o S tronchinsk i 's p ropos it ion t o t he e ffect t hat t hey h ad b een i ssued f or Rus i n 1 018, when Bo les lav h e lped S vyatopo lk t he Damned t o s e ize K iev ( Kun ik , 1 860, p .146). I ly in , Nos.17, 1 8, 2 5-27, 3 6. I ly in, Nos.33, 3 5. I ly in , No .10; Chernev , 1 888, p .12 o f o ffpr int; Arch ive o f t he LOIA , h o ld ing 2 , 1 922, c ase 2 7, s heet 1 2; G .F. K orzukh ina : Russk iye k lady X I-XIII vv. ( Russ ian Hoards o f t he X Ith-XIIIth C entur ies), Moscow a nd L en ingrad , 1 954 , No .108; S passk i , 1 955, p .78. N ewspaper Krasnaya Gazeta , No.198, c umu la t ive s er ia l n umber 1 868, Even ing e d it ion o f J u ly 2 0, 1 928; Archive o f t he LO IA , h o ld ing 2 , 1 928, c ase 1 96, s heet 3 8; E .A. S chm idt : L etter o f J anuary 2 4, 1 968 f rom Smo lensk t o t he ONGE. Arch ive o f t he ONGE. B auer , 1 927, p .303, 3 04; Yan in, 1 956 , p .167. I ly in, p .6. R avdina , 1 979. The e xact p rovenance o f t he c o in o f Yaros lav , b ought a t K iev ( No .35), wh ich h ad " hung f or c entur ies u pon a n i kon", i s unknown . Chernev, 1 888, p .7, 1 2, 1 3, 5 6, 5 7, 7 0-73 o f o ffpr int ; To lsto i , 1 893, p .352-354; I ly in , p .4. M ets, 1 960, p .205. D av idov ich , 1 961, p .110, 1 13; K ropotk in, 1 962, p .16, 1 7. K ropotk in , 1 962, p .13-15. K orzukh ina , 1 954, Nos.23, 2 5. Bauer d ates t he D en isy h oard t o 1 010 ( 1927, p .306-307). But t he p resence i n t he h oard o f c o ins o f t he B ishop U lr ich o f Chur ( 1002-1026) a nd o f s rebren ik i w ith t he n ame o f P eter ( wh ich s hou ld e v ident ly b e r ead a s r eferr ing t o t he c o ins o f Svya topo lk t he D amned i n 1 018) make i t p oss ib le t o c ons ider t he 2 0s o f t he X Ith c entury a s b e ing t he d ate o f t he b ur ia l o f t he h oard. M .I. A r tamov : I stor ia k hazar ( H istory o f t he Khazars), L en ingrad , 1 962, p .298; P SRL , Vo l.II, S t. P etersburg , 1 908, c o lumn 2 86. L onguet , p .86; F r iedberg, p .79; N ede ltschev , 1 968 , p .141.

7 1

I NVENTORY OF F INDS OF RUSSIAN COINS OF THE X th-XIth CENTURIES USSR

1

K ievskaya o b last ( d istr ict) Bor ispo l n ear K iev ( i t was i n t he P o ltava g ubern iya a t t he moment o f f inding). Before 1 815, by a p easant i n a h ome f ie ld. A s rebren ik o f V ladim ir , t ype II, was f ound. L iterature: To lsto i , 1 882, p .37, 3 8; I ly in, No.18. ( 118-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.)

2

Vyshgorod i n t he Svyatosh insk i r a ion ( ward) s rebren ik o f V ladim ir , t ype I , was f ound i n a rchaeo log ica l e xcavat ion work. ( 19-2 i n t he c orpus c ata log.)

3

Z arechye i n t he Vas i l ievsk i r a ion. Two s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir were f ound i n 1 963-1964 dur ing a rchaeo log ica l e xcavation work a t t he f ortress o f t he t owns ite o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies by t he r iver S tugna : o ne o f t ype I n ot f ar f rom t he g ateway t ower , a t a d epth o f 3 0 cm.; t he o ther o f t ype I I i n t he g ateway t ower i tse lf , a t ad epth o f 8 0 cm. L iterature: Medyntseva , 1 965, p .289, 2 90; M edyntseva , 1 969, p .259, 2 60. ( 15-1 a nd 1 19-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.)

4

K iev. A s rebren ik o f V ladim ir , f ound " in t he r amparts o f t he f ortress", t ype I , was a cqu ired by Chaudo ir a round 1 850. L iterature: I ly in, No.6. ( 111-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.)

5

K iev. I n 1 876 a h oard c ons ist ing o f a bout 1 20 s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir , t ype I , was f ound i n t he c ourtyard p rem ises o f L .N. Kushnerev. L iterature: I ly in, No.8. 2-2, 2-1, 1 (Numbers i n t he c orpus c ata log : 7 -1, 8 -1, 1 1-1, 1 7-7, 1 7-8, 1 2-3, 1 2-4, 1 7-1, 1 7-2, 1 7-3, 1 7-4, 1 7-5, 1 7-6, 1 1 7-9, 1 7-10, 1 7-11, 1 7-12, 1 7-13, 1 7-14, 1 7-15, 1 8-1, 2 0-1, 9-2, 2 8-3, 2 1-1, 2 2-1, 2 2-2, 2 2-3, 2 5-1, 2 6-1 , 2 7-1, 2 8-1, 2 8-1, 7-1, 3 2 9-1, 2 9-3, 3 1-1, 3 2-1, 3 2-2, 3 3-1, 3 5-1, 3 6-1, 3 3 8-2,

6

a t K iev. A 1 935 dur ing

4 0 t o 4 7.)

f V lad im ir , K iev. I n 1 894 K .A. S tavronsk i f ound a s rebren ik o t ype I , o n t he K ise levka h i l l i n P odo l. L iterature. Oreshnikov, 1 936, No.28. ( 52-3 i n t he c orpus c ata log.) Denisy i n t he P ereyas lav-Khame ln itsk i r a ion o f t he P ereyas laysk i uyezd o f t he P o ltava Gubern iya. A h oard, c onsist ing o f s i lver o rnaments , a n i ngot, a nd a bout 4 500 c o ins ( 421 who le o nes a nd f ragments o f 4 976) was f ound i n 1 912 n ot f ar f rom t he v i l lage. The h oard we ighed a bout 3 550 g . a nd was i n a n e arthenware j ug. A long w ith western European, Cuf ic , a nd I ndian c o ins o f t he X th a nd b eg inning o f t he X Ith c entur ies t here were

7 2

b rought t o l ight i n t he h oard s even s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir ( types I-IV) a nd w ith t he n ame P etar . L iterature: OAK, 1 912, p .85-86, 1 13, a nnex t o i ssue 4 8, p .1, 7 , 8 ; F asmer , 1 914, p .17-66; ZNO , Vo l.II, N o.3-4, p .119-120; j ourna l S taraya Moneta , 1 912, No .8, p .137; O reshn ikov , 1 917, p .8, 9 ; I ly in , No .20; Bauer , 1 927, p .306, 3 07; Vasmer , No .6; Bauer , No .77; Gumovsk i , 1 953, p .25; Korzukh ina , No .18; J ammer , No .55; A lbrecht , No .63; K ropo tk in , No .163; P o t in , No .3 80 ( Numbers i n t he c orpus c ata log : 5 5-1, 1 01-1, 1 31-1, 1 39-1, 1 66-1 = V ladim ir; 2 11-2 = P etar .) Chernasskaya o b last 8

L ep lyavo i n t he G e lmyazevsk i r a ion o f t he Kanevsk i uyezd o f t he P o ltava g ubern iya. A s rebren ik o f V lad im ir , t ype I I, was f ound i n 1 913-1914 dur ing e xcavat ion o f a c emetery o f t he X th-X Ith c entur ies o n t he l eft b ank o f t he l ower Dn iepr o ppos i te t he c i ty o f Kanev. L iterature: S hcherbak ivsk i , p .339-348; R .I. Vyyezzhev : Novyye mater ia ly i z r askopok L ep lyayskogo mog i ln ika ( New Ma ter ia ls f rom t he L ep lyavo C emetery E xcavat ions), K ISA o f t he Academy o f S c iences o f t he Ukran ian S SR , No .3, K iev , 1 954, p .37, 3 8; I .P. Rusanova : Kurgany p o lyan ( The Kurgans o f t he Open S teppe), Moscow , 1 966, p .36 , No .167; R avd ina , 1 879, I V.

9

P ekar i i n t he K ievsk i r a ion o f t he Cherkassk i uyezd o f t he K iev g ubern iya. A s rebren ik o f V lad im ir , t ype I I, w as f ound i n 1 904 o n t he Knyazha Gora t owns ite. L i terature : ZNO , I , 1 87, I V; I ly in , No .9. ( 121-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.) Chern igovskaya o b last

1 0

Ve l ik i L istven i n t he Gorodnyansk i r a ion ( v i l lage o f Tup ichevskaya w i th t he t owns ite c a l led " Yaros lav 's f ort"). A s rebren ik o f V lad im ir , t ype I , was d ug u p i n 1 892 i n A .A. Dun in-Borkovskaya 's c ourtyard. ( 10-1, p .00, i n t he c orpus c ata log.)

1 1

Vyshenk i i n t he O stersk i r a ion. A s rebren ik o f V lad im ir , I V, was f ound o n t he b ank o f t he Dn iepr i n t he 1 880s. L iterature : O reshn ikov, 1 896, No.4; I ly in, No .23. ( 177-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.)

1 2

C ity o f Nezhin i n t he Nezh insk i r a ion. A h oard c onta in ing a bout 2 00 c o ins ( srebren ik i o f V lad im ir o f t ypes I-IV , o f Svyatopo lk , a nd o f b oth c o in t ypes w ith t he n ame o f P eter) was f ound i n 1 852 n ear t he c i ty wh i le a f i e ld was b e ing p lowed. L iterature : I ly in, No .22. ( Numbers i n t he c orpus c ata log : 5 2-1, 5 2-2, 5 2-4, 5 3-1, 5 4-1, 5 5-2, 5 7-1, 5 9-1, 5 9-2, 6 0-1, 6 1-1, 6 2-1, 6 3-1, 6 4-1, 6 5-1, 6 6-1, 6 7-1, 6 8-1, 6 9-1, 6 9-2, 6 9-3, 7 0-1, 7 1-1, 7 1-2, 7 1-4, 7 4-1, 7 5-1, 7 6-1, 7 9-1, 8 3-1, 8 4-1, 8 4-2, 8 5-1, 8 7-1, 8 8-1, 8 9-1, 9 0-1, 9 0-2, 9 0-3, 9 1-1, 9 2-1, 9 3-1, 9 3-2 , 9 4-1, 9 5-1,

7 3

t ype

9 6-1, 9 7-1, 9 7-2, 9 8-1, 9 8-2, 9 9-1, 9 9-2, 1 00-4, 1 02-1, 1 03-1, 1 04-1, 1 05-1, 1 07-1, 1 23-1, 1 24-1, 1 26-1, 1 27-1, 1 28-1, 1 28-2, 1 28-6, 1 28-7, 1 28-8, 1 28-9, 1 29-1, 1 29-2, 1 35-1, 1 36-1, 1 37-1, 1 37-2, 1 41-1, 1 42-1, 1 45-2, 1 46-1, 1 47-1, 1 48-1, 1 49-1, 1 50-1, 1 53-1, 1 53-2, 1 54-1, 1 55-1, 1 56-1, 1 57-1, 1 62-1, 1 62-2, 1 63-1, 1 64-1, 1 65-1, 1 67-1, 1 69-2, 1 72-1, 1 73-1, 1 74-1, 1 75-1, 1 75-2, 1 78-1, 1 79-1, 1 80-1, 1 80-2, 1 80-3, 1 82-1, 1 84-3, 1 84-4, 1 85-1, 1 86-1, 1 87-1, 1 88-1, 1 91-1, 1 91-2, 1 91-3, 1 92-1, 1 94-1, 1 94-2,

1 00-1, 1 08-1, 1 28-3, 1 32-1, 1 43-1, 1 51-1, 1 59-1, 1 67-2, 1 75-3, 1 83-1, 1 88-2, 1 94-3,

1 00-2, 1 09-1, 1 28-4, 1 33-1, 1 44-1, 1 51-2, 1 60-1, 1 68-1, 1 75-4, 1 84-1, 1 90-1, 1 94-4,

1 85-1, 2 01-3, 2 11-1,

2 00-1, 2 06-1, 2 18-1,

2 01-1, 2 01-2, 2 07-1, 2 08-1, 2 18-2.)

1 96-1, 2 01-4, 2 12-1,

1 96-2, 2 01-5, 2 13-1,

1 97-1, 2 02-1, 2 14-1,

1 97-2, 2 03-1, 2 15-1,

1 98-1, 2 05-1, 2 15-2,

1 00-3, 1 17-1, 1 28-5, 1 34-1, 1 45-1, 1 52-1, 1 61-1, 1 69-1, 1 77-1, 1 84-2, 1 90-2, 1 94-6,

Khersonskaya o b last 1 3

B efore 1 863 s hepherds f ound a h oard c onta in ing n ot l ess t han 3 3 Byzant ine g o ld c o ins o n t he s hore o f t he Dn iepr l agoon , 4 0 v ersts ( km.) f rom t he f ortress o f K inburn a nd o n t he K inburnskaya k osa s p it. I .G. S passk i s hows t hat t hree z latn ik i o f V ladim ir c ome f rom t h is h oard. L iterature : Kropotk in, Nos.158 a nd 2 67. ( Numbers i n t he h oard c ata log: 1 -3, 1 -4, 4 -1.)

1 4

Radenskoye i n t he Tsyurup insk i r a ion. An a nthropo log ica l e xpedit ion f ound a s rebren ik o f V ladim ir , t ype I , i n 1 956. L iterature: Mets, 1 963, p .98, 9 9. ( 31-2 i n t he c orpus c ata log.) Bye loruss ian S SR Brestskaya o b last

1 5

P insk ( center f or t he r a ion). I n 1 804 t he n ob leman Rydzevsk i s ubmitted t o A lexander I 2 0 Byzant ine g o ld c o ins f ound o n h is l ands, o f wh ich 1 2 e ntered t he Herm itage, a nd t he r est were s eparated o ut a s dup l icates. As I .G. S passk i d emonstrates, i t i s f rom j ust t h is h oard t hat t he s ix V ladim ir z latn ik i o f t he Herm itage a lso c ome. L iterature: Kropotk in, 1 962, No.298. ( 1-1, 1 -2, 2 -1, 2 -1, 2 -2, 2 -3, 3 -1, i n t he c orpus c ata log.) V itebskaya o b last

1 6

P orechye i n t he To lochinsk i r a ion o f t he S taroto loch inskaya v o lost i n t he Mog i lyov g ubern iya. I n 1 886 a h oard o f s i lver c o ins a nd sma l l s i lver o rnaments we ighing a bout 1 k g. w as f ound o n t he e state o f t he l andowner Khoentovsk i b etween t he r ivers Druya a nd Dn iepr. The h oard c onta ined Cuf ic , Arab ian, Byzant ine , German , a nd Ang lo-Saxon c o ins o f t he X th c entury a nd t he f irst quarter o f t he X Ith , a nd a f ragment o f aV ladim ir s rebren ik o f t ype II. L iterature: OAK, 1 886; To lsto i , 1 888, p .199-202; Markov, No.143; I ly in, No .16; Bauer , 1 927, p .307-309; Vasmer , 1 929, p .32-33; Bauer , No.70; J ammer , 2 95; Yan in, 1 956, p .131,

7 4

f ig.21, No .6; Kropotk in, 1 962, ( 148-2 i n t he c orpus c ata log.)

No.302;

P ot in,

1 967,

No.147.

Mog i levskaya o blast 1 7

Votnya i n t he Bykhovsk i r a ion, o n t he r ight b ank o f t he Dn iepr s outh o f Novoye Bykhovo. I n 1 873 f our s rebren ik i o f V ladim ir ( type 1 ) a nd a S aman id d irhem o f Nukha I i bn Mansur ( 976-997) were f ound o n t he n eck lace o f a s ke leton, a long w i th s even-rayed p endant r ings, c rescents, f ingerr ings , b ronze p endants, b eads, a nd a n i ron t orque, d ur ing t he c ourse o f a mateur a rchaeo log ica l e xcavation o f kurgans. L iterature: Go lovatsk i , 1 880, p .1-2; To lsto i , 1 882, p .14; S p itsyn, p .121; Markov, No.138; I ly in, No .15; Yan in, 1 956, p .168; V .V. Bogomo ln ikov a nd T .V. Ravdina , 1 979; R avd ina , 1 979, 1 . ( 8-2, 1 3-1, 1 4-1, a nd 2 4-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.) Russ ian S oc ia l ist F ederat ive S ov iet Repub l ic Bryanskaya o blast

1 8

M itkovka i n t he Kl imovsk i r a ion, b etween t he h eadwaters o f t he r iver Snov ( r ight-hand t r ibutary o f t he r iver D esna) a nd t he r iver Trubezh ( r ight-hand t r ibutary o f t he r iver Snov). A t t he b eg inn ing o f t he 1 950s, dur ing unwarranted e xcavation o f s ome kurgans l ocated n ear t he v i l lage, t h irteen s rebren ik i o f V ladim ir ( types I a nd I), Svyatopo lk , a nd " Peter" were f ound. E ight Arab ian c o ins o f t he X th c entury were f ound i n o ther kurgans. L iterature: P o lozov, 1 960, p .4, 5 , 7 ; P o lozov , 1 963, p .4, 5 , 1 3, 1 4; M ets, 1 960, p .205-214; R avdina , 1 979, I. ( Numbers i n t he c orpus c ata log: 2 9-2, 3 0-1, 3 4-1, 7 3-1, 7 7-1, 8 1-1, 8 2-1, 1 10-1, 1 81-1, 1 93-1, 1 99-1, 2 01-6, 2 09-1.) Kurskaya o blast

1 9

L ip ino i n t he Kursk i r a ion, o n t he r ight b ank o f t he r iver S e im, b e low Kursk. I n 1 948 t here were f ound t ogether dur ing a rchaeo log ica l e xcavat ions a f ragment o f a s rebren ik o f V ladim ir ( type I ) a nd f our c l ipped S aman id d irhems o f t he X th c entury w ith c l inched l oops. I n t he g rave t here were a lso w ire t emp le r ings, t wo n eck laces o f g lass b eads , t ambour ines, p endants, a nd o ther o b jects. The c emetery i s d ated t o t he X th c entury a nd t he f i rst h a lf o f t he X Ith. L iterature: Yanin, 1 956, p .168; Mets, 1 960, p .213; Rusanova : Kurgany p o lyan ( The Kurgans o f t he Meadow lands X -XIIth Century), Moscow, 1 966, p .22, 2 3, 2 6, No .171; R avd ina , 1 979,

I I. L en ingradskaya o blast

2 0

Nag inshchina i n t he S lantsevsk i r a ion ( Gdovsk i uyezd i n t he S t. P etersburg g ubern iya). A h oard o f 1 018 s i lver c o ins was f ound i n 1 895. One o f t he c o ins i n t he h oard i s a s rebren ik o f Yaros lav w ith t he L at in l etter i n t he l egend ( a s o-ca l led S candinav ian i m itat ion o f Yaros lav 's s i lver), a nother i s a n

7 5

Arab ian Cuf ic c o in, a nd t he r est a re western European. The h oard i s d ated t o 1 055. L iterature: OAK, 1 903, p .134, 2 13; D . F rey : D er Munzfund v on Nag inschtschina b e i Gdow, SBGEG, 1 907, p .99-110; E . F rey : Nachtrag z um Ber icht uber d en Munzfund v on Nag inschtschina b e i Gdow i m S itzungsber icht v on 1 907, p .99; SBGEG, 1 911, p .96-112; Bauer , No.28; W . Anderson, No.80; J ammer , No .237; A lbrecht , No.301; P ot in, 1 967, No .147. ( 225-4 i n t he c orpus c ata log.) Rostovskaya o b last 2 2

R ostovsk i uyezd. Exact f ind s i te u nknown. P robab ly a t p o int 2 3 o n F igure 1 6. A s rebren ik o f V lad im ir , t ype I V, was f ound i n 1 923. L iterature: To lsto i , 1 882, p .41-42; I ly in, No.l. ( 170-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.)

2 3

S taraya Ts im lyanskaya i n t he r a ion o f t he s ame n ame. A s evere ly b roken s rebren ik o f V ladim ir , t ype II, was a cqu ired f rom a l oca l r es ident i n 1 887 dur ing a rchaeo log ica l e xcavat ions a t t he t ownsite i n t he a nc ient b ed o f t he r iver Don ( the a nc ient f ortress o f S arke l - Be laya Vezha). L iterature: S izov, p .2 ' 79; I ly in, No.2; Artamonov , 1 935, p .22; S passk i , 1 978, p .184. ( 140-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.)• E sthon ian S SR

2 4

Raadi i n t he Tartussk i r a ion ( the v i l lage o f Rasthof n ear t he c ity o f Dorpat). A s rebren ik o f Yaros lav was f ound i n 1 838 dur ing t i l lage o f t he s o i l. L iterature: To lsto i , 1 882, p .65-66; I ly in, No.14. ( 222-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.)

2 5

I s land o f S aaremaa o r Oese l. S ome t ime s ubsequent t o 1 893 LI. To lsto i r eceived a s a g ift f rom t he Grand Duke V ladim ir A leksandrov ich a s rebren ik o f Yaros lav wh ich h ad b een f ound o n t he i s land a nd wh ich h ad b een s ubm itted t o t he Grand Duke a t Novgorod by t he l oca l n ob i l ity dur ing o ne o f t he t ours o f t he P etersburg m i l i tary r eg ion. L iterature: I ly in, No.13. ( 223-2 i n t he c orpus c ata log.) P o land

2 6

Dobra ( pow iat o f Nowograd i n P omorze). A h oard o f western European c o ins o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies was f ound b efore 1 894 i n t he v i l lage. A s rebren ik o f Y aros lav a ppeared a mong t hem. The h oard i s d ated t o a p er iod n ot e ar l ier t han 1 030. L iterature: K iersnowscy, No.23; K iersnowsk i , p .38, 3 9; J ammer , No .50; Gumowsk i , 1 953, p .30; P otin, 1 968, p .145, 1 54. ( 223-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.)

2 7

Goszczyno o r S ierp6w i n t he L enczyck i p ow iat o f t he Ka l iszke wo jewödstwo. A h oard c onta in ing s ome 1 00 Arab ian, western

7 6

E uropean , P o l ish a nd C zech c o ins a nd a s rebren ik o f V ladim ir , t ype I , was f ound i n t he s ett lement. The h oard i s d ated t o 1 020-1025. L iterature : To lsto i , 1 882, p .20-21; I ly in, No .3 ( bo th wr iters r efer t o t he a ctua l v i l lage o f L enchista a s b e ing t he s i te o f t he f ind); B auer , 1 927, p .39; Gupen iec a nd K iersnowsk i , 1 965, p .27-28. ( 58-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.) 2 8

R av ich ( Raw icz) i n t he P oznan wo jewödstwo. A c o in h oard we ighing a bout 1 .8 k g. was f ound i n 1 880. I n i t w as f ound , among G erman a nd Ang lo-Saxon c o ins o f t he X Ith c entury , a p iece o f a s rebren ik o f Yaros lay. The h oard i s d ated a round 1 040. L iterature : F r ied lander , 1 881, p .149; To lsto i , 1 882, p .67; I ly in , N9 .30; Bauer , 1 927, p .312, 3 13, No .7; J ammer , No .314; S lask i a nd Tabacyr isk i , No .112; P o t in, 1 968 , p .145. ( 223-3 i n t he c orpus c ata log .) G ermany

2 9

S chwaan , a ward o f t he c i ty o f Rostock ( Duchy o f Meck lenburg-Schwer in). A h oard c onta in ing more t han 3 200 c o ins w as f ound i n 1 859 i n t he o utsk irts o f t he c ommun i ty dur ing t he p low ing o f a f i e ld. One o f t he c o ins p roved t o b e a s rebren ik o f V lad im ir , t ype I. The h oard a lso c onta ined o ne e xamp le e ach o f t he f o l lowing t ypes : G eorg ian , Byzant ine , a nd I ta l ian o f t he s econd h a lf o f t he X th c entury . The r est were Arab ian d irhems , Ang lo-Saxon , Dan ish , a nd G erman c o ins n ot more r ecent t han t he f i rst h a lf o f t he X Ith c entury. The h oard i s d ated t o 1 025. L iterature : L isch a nd Masch; To lsto i , 1 882, p .25-2 ' 7; I ly in , No.28; B auer , 1 927, p .311-312; K iersnowsk i , 1 964, No.164. ( 86-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.) Norway

3 0

R omsda l i n t he p ar ish o f Nasbo n ear t he c i ty o f Mo lde. A s rebren ik o f Yaros lav w ith t he L a t in l e tter " R" i n t he l egend t urned u p i n a h oard o f w estern European c o ins i n 1 891. The h oard d ates t o 1 025. L iterature : Gustafson, p .91-96; Bauer , 1 927, p .310, 3 11; P o t in , 1 968, p .140, 2 , 1 45. ( 226-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.) Sweden

3 1

E xact f ind s i te u nknown . I n 1 858 t he c urator o f t he S tockho lm Roya l Num ismat ic C ab inet f ound t here , a mong Cuf ic , Ang loS axon , a nd a nc ient G erman c o ins f rom h oards o f S cand inav ia , a s rebren ik o f Y aros lav w ith a L at in l e tter " R" i n t he l egend. L iterature: To lsto i , 1 882, p .62 f.; I ly in , No .33 , 3 5; P o t in , 1 968, p .141, 1 45. ( 225-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.)

7 7

I s land o f Got land 3 2

3 3

V isby. A s rebren ik o f Yaros lav c ame t o l ight i n 1 938 i n a h oard o f western European c o ins o f t he X Ith c entury p reserved i n t he l oca l museum. L iterature: S tefen. ( 224-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.) Gret l ingbo.

A s rebren ik

o f

Yaros lav

w ith L at in l etter

" R" i n

t he l egend c ame t o l ight among a h oard d at ing t o a p er iod a round 1 025. L iterature: W . Anderson, p .24; S tenberger , 1 1, No.202. ( 225-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.) 3 4

S igsarve i n t he He ide r eg ion. A h oard o f western European c o ins was f ound i n 1 918. Among i t was a s rebren ik o f V ladim ir, t ype I . The h oard i s d ated t o 1 055-1060. L iterature: Berghaus; S tenberger , 1 1, No .269; J ammer , No. 3 58. ( 24-2 i n t he c orpus c ata log.) Unknown P rovenance

3 5

A z latn ik o f V ladim ir was p urchased c o l leg iate a ssessor Bunge. L iterature: To lsto i , 1 882, p .7-10. ( 6-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.)

3 6

A .I . Mus in-Pushk in a cqu ired a s rebren ik o f Yaros lav " wh ich h ad hung upon a n i kon f rom t ime i mmemor ia l" b efore 1 797 a t K iev. L iterature: To lsto i , 1 882, p .63; I ly in, No.5. ( 222-2 i n t he c orpus c ata log.)

3 7

I n 1 860 Yu.B. I versen d iscovered, i n a num ismat ic c o l lection h e h ad j ust a cqu ired, a s rebren ik o f V lad im ir , t ype I ; a ccord ing t o I versen, t h is h ad b een b rought f rom K iev. L iterature: To lsto i , 1 882, p .11, 2 42, No.157; I ly in, No.7. ( 28-3 i n t he c orpus c ata log.)

3 8

I n

1 878

S .V.

Bodi levsk i

b ought

money-changer a t K iev. L iterature: To lsto i , 1 882, p .3, ( 5-1 i n t he c orpus c ata log.)

7 8

4 ;

a t

K iev i n

a z latn ik Chernev,

1 796

by t he

o f V ladim ir f rom 1 891,

p .7-9.

a

CHAPTER 3 ARRANGING THE COINS SYSTEMATICALLY Th is c hapter p rov ides t he r eason ing f or t he o rder a dopted i n t he c ata log a s r egards p lacement o f c o ins w ith in t he g roups s et u p s o f i rm ly by I .I. To lsto i t hat e ven among h is o pponents n one were a b le t o " tear l oose" f rom h is s ystemat ic a rrangement. What i s e nt ire ly n ew i s t he b road but unfortunate ly n ot c omp lete meta l a na lys is o f t he c o ins wh ich h ave t rad it iona l ly b een r egarded a s b e ing o f pure s i lver; t h is m isconcept ion h as b een s hored up f rom t he s tart by t he u se o f t he n ame s rebren ik i f or t hem. The amp l itude o f t he Herm itage c o l lect ion h as made i t p oss ib le t o t est more t han h a lf o f t he e nt ire s tock o f c o ins c ompr ised by t he c ata log. Group ing t hem by t he ir meta l a na lys is h as l ed t o a number o f h itherto unremarked c onc lus ions r egarding t he v ery n ature o f t he c ircu lat ion o f t hese c o ins. The c o ins w ith t he n ames o f V ladim ir , Svyatos lav a nd Yaros lav a nd w ith i nscr ipt ions o f d isputed r eading a re s ubdiv ided, f o l low ing To lsto i , i nto e ight o r n ine t ypes d epend ing o n t he i mages, t he l egends, a nd t he c onf igurat ion o f t he f am i ly emb lems o f t he p r inces. The b as is f or a ssignment t o a t ype i s t he p resence o f a n a ltogether s pec if ic c omb inat ion o f f actors wh ich a re i n p r inc ip le t he s ame a s r egards t he ir c ompos it iona l d es ign. I n o ther words, c o ins be long t o t he s ame t ype i f t here i s n o d oubt t hat t he a rt ist s trove t o r epeat o n t hem o ne a nd t he s ame c omb inat ion o f c ompos it ions f or t he t wo s ides o f t he c o in, whether t hese a re a c oncrete p ersonage w ith a ttr ibutes p os it ioned i n t he s ame way , o r a f am i ly emblem o f a c erta in d ef in ite f orm. Th is d oes n ot by a ny means s ign ify t hat a l l t he c o ins o f e ach g roup a re i dent ica l : t he ir d ies a re s ubstant ia l ly d ifferent f rom o ne t o a nother. A s pec ia l p lace i n t he c lass if icat ion i s a ss igned t o t he Novgorod c o ins o f Yaros lav , wh i le among t he K ievan c o ins t he most c ons iderable s tratum c ons ists o f t hose o f V ladim ir. I t i s o n ly among t he l atter t hat g o ld i s r epresented s ide by s ide w ith s i lver , a nd among t he f our t ypes o f h is s i lver c o ins o ne s tands o ut s harp ly i n t hat i t a l together f o l lows t he t ype o f t he g o ld c o ins, where t he "s ecu lar" i mage o f t he r u ler i s l inked w ith a c anon ica l i mage o f t he P antokrator , whereas o n a l l t he r est - n ot o n ly o f V ladim ir , but a lso o f Svyatopo lk, a nd o n t he c o ins w ith d isputed l egends - t he p os it ion o f t he P antokrator i s o ccup ied by t he f am i ly emblem. The o vera l l s equence o f s tr ik ing was e stab l ished by To lsto i ,1 who t ook a s h is p o ints o f d eparture t he r eadings o f t he i nscr ipt ions , t he p resence o f o verstr ikes, a nd s ty l ist ic a na lys is; f or h im t he un iform " myster ious s igns" p resent o n a l l t he c o ins r ema ined , e ven t hough n ot e luc idated, a v ery i mportant i ndicat ion o f t he un ity o f t he who le g roup, a nd h ence o f i t s o r ig in. H e r ecogn ized t he Yaros lav le s rebro a s b e ing o f K iev d esp ite s ty l ist ic i nd iv idua l it ies, a s Kun ik h ad a lso d one. H is c onv ict ion o f t he e xtreme t empora l b rev ity o f a l l t h is c o inage l ed To lsto i i nto a v a in e ndeavor t o f ind t he n ame o f Yaros lav o n t he K ievan c o ins w ith d isputed l egends. I t was j ust t h is t empora l b rev ity , a nd n oth ing e lse, t hat b rought f orth t he most e nerget ic o b ject ions o f t he

7 9

c r it ics. 2 The r e lat ive c hrono log ica l s equence t hemse lves n everthe less r ema ined unshakeab le.

o f

t he

c o in

t ypes

The g o ld c o ins a nd t he V ladim ir s rebren ik i o f Type I I t i s c onven ient t o e xamine t hese c o ins i n p ara l le l , s ince t hey h o ld t o a c ompos it ion c ommon t o b oth s orts, g o ing b ack t o t he s o l idi o f t he Byzant ine emperors Bas i l I a nd Constant ine V III ( 976-1025) ( F igure 1 7). 3 E ach o bverse d ie i s c omb ined w ith a s ing le r everse o ne. The c oup l ing o f d ies f or t he z latn ik i a nd t he s rebren ik i o f t ype I i s t he s ame : l ike t he Byzant ine p rototype t hey h ave u ps ide-down o r ientat ion o f t he a xes o f t he ir f aces ( ) . The r are e xcept ions a re n oted i n t he c ata log , but where t he o r ientat ion i s s tandard t he f act i s n ot n oted. An o bv ious " afterthought" i n t he c ompos it ion o f t he p ortra it h ad t he a pparent purpose o f s how ing t he p r ince s eated o n a t hrone , a l though t here a re n ot y et a ny s igns o f o ne; but t he s tubborn s eek ing , wh ich we c an t race s ubsequent ly , f or a d ef in it ive l egend f ormu la l eads t o t he c onc lus ion t hat t here i s a d eeper s ense t o t h is d ec laratory i nscr ipt ion, s o unusua l i n num ismat ics, upon t he f irst c o ins: i t i s i ntended t o p roc la im t he f u l lness o f t he p r ince 's a uthor ity a nd t he i ndependence o f t he s tate. The f i rst " tr ia l" l egends o n t he g o ld a nd s i lver p repare t he way f or t he l egend o f t he s ubsequent t ypes, where t he i mage o f t he t hrone a ga in f a i ls t o make a n a ppearance a t o nce. The z latn ik i l ook c loser t o t he p rototype t hanks t o t he ir b e ing s truck o n more s ubstant ia l f l ans h av ing t he d iameter a nd we ight o f s o l id i : t he e ngravers were i n a p os it ion t o mode l t he ir d ies more bo ld ly, whereas f or t he e xcept iona l ly d e l icate a nd b road f l ans o f t he s rebren ik i a g raph ic manner o f c reat ing t he d ie was c a l led f or. When c ompared w ith western c o ins c ontemporary w ith t hem t hese Russ ian o nes p rove t o b e f ar f rom t he most " barbarous". The g o ld c o ins a re s ubd iv ided d epend ing o n ly o n t he o bverse l egend. I ts t wo f orms a re e xecuted i n d ifferent ways: 1 . The i nscr ipt ion " V lad im ir o n t he t hrone" i s k nown i n t hree v ar iants o n f our d ies ( 1, 4 ; 2 ; 3 ). 2 . The i nscr ipt ion " V lad im ir, a nd t h is i s h is g o ld" i n t wo v ar iants, s eparate ly o n t wo d ies ( 5; 6 ). The s ame r everse i ncr ipt ion a ssoc iated w ith t he i mage o f t he P antokrator c orresponds t o b oth f orms, but t here a re f ive v ar iants o f t he way i t i s wr itten, o n s ix d ies. The s i lver c o ins o f V lad im ir o f t ype I a re d ifferent i n t he manner o f t he ir e xecut ion a nd o ne c annot s peak o f c omplete un iform ity among t hem. S ide by s ide w ith c o ins d ef in ite ly c oarse a nd i l iterate i n t he ir d raw ing a nd i nscr ipt ions t here a re among t hem c o ins o f g ood, a lmost " scu lptura l", workmansh ip w ith e nt ire ly c orrect 4 s ens ib le i nscr ipt ions ( see t he i l lustrat ions). On s rebren ik i w ith t he i nscr ipt ion " V lad im ir o n t he t hrone" o ne e ncounters e rroneous u se o f " E" i nstead o f t he f ina l ' Si t , a nd om iss ions o f l etters o ccur , but t he l egend i s a lways p os it ioned i n t he s pace i ntended f or i t ; y et t he i nscr iption "V lad im ir , a nd t h is i s h is s i lver" i s e ncountered o n ly t wice w ithout d istort ions ( d ie p a irs 1 9, 2 0). O rdinar i ly t he e nding o f i t p roves t o b e r ather mut i lated, o r n ot wr itten a t a l l.

8 0

( F igure 1 7. Byzant ine s o l id i o f t he X th c entury A . D.)

( F igure 1 9.

An Arab ian d irhem o f t he X th c entury A . D.)

The c ontent o f t he t wo f orms o f t he l egend o n t he z latn ik i a nd t he s rebren ik i t e l ls u s t hat i n t he understand ing o f t he e ngraver-art ist t he i mage h e was e xp la in ing w as t hat o f t he p r ince - V lad im ir s on o f S vyatos lay. C ompar ison o f t h is p icture w ith t he a ppearance o f h is f ather , p r ince S vyatos lav ( d ied 9 72), a s d escr ibed by t he Byzant ine h istor ian L eon D iakonos: " ...w ith h eavy e yebrows... a f l attened n ose , t he b eard s haved, b ut w ith l ong , h eavy h a ir h ang ing f rom h is u pper l i p" 5 - a l lows u s e ven t o p erce ive i n t h is i mage i nher ited p ersona l f eatures, a nd e thn ic o nes. W e h ave b efore u s h ere t he most a nc ient o f Russ ian p ortra its, f rom t he X th c entury - o ne t hat h as h itherto e scaped t he a ttent ion o f a rt h istor ians. I n a ny c ase , i f w e c ons ider t he a ctua l s tate o f t h ings i n X th c entury K iev , i n t he ir i deo log ica l , c u ltura l , a nd o ther a spects, we n eed n ot e xpect g reat s uccess f rom t oo i mportunate a s eek ing f or s uch i conograph ic o b jects a s c loth ing , h eadgear , t hrones , a nd t he l i ke , o n t he c o ins w e a re e xam in ing .6 The r everse l egend, a rranged d own t he e dge p ort ion o f t he g o ld a nd s i lver c o ins, i s a r epresentat ion o f t he f u l l n ame o f J esus Chr ist o r ( on ly o n t he s rebren ik i) o f h is monogram i n t wo f orms : HC - XC a nd I C - XC. To lsto i , who was a cqua inted w ith f ewer c o ins , e rred i n h o ld ing t hat t he c omp lete i nscr ipt ion i s p resent o n ly o n s pec imens w i th t he l egend " V lad im ir o n t he t hrone"; 7 b o th c omp lete a nd a bbrev iated r everse i nscr ipt ions a re f ound o n s rebren ik i w ith b o th o bverse l egends. I n t he X th c entury i nscr ipt ions a re p os it ioned o n ly d own t he f ree e dge o f t he f l an, s ince t he i mage a lways t ouches t he b order b e low ( and s omet imes a bove). ( Legends b ecome a nnu lar , a nd e ven t hen o n r everses a lone , c ommenc ing o n ly w ith V lad im ir 's t ype I. P os it ioned w ith t he t ops o f t he ir l e tters n ow t oward t he c enter a nd n ow t oward t he e dge o f t he c o in, t he i nscr ipt ions a re a t t imes r ead f rom r ight t o l eft.) The s o-ca l led f am i ly emb lem o f t he p r inces o f t he l i ne o f Rur ik, 8 wh ich o ccup ies t he who le r everse s ide o f t he c o in i n t he c lasses o f s rebren ik i f o l low ing t hereaf ter , i s a lready t o b e f ound o n V lad im ir 's z latn ik i a nd h is s rebren ik i o f t ype I o n t he o bverse s ide , a bove t he p r ince 's l ef t s hou lder. I n t he c ata log we a dopt t he f irst n ame g iven t he s ymbo l , t hat o f t r ident , p roposed by Karamz in b ack i n h is d ay.' The e dge e lement i n t he c ompos it iona l s cheme o f t he z latn ik i a nd t he f i rst s rebren ik i i s a d oub le b order , t he i nner o ne l i near a nd t he o uter d o tted; i n many s rebren ik i t he l atter i s b roken away i n p art o r e ven e nt ire ly : t he c ont inuous " do tt ing" m ade t he e dge o f t he c o in v ery f r iab le. F or t h is r eason t he c haracter izat ion o f s uch c o ins i s i mprec ise i n a n umber o f t he e ntr ies i n t he c ata log. The b r ief i ssuance o f t he g o ld c o ins w as a lso , t o j udge b y t he ir r ar ity a nd t he s ma l l n umber o f d ies, o f a s porad ic c haracter. E ven s o , a l l t he s pec imens t hat h ave b een p reserved c ircu lated unt i l t hey went i nto t he ir h oards , a nd i n t he p rocess s ome o f t hem managed t o b ecome a g ood b it worn. W e s hou ld n ote t hat n ot a s ing le z latn ik f a i ls t o b ear t races o f i t s h av ing b een u sed a s a n o rnament.

8 2

I n b oth o f t he h oards t hat h ave p rov ided z latn ik i f or u s (Nos.13 a nd 1 5; s ee map , F igure 1 8), t hese h ave c ome t o l i ght among Byzant ine o nes wh ich s tood o n a n e qua l f oot ing w ith t hem i n c ircu lat ion. The meta l o f a l l t he z latn ik i i s o f h igh f ineness ( 916-958), a nd t h is c orresponds t o t he g o ld o f t he s o l id i a t t he e nd o f t he X th c entury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he X Ith; f rom t h is g o ld, i n a l l l ike l ihood , t he z latn ik i were i n f act m anufactured. Th is c orrespondence , t ogether w ith t he c opy ing o f t he we ight o f t he s o l idi o f t he X th c entury ( 4.0 t o 4 .4 g . ) ,1 0 s erves a s a c onv inc ing c onf irmat ion o f t he f act t hat t he f i rst Russ ian m intage was o f V lad im ir s on o f S vyatos lav r ather t han o f V lad im ir Monomakh , s ince t he g o ld c ontent o f t he s o l id i , r educed t o 7 50 a s e ar ly a s t he 3 0s a nd 4 0s o f t he X Ith c entury , h ad f a l len t o 3 50 b y t he l atter 's d ay a t t he e nd o f t he c entury. 1 1 A s i t h as t urned o ut , a l l z latn ik i known a t p resent were s truck w ith s ix p a irs o f d ies; o ne o f t hem ( No.4) w i l l b e c ons idered s eparate ly , but t hree o f t hem were u nquest ionab ly c ut by o ne master whose h and i s a lso t o b e r ecogn ized i n a l arge g roup o f d ies f or s i lver c o ins ( 7 t o 1 6). A l l v ar iants o f t he l egend o n z latn ik i i n t he f orm " V lad im ir o n t he t hrone", e xcept N o.4, a re e xecuted i n t he s ame h and. I n t he ir i nscr ipt ions b oth o n t he o bverse a nd o n t he r everse t he ways o f wr it ing a v ar iety o f l etters a re r epeated, a nd t he d ivers ity i n t he wr it ing o f o thers d o n ot b reach t he u n iform ity o f t he h and. A s ing le e xecutant i s a lso p ercept ib le i n t he un iform i nterre lat ionsh ips o f t he l e tters w ith e ach o ther a nd i n t he p ecu l iar it ies o f t he p lacement o f t he i nscr ipt ions a round t he f igures. Compar ison o f t he f igures s t i l l f urther p ersuades o ne t hat t hese d ies were c ut by a s ing le master. Nos.1 a nd 3 a re p art icu lar ly c lose t o e ach o ther : o n b oth o f t hem t he e longated f ace o f t he p r ince h as t he s ame r ather g loomy e xpress ion. On d ie No.2 t he f eatures o f t he f ace a re l arger , t he c heeks a re p lumper , t he n ose h eav ier , but t he manner o f r epresent ing d eta i ls i s e verywhere t he s ame : t he e yes a nd t he c h in a re r endered i n t he s ame way by m eans o f d ots , t he e yebrows , e ye l ids, e ars, a nd s ides o f t he n ose by l i nes. The f igures o f Chr ist o n t he r everse d ies o f Nos.1 t o 3a re s im i lar t o t he s ame d egree. The o ut l ines o f t he f igures , t he a rrangement o f t he f o lds o f g arments, t he s hape o f t he h and h o ld ing t he b ook , a re un iform ; t he c o iffure , i n wh ich t he way o f r ender ing t he wavy c haracter o f t he h a ir i s p art icu lar ly c haracter ist ic , a s i s a c erta in t aper ing o f t he h ead a t t he h a ir p art ing; a nd t he b eard, t he c ur ls o f wh ich a re r endered by d ots w ith in a n etwork o f s hort l i nes. The d ifferences i n t he r epresentat ion o f t he f ace o f Chr ist a re s o i ns ign if icant t hat t hey may b e d isregarded; t he l ow, g ent le r e l ief i s a lso s im i lar. I t i s o n ly d ie p a ir No.4 t hat b etrays a d ifferent a nd more i nept h and , a nd a n umber o f p o ints t end e ven t o a rouse s usp ic ions r egard ing t he g enu ineness o f t he c o in. The r e lat ive c oarseness o f t he work, t he p ronounced o ut l ine c haracter o f t he t ypes , a nd t he h arshness o f t he l ines a re a l l c onsp icuous, a l though b o th f igures f o l low i n d eta i l t he c orrespond ing i mages o n d ie p a ir No.1, wh i le t he l egend d iffers o n ly t hrough t he a bsence o f a s ing le l e tter. I t s

8 3

ional marks c onve i t c oins g old hoards

C I

graves

,

o f V ladimir s ilver,

M R A

t jpe

I

,

,

s ites

I

a nd f inds

o f

c hance

( F igure 1 8. Map o f f inds o f z latn ik i , V lad im ir 's Type I .)

8 4

a nd o f f inds o f s rebren ik i o f

f o l low ing d irect ly upon d ie p a ir No.1 c an b e d iscerned f rom b oth s ides o f t he z latn ik: t he d eta i ls a nd t he o va l o ut l ine o f t he p r ince 's f ace, t he p endants, t he f r inge o f t he g arment, t he s ymbo l , t he c ross, a nd t he h and h o ld ing i t ; t he f o lds o f t he g arment o f Chr ist, t he b eard w ith i ts s even p o ints, both h ands - a l l t hese t h ings p roduce a n i mpress ion o f t he ir h av ing b een, a s i t w ere, p a instak ing ly c op ied. The o bverse i nscript ion h as b een " amended" by l eav ing o ut o ne o f t he t wo i dentica l l etters i n t he c orresponding i nscrip t ion o n d ie p a ir No.1 ( the s econd a nd t he t h ird A ) a nd t he words o f t he i nscrip t ion a re a rranged d ifferently i n r e la t ion t o t he c ross o n t he p r ince ly h eadgear. The r everse i s a " transcript ion" w ithout c hanges. The l e tters a re s o c arefu lly c op ied t hat t hey e ven r epeat t he manner isms o f t he h and. On t he o bverse t he B , M , H , F , t, 1 4 , A ( in t he word NA ) , C , 0 , A ( A ) a re s uch; a nd o n t he r everse t he I , C , Y , b , X , T . On t he o bverse t he d es ign o f t he f ina l b i s n oteworthy , w ith a r ound l oop i nstead o f a t r iangu lar o ne: t his i s s o a l ien t o t he most a nc ient Russ ian w r it ing t hat t he f i rst t h ing i t s uggests i s al a te j ewe ller forger. The c o ld ly g reen ish t one o f t he g o ld o f t he c o in i s p atent ly d ifferent f rom t he warm r osy s hade o f t he meta l o f t he o ther z latn ik i a nd i s s uch a s t o s trengthen m isg iv ings, s ince s uch a s hade o f g o ld i s p ecu l iar t o a •p art o f P eter 's t wo-rub le p ieces ( wh ich h ave a s u itab le we ight, but a l ower f ineness). The p lace, t ime , a nd c ircumstances o f t he a cqu is it ion o f t he c o in by To lsto i , who h ad l ong a nd p ers istent ly s ought f or i t , a re a lso c apab le o f s usta in ing d oubts: i t was b ought a t Odessa , whence known f orger ies were c om ing a t t he t ime i n t he 1 880s a nd 1 890s when t he z latn ik No.1-4 d onated by N .N. Murzak iev ich was a lready p resent a t t he Archaeo log ica l S oc iety. A lthough t he we ight o f t he c o in c annot c onst itute a s ubstant ia l p roof o f g enu ineness, s t i l l i t i s e xtreme ly d iff icu lt t o r epeat a f ineness s o e xact ly; y et h ere i t i s i rreproachab le, a nd i t c o inc ides w ith t he f ineness o f t he s pec imen 1 -2, wh i le t he s l ight ly sma l ler d iameter o f t he c o in i s e qua l t o t he d iameter o f z latn ik 5 -1 a t t he K iev Museum. F ina l ly , c ompar ison o f t he z latn ik w ith c erta in r e l iab ly known f orger ies d oes a l i tt le more t o a ssuage s usp ic ion. An a nc ient master m ight h ave c op ied j ust a s p a instak ing ly a s t h is. S ti l l a f urther master e v idently c ut b oth p a irs o f d ies f or t he z latniki w ith t he l egend " V ladimir, a nd t h is i s h is g o ld". One c an a ssert t h is e ven c onceding t he s tate o f wear o f t he s urv iv ing s pec imen a nd t he f act t hat t he o ther o ne i s m iss ing. By c ompar ing c o in 5 -1 w ith i l lustrat ions o f t he l ost o ne ( 6-1) we e stab l ish a s imi lar ity i n t he d es ign o f a number o f l etters ( B, M , C , E , X , P , t); t he a rrangement o f t he f o lds i n t he g arment o f Chr ist c o inc ides, a s d oes t he d raw ing o f t he n imbus. S ty l istica l ly t his d ie p a ir i s c lose t o d ie p a irs 1 t o 3 , but i t i s i ndisputab le t hat t hey were c ut by a nother master, a s i s i ndicated by t he d ifferent d irect ion i n which t hey r ead, a nd by t he d ifferent w ay o f d raw ing t he s ame l e tters. I n t he f igure o f Chr ist t he s econd m aster p la in ly f a i led t o u nderstand t he g esture o f t he r ight h and i n b less ing ; h av ing t aken i t f or a f o ld o f t he g arment o n t he s hou lder, h e d rew

8 5

i n a n ew h and o n t he c hest. The " V ladim ir t o 3 p robab ly p receded d ies 5 a nd 6 .

o n t he t hrone" d ies 1

The a l loy t hat s erved f or t he s tr ik ing o f t he K ievan s rebren ik i o f a l l t ypes i s s o u nstab le i n c ontent a nd a s a who le a lso s o l ow i n f ineness t hat t h is e ssent ia l ly e xc ludes t he p oss ibi l ity o f a ny s ort o f m etro log ica l g enera l izat ions a s ide f rom d eterm inat ion o f t he a verage we ight o f t hese c o ins s o v ar iab le i n m eta l c ontent. I t i s i n t h is p ecu l iar ity o f t he meta l o f t he s rebren ik i t hat o ne w i l l a pparent ly f ind t he e xp lanat ion f or t he ir e xtreme ly r are p resence i n c o in h oards o f E uropean c ircu lat ion f ar f rom K iev : what w ent o ut t h ither was a s a r u le t he c o ins o f h ighest f ineness, a nd t hose o f l ess t han f u l l v a lue s erved a s a med ium o f l oca l c ircu lat ion , a s t he c ompos it ion o f t he K iev a nd t he Nezh in h oards s hows. On ly o ne-th ird o f t he s rebren ik i o f t ype I were t ested ( 24 s pec imens o ut o f 7 7; Tab le 4 ). The s i lver f ineness i s 8 75-800 i n o n ly f our s pec imens ( 9-1, 1 0-1, 1 9-1, a nd 2 8-4). Three more c o ins h ave f inenesses o f 5 00, 3 75, a nd 3 00 ( 17-8, 1 9-2, 3 5-1); but t he r est a re c opper w ith a t r if l ing p ercentage o f s i lver. I n t he c a ta log t he f ineness o f t hese s pec imens i s d enoted by a m inus s ign ( no t est i s i nd icated f or s pec imens n ot t ested). The d ata a dduced a re a lso c onf irmed by t he e xterna l a ppearance o f a ma jor ity o f t he c o ins: c opper i s v is ib le i n a lmost e very s rebren ik o f t ype I , n ow s how ing t hrough a t t he o ut l ines o f t he f igure a nd t he i nscr ipt ions, n ow l y ing a s a s pot a t t he c enter o f t he c o in, n ow a ppear ing a s a r edd ish t one o ver t he e nt ire s urface. The p redom inance among t he z latn ik i o f s pec imens w ith t he " throne" i nscr ipt ion ( 9 o ut o f 1 1) i s p robab ly a c hance m atter ; a nd what i s more , n e ither o n t he z latn ik i n or o n t he s rebren ik i o f t ype Ii s t here a ny r epresentat ion o f t he b ench-throne. I t a ppears o n ly o n t he c o ins o f t he t ypes wh ich f o l low. W ith t he s ame s ort o f c ount t he s rebren ik i b reak d own h a lf a nd h a lf ( 32 t o 3 1). C ons ider ing t he l og ics o f t he e vo lut ion o f t he l egend-formu la a nd t ak ing t he s tr ik ing o f t he g o ld a nd o f t ype I s i lver t o b e more o r l ess s imu ltaneous , o ne may a ccept a s t he e ar l iest f ormu la t he l egend " V lad im ir o n t he t hrone" c omb ined w ith t he f u l l n ame o f Chr ist. Next a fter t he f ormu la f ormu la c oncern ing t he meta l , f u l l l egend o n t he r everse.

c oncern ing t he " throne" c omes t he but t h is a lso i n c omb inat ion w ith t he

S ince o ne t races t he h and o f a s ing le e ngraver i n t he v ar ious s ub-groups a nd i n b oth meta ls, t he c o ins a ccord ing t o b o th f ormu las were e v ident ly s truck t o a l l i ntents a nd p urposes s imu ltaneous ly. The n ext p hase i s k nown o n ly u pon s i lver , where t he n ame o f Chr ist i s a bbrev iated t o monograms o n t he d ies f or b oth f ormu las o f t he l egend. D ef in it ive s tab i l izat ion o f t he l egend c omes i n o n ly upon t he s tr ik ing o f t he " Nezh in" c o ins, i .e. t he s rebren ik i o f t ypes I t o I V. But e ven t hen t here c omes a bout n ot a c ho ice o f o ne o f t he t wo f ormu las, but a c onso l idat ion o f b o th: " V lad im ir o n t he t hrone a nd t h is i s h is s i lver."

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On t he d ies f or t he s i lver c o ins o f V lad im ir 's t ype I o ne s ucceeds i n b r ing ing o ut t he h ands o f n o l ess t han f ive e ngravers, v ery d iverse a nd o f u nequa l s k i l l : m en who s tand o n t he ir own f eet , i m itators, a nd s imp le bung lers. 1 . D ies 7 t o 1 6 ( sub-group I ) a re e xecuted by t he m aster o f t he f i rst s ub-group o f t he z latn ik i. H e i s l i terate , h e i s i n f ree c ommand o f t he c ompos it iona l d es ign , a nd h e h as c omp lete understand ing o f t he d eta i ls o f t he c ompos it ion , a l though h is d raw ing i s s omet imes c lumsy ( for e xamp le t he r epresentat ion o f t he h and o f Chr ist i n b ened ict ion, wh ich d ec l ines f rom d ie t o d ie). The c o ins f rom t hese d ies a re d ist ingu ished b y r e lat ive ly h igh r e l ief , a nd t he l egends a re o f c lear , h andsome , s omet imes d ownr ight e legant d raw ing. 2 . D ies 1 9, 2 0, a nd 2 3 ( sub-group I). The ir e ngraver h as n o l ess f ree ly r epeated t he a ss igned c ompos it ion, but h is m anner i s more g raph ic , t he r e l ief o f t he f igures i s f l at , t he d raw ing i s c arefu l , a nd t he i nscr ipt ions a re v ery c orrect a nd d ist inct. A p ecu l iar ity o f t he " hand" i n q uest ion i s t he r epresentat ion o f t he p r ince a s h av ing a c omparat ive ly b road f ace a nd e ven p lump c heeks. D ie 2 1 ( sub-group I) i s c ut by a n a ss iduous but i l l iterate c op ier o f t he f orego ing master. F or a l l t he o bv ious f o l low ing o f t he l east d eta i ls o f t he d es ign, t he i nscr ipt ions a re a lmost un inte l l ig ib le. 3 . D ies 1 7 ( sub-group I ) a nd 2 8 t o 3 3 ( sub-group I V). A v ery c onf ident " hand", a ssert ive a pproaches t o p lacement o f t he l egends , a way o f i t s o wn i n d raw ing c erta in d eta i ls ( the wavy l ine o f t rans it ion f rom t he l eft u pper a rm t o t he f orearm; t he bu i ld ing up o f t he f o lds, o f t he f aces , e tc.). S ome o f t hese d ev ices p robab ly c ome f rom t he master o f d ies 7 t o 1 6 ( sub-group I ) a nd o f t he z latn ik i ( the d e l ica te ly d rawn l eft h and o f Chr ist , b etween t he f ingers o f wh ich o ne s ees o ne o f t he p ear ls o n t he c ase o f t he Gospe l ; t he e legant p endants t o t he p r ince 's c ap , e tc.). I t i s p oss ib le t hat t h is e ngraver a lso b orrowed f rom t he f i rst m aster h is "w ave" i n t he d raw ing o f t he p r ince 's upper a rm ( see Nos.11 a nd 1 2), but e ven t h is e ngraver n o l onger u nderstands t he b ened ictory g esture o f t he r ight h and a nd h e d raws i n a r ight h and a t a n ew p os it ion - a t t he wa ist , s ide by s ide w ith t he l ef t o ne h o ld ing t he Gospe l. A s ing le m aster p roves t o b e t he a uthor o f t he d ies w ith wha t o ne m ight c a l l e xtreme c omb inat ions o f o bverse a nd r everse l egends ( sub-groups I a nd I V). What t h is m eans i s t hat t he d ies o f a l l f our s ub-groups o f t he c o ins o f V lad im ir 's t ype I were made v ery c lose t o o ne a nother i n t ime , i f n ot s imu ltaneous ly. I t i s t o t hese s ub-groups t ha t t he ma jor ity o f t he K iev h oard c o ins t hat h ave b een t aken i nto a ccount b e long ( 25 t o s ub-group I , 1 4 t o s ubg roup I V , o ut o f 4 9 s pec imens). A f ew f urther d ies o f v ar ious s ub-groups wh ich a t f i rst g lance h ave n o th ing i n c ommon w ith e ach o ther , p rove t o b e r e lated.

8 7

4 . D ies 2 2 ( sub-group I), 2 5, a nd 2 6 ( sub-group I I). The o ut l ines o f t he f igures a re r epeated ( of t he p r ince i n 2 5 a nd 2 6, o f Chr ist i n 2 2 a nd 2 5), a s a re i nd iv idua l d eta i ls: t he p r ince ly c ap w ith p endants ( 25 a nd 2 6), t he h a ir o f Chr ist ( 22 a nd 2 5), t he c ross a nd t r ident , t he h ands o f Chr ist , e tc. ( on a l l t hree). The ways o f d raw ing t he s ame l etters o n t he o bverses a re v ery c lose. The e ngraver worked w ith h is e ye o n t he p roduct ions o f t he master o f d ies 7 t o 1 6 ( sub-group I ) , wh ich i s e v ident u pon c ompar ison w ith No.7, but i n s uch a p ronounced ly g raph ic m anner t hat t he f igures a nd t he i nscr ipt ions o n h is c o ins h ave t urned o ut t o b e much worn by r eason o f t he v ery l ow r e l ief . The l egends a re c are less ly e xecuted, w ith r eversed l etters o r o nes n ot e nt ire ly o ut l ined. S ome l etters h andwr it ing.

(

A , M , B ,

)have

f orms d er iv ing f rom

A fter t hese f our o r f ive more o r l ess w e l l-qua l if ied a uthors o f t he c o in d ies o f V lad im ir 's t ype I h ave b een s et a part , t here r ema in a nother f our o r f ive i m itat ive " hands", s omet imes i nept a nd s omet imes d ownr ight b arbarous. The m a jor ity o f t hese a re r epresented i n s ub-group I V ( 34 t o 3 8), o ne i n s ub-group I ( 18), a nd o ne i n s ub-group I I ( 27), t he d ies f or e ach b e ing k nown a s s ing le un its. The s rebren ik i f rom t hese d ies a re u n itary i n t he s ame way , b e ing s truck a s a r u le i n a lmost p ure meta l. A l l o f t hem e xh ib it a n e xtreme g raph ic qua l ity a nd a d ry , i ncorrect , a nd c oarse way o f d raw ing w ith a l ow, f lat r e l ief ; t he i nscr ipt ions a re i l l i terate. The b est o f t hese e ngraver-"barbar ians", n ot u nderstand ing t he b enedictory g esture o f t he P antokrator , h ave r epresented a t t he p lace f or t he r ight h and a f ew f o lds , b ut h ave p laced t he a ctua l h and s ide by s ide w ith t he Gospe l ( 37, 3 8). The r est d o n ot understand e ven t h is, a nd d raw Chr ist s imp ly w ithout h ands , w ith t he " Gospe l" h ang ing o n h is c hest. S ome o f t hem p erhaps t ook p art i n p repar ing t he s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir 's t ype I ( compare 2 7, 3 5, 3 6 w ith c o ins o f t ype I : 5 2 t o 6 5). The Russ ian e ngravers s tarted o ff i n p ar t w ith a pprent ice c opy ing , a nd g radua l ly w ith a ss im i lat ion , o f t he Byzant ine mode ls r each ing t hem. A p r inc ipa l c haracter ist ic o f t he methods o f t he Byzant ines, wh ich t hey h ad i nher ited f rom c lass ica l a nt iqu ity , was t he u se o f h igh r e l ief f or t he f igures , t hrough wh ich t hey a ch ieved a t hree-d imens iona l c haracter o f t he c ompos it ion o f t he c o in ( a r a ised f igure , a l egend i n r e l ief , a f l at f i e ld). S ubsequent ly t he K ievan s choo l f reed i t se lf c omp lete ly f rom s cu lptura l manner isms i n t he c utt ing o f d ies a nd went o ver t o a pure ly g raph ic e xecut ion o f t he n um ismat ic c ompos it ion. The g raph ic a pproach i n t he c reat iv ity o f t he f i rst Russ ian moneyers m ay b e e xp la ined n ot m ere ly t hrough i ncapac ity , t hrough i nexper ience o n t he p art o f t he Russ ian e ngravers i n h and l ing t he ir t echno log ica l s tock i n t rade, but a lso t hrough c entur ies o f f am i l iar ity w ith Arab d irhems - t hese w ere g raph ic i n c ompos it ion a nd h ad t wo p lanes, f or e xce l lence i n t he e xecut ion o f Arab ian d ies was measured by t he a rt istry w ith wh ich t he l egends were d rawn ( F igure 1 9). I n t he l i ght o f t he metro log ica l d ependence o f t he s rebren ik i o n t he d irhem , i t a ppears e nt ire ly n atura l t hat

8 8

r epresentat iona l f o l lowed.

f eatures

a lso

d er iv ing

f rom

t he

d irhem

were

As i s v is ib le f rom t he e vo lut ion o f t he way t he r ight h and o f Chr ist was d ep icted i n t he c ompos it ion o f t he r everse , s imp l if icat ion i nvaded e ven t he most c anon ica l e lement o f t he c ompos it iona l d es ign - t he f igure o f Chr ist , wh ich i n t he c ourse o f a v ery s hort p er iod o f t ime r ea l ly c eased t o b e t he P antokrator , b e ing f i rst d epr ived o f h is b ened ictory g esture , a nd t hereaf ter o f b o th h ands. The a bundance i n s ub-group I V o f t he s rebren ik i wh ich a re t he most r emo te s ty l ist ica l ly f rom t he p rototype a nd wh ich a re t he c oarsest i n e xecut ion , a nd t he r e la t ive r ar ity a nd e ven u n ique c haracter o f s uch s pec imens, a s we l l a s t he ir e v ident c onnect ion w i th t he c o ins o f V lad im ir 's t ype I , e nab le o ne t o c ons ider t h is s ub-group a s more r ecent t han t he o thers , w ith t hese s pec imens t hemse lves f a l l ing t o t he l ast i ssues , p robab ly f ar r emoved f rom r egu lar ity , o f t he s i lver o f t ype I . L ack o f a s tab le r aw mater ia ls b ase , p lus s harp c urta i lment o f t he i mportance o f s i lver , e xtreme ly r udimentary t echno log ica l p ract ice i n a f i e ld n ew f or K ievan t rade , a nd c omp lete a bsence o f g overnmenta l e xper ience i n o rgan iz ing a c urrency a s a who le , were f actors wh ich f ound r ef lect ion most o f a l l i n t he qua l ity o f t he meta l. I t i s moreover q u ite l i ke ly t hat a t K iev , wh ich h ad r ece ived a nd h ad me lted d own s i lver o n ly i n t he f orm o f c o ins, p eop le t hrough e xper ience e ar ly b ecame aware o f s ometh ing t ha t o r ienta l num ismat ic s c ience h as c ome t o a pprec iate o n ly i n r ecent y ears t he f act t hat t here were l ow-qua l i ty d irhems , o f c opper e i ther s i lvered o r p la ted, i n t he h oards o f t he X th c entury. S imu ltaneous ly w ith i ssuance , i rreproachab le a s t o meta l , o f g o ld c o ins - f rom a n i rreproachab le r aw mater ia l ! - s i lver was d i luted a s a n a l loy w ithout t he l east r estra int : t he " s i lver" d irhems me lted d own p roved a ctua l ly t o b e c opper. I t was p robab ly i n c onsequence o f a l l t h is t hat t here c ame a bout a n e v ident b reak b etween t he g o ing o ut i nto c ircu lat ion o f t he l ast f orms o f c o ins o f t ype I a nd t hat o f t he c o ins , s ubstant ia l ly d ifferent f rom t hem , o f t he n ew s er ies. C ircu la t ion a nd t he r equ irements o f e veryday l i fe s o g reed i ly s wa l lowed u p a nd h oarded c o in t hat a f ter t h is b reak t he s rebren ik i o f t ype I a re n ot r epresented i n f inds s ide by s ide w ith t he n ew o nes - s ave where t hey a re c o ins t hat h ave b een overstruck ( 16-1 = 1 03-1). The K iev h oard ( No .5), c ons ist ing o f c o ins o f t ype I a lone , c annot b e d ated i n t he way t hat h oards o f m ixed c ompos it ion a re d ated r e lat ive ly. I ts d at ing t o t he e nd o f t he X th c entury i s d eterm ined i nd irect ly. N e ither o f t he f indings o f c o ins o f t ype I i n d ated h oards ( No.21, Mo lod i i n t he P skov g ubern iya , 1 878 - f i rst d ecade o f t he X Ith c entury; No.34, S igsarve o n t he i s land o f Go t land , 1 918 - 6 0s o f t he X Ith c entury) c ontrad ict t h is d at ing, wh i le f ind ings i n k urgan c omp lexes o f t he X Ith c entury a long w ith d irhems o f t he e nd o f t he X th c entury ( No.17: Votnya i n t he Mog i lyov g ubern iya , a bout 1 800; No.19: L ip ino i n t he Kurskaya o b last , 1 948; No.18: M itkovka i n t he B ryanskaya o b last , 1 953) c onf irm i t , i nasmuch a s o ne 's c orrect ion t o t he d ate o f t he c o ins

8 9

f rom t he bur ia ls s hou ld b e g reater t han t hat u sed t o d eterm ine t he d ate o f t he h oards ( Map , F igure 1 8). B ewa i l ing t he r andom a nd f ragmentary c haracter o f t he s tock o f s rebren ik i known i n h is d ay , LI. To lsto i d e l iberate ly t urned a s ide f rom s tudy o f t he ir we ights a nd s uggested t hat t hey w ere s truck e nt ire ly w ithout a ny d ef in ite metro log ica l s ystem.lz N .P. Bauer , n ot s har ing To lsto i 's p ess im ist ic o ut look u pon t he metro log ica l d ata f or t he s rebren ik i , c ons idered i t i nd ispens ib le t o i nvest igate t hese i n c on junct ion w ith o r ienta l a nd Byzant ine metro logy a nd e ven d rew b oundary l i nes b etween t he s evera l i ssues. " But t here were t oo f ew d ata f or m etro log ica l e xam inat ion o f t he s rebren ik i o f t ype I , i n t he l i ght o f t he s canty n umber o f s pec imens i n a s at isfactory s tate o f p reserva t ion a nd - what i s most i mportant - t he l ow f ineness o f t he c o ins. A metro log ica l d iagram f or t he K iev h oard c an b e d rawn u p o n ly o n a b as is o f a mere 4 3 s pec imens ( F igure 2 0), a nd i n d o ing s o o ne must r emember t hat o n ly t wo o f t hese a re s i lver. A lthough t he d iagram d oes i n e xterna l r espects c onf irm Yan in 's d educt ion t hat t he metro log ica l n orm o f t he s rebren ik was e qua l t o 3 g rams , wh ich c orresponds t o a kuna i n t he s outhern Russ ian m etro log ica l s ystem ,1 4 s tudy o f t he we ight o f c o ins i n a g roup o f s uch c ompos it ion a s t h is d oes n o t o ffer u s a nyth ing. The V lad im ir c o ins o f t he Nezh in t ypes ( the s rebren ik i o f t ypes I-IV) h ave a n ew num ismat ic t ype s cheme. As we h ave i nd icated, t he d ifference l i es i n t he r ep lacement o f t he r epresentat ion o f Chr ist o n t he r everse w ith t he t ype o f t he p r ince ly f am i ly emb lem , a ccompan ied by a c orrespond ing a l terat ion o f t he l egend a nd w ith c hange o f t he o r ientat ion o f t he f aces

( 11

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) .

i n p lace o f The s ymbo l c arr ied o ver t o t he r everse a nd v ar ied f rom c lass t o c lass a nd f rom p r ince t o p r ince. The s o le l egend f or b o th s ides c on jo ined b oth v ar iants o f i t s p redecessor : "V lad im ir ( or S vyatopo lk) o n t he t hrone , a nd t h is i s h is s i lver." The a bandonment o f t he t ype o f t he P antokrator a nd t he s tabi l izat ion o f t he l egend were s t i l l a f urther s tep i n g ett ing b eyond t he Byzant ine mode l a nd i n c reat ing a Russ ian s ystem f or num ismat ic r epresentat ions. The n ew c ompos it iona l s cheme b ecame r ooted i n a l l t he c o in t ypes i n g enera l wh ich f o l lowed a fter t ype I o f t he c o ins o f V lad im ir , a nd i t r ema ined c onstant t hroughout t he f urther a lterat ions o f i nd iv idua l m inut iae o f d raw ing wh ich w ere n ot s ubstant ive i n p r inc ip le. Type I o f t he c o ins o f V lad im ir i s i nterest ing a s b e ing t he o ldest under t he n ew s ystem , i nasmuch a s t he c o ins o f t h is c lass n ot o n ly f o l low c hrono log ica l ly u pon t he c o ins o f t ype 1 , t o j udge by t he p resence o f a s pec imen ( 103-1) o verstruck u pon t ype I i nto t ype I a nd by o bservat ions o n t he c ontents o f h oards, l a but t hey a lso s how p a lpab le f eatures o f d ependence u pon c o ins o f t ype I both i n t he g enera l s cheme o f t he r epresentat ion o f t he p r ince , a nd i n a c onnect ion o f t ype I i n g enera l r espects w ith s pec if ic d ies o f t ype I ( 27, 3 5, 3 6, a nd 5 2 t o 6 5). I nasmuch a s t hese d ies o f t ype I - c oarse ly l i near a nd c are less i n d raw ing - p rove t o b e t he l a test i n t he s ystemat ic a rrangement o f t ype I i n s er ies, o ne may s uggest t he p art ic ipat ion o f i nd iv idua l e ngravers o f t ype I

9 0

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9 1

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9 2

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d ies i n t he work o n d ies f or t ype I . P reserv ing t he a ctua l " formu la" f or t he r epresentat ion o f t he p r ince w ith a ng led l egs ( as t hough s i tt ing) wh ich h ad b een worked o ut i n t ype I , t ype I a lso a ss im i lates i nd iv idua l p ecu l iar it ies o f t he d raw ing o f t ype I ( the h ead wear ing a c ap w i th p endants a nd h av ing a n imbus; t he p os it ion o f t he c ross a nd t he h ands; t he p lacement o f t he l egs o n t he f igure , t hese l egs by t he way b e ing i nd ist ingu ishab le o n a ma jor ity o f t he c o ins by r eason o f t he p oor p reservat ion o f t hese c o ins ). But t he e n larged i mage o f t he p r ince b ecomes more g enera l ized a s c ompared w ith t ype I . The f igure o f t he p r ince i s s urrounded by a n iggard ly l i near o ut l ine. Around t he h ead i s a n imbus , wh ich h ad b een p resent i n t he i mage o f t he p r ince n e ither o n t he z latn ik i n or o n t he s rebren ik i o f t ype I . The c loak i s m iss ing. On ly t he a ctua l f abr ic o f t he p r ince 's d ress i s r epresented by a f ew v ert ica l r ows o f d ots o n a p art o f t he c o ins, r em ind ing o ne , i n Oreshn ikov 's f ortunate phrase , o f a c oat o f ma i l .1 6 Another i nnovat ion a s c ompared w ith t ype I i s t he r epresentat ion o f t he a ctua l t hrone , t o b eg in w ith v ery r ud imentary a nd a bsent f rom t he f i rst s rebren ik i. Commenc ing p rec ise ly w ith t h is t ype I , i t b ecomes o b l igatory f or t he c o ins o f a l l t he " Nezh in" t ypes a s a d irect i l lustrat ion o f what t he f irst h a lf o f t he l egend h as t o s ay. O f t he t hrone o n ly t he r ound a rms ( or t he e nds o f a r o l l c ush ion?) a re t o b e s een. The l egs o f t he p r ince a re f rom t ime t o t ime n ot d rawn i n, a s a r esu lt o f wh ich t he p ortra it b ecomes a wa istlength o ne. An e qua l-armed f orm o f t he c ross w ith b eads a t t he t ips , p resent o n ly i n i nd iv idua l s pec imens o f c o ins o f t ype I (s ee Nos . 9, 2 0, 2 3) , b ecomes g enera l ly a ccepted i n t ype I. The p r ince ly s ymbo l o n c o ins o f t ype I i s t he s ame a s o n c o ins o f t ype I . The d ifference c ons ists i n t he e vo lut ion o f t he d raw ing o f i nd iv idua l d eta i ls wh ich h ave b een g iven o rnamenta l a dd it ions t hat d o n ot , h owever , a l ter t he d es ign o f t he t r idents ymbo l i n p r inc ip le. I n a ma jor ity o f t he c o ins o f t ype I t he s idet ines o f t he m in iature s ymbo l a nd t he c rossbar wh ich a ttaches t hem a re a t r ight a ng les, t he b as is o f t he s ymbo l i s ar ough t r iang le a s b road a s t he who le, a nd t he c entra l s p ike i s p ercept ib ly t a l ler t han t he t ines. These f eatures were n ot o b l igatory , a s d ev iat ions a re e ncountered i n t he work e ven o f as ing le master. Thus i n t ype It he d es ign o f t he p r ince ly s ymbo l i s s t i l l b e ing worked o ut. On c o ins o f t ype I t he b as is o f t he s ymbo l , r educed i n s ize a nd s mooth ly r ounded o ff b e low, i s d iv ided i nto t wo h a lves by a l ine wh ich , r is ing t o t he c ross ing , d iv ides a nd f orms s ymmetr ica l l oops a s i t g oes o ver i nto t he t ines, wh ich a re a lso r ounded o n t he i nter ior s ide o f t he s ymbo l , a nd t he s p ike , a l though r a ised u pon a n ew t r iangu lar p edesta l , d oes n ot e xceed t he t ines i n h e ight. A l l t he c o ins o f t ype I h ave j ust t h is d es ign o f p r ince ly s ymbo l , i ndependent ly o f t he d egree o f s k i l l o r o f i nept itude d isp layed by t he d ie e ngraver ; i n t h is f orm t he s ymbo l h as b ecome a n orm n ot o n ly f or t h is but a lso f or t he s ubsequent t ypes o f t he c o ins o f V lad im ir. The c omparat ive ly r ecent f ind ing a t Novgorod, i n a s tratum o f t he X Ith c entury , o f a b ronze p endant w ith t he s ame s ort o f s ymbo l a s o n t he s rebren ik i o f t ypes I-IV h as p roved t o b e t he d ef in it ive a rcheo log ica l c onf irmat ion o f t he f act t hat t he

9 3

c o ins w ith t he n ame V lad im ir b e long t o t he Grand P r ince V lad im ir s on o f S vyatos lav .1 7 The f ram ing o f t he c ompos it ion a lso c hanges f orm; t he b order c haracter ist ic f or t ype I i s e xchanged f or a d oub le d otted o ne. The p lacement a nd d irect ion o f r ead ing f or t he l egends o n t he c o ins o f t ype I b ecomes s tab i l ized a s c ompared w ith t ype I , where t he i nscr ipt ions were p os it ioned i n a most d isorder ly f ash ion a nd were r ead n ow f rom t he c enter o f t he c o in , n ow f rom o uts ide i nward. Th is t ime t he l egends a re r ead a lways f rom t he c enter a nd f rom l ef t t o r ight , c ommenc ing a t t he l ower e nd o f t he s taff o f t he c ross a nd f rom t he b as is o f t he p r ince ly s ymbo l. There a re a bso lute ly n o f au lt less ly e xecuted i nscr ipt ions o n V lad im ir 's c o ins o f t ype I . Even o n t he most p rofess ional ly c ut d ies t he l egends - p art icu lar ly t he f i rst h a lf - a re f u l l o f o m iss ions o f l etters, i ncorrect d e l ineat ions, r ep lacements o f l e tters by o thers, i nsert ions o f e xcess l e tters, e tc.; o n a ma jor ity o f d ies t he l egend o ffers a s ense less a ccumu lat ion o f marks wh ich i t i s d iff icu lt t o d escr ibe a s e ven l ook ing l i ke l etters. The i l leg ibi l ity o f t he i nscr ipt ions o n c o ins o f t ype I h as p erm itted s ome i nvest igators t o d oubt n ot o n ly t he r ead ing o f t he l egend i n quest ion by To lsto i ( he d ist ingu ished t he n ame V lad im ir i n i t ), 1 8 but e ven whether t he n um ismat ic t ype i n q uest ion a ctua l ly b e longs t o V lad im ir s on o f S vyatos lav .1 9 I n t he c o l lect ion o f l e tters o n t he o bverse Vo losh insk i s aw a mut i lated wr it ing o f t he n ame Yaros lav; 2 0 Oreshn ikov , a ss ign ing t he c o ins t o V lad im ir Monomakh, s aw i n t he s ec2nd h a lf o f t he o bverse l egend t he n ame o f t he c i ty o f P ereyas lav l , £1 a lthough t hat p art o f t he l egend i s e as i ly r ead a s "o n t he t hrone" w ith i n it ia l H d ropped o ut , f ina l E i n t he f orm o f a c ross, 2 2 a nd p erhaps a l i gature o f T a nd 0 i n t he f orm o f a l etter P .2 3 I n t he ir e nt irety t he myster ious i nscr ipt ions o n t he c o ins o f t ype I p rove t o b e a l together i dent ica l w ith c lear i nscr ipt ions i n o ther t ypes, a nd t he r ead ing o f t he f i rst word o f t he l egend a s " V lad im ir" i s t he s o le p oss ib le o ne. S evera l p ersons worked o n t he d ies o f t he c o ins o f t ype I . We may s peak o f d ies 5 2 t o 5 8 a s h av ing b een p repared by a s ing le e ngraver by r eason o f t he a bso lute s im i lar ity o f s pec if ic d eta i ls o f t he r epresentat ion ( see o n t he o bverse t he t reatment o f t he p r ince 's h ead , t he b road n imbus, t he number a nd p os it ion ing o f t he b eads mak ing up t he c ap; t he way t he " coat o f ma i l" i s made , t he l ef t h and w ith i t s s eparate ly p ro ject ing t humb, t he b end ing o f t he r ight h and a nd t he p os it ion ing o f t he metacarpa l a rea o n t he s taff o f t he c ross, t he c ross i t se lf ; o n t he r everse , i n t he d raw ing o f t he t r ident , t he p roport ions , t he c orre la t ion, a nd e ven t he j unct ions o f t he i nd iv idua l p arts). The s ame t h ing i s c onf irmed by t he s pe l l ing , t he s cr ipt , a nd t he p lacement o f t he i nscr ipt ions r e lat ive t o t he i mages i n t he f i e ld o f t he c o in. A l l s even d ie p a irs were e v ident ly e xecuted d ur ing t he c ourse o f a b r ief s pe l l , s ince dur ing t he ir manufacture o ne a nd t he s ame s et o f punches was u sed, s omething wh ich i s p art icu lar ly e v ident when o ne c ompares t he d e l icate , e legant b orders. Assoc iated w ith t he d ies o f t he f ew c lumsy i m itat ions ( d ies 5 9 t o 6 5).

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g roup d escr ibed t here a re a

The e leven n ext f o l low ing d ie p a irs ( 66 t o 8 4) a re v ery c lose s ty l ist ica l ly a nd i n qua l ity t o d ies 5 2 t o 5 8, but a re d ist ingu ished f rom t hem by d eta i ls o f t he d es ign a nd t he i nscr ipt ions. These d ies h ave f eatures i n c ommon b oth i n t he d es ign o f t he f igures a nd i n t he e xecut ion o f t he i nscr ipt ions. A f eature o b l igatory f or t h is g roup i s t he c haracter ist ic b end ing o f t he p r ince 's r ight a rm a nd t he s l ight i nc l inat ion o f h is h ead t oward t he r ight s hou lder ; t he s l ight ly e longated p r ince ly emb lem i s c onstructed i n t he s ame w ay; t he f ormu la a nd t he l etter-byletter make-up o f t he l egends a re t he s ame. But w ith in t he g roup o ne o bserves a c erta in g radat ion, s o t o s peak , i n wh ich t he e vo lut ion c ons ists o f a s tep-by-step s imp l if icat ion o f t he d raw ing a nd t he i nscr ipt ions. The " coat o f ma i l" a nd t he o rnamented c ross s udden ly d isappear , i nd iv idua l l etters a re f i rst g iven s imp ler o ut l ines , a nd l a ter o n t hese o ut l ines a re i n g enera l e xchanged f or o thers a s c ompared w ith d ies 5 2 t o 5 8. D ies 6 6 a nd 6 7 a re t he o nes c losest t o d ies 5 2 t o 5 8. The p r ince i s r epresented s t i l l w ear ing t he c oat o f ma i l , t he c ross i s s t i l l o f c omp l icated c onstruct ion; i n t he i nscr ipt ions, a l though t hey a lready d iffer a s t o t he l etters c ompos ing t hem , t he M o n t he o bverse a nd t he i n it ia l A o n t he r everse a re s t i l l p reserved. On d ie No .70 t he p r ince a lready l acks t he c oat o f ma i l , b ut t he o rnamentat ion o f t he c ross a nd t he M i n t he o bverse i nscr ipt ion a re s t i l l p resent. D ies 7 0 t o 7 8 a re d ist ingu ished by t he r e lat ive " th ickness" o f t he ir l ines, g iv ing t he f igures a n unexpected p last ic ity. The d eta i ls o f t he f igures b ecome more r obust ( the h ead, t he " cush ion" o f t he t hrone , t he p r ince ly b e lt). The p r ince i s n ow w ithout c oat o f ma i l , a nd t he c ross b ecomes s imp le , a l though t he o ld d eta i led d raw ing i s s omet imes s t i l l p reserved ( d ie 7 5, p erhaps 7 6 a s we l l). The l egs a re o dd - t hey a re c rooks. The l etter M i n t he o bverse i nscr ipt ion i s f i rst d rawn a s rv— i ( 71), but i s t hen c onverted i nto a f orthr ight r-1- 1 ( 74 t o 7 6), a nd t he l etter P s hows u p i n r eversed p os it ion ( 73). Corresponding ly i n t he r everse i ncr ipt ions t he p lace o f t he i n it ia l A ( to t he r ight o f t he b as is o f t he t r ident) i s t aken by 0 , a nd h ere o ne c anno t s ay whether t h is a ppears t here s ense less ly o r qu ite j ust if iab ly , a s a r esu lt o f t he a bbrev iat ion o f t he f ormu la o f t he i nscr ipt ion a nd t he s h if t ing o f t he f ina l 0 t o t he p os it ion l ef t f ree o f t he i n it ia l l etter A . I n e ither c ase t he c ontent a nd t he l etter-byletter c ompos it ion o f t he l egends t est ify t hat t he e ngraver o f t he d ies f or t h is g roup was i l l i terate a nd c op ied a mode l w ithout u nderstand ing i t s mean ing. I n d ies 7 6 t o 8 4 o ne t races a g radua l c oarsen ing o f t he e xecut ion. The f igure o f t he p r ince b ecomes h eav ier i n a l l i t s members ( head , l eft h and). The l egs b ecome s hor ter , t hen e nt ire ly d isappear; t he i nscr ipt ion i s more c are less ly c ut , a l though i t s f ormu la b ecomes e nt ire ly s tab i l ized. I t i s i mposs ib le t o d eterm ine t he number o f " hands" bus ied w ith t h is g roup o f d ies b ecause o f t he s ma l l number a nd p oor p reservat ion o f t he c o ins t hat h ave r eached u s. But t he " cr iss-cross" l i nkages b etween t hese d ies a re i nd isputab le: a s r egards d ies 7 6 t o 8 1 v ersus d ies 8 3 t o 8 4, t he d raw ing o f t he l ef t h and; a s r egards d ies 7 6 a nd 7 7, t he d raw ing o f t he t r ident , o f t he " cush ions", o f t he l egs , t he c ross, a nd a lso

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t he " handwr it ing" ( a lthough t here a re f ew l e tters); a s r egards 7 7 a nd 7 8, t he h andwr it ing o f t he l e tters a nd t he d raw ing o f a l l t he d eta i ls t hat h ave s urv ived. Thus i n t ype I , a s i n t ype I , o ne e ncounters s ide by s ide w ith d ies t hat a re mode ls o f e xecut ion a lso o nes t hat a re o f t he c oarsest workmansh ip. A t t he h eadwaters o f t he Ind n um ismat ic t ype o f t he V lad im ir s rebren ik i t here most l i ke ly s tood a s ing le m aster , t o whom a l l t he b est d ies o f t he c lass b e long d esp ite a pparent d ifference b etween t he t wo s er ies d escr ibed a bove ( 52 t o 5 8 a nd 6 6 t o 8 4) a s r egards t he l etter-byletter make-up o f t he l egend. I t i s d ie 6 7 t hat c onv inces o ne o f t he s ing le a uthorsh ip o f t he b est d ies: i t s d raw ing i s c haracter ized by f eatures b oth o f d ies 5 2 t o 5 8 ( the metacarpa l a rea o f t he l eft h and w ith d iverg ing t humb) a nd o f d ie 6 6 ( the r ightward i nc l inat ion o f t he p r ince 's h ead; t he s harp f lex ion o f t he r ight a rm w ith i t s s hort f orearm), a nd by d eta i ls o f d raw ing wh ich a re e qua l ly c haracter ist ic f or b oth s er ies: t he o vera l l p roport ions o f t he f igures , t he d raw ing o f t he c ross, o f t he c oat o f ma i l , o f t he t hrone; t he c lose ly p acked b eads o f t he b orders; t he d raw ing o f t he t r ident , a nd e ven t he d e l ineat ion o f i nd iv idua l l etters ( see t he P . t he C , t he ,a nd t he J 1 ) . The a pprox ima te ly 4 0 r ema in ing d ie p a irs ( 59 t o 6 4, 8 5 t o 9 1, 9 2 t o 9 8, 9 9 t o 1 06, a nd 1 07 t o 1 10) a re more o r l ess s uccessfu l i m itat ions o f t he work o f t he e ngraver o f d ies 5 2 t o 5 8 a nd 6 6 t o 6 7, c op ies f rom c op ies o f h is d ies, o r e lse s o c oarse i n e xecut ion t ha t t hey p roduce t he i mpress ion o f b e ing o r ig ina ls o f as ort. Among t he 8 6 s rebren ik i o f t ype I f i f ty-two h ave b een t ested. There a re o n ly t wo c o ins o f 9 60 ( 55-1, 5 8-1), o ne o f 9 00 ( 26-1), o ne o f 7 20 ( 52-1), f our o f 5 00-480 ( 55-2, 7 1-2, 7 5-1, 7 9-1), e ight o f 3 75-300 ( 63-1, 6 9-1, 6 9-2, 8 0-1, 9 7-2, 1 00-2, 1 00-3). The r ema in ing f orty a re made o f b ase meta l c onta in ing t races o f s i lver ( 28 s pec imens) o r a re n ot s i lver a t a l l ( 10 s pec imens). Thus t he s rebren ik i o f t ype I a re j ust a s l ow i n t est a s a re t hose o f t ype I . Metro log ica l i nvest igat ion o f t hem i s p oss ib le o n ly w ith t he s ame r eservat ions we n oted f or t ype I . One c an c onstruct a metro log ica l d iagram f or t he num ismat ic c lass i n quest ion o n t he b as is o f o n ly a m ere 7 2 s pec imens ( the we ights o f t en a re unknown , a nd t wo a re f ragments we igh ing a bout o ne g ram e ach). The m etro log ica l n orm f or t he g roup ( 2.4 t o 3 .2g. - F igure 2 0, d iagram 2 ) p roves t o b e s omewhat b roader t han t he n orm f or t ype I ( 2.9 t o 3 .0g). There i s n o p oss ib i l ity o f d at ing t he i ssuance o f t he s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir 's t ype I more p rec ise ly t han t o t he f i rst 1 5 y ears o f t he X Ith c entury. The e ar l ier d a te f or t he c lass i s d eterm ined i n t h is c onnect ion by t he f act o f t ype I b e ing o verstruck u pon t ype I ( 103-1) 2 4 a nd by t he i nterrupt ion i n t he m intage we h ave r emarked u pon a bove. The more r ecent d ate n atura l ly d oes n ot g o b eyond 1 015 ( the d eath o f V lad im ir). The d at ing o f h oards c onta in ing c o ins o f t ype I t o t he f i rst h a lf o f t he X Ith c entury 2 5 d oes n ot r un c ounter t o t h is, n or d oes t he M itkovka f ind , a l though i t i s r endered v a lue less t hrough t he m ing l ing t ogether o f c o ins f rom s evera l k urgans o f t he X Ith c entury ( No .18).

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The ma jor ity o f t he s rebren ik i o f t ype I o r ig inate f rom t he Nezh in h oard , i .e. t hey h ave n o t wandered f ar f rom t he p lace o f s tr ik ing. Nor h ave s evera l o ther f inds o f t hese c o ins s trayed o uts ide K ievan l ands ( F igure 2 1). Even where c o ins h ave b een g iven a s econd u se - i n j ewe lry - t hey r ema in o n t he t err itory o f t he a nc ient Russ ian s tate , wh ich i s e v ident ly t o b e e xp la ined by t he ir e xtreme ly l ow f ineness a nd t he l im ited p oss ib i l ity o f t he ir p art ic ipat ing i n f ar-rang ing c ircu la t ion. Th is m akes t he t wo c ases o f t he ir d epart ing f rom t he b ounds o f Russ ian t err itory t he more i nterest ing ( 58-1, 8 6-1) . Apparent ly t he emergence o f t hese s pec imens i nto i nternat iona l monetary c ircu la t ion h as b een b rought a bout by t he h igh f ineness o f t he ir s i lver. V lad im ir 's s rebren ik i o f t ype I I The Nezh in s rebren ik i o verstruck i nto t ype I I f rom t ype I ( 128-1 = 1 14-1; 1 29 = 1 14a-1) i ndicate t he p os it ion o f t ype I I i n t he c hrono log ica l r ange o f t he a nc ient Russ ian c o ins: t ype I I c an p rove t o b e more r ecent t han t ype I , a l though c o ins o f b o th s orts a re f requent ly e ncountered i n t he s ame f inds. The ma in c haracter ist ics o f t he c o ins a re p a instak ing r epresentat ion o f t he t hrone a s a n a rmcha ir w ith a h igh , b road b ack , t he a bsence o f t he n imbus wh ich h ad s urrounded t he p r ince 's h ead o n t ype I , a nd t he i nc l ined p os it ion o f t he c ross , wh ich i s e rect f or a l l t he o ther c lasses; a nd a lso t he c orrectness a nd c omp leteness o f t he l egend, t he s ame o ne a s i n t ype I : " V lad im ir o n t he t hrone , a nd t h is i s h is s i lver". On a ma jor ity o f s pec imens i n a g ood s tate o f p reserva t ion t he i nscr ipt ions a re e xecuted w ithout e rror , s ave f or i ns ign if icant e xcept ions, a nd a re r ead w ithout d iff icu lty. The m istakes e ncountered a re a s a r u le o f a p ure ly o rthograph ic c haracter a nd c ons ist i n m ix ing up l etters h av ing t he s ame s ound ( E i n p lace o f , Ii n p lace o f 1 , ). C ases o f l etters b e ing d ropped, o f t he ir b e ing r eversed , e tc., a re c omparat ive ly r are. The l egends a re r ead f rom t he c enter o f t he c o in, f rom l eft t o r ight. These c o ins a re l inked w ith t ype I o n ly t hrough f orma l c ommun ity o f f igure a rrangement , a nd a lso t hrough r epet it ion o f t he d oub le b order o f b eads a nd t he u pr ight o r ientat ion o f t he s ides - 1%1 . On t he o ther h and m any e lements o f t he d es ign o f t ype I I unquest ionab ly g o b ack t o t ype I . As b orrowed f rom i t w e h ave t he o vera l l o ut l ine o f t he f igure o f t he p r ince w ith c loak c lasped w ith a r ound f ibu la , a nd wear ing a n eck c ha in; t he a bsence o f a n imbus; a t hree-beaded c ross o n most o f t he d ies; t he p os it ion o f t he l egs , t he f r inge o f t he c loak; s cu lptura l r e l ief o f t he f igures i s c omb ined o n i nd iv idua l d ies w ith l inear-beaded b order. A s a n e xcept ion we e ncounter e ven a r eversed o r ientat ion o f t he s ides ( Nos . 117 t o 1 19). On c o ins o f t ype I I t he p r ince ly t hrone f or t he f i rst t ime a ssumes t he c omp lete ly d ef in ite s hape o f a s eat w ith a h igh b ack b roaden ing f or t he most p art t oward i t s t op a nd a pparent ly e ncrusted w ith g ems. To lsto i s aw i n t h is i mage a f a ir ly e xact r eproduct ion o f t he s hape o f t he t hrone o n Byzant ine c o ins o f t he f irst h a lf o f t he X th c entury. 2 6

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s rebren ik i

1

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The c ross o n t he c o ins o f t ype I I i s i nc l ined t oward t he r ight s hou lder o f t he p r ince , a nd i n c ontrad ist inct ion t o t he c ase w ith t ypes I a nd I , t he p r ince h o lds u p t he s taff n ot w ith o ne h and but w ith b oth. I n d o ing s o h e p laces h is h ands s o l ow t hat t hey c an b e made o ut o n ly o n s pec imens i n a g ood s tate o f p reservat ion ( 117, 1 29, 1 37, 1 41), a nd t he u pper p arts o f t he l egs a re b rought c lose t o t he l eft h and a nd t he f orearm. F or t h is r eason , a t f i rst g lance t he f o lds o f t he c loak w ith i t s f ibu la c lasp may s eem t o b e h ands f o lded upon t he c hest , i n wh ich e vent t he c ross wou ld s eem m ere ly t o b e l ean ing a ga inst t he p r ince 's b ody a nd t o b e s upported by h is r ight s hou lder o n a m a jor ity o f t he d ies, but by t he l ef t s hou lder o n f our ( 149 t o 1 51, 1 53). The d es ign o f t he p r ince ly s ymbo l b ecomes m ore c omp l icated o n t he c o ins o f t ype I I a s t o d eta i l , wh i le p reserv ing t he e ar l ier p lan a nd wh i le e xh ib it ing c omparat ive ly g reater a ngu lar ity. The b as is b ecomes r ounded , i s g iven a n e xtra c rossbar , a nd i s d rawn w ith a d oub le o ut l ine , a nd o n i nd iv idua l s pec imens s ty l ist ica l ly c losest t o t ype I t he s p ike o f t he t r ident a ssumes t he a ppearance o f a n a rrowhead. A lmost a l l t he c o ins o f t ype I I b ear e v ident f eatures o f a s ing le a rt ist 's h and. An e xcept ion c ons ists o f f ive o r s ix d ies by a n e ngraver whose work i s s ty l ist ica l ly c losest o f a l l t o t he c o ins o f t ype I ( 117 t o 1 22); a nd t here a re a lso t hree c o ins f rom c oarse ly i m itat ive d ies ( 153 t o 1 55). The a uthor o f t he ma jor ity o f t he d ies d raws t he p r ince 's f igure w ith n arrow s hou lders a nd s omewhat e longated. I t i s p rec ise ly i n h is d raw ing t hat t he s ides o f t he c loak f astened t ogether by means o f a f ibu la s eem o n worn c o ins t o b e h ands j o ined i n p rayer , a nd t he c ross s eems t o b e l ean ing a ga inst t he s hou lder. The d ie p a irs o f t h is master a re u n iform i n t he d es ign a nd d e l ineat ion o f t he i nscr ipt ions, b e ing d ifferent iated o ne f rom a nother o n ly by t he d imens ions o f t he f igures a nd t he p lacement o f t he l egend. R eversed l e tters wh ich a re f ound o n i nd iv idua l d ies i n t he r everse l egend ( 145, 1 46, 1 51) a nd t he m irrorimage r epresentat ion o f t he p r ince a nd p os it ion o f t he t hrone ( obverses 1 49 t o 1 51) a re a pparent ly t he r esu lt o f i nattent ion o n t he p art o f t he e ngraver ; a s a who le t hese d ies a re u nquest ionab ly r e la ted t o t he r est i n t he g raph ics o f t he ir d es ign a nd i nscr ipt ions. A f ew c o ins o f t he b as ic master h ave p ecu l iar it ies wh ich s ubstant ia l ly r ef ine a nd e n l iven o ur i deas c oncern ing t he a ctua l p ract ice o f t he a nc ient c o in p roduct ion o f Rus: t w ice w e e ncounter among t hem s pec imens w ith r everses f rom d ifferent d ies but w ith t he s ame o bverses ( 149-1, 1 50-1; 1 51-1, 1 51-2) o r w ith o bverses f rom d ifferent d ies but w ith t he s ame r everses ( 143-1, 1 44-1). S ince t he d ie c oup l ing d oes n ot a rouse s usp ic ion, t hese s pec imens t est ify t hat c hang ing o f worn-out d ies t ook p lace , i n c ase o f n eed , n ot o n ly by p a irs, but a lso by i nd iv idua l d ies s eparate ly. Another s uch e xamp le i s e ncountered l a ter o n t he Nezh in c o ins o f V lad im ir 's t ype I V. A s econd master ( 117 t o 1 22) i s i nterest ing by r eason o f a n unquest ionab le s ty l ist ic c onnect ion p rec ise ly w ith t ype I , t o wh ich many o f t he d eta i ls o f h is d es ign g o b ack. S ome o f t hese , i n t he

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o dd " cheek iness" o f t he p r ince, t he s ystem o f b eads i n t he d es ign o f t he c ap, t he d es ign o f t he c ross, a nd p art ly i n t hat o f t he t r ident a nd i n t he p os it ion ing o f t he p r ince 's l egs , e nt ire ly f o l low c erta in d ies o f t ype I , wh ich i n c omb inat ion w ith t he s im i lar ity i n t he way t he l etters a re d rawn a nd w ith t he s ameness o f o rthography p erm its o ne t o r ecogn ize h ere n ot a m ere c opy ing , but t he work o f as ing le e ngraver ( cf . 1 9, 2 0). The e xcept iona l c lar ity o f t he d es ign a nd t he l egends o f t h is m aster , i n a ssoc iat ion w ith t he mak ing o f s ome c o ins o f r ed c opper ( 117-1) i s c apab le o f s uggest ing a d oubt t hat t he c o ins a re a ctua l ly g enu ine. I n h is d es ign t he d e l icate ly d rawn h ands a nd t he l ong s leeves r ucked up i n f o lds upon t he f orearms a re p art icu lar ly s tr ik ing. But o ne c ontr ives t o d ist ingu ish t hese h ands a nd t hese s leeves o n a l l t he d ies o f t he t ype i n q uest ion , a l though t he a rms a re o rd inar i ly v is ib le o n ly f rom wr ist t o e lbow. I t i s i mportant t hat t he " doubtfu l" c o ins c ome f rom v ar ious f inds , a nd t hat t he most r ecent o f t hese f inds e ven t ook p lace i n a n i ntact c u l tura l s tratum ( 119-1), wh ich p roves i ncontestab le g enu ineness. D ie p a ir 1 23, h av ing a s i t wou ld s eem f eatures o f b o th t he masters r eferred t o , c annot b e a ss igned t o e i ther o f t hem w ith c onv ict ion by r eason o f t he a bsence o f t he a ctua l c o in , known o n ly t hrough a t rac ing. The r ema in ing t hree d ies ( 153 t o 1 55) a re i m itat ive r epet it ions o f t he work o f b oth masters, p robab ly b e long ing t o v ar ious " sub-masters", o ne o f whom ( 153) p erhaps a lso worked o n d ies o f t ype I. Thus a lmost a l l t he d ies o f c o ins o f t ype I I were made by n o more t han o ne o r t wo e ngravers, s ometh ing wh ich was c haracter ist ic a lso , a s h as b een s hown a bove , f or t ype I o f V lad im ir 's c o ins i n c ontrad ist inct ion t o t ype I , where s evera l masters o f e qua l mer it w ere a t work. The c o ins o f t ype I I a re j ust a s l ow i n f ineness a s a re t he s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir 's t ypes I a nd I . I t h as b een d eterm ined f or f orty-one s pec imens o ut o f 5 7. On ly i n t hree o f t hem d id i t p rove t o b e 9 60 ( 131-1, 1 38-1, 1 39-1), a nd i n t wo 8 75-840 ( 145-1, 1 56-1) . There a re f our s pec imens i n e ach g roup f or 5 00-480 ( 121-1, 1 37-1, 1 44-1, 1 45-2) a nd f or 3 00 ( 128-4, 1 29-1, 1 34-1, 1 53-1); t wenty-three a re r ecogn ized a s h av ing b een m ade o f m eta l w ith t races o f s i lver , a nd f ive o f m eta l l ack ing a ny a l loy o f s i lver a t a l l . I t i s i mportant t hat f our o f t he f ive h igh-f ineness s rebren ik i a re r epresented by c ut s ect ions ( we igh ing 0 .47, 0 .49, 0 .72, a nd 0 .76g.). S ince t here a re n o l ow-f ineness s rebren ik s ect ions a t a l l , o ne d educed t hat o n ly k nown h igh-f ineness s rebren ik i were c ut i nto f ract ions, o n a n e qua l f oot ing w ith f ore ign c o in o f g ood qua l i ty. D irhems f ract ioned by b reak ing a nd c utt ing w ere f am i l iar t o Russ ian monetary c ircu lat ion f rom t he V IIIth t o t he X Ith c entur ies, a nd i n h oards o f t he f i rst h a lf o f t he X Ith c entury t here a re many t imes more o f t hem t han o f who le c o ins. 2 7 Unfortunate ly t here a re a lmost n o c omparat ive d ata a bout t he c ontent o f s i lver i n d irhems 2 8 The " scor ing" o f d irhems s eem ing ly w ith t he v iew t o t he ir b e ing c ut u p i nto r egu lar p arts 2' n everthe less f inds n o c onf irmat ion i n h oards o f f ragmented, f orm less c utt ings , a nd i s t hus most l i ke ly a s ouven ir o f al ack o f c onf idence , w arranted t hrough e xper ience , i n t he m eta l o f d irhems

1 00

t aken i n, a nd o f t he ir b e ing c hecked: m ight t here n ot b e c opper b eneath a d e l icate s uperf ic ia l l ayer o f s i lver ing o r o f p la t ing? Data o n t he s i lver c ontent i n c o ins i n t he P ereyas lav l h oard ( No .7; v i l lage o f D en isy ), wh ich a bounds w ith f ragments ( 4876 f ragments t o 4 21 who le s pec imens) wou ld b e p art icu lar ly i nterest ing f or p urposes o f c ompar ison. I t i s f rom t h is h oard t hat o ur f ragments o f s rebren ik i o f t ype I I c ome ( 131, 1 38, 1 39), b ut t h is e normous h oard h as n ot b een p reserved " a nd t he H erm itage h as i n a l l o n ly e ight f ragments o f d irhems o f t he X th c entury f rom i t , t he p ur ity o f wh ich r anges f rom 6 00 t o 6 75 .3 1 I f t he p ropos it ion r egard ing t he n ecessary h igh-f ineness c haracter o f f ragments a nd c utt ings i s r e l iab le, a l l c utt ings o f t he most a nc ient Russ ian c o ins t hat may b e f ound i n t he f uture o ught t o p rove h igh i n t est. And t hen t he r ise i n q uant ity , a nd t he p reponderance o f c o in f ragments a nd c utt ings i n t he h oards o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies wou ld b e e xp la ined n ot t hrough t he u se o f t hese a s " fract iona l w e ights" i n o rder t o o vercome t he a narchy o f t he metro log ica l n orms o f d irhems o r i n o rder t o j ack u p c o ins unsu itab le t hrough t he ir w e ight d ata t o c erta in s pec if ic metro log ica l n orms f or c o ins, ` ) 2 but i nstead by a p atent m istrust o n t he p art o f t he market w ith r egard t o t he q ua l ity o f t he s i lver c o in e nter ing t he c ountry. A we ight d iagram f or s rebren ik i o f t ype I I c an b e c onstructed o n t he b as is o f f orty-two o ut o f 5 6 s pec imens ( F igure 2 0, d iagram 3 ). The we ight o f f ive c o ins i s u nknown , a nd e ight a re r epresented by f ragments we igh ing f rom 0 .47 t o 1 .6g. The we ight n orm f or t he s rebren ik s ecured t hrough t h is d iagram i s 2 .6 - 3 .2g , wh ich c orresponds t o t he n orms f or b o th t he p reced ing t ypes o f V lad im ir 's s i lver c o ins. The c o ins o f t ype I I c ome f rom t hree h oards, o ne b ür ia l , a nd a number o f t owns ites ( F igure 2 1). The g reater p art o f t he f inds o ccurred o n t he t err itory o f t he K ievan s tate i t se lf , b ut t wo f e l l b eyond i t s b orders: i n B e loruss ia a nd o n t he l ower c ourse o f t he Don ( 148-2, 1 40). Not o ne o f t hem p rov ides m ater ia l f or d at ing t ype I I o f t he s rebren ik i w ith a ccuracy e ven s o c lose a s t o t he d ecade. The most t hey d o i s f a i l t o c ontrad ict a d at ing o f t he c lass , a s o ne o f t he " Nezh in" o nes, t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he X Ith c entury. A l l t hree h oards c onta in ing s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir 's t ype I I w ere a pparent ly bur ied i n t he s econd q uar ter o f t he X Ith c entury .3 2 Two o f t hem ( Porechye , D en isy - Nos . 7 , 1 6) a re c haracter ized by a p reponderance o f Cuf ic c o ins a bove o thers, wh ich i s a f eature o f h oards o f t he f i rst h a lf o f t he X Ith c entury a s a who le ,3 4 a nd a ga in i n t wo t here a re p resent S vyatopo lk s rebren ik i (Nos . 7,1 2 - N ezh in , D en isy), i .e. c o ins o f A .D. 1 0151 017. The r andom f inds c ome f rom s ett lements o f t he X th-X Ith c entur ies ( No.3, a f ortress o n t he r iver S tugna), o f t he I XthXI th c entur ies ( Nos .2 2,2 3, S arke l a nd B e laya Vezha), o r e ven o f t he X th-XIIIth c entur ies ( No.9, t he t owns ite o f Knyazha Gora , p robab le , a nd No.1, B or ispo l), wh i le t he L ep lyavo c emetery ( No .8) i s d ated t o t he X Ith c entury.

1 01

The s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir 's t ype I V Th is c lass d raws a ttent ion p r imar i ly t hrough i t s b e ing a dvantageous ly d ist ingu ished f rom t he o thers i n t he r egu lar ity a nd c are o f i ts d es ign. On ly o ne c o in b ears t races o f r ough a nd unsk i l lfu l work ( 174). The r ema in ing 2 2 ( among t hat n umber , s pec imen 1 75 wh ich h as n ot b een t racked d own , b ecause t he d escr ipt ion o f i t c orresponds e nt ire ly t o t he o ther s pec imens o f t he c lass i n q uest ion) a re c on jo ined i n a s ing le g roup t hrough t he t ru ly master ly e xecut ion o f t he d ies. The p erfect ion o f t he d es ign a nd t he f au lt lessness o f i t s i nscr ipt ions were n oted e ven by Vo losh insk i i n h is d ay. 3 5 The d eta i l-by-deta i l s im i lar ity o f t hese c o ins t o o ne a nother i s s o g reat a nd u nquest ionab le t hat t he ir h av ing a l l b een made w ith t he d ies o f as ing le e ngraver a rouses n o d oubts. H av ing t he s ame f abr ic a nd d ie o r ientat ion a s a l l t he " Nezh in" c lasses o f V lad im ir 's s i lver , t ype I V f urther d emonstrates g reat p rogress i n t he e vo lut ion o f t he c ompos it ion. A f ter o ur e xper ience w ith t he wa ist p ortra it t o wh ich t iny l egs were a ttached , t he man n ow s eated o n t he c ush ion o f a n e leva ted t hrone i s h ere s een t o b e r epresented i n a l together r ea l ist ic f ash ion. I n c erta in d eta i ls o f t he r epresentat ion o f t he p r ince t h is master wou ld s eem t o f o l low V lad im ir 's c o ins o f t ype I . Thus o n s ome d ies h e d raws t he p r ince 's c ap a s t a l l , p utt ing i t t ogether o ut o f a number o f r ows o f b eads r est ing u pon a s tra ight h or izonta l l ine. H e a lso r epeats t he o rnamentat ion o f t he e dge o f t he p r ince 's g arment w ith a f r inge. These d eta i ls may r ef lect t he r ea l p r ince ly d ress, s ince t he e ngraver i n quest ion i s o n t he who le s o s e lfc onf ident , a nd s o f ree i n h is c ompos it ion , t hat h is d es ign may b e r egarded a s a h istor ica l s ource a s t o a nc ient Russ ian c lo th ing. The t hrone h as t he l ook o f a b road a rmcha ir o n t urned l egs a nd w ith a l ow b ack. On t he s eat t here i s a l ong c ush ion , a nd b e low t here i s a f ootstoo l. I mages o f a q u ite s im i lar f orm o f t hrone h ave n ot b een f ound o n Byzant ine c o ins, a l though t he f orm i s k nown t o Byzant ine r epresentat iona l a rt. 3 7 On t he o ther h and t he i mage o f t he c ush ion i s v ery s im i lar o n t he a ctua l s rebren ik i o f t ypes I a nd I V. Th is s im i lar ity i n t he r ender ing o f t he s ame s et o f d eta i ls o n c o ins o f d iffer ing c lasses may t est ify t o a r eproduct ion by d ie e ngravers o f a ctua l o b jects t hat w ere known t o t hem. I n d ep ict ing t he p r ince 's f ace t he a uthor o f t he d ies f o l lows a mode l c reated by t he s t i l l b etter e ngravers o f t he z latn ik i a nd t he t ype I s rebren ik i , a nd h e d raws V lad im ir mustached a nd w ith a l arge n ose , s ometh ing o ne may a pparent ly a ccept a s c onvey ing d ef in ite p or tra it f eatures o f t h is p r ince. The p r ince 's h eadgear i s r epresented i n t wo v ar iants. B es ides t he t a l l Russ ian c ap - t he s oc a l led s k ladnya - d ecorated a l l o ver w ith g ems , wh ich i s c haracter ist ic f or p art o f t he d ies o f t ype I V ( 159 t o 1 62, 1 69, 1 70, 1 75), we o bserve a nother s ort o f h eadgear - a l ow, a lmost f lat h at w ith a c ross o n t op o f i t , r epeat ing t he s temma o f t he emperors o n t he Byzant ine c o ins o f Bas i l I a nd C onstant ine ( 163 t o 1 68, 1 71, 1 72), J8 i n wh ich o ne m ay a lso d iscern a d e l iberate h int a t e qua l i ty o f t he Russ ian p r ince w ith t he Byzant ine emperor . I t i s p rec ise ly k ing ly ma jesty t ha t i s s ymbo l ized, a s To lsto i d emonstrated f o l low ing t he a cadem ic ian S tefan i ,3 9 by t he n imbus a round t he p r ince 's h ead wh ich i s l ack ing f rom t ype I I a nd

1 02

wh ich i s o n Byzant ine c o ins o ne o f t he o b l igatory s igns o f t he i mper ia l r ank o f t he p erson r epresented. V lad im ir c ou ld b e r epresented i n n o o ther way t han w ith t he r oya l r ega l ia. " Ev ident ly h e d id a ctua l ly p ossess t he t i t le o f k ing ( tsar), s ince t hat i s j ust what Y ahya o f Ant ioch a nd Abu-Shodza Rudraver , Arab a uthors o f t he X Ith c entury , c a l l h im , a s t hey d o t he Byzant ine emperors B as i l a nd Constant ine a s we l 1. 4 1 An i nd irect e v idence o f t h is t i t le 's h av ing b e longed t o V lad im ir i s h is w ife Anna 's b e ing c a l led t sar itsa i n t he P ovest ' v remennykh l et ( "The Ta le o f P ast Y ears"), 4 2 a lthough t hat f act m ight a lso i ntend t o c onvey mere ly h er b e ing r e la ted t o t he C aesars o f Byzant ium. But Yaros lav s on o f V lad im ir , t oo , i s c a l led t sar i n a g raff ito r egard ing h is d eath wh ich i s o n a wa l l o f t he S t. S of ia c athedra l a t K iev. 4 3 The r oya l d ress, a ccord ing t o t h is e ngraver , c ons ists o f a n amp le a nd l ong s h irt ( down t o t he h ee ls) - t he d a lmat ic 4 4 o rnamented w ith a p atterned s tr ip o r f r inge a t t he b ottom, a nd o f a l ong c loak, a lso o rnamented a t i t s e dges. The c loak , f astened a t t he r ight s hou lder w ith a r ound f ibu la , i s t hrown o ver t he l eft a rm. The l acon ic d raw ing o f t he p r ince 's h ands i s e xpress ive. D isproport ionate ly l arge a nd b road, w ith a l l f ingers d ist inct ly d e l ineated a nd t he t humbs b ent s harp ly b ackward, t hey a re r epresented i n a n atura l p os it ion. The p os it ion o f t he f eet p o int ing o utward , a pparent ly i n h igh-hee led f ootwear , i s a lso n atura l. The " Go lgotha" - t he s tepped b as is o f t he c ross wh ich t he p r ince h o lds i n h is r ight h and - i s, a s To lsto i o bserves , a r eproduct ion by a Russ ian e ngraver o f a d eta i l o n Byzant ine c o ins, where t he c ross o n a Go lgotha i s s tandard f rom t he e ar l iest t imes r ight d own t o Bas i l I a nd Constant ine. 4 5 The q ua l ity o f t he d es ign o f t he r everse o f t he c o in i s a lso h igh. The p r ince ly emb lem i s h andsome i n i t s p roport ions , i n t he way t he e longated b ranch ing j uncture i s l a id o ut , a nd i n t he c omparat ive ly n arrow t ines o f t he t r ident w ith t he ir s ma l l , e legant b arbs. On a l l d ies t he e mb lem i s e xecuted w ith t he s ame a rt ist ic s ense - t he " formu la" f or i t h as t aken o n a n a l together c onstant s hape , a nd i n t h is c onnect ion t he s igns o f a s ing le h and b ecome man ifest e ven i n s ma l l d eta i ls: t he n on-symmetry o f t he h a lves o f t he c rossbar ( the t urn ing-off t o t he r ight i s t he more a brupt), t he f a i lure o f t he c rossbar t o c lose f u l ly b e low o n c o ins b oth w ith t he o ne a nd w ith t he o ther f orm o f t he p r ince ly h eadgear ; t he o b l igatory a ppearance o f t wo d e l icate h or izonta l b races f rom t he b arbs t o t he o uter s ides o f t he t ines. The r esemb lance i n t he ir d eta i ls a mong a lmost a l l t he c o ins o f t ype I V i s a ccompan ied by a s ing le h andwr it ing i n t he i nscr ipt ions , a lthough t here a re a bout t en v ar iants i n t he p lacement o f t he l egend a nd a l though among t he t rad it iona l i nscr ipt ions " V lad im ir o n t he t hrone a nd t h is i s h is s i lver" ( 159 t o 1 74) t here i s p resent o ne un ique d ie w ith t he c lear l egend " V lad im ire s erebro

( ss ( 175).

The

" ( V l a d im i r s i lver o f S t. B as i l) d raw ing o f c orrespond ing l e tters i s i dent ica l o n a l l t he

c o ins o f t h is m aster ( see B , J I , A , N C , b,rE ) . The e ngraver i s p retty f ree i n h is s e lect ion o f l etter d es igns. D ifferences i n t he d es ign o f o ne a nd t he s ame l etter , o r i n t he

1 03

p os it ion ing o f t he l etter r e lat ive t o t he b ase l i ne , e ven o n a s ing le d ie. One 's

a ttent ion

a re e ncountered

i s d rawn by a g roup o f l e tters w ith e lements

,

s haped l i ke l oops ( A B1 E l ß, 1:3 9 ). A s a r u le t he e ngraver c onveys l oops a s h av ing a n a ng led c ontour o r e ven a s b e ing mere ly a t h icken ing o f t he l i ne. I n t he A h e v ar ies t he p os it ion o f t he l oop r e lat ive t o t he u pr ight o f t he l e tter ( the l i ne i s p laced a t d ifferent h e ights, a nd n ow t o t he l eft , n ow t o t he r ight o f t he u pr ight); a nd h e s omet imes s ets t he Ä " on i t s s ide". Th is p ecu l iar ity i s d oub ly i nterest ing - a s a s ign o f a n i nd iv idua l h andwr it ing , a nd - wh ich i s more i mpor tant - a s e v idence o f t he p resence o f c urs ive-hand e lements i n wha t a re v ery l i tt le s hort o f b e ing t he most a nc ient r ecords o f Russ ian wr it ing. Ev ident ly a s tr iv ing t oward t he most " econom ica l" e xecut ion p oss ib le f or a bus iness t ext a r ises i mmed iate ly a fter t he p r inc ipa l t urns o f h and i n wr it ing h ave b een a ss im i lated, a nd t he s ources o f t he e vo lved Russ ian c urs ive h and o f t he XVth c entury w i l l h ave t o b e s ought i n t he wr it ing o f X th-XIth c entury Rus. The p ers istent u se i n s uch f ash ion o f " abbrev iated" l e tter d es igns i s p oss ib le o n ly where t here i s i rreproachab le l i teracy i n t he e xecut ion o f i nscr ipt ions. Th is, by t he w ay , i s c onf irmed by t he v ery v ar iety i n t he d iv id ing o f t he l egend " V lad im ir o n t he t hrone a nd t h is i s h is s i lver" b etween t he o bverse a nd t he r everse. T en v ar iants i n t he a rrangement o f o ne a nd t he s ame l egend c om ing f rom t he h and o f a s ing le master i s s ometh ing p oss ib le o n ly where t here i s e xhaust ive u nderstand ing o n h is p ar t r egard ing t he c ontent o f t he i nscr ipt ion , a nd where t here i s f ree c ommand o f t he t ext. The s ame " unconcern" i n t he d iv is ion o f t he l egend b etween c o in s ides i s a lso o bserved i n t he c o ins w ith t he s econd v ar iant o f t he l egend ( 175). The r ead ing o f t h is l egend h ad g iven r ise t o d ispute. To lsto i , p erce iv ing i n i t

4 -8 f iA

4H P I HPEC E P6

o n t he o bverse a nd

CS B A 7 " A r0 8 AC 1 A. 4 1 k p lus s evera l u nd ist ingu ishab le l etters o n t he r everse , d id t n ot a gree w ith t he s uggest ion o f D .I. P rozorovsk i , s upported by N .P. Chernev , t hat t he t hree i nd ist ingu ishab le l etters o f t he r everse b e u nderstood a s t he e nd o f t he word " serebro", a nd t he mark " S" a s b e ing t he l e tter t urned b ackward. 4 6 But P rozorovsk i 's r ead ing a

/ 1A 4

HMH

p E c Epe

P h O *C144 T

& A c m e

1 -4 6

p roves t o b e t he s o le c orrect o ne , i f o ne c ompares what To lsto i c a l ls t he " far f rom w e l l-def ined" l etters o f t h is d isputed v ar iant o f t he l egend w ith t he way i n wh ich t he l e tters E , P , 0 and 7 , i n i t s und isputed v ar iant a re wr itten s ince , a s w e h ave i nd icated a bove , t he d ies w ith t he t wo l egends w ere c ut by a s ing le m aster. There r ema ins n oth ing myster ious i n t he d es ign o f a l l f our l e tters, s ince t he l e tter B (with t a l l l oop a nd s hort h or izonta l), t he l etter P ( w ith l oop r endered t hrough a s ing le o b l ique l i ne), a nd t he l e tter 0 ( w ith c irc le n ot f u l ly c losed a t t op), a nd rZ ( w ith l oop n ot f u l ly c losed) a re t o b e made o ut q u ite p la in ly o n t he c o ins f rom d ie 1 75 a nd h ave i n a l l c ases t he ir a na log ies : c f . r espect ive ly f or " B" Nos.161, 1 66 t o 1 68; f or " 0" N os.161, 1 66, 1 69; f or " P" a lmost a l l

1 04

t he d ies; 1 71.

f or

" S"

( in t he f orm " Z",

i t i s t rue)

Nos . 162 , 1 67,

1 68,

The i nscr ipt ion " V lad im ir s i lver , o f S t. Bas i l" 4 7 ( the word " V lad im ir" b e ing a n a d ject ive - Tr .) i s a na logous i n c ontent t o t he

r 6 :w

l egend o f t he c o ins o f Y aros lav s on o f V lad im ir ( " G P.( -1 0 Yaros lav le s rebro"). Th is u n ique d ie u nder t ype I V r a ises f i rst o f a l l t he q uest ion o f t he t ime a t wh ich Y aros lav le s rebro a ppeared a t Novgorod. I f t h is i s a " vassa l" m intage t hat a rose u nder t he i nf luence o f t he a ppearance o f c o ins a t K iev , i t i ntroduces f or t he f irst t ime t he n ame o f t he p r ince 's p atron s a int a nd t he K ievan t ype I V o f V lad im ir f o l lows i n i t s t racks. But p erhaps t h is i s t he c o inage o f t he v assa l s on i n r evo lt a ga inst h is f ather. I n t hat c ase t he n ew t ype o f K ievan l egend c onst itutes a n e cho f rom a Novgorod " innovat ion" a ddressed t o ar e l ig ious o pponent. The c orrectness o f a ss ign ing t o t ype I V t he l ast p os it ion i n o rder i s c onf irmed by t he e x istence o f t he s rebren ik o f S vya topo lk ( 177), t he d ies f or wh ich were u nquest ionab ly c ut b y t he master o f V lad im ir 's t ype I V c o ins. 4 8 M ix ing o f t ype-compos it ions a nd o f l egends i s p oss ib le o n ly a t t he j unct ion-po int o f c o in c lasses. I t i s n ot p oss ib le t o d ate t ype I V more p rec ise ly t han by m eans o f i t s r e lat ionsh ip t o t h is s rebren ik o f S vyatopo lk. The c oncentrat ion o f t he ma jor ity o f t hem i n t he Nezh in h oard ( s ixteen o ut o f 2 3 k nown s pec imens), t he t ype I V s rebren ik f rom t he P ereyas lav l h oard ( 166), a nd b oth t he t wo r andom f inds ( 170, 1 71) - t hese d o n o more t han f a l l s hort o f c ontrad ict ing a n a ss ignment o f t he c lass t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he X Ith c entury , i .e. a g enera l d at ing a long w ith t ypes I a nd I I o f V lad im ir 's s i lver. The s i lver f ineness h as b een d eterm ined f or s eventeen o f t he 2 5 V lad im ir s rebren ik i o f t ype I V ( Tab le 4 ). On ly o ne c o in i s s truck i n s i lver o f 9 60 t housandths ( 166). Three c o ins h ave 7 008 00 ( 161-1, 1 67-2, 1 75-1), o ne h as 6 00 ( 175-2), a nd o ne 4 80 ( 172). The r ema in ing t en s pec imens p roved t o b e made o f m eta l c onta in ing t races o f s i lver. Thus t he c o ins o f t h is c lass a re i n t he ir m ass n ot s i lver , a s i s t he c ase w ith t he ma jor ity o f V lad im ir 's s i lver c o ins o f t he o ther t ypes. I f t h is d ifference i n s i lver c ontent wh ich s o i mpresses i t se lf upon o ne i s d isregarded, a w e ight d iagram m ay t hen b e c onstructed o n t he b as is o f t wenty-two o ut o f 2 4 c o ins ( the w e ights o f e xamp les 1 73 a nd 1 76 wh ich h ave n ot b een t racked d own a re u nknown). A ccord ing t o t hat d iagram t he we ight n orm f or t he s rebren ik i o f t ype I V f a l ls w ith in l im its o f 2 .4 - 3 .4g, i .e. i t p roves t o b e p ract ica l ly t he s ame a s t he n orm f or t he o ther t ypes t hat a re n ot o f s i lver ( F igure 2 0, d iagram 4 ). The w e ight u n ity among t he V lad im ir s rebren ik i o f t ypes I-IV may b e o f f urther i nterest f rom t he a ng le t hat g iven t he v ery b r ief o vera l l p oss ib le p er iod o f t he ir b e ing s truck o ver t he c ourse o f t he t en t o f i f teen o pen ing y ears o f t he X Ith c entury , t he ir un iform l i fet ime makes i t p oss ib le t o b r ing a bout a m ax imum d raw ing-together o f t hese t hree c lasses i n p o int o f d ate. S renren ik i o f t ypes I-IV u sua l ly a ccompany e ach o ther i n h oards

1 05

o r c ome f rom f inds o f i dent ica l d ate ( F igure 2 1), wh ich may p o int e ven t oward a p ract ica l ly s ynchronous i ssue o f a l l t hree c o in c lasses; a nd t he o verstr ik ing o f a s rebren ik o f t ype I i nto a c o in o f t ype I I, s eem ing ly c ontrad ictory t o t h is ( 128-1), may h ave t aken p lace e ven w ith s ynchronous s tr ik ing o f t hese t wo c lasses. Overstr ik ings i nto t ype I V r ema in u nknown. The c o ins o f V lad im ir 's t ypes I-IV w ith t he l egend " V lad im ir o n t he t hrone , a nd t h is i s h is s i lver", s truck s ynchronous ly a nd o n t he b as is o f a s ing le r epresentat iona l s cheme , may h ave r un ( so t o s peak) i n t hree f lows f rom t hree masters , d emonstrat ing a s or t o f c ompet it ion among t hree K iev c raf t s hops mak ing u se o f d ieh o lder t ongs - a nd r e ject ing t he t hes is a s t o t he a ctua l e x istence a t K iev o f a s ing le " m int" s ince, a s d ie a na lys is o f t he c o ins h as s hown , t here was o ne " ma in" e ngraver w ith a n umber o f s ubord inate masters work ing o n t he d ies o f e ach c lass o f V lad im ir 's s rebren ik i. E ach f oreman-master n atura l ly d isp layed h is o wn i nd iv idua l i ty e ven wh i le k eep ing f a ith , i n t he d ies h e made , w i th t he o vera l l a ss igned l ayout o f c o in t ypes a nd l egend. The d ifferences i n t he i nterpretat ion o f o ne a nd t he s ame r epresentat iona l c ompos it ion by v ar ious a uthors , a nd i n t he d egree o f s k i l l a nd o f l i teracy o f t hese men, a re s o s ubstant ia l t hat t he t rad it iona l a cceptance , by t hose who h ave s tud ied t hese t hree g roups, o f what i s e ssent ia l ly a s ing le c o in i ssue a s c onst itut ing t hree i ndependent c lasses i s q u ite • understandab le. A d educt ion a r ises t o t he e ffect t hat t he m int ing o f t he s rebren ik i was a s a who le o f a s porad ic c haracter a nd was b rought o n , e ach t ime , by c oncrete n eeds. The l i terary s ources a re s i lent a s t o t he c ommencement o f i ndependent Russ ian c o inage , a nd i t i s n ot p oss ib le t o d ate t he i ssues o f V lad im ir 's c o ins t o a ny s pec if ic y ears w ith c omp lete a ssurance. The s o le " h int" a t t he p oss ib i l ity o f a Russ ian c o inage a t t he t ime t hat c oncerns u s i s c onta ined i n t he P ovest v remennykh l et : a f ter h is b ecom ing p r ince i n 1 015 S vyatopo lk t he Damned d istr ibutes t o t he p eop le o f K iev n

oBem R opsk ia,

Äpyrb im R H M

4 p aszas i MHOZ I DCTBO n

4 9

( To s ome h e g ave f ur c oats , a nd t o o thers kuny , a nd m any t hereof). When v iewed s ide by s ide w ith t he c hron ic le 's s tory o f t he t ransferr ing o f t he r e l ics o f Bor is a nd G leb a h undred y ears t hereaf ter - i n 1 115, when V lad im ir Monomakh o rdered t ha t " srebren ik i b e c ast t o t he p eop le who were i ns istent ly p ress ing f orward", 5 0 t he g iv ing o ut o f " property" by S vyatopo lk h as t he l ook o f a c ustom t rad it iona l a t s tate s o lemn it ies , f or wh ich s pec ia l c o in s tr ik ings may e ven h ave b een c arr ied o ut. The s tr ik ing o f V lad im ir 's c o ins i n v ar ious t ypes m ay a lso h ave b een u ndertaken i n c onnect ion w ith i mportant e vents o f s ome s ort. I t i s t he c hrono log ica l g ap b etween t ype I a nd t ypes I-IV i n V lad im ir 's s rebren ik i , a nd t he f actua l e x istence o f t wo t ypo log ica l g roups i n a l l , t hat l ead o ne t o t h is p ropos it ion. The f i rst i ssue o f V lad im ir 's c o ins ( the z latn ik i a nd t he s rebren ik i o f t ype I ) c an b e a ssoc iated w ith t he a cceptance o f Chr ist ian ity b y Rus a nd w ith t he marr iage o f V lad im ir i n 9 89 t o t he s ister o f t he Byzant ine e mperors Bas i l I a nd C onstant ine V III. 5 1

1 06

The s econd i ssue ( types I-IV a fter To lsto i) was p roduced, i n t he l i ght o f a l l t he d ata , a f ter a p a lpab le i nterrupt ion, i n t he l ast y ears o f V ladim ir 's r e ign. Th is i s i ndicated by t he c loseness r each ing a s f ar a s a s ing le a uthorsh ip - o f t he d ies o f V lad im ir 's t ype I V a nd o f S vyatopo lk , a nd t he d at ing o f t he h oards c onta in ing c o ins o f t ypes I-IV a s n ot o lder t han t he s econd quarter o f t he X Ith c entury. 5 2 The s o lemn it ies o n t he o ccas ion o f V lad im ir 's marr iage , a f ter t he d eath o f t he t sar itsa Anna ( 1101), 5 3 t o t he d aughter o f Count Kuno , a g randdaughter o f t he G erman Emperor O tto t he G reat i n t he ma terna l l i ne ,5 4 may h ave s erved a s t he i nducement f or t h is c o inage. Most r ecent s tudents c ons ider t he a im o f t h is marr iage t o h ave b een V lad im ir 's p urpose t o b r ing a bout a r approchement w ith t he Emperor H e inr ich I ( 1002-1024) i n o rder t o o ffer u n ited r es istance t o t he e xpans ion ism o f t he P o l ish k ing B o les law t he B rave , d irected b oth a ga inst G ermany a nd a ga inst Rus. 5 5 C o ins w ith t he Name o f S vyatopo lk The r epresentat iona l l ayout a nd t he l egend V lad im ir 's t ype I V c losest o f a l l , d iffer ing o f c ourse o f t he p r ince i n t he i nscr ipt ion a nd a s t o t he p r ince ly emb lem ( a t wo-pronged f ork i n p lace t r ident), a nd a lso a s t o t he p resence o f a s pec ia l sma l l c ross a bove t he p r ince ly s ymbo l.

f ormu la f o l low a s t o t he n ame d es ign o f t he o f V lad im ir 's l i tt le b adge, a

D esp ite a n umber o f m istakes i n t he d raw ing o f t he l e tters , t he n ame o f S vyatopo lk i n t he l egend h ad b een r ead w ithout d iff icu lty by a lmost a l l i nvest igators. 3 6 To lsto i r ecogn ized i n t hese s rebren ik i c o ins o f S vyatopo lk t he D amned ( 1015-1016, a nd s eparate ly 1 018 A .D.). A s ide f rom t he r eading o f t he n ame a nd t he unquest ionab le s ty l ist ic c ommun ity w ith t he s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir , To lsto i 's b as is was t he p resence a mong t he S vyatopo lk c o ins o f t wo s pec imens l inked i n most c oncrete f ash ion w ith t he c o ins o f V lad im ir. 5 7 The d ies o f o ne o f t hese a re c ut by t he m aster who made t he d ies f or V lad im ir 's t ype I V ( 177); o n t he o ther t he t r ident o f V lad im ir h as b een p laced " out o f h ab it" i nstead o f t he t wo-pronged emb lem o f S vyatopo lk ( 203). Oreshn ikov , who h ad a ss igned t he c o ins w ith t he n ame o f V lad im ir t o V lad im ir Monomakh , s on o f V sevo lov ( 1078-1125), made u se o f To lsto i 's d educt ions t o d emonstrate t hat t he c o ins w ith t he n ame o f S vyatopo lk b e longed t o S vyatopo lk s on o f I zyas lav ( 10931 112) a s p redecessor t o V lad im ir Monomakh o n t he K ievan t hrone. 5 8 But t he d ifference i n p r inc ip le b etween t he p r ince ly s ymbo l o n t he c o ins w ith t he n ame o f S vyatopo lk a nd t he s ymbo l o n t he c o ins o f V lad im ir p roves t hat To lsto i was r ight. The c o ins o f S vyatopo lk-M ichae l , s on o f I zyas lav , wou ld h ave a s ymbo l d er ivat ive f rom t he t r ident. The s ymbo ls o f t he s ons a nd g randsons o f V lad im ir a re o f j ust t hat s ort; 5 9 t he t r ident o ught a lso t o l i e a t t he b as is o f t he s ymbo l , a s y et u nknown t o u s, o f S vyatopo lk-M ichae l i n h is c apac ity a s a d irect d escendant o f V lad im ir. But t he s ymbo l o n t he c o ins w ith t he n ame o f S vyatopo lk h as a t wo-pronged f ork w ith a c ross. A ccord ing ly t h is i s t he s ymbo l n ot o f S vyatopo lk-M ichae l , b ut o f S vyatopo lk t he Damned ( F igure 2 2).

1 07

S vyatos lav + 9 72

1 Yaropo lk + 9 80

V lad im ir +1 015

O leg +9 77

1 S vyatopo lk + 1 019

Yaros lav +1 054

M st is lav + 1039

I zyas lav +1 001

I zyas lav + 1 078

( F igure 2 2. Genea log ica l d iagram o f t he p r ince ly emb lems ( Xth-XIth c entur ies).)

1 08

most

a nc ient

Russ ian

A t f i rst g lance s uch a n emb lem i s i n a way unexpected e ven f or t h is l atter man, i nasmuch a s t he P ovest v remennykh l et c a l ls Svyatopo lk a s on o f V lad im ir. " But " com ing o f t wo f athers - o f Yaropo lk a nd o f V ladim ir" ,6 1 Svyatopo lk was i n r ea l ity mere ly a n ephew o f V ladim ir s on o f Svyatos lay. And f or a s on o f Yaropo lk s on o f S vyatos lav, t he emb lem o f Svyatopo lk t he Damned i n j ust t h is d oub le-pronged f orm i s a l together n atura l a nd e xp l icab le a s a n e vo lut ion o f a n emb lem o f Yaros lav wh ich i s u nknown t o u s, but wh ich e qua l ly w ith t he t r ident o f V ladim ir w i l l h ave g one b ack t o t he t wo-pronged emb lem o f t he ir f ather Svyatos lav s on o f I gor , known t o u s f rom t he s ea l o f t h is l ast p r ince 6 2 a nd f rom a d ep ict ion o n a b one p lanchet wh ich was f ound dur ing t he e xcavat ions a t B e laya Vezha 6 3 As t he o lder s on o f S vyatos lav , Yaropo lk w i l l a pparent ly h ave l a id c la im t o a p r ince ly emblem c losest t o t he d oub le-pronged o ne o f h is f ather. The p resence o n t he c o ins o f Svyatopo lk t he Damned o f a p r ince ly emb lem d iffer ing i n p r inc ip le f rom t he emb lems o f V ladim ir s on o f Svyatos lav a nd t he p r inces o f t he V lad im ir l i ne may b e r egarded a s e v idence t hat Svyatopo lk p ersona l ly c onsidered h imse lf t o b e o f a Yaropo lk l ine. I n t hat e vent , i t i s p rec ise ly t hrough t h is d e l iberate s ett ing h imse lf up a s o f a Yaropo lk l ine a nd t h is putt ing f orward h is p retens ions t o p ower , i n o ppos it ion t o t he r ights o f t he d escendants o f V ladim ir , t hat o ne i s e v ident ly t o e xp la in a l l t hose matters i n t he d eeds o f Svyatopo lk f or wh ich h e i s i n f act c a l led t he Damned i n t he c hron ic le :6 4 h is p art ic ipation t ogether w ith h is w ife ( a d aughter o f t he P o l ish k ing Bo les law t he Brave) a nd h er c onfessor i n t he p lot a ga inst V ladim ir ( around 1 012); t he s e izure o f t he K ievan t hrone a nd t he s lay ing o f t hree f irst c ous ins a fter t he d eath o f V ladim ir ;6 6 t he l ong a nd b lo9 pdy war o f Svyatopo lk a ga inst t he f ourth o f t he b rothers, Yaros lay. ° 7 The mean ing o f t he l i tt le s ymbo l i n t he f orm o f a c ross w ith c irc lets a t t he e nds o f t he a rms o n t he r everses o f S vyatopo lk 's c o ins r ema ins u nknown. The p atent l ack o f c onnect ion b etween t h is sma l l s ymbo l a nd t he b as ic emb lem , a nd t he p resence , o n t he c o ins o f t he t wo n ext f o l lowing c lasses, o f s pec ia l s ma l l s ymbo ls o f t he ir own a long t he s ame l ines a l low o ne t o t h ink t hat t hese l i tt le " supp lementary" s igns a re n ot p art o f t he p r ince ly emb lem wh ich i n t h is i nstance puts o n r ecord t he c o inage 's p erta in ing t o a s pec if ic p r ince, but t hat t hey h ave i nstead s ome i ndependent s ign if icance. The d at ing o f t he M itkovka kurgans, f rom wh ich s ome o f t he Svyatopo lk s rebren ik i c ome ( 181, 1 93, 1 99, 2 01-6), t o a t ime n ot l ater t han t he f i rst h a lf o f t he X Ith c entury c onf irms t he t hes is t hat t he s o le p r ince i n whose n ame t he c o in t ype i n q uest ion c an h ave b een s truck was S vyatopo lk s on o f Yaropo lk. The e x istence o f t wo c o ins o f S vyatopo lk o verstruck o n s rebren ik i o f V ladim ir 's t ype I ( 184-1, 1 94-2) d oes n ot r un c ounter t o t his s e lect ion. The g reatest s im i lar ity o f t he c o ins o f S vyatopo lk i s w ith V ladim ir 's s rebren ik i o f t ype I V, p art icu lar ly w ith r espect t o t he i mage o f t he p r ince. On t he c o ins o f Svyatopo lk t he o vera l l o ut l ine o f t he f igure o f t he p r ince a nd t he d eta i ls o f h is d ress, t he c haracter ist ic r ounding o f t he f o lds o f t he c loth ing, t he c lar ity o f d rawing o f b oth h ands, t he s hape o f t he t hrone , t he d es ign o f

1 09

b oth c rosses , a nd t he c haracter o f t he b orders , a re a l l r epeated; i n s ome i nstances t he s ame f ootstoo l i s e ven v is ib le. 6 9 To lsto i a lso n oted t hat f or a l l t he r e la t ive c oarseness o f t he work a s a who le , t he c o ins o f t he t ype i n q uest ion e xh ib ited a g reat u n iform ity a s t o t he l egend. I n t he i nscr ipt ions o n b oth s ides n ot a s ing le l e tter i s om itted; t he a rrangement o f t he s ame l e tters r e la t ive t o t he f igure i s t he s ame ; s ome o f t he c ur ious d e l ineat ions a nd a bbrev iat ions I =Ä

1

= T

I =K , C T=C 1 34T

a re r epeated c ons istent ly o n a l l t he c o ins. 7° But o n t he who le t he c o in t ype i s n ot a t a l l s o u n iform a s i t h ad s eemed t o To lsto i , who was a cqua inted w ith o n ly 2 8 c o ins. On t he b as is o f mater ia l c ons ist ing o f s ome f i f ty s pec imens known a t p resent , t h irty d ies f or s rebren ik i o f S vyatopo lk h ave b een b rought t o l i ght. A s ide f rom t he o ne t he a uthor o f wh ich i s t he master o f t he V lad im ir s rebren ik i o f t ype I V, t here h as b een d iscovered a mong t hem t he work o f t wo f ur ther e ngravers w ith s ty les wh ich a l though n ot o dd a re s t i l l v ery much t he ir o wn. The S vyatopo lk d ie wh ich i s t he work o f t he V lad im ir m aster ! 177) i s d ist ingu ished f rom t he r est t hrough a s tr ik ing r epet it ion o f t he manner o f e xecut ion k nown f rom t he s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir 's t ype I V. Not o n ly a re t he s izes, t he g enera l p roport ions, a nd i nd iv idua l d eta i ls o f t he f igures r epeated, b ut s o a re a lso t he a rrangement o f t he l egend , t he way o f d raw ing i nd iv idua l l e tters, a nd t he s pe l l ing ( compare No.163 t o 1 69). The h and wh ich i s t hat o f t he V lad im ir m aster s hows u p h ere e ven i n d eta i ls wh ich, s tr ict ly s peak ing , a re d ifferent f rom t he f igures o n V lad im ir 's c o ins a s a c onsequence o f t he ir b e long ing t o a d ifferent p r ince : i n t he r epresentat ion o f t he s ymbo l t he a symmetry o f t he o ffsets o f t he c rossbar a nd i t s o vera l l " r ibbony" o ut l ine h ave b een p reserved, a nd i n t he a ctua l n ame o f S vyatopo lk , t r icks o f d raw ing t hat a re c haracter ist ic o f t he l egend w ith t he n ame o f V lad im ir. Thus d ie 1 74 s o l id ly b inds t ogether t ype I V o f V lad im ir 's s rebren ik i a nd Svyatopo lk 's t ype , s ometh ing wh ich a l lows o ne t o s uppose t hat d ies 1 63 t o 1 69 o f V lad im ir 's t ype I V a re t he most r ecent a mong t he ir c lass. E ighteen d ies o f S vyatopo lk ( 179 t o 1 95) were made by a s econd master. I n h is e xecut ion t he f igures b ecome p ercept ib ly h eav ier a nd c oarser. The h ead a nd h ands o f t he p r ince a re e n larged f rom d ie t o d ie , i n wh ich c onnect ion t he c h in ( or a b eard a ppear ing f or t he f i rst t ime?) b ecomes b roader , wh i le t he t humbs o f b oth h ands t ake o n a v ery e xpress ive a l though e xaggerated f lex ion. The d raw ing o f t he l e tters b ecomes r ounder. The l e tter P o n s ome d ies i s w r itten b ackward ( 194, 1 95). The n ame o f t he meta l i s w r itten o ut w ith a l l t he v owe ls , i n c ontrast t o t he f i rst e ngraver 's w ork. The t h ird e ngraver ( 197 t o 2 02) i m ita tes t he s econd, b l ind ly r epeats a l l h is t r icks o f e xecut ion i n t he l egend, b ut i n c ompar ison w ith t he work o f t he s econd man t he l i nes o f t he t h ird a re h e lp less ly f eeb le b o th i n t he f igures a nd i n t he i nscr ipt ions. The p r ince 's f ace i s much d rawn o ut , t he a ng l ing o f t he t humbs becomes l imp, t he f o lds o f t he c lo th ing t ake o n a l ook o f

1 11 1

o rnamentat ion , t he d e l ineat ion o f t he l e tters a nd t he l egend t urns o ut a lmost m ean ing less.

l oses

i n

s harpness,

Another f ive d ies p rove e i ther p la in ly i m itat ive o f d ies o f t he f irst master ( 178, 1 96) o r s imp ly o dd g rotesques ( 203 t o 2 05). O f t hese , d ie No .203 i s i nterest ing , a s h as a lready b een r emarked , t hrough a n e rror i n t he r epresentat ion o f t he p r ince ly emb lem , wh ich , t ogether w ith No .177, t i es t he c o ins o f S vyatopo lk t o t he s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir 's t ype I V. Thus t hree e ngravers a t v ar ious l eve ls o f s k i l l a nd l i teracy worked o n t he p reparat ion o f d ies f or t he c o ins o f S vyatopo lk , but a lso a pparent ly a f ew j un ior m embers o r a pprent ices who m anaged t o b ecome t he a uthors o f f ive d ies i ncompetent i n t he ir e xecut ion. The c o inc idence o f t he n umber o f ma in e ngravers f or t he d ies o f S vyatopo lk w ith t he n umber o f t he e ngravers who worked o n t he d ies o f V lad im ir 's " Nezh in" t ypes ( I I-IV) r enders t empt ing a t hes is r egard ing m anufacture o f t he Svyatopo lk d ies by t he t hree V lad im ir masters. The s urm ise s et f orth a bove t o t he e ffect t hat t he e ngravers o f t he d ies o f V lad im ir 's t ype I-IV s rebren ik i may h ave worked a lmost s imu ltaneous ly wou ld s eem t o a dm it o f t h is p ropos it ion , but t here a re n o s er ious d ata t o s upport i t . Two c ases o f t he ir h av ing r eversed a " rounded" P ( as o n 1 94 a nd 1 95 f or S vyatopo lk), wh ich a re e ncoutered a lso o n s rebren ik i o f t ype I f or V lad im ir ( 98, 1 03), a re t oo l i tt le t o p erm it o ne 's mak ing s uch a n a ssert ion. The meta l c ontent h as b een d eterm ined f or o n ly t h irty-f ive o f t he 5 1 c o ins o f S vyatopo lk. A t ota l o f f our s pec imens o f r ea l ly s i lver c o ins were f ound among t he c o ins t ested: 8 60-800 ( 183-1), 7 20 ( 194-3, 2 01-4), 7 00-600 ( 201-2). S even s pec imens h ave s i lver a t n o more t han 3 00, f ive o n ly i ns ign if icant t races o f s i lver i n t he a l loy. A f urther t h irteen s pec imens a re s truck " in meta l w ith wh it ish s pots", a nd f ina l ly s ix s pec imens a re s imp ly " of b ase meta l". Thus t he ma jor ity o f S vyatopo lk 's c o ins a re n ot s i lver a ny more t han a re t he ma jor ity o f t he s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir. The we ight n orm f or t he s rebren ik i o f S vyatopo lk , d er ived f rom f orty-e ight o f t he 5 1 known c o ins ( F igure 2 0, d iagram 5 ), h overs b etween 2 .4 - 3 .0g, i .e. p ract ica l ly e qua l t o t he n orm f or t he V lad im ir s rebren ik i o f t ypes I-IV. The metro log ica l c loseness o f t he c lass o f c o ins u nder e xam inat ion t o t he s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir i s a nother a rgument i n f avor o f t h is c o inage 's h av ing p erta ined s pec if ica l ly t o S vyatopo lk t he Damned. Co ins w ith t he n ame

F IETPOC

A s pec ia l t ype o f s rebren ik i a d jo in ing t he S vyatopo lk c o inage i s made u p o f at ota l o f f our e xcept iona l ly r are c o ins w ith a l egend t he r ead ing f or wh ich i s d isputed. They a re s truck f rom f our d ifferent d ies wh ich, h owever , were a l l p repared by a s ing le e ngraver. One i s c onv inced o f t h is b y t he d eta i led r esemb lance i n d es ign , by t he o r ig ina l way o f p lac ing b oth l egends, a nd by t he s ing le s cr ipt i n t he l egends w ith t he d raw ing o f t he s ame l etter c o inc id ing. The c loseness o f a l l f our d ies makes i t p erm iss ib le t o a ttempt a r ead ing a nd r econstruct ion o f t he l egend o n t he b as is o f a l l f our c o ins a t t he s ame t ime ( see t ab le 1 ). By r eason o f t he

11

z og -i

1 1 07 -1 2' , . , . -

E t .9

C

z o 9 -1 t 7

P (

1 1

i r , &

E U

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0 C

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0

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0

r e o ( r i

( 72 G

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3 (

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Tab le

1 12

1 .

more o r l ess p ronounced ly d efect ive n ature o f t he c o ins s uch a c omparat ive r ead ing o ffers u s t he s o le p oss ib i l ity o f u nderstand ing t he ir l egend. The i nscr ipt ions a re a rranged v ert ica l ly a t t he s ides o f t he f igures, but t hey a re r ead f rom l ef t t o r ight o n a rcs o f a c irc le , i .e. t he l eft- a nd t he r ight-hand p arts o f t he l egends o n b oth s ides o f ac o in a re p ut i n p lace u ps ide-down t o e ach o ther. The i nscr ipt ions o n s pec imen 2 06 a re t he b est a nd most c omp lete ly p reserved. Over t he h a lf-century wh ich e lapsed a f ter To lsto i h ad d iscovered t he c o in among t he 4 3 Nezh in s rebren ik i o f Yuzefov ich , t h is was t he f i rst a nd o n ly r epresentat ive o f t he num isma t ic t ype i n quest ion. But t he o ther t hree , a l though i n a worse s tate o f p reservat ion , h ave f ortunate ly p reserved l e tters t hat d id n ot s tr ike u p f u l ly o n t he f i rst s pec imen o r h ave b een worn away f rom i t , a nd t hey a lso r ef ine s ome o f i t s d isputed d e l ineat ions. I t i s u pon o ne 's u nderstand ing o f t hese d e l ineat ions, t aken i n c omb inat ion w ith o ne o r a no ther i nterpretat ion o f t he f igure o n t he o bverse , t hat d eterm inat ion o f t he a ctua l o r ig in o f t he t ype a t i ssue d epends. S t.

To lsto i , G eorge ,

who s aw i n t he h uman f igure r epresented o n t he c o in a nd i n t he l egend c orrespond ing ly t he n ame o f t h is

s a int i n a mut i la ted s pe l l ing r E rio c o r r Ep rio c a scr ibed t he c o in t o Yaros lav s on o f V lad im ir. 7 1 A l l s ubsequent a uthors who h ave a ddressed t hemse lves t o t h is c o in h ave s hared t he o p in ion o f To lsto i 's f i rst o pponent N .P. Chernev a s t o t he p resence o n t hese c o ins o f a r epresentat ion o f t he a post le P eter a nd o f h is n ame i n t he c orrect G reek f orm

HETPOC

7 2

L et u s c heck b oth r ead ings o n t he b as is o f a l l f our s pec imens known a t p resent. On t he o bverse t he d e l ineat ion o f t he f irst l etter i n t he r ight-hand i nscr ipt ion i s d isputed. To lsto i s aw i n i t a l etter r r eversed, d raw ing a ttent ion t o t he d ifference i n t he h e ights o f t he v ert ica ls o f t he l e tter a nd t he p resence o f a s er if b e low p rec ise ly t he l onger v ert ica l. 7 3 Chernev u nderstood t h is d e l ineat ion a s b e ing a n a l together p la in l e tter H ,7 4 wh ich i s wha t i t o bv ious ly i s . A ctua l ly t he d ifference i n t he h e ights o f t he t wo v ert ica ls i s s o t r if l ing t hat i f o ne o f t hem w ere n ot t o h ave a s er if t hey wou ld b e a pprehended v isua l ly a s b e ing o f t he s ame s ize. Th is i s e v ident o n a l l s pec imens, p art icu lar ly o n No.209, but a lso i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he r everse i nscr ipt ion o n Nos.207 a nd 2 08. No.206 h as a c orrect ly o r iented d e l ineat ion o f t he l e tter r o n t he r everse o f t he c o in. I t d iffers c ons iderab ly f rom t he H t hrough t he g reater r earward e xtens ion o f t he h or izonta l t op-bar a nd ( wh ich i s t he ma in t h ing) t hrough t he l ef tward o b l iqu ity o f t he t ip o f t he s hort v ert ica l , wh ich i s s tra ight i n t he H , a s i s a lso t he c ase w ith t he v ert ica l o n t he s er if . A s im i lar H i s f ound o n Byzant ine s ea ls o f t he X th c entury , a nd t here s pec if ica l ly i n t he wr it ing o f t he n ame o f P eter ( F igure 2 3). 7 5 Another s tumb l ing-b lock i n t he s ame r ight-hand i nscr ipt ion o f t he o bverse i s t he f ourth l etter , t aken by Chernev a s b e ing a l etter P r eversed, but by To lsto i a s m ere ly t he a rm o f t he t hrone. 7 6 The most r ecent m ater ia l c onf irms Chernev 's b e ing r ight :

1 13

( F igure 2 3. Byzant ine s ea ls b ear ing i mage o f S t. P eter.)

( F igure 2 5. Byzant ine s ea l b ear ing i mage o f S t. G eorge.)

i n t he s ame n ame o n t he r everse o f No.208, where t here i s n o warrant f or t he a rm o f at hrone , t he l e tter P i s n ot o n ly r eversed but i s i n a ddit ion " set t opsy-turvy"; but t h is s ame l etter h as r ema ined un impa ired - i n l i gature w ith a p reced ing T ( o n t he r everse o f No .206, t o t he l eft o f t he f am i ly emb lem a nd a mong l etters t hat r ema ined u nc lear t o To lsto i a nd t o Chernev.

)_

I n o rder t o r ead t he n ame o f G eorge o n t he o bverse To lsto i was f orced t o t ake t he p erfect ly p la in l etter T f or a l i gature o f F a nd I . Th is s tra ined i nterpretat ion i s d oub ly unconv inc ing i n t hat i n t he l i gature j t he s econd l e tter i s a s a r u le a ff ixed n ot t o t he h or izonta l but t o t he v ert ica l o f t he f i rst l e tter ,7 7 a nd t h is d e l ineat ion o f t he T i s e ncountered o n a l l t he r ema in ing t ypes o f Russ ian c o ins o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies p rec ise ly i n t he s ense o f . Thus t he l ef t-hand p art o f t he i nscr ipt ion o f t he o bverse unquest ionab ly c onta ins t he word l y ing o uts ide t he p erpend icu lar o r ig ina l ly b een l eft o ut. The

s ame

n ame ,

wr itten

a t

IETPOC w ith a l e tter P a l ignment o w ing t o i t s h av ing f i rst

g lance

w ith

t he

l e tter

P

om itted ( " F IETO( " ), i s c onta ined a lso i n t he r ight-hand h a lf o f t he o bverse i nscr ipt ion. H ere t he l etter ( the t h ird o ne f rom t he b ottom upward , t o t he r ight o f t he f igure o f t he s a int) e v ident ly d oes i ndeed c ons ist o f a l i gature , but o f t he l etters T a nd P . I t i s j ust o n t h is a ccount t hat t he d roop ing r ight-hand u pper a rm o f t h is s ign a lmost a ttaches t o t he v ert ica l ( cf . 2 06, 2 08), s o a s t o e nc lose t he l oop o f t he P. F or t he d ie e ngraver s uch a w ay - o r a way c lose t o i t -o f wr it ing t he c omb inat ion o f t hese t wo l e tters i n j ust t h is word was n ot o n ly known a nd c ustomary ,7 8 but a pparent ly a lso d ist inct f rom t he o rd inary T , i nasmuch a s h e d id n ot a dd h is r eversed P i n a l l c ases o f h is wr it ing t he n ame o f P eter ( cf. 2 06, 2 08, 2 09). Thus t he o bverse i nscr ipt ion c ons ists o f a t w ice-repeated l i tt le c o lumn o ffer ing t he n ame P eter i n i t s Greek f orm IETPOC ,e ven t hough i n i t s r ight-hand h a lf o ne wou ld h ave e xpected s ome e p ithet o r t i t le o f t he p ersonage c a l led P etros ( for e xamp le

0 [AFIO

AHOCTOAOC

).7 9

The r everse i nscr ipt ion c ommences t o t he r ight o f t he b as is o f t he p r ince ly emb lem , r uns v ert ica l ly d ownward a long t he c irc le , a nd e nds i n a c ross a t t he o ther s ide o f t he emb lem. E ven f rom s pec imen No.206 i t c an b e r ead v ery we l l , b ut i t i s f urther s upp lemented w ith a l etter E o n s pec imen No.208, where t he n ame o f P eter i s c lear ly v is ib le w ith r eversed P a fter t he T : OFEOC HETPOC

,i .e.

S a int P eter ,

where t he f i rst h a lf

r epresents a mut i lated Russ ian wr it ing o f AFIOC ( the G reek ö c y u og ) w i th t wo e rrors ( the f i rst a nd t h ird l e tters) p oss ib ly r ef lect ing a p ecu l iar ity o f a l oca l Russ ian p ronunc iat ion o f t he word. Chernev a bsta ined f rom i nterpret ing t he i nscr ipt ion i n quest ion , c ons ider ing t hat t oo f ew l etters h ad s urv ived i n i t f or t h is p urpose. 8° To lsto i r ead i t a s o r Eoprioc+ ,t ak ing t he f i fth s ign - a c omp lete ly p la in C - f or a l e tter p a nd m ere ly g uess ing a t t he e nding.öl I n t h is way t he c ur ious l egend o f t he c o ins o f t he t ype i n q uest ion r eads a s a who le F L ETPOC IETPOC

1 15

( obverse)

o rEo c

IETPOC ( reverse),

i .e. Pe ter , Pe ter,

Sai n t Pe ter .

On a l l f our c o ins u nder e xam inat ion t he i mage o f t he s a int 's f ace i s more o r l ess d efect ive. On c o in No.209 t he l ower p art o f t he f ace h as n ot b een s truck u p o r i s worn a way , a nd To lsto i , c ons ider ing i t t o b e w ithout mustaches , f ound t ha t i t a nswers t o t he c ountenance o f S t. G eorge a ccord ing t o t he c anon o f Byzant ine e cc les iast ica l p a int ing. 8 2 But o n t he t hree r ema in ing s pec imens n o t o n ly a re mustaches q u ite v is ib le , but a lso - f or t he f i rst t ime - a s hort b eard , t oo b road t o b e t aken a s am onstrous ly h eavy c h in a s a n u psho t o f t he p oor p reservat ion o f t he f igures a s a who le. Th is r ounded b eard , a nd a lso t he b road v estment w ithout o rnaments a nd t he c ross s tand ing a s lant w ith g lobu les o n i t s b ifurcated e nds , a re i conograph ic f eatures o f p rec ise ly t he a post le P eter ,8 3 c onv inc ing f or a ma jor ity o f t he i nvest igators. 8 4 F o l low ing P etrov, Chernev a cknow ledged t he n eed f or s eek ing a p ro totype o f t he i mage u nder e xam inat ion among t he Byzant ineRuss ian c lo issone e name ls, a r esemb lance t o wh ich h e i n f act p erce ived i n t he p a leography o f c o in No.206. 8 5 S t i l l more u sefu l i n t h is i nstance i s a c ompar ison o f t he c o ins t hat c oncern u s w ith Byzant ine s ea ls t hat h ave n o t o n ly a S t. P eter a bso lute ly i dent ica l w ith o ur f igure , but a lso i nscr ipt ions e xp la in inrg h im wh ich a re c lose i n t he ir d e l ineat ions o f l e tters ( F igure 2 3). % The p r ince ly emb lem h as o n c o ins o f t he t ype u nder e xam inat ion t he f orm o f a t wo-pronged f ork w ith a c ross a t t he t ip o f t he l ef t t ine , i .e. i t i s a na log ica l t o t he emb lem o n t he c o ins w i th t he n ame S vya topo lk. S ince t he s ma l l s pec ia l s ymbo ls a bove t he p r ince ly emb lem ( the c ross f or Svya topo lk a nd t he " anchor" f or P eter) a re n ot l i nked w ith t he p r ince ly s ymbo l i t se lf , t hey a re a pparent ly n ot r e lated t o a d es ignat ion o f t he c o inage 's b e long ing t o o ne p r ince o r a nother. The u n iform ity o f t he p r ince ly e mb lem o n t he c o ins o f b o th t ypes, h owever , a l lows o ne t o f o l low Y an in i n s peak ing o f S vyatopo lk h av ing s truck s rebren ik i w ith t he n ame P eter a s h is b apt isma l n ame. 8 8 On a ccount o f t he s l ightness o f t he mater ia l , m etro log ica l s tudy o f t he " Petros" c o in t ype i s p ract ica l ly i mposs ib le. The s o le d educt ion o ne c an a rr ive a t b o i ls d own t o t he o bserva t ion t hat t o j udge f rom t he a na lys is ( Tab le 4 ) a nd t he we ight o f t he f our s pec imens a t h and, t he c lass i n q uest ion d oes n ot d iffer f rom t he o ther c lasses o f s rebren ik i. There i s a lso v ery l i tt le mater ia l f or e luc idat ing t he t ime a t wh ich t hese c o ins were s truck. The s pec imen f rom t he M itkovka kurgans ( 209), wh ich t hemse lves a re d ated t o a p er iod n ot l a ter t han t he f i rst h a lf o f t he X Ith c entury ,8 9 p o ints t h is t ype t oward t he f i rst d ecades o f t he X Ith c entury. The " pure" h oard o f Nezh in, f rom wh ich n o t o n ly s pec imen No.206 b ut a lso t wo o thers ( 207, 2 08) c ome , d oes n ot r un c ounter t o t h is d ate e ven i f o ne d oes n o t t ake i nto c ons iderat ion To lsto i 's s uggest ion t hat t he h oard was b ur ied a bout 1 017, b efore t he i nvas ion b y t he P o les. " The c ommon s ty l ist ic c haracter o f c o in No.206 3 n oted by To lsto i , w ith t he c o inages o f V lad im ir a nd S vyatopo lk 9 I c onf irms t he i mmed iate s equence o f t he " Petros" c o in c lass a fter t he c o ins o f t hose

1 16

p r inces , i .e. i t a lso i nd icates a round 1 016-1017. 9 2

a s tr ik ing

o f t he

c lass i n q uest ion

The s econd c o in c lass w ith t he emb lem o f Svyatopo lk i s al i tt le r icher t han i ts p redecessor a nd i s r epresented by a t ota l o f n ine t o t en s rebren ik i s truck f rom s ix p a irs o f d ies. To j udge b y t he d eta i led r esemb lance o f t he f igures , t he s tock o f l e tters, a nd t he s pec ia l a rrangements o f t he i nscr ipt ions o f a l l t he c o ins, t he d ies f or t hem were c ut b y a s ing le master , a s was t he c ase w ith t he d ies o f t he p reced ing g roup. The s ing le a uthorsh ip o f a l s ix d ies e nab les o ne t o a pp ly , i n t he a na lys is o f t he l egend , t he s ame c omparat ive s tudy o f a l l t he c o ins - s ometh ing wh ich p roves t o b e s imp ly i nd ispensab le a s a c onsequence o f t he l ow q ua l i ty o f t he d ie i mpress ions upon t he f lans a nd t he p oor p reservat ion o f t he ma jor ity o f t he c o ins mak ing up t h is g roup o f t en ( see Tab le 2 ). F o l low ing Vo losh insk i , To lsto i ( who h ad s ix s pec imens a t h and) s aw i n t he i nscr ipt ions o f t hese c o ins t he n ame G eorge s evera l t imes r epeated i n f roms d istorted by t he s em il iterate

r E l OP I D I Ari

e ngraver i nto

; but s ystemat ic a na lys is o f t he i nscr ipt ions p roved t o b e p remature by r eason o f t he i nsuff ic ient n umber a nd t he unsat isfactory p reservat ion o f t he c o ins o f t h is c lass. 9 3 Chernev, a cknow ledg ing t hat i t was i mposs ib le t o make a ny c lear s ense o ut o f r ead ing t he g reater p art o f t he l egend , p erce ived i n t he r ight-hand h a lf o f t he o bverse l egend t he n ame P eter i n t he f orm EETPOC

f r aTAP

a s a t rans lat ion o f t he

Greek f orm o f t h is n ame

.9 4

P etrov, a ccept ing Chernev 's r ead ing , s aw i n t he r ema inder o f t he l egend t he n ame D im itr i , wh ich i n h is o p in ion s tarts o n t he r everse t o t he r ight o f t he f am i ly emb lem a nd r uns u pward , c ont inues p erpend icu lar ly t o t he l ef t o f t he e mb lem , a nd e nds p erhaps o n t he o bverse w ith t he t wo l ast - a nd r eversed - l e tters t o t he l eft o f t he f igure o f t he p r ince. The c omp l icat ion o f t he p lacement o f t he n ame i s e xp la ined i n t h is c onnect ion by P etrov t hrough t he s uggest ion t hat t he e ngraver o f t he d ie was c opy ing i nscr ipt ions f rom s ome Byzant ine o r ig ina l , most l i ke ly f rom a n e name 1. 9 5 The o bverse l egend i s p os it ioned p erpend icu lar ly d ownward t o t he s ides o f t he f igure , a nd t he d e l ineat ions o f i t s l e tters a re c omp lete ly d ist inct i n a l l i nstances where t hese d e l ineat ions h ave s urv ived: o n t h is a ccount t here i s n o n eed t o r epeat t he d eta i led a nd c onv inc ing p a leograph ic a na lys is o f t he i nscr ipt ions t hat w as p erformed by Chernev. 9 6 The word I STAP i s d ist inct ly t o b e r ead o n a l l t he s pec imens e xcept 2 18-2, where i t i s n ot s truck u p , a nd 2 18-1, where i t i s s truck up o n ly i n p art. I t i s i ndeed e v ident ly t he n ame P eter wr itten w ith a r eversed E , a l etter P r eversed a nd u ps ide d own , a nd a t r iangu lar l e tter A b etween t he T a nd t he P, wh ich may i n t h is p os it ion d ep ict s ome l etter ( 0 o r 1) r ef lect ing a p ecu l iar ity o f t he l oca l p ronunc iat ion o f t h is n ame. I t i s a lso p oss ib le t hat t he c haracter l i ke a n A i s ad istorted wr it ing o f t he l e tter p .I f i n t h is c onnect ion t he f ina l c haracter i s

1 17

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The l eft h a lf o f t he o bverse i nscr ipt ion, f ive c haracters Nos. 2 15-1, 2 15-2)

c ons ist ing o f f our o r

I T I / IP - Nos . 212, 2 14 , 2 17-2; a nd I T I / I+ I D a re a cknow ledged more l i ke ly t o b e m ean ing less

t han t o i nvo lve a n i ncorrect ly c ut n ame I / 1 1 '31 )B ( Igor) 9 7 o r t he l ast t wo s y l lab les o f t he n ame D im itr i w ith t ranspos it ion o f l etters, 9 8 embod ies most p robab ly o f a l l a Russ ian wr it ing o f t he Greek ö c y L og w ith d istorted d e l ineat ion o f A a nd r ( in t he f orms I a nd T ) a nd w ith f ina l p ,s ign ify ing a l i gature o f t he l e tters 0 a nd C . Thus t he o bverse p art o f t he l egend may b e i dent ica l i n c ontent w ith t he l egend o f t he p reced ing t ype o f c o ins w ith t he

A n / 1 ° c

n ame " Petros", a nd i s r ead H 3TAP ,i .e. S a int P eter , s ometh ing wh ich, h owever d oes n ot c orrespond t o t he i mage b e ing e xp la ined o n t hese c o ins : by n o m eans t hat o f a s a int , b ut t hat o f ap r ince. Upon a g lance a t t he r everse t here a r ises f i rst o f a l l a quest ion a s t o t he d irect ion i n wh ich t he r everse p art o f t he l egend i s t o b e r ead. I s i t t o b e r ead p erpend icu lar ly , a s o n t he o bverse , o r a round t he c irc le a s o n t he p reced ing t ypes? On c heck ing , P etrov 's r ead ing p roves t o b e n o l ess hypothet ica l t han t hat o f To lsto i. The v ery p lace where t he n ame c ommences i n t h is r ead ing - i n t he m idd le o f t he f i e ld t o t he r ight o f t he p r ince ly emb lem - i s s trange , a nd f inds n o a na log ies a mong a l l t he o ther Russ ian c o ins o f t he X th-X ith c entur ies. The t ransferr ing o f t he c onc luding p art o f t he i nscr ipt ion f rom t he r everse t o t he o bverse , wh ich P etrov a ccepts , i s a l together i mp laus ib le. Ordinar i ly s uch a t ransfer t akes p lace f rom t he o bverse t o t he r everse ( cf . f or e xamp le No.175). P etrov r ead t he n ame D im itr i t ak ing a s h is b as is t he p resence i n t he r everse i nscr ipt ion o f c haracters r em in iscent o f s ome o f t he l etters o f t hat n ame ( Ä , T , P , 1 ) and e v ident ly , a s o ne m ight s ay , a lso t he h ypnot ic e ffect o f " the t empt ing p rospect o f a n e vo lut ion o f t he c urrency e ven a f ter Y aros lav , p erhaps d own t o t he e nd o f t he Ta tar p er iod", 9 9 wh ich a rose f rom a r ead ing, o n Russ ian c o ins o f t he X Ith c entury , o f t wo n ew n ames, t he s imu ltaneous p lacement o f wh ich u pon a c o in m ight s eem ing ly f ind e xp lanat ion i n t he c ircumstances o f a n u nrea l ized j o int p r inc ipa te i n 1 077-1078 o n t he p art o f I zyas lav s on o f Y aros lav a nd Y aropo lk s on o f I zyas lav, 1 00 whose b apt isma l n ames w ere r espect ive ly t he n ames D im itr il° 1 a nd P eter .1° z But t o s ay n oth ing o f t he a bsence i n 1 075-1078 o f c ircumstances a dm itt ing o f a j o int c o inage b y I zyas lav a nd Yaropo lk ,1 03 t he c o ins u nder e xam inat ion d o n ot i n f act b ear t wo n ames. A s Yan in made c lear , Y aropo lk s on o f I zyas lav b ore t he n ame P eter o n ly dur ing t he p er iod o f h is b r ief ly b e ing a C a tho l ic i n 1 075-1077, wh i le u nder O rthodoxy h e w as c a l led G abr ie 1. 1" But t he n ame D im itr i i s n o t t o b e r ead o n t he c o ins. The s er ies o f a rt if ic ia l p rest id ig ita t ions c arr ied o ut b y P etrov t o r ead t he i nscr ipt ion a s " D im itr i" ( the u nusua l p lace f or t he b eg inn ing o f

19

t he i nscr ipt ion; t he d oubtfu l c arry-over f rom t he r everse t o t he o bverse; t he r ep lacement o f t he M w ith a l e tter N ; t he u se o f N i n p lace o f I ;t he t ranspos it ion o f T a nd P; t he b ackward P i nstead o f t he Greek f ina l Z ) a re a pp l ied by h im by n o m eans t hroughout t he e nt ire r everse l egend, but o n ly u pon t he p art o f i t wh ich h as c ome t hrough who le o n s pec imen No.212 , wh ich h e m istaken ly t hought t he b est a s t o d ist inctness o f t he l egend .1°5 On s ome o ther s pec imens t he r everse i nscr ipt ion i s more c omp lete ( see 2 14, 2 15-2) o r b etter p reserved e ven t hough o n ly i n p art ( 211-1, 2 11-2, 2 13). Upon c ompar ison w e s ee t hat b oth h a lves o f t he r everse i nscr ipt ion a re l onger t han o n s pec imen 2 12: t he l ef t h a lf by 5 c haracters ( among wh ich t here i s s ti l l a nother 1 ,i n t he f orm o f at r iang le) a nd t he r ight by t wo o r t hree. I t i s i mposs ib le t o r ead t he who le r everse i nscr ipt ion p erpend icu lar ly d ownward, b ecause i n t hat e vent a m a jor ity o f t he l etters o f t he l eft h a lf wou ld p rove t o b e u ps ide d own. I t s tr ikes o ne a s most c orrect t o r ead d own f rom t he t op o f t he r ight-hand t ine c lockw ise t hroughout , e ven t hough o ne d oes n ot s ucceed i n d ec ipher ing t he i nscr ipt ion i n t h is w ay , b ecause i t i s e v ident ly j ust a mean ing less c lutch o f l e tterl ike c haracters e ven o n t he b est s pec imens:

Hi l qi 0A 0 011. 11 -+

L - PT 1 4L A

I n t he a rray o f l e tters t he i nscr ipt ion i s n ot t he s ame o n a l l s pec imens. The " var iant r ead ings" d o n ot c lear u p a t a l l t he i ncomprehens ib le d e l ineat ions o n No.214 i n p lace o f H ee o n t he r est) , but o n t he c ontrary t hemse lves b ecome more i ncomprehens ib le f rom d ie t o d ie ( compare d ies 2 13 t o 2 15 w ith d ies 2 11, 2 12).

( , ( 64 (

Thus t he mut i la ted s tate o f t he l egend , wh ich w as e v ident ly f rom t he v ery s tart m ean ing less o n t he f i rst d ies, worsens w ith e ach n ew d ie a nd t he l egend i t se lf p roves t o b e s tr ict ly s peak ing n ot o ne o f d isputed r ead ing a s i t h ad b een c ons idered f or s o l ong , but s imp ly unreadab le. No matter h ow t empt ing t he e ndeavour t o g uess t he c ontent o f t h is a rray o f i nd iv idua l c haracters o r l e tters , s o d isorder ly e ven t o t he m ind o f Chernev i n h is d ay ,1 06 t h is i s i mposs ib le i n p ract ice , s ince o ne c annot w i th c onv ict ion i nd icate e ven t he s tart ing-po int o f t he i nscr ipt ion , a l though i t w ou ld b e most n atura l t o e xpect i n i t t he u sua l f ormu la f or t he r everses o f s rebren ik i ,

AC E E ID C EPEETO ( and t h is i s h is s i lver), s eparate mut i la ted f ragments o f wh ich o ne c an , i f o ne w ishes, i mag ine t o b e p resent i n c erta in d e l ineat ions ( 211, 2 15). i n

Thus o f t he e nt ire c o in l egend o f t he s rebren ik i o f t he c lass q uest ion o ne r eads w i th a ssurance o n ly t he s ing le word

1 3TAP ,c ommun icat ing t he n ame o f t he man r epresented o n t he c o in , who c annot h owever b e t he a post le P eter d esp ite t he n imbus , s ince h e i s r epresented c lean-shaven .1°7 One i s f orced t o r enounce a lso t he s uggest ions , c orrespond ing t o t he r ead ings r espect ive ly by To lsto i a nd by Chernev , r egard ing t he r epresentat ion h ere o f S a int G eorge o r o f S a int D im itr i.

1 20

B es ide t he a bsence o f t he n ames o f t hese s a ints f rom t he c o ins a t i ssue , we a re a ware t hat b o th t hese y outhfu l martyrs w ere a lways r epresented, i n a ccordance w ith t he Chr ist ian c anon, w ithout mustaches a nd b eard ,1 08 y et o n t he c o ins o f t h is c lass t here i s r epresented a man w ith h arsh f ac ia l f eatures a nd l arge mustaches. Obv ious ly t h is i s n ot a s a int b ut a p r ince , t o whom t h is c o inage o f t he b eg inn ing o f t he X Ith c entury b e longs. 1°9 I n t he l ight o f o ur p resent k now ledge o f monetary c ircu lat ion i n t he X th-XIth c entur ies , i t i s n ot o n ly a ttempts t o d raw t he c o inage o f t he s rebren ik i i nto t he s econd h a lf o f t he X Ith c entury t hat a re i n e rror : e ven To lsto i 's e ndeavor t o f ind c o ins o f K iev s truck by Yaros lav p rove t o b e u tter ly v a in. On t hat a ccount t he most c onv inc ing t h ing a t t he p resent t ime s eems t o b e a ss ignment o f b oth c lasses o f c o in b ear ing t he n ame P eter t o t he m intage o f S vyatopo lk s on o f Yaropo lk ( 1016-1018), a s was s uggested by Yan in o n t he b as is o f h is h av ing e stab l ished t he a bsence o f a ny d ifference i n p r inc ip le b etween t he p r ince ly emb lems o n t he c o ins o f S vyatopo lk a nd t hose o n t he c o ins w ith t he n ame P eter. 1 1 ° I n t hat e vent t he s rebren ik i o f P eter c ommun icate t o u s t he b apt isma l n ame o f S vyatopo lk s on o f Yaropo lk , wh ich i s n ot known f rom o ther s ources, 1 1 t he i ssuance o f c o ins by S vya topo lk w ith t he n ame o f h is Chr ist ian p atron o n t hem c onst i tut ing a c erta in a na logy t o t he i ssuance o f s rebren ik i w ith t he n ame Bas i l o n t he p art o f V lad im ir. Yan in 's i dea i s c onf irmed a lso by t he unquest ionab le r esemb lance o f t he f igure o f t he p r ince o n t he c o ins o f S vyatopo lk a nd o n t he " Petar" c lass. Th is r esemb lance i s s carce ly t o b e e xp la ined mere ly by a s ty l ist ic c ommun ity a long Russ ian c o ins o f t he X Ith c entury a s a who le , a s memor ia ls o f a s ing le h istor ica l p er iod. The ma jor ity o f t he c o inc idences i n d eta i l i n t he d es igns o f t he t ypes o f S vyatopo lk a nd o f t he t ypes o f " Petar" p la in ly g o b ack t o t he t r icks o f d ep ict ing t hese d eta i ls o n t he c o ins o f V lad im ir 's t ype I V. I n t hat c onnect ion i t t urns o ut t hat s ome o f t he d ev ices o f t he e ngraver o f t ype I V a re t aken o ver e qua l ly by t he e ngravers o f b o th t he c lasses w e a re c ompar ing ( see t he r epet it ion o f t he p ose o f t he p r ince s eated o n t he t hrone ; t he p os it ion a nd d es ign o f b oth h ands; t he r epresentat ion o f t he p r ince 's h ead w ith n imbus; t he r ender ing o f t he f o lds o f t he g arment a t t he p r ince 's knees), a nd o thers h ave b een t aken o ver by o n ly o ne o f t hese m en ( in t he S vyatopo lk c ase : b oth v ar iants o f t he p r ince 's c ap , t he a rrangement o f t he f o lds o n t he c hest , t he f ork ing o f t he e nds o f t he c ross, t he c ush ion o n t he t hrone ; a nd i n t he c ase o f P etar t he o rnamentat ion o n t he s leeves o f t he p r ince 's g arment , t he i mage o f t he c ross). I n b oth c ases t hese b orrow ings d emonstrate d irect s ty l ist ic i nher itance f rom t he V lad im ir c o ins o f t ype I V , s ometh ing wh ich c an b e e xp la ined o n ly by a n i mmed iate c hrono log ica l p rox im ity o f b oth c lasses t o t ype I V o f t he c o ins o f V lad im ir a nd t o e ach o ther. F or t he e ngraver o f t he c o ins o f S vyatopo lk t h is d ependence was t hat o f a d irect a pprent ice , s ince o ne o f t he a uthors o f t h is c lass was t he a ctua l master o f t he d ies o f V lad im ir 's l ast t ype ( 177). There was n o s uch d irect c onnect ion b etween t he c o ins o f P etar a nd t hose o f V lad im ir 's t ype I V. Y et i n t he i mage o f t he

1 21

p r ince o n t he c o ins b oth o f Svyatopo lk a nd o f P etar t here a re f eatures, n ot d ependent o n V lad im ir 's t ype I V , b ut o n t he o ther h and p resent i n b oth t hese n um ismat ic c lasses d er ived f rom i t . S uch a f eature t y ing t ogether t he t wo c lasses b e ing c ompared i s t he e xcept iona l r esemb lance o f t he d es igns o f t he p r ince 's h ead. The e ngravers o f b oth c lasses h ave r epresented t he p r ince a s a man w ith a bu lky f ace , a c haracter ist ic n ose b road a t t he n ostr i ls , l arge d roop ing mustaches, a nd wear ing s im i lar ly l ow c aps , wh ich may b e a r ef lect ion o f c oncrete p ortra it f eatures o f o ne a nd t he s ame p r ince , e v ident ly S vyatopo lk. The c loseness o f t hese t wo c lasses t o e ach o ther i n t ime i s a lso c onf irmed by s t i l l a f urther d eta i l i n t he ir r epresentat ions o f t he p r ince. The s ame t r ick o f c ontour ing t he p r ince 's f ace w i th p endants made up o f b eads i nstead o f l e tt ing t hese p endants h ang p erpend icu lar ly a t t he s ides o f t he f ace i s c haracter ist ic o f a p art o f t he c o ins o f Svyatopo lk ( 197 t o 2 02) a nd i s l i tera l ly r epeated o n a l l t he d ies o f P etar ( 211 t o 2 17); " o ther t h ings b e ing e qua l" , i t p erm its a t hes is t o t he e ffect t hat t he d ies o f P etar w ere m ade , i f n ot a ctua l ly by o ne o f t he e ngravers o f S vyatopo lk 's c o ins, t hen by t he s uccessor t o s uch a o ne. The i dent ity o f t he p r ince ly emb lem o n t he c o ins o f S vyatopo lk w ith t hat o n t he c o ins o f b oth P eter t ypes h as b een p la in t o e veryone t hat h as d ea l t w ith t hem. I n h is d ay To lsto i , c ons ider ing t he i dent ity o f t he emb lems , c onsented t o a ss ign t he c o ins o f h is " Yaros lav t ypes I a nd I" r ather t o Svyatopo lk t han t o a ny o f t he d escendants o f Yaros lav .1 12 Chernev a nd Oreshn ikov n oted t hat a d ist inct ion i n t he r epresentat ion o f t he p r ince ly emb lem c ommon t o t he t hree c lasses (S vyatopo lk , a nd To lsto i 's " Yaros lav t ypes I a nd I") l i es o n ly i n t he s upp lementary s ma l l s ymbo l wh ich i s s eparate f or e ach c lass, 1 13 a nd L ikhachov p o inted o ut t he d ifference i n p r inc ip le b etween t he r ince 's emb lem o n t he c o ins o f P eter a nd o n t he Yaros lav le s rebro 14 Th is d ist inct ion i s i ndeed v ery v ita l. The t rue e mb lem o f Yaros lav i n t he f orm o f a t r ident w ith a sma l l c irc let a t t he t ip o f t he c entra l s p ike c onst i tutes a n e vo lut ion o f t he emb lem o f h is f ather V lad im ir. The s ymbo l o f S vyatopo l-Peter s on o f Yaropo lk , c a l led t he Damned, i n t he f orm o f a t wo-pronged f ork w i th a c ross o n t he c o ins o f Svyatopo lk a nd o n t he c o ins o f b o th t ypes b ear ing t he n ame P eter a lso o bv ious ly e vo lves f urther a n emb lem o f Yaropo lk , s on o f Svyatos lav, wh ich i s u nknown t o u s ( F igure 2 2). Oreshn ikov, t ak ing i nto a ccount t he d ifference i n t he s ma l l s upp lementary s ymbo ls b etween t he t ines o f t he f orks a t t he s ame t ime when t here i s g reat s im i lar ity b etween t he b as ic e mb lems o n t he c o ins o f t he t hree c lasses b e ing c ompared , s uggested a v ery c lose r e lat ionsh ip among t he p ropr ietors o f t hese emb lems .1 15 But t he c ommun ity o f t he b as ic e mb lem i s more i mportant t han t he d ifference o f t he s ma l l s upp lementary s ymbo ls. On t h is a ccount N .D . M ets, f o l low ing Oreshn ikov , e v ident ly e rred i n u nwarranted ly e xaggerat ing t he i mportance o f t hese l a tter . Tak ing i t t hat a s pec if ic sma l l s ymbo l b etween t he t ines o f t he emb lem (S vyatopo lk a c ross , P eter a n a nchor , D im itr i a h a lf-moon) c orresponded t o t he n ame o f e ach s a int o n a c o in , s he c onc luded t hat t he c o ins b e long t o d ifferent p r inces. 1 16 What p revents o ne f rom a gree ing w ith

1 22

t hese t heses i s t he i ncons istency o f t he a ctua l a rray o f " sa int ly" n ames o n t he c o in t ypes b e ing c ompared : o ne o f t he t hree " sa ints" w i th a c ross a s h is r ecogn it iona l s ymbo l b ears a g ent i le n ame. I nasmuch a s t he s mal l s ymbo ls b e ing e xam ined a re i n n o way a ttached t o t he b as ic emb lem , wh ich i s t he s ame f or a l l t hree p r ince ly emb lems b e ing c ompared, i t i s more n atura l t o r egard t hem a s d es ignat ing s ometh ing o f s econdary i mportance , f or e xamp le a master o r as hop. The t opography o f t he f indings o f t hese c o ins a pparent ly a lso s peaks i n f avor o f a s tr ik ing o f t he s rebren ik i w ith t he n ames o f S vyatopo lk a nd P eter by o ne p r ince; t hese c o ins, a s I ly in h ad a lready r emarked, d o n ot g o b eyond t he b ounds o f t he p r inc ipa l i t ies o f K iev , Chern igov , a nd P ereyas lav l ( F igure 2 4). 1 17 The c ircumscr ipt ion o f t he a reas o f c ircu la t ion o f t he c o ins o f t he t hree c lasses u nder e xam inat ion t o o ne a nd t he s ame p iece o f t err itory c an b e e xp la ined o n ly by t he e xtreme ly l ow s i lver f ineness c ommon t o a l l t he c lasses o f Svyatopo lk 's s i lver. Thus t he t hree c lasses o f s rebren ik i b e long t o Svyatopo lk t he Damned. One o f t hem who l ly r epeats a c o in t ype wh ich h ad a lready a ssumed f orm under V lad im ir ( the s rebren ik i o f h is t ypes I - I V a fter To lsto i). The o ther t wo a re d ist ingu ished f rom t he f i rst b oth by t he f igure o n t he o bverse a nd by a n ew l egend. The p resence o f c o ins o f a l l t hree c lasses i n o ne a nd t he s ame s et o f f inds i s t o b e e xp la ined by t he r ea l b rev ity o f t he t ime p er iod a va i lab le f or t he s tr ik ing o f t hese c o ins , c orrespond ing t o t he t wo t o t hree y ears o f t he s trugg le b etween S vyatopo lk a nd Yaros lav f or t he K ievan t hrone. But t he t ypo log ica l d ifferences o f t he " Peter" c o ins f rom t he " Svyatopo lk" o nes i nd icate t hat t hese c lasses were , d esp ite t h is, n ot s imu ltaneous. L inked w ith t ype I V o f V lad im ir 's c o ins t hrough t he work o f o ne a nd t he s ame master , t he s rebren ik i w ith t he n ame o f Svyatopo lk a re e v ident ly t he o lder o nes a mong t he c o ins o f t h is p r ince a nd f a l l , o ne may s uppose , t o t he p er iod o f t he f i rst e levat ion o f S vyatopo lk t o t he K ievan t hrone , i n t he s ummer o f 1 015 i mmediate ly a fter t he d eath o f V lad im ir. I n t hat e vent t hey may b e j ust t hose " kuny" a " mu l t itude" o f wh ich S vyatopo lk d istr ibuted t o t he p eop le o f K iev u pon h is e nthronement.I 1 8 The e xcept iona l ly s ma l l n umber o f t he c o ins w ith t he n ame P eter ( four p lus n ine s pec imens) wou ld s eem t o t e l l u s t ha t i t w as j ust t hese " Peter" t ypes t hat w ere t he l ast i n t he s er ies o f S vyatopo lk 's c o ins, e v ident ly f a l l ing t o a s imu l taneous a nd d ec ided ly e x iguous m intage. The meta l c ontent o f t he P eter s rebren ik i d oes n ot r un c ounter t o t h is c onc lus ion. The " most s i lvery" a re j ust t wo c o ins 4 80 a nd 3 00 t housandths ( 214, 2 17-2). The o ther s pec imens t ested ( 7 o ut o f 1 5) c onta in o n ly t races o f s i lver a t b est ( Tab le 4 ). The e xterna l a ppearance a nd t he p reservat ion o f t he s rebren ik i o f P eter a lso a l low o ne t o a ssert t hat t hese a re c o ins o f what was i n f act t he l ast i ssues o f t he a nc ient Russ ian c o inage. A l l t he known e xamp les s how s tr ik ing d efects, b ut n ot c ircu la t ion wear. The f igures a nd t he i nscr ipt ions o n t hese s rebren ik i h ave s imp ly n ot b een s truck u p i n f u l l ( ev ident ly a s a c onsequence o f

1 23

c onventi , Jnal marke i lver c oins o f , 5 viatopolk

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A

A

( F igure 2 4. F inds o f S vyatopo lk,

1 24

P etros ,

a nd P etar c o ins.)

p oor qua l ity o f t he d ies p lus c are less work), a nd t hey h ave n ot b een worn i n t he p rocess o f t he c o in 's p ass ing f rom h and t o h and. A ccord ing ly i t m ay b e t hat t he s rebren ik i o f t he P eter t ypes e ntered h oards v ery r ap id ly a fter t he ir h av ing b een i ssued. Svyatopo lk may h ave s igna l ized t hrough i ssuance o f t he s rebren ik i w ith t he n ame P eter h is s econd e levat ion t o t he K ievan t hrone , when i n 1 018 h e s ucceeded i n s e iz ing K iev f or a s hor t wh i le w ith t he h e lp o f h is f atherinlaw t he P o l ish k ing Bo les law t he B rave. 1 19 The c lose f am i ly , p o l i t ica l , a nd m i l itary a l l iance t i es o f S vyatopo lk t o t he P o les, wh ich t o j udge by h is p art ic ipat ion i n t he p lot a ga inst V lad im ir a rose t ogether w ith S vyatopo lk 's m arr iage t o t he d aughter o f K ing Bo les law , a l lows o ne t o s uppose t hat t he h i therto u nknown b apt isma l n ame o f Svyatopo lk ( name ly P eter), c ommun icated t o u s by t he s rebren ik i o f 1 018, m ay h ave b een f or t hat p r ince n ot m ere ly a b apt isma l b ut a lso a C atho l ic n ame. W e d o n ot , h owever , h ave a ny i nformat ion o n t he f a ith wh ich Svyatopo lk may h ave p rofessed. The Yaros lav le S rebro Hav ing d es ignated t he s rebren ik i w ith t he n ame P eter a s b e ing " types I a nd I o f t he c o ins o f Yaros lav s on o f V lad im ir", To lsto i ( who h ad n o m int p rob lems) n amed a s Yaros lav 's " type I I" t he s rebren ik i w ith a f igure o f S t. G eorge o n t he o bverse , a nd o n t he r everse t he i nscr ipt ion Yaros lav le s rebro a round a n i mage o f t he p r ince ly emb lem i n t he f orm o f a t r ident w ith a c irc let o n i t s c entra l s p ike. These c o ins were r ecogn ized a s Russ ian a nd a scr ibed t o Yaros lav s on o f V lad im ir a t o nce u pon t he f i rst s pec imen 's b ecom ing known. 1 2 ° Kun ik 's h istor ico-num ismat ic i nqu iry s c ient if ica l ly underwrote t h is a ttr ibut ion. 1 21 To lsto i knew f ive s pec imens o f Yaros lav le s rebro a nd t hree c opper c asts f rom a s rebren ik o f t h is c lass ( from a d ie p a ir s t i l l unknown a t t hat t ime). A t p resent s ix s pec imens a re k nown , s truck f rom t hree p a irs o f d ies ( 222 t o 2 24). Two g roups o f i m itat ions o f Yaros lav le s rebro a re known a s we l l. The f i rst o f t hese - s ix c o ins c om ing f rom t he Ba lt ic a rea a nd o f l ower w e ight a nd d iameter - a re c a l led " Scand inav ian i m itat ions" o f Yaros lav le s rebro by To lsto i , a nd t hey r ea l ly c onst itute a s eparate n um ismat ic c lass ( 225 t o 2 27).122 The s econd g roup i s made u p o f c opper c asts f or o rnamenta l u se a s p endants ( 10 s pec imens) made a fter g enu ine s pec imens o f Y aros lav le s rebro f rom d ies 2 22 t o 2 24. I n t he ir ma jor ity t hey h ave c ome f rom p laces o f s acr if ice i n L ap land, but a lso f rom t err itor ies wh ich were w ith in t he Novgorod s phere o f i nf luence. 1 23 A t p resent we a re a cqua inted w ith t hree d ie p a irs f or t he Yaros lav le s rebro , a nd a t t he v ery f i rst g lance i t b ecomes a pparent t hat t hey w ere c reated by a s ing le h and. The s tr ik ing b eauty a nd a rt istry o f t he c o ins, t wo o f wh ich h ave r eached u s i n m int s tate ‘ z h as b een n oted by e veryone who h as u ndertaken s tudy o f t hem ;1 14 s ome h ave e ven f ound d iff icu lty i n a ccept ing t hem a s c o ins, c ons ign ing t hem a mong s ea ls o r m eda ls , a nd what i s m ore , o nes e xecuted by a f ore ign a rt ist. 1 25

1 25

The c omp lete un iform ity o f t he c ompos it iona l l ay-out a nd t he p roport ions, t he r ender ing o f d eta i ls, t he d iverse ways o f wr it ing t he l egend , a nd t he d ifferences i n i rreproachab ly c orrect d e l ineat ions o f o ne a nd t he s ame s et o f l e tters t est ify t o t he s ame f ree mastery o n t he p art o f t he e ngraver a s was o bserved i n t he a uthor o f t he d ies f or V lad im ir 's t ype I V. But t h is i s a master o f a l together d ifferent c u ltura l b ackground. H is manner h as n oth ing i n c ommon w ith t he d e l iberate ly p lane g raph ic t rad it ion o f t he K ievan e ngraver , n or d oes t he d e l ineat ion o f t he i nscr ipt ions a nd o f t he p ara l le l s ets o f l e tters A , B , P , 0 , E , E , J I ) . For al t he e legance o f l i nes a nd p roport ions c ommon t o b o th e ngravers , t he e xecut ion i s s tr ik ing ly d ivergent h ere ; but t he i ncorrect wr it ing o f t he n ame G eorge ( w ithout i t s l ast l e tter) c ompared w ith t he f au lt less c orrectness o f t he Russ ian p art o f t he l egend l eads o ne t o a cknow ledge t hat t he Novg ,prod e ngraver o f t he d ies o f t he Yaros lav le s rebro i s a Russ ian 1 26 w ith a g ood know ledge o f Byzant ine mode ls a nd e xper ience i n c utt ing d ies. I n h is d ay Kun ik h ad n oted t hat t he p rototype f or t he Yaros lav le s rebro w ith i ts h a lflength p ortra it o f S a int G eorge f ac ing , w ith b are c ur ly h ead , a nd wear ing m i l itary d ress c ou ld n ot b e f ound among t he c o ins o f Byzant ium b efore t he X Ith-XIIth c entur ies, but t hat i t must b e s ought a mong t he s ea ls i nasmuch a s t he f igure o f George o n t he Yaros lav le s rebro r epeats t he p ers istent c anon f or r epresentat ion o f t h is s a int s pec if ica l ly u pon Byzant ine s ea ls. 1 27 T o lsto i d evoted a s pec ia l s tudy 1 28 t o c heck ing Kun ik 's o p in ion a nd c onf irmed t he f act t hat t he f igure o f G eorge r epeats i n most e xact f ash ion t he c onstant d eta i ls o f t h is s a int o n Byzant ine s ea ls. The i nscr ipt ion e xp la in ing t he f igure o f G eorge a lso p roved t o b e c anon ica l : o n Byzant ine s ea ls i t i s a lways a rranged v ert ica l ly a t both s ides o f t he s a int ( F igure 2 5). To lsto i a lso d eterm ined t hat t he r everse s ide o f t he c o in , t oo , p reserves t races o f t he i nf luence o f a s ea l , s ince t he word

A NH N,

n ot e ncountered o n o ther c o ins, i s p resent o n Byzant ine s ea ls o f t he V IIth-XIth c entur ies. Kun ik h e ld t hat Yaros lav " transferred t he i mage o f G eorge f rom h is s ea l o nto t he c o in".129 To lsto i amp l if ied t h is p ropos it ion , p resent ing t he s ea l o f Y aros lav i n t he f orm o f t he Byzant ine s ea ls c ontemporaneous w ith t hat p r ince , h av ing a f igure o f t he s a int o n t he o bverse a nd a v o t ive i nscr ipt ion o n t he r everse. 1 3 ° L ikhachov s trove t o j ust ify t h is p ropos it ion by i dent ify ing a s p erta in ing t o Yaros lav s on o f V lad im ir a s ea l f ound i n 1 896 a t t he v i l lage o f L evashevka i n t he Chern igov g ubern iya. 1 31 ( But a ccord ing t o a more r ecent s tudy b y Y an in t h is i s t he s ea l o f o ne o r t he o ther o f t wo d ifferent Russ ian p r inces o f t he X Ith c entury - R ost is lav s on o f V lad im ir o r M st is lav s on o f I zyas lay. )1 32 I n a ny c ase i t u nquest ionab ly g oes b ack t o more a nc ient r ecords o f Russ ian s phrag ist ics t hat h ave n ot c ome d own t o u s: i t r epeats n ot o n ly t he i mage o f G eorge , but a lso t he wr it ing o f t h is s a int 's n ame w ithout t he l ast l e tter. " 3 The i conograph ic a nd s ty l ist ic p rox im ity b etween Russ ian p endant s ea ls a nd t he Russ ian c o ins o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies, n oted by Oreshn ikov ,1 34 b ecame p art icu lar ly c onv inc ing a fter t he

1 26

pub l icat ion by Yan in o f t he s ea l o f I zyas lav s on o f V lad im ir wh ich was f ound a t Novgorod i n 1 955 a nd wh ich i s t hus f ar t he most a nc ient o f known Russ ian s ea ls. The p resence u pon t h is s ea l f rom s t i l l p re-Chr ist ian t imes 1 35 o f a r epresentat ion o f t he p r ince ly emb lem , t est ify ing t o a c lear r e la t ionsh ip b etween t he most a nc ient Russ ian c o in d ies a nd s ea l matr ixes, o bv ious ly a lso p o ints t oward a t rad it ion o f u s ing p r ince ly e mb lems a s s tate o nes. F or t h is r eason t he emb lem o n t he Yaros lav le s rebro , a t r ident w ith a c irc let a t t he p o int o f t he c entra l s p ike , c orrespond ing t o t he e mb lems o f V ladim ir a nd S vyatopo lk o n t he c o ins o f t hose p r inces, m ay i ndeed h ave a s i ts p roto type a n i mage o f t he p r ince ly emb lem o n s ea ls o f Yaros lav wh ich a re u nknown t o u s. I. A. Bartho lomae i was t he f i rst t o s ee i n t he emb lem o n t he s rebren ik i o f Yaros lav a f am i ly i m itat ion o f t he emb lem o n t he c o ins o f V lad im ir .1 36 A ctua l ly i n t he l ight o f p resent-day i deas c oncern ing t he s ystem o f p r ince ly emb lems i n p re-Mongo l Rus t he emb lem o f Yaros lav w ith t he c irc let o n t he c entra l s p ike makes i t s a ppearance a s o ne o f t he v ar iants o f a l og ica l e vo lut ion o f t he emb lem o f V lad im ir. The s upposed emb lems o f t wo o ther o lder s ons o f V lad im ir I zyas lav a nd M st is lav - wh ich a re known a t p resent a lso o ffer a c erta in c omp l icat ion o f t he t r ident o f t he f a ther : w ith I zyas lav t he c entra l s p ike i s e qu ipped w ith a s ma l l c rossbar i n i t s u pper p art ,1 37 a nd w ith M st is lav , i n a ddit ion t o t h is u pper c rossbar , t here i s a s econd c rossbar o n t he l ower e xtens ion o f t he t r ident ( F igure 2 0). The i nscr ipt ion Yaros lav le s rebro wh ich s urrounds t he p r ince ly emb lem c orresponds i n c ontent t o t he f i rst h a lf o f t he l egend o n o ne o f t he d ies o f V lad im ir 's s rebren ik i o f t ype I V , wh ich c ommence w ith t he s tatement " V lad im ire s erebro" ( cf . d ie 1 75 ). The c o inc idence o f t he f ormu las o f Yaros lav 's a nd o f V lad im ir 's c o ins, w ith s uch a n i nscr ipt ion b e ing r e lat ive ly r are o n V lad im ir 's s rebren ik i ( on ly o ne d ie o ut o f 1 7), e nab les o ne t o d ate t he a ppearance o f t h is p ossess ive f ormu la f or t he l egend f i rm ly t o t he l ast y ears o f t he p r inc ipate o f V lad im ir. The n ew f ormu la may h ave a r isen upon t he s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir 's t ype I V; a nd t hen t he c hange i n t he c ontent o f t he l egend o n t he c o ins o f t he n um ismat ic c lass i n q uest ion , wh i le t he s ame i mage o f t he p r ince i s r eta ined , may h ave e xpressed a g radua l t rans it ion t o a n ew n um ismat ic c lass w ith t he i mage o f t he p r ince 's p atron s a int i n p lace o f t he r epresentat ion o f t he p r ince h imse lf ( the c o ins w ith t he i nscr ipt ions " Petros" a nd " Yaros lav le s rebro") . But i f t he p ossess ive l egend a ppeared e ar l ier o n t he c o ins o f Yaros lav, i ts c ontent wou ld b e d eterm ined by t he f act t hat Yaros lav i ssued h is s rebren ik i e v ident ly i n t he p er iod when, b e ing p r ince o f Novgorod, h e d id n ot y et h ave t he r ight t o r efer i n a c o in l egend t o t he o vera l l R uss ian t hrone , wh ich h is f ather was o ccupy ing a t t hat t ime .1 38 The c on jecture r egard ing t he s tr ik ing o f t he Yaros lav le s rebro a t Novgorod h as b een b rought f orward b y many i nvest igators .1 39 C onced ing t he d oubtfu l c haracter o f t he

1 27

i nformat ion c oncern ing t he o r ig in o f t he Mus in-Pushk in s pec imen , t he f act t hat a lmost a l l t he k nown s pec imens o f Yaros lav le s rebro o r ig inate i n t he Ba lt ic a rea ( F igure 2 6) wh i le a t t he s ame t ime t hey a re c omp lete ly a bsent f rom t he s outhern f inds o f a nc ient Russ ian c o ins d oes i ndeed s eem t o c onf irm t he s tr ik ing o f t he Yaros lav le s rebro s pec if ica l ly a t Novgorod. The s ame t h ing i s a lso s uggested by t he f ind ings o f t he c ast c opper r ep l icas o f Yaros lav le s rebro e xc lus ive ly i n t he n orth. I nd irect e v idence f or t he i ssuance o f Yaros lav 's s rebren ik i a t Novgorod may b e p rov ided by t he ir c ons istent ly h igh f ineness ( 960 t housandths): c ommenc ing i n t he l ast q uarter o f t he X th c entury , t he i nf lux o f w estern E uropean s i lver i nto Rus p roceeded i n t he ma in t hrough Novgorod. 1 40 S i lver n ot o n ly b ecame f or Novgorod o ne o f t he i t ems o f i mport t rade , but i t c ont inued t o s erve f or t he f uture , d own t o t he m idd le o f t he XVth c entury , a s a s tand ing i tem i n Novgorod 's r e-export t rade i nto o ther Russ ian l ands. 1 41 On t he c o ins u nder e xam inat ion t here a re t wo v ar iants f or t he wr i t ing o f t he word " s i lver": c ps ö po ( srebro) o n d ies 2 23 a nd 2 24, i .e. t he way i t i s wr itten a t t he e nd o f t he l egend o n t he c o ins o f V lad im ir a nd S vyatopo lk; a nd c lpeöpo ( surebro) o n d ie 2 22. The f i rst v ar iant , r epeat ing t he Church-S lavon ic w r it ing o f t h is word , 1 52 i s c haracter ist ic o f t he ma jor ity o f wr itten r ecords o f a nc ient Rus n o m atter what t he p lace o f t he ir o r ig in, Novgorod n ot e xcepted. I t i s u sed b oth i n t he P ovest v remennykh l et a nd i n t he Novgorod F irst Chron ic le. 1 43 But i n s pec if ica l ly Novgorod r ecords we n o l ess f requent ly e ncounter t he wr it ing c epep o ( serebro) w ith f u l l v oca l izat ion. I t i s t h is g u ise wh ich t he word h as i n t he b irch-bark c haracters ( berestyannyye g ramoty) a nd i n a l l t he t ranscr ipts o f t he Novgorod F irst Chron ic le ,1 45 wh i le t he wr it ing c lpe6po i s f ound o n ly o nce , but t h is t ime i n f act a Novgorod o ne a nd o f t he X Ith c entury - t he O strom ir G ospe l ,1 46 where t h is s pe l l ing , wh ich e xtends a lso t o words f rom t he s ame r oo t , i s p resent o n 1 5 o ccas ions , whereas t he f i rst v ar iant i s e ncountered o n ly t hree t imes i n a l l. Kun ik c ons idered t he s pe l l ing c pe d po t o b e a S lavon icRuss ian f orm. I n i t s b e ing w r itten i n s uch f ash ion i n t he l egend o f Yaros lav 's s rebren ik i h e p erce ived " an a l together Russ ian i nf luence" a nd a w ish o n t he p art o f t he d ie 's a uthor ( whom Kun ik c ons idered t o b e a Greek , a Bu lgar ian , o r a Russ ian) " to a ccomodate h imse lf t o Russ ian p opu lar s peech" .1 47 The f act i s t hat t he u se o f t he i n t he l egend, l i ke t he e rroneous s pe l l ing o f t he Greek n ame o n t he o bverse o f t he c o in ( see No .222) s hows t hat t he e ngraver w as a Russ ian. 1 48 But i t may g o s t i l l f arther , t o t est ify t hat t h is e ngraver w as a m an o f Novgorod a s w e l l , i nasmuch a s t he e ngraver 's u se o f t he l etter i n t he word f or s i lver m ay b e u nderstood a s a r ef lect ion o f a c omp lete v oca l izat ion i n p ronunc iat ion e x ist ing i n t he X Ith c entury a t Novgorod. On t he s pec imens o f

b as is o f c omparat ive s tudy o f a l l known s i lver t he Yaros lav le s rebro o ne may a ssert t hat t he d ie

1 28

L egend

s i lver c o ins o f Yaros lav s rebro h oards

s rebro w ith L at in l etter R

a

C I

r andom f inds

( F igure 2 6.

F inds o f t he v ar ious s orts o f Y aros lav s i lver c o ins.)

1 29

w ith t he I D i s o lder t han t he o ther o ne. The o bverses o f t he c o ins f rom d ie p a irs 2 22 a nd 2 23 a re s truck f rom a s ing le d ie. Th is i s e stab l ished n ot o n ly t hrough t he p resence o f t he t race o f t he s ame d ie b reak t o t he l ef t a bove t he l etter C O , b ut a lso t hrough c ompar ison o f t he c o ins u nder i dent icaly s quared-off t ransparent p last ic p lates. The f igure o f G eorge o n c o in 2 22-1 i s p a tent ly " fresher" t han t he s ame f igure i s o n c o in 2 23-1, a l though b o th s rebren ik i a re i n e qua l ly b eaut ifu l p reserva t ion. On t he s econd a l t he l i nes a re p ercept ib ly t h icker , m ore h eav i ly worked, t han o n t he f i rst , a nd o n t he f orehead o f t he s a int a " scar" h as a ppeared wh ich c an h ave b een p roduced o n ly b y a d efect i n t he d ie. Th is means t hat t he c o ins f rom d ie 2 22 were s truck e ar l ier t han No .223, a nd t he d ie o f t he r everse w ithout 1 3t ook t he p lace o f r everse d ie No.222. I t i s i nterest ing t hat i n t h is c hange t here t ook p lace a n a lterat ion o f t he o r ientat ion o f t he s ides o f t he s rebren ik f rom i n No .222 t o tt i n Nos.223 a nd 2 24. A s ide f rom t he a bsence o f t he 1 ‘ , t he n ew r everse d ie i s f urther d ist ingu ished by a t r ident s mal ler i n d imens ions, wh ich i s f urthermore o rnamented w ith f our p o ints i nstead o f t he s ix o n t he p rev ious d ie. I n t he p rocess t he i nscr ipt ion b ecomes h eav ier , wh ich i s e v ident ly t o b e e xp la ined by a n e ndeavor o n t he p art o f t he med ieva l a r t ist t o f i l l i n e very f ree a rea a round t he c entra l f igure. A t t hat moment , p robab ly , t here c omes a bout t he r e ject ion o f t he l etter r b ;s ince t he l etter L , u pon a ugmentat ion o f i t s s ize , h ad p assed o ver t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he c o in f i e ld, t here was s imp ly n o r oom t here f or n ine l e tters ( inc lud ing t he 3 ) .1 49 I n t he f irst v ar iant o f t he s pe l l ing o f t he l egend , t he e ngraver , m ak ing u se o f t he r b,c ontr ived t o a ch ieve max imum p oss ib le e venness i n t he s pac ing o f t he i nscr ipt ion , wh ich a ssumes t he f orm o f a b and a round t he c irc le wh ieh i s f au l t less ly e nc losed, a nd o ne i s d e l ighted by t he s tr ict b isymmetry o f t he t wo-part l egend b etween t he s ma l l c ross o n t op o f t he p r ince ly e mb lem , wh ich s eparates t he b eg inn ing o f t he i nscr ipt ion f rom i t s e nd , a nd t he b as is o f t he emb lem b e low, wh ich d iv ides t he i nscr ipt ion e ven ly i nto h a lves, w i th e ight l etters i n e ach. Through e stab l ishment o f t he s en ior ity o f d ie 2 22, w ith s ix p o ints u pon t he p r ince ly emb lem , O reshn ikov 's o p in ion a s t o t he i ssuance o f Yaros lav 's s rebren ik i i n a s equence : w ithout p o ints , w i th f our p o ints , a nd f ina l ly w ith s ix p o ints -1 50 must b e r e jected. The s pec imen w ithout p o ints h as i n g enera l p opped u p i n t he s er ies o f t he s rebren ik i a s a r esu lt o f a m isunderstand ing , s ince t h is s pec imen i s a n o rnament r eproduc ing a c o in o f Yaros lay. I t i s c ons iderab ly t h icker t han t he s rebren ik i , i t i s h eav i ly c orroded 1 51 ( i .e. i t i s n ot o f s i lver), a nd e ven i n i t s b roken s tate i t w e ighs more t han who le s i lver s pec imens ( see Annex , No . A-3). Upon i t s b e ing c ompared w ith t he f igures o f p ewter ( or b rass?) c op ies o f Y aros lav le s rebro f rom L ap land , i t p roves t o h ave b een c ast i n t he s ame mou ld a s ap endant o rnament a t t he S tockho lm Museum. A l l o f t hese , h av ing 1 2 o ' c lock o r ientat ion o f t he ir s ides, a re i nterest ing i n t hat t hey g ive u s a n i dea o f a d ie p a ir w ith a s pec ia l i mage o f G eorge wh ich w e d o n ot know f rom c o ins. I t i s d ist ingu ished b y a b u lk ier h ead , a more f ussy c o iffure , a more m inute s ystem o f g arment f o lds , a l arge

1 30

p r ince ly emb lem w ithout p o ints , o r ig ina l f orm ( w ith t he l e tter 1 . 6)

a nd

a r everse

l egend

o f

t he

J ust t he s ame s ort o f o rnaments, a pparent ly , a re t he t hree b rass c ast ings , t urn ing up i n Germany , a fter a n unknown s rebren ik s truck f rom d ie No.223. The a bsence o f l oops o r p ierc ings s tood i n t he way o f u nderstand ing t hese o b jects a s b e ing o rnaments. The c opper s pec imens o f Yaros lav le s rebro w ere c ons idered n ow v ery r ecent f orger ies, 1 52 n ow a nc ient c o ins c ontemporary w ith g enu ine s rebren ik i o f Yaros lav but s truck i n c opper by r eason o f " extreme s tate n ecess ity", 1 53 o r f ina l ly a s f orger ies " cast l i kew ise i n b ad f a ith i n a nc ient t imes".164 The a nc ient d ate o f t he manufacture o f a l l t hree c opper s rebren ik i o f Yaros lav i s e stab l ished by t he c ircumstances t ha t t hey b ecame known e ar l ier ( 1855-1881) t han t he f ind ing o f t he s i lver c o ins f rom t he d ie p a ir i n q uest ion. The i ntend ing o f t hese o b jects f or o rnaments s hows t hrough n ot s o le ly f rom t he a na logous u se o f t he F inn ish p ewter e xamp le w ith l oops. I t i s i mposs ib le t o c once ive o f a c ircu lat ion o f c opper Russ ian c o ins i n a n a rea s o d istant f rom t he p lace o f t he ir s tr ik ing , a nd i n a dd it ion s ide b y s ide w ith i rreproachab ly s i lver s pec imens o f Yaros lav le s rebro wh ich a re , t o c l inch t he ma tter , o nes f rom t i ch e s ame d ies. Furthermore , t hese h igh-f ineness Russ ian s rebren ik i t hemse lves a re u sed a s o rnaments i n t he t err itory p rec ise ly o f G ermany , a s most o f t hem h ave p ierc ings. On d ie No.224 t he G eorge h as a n arrower f ace , a l onger n eck , more e laborate h a ir , a nd a l arger n imbus , a l l o f wh ich g ives t he s a int 's f ace a c erta in r omant ic l ook. The t r ident i s s ma l ler t han o n No .223, a nd t he n umber o f p o ints ( s ix) i s a s o n t he f i rst. On t he o ther h and i nstead o f t he word AM IN a nd t he r osettes t here a re n o more t han f our p o ints s et i n ac ross. The l ast s imp l if icat ion j ust if ies u s i n c ons ider ing t h is d ie l a ter t han t he r est. The c o ins f rom d ie No .223 i mpress a s i nterest ing a dd it iona l ly i n t hat t hey e nab le o ne t o r eso lve a hundred y ear o ld d ispute a s t o what s i lver o f Y aros lav was t he o r ig ina l i ssue : t hat o f h eav ier we ight , o r t hat o f l ess we ight ( the s o-ca l led S cand inav ian i m itat ions, a fter To lsto i). K oehne , Kun ik a nd P o t in 1 55 c ons ider t he s rebren ik i o f l ow w e ight t o b e o lder i n d ate o f manufacture , wh i le B artho lomae i , To lsto i , B auer , S passk i , a nd S o tn ikoval 5 6 c ons ider t hem t o b e l a ter t han t he s rebren ik i o f h igher w e ight. The s ix s rebren ik i o f l ow we ight a re s truck f rom t hree d ifferent e xcept iona l ly s im i lar o bverse d ies a nd f rom a c ommon r everse d ie , w ith a c onstant u ps ide-down o r ientat ion o f s ides (U , N os.225 t o 2 27). 1 57 I n t he ir i nscr ipt ions t he s ame a rray o f l e tters i s o bserved a nd t he ir a rrangement r e lat ive t o t he t wo f igures i s t he s ame a s o n t he l arge s rebren ik i f rom d ie p a ir No.223. I n t he f igure o f G eorge t he d imens ions a nd a l l t he d eta i ls o f t he d es ign o f d ie 2 22 ( 223) h ave b een c arefu l ly c op ied u pon a l l t hree d ies: t he o va l o f t he l arge-eyed f ace w ith i t s s harp c h in , t he c ur ly h ead , t he b eaded o ut l ine o f t he n imbus, t he t orque a t t he n eck, t he n umber a nd d irect ions o f t he f o lds o f t he c loak , t he d eta i ls o f t he s pear. One s hou ld n o te t ha t t hese s rebren ik i p rove

1 31

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w i th t he i nscr ipt ion A N E E IN a nd t he r osettes. The s imp l if icat ion o f t he l ay-out o f t he i mages, s ide by s ide w ith t he c omp lete a bsence o f t races o f t he s phrag ist ic o r ig ina l , t est ify t o t he s econdary p os it ion o f t he s mal l s rebren ik i. The d es ign o f Yaros lav 's emb lem i s a lso r epeated b as ica l ly , w i th t he s ame n umber o f p o ints ( four). But w ith t he a dd it ion o f t wo s em ic irc les, r epresent ing e yes , o n t he b as is o f t he t r ident t he d es ign i s c onverted i nto t he f igure o f ab ird. Th is " improvement" o f t he d es ign , wh ich a lso c onst i tutes a man ifestat ion o f t he s econdary p os it ion o f t he c ompos it ion we a re e xam in ing , c an , when t aken i n c omb inat ion w ith t he s ty l ist ic , a nd metro log ica l p rox im ity o f t hese s mal s rebren ik i o f Yaros lav t o S cand inav ian c o ins, a nd t he c omb inat ion o f t he L at in l etter R i n t he r everse i nscr ipt ion, t est ify t o a r e-th ink ing o f t he Russ ian emb lem by a Varang ian e ngraver. 1 58 S o t he d ies o f t he s ma l l s rebren ik i o f Yaros lav a re more r ecent t han t he d ies o f t he Yaros lav le s rebro o f h igh we ight. But s ince t he c o ins o f l ow we ight h ave a n u ps ide-down o r ientat ion o f s ides ( 1J ) , o ne must s uppose t hat t he a ctua l p rototype f or t he manufacture o f t he ir d ies may h ave b een n ot c o ins f rom t he d ie p a ir o f c o in No.223 i t se lf , s ince t hat c o in a lready h as 1 2 o ' c lock o r ientat ion o f d ies, but c o ins, w ith ups ide-down o r ientat ion , c om ing f rom s ome " re la t ive" o f t hat d ie p a ir. P o t in f inds o ne o f t he a rguments i n f avor o f s en ior ity o f t he Yaros lav s rebren ik i o f l ow we ight i n ac ompar ison o f t he d at ings o f t he c o in h oards c onta in ing c o ins o f o ne o r t he o ther o f t he i ssues under e xam inat ion. The Yaros lav le s rebro o f h igh we ight h as b een f ound i n h oards d at ing t o t he 1 030s o r 1 040s, but t he Yaros lav le s rebro o f l ow we ight i n h oards o f t he 1 025-1055 p er iod. 1 59 Yet t he d ifference i n t he t imes o f p oss ib le bur ia l o f t he h oards u nder c ompar ison i s t oo s l ight t o p erm it o ne t o j udge o n t he b as is o f i t wh ich i ssue was t he f i rst. P ract ica l ly s peak ing t hese h oards a re o f a s ing le p er iod , t he s econd q uarter o r t he m idd le o f t he X Ith c entury. The a reas o f d istr ibut ion o f t he c o ins o f b oth i ssues a lso c o inc ide i n e ssent ia ls - t he l ands n e ighbor ing upon t he Ba lt ic. On t h is a ccount , d esp ite t he f act t hat To lsto i 's i dea o f t he manufacture o f t he l ow-we ight Yaros lav le s rebro s omewhere i n S cand inav ia i n i m itat ion o f t he h igh ly a rt ist ic Yaros lav le s rebro o f h igh we ight h as h ad i t s p art isans a lmost d own t o t he p resent d ay ,1 61 o ne may r ather c h ime i n w ith t he v o ices t hat h ave t rad it iona l ly i ns isted upon a Russ ian a nd e ven a Novgorod m intage o f t he l ow-we ight s i lver by Yaros lay. 1 62 N e ither t he f ind ing o f t hese c o ins i n S cand inav ia , n or t he " barbar ity" o f t he work p lus s ty l ist ic p rox im ity t o S cand inav ian c o ins , n or e ven t he p resence o f t he L at in l etter R i n t he r everse l egend a re i rrevocab le p roofs t hat t he sma l l s rebren ik i o f Y aros lav w ere s truck i n S candinav ia. F or t he ma jor ity o f t he s pec imens o f t he Yaros lav le s rebro o f h igh we ight , t oo , h ave b een f ound i n t he Ba lt ic l ands a nd i n S cand inav ia , a nd t he r ema in ing t wo a rguments s peak o n ly t o t he e ffect t hat t he a uthor o f t he d ies o f t he Yaros lav le s rebro o f l ow w e ight may h ave

1 32

b een a master o f w estern o r ig in. One may e ven i mag ine a f ore ign moneyer i n t he Novgorod o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies w ith a ig reater p laus ib i l ity t han a t a ny o ther p lace i n t he Rus o f t hat t ime. "2 3 The f ineness o f t he s i lver i n t he c o ins o f t he European s ta tes o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies i s i n g enera l e xtreme ly v ar ied. A s a r u le i t i s i nconstant e ven under o ne a nd t he s ame r u ler. 1 64 Under t hese c ircumstance o ne may c ons ider t hat a n orma l c ond it ion f or p enetrat ion o f a l ien c o ins i nto e ach g iven c ountry w i l l b e a h igh s i lver c ontent i n s uch c o ins. W e a re c onv inced o f t h is by t he v ery r ar ity o f t he p resence o f V lad im ir 's s rebren ik i i n western European h oards , t he o nes t ha t d o s o a ppear b e ing , h owever , a lways c o ins o f e xcept iona l ly h igh f ineness. But o n t he o ther h and i n a nc ient Russ ian h oard, t oo , o ne n ever f inds c orrespond ing ly , f or e xamp le, l ow-f ineness C zech c o ins o f t he s econd h a lf o f t he X Ith c entury. 1 65 Ow ing t o t he a bsence o f s i lver d epos its o n t he ir own t err itor ies, Sweden a nd Norway underwent c ons iderab le d iff icu lt ies i n t he s tr ik ing o f c o ins d ur ing t he X th-XIth c entur ies. 1 66 F or t h is r eason o ne s hou ld e xpect a h igh s i lver c ontent i n t he Russ ian c o ins o f Yaros lav f ound i n S cand inav ia , a nd a l ow o ne i n t he S cand inav ian r ep l icas o f t he Yaros lav le s rebro. B e ing s harp ly d ist ingu ished f rom e ach o ther i n t he s k i l l w ith wh ich t he d ies a re e xecuted a nd i n t he ir d iffer ing d iameters a nd we ights, t he l arge a nd t he smal s rebren ik i o f Yaros lav may p roduce a n i mpress ion o f t wo i ssues o f a s ing le n um ismat ic c lass. But i t i s i mposs ib le t o a gree w ith P o t in t hat t he e vo lut ion o f t he c lass r uns f rom a r ep lacement o f t he t ype weak i n a rt ist ic r espects t o t he h igh ly a rt ist ic o ne ( wh ich i n a dd it ion u nquest ionab ly g oes b ack t o a s pec if ic s phrag ist ic p roto type) t hrough work ing-over o f t he c oarse o r ig ina l .1 67 I f t he s rebren ik i o f l ow we ight r ea 1 13 , b e longed t o Yaros lav s on o f V lad im ir , a nd were n ot manufactured o uts ide Novgorod, t hey wou ld b ear w itness t o a s tr ik ing a r t ist ic d egenerat ion o f t he masterp iece c reated a t Novgorod 1 68 The " pr imogen iture" o f t he Yaros lav le s rebro o f h igh w e ight e v ident ly f o l lows a lso f rom c ompar ison o f t he metro log ica l d ata f or t he t wo c o in i ssues. The b ig s rebren ik i o f Yaros lav a re s o much h eav ier t han t he c o ins e ven o f V lad im ir t hat t hey a re i n ap os it ion t o j ust ify i n p art t he o b ject ions o f Bauer a nd L ikhachov 1 69 a ga inst t he o ld a ttempts t o s ee i n t he Yaros lav le s rebro t he o dd s ort o f " letters o f c redence" o f Russ ian e nvoys a nd merchants i n Constant inop le wh ich a re ment ioned b y a c hron ic le u nder t he y ear 9 45, 1" o r e ven Funduk le i 's f ancy t hat t he " srebro" was m ade i n Byzant ium a s m eda l l ions i n h onor o f t he Russ ian g rand p r inces. 1 71 F our o f t he s ix l arge s rebren ik i o f Yaros lav w e igh more t han t hree g rams ( see Nos.224, 2 22-2, 2 22-1, 2 23-1), w ith 9 60 t housandths o f s i lver f or b oth c o ins t hat w ere t ested, wh i le t hree o f t hese s pec imens e xceed t he metro log ica l n orm f or t he n ogata ( one t went ieth o f a g r ivna). The r ema in ing s pec imens were e v ident ly a lso h eavy : a f ragment we igh ing 1 .19g ( 223-3) makes u p s carce ly more t han 1 o f a who le c o in; a s pec imen w e igh ing 2 .8g ( 223-2) i s w orn a nd p ierced. A ccord ing ly t he Yaros lav le s rebro o f h igh we ight was more l i ke ly s truck a t t he n orm f or t he n ogata o f

1 33

t he s outhern Russ ian metro log ica l s tandard o f t he X th c entury ,1 72 wh ich o ne m ight c are t o e va luate a s s t i l l a f urther a rgument i n f avor o f t he o p in ion t hat t hese c o ins were i ssued s t i l l d ur ing V lad im ir 's l i ef t ime. I f t hat i s s o , t he most c onven ient d ate f or t he a ppearance o f t h is p ecu l iar c o in i ssue i s 1 014 t o t he b eg inn ing o f 1 015, when a ccord ing t o t he c hron ic le Yaros lav r efused t o y ie ld t o h is f ather t he t wo t housand g r ivnas o f s i lver c o l lected a nnua l ly f rom a mong t he m en o f Novgorod t o a ccomp l ish t hese t ransfers. 1 73 The master who made t he d ies f or t he l arge s rebren ik i o f Yaros lav wou ld h ave a cqu ired h is work ing manner isms f rom s ea ls o r f rom s ome o ther s or t o f m in iature p roduct o f N ovgorod a r t. Th is s ort o f e xamp le o f t he c reat ion o f ma tr ixes f or s ea ls i s k nown f or a l a ter p er iod a s w e l l , a nd s pec if ica l ly a t Novgorod. 1 74 F or t h is r eason i t w i l l n o t b e s urpr is ing i f p roduct ions o f t he a uthor o f t he Yaros lav le s rebro d ies s hou ld c ome t o b e f ound , w ith t ime , among o ther f orms o f o utput o f t he a pp l ied a rts i n a nc ient Rus o f t he X Ith c entury. A l l t he l ow-we ight s rebren ik i o f Yaros lav known a t p resent we igh r espect ive ly 1 .57; 1 .55; 1 .49; 1 .37; 1 .34; a nd 1 .18g 1 75 t hat i s t o s ay t hey a re s truck o n a metro log ica l s tandard e nt ire ly d ifferent f rom t hat o f t he s rebren ik i w i th t he n ame V lad im ir o r Svyatopo lk , a nd f rom t hat o f t he l arger Yaros lav le s rebro . K oehne h imse lf , moreover , a lready u nderstood t h is f rom t he e xamp le o f t he s o le s uch c o in known t o h im, wh ich • h e r egarded a s c ompa t ib le i n we ight w ith t he c o ins o f t he Ang lo-Saxon c o inage. 1 76 I f o ne d es ires, o ne may s ee i n t he we ight r at io b etween t he t wo i ssues o f t he Yaros lav le s rebro a matter o f e ven mu l t ip les , a nd e ven a p rox im ity o f t he s ma l l s rebren ik i t o t he metro log ica l n orm c a lcu lated by Yan in f or t he Russ ian r ezana o f t he X th c entury. 1 77 But t he we ight o f t he s ma l l s rebren ik i a lso c orresponds t o t he we ight o f w estern European d en iers, wh ich a l lows a s uppos it ion t hat t he Yaros lav le s rebro o f l ow w e ight was s truck w ith a n e ye t o a western European f i e ld o f c ircu la t ion. 1 78 The r ar ity o f t he Y aros lav le s rebro o f l ow we ight , i t s b e ing s truck f rom a t ota l o f o n ly t wo o r t hree c omb inat ions o f d ies, a nd t he f inds o f t hese c o ins b e ing e xc lus ive ly f rom t he Ba lt ic a rea a nd S cand inav ia ( F igure 2 6), d o i ndeed s eem t o s how t hat t hese c o ins were " struck o ff o n s ome s pec ia l o ccas ion a nd a l l a t o nce", 1 79 I f t hat i s s o , t he i ssuance o f t he Yaros lav le s rebro o f l ow w e ight c ou ld h ave o ccurred i n c onnect ion w ith t he e vents o f 1 018, when Yaros lav, f l ee ing t o Novgorod a f ter d efeat a t t he h ands o f S vyatopo lk o n t he r iver Bu i , w as o b l iged t o h ire a n ew Varang ian c ompany , t o wh ich e nd t he m en o f N ovgorod a ga in " commenced t o g ather p ecun ia t ogether" ( H aqau la C EOT c öopa r ro)180 I n t hat s i tuat ion t he m int-workers t hemse lves m ight h ave b een Varang ians, wh ich wou ld e xp la in t he s ty l ist ic r esemb lance o f t he sma l l s rebren ik i o f Y aros lav t o S candinav ian c o ins. I n t h is e vent t he s i lver o f Y aros lav 's s econd i ssue , r epeat ing i n g enera l f eatures t he t ype o f t he f i rst i ssue o f Y aros lav 's c o ins, d oes i ndeed " form p art o f o ur n at iona l n um ismat ics, b ut i s n ot by a ny m eans a ssoc iated w ith a nc ient Russ ian a rt". 1 82 But t he ma in q uest ion where a nd by whom t he l ow-we ight s rebren ik i o f Y aros lav w ere

1 34

s truck - r ema ins o pen a nd a t p resent o ne c an a cknow ledge t hese c o ins a s Russ ian o n ly p rov isional ly. I t i s d iff icu lt t o b e l ieve t hat Novgorod , h av ing c reated i t s masterp iece o f c anon ica l Yaros lav le s rebro i n h armony w ith i ts h igh a rtist ic t radit ion, p rompt ly e steemed o uts ide Novgorod a nd e vok ing numerous i m itat ions, s hou ld i tse lf h ave " ug l if ied" t hat o utstand ing p roduct i n s uch a way. A t t he s ame t ime t he v ers ion a ccording t o wh ich t he Yaros lav le s rebro was i m itated away f rom Novgorod - a nd most l ike ly i n a S candinav ia known f or i m itations o f t he c o ins o f n e ighbor ing s tates 1 83 - i s n ot d epr ived o f a l l t he c onv inc ing a nd a ttract ive f eatures t hat h ave b een a dduced a bove. **************

Tab le 3 s hows t he o vera l l number o f a nc ient Russ ian c o ins known a t p resent, t he number o f d ie p a irs c orresponding t o t hem , a nd t he number o f c o ins r ef lecting t he d ie p a irs. The most numerous a re t he s rebren ik i o f V ladim ir 's t ype I , wh ich a t f i rst g lance wou ld s eem t o r un c ounter t o t he t ype 's p os it ion i n t he To lsto i c lass if ication, i nasmuch a s t he l ast m intage o f a l l o ught t o b e r epresented by t he l argest q uant ity o f s pec imens i n c o in h oards. But t h is o bservat ion , t rue o ver c entur ies, i s n ot a pp l icab le f or c a lcu lat ion o f c o in i ssues o ver a d ecade o r a d ecade a nd a h a lf. I n a ddition , t h is c ontradict ion i s e as i ly e l im inated by t he s uggest ion s et f orth a bove r egarding t he s ynchrony o f t he s tr ik ing o f t he s rebren ik i o f V ladim ir 's t ypes I-IV , wh ich r epresent e ssent ia l ly a s ing le num ismat ic c lass a s r egards t he c ompos it ion o f t heir f igures a nd l egends. I t wou ld s carce ly b e r ight t o c ompare d irect ly w ith t h is t ype I t he s rebren ik i o f V ladim ir 's t ype I , a pproaching i t i n t he number o f known c o ins, f or t he s rebren ik i o f t ype I a re n ever e ncountered i n f inds w ith c o ins o f t he o ther t ypes. The c o inage w ith t he n ame o f Svyatopo lk i s l i nked w ith t ype I V o f V lad im ir 's c o ins t hrough a s ing le master 's work ing o n t he d ies o f b oth c lasses, wh ich i ndicates d irect r ep lacement o f t he o ne c lass by t he o ther - i .e., i t p erm its u s t o d ate t he c o ins w ith t he n ame Svyatopo lk qu ite d ef inite ly t o t he y ear 1 015. The sma l l number o f t he Svyatopo lk c o ins w ith t he n ame P eter i s e v ident ly t o b e e xp la ined by t he b rev ity o f Svyatopo lk 's h o lding o f t he K ievan t hrone i n 1 018, wh ich o ccurred a s a r esu lt o f h is a dventur ist s e izure o f K iev w ith t he h e lp o f t he f orces o f Bo les law t he Brave. Ev ident ly b oth t he m intage o f Yaros lav a nd t he g o ld c o ins by V ladimir w ere e p isodic i n s im i lar f ash ion.

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3 40 c o ins f rom 2 20 d ies - i s t hat much, o r l i tt le? W ith t he p resent s cope o f o ur r esources a nd t he s tate o f o ur know ledge i t i s i mposs ib le t o a nswer t he q uest ion o f what quanti ty o f c o ins was s truck by g iven s ets o f d ies. An e ndeavor t o s pec ify e ven a n o rder o f magn itude f or t he f igure , a s i s d one f or l ater Russian c o i n s, 1 84 wou ld b e metro log ica l ly unre l iab le , s ince o n t he b as is o f a mater ia l o f o n ly 3 00 c o ins i n a l l t here wou ld b e n o g rounds f or a ssert ing whether t he f irst Russ ian c o inage numbered t ens o f t housands, o r hundreds o f t housands. But a r at io b etween t he

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o vera l l number o f known c o ins a nd t he n umber o f d ies , a pproach ing t wo-th irds, e nab les o ne t o p resent c erta in p ecu l iar it ies o f t he a ctua l p rocess o f t he p roduct ion o f t he a nc ient Russ ian c o ins. They b ecome e ven more c omprehens ib le f rom t he e ntr ies i n Tab le 3 wh ich s how u s t hrough what n umber o f c o ins we h ave b ecome a cqua inted w i th t he d ies o f t he most a nc ient Russ ian c o inage. On ly i so la ted d ies a re r epresented i n t he c ata log b y s ixteen, by n ine , o r by s ix c o ins. There a re s ix d ies f or wh ich f our c o ins h ave b een p reserved , e leven d ies f or wh ich t hree c o ins , a nd 3 3 f or wh ich t wo c o ins h ave s urv ived. But d ies a re k nown i n t he o verwhe lm ing ma jor ity t hrough s ing le e xamp les o f c o ins s truck f rom t hem. The l arge n umber o f d ies p o ints t oward t he ir h av ing l acked s turd iness. I t i s o n ly i n t h is way t hat o ne c an e xp la in t he b ad q ua l i ty o f t he s tr ik ing o f many s pec imens a nd i n f act t he mu lt i tude o f c o ins " re la ted" a s a r esu lt o f r epeated amendments o f a n under ly ing d ie , o r a s a r esu lt o f i t s b e ing c op ied. I t i s b ronze d ies t hat c ou ld b e s oft o r b r itt le l ike t h is. A c onstant o r ientat ion o f s ides w ith p ara l le l v ert ie le a xes ( n f or t he z latn ik i a nd t ype I o f V lad im ir 's s rebren ik i; 1 " 1 * f or t he r ema in ing c lasses) i s c haracter ist ic o f a l l Russ ian c o ins o f t he X thX Ith c entur ies, a nd i t i ndicates t hat t he o bverse a nd r everse d ies were f astened i nto a n i mp lement h av ing t he f orm o f t ongs. The e xtreme ly r are i nstances where t h is o r ientat ion was v io la ted ( srebren ik i o f V lad im ir 's t ype I I, c o ins o f Yaros lav) were a pparent ly b rought a bout by b reakages i n t ongs o r b y r ep lacement o f s ing le d ies t hat h ad worn o ut. Western European c o ins c ontemporaneous w ith t he a nc ient Russ ian o nes were s truck o n r ound b lanks c ut f rom h ammered-out s heets o f meta 1. 1 85 The Russ ian c o ins a re s truck o n d isks c ast i n h inged t wo-part mou lds. I t i s j ust t h is t hat e xp la ins t he v ar ious g aps , n ot o f mechan ica l o r ig in a nd l ook ing l ike a ir bubb les, i ncomp lete e dges, o r i mproper ly a dher ing p atches, f requent ly e ncountered o n t he c o ins a nd c onst itut ing c ast ing d efectslö 6 ( see Nos.69-1, 8 2-1, 1 24-1, 1 28-4, 1 28-7, 1 67-2, 1 69-1, 1 75-1, 2 09-1, 2 11-2). The r aw mater ia l f or t he s tr ik ing o f t he Russ ian s i lver c o ins o f t he X th-XIth c entury c an o n ly h ave b een meta l o f f ore ign o r ig in s ince a nc ient Rus h ad n o s i lver o f i t s own. But t oward t he b eg inn ing o f t he X Ith c entury t he o nce m ighty f low o f s i lver f rom t he E ast d r ied u p. The v ery d irhems o f i t s " last e che lon" b ear w i tness t o t he s i lver c r isis i n t he E ast. Thus s ix o f 1 4 t ested f ragments o f Cuf ic c o ins o f t he h oard f rom t he v i l lage o f D en isy ( No .7) p roved t o b e l ow i n f ineness ( 600). But a s a who le t he s i lver c ontent o f t he d irhems was e v ident ly s ti l l t oo h igh f or t he Russ ian c urrency. I t i s s ymptomat ic t hat a mong more t han 3 00 s rebren ik i n ot a s ing le o verstruck d irhem h as b een f ound. Accord ing ly f or t he s tr ik ing o f c o ins i n t he Rus o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies t hey made u se o f al oca l a l loy i n wh ich d irhems may h ave s erved a s a s i lver a ddit ive. F or t he f i rst t ime we h ave g ot a r ea l i dea o f t he meta l o f t he s o-ca l led s rebren ik i , wh ich h ave p roved t o b e c opper i n t he ir o verwhe lm ing mass.

1 37

About 6 0% o f a l l t he c o ins d escr ibed h ave b een t ested ( Tab le 4 ). E ight s rebren ik i s tand a t 9 60 t housandths, t wo a t 8 75, f ive a t 8 60-800, s ix a t 7 00-600, t we lve b e low 5 00 , a bout t wenty a t 3 75-300. Thus t hree-quar ters o f t he s rebren ik i a re p ract ica l ly s peak ing n ot o f s i lver. There a re h igh-f ineness s rebren ik i i n e ach i ssue o f t he Russian c o ins o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies, e xcept f or Svya topo lk . The h igh s pec imens a re s truck w i th t he s ame d ies a s a re t he m ass o f b ase o nes. I t i s o n ly t he f ine s pec imens t hat a re f ound i n h oards a long w i th e astern a nd w estern European c o ins; i t i s o n ly t hey t hat t rave l f ar f rom t he p lace o f m intage a nd e nd u p b eyond t he f ront iers o f t he Russ ian s tate. F or t h is r eason o ne may s uggest , t hat t he l im i ted numbers o f s rebren ik i f rom western European h oards w i l l h ave q u ite h igh p ur ity o f a round 9 00. Ana logous p henomena a re o bserved a t t he t urn o f t he X thX Ith c entur ies a nd i n t he X Ith-X IIth c entur ies i n c entra l As ia , where t he s tate o f s i lver s tocks d id n ot p erm it s aturat ion b o th o f t he f ore ign a nd t he d omest ic market e ven-handed ly w ith s i lver , a nd where t here were c urrent o n t he d omest ic market c o ins o f a n a l loy o f s i lver w ith c opper o r o f c opper w ith t in , a nd a lso - a t a f orced r ate o f e xchange - c opper o nes l ight ly s i lvered. 1 87 There a re c opper Cuf ic d irhems p la ted w i th s i lver i n t he Herm itage c o l lect ion. 1 86 Go ld c o ins o f Russ ian s tr ik ing i n t he X th c entury r egu lar ly r epeat t he we ight n orm a nd t he f ineness o f Byzant ine s o l id i , wh ich t hey f o l low a lso i n d iameter a nd i n e xterna l a ppearance. I n t he X Ith c entury , t o j udge by t he c ompos it ion o f t he P insk a nd K inburn h oards ( Nos. 1 3, 1 5), V lad im ir 's z latn ik i p ar t ic ipated s ide by s ide w ith Byzant ine g o ld i n i nternat iona l monetary c ircu la t ion. Ma tters a re more c omp l icated w ith r egard t o e luc idat ion o f t he we ight n orm f or t he s i lver c o ins. The we ight o f c opper s rebren ik i c an i n t he b est o f c ases b e r egarded o n ly a s a r udimentary s urv iva l f rom s ome s or t o f we ight n orms f or s i lver c o ins. I t i s i mposs ib le t o s peak s er ious ly o f a metro logy h ere. One c an o r ient o nese lf o n ly by r eference t o a n " average" d irhem. I n a ddit ion , i t i s n ot a l l o f t he 3 00 o r s o s rebren ik i t hat a re s u itab le f or metro log ica l i nqu ir ies. S ett ing a s ide a bout 1 00 s pec imens n o t t racked d own o r s imp ly b roken t o b its , t here r ema in n o more t han 2 00 c o ins, i n t he ir ma jor ity b i l lon o r c opper . The we ight g raphs d rawn u p f or e ach c o in c lass s eparate ly a nd f or t he t wo " pure" h oards d o n o t r un c ounter o n t he who le t o Yan in 's i dea wh ich p roposed a metro log ica l l i nk b etween t he a nc ient Russ ian s rebren ik i a nd t he d irhem , a nd a s tr ik ing o f s rebren ik i o n t he we ight n orm o f t he k una i n t he s outhern Russ ian monetary s ystem o f t he X th c entury ; but u nfortunate ly n e i ther d o t hey e laborate u pon t ha t i dea , by r eason o f t he l im i ted q uant ity o f t he mater ia l. The c ons iderab le d ev iat ions f rom a n orm o f 3 g rams , r each ing p lus o r m inus 0 .5 t o 0 .8g, e v ident ly d epended u pon t he c ontent a nd q ua l i ty o f t he meta l a l loys u sed f or t he s tr ik ing o f t he s rebren ik i , e xtreme ly d ebased i n t he ir m ass. But a s r egards b i l lon a nd c opper c o ins g reat t o lerance was a lways o bserved i n t he M idd le Ages b oth i n t he West a nd i n t he E ast. Thus t he m ost

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r e l iab le t h ing , we m ight s ay , i s t o a cknow ledge, f o l low ing To lsto i , t hat t he Russ ian c o ins o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies, i n t heir c apac ity a s c opper o nes i n t heir ma jor ity , were e v ident ly s truck w ithout a ny metro log ica l s tandard. 1 89 Through a p rocess o f c onstant ly c ompar ing d ies we h ave c ontr ived t o b r ing t o l ight t he mode l d ie v ar iants wh ich s tood a t t he b eg inning o f t he Russ ian c o inage a nd t o d eterm ine t he c hrono log ica l s equence f or a ma jor ity o f t he v ar iants w ithin e ach num ismat ic c lass. I t h as t urned o ut t hat i n e ach o f t he e ight num ismat ic c lasses t here was a s ing le "master f oreman" a t work , w ith s evera l a ss istants a nd a pprent ices. As a c onsequence o f o ftr epeated c opy ing o f d ies t hat wore o ut qu ick ly , t he c o in l egends s oon b ecame muti lated e ven i n work by t he a uthors o f t he mode l d ies. F or t his r eason t he s ense o f many o f t he l e tter d e l ineat ions c an b e c aptured o n ly t hrough c ompar ison o f t he i nscr ipt ions o n t he c o ins o f t he who le c lass i n quest ion i n a ny g iven i nstance. The wr it ing o f t he l egends o n a l l t he c o ins i s Cyr i l l ic w ithout qua l if icat ion ( Tab le 5 ). I t d oes n ot c onta in a s ing le G lago l i th ic c haracter. G iven t he i n it ia l p rox im ity o f t he Kyr i l l itsa t o t he Greek a lphabet , t he u se o f p ure ly Greek l etter d es igns f or s ome l etters i n t he most l i terate e xcurs ions o f t he c o in l egends s trengthens t he i mpression o f t hese a s b e ing l egends Greek i n c haracter a s r egards e xterna ls. The n ature o f t he wr it ing o n t he b est mode ls o f t he c o ins i s e xtreme ly c lose t o t he c eremon ia l wr it ing o f mosa ics, o f monumenta l p ortra iture , o f j ewe lry o b jects, a nd o f s ea ls. F or t h is r eason t he s ett ing f orth i n t he p resent Corpus o f t he n um ismat ic c haracter ist ics o f t he a nc ient Russ ian c o ins a nd t he " b iograph ies" o f a l l s pec imens o f t hese c o ins known a t p resent c onverts t he Russian z latn ik i a nd s rebren ik i o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies i nto r e l iab le c omparative mater ia l f or t he s tudy o f o ther a nc ient r ecords o f O ld-Russ ian wr it ing , l anguage, a nd a rt. 1 9 ° The s tr ik ing o f t hese c o ins c ont inued f or n o more t han 2 5 o r 3 0 y ears a t t he t urn o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies, a nd i t d id n ot r esume e ven dur ing t he p ro longed K ievan p r inc ipate o f Yaros lav s on o f V ladim ir ( 1019-1064); a nd a lmost a l l f ind ings o f t hese c o ins c ome f rom h oards a nd bur ia ls n ot o lder t han t he X Ith c entury. As mater ia l r ema ins o f t he monetary c ircu la tion o f t he X thX Ith c entur ies t he f i rst Russ ian c o ins c onst itute a n i mportant h istor ica l s ource f or t he s tudy o f t he e conomy o f a nc ient Rus. The ir s tr ik ing was a v a in a ttempt t o c reate n ative c o in when t he f low o f d irhems i nto s outhern Russ ia , unceas ing o ver c entur ies p ast, b ecame s harp ly c ut b ack i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he X th c entury; but t he c o in i ssues were t oo e p isod ic a nd e x iguous , c arr ied o ut a s i t w ou ld s eem o n ly i rregu lar ly , a nd o n ly i n c onnect ion w ith s pec if ic e vents. The most a nc ient Russ ian c o ins a re o f i ncomparab ly g reater s ignif icance a s i mportant p o l i t ica l r ecords. I ndeed, t he c o ins w ith t he f igure o f t he Russian p r ince o n t he t hrone , h is p r ince ly emb lem , a nd h is l egend u nprecedented i n i t s d ec laratory c ontent , c onst itute what i s e ssent ia l ly t he s o le f orm o f Russ ian s tate d ocument o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies t hat h as c ome d own t o u s i n

1 40

t he o r ig ina l f orm. On t h is a ccount t hey a re o f u nquest ionab le i nterest a s a h istor ica l s ource f or t he s tudy o f t he p o l icy o f a nc ient Rus i n t he p er iod o f t he s upreme f lour ish ing o f t he K ievan s tate , when s ide by s ide w ith t he a dopt ion o f Chr ist ian ity a s t he s o le s tate r e l ig ion a nd t he e stab l ishment o f o ff ica l s tate a nna lwr i t ing t he i ssuance o f n at ive c o in s igna l ized t he p roc lama t ion o f t he i ndependence o f Rus a s a s ta te a nd i t s e qua l i ty w i th t he o ther European s tates. I f t he a ctua l a ppearance o f Russ ian c o in was s t imu la ted b y t he e stab l ishment o f Chr ist ian ity i n Rus a s t he s tate r e l ig ion , o ne c annot r u le o ut o f c ourt a s econd h ypothes is t o t he e ffect t hat t he s porad ic i ssuances o f t he s rebren ik i , wh ich o ver a b r ief p er iod s evera l t imes q u ite c onsp icuous ly a l tered t he ir a ppearance , s at isf ied a n eed f or c o in n ot s o much f or i ts u nder ly ing p urpose a s f or " representat iona l" u se - a s a wards , d ur ing t he t ime o f s o lemn c eremon ies a nd t he l i ke ( the a cceptance o f Chr ist ian ity , a nd t he marr iage o f V lad im ir t o a s ister o f t he Byzant ine e mpe-ors; p erhaps t he marr iage t o a g rand-daughter o f O tto t he G reat; b oth s e izures o f t he K ievan t hrone by S vyatopo lk ; t he c onf l ict o f Yaros lav w ith V lad im ir i n 1 014). Mak ing up t he o verwhe lm ing ma jor ity o f a l l k nown Russ ian l i terary r ema ins f rom t he X th-X Ith c entur ies, t he c o ins o f t he p r imord ia l c o inage a re s upreme ly v a luab le a lso f or s tudy o f l i terary a c t iv ity a nd o f t he O ld Russ ian l anguage. F ina l ly , t hey a re e xtreme ly i nterest ing a lso a s memor ia ls o f a rt , b r ing ing t o u s o ver t he c entur ies wh ich s eparate u s f rom t he t ime o f t he ir b e ing s truck t he o ldest Russ ian p ortra its.

1 41

Notes 1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 1 0

1 1

1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7

To lsto i , 1 882, p .187-194. Chernev , 1 888; P etrov , 1 895, p .109-115; Oreshn ikov , 1 936; Yan in, 1 955, p .44-46; Yan in, 1 956-1, p .166. T o lsto i , 1 893, p .316, 3 23-328. B auer , 1 927, p .318. P amyatn ik i i stor i i K ievskogo g osudarstva ( Memor ia ls o f t he H istory o f t he K ievan S tate), e d ited by G .E. Koch in, L en ingrad , 1 936, p .71. S oko lova , 1 975, p .67, 7 0, 7 1. T o lsto i , 1 893, p .353. O reshn ikov , 1 894, p .301-311; Oreshn ikov , 1 930 , p .87-112; O reshn ikov, 1 936, p .32ff . Karamz in , 1 818, p .11, n ote 5 6. W . Wroth : C ata logue o f t he I mper ia l Byzant ine C o ins i n t he B r it ish Museum , Vo l.I, L ondon , 1 908, p .484-486, 6 86, p la te LVI; P rotoko l L en ingradsko i i nspekts i i p rob irnogo n adzora o f 3 . VII.1975 g . No .299 ( Report No .299 o f t he L en ingrad I nspectorate f or T est S uperv is ion , d ated J u ly 3 , 1 975) ( Resu lts o f t he t est ing o f s o l id i o f t he X th c entury i n t he Herm i tage c o l lect ion). P h. Gr ierson : The D ebasement o f t he B ezant i n t he E leventh Century , BZ, 4 7, 1 954, p .379-394; P h. G r ierson : No tes o n t he F ineness o f t he Byzant ine S o l id i , BZ, 5 4, 1 961, p .91-97; M .F. Hendy : Co inage a nd Money i n t he Byzant ine Emp ire , 1 081-1261, Wash ington , 1 969, p .5-7; C ata logue o f t he Byzant ine C o ins i n t he Dumbarton Oaks C o l lect ion a nd i n t he Wh ittemore Co l lect ion , Vo l .III, Wash ington , 1 973, p .39-41, t ab le 3 ; C ec i le Morr ison : L a d eva luat ion d e l a monna ie byzant ine , Travaux e t m emo ires ( Centre d e r echerche d 'h isto ire e t c iv i l isat ion d e Byzance), 6 , P ar is, 1 976, p .4-8, 1 2, 3 2-40; P rotoko l L en ingradsko i i nspekts i i p rob irnogo n adzora o t 3 . VI.1975, No .300 ( Report No .300 o f t he L en ingrad I nspectorate f or T est S uperv is ion , d ated J une 3 , 1 975) ( Resu lts o f t est ing s o l id i o f t he X Ith c entury i n t he Herm i tage c o l lect ion). To lsto i , 1 882, p . VII. B auer , 1 927, p .317. Yan in, 1 956-1, p .170. To lsto i , 1 882, p .191; To lsto i , 1 893, p .356-357; B auer , 1 927, p .315; Yan in , 1 956-1, p .163. O reshn ikov , 1 936, p .43, 7 0. Y an in, 1 956-2, p .158. To lsto i , 1 882, p .30; To lsto i , 1 893, p .355-356. Chernev, 1 888, p .23, 5 6. Vo losh insk i , 1 853, p .9. Oreshn ikov , 1 936, p .72, 7 3, 7 5. To lsto i , 1 882, p .30. M ets , 1 960, p .208. To lsto i , 1 882, p .22. B auer , 1 927, p .313. To lsto i , 1 893, p .329. Y an in , 1 956-1, p .99, 1 59.

1 42

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4 0

. 4 1

I n t he a r t ic le : I z o b last i d enezhnogo o brashchen iya v S redne i As i i X I-X II vv. ( From t he f i e ld o f Monetary C ircu lat ion i n Centra l As ia i n t he X Ith-X IIth C entur ies), NE, 2 , 1 961, E .A. D av idov ich i nvest igates s omewhat l a ter mater ia l . K .V. Kuznetsou : S oba leusk i k lad ( The S oba levsk i Hoard), Vests i Akadem i i n avuk B e laruska i S SR ( News No tes o f t he Academy o f S c iences o f t he B e loruss ian S SR), No .6 , M insk , 1 949, p .140-141; V. N. Ryabtsev ich : Dva monetnoVeshchevykh l dada I X v . i z v itebsko i o b last i ( Two C o in-ob ject Hoards o f t he I Xth C entury f rom t he V itebsk D istr ict), Num izmat ika i E p igraf ika , V , 1 965, p .122; A .A. Bykov : Z ametk i p o v ostochno i num izmat ike ( No tes o n E astern Num ismat ics), I. Me lk ie r azmennyye d eng i v Vostochno i Evrope v s redn ie v eka ( Sma l l-change Money i n E astern Europe i n t he M idd le Ages), T ez isy d ok ladov n auchno i k onferents i i ONGE 1 5 i 1 6 maya 1 972 g . ( Abstracts o f R eports a t t he S c ient if ic C onference o f t he Num ismat ics D epar tment o f t he S tate Herm itage o n May 1 5, a nd 1 6, 1 972 ( m imeographed; l ibrary o f t he ONGE); Ryabtsev ich , 1 977, p .55. C ommun icat ion by N .P. Bauer t o t he e ffect t hat " the h oard i s a t t he Herm itage , w i thout h av ing b een b roken a par t" ( Bauer , 1 927, p .307) i s i n e rror . I n 1 914 t he Herm itage b ought f rom t he Archaeo log ica l C omm iss ion o n ly 1 68 c o ins f rom t he h oard, among wh ich, a s ide f rom 7 s rebren ik i , t here were 1 3 d irhems i n a l l ( 8 a s f ragments) a nd 4 8 western European c o ins ( KP ONGE, 4 4/131). R eport o f t he L en ingrad I nspectorate f or Test S uperv is ion i n t he M in istry o f F inances o f t he USSR , d ated J anuary 3 , 1 969. Yan in, 1 956-1, p .99. To lsto i , 1 888, p .200; Bauer , 1 927, p .309. Yan in , 1 956-1, p .167. Vo losh insk i , p .VII. To lsto i , 1 893, p .330. H . S tern : L IA M Byzant in , P ar is, 1 963, f ig.81. N . Kondakov : I stor iya i p amyatn ik i v izant i isko i ema l i ( H istory a nd Examp les o f Byzant ine Ename l), S t. P etersburg , 1 892, p .218-219; D .G. R ise : Art Byzant in, P ar is-Brusse ls, p l. XXIII, 1 65; W . Wroth : C a ta logue o f t he I mper ia l Byzant ine Co ins i n t he Br it ish Museum , v o l.II, L ondon , 1 908, LX I, LVII; A .V. B ank : V izant i iskoye i skusstvo v s obran i i S ovetskogo S oyuza ( Byzant ine Art i n C o l lect ions o f t he S ov iet Un ion), L en ingrad a nd Moscow, 1 966, No .119, 1 24. To lsto i , 1 893, p .336-340; L . S tefan i : N imb i l uchezarny v enets v p ro izveden iyakh d revnego i skusstva ( The N imbus a nd t he Rad iate C rown i n t he P roduct ions o f Anc ient Art), Annex t o Vo lume I V o f ZAN , S t. P etersburg , 1 863. D .S. L ikhachov : Che lovek v l i terature d revne i Rus i ( Man i n t he L iterature o f Anc ient Rus), Moscow a nd L en ingrad , 1 958, p .39; S verd lov , 1 972, p .151-159. T . K ezma : Opov idan iya a rabskogo i s tor ika Abu-Shodzh i Rudraverskogo X I v . p ro t e , y ak o khrest i lasya Rus ( Account o f t he Arab ian H istor ian Abu-Sho ji o f Rudraver a s t o h ow Rus B ecame Chr ist ian ized), Ann iversary s ympos ium i n h onor o f t he Academ ic ian D .I. Baga l iya , Vo lume I ( Compend ium o f t he

1 43

4 2 4 3

4 4 4 5 4 6

4 7

4 8

4 9 5 0 5 1

5 2 5 3 5 4

5 5

H istor ico-Ph i lo log ica l D epartment), No.51, K iev , 1 927, p .393, 3 94. P SRL , v o l.I, Moscow, 1 962, c o lumns 4 7, 5 6. B .A. Rybakov : Russk iye d atirovannyye n adp is i X IX IV v v . ( Dated Russ ian I nscr ipt ions o f t he X Ith-X IVth C entur ies), Moscow, 1 964, p .14-16; S .A. Vysotsk i : D revnerussk iye n adp is i S of i i K ievsko i X IX IV vv. ( Anc ient Russ ian I nscr ipt ions o f K ievan S of ia o f t he X Ith-XIVth C entu i ies), No.l. K iev , 1 966, p .34-41, No .8; S .O. V isoysk i : P ro s hcho r ozpov ida l i d avn i s t in i ( What Anc ient Wa l ls Have Had t o S peak O f), K iev , 1 978, p .30, 3 1. T o lsto i , 1 892, p .330. I b id. To lsto i , 1 882, p .45; To lsto i , 1 893, p .343-344, 3 59-360; Chernev , 1 888 , p .30 o f o ffpr int; P rozorovsk i , 1 883, p .5 o f o ffpr int. Th is means " perta in ing t o V lad im ir". S uch a f orm o f a n a d ject ive i nd icat ing p ropr ietorsh ip i s n orma l f or t he O ld Russ ian l anguage, a nd a s ide f rom i ts a ppearance i n " Yaros lav le s rebro" i t i s a lso k nown f rom t he c hron ic les a nd e p igraph ic r ecords. C f . " Tsar itsa Vo lod imeryaya" ( PSRL , v o l.I, Moscow, 1 962, c o lumn 1 29); " Knyag inya Vsevo lozhaa" o r " O l isava S vyatopo lcha ma t" ( S.A. Vysotsk i : Drevnerussk iye n adp is i S of i i K ievsko i..., p .61, 7 3, p la tes XXVII-XXX). To lsto i e rroneous ly c a l ls t h is f orm a v oca t ive ( 1893, p .360). To lsto i , 1 882, p .193-194. The r e la t ive ly l ow n umbers o f t he c o ins o f t ype I V ( on ly 2 4 s pec imens a ga inst 7 0 s rebren ik i o f t ype I a nd 8 0 o f t ype I I) wou ld a lso s eem t o s how t ha t t ype I V was t he l ast i n t he s er ies o f t he V lad im ir c o ins. P SRL , v o l.!, Moscow , 1 962, c o lumn 1 40. P SRL , v o l.II, Moscow , 1 962, c o lumn 2 81. T . K ezma , p .393, 3 94; P SRL , v o l.!, 1 946, p .47. A b ib l iography o f works d ea l ing w ith t he a cceptance o f Chr ist ian i ty b y Rus a nd t he marr iage o f V lad im ir t o Anna i s a ttached t o t he s tudy : W idera B . Brun v on Querfurt u nd Rus land. - J ahrbuch f ur Gesch ichte d er UdSSR u nd d er v o lksdemokrat ischen L ander Europas , Ber l in , 1 959, p .371-372. S ee Chapter I , Tab le 2 . P SRL , v o l.I, Moscow, 1 962, c o lumn 5 6. G enea logy We lforum. - M onumenta G erman iae H istor ica , S cr iptores, t . X III, p .734; H istor ia W e lforum We ingartens is. S ame p ub l icat ion , Vo l. XII, p .460. N . B aumgar ten : L e d ern ier manage d e s a int V lad im ir. Or ienta l is c hr ist iana , v o l. XVIII, 2 , No .61, Rome , 1 930, p .165-168; V .D. Koro lyuk: Z apadnyye s lavyane i K ievskaya Rus v X -XI vv. ( The Western S lays a nd K ievan Rus i n t he X th-X Ith C entur ies), Moscow, 1 964, p .227; V .T. P ashuto : Vneshnyaya p o l i t ika Drevne i Rus i ( The F ore ign P o l icy o f Anc ient Rus), Moscow, 1 968, p .122; M .B. S verd lov : P o l i t ichesk iye o tnoshen iya Rus i iG erman i i X -p ervo i p o lov iny X I v . ( Po l i t ica l R e la t ionsh ips o f Rus a nd G ermany i n t he X th a nd F irst H a lf o f t he X Ith C entury), i n t he b ook : P rob lemy i stor i i m ezhdunarodnykh o tnoshen i i ( Prob lems i n t he H istory

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6 4 6 5 6 6 6 7 6 8 6 9 7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 6 7 7 7 8

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o f I nternat iona l R e lat ions), S ympos ium o f a rt ic les i n h onor o f E .B. Tar le , L en ingrad , 1 972, p .290, 2 91. Vo losh insk i , p .VII , I X , p la te I , I I; To lsto i , 1 882, p .52, 5 3; Oreshn ikov, 1 936, p .63; M ets , 1 960, p .208. To lsto i , 1 882, p .47, No.83, p .51, 5 2, No .101; T o lsto i , 1 884, p .55; To lsto i , 1 893, p .331. Oreshn ikov, 1 936, p .63, 6 4, 7 8. S ee Nos.219-227 i n t he c ata log; Rybakov , 1 940, p .241ff ; Yan in, 1 970-1, p .166, Nos.2 , 3 . P SRL, v o l.!, Moscow, 1 962, c o lumn 3 4. I b id, c o lumn 3 3. Yan in , 1 970-1, p .38-41, p .166, No .l. Trudy Vo lgo-Donsko i a rcheo log ichesko i e xped i ts i i ( Work o f t he Vo lga-Don Archeo log ica l E xped it ion), v o l.!, M IA v o l.62, Moscow a nd L en ingrad , 1 958, p .76, f ig.52. P SRL , v o l.!, Moscow, 1 962, c o lumns 5 8, 6 0, 6 2. Th ietmar i c hron icon , V II , 7 2 ( 52). P SRL , v o l.!, Moscow , 1 962, c o lumns 5 5-60. P SRL, v o l.I, Moscow, 1 962, c o lumns 6 1-63. M ets , 1 960, p .213. To lsto i , 1 882, p .52, 5 3; O reshn ikov , 1 936, p .64. To lsto i , 1 882, p .52-54. To lsto i , 1 882, p .55, 5 6, 1 93, 1 94; To lsto i , 1 893, p .344-346, 3 63-367. Chernev, 1 888, p .124-129; Chernev , 1 891, p .22. To lsto i , 1 893, p .364. Chernev , 1 888, p .127. S ea ls M -2515, M -4182, M -4210 ( Eastern D epartment o f t he S tate Herm i tage). To lsto i , 1 882, p .55; To lsto i , 1 893, p .345. Yan in, 1 970-1, No.316. C f . Bank , V izant i iskoye i skusstvo v s obran iyakh S ov ietskogo S oyuza ( Byzant ine Art i n Co l lect ions o f t he S ov iet Un ion), 1 966, p .319, No .235 ( the r e l ief " The Apost le P eter", Bu lgar ian work o f t he X IIth c entury). Chernev, 1 891, p .22. Chernev, 1 888, p .127, 1 28; Chernev, 1 891, p .22. To lsto i , 1 882, p .56; To lsto i , 1 893, p .345. To lsto i , 1 882, p .56. Chernev, 1 891, p .24-27. L ihachov, 1 930, p .189; O reshn ikov , 1 936, p .55. P etrov, 1 890, p .507-510; Chernev , 1 891, p .24 , 2 5. S ea ls: M -2515, M -4053, M -4182, M -4210 ( Eastern D epartment o f t he S tate Herm itage). M ets, 1 960, p .210. Y anin, 1 956-1, p .166. Mets, 1 960, p .213. To lsto i , 1 882, p .193. To lsto i , 1 882, p .194; To lsto i , 1 884, p .55. To lsto i , 1 884, p .56, 6 0. Vo loshtnsk i , MD.29-31, n ote; To lsto i , 1 882, p .57-60; To lsto i , 1 893, p .346-348. Chernev, 1 888, p .129-140; Chernev , 1 891, p .22, 2 3. P etrov, 1 890, p .507-510; P etrov , 1 893, p .311-313; P etrov , 1 895, p .109-115; P etrov , 1 915, p .18, 1 9.

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1 02

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Chernev, 1 888, p .44-51. I b id, p .45. P etrov, 1 895, p .109-115. I b id, p .111. O reshn ikov , 1 936, p .57. P SRL , v o l.I, Moscow , 1 962, c o lumn 6 8, 6 9, 2 25-257, 2 60, 2 63; H istor ia Russ ie monumenta , e d. A .J. Turgen iew, v o l.1, p .1; P . L aufrey: H isto ire p o l i t ique d es P apes , P ar is, 1 860. H .V. S auer land und A . Hase loff : D er P sa lter E rzb ischof E gberts v on Tr ier. C odex G ertrudianus i n C iv ida le , Tr ier , 1 901; A . B obr insk i : K ievsk iye m in iatyury X I v . i p or tre t khnyazya Yaropo lka I zyas lav icha v p sa lt ir i E gberta a rkh iep iskopa Tr irskogo ( K ievan M in iatures o f t he X Ith Century a nd t he P ortra i t o f P r ince Yaros lav s on o f I zyas lav i n t he P sa lter o f E gbert, Archb ishop o f Tr ier), ZRAO , v o l. XII , N o.1-2, n ew s er ies. - TOSRA , b ook 5 , S t. P etersburg , 1 901, p .367-371; N .P. K ondakov : I zobrazhen iye r ussko i k nyazhesko i s emy i v m in iatyurakh X I v . ( The Representat ions o f t he Russ ian P r ince ly F ami ly i n M in iatures o f t he X Ith C entury), S t. P etersburg , 1 906. Yan in, 1 954. I b id, p .155, 1 56, 1 58-160. P etrov, 1 890, p .507-510; Chernev , 1 891, p .22. Chernev , 1 888, p .133-140. Chernev , 1 891, p .27. I b id. To lsto i , 1 882, p .57, 5 9; Chernev , 1 891, p .27; O reshn ikov , 1 936, p .54. Yan in, 1 955, p .44; Yan in, 1 956-1, p .166. Yan in , 1 956-1, p .166. T o lsto i , 1 893, p .365, 3 66. Chernev , 1 888, p .44 o f o ffpr int; Chernev , 1 891, p .24; Oreshn ikov, 1 930, p .104. L ikhachov , 1 930, p .191. Oreshn ikov , 1 930, p .104. Mets, 1 960, p .209, 2 10. I ly in, 1 924, p .9. P SRL , v o l.I, Moscow, 1 962, c o lumn 6 1. I b id, c o lumn 6 1, 6 2. Vo lkner , p . ' 764; S ch loezer , 1 802, I , p .42; I , p .278; Karamz in, v o l.II, n o te 5 6; s ee a bove , p .00-00. Kun ik , 1 860. T o lsto i , 1 882, p .87-89; To lsto i , 1 893, p .336; B auer , 1 927, p .316, 3 17; L ikhachov , 1 930, p .178 ,179; P o t in , 1 968, p .141-150, f ig.18. P o t in, 1 968 , p .142; f ig.18, p .145. Kun ik , 1 860, p .86; To lsto i , 1 882, p .86; L ikhachov , 1 930, p .175; S passk i , 1 962, p .46-4 ' 7; S passk i , 1 970, p .53. B auer , 1 927, p .317; L ikhachov , 1 930, p .178. O reshn ikov, 1 936, p .51. Kun ik , 1 860, p .62, 1 10-112. T o lsto i , 1 891. Kun ik , 1 860, p .114. T o lsto i , 1 891, p .79-80; To lsto i , 1 893, p .332, 3 33. L ikhachov, 1 928, p .154-156, f ig.72; L SA , p la te XXVI, No .7.

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1 40 1 41

1 42 1 43

Yan in, 1 970-1, p .23-26, 1 70, No.24. L ikhachov, 1 928, p .156. Oreshn ikov, 1 903. Yan in, 1 955, p .34-95; Yan in, 1 970-1, p .34-38, 4 1, p .166, No.3. Bartho lomae i , 1 861, p .109, 1 10. Yan in, 1 955, p .40, 4 1; Yan in, 1 970-1, p .40. S ee t he d iagram o n F igure 2 2. Rybakov, 1 940, p .214ff. S ee t he d iagram o n F igure 2 2. S passk i , 1 962, p .46; Kunik , 1 860, p .57-59; To lsto i , 1 884, p .61; Chernev, 1 888, p .159-160; I ly in, 1 924, p .2; Bauer , 1 927, p .318; L ikhachov, 1 930, p .178; Oreshn ikov, 1 936, p .32, 3 5, 4 1, 4 3; Yan in, 1 956-1, p .166; S passk i, 1 962, p .46; P ot in, 1 968, p .144, 1 47-150; Yan in, 1 971-1, p .23, 2 4, 3 5-41; Mo lchanov, 1 973, p .82-85; S passk i , 1 974, p .33; S otn ikova , 1 975, p .61; S otn ikova , 1 978, p .10. P ot in, 1 968, p .23, 5 2. A .I. Cherepn in: 0 g r ivenno-denezhno i s isteme p o d revn im k ladam ( Regarding t he g r ivna Monetary System, o n t he Bas is o f Anc ient Hoards), TMNO , v o l.II, Moscow, 1 901, p .190, 2 04; N . Bauer : D ie S i lberund Go ldbarren d es r uss ischen M itte la lters, NZ, v o l.64, V ienna , 1 931, p .76/60; N .P. Bauer : Denezhny s chot v dukhovno i n ovgorodtsa K l imenta i d enezhnoye o brashchen iye v s evero-vostochno i Rus i ( Money Account i n t he Testament o f t he Novgorod Resident K l iment , a nd Monetary C ircu la t ion i n Northeastern Rus), i n " Prob lemy i stochnikovedeniya" ( Prob lems o f S ource Research), 1 940, p .202; M .P. S o tn ikova : I z i stor i i o brashchen iya r ussk ikh s erebryanykh p latezhnykh s l i tkov v X IV-XV vv. ( From t he H istory o f t he C ircu la t ion o f Russ ian S i lver Payment I ngots i n t he X IVth-XVth Centur ies), SA , 1 957, No.3, p .59; M .P. S otn ikova : Ep igraf ika s erebryanykh p latezhnykh s l itkov Ve l ikogo Novgoroda X II-XV vv. ( The Ep igraphics o f t he S i lver P ayment I ngots o f Great Novgorod i n t he X IIth-XVth Centur ies), TGE, v o.IV , 1 961, p .4 ' 7; A .L. Khoroshk iev ich: Torgov lya Ve l ikogo Novgoroda v X IV-XV v ekakh ( The Trade o f Great Novgorod i n t he X IVth-XVth Centur ies), Moscow, 1 963, p .271, 2 80-283. Kunik, 1 860, p .70, 7 1. P ovest v remennykh l et ( The Ta le o f P ast Years), p art I , Moscow-Leningrad, 1 950 ( Academy o f S c iences o f t he USSR , S er ies " L iteraturnyye P amyatn ik i), p .543 ( Sub ject a nd Term ino logy I ndex); Novgorodskaya P ervaya l etop is s tarshego i m ladshego i zvodov ( The O lder a nd t he Younger R edact ions

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o f t he Novgorod F irst Chron ic le), e dited by A .N. Nasonov, Moscow, 1 950, p .637 ( Sub ject I ndex). A .V. Arts ikhovsk i : Novgorodsk iye g ramoty n a b ereste ( Iz r askopok 1 952 g .) ( Novgorod Charters o n B irch-Bark ( from t he 1 952 E xcavat ions)), Moscow, 1 954, No.30; A .V. Arts ikhovsk i a nd V .I. Borkovsk i : Novgorodsk iye g ramo ty n a b ereste ( iz r askopok 1 953-54 g g.), Moscow, 1 954, No.133; S ame a uthors : Novgorodsk iye g ramoty n a b ereste ( i z r askopok 1 956-1957 g g.), Moscow, 1 963, Nos.197, 2 21, 2 57, 2 93, 3 18; A .V. Arts ikhovsk i : Novgorodsk iye g ramoty n a b ereste ( i z r askopok 1 968-1961 g g.), Moscow, 1 963, Nos.334, 3 54; A .V.

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1 57 1 58 1 59 1 60 1 61 1 62

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Arts ikovsk i a nd V .L. Y an in : Novgorodsk iye g ramo ty n a b ereste ( iz r askopok 1 962-1976 g g.), Moscow, 1 978, No .417 , 4 36. The F irst Novgorod Chron ic le... O strom irovo e vange l iye 1 056-1057 g oda. S p r i lozhen iyem g recheskogo t eksta e vange l i i i s g ramma t ichesk im i o b y asnen iyam i , i zdannoye A . Vostokovym ( The O strom ir G ospe l o f 1 056-1057. W ith a nnexed Greek t ext o f t he Gospe ls a nd w i th g ramma t ica l e xp lanat ions , e d ited by A . Vostokov), S t. P etersburg , 1 845, p .262, 2 75 ( Word i ndex). Kun ik , 1 860, p .70, 7 1, 9 0, 9 3. L ikhachov, 1 930, p .175. I b id. O reshn ikov, 1 936, p .51. L ikhachov, 1 930, p .175. To lsto i , 1 882, p .68; L ikhachov , 1 930, p .181-182. P rozorovsk i , 1 883, p .6, 7 ; Chernev , 1 888, p .160, 1 61. Oreshn ikov , 1 936, p .46. Koehne , 1 859, p .63; Kun ik , 1 860, p .63; P o t in , 1 968, p .144 , 1 45, 1 47. B ar tho lomae i , 1 860, p .6; To lsto i , 1 882, p .86; B auer , 1 927, p .317; S passk i , 1 962, p .46; Mo lchanov , 1 973, p .85; S o tn ikova , 1 975, p .63; S o tn ikova , 1 978, p .8-11. W . Anderson, 1 935, p .23, 2 4; P ot in , 1 968, p .148; S o tn ikova , 1 978, p .8, 9 . Mo lchanov, 1 973, p .85. P o t in, 1 968, p .145. To lsto i , 1 882, p .89. Chernev, 1 888, p .159; Chernev , 1 898, p .101; O reshn ikov , 1 936, p .45-4 ' 7, 5 1, 5 2; S passk i , 1 962, p .46. Koehne , 1 859, p .73; Kun ik , 1 860, p .58, 5 9; Bar to lomae i , p .2; Gustafson , p .96; B auer , 1 927, p .319; L ikhachov , 1 930, p .178, 1 79; W . Anderson, 1 935, p .24 , 2 5; P o t in , 1 968, p .144, 1 46-148; Mo lchanov , 1 973, p .85. P o t in, 1 968, p .146; M o lchanov , 1 963, p .85. P o t in, 1 968, p .78. I b id, p .78. I b id, p .22, 2 3. P ot in, p .144. S o tn ikova , 1 978, p .10 B auer , 1 927, p .317, n ote 1 ; B .P. Bauer : L etter o f May 1 9, 1 935 t o W . Anderson ( see W . Anderson , 1 935, p .25); L ikhachov , 1 930, p .179. P SRL , v o l.I, Moscow , 1 962 , c o lumn 4 8. F unduk le i , 1 847, p .91. Yan in, 1 956-1, p .70. P SRL , v o l.I, Moscow, 1 962, c o lumn 5 6. V .L. Y an in: I z i s tor i i r ussko i k hudozhestvenno i ip o l i t ichesko i z h izni X II v . ( From t he H istory o f Russ ian Art ist ic a nd P o l i t ica l L ife i n t he X IIth C entury), SA , 1 957, I , p .113-131. W . Anderson, 1 935, p .23, 2 4. To lsto i , 1 882, p .83; L ikhachov , 1 930, p .177. Yan in, 1 956-1, p .144 , 1 45. P o t in, 1 968, p .148. L ikhachov, 1 930, p .179.

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1 80 1 81 1 82 1 83

1 84

1 85

1 86 1 87

1 88

1 89 1 90

P SRL , v o l.I, Moscow, 1 962, c o lumn 1 43. L ikhachov, 1 930, p .178, 1 79. Mo lchanov, 1 973, p .85. K irst B end ixen: " Scand inav ian I m itat ions", Nord isk Num ismat isk Arsskr ift , 1 968, p .21-32; B r. Ma lmer : B idrag t i l l s tudiet a v E the lredim i tat ioner , Num ismat iska m ede landen, 3 1, 1 973, p .34-35. I .G. S passk i : Ta lery v r usskom d enezhnom o brashchen i i 1 6541 659 g g. ( Tha lers i n Russ ian Monetary C ircu la t ion , 1 6541 659), L en ingrad, 1 960, p .5. R . Wa lther : D ie Entw ick lung d er e uropa ischen MünzprägeTechn ik v on d en Karo l ingern b is z ur G egenwart , D eutsches J ahrbuch f ür Num isma t ik , Mun ich, 1 939, 2 , p .142; M . Ha is ig: W menn icy k ro lewsk ie j a .d. 1 657, Z ap isk i n um isma tyczene , Wroc law, 1 949, No.4, p .4 , 5 . S passk i , 1 961, p .541; S passk i , 1 962, p .44; S passk i , 1 970-2 , p .52. M .E. Mason : K i s tor i i g rono i p romysh lennost i K aramazara ( For t he H istory o f t he M in ing I ndustry o f t he K aramazar), Works o f t he Tadzh ik Base o f t he Academy o f S c iences o f t he USSR , v o lume I V , Moscow a nd L en ingrad , 1 935; D av idov ich , 1 960, p .99-107; E .A. Dav idov ich : D enezhnoye o brashchen iye v Maverannakhre p r i S aman idakh ( Monetary C ircu la t ion i n Maverannakhr u nder t he S aman ids), NE , I V, 1 963, p .11; B .S. S a ipanov : P rob lema " serebryanogo k r is isa" d enezhnogo o brashchen iya Khazar i i n a Vostoke v n um izmat ichesko i l i teratury ( The P rob lem o f a " si lver c r isis" i n t he Monetary C ircu lat ion o f t he E ast i n num ismat ic l i terature), Vestn ik MGU ( H istory), 1 976, No.1, p .54-57. A .A. Bykov : 0 k hazarskom c hekane V IIIIX vv. ( On t he Khazar Co inage o f t he V IIIth-IXth C entur ies), TGE, X II, p .30, f ig.3; A .A. Bykov : I z i stor i i d enezhnogo o brashchen iya Khazar i i v V III i i X vv. ( From t he H istory o f t he Monetary H istory o f Khazar ia i n t he V IIIth a nd I Xth C entur ies), i n t he s ympos ium : Vostochnyye i stochn ik i p o i s tor i i n arodov y ugov ostochno i i t sentra lno i Y evropy ( Eastern S ources o n t he H istory o f t he P eop les o f S outheastern a nd C entra l Europe), I I, Moscow, 1 974, p .47, 4 8. To lsto i , 1 882, p .VII. S otn ikova , 1 970, p .101, 1 02.

1 49

CORPUS CATALOG OF ANCIENT RUSSIAN COINS OF THE X th-XIth CENTURIES A l l c urrent ly known s pec imens o f t he Russ ian c o ins o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies a re l i sted i n t he c ata log. There a re a bout 3 40 o f t hem a nd t hey were s truck by more t han 2 20 p a irs o f d ies. Both f igures a re a rb itrary by r eason o f t he i nc lus ion o f 7 6 c o ins wh ich h ave n ot b een t racked d own , 2 3 among wh ich a re moreover o f a s y et unestab l ished t ype. I n t he c ata log t hese c o ins a re l i sted o n a n e qua l f oot ing w ith t he s pec imens t hat a re known. On t h is a ccount t he number o f d ies a nd c o ins s pec if ied i n t he l i st i s most l i ke ly a l i tt le i nf lated, s ince s ome o f t he s t i l l " unprobed" r eports r egarding f indings o f s rebren ik i o r r egarding t he ir b e ing p resent i n v ar ious c o l lect ions may i n t he f uture m erge w ith e ach o ther a s r e lat ing t o t he s ame s pec imens. F or e xample , o ne may e xpect s uch a c utt ing b ack o f t he number o f known s rebren ik i by v irtue o f t he c o ins f rom t he A . A. S ievers c o l lect ion ( 217, 2 19-221) wh ich were s o ld a broad, a nd o f s ome c o ins wh ich a re r ef lected i n a uct ion c ata logs o f 1 929 a nd 1 930 ( 66-2, 1 25-1, 1 89-1, 2 16; 7 1-3, 1 82-2). The s rebren ik i f rom t he Moscow c o l lect ion o f Napp ( 1920s; 4 8-51, 1 13, 1 58, 2 10) may t urn o ut t o b e c o ins t hat n ow b e long t o t he Novgorod Museum ( 17-10, 1 7-11, 1 7-12, 2 2-3, 3 8-2, 1 94-6), i nasmuch a s i n b oth c ases c o ins g o ing b ack t o t he V .M . I versen c o l lect ion a re b e ing t raced. I t wou ld a lso s eem t hat t he s rebren ik i t hat were known t o N .P. Chernev a s b e ing " in o ther c o l lect ions" a round 1 891 ( 40-47) r eappeared i n a number o f l a ter c o l lect ions. The d ie p a irs were b rought t o l i ght t hrough a p rocess o f c ompar ing t he c o ins w ith e ach o ther by s upr impos ing upon t he mater ia l t o b e c ompared d e l icate t ransparent p late letsl ( F igure 2 7) b ear ing i dent ica l g raphlatt ices. E ach d ie p a ir s o r evea led h as b een e ntered i n t he c ata log w ith a n unchang ing number. I ts p os it ion i n t he o vera l l o rder o f d ies i s d eterm ined by o bserv ing t he e vo lut ion o f t he d ies f or e ach g iven t ype a nd by t heir c loseness t o t he z latn ik i a s t he o ldest among t he c o ins. I n t he l ight o f t he p oor s tate o f p reservat ion o f i nd iv idua l c o ins t he l egend i s i n a n umber o f c ases r econstructed f rom f ragments wh ich h ave s urv ived o n s evera l s pec imens a nd wh ich c omp lement e ach o ther. A fter t he d escr ipt ion o f t he d ies we l i st t he c o ins s truck f rom t hem. These c o ins h ave d oub le n umbers. The f i rst f igure i nd icates t he number o f t he d ie, t he s econd t he n umber o f t he s pec imen i n t he s er ies o f known c o ins s truck f rom t he g iven d ie p a ir. The s ame e numerat ion o f s pec imens i s u sed i n t he t ab les a nd o n t he p lates a s i n t he l i st i t se lf. I n t he c ata log t he c o ins r eproduced o n t he p lates a re i nd icated by a ster isks - ( *). Overstruck s pec imens a re i nc luded i n t he c ata log t w ice - b oth i n t he s er ies o f c o ins o f t he u nder ly ing t ype a nd i n t hat o f t he t ype wh ich t akes i t s p lace ( 16-1 = 1 03-1; 1 14-1 = 1 28-1; 1 14a-1 = 1 29-2; 1 15-1 = 1 84-2; 1 16-1 = 1 94-2). On t he p lates t he i l lustrat ions o f o verstruck s pec imens a re i n e ach c ase o r iented i n t he way wh ich c orresponds t o t he t ype under e xam inat ion.

1 50

I n d escr ib ing e ach c o in we g ive i t s we ight , d iameter , meta l f ineness ( i f known; c o ins i n a n a l loy c onta in ing a t r if l ing q uant ity o f s i lver a re i nd icated by means o f a m inus s ign ( -); c o ins n ot t ested b ear n o i nd icat ion o f t h is c haracter), a nd i t s i nd iv idua l e xterna l f eatures. We f urther i nd icate t he p rovenance o f t he c o in a nd, u nder t he h ead ing " Custody" ( abbrev iated a s C ), i t s c ourse t hrough v ar ious c o l lect ions t o t he p lace where i t i s p reserved a t p resent. A t t h is p o int we c i te t he museum i nventory n umber o r t he n umber i n t he museum 's r eg ister o f a ccess ions. We n ote i n p arentheses t he d ate o f a ccess ion o f t he c o in i nto o ne c o l lect ion o r a nother. Works c onta in ing p ub l icat ions o r a ttr ibut ions o f c o ins a re l i sted under t he h ead ing " Pub l icat ions" ( abbrev iated a s P ub.). L iterature i n wh ich t he c o ins i s mere ly r eferred t o w ithout c oncrete c haracter izat ion a nd w ithout i l lustrat ion i s c i ted u nder t he h ead ing " Ment ioned" ( abbrev iated a s Men.). A t a s eperate p o int I l l, we n ote c ases where a c o ins i s i l lustrated w ithout d eta i led d escr ipt ion , i n s ources wh ich a re f or t he most p art o f a rch iva l c haracter. I n a c ase where a c o in i s known o n ly f rom i l lustrat ions we r eproduce t he b est o f t hese. Or ientat ion o f t he s ides o f a c o in i s n oted o n ly i n t hose c ases where i t p roves t o b e d ifferent f rom t he o r ientat ion c haracter ist ic f or t he c o ins o f t he t ota l ity o f e ach t ype , a s i nd icated i n Chapter 3 . The a uthors r eta in a g ratefu l r emembrance o f M .G. Agaron ian , who i n t he 1 960s a nd 1 970s c arr ied o ut a l l t he under ly ing p hotograph ic work f or t h is p ub l ica t ion , a nd t hey o ffer p rofound t hanks t o I .D. F lotsk i , who c omp leted t he p ho tograph ic l ayout o f t he b ook a s i t was a lready i n p rocess o f e d itor ia l p reparat ion. THE Z LATNIKI OF VLADIMIR ( 1) Obverse: F igure o f t he p r ince f ac ing a nd , t o j udge by t he b ent l egs , s eated. On h is h ead a c ap s urmounted by a c ross a nd b ear ing p endants. The p r ince 's r ight h and h o lds a c ross o n al ong s taff , a nd t he l ef t h and i s a t h is c hest. C ircu lar i nscr ipt ion f rom r ight t o l ef t w ith t ops o f l e tters t oward t he c enter o f t he c o in; i t e nds w ith a c ross: + dAOY 3 A

d

B . 7 1AZI l i qn , H A C TO J It

i .e., " V lad im ir o n t he t hrone." B eaded b order. R everse: H a lflength p ortra it o f Chr ist f ac ing , w ear ing a c r iss-cross c rown; t he Gospe l i n h is l ef t h and, a nd t he r ight h and c onferr ing a b ened ict ion. C ircu lar i nscr ipt ion a rranged l ike t he i nscr ipt ion o n t he o bverse: 1 '3

TJ N z iX 6r , /

i .e.,

IC Ya ) 2 1 / 1C TOC I )

" Jesus Chr ist".

1 51

( *) ( 1-1) w - 4 .4g., d . 2 3mm., t est 9 58. Doub le-struck. P rovenance P insk h oard o f 1 804. C - H erm itage, Az-12 ( 1804). P ub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .1-2, NOT 1, p late 5 , 1 ; S passk i , 1 974, f ig.2, 1 ; Men. Krug , 1 805, p .51, Book o f Access ions 1 804; C ata log 1 855, No.1273. I nscr ipt ions c omplete ly p reserved. ( *) ( 1-2) w . 4 .37g., d . 2 3mm., t est 9 16-958. P rovenance P insk h oard 1 804. C - Herm itage, As-13 ( 1804). Pub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .1-2, p late 5 , 2 ; S otn ikova , 1 964-1; S passk i , 1 974, f ig.2, 2 . Men. Krug , 1 805, p .51. Book o f Access ions, 1 804; C ata log 1 855, No.1274. I nscr ipt ions c omp lete ly p reserved. ( *) ( 1-3) w . 4 .15g., d . 2 2mm. P rovenance K inburn h oard 1 863. C c o l lect ion o f Grand Duke Georg i i M ikha i lov ich ( 1886, purchase f or 1 300 r ub les); L en ingrad M int ( 1926-1929, where A .A. I ly in s aw t he s pec imen among s ome o ther Russ ian c o ins o f t he X th-XIth c entur ies, t ransferred f rom t he P eop le 's Comm issar iat f or F inances o f t he USSR a nd s hown t o h im by A .F. Basyut insk i o n t he a uthor ity o f t he d irectors o f t he M int). G IM , 6 8470 ( access ion f rom t he S ov iet Ph i la te l ic Assoc iat ion , 1 930). Pub. To lsto i , 1 893, p .349, 1 , p late X II, 1 -2; Oreshn ikov , 1 936, p .68, p late I I, 9 ( the a uthor e v ident ly d id n ot r ecogn ize i n t he c o in h e was p ub l ish ing t he Georg i i M ikhao lov ich s pec imen, t ak ing i t f or a nother " zlatn ik j ust l i ke i t"); S passk i , 1 974, f ig.4, 2 . Men. Correspondence o n t he num ismat ic c ab inet o f t he Grand Duke G eorg i i M ikha i lov ich f rom 1 885 t o 1 905, T sGIAL , h o ld ing 5 30, i nventory 1 , s ub ject 9 3, s heets 3 60-361; A .V. Oreshn ikov i n l etter o f March 2 2, 1 929 t o A . A. I ly in , Arch ive o f t he ONGE - I ly in p apers; A . A. I ly in i n l etter o f October 3 , 1 930 t o A .V. Oreshn ikov, Arch ive o f t he G IM; M inutes o f s ess ions o f t he Num ismat ics a nd G lypt ics Comm iss ion o n Apr i l 3 , 1 929, Arch ive o f t he LOIA o f t he USSR Academy o f S c iences, h o lding 2 , 1 929, s ub ject 3 1, s heets 6 0 v erso a nd 6 1. R everse i nscr ipt ion p art ia l ly p reserved. ( *) ( 1-4) w . 4 .32g., d . 2 3-24mm., t est 9 16. P rovenance K inburn h oard 1 863. C - c o l lect ion o f N .N. Murzak iev ich ( purchased 1 863 f or 1 6 r ub les a long w ith t wo Byzant ine c o ins); Museum o f t he 00ID ( 1881, g if t o f N .N. Murzak iev ich); OAM, 5 2285. Pub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .127, p late 1 4, 1 ; S passk i , 1 974, f ig.4, 1 . Men. N .N. Murzak iev ich l etter o f O ctober 7 , 1 880 t o A .A. Kun ik, a lso J anuary 1 9, F ebruary 3 , a nd March 1 3, 1 881, Arch ive o f t he Academy o f S c iences, h o lding 9 5 ( A.A. Kun ik), i nventory 2 , s ub ject 6 15, s heets 8 -12; R eport o f t he 00ID f rom November 1 4, 1 880 t o November 1 4, 1 881, p .17; V . Yurg iev ich , 1 887, p .52; 1 890, p .54; 1 909, p .107. Three l e tters o f t he o bverse i ncr ipt ion a re o b l iterated.

1 52

( 2) Obverse: F igure o f t he p r ince a s i n t he f orego ing. The h ead i s l ess t a l l , t he f ace b roader. There a re t wo s ma l l b eads o n t he l eft h and. C ircu lar i nscr ipt ion f rom r ight t o l eft w ith t ops o f l e tters t oward c enter : . d,t 109 , 10/ 7 # 4A«4 AM R everse: F igure o f Chr ist a s i n t he f orego ing. The h ead o f Chr ist i s l arger. The Gospe l i s o rnamented n ot o n ly w ith b ead ing a t i t s e dges but a lso w ith a s ing le b ead v is ib le b etween t he f ingers o f t he h and t hat h o lds t he b ook. C ircu lar i nscr ipt ion a rranged a s o n t he o bverse: 1 43( ) L o‚p i c i i - f>173 1 B eaded b order o n b oth s ides. ( *) ( 2-1) w . 4 .35g., d . 2 1mm., t est 9 58. P rovenance P insk h oard o f 1 804. C - H erm itage d up l icate h o ld ings; c o l lect ion o f N .P. Rumyantsev ( 1822), F .I. K rug ( 1826, g if t f rom Rumyantsev); c o l lect ion o f t he A cademy o f S c iences ( 1844, t estamentary b equest by Krug); H erm itage, A z-14 ( 1931, t ransfer o f i t s num ismat ic c o l lect ion f rom t he Academy o f S c iences). P ub. Chaudo ir , I , p .2, 3 . R ec. d e P l., I , 1 , 6 ; To lsto i , 1 882, p .3, 5 , 7 , p late 7 , 1 ; S passk i , 1 974, f ig.2, 5 . M en. L etter o f J u ly 8 , 1 822 f rom N .P. Rumyantsev t o F .I. K rug , Arch ive o f t he Academy o f S c iences, h o ld ing 8 8, i nventory 2 , No.115, s heet 7 5; w i l l o f F .I. Krug , I b id., h o lding 8 8, i nventory 1 , No.91; S akharov , 1 842, p .30. B eg inn ing a nd e nd o f t he i nscr ipt ion b are ly v is ib le. ( *) ( 2-2) w . 4 .3g., d . 2 1mm., t est 9 58. Doub le-struck. P rovenance P insk h oard 1 804. C - H erm itage d up l icate h o ld ings; Ya.Ya. R e iche l c o l lect ion ( 1822); H erm itage , A z-15 ( 1858, b ought f rom h e irs o f owner). Pub. R e iche l , p art 9 , 1 843, p .494, No.159 ( as b e ing a S erb ian c o in; n o i l lustrat ion); R e iche l , 1 848, p .243, p late X III; To lsto i , 1 882, p .3, 5 -7, p la te 5 , 3 ; S passk i , 1 974, f ig.2, 6 . M en. Rumyantsev l e tters o f Apr i l 2 0 a nd May 1 8, 1 822 t o F .P. Ade lung , Arch ive o f t he Academy o f S c iences, h o ld ing 8 9, i nventory 2 , N o.94, s heets 7 2, 7 2; S Pb-Vedomost i , 1 835, No.260; Chaudo ir , I , p .1, 2 ; S akharov, 1 842, p .30; G i l le , 1 858, p .9. I nscr ipt ions f ragmentary. ( *) ( 2-3) w . 4 .0g., d . 2 2mm., t est 9 58. Doub le-struck. P rovenance P insk h oard 1 804. C - H erm itage , A z-16 ( 1804). Pub. T o lsto i , 1 822, p .3, p late 5 , 5 ; S passk i , 1 974, f ig.2, 4 . Men. K rug, 1 805, p .51; Chaudo ir , I , p .1, 2 ; R eg ister o f A ccess ions , 1 804; C ata log 1 855, No.1276. B eg inn ing a nd e nd o f b oth i nscr ipt ions h eav i ly worn. The Chaudo ir ,

f i rst d escr ipt ions o f t he R e iche l , a nd S akharov

1 53

z latn ik i i n o ffer n o

t he works p oss ib i l ity

o f o f

d ist ingu ish ing t he Herm itage s pec imen f rom t he R e iche l s pec imen. To lsto i 's a nd Kun ik 's i dent if icat ions o f a z latn ik a s t he R e iche l o ne i s c onf irmed by t he o ld H erm itage c ata log o f 1 855, i n wh ich s pec imen 2 -3 b ears t he n umber 1 276 a nd s pec imen 2 -2, a cqu ired i n 1 858, i s n ot y et e ntered.

( 3) Obverse: F igure o f t he p r ince s im i lar t o t he f orego ing. Three sma l l b eads b e low t he l ef t h and. C ircu lar i nscr ipt ion a rranged a s o n t he f orego ing o nes: + . / .4 . H 7 g iv •AA21 -i n wh ich p art o f t he l e tters a re s carce ly v is ib le. R everse:

F igure

o f

Chr ist

a s

o n

t he

f orego ing

o ne.

The

i nscr ipt ion h as b een p reserved o n ly h a lf-way a nd c an s carce ly b e made o ut o n a ccount o f wear : H Beaded b order p lus l i near b order o n b oth s ides. ( *) ( 3-1) w . 4. 09g ., d . 2 1mm ., t est 9 68. P rovenance P insk h oard 1 804. C - H erm itage , A z-17 ( 1804) . P ub. T o lsto i , 1 882, p .3 , No.3, p .5, p late 5 , 4 ; S passk i , 1 974, f ig . 2,3 . M en. Krug , 1 805, p .51; r eg ister o f a ccess ions , 1 804; 1 855 C ata log , No.1275. ( 4) Obverse: F igure o f t he p r ince l i ke t he f orego ing o nes. Two p o ints o f d iffer ing s izes b e low t he c h in. The i nscr ipt ion , a rranged a s o n t he f orego ing o nes, i s v ery c lear : d Ao i r pm d1 41/ fmA24 R everse: F igure o f Chr ist l i ke t he f orego ing o nes. The h ead i s l arger. The Gospe l l acks t he b ead i n t he c enter. The i nscr ipt ion i s w e l l p reserved: h c f5H70 1 14 X erD

Beaded b order a nd t races o f al i near b order o n b o th s ides. ( *) ( 4-1) w . 4. 40g ., d . 2 0mm., t est 9 16-958. P rovenance K inburn h oard 1 863. C - C o l lect ion o f I .I . To lsto i ( acqu ired a t Odessa b etween 1 882 a nd 1 893); H erm itage , A z-18 ( 1917, a s p art o f t he To lsto i c o l lect ion) . P ub. To lsto i , 1 893, p. 349 , 2 , p la te X III, 3 -4; S passk i , 1 974, f ig.4, 3 . ( 5)

Obverse: F igure o f t he p r ince l i ke t he f orego ing o nes. A t t he n eck t here i s a n eck lace o f 3 -4 b eads, b e low t he l ef t h and t wo b eads. C ircu lar i nscr ipt ion f rom l ef t t o r ight , w ith t ops o f l e tters t oward t he e dge o f t he c o in: + K AAW i tm l e4( 6E s ziro

1 54

Reverse: F igure o f Chr ist l i ke t he f orego ing o nes. The h and h o ld ing t he Gospe l i s n ot v is ible. The i nscr ipt ion, a rranged a s o n t he o bverse: C C Z ) 7U 4

rrZ

Beaded b orders o n b oth s ides. ( *) ( 5-1) w . 4 .28g., d . 1 9mm., t est 9 58. P rovenance n ot e stab l ished. C - Co l lect ion o f S. V. Bod i levsk i ( 1878, g if t o f Bod i levsk i upo t -T t he o pening o f t he K iev Museum o f Arts, I ndustr ies, a nd S c iences) . Pub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .3-4, p late 7 , 8 ; Chernev, 1 891, p .7-9, p la te 6 , 1 ; S passk i , 1 974, f ig.3; = VDI, V I, 1 974, p .251-260. To lsto i h ad b een o n t he p o int o f r egarding t he s pec imen a s s usp ic ious by r eason o f " extreme ly s ma l l i ndentat ions c haracter ist ic f or v ery c arefu l ly c ast c o ins". But To lsto i n oted a s s igns o f g enu ineness t he worn c ondit ion a nd t he " o ld" g o ld o f t he c o in. The l a tter c ons iderat ion i s c onf irmed by t he h igh f ineness ( 958) o f t he meta l , c orresponding t o t hat o f t he o ther s pec imens. But t he ma in e v idence o f t he c o in 's g enu ineness i s unquest ionb ly i ts r esemb lance t o c erta in s rebren ik i o f V lad im ir 's t ype I ( see b e low, 7 -14), p oss ib le o n ly o n c ond it ion t he d ies f or t he c o in c ompared were t he work o f a s ing le master. S t i l l a nother z latn ik w ith t he i nscr ipt ion

Buxom* , 8 C8 e ro 3 1 1TO , wh ich b ecame a t t he e nd o f t he XVIIIth c entury t he f irst known s pec imen o f a g o ld c o in o f V lad im ir , was l ost by t he owner s oon a fter i ts f i rst p ub l icat ion, a nd a t p resent we h ave o n ly t wo o r t hree d ec idedly i mperfect d raw ings o f t hat c o in. The f i rst r eport r egarding t h is z latn ik i s c onta ined i n a n a rt ic le o f A . Voye ikov .2 The a uthor r e lates t hat a t K iev M .V. Mog i lyansk i , " an e n l ightened amateur a nd c onno isseur o f n at ive a nt iqu it ies", h ad s hown h im a g o ld c o in b e long ing t o t he c o l leg iate a ssessor Bunge. On o ne s ide was a n i mage o f t he S av ior w ith t he words " Jesus Chr ist" p retty c lear a round i t ; o n t he o ther s ide o ne s aw V lad im ir , s eated a nd h av ing i n h is r ight h and a s cepter o r c rozier s haped l i ke a c ross, i n h is l eft a l amp, a nd t he n ot e nt ire ly c lear words: B nazw a lzp , 8 CO e ro 3 7 18TO .3 Voye ikov 's d raw ing i s a nnexed t o t he XXXVIIIth p art o f t he Vestn ik Yevropy f or 1 816 ( a d raw ing wh ich To lsto i l a ter qu ite r ight ly c a l ls i nchoate) .4 I n a l e tter o f October 9 , 1 816 t o K. F . Ka la idov ich, Mog i lyansk i r eported t hat t he z latn ik, t ogether w ith t he s i lver c o in f ound a t Bor ispo l ( 118-1) n ow b e longed t o h im, " for s ee ing t hem i n s eparate h ands a nd know ing h ow much t he p r ices o n t hese a nt iqu it ies, p erhaps o ur s o le o nes o n e arth, wou ld g o u p i f t hey were t o b e t ogether, e xp la in ing e ach o ther a nd r ec iproca l ly a ccred it ing t he ir g enu ineness,... I s pared n oth ing i n o rder t o a cqu ire t hem". 5

1 55

Mog i lyansk i 's l etter t o Ka la idov ich was known t o P.I. K eppen, who r epeated h is i nformat ion i n t he S p isok Russk im P amyatn ikam (Reg ister o f Russ ian Memorab i l ia) .6 I n 1 817 o r 1 818 Mog i lyansk i 's c o ins were s een by N .P . Rumyantsev, F .I. Krug , a nd N .M. Karamzin .7 Krug a ccepted t he g o ld c o in " as u nquest ionab ly r ea l" a nd d eterm ined i t s we ight a s b e ing 4 2 a pothecary g ra ins ( 571 d o l i), 8 i .e. 2 .53g. Not l ater t han August 1 821 Mog i lyansk i l ost h is z latn ik; Rumyantsev ment ions t h is i n h is l etter t o A . M. Ma l inovsk i a s e ar ly a s S eptember 7 o f t hat y ear .9 A t t he e nd o f 1 821 h e r emarked i n a d iary e ntry c oncern ing h is v isit t o Mog i lyansk i t hat t he l a tter 's g o ld c o in " had b een l ost i n t he Tsar 's g arden", a nd i n t he f o l low ing y ear h e r eported t he l oss o f t he c o in i n p r int. 1° There a re t wo more d raw ings o f t he l ost z latn ik. On a p late s pec ia l ly a nnexed t o Book I o f P art I I o f t he Works a nd Anna ls o f t he S oc iety f or H istory a nd Ant iqu it ies ( Moscow , . 1 827), wh ich was d istr ibuted o n ly t o members o f t he S oc iety ,1 1 t here i s a d raw ing made f rom a f acs im i le wh ich Mog i lyansk i h ad s ent t o Ka la idov ich p robably i n 1 816 a long w ith t he d escr ipt ions o f t he c o in a nd t he c ircumstances o f i t s a cqu isit ion wh ich i s c i ted a bove. A lthough i t i s ment ioned i n o ne o f Ka la idov ich 's l etters o f 1 823, t h is c opy h as h owever n ot b een b rought t o l ight i n t he Ka la idov ich a rchive mater ia 1. 1 2 I n 1 842-1843 Ka la idov ich 's d raw ing , r eproduced i n t he " Anna ls o f Russ ian Num ismat ics" o f I . S akharov , s erved a s a s ource f or t he c om ing i nto b e ing o f c ounterfe it z latn ik i o f V lad im ir. I n To lsto i 's monograph t hese f orger ies, known i n t wo v ar iants, a re e xam ined i n a s pec ia l c hapter r egarding c ounterfe it c o ins .1 3 They a re p resent i n t he Herm itage c o l lect ion a nd i n t hat o f t he S tate H istor ica l Museum a t Moscow. The t h ird d raw ing o f t he c o in t hat c oncerns u s i s i n Chaudo ir 's " Survey o f Russ ian Money" .1 4 I t was made f rom a f acs im i le r ece ived f rom t he Metropo l itan Yevgen i i , who may i n h is t urn h ave r ece ived i t f rom t he Chance l lor N .P. Rumyantsev , w ith whom h e c orresponded a nd f or whom t h is c opy was made , a s t ransp ires f rom t he f o l low ing n ote o f A .I. Yermo layev ( F igure 2 8) f rom a s f ar b ack a s 1 815, i .e. when t he c o in s t i l l b e longed t o Bunge: " Th is g o lden c o in o f V lad im ir b e longs t o t he K iev a pothecary Mr. Bunge; i t i s l ess t h ick t han a n o rd inary c hervonets a nd i t i s much worn a nd t h inned a t t he e dges. I t ook a n a labaster c ast o n March 2 8, 1 815 f rom a s ea l ing-wax i mpress ion s ent t o t he S tate Chance l lor Count N ik. P etr. Rumyantsev, f or whom i t was t aken f rom t he a ctua l c o in by Mr. Ber l insk i , a t eacher a t t he K iev Gymnas ium. "1 3 I nasmuch a s Chaudo ir 's d raw ing i s s omewhat d ifferent f rom t hat o f Ka la idov ich, o ne may s uppose t hat j ust t h is c ast l ay a t t he bas is o f i t . Rumyantsev, who was p ass ionate ly d es irous o f s ecur ing a nc ient Russ ian c o ins f or h is c o l lect ion, a sked p rec ise ly t h is Ber l insk i t o t ry t o p ersuade Mog i lyansk i t o s e l l t he z latn ik a nd t he s rebren ik .1 6

1 56

( F igure 2 7. D etermin ing i dentity o f ac o in d ie I mpress ions w ith t he h e lp o f at ransparent g r id.)

„ L . . 9 ..i. _ .

a

« , t ,lte el a 6 ,1 4 .1(

aY et ireAe‘ t '7 1 -e

?f l. -

u

M

W IA ,

e

+

r

udej j ai

la ,ry t3

e tr , e‚r eu etote e4/2 4

em e i i; " , , , . . . .

, . , / . z . c , r t e ze r

,

r a. 4e ,r1h .eA y

e , 4t yn

,n 4

r b

% « 4* i . Jyi

;‘ . . t i r t e e , g ( ) m i e " n ?

. , 7 2 0 , . . . , / * t r .,, 2 , . ,

a , ,r rea . 4 2# e oe i teo de c iia c t r e""

i c a 0L i '

1 4H r ; ,0

( *) ( 10-1) w . 1 .91g., d . 2 2mm. ( broken), t est 8 00-860. P rovenance : Dug u p i n 1 892 i n t he f armyard o f A . A. Dun in-Borkovsk i a t t he v i l lage o f Ve l ik i i L istven i n t he Chern igov g ubern iya ( 15km. f rom G orodnya). C - H erm itage , 6 ( rece ived f rom t he P eop le 's C omm issar iat f or F inances v ia t he S ov iet P h i la te l ic Assoc iat ion i n Apr i l 1 930). Pub. S otn ikova , 1 968, 3 -1. M en. L etter o f G .A. M i loradov ich t o N .I. P etrov , T sGIA o f t he Ukran ian S SR , h o ld ing 1 396 ( the E cc les iast ica l Archeo log ica l S oc iety a ssoc iated w ith t he K iev D iv in ity Academy), i nventory 1 , 1 893, s ub ject 5 3, s heet 1 7-18, w ith f igure; S otn ikova , 1 971-2, 1 8.

The

p r inc ipa l

d ifference

i n

t h is

1 60

p a ir

o f

d ies

( as

i n

a l l

t he

f o l low ing o nes o f t h is g roup) i s t he p resence o f o rnaments i n t he f orm o f r osettes made up o f p o ints a t t he t ips o f t he c ross i n t he n imbus o f Chr ist ( reverse). But i n t he way o f r ender ing d eta i ls o f t he f igures ( cf . t he t reatment o f t he h ead , t he h and w ith t he c ross , t he g arment o f t he p r ince, a nd t he t r ident , o n t he o bverse) a nd i n t he h andwr it ing o f t he i nscr ipt ions ( cf . f or e xamp le t he d raw ing o f B , A , ) ( ,P o n t he o bverse , a nd o f C a nd Y o n t he r everse), a nd a lso i n t he p lacement o f t he i nscr ipt ions, t he d ie p a ir i n q uest ion i s unquest ionab ly r e lated t o t he f our p reced ing o nes. L egend: 1 -gAA AH MH

2 C h ifY ' r ' 6

Ycyr r i x

( 11-1) w . 2 .43g., d . 2 2mm. ( fragment), t est -. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - C o l lect ion o f M .D. Sv ir idov ( K iev, 1 891), To lsto i ( 1893) , H erm itage , 5 ( 1917) . P ub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .229, No.7, p late 1 5, 3 ; To lsto i , 1 893, p .350, 5 , p la te X II , 9 -10; S otn ikova , 1 968, 4 -1. ( 12) D ies e xcept iona l ly c lose t o t he p reced ing p a ir. R esemb lance i n t he d raw ing o f t he f aces, t he f igures , t he d eta i ls o f t he g arments , e tc .; t r if l ing d ifference: t he r osettes o n t he n imbus h ave s pread o ut by r eason o f a n e xtra p o int , t he n inth; b oth f igures a re s omewhat b roader , wh i le o n t he p r ince t he s hou lders s lope s o much t hat t he a rms s eem a ttached d irect ly t o t he h ead, a nd i n t he Chr ist t he r ight a rm i s more d ist inct. S im i lar ity o f t he i nscr ipt ions o n b oth c o ins a s t o t he wr it ing , t he o rthography , a nd t he a rrangement o f t he i nd iv idua l l e tters r e lat ive t o t he f igures:

4 g 44 r e p imwy e

(r oh 2r

+' Pc\ f ro( f i lc

The l e tter C i n t he word J esus a nd t he l etter 0 i n t he word Chr ist h ave b een l eft o ut , a s o n t he p reced ing d ie. ( 12-1) w . 2 .75g ., d . 2 7mm . A p art b roken away , but t he b est s pec imen a s t o p reservat ion; t est -.P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - To lsto i c o l lect ion; H erm itage , 7 ( 1917). P ub. To lsto i , 1 893, p. 351 , 6 , p late X II , 1 1-12; S otn ikova , 1 968, 5 -1. ( 12-2) w .

2 .94g ., d . 2 6mm .; worn , p art icu lar ly o n t he r everse; t est . P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - T o lsto i c o l lect ion ( 1882), S tate Ant iquar iat ; H erm itage , 1 5483 ( access ion f rom USSR M in istry o f F inances i n 1 952) . P ub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .228, 2 29, No.6 ( spec imen we igh ing 6 6 d o l i), p la te 1 5, 1 ; H ess, 1 932, N o.12; K a im, p late I ; S otn ikova , 1 968, 5 -2.

( 12-3) w . 2 .22g ., d . 2 6mm . B roken a nd worn. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - S.V . Bod i levsk i c o l lect ion ( 1891), P.V . Z ubov c o l lect ion— ( af ter 1 897) , G IM , r -33580 ( 1929) . P ub.

1 61

Chernev , 1 891, No.19 , p late I V ,

p .9c , p late 6 , 4 ; O reshn ikov , 1 0; S o tn ikova , 1 968, 5 -3.

1 936,

p .70,

( 12-4) w . 2 .50g. ( 46 d ol l), d . 2 3mm. Broken a nd worn. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - To lsto i c o l lect ion ( 1882). Not t racked d own. P ub. To lsto i ,— 1 882, p .228, 2 29, No.6 ( spec imen a s we igh ing 4 6 d ol l), p late 1 5, 2 ; S o tn ikova , 1 968, 5 -4; S o tn ikova , 1 971-2, 1 . ( 13) Obverse a nd r everse s im i lar t o t he f orego ing a nd a re t he work o f t he s ame e ngraver. The p r ince 's s hou lders a re v ery s lop ing. The Chr ist h as a s ma l l h ead a nd a l ong n eck. H is b eard i s r endered t hrough f our p o ints. On ly a f ew l e tters h ave b een p reserved f rom t he l egends , wh ich a re r ead f rom w ith in t he c o in f rom r ight t o l eft : m I lA L inear a nd d otted b orders o n b oth s ides o f t he c o in. ( 13-1) w . ? , d . 2 6mm. Broken. An i ron l oop i s c lamped t o i t . P rovenance: f ound o n an eck lace o f as ke leton a long w ith 8 -2 , 1 4-1, 2 4-1 a nd a n Arab ian c o in dur ing e xcavat ions i n t he Mog i lyov g ubern iya i n 1 873 ( see 8 -2). C - N .M. Turb in c o l lect ion ( 1882). Not t racked d own. P ub To lsto i , 1 882, p .13-14, No.10, p late 1 0, 7 ; S otn ikova , 1 971-2, 2 . Men. S ee 8 -2.

.

( 14) Obverse a nd r everse l i ke t he p reced ing c o in. The d ie p a ir was e xecuted by t he a uthor o f d ies 1 1-13, a s o ne i s c onv inced by e ven a f l eet ing c ompar ison o f t he i mages o n t he c o ins. O f t he i nscr ipt ions, r ead ing f rom l eft t o r ight f rom t he c enter o f t he c o in , t here h as b een p reserved:

g hvAHM I -1 c ron2r-

C > c

CT

L inear a nd b eaded b orders ( 14-1) w . 3 .35g., d . 2 7mm. A p ierc ing d r iven t hrough i t w ith a n a i l i n o rder t o a ttach a l oop. P rovenance : F ound o n t he n eck lace o f a s ke leton a long w ith 8 -2, 1 3-1, 2 4-1 a nd a n Arab ian c o in dur ing e xcavat ions i n t he Mog i lyov g ubern iya i n 1 873 ( see 8 -2) . C - C o l lect ion o f t he MAO , G IM , 1 0/77012. P ub. To lsto i ,— 1 882, p .13, No.9, p late 1 0, 5 ; O reshn ikov , 1 896, p .3, No.1, p la te I , 1 ; O reshn ikov , 1 936, p .68, N o.10, p la te I V , 1 . M en. S ee 8 -2. ( 15) Obverse a nd r everse s im i lar ' t o t he f orego ing; t he d ies b y t he s ame h and a s 1 1-14. The l egends a re f ragmentary: K im

Hm 1 -4 .

A i/

T olzr

1 62

O c/ 2 .

IcP ro

L inear a nd b eaded b orders o n b oth s ides. ( *) ( 15-1) w . 3 .35g., d . 2 5-27mm. S corched. P rovenance : F ound d ur ing e xcavat ion o f a n a nc ient Russ ian t owns ite o f t he X th-XIth c entury a t t he v i l lage o f Z arechye i n t he Vas i lkovsk i r a ion o f t he K ievskaya o b last i n 1 964. C - G IM , p -33591 ( 1964). Pub. Medyntseva , 1 969, p .259, 2 60, f ig.1, 2 . M en. Rybakov , 1 965, p .127; Rybakov , 1 966, p .91. ( *) ( 16) An u nder ly ing c o in , H erm itage 4 9 ( see 1 03-1), was s truck w ith a d ie p a ir c lose t o Nos.11-15. D eta i ls o f t he f igure o f t he p r ince s hown t hrough f rom b eneath t he p r ince ly emb lem o f t he o verstr ike. The l ower p art o f t he f ace , t he c losure o f t he c loak o n t he c hest , t he h and w ith t he c ross, t he l egs o n t he t ext i le b ackground o f t he t hrone , t he b eg inn ing o f t he i nscr ipt ion , a nd t he b eaded b order , a re a l l e as i ly s een. Through t he wa ist p ortra it o f t he p r ince ( the o verstr ike o n t he o ther s ide) t here p ro ject t he o ut l ines o f t he f igure o f Chr ist , t he b eg inn ing o f t he i nscr ipt ion ( T C ) , a nd t he b eaded b order.

( 17) Obverse l ike t he f orego ing. The wavy l i ne o f t he l eft s hou lder a nd l eft h and o f t he p r ince d raws a ttent ion. The l egend r eads f rom r ight t o l eft f rom t he c enter o f t he c o in: 2 •A -t 7TDf r 4 19 1 1^ t (AAA2 L inear a nd b eaded b orders. R everse l ike t he f orego ing o ne. The h and o f Chr ist i n b ened ict ion i s r epresented a s ar ow o f f o lds. The f o lds o f t he l eft h a lf o f t he c loak a re r endered t hrough c lose ly p acked z igzag l ines. The p lacement o f t he l egend i s a s o n t he o bverse: A 120 71 , i ) . er

. 3 (2 % -) `bH

( *) ( 17-1) w . 2 .62g., d . 2 5mm. Broken. Test - ( copper s h ines t hrough a t t he o ut l ines o f t he f igures a nd t he i nscr ipt ions). P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - T o lsto i c o l lect ion ( 1882, a cqu is iton t hrough i ntermediary o f S .V. B od i levsk i); Herm itage , 3 ( 1917). P ub. S otn ikova , 1 968, 6 -1. M en. To lsto i , 1 882, p .229 ( spec imen a s w e igh ing 6 0 d o l i). ( *) ( 17-2) w . 2 .95g., d . 2 6mm. The f aces o f b oth f igures a re h eav i ly worn. T est - ( copper v is ib le o n a l l r a ised p arts o f t he c o in). P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - To lsto i c o l lect ion ( g ift o f S .V. Bod i levsk i); H erm itage , 1 ( 1917). P ub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .127, 1 28, N o.6a , p late 1 4, 2 ; S otn ikova , 1 968, 6 -2. ( *) ( 17-3) w . 2 .54g.,

d .

2 4mm.

B roken.

1 63

T est

-

( copper

s pot).

P rovenance K iev h oard 1 876. C - H erm itage , 2 ( rece ived f rom P eop le 's C omm issar iat f or F inances v ia t he S ov iet P h i la te l ic Assoc iat ion i n Apr i l 1 930). Pub. S otn ikova , 1 968, 6 -3. ( 17-4) w . 3 .65g., d . . P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - T o lsto i c o l lect ion ( 1882, a cqu ired t hrough i ntermed iary— o f S .V. Bod i levsk i); H erm itage ( 1917), whence i t w as t ransm itted t o P o land i n 1 928. L ost d ur ing t he Ind Wor ld War , t he s pec imen h as n ot b een t racked d own. Unpub l ished. M en. T o lsto i , 1 882, p .229 ( spec imen we igh ing 8 2 d o l i); S o tn ikova , 1 968, 6 -4; S o tn ikova , 1 971-2, 7 . ( *) ( 17-5) w . 3 .16g., d . 2 5mm. Worn a t t he e dges. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - P .V. Z ubov c o l lect ion ( af ter 1 897), G IM , r -33592 ( 1929). — P ub l. Oreshn ikov , 1 936, p .69, No.14, p la te I V , 5 ; S o tn ikova , 1 968, 6 -5. ( *) ( 17-6) w . 2 .78g., d . 2 4mm. Broken. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - P .V. Z ubov c o l lect ion ( af ter 1 897); G IM r -33593 ( 1929) P ub. O reshn ikov , 1 936, p .69, No.15, p la te I V , 6 ; S o tn ikova , 1 968, 6 -6. ( *) ( 17-7) w . 2 .6g., d . 2 5-27mm. Broken. The f ace i s s omewhat worn , but t he l egends a re v ery p la in a nd c an b e r ead e nt ire. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - N .A. L eopardov c o l lect ion ( 1891), KDA ( 1895, g if t o f L ej pardov), P .V. Z ubov , G IM , r -33594 ( 1929). P ub. Chernev , 1 891, p .9a , p la te 6 , 2 ; Oreshn ikov , 1 936, p .69, No.16, p late I V , 7 ; S ot in ikova , 1 968, 6 -7. ( *) ( 17-8) w . 3 .23g., d . 2 7mm. E dges c ut , h eav i ly worn. T est 5 00. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - C o l lect ion o f t he Un ivers ity o f S t. V lad im ir ( K iev); K IM , 7 40 ( access ions a s p art o f t he Un ivers ity c o l lect ion i n 1 904 u pon e stab l ishment o f t he Museum). Pub. S o tn ikova , 1 968, p .6-8. ( 17-9) w . ? , d . ? . P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - C o l lect ion o f t he 00ID ( g if t o f S .V. Bod i levsk i , 1 882). Not l i sted a t t he OAM. No t t racked d own. M en. R eport o f t he 00ID, 1 882, p .16; Yurg iev ich , 1 887, p .52; 1 890, p .54; 1 909, p .107; Chernev, 1 891, p .9; S otn ikova , 1 968, 6 -9; S ot in ikova , 1 971-2, 8 . ( *) ( 17-10) w . 2 .69g., d . 2 6mm. E dges c ut , a nd w orn. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876 ( presumab ly). C - C o l lect ion o f N .V. B e lozersk i , V .F. G ruzdev ( 19367 1 1 940s), V .V. Lukyanov ( 1950-1970s), N IAMZ ( 1978, b ought f rom V .V. L ukyanov). P ub. S otn ikova , 1 968, 6 -10.

1 64

( *) ( 17-11) w . 3 .00g., d . 2 6mm. S tarts o f b oth l egends h a lf worn a way. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - C o l lect ion o f M .V. S uz in ( Moscow, 1 940s), V .V. L ukyd i r ov , N IAMZ ( 1978). P ub. S otn ikova , 1 968, 6 -11. ( *) ( 17-12) w . 2 .25g., d . 2 6-27mm. P iece b roken away f rom t o r ight o f f igures. P rovenance K iev h oard 1 876. C - C o l lect ions o f N .V. B e lozersk i , V .F . Gruzdev , V .V. L uk—y anov , N IAMZ ( 1978). P ub. S otn ikova , 1 968, 6 -12. ( *) ( 17-13) w . 3 .21g., d . 2 5mm. B roken. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - C o l lect ions o f N . Chernev ( 1891). N ot t racked d own. P ub. Chernev , 1 891, p .9, a , p late 7 , 1 5; S o tn ikova , 1 968, p .6-16; S o tn ikova 1 971-2, 4 . ( *) ( 17-14) w . 2 .64g., d . 2 5mm. C l ipped. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - N . Chernev c o l lect ion ( 1891). N ot t racked d own. P ub. Uhernev , 1 891, p .9a , p la te 7 , 1 6; S o tn ikova , 1 968, 6 -14; S otn ikova , 1 971-2, 5 . S pec imens 1 7-13 a nd 1 7-14 may b e t wo o f t hose t hree s rebren ik i o f B od i levsk i wh ich t he owner s ent t o To lsto i f or e xam inat ion ( To lsto i , 1 882, p .229). I n t hat e vent t he ir w e ights a re r espect ive ly 3 .21g. ( 73 d o l i) a nd 2 .64g. ( 69 d o l i). ( *) ( 17-15) w . 3 .12g. ( 71 d o l i), d . 2 5mm. Broken o r c l ipped. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - S .V. Bod i levsk i c o l lect ion ( 1891). Not t racked d own. P i i 1 3. To lsto i , 1 882, p .229, p la te 1 5, 5 ; S otn ikova , 1 968, 6 -15; S o tn ikova , 1 971-2, 3 . ( 17-16) w . 2 .38g. ( 54 d o l i), d . ? . " W ith a p iece b roken a way". P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - To lsto i c o l lect ion ( 1882, a cqu ired t hrough c o l laborat ion o f S .V. B od i levsk i). N ot t racked d own. Unpub l ished. M en. To lsto i , 1 882, p .229; S otn ikova , 1 968, 6 -16; S o tn ikova , 1 971-2, 6 . S ince t he s pec imen i n q uest ion d id n ot e nter t he H erm itage c o l lect ion t ogether w ith t he r ema in ing To lsto i s rebren ik i i n 1 917, o ne may s uppose t hat To lsto i l e t i t g o t o s ome o ther c o l lector when h e b ecame t he owner o f c o ins f rom t he s ame d ie p a ir t hat w ere i n a b etter s tate o f p reservat ion. I t w as p robab ly f or t he s ame r eason t hat To lsto i a t o ne t ime o r a nother p arted w ith s pec imens 1 2-2, 1 2-4, a nd 2 1-3. ( 18) Obverse: The p r ince 's f ace i s n arrow a nd l ong. The p endants a t t he s ides o f t he f ace e nd i n o n ly a s ing le b ead. The f am i ly emb lem i s l arge , w ith a c entra l s p ike p ro ject ing h igh a bove a nd t raversed b y a s lant ing c rossbar. The l egend r eads f rom

1AS

l eft t o r ight: + B A A AH A I IP '

I n i t a n Ii s u sed e rroneous ly i n p lace o f a n 1 4 , and an E a lso e rroneous ly i n p lace o f art. R everse: The h ead o f Chr ist i s l arge a nd e longated. The h a ir i s r epresented i n o uter c ontour , by means o f o n ly a s ing le l ine; t he b eard by t wo l arge d ots a nd o ne sma l ler o ne; e ach mustache e nds i n a smal l d ot. The c ross o f t he n imbus i s o rnamented n ot w ith r osettes o f b eads, but i t i s l i ned w ith b eads a t t he e dges o f t he a rms. The h and i n b less ing i s n ow d ef in it ive ly c onverted i nto a f ew f o lds a t t he r ight s hou lder o f t he f igure, a s a c ounter t o wh ich t he Gospe l i s h e ld by t he t wo h ands. The l egend i s d isposed a s o n t he o bverse: *i l s cy w rT

To (&

L inear a nd b eaded b orders o n b oth s ides. ( *) ( 18-1) w . 2 .72g., d . 2 8mm. Cracked a nd worn away i n s pots. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876; S . V. Bodi levsk i c o l lect ion; E.Yu . Ku lchitsk i c o l lect ion ( K iev , 1 891) ; P.V . Z ubov c o l lect ion; G IM , r -33595 ( 1929). Pub. Chernev , 1 891, p .10, a , p late 8 -4a; Z ubov, 1 897, p .1, No.1, p la te I , 1 ; Oreshn ikov, 1 936, p .69, No.13, v o l.IV , 4 ; S otn ikova , 1 968, 7 -1. ( II) L egend

BUZ / 1 1 4 121 A C E E r0 C PEEPO - I CYC5 X P V ICTOC 1 ) ( 19) Obverse: Head o f p r ince l arge a s c ompared w ith t he b ody , t he f ace b road. The wr ist a rea o f t he r ight h and a nd t he c ross, t he f abr ic o f t he p r ince 's c loak , a nd t he t r ident w ith t hree b eads o n i ts s p ike a re p a instak ing ly r epresented. The l egend, c orrect a nd d ist inct , r eads f rom w ithin, l eft t o r ight: A94 1 -# 1 1 11 ) 2 Ac _e -r o te (C o R everse: Chr ist f igure o f p a instak ing work. The n imbus i s b road , t he r osettes o n i t s c ross o f r egu lar d raw ing. The l egend i s j ust a s c lear ly r ead a s o n t he o bverse a nd i s a rranged i n t he s ame way: T cyc

l i c To 1,Z ,

The e dge o f t he c o in d isk a t t he l eft o f t he f igures o n b oth s ides o f t he c o in h as r ema ined b lank b eyond t he l i near a nd b eaded b orders. ( *) ( 19-1) w . 3 .00g., d . 2 7mm. A p ierc ing d r iven t hrough. T est 8 00-860. P rovenance unknown. C I ly in c o l lect ion; H erm itage , 1 1 ( acqu ired f rom V . V. B—u tur l ina, I ly in 's w ife , i n 1 925) . Pub. S otn ikova , 1 968, 8 -1. ( *) ( 19-2) w . 3 .35g.,

d .

2 6mm.,

t est

1 66

5 00.

F ound

dur ing

F .N.

Mo lchanovsk i 's K iev i n 1 935. t ime.

a rcheo log ica l e xcava t ions a t Vyshgorod b e low C - K IM , 5 228. Now p ub l ished f or t he f i rst

( 20) The d ie p a ir i s s o c lose t o t he f orego ing t hat i t i s s imp ler t o n ote t he d ifferences t han t he r esemb lances. On t he o bverse s ome l e tters o f t he i nscr ipt ion a re h eav ier ; o n t he r everse t here i s a d ifferent a rrangement o f t he f o lds o f t he g arment o f Chr ist, t here a re f ewer b eads i n t he r osettes o f t he n imbus , a nd t here a re more o f t hem o n t he Gospe l. O f t he l egends t he f o l low ing h as b een p reserved: ( E6 "

CP 6 4-P 0

TACZ

( *) ( 20-1) w . 1 .56g ., d . 2 0mm . ( fragment) , t est -. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - S. V. Bod i levsk i c o l lect ion; K IM , 7 60 (g if t o f Bod i levsk i o n t he o pen ing o f t he Museum i n 1 904). P ub. Chernev , 1 891, p. 9, 1 0, N , p late 6 , 7 ; S o tn ikova , 1 968, 9 -1. M en. i n " Consecrat ion a nd Open ing o f t he K iev Museum", p .29. ( 21) Th is d ie p a ir b ears u nm istakab le s igns o f h av ing b een c op ied a f ter t he t wo p reced ing o nes: t he d iameter o f t he d ies, t he i nterre lat ionsh ip o f t he d eta i ls o f t he i mages a nd t he way t hey a re r endered ( one 's a ttent ion i s d rawn by t he s ame " cheek iness" o f t he p r ince , t he s ame e qua l-armed c ross o n t he p r ince 's c aps w ith b eads a t t he e nds o f t he a rms , a nd t he s ame c ross w ith l arge b eads a t t he e nds o f t he a rms o n t he o bverse; t he s ame d es ign f or t he r epresentat ion o f t he f ace a nd d ress o f Chr ist , e tc., o n t he r everse), t he a rrangement a nd p roport ion o f t he i nscr ipt ions. S pec ia l f eatures: t he p r ince 's f ace l acks e yes, t he p endants h ave o ne b ead i nstead o f t wo , t he t r ident i s v ery s ma l l ; t he b eard o f Chr ist i s d rawn n ot o n ly w ith s ix b eads a s i n 1 9 a nd 2 0, but w ith a f urther s evera l v ert ica l l i nes; t he l egend o n t he o bverse i s : m - wh ich l egend:

i s

c op ied

o ff

K ,r o y ie l )

mak ing

n o

s ense ,

a nd

i n

t he

r everse

, ,r ) r ,I ,1 ,7 ,

- t he m idd le p ar t i s m iss ing i n g enera l , i l l i teracy o n t he p art o f t he e xecutant.

wh ich

t est if ies

t o

( *) ( 21-1) w . 2 .77g. ( 63 d o l i) , d . 2 6mm . P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - S.V . B od i levsk i c o l lect ion ( 1891) . Not t racked d own. — P ub. Chernev, 1 891, p .10, 1 1, o , p late 6 , 8 ; S o tn ikova , 1 968, 1 0-1; S o tn ikova , 1 971-2, 9 . ( 22) The i mages o f t he p r ince a nd t he Chr ist a re s im i lar t o t hose o n Nos . 12-15 . The l egends a re r ead f rom t he c enter o f t he

1 67

c o in ,

f rom l eft t o r ight : +g

+7 1( 1 /Y Y 1-

Hp4 A «ErD(4-' /DA0

( *) ( 22-1) w . 2. 95g ., d . ? ., t est -. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - S .V. Bod i levsk i c o l lect ion ( 1891), 1 . I. To lsto i ( after 1 893), Herm itage , 1 0. P ub. Chernev , 1 891, p .10, p la te 8 , 6 ; S o tn ikova , 1 968, 1 1-1. ( *) ( 22-2) w . 2 .80g., d . 2 5mm. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C S.V . Bod i levsk i c o l lect ion, E . Yu. Ku lch itsk i c o l lect ion ( 1 01), P.V . Z ubov c o l lect ion ( after 1 897), G IM , r -33596. P ub. Chernev, 1 891, p .10, d , g , p late 8 , 6 a; O reshn ikov , 1 936, p .69, No.17, p la te I V , 8 ; S o tn ikova , 1 968, 1 1-2. The l ack o f c lar ity i n t he e nd ings o f b o th i nscr ipt ions o n t h is s pec imen i s t o b e e xp la ined by t he d ie 's s l ipp ing a s t he c o in w as s truck , t h is b e ing v is ib le t hrough t he d oub l ing o f t he b orders i n t he s ame r ight-hand p art o f t he i mpress ion. ( *) ( 22-3) w . 2. 98g. , d . 2 5mm. D oub le-struck a nd worn. K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - C o l lect ions o f S .V. Bodi levsk i , I .I. To lsto i ( 1882), V. M. -I versen ( 1906) , M .V . S uz in , V .V. L ukyanov , t he N IAMS ( 1978). P ub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .228, No.5, 2 29, p la te 1 4, 1 2; I versen, 1 906, p .9, 1 0, p late 1 , 2 ; S ot in ikova , 1 968, 1 1-3. ( 23) I n a p ostcard o f J anuary 2 , 1 885 a ddressed t o A .A. To lsto i ment ions " Serge i A leksandrov ich 's s pec imen",

Kun ik , o n a n

i mpress ion f rom wh ich " on ly B J IAZ IM a nd I CYCB a re v is ib le". Th is m ay a lso c ome f rom t he K iev h oard. Not t racked d own. Not p ub l ished. M en. i n t he L en ingrad Department o f t he Arch ive o f t he Academy o f S c iences: h o ld ing 9 5 ( A.A. Kun ik) , i nventory 2 , s ub ject 8 52, s heet 2 6 ( a p ostcard w r itten i n G erman) ; S otn ikova , 1 968, 1 2-1; S o t in ikova , 1 971-2, 1 0. ( 24) Obverse a nd r everse s im i lar t o t he f orego ing o nes, but t he f igures a nd t he i nscr ipt ions a re r e la t ive ly h eav ier i n a l l d eta i ls. L egends: 4 -3 1 144 NM H AZ

( «PO

s i cY cz

L z hZ

L inear a nd b eaded b orders o n b oth s ides. ( *) ( 24-1) w . 2 .11g., d . 2 5mm. E dges b roken away a nd t he r ema inder b roken i nto t hree p arts. P rovenance : F ound o n t he n eck lace o f a s ke leton a long w ith 8 -2, 1 3-1, 1 4-1, a nd a n Arab ian c o in, d ur ing e xcavat ions i n t he Mog i lyov g ubern iya i n 1 873 ( see 8 -2). C - MAO c o l lect ion ( 1977); G IM , 1 2/77012. P ub.

1 68

To lsto i , 1 882, p .12-13, N o.7, p la te 1 0, 6 ; p .69, No.12, p la te I V , 3 . M en. S ee 8 -2.

O reshn ikov ,

1 936,

( *) ( 24-2) w . 2 .97g., d . 2 9mm. Two p ierc ings d r iven t hrough i t . P rovenance: H oard f ound a t S igsarve o n t he i s land o f G o t land ( Sweden) i n 1 918. C - V isby Museum. P ub. B erghaus, 1 40-141, No.20a. ( III) L egend

B J IAZ AM V IES H A C TOZE - I C

X C ( 1C X C)

( 25) Obverse: P r ince w ith n arrow h ead a bove b road, s hort f igure. E dge o f c loak d ecorated w ith b eads. F ingers o f b oth h ands d rawn a s d e l icate p ara l le l l i nes. L egend r eads f rom c enter o f c o in , l eft t o r ight:

p

/ \ 4 e 1

I -1 4c 1 . -0 A C-

- w ith Ä a nd l y ing o n t he ir s ides , T u ps ide-down , a nd i nstead o f f ina l i t t here i s a n E. R everse: The h a ir o f Chr ist i s r epresented b y t hree p ara l le l l ines b order ing o n t he f ace, a nd t he b eard by s ix b eads. The h ands a re s o c lums i ly d rawn t hat t he a uthor o f t he d ie m ight a lready h ave b een u nderstand ing t hem a s f o lds o f t he c loak. A t b oth s ides o f t he f igure o f Chr ist h is monogram b e low t he t i t le:

( *) ( 25-1) w . 2 .2g. ( 50 d ol l), d . 2 5mm. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - C o l lect ions o f S .V. B od i levsk i ( 1891), H . A. L eopardov ( 1893). Not t racked d own. Pub. Chernev , 1 891, c .11, j , p la te 6 , 9 ; To lsto i , 1 893, p .353, 7 , p la te X II , 1 3-14; S o tn ikova , 1 968, 1 3-1; S otn ikova , 1 971-2, 1 1. The d ist inct ion b etween t he d es igns o f t he c o in a ccord ing t o i ts i l lustrat ions i n Chernev a nd To lsto i , wh ich may b r ing t o m ind t he i dea o f t wo s pec imens s truck f rom t he s ame d ie p a irs , i s l ike ly t o b e e xp la ined by t he f act t hat To lsto i 's i lustrat ion i s m ade f rom a c ast. I t i s p rec ise ly b ecause To lsto i h ad a va i lab le o n ly t he c ast o f t he L eopardov e xamp le t hat h e d id n ot r eport t he we ight o f t he c o in. A t t he s ame t ime a l l t he s ame i nd iv idua l p ecu l iar it ies ( wh ich c ou ld p erta in o n ly t o t he c o in, but n ot t o t he d ie) a s o n Chernev 's i l lustrat ion o f t he Bod i levsk i s pec imen a re c lear ly v is ib le: t he c racks i n t he b orders a t t he l e tter j a nd b e low t he p r ince 's r ight f oot , t he s cratch f rom t he upper p o int o f t he l eft-hand p endant t o t he t ip o f t he t r ident 's s p ike ( obverse); t he s cratches a bove a nd t o t he l eft o f t he f i rst p art o f t he monogram, t he d ents a bove t he s econd p art o f i t ; wh i le a t t he s ame t ime o n " bo th" c o ins a l l d eta i ls o f t he f igures a nd i nscr ipt ions a re i n a n a bso lute ly i dent ica l s tate o f p reservat ion. Apparent ly B od i levsk i l e t t h is s pec imen g o t o L eopardov j ust a s h e d id o ther s pec imens t o Chernev , To lsto i , a nd Ku lch itsk i ( see 7 -1, 8 -1, 1 7-14, 1 8-1, 3 5-1, 3 9-1, 3 9-2):

1 69

( 26) Obverse: The p r ince 's h ead a nd f igure a re h eavy , v ery d ist inct ly b ut c oarse ly d rawn. The l i ne o f t he n ose i s c ut a cross p erpend icu lar ly by t he l i ne o f t he b rows a nd f in ishes up a t t he e dge o f t he c ap w ith a d ot f rom wh ich " rays" d epart r ad ia l ly , e nd ing i n t he f ive b eads o f t he c ap. The l egs a re m iss ing ( i f o ne d oes n ot t ake a s b e ing l egs t wo s tra ight l ines f ar a part f rom e ach o ther wh ich r un f rom t he e lbows t o t he l ower e dge o f t he c o in; but t hese a re more l i ke ly t o o ut l ine t he a ctua l f igure o f t he p r ince). The t r ident i s bu lky a nd v ery c are less ly d rawn. The l egend r eads f rom t he c enter o f t he c o in, f rom l eft t o r ight : 4 -

3

H1 4k t ß >

kJc ToAc .

I n i t t he l e tter P i s u ps ide d own , a nd t he l e tter E ,u sed i n p lace o f h as n o c entra l c rossbar. R everse: The i mage o f Chr ist i s j ust a s s harp ly d rawn a s i s t he o bverse. There i s a p o int o n e ach c heek. One c an n o l onger f ind i n t he l i nes o f t he r ight s hou lder a nd o f t he f o lds o f t he c loak upon i t t he s l ightest s uggest ion o f a r epresentat ion o f a n i ndex f inger r a ised i n b ened ict ion. H ands a re i n g enera l n ot t o b e s een: t he Gospe l e merges f rom w avel ike f o lds o f t he c loak. The monogram ) ( 1 .

s tands a t t he s ides o f t he f igure. ( *) ( 26-1) w . 3 .04g. ( 69 d ol i), d . 2 6mm. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - C o l lect ion o f M . D. Sv ir idov ( 1880s). Not t racked d own. -P ub. T o lsto i , 1 882, p .227, 2 28, p la te 1 4, 9 ; S otn ikova , 1 968, 1 4-1; S otn ikova , 1 971-2. ( 27) On t he o bverse o ne s carce ly makes o ut t he f ibu la o n t he p r ince 's c hest , h is r ight h and o n t he s taff o f t he c ross, a nd f ragments o f t he t r ident. I n t he l egend o n ly t wo l etters c an b e made o ut t o t he p r ince 's r ight , r ead ing f rom t he c enter o f t he c o in a s: On t he r everse t he f o lds o f Chr ist 's c loak , t he r osette o f t he n imbus , a nd t he o ut l ine o f t he l arge b earded h ead a re v is ib le. The b eg inn ing o f t he monogram h as b een p reserved i n p art :

( *) ( 27-1) w . 1 .55g., d . 2 6mm. E dges b roken. Test -. S l ight s pots o f s i lver o n d ark r ed c opper. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - To lsto i c o l lect ion ( 1882), H erm itage , 1 2 ( 1917) . P ub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .228, No.3, .p la te 1 4, 1 0; S otn ikova , 1 968, 1 5-1.

1 70

( IV) L egend

B i lAZ IMHPBACEErOCPEEPO - I C X C ( HC X C)

( 28) The d ie p a ir i s e xtreme ly c lose t o No.17. Upon c ompar ing t he o bverses o ne i s s truck by a n unquest ionab le s im i l itude: t he wavy o ut l ine o f t he l ef t s hou lder a nd a rm o f t he p r ince; t he way t he p r ince 's c ap i s made u p o f t he s ame n umber o f b eads; t he l i ne o f t he r ight h and w ith t he c ross; t he r epresentat ion o f t he p r ince 's l egs; t he e qua l s ize a nd i dent ica l ly e longated f orm o f t he t r ident. Even t r if l ing d eta i ls c o inc ide: t he f i bu la o n t he c hest a nd t he j ewe l o f t hree s ma l l b eads a t t he p r ince 's n eck; t hree b eads u pon t he b ack o f t he l eft h and. I n t he i mages o n t he r everses, i n b oth c ases t he h a ir o f Chr ist i s s im i lar ly r endered w ith f our p ara l le l l i nes, a nd t he b eard e nds i n a f ew l arge d ots. The n imb i a nd t he c rosses ( wh ich a re o rnamented w ith i dent ica l r osettes o f b eads) a re s im i lar. The f o lds o f t he c loak a t t he r ight s hou lder a re i dent ica l ly d isposed; t hese a r ise , i t i s t rue , f rom a r ight h and r a ised i n b ened ict ion i n t he mode l f or t he d ie wh ich h as n ot b een u nderstood by t he e ngraver. The l ayout o f t he f o lds o f t he c loak i s a s a who le t he s ame. The b orders h ave b een made by t he s ame p unches i n b oth d ies. F ina l ly , t he l egends o f b oth d ie p a irs a re p la in ly " ,r e lated", d esp ite t he d ifference i n c ontent. The r ead ing o f t he l egends f rom r ight t o l eft a nd t he r ead ing f rom t he c enter o f t he c o in a re r epeated, a s a re t he s ize a nd e ven t he d raw ing o f t he l e tters:

g hVWHc f

C EE-o r

1 --C

5 ( -j

( *) ( 28-1) w . 3 .15g., d . 2 7mm , t est -. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - To lsto i c o l lect ion ( after 1 882); H erm itage, 1 4. P ub. To lsto i , 1 893, p .351, 1 0, p la te X II , 1 9-20; S ot in ikova , 1 968, 1 6-1. ( *) ( 28-2) w . 3 .3g. ( 75 d ol), d . 2 7-20mm. B eaut ifu l ly p reserved, a ccord ing t o To lsto i 's i dent if icat ion. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - M .D. S p ir idov c o l lect ion ( 1882). N o t t racked d own. —P ub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .229, p late 1 5, 4 ; S otn ikova , 1 968, 1 6-2; S otn ikova , 1 971-2, 1 4. ( *) ( 28-3) w . ? , d . 2 5-26mm. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - S .V. Bod i levsk i c o l lect ion, but b y 1 891 h e h ad o n ly a f acs im i le o f t he s pec imen. Not t racked d own. P ub. Chernev , 1 892, p .12, r , p late 7 , 1 3 ( from t he f acs im i le); S otn ikova , 1 968, 1 6-3; S o tn ikova , 1 971-2, 1 3. ( *) ( 28-4) w . 2 .54g., d . 2 6mm., t est 8 60-800. P rovenance u nknown. C Acqu ired b y Yu.V. I versen i n 1 860 a t K iev a s ac omponent o f a s ma l l c o l lect ion o f c o ins " from a p erson who h ad m oved a way

1 71

i nto t he i nter ior o f t he g ubern iya" a nd c eded by h im t o S. G. S troganov a t t hat t ime. Herm itage , 1 5 ( 1925). Pub. T o lsto i , 1 882, p .11, No.5, p la te 6 , 1 2. M en. MAO , v o l.III, 1 861, c o lumn 7 3; Kun ik , 1 861, p .8, 9 ; T o lsto i , 1 893, p .352, 1 ; S otn ikova , 1 968, 1 6-3. ( 29) Obverse: I mage o f t he p r ince l i ke t he f orego ing l egend i s r ead f rom t he c enter , f rom r ight t o l ef t : K XP IAN WI A

o nes.

The

. 4 \7Cceuo

S ome o f i t s l etters a re u ps ide-down. R everse: I mage o f Chr ist l i ke t he f orego ing o nes. A t t he s ides t he mongram, r ead f rom t he c enter a nd l ef t t o r ight: P c x ( The d ie p a ir i s u nquest ionab ly f rom t he s ame h and a s t he o ne p reced ing i t . ( *) ( 29-1) w . 2 .18g ., d . 2 6mm ., t est -. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - S. V . Bod i levsk i c o l lect ion ( 1891) , To lsto i c o l lect ion ( 1893) 7 H erm itage , 1 6 ( 1917). P ub. Chernev , 1 891, p .12, p late 6 , 1 1; To lsto i , 1 893, p .351, 9 , p late X II , 1 7-18; S otn ikova , 1 968, 1 7-1. ( *) ( 29-2) w . 2 .04g., d . 2 5mm. E dges b roken a way , a p ierc ing d r iven t hrough i t . P rovenance: F ound d ur ing e xcavat ion o f k urgans n ear t he v i l lage o f M itkovka i n t he K l imovsk i r a ion o f t he Bryanskaya o b last i n 1 952-1953. C - G IM , r -33597 ( 1953) . P ub. M ets , 1 960, p .206, No.1, i T g. 1 , 1 . Men. S o tn ikova , 1 968, 1 7-2; R avd ina , 1 979, 1 1. ( *) ( 29-3) w . 2 .85g., d . 2 6mm . P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C P. V. Z ubov c o l lect ion ( after 1 897) , G IM , r -33598 ( 19ib). P ub. O reshn ikov , 1 936, p , No.18, p la te I V , 9 ; S otn ikova , 1 968, 1 7-2. ( 30) I mages o n t he o bverse a nd t he r everse s im i lar t o t he f orego ing o nes. The d ies a re o f t he s ame " hand" a s Nos . 28 a nd 2 9. On ly t he l eft-hand p art ( from r ight t o l eft , t ops o f l etters o utward) o f t he o bverse i nscr ipt ion h as b een p reserved: The r ight-hand p art o f t he monogram r everse i s a lso p ar t ly worn a way:

H C

o f

Chr ist

o n

t he

C

( *) ( 30-1) w . 2 .25g., d . 2 5-27mm. A p ierc ing d r iven t hrough i t , a nd e dge b reaks. P rovenance: E xcavat ions o f k urgans n ear v i l lage o f M itkovka i n t he B ryanskaya o b last i n 1 952-1953 ( see

1 72

2 9-3). C - G IM , r -33599 ( 1953). Pub. M ets, 1 960, f ig.1, 2 , p la te 1 , 2 . M en. R avd ina , 1 979, 1 1.

p .206,

2 ,

( 31) Obverse: I mage o f t he p r ince , t r ident , b orders a re l i ke t he f orego ing o nes. But t here a re n ot t he p ecu l iar " waves" i n t he t rans it ion f rom t he l ef t s hou lder t o t he a rm a s i n No.29 a nd 3 0; t he s hou lders o f t he p r ince a re s lop ing , a nd s ymmetr ica l. The c ross o n t he c ap i s f l a ttened o ut. The wr ist a rea o f t he h and l y ing o n t he c hest i s v ery d ist inct. The f r inge o f t he c loak i s s parser a nd l onger. The l egend i s r ead f rom t he c enter , f rom r ight t o l eft , but t he ma jor ity o f t he l etters a re u ps ide d own : ß ke lAw w 1 1

47 & (1 . J

R everse: The h ead a nd t he f ace o f t he Chr ist a re h eav ier t han o n Nos.29 a nd 3 0, a nd t he f o lds o f t he g arment o n t he c hest a re b o lder. Gospe l n arrow a nd l ong , s et c loser t o t he m idd le o f t he c hest. The monogram r eads f rom l ef t t o r ight , f rom t he c enter o f t he c o in: i ‘ 7 12

( *) ( 31-1) w . 2 .84g. ( 64 + d ol i) , d . 2 5mm. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - S .V. Bod i levsk i c o l lect ion ( 1891). Not t racked d own. 5 1ub. Chernev, 1 891, p .12, o , p la te 6 , 1 2; S o tn ikova , 1 968, 1 8-1; S o tn ikova , 1 971-2, 1 5. ( *) ( 31-2) w . 2 .80g., d . 2 5-27mm. E dge b reaks. P rovenance: F ound b y t he a nthropo log ica l e xped it ion ( M.D. Gvozdover t eam) a t t he v i l lage o f R adenskoye i n t he T syurup insk i r a ion o f t he Kharkov o b last i n 1 956. C - G IM , r =33600 ( 1956, g ift o f B .A. Rybakov). P ub. M ets , 1 963, p .98, 9 9, f ig.l. Men. S o t in ikova , 1 968, 1 8-1. ( 32) Obverse a nd r everse c ompos it ions s im i lar t o t he f orego ing o nes, h av ing a l l t he r epresentat iona l f eatures c haracter ist ic f or Nos . 28-31, but d iffer ing f rom t hese l ast o n ly i n t he e xcept iona l ly s harp a nd c orrect l egend o n t he o bverse , r ead ing r ight t o l eft f rom t he e dge o f t he c o in: t i ,z 4 ,4 HP AI 1P M 4

4( E -

P o

Monogram o t Chr ist o n t he r everse f rom l eft t o r ight: x c ( *) ( 32-1) w . 3 .22g., d . 2 6 r r im., t est -. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - S .V. Bod i levsk i c o l lect ion ( 1891), To lsto i c o l lect ion ( 1903)7- H erm itage , 1 7 ( 1917). Pub. Chernev , 1 891, p .12, m , p late 6 , 1 0; To lsto i , 1 893, p .351, 8 , p la te X II , 1 5-16; S o tn ikova , 1 968, 1 9-1.

1 73

( *) ( 32-2) w . 3 .3g. ( 75 d ol l), d . 2 7mm. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - C o l lect ion o f M .D. S v ir idov ( 1882). Not t racked d own. -Pub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .227, 1 , p la te 1 4, 8 ; S o tn ikova , 1 968, 1 9-2; S otn ikova , 1 971-2. ( 33) D ie p a ir v ery c lose t o t he f orego ing. D ifferences: a t t he w r ist o f t he p r ince 's l eft h and f ive p o ints i nstead o f t wo o r t hree ; t he b eard o f Chr ist i s b roader , t he Gospe l i n h is h and i s l arger. The l egends o n b oth s ides , a rranged a s o n d ies 2 8-32, a re c lear a nd a re e xecuted i n t he s ame h and a s t hose , t he o bverse l egend h owever i s n ot f i tt ing i n c omp lete ly a s i s a lso t he c ase w ith t he l egends o n t he p reced ing o nes, a nd i t i s a lso i ncomp lete i n t he s ame f ash ion: Obverse: R everse:

tA4r4

N ^v ieJ 4 c«C ie ( r i r o c

I A c

( *) ( 33-1) w . 3 .48g. ( 79 d ol), d . 2 7mm. C l ipped. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - C o l lect ion o f M .D. S v ir idov. G if t o f t he l atter t o t he K iev c ity a rch i tect V .N. N iko layev ( 1876), who upon h av ing c eded t h is c o in t o t he museum o f t he K iev D iv in ity Academy ( 1878) f or s ome r eason t o ld S .V. Bod i levsk i t hat h e h ad a cqu ired i t f rom s ome workmen who h ad f ound i t i n 1 877 i n t he O ld K iev ward o f t he c i ty when t hey w ere d igg ing a c e l lar i n o ne o f t he p r iva te y ards. I n 1 925 I ly in r ecogn ized a s t h is c o in a s pec imen b ought i n t he market a t K iev by K .P. B eryoz in. Pub. T o lsto i , 1 882, p .12, No.6, p la te 1 2, 1 ; P etrov , 1 915, Nos.IV-V , p .18-19, p la te X , 2 -3; S o tn ikova , 1 968, 2 0-1; S o tn ikova , 1 971-2, 1 7. M en. Chernev , 1 888 , p .67, 6 8; Arch ive o f t he LO IA o f t he Academy o f S c iences , R eport No.243 by t he Comm iss ion o n Num isma t ics a nd G lypt ics d ated May 2 4, 1 925, s heet 6 0. ( 34) Obverse: F igure o f t he p r ince , e tc., l i ke t he f orego ing o nes. The p r ince i s n arrow o f f ace a nd s hou lders. There i s a s ing le b ead o n e ach p endant i nstead o f t wo. The p r ince ly emb lem i s l arge a nd b road. C ircu lar i nscr ipt ion f rom r ight t o l eft w ith t he t ops o f a ma jor ity o f t he l etters t oward t he c enter , p reserved o n ly a t t he r ight: 5 h 4 :0 1 WHP R everse: F igure o f Chr ist l i ke t he f orego ing o nes. B eard o f s ix b eads. The n imbus i s v ery l arge. The f o lds o f t he c loak a re c oarse ly d rawn. The Gospe l i s v ery l arge a nd i s p laced c loser t o t he l eft s hou lder , s ometh ing n ot o bserved o n t he o ther c o ins. To t he s ides o f t he monogram o f Chr ist , t he b eg inn ing o f wh ich c an s carce ly b e made o ut a t t he l eft o w ing t o d eter iorat ion o f t h is s pec imen: / F ragments o f l i near a nd b eaded b orders o n b oth s ides.

1 74

( *) ( 34-1) , • 1 .97g., d . 2 5mm. About a q uarter o f t he c o in b roken a nd a c opper l oop h as b een a ttached t o t he c o in. 3 -, ) v-P na r ice: F ound dur ing e xcava t ion o f k urgans n ear t he v inage o f M itkovka i n t he B ryanskaya o b last i n 1 952-1953 ( see 3 0-1). C - G IM , r -33601 ( 1953). Pub. Mets , 1 960, p .206, 3 . Men. R avd ina , 1 979 ( 35) Obverse: The p r ince 's h ead i s s ma l l a nd t he f igure i s s l ight. There i s o n ly o ne b ead o n e ach o f t he p endants t o t he p r ince 's c ap. The e dges o f t he c loak h ave t he l ook o f a cute a ng les , a nd t he f r inge a t t he l ower e dge i s l onger. The c ross i s o f v ery c orrect f orm , a s i t i s made u p n ot o f t hree but o f f our b eads , wh ich a re i n a ddit ion j o ined by d e l icate l i nes. The t r ident i s h eavy a nd b road. The l egend r eads f rom o uts ide t he c o in , r ight t o l eft , s ome o f t he l e tters b e ing ups ide d own: / « ‘4

( 66 Jö

R everse: The h ead o f Chr ist i s s ma l l ; t he n imbus i s b roader a t t he l eft t han a t t he r ight , a nd t he s ing le r osette o n t he c r iss-crossed n imbus i s u pon i t s u pper a rm. The Gospe l i s p laced i n t he m idd le o f t he c hest. The h and h o ld ing i t i s r epresented v ery s ketch i ly , a s a re t he f o lds o f t he g arment. A t t he s ides, t he monogram b eneath a d oub le l ine: f Z Very l ow r e l ief f or t he f igure i s c haracter ist ic f or b oth s ides. ( *) ( 35-1) w . 2 .18g., d . 2 6-27mm , t est 3 74. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - Co l lect ions o f E .Yu. Ku lch itsk i a nd S .V. Bod i levsk i ( 1891) 7 K IM , 7 61 ( g ift o f Bodi levsk i upon t he o pen ing o f t he Museum i n 1 904). Pub. Chernev , 1 891, p .11, k , p la te 8 , 9 a , p .10; S otn ikova , 1 968, 2 1-1. M en. s ee c omment t o 2 0-1. ( 36) Obverse: The f igure i s o f e xtreme ly c oarse workmansh ip. The f igures a nd t he f ace o f t he p r ince a re h eavy. The c ross c ons ists o f f our b eads. The c loak , c lasped by a f ibu la w ith t wo b eads, h as a t t he m idd le p art o f t he l ower e dge t he s ame s ort o f t r iangu lar s ca l lop a s i n t he c ase o f t he f igure o n 3 5. The t r ident i s l arge. The l egend r eads r ight t o l eft f rom o uts ide t he c o in: A

, c6EEJoc

The d e l ineat ion o f a l l t he l etters i n i t c o inc ides w ith t hat o f t he s ame l e tters o n t he p reced ing c o in. R everse: The f igure o f Chr ist i s s ketchy a nd c oarse. The f ingers o f t he l eft h and a re s o l ong t hat t hey m ight b e t aken t o b e a b e lt. The b eads a t t he e nd o f t he c ross o n t he n imbus a re d ifferent ly a rranged. On a ccount o f p oor p reservat ion o f t he c o in o ne c annot t e l l where t he Gospe l i s p laced: i n t he c enter o f t he c hest ( he ld u p b y t he l eft h and) o r i n t he r ight h and. The monogram t o t he s ides o f t he

1 75

Chr ist b eneath a d oub le l ine: 1 7

) ( c

L inear a nd b eaded b order o n b oth s ides. ( *)

( 36-1) w . 2 .35g., d . 2 6-28mm. A p iece b roken o ut. Heav i ly worn. Copper h ighl ights. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C Co l lect ions o f S .V. Bodi levsk i , E .Yu. Ku lch i tski ( 189 1), V . M. I versen ( 1906). G IM, r -336-2 ( accession f rom t he F inance Department o f t he NKVD i n J anuary 1 936). Pub. Chernev , 1 891, p .10, d , I , 1 , p late 8 , 9 v ; I versen, 1 906, p .10, p late I , z ; Mets, 1 963, p .98, 9 9, 2 , f ig.2; S otn ikova, 1 968, 2 2-1.

( 37) Obverse: The t runk o f t he p r ince i s v ery s hort, but t he h ead i s l ong. The f ingers o f t he l eft h and a re v is ib le, s pread upon t he c hest. The c loak i s c lasped w i th a s emic ircu lar b rooch a nd e nds i n a v ery l ong f r inge. The c ap l acks a c ross, a nd i t s p endants a re f used w ith t he n eck lace. The c ross i s o f f our b eads j o ined w i th d el icate l i nes. The t r ident i s o f v ery c orrect f orm, w ith a b ead i n t he m iddle o f t he s p ike. The l egend r eads l ef t t o r ight f rom o utside t he c o in: H MI

1 i /N \8

Reverse: The h ead o f Chr ist i s bu lky, w ith a l arge f ace, but w ith a v ery s ma ll f orehead. The b ody i s l ong, a nd t he f o lds o f t he c loak a re p r im it ive ly r endered. B oth h ands a re c lear ly v isib le o n t he c hest o f t he Chr ist. A t t he s ides, monogram b eneath l ine:

) 1 L inear a nd b eaded b order o n b oth s ides. ( *) ( 37-1) w . 2 .24g., d . 2 6mm. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C Co l lect ions o f N .A. L eopardov ( K iev , 1 891), KDA ( g ift o f L eopardov, 1 893), Ph i l ip Gr ierson ( Cambr idge , Eng land. Purchased i n 1 965 f rom a p erson who s upposed t hat t h is was a c o in o f t he i s land o f C rete). Pub. Chernev, 1 891, p .12, q , p late 7 , 8 , 1 4; S otn ikova , 1 968, 2 3-1. Men. P etrov , 1 895, p .69; Ph i l ip Gr ierson, l e tter t o t he Herm itage o f August 2 6, 1 965, Archive o f t he ONGE. ( 38) A d ie p a ir h av ing a r esemb lance t o t he f orego ing o ne. Obverse: The f igure o f t he p r ince v ery s ketchy. The c ross o n t he c ap n ot v isib le; t he p endants f o l low t he o ut l ine o f t he f ace a s o n No.37. The f ingers o f t he l eft h and a re s pread w ide o n t he c hest. The l ower e dge o f t he c loak i s n ot v is ib le, a nd t he l egs a re s carce ly t o b e made o ut. The t r ident i s l arge a nd o f r egu lar f orm. The l egend, e xecuted i n t he h and o f d ie 3 7, r eads f rom o uts ide t he c o in . r ight t o l eft: 3u39 3, t

Ag

Reverse: The f igure o f Chr ist , r epeat ing i n i t s d eta i ls No.37 ( see t he d raw ing o f t he f ace, t he h a ir , t he b eard; f o lds o f t he g arment , r endered by s tra ight l i nes; a nd

1 76

d ie t he t he

l ike).

A t t he s ides t he monogram a s o n No.37: fx

( *)

( 38-1) w . 2 .4g., d . 2 6mm. H eav i ly worn. Test -. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - Co l lect ion o f LI. To lsto i ; H erm itage, 1 3 ( 1917). P ub. fo lsto i , 1 882, p .228, No.4, p late 1 4, 1 1. S otn ikova, 1 968, 2 4-1.

( *) ( 38-2) w . 1 .98g. ( 45 d on), d . 2 6mm. R ed c opper. P rovenance K iev h oard o f 1 876. C - Co l lect ions o f S . V. Bod i levsk i , E .Yu. Ku lchitsk i ( 1891), V .M . I versen ( 1906), V .F. N edze lsk i (Moscow), V .V. Lukyanov, t he N IAMZ ( 1978, p urchase f rom Lukyanov). P ub. Chernev, 1 891, p .12, R , p late 8 , 1 4a; I versen, 1 906, p .9, p late I , 1 ; S otn ikova , 1 968, 2 4-2. ( *) ( 39) A f ragment o f a s rebren ik o f V ladim ir 's t ype I was f ound a long w ith d irhems o f t he X th c entury c l ipped i nto c irc les, i n o ne o f t he kurgans n ear t he v i l lage o f L ip ino i n t he Kursk o b last i n 1 948 dur ing e xcavat ions b e ing c arr ied o ut by t he a rcheo log ica l e xpedit ion o f t he IMK o f t he Academy o f S c iences under t he l eadersh ip o f P .I. Z asurtsev. C eded by t he e xpedit ion t o t he Kursk Museum, i t i s n ot l i sted t here a t p resent. Unpub l ished. Men. P .I. Z asurtsev , O tchot o r askopkakh L ipensk ikh kurganov Kursko i o b last i v 1 948 (Report o n t he Excavat ion o f t he L ipino k urgans i n t he Kursk o b last i n 1 948), Arch ive o f t he Acadamy o f S c iences o f t he USSR , R -1, No.291; Yan in, 1 956, p .168; Mets, p .213; S otn ikova , 1 971-2, 1 9; Ravdina , 1 979, I I. ( 40 t o 4 7) E ight s pec imens ( not c ount ing s pec imen No.33-1) o f c o ins f rom t he K iev h oard o f 1 876 were known a round 1 891 t o N .P. Chernev. The ir a ppearance, we ights, a nd d iameters a re n ot known. Unpub l ished. Not t racked d own. Men. Chernev, 1 891, p .9-12, 1 3, n ote 5 . ( 48 t o 5 1) " Bits o f f our s rebren ik i o f V ladim ir 's t ype I " w ere s een by Oreshn ikov i n 1 929 i n t he c o l lect ion o f t he Moscow c o l lector Napp. The we ight, d iameter , a nd p rovenance o f t he c o ins h as n ot b een d eterm ined. Unpub l ished. Men. L etter o f J une 1 5, 1 929 f rom Oreshn ikov t o I ly in, Archive o f t he ONGE, I ly in p apers; S otn ikova , 1 971-2, 2 0-23. S ILVER OF VLADIMIR ,

TYPE I

( 52) Obverse: I mage o f t he p r ince f ac ing , o n t hrone , w ith c ross o n s taff h av ing b eads a t i t s t ips i n r ight h and a nd w ith l eft h and o n c hest. The p r ince wears a c ap w ith p endants t hat d escend a t t he s ides o f t he f ace, a nd a g arment s trewn w ith b eads wh ich Oreshnikov c a l ls a c oat o f ma i l ( 1936, p .43, No.70). Above t he h ead a n imbus.

1 77

A t t he s ides a n i nscr ipt ion t he c enter o f t he c o in:

f rom

g

l eft

t o

r ight ,

r ead ing

f rom

r ip4(eA i -

Doub le b eaded b order. R everse: I mage o f t he p r ince ly emb lem i n t he f orm o f a t r ident. I nscr ipt ion f rom l eft t o r ight , r ead ing f rom t he c enter o f t he c o in a nd s tart ing t o t he r ight o f t he b as is o f t he t r ident: O t Ceet— ' ) C Pi- g r o D oub le b eaded b order. ( *) ( 52-1) w . 2 .78g., d . 2 7mm., t est 7 20. D oub le s truck. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - C o l lect ion o f t he Un ivers ity o f S t. V lad im ir; K IM, 7 30 ( 1 071 ). Pub. Vo losh insk i , No.12; To lsto i , 1 882, p .20, No.31, p late 8 , 2 ; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 5 -1. ( *) ( 52-2) w . 2 .55g., d . 2 7mm., t est -. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - Herm itage , 2 4 ( one o f f ive s ubm itted t o t he Tsar a t K iev i n 1 852). Pub l. To lsto i , p .20, No.31, p late 5 , 7 ; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 5 -2; S chne ider , p late 5 , 3 ; Archive o f t he ONGE, S troganov p apers. Men. Cata log o f 1 855, p .435-437, No.1280. ( *) ( 52-3) w . 1 .1g. A f ragment r epresent ing a l i tt le more t han o nequarter o f a who le s pec imen. P rovenance: F ound i n 1 894 by K . A. S tavronsk i a t K iev, o n K ise levka H i l l i n P odo lya. C Co l lect ion o f t he Moscow Num ismat ic S oc iety ( g ift o f K .V. Bo lsunovsk i); G IM , r -33603 ( in 1 929 Oreshn ikov f ound i t among t he " co in r ubb ish" t ransferred f rom t he S oc iety). Pub. Oreshn ikov, 1 936, p .75, No.28, p late V . 9 . Men. L etter o f May 8 , 1 929 f rom Oreshnikov t o A .A. I ly in, Arch ive o f t he ONGE. I nasmuch c orrespond t o b een t racked Do lzh ikov c o ins

a s t he e xterna l d ata f or t h is f ragment e nt ire ly t he Do lzh ikov s pec imen ( see 5 2-4) wh ich h as n ot d own , i t i s p oss ib le t hat t he S tavronsk i a nd a re o ne a nd t he s ame s pec imen.

( 52-4) I n a n ote by P . Do lzh ikov , who i n 1 861 s o ld s ix c o ins o f t he Nezh in h oard a t 1 00 r ubles e ach, h e n ames a n e xamp le f rom t he s ame d ie a s o ur 5 2-1: " No.12 ( after Vo losh insk i a uthor). On ly a p art o f a c o in r ema ins, r epresent ing a h ead a nd l e tters wh ich a re we l l s et f orth." ( Archive o f t he ONGE, " Zern in", p .43, 4 4). The s pec imen h as n ot b een t racked d own. M en. S otn ikova , 1 968, 5 -3; S otn ikova , 1 971-2, 2 2. ( 53) A d ie f rom t he s ame h and a s No.52 I nscr iptions:

m pA Cf r n+ ( *)

1 ( 6 6 :ruP f rx

0

( 53-1) w . 2 .9g., d . ? , t est -. P rovenance Nezhin h oard o f 1 852. C - Co l lect ion o f A .S. Uvarov, o f P .S. Uvarova; G IM , r -3360T ( 1927). P ub. Oreshnikov, 1 936, p . ' 74, N o.22, p late V , 3 ; 1 78

S otn ikova ,

1 971-1,

2 -1.

( 54) A d ie p a ir, work o f t he s ame master a s Nos.52 a nd 5 3. On ly t he s econd h a lf o f t he o bverse i nscr ipt ion h as b een p reserved: r . f 1 A i plcp4+ On t he r everse s ide e i ther o r i t h as b een worn away:

t he

e nding

was

p oor ly

s truck o n

0 ( *)

( 54-1) w . 3 .72g., d . 3 0mm., t est -. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - C o l lect ions o f E .E. Lyutsenko ( Kerch, p urchase f rom a n o ff ic ia l v isit ing f rom K iev), Ba ikov ( Rostov), I . To lsto i ( 1881), H erm itage , 5 7 ( 1917). P ub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .128, No.31a, p late 1 4, 3 ; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 1 -1. Men. MAO , v o l.VI, 1 966, c o lumn 2 15.

( 55) D ies by t he e ngraver who made Nos.52-54. I nscr iptions: K IM l i d

M i D4cp / 14 -

E -E

( *) ( 55-1) w . 2 .68g., d . 2 6mm., t est 9 60. Broken i nto t hree p arts. P rovenance Hoard f rom t he v i l lage o f D enisy i n t he P ereyaslaysk i uyezd o f t he P o ltava g ubern iya, 1 912. C Herm itage , 2 2 ( purchase f rom t he Archeo log ica l C omm ission, 1 914). Now p ub l ished f or t he f i rst t ime. Men. Markov , 1 912, p .137; Markov, 1 913, p .119-120; F asmer , 1 914, p .17; R eport o f t he I AK f or 1 912, P etrograd, 1 916, p .85, 5 ; O reshn ikov , 1 917, p .8; I ly in, No.20; Bauer , 1 926, p .307; Oreshn ikov , 1 930, p .96. ( *)

( 55-2) w . 2 .55g., d . 2 6-28mm., t est 4 80. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - Co l lect ion o f t he Un ivers ity o f S t. V ladim ir; K IM, 7 31 ( 1904). P ub. Vo losh insk i , No.11; To lsto i , 1 882, p .20, No.32, p late 8 , 1 ; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 3 -1.

( 56) Obverse a nd r everse l egend i s f ragmentary:

s ides

l i ke

t he

f orego ing

o nes.

The

e l C “/ ( PC8P0 D oub le b eaded b order. ( *)

( 56-1) w . 1 .85g., d . 2 6mm. P rovenance Nezhin h oard o f 1 852 ( ?). C - Co l lect ion o f Count S o logub ( 1860s). Co l lect ion o f t he E ston ian L earned S oc iety ( Tartu, 1 865, g ift o f S o logub) • Men. Note o f F ebruary 8 , 1 870, by A .A. Kunik, e xp la in ing a l i thograph ic o ffpr int o f t h is c o in, Archive o f t he ONGE ; Hartmann, 1 865, p .24; E nge lmann, 1 882, p .240-244; R eport No.? ,70 o f t he F ebruary 6 , 1 926 meet ing o f t he Comm iss ion o f Num ismat ics a nd G ly i. ) t . ics o f t he GAIMK, s heet 18 ( Archive o f t he LOIA , h o ld ing 2 , 1 926, s heet 2 7); S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 4 -2; S otn ikova , 1 971-2, 3 2. 1 79

( 57) A d ie p a ir by t he s ame e ngraver a s Nos . 52-56 . The b eg inn ing o f t he o bverse i nscr ipt ion i s p reserved: 3PAil

O f t he r everse i nscr ipt ion,

t he e nd:

P

( *) ( 57-1) w . 2 .37g ., d . 2 7mm., t est -. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - Co l lect ions o f M .V . Yuzefov ich, LI. To lsto i , Herm itage, 2 3 ( 1917) . Pub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .20, No.31 ( spec imen w e ighing 5 3 d ol l), p late 1 -2, 4 ; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 4 -1. F igure i n S chne ider , p late I , 6 . ( 58) D ies t he work o f t he s ame e ngraver a s Nos . 52-57 . O f o bverse i nscr ipt ion, t he f o l low ing p reserved: / gm O f t he r everse i nscr ipt ion,

t he

1 \ 1 >< )C t he f o l low ing:

( *) ( 58-1) w . 2 .8g., d . 2 6mm., t est 9 60. P rovenance: One o f t wo h oards wh ich were f ound i n Goshch ino a nd S ierpow s imu ltaneous ly w ith a t h ird h oard, t hat o f L ench itsa ( Po land), a round 1 8501 855, f or wh ich r eason t he s pec imen b e ing d escr ibed was r egarded a s h av ing c ome f rom t he L ench itsa h oard ( I ly in, No.3). C - Co l lect ion o f K . S tronch insk i ( Po land, 1 850-1860), who d e l ivered t he c o in, a s I. G. S passk i s upposes, a round 1 878 t o A . A. Kunik f or p ub l icat ion i n To lsto i 's monograph o f 1 882, a nd who - a s a r esu lt o f t he c o in 's b e ing l ost a t t he Herm itage - r eceived f rom Kun ik i n e xchange a nother s pec imen ( 170-1) ; Herm itage, 1 5485 ( red iscovered i n 1 949 dur ing r epa ir o f a c ab inet f or num ismat ic mater ia l). Pub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .20, 2 1, No.33, 7 , 2 ; S passk i j, 1 973, p .10-12; Gup ien ic, 1 973-1974, p late I , 2 . Men. S tronch insk i l etters o f March 1 0 a nd May 2 7, 1 861 t o Kun ik ( see To lsto i , 1 882, p .20-21); S tronczynsk i, 1 883, p .27, 2 8; Bauer , 1 927, p .309; Gup ien ic, K iersnowscy, 1 865, p .27, 2 8 ( not h av ing c hecked S tronch insk i 's i nformat ion , wh ich i n h is d ay f o l lowed t he t hen n ew c lass if icat ion o f Vo loshinsk i , a ga inst To lsto i 's p ub l icat ion, t hese a uthors h ave c ons idered t he s pec imen i n q uest ion t o b e a c o in o f Yaros lav). The s im i lar ity o f c orresponding d eta i ls o f t he f igures p erm its u s t o s peak o f d ies 5 2-58 h av ing b een p repared by a s ing le e ngraver ( see o n t he o bverse t he t reatment o f t he p r ince 's h ead, t he b road n imbus, t he n umber a nd a rrangement o f t he b eads mak ing up t he c ap; t he d es ign o f t he t r imm ing o f t he l ower h a lf o f t he p r ince 's g arment by means o f v ert ica ls m ade u p o f b eads; t he f lex ion o f t he r ight h and a nd t he p os it ion o f t he wr ist a rea o n t he s taff o f t he c ross; t he c ross i t se lf ; e tc. S ee o n t he r everse t he p roport ions, t he i nterre lat ionship, a nd e ven t he j o int ing o f i nd iv idua l p arts, i n t he d es ign o f t he f am i ly emb lem). This i s a lso c onf irmed b y t he o rthography, t he h and, a nd t he p lacement o f t he i nscr ipt ions r e lat ive t o t he f igures i n t he f i e ld o f t he c o in. A l l t hese s even d ie p a irs w ere a pparent ly p repared by t he master o ver t he c ourse o f as hort p er iod o f t ime , s ince i n t he ir p reparat ion t he s ame s et o f p unches w as u sed, s ometh ing wh ich i s p art icu lar ly w e l l 1 R0

t o b e s een upon c ompar ison o f t he e legant a nd d e l icate b orders. W ith t he d ies under e xam inat ion wh ich a re t he work o f t his master t here a re a ssoc iated wh ich f o l lows b e low.

s evera l

c lumsy i m itat ions,

t he

d escr ipt ion

o f

( 59) Obverse: F igure o f s omewhat s imp l if ied. n imbus i s s ma l l.

t he p r ince l ike t he f orego ing o nes, but The h ead o f t he p r ince i s l arge, but t he The mustaches ( wh ich a re h owever

t hemse lves n ot v is ib le o n a ccount o f t he p oor p reservat ion o f t he c o ins ) e nd i n a d ot o n e ach s ide. A l l t he f ingers o f t he h and l y ing o n t he c hest p o int i n t he s ame d irect ion. The a rms o f t he c ross a re s tra ight a nd s hort, a nd t he b eads o n t hem a re bu lky. The l egend h as b een p reserved o n ly h a lf-way:

s in I ( ( The b orders a re o f c omparat ive ly l arge b eads. Reverse: Tr ident l ike t he f orego ing o nes, but a d ifferent s equence i n t he r epresentat ion o f t he p arts. I nscr ipt ion: XC

6 ,6 /A0

( *) ( 59-1) w . 1 .62g ., d . 2 4mm ., t est -. C l ipped , e dge b reaks. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - H erm itage, 2 6 ( one o f t he 2 8 c o ins t hat e ntered a t t he b eg inn ing o f 1 853). Pub. S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 6 -1. Men. To lsto i , 1 882, p .20, No.31. I l l. Z ern in, p .5, 1 1. ( *) ( 59-1) w . 2 .36g ., d . 2 4mm ., t est - . Double s truck. C l ipped. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - Herm itage ( entered w ith 5 9-1). Pub. S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 6 -2. Men. To lsto i , 1 882, p .20, No.31. I l l. Z ern in, p .5, 1 2. ( 60) Obverse: The p r ince 's h ead i s n ot v is ib le by r eason o f p oor p reservat ion. The b e lt i s n ot o rnamented w ith d ots. The l egs, w ith t he f eet t urned l eft , a re p la in ly t o b e s een. Of t he i nscr ipt ion o n ly t he f o l low ing h as b een p reserved: Reverse: The f am i ly emb lem i s s hort a nd b road. i nscr ipt ion h as b een p reserved i n f ragmentary f ash ion: C

The

‘ •e Po

( *) ( 60-1) w . 1 .67g., d . 2 5mm., t est -. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - H erm itage , 2 7 ( entered w ith 5 9-1 a nd 5 9-2). Pub. .— S otrukova , 1 971-1, 7 -1. Men. To lsto i , 1 882, p .20, No.31. I l l. Z ern in, p .7, 1 4. ( 61) Obverse: I mage o f t he p r ince l i ke t he f orego ing o nes. The b eads o f t he n imbus, o f t he " coat o f ma i l", o f t he b order, a nd o f t he o ther d eta i ls a re h eav ier. The c ross l acks b eads. The i nscr ipt ion i s v ery d ist inct but h as b een c omp lete ly p reserved o n ly i n i t s s econd h a lf : \ I I I t yp /(p ) /

1 81

Reverse: " heavy".

The f am i ly I nscr ipt ion:

emb lem

i s

w e l l

d rawn,

but

i t s

b as is

i s

r 1 )( , p4 1 9 ( *) ( 61-1) w . 2 .0g., d . 2 6-27mm. P rovenance Nezhin h oard o f 1 852. C Co l lect ion o f P.V . Z ubov , G IM , r -33605 ( 1929). Pub. Oreshn ikov, 1 936, p .73-74, No.21, p late V , 2 ; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 9 -1. ( 62) Obverse: I n t he i mage o f t he p r ince o ne 's a ttent ion i s d rawn by t he v ery sma l l h ead a nd t he s hort f ingers o f t he l eft h and. O f t he i nscr ipt ion o n ly a f ew l arge l etters h ave b een p reserved: I p P A R everse: The f am i ly emb lem i s r egu lar ly d rawn. The d oub le o ut l ine o f t he s p ike a nd t he c urv ing o f t he " t ines", a nd a lso t he l etters a bove t hem , c an o n ly b e s igns o f c orrect ion o f t he d ie, n ot o f d oub le s tr ik ing wh ich wou ld h ave b een r ef lected o n t he o bverse a s we l l : / •r-c ( *) ( 62-1) w . 3 .20g., d . 2 6mm. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852 ( ?) C - Co l lect ion o f A . D. Chertkov; G IM , r -33606 ( 1874). Pub. Oreshn ikov, 1 896, p .5, No.5, p la te I , 6 ; Oreshn ikov , 1 936, p .74, No.23, p late V , 4 ; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 1 0-1.

( 63) The f igures o f t he o bverse a nd r everse a re l i ke t he f orego ing o nes but t hey h ave b een s truck up o n ly i n t he l ower h a lf. The b eads o f t he " coat o f ma i l" a re s trung o n t hreads. The l egs e xtreme ly s hort. O f t he i nscr ipt ions o n ly a f ew l etters h ave b een p reserved: Obverse , l eft t o r ight , f rom c enter o f c o in: 1 2 (6)/ 1f -

( i i Reverse ,

l eft t o r ight,

f rom o uts ide t he c o in: n

+ 1I >0

( *) ( 63-1) w . 2 .70g., d . 2 8mm., t est 3 00. Doub le s truck. P rovenance Nezhin h oard o f 1 852. C - C o l lect ion o f t he Un ivers ity o f S t. V ladim ir; K IM , 7 32 — ( 1904). P ub. Vo losh insk i, No.20; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 1 1-1. ( 64) F igures o f o bverse a nd r everse l i ke t he v ery c oarse. I nscr ipt ions mean ing less: \ / //

f orego ing o nes,

but

H

J u 4c 4

( *) ( 64-1) w . 2 .66g., d . 2 8mm., t est -. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - Co l lect ion o f S .G. S troganov; Herm itage, 3 1 ( 1925) .— P ub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .16, No.17, p late 6 , 3 ; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 1 2-1. 1 82

( 65) Obverse a nd r everse l i ke t he f orego ing o nes. No e yes i n t he p r ince 's f ace. The n imbus i s b road, t he c ap i s r epresented by s ix sma l l , w ide ly-spaced d ots. The l egend i s f ragmentary: r r ,i

1 iT hç ' J .

( 1 0E-& hoEr -r ( *) ( 68-1) w . ? , d . 2 7mm. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - K iev D iv in ity Academy ( probab ly a g if t b y N .A. L eopard7 Dv). Not t racked d own. Pub. S otn ikova , 1 971-2, 3 0. I l l. Z akhar ievsk i , I , s heet 5 3. ( 69) Obverse a nd r everse l i ke t he f orego ing o nes, b ut t he d ies a re o f c oarser workmansh ip. The l egend h as b een h a lfway p reserved:

omr4cf/Z Tr ip le b order o f b eads o n b oth s ides. ( *) ( 69-1) w . 3 .00g., d . 3 1mm., t est 3 75. C ast ing d efect i n f lan. P rovenance N ezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - C o l lect ion o f t he Un ivers ity o f S t. V ladim ir ; K IM ,— 7 27 ( 1904). P ub. Vo losh insk i , N o.17; To lsto i , 1 882, p .16, No.14, p la te 8 , 6 ; S o tn ikova , 1 971-1, 1 6-1. ( *) ( 69-2) w . 3 .93g., d . 3 0mm., t est 3 00. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - C o l lect ion o f t he Un ivers ity o f S t. V lad im ir ; K IM , 7 26 ( 1 04). P ub. Vo losh insk i , No.18; To lsto i , 1 882, p .16, No.13, p late 8 , 7 ; S o tn ikova , 1 971-1, 1 6-2. ( *)

( 70)

( 69-3) We ight a nd d iameter u nknown. P rovenance N ezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - Do lzh ikov 's " co l lect ion", 1 861. Not t racked d own. Men. Do lzh ikov 's n ote o f 1 861, Arch ive o f t he ONGE, " Lern in" ; S otn ikova , 1 971-2, 3 5.

F igures o f o bverse a nd r everse l acks c oat o f m a i l. I nscr ipt ions:

M ( *)

MH(PA

l i ke

N os.61-63,

b ut

p r ince

r cc

( 70-1) w . 2 .61g., d . 2 8mm., t est -. P rovenance Nezh in h oard 1 852. C - C o l lect ion o f L I. To lsto i ( 1893); H erm i tage,

o f 2 0

( 1917). P ub. To lsto i , 1 893, S o tn ikova , 1 971-1, 1 7-1.

p .354,

No.11,

p late

X II ,

2 3-24;

( 71) D ie p a ir l i ke No.70, " coat o f ma i l".

b ut

t he

p r ince

i s

r epresented

w ithout

I nscr ipt ions: i

i rr4(f )4

0 r E(7 -CPZ DV-

( *) ( 71-1) w . 2 .44g., d . 2 7mm., t est -. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - C o l lect ions o f I .M. O strog lazov ( 1882), G rand Duke Georg ir M ikha i lov ich ( 1893); H erm itage , 1 9, f rom P eop le 's Comm issar iat f or F inances v ia S ov iet Ph i la te l ic Assoc iat ion , 1 930. Pub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .18, No.22, p la te 1 0, 1 1; T o lsto i , 1 893, p . ü-4 , No.12, p la te X III , 1 -2; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 1 8-1. ( *) ( 71-2) w . 3 .28g., d . 2 8mm., t est 5 00. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - C o l lect ion o f t he Un ivers ity o f S t. V lad im ir; K IM , 7 29 ( 1904). P ub. Vo losh insk i , N o.15; To lsto i , 1 882, p .17-18, No.22, p late 8 , 5 ; S o tn ikova , 1 971-1, 1 8-2. ( *) ( 71-3) w . 2 .97g., d . 2 7.5mm. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. No t t racked d own. Pub. C ahn , p .61, No.876, p la te 2 4; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 1 8-3; S otn ikova , 1 971-2, 2 4. I l l . S chne ider , p la te 6 , 3 . ( 71-4) A s pec imen p erhaps s truck f rom t he s ame p a ir o f d ies i s ment ioned w ith a r eference t o 7 1-2 i n a l i st o f s ix c o ins f rom t he Nezh in h oard t hat w ere s o ld by P . Do lzh ikov i n 1 861 (Arch ive o f t he ONGE, " Zern in", p .43-44). No t t racked d own. Unpub l ished. M en. S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 1 8-4; S o tn ikova , 1 971-2, 2 5. Nos.71-1 a nd 7 1-3 may a lso p rove t o b e t h is Do lzh ikov s pec imen. I n t hat e vent t he l a tter wou ld g et a n i nd isputab le t est imon ia l t o i t s h av ing o r ig inated i n t he Nezh in h oard. ( 72) A c o in o f u nknown o r ig in l i ke t hose u nder No.71 i s m ent ioned ( w ith r eference t o 7 1-2) i n a l etter o f Apr i l 4 , 1 885 f rom Lyuperso lsk i t o LI. To lsto i ( Arch ive o f t he Academy o f S c iences, To lsto i l e tters t o Kun ik , 9 5-2-852, s heet 2 9). N ot t racked d own. Unpub l ished. M en. S o tn ikova , 1 971-2, 2 6. ( 73)

F igure o f o bverse a nd r everse l i ke No.71. Obverse : 3 >4 T /7. 4 ( \/ ( The l ast t wo l e tters u ps ide d own). R everse :

1 85

I nscr ipt ions:

( *) ( 73-1) w . 3 .52g. ( w ith b ronze l oop), d . 3 1-32mm. P rovenance : Excavat ions o f kurgans n ear t he v i l lage o f M itkovka i n t he Kl imovsk i r a ion o f t he Bryanskaya o b last i n 1 952-1953. C Bryansk Museum ; G IM , r -33608 ( 1955). P ub. M ets , 160, p .207, No.7, f ig.1, 7 , p late I , 9 -11. Men. R avdina , 1 979, . ( 74) F igures o f o bverse a nd r everse l ike i nscr ipt ions h ave b een p reserved i n p art: Obverse:

Nos.71-73.

The

P .4( FA R everse:

o c ' . 7 7 E E . rjL 1 3' 1 2 _

( *) ( 74-1) w . 3 .04g., d . 3 0mm., t est -. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - Co l lect ion o f S .G. S troganov ; H erm itage , 3 6 ( 1925). P ub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .18, No.25, p la te 6 , 2 ; S o tn ikova , 1 971-1, 1 9-1. ( 75) F igures o n b oth s ides l i ke b een p reserved i n p art : r -

I

Nos.71-74.

The i nscr ipt ions

h ave

( PA

(4 ) ( 75-1) w . 2 .7g. ( 601 d o l i), d . 2 8mm., t est 5 00. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - Co l lect ion o f t he Un ivers ity o f S t. V lad im ir; K IM, 7 25 ( 1904). P ub. Vo losh insk i , 1 3; T o lsto i , 1 882, p .18-19, No.26, p la te 8 , 3 ; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 2 0-1. ( 76) F igures o n o bverse a nd r everse l i ke Nos.71-75. The t r ident i s r e lat ive ly n ot l arge , but i t i s u pon a t a l l b as is. The i nscr ipt ions h ave b een p reserved i n p art: t >

/

P4 pA

o

TEE6> >

b ronze r ing), d . 2 8mm. A p ierc ing b reak. P rovenance: Kurgans n ear t he t he K l imovsk i r a ion o f t he B ryansk - Bryansk Museum; G IM , r -33609

1 86

( 1955). Pub. M ets, 1 960, Men. R avdina , 1 979, 1 .

p .207,

No.5,

f ig.1,

5 ,

p la te I , 6 .

( 78) Obverse a nd r everse l i ke Nos.71-77, a nd c lose t o t hem i n t he d raw ing o f t he f igures , t he c ontent o f t he l egends, a nd t he d e l ineat ion o f t he l e tters. The l eft h and o f t he p r ince i s s h ifted e xtreme ly f ar t o t he r ight o n t he c hest. The e lbow o f t he l eft a rm p ro jects p ronounced ly. The c ross h as n ot b een s truck up. The l egend i s f ragmentary : Border o f p o ints o n b oth s ides. ( *) ( 78-1) w . ? , d . 2 6mm. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. I n t he ONGE t here a re e lectrotypes f rom t h is s rebren ik s pec imen ( Herm itage , 3 7669), but t he t ime o f t he ir e nter ing t he Herm itage h as n ot b een e stab l ished. Pub. S otn ikova , 1 971-2, 2 7. I l l. S chne ider , p late I , 8 . ( 79) Obverse a nd r everse l i ke Nos.71-78, but t he " coat o f ma i l" i s r epresented by t wo r ows o f b eads b etween t hree h or izonta l l ines. The l egends h ave b een p reserved i n p art:

[ 9 -

21 ( 12A +

oc -r ccii >c ,Pl g r r

( *) ( 79-1) w . 2 .8g., d . 2 8mm., t est 4 80. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - C o l lect ion o f t he Un ivers ity o f S t. V lad im ir; K IM , 7 28 (0-0 4). P ub. Vo losh insk i , No.14; To lsto i , p .17, No.20, p late 8 , 4 ; S o tn ikova , 1 971-1, 2 2-1. ( 80) F igures o f o bverse a nd r everse l ike No.79. o n ly a f ragment o n t he o bverse h as s urv ived:

i > 4

O f

t he

l egend

p4 _

( *) ( 80-1) w . 2 .59g., d . 2 7mm., t est 3 75. A p ierc ing d r iven t hrough i t . One-quarter b roken away. P rovenance unknown. C - K IM , 7 59 ( document o f D ecember 3 1, 1 937). Now p ub l ished f or t he f irst t ime. ( 81) F igures o f o bverse a nd r everse l i ke t he f orego ing o nes, b ut t he b e lt ( or l ower e dge o f t he g arment?) i s d ifferent ly d iv ided. The wr ist a rea o f t he l eft h and i s v ery h eavy. The l egs a re r ead i ly v is ib le. The i nscr ipt ions h ave b een h a lf-way p reserved: ( ( *) ( 81-1) w . 2 .60g.,

d .

2 6-27 mm.

A p ierc ing d r iven t hrough i t ; h as a

1 87

sma l l b ronze r ing. P rovenance: The k urgans n ear t he v i l lage o f M itkovka i n t he K l imovsk i r a ion o f t he Bryansk o b last , 1 953-1954. C - Bryansk Museum; G IM , r -33610 ( 1955). P ub. Mets , 1 960 7 p .207, No.8, f ig.1, 8 , p late I , 1 2-13. M en. Ravdina , 1 979. ( 82) F igures o f o bverse a nd r everse l i ke t he f orego ing o nes. i nscr ipt ions h ave b een p reserved i n f ragmentary f ash ion:

The

e ( *)

( 82-1) w . 1 .72g., d . 2 7mm. An i rregu lar ly-shaped h o le ( cast ing d efect). A p ierc ing d r iven t hrough i t ; h as a s ma l l b ronze r ing. P rovenance : t he k urgans n ear t he v i l lage o f 1 V l i tkovka , 1 953-1954. C - B ryansk Museum; G IM , r -33611 ( 1955). P ub. Mets, 1 960, p .20 ' 7, No .6, f ig.1, 6 , p late I , 7 , 8 . M en. Havd ina , 1 979, .

( 83) F igures o f o bverse a nd r everse l i ke No.82, but t he l eft h and o f t he p r ince i s v ery l arge , a nd t he c oat o f m a i l i s n ot t o b e s een. The i nscr ipt ions h ave b een p reserved i n f ragmentary f ash ion:

A

)

c rgh

J .NiP A

( *) ( 83-1) w . 3 .03g., d . 2 7mm., t est -. P rovenance N ezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - H erm itage , 4 2 ( 1853, o ne a mong 2 8 s pec imens). Pub. S o tn ikova , 1 971-1, 2 3. M en. To lsto i , 1 882, p .20 , N o.30 ( as s pec imen we igh ing 6 9 d ol). ( 84) F igures o f o bverse a nd r everse l i ke Nos . 82 a nd 8 3. i nscr ipt ions h ave b een p reserved i n f ragmentary f ash ion: g bA -"

›q(7 '

0

The

“ —cPs i -rr

( *) ( 84-1) w . 3 .44g., d . 2 6-27 mm., t est -. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - C o l lect ion o f A .A. Kun ik ( 1880s); H erm itage , 4 1. P ub. —T -o lsto i , 1 882, p .20, No.30, p la te 7 , 3 ; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 2 4-1. ( *) ( 84-2) w . 3 .37g., d . 2 8mm., t est -. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - C o l lect ion o f t he P r ince B ezborodko Lyceum a t Nezh in; t he Nezh in Museum ( unt i l 1 930); t he S ta te Ant iquar iat; H erm itage , 1 5484 ( 1952, f rom t he USSR M in istry o f F inances). P ub. H ess, 1 932, No.11; Ka im , p la te I ; S o tn ikova , 1 971-1, 2 4-2. The s pec imen h as e v ident ly b een s truck f rom d ies t hat h ave a lready b een a l tered.

( 85) Obverse a nd r everse l i ke t he f orego ing o nes. The p r ince 's f ace i s l ong a nd n arrow. The l eft h and i s d rawn i n o ut l ine. The t r ident h as a h eavy b as is a nd r ound l oops. The l egends h ave b een p reserved a s f ragments: O e rreC t-7' 7 C/

f CPt Doub le b order o f b eads. 1 88

( *) ( 85-1) w . 2 .8g., d . 2 8mm. Doub le-struck. P rovenance Nezhin h oard o f 1 852. C - C o l lect ion o f P .V. Z ubov ( 1897); G IM , r -33612 ( 1929). Tub . Z ubov, 1 897, p .1, No.2, p late I , 2 ; Oreshn ikov, 1 936, p .75, No.26, p late V , 7 ; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 2 5. ( 86) A d ie p a ir c ut by t he s ame master who made No.85, o r t he d ie p a ir e ven No.85 i t se lf. Co inc idence w ith No.85 b oth i n g enera l f eatures a nd i n d eta i ls o f d es ign, a nd a lso i n t he p lacement a nd l etter c ompos it ion o f t he l egends. The d ivergences a re i ns ign if icant ( form o f mustaches, number o f b eads i n t he p endants, s hape o f h ands, d e l ineat ion o f a f ew l etters). L egend: A

A

Border o f d ots o n b oth s ides o f t he c o in. (4 ) ( 86-1) w . ? , d . 2 8mm., t est 9 00. P rovenance: A h oard f ound n ear t he c ity o f S chwaan ( Meck lenburg-Schwer in, Germany) i n 1 859. C - Duca l Museum a t S chwer in ( 1859); Museum o f P r im it ive a nd E ar ly Medieva l H istory ( Schwer in), No.E 4 530.25. Pub. L isch a nd Masch, 1 861; To lsto i , 1 882, p .25-2 ' 7, p late 1 2, 3 ; S otn ikova , 1 971-2, 2 8. Men. Kun ik, 1 861, c o lumn 2 9-74; Grote , 1 862, p .920; I ly in, No.28; Bauer, 1 927, p .311, 3 12; K iersnowsk i, 1 964, p .59-61, No.164 ( b ibl iography o f t he h oard o n p age 6 1). C erta in f urther d ies a re " der ivat ives" f rom a d ie p a ir i s unfortunate ly known o n ly f rom a n i l lustrat ion o f a c o in:

wh ich

( 87) Obverse a nd r everse f igures l i ke t he f orego ing o nes, but o f p a instak ing workmansh ip. The d ots o f t he d oub le b orders, t he n imbus, t he c ap, a nd t he c oat o f ma i l a re v ery f ine. The l eft h and l i es n ot a t t he c enter o f t he c hest a s o n t he o thers, but upon i ts l eft h a lf. The c ross i s o f c omp l icated f orm. The b road but we l l-proport ioned t r ident i s v ery s harp ly d rawn. The l egend i s p reserved i n f ragmentary f ash ion: ( i tt /

4 1 )(( r7

C A- K10

Doub le b order o f b eads. ( *) ( 87-1) w . 2 .7g. ( 60 d o l i). P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C Co l lect ion o f N . A. L eopardov ( 1891); K iev Academy o f D iv in ity. Not t racked d own. Pub. Chernev, 1 891, p .13, v , p late 7 , 1 9; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 2 6-1; S otn ikova , 1 971-2. I l l. Z akhar ievsk i , I , s heet 1 5. ( 88) F igures o f t he o bverse a nd r everse l ike t he f orego ing o nes. F igure o f t he p r ince r e lat ive ly sma l l. On t he t op o f t he p r ince 's c ap a c lear c ross o f f our b eads. The t r ident s omewhat e longated, w ith a n arrow b as is a nd sma l l l oops. The

1 89

l egends h a lf-way p reserved: Doub le b eaded b order o n b oth s ides_ ( *) ( 88-1) w . 2 .6g., d . 2 5mm., t est -. C l ipped a t o ne s ide, o n t he o ther a b lank e dge o f t he c o in d isk o uts ide a d oub le b eaded border. E dge b reak. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C Co l lect ions o f M .V. Yuzefov ich, 1 .1. To lsto i ; H erm itage, 3 7. Pub. To lsto i , 1 882, p .19, No . 27, p late 1 -2, 6 ; S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 2 7. I l l. S chne ider , p late I , 9 . ( 89) A c oarse r ep l icat ion o f Nos . 87 a nd 8 8. Obverse: The p r ince 's h ead n ot s truck up. A l l t he f ingers o f t he l eft h and a re o f t he s ame s ize. The t rans it ion f rom t he s hou lder t o t he f orearm i s e xpressed by a f low ing l i ne wh ich r ounds a t t he e lbow a s i n No.87. The l egs a re v ery s hort. The c oat o f ma i l i s r endered by means o f l i near s trokes r ather t han by p o ints. The l egend , c rude ly a nd c are less ly executed, h as b een p reserved o n ly a s t o t he s econd h a lf. Reverse: F igure o f t he f am i ly emb lem l i ke t hose i n t he t wo f orego ing c o ins. I ts l oops a re sma l l , t he c entra l s p ike o f t he t r ident i s t h ickened. The l egend h as b een p reserved i n p art ; i ts l etters a re u ps ide d own: 4

GA S

( CA

Border o f b eads o n e ach s ide. *)

( 89-1) w . 2 .57g., d . 2 7mm., t est -. P rovenance Nezh in h oard o f 1 852. C - H erm itage, 4 8 ( 1853; o ne o f 2 8 s pec imens). P ub. — To lsto i , 1 882, p .22, No.37, p late 1 1, 5 . I l l. Z ern in, p .7, 5 . Men. S otn ikova , 1 971-1, 2 8.

( 90) Obverse l ike t he f orego ing o nes, but t he f igure o f t he p r ince i s r e lat ive ly s hort. The b eads o f t he b orders, t he n imbus, a nd t he p endants a re s o e ven a nd a re s et s o c lose t ogether t hat t hey p roduce t he i mpress ion o f a s o l id l i ne. On ly t he s econd h a lf o f t he l egend h as b een s truck up. Reverse: The f am i ly emb lem l i ke t he f orego ing o nes, i t s l oops a t t he s ides o f t he s p ike b e ing o f unequa l s ize a nd s hape. The l egend h as b een p reserved a s a f ragment: