Coinage of the Bosporus, VI-II Centuries B.C. 9780860540199, 9781407347561

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
List of Abbreviations
Introduction
Chapter I: The Currency of the Bosporus in the VIth-Vth Centuries B.C.
Chapter II: The Currency of The Bosporus in the IVth Century B.C. and in the First Half of the IIIrd
Chapter III: The Currency of the Bosporus During the Period of the Late Spartocids
Conclusion
Supplement to the English Translation of 1978
Key to Plates
Plates

Citation preview

Coinage of the Bosporus VI-II Centuries B.C.

D. B. Shelov translated from the Russian by H. Bartlett Wells

BAR International Series (Supplementary) 46 1978

British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 78P, England

GENERAL EDITORS A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y. M. Hands

A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R. International Series (Supplementary) 46, 1978: Bosporus, VI-II Centuries B.C • " © Academii Nauk SSSR, Moscow;

"Coinage of the

D. B. Shelov, 1978

The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540199 paperback ISBN 9781407347561 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540199 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

CONTENTS

Page

Abbrev iat ions I NTRODUCT ION CHAPTER I

1 THE CURRENCY OF THE BOSPORUS I N THE V Ith-Vth CENTURIES B .C.

1 .

9

The Co ins o f t he Bosporus C it ies a nd o f t he S inds

1 1

2 .

The We ight S tandard o f t he Co inage o f t he Bosporus C it ies

3 3

3 .

The Monetary C ircu lat ion o f t he Bosporus

5 3

CHAPTER I

THE CURRENCY OF THE BOSPORUS I N THE I Vth CENTURY B .C. AND I N THE F IRST HALF OF THE I Ird

7 5

1 .

The Pan t icapaeu m Co inage o f t he I Vth Cen tury B .C.

7 8

2 .

Pan t icapaeu m Co inage o f t he Per iod o ft he Monetary Cr is is

8 9

3 .

The We ight S yste m a nd t he S yste m o f Deno m inat ions i n t he Pan t icapaeu m Co inage o f t he I Vth Cen tury a nd t he F irst Ha lf o f t he I Ird

4 .

9 4

Monetary C ircu lat ion i n t he Bosporus i n t he I Vth Cen tury B .C. a nd t he F irst Ha lf o f t he I Ird

CHAPTER I I

1 04

THE CURRENCY OF THE BOSPORUS DUR ING THE PER IOD OF THE LATE SPARTOCIDS

1 .

The Monetary Refor m o f L eucon I

1 33

2 .

The Co inage o f Pan t icapaeu m a nd t he O ther Bosporus C it ies

1 38

3 .

The Metro log ica l S tandard o f t he C iv ic Co inage

1 51

4 .

The Rega l Co inage o f t he S partoc ids

1 57

5 .

Monetary C ircu lat ion i n t he Bosporus u nder t he L ate S partoc ids

1 61

CONCLUS ION

1 81

SUPPLE MENT TO THE ENGL ISH ED ITION

1 84

KEY TO PLATES

2 17

PLATES

2 35

L IST OF ABBREV IAT IONS

P . 0 . Burachkov .

O bshch i i K a ta log Monet , P r inad lezhashch ikh

E l l insk im K o lon iya m , S ushchestvovaysh i m vDrevnost i n a S evern o m Beregu C hornogo Morya ( Genera l Cata log o f t he Co ins Be longi ng t o t he Hel len ic Co lon ies Wh ich Ex isted i n An t iqu ity o n t he Northern S hore o f t he B lack S ea ), Odessa , 1 884. VDI

Vyestn ik Drevne i I stor i i ( Anc ien t H istory Hera ld ).

G IM

Gosudarstvenny i I stor ichesk i i Muze i ( S tate H istor ical Museu m ).

GM I I

Gosudarstvenny i Muze i I sobraz itePnykh I skusstv imen i A . S . Pushk ina ( The Pushk in S tate Museu m f or t he Represen tat iona l Arts ).

GE

Gosudarstvenny i Er m itazh ( The S ta te Her m itage ).

DGS

Drevnost i Gerodo tovo i S k if i i ( The An t iqu it ies o f Herodotus 's S cy th ia ).

DP

Drevnost i P r idn ieprovya ( The An t iqu it ies o f t he Dn iepr Bas in ). A . N . Z ograph.

An t ichnye Monety ( Anc ien t Co ins ), MIA, N o.

1 6 , Moscow , 1 951. ZOO ID

Z ap is ld Odesskogo O bshchestva I stor i i iDrevnoste i ( Records o f t he O dessa S oc iety f or H istory a nd Ant iqu it ies ).

ZRAO

Z ap isk i Russkogo Arkheo log icheskogo O bshchestva ( Records o f t he Russ ian Archeo log ica l S oc iety ).

I AK

I zvest iya Arkheo log icheskogo K om iss i i ( News N o tes o f t he Arche o log ica l Co m m iss ions ).

I AN OON

I zvest iya Akade m i i N auk S SSR, O tdelen iye O bshchestvennykh Nauk ( News N o tes o f t he U SSR Acade my o f S c iences , S oc ia l S c iences Departmen t ).

I GAI MK

I zvest iya g osudarstvenno i ( Russko i ) Akade m i i I stor i i Mater ia l 'no i

( IRAIMK ) K u ltury ( News N o tes o f t he S tate ( Russ ian ) Acade my f or t he H istory o f Ma ter ia l Cu lture ). K S I IMK

K ratk iye S oobshchen iya I nst itu ta I stor i i Mater ia l 'no i K u ltury S SSR ( Br ief Co m mun icat ions o f t he I nst itu te f or t he H istory o f t he Ma ter ia l Cu lture o f t he U SSR ).

MAR

Mater ia ly p o Arkheo log i i Ross i i ( Mater ia ls o n t he Archeo logy o f Russ ia ).

MIA

Mater ia ly iI ss ledovan iya p o Arkheo log i i S SSR ( Mater ia ls a nd Research I nqu ir ies o n t he Archeo logy o f t he USSR ).

MIS

B . N . Grakov .

Ma ter ia ly p o I stor i i S k if i i v Grechesk ik h . N adp is-

y akh Ma lo i As i i iBa lkanskogo Po luostrova ( VDI , 1 939, N o. 3 ) ( B. N . Grakov .

Mater ia ls o n t he H istory o f S cyth ia Con ta ined i n

Greek I nscr ip t ions o f As ia Minor a nd t he Ba lkan P en insu la ). Nu m. S b. OA K

N um is mat ichesk i i S born ik ( Nu m is mat ic S ympos iu m ). O tchet Arkheo log ichesko i K om iss i i ( Report o f t he Archeo log ica l Co m m iss ion ).

SGAI MK

S oobshchen iya Gosudarstvenno i Akade m i i I stor i i Mater ia l 'no i Ku ltury ( Co m mun icat ions o f t he S tate Acade my f or t he H istory o f Mater ia l Cu lture ).

SP

S . A . Z hebe lev.

S evernoye Pr ichernomorye ( S . A . Z hebe lev.

The N orthern B lack S ea L it tora l ), L en ingrad , 1 954. TMNO

Trudy Moskovskogo N um iz mat icheskogo O bshchestva ( Transac t ions o f t he Moscow Num is mat ic S oc iety ).

TOA MGE

Trudy O tde la K u ltury iI sskustva Ant ichnogo Mira Gosudarstvenn ogo Er m itazha ( S tud ies f ro m t he Departmen t o f t he Cu lture a nd Art o f t he Anc ien t Wor ld i n t he S tate H er m itage ).

TONGE

Trudy O tdela N um is mat ik i Gosudarstvennogo Er m itazha ( Stud ies f ro m t he N um is mat ics Departmen t o f t he S tate Her m itage ).

Tr V I AS

Trudy V I Arkheo log icheskogo S 'yezda ( Ac ta o f t he V Ith . Archeo lo g ica l Congress ).

BCH

Bu l let in d e Correspondance He l len ique.

BC M

Ca ta logue o f t he Greek Co ins i n t he Br it ish Museu m.

CAR

Ca mbr idge Anc ien t H istory.

I osPE

I nscr ip t iones o rae s ep ten tr iona l is Pon t i Eux in i.

JHSt

J ourna l o f He l len ic S tud ies.

Nu m.Chr.

Num is mat ic Chron ic le.

NZ

Nu m is mat ische Z e itschr if t .

P. - W.RE

Pau ly- W issowa Rea l-EncyclopHd ie d er C lass ischen A ltertu msw issenschaf t.

RN

Revue N um is mat ique.

Z• f•N •

Z e itschr if t f ie Num is mat ik .

I NTRODUCT ION

One o f t he mos t a nc ien t p o l i t ica l e n t i t ies i n t he t err i tory o f t he S ov ie t Un ion was t he s ta te o f t he B osporus .

Th is s lave-ho ld ing s ta te , wh ich a rose i n t he

V th c en tury B . C . a nd s urv ived f or a l mos t am i l len iu m , c o mpr ised G reek c i t ies a nd l oca l t r ibes .

I te ased t he way f or i n t i ma te i n terac t ion b e tween H e l-

l en ic a nd l oca l c u l tures — S cy th ian , I Vaeo t ic , S ar ma t ian , a nd o thers , — a nd l e f t d is t inc t t races i n a ll o f t he f ur ther h is tory o f t he p eop les o f t he USSR . S tudy o f t he h is tory o f t he B osporus k ingdo m c o m menced more t han 2 00 y ears a go .

F ro m t ha t t ime u n t i l t oday t he h is tory o f t h is s ta te , o ne o f t he

mos t a ncien t i n e as tern E urope , h as n o t c eased t o a t trac t t he a t ten t ion o f s tuden ts .

B o th i n Russ ian a nd i n f ore ign l i tera ture a mu l t i tude o f s tud ies ,

p ub l ica t ions , a r t ic les , a nd monographs h as b een d evoted t o B osporus a n t iqu i ty . Y e t d esp i te t he e nor mous n umber o f g enera l a nd s pec ia l works o n t he h is tory a nd a rchaeo logy o f t he B osporus , many f ea tures o f i t s e cono m ic , p o l i t ica l , a nd c u l tura l l i fe r e ma in w i thou t e lucida t ion t o t h is d ay . The ma in o bs tacle t o s tudy o f t hese q ues t ions i s t he e x iguous l i terary t rad i t ion c oncern ing t he h is tory o f t he B osporus , wh ich i n t he ma jor i ty o f c ases o f fers o n ly q u i te f rag men tary r epor ts .

On t h is a ccoun t o ther h is tor ica l s ources

— e p igraph ic , a rchaeo log ica l , a nd n um is ma t ic o nes — t ake o n s pec ia l import ance .

On ly t hese a re i n ap os i t ion t o i l lu m ina te t he f ace ts o f B osporus h is-

t ory r egard ing wh ich t he a ncien t a u thors a re s i len t .

I ndeed , i n many c ases

i ti s n ecessary t o b r ing i n ma ter ia l e v idences e n masse s i mp ly t o u nders tand a r igh t t he d a ta c o m mun ica ted b y a nc ien t a u thors . The impor tance o f a rchaeo log ica l a nd n um is ma t ic ma ter ia l i s p ar t icu lar ly g rea t i n t he s tudy o f q ues t ions h av ing t o d o w i th t he e cono m ic d eve lop men t o f t he B osporus .

The e cono m ic h is tory o f t he B osporus h as n o t y e t b een wr i t ten .

The a rchaeo log ica l d a ta wh ich h ave b een a va i lable t o s cho lars u p t o ar ecen t t ime , a nd t he f ragmen tary t es t i mony o f a nc ien t a u thors , h ave made i tp oss ib le t o c har t o u t , i n t he words o f t he a cade m ic ian S .A . Z hebe lev , o n ly t he "ma jor o u t lines" o f t he e cono m ic d eve lop men t o f t he B osporus . The n ew a rchaeo log ica l ma ter ia l t ha t h as b een g a thered b y S ov ie t a rchaeol og is ts i n t he p rocess o f e xcava t ing t he B osporus c ap i ta ls o f P an t icapaeu m a nd P hanagor ia a nd a n umber o f sma l l B osporus t owns o ver r ecen t d ecades a nd p ar t icu lar ly i n t he p os t-war y ears e nab les u s t o r a ise o nce more t he p rob le ms h av ing t o d o w i th t he e cono m ic h is tory o f t he B osporus s ta te .

B u t i t

i s n o t p oss ib le t o r esolve t hese q ues t ions w i thou t b r ing ing i n n um is ma t ic d a ta a t e very t urn . make

The s i tua t ion i s s uch t ha t n o t merely c an n um is ma t ic ma ter ia l

u pt o ac er ta in

e x ten t f or t he l ack o f l i terary r ecords , b u t t ha t mone tary

a f fa irs i nt he a ncien t wor ld a s a who le , a nd i n t he B osporus i n p ar t icu lar , were h igh ly d eve loped a nd p layed a n impor tan t p ar t i n t he who le o f t he c o m mun i ty 's l i fe .

Kar l Marx p o in ted o u t t ha t i n t he a nc ien t wor ld e ven t he c lass war " runs

i t s c ourse p r i mar i ly i n t he f or m o f as trugg le b e tween d eb tor a nd c red i tor , "1

1

a nd t ha t t he p rofound a n tagon is m i nheren t i n a l l t he e cono m ic c ircu ms tances o f l i fe i s r e f lec ted i n t he f or m o f monetary r e la t ionsh ips .

T h is c ircu ms tance

o b l iges o ne t o d evo te c ons tan t a t ten t ion t o n um is ma t ic r ecords o f t he B osporus a s we l l a s t o o ther d a ta . S tudy o f t he mone tary s ys te ms a nd o f c urrency c ircu la t ion c an a lso f urn ish u s w i th v a luab le d a ta o n an u mber o f p ar t icu lar q ues t ions o f ac oncre te b u t e x tre me ly impor tan t c harac ter .

T he d egree t o wh ich c urrency c ircu la t ion i s

d eveloped e nables u s t o r each a j udge men t a s r egards t he d egree t o wh ich p rod uc t ion g oes t oward merchand ise c o m mod i t ies , i nas much a s i ti s p rec ise ly money wh ich c ons t i tu tes " the h ighes t p roduc t o f t he d eve lop men t o f t rad ing a nd o f merchand ise-or ien ted p roduc t iv i ty , "2 a nd a s r egards t he l inkage o f t h is p roduc t iv i ty w i th v ar ious marke ts . Under t he c ircu ms tances o f t he B osporus , where t he s lave-ho ld ing p o le is were i n t i ma te ly l inked i n e cono m ic a nd p o l i t ica l r espec ts w i th l oca l t r ibes t ha t were g o ing t hrough t he p hase o f t he d isso lu t ion o f t he c lan s oc iety , as pec ia l f unc t ion was p er for med b y t he a bi l i ty o f money t o b reak d own p a tr iarcha l f or ms o f l i v ing , p r i mord ia l s oc ie ty , a nd c lan t i es .

I ti s p rec ise ly t he d eve lop men t

o f t he money e cono my t ha t l eads t o e xpans ion o f t he merchand ise f or m o f p rod uc t iv i ty a nd t rade , a nd t o as harp a ccen tua t ion o f i nequa l i ty i np roper ty h o ldi ngs a nd o f b reakdown i n c o m mun i ty r e la t ionsh ips . "Wha tever o ther c auses h av ing t he ir o r ig in i n t he d eve lop men t o f p roduc t ion may h ave t aken a h and i n t h is p rocess , i t was n ever the less money t ha t was t he mos t p ower fu l a gen t i n t he ir e f fec t u pon c o mmun i ty l i fe . "3 I tg oes w i thou t s aying t ha t s tudy o f mone tary r e la t ionsh ips c anno t o f i t se l f f urn ish a c o mp lete p ic ture o f t he e cono m ic l i fe o f t he B osporus , i fo n ly b ecause i n t he B osporus , a s i n t he ma jor i ty o f a ncien t s oc ie t ies , money h ad n o t p enet ra ted i n to a l l f ie lds o f e cono m ic l i fe a nd h ad n o t y e t c o me f orward a s t he d om in a t ing f ac tor .4

Bu t b efore we c ons ider g enera l p rob le ms i n t he e cono m ic

d eve lop men t o f t he B osporus we mus t c arry o u t ap re l im inary p rocess ing o f i nd iv idua l g roups o f s ources a nd mob i l ize t he n um is ma t ic d a ta . T he miss ion o f t he p resen t work i s p rec ise ly t ha t o f mob i l izing t he n um isma t ic ma ter ia l i n o rder t o r esolve q ues t ions p r i mar i ly i n t he e cono m ic , b u t a lso i n t he p o l i t ica l , d eve lop men t o f t he B osporus i n t he p re-Spar toc id a nd t he S par tocid p er iods .

S tudy o f t he me tro log ica l mone tary s tandards , t he s ys te m

o f d eno m ina t ions , t he c hrono logy o f c oin i ssues , t he d is tr ibu t ion o f B osporus c oins , t he c ircu la t ion o f a l ien c o ins i n t he B osporus , e tc ., s hou ld a lso p repare t he g round f or t he r esolu t ion o f more g enera l p rob le ms i n t he e cono m ic d ev e lop men t o f t he B osporus s ta te a nd o f t he e n t ire n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora l d ur ing a ncien t t imes . E luc ida t ion o f t hese p rob le ms i s t he more d es irable a nd n ecessary i n t ha t i ti s j us t t h is a spect o f t he B osporus c o inage , a ssoc ia ted w i th t he s tudy o f t he c o ins a s med ia o f mone tary c ircu la t ion , t ha t h as a l mos t e n t ire ly f a i led t o d raw t he a t ten t ion o f s cho lars .

Un t i l v ery r ecen t t imes t he s tudy o f B osporus c oins

p ursued a n a l toge ther d i f feren t c ourse . T he c oins o f t he B osporus were a l mos t t he v ery f irs t c a tegory o f ma ter ia l r e ma ins o f a ncien t c u l ture i n t he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora l t ha t a t trac ted t he a t ten t ion o f s tuden ts .

As f ar b ack a s t he f irs t h a l f o f t he XV I I I th c en tury t he

2

work o f D e B oze o n t he B osporus k ings , b ased u pon n um is ma t ic d a ta , made i t s a ppearance .

5

S ince t ha t t ime B osporus n um is ma t ics h as n ot d isappeared

f ro m t he h or izon o f h is tor ica l s c ience . I n t he XV I I I th c en tury , work o n B osporus n um is ma t ics was i n t he h ands o f f ore ign s tuden ts , ma in ly F renchmen , who were p reponderan t ly c oncerned w i th s e t t ing u p ad ynas t ic c hrono logy o f t he B osporus ( t he works o f D e B oze , V a i l lan t , S ouc ie , C ary ).

T he s a me s i tua t ion c on t inued t o e x is t d ur ing t he

f irs t h a l f o f t he X IX th c en tury a s we l l .

The g rea tes t c on tr ibu t ion t o t he s tudy

o f B osporus n um is ma t ics a t t ha t t ime was made b y G . K oeh ler , who p ubl ished an u mber o f s tud ies d evo ted t o i nves t iga t ion o f B osporus c o ins , i n t he ma in t he r ega l o nes . G rea t p rogress i n t he s tudy o f t he n um is ma t ic r ecords o f t he B osporus was a ch ieved a t t he e nd o f t he f or t ies a nd d ur ing t he f i f t ies o f t he X [X th c en tury . I t was o f p ar t icu lar impor tance t ha t a t t ha t t ime i n teres t i n n a t iona l a n t iqu i t ies b eca me w idespread i n Russ ian s oc ie ty .

The f irs t n um is ma t ic s tud ies i n

Russ ian a ppeared , a nd Russ ian n um is ma t ic s cho lars c a me t o t he f ore .

S ince

t ha t t ime Russ ian s c ience h as u nques t ionab ly t aken f irs t p lace i n t he s tudy o f B osporus a n t iqu i t ies i n g enera l a nd o f B osporus n um is ma t ics i np ar t icu lar ; t h is p r ior i ty i s s tou t ly ma in ta ined b y S ov ie t s c ience a t p resen t .

I n t he midd le

o f t he X IX th c en tury t he s tudy o f B osporus c oins was a ssoc ia ted w i th t he n a mes o f A . A . S ibirsk i , U . I . S passk i , B . V . K oehne , a nd o thers .

B y n ow t hese

i nqu irers were i n teres ted n o t o n ly i n r ega l c o ins , b u t a lso i n t he a u tono mous c o inages o f t he B osporus c i t ies , p r inc ipa l ly f ro m t he s tandpo in t o f c o in l ogy .

t ypo-

I nt he ir s tud ies , p rob le ms a ssoc ia ted w i th t he r e l ig ious a nd p o l i t ica l

h is tory o f t he B osporus were s ub jec ted t o e xa m ina t ion t o t he e x ten t t ha t t hese p rob le ms f ound r e f lec t ion i nt he t ypes o f B osporus c o ins . P ar t icu lar ly i mpor tan t was t he t wo-vo lu me work o f B . V . K oehne d evoted t o t he n um is ma t ics a nd h is tory o f t he G reek c i t ies o f t he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora 1 .

6

I t was a s or t o f c o mpend iu m o f e very th ing t ha t was k nown a t t ha t

t ime r egard ing t he a nc ien t n um is ma t ics o f t he n or thern B lack S ea a rea .

A t

t he s a me p er iod n um is ma t ic r ecords c o m menced t o b e a na lysed i n s tud ies d ev oted t o t he h is tory a nd a rchaeology o f o ur s ou thern t err i tor ies ( Ash ik , S aba t ier ), a nd a f i rst a t te mp t w as e ven made ( Mura l t ) t o c arry o ut a c hronol og ica l c lass if ica t ion o f t he b ur ia l mounds b y mak ing u se o f n um is ma t ic d ata. Af resh f lower ing o f a nc ien t n um is ma t ics i n R uss ia f e l l w i th in t he e igh t ies a nd n ine t ies o f t he XD ( th c en tury .

Dur ing t h is p er iod a n u mber o f c a ta logues

o f a nc ien t G reek c oins were p ubl ished ( t he Moscow a nd K iev u n ivers i t ies , t he Moscow P ub l ic a nd Ru myan tsev Museu ms , t he A . S . U varov c o llec t ion ) a nd — s o me th ing t ha t i s p ar t icu lar ly impor tan t — P . 0 . Burachkov c o mpi led a n o vera l l c a ta logue o f t he c o ins o f t he a nc ien t c i t ies a nd s ta tes o f t he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora 1 .

7

Desp i te t he t echn ica l imper fec t ions o f t he c a ta logue a nd

t he u t ter i nep t i tude o f t he a u thor i n t heoret ica l ma tters, t h is c ata logue was a n impor tan t c on tr ibu t ion t o t he c ause o f s tudy ing t he n um is ma t ics o f t he a nc ien t c i t ies o f t he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora l , i nas much a s i t was t he f irs t c o mpend iu m o f a l l t he t ypes o f t he c o ins o f t he G reek c i t ies o f t he a rea , a nd o f t he B osporus k ings .

3

I nves t iga t ive work o n B osporus c o ins was ma in ly c arr ied o u t a long t wo l ines d ur ing t hese y ears :

t he s tudy o f t he r ega l c o ins was c on t inued w i th a

v iew t o r ecrea t ing t he h is tory o f t he B osporus ( numerous a r t ic les b y A . M . P odsh iva lov a nd A . V . Oreshn ikov ) , a nd a s tar t was made o n s tudy o f t he e ar ly a u tono mous c o ins o f P an t icapaeu m a nd o ther c i t ies o f t he B osporus ( pr inc ipa l ly i n t he works o f C h . G ie l ) .

O f p ar t icu lar impor tance f or o ur s ub-

j ect a re G iel 's p ub l ica t ion a nd s tudy o f t he a rcha ic c oins o f P an t icapaeu m , Myr mecium , a nd A po l lon ia .

8

Bu t a l l o f t h is work d ea l t w i th B osporus c o ins i n t he ma in f ro m t he s tandp o in t o f t he ir c hrono logy a nd t ypo logy .

Metro log ica l p rob le ms , a nd e cono m ic

*p rob le ms a ssoc ia ted w i th c oinage , were n o t t ouched u pon a t a l l b y t he i nves t ig a tors o f t he X IX th c en tury .

P r i macy i n t h is f ie ld f a l ls t o o ne o f t he o u t-

s tand ing R uss ian n um is ma t is ts o f t he b eg inn ing o f t he XX th c en tury , A . L . B er t ier d e l a G arde .

The c o mpend ia h e p ub l ished g iv ing t he we igh ts o f a l l

k nown g o ld a nd s i lver c o ins o f t he G reek c i t ies a nd k ings o f t he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora l9 a re o f e nor mous impor tance .

O f g rea t i n teres t , t oo , i s t he

a r t ic le B er t ier d e l a G arde wro te , o n t he b as is o f s tudy o f t h is me tro log ica l ma ter ia l , r egard ing w e igh t s tandards a t P an t icapaeu m a nd O lbia a nd r egard ing t he r e la t ive v a lues o f g o ld a nd s i lver i n t hese c i t ies , " a l though a n u mber o f t he a u thor 's b as ic p ropos i t ions i n t h is work a re i ncorrec t . A t t he b eg inn ing o f t he XX th c en tury work a lso c on t inued o n i nd iv idua l p rob le ms i n B osporus n um is ma t ics , i n t he wr i t ings o f Oreshn ikov , B er t ier d e l a G arde , V . V . S hkorp i l , a nd o thers .

I n s uch g enera l works o n t he h is tory o f

t he B osporus a s t hose o f V . V . L a tyshev a nd E . M inns wh ich a ppeared a t t he e nd o f t he X IX th a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he XX th c en tury w idespread u se was made o f n um is ma t ic ma ter ia l i n o rder t o d raw c onc lus ions o f ab road ly h ist or ica l n a ture .

1 1

Dur ing t he S ov ie t p er iod u p t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he G rea t F a ther land War t he s tudy o f a nc ien t n um is ma t ics i n g enera l a nd o f B osporus n um is ma t ics i n p ar t icu lar i s a ssoc ia ted w i th t hree n a mes : Oreshn ikov , who p ub l ished i n t he t wen t ies " S tud ies i n t he Nu m is ma t ics o f t he B lack S ea C oas t ," E . A . P akho mov , a nd e spec ia l ly A . N . Z ograph .

The l a t ter t wo s cho lars l a id t he f ounda t ions

f or a v ery impor tan t u nder tak ing — t he a sse mb l ing o f i n for ma t ion o n c oin f inds a rea b y a rea ( "num is ma t ic p rov inces ," i n P akho mov 's p hrase ) .

1 2

Z ograph

was t he f irs t t o a t te mpt a c lass i f ica t ion o f t he a u tono mous B osporus c opper .1 3 Among t he wes tern European work d ea l ing w i th p rob le ms o f t he a u tono mous B osporus c o inage we s hou ld men t ion , i n a dd i t ion t o Minns 's b ook r e ferred t o a bove , a n a r tic le b y K . R eg l ing o n t he P r ink ipo h oard , wh ich o f fers a c lass if ica t ion o f t he P an t icapaeu m g o ld s ta ters o f t he I V th c en tury B . C . ,1 4 a nd t he wr i t ings o f M . I . R os tov tsev , d evo ted t o t he h is tory a nd a rchaeo logy o f t he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora l i n g enera l .1 5 I n l a te y ears , a f ter t he F a ther land War , t he s ys te ma t ic p ub l ica t ion o f a nc ien t n um is ma t ic ma ter ia l , p ar t icu lar ly o n h oards , h as b eco me h igh ly d ev eloped ( ar t ic les b y Yu . S . Krushko l , L . P . Kharko , K . V . G o lenko , V . V . Kropo tk in , a nd o thers ) ;

s o me th ing h as a lso b een d one o n t he i n terpre ta t ion

o f i nd iv idua l g roups o f B osporus c o ins .

4

B u t o f c ourse t he ma t ter t ha t h as b een o f p ar t icu lar i mpor tance was t he a ppearance i n 1 951 o f t he l a te A . N . Z ograph 's f unda men ta l monograph " Anc ien t C oins , "wr i t ten a s f ar b ack a s 1 940 .

I n t he s econd p ar t o f t h is work , d e-

1 6

v o ted e spec ia l ly t o t he c oins o f t he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora l , t he a u thor p rov ides f or t he f irs t t ime a c o mp le te e xpos i t ion o f t he h is tory o f t he who le a ncien t c o inage o f t he n or thern B lack S ea c i t ies , i nclud ing t he a u tono mous c o inage o f t he B osporus .

I n d iscuss ing e ar ly B osporus c o inage Z ograph a dvances a

n u mber o f o r ig ina l s ugges t ions , f or e xa mple ;

an ew d a t ing f or t he P an t icapaeu m

g o ld s ta ters , ac lass i fica t ion o f P an t icapaeu m s i lver o f t he I V th c en tury B . C ., a n a na lys is o f t he mone tary c r is is i n t he B osporus i n t he I Ird c en tury , a nd a g rea t d ea l more .

Th is work b y Z ograph t o ta ls u p , a s i t were , t he r esu l ts -o f

ac en tury o f s tudy b y Russ ian s avan ts o n t he n um is ma t ic r ecords o f t he n ort hern B lack S ea l i t tora l .

F or u s Z ograph 's work i s p ar t icu lar ly i mpor tan t i n

t ha t i n i tt he n um is ma tic ma ter ia ls o f t he B osporus a re f u l ly s ys te ma t ized a nd t he way i s p repared f or u s t o make u se o f t he m i n s o lv ing h is tor ico-econo m ic p rob le ms . I nt he i nves t iga t ions o f t he p resen t d ay wh ich a re d evo ted t o t he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora l ag rea t d ea l o f u se i s made o f n um is ma t ic ma ter ia l , a long w i th o ther t ypes .

1 7

And y e t t i l l t h is d ay n um is ma t ic r ecords , p ar t icu lar ly

t he a u tono mous c o ins , o f t he B osporus c i t ies , a re i nadequa te ly u t i l ized f or t he s tudy o f t he e cono m ic a nd p o l i t ica l d eve lop men t o f t he B osporus .

T h is i s

t o b e e xp la ined , i n t he ma jor i ty o f c ases , b y t he s o mewha t l ops ided d irec t ion t aken b y t he s tudy o f t he B osporus c o ins . As a r u le t ha t s tudy h as d ea l t o n ly w i th c o in t ypo logy .

B e fore t he work

p er for med b y A . N . Z ograph p rob le ms h av ing t o d o w i th t he s equence o f c o in i ssues , t he t echno logy o f c o inage , t he f abr ic o f c o ins , me tro logy , e tc ., were a l mos t n ever a na lysed .

A s ac onsequence o f t h is , t he b r ing ing i n o f n um is ma t ic

ma ter ia l i n o rder t o r eso lve i nd iv idua l q ues t ions i n t he h is tory o f t he B osporus was l im i ted a l mos t e xclus ively t o as ing le c a tegory o f c o ins — t he r ega l B osp orus c oinage .

T he c ircums tance t ha t t he c o ins o f t he B osporus k ings were

i n fa l l ib ly f urn ished w i th t he n a me o f t he k ing o r h is monogra m , a nd f requen t ly w i th t he d a te o f i ssue , f ac i l i ta ted p u t t ing t he m i n to c hrono log ica l o rder a nd u s ing t he m a s ah is tor ica l s ource . T he a u tono mous c o ins o f t he B osporus c i t ies a re i n a n e n t ire ly d i f feren t a nd much l ess a dvan tageous s i tua t ion .

T hese c o ins make u p t he ma jor p ar t

o f t he monetary c ircu la t ion o f t he B osporus i n t he p re- M i thrada t ic p er iod . The a bsence f ro m t hese c o ins o f d a tes a nd o ther d irect i nd ica t ions u se fu l f or c hrono log ica l c lassi f ica t ion makes i t more d i f f icu l t t o d a te t he m a nd t o u se t he m a s h is tor ica l s ources .

As a r u le t he a u tono mous c o ins o f t he B osporus

c i t ies h ave n o t b een s ub jec ted t o s pec ia l s tudy ;

t hey h ave mere ly b een l i s ted

i n c a ta logues a nd d escr ipt ions a rranged , s ave f or r are e xcep t ions , w i thou t a ny d e f in i te o rder .

Ord inar i ly t he c lass i f ica t ion o f t hese c oins h as b een c arr ied

o u t i n a mere ly f or ma l manner , b y t he t ypes o f t he o bverse a nd r everse s ides ( f or e xa mple , t he a u tono mous B osporus c o ins a re a rranged i n t h is way i n Burach .kov 's c a ta logue ) . Un t i l r ecen t ly we h ave n o t h ad a c hrono log ica l c lassi f ica t ion o f t he B osp orus c o ins o f t he p re- M i thrada t ic p er iod t ha t h as b een r easoned o u t t o a ny c ons iderable e x ten t .

I ti s c o mprehens ib le t ha t t he a bsence o f s taunch c hrono-

5

l og ica l f ra meworks f or i nd iv idua l c o in i ssues s hou ld h ave c ons t i tu ted a n o bs tac le f or w idespread u t i l iza t ion o f t he p re- M i thrada t ic B osporus c oins f or p urposes o f h is tor ica l i nqu iry .

T o ag rea t e x ten t i th as b een p rec ise ly i n c on-

s equence o f t h is s ta te o f a f fa irs t ha t t he B osporus c iv ic c oins h ave u n t i l l a tely b een c ons idered a l mos t e xc lus ive ly f ro m t he s tandpo in t o f t he ir t ypo logy . I nt h is r espec t we h ave a s a n i so la ted p heno menon o n ly t he works o f B er t ier d e l a G arde , r e ferred t o a bove , t ha t w ere d evo ted t o me tro log ica l s tudy o f c o in s tandards i n t he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora l . I n o rder t ha t t he c oins o f t he B osporus c i t ies may b e f u l ly u t i l ized a s a s ource b ear ing u pon t he e cono m ic a nd p o l i t ica l h is tory o f t he B osporus , i t w i l l b e i nd ispensab le f irs t o f a l l t o s tudy t he m f ro m t he s tandpo in t o f t he f unct i on t hey p er for med i n t heir t ime i n t he e cono m ic l i fe o f t he c oun try — i .e ., t o s tudy t he m a s med ia o f c urrency c ircu la t ion , a nd n o t a s p roduc ts o f n um isma t ic a r t .

I n t h is l igh t , s uch f ace ts o f t he B osporus c urrency a s t he we igh t

s tandards a nd t he d i mens ions o f t he c o ins , t he d eno m ina t iona l s ys te ms , t he i n tens iveness o f t he c oin i ssues , t he u se o f d i f feren t meta ls i n c oinage , t he c ons tancy o r t he v ar ia t ion o f n or ma t ive " es tab l ishmen t" c o in we igh ts , t he p resence o r a bsence o f s ys te ms o f c oun ter mark ing a nd o vers tr ik ing , t he a rea o f d is tr ibu t ion o f c oin f inds , a nd o ther s im i lar ma t ters , t ake o n ap ar t icu lar impor tance . Z ograph 's e rec t ion o f af ir m c hrono log ica l c lass i f ica t ion f or t he a u tono mous B osporus c iv ic c oins , o ne wh ich s tands i n n eed mere ly o f minor a nd p ar t ia l r ef ine men ts a nd amend men ts , n ow e nab les u s t o r a ise t hese p rob le ms a nd o thers l i ke t he m w i th a n a dequa te d egree o f d e f in i t ion .

T rue , t he ir s o lu t ion i s made

p ar t icu lar ly d i f f icu l t t hrough t he f ac t t ha t we h ave n o c orpus n u moru m f or t he a ncien t c i t ies o f t he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora l .

T o t h is d ay we l ack c a ta logues

f or t he n um is ma t ic c o l lec t ions o f o ur mos t s ubs tan t ia l museu ms ;

t he H er m i tage ,

t he Pushk in S ta te Museu m o f t he G raph ic Ar ts , t he S ta te H is tor ica l Museu m . Da ta o n t he t opography o f f inds o f B osporus c o ins h ave n o t b een a sse mb led a t a l l ( w i th t he e xcep t ion o f t hose f or t he C aucasus ) .

We l ack c a ta logues o f f inds

o f c oins a nd o f o ther o b jec ts t oge ther i nb ur ia ls , wh ich migh t b e a b le t o f urn ish u se w i th v ery c ons iderable ma ter ia l f or d a t ing n o t o n ly t he b ur ia l i nven tory , b u t a lso t he c o ins t he mselves .

T he c o mpi la t ion o f s uch l i s ts i s a n u rgen t t ask ,

a nd u n t i l t h is work h as b een c o mp le ted i tw i l l n o t b e p oss ib le t o r eso lve d e f in it ive ly many p roble ms i n t he f i e ld n o t o n ly o f t he n um is ma t ics , b u t a lso o f t he h is tory , o f t he B osporus .

Y e t e ven t oday , o n t he b as is o f t he ma ter ia ls wh ich

we d o p ossess a s r egards t he c o inages o f t he B osporus c i t ies i n t he p reMi thrada t ic p er iod , we a re i n ap os i t ion t o d raw a f ew c onc lus ions o f ah ist or ica l a nd h is tor ico-econo m ic c harac ter . T he p resen t s tudy t akes a s i t s a im t ha t o f p rov id ing a g enera l s urvey o f c o inage a nd mone tary c ircu la t ion i n t he B osporus f ro m t he mo men t o f i ncep t ion t i l l t he e nd o f t he S par toc id p er iod .

T he c hronolog ica l f ra mework f or t he

s tudy i s n a tura l ly d e f ined b y t he n um is ma t ic ma ter ia l i t sel f ;

o n t he o ne h and b y

b y t he i n i t ia t ion o f t he s t iik ing o f c o ins i n P an t icapaeu m a round t he midd le o f t he V I th c en tury B . C ., a nd o n t he o ther b y t he a brupt c hanges i n t he B osporus c urrency c ircu la t ion t ha t s e t i n u pon t he s ub juga t ion o f t he a rea b y M ithrada tes o f P on tus .

I n t he f ie ld o f c urrency c ircu la t ion t he p er iod e xa m ined was c harac-

t er ised b y a n a l terna t ion o f r ise a nd f a l l a nd b y as uccess ion o f v ar ious c hanges ,

6

s o me t i mes q u i te v iv id ly a pparen t a nd s o me t i mes b are ly p ercep t ible , wh ich i n o ne f ash ion o r a no ther a lways r e f lec ted g enera l t rends i n t he e cono m ic , s oc ia l , a nd p o l i t ica l d eve lop men t o f t he c oun try .

NOTES

1 .

K . Marx , C ap i ta l , V o lu me I .

S ta te P o l i t ica l P ub l ish ing H ouse , 1 953 ,

p . 1 42 . 2 . 3 .

V . I . L en in . F . Enge ls . p . 2 95 ;

4 .

Kar l Marx , C o l lec ted Works , V o l . 2 1 , p . 4 4 . An t i-Duhr ing , S ta te P o l i t ica l Pub l ish ing H ouse , 1 953 ,

c f . p . 1 38 .

C f . K . Marx .

C r i t ique o f P o l i t ica l E cono my , S ta te P o l i t ica l P ub lish ing

H ouse , 1 953 , p . 2 16 . 5 .

D e B oze .

Des R o is d e B osphore C i m mtr ien .

Me mo irs d e l 'Acade m ie

R oya le d es I nscr ipt ions e t B e l les-Le t tres , XV I .

Par is , 1 729 .

Russ ian

t rans la t ion i n G . S passk i 's b ook " Archaeo log ica l a nd Nu m is ma t ic S y mp os iu m ," S t . P e tersburg , 1 850 . 6 .

B . K oeh .ne .

D escr ip t ion o f t he Museum o f P r ince V . V . Kochubei ,

a nd I nves t iga t ion i n to t he H is tory a nd Nu m is ma t ics o f t he G reek C o lon ies i n Russ ia , a nd L ikew ise o f t he K ingdo ms o f P on tus a nd o f t he C i m mer ian B osporus . 7 .

S t . P e tersburg , V o lu me I , 1 857 ;

P . 0 . Burachkov .

Vo lu me I , 1 859 .

G enera l C a ta logue o f t he C o ins P er ta infr ig I ö t he

H e l len ic C o lon ies Wh ich Ex is ted i n An t iqu i ty o n t he N or thern C oas t o f t he B lack S ea . 8 .

C h .

G ie l .

Odessa , 1 884 .

K leine B ei trage z ur a n t iken Nu m is ma t ik S udruss lands ,

Moscow , 1 886 . 9 .

A . L . B er t ier d e l a G arde . Ma ter ia ls f or Me tro log ica l S tudy o f t he Mone tary S tandards o f t he Anc ien t G reek C i t ies a nd K ings o f S ar ma t ia a nd T aur is .

NS , I , Moscow , 1 913 .

1 0 .

A . L . B er t ier d e l a G arde . T he R ela t ive Va lues o f t he C o in Me ta ls i n t he B osporus a nd t he B orvs thenes . NS , I , Moscow , 1 911.

1 1.

V . La tyshev , I osPE , I , 1 891. V . V . L a tyshev . T IONTIKA ,S t . P e tersburg , 1 909 . E . Minns , S cy th ians a nd Greeks , C a mbr idge , 1 913 .

1 2 .

E . A . P akho mov .

C oin H oards o f A zerba idzhan a nd t he O ther R e-

p ubl ics , R eg ions , a nd D is tr ic ts o f t he C aucasus , N os . 1 926-1954 ;

A . N .

I GA I MK , 1 10 , 1 934 ;

Z ograph .

1 -V I .

B aku ,

The G o ld C oins o f t he C aucasus ,

A . N . Z ograph .

The D is tr ibu t ion o f Ancien t C oin

F inds i n t he C aucasus , TONGE , I , 1 945 . 1 3 .

A . N . Z ograph . C o ins f ro m t he T ir i taka a nd Myr mec iu m Excava t ions i n 1 932-34 . MIA , 4 , 1 941.

7

1 4.

K . R eg l ing .

D ie G r iech ische G o ldscha tz v on P r ink ipo ,

Z . f . N .,

1 931. 1 5 .

M . R os tov tsev .

I ran ians a nd Greeks i n S ou th Russ ia .

M . R os tow tsew . e d it ion : 1 6.

" Scy th ia a nd t he B osporus ,"

A . N . Z ograph . l a t ion :

S kyth ien u nd d er B osporus .

Ox ford , 1 922 .

Ber lin , 1 931.

Russ ian

1 925 .

Ancien t C oins , MIA , No . 1 6 , 1 951.

Eng l ish t rans-

Br i t ish Archaeo log ica l R epor ts , S upp le men tary S er ies 3 3 ,

1 977. 1 7.

V . F . G a iduk iev ich . L en ingrad , 1 949 ;

The K ingdo m o f t he B osporus .

D . P . Ka l l is tov .

t hern B lack S ea L i t tora l i n t he Ancien t P er iod . E . S . G o lubtsova .

Moscow a nd

Notes o n t he H is tory o f t he N orLen ingrad , 1 950 ;

R o me a nd t he Bosporus i n t he I s t . C en tury B . C .

a nd i n t he I s t . C en tury A .D .

Moscow , 1 951 ;

Bosporus i n t he Archa ic P er iod .

V . D . B lava tsk i .

MIA , N o. 3 3 , 1 954 ;

The

s a me a u thor ,

Agr icu l ture i n t he Ancien t S ta tes o f t he N or thern B lack S ea L i t tora l . Moscow 1 953 ;

V . F . Ga iduk iev ich .

H is tory o f t he Ancien t C i t ies o f

t he N or thern B lack S ea L i t tora l , The Ancien t C i t ies o f t he Nor thern B lack S ea L i t tora l , I , Moscow a nd L en ingrad , 1 955 .

8

CHAPTER I THE CURRENCY OF THE BOSPORUS I N THE V Ith-Vth CENTUR IES B .C.

N o e cono m ica l ly d eve loped s tate e n t ity o f t he c lass ica l wor ld w as a b le t o g et a long f or a ny c ons iderab le t ime w ithou t a mature s yste m o f c o inage a nd a n o rdered money market . Th is wou ld h ave b een much l ess p oss ib le f or a p ower s o c ons iderab le i n t he e conom ic f i e ld a s was t he Bosporus i n t he t ime o f t he S partoc ids.

The n uc leus o f t h is s tate c ons isted o f t he a nc ien t p o le i s

s cat tered t o e i ther s ide o ft he C i mmer ian Bosporus ;

b y t he t ime when t hey

w ere b rought t ogether i n t he I Vth c en tury B .0 C .many o ft he m w ere a lready h igh ly e vo lved t rad ing a nd manu factur ing c en tres h av ing t he ir own a gr icu l tura l h in terlands. There i s n o th ing t hat n eed s urpr ise u s i n t he f act t hat e ven b ef ore t he k ingdo m o f t he Bosporus a ssumed f or m, a t t he d awn o f a nc ien t g overnmen ta l o rgan iza t ion o n t he n orthern c oast o ft he B lack S ea , an a t ive c o inage h ad a lready s prung u p h ere i nt he V Ith c en tury B .C. The e ar l iest Bosporus s i lver c o ins h ave o n t he ir o bverses a c oarse ly e xec u ted r epresen tat ion o f af ac ing l i on 's h ead , a nd o n t he r everse a n i ncuse s quare w h ich h ad n ot a s y et b een g iven a r egu lar o u t l ine ( P late I , 1 ) .

These

e arly c o ins h ave n o i nscr ipt ions, b u t c o mpar ing t he m w ith l ater c o ins o f

P ant icapaeu m h av ing t he i nscr ip t ion H A o r IAN .TI l eaves n o d oubt t hat t hese most a nc ien t c o ins a lso p erta ined t o P an t icapaeum. The p rob le m o f d at ing t he m i s more c omp l icated.

We h ave n o d irec t e v idence o f t he d ate o f t he i n-

c ep t ion o f t he Pan t icapaeum c o inage, a nd i n d at ing t he e arl iest Pan t icapaeum c o ins w e must b ase o urse lves e xc lus ive ly u pon s ty l ist ic a nd g enera l h istor ica l c ons iderat ions. A . M. Podsh iva lov a nd A . L . Bert ier d e l a Garde p rov is iona l ly d ated t he most a nc ien t Pan t icapaeum c o ins t o t he e nd o f t he V Ith a nd b eg inn ing o f t he V th c en tur ies B . 0 .1 A . N . Z ograph c ons idered i tp oss ib le t o s h if t t he s tart o f t he P an t icapaeum c o inage " we l l b ack i n to t he V Ith c en tury B .0 . "2 I ts ee ms t o u s t hat t he s tr ik ing o f t he f i rst Pan t icapaeum c o ins s hou ld b e d ated a s f ar b ack a s t he m idd le o ft he V Ith c en tury B .C. I n f avour o f t h is w e h ave f i rst a nd f ore most t he f abr ic a nd s ty l ist ic p ecu l iar it ies o f t he f i rst Pan t icapaeum c o ins ( P la te I , 1 ) , i n p art icu lar t he e xceed ing ly a rcha ic a ppeara nce o f t he l i on 's h ead a nd t he p resence o n t he r everses o f t he s t il l i nchoate i ncuse s quare . 3

S ome d eta ils o ft he r epresen tat ion o f t he l i on 's h ead o n t he

f i rst P an t icapaeu m c o ins — the a bsence o f a mane, t he p ronounced e levat ion o f t he n asa l .b one , t he p resence o f t wo p rom inences o n t he f orehead—ob l ige o ne t o d ate t hese images a t a pprox i mate ly t he m idd le o f t he V Ith c en tury B .C. Th is d at ing i s a lso j ust if ied t hrough c o mpar ison o f t he f i rst Pan t icapaeum c o ins w ith a rcha ic I on ian c o ins. F ina l ly , c er ta in g enera l h istor ica l c ons iderat i ons p reven t o ne f ro m a ss ign ing t he s tart o f t he P an t icapaeum c o inage t o a

9

l a ter d a te.

The e xcavat ions a t P an t icapaeum f ro m 1 945 b y t he I nst i tu te f or

t he H istory o f Mater ia l Cu l ture t ea m h eaded b y V . D . B lavatsk i f orce o ne t o move t he d ate o f t he f ound ing o f Pan t icapaeu m i n to t he f i rst h a lf , p erhaps e ven i n to t he f i rst q uarter, o f t he V Ith c en tury B .0 . 4

I fo ne t akes i n to c ons idera-

t i on t he f act t hat t he V Ith c en tury w as f or P an t icapaeu m a t ime o f g reat e cono m ic p rosper ity a nd t ha t b y t he m idd le o f t he V Ith c en tury a n umber o f o ther Bosporus s et t le men ts a lready e x isted , i nclud ing s uch o nes a s Myr mec iu m wh ich was l ocated i n im med ia te p rox im ity t o t he c ity a nd was l inked w i th i te cono m ica l ly , o ne must a cknow ledge t hat a r e la t ive ly e ar ly i ncep t ion o f c o inage a t Pan t icapaeum i s e n t irely p laus ib le. We h ave n o i n for mat ion t ha t wou ld a l low u s t o s peak o f c ircu lat ion o f a ny a l ien c o in i n t he Bosporus p r ior t o t he i ncep t ion o f t he l oca l c o inage.

A rch-

a eo log ica l ly t he o n ly t h ing t here i s e v idence f or i s t he p resence o f Cyzicus s taters o f t he V Ith c en tury .5

Bu t t hese s taters a re o f ad a te a lready w ith in

t he s econd h a lf o f t he c en tury , a nd t hey m ight h ave s trayed i n to t he Bosporus e ven l a ter , s ince t he ir b e ing l ong i n c ircu lat ion i s ac o m mon p heno menon . One must s uppose t hat p r ior t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he Pan t icapaeu m c o inage t here was n o s yste mat ic mone tary c ircu lat ion i n t he Bosporus.

Th is w ou ld

i ndeed b e q u ite n atura l , b ecause t he l oca l p opu lat ion w ith who m t he G reek s et t lers c ame i n to c on tact i n t he Bosporus w ere s t il l q u ite u nacqua in ted w ith t rade i n money t er ms, a nd i n t he e ar l iest t imes t he Greek c it ies t he mse lves w ere n ot s o h igh ly e vo lved i n t he e cono m ic s ense t hat t hey wou ld h ave e xp er ienced a s harp n eed f or a d eve loped mone tary s yste m.

The mo men t t he

d o mest ic market i n t hese c it ies, p art icu lar ly a t P an t icapaeum , a t ta ined a c erta in d egree o f e labora t ion t he s tr ik ing o f an at ive c o inage c o m menced. The f i rst Pant icapaeu rn s i lver was i ssued i n t he V Ith c en tury a f ter t he t echno log ica l a nd s ty l ist ic models t hat t he n um is ma t ics o f t he I on ian c en tres h ave t o o f fer d ur ing t he a rcha ic p er iod.

Without b e ing d irect c op ies o f a l ien

c o ins, t hc f i rst n um is ma t ic r ecords o f t he Bosporus u nquest ionab ly f a l l w ith in t he g enera l o rb it o f a rcha ic I on ian c o inage a nd b ear t he s ta mp o f t he c u ltura l c oncep ts, t he t echno log ica l d ev ices, a nd t he s ty l ist ic a pproaches t hat w ere c o m mon t o t he I on ia o f t hat t ime. The f i rst p er iod o f monetary c ircu la t ion i n t he Bosporus o pens w ith t he s tart o f t he Pan t icapaeu m s i lver c o inage a bou t t he m idd le o f t he V Ith c en tury B .C.

Th is p er iod c on t inues f or more t han 1 50 y ears, u n t i l t he b eg inn ing o f

t he I Vth c en tury.

I n d e l im it ing t h is p er iod w e f o l low Z ograph , w ho a lso d e-

f ined t he b oundar ies o f t he f i rst , a rcha ic p er iod , a t t he o ne e nd i n t er ms o f t he b eg inn ing o f t he Pan t icapaeu m c o inage i n t he m idd le o f t he V Ith c en tury B .C., a nd a t t he o ther i n t er ms o f t he s h if t , a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he I V th c entury B .C. t o t he s tr ik ing o f Pan t icapaeum c o ins w ith n ew t ypes a nd w ith t he i n troduct ion o f n ew c o in meta ls —go ld a nd c opper

• 6

A d i fference l i es

o n ly i n t he c ircu mstance t hat Z ograph d escr ibed t h is p er iod mere ly a s a p er iod i n t he c o inage o f P an t icapaeum " character ized b y ag radua l t rans it ion f ro m t he a rcha ic u n iface c o in t o t he c o in e qu ipped w ith t ypes o n b o th s ides." C o in ing o n t he p art o f t he s econdary Bosporus c i t ies, a nd a lso t he p rob le ms o f t he c o in s tandard , o f monetary c ircu la t ion , a nd o f monetary p o l icy a re n ot c o mpr ised w ith Z ograph 's f ie ld o f v iew a s h e s ets t he b oundar ies f or t he p er iod , a nd t hey r e ma in , a s i tw ere , o u ts ide t hese b oundar ies, wh ich d ef ine

1 0

mere ly a p art icu lar p hase i nt he t echno log ica l , t ypo log ica l , a nd s ty l ist ic e vo lu t ion o f t he P an t icapaeu m c o in . And y et t here i s e very r eason t o r egard t h is p er iod a s ad ef in ite p hase n ot o n ly i n t he d eve lopmen t o f t he P an t icapaeum c urrency , b u t a lso i n t he h istory o f t he who le c urrency c ircu lat ion o f t he Bosporus. I n t he f i e ld o f n um is ma t ic j ur isd ict ion t h is f i rst p er iod i s c haracter ized b y i ndependen t c o inage o nt he p art o f s evera l a utono mous Bosporus c it ies e ach o f wh ich p laced i t s own t ypes a nd a n a bbrev iat ion o f i t s n a me u pon c o ins ; i n t he f i e ld o f n um is ma t ic t echno logy b y as i lver c o inage i nvo lv ing u se o f t he a rcha ic i ncuse-square mot if , wh ich makes i t s a ppearance f i rst i n t he f or m o f a n e xc lus ive ly t echno log ica l d ev ice b ut t oward t he e nd o f t he p er iod mere ly a s ar ud i men tary e le men t r eta in ing o n ly d ecorat ive f unct ions ; i n t he f i e ld o f monetary c ircu la t ion b y t he s tr ik ing o n ly o f sma l l s i lver c o in i n tended e xc lus ively f or t he i n terna l c i ty market , a nd b y t he u se o f f ore ign c o ins , t he c yz icenes, f or o perat ions o n t he e x terna l market. The P an t icapaeu m s i lver c o inage d eve lops e ven ly , a f ter i t s i ncept ion a t t he m idd le o ft he V Ith c en tury B .C., t hroughout t he who le o f t h is f i rst p er iod a nd d own t o t he b eg inn ing o ft he I Vth c en tury B .C .

Even i n t he f i rst q uarter

o f t he V th c en tury B .C. sma l l Bosporus c o ins a ppear w ith a n o r ig ina l o bverse t ype , af igure o f ab ee. I n t he g eneral ly h eld v iew t hese c o ins b e long t o P ant icapaeum ' sn e ighbour, t he sma l l t own o f Myr mec ium .7

A t t he s a me

t ime o r al i t t le l a ter , i n t he s econd q uarter o ft he V th c en tury B .C., t he c o inage o f at h ird Bosporus c i ty , Taur ic Apo l lon ia , c om mences; i th as n o t y et b een p oss ible t o d eter m ine t h is c i ty 's s i te. Apo l lon ia a nd Myr mec ium s tr ike t he ir own c o ins p ara l le l w ith Pan t icapaeu m u n t il a pprox i mate ly t he b eg inn ing o f t he l ast q uarter o ft he 11 th c en tury.

A f ter t h is t he c o inage o f b o th

t hese s econdary c i t ies s udden ly c eases, a nd t hen a l most s i mu l taneously Nymphaeu m , Theodos ia , a nd t he S inds c ommences t o s t r ike t he ir own c o ins ; s o mewha t l a ter, a t t he t hresho ld o f t he V thIVth c en tur ies B .C. ;t he c o ins o f t he Phanagor ia m in t a ppear. Bu t t h is s urg ing r ise i n a utonomous c iv ic c o inage i n t he Bosporus w as o f v ery s hort d ura t ion . Upon t he t urn o f t he V thIVth c entur ies t he i ssuance o f Nymphaeum a nd S ind ic c o in s i s c u t s hort. The c o ins o f Theodos ia a nd Phanagor ia s urv ive t he m b y s carcely more t han ad ecade.

I nt he s econd d ecade o f t he I Vth c en tury B .C. P an t icapaeum i s

a lready t he s o le a gen t p lac ing c o ins o n t he Bosporus i n terna l market. With t h is mo men t t he s econd p er iod i nt he h istory o f t he Bosporus c urrency c om mences. 1 .

The Co ins o f t he Bosporus C it ies a nd o f t he S inds Among t he e arl iest n um is ma t ic r ecords o f t he Bosporus t he o nes wh ich

a re o f g rea test i n terest t o u s a re o f c ourse t he c o ins o f Pan t icapaeum , a nd t h is n o t o n ly b ecause Pan t icapaeum c o m menced t o s tr ike i t s own c o ins e arl ier t han t he o ther Bosporus c i t ies a nd s truck t he m w ithou t i n terrup t ion , b u t a lso b ecause Pan t icapaeum s i lver o f t he V Ith a nd V th c en tur ies c onst itu ted , s o f ar a s o ne c an j udge f ro m t he i n for ma t ion w e p ossess, t he b as ic money c ircu lat ing i nt he Bosporus a t t ha t t ime , s o meth ing w e s ha l l d iscuss b e low. I n c o mpar ison w ith t h is Pan t icapaeum c o inage t he monetary i ssues o f t he o ther c i t ies l ocated o nt he s hores o f t he C i m mer ian Bosporus w ere merely s hortl ived a nd r ela t ively m inor e p isodes. 1 .

There i s n o n eed t o a na lyze h ere i n d eta i l t he e ar ly c o inage o f Pant icapaeum a s r egards t ypo logy , s ty le, t echn ique, a nd t he l ike, i nas much a s t h is h as a lr eady b een d iscussed i n a rt ic les d evoted s pec ia l ly t o t h is mat ter .8 H ere w e n eed o n ly n ote t he ma in l ine f o l lowed b y t he Pan t icapaeum c o inage o f t he V IthV th c en tur ies B .C. The i nvar iab le t ype o f t he o bverse o f a l l t he e ar ly Pan t icapaeum s i lver c o ins i s t he f ac ing l i on 's muzzle , o f ten i naccurate ly c a l led t he l i on 's s ca lp o r t he l i on 's mask . Th is i mage i s n ot a t rue s ca lp , s ince h ere w e d o n o t h ave t he i nd ispensab le f l a t ten ing a nd t he s p l it t ing o f t he l ower j aw wh ich i s s o u sua l o n t he S amos c o ins w ith t he t ype o f t he l i on 's s ca lp. 9 Th is i s t he h ead o f al i v ing l i on r epresen ted f rom i n f ron t a nd f rom s l igh t ly a bove ( P late I ) .

Th is s ub ject , w h ich a ppears o n t he f i rst c o ins o f Pan t icapaeum,

d isappears o n ly w ith t he u se o f a n e n t irely n ew o bverse t ype ( t he h ead o f a s atyr ) a t t he t urn o f t he V thIVth c en tur ies B .C., a nd i s met w ith s porad ica l ly t hereaf ter o n Pan t icapaeum c o ins a long w ith o ther t ypes, b u t n ow o n t he r ev erse. I n n um is mat ic a nd h istor ica l l i terature t he o p in ion h as o ften b een e xpress ed t hat t he l i on 's muzzle o n t he e ar ly P an t icapaeum c o ins was b orrowed f rom t he t ypo logy o f S a mos n um is ma t ics.

Even t he most p ro m inen t S ov iet

n um is ma t ist , A . N . Z ograph , p a id t r ibute t o t h is v iew .1 ° Bu t n e ither f orma l t ypo log ica l c ompar ison o f t he Pan t icapaeum a nd S amos c o ins, n or metro log ic a l c o mpar ison , n or c ons iderat ions o f c u ltura l h istory f urn ish j ust if icat ion f or s uch a c onc lus ion .

On t he c on trary , a l l o ur i n for mat ion c on tends t hat

t here was n ot a nd c ou ld n o t b e a ny d irect i nf luence o f S a mos c o inage u pon t hat o f Pan t icapaeum.

The r epresen tat ion o f t he l i on 's h ead , o r l ater o f t he l i on ,

o n Pan t icapaeum c o ins i s d irect ly l inked w ith t he c u lt o f t he most r evered d iv in ity o ft he Bosporus, Apo l lo , among whose a t tr ibu tes t he l i on w as i ncluded. Ev iden t ly t he l i on o r t he l i on 's h ead s ub ject o n t he Pan t icapaeum c o ins w as b orrowed a long w ith t he Apo l lo c u lt i t sel f f rom Mi letus, i n t he n um is mat ics o f wh ich t he l i on i s d ec ided ly u sua l a s as ymbo l o f Apo l lo D idymus .1 1 Desp ite t he f act t ha t a l l Pan t icapaeum c o ins o f t he V Ith a nd V th c en tur ies B .C. h ave t he s a me t ype o f t he f ac ing l i on 's h ead o n t he o bverse, t hey a re c ons iderab ly d ist ingu ished o ne f ro m a no ther i n s ty l ist ic r espects.

F or a l l

t he u n ifor m ity o f t he s ub ject , t he o bverse t ype o n t he most a nc ien t Pant icap aeum c o ins u ndergoes a l ong a nd c o mp l icated s ty l ist ic e vo lut ion , w h ich g oes i n t he s a me d irect ion a s d oes t he e n t ire d evelopmen t o f Greek n um is ma t ic t ypo logy , b ut t o ac ons iderab le e x ten t i ndependen t ly. I ti s imposs ib le , a t a ny r ate, t o p o in tt o as ing le t ype o n P an t icapaeum s i lver o f t h is t ime a s h av ing b een b orrowed d irec t ly f rom a l ien c o ins. The most a nc ien t c o ins o f P an t icapaeu m , wh ich h ave o nt he ir r everses a d epress ion , t he i ncuse s quare, s t i l l r ough a nd w ithout d ef in ite s hape, a nd wh ich a re d ated t o t he m idd le o f t he V Ith c en tury , h ave o n t he ir o bverses t he i mage o f al i on 's muzzle e xecuted i n a n a ltogether s ketchy f ash ion .

I t s c haracter ist ic p ecu l iar it ies a re t he

a bsence o f a mane, t he e longated p roport ions o f t he muzzle a s a who le, t he p resence o f t wo l umps o n t he f orehead , t he c ircu lar e yes s et c lose t ogether, a nd t he s harp a ccen tuat ion o f t he n asa l b one .1 2 ( P late I , 1 .) On l ater c o ins o f t he e nd o f t he V Ith c entury t h is h ead c omes t o b e r epresen ted w ith s omet h ing i n t he w ay o f a mane i nt he f or m o f s hort l ocks o f h a ir t oss ing a bove

1 2

t he f orehead ; b elow ;

t he who le image b ecomes l ess e longated , b u t s omewha t n arrowed

b u t i nt he ma in t he h ead s t il l r eta ins i t s f or mer a rcha ic t rea tmen t. 1 3

( P late I , 2 ,3.) Dur ing t he c ourse o f t he V th c en tury B .C. t h is o bverse t ype o f t he Pan t ic apaeum c o ins u ndergoes f urther s ty l ist ic e vo lu t ion c orrespond ing t o t he g enera l d evelop men t o f Greek n um is mat ic t ypo logy. The h ead o f t he l i on r et a ins i t s e arl ier f or m f or t he most p art , b ut t he r e l ief b ecomes a g reat d ea l more g en t le , t he r epresen tat ion more p ictor ia l , a nd t he mode l l ing o f t he n ose a nd o ft he p rotuberances o n t he f orehead more d e l ica te, a s i s a lso t he c ase w ith t he t reatmen t o f t he e yes ; t he mane i s r epresen ted e ither i n t he f or m o f l ong w avy h a ir , o r e lse i n t he f or m o f s hort l ocks b rought t o ap o in t a nd emerg ing e ach f rom b eneath t he o ne b eforel 4 ( P late I , 4 -12 ).

O f i t se l f t h is

s ty l ist ic e vo lu t ion o f t he o bverse o ft he Pan t icapaeum s i lver c o ins o f t he V Ith-Vth c en tur ies B .C. e nab les o ne t o d eter m ine t he ir r elat ive c hrono logy a pprox i mate ly a t l east , a nd t o d o t he s ame a s r egards t he s equence o f t he c o in i ssues.

Bu t t h is s equence c an b e f o l lowed a g reat d ea l more c lear ly v ia

t he s tages o f t he d eve lop men t o n t he r everse o f t hese s ame c o ins. On t he r everse o ft he f i rst Pan t icapaeum c o ins a d epress ion o f i rregu lar s hape ( t he i ncuse s quare ) i s r ough ly s truck i n . S ubsequen t ly t he d epress ion t akes o n t he r egu lar c on tour o f as quare c on ta in ing t wo d iv id ing b arr iers i n r el ief a nd p erpend icu lar t o e ach o ther; i n t he f our s ect ions o f t he s quare f ormed b y t hese d iv id ing l ines d ots i n r e l ief d eve lop , a nd t hese , b lend ing i n to t he d iv iders , b ecome c onverted i n to r el ie f t ab lets p os it ioned i n t he c orners o f t he s ect ions ; n ex t t hese l i t t le t ab lets t ake o n ar egu lar s quare s hape a nd c o me t o o ccupy a l most a l l t he a rea o f e ach s ect ion , b e ing j o ined t ogether a t t he c en tre b y t he r e mnan ts o f t he o r ig ina l c ompar tmen t ing b arr iers.

I n t h is

w ay w ith in t he d epressed s quare o ne g ets a v ery c haracter ist ic d es ign r eca l l ing a swast ika o r t he s a i l o f aw indm i l l ( P la te I , 2 -4 ).

Th is d es ign t hen u nder-

g oes f urther e vo lut ion : s tars h av ing f our r ays a ppear o n t he r e l ief t ab lets, a nd t hereaf ter a lso t he f i rst f our l e t ters o f t he c i ty 's n a me — I LA, HAN , a nd f ina l ly T IANTI

( P late I , 5 ,7,8,9 ).

The e vo lu t ion o f t he Pan t icapaeum

c o in r everse t hat h as b een d escr ibed a bove a l lows o f n a d oubt r egard ing t he s equence o f t hese i ssues. We h ave t raced t h is s equence, af ter Bert ier d e l a Garde "

a nd Z ograph ,

1 6

i n as pec ia l a rt ic le d evoted t o t he c o ins o f Apo l lon ia

a nd Myr mec iu m. 1 7 Even t here w e p o in ted o ut o ne p ecu l iar g roup o f Pan t icap aeum c o ins wh ich , a l though i td id n o t h ave t he c haracter ist ic r everse d es ign , n evertheless u nquest ionab ly p erta ined t o t he Pan t icapaeum c o inage o f t ha t t ime. These a re sma l l c o ins h av ing o nt he ir r everses a n i ncuse s quare d iv ided b yt wo b arr iers i n to f our s ect ions, w ith p o ints w ith in t he m ( P late I , 6 ) ;

b ut t hey d o n ot b elong t o t he V Ith c en tury B .C. l ike t he l arger Pan t icapaeum

c o ins w ith a s im ilar r everse t ype — instead , t hey a re c on te mporaneous w ith c o ins h av ing t he a lready e laborate swast ika d es ign i n t he i ncuse s quare. A f ind ing o f t hese c o ins a s p art o f t he N ymphaeum h oard o f 1 949 1 8 c on f ir ms, a s i tw ere, t he c hrono log ica l j ux tapos it ion w e h ad d ev ised e ar l ier .1 9 Th is s a me Nymphaeu m h oard p rov ided e xa mp les o f o ne c ategory o f Bosporus c o ins t hat f a l ls o uts ide t he p a t tern o f r everse t ype d eve lopmen t s et f orth a bove. These a re sma l l c o ins t hat h ave i nt he i ncuse s quare o f t he r everse a n e igh tp o in ted s tar 2 0

( P late I , 1 3 ).

We c an h ave n o a ssurance o f a Pan t icapaeum

o r ig in f or t hese a nep igraph ic c o ins :

t he p oss ib il ity t hat t hey w ere s truck i n

1 3

a nother Bosporus c ity—Apo l lon ia , o f wh ich w e s ha l l s peak l ater o n— is n ot e xc luded. Bu t e ven i ft hey s hou ld i ndeed p rove t o b e long t o Pan t icapeum , t hey w ou ld n everthe less n ot b e a b le t o b r ing i n to q uest ion t he o vera l l p icture o f t he g radua l d evelop men t o f t he t ypes o f Pan t icapaeum c o ins a s t h is h as b een d el ineated a bove, s ince a l l o f t hese l i tt le c o ins t hat f a l l o u ts ide t he g enera l s che me p erta in t o t he sma l lest d enom inat ions a nd c onst itu te mere sma l l c hange i n t he c orrespond ing s er ies o f t he f i rst q uarter o f t he V th c ent ury. The c hrono log ica l l im its o f a l l t h is d evelopmen t o f t he n um is mat ic t ypo logy o f t he V th c entury a re d eter m ined w ith g reat d if f icu lty , s o le ly o n t he b as is o f t he s ty l ist ic a nd f abr ic p ecu l iar it ies o f t he c o ins. The e ar ly s er ies o f t he Pant icapaeum c o ins o n t he r everses o f wh ich t he i ncuse s quare d oes n o t y et c on ta in a d es ign r eca l l ing t he s a ils o f aw indm il l ( P late I , 2 ,3 ) a re t o b e a ss igned t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he V Ith c entury B .C. The a nep igraph ic c o ins wh ich a lready d o h ave a d es ign s hou ld c over t he f i rst q uarter o f t he V th c ent ury ; t he l i t t le c o ins w e h ave d iscussed , w ith s i mp le c rosses a nd d o ts , a nd t he sma l l c o ins w ith a n e igh t-po in ted s tar o ver t he who le f ie ld o f t he i ncuse s quare f a l l t o t he s a me p er iod ( P late I ,4 -6 , a nd 1 3 ). The P an t icapaeum c o ins w ith t he l et ters T I A a nd t wo s tars o n t ab lets i n r e l ief f a l l , r ough ly s peaki ng , t o t he s econd q uarter o f t he s a me c en tury ;

f ina l ly , t he t h ird q uarter o f

t he V th c en tury i s c overed b y c o ins w ith a more h igh ly e vo lved s or t o f i nsc r ip t ion— T I AN a nd IANTI ( P late I , 8 -10 ). The g rounds f or t hese d a t ings a re s et f orth i n Z ograph 's b ook2 1 a nd i n o ur a rt icle o n t he c o ins o f Apo l lon ia a nd Myr mec ium. 22

A t t he b eg inn ing o f t he l ast q uarter o f t he V th c en tury

we h ave t he s tr ik ing o f s i lver wh ich n ow h as a f resh r everse t ype —the h ead o f ar a m.

On i t s o bverse t h is s i lver c on t inues t o p reserve t he e ar l ier i mage

o f al i on 's h ead f ac ing , e xecu ted i n t he s ame s ty le a s o n t he l ast s er ies o f Pan t icapaeu m c o ins w ith r e l ief t ab lets, f rom w h ich i tt ransp ires t hat t he i ssue o f c o ins w ith t he r am 's h ead f o l lows d irect ly af ter t h is l a t ter s er ies . 2 3 On t he r everse s ides o f t hese c o ins a p rof ile r epresen tat ion o f ar am 's h ead r igh t , r a ther d ry ly a nd s ketch i ly t reated , i s p laced i n as harp ly o ut l ined s ha l low i ncuse s quare.

Above t he r am 's h ead t he i nscr ip t ion T IANTI

a long t he u pper e dge o ft he i ncuse ( P late I , 1).

2 4

r uns

The r am 's ' h ead i s a lso k ep t

o n t he r everse o f t he f o l low ing i ssue o f Pan t icapaeum s i lver c o ins.

I n t h is

s er ies t he i ncuse s quare h as d isappeared , b u t t he s urface o f t he r everse s ide o f t he c o in t akes o n ac erta in c oncav ity . The d isappearance o f t he i ncuse s quare t est if ies t o al ater a ppearance o f t hese c o ins a s c ompared w i th t he p reced ing s er ies.

Z ograph a ss igns t he s tr ik ing o f t h is l ast i ssue o f a rcha ic

Pan t icapaeum s i lver c o ins t o t he v ery e nd o f t he V th c entury B .0 . 2 5

The

r am 's h ead o n t hese c o ins i s t urned l ef t . I ti s l ess s ke tchy a nd t he d e ta ils a re more s o l id ly mode l led t han b efore ; t he i nscr ip t ion IANTI ,above t he h ead o f t he r am r uns n o t h or izon ta l ly b u t i n a n a rc f o l low ing t he s hape o f t he h ead. Beneath t he r am 's h ead a n a dd it iona l s ymbo l a ppears—a s turgeon o r al i t t le s tar 2 6 ( P late I , 1 2 ). The s e lect ion o f t he r am 's h ead a s t he r everse t ype f or t he l ast s er ies o f V th c en tury Pan t icapaeu m c o ins d id n ot , o ne must s uppose, t ake p lace b y c hance. An i mage o f ar am o r o f i t s h ead i s f requen t ly e ncoun tered i n Greek n um is ma t ics, a nd i th as v ar ious mean ings i n d if feren t c ases.

K oehne s ough t

t o e xp la in t he a ppearance o f t he r am 's h ead o n Pan t icapaeum c o ins t hrough

1 4

a n a ssoc ia t ion o f t h is i mage w ith t he c u lt o fD ionysos . 2 7 Bu t Z ograph 's s ugg est ion r elat ing t h is t ype t o t he c u l t o f Apo l lo 2 8 a ppears a g reat d ea l more l ikely t o u s.

I n t hat c ase t he r am 's h ead o n t he r everse w ou ld h ave t he s a me

s ign if icance a s t he l i on 's muzzle o n t he o bverse s ide o f t he c o in , c onst itu t ing as ymbo l o f t he p r inc ipa l d iv in ity o f Pan t icapaeu m. One must a lso n ote t hat r epresen ta t ions o f r a ms ' h eads, a nd o f l i ons ' muzzles a s w e l l , n o t i n frequen t ly h ad a tt hat t ime a n a potrope ic c haracter ‚ 29 a nd a s a potropae i t he ir p resence o n t he c o ins i s v ery p laus ib le.

As f or t he t reatmen t o f t he r am 's h ead o n

o ur c o ins , t he c losest a na logy i s o f fered b y a n e lectrum h ecte o f Phocaea p ub l ished b y S est in i,

3 °

t he c loseness o f wh ich t o P an t icapaeum c o ins h as

a lready b een p o in ted o ut b y K oehne a nd Podsh iva lov. 3 1

A s im i lar h ead ( w ith

t he a dd it ion o f at unny b enea th i t )i s e ncoun tered o n a Cyz icene h ecte o f t he V th c en tury . 32 A l though b o th c o ins r eferred t o a re c lose i n t ypes t o t he Pan t icap aeum o nes a nd p recede t hese i n t ime, w e s t il l h ave n o g rounds f or s peak ing o f ab orrow ing o f t h is c o in t ype b y t he Pan t icapaeans.

The r ese mb lance o f

t he t ypes o n t he c o ins c i ted c an b e e xp la ined s i mp ly b y i den t ica l s ty l ist ic d ev ices p roper t o t he who le n um is ma t ic t ypo logy o f t hat t ime. I n t h is l ast s er ies o f V th c en tury Pan t icapaeum s i lver w e e ncoun ter a r epresen ta t ion o f as turgeon f or t he f i rst t ime i n Bosporus n um isma t ics. The image o f t he s turgeon a lso a ppears o n c opper Pan t icapaeum c o ins o f t he I Vth c en tury B .C. The s turgeon was o ne o f t he p r inc ipa l r iches o f t he Bosporus ; i t s a ppearance o n Pan t icapaeu m c o ins h as t he s a me s ign if icance a s d oes t he s y lph ium p lan t o n t he c o ins o f Cyrena ica , t he e ar o f g ra in o n t he c o ins o f Metapon tu m , t he b unch o f g rapes o n t he c o ins o f Marone ia , e tc . 3 3 We s ha l l more t han o nce meet w ith f urther e xa mp les , i n Bosporus n um is ma t ics, o f a s im i lar s ort o f mean ing i n c o in t ypes. The f i rst p er iod o f t he Pan t icapaeu m c o inage e nds w ith t he s er ies w e h ave j ust e xa m ined. I n t he I Vth c en tury B .C. a t P an t icapaeum t he s tr ik ing o f c o ins n ow h av ing a n ew o bverse t ype c o m mences, t he s yste m o f d enom inat ions c hanges , an ew c o in meta l—copper— is i n troduced , a nd t hereaf ter a lso g o ld. For c onven ience i n r ev iew ing t he e ar l ier s i lver c o inage o f Pan t icapaeum i n t he V Ith a nd V th c en tur ies w e g ive o n t he n ex t p age a g raph ic d iagram o f t he d eve lopmen t o f t he r everse t ypes o f Pan t icapaeum c o ins o f t he V Ith-Vth c ent ur ies B .C. For p urposes o f c ompar ison w e h ave i n troduced t he c o ins o f t wo o ther Bosporus c i t ies a s w e l l—Apo l lon ia a nd Myr mec ium , t o as urvey o f whose c o inages w e s ha l l n ow p roceed. Bosporus c o ins w ith a n i nscr ip t ion A T IOA h ave b een k nown f or a v ery l ong t ime, a nd h ave more t han o nce e ngaged t he a t ten t ion o f n um is ma t ists. They h ave o n t he ir o bverses t he t ype o f af ac ing l i on 's muzzle j ust a s o n c o ins o f Pan t icapaeum , a nd o n t he r everse a n i ncuse s quare d iv ided i n to f our s ect ions b y r a ised l ines o r b y as tar h av ing f our r ays ( P late I , 1 4,15 ). S est in i, o n p ub l ish ing o ne o ft hese c o ins, h ad a lready n o ted i t s r emarkab le r ese mb lance t o e ar ly Pan t icapaeu m c o ins . 3 4 He was u ndec ided whether t o a scr ibe t he c o in t o Apo l lon ia i n Thrace o r t o Apo l lon ia o n t he Danube, c lear ly i nc l in ing t oward t he l at ter i dea ; Cha lc id ice , 35

Bore 1 1 a ss igned t hese c o ins t o Apo l lon ia i n

a nd L eake t o Apo l lon ia i n Macedon . 36

K oehne p u t f orward a

s uggest ion t hat t hese c o ins b e longed t o Apo l lon ia i n I l lyr icum , v ery s trangely a rgu ing f or t h is t hough t o n t he b as is o f t he c loseness o f t hese c o ins t o t he

1 5

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Apo l lon ia

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min t Fourth q uarter o f V th c en tury

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Copper d eno m inat ions a nd t he ir a pprox i mate w e igh ts i n g ra ms

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c entury . A s was t o b e e xpected , t he g rea test p rec is ion i s t o b e o bserved i n t he s tr ik ing o f t he l arge d eno m ina t ions : where a we igh t t o lerance o f o n ly 0 .022 i s p erm i t ted i n t he s ta ters, i n t he t e trobo ls i ta lready r eaches 0 .162 , i n t he t r iobo ls 0 .365, e tc .

Wi th r educt ion o f t he d eno m ina t ion t he s e ignorage

a lso i ncreases, wh ich i s l i kew ise a u sua l p heno menon i n t he c o inages o f t he Greek c i t ies . 1 29 Wh i le i ti s r e la t ive ly e asy t o a rrange P an t icapaeu m s i lver o f t he I V th c en tury B .C . i n ad ef ina te s yste m mak ing i tp oss ib le t o d eterm ine n o t o n ly t he d eno m ina t ions b u t a lso t he ir n orma l we igh ts, i ti s much more d i f f icu lt t o d o t h is w ith r espect t o t he c opper c o ins . I ti s t rue , o f c ourse , t ha t c opper Pan t icapaeu m c o ins o f t he I V th c entury c luster p ret ty c lear ly , a s we h ave s een , i n s pec if ic s er ies w i th t he g o ld a nd t he c opper , a nd t ha t P an t icapaeu m c opper o f t he I Ird c en tury c an b e a ss igned t o s er ies w ith a ma jor mod icu m o f p robab i l ity t hanks t o t he o verstr ikes a nd c oun termarks. B ut a d ef in it ion o f t he d eno m ina t ions o f a l l t h is c opper c o inage h as n ever b een c arr ied o u t , b ecause h ere t he we igh t o f t he c o ins a f fords n o s ecure f u lcru m : i n t he f i rst p lace , f l uctua t ions i n t he we igh t o f c opper c o ins w ith in t he r ange o f as ing le d eno m ina t ion a re a s ar u le d ec ided ly l arge ; i n t he s econd p lace - a nd t h is i s t he ma in t h ing - c opper c o in i n t he B osporus, a s i n t he ma jor ity o f G reek c i t ies, was n ot o f f u l l v a lue b u t was a t oken c o inage , a nd t h is f act makes i t much more d if f icu l t t o a pp ly t he n ames f or mone tary u n its t o o ne d eno m ina t ion o r a no ther t ha t i s f am i l iar t o u s a s r egards i t s me tro logy .1 30 S epara t ing o u t t he d eno m ina t ions i n t he c opper P an t icapaeu m c o inage o f t he I V th c entury p resen ts n o p ar t icu lar d if f icu lt ies, i nas much a s e ach d eno m in a t ion i s d if feren t ia ted n ot o n ly b y at ype o f i t s own b ut a lso b y s pec if ic b oundar ies o f we igh t f l uctua t ions .

I ti s much more d if f icu lt t o a ss ign s pec if ic

n o menc la ture t o t hese d eno m ina t ions, b u t c er ta in i nd irect d a ta d o , a f ter a l l , e nab le u s t o make av ery c on jectura l e ssay i n t ha t d irect ion . Pan t icapaeu m c o inage o f t he I V th c entury

can

T he who le c opper

b e p resen ted i n t he f orm o f a

t ab le where t he d eno m ina t ions a re i nd ica ted b y c i lg its a nd t he a pprox i ma te we igh t f l uctua t ion p er d eno m ina t ion i s a lso e n tered . F irst o f a l l we must d evote a t ten t ion t o t he c opper c o ins o f t wo d eno m inat i ons t ha t a ppear i n t he e ar l iest s er ies o f Pan t icapaeum c o ins o f t he I V th c en tury .

These c o ins, a nd w ith t he m t he b eg inn ing o f c opper c o inage i n t he

B osporus, c annot b e d a ted t o at ime l a ter t han t he e nd o f t he f irst q uar ter o f t he I V th c en tury B .C . r e markab le .

1 31

S o e ar ly a u se o f c opper a s ac o in me ta l i s d ec ided ly

Perhaps Z ograph i s r igh t i n h is s uggest ion t ha t i n t h is r egard

Pan t icapaeu m m igh t h ave b een i n f luenced b y t he e xamp le o f n e ighbour ing O lb ia , where c opper c o in h ad b een i n u se f ro m t he v ery s tar t .1 32 Bu t t he f i rst a t te mp t t o i n troduce c opper i n to t he mone tary s yste m o f Pan t icapaeum was a r a ther t im id o ne . T he i ssue c ons isted o n ly o f t wo v ery sma l l d eno m ina t ions o f c opper , a nd i nsofar a s o ne c an j udge f ro m t he n umber o f e xamp les f ound , t he i ssuance o f t hese was v ery l im ited . Bu t e ven o n s o c au t ious ab as is t he a t te mp t t o i n troduce c opper was e v iden t ly n ot s uccessfu l . I n t he t wo f o l low ing s er ies c opper i s e n t ire ly a bsen t , a nd c o inage t hereof i s r esu med o n ly f or ty y ears l a ter , i n t he 3 0s o f t he I V th c entury . Th is t ime, t oo , t he i ssue i s l im ited t o t he sma l lest d eno m ina t ions, l ess t han t he t e tar te-

1 01

mor ion , i nas much a s t he l arger d eno m ina t ions, f ro m t he t r iobo l t o a nd i nc lud ing t he t e tar te mor ion , a re r epresen ted b y t he s i lver s truck a t t ha t t ime . L arge c opper c o ins a ppear f or t he f irst t ime o n ly i n t he t wo l ast s er ies o f t he Nth c en tury , a nd f ro m t ha t mo men t c opper c o m mences t o p lay a n i mport an t p ar t i n mone tary c ircu la t ion i n t he B osporus .

T ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he

f act t ha t p rec ise ly i n t hese l ast t wo s er ies s i lver o bo ls, wh ich h ad u p t o t h is t ime b een s truck q u ite r egu lar ly a long w ith t r iobo ls, a re missing , o ne may a dvance t he s uggest ion t ha t t he h eav iest c opper c o ins ( deno m ina t ion I ) we igh ing 1 6 t o 1 0 g ra ms were s upposed t o r ep lace t he s i lver o bo ls .

We h ave n o d irect

p roof t ha t c opper d eno m ina t ion Ii s a n o bo l, b u t i n f avour o f t h is p ropos it ion o ne may a dduce o ne i nd irect a rgu men t .

I ft he l arge c opper c o ins a re i ndeed

o bo ls , t hen i tw i l l b e n a tura l t o s ee i n t he sma l ler c opper c o ins t he u sua l f rac t ions o f t he o bo l ;

i n t ha t c ase d eno m ina t ion I i s ah em iobo l , d eno m ina t ion

I I at e tar te mor ion , a nd d eno m ina t ion I V ah em i te tar te mor ion .

A t t he s a me

t ime t he c opper s er ies o f t he 3 0s o f t he Nth c en tury B . C. t ha t we h ave j ust a na lysed b eg ins w ith d eno m ina t ion I V ( a h em ite tar te mor ion?) , a nd t he c orres pond ing s er ies o f s i lver e nds w ith t he t e tar te mor ion ;

i tb eco mes e n t ire ly

n a tura l t o s uppose t ha t t he n ex t d eno m ina t ion , n ow r epresen ted b y c opper , must i ndeed b e t he h em ite tar te mor ion . T he f o l low ing t ab le , j ux tapos ing t he Pan t icapaeu m s i lver a nd c opper c o ina ges o f t he I V th c en tury B .C., may a f ford c on f irma t ion o f t hese s uggest ions.

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C opper A 1 02

AV

S o me s uppor t f or t he p ropos it ion t ha t c opper d eno m ina t ion Ii s a n o bo l a nd d eno m ina t ion I a h em iobo l ( at e tracha lcon ) may b e f ound i n c o mpar ison o f t hese c opper c o ins w ith l a ter B osporus c opper o f t he t ime o f M ithrada tes Eupa tor . T he c opper c o ins i ssued b y Pan t icapaeum a nd Phanagor ia a t t he e nd o f t he Ind a nd b eg inn ing o f t he I s t c en tury B .C., w ith t he t ypes o f t he h ead o f Ar te m is a nd t he r ec l in ing s tag , r ecogn ised a s b e ing t etracha lco i, 1 33 h ave a pprox i ma te ly t he s ame we igh t ( 6-7 .5 g ) a s t he d eno m ina t ion I c opper c o ins o f t he e nd o f t he I Vth c en tury B .C.; t he we igh t o f M ithrada t ic o bo ls c orresponds t o t he we ight o f d eno m ina t ion I . T he c opper i ssues o ft he l ast n ith c entury s er ies a re f a ir ly a bundan t . Deno m ina t ions I , I I , a nd I V a re s truck i n p ar t icu lar ly g rea t q uan t i ty ; t here c an b e n o d oubt t ha t e ven b y t he e nd o f t he I V th c entury t hese c opper c o ins were t he p r inc ipa l means o f p aymen t i n t he l oca l marke t , a nd a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he I Ird c en tury t hey b ecame t he s o le c ircu la t ing med ium . A lso d eserv ing o f a t ten t ion i s t he f act t ha t i n t he l ast I V th c en tury s er ies, s ide b y s ide w ith ac ons iderab le a ugmen ta t ion o f t he s tr ik ing o f l arge a nd med ium c opper d eno mi na t ions t he s tr ik ing o f sma l l c opper c o ins i s g radua l ly c u t o f f e n t ire ly .

Th is

t est if ies t o af a l l i n t he v a lue o f money a nd s erves a s a n e x tra c on f irma t ion o f o ur g uess t ha t t he mone tary c r is is s tar ted a s e ar ly a s t he e nd o f t he I V th c entury . I ti s o n ly w ith much more l abour a nd much l ess a ssurance t han i n t he c ase o f I Vth c en tury c o ins t ha t I Ird c en tury Pan t icapaeu m c opper c an b e b roken d own i n to d eno m ina t ion .

T he c ause o ft h is i s t he h ead long f a l l ing-of f i n t he

we igh t o ft he c o ins i n d if feren t i ssues e ven w ith in t he b ounds o f o ne a nd t he s ame s er ies a nd o f as ing le d eno m ina t ion .

S t i l l , t ak ing a s o ur s tar t ing p o in t

t he c ons idera t ions we h ave s poken o f e ar l ier i n c haracter iz ing t he i nd iv idua l s er ies o f c opper c o ins we c an s e t u p at ab le o f d eno m ina t ion f or P an t icapaeu m c opper i n t he f irst h a lf o ft he I Ird c entury B .C.

Da te

Beg inn ing o f

Deno m ina t ions o f c opper c o ins

B . XX , 7 2 ( Z. XL I , 3 )

I Ird c entury B .C.

B . X IX , 3 5-37 ( Z . XL I , 7 )

F irst h a lf o f

B . XX , 7 3-78 ( Z . XL I , 4 )

I Ird c en tury B .C.

B . XX , 7 9-80 ( Z. XL I , 5 )

M idd le o f I Ird c en tury B .C.

B . XX I I , 1 63-164 ( Z. XL I , 1 0)

Z . XL I , 8 -9

B . XX I I , 1 65-175 ( Z. XL I , 1 1) B . X IX , 5 1 ( Z. XL I , 6 ) ( ?) Beg inn ing o ft h ird

B . XX I I , 1 53

q uar ter o f I Ird

B . X IX , 3 8 ; B . XX I I , 1 61 ( ?)

c en tury B . C.

1 03

I th as p roved i mpossib le t o p resent i n at ab le e ven t he a pprox i ma te w e igh ts o f e ach d eno m ina t ion , a s was d one f or t he I V th c entury Pan t icapaeum c opper , b ecause t he we igh t o f ag iven d eno m ina t ion g oes d own s tead i ly f ro m i ssue t o i ssue w ith in t he f ramework o f as ing le s er ies . Most i nd ica t ive i n t h is r espect i s t he e vo lu t ion o f t he c o ins w ith t he h ead o f ab eard less s a tyr a nd t he b ow a nd a rrow , wh ich i n t he ir f irst i ssues h ad f u l l we igh t o f 6 -7g ., b u t l a ter d id n o t e ven c o me t o t wo g rams, e ven t hough t he d eno m ina t ion u nquest ionab ly r e ma ined t he s a me a s b efore . Here t he a rb itrary , t oken c haracter o f t h is c opper c o ina ge h as b een r evea led t o t he f u l l . O ne ' sa t ten t ion i s a lso d rawn b y t he f act t ha t t he who le Pan t icapaeu m c opp er c o inage o f t he f irst h a lf o f t he I Ird c entury B .C . i s l im ited t o i ssuance o f c o ins o f o n ly t wo d eno m ina t ions , among wh ich o n ly c o ins o f d eno m ina t ion Ia re s truck c onstan t ly , t hese a pparen t ly b e ing t e tracha lco i . T he p u t t ing o u t o f sma l ler s ubd iv is ions o f t he c o in wou ld h ave b een e n t ire ly s ense less u nder c ircu mstances o f i t s s teady d eva lua t ion ; f or t he s tr ik ing o f f u l l-we igh t c opper o bo ls, h owever , a s f or t he s tr ik ing o f s i lver c o ins, r esources were e v iden t ly i nsuf f ic ien t . T h is l im ited s tr ik ing o f ac oup le o f d eno m ina t ions b ore j ust a s p la in w itness t o t he c r is is s ta te o f t he e n t ire B osporus mone tary s yste m o f t he t ime a s d id s ty l ist ic a nd t echn ica l d egrada t ion a nd we igh t r educt ion . 4 .

Mone tary C ircu la t ion i n t he B osporus i n t he I V th C entury B .C. a nd t he F irst Ha lf o f t he I Ird

P an t icapaeu m c opper c o ins o f t he I V th , a nd e spec ia l ly o f t he f irst h a lf o f t he I Ird , c entury B .C . a re o f ten f ound i n t he c ourse o f e xcava t ion o n B osporus t err itory . C opper o f t he f irst h a lf o f t he I Ird c entury f requen t ly a lso t urns u p i n t he f orm o f h oards . T hese h oards h e lp u s t o r econstruct n ot o n ly t he s equence o f c o in i ssues i n t he B osporus a t t ha t t ime , b ut a lso a r ea l ist ic p ict ure o f mone tary c ircu la t ion i n i nd iv idua l p er iods . T he b ur ia l o f h oards o f c opper c o ins c o mmenced a s f ar b ack a s t he b eg inn ing o f t he I V th c en tury B .C. ,immed ia te ly a f ter t he c ut t ing o f f o f t he s tr ik ing ( and p robab ly t he d isappearance f ro m c ircu la t ion ) o f g o ld a nd s i lver Pan t icap aeu m c o ins . A t t ha t t ime i t was p r i mar i ly c o ins w ith t he l i on ' sh ead a nd t he s turgeon o n t he r everse , c oun termarked w ith t he t we lve-po in ted s tar a nd t he b owcase ( P la te L I , 6 2 ) , a nd c o ins w ith t he b earded s a tyr ' sh ead o n t he o bverse a nd t he b u l l ' sh ead o n t he r everse ( P la te I I , 6 3 ) t ha t were c urren t o n t he money marke t .

S i mu ltaneous ly w ith t hese t here were a lso e v iden t ly i n c ircu la t ion

c opper c o ins i ssued i n t he l ast d ecade o f t he I V th c entury B .C., wh ich i s p roved b y j o in t f i nds t hereof i n b ur ia ls a nd h oards . 1 34 I ti s a pparen t ly t o t h is t ime t ha t t he c oncea l men t o f ah oard f ound i n 1 877 s ou th o f K erch r e la tes. T he h oard c on ta ined n o l ess t han 5 00 c opper Pan t icapaeum c o ins w i th t he t ype o f t he b eard less s a tyr o n t he o bverse , t he l i on ' sh ead o n t he r everse , a nd t he s tar a nd b ow-case c oun ter marks . 1 35 As o mewha t l a ter p hase i n mone tary c ircul a t ion , when c o ins w ith t he b ow-and-arrow r everse t ype ( P la te I I , 6 5) were a lready c urren t o n t he market , was r ef lected i n s evera l h oards : t he f irst was f ound "t wo v ersts f ro m K erch , b eyond G l in ishche" i n 1 879 ; t he s econd was f ound i n t he s a me y ear n ear t he v i l lage o f S e maya ; t he t h ird was f ound i n 1 869 w ith in t he K erch f or tress ;

t he f our th was f ound i n 1 879 i n t he K erch c e me tery ;

t he f i f th was f ound i n 1 882 b y V .G . T iesenhausen d ur ing e xcava t ions a t Anapa

1 04

( t h is l ast was s tud ied i n d e ta i l a nd p ub l ished b y E .O . Prushevskaya ) .

1 36

O f

t he f i ve h oards r eferred t o , t he f i rst t hree a re e v iden t ly t he e ar l iest : t hey c on ta in , s ide b y s ide w ith b ow-and-arrow c o ins, e ar l ier o nes w ith t he l i on ' s h ead a nd s turgeon o n t he r everse ; i n a dd it ion , a s r egards t he c o ins c on ta ined i n t he m t here a re n o i nd ica t ions o fb ad o r c are less s tr ik ing , whereas i n c onn ect ion w ith t he f our th h oard t here i s t he f l a t a sser t ion t ha t i tc on ta ined c o ins w ith t he b ow-and-arrow t ype "o f d ec ided ly i n fer ior s tr ik ing a nd sma l l d iameter ." ( P la te I I , 6 6 ). E v iden t ly t he d epos it ing o f t h is h oard t ook p lace a s l a te a s t he s econd q uar ter managed t o b eco me d egraded . t he Anapa h oard a lso f a l ls t o t he s a me p er iod .

1 37

T he b ur ia l o f

Pan t icapaeu m c opper c o ins o f t he f i rst h a lf o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C. a re a lso f ound i n e normous q uan t it ies d ur ing e xcava t ions a t B osporus c i t ies a nd s et t le men ts, a s ar u le mak ing u p t he ma in mass o f t he n um is ma t ic f i nds i n t he c ourse o f s uch e xcava t ions .

C opper c o ins o f t he I V th c entury B .C. a re

f ound i n l ess q uan t ity , p ar t icu lar ly t hose o f e ar ly s er ies, b u t e ven t hese o rd in ar i ly t urn u p a t a ny Bosporus c i ty e xcava t ion . F inds o f Pan t icapaeum c opp er c o ins o f t he I V th-H Ird c en tur ies B .C. t est ify q u ite p la in ly t o t he f act t ha t t hese c o ins were a means o fp ay men t f or t he e n t ire p opu la t ion o f t he B osporus . T hey a re f ound t hroughou t t he e n t ire t err itory o f t he Bosporus s ta te , a nd t h is n ot o n ly i n t he r u ins a nd c e me ter ies o f t he Greek c i t ies b u t a lso i n t he c i tade ls a nd b arrows o f t he n on-Greek Bosporus p opu la t ion .

Thus c opper Pan t icapaeum

c o ins h ave g een f ound i n t he n e ighbourhood o f t he v i l lages o f Rayevskaya a nd D zh ig inskaya , i n t he S em ibratn iye t u mu l i , i n t he c e me tery o u ts ide t he v i l lage o f Ye l izave t inskaya , a nd i n o ther p l wes . We k now a g rea t d ea l l ess a bou t t he d istr ibu t ion o f Pan t icapaeu m s i lver o f t he I Vth c en tury B .C. On ly a f ew f i nds o f s i lver c o ins a re k nown , a nd a l l o f t hese r e la te t o Pan t icapaeu m o r t o i t s immed ia te n e ighbourhood . Yet t h is a f fords n o g rounds f or d oubt ing t ha t Pan t icapaeu m s i lver , t oo , s pread o ver t he who le t err i tory o f t he B osporus s ta te . C o mpara t ive ly f ew f i nds o f Pan t icapaeum c opper a nd s i lver o u ts ide a ctua l B osporus t err itor y a re k nown . On t h is b as is Rostov tsev s uggests t ha t P an t ic apaeu m c opper c o in d id n ot g o b eyond t he c i ty l im its . i s q u ite i ncorrec t .

1 38

Bu t t h is a ssu mp t ion

F irst o f a l l , P an t icapaeum c opper c ircu la ted w ide ly i n t he

who le t err itory o ft he B osporus, wh ich i s a t tested b y t he f i nds o f Pan t icapaeu m c o ins o nb oth s ides o ft he C i m mer ian B osporus.

I nd iv idua l t hough n o t v ery

n u merous f i nds o f t hese c o ins h ave o ccurred o u ts ide t ha t t err itory a s we l l . T hey a re f ound n ot i nfrequen t ly a t Chersonesus .1 39 F ind ings o f Pan t icapaeum c opper o ft he l ast s er ies o ft he I V th c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he I Ird h ave a lso t aken p lace i n t he s urround ings o f K erk in it is. 1 40 T he r e la t ive ly f requen t f i nds o f Pan t icapaeu m c o ins a t O lb ia a re v ery i n terest ing .1 41 Z ograph d rew a t ten t ion t o t he f act t ha t n o r e turn f i nds o f O lb ia c o ins a t Pan t icapaeum h ad b een r ecorded .

1 42

The s ame may b e s a id w ith r egard t o Chersonesus a nd

K erk in it is, c o ins o f wh ich a re a l most n ever f ound i n t he B osporus . T h is c haracter izes v ery we l l t he t rad ing p r e do m inance Pan t icapaeum e n joyed d ur ing t he I Vth a nd I Ird c en tur ies B .C. i n t he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora l . 143 I n t h is c onnect ion i ti s a n i nd ica t ive c ircu mstance t ha t a l most a l l t he Pan t ic apaeu m c o ins f ound o u ts ide t he B osporus r e la te t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he I V th c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o ft he I Ird , i .e . t o t he v ery p er iod when t he B osporus 1 05

was p ursu ing a p ar t icu lar ly a ct ive t rade p o l icy . c ep t ion ;

O n ly Chersonesus i s a n e x-

h ere B osporus c o ins o f t he M ithrada t ic p er iod a nd l a ter a re more

f requen t ly f ound , wh ich i s a ltogether n a tura l i n t he l igh t o f t he p o l it ica l r e lat i onsh ips t ha t j o ined Chersonesus w ith t he B osporus f ro m t he t ime o f M ithrad a tes o nward . We h ave a l most n o d a ta o n t he p ene tra t ion o f B osporus c o ins o f t he I Vth a nd I Ird c entur ies B . C. i n to t he d ep ths o f t he s teppes i nshore f ro m t he B lack S ea .

T hese c o ins a re f ound a l most n ot a t a l l i n S cy th ian b ur ia ls a nd d ur ing

e xcava t ions o f S cy th ian , Maeot ic , a nd o ther c i tade ls ( save f or c i tade ls o f t he l ower K uban a rea wh ich f ormed p ar t o f t he B osporus) .

One c an n a me o n ly a

s ing le h oard o f Pan t icapaeu m c opper f ro m t ha t t ime wh ich was f ound o u ts ide B osporus t err itory p roper - t h is i s t he h oard , p ub l ished b y N .V . An f i mov , f ro m t he v i l lage o f S taro-N izhne-S teb l ievskaya .

1 44

I nd iv idua l f inds o f Pan t i-

c apaeu m I V th-I I Ird c entury c o ins a re k nown f or t he Ka mensk c itade l o n t he Dn iepr .

1 45

T he i nsuf f ic iency o f o ur i n forma t ion o n f inds o f c o ins a t S cy th ian a nd o ther c i tade ls i n i n ter ior s teppe a reas a nd t he r e la t ive ly s l ight e x ten t t o wh ich t hese a ctua l s i tes h ave b een s tud ied p reven t u s, a s y e t , f ro m f ina l ly r eso lv ing t he q uest ion o f p ene tra t ion i n to t he s teppe b y Pan t icapaeu m c opper a nd s i lver c o in o f t he I V th a nd I Ird c en tur ies ( we s ha l l d iscuss t he g o ld s ta ters l a ter o n ) . Bu t e ven n ow w e may s ay t ha t t hough s uch p ene tra t ion d id s o me t i mes o ccur , i t was i n a ny e ven t n ot v ery i n tens ive , a s o therw ise we wou ld h ave a g rea t d ea l more i n forma t ion o n f inds o f t hese c o ins i n t he s teppe r eg ions o f t he s ou thern U SSR . Desp ite t he f ind ing o f i nd iv idua l P an t icapaeu m c o ins i n o ther c i t ies o f t he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora l , o ne may n ever the less a ssu me t ha t t he s tr ik ing o f s i lver s i nd c opper Pan t icppaeu m c o ins i n t he I Vth c entury B . C. was i n tended , a s i n e ar l ier t imes, o n ly f or t he l oca l marke t .

O n ly t he s i lver s ta ters o f t he

l ast I V th c entury s er ies might b e o f s o me impor tance o n t he i n terna t iona l money marke t , b u t t he ir i ssuance was mere ly a n i ncons iderab le e p isode , a nd u nder t he c ircu mstances o f t he mone tary c r is is a lready u nder way t hey c ou ld p er form n o a pprec iab le f unc t ion . I f Pan t icapaeu m c opper a nd s i lver s erved a s a means o f p aymen t o n ly i n t he i n terna l marke t , t hen s o me o ther c o in must a lso h ave b een c urren t i n t he B osporus t ha t c ou ld b e u sed i n d ea ls w i th f ore ign merchan ts .

Prec ise ly i n

t he I Vth a nd I Ird c en tur ies B .C . ,when t he B osporus s ta te o f t he S par toc ids was e n joy ing c ons iderab le p rosper ity a nd when i t was i n e cono m ic r espects o ne o f t he s trongest n a t ions o f t he Med iterranean a rea , t he n eed f or s uch i n terl oca l med ia o f e xchange was o f c ourse p art icu lar ly g rea t .

T h is n eed was me t

p r i mar i ly t hanks t o a l ien , n on-Bosporus c o ins wh ich r a ted a s i n terna t iona l c urrency .

I n t he V th a nd I V th c entur ies B . C. s uch c o ins were t he e lectuu m

s ta ters o f t he c i ty o f Cyz icus, t he c yz icenes, whose f i e ld o f c ircu la t ion c o inc ided i n t he ma in w ith t he t rad ing r eg ions o f t he B lack S ea c oasts.

I n t he V th

c en tury a nd t he f irst h a lf o f t he I V th t he c yz icenes were a pparen t ly t he s o le f ore ign c o in t ha t c ircu la ted i n t he B osporus .

T he p ar t t hey p layed i n t he

mone tary c ircu la t ion o f t he B osporus i s a t tested b o th b y l i terary s ources a nd b y t he f ind ing o f t hese c o ins i n B osporus h oards. 1 46

1 06

The i ssuance b y Ph i l ip I o f Macedon o fh is g o ld s ta ters, wh ich p ene tra ted i n to t he B osporus a s we l l i n s o me q uan t ity , was n ot s u f f ic ien t t o u nderm ine t he p os it ion o f t he c yz icenes i n B osporus money marke ts. They c on t inued t o p lay ac onsp icuous p ar t i n mone tary c ircu la t ion i n t he Bosporus d own t o t he 3 0s o f t he I Vth c en tury , a s i s d e monstra ted b y t he ir b e ing f ound i n t he s o-ca l led Pu len tsovo h oard i n t he Taman 1 47 t henes .1 48

a nd b y t he d irect t est i mony o f De mos-

Bu tb y t he f o l low ing d ecade t he g o ld s ta ters o f A lexander t he G rea t ,

wh ich h ad s queezed t he c yz icenes o u t a nd t aken o ver t he ir p lace , a ppear i n t he B osporus. F ind ings o f g o ld s ta ters o f A lexander t he Grea t w ith in t he c on f ines o f t he B osporus s ta te h ave n ot b een v ery n u merous . A l i st o f t he m h as b een p repared b y Z ograph ,1 49 who c oun ted f i ve i n a l l ; t he c hrono log ica l a ss ignmen t o f t hese s ta ters a s p er for med b y Z ograph i s o f i n terest .

One e xa mp le f ro m t he Z e lensk

t u mu lus 1 5 °b e longs t o t he v ery f i rst g o ld i ssues o f A lexander a nd was s truck a t t he e nd o f t he 3 0s o f t he I Vth c entury . Ano ther e xa mp le f ro m t he s ame p lace was e v iden t ly i ssued i n t he 2 0s . As ta ter f ound i n at umu lus o n Ak-Burun . Cape i s d a ted t o t he n ex t t o l ast d ecade o ft he c en tury .1 51 Ag o ld s ta ter o f A lexa ndr ine t ype f ro m B o lshaya B l izn Itsa 1 52 i s a ss igned b y Z ograph t o t he l ast d ecade o f t he I V th c entury , a nd f i na l ly a s ta ter f ro m t he v i l lage o f T a mans kaya 1 53

i s d a ted a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he I Ird c en tury .

I n t h is way we g e t a

s equen t ia l c hrono log ica l s er ies o f i ssues o f A lexandr ine s ta ters, wh ich a f fords e v idence o f t he u n in terrup ted n a ture o f t he c ircu la t ion o f t h is c o in i n t he Bosp orus. S ta ters o f A lexandr ine t ypes i ssued a f ter t he d ea th o f A lexander h i ms e lf e v iden t ly c ircu la ted i n t he B osporus f or a r a ther l ong t ime . Ev idence o f t h is i s t he b orrow ing o f t he o bverse t ype o f t hese s ta ters b y L eucon I f or h is c opper c o ins a s f ar a long a s t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he I Ird c entury B .C . Fro m t he c o ins o f L eucon t h is t ype p robab ly a lso p assed o ver t o t he T heodos ia c o ins o f t ha t t ime a s we l l . We s hou ld r e mark u pon t he c ircu mstances u nder wh ich t he g o ld A lexander s ta ters were f ound .

T hey were a l l f ound i n g raves, whereas t he c yz icenes

h ave n ever b een f ound i nb ur ia ls. T h is i s p robab ly t o b e e xp la ined b y t he f act t ha t i t was j ust i n t he l ast t h ird o ft he I V th c en tury t ha t t he c usto m o f p u t t ing c o ins i n to g raves s pread t o t he B osporus: we h ave a lready s een h ow f requen t a re g rave f inds o f c opper c o ins o ft he l ast t wo I V th c entury s er ies, whereas e ar l ier Pan t icapaeu m c o ins a re n ot f ound i n b ur ia ls a t a l l .

I f we f i nd c opper

c o ins i n t he g raves o f c o mmoners, i ti s q u ite n a tura l t ha t g o ld s ta ters s hou ld b e f ound i n s uch r ich t u mu l i a s Bo lshaya B l izn itsa o r Ak-Burun . J ust a s t he c yz icenes were s upp lan ted i n t he Bosporus b y t he A lexander s ta ters, s o t hese g radua l ly g ave way t o t he s ta ters o f L ys i machus . T he f irst L ys i machus s ta ters r each ing t he Bosporus were s truck wh i le h e was s t i l l a l ive i .e . a t t he v ery e nd o f t he I Vth c en tury B .C . o r a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he I f ird ,154

a nd t hey were c urren t i n p ara l le l w i th t he p ostumous i ssues o f t he

s ta ters o f A lexander o f Macedon . Bu t t he ma in mass o f t he L ys i machus g o ld c ircu la t ing i n t he B osporus a lready f a l ls t o al a ter d a te : i t was i ssued b y c i t ies o f t he Western Eux ine a nd p ar t icu lar ly b y Byzan t ium a f ter t he d ea th o f L ys i machus, d ur ing t he I Ird a nd Ind c en tur ies B .C .

1 55

I n a dd it ion t o a n

e normous n u mber o f c o ins, d ecora t ive c op ies o f d es igns f ro m t he m a re a lso f ound i n B osporus g raves .

T hese f i nds, a nd a lso im ita t ions o f L ys i macus

1 07

t ypes o ccurr ing i n B osporus c o ins r egard ing w h ich we s ha l l s peak l a ter o n , a re i nd ica t ive o f t he c ons iderab le f unct ion p er formed b y L ys i machus s ta ters i n B osporus mone tary c ircu la t ion o f t he I Ird a nd I l nd c en tur ies B .C. T he p resence i n I V th a nd I Ird c en tury B osporus mone tary c ircu la t ion o f al arge amoun t o f a l ien c o in wh ich c onst itu ted a p aymen t med ium i n t rade d ea ls w i th f ore ign merchan ts d id n ot p reven t t he B osporus r u lers f ro m mak ing a n e f for t t o i ssue g o ld c o in o f t he ir own , d es igned f or c ircu la t ion i n f ore ign marke ts . i n t he V th c en tury a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he I V th t he e cono m ic d eve lopmen t o f t he B osporus was s t i l l i nsuf f ic ien t f or t he c oun try t o h ave a ny p re tens ions t oward c rea t ion o f ac o in o f i t s own h av ing i n terna t iona l e xchange f unct ions . T he s i tua t ion c hanged t oward t he s econd t h ird o f t he I V th c en tury .

T he s uc-

c essfu l c onquest p o l icy o f t he f irst S par toc ids a nd t he e xpans ion o f t he B osporus s ta te , e vo lu t ion o f l oca l p roduct iv ity , c onstan t ly b urgeon ing t rade , s treng thened c o m merc ia l t i es o f t he B osporus w i th v ar ious G reek s ta tes a nd a bove a l l w ith A thens, c onver ted t he s ta te o f t he S par toc ids i n to o ne o f t he most i mpor tan t e cono m ic c en tres o f t he e astern Med iterranean a rea .

I n B lack S ea t rade t he

B osporus o ccup ied a c o m mand ing p os it ion , a s l i kew ise i n t rade w ith t he i nl and a reas o f t he e astern European p la in . Under s uch c ircu mstances i tb ecame p oss ib le t o i ssue i n t he B osporus a c o in wh ich c ou ld p lay t he p ar t o f a n i n ter loca l c ircu la tory med iu m a nd c ou ld c o mpe te w ith t he c yz icenes t ha t h ad h i ther to who l ly d om ina ted t he B lack S ea money marke t . Z ograph i nd ica ted t ha t t h is was p rec ise ly t he a im p ursued b y t he i ssuance , s tar t ing i n t he 7 0s o f t he I V th c en tury , o f t he Pan t icapaeum g o ld s ta ters ;1 56

j ust if ica t ion f or t h is p ropos it ion i s t o b e f ound i n a na lys is o f

f i nd ings o f Pan t icapaeu m s ta ters i n h oards .

Most i nd ica t ive i n t h is c onnec-

t i on was t he l arge h oard f ound i n 1 930 o n t he i s land o f Pr ink ipo . I n a dd it ion t o 1 6 g o ld P an t icapaeu m s ta ters o f t he f i rst t hree s er ies, i tc on ta ined a lso 1 60 c yz icenes, 4 s ta ters o f L ys i machus, a nd 2 7 g o ld s ta ters o f Ph i l ip I o f Macedon . Reg l ing , who a na lysed t he c o mpos it ion o f t h is h oard , e xp la ins i t s v ar ieg a ted make-up o n t he b as is o ft he i d iosyncra t ic c ircu mstances o f B lack S ea t rade . 1 57 C yz icenes, l a mpsacenes, a nd s ta ters o f Ph i l ip a s we l l -a l l t hree p layed a n i mpor tan t p ar t i n B lack S ea t rade , a nd i n G reek t rade g enera l ly , a s med ia o f i n terna t iona l e xchange .

O bv ious ly Pan t icapaeum s ta ters, t oo , p er-

f ormed t h is f unct ion a round t he B lack S ea . Ag o ld s ta ter o f Pan t icapaeu m f ro m t he f irst s er ies was a lso f ound i n a s econd h oard f ar f ro m t he b oundar ies o f t he B osporus - i n t he t h ird S a ida ( S idon ) h oard .

1 58

Th is h oard c on ta ined s evera l t housand g o ld s ta ters o f

A lexander t he G rea t a nd i nd iv idua l c o ins o f C ius, R hodes, a nd Pny tagoras o f S a la m is .

T he p resence i n t he h oard o f s even v ery r are s ta ters o f C ius, a

c i ty l oca ted i n t he Propon t is, p erhaps a lso p o in ts t oward t he a rea where t he c o m merc ia l a ct iv ity o f t he p erson who b ur ied t he b oard r an i t s c ourse . O ft he t wo h oards f ound o n B osporus t err itory a nd c on ta in ing Pan t icapaeum g o ld s ta ters o ne , t he Pu len tsovo h oard , i nc ludes c yz icenes a long w ith t hese . T hus h ere t oo t he P an t icapaeu m s ta ters make t he ir a ppearance a s c o ins p erf orm ing t he s ame f unc t ion a s t he c yz inces . 1 08

We d o n ot h ave a dequa te d a ta

about the composition of the second hoard, found in 1844 0:..1 the Taman penin­ sula. We know that 12 Panticapaeum staters of the first two series were found there.159 Attention is drawn by the fact that in all the hoards where Panticapaeum staters have been found in considerable quantity - those of Pulentsove, Prinkipo, and Taman - it was the first three types of these staters that were present. This bears witness to parallel and fairly prolonged circulation of staters of the different series - a phenomenon similar to the one abserved in connection with the cyzicenes. Evidence to the same effect is the finding of a stater of the first group in the Saida hoard, the date of which is pretty firmly defined as about 310-300 B. C. 160 For our characterisation of the Panticapaeum gold staters as coins intended for external circulation, their being found in the Caucasus is of great interest. Here two hoards have been found, one in the former Kutaisk province in 1901 and the other at about the same time in Svanetia. A considerable part of the first hoard (21 coins) was studied by Regling. All the staters of this hoard be­ longed to the Vth series, but were still of full weight. 161 We are acquainted with the findino- of th� second hoard (10 examples) only from an impression sent to Reglin� from T4Pningrad tn 1904. Regling and in his footsteps Pakhomov suggest that what is involved here is a split-off part of the same hoard. 162 But there are not sufficient grounds for this; on the contrary, one may believe that the Recond find is an independent one, because the impression from a coin of the second hoard which was sent to Regling shows the type of a stater of C$'V according to Regllng' s classification, and this type is known only for staters with weight already reduced; in the Kutaisk hoard not a single such specimen was brought to light. Whatever may be the truth of this matter, the Caucasus finds are of interest through the mere fact that they afford a first and thus far a sole example of a hoard of Panticapaeum staters of the latest period, includ­ ing s�ters of reduced weight. The thesis that the Panticapaeum gold staters were intended for circulation on the external market is of great importance for resolving the question of the novel weight of these coins. This last problem has been judged many times and in exceedingly different ways. Ordinarily the endeavor has been to force the peculiar weight of the Panticapaeum staters into some denomination of a definite standard without paying any attention to the specific character of the actual issuance of this gold; thus Brandis derives the weight of the P anticap­ aeum stater from the Babylonian mina, 163 Koehne from the weight norm of the daric, 164 etc. The moat widespread theory, particularly in western European literature, is one to the effect that the P anticapaeum staters supposed­ ly follow the Attic standard but are of a somewhat increased weight, which is explained through the allegation that gold was to be found in abundance in the .. Bosporus and was very cheap. 165 Despite the fact that Bertier de la Garde most convincingly refuted all of these notions and demonstrated the utter insubstantiality of such explanations both from the numismatic and from the general historical viewpoints, 166 this theory has continued even more recently to enjoy popularity among western European numismatists 167 and has even been reflected in Soviet scientific writing. 168 This may be explained mainly by the fact that the achievements 109

o f Russ ian a nd S ov ie t s c ience i n t he f i e ld o f a nc ien t n um is ma t ics h ave r e ma ined a l most c o mp lete ly u nknown t o western European s cho lars. Bu t B er t ier d e l a Garde , h av ing q u ite r ight ly s ha t tered a nd r e jected t he f l i msy t heor ies a bou t "c heap g o ld" a nd t he l i ke , d id n ot h i mse lf manage t o r eso lve s a t isfactor i ly t he p rob le m o f t he o r ig in o f t he Pan t icapaeum s ta ter 's we igh t . He s uggested t ha t t he Pan t icapaeu m g o ld c o ins were t r ihe m idrach ms o n t he Aeg ine t ic s tandard .

1 69

T o d o t h is h e h ad t o a ccep t t wo r ec iproca l ly q u ite

e xc lus ive p os tu la tes : i n t he f i rst p lace , t ha t i n t he B osporus t he Aeg ine t ic s tandard was u sed f or c o in ing g o ld , whereas i n a l l t he r est o f t he a nc ien t wor ld i t was a pp l ied o n ly t o s i lver ; i n t he s econd p lace , t ha t i n t he B osporus a u n it o f n ine o bo ls ( t he t r ihe m idrach m) , u nknown a nywhere e lse , was i n troduced i nt o t he A eg inet ic s yste m .

T he v ery n eed f or t hese c ircu m locu t ions a rouses

d oubt i n t he c orrectness o f Ber t ier d e l a Garde 's who le e d if ice . Bu t , a r ises f ro m t h is, t here a re e rroneous p ropos it ions a t t he i n it ia l p o in ts o f h is r eason ing . T hus h e c ons iders t he i n it ia t ion o f t he Pan t icapaeum g o ld c o inage t o h ave b een ac onsequence o f t he i n troduct ion o f t he g o ld c ircu la t ion o f Ph i l ip o f Macedon , whereas a ctua l ly , a s Z ograph d e monstra ted , t he i ssuance o f Pan t icapaeum g o ld s tar ted c ons iderab ly b efore t he c o inage o f Ph i l ip . I n c o mpar ing Pan t icapaeu m g o ld a nd s i lver , Ber t ier d e l a Garde t akes a s t he u n it o ft he l a t ter a s ta ter we igh t o f 1 2 .13 g , a l though a ctua l ly t he we igh t o f Pan t icapaeu m s i lver n ever a ch ieves t ha t n orm .

And t hen t he o n ly k nown s ta ters

o f Pan t icapaeu m p er ta in , a s we h ave s een , t o t he v ery e nd o f t he I V th c entury , whereas t he s tr ik ing o f g o ld c o m menced 6 0-70 y ears e ar l ier . Bu t B er t ier d e l a Garde 's ma in e rror l i es i n t he f o l low ing : h e a dop ts a s ab as ic p osu la te t he p os i t ion t ha t i n t he Bosporus g o ld must h ave b een s truck o n t he s ame we igh t s tandard a s s i lver , b ecause t he l a t ter was t he b as is o f mone tary c ircu la t ion i n t he B osporus, a nd t he r a t io b e tween t he v a lues o f a l l d eno m ina t ions o f g o ld a nd s i lver must b e as i mp le o ne .

1 7

°

Ye t i f we c ons ider t ha t Pan t icapaeu m s i lver was c urren t o n ly i n t he B osp orus a nd t ha t t he g o ld s ta ters were i n tended p r i mar i ly f or t he e x terna l mark e t , i tw i l l b eco me a l together c lear t ha t t he p eop le o f Pan t icapaeum , i n d e term in ing t he we igh t n orms f or t he ir g o ld c o in , must h ave h ad t o c oncern t he mse lves w ith h ar mon is ing i t s we igh t n ot w i th l oca l s i lver , b u t w ith t ha t i n terna t ion c o in wh ich a lready h e ld sway i n B lack S ea marke ts, i .e . t he c yz icenes :

i t was p rec ise ly w ith t hese t ha t t he g o ld s ta ters i ssued b y P an t i-

c apaeu m were g o ing t o h ave t o c o mpe te .

F inds o f t he l a t ter t oge ther w ith

c yz icenes i n t he h oards o f Pu len tsovo a nd Pr ink ipo c on f irm t he c orrec tness o f t h is s or t o f r eason ing . Z ograph was t he f irst t o p o in t o u t t he n eed f or e qu iva la t ing t he v a lue o f t he Pan t icapaeu m g o ld s ta ter w i th t he v a lue o f t he c yzicene .1 71 W i th t h is a ssumpt i on a s b as is, Z ograph t hen a pp l ied t he f o l low ing c ourse o f r eason ing . The n orma l we igh t o f t he c yz icene i s 1 6 .00 g .1 72 Ac yz icene c on ta ins 5 2% o f g o ld , o r 8 .32 g ra ms, a nd 4 8% o f s i lver , o r 7 .68 g rams ; w i th a r a t io o f 1 :10 b etween t he p r ices o f s i lver a nd g o ld t he v a lue o f t he c yz icene w i l l b e e qua l t o t he v a lue o f 9 .09 g o f p ure g o ld ( 8 .32 +

8-9 .09 ).

Bui a s t he w e igh t o f t he P an t i-

c apaeum g o ld s tater i s 9 .09 g , t he c yz icene i s e qua l i n v a lue t o o ne s ta ter • 173

1 10

Zograph's calculation is very simple and altogether persuasive. It fur­ nishes at least a more believable explanation for the origin of the unusual weight of the P anticapaeum stater. There are, it is true, two circumstances that prevent us from being entirely sure of the accuracy of all the calculations brought in. For one thing, the composition of the cyzicenc is pretty indefinite, and although the percentage relationship for gold and silver in the cyzicene that was adopted by Zograph is an average one, in individual cases fluctuations in the composition reach very high proportions.174 In the second place, the N:� = 10:1 rate is merely postulated for the first half of the IVth century, when the issuance of the Panticapaeum staters started; in documents that relationship is attested only for the time of Philip and Alexander the Great. 176 These qualifications somewhat detract from the force of the calculations carried out by Zograph, but his hypothesis nevertheless seems to us the most accaptable explanation of the origin of the weight of the Panticapaeum stater. There is in addition one other argument, not without interest, that may be advanced in favour of this hypothesis. In a process at law known to us from an oration of Demosthenes the defend­ ant Phormion asserts th;:lt 8t a til!lc v �en he v·as in t e Bosporus he returned the sum which he owed the plaintiff, 2600 Attic drachmr.s, through payment of 120 cyzicenes, 177 whence it followed that one cyzicene was :vorth 21 2/3 Attic drachmas. We are precisely acquainted with the weight of the Attic drachma: at that Ume (about 327 B. C. ) it came to 4.24 grams .178 Thus the value of the cyzicene in terms of silver comes to 91. 80 g (4. 24 x 21. 66 ). Since the rate of gold to silver already at that time unquestionably stood at 10:1, 179 the value of the cyzicene in gold works out at 9. 18 grams. This weight comes very close to the weight of the Panticapaeum stater and on that account it may serve as an argument in support of Zograph' s hypothesis. It is true that in his oration against Phormion :i Demosthenes asserts flatly that the cyzicene was worth 28 Attic drachmas in the Bosporus, and thereby seemingly overthrows both thP contPntion of the nefendant and our calculations (Jt is pre­ cisely this testimony of Demosthenes that Bertier de la Garde, giving no weight at all to Phormion' s statement, sets at the foundation of his reckoning). 180 But the proposition advanced by several investigators 181 to the effect that the ratio adduced by Demosthenes was an·unusual and abnormal one arising from some sort of local circumstances, most likely the war of Paerisades against local tribes that was goin on at the time Phormion was sojourning in the Bos­ porus and which we know about from this very oration of Demosthenes, 182 is probably right. To judge by his account, the war was so serious that it brought about an almost complete stoppage of trade; and of course these events could have an effect upon the relative rate of the cyzicene. Phormion, more­ over, having borrowed the money at Athens, would naturally have to repay it at the regular rate, not at a fortuitous local one. Having commenced to issue gold staters of this unusual weight, the Panti­ capaeum mo�eyers see to preservation of the coin norm in each individual example with exceptional care. The weight tolerance in this gold coinage is exceedingly slight - no more than 0. 0048. 183 The normal weight of the stater comes to 9.10 g (more precisely 9. 096); 184 deviations from this norm are most insigniicant, whether in the one direction or in the other. This exactitude 111

i n a d just ing t he we igh t o f t he Pan t icapaeum g o ld s ta ters, a nd t he ir h igh a r t ist i c mer i ts, must h ave e nsured t he m a w idespread c ircu la t ion i n t he markets o f t he B lack S ea c oasts s ide b y s ide w i th t he c yz icenes . Ber t ier d e l a Garde b e l ieved t ha t e ven t he f irs t i ssues o f Pan t icapaeu m g o ld c o ins were u nab le t o w in t he mse lves a p lace i n t he marke t a nd t ha t t hey a t o nce d isappeared f ro m c ircu la t ion ;

1 85

i n d o ing s o h e a ga in s tar ts f ro m t he

i ncorrect a ssu mp t ion t ha t a t t he mo men t when t he s tr ik ing o f g o ld s tar ted a t Pan t icapaeu m t he marke t was a lready f i l led t o o ver f low ing w ith t he s ta ters o f Ph i l ip .

Bu t t he f ac ts t e l l u s o therw ise .

A s we h ave s een , t he s ta ters o f t he

f irst s evera l s er ies were i n c ircu la t ion f or a r a ther l ong t ime , a nd i t was o n ly a f ter t he a ppearance o f t he a bundan t g o ld o f A lexander o f Macedon u pon t he money marke t t ha t t hey c o m menced t o d isappear f ro m c ircu la t ion . O ne may s uppose t ha t t he Pan t icapaeum g o ld c o inage e n joyed c ons iderab le s uccess a nd t ha t t he Pant icapaeu m s ta ters were r a ther p opu lar i n t he B lack S ea c i t ies . The f act t ha t t he o bverse t ype o f t he Pan t icapaeum s ta ter i s r ep roduced u pon o ne o f t he c yz icene s er ies s uggests t h is i dea . 1 86 Bu t t h is b orrow ing o ft he Pan t icapaeu m t ype b y t he Cyz icus moneyers w ou ld h ard ly h ave t he p ureose o f f orc ing B osporus g o ld o u t o f t he marke ts, a s R ostov tsev s uggests.

1 8(

C yz icus h ad c o me t o o ccupy t oo s o l id ly t he d om inan t p os it ion

i n t he B lack S ea money marke ts f or i tt o b e s er ious ly t hrea tened b y t he Pan t icapaeu m g o ld c o inage , p robab ly s t i l l v ery sma l l i n s cope .

And i ndeed ,

wha t was t o b e g a ined t hrough s uch p ar t ia l c opy ing o f t he o bverse t ype? On Cyz icus s ta ters o ne f i nds t ypes b orrowed f ro m c o ins o f t he most v ar ious c i t ies:

T arentum , S yracuse , C or in th , S amos, Phocaea , e tc .

1 88

T he b or-

r ow ings a re e v iden t ly t o b e e xp la ined s i mp ly b y t he a r t ist ic mer its o f t hese t ypes a nd b y w idespread f am i l iar ity w ith t he c orrespond ing c o ins. Probab ly t he c opy ing o ft he Pan t icapaeu m t ype was o f t he s ame n a ture . Ah ead o f as a tyr o n o ne o ft he l ampsacenes o f t he s econd h a lf o f t he w th c en tury i s a lso c op ied f ro m t he s ta ters o f Pan t icapaeu m .

1 8 9

T hese b orrow ings a nd t he f i nds o f

Pan t icapaeu m s ta ters i n h oards o u ts ide t he c onf ines o f t he B osporus s how t ha t Pan t icapaeu m g o ld r ece ived f u l l r ecogn i t ion i n t he G reek w or ld . S o l ong a s t he Pan t icapaeu m s ta ters c ircu la ted i n t he marke t o n a n e ven f oot ing w ith c yz icenes e very th ing wen t we l l . Bu t when a t t he e nd o f t he 3 0s a nd i n t he 2 0s o f t he I V th c entury t he g o ld o f A lexander o f Macedon p oured i n to t he B lack S ea markets i n e normous q uan t it ies, t he s ta ters o f P an t icapaeu m were i n a n t m favourab le s i tua t ion . T he c yz icenes were r ap id ly f orced o u t o f c ircu la t ion b y t he g o ld s ta ters o f A lexander . T he Pan t icapaeu m s ta ter was v ery l i t t le d if feren t i n we igh t f ro m t he A lexandr ine s ta ters, b u t e ven t h is s l igh t e xcess i n we igh t was e n t ire ly s uf f ic ien t t o e nsure t ha t Pan t icapaeum s ta ters s hou ld d isappear f ro m c ircu la t ion . T hey were n ot s o w ide ly u sed o r s o p opul ar a s t o ma in ta in t he ir own e xchange r a te s ide b y s ide w i th t ha t o f t he A lexa ndr ine s ta ter , b u t n e ither c ou ld t hey r e ma in c urren t a t t he r a te o f t ha t c o in , s ince i n t ha t e ven t t he ir t rue me ta l l ic w or th w ou ld b e h igher t han t he ir n om in a l v a lue , a nd l i ke a l l o ther c o ins i n s uch a s i tua t ion t hey must p ro mpt ly b ec o me d e mone t ised . Perhaps i t was n o t b y c hance t ha t a l l t hree h oards c on ta in ing Pan t icapaeum s ta ters i n a ny q uan t ity - Pu len tsovo , Taman , a nd Pr ink ipo -were b ur ied , s o f ar a s o ne c an j udge , i n t he 3 0s o r a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 0s o f t he I V th c entury . 1 12

Probab ly t h is c onversion o f c yz icenes a nd Pan t icapaeum s ta ters i n to t reasure h oards was a ctua l ly a r ef lec t ion o f t h is d e monet isa t ion t hey h ad u ndergone , o ne wh ich must i nev itab ly h ave o ccurred a s ar esu lt o f s a tura t ion o f t he marke t w ith A lexandr ine s ta ters. T hese l a t ter p resu mab ly p ene tra ted s o mewha t l a ter i n to t he Caucasus t han i n to o ther B lack S ea a reas, t hanks t o wh ich i ti s t here t ha t we f ind h oards o f Pant icapaeum s ta ters o f al a ter t ime , t he l ast d ecade o f t he I V th c en tury . Bu t P an t icapaeu m was u nw i l l ing t o r econc i le i t se lf a t o nce t o i t s g o ld ' s b e ing f orced o u t o f t he money marke t , a nd i ts ough t t o s trugg le a ga inst t h is b y l ower ing t he we igh t o f i t s s ta ter t o t he n orm o f t he A lexandr ine c o inage . Among t he Pan t icapaeum s ta ters t here i s ag roup o f c o ins t he we igh t o f wh ich e xact ly o crresponds t o t he we igh t o f t he A lexandr ine g o ld s ta ters. Ber t ier d e l a G arde c i tes t he we igh ts o f f i ve s uch e xamp les : 8 .56 ;

8 .551 8 .34 .

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8 .56 ;

8 .56 ;

He d er ives a n a verage we igh t o f 8 .51 f or t hese c o ins,

b u t d oubt less t he we igh t o f t he l ast c o in ( 8 .34) i s ac hance d ev ia t ion f ro m t he n orm , a nd t he n orma l we igh t o f a l l t hese s ta ters c o mes t o a bou t 8 .56 .1 91 R eg l ing d e monstra ted

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t ha t t he Pan t icapaeum s ta ters o f r educed we igh t

b e long t o t he f i f th a nd l ast t ypo log ica l s er ies o f P an t icapaeum g o ld , a l l o f t he m b e ing s truck w ith t he s a me d ie ( Reg l ing d es igna tes i tb y t he s ymbo l cr v) . Th is c ircumstance u nquest ionab ly a lso i nd ica tes ab r ie f d ura t ion o f t he ir i ssuance . Reg l ing p laces t h is e s-v t ype a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he f if th s er ies, b u t h e i s wrong i n t h is ; i ti s v ery d if f icu lt t o s uppose t ha t t he P an t icapaeu m moneyers c ou ld h ave r e turned t o t he e ar l ier we igh t o f t he c o ins a f ter t he i ssuance o f t hese r ed uced s ta ters . Probab ly Ber t ier d e l a Garde i s r igh t i n c ons ider ing t hese s ta ters o f r educed we igh tt o b e t he l ast g o ld i ssue . T he v ery r are h em ista ters w ith

e ard less s a tyr ' sh ead o n t he o bverse a nd

t he p roto me o f al i on-headed g r if f in o n t he r everse g o t oge ther w ith t hese s ta ters o f A t t ic we igh t . 1 93 Bu t a pparen t ly t he a t te mp t t o s ave t he n a t ive g o ld c o inage b y s h if t ing t o a n ew we igh t s yste m was u nseccessfu l , a nd Pan t icapaeum h ad t o g ive u p g o ld c o in o f i t s own . We h ave a lready d iscussed f ind ings o f Pan t icapaeum g o ld s ta ters i n h oards. F ind ings o f i nd iv idua l c o ins a re k nown f ro m b ur ia ls b oth a t Pan t icapaeu m i t se lf a nd b eyond i t sl im i ts, o ver t he who le t err i tory o f t he Bosporus s ta te . T here i s n o i n for ma t ion o n p ene tra t ion o f Pan t icapaeum g o ld s ta ters i n to t he S cy th ian s teppe , b u t o ne may s uppose t ha t t h is g o ld must h ave moved i n to t he s teppe i n s o me q uan t ity .

I n e xchange f or a gr icu ltura l p roduce wh ich t he

Maeo t ians a nd S cy th ians f urn ished t he Greeks o f t he n or th s hore o f t he B lack S ea a nd wh ich t he l a t ter s h ipped t o t he ir me tropo l itan c i t ies, a c ons iderab le q uan t i ty o f p rec ious me ta l must h ave p roceeded i n to t he s teppe f ro m t he Bosp orus c o lon ies, b ecause t he v a lues o f t he manufactures o f Greek i ndustry a nd o f t he w ine c onsu med b y t he p opu la t ion o f t he S cy th ian s teppes c ou ld o f c ourse n ot c over t he e n t ire e xpor ta t ion o f r aw ma ter ia ls a nd a gr icu ltura l p roduce . Probab ly t he g rea ter p ar t o f t h is p rec ious meta l wen t i n to t he s teppe i n t he f orm o f t he b eau t ifu l p roducts o f Greco-Scy th ian a r t : v ases, j ewe l lery , s cabbard moun t ings, b owcases, e tc ., wh ich a re f ound i n s uch c ons iderab le

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q uan t i ty i n r ich S cy th ian t o mbs : b u t s o me p ar t t hereof may h ave t urned u p i n t he s teppe a lso i n t he f orm o f c o ins, e i ther e lec tru m c yz icenes o f g o ld P an t icapaeu m s ta ters . We may r egard a s i nd irect p roof o f t h is t he f ac t t ha t i n S cy th ian t u mu l i o f t he s econd h a lf o ft he I V th a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he I Ird c en tury t here a re f req uen t f i nds o f sma l l s hee t-go ld o rnamen ts r eproduc ing t he t ypes o f t he Pan t ic apaeu m g o ld s ta ters . T he s ty le o f t hese l a me l lae i s s harp ly d ist ingu ished f ro m t ha t o f t he manu factures, a na logous i n p urpose , o f t he B osporus w orkers i n t he m ina ture a r ts, a nd i to b l iges o ne t o t h ink t ha t t hey may h ave b een p rod uced i n S cy th ia i t se lf . The most p ersuas ive f ind was t ha t o f l a me l lae a t t he Oguz t u mu lus, wh ich r eproduce b o th t he o bverse a nd t he r everse t ypes o f Pan t icapaeu m s ta ters . 1 94 L ame l lae o f t he Deyevo , B o lsho i R ogach ik , Cherto m lyk , A leksandropo l , a nd Mordv inovsk iye t u mu l i r eproduce o n ly t he o bverse t ype . 1 95 Apparen t ly t he s ta ters o f t he t hree l ast s er ies s erved a s t he o r ig ina ls f or t hese l a me l lae , t o j udge b y t he e xc lus ive ly p rof i le r epresen ta t ion o f t he s a tyr 's h ead a nd t he way i n wh ich t he h orns o f t he g r if f in o n t he Oguz l a me l lae c urve .

Bu t i ti s n ot p oss ib le t o i den t ify t he p rototype more p re-

c ise ly . T he p resence i n t he Deyevo t u mu lus o f l a me l lae b ear ing n ot o n ly b eard less b u t a lso b earded s a tyrs ' h eads a l lows u s t o s uppose t ha t t he o r ig ina l f or t hese may h ave b een e i ther g o ld h em ista ters, o r e lse Pan t icapaeum s i lver c o ins u po n wh ich ab eard less s a tyr 's h ead a ppears . T he f i nd ing o ft hese l a me l lae i m ita t ing Pan t icapaeum c o ins, a nd t he a bs ence o f t he a ctua l c o ins f ro m t he S cyth ian s teppe , f orce u s t o s uppose t ha t t hese c o ins, u pon s tray ing i n to t he s teppe , were d emone t ised b y b e ing me lted d own i n to b u l l ion . And t h is i n i t s t urn p o in ts t oward t he n on-ex istence i n S cyth ia i t se lf o f a ny w idespread mone tary c ircu la t ion , a t l east i n t he f orm o f ac ircu la t ion o f Pan t icapaeum g o ld c o in . A s ad e monstra t ion o f t he f act t ha t Pan t icapaeu m c o ins wh ich p ene tra ted i n to t he i n ter ior r eg ions o f S cy th ia c eased t o p er form t he f unct ion o f money , we h ave t he f i nd ing o f t wo Pan t icapaeu m g o ld c o ins, made i n to f inger-r ings, a t t he Ryzhanovka t u mu lus . 1 96 T here a re n o s er ious g rounds f or s uspect ing h ere a p oss ib i l ity o f s econdary u se , a s o rnamen t , o f c o ins wh ich h ad a lready p assed o u t o f c ircu la t ion , s ince t he e n t ire i nven tory o f t he Ryzhanovka b ur ia l s tands i n t he way o f o ur d a t ing t he t u mu lus l a ter t han t he I V th c en tury o r t he v ery b eg inn ing o f t he I Ird . 1 97 T hus t he Ryzhanovka t u mu lus g ives u s av iv id e xamp le o f d e mone t isa t ion o f Pan t icapaeum s ta ters wh ich h ad p ene tra ted d eep i n land . Probab ly t he s ame f a te a lso o vertook t he e lectrum c yz icenes, wh ich u nder a ny o ther s e t o f c ircu mstances o ugh t t o h ave b een f ound o f ten e nough i n o ur s teppes .

1 98

T he d e mone t isa t ion o f g o ld c o ins , t he ir b e ing me lted d own ,

a nd t he ir b e ing c onver ted i n to g o ld b u l l ion o r g o ld a r tefac ts a re , t aken t ogether , o ne o ft he man ifesta t ions o ft ha t i n it ia l s equestra t ion o f e xchange v a luab les t hrough t he c rea t ion o f h oarded t reasures, s o c haracter ist ic f or a nc ien t p eop les h av ing a n i nadequa te ly d eve loped p roduct ion o f merchand ise ; a nd t h is i n i t s t urn i t se lf t est if ies t o t he f act t ha t t ha t d eve lop men t was i nadequa te . 1 99 T he h istory o f Bosporus c o inage a nd o f monetary c ircu la t ion i n t he B osporus d ur ing t he I V th a nd t he f i rst h a lf o f t he L I Ird c en tur ies B .C. ,wh ich we h ave b een

1 14

e xam in ing i n t h is c hap ter , e nab les u s t o r a ise a c oup le o f g enera l q uest ions b ear ing u pon t he e cono m ic a nd p o l it ica l s i tua t ion o f t he B osporus s ta te d ur ing t he p er iod i n q uest ion . We h ave a lready r e marked t ha t t he t er m ina t ion o f a u tono mous c o inage b y t he B osporus c i t ies s ave f or Pan t icapaeum , wh ich c ons t i tu tes t he l i ne o f d e ma rca t ion b e tween t he f irst a nd t he s econd p er iods i n t he h istory o f t he B osporus c urrency , s hou ld b e t aken a s a ssoc ia ted w ith t he c en tra l is ing t endenc ies o f t he S par toc ids a nd w i th t he e xpans ion ist p o l icy o f L eucon I .

There n a tura l ly

a r ises a q uest ion a s t o t he measure i n wh ich Pan t icapaeum ' sr e ten t ion o f a n a u tono mous c o inage o f i t s own r ef lects t he p os it ion o f t h is c i ty r e la t ive t o t he o ther p o le is o f t he B osporus , a nd r e la t ive t o t he S par toc ids . T here c an b e n o d oubt t ha t t he r eserva t ion o f t he r igh t o f c o inage e xc lus ive ly t o Pan t icapaeu m a nd t he d epr iv ing a l l t he o ther B osporus p o le is o f t h is r igh t a re e v idences o f a n e xcep t iona l p os it ion a ss igned t o t h is c i ty a s t he c ap it a l o f t he s ta te , f ro m a s e ar ly a s t he t imes o f t he f i rst S par toc ids . A t t he s ame t ime , t he r igh t t o s tr ike a utono mous c o ins must h ave c ons iderab ly s treng thened t he e cono m ic p os it ion o f P an t icapaeu m a nd must h ave c on tr ibu ted t o s t i l l g rea ter e nhance men t t hereof v is-a=v is t he o ther B osporus c i t ies . Ev iden t ly e cono m ic p r i macy wen t h and i n h and w ith p r iv i leges o f ap o l it ica l a nd j ur id ica l o rder t ha t were e n joyed b y t he Pan t icapaeans a s ac o m mun ity , a nd o ne o ft he man ifesta t ions o f t hese was t he r igh t t o s tr ike c o ins o f t he ir own . T he a u tono mous c iv ic c o inage i s t he ma in f orm t aken b y t he i ssuance o f money t hroughou t t he e n t ire h istory o f t he B osporus u nder S par toc id r u le , e ven a f ter t he i ssuance o f r ega l c o ins a s we l l was i n it ia ted i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C .

T here were t imes a t wh ich n ot o n ly Pan t icapaeu m , b u t a lso

( as w e s ha l l s ee b e low ) c er ta in o ther B osporus c i t ies - T heodos ia , Phanagor ia , G org ipp ia - p ar t ic ipa ted i nt h is a u tono mous c o inage .

I t wou ld s ee m t ha t t h is

p heno menon r ef lects a n a u tono my t ha t was r eserved t o t he c iv ic c o m mun it ies i n S par toc id B osporus: t he c i t ies ( a t l east t he more impor tan t among t he m ) p reserved t o t he mse lves t he r igh t o f own ing c o m mon l ands, t he r igh t o f l oca l s e lf-govern men t , t he e n joymen t o f t he c iv ic c har ter o n t he p ar t o f t he c i t izenry , 2 0 0 e tc . B u t Z ograph h as v ery c au t ious ly r e marked t ha t "we a re u n for tuna te ly n ot i n ap os it ion t o a sser t w i th c onv ict ion t ha t t h is a u tono mous c iv ic c o inage was n o t mere ly a mat ter o f e x terna ls, b u t i ndeed a lso r ef lected r ea l r igh ts o f l oca l s e lf-govern men t o n t he p ar t o ft he c o mmune ."

2 01

T hese d oub ts a re e n t ire ly j ust if ied a nd c orrect . T o b eg in w ith , t he f act t ha t e very s or t o f c iv ic c o inage s ave t ha t o f Pan t ic apaeu m was c u t s hor t a t t he e nd o ft he V th a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he I V th c ent ur ies a f fords e v idence o f av ery d ec ided i n terven t ion o n t he p ar t o f ac en tra l a u thor ity ( i .e . t he S par toc ids) i n t he mone tary p o l icy o f t he c i t ies, a n i n terv en t ion wh ich wen t s o f ar a s c o mp lete p roh ib it ion o f c o inage . By v ir tue o f t h is a ct ion Pan t icapaeu m , s ing led o u t f ro m t he o ther p ole is , r ece ived f ro m t he h ands o f t hese s ame S par toc ids amonopo ly , a s i t were , f or t he i ssuance o f c o ins . T h is i n i t se lf p u ts t he c urrency o f Pan t icapaeu m , i ndependen t i n e x terna ls, b enea th t he s upre me c on tro l o f t he r u lers o f t he B osporus . 1 1 '5

F ro m t h is p o in t o nward , o ver t he c ourse o f a l most t wo c en tur ies c o ins a re i ssued b y t he Pan t icapaeum min t a lone , t he r e ma in ing c i t ies c on t inu ing s tr ipped o f t he r igh t o f c o inage a s t h ither to . I ti s t rue t ha t a t t he m idd le o f t he I Vth c entury B .C . a n a t te mp t was made t o i ssue l oca l c o ins a t T heodosia . We a re a cqua in ted w ith a sma l l n u mber o f Theodos ia c opper c o ins f a l l ing t o t ha t t ime a nd b ear ing t he t ypes o f ab eard less h ead o n t he o bverse a nd ab u tt ing b u l l o n t he r everse 2 1 34 . ( P la te V I , 1 09 ) . T he r everse t ype o f t hese c o ins q u ite p la in ly r epea ts t he t ypes o f Herac le ia a nd C hersonesus c o ins o f t he f irst h a lf o ft he I V th c entury B .C .

T he T heodosia c o ins r eferred t o a re of ten r e-

g arded a s e v idence o f s pec ia l r igh ts p urported ly e n joyed b y Theodos ia w ith in t he s yste m o ft he B osporus s ta te . 2 03 A ctua l ly , h owever , t h is b r ief e p isode , l i ke t he a na logous a t te mp t o f T heodos ia t o i ssue c o ins o f i t s own i n t he t h ird q uar ter o ft he I Ird c en tury B .C., must b e a ssoc ia ted w ith t he a rmed c lash b e tween t he S par toc ids a nd Herac le ia P on t ica , b y e xp lo it ing wh ich Theodos ia s ough t t o r ecover f or i t se lf i ndependence , o r a t l east a utono my , o ver a ga inst S par toc id B osporus .

2 04

T he b r ief a nd n umer ica l ly v ery f eeb le i ssue o f T heodos ia c opper u nder c iru mstances where B osporus ( i nc lud ing Theodos ia ) money marke ts were c ram med w ith a g rea t q uan t ity o f Pan t icapaeum c o in c ou ld n ot , o f c ourse , l ay c la im t o e cono m ic impor tance o f a ny s or t .

I t was p robab ly i n tended t o p er-

f orm q u ite d if feren t f unct ions - t o a f ford e v idence o f ac er ta in i ndependence o f t he c i ty i n t he f ace o f t he B osporus r u lers . T hese r epea ted a t te mpts o f T heodos ia t o make a s how o f i t s i ndependence p rec ise ly t hrough t he c o in ing o f a u tono mous money s how t ha t t he a ct ion o f t he S par toc ids i n s tr ipp ing t he B osporus c i t ies o f t he r igh t t o i ssue t he ir own c o ins was r egarded a s ac ons iderab le d e tract ion f ro m t he ir a u tono my . The r e inst itu t ion o f a u tono mous c o inage o n t he p ar t o f Phanagor ia a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he I nd c entury B .C . a nd t he f i rst a t te mp ts o f G org ipp ia t o s tr ike i t s own c o in i n t hc c ourse o f t he s a me c en tury a re t o b e e xp la ined , a s we s ha l l s ee l a ter o n , b y ac er ta in a t tenua t ion o ft he c en tra l a u thor i ty a t t ha t t ime , a nd b y a r esusc ita t ion o ft he t rad it ion o f p o l ls a u tono my i n g enera l , c ircu mstances wh ich were r ef lected i n an u mber o f o ther p heno mena a s we l l .

Bu t d ur ing t he

c ourse o ft he e n t ire I V th a nd I Ird c entur ies B .C . t he Pan t icapaeum min t ma in ta ined i t s p os i t ion , w i th l i cense o f t he r u lers o f t he B osporus , a s t he s o le s upp l ier o f c o in f or B osporus i n terna l markets. I n mak ing i tp oss ib le f or P an t icapaeum t o s tr ike c o ins o f i t s own , t he B osporus a rchon-k ings n ever the less p resumably r eserved t o t he mse lves t he r igh t t o e xerc ise s upre me c on tro l o ver t he i ssuance o f c o in . D irect i nd ica t ion o f t h is i s t he f act t ha t i n t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C . L eucon I , i n s eek ing t o r estore n orma l c ircu la t ion o f c o ins a f ter i th ad b een s ha t tered b y t he mone tary c r is is, n ot o n ly c arr ied t hrough a n i ssue o f c opper c o ins i n h is own n a me , b u t a lso a dded c oun termarks t o t he Pan t icapaeum c iv ic c opper t ha t was c ircu la t ing o n t he marke t a t t ha t t ime .

2 05

Perhaps, t oo; t he a bsence f ro m Pan t icapaeu m a u tono mous c o ins o f t he n ames o f e lect ive mag istra tes, wh ich n ames Z ograph r e marked u pon a s c ons t itu t ing "a n impor tan t f ea ture o ft i e f u l ly e vo lved a utono mous c o in o f t he c lass ica l a nd He l len ist ic p er iods ," i s t o b e e xp la ined b y t he c ircu mstance t ha t t he Pan t icapaeu m c o inage was n ot who l ly u nder t he s way o f t he c iv ic a u thor it ies, 1 16

b u t was u nder t he o vera l l s uperv is ion o f r oya l f unct ionar ies.

I n t h is c onnect ion

i ti s ac ur ious f act t ha t i n t he Ind c entury B .C. ,a t t he t ime when t here was a n a t tenua t ion o f t he c en tra l a u thor ity a nd a c er ta in r ev iva l o fp o l ls a u tono my , i nd ica t ions o f t he n ames o f mag is tra tes ( no t i n f u l l f orm , t o b e s ure , b u t i n t he s hape o f monograms) a ppear e ven o n P an t icapaeu m s i lver . We s hou ld a lso t ake i n to a ccoun t t he s uggest ion made b y Z ograph t o t he e f fect t ha t t he c onstan t t ype o f t he o bverse o f Pan t icapaeum c o ins i n t he I V th a nd t he f irst h a lf o ft he I Ird c en tur ies B .C ., t he s a tyr ' sh ead , was a s or t o f "c an t ing t ype" o f ar u le o ft he S par toc id l i ne who b ore t he n ame S a tyros a nd who r e igned p rec ise ly a t t he t ime when t ha t t ype c ame i n to u se .

2° 6

T ak ing t ha t p os tu la te a s h er b as is a nd c ons ider ing t he s pec ia l i n teres t o f t he B osporus r u lers i n f ore ign t rade , K . M . K o lobova h as a dvanced t he t hough t t ha t t he m in t ing o f t he P an t icapaeu m g o ld s ta ters "wh i le r e ta in ing t he n a me o f t he c i ty , was n ever the less a lready u nder t he c on tro l o f r oya l mag istra tes."

2°7

I ts ee ms t o u s t ha t t here i s n o n eed t o a ssoc ia te t he i n troduct ion o f r oya l c on tro l o ver c o inage a t Pan t icapaeum w ith t he i ssuance s pec if ica l ly o f t he g o ld s ta ters : i n t he f i rst p lace , b ecause t he ir s tr ik ing h ad c o m menced u nder L eucon I , b u t t he s a tyr t ype , r eca l l ing t he n ame o f h is p redecessor , h ad made i t s a ppearance u pon Pan t icapaeum c iv ic s i lver e ar l ier , s t i l l t oward t he e nd o f t he r e ign o f S a tyros ; i n t he s econd p lace , b ecause i n t he ir t ypo log ica l , s ty l ist ic, a nd f abr ic f ea tures t he Pan t icapaeu m g o ld s ta ters a re v ery c lose ly l i nked w ith t he r est o ft he Pan t icapaeu m c o inage t ha t i s c on te mporaneous w ith t hem a nd d o n ot i n a ny way r evea l as pec ia l a t t itude o f t he c en tra l a u thor ity t oward t he ir i ssuance . Bu t t he a ctua l s uggest ion r egard ing t he p resence o f c on tro l o ver t he Pan t ic apaeum c o inage o ft he Nth c en tury B .C . b y f unct ionar ies o f t he k ing d oes s ee m v ery p laus ib le n o ma t ter wha t me ta l was u sed f or t he c o inage . The c ons iderat i ons t ha t h ave b een a dvanced a bove wou ld s ee m t o s peak i n f avour o f t ha t h ypothes is .

We w ou ld t h ink t he most c onven ien t t ime f or t he i n troduct ion o f

s uch c on tro lt o b e t he b eg inn ing o ft he I Vth c entury B .C. ,when t he a utono mous c o inages o f t he s econd-rank B osporus c i t ies a re t er m ina ted a nd when a c hange t akes p lace i n t he t ypo logy o ft he Pan t icapaeum c o ins - i .e ., a t t ha t s a me l i ne o f d emarca t ion a s t he o ne b e tween t he f irst a nd t he s econd p er iods i n t he e vo lut i on o f c urrency i n t he B osporus .

I fo ur p ropos it ion i s c orrect , we s ha l l s ecure

s t i l l at h ird c r i ter ion d ist ingu ish ing t he e ar ly c o inage o f t he B osporus c i t ies, a na lysed i n o ur f irst c hap ter , f ro m t he e n t ire s ubsequen t c iv ic c o inage o f t he B osporus, a u tono mous i n e x terna l r espects, y e t d ependen t i n s o me measure u pon t he r oya l a u thor ity i n t he Bosporus . G o ld c o inage was i n troduced a t Pan t icapaeu m u nder L eucon I , i n t he 7 0s o f t he Nth c en tury B .C . T h is s tep was a l together i n h armony w ith t he e cono m ic p o l icy wh ich was p ursed , s o f ar a s we c an j udge , b y t ha t B osporus r u ler . T h is was a p o l icy o f t he most s o l ic itous p oss ib le f oster ing o f e x terna l t rade , a nd o f s treng then ing t rade t i es w ith t he Greek c i t ies - w i th A thens a bove a l l . T he v ery c onquest o f T heodos ia , a nd t he s t ubborn s tr ife w ith Herac le ia Pon t ica o ver t ha t c i ty , h ad most p robab ly b een b rough t o n b y c o mmerc ia l r iva lry b e tween T heodos ia a nd t he B osporus. 2°8 T o t h is was a dded t he d es ire t o s ecure mastery o ver t he h arbour o f Theodosia , t he s urpass ing q ua l it ies o f

1 17

wh ich a re f am i l iar t o u s f ro m S trabo ;2 09 L eucon ' sc arry ing t hrough a r ec onstruct ion o f t he p or t o f Theodos ia was an a tura l c on t inua t ion o f t ha t p

oli

c y. 2 1

T here i s n oth ing s urpr is ing a bou t t he c ircumstance t ha t t h is r u ler , s o c onc erned f or t he t hr iv ing o f B osporus e x terna l t rade , s hou ld a lso s e t a bou t i ss u ing g o ld c o in i n tended t o b eco me t he b as ic means o f p aymen t i n t ha t t rade . A t t h is j uncture t he B osporus s ta te d id w in t o c ons iderab le e cono m ic p rosp er ity , a s we may s ee f ro m t he e xpor t o ppor tun it ies t ha t were a va i lab le t o L eucon I : a s e ar ly a s t h is k ing ' sr e ign t he e xpor t o f g ra in t o A t t ica was v ery g rea t , c om ing t o many h undred t housand med i mno i p er y ear . 2 11 And t hen t here were o ther c i t ies b es ide A thens t ha t made u se o f B osporus g ra in : g ra in e xpor t f ro m t he B osporus t o My t i lene i s a t tested i n t he l i terature ;

2 12

d ecrees a nd t o mbstone i nscr ip t ions s peak o f B osporus I V th c entury l i nks w i th Am isus, Ca lchedon , Byzan t iu m , Herac le ia , S inope , C yprus , C o lophon , a nd o ther c o mmun it ies . 2 13 I t was o n ly t h is f l ower ing o f e x terna l t rade t ha t c ou ld c rea te t he p re m ises n ecessary f or t he s tr ik ing a t Pan t icapaeu m o f g o ld c o ins i n tended f or c ircul a t ion t hroughou t aw idespread o verseas market a nd c o mpet ing w ith t he c yz ic enes. T he p ara l le l c ircu la t ion o n t he Bosporus marke t o f l oca l s i lver i n tended s pec ia l ly f or t ha t market , a nd o f t he g o ld Pan t icapaeum s ta ters d est ined f or t he e x terna l marke t b u t c urrent w ith in t he c oun try a s we l l , c rea ted a s yste m o fb i me ta l l is m i n t he B osporus . I nas much a s t he e lec trum c yz icenes c ircul a ted o n ap ar w i th t he Pan t icapaeu m g o ld s ta ters a nd were e xchangeab le f or t he m , t hey p er formed i n t h is c onnect ion t he s ame f unc t ion a s t he s ta ters . A lthough b oth f orms o f money , g o ld ( or e lec tru m ) a nd s i lver , c ou ld i n f orma l r espects f unc t ion a s a measure o f v a lue , a ctua l ly t ha t r o le f e l l i n t he Bosporus i n c o mp le te c onform ity w ith t he r u le l a id d own b y Marx , t o o ne me ta l a lone n ame ly s i lver . 2 '4 T he g o ld a nd e lectru m c o ins were n ecessar i ly e va lua ted i n t erms o f s i lver ; i n t h is c onnect ion t he t est i mony o f De mosthenes t o w h ich we h ave a lready r eferred i s v ery c ur ious, i n t ha t i tr uns t o t he e f fect t ha t t he Cyz icene s ta ter was e qu iva la ted i n t he B osporus t o ac er ta in n umber o f A t t ic s i lver d rach mas , t hese b e ing o f c ourse mere ly money o f a ccoun t i n t h is i ns tance . I n t he Wth c entury a s l a ter o n , c opper c o ins c onst itu ted o n ly f ract iona l c urrency , i .e . t hey s erved a s t okens wh ich h ad s upp lan ted i n t he c ircu la t ion a t a rb itrary r a tes f u l l-va lue s i lver c o ins . I t was j ust t h is n a ture o f t he c opper c o in i n t he B osporus t ha t d e term ined t he c haracter o f t he monetary c r is is i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he I Ird c entury B .C . when , f or l ack o f p rec ious meta l , a n a t te mp t was made t o r ep lace r ea l s i lver c o ins e n t ire ly w i th c opper f ract iona l money i n t he c ircu la t ion . Af ter t he i n troduc t ion o f t he g o ld c o inage t he c urrency o f Pan t icapaeum e vo lves o n a n e ven k ee l o ver t he c ourse o f t he who le wth c en tury B .C .

T he

r egu lar i ssuance o f g o ld a nd s i lver c oin , a nd s ubsequen t ly o f c opper ; t he c ons tan t we igh t ; t he g ood f abr ic ; t he a r t ist ic e xecu t ion o f t he c o in d ies ;

a nd t he

a bsence o f a ny s or t o f o verstr ikes - a l l t hese t h ings c onst itu te e v idence o f smooth a nd r egu lar o pera t ion o f t he min t , a nd o f ag ood s ta te o f a f fa irs i n t he B osporus f i nanc ia l s yste m a s a who le .

On t ha t a ccoun t t he mone tary c r isis

wh ich a rose a t t he t urn o f t he I V th-I I Ird c en tur ies B . C . a nd wh ich p ara lyzed t he e n t ire mone tary s yste m o f t he B osporus f or more t han h a lf a c entury , s tr ikes u s a s s o much t he more u nexpected a nd s udden . 1 18

0

T he c auses o f t h is c r isis a re t o b e e xp la ined o n ly w ith much t o i l .

Z ograph ,

who d id more t han a nyone e lse t oward s tudy ing t he s ta te o f t he B osporus c urr ency i n t he f irst h a lf o ft he I Ird c en tury B .C. ,f urn ished n o e xp lana t ion o f t he c auses o ft h is d if f icu lt s i tua t ion , b u t i nstead l im ited h i mse lf mere ly t o p u t t ing o n r ecord c er ta in n um is ma t ic f acts. B er t ier d e l a Garde h ad s ough t t o f i nd t he c ause o f t he c r is is i n p ure ly mone tary p o l icy o f t he B osporus s ta te , s uggest ing t ha t t he c r is is h ad b een b rough t o n b y t he l osses t he B osporus h ad s uf fered a s ar esu lt o f t he u nsucc essfu l e ssay a t s tr ik ing g o ld c o in o f i t s own . H e s tar ted f ro m t he t hes is t ha t t he g o ld Pan t icapaeu m s ta ters, b e ing h eav ier , c ou ld n ot b e c urren t o n ap ar w ith t he Macedon ian g o ld s ta ters f ro m t he Ph i l ip a nd A lexander m in ts, t ha t t hey r ap id ly d isappeared f ro m c ircu la t ion , a nd t ha t t h is u nderm ined B osporus f i nances. 21 5 F or a n u mber o f r easons we f i nd i t imposs ib le t o f a l l i n w i th t h is who le c onstruct . F irst o f a l l, t he g o ld c o inage o f Pan t icapaeum was n ot s o a bundan t t ha t l osses o n i t s a ccoun t , e ven i ft hey d id t ake p lace , c ou ld h ave b een s ens ib ly r ef lected i n t he f i nanc ia l p os it ion o f as ta te s o p ower fu l e cono m ica l ly a s was t he k ingdo m o f t he B osporus.

But t he v ery t hesis a s t o t he b u i l tin l oss

f ro m t he Pan t icapaeu m g o ld c o inage o ft he I V th c en tury B .C. i s i n i t se lf e rr oneous .

I ti s b ased u pon t he s uppos it ion t ha t t he i ssuance o f t he Pan t icapeu m

g o ld s ta ters was c o m menced a t at ime when t he money marke t was a lready f i l led w ith t he g o ld o f Ph i l ip o f Macedon , a nd t ha t o n t ha t a ccoun t t he Pan t ic apaeum g o ld c ou ld n ot w in f or i t se lf ap lace i n c ircu la t ion .

t he

Z ograph ' sd a t ing t he f i rst i ssue o f t he Pan t icapaeum g o ld t o t he 7 0s o f mi l c en tury B .C. o f i t se lf l ays b are t he i nsubstan t ia l i ty o f Ber t ier d e l a

Garde ' sr eason ing .

I n a dd i t ion , t he f i nds o f Pan t icapaeum g o ld s ta ters i n

h oards t oge ther w ith c yz icenes, b oth w ith in a nd o u tside t he t err itory o ft he B osporus, t ha t we h ave l i sted a bove , a nd f ur thermore c er ta in o ther d a ta f or e xamp le t he c opy ing o ft he t ypes o f Pan t icapaeu m g o ld a t Cyzicus a nd L ampsacus - t est ify t ha t t hese s ta ters e n joyed a c er ta in p opu lar ity i n t he money marke ts o f t he B lack S ea l i t tora l , a nd t ha t t hey c ircu la ted t here o n a p ar w i th c yz icenes . And i ndeed , i ti s n ot p ossib le t o a ssu me t ha t o ver t he c ourse o f many d ecades t he B osporus g overnmen t s tubbor nly c on t inued a p a te n t ly l os ing c o inage o f g o ld . Yet t he i ssuance o f Pan t icapaeu m s ta ters c ont i nued t o t he v ery e nd o f t he I V th c en tury B .C. ,when t hey were s queezed o u t o f c ircu la t ion b y t he a bundan t A lexander s ta ters.

T h is d isp lace men t o f t he

Pan t icapaeum g o ld b yt he A lexandr ine may , o f c ourse , h ave h ad a c er ta in i nf luence u pon t he s ta tus o f B osporus f i nances a nd may h ave a ccentua ted t he mone tary c r is is i n t he B osporus, b u t i tc an h ard ly h ave c onst itu ted t he p r i me c ause t hereof . G a iduk iev ich l i nks t he c r isis i n monetary c ircu la t ion w ith a n i nc ip ien t g enera l d ec l ine o f e cono m ic l i fe i n t he B osporus i n t he I Ird c en tury B .C . T h is d ec l ine i s i n t urn e xp la ined b y ac hange i n o verseas marke t c ond it ions t he a ppearance o f Egyp t ian g ra in o n Greek marke ts, t he l oss b y A thens o f i t s e cono m ic a nd p o l it ica l i mpor tance , t he p ene tra t ion o f C e l t ic t r ibes i n to t he t err itory o f t he Ba lkans a nd A s ia M inor , a nd t rans m igra t ion o f t r ibes i n t he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora l .

2 16

1 19

G a iduk iev ich ' ss tand h as t he a dvan tage o ver B er t ier d e l a Garde ' sh ypothes is t ha t i td oes n ot l i nk t he c auses o f t he mone tary c r is is s o le ly w ith t he monet ary p o l icy o f t he B osporus a dm in istra t ion , b u t t akes u p o n ab roader s ca le q uest ions h av ing t o d o w ith t he g enera l s ta te o f B osporus e cono m ics i n t he I Ird c entury . And y e t i t , t oo, i s o pen t o o b jec t ions . I ts tar ts f ro m t he a ss ump t ion t ha t a t t he b eg inn ing o ft he I Ird c entury t here h ad c o m menced a g enera l d ec l ine i n B osporus e cono m ic l i fe t ha t c on t inued s tead i ly o ver t he c ourse o f t he n ex t t wo c entur ies a nd t ha t was who l ly d ependen t u pon u nprop it i ous e x terna l c ircu mstances.

T o o ur m ind , t h is c oncep t ion o f ag enera l d egra-

d a t ion o f B osporus d cono m ic l i fe , d eve loped i n d e ta i l i n t he s tud ies o f t he a cade m ic ian S .A . Z hebe lev a nd f i rm ly r ooted i n s cho lar ly t h ink ing , b y n ow s tands i n n eed o f c ons iderab le r ev iew .

2 17

Bu t t ha t i s n ot t he o n ly p o in t a t i ssue .

Even t hose who a re s uppor ters o f

t ha t way o f l ook ing a t t he e cono m ic h istory o f t he B osporus a l l r ecogn ize t he f i rst h a lf o ft he I Ird c entury B .C. a s b eing a p er iod o f t he h ighest p rosper ity , a nd t hey r e la te t he s tar t o f e cono m ic d if f icu lt ies a nd o f g radua l d ec l ine t o a p o in t n o e ar l ier t han t he m idd le o f t he I Ird c entury B .C.

A s we h ave s een , t he

t he mone tary c r is is i n t he B osporus b eco mes q u i te v iv id ly man ifest i n t he v ery f i rst y ears o f t he I Ird c entury B .C . ,when t he f actors t o wh ich Ga iduk iev ich p o in ts c ou ld u nquest ionab ly n ot y e t h ave managed t o p roduce a d estruc t ive e ff ect u pon t he B osporus e cono m ic s yste m . One a lso f a i ls t o u nderstand w hy t he mone tary s yste m o f t he B osporus was i n s uch a l a men tab le s ta te a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he I Ird c entury B .C., when a ccord ing t o t he g enera l ly a ccepted v iew e cono m ic d if f icu lt ies w ere s t i l l mere ly o n t he u pward sw ing , whereas i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he I Ird c entury a nd i n t he I nd , w i th t hese d if f icu lt ies b y n ow amoun t ing t o c hron ic d ec l ine o n e very f ron t , t he mone tary s yste m d oes n ot d e ter iora te f ur ther b u t i s o n t he c on trary s uccessfu l ly r estored , t he c r is is p heno mena i n t h is f i e ld b e ing o bv ia ted . T hus o ne must a cknow lege t ha t t he h istory o f c urrency i n t he B osporus i n t he I Ird c en tury B .C. n ot o n ly f a i ls t o b e e xp l icab le f ro m t he g enera l ly a ccept ed v iewpo in t a dop ted i n l ook ing a t t he B osporus e cono m ics o f t ha t t ime , b u t t ha t i ti ndeed o f i t se lf r uns d ec ide ly c oun ter t o t ha t d irect ion . O ne s hou ld a lso n ote t ha t i nd iv idua l p heno mena wh ich t est ify t o ac er ta in u nease i n B osporus c o inage a re t o b e o bserved a s f ar b ack a s t he l ast q uar ter o f t he Nth c entury B .C.

We h ave r eferred a bove t o t he p ar t ia l d isp lacemen t

o f s i lver f ro m t he c o inage a nd i t s b e ing s upp lan ted b y c opper i n t he l ast s eve ra l s er ies o f t he I V th c entury , i n wh ich c onnect ion t he sma l ler d eno m ina t ions o f c opper ( I I I-IV ) g radua l ly w ither away t oward t he e nd o f t he c entury , s o t ha t i n t he l ast s er ies o f t he I V th c en tury t here r e ma in o n ly t wo d eno m ina t ions o f c opper c o in - a s ta te o f a f fa irs wh ich i s c haracter ist ic a lso f or t he who le o f t he c r is is p er iod . T he f a l l ing o f f i n t he n orma l we igh t o f t he b asic u n it o f s i lv er c o in , t he t r iobo l, a nd t he i ncreas ing c are lessness i n i t s s tr ik ing i n t he l ast s evera l s er ies o f t he I V th c entury , o ugh t a lso t o b e t aken i n to c ons iderat i on . I ti s c harac ter ist ic t ha t a l l t hese p heno mena r e la te t o t he f i e ld o f l oca l c ircu la t ion o nd t ha t t hey p recede i n t ime t hose s harp s h if ts i n o verseas t rade t ha t made t he mse lves f e lt i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he I Ird c entury . T h is e nab les u s t o p red ica te t he e x istence o f l oca l c auses f or t he s prou t ing o f t he monetary c r is is - c auses t ha t h ad t he ir r oots i n t he h istory o f t he B osporus i t se lf r a ther t han i n u n favourab le e x terna l c ond it ions. 1 20

T he mone tary c r is is f ound e xpress ion a bove a l l i n ac u t t ing o f f o ft he s tr ik ing o f s i lver a nd g o ld c o ins a nd i n ac ircumscr ip t ion o ft he e n t ire em iss ion o f money t o t he i ssuance o f f rac t iona l c opper a lone , wh ich s ure ly a f fords e v id ence o f as hor tage o f p rec ious me ta l i n t he t reasury . I nas much a s t h is s hort age c ame s o s harp ly t o t he f ore a t t he t urn o ft he I V thI I Ird c en tur ies, i tc ann ot h ave b een e voked b y a n i n terrup t ion o f t rad ing e xchanges w i th A thens n or b y a ny o ther d i f f icu lt ies o f ac o m merc ia l n a ture . I ta ppears t o u s t ha t t he c auses f or t he embarrassed p os it ion o ft he s ta te t reasury must c ons ist o f t he p o l i t ica l v ic iss itudes t he B osporus s ta te h ad b een u ndergo ing o ver t he l ast t h ird o f t he Nth c entury . Even u nder Paer isades It here h ad b een i np rogress s o me s or t o f war w ith t he S cy th ians wh ich , a s o ne may j udge f ro m t he r e la t ion o f D emos thenes, 2 18 d isordered t he w ho le e cono m ic l i fe o f t he B osporus o ver s ome t ime . Probab ly much more r u inous f or B osporus f inances w ere t he i n ternec ine wars o f t he s ons o f Paer isades , i n wh ich t he b ro thers made u se o f mercenary a rm ies a nd c on t ingen ts o f a ux i l iary S cy th ian f orces .2 19 T hese wars must h ave c ost a g rea t d ea l , a nd t hey w ere c a lcu la ted t o emp ty t he s ta te t reasury i n s hort o rder . I n t h is c onnec t ion B lava tsk i ' sa t te mp t t o c on jure u p ag enera l b udge t f or t he B osporus s ta te o ft ha t t ime i s o f i n terest .2 2 u D esp i te a l l t he c on jectura l a nd a pprox i ma t ive n a ture o ft he f igures h e o f fers , o ne s hou ld s t i l l make n o te o f t he f act t ha t a ccord ing t o t hese c a lcu la t ions t he r evenue s ide o ft he b udge t must h ave b een s wa l lowed u p a l most i n i t s e n t ire ty b y o u t lays f or t he ma in tena nce o ft he a rmy a nd t he f l ee t . I nt h is c onnec t ion B lava tsk i i s c ons ider ing o n ly t he r egu lar B osporus a rmy t ha t was a va i lab le t o S a tyros a tt he t ime o f h is s tr ife w i th Eume les . B u t E ume les t oo h ad a n a rmy wh ich n a tura l ly d id n o t f igh t f or h im o u t o f s heer g ood w i l l : a s ide f ro m t he s o ld iers o f K ing Ar ipharnes, h e a lso h ad a t h is d isposa l h is own a rmed f orces o f s o me s or t, a s i sb rough t i n to e v idence b y a na lys is o ft he b a t t le a t Pha ta a nd o f t he e ven ts wh ich f o l lowed u pon i t ;

t hese w ere mos t p robab ly mercenar ies .

2 21

T hus e ven t he d irec t o u t-

l ays f or ma in tenance o f a rm ies d ur ing t he p er iod o f t he s trugg le f or p ower b et ween t he b ro thers must h ave e xceeded b y ag rea t d ea l n o t o n ly t he u sua l a nnua l o u t lays f or t hese p urposes , b u t e ven t he r evenue s ide o f t he s ta te b udge t . T o t h is o ne s hou ld a dd , i n a l l l i ke l ihood , e xpend i tures o fn o sma l l p ropor t ions i n t he f orm o f s ubs id ies t o t he a l l ies o f S a tyros a nd Eume les , a nd s ubsequen t ly o f Eume les a nd Pry tanos -n ame ly Ar ipharnes h i mse lf a nd t hose o ther c h ieft a ins o f l oca l t r ibes t he a rm ies o f wh ich , e ven t hough t hey "d id n o t r equ ire s ubven t ions f or t he ir ma in tenance ," n ever the less must d oubt less h ave h ad t o b e p a id o f f t o s o me e x ten t t hrough t he med iu m o f "g if ts" t o t he ir c h ief ta ins . I fo ne c ons iders i n a dd i t ion t he d isturbance t o t rade a nd t he p ar t ia l d evasta t ion o ft err i tory t ha t were b rough t o nb y t he war , t here w i l l b e n o th ing s urpr is ing i n t he B osporus t reasury ' sh av ing r eac ted i n v ery s odden f ash ion t o a l l t he s tormy e ven ts o ft ha t t ime n or i n t he p rec ious- me ta l s hor tage ' sh av ing b een ad irec t s eque l t o t hose e ven ts . T he a t tenua t ion o ft rade t i es w i th A thens, wh ich b ecame man ifest s tar t ing i n t he f i rst q uar ter o ft he I Ird c en tury B .C., may h ave e xerc ised af ur ther e f fec t u pon t he e vo lu t ion o f t he c r is is p heno mena i n t he mone tary s ystem o ft he B osporus a nd may h ave h ampered s tab i l iza t ion o f t he s ystem .

1 21

NOTES

1 .

A . N . Z ograph .

Ancien t C oins , p p . 1 71-182 a nd 1 82-185 .

2 .

D . B . S he lov .

3 .

Oreshn ikov s howed a c orrect u nders tand ing o f t h is q ues t ion i n h is c o m-

The Monetary R efor m o f L eucon I .

VDI , 1 953 , No . 1 .

p i l ing t he c ata logue o f c oins i n t he C oun t A . S . Uvarov c o l lect ion . S ee h is r e marks i n t he f oreword :

C ata logue o f t he C o l lect ion o f An t i-

q u i t ies o f C oun t A . S . Uvarov , No . V I I , Moscow , 1 887, p p . X a nd 4 9. 4 .

V . D . B lava tsk i .

Ma ter ia ls o n t he H is tory o f P an t icapaeurn , MIA ,

No . 1 9 , 1 951, p . 3 4 . 5 .

D . B . S helov .

The S tr ik ing o f C oins a nd Monetary C ircu la t ion i n t he

Bosporus i n t he I Ird C en tury B . C ., MIA , No . 3 3 , 1 954. 6 .

I n t he f irs t d ecade o f t he I V th c en tury minor s i lver c oins a re s t i l l i ssued a t Phanagor ia , b u t t h is b r ie f e ar ly Phanagor ia c o inage r ela tes e ssent ia l ly t o t he e nd o f t he p reced ing p er iod i n B osporus n um is mat ics a nd i s e xa m ined s ide b y s ide w i th t he c oinage o f t he S inds a nd o f Ny mphaeum a t t he e nd o f t he V th c en tury B . C . i n t he p reced ing c hapter .

A t t he

midd le o f t he I V th c en tury a n a t te mpt was made a t Theodos ia t o s tr ike c opper c oins o f t heir own .

Bu t o ne n eed n ot t ake t h is Theodosia C o in-

a ge i n to a ccoun t i n e xa m in ing monetary c ircu la t ion i n t he Bosporus ; t h is i ssue i s t o b e r egarded n ot a s af inanc ia l measure , b u t r a ther a s ap o li t ica l g es ture a ssocia ted w i th t he s tr iv ing o f t he Theodos ians t o w in f ree o f t he S par toc id s ta te ( see D . B . S he lov . a nd t he S par tocids .

VDI , 1 950 , No. 3 ) .

Theodos ia , H erac leia ,

We s ha l l r eturn t o e xa m ina-

t ion o f t h is i ssue a l i t tle f ar ther o n . 7 .

S ee K . Marx .

C ri t ique o f P ol i t ica l E cono my , p . 1 06.

8 .

F or t he s ign i f icance o f t hese t ypes s ee D . B . S helov :

On t he P roble m

o f t he I n terac t ion o f Greek a nd L oca l Cu l ts i nt he Nor thern B lack S ea L i t tora l , KSIIMK , XXX IV , 1 950 . 9 .

B . K oehne , o p . c i t ., I , p . 3 40 ; 4 0 , 2 8 , 4 7;

P . 0 . Burachkov , o p . c i t ., P la te X IX ,

A . L . Ber tier d e l a G arde , Nu m . S b . I , p . 3 1;

Nu m . 9 D ,

I , p p . 8 2-83 , N os . 1 15-117. 1 0 .

K . R eg l ing .

D ie G r iech ische G o ldscha tz v on Pr ink ipo , p . 3 2 f .

1 1.

I b id ., p . 3 8 .

1 2 .

A . N . Z ograph .

1 3 .

B . X IX , 2 8 ;

Z . XL , 7 .

1 4 .

B . X IX , 4 0 ;

Z . XL , 8 .

1 5 .

Z . XL , 9 .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 73 .

1 22

1 6.

Z . XL , 1 0 .

1 7.

B . X IX , 4 7;

1 8 .

B . XX , 5 9 ;

Z . XL , 1 2 .

1 9.

B . XX , 6 1;

BMC Thrace , p . 4 , N o . 4 ;

Z . XL , 1 1.

K . R eg ling . 2 0 .

B . Koehne , o p . c i t ., p p . 3 40-346;

S b . Ip . 3 3 ;

Nu m . S b. I , p . 8 3 , No . 1 18 ;

D ie Gr iech ische G oldscha tz v on Pr ink ipo , p . 3 3. A . L . B er t ier d e l a G arde , Nu m .

B . H ead , H is tor ia Nu moru m , p . 2 82 ;

K . R eg l ing .

D ie Gr iech ische Go ldscha tz v on Pr ink ipo , p . 3 8 , e tc . 2 1.

A . L . Ber t ier d e l a G arde .

2 2 .

A . N . Z ograph .

2 3.

I b id .

2 4.

I b id ., p . 1 75 ;

2 5 .

K . R eg l ing .

2 6.

A . L . Ber t ier d e l a Garde .

ZOOID , XXV I , 1 906, p . 2 22 , 2 24 .

2 7.

A . L . B er t ier d e l a G arde .

Nu m . S b. I , p . 5 1 f ., Nu m . S b . I p . 8 6 ,

N o . 1 39 ;

The R ela t ive Va lues ...., p . 3 3 .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 74.

c f . A . N . Z ograph , MIA , N o. 4 , p . 1 59 , Note 1 . D ie Gr iech ische G oldscha tz v on Pr ink ipo , p p . 4 2-43.

K . R eg l ing .

D ie Gr iech ische Goldscha tz v on Pr ink ipo ,

p . 3 6. 2 8 .

MIA , N o . 4 , 1 941.

2 9.

MIA , No . 1 6, 1 950 .

3 0 .

A . N . Z ograph .

3 1.

MIA , N o . 4 , p . 1 59 .

3 2 .

B . X IX , 2 9 ;

3 3 .

B . X IX , 3 0 , 3 1;

3 4 .

B . X IX , 3 2 ;

Z . XL , 2 .

3 5 .

B . X IX , 3 3 ;

Z . XL , 3 .

3 6.

B . X IX , 2 7;

Z . XL , 4 .

3 7.

There i s s t i l l a no ther s or t o f s i lver c oin t ha t r ela tes t o t h is s a me s er ies :

Ancien t C o ins , p . 1 72 .

Z . XL , 1 . Z . XL , 5 .

Obv ., b eardless h ead o f as a tyr r igh t , r ev , h ead o f l i on r igh t , F IANTI . B er tier d e l a Garde h ad p oin ted o u t t ha t ac oin o f t h is s or t i l lus tra ted i n Burachkov ( XX , 8 3) i s af orgery ( A . L . Ber t ier d e l a G arde .

C or-

r ect ions t o P . 0 . Burachkov 's G enera l C a ta logue o f C o ins , Moscow , 1 907 , p . 2 1) , a nd i n h is s urvey o f weigh ts , c oins o f t h is s or t a re n ot p resen t .

We a re a cqua in ted w i th o n ly t wo e xa mples o f t hese b es ide

t he o ne p ublished b y Burachkov :

f ro m t he f or mer G iel c o l lect ion ( Ch .

P la te V , 8 , r eproduced i n Z ., XL , 6 ) a nd f ro m t he Weber c oll ect ion ( H irsch c a ta logue , XXI , p . 5 3 , No . 7 89 ) .

Having n o p oss ibi li ty

o f r eso lving h ere t he p rob le m o f t heir g enu ineness , we s ha l l l imi t o urs elves merely t o t he f o l lowing o bserva t ions :

t he weigh ts o f t hese

e xa mples - 2 .54 g ra ms ( Weber ) a nd 1 .62 g ra ms ( G iel ) - d o n ot a l low

1 23

u s t o s ee i n t he m a ny o ther d eno m ina t ion t han t he t r iobo l .

I ft hese

c oins a re g enu ine , o ne mus t c oncede t ha t t he g roup o f c oins b eing a na ly zed h as t hree v ar ie t ies t o r epresen t o ne a nd t he s a me d eno m ina t ion . 3 8 .

K . K . Her tz.

3 9 .

A . N . Z ograph .

4 0 .

I b id ., p . 1 76.

4 1.

A . L . B er t ier d e l a G arde .

4 2 .

B . X IX , 4 5 .

4 3.

B . XX , 8 6;

4 4.

B . X IX , 4 4 ;

4 5 .

B . XX , 8 7;

Z . XL , 1 6.

4 6.

B . XX , 8 2 ;

Z . XL , 1 5 .

4 7.

B . X IX , 3 9 ;

4 8 .

B . XX , 9 0 ;

4 9 .

B . X IX , 3 9 ;

5 0 .

B . XX , 8 8-89 ;

Z „ XL , 1 9.

5 1.

B . 2 0 ( , 9 1-93 ;

Z . XL , 2 0.

5 2 .

MIA , N o . 4 , p . 1 59 ;

5 3.

Z . XL , 2 7.

5 4.

B . X IX , 3 5-37;

5 5 .

Op . c i t ., p . 4 5 . Ancien t C oins , p . 1 72 .

Ma ter ia ls ...., p . 8 5 , No. 1 29 .

Z . XL , 1 4. Z . XL , 1 3 .

XX , 8 8-89 ; 9 6;

9 0 ;

9 1-93 ;

Z . XL , 1 8-19;

2 0 ; 2 1; 2 2 .

Z . XL , 2 1, 2 2 .

Z . XL , 1 8 .

A . N . Z ograph .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 76 .

Z . XL , 7 .

Z ograph h i msel f n o ted t he p rox im i ty b e tween t he t rea t men t o f t he o bv erse t ypes o f t he l arger d eno m inat ion o f o ur s er ies a nd t ha t i n o ne o f t he s er ies r ela t ing e ven t o t he I Ird c en tury .

S ee E . 0 . Prushevskaya .

The Anapa H oard o f Pan ticapaeu m C opper C o ins , TONGE , I , 1 945 , p . 2 2. 5 6.

A . N . Z ograph , Ancien t C o ins , p . 1 76.

5 7.

OAK , 1 892 , p p. 3 1-32 ; 2 2 , p . 8 , N o. 2 5 ; No . 1 04 ;

I AK , 9 , p . 8 9 , N o . 8 3 ;

I AK , 3 0 , p . 3 , N o. 3 ;

I AK , 4 0 , p p . 6 7-69 , No. 5 ;

p . 9 2 , No . 1 01;

p . 1 9 , N o. 7 0 ;

I AK ,

p p . 8 4-85 ,

c f . t he d a ting o f t h is s epu lchre

b y M . I . R os tov tsev t o t he l as t d ecade o f t he I V th c en tury B . C . o r t he b eg inn ing o f t he I Ird c en tury :

M . I . R os tov tsev .

Ancien t Decora t ive

P a in t ing i nt he S ou th o f Russ ia , S t . Petersburg , 1 913 , p p . 7 3-74 ; 4 0 , p . 6 9 , No . 6 ; No . 1 02 ; 5 8 .

I AK , 4 7, p . 4 9 , No. 2 0 ;

p . 2 4 , No. 5 8 ;

I AK ,

I AK , 5 6,

p . 5 5 , No . 1 73.

OAK , 1 892 , p p. 3 0-31;

I AK , 4 7, p p . 1 3-14 , N o. 4 4 ;

I AK , 5 6, p . 5 5 ,

No . 1 62 . 5 9 .

I AK , 9 , p . 8 9 , N o. 8 3 ; p . 8 , N o . 2 5 ; No . 6 ;

p . 9 2 , N o. 1 01;

I AK , 3 0 , p . 3 , N o. 3 ;

p . 8 3 , N o. 3 8 ;

p . 1 00 , N o . 1 47;

I AK , 4 7, p . 4 9 , No . 2 0 ;

1 02 , a nd o thers . 1 24

I AK , 2 2 ,

I AK , 4 0 , p . 6 8 , N o. 5 ;

p . 6 9 ,

I AK , 5 6, p . 3 6 , No .

6 0 .

I AK , 4 0 , P . 8 4 , No . 3 3 ; I AK , 5 6, N os . 6 6, 6 7, a nd o thers .

6 1.

OAK , 1 892 , p p . 3 0-31; No . 1 62 ;

6 2 .

2 1, No . 4 6;

I AK , 4 7, p . 4 9 , N o . 2 0 ;

I AK , 6 0 , p . 3 4 ,

I AK , 5 6, p . 5 2 ,

I AK , 6 0 , p . 3 4 , No . 6 6.

OAK , 1 892 , p p . 3 0-31; N o . 9 2 ;

P .

I AK , 9 , p . 1 75 , N o . 5 38 ;

I AK , 4 7, p p . 1 8-14 , N o . 4 4;

I AK , 3 0 , p . 8 1,

I AK , 5 6, p . 4 8 , N o . 1 48 ;

I AK ,

6 0 , p . 3 4 , No . 6 7. 6 3.

B . X IX , 4 1-43 ;

Z . XL , 1 7.

6 4.

A . V . Oreshn ikov .

The C i m mer ian Bosporus i n t he P er iod o f t he

S par tocids , Moscow , 1 884 , p . 1 0 . 6 5 . 6 6.

B . H ead .

H is tor ia Nu moru m , p . 2 81.

C a ta logue o f t he C o l lect ion o f An t iqu i ties o f C oun t Uvarov , N o. V II , Moscow , 1 887 , p p . 5 1-52 ;

A . V . Oresh .n ikov .

Excurs ions i n to t he

F ield o f t he Ancien t Nu m is ma t ics o f t he B lack S ea C oas t , I RAIMK , p . 1 26;

f or Pan t icapaeu m 's b eing c al led B osporus s ee S . A . Z hebelev .

B osporus S tud ies , I GAI MK , No. 1 04 , p . 8 , n o te . Z=S P , p . 1 60 , Note 3 . 6 7.

E . Minns , o p. c i t .,

6 8 .

A . N . Z ograph .

6 9.

Po lyb ., I V , 3 8 , 5 ;

7 0 .

B . XX , 6 9 ;

7 1.

B . X IX , 4 6;

Z . XL , 2 4 .

7 2 .

B . X IX , 2 6;

Z . XL , 2 3 .

7 3.

B . )a , 6 5-66;

7 4.

Z . XL , 2 7.

7 5 .

MIA , N o . 4 , p . 1 59 ;

7 6.

B . X IX , 5 4;

7 7.

B . XX , 9 0 ;

7 8 .

A . N . Z ograph .

7 9.

B . X IX , 4 9 ;

8 0 .

The b elong ing o f a l l t hree d eno m inat ions o f t h is c opper t o as ing le s er ies

P .

6 29.

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 76. S trabo , V I I , 4 , 6 .

Z . XL , 2 5 .

Z . XL , 2 6.

A . N . Z ograph .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 77.

Z . XL , 2 8 . Z . XL , 2 1;

B . XX , 9 6;

Z . XL , 2 2 .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 77.

Z . XL , 3 0 .

f ol lows n o t o n ly f ro m t he u n i ty o f t heir s ty le , b u t f ro m t he c ons tan t j oin t f inds t hereof i n t o mbs ; 3 0 , p . 1 9 , No . 7 0 ; o thers .

c f . I AK , 1 7 , p . 7 2-73 , N o . 3 59 ;

p p . 8 4-85 , No . 1 04 ;

8 1.

A . N . Z ograph .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 76.

8 2.

C f . B . Koehne , o p. c i t ., I , p . 3 50 .

8 3 .

B . XX , 5 9-60 ;

Z . XL , 3 1.

1 25

I AK ,

I AK , 3 5 , p . 1 9 , N o . 2 5 , a nd

8 4. 8 5 .

B . XX , 6 7;

Z . XL , 2 9.

P . G ardner .

S a mos a nd S am ian C oins , Nu m . C hr ., 1 882 , P la te X ,

1 1-15 . 8 6.

A . N . Z ograph .

Two Groups o f C hersonesus C oins w i th B orrowed

T ypes , I GAI MK , V , 1 927, p p. 3 87-388 . 8 7.

B . XX , 6 0 ;

8 8 .

B . XX , 7 0 , 7 1;

8 9.

Z . XLI , 1 . Z . XLI , 2 .

B . Koehne , o p . c i t ., I , p . 2 53 ;

c f . A . N . Z ograph , Ancien t C oins ,

p . 1 77. 9 0.

C f . MIA , No. 4 , p . 1 59.

9 1.

OAK , 1 866 , p . X I ;

1 872 , p p . XX I I I-)OUV ;

1 875 , p . X IV ;

I AK , 9 ,

p . 9 0 , N o . 9 2 , a nd o thers . 9 2.

B . XX , 7 2 ;

Z . XLI , 3 .

9 3.

B . XX , 7 3-74 ;

Z . XLI , 4 .

9 4.

B . XX , 3 5-37;

Z . XLI , 7 .

A t f irs t Z ograph s upposed s o me p ar t o f

t hese c oins migh t s t i l l f a l l w i th in t he I V th c en tury , e ven a t t he midd le t hereof ( M IA , N o . 4 , p . 1 59 ) , b u t l a ter h e r enounced t h is i dea a nd p u t t he who le s er ies i n t he s econd d ecade o f t he L I Ird c en tury ( see E . 0 . Prushevskaya , o p. c i t ., p . 2 2 ).

The e n t ire s er ies i s u nques t ionably

as ing le o ne a nd i ts i ssuance f a l ls t o o ne a nd t he s a me t i me. 9 5 .

B . XX , 7 9-80 ;

Z . XLI , 5 .

9 6.

Th is P an t icapaeu m c oinage o f t he f irs t h al f o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . was worked o u t b y u s i n d eta i l i n t he a r tic le C oinage a nd Monetary C irc u la tion i n t he Bosporus i n t he L l Ird c en tury B . C .

( MIA , No . 3 3 , 1 954 ) ;

at ab le o f t he s er ies o f Pan ticapaeu m c opper a t t ha t t i me i s a lso p resen ted t here. 9 7.

B . XX , 7 0-71;

9 8 .

B . XX , 7 2 ;

Z . XLI , 2 .

Z , XL I , 3 .

A u n ique c oin o f t h is t ype , p ubl ished n ot l ong

a go b y Karyshkovsk i , h as a s upple men tary c oun ter mark i n t he f or m o f a wrea th .

P . 0 . Karyshkovsk i .

S o me Unpubl ished C oins o f t he Ancien t

B lack S ea L i t tora l , Nu m is ma tic S y mpos iu m i n Me mory o f A . V .

9 9 . 1 00 .

Oreshn ikov , I .

Moscow , 1 956, p . 3 0 , No. 1 1, P la te I , 1 1.

B . X IX , 3 5-37 ;

Z . XLI , 7 .

D . B . S he lov .

C oinage a nd Mone tary C ircu la t ion i n t he Bosporus i n

t he I Ird C en tury B .C ., MIA , N o . 3 3 , 1 954 , p p. 5 9-60 . 1 01.

B . ) 0 ( , 7 3-74 ;

1 02 .

B . XX , 7 5-78 .

1 03.

B . XX , 7 9-80 ;

Z . XLI , 4 .

Z . XL , 5 ;

c f . A . N . Z ograph , MIA , No . 4 , p . 1 60 ;

MIA , N o . 1 6, p . 1 77.

1 26

1 04 .

Oreshn ikov c ons idered i tp oss ib le t o j ux tapose t he mos t d egraded e xa mples o f t hese c oins w i th t he Phanagor ia c oins o f s im i lar t ype a nd t o d a te t he m i n t he i s t c en tury B . C .

( Ca ta logue o f t he C o l lec t ion o f

An tiqu i t ies o f C oun t A . S . Uvarov , V I I , Moscow , 1 887, p p. 5 4-55 ). Even t oday Yu . S . Krushko l h o lds t o t h is o pin ion o f Oreshn ikov 's ( Coins o f t he Phanagor ia C i tadel f ro m Excava tions o f 1 937 a nd 1 939 b y t he S ta te H istor ica l Museu m , S A , XV , 1 951, p . 2 59 f .). d a ting i s u nques t ionab ly mis taken .

Bu t t h is

The b ow-and-arrow c oins o f t he

I Ird c en tury B . C . g o t hrough a l l t he s tages o f p rogress ive d egrada t ion a nd i ti s n o t p oss ib le t o t ear t he l as t p hase o f d egrada t ion l oose f ro m t he r es t .

Moreover , n o p lace i s f ound f or t hese c oins i n t he c urrency

c ircu la t ion o f t he 1 s t . c en tury B .C . 1 05 . 1 06.

E . 0 . Prushevskaya . B . 2 0M , 1 62-164 ;

Op. c i t ., p l 2 1.

Z . XLI , 1 0.

I n Burachkov 's p la te t he h ead o f

Apo llo i s e rroneous ly r epresen ted a s b earded . 1 07.

There a re , t o b e s ure , af ew p ubl ica t ions o f c oins w i th r epresen ta t ions o f t he h ead o f Apo l lo t ha t p urpor ted ly r ela te t o t he I V th a nd e ven t he V th c en tury B . C . ( B . X IX , 2 4 , 2 5 , 4 8 ; N o . 1 , P la te I I , 6 , I V , 1 ; B osporus , P la te I , 6 ). e xa mple B . X IX , 2 4 ;

Yu . S . Krushko l , VD I , 1 950 ,

V . F . G a iduk iev ich :

The K ingdo m o f t he

Bu t p ar t o f t hese c o ins a re p a ten t ly f a lse c f . A . L . B er t ier d e l a G arde :

f or

C orrect ions ....

o thers a re d ec idedly d oubt fu l , a nd n ot a s ing le o ne o f t he m c an b e a ck nowledged w i th a ssurance t o b e g enu ine . 1 08 .

MIA , No . 4 , p . 1 54 ;

1 09.

B . XX I , 1 23;

1 10 .

B . XX I I , 1 65-167;

1 11.

B . X IX , 5 1;

Z . XLI , 6 .

1 12 .

B . X IX , 3 8 ;

XX I I , 1 61.

1 13 .

MIA , N o . 1 6, p . 1 79.

Z . XLI , 9 .

H . K . K oeh ler .

Z . XLI , 1 1.

S erapis , I , 1 850 , P la te I X , 2 6;

G . S passk i :

Archaeo log ical-Nu m is ma t ic S y mpos iu m , Moscow , 1 850 , P la te I , 1 3. 1 14 . 1 15 .

A . N . Z ograph . D . B . S he lov .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 79 ;

MIA , N o . 4 , p . 1 54 .

The Monetary R e for m o f Leucon I , VDI , 1 953 , No . 1 ,

p . 3 7. 1 16.

Num. S b . I , 1 913 , p . 8 5 , N o . 1 29.

1 17.

A . M . Z ograph .

1 18 .

Num . S b ., I , p . 8 4 , No. 1 28 .

1 19.

BMC A t t ica , 1 888 , p p . 6 -8 , N os . 4 1-71;

1 20 .

BMC A t t ica , p . 9 , N os . 7 4-81.

1 21.

C f . Nu m . S b., I , p . 8 3 , No . 1 20 .

Anc ien t C oins , p . 1 76.

1 27

c f . Nu m S b., I , p . 2 6.

1 22 .

These s upp le men tary d a ta h ave b een s ecured b y we igh ing c oins among t he n ew a ccess ions o f t he Pushk in GM I I ( t he f or mer A . G . G o likov c ol lect ion ) a nd t he G IM , a nd h ave a lso b een b orrowed f ro m c a ta logues i ssued i n t he r ecen t p as t i n c ases where t here was c o mp lete a ssurance t ha t t he c oin s hown i n s uch a c a ta logue was n ot i nc luded i n B er t ier d e l a G arde 's s urvey.

1 23 .

B er tier d e l a G arde d er ives a n a verage w eigh t o f 2 .32 f or t he t r iobo ls o f b o th s er ies ( Nu m . S b., I,p . 8 4 , No. 1 27;

1 24.

Nu m . S b ., I , p . 8 5 , N o. 1 34 ;

1 25 .

Num . S b ., I , p . 8 4 , N o . 1 28 .

1 26.

Nu m . S b ., I , p . 8 3 , No . 1 20 .

1 27.

Nu m . S b ., I , p p. 3 4-35 .

1 28 .

Nu m . S b ., I , p . 8 2 , No . 1 14;

1 29 .

S ee t he t able i n A . L . B er tier d e l a G arde : Nu m . S b ., I , p . 3 4 , n o te 2 ;

p . 8 6 , No . 1 36 .).

p . 8 6, N o . 1 37;

p . 8 4 , No . 1 24 .

p . 8 4 , Nos . 1 25 , 1 26. The R ela t ive Va lues .... ,

t he p ercen tage f igures s hou ld b e c hanged

al i t t le c orrespond ing ly a s t he n or mal weigh ts we h ave a dopted d i f fer s o mewhat f ro m Ber t ier d e l a G arde 's a verage weigh ts , b u t t hese a lt era tions a re v ery s l igh t a nd t he s ubs tance o f t he ma t ter i s n o t a t a l l c hanged b y t he m . 1 30 .

C f . A . L . Ber tier d e l a G arde :

1 31.

C f . A . N . Z ograph :

1 32 .

A . N . Z ograph .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 72 .

1 33.

A . N . Z ograph .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 86.

1 34.

I AK , 3 0 , p . 8 1, N o. 9 2 ( 1 4 ) ;

1 35 .

E . E . L yu tsenko .

The R ela t ive Va lues..., p . 5 4 .

MIA , No . 4 , p . 1 59.

I AK , 5 6, p . 4 8 , N o. 1 48 ( 103 ) , a nd o thers .

C er ta in I n for ma t ion R egard ing C oin H oards F ound

o f La te o n t he Kerch a nd T a manrog P en insu las , a nd a lso i n S ou thern Russ ia .

Manuscr ipt d a ted 1 880 i n t he a rch ives o f t he IMK ( E . E .

L yu tsenko ma ter ia ls , i nven tory n o . 2 2 ) ; o p. c i t .;

c f . TONGE , I , p . 2 3 , N o . 4 .

1 36.

E . E . L yu tsenko :

E . 0 . Prushevskaya , o p. c i t .

1 37.

Ac tua l ly t he c o mpos i t ion o f t h is h oard c anno t b e r e l ied u pon t oo h eav i ly — i t s ee ms t he f inder mixed i n to i tu p t o 3 0 a l ien c oins i ncluding a Pan t icapaeu m s i lver c o in o f t he I lnd c en tury B . C . a nd c oins o f t he B osp orus k ings ( E . E . L yu tsenko , o p. c i t .).

1 38 .

M. I . R os tov tsev .

1 39.

OAK , 1 896 , p . 1 84 ;

1 40 .

ZRAO , V I I , p . 2 28 .

1 41.

S cy th ia a nd t he Bosporus , 1 925 , p . 4 43 . I AK , 2 5 , p . 1 35 , 1 49 , a nd o thers .

I AK , 1 3 , p p. 2 32 , 2 77;

N o . 7 5 ;

S y mpos iu m O lbia , K iev , 1 941, p . 2 16;

i n a ddi t ion , t he c opper c oins o f P an ticapaeu m a cqu ired t hrough p urchase f ro m f ar mers o f t he v i l lage o f P aru t ino a lso d oubtless c o me f ro m O lbia — I AK , 1 3 , p p . 2 32 , 2 95 , N o . 5 3 ; I SGAIMK , I , p . 2 86 , No . 4 7. 1 28

R . R . F as mer :

L is t o f C oin F inds ,

1 42 .

A . N . Z ograph .

C o ins f ro m t he Excava t ions a t O lbia i n 1 935 a nd 1 936.

O lbia , K iev , 1 941,

P .

2 16.

At wo-s ided sma l l O lb ia " do lph in" was

f ound i n 1 934 e xcava t ions a t Myr meciu m ( M IA , N o . 4 , p . 1 63 , 1 71, No . 2 7) . 1 43 .

A s im i lar sma l l d o lph in was f ound a t t he s a me p lace i n 1 948 .

A . N . Z ograph .

C oins f ro m t he Excava t ions a t O lbia i n 1 935 a nd 1 936.

O lbia , I , p . 2 16. 1 44 .

N . V . An f i mov .

A H oard o f P an t icapaeu m C o ins f ro m t he V i l lage o f

S taro-N izhne-S tebl ievskava , KSI I MK , XX IV , p . 6 4 f . 1 45 .

A . Uvarov .

I nves t iga t ions r egard ing t he An t iqu i t ies o f S ou thern Russ ia

a nd t he C oas ts o f t he B lack S ea , S t . P etersburg , 1 851, p p . 2 3-24. B . N . G rakov .

The Ka mensk C i tadel o n t he Dn iepr , MIA , N o . 3 6 ,

p . 1 47. 1 46.

S ee D . B . S helov .

C yzicus S ta ters i n t he Bosporus , VDI , 1 949 , No. 2 .

1 47.

K . K . G er ts , o p . c i t ., p p . 4 5-46.

1 48 .

De mos th ...., XXX IV , 2 3.

1 49 .

A . N . Z ograph .

S ta ters o f A lexander o f Macedon f ro m K erch a nd

Ta man F inds , TOA MGE , I , 1 945 . 1 50 .

OAK , 1 911, p . 4 1;

1 912 , p . 4 8 ;

I AK , 5 1, p . 1 20 ;

1 51.

OAK , 1 876 , p . 5 , 1 12 , P la te I , r , 6 .

1 52 .

OAK , 1 864 , p . V .

1 53 .

OAK , 1 910 , p p . 1 18 , 2 15.

1 54.

S ee f or e xa mple MAR , N o. 3 5 , 1 915 , p . 1 05 .

1 55 .

A . N . Z ograph .

6 0 , p p . 2 3 , 2 9 .

S ta ters o f A lexander o f Macedon a nd o f Lys i machus

i n Kerch a nd Ta man F inds , Bu l letin o f t he Kerch C on ference o f USSR Archaeo log is ts , 1 926, N o . 3 , p . 3 ;

s a me a u thor :

Ancien t Go ld C oins

o f t he C aucasus , I GAIMK , 1 10 , 1 934 , p . 1 80. 1 56.

A . N . Z ograph .

Ancien t C oins , p p . 1 74-175 .

1 57.

K . R eg l ing .

1 58 .

W. H . Wadding ton .

D ie G r iech ische Go ldscha tz v on Pr ink ipo , p p . 4 3-44 . Trouvai l les d e S a ida e t d e Mar mora , RN , 1 865 ,

P la te I , 1 . 1 59.

B . Koehne .

Op . c i t ., I , p . 3 40 , P la te I I , 1 , 2 ;

K . Reg l ing .

D ie

Gr iech ische Goldscha tz v on Pr ink ipo , p . 3 4. 1 60 .

RN , 1 865 , p p . 7 -8 ;

1 61.

K . R eg l ing .

1 62 .

I b id ., p . 3 8 ;

B . V . H ead .

H is tor ia Numoru m , p . 5 12.

D ie G r iech ische Go ldscha tz v on Pr ink ipo , p p. 3 4-35 . A . N . Z ograph :

G o ld C oins o f t he C aucasus , I GAI MK ,

1 10 , 1 934 , p . 1 87, Nos 8 a nd 9 ;

E . A . Pakho mov :

C oin H oards o f

A zerba i jan a nd t he O ther R epubl ics , R eg ions , a nd D is tr icts o f t he C auc asus , Baku , No . I I , 1 940 , N o. 7 00 . 1 63.

V . Brand is .

M i inz, Mass, u nd G ewich tswesen i n Vorderas ien , B er-

l in , 1 866 , p . 1 59 .

1 29

1 64. 1 65 .

B . Koehne .

Op . c i t ., I , p . 3 40 .

Greenwe l l , Nu m . C hr ., 1 877 , p . 1 2 , 1 6 , 1 9 ; o f Greek C oins , London , 1 889 , p p . 1 8 , 4 0 ;

G . H i l l :

A H andbook

B . V . H ead :

H is tor ia

Nu moru m , p . 2 81. 1 66. 1 67.

A . L . Ber t ier d e l a G arde . P . G ardner : p . 1 69 ;

The R ela t ive Va lues ...., 1 911.

Co inage o f t he A then ian Empire , JHS t , =

s a me a u thor :

M. R os tov tsev :

W I , 1 913 ,

H is tory o f Ancien t C oinage , p p . 2 63 , 3 39 ;

I ran ians a nd Greeks i n S ou th Russ ia , p . 2 29 ;

A . S egr :

Metrolog ia e C irco lazione Monetar ia d eg l i An tich i , p . 2 13 , n o te 3 , a nd 3 38 ; 1 68 .

K . R eg ling :

A . Ka tseva lov .

D ie Gr iech ische Go ldscha tz v on P r ink ipo , p . 4 6.

N otes o n t he H is tory o f t he E cono m ic L i fe o f t he Greek

C o lon ies o n t he Nor thern C oas t o f t he B lack S ea , K iev , 1 929 , p . 5 . 1 69 .

A . L . Ber t ier d e l a G arde .

1 70 .

I b id ., p . 4 0 .

1 71.

A . N . Z ograph .

1 72.

C f . A . L . Ber tier d e l a Garde :

1 73.

A . N . Z ograph .

1 74.

C f . Greenwel l . The E lectru m C oinage o f C yzicus , Nu m . C hr ., 1 877, p p . 1 4-15 ; P . Gardner : The Exchange V a lue o f t he C yzicene ; i bid ., p p . 1 87-188 ;

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 75 . The R ela t ive Va lues , p . 3 0 , n o te 1 .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 75 .

B . V . H ead :

i bid ., p . 2 98 ;

The R e la t ive Va lues ..., p p. 4 1-42 .

Ha m mer :

E lectru m C oins a nd t heir S peci f ic Grav i ty , Der F e ingeha l t d er Griech ischen u nd R om is-

c hen Munzen , Z . f . N ., 1 908 , p . 3 2 ;

H . S ch m i tz:

E in G esetz d er

S tad t O lbia z um S chu tze i hres S i lbergelds , F re iburg , 1 925 , p . 2 4 . 1 76.

A . S egr :

Op . c it ., p p . 2 44-246;

B . V . H ead :

H is tor ia Nu moru m ,

p . XLII . 1 77.

De mos th . XXX ' IV , 2 3.

1 78 .

A . L . B er t ier d e l a Garde .

1 79.

A . S egrb.

1 80 .

A . L . Ber t ier d e l a Garde .

1 81.

H . S ch m i tz.

1 82 .

De mos th ., XXXIV , 8 .

1 83 .

A . L . B er t ier d e l a Garde .

1 84.

I b id ., p . 3 3 ;

1 85 .

I b id ., p . 5 2.

1 86.

Greenwe l l.

The R e la t ive Va lues ..., p . 2 6.

Op . c i t ., p . 2 44. The R ela t ive Va lues ..., p p . 1 5-18 .

Op . c i t ., p . 2 2 .

The R ela t ive Va lues ..., p . 3 2 .

Nu m . S b ., I , p . 8 2-83 , Nos . 1 15-117.

The E lec trum C oinage o f C yzicus , Num . C hr ., 1 887 ,

p . 6 9 , P la te I , 1 8 .

1 30

1 87.

M. R os tov tzev .

I ran ians a nd Greeks i n S ou th Russ ia , p . 8 0 .

1 88 .

Nu m . C hr ., 1 887 , p p. 2 8-29 .

1 89 .

J ourna l I n tern . d 'Archb 'o log ie Nu m is ma t ique , V , 1 902 , P late I I , 1 5-17; c f . P . G ardner :

1 90 .

A . L . B er t ier d e l a Garde . a u thor :

1 91 .

A H is tory o f Ancien t C o inage , 7 00-300 B . C ., p . 3 32. Ma ter ia ls ...., p . 8 6, No . 1 39 ;

s a me

The Re la tive Va lues ...., p . 5 1.

Ano ther c oin w i th weigh t o f 8 .57 i s p reserved i n t he GMI I ( No. 1 7997) ; R eg ling r e fers t o t wo more we igh ing 8 .60 a nd 8 .54 ( K . Reg ling . G r iech ische Go ldscha tz v on Pr ink ipo ,

1 92 .

I b id .

1 93 .

B . 2 0 ( , 5 8 ;

1 94 .

I AK , 1 9 , P la te X IV , 6 , 2 1, 2 2 .

1 95 .

DGS , P la te V I I I , 3 ;

P .

D ie

3 6.

Z . XL , 1 2 .

DP , V I , P la te V , 5 30 ;

I AK , 1 9 , P la te X II I, 1 ,

1 5 , 1 3. 1 96.

D . Ya . S a mokvasov . p p. 6 9 , 7 5 ;

Bur ia l Mounds o n Russ ian S oi l , Moscow , 1 908 ,

A . A . B obr insk i :

The Tu mu l i n ear t he Town o f Smela ,

I , 1 894 , P la te XV I I , 5 , 1 3. 1 97.

We n eed o n ly r e fer t o t he amphorae f ro m R yzhanovka , a ltogether i dent ica l w i th t he amphorae f ro m t he S o lokha b ur ia l mound .

1 98 .

C f . t he s ugges t ion o f B er t ier d e l a Garde ( excess ively s weeping t o b e s ure , b u t n o t d evoid o f a l l b as is ) t o t he e f fect t ha t t he mel t ing d own o f c yzicenes may h ave b een t he s ource o f t he e lec tru m u sed i n t he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora l f or t he manufacture o f av ar iety o f a r te facts .

Nu m .

S b ., I , p p . 9 7-98 . 1 99.

S ee K . Marx :

Cr i tique o f P o li t ica l E cono my , p . 1 31.

2 00.

K . M. Ko lobova .

The P oli tica l S i tua t ion o f t he C i t ies i n t he Bosporus

S ta te , VDI , 1 953 , N o. 4 . 2 01.

A . N . Z ograph .

2 02 .

B . XV I I I , 3 ;

2 03.

E . R . S h tern .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 90 .

Z . X )0 ( IX , 3 -4. Theodos ia a nd i ts C era m ics , Odessa , 1 906 , p . 1 5 ;

A . L . B er t ier d e l a Garde :

ZOOID , , CXX , p . 5 2 ;

E . Minns :

o p . c i t .,

p . 5 57. 2 04.

D . B . S he lov .

Theodos ia , H eracleia , a nd t he S par tocids , VDI , 1 950 ,

No . 3 . 2 05 .

D . B . S he lov .

C oun ter marked Pan t icapaeu m C oins o f t he Th ird Quar ter

o f t he I Ird C en tury B .C ., KSI IMK , XLI I I . 2 06.

A . N . Z ograph .

2 07.

K . M. K olobova .

2 08 .

Ancien t C oins , p p . 1 71-172 . Op . c i t ., p p . 6 2-63 .

S ee o n t h is p o in t D . B . S helov :

Theodos ia , H eracleia , a nd t he S par to-

c ids , VDI , 1 950 , N o . 3 . 1 31

2 09 .

S trabo , V II , 4 , 4 .

2 10 .

De mos th ., XX , 3 3.

2 11.

De mos th ., XX , 3 1;

2 12.

VDI , 1 939 , No . 3 , p p. 2 62-263 , N o. 3 2 .

2 13 .

C f . A . Zhebelev : Ka tseva lov :

S trabo , V I I , 4 6.

The Ma in L ines ...., p . 6 05 = SP , p . 1 34 ;

A . S .

o p. c i t ., p p . 4 0-43.

2 14.

K . Marx .

C r i t ique o f P o li t ica l Econo my , p . 6 6.

2 15 .

A . L . B er t ier d e l a G arde .

2 16.

V . F . G a iduk iev ich :

2 17.

C f . Voprosy I s tor i i , 1 954 , No . 2 , p . 1 67.

2 18 .

De mos th ., XXX IV

2 19 .

D iod .

2 20.

V . D . B lavatsk i .

The R ela t ive Va lues ...., p . 5 3.

o p . c i t ., p p . 7 6-77.

Phor m .) , 8 .

S ic ., XX , 2 2-24 . Agr icu l ture i n t he Anc ien t S ta tes o f t he Nor thern

B lack S ea L i t tora l , Moscow , 1 953 , p . 2 01 f . 2 21.

C f . V . D . B lava tsk i :

The Ba t t le a t Pha ta a nd Greek T act ics o f t he I V th

Cen tury B .C ., VDI , 1 946 , N o . 1 , p . 1 04 , n ote 2 .

1 32

CHAPTER I I

THE CURRENCY OF THE BOSPORUS DUR ING THE PER IOD OF THE LATE S PARTOCIDS

1 .

The Monetary R e for m o f L eucon I . B y t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . t he B osporus money marke t

was , a s we h ave s een , i n a mos t d ep lorable s ta te .

I t was f i l led t o o ver f low ing

w i th a mass o f d egraded a nd d eprec ia ted P an t icapaeum c opper , e s tabl ish ing af i rm r a te o f e xchange f or wh ich was b eyond t he p owers o f t he B osporus g overnmen t .

A t t he s a me t ime , t o ta l d isorder ing o f t he mone tary s ys te m

c ou ld n o t b e l ong e ndured i n as ta te s o h igh ly d eve loped e cono m ica l ly a nd s o p ower fu l i n c o m merc ia l r espec ts a s was t he k ingdo m o f t he B osporus .

Wh i le

i t was i ndeed i n t he main n o t B osporus , b u t i n ter loca l , c o in t ha t was u sed i n t he e x terna l t rade o f t he B osporus , t he d o mes t ic u rban marke t , wh ich o ver t he c ourse o f s evera l c en tur ies h ad b een u n in terrup ted ly s uppl ied f irs t w i th s i lver a nd s ubsequen t ly a lso w i th c opper c o in , mus t h ave r eacted v ery s harp ly t o t he d is turbance o f t he l oca l c urrency c ircu la t ion . T he mos t e f fec t ive a nd r ad ica l way o u t o f t h is d i f f icu l t s i tua t ion wou ld h ave b een t he r eins t i tu t ion o f af u l l-va lue c o inage o f s i lver money , t he c o mp lete r emova l o f d eprec ia ted a nd d egraded c opper f ro m c ircu la t ion , a nd r es tr ic t ion u pon f ur ther i ssues t hereo f .

Bu t a pparen t ly t he g overnmen t d id n o t h ave

a va i lab le t he q uan t i ty o f p recious meta l n ecessary t o t ha t e nd . i t was o bl iged t o f o l low a no ther c ourse .

On t ha t a ccoun t

Z ograph h as s ugges ted ,

1

q u i te r igh t ly

i t wou ld s ee m , t ha t i t was j us t t h is s eek ing f or a way o u t o f t he mone tary -c r is is t ha t d icta ted t he i ssuance o f t he f irs t r ega l c o ins i n t he B osporus , t hose o f L eucon T h is B osporus r u ler , whose r e ign i s d a ted a pprox i ma te ly t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he I L Ird c en tury B . C ., s et a bou t t he i ssuance , u np receden ted i n t he B osporus u p t o t ha t t ime , o f c opper c o in i n h is o wn n a me : o n t he c oins we n o l onger f ind t he u sua l

5 1 1 40 t -1 ,){6 v

,b u t i ns tead t he

k ing 's n a me a nd t i t le — P ao 'L X .gc og A eimwvog T h is a ct ion s hou ld b e w eighed w i th i t s p ol i t ica l a spec ts p r i mar i ly i n mind . R ega l c o in h ad n o t b een i ssued i n t he B osporus t h i ther to , a nd o ver t he c ourse o f t hree h undred y ears t he l oca l B osporus market h ad b een a cqua in ted o n ly w i th a u tono mous c oins , s truck a t f irs t b y v ar ious B osporus c i t ies , b u t l a ter o n o n ly b y P an t icapaeu m .

A f ter A lexander t he G rea t , i ti s t rue , r ega l c o inage

was d is tr ibu ted w idespread i n t he G reek wor ld , a nd r ega l c o ins were f am i l iar i nt he B osporus a s we l l a s e lsewhere :

h ere t he g o ld s ta ters o f A lexander a nd

L ys i machus were c urren t , f or t he mos t p ar t p os thu mous i ssues o f t hese r u lers ,

2

b u t i n t he c urrency o f t he B osporus i t se l f t he o ld t rad i t ion o f a u to-

n o mous c iv ic c o inage was s evere ly ma in ta ined , i n o u tward r espec tQa t s, kas t ,

1 33

u n t i l t he s econd h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury .

I n i n i t ia t ing t he i ssuance o f c opper

c oin i n h is o wn n a me , L eucon b y v ir tue o f t he v ery a ct ion a ppropr ia ted f orma l ly t o h i mse l f t he r igh t o f c o inage wh ich was a lready p ossessed b y many H e l len is t ic d ynas ts , b u t wh ich i n t he B osporus h ad u p t o t ha t t ime c on t inued t o b e long o n ly t o t he c iv ic c o m mun i ty o f t he p eop le o f P an t icapaeu m . The g rea t p o l i t ica l s ign i f icance o f t h is a ct ion i s e v idenced b y t he c ircums tance t ha t a f ter L eucon I e ach B osporus r u ler w as a t p a ins t o c on f ir m h is t i t le t o p ossess ion o f t he r igh t o f c o inage t hrough t he p ubl ic i ssuance o f a t l eas t s o me c o in o r o ther b ear ing h is n a me . T h is r igh t p u t t he B osporus r u lers o n a n e qua l f oo t ing w i th o ther H e l len is t ic o ver lords i n ma t ters o f mone tary p o l icy a s we l l a s o ther ma t ters . Bu t t he i ssuance o f r ega l c o in b y L eucon I h ad a lso a nother s ide . I n c ont rad is t inc t ion t o wha t was t he c ase i n o ther H e l len is t ic s ta tes s uch a s t he T hrace o f L ys i machus o r P to le ma ic Egyp t , t he r ega l c o inage t ook o n n o s pec ia l s ign if icance i n t he B osporus . T he a u tono mous c iv ic c o inage c on t inued t o p redo mina te , a nd i tc ons t i tu ted t he b as is o f t he who le monetary c ircu la t ion o f t he B osporus d own t o t he t imes o f M i thrada tes V I a nd h is s uccessors , whereas t he r are c oins o f t he B osporus r u lers a t t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury a nd i n t he Ind ( Hyg iaenon , S par tocus , an u mber o f P aer isades ) w ere i ssued o n ly u pon o ne s pec ia l o ccas ion o r a no ther . I n t he f ie ld o f monetary p o l icy t hey s erved o n ly t he p urpose o f s y mbo l ic r ea f f ir ma t ion o f t he k ing 's r igh t t o i ssue c o ins , b u t t hey were n o t i n ap os i t ion t o p lay a g rea t p ar t i n mone tary c ircu la t ion .

T he c opper c o ins o f

L eucon I were o n t he o ther h and c a lcu la ted p r i mar i ly f or t he p er for mance o f d e f in i te f unc t ions i n t he money marke t a nd f or t he s a t is fac t ion o f t he r equ iremen ts o f t ha t marke t .

Thus L eucon 's s er ies o f c o ins i n ac er ta in s ense f a l ls

o u ts ide t he f ra mework o f t he e n t ire r e ma inder o f t he e vo lu t ion o f B osporus c urrency i n t he p re- M i thrada t ic p er iod , c ons t i tu t ing a s i td oes t he s o le i ssue o f r ega l c o ins wh ich was n o t o n ly i n tended t o c ircu la te u pon t he marke t , b u t was a lso c a l led u pon t o p lay a g rea t p ar t i n t he o rgan iza t ion o f c ircu la t ion . The u npreceden ted a nd i nd iv idua l c harac ter o f t he i ssuance o f r ega l c o ins b y Leucon I o b l iges u s t o p erce ive i n t h is e p isode a n u psho t o f c er ta in e x trao rd inary c ircu mstances a nd t oa ssu me t ha tt h is measure h ad ad ef in ite p urpos ive o r ien tat ion , i ndependen t ly o f L eucon 's q u ite u nders tandab le w ish t o c onso l idate h is r igh t t o i ssue c o ins.

I fo ne c ons iders t he s tate o f Bosporus f inances a t

t he mo men t w hen L eucon c a me t o p ower , a nd t he i mposs ib il ity o f h is g et t ing c lear o f t he mone tary c r is is t hrough t he r e ins t i tu t ion o f t he a u tono mous s i lver c oinage , t hen Z ograph 's p ropos i t ion t o t he e f fec t t ha t t here was a l inkage b et ween t h is e xper i men t i n r ega l c o inage , t he f irs t i n B osporus h is tory , a nd t he e ndeavor t o o verco me t he s ta te o f c r is is i n t he B osporus money marke t w i l l s tr ike o ne a s d ec ided ly p ersuas ive .

T he c o in i ssue u nderwr i t ten b y t he a u tho-

r i ty o f t he B osporus r u ler was s et i n c on fron ta t ion t o t he d egraded c iv ic c opper wh ich t he g overnmen t was n o t i n ap os i t ion t o s h ie ld f ro m f ur ther d eprec ia t ion . Th is s ugges t ion g a ins s t i l l f ur ther i n a t trac t iveness i fo ne r eca l ls t ha t i n t he I Ird c en tury t he g o ld s ta ters o f A lexander a nd L ys i machus , i ssued i n t he ir n a mes a nd c ons t i tu t ing a v ery s tab le e x terna l e xchange med iu m , were a l toge ther f am i l iar i n t he B osporus .

Wi th t hese b e fore h im , L eucon I migh t h ope t ha t

t he c oin wh ich h e i ssued — p er force o f c opper , y e t b ear ing t he r oya l n a me — wou ld e scape t he d eprec ia t ion t he c iv ic c opper was u ndergoing a t t he mo men t . C onnec ted w i th t h is , i n a l l l i ke l ihood , we h ave a lso t he b orrow ing b y L eucon o f t he t ypes o f A lexandr ine c o ins f or h is s tr ik ings . 1 34

L eucon L I 's s er ies o f c oins c o mpr ises t hree d eno m ina t ions o f c opper w i th t he f o l low ing t ypes : O bverse

R everse

B eard less h ead o f H erac les

B ow a nd c lub

r igh t I

H ead o f A thena i n C or in th ian

Thunderbo l t

h e l me t r igh t I I

Ova l s h ie ld a nd s pear

Ak inakes s word

The i nscr ip t ion o n t he s e c oins , P ac t ,X gwg AEf . n twvog o n t he r everse i n t wo l ines , a bove a nd b e low t he emb le m .

3

,i s p laced The t ypo logy o f

t he who le s er ies h as b een e xa m ined b y u s i n d e ta i l i n as pec ia l a r t ic le d evo ted t o L eucon I 's mone tary measures .4

We h ave a lso a na lyzed t here Z ograph 's

s ugges t ion r egard ing a m i l i tary c haracter o f L eucon I 's c oinage .

Wha t i s o f

impor tance h ere i s t o d evo te o ur a t ten t ion t o a no ther f ace t o f t hese measures — t o t he d egree i n wh ich t hey c on tr ibu ted t o t he h ea l ing o f t he mone tary c r is is a nd t o n or ma l iza t ion o f c urrency c ircu la t ion i n t he B osporus . We c an a rr ive a t aj udgmen t r egard ing t he s uccess a t tend ing u pon t he meas ure o f L eucon I o n ly o n t he b as is o f i nd irec t i nd ica t ions — c er ta in metrol og ica l a nd f abr ic f ea tures o f h is c oins . r a ther t h ick f lans ;

T hey a re a l l s truck o n h eavy a nd

a s ar u le n o t races o f t he b reak ing away o f s prues a re t o

b e o bserved a t t he e dges o f t he c oins , wh ich a f fords e v idence o f i nd iv idua l a tt en t ion t o t he s tr ik ing o f e ach o ne o f t he m . I ti s p ar t icu lar ly impor tan t t o n ote t he c o mple te a bsence o f c oun ter marks a nd o f o vers tr ikes o n t h is r ega l c opper , wh ich s ugges ts t ha t i n t he c ircu la t ion p rocess t he c oins o f L eucon d id n o t b eco me s ub jec t t o d eprecia t ion a nd d id n o t r equ ire c on f ir ma t ion o r a l terat ion o f t he r a te a t wh ich t hey were c urren t t hrough t he impos i t ion o f af resh s ta mp .

A l l o f t h is s harp ly d is t ingu ishes L eucon 's r ega l c opper f ro m t he a n te-

c eden t a nd f ro m t he c on te mporaneous P an t icapaeu m a u tono mous c oin , a nd o b l iges u s t o s ee i n i t af irs t s y mpto m o f t he r es tora t ion o f o rder a nd o f n orma l iza t ion i n c urrency c ircu la t ion i n t he B osporus . Bu t a t t he s a me t ime t here a re a n u mber o f f ea tures a bou t t he s tr ik ing o f t hese c oins t ha t b r ing t he m c lose t o t he c iv ic P an t icapaeum c opper o f t he midd le o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C .:

ac er ta in c arelessness a nd d e l iquescence i n t he

r epresen ta t ions , ab eve l l ing o f t he e dge — t hese b e ing f ea tures v ery c harac ter ist ic f or t he c o inage o f t he c r is is p er iod . We s hou ld a lso n o te t ha t t he we igh t o f t he h eav ies t d eno m ina t ion o f L eucon 's c opper f luc tua tes r a ther c ons iderab ly : t he h eav ies t c o ins a t ta in 1 3-14 g , whereas i nd iv idua l e xa mp les i n a l together g ood s ta te o f p reserva t ion h ave we igh ts n o h igher t han 8 - 9 g .

A pparen t ly i t

was imposs ib le t o a vo id a l together a ny d egrada t ion i n we igh t e ven f or t hese c oins o f L eucon . Bu t t he v ery f ac t t ha t t he f luc tua t ion i n t he we igh t o f t hese c oins d oes n o t p ass t he b ounds o f ap ropor t ion o f 1 :2; whereas a t t he s a me t i me t he c iv ic c opper o f t he p reced ing p er iod h ad u ndergone r epea ted d rops i n weigh t t o o nefour th o r o nef i f th , t e l ls u s o f ac er ta in measure o f s uccess i n L eucon 's who le e n terpr ise .

We s hou ld a lso k eep i n m ind t he f ac t t ha t we igh t

n or ms f or c opper c o in were n ever p ar t icu lar ly r ig id i n a n t iqu i ty , a nd t ha t a f luc tua t ion i n t he we igh t o f c oins o f as ing le d eno m ina t ion d own t o t wo-th irds ,

1 35

t o o ne-ha l f , o r e ven l ower was n o t u nco m mon e ven f or p er iods when c oinage was e n t ire ly s tab le a nd n or ma l , e ven t hough i ti s t rue , o f c ourse , t ha t s o g rea t af luc tua t ion i n we igh t i s more o f ten t o lera ted i n t he sma l ler d eno m inat ions . A c o mpar ison o f t he c opper c o ins o f L eucon I w i th t he P an t icapaeu m c iv ic c opper o f t he c r is is p er iod f orces u s t o c oncede t ha t t he g oa l t ha t h ad b een s et was i n c ons iderab le measure a ch ieved :

L eucon d id manage t o w in a r e-

l a t ive ly s tab le r a te o f e xchange f or h is c o ins , s o me th ing wh ich e nab led t h is r ega l c opper t o b eco me o ne o f t he f ac tors i n s tab i l iza t ion o f t he e n t ire monet ary c ircu la t ion i n t he B osporus . The s tr ik ing o f r ega l c opper c o ins u nder L eucon I was a n e xcep t iona l a nd t rans i tory measure .

T he b as is f or t he mone tary c ircu la t ion i n t he B osporus

c on t inued , e ven d ur ing t he p er iod o f t he s econd h al f o f t he I l ird c en tury a nd i n t he I ind c en tury wh ich we a re e xa m in ing , t o c ons is t o f a u tono mous P an t icapaeu m c oinage i n s i lver a nd i n c opper . A t t he mo men t when L eucon I i n i t ia ted t he mone tary r e for m b y i ssu ing c opper c o ins o f r oya l min t ing , t he B osporus money marke t was f i l led w i th a g rea t q uan t i ty o f d eprec ia ted c iv ic c opper i ssued i n t he f irs t h a l f o f t he I l ird c en tury B . C . a nd a round t he m idd le t hereo f .

T he l as t i ssue o f t h is a u tono-

mous P an t icapaeu m c opper i np o in t o f t ime c ons is ted o f t he r e la t ive ly h eavy c opper c o ins w i th t he t ypes o f t he h ead o f P oseidon o n t he o bverse a nd o f a s h ip 's p row o n t he r everse 5 ( P la te I V , 7 4 ) . B y c o mpar ing t he t ypes o f t hese c oins w i th t he t ypes o f t he Macedon ian t etradrachms b ear ing t he n a me o f An t igonus , Z ograph d e ter m ined t ha t t he ir s tr ik ing s hou ld b e a ss igned t o t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C .

6

Thus t hese c o ins were i ssued e ither

im med ia te ly b efore t he a ccess ion o f L eucon I , o r d ur ing h is r eign . S i mu l taneous ly w i th t h is h eavy c opper t here were i n c ircu la t ion d eprecia ted c opper c o ins b ear ing o ther t ypes t ha t h ad b een i ssued e ar l ier , a t t he midd le o f t he I l ird c en tury .

We g e t ag ood i dea o f t he s or t o f mone tary u n i ts t he

mone tary c ircu la t ion was made u p o f a t t h is t ime f ro m a sma l l h oard t ha t was f ound i n 1 934 d ur ing c ons truc t ion work i n t he Myr mec iu m r eg ion a nd t ha t was s tud ied i n d e ta i l b y Z ograph .

7

T he ma in mass o f t he h oard was made u p o f

sma l l c o ins w i th a n image o f t he h ead o f ab earded s a tyr o n t he o bverse a nd a b ow a nd a rrow o n t he r everse 8 ( P la te I V , 7 2 , 7 3 ) .

T he f ind ing t oge ther , i n

as ing le h oard , o f al arge q uan t i ty o f t hese c oins a nd o f s o me c oins w i th t he t ypes o f P ose idon a nd p row u nques t ionab ly a f fords e v idence o f t he ir c ircu lat ions h av ing o ver lapped a t l eas t o ver a c er ta in p er iod o f t ime . 9 On t h is b as is Z ograph e ven s ugges ted a s i mu l taneous i ssuance o f b o th g roups a s d i f feren t d eno m ina t ions o f as ing le s er ies .1 0 Bu t as o mewha t e ar l ier d a t ing f or t he i ssue o f c o ins w i th t he b earded s atyr 's h ead p lus b ow-and-arrow s ee ms l i ke ly . The o verwhel m ing ma jor i ty o f t hese c ons is t o f o vers tr ikes o n c o ins o f t he mid-I I Ird c en tury B . C . ( t ypes o f B . XX , 7 9-80 ;

9 4-95 ;

XX I , 1 23-126 ;

XX [ I , 1 65-167 ) ( P la te I V , 7 3 ) .

I n s ty le a nd

f abr ic t hey a re c lose ly l inked w i th t he who le p reced ing c o inage , b u t a re p a ten t ly d is t ingu ished f ro m t he much more n ea t ly a nd s k i l l fu l ly made c o ins w i th t he P os e idon h ead a nd t he p row .

T ypo log ica l ly t hey a re a lso i n n o way a ssoc ia ted

w i th t h is l as t g roup o f c o ins , s o t ha t t here a re n o g rounds f or i nc lud ing t he m i n o ne a nd t he s a me s er ies o n t he mere b as is o f t he ir h av ing c ircu la ted a t t he s a me t i me . 1 36

T he i ssuance o f c oins w i th t he s a tyr 's h ead ( or r a ther , o f o vers tr ikes w i th t h is t ype o n a lready c ircu la t ing c oins ) a nd t he s tr ik ing o f t he s er ies o f c opper c oins w i th t he P oseidon h ead were a pparen t ly o pera t ions a par t i n t ime b u t f o ll owing r ap id ly t he l a t ter u pon t he f or mer d ur ing t he midd le a nd t h ird q uar ter o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C .

I t was j us t t hese t wo g roups o f c o ins t ha t made u p

t he mass o f c oin t okens t ha t were c ircu la t ing i n t he B osporus marke t a t t he mo men t o f L eucon I 's r efor m .

C ircu la t ion s ide b y s ide w i th t hese c oins o n

t he p ar t o f i nd iv idua l e ar l ier-issued c oins o f t he f irs t h a l f o f t he L 1 Ird c en tury a nd t he mid-cen tury i s n o t e xc luded , b u t p robab ly t he n u mber o f t hese n ono vers truck c oins r e ma in ing o n t he marke t was n o t g rea t , a s i s s hown b y t he p resence o n ly o f i nd iv idua l e xa mp les t hereo f i n t he make-up o f t he Myrrnec iu m h oard . The P an t icapaeu m c o ins w i th t he t ypes o f t he Pose idon h ead a nd t he p row e xh ibi t i nt he ir t echn ique a nd f abr ic c lear t races o f c r is is n o t y et who l ly o bv ia ted , e ven t hough a s r egards s ty le t he ir s tr ik ing i s c ons iderably n ea ter t han i s t he s tr ik ing o f c o ins i n t he s evera l p reced ing s er ies .

The b eve l led

e dge a nd t he t races o f s prues b roken away a fford e v idence o f s i mu l taneous manu facture e n masse o f t he c o ins o f t h is t ype . f a ir ly c ons iderable :

The we igh t f luc tua t ion i s

i n a ma jor i ty o f c o ins t he we igh t h o lds w i th in l im i ts o f

5 -6 g , b u t i n i nd iv idua l e xa mp les i tf a l ls o f f t o 4a nd e ven t o 3 .5 g , o r r ises t o a s much a s 9 .

A t t he s ame t ime we h ave n o r eason t o s uppose t ha t t here

was a g radua l d ec l ine i n t he we igh t o f t h is c o in d ur ing t he p rocess o f ap rol onged i ssuance .

I n a l l l ike l ihood t he i ssuance o f t h is c lass o f c o in was r a ther

i n tens ive b u t o f s hor t d ura t ion , a nd t he d i f ference i n t he we igh ts o f i nd iv idua l c oins s pr ings e n t ire ly f ro m c are lessness i n s tr ik ing . I n f avor o f t h is t hes is we h ave t he f ac t t ha t t he c oins we a re a na lyzing u ndergo n o s ty l is t ic d egradat ion s uch a s was a l mos t o b l iga tory a t t ha t t ime f or c oins t ha t were s truck o ver ap ro longed p er iod , a nd t he f ac t t ha t t he Myr mec iu m h oard , t he a sse mb ly p er iod f or wh ich c anno t h ave b een v ery l ong , i nc ludes among i t s c o mpos i t ion c o ins o f t he mos t d ivergen t we igh ts .

1 1

Very s oon , i t wou ld s ee m , a f ter t he c o ins w i th t he P ose idon h ead h ad b een i ssued , t he ir r a te i n e xchange was c on f ir med t hrough t he impos i t ion o f a c oun ter mark , a nd s ubsequen t ly a s econd a pproba t ion t hrough t he u se o f af resh d ie b eca me n ecessary .

T he f irs t c oun ter mark r epresen ts a h ead o f A thena

wear ing a C or in th ian h e l me t ( P la te I V , 7 5 ) , t he s econd t he h ead o f ab earded s a tyr .

1 2

The image o f t he A thena h ead i n t he f irs t c oun ter mark i s s tr ik ing ly

s im i lar t o t he s a me h ead t ha t a ppears o n t he m idd le d eno m ina t ion o f L eucon U 's r ega l c o in age .

1 3

Th is e nab les u s t o a dvance t he s ugges t ion t ha t t h is

c oun ter mark was a lso a f fixed b y L eucon I , s i mu l taneous ly w i th h is i ssuance o f r ega l c o in , a nd t ha t i t was p rec ise ly t h is measure t ha t was r e f lec ted i n o ne o f t he n arra t ives o f P o lyaenus .

1 4

Ac tua l ly i t wou ld b e s trange i fL eucon I , a f ter h av ing u nder taken t he i ss uance o f r ega l c o in w i th t he p urpose o f s tabi l izing t he mone tary c ircu la t ion , s hou ld h ave f a i led t o b r ing t he r a te o f t he a u tono mous P an t icapaeu m c oin t ha t f i l led t he mäney marke t i n to s o me s or t o f c orrespondence w i th t he r ega l c o in h e h ad i ssued .

One may s ee i n t he s a meness o f t he t ypes i n t he midd le d e-

n om ina t ion o f t he r ega l c opper a nd i n t he c oun ter marks o n P an t icapaeu m c oins a n e ndeavor o f L eucon I t o make t he r a te o f t he s en ior d eno m ina t ion o f c iv ic c opper t ha t was c oun ter marked e qua l t o t he r a te o f t he med iu m d eno m ina t ion 1 37

o f h is r ega l i ssue . N or i s t h is t hes is r e fu ted b y c o mpar ison o f me tro log ica l d a ta : t he we igh t o f t he L eucon r ega l c o ins w i th t he image o f t he A thena h ead a nd t he t hunderbo l t c o mes o rd inar i ly t o 5 -6 g , wh ich c orresponds t o t he we igh t o f t he ma jor i ty o f t he P an t icapaeum c oins w i th t he P ose idon h ead a nd t he p row . One 's a t ten t ion i s a lso d rawn t o t he c o mpara t ive r ar i ty o f L eucon 's c oins o f t he med iu m d eno m ina t ion ;

t he h eavy c oins o f r ega l min t ing w i th t ypes o f

t he H erac les h ead a nd b ow-and-arrow a re f ound a g ood d ea l more f requen t ly . Was n o t t he l im i ta t ion o n t he i ssuance o f t he c oins w i th t he A thena h ead b rough t a bou t b y t he f ac t t ha t i n c ircu la t ion i t was p oss ib le t o u se t he c oun ter marked P an ticapaeu m c oins i ns tead?

I fo ur p u t t ing t h ings t oge ther i n t h is way i s r igh t ,

we s ha l l b e a b le t o a ss ign t he med ium d eno m ina t ion o f L eucon 's c o inage t o t he s a me d eno m ina t ion I a s t he c o ins o f w i th t he P oseidon h ead a nd p row , a nd c on jec tura l ly t o r egard t he m a s t e tracha lco i .

Then t he s en ior d eno m ina t ion

o f L eucon 's r ega l c o ins wou ld a ppear t o b e a n o bo l , a nd t he j un ior d eno m inat i on a d icha lcon .

C o mpar ison o f L eucon 's c o ins w i th t he B osporus c opper

c oinage o f t he t ime o f M ithrada tes E upa tor a ppears t o c on f ir m t ha t p ropos i t ion . A t a ny r a te , t he weigh t o f t he B osporus o bo ls a nd t e tracha lco i s truck i n t he f irs t h a l f o f t he I s t c en tury B . C . c orresponds c lose ly e nough w i th t he we igh t o f t he L eucon c o ins we h ave b een a na lyzing . 2 .

The C o inage o f P an t icapaeu m a nd t he O ther B osporus C i t ies . I t was p robab ly s t i l l d ur ing t he c ourse o f t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he I L Ird c en-

t ury B . C . t ha t t he c o inage o f s i lver was r e ins t i tu ted a t P an t icapaeu m . Z ograph a ss igns t o t h is p er iod a g roup o f s i lver c oins wh ich a re u n i ted b y f eat ures o f s ty le a nd f abr ic .

Wi th in t h is g roup t here f a l l c oins o f t wo d eno m ina-

t ions s truck o n t he A t t ic s tandard , wh ich f ro m t h is p o in t o nward b eco mes t he s o le s tandard u sed i nt he B osporus c o inage . On t he o bverse s ide o f a l l t hese c o ins we f ind a n image o f t he h ead o f A po l lo wear ing a l aure l wrea th , r igh t , b u t t he r everse t ypes a re v ar ious . d eno m ina t ion , t he d rach ma , i s r epresen ted b y t wo t ypes o f c o ins :

T he s en ior o n t he r e-

v erse o f t he f irs t t here i s t he p ro to me o f a n e ag le-headed g r i f f in l e f t , w i th a whea t-ear b enea th i t15

( P la te I V, 7 9 ) .

On t he r everse o f t he s econd i s a n

e ag le p erched w i th s pread w ings , r igh t1 6

( P la te I V,

o bo ls ( he m idrach ms ) c orrespond t o t hese d rach mas :

8 0 ).

Two t ypes o f t r i-

t he r everse s ide o f o ne

o f t hese i s o ccup ied b y af ac ing l i on 's h ead h o ld ing i n i t s j aws a s word o r d agger 1 7

( P la te I V ,

( P la te w,

8 1) .

8 2 ) , wh i le o n t he r everse o f t he o ther i s a whea t-ear 18

A l l t hese c oins a re c on jo ined i n as ing le g roup b y u n i ty o f

f abr ic , s ty le , f or m o f i nscr ip t ion , a nd c er ta in me tro log ica l p ecu l iar i t ies . Da t ing t he m t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . i s j us t i f ied b y t he i nt ima te l inkage o f t he ir t ypo logy w i th t he t ypo log ica l mo ti fs o f t he I Ird a nd e ven o f t he I V th c en tury B . C . — t he l i on , t he g r i f f in , t he whea t-ear , t he e ag le ). T he f or m o f t he i nscr ip t ion I T AN a lso p reven ts u s f ro m s h i f t ing t h is who le s er ies i n to t he Ind c en tury , f or t he s i lver c oinage o f wh ich a f u l l f or m o f t he i nscr ip t ion , F iANTIKAT IAI MN

i s a lready c harac ter is t ic .

The s tr ik ing o f t hese c o ins was p er for med , o n v ery b ad s i lver , s o mewha t c are less ly b oth i n s ty l is t ic a nd i n metro log ica l r espec ts .

T he s ty le o f t he

images i s r a ther f la t a nd d i f fuse , r em ind ing o ne v ery much o f t he s ty le o f t he c opper c o ins o f t he m id-II Ird c en tury B . C .

1 38

A l l o f t hese f ea tures s peak i n

f avor o f t he s tr ik ing o f t h is g roup o f c oins h av ing t aken p lace a t at ime when t he f inanc ia l d i f f icu l t ies s o c lear ly r e f lec ted i n t he mone tary c r is is o f t he f irs t h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury h ad n o t y e t b een e l im ina ted i n t heir e n t irety . The p resence i n t he g roup o f c oins u nder a na lys is o f " severa l d eno m ina t ions w i th t he s a me n a me b u t d i f feren t r everse t ypes , a nd y e t a t t he s a me me ta l weigh t a nd f ineness l eve l , "e nab led Z ograph t o s ugges t ap ro longed i ssuance o f t hese c oins o ver t he c ourse o f t he e n t ire s econd h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury , a nd t he p resence o f s evera l s er ies w i th in t h is c oi n age .

1 9

Apparen t ly t he i s-

s uance o f t wo s er ies t ook p lace h ere , e ach o f t he m c on ta in ing t wo d eno m inat ions o f s i lver ;

b u t we d o n ot y e t h ave a ny d a ta t ha t wou ld a l low u s t o d e fine

t he c o mpos i t ion a nd s equence o f t hese i ssues . We s hou ld e v iden t ly a lso a ss ign t o t he e nd o f t he l i rd c en tury B . C . t he r emarkab le P an t icapaeu m t e tradrach ms , t he o n ly o nes o ver t he e n t ire h is tory o f t he P an t icapaeu m c o inage .

On t he ir o bverses i s ah ead o f A po l lo c rowned

w i th a l aurel wrea th , l e f t , a nd o n t he r everse a r epresen ta t ion o f ag razin h orse a nd t he i nscr ip t ion : ANTI

2 0

( P la te V ,

8 5 ) .

I ti s e x tre me ly d i f f icu l t

t o d eter m ine t he p os i t ion o f t h is s er ies o f s i lver t e tradrach ms i n t he h is tory o f t he Pan t icapaeum c o inage .

Z ograph d a tes i tt o t he l as t q uar ter o f t he I Ird

c en tury B . C . o n t he s ole b as is t ha t a t t ha t t ime t he c oinage o f t e tradrach ms c o m menced i n an umber o f Eux ine c i t ies — C hersonesus , C a lchedon , B yzant ium .

2 1

Bu t i t s ee ms t o u s t ha t o f i t se l f t h is j ux tapos i t ion c anno t s erve a s

s u f f ic ien t g rounds f or t he d a t ing o f t he P an t icapaeu m t e tradrach ms .

I n a d-

d i t ion , we s hou ld n o te t ha t n e i ther i n t he ir s ub jec ts n or i n t heir s tyle o f r ep resen ta t ion d o t he P an t icapaeu m t e tradrach ms h ave a ny th ing i n c o m mon w i th t he n um is ma t ic r ecords o f t he c i t ies i n q ues t ion .

The s harp a nd e legan t t hough

s o mewha t d ry d es ign , t he t rea t men t o f s o me o f t he d eta i ls o f t he image ( part icu lar ly t he h a ir o f A po l lo ) , t he f or m o f t he l e t ters o f t he i nscr ipt ion ( f or e xa mp le t he

)o b l ige o ne t o a ssocia te t hese t e tradrach ms , r a ther , w i th P an t i-

c apaeu m c o ins f ro m a s f ar b ack a s t he e nd o f t he I V th c en tury .

B o th i n t he ir

s ty le a nd i n t he q ua l i ty o f t heir s tr ik ing t he P an t icapaeu m t e tradrach ms we a re s tudying s tand a lone among t he i ssues o f P an t icapaeum s i lver i n t he s econd h al f o f t he I l Ird c en tury a nd t he L ind , i nas much a s b o th t he a n teceden t a nd t he s ubsequen t s i lver f a l ls c ons iderab ly b e low t he m i n a l l r espec ts .

These c on-

s idera t ions p reven t u s f ro m b e ing s ure t ha t t he d a t ing p roposed b y Z ograph i s r igh t .

On t he o ther h and , t he r epresen ta t ion o f t he A po l lo h ead o n t hese

t etradrach ms , a nd ma in ly t he f ac t t ha t t hey a re s truck o n t he A t t ic a nd n ot t he Aeg ine t ic s tandard o f w eigh t , r es tra in u s f ro m d a t ing t he i ssue t o a ny e arl i er t ime .

2 2

On t h is a ccoun t we mus t f or t he t ime b eing r es t w i th t he d a t ing

f urn ished b y Z ograph , merely p u t t ing o n r ecord t he d oub ts wh ich a r ise i n o ur d oing s o .

The s i tua t ion i s t he more c on fused b y t wo s i lver c oins p ub l ished

b y B er t ier d e l a G arde ,

2 3

w i th t he s a me t ype o f t he g razing h orse o n t he r e-

v erse , b u t w i th t he h ead o f ab eard less s a tyr o n t he o bverse .

B er t ier d e l a

G arde 's e xp lana t ion o f t heir t ypology a nd o f t he ir i d iosyncra t ic weigh t i s u ns a t is fac tory .

N o t b eing i n ap os i t ion t o p ass j udg men t o n t h ier g enu ineness ,

we mus t p er force a bs ta in f ro m c o m men t ing u pon t he m i n a ny way . The P an t icapaeu m s i lver c oinage o f t he I lnd c en tury B . C . i s r epresen ted b y as ing le e xceed ing ly n u merous g roup o f c o ins .

The g roup i s made u p

b as ica l ly o f s i lver d rach mas o n t he o bverse o f wh ich t here i s s t i l l t he s a me Apo l lo h ead wear ing wrea th , a nd o n t he r everse a b ow i n c ase a nd t he i n-

1 39

s cr ipt ion 7 . 1 ANTIKA/F IAITSZ T

( P la te V ,

2 4

8 6-88 ) .

The n umber o f k nown

d rach mas o f t h is t ype i s r a ther g rea t , a nd t hey a re c ons iderab ly d i f feren t ia ted o ne f ro m a no ther a s r egards t y le a nd t he c are w i th wh ich t hey a re s truck , s o meth ing wh ich u nques t ionably t es t i f ies t o a n e x tended d ura t ion o f t he i ssuance o f t h is c lass o f c o ins .

A long w i th t he i nscr ip t ion a nd t he b owcase t ype o ne

o rd inar i ly f inds o n t he r everses , i n t he f ie ld , f ur ther i nd iv idua l l e t ters o r monogra ms , s o me t i mes e ven s upp le men tary s y mbo ls ( a c lub , as word ). Wh i le r unn ing t hrough a n umber o f t he l arger c oin c o l lec t ions a nd t he p er t inen t l i tera ture we h ave b een a b le t o e s tabl ish t he e x is tence o f t he f o l low ing monog ra ms , a bbrev ia t ions , a nd s y mbo ls o n t hese d rach mas : 1 .

N o emble m ( P la te V , 8 6 )

6 .

1 PA

7 .

BY

1 2 . KTH ( 0 1-) ITH) 1 3 .

y

8 .

1 4 .

G 1

( P la te V, 8 8 )

2 . EY 3 . I r ( or 1 11) 4 .

P I '

1 5 . ( 7 1 a nd c lub

1 0 .

M

1 6.

5 .

1 1.

KT

1 7.

7 3-

9 .

r i and

s word

S word ( P la te V , 8 7 )

There c an b e n o d oub t t ha t t he l e t ters a nd monogra ms a re t o b e d ec iphered a s a bbrev ia ted v ers ions o f p ersona l n a mes , t he more s o b ecause t he i nscr ip-

e y , In ,n ,

t ions i pA ,a nd o thers c an e as i ly b e i n terpre ted a s t he f irs t l e t ters o f n a mes t ha t a re v ery f requen t ly met w i th i n P an t icapaeu m p rosopog raphy . I ti s l ikew ise h ard ly p oss ib le t o d oub t t ha t t hese n a mes b e long t o monetary mag is tra tes r espons ib le f or t he min t ing o f c o ins a t o ne mo men t o r a no ther . We h ave r e marked a bove t ha t i n t he B osporus i t was n o t c us to mary t o i nd ica te t he n a me o f a mag is tra te o n ac o in .

T he s er ies we a re n ow c ons ider ing c on-

s t i tu tes i n t h is r espec t a n a l mos t u n ique e xcep t ion i n t he who le h is tory o f t he B osporus c urrency i n t he p re- M i thrada t ic p er iod . The p resence o f a bbrev ia ted mag is tra tes ' n a mes a nd o f s y mbo ls o n P an t ic apaeum c oins e nab les u s t o a rr ive a t aj udg men t , e ven t hough a n a pprox i ma te o ne , a s r egards t he n u mber o f i ssues o f t hese c oins a nd a s r egards t he ir s eq uence .

We h ave n o i n for ma t ion r egard ing e i ther t he c harac ter o r t he t er m

o f o f f ice o f t he p os i t ion wh ich e ndowed t he i nd iv idua l w i th t he r igh t a nd d u ty o f e xerc is ing s uperv is ion o ver t he c oin ing o f money a t P an t icapaeu m .

F or t h is

r eason t he mag is tra tes ' s y mbo ls a nd n a mes p rov ide u s w i th n o th ing t oward a n a bso lu te c hrono logy o f t he i ssues .

T o d a te we h ave a lso i nadequa te d a ta f or

d e ter m in ing a s tr ic t s equence o f i ssues , b u t e ven s o i ti s a lready p oss ib le a t t h is j unc ture t o s ay s o meth ing a bou t t he s ub jec t . The images o nt he d rach mas a re e x tre me ly v ar ious a s r egards t he manner o f t he ir e xecu t ion :

o n s o me c o ins t hey a re c rea ted p a ins tak ing ly a nd w i th d e-

t a i l , o n o thers more c areless ly , s ke tch i ly .

2 5

Th is s ty l is t ic d egrada tion i s

a lso a cco mpan ied b y a l tera t ions i np a leograph ic f ea tures . On t he e ar l ier c oins t he i nscr ipt ion , t oo , i s e xecu ted c are fu l ly , t he l e t ters a re o f t he s a me s ize , a nd o rd inar i ly a l l o f t he m a re p laced w i th in t he c o in f ie ld .

On l a ter e xa mples

t he s trokes o f t he i nscr ip t ion a re o f ten u neven , t he l e t ters a re d ispropor t iona te ly b road a nd a re c u t i n s uch f ash ion t ha t o n ly t he c en tra l l e t ters i n e ach l ine f i t o n t he c oin , o r e lse t he l e t ters o f o n ly o ne o f t he l ines . 1 40

On t hese s a me e xa mp les

o ne s o me t i mes o bserves t he a ppearance o f al e t ter , A v erse b ar a nd o f a n omega o pen ing u pward , G 4 . )

w i th a n e lbowed t rans-

,whereas i n t he f irs t c oins

o f t h is g roup t hese l e t ters a lways h ave t he f or ms A a nd f l

.

On t he b as is o f a l l t hese f ea tures o ne c an a ss ign t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he c o inage o f t he d rachmas o f t h is t ype t he d rachmas w i thou t a ny i nd ica t ions o f mag is tra te ( P la te V I I , 8 6 ) , c o ins w i th t he l e t ters Ey, 2 6 a nd a f ew o thers . Drachmas w i th t he mag is tra te l e t ters KT , KTH 2 7 u nques t ionab ly b e long t o t he l a ter i ssues . H ere t he l a te f or m o f t he l e t ter W a nd c are less e xecu t ion o f t he mag is tra te i nscr ip t ion (TH ) g o h and i n h and w i th s tyl is t ic d egrada t ion . P erhaps t he d rach mas w i th t he monogra m 1 a lso b e long t o t he s a me i ssue , a s t h is monogra m mos t e as i ly a dm i ts o f ar ead ing KT . O f t he g rea tes t i n teres t a re t he d rachmas o f t he mos t a bundan t s er ies , b ear ing t he monogra m r l s o me t i mes a lone , s o met i mes a cco mpan ied b y s upp le men tary s y mbo ls i n t he f or m o f ac lub o r s word , b u t s o me t i mes b ear ing as y mbo l — t he s word — a lone ( Plate V , 8 7 , 8 8 ). Ev iden t ly t h is who le s er ies was i ssued u nder a s ing le mag is tra te who e xerc ised f or a r a ther l ong t ime h is f unc t ions a ssoc ia ted w i th t he s tr ik ing o f c o ins , a nd who o n t ha t a ccoun t i n trod uced s upp le men tary s y mbo ls t o d is t ingu ish i ssues . whose i den t i ty l i es c oncea led i nt he monogra m F l

P erhaps t h is p erson ,

,was e lec ted s evera l t imes

t o t he s a me mag is tracy , a nd e ach t ime t here was a s l igh t c hange i n t he f or m i n wh ich h is t enure was i nd ica ted o nt he c o ins . O f c ourse a l l t h is i s mere c on jec ture . On t he o ther h and t he s equence o f t he i ssues i n t h is s er ies i s q u i te b eyond q ues t ion , t hanks t o t he g radua l d egrada t ion w e h ave r e ferred t o :

n

t he c o ins w i th t he monogra m a lone a re f o l lowed b y d rachmas w i th t he monog ra m a nd a c lub , t hen b y t hose w i th t he monogra m a nd a s word , a nd

r i

f ina l ly b y t hose w i th t he s word a lone . T hese l as t d rachmas n ow r e f lec t t o t he f u l l t he s tyl is t ic d egrada t ion o f t he who le s er ies , wh ich i s a lso a cco mpan ied b y ac er ta in r educ t ion i n t he d i mens ions a nd we igh t o f t he c o ins . I n t h is l as t i ssue o ne s o me t i mes e ncoun ters c oins o vers truck o n c er ta in d i f feren t a nd e ar l ier s i lver . I ti s v ery d i f f icu l t t o e s tab l ish t he c hrono log ica l f ramework w i th in wh ich t he s tr ik ing o f t he d rach mas d escr ibed was c arr ied o u t . Z ograph s upposed t ha t t heir i ssuance , h av ing c o mmenced i n t he f irs t y ears o f t he Und c en tury B . C ., c on t inued t o t he e nd o f t he S par toc id p er iod , a nd t ha t t hey c ircu la ted o n t he marke t e ven d ur ing t he t ime o f t he r u le o f Mi thrada tes E upa tor i n t he B osporus .2 8 T he a na lys is we c arr ied o u t a bove o n o ne o f t he s er ies o f P an t icapaeu m d rach mas i ssued w i th t he p ar t ic ipa t ion o f t he s ing le mag is tra te f l wou ld s ee m t o s peak a ga ins t t ha t t hes is . T he f ac t i s t ha t ag ood d ea l more t han h a l f o f a l l k nown d rachmas o f t he ' I nd c en tury B . C . b elong t o t ha t s er ies , a nd d ur ing t he t ime i t was b e ing s truck t he c o mp le te d egrada t ion o f t hese d rach mas r uns i t s c ourse ;

a nd i tb eco mes q u i te n a tura l t o s uppose t ha t i t s

i ssuance t ook u p t he l i on 's s hare o f t he t ime i n terva l i n wh ich c o inage o f t he d rach mas o ccurred .

Y e t t he i ssuance o f t h is s er ies i s c o mpassed c hrono-

l og ica l ly b y t he p er iod o f a c t iv i ty o f as ing le i nd iv idua l a s mag is tra te . T h is a l lows u s t o t h ink t ha t t he who le c oinage o f t he d rachmas w e a re c ons ider ing wen t o nf or n o more t han 5 0 y ears a nd w i l l h ard ly h ave s urv ived t he midpoin t o f t he Ind c en tury B . C .

1 41

As ide f ro m t hese s i lver d rach mas w i th t he t ype o f t he b owcase , t here were s truck a t P an t icapaeum i nt he I l nd c en tury B . C . c er ta in d rachmas o f a s econd t ype wh ich a re k nown i n a n i nco mparab ly more l im i ted n umber o f e xamp les . T hese h ave o nt he o bverse a r epresen ta t ion o f t he h ead o f A po l lo , o nt he r everse a t r ipod a nd t he i nscr ipt ion F i ANTIKA/HAIT2N 2 9 ( P la te V, 8 9 ) . On t hese o ne a lso f inds i nd ica t ions o f mag is tra tes i n t he f or m o f t wo o r t hree l e t ters o r o f monogra ms o nt he r everse b enea th t he t r ipod . I t wou ld b e v ery d i f f icu l t t o make u p al i s t o f t hese i nd ica tors , b ecause o n many e xa mp les o f t he c o ins t hey h ave n o t b een f u l ly s truck u p o r h ave n o t r eg is tered o n t he c o in f i e ld a t a l l . Bu t o ne s hou ld r e mark t ha t n o t o ne o f t he i nd ica tors k nown c oincides w i th t he mag is tra te monogra ms o n t he s er ies o f d rachmas we h ave d iscussed a bove . Th is a f fords c lear e v idence t ha t t he t imes a t wh ich t he t wo s er ies w ere s truck were d i f feren t . T he i ssue o f d rachmas w i th t he t r ipod mos t l i ke ly f o l lowed a f ter t he s tr ik ing o f t he d rachmas w i th t he b owcase .

I n f avor

o f t ha t t hes is w e h ave t he c are lessness o f t he a c tua l s tr ik ing , t he u se o f t he l a te f or ms o f t he l e t ters A a nd f t i n t he i nscr ipt ions , a nd a lso c er ta in me trol og ica l o bserva t ions . T hus t he i ssue o f d rachmas w i th t he t r ipod s hou ld b e d a ted a pprox i ma te ly a t t he m idd le a nd i n t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he Ind c en tury B . C . I ssuance o f sma l ler d eno m ina t ions o f Pan t icapaeum s i lver c orresponded t o a l l t h is a bundan t c oinage o f d rach mas . T he f o l low ing c o ins f a l l i n to t h is c lass : T e trobo l : O bverse , h ead o f A po l lo r igh t ; i nscr ip t ion T I ANTIKAr IAIT 2 7 ( P la te V , 9 0 ). D iobo l : Obverse , h ead o f A po l lo r igh t ; T I ANTIKA/T IAITS 2N 3 1 ( P la te V ,19 1).

r everse , p ro to me o f h orse r igh t ,

r everse , l yre , i nscr ipt ion

Tr ihe m iobo l : Obverse , h ead o f A po l lo r igh t ; T I A3 2 ( P la te V , 9 2 ). Obo l :

O bverse , s tar ;

r everse , b eacon , i nscr ip t ion

r everse , c ornucopiae , i nscr ip t ion 7 A . 1 7

3 3

( P la te

V , 9 3 ). T he s tr ik ing o f t h is sma l l s i lver i s c arr ied o u t r a ther c are less ly b o th i n s ty l is t ic a nd i n me tro log ica l r espec ts . T he me ta l i s a lso v ery b ad , wh ich i s man i fes t p ar t icu lar ly i n t he m inor d eno m ina t ions . The c o ins o f t he sma l les t d eno m ina t ion o f a l l a re i ndeed s truck n o t i n s i lver , b u t i nb i l lon s o i n fer ior t ha t t hese a re o f ten t aken f or c opper .

3 4

F or t he p resen t i ti s n o t p oss ib le t o d e f ine t he p rec ise t ime f ra me f or t he s i lver c o inage we a re c ons ider ing . One mus t s uppose t ha t t he s i lver was i ss ued r igh t d own t o t he l as t y ears o f t he S par toc id p er iod . T he sma l les t d en om ina t ion o f t he s er ies a t l eas t , w i th t he images o f t he s tar a nd t he c ornuc opiae , i s n o t o n ly l i nked a s r egards i t s t ypes w i th a s er ies o f c opper Pan t ic apaeum c o ins t ha t i s s o lid ly d a ted t o t he n ex t t o l as t d ecade o f t he I l nd c en tury B . C ., b u t i th as a lso c er ta in a na log ies i n t he c o inage wh ich i s a lready o f t he M i thrada tes p er iod ( c o ins w i th s tar a nd t r ipod f ro m t he f i rs t q uar ter o f t he I s t c en tury B . C .) .

The r everse t ype o f t he t r ihe m iobo l , t he b eacon , c an a lso

b e l i nked , a s we s a id a bove , w i th t he " naut ica l" t ypes , t he p row a nd t he t r id en t , wh ich a ppeared o n t he l as t i ssue o f P an t icapaeum c opper c oins o f t he S par tocid p er iod . 1 42

De ter m in ing wha t was t he c opper c o in t ha t c orresponded i n t ime t o t he P an t icapaeu m s i lver o f t he s econd h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C . a nd o f t he L i nd c en tury , wh ich we h ave s tud ied a bove , i s a ma t ter o f c ons iderab le d i ff i cu l ty , s ince we h ave a l mos t n o ma ter ia l t ha t wou ld h e lp u s i n d a t ing s uch c opper . Z ograph , who r ecogn ized t ha t t he c o ins i ssued a t t he midpo in t o f t he L I Ird c en tury u nderwen t e x tre me ly p ro longed c ircu la t ion i n c oun ter marked f or m , 3 5 a t t he s a me t ime c ons idered t ha t i t was p oss ib le t o a ss ign t o t he l as t q uar ter o f t he I Ird c en tury a nd t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he I lnd t he s tr ik ing o f s t i l l af urt her s er ies o f c opper c oins ,

3 6

wh ich h ave o n t heir o bverses t he image o f t he

h ead o f ab earded o r b eard less s atyr, a nd o n t he r everses a n i mage o f t he c aps o f t he D ioscuro i a nd t he i nscr ip t ion ZANT I 37

( Plate V , 1 00 , a nd P late V I , 1 01).

I t was p recise ly t h is f or m o f t he i nscr ip t ion wh ich a f forded Z ograph a g round f or s e t t ing t he s tr ik ing o f t hese c oins a s f ar b ack a s t he e nd o f t he I Ird c ent ury B .C .

We h ave a lready h ad o ccas ion t o o b jec t t o s uch a d a t ing f or t h is

s er ies a nd t o p o in t o u t i t s c ons iderab ly l a ter o r ig in , b as ing o urse lves b o th o n s tyl is t ic a nd f abr ic f ea tures o f t he c oins t he mse lves , a nd o n a na log ies i n t he c o inages o f c i t ies o f P on tus a nd P aph lagon ia p lus a na lys is o f j o in t f inds .3 8 N ew o bserva t ions c arr ied o u t b y K . V . G o lenko o n t he c oun ter marks a ppear ing o n P an t icapaeu m c o ins o f t he I Ird a nd l ind c en tur ies B .C . h ave f u l ly s ubs tan t ia ted a ss ign ing t h is e n t ire s er ies t o t he l as t h al f o f t he l ind c en tury B .C .

3 9

T h is c o inage w i l l b e e xa m ined i n g rea ter d e ta i l b elow , i n o ur a na lys is

o f t he s er ies o f t he Ind c en tury B .C . I ti s t he a ccep ted t h ing t o a ss ign t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . o ne g roup o f c opper P an t icapaeum c o ins wh ich i s v ery i n teres t ing b y r eason o f i t s u nusua l t ypo logy .

On t he o bverses o f t hese sma l l c o ins t here i s p laced

a n image o f t he h ead o f ab u l l , o n t he r everse a p lough a nd whea t-ear , i nscr ipt ion ZAN 40 ( P late I V , 8 3 ). Th is s o le r epresen ta t ion i n t he B osporus , o ne o f t he v ery f ew i n t he a nc ien t wor ld g enera l ly , o f t he mos t impor tan t o f a gr ic u l tura l imp le men ts i s o f g rea t s ign i f icance f or t he s tudy o f t he h is tory o f a gr icu l ture i n t he a nc ien t s ta tes o f t he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora l , a nd o n t ha t a ccoun t p recise d a t ing o f t he c o ins o f t h is t ype i s p ar t icu lar ly d es irab le . Oreshn ikov d a ted t he m t o t he t ime o f " the im med ia te s uccessors t o P o le mon I , "i .e . t o t he t urn o f t he 1 s t . c en tury B .C . — I s t c en tury A .D .

4 1

Z ograph

a ss igned t he s tr ik ing o f t h is s er ies o f c opper t o t he L I Ird c en tury B . C . a nd s peci f ica l ly t o i t s s econd h a l f , t o t he p er iod o f " fresh ly r es tored n or ma l c urr ency c ircu la t ion . ' 4 2

A c tua l ly t he t ypo log ica l mo t i fs ( t he b u l l 's h ead , t he

whea t e ar ) , t he f or m a nd a rrange men t o f t he i nscr ip t ion , d o a ssoc ia te t he c oins i n q ues t ion w i th P an t icapaeu m n um is ma t ic r ecords o f t he I l ird a nd e ven o f t he I V th c en tury B .C .

A t t he s a me t ime , t he o vers tr ik ing o f t hese c o ins

w i th l a ter t ypes wh ich a lready f a l l a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he I s t c en tury B .C . ,43 a nd f inds o f s uch c oins i n l a te a rchaeo log ica l c o mp lexes , f urn ish e v idence t ha t t he l i t t le c o ins o f t h is s or t were s t i l l i n c ircu la t ion a t l eas t a s l a te a s t he s econd h a l f o f t he I ind c en tury B .C .

T h is f orced u s t o q ues t ion t he c orrect-

n ess o f t he d a t ing f or t he ir i ssuance t ha t was p roposed b y Z ograph . 44 Bu t n ow t hese d oubts mus t f a l l away .

A f ter s tudying t he p lough c o ins i n

v ar ious c o l lec t ions , G o lenko h as c o me t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t t hey were n o t o n ly c urren t , b u t were i ndeed s truck , o ver t he c ourse o f al ong p er iod a nd t ha t i n t he s tr ik ing p rocess b o th t heir s ty le a nd t heir f abr ic u nderwen t c on1 43

s iderable c hanges .

I ti s n o t s ub jec t t o d oub t t ha t t he i ssue o f t he l a tes t e x-

amp les o f t he c oins o f t h is s or t , s truck o n t h in f l a t d iscs , r uns f ar i n to t he Und c en tury , whereas t he e ar ly i ssues , s truck o np lu mp , s o l id d iscs a nd h av ing h igh r e l ie f , a pparen t ly s t i l l r e la te t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . 45 A s tar t f or t he s tr ik ing o f t he p lough c o ins s t i l l w i th in t he I Ird c en tury i s a lso c on f ir med b y t he c ircu ms tance t ha t t hese c oins a re o n o ccas ion c onver ted b y o vers tr ik ing i n to c oins w i th t he Apo l lo h ead a nd t he b ow i n c ase 46

( P la te V ,

9 5 ) , t he c o m mence men t o f t he i ssuance o f wh ich i s a ss igned t o t he f irs t q uart er o f t he I ind c en tury B . C . 47 P robab ly o ne s hou ld a ss ign t o t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . t he s tr ik ing o f t iny c opper c o ins h av ing o n o ne s ide a r epresen ta t ion o f ag ri f f in 's w ing a nd o n t he o ther a t r ipod " ( P late I V, 8 4 ) • Z ograph d a tes t he m t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he I s t c en tury B . C . ,49 a nd Oreshn ikov e ven t o t he e nd o f t he I s t c en tury B . C . 50 A s er ious o bs tac le , i n o ur v iew , t o s o l a te a d a t ing i s t he f ind ing o f t hese l i t t le c oins i n t he make-up o f a sma l l h oard f ro m K erch t oge ther w i th c o ins t ha t a re f ir m ly d a ted t o t he midd le o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . ( overs tr ikes w i th Apo l lo 's t r ipod , a nd sma l l b ow-and-arrow c o ins ) .

5 1

I ti s imposs ib le t o

a ssu me t ha t t he c ircu la t ion o f t hese l as t d ragged o u t i n to t he b eg inn ing o f t he I s t c en tury B . C .

On t he o ther h and , t here was n ot f ound i n t he h oard a s ing le

c oin t ha t c ou ld i n g ood c onsc ience b e a ss igned t o s o l a te a d a te ;

t here w ere

n o t e ven a ny c opper c o ins w i th t he t ypes o f t r ipod a nd s tar , wh ich Z ograph b ound u p i n t he s a me s er ies w i th t he t iny c o ins w e a re c ons ider ing a nd wh ich a re k nown i n v ery g rea t n u mbers .

A l l o f t h is o b l iges o ne t o d a te t he h oard i n

q ues t ion , a nd w i th i ta lso t he l i t t le g r i f f in-wing c o ins , p rov is iona l ly t o aj unct ure n o t l a ter t han t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C .

T ypo log ica l a na lys is o f

t hese t iny c o ins d oes n o t r un c oun ter t o s uch a d a t ing .

T heir t ypes a re i n-

t ima te ly l inked w i th t he t rad i t ions o f t he I Ird a nd e ven o f t he I V th c en tury ( t he g r if f in 's w ing ) . One 's a t ten t ion i s d rawn b y t he i den t i ty o f t rea t men t o f t he t r ipod o n t hese c oins w i th t ha t o f t he t r ipod o n t he o vers tr ikes o f t he midI l ird c en tury , o f t he t r ipod .

5 2

a nd a lso t he s a me t r ick o f s e t t ing t he i nscr ip t ion t o o ne s ide T he f abr ic a nd s ty le o f t hese c o ins a nd t he f or m o f t he i nscr ip-

t ion IAN a lso c ons t i tu te n o o bs tac le t o t he ir b e ing a ss igned t o t he I Ird c ent ury .

I n t ha t e ven t t hey may h ave b een i ssued a t t he v ery e nd o f t ha t c en tury ,

s ince n o p lace c an b e f ound f or t h is sma l l c o in i n t he c r is is p er iod .

T ypo-

l og ica l ly t hese l i t t le c opper c o ins t ie u p w i th t he s i lver d rach mas w i th t he t ypes o f A po l lo h ead a nd g r i f f in , wh ich we h ave a lready d iscussed .

T o ama l-

g a ma te t he m , a s i s u sua l ly d one , i n as ing le s er ies w i th t he much l a ter c o ins t ha t h ave a s tar o n t he r everse a nd a t r ipod o n t he o bverse 5 3

i s i n o ur v iew

u nwarran ted , b ecause t hey a re c on jo ined o n ly b y t he p resence o f t he t r ipod u pon t he o ne s or t a nd u pon t he o ther , a nd y e t t h is t ype was e x tre me ly w ides pread i n P an t icapaeum a nd i n g enera l B osporus n um is ma t ics o ver t he c ourse o f a t l eas t t hree c en tur ies ( I I Ird — I s t c en tur ies B .C .). We h ave a lready r emarked t ha t t hese c oins w i th t he s tar a nd t r ipod were n o t f ound i n t he c o mp os i t ion o f t he K erch h oard . C orrespond ing w i th t he a bundan t i ssuance o f P an t icapaeu m s i lver i n t he Ind c en tury B . C . we h ave a n a bundan t i ssuance o f c opper c o ins o f v ar ious t ypes .

Ac tua l ly a l mos t a l l o f t h is c opper c ons is ts o f e x tre mely sma l l c o ins ;

t he o n ly e xcep t ion i s o ne g roup o f c o mpara t ive ly h eavy c opper c o ins .

T h is

i ssue i s sma l l i n t he n umber o f k nown e xa mp les , a nd i n i t s t ypo logy i ti s

1 44

c losely r e la ted t o t he s i lver d rach mas o f t he Ind c en tury B . C . t ha t h ave b een a na lyzed a bove .

On t he o bverses o f t hese c oins t here i s r epresen ted a h ead

o f A po l lo c rowned w i th l aure l , r igh t , a nd o n t he r everses a b ow i nb owcase p lus a n i nscr ip t ion i n t wo l i nes laNTIKA/T IAITON 5 4 ( P la te V , 9 5 ). Thus t h is c opper r epea ts e xac t ly o ne o f t he t ypes o f t he P an t icapaeu m d rach mas . T he mag is tra te 's monogra m l ' e ;

,u n fa i l ing ly p resen t i n t he f ie ld o f t he r e-

v erses o f t hese c opper c o ins , i s a lso f am i l iar f ro m t he s i lver d rach mas .

5 5

I nas much a s t he o ther monogra ms wh ich a ppear i n s uch v ar ie ty o n t he P an t ic apaeu m s i lver o f t he Ind c en tury a re n ever me t w i th a t a l l o n t he c opper c o ins , o ne mus t s uppose t ha t t he who le i ssue o f t h is c opper c o in was c arr ied t hrough b y as ing le mag is tra te a nd c ons t i tu ted a r e la t ive ly b r ief e p isode i n B osporus c oinage .

The c o mpara t ive ly sma l l n umber o f k nown e xa mp les o f t hese c opper

c oins i s a lso i n h ar mony w i th t ha t a ssu mpt ion . We d o n o t h ave s u f f ic ien t ma ter ia l f or e xac t d a t ing o f t h is i ssue .

I ti s a l-

t oge ther b eyond q ues t ion t ha t i t was c arr ied o u t a t t he s a me t ime t he s i lver d rach mas w i th t he s a me monogra m were i ssued .

T he i ssuance o f t hese d rach-

mas c an b e a ss igned p rov is iona l ly t o t he e nd o f t he c o inage o f s i lver w i th t he Apo l lo-head a nd b owcase t ypes , i .e . a s l a te a s t he mid-I Ind c en tury B . C . S uch d a t ing i s a lso i n h ar mony w i th t he c ircu ms tance , n o ted b y Z ograph , t ha t t he c opper u nder e xa m ina t ion was f ound i n t he c o mpos i t ion o f ah oard c ons ist ing b as ica l ly o f t etracha lco i o f t he M i thrada t ic p er iod , a nd t ha t a ccording ly t he p er iods o f c ircu la t ion o f t hese t wo g roups migh t b e c o ter m inous .

5 6

Much more c ons tan t d ur ing t he l Ind c en tury B . C . was t he s tr ik ing o f t he s a me s er ies , w i th t he s a me t ypes o n t he o bverse a nd r everse s ides b u t w i th t he i nscr ipt ion i n t he f or m T IAN ( P la te V g ra ms o n t h is sma l l c opper .

5 7

,9 5 ) .

N a tura l ly t here a re n o mono-

T hese l i t t le c o ins make u p o ne o f t he mos t

n umerous g roups o f B osporus c oins , a nd a s r egards t he n umber o f f inds t hey a l mos t r iva l t he P an ticapaeu m o vers tr ikes o f t he f irs t h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C .

5 8

E ven t aken b y i t sel f , t he e nor mous q uan t i ty o f t hese c oins i nf inds

o b l iges o ne t o a ssu me p ro longed d ura t ion f or t he ir i ssuance .

T he g radua l

s tyl is t ic a nd me tro log ica l d egrada t ion among t he m , n o ted b y K . V . G o lenko , a lso a f fords e v idence t o t ha t e f fec t .

5 9

We mus t s uppose t ha t t he s tr ik ing o f t h is sma l l c opper c o m menced a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ind c en tury , s i mu l taneous ly w i th t he i ssuance o f t he s i lver h av ing c orrespond ing t ypes . T he h eav ies t a nd mos t n ea t ly s truck e xa mp les , h av ing a we igh t o f a bou t 3g , g o b ack t o t ha t p er iod ( i nd iv idua l e xa mp les a re f ound w i th e ven g rea ter we igh ts , r each ing 4 .5 g ) .

Bu t a f ter t h is t hese c o ins

u ndergo g radua l d egrada t ion i n t he s tr ik ing p rocess , b o th a s r egards s ty le a nd f abr ic a nd a s r egards t he we igh t n or m . The s o l id , t h ick c o in d isc i s r ep laced b y at h in , h eed less ly c l ipped p la te le t ; t he q ua l i ty o f t he t ypes a lso d e ter iora tes s harp ly — t hey b eco me v ery c oarse a nd s ke tchy ; t he we igh t o f t he c o ins f a l ls t o 1 . 5g a nd e ven l ower .

E v iden t ly o nce t he d egrada t ion o f t he

c o ins o f t h is i ssue h ad c o m menced t he a u thor i t ies t ook t o s tr ik ing t he m o n c opper c oins w i th t he t ypes o f t he b u l l 's h ead a nd t he p lough t ha t h ad b een i ss ued e ar l ier .

6°

I ti s d i f f icu l t t o s ay t o wha t t ime t he s tr ik ing o f t hese l i t t le

c o ins was c on t inued , b u t i n a ny e ven t t hey c on t inued t o c ircu la te d ur ing t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he Ind c en tury B . C ., when t hey c o m menced t o b e u sed f or t he o vers tr ik ing o f n ew c o in t ypes .

1 45

S i mu l taneous ly w i th t he i ssuance o f t he t iny c opper c o ins o f t he s or t we h ave d iscussed , t here was c arr ied o u t a t P an t icapaeu m t he s tr ik ing o f sma l l c opper h av ing o ther t ypes .

On t he o bverses o f a l l t hese l i t t le c o ins t he s a me

l aure l-wrea thed h ead o f Apo l lo t urned r igh t i s i n fa l l ib ly p resen t ; v erse a re v ar ious images — t he b ow a nd a rrow ( P la te V , 9 6 ), ( P la te

V , 9 7 ) ,

a whea t-ear ( P la te

i nscr ip t ion i s a lways

H AN

.61

V , 9 8 ),

a wrea th ( P la te

o n t he r ead o lph in

V , 9 9 );

t he

N one o f t hese c oins a re a ny p ar t icu lar r ar i t ies ,

y e t t hey a re s t i l l n o t f ound n ear ly s o f requen t ly a s t he l i t t le c o ins w i th t he b owi n-case we were d iscuss ing a bove .

T hey a re r a ther c are less ly s truck ;

c arelessness i s r e f lected b oth i n t he ir we igh t a nd i n t heir a ppearance .

t h is F ro m

t ime t o t ime o ne f inds o vers tr ikes o f t he ir t ypes o n o ther s or ts o f sma l l c o ins . T he b e long ing o f t h is who le c o inage t o t he Ind c en tury B . C . i s p er fec t ly e v id en t f ro m a na lys is o f t he f abr ic , t he t ypo logy , a nd t he s ty le o f t he c o ins , b u t we d o n o t h ave a ny ma ter ia l f or more p rec ise d e ter m ina t ion o f t he t ime o f s tr ik ing , o r o f t he s equence o r s i mu l tane i ty o f t he i ssues . We c an o n ly s upp ose t ha t n one o f t h is c o inage c on t inues i n to t he l as t q uar ter o f t he I l nd c en tury B . C ., s ince we mus t a ss ign t o t ha t t ime t he i ssuance o f t he f irs t s er ies o f c opper c o ins t ha t b ear a bso lu te ly n ew t ypes . T he n ew s er ies c ons is ts o f c o ins o f t wo d eno m ina t ions .

T he o bverse o f

t he c o ins o f t he l arge d eno m ina t ion b ears a r epresen ta t ion o f t he h ead o f a b earded s a tyr wear ing a n i vy wrea th , l e f t , a nd o n t he r everse t here i s ac orn ucop iae b e tween c aps o f t he D ioscuro i a nd t he i nscr ipt ion U N = ( P la te V , 1 00 ) .

6 2

On c oins o f t he sma l ler d eno m ina t ion t he h ead o f ab eard less s a tyr

i s r epresen ted r igh t , a nd t he s a me c aps o f t he D ioscuro i , b u t w i thou t t he c orn ucop iae b e tween t he m 63

( P la te V I , 1 01).

T he c o ins o f b o th d eno m ina t ions were i ssued i n v ery g rea t q uan t i t ies a nd t hey t urn u p v ery o f ten d ur ing e xcava t ions a t B osporus s e t t le men ts a nd c e met er ies .

The who le g roup o f c o ins i s mos t c are less ly s truck .

Par t icu lar ly

i nd ica t ive i n t h is r egard i s t he i ssue o f c o ins o f t he j un ior d eno m ina t ion , wh ich f requen t ly c ons is t o f o vers tr ikes o n sma l l c opper i ssued e ar l ier .

I n t h is c on-

n ec t ion t he o vers tr ik ing i s c arr ied o u t s o h as t i ly a nd h eed less ly t ha t t he e ar l ier t ypes a re p la in ly v is ible b enea th t he n ew o nes .

6 4

T he s a me c are lessness i n

s tr ik ing i s e v idenced i n t he e x tre me s ke tch iness a nd c oarseness o f t he t ypes o n t he c oins ,

6 5

i n t he f requen t f a i lures o f t he d ie t o c orrespond w i th t he c o in

d isc , e tc . T h is s er ies c an b e d a ted q u i te p rec isely a nd f ir m ly .

As we h ave a lready

r e marked , Z ograph a ss igned i tt o t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury o r t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ind o n t he g round t ha t t he a bbrev ia t ion o f t he i nscr ip t ion a s ZAN = i s c harac ter is t ic p recisely f or t he I Ird c en tury B . C ., whereas l a ter t he e thn ic o n P an t icapaeu m c oins i s wr i t ten o u t i n f u l l . f a l l i n w i th s uch a d a t ing .

6 6

B u t i ti s q u i te imposs ib le t o

The s ty le a nd t he f abr ic o f t he c o ins u nder e xa m ina-

t ion a re i n t he mse lves s harp ly d i f feren t f ro m t he s ty le a nd f abr ic o f c o ins o f t he I Ird c en tury a nd r em ind u s much more o f t he c oinage o f t he Ind-Is t c ent ur ies B . C . P rec isely o n t he b as is o f s ty l is t ic c ons idera t ions , E . M inns c ons idered i tp oss ib le t o d a te t he i ssuance o f t hese c o ins a s l a te a s M i thrada t ic t imes .

6 7

I n a rchaeo log ica l c o mp lexes t hese c o ins a re n ever f ound w i th a r te-

f ac ts o r c oins o f t he I Ird c en tury , b u t a lways w i th l a ter o nes .

Unassa i lab le

p roof t ha t t he c oins we a re s tudy ing b e long t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he Ind c ent ury i s a f forded b y G o lenko 's p o in t ing o u t t ha t o vers truck c oins w i th t he c aps

1 46

o f t he D ioscuroi a re a lways s truck o nt he sma l l c oins w i th t he b ow i n c ase t ha t were i ssued , a s we h ave s een , o ver t he c ourse o f t he who le f irs t h al f o f t he I lnd c en tury B .C .

6 8

T he o bserva t ions o f K aryshkovsk i o n t he c o mpos i t ion

o f t he me ta l u pon wh ich t hese c o ins a re s truck a re a lso o f impor tance f or d a t ing t he s er ies .

6 9

Bu t u nques t ionab ly we mus t t ake a s o ur f ounda t ion f or a c hrono log ica l d ef in i t ion o f t he P an t icapaeu m c o ins w i th t he c aps o f t he D ioscuro i a nd t he c ornuc op iae t he a l mos t c o mp le te c oinc idence o i t he r everse s ides o f t hese c oins w i th t he t ypes o n c o ins o f t he c i t ies o f P on tus a nd P aph lagon ia .

Th is c o inc i-

d ence was n o ted b y Z ograph h i mse l f , b u t f or s o me r eason h e d id n o t a ccord i ts u f f icien t impor tance a nd c ons idered i t a ma t ter o f c hance . 70 And y e t t he c orrespondence o f t he r everse t ypes o f t he P an t icapaeum c oins a nd o f c o ins o f Amas ia , Am isus , a nd S inope i s s o c o mp lete , e ven i n d e ta i ls ( t he n u mber o f r ays i n t he s tars , t he c urve o f t he c ornucopiae , t he d iv is ion o f t he i nscr ipt ion , e tc . ) ,7 1

t ha t i ti s i mposs ib le t o s peak o f r ando m c o inc idence .

The c oinage o f P on tus a nd P aph lagon ia c i ty c o ins t ha t we h ave r e ferred t o i s o rd inar i ly a ss igned t o t he p er iod o f M i thrada tes Eupa tor .

On t he b as is

o f a na logy w i th t he P on t ic c oins , Oreshn ikov p u t t he P an t icapaeu m c oins b e ing a na lyzed , w i th t he c ornucop iae a nd t he c aps o f D ioscuro i , a s l a te a s t he Mi thr ada t ic p er iod , a ssoc ia t ing t he ir a ppearance w i th t he o u tr igh t s ub ject ion o f P an t icapaeu m t o t he k ingdo m o f P on tus . I n h is work o n t he c opper c oins o f t he r ea lm o f Mi thrada tes , Imhoo f-B lumer s ucceeded i n d e mons tra t ing mos t c onv incing ly t ha t t he P on t ic c o ins wh ich a re o f i n teres t t o u s , h av ing t he c orn ucop iae a nd t he c aps o f t he D ioscuro i , were s truck i nt he c i t ies o f Am isus , S inope , a nd Amase ia i nt he f irs t y ears o f t he r e ign o f M i thrada tes V I , i .e . i nt he n ex t t o l as t d ecade o f t he I l nd c en tury B . C .

7 2

The P an t icapaeU in b op-

p er we a re c ons ider ing , a l toge ther a na logous t o t he P on t ic c oins a s r egards r everse t ype , s hou ld b e d a ted t o t he s a me p er iod .

As ide f ro m t he t ypo log ica l

a na log ies , o ne s hou ld n o te t he c oincidence i n d eno m ina t ions , s ince b o th i n s ize a nd i n weigh t t he P an t icapaeum c o ins w i th t he b earded h ead o f as a tyr o n t he o bverse a nd t he c ornucopiae a nd c aps o f t he D ioscuroi o n t he r everse c orrespond t o t he l arger d eno m ina t ion o f Imhoo f-B lu mer 's s er ies If or P on t ic c oins , a nd t he c oins w i th t he b eard less s a tyr h ead a nd t he c aps o f t he D ioscuro i a lone c orrespond t o t he j un ior d eno m ina t ion o f t he s a me s er ies .

Ad i f ference

l i es o n ly i n t he f ac t t ha t i nt he c i t ies o f P on tus a nd P aph lagon ia t hese c oins were s truck v ery n ea t ly a nd c are fu l ly i n me tro log ica l r espec ts , b u t i n t he B osporus i n a l toge ther s loven ly f ash ion , t hanks t o wh ich t he we igh t f luc tua t ions were v ery g rea t i n t he B osporus . I ta ppears t o u s imposs ib le t o d a te t he P an t icapaeu m c opper i n q ues t ion t o as o mewha t l a ter p er iod a nd t o c ons ider i t , a s Oreshn ikov d oes , a s h av ing b een s truck a f ter t he s ubord ina t ion o f t he B osporus t o Mi thrada tes , b ecause o n t he o bverse s ide o f t he c orrespond ing P on t ic c oins t here i s ab oy 's h ead v ery t e l l ing ly i n terpre ted b y Imhoo f-B lu mer a s b eing t he h ead o f Mi thrada tes V I h i msel f .

7 3

I ft he P an t icapaeum moneyers h ad c o m menced t o s tr ike c oins

w i th s uch a t ype when t he B osporus h ad a lready b een s ub jec ted t o Mi thrada tes t hey wou ld h ard ly h ave h ad o ppor tun i ty o r g rounds f or r ep lacing w i th t he s a tyr 's h ead t he r u ler 's h ead a ppear ing o n t he P on t ic e xa mp les , whereas i nt he n ex t t o l as t d ecade o f t he Ind c en tury , b e fore t he B osporus h ad b een i ncorpora ted i n to t he r ea lm o f Mi thrada tes , t h is wou ld h ave b een e n t ire ly n a tura l . 1 47

The c opper c oinage o f P an t icapaeu m i n S par tocid t imes i s b rough t t o a c onc lus ion b y as er ies o f d ecided ly sma l l c o ins w i th n ew t ypes — a h ead o f A thena o n t he o bverse a nd a p row o r t r iden t o n t he r everse , i nscr ipt ion ZAN

7 4

( P la te V I , 1 02 , 1 03 ).

Z ograph s epara ted t hese t wo c lasses o f c o ins a nd

d a ted t he m d i f feren t ly ;

t he c o ins w i th t he t r iden t t o t he e nd o f t he Ind a nd b e-

g inn ing o f t he I s t c en tury B . C ., a nd t he c o ins w i th t he p row t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C ., p lac ing t he m i n t he s a me s er ies w i th t he l arge c opp er wh ich a lso b ore t he t ype o f ap row o n t he r everse , b u t ah ead o f P ose idon o n t he o bverse 75 d a t ing .

7 6

( P la te I V , 7 4 ).

One mus t c a tegor ica l ly r e jec t t he l a t ter

The sma l l c o ins w i th t he p row t ype a re f ound o vers truck o n c o ins

w i th t he t ype o f t he c aps o f t he D ioscuro i o n t he r everse 7 7

( P la te V I , 1 01),

wh ich t he mse lves f a l l , a s we h ave j us t s een , t o t he n ex t t o l as t d ecade o f t he Ind c en tury B . C . The c loseness o f t he t wo s or ts o f c o ins t o e ach o ther i s e v idenced b y t he ir b e ing f ound j o in t ly , t o t he n umber o f more t han a d ozen , i n ab ur ia l a long w i th a r ed-lacquer c up . " I n a dd i t ion , we o f ten f ind o vers tr ikes o f n ew t ypes — a s tar a nd a t r ipod , a lready f a l l ing w i th in t he b eg inn ing o f t he I s t c en tury B . C .

7 9

— u pon c o ins w i th t he A thena h ead a nd t he p row . "

A l l o f

t hese d a ta , a nd l ikew ise t he c o mple te i den t i ty o f t he r epresen ta t ions o f t he A thena h ead o n t he c o ins w i th t he p row a nd o n t he c o ins w i th t he t r iden t , o b l ige u s t o p lace b o th t hese g roups o f c o ins i n as ing le s er ies a nd d a te t he m t o t he e nd o f t he Ind c en tury B . C ., p robab ly a ga in t o t he n ex t t o l as t d ecade o f t ha t c en tury . The c oins r e ferred t o were a pparen t ly a n i ssue o f P an t icapaeu m c opper im med ia te ly p reced ing t he s tor my e ven ts o f t he e nd o f t he Ind c en tury — t he r evo l t o f S aumacus a nd t he j o in ing o f t he B osporus t o t he r ea lm o f M i thrada tes V I .

E v idence o f t h is i s t o b e f ound i n t he ir h av ing b een o vers truck w i th n ew

t ypes i n t he i n i t ia l p er iod o f M i thrada tes 's r u le i n t he B osporus — t he f i rs t q uar ter o f t he I s t c en tury B . C . I nt he s econd h al f o f t he L I Ird c en tury B . C . a nd i n t he Ind c en tury , c o inage i s c arr ied o u t s porad ica l ly a t af ew o ther B osporus c en tres i n a dd i t ion t o P an t ic apaeu m . A t t he v ery s tar t o f t he p er iod i n q ues t ion , i n t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C ., Theodos ia makes a n a t te mpt t o i ssue c o in o f i t s own .

I ti s p re-

c ise ly t o t h is p er iod t ha t t he c oins o f t ha t c i ty f a l l wh ich h ave o n t he o bverse ar epresen ta t ion o f ah ead o f A thena wear ing a C or in th ian h e l me t , a nd o n t he r everse a b ow i n c ase a nd a c lub , w i th i nscr ipt ion

e EY

8° a (P la te

V I , 1 10 ).

T he d a t ing o f t h is Theodos ia c opper i s u nderwr i t ten r el iab ly e nough b y t he c o mp le te i den t i ty o f t he h ead o f A thena o n t he o bverse t hereo f w i th t he h ead o n t he med iu m d eno m ina t ion o f t he r ega l i ssue o f L eucon I ( P la te I V, 7 7 ).

W i th l ess

a ssurance , o ne may o n t he b as is o f c ons idera t ions o f f abr ic a nd s ty le a ss ign t o t he s a me p er iod a c o inage k nown i n o n ly a s ing le e xa mp le i n s i lver , u pon t he o bverse o f wh ich i s t he image o f ah ead o f H erac les , a nd u pon t he r everse ac lub a nd t he i nscr ip t ion £EYAO ( P la te V I , III ) .8 1 The Theodos ia c o inage i n q ues t ion c o incides i n t ime w i th t he r u le o f L eucon I i n t he B osporus a nd w i th t he s tri fe o f t ha t r u ler a ga ins t H erac le ia P on t ica .

T h is c ircums tance o b l iges

u s t o s ee i n t he s porad ic Theodos ia c o inage o f t he L Ird c en tury B . C ., j us t a s i n Theodos ia 's e ndeavor t o i ssue c oins u nder a na logous c ircu ms tances a c ent ury e ar l ier , ap o l i t ica l a c t ion u n ique o f i t s k ind , wh ich a f fords e v idence o f t he s epara t is t t endenc ies o f t h is c i ty v is-à-v is t he S par toc id B osporus . 1 48

8 2

The

q uan t i ta t ive i ns ign i f icance o f t he Theodos ia c o inage p reven ts u s f ro m a ccord ing i ta ny s er ious impor tance i n t he h is tory o f t he e cono m ic l i fe o f t he B osporus a nd i nt he h is tory o f i t s c urrency c ircu la t ion . The r es tored c oinage o f P hanagor ia d ur ing t h is p er iod was o f a n e n t irely d i f feren t c harac ter .

Th is c o inage was n o t as hor t-l ived e p isode , b u t was

s us ta ined o ver t he d ura tion o f t he e n t ire l Ind c en tury B . C . a nd c on t inued e ven l a ter , i n to t he t imes o f M i thrada tes E upa tor a nd h is s uccessors . I nt he Ind c en tury wha t was i ssued a t P hanagor ia was i n t he ma in sma l l c opper c oins b ear ing t rad i t iona l P an t icapaeu m t ypes ;

t he h ead o f ab earded

s a tyr c rowned w i th i vy , t he b ow a nd a rrow , i nscr ip t ion z A

8 3

( P la te V I , 1 12 ).

T hese c o ins a re k nown i n p re t ty l arge q uan t i ty a nd a re c ons tan t ly b e ing met w i th , e ven t hough s ing ly , i n e xcava t ions a t B osporus c i t ies . There a re d iverse o p in ions o n t he d a t ing o f t he Phanagor ia c opper c o ins r e ferred t o . M inns p laces t he c o inage t hereo f i n t he I lnd o r t he I s t c en tury B . C .

Oreshn ikov 8 5 a nd i n h is f oo ts teps Krushko 18 6

c en tury B .C . ,Z ograph 8 7 t he Ind c en tury B . C .

d a te t he m i n t he i s t

a nd Kharko 8 8 a t t he e nd o f t he I Ird o r b eg inn ing o f

The l as t d a t ing , wh ich i s t he mos t w idely e n ter ta ined ,

i s b ased u pon t ypo log ica l c o mpar ison o f t he P hanagor ia c o ins w i th t he P an t ic apaeu m c oins t ha t h ave t he s a me t ypes . a re i nsu f f ic ien t a s ab as is f or d a t ing .

Bu t i n t h is c ase t ypo log ica l a na log ies

I f we were t o b ase o urse lves o n t hese

a na log ies we s hou ld h ave t o a ss ign t he P hanagor ia c oinage a s f ar b ack a s t he f irs t h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C ., when t he t ypes o f t he s a tyr 's h ead a nd t he b ow-and-arrow h e ld s way i n t he P an t icapaeu m c urrency ;

i n t he s econd h al f

o f t he I Ird c en tury a nd i n t he ' Ind t hese t ypes a re a lready a bsen t f ro m P an t ic apaeum c oins .

A t t he s a me t ime , ac r i ter ion s o r el iab le a s a re o vers tr ikes

a f fords e v idence o f ag rea t d ea l l a ter o r ig in f or a t l eas t p ar t o f t he P hanagor ia c o ins w i th t he b ow a nd a rrow .

The s tr ik ing o f t hese c on t inued o ver a d ec ided ly

p ro longed s tre tch , s o me th ing wh ich i s q u i te p la in f ro m t he g radua l d egrada t ion o f s ty le a nd d ec l ine i n we igh t o f t he Phanagor ia c oins , a s may r ead i ly b e t raced o u t i n a ny c o l lect ion . G o lenko i s e n t ire ly r igh t i n h is s ugges t ion t ha t t hese c o ins were s truck t hroughou t t he Ind c en tury B . C . 8 9 Th is i s s ubs tan t ia ted n o t o n ly b y t he e xt erna l f ea tures o f many o f t he c oins , wh ich e xh ibi t as tr ik ing s ty l is t ic a nd f abr ic r ese mb lance t o t he P an t icapaeum c oins o f t he s econd h a l f o f t he Ind c en tury B . C ., b u t a lso b y n umerous o vers tr ikes .

We a re n ot i n ap os i t ion

t o j udge j us t when t he i ssue o f P hanagor ia c o ins c o m menced .

Bu t o ne mus t

s uppose t ha t i ft h is o ccurred s t i l l w i th in t he I l ird c en tury B . C ., i t mus t h ave b een n o e ar l ier t han t he v ery e nd t hereof , s ince P hanagor ia c o ins a re n ever f ound i n c o in h oards o f t he I Ird c en tury . I ti s p erhaps t o t he t urn o f t he I : 1rd — I lnd c en tur ies t ha t o ne c an a ss ign t he f irs t i ssues o f Phanagor ia c oins , s truck o n f resh c oin d iscs " o f g ood we igh t ( abou t 4 -5 g ) .

L a ter P hanagor ia c o ins w i th t he s a me t ypes ( head o f s a tyr —

b ow a nd a rrow ) a re o f much l ess s ize , a re o f l ower we igh t , a nd p rove i n t he ir e nor mous ma jor i ty t o b e r a ther c are less o vers tr ikes o n sma l l P an t icapaeu m c opper c o ins .

9 1

The l i t t le c oins w i th wh ich we a re a lready f am i l iar , w i th t he

t ypes o f t he b u l l 's h ead , t he p lough , a nd t he whea t-ear 9 2 c o ins w i th t he A po l lo h ead a nd b owcase 9 3

( P la te

v , 9 5 ),

( P la te I V, 8 3 ), t he a nd f ina l ly t he l a tes t

c o ins o f a l l w i th t he b eard less s a tyr 's h ead o n t he o bverse a nd t he c aps o f t he 1 49

D ioscuro i o nt he r everse 9 4 ( P la te V I , 1 01) s erved a s r aw ma ter ia l f or t hese o vers tr ikes . I nas much a s t he l as t s er ies o f sma l l P an t icapaeum c o ins u sed a s r aw ma ter ia l f or t he Phanagor ia o vers tr ikes was i t se l f i ssued a s l a te a s 1 20-110 B .C ., t here c an b e n o d oub t t ha t t he s tr ik ing o f t he P hanagor ia c o ins w i th t he b ow a nd a rrow c on t inued t o t he v ery e nd o f t he S par toc id p er iod , I ts ee ms t o u s imposs ib le t o d a te e ven p ar t o f t hese P hanagor ia c o ins w i thi nt he I s t c en tury B .C ., s ince t he c urrency c ircu la t ion o f t he B osporus i n t he t ime o f M i thrada tes Eupa tor was made u p o f a l toge ther d i f feren t mone tary u n i ts , a nd t he P hanagor ia c o inage o f t ha t t ime i s wel l k nown t o u s . I ti s a lso c haract er is t ic t ha t t he P hanagor ia c o ins w i th t he b ow a nd a rrow a re n ever s truck e i ther o n P an t icapaeum c o ins w i th t he s tar a nd t r ipod , f a l l ing t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he I s t c en tury B .C ., n or e ven o n c o ins w i th t he A thena h ead a nd t he p row o r t he A thena h ead a nd t he t r iden t ( P la te V I , 1 02 , 1 03 ) , t he i ssuance o f wh ich was u nder taken a t t he e nd o f t he Ind c en tury B . C ., p robab ly im med ia tely a f ter t he S au macus u pr is ing . B o th t hese P an t icapaeum c oins w i th t he h ead o f A thena a nd t he l as t i ssues o f t he P hanagor ia c o ins w i th t he b ow a nd a rrow a re f ound o vers truck u pon o ne a nd t he s a me s e t o f P an t icapaeum c oins w i th t he c aps o f t he D ioscuroi ; o ne may s uppose t ha t t he t ime o f t he ir i ssuance i s a lso t he s a me — t he e nd o f t he n ex t t o l as t d ecade o f t he Ind c en tury B . C . C opper P hanagor ia c oins o f a no t her s or t a re e ncoun tered c ons iderab ly more r are ly t han t he l i t t le b ow-and-arrow c o ins we h ave d escr ibed a bove . T hese h ave o nt he o bverse t he t ype o f ab eard less s a tyr r igh t , o n t he r everse a b unch o f g rapes a nd t he i nscr ip t ion ZAN ( P la te V I , 13 ). Z ograph d a tes t heir i ss uance , j us t a s h e d oes t ha t o f t he Phanagor ia c o ins we h ave a lready e xa m ined , t o t he e nd o f t he I Ird — b eg inn ing o f t he Ind c en tury B . C . P robab ly t he s tr ik ing o f t hese l i t t le c oins was s tar ted a t t he t urn o f t he E L Ird-I Ind c en turies s i mu l taneous ly w i th t he s tr ik ing o f t he b ow-and-arrow c o ins , t ogether w i th wh ich t hey make u p as er ies , t he f or mer c oins b e ing t he j un ior d eno m ina t ion t o j udge b y t he ir weigh t . Overs tr ikes o f t hese P hanagor ia c o ins o n P an t icapaeum c opper c o ins w i th t he b u l l 's h ead , t he p lough , a nd t he g ra in e ar ( P la te V I I , 8 3 ) a re f am i l iar , b u t t hese n ever o ccur o n l a ter P an t icapaeum c oins w i th t he b ow i n c ase o r w i th t he c aps o f t he D ioscuro i , wh ich a f fords e v idence o f t he ir h aving b een i ssued f or a r ela t ive ly b r ief p er iod , l im i ted , i t wou ld s ee m , t o t he f i rs t h a l f o f t he Ind c en tury B . C .

N or d o t hey u ndergo t he s ty l is t ic a nd me tro log i-

c a l d egrada t ion n o ted f or t he b ow-and-arrow c o ins . I nt he Ind c en tury B .C . Phanagor ia i ssues o ne s er ies o f s i lver c oins s ide b y s ide w i th i t s sma l l c opper c o ins . On t he o bverse o f t hese t here i s a n i mage o f af e ma le h ead r igh t , o nt he r everse a p o megrana te f l ower a nd t he i nscr ip t ion ZANAFO/PITON 9 5 ( P la te V I , 14 ). I n s ty le a nd f abr ic t hese c oins u nques t ionab ly b e long t o t he Ind c en tury B . C ., b u t o f t he mselves t hey a f ford n o b as is f or more p recise d a t ing . I ta ppears t o u s p oss ib le t o d a te t he m more d e f in i te ly b y j ux tapos ing t he m w i th t he s o le i ssue o f s i lver c o ins o n t he p ar t o f a no ther B osporus c i ty , G org ipp ia . T h is i ssue i s made u p o f as ing le s i lver c o in , t he s o le o ne k nown t o u s , t he o bverse o f wh ich i s o rna men ted w i th t he i mage o f ar ad ia te -h ead o f H e l ios r igh t , wh i le o n t he r everse t here i s ac ornuc op iae b e tween t wo s tars a nd t he i nscr ip t ion

1 50

r op/rin ( T ugwv)

9 6

( P la te V I , 15 ).

The f ac t t ha t s tr ik ing o f s i lver c o ins s hou ld h ave b een i n i t ia ted i n t he Ind c en tury B . C . b y t wo B osporus c iv ic c o m mun i t ies o ne o f wh ich , G org ipp ia , h ad s truck n o c o in a t a l l u p t o t h is t ime , a nd t he o ther o f wh ich , P hanagor ia , h ad f or t he t hree p reced ing c en tur ies e i ther b een d epr ived o f t he r igh t o f c o ina ge , o r h ad b een o b l iged t o l im i t i t se l f t o t he i ssuance o f sma l l-change c opper , i s o f i t sel f mos t n o tewor thy .

One c an s carce ly d oubt t ha t t he i n i t ia t ion o f t he

i ssuance o f s i lver c oin i n t he t wo c i t ies o f t he As ia t ic B osporus was s t i mul a ted b y o ne a nd t he s a me s e t o f c ondi t ions , a nd t ha t t he t wo i ssues c oinc ided i nt ime . The s ynchrony o f t hese t wo i ssues i s a lso c on f ir med b y t he f u l l c oinc idence o f t he s ty le o f t he c oins f ro m t he t wo c i t ies , a nd — wh ich i s t he ma in t h ing — b y t he v ery i n teres t ing t ypo log ica l l ink b e tween t he m , wh ich we s ha l l d iscuss f ur ther . The r everse s ide o f t he G org ippia s i lver c o in i s a na logous t o t he c opper c o ins o f P an t icapaeu m t ha t we h ave a na lyzed , a nd o f t he P on t ic c i t ies , f or t he n ex t t o l as t d ecade o f t he I l nd c en tury B .C . ( P la te V IL E , 1 00 ) .

The c ornucopiae

i s d isposed e xac t ly t he s a me way b e tween t he s tars , i tc u ts t he i nscrip t ion i n t wo i n t he s a me f ash ion , a nd t he i nscr ipt ion i t sel f i s a bbrev ia ted s imi lar ly i n b o th c ases .

Ad i f ference l i es i n t he f ac t t ha t t he s tar-cres ted c aps o f t he

D ioscuroi s een o n t he P on t ic a nd P an t icapaeu m c o ins a re r ep laced o n t he G org ippia d rach ma b y t he mere s tars , t he a ssoc ia t ion o f wh ich w i th t hese s a me D ioscuro i i s q u i te b eyond d oubt .

T h is a na logy a l lows u s t o d a te more

e xact ly t he G org ippia s i lver c oinage , a nd a long w i th i tt ha t o f Phanagor ia , a ss ign ing t hese t o t he v ery l as t d ecade o f t he r u le o f t he S par toc ids .

We s ha l l

s peak b e low r egarding t he c ircums tances u nder wh ich t h is c oinage i n s econdary B osporus c i t ies s prang u p , b u t f or t he mo men t we mus t s cru t in ize t he me trol og ica l s ys te m o f t he c iv ic c o inage o f t he B osporus i nt he s econd h al f o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . a nd i nt he I lnd . 3 .

T he Me tro log ica l S tandard o f t he C iv ic C oinage The e n t ire c oinage o f s i lver B osporus money a t t he e nd o f t he I Ird a nd i n

t he I lnd c en tury B . C . was c arr ied o u t o n t he A t t ic me tro log ica l s tandard , t he d rach ma b e ing a u n i t t ha t was c ons tan t ly u sed . We may d raw u p at ab le r e f lec t ing s i lver c oinage i n t he B osporus d ur ing t he p er iod we a re c oncerned w i th .

1 51

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The d e f in i t ion o f t he d eno m ina t ions o f t h is e n t ire c o inage h as b een a cco mp l ished b y B er t ier d e l a G arde , who h as a lso d educed t he mean we igh ts f or e ach d eno m ina t ion o f e ach s er ies .

9 7

E xa m ina t ion o f metro log ica l d a ta f or B osporus s i lver o f t he I Ird a nd Ind c en tur ies B .C . e nab les u s t o make s o me o bserva t ions t ha t a re n o t d evo id o f i n teres t . A ccord ing t o d e l a G arde 's c a lcu la t ions , t he d rach mas o f b o th s er ies h ave a l mos t i den t ica l a verage we igh ts , 3 .11 a nd 3 .13 g . 98 One 's a t ten t ion i s d rawn b y t he e x tre me c arelessness o f t h is c o inage , e xpressed p ar t icu lar ly i n a n e nor mous we igh t t o lerance.

The h eav ies t e xa mp les o f t hese d rach mas r each

a l mos t 4g ra ms ( 3 .93 ) , wh i le s o me c o ins we igh a round 2 g ra ms a nd e ven l ower .

9 9

The n or ma l we igh t o f t h is d eno m ina t ion was i n t he B osporus e v i-

d en t ly c ons iderab ly h igher t han t he a verage we igh t d eter m ined b y B er t ier d e l a G arde :

i t s tood s o mewhere a round 3 .75 , b u t i n c onsequence o f t he c are-

l essness o f t he s tr ik ing t he we igh ts o f t he ma jor i ty o f c o ins d ev ia te marked ly f ro m t he n or m .

I n A t t ic s i lver t he n or ma l we igh t o f t he d rach ma t heore t ica l ly

c a me t o 4 ,37 g , b u t a ctua l ly a t t ha t t ime t he A t t ic d rach ma weighed l ess t han 4 .20 g .

1 00

Thus i n t h is c o inage t oo o ne o bserves a p ecu l iar i ty c harac ter is t ic

f or B osporus s i lver o f t he V th a nd I V th c en tur ies

— ac ons iderable s hor t fa l l ,

e ven i n n or ma l , i .e . " s ta tu tory" we igh ts , t o s ay n o th ing o f t he i nd iv idua l we igh ts o f p ar t icu lar c oins , b e low t he c orrespond ing weigh t n or ms a ccep ted i n Greece p roper .

I n s er ies o f t he s econd h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . t h is

s hor t fa l l i s p ar t icu lar ly g rea t , wh ich d oub t less c ons t i tu tes e v idence o f s t i l l u nsur moun ted f inanc ia l d i f f icu l t ies a ssoc ia ted w i th t he mone tary c r is is o f t he f irs t h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury . Th ings d o n ot s top a t t h is r educ t ion o f c o in weigh t .

Av ery b ad s i lver c o m-

p os i t ion i s a lso d ecided ly c harac ter is t ic f or t h is c o inage.

The e nor mous a d-

mix ture o f n on-precious me ta ls p resen t i n t hese c oins a c tua l ly r educed t he ir r ea l s i lver c on ten t s t i l l f ur ther .

E very th ing we h ave s a id a lso a pp l ies i n f u l l

measure t o t he t wo s er ies o f t r iobo ls i ssued s i mu l taneous ly w i th t he d rach mas we a re c ons ider ing . The P an t icapaeu m t e tradrach ms o n t he A t t ic s tandard o f fer a n e n t irely d i ff eren t p ic ture :

t hey a re v ery c are fu l ly s truck o n g ood s i lver a nd d o n o t r evea l

t races o f d egrada t ion , whe ther i n we igh t o r i n e x terna l a ppearance .

B er t ier

d e l a G arde d er ives f or t he m a n a verage we igh t o f 1 5 .59 , wh ich i s p robab ly a lso v ery c lose t o t he we igh t n or m f or t h is d eno m ina t ion .

1° 1

S uch p a ins t aken

i n s tr ik ing , a nd a lso t he v ery f ac t o f t he i ssuance o f al arge s i lver c o in , a f ford e v idence t ha t t he c r is is p heno mena i n B osporus c urrency h ad b een c o mp le te ly o verco me . V ery f ew P an t icapaeu m t e tradrach ms a re k nown — e igh t e xa mples i n a l l . T heir i ssuance was a pparen t ly o f n o l ong d ura t ion o r c ons iderab le s ize . T he i ssues o f s i lver d rach mas w i th t he t ype o f t he b ow i n c ase , d a ted t o a pprox i ma te ly t he f irs t h a l f o f t he Ind c en tury B . C ., a re much more a bundan t . We h ave r e marked e ar l ier t ha t t hese d rach mas a re g rouped i n i ssues i n h armony w i th t he mag is ter ia l d i f feren t ia tors f ound u pon t he m .

B er t ier d e l a G arde

h as i nd ica ted t heir we igh t t aken a s al o t a nd w i thou t r egard t o d i f feren t ia tors , a nd h e h as d er ived a n o vera l l a verage we igh t o f 3 .62 g ra ms .

1 53

1 02

Th is a verage

The d e f in i t ion o f t he d eno m ina t ions o f t h is e n t ire c o inage h as b een a cco mp l ished b y B er t ier d e l a G arde , who h as a lso d educed t he mean we igh ts f or e ach d eno m ina t ion o f e ach s er ies .

9 7

E xa m ina t ion o f me tro log ica l d a ta f or B osporus s i lver o f t he I Ird a nd Ind c en tur ies B . C . e nab les u s t o make s o me o bserva t ions t ha t a re n o t d evo id o f i n teres t . A ccord ing t o d e l a G arde 's c a lcu la t ions , t he d rach mas o f b o th s er ies h ave a l mos t i den t ica l a verage weigh ts , 3 .11 a nd 3 .13 g .

9 8

One 's a t ten t ion i s d rawn

b y t he e x tre me c arelessness o f t h is c o inage , e xpressed p ar t icu lar ly i n a n e nor mous we igh t t o lerance .

T he h eav ies t e xa mp les o f t hese d rachmas r each

a l mos t 4g ra ms ( 3 .93 ) , wh i le s o me c o ins we igh a round 2 g ra ms a nd e ven l ower .

9 9

The n or ma l weigh t o f t h is d eno m ina t ion was i n t he B osporus e v i-

d en t ly c ons iderab ly h igher t han t he a verage we igh t d e ter m ined b y B er t ier d e l a G arde :

i t s tood s o mewhere a round 3 .75 , b u t i n c onsequence o f t he c are-

l essness o f t he s tr ik ing t he we igh ts o f t he ma jor i ty o f c o ins d ev ia te marked ly f ro m t he n or m .

I n A t t ic s i lver t he

n orma l

we igh t o f t he d rach ma t heoret ica l ly

c a me t o 4 .37 g , b u t a ctua l ly a t t ha t t ime t he A t t ic d rachma weighed l ess t han 4 .20 g . 100 Thus i n t h is c o inage t oo o ne o bserves a p ecu l iar i ty c harac ter is t ic f or B osporus s i lver o f t he V th a nd I V th c en tur ies — a c ons iderable s hor t fa l l , e ven i n n or ma l , i .e . " s ta tu tory" we igh ts , t o s ay n o th ing o f t he i nd iv idua l we igh ts o f p ar t icu lar c o ins , b e low t he c orrespond ing we igh t n or ms a ccep ted i n G reece p roper .

I n s er ies o f t he s econd h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . t h is

s hor t fa l l i s p ar t icu lar ly g rea t , wh ich d oub t less c ons t i tu tes e v idence o f s t i l l u nsur moun ted f inanc ia l d i f f icu l t ies a ssoc ia ted w i th t he mone tary c r is is o f t he f irs t h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury . T h ings d o n ot s top a t t h is r educ t ion o f c oin weigh t . Av ery b ad s i lver c o mp os i t ion i s a lso d ecided ly c harac ter is t ic f or t h is c oinage . The e nor mous a dmix ture o f n on-precious me ta ls p resen t i n t hese c oins a c tua l ly r educed t he ir r ea l s i lver c on ten t s t i l l f ur ther .

E very th ing w e h ave s a id a lso a pp l ies i n f u l l

measure t o t he t wo s er ies o f t r iobo ls i ssued s i mu l taneous ly w i th t he d rach mas we a re c ons ider ing . The P an t icapaeu m t e tradrach ms o n t he A t t ic s tandard o f fer a n e n t irely d i ff eren t p ic ture :

t hey a re v ery c are fu l ly s truck o n g ood s i lver a nd d o n o t r evea l

t races o f d egrada t ion , whe ther i n we igh t o r i n e x terna l a ppearance .

B er t ier

d e l a G arde d er ives f or t he m a n a verage we igh t o f 1 5 .59 , wh ich i s p robab ly a lso v ery c lose t o t he we igh t n or m f or t h is d eno m in a t ion .

1 01

S uch p a ins t aken

i n s tr ik ing , a nd a lso t he v ery f ac t o f t he i ssuance o f al arge s i lver c o in , a f ford e v idence t ha t t he c r is is p heno mena i n B osporus c urrency h ad b een c o mp le te ly o verco me . V ery f ew P an t icapaeu m t e tradrach ms a re k nown — e igh t e xa mp les i n a l l . T he ir i ssuance was a pparen t ly o f n o l ong d ura t ion o r c ons iderab le s i ze . T he i ssues o f s i lver d rach mas w i th t he t ype o f t he b ow i n c ase , d a ted t o a pprox i ma te ly t he f irs t h a l f o f t he Ind c en tury B . C ., a re much more a bundan t . We h ave r e marked e ar l ier t ha t t hese d rach mas a re g rouped i n i ssues i n h armony w i th t he mag is ter ia l d i f feren t ia tors f ound u pon t he m .

B er t ier c i ë l a G arde

h as i nd ica ted t heir we igh t t aken a s al o t a nd w i thou t r egard t o d i f feren t ia tors , a nd h e h as d er ived a n o vera l l a verage weigh t o f 3 .62 g ra ms . 102 T h is a verage

1 53

s a me s or t o f c are lessness a s r egards weigh t i n t he c oinage .

T he v a lue o f

f rac t iona l-currency c opper was a rbi trary t o a n e ven g rea ter d egree t han was t he v a lue o f l arge c opper , a nd n a tura l ly t he we igh t o f minor c o ins o f o ne a nd t he s a me d eno m ina t ion migh t f luc tua te v ery c ons iderab ly .

E ven a t t he mo men t

o f s tr ik ing a f luctua t ion i n t he we igh t o f i nd iv idua l e xa mples i n ar a t io o f o ne t o t wo , o r t hree , was p er m i t ted , a s i s a t tes ted b y t he r are e xa mp les t ha t h ave c o me d own t o u s i n f l eur d e c oin c ond i t ion .

B u t b y f ar t he g rea ter p ar t o f t he

sma l l c o in h as r eached u s i n v ery b ad c ond i t ion , s evere ly d a maged b y c orr os ion a nd a f ter h av ing l os t a n impor tan t p ar t o f t he o r ig ina l weigh t , s o met h ing t ha t r enders a ny metro log ica l c o mpar isons s t i l l more d i f f icu l t . Hav ing made a l l t hese q ua l if ica t ions, o ne may s peak o n ly i n av ery c on ject ura l s ense r egard ing t he d eno m inat ions o f c opper c o ins i n t he Ind c en tury B .C. Apparen t ly Pan t icapaeu m c o ins w ith t he t ypes o f t he b u l l 's h ead a nd p lough ,1 05 o f t he h ead o f Apo l lo a nd t he b ow i n c ase , 1°6 o f t he h ead o f Apo l lo a nd t he b ow a nd a rrow , 107 o f t he h ead o f Apo l lo a nd t he d o lph in , 108 o f t he s atyr 's h ead a nd t he c aps o f t he D ioscuro i ,

1 09

o f t he h ead o fA thena a nd t he p row ,

o f t he h ead o fA thena a nd t he t r iden t1 11

1 10

a nd

( P late I V, 8 3; P late V , 9 5 , 9 6 , 9 7 ,

a nd P late V I , 1 01, 1 02, 1 03 ) r epresen t t he s a me d eno m inat ion i n e ach o f t he v ar ious s er ies wh ich s upp lan ted o ne a no ther i n s equence.

The s uggest ion

t ha t a l l o f t hese s e ts o f c o ins r epresen t as ing le d eno m ina t ion f inds j us t i f ica t ion n o t o n ly i n t he r e la t ive ly u n i for m f luc tua t ion i n t he we igh ts o f t hese c oins ( ord inar i ly 1 .5-2 .5 g ra ms i n w e l l-preserved e xa mp les ) , b u t a lso i n t he f ac t t ha t t hese c o ins were n o t i n frequen t ly o vers truck o ne t ype u pon a no ther . d i f f icu l t t o s ay wha t n a me we s hou ld g ive t h is d eno m ina t ion .

I ti s v ery

I n a ny e ven t i t

i s sma l ler t han t he d eno m ina t ion wh ich i s r epresen ted b y t he sma l les t o f t he r ega l c opper c o ins o f Leucon I a nd wh ich was t en ta t ive ly i den t i fied a bove _as ad icha lcon .

Thus a l l o f t he I lnd c en tury c oins we h ave j us t l i s ted may b e

e i ther t he c ha lcon o r f ract ions t hereo f .

The f or mer a l terna t ive s ee ms t he

more p robab le . The t iny c opper c oins w i th t he t ypes o f t he g r i f f in 's w ing a nd t he t r ipod , 1 12 t he h ead o f A po l lo a nd t he g ra in-ear , ( P la te

I V , 8 4;

V , 9 8, 9 9 )

1 13

a nd t he h ead o f Apo l lo a nd t he wrea th 1 14

c ons t i tu te a s t i l l sma l ler u n i t .

T he we igh t o f

t hese o rd inar i ly f luc tua tes w i th in l im i ts o f 1 -1.5 g ra ms . C opper c oins o f l arger d i mens ions a re f ound a t P an t icapaeu m i n t he I ind c en tury B . C . i n o n ly t wo s er ies . a nd t he mag is tra te monogra m A A t i ty ;

L arge c oins w i th t he t ype o f ab ow i n c ase 1 15

( P la te

V , 9 4 )

a re k nown i n sma l l q uan-

Z ograph c ons iders t he m t e tracha lco i o n t he b as is t ha t t hey were f ound

i n ah oard o f c o ins o f t he M i thrada t ic p er iod c ons is t ing e xc lus ive ly o f t e trac ha lcoi .1 16 The we igh t n or ms o f t hese c oins a nd t he ir d ia me ters a lso c orr espond t o t he n or ms a ccep ted f or t e tracha lco i i n t he B osporus ( s even t o e igh t g ra ms i n wel l p reserved e xa mp les ) d ur ing t he d ays o f M i thrada tes V I . I ti s much more d i f f icu l t t o d e ter m ine t he d eno m ina t ion o f t he e x tre me ly w idespread c opper c oins o f t he l as t q uar ter o f t he L ind c en tury w i th t he t ypes o f ab earded s a tyr a nd o f ac ornucopiae b e tween t he c aps o f t he D ioscuro i

1 17

( P la te V , 1 00 ). T hey a re t he s en ior d eno m ina t ion i n t he s er ies t he sma l ler d eno m ina t ion o f wh ich was t en ta t ively i den t i f ied a bove a s ac ha lcon . T he ir we igh t , f luc tua t ing w i th in l im i ts b e tween 3 .5 a nd 5 .5 g ra ms , i s c ons iderab ly l ower t han t he we igh t n or ms f or t e tracha lco i o f t he M i thrada t ic p er iod c lose

1 55

t o t he m i nt ime , a nd i ta pproaches t he we igh t o f t he j un ior d eno m ina t ion o f t he r ega l c o ins o f L eucon I , i n wh ich o ne s hou ld mos t p robab ly d iscern d icha lco i . Bu t i ta ppears v ery l i ke ly t ha t t oward t he e nd o f t he S par toc id p er iod , when t he c o ins w i th t he c ornucop iae t ha t we a re s tudy ing were b e ing i ssued , t he u sua l we igh t o f t he t e tracha lcon f e l l o f f c ons iderably , a nd i n t ha t e ven t i ti s mos t l ikely t ha t t he c o ins w i th t he c ornucop iae r epresen t j us t t ha t d eno m ina t ion . The P hanagor ia c opper c oins o f t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . a nd t he I lnd , w i th t he t ype o f t he b ow a nd a rrow , f a l l p re t ty d is t inc t ly i n to t wo g roups a s r egards s ize a nd weigh t .

These a pparen t ly c ons t i tu te t wo d eno m ina t ions ,

t he sma l ler o f wh ich c orresponds t o t he g rea ter p ar t o f t he P an t icapaeu m c opp er c o ins o f t he Ind c en tury B . C . ( a c ha lcon?) , a nd t he l arger mos t l ikely r epresen ts a d icha lcon . The P hanagor ia c oins w i th t he t ype o f t he b unch o f g rapes a l l b e long t o t he sma l ler d eno m ina t ion .

T he d e f in i t ion o f t he d eno m ina-

t ions o f t he P hanagor ia c oins may h owever b e q u i te a rbi trary , s ince t h is c opper , l ike t ha t o f P an t icapaeu m , u nderwen t ac er ta in me tro log ica l a nd s ty l is t ic d eg rada t ion d ur ing t he Ind c en tury . I fo ne makes a t r ia l o f s e t t ing f or th t he c oinage o f P an t icapaeu m c opper o f t he s econd h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury a nd o f t he Ind i n as ing le t ab le , i nd ica t ing t here in t he a pprox i ma te d ura t ion o f t he s tr ik ing ( bu t n o t o f t he c ircu la t ion ) o f e ach c lass o f c o ins , o ne g e ts t he p ic ture r e f lec ted i n t he f o l low ing t ab le :

Per iod o f s tr ik ing

Deno m ina t ions Fract ions ' Tetracha lcon

D icha lcon

o f t he

Cha lcon ( ? )

c ha lcon I

Th ird q uar ter q uarter

• •

• •

• 0 • •

• •

•

B .XX I ,116-7=Z. XL I I ,10

B . XX I ,115=Z. XL I I ,11

B . XX I ,114-Z. XL I I ,9

a

B . XX I, 1 13 = Z . XL I I , 8

TT ` I IX 3r

L T 74 'M O ( 'a

1 56

• 0 0

6 T`I I II X •Z=T£T`I KX •g

B . XX I I, 1 53

( before 10 B .C.)

r n 0

• • • •

B .20 C I I ,177-Z. XL I I I ,4

c i ) • 0 P Th ird q uarter r e , , , Fourth q uarter . i

••

B . XX I I ,176=Z. XL I ,14

•

e•

B . XX ,8 1-Z. XL I ,21

› , First quarter . e0• S e c ond quarter

B . XX I I I ,187-9=Z. XL I ,12

2 • ) .0 c • Fourth

c : s

BX IX , 5 5-6 - Z .XL I, 2 0

> 1 ; . i

I n e xa m in ing t h is t able we mus t k eep i n mind o nt he o ne h and t he q ua li f ic a t ions we h ad t o make a s r egards t he d a t ing o f t he i nd iv idua l s or ts o f c opper c o in , a nd o n t he o ther h and t he a rb i trary n a ture o f t he d iv is ion i n to q uar terc en tur ies o f t he whole t ime p er iod we a re c ons ider ing .

N ever theless , t he

t able c lear ly s hows u p t he c hanges wh ich t ook p lace i n t he c opper P an t icapaeu m c o inage o f t he I lnd c en tury B . C ., a s c o mpared w i th t he p reced ing p er iod . Where a t t he e nd o f t he I V th a nd i n t he f irs t h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . t he b as ic d eno m ina t ions o f c opper were t he o bo l a nd t he t e tracha lcon , n ow t he f irs t o f t hese i s e n t irely a bsen t a nd t he s econd i s s truck o n ly s porad ica l ly . On t he o ther h and , t he sma l l c opper d eno m ina t ions a re i ssued s ys te ma t ica l ly a nd i n s o me a bundance , o ne a nd t he s a me d eno m ina t ion s o me t i mes b eing r ep resen ted b y s evera l s or ts o f c o ins .

Thus a t t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury a nd

i n t he l i nd c en tury c opper c o in p er for ms i t s ma in f unc t ion , t ha t o f a f ford ing sma l l c hange f or t he c orrespond ing i ssues o f s i lver ;

n o e f for t i s made t o s up-

p lan t s i lver money w i th i t , a s h ad b een t he c ase i n t he f irs t h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury . Ap ro longed i ssuance o f o ne a nd t he s a me s or t o f c oin o ver t he c ourse o f many d ecades t e l ls u s o f ac er ta in s tabi l i ty i n t he c o inage .

A t t he s a me t ime ,

g radua l s tyl is t ic a nd me tro log ica l d egrada t ion i n P an ticapaeu m c opper ( j us t a s i n s i lver t oo ) o ver t he c ourse o f t he L ind c en tury B . C .; r educ t ion i n t he we igh t o f d eno m ina t ions i n t he s evera l s er ies o f t he l as t q uar ter o f t ha t c ent ury ;

t he r apid c hanges i nt ypes , a nd t he n u merous o vers tr ik ings , o f t he n ex t

t o l as t d ecade o f t he I lnd c en tury — a l l t hese p heno mena a l low u s t o p os tu la te an ew d e ter iora t ion o f t he e cono m ic p os i t ion o f t he B osporus t oward t he e nd o f t he S par tocid p er iod . 4 .

The R ega l C o inage o f t he S par toc ids . Our s ke tch o f t he c oinage o f money i nt he B osporus i n t he s econd h a l f o f

t he L ard c en tury B . C . a nd i n t he L T . nd wou ld b e i nco mple te i f we were n o t t o t ouch u pon t he s can ty b u t i n many r espec ts d ec ided ly i n teres t ing g o ld a nd s i lv er r ega l c o ins s truck i n t he n a mes o f t he a rchons a nd k ings o f t he B osporus , t he S par toc ids .

A s ide f ro m t he c opper c oins o f L eucon I t ha t we h ave e xa m ined

a bove , t here h ave c o me d own t o u s r ega l c o ins w i th t he n a mes o f S par tocus , Paer isades , a nd H yg iaenon .

1 18

We s ha l l t ry b elow t o c lear u p wha t p lace

t hese c oins o ccup ied i n t he mone tary c ircu la t ion o f t he B osporus ;

f or t he

p resen t we s ha l l e xa m ine t he a c tua l c oins . The e ar l ies t ( no t c oun t ing t he c oins o f L eucon I ) o f t he r ega l S par toc id c oins a re t he o nes w i th t he n a me o f t he a rchon H yg iaenon .

Our s cience i s a c-

q ua in ted w i th o n ly a s ing le g o ld s ta ter a nd t wo s i lver d rach mas b ear ing t h is n a me . T he s ta ter o f H yg iaenon h as o n i t s o bverse a p or tra i t o f t he a rchon h i msel f , b are-headed , r igh t ;

o nt he r everse t he t ype o f A thena s ea ted l e f t ,

w i th s pear a nd s h ie ld , h o ld ing o n h er r igh t h and N ike w i th wrea th ; t h is image t here a re a t r iden t a nd t wo d o lph ins ;

b enea th

t he i nscr ipt ion i s i n t wo l ines

t o A thena 's r igh t a nd l e f t , APXONTOE/YZAINONTOE ; i n t he f ie ld i s a monog ra m N-, a nd b enea th A thena 's t hrone a no ther monogra m / I 1 19 ( P la te V I , 1 04 ) .

The r everse t ype o f t he s ta ter r epea ts t o t he f u l l t he r everse t ype o f

t he s ta ters w i th t he n a me o f L ys i machus wh ich were s truck i n B yzan t ium a t at ime a lready s ubsequen t t o t he d ea th o f t he Thracian k ing a nd wh ich were

1 57

w idespread i nt he B osporus ( more o nt h is b elow ) ; o n ly t he i nscr ipt ion a nd t he monogra ms h ave b een c hanged . T h is t ype b ecame t he s tar t ing-poin t f or t he l a ter g o ld c o inage o f t he S par toc ids ;

a l l t he g o ld s ta ters w i th t he n ame o f

P aer isades h ave t he s a me r everse t ype , a nd o n ly t he i nscr ipt ions a nd t he monog ra ms c hange . The t ypes o f H yg iaenon 's s i lver c o ins a re much more o r ig ina l . T he t wo s i lver d rachmas b ear ing t ha t n a me t ha t a re k nown t o u s h ave t he s a me t ypes : O bverse , ah ead o f t he a rchon r igh t ;

R everse , ah orse man g a l lop ing l e f t ,

w i th a s pear i n h is h and a nd a c ape f l ow ing b ack f ro m h is s hou lders ;

t he i n-

s cr ip t ion , b enea th t he t ype , i s APXONTOE Y IL U I ZONTOE ; t here a re monog ra ms H a nd T r 1 20 ( P la te V I , 1 05 ). T he t ype o f t he h ead o nt he o bverse o f t he d rach mas c orresponds a l toge ther p rec isely t o t he p or tra i t o f Hyg iaenon o n t he g o ld s ta ter ; o ne may s uppose t ha t t he d ies f or b o th c o ins were c u t b y t he s a me h and . T h is c ircums tance , a nd t he p resence o nb o th s ta ter a nd d rachmas o f t he s a me monogra m ,i n wh ich we s hou ld mos t l i ke ly s ee t he n a me o f t he moneyer mag is tra te , a l low u s t o t h ink t ha t t he i ssues o f g o ld a nd o f s i l-

v er were c arr ied o u t s i mu l taneous ly . The t ype o f t he r everse o f H yg iaenon 's s i lver d rachmas i s who l ly o r ig ina l a nd s o mewha t u nusua l f or t he H el len is t ic B osporus . T he h orse man d ep ic ted i s , o ne mus t s uppose , t he a rchon h i mse l f , a nd s uch a n image mos t l i ke ly h in ts a t s o me s or t o f mi l i tary g lory o r f ea ts o f wh ich we k now n oth ing a t a l l . T h is i s t he f irs t c ase , i np oin t o f t ime , o f ad irec t r epresen ta t ion u pon B osporus c oins o f a ny s or t o f h is tor ica l i nc iden t , i fo ne d oes n o t c oun t t he s peci f ica l ly " war l ike" t ypes o f t he r ega l c o ins o f L eucon I . L a ter o n , p ar t icu lar ly i n t he f irs t c en tur ies o f o ur e ra , t he c us to m o f r epresen t ing t he m i l i tary f ea ts o f t he k ing o n r ega l c oins was t o e n ter d eep ly i n to t he p rac t ice o f B osporus c urrency . S hkorp i 11 21 a nd i n h is f oo ts teps Z ograph 1 22 a scr ibe t o H yg iaenon s t i l l a f ur ther c o in , a sma l l c opper o ne w i th t he t ype o f ab eard less h ead o n t he o bv erse a nd t he c aps o f t he D ioscuro i o nt he r everse ; i n t he l ower p ar t o f t he r everse t hey r ead t he l e t ters YrIA S uch a n a t tr ibu t ion o f t h is c o in a ppears t o u s mos t t mconv incing .

1 23

The i nscr ipt ion o n t he c oin i s s o d i f f icu l t t o make

o u t t ha t o ne c an h ave n o a ssurance o f t he c orrec tness o f S hkorp i l 's r ead ing . A t t he s a me t ime , a ss ignmen t o f t he c oin t o H yg iaenon b r ings u p an umber o f u nreso lved p rob le ms . Why d o we f ind o n t he o bverse n ot t he a rchon 's p or tra i t a lready f am i l iar t o u s f ro m t he s ta ter a nd t he d rachmas , b u t a n e n t irely d i ff eren t f ace n o t r eca l l ing H yg iaenon i na ny r espec t? Why i s o n ly t he n ame o f t he a rchon i nd ica ted o nt he r everse w i thou t men t ion o f h is t i t le , a nd why i s t he v ery n a me g iven i n a bbrev ia ted f or m? Why s hou ld H yg iaenon h ave h ad t o i ssue i n h is own n a me a c opper c o in s o sma l l a s t h is a nd i n s uch sma l l q uant i ty , when t here was s u f f ic ien t c iv ic c opper o nt he marke t , a nd when h e-was i n ap os i t ion t o a sser t h is r igh t o f c o inage t hrough t he i ssuance o f t he b eau t if u l g o ld s ta ters a nd s i lver d rach mas? The a c tua l s ty le a nd t ypo logy o f t he c oin i nq ues t ion o b liges u s t o p lace i ta t al a ter p er iod , t he e nd o f t he U nd c ent ury B .C . On t h is a ccoun t i ta ppears more c orrec t t o a bs ta in f ro m a ss ign ing t h is l i t t le c opper c oin t o H yg iaenon b e fore f ur ther e xa mples i nb e t ter p reserv a t ion a re f ound .

1 58

T he p er iod o f t he a rchon H yg iaenon 's r u le h as b een d e f ined i n v ar ious ways .

T he s cho lar who f i rs t p ub l ished t he d rachmas , a nd i n g enera l t he

wes tern E uropean s cho lars ( E . Mure t , F . Imhoo f-B lu mer , B . H ead , T . R e inach , K . B rand is ) , c ons idered h im t o b e ac on te mporary o f Mi thrada tes Eupa tor , b as ing t he mselves merely o n ap ara l le l is m b e tween t he t i t les o f H yg iaenon a nd o f Asander .1 24 Bu t t he s ty le o f H yg iaenon 's c oins a nd t he we igh t o f h is g o ld s ta ter o b l iged Oreshn ikov t o d oubt t he c orrec tness o f t ha t d a t ing , a nd t o d e f ine t he p er iod o f H yg iaenon 's r u le a s b e ing " no t l a ter t han t he Ind c en tury . "1 25 S hkorpi l wen t e ven f ur ther ; i n as pecia l a r t ic le d ev o ted t o d e ter m ina t ion o f t he t ime o f t he a rchon H yg iaenon 's r u le , h e a sse mb led a l l k nown d a ta , n o t o n ly n um is ma t ic b u t a lso e pigraph ic ( s ea ls o n t i les ) , a nd h e a lso t ook i n to a ccoun t t he f ind ing o f t i les b ear ing t he n a me o f H yg iaenon i n a rchaeo log ica l c on tex ts .

H e c a me t o t he c onc lus ion t ha t H yg iaenon r u led i n

t he B osporus a t ad a te s t i l l w i th in t he I Ird c en tury B . C .1 26 Oreshn ikov a cc ep ted S hkorpi l 's d a t ing .1 27 Z ograph a lso c a me t o t he s a me c onc lus ion , o n t he b as is o f c o mpar ison o f H yg iaenon 's s ta ter w i th t he B yzan t ium s ta ters o f L ys i machus t ype wh ich h ad s erved a s i t s p r 'o to type . 128 A s ar esu l t o f t hese s tud ies o ne may c ons ider i tt o b e d ef in i t ive ly e s tabl ished t ha t t he p er iod o f H yg iaenon 's r u le a nd o f t he i ssuance o f h is c o ins f a l ls i n t he l as t t h ird o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C . T he a ppearance o f t he u n ique s i lver c o in b ear ing t he n a me o f k ing S par tocus f a l ls t o al a ter p er iod . On i t s o bverse i s t he h ead o f t he k ing , d iade med , r igh t , a nd o nt he r everse a b ow i n c ase , t he i nscr ipt ion BAEIAEO .E/[E]F rAPTOKOY a nd t he monogra m ( P la te V I , 1 06 ). Th is c o in i s a scr ibed b y s cho lars t o v ar ious k ings o f t he B osporus who b ore t he n a me S par tocus , b u t i to ugh t u nq ues t ionab ly t o b e p u t s ide b y s ide w i th t he P an t icapaeu m s i lver d rachms a nd w i th t he l arge c opper P an t icapaeum c oins t ha t b ear t he s a me t ypes o nt he ir r e-

A 1 2 9

v erses .

1 30

The f irs t s cho lar t o p ub l ish t he d idrachm o f S par tocus , G .

K oeh ler , 1 31 h ad a lready d rawn a t ten t ion t o i t s r ese mb lance t o t he P an t icapaeum c oins we h ave r e ferred t o . T h is d idrachm i s mos t c losely r em in iscen t o f t he l arge c opper P an t icapaeu m c oins t he s tr ik ing o f wh ich , a s we h ave s een a bove , t ook p lace a round t he midd le o f t he Ind c en tury B . C . T he s im i lar i ty o f t he S par tocus d idrach m w i th t he P an t icapaeum c opper i s e xpressed n ot o n ly i n c o mmun i ty o f r everse t ype , b u t a lso i n d e ta i ls :

i n t he p os i t ion a nd t rea t men t

o f t he b owcase , i nt he d ispos i t ion a nd a r t icu la t ion o f t he i nscr ipt ion , e ven i n t he way t he h ead o n t he o bverse i s r epresen ted .1 32 I ti s q u i te a pparen t t ha t t he s i lver c o in o f S par tocus mus t b e d a ted t o t he s a me p er iod a s t he l arge P an ticapaeum c opper , i .e . a pprox i ma te ly t o t he m idd le o f t he Ind c en tury B . C . I ti s t he a ss ignmen t o f t he g o ld s ta ters b ear ing t he n a me o f P aer isades t ha t e vokes t he g rea tes t d ispar i ty o f v iews . I n a l l , 1 1 e xa mples o f t hese a re k nown . On t he o bverses t hey h ave t he t ype o f t he k ing 's h ead , d iade med , a nd o n t he r everse A thena s ea ted w i th N ike o n h er e x tended r igh t h and , w i th s h ie ld a nd s pear a s o nt he s ta ter o f t he a rchon H yg iaenon ;

b enea th t he A thena a re a t r i-

d en t a nd t wo d o lph ins , t o t he s ides t he i nscr ip t ion B AEIAE2E/T IAIPIEAAOY a nd i nt he f i e ld o f t he c oin a nd b enea th t he t hrone t here a re u sua l ly monogra ms 1 33 ( P la te V I , 1 07 , 1 08 ). A l l s cho lars who h ave c oncerned t he mse lves w i th t he s ta ters b ear ing t he P aer isades n a me h ave d irec ted t heir e f for ts p r i mar i ly t oward d e ter m in ing t o wh ich B osporus r u ler among t he s evera l b ear ing t h is n a me o ne o r a no ther 1 59

p ar t icu lar s ta ter may b e a ss igned .

Oreshn ikov r ever ted w i th s pec ia l s tubborn-

n ess t o t h is p roble m , d evo t ing s evera l s tud ies t o i t .

As a r esu l t o f t he

1 34

g rea t amoun t o f work t ha t h as b een d one w e may a t t h is t ime c ons ider t he p er iod o f t he s tr ik ing o f e ach o f t he 1 1 P aer isades s ta ters t o h ave b eco me e s tabl ished a pprox i ma te ly. The e ar l ies t e xa mp les o f t he s ta ters ( t he c oins f ro m t he f or mer c o l lec t ion o f A . A . S ib irsk i , f ro m t he Ar tyukhov t umu lus , a nd f ro m t he f or mer c o l lect ion o f t he Acade my o f S c iences ) w ere u nques t ionab ly s truck a t t he e nd o f t he I i ird c en tury B . C . ( P la te V I , 1 07 ).

E v idence o f t h is i s p rov ided b o th b y t he s ty le

o f t he t ypes o f t hese s ta ters , a nd b y t he c ircu ms tance o f t he f ind ing o f o ne o f t he m i n ab ur ia l c lear ly f a l l ing s t i l l w i th in t he I i Ird c en tury .

1 35

T he n ex t

g roup o f s ta ters , i nc lud ing f ive o r s ix e xa mp les ( t he c o ins f ro m t he c o l lec t ions i n P ar is , G lasgow , E ns , t he C h . C h . G ie l c o l lec t ion , a nd p robably b o th c oins f ro m t he f or mer A . I . T er letsk i c o l lec t ion ) a re t o b e a ss igned , f ro m t he ir s tyle , t o t he f irs t h a l f o f t he L I nd c en tury B . C .

F ina l ly , t he t wo c o ins f ound

i n t he S eversk i t umu lus a re u nques t ionab ly t he l a tes t e xa mp les o f t h is t ype ( P la te V I , 1 08 ). S tyl is t ic c o mpar isons a nd t he c ircums tance o f t he ir h av ing b een f ound w i th a c o mp lex o f a r t ic les o f t he e nd o f t he l ind c en tury B . C . o r t he b eg inn ing o f t he I s t 136

h ave o b l iged a l l s cho lars t o d a te t hese t wo s ta ters

t o t he v ery e nd o f t he ' Ind c en tury B . C . a nd t o a ss ign t he m t o t he l as t P aer is ades , who r u led i n t he B osporus p r ior t o t he S aumacus u pr is ing . Z ograph , t oo , a rr ived a t a pprox i ma te ly t he s a me c hrono log ica l d is tr ibu t ion o f t he g o ld s ta ters b ear ing t he n a me o f P aer isades , b y c on fron t ing t he m w i th t he B yzan t iu m s ta ters o f L ys i machus t ype s truck i n t he s a me p er iod , 137 a l though h e s e ts t he s ta ters f ro m t he Ar tyukhov t u mu lus a nd f ro m t he f or mer c o l lec t ion o f t he Acade my o f S ciences i n as pec ia l g roup , wh ich h e d a tes t o t he v ery b eg inn ing o f t he I lnd c en tury B .C . As f or t he p rob le m o f t he n umber o f t he k ings t o who m t hese s ta ters w i th t he n a me o f P aer isades o ugh t t o b e a t tr ibu ted , i tc an s carce ly b e r eso lved o n t he b as is o f e x is t ing d a ta , s ince we a re a cqua in ted n e i ther w i th t he n u mber o f t he B osporus r u lers a t t he e nd o f t he I i ird c en tury B .C . a nd i n t he I lnd , n or w i th t he ir n a mes , n or w i th t he d ura t ions o f t he ir r e igns .

Oreshn ikov f irs t

c ons idered i tp oss ible t o a ss ign t he g o ld s ta ters o f t he P aer isades k ings t o f our k ings b ear ing t ha t n a me , b u t l a ter o n e ven t o f ive.

1 38

A t t he s a me t ime ,

Minns c ons idered a l l t he s ta ters w i th t he P aer isades n a me , s ave f or t he t wo l a ter o nes f ro m t he S eversk i t u mu lus , a s b e long ing t o as ing le k ing who b ore t he n a me a nd who r u led a t t he e nd o f t he I i ird c en tury B . C . a nd i n t he f irs t h a l f o f t he ind .

1 39

One s hou ld i n a dd i t ion t ake i n to a ccoun t t he p oss ib i l i ty ,

c on te mp la ted b y Z ograph , t ha t t here may h ave b een a dopted i n t he B osporus ac us to m o f p lacing o n c o ins t he n a me o f s o me s ing le o u ts tand ing r epresen tat ive o f d ynas t ies , who may i n t h is c ase h ave b een o ne o f t he P aer isades g roup .1 40

i n t ha t e ven t a l l e ndeavors t o d educe a g enea logy o f t he S par toc ids

f ro m t he r ega l c o inage wou ld n a tura l ly b e v a in .

T hus t he s ta ters d o n o t a f ford

s u f f ic ien t ly f ir m g rounds f or d e ter m in ing t he n a mes o f t he S par toc ids who r u led i n t he Bosporus a t t he e nd o f t he I i Ird .cen tury B . C . a nd i n t he I lnd c ent ury . Bu t f or o ur p urposes t h is q ues t ion i s n o t a l l t ha t impor tan t .

T he e s tab l ish-

men t o f t he a ctua l f ac t o f ar a ther c ons tan t i ssuance o f g o ld a nd more r are ly

1 60

o f s i lver r ega l c o ins b y t he B osporus r u lers o ver t he c ourse o f t he l as t t h ird o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . a nd t he who le o f t he l ind i s ag rea t d ea l more s ubs tan tia l . T he s tr ik ing o f t he S par tocid s ta ters u nques t ionably t ook p lace a t t he P an t ic apaeum min t .

On t he r everses o f a l mos t a l l t he s ta ters t here a ppears b e-

n ea th t he t hrone o f A thena , j us t a s o n t he r everses o f t he s i lver c oins o f H yg iaenon , a monogra m made u p o f t he l e t ters

n and

A ,which a l l i nqu irers

w i th e very r eason t ake t o d es igna te t he min t — P an t icapaeu m .

1 41

Th is p ro-

p os i t ion i s s ubs tan t ia ted b y t he f ac t t ha t o n t he s ta ters o f L ys i machus t ype t ha t were s truck i nt he c i t ies o f t he wes tern Eux ine , t he i n i t ia ls o f t he p lace o f s tr ik ing were p laced a t t he s a me p o in t o n t he r everse , b enea th t he t hrone o f A thena — BY f or B yzan t iu m , I E f or I s tr ia , K A .A f or C a l la t ia , e tc .

1 42

P ar t i-

c u lar ly i nd ica t ive i n t h is r espec t i s t he a bbrev ia ted d es igna t ion o f t he c i ty o f Odessus , wh ich , l i ke t he d es igna t ion f or P an t icapaeu m , was p resen ted i n t he f or m o f a monogra m

OH o r l e

b enea th t he t hrone o f A the n a .1 43

As r egards t he o ther monogra ms o r l e t ters p laced i n t he f ie ld o f t he r ev erse s ide o f t he s ta ters i n f ron t o f t he image o f A thena ,

1 44

Oreshn ikov a nd

i n h is f oo ts teps P odsh iva lov e i ther s aw i n t he m n umer ica l i nd ica tors ( year o f r e ign ) , o r d eciphered t he m a s t he p a trony m ic o f t he k ing s tr ik ing t he c o in . 14 5 N e i ther o f t hese t heses c an b e j us t i f ied b y a ny c ons idera t ion wha ts oever ;

t he s econd o ne r uns c oun ter t o t he who le p rac t ice o f H e l len is t ic

c o inage , f or wh ich s uch a n i nd ica t ion o f t he p a trony m ic i s who l ly u n fa m i l iar a nd e ven i ncred ib le ;

a t t he s a me t ime , s uch monogra ms a s FP,

( t he H yg iaenon s ta ter ) c anno t h ave a n u mer ica l v a lue .

,and

I n t hese monogra ms ,

a s i nt he l e t ters A , K, a ndA I , o ne mus t w i thou t f a i l p erceive i nd ica t ions o f t he n a mes o f t he mag is tra tes r espons ib le f or t he i ssue .

I ti s i n j us t t h is way

t ha t s im i lar monogra ms a nd i nscr ip t ions o n c o ins o f L ys i machus t ype s truck i nt he c i t ies o f t he wes tern Eux ine a re d ec iphered .1 46 5 .

Mone tary C ircu la t ion i n t he B osporus u nder t he L a te S par toc ids I f we n ow s h i f t f ro m s tudy o f t he i nd iv idua l s er ies o f B osporus c o ins t o

e xa m ina t ion o f t he mone tary c ircu la t ion o f t he B osporus a t t he e nd o f t he I i Ird c en tury B .C . a nd i n t he I lnd , we g e t ap ret ty c o mpl ica ted p ic ture .

A f ter t he

r efor m o f L eucon I a nd t he r esu mp t ion o f t he i ssuance o f P an t icapaeu m s i lv er i n t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he B ird c en tury B .C ., i n terna l c ircu la t ion i n t he B osporus c o mes o nce more t o b e made u p o f t wo c a tegor ies o f c iv ic c oin — f u l l-va lue s i lver , a nd sma l l-change c opper .

I n f ore ign t rade t urnover a nd

i n ma jor p ay men ts w i th in t he c oun try a l ien g o ld c oins c on t inue t o b e u sed f or t he mos t p ar t , b u t s ide b y s ide w i th t he m t he r are g o ld s ta ters i ssued b y t he k ings o f t he B osporus i nt heir own n a mes p robab ly s aw s o me c ircu la t ion . T he c opper B osporus c o inage o f t he p er iod we a re s tudy ing i s n o t v ery c ons iderab le n u mer ica l ly .

I t s modes t n a ture i s s tr ik ing i n c o mpar ison w i th

t he t ru ly c o lossa l em iss ion o f c opper c o ins i n t he f irs t h al f o f t he I l lrd c ent ury B .C ., i n t he p er iod o f t he mone tary c r is is .

I ti s t rue t ha t i n t he I ind

c en tury B .C . ,t oo , ar a ther l arge q uan t i ty o f minor c opper i s i ssued , c ons t i tu t ing sma l l c hange f or t he c on te mporaneous s i lver .

Bu t i ssuance -o f l arge

c opper c o ins s carcely o ccurs a t a l l , s o me th ing wh ich Z ograph e xp la ins a s a n e n t ire ly " na tura l r eac t ion t o t he a buse o f t he i ssuance o f c opper c oin i n t he

1 61

L I Ird c en tury . "1 47

I ndeed , a s we h ave s een , t he i ssuance o f l arge c opper i s

c u t o f f e ven i n t he l as t t h ird o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . w i th r esump t ion o f t he s tr ik ing o f s i lver , a nd o n ly t he sma l l P an t icapaeu m c oins w i th t he t ype o f t he p lough a nd t he s t i l l sma l ler c opper w i th t he t ypes o f t he g r i f f in 's w ing a nd t he t r ipod a re s truck . Dur ing t he c ourse o f t he who le s econd h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . t he c opper c oins i ssued i n t he midd le a nd i n t he t h ird q uar ter o f t ha t c en tury a pp aren t ly c on t inued t o c ircu la te .

T hese were t he l arge P an t icapaeum c opper

c o ins , a lready f am i l iar t o u s , w i th t he h ead o f P oseidon o n t he o bverse a nd t he p row o nt he r everse , f urn ished w i th t wo s ubsequen t c oun ter marks , a nd a lso t he c oins i ssued e ar l ier w i th t he h ead o f Apo l lo o r w i th t he s a tyr 's h ead o n t he o bverse , i .e . t he s a me c oins t ha t made u p t he b as ic ma ter ia l o f t he mone tary c ircu la t ion u nder L eucon I .

We h ave n o g rounds f or a ssu m ing a

p ro longed c ircu la t ion o f t he r ega l c opper c oin o f Leucon I , b y r eason o f t he s peci f ic n a ture o f t he a c tua l i ssue o f t hese r ega l c o ins , a nd a lso b ecause f inds t hereo f a re k nown i n o n ly sma l l q uan t i t ies . We a re o b l iged t o a ssu me s uch a p ro longed c ircu la t ion o f t he c opper c oins i ssued i n t he l as t y ears o f t he monetary c r is is i n t he B osporus n o t o n ly b ecause t hey a re f requen t ly f urn ished w i th r e i tera ted c oun ter marks , b u t f ur ther more b ecause we a re n o t a cqua in ted w i th a ny l arge o r med iu m c opper P an t icapaeu m c oins t he i ssuance o f wh ich migh t b e a ss igned t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he L I Ird c en tury B . C .:

o ne may s peak w i th more o r l ess a ssurance o n ly r egard ing

t he s tr ik ing a t t ha t t ime o f t he sma l les t s or t o f c opper c oins .

A t t he s a me

t ime i ti s v ery improbab le t ha t o n ly s i lver s hou ld h ave t aken p ar t i n t he monet ary c ircu la t ion o f t ha t t ime , t he more s o i n t ha t t he p reced ing p er iod o f monet ary c r is is h ad made t he p opu la t ion f am i l iar w i th c ircu la t ion o f c opper—c o ins , a nd i n t ha t s ubsequen t ly , i n t he L ind c en tury B .C ., c opper c o ins a re i ssued w i thou t i n terrup t ion . The s i lver c oins s truck i nt he B osporus i n t he s econd h a l f o f t he I L Ird c ent ury B . C . a nd c urren t o n a n e qua l f oo t ing w i th t he c opper we h ave j us t s tud ied b e long t o t wo s er ies , e ach o f t he m h av ing o n t he o bverse a wrea thed h ead o f Apo l lo r igh t , a nd o n t he r everse v ar ious t ypes a nd t he i nscr ip t ion HAN.

T he

c are lessness o f t he s tr ik ing , t he b ad c o mpos i t ion o f t he me ta l o f t hese c o ins , a nd t he p resence o f o n ly t wo d eno m ina t ions o f s i lver were c onsequences o f t he f inanc ia l d i f f icu l t ies s t i l l b e ing u ndergone b y t he B osporus , a nd were i n ac ert a in measure c oun terpar ts t o t he c ircu la t ion o n B osporus marke ts o f d egraded c opper c o ins o f t he p er iod a t t he e nd o f t he monetary c r is is a nd d ur ing t he r ef or ms o f L eucon I . I ti s d i f f icu l t t o e s tab l ish wha t p ar t was p layed i n monetary c ircu la t ion b y t he P an t icapaeu m t etradrach ms w i th t he h orse t ype .

One c anno t e xc lude a

p oss ibi l i ty t ha t t hey were i ssued w i th n o t s o much d o mes t ic a s o u tward c ircul a t ion i n mind .

Bu t i n a l l t he c ircu ms tances t h is i ssue c anno t h ave p layed

a ny impor tan t p ar t :

t he n umber o f e xa mp les o f t he t e tradrach m k nown t o u s

i s t oo l im i ted , a nd t h is c ons t i tu tes e v idence o f h ow s hor t at ime t he who le i ssue mus t h ave l as ted . I nt he I lnd c en tury B . C . P an t icapaeu m s i lver was , a s we h ave s een , i ssued r egu lar ly a nd i n ap re t ty b road r ange o f d eno m ina t ions , f ro m t he d rachma d ownward .

Bu t t he s ty l is t ic , t echn ica l , a nd me tro log ica l d egrada t ion o ft he . 1 62

P an t icapaeu m s i lver c oins d ur ing t he I lnd c en tury , a lready r e marked u pon , p oin ts q u i te p la in ly t o ag radua l b u t s teady d eter iora t ion i n t he e cono m ic s i tuat ion o f t he B osporus .

T he i ssuance o f s i lver c oin , a t l eas t i n t he sma l les t

d eno m ina t ions , a pparen t ly was n o t c ur ta i led u n t i l t he e nd o f t he S par tocid p er iod ;

t he a bundan t c oinage o f c opper d oes n o t t ake o nt ha t i ndependen t i m-

p or tance wh ich i th ad i n t he f irs t h al l o f t he I Ird c en tury , i nt he p er iod o f t he mone tary c r is is .

Th is a f fords e v idence t ha t t he e cono m ic d ec l ine o f t he S par-

t oc id s ta te was g oing o n g radua l ly , w i thou t s harp c r ises , i n t he Ind c en tury . T h is d ec l ine was n ever the less p ercep t ib le i n t he f ie ld o f t he c urrency , a nd n o t o n ly i n d e ter iora t ion o f t he s i lver c oin .

The n u merous a nd f requen t ly u nder-

t aken o vers tr ik ings o f c opper c o in a re v ery i nd ica t ive .

E ven t he g o ld r ega l

s ta ters u ndergo a n o tab le e vo lu t ion i n t he d irec t ion o f r educt ion o f we igh t a nd d e ter iora t ion o f t he t echn ique a nd s tyle o f s tr ik ing . The q ues t ion a s t o wha t p lace t he r ega l c o ins o ccup ied i n t he c ircu la t ion o f t he B osporus , a nd wha t was t he r e la t ionsh ip b e tween c iv ic a nd r ega l c o inage , h as n o t e ven b een r a ised b y a ny o f t he e ar l ier n um is ma t is ts .

On ly Z ograph

h as p u t t o h i mse l f aq ues t ion a s t o p ar t icipa t ion o f t he r ega l c o ins o f t he S part oc ids i n mone tary c ircu la t ion , a nd h e h as g iven h i mse l f an ega t ive a nswer . H e s upposed t ha t a l l t he c oins i ssued i n t he n a me o f t he S par toc ids , w i th t he e xcep t ion o f t he c opper c oins o f L eucon I , were d ona t ives a nd were i ssued " no t f or w idespread c ircu la t ion i nt he Market , b u t f or p resen ta t ion t o p ersons o f t he k ing 's c irc le . "1 48

Th is v iewpo in t h as b een a ccep ted b y s o me S ov iet

s cho lars a nd h as b een r e f lec ted i n an umber o f works o nt he h is tory o f t he B osporus , i nc lud ing e ar l ier a r t icles b y t he a u thor o f t h is b ook .

1 49

Bu t c loser

s cru t iny o f t he p rob le m s hows t ha t i ti s b y n o means t o b e r eso lved t ha t e as i ly . The s o le b as is f or d e f in ing t he r ega l c o ins o f t he S par toc ids a s d ona t ives i s t he ir e xcep t iona l r ar i ty , wh ich p roves t he ir i ssuance was r e la t ively i ns ign i f ican t .

Bu t a sma l l n u mber o f e xa mp les o f c oins o f a ny o ne g iven t ype k nown

t o u s i s s t i l l n o t o f i t sel f s u f f ic ien t r eason f or o ne t o d eny t ha t c o ins o f t h is t ype c ircu la ted o nt he money marke t .

T here a re many g roups o f a na logous

c o ins , i nc lud ing B osporus o nes , t ha t a re k nown o n ly i n af ew e xa mp les , a nd s o met i mes o n ly f ro m a s ing le u n ique s pec i men . E ven i ft he s ta ters w i th t he P aer isades n a me were s truck b y s evera l k ings , s t i l l f our o f t he m were a pp aren t ly s truck w i th a s ing le d ie 15 ° a nd b elong t o o ne k ing , a nd t ha t i s n o l onger o n ly a f ew c ases .

I n a dd i t ion , w i th r espec t t o t he s ta ters w i th t he

P aer isades n a me d a ta e x is t wh ich s peak f la t ly a ga ins t t he p ropos i t ion a s t o t he ir p urpose 's b e ing e xclus ive ly a d ona t ive o ne . F irs t o f a l l , o ne 's a t ten t ion i s d rawn b y t he f ac t t ha t b o th t hese s ta ters a nd t he s ta ter o f H yg iaenon r epea t i nt heir c o mpos i t ion t he v ery w idespread s ta ters o f L ys i machus t ype wh ich were e x tre me ly we l l k nown t o e veryone i n t he B osporus .

A l though t he image o f t he h ead o f A lexander o f Macedon a s

t he g od Am mon was s upp lan ted o n t he B osporus s ta ters b y t he p or tra i t o f t he B osporus r u ler , a nd a l though i np lace o f t he n a me o f L ys i machus a c orresp ond ing B osporus n a me was a ppl ied , t he g enera l t ypo log ica l s che me h as s t i l l b een p reserved d own t o d e ta i ls — t he t r iden t w i th d o lph ins , t he s hape o f t he t hrone , e tc . T he way t he B osporus s ta ters f o l lowed t he B yzan t iu m mode ls was s o c o mp le te t ha t Z ograph s ucceeded i nf ind ing c orrespond ing a na log ies i n t he B yzan t iu m

1 63

c oinage f or a l l t he g roups o f g old s ta ters w i th t he n a mes o f P aer isades a nd Hyg iaenon .

1 51

A mere t ypo log ica l c o mpar ison s hows c lear ly t ha t t he B osporus S par toc ids , e xercis ing t he ir r igh t o f c oinage a nd c on f irT l ing t h is p rerog.d . t ive . i ft he r oya l p ower b y p u t t ing t he ir p or tra i ts a nd n a mes o n t he s ta ters , a t t he s a me t i me s trove t o make t he ir c o ins a pproach t he omn ipresen t t ype o f t he " Byzan t ium Lys i machus" c o ins a s much a s p oss ib le .

S uch a s tr iv ing w i l l b eco me c o mpre-

h ens ib le o n ly i n t he e ven t t ha t we r ecogn ize t ha t t he S par toc id s ta ters were i n tended t o c ircu la te i n t he marke t o n ap ar w i th t he L ys i machus o nes .

F or

c oins i ssued o n ly w i th t he p urpose o f p resen ta t ion t o c our t iers t here wou ld h ave b een n o s ense i n u t i l izing t he t ype o f t he L ys i machus s ta ters ; o n t he c ont rary , i t wou ld h ave b een much more n a tura l t o i nven t f or s uch c ases who l ly o r ig ina l t ypes , r e f lec t ing l oca l B osporus e ven ts o r c oncep ts . A lso h igh ly i nd ica t ive i s t he s tudy o f t he B osporus r ega l c o inage i n me trol og ica l r espec ts . The s ta ter o f H yg iaenon weighs 8 .38 g ra ms , a nd t he e ar l ies t o f t he s ta ters w i th t he P aer isades n a me we igh 8 .48-8 .44 g ra ms . I n t he l a ter g roups t he weigh t o f t he s ta ters g oes d own s o mewha t :

t ha t o f t he t wo l a tes t

c oins f ro m t he S eversk i t umu lus c o mes t o 8 .25 a nd 8 .15 g ra ms . B o th t he we igh t n or m i t sel f , a nd a lso i t s g radua l r educ t ion i nt he l a ter e xa mples , c orr espond p rec ise ly w i th t he me tro log ica l d a ta we h ave a s r egards t he L ys i machus s ta ters o f B yzan t iu m s tr ik ing . 152 And t hen t he weigh ts o f t he s i lver d rach mas o f H yg iaenon a nd t he d idrach ms o f S par tocus h ar mon ize v ery we l l w i th t he we igh t n or ms , e xa m ined a bove , f or P an t icapaeu m s i lver o f t he c orrespond ing p er iods .

T h is s tr ic t o bserva t ion o f weigh t n or ms i n t he r ega l S par toc id c o in-

a ge i s a lso e loquen t i nf avor o f ac o mp le te ly r ea l monetary c harac ter f or t h is c o inage . Bu t wha t i s mos t i nd ica t ive a s r egards t he c ircu la t ion o f t he S par toc id g o ld i s t he c ircu ms tances u nder wh ich t hese c o ins h ave b een f ound .

A l l o f t he s ta-

t ers w i th t he P aer isades n a me , r egard ing t he h is tory o f whose f ind ing i n forma t ion h as b een p reserved , were f ound i n t u mu l i am id t he s a me c ircu ms tances i n wh ich s ta ters o f L ys i machus t ype h ave a lso f requen t ly b een e ncoun tered . I n t h is c onnec t ion t he d iscovery i n t he Ar tyukhov t u mu lus i s p ar t icu lar ly c ur ious . Ag o ld s ta ter w i th t he n a me o f P aer isades was r ecovered i n a ssoc ia t ion w i th a ma le b ur ia l i n t he s econd t o mb .

I n a n e xac t ly a na logous p os i t ion , i n a sso-

c ia t ion w i th a f e ma le b ur ia l i nt he s a me t o mb , t here was a g o ld s ta ter o f Lys i machus t ype.

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T here c an b e n o d oub t t ha t t he p ersons who c arr ied

t hrough t he i n ter men t o f t hese d ead r egarded b o th c o ins i n e xac t ly t he s a me l igh t a nd t ha t i td id n o t e n ter t he ir h eads t o make a ny s or t o f d is t inc t ion b et ween t he m .

T hus t h is f ac t , i n o ur v iew d e mons tra ted , a f fords e v idence o f

p ara l lel c ircu la t ion , o n a n e ven f oo t ing , o f B yzan t iu m s ta ters o f L ys i machus t ype a nd o f t he g o ld c oins o f t he B osporus S par toc ids . We h ave a lready o bserved i nt he I V th c en tury B .C . s uch a p heno menon o f p ara l lel c ircu la tion o f l oca l g o ld a nd i n ter loca l g o ld c oin i nt he B osporus : a t t ha t t i me i t was c yzicenes a nd P an t icapaeu m g o ld s ta ters . as ubs tan t ia l d i f ference b e tween t hese t wo p er iods . g o ld P an t icapaeu m s ta ters were i ssued i n f a ir ly

Bu t t here i s a lso

I n t he I V th c en tury t he

l arge q uan t i ty ( more t han

8 0 e xa mp les a re k nown ) , a nd t heir i ssuance was o f a l toge ther r ea l e cono m ic

s ign i f icance :

t hey were s truck i n o rder t o s erve a s a means o f p ay men t i n

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ma jor c o m merc ia l o pera t ions n o t o n ly i n t he B osporus , b u t a lso o n t he marke ts o f t he Eux ine c oas ts i n g enera l . The s ense o f t he c o inage o f t he S par toc id r ega l g o ld s ta ters was a l together d i f feren t ; e ven t hough t hey e n tered c ircu la t ion a nd were a ccepted b y t he mark e t o n ap ar w i th t he s ta ters o f Lys i machus t ype , t hey n ever the less d& -not p er for m a f unc t ion i n e cono m ic l i fe t ha t was i n a ny w ise c onspicuous . T he i ssuance o f t hese s ta ters was p robab ly u nder taken b y t he S par toc ids i n t he ma in s i mp ly t o d e mons tra te i nt h is way t heir r igh t o f c o inage , ar igh t wh ich a l l H e l len is t ic d ynas ts p ossessed a nd t he e n force men t o f wh ich was i nd ispens able t o t he B osporus r u lers i n o rder t o c onso l ida te t he ir r ega l d ign i ty .— T h is c ou ld e as i ly b e a cco mpl ished w i th t he h e lp o f q uan t i ta t ive ly v ery l im i ted i ssues o f g o ld o r s i lver c oins , l ay ing n o c la im t o a n i ndependen t f unc t ion i n mone tary c ircu la t ion , b u t a b le t o s ubs tan t ia te e loquen t ly e nough t he a u thor i ty o f t he Bosp orus r u lers . I t was e v iden t ly i nj us t t h is t ha t t he c ause f or t he s can ty n umbers o f t he S par toc id r ega l c o ins l ay . I nas much a s a f ter t he I V th c en tury B . C : t he s tr ik ing o f g o ld i nt he c iv ic n a me i s n ever r ever ted t o , o ne may s uppose t ha t e ven i nt he L I Ird c en tury B . C . t he e xc lus ive r igh t t o i ssuance o f g o ld c o in h ad b een a ppropr ia ted b y t he B osp orus r u lers . T he f ac t t ha t H yg iaenon , who d id n o t b eco me a b as i leus a nd who r e ma ined s a t is f ied w i th t he t i t le o f a rchon , n ever the less i ssued g old s tat ers i n h is o wn n a me i s i nd ica t ive i nt h is r egard .

T ak ing i n to a ccoun t t he

mone tary c r is is t he B osporus wen t t hrough i nt he I Ird c en tury , o ne may s upp ose t ha t i t was n o t e asy f or h im t o b r ing a g o ld c oinage i n to b eing . Th is c ircu ms tance o nce more emphas izes t he d e mons tra t ive , p o l i t ica l c harac ter o f t he i ssuance o f g o ld s ta ters w i th t he n a mes o f t he B osporus r u lers . I tr e ma ins o n ly t o men t ion t he a l ien c oin wh ich c ircu la ted i n t he B osporus i nt he p er iod we a re s tudying . T h is c o in c ons is ted o f t he g o ld s ta ters o f L ys imachus t ype wh ich were s truck f or t he mos t p ar t a t B yzan t ium . A l though t he s ta ters o f L ys i machus a ppeared i n t he B osporus f or t he f irs t t ime , a s we h ave s een , a s f ar b ack a s t he e nd o f t he I V th c en tury B .C . -o f t he f irs t h a l f o f t he I Ird , t he e nor mous ma jor i ty o f t he c oins o f t h is t ype f ound i n t he B lack S ea l i t tora l b e long t o l a ter i ssues p u t o u t a t B yzan t ium c o mmencing w i th t he midd le o f t he I l ird c en tury a nd c on t inu ing r igh t d own t o t he Mi thrada t ic p er iod . T he d is t ingu ish ing f ea tures o f t hese s ta ters a re t he s y mbo l o f t he t r iden t i nt he l ower p ar t o f t he r everse t ype , a nd t he l e t ters BY i nd ica t ing t he p lace o f c o inage . N o o ne h as c arr ied o u t ad e ta i led s tudy o f t hese c oins t o d a te , a nd f or t ha t r eason t he d a t ing o f i nd iv idua l e xa mp les a nd g roups i s v ery l abor ious . Z ograph , who o n s evera l o ccas ions t ook u p f inds o f L ys i machus-type s ta ters i n t he n or the rn B lack S ea l i t tora l ,1 54 d is t inguished t hree c hrono log ica l g roups o f B yzan t iums truck L ys i machus s ta ters , f a l ling r espec t ive ly t o t he midd le o f t he I Ird c ent ury B .C ., t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury a nd f irs t h a l f o f t he I ind , a nd t he M i thrada t ic p er iod . 155 A ccord ing t o Z ograph 's o bserva t ions t he o verwhe l ming ma jor i ty o f a l l f inds o f L ys i machus-type s ta ters i n t he n or thern B lack S ea l i tt ora l r e la te t o t he s econd c hrono log ica l g roup , i .e . t hey d a te w i th in t he l ast c en tury o f S par toc id r u le i nt he B osporus .1 56 Ano ther c ircu ms tance n o ted b y Z ograph i s a lso v ery impor tan t — t he f ac t t ha t i t was p rec ise ly t he n or th-eas tern

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c orner o f t he B lack S ea l i t tora l , i .e . t he t err i tory o f t he k ingdo m o f t he B osp orus a nd t he C aucasus d is tr ic t a d jacen t t o i t , t ha t was t he r eg ion o f p ref eren t ia l d is tr ibu t ion o f B yzan t iu m-s truck Lys i machus s ta ters . Fur ther d e ta i led s tudy o f t he B yzan t iu m-s truck L ys i machus s ta ters i n h ar mony w i th t he p rogra m me b rough t f orward b y Z ograph i n h is a ddress a t t he Kerch c on ference o f a rchaeo log is ts i n 1 926 w i l l make i tp oss ib le n o t o n ly t o r ef ine o ur i deas a bou t t he p lace o ccup ied b y t hese s ta ters i n t he mone tary c ircu la t ion o f t he B osporus , b u t a lso t o c lassi fy a nd d a te w i th more p rec is ion t he g o ld c oinage o f t he B osporus r u lers o f t he I Ird a nd Ind c en tur ies B . C . wh ich im i ta tes t he s ta ters o f L ys i machus t ype .1 57 Exa m ina t ion o f B osporus c o inage a nd mone tary c ircu la t ion o ver t he I l Ird a nd Und c en tur ies B . C . e nab les u s a lso t o r a ise a c oup le o f g enera l q ues t ions r egard ing t he p ol i t ica l p os i t ion o f t he B osporus i n t he p er iod o f t he l a te S par toc ids . Our a t ten t ion i s d rawn a bove a l l b y t he c ircu ms tance t ha t d ur ing t h is p er iod t he i ssuance o f r ega l c o ins o ccurs more o r l ess r egu lar ly i nt he B osporus . The s ubs tan t ia t ion b y t he S par toc ids o f t heir r igh t t o ar ega l c o inage i s e v idence t ha t t hese r u lers f u l ly r ecogn ized t he mselves t o b e H e l len is t ic k ings e ndowed w i th a l l t he p reroga t ives o f r oya l a u thor i ty i nheren t i n t he monarchs o f t ha t t i me .

I nas much a s t he i n i t ia t ion o f t he min t ing o f r ega l c o ins i n t he B osporus

g oes b ack t o t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C . a nd i s a ssocia ted w i th t he n a me o f Leucon I , i ti s l eg i t i ma te t o a sk :

c an o ne a ss ign t o j us t t ha t p er iod

t he c onvers ion o f t he S par tocids i n to monarchs o f t he H e l len is t ic t ype , a nd t he e s tabl ish men t o f f u l l p r ior i ty o f t he r oya l a u thor i ty ( T6

P ac L AE a )o ver t he

t rad i t ions o f c iv ic a u tono my a nd t he a u tarchy o f t he p o l i ? The e x iguous a nd f rag men tary c harac ter o f t he s ources , e spec ia l ly t hose d ea l ing w i th t he p er iod i n q ues t ion , p reven ts o ne f ro m e luc ida t ing w i th a ny d e f in i t ion t he r eciproca l p o l i t ica l p os i t ions o f t he c i t ies a nd o f t he r oya l a u thor i ty , o f t he c i t izens a nd o f t he a dm in is tra t ive i ns t i tu t ions , i n t he B osporus ; y et t here a re i nd iv idua l o b l ique c ircu ms tances a nd e v idences wh ich a f ford a p oss ib i l i ty o f e xpress ing s o me v iews o n t h is s ub jec t . We h ave a lready s poken a bove r egard ing t he f ac t t ha t t he a u tono mous c iv ic c oinage o f P an t icapaeu m , t he o n ly o ne t ha t e x is ted i nt he B osporus d ur ing t he I V th c en tury B .C . a nd t he f irs t h a l f o f t he I IrdA was a pparen t ly s ub jec t t o a c er ta in c on tro l o nt he p ar t o f t he S par toc ids . 15ö

I ft he Bosporus r u lers o f

t he I V th c en tury d id n o t make s o b o ld a s t o i n i t ia te , b y t he mse lves , t he i ssuance o f c oins i n t he ir o wn n a me , b u t s us ta ined t he P an t icapaeu m c iv ic c oinage , t h is was n o t b ecause t hey d id n o t h ave t he p rac t ica l p o ten t ia l f or i ssu ing s uch c oins ,

b u tb ecause t hey were s t i l l c ons idered a rchons o f t he B osporus , i .e . o f t he Bosporus c i t ies , a nd t hey b ore t he t i t le o f b as i leus o n ly i n c on fron tat ion w ith t he b arbar ian t r ibes , wh ich h as f ound v iv id e xpress ion i n e p igraph ic r ecords ,1 59 The B osporus c i t ies f or t he ir p ar t e v iden t ly g uarded j ea lous ly T I-I v n öc cp t . ov

7 t oXv rc C c xv, wh ich i s e n t ire ly n a tura l f or t he p re-He l len is t ic Greek wor ld , a p ar t o f wh ich t he B osporus was . A l though t ra i ts o f t he H e l len is t ic s ta te made t he ir a ppearance i n t he B osporus e ar l ier t han i n o ther p laces ,

1 60

j ur id ica l

f or mu la t ion o f t he n ew r igh ts o f t he B osporus k ings c ou ld n o t t ake p lace b e fore t he e nd o f t he I V th c en tury B . C .

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T oward t he b eg inn ing o f t he L I Ird c en tury t he s i tua t ion c hanged s harp ly. t he emergence o f H e l len is t ic monarch ies i n t he e as tern p ar t o f t he Med i terr anean , t he c rea t ion o f t he Thracian k ingdo m o f L ys i machus , t he a bundan t a nd impos ing c o inage o f t he P to le m ies , t he S e leuc ids , a nd t he r epresen ta t ives o f o ther d ynas t ies c ou ld n o t f a i l t o f ind r e f lect ion i nt he s ta tus o f t he S par tocids i nt he B osporus .

F ro m t he p er iod o f S par tocus I I s on o f E u me les ( 304-284

B .C .) , t he B osporus r u lers s top c a l l ing t he mselves a rchons o f t he B osporus i n o ff icia l d ocu men ts a nd make u se o f t he s ing le t i t le o f b as i leus

wh ich n ow

r e la tes t o a l l t heir s ub jects , t o t he G reeks , a nd t o t he b arbar ians .

1 61

F ro m

t h is s a me j unc ture i nt ime t he B osporus r u lers c o m mence t o b e c a l led k ings i n a l ien o f f ic ia l d ocumen ts a s wel l , a s f or i ns tance i nt he d ecree o f t he A then ians i n h onor o f S par tocus I I d a ted 2 88 B . C .

1 61

I t wou ld a ppear t ha t t he S par toc ids

a ccorded a g rea t d ea l o f impor tance t o t h is s ee m ing ly s uper f ic ia l c hange : o ne may j udge o f t h is , i ft hrough n o th ing e lse , t hen t hrough t he f ac t t ha t t h is s a me S par tocus I l i nc ludes h is t i t le i n t he s ea ls u sed a t t he r oya l t i le f ac tor ies , whereas p r ior t o t ha t t ime o n ly t he n a me o f t he manager h ad b een i nd ica ted o n t i les o f r oya l manu fac ture .

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S hor t ly t he r oya l c era m ic e n terpr ises t ook

t o s ea l ing t he ir p roduct ion s i mp ly w i th t he words BAZIAIKHor BAEIAIKOZ . 1 62 I t wou ld b e t he mos t n a tura l t h ing t o e xpec t t he i ssuance o f t he f irs t r ega l c oinage j us t a t t ha t mo men t .

One c anno t imag ine t ha t t he i dea o f t he ir own

r ega l c o inage a s wel l wou ld n o t h ave o ccurred t o t he S par toc ids s i mu l taneous ly w i th t heir a ssu m ing t he r oya l t i t le a s t he ir s o le o ne :

t he who le p rac t ice o f

t he o ther H e l len is t ic s ta tes mus t h ave t hrus t t ha t i dea u pon t he m . c oinage d id n ot c o me i n to b e ing a t t ha t mo men t .

Bu t t h is

The r eason f or t h is , i t s ee ms

t o u s , was t he c r is is s ta tus , n oted a bove , o f B osporus f inances i n t he f irs t h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C .

S par tocus a nd h is im med ia te s uccessors were

n o t i n ap os i t ion t o a ch ieve i ssuance o f g o ld s ta ters o r s i lver t e tradrach ms i n t heir own n a mes , a s o ther H el len is t ic d ynas ts d id , b ecause t he r eserve o f p rec ious me ta ls i n t he t reasury h ad a pparen t ly b eco me a l toge ther e xhaus ted . On t he o ther h and t o i ssue o n ly c opper money i n t heir own n a mes wou ld q u i te l ikely h ave s ee med t o t he m b enea th t he r oya l d ign i ty .

I ti s o n ly i n t h is way

( i f we d o n o t t ake i tt ha t s can ty g o ld o r s i lver r oya l c o ins o f t he f irs t h a l f o f t he I L Ird c en tury h ave f a i led t o c o me d own t o u s ) t ha t o ne c an e xp la in t he c irc u ms tance t ha t r ega l c o inage i n t he B osporus c a me i n to b e ing c ons iderably l a ter t han t he a ssump t ion o f t he n ew t i t le b y t he S par toc ids . S tern e cono m ic n ecess i ty , t he n eed t o s tabi l ize t he mone tary s ys te m i n s o me way o r o ther , n ever the less d rove L eucon I , a s we h ave s een , t o u ndert ake t he i ssuance o f r ega l c opper c oin . e xcep t iona l n a ture o f t h is move .

We h ave s poken a bove r egard ing t he

T he mo men t t here was a c hance , t he B os-

p orus k ings b egan e ven d ur ing t he l as t t h ird o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . t o i ssue g o ld s ta ters i n t he ir own n a mes . A f ter h av ing a ssu med t he r igh t t o s tr ike c o ins t he S par toc ids b y n o means s trove t o d epr ive t he c ap i ta l o f t he B osporus , P an t icapaeu m , o f t ha t r igh t . Over t he c ourse o f t he p er iod we a re e xa m in ing s i lver a nd c opper c oins c ont inued t o b e s truck a t P an t icapaeu m i nt he n a me o f t he c iv ic c o m mune .

Wha t

i s more , i t was j us t t hese c iv ic c o ins t ha t s erved a s t he b as ic means o f p ay men t i n t he i n terna l B osporus marke t . c ava t ions a t a ny B osporus c i ty ,

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They a re f ound i n l arge q uan t i t ies i n e xs o t ha t t he ir impor tance a s a means o f

1 67

p ay men t w i th r espec t t o a ny p o in t i n t he B osporus i s q u i te b eyond d oubt . S tar t ing a t t he v ery e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . o r a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ind , t he c oinage o f c opper money a t Phanagor ia was o f i nco mparab ly l ess impor tance . A c er ta in q uan t i ty o f c opper P hanagor ia c o ins a lways t urns u p i n e xcava t ions a t P an t icapaeum , T ir i taka , a nd Myr mec iu m , wh ich p roves t ha t t hey c ircu la ted o ver t he e n t ire t err i tory o f t he B osporus s ide b y s ide w i th P an t icapaeu m c opp er .

Bu t t he ir q uan t i ty i s a l toge ther t r i f l ing i n c o mpar ison w i th t he l a t ter .i 66

Phanagor ia c o ins a re me t w i th s o mewha t more f requen t ly o n t he As ia t ic s ide o f t he Bosporus — a t P a traeus a nd a t Phanagor ia i tse l f .

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Bu t e ven h ere t he

a ggrega te q uan t i ty o f f inds t hereo f c anno t b ear a ny c o mpar ison w i th t he f inds o f P an t icapaeum c opper c o ins . We h ave l i t t le i n for ma t ion o nf inds o f P an t icapaeu m s i lver a nd o f P hanagor ia s i lver c oins o f t he e nd o f t he Ind c en tury , b u t t here c an b e n o d oub t t ha t t h is s i lver , t oo , c ircu la ted o ver t he who le t err i tory o f t he B osporus a s an a t ionwide c urrency . Ou ts ide t he b oundar ies o f t he B osporus , P an t icapaeu m a nd Phanagor ia c opp er a nd s i lver c oins o f t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury a nd o f t he Und a re a s ar u le n o t e ncoun tered a t a l l . E ven among f inds a t o ther G reek c i t ies o f t he B lack S ea l i t tora l t h is c a tegory o f c o ins i s a l mos t t o ta l ly a bsen t . A t O lbia t he l as t B osporus c o in o f t he p re- M i thrada t ic p er iod i s i np o in t o f t ime a c oin o f L eucon 1 .1 68 A t C hersonesus , i ti s t rue , P an t icapaeu m a nd Phanagor ia c oins o f t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury a nd o f t he " End c en tury a re s o me t i mes e ncoun tered , b u t t he q uan t i ty t hereo f i s q u i te i ns ign i f ican t a nd o ne may s uppose t ha t t hey h ave l anded t here b y c hance d ur ing t r ips o f B osporus merchan ts t o C hersonesus . N or i s a ny p enetra t ion o f B osporus c o ins d eep i n to t he s teppes b y t he B lack S ea k nown t o u s .

The B osporus c o ins f ound a t t he Ka mensk s i te o n t he Dn iepr

a l l f a ll t o t he P i th c en tury B . C . a nd t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he I Ird .

A t o ther

p laces , t oo , P an t icapaeu m c oins o f t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . a nd o f t he Ind f a i l t o a ppear .

Thus o ne may s ay w i th s o me a ssurance t ha t t he a u to-

n o mous P an t icapaeu m a nd P hanagor ia money o f t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C . a nd o f t he Ind c en tury h ard ly p ene tra ted a t a l l b eyond t he b orders o f t he Bosporus s ta te . The r esu mpt ion o f Phanagor ia c o inage a t t he t urn o f t he I Ird-I Ind c en tur ies B .C . a f ter a l apse o f a l mos t t wo c en tur ies c a l ls f or s o me c o m men t .

We h ave

s een t ha t a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he P i th c en tury a l l c oinage i n t he B osporus c i t ies w i th t he e xcep t ion o f P an t icapaeu m was c u t s hor t , p robab ly n o t w i thou t p ress ure f ro m t he c en tra l a u thor i t ies .

I nt he P i th a nd I Ird c en tur ies t he P an t i-

c apaeu m min t i s t he s o le s upp l ier o f c oin f or t he n eeds o f t he B osporus d o mes t ic marke t i fo ne d oes n o t c oun t t he e ndeavors o f Theodos ia , made o n t wo o ccas ions b u tp re t ty e phe mera l , t o s tr ike i t s own c o ins a t mo men ts when i t was s triv ing t o r ecover i t s i ndependence v is-ä-v is t he B osporus .

I t wou ld s ee m t ha t t he

e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C ., when t he c us to m o f ar ega l g o ld c oinage was i ns t i tu ted , wou ld h ave b een t he l eas t p rop i t ious o f a l l mo men ts f or t he r esurrect i on o f t he a u tono mous c oinage o f Phanagor ia . t o b e t he c ase .

Bu t i n r ea l i ty t h is d id n o t p rove

T he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he Ind

c en tury were e v iden t ly a p er iod o f as or t o f r ena issance o f p o lis t rad it ions i n t he B osporus g enera l ly .

H ere we e ncoun ter n ot o n ly r enewa l o f t he a u tono mous

c o inage o f P hanagor ia b u t a lso t he a ppearance o f t i le s ea ls w i th t he i nscr ip t ion

1 68

r iANiI o n t he c era m ic p roduc t ion o f t he B osporus , wh ich b ears w i tness t o t he a c t t ha t t i le p lan ts b e longed t o t he c o m mune o f t he P an t icapaeu m . On Pan t icapaeu m c oins o f t he b eg inn ing o f t he l ind c en tury t here a ppear f or t he f irs t t ime i nd ica t ions o f t he mone tary mag is tra tes , s o c harac ter is t ic f or Greek a u tono mous c iv ic c oinage .

I ti s p erhaps p rec isely w i th t h is r ena issance

o f c er ta in p o lis t radi t ions t ha t t he f ac t o f H yg iaenon 's r es t ing c on ten t w i th t he modes t s ty le o f a rchon , i ns tead o f a dopt ing t he t i t le o f b as i leus , i s t o b e a ssoc ia ted . As f or t he f ield o f c oinage i np ar t icu lar , t he S par toc ids were t he more e as i ly a b le t o p er m i t t he r es tora t ion o f t he a u tono mous c o inage a t P hanagor ia i n t ha t t he p reroga t ives o f t he c en tra l a u thor i ty i n t ha t f ie ld were b e ing s ubs tan t ia ted s u f f ic ien t ly t hrough t he i ssuance o f t he g o ld r ega l c o ins .

Wha t i t

was t ha t b rough t o n s o s udden a n e n l ivenmen t o f c iv ic a u tono my , a nd h ow p rof ound t he r ea l c hanges i n t he p os i t ions o f t he r oya l a u thor i ty a nd o f t he c i t ies , r e f lected i nt hese e x terna l s y mp to ms , may h ave b een — t hese a re t h ings we c anno t s ay . One c an o n ly s ugges t t ha t t hese p heno mena a re a ssoc ia ted w i th ac er ta in a t tenua t ion o f r oya l a u thor i ty a t t he c en tre ,1 69 a n a t tenua t ion wh ich , o ne mus t s uppose , wen t o np rogress ive ly o ver t he c ourse o f t he li nd c en tury B . C . a nd was o ne o f t he c auses o f t he f ina l d own fa l l o f t he S par toc id d ynas ty a t t he e nd o f t ha t c en tury .

I n t h is c onnect ion t he c ircu ms tance o f t he s pr ing ing

u p n o t o n ly o f c opper b u t a lso o f s i lver c oinage a t Phanagor ia , a nd a t G org ippia a s we l l , d ur ing t he v ery l as t y ears o f S par toc id r u le a t at ime when t he l as t r epresen ta t ive o f t ha t d ynas ty was n o l onger e ven i n ap os i t ion t o h a mper t he moun ting a c t iv i ty o f t he c i t ies , i s a lso c ur ious . The f ac ts t ha t Phanagor ia a nd G org ippia were i n ap os i t ion , i n t he n ex tt o-las t d ecade o f t he l ind c en tury B . C ., t o i ssue r a ther g ood s i lver c oin s urp ass ing i n q ua l i ty t he c on te mporaneous s i lver o f t he r oya l c ap i ta l P an t icapaeu m , wh ich h ad n o t l ong s ince e n joyed a monopo ly o n c oinage , a nd t ha t t hey f urn ished t he ir c oins w i th a l together u nwon ted t ypes , t es t i fy t o ac ons iderable e cono m ic a par tness o f t he c i t ies o f t he As ia t ic B osporus , a nd t o ac er ta in s eek ing o n t he ir p ar t t o s e t t he mse lves u p i n c on fron ta t ion t o t he c en tra l a u thor i ty . One 's a t ten t ion i s a lso d rawn b y t he u nusua l t ypo logy o f t he s i lver c o ins i ssued b y t he c i t ies o f t he As ia t ic B osporus i n t he l as t d ecade o f S par toc id r u le . The f e ma le h ead o n t he P hanagor ia s i lver c o ins i s o rd inar i ly c ons idered t o b e ah ead e i ther o f A r te m is ( Koehne , P odsh iva lov , R oss , H ead , M inns ) o r o f Aphrod i te ( Burachkov , B er t ier d e l a G arde , Z ograph ) .

T he f irs t v iew i s b ased

u pon t he f act t ha t i n g ood e xa mp les o f t he c o ins a q u iver w i th s tars i s t o b e s een b ack o f t he g oddess 's s hou lder . u p b y a ny th ing .

T he s econd v iew h as n ever b een b acked

T he r everse t ype , ap o megrana te f lower , i s c o m mon ly n o t

e xp la ined i n a ny way .

Z ograph a lone c ons idered i ta n a t tr ibu te o f A phrod i te

a nd a ssoc ia ted i tw i th t he o bverse t ype , s ee ing i n t he l a t ter t he f irs t r epresent a t ion , i np o in t o f t ime , o f A phrod i te-Uran ia ( Apa tura ) o n B osporus c o ins .

1 7

°

A d ec is ive a rgu men t i n t he p rob le m o f l ink ing t he f e ma le h ead o n t he P hanag or ia c o ins w i th o ne g oddess o r a no ther migh t b e i den t i f ica t ion o f t he o b jec t p laced b ack o f t he g oddess 's s hou lder . Bu t t h is o b jec t i s s o p oor ly t o b e s een t ha t p rec ise -iden t i f ica t ion o f i ti s av ery a rduous ma t ter . I n t h is c onnec t ion i ti s i nd ica t ive t ha t Kharko , who e ar l ier r egarded i ta s b e ing a q u iver a nd h ence c onc luded t ha t t he d iv in i ty o n t he P hanagor ia c o ins was Ar te m is , h as o f l ate c hanged h is s tand a nd n ow s ees i n t he o b jec t r epresen ted b ack o f t he g oddess 's s hou lder a s cep ter , s eek ing t o s uppor t i n t h is way Z ograph 's o p in ion

1 69

t ha t A phrod i te was r epresen ted o n t he P hanagor ia c o ins .

T hus t he a t tr ibu te

p os i t ioned b eh ind t he image o f t he g oddess c anno t c on tr ibu te t o h er i den t i f ic a t ion .

I tn ever the less s ee ms t o u s much more c orrec t , i n t he l igh t o f i cono-

g raph ic c ons idera t ions , t o a ssocia te t he image o n t he P hanagor ia c o ins w i th Ar te m is t han w i th Aphrod i te . One s hou ld n o te f irs t o f a l l t ha t a n i mage o f t he h ead o f Ar te m is i s f requen t ly e ncoun tered o n P hanagor ia c o ins o f t he s ucceed ing M i thrada t ic p er iod , wherea s t he f irs t r epresen ta t ions wh ich migh t d e f in i te ly b e a ssoc ia ted w i th A phrod i te Uran ia a ppear i n B osporus n um is ma t ics n o e ar l ier t han t he v ery e nd o f t he I s t . c en tury B . C . ( on c o ins o f Agr ipp ia a nd C aesare ia ) .

A t ten t ion i s a lso d rawn

b y t he f ac t t ha t t he h ead o nt he Phanagor ia c o ins we a re s tudy ing i s r epresen ted q u i te u ncovered , wear ing a f i l let , w i th t he h a ir d one u p i n ar o l l , i .e . a s t he h ead o f Ar te m is i s u sua l ly r epresen ted o n B osporus c o ins , whereas t he h ead o f Aphrod i te U ran ia i s a lways r epresen ted wear ing a k a la thos a nd v e i l , a s l a ter c o ins s how u s .

A l l o f t h is s peaks , i n as ense , i nf avor o f r ecogn izing

t he f e ma le h ead i nt he s er ies o f P hanagor ia c o ins a t i ssue a s b eing t ha t o f A rte m is ;

i ft ha t i s r igh t , t hen t he p oss ibi l i ty o f a ssoc ia t ing t he p o megrana te

f lower o n t he r everse o f t he s a me c o ins w i th t he c u l t o f Aphrod i te f a l ls away , t he more s o i n t ha t we h ave n o o ther s ources t ha t men t ion a p o megrana te f lower a s b eing a n a t tr ibu te o f Aphrod i te U ran ia , t hough o thers o f h er a t tr ibu tes a re k nown .1 71 On t he o ther h and , o ne i s s truck b y t he c loseness o f t he image o f t he f lower o n t he P hanagor ia c o ins t o t he s im i lar images o n c o ins a nd c era m ic s ea ls , c on te mporary w i th i t , f or R hodes , where t h is t ype was a c ons tan t d ev ice .

I t

i s impor tan t t o n o te t ha t ar epresen ta t ion o f ap o megrana te f lower i s o n ly v ery r arely p laced o n G reek c oins i n g enera l .

I ti s o f ten me t w i th o n ly i n c i t ies o f

C ar ia — Aphrod is ias a nd P larasa , As tyra , Meg is te , a nd o thers — wh ich were c lose ly a ssoc ia ted w i th t he c o m mun i ty o f R hodes .

I t was d oubt less u nder

Rhod ian i n f luence t ha t t he image o f t ha t f lower a lso a ppears i n t he I lnd — I s t c en tur ies B . C . o n t he sma l l c opper c o ins o f t he i s land o f C y thnos . I ndepend en t ly o f R hodes , t h is t ype was a pparen t ly u sed o n ly i n t he Macedon ian c i ty o f T rag i l lus i n c opper c o inage o f t he I V th c en tury B .C ., t he p o megrana te f lower b e ing a ssoc ia ted t here w i th a h ead o f H er mes .

T he i dea t ha t t he Phana-

g or ia moneyers m igh t h ave b orrowed t h is t ype f ro m t he c o ins o f R hodes c o mes u p q u i te n a tura l ly .

T he p laus ibi l i ty o f s uch a g uess b eco mes e v iden t when o ne

e xa m ines t he s i lver c oin o f G org ippia .

On i t s o bverse s ide a h ead o f H el ios

i s r epresen ted i n p ro f i le , w i th r ays i n t he f or m o f ac rown , t ha t i s t o s ay e xa c t ly a s i t was r epresen ted o n R hod ian c o ins o f t he s econd h a l f o f t he Ind c en tury B . C .

1 72

Thus b o th o f t he s tand ing t ypes o f R hod ian s i lver c o ins , t he r everse a nd t he o bverse a s we l l , p rove t o h ave b een r eproduced a t t he s a me t ime i nt he n um is ma t ic r ecords o f t he As ia t ic B osporus :

t he o bverse t ype , t he h ead o f

H e l ios , o n t he o bverse s ide o f t he G org ippia s i lver , a nd t he r everse t ype , t he f lower , o n t he r everse s ide o f t he P hanagor ia c o ins . T h is p heno menon i s h ard ly t o b e c onsidered a r ando m o ne , p ar t icu lar ly i f we c ons ider t ha t b o th i mages a re n on-charac ter is t ic f or t he B osporus a nd a re n ever f ound , s ave i n t he c ases c i ted , o n B osporus c o ins .

T he t rea t men t o f t he t wo t ypo log ica l s ub-

j ec ts o n t he c o ins o f P hanagor ia a nd G org ipp ia c o inc ides who l ly w i th t he manner o f r epresen ta t ion o n t he R hod ian c o ins , d own t o d e ta i ls ( t he a bundan t l ocks o f 1 70

Apo l lo , t he t wig w i th b ud t o t he r igh t o f t he f lower ) .

I t was c er ta in ly n o t b y

c hance t ha t t ypes b orrowed f ro m R hodes n um is ma t ics were u sed a t P hanagor ia a nd G org ipp ia i n c o in ing s i lver .

I ti s d i f f icu l t t o s ay i n wha t measure t h is

b orrow ing migh t r ef lec t ap o l i t ica l o r ien ta t ion o f G org ippia o r P hanagor ia t oward R hodes , t he s tronges t mar i t i me p ower o f t ha t t ime . Bu t t he p oss ib i l i ty o f s uch a n o r ien ta t ion u nder c ircums tances o f p rogress ive weaken ing o f t he S par tocid s ta te a nd o f o nco m ing s ocio-po l i t ica l c r is is i s n o t a t a l l e xc luded . I nt h is c onnec t ion t he t ypes o f P an t icapaeu m c opper c oins o f t he s a me t ime , p a ten t ly r eproduc ing n um is ma t ic i t e ms f ro m P on tus , a re a lso wor th men t ion ing .

The c opying o f P on tus c o in t ypes b y P an t icapaeu m moneyers a s

much a s 1 0-12 y ears b e fore t he p o l i t ica l u n ion o f t he B osporus w i th t he r ea lm o f M i thrada tes Eupa tor may p rov ide e v idence n ot o n ly o f e vo lv ing t rade t i es , b u t a lso o f t he p resence o f ac er ta in p o l i t ica l t endency , aP on tus o r ien ta t ion , am id t he P an ticapaeum a r is tocracy .

I ft hese c on jec tures a re r igh t , t he l as t

P aer isades 's s urrender ing a u thor i ty o ver t he B osporus t o t he k ing o f P on tus wou ld c o me t o b e p rov ided w i th a " preh is tory ."

Th is i s t he more p robab le

i n t ha t C hersonesus , wh ich f ound i t sel f i n a na logous c ircu ms tances a nd wh ich c a me t o f or m p ar t o f t he p ossess ions o f M i thrada tes V I a l mos t a t t he s a me t ime a s t he B osporus , h ad b een a ssoc ia ted w i th t he k ings o f P on tus t hrough a t rea ty o f a l l iance f ro m a s f ar b ack a s 1 79 B .C . We a re e n t ire ly u nacqua in ted w i th t he p o li t ica l e ven ts o f B osporus h is tory a t t ha t t ime , b u t we may s uppose t ha t a s t he r oya l a u thor i ty b eca me more f eeb le a nd a s t he s ocia l c r is is moun ted , g overn ing c irc les w i th in t he s laveh o ld ing a r is tocracy i n t he B osporus mus t h ave d irec ted t he ir g aze t oward e x terna l f orces wh ich migh t b e a b le t o d e fend t heir i n teres ts b o th a ga ins t t he moun t ing t hrea t o f t he move men t o f t he l ower c lasses o f s oc ie ty , a nd a ga ins t i ncreas ing p ressure o n t he p ar t o f t he e nc irc l ing b arbar ians .

T he s tr ik ing o f

P an t icapaeu m c o ins w i th P on tus t ypes t en y ears b e fore t he s nu f f ing o u t o f t he S par toc id d ynas ty may i nd ica te t ha t i t was p rec ise ly i n t he mi l ieu o f t he u pper P an t icapaeu m c i t izenry t ha t t he i dea o f d e l iver ing t he B osporus i n to t he e xa l ted h and o f t he k ing o f P on tus c a me t o b ir th , a nd t ha t i t was p rec ise ly t hese f orces wh ich a l i t t le l a ter o b l iged P aer isades t o c arry t hrough t ha t s urrender . A t t he s a me t ime a d i f feren t o r ien ta t ion may h ave e x is ted i n t he c i t ies o n t he As ia t ic s ide o f t he B osporus — o ne n o t t oward t he k ingdo m o f P on tus , b u t t oward R hodes , — wh ich a ga in f ound i t s e xpress ion i n t he t ypo logy o f t he c o ins o f t ha t p er iod .

The b as is f or s uch a n o r ien ta t ion may h ave b een c loser e cono-

mic t i es w i th R hodes t ha t were b e ing ma in ta ined b y Phanagor ia , t he c ap i ta l o f t he As ia tic B osporus .

E v idences o f s uch t i es a re t he f inds , p ar t icu lar ly f re-

q uen t a t P hanagor ia , o f f rag men ts o f Rhod ian amphoras .

I n ac oun t o f R hodes

imphora s ea ls f ound d ur ing e xcava t ions a t t he P hanagor ia c i tade l i n 1 936-1950 L tt urned o u t t ha t t hey amoun ted t o 3 9 .3% o f a l l c era m ic s ea l f inds ;

a t t he

s a me t ime , a t P an t icapaeu m Rhodes amphora s ea ls make u p o n ly 2 6% ; o ta l n umber o f s ea ls , a nd a t T ir i taka a nd Myr mec iu m o n ly 1 0% .

o f t he .

1 73

I ti s a lso , n o tewor thy t ha t t he R hodes amphora s ea ls , wh ich a l mos t n ever s pread b eyond t he l im i ts o f c oas ta l c i t ies a nd a re o rd inar i ly n o t me t w i th i n t he i n ter ior r eg ions o f ac oun try , a re e ncoun tered o f ten e nough p rec ise ly w ithi n t he a pproaches t o t he Kuban .1 74

I n t h is r egard t he p er iphery o f t he As iat ic

B osporus c ons t i tu tes a n e xcep t ion , a nd o ne c anno t f a i l t o s ee i n t h is , t oo , t he

1 71

r esu l ts o f p ar t icu lar ly c lose t ies o f R hodes w i th t he c i t ies o f t he As ia t ic s ide o f t he B osporus . Perhaps t he l a ter f a tes o f t hese c i t ies u nder Mi thrada tes V I a re a lso a ssoc ia ted w i th t he t rad i t ions o f ad i f feren t e x terna l p o l icy o r ien ta t ion o n t he p ar ts o f t he h igher o rders among t he c i t izenry o f P an t icapaeu m a nd o f Phanagor ia . P an t icapaeum b eca me t he l as t s trongho ld o f t he P on t ic k ing , whereas o n t he c on trary P hanagor ia was t he f irs t among t he B osporus c i t ies t o r a ise t he s tandard o f r evo l t a ga ins t h im . The t ypo log ica l p ecu l iar i t ies , a na lyzed a bove , o f t he l as t i ssues o f B osp orus c i ty c o ins o f t he S par toc id p er iod , l ike t he who le e vo lu t ion o f t he c urrency i nt he B osporus d ur ing t he I lnd c en tury B . C ., g ive c oncre te e xpress ion t o o ne 's s ense o f e cono m ic d ec l ine a nd p o l i t ica l e n feeb le men t i n t he B osporus , l ead ing u l t i ma tely t o t he f a l l o f t he S par toc id s lave-ho ld ing s ta te a nd t o t he l oss o f p o li t ica l i ndependence b y t he B osporus a t t he e nd o f t he I lnd c en tury B . C .

NOTES

1 .

A . N . Z ograph .

Anc ien t C o ins , p . 1 82 .

2 .

A . N . Z ograph .

S ta ters o f A lexander o f Macedon f ro m K erch a nd T a man

F inds , TOA 1 V IGE , I , 1 945 ;

s a me a u thor :

S ta ters o f A lexander o f Mace-

d on a nd L ys i machus f ro m K erch a nd T a man F inds , Bu l le t in o f t he K erch C on ference o f Archaeo log is ts o f t he USSR , 1 926 , f asc ic le 3 . 3 .

A . N . Z ograph .

Ancien t C o ins , P la te XLI I , 1 5 , 1 6 , 1 7 ;

P . 0 . B urachkov :

o p . c i t ., P la te )X IV , 1 -3 , 8 -10 . 4 .

D . B . S he lov .

5 .

B . XX I I , 1 53 .

6 .

A . N . Z ograph .

Anc ien t C o ins , p . 1 79 .

A . N . Z ograph .

T he Myr mec iu m H oard o f C oins o f t he I Ird C en tury

7 .

The Mone tary R e for m o f L eucon I , VDI , 1 953 , N o . 1 .

B . C ., F ound i n 1 934 , MIA , N o . 4 . 8 .

Z . XL I , 6 ;

B . X IX , 3 8 , 5 1 ;

9 .

A . N . Z ograph .

The Myr mec ium H oard .., p . 1 54 .

1 0 .

A . N . Z ograph .

The Myr mec iu m H oard .., p . 1 55 .

1 1.

MIA , N o . 4 , p . 1 56.

1 2 .

Z . XL I , 1 3 ;

B .

XX I I , 1 61.

XXI I , 1 54-158 .

A l l t he c oins t ha t a re k nown t o u s r e-

c e ived t he c oun ter marks i n j us t t ha t s equence — a f irs t o ne w i th t he A thena h ead , as econd o ne w i th t he s a tyr h ead .

Bu t i n s o me o ld n um is-

ma t ic works t here a re d raw ings o f c o ins t ha t wou ld a ppear t o h ave b een c oun ter marked i n t he r everse o rder — f irs t w i th t he s a tyr-head d ie , t hen w i th t he A thena h ead ( see H . K . K oeh ler , S erap is , I , 1 850 , P la te I X , 2 9 , 3 0 ) .

1 72

1 3.

Z .

XLI I , 1 6;

B .

1 4.

D . B . S he lov .

XX IV , 8 -9.

Pan t icapaeu m C oins o f t he Th ird Quar ter o f t he I Ird

C en tury B .C . B ear ing C oun ter marks , KSILMK , XLL I I ; N o . 1 , 1 5.

B .

XX , 9 8 ;

1 6.

B .

XX I , 1 02 ;

1 7.

B .

XX , 9 9 ;

1 8 .

B .

XX I I , 1 45-146 ;

1 9.

A . N . Z ograph .

2 0.

B . XXI , 1 03 ;

2 1.

A . N . Z ograph .

2 2.

C f .

VDI , 1 953 ,

3 7.

P .

Z .

XLI , 1 8 .

Z . XLI , 1 6. Z .

XLI , 1 7. Z .

XLI , 1 9 .

Ancien t C o ins , p . 1 80 .

Z . XLI , 1 5 . Ancien t C oins , p . 1 80.

S ee D . B . S helov .

C o inage a nd Monetary C ircu la tion i n t he B osporus

i n t he I Ird C en tury B .C ., MIA , 3 3 , 1 954 , p . 6 6.

A . L . B er t ier d e l a

Garde e ven a ss igned t he Pan ticapaeu m t e tradrach ms t o t he I Lnd c en tury B .C .

Nu m . S b ., I , p . 1 0 .

2 3.

ZOOID

2 4.

B . XX I , 1 06-112 ;

2 5 .

C h .

C h . G iel .

ZRAO , V , P la te V , 3 7-44.

2 6.

C h .

C h . G ie l .

ZRAO , V , P la te V , 3 8 ;

2 7.

ZRAO , V , P la te V , 4 3 , 4 4.

2 8 .

A . N . Z ograph .

2 9.

B . XX I , 1 19 ;

Z . XL II , 4 .

3 0 .

B . XX I , 1 04 ;

Z . XLI I , 6 .

3 1.

B . XX I , 1 05 ;

Z . XLI I , 5 .

3 2.

B . XX I II , l a ;

Z . XLI I , 7 .

3.

B . XX II I , 1 86.

3 4 .

XXX , p p . 5 3-54 , P la te I , 1 1 , 1 2 . Z . XLI , 2 2;

XL I I , 1 -3.

ZRAO , V II , P la te X IX , 5 1.

Ancien t C oins , p p . 1 81, 1 86.

A . Oreshn ikow .

Zur Münzkunde d es C i m mer ischen Bosporus , p . 2 0 ,

XV , P la te I , 1 2 ;

MIA , N o. 4 , p . 1 71 , N o . 2 58 ;

MIA , N o . 2 5 , p . 3 73 ,

N o . 2 389. 3 5 .

A . N . Z ograph .

3 6 .

I b id .;

3 7 .

B . X IX , 5 5-56;

3 8 .

D . B . S he lov .

c f .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 80.

MIA , 4 , p . 1 61. Z . XLI , 2 0 ;

B . XX , 8 1;

XX I , 1 37;

Z . XLI , 2 1.

C o inage a nd Mone tary C ircu la t ion i n t he B osporus i n

t he L I Ird C en tury B .C ., MIA , N o. 3 3 , 1 954 , p . 6 7. 3 9.

C f .

a lso Karyshkovsk i 's o pin ion i n VDI , 1 953 , N o . 1 , p p . 1 08109 .

4 0 .

B . XX I I I , 1 87 f .;

Z . XLI , 1 2 .

1 73

4 1.

A . V . Oreshn ikov .

C a ta logue o f t he C o l lec t ion o f An tiqu i ties o f C oun t

A . S . Uvarov , V I I , Moscow , 1 887 ,

P .

6 9.

4 2 .

A . M. Z ograph .

Anc ien t C oins , p . 1 78 , c f . MIA , N o . 4 , p . 1 61.

4 3 .

MIA , N o . 4 , p . 1 61;

4 4.

D . B . S helov . C oinage a nd Mone tary C ircu la tion i n t he Bosporus i n t he I Ird C en tury B . C .. , MIA , No . 3 3 , 1 954 , p . 6 8 .

4 5 .

K . V . G o lenko .

MIA , N o . 1 6, p p . 1 78-179 .

Da t ing o f t he C opper C o ins o f P an ticapaeu m o f t he

End o f t he I Ird C en tury B . C . a nd t he l ind C en tury , KSLLMK , 5 8 , 1 955 , p . 1 35 . 4 6.

B . XX I , 1 14 ;

Z . XLII , 9 .

4 7.

K . V . Go lenko .

4 8 .

B . XX I , 1 31;

4 9.

A . M. Z ograph .

Op . c i t ., p . 1 35 . Z . XLI I I , 1 9. Ancien t C oins , p . 1 87.

I t wou ld moreover a ppear

t ha t Z ograph h i msel f was b y n o means c on f iden t o f t h is d a t ing .

I n d es-

c r ibing t he c oin f inds f ro m T ir i taka a nd Myr meciu m i n 1 935-1940 h e o f fers a t v ar ious p oin ts e x tre me ly d iverse d a tes f or c oins o f t h is t ype : t he b eg inn ings o f t he I s t c en tury B . C . ( No . 2 370 ) , t he Ind c en tury B . C . ( No . 1 68 ) , t he s econd q uar ter o f t he I lnd c en tury B . C . ( No . 2 605 , 2 607 ) . — MIA , 2 5 , p . 3 65 FF . 5 0 .

C a ta logue o f t he C ol lect ion o f An t iqu i t ies o f C oun t A . S . Uvarov , p p . 6 8-69 .

5 1.

L AK , 4 7, p . 6 , No . 1 0.

5 2 .

Z . XLI , 8 -9 .

5 3 .

B . XX I , 1 30 ;

Z . XLI I I , 1 8 .

5 4.

B . XX I , 1 13 ;

Z . XL I I , 8 .

5 5 .

A . M. P odsh iva lov .

The Moscow Pub l ic a nd Ru myan tsev Museu m ,

Nu m is ma t ic C abinet , No . 1 .

C a ta logue o f C oins , Moscow , 1 884 , p . 2 4 ,

No . 1 91. 5 6.

A . N . Z ograph .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 81.

5 7.

B . XX I , 1 14 ;

5 8 .

MIA , N o . 4 , p . 1 61, 1 65 f .;

Z . XLI I , 9 .

N o . 3 , p . 1 53 , N o . 3 5 ; 5 9.

K . V . G o lenko .

N o . 2 5 , p . 3 59 , 3 63 f .;

VD I , 1 952 ,

S A , XV ( 1951) , p . 2 65 f .

C oins f ro m Rando m F inds a t Pa traeus , VDI , 1 952 ,

N o . 3 , p . 1 49 . 6 0 .

S uch o vers tr ikes were b rough t t o l igh t b y G o lenko . p . 1 35 .

6 1.

B . XX I , 1 15 ;

Z . XLI I , 1 1;

6 2 .

B . X IX , 5 5 , 5 6;

6 3 .

B . XX , 8 1;

B . XX I , 1 16, 1 17 ;

Z . XLI , 2 0 .

XX I , 1 37;

Z . XLI , 2 1.

1 74

Z .

KSI IMK , 5 8 ( 1955

6 4.

B . XX I , 1 36;

XX I I , 1 74.

6 5 .

F or e xa mp le , X . XLI , 2 0 .

6 6.

A . N . Z ograph .

6 7.

E . Minns .

6 8 .

K . V . G o lenko , KSIIMK , 5 8 ( 1955 ) , p . 1 36 .

6 9 .

P . 0 . Karyshkovsk i .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 80 .

C f . MIA . , N o . 4 , p . 1 61.

Op . c i t ., p . 6 29 .

More o n Z ograph 's B ook " Ancien t C oins ," VDI ,

1 953 , N o. 1 , p p . 1 08-109. 7 0 .

A . N . Z ograph .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 80 , c f . MIA , N o . 4 , p . 1 61.

7 1.

W. Wro th , BMC , P on tus , Paph lagon ia , e tc ., London , 1 889 , p . 6 , 1 9, 1 00 , P la tes I , 1 3 ;

I I , 1 3;

E . Babelon , Th . R einach :

Recue il g enera l

d es monna ies g recques d 'As ie Mineure , I , 1 , Par is , 1 904 , P la te I V , 7 ;

V I I , 2 8 ;

XXVI , 1 0 .

Fr . Imhoof-B lu mer :

D ie Kup ferpragung d es

Mi thr ida tischen R eiches u nd a ndere Münzen d es Pon tos u nd Paph lagon iens , NZ, XLV ( 1912 ) , P la te I , 1 , 3 , 5 .

I ti s i n teres ting t o n o te t ha t a t a

c ons iderably e ar l ier t i me a s im i lar t ype f ound a ppl ica t ion o n t he c o ins o f B eren ike I a nd , u nder t heir i n f luence , o n t he i s land o f Melos .

Bu t

t he c haracter o f t he images a nd t he t rea t men t o f d eta i ls o n t hese c oins i s e n t ire ly d i f feren t f ro m t hat o nt he c oins o f P on tus a nd t he B osporus . 7 2 .

F r . Imhoo f-B lu mer , o p . c i t ., p . 1 69 f ., 1 83 ; men t w i th Imhoof-B lu mer 's d a t ing .

7 3 .

F r . Imhoof-B lu mer , o p. c i t ., p . 1 72 .

7 4.

B . XX II , 1 76;

7 5 .

A . N . Z ograph .

7 6.

Z . XLI , 1 4;

B . XX I I , 1 77;

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 79 ;

S ee o ur a r t ic le i n MIA , N o . 3 3 ;

Z ograph t oo i s i n a gree-

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 86.

Z . XLI I I , 4 .

MIA , N o . 4 , p . 1 61.

p p . 6 2-63 ;

c f . Go lenko 's o pin ion , VDI ,

1 952 , No . 3 , p . 1 49 , a nd Karyshkovsk i 's , VDI , 1 953 , N o . 1 , p . 1 08 . 7 7.

B . XXI I , 1 75 .

7 8 .

L AK , 2 5 , p . 6 5 , N o. 2 13 ( 33 ).

7 9.

B . XX I , 1 30 ;

8 0 .

F or e xa mple , B . Koehne :

8 0a

B XVI I I , 8 -9;

8 1.

A . L . Ber t ier d e l a G arde .

Z . XLI I I , 1 8 . I , p . 3 69 .

Z XXX IX , 5 . N ew Nu m is ma t ic Ma ter ia l f ro m Ancien t

C i t ies o f t he Taurus , ZOOID , XXX , 1 912 , p . 5 2 , P la te I , 1 0. 8 2 .

D . B . S he lov .

Theodos ia , Heracleia , a nd t he S par tocids , VDI , 1 950 ,

N o . 3 . 8 3.

B . XX L II , 8f .;

8 4.

E . Minns ;

8 5 .

C a ta logue o f t he C ol lect ion o f An t iqu i t ies o f C oun t A . S . Uvarov , V I I , •

8 6.

5 4

Z . XLI I , 1 3 .

o p. c i t ., p . 6 29 .

•

Yu . S . Krushko l .

C oins f ro m t he Phanagor ia C i tadel F ound i n 1 937 a nd

1 939 Excava t ions o f t he S ta te H is tor ica l Museu m , SA , XV , p p . 2 70-271.

1 75

8 7. 8 8 .

MIA , No . 4 , p . 1 62 ; L . P . Kharko .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 81.

C oins f ro m Excava t ions a t T ir i taka a nd Myr mec iu m i n

1 935-1940 , MIA , N o . 2 5 , p . 3 60 . 8 9 .

K . V . Go lenko .

C oins f ro m Rando m F inds a t Pa traeus , VDI , 1 952 ,

N o . 3 , p . 1 49. 9 0 .

B . XX I I I , 8 , 9 .

9 1.

B . XX I I I , 1 0 , 1 1.

9 2 .

K . V . G o lenko ;

9 3.

I b id ., N o . 5 1;

o p. c i t ., p p . 1 49 , 1 54 , No . 5 0 . C a ta logue o f t he C ol lect ion o f An t iqu i ties o f C oun t

A . S . Uvarov , V I I , p p. 5 4 , 7 1, N o . 4 99. 9 4.

H . K . Koeh ler .

S erapis , I ,

1 850 , P la te X , 4 ;

G . S passk i :

The

C i m mer ian Bosporus w i th i ts An t iqu i t ies a nd Me morabi l ia , Moscow , 1 846 , p . 2 1 , N o . 1 4;

s a me a u thor :

. Archaeo log ica l

S y mposiu m , Moscow , 1 850 , P la te I , 2 7; 9 5 .

B . XXI I I , 6 ;

9 6.

Z . XLI I , 1 4.

9 7.

A . L . B er t ier d e l a Garde .

9 8 .

I bid ., p . 8 8 , Nos . 1 43 , 1 45 .

9 9.

I bid .

a nd Nu m is ma t ic

B . Koehne :

o p . c i t ., I , p . 4 01.

Z . XLI I , 1 2.

Ma ter ia ls .., p . 8 7, No . 1 41 f .

1 00.

Nu m . S b ., I , p p . 2 6-27.

1 01.

Nu m . S b ., I,p . 1 87 , No . 1 41.

1 02.

I bid ., p p . 8 7-88 , No . 1 42 .

1 03.

Nu m . S b ., I,p . 8 8 , N o . 1 44.

1 04 .

I b id ., p . 8 8 f .

1 05 .

B . XX II I , 1 87-189 ;

1 06.

B . XX I , 1 14 ;

Z . XLI I , 9 .

1 07.

B . XXI , 1 15 ;

Z . XLI I , 1 1.

1 08 .

B . XX I , 1 16;

1 17 ;

1 09.

B . XX , 8 1;

1 10 .

B . XX II , 1 76;

Z . XLI , 1 4 .

1 11.

B . XXI I , 1 77 ;

Z . XL M , 4 .

1 12.

B . XX I , 1 31;

Z . XLII I , 1 9 .

1 13 .

B . XX I I , 1 47.

1 14.

B . XX I I , 1 51.

1 15 .

B . XX I , 1 13 ;

1 16.

A . N . Z ograph .

Z . XLI , 1 2 .

Z . XLI I , 1 0.

XX I , 1 37;

Z . XLI , 2 1.

Z . XLI I , 8 . Ancien t C oins t p . 1 81. 1 76

1 17.

B . X IX , 5 5 , 5 6 ;

Z ., XL I , 2 0.

1 18 .

The g o ld s ta ter o f k ing A ces wh ich was f or mer ly a ss igned t o B osporus n um is ma t ics mus t n ow , a f ter t he f ind ing o f as econd s uch s peci men i n t he C aucasus a nd a f ter t he d e ta i led s tudy o f t hese c o ins b y K apanadze a nd Kharko , b e d e f in i t ive ly a ss igned t o t he n um is ma t ic r ecords o f G eorg ia .

S ee D . C . Kapanadze , VD I , 1 948 , N o . 1 , p . 1 50 f .;

N o . 1 , p . 1 61 f .; 1 955 , p . 3 6 ; 1 19 .

s a me a u thor :

1 949 ,

G eorg ian Nu m is ma t ics , Moscow ,

L . P . Kharko , VD I , 1 948 , N o . 2 .

A . V . Oreshn ikov .

A G o ld S ta ter o f t he Archon H yg iaenon , TMNO ,

I , 1 901 , p . 3 6 , f igure 1 ;

s a me a u thor :

The C oins o f t he T aur ic

Chersonesus , t he K ings o f t he C i mmer ian B osporus , a nd o f P o le mon Io f P on tus , Num . S b ., I , P la te I , 1 ;

V . V . S hkorpi l :

On t he

Prob le m o f t he P er iod o f t he Archon H yg iaenon 's R e ign ? S y mpos iu m o f Ar t ic les i n H onor o f C oun t A . A . B obr insk i , S t . P e tersburg , 1 911 , p . 3 7 , P la te I , 1 ;

E . M inns :

o p . -c i t ., P la te V I , 1 9 ;

A . N . Z ograph :

Anc ien t C oins , P la te XLI I , 1 8 . 1 20 .

E . Mure t . Monna ies I ned i tes , BCH , V I , 1 882 , p p . 2 11-212 ; Oreshn ikov : AG o ld S ta ter o f t he Archon H yg iaenon , TMNO , p . 3 7 , f igure 2 ;

V . V . S hkorp i l :

o p . c i t ., P la te I , 2 ;

A . V .

A . N . Z ograph :

Ancien t C oins , P la te XLI I , 1 9 . 1 21.

V . V . S hkorp i l .

Op . c i t ., p . 3 8 , P la te I . 3 .

1 22 .

A . N . Z ograph .

Ancien t C o ins , p . 1 83 , P la te XL I I , 2 0 .

1 23 .

B er t ier d e l a G arde d oub ted t ha t t h is c oin b elonged t o Hyg iaenon — s ee E . Minns : o p . c i t ., p . 5 85 . Oreshn ikov t oo n owhere r e fers t o i ti n c onnec t ion w i th t he c o ins o f t he S par toc ids .

1 24 .

S ee V . V . S hkorp i l :

1 25 .

A . V . Oreshn ikov . o p in ion :

1 26.

o p . c i t ., p . 3 8 . TMNO , I , p . 4 0 ;

E . M inns f o l lows Oreshn ikov 's

o p . c i t ., p . 5 86.

V . V . S hkorpi l :

o p . c i t ., p s 4 3 ;

c f . B . N . G rakov :

E p igraph ic

R ecords o f t he R oya l T i le F ac tory a t P an t icapaeu m , I GAIM .K , N o . 1 04 ( 1 934 ) , p . 2 07. 1 27.

A . V . Oreshn ikov . C oins o f t he T aur ic C hersonesus , The K ings o f t he C i m mer ian B osporus , a nd P o le mon I o f P on tus , Num . S b ., I , p . 4 1.

1 28 .

A . N . Z ograph .

1 29 .

H . K . K oh ler .

Anc ien t C o ins , p . 1 84 . D escr ip t ion d 'une Meda i l le d e S par tocus , R oi d u

B osphore C i m mtr ien , S erap is , I , p p . 4 5 f . =G . S passk i :

Archaeo-

l og ica l a nd Nu m is ma t ic S y mpos iu m , S t . P e tersburg , 1 850 , p . 1 37 f ., P la te I , 1 ;

B . K oehne :

o p . c i t ., P la te XX [V , 4 ;

o p. c i t ., I , p . 3 1 ; A . M . P odsh iva lov :

P . 0 . Burachkov : The Moscow P ub l ic

a nd Rumyan tsev Museu m , Num is ma t ic C ab inet , C a ta logue o f C o ins , No . 1 , Moscow , 1 884 , p p . 3 1-32 , P la te I , 2 34 ; S a me a u thor : The C o ins o f t he C i m mer ian B osporus K ings o f t he S par toc id a nd Achae-

1 77 .

men id Dynas ties , ZOOID , XV , 1 889 , Z ograph:

P .

1 8 , P la te I , 4 ;

A . N .

Ancien t C oins , P la te XLI I , 2 6.

1 30 .

B . XX I , 1 06-113;

Z . XLI , 2 2 , XLI I , 1 -3 , 8 .

1 31.

G . S passk i .

1 32 .

C f .

1 33.

These c oins h ave b een p ubl ished o n many o ccas ions , mos t impor tan t ly

Archaeolog ica l a nd Nu m is ma t ic S y mpos iu m , p . 1 40 .

Z . XLI I , 8a nd 2 6.

a s f o l lows : f a lse ) ;

P . 0 . Burachkov :

A . M. P odsh iva lov :

o p . c i t ., P la te 2 0C IV , 6 , 7( No . 5i s

C o ins o f t he K ings o f t he C i m mer ian

Bosporus i n t he Dynas t ies o f t he S par toc ids a nd Achae men ids , ZOOID , XV , 1 889 , P la te I , 1 -3 , I , 1 5 ; A . Oreschn ikow : Z ur Münzkunde d es C i m mer ischen B osporus , P la te I , 1 -5 ; E . Minns : o p . c i t ., P la te V I , 2 0 , 2 1;

Ch . Ch . G ie l .

ZRAO , V , P la te V I , 5 2 , 5 3 ; Oreshn ikov :

New Access ions t o my C o l lect ion ,

OAK , 1 880 , a t las , I , 4 -7;

A . V .

C oins o f t he Taur ic C hersonesus , t he K ings o f t he C i m-

mer ian B osporus , a nd P ole mon I o f P on tus , Nu m . S b., I , P la te I , 2 , 3 ; 1 34.

A . N . Z ograph :

A . Oreschn ikow . Moscow , 1 883 ;

Ancien t C o ins , P la te XLI I , 2 1-25 .

Zur Münzkunde d es C i m mer ischen B osphorus , A . V . Oreshn ikov :

The C i m mer ian B osporus i n

t he P er iod o f t he S par tocids i n t he L igh t o f I nscr ipt ions a nd R ega l C oins , Ac ta o f t he V I th Archaeo log ica l C ongress , v o lu me I , 1 889 ; s a me a u thor :

C o ins o f t he Taur ic C hersonesus , t he K ings o f t he

C i m mer ian Bosporus , a nd P ole mon I o f P on tus , Nu m . S b ., I , 1 913 ; s ee a lso A . M. P odsh iva lov : v o lu me I ; 5 85 ;

s a me a u thor :

A . N . Z ograph :

Acta o f t he V I th Archaeo log ica l C ongress ,

ZOOID , XV ;

E . Minns :

o p. c i t ., p p . 5 84-

Ancien t C o ins , p . 1 84 f .

1 35 .

OAK , 1 880 , p . 1 3 , f .

1 36.

K . F . Sm irnov .

The S eversk i Tu mu lus , Moscow , 1 953 , p p . 1 6, 4 0 .

1 37.

A . N . Z ograph .

Ancien t C oins , p p . 1 84-185 .

1 38 .

A . V . Oreshn ikov . p . 9 9 ;

Acta o f t he V I th Archaeo log ica l C ongress , v o lu me

s a me a u thor :

Nu m . S b ., I , p . 3 7.

Oreshn ikov a ss igned

t o as ix th Paer isades a s i lver t etradrach m w i th t he s a me t ypes a nd t he s a me i nscr ipt ion a s t he g old s ta ters , wh ich h e p ublished ( Nu m . S b ., I , p . 3 9 , f igure 1 3 );

t h is a l toge ther u npreceden ted c oincidence

o f t he t ypes o f g o ld a nd s i lver c oinage i s s o s trange t ha t i to bl iges o ne t o q ues t ion t he g enu ineness o f t he t etradrach m , wh ich h as i n a dd i t ion a r ather i nco mprehens ible weigh t o f 1 4.10 g ra ms .

Z ograph

p laced t h is t etradrach m among t he im i ta t ions ( Ancien t C oins , p . 1 83 .). 1 39.

E . Minns .

Op . c i t ., p . 5 85 .

1 40 .

A . N . Z ograph .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 85 .

C f . Kharko 's o pin ion :

D id a K ing AKHE Ex is t?, VDI , 1 948 , N o . 2 , p . 1 37. 1 41.

A . V . Oreshn ikov . p . 9 6;

s a me a u thor :

ZOOID , XV , p . 1 7;

Ac ta o f t he V I th Archaeolog ica l C ongress , I , TMNO , I , p p . 4 1-42 ; E . Minns :

A . M . P odsh iva lov :

Op . c i t ., p . 5 85 .

Burachkov 's

o pin ion ( op. c i t ., p . 2 13 ) t o t he e f fect t ha t t he monogra m b enea th t he

1 78

t hrone embod ies a n e p i the t o f t he g oddess A thena i s a l toge ther imp laus ib le . 1 42 .

B . P ick , K . R eg l ing . v olu me I , p ar t 1 . 2 7;

D ie An t iken Münzen v on Dacien u nd Mos ien ,

B er lin , 1 898 , p . 9 1, 1 05 , f ., 1 54 , 1 70 , P la te I ,

p ar t 2 , B er l in , 1 910 , p p . 6 06 , 6 49 .

1 43.

I b id ., p ar t 2 , p p . 5 21 , 5 32-533.

1 44.

Minns g ives a c o mpi la tion o f t hese monogra ms :

1 45 .

A . V . Oreshn ikov .

o p . c i t ., p . 5 84.

Acta o f t he V I th Archaeo log ica l C ongress , v olu me

I , p p . 9 6-97 , 9 9-100 ;

A . M. P odsh iva lov :

i b id ., p . 7 6 ;

ZOOID ,

XV , p p . 1 6-18 . 1 46.

B . P ick , K . R eg l ing .

Op , c i t ., I , p ar t 1 , p . 9 1, 1 05 , f ., 1 54 , 1 70 ;

p ar t 2 , p . 5 21 , 6 06. 1 47.

A . N . Z ograph .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 81.

1 48 .

A . N . Z ograph .

Ancien t C oins , p . 1 83 .

1 49 .

L . P . Kharko .

D id a K ing AKBE Ex is t?, VCI , 1 948 , N o . 2 , p . 1 37;

V . F . G a iduk iev ich : S helov :

The K ingdo m o f t he Bosporus , p . 5 80 ;

D . B .

Monetary C ircu la t ion i n t he B osporus i n t he I Ird C en tury

B .C ., MIA , No . 3 3 , p . 6 5 ;

s a me a u thor :

The Monetary R e for m o f

Leucon I , VDI , 1 953 , N o . 1 , p . 3 5 . 1 50 .

Ch . C h . G ie l .

1 51.

A . N . Z ograph .

1 52 .

C f . A . Z ograph .

1 53.

OA K , 1 880 , p p. 1 5, 1 7;

1 54.

ZRAO , V , p . 3 52 ;

c f . L . S te fan i :

OAK , 1 880 , p . 6 3.

Ancien t C oins , p p. 1 84-185 .

A . N . Z ograph .

T he Tooapse Hoard , Nu m . C hr ., 1 925 . A t las, p late I , 4 , 5 , 1 7, 1 8.

S ta ters o f A lexander o f Macedon a nd Lysi machus

i n K erch a nd Ta man F inds , Bu l let in o f t he Kerch C on ference o f USSR Archaeo log is ts , N o . 3 , 1 926;

s a me a u thor :

Ancien t Go ld C o ins o f

t he C aucasus , I GAIMK , N o . 1 10 . 1 55.

A . Z ograph .

15 6.

I b id ., p . 5 1.

1 57.

Nu m . C hr ., 1 925 , p . 4 9 f .

Bu l letin o f t he Kerch C on ference o f USSR Archaeo log is ts , No . 3 , 1 926, p p . 3 -4.

1 58.

C f . t he o pin ion o f N . S . B e lova :

The P o li t ica l P os i t ion o f t he Bosporus

C i t ies i nt he I V th C en tury B .C ., a u thor 's a bs tract o f d isser ta t ion , Moscow-Len ingrad , 1 954 , p . 9 , 1 5 . 1 59 .

V . V . L a tyshev . IONTIKA , S t . Pe tersburg , 1 909 , p . 8 4 f .; G a iduk iev ich : Ka l l is tov :

The K ingdo m o f t he Bosporus , p p. 6 2-63 ;

S tud ies ..., p . 1 68 . ;

K . M. Kolobova :

V . F .

D . P .

The P o li t ica l P os i-

t ion o f t he C i ties i n t he Bosporus S ta te , VDI , 1 953 , N o . 4 , p . 5 0 f . 1 60.

S ee V . D . B lavatsk i :

Ancien t Cu lture i n t he Nor thern B lack S ea L i t-

t ora l , KSI I MK , XXXV , 1 950 , p . 3 4.

1 79

1 61.

V . V . La tyshev . ZONTIKA

1 62.

B . N . Grakov .

1 63.

V . F . Ga iduk iev ich .

,S t . Pe tersburg , 1 909 ,

MIS , p . 2 41 , f ., No . 4 ;

P .

8 5 f .

V . V . L a tyshev :

I bid .

C era m ic C ons truct ion Ma ter ia ls o f t he Bosporus ,

I GAI M IK , 1 04 , p . 2 66 f . 1 64. 1 65.

I b id ., p . 2 76 f . MIA , No . 4 , p p . 1 57-175 ;

No . 2 5 , p p. 3 57-386;

SA , XV , p . 2 56 f .;

VD I , 1 952 , N o . 3 , p p . 1 47-155 . 1 66.

MIA , N o . 4 , p . 1 62 ;

N o . 2 5 , p p . 3 60 , 3 85 .

1 67.

VD I , 1 952 , No . 3 , p p . 1 49 , 1 53-154 ;

1 68.

A . N . Z ograph .

S A , XV , p . 2 56 f .

C oins f ro m Excava t ions a t O lbia i n 1 935-1936 ,

" O lbia , "I , K iev , 1 940 , p . 2 16. 1 69.

C f . K . M. Ko lobova .

1 70.

A . N . Z ograph .

1 71.

Op . c i t ., p . 6 3 , . n ote .

Ancien t C oins ,

C f . Ph . L ederer .

P .

1 81.

S y mbo le d er Aphrod i te U ran ia , Z . f . N ., XLI ,

1 931. 1 72. 1 73.

BMC , C ar ia a nd I s lands , London 1 897 , P la te XL , 1 -11. D . B . S he lov .

C era m ic S ea ls f ro m t he Phanagor ia Excava t ions ,

MIA , No . 5 7, 1 956. 1 74 •

B . N . Grakov .

S ea led C era m ic R efuse f ro m t he Per iod o f Hel len is m

a s aS ource f or t he H is tory o f Manu fac ture a nd Trade , manuscr ipt i n t he f i les o f t he I MK , N o . 5 38 , p . 2 66 f .;

I . B . Z eyes t :

On t he

Prob le m o f t he I n terna l Trade o f t he Kuban N eighborhood a nd Phanag or ia , MIA , No . 1 9 , p p . 1 08-109.

1 80

CONCLUS ION

T he h is tory o f t he c o inage o f t he B osporus c i t ies a nd o f mone tary c ircul a t ion i n t he B osporus r e f lec ts c o mple te ly e nough t he mu l t i far ious p heno mena o f t he e cono m ic a nd p o l i t ica l l i fe o f t he B osporus c i t ies p r ior t o t heir b e ing j oined t ogether w i th in t he f ra mework o f t he B osporus s ta te , a nd t herea f ter t ha t o f t h is s ta te i t se l f d ur ing t he p re- M i thrada t ic p er iod . Num is ma t ic r ec ords b y t he mselves a re n o t i n ap os i t ion t o a f ford e ven a r easonably d is t inct p ic ture o f t he e cono m ic p os i t ion o f t he B osporus a t o ne mo men t o r a no ther , b u t when t hey a re c ons idered j o in t ly w i th d a ta f ro m o ther s ources — l i terary , e pigraph ic , a rchaeolog ica l — t hey e nable u s t o u nders tand a nd g rasp a g rea t d ea l i nt he h is tory o f t he k ingdo m o f t he B osporus . T he i n i t ia t ion o f t he c o inage o f money a t P an t icapaeum a s f ar b ack a s t he midd le o f t he V I th c en tury B .C . a nd t he s ubsequen t p reva i l ing o f P an t icapaeu m s i lver c o in o ver t he s i lver em iss ions , sma l l i n v o lu me a nd r ela t ive ly s hor tl i ved , o f t he o ther B osporus c i t ies i nt he V th c en tury emphas ize v ery we l l t ha t p os i t ion o f l eadersh ip wh ich P an t icapaeum o ccup ied f ro m t he s tar t among a l l t he a nc ien t s e t t le men ts i nt he r eg ion o f t he K erch S tra i t , a nd wh ich may a lso b e t raced o u t b y means o f a rchaeo log ica l d a ta . A t t he s a me t ime , t he s pr ing ing u p o f i ndependen t c oinage i n an umber o f B osporus c i t ies a nd i n S ind ica i nt he l as t q uarter o f t he V th c en tury t es t if ies t o ac ons iderable d egree o f e cono m ic a nd p o l i t ica l d eve lop men t wh ich h ad a lready b een a ch ieved b y t hese c iv ic c o mm tmes b y t he e nd o f t he V th c en tury B .C ., t hanks p robab ly i n g rea t measure t o t he s harp i nv igora t ion o f e x terna l t rade w i th c i t ies o f t he G reek metropo lis o n t he o ne h and a nd w i th t he s urround ing t r ibes o n t he o ther . The f ac t t ha t monetary c o inage i n a l l o f t he B osporus c i t ies , p o l i t ica l ly i ndependen t a nd s o met i mes h o ld ing t o d ivergen t p o l i t ica l o r iena t ions , was b u i l t u p o n as ing le me tro log ica l b as is a nd made u se o f au n i for m s ys te m o f d eno m ina t ions a f fords e v idence o f t he c lose e cono m ic t i es wh ich e x is ted among t he c i t ies , o f t he u n i ty o f t he ir c o m merc ia l i n teres ts , a nd o f t he e cono m ic d ep endence o f t he s econd-rank c i t ies o f t he B osporus u pon P an t icapaeum e ven a t t he t ime when t hese c i t ies s t i l l d id n o t b e long t o t he B osporus s ta te . We h ave t es t i mony t o t he s a me e f fec t f ro m t he w idespread d is tr ibu t ion , r e f lec ted a lso i nt he f inds , o f B osporus c iv ic s i lver , p r i mar i ly t ha t o f P an t icapaeum , i n a l l t he marke ts o f t he B osporus c i t ies , b eyond t he l im i ts o f t he c iv ic c ornm i me wh ich i ssued a ny g iven s i lver c oin . I n t h is way t here i s r evea led o ne o f t he mos t s ubs tan t ia l p re m ises f or t he u n i f ica t ion o f t he B osporus c i t ies i n to a s ing le p o l i t ica l o rgan ism . The r e in force men t o f c en tra l iza t ion o f t he B osporus u nder t he f irs t S part oc ids l eads t o l oss o f t he r igh t t o s tr ike t he ir own c o ins o n t he p ar t o f a l l t he B osporus c i t ies s ave P an t icapaeu m .

T h is l oss was e v iden t ly t aken a s b e ing

as ubs tan t ia l c ons tr ic t ion o f t he r igh ts o f t he i nd iv idua l p o le is , i fo ne may j udge f ro m t he s tubbornness w i th wh ich T heodos ia , h os t i le t o t he S par toc ids ,

1 81

s tr ives t o r e-es tab l ish i t s c oinage a t mo men ts wh ich a ppeared mos t p ropi t ious f or t he r esurrec t ion o f p o l is a u tono my .

The c o inage o f P an t icapaeu m i n t he

I V th a nd I Ird c en tur ies B . C ., i n a ppearance a l toge ther a u tono mous , was e v id en t ly i n r ea l i ty s ub jec t t o s ubs tan t ia l c on tro l o n t he p ar t o f t he S par toc ids , a nd p rac t ica l ly s peak ing t he c o in o f P an t icapaeu m p er for ms t he f unc t ion o f a n a t ionw ide money . Hav ing c ur ta i led t he p ol i t ica l r igh ts o f t he B osporus p o le is , t he S par toc ids a t t he s a me t i me c oncerned t he mse lves t o s a t is fy t he e cono m ic n eeds o f t he c i t ies i n t he f ie ld o f monetary c ircu la t ion .

A r egu lar i ssuance o f P an t icapaeu m

s i lver a nd c opper c o in i n t he I V th c en tury B . C . f u l ly me t t he r equ ire men t o f t he Bosporus d o mes t ic marke t f or c ircu la t ing med ia .

T he i ssuance o f t he g o ld

P an t icapaeu m s ta ters , wh ich c ircu la ted p reponderan t ly o n t he e x terna l marke t s ide b y s ide w i th t he c yzicenes a nd o n ap ar w i th t he m , c ons t i tu ted e v idence o f t he i ncreased e cono m ic p ower o f t he B osporus s ta te a nd o f t he a spira t ions o f t he S par tocids i n t he r ea lm o f i n terna t iona l t rade . Bu t e ven b y t he e nd o f t he I V th c en tury B . C . t here a ppear i n t he c urrency o f t he B osporus c er ta in s y mp to ms wh ich warn o f a pproach ing c r is is t hrougho u t t he who le mone tary s ys te m .

The c r is is , wh ich f ound e xpress ion i n a

c o mple te s uspens ion o f t he s tr ik ing o f g o ld a nd s i lver c oins a nd i n a n a t te mpt t o s upp lan t c oins o f f u ll v a lue w i th c opper o nes h av ing o n ly a n a rbi trar i ly a ss igned v a lue a nd r equ ir ing c ons tan t c on f ir ma t ion o f t he ir c o mpu lsory e xchange r a te , b eca me f u l ly man i fes t a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . a nd c overed t he e n t ire f irs t h a l f o f t ha t c en tury .

I t was a s eque l t o ac o mpl ica ted

c onca tena t ion o f e cono m ic a nd p o l i t ica l d i f f icu l t ies e xper ienced b y t he B osporus a t t he e nd o f t he I V th a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he I L Ird c en tur ies B . C ., a nd i tc ann o t b e e xp la ined a s c om ing a bou t mere ly t hrough b lunders i n mone tary p o l icy . Overco m ing t he c r is is s ta te o f a f fa irs i n B osporus f inances a nd i n t he B osp orus money market d ur ing t he s econd h a l f o f t he I Ird c en tury B . C . b eca me p oss ib le o n ly i n c onnec t ion w i th a c er ta in g enera l s tabi l iza t ion o f B osporus t rade a nd w i th t he e s tabl ish men t o f r egu lar t rade r e la t ionsh ips w i th t he mos t impor tan t e cono m ic c en tres o f t he H e l len is t ic wor ld .

I n t he f i e ld o f d o mes t ic

monetary p o licy , n or ma l iza t ion o f mone tary c ircu la t ion was f os tered b y t he monetary r e for m o f L eucon I , who was t he f irs t t o i ssue r ega l c o in i n t he B osp orus . Fro m h ere o n t he B osporus k ings o f t he S par toc id d ynas ty more o r l ess r egu lar ly i ssued c oins i n t heir o wn n a mes .

Th is c o in , a l though i t was c urren t

o n t he B osporus money marke t o n a n e ven f oot ing w i th t he s ta ters o f L ys i machus , n ever p layed a s ubs tan t ia l p ar t i n c o m merc ia l t urnover ;

i ssued i n v ery sma l l

q uan t i ty , i t s erved a i ms o f p o l i t ica l c haracter i n t he ma in — i tc on f ir med t he r igh t o f t he B osporus r u lers t o s tr ike g o ld c oins .

The p rac t ica l r equ ire men ts

o f t he money marke t were me t , a s t h i ther to , b y a u tono mous c iv ic c o inage . The g radua l d egrada t ion o f B osporus c oins i n t he Ind c en tury B . C . a s r eg ards we igh t , t echn ique , a nd s ty le c orresponds t o ag radua l e cono m ic e n feeb lemen t o f t he B osporus a t t ha t t ime .

T he c ircu ms tance t ha t i n t he Ind c en tu ry

B . C . Phanagor ia , i n a dd i t ion t o P an t icapaeu m , a ga in c o m mences t o s tr ike c oins a nd a f irs t i ssue o f s i lver i s u nder taken a t G org ipp ia , t es ti f ies t o ac ert a in r ena issance o f t endenc ies t oward p o l is i ndependence i n t he B osporus a nd t o weaken ing o f t he c en tra l a u thor i ty , wh ich was n o t a lways a ble t o c ope w i th t hese t endenc ies . 1 82

Th is p heno menon , c on f ir med a lso b y o ther d a ta o f an on-nu m is ma t ic c harac ter , was o ne o f t he f ace ts o f ag enera l s oc ia l a nd p o li t ica l c r is is i n t he r ea lm o f t he S par toc ids wh ich b eca me more a nd more p ro found o ver t he c ourse o f t he Ind c en tury B .C . a nd wh ich e nded i n a bd ica t ion o n t he p ar t o f t he l as t P aer isades a nd a n o ver t r evo lu t ionary u pr is ing o n t he p ar t o f t he B osporus s laves . The r evo l t o f t he B osporus s laves , l ed b y S au macus , i s an a tura l c u lm inat ion t o t he who le h is tory o f t he B osporus o ver t he p reced ing c en tur ies .

A t

t he p r ice o f s ub juga t ing t he B osporus t o t he a u thor i ty o f M i thrada tes Eupa tor , t he B osporus s lave-ho lders s ucceeded i n s av ing t heir c lass p os i t ions a nd i n s uppress ing t he u pr is ing , b u t t he i ndependen t B osporus s ta te c eased t o e x is t .

1 83

SUPPLE MENT To The E ng l ish Translat ion o f 1 978

The b ook w e a re o f fer ing f or t he a t ten t ion o f t he r eader w as w r it ten a t t he e nd o f t he 1 940s a nd w as p repared f or p ub l icat ion a nd i ssued i n Russ ian i n 1 956 a t Moscow , i n t he s er ies " The N orthern B lack S ea L it tora l i n An t iqu ity. t i

Over t he t wen ty y ears a nd more t hat h ave e lapsed s ince t he t ime

when t he Russ ian e d it ion a ppeared , t he s tudy o f t he n um is mat ic r ecords o f t he Bosporus, l ike t hat o f t he who le h istory o f t he a nc ien t B lack S ea l i ttora l , h as moved f orward a pprec iab ly . S yste mat ic a rchaeo log ica l e xcavat ions o f Bosporus c it ies, s et t le men ts, a nd c e meter ies, a nd r andom f inds o f c o in h oards a nd i nd iv idua l c o ins, h ave p rov ided a c ons iderab le a ccumu lat ion o f n ew n um is mat ic ma ter ia l wh ich i s a ppear ing more o r l ess r egu lar ly i n t he p ages o f n um is ma t ic a nd a rchaeo log ica l p ub l ica t ions . 2 The n ew c o in f inds make i tp oss ib le t o f i l l o ut a nd r ef ine c erta in d eta i ls o f t he h istory o f t he Bosporus c urrency , b u t t hey a re p art icu larly v a luab le f or a rr iv ing a t j udgemen ts o n t he monetary c ircu lat ion o f t he Bosporus, f or a r econstruct ion o f wh ich t here a re a va i lab le a tp resen t i m measurab ly more d ata t han d ur ing t he p er iod w hen t he b ook w as w r it ten .

We h ave o f fered i n as pec ia l a rt ic le 3 a

g enera l s urvey o ft hese mater ia ls a s t hey s tood i n 1 965. S tud ies b y S ov iet n um is mat ists ( yet n ot S ov iet o nes a lone ) o ver t he p ast t wo d ecades h ave d ea l t w ith many p rob le ms e xam ined i n o ur b ook . Many o f t he b ook 's t heses h ave r ece ived c on f ir ma t ion a nd a pprova l i n t hese l a ter works.

C r it ica l c om men ts, a nd v iewpo in ts d if feren t f rom o ur own , h ave

a lso b een e xpressed. A lthough we a re c onv inced t hat t he p icture o f t he d ev elopmen t o f t he c urrency a nd t he monetary c ircu lat ion o f t he Bosporus i n t he V II Ind c en tur ies t ha t w as d el ineated i n t he b ook r e ma ins r el iab le i n t he ma in , s t il l t he n ew ma ter ia ls, t he c r it ica l o bservat ions , a nd t he most r ecen t s tud ies o f o ther n um is ma t ists, a nd a lso o ur own f urther c oncerns w ith t he h istory a nd t he n um is ma t ics o f t he Bosporus, h ave o b l iged u s t o a lter o ur v iews i n s o me p art icu lars a nd t o d ea l w ith c erta in c ircumstances o therw ise t han w e w ere i n ap os it ion t o d o i n 1 956.

Th is b ears e spec ial ly o n t he p rob-

l e ms a ssoc iated w ith t he m in tage o f t he c o ins b ear ing t he i nscr ip t ion E INA SZ Z w ith t he n ature o f t he monetary c r is is i n t he Bosporus, a nd w ith a f ew o thers. A l l t he c ircu mstances r eferred t o , a nd a lso t he a sp ira t ion t o p rov ide t he r eader w ith a n i dea o f t he p resen t s tatus o f S ov iet l i terature o n t he s ect ion o f n um is mat ics t ha t i s b e ing e xa m ined , h ave moved u s t o a t tach t o t he b ook t h is p resen t s upp le men t , i n w h ich n ew o ut looks, n ew mater ia ls, a nd n ew l i terature a re p o in ted o u t i n t he f or m o f c om men tar ies u pon t he p ert inen t p ages o f t he b ook . P age 9 -10 : Data r egard ing t he f ounda t ion a nd t he h istory o f P an t icapaeum h ave b een a ssemb led a nd a na lyzed i n as pec ia l monograph o f V . D . B lava tsk i e n t it led

1 84

" Pan t icapaeum." 4

The mater ia ls f rom t he Pan t icapaeum e xcavat ion h ave

b een p ub l ished i nt wo s ympos ia e spec ia l ly d evoted t o t hat c i ty ,

5

a nd i n many

a r t ic les i n o ther c o l lect ions a nd j ourna ls. P age 1 2 : O ur s tand a s t o t he r epresen tat ion , o n e ar ly Pan t icapaeum c o ins , o f t he h ead o f al iv ing l i on r a ther t han a l i on 's s ca lp h as n ot c onv inced many s cho lars who c on t inue t o r egard t h is a s t he h ead o f ad ead a n i ma l• 6

E . P och itonov ,

f or e xa mp le , s ees i n i tt he f l acc id ly s lu mp ing h ead o f t he N e mean l i on a nd a ssoc ia tes t h is t ype w ith t he c u l t o f Heracles . 7 Yu . L . D iukov a grees w ith o ur p o in t o f v iew r egard ing t he Pan t icapaeum c o ins, b u tp erce ives a r epresent a t ion o f t he s k in o f al i on 's h ead o n t he c o ins w ith t he i nscr ip t ion A MA. Th is p rob le m e v iden t ly c a l ls f or s t i l l f urther s tudy , t he more s o i n t hat t here i s a ssoc ia ted w ith i tn o t o n ly t he p rob le m o f S a mos a nd M iletus i n f luence o n t he n um is ma t ics o f t he Bosporus , b u t a lso a r ange o f o ther p rob le ms—for e xamp le, t ha t o ft he r o le o f t he c u l ts o f Apo l lo o r o f Heracles i n t he a rcha ic Bosporus. P age 1 3 : T he mot if o f t he e igh t-rayed s tar o n t he r everses o f s o me o f t he e ar ly Pan t icapaeum c o ins i s o rd inar i ly a cknow ledged t o b e ab orrow ing f ro m t he a rcha ic t ypo logy o f Miletus . 9 I ft hat i s c orrect , t h is may b e i nd irect e v idence i n s uppor t o f o ur v iew t ha tt he s ub ject o f t he o bverses o f t hese c o ins , al i on 's h ead , i s a lso o f M iles ian o r ig in . P age 1 4 Yu. L . D iukov l ikew ise r egards t he i mage o f ar am 's h ead o n t he l ast t wo s er ies o f Pan t icapaeum s i lver o ft he V th c en tury B .C. a s b e ing a r ef lect i on o n t he p art p layed b y s tockra is ing i n t he e conom ic l i fe o f t he c oun try .1 0 P age 1 7: The q uest ion a s t o wha t Bosporus t own w as c a l led Apo l lon ia i n t he V th c en tury B .0 .a nd i ssued c o in w ith t he i nscr ip t ion A l lOA c on t inues t o r e ma in o pen e ven t oday. I n a dd it ion t o t he a lready men t ioned i den t if icat ion s o f Apo lI on ia w ith Pan t icapaeum ( Ch. Ch. G iel , Yu. S . K rushko l , a nd o thers ; most r ecen t ly t h is v iew h as b een u pheld b y V . F . Ga iduk iev ich , who s uggests a t e mporary r e-nam ing o f Pan t icapaeum i n t he d ays o f t he Archeanact ids ),

1 1

Myr mec ium ( A. V . O reshn ikov ), a nd Nymphaeu rn ( V. D . B lavatsk i ), t here h as b een p u t f orward b y E . I . Poch itonov a h ypothes is t o t he e f fect t hat Phanagor ia was t o b eg in w i th s ty led Apo l lon ial 2 Desp ite a l l i t s t e mp ta t ions, t h is p ropos it ion r uns u p a ga inst a s er ies o f g rave o b ject ions.

I n t he f i rst

p lace, t here a pparen t ly e x isted i n a nc ien t l i terary t rad it ion a f i rm c onv ict ion t hat P hanagor ia was s o n a med a f ter t he c i trs k t ist is Phanagorus, who f l ed h ither i n t he m id-V Ith c en tury f rom T eos .1 3

The n a me Phanagorus, b y t he

way , i s k nown i n t he p rosopography o f t h is c en tre, 1 4 b u t i s e ncoun tered n owhere e lse i n t he Bosporus, s o meth ing wh ich may s erve a s a n i nd irect c onf i r ma t ion o f t he v i ta l ity a nd p opu lar ity o f t he l egend i n q uest ion a t Phanagor ia. Wh ile h e makes r eference t o t he t est i mony o f Arr ian ( i n Eustaph ius ) o n t he q ues t ion o f t he t ime Phanagor ia w as f ounded , Poch itonov f or s ome r eason d oes n ot p ay h eed t o t h is l egend Arr ian t rans m its.

I n t he s econd p lace , t he

n a me Phanagor ia f or t he t own w as a lready k nown t o Hecataeus, a n a u thor o f t he V Ith c en tury B .0 .15

The e ndeavour t o g et a round t h is o b ject ion b y a s-

c r ib ing t he p ert inen t p assage i nS tephen o f Byzan t ium t o Hecataeus f ro m Eretr ia i nstead o f t o Heca taeus t he Miles ian 1 6 t ion. 1 85

s tr ikes o ne a s w ithout f ounda-

One must d ec ided ly r e ject t he s uggest ion o f P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i ,

1 7

w ho

h as p erce ived i n t he i nscr ip t ion A T IOA o n Bosporus c o ins n o t ad es igna t ion o f t he c ity i ssu ing t he c o in b ut t he b eg inn ing o f ap ersona l n ame, a nd w ho h as a l lowed o f ap oss ib i l ity t ha t p r ivate c o in w as s truck i n t he Bosporus i n t he V th c en tury B .C.

A mere c on fron ta t ion o f c o ins i nscr ibed I LANTI

a nd o nes

i nscr ibed A MA t est if ies t o t he e f fec t t hat t hese t wo i nscr ip t ions b ear a w ho l ly a na logous s ense a nd p reven ts o ne f rom s ee ing i n t he i nscr ip t ion a ny th ing o ther t han a d es ignat ion o f t he c en tre wh ich h ad min ted t he c o in . Page 1 8 : E . I . Poch itonov , a dopt ing i nb as ic r espects o ur f ra mework f or t he e vo lut i on o f t he o bverse t ype o f Pan t icapaeu m a nd Apo l lon ia c o ins a nd r ef in ing i t h ere a nd t here ( deta iled c lass if ica t ion o f t he c o ins w ith t he d es ignat ion n A wh ich h e r egards, a s h e d oes a l l t he a nep igraph ic c o ins, a s b e ing t he r esu l t o f aj o in t c o inage o f Apo l lon ia a nd P an t icapaeum ), l im its t he w ho le t rue Apo ll on ia m in tage t o t he c on f ines o ft he 3 rd q uarter o f t he V th c en tury B .0 .1 8 One c an b y n o means a gree w ith Yu. L . D iukov i n h is a t te mpt t o t ranspose t he t wo Apo l lon ia g roups w e h ave d iscr im inated , a nd t o t ake t he f i rst g roup a s b e ing c hrono log ica l ly l ater , t he s econd a s b e ing e arl ier. 1 9 T h is a t te mp t r uns c oun ter n ot o n ly t o t he l og ic o f t he e vo lu t ion o f t he r everse t ype o f t he Apo l lon ia c o ins , b u t a lso t o t he s ty l ist ic e vo lut ion o f t he image o f t he l i on 's h ead o nt he o bverses o f t hese c o ins a nd a lso t o t he mater ia ls f ro m metrol og ica l i nvest iga t ion o f t he c o ins o f Apo l lon ia ( see p . 4 5 ). Page 1 9 : The l i t t le c o ins w ith t he f igure o f a n a n t r e ma in a myster ious p henomenon i n Bosporus n um is ma t ics. V . F . Ga iduk iev ich r e jects t he p oss ib il ity o f t he ir h av ing b een s truck a t Myr mec ium 2 ° a nd o ne c anno t d eny l og ica l ity i n h is d educt ions. A t t he s ame t ime o ne 's a t ten t ion i s d rawn b y t he f act t hat among t he e x tens ive n um is mat ic mater ia l f ound i n t he l ast f ew d ecades a t v ar ious Bosporus c it ies, t here i s n o t as ing le c o in w ith t he i mage o f a n a n t.

T h is

c a l ls f or a more a t ten t ive a tt itude t oward t he o p in ion o f O reshn ikov , w ho c ons idered t he p reponderan t p art o f s uch c o ins t o b e f a lse . 2 1 Pot i ld ionov h as a dvanced t he s uggest ion t hat t h is c ur ious c o in t ype , a nd a lso t he n a me o f t he c ity o f Myr mec iu m , owe t he ir o r ig ins t o s o me a usp ic ious p rophecy , i nas much a s among t he Greeks a n ts w ere c ons idered f orete l lers o f t he f uture . 2 2 s o c on tr ived a n i n terpretat ion o f t he t ype d oes n ot s ee m c onv inc ing.

Bu t

P ages 2 0-21: F resh a rchaeo log ica l mater ia ls o b l ige u s t o r e-exam ine o ur a t t itude t oward t he q ues t ion o f t he p oss ib il ity o f ar ef lect ion , i n t he c o in t ypo logy o f Nymphaeum , o f d eve lop men t o f v it icu lture a nd w ine manu facture.

The d is-

c overy a nd s tudy o f s o me d ozens o f w iner ies i n t he Bosporus h as s hown t hat t h is b ranch o f e cono my h ad e vo lved more i n tens ive ly h ere a nd h ad b ecome w idespread c ons iderab ly e arl ier t han h ad b een s upposed. 2 3 The d iscovery o f t he v ery e ar l iest w iner ies i nt he Bosporus , a s f ar b ack a s t he I Vth c en tury B .C. a nd s pec if ica l ly a t Nymphaeu m , h as b een o f p art icu lar i mpor tance .24 On t h is a ccoun t w e a re n ow n o l onger i ncl ined t o d eny a p oss ib le c onnec t ion o f t he r everse t ype o f Nymphaeum c o ins o f t he l ast q uarter o f t he V th c en tury B .0 .w ith l oca l e conom ic c ircu mstances. P age 2 0 : The d oubts e xpressed b y M. M. K hudyak , f or many y ears d irector o f a rchaeo log ica l e xcavat ions a t N y mphaeum , a s r egards whether t he c o ins b e ing a na lyzed b e long t o t hat t own , a re a ltogether u nwarran ted a nd i ncompreh ens ib le. 25 1 86

P age 2 3: T he r e lat ionsh ips b etween A thens a nd t he Bosporus s tate i n t he V th c ent ury B .C., a nd i n p art icu lar t he q uest ion o f whether Nymphaeum b e longed t o A thens a nd t hat r egard ing t he s o-ca l led t reason o f Gy lon , h ave b een t he s ub ject o f ac ons iderab le l i terature, y et s tuden ts h ave s t i l l n ot s ucceeded i n a rr iv ing a t au nan i mous o p in ion .2 6 The mater ia ls o n a rchaeo log ica l e xcavat i ons a t Nymphaeum u p t o 1 954 h ave b een p ub l ished i n K hudyak 's monograph , 27 a nd more r ecen t e xcavat ions h ave b een d iscussed i n i nd iv idua l a r t icles. 2 8 P age 2 5 : F resh s tudy o ft he Nymphaeum i nscr ipt ion s upposed ly c on ta in ing a d ed icat i on t o Har mod ius h as c onv inc ing ly s hown t hat t he i nscr ip t ion h as n o th ing t o d o w ith t hat A then ian h ero. 2 9 For t h is r eason i ts hou ld n o t b e r egarded a s a n a rgumen t i n t he p rob le m o f t he t i es b etween Nymphaeum a nd A thens i n t he V th c en tury B .C. Page 2 6 : We h ave e xa m ined i n g reater d eta i l i n as pec ia l a rt ic le 3 ° t he p rob le m o f t he r e-na m ing o f t he t own o f Theodos ia u nder L eucon Ia nd o f i t s o r ig ina l n ame, wh ich p erhaps r ef lected t he e x istence o f ap re-Greek i nd igenous s ett l emen t o nt he s i te o ft he l ater a nc ien t t own . Pages 2 7-28 : A t t he t ime when o ur b ook was b e ing c omposed , t he i nscr ip t ion E INAQN o n s i lver c o ins was u nderstood b y a l l i nvest igators a s b e ing a d es igna t ion f or t he t r ibe o f t he S inds, i n c onsequence o f wh ich t he c o ins t he mselves were a t tr ibu ted t o t he m in tage o f t ha t t r ibe. Even D . P . K a l l istov , who h e ld t hat t he c o ins w ith t h is i nscr ip t ion w ere s truck b y o ne o f t he Greek t owns a nd w ere n ot d irect ly c onnected w ith t he t r ibe o f t he S inds, d id n ot r e ject u nderstandi ng t he i nscr ip t ion E INAS 2 . 1 1 a s b e ing a n e thn ikon o f t he t r ibe. Th is o u t look , s hared b y t he a u thor o f t he p resen tb ook , s ubsequen t ly f ound many s upporters a nd d oes s o t oday a s w el 1. 3 1 Bu t e ven O reshn ikov i n h is d ay h ad a dvanced t he s uggest ion32 t hat t he S ind ic c o ins h ad b een s truck n o t i n t he n ame o f t he t r ibe o f t he S inds, b ut i n t he n a me o f t he p opu lat ion o f at own o f S ind ica , S indus, o r S ind ic Port , t he l a ter Gorg ipp ia. 3 3 Thus t he i nscr ip t ion o n t he c o in i s t o b e u nderstood n ot a s a n e thn ikon b u t a s ad e mo t ikon. Th is h ypot hes is d id n ot a tt hat t ime f ind s upport i n S ov iet n um is mat ic l i terature, b u t o f l ate i th as b een a t tract ing a n e ver g reater n umber o f a dheren ts among s cho lars . 3 4

Th is p o in t o f v iew h as b een s et f orth most c omp letely , n o t l ong

a go , b y N . L . G rach. 35

Thus K a l l istov 's i dea t hat t he c o ins w ith t he i nscr ip-

t ion E INAQN " were i ssued b y o ne o f t he Greek t owns" 3 6 i s r esusc ita ted. We n ow r egard o ur o b ject ions a ga inst t hat t hes is a s h av ing b een e xcess ive ly c a tegor ica l , a nd a t p resen t w e a re i nc l ined t o a dm it t he p oss ib i l ity o f t h is r eso lu t ion o f t he p rob le m a s w el l , e ven t hough e ven n ow we c ons ider i ti mp oss ib le t o p erce ive i n t he i ssuance o f t hese c o ins a r esu l t o f s o me s ort o f s pec ia l measures o f t he Bosporus s tate, o r t o s ee i n Heca taeus, k ing o f t he S inds, mere ly a v iceroy f or t he S partoc ids. 37 I fo ne a ccepts t he h ypothes is t hat t he c o ins w e a re a na lyz ing w ere s truck b y aS ind ic Port , t hen t h is c o inage i s an or ma l monetary em iss ion f or s t il l a nother a u tono mous t own o n t he C i m mer ian Bosporus, a na logous t o t he i ss uance o f c o ins b y Theodos ia , Nymphaeum, e tc.

That way o f l ook ing a t

t hese c o ins h as, b y t he way , t he a dvan tage t hat i te l im inates t he v exed p robl em o f at ime b reak b etween t he c essat ion o f aS ind ic c o inage a t t he t urn o f t he V thIVth c en tur ies B .C. a nd t he s ub jugat ion o f t he S inds b y L eucon I

1 87

a pprox i ma tely a q uarter o f ac en tury l ater. The most n atura l t h ing i s t o s uppose t ha t t he t er m inat ion o f t he a u tono mous s tr ik ing b y t he S ind ic Por t was a ssoc ia ted w ith i t s s ub ject ion t o t he a u thor ity o f t he Bosporus a rchons, wh ich m igh th ave c o me a bou t ag reat d ea l e ar l ier t han t he a t tach men t o f a l l S ind ica t o t he Bosporus. Accord ing t o t he d ata i n t he Anapa p roxeny p ubl i shed b yA . I . Bo ltunova , i n t he f i rst y ears o ft he I Vth c en tury B .C. t he t own w as a lready u nder t he a u thor ity o f t he S partoc ids . 3 8 Th is h ar mon izes w e l l w ith t he d at ing f or t he S ind ic c o ins wh ich h as b een i nd icated. Recogn izing t he c o ins w ith t he i nscr ipt ion E INA S 2N a s b e ing a c iv ic i ssue must d raw i ni t s t ra in r e-exa m ina t ion o f t he q uest ion o f t he e x istence o f a ut ono mous s tatehood among t he S inds i n t he V th c en tury B .C., i nas much a s i t was j us t t hese c o ins t hat s erved a s t he ma in a rgumen t i n f avour o f r ecogn izing t he e x istence o f aS ind ic s tate a t t hat t ime.

But t h is p rob le m l i es o uts ide

t he f ra mework o f t he p resen t s tudy. As f or t he p icture o f monetary c ircu lat i on i n t he Bosporus a t t he e nd o f t he V th c entury B .C., n oth ing i n t h is i s c hanged t hrough r ev is ing o ne's u nderstand ing o f t he c o ins w ith t he i nscr ip t ion E IN N ; t hese c o ins c ircu lated i n Bosporus markets o n a n e ven f oot ing w ith t he a u tono mous s i lver o ft he o ther t owns wh ich a t t hat t ime s truck c o in o f t he ir own , s o meth ing wh ich i s c on f ir med b y t he f ind ing , p ub l ished b y N . L . G rach , o f aS ind ic d iobo l a t Myr mec ium. Page 2 8: Co ins h av ing t he i nscr ipt ion E INASZ T

a lso e x ist w ith t he t ypes :

h ead o f

b u l l—head o fh orse, a nd : h ead o fb u l l—head o f l i on . Bu t a l l o f t hese a re c oun terfe its o f t he X IXth c en tury , 4 °j ust a s a re t he g o ld c o ins w ith t he i nscr ipt i on E INA S ' e .N . 4 1 Regard ing t he l a tter w e r ea l ly must s peak h ere, b ecause d esp ite t he ir r epeated ly b e ing u nmasked a s c oun terfe its 42 t hey a re s t il l s o met i mes c i ted i nt he s c ien t if ic l i terature, e ven t hough w ith q ua l if ica t ions . 4 3 P age 2 9 : The t ime a nd c ircumstances o f t he a t tach men t o f S ind ica t o t he Bosporus s ta te a re e xa m ined i n T . V . B lavatsk i 's monograph a nd i n as pec ia l a r t ic le o f V . A . U st inova ( Latysheva ). 44 P age 3 1: Tak ing t he c o in s w ith t he i nscr ip t ion E INAQN a s b e ing n um is mat ic r ec ords o f at own o f S indus ( S ind ic Port ) n atura l ly r e moves t he q uest ion , r a ised b y Z ograph , o f t he ir p oss ib ly h av ing b een s truck a t t he Phanagor ia m in t. P age 3 2: Autono mous c o in ing o n t he p art o f Theodos ia , Nymphaeum , a nd S indus was c arr ied o u t , a s we s ee , d ur ing t he p er iod o f t he ir i ndependen t e x is tence , a nd i t was c u t s hort a t t he mo men t o f t he ir i ncorpora t ion i n to t he r ea lm o f t he S partoc ids.

I ti s s carce ly p oss ib le t o s uppose t hat Phanagor ia f a iled t o

f or m p art o f t he Bosporus s tate e ven a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he I Vth c en tury B .C., t he more s o i n t hat D iodorus, s peak ing o f t he r u le o f t he Archeanact ids i n t he Bosporus, men tions t he m a s b e ing r u lers i n As ia. 45 Phanagor ia 's b ecom ing p ar t o ft he Bosporus s tate f rom t he v ery d ay o f i t s i ncep t ion o rd inar i ly g ives r ise t o n o d oubts . 4 6 On t hat a ccoun t i ti s imposs ib le t o e xp la in t he P hanag or ia m in tage t hrough t he t own 's b e ing i ndependen t w ith r eference t o t he Bosporus.

Deve lop ing a n i dea w e h ad s e t f orth r egard ing a p oss ib le r ef lec-

t i on o f s eparat ist t endenc ies o nt he p art o f t he Phanagor ians i nt he Phanagor ia c o in t ypo logy o f t he b eg inn ing o f t he I Vth c en tury B .C., Yu. L . D iukov h as

1 88

s uggested t hat t he v ery s tr ik ing o f c o ins b y Phanagor ia ( and s im i lar ly b y Theodos ia ) a t t hat t ime was c a l led i n to b e ing b y r es istance o f t he Phanagorians t o c en tra l izing t endenc ies o f t he f i rst S partoc ids ;

t hat Phanagor ia , o nce p art

o f t he Bosporus, s ought i n t h is way t o s tand u p f or i t s p r iv i leges w ith in t he r ea lm o f t he S part ,oc ids.

I n t h is c onnect ion h e r efers t o al inkage o f t he r e-

v erses o f Phanagor ia c o ins t o t he n um is mat ic t ypo logy o f Heracle ia Pon t ica , h ost i le t o t he Bosporus r u lers. 47 f or t ha t h ypothes is ;

For o ur p art , h owever, w e h ave n o p roofs

a nd a s h as b een t he c ase h itherto , w e a re u nab le t o

e n ter i n to t h is q uest ion b eyond t he b ounds o f as i mp le p u t t ing o n r ecord o f s pec if ic p heno mena i n t he n um is mat ics o f t he Bosporus, w ithou t s eek ing a t t he mo men t t o f urn ish a s at isfy ing e xp lana t ion f or t he m. P age 5 3: T he q uest ion o f t he t i es b etween t he Bosporus a nd A thens i n t he V th c ent ury h as b een e xa m ined i n d e ta i l i n t he monograph b y I . B . Brash insk i wh ich w e h ave a lready men t ioned. 48 P age 5 5 : The most r ecen t f inds o f e ar ly Bosporus s i lver f u l ly c on f ir m t he t heory we h ad a dvanced r egard ing t he c lose e cono m ic l inks t hat e x isted among t he t owns o f t h is r eg ion p r ior t o t he ir b e ing b rough t t ogether i n t he c o mpos it ion o f t he Bosporus s tate, a nd r egard ing f ree c ircu lat ion o f t h is s i lver i n t he markets o f a l l t he t owns, n o mat ter where i tw as s truck .

Pant icapaeu m a nd

Apo l lon ia s i lver c o ins h ave b een f ound a t Pan t icapaeum , Nymphaeum ,

Phan-

a gor ia , a nd Patraeus, a nd a S ind ic o ne a t Myr mec iu m. 49 Page 5 6 : We k now o f at o ta l o f o n ly t wo f inds o f e arly Bosporus s i lver c o ins o u ts ide t he l im its o f Bosporus t err itory p roper.

Both o f t hese o ccurred i n t he

a nc ien t Greek c e metery o f P ichvnar i i n western Georg ia.

These w ere a d i-

o bo l o f Ny mphaeum a nd a s i lver c o in o f Pan t icapaeu m , o f t he s econd q uarter o f t he V th c en tury B . 0 .5 °

The p resence o f t hese c o ins i n Co lch is b ur ia ls i s

o f c ourse t he r esu l t o f t he e x istence o f a nc ien t l inkages b etween t he Bosporus a nd Co lch is , b u t i s b y n o means e v idence o f c ircu lat ion o f t he s i lver i n q uest ion o u ts ide t he b oundar ies o f t he Bosporus.

I ti s c haracter ist ic t hat b o th t hese

c o ins h ad b een p ierced b y d r il l ing a nd h ad b een u sed a s o rna men ts. P ages 5 6-57 : Most r ecen t f inds o f c y z icenes i n t he n or thwestern B lack S ea l i t tora l a nd i n t he Bosporus h ave b rough t i n to b e ing a n e x tens ive l i terature d evo ted t o t he c ircu lat ion o f c yz icene s taters i n n orthern B lack S ea r eg ions .5 1

Bu t t he

n ew ma ter ia ls d o n o t r equ ire t he i n troduc t ion o f a ny a l terat ions i nto t he c urr en t c oncep t r egard ing t he p art p layed b y t he c yz icenes i n t he monetary c irc u lat ion o f t he Bosporus. Page 7 6 : Def in it ion o f t he S au macus move men t i n t he Bosporus a t t he e nd o f t he ' Ind c en tury B .C. a s as lave u pr is ing was i n h ar mony w ith t he t reatmen t o f t ha t move men t p roposed f i rst b y S . A . Z hebe lev 5 2 S ov iet l i terature o f t he f ort ies a nd f if t ies.

a nd g enera l ly a ccep ted i n

I n s ubsequen t d ecades q uest ions

h av ing t o d o w ith t he s oc ia l s tatus o f S au macus h i mse lf a nd w ith t he n ature o f t he move men t h e h eaded h ave b een w e ighed a g reat d ea l i n t he s pec ia l ized l i terature. Even t hough t he p art ic ipan ts i n t he d iscuss ion h ave n ot a rr ived a t a n u nequ ivoca l r eso lu t ion o f t hese p rob le ms , i th as n everthe less n ow b ec o me e v iden t t ha t i tw ou ld b e i ncorrect t o l im it t he s oc ia l b ase o f t he u pr is ing t o s laves a lone;

i t was a pparen t ly a g rea t d ea l b roader, a nd t he move men t

was n o t o n ly o f as oc ia l c haracter, b u t a lso o f a n e thn ic o ne .5 3

1 89

Bu t d ef in ing

t he e ven ts a ssoc iated w ith t he r evo l t o f S aumacus a nd t he c onso l idat ion o f Mithradates Eupator i n t he Bosporus a s a n importan t t urn ing-po in t i n t he h istory o f t he Bosporus i n g enera l a nd i n t he h istory o f i t s c urrency i n p art i cu lar r e ma ins v a l id n o ma t ter h ow t hat u pr is ing i s t reated. Page 7 9 : Yu. L . D iukov a nd V . M. B rab ich d ea l i n t he ir s tud ies w ith t he i nward s ense o f s o me o f t he Pan t icapaeum t ypo log ica l s ub jects o f t he I Vth c entury B .C.

Agree ing w ith o ut t reatmen t o f t he image o f as atyr-l ike b e ing o n t he

o bverses o f Pan t icapaeum c o ins a s b e ing a r ef lec t ion o f s ome s ort o f l oca l Greco-barbar ian c u lt ,M D iukov c ons iders i tp oss ib le t o d ef ine t h is c u l t a s ac u lt o f Cybe le , t o w ho m , i nf act , t he images o f l i ons o r o f l i ons ' h eads o n t he r everses o f t he c o ins a lso r e late, i n h is o p in ion .

Bu t a t t he s a me p o in t

h e c a l ls t he s a me h eads o f s a tyrs o n al ater s er ies o f Pan t icapaeum c o ins t he h eads o f c abe ir i, whose c u l t i s t h is t ime a ssoc iated w ith t he worsh ip o f Apo l lo. 5 5 S uch a t ransfor mat ion o f t he s ense o f at ype i s s carce ly p oss ib le. Brab ich d raws a t tent ion t o t he f act t hat t he g r if f in o f t he Pan t icapaeum c o ins may h ave h ad p rotect ive f unct ions w ith r espect e ither t o t he g ra in-ear o r t o t he s turgeon d ep icted b enea th i t , a nd may h ave b een r egarded a s ag uard ian o ver t he n a tura l r iches o ft he c oun try.

I ft h is h ypothes is i s a ctua l ly r igh t ,

i td oes n ot r un c on trary t o o ur v iew o f t he g r if f in a s a n a t tr ibu te o f t he l oca l f e ma le s erpen t d iv in ity , b u t c o mp le men ts i t .

I ti s ag rea t d ea l more d if f icu lt

t o a gree w ith Brab ich t o t he e f fect t ha t t he s ame p ro tect ive f unct ions r e lat ive t o t he s turgeon a re i nheren t i n t he l i on 's h ead o n al a ter s er ies o f Pan t icap aeum c opper

. 57

The t ype o ft hese c opper c o ins o f t he e nd o f t he I Vth c en tury

B .C. h ave a pparen t ly b een b orrowed f rom o ne o f t he g roups o f c yzicene c o ins , w ith s ubst itu t ion o f t he t unny o b l igatory f or t he m t hrough t he s turgeon a lready f am i l iar i n Pan t icapaeum t ypo logy . Bu t w e h ave a bso lutely n o g rounds f or c on ferr ing a n a potropae ic s ign if icance u pon t he c orrespond ing t ype i n t he c o ins o f Cyzicus. P age 8 0 : I n ar ev iew o f o ur b ook P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i r eco m mends " a more r eso lute s egregat ion o ft he s ix th g roup o fg o ld , a lready s truck o n t he A t t ic s tandard ," a nd p roposes f or i t ad at ing o f 3 03-294 B .0 .5 8 We d id i n f act c arry o u t a s eparat ion o f t he V Ith g roup i n metro log ica l r espects; i n t ypo log ica l o nes, h owever ( and t he Pan t icapaeu m g o ld s taters a re c lass if ied b y Reg l ing o nj ust t hat b as is ), t he g roup c annot b e d iscr im ina ted f rom t he s ta ters o f t he V th g roup. As f or t he d a t ing , i te n t ire ly c orresponds w ith o urs ( t he v ery e nd o f t he I Vth c entury ), b u t w e d o n ot y et f ind j ust if icat ion f or s uch a p rec ise d et er m ina t ion a s t ha t o f K aryshkovsk i.

Actua l ly K aryshkovsk i h i msel f h as

s ubsequen t ly c o me t o d ate t he s tr ik ing o f g o ld s ta ters o n t he A t t ic s tandard t o t he p er iod o ft he r e ign o f Eume les ( 309-304 B .C.) .5 9 P ages 8 1-82: Ar ela t ive ly s hort t ime a go Pokh itonov p ub l ished a s pec ia l s tudy i n wh ich , b as ing h i mse lf o n t he c lass if icat ion o f t he Ph i l ip I s ta ters f rom t he P r ink ipo h oard , h e c arr ies o u t ar e-da t ing o f t he b ur ia l o f t hat h oard : h e c ons iders t he y ear o f i t s c reat ion t o b e n o t 3 35 o r 3 34 a s Reg l ing d id , b u t 3 55 o r 3 48 B .C. " Th is r e-dat ing f orces h im l ikew ise t o c hange t he d ates o f t he i ssuance o f t he g o ld Pan t icapaeu m s taters , s ett ing a s ide f or t he m a p er iod o f 3 80 t o 3 30 B .C., a nd c orrespond ing ly t o s h ift t he b eg inn ing o f t he monetary c r is is i n t he Bosporus t o t he e nd o f t he I Vth c en tury B .C. But t he a ctua l a l terat ion o f t he d ate o f t he Pr ink ipo h oard , b ased mere ly o n o bserva t ions r egard ing

1 90

t he s hape o f t he s pokes o f t he whee ls i n t he image o f t he b iga o n t he g o ld s taters o f Ph il ip , s ee ms t o u s i nsu f f ic ien t ly p laus ib le , a nd i tw ou ld b e imp ruden t t o c onstruc t u pon t h is f ar-reach ing h istor ica l d educt ions.

I n a dd it ion ,

Pokh itonov a dvances a n a l together a rb itrary t hes is a l leg ing t hat t he c a mpa ign o f A lexander o f Macedon a ga inst t he P ers ians e n t ire ly c u t t he B lack S ea c oast o f f f ro m t he r est o f t he a nc ien t wor ld a nd was t he b as ic c ause o f t he e cono m ic d ec l ine o f t he Bosporus, t he monetary c r is is i ncluded. Page 8 4 : Brab ich s ees i n t he r everse t ype o f t he s i lver o bo ls o f 3 75-360 B .C. ( Z. XL , 1 6 ) t he p roto me n o t o f ag r if f in , b u t o f a Pegasus , c o mpar ing t h is image w ith t he t ype o f much l ater c opper c o ins o f Pan t icapaeu m ( Z. XL , 1 9 ) —not c on te mporaneous o nes, a s Brab ich t h inks. 6 1 t ion f or t h is :

Bu t t here i s n o j ust if ica-

o n t he r everse o f t he o bo ls i n q uest ion o ne c learly s ees t he

p roto me o f a n e ag le-headed g r if f in w ith t he c haracter ist ic l ong n eck a nd w ith ah ead e qu ipped w ith a b eak ( Pla te I V, 4 3 ). P age 8 5 : The d at ing o f t he s er ies o f c opper c o ins u nder e xa m inat ion ( Z. XL , 1 82 0 ) t hat h ad b een p roposed b y u s , r elat ively l a te a s c o mpared w ith Z ograph 's d a tes, h as f ound c onv inc ing c on f ir mat ion n ot o n ly i n c onstan t f ind ings o f t hese c o ins i n c o mp lexes o f t he e nd o ft he I Vth c en tury B .C. a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he I lrd , b u t i n as o mewha t =expected a nd a pparen t ly r ando m c oun ter marki ng o f o ne o f t he c o ins o f t he l arge d eno m inat ion i n t h is s er ies w ith s ta mps u sua l f or mark ing c o ins o f t he s tart o f t he I Ird c en tury .6 2 Page 8 7 : K aryshkovsk i d en ies t he p oss ib il ity o f p ut t ing o n t he s a me c hrono log ical l eve l t he Pan t icapaeum s i lver c o ins h av ing t ypes o f t he h ead o f ab earded s a tyr t hree-quar ters l ef t , a nd a b u l l , w ith t he s econd s er ies o f Pan t icapaeu m g o ld ;

h e d ates t he m a s l ate a s t he b eg inn ing o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C. a nd

s ees i n t he m n ot t etrobo ls o n t he Aeg inet ic mone tary s tandard , b u t d rach mas o n t he Rhod ian o ne.63

K aryshkovsk i ls i deas mer it a t ten t ion , y et i ts t il l

s ee ms t o u s t hat t he a rgumen tat ion h e h as b rough t f orward i s f or t he p resen t i nsu f f ic ien t f or s o d ec ided a r e-dat ing o f t he s er ies o f s i lver c o ins u nder c ons iderat ion , a nd f or r enunc ia t ion o f Z ograph 's s tand. Page 8 8: The a ppearance , among Pant icapaeum monetary t ypes, o f t he i mage o f t he b ow a nd a rrow i s e xp la ined b y Yu. L . D iukov t hrough t he f act t ha t a t t he e nd o f t he I Vth c en tury B .C. c lashes b etween t he Bosporus g overnmen t a nd t he S cy th ians c o m mence, a nd t he c on ten t ion t hat t he n ew t ypes r ef lect i nc reas ing ly warl ike c ircu mstances . 6 4 Page 8 8: K aryshkovsk i i s p robab ly r ight 65 when h e p u ts o n a n e ven f oo t ing w ith t he l ast s er ies o f Pan t icapaeu m g o ld t he e x tre mely r are s i lver t r iobo ls w ith t he s a me o bverse a nd r everse t ypes a s t he d idrach ms ( B. XX , 6 2 ), a nd a lso t he u n ique d rach ma w ith t he t ype o f ab eard less h ead o f as atyr w ear ing a n i vy w reath , l ef t , o n t he o bverse , a nd o f ag razing h orse o n t he r everse. 66 K . V . Go lenko , t oo , w as i nc l ined t o d ate t h is l ast c o in t o t he e nd o f t he I Vth c en tury B .0 .6 7

I n v iew o f t he ir e x tre me r ar ity , t hese c o ins d id n o t make

t he ir way i n to Z ograph 's s yste ms a rrange men t , n or i n to o ur own .

1 91

P ages 8 9-94: The em iss ions o f c opper c o ins o f t he monetary c r is is p er iod a re e xam ined i n many s tud ies b y S ov iet n um is ma t ists.

A l l o f t hese s tud ies a ccep t t he

s yste ms a rrange men t a nd t he r ela t ive c hrono logy f or Pan t icapaeu m c opper o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C. t hat were p roposed b y Z ograph a nd b y u s .6 8

Bu t

t here a re a f ew a dd it ions a nd r ef ine men ts t hat may a nd s hou ld b e i n troduced i n to t he s che me w e l a id d own .

We may n ote i n p art icu lar K _ aryshkovsk i 's

p ub l ica t ion o f p rev ious ly u nknown Pan t icapaeu m c o in w ith t he i mage o f a b eard less s a tyr 's h ead o n t he o bverse a nd o f al i on 's h ead a nd a s turgeon o n t he r everse ( i .e., t he t ype o f B . XX , 7 071 ), a nd w ith c ounter marks i n t he f or m o f at we lve-po in ted s tar a nd a b owcase , b u t n ot a pp l ied a s a n a dd it iona l s ta mp a s i s u sua l— instead , c ut i n to t he u nderly ing d ies f or t he o bverse a nd r everse s ides o f t he c o in .6 9

There o ught a lso t o b e i nserted i n to t he p lan

t he c o ins w ith t he s a me t ypes a nd w ith a c oun ter mark i n t he f or m o f aw reath , n ow n o l onger k nown i n as ing le e xa mp le a s i n 1 956, b ut f a ir ly n u merous i nstead. 7 1

Pa instak ing s tudy o f t he c oun ter mark i n t he f or m o f at r ipod

h as e nab led N . A . Fro lova t o d ist ingu ish t he v ar ian t f or ms o f t he c o ins a t t he m idd le o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C., a nd t o t race o ut t he ir r e lat ive c hrono logy i n g rea ter d eta il t han h ad b een d one e arl ier.

On t h is f ounda t ion s he h as a p-

p rec iab ly r ef ined a nd a rt icu la ted t he d iagra m w e s et u p f or t he Pan t icapaeu m c opper c o inage o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C., e ven t hough a l l t he ma in e le men ts a nd l inkages o f o ur o u t l ine h ave r e ma ined u nchanged . 73 As f or t he a bso lu te c hrono logy o f t he i ssues o f Pant icapaeu m c opper c o in i n t he I Ird c en tury B .C., t h is s hou ld b e r e-exa m ined.

F irst o f a l l o ne

s hou ld t ake i n to a ccoun t t he we l l-substan t ia ted v iew o f K aryshkovsk i r egardi ng t he m in tage o f Pan t icapaeu m s i lver a s f ar b ack a s t he s econd d ecade o f t he I Ird c entury B .C., t hus t hrust ing o nward t he s tart o f t he monetary c r is is t o t he t urn o f t he f i rst a nd s econd q uar ters o f t hat c en tury ,

7 4

a l though c oun-

t er mark ing o f c opper c o ins i ssued a t t he e nd o f t he I Vth c en tury B .C. h ad a pparen t ly b een c arr ied o u t e ven b efore t hat .

On t he o ther h and , t he f ina l

i ssue o f Pan t icapaeu m c opper c o in f or t he p er iod o f t he c r is is —the l arge c o ins w ith t ypes o f t he h ead o f Pose idon a nd a p row ( B. XX I I , 1 53 )— is s ub ject t o r e-dat ing.

I nh is d ay Z ograph ( and a f ter h im a l l t he o ther i nvest igators )

d ated t hese t o t he t h ird q uarter o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C., h av ing i n m ind t he f act t hat t he ir t ypes r epeat t he t ypo logy o f t he Macedon ian t etradrachms w ith t he n a me o f An t igonus. 7 5

Ascr ibed t o An t igonus Gonatas a nd a ssoc iated w ith

t he v ictory o f t he Macedon ian k ing o ver a n Egypt ian f leet o f f Cos, t hese t etradrach ms w ere a ss igned t o t he m idd le o f t he I Ird c entury B .C., w h ich d eter m ined t he t ime f or t he ir Pan t icapaeu m c opper a na logs.

Bu t a t p resen t

t he i ssue o f Macedon ian t etradrach ms i s a ssoc iated w ith a b at t le a t Andros i n 2 27 B .C., a nd t he n a me u pon t he m i s u nderstood a s b e ing t ha t o f An t igonus Doson .7 6 For t h is r eason t he Pan t icapaeu m c o ins w ith t he h ead o f Pose idon a nd t he p row may a lso f a l l a s l ate a s t he l ast q uarter o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C., a nd t he o verco m ing o f t he mone tary c r is is i n t he Bosporus s hou ld b e a ss igned t o t hat t ime.

Thus t he who le s tory o f t he mone tary c r is is i s s h if ted

f orward b y aq uarter o f ac en tury ;

t he a bso lu te c hrono logy o f t he monetary

em iss ions o f t hat p er iod o ugh t a lso t o b e a ltered c orrespond ing ly.

The r e-

d a t ing o f a l l t hese s er ies was p erfor med b y K . V . Go lenko i n t wo s pec ia l a rt ic les ; 77 o ne s hou ld a pparen t ly a gree i n t he ma in w ith t he d ates h e p roposes. The n ew d a t ings l ink u p w e l l w ith t hose we i nd icated e ar l ier t hrough t he f act t hat t he most n u merous c o ins i n t he I Ird c en tury B .C., t he d egraded o nes w ith t he t ypes :

b eard less h ead o f s atyr—bow a nd a rrow ( B. . 2 0 Z , 7 9-80 )

w ere i ssued n ot o n ly i n t he f i rst h a lf , b u t a lso i n t he t h ird q uarter, o f t he c en tury , a nd c ircu lated o n t he market e ven l ater .7 8 1 92

pages 1 63-164 : The d if f icu l t ies o f d ist ingu ish ing a nd i den t ify ing t he d enom ina t ions o f t he Pant icapaeu m c opper f or t he p er iod o f t he monetary c r is is h ave b rough t a bou t c ons iderab le d ivergence o f v iews among s tuden ts o f t h is p rob le m. F rol ova was i nc l ined t o r eGard a l l c o ins o f t h is t ime a s b e ing r epresen tat ives o f as ing le d eno m inat ion. 7 9 Go lenko f urn ished a c onv inc ing c r it ic is m o f t h is e rroneous v iewpo in t . 8 ° Bu t h is own i deas r egard ing t he d enom ina t ions o f t h is m in tage c an s carce ly b e a cknow ledged a s c orrec t , e ither.

I n p art icu lar ,

h e p erce ives t he p resence o f t hree d enom ina t ions i n t he Pan t icapaeum c iv ic c o inage o f t he I Ird c en tury , s et t ing a part i n as pec ia l " sen ior" d enom inat ion t he c o ins w ith images o f t he h ead o f Pose idon a nd a p row ( B. XX I I , 1 53 ). 8 1 There a re n o j ust if icat ions f or t h is : t hese c o ins o bv ious ly r epresen t t he s a me " lead ing ," "med iu m" d eno m inat ion ( i n Go lenko 's t er m ino logy ) a s d o t he c o ins w ith t ypes B . XX , 7 2; XX , 7 3-78; XX I I , 1 63-164, a nd o thers. Th is i s e v idenced b y t he w e igh t n orms o f t he c o ins w ith t he h ead o f Pose idon , wh ich d o n ot e xceed , a nd e ven f a l l al i t t le b elow , t he n or ms f or t he "med iu m" d enom inat ion ( our d eno m inat ion I ) o f t he c opper p r ior t o i t s r educt ion. 8 2 The r are c oun ter mark ings w ith t ypes o f t he h ead o f Pose idon a nd a p row o n e arl ier c o ins o f t he "med iu m" d eno m inat ion ( B. 2 0 ( , 7 2;

B . = I, 1 61) a lso

s peak i nf avour o f t h is v iewpo in t .8 3 D ec ided o b ject ions a re a roused b y Go lenko 's t reatmen t o f t he d egraded c o ins w ith t ypes o f ab earded s tater a nd o f ab ow a nd a rrow ( B. XX , 7 9-80 ) a s b e ing c o ins o f a" jun ior" d eno m inat ion , w hereas h e c oncedes e ar l ier i ssues o f t hese c o ins t o b e o nes o f t he "med ium" d eno m inat ion. 8 4 The e n t ire h istory o f t he g radua l metro log ica l r educt ion o f t h is c opper, t he r ead ily t racked c oun ter mark ings a nd o verstr ik ings o f t hese c o ins, p rove i nassa i lab ly t hat a t a l l s tages o f t he ir s ty l ist ic a nd metro log ica l d eg rada t ion t hey w ere r egarded a s b e ing c o ins o f o ne a nd t he s a me d enom inat ion ( our d eno m inat ion I ), r epresen ted a t f u l l v a lue a t t he e nd o f t he I Vth c en tury B .C. a nd a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he I Ird b y t he c o ins w ith t he l i on 's h ead a nd t he s turgeon o nt he r everse 8 5

As f or t he o verstr ik ing , w ith t he t ypes o f

t h is "med iu m" d eno m inat ion o f c o ins, o f t he " jun ior" d eno m ina t ion w ith t he h ead o f ab u l l o n t he r everse ( B. X IX , 3 5-37 ), s uch a n o verstr ik ing c ou ld , o f c ourse, n o t s ign ify a n e qua l iz ing o f c opper o f t he t ype B . XX , 7 9-80 w ith t he " jun ior" d eno m inat ion , a s Go lenko b el ieves ,8 6 b u t o n t he c on trary h ad t he p urpose o f e levat ing t he n om ina l v a lue o f t he sma l l c opper c o ins a nd mak ing t he m e qua l t o t he v a lue o f t he d egraded c o ins o f t he "med iu m" d eno mi nat ion , t he r ea l meta l c on ten t o f wh ich b y t h is t ime n o l onger s urpassed t he we igh t n or ms f or c o ins o f t he t ype B . X IX , 3 5-37 ). The s uggest ion o f Fro lova t o t he e f fec t t hat t he c ounter mark ing o f c o ins w ith t he l i on 's h ead a nd s turgeon b y means o f at welve-po in ted s tar a nd a b owcase may h ave b een f or t he p urpose o f a lter ing t he ir n om ina l v a lue s ee ms more l ike ly ,8 7 b ut t h is i s n o more t han a t enab le h ypothes is wh ich c annot b e s ubstan t iated i n a ny way t hus f ar.

I n d eter m in ing t he n o menc lature o f t he d enom inat ions Go lenko

f o l lows Fro lova a nd c ons iders t he c o ins o f h is "med iu m" d eno m inat ion ( our d eno m inat ion I ) t o b e d icha lcons, a nd t he " jun ior" o nes t o b e c ha lcons, a lt hough h e a cco mpan ies t hese n a mes w ith a q uest ion- mark e very t ime. 8 8 S uch i den t if icat ions d o n o t a ppear c onv inc ing t o u s.

F ro lova ' sa ssert ion ,

wh ich l i es a t t he ir f oundat ion , t o t he e f fect t ha t t he c o ins w ith t he t ypes o f l i on 's h ead a nd s turgeon ( B. 2 0 Z , 7 0 ) i n it ia l t o t he e n t ire p er iod o f t he monet ary c r is is "may h ave b een d icha lcons t o as en ior t etrachalcon d eno m ina t ion , wh ich may h ave b een r epresen ted b y t he c o ins w ith t he t ypes :

1 93

h ead o f

b earded s atyr —bow , a rrow , I : ANTI

,"8 9

i s e n t irely a rb itrary a nd i s b acked

b y n o s o l id a rgu men ts.

What i s more, when s he d ec lares t hese c o ins i n

q uest ion w ith t he t ypes :

b earded s atyr —bow a nd a rrow ( B. X IX , 4 9 ) t o b e

t etracha lcons , Fro lova s hou ld h ave a ss igned t o t he s a me d eno m inat ion l ikew ise t he c o ins, e qua l t o t he m i n w e igh t a nd d ia meter a nd v ery c lose t o t he m i nt ime, wh ich h ave t he t ypes : 6 0 );

b eard less h ead o f s atyr —head o f b u l l ( B. XX ,

y et s he c ons iders t hese t o b e o bo ls.

I n o ur o p in ion , b o th t hese g roups

a re o bo ls, a nd t he d eno m ina t ion o f o ne-ha lf , r epresen ted b y t he c o ins o f t he t ype B . 2 0, ( , 7 0 a nd B . XX , 7 2 a nd b y f urther i ssues o f t he p er iod o f t he monet ary c r is is , a re t etracha lcons.

Th is d ef in it ion i s c on f ir med t hrough a c o m-

p ar ison o f t hese c o ins w ith l ater c opper o f L eucon Io n t he o ne h and a nd w ith Bosporus t etracha lcons o f t he M ithradates V I p er iod o n t he o ther.

Go lenko

a ccep ts t he d ef in it ion w e h ad p roposed f or t he d eno m inat ions o f t he r ega l c opper m in tage o f L eucon I , b u t f or s o me r eason h e e qu iva lates t he b as ic "med iu m"

d eno m inat ion o f t he c onte mporaneous c iv ic c opper n ot w ith t he

m idd le d eno m inat ion o f t he L eucon c o ins , i .e. t etracha lcons , b u t w ith t he j un ior o nes —d icha lcons. 9 ° Th is s tr ikes u s a s a n e rror. I ndeed , Go lenko h i mse lf i n a nother s tudy j ux taposes t he m idd le d eno m ina t ion o f L eucon 's c o ins w ith a "med iu m" d eno m inat ion o f c iv ic c opper —w ith c o ins o f t he t ype B . ) 0 ( , 7 0-71. 9 1

A l l i n a l l , w e f a il t o s ee a ny j ust if icat ion f or i n troduc ing

a ny s ubstan t ia l c hanges i n to t he t ab le we h ad p resen ted f or t he d iv is ion o f Pan t icapaeum c o ins o f t he I Ird c en tury B .0 .i n to d eno m ina t ions, w ith a s ing le e xcep t ion :

t he l arger c o ins w ith t he t ypes :

b earded h ead o f s atyr —bow

a nd a rrow , s truck a t t he e nd o f t he c r is is p er iod ( B. = I , 1 61 ) a nd a scr ibed b y u s ( w ith a q uest ion- mark , t o b e s ure ) t o t he j un ior o r t h ird d eno m ina t ion , s t i l l p robab ly b e long t o t he m idd le o r s econd d eno m ina t ion , w hereas t he j un ior d eno m inat ion i s r epresen ted i n t h is s er ies b y t he sma l ler monotype c o ins o f B . X IX , 3 8. Fro lova h as s uccessfu l ly s ing led o ut i n t h is s er ies t wo g roups o f c o ins, d ist ingu ished a s t o we igh ts, a s tate o f a f fa irs wh ich a ppare n t ly c orresponds t o t hese t wo d eno m ina t ions .9 2 Page 1 05 : I n a dd it ion t o t he h oards o f Bosporus c opper o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C. t ha t a re r eferred t o i n o ur t ex t , we may n a me f our f urther h oards t hat h ave s ubsequen t ly b eco me k nown :

ah oard o f c o ins o f L eucon I a nd o f Pan t icap-

a eu m c o ins o f t he t h ird q uarter o f t he I Ird c en tury , f ound i n 1 954 a t Gorg ipp ia ;9 3

a sma l l h oard b rought t o l i gh t i n 1 960 a t Myr mec iu m a nd c ons-

i st ing o f Pan t icapaeum c o ins f ro m t he v ery b eg inn ing o f t he c r is is 9 4 p robab ly c on te mporaneous w ith t he l arge 1 877 h oard f ro m K erch ; sma l l h oards o f a pprox i mate ly t he s a me t ime f ro m Ny mphaeu m. 95

a nd

a nd t wo Tak ing

i n to a ccoun t t he n ew d at ing f or t he v ar ious s er ies o f c opper c o ins o f t he I Ird c en tury t hat w e h ave d iscussed a bove , we c an l ay o u t t he f o l low ing c hronol og ica l s equence f or t he b ur ia l o f t he h oards o f t he monetary c r is is p er iod : 1 .

Pan t icapaeum

1 877

2 .

Myr mec iu m

1 960

3 .

Nymphäeu m

1 954

4 .

Pan t icapaeu m

1 869

5 .

Nymphaeu m

1 951

6 .

Pan t icapaeum

1 879

7 .

Phanagor ia

1 879

Beg inn ing o f t he 2 nd q uarter o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C.

S econd q uarter o f t he Ird c en tury B .C.

1 94

8 .

P an t icapaeum

1 879

9 .

Gorg ipp ia

1 882 9 7

1 0.

Gorg ipp ia

1 954

1.

Myr mec ium

1 934 9 8

Th ird q uarter o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C.

L ast q uarter o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C.

Page 1 05 : Our o vera l l a rt icle o nt he mone tary c ircu lat ion o f t he I VthI Ind c en tur ies B .0 .9 9

o f fers a l i st ing o f t he f i nds o f c opper c o ins o f t he I Vth-I I Ird c en tur ies

B .C. t hat w ere made i nt he Bosporus b efore 1 960 ; l ater f inds a re r ef lected i n ar ange o f n um is mat ic p ubl ica t ions .1°° L . P . K harko h as e nunc ia ted a t hes is t o t he e f fec t t hat t he v ar ious g roups o f c oun ter marked c o ins o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C. may h ave h ad d i f fer ing s pheres o f c ircu lat ion w ith in t he t err itory o f t he Bosporus s tate .1 °1

The mater ia ls b rought t ogether i n o ur

a rt ic le d o n ot c on f ir m t h is h ypo thes is.

From t he m i tc an b e s een t hat c o ins

o f a l l t ypes c ircu lated e qua l ly i n t he v ar ious t owns whether o n t he European o r o nt he As ia t ic s ide o f t he Bosporus. The s ame t h ing i s a t tested b y t he d a ta f or t he c o in h oards o f t he monetary c r is is p er iod—the ir c ompos it ion p aten t ly d epends n ot o n t he p lace where t hey w ere a sse mbled a nd b ur ied , b u t mere ly u pon t he t ime t hey w ere b u i lt u p. There a re a lso s o me n ew d ata o n f inds o f Bosporus c opper o f t he I VthI Ird c en tur ies o uts ide t he b oundar ies o f Bosporus t err itory—at O lb ia ,1 02 a t Chersonesus a nd i n i t s p ossess ions, t he K uban a pproaches,

1°5

1 °3

a t K a menka Dneprovskaya ,

a nd i n Transcaucas ia . 1 °6

1 04

i n

A l l o f t hese f inds,

h owever, a re r ando m o nes c ons ist ing o f i so lated c o ins , a nd t hey d o n ot a l low u s t o s peak o f ap enetrat ion , i n a ny s ense s ign if ican t , o f Bosporus c opper b eyond Bosporus f ron t iers. I ti s i nd ica t ive t hat e ven i n t he l ower Don b as in , where t here was t he wel l-evo lved t rad ing c en tre o f t he Yel izavetovo s et t lemen t , a nd f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he I Ird c entury B .C. t he t own o f Tana is, c ircu lat ion o f Bosporus c opper was a ctua l ly n on-ex isten t. 1 °7

An e xcept ion

i n t h is r egard i s ofered b y t he t owns ite c lose b y t he Cossack v i l lage o f Ye l izavet inskaya i nt he K uban , where t here h as b een b rought t ogether f ro m e xcava t ion ma ter ia ls a nd f ro m r ando m f inds a l arge c o l lect ion o f a nc ien t c o ins, ma in ly f ro m Pan t icapaeum , o f t he e nd o f t he I Vth c en tury B .C. a nd o f t he I Ird , c ons ist ing o f many d ozens o f s pec i mens a nd s tud ied i n d eta il b y N . V . An f i mov .1 08 These f inds u nquest ionab ly b ear w itness t o t he e x istence h ere o f a monetary c ircu la t ion b ased o n Bosporus c opper, a nd t hey p rov ide warran t f or An f i mov 's t reatmen t o ft h is s et t le men t a s a Bosporus s upport b ase i nt he c en tra l Kuban a pproaches. Pages 1 06-107 : The i n tens ive p enetrat ion i n to t he Bosporus o f Cyz icus s ta ters, a nd s ubs equen t ly t hat o f t he g o ld o fA lexander a nd L ys i machus , e v iden t ly t ook c are o f t he n eed f or i n ter loca l c o in e xper ienced b y t he Bosporus. The s uggest ion o f E . S choenert-Ge iss t o t he e f fect t ha t t he f ore ign t rade o f t he a nc ien t s tates o ft he n or thern B lack S ea l i t tora l d ur ing t he p er iod o f i t s f l ower ing g ot a long e ssen t ia l ly w ithou t c o ins a nd " is b ased p reponderan t ly u pon b arter o ver t he c ourse o f who le c en tur ies" 1°9 i s t o b e r e jected c ategor ica l ly. Th is h ypothes is, b ased u pon a bsence f ro m t he n orthern B lack S ea l i t tora l o f a ny f inds o f c o ins o fA thens, Rhodes, o r Byzan t ium , r uns c oun ter t o e very th ing t hat w e k now a bou t t he n ature o f t he t rade o f t he B lack S ea c oast d ur ing t he

1 95

c lass ica l a nd He l len ist ic p er iods, a nd i tf a i ls t o t ake i n to a ccoun t t he f unct ion p erfor med b y i n terloca l med ia o f c ircu lat ion.

I fo ne were t o a gree w ith t h is

t heory , i t wou ld a lso b eco me a l together imposs ib le t o u nderstand t he s ense o f Pan t icapaeu m 's m in t ing g o ld s ta ters o f i t s own , wh ich w ere c a lcu la ted t o c ircu late u pon t he f ore ign market. Pages 1 08-109 : I ti s q u ite l ike ly t hat t he g o ld s ta ters c ited f or t he P u len tsovo a nd Ta man h oards b elong t o as ing le f ind made i n O ctober 1 845 i n t he Ta man .1 1 ° Pages 1 10-111: I n h is r ev iew o f o ur b ook a nd i n as pec ia l a rt ic le K aryshkovsk i r e jected Z ograph 's c o mpu tat ions , a ccep ted b y u s , a nd t he i n terpretat ion o f t he e xh ib its c on ta ined i n t he o ra t ion o f De mosthenes a ga inst Phor m ion , a nd h e b rought f orward c o mpu tat ions o f h is own . 11

The p rob le m o f t he r ela t ive v a lues o f

P ant icapaeu m g o ld s ta ters a nd o f c yz icenes i s a ssoc iated w ith t he more g ene ra l q uest ion o f t he e xchange r a te b etween g o ld a nd s i lver i n t he B lack S ea l i t tora l , s o meth ing t ha t i s d eba ted i n l ively f ash ion i n t he n um is ma t ic l i terat ure. 1 12

Bu t n o mat ter h ow o ne may r eso lve t h is q uest ion , t he p ropos it ion

a dvanced b y Z ograph t o t he e f fect t hat t he Pan t icapaeu m g o ld s taters w ere i ssued w ith a v iew t o t he ir c ircu la t ion u pon a n e x terna l market , a nd t hat t hey w ere c urren t o n a n e ven f oo t ing w ith , t he c yz icenes, r e ma ins v a l id. P ages 1 19-121: We must a cknow ledge t hat t he e luc ida t ion o f t he c auses f or t he Bosporus monetary c r is is o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C. a s g iven i n o ur b ook was i nsuf f ic ien t . A n u mber o f a rt icles b y S ov iet n um is mat ists h ave b een d evo ted t o t h is q uest ion , a nd a lthough i th as n ot t hus f ar p roved p oss ib le t o work o u t ac om mon o u t look u pon t he n a ture a nd c auses o f t he c r is is, many o f t he o bserva t ions made i n t he c ourse o f t he d iscuss ion s hou ld b e g iven c ons idera t ion .

Appar-

e n t ly t he c r is is was t he r esu lt o f ac o mp l icated a ggrega t ion o f e cono m ic a nd p o l it ica l p rocesses wh ich a f fected n ot o n ly t he monetary e cono my o f t he Bosporus b u t a lso t he c urrency a nd t he monetary c ircu la t ion o f o ther a nc ien t s tates i n t he p er iod o f e arly Hel len is m. 1 13 Pages 1 36-137 : A r ev iew o f t he c hrono logy f or t he i ssues o f Pan t icapaeu m c o ins i n t he monetary c r is is p er iod d iscussed a bove i n troduces c erta in a lterat ions i n to t he p icture w e h ad s ke tched o u t w ith r egard t o t he c ircu lat ion o f c opper i n t he I Ird c entury B .0 C. I n p art icu lar o ne h as t o r enounce t he p ropos it ion t ha t t he c oun ter mark i n t he f or m o f ah ead o f A thena , o n c o ins w ith t he t ypes o f ah ead o f P ose idon a nd a p row ( B. XX [ I, 1 54-158 ), w ere s uper i mposed b y L eucon I s i mu ltaneously w ith h is i ssuance o f r ega l c o in .

And y e t i n t he

u n ity b etween t he t ypes o f t he med iu m d eno m inat ion o f L eucon 's c o ins a nd t he l ater c oun ter mark o n P an t icapaeum c o ins o ne may , a s h itherto , s ee e v idence o f t he s a meness o f t he d eno m ina t ions o f t hese c o ins ( t etrachalcons i n o ur v iew ), wh ich c on f ir ms t he c ons idera t ions a dvanced a bove i n o ppos it ion t o t he i den t if icat ion o f t he d eno m ina t ions o f I Ird c en tury B .C. c o ins t hat was a dvanced b y Fro lova a nd Go lenko. P age 1 58 : K aryshkovs l k i c on jectura l ly a ss igns t he s i lver d rach mas a nd t r iobo ls w ith t ypes o f Apo l lo h ead o n o bverse , p roto me o f g r if f in a nd h ead o f l i on o n r ev erse, t o t he p er iod s t il l o f t he monetary c r is is, j ux tapos ing t he m w ith t he f i rst i ssues o f c opper w ith t he h ead o f Apo l lo , 1 96

1 14

b u t t here a re t o d ate n o

c onv inc ing d a ta i n s upport o f s uch a r e-dat ing o f t he s i lver i n q uest ion. Page 1 39 : A t p resen t o ne may r egard a s a n e stab l ished ma t ter t he d a t ing o f t he P ant icapaeum s i lver t etradrachms, t he c hrono log ica l p inn ing-down o f wh ich g ave r ise t o s o many o bscur it ies a nd d oubts.

Go lenko p resen ted d ec ided ly

s er ious a rgumen ts i n f avour o f mov ing t hese t e tradrach ms, a nd t he v ery r are sma l ler s i lver c o ins a ssoc ia ted w ith t he m, b ack t o t he p re-cr is is p er iod o f t he ' P an t icapaeu m m in tage. He d ated t he m t o t he e nd o f t he I V th c en tury B .0 .15

C lose ly s im i lar c onc lus ions w ere r eached b y K aryshkovsk i, who t o

b eg in w ith a greed t o Go lenko 's d at ing ,1 16 b u t s ubsequen t ly p laced t he m int age o f t he Pan t icapaeum t etradrach ms i n t he s econd d ecade o f t he I Ird c ent ury B .0 .1 17

Thus t he r enunc iat ion b y t he P an t icapaeum moneyers o f t he

Aeg inet ic metro log ica l s tandard i n t he s tr ik ing o f s i lver , a nd t he ir s h if t t o n ew w e igh t n or ms i n a ccordance w ith wh ich t he Pan t icapaeu m t etradrachms w ere s truck , s hou ld b e a ss igned n o t t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C., a s Z ograph a nd w e o urselves h ad s upposed , b u t t o ap er iod w h ich w as s t il l a n ter ior t o t he monetary c r is is i n t he Bosporus. Page 1 41: The r e-str ik ing o f P an t icapaeu m d rachmas u pon s ome s or t o f e ar l ier s i lver, wh ich w e h ad p o in ted o u t , h as n ow b een c on f ir med b y Go lenko , who s ucceeded i n e stab l ish ing t he f act t ha t t he mater ia l f or t hese r estr ikes was Am isus d rachmas w ith t he t ypes o f t he n ymph o f Am isus a nd o f a n ow 1. 1 18 These r estr ikes wou ld s ee m t o s peak i n f avour o f ac er ta in p ro longa t ion o f t he t er m f or t he i ssuance o f t he P an t icapaeum d rachmas, a nd f or i t s e xtens ion i n to t he l ast d ecades o f t he r u le o ft he S partoc ids , s ometh ing Go lenko h ad p roposed e ven e arl ier. 1 19 P age 1 42 : Go lenko h as p ub l ished a s i lver t r ihe m iobo l f rom t he f or mer A . G . Go l ikov c o l lect ion , w ith t ypes o f ah ead o f A thena w ith in a c irc le o f d o ts a nd o f ag ra in e ar , a nd h e h as d ated i tt o t he t h ird q uarter o f t he I lnd c en tury B .0 .1 20 The p resence u pon t h is c o in o f a monogra m wh ich Go lenko r eads a s t he b eg inn ing o f an a me KT( n) . .. a nd wh ich h e c o mpares w ith monogra ms o n l ate i ssues o f Pant icapaeum d rachmas a lso o b l iges o ne t o p ay c loser a t ten t ion t o h is d at ing o ft he l at ter a s f ar f orward a s t he s econd h a lf o f t he Ind c en tury B .0 C. Go lenko 's e ndeavour t o b reak t he who le s i lver a nd c opper c o inage o f Pan t ic apaeu m i n t he r ind c entury B .C. d own i n to s er ies f or v ar ious p er iods merely o n t he b as is o ft ypo log ica l c onfron tat ions 1 21 may f or t he t ime b e ing b e a ccepted o n ly i nt he c haracter o f a n e x tre mely g enera l h ypo thes is. Page 1 42: Tak ing t he r everse t ype o f t he Pan t icapaeu m t r ihe m iobo ls o f t he Ind c en tury B .C. t o b e ar epresen tat ion o f ab eacon c anno t b e p assed a s b eyond q uest ion. Th is i mage h as b een p erce ived a s ab eeh ive , a nd a s a n a l tar, a nd a s a n i ncense-burner.

Go lenko , w ho h ad e arl ier c ons idered t h is image t o

b e ab eacon a nd who o nt h is b as is h ad a ss igned t he t r ihe m iobo ls i n q uest ion t o t he e x tens ive g roup o f c o ins t hat a re a ssoc iated w ith t he s ea a nd w ith s eaf ar ing b y v irtue o f t he ir t ypo logy ,

1 22

l ater c ame t o i n terpret i ta s b e ing a

t he m iater ium .1 23 Page 1 44 :. We b ased o ur d at ing o f t he i ssue o f sma l l c o ins h av ing t he t ypes : g r iff in 's w ing a nd t r ipod—at t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C. n ot o n ly o n a na log ies o f t ypo logy , f abr ic, a nd s ty le, b u t a lso o n t he c ircumstance o f t hese t iny c o ins ' 1 97

b e ing f ound t ogether w ith c o ins t ha t a re f i rm ly d ated t o t he m idd le o f t he I Ird c entury B .C. I ts ee med t o u s t ha t t hese l a t ter c ou ld n ot h ave l i ngered o n i n c ircu la t ion t i l l t he b eg inn ing o f t he I st c entury B .C. Tha t a rgumen t i s n ow n o l onger t o b e c ons idered , s ince w e k now o f s evera l h oards o f t he M ithradat es p er iod t hat c on ta in c o ins o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C. ( see b elow , s upp le ment ary n ote t o p age 1 62 ).

O ur d a t ing o f t he sma l l c o ins w ith t he g r if f in 's w ing

a nd t he t r ipod h as, h owever, r ece ived c on f ir ma t ion o f ad if feren t o rder : t here h as b een f ound a t Phanagor ia a c o in o f t he f i rst h a lf o f t he Ind c en tury B .C. ( B. XX I, 1 14 ) r estruck u pon s uch a c o in , s ometh ing w h ich r u les o u t o f t he q uest ion e very p oss ib i l ity o f a ss ign ing t he i ssue o f t hese l i tt le c o ins, w ith t he t ypes o f t he w ing a nd t r ipod , t o al a ter t ime. 1 24 P age 1 45 : To t he l i sted i ssues o f monetary c opper o f t he Ind c en tury B .C. t here s hou ld b e a dded t he d icha lcon , p ub l ished b y Go lenko , w ith t he i mage o f a b eard less h ead r igh t ( Apo l lo? ) o nt he o bverse, a nd o f ag ra in-ear o n t he r ev erse .1 25 The f or m o f t he i nscr ip t ion F i ANTIKAI TAITQN p laces t h is c o in i n p rox im ity t o t he c opper t etracha lcons a nd t he s i lver d rach mas w ith t he t ype o f ab owcase o n t he r everse. Pages 1 46-147 : We a re a lso a cqua in ted w ith P an t icapaeum c o ins w ith t he h ead o f ab eardl ess s a tyr a nd w ith c aps o f t he D ioscur i wh ich a re o verstruck o n Phanagor ia c o ins w ith t he b ow a nd a rrow. 1 26 Page 1 48 : V . F . Ga iduk iev ich d ec ided ly o b jects t o o ur u nderstand ing o f t he n ature o f t he i ssuance o f c o ins b y Theodos ia i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C., o n t he b as is t ha t " a c en tury e arl ier , i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he I Vth c en tury , Theodos ia h ad a lso s t ruck c o in o f i t s own i n sma l l q uan t ity , e ven t hough a t t hat t ime t he t own w as f i rm ly i n t he p ossess ion o f t he Bosporus k ingdo m a nd t here c an b e n o q uest ion o f i t s h av ing b een i ndependen t." 1 27 For s o me r eason Ga iduk iev ich f a i ls t o p ay a tten t ion t o t he f act , p o in ted o u t b y u s , t hat i nt he I Vth c en tury B .C., t oo , t he Theodos ia m in t ing c o inc ides i n t ime w ith m il itary c on f l ic t b etween Heracle ia Pon t ica a nd t he S partoc ids. He moreover d en ies i ng enera l t hat t here w as a w ar b etween t he Bosporus a nd Herac le ia Pon t ica i n t he d ays o f L eucon I , r eferr ing a l l t he t est imony o f Po lyaenus c oncern ing t h is w ar t o t he p er iod o f L eucon I .

I n r e ject ing o ur

i n terpre tat ion o ft he c ircu mstances o f t he Theodos ia m in t ing , Ga iduk iev ich d oes n o t h i mse l f s eek t o o f fer a ny e xp lana t ion o f t he s porad ic e fforts o f Theodos ia t o i ssue c o in o f i t s own h av ing a p aten t ly man ifested a n t i-Bosporus t ypo logy. P age 1 50 : Go lenko p laced i n q uest ion t he g enu ineness o f t he u n ique Gorg ipp ia s i lver c o in o f t he Ind c en tury B .C. F irst c au t iously ,1 28 a nd l ater more c ategori ca l ly ,1 29 h e r ecogn ized i ta s af orgery o f r ecen t t imes. Bu t t he f ea tures o f t h is d rach ma wh ich h e c i tes a s b e ing s usp ic ious f rom h is p o in t o f v iew s t il l d o n ot a l l6w o ne c on f iden t ly t o e xc lude t he c o in f rom t he l i st o f Bosporus n um is mat ic r ecords, t he more s o i n t hat many o f t hese p ecu l iar it ies a re a lso c harac ter ist ic t o t he Phanagor ia t e trobo ls * ( con te mporary w ith t he Gorg ipp ia d rach ma ) wh ich a re k nown t o b e g enu ine a nd wh ich a re e ncoun tered i n t he mater ia ls o f a rchaeo log ica l e xcava t ions. P age 1 51: Adopt ion o f t he A tt ic metro log ica l s yste m f or t he s tr ik ing o f t he Bosporus s i lver o f t he I Ird-I Ind c en tur ies B .0 .h ad b een p ostu la ted b y A . L . Bert ier 1 98

d e l a Garde, a nd h ad n ot b een s ub jected t o d oubt b y a nyone u n t il r ecen t ly. Bu t t hen K aryshkovsk i e xpressed t he o p in ion t hat when t he w e ight s tandard w as c hanged i n t he Bosporus a t t he b eg inn ing o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C. t here was i nt roduced i n p lace o f t he Aeg inet ic s tandard u sed e arl ier n o t t he A t t ic o ne, b u t t he Ch ian-Rhod ian o ne .1 30

Go lenko a nd Fro lova b ore t he mselves

s ympathet ica l ly t oward t h is p o in t o f v iew. 1 31

Bu t t here i s s carcely n eed t o

b e i n a ny h urry a bou t r enounc ing t rad it iona l i deas o n t h is q uest ion .

For

K aryshkovsk i an a tura l a rgu men t i s h is t heoret ica l ly d er ived w e ight f or t he Bosporus s i lver d rach ma , c om ing a ccord ing t o h is c a lcu lat ions t o 3 .8-3.9 g , whereas t he A t t ic n or m i s 4 .37.

Bu t w e c anno t r ea l ly e xpec t t o f ind i n t he

n orthern B lack S ea l i t tora l i n t he I Ird c en tury B .C. a n A t t ic w e igh t s tandard i n i t s f u l l e xpress ion—apprec iab le r educt ion b oth o f t he a ctua l a nd o f t he " nor ma l" w e igh ts o f c o ins a s c o mpared w ith t he s tandard 's o r ig ina l n or m a re q u ite i ne luc tab le h ere .1 32

Th is c ircu mstance h as b een n oted o n more t han

o ne o ccas ion b y a l l n um is ma t ists, w el l a cqua in ted w ith i t .1 34

1 33

a nd K aryshkovsk i h i mse lf i s p erfect ly

Fro m t h is s tandpo in t t he e xact c o inc idence o f t he

w e ight n or m f or t he Bosporus s i lver d rach ma w ith t he i dea l n or m f or t he Rhod ian monetary s tandard s peaks n o t f or, b u t a ga inst , o ne 's t ak ing i tt hat t he l at ter s tandard l i es a t t he b as is o f t he Bosporus s i lver c o inage o f t he I rdI Ind c en tur ies B .C.

I n p ract ice t he w e igh t o f Pan t icapaeu m s i lver c o ins

o f t he I Ird a nd Ind c entur ies B .C. n ever r eached t he n or m o f t he A tt ic o r e ven o f t he Rhod ian s tandard , s o t ha t e ven i fw e a ccep t K aryshkovsk i' sh ypot hes is w e s hou ld s t il l b e f orced t o r ecord t he e x istence o f ac ons iderab le g ap b etween t he t heoret ica l w e igh t n or ms a nd t he a ctua l w e ight o f t he s i lver c o ins. I n a dd it ion , w e a re wel l aware t hat a t t he v ery e nd o f t he I Vth c en t ury B .C. t hey w en t o ver t o t he A t t ic s tandard a t Pan t icapaeu m i n t he c o inage o f g o ld ; t h is s tandard was a lso a pp l ied t hereaf ter t o t he g o ld r ega l c o inage o f t he S par toc ids.

A s h if t f ro m t he Aeg inet ic s tandard t o t h is s a me A t t ic s tandard

i n t he c o in ing o f s i lver s tr ikes o ne a s e n t ire ly n a tura l.

I nas much a s a t t hat

t ime t he e xchange r ate b etween g o ld a nd s i lver c a me t o 1 :10 a t t hat t ime,

1 35

t he r e lat ionsh ip b etween g o ld a nd s i lver c o ins s truck o n t he s a me metro log ica l s tandard o ught t o b e s i mp le a nd c lear.

And t he a l most s i mu ltaneous i n tro-

d uct ion o f s t il l af urther me tro log ica l s tandard—that o f Rhodes —for t he c o ini ng o f s i lver s ee ms u n l ikely .

A l l t hese c ons idera t ions f orce u s t o r egard

K aryshkovsk i 's h ypothes is w ith m isg iv ings a nd t o h o ld t o t he e arl ier i den t if ic at ion o f t he metro log ica l s yste m f or Bosporus s i lver i n t he I IrdI Ind c ent ur ies B .C. a s b e ing t he A tt ic o ne. Page 1 55 : Go lenko c ons iders t he P an t icapaeu m c o ins w ith t ypes o f t he h ead o f a b earded s a tyr, a nd o f ac ornucop iae b etween c aps o f t he D ioscur i, t o b e d ic ha lcons .1 36 Page 1 57: On t he o bverses o f t he s tater a nd t he d rach mas o f Hyg iaenon , a s o n a l l t he c o ins o f t he l ater S partoc ids, t here i s as o mewhat i deal ized p ortra it o f t he r u ler h i msel f. 1 37

Th is i s o f s ubstan t ia l i n terest f or a n u nderstand ing o f

t he s oc ia l s tatus o f Hyg iaenon , who a pparen t ly s aw h i msel f a s a Hel len ist ic monarch d esp ite t he f act t hat f or s o me r eason h e b ore t he t i t le o f a rchon r ather t han t hat o f k ing. P age 1 60 : N ot v ery l ong a go Brab ich s ough t t o r esusc ita te t he o ld v iew a ccord ing t o wh ich t he e ar l iest g o ld s ta ters w ith t he n a me o f Paer isades w ere i ssued a s 1 99

f ar b ack a s t he f i rst h a lf o f t he I Ird c en tury u nder P aer isades I .1 38

But

h is o p in ion b u i lds n o t o n a na lys is o f t he a ctua l n um is mat ic r ecords, w h ich wou ld r un c oun ter t o s o e ar ly a d a t ing , b u t i nstead mere ly o n g enera l h istor ic a l c ons iderat ions ( and moreover o nes n o t a lways c orrect ) r egard ing a s pec ia l r o le o f Paer isades I i n t he d evelop men t o f Bosporus t rade.

As f or

Brab ich ts r eference t o t he f ind ing o f o ne o f t he s taters i n t he A rt iukhov t u mul us, a f ter t he r e-da t ing o f t h is c o mp lex b y M. I . Maks i mova who r e jected t he e arl ier d a t ing o f t he c o mp lex t o t he I Ird c en tury B .C . a s a dvanced b y L . S tefan i1 39 t ury B .C.,

1 40

a nd who p laced t h is r ecord i n t he t h ird q uarter o f t he Ind c ent h is r eference s peaks r ather a ga inst t han i n f avour o f h is

c hrono log ica l i deas. Go lenko h as r epub l ished t wo s taters o f Paer isades t hat f or merly b e longed t o t he I . A . Ter letsk i c o l lect ion a nd t hen t o t hat o f F . I . P rowe a nd t ha t w ere a qu ired i n 1 962 b y t he Pushk in S tate Museum f or t he Represen ta t iona l Arts a t Moscow. 1 41

The c oarse s ty le o f t hese c o ins a nd t he ir c loseness t o t he

s taters f ro m t he S eversk t u mu lus o b l iged Go lenko t o a ss ign t he m t o t he l a test g roup o f s taters w ith t he n a me o f Paer isades. h im i n t h is.

One may p erhaps a gree w ith

Bu t o ne must d ec ided ly p ro test a ga inst h is a t te mpt t o s ee i n o ne

o f t hese s taters a p osthu mous i ssue o f g o ld o f t he l ast Paer isades u ndertaken a lready i n t he d ays o f Mithradates Eupator.

The r eason f or t h is u nexpected

c onc lus ion was a mu t i lat ion o f t he n a me o f t he k ing s upposed ly t o b e o bserved o n t h is s tater a nd i nadm iss ib le d ur ing t he l i fet i me o f Paer isades .1 42

Bu t

i n t he f i rst p lace a n e rror i n t he n a me o f ak ing o n c o ins i ssued a f ter h is d eath wou ld b e j ust a s d if f icu lt t o e xp la in a s wou ld o ne o n c o ins o f al i fet i me i ssue, i fo n ly o ne d oes n o t s uppose h ere t he p resence o f as o-ca l led " barbari an im itat ion ," s o meth ing f or wh ich t here a re n o g rounds.

I n t he s econd

p lace , t he monetary p o l icy o f Mithradates V I , r e la t ive ly w el l k nown t o u s, i n i tsel f d oes n o t a dm it o f t he p ropos it ion t hat d ur ing h is d ay g o ld s taters w ith t he n a me o f h is p redecessor o n t he Bosporus t hrone c ou ld h ave b een s truck . Bu t t he ma in t h ing i s t hat t he v ery mu t ila t ion o f t he i nscr ipt ion o n t he P aer is ades c o in i s i l lusory.

The i nscr ip t ion o nt he s ta ter i s q u ite c orrect , a l-

t hough c rude ly e xecuted , a s i s a pparen t f ro m t he e n larged p hotograph o f fered ( f ig. 2 ) b y Go lenko h i mse l f.

On t h is a ccoun t t he s tater u nder c ons idera t ion

was u nquest ionab ly s truck b y k ing Paer isades h i mse l f. The a ccu mu lat ion , i n r ecen t y ears, o f ag reat d ea l o f n ew mater ia l o n t he Lys i machus c o inage wh ich s erved a s a mode l f or t he i ssuance o f t he g o ld s taters o f t he S partoc ids, a nd i nvest iga t ion b y S ey r ig a nd o ther n um is mat ists i n to t etradrach ms a nd s taters o f Lys i machus c om ing f or t he most p art f ro m h oards o f As ia Minor , S yr ia , e tc.

‚ 143

r ender i nd ispensab le a g enera l r ev iew

o f t he c hrono logy o f t he S partoc id g o ld c o inage. Z ograph h ad a lready c a l led i n h is d ay ,1 44

Th is work , f or w h ich

i s o ne o f t he most v ita l t asks i n

t he s tudy o f Bosporus n um is ma t ics. Page 1 62 : The q uest ion o f t he l eng th o f t ime o ver wh ich Pan t icapaeum c o ins o f t he monetary c r is is p er iod c ircu lated i n Bosporus markets i s ap ret ty c o mp l icat ed o ne.

A n u mber o f c ons idera t ions f orced u s t o s uggest t hat t hey w ere

c urren t a l l t he way d own t o t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury B .0 .1 45

Bu t t here

i s i n for ma t ion wh ich t est if ies t hat t hese c o ins may h ave ma in ta ined t he ms elves i n c ircu lat ion e ven l onger.

As f ar b ack a s 1 948 t here was f ound a t

2 00

t he P hanagor ia t owns ite a sma l l r ando m h oard , t he ma in c on ten t o f wh ich w as made u p o f Pan t icapaeu m c opper o f t he monetary c r is is p er iod , Pan t ic apaeum c opper o f t he monetary c r is is p er iod , Pan t icapaeu m a nd Phanagor ia c o ins o f t he r ind c en tury B .0 . ;

i n a dd it ion , t here w ere i n t he h oard t wo

c opper c o ins o f t he l ast t h ird o f t he I Vth c en tury B .C.

The d ate o f b ur ia l o f

t he h oard may b e d ef ined a s t he v ery e nd o f t he S partoc id p er iod o r t he b egi nn ing o f Mithradat ic t imes, t hrough t he p resence i n i to f ac o in w ith t ypes o f ac ornucop iae b etween c aps o f t he D ioscur i o n i t s r everse ( B. X IX , 5 5_56 ). 146 The c ircu mstance t ha t o ther b ronze o b jects —a b uck le, a b roken f inger-r ing , e tc. —were f ound i n t he h oard t ogether w ith t he c o in l ed K harko , w ho s tud ied t h is f ind , t o s uggest t hat t he sma l l h oard h ad b e longed t o ab ronze-founder a nd c oppers m ith who h ad k ep t o ld c o ins a nd b ronze o b jects a s meta l-scrap r aw mater ia l f or manu fac tures.

I tm ight h ave s ee med t hat t h is i dea wou ld

h ave e xp la ined v ery w e l l e ven t he e xcess ively g reat c hrono log ica l s pread r ef lected i n t he h oard o f c o ins.

Bu t i n 1 959 t here b eca me k nown a no ther

h oard o f a na logous c o mpos it ion , f ound i n t he S udak r a ion i n t he C r i mea.

I t

t oo i nc luded Pan t icapaeum c o ins o f t he l ast t h ird o f t he I Vth c en tury B .0 o nes o f t he midd le o f t he I Ird c en tury B .0 . , a nd Pan t icapaeu m a nd Phanagor ia c opper o f t he Ind c en tury B .C. The h oard i s d ated t o t he l ast d ecade o f t he Ind c en tury B .C. b y ac o in h av ing t ypes o f at r ipod a nd a n e igh t-po in ted s tar ( B. X )C I, 1 30 ), a nd b y ac opper c o in o fD ioscur ias. 1 47 Thus w e n ow h ave t wo c o mp lexes i n wh ich r ela t ively e arly Pan t icapaeu m c o ins o f t he e nd o f t he I Vth c en tury B .C. a nd o f t he I Ird c en tury a re f ound t ogether w ith n um is ma t ic r ecords o f t he v ery e nd o f t he Ind c entury B .C. K harko a nd L . N . K aza manova t hought i tp oss ib le t o d ate t he h oards t hey p ub l ished e ven a s l a te a s t he I st c en tury A . D., b u t t here a re n o g rounds f or t ha t.

Co ins o f t he t ype Z . XL I I I , 1 9 w ith t ypes o f w ing a nd t r ipod , f ound i n

t he P hanagor ia h oard a nd d ated b y K harko t o t he y ears 1 00-75 B .0 .,b elong , a s w e k now , b ack a t t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C.

K aza manova d a tes t he

S udak h oard b y a Pan t icapaeum c o in w ith t ypes o f s tar a nd t r ipod wh ich , f o ll ow ing Z ograph ,

1 49

s he a ss igns t o t he f i rst q uarter o f t he I st c en tury B .C.,

b u t s uch c o ins o ught t o b e d ated a s e arly a s t he l ast d ecade o f t he 2 nd c en tury B .C.

Apparen t ly t he c o in o f D ioscur ias a lso b elongs t o t he s a me p er iod. 151

I n t h is c onnect ion o ne must r eca l l al arge h oard f ound a t K erch i n 1 897.

The

ma in p art o f t he h oard c ons isted o f Pon t ic a nd Bosporus c opper c o ins o f t he t ime o f Mithradates Eupator , r unn ing d own t o t he a nony mous Bosporus o bo ls o f 8 0-65 B .C., b u t i t s c o mpos it ion i nc luded more t han a h undred Pant icapaeum c o ins o f t he S partoc id p er iod, among t he m o ne c o in o f t he l ast t h ird o f t he I Vth c en tury B .C. a nd 2 5 c o ins o f t he p er iod o f t he monetary c r is is i n t he I Ird c en tury .152 Co ins o f t he f i rst h al f o f t he I Ird c en tury w ere a lso c ont a ined i n a no ther h oard o f M ithradat ic t imes, f ound a t T ir itaka i n 1 935 a nd l ost d ur ing t he Great Father land War .153

F ina l ly , i n 1 975 o r 1 976 t here

was f ound d ur ing c onstruct ion work a t Anapa a h oard wh ich w as d iss ipated i n to p r iva te h ands b u t wh ich a lso c on ta ined , s ide b y s ide w ith Pont ic a nd Bosporus c opper o f t he Mithradat ic p er iod , P an t icapaeu m c o ins o f t he b eg inn ing o f t he i I Ird c en tury B .C.

The p resence o f Pan t icapaeu m c o ins more

t han t wo h undred y ears o ld i n s evera l Bosporus h oards c an n o l onger b e r eg arded a s ar ando m mat ter.

K aza manova.' s s uggest ion t hat t he l ongev ity o f

t hese c o ins, r ef lected i n t he c o mpos it ion o f t he S udak h oard , i s t o b e e xp la ined

2 01

b y s pec ia l c ircu mstances o f c ircu lat ion i n t he e x tre me western p er iphery o f t he Bosporus k ingdo m 154

i s o verthrown b y t he o ther f inds men t ioned a s b e ing

made i n v ar ious p arts o f t he Bosporus.

And e ven t hough r eso lu t ion o f t he

p rob le m a s t o t he c auses o f t he e xceed ing ly p ro longed p ers istence i n c ircu lat ion o f c o ins f ro m t he e nd o f t he I Vth c en tury a nd f ro m t he I Ird c a l ls f or t he a ccumu lat ion o f n ew mater ia l, i ti s o bv ious t hat i ti s n ow imposs ib le t o i gn ore t he a lready k nown f acts w e h ave a dduced. Pages 1 65-166 : I n t he Ind c en tury B .C. c o ins o f s t i l l af urther c ategory—Pon t ic s i lver d rach mas —penetra ted i nto t he Bosporus money market , a longs ide t he s taters o f Lys i machus t ype.

Go lenko h as d eter m ined t hat t he Gorg ipp ia a nd Pan t i-

c apaeu m d rach mas w ith t ypes o f ah ead o fD ionysus a nd a r unn ing h ind ( B. XX I I , 1 50 a nd B . XX I I I , 2 ) , wh ich h e h i msel f d a tes t o t he v ery b eg inn ing o f t he I st c en tury B .0 . , a re o rd inar ily o verstruck o n Am isus d rach mas h av ing a s t ypes t he h ead o f an y mph wear ing a mura l c rown a nd a n ow l s tand ing f ac ing , u pon a s h ie ld. 1 55

He s uggested t ha t t hese Am isus d rach mas c ou ld

a ppear i n t he Bosporus o n ly a f ter t he c a mpa igns o fD iophan tus a nd t he i ncorp ora t ion o f t he Bosporus i n to t he emp ire o f Mithrada tes, i .e. a fter a bou t 1 05 B .C.

Bu t h is own d iscovery o f t he r estr ik ing o f Am isus d rach mas w ith

t he t ypes o f e ar l ier s i lver ( drach mas w ith t he b owcase t ype —B. 2 0 ( I , 1 06-112 ), s t il l o f t he S partoc id p er iod ,

1 56

o b l iges o ne t o r ev iew t h is q uest ion a nd t o

a cknow ledge t hat t he p enetrat ion o f Am isus s i lver i n to t he Bosporus c om menced c ons iderab ly e ar l ier , u nder t he l ast S partoc ids.

For t he p resen t w e c anno t

s ay w ith e xact itude when t he Am isus d rach mas a ppeared i n t he Bosporus market a nd what f unct ion t hey p erfor med h ere, b u t t he v ery f ac t o f t he ir b ei ng c onverted b y o verstr ik ing i n to c o ins o f Pan t icapaeu m a pparen t ly s peaks i n f avour o f ar a ther c ons iderab le q uan t ity o f Am isus s i lver 's a rr iv ing h ere i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he Ind c en tury B .C. Page 1 68 : Pub l icat ion o f t he c o in f inds f ro m t he e xcavat ions o f Bosporus c it ies p erm its o ne t o s peak w ith a g reat d ea l more c on f idence r egard ing t he d istr ibu t ion o f Phanagor ia c opper c o ins o f t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C. a nd o f t he Ind.

The b as ic r ange o f t he ir c ircu lat ion c ons isted o f t he markets o f

Phanagor ia i t self a nd o f t he n e ighbour ing t owns o n t he As ia t ic s ide o f t he Bosporus — Kepy , Patraeus.

They t urned u p i n c i t ies o f t he European Bospor-

u s i n i ns ign if ican t q uan t ity , a nd o n ly i n t he f inds f ro m Pan t icapaeum d o t hey make u p af a irly n ot iceab le g roup.

Th is i s t o b e e xp la ined most l ike ly b y

t he f act t hat s tand ing c on tacts b etween t he European a nd t he As iat ic p arts o f t he Bosporus k ingdo m w ere c arr ied o u t p rec isely t hrough Phanagor ia o n t he o ne s ide a nd Pan t icapaeu m o n t he o ther. 157 Page 1 68 : K aza manova d oubts t he c orrectness o f o ur o p in ion t o t he e f fect t ha t Bosp orus c o ins , a nd i n p art icu lar o nes o f Phanagor ia , f or t he e nd o f t he I Ird c en tury B .C. a nd f or t he Ind t urned u p i n Chersonesus a s ar ando m ma t ter u pon p ort-of-ca l l s tops t here b y Bosporus merchan ts.

For s o me r eason s he

c ons iders t ha t Phanagor ia c opper i s e ncoun tered more f requen t ly i n C hersone sus t han i n Bosporus t owns .1 58

I t s u f f ices t o c o mpare t he f igures p resen-

t ed i n o ur ma ter ia ls 1 59

a nd i n t he a rt icle o f A . M. G i lev ich. 16 -0

t he e rror o f t h is i dea.

The r ando m n ature o f t he a ppearance a t Chersonesus

( as l ikew ise a t t he S cy th ian N eapo l is )1 61

o f i so lated Bosporus c o ins f or t he

p er iod u nder e xa m inat ion i s a ltogether b eyond q uest ion .

2 02

t o p erce ive

Aga inst t h is b ack-

g round o ne s hou ld t ake n ote o f af a irly i n tens ive p enetrat ion i n to Chersonesus o f c opper c o ins f ro m t he v ery l ast i ssues o f t he S partoc id p er iod : c o ins w ith c ornucop iae a nd c aps o f t he D ioscur i , a nd c ha lcons w ith h ead o fA thena a nd p row.162 Th is p heno menon i s e as ily t o b e e xp la ined : t hese c o ins a pparen t ly t urned u p a t Chersonesus i n t he l ast d ecade o f t he Ind c en tury B .C., when Chersonesus was l inked w ith t he Bosporus i n t he s ing le s tate o f Mithradates Eupator. Page 1 71: We h ave e xa m ined i n as pec ia l n ote 1 63 u pon t he Bosporus.

t he q uest ion o f Rhod ian i n f luence

I ti s i nterest ing t o p o in t o u t t hat f inds o f Rhod ian c era-

mic s ea ls t est ify t o t he f act t hat t he t rad ing a ct iv ity o f Rhodes was p art icul ar ly a ct ive i n t he s econd h a lf o f t he Ind c en tury B .C. p rec isely o n t he As iat ic s ide o f t he Bosporus. 1 64

NOTES

1 .

D . B . S helov :

Monetnoye De lo Bospora V I-I I v v . d o n .e. ( The Currency

o f t he Bosporus i n t he V Ith-I Ind Cen tur ies B .C.), Moscow , 1 956. 2 .

A . S ze m iothowa , W. Terleck i.

Opracowan ie monet ( Cr it ica l Ana lys is

o f t he Co ins ), i n t he b ook o f K . Michawsk i, Mir mek i ( Myr mec iu m ), Warsaw , 1 958.

L . N . Belova.

l d .ya , iI lurata v 1 946-1953 g g.

Monety i z r askopok T ir itak i, Mir me( Co ins f ro m t he Excavat ions a t T ir itaka ,

Myr mec iu m, a nd I lurat i n 1 946-1953 ), MIA, 8 5, 1 958. Monety i z r askopok Patreya 1 949-1951 g g. a t Patraeus, 1 949-1951 ).

Yu. S . K rushko l.

( Co ins f ro m Excavat ions

VDI , 1 958, No. 3 .

Yu. S . K rushko l.

Nakhodk i a n t ichnykh monet v Anapsko m r a ione ( Finds o f Anc ien t Co ins i n t he Anapa r a ion ), NE, V , 1 965. 1 954 g .

D . B . S helov.

Anapsk i k lad monet

( The 1 954 Anapa Co in Hoard ), NE, I , 1 960.

Nakhodk i monet v Fanagor ii v 1 947-1957 g g. i n 1 947-1957 ), NE, I I, 1 962.

D . B . S helov.

D . B . S helov.

( Co in F inds a t Phanagor ia Monetnye n akhodk i n a

Ma isko i g ore ( Co in f inds a t Ma iskaya Gora ), NE, I V, 1 963. S helov.

Monety i z r askopok Tana isa 1 955-1964 g g.

c ava t ions a t Tana is, 1 955-1964 ), NE, V I, 1 966. D . B . S helov.

D . B .

( Co ins f ro m Ex-

K . V . Go lenko ,

Monety i z r askopok Pan t ikapeya 1 945-1961 g g.

( Co ins

f ro m Excavat ions a t Pan t icapaetun, 1 945-1961), N iS, I , 1 963. N . A . Fro lova , D . B . S helov.

Monety i z r askopok Kep 1 958-1963 ( Co ins

f ro m Excavat ions a t K epy , 1 958-1963 ), N iS, 2 , 1 965. o va.

L . N . K aza man-

Monety i z r askopok Ger monassy v 1 955-1956 g g.

Excavat ions a t Her monassa i n 1 955-1956 ), NE, I , 1 960. manova.

( Co ins f ro m L . N . K aza-

K lad monet I V-I I v v. d o n .e. i z S udaka ( A Hoard o f Co ins o f

t he I Vth-I Ind Centur ies B .C. f ro m S udak ), VDI, 1 963, N o. 4 . Brab ich.

V . M.

K lad monet I I v . d o n .e. i z Mir mek iya ( A Hoard o f Co ins

o f t he I Ird Cen tury B .C. f ro m Myr mec iu m ), S A, 1 964, No. 4 . A . I . S a lov.

K lad Bosporsk ikh monet i z p oselka V inogradnogo ( A

Hoard o f Bosporus Co ins f ro m t he V il lage o f V inogradnoye ), NE, X I , 1 974.

L . P . Kharko.

Monetnye N akhod ld . i z Fanagor i i ( Co in F inds

f ro m Phanagor ia ), SG MI I, I V , 1 968.

I . T . K rug l ikova.

Monety i z

r askopok Gorg ipp i i 1 960-1965 g g ( Co ins f ro m Excavat ions a t Gorg ipp ia ,

2 03

1 960-1965 ), NE, V I I I , 1 970.

K . V . Go lenko.

Monety i z s lucha inykh

n akhodok v Patree v . 1 951 ( Co ins f ro m Rando m F inds a t Pa traeus i n 1 951 ), NE, I V , 1 963.

K . V . Go lenko.

Monety i z n akhodok v Patree

( Co ins f ro m F inds a t Pa traeus ), N iS , 3 , 1 968. i z r askopok Pan t ikapeya 1 962-1966 g g.

K . V . Go lenko.

Monety

( Co ins f ro m Excavat ions a t

Pan t icapaeu m i n 1 962-1966 ), VD I , 1 963, N o. 4 .

K . V . Go lenko.

Monety i z r askopok N im feya 1 939-1970 ( Co ins f ro m Excavat ions a t Nymphaeu m , 1 939-1970 ), NE, X I , 1 974.

B . G . P eters.

Monety i z

a n t ichnogo p oselen iya ik irgannogo mog i ln ika u s . M ikha i lovk i n a K erch e nsko m p o luostrove ( Co ins f ro m a n Anc ien t S et t le men t a nd Tumu lus Ce metery n ear t he V il lage o f Miha i lovka o n t he K erch Pen insu la ), NE, X I I , 1 977.

One s hou ld a lso n ote t he p ub l ica t ion o f ar ather c ons iderab le

n u mber o f Pan t icapaeum c o ins, ma in ly f ro m t he c o l lect ion o f t he C zech c o l lector I . M ichera , i n : P rag , 1 959.

An t ike Münzen a us O lb ia u nd P an t ikapHu m ,

For a r ev iew o f t h is b ook b y P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i s ee

VDI , 1 961, N o. I , p p. 1 75-177. 3 .

D . B . S helov.

Mater ia ly k i stor i i d enezhnogo o brashchen iya v g oro-

d akh Bospora v V I-I v v. d o n .e.

( Mater ia ls t oward a H istory o f Mone-

t ary C ircu la t ion i n t he C it ies o f t he Bosporus i n t he V I thIst C en tur ies B .C.), NE, V , 1 965. 4 .

V . D . B lavats id .. c apaeu m.

Pan t ikape i.

O cherk i i stor i i s to l itsy Bospora ( Pan t i-

S ketches f ro m t he H istory o f t he Cap ita l o f t he Bosporus ),

Moscow , 1 964. 5 .

" Pan t ikape i" ( Pan t icapaeu m ), MIA, N o. 5 6 , 1 957;

6 .

K . We lz.

Gr iech ische Münzen v om S chwarzen Meer , SM, 2 6, 1 957 ,

p . 2 6f f .;

K . We lz.

Ga iduk iev ich. 6 0 ;

MIA, N o. 1 03, 1 962.

Z u Pant ikapa ion , SM, 4 5 , 1 962, p . 3 ;

V . F .

Das Bosporan ische Re ich , B erl in , 1 971, p . 4 8, n ote

K . V . Go lenko , Monety i z r askopok N i mfeya ( Co ins f ro m Excava-

t i ons a t Nymphaeu m ), p . 7 0 , n ote 1 6. 7 .

E . P och itonov.

N gko l ik s por Och o täzek n e jstargfch b osporsk i rch

m in d ( So me D ispu ted Quest ions w ith Respect t o t he Earl iest Bosporus Co ins ), N S , V I , 1 960 , p . 1 8. 8 .

Yu . L .

A noA

D iukov.

0 monetakh s i zobrazhen ie m Pv ino i g o lovy in adp isyu

( On Co ins w ith Type o f aL ion 's H ead a nd I nscr ip t ion

A T IOA

VDI , 1 975 , N o. 4 , p . 7 2. 9 .

A . N . Z ograph. K rushko l.

Ant ichnye monety ( Anc ien t Co ins ), p . 1 65.

Yu . S .

Rann te monety Pan t ikapeya k ak i stor ichesk i i stochn ik

( Ear ly Co ins o f Pan t icapaeu m a s aH istor ica l S ource ), VDI , 1 950 , N o. 1 , p . 1 85 ;

K . V . Go lenko.

Monety i z r askopok N i mfeya ( Co ins

f ro m Excavat ions a t Nymphaeu m ), p . 7 0. 1 0.

Yu. L . D iukov.

0 monetno i c hekanke Bosporskogo Tsarstva v V IV

v v. d o n .e: ( On t he S tr ik ing o f Co ins o f t he K ingdo m o f t he Bosporus i n t he V thIVth Cen tur ies B .C.), TGE, X I I , 1 971, p . 5 . 1 1.

V . F . Ga iduk iev ich. n ote 1 3;

M ir mek i i ( Myr mec iU m ), Warsaw , 1 959, p p . 6 -7 ,

Das Bosporan ische Re ich , p . 5 2, n ote 1 1.

2 04

1 2.

E . Poch itonov.

1 3.

Eustaph., Ad D ion ., 5 49.

1 4.

C IRB ( Corpus o f I nscr ip t ions o f t he K ingdo m o f t he Bosporus ), 9 71.

1 5.

Hec., f r. 1 64 ( S teph. Byz. s . v .

1 6.

E . P och itonov.

1 7.

N gko l ik s pornYch o tgzek , e tc., p p. 2 9-32.

Ngko l ik s pornYch o t Lek , e tc., p . 3 3.

P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i.

0n adp isyakh n a r ann ikh monetakh O lv i i ( Con-

c ern ing t he I nscr ipt ions o n Ear ly Co ins o f O lb ia ), MASP , I V , 1 962, p p. 2 26-227. 1 8.

E . Poch itonov.

Ngko l ik s pornYch o e a .zek , e tc., p p. 2 1-25.

1 9.

Yu. L . D iukov .

0 monetakh s i zobrazhen ie m Pv ino i g o lovy ( On Co ins

w ith Type o f aL ion 's Head ), p p. 7 2-73. 2 0.

V . F . Ga iduk iev ich.

2 1.

A . V . O reshn ikov .

M ir mek i i ( Myr mec iu m ), p p. 6 -7, n ote 1 3. Etyudy p o n um iz mat ike Cherno morskogo p oberezhya

( Stud ies i n t he Num is mat ics o f t he B lack S ea Coast ), I SAI MK , I , 1 922, p . 1 27. 2 2. 2 3.

E . Poch itonov.

N gko l ik s pornYch o tä .zek , e tc., p p. 2 5-27.

S ee o n t h is matter V . F . Ga iduk iev ich.

V inodel iye n a Bospore ( W ine

Manufacture i n t he Bosporus ), MIA, N o. 8 5 , 1 958;

N . I . S oko lsk i.

V inodel iye v a z iatsko i c hast i Bospora ( W ine Manu facture i n t he As ia t ic Part o f t he Bosporus ), S A, 1 970 , N o. 2 ;

V . F . Ga iduk iev ich.

Das

Bosporan ische Re ich , p . 1 2Of f. 2 4.

N . L . Grach.

N i mfe iskaya e ksped its iya ( The Ny mphaeu m Exped it ion ),

AO , 1 972, Moscow , 1 973. 2 5.

M. M. K hudyak .

I z i stor i i N im feya V II I I v v. d o n .e. ( Fro m t he

H istory o f Nymphaeu m i n t he V IthI I Ird C en tur ies B .C.), L en ingrad , 1 962, p . 9 . 2 6.

S ee p art icu larly I . Brasch insky .

Z ur p o l it ische L age Nympha ions i n

d er zwe iten He f te d es 5 . J ahrhunderts v . u . Z E . 0 . Berz in .

BCO , 1 956, H f. 2 ;

S ind ika , Bospor, iA f iny v p osledne i c hetvert i Vv .

d o n .e., ( S ind ica , t he Bosporus, a nd A thens i n t he l ast q uarter o f t he V th C en tury B .C.), VD I, 1 958, N o. I ;

T . V . B lavatskaya.

O cher l k i

p o l it ichesko i i stor i i Bospora v VIV v v. d o n .e. ( Sketches i n t he Po l it i ca l H istory o f t he Bosporus i n t he V thIVth Cen tur ies B .C.), Moscow , 1 959 ;

P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i.

O lv iya iA f insk i s oyuz ( O lb ia a nd t he

A then ian L eague ), MASP , I I , 1 960 ; I . B . Brash insk i. A f iny i s evernoye p r icherno morye v V I-I I v v. d o n .e. ( Athens a nd t he N or thern B lack S ea L it tora l i n t he V IthI Ind C en tur ies B .C.), Moscow , 1 963; V . F . Ga iduk iev ich. 2 7.

M. M. K hudyak .

Das Bosporan ische Re ich , p . 1 89f f.

I z i stor i i N in ifeya V II I I v v . d o n .e. ( Fro m t he

H istory o f N y mphaeum i n t he V It h .-I I Ird C en tur ies B .C.). 2 8.

V . M. S kudnova.

Raskopk i N i mfeya v 1 958 g .

c avat ions i n 1 958 ), K S I I MK , 8 3, 1 961; 2 05

( The Nymphaeu m Ex-

V . M. S kudnova.

Raskopk i

N i mfeya v 1 960 g . 1 964;

( The Nymphaeu m Excavat ions i n 1 960 ), SGE, XXV,

V . M. S kudnova , K . I . Z a itseva.

1 964 g g.

N im fe iskaya e ksped its iya 1 962-

( The 1 962-1964 Ny mphaeu m Exped it ion ), SGE, XXV I I , 1 964;

N . L . Grach.

0r askopkakh N im feya v . 1 966-1967 g g.

( On t he

Ny mphaeum Excavat ions i n 1 966-1967 ), SGE, XXX , 1 969. 2 9.

I . B . Brash insk i.

Po p ovodu n i mfe isko i n adp is i st ak n azyvaye my m

p osvyashchen iye m Gar mod iyu ( I n Connect ion w i th t he Nymphaeum I nscr ip t ion Bear ing t he S o-ca l led Ded icat ion t o Har mod ius ), VDI , 1 961, N o. 4 . 3 0.

D . B . S helov .

Vozn i lmoven iye Feodos i i ( The Ar is ing o f Theodos ia ),

Nu m iz mat ichesk i S born ik , v o l. I , Tr. G I M, XXV I , Moscow , 1 957, p p. 1 9-26. 3 1.

E . 0 . Berz in .

S ind ika , Bospor iA f iny ( S ind ica , t he Bosporus a nd

A thens ), p . 1 24f f .;

T . V . B lavatskaya.

O cherk i p o l it ichesko i i s tor i i

Bospora ( Sketches i n t he Po l it ica l H istory o f t he Bosporus ), p p. 9 8-99 ; N . V . An f i mov.

S ind ika v V IIV v v. d o n .e. ( S ind ica i n t he V IthIVth

Cen tur ies B .C.), Trudy K rasnodarskogo Pedagog icheskogo I nst itua , XXX I I I, 1 963 , p . 1 94;

L . N . Belova.

Poddelnaya z o lo taya moneta

S ind ik i ( A Fa lse Go ld Co in o f S ind ica ), TGE, I X , 1 967 , p . 5 4; Kaza manova.

Vveden iye v a n t ichnuyu n um iz mat iku ( I n troduct ion i n to

Anc ien t Num is mat ics ), Moscow , 1 969, p . 1 00, 1 35f f .; k o l.

L . N .

YU . S . K rush-

P rob le ma s indskogo g osudarstva ( The P rob le m o f t he S ind ic S tate ),

Progra m ma z asedan i i it ezisy d ok ladov k on feren ts i i p o p rob le ma m a n t ichnost i , Moscow , May 2 7-30 , 1 968, Moscow , 1 968, p p. 4 4-45 ; Yu . S . K rushko l.

Drevnyaya S ind ika ( Anc ien t S ind ica ), Moscow , 1 971,

p p. 1 8, 1 9, 8 3ff .;

Yu. S . K rushko l a lso c oncedes i n t hese s tud ies a

p oss ib i l ity t hat t he c o ins wh ich c oncern u s w ere s truck i n t he n a me o f at own " S ind ic Port ." 3 2.

A . V . O reshn ikov .

E tyudy p o n um iz mat ike , e tc., I GAI MK , I , 1 922,

p . 1 23f f . 3 3.

On S ind ic Port a nd Gorg ipp ia s ee I . T . K rug l ikova.

Gorg ipp ia v

p er iode S partok idov ( Gorg ipp ia i n t he S partoc id Per iod ), VD I, 1 971, N o. I . 3 4.

A . I . Bo ltunova.

P roksen ichesk i d ekret i z Anapy in ekotorye v oprosy

i stor i i Bospora ( A P roxenary Decree f ro m Anapa a nd S o me Quest ions i n t he H istory o f t he Bosporus ), VD I, 1 964, N o. 3 , p p. 1 46-147 ; L . I . L avrov .

N azrevsh iye v oprosy s ots ia lnykh o tnoshen i i n a d okap i-

t a l ist ichesko m K avkaze ( T i me ly Prob le ms i n S oc ia l Relat ionsh ips i n t he Pre-cap ita l ist Caucasus ), V sesoyuznaya n auchnaya s ess iya , p osvya shchonnaya i toga m p o levykh a rkheo log iches Id .kh ie tnograf iches ldkh i ssledovan i i v1 970 g .

( Al l-Un ion S c ien t if ic S ess ion Devoted t o t he

Resu l ts o f Archaeo log ica l a nd E thnograph ica l F ield S tud ies i n 1 970 ), Theses, Tb il is i, 1 971, p . 6 0 ; Re ich , p . 6 0. 3 5.

N . L . Grach.

V . F . Ga idu ldev ich.

Das Bosporan ische

Kn akhodke s indsko i monety v Mir mek i i ( W ith Reference

t o t he F ind ing o f aS ind ic Co in a t Myr mec iu m ), VDI , 1 972, n o. 3 , p . 1 33f f . 2 06

3 6.

D . P . K a l l istov.

O cherk i p o i stor i i s evernogo Pr icherno morya a n t i-

c hno i e pokh i ( Sketches o n t he H istory o f t he N orthern B lack S ea L it tora l d ur ing An t iqu ity ), L en ingrad , 1 949, p . 1 53. 3 7.

I b id., p p. 1 52-153.

3 8.

A . I . Bo ltunova.

3 9.

V . I . Mosh inskaya.

P roksen ichesk i Dek ret , e tc., p . 1 48. 0g osudarstve s indov ( On t he S tate o f t he S inds ),

VDI, 1 946, No. 3 ;

D . B . S helov.

Monety S indov ( The Co ins o f t he

S inds ), K S I I MK , XXX , 1 949 , p p. 1 11, 1 16;

V . P . S h i lov .

S indsk iye

monety ( S ind ic Co ins ), S A, XV , 1 951, p . 2 14;

E . 0 . Berz in .

Bospor , iA f iny , p . 1 27 ;

O cherk i p o l it ichesko i

T . V . B lavatskaya.

i stor i i Bospora , p . 9 4f f .;

N . V . A f i mov.

S ind ika ,

S ind ika vV I-IV v v . d o n .e.,

p p. 1 94-195 a nd e lsewhere. 4 0.

L . N . K aza manova. NE, I V, 1 963.

4 1.

Yu. S . K rushko l.

Poddelnye s indsk iye monety ( Fa lse S ind ic Co ins ),

Z o lo taya moneta S ind ik i ( A Go ld Co in o f S ind ica ),

VD I, 1 946, N o. 4 . 4 2.

D . B . S he lov.

Monety S indov , p p. 13-114, n o te 2 0 ;

S indsk iye monety , p . 2 04, n ote 3 ; s indsk iye monety , p . 1 31f f .;

V . P . S h i lov.

L . N . K a .za manova.

L . N . Be lova.

Podde lnye

Poddelnaya z o lotaya

moneta S ind ik i ( A Fa lse Go ld Co in o f S ind ica ). 4 3.

For e xa mp le, V . F . Ga iduk iev ich. Note 2 3.

4 4.

T . V . B lavatskaya. V . A . U st inova.

Das Bosporan ische Re ich , p . 5 9,

O cherk i p o l it ichesko i i stor i i Bospora , p . 9 3f f .;

K . v oprosu o p r isoyed inen i i S ind ik i k Bosporsko mu

g osudarstvu ( W ith Reference t o t he Prob le m o f t he Ama lga mat ion o f S ind ica w ith t he Bosporus S tate ), VDI , 1 966 , No. 4 . 4 5.

D iod., XT . I , 3 1, 1 .

4 6.

S . A . Z hebelev.

Vozn iknoven iye Bosporskogo g osudarstva ( The Ar is ing

o f t he Bosporus S tate ), S t. P etersburg , p . 6 9 ;

Bosporsk iye e tyudy

( Bosporus S tud ies ), S t . P etersburg , p p. 1 59-160 ;

V . D . B lavatsk i.

Archa ichesk i Bospor ( The Archa ic Bosporus ), MIA, N o. 3 3, 1 954, p p •3 6-37;

Pan t ikape i ( Pan t icapaeum ), p . 4 8;

Das Bosporan ische Re ich , p . 5 4 ;

V . F . Ga iduk iev ich.

M. M. K oby l in .a.

( Phanagor ia ), MIA, N o. 5 7, 1 956, p . 2 3;

F anagor iya

i n t h is l ast work t here i s a

r esu me o f i n for ma t ion o n t he h istory a nd a rchaeo logy o f Phanagor ia. 4 7.

Yu. L . D iukov.

0 monetno i c hekanke F eodos i i iFanagor i i ( On t he

Co in Min tage o f Theodos ia a nd Phanagor ia ), Tez isy d ok ladov n auchno i s ess i, p osvyashchonno i i t oga m L en ingrad , 1 968;

r abo t Gos.

Er m itazha z a 1 967 g od.,

0 monetno i c hekanke Bosporskogo t sarstva vV-IV

v v. d o n .e. ( On t he Co in M in tage o f t he Bosporus S tate i n t he V thIVth c en tury B .C.), TGE, X I I, 1 971, p . 6 . 4 8.

I . B . Brash insk i.

A f iny is evernoye Pr icherno morye vV I-I I v v. d o

n .e. ( Athens a nd t he N orthern B lack S ea L it tora l i n t he V IthI Ind C ent ur ies B .C.), Moscow , 1 963.

2 07

4 9.

D . B . S helov. 3 3-34;

Mater ia ly k i stor i i d enezhnogo o brashchen iya..., p p.

K . V . Go lenko.

Monety i z r askopok P an t ikapeya 1 962-1966

( Ma ter ia ls f ro m t he Excava t ions a t Pan t icapaeum i n 1 962-1966 ), p . 6 6; Monety i z r askopok N im feya , p . 6 2;

N . L . Grach.

K . n akhodke s ind-

s ko i monety v Mir mek i i , p . 1 33. 5 0.

A . Yu. Kakh idze.

Pr ivoznye monety i z mog i ln ika P ichvnar i ( I n troduced

Co ins f ro m t he Anc ien t C e metery a t P ichvnar i ), VDI, 1 974, N o. 3 , p p. 9 0-91, f ig. I , 4 . 5 1.

P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i.

O b o brashchen i i k iz ik inov v O lv i i ( On t he C ircu la-

t i on o f Cyz icenes a t O lb ia ), NE, I , 1 960 ;

A . A . K ravchenko.

K lad

k iz iksk ikh s taterov i z O dessko i o b last i ( A Hoard o f Cyz icene S taters f ro m t he O dessa o b last ' ), S A, 1 969, N o. 1 ;

S . A . Bu latov ich.

K lad

k iz ik inov i z O r lovk i ( A Hoard o f Cyz icenes f ro m O r lovka ), VDI , 1 970 , N o. 2 ;

K lad K iz ik inov i z O lv i i ( A Hoard o f Cyz icenes f ro m O lb ia ), S A,

1 970 , N o. 2 ;

E lek trovaya moneta K izika , n a idyonnaya n a L evke ( An

E lectru m Co in o f Cyz icus f ound o n L euce ), MASP , V I I , 1 971;

E lek-

t rovye monety K iz ika ii kh r o l vd enezhno m o brashchen i i S evernogo P r icherno morya ( V I-IV v v. d o n .e. ) —(The E lec trum Co ins o f Cyz icus a nd The ir Ro le i n t he Monetary C ircu lat ion o f t he N orthern B lack S ea L it tora l ( V Ith-IVth C en tur ies B .C.), d issertat ion , Odessa , 1 971;

Author 's a bstract o f h er own

S a me a u thor.

T üzik in i z z obrazhennya m

s k ifa ( A Cyz icene w ith t he Type o f aS cy th ian ), Arkheo log iya , 8 , 1 973; K . V . Go lenko.

l üz iksk i s tater, n a idyonny n a Ta mansko m p o luostrove

( A Cyzicus s ta ter Found o n t he Ta man P en insu la ), i n t he s y mpos iu m I stor iya iKu l tura a n t ichnogo m ira , Moscow , 1 977. 5 2.

S . A . Z hebelev.

Pos ledn i Per isad is k ifskoye v ossta .n iye n a Bospore

( The L ast Paer isades a nd t he S cy th ian Upr is ing i n t he Bosporus ), S t . Petersburg , p . 9 2f f . 5 3.

S . Lur i. 2 ;

J eszcze o d ekrec ie k u c zc i D io fan tosa , Meander, 1 959 , N o.

V . F . Ga iduk iev ich.

Yeshcho o v osstan i i S av maka ( More o n t he

S au macus Upr is ing ), VDI , 1 962, N o. I ; E . L . K azak iev ich. K p o lem ike o v osstan i i S avmaka (W ith Reference t o t he Argu men t o ver t he S au macus Upr is ing ), VDI, 1 963, N o. I ;

K . V . Go lenko.

Y eshcho o

monetakh , p r ip isyvaye mykh S av maku ( More o n t he Co ins Ascr ibed t o S au macus ), VDI, 1 963, N o. 3 ;

K . M. K o lobova.

Vosstan iya r abov

va n t ichno m o bshchestve VI v v. d o n .e. ( S lave Upr is ings i n t he Anc ien t S oc iety o f t he V thIst Centur ies B .C.), i n t he s ympos iu m Prob le my V seobshche i I stor i i, L en ingrad , 1 967, p . i lf f .; V . F . Ga iduk iev ich. 0s k ifsko m v osstan i i n a Bospore v k on tse I v . d o n .e. ( On t he S cy th ian Upr is ing i n t he Bosporus a t t he End o f t he Ind C en tury B .C.), i n t he s ympos ium An t ichnoye O bshchestvo , Moscow , 1 967 ;

Kd iskuss i i o

v osstan i i S avmaka ( W ith Reference t o t he D iscuss ion o n t he S au macus Upr is ing ), A IKSP , L en ingrad , 1 968;

V . F . Ga iduk iev ich.

Das Bos-

p oran ische Re ich , p . 3 14f f . 5 4.

D . B . S he lov .

Kv oprosu o v za i mode istv i i g rechesk ikh imestnykh

k u ltov v S everno m P r icherno morye

g r ifon n a p an t ikape isk ikh

z o lotykh s ta terakh I V v . d o n .e.) — W ith Reference t o t he Prob le m o f

2 08

t he I n teract ions b etween Greek a nd L oca l Cu lts i n t he N orthern B lack S ea L it tora l ( t he S a tyr a nd t he G r if f in o n Pan t icapaeu m Go ld S taters o f t he I Vth Century B .C.), K S I I MK , XXXIV , 1 950. 5 5.

Yu. L . D iukov.

S erebryannaya c hekank a P an t ikapeya I V v . d o n .e.

( The S i lver Co inage o f Pan t icapaeu m i n t he I Vth Century B .C.), Tez isy d ok ladov n auchno i s ess i i, p osvyashchonno i i t oga m r abot Gos. Er m itazha z a 1 965 g od , L en ingrad- Moscow , 1 966,

P .

2 6 ;

0 monetno i c hekanke

Bosporskogo t sarstva vV-IV v v. d o n .e. ( On t he Co in M in tage o f t he Bosporus S tate i n t he V th-IVth C entur ies B .C.), TGE, X I I , 1 971, p p. 7 -8. 5 6.

V . M. Brab ich.

O b o khran itelno m n aznachen i i g r ifonov n a monetakh

Pan t ikapeya I V v . d o n .e. ( On t he Protect ive Purpose o f t he G r iff ins o n t he Pan t icapaeu m Co ins o f t he I Vth Cen tury B .C.), K S IAU , 9 , 1 959, p p. 9 1-92. 5 7.

V . M. Brab ich.

O b i zobrazhen i i n a monetakh Pan t ikapeya l 'v ino i

g o lovy io setra ( On t he Types o f aL ion 's Head a nd a S turgeon o n Pan t ic apaeu m Co ins ), SGE, XXV , 1 964, p . 5 1. 5 8.

S A, 1 957 , N o. I , p . 2 77.

5 9.

P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i. n o morya.

1 1.

Z a metk i p o n um iz mat ike a n t ichnogo Pr icher-

0n acha lno i d ate d enezhnogo k r izisa n a Bospore v I I

v . d o n .e. ( Notes o nt he Nu m is ma t ics o f t he Anc ien t B lack S ea L it tora l. 1 1.

On t he I n it ia l Date o f t he Monetary Cr is is i n t he Bosporus i n t he

I Ird c en tury B .C.), VDI , 1 964, N o. I , p . 1 37. 6 0.

E . Poch itonov.

N ov 6d a tovänf p ok ladu a n t ickYch m iner z n ä lezu n a

o strovg Pr ink ipo r . 1 930 , N S, X , 1 968, p . 5 1. 6 1.

V . M. Brab ich.

O b o khran itelno m n aznachen i i g r ifonov . p . 9 0, n ote

2 . 6 2.

P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i. Z a metk i...., 6 . N ovye Mater ia ly k i stor i i d enezhnogo k r izisa n a Bospore v p ervo i p o lov ine I I v . d o n .e. ( Notes ..., 6 .

N ew Ma ter ia ls Toward a H istory o f t he Monetary Cr is is i n

t he Bosporus i n t he F irst Ha lf o f t he I Ird C entury B .C.), VDI , 1 960 , N o. 3 , p p. 1 39-140 , P late I , 1 8. 6 3.

P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i.

Z a metk i....;

1 1.

0n acha lno i d ate d enezhnogo

k r iz isa n a Bospore v I I v . d o n .e., VDI , 1 964, N o. I , p . 1 36. 6 4.

Yu. L . D iukov. p . 2 6;

S erebryannaya c hekanka Pan t ikapeya I V v . d o n .e.,

S a me a u thor.

0 monetno i c hekanke Bosporskogo t sarstva v

V IV v v. d o n .e., p . 8 . 6 5.

P . 0 , K aryshkovsk i.

Z a metk i...., 1 1.

0n acha lno i d ate..., VDI ,

1 964, N o. I , p . 1 35. 6 6.

A . L . Bert ier d e l a Garde.

Monetnye n ovost i d revn ikh g orodov

Tavr id i ( Nu m is mat ic N ovelt ies f ro m Anc ien t C it ies o f t he Taur is ), ZOOID, XXX , 1 912, p p. 5 3-54, P late I , 1 2.

2 09

6 7.

K . V . Go lenko.

Kd at irovke Pan t ikape isk ikh t etradrakh m ( w ith Refer-

e nce t o t he Dat ing o f t he Pan t icapaeu m Tetradrach ms ), K SI I MK , 6 3, 1 956, p p. 1 59-160, f ig. 7 3, 7 . 6 8.

S ee f or e xa mp le P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i.

I z i stor i i d enezhnogo o brash-

c hen iya v S everno m Pr icherno morye v I I V . d o n .e. ( Fro m t he H istory o f Monetary C ircu lat ion i n t he Northern B lack S ea L it tora l i n t he I Ird Cen tury B .C.), ZOAO , I( 34 ), 1 960 , p . 1 12. 6 9.

I b id., p . 1 12;

P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i.

Z a metk i...., 6 .

Novye mater ialy

ki stor i i d enezhnogo k r iz isa n a Bospore v p ervo i p o lov ine I I V . d o n .e., ( Notes...., 6 .

N ew Mater ia ls f or t he H istory o f t he Monetary C r is is

i n t he Bosporus i n t he F irst Half o f t he I Ird Cen tury B .C.), VDI , 1 960 , No. 3 , p p. 1 39-141, P late I , 1 9-20. 7 0.

P . 0 .

K aryshkovsk i.

N esko lko n e izdannykh monet a n t ichnogo Pr icher-

n o morya ( So me Unpubl ished Co ins o f t he Anc ien t B lack S ea L it toral ), Num iz mat ichesk i S born ik , v o l. I ( Trudy G I M, 2 0 (V I ), Moscow , 1 957, p . 3 0 , P late I , 1 1. 7 1.

P . 0 . Karyshkovsk i.

Retsenziya n a k n igu B . D . S helova "Monetnoye

d elo Bospora V I-I I V .V. d o n .e." ( Rev iew o fD . B . S helov 's Book " The Currency o f t he Bosporus i n t he V Ith-I Ind Cen tur ies B .C." ), S A, 1 957, No. I , p . 2 78;

S a me a uthor.

Z a metk i...., 3 .

Ki stor i i d enezhnogo

K r izisa n a Bospore v p ervo i p o lov ine I I v eka d o n .e. ( Notes...., 3 . With Reference t o t he H istory o f t he Monetary Cr is is i n t he Bosporus i n t he F irst Half o f t he I Ird Cen tury B .C.), VDI , 1 957 , No. 2 , p p. 1 451 46;

K . V . Go lenko.

Monety i z n akhodok v Patree ( Co ins f ro m F inds

a t Patraeus ), N iS, 3 , 1 968, p . 1 60. 7 2.

N . A . Fro lova.

0d enezhno m o brashchen iya Bospora v I I V . d o n .e.

( On t he Monetary C ircu lat ion o f t he Bosporus i n t he I Ird Cen tury B .C.), S A, 1 970, No. 4 , p . 3 3ff . 7 3.

C f . N . A . Fro lova.

Op.c it ., f ig. o n p . 3 5 ;

a nd D . B . S helov.

Chekanka monety id enezhnoye o brashchen ie n a Bospore VI I I V . d o n .e. ( The Min t ing o f Co ins a nd t he Monetary C ircu lat ion i n t he Bosporus i n t he I Ird Century B .C.), MIA, No. 3 3, 1 954, f i g. o n p . 6 1. 7 4.

P . 0 . Karyshkovsk i.

Z a metk i...., 1 1.

0n acha lno i d ate...., VD I,

1 964, No. I , p p. 1 34-139. 7 5.

A . N . Z ograph , An t ichye monety ( Anc ien t Co ins ), p . 1 79; Ga iduk iev ich.

7 6.

I . Merker.

C f . V . F .

Das Bosporan ische Reich , p p. 9 1-92.

The s i lver c o inage o f An t igonos Gonatas a nd An t igonos

Doson , MN , I X , 1 960, p . 3 9. 7 7.

K . V . Go lenko.

Kk hrono log i i n ekotorykh mednykh monet Bospora I I

v . d o n .e. ( W ith Reference t o t he Chrono logy o f Certa in Copper Co ins o f t he Bosporus i n t he I Ird Century B .C.), NE, I I , 1 972; a uthor.

s a me

Z a metk i o mednykh b osporsk ikh monetakh I I v . d o n .e. ( Notes

o n Bosporus Copper Co ins o f t he I Ird Cen tury B .C.), VDI , 1 972, No. 3 .

2 10

7 8.

D . B . S he lov.

Anapsk i k lad monet 1 954 g .

Hoard ), NE, I , 1 960 ,

P .

2 12;

s a me a u thor.

( The 1 954 Anapa Co in Mater ia ly k i stor i i d ene-

z hnogo o brashchen iya v g orodakh Bospora v V I-I v v . d o n .e. ( Ma ter ia ls Toward t he H istory o f Monetary C ircu lat ion i n t he C it ies o f t he Bosporus i n t he V IthIst Cen tur ies B .C.), NE, V , 1 965 , p p. 3 5-36. 7 9.

N . A . Fro lova.

0d enezhno m o brashchen i i Bospora , p . 4 0.

8 0.

K . V . Go lenko.

Z a metk i o mednykh b osporsk ikh monetakh..., p . 4 4f f .

8 1.

I b id., p p. 1 48, 1 52.

8 2.

C f . t he metro log ica l d a ta p resented o n p ages 1 22 a nd 1 56 o f o ur b ook .

8 3.

B .XX I I , 1 60 ;

Arkheo logo-nu m iz mat ichesk i s born ik ( Archaeo log ica l-

n um is mat ic S y mpos iu m ), Moscow , 1 850 , P late I , 1 3. 8 4.

K . V . Go lenko.

Z a metk i o mednykh b osporsk ikh monet , p . 1 52.

8 5.

We d o n o t s hare t he s cep t ica l o ut look o f P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i , who d ecl ines t o d ec ide whether t he l atest r educed c o ins r epresen t t he s a me d eno m inat ion a s t he o r ig ina l h eav ier c o ins w ith t he s a me t ypes : K aryshkovsk i. 6 8;

I z i stor i i d enezhnogo o brashchen iya

s a me a u thor.

Z a metk i...., 9 .

P . 0 .

p . 1 18, n ote

Kv osprosu o p r ich inakh ik harak-

t ere d enezhnogo k r iz isa n a Bospore v p ervo i p o lov ine I I v . d o n .e. ( Notes...., 9 .

On t he P rob le m o f t he Causes a nd N ature o f t he Mone-

t ary Cr is is i n t he Bosporus i n t he F irst Hal f o f t he I Ird C en tury B .C.), VDI ,1961, N o. 4 , p . 1 17, N ote 5 4. 8 6.

K . V . Go lenko.

Z a metk i o mednykh b osporsk ikh monetakh , p . 1 46.

8 7.

N . A . F ro lova.

Od enezhno m o brashchen i i Bospora, p . 3 9.

8 8.

K . V . Go lenko.

Z a metk i o mednykh b osporsk ikh monetakh , p p. 1 51-152.

8 9.

N . A . F ro lova.

O d enezhno m o brashchen i i Bospora , p . 3 9.

9 0.

K . V . Go lenko.

Z a metk i o mednykh b osporsk ikh monetakh , p p . 1 46 ,

1 51-152. 9 1.

9 2.

K . V . Go lenko. p . 2 0 , n ote 1 9.

Kk hrono log i i n ekotorykh mednykh mone t Bospora ,

N . A . Fro lova.

Od enezhno m o brashchen i i Bospora , p . 4 0;

Go lenko. 9 3. 9 4.

c f . K . V .

Z a metk i o mednykh b osporsk ikh monetakh , p . 1 47.

D . B . S helov . V . M. Brab ich.

Anapsk i Mad monet 1 954 g ., NE, I , 1 960. K lad monet I I v . d o n .e. i z Mir mek iya ( A Hoard o f

Co ins o f t he I Ird Cen tury B .C. f ro m Myr mec iu m ), S A, 1 964, N o. 4 . 9 5.

K . V . Go lenko.

Monety i z r askopok N im feya , p p. 7 2-73.

9 6.

K . V . Go lenko.

Kk hrono log i i n eko torykh mednykh monet Bospora

I I v . d o n .e., p . 2 3;

s a me a uthor.

Z a metk i o mednykh b osporsk ikh

monetakh I I v . d o n .e., p . 1 52. 9 7.

E . 0 . P rushevskaya.

Anapsk i k lad "pan t ikape isk ikh mednykh monet

( An Anapa Hoard o f Pan t icapaeu m Copper Co ins ), TONGE, I , 1 945.

2 11

9 8.

A . N . Z ograph.

Mir mek i isk i Mad monet I I v . d o n .e., n a idyonny v

1 934 ( A Myr mec iu m Hoard o f Co ins o f t he I Ird Century B .C. Found i n 1 934 ), MIA, No. 4 , 1 941. 9 9. 1 00.

D . B . S helov.

Mater ia ly k i st ,or i i d enezhnogo o brashchen iya , p . 3 4ff .

Yu. S . K rushko l. Nakhodk i a n t ichnykh monet v Anapsko m r a ione ( Finds o f Anc ien t Co ins i n t he Anapa Ra ion ), p . 5 1f f.; N . A . Fro lova , D . B . S helov.

Monety i z r askopok K ep ( Co ins f ro m t he K epy Excava-

t ions ), p p. 1 69-170; p . 1 59; 6 6f f .;

s a me a uthor. s a me a uthor.

K rug l ikova. 1 01.

Monety i z r askopok v Patree,

Monety i z r askopok Pan t ikapeya 1 962-1966, p . Monety i z r askopok N i mfeya , p . 6 2f f .;

I . T .

Monety i z r askopok Gorg ipp i, p . 2 8.

L . P . i C iarko. g g.

K . V . Go lenko.

Monety i z r askopok T ir itak i iMir mek iya v 1 935-1940

( Co ins f ro m t he T ir itaka a nd Myr mec iu m Excavat ions, 1 935-1940 ),

MIA, No. 2 5, 1 952, p . 3 60. 1 02.

P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i.

O lv iya iBospor p o n um iz mat ichesk im d annym

( O lb ia a nd t he Bosporus i n t he L ight o f Nu m is mat ic Data ). f or 1 962. 1 03.

K SOGA M

Odessa , 1 964, p p. 1 41-142.

A . M. G ilev ich.

Ant ichnye i nogorodn iye monety i z r askopok I C Ierson-

e sa ( Anc ien t A l ien Co ins f ro m t he Chersonesus Excavat ions ), N iS , 3 , 1 968, p p. 1 1-15. 1 04.

N . I . Vo lchkova.

K lad a n t ichnykh monet i z K a menk i Dneprovsko i ( A

Hdard o f Anc ien t Co ins f ro m K a menka Dneprovskaya ), K SIAU , 6 , 1 956, p p. 5 5-56, P late I , 2 0, 2 1. 1 05.

N . V . An f i mov.

Denezhnoye o brashchen ie n a E l izavet insko m g orod-

i shche - empor i i Bospora n a S redne i Kuban i ( Monetary C ircu lat ion a t t he Yel izavet insk Towns ite - a Bosporus Empor iu m i n t he Cen tra l K uban ), VDI, 1 966, No. 2 , p . 1 65. 1 06.

D . G . K apanadze.

K v osprosu o b e kono m ichesk ikh s vyazyakh S ever-

n ogo iVostochnogo Pr icherno morya v a nt ichnuyu e pokhu p o n um iz mat ichesk im d anny m ( W ith Reference t o t he Prob le m o f t he Econo m ic T ies b etween t he Northern a nd Eastern B lack S ea L it tora l i n Ant iqu ity i n t he L ight o f Nu m is mat ic Data ), P ISP , 1 959 , p . 1 43. 1 07.

D . B . S helov.

Denezhny r ynok Tana isa ( The Money Market o f Tana is ),

ZOAO , I , 1 960 , p . 1 34; 1 955-1964 g g.

s a me a uthor.

Monety i z r askopok Tana isa

( Co ins f ro m t he Excavat ions a t Tana is, 1 955-1964 ),

NE, V I , 1 966, p . 6 3;

s a me a uthor.

Tana is iN izhn i i Don v I I-I v v.

d o n .e. ( Tana is a nd t he L ower Don i n t he I IrdIst Centur ies B .C.), Moscow , 1 970, p p. 1 6-17, 1 80. 1 08.

N . V. An f i mov.

Denezhnoye o brashchen iye n a E l izavet insko m g orod-

is hche ,p . 1 58f f . 1 09.

E . S choenert-Ge iss.

Torgovo-ekono m ichesk iye s vyazi S evernogo

Pr icherno morya s Grets ie i ii kh o trazhen iye v mater iale monetnykh n akhodok

v . d o n .e.) — ( Trad ing a nd Econo m ic L inks b etween t he

Northern B lack S ea L it tora l a nd Greece, a nd t he ir Ref lect ion i n t he

2 12

Mater ia l f ro m Co in F inds ( V Ith-Ist Cen tur ies B .C.) ) , VDI , 1 971, No. 2 , p p. 3 4-35. 1 10.

S ee E . I . D ia mant .

Novye d annye o Pu len tsovsko m Made z o lotykh

monet ( New Data o n t he Pu len tsovo Hoard o f Go ld Co ins ), N iS, 4 , 1 971, p . 8 3f f. 1 11.

SA, 1 957, No. I , p p. 2 77-278;

P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i.

S to i most mone-

t nykh meta l lov v O lv i i iv Bosporsko m g osudarstve v I V v . d o n .e. ( The Va lue o f t he Co in Meta ls a t O lb ia a nd i n t he Bosporus S tate i n t he I Vth Cen tury B .C.), VDI, 1 958, No. 3 , p . 1 3Of f . 1 12.

S ee i n a dd it ion t o t he Karyshkovsk i a rt ic le men t ioned a lso t hat o f V . A . Anokh in.

O tnos itelnaya s to i most z o lota i s erebra v O lv i i in a Bospore

✓k ontse V -IV v v. d o n .e. ( The Relat ive Va lues o f Go ld a nd S ilver a t O lb ia a nd i n t he Bosporus a t t he End o f t he V th C en tury B .C. a nd i n t he I Vth ), N iS, 4 , 1 971;

Yu. G .

V inogradov , P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i.

O lv i isk i d e lc cet K anoba o d engakh is to i most d ragotsennykh meta l lov n a Pon te v I V v . d o n .e. ( The Canobus Decree f ro m O lb ia Regard ing Money a nd t he Va lue o f t he Prec ious Meta ls o n t he Eux ine Pon t i n t he I Vth Cen tury B .C.), VDI , 1 976, No. 4 . 1 13.

V . M. Brab ich.

O sobennost i K r izisa d enezhnogo o brashchen iya n a

Bospore v I I v . d o n .e. ( Pecu l iar it ies o f t he Monetary C irculat ion Cr is is i n t he Bosporus i n t he I Ird Century B .C.) K S I I MK , 6 6, 1 956, p . 6 5f f .;

P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i.

I z i stor i i d enezhnogo o brashchen iya

✓S everno m Pr icherno morye v I I v . d o n .e. ( Fro m t he H istory o f t he Monetary C ircu la t ion i n t he Northern B lack S ea L it tora l i n t he I Ird Cen tury B .C.), ZOAO , I( 34 ), 1 960 , p . 1 12f f.; p o n um iz mat ike a nt ichogo Pr icherno morye. a kh... ( Notes...., 9 . No. 4 , p . 14f f .;

s a me a uthor.

9 .

Z a metk i

K v oprosu o p r ich in-

With Reference t o t he Causes...), VDI, 1 961,

N . A . Fro lova.

0d enezhno m o brashchen i i Bospora

✓I I v . d o n .e., S A, 1 970, No. 4 , p p. 3 9-40 ;

V . A . Anokh in .

t elnaya s to i most z o lota is erebra..., p p. 1 2-14;

O tnos i-

K . V . Go lenko.

Z a metk i o mednykh b osporsk ikh monetakh , p p. 1 50-151, 1 53. 1 14.

P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i.

1 15.

K . V . Go lenko.

I z i stor i i d enezhnogo o brashchen iya , p . 1 23.

Kd at irovke p an t ikape isk ikh t etradrakh m, K S I I MK ,

6 3, 1 956, p . 1 58f f. 1 16.

P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i. s a me a u thor.

I z i stor i i d enezhnogo o brashchen iya, p . 1 23;

Rev iew o f b ook An t ike Münzen a us O lb ia a nd Pan t ikap-

" au m , Prag , 1 959, i n VDI, 1 961, I , p . 1 77. 1 17. 1 18.

P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i. K . V . Go lenko.

Z a metk i...., 1 1.

0n acha lno i d ate..., p . 1 38.

N esko lko s erebryannykh monet Pan t ikapeya I v . d o

n .e. s o s leda m i p erechekank i ( So me S ilver Co ins o f Pan t icapaeu m d ur ing t he Ind Cen tury B .C. w ith Traces o f Overstr ik ing ), NE, V I I, 1 968, p p. 3 8-40, P late I , 3 ,4. 1 19.

I b id., p p. 3 8-39;

s a me a uthor.

o f Pan t icapaeu m ), p . 6 061.

2 13

Dye monety Pan t ikapeya ( Two Co ins

1 20.

K . V . Go lenko.

1 21.

I b id., p . 5 9.

1 22.

I b id., p p. 5 7-59.

1 23.

K . V .

Dve monety Pan t ikapeya , p . 5 6f f ., P late I , 1 .

Go lenko.

s a me a u thor.

N esko lko s erebryannykh monet Pan t ikapeya , p . 3 7 ;

Monety i z r askopok P an t ikapeya 1 962-1966, p . 6 6,

n ote 8 . 1 24.

D . B . S he lov .

Nakhod l k i monet v Fanagor i i, p p. 6 0 , 1 09 ;

1 25.

K . V . Go lenko.

1 26.

A . I . S a lov .

N o. 9 08.

Dve monety Pant ikapeya , p . 5 6f f ., P late I , 2 .

K lad b osporsk ikh monet i z p oselk a V inogradnogo ( A Hoard

o f Bosporus Co ins f ro m t he V il lage o f V inogradnoye ), NE, X I , 1 974 , p p. 9 5, 9 7. 1 27. 1 28.

V . F . Ga iduk iev ich. K . V . Go lenko.

Das Bosporan ische Re ich , p p. 9 2-93, N o te 8 0.

N ovy t i p monet S av ( laka )

( A N ew Type f or t he S au ( la-

c us ) Co ins ), Co m mun icat ion o f t he Acade my o f S c iences o f t he Georg ian S SR, XXV , 1 960 , N o. I , p . 1 25. 1 29.

K . V . Go lenko.

Yeshcho o moneta ld i p r ip isyvaye mykh S av maku ( More

o n t he Co ins Ascr ibed t o S au macus ), VD I , 1 963, N o. 3 , p . 7 5 a nd n ote 2 6. 1 30.

P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i. I z i stor i i d enezhnogo o brashchen iya v S everno m Pr icherno morya , p . 1 22; s ame a uthor. Z a metk i...., 1 1. 0 n acha ln o i...., p p. 1 35-136.

1 31.

N . A . Fro lova. Go lenko.

0d enezhnom o brashchen i i Bospora , p . 3 9 ;

K . V .

Z a metk i o mednykh b osporsk ikh monetakh , p p. 1 44, 1 51,

1 53. 1 32.

The s a me p heno menon h as b een o bserved w ith r espect t o t he Aeg inet ic metro log ica l s tandard :

t he we igh t n or ms f or t he d eno m inat ions o f t he

Bosporus s i lver c o ins o f t he V IthIVth c en tur ies w ere , a s we h ave s een , c ons iderab ly l ower t han t he o r ig ina l n or ms f or t ha t s tandard. 1 33.

For e xa mp le, A . N . Z ograph.

1 34.

P . I . K ar ishkovsk i.

An t ichnye monety , p . 1 80.

Zi stor i i z ovn ishnovopo l it ichn ikh z vyazk iv O lv i i.

O lv iya t a Rodos ( Fro m t he H istory o f t he Fore ign Po l icy Re lat ions o f O lb ia.

O lb ia a nd Rhodes ), MASP , I , 1 959 , p . 7 5.

1 35.

Yu. G . V inogradov , P . 0 . K aryshkovsk i. O lb ia Decree o f Canobus ), p p. 3 2-33.

1 36.

K . V . Go lenko.

1 37.

A . A . Mo lchanov.

O lv i isk i d ek ret K anoba ( The

Dye monety Pan t ikapeya , p p . 5 7-58. I skusstvo p ortreta n a a n t ichno m Bospore ( po n um iz-

mat ichesk i m mater ia la m ) - ( Portra it Art i n t he Anc ien t Bosporus, a f ter Nu m is ma t ic Mater ia ls ), VMGU , 1 971, N o. 4 , p . 1 00. 1 38.

V . M. Brab ich.

K . v oprosu o c hekanke z o lotykh s taterov p r i P er isade

I ( On t he P rob le m o f t he S tr ik ing o f Go ld S taters u nder P aer isades I ), SGE, XX I , 1 961, p p. 4 9-50.

2 14

1 39.

OA K f or 1 880 , p . 2 4f f .

1 40.

M. I . Maks i mova.

0d ate Artyukhovskogo k urgana ( On t he d ate o f t he

Artyukhovo Tu mu lus ), S A, 1 960, No. 3 , p . 4 6ff .;

s a me a uthor. Yesh-

c ho r az o d ate Artyukhovskogo k urgana ( More o n t he Date o f t he Artyuk hovo Tu mu lus ), SA, 1 967, N o. 2 , p . 2 5Of f . z ur h el len ist isch-rö m ischen Toreut ik , I . g er man ischen Z entral museu ms Ma inz.

Ma inz, 1 958, p . 9 4f f .

M. I . Maks i mova 's r ev iew o f t h is b ook : 1 41.

K . V . Go lenko.

C f . H . K i lth man .

Be itrHge

J ahrbuch d es r öm ischS ee

S A, 1 962, No. 4 , p . 2 48ff .

S tatery t sare i Bospora i z n ovykh p r iobreten i i GM I I

( S taters o f K ings o f t he Bosporus among t he N ew Acqu is it ions o f t he S tate Museu m f or t he Represen tat iona l Arts ), SG M I I, I I , 1 965 , p . 3 6ff . 1 42.

I b id., p p. 3 8-39.

1 43.

N . O lcay , H . S eyr ig. M. Tho mpson.

L e t rdsor d e Mek tep in i e n Phryg ie, Par is, 1 965;

The Min ts o f Lys i machus, Essays i n Greek Co inage

Presen ted t o S tan ley Rob inson , 1 968; a nc iens e t n ouveaux , Par is, 1 973; 1 44.

A . N . Zograph.

1 45.

D . B . S helov.

H . S eyr ig.

Tresors d u L evan t

a nd o thers.

An t ichnye monety , p . 1 84. Mater ia ly k i stor i i d enezhnogo o brashchen iya , p p. 3 6-

3 7 1 46.

D . B . S helov.

Nakhodk i monet v Fanagor i i v1 947-1957 g g.

( Finds o f

Co ins a t Phanagor ia i n 1 947-1957 ), NE, I I , 1 962, p p. 5 7, 1 21-122; L . P . I C iarko.

Monetnye n akhodk i i z Fanagor i i ( Co in F inds f ro m

Phanagor ia ), SG MI I , I V , 1 968, p p. 9 4-95. 1 48. 1 49. 1 50.

L . P . Kharko. A . N . Z ograph. D . B . S helov. 4 5 ;

1 51.

Monetnye n akhodk i

i z Fanagor i i, p . 9 4, No. 2 4.

Ant ichnye monety , p p. 1 86-187.

Mater ia ly k i stor i i d enezhnogo o brashchen iya , p p. 4 4-

K . V . Go lenko.

G . A . Lordk ipan idze.

N esko lko s erebryannykh monet , p . 4 1. Ki stor i i d revne i Ko lkh idy ( W ith Reference t o

t he H istory o f Anc ien t Co lch is ), Tb il is i, 1 970 , p p. 1 8-19; K o lch is. 1 52.

K . Go lenko.

" Ch iron ," I , 1 972, p . 5 74.

OA K f or 1 897, p p. 7 2-73;

E . A . Pakho mov.

Monetnye k lady Azer-

b a idzhana id rug ikh r espub l ik , k rayev , io b laste i K avkaza.

V I I I, ( The

Co in Hoards o f Azerba idzhan a nd t he O ther Republ ics, Reg ions, a nd D istr icts o f t he Caucasus. Go lenko.

V I II ), Baku , 1 959, p . 1 07f f.;

K . V .

Monetnaya med g orodov Pon ta iPaph lagon i i v re men i Mitr i-

d ata V I v Bosporsk ikh n akhodkakh ( The Monetary Copper o f t he C it ies o f Pon tus a nd Poph lagon ia o f t he T i me o f Mithradates V I i n Bosporus F inds ), PS, No. I ( 74 ), 1 964, p p. 6 8-69. 1 53.

L . P . Kharko.

Monety i z r askopok T ir itak i iMir mek iya v 1 935-1940 ,

MIA, No. 2 5, 1 952, p p. 3 61-362. 1 54.

L . N . K aza manova.

1 55.

K . V . Go lenko.

K lad monety I V-I I v v. d o n .e., p . 1 47.

I z i s tor i i monetnogo d ela n a Bospore v Iv . d o n .e.

2 15

( Fro m t he H istory o f t he Currency i n t he Bosporus i n t he I st Cen tury B .C.), NE, I , 1 960 , p . 2 8ff. 1 56.

K . V . Go lenko.

1 57.

D . B . S helov .

N esko lko s erebryannykh monet Pan t ikapeya , p . 3 8f f . Nakhodk i monet v Fanagor i i v1 947-1957 g g., NE, I I ,

1 962, p p. 6 3-64;

s a me a uthor.

Mater ia ly k i stor i i d enezhnogo

o brashchen iya , p p. 4 0-41. 1 58.

L . N . K aza manova.

1 59.

D . B . S helov.

1 60.

A . M. G ilev ich.

K lad monet I V-I I v v. d o n .e. p . 1 48.

Mater ia ly k i st ,or i i d enezhnogo o brashchen iya , p . 4 1. An t ichnye i nogorodnye monety i z r askopok K hersonesa ,

p p. 1 5, 1 8, 4 2-43, 4 6. 1 61.

L . P . Kharko.

Monetnye n akhodk i Tavro-sk ifsko i e xped its i i 1 946 i

1 957 ( The Co in F inds o f t he Tauroscy th ian Exped it ions o f 1 946 a nd 1 957 ), MIA, No. 9 6, 1 961, p . 2 19, f ig. 1 , 1 1,12. 1 62.

A . M. G ilev ich.

1 63.

D . B . S he lov.

An t ichnye i nogorodn ie monety , p . 4 3, No. 1 3, 1 4. Ki stor i i s vyaze i e l l in ist icheskogo Bospora s Rodoso m

( W ith Reference t o t he H istory o f t he T ies b etween t he Hellen ist ic Bosporus a nd Rhodes ), SA, ) 0 (V I I I, 1 958, p . 3 33f f. 1 64.

D . B . S helov.

K era m ichesk ie k le i ma i z Tana isa I I-I v v. d o n .e.

( Cera m ic S ea ls f ro m Tana is o f t he I l lrdIst C en tur ies B .C.), Moscow , 1 975 , p p. 2 7-28.

2 16

PLATE I

1 .

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Fac ing h ead o f l i on Reverse - I ncuse s quare d iv ided i n to f our c o mpartmen ts Midd le o f V Ith c en tury B .C. s i lver 6 .05.

2 .

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m • O bverse - Fac ing h ead o f l ion Reverse -I ncuse s quare d iv ided i nto f our c o mpartmen ts ;

p o in t i n

e ach c o mpartmen t S econd h a l f o f V Ith c en tury B .C. 3 .

s i lver 1 .71.

GE

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Fac ing h ead o f l ion Reverse - I ncuse s quare d iv ided i n to f our c o mpartmen ts ;

p o in t i n

e ach c o mpartmen t S econd h a l f o f V Ith c en tury B .C. s i lver 2 .30. 4 .

GE

Pant icapaeu m O bverse - Fac ing h ead o f l ion Reverse - I ncuse s quare w ith f our t ablets i n r el ief w ith in i t F irst q uarter o f V th c entury B .C. s i lver 1 .49.

5 .

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Fac ing h ead o f l ion Reverse - I ncuse s quare w ith f our t ab lets i n r el ief ;

s tars o n t wo

t ab lets F irst q uarter o f V th c entury B .C. s i lver 1 .72. 6 .

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Fac ing h ead o f l ion Reverse - I ncuse s quare d iv ided i n to f our c o mpart men ts;

p o in t i n

e ach o f t wo c o mpartmen ts F irst q uar ter o f V th c en tury B .C. s i lver 0 .29. 7 .

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Fac ing h ead o f l ion Reverse - I ncuse s quare w ith f our t ab lets i n r e l ief ; t he l et ters

F i -A

a nd t wo s tars

S econd q uarter o f V th c en tury B .C. 8 .

o n t he t ab lets

s i lver 4 .59.

G IM

P an t icapaeu m O bverse - Fac ing h ead o f l ion Reverse - I ncuse s quare w ith f our t ab lets i n r e l ief ; t he l et ters

7-A-n

Th ird q uarter o f V th c en tury B .C. 9 .

o n t he t ab lets

a nd a s tar s i lver 1 .35.

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Fac ing h ead o f l ion Reverse - I ncuse s quare w ith f our r e l ief t ab lets ;

o n t he t ab le ts t he

l et ters 7 1-A-N-TI a nd i n t he c en tre a s tar Th ird q uarter o f V th c en tury B .C. s i lver 1 .68.

G IM

1 0.

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Fac ing h ead o f l i on Reverse - L et ters I-A-N-TI i n i ncuse s quare ; Th ird q uarter o f V th c en tury B .C. s i lver 0 .31.

1 1.

i n c en tre , as tar G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Fac ing h ead o f l i on Reverse - Head o f r am r igh t , a nd i nscr ip t ion IANTI

i n i ncuse

s quare L ast q uarter o f V th c en tury B .C. 1 2.

s i lver 1 .68.

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Fac ing h ead o f l i on Reverse - Head o f r am l ef t , b enea th i ts turgeon l ef t ; IANTI, End o f V th c en tury B .C. s i lver. GE

1 3.

Apo l lon ia ( ? ) O bverse - Fac ing h ead o f l i on Reverse - S tar i n i ncuse s quare F irst q uar ter o f V th c entury B .0 C .s i lver 0 .32.

1 4.

G IM

Apo l lon ia O bverse - Fac ing h ead o f l ion Reverse - I ncuse s quare d iv ided i n to f our c o mpartmen ts ;

A -n-o-A

i n t he c o mpartmen ts

S econd q uarter o f V th c en tury B .C. s i lver 1 .37. 1 5.

t he l et ters

G IM

Apo l lon ia O bverse - Fac ing h ead o f l ion Reverse - I ncuse s quare w ith f our r e l ief t ab lets;

o n t ab lets t he

l et ters AI I-0-A; i n c en tre a s tar Th ird q uarter o f V th c en tury B .C. s i lver 0 .41. 1 6.

GE

Myr mec iu m O bverse - An t Reverse - I ncuse s quare d iv ided i n to f our c o mpartmen ts ;

p o in t i n

e ach o f t wo c o mpartmen ts F irst q uarter o f V th c en tury B .C. s i lver 0 .13. 1 7.

GE

Myr mec iu m O bverse - An t Reverse - S tar i n i ncuse s quare F irst q uarter o f V th c en tury B .C. s i lver 0 .11.

1 8.

GE

Myr mec iu m O bverse - An t Reverse - I ncuse s quare w ith f our r el ief t ab lets, o n t ab lets t he l et ters

I-A-T-TI

;s tar i n c en tre

Th ird q uarter o f V th c en tury B .C. 1 9.

s i lver 0 .18.

G IM

Myr mec iu m O bverse - An t Reverse - I ncuse s quare d iv ided i n to f our c o mpartmen ts b y af ourp o in ted s tar ;

i n t he c o mpartmen ts t he l et ters A- -O-A

Th ird q uar ter o f t he V th c en tury B .C. 2 0.

s i lver 0 .20.

GE

Nymphaeu m O bverse - Head o f n y mph l ef t Reverse - Bunch o f g rapes a nd i nscr ip t ion NYN i n i ncuse s quare L ast q uarter o f V th c entury B .C. s i lver 1 .53.

G IM

2 1.

Theodos ia O bverse - Beard less h ead r igh t Reverse - Head o fb u l l r ight a nd i nscr ip t ion SEOAEO L ast q uarter o f V th c en tury B .C. s i lver.

2 2.

i n i ncuse s quare

GE

Theodos ia O bverse - Head o fA thena l ef t Reverse - Bucran ium f i l leted ; 8E-OL-EQ. Turn o f V th-IV th c en tur ies B .C. s i lver 2 .62.

2 3.

G IM

S ind ica O bverse - h ead o f H erac les r ight Reverse -Head o fh orse r ight a nd i nscr ip t ion E INA M I a quare L ast q uarter o f V th c entury B .C.;

2 4.

s i lver 0 .26.

i n i ncuse

G IM

S ind ica O bverse - Eag le-headed g r if f in s eated r igh t ;

b efore i t a wheat

g ra in Reverse - Head o f h orse r ight a nd i nscr ipt ion E INA SI N

i n i ncuse

s quare L ast q uarter o f V th c entury B .C. 2 5.

s i lver 1 .33.

G IM

S ind ica O bverse - Herac les o n o ne k nee d raw ing b ow Reverse - Ow l f ac ing a nd i nscr ip t ion

E INA2N

L ast q uarter o f V th c en tury B .0 C .s i lver 1. 26.

i n i ncuse s quare G IM

PLATE I 2 6.

Phanagor ia O bverse - Beard less h ead wear ing p ileus l ef t Reverse - Head o fb u l l l ef t ;

b eh ind i t wheat g ra in ;

Turn o fV th-IVth c en tur ies B .C. s i lver 1 .56. 2 7.

a bove

A .

G IM

Phanagor ia O bverse - Beard less h ead wear ing p i leus l ef t Reverse - Proto me o fb u t t ing b u l l l ef t ;

b eh ind i tw hea t g ra in ;

a bove i t ZANA. Turn o f V th-IVth c en tur ies B .C. s i lver 1 .05. 2 8.

G IM

Phanagor ia O bverse - Beard less h ead l ef t Reverse - Wheat g ra in ; ZA . Turn o f V th-IVth c entur ies B .C. s i lver 0 .26.

2 9.

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb earded s atyr l ef t Reverse - L ion-headed g r iff in wa lk ing l ef t ; l ef t ; r i -A-N. Abou t 3 75-360 B .C. g o ld 9 .07.

3 0.

G IM

b enea th i t wheat-ear

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb earded s a tyr t hree-quarters l ef t Reverse - L ion-headed g r iff in wa lk ing l ef t ; l ef t ; I-A-N . Abou t 3 60-340 B .C , ,

g o ld 9 .10.

GE

b enea th i t wheat-ear

3 1.

Pan t icapaeum O bverse - Head o fb earded s atyr w ear ing i vy wreath l ef t Reverse - L ion-headed g r if f in wa lk ing l e f t ; l ef t ; f l-A-N . Abou t 3 40-330 B .C. g o ld 9 .08.

3 2.

b enea th i t wheat-ear

GE

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o f b earded s a tyr wear ing i vy wreath l ef t Reverse - L ion-headed g r if f in wa lk ing l ef t ;

b eneath i t whea t-ear

l ef t ; f l -A-N. Abou t 3 30-315 B .C. 3 3.

g o ld 9 .07.

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb earded s atyr w ear ing i vy wreath l ef t Reverse - L ion-headed g r if f in wa lk ing l ef t ;

b eneath i t wheat-eat l ef t ;

. Abou t 3 15-300 B .C. 3 4.

g o ld 9 .07.

GE

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - h ead o fb eard less s atyr w ear ing i vy wreath l ef t Reverse - Proto me o f l ion-headed g r if f in w a lk ing l ef t ; b eneath i t wheat-ear l ef t ; f l-A-N Abou t 3 15-300 B .C.

3 5.

g o ld 4 .29.

GE

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb earded s atyr l ef t Reverse - L ion wa lk ing l ef t ; F IANTI . About 4 00-375 B .C.

3 6.

g o ld 2 .57.

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb earded s atyr r igh t Reverse - Head o f l ion r igh t ; I TANTI. About 4 00-375 B .C.

3 7.

g o ld 2 .41.

GE

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb earded s a tyr l ef t Reverse - Proto me o f l i on l ef t ; Abou t 4 00-375 B .C.

3 8.

b eh ind i tc rescen t ; F IANTI.

g o ld 0 .76.

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb earded s atyr r ight Reverse - Head o f h orse r ight ; F iANTI . Abou t 4 00-375 B .C.

3 9.

s i lver 1 .95.

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb earded s atyr r igh t Reverse - Head o f r am r igh t ; nANTI . About 4 00-375 B .C.

4 0.

s i lver 1 .17.

GE

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb earded s atyr t hree-quar ters r ight Reverse - L ion wa lk ing r ight ; nANTI. Abou t 3 75-360 B .C.

4 1.

s i lver 4 .87.

G IM

Pan t icapaeum O bverse - Head o fb eard less s atyr t hree-quarters l ef t Reverse - L ion g naw ing s pear, l ef t ; T IANTI. About 3 75-360 B .C.

s i lver 2 .07.

G IM

4 2.

P an t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb earded s atyr t hree-quarters r igh t Reverse - L ion c rouched t o s pr ing , r igh t ; T IAN = . Abou t 3 75-360 B .C.

4 3.

s i lver 2 .64.

GE

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o f b eard less s atyr r igh t Reverse - Protome o f l ion-headed g r if f in r igh t ; F l -A-N . About 3 75-360 B .C.

4 4.

s i lver 0 .58.

GE

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o f b earded s a tyr t hree-quarters l ef t Reverse - Head o fb u l l l ef t ; Abou t 3 60-340 B .C. s i lver 3 .46.

4 5.

. G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb eard less s atyr w ear ing i vy w reath , r igh t Reverse - L ion r igh t , w ith h ead t urned b ack ; IANTI . Abou t 3 40-330 B .C.

4 6.

s i lver 2 .58.

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o f b earded s atyr w ear ing i vy wreath , t hree-quar ters l ef t Reverse - L ion s tr ik ing d own s tag , r igh t ; i lANTI. Abou t 3 40-330 B .0 . s i lver 2 .61.

4 7.

GE

Pan t icapaeu m Obverse - Head o fb earded s atyr w ear ing i vy w reath l ef t Reverse - Head o f r am l ef t ; IANTI. About 3 40-330 B .C.

4 8.

s i lver 1 .45.

GE

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb eard less s atyr wear ing i vy w reath r igh t Reverse - Proto me o f l ion w ith h ead t urned b ack , r igh t ;

b eh ind i t

ab ranch ; F LANTI. Abou t 3 40-330 B .C. 4 9.

s i lver 0 .91

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb eard less s atyr r igh t Reverse - Pro to me o f l ion w ith h ead t urned b ack , r igh t ; a wheat-gra in ; T IAN . Abou t 3 40-330 B .C.

s i lver 0 .22.

GE

PLATE I I 5 0.

Pan t icapaeum O bverse - Head o fb earded s atyr w ear ing i vy w reath l ef t Reverse - Head o f f i sh r igh t ; IAN . Abou t 3 40-330 B .C.

5 1.

s i lver 1 .30.

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb eard less s atyr r ight Reverse - Head o fb u l l l ef t ; I 1AN . Abou t 3 40-330 B .C.

s i lver 0 .67.

G IM

b eh ind i t

5 2.

Pant icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb eard less s atyr r ight Reverse - Bow ; RAN . Abou t 3 40-330 B .C.

5 3 .

s i lver 0 .60.

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb eard less s a tyr r igh t Reverse - L ion r ec l in ing r igh t ; Abou t 3 30-315 B .C.

5 4 .

EA I TTI .

s i lver 2 .49

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb earded s a tyr wear ing i vy wrea th l e f t Reverse - B ow a nd a rrow r igh t ; HANTI. A bou t 3 30-315 B .C.

5 5 .

s i lver 1 1.73

P an t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o f b eard less s a tyr r igh t ; Reverse - B ow i n c ase r igh t ; Abou t 3 30-315 B .C.

5 6 .

G IM

d ot ted c irc le

F I AN-TI.

s i lver 2 .16

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o f b eard less s a tyr r igh t Reverse - Proto me o f Pegasus r igh t ; H -A-N . Abou t 3 30-315 B . C.

5 7 .

s i lver 3 .16

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o f b earded s a tyr r igh t Reverse - Proto me o f e ag le-headed g r if f in l ef t ; b enea th i ts turgeon l ef t ; E-A-N A bou t 3 30-315 B .C. s i lver 5 .97

5 8 .

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb eard less s a tyr wear ing i vy wrea th l e f t Reverse - Head o f b u l l l ef t ; Abou t 3 15-300 B .C.

5 9.

G IM

.

s i lver 1 1.80

GE

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o fb eard less s a tyr wear ing i vy wrea th t hreeq uar ters l ef t Reverse - L ion ' ss ca lp f ac ing ; T IAN. A bou t 3 15-300 B .C.

6 0 .

6 1.

s i lver 2 .51

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o f b eard less s a tyr wear ing i vy wrea th l e f t Reverse - Head o f b u l l l ef t ;

.

A bou t 3 15-300 B .C.

G IM

s i lver 1 8 .02

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o f b eard less s a tyr wear ing i vy wrea th l e f t Reverse - Head o f l i on l ef t ; A bou t 3 15-300 B .C.

6 2 .

G IM

b enea th i ts turgeon l e f t ; H-A-N

s i lver 8 .71

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse - Head o f b eard less s a tyr wear ing i vy wrea th l e f t ; c oun ter mark i n f or m o f 1 2-po in ted s tar Reverse - Head o f l i on l e f t ; b enea th i ts turgeon l e f t ; c oun ter ma .rk i n f or m o fb owcase Beg inn ing o f B ird c entury B .C.

s i lver 6 .07

G IM

H-A-N .

6 3 .

Pan t icapaeu m fb earded s a tyr l e f t O bverse - Head o fb u l l l e f t ; I-A-N , Reverse - Head o f I Ird c en tury B .C. Beg inn ing o

6 4 .

s i lver 3 .29

P an t icapaeum fb earded s a tyr l e f t O bverse - Head o fb u l l l e f t ; Reverse - Head o F irst h a lf o f I Ird c en tury B .C. s i lver 3 .29

6 5 .

G IM

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m fb eard less s a tyr wear ing i vy wrea th l e f t O bverse -Head o Reverse -Bow a nd a rrow l ef t ; T IAN. F irst h a lf o f I Ird c entury B .C. A 5 .62 G IM

6 6 .

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o fb eard less s a tyr wear ing i vy wrea th l e f t Reverse -B ow a nd a rrow l ef t ; F L AN. F irst h a lf o f I T Ird c entury B .C. A . 2 .62 G IM

6 7 .

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o fb eard less s a tyr wear ing i vy wrea th l e f t ; e ar l ier c oun termark i n f orm o f t we lve-po in ted s tar v is ib le b enea th t ype Reverse -Bow a nd a rrow l ef t ; HAN. ; e ar l ier c oun termark i n f or m o fb owcase v is ib le b enea th t ype F irst h a lf o f I Ird c entury B .C. A . 7 .10 G IM PLATE I V

6 8 .

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t le w ith r a ised w ings f ac ing ; r i AN Reverse -Eag Ird c entury B .C. A 4 .03 GE M idd le o f I

6 9 .

Pa n t i ca pa eu m f Apo l lo r igh t O bverse -Head o ipod ; TAN . Reverse -Tr Ird c en tury B .C. A M idd le o f I

7 0 .

2 .21

G IM

P an t icapaeu m fb eard less s a tyr wear ing i vy wrea th l e f t nAN O bverse -Head o nd a rrow r igh t ; T IAN ; c oun termark i n f orm Reverse -Bow a o ft r ipod Ird c en tury B .C. M idd le o f I

7 1.

A

3 .51

G IM

P an t icapaeu m f Apo l lo r igh t ; t r ipod c oun termark O bverse -Head o le w ith r a ised w ings f ac ing ; ' IAN . Reverse -Eag L I I r d c e n t u r y B . C . A 3 . 5 4 G I M M idd le o f

7 2 .

Pant icapaeu m fb earded s a tyr r igh t O bverse -Head o nd a rrow r igh t ; T I ANTI . Reverse -Bow a ird c en tury B .C. A 4 .40 GE M idd le o f B

7 3 .

Pan t icapaeu m d o fb earded s a tyr wear ing i vy wrea th r igh t O bverse -He a nd a rrow r igh t ; IAN . Reverse -Bow a Ird c en tury B . C .A . M idd le o f I

2 .59

G IM

7 4 .

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Pose idon r igh t Reverse Sh ip ' sp row l ef t ; T IANTI. Beg inn ing o f t h ird q uar ter o f I l Ird c en tury B .C.

7 5 .

i e s E

6 .93

G IM

P an t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Pose idon r igh t Reverse Sh ip ' sp row l ef t ; IANTI;

C oun ter mark i n f or m o f

h ead o f A thena Th ird q uar ter o f I Ird c entury B .C. A . 7 6 .

7 .92

GE

L eucon I O bverse -Head o f Herac les r igh t Reverse -Bow a nd c lub l ef t ; BAZIAES 2E AEY MNOE Th ird q uar ter o f I Ird c en tury B .C.

7 7 .

A .

1 2 .20

G IM

L eucon I O bverse -Head o f A thena r igh t Reverse -T hunderbo lt ; BAZIAES 2Z AEYK S 2NOE Th ird q uar ter o f I Ird c en tury B .C. A _

7 8 .

3 .93

G IM

L eucon I O bverse Sh ie ld a nd s pear Reverse -Ak inakes sword r ight ; BAZIALS 2E A .EYKLNOE. Th ird q uar ter o f I Ird c en tury B .C. A _ 5 .27 G IM

7 9 .

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -Proto me o f e ag le-headed g r if fon l ef t ;

b enea th i t

a whea t-ear l ef t ; I-A-N . L ast t h ird o f I Ird c en tury B .C . 8 0 .

A

2 .82

G IM

3 .04

G IM

2 .52

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -Eag le s ea ted r igh t ; IAN . L ast t h ird o f I Ird c entury B .C. A-

8 1.

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -Whea t-ear L ast t h ird o f I l lrd c en tury B .C. A

8 2 .

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -Head o f l i on w i th j ave l in i n j aws ; IUN L ast t h ird o f I Ird c entury B .C. 2 .44 G IM

8 3 .

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f b u l l t hree-quar ters r igh t Reverse -P lough l ef t , a bove i t a whea t-ear l ef t ; I-A-N . End o f I Ird - f irst h a lf o f I l nd c en tury B .C. A

8 4 .

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -W ing Reverse -Tr ipod ; IAN . End o f I Ird c entury B .C. A

1 .30

G IM

3 .38

G IM

PLATE V 8 5 .

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo l e f t Reverse -Pastur ing h orse l ef t ; HANTI, , End o f I Ird c en tury B .C. A . 1 5 .67 GE

8 6 .

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -Bow i n c ase l e f t ;

HANTIKA-HAI MN

F irst h a lf o f and c en tury B .C . & 8 7 .

3 .57 G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -Bow i n c ase l e f t ; b enea th i t monogram r IANTIKA1 1AITS 2N F irst h a lf o f l I nd c en tury B .C.

8 9 .

GE

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -Bow i n c ase l e f t ; b enea th i ts pear l e f t ; HANTIKA-HAITQN F irst h a lf o f l i nd c entury B .C.

8 8 .

4 .12

A .

3 .48

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -Tr ipod ; b enea th i t monogra m Ad HANTIKAHAITQN T h ird q uar ter o f l i nd c entury B .C. A

9 0 .

3 .20

; GE

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -Proto me o f g a l loping h orse r igh t : F IANTIKAT IAIT N F irst h a lf a nd midd le o f I l nd c en tury B .C. A

9 1.

G IM

0 .90

G IM

0 .53

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -Bow i n c ase r ight , b enea th i t monogram A k i \; EANTIKA11AIT2N . S econd q uar ter o f and c en tury B .C. A

9 5 .

1 .39

Pan t icapaeum O bverse -Eigh t-po in ted s tar Reverse -Cornucop iae ; HA-N . F irst h a lf a nd midd le o f Ind c en tury B .C. A

9 4 .

G IM

P an t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -Beacon ; HA . F irst h a lf a nd m idd le o f Ind c en tury B .C. A .

9 3 .

1 .25

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -L yre ; HANTIKAI IAITQN F irst h a lf a nd midd le o f a nd c entury B .C. A

9 2 .

R.;

6 .97

G IM

P an t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -Bow i n c ase l e f t ; I TAN F irst h a lf a nd midd le o f I l nd c en tury B .C .

A -

1 .8 2

G IM

9 6 .

Pan t icapaeum O bverse -Head o f A po l lo r igh t Reverse -Bow a nd a rrow r igh t ; r IAN . F irst h a lf a nd midd le o f I l nd c entury B .C. i e 2 .36

9 7 .

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -Do lph in l e f t ; T IAN . F irst h a lf a nd midd le o f I l nd 'cen tury B .C.

9 8 .

G IM

A

1 .18

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -Whea t-ear l e f t l iAN . F irst h a lf a nd midd le o f I i nd c en tury B .C. A

9 9 .

1 .14

G IM

1 .26

G IM

Pan t icapaeum O bverse -Head o f Apo l lo r igh t Reverse -Wrea th- EA . F irst h a lf a nd midd le o f End c en tury B .C . A .

1 00 .

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o fb earded s a tyr wear ing i vy wrea th l ef t Reverse -Cornucop iae b etween s tar-crested c aps o f D ioscuro i ; EAN-TI. L ast q uar ter o f l i nd c en tury B .C . A

3 .85

G IM

PLATE V I 1 01.

P an t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o fb eard less s a tyr wear ing i vy wrea th r igh t Reverse S tar-crested c aps o f D ioscruo i ; EANTI b s L ast q uar ter o f End c en tury B .C.

1 02 .

A . 3 .06 G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f A thena r igh t Reverse Sh ip ' sp row r igh t ; HAN . Abou t 1 10 B .C .

1 03 .

1 .94

G IM

Pan t icapaeu m O bverse -Head o f A thena r igh t Reverse -Tr iden t r igh t ; IAN . Abou t 1 10 B . C. A

1 04 .

1 .20

G IM

Hyg iaenon O bverse -Head o f a rchon Hyg iaenon r igh t Reverse Sea ted A thena l e f t ; o n e x tended r igh t h and , N ike w ith wrea th ; b y l e f t a rm s h ie ld , i n h and s pear ; b enea th , t r iden t l e f t a nd t wo d o lph ins ; monograms

/ 61 a nd 7 s 4 " APXONTOE YrIAINONTOE. L ast q uar ter o f I Ird c entury B .C. A . 8 .49 G IM 1 05 .

Hyg iaenon O bverse -Hea c l o f a rchon Hyg iaenon wear ing d iade m , r igh t Reverse -Moun ted warr ior g a l lop ing l ef t ; APXONTOE YrIAINONTOE. L ast q uar ter o f I Ird c en tury B .C.

A

3 .53

monograms GE

P I

a nd

K t '

1 06 .

S par tocus O bverse -D iade med h ead o f k ing S par tocus r igh t Reverse -Bow i n c ase l e f t ; monogram it BAZIAE S 2E E r IAPTOKOY . M idd le o f I nd c en tury B .C.

1 07 .

A

7 .78 G IM

Paer isades O bverse -D iade med h ead o f k ing r igh t Reverse -Sea ted A thena l e f t ; o n e x tended r igh t h and N ike w ith wrea th ; s h ie ld b y l e f t a rm , i n h and s pear ; b enea th at r iden t l e f t a nd t wo d o lph ins ; monogram F 1D; BAZIA ME 1 7 . AE 'PIEALOY End o f I Ird c en tury B .C. A 8 .47 GE

1 08 .

Paer isades S a me t ypes, b u t i n p lace o f monogram o n r everse , t he l et ter K End o f Ind c en tury B .C.

1 09 .

8 .20 G IM

T heodos ia O bverse -Beard less h ead l e f t Reverse -But t ing b u l l r igh t ; 8E0A0 . M idd le o f I V th c entury B .C. A GE

1 10 .

T heodos ia O bverse -Head o f A thena r igh t Reverse -Bow i n c ase l e f t , c lub r igh t ; 8EY . Th ird q uar ter o f I Ird c en tury B .C. A . 4 .58

1 11.

G IM

T heodos ia O bverse -Head o f Herac les l ef t Reverse -Club r igh t ; OEYAO . Th ird q uar ter o f I Ird c entury B .C.

1 12 .

Phanagor ia O bverse -Head o fb earded s a tyr wear ing i vy wrea th r igh t Reverse -Bow a nd a rrow r igh t ; Ind c en tury B .C .

1 13 .

1 .79

A .

G IM

Phanagor ia O bverse -Head o fb eard less s a tyr r igh t Reverse -Bunch o f g rapes ; AN . F irst h a lf o f Ind c en tury B .C. A. 1 .96

1 14 .

G IM

Phanagor ia O bverse -Head o f Ar te m is r igh t Reverse -Po megrana te f l ower ; Abou t 1 20-110 B .C.

1 15 .

A .

2 .45

ZANArO—PITO .N .

G IM

G org ipp ia O bverse -Head o f He l ios r igh t Reverse -Cornucop iae b e tween t wo s tars ; Abou t 1 20-110 B .C . A . 3 .64 GE

r op -rin .

1

1 2

1 6

2 1

2 5 PLATE I

2 f i

2 8

3 1

3 1

3 5

3 8

q 2

c

( I S PLATE I

5 2

5 S c 5

5 7

5 1

5 8

5 2

5 3

£ 2

S c

5 6

6 5

6 7 PLATE I I

6 8 7 0

7 1 7 2

7 3

7 c

7 5

7 5

7 8

8 0 8 2 8 1

B q 8 3 PLATE I V

8 5

8 E

B 1 ?

8

9 5

3 5

i o n

PLATE V

1 0 3

i n c

1 0 5

1 0 9

1 E 8

1 0 5

1

1 4 1 2

1 3

1 5 PLATE V I