Roman Weapons, Tools, Bronze Equipment and Brooches from Neuss - Novaesium Excavations 1955-1972 9781841711409, 9781407351995

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Dedication
List of Contents
Foreword
Bibliography
COPPER ALLOY BROOCHES
THE BRONZE VESSELS
MISCELLANEOUS BRONZE OBJECTS
THE IRON WEAPONS AND TOOLS
PHOTOGRAPHS
PLATES

Citation preview

Roman Weapons, Tools, Bronze Equipment and Brooches from Neuss - Novaesium Excavations

1955-1972

Grace Simpson

BAR International Series 862

2000

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 862

Roman Weapons, Tools, Bronze Equipment and Brooches from Neuss – Novaesium Excavations 1955-1972 © Grace Simpson and the Publisher 2000 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781841711409 paperback ISBN 9781407351995 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841711409 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2000. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

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D ed ica t ion t o H a r a ld v on P e t r ikov i t s a nd t ot h e P eop le o fS t ad tN eu s s

i

L IST OF CONTENTS

FORE WORD

P age i v

B IBL IOGRAPHY

i x

COPPER ALLOY BROOCHES : TABLE OF BROOCHES

1

THE BRONZE VESSELS

4 3

M ISCELLANEOUS BRONZE OBJECTS

5 3

I I I I T I

P e r sona lO rnamen t s ,T o i le ta nd S u rg ica lI n s t rumen t s Weapon sa nd A rmou r H o r se E qu ipmen t , B e l l sa nd P endan t s

ME BONE OBJECTS :P la te 1 9 , 1 0 -12

5 9

THE I RON OBJECTS ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) ( e ) ( f ) ( g ) ( h )

P i la C a tapu l tB o l t s S p ea r s Kn ive s H o r se -Gea r Waggon -F i t t ing s S l ave -Cha in s Wood - Wo rk ing T oo l s

( i ) ( j )

N a i l s P lough C ou l te r

8 7

I LLUSTRAT IONS P lan 1 .

v i P lan o ft h eE x cava t ion sf r om B onne rJ ah rbüche r ,B and 1 61 , 1 961 ,b yH . v on P e tr ikov i t s . T he C laud ian L eg iona ry F or t r e s st or i gh tw a se xcava ted f r om 1 887 -1900 . S ca le 1 : 10 ,000 . v i i

P lan 2 . P lan o ft h eE xcava t ion sf r om A u sg rabungen i nD eu t sch land , Monog raph I , 1 975 ,b yG . Mü l le r ,f r om 1 955 -1972 . S ca le 1 : 10 ,000 . F ig s 1a nd 2 .

S t r ig i ln ame s tamp se n la rg ed 4 : 1 .

P la te s 1-4 3 .

D r aw ing s .

1 27

P la te s4 4 -5 1

P ho tog raph s .

1 70

1 1

5 5

FORE WORD My s p ec ia l t h ank s a r e d u e t oP ro f e s so r H . v on P e t r ikov i t s f o r h i s m any k indne s se s w h i le I w o rk ed a t t h e R h e in i s ch e s L and e smu s eum i n B onn , a nd f o r r e ad ing m y m anu sc r ip t , w h ich w a s i n tend ed t ob e p ub l i sh ed i nE ng l i sh a s V o lum e 7o ft h e N eu s s L ime s f o r schung en s p ec ia l i s t r e po r t s . S even s u cce s s ive c amp s a nd f o r t r e s se s , n am ed A -G , e x cava ted f r om 1 955 1972 , w e r e d e sc r ib ed i n P r e l im ina ry R epo r t sb yP ro f e s so rv on P e t r ikov i t s a nd h e o u t l in ed t h e i rc h rono logy . S ee P lan 1f o rt h e c omp lex i ty o ft h es i t e .T h es equ en ce o fA -G w a sa l t e r ed b yt h el a t eD r . G . Mü l le ri n1 975 ,s e eP lan 2 . T he l o ca t ion o fc e r ta in m e ta l o b jec t s w h i ch D r Mü l le r g av e t om e r e f e r t ot h e o r ig ina l A -G s equ en ce . P ro f e s so rE l i sab e th E t t l ing e r ' s V o lum e 9 ,o nt h eI t a l i sch e S ig i l la ta a tN eu s s , w a s p ub l i sh ed i n 1 983 . Ih av e c heck ed 1 08 o fh e r A rb e i t snumm e rn a nd t h ey a r e t h e s am e a sm ine f o r c e r ta in m e ta l o b jec t sf ound w i th h e rp o t she rd s . Many i n d ica t ee a r ly l e ve l si nt h es t ra t ig r aphy , b u tn o ta lway sb ecau se t wo g roup so fs e cond c en tu ry A . .D . m a t e r ia lw e r e a s so c ia t ed w i th l a rg e g r oup s o fe a r ly S ig i l la ta w hen t h em i l i ta ry c amp sw e r er e con s t ru c ted s e v e ra lt im e s . F o rt h eM i l i ta r y C h rono logy s e eP rof e s so r S .v on S chnu rbe in ' s 1 981 S t udy a bou tH a l ter n . E ach s p ec ia l i s t e xam ined a n e no rmou s q uan t i ty o f o b je c t s . Ib egan w o rk i n 1 961 o n t h e c on ten t s o fe i gh ty l a rg e w ooden b ox e s f i l led w i th b ag s c on ta in ing b r onze o b jec t s . T h e b rooche s h ad a l ready b een s o r ted a nd d r awn a tt h e N ied e r rh e in i sche s Mu seum , D u i sbu rg . L a t e r , t h e re w e r e m o r e l a rg eb oxe st oe mp ty . I n1 974 b o th H e r rG .T . Ma ry a nd D r Mü l le rh ad t o ld m et h a tt h e re w e re n om o r e m e ta lo b jec t sf o rm et oe xam in e . T h et o ta ln umb e ro fo b jec t sr e co rd ed i nt h i sb ook i s1 , 340 ,i n c lud ing t h o se n o ti lu s t r a ted :4 57 b rooche s 7 2b ron ze v e s s e l s 4 96 m i sc e l lan eou sb ron ze s 3 15 i r on o b jec t s . B u t t h o se a r e o n ly av e ry s mal p a r t o f t h e m e ta l o b jec t s wh ich Ie xam in ed . Mu ch o f t h e b ronze c on s i s t ed o fg r een p owd e r , t o ob rok en a nd c o r rod ed f o r i d en t if i ca t ion . T h e s o i l o fN eu s s h ad a ne ven m o r e d e s t ruc t iv e e f f ec t o n t h e i r onwo rk . D rK r i s ta S eg e rmann h e lp ed m e w i th t h ev e ry h eavy t a sk o f e xam in ing t h ei r on o b je c t s , m any o fw h ich w e r en o t i d en t if iab le . T he m e thod o fr e co rd ing t h e f i nd si s a dm i rab le . T he d e ta i l sr e co rd ed o ne a ch b ag r e la te t o al a rg e c a rd i n d ex , a nd o t he rr e f e rence ma te r ia l , s i te p l an sa nd s e c t iona ld r aw ing s . When Il a s ts aw t h ec o l lec t ion s o fm e ta lo b jec t st h ey w e re i n ah ug e n ew s t o re room i nt h eR h e in i sche sL and e smu seum . H e r r W . H a rb e r ey a l low ed m e t oe xam in e c o l lec t ion s i nt h e Mu seum , a nd my c o l league s who w e r e a l so w o rk ing o n f i nd s f r om N eu s s h e lp ed m e . T h e d r aw ing s o n p l a te s 1 -43 w e r e m ad e i n t h e Z e ich en sa a l i nt h e Mu s eum . P ro f e s so r W . Mann ing h e lp ed w i th s om e o ft h e i r onwo rk , e sp ec ia l ly t h e e a r ly p l ough c ou l te r .D rP e t e rG lü s ing i d en t if i ed aG e rman ic b e l t -hook a nd c on t r ibu ted aNo te a bou ti t . T h e l a t e P rof e s so r W . S ch le ie rma ch e rh e lp ed m e t ov i s i t m any mu s eum s a r ound F r ank fu r t am Ma in , a nd P ro f e s so rH . K lumb ach , a nd o t h e r C u r a to r s , a lowed m e t os t ud y m e t a l o b jec t s i nt h e f o l low ing m u seum s : A lzey , A r ez zo , A ug sbu rg , B onn ( Akad em i sche s K un s tmu seum ) , Dü s se ldo r f , E h r enb r e i t s te in , F r iedb e rg , K r euznach , K ö ln , L e id en , Ma inz ( RGZ Mu s eum a nd A l t e r tum smu seum ) , N ap le s , N i jmeg en , R eg en sbu rg , S a a lbu rg , S a in t -G e rma in en -Lay e , S p ey e r , S tu t tg a r t , T ong e ren , T r ie r , U t r ech t , Wo rm s . T h eE ng l i sh t e x tw a sc omp le ted i n1 974 , a nd at r an s la t ion i n to G e rman w a sr equ e s ted b y S t ad tN eu s s . F r l . Ma r t ina B rügg e b egan t h e t r an s la t ion i nJ a nua ry , 1 975 , a nd F rau D r H aup t , a tt h e R he in i sch e s L and smu seum , c o r r ec ted t h et r an s la t ion a nd Ir e ad i ta l so . B yt h i st im e t h e r e w a s an ew D i rek to r , a nd f i ve w a s ted y ea r sf o l lowed i nt wo a t t emp t st og e tm et og i v et h e a u tho r sh ip t os omeon ee l se . Ir e f u sed i n 1 977 : t h e t r oub le w a s t h a t Ih ad i nd ica t ed t h a t c e r ta in b rooch e s a nd o t h e r o b jec t s w e r e w rong ly d a ted , s e e S ec t ion 7b e low o nK a s t e l lZ ugman t e l . A tt h i st ime Ih ad o f e r ed a na r t ic le t ot h e S aa lbu rg J ah rbuch w h ich w a sr e f u sed . Two y ea r sl a t e ri ta pp ea r ed i nT h e A n t iqua r i e s J ou rna l V o lume 5 9 , w i th s e c t ion sb yC .F .C . H awk e sa nd t h el a te M .R . H u l l . E a r ly i n1 980 c am et h es e cond a t temp tt og e tm et o p a r tw i th m yw o rk . Ir e tu rn ed t oB onn i nN ov embe r , a nd Ic am eh ome w i th t e x ta nd i lu s t ra t ion s a nd a l e t t e r f r om H e r r C h r i s toph B R üg e r w h ich s t a t ed : ' . I l a y t h e m anu sc r ip t a nd t h e c o r re spond ing d r aw ing s b ack i n to y ou r h and s . Y ou h av e , o f c ou r se , t h e r i gh t o f a u tho r sh ip a nd m ay p ub l i sh i t w he r ev e ry ou p l ea s e . ' Wh en P rof e s so rv on P e t r ikov i t si n v i ted m et or e po r to nt h em e ta lo b jec t sf r om t h ee xcava t ion sa tN eu s s -N ovae s ium h e e xp la in ed t o m e h ow t oi n te rp r e t t h e m a t e r ia l a nd h e a sk ed m e t o i n c lud e B r i t i sh e v id ence a l ong w i th t h e C on t in en ta le v id en ce f o rd a t ing s u ch o b jec t s . A l lt h o se r e sea r ch e s w e r e at ime o fg r ea tp l ea su r et om e .

i v

T h e d r aw ing s m ad e s ol o ng a go h av ev a r iab le l i n ew id th sb ecau se an umb e r o fd if e r en t h and s d r ew t h e o b jec t s . T h e s e l i n e s m ay s ome t im e s a pp ea rt ob e t o o t h in t ot a k et h e r e du c t ion i n tend ed f o r t h em . T ho s eo ft h eb r onze sa r en ow r educed t o1 / 2 s c a le a nd t h ei r on t o1 / 3 s c a le . T h e s uppo r t o fD r . A n thon y H and s a nd o f J ohn a nd E r ica H edg e s w h i le Ih av e r e su sc i ta ted a nd u pd a ted t h eE ng l i sh t e x th a sm yg r a te fu la pp r ec ia t ion . GRACE S IMPSON , DPh i l . ( Oxon ) ,F SA 7 3B u t le rC lo se O x f o rd OX2 6 JQ

V

5 ( r )

4

* l e

g

/

t .c e r t2 =, 1

Z D

f; c ri b L

tt,

P lan 1 P lan o f t h e E xcava t ion s f r om B onne r J ah rbüche r , B and s 1 61 , 1 961 , b y H . v on P e t r ikov i t s . T he C laud ian F or t re s st or i gh tw a se xcava ted f r om 1 887 -1900 . S ca le 1 : 10 ,000 .

v i

„ . ,

' pa i wypsia idny i

•

=

. • ••

/ /

- _ _ _ / ( _ _ _---

i • 11

u a loJayDno e i

8

3 0 x _ . .

L b

P l an 2 P lan o ft h eE x cava t ion sf r om A u sg rabung en i nD eu t sch land , Monog raph I ,1 975 ,b y G . Mü l le r . S ca le 1 : 10 ,000 .

v i i

L LMESFORSCHUNGEN BAND : NEUSS -NOVAES IU M 1 967 I

Ma ry , G . T .D ie S üdgal i sche T e r r aS ig i l la ta a u sN eu s s ( FN r . 3 13 , 7 67 ) .

1 966 ( i ) S chönbe rge r ,H . a nd S imon ,H .-G . . D ie M i t te lka i se rze i tl i che T e r r aS ig ila ta v on N eu s s ( FN r . 5 10 , 9 34 ) . ( i )V ega s ,M . D ie r öm i schen L amp en v on N eu s s ( FN r . 3 7 -21 , 9 41 ) .

I I

1 968

C han t r a ine , H . D ie a n t ik en F undmünzen d e rA u sg rabungen i nN eu s s ( FN r . 1 17 , 5 79 ) .

I V

1 970

Knö rze r ,K .-H R öme rze i t l iche P f lanzenf und ea u sN eu s s

V

1 972

F i l tz inge r ,P .D ie r öm i sch eK e ram ik a u sd em M i l i tä rbe re ich v on N ovaes ium ( FNr . 2 7 -18 , 9 08 ) .

V I

1 975 ( i ) V ega s , M . D ie A ugu s t i sche G eb rauch sk e ram ik v on N eu s s ( FN r . 1 21 , 9 62 ) . ( i )B ruckne r , A . G eb rauch sk e ram ik a u sz we iA ugu s t i schen T öpf e röf en v on N eu s s .

S tud ien z ud en M i l i tä rg r enzen R om s . 1 977 S imp son , G . T he B ronze a nd I r on O b jec t sf r om t h e E xcava t ion sa tN eu s s , p p561-564 , f o rB and V I I wh ich w a st a k en o ve rb yG . Mü l le r . V I I

1 977

Mü l le r , G . D ie r öm ischen G räbe r f e ld e rv on N ovae s ium ( FN r . 1 29 ,0 93 ) .

V I I I

1 982 C han t ra ine ,H . D ie a n t ik en F undmünzen v on N eu s s : g e sam tK a ta log d er A u sg rabungen 1 955 1978

I X

1 983

E t t l inge r ,E .D ie I t a l i sche S ig i l la ta v on N ovae s ium ( FN r . 1 21 , 9 72 ) .

v i i i

B IBL IOGRAPHY A i s l ingen

=s e eU lber t .

A lb rech t

=A lb r ech t , C . -D a sR öm e r lage ri nO b e rad en H ef t 1 ,1 938 ;H ef t2 , l9 42 , Do r tmund .

A le s ia

=s e e C o ro t .

A l len , 1 967

=A l len ,D .F . -I r on C u r rency B a r s i nB r i ta in .P roceed ing so ft h eP r eh is to r ic S oc ie ty , 3 , 1 967 , 3 07 -335 .

A l len , 1 972

=A l len ,D .F . -T he F ibu la o f CR ICRV . G e rman ia 5 0 , 1 972 , 1 22 132 .

A lmg ren

=A lmg ren , 0 . -S tud ien Ü be rN o rd eu ropä i sche F ibe lf o rmen ,L e ip z ig , 1 923 .

A lmg ren , A ld s ia , 1 913 = A lmg r en , 0 . -F ibu le sd 'A ld s ia e td eB ib rac te : O pu scu la A rchaeo log ica O sca r i Mon te l io S ep tuagena r io , 1 913 , 2 41-248 . Am . J our n . A r ch .

= Ame r ican J ou rna l o fA r chaeo logyAme r ican J ou rna lo fA rchaeo logy .

An t iq . J ou rn .

=A rchaeo log ica lJ ou rna l .

A qu incum

=J äno s , S . -A da tok a zA qu incum ii p a r iT echn ikähoz . B udape s tR eg iseg e i , 1 6 , 1 955 , 3 01-324 .

A rch . J ou rn .

=A rchaeo log ica lJ ou rna l

A sberg

=T i sch le r ,F . -B e i t räge z u rA sc ibu rg ium -Fo r schung . D u i sbu rg e r F o r schungen ,I , 1 959 , 1 62 -188 .B eche r t ,T .R öm i sche F ibe ln a u s A sc ibu rg ium , Du i sbu rg , 1 973 .

B aa tz ,E chze l l

=B aa tz ,D . -D ie G rabungen i mK a s ten E chze l l 1 962 . S aa lbu rg J ah rb . 2 1 , 1 963-4 , 3 2 -58 .

B agendon

=C l i f f o rd ,E .M . -B egendon : AB e lg ic O pp idum , C amb r idge , 1 961 .

B ag in ton

=s e eH ob ley

B a r the l

=s e eZ ugman te l

B aume is te r , 1 885

=B aume i s te r , A . -D enkmä le rd e sk l a s s ichen A l te r tum s , München a nd L e ip z ig , 1 885 .

B echer t , 1 973

=B eche r t , T .R öm i sche F ibe ln a u sA sc ibu rg ium , Du i sbu rg , 1 973 .

B ehn

=B ehn ,F . -Mu s ik leben i mA l te r tum u nd f r ühen M i t te la l te r , S tu t tg a r t , 1 954 .

B eh ren s , 1 912

=B eh ren s , G . -N eue F unde a u sd em K a s ten Ma inz . MZ 7 ,1 912 , 8 2 -109 .

B eh ren s, 1 923

=B eh ren s ,G . -D en i ma ie ra e s wang ionengeb ie te s , B and I ,G e rman i sche D enkmä le rd e rF rühze i t , F rank fu r t , 1 923 .

B eh ren s , 1 927

=B eh ren s , G . -F ibe lD a r s telung en a u fr öm i schen G rab s te inen . MZ 2 2 , 1 927 , 5 1 -55 .

B eh ren s , 1 942 3

=B eh ren s , G . -D e r Wang ionen -F r iedhof v on S pon she im ,K r e i sB ingen . MZ 3 7 -38 , 1 942 -3 , 2 9 -57 .

i x

B eh ren s , 1 950

=B eh ren s , G . -R öm i sche F ibe ln m i tI n sch r i f t : i nR e ineck eF e s t sch r if t , 1 1 2 , Ma inz , 1 950 .

B eh r en s , 1 954

=B eh ren s , G . -Z u rT ypo log ie u nd T echn ik d e rp rov inz ia l rönüschen F ibe ln . J b . RGZ M , Ma inz , I ,1 954 , 2 20 -236 .

B e rh en s ,B ingen

=B eh ren s , G . -D ie B inge rL and scha f ti nd e rV o r -und F rüg e sch ich te , Ma inz , 1 954 . S ee a l so J .C omo , G e rman ia 9 ,1 925 , 1 52 -162 .

B ianche t t i

=B ianche t t i ,E . -IS epo lc re t id iO rnava s so . A t t id e l la S oc . D i A rch . eB e l l i a r t id iT o r ino , V I ,T u r in , 1 895 .

B i shop

=B i shop , M .C . -C ava l ry E qu ipmen to ft h eR oman A rmy i nt h eF i r s t C en tu ry AD . BAR I n ter na t . S e r ie s3 94 , 1 988 , 6 7 -195 .

B lad e s

=B lad e s , J . -P e r cu s s ion i n s t rumen t sa nd t hen 'H i s to ry . L ondon , 1 970 .

B l ink enb e rg

=B l ink enb e r& C h . -F ibu le sG recque se tO r ien ta le s . L ind iaka V . 1 926 .

B öhme

=B öhme , A s t r id -D ie F ib e ln d e rK as te l le S aa lbu rg u nd Z ugman te l . S aa lbu rg J ah rb . 2 9 , 1 972 , 5 112 .

B J

=B onne rJ ah rbüche r .

B raa t

=B raa t ,W .C . -R ome in sche H e lmen i nh e tR i jk smu seum v an Oudhe id en . OMROL , 2 0 , 1 939 , 2 9 -46 .

B r i t i sh Mu seum G u id e =B r i t i sh Mu seum G u ide t ot h e An t iqu i t ie so fR oman B r i ta i r , 1 922 , 1 951 1 922 , 1 951 . B rown , 1 915

=B rown , G .B a ldw in -T he A r t si nE a r ly E ng land , I I , L ondon , 1 915 .

B rown , 1 986

=B rown ,R .A . -T h eI r on A ge R omano -Br i t i sh s e t t lemen ta t Woodcock H a l l . B r i tann ia 1 7 , 1 986 , f i g s2 6 -30 .

B run s t ing

=B run s t ing ,H . -A rchaeo log ie e nH i s to r ie . O pged ragen a an H . B run s t ing b i j z i jn z even t ig s te v e r jaa rdag . B u s s tun , 1 973 .

B u l le id & G rey

=B u l le id , A . a nd G rey , H . S t . G . -T he G la s tonbu ry L ak eV i l lag e , 2v o l s , G la s tonbu ry A n t iqua r ian S oc ie ty , 1 911 .

B u l l io t , Mon tB euv ray =B u l l io t , J .G . -F ou i l le sd u Mon tB euv rav d e 1 867 ä1 895 , I& I & a l bum p a r F .e tN . T h io l l ie r . A u tun , 1 899 . B u she -Fox

=B u she -Fox , J . P . -E xcava t ion o ft h eL a t e -Ce l t ic U rnf ie ld a t Swa r l ing , K en t . S o c . o fA n t iq . L ondon . V . 1 925 .

C a rna t '

=C a rna t , G . -L eF e r äC heva l ät r ave r sl ' h i s to i r ee tl ' a r cheo log ie ,P a r i s , 1 951 .

C han t ra ine , N ovae i sum I I

=C han t ra in e , H . D ie A n t ik en F undmünzen d e rA u sg rabungen i nN eu s . L ime sf o r schungen 8 ,1 968 .

C lee re

=C lee r e ,H .F . -R oman D ome s t ic I r onwo rk ,a si l uu s t ra ted b yt he B rad ing , I s le o fW igh tV i l la . B u l le t in o ft h e Un ive r s i ty o fL ondon I n s t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy , I ,1 958 , 5-74 .

C o ro t

=C o ro t , H . -L e sf i bu le sp re roma ine st r ouve e sa u rl ep l a teau d 'A le s ia .P ro A le s ia , rd s e r ie s ,v o l s . 4 1-42 , 1 925 , 8 2 -96 .

x

C un l if f e

C un l if f e ,B a r ry -E xcava t ion sa tF i shbou rne , 1 961-1969 ,v o lume 2 :t h e F ind s . S oc . o fA n t iq . L ondon , XXV I I , 1 971 .

C unn ing ton a nd G odda rd = C tmn ing ton ,M .E . a nd G odda rd ,E .H . -C a ta logu eo ft h e A n t iqu i t ie si nt h e Mu seum o ft he W i l t sh i re A rchaeo log ica l &N a tu ra lH i s to ry S oc ie ty a t D ev ize s .P a r tI , 2e d . ,D ev ize s , 1 934 . D a lhe im , 1 851

=N amu r , A . -L eC amp r oma in d eD a lhe im : F ou i l le s . P rem ie r eR appor t , L uxembou rg , 1 852 .

D a lhe im , 1 853

=i b id em ,D eux iem eR appo r t , 1 854 .

D a lhe im , 1 854

=i b id em , T ro i s ieme R appo r t , 1 855 .

D av id son , C o r in th

=G .R . D av id son -C o r in th : Ame r ican S choo la tA then s , 1 2 , T he M ino r O b jec t s ,P r ince ton , 1 952 .

D av id son a nd T homp son =G .R . D av i sdon a nd D .B . T homp son -Sma l lO b jec t sf r om t h eP nyx , H e sp e r ia , S upp lemen t7 ,1 943 . D av ie s

=D av ie s ,R .W . -T h eR oman M i l i ta ry Med ica l S e rv ice . S aa lbu rg J ah rb . 2 7 , 1 970 , 8 4 -104 .

D ech .

=D eche le t te , J . -Manue ld 'A rcheo log ie P reh i s to r ique C e l t ique e tG a l lo R oma in e ,P a r is , 2e d . , 1 927 .

D ech . , Mon tB euv ray

=D eche le t te , J . -L e sF ou i l le sd u Mon tB euv ray , 1 897 -1901 , P a r i s , 1 904 .

D ecker

=D eck e r ,K .V . -D ie j üng e re L a teneze i ti mN euw ied e rB eck en . J ah rb . F ü r G e sch ich te u nd K un s td e sM i t te l rhe in su nd s e ine rN achba rgeb ie te ,B e ihef t I ,1 968 .

D eB eau l ieu

D en B oe s te rd ( s ee Kos te r , 1 996 )

=D eB eau l ieu , J .B .C o lber t -P eu t -on d a te rp a rl an u rn i sma t ique l ' occupa t ion g au lo i se d ' un O pp idum ?L ' examp le P omm ie r s( A i sne ) .R evue A rch . L' E s te td uC en t re -E s t ,6 ,1 955 ,2 0 -270 .

=D en B oe s te rd , Ma r ia ,H .P . -t h eB ronze V e s se l si nt h eR i jk smu seum G .M . K am , N i jmegen ,N i jmegen , 1 956 .

D eonna

=D eonna , W . -E xp lo ra t ion A rch . d eD e lo s ,P a r i s , 1 938 .

D e r inge r

=D e r inge r , H . -H ippo sand e len . B e i t räge z u rK u l te rge sch ich te v on L au r iacum , 5 ,2 3 -48 .

D e sch le r -E rb

=D e sch le r -E rb ,E . -E in G lad iu s . P ro V indon i s sa , 1 996 .

D u ra -Eu ropo s

=F r i sch ,T .G . a nd T o l l ,N .P . -T he B ronzoe O b jec t s , T he E xcava t ion sa t D u re -Eu ropo s ,F ina lR epo r tI V ,F a sc ic le I ,Y a le U n iv e r s i ty P r e s s , 1 949 .

E gg e r s , B r i ta in

=E gge r s ,H .J . -R öm i sch eB ronzeg ef aße i nB r i tann ien . J b . RGMZ , 1 3 , 1 966 ,6 7 -164 .

E gg e r s , I mpo r t

=E gge r s ,H .J . D e rr öm i sche I mpo r ti mf r e ien G e rman ien ,H ambu rg , 1 951 .

E gg e r s , L üb sow

=E gge r s ,H .J . -L üb sow , e i ng e rman i sche F ü r s ten s i tz d e rä l te r en K a i se r ze i t . P räh i s to r i sch eZ e i t sch r if t , 3 4 -5 , 1 949 -1950 , 5 8 -111 .

E t t l inge r

=E t t l inge r ,E . -Ü b e rf r ühka i se rze i t l iche F ib e ln i nd e rS chwe iz . J ah rb . d e r 5 , 1 944 , 9 8 -106 . S chwe ize r i schen G e se l l sch f tf ü rU rg e sch ich te . 3

x i

E t t l ing e r ,F ib e ln

=E t t l ing e r ,E . -D ie r öm i schen F ib e ln i nd e r S chwe i tz ,B er n , 1 973 .

E van s , 1 894

=E van s , S i rJ ohn -O ns om eI r on T oo l s , e t c . ,f o und a tS i lche s te ri nt h ey ea r 1 890 . A r chaeo log ia L IV , 1 894 , 1 39 -156 .

F a id e r -Fey tman s

= Fa ide r -Fey tman s , G . -R ecue i lB ronze sd eB ava i , G a ll ia S upp lemen t , 8 , 1 957 ,P a r i s .

F e l lman , 1 960

= Fe l lman ,R . -N eue F und eu nd F o r schungen z u rT opog raph ie u nd G e sch ich te d e sr öm i schen B a se l . B a s le rZ e i t s ch r if tf ü rG e sch ich te u nd A l te r tum skund e ,6 0 , 1 960 , 7 -46 .

F e l lman , 1 966

=F e l lman ,R . -H ö lze rn eB e s tand te i le r öm i sche r Waf f en a u sd em S chu t thüg e lv on V indon i s sa . F e s t sch r if t Em i lV og t ,Z u r ich , 1 966 , 2 15 -222 .

F en ton

=F en ton , A . . -E a r ly a nd T r ad i t iona l C u l t iva t ing I mp lemen t si nS co t land . P SAS S co t land 9 6 , 1 962 -63 , 3 64 -317 .

F i l tz inge r ,N ovae s ium V =F i l tz inge r ,P . -D ie r öm i sche K e ram ik a u sd em Mil i tä rbere ich v on N ovae s ium ( e twa 2 5b i s 5 0n .c h r . ) . L ime sf o r schungen 1 , 1 972 . F ing e r l in

=F inge r l in , G . -D ang s te t ten e i na ugu s te isch e sL eg ion s lage r am H och rh e in . 1-2 , 1 970 -71 , 1 97 -232 . b encn td e rR öm i sch -ue rmamschen K omm i s s ion , 5

F i sche r

=F i sche r ,F . -F rühe F ib e ln a u s Aqu i le ia . A qu i le ia N o s t ra 3 7 , 1 966 , 7 26 .

F o s t e r

=F o s te r , J . -T he L exd en T umu lu s . BAR 1 56 , 1 986 .

F ox

=F ox . C . -A F ind o ft h eE a r ly I r on A ge f r om L im C e r r ig B ach , A ng le sey , N a t iona l Mu seum o f Wa le s , C a rd if ; 1 946 .

F r eme r sdo rf , G u t shof

=F reme r sdo r f ,F . -D e rr öm i sche G u t shof K ö ln - Münge r sdo r f ,R öm i sch G erman i sche F o r schungen ,6 ,B e r l in , 1 933 .

F reme r sdor f1 956

=F reme r sdo rf , F . -D a sr öm i sche H au sm i td em D iony so s - Mosa ik v o rd em S üdpo r ta ld e sK ö lne rD om e s . B e r l in 1 956 .

F r e r e

=F r e re , S . S . -E xcava t ion sa tD o rche s te r -on -Tham e s , 1 962 . A rch . J ou rn . 19 , 1 964 , 14 -149 .

F r e r e , V en i lam ium

=F r e se S . S . -V eru lam ium E xcavat ion s , I .S oc . o f An t iq . L ondon , ) 00 (V I I I , 1 972 .

G an s se r -Bu rckha rd t V indon i s sa

=G an s se r -Bu rckha rd t , A . -D a sL ed e ru nd s e ine V e ra rb e i tung i mr öm i schen L eg ion s lage rV indon i s sa ,B a se l , 1 942 .

G am icc i , 1 864

=G a r ru cc i ,R . -D i s se r taz ion iA rcheo log che d av a r io a rgomen to ,R oma , 1 864 , 1 33 142 .

G av e l le

=G ave l le , R -N o te ss u rl e sf i bu le sg a l lo roma ine sr e cue i l l ie s äL ugdunum C onvena rum S a in t -Ber t rand -d e -Conun ing e s ) .0gam 1 4 , 1 962 , 2 01-236 .

G iuba sco

=s e eU l r ich

G lob

=G lob , P .V . -A rd o gP loy IN o rd en sO ld t id : W i th E ng l i sh t r an s la t ion , A a rhu s , 1 951 .

G lü s ing , 1 972

=G lü s ing , P . -S tud ien z u rC h rono log ie u nd T rach tge sch ich te d e r S pä t la teneze i tu nd d e rf r ühen R öm ischen K a i se rze i t ,K ie l , 1 972 .

x i i

G oodman

=G oodman , W .L . -T he H i s to ry o f Woodwo rk ing T oo l s ,L ondon , 1 964 .

G ozzad in i , 1 865

=G ozzad in i ,G . -D iu n a n t ica n ec ropo l i [ Ma r zabo t to ] , B o logna , 1 865 .

G rea tC he s te r f o rd

=N ev i l le ,t h eh on .R .C . -D e sc r ip t ion o f ar ema rkab le d epo s i to fR oman A n t iqu i t ie so fi r on , d i scove red a tG rea tC he s te rf o rd ,E s sex i n1 854 . A r ch . J ou rn . 1 3 , 1 856 , 1 13 .

G rew & G r if i th s

=G rew ,F .&G r iff i th s ,N . -T h ep re -F lav ian M i l i ta ry B e l t : t h ee v id ence f r om B r i ta in . A r chaeo log ia 1 09 , 1 991 ,4 7 -84 .

G r ime s ,H o l t

=G r ime s , W .F . -H o l t , D enb igh sh i r e : t h e Wo rk s -Depo to ft h e Twen t ie th L eg ion a tC a s t le L yon s , C y tnm rodo r ion S oc ie ty , 4 1 , 1 930 .

G r ime s , NM W G u id e

=G r ime s ,W .F . -G u ide t ot h eC o l lec t ion sI lu s t ra t ing t h eP reh i s to ry o f Wa le s , N a t iona l Mu seum o f Wa le s , C a rd if f , 1 939 .

G rü t te r&B ruckne r

=G rü t te r ,H . &B ruckne r , A . -D e rG aloRöm i sche G u t sho fa u fd em Mu ra in b e iE r s ing en . J ah rb . D e sB e rn i schen H i s to r i schen Mu seum i nB er n , 4 5 -6 , 1 965 -6 , 3 73 -447 .

G u r ina ,T i sch le r

=T i sch le r ,0 . i n Meye r , A .B . -G u r ina i n Ob e rga i l tha l ( Kä rn th en ) , D r e sd en , 1 885 , 2 3 -31 .

H achmann ,K o s sack & K uhn =H achmann , R . ,K o s sack , G . &K uhn ,H . -V ö lk e rz w i schen G e rmanen u nd K e l ten .N eumün s te r , 1 962 . H a l te rn , I ,I , e t c .

=Mi t te i lung d e r A l ter tu ms -Konu mss ion f ür West fa len . I= 1 899 ; I=1 901 ; I I =1 903 ; I V =1 905 ; V=1 909 ; V I =1 912 ; V I I =1 922 .

H a l te rn , 1 943

=B od ena l te r tüme r We s t f a len ,6 ,1 943 .

H a rb e rey

=H a rbe r ey , W . -G rav ie r te G la s scha le u nd s og enann te M i th r a s symbo le a u s e i nem s pä t röm i schen G rab ev on R od enk i r chen b e iK ö ln .B J 1 49 , 1 949 , 9 4 1 04 .

H a t ta t t

=H a t ta t t ,R . -A nc ien tB rooche sa nd O the rA r te f ac t s , O xbow b ook s , 1 989 .

H aud r icour t&D e lama r re =H aud r icou r t , A .G . &D e lama r r e ,M .J .B . -L 'Homme e tl ac ha r rue ä t r ave r se l e sa g e s ,P a r i s , 1 955 . H au se r

=H au se r , 0 . -V indon i s sa : D a s S t andqua r t ie rr öm i sche rL eg ionen ,Z u r ich , 1 904 .

H aver f ie ld , 1 903-05

=H ave r f ie ld , F . -T he Auc i s sa F ibu lae , A rch . J ou rn .6 0 , 1 903 ,2 36 -246 ;6 2 , 1 905 , 2 65 -7 .

H&H 1 947

=H awk e s , C .F .C . & Hu l l ,M .R . -C amu lodunum . S oc . o f An t iq . ,L ondon , X IV , 1 947 .

H awk e s , 1 961

=H awke s , S on ia -S o ld ie r sa nd S e t t le r si nB r i ta in , F ou r th t oF if th C en tu ry . Med ieva lA r cha eo logy ,V , 1 961 , 1 70 .

H en ig „ 1 984

=H en ig , M -A b ronze k ey h and le f r om B ramp ton ,N o r f o lk . A n t iq . J ou rn . 6 4 , 1 984 , 4 07 -8 .

H i lg e r s , 1 969

=H i lg e r s ,W . -L a te in i sche G ef ä s snamen ,D ü s se ldo rf 1 969 .

H ing ley , 1 990

=H ing ley ,R . -I r on A g eC u r r ency B a r s : t h eA rchaeo log ica la nd S oc ia l C on tex t . A rch . J .1 47 , 1 990 .

H ob ley , B ag in ton

=H ob ley , B -A N e ron ian -V e spa s ian ic M i l i t a ry S i te a t' The L un t ' , B ag in ton , Wa rw ick sh i r e .T ran sac t ion so ft h eB i rm ingham a nd Wa rw ick sh i re A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty , 8 3 , 1 969 , 6 5 -129 ; S econd R epo r t , 8 5 , 1 973 ,7 -92 .

H od H i l lI

=B ra i l sf o rd , J .W . -A n t iqu i t ie sf r om H od H i l s si nt h e Du rd en C o l lec t ion , T h eB r i t i sh Mu seum ,L ondon , 1 962 .

H od H i l lI

=R ichmond , S i rI an -H od H i l lE xcava t ion sc a r r ied o u tb e tween 1 951 a nd 1 958 ,T he B r i t i sh Mu seum , L ondon , 1 968 .

H o fhe im

=R i t te r l ing ,E . -D a sf r üh röm i sche L ag e rb e iH o fhe im . A nna len d e sV e re in s f ü rN a s sau i sche A l te r tum skund eu nd G e sch ich t sf o r schung , 4 0 , W ie sbad en , 1 913 .

H o fhe im , 1 905

=i b id em , 3 4 , 1 905 , 1 110 .

H o l l ige r , 1 986

=H o l l ige r , C .&C . -B ronzegef ä s se a u sV indon i s sa . G e se l lschaf tP ro V indon i s sa , 1 985 ( 1986 ) .

H o lwe rda

=H o lwe rda ,J .H . -E en B a taaf sch d o rp je b i j h e to pp idum B a tavorum u i td e J a ren v oo rC h r . G eb OMROL , 2 4 , 1 943 , 3 5 -38 .

H üb ene r , A ug sbu rg

=H übene r ,W . -Z um r öm i schen u nd f r ühm i t te la l te rl ichen Aug sbu rg . J ah rb . RGZM , Ma inz , 5 ,1 958 , 1 54 -238 .

H übene r ,O b e rhau sen

=H übene r , W . -D ie r öm i schen Me ta l l fund ev on A ug sbu rg -Obe rhau sen . Ma te r ia lhef t ez u rB aye r i schen V o rg e sch ich te 2 8 , 1 973 .

H u l l , 1 942

=H u l l ,M .R . N o te o na ne a r ly C laud ian b rooch f ound a tC o lche s te r . A n t iq . J ou rn . 2 2 , 1 942 , 5 9 -65 .

I nch tu th i l , 1 962

=A ngu s , N .S . -B rown , G .T . ,a nd C lee r e , H .F . -T he I r on N a i l sf r om t h e R oman L eg iona ry F o r t re s sa tI n ch tu th i l ,P e r th sh i re . J ou rna lo ft h eh on a nd S t ee lI n s t i tu te ,2 00 , 1 962 , 9 56 -968 .

J a cob i , Manch ing

=J a cob i , G . -D ie A u sg rabung en i n Manch ing , 5 , We rk zeug u nd G e rä t . W ie sbad en , 1 974 .

J a cob i , S aa lbu rg

=J a cob i , L . -D a sR öm e rka s te l l S aa lbu rg b e iH ombu rg v .d . Höhe ,H ombu rg v .d . H öhe , 1 897 .

J b .RGZM

=J ah rbuch d e sR öm i sch -Ge rman i schen Z en t ra lmu seum s Ma inz .

J enk in s

=J enk in s , I .-H o r se T rapp ing sf r om X an t en . B r i tann ia , 1 6 , 1 985 , 1 4 1-164 .

J of roy

=J of f roy , R . -L e sf i bu le sz oomo rphe sd ut yp ea ul i on . Ogam 1 6 , 1 964 , 7 1 4 .

J RS

=J ou rna lo fR oman S t ud ie s .

K e im & K lumbach

=K e im ,J .a nd K lumbach , H . -D e rr öm i sche S cha tzfund v on S t raub ing , München , 1 951 .

K e l lne r , L iech ten s te in

=K e l lne r , H .J . -D ie K le infund ea u sd e rs pä t röm ischen H öhen s ied lung " Auf K rüpp e l " o bS chaan . J ah rb . d e sH i s to r i schen V e re in sf ü rd a sF ü r s ten tum L iech ten s te in ,6 4 , 5 7 119 .

x i v

K iekebu sch

=K iek ebu sch ,H .J . -D e rE in f lu s sd e rr öm i schen Ku l tu ra uf d i eg e rman ische i mS p iege l d e rH üg e lg räbe rd e sN ied e r rhe in s . ( Neb s te i nem A nhaag : D ie A b so lu te C h rono log ie d e rA ugenf ibe l , S .6 8 -80 , T af . I ) , S tu t tga r t , 1 908 .

K l ind t -Jen sen

=K l ind t Jen sen ,0 . -F o re ign I nf luence si nD enma rk ' sE a r ly I r on Age , C op enhagen , 1 950 .

K oenen

=K oenen , C . -D ie V o r rönü schen ,r öm i schen u nd f r änk i schen G räbe ri n And e rnach . J ah rb . d e sV e re in sv on A l te r tum sf reund en i mR he in land e , B onn , 8 6 , 1 888 .

K oe the & K imm ig

=K oe the ,H . &K imm ig , W . -T r ev e r e rg r ab a u sW inche r ingen . T r ie re r Z e i t sch r if t , 1 2 , 1 937 , 4 4 -64 .

K os ter 1 996

=K o s te r , A . Mu seum K am ,T he B ronze V e s se l s , 2 .

K ov r ig

=K ov r ig , I .-D ie H aup t typ en d e rK a i se rze i t l ichen F ibe ln i nP a tmon ien , D i s ser ta t ione sP annon icae , 1 937 .

K räme r , 1 953

=K räme r , W . -S i lbe rne F ibe lpaa r ea u sd em l e tz tem v o rch r i s t l ichen J ah rhund e r t . G e rman ia ,4 9 , 1 971 , 11132 .

L eahy , 1 980

=L eahy , K . -A F i r s tC en tu ry M i l i ta ry P endan tf r om N or n ianby , S ou th H umbe r s id e . A rchaeo logy i nL inco ln sh i r e&S ou th H umbe r s id e , 1 5 , 1 980 .

L ehne r : Novae s ium

=L ehne r ,H . -N ovae s ium ,B .J . 11112 m i tT af e lband ,B onn . 1 904 .

L e ra t&B l ind

=L er n t , L .a nd B l ind ,F . -C a ta logue d e sC o l lec t ion sA rcheo log ique sd e B e sancon , I ,L e sF ibu le s G a l lo -Roma ine s , Am ia le sL i t td ra i re sd e l ' Un ive r s i te d eB e sancon , 1 956 .

L eva , T av ie r s

=L eva , C h .a nd C oene , G . -H e tg a l lo rom e in s G raf ve ld i nd e Mo len s t raa t t eK or tr i jk . A rchaeo log ia B e lg ica , 14 , 1 969 , 5 94 .

L inden sc lun i t , AUHV

=L ind en schm i t ,L . -d i eA l te r thüme ru n se r e rh e idn i schen V o rze i t , Ma inz , 1 858 1911 .

L inden schm i t , 1 882

=L inden schm i t, L . -T rach tu nd B ewaf fnung d e sr öm i schen H ee re s w äh rend d e rK a i se rze i t ,B raun schwe ig , 1 882 .

L inden schm i t

=s e e Ma in z , 1 889 .

L iver s idge

=L ive r s idg e , J oan -F u rn i tu r ei nR oman B r i ta in , L ondon , 1 955 .

L ive r s idge , 1 968

=L ive r s idg e , J oan -B r i ta in i nt h eR oman Emp i r e ,L ondon , 1 968 .

L u tz ,F o rbach

=L u tz ,M . -L e sd dcouve r te sa r cheo log ique sd eF o rbach -Ka s ino s te in . A nnua i r ed el aS oc id t dd 'H i s to ir ee td 'A rcheo log ie d el aL o r ra ine . 7 2 , 1 972 , 5 13 .

MacG rego r&S imp son =MacG reago r , Moma a nd S imp son , D .D .A . -A G roup o fI r on O b jec t sf r om B a rbu ry C a s t le , W i l t s . W i l t sh i r eA rch . a nd N a tu ra lH i s to ry Magaz ine , 5 8 , 1 963 , 3 94402 . MZ

=Ma inze rZ e i t sch r if t .

Ma inz , 1 889

=D a sr öm i sch -ge rman i schen C en tr a lMu seum i nB i ld ichen D a r s telungen a u ss e inen S amm lungen ,v on d em C on se rva to rL .L inden schm i t .

XV

Ma lme r , 1 963

=Ma lme r ,M .P . -R oman I r on Ag eF ibu la , Me thodp rob lem i nom J ämo ld em sK on s th is to r ia ,L und , 1 963 , 3 9 -75 , 2 26 -268 .

Mann ing ,P ie rceb r idg e =Mann ing ,W .H . -T he P ie rceb r idge P lough G roup . B r i t i sh Mu seum Qua r te r ly , 3 5 , 1 971 , 1 25 -136 . Mann ing ,P lough s

=Ma im ing , W .H . -T he P lough si nR oman B r i ta in . J RS 5 4 , 1 964 , 5 4 -65 .

Mann ing , 1 964

=Mann ing , W .H . -A R oman H oa rd o fI r onwo rk f r om S andy , B edf o rd sh i re . B ed fo rd sh i re A rchaeo log ica l J ou rna l ,2 ,1 964 , 5 0 -57 .

Mann ing , 1 966

=Mann ing ,H .W . -A H oa rd o fR omano -Br i t i sh I r onwo rk f r om B ramp ton , C umbe r land . T ran sac t ion so ft h eC umbe r land a nd We s tmo r land An t iqua r ian a nd A rchaeo log ica l S oc ie ty , 6 6 , 1 966 , 1 36 .

Mann ing , 1 972

=s e eF re r e , V eru lam ium .

Mann ing , 1 985

=Mann ing , W .H . -C a ta logue o ft h eR omano -Br i t i sh I r on T oo ls , F i t t ing s a nd Weapon si nt h eB r i t ish Mu seum , L ondon .

Ma r ien

=Ma r iön ,M . .E . -L eT rou dl ' Amb re a uB o i sd e Wer imon tE p rave . Monog raph ie d ' a r cheo log ie N a t iona le , 4 ,B rux e l le s , 1 970 .

Ma r sd en

=Ma r sd en ,E .W . -G r eek a nd r oman A r t i l le ry , 2v o ls . , Ox f o rd . I-H i s to r ica l D eve lopmen t , 1 969 ; I -T echn ica lT r ea t ise s , 1 971 .

Ma ry ,N ovae s ium I

=Ma ry , G .T . -D ie S üdga ll i sche T e r r a S ig i l la t aa u sN eu s .L i mesf o r sch ing en 6 ,1 967 .

Mer ten s

=Me r ten s ,J . -Une r i che t omb eg a l lo roma ine . A r chaeo log ia B e lg ica ,7 , 1 952 , 3 9 -73 .

M i lne

=M i lne , J . S . -S u rg iaca li n s trumen t si nG r eek a nd R oman T i mes , Ox f o rd , 1 907 .

Mu sca re l la

=Mu sca r ela , O .W . -P h ryg ian F ibu lae f r om G o r c l ion , C o l tA rchaeo log ica l I ns t i tu te ,L ondon , 1 967 .

N eugebaue r

=N eugebaue r ,K .A . -B ronzege rä td e sA l te r tum s ,H ef t2 ,B ie lef e ld u nd L e ipz ig , 1 927 .

N ew s tead

=C u r ie , A . -A R oman F ron t ie rP o s ta nd i t sP eop le , G la sgwo , 1 911 .

N ie rhau s

=N ie rhau s ,R . -D a s S web ische G räb e rf e ld v on D ie r she im , B er l in , 1 966 .

N i jmegen

=V an B uchem , H . J .H . -D eF ibu lae v an N i jmeg em ,N i jmegen , 1 941 .

No l l , 1 952

=N o l l ,R . -R ome rze i t l iche F ib e l in sch r i f ten , G e rman ia , 3 0 , 1 952 , 3 95 -399 .

Ob e rad en

=s e eA lb rech t .

OMROL

=Oudhe idkund ige Mededee l ing en v an h e tR i jk smu seum v an Oudhed en t e L e id en .

ORL

=D e rO b e rg e rman i sch -Rae t i sch eL ime sd e rR öme r re ich e s .

O rnava s so

=s e eB ianche t t i

P a in te r

=P a in te r ,K . S . -R oman I r on I mp lemen t sf r om L ondon . B r i t ish Mu seum Qua r te r ly , 2 3 , 1 961 , 15 -117 .

x v i

P a t ek

=P a tek ,E . -V e rb r e i tung u nd H e rkunf td e rr öm i schen F ibe l typen i n P annon ien . D i s ser ta t ione sP annon icae , 1 942 .

P ayne

=P ayne , F .G . -T he P lough i nR oman B r i ta in . A r ch . J ou rn . , 1 04 , 1 947 , 8 2 11 .

P e rn ice 1 912

=P e rn ice ,E . -D e rG rab fund v on L üb sow b e i G re if enb e rg , i .P .P reh i s t . Z e i t sch . 4 ,1 912 , 1 26 148 .

P e rn ice , 1 925

=P e rn ice ,E . -D ie H e l len i s t i sch e Kun s t , G ef ä s se u nd G e rä t ea u sB ronze , B e r l in u nd L e ip z ig , 1 925 .

P i e , 1 907

=P ie ,J .L . -D ie Ur n eng räb e rB öhmen s ,L e ip z ig , 1 907 .

P iggo t t

=P iggo t t , S / -T h ree Me ta l - Wo rk H oa rd so ft h eR oman P e r iod f r om S ou th er nS co t land .P SA S co t land ,8 7 , 1 952 -3 , 1 50 .

P omme r n

=K le in , J . -D e r Ma rbe rg b e iP omme rn a nd e r Mo se lu nd s e ine Ku l t s tä t te . B J , 1 01 , 1 897 ,6 2 -116 .

P r tmay I& I

=B ry , M . a nd F romo l s ,J . -L aN ec ropo le G a l lo -Roma in e äI n c ine ra t ione d e P n .may . B u l le t in d el aS oc ie te A r ch eo log iqu e C hamp eno i se . 3 2 , 1 938 . I=6 2 1 ; I= 1 33-156 .

P SA S co t land

=P roceed ing so ft h e S oc ie ty o f An t iqua r ie so fS co t land

R adnö t i

=R adnö t i , A . -D ie r öm i schen B ronzeg ef ä s se v on P annon ien ,D i s se r ta t ione s P annon icae , S e r ie sI ,6 ,1 938 .

R eve l l io

=R eve l l io ,P . -D a sK a s ten H üf ingen , ORL , 1 937 .

R ichborough

=T he E xcava t ion o ft h eR oman F or ta tR ichbo rough , K en t . S oc . An t iq . L ondon . I( No . V I ) 1 926 ; I( No . V I I ) 1 928 ;I I( No . X ) 1 932 ;I V( No . XV I ) 1 949 ; V( No XX I I I ) 1 968 .

R ieckhof f , 1 972

=R ieckhof f , S . -D a t ierung sf ragen f r ühe rg a l lo röm i sche F ibe lf o rmen . A rch äo la og is ch eI n fo rma t io • a • a •nen ,1 ,T üb ingen , 1 972 , 7 7 -83 .

R ieckhof f , 1 975

=R ieckhof f , S . -V icu sd e sK a s t el sH üf ing en , S J , 3 2 , 1 974 , 5 104 .

R ob in son , A rmou r

=R ob in son ,H .R . -P rob lem si nr e con s t ru c t ing R oman A rmou r . B J , 1 72 , 1 972 ,2 4 -35 .

R ob in son , A IR

=R ob in son ,H . R . -T h eA rmou ro fI mpe r ia lR ome ,L ondon , 1 975 .

RGZ M , Ma inz

=D a sR öm i sch -Ge rman i sche Z en t ra l -Mu seum , Ma inz .

R oosen s

=R oo sen s ,H . -C ime t ie r er oma in d uH au t -Emp i r e äF ouche s( Hachy , L uxembou rg ) . A rch . B e lg ica s ,2 0 , 1 954 , 1 69 -260 .

S . J .

=S aa lbu rg J ah rbuch .

S chm id

=S chm id , W . -R öm i sche F o r schung i nO s te r r e ich 1 912 1924 . XV B e r ich t d e r RGK , 1 923-24 .

S chönberg e r , 1 952

=S chönbe rge r ,H . -D ie S pä t la teneze i ti nd e r We t te rau . S aa lbu rg Jah rb . , 1 , 1 952 ,2 1-130 .

x v i i

S chönbe rg e r , 1 956

=S chönbe rge r ,H . -D a sR öme rka s te l lB o iodunun -Be id erw ie sz uP a s sau I nn s tad t . S aa lbu rg Jah rb . , 1 5 , 1 956 ,4 2 -80 .

S chönbe rg e r , 1 967

=S chönb e rge r ,H . -E in E isend epo tr öm i sche F lo s sf e s se ln . . .i nB e re ich d e s K a s te l l sH e i lb ronn -Böck ingen . F undb e r ich te a u s S chwab en , 1 8 , 1 967 , 1 311 51 .

S ch re ibe r

=S ch re ibe r ,T h . -A lexand r in i sche T o reu t ik . A bhand lungen d e r p h i lo log i sche -h i s to r ischen C la s se d eK ön ig l . S äch s i schen G e se l lscha f td e r W i s sen schaf t en ,L e ipz ig ,X IV , 1 894 ,2 73 .

S chu l ten

=S chu l ten , A . -Numan t ia ,v o l s 3a nd 4 , Mun ich , 1 927 , 1 929 .

S imon , B ad N auhe im

=S imon ,H .-G . -R öm i sche F und ea u sB ad N auhe im . S aa lbu rg J ah rb . , 1 8 , 1 959 -60 , 5 34

S imon ,D eg e rf e ld

=S imon , H .-G . -D a sK le inka s te l lD eg e rf e ld i nB u tzbach . S aa lbu rg J a h rb . 2 5 , 1 968 , 5 -64 .

S imon , 1 962 /63

=S imon , H .-G . -D ie r öm ischen F und ea u sd en G rabungen i nG ro s s -G e rau , 1 962 /63 . S aa lbu rg J ah rb . ,2 2 , 1 965 , 3 8 -99 .

S imon ,R ödgen

=S imon ,H .-G . -D ie F und ea u sd em B e re ich d e sL age r si nR ödgen . S aa lbu rg J ah rb . , 1 9 , 1 961 , 5 9 -88 .

S imone t t

= S imone t t , C . -F üh re rd u rch d a sV indon i s sa -Mu seum i nB rugg . B rugg , 1 949 .

S imp son , 1 977

=S imp son , G . -E a r ly R oman m e ta lo b jec t sf r om t h eE xcava t ions a tN eu s s . S tud ien z ud en M i l i tä rg renzen R om s 2 ,1 977 , 5 61-64 .

S imp son , 1 979

=S imp son , G . e ta l . -S ome B r i t ish a nd I b enüan P enannu la rB rooche sa nd o the re a r ly t ype si nt h eR h ine land a nd t h e' Decuma te sA g r i ' . An t iq . J ou rn . , 5 9 , 1 979 , 3 19 -342 .

S imp son a nd B lance

=S imp son , G .a nd B lance , B . -D ob rooch e sh av er i tua la s soc ia t ion s? I nJ . B i rd ( ed . )F o rm a nd F ab r ic , Ox f o rd Monog raph 8 0 , 1 998 , 2 67 -279 .

S ou th F e r r iby

=S heppa rd ,T . -No te so nC o l lec t ion so fR oman A n t iqu i t ie sf r om S ou th F e r r iby , i nN or th L inco ln sh i re . Hu l l Mu seum P ub l ica t ion s , 3 8 , 3 9 , 1 907 . R ep r in ted f r om T ran sac t ion so ft h eH u l lS c ien t if i ca nd F ie ld Na tu ra l i s t s C lub , 3 ,1 906 .

S p ra te r , 1 938

=S p ra te r ,F . -Em s p ä t röm i sche rE i senfund v on d e rR e ich sf es te T r i f e l s , F e s t sch r i f tf ü rA ugu s t Oxe . ,D a rm s tad t , 1 938 , 2 07 -209 .

S t een sb e rg , 1 936

=S t een sb e rg , A -N o r th We s tE u ropean P lough T yp e so fP reh is to r ic T ime s a nd t h eM idd le Age s . A c ta A rchaeo log ica ,7 ,1 936 , 2 44 -280 .

S t e ige r , 1 962

=S t e ig e r , R . -A u sg rabungen i n Aug s t , I ,B a se l , 1 962 .

S t rong , 1 966

=S t rong , D . E . -G reek a nd R oman G o ld a nd S i lve rP l a te ,L ondon , 1 966 .

T a rbe l l , 1 909

=T a rbe l l ,F .B . -C a ta logue o fB ronze , e t c . ,i nt h eF ie ld Mu seum o fN a tu ra l H i s tory : r ep roduced f r om o r ig ina l si nt h eN a t iona l Mu seum o f Nap le s . P ub l ica t ion 1 30 , C h icago , 1 909 .

T a s s ina r i

=T ra s s ina r i , S . -L aV a i se l le d eB ronze .R oma ine e tP rov inc ia l , a u Mu s ee d e s An t iqu i te sN a t iona le s , S upp lemen t2 9 äG a ll i a , 1 975 .

x v i i i

T h i l l , 1 969

-T h il G . -F ib e ln v on T i te lb e rg a u sd en B e s tänd en d e sL uxembu rge r Mu seum s . T r ie re rZ e i t sch r i f t3 2 , 1 969 , 1 33-172 .

T i sch le r

=s e eG u r ina .

T homa s , 1 97 1

=T homa s ,E d i t ,B . -H e lm s , S ch i ld e .D o lch e : S tud ien ü b e rR öm i sche P am ion i sche Waf f enfund e ,B udape s t , 1 971 .

T i sch le r , 1 959

=s e eA sbe rg .

T oynbee

=T oynb ee , J .M . C . -B ronze J ug f r om W inche s te r . A n t iq . J oum . ,4 7 , 1 967 , 2 40 -2 .

T oynbee & C la rk e

=T oynbee J .M . C .a nd C la rk e ,R .R . -A R oman D eco ra ted H e lme ta nd o t he ro b jec t sf r om N o r f o lk . I RS , 3 8 , 1 948 , 2 0 -27 .

T r en tV a le

=Moun tf o rd , A .R . , G ee , J .a nd S imp son , G rac e -T h eE xcava t ion o fa n e a r ly N e ron ian P o t te ry -K i ln a nd Wo rk shop a tT ren tV a le , S t ok e -on -T r en t . N or th S t af f o rd sh i r eJ ou rna lo fF i e ld S tud ie s , 8 ,1 68 , 1 9 -13 .

U lbe r t , A is l ing en

=U lbe r t , G . -D ie r öm i schen D onau -Ka s tele A i s l ing en u nd B u rghöf e , L ime s fo r schungen , I ,B e r l in , 1 959 .

U lber t , Rhe ingönhe im

=U lb e r t , G . -D a sf rührö m ische Kas te l l Rhe mgönhe im L im e sf o r schungen , 9 ,B e r l in , 1 969 .

U lbe r t ,R is s t i s sen

=U lb er t ,G . -D a sr öm i sche D onau -Ka s te l le R i s s t i s sen .U rkund en z u rV o r u nd F rühge sch ich te a u s S üdwü r t tembe rg -Hohenzo l lem , 4 . , S tu t tg a r t , 1 970 .

U lber t , Waf f en

=U lber t , G> -R öm i sche Waf f en d e s 1J ah rhund e r t sn .C h r . ,L ime s Mu seum , A a len , 1 968 .

U l r ich

=U l r ich ,R . -D ie G räb e r f e ld e ri nd e r Umg ebung v on B e l l inzona ( Gu ib ia sco ) , Z ü r ich , 1 914 .

Un s ,B aden

=Un s , C . -R öm i sche M i l i tä fund ea u sB ad enAquae H e lve t icae . G e se l l schaf tP ro V indon i s sa , 1 971 , ( 1972 ) , 4 1 -58 .

V an Buchen

=s e eN i jmegen .

V ega si nN ovae s ium I

=S chönbe rge r ,H . u nd S imon H . -G . -D ie M i t te lka i se rze i t l ich eT e r r a S ig ila ta v on N eu s s ; u nd V ega s , Me rced e s -D ie r öm i schen L amp en v on N eu s s . L ime sf o r schungen ,7 ,1 966 .

V og t

=V og t ,E . -D e rL ind enhof i nZ ü r ich ,Z ü r ich , 1 948 .

V on G onzenbach

=V on G onzenbach , V . -T ib e r i sche G ü r te l -u nd S chwer t sche id enebe sch läg em i tf i gü r l ichen R e l ief s ,F e s t sch r if t Em i lV og t , Z ü r ich , 1 966 , 1 83 -208 .

V on G ro l le r

=V on G ro l le r ,M . -R öm i sche L ime si nO s te r re ich ,H ef tI , 1 901 .

V on P e t r ikov i t s , 1 960

=V on P e t r ikov i t s ,H . -D a sr öm ische R he in land , A rchäo log i sche F o r schung en s e i t 1 945 ,K ö ln , 1 960 .

V on P e t r ikov i t s , 1 964

=V on P e t r ikov i t s ,H . -E in r öm i sche rK l inenbe sch lag a u sJ ü l ich . B J 1 64 , 1 964 , 3 03 -5 .

V on P e t r ikov i t s , N eu s s

=V on P e t r ikov i t s ,H . -N ovae s ium . d a sr öm ische N eu s s ,F üh r e rd e s R he in i sche sL and e smu seum si nB onn , N r . 3 ,1 957 .

x ix

V on S chnu rbe in

=V on S chnu rbe in , S . -D ie r öm ischen M i l i tä ran lagen b e iH a l te rn . B e r ich t RGK 6 2 , 1 981 .

Web s te r , 1 958

=Web s te rG . -T he R oman M i l i ta ry A dvance u nde rO s to r iu s S capu la . A rch . J ou rn . , 15 , 1 958 ,4 9 -98 .

Web s te r , 1 960

= Web s te r , G . -A N o te o nt h eR oman C u i ra s s . J ou rna lo ft h e A rm sa nd A rmou rS oc ie ty , 3 ,1 960 , 1 94 -7 .

Web s te r , 1 969

=Web s te r , G . -T h eR oman I mpe r ia lA rmy o ft h eF i r s ta nd S econd C en tu r ie sA .D . , L ondon , 1 969 .

Web s te r , L inco ln

=Web s te r , G . -T he L eg iona ry F o r t r e s sa tL inco ln . I RS 3 9 , 1 949 , 5 7 -78 .

Web s te r , Waddon H i l l

= Web s te r , G . -T he D iscove ry o f aR oman F o r ta t Waddon H i l l , S t ok e A bbo t t , 1 959 . P roceed ing sD o r se tN a tu ra lH i s to ry S oc ie ty , 8 2 , 1 960 , 81 08 ; 8 6 , 1 964 , 1 35 -149 ; 1 01 , 1 981 , 5 1 -90 .

We l l s , GPA

=We l l s , C .M . -T h eG e rman P o l icy o fA ugu s tu s : a nE xam ina t ion o ft h e A rchaeo log ica lE v id ence , O x f o rd , 1 972 .

We l ls , O be rhau sen

=We l l s , C .M . -T h eS uppo sed A ugu s tan B a se a tA ug sbu rg -Obe rhau sen : a n ew l o ok a tt h ee v id en ce . S aa lbu rg J ah rb . ,2 7 , 1 970 ,6 2 -72 .

We rne r , 1 953

=Wer n e r , J . -K e l t i sche sP f e rd ege sch i r rd e rS p ä t la teneze i t . S aa lbu rg J ah rb . , 1 2 , 1 953 ,4 2 -51 .

We rne r , 1 954

=We rne r , J . -D ie b ronze K anne v on K e lh e im . B aye r . V o rg e sch ich te ,2 0 , 1 954 ,4 3-7 3 .

We rne r , 1 955

=We rne r , J . -D ie N auhe ime rF ibe l . J b . RGZ M , Ma inz , 2 ,1 955 , 1 70 -195 .

Whee le r ,H a r low

= Whee le r , R .E .M . -A R omano -Ce l t ic T emp le n ea rH a r low , E s sex ; a nd a n o te o nt h et yp e . A n t iq . J ou rn . 8 ,1 928 , 3 00 -326 .

Whee le r ,L ondon

= Whee le rR .E .M . -L ondon i nR oman T im e s ,L ondon Mu seum C a ta logue , 3 ,1 930 .

Whee le r , L y c iney

= Whee le r ,R .E .M . a nd T .V . -E xcava t ion o ft h eP r eh i s to r ic . R oman a nd P o s t -Roman S i te i nL y c iney P a rk , G louce s t e r sh i r e . S o c . A n t iq . L ondon ,I X , 1 932 .

Whee le r , Ma iden C a s t le

=Whee le r ,R .E .M . -Ma id en C a s t le , D o r se t . S oc . A n t iq . L ondon ,X I I , 1 943

Whee le r , V ik ing s

= Whee le r , R .E .M . -L ondon a nd t h eV ik ing s ,L ondon Mu seum C a ta logue 1 ,1 927 .

Wh i te

= Wh i te , K .D . -A g r icu l tu r a lI mp lemen t so ft h eR oman Wo r ld , C amb r idge , 1 967 .

W ied eme r , 1 963

=W iedeme r ,H .J . -R e s te v on B ronzegef ä s sen a u sV indon i ssa . G e se l l schaf t P ro V indo iü s sa , 1 963 , 3 5 -40 .

W ie sbad en , 1 898

=R i t te r l ing ,E .a nd P ala t ,L . -R öm i sche F und ea u s W ie sbaden . Anna len d e s V e r e in sf ü rN a s sau i sche A l te r tum skund eu nd G e sch ich t sf or schung ,2 9 , 1 989 , 15 169 .

W ie sbad en , 1 909

=R i t te r l ing ,E . -D a sK a s ten W ie sbad en , ORL , 1 909 , 9 1 .

W i ld

=W i ld , J .P . -C lo th ing i nt h eN o r th - We s tP rov ince so ft h eR oman Emp i r e . B J 1 68 , 1 968 , 1 81f .

W i l le r s

=W i l le r s ,H . -N eue Un t e r schung en ü b e rd i er om i sch eB ronzemdu s tne v on C apua u nd v on N ied e rg e rman ien ,H annove r , 1 907 .

Wood s&H a s t ing s

=Wood s , P . J . a nd H a s t ing s ,B .C . -R u shd en , 1 984 ,f i g . 1 0 .

Wroxe ter ,I I

=B u she -Fox , J . P . -T h i rd R epo r to nt h eE xcava t ion so nt h e S i te o ft h e R oman T own a t Wroxe te r , S h rop sh i re , 1 914 . S oc . An t iq .L ondon ,I V , 1 916 .

Wy l ie , 1 869

=Wy l ie , W .M . -O b serva t ion so nt h eR oman P i lum . A rchaeo log ia ,4 2 , 1 869 , 3 27 346 .

Z ugman te l ,B a r the l

=J acob i , H . a nd B a r the l , W . -D a sK a s te l lZ ugman te l . ORL , 1 909 , 6 9 -70 .

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9

1 14

9

1 5

1 0

1

X IX

E a r ly L ea f shap ed B ow

1

1

1 0

2

XX

H ing ed B rooch

1

1

1 0

3 -8

XX I

D iv id ed B ow o rG i t te rf ibe l

6

6

1 0

9

) 0 C I I

H ing ed B rooch

1

1

1 0

1 0

) 0 C I I I

H ing ed B rooch

1

1

1 0

1

XX IV

M RH u l l 's B ag endon

1 0

1 2

XXV

H inged B rooch

1

1

1 0

1 3

) 00 11

T shap ed H inged B rooch

1

1

1 0

1 4

XXV I I

D oub le R igh t -ang led B ow B rooch

1

1 0

1 5 -17

XXV I I I

D i sk B rooch

3

3

1 0

1 8

XX IX

D i sk a nd H ook B rooch

1

1

1 0

1 9

XXX

H inged w i th N ie l lo o nB ow

1

1

1 0

2 0

XX ,C E

Unu sua lD iamond shape

1

1

X )O C I I

F la t tened B ow B rooch

1

1

B

1

1

-

F ragmen t so fp in so rs p r ing s 3 0 :F ragmen t s2 5 5 TOTAL 4 59

2

2

1

COPPER ALLOY BROOCHES

1

A cknow ledg emen t s

P ro f e s so rF r i tz T i sch le rs howed m e t h eb rooch e sf r om A sb e rg -A sc ibu rg ium i nt h e N ied e r rh e in i s ch e s H e ima tmu sceum , D ü s s e ldo r f , a nd h e a nd H e r rF a lkow sk i d i d s om e p r e l im ina ry s o r t ing o ft h e N eu s s b rooch e s a nd p r epa r ed t h eo n eh und r ed a nd s i x ty two d r aw ing s r e p roduced h e r e o nP l a te s 1 10 . My t hank sa l so t oP ro f e s so rT i lman B ech e r tf o rh i sh e lp .

M RH u l l c o r r e spond ed w i th m ec on c e rn ing m any o ft h eN eu s sb rooche s a nd Ia me sp ec ia l ly g r a t e f u l f o r h i s a s soc ia t ion o ft h e S a f e ty -Ca t ch b rooch , P l a t e 1 ,1 ,w i th t h e s i lv e rb rooch f r om Waddon H i l l , D o r se t sh i r e ( G raham Web s t e r , 1 981 , 5 8 , f i g .25 , 1 ) . T he se t wo a r e r ema rkab le f o r c omp lex s a f e ty c a tch e s .

CES t ev en s , F e l low o f Magda len C o l leg e , O x f o rd , g av e m e t h e s k e t ch -book w h ich h e h ad f i l l ed d u r ing 1 9 30 1932 w i th d r aw ing s o fb roo ch e s f r om m any d if e r en t p l ac e s , e sp e c ia l ly t h o s e i n t h e Mu s de d e s A n t iqu i td s N a t iona le s a tS a in t -G e rma in en -Laye .

I n 1 966 Is t ud ied t h e b rooch e s d r awn

t h e r eb y Mr S t even s , a nd Ia m g r a t e f u lf o rt h eh e lp o ft h e C on se rva teu r , Mon s ieu rR en d J of roy , a nd f o rh i so wn w r i t ing so nb rooch e s .

P ro f e s so r Ma t s P Ma lm e r g av e m e ac opy o fA lmg r en 's F ib e lf o rm en m any y ea r s b ef o r e Ib egan t o w o rk o nt h eN eu s sm a te r ia l . I tw a s ap r e sc ien tg i f t ,w h ich h a sb een u sed c on s tan t ly w h i le w r i t ing t h i s s e c t ion .

P ro f e s so rE l i sab e th E t t l ing e r 's b ook D i er öm i schen F ib e ln i nd e r S chwe iz ( 1 973 ) h a s a l so b een much u sed i nt h eu pda t ing o ft h i ss e c t ion .

2

P e r iod so fO r ig in o ft h eB roo ch e sa tN eu s s

D a t ing h a sp rov ed t ob et h em o s td if i cu l tp a r to ft h i ss t udy . A ugu s tan t oe a r ly C laud ian i sc ommon ly c i ted a st h ep e r iod f o rA u c i s sa b rooch e s . T h ey s e em t oh ave c ome t oB r i ta in w i th t h eR oman A rmy i n AD 4 3 . Ag r ea tv a r ie ty o fA uc i s sa b roo che sw e re d ev e lop ed , a nd Mon s ieu rM F eug e r e 's L e sF ibu le s e n G au le Me r id ion a le ( 1 985 ) c on ta in s as t ud y o ft h em b e s id e s m any o t h e r t y p e s . T yp e Ew i th e y e s ( Aug en ) o r o t h e r d e co ra t ion o n t h e h eadp la t e , a l ong w i th T yp e A , a r e t h e e a r l ie s t , a nd T yp e Ci s p robab ly t h el a te s t .

C on s id e r ing h ow n um e rou s A u c i s sa b roo ch e s a r e , t h ey s e em t oh av e g on e o u t o fu s e q u ick ly w i th in t h ee a r ly C laud ian p e r iod . T h e r ew a sn on e ed t od a t et h eA u c i s sa b rooch e sf ound a tD u ra -Ey ropo s ,o n t h e R ive r E uph ra te s , t ot h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c en t u r ie s AD b ecau se t h a t w a s t h e m a in p e r iod o ft h e

3

R oman o ccupa t ion a t Du ra !

Ih av e s ugg e s ted b e low t h a t t h e s e b rooch e s a r r ived i n t h e A ugu s tan

p e r iod .

A t t h e o t h e r e x t r em e , a n A u c i s sa t y p e Cw a s f ound i nt h e C i ty Mound a tG o rd ion , i nP h ryg ia , i na l e ve l g en e ra l ly d a t ed t ot h e t h i rd c en tu ry BC .

T h e l e ve l w a s d i s tu rb ed a nd i ti sc e r ta in t h a t t h i s

b rooch h ad b e en d i sp laced f r om i t s t r ue c on t ex t ( Mu sca r e l la , 1 967 , p age 8 3 ) .

P e rhap s t h ey b egan

a bou t 3 0 BC , b u t t h a t d ep end s o n w hen h ing ed b rooch e sb egan . T ype > CD C , P l a te 1 0 , 1 ,i sp robab ly e a r l ie rt h an t h e A ugu s tan p e r iod , a nd t h e r e f o r e s l igh t ly e a r l ie rt h an T yp e XV I I I , t h e A u c i s sa .

S u ch

p rob lem so fc h rono log ica ld ef in i t ion a pp ly t om o s to t h e rh inged b rooche s .

3

T he B rooch o n aG o ld C o in o ft h eS u e s s ion e s

A tl a s tw eh av e af i xed p o in t , at e rm inu sp o s tq uem , f o rc e r ta in G au l i sh b rooch e st hank st ot h el a te D FA l len . H es howed t h a t ab rooch a pp ea r si np rof i le o ng o ld s t a te r s wh ich b ea rt h el e gend CR IC IRV . M rA l len c on s id e r ed t h a tt h e se c o in sw e r es t ru ck b ef o r e 5 7 BC w h ich w a st h ey ea ri n wh ich t h et r ib e s ubm i t ted t ot h eR em i a nd w hen a l so t h e i rg r ea t o pp idum a tP omnüe r s w a s i n v e s ted b yJ u l iu s C ae sa r f o r t h e f i r s t t im e .

Wh i le Mr A l len a l lowed t h a t t h e r e m ay h av e b een a s ma l l a nd d w ind l ing

p opu la t ion a tP omm ie r s a f t e r i t s s e cond i n v e s tmen tb y C a e sa r i n5 1 BC , l a s t ing p e rhap s f o r n o mo re t h an t wen ty y ea r s , h e c on s id e r ed t h a t P omnüe r s d i d n o t c on t inu e u n t i l a bou t 5 BC , u n l ik e Mon t B euv ray ( A l len , 1 972 , 1 22 132 ) .

I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h e g o ld a nd s i lve rb roo che s p ub l i sh ed b yK r äm e r r e p r e sen tt h e t y pe s hown o n t h e g o ld s t a t e r . B ecau se w eh av eo n ly t h ep rof i le o ft h eb rooch o nt h ec o in , i ti sn o tp o s s ib le t ob ep r ec i se a bou t w h ich t y p e i ss hown ( K räme r , 1 971 , 11 -132 ) .

We m a y s uppo s e t h a t i tw a s magn if ic en t -a

P rach tf ib e l .

T h eN auh e im b rooch i s aG au l i sh -Rhen i sh t y p e i nu s eb e f o r ea n yo ft h eR oman p rov inc ia lt y p e s . T he N auh e im m ay b e s l igh t ly l a te rt h an t h eb rooch o nt h e c o in o f CR IC 1RV . S ab in eR ieckhof f 's s t udy o f b roo ch e s f r om G au l i sh o pp ida , a nd f r om t h e e a r l ie s t R oman m i l i ta ry s i te s n o r th o ft he A lp s , s how s h ow c omp lex i st h e w ho le p rob lem ( R ieckhof f , 1 972 , 7 7 -83 ) .

T h e t wo w e l l -known b rooche s f r om

P omm ie r s i lu s t ra ted b yD dche le t t e l o ok , i np rof i l e , v e ry l i k et h ep rof i le o nt h e g o ld c o in ( D ech e le t te , 1 927 , f i g . 4 03 , 5 ) . On e i sa ne a r ly K rag en f ib e l . T he o t he ri sa ne a r ly R o se t t eo rD i s te lf ib e l . I ti sn o t t h e s am e a st h e e a r ly t y p e a t Mon t B euv ray , n o r i si tl i k e t h e l a rg e n umb e r p ub l i shed b y D r T h i l l ( Th i l l , 1 969 , 1 33 172 ) .

T yp e X IX i sp r e sen t a t P o rnnüe r s , b u t t h e A u c i s sa b rooch i sn o t .

T h i s m ay i nd ica t e t h a t t h e

o ccupa t ion o fP omnüe r s h a sc ea sed b ef o r et h ep roduc t ion o fA u c i s sa sb egan . T ha t w ou ld a g r e e w i th M rA l len 's i n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h e s i te -h i s to ry a ss umma r i sed a bov e . O r i tm ay m ean t ha t t h e A uc i ssa w a sp r ima r i ly f o rm i l i ta ry u se , a nd P omnüe r sh ad f o r al o ng t im eb e en ac i v i ls e t t lemen t .

4

4

H ow t od ef in et h eE nd o f aB rooch typ e 's P e r iod o fU se ?

When Ib egan t h i s s t ud y Ih ad s uppo s ed t h a tt h e r e w e r e m any p ub l i sh ed e xamp le s o fb rooch e s w h ich h ad e v id en t ly c on t inu ed i n u se f o r t wo , o r e v en t h r e e , h uman l i f e t im e s , h av ing b een u s ed b y s u cce s s iv e o wne r s , a nd s how ing d i s t in c t s i gn s o f w ea r .

I fs o , s u ch l o ng p e r iod s o f s e rv ic e w ou ld

r educe t h ev a lu eo fs u ch t y p e s o ff i bu la e f o rd a t ing p u rpo se s . H oweve r , t h i s d o e s n o t s e em t ob et h e c a se , e v en f o r s oc ommon ab rooch a st h e D rah tf ib e l w h ich e vo lved f r om t h e e a r ly k ind s i lu s t ra ted h e r ea tN eu s s , a nd w h i ch a r ed if e ren tf r om t h el a t e s tv a r ie ty b o th o nt h eC on t in en ta nd i nB r i ta in .

P e rhap s t h i s f a i r ly r a p id e vo lu t ion w a s d u e t ot h e f a c t t h a t m any b rooch -w ea r e r s w e r e s o ld ie r s o n c ampa ign a nd , t h e r e f o r e , t h e r e w a s ah igh w a s tag e b ecau se t h e b rooche s n ece s sa r i ly s uf e r ed r ough t r ea tm en t .

N ew t y p e s , o r v a r ia t ion s , c ou ld e a s i ly b e i n t roduc ed i n to s u ch a l a rg e m a rk e t .

A s a n

e xamp le o f s ho r t u s ag e a nd r ap id d i sapp ea ran c e , t h e G i t t e rf ib e l o r D iv id ed B ow B rooch d i d n o t c on t inue i nu se a f t e r c . AD 5 0 , e i th e r i nB r i ta in , o ro n t h e C on t inen t . A n e xamp le p ub l i sh ed f r om W ie sbad en i sp rob ab ly d a ted t o ol a t e ,t ot h ep e r iod AD 5 0 -75 ,a nd t h i si st h eo n ly l a t e i n s tance k nown t o m e c once rn ing t h i s w id e ly d i s t r ibu t ed b u t n o t v e ry n um e rou s t y p e o f f i bu la ( W ie sbad en , ORL , 1 909 , 9 1 , A bb .5 .6 ) .

5

T h eR o se t t eo rD i s t e lf ibe li nB r i ta in

T h e s p lend id e a r ly B T yp e s i nt h e L exd en C em e te ry , G rav e 7 ,s hou ld b e p r e -Roman : t h i s i se a r l ie r t han t h e d a t ing o r ig ina l ly s ugg e s t ed b y Mr H u l l . L a t e r , h e p l a ced s u ch b r ooche s i nt h e p r e -Roman p e r iod ( Hu l l , 1 942 , 5 9 -61 ) .

T h e d i sapp ea ran ce i nB r i ta in o ft h e D i s te l f ib e l i su sua l ly d a t ed c . AD 5 0 .

T h e f ew f o und o n e a r ly

R oman s i te s , b eg inn ing i n AD 4 3 , a r ev e ry f ew i nd eed a nd a l la r eo ft h el a t e s ta nd m o s td eg ene ra t eB T yp e sa nd R o se t t ef ib e ln .

S im i la r ly , o nt h e C on t inen t , o n ly l a t eR o se t t ef ib e ln h av eb een f o und a tT ib e r ian -C laud ian A i s l ing en , s e e U lb e r t , T a f . 1 6 , 4 6 , e x cep tf o r a n Ab rooch . T h e r e a r e n o D i s t e lf ib e ln o fa ny k i nd a tC laud ian H o fhe im , a nd o n ly t wo , o ft h el a te R o se t te t y p e , a tC laud ian R h e ingönh e im .

Two D i s t e lf ib e ln a r es uppo sed t oh av eb een f o und i nL ondon , s e e Wh ee le r ,L ondon , 9 0 , a nd f i g . 2 4 , 5 &6 ,w he r et h e i rs o u r ce i sn o tq ue s t ion ed ; s im i la r ly i nH awk e s &H u l l , 3 14 , w h e r e t h ey a r e a s sum ed t ob ee a r ly C laud ian . T h i sa t t r ibu t ion t oL ondon i sd oub tf u l , o na na logy w i th c e r ta in w e l l -known a nd c omp le te v e s s e l so fT e r ra S ig i l la ta w h ich h av e l ong b e en s uppo sed t oc om ef r om p a r t icu la r s t r ee t s i n t h e C i ty o fL ondon w h ich w e r ew i th in t h e R oman c i ty . T h e s ou r ce o f an umb e r o ft h e se v e s s e l s h a s b e en f ound t o b e e r ron eou s a nd m any o f t h em w e r e p robab ly f o und i n I t a ly .

5

T he r ef o r e , t h e

p rov enanc e o fo t he r o b jec t s w h ich a r e p r e -Roman i ss u sp e c t , f o r t h e r e i ss t i l l n o e v id enc e f o r p r e R oman o ccup a t ion o ft h es i t eo fL ondon . 6

Two t y p e so fF i bu la wh ich w e r ea b sen tf r om N eu s s

( i )

K rä f t ig p rof i l ie r t eF ib e ln :

F ou re xamp le so ft h i sf i bu la a r ek nown a tR ichbo rough ( Hu l l , 1 949 , 8 3 ) . T h e r ea r ee i gh ti nt h er e s to f B r i ta in .

I ti st h e r ef o r e al i t t le s u rp r i s ing t h a t n one a r e r e co rd ed b y V an B uchem f r om N i jm eg en .

T he r e a r e n on e i nt h e p r e sen t r e po r tf r om N eu s s , a l though L ehn e rp ub l i shed f i ve f r om t h e C laud ian L eg iona ry f o r t r e s s a t N ovae s ium . H o fh e im t h e r e a r e e i gh t een .

A t C laud ian R he ingönh e im t h e r e a r e f o u r , a nd a t C laud ian

T h e i r m a in d i s t r ibu t ion , a s A lmg r en f i r s t n o t ed , i si n t h e D anub ian

r eg ion a nd t h eA u s t r ian A lp s .

( i )

L aT en e IB rooch e s :P s eudo L aT en e

D e ch e le t t e g av et h e n am eP seudo L aT en et ot h e se b rooche s . I nt h eL y c iney R epo r t , D r G CD unn ing l i s t ed t h i r ty i n B r i ta in a nd s om e h und r ed s m o r e o n t h e C on t in en t , n o t ing t h a t m any c am e f r om R oman c on t ex t s ( Dunn ing i n Whee le r , 1 9 32 , 6 8 -70 , f i g . 9 ) .

L ehne r p ub l i shed o n e f r om t h e

N ovae s ium C laud ian L eg iona ry f o r t r e s s , h i s T a f . 2 4 , N r 1 ,a nd d a t ed i tt ot h e A ugu s tan p e r iod . I n B r i ta in t h e t h r e e a tC amu lodunum c ou ld b e p r e -Roman , b u t t h e t h r ee a tR i chbo rough , t h e l a nd ing p l ace o ft h eC laud ian i n va s ion ,a r ef r om AD 4 3 o rl a te r .

T h e l o ng l i f eo fL aT en e Ib rooch e sh a sb een d i scu s sed b yP ro f e s so rU lb e r t ( U lb e r t , 1 969 , 3 4 -5 , a nd T af . 1 9 , 1 3 ) .

A t R h e ingönh e im t h e r e a r e t h r ee , a nd h e l i s t ed m any mo r e f r om m i l i ta ry s i t e s i n

G e rmany a nd S w i tze r land .

T h e r e a r e t wo a tC laud ian H o fh e im ( R i t t e r l ing , 1 20 , A bb . 2 2 :1 6772 ,

0 8 .409 ) ;t wo o fi r on a tC laud ian H üf ing en ( ORL , 1 937 , T a f . 1 0 , 1a nd 2 ) ; a nd K a s te l l W ie sbad en a l so h a s al a rg ei r on e xamp le ( ORL , 1 909 , 9 1 , A bb . 5 ,1 ) . O th e rt y p e so fb rooche sw h ich e l sewhe r ew ou ld b e d a t ed A ugu s tan t o C laud ian , s u ch a s A uc i s sa , A ug en f ibe ln , a nd o ne D iv id ed B ow B roo ch o r G i t ter f ib e l ,h av eb een f o und a tW ie sbad en .

7

K a s t e l lZ ugman t e l

K a s t e l lZ ugman t e lh a st h em o s tr ema rkab le s e r ie so fe a r ly b rooch e sa tw ha ti s ,e s s en t ia l ly ,t h es i t eo fa l a te f i r s t c en tu ry f o r t ( S imp son , H awk e s , H u l l . S ome B r i t i sh a nd I b e r ian P enannu la r B roo ch e s a nd o t h e r E a r ly T yp e s i n t h e R h e in land a nd t h e ` Decuma te s A g r i ' , T h e A n t iqua r ie s J ou rna l 5 9 , 1 979 , 3 19 -342 ) . T h e r e i s aK r ag enf ib e l a tZ ugman te l , d a ted t o o l a te b yB a r th e l t ot h e C laud ian p e r iod . A D agg e r , o r D o lchf ib e l , av er y r a r e t y p e ( s ee b e low a t N eu s s ) , i st y po log ica l ly r e la ted t o e a r ly C o lch e s te r s o r H ak enf ib e ln , w h ich c e a s e s t ob e f ound a f te r a bou t AD 2 5 a nd t h e r e a r e n um e rou s A lmg r en 1 5 o rN auhe im D e r iva t ive s w i th t h e s o l id f o o t o ft h e e a r ly A ugu s tan t oC laud ian p e r iod s .

6

A l so a tZ ugman t e lt h e r e a r e A u c i s sa A a nd C T yp e s , a nd aL aT en e Ib roo ch ( s ee a bov e ) . A l l t h e s e s ugge s t t h a t t h e r e w a s a n e a r l ie r o ccup a t ion t h an t h e k nown k a s te l lum ( J acob i a nd B a r the l , ORL , 1 909 , 6 9 -70 , T a t-.9 ) .

T e r ra S ig i l la ta a ppa r en t ly b eg in s n o e a r l ie r t h an t h e D om i t ian ic p e r iod , a s

A s t r id B öhm e , 1 972 , 5 1 -2 ) .

8

P enannu la rB rooch e s

In eve r s aw a ny p en annu la rb rooche sw h i le Iw a s e xam in ing t h e m e ta l o b jec t s f r om N eu s s . Ih av e a p enc i l d r aw ing o f al a rg e om ega b rooch w i th a co rn shap ed t e rm ina l s , N o 3 141 , w h ich m ean s t h a t i t w a sa ne a r ly f i nd . T h i sd r aw ing i sr e p rodu ced i nS imp son , H awk e s , H u l l , 1 979 , 3 25 , P l a te 5 6 , 7 ,( s ee a bove i nS ec t ion 7f o rt h ef u l l r e f e r en ce ) .

L ehne r i lu s t ra t ed ap enannu la rw i th s ome b u ck le s , u n s t ra t if i ed , f r om t h e 1 887 1900 E xcava t ion s a t N eu s s -Nova e s ium ( L ehn e r , 1 904 , n o t e 2 3 , T at x xx , 7 5 ) . H e a l so i lu s t r a ted t h r e e o t h e r u n s t ra t if ied e xamp le s( Lehn e r , 1 9 04 ,T a f . X x iv , 2 6 , 2 9 , 3 1 ) . A tt h e S aa lbu rg ,D rB öhme c i te sb rooch e sw h ich a r e d oub tf u l ly d a ted ( S imp son ,H awk e s ,H u l l , 3 23 , 34 -5 ) .

9

T o ta l so fB rooche sa tN eu s sa nd E l s ewh e r e

N i jm eg en h a s al a rg e r n umbe r o fc on t empo ra r y b rooch e s f r om aR oman m i l i ta ry s i t e .

N eu s s a nd

C amu ldunum a r es im i la ri nn umb e r s , a nd t h eo t h e rl a rg eg r oup s ,m i l i ta ry o rc i v i l ian , a r el i s ted b e low :

1 0

N i jm eg en

1 , 191

( n o ti n c lud ing l a te

N eu s s

4 02

( w i th t h o se i nL ehne r , 1 86 : t o ta l 5 88 )

C amu lodunum

4 00

H o fhe im

2 94

B e san con

2 60

( n o ti n c lud ing l a t e

R i chbo rough

2 22

( Vo lum e sI -V , 1 st-4f ic en tu r ie s AD )

D a lh e im

1 55

i s t

i s t

c en tu ry b rooch e s )

c en tu ry b rooche s )

T he C ond i t ion o ft h eB rooch e sa tN eu s s

Mo s t o ft h em a r e i np oo r a nd b rok en c ond i t ion , t h e l o ca l s o i l o fN eu s s b e ing t ob l am e f o r t h e i rb ad s t a te .

T he r e a r e af ew w h ich h av e ab eau t i f u l g r e en p a t ina a nd a r e i np e r f ec t c ond i t ion . N o . 1i s

e xcep t iona li nb e ing i ng ood c ond i t ion ,w i th p a t ina t ed b rown s u r f ac e s .

7

I

S em i -C i r cu la rH ing ed F ibu la w i th S a f e ty -Ca tch :

P l a t e 1 ,1

5 402

A ugu s tan -2e xamp le s

F ound b e tw een t h et wo d i t ch e so fC amp A , a nd c ov e red b yT ib e r ian t imb e r b u i ld ing s , S chn i t t2 85 , d a te 3 . 7 .1958 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted :

2 981 .

O n ly af r agm en t , b u t s im i la rt oN o . 1 ,a nd w i th t h e s ame p a t ina t ed b ron ze c o lou r . F ound s om ed i s tance t ot h en or th , S chn i t t 1 82 , d a te 2 . 4 .1958 .

T he se b rooch e sa r ed e sc r ibed f i r s tb ecau se t h ey h ave m any r ema rkab le f e a tu r e s . E a ch i ss em i -c i r cu la ro rb ow s hap ea nd h a sn op ro t rud ing f o o tf o r ac a tch -p la t e . I n s tead t h ey h ave c omp lex s a f e ty -ca tche s . As i lve rb rooch o ft h e s ame t y p e w a sf o und a t Waddon H i l l , a n e a r ly C laud ian R oman f o r ti nD o r s e t sh i r e (W eb s t e r , 1 981 , 5 8 , f i g . 2 5 .1 ) .

D e s c r ip t ion o fN o . 1

T h es a f e ty -ca tch i ss hown i nt h e d r aw ing sw i th t h e s ma l le rp ar t d e ta ch ed , i no rd e rt oe xp la in i t sc on s t ruc t ion . I ti sc l o se ly j o in ed t ot h ef i bu la b y as m a l l i r on p i n o rr i v e t w h ich p ro je c t s t h rough t h e k nob o n i t sr i gh t s i d e . O na na logy w i th t h e Waddon H i l l f i bu la t h e r ep robab ly w a s ak nob a tt h e o t h e r e nd o ft h e i r on r i v e t w he r e i t p ro jec t st ot h e l e f t . A tt h i s e nd o ft h eb ow , b e low as ma l l o rnamen ta l p ro jec t ion , t h eb ow i sh a lv ed i nw id th . T h e s ma l le rp a r t o ft h e s a f e ty -ca tch f i t s i n to t h i s s pac e , a nd p r e sumab ly i tc ou ld o nc e h ave b e en a d ju s ted b y t u rn ing o r r o ta t ing t h e i r on r i v e t , b u t n ow t h a t r i v e t i si mmovab le .

T h e p in o ft h e f i bu la , n ow b rok en , w i l l

h av e f i t ted i n to t h e s ma l l c u rv ed c a t ch b e low t h e s a f e ty d ev ice , a nd h e r e t h e c on s t ruc t ion d if e r s f r om t h e Waddon H i l lb roo ch .

T h e s em i -c i r cu la r b ow i s3 . 5 c m w id e , a nd i ss up e rf i c ia l ly l i k e a n A u c i s sa f i bu la , at ype w h ich a l so h a s a h ing ed p in . B u ti na l l o t h e r r e sp ec t st h i sf i bu la d if e r sf r om t h e A uc i s s av a r ie t ie s . T h e b ow i sr e c tangu la r i n s e c t ion w i th n a r row f l a t s i d e s . O nt h e c en t re o ft h eb ow t h e r e i s ar a i s ed f l a t o rnam en ta l p ro je c t ion w i th t wo i n c i sed l i ne s a c ro s s i t . Two s ma l le rp r o jec t ion s a r e a te i th e r e nd o ft h eb ow . A bov e t h e h ing e t h e re a r e t wo p ro jec t ing r ound b a l l s wh ich a r ef a s t en ed t ot h ef i bu la b ya ni r on r i ve t . O n ee nd o ft h i s r i ve tc an b es e en i nt h e d raw ing o ft h ep rof i le o ft h ef i bu la . At h i rd i r on r i v e tf o rm st h e h ing ew h ich h e ld t h eb ronze f i bu la -p in w i th in t h er ound ed t e rm ina l .

T h e Waddon H i l lb rooch i s 3c mw id e , a nd i s av e ry s ma l lv a r ian to ft h eG i t t e rf ib e lo rD iv id ed -Bow B rooch . I t h a st wo b ow sj o in ed a tt h e i re nd s . C ro s sba r s p a s st h rough t h eb ow s , a nd t h e r e a r e s i lve r b a l l s o nt h e e nd s o f t h eb a r s . T he c a tch -p la t e i s as ma l lt r iangu la rc av i ty i nt h ep o r t ion w h ich b ea r s t h e l a rg e r o ft h e t wo r o ta t ing k nob s . T h i sm echan i sm i si mmovab le n ow .

I

L a te L aT än eI IF ibu la :

5 0 -1BC -1e xamp le

8

P la t e 1 ,2

3 255

W i th f l a t b ow , s p i ra l , h ook a nd e x ter na l c ho rd ( üb e re S ehne ) .

C lo se s t t o

t h e Ma rne F ibu lae , a sf r om t h eo pp idum a tP omm ie r s , D 6ch . , 4 73 , f i g . 4 03 , 1& 2 . On eo ft he f e a tu re s o ft h i sf i bu la , wh ich s how st ha t i ti se a r l ier t h an t h e H ak enf ibe l , i s t h e o pen -wo rk f oo t wh ich , t hough b rok en , i s q u i te d if e r en t f r om t h e s o l id f oo t o f t h e H ak enf ib e ln a tN eu s s .

T he h ook i s

b rok en , a nd o n ly f ou r o ft h e e i gh t s p i ra ls s u rv ive a nd p a r t o ft h e e x te rna l c ho rd . T h i si st he e a r l ie s tt ype w i th p ro jec t ing s i d e -w ing s ( S tü tzp la t ten )t o h o ld d own t h e s p i ra l . T h i s e a r ly t yp e i sa l so f ound i nB r i ta in a tS wa r l ing , D ea l a nd F o lk e s tone , wh ich w e r e e a r ly s e t t lemen t s i n K en t ( Bu she -Fox , 1 925 , p 1 .12 , 2 :p l . 1 3 , 7 -9 ) .

F rom t h i s t yp e , t he C on t inen ta l a nd B r i t i sh t ype s d eve lop s epa ra te ly : t h e C on t inen ta l b ow c on t inue s t o b e f l a t a nd s t ra igh t , w i th t h e f oo t u sua l ly s l igh t ly r e cu rved a sh e re o n N o . 2( R i t te r l ing , 1 913 , T af . 8 ,8 1 &8 2 : V an B uchem , 1 941 , p l . 5 ,2 -5 : H&H , p l . 9 1 , 3 4 &3 5 ) . T he se a r ev e ry r a te i n B r i ta in . T he B r i t ish t ype e a r ly d eve loped ad i s t inc t ive a r ch t ot h e r ounded b ow , a nd t h is s hape i n f luenced many l a te r B r i t ish f i bu lae .

F o r i t s e a r ly

d eve lopmen t , s e eB ru she -Fox , 1 925 ,p l . 1 4 , 1 0 ; p l . 1 5 , 1 4& 1 5 .

I I

K ragenf ibe l : 5 0 BC -A ugu s tan -1e xamp le

N o t i lu s t ra ted : 178a . V e ry f r agmen ta ry , b u t u ndoub ted ly o nce aK rag enf ibe l , c oa ted w i th We i s sme ta l l , t h e wh i te m e ta ls u r f ace wh ich l o ok sl i k es i lve r . F ound w i th P la te 3 7 , 1 6 .

T he e a r ly d a t ing f r om 5 0 BC i sa f te r D FA l len , 1 972 , 1 22 -132 , a nd s e e a bove f o r ad i scu s s ion o n t h i s i mpo r tan tc h rono log ica lp rob lem . One o ft h ee a r l ie s tK ragenf ibe lh a sb een f ound a tP omm ie r s ( 1 36ch . P .4 73 , f i g . 4 03 , 5 ) , w i th al ong t r iangu la re xpan s ion t ot he b ow , l i k et h is f r agmen ta tN eu s s . As im i la rf r agmen tf r om S i lch e s te r i si n R ead ing Mu s eum N r . 0 3166 ; Ma inz , B eh r en s , 1 912 , A bb . 1 ,5 ; N i jmeg en , p l . 2 , 1 4 ; a nd G iuba s co , U lr ich , T af . 6 6 , 1 8 a nd 1 9 . T he d i scove ry a tR u shden , n ea r We l l ingbo rough , N o r than t s , i so ft h i s e a r ly t y pe , i na s soc ia t ion w i th p re -Roman p a in ted p o t te ry : p ub l ica t ion b y Wood sn dH a s t ing s , 1 984 .

T he s e cond v a r ie ty , w i th as p ade shap ed e xpan s ion t ot h eb ow , h a sb een f ound a t And er nach , s e eK oenen , T a f . 5 , 2& 3 ;a nd i ni r on a tt h eA rmab e rg , H a l ter n , I , 1 901 , A bb . 2 ,4 ;a nd t h ree e xamp le s i nL ehn e r , N ovae s ium , T a f . 2 4 , 2 ;a nd L e ra t , B e sancon , p l . 2 ,4 8 &4 9 ; f o rt wo e xamp le s f r om N ied e ro lm , s eB eh ren s , 1 923 , A bb . 9 ; a nd o n e f ound a tB onn , w i th a l a rge s i lve r m eda l l ion o n ac ha in , s e e B eh ren s , 1 927 , A bb . 7 , 1 ;a nd f r om S pon sh e im w i th a n A lmg r en 1 9 , s e e B eh r en s , 1 942 -3 , A bb . 8 , 2& 3 . T h i s i s aR he in land t yp e , a nd o th e r e xamp le s i n t he R he in i sche s L and e smu seum , B onn , a r e : I nv . N r . U . 1 360 , av e ry f i nd e xamp le , 3 665 f r om K ö lnNeu s tad t ; 3 753 f r om P omme rn , s e e K le in , T a f . 4 , 1 ; 1563 e a nd 1 8058 f r om U r rn i tz ; 3613 f r om A sb e rg ; 3 2136 b& cf r om B e l l , n ea r Mayen . I ti ss u rp r i s ing t of i nd o n e a tZ ugman te l , f ound ed c . AD 8 3-85 ,

9

s e eB ar the l , T af . 9 .8 ,b u tt h er ea r e s eve ra lo the rf i bu lae a tZ ugman te l wh ich b e long t ot he Augu s tan -C laud ian p er iod ( S imp son , 1 979 , 3 34 -6 ) T her e i sa l so aK ragenf ibe l a tC amu lodunum , t h e o n ly c omp le t e e xamp le i n B r i ta in , Mr Hu l l n o t ed ( H &H , p l . 9 3 , 6 7 ) . T h i s t yp e h a s b een f ound i nt h e e a r ly G a l lo -Roman c eme te ry a t P runay , Ma rne , d a ted BC 9-A l ) 1 ( P runay , I ,p l . 3 ,1 2 ) .

I nt ha te a r ly c eme te ry w a sa l so f ound a ne xamp le o ft h e S ch i ld f lüge lf ibe lv a r ian tt yp e , w i th l a te ra lk nob s a nd a mu ch -expand ed b ow ( Prunay , I ,p l . 2 , 1 ) . O the r e xamp le s o ft h i s Mo se l le r eg ion t yp e a re i nt h e R he in ische s L ande smu seum , B onn , I nv . N r . 4 537 f r om K ö ln ; a nd 1 7862 K & 1f r om Unn i tz ; B eh ren s , 1 923 , 1 0 , A bb . 1 3b , al a te p a i rf r om B o senhe im ; ad i s t r ibu t ion map b yK oe the a nd K imm ig i si nW inche r ingen , T r ie r e rZ e i t sch r if t 1 2 , 1 937 , A bb . 1 .

I V

A lmg ren 9o rS chü s se lf ibe l :

5 0 BC -A ugu s tan -3e xamp les

T h i s e a r ly t yp e o f f i bu la h a s ac ap o ve r t h e s p i ra l a nd a n i n ter io r c ho rd ( un te r e S ehne ) .

P rof e s so r v on

P e t r ikov i t s n o ted t om e , ' s ind d i ek e l t i schen V o r läuf e rw ich t ig ' : K räm e r , G erman ia , 4 9 , 1 971 , 1 22 , T af . 2 7 , 1 ; O b e raden , 1 942 , 1 31 , A bb . 3 7 .

P la te 1 ,4

2 999

T he b ow b e low t h e mou ld ing i st r iangu la ri ns e c t ion . The c ap i sd amag ed , b u ti ts e em st ob ew i thou td eco ra t ion .

P la te 1 ,5

1 3547

T he b ow i sf r agmen ta ry . T he c ap h a st wo f i ne l i ne so fd eco ra t ion .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 7094 . I np oo r c ond i t ion . T he re i so ne e xamp le i nL ehne r , Novae s ium , N r . 3 5 , T af , 2 4 , 6 2 ; a nd s e e G ur ina , T i sch le r , T af . 6 ,1 ;N i jmegen , Secco -F ibu la ' , p l . 2 ,6 11 ; P omme rn , K le in , T a f . 4 , 3= B onn I nv . N r . 3 754 , a nd T af . 4 , 5=B onn I nv . N r . 4 679 ; S t radon i tz , D 6ch . , f i g . 5 37 , 7 .

V

D i s te l f ibe lo rR o se t te B rooch :

Ma in ly 5 0 BC t oA ugu s tan -1 7e xamp le s

V e ry n ume rou s , a nd w id e ly d i s t r ibu ted i nt h e Rh e in land , S w i tze r land , F ran ce a nd B r i ta in . T h el a te s tv a r ie t ie s d on o ts e em t ob ef ound i nc on tex t s wh ich a r el a te rt han AD 4 0 -50 .

C la s s Ai

5 0 BC -A ugu s tan -6e xamp le s

T h e b ow , t h e r ound ed d i sk o r r e c tangu la r p laque , a nd t h e f an ta i l -f oo t , a r e e ach s epa ra te p i ece s , f a s tened t og e the r . T he s p i ra li sp ro tec ted b y at ubu la rc ove r( Hü lse ) .

P la t e 1 ,6

5 355

T he b ow h a s az i g -zag d eco ra t ion . S p i ra la nd f oo ta r em i s s ing .

P la te 1 ,7

3 938

E ven

mo re

f r agmen ta ry .

( l äng sger ipp t ) .

1 0

T he

b ow

h a s

f i ne

r i bb ed

d eco ra t ion

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 2 944c , 3 207 , 7 684 a nd 5 167 f ound w i th P la te 5 ,1 0 & 1 , t wo A lmg ren 1 9 , a nd P la te 8 . 4a nd 9 ,2 ,t wo Auc is sa f i bu lae .

S ee B u l l io t , Mon t B euv ray , ( A lbum ) p l . 5 0 , 1 ;a nd N i jmegen , p l . 3 ,5 ,w i th r e c tangu la r p l aque s ; a nd H & H , p l . 9 3 ,6 9 &7 7 ; a nd F ing e r l in ,D ang s te t ten , A bb . 9 ,2 ,w i th d i sk s .

C la s s Ai

4 0 BC -A ugu s tan -2e xamp le s

C a s ti no ne s o l id p i ece .

P la te 1 , 85672

F ound w i th a nA lmg r en 1 9 . L ik et h ee xamp le a t Mon tB euv ray , s e eD ech . , 1 904 , p l . 1 4 , 1 0 : t h i so pp idum o fB ib rac te w a sf i na l ly a bandoned c . BC 5 .

P la te 1 , 98044

A lmo s t c omp le te , a nd i nv e ry f i ne c ond i t ion .

I ti sl i k e t h e e xamp le f r om H u r s tbou rne

T a r ran t , H an t s , s e e H awk e s & Dunn ing , A rch , J ou rn , 8 7 , 1 930 , 3 05 , a nd f i g . 3 2 f o r a s soc ia ted p re -Roman p o t te ry , Mü l le r , G rave 3 13 .

F o ra no the re a r ly s o l id -ca s te xamp le s e eH a l te r n , V , 1 909 , 3 35 -7 , N r . 6 ,T al . 3 6 , 1 . L ik e N o . 9 ,a nd w i th t he s ame f i ne z ig -zag d eco ra t ion i sa n a lmo s t c omp le te f i bu la f r om O rnava s so , i nt h eP e r sona C eme te ry i nt h e T ic ino V a l ley , s e e B ianche t t i , p l . 1 0 , 1 8 : t h is c em e t e ry i sd a ted f r om 8 8 BC -T iber ian .

S ee a l so L ehne r , N ovae s ium , T a f . 2 4 , 3 ,

wh ich i st h eo n ly D i s te lf ibe l i nt ha tR epor t ; S i lche s te r , N o . 0 3163 i nR ead ing Mu seum ; a nd L e ra t , B e sancon , 1 ,p l . 3 ,7 5 .

C la s s Bi

4 0BC -A ugu s tan -N i l

T h i s i sA lmg r en 2 40 , t h e c ommone s t v a r ie ty , w i th t he w ide s t d i s t r ibu t ion .

S ee T h i l l , 1 969 , f o r many

e xamp le s .

C la s s Bi

A ugu s tan -T ibe r ian -1e xamp le

P la t e 1 , 10

8 911

Al a te e xamp le .

T he s p i ra l i sm i s s ing .

h ave b een c a s t i n o ne s o ld p i ece .

T he b ow , d i sk , a nd f an ta i l -foo t ,

F a in t g roove s r ep r e sen t t h e e l abo ra te

embo s sed a nd o p en -wo rk mou ld ing s n o rma l ly f ound o n B ia nd B i f i bu lae . F o ra no th e re xamp le s e e Whee le r , L ondon , 9 0 , f i g . 2 4 , 6 ,l o ca t ion u nce r ta in ,b u tn o tf r om L ondon .

C la s s Bi

E a r ly A ugu s tan -T iber ian -4e xamp le s

1

T h e b ow i si nt h e f o rm o f al i on , a nd t h e re a r e t h r ee v a r ie t ie s wh ich a r e h e re c a l led a , ba nd c . Mon s ieu r J of roy h a si lu s t ra ted many e xamp le so ft h et h ree v ar ie t ie s . F o rG roup bs e eJ of roy , f i g . 3 , 1 5 . G roup ch a sa h inge o rS cha rn ie r . N r . 1 3 a nd 1 4 may h ave b e longed t oG roup bo rc .

( a )

T he l i on -bow i ss o l id -ca s t , l i k et h ef i bu la f r om A le s ia , s e e A lmg ren , 1 913 , 2 42 , N r . 3 ;J of roy , 8 ,p 1 .2 , 2 ;a nd C o ro t , p l . 9 ,5 . B echer t , 1 973 , N r . 12 i su nu sua l .

P la te 1 , 11

3 844

T he l i on i sv e ry l i ke t he o ne f r om A le s ia ; i th a s a n e ven s ma l le r ' wa sp w a i s t ' . T he re a r et he r ema in s o f al i ne d own t he b ack wh ich r ep resen t st h e t a i l . Once i th ad i n la id e ye s , a l so l i k et h e A le s ia l i on , b u tt h e se h ave f a l len o u t , l e av ing s ma l l h o l low s .

T he f o o t i s a lmo s t e n t ir e ly b rok en a way .

A le s ia c on t inued i n c i v i l ian o ccupa t ion i n to e a r ly

A ugu s tan t ime s .

Opp idum T i te lbe rg h a sa no the r( Th i l l , 1 969 , 1 51 , A bb . 8 ,8 2 )

( b )

T h ef i bu la i si nt h ree p i ece s : t h e l i on -bow , ap la te u nd e rt h e l i on , a nd t h e f oo t . T he c ov e r ( Hü l se ) f o r t h es p ira l i sg ene ra l ly o no ne p i ece w i th t h el i on -bow .

P la t e 1 , 12

5 494

T he l i on h a s l o s t i t s h ead , t he s p i ra l i sm is s ing f r om t he c ov e r , a nd t he f oo t i sm i s s ing . T he c on s t ruc t ion i sc l o se s t t ot h e o n e f r om M inden , a .S aue r , T r ie re r J ah re sbe r , V I , 1 913 , 2 6 , T a f . 4 ,c ;i ti sa l so c l o se t oo n e w i thou t p rovenance i nt h e Mu s& d e s An t iqu i t6 sN a t iona le s , J of f roy , 1 2 ,f i g . 3 ,6 .

T he r e a r e t h ree o f ad if e ren t k ind a tD a lhe im , S i sak , n ow i nt h e Mu seum a tZ ag r eb , a nd i nD a rm s tad t Mu seum .

On t he se , t he l i on f o rm s t he b ow

a bove a n e l abo ra te d i sk o r r e c tangu la r p l aque o f n o rma l B iT yp e .

F o r

D arm s tad t , s e eB eh ren s , J b .RGZM , I ,1 954 , 2 22 , A bb . 2 ,3 ;D a lh e im , 1 853 , p l . 8 ,1 8 , whe re t h e a n ima l 's h ead l o ok s mo re l i k e ah or se t han al i on ; a nd f o r S i sak , s e e K ov r ig , 1 937 , 9 2 , T a f . 2 9 , 1 0 , wh ich i st he s ame a s P a tek , 1 942 , T af . 6 .7 .

T hen t he l i on b ecome s s imp l if ied , l i k e t he t wo i n t h e R he in isch e s L ande smu seum ,B onn , I nv . N r . 2 527 a nd 3 373 . S ee a l so o ne f r om Wo rm s , B eh ren s , J b , RGZ M , 1 954 , 2 22 , A bb . 2 ,4 ;C amu lodunum , H&H , p l . 9 3 , 7 5 .

A f te r t ha t , t h e l i on b ecome s as t y l i sed p ro jec t ion , i b id . , p l . 9 3 , 7 6 ;

L inco ln , B r i t i sh Mu seum G u id e , 1 922 , 5 8 , f i g . 6 6 ; a nd t wo f r om a n e a r ly C laud ian g rave a tL exden , C o lche s t e r , w i th a s p lend id p a i r o f T ype B i D i s te lf ib e ln , s e e An t iq . J ou rn . 2 2 , 1 942 , 6 0 , f i g . 1 , 3& 4 .

1 2

P la t e 1 ,1 3

2 834 ,b ,1 4 , 2 899

Av e ry s ma l l l i on : t h e r e s t i sm i s s ing . T he l i on i sl a rge r t han N o . 1 3 , b u t t h er e s ti sm is s ing . E ach o ft he f ou r l i on s f r om N eu s s h a sf ou r l e g s a nd , t he ref o re , o ugh tt ob e e a r l ie r t han t he v a r ie ty i n wh ich t h e b ack l e g s h ave d i sappea red i n to t h e s p i ra l -cove r . I ti sn o t c e r ta in whe the rN o . 1 3 a nd 1 4 b e long t oT yp e b ,a s d e sc r ib ed a bov e , o rt oT ype cw h ich h a s ah inge o rS cha rn ie r .

( c )

L ion -bow sw i th h ing e s h ave b een f ound a tN i jmeg en , p l . 1 0 , 3 0 ; G ave I le , Ogam , 1 4 , 1 962 , p l . 5 3 , 3 ; H&H , p l . 9 8 , 1 81 ; a l so P runay , I , p l . 3 , 1 , wh ich i s ac eme te ry d a ted c . AD 1 4 -37 , t h i s l i on h a s r a ised f o re -paw s . I ti sa l so i lu s t ra ted b yJ of roy , 1 0 , a nd f i g . 2 ,7 ,w ho n o te st ha tt h e f i bu la w a sf ound w i th t wo b ronze c o in so fA ugu s tu sa nd o ne b ronze c o in o fN e ro . Ad i f f e ren tv a r ie ty , l i k et h eo ne f r om R oanne , h a sb een f ound i nt h e A vey ron , s e e S ou tou , Ogam 1 6 , 1 964 , 1 89 -193 . F o r as t y l i sed l i on s e e C un l if f e , F i shbou rne , 1 03 , f i g . 3 8 , 2 9 .

R o se t te -D i s te lf ibe l

L a te A ugu s tan -e a r ly C laud ian -4e xamp le s

T h eb ow c on s i s t s s imp ly o f ad i sk o rr o se t t e , e i the rc a s t i no ne p i ece w i th t h ef oo t , o rf a s tened t ot he f oo tb y a r i ve t .

P la t e 1 ,1 5

8 042

T he r o se t te i s as epa ra te or namen ted d i sk , h e ld t ot h ef an ta i l -f oo tb y ar i ve t , l i k e M R Hu l l 's T yp eX I , s e e H8 4H , p l . 9 4 , 8 0 ; a nd N i jmegen , p l . 4 ,1 11 . T he f oo ti sb rok en .

P la t e 1 6

7 354

T he r o se t te h a s as imp le p a t tern r ound t h e e dg e , i n comp le te ly i mp re s sed , a nd i ti sh e ld i n p o s i t ion b y av e ry l a rge r i ve t .

T he f a in t l i ne s o n t h e

f an ta i l -f oo tr ep re sen tt h e r i bb ing ( l äng sge r ipp t ) o nl e s s d ecad en t e xamp le s . T he p in i sc omp le te , a nd t he r e i s al a rge o va l h o le i nt he f oo t . T h i s may b e c ompa red w i th B agendon , 1 961 , f i g . 3 2 , 2 .

P l a t e 1 7

1 3922

T he r o se t te i sm i s s ing , l e av ing o n ly ama rk whe r e i th ad b een f a s tened t o t h ef l a tb ow .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 6974 i ss im i la rt oN o . 1 7 .

A ne a r ly e xamp le w i thou t ar i ve ti sa tV indon i s sa , s e eH au se r , T af . 2 1 , i nt h ec en t re o ft h et op r ow . T he r e a r e t wo a tK a s te l lH üf ing en , s e eR eve l l io , TM * . 1 0 , 88 4 1 0 , wh ich i s aC laud ian f o r t , a l though t he re a r e an umbe r o ff i bu lae t he r e wh ich m igh t i nd ica te a n e a r l ie r o ccupa t ion . T af . 1 6 , 4 -6 , wh ich a r es imp le , l a te v a r ie t ie s .

1 3

A i s l ingen h a s t h ree R o se t te -D is te lf ibe l , U lbe r t ,

I nB r i ta in , t h ev a r ie t ie s a r e l a te , w i th ab o s s r i s ing f r om ap l a in f l a t d i sk , a sa tH od H i l l , I ,8 ,f i g . 7 ,C 27 a nd C 28 , a nd b o th h ave o n e o r mo re g yoov ing s , v e ry c oa r se a nd r ough , o n t h e f an ta i l -f oo t .

H od H i l l w a s n o t

o ccup ied a f te r AD 5 1 , s e eH od H i l l , I , 17 -123 , e spec ia l ly 18 -119 . T h e re a r e o the r s a tS ou th F e r r iby , L inc s . , S heppa rd , 1 906 , p l . 2 8 , 4& 5 ;a nd t h e S an ton , N o rf o lk , H oa rd , s e e F ox , A rch . o ft he C amb r idg e R eg ion . 1 923 , p l . 1 8 , 8 .

S im i la rf o rm s ,w i th ah inge , i n s tead o f as p i ra li n ac ove r , h ave b een f ound a tR ichbo rough , K en t , I V , 1 949 , p l . 2 5 , 5 ;a nd f o ra n e xagg e ra ted e xpan s ion t ot he f an ta i l -f oo t , ah inge , a nd ap l a in f l a t d i sk , s ee P roc . P reh is to r ic S oc ie ty , 1 963 , 3 6 -7 ,p l . I ,C ,f ound i n1 949 , a nd n ow i nT aun ton Mu seum , S ome r se t .

V I

T r ie rF ibe lm i tH ü lse :

E a r ly A ugu s tan -5e xamp le s

A l l t h e d a tab le e xamp le s n o ted b e low a r e e a r ly A ugu s tan , a nd Ih av e f ound n o e v id ence f o r al o ng p e r iod f o r t h i sf i bu la . T yp e V I I , b e low , b eg in s a ta bou t t h e s ame t ime , b u t c on t inue s i n to t h e e a r ly C laud ian p er iod , a nd i sf a r mo re n ume rou st han t h eT r ie rF ibe l . T he r ea r ee xamp le so ft h e T r ie rF ibe l i nt h eL ande smu seum , T r ie r ; i nK reuznach Mu seum , N r . 4 607 a nd 2 609 , L ande smu seum , B onn ; a nd T i te lbe rg ( s ee Th i l l , 1 969 , 1 53 , 9 4 1 02 ) .

T he T r ie rF ibe l h a s ac ove r ( Hü l se ) o v e rt h e s p i ra l , l i k e t h e D i s te l f ib e l . T h ej unc t ion o ft he c ov e r a nd b ow i s a ngu la r , a nd t h eb ow i sf l a t , s t ra igh t , a nd o rnamen ted i nv a r iou sw ay s : e i the rw i th s ma l l p unched d o t s , o re l se r i bb ed l ong i tud ina l ly , o ro f t en s i lve r t h r ead ( S i lb e r D rah t ) i sa r ranged i n az i g -zag o ro the r p a t t e rn a l ong t h e b ow .

P la te 2 . 1

1 966a

Two f i ne t h r ead so fs i lve ri n az ig -zag p a t te rn a r ea r ranged a l ong t h ec en t re o ft h eb ow . T he c ove ra nd h a lf o ft h es p i ra li sm i s s ing .

P la te 2

5 294

d o t so nt h eb ow . T h i sb ow i sb en t , b u t n o tb rok en . Th i s mu s th ave b een a l a rge f i bu la , a s sum ing t ha tt h e d i amond d o t p a t te r nw a s p laced c en t ra l ly o n t h eb ow .

P la te 3

7 611

At h ick a nd s t rong s i lve r t h r ead h ad b een f i xed i n as ha l low g roov e a l ong t h e c en t re o ft h e b ow . T h i s t h read i sn ow p ar t ly d e tached , a nd t h e f oo t i s m i s s ing . T race s o fs i lve r c o lou r (W e i s sme ta l l ) n ea r t he c ov e r s ugg e s t t ha t o r ig ina l ly t h e who le f i bu la h ad b een c oa ted t ol o ok l i ke s i lve r .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 4 092 a nd 8 065 .

1 4

Av e ry e a r ly e xamp le w i th a r i bb ed b ow w a s f ound a tt h e L ind enhof , Z u r ich , s e e V og t , T a f . 3 2 , 4 . T h e L ind enhof w a sp robab ly f ound ed c .2 5 /22 BC a nd a bandoned i n 1 2 BC . As im i la r e a r ly e xamp le c ome sf r om A sb e rg -A sc ibu rg ium w h ich h a s l ong b een k nown t o h ave a l a te Augu s tan f o r t ; a nd l a te e xcava t ion s h ave r e vea led a n e a r l ie r f o r t t h e r e : B eche r t , 1 973 , 5 2 , N r . 16 .

Ano the r e xamp le i si n t h e RGZM , Ma inz , N r .

0 . 32977 ; H a l te rn , 1 943 , 1 01 m i tA bb . 1 7g .

T h i se a r ly k ind i sw id e ly d i s t r ibu ted , h av ing b een f ound a sf a r a pa r t a s S a in t -Be r t rand -d e -Conun ing e s , H au te G a ronne , s e eG ave I le ,O gam 1 4 , p l . 5 1 , 1 ;L e ra t , B e sançon ,p l . 5 ,8 5 -87 ; a nd C amu lodunum , 1 947 ,p l . 9 4 , 8 9 .

T h e d a t ing s o f t h e d eco ra t ed e xamp le s i s mo r e d if icu l t .

T h e d eco ra ted b ow h a s b een s t ud ied b y D r E

E t t l inge r , J ah rb . S chwe iz . G e s . U rg e sch . 3 5 , 1 944 , 9 8 -106 , A bb . 2 5 a nd T af . 2 1 , A bb . 1 ,f ,f r om V indon i s sa . S e ea l so B ehr en s , 1 954 , 2 22 , A bb . 2 ,1 3 ; a nd N i jmegen , p l . 5 ,2 9 . Af r agmen tf r om as im i la rd eco ra ted b ow i s i nC amu lodunum , 1 947 , p l . 9 4 , 8 8 . T he re i so ne T r ie rF ibe l i nL ehne r , N ovae s ium , T at 2 4 , 6 0 , N r . 3 3 , b u t i t i sf r agmen ta ry , a nd w he the ri t sb ow w a sr i bb ed o rd eco ra ted i su nce r ta in .

V I I

T he ' Lang ton D own ' F ibu la :

E a r ly A ugu s tan t oE a r ly C laud ian -1 e xamp le s

T h es he l l shap ed j unc t ion o fb ow a nd c ove r ( Hü l se ) , a nd t h e s imp le r i bb ed b ow , a r e t h e d i s t inc t iv e f e a tu r e s o f t h i sf i bu la . I t so r ig in i sp robab ly G au l i sh . I tw a s n amed b y S i r Mor t ime r Whee le ri nh i s L ydney R epo r t , a f te r af i bu la f ound l o ng a go i nD o r se t , n ow i nt h eB r i t i sh Mu seum , s e eB r i t i sh Mu seum G u id e , 1 951 , 1 6 , f i g . 8 ,1 0 . S e ea l so Whee le r , L ydney , 1 932 , 7 1-74 , f i g . 8 ,2 ,a nd f i g . 1 0 f o r ad i s t r ibu t ion m ap o ft h ef i bu lae i nG au l a nd B r i ta in . F o ra dd i t iona le xamp le s , i n c lud ing G e rmany , s e e H&H , 3 17 -319 .

D rB eh ren sn amed t h et yp et h eN ec tomaru s -F ibe l , a f te rs eve ra l e xamp le sw i th t h i s n ame s t amp ed o nt h e s p i ra l c ove r , s e eB eh r en s , J b . RGZ M , 1 954 , 2 21 , 2 25 , a nd Abb . 1 ,N r . 8f r om Ma inz ; a nd E t t l ing e r , 1 944 , 1 00 , T af . 2 , A bb . 2 ,f r om V indon i s sa ; 1 973 , h e rT yp 2 3 , T a f . 7 ,4 .

P l a te 2 , 4& 5

5 337 & 5 804

Two t y p ica la nd l a rge f i bu lae , w i th m any f i ne r i bb ing s ( l äng sge r ipp t ) a l ong t h eb ow .

P l a t e2 ,6 , 7& 8 7 34 , 5 024 & 1 2761 a r el e s sw e l lp re served .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 5 423 , 5 812 , 8 275 , 1020 , 1 3457 , 1 4425 .

A t t h e L ind enhof , Z u r ich , t h e re i so ne o ft h e e a r ly Augu s tan p e r iod , s e e V og t , T a f . 2 ,5 ,w i th aT r ie r T yp e , a l r eady r e f er r ed t oa bov e .

T he re a re s even e xamp le s f r om O be rhau s sen , i n Aug sbu rg Mu seum , a nd t h i s i s al a rge n umb e r c on s id e r ing t h a t t he v e ry i mpo r tan t s i te o fO be rhau sen h a s o n ly y i e ld ed a bou t f i f ty s ix b rooche s o fa l l k ind s . F o r o ther s

1 5

s e e , G ave l le , Ogam 1 4 , p l . 5 1 , 2 -8 f r om S tB e r t rand -de -Comm inge s ; L e ra t , B e san con , p l . 5 , 8 8 -91 ; C o ro t . A ld s ia ,p l . 5 ,8 ;N i jm egan , p l . 5 ,2 5 -28 ; A sbe rg . 1 959 , 1 77 a nd A bb . 6 ,2 ,a l so 1 3 v a r ian t s . B ech er t , 1 973 , N r . 1 ,B ra i lsf o rd ,H od H i l l , I ,f i g . 7 ,C 29 ; S ou th F e r r iby , p l . 2 8 , 3 , 6a nd 7 .

V I I I

F an ta i l -Foo tB rooch

A ugu s tan -C laud ian -2e xamp le s

T h e s p ira l -cove r ( Hü l se ) i nd ica te s ac l o se r e la t ion sh ip w i th t he a bove N eu s sT ype s V -W I . T he b ow i sn ar row , w i th s eve ra l mou ld ing s . H& H , C amu lodunum T ype X I I Ii s ar e la ted t y pe .

P la te 2 , 9&1 0

5 336 & 5 297

a r e e ach b rok en b e low t h e mou ld ed b ow .

S ee a l so L era t , B e san con , p l . 4 ,

8 3-84 ; a nd G ave I le , Ogam 1 4 , p l . 5 0 , 2 -4 .

A l so B eh ren s , 1 923 , F rom

B o senhe im , 9 10 , a nd A bb . 1 0 a nd 1 3 i n D a rm s tad t Mu seum ; L ehne r , N ovae s ium , N r . 3 4 , T af . 2 4 , 6 1 ; B ag endon , 1 961 , f i g . 3 2 , 9 . T h e se f i bu lae a r e r a r e i nB r i ta in . T he e a r l ie s t may b eK räme r , C ambodunum , 1 953 , T a f . 1 3 , 2 2 .

I X

C o lche s te rB rooche so rH ak enf ibe ln :

5 0 BC -AD 4 0 -4 8e xamp le s

G roup A : S even e xamp le s . One -p iece b rooche s . T he h ook h o ld st h ee x t e rna l c ho rd . Sma l l s i d e -w ing sp ro tec t t h es p i ra l .

R igh t -ang le o r a cu te -ang le b e tween s p ira l a nd b ow .

T he b ow i sr ound ed i n s e c t ion .

T h ree e xamp le s a t

H o fhe im , T af . 8 ,8 8 -90 .

P la te 2 , 1-16

8 044 = 1 , 6 997 = 1 2 , 1 3 , 1 939a = 1 4 , 4 52 = 1 5 , 310b = 1 6 . c omp le te , i tw i l lb e s e en t ha ti tl a ck s ap i er ced d eco ra t ion .

Whe re t he c a t ch -p la te i s

8 044 i s Mü l le r , G rav e3 13 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 5920 .

G roup B : Two e xamp le s .

R igh t -ang led o ra cu te -ang led , a nd w i th as qua r e s e c t ion a l ong t h eb ow . N o ta tH o fhe im , b u t s ee N i jmegen , p l . 5 ,1 8 , a nd A sb e rg , 1 959 , A bb . 5 ,5 .

P la te 2 ,1 7

7 77a

T he f oo ti sb rok en , a nd t h e r ea r eo n ly f ou rs p i ra l s (W indungen ) .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1090 .

G roup C : S even e xamp le s

1 6

R igh t -ang led o ra cu te -ang led , w i th ab road f l a tb ow . T he re a r e f ew i nB r i ta in ,b u tt he r e a r e t wo o f al a te k ind o fG roup C a tC amu lodunum , s e e H&H , p l . 9 1 , 3 4 &3 5 . S ee a l so H o fh e im ,T af . 8 ,8 1 ; a nd N i jm egen , p l . 5 , 1 6 . T h i si sT ype 8 9i nH u l l 's C o rpu s .

P la t e2 ,1 8

7 389

T he c a tch -p la te m ay h ave b een p i e rced f o r d eco ra t ion , b u t i ti s p a r t ly b rok en a way .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 8 67 , 6 915 , 9 659 , 1 2388 , 1 4501 , 1 5946 .

G roup D : One e xamp le

R ounded a ng le , a nd t h eb ow i s af l a t s t r ip s e tv er t ica l ly , wh ich i st h e o ppo s i te o ft h e b ow s i n G roup C wh ich a r ef l a t .

P la t e2 ,1 9

6 453

T h i si sl i k eH o fhe im , T af . 8 ,8 4 a nd 8 5 ; a nd N i jm eg en ,p l . 5 ,1 7 .

G row lE : Two e xamp le s

R ound ed a ng le , r ounded s e c t ion t ot h eb ow , a nd p ro jec t ing f oo t .

P la te 2 ,2 0

5 061

T h i s h a s ag ood g r een p a t ina . T he re i s al ong p ro jec t ion b eyond t he f oo t , l i k e aD rah tf ibe l , s e eT at 4 ,1 5a nd 2 2 , a l so T af . 5 ,1 .

P la te 2 1

2 305

T h i sf i bu la h a sh ad s i xs p i ra l s (W indung en ) .

G row lF :N ine e xamp le s

L ik eG roup E ,b u tw i thou tt h ep ro jec t ion o nt h ef o o t .

P l a t e 2 ,2 2 , 3 , 1 3 . 4 86 , 2 277 , 3 901 , 4 109a : S ee H o fhe im , T af . 8 ,8 8 , a nd N i jmegen , p l . 5 ,2 0 . T h is h ad s i x s p i ra l s .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 8 017 , 1 0747 , 1 2665 , 1 3301 , 1 3462 , t h i sl a s to ne w a sf ound w i th a nA uc i s sa G roup A f i bu la .

T he r ea re t wen ty c o r rod ed e x amp le sw h ich a r en o td i v i s ib le i n to t y pe s , a nd a r en o ti lu s t ra ted , a sf o l low s :

N o ti lu s t ra ted :

1 7

4 53

1 614

3 839

9 889

1 4453

9 13

2 834

5 161

1992

1 6093

1 221

2 839

5 295

1 2145

1 6640

1 332

3 143

8 835

1 4184

1 6834

T h eH ak en f ibe li st h e C on t inen ta lf o rm d eve loped f r om t h eL a te L aT en eI If i bu la , s uch a st ype I a bove , P la te 1 ,N o . 2 . T he C on t inen ta lf o rm h a s as t ra igh tb ow . I nB r i ta in t h ec urv ed b ow i sa lmo s t i nvar iab le , a nd i sv ery n ume rou sa tC amu lodunum ,w he re Mr Hu l ln amed i tt h e C o lche s te rb roo ch , s e e 3 09 , a nd p l s . 8 9 -91 , N r . 6 -33 . T he B r i t i sh C o lche s te rb rooch b eg in s i nt h e e a r ly A ugu s tan , l a te f i r s t c en tu ry BC , a nd i sl e ss c ommon b y t he C laud ian p er iod . T he C on t inen ta l f o rm s t a r t s e a r l ie r a nd i sb ecom ing u ncommon o n C laud ian s i t e s s uch a s H o fhe im w i th o n ly e l even e xamp le s ; i ti sn o t p re sen t a tt h e e a r l ie r f o r t o f A i s l ing en , s ee U lb e r t , n o r i si t p re sen t a tB u rghöf e o r R i s s t i s sen , s e e t h e s ame v o lume a s A i s l ingen .

T he re i sa n e a r ly e xamp le a t t h e

L ind enhof , Z ü r ich , s e eV og t , T af . 3 2 , 6 , wh ich i st h es ame a sE t t l ing e r , T af . 2 2 , A bb . l a .

X

D agg e ro rB rooch o rD o lchf ib e l :

( a )

W i th h ook : s e e' M i l l , 1 969 , A bb . 4 ,4 7 .

P la te 3 ,4

6 018

T he d a t ing i su nce r ta in -3e xamp le s

T he d agge r shap e i se v id en t , a l though t h i s f i bu la i st w is ted o u t o fi t s f o rm o f as t ra igh tb ow a nd a ngu la rb end b e tw een t h e s p i ra l a nd t h eb ow , s e eN o . 6b e low f o r ac omp le te s pec imen . I th a sa no u te rc ho rd .

P la te 3 , 5

6 075

B rok en j u s th a lfway a l ong t h eb ow .

T he re a r e f i ve a tN i jmegen , s e e p l . 7 , 2 7 -31 ; a nd o ne a tK a s te l l a tZ ugman te l , B a r the l , 6 9 , T at 9 , 9 : a nd B öhme , T af . 2 ,3 9a nd 4 1 . T he r ea r ep re -C laud ian f i bu lae a tZ ugman te l , s e eS imp son , 1 979 , 3 34 -5 .

( b )

W i th i nne rc ho rd :

P la te 3 ,6

6 162

On ly o ne o the re xamp le i sk nown t om e , a tN i jmegen , p l . 7 ,3 2 . I nB r i ta in , s e e S imp son a nd B lance 1 998 ,f i g . 4 ,3 2f o r ad if e ren ta nd l a te rt yp e .

X I

H ak enf ib e l ( Va r ian te ) :

P la te 3 ,7

2 524a

T he d a t ing i su ncer ta in -1e xamp le

H ak enf ib e lw i th ab road f l a tb ow wh ich t ap e r st ot h ef oo t whe r ei te nd si n as ma l lk nob . T he a ng le b e tween t h es p i ra la nd t h eb ow i sr ound ed , a nd o n t h ec u rve t h e r ei s as ma l lo rnamen ta ld i sk f a s tened b y ar i ve t . F o rt wo s imp le rv e r s ion so ft h i st yp e , s e eE t t l ing e r , 1 944 , T at 2 0 , Abb . 2 , ea nd f .

1 8

X I I

Augenf ib e lo rE y eB rooch :

AD 1 40 -2 6e xamp le s

A l le xcep tt h ree o ft h e A ug en f ibe ln a r ei lu s t ra ted , i n c lud ing t h ev a r ian t f o rm , P la te 4 , 1 0 , wh ich h a s as p i ra l c ove ri n s tead o ft h e s p i ra l ,h ook a nd s i d e -w ing s ( Haken u nd S tü tzp la t ten ) n o rma lf o rA ugenf ib e ln .

D rK iek ebu sch , i n 1 908 , d i v id ed t h e t y p e s i n to f ou r ma in g roup s . H i s T ype Ii sA lmg ren 4 5 w i th s l i t ' e ye s ' , a nd t h i si st he e a r l ie s t , d a ted b yK iek ebu sch t o AD 1 10 . T he r ew a so n ly o ne A lmg ren 4 5 a tH o fhe im , T at 8 , 9 2 ,a nd o n ly t wo a r ei lu s t ra ted h e re , P la te 4 ,8 -9 . T he r ew e r ee i gh ta tN i jmegen , p l . 8 ,1 6 , 2 0 , 2 1 .

H i s T ype I h a s h o le s f o r ' e y e s ' a nd t h e re a r e t wo v a r ie t ie s : ( a ) w i th s ma l l h o le s o f wh ich t h e r e a r e f i ve e xamp le s , P la te 3 ,8 ,9 ,1 , 1 3 , 1 6 , a nd a tH o fhe im t h e r e w e r e s even , s e e T af . 8 ,9 8 -104 : a nd ( b ) w i th l a rg e h o le s o f wh ich t h e re a r e s i x e xamp le s , P la te 3 , 1 0 , 1 2 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 7 , 1 8 , a nd a tH o fhe im , s e e T af . 8 , 9 3 -97 : N i jmegen , p l . 8 ,8 11 , 2 2 -25 . T h e re i s af i ne e xamp le f r om Unn i tz i nt he R he in i sche sL and e smu seum , B onn , I nv . N r . 1 7863 . Ano the ri mpo r tan t e xamp le c ome sf r om H a l te rn l e g iona ry f o r t re s s , B and I V , 1 905 , 8 8 , N r . 4 a nd T af . 1 9 , f i g . 3 ,a nd s e eG lü s ing , 1 972 , 5 6 -7 , 8 4 -8 .

T yp e I I o fK iek ebu sch , s e e A lmg ren 4 9 -52 , may b e s ubd iv id ed i n to t wo ma in g roup s . B o th h ave h o l low s o r d imp le s ( Grübchen ) i n s tead o fh o le s . G roup ( a ) h ave p l a in h o l low s , s e eP la te 4 , 2a nd G roup ( b ) h ave ac i rc le i mp re s sed a round t h e h o l low , a nd t h e re a r e s i x o ft h em , P la te 3 , 1 9 -20 , P la te 4 , 1 ,3 , 5, 6 . H o fhe im , T af . 8 , 1 05 -109 ; a nd N i jmegen , p l . 8 , 1 2 -16 .

C ompa re a l so

T h ree e xamp le s f r om t h e K ö lne r C hau s6e i nB onn ,

I nv . N r . 1025 -7 , h ave ac i rc le i mp r e s sed a round t h eh o l low ' e ye s ' .

T he f ou r th , a nd l a te s t t yp e o fK iek ebu sch i sw i thou t ' e ye s ' a nd i ta l so c an b e s ubd iv ided : ( a ) t h e b ow i s d eco ra ted ( K iek ebu sch c a l led i taK amm ) , s e eH o fhe im T af . 8 , 10 -128 ; N i jmegen , p l . 8 ,1 8 , 1 9 , 3 0 , a nd h e re a tN eu s s t he re a r e t wo e xamp le s P la te 4 , 6a nd 7 ;a nd G roup ( b ) w i th ap la in b ow wh ich i sA lmg ren 5 3 , s e e H o fhe im , T af . 8 ,1 29 -144 ;N i jmeg en o n ly o ne ,p l . 8 ,1 7 , a nd o ne a tD a lhe im , 1 853 , p l . 1 ,3 2 .

P la te 3 ,8

4 20

T yp eH aw i th s ma l l ' e y e s ' wh ich a r eh o le s , a nd s i d ek nob s .

P la te 3 ,9

8 19

T yp eH a .

P la te 3 ,1 0

2 346

T yp eJ i bw i th l a rg e ' e ye s ' wh ich a r eh o le s .

P la te 3 ,1

2 513a

T ype H a .

P la te 3 ,1 2

2 834c

T yp eI n )w i th P la te 1 ,1 3 .

P la te 3 ,1 3

2 968b

T yp eH a .

P la te 3 ,1 4

5 331

T yp el i b .

1 9

P la te 3 ,1 5

5 873

T yp eI l b .

P la te 3 ,1 6

7 692

T yp eI l a .

P la te 3 ,1 7

1 3048

T yp eI l ba nd a lmo s te xac t ly l i k eN i jm eg en , p l . 8 ,3 .

P la t e3 ,1 8

1 3854

T yp e I l b .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 4 43 , 1 451 , 8 015 .

P la te 3 ,1 9

T ype I% w i th i mp re s sed c i rc le sa nd h o l low sf o r ' e ye s ' .

P la te 3 ,2 0

8 86

T ype Mx

P la te 4 ,1

2 286

T ype i lb .

P la t e4 ,2

3 615

T yp eI Ia w i th s ma l lp la in h o l low sf o r ' e ye s ' .

P la te 4 ,3

6 923a

T yp eI lb w i th a nA lmg r en 2 0 .

P la t e4 ,4

8 074

T yp eI Vw i thou t ' e ye s ' .

P la te 4 ,5

1 4577a

T ype I lb .

P la te 4 ,6

3 043

F ragmen t ,p o s s ib ly T yp e Na .

P la te 4 ,7

3 660

T yp eI Va w i th ad eco ra ted b ow , a nd w i thou t ' e ye s ' .

P la te 4 ,8

5 180

A lmg ren 4 5 w i th s l i t ' e ye s ' .

P la te 4 ,9

1 5940

A lmg ren 4 5

P la te 4 ,1 0

1850

V a r ian t f o rm w i th s p i ra l -cove r a nd aw id e s p layed f oo t .

Id o n o t k now o f

a ny o the rf i bu la l i k et h i s .

T h ed i s t r ibu t ion o ft h eA ugen f ibe l i sn or the rn a nd i nt h e n o r the rn R he in land . T he l a rg e n umbe ro fe a r ly t yp e s a tN i jmegen i se sp ec ia l ly n o tab le . T he r e a r e many e a r ly o ne s a l so i nB ohem ia , s e e P i e, 1 907 , w ho i lu s t ra ted t h ir ty -f ive i n h i s b ook .

T h ree o f T yp e Ia r e f r om O be rhau sen i n t h e A ug sbu rg Mu seum ; P a tek i lu s t ra ted

2 0

e i gh t , s e e h e rT af . 6 ,1 8 , o fw h ich N r . 7i sa n A lmg r en 4 5 ; a nd N ie rhau s f ound s ome a tD ie r she im , s e e T at 1 5G , G rave 6 3 , T yp e I Ia w i th t wo R o se t te D i s te lf ib e ln .

T he l a rge n umbe r s a tH o fhe im h av e a l ready b een

n o t ed , a nd t he se a r e , a s m igh tb e e xp ec ted , o ft h e l a te r t y p e s , T yp e I V aa nd b . A t W ie sbad en t h e re i so ne T yp eI I , a nd t h e re a r et h ree T ype I V , s e e W ie sbad en , 1 898 , 1 35 -6 , N r . 4 , 5a nd 6 ,a nd W ie sbaden , 1 909 , 9 1 , A bb . 5 ,N r . 5 . L ehne r , N ovae s ium , n o ted f ou r teen e xamp le s , o f wh ich T a f . 2 4 , 4 -6 , a r e a ppa r en t ly t h e l a t e T vo eI V .

A tA sb e rg , f i f teen h av eb een f o und ; t h e r ea r et wo o fT yp eI ,t wo o fT ype H a , f i ve o fT yp e J i b , f ou ro fT yp e I la , t wo o fT ype I lb , a nd n on e o fT yp e I V .

Two o ft h e se w e re i lu s t ra ted b y P rof e s so r F r i tz T i sch le r , A sbe rg ,

1 959 , 1 76 , Abb . 5 , 7a nd 8 ,b o th o fT ype I . B ech e r t , 1 973 , 17 a nd 1 22 .

T h e r ea r ev e ry f ew i nS w i tze r land e xcep t a tV indon i s sa . N one a r e r e co rd ed b y L e ra t a nd B l ind , a nd n one a r e k nown t o me i nt he Mu se e d e s An t iqu i te s N a t iona le s a t S a in t -Ge rma in ; o ne i sr e co rd ed f r om T omb 4 9 a t P runay ,I , ac eme te ry d a ted c . AD 1 4 -37 .

T h eA ugenf ibe lc ea sed t ob em ad ea bou t AD 4 0 ; t h e r e a r ej u s t as ma l l n umb e r wh ich l a s ted al i t t le l a te r . T hey a r ev e ry r a re i nB r i ta in , a nd p re sumab ly w e r et ak en t h e re d u r ing t h eR oman p e r iod o fi n va s ion . O ft h ef i f teen e xamp le s i nB r i ta in k nown t om et h e r e i so n ly o n e e a r ly k ind , aT yp e I b , w i th t h e c u r iou s p rovenance ' f ound i nN o r thumbe r land ' .

T h i s w a s g iven t ot h e B r i t i sh Mu seum i n 1 921 b y t h e L ondon Mu seum , p re sumab ly

b ecau se i td id n o t c ome f r om L ondon , s e e B r i t i sh Mu seum G u id e , 1 922 , 5 7 , f i g . 6 5 . T h e o the r s a l l b e long t o T ype I V , t he l a te t ype w i thou t ' e ye s ' , s e e Whee le r , H a r low , 3 09 , f i g . 4 ,2 , wh ich b e long s t oT ype I Va , e xcep t f o r o n e T ype I lb i nL ondon , s e e Whee le r , 9 2 , f i g . 2 6 , 1 0 , a nd w i th i ti si lu s t ra ted at y p e I Va , f i g . 2 6 , 1 . T he r ea r ef ou ra tC amu lodunum , H&H , p l . 9 6 , 1 20 -124 ; Mr H u l l n o ted t h a t t h e re i so n e f r om C amb r idge i n t h e B r i t ish Mu seum ; t h e r e a r e f ou r f r om R ichbo rough , I I , 1 932 , p l . 9 ,7 ,a nd I V , 1 949 , p l . 2 5 , 8 ,a nd t wo o t he r s men t ioned i nI V ,

P .

1 22 . T he f i f teen th c ome sf r om n ea r S a l i sbu ry , a nd i sn ow i nt h e D ev ize s Mu seum ,

s e eC lum ing ton & G odda rd , D ev ize s , 2 23 , p l . 7 2 , 4 .

X I I I

A lmg ren 1 5 : N auhe im d e r iva t ive

E a r ly Augu s tan t oE a r ly C laud ian -2 5 e xamp le s

O th erw ise k nown a s t h e D rah t f ib e l . T h i s i nva r iab ly h a s a n i n ter na l c ho rd ( un te re S ehne ) , f ou r s p i ra l s a nd a s o l id f oo t . L ik et h e A lmg ren 1 6 , wh ich a l so h a s as o l id f oo t , i ti sd e scend ed f r om t h e N auhe ime rF ibe l wh ich a lway sh a sa no pen -wo rk f o o t .

T h eN auhe ime rF ibe lb e long s t ot h ef i r s t c en tu ry BC ; i th a sb een d ef ined b yP ro f e s so r JWe rn e r , s e e We r n e r , 1 955 , 1 70 a nd A bb . 1 ,1 6 .

S ee a l so S chönb e rge r , We t te rau , 5 0 , 5 7 , 8 5 , a nd T at 3 2A .

T he t r ue N auh im

B rooch c an h ave e i the r a n i n te r na l o r e x ter na l c ho rd ( übe r e S ehne ) ; P ro f e s so r S chönb e rge r i lu s t ra ted e xamp les o fb o th t ype sf r om B ad N euhe im , i b id . T a f . 3 2A , N r . 1 , wh ich i sl i k e B u l le id & G ray , G la s tonbu ry , p l . 4 0 , E 185 ( e x terna l c ho rd ) , a nd N r . 2a nd 3 , wh ich a r e l i k e G la s tonbu ry , p l . 4 0 , E 93 ( i n t er na l c ho rd ) T he re

2 1

a r ev e ry f ew N auhe im B rooche s i nB r i ta in . Io wed t h e r e f e r ence t oG la s tonbu ry t ot h e k indn e s s o f Mr M R H u l l . S ee a l so L e ra t , B e sancon , p l . 2 ,1 9 -30 .

T h eN auhe im d er iva t iv eu sua l ly h a sn ok nob o nt h ef oo t , b u tt h e r e a r e s e ven a tH o fhe im , 1 25 a nd T at 9 , 1 69 1 75 ; f ou ra tN i jmegen , p l . 1 2 , 7 ,8 ,2 8 , 3 0 ; s e e a l so G u r ina , T at 6 ,7 . A t F i shbou rne t he re i s al o ca l v a r ie ty , s e eC un l if f e ,f i g . 3 9 , a nd N r . 1 21 .

G roup I :w i th r i gh t -ang le t os t ra igh tb ow ;t h ef o o tm ay b es t ra igh t , o rr e cu rv ed ( s ee H o fhe im , 1 82 , 1 83 ) .

P la te 4 ,1

1 766

F oo ti sc o r rod ed .

P la te 4 ,1 2

2 069

I np oo rc ond i t ion .

P la t e4 ,1 3

6 064

I nv e ry g ood c ond i t ion .

P la t e4 ,1 4

7 531a

C omp le te e xcep tf o rp in .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 2 310 , 2 404 , 3 556 , 6 072 ,6 126 ,6 640 , 7 325 , 1 5937 .

Mr H u l l g a the r ed 5 20 e xamp le s i nB r i ta in , s e e S imp son 1 979 , 32 , 3 34 , 38 , f o r t o o l a te d a t ing b y T isch le r ( 1885 ) , L ehne r( 1904 )a nd R i t te r l ing ( 1 913 ) . T he i ru se i nB r i ta in e nd ed b y AD 7 0 .

G roup I :w i th r ound ed a ng le a nd ar e curved f oo t . T h eb ow s om e t ime sp ro jec t sb eyond t h ef oo t , s e eN o . 1 5 .

P la te 4 ,1 5

1 045

G rave s 1 61-162 -aj umb le o f c e ram ic s , Mü l le r , 1 977 , Map 4 ,p age 5 6 . T h i sb rooch i sn o tm en t ioned .

P la t e4 ,1 6

1 914

W i th ag ood g r een p a t ina .

P la te 4 ,1 7

1 975

C omp le te .

P la te 4 ,1 8

8 102

On ly p in m i s s ing .

P la te 4 ,1 9

3 49a

V e ry s ma l l , a nd i n e xce l len t c ond i t ion , s e e v on P e t r ikov i t s , N ovaes ium , 1 957 , 7 6 ,N r . 2 1 . F ound w i th P la te 4 8 , 2 .

P la te 4 ,2 0

4 23

Two f ound t og e th e r , o n ly o n ed rawn , a l though t hey a r en o te xac t ly ap a i r .

P la t e4 ,2 1

N on o .

T he b ow i sp a r t ly c or rod ed .

2 2

P la t e4 ,2 2

1 007a

I np oo rc ond i t ion .

P la t e4 ,2 3

6 108

I np oo rc ond i t ion f r om t h el o ca l s o i lc ond i t ion s .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 4483 , 1 5951 .

V a r ian t : P ar tA lmg ren 1 5 ,p ar tH akenf ib e l :

P la t e5 ,1

6 113

R ound ed b ow , a nd ar ound ed a ng le . T he b ow p a s se s b eyond t h e f oo t , l i k e P la te 4 , 1 5 a bove . T he re a r e k nob s o n t h e e nd s o ft h e r ound ed p ro jec t ion s o ne i the rs i d eo ft he b ow , f o rt he p ro tec t ion o ft he s p i ra l , b u t t h i s i s ma in ly b rok en a way , a l though t h e h ook i ss t i l l i np o s i t ion . T he n ea r e s t f i bu lae a r e i lu s t ra ted b yV an B uchem , N i jmegen , p l . 5 ,2 3 a nd 2 4 ,b u tt h e se a l so h ave ak nob o nt h ee nd o ft h eb ow b eyond t h ef oo tp la te .

X IV

A lmg ren 1 6 :A ugu s t an -T ib er ian -6e xamp le s

R e la t ed t ot he A lmg r en 1 5a nd d e scend ed f r om t h eN auhe ime rF ibe l , s e eX I I Ia bove .

E ach h a s as em i -c i rcu la rb ow ,w i th f ou rs p i ra l sa nd a ni n te r n a lc ho rd .

G roup I :w i th ar ounded b ow sec t ion .

P l a t e5 ,2

3 980a

L ik eN i jmegen , p l . 1 3 , 1 8 . F ound w i th a nA lmg ren 1 9 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 2 968 . L ik eN o . 2w i th c oa r se rd eco ra t ion o nt h eb ow .

P l a t e5 ,3

2 999a

L ik e t h e t y pe spec imen A lmg ren 1 6 ( Geg end v on Ma inz ) , a l so l i k e N i jmeg en ,p l . 1 3 , 8 ,i nb o th f o rm a nd d eco ra t ion .

P l a t e5 ,4

2 494

W i th as ma l ld eco ra t ive p ane lo nt h eb ow .

G roup I : w i th ab road f l a tb ow .

P l a t e5 ,5

4 68a

L ik e t h e s o l i ta ry e xamp le s a tH o fhe im , T af . 9 , 1 90 , a nd C amu lodunum , H &H ,p l . 9 2 , 6 4 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1230 .

2 3

B o th v a r ie t ie sa r es hown b yL ehne r , N ovae s ium , T a t ' . 2 4 , 4 4 -46 , a nd 4 9 ,w h ich r ep r e sen t t wen ty -on ee xamp le s . T h e r e a r e B r i t i sh v a r ian t s a tF i shbou rne , s e e C un l if f e , f i g . 3 9 , 1 9 , a nd a tD e sbo rough , Nor than t s . F o r o the r l o ca lt yp e ss e eG ave l le , S tB e r t rand -d e -Comm inge s ,p l . 4 8 ,f i g . 7 .

XV

A lmg r en 1 9 : AD 1 50 -7 2 e xamp le s

C ha rac te r i s t ic a r et h es hor t , s t eep ly -b en tn eck , a nd t h ee x t er na lc ho rd a nd s i d e -w ing s .

O ft h e s even ty two e xamp le s , t wen ty th r ee a r e i lu s t ra ted , e l even a r e o n ly f r agmen t s , a nd s even a r e v a r ian t s w i th a s t ra igh t b ow , P la te 6 , 1 -16 , o ne h a s a n i nne r c ho rd N o . 1 7 .

L ehne r i n N ovaes ium h ad f ou r teen

c omp le te e xamp le s , a nd o ne o ft h ev a r ie ty w i th t h e s t ra igh tb ow , T af . 2 4 , 7 -9 . A t H o fhe im t her ew e r e t wen ty t h ree e xamp le s ,N r . 1 3 h ave ' e ye s ' o nt h eb ow .

T h e t yp e i s mo s t c o mmon i n t h e R he in land ; P rof e s so r G U lb e r t h a s n o ted e a r ly o ne s a t H a l te r n a nd O b e rhau sen . H e i lu s t ra te s o n ly o ne , f r om B u rghöf e i nU lb er t , A i s l ingen , 6 4 , a nd T al . 5 0 , 4 . F o r ty -e igh t a r e l i s ted b yV an B uchem , o f wh ich t we lve a r ei lu s t ra ted , N i jmegen , p l . 7 ,1 12 . F rom B ad N euhe im , s e eD rHG S imon , S aa lbu rg Jhb . , 1 8 , 1 959 -60 , 7 ,A bb . 5 , 1 . Two f r om U rm i tz a r e i nt h e R he in i sches L and e smu seum , B onn , I nv , N r . 1 7826p a nd 1 7844g . T he r e i so ne f r om K a s te l l H üf ingen , s e eR eve l l io , p l . 1 0 , 7 ;a nd o ne f r om C ambodunum , 1 953 , s e e K räme r , T at 1 3 , 9 . On h i s T af . 1 4 a r e i lus t ra ted s even teen o f t he r e la t ed f i bu la c aled k r äf t ig p rof i l ie r te F ibe l , wh ich t end st ob e f ound c ommon ly a l ong t h eD anub ian p rov ince s . Av e ry f ew e xamp le so fb o th A lmg ren 1 9 a nd t he k räf t ig p rof i l ie r te F ibe l h ave b een f ound i nE ng land : t wo o ft h e f o rme r t yp e a nd o ne o ft h e l a t te r w e re f ound a tN e the r D en ton i nC umbe r land , a nd a r e n ow i n Ches te r s Mu seum . I g ra t efu l ly a cknow ledge t ha t t h e se w e re i d en t if ied b y D r E l i sabe th E t t l ing e r . C lea r ly t h e se t h ree b rooche s a r e e v id ence o fm i l i ta ry t r oop movem en t sf r om G e rmany t on or the r nE ng land . A no the rA lmg ren 1 9 w a sf ound a t R ichbo rough , I I , p l . 9 , 7 ; a nd o the r s a t S ou th S h ie ld s , L inco ln , a nd H eme l H emp s tead , Hu t s , s e e An t iq . J ou rn . , 1 951 , 1 94 -5 .

P la te 5 ,6

2 316a

V e ry l i k e t h e t yp e s pec imen ( Gegend v on Ma inz ) .

I t i s i n v e ry g ood

c ond i t ion a nd h a sd eco ra t ion o nt h en e ck .

P la te 5 ,7

6 103

A l so i nt h el a rg e s ts i ze .

P la t e5 ,8

8 055

W i th g roove s d eco ra t ing t he h ook a nd w ing s , w i th e yes o n t h e b ow , a nd v e ry f i ne d eco ra t ion o nt h e r i dge o fb o th b ow a nd n eck .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 0694 , wh ich i sl i k eN o . 8 .

P la te 5 ,9

8 201

T he l a rge s ts i ze .

2 4

P la t e5 ,1 0

5 167a

T h e l a rg e s t s i ze f ound w i th aD i s te lf ib e l , a nd t wo A uc i s saf ib e ln a nd P la te

5 167b

T he s ma l le r s i ze f ound w i th aD i s te lf ib e l , a nd t wo A uc i ssaf ibe ln a nd P la te

P la t e5 ,1 2

3 180

L a rg e s i ze .

P la t e5 ,1 3

3 890

L a rg es i ze .

1 2 , 3 .

P la t e5 ,1 1 2 , 3 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 2 313 , 2 834 a nd 1 5864 a r el a rg es i ze s .

P la te 5 ,1 4

8 284

Med ium s i ze w i th t wo ' e ye s ' o nt h eo wa nd d eco ra t ion o nt h en eck .

P la t e5 ,1 5

8 172

Med ium s i ze , a nd l i k e 5 672 , wh ich i sn o ti lu s t ra ted .

P la t e5 ,1 6

8 425

Med ium s i ze , d eco ra t ion o n t h e n eck , a so nt h e t y p e spec imen , a nd o n N r .

P la te 5 ,1 7

152a

Med ium s i ze .

P la t e5 ,1 8

2 925a

Sma l l s i ze ,f ound w i th a nA uc i s sa T ype A , P la te 8 ,9 .

P la te 6 ,1

7 80a

Med ium s i ze .

P la t e6 ,2

1 855

Med ium s i ze .

P la t e6 ,3

2 555a

Sma l ls i ze .

P la t e6 ,4

1 664

Sma l ls i ze .

P la t e6 ,5

2 857

Med ium s i ze .

P la te 6 ,6

3 424

Sma l ls i ze .

P la t e6 ,7

3 518

L a rg es i ze .

P l a te 6 ,8

5 261

Med ium s i ze .

6a bove .

2 5

P la te 6 ,9

5 455a

Sma l ls i ze .

P la te 6 ,1 0

8 083

Med ium s i ze .

A lmg ren 1 9v a r ian tw i th as t ra igh tb ow :

P la te 6 ,1

7 398

C omp le te e xcep tf o rt h ep in .

P la te 6 ,1 2

6 894a

L e s sw e l lp r e served .

P la t e6 ,1 3

5 318

I np oo rc ond i t ion .

P la te 6 ,1 4

4 228

T he f oo ti sm i s s ing .

P la te 6 ,1 5

7 23a

F ound w i th ad i sk -f ibu la P la te 1 0 , 1 5 .

P la te 6 ,1 6

5 418a

B rok en a nd f r agmen ta ry , w i th P la te 2 5 , 5 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 5 403 .

A lmg ren 1 9v a r ian tw i th s t ra igh tb ow a nd i n te rna lc ho rd :

P la te 6 ,1 7

2 902b

F ound w i th a n A uc i s sa T yp e A , P la te 7 ,1 9 . One s im i lar v a r ian ti sk nown

t om e , a nd i tw a sf o und a tS i lche s te r . H an t s , n ow i nR ead ing Mu seum , N o . 0 3127 . N o . 2 902c i sa n S -f ö rnüge r H ak en ,P la te 2 2 , 2 3 a nd a ni r on k n if ei sl i k eP la te 3 1 , 7 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : m ed ium s i ze A lmg ren 1 9 :

4 088

7 884

5 672

7 895

5 823

1 2435

7 383

1 2629

8e xamp le s

Sma l le rs i ze : 7 02

7 517

8 908

1 510 ( 2 )

7 719

1 0 149

1 628

8 028

2 802

8 389

1 0902

2 6

2 812

8 456

w i th A uc i s sa T yp e C

1 5256 1 5955 1 5967

1 7e xamp le s

F ragmen t s :

3 67

7 293

8 55b

7 857

1 849

7 924

3 980b

9 069

5 320

9 475 1 0308

XV I

A lmg ren 2 0 :

1 e xamp le s

AD 1 0 -50 -2 0e xamp le s

AH akenf ibe lw i th ar ound ed b ow w h ich n a r row so rt ap e r st owa rd st h ef oo t . W i th o rw i thou td eco ra t ion o nt h e n eck .

T he re w e re f i f ty -n ine a tH o fhe im , T af . 7 ,2 1-80 , a nd s e e a l so V an B uchem , N i jmegen , p l . 7 , 1 2 -26 .

D i s t r ibu t ion i ss im i la r t o t ha t o f t h e A lmg ren 1 9 , t ha t i s , ma in ly i n t h e R he in land . i lu s t ra ted b yA lmg r en l a ck sa ny d eco ra t ion o nt h en eck , l i k e4 -9 b e low .

P la te 7 ,1

3 004a

N o s . 1 3 h ae s ma l ld o t s( Punk te )o nt h en eck .

P la te 7 ,2

3 139

T he s p i ra li sm i s s ing , a nd t h ef oo ti sb en tb ya cc id en t .

P la te 7 ,3

5 729

Ah eav ie rf i bu la , w i th t h ef oo tb en tb ya cc id en t .

P la te 7 ,4

6 923b

N od eco ra t ion . F ound w i th a nA ugenf ibe l ,P la te 4 ,3 .

P la te 7 ,5

6 989a

F ound w i th a na mpho ra h and le ,P la te 1 3 , 1 0 .

P la te 7 ,6

2 552

P la te 7 ,7

1 330

P la te 7 ,8

3 545

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 8 27 , 1 420 , 5 157 , 1 0141 , 1 0987 , 1 5780 .

P la te 7 ,9

7 27

Sma l le r , w i th ac u rved , s em i -c i r cu la r ,b ow .

2 7

T he t yp e sp ec imen

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 5 249 , 7 670 , 7 730 , 1 2452 , 1 4945 .

XV I I

A lmg ren 2 2 : A ugu s tan -T ibe r ian -1 8e xamp le s

Ap rom inen ts em i -c i r cu la rb ow , r ound ed i nc r o s s sec t ion , w i th al a rge m ou ld ing a tt h e a ng le b e tween b ow a nd f o o t . At e rm ina l k nob o nt h ef oo t , a nd k nob so nt h e s i d e -w ing sa nd o nt h e h ook . T he l a te s tv a r ie t ie s l a ck t h e b ow -ang le mou ld ing . T he t yp e w i th af l a t tened b ow i sl e s s c ommon . D i s t r ibu ted i nt h e R he in land : w i th f ou r i n comp le te e xamp le s a tH a l te rn , s eve ra l a tN i jmeg en , p l . 6 , 1 8 , 9 13 , a nd o n ly t wo a tH o fhe im , a nd o n e i n L ehne r , N ovae s ium , T a f , 2 4 , N r . 4 0 . T he r e a r e t h ree a tC amu lodunum , H&H , p l . 9 5 , 17 -119 , a nd s e e t h e d i scu s s ion o nt h i sf i bu la , w h ich i sC amu lodunum T ype XV ,b u tt wo a r el a te t yp e s .

P la te 7 ,1 0

8 97

N o s . 1 0 a nd 1 s t i l l h ave t h e k nob o n t h e h ook . One o ft h e k nob s o n t he s i d e -w ing sr ema in o nN r . 1 2 .

P la te 7 ,1

8 53

L e s sw e l lp re served .

P la te 7 ,1 2

5 087

T he f o o ti sm i s s ing .

P la te 7 ,1 3

6 865

L ack s ak nob o nt h eh ook o rt h es i d e -w ing s . L ik eN i jm eg en , p l . 6 ,9 13 .

P la te 7 ,1 4b

1 510

T h i s i su nu sua l b ecau se i th a s n o t e ve r h ad s i d e -w ing s . T he r e i sn o r oom f o r t h em .

I n ab eau t if u l e me ra ld -g r een c o lou red p a t ina , t h e b ow i s

d eco ra ted w i th s ma l l d o t s .

T he f oo t i sm i s s ing .

I tw a s f ound w i th t wo

A lmg r en 1 9a nd ab e l la nd ab uck le i nb ronze .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 4 040 , 4 088 , 4 091 , 6 926 , 7 873 w i th al a rge b ronze mou ld ed p a lme t te a t tachmen t f o r ab uck e t , 1 0721 , 1020 , 1 2107 , 1 5818 .

P la te 7 ,1 5

6 934

W i th ab road , f l a tb ow , a nd w i th o ne h o le i nt h ef o o t -p la te .

P la te 7 ,1 6

3 065

W i th as im i la rb ow . F o ro the r ss e eN i jm egen , p l . 6 ,2 1 -23 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 958 a nd 1 4566 f ound w i th a nA u c i s sa T yp e Ef i bu la , a l so w i th as t r ig i la nd as e a l -box .

XV I I I

A uc i s sa F ib e l :

E a r ly A ugu s tan -c . AD 4 0 -18 e xamp le s

T he n ame s tamp A uc i s sa o n t h e h ead ( Kop fp la t te ) h a s b een g i ven t ot h i s v ery l a rge c l a s s o ff i bu lae .

Af ew

b ea ro the r mak e r s ' n ame s . T he g r ea t m a jo r i ty b ea r n o n ame , a nd t h e re i so ne among s t t h e o n e h und r ed a nd

2 8

e i gh teen e xamp le s d e sc r ibed b e low .

S im i la r ly , t h e re w a s n o n ame o n a ny o f t h e t wen ty two d e sc r ib ed b y

L ehne ri n Novae s ium .

T he r eg ion o fo r ig in o ft h e A uc i s sa f i bu la i ss t i l l u n cer ta in .

S ome s pec ia l i s t s h av e f a vou red G au l , a nd o the r s

h ave f avou red I t a ly . One o ft h ee a r l ie s tp ub l i shed e xamp le sc ome sf r om Ma rzabo t to , s e eG ozzad in i , 1 865 , T at 1 7 , 1 7 , a nd t h i s i sA lmg r en 's t y p e s pec imen A lmg r en 2 42 . I tw a s a l so i lu s t ra ted b y F ranc i s H av e rf i e ld , w ho l i s ted t wen ty -e igh t e xamp le s w i th t h e n ame A u c i s sa w h ich w e re k nown t oh im , s e e H ave rf ie ld , 1 903 -5 . F o r a dd i t iona l n am e s s e e K ov r ig , P a tek , B eh ren s , 1 950 , a nd N o l l , 1 952 . An u nu sua l p l ace f o rt h e n ame i so nt h e f o o t ,j us t a bove t h e c a tchp la te , w he r e t h e n ame HER MoLA I i sf ound , w i th t h ev e ry s ma l l l e t te r ' o ' . T h i s i sa G roup B Auc i s sa a sd ef ined b e low , w i th af i ne z i g -zag a l ong t h eb ow , s e e G a r rucc i , 1 864 , T a f . 1 , 2 0 .

T h e re a re n o c e r ta in p ro to typ e s , b ecau se t h e f o rm b reak s w i th t h e I r on A ge t r ad i t ion o f as p i ra l s p r ing b y h av ing i n s tead ah inge o rS cha rn ie ro fi r on , a nd a l so b yh av ing ab o ld s em i -c i rcu la rb ow . T he f l a tb ronze h ead o rK opfp la t te i sr o l led a round t h e h inge , e i th e ro u twa rd s o ri nwa rd s . O n u n -nam ed f i bu lae t h e re s e em s t ob e n o r u le a bou t w h ich w ay t h e h ead w a s r o l led . I ts e em s l i k e ly t ha t f i bu lae w i th t h e n ame A uc i s sa w e r e r o l led o u twa rds a round t h e h ing e , s e e Whee le r , L ondon , 9 2 , f i g . 2 5 ; Whee le r , Ma id en C a s t le , 2 62 , f i g . 8 5 , 3 1 ; a nd S ou th F e r r iby , 3 8 ,f i g s . 1a nd 2 ,a nd 3 9 , p l . 2 9 , 7a nd 8 . A tX an ten t h e r e i so ne f i bu la w i th t h e A uc i s sa n ame s t amp a nd i td if e r s f r om t h e o t h e r f o r ty two b ron ze a nd t h ree i r on A uc i s sa t y p e f i bu lae b ecau se o fi t s l i gh t g r een c o lou red p a t ina a nd a l so b ecau se t he v e ry l a rg e h inge i se nc lo sed b y t h e e nd o ft he h ead wh ich w a s r o l led o u twa rd sr ound t he h ing e .

L ehne ri n Novae s ium d ef ined f i ve g roup s , a nd Ih ave f o l low ed h i sa r rangemen t . L ehne r ,N ovae s ium :

N eu s s . 1 955 -63 :

G roup A

1 3

6 0

G roup B

2

G roup C

5

G roup D

1

G roup E

1

1 4

2 2

18

T a l l 2 4 , 2 0

1 3 2 8 1 +( 2o fi r on )

G roup A

P la te 7 ,1 7 -21 a nd P la te 8 ,1 10

T he b road b ow i s r a i sed l ong i tud ina l ly a l ong t h e m idd le , a nd f l u ted ( g e r ipp tem ) , a nd o f t en i ti s d eco ra ted w i th t i ny b ead s ( Pe r len s t re if en ) . R ep re sen ted a tO be rad en .

G roup B

2 9

P la te 8 ,1 17

B road f l a tb ow w i th d e l ica t ef l u t ing , o rk nu r led , o r ad e ep c en t ra lg roov e .

G roup C

P la te 8 ,1 8 -20 a nd P l a t e9 ,1 6

A s l end e r r ound ed b ow , w i th o r w i thou t am idd le l i ne o f d eco ra t ion ( M i t t e lr ipp e ) , a nd o f t en w i th v e ry f i n e b ead s ( P e r len s t re if en ) a l ong t h e m idd le o ft h eb ow .

G roup D ( i )

P l a te 9 ,7

As l end e r r ound ed b ow w i th f i n e o b l iqu e s t r ia t ion s a c ro s s t h e b ow , o f t en w i th n ame s tamp so nt h eh eadp la t e .

G roup D ( i )

N one ,b u ts e eL ehne r ,N ova e s ium ,T a f . 2 4 ,N r . 2 2 , r e p roduced h e r ea sP l a te 9 ,7 a .

As l end e r b ow , r i bb ed q u i te d eep ly , c r o s s -w i se , w h ich g i v e s aw avy e dg e t ot h e b ow i np rof i le , b e cau se i ti s p l a in a nd f l a tu nd e rnea th . L ehn e rc a l led i tq ue rg e r ipp t em .

G roup E

P l a t e9 ,8 15

S im i la r t oG roup A , b u t d eco ra ted o n t h e h eadp la te w i th h o le s ( O sen ) o r w i th e y e s ( Aug en ) . P robab ly t h i sg r oup i st h ee a r l ie s t , s i nce i ti sp r e sen t a t H a l te rn a nd D ang s t e t t en , s e e F ing e r l in , A bb . 8 , 6a nd 7 , b u t a b sen t a t H o fh e im .

Tw en ty th r ee d if e r en t h eadp la t e f r om A u c i s sa f i bu la e w e r e i lu s t ra t ed b y L e ra t a nd B l ind , B e san con , 1 8 , f i g . 2 . B eh r en s , 1 954 , 2 28 -9 , A bb . 7 , 2& 3 ,i lu s t ra t ed t wo v e ry u nu sua l o ne s : N r . 2h a s s l i t e ye s ( S ch l i t zaug e ) a nd t wo l e av e sb e tween ( P a lmenb lä t te r ) . A nd N r . 3h a se y e s , w i th v a se so ra s t rag a l ib e tween t hem .

A tN eu s st h e r ea r et wo m o r ev a r ian th eadp la te sb o th i nt h eG roup E . O ne o ft h e s e i sP la te 9 ,8 b( i )w i th l e av e s ( P a lm enb lä t t e r )b e tween t wo s ma l lb ead sw i th ad oub le r ow o fb ead s ( P e r len s t r e i f en )o nt h eb ow ; a nd t h e o th e r i sP l a t e 9 ,8 b ( i ) w h ich i ss im i la r , e xc ep t t h a t as i ng le l i n e o fb ead s d eco ra te s t h e b ow .

F iv e o ft h e se w e r e

f ound t og e the r , a nd i ti st h ough tt h a tt h ey a r e aWe rk s ta t t f und . C e r ta in ly N eu s ss e em st ob et h ec en t re f o rt h i s p a r t icu la r t y p e , a l though t h e r e i s as im i la r o n e i nN i jm eg en , p l . 9 ,6 . F o r o t h e r h eadp la te s a tN i jm eg en , s e e i b id . , p l . 9 ,2 5 , a nd 1 2 . F o r a no the r h eadp la te w i th P a lm enb lä t te r s e e A sb e rg , 1 9 59 , Abb . 5 ,1 0 ; a nd mu ch f u r the ra way , a tS i sak , n ow i nZ ag r eb Mu seum , s e eK ov r ig , T a f . 4 ,3 6 , w h ich i s av a r ian tw i th s l i te ye s .

3 0

D is t r ibu t ion

V e ry w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted . F ou ri nD enma rk w e re l i s ted b yK l ind t Jen sen , 1 950 , 3 7f o r aG roup A t y pe , a nd 2 13 . T he m o s td i s tan ta r ep robab ly t ho se f ound a t Du ra -Eu ropo s , s e eT o l l , p l . 1 0 , N o . 6 11 , 1 3 -16 , a r et y pe G roup A a nd N o . 1 2 i s aG roup C s t amp ed AVC IS . A l l t h e o the rR oman b rooche s f ound a t Du ra a r e much l a te rt yp e s , wh ich h a s c au sed s om e w r i te r st od a te t h e A uc i s sa f i bu lae t h e re t ot h e s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s . B u t t h i s i s much t o o l a te . A uc i s sa f i bu lae c anno t e ven h ave r e ached Du ra a s l a te a s AD 15 d u r ing t h e t ime o fT ra jan , when h i sa rch w a sb u i l tt h e re . I ti s much mo re l i k e ly t ha t t h e A uc i s sa f i bu lae w e r e i mpo r ted i n to Du ra i nt h e Augu s tan p er iod , a tt h e s am et im ea st h er ed s l ip P e rgam en ep o t t e ry f ound i n Du ra i nt h ep r e -Roman l e ve l s .

A tD e lo st he re a r e t wo , s e e D eonna , 2 92 -5 , N o . 155 = G roup A , a nd N o . 156 = G roup C ; o ne o fG roup A f r om t h eP nyx i nA then s , s e eD av id son & T homp son , 1 03-4 , f i g . 4 6 , 7 ;a nd a tC o r in th t h e re a r e t wo , l i s ted a s H e l le iü s t ic o r e a r ly R oman p e r iod , wh ich p robab ly b e long t o t h e A ugu s tan p e r iod , s e e D av id son , 2 70 , N r . 2 167 -8 .

I nB r i ta in t he d i s t r ibu t ion o fA uc is sa f i bu lae i sl im i ted t oe a r ly R oman s i te s , s e e H od H i l l , I ,f i g . 8 ,C 44 -052 wh ich o n ly h a s l a te G roup A a nd G roup C t yp e s l i k e C laud ian H o fhe im .

On ly f our teen , a l l v a r ian t s o fl a te

G roup A w i th n a r row h eadp la t e s a r e a tC amu lodunum , f ou r o f wh ich h ave t h e c en t ra l g roove i n s tead o f a c en t ra lr i dge . T h i si sa nu ncommon v a r ian t , p r e sumab ly l a t e , a nd v e ry r a r eo nt h eC on t inen t , a l though t h e r e i s o ne i nt he Mu sc l ed e V idy a tL au sanne , a nd H awke s & Hu l l r e f e rt oo ne f r om D au tenhe im . F o r av e ry n a r row g roov es e eP la te 9 ,1 b e low .

A tO rnava s so , i nt h eP e r sona c eme te ry , t h e re i s aG roup A t y pe , s e e B ianche t t i , T af . 1 0 , 1 6 ; s e e a l so K räme r , C ambodunum , 1 953 , T af . 1 5 , 1 5 , f o r G roup A t ype s ; f o r n ine teen d if e ren t t y p e s a tV indon i s sa , s e e H au se r , T a f . 1 9 &2 0 . A tH a l te rn t h e r e a r e s eve r a l , s e e B and I , 1 901 , 16 , A bb . 1i st h e s ame a sH ave rf ie ld , 1 903-5 , 2 42 ,f i g . 8w i th i mp r e s sed e y e s( no t h o le s ) o nt he h eadp la te . I nB and I I s eve ra la r em en t ioned b u tn o t d rawn , a nd i nB and I V ,f o rN r . 1 3 s e eT af . 1 9 , 1a nd 2 ,a l so o ne o fi r on i b id . , 8 8 -9 , N r . 6a nd i nB and V I , 1 06 , N r . 1 7a r eA uc is sa t y pe s , s e ee sp ec ia l ly T af . 1 8 , 2 1 . F o rT i te lbe rg , s e eT h i l l , 1 969 , A bb . 1 0 , 19 w i th s l i te ye s .

K oen en i lu s t ra ted a n i r on A uc i s sa f i bu la f r om Unn i tz , s e e B J , B and 1 04 -5 , 1 889 , 5 1 , T af . 9 , 1 .

A t

R h e ingönhe im t h e re a r et wen ty -one o fG roup A i n c lud ing o n e o fi r on , n in e o fG roup C a nd t h ree o fG roup D ( i ) , s e e U lber t , T af . 2 2 -4 . F o rR ödg en , s e e S imon , 6 1 , A bb . 1 ,8 ,d amag ed b u tp robab ly aG roup A t yp e . S ee a l so W iesbad en , ORL , 1 909 , 9 1 , A bb . 5 ,2 -4 ; K a s te l l Hüf ing en , s e eR eve l l io , T a f . 1 0 , 1 5 & 1 6o fG roup C ,a nd N r . 1 8p robab ly o fG roup A ;K a s te l lZ ugman te l , B a r the l , 7 0 , T a f . 9 ,N r . 1 ;a nd P omme rn , 1 897 , T af . 4 ,1 8 .

G roup A

P la te 7 ,1 7

2 376

W i th v e ry f i n ed eco ra t ion a l ong t h er a i sed c en t r eo ft h eb ow .

3 1

P la te 7 ,1 8

5 090

W i th a b road e r b and o f d eco ra t ion , a nd a n u nu sua l ly w id e h eadp la te , c omp le te w i th t h et e rm ina lk nob st ot h eh inge o rS charn ie r .

P la t e7 ,1 9

2 902a

F ound w i th a nA lmg ren 1 9 .

P la te 7 ,2 0

8 726b

F ound w i th a nA uc i s sa C ,P la t e 9 . 1 .

P la te 7 ,2 1

5 272

L ik eN o . 1 8 , t h i s h ad o nce b een av e ry w id ef i bu la , a nd i ti sd eco ra ted w i th v e ry f i ne f l u t ing a nd P e r len s t re if en .

P la te 8 ,1

8 794a

One o ft h et e rm ina lk nob so ft h eh ing e s u rv ive s .

P la te 8 ,2

6 993

T he h ead i sr o l led o u twa rd s a round t h e h inge .

D eco ra ted w i th v e ry f i ne

P e r len s t re if en l i k eT af . 7 ,2 1 .

P la t e8 ,3

3 800

Much c or roded .

P la te 8 ,4

5 167d

F ound w i th f ou ro the rf i bu lae a nd t h eb ronze v e s se l , P la te 1 2 , 3 .

P la te 8 ,5

3 806a

B road b ow e dg ed w i th v e ry f i n eP e r len s t r e if en .

P la te 8 ,6

2 513b

F ound w i th a nA ug enf ib e l , P la te 3 ,1 . T he r a ised b ow i sn a r row .

P la te 8 ,7

2 686

Much c o r rod ed .

P la te 8 ,8

5 844

Much c or rod ed ,b u to nce h ad ab road b ow .

P la t e8 ,9

2 925b

A n u nu sua l ly b road r a i sed c en t r e t ot h eb ow . F ound w i th a n A lmg ren 1 9 , s e eP la te 5 ,1 8 .

P la t e8 ,1 0

4 330a

T he b ow i sb rok en , a nd o n t h e h eadp la te a r e t wo a r row -head or namen t s w i th as ma l l i mp re s sed c i rc le b e tween t h em . T h i s may b e r e la ted t oG roup Et yp e s .

N o t i lu s t ra ted : T he r e a r e t wen ty s ix e xamp le s o fG roup A wh ich a r e m o r e o rl e s s c omp le te b u t t o o c o r roded f o r i lu s t ra t ion .

T he se i n c lud e 3 886 wh ich w a s f ound w i th a s ma l l f r agmen t o f A lexand r ian B un tg la s ,

i d en t if ied f o rm eb yH er rW H a rb e r ey , a nd s e e FF r eme r sdo r f , G e rman ia , 1 6 , 1 932 , 2 83 , Abb . 6 , 3e spec ia l ly f o r t yp e s o fA lexand r ian G o ldbandg lä se r .

A l so 1 6950 w a s f ound w i th ap i ece o fg l a s s , af r agm en t f r om a n

3 2

amb e r -co lou red c up w i th w h i te a nd r ed s po t s i nt h e g l a s s , p robab ly C laud ian , a s i d en t if ied f o r m e b y H e r r H a rb e r ey .

2 255

9 059

7 811

w i th D ( i )

._ 5 65

1 3625

9 194

1 2740

1 4483

7 850

9 614

( 2 ) 1 3012

1 5177

7 876

9 685

1 3116

1 5260

8 564

1 0121

8 933

1 0168

( 2 ) 1 3462 1 3555

T h en in e teen f r agm en t so fG roup A a r e :

1 37

4 339

5 079

5 354

1 031

5 010

5 093

5 678

1 227 ( 2 ) 5 012

5 279

1 0653

1 889

5 047

5 292

4 336

5 074

5 312

G roup B

P la te 8 ,1

6 921

Af l a tb road b ow w i th n ume rou ss ha l low f l u t ing sl e ng thway s .

P la t e8 ,1 2

8 053b

T he f u l l w id th o f t h e b ow h a s b een p ar t ly d e s t royed b y c o r ro s ion . f l u t ing l e ng thway s i s v e ry f i ne a nd d e l ica te .

T he

T he h eadp la te i s r o l led

o u twa rd sa round t h eh inge .

P l a t e8 ,1 3

2 703

Al a rge f i bu la w i th l a rge i r on k nob ss t i l ls u rv iv ing o nt he e nd so ft h eh ing e .

P l a t e8 ,1 4

355

L a rge r t han N o . 1 3 , much c o r rod ed , w i th t h e k nob s o n t h e h ing e s t i l l s u rv iv ing .

P la t e8 ,1 5

2 710

Ab road b ow , n ow much d amaged , d eco ra ted w i th P e r len s t re if en .

P l a te 8 ,1 6

3 75

V e ry f i ne d eco ra t ion o nt h eb ow a nd t he h eadp la te .

P la te 8 ,1 7

8 371

T he r e a r e d eep i n se t s o n e i the r s i d e o f t h e h eadp la te .

T he d e ta i l o f

d eco ra t ion o n t h eb ow i sn o t c l ea r , d ue t oc o r ro s ion . F ound w i th h a lf o fa b ronze c o in o fR om e tA ug w i th t h e a l ta r a tL ugdunum , f o rv a r iou s t y pe s s e eC han t ra ine , N ovae s ium I I , 5 7 .

3

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 9 420 , 1 3443 , 1 3784 , a nd t h ree f r agmen t s 1 702 a nd 2 928 w i th t wo e xamp les f ound t oge the r .

AG roup B f i bu la w a s f ound i nt h e c eme te ry n ea rB e l l izona , s e e G iub ie sco , U lr ich , T af . 6 6 , 5 . P rof e s so rv on P e t r ikov i t s h a s d rawn m y a t ten t ion t oA lb rech t , O b e rad en , 1 942 , 1 31 , A bb . 3 7a , f o r aG roup B f i bu la w i th a g rooved b ow , wh ich p rov ide su sefu ld a t ing e v id ence f o rt h i s g roup . A tZ ugmen te l , B öhme , 1 972 , I ,T af . I ,1 9 i se v id ence f o rA ugu s tan o ccupa t ion .

G roup C

A sa l ready n o ted a bove , Auc i s sa f i bu lae a r e n o t v e ry c ommon i nB r i ta in : aG roup C t ype h a s , h oweve r , b een f ound a tF i shbourne R oman P a lace , s e eC un l if f e , 1 04 , a nd f i g . 3 9 , 3 7 .

P la te 8 ,1 8

2 513

I nb eau t ifu l c ond i t ion e xcep tf o rt h e m i s s ing p in . Two s ma l l z i g -zag l i ne s , a nd t wo d eep s i d e i n se t s , o n t h e h eadp la te , a nd f i ne P e r len s t r e i f en a l ong t h eb ow .

P la te 8 ,1 9

5 43

S l igh t ly s ma l le r t han N o . 1 8 , a nd l e s s w e l l p re se rved , b u t s t i l l h a s i t s p in . S ee 1 2325 b e low , ap a i r , n o t i lu s t ra ted , wh ich a r e v e ry l i k e N o .

1 9 .

A l l

t h ree h ave f i ne P e r len s t re if en .

P la te 8 ,2 0

1 585

R idged a l ong t h e b ow , o therw i se i th a s n o d eco ra t ion .

T he b ow i sw e l l

p re se rved , b u t t h e e dg e s o ft h e h eadp la te a r e c or roded .

T h e h eadp la te i s

w rapp ed o u twa rd sa round t h eh inge .

P la te 9 ,1

8 726a

S im i la r t oN o . 2 0 a bove , b u t t h e h eadp la te i sw e l l p reserved o n o ne s i d e a nd s how st wo d eep i n se t s . F ound w i th A uc i s sa T ype A , s e eP la t e7 ,2 0 .

P la te 9 ,2

5 167c

P la in r ound ed b ow .

T he h ead i sw rapp ed o u twa rd s a round t h e h inge .

F ound w i th f ou ro the rf i bu lae a nd P la t e 1 2 , 3 .

P la te 9 ,3

1 048

Ar i dg ed b ow l i k eN o . 2 0 a bove , a nd w i th t h e h eadp la te w rapp ed o u twa rd s a round t he h ing e .

P la te 9 ,4

2 424

Ar ounded b ow l i k eN o . 2a bove , w i th o ne k nob s u rv iv ing o nt h ee nd o ft he h inge .

P la te 9 ,5

4 109b

W i th a z ig -zag d eco ra t ion a l ong t h e r ound ed b ow . H ak enf ibe l , P la te 3 ,3 .

3 4

F ound w i th a

P la t e9 ,6

5 191

Ap l a in r ound b ow , i nf a i rc ond i t ion , a nd w i th t h eh ing eb rok en a way .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : t we lve o the re xamp le so fG roup C :

1 957

8 456

w i th a nA lmg ren 1 9

1 4017

w i th t h e h and le a nd p a r t o f a n a ga te p o l i she rf o rg o ld o rs i lve r( Po l ie racha t )

7 742

8 849

1 5018

7 948

8 915

1 5075

8 429

( 2 ) 1 2325 s e eP la te 8 ,1 9a bove

S ev en f r agmen t sa r e :

4 78

7 331

2 850

7 374

5 333

7 423 1 5481

G roup D ( i )

P la t e9 ,7

9 059

As l end e r r ound ed b ow , s im i la r t oG roup C b u t w i th v e ry f i ne d eco ra t ion a l l r ound t h e b ow i n t h e f o rm o f o b l ique l i ne s .

P rof e s so r U lb er t h a s

d e sc r ib ed t h r ee a tR he ingönhe im , s e e U lb er t , 3 8 , T a f t 2 4 , 1 0 -12 . Much o f t h e s u r f ace o ft h e N eu s s e xamp le h a s f l ak ed a way , b ecau se i ti si n p oo r c ond i t ion , b u t t h e o b l ique d eco ra t ion i sc l ea r a nd d i s t inc t ive whe r e i ts t i l l s u rv ive s . Af ew o the r i n s tance s c an b e n o ted : L e ra t , B e sancon , p l . 7 , 1 30 ; a nd K ov r ig ,T at 4 ,2 9 , a nd P a tek , who a l so i lu s t ra te st h em , d i scu s s s eve ra l P annon ian e xamp le s , w i th n ame s tamp s o n t h e h eadp la te s .

D r P e te r

G lü s ing k ind ly i n f o rmed me o f o ne a t Ma inz , s e e B eh ren s , 1 950 , 4 ,a nd A bb . 1 2 , 3w i th t h en ame s tamp P VALER o nt h eh eadp la te .

G roup D ( i )

P l a t e9 ,7 a

L ehne r ,N ovae s ium , T al . 2 4 , 2 2 . T h i si sd eep ly r i bbed c ro s s -w i se , g iv ing a w avy , z ig -zag e dg e t ot he b ow , wh ich i sf l a t u nd e rnea th .

L e ra t & B l ind

i lu s t ra te o ne f r om B e sancon , p l . 7 ,1 36 b i s . T he re i sa no the ra tN i jmegen , p l .

9 ,

1 4 .

L , ehne r 's

L and e smu seum , B onn .

3 5

e xamp le

i s p r e served

i n

t h e

R he in i sche s

G roup E

P l a t e9 ,8 ,8 a , 8 b

1 969

F iv e a lmo s t i d en t ica l b ron ze f i bu la e a nd t wo o fi r on w e r e f o und t o ge th e r . S ee v on P e t r ikov i t s , N ovae s ium , 7 5 , 1 9 , f r om t h e L eg ion s canaba e .

T h e

b ron ze o ne s a r e v e ry h and some w i th f l u t ed b ow s a nd P e r len s t r e i f en a l ong t h e r a i sed c en t r e o f t h e b ow . h eadp la te ,

E a ch h a s t wo h o le s o r A ug en o n t h e

w i th t wo s ma l l d eco r a t iv e t r iang le s b e tween t h em ,

l i k e

P a lm enb lä t te r , s e ea bov e G roup E . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h ef i ve w e r e m ad e a t N eu s s a nd r e p r e sen t aWe rk s ta t t fund .

I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t t h e r a i s ed

c en t r ei sn o ts oh igh a nd e mpha t ic o nt h e s ef i ve a si su sua l o nt h eo t he r si n G roup E .

P la te 8 a

S how so n eo ft h ef i ve i np rof i le .

P la t e8 b( i )a nd ( i )

S how s t wo o f t h e h eadp la te s o f w h ich o ne f i bu la h a s ad oub le r ow o f P e r len s t re i f en d own t h eb ow a nd t h eo t h e rh a s as i ng le r ow d own t h eb ow .

P la te 9 ,9

2 771

W i th t wo h o le s ( on e o ft h em d amag ed ) i nt h e h eadp la te , w h ich i sf o ld ed o u twa rd sa r ound t h eh ing e . T h ek nob o nt h ef o o ti sv e ry l a rg e .

P la t e9 ,1 0

8 082

On e h o le s u rv iv e s i nt h e h eadp la te , w h ich w a s f o ld ed o u twa rd s a r ound t h e h ing e . V e ry f i n ed eco ra t ion o nb ow a nd h eadp la te .

P la t e9 ,1

8 088

T he h eadp la t e i sd amag ed : p a r t o f ah o l e s u rv iv e s . T he b ow a nd f o o t a r e v e ry w e l l p r e se rv ed a nd s how d e ta i l o f t h e m ou ld ing s a nd o f an a r row g roov ea l ong t h er a i sed b ow .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 8 55a w i th a nA lmg ren 1 9 ; 1 4566 w i th a nA lmg r en 2 2 .

P la te 9 ,1 2

2 884

D oub le i mp r e s sed c i r c le s a s e ye s o n t h e h eadp la t e ,

a nd v e ry f i n e

P e r len s t r e if en o nt h ev e ry h igh r a i sed r i dg eo nt h eb ow .

P la t e9 ,1 3

318

S im i la rt oN o . 1 2 , i np oo rc ond i t ion w i th ab rok en b ow .

P l a t e9 ,1 4

8 053

T h er a i sed r i dg e a l ong t h eb ow i sf l a t t en ed . V e ry f i n e P e r len s t r e i f en . T h e k nob o nt h ef o o ti ss ma l l , a nd t h e r ea r et wo s ma l l i r on k nob so nt h ee nd s o f t h eh ing e . I mp r e s sed d oub le c i r c le so nt h eh eadp la t e .

V a r ian tf o rm :

3 6

P l a t e9 ,1 5

8 101a

C omp le t e e xcep tf o rt h ep in . An a r row b ow w i th f i ne P e r len s t r e i f en a l ong t h e c en t r e . T he b ow l a ck s t h e s em i -c i rcu la r s hape o f at r u e A uc i s sa , a nd Mr M R H u l l s ugg e s ted t om et h a ti ti sa n a t temp tt oc opy o ne , r a th e ra f te r t h e m anne r o fs om e f i bu lae i nB r i ta in . i mp r e s sed e y e s o n t h e h eadp la t e .

T he N eu s s f i bu la h a s t wo d oub le

B e tween t h e e ye s t h e r e i s ah o le f o r a

c ha in , o n e l i nk o f w h ich i s i n p o s i t ion t h rough t h e h eadp la te .

T h e

h eadp la t ei sw rapp ed a r ound t h eh inge i nwa rd s .

X IX

E a r ly l e a f shap ed b ow b r ooch :

P r e -Augu s tan -E a r ly A ugu s tan -1e xamp le

O t to T i s ch le r f i r s t s t ud ied t h i s t y p e i n 1 885 , s e e G u r ina , T at 6 , 1 4 , a nd h e l i s ted f i f teen o the r e xamp le s , i n c lud ing t wo f r om A le s ia n ow i nt h e Mu see d e sA n t iqu i te sN a t iona le sa tS a in t -Ge rma in . T h eG u r ina t y p eh a s f i n e ly e ng raved l i n e so fd e co r a t ion o nt h eb ow , a nd af o o tw h ich r i se s i n to as ma l l t e rm ina lk nob . T he n ea re s t t ot h i si sf r om C h iu s ii nE t ru r ia , s e eH av e rf i e ld , 1 903 , 2 46 , f i g . 1 0 , wh ich h a s al onge re nd c u r ved . H av e rf i e ld s ugg e s ted t ha tt h i s w a s af o r e r unne ro ft h e A uc i s sa t y p e o ff i bu la . O ne a tP omnüe r s ( A i sn e ) h a s af o o tw h ich i sl e s sc omp lex t h an t h e G u r ina o ne a nd l e s ss imp le t h an t h eN eu s sf i bu la , s e e D ech . , 1 927 , 4 73 , f i g . 4 03 , N r . 7 . Ih av es e en i nt h e Mu se ed e sA n t iqu i te sN a t iona le s af i bu la f o und a t Mon tB e rny ( O i se ) , I nv . N r . 1 4 .335 , o n w h ich t h eb ow i sd eco ra ted w i th f i n e ly e ng rav ed c r o s s -ha t ch ing , a nd t h e f oo t e nd s i n av e ry l a rg e k nob . S ee a l so T h i l l , 1 969 , A bb . 1 0 , 1 08 ,w h ich i sv e ry l i k eF i s che r , A qu i le ia , A bb . 2 ,2 1 .

O th e r sh ave b e en p ub l i sh ed b yD rE l i sab e th E t t l ing e r , s e eE t t l ing e r , 1 06 , Abb . 2 6a ; a nd P a tek , 2 88 , T a f . 5 ,N r . 9w i th at i ny k nob nt h ef o o t , a nd N r . 1w i thou t ak nob o nt h ef o o t .

P l a t e 1 0 , 1

4 088

T he s u rf ace o ft h eb ow i st o oc o r rod ed f o ra ny d eco ra t ion t ob ev i s ib le . T h e f o o t i ss imp le , l i k e a n A lmg r en 1 5 .

T h i s r a r e f i bu la s e em s t o h ave b een

m ad e i nt h e e a r ly A ugu s tan p e r iod , a tt he l a te s t . F ound w i th A lmg r en 1 9 a nd 2 2 , n o ti lu s t ra t ed .

XX

H ing ed b rooch :

P l a t e 1 0 , 2

1 2484

T he d a t ing i su n ce r ta in -1e xamp le

T h e r e a r e t wo s ma l l r i dg e s o fd eco ra t ion o n t h e b ow , b u tt h e l owe r e nd o f t h e b ow i sc o r rod ed , a nd t h e f o o t i sb roken o f f .

T h e re a r e d e ep i n s e t s o n

e i the rs i d eo ft h en a r row h eadp la te , l i k e s ome o ft h eA uc i s sa f i bu la e .

) 0 C I

G i t t e rf ib e lo rD iv id ed B ow F ibu la : L a t eA ugu s tan -T ib e r ian -6e xamp le s

3 7

T h i sv ar ie ty o fh inge o r S charn ie rf i bu la g ene ra l ly h a st h e s ame s em i -c i r cu la r s hap e a sa n Auc i s sa , e xcep tt h a t t h eB r i t i sh t ype g enera l ly h as aP shape . I r on p in s p a s s t h rough t h e d i v id ed b ow sb ea r ing s ma l lk nob so rb a l l s b e tween t he b ow sa nd a l so a tb o th e nd so ft h ei r on p in s .

T he re i s af i ne o ne a t Ha l tern , V , 1 908 , 35 -7 , N r . 4= T af . 3 6 , 2 ;a nd ac omp le te a nd v e ry f i n e e xamp le i sa t Ma inz , s e e R öm ische K le inkun s t , RGZ M , 1 957 , T af . 1 5 .

T he re a r e f o u r f r om t h e A ugu s tan f o r t a tB onn ,

R he in i sche s L ande smu seum , I nv . N r . 6 86 & 6 87 wh ich a r e a lmo s t a l ik e , a nd N r . 6 88 & 1 930 wh ich a r e u nu sua li nh av ing aw ide f oo tl i ke a nA ugenf ibe l .

T he re a r e an umbe r a t V indon is sa ; a l so a tC a rnun tum ; S i sak , s e e P a tek , 2 88 , a nd T at 5 , 6& 7 ;G iuba sco , U lr ich , T af . 6 6 , 2& 3 ;b u tt he re a re n one f r om C laud ian R he ingönhe im o rA is l ingen ; h oweve r , s e eK räme rf o r C ambodunum , 1 953 , T af . 1 5 , 9 . Two f r om A ugu s tan O be rhau sen a r e n ow i n A ug sbu rg Mu seum : I nv . N r . 0 / 11 & 0 / 185 , o f wh ich t he f i r s ti su nusua li nh av ing v e ry e l abo ra te mou ld ing sd eco ra ted w i th P e r len s t re if en a t e ach e nd o ft he d iv ided b ow s .

I nC laud ian Novae s ium , o n ly t wo a r em en t ioned b yL ehne r , s e c t ion 1 0 , T a f . 2 4 , 2 4 &2 5 . T he r e a r e o n ly t wo a tC laud ian Ho fhe im , T at 1 0 , 2 25 a nd 2 39 . L a te A ugu s tan Unn i tz h a s ap a i r o fv e ry f i ne o n e s , a s l a rge a s P la te 1 0 , 7b e low , n ow i nt he Rhe in i sche s L and e smu seum , B onn , I nv . N r . 1 7883d wh ich i sc omp le te , a nd N r . 1 7883 l a ck so n ly t he p in : b o th a re 6 : 3 c m l ong .

V an B uchem i lu s t ra ted n one f r om N i jmegen , a nd t h e re a r e n one f r om C laud ian H od H i l l i n Do r s e t wh ich w a s a n e a r ly R oman f o r t i nB r i ta in , b u tt h e r e i so ne f r om t h e n a t ive B r i t i sh h i l l -f or t a t Ma iden C a s t le , D o r se t , s e e Whee le r , 2 63 , f i g . 8 5 , 3 0 .

Mr Hu l l p ub l i shed s ome f r om B ag endon , a no the r p re -Roman B r i t i sh s i te , s e e

C l if f o rd , 1 961 , f i g . 3 3 , 1 ,a nd h e r e co rd s as im i la ro ne a tC an te rbu ry a nd c a l led t h em B agendon A b rooche s .

T hu s , u n l ike t he Auc issa f i bu la wh ich i s f ound o n R oman s i te s o f t h e C laud ian p er iod i n B r i ta in , t h e G i t te rf ibe l i s ma in ly f ound i nB r i ta in o n n a t ive s i te s a nd t h i s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e i r p e r iod o f manu f ac tu re i sl a te A ugu s tan -T iber ian .

T he s i xl i s ted b e low a re a l l o ft he e a r ly t y pe wh ich Ih ave j u s td e sc r ibed .

P la te 1 0 , 3

1 691

At wo -bow k ind w i th f ou r i r on b a r s h o ld ing t i ny b a l l s . T he t e rm ina l b a l l s h ave g one f r om t h eb a r s , a nd t he f oo t , h inge a nd p in a r e m i s s ing . S im i la r t ot h e Ma id en C a s t le f i bu la m en t ioned a bov e .

P la te 1 0 , 4

8 945

A t h ree -bow k ind , o the rw i se l i k e N o . 3 . C arnun tum , s e eP a tek , T af . 5 ,7 .

3 8

T he r e i s as im i la r o ne a t

P la te 1 0 , 5

310a

Af ou r -bow k ind , n ow much d amaged , b u t t h e f oo t i sn o t t y p ica l f o r t h e G i t terf ib e l , w i th i t s w ide mou ld ing a tt he e nd o ft h e d iv id ed b ow s . F ound w i th aH ak enf ibe lC o lche s te rb rooch , P la te 2 ,1 6 .

P la t e 1 0 , 6

5 298a

Af ou r -bow k ind w i th t y p ica l s imp le j unc t ion b e tween b ow s a nd f o o t . T h i s k ind h a s a l so b een f ound a t A ld s ia , a nd t he r e i so ne i n t h e A shmo lean Mu seum , Ox f o rd , f r om t h e R oman V i l la a tN or th L e igh . W i th P la te 1 7 , 8 a nd 2 3 , 1 .

P la t e 1 0 ,7

7 025

A s i x -bow k ind , w i th P e r len s t re if en o n t h e h eadp la t e , a nd o ne l a rg e t e rm ina l k nob s u rv ive s o n t he h inge .

T h i s i sl i k e t he p i ece f r om U rm i tz

m en t ioned a bove . S ee a l so T h i l l , 1 969 , A bb . 1 2 , 1 36 , 1 37 .

P la t e 1 0 , 8

5 001a

As i x -bow k ind , s im i la rt o No . 7 .

Al a t e rv a r ie ty h a sb een d i s t ingu ished b y Mr H u l l i n wh ich t he b ow i ss o l id a nd d eco ra ted a ti t s s i de s , a nd o n t h es u rf ace ,b yr ow so fs ma l lk nob s . T h i sk ind g ene ra l ly h a s af oo tl i ke P la te 1 0 , 5a bov e . T he re i so ne i nH& H , C amu lodunum , p l . 9 7 , 1 39 , a nd i ts e em s t ob e e xac t ly l i k e A sb e rg , 1 959 , 1 77 , A bb . 6 ,5 . S l igh t ly mo re d egene ra te i st h e f i bu la a tH o fhe im , T a f . 1 0 , 2 24 , w he r e t h e s o l id b ow i ss t udd ed w i th l i t t le k nob s . L a te r s t i l l t h ek nob sa re o n ly a l ong t h e s i d e so ft h eb ow , l i k e A sbe rg , i b id . , A bb . 6 ,4 ;a nd H o fhe im , T a f . 1 0 , 2 41 . F o ra v a r ian t G i t terf ibe l s e e L e ra t , B e sancon , p l . 8 ,1 60 . F o rt wo u nu sua l v ar ian t s i nB r i ta in , s e e E JW H i ldya rd , A n t iq . J ou rn . , 1 946 , 1 91-2 , a nd 1 950 , 7 3-5 , a bou t as i lve rf i bu la f r om C o lche s te r , a nd ac rud en a t iv ea t temp tt o c opy s uch at yp eo ff i bu la f r om Ma l ton i nY o rk sh i r e .

) 0( E I

H ing ed b rooch :

P l a t e 1 0 , 9

XX I I I

1 3344

T he d a t ing i su ncer ta in

N o tq u i te t he s ame a sL ehne rN r . 9 ,T af : 2 4a nd 2 3

H inged w i th T ransv e r se Mou ld ing s :

P la te 1 0 , 1 0

1 348

1e xamp le

?C laud ian -1e xamp le

T h e h eavy mou ld ing s c or re spond w i th af i bu la f ound a tR ichbo rough , I V , 1 949 , p l . 2 6 , 1 3 , wh ich h a s t he f oo t c omp le te a nd m ay i nd ica te h ow t h e N eu s s f i bu la l o ok ed o r ig ina l ly . T he R ichbo rough f i bu la w a s f ound i nt he t op so i l . T he re a r et wo a tH o fhe im , T af . 1 0 , 2 49 -50 ; a nd o ne a tN i jm eg en , p l . 1 0 , 2 8 .

T he e xamp le p ub l i shed b y L ehne r , N ovae s ium , N r . 1 4a , T a f .

2 4 , 2 9 i sv e ry l i k eP la te 1 0 , 1 0a nd t he R ichbo rough f i bu la . L ehne rd a ted i t F lav ian , wh ich s e em st ob e much t oo l a te . T he e a r l ie s ti nB r i ta in may b ea t F o lk e s tone , s e e S wa r l ing , p l . 1 4 , 1 , wh ich B u she -Fox s ugge s ted w a s p re C laud ian f r om i t s a s soc ia t ion . Mo re l i k e t h e t wo e xamp le s f r om H o the im

3 9

i sR ichbo rough , I I , 1 932 , p l . 9 , 8w i th ab rok en f oo t , b u t i tw a s f ound i n t op so i l .

XX IV

M RH u l l 's B agendon B : N o tl a te rt h an AD 5 0 -2e xamp le s

D ef ined a s ad eve lopmen tf r om t h e D iv id ed B ow F ibu la , s e e T yp e X 2 C E a bove , a l so k nown a st h e B agendon A F ibu la . I nt h i s d ev e loped f o rm t h e i r on p in s o rb a r s a r e s t i l l p a s sed t h rough t h eb ow , b u t t he b ow s a r e as o l id c a s t , s e eB ag endon , 1 961 , N o s . 4 7 -53 , f i g . 3 , 2 -6 . T he r ea r eo the rk ind sa tH od H i l l , I ,9 ,C 58 , C 59 .

P la te 1 0 , 1

1 5302

Ah ing e f i bu la , w i th t h ree i r on p in s p a s s ing t h rough t he b ow . T he f oo t i s m i s s ing , a nd t h es u r f ace o ft h eb ow i sd amag ed b yc or ro s ion .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 0373 .

XXV

H inged b rooch :

P la te 1 0 , 1 2

1 4701

T he d a t ing i su ncer ta in -1e xamp le

W i th f ou r r i b s o fd eco ra t ion a l ong t h e b ow .

Ik now o fn o s im i lar f i bu la .

T he b ow i sb rok en .

XXV I

T -Shaped H inged F ibu la : T he d a t ing i su ncer ta in -1e xamp le

P la te 1 0 , 1 3

2 421

W i th v e ry l a rg ek nob s o nb o th e nd s o ft h e h inge o r S charn ie r . T he b ow i s b rok en , b u tt h e r ea r el ong i tud ina lr i b sd eco ra t ing t h eb ow .

XXV I I D oub le R igh t -ang led B ow :

P la te 1 0 , 1 4

3 762

T he d a t ing i su nce r ta in -1e xamp le

Ah inged f i bu la w i th at w ice r i gh t -ang led b ow , d eco ra ted w i th n i e l lo i n lay , a nd p robab ly i th ad at o r to i sehead shap ed f oo tw i th at r iangu la rc a tchp la te . F ou r r e la ted f i bu lae h av e b een p ub l i shed f r om D a lhe im , 1 853 , p l . 8 ,2 1 & 2 3 ; 1 854 ,p l . 1 ,1 3 &2 2 , a l though i ti sp o s s ib le t ha ts ome o ft h e se h ave t h e d eco ra t ion f i l led w i th e name l , r a the r t h an n i e l lo .

D a lhe im w a s a n e a r ly

f o r t , whe re m any e a r ly t ype s o f f i bu lae h ave b een f ound , D i s te lf ib e ln , A ugenf ib e ln , A uc i s sa , a nd many k ind s o fe a r ly S char n ierf ibe ln . N i jmeg en , p l . 1 4 , 2 2 & 2 3 w i th e name l .

S ee a l so

D oc to r P e ter G lü s ing k ind ly

i n f o rmed m eo fa no the ra tK a s te l lZ ugman te l , B ar the l , T al . 9 ,6 ,n ach S e i te 7 0 , N r . 1 2 . T h i sw a sd a ted f r om An ton inu sP iu s -Ma r cu s Au r e l iu s . T he re a r e a l so s ome r e la ted f i bu lae i n t h e Mu see d e s An t iqu i te s N a t iona le s a t S a in t -Germa in , wh ich a r e mo r e l i k e t h e Z ugman te l f i bu la t h an t h i s

4 0

e xamp le f r om N eu s s . N eu s s m ay h ave t h e e a r l ie s t o ft h e s e r ie s , b ecau se o f t h eu se o fn i e l lo .

‚ O M I T D i sk o r S che ib enf ib e l :

T he d a t ing i su nce r ta in -3e xamp le s

P la te 1 0 , 1 5

W i th c oncen t r ic c i rc le sd eco ra t ing t h ef l a tt op . T he p in i sf a s tened b e tween

7 23b

t wo s ma l l p ro jec t ion s t o f o rm t h e h ing e .

F ound w i th a n A lmg r en 1 9

v a r ian tw i th as t ra igh tb ow , a nd P la te 2 3 , 1 3 .

P la t e 1 0 , 1 6

3 806b

T he t op i sd eco ra ted w i th m any c on cen t r ic c i rc le s , a nd w i th ar i ng o ft i ny n i e l lo l e ave s : t h e s u rf ace i ss i lve r ed w i th We i s sme ta l l . I nt h ec en t re r i se s a t i ny c up f i l led w i th r ed e nam e l , s e eD a lhe im , 1 851 ,p l . 9 ,9 . F ound w i th a n A uc i s sa f i bu la , P la te 8 ,5 ,o fG roup A t yp e , a nd a l so w i th a f r agmen t o f mou ld ed s hee tb ronze .

P la t e 1 0 , 1 7

7 381

A ne i gh t -po in ted s t a rf i bu la . P robab ly , f r om t h e s i te e v id ence n o ted b e low , t h i s t y pe w a s n o t m ad e l a te r t h an t h e C laud ian p e r iod .

S ee as im i la r p a i r

f r om A i s l ingen , U lb er t , T af . 1 6 , 8& 9 ;P a tek , T af , 1 5 , 1 6 , w i th t h e g la s s c en t re m i s s ing f r om S i sak ; K räme r , C ambodunum , 1 953 , 6 5 , A bb . 1 5 , 1 8 ; R ichbo rough , I V , 10 , p l . 2 5 , 1 0 ; a nd R he ingönhe im , U lbe r t , T af . 2 5 , 2 0 . F o r as l igh t ly mo r ed eco ra t ive t y pe , w i th P e r len s t re if en a round t he r im , s e e H o fh e im , T af . 1 0 , 2 53 ; a nd a l so a tn ea rby W ie sbad en , s e e H o fhe im , 1 37 , A bb . 2 3 , 4 2 ; b o th d a ted t ot h ep r e -F lav ian p e r iod . Mr H u l l h a sp o in ted o u t t ha t a l though i n B r i t a in mo s t D i sk f i bu lae b e long t o t h e s e cond c en tu ry , a nd o f ten a r e e name l led , t h e r e a r e many e xamp le s e ven o ft he A ugu s tan p er iod a tC on t inen ta ls i te s , s e e H&H , 3 25 -6 .

XX IX

D isk a nd h ook b roo ch :

P l a t e 1 0 , 1 8

6 039a

T he d a t ing i su nce r ta in -1e xamp le

Ap l a in r ound f l a td i sk , w i th ad eep c a tchp la te , p ar t ly b rok en . T h e s p i ra l i s v e ry c rud e ly -mad e a nd v e ry l o ng : i ti sh e ld i np l ace b y ah ook a nd e x te r na l c ho rd . T h i si su nu sua lf o r ad i sk b rooch .

, O CX

H ing ed w i th N ie l lo o nb ow :

P l a te 1 0 , 1 9

1 2427

A ugu s tan -C laud ian -1e xamp le

A f l a t b ow d eco ra ted w i th s i x s ma l l i n se t s o f n i e l lo , a nd t h e r e i sf i ne P e r len s t re if en a l ong t h e mou ld ing s .

T he f oo t i sb roken .

T he n ea r e s t

f i bu la e f o r c ompa r i son a r e a tS a in t -Ber t rand -de -Comnünge s , s e e G ave l le , Ogam 1 4 , p l . 5 3 , 6 ;a nd L e ra t , B e sançon , p l . 1 2 , 2 54 .

4 1

F o r al a te r v a r ian t

s e e S imon , B ad N auhe im , A bb . 9 ,1 ,w h ich w a s o r ig ina l ly e name l led , a nd w a sf ound w i th o b jec t so ft h eD om i t ian ic p er iod .

X )OC E

An u nu sua lb rooch :

P la te 1 0 , 2 0

0 000 /2

T he d a t ing i su nce r ta in -1e xamp le

As ma l ld i amond shaped h inged f i bu la , d eco ra ted w i th t i ny s qua re s . I nt h e R he in i sch e s L ande smu seum , B onn , I nv . N r . X l ix ( F i lm 3 4 , 1 8 ) , t h e r e i sa s im i la r ly sha p ed f i bu la d eco ra ted w i th t i ny t r iang le s .

XXX I I F la t tened b ow b rooch :

T h ed a t ing i su n cer ta in -1e xamp le

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 2140

T h i sh ing ed f i bu la w i th f l a t tened b ow i sv e ry l i k e L ehne r , Novae s ium , N r . 1 & 1 2 , T af . 2 4 , 2 6 &2 7 , b o th o f wh ich a r ed eco ra ted w i th f i ne P e r len s t re i f en .

4 2

THE BRONZE VESSELS

B ronze v e s se ls a r eg ene ra l ly s uppo sed t oh ave al onge rl i f et han p o t te ry v e s se l s . T h i sm ay , o r may n o t ,b et r ue f o rv e s se l s i nd ome s t ic u se . B u tb ron ze v e s se l s a tm i l i ta ry s i te s , m a in ly j ug s a nd s aucepan s , s e em t oh av e h ad a ss hor t al i f ea st h e i rc on tempo ra ry c e ram ic s ,b e ing s ub jec tt ot h e s ame h aza rd so fm i l i ta ry c ampa ign s .

I ti sn o tewor thy t ha ta l lt h es aucepan si lu s t ra ted h e r ea r eo ft h ee a r l ie s tt yp e s , a nd w e re p robab ly manuf ac tu r ed i nt h e A ugus tan p e r iod . T h i se a r ly s e r ie s c on t ra s t s s t r ik ing ly w i th t ho se f r om t h e L eg iona ry F or t re s s a tN eu s s wh ich b egan i nt h e C laud ian p e r iod , s e eL ehne r , N ovae s ium , f o rt wo o ft h e se l a te rt yp e s ( 1a nd 2b e low ) , a nd t h el ong l ived p a te ra ( 3b e low ) . A lso i nK ra skov skä , R oman b ronze v e s se l sf r om S lovak ia . BAR I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s4 4 , 1 978 ,f i g . 1 , 7& 8 .

1

S aucepan w i th h and le e nd ing i n ad i sk p i e rced b y ac r e scen t ic o rb ean shaped h o le , L ehne r , T a f . 3 2 , 1 4 ; D en B oe s te rd , 4 -7 , a nd p l . 1 ,1 2 a nd 1 3 ; E gge r s , I mpor t , 1 38 ; X an ten , B J 1 22 , 1 912 , 4 01 , T a f . 5 4 , 1 4 ; a nd H o fhe im , 1 905 , 5 2 , N r . 5 4 , T a f . 3 ,5 3 .

2

S aucepan w i th h and le e nd ing i n ad i sk p i e rced b y ar ound h o le , L ehn e r , T a f . 3 2 , 8 10 ; H o fhe im , T af , 1 4 , 2 7 a nd 3 9 ; E gg e r s , I mpo r t , 1 40 -141 . T h i s t y pe h ad al ong l i f e , l a s t ing i n to t h e s e cond c en tu ry AD .

3

P a te ra w i th af l u t ed h and le e nd ing i n ar am 's h ead , L ehne r , T a f . 3 2 , 1 , D en B oe s te rd , p l . 4 ,6 8 . T h i sg ene ra l ly s e em st ob e ap o s t -Augu s tan t yp e , b u tt h e re i so ne a tH a l te rn , V , 1 909 , 3 43-4 , T af . 3 5 , 1 ;a nd E gg e r s h a s s ugge s ted t ha t t h e t y pe s hou ld d a te f r om t h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry AD , s e e E gg e r s , L üb sow , 9 3 , a nd K a ta log o ft he G rave s .

T he se t h ree L ehne rt yp e sh ave a l so b een f ound i nt he e a r ly C laud ian f o r ta tH od H i l l , s e eE gge r s , B r i ta in , 17 , A bb . 8 ; Hod H i l l , I ,f i g . 5 . A l so a tC laud ian N ovae s ium a nd H od H i l l i st h eb uck e ta t tachmen t , E gge r s , I mpo r t 2 4 ,L ehne r , T a f . 3 , 1 9 , a nd H od H i l l , I ,p l . 1 0 , I ,3 .

D r Mar ia H P d en B oe s te rd k ind ly i d en t if i ed s ome o ft h e b ronze v e s se l s f o r m e .

D r AK o s te r p ub l i shed i n

1 996 a s e r ie s o fb ronze v e s se l s wh ich c on t inue s t he i r s t udy a tt he R i jk smu seum G M K am i n N i jmegen . Madame S uzanne T a s s ina r i p ub l i shed al a rg e c o l lec t ion i nt h e Mu see d e s An t iqu i te s N a t iona le s , S upp lemen t äG a l l ia , 1 975 .

S aucepan so rK a s se ro l len

F ou r , w i th h and le se nd ing i n as wan 's h ead l o op . T he se w e re m a in ly u sed f o rt h es e rv ing o fw ine .

P la te 1 , 1

4 254

T he b ow a nd s wan s ' h ead so n ly s u rv iv e .

4 3

P la te 1 , 2

5 085

On e s wan 's h ead , al i ne o fs imp le o vo lo s a tt he e nd o ft h e h and le , a nd t h eh and le w h ich i sb rok en o f fa ta bou th a lf i t sl e ng th .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 2 790 a nd 1834 a r es im i la rb u t mo re f r agmen ta ry .

P robab ly a l l a r e o fI t a l ian m anuf ac tu re , a nd A ugu s tan , o r e ven e a r ly A ugu s tan .

S ee Wi l ler s , 7 3 -5 , A bb . 4 3 ;

D en B oe s te rd , 4 ,p l . 1 ,8 ;R adnö t i , 1 9 , 3 6 -8 , T a l i 1 ,2 ;a nd t h e f r agmen t 1834 i sl i ke Werne r , K e lhe im , 6 2 , A bb . 7 , 5 ,w i th a h o le b e tween t h e h ead a nd n eck o f e ach s wan ; E gg e r s , L üb sow , T af . 3 a a nd b .

S even

d if e ren th and le sf r om V indon is sa w e re p ub l i shed b yW iedeme r , 1 963 , 3 7 , A bb . 1 0 .

A nd r d S ou tou h a s s t ud ied t h e se t ype s o fs aucepan i nt h e r eg ion o ft h e S aöne a nd t h e Rhöne , s e e Ogam , 1 4 , 1 962 , 3 93-406 . One h a sb een f ound i nN o r th Wa le s , b u t i tw a s w i th t wo s l igh t ly l a te rs aucepan s , a nd a l l t h ree w e re i n s id e o ne o ft h e G au l i sh s e cond c en tu ry t yp e s o fs aucepan , s e e W G a rdne r , A rch . C amb ren s i s , 1 927 , 1 29 -140 , a nd 1 942 , 6 4 -66 . T he p lace whe r et h ey w e r e f ound i sG lyn D yf rdwy i nD enb igh sh ire , wh ich i sn o t r e la ted t oa ny k nown m i l i ta ry s i te .

P la te 1 ,3

1 4633

S aucepan o ft h ek ind w h ich h ad as epa ra te h and le , s o ld e red t ot he b ow l . T h i so ne i sn o to fs uch g ood q ua l i ty a s L ehne r , N ovae s ium , 4 09 , T a l l 3 2 , 1 2 . I ti s mo r e l i k e t h e h and le f r om S omogy s imony i i nH unga ry , s e e R adnö t i , T a l i 1 8 , 2 ,a l though i td if e r s f r om t ha t i n t h e s hap e o f t h e h and le e nd .

N r . 3 i s p robab ly n o t o f

s uf ic ien t ly g ood q ua l i ty t oh ave b een mad e i nI t a ly . I tm igh t h ave c ome f r om t h e s am e w o rk shop a s o ne L and e smu seum , B onn , I nv . N r . 1 6728 .

i n t he R he in i sche s

T he ma jo r i ty o f t h e se

v e s se l s a r e much mo r e e l abo ra te , l i k e t h e e xamp le i n V ienna , s e e S ch re ib e r , A lex . T o reu t ik , 1 894 , 3 22 , N r . 1 5 , T af . 4 , 2 -3 , a l so i lu s t ra ted b y GE kho lm , A c ta A rch . , 1 3 , 1 942 , 2 03 , A bb . 6 . S ee a l so t h ec omp le te v e s se lf r om H a l te r n , V , 1 909 , Ta t 3 4 , 1a nd l a ; a nd f r om D ebe i n P o land , o f s i lve r , s e e W An ton iew icz , A rch . P o l sk i , 1 928 , 1 72 , T a i l 3 8 , 1 2 , wh ich i sE gge r s , I mpor t , 1 51 .

P la te 1 , 4

1 3347a

F ound w i th a n S f onn ig e H ak en .

T he n ea res t s aucepan t ype i s

R adnö t i , T a l i 3 , 1 0 , a l though i ti s s ma l le r a nd t he e nd o f t he h and le i ss l igh t ly d if e r en t . D iame te r 1 0 .5 c m .

P la te 1 , 5

9 955

S aucepan h and le w i th ar ound h o le i nt h e d i sk shaped e nd o ft h e h and le .

I ti sl i k e D en B oe s te rd , p l . 2 ,2 3a ; L ehne r , N ovae s ium ,

T a f . 3 2 , 1 0 ; PR eve l l io , G e rman ia , 1 3 , 1 929 , 4 3 , Abb . 5 , 1 ; W i l le r s , T a l l 7 ,1 2 a nd s e e a l so f o r ag roup o fv e sse ls f r om C a s t le

4 4

H owa rd , Y o rk sh i r e , i sA bb . 4 4 . P robab ly m ad e i nI t a ly a tC apua , i nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry AD .

N o ti l u s t ra ted : 8 022 a nd 1899 a r ef r agm en t sf r om t h ew a l l so fs a u c epan s .

L ong -hand led L ad l e s :

P l a t e 1 , 6

5 320

T h e se w e r eu s ed f o rs e rv ing w ine i n to c up s .

N o t i l u s t ra ted : 6 960 , 7 857 f o und w i th a n A lmg r en 1 9 f i bu la , 8 053 , 9 482 , 1 5005 , a r e f r agm en t s o fl a d le s . 8 053 w a sf ound w i th P l a te s8 ,1 2 , a nd 9 ,1 4 , A u c i s sa B a nd E t y p ef i bu lae , a nd P l a te 1 4 , 3 .

P l a t e 1 , 7

1 7210

T h el o ng h and le o ft h i sl a d le o n ce h ad ah o le f o rs u sp en s ion , n ow b rok en . T h ew id ef l a th and le n a r row sf o ra bou t 5c m , b e f o r e i ti s b rok en o f . When c omp le t e i tm ay h av e b een l i k e D en B oe s t e rd , 1 6 , p l . 3 ,4 4 ,b u tt h eN eu s sh and le i st o oc o r rod ed f o ra ny s i gn s o f d eco ra t ion .

D ipp e r sa nd S t r a in e r s :

P l a t e 1 , 8

5 280

At h in f l a t h and le , w i th t h r e e s ma l l c on cen t r ic c i r c le s f o rm ing a t r iang le b e low t h eh o le f o rs u sp en s ion . Av e ry s ma l l n am e s tamp , b e low t h e d e co ra t ion o ft h e c i r c le s , s e em s t or e ad O F . . IAL , b u t I c anno t f i nd as im i la r s t amp o rh and le t ot h i s . T h e l e t t e r s 0a nd AL a r eq u i t el e g ib le .

P l a t e 1 , 9

1 4 114a

F ound w i th ab uck le o r S chna l le .

A s ma l l f l a t h and le f r om a

d i pp e ro rs t ra in e r , or n amen t ed a c ro s s t h e c en t r e o ft h eb ic oncav e h and le b yf o u rs ma l lc i r c le sw h ich r e p r e s en tr i ve t s . T h i si sp l a in e r t h an H a l t er n ,V , 1 909 ,T a f . 3 5 ,2 5 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 9 706 i s af r agmen tf r om as t ra in e r ; 1 2669 i s ah and l el i k eN o . 9 .

P l a t e 1 2 , 1

6 528

T he s hap e o ft h e h and le i sc l o se t ot h a t o fP l a t e 1 , 9 ,b u t t h i s i s t wo th i rd s l a rg e r , a nd t h e v e s s e l i sc e r ta in ly al a rg e d i pp e r , l i k e D en B o e s t e rd , p l . 3 ,5 3 ; L ehn e r , N ova e s ium , T a f . 3 2 , 1 3 ; Mu tz , U r -Schw e iz ,2 8 , 1 964 , 3 9 -44 ; W i l le r s , 5 0 , A bb . 2 6 .

4 5

T he d ipp e ri sb rok en i n to m any f r agmen t s , b u t t he re a re s uf i c ien t t o s how t ha t i th ad a r ounded b a se , wh ich i se a r l ie r t han t h e f l a t -ba sed t ype , s e e R adnö t i , T at 5 ,2 4 . T he r im i st r iangu la ri ns hape . D iame te r 1 4 cm .

S pou ted C up s : P l a te 1 2 , 2

1 4105

H and le ( F lachg r if f ) f r om a s pou ted c up o ft he t ype i lu s t ra ted b y D en B oe s te rd , p l . 3 ,6 5 a nd 6 6 . T he c u rved e a r wh ich s uppor ted t h ef l a th and le i sm is s ing . F i r s tc en tu ry AD .

P la te 1 2 , 3

5 167e

A no th e rh and le f r om as ma l l s pou ted c up . I t wa s f ound w i th f i ve f i bu lae .

T he h and le i s b eve l led a l ong t he e dg e s , l i ke D en

B oe s te rd , p l . 3 ,6 5 , b u t i th a s n o n ame s tamp . Da lh e im , 1 851 , p l . 1 0 , 1 2 , i so ft h e s ame t ype , b u t n o t e xac t ly s im i la r . Mü l le rBeck a nd E t t l ing e r , BRGK 4 3 ,

1 962 -63 , T a f .

5 7 ,

8 11 , a re f ou r

e xamp le sf r om E ngeha lb in se l .

S hor t -hand led L ad le s :

P la te 1 2 , 4

3 414

T h i s e xamp le h a s ag ood g r een p a t ina .

T he re a re m any v ar ie t ie s

o fs hor t -hand led l a d le s , o r s impu la . F o r ad i scu s s ion o ft he n am e s e eH i lg e r s , 1 969 , 5 6 -7 .

N o t i lu s t ra t ed : 318 f ound w i th a n A uc i s sa E f i bu la , P la te 9 ,1 3 ; 8 809 ; b o th a r e f r agmen t s f r om l a d les .

S ee

R adnö t i , T af . 2 8 , 8 ;L ehne r , N ovae s ium , T af . 3 4 , 7 5 ; Wer n e r , K e lhe im , 6 3 , A bb . 8 ,f r om A i s l ing en a nd s e e a l so p age s7 2 -3 f o rh i sd i s t r ibu t ion o ft h is wh ich i sh i sT yp eA .

P la te 1 2 , 5

8 015

F ound w i th a ne xamp le o fG roup Io ft he A ugenf ib e l . T he b ow l o f as ma l l l ad le o r s impu lum , c oa ted i n a nd o u t w i th w h i te me ta l ( We i s sme ta l l ) .

I ti su nd eco ra ted , a nd h a s ap la in r im w i th t h e

r ema in s o ft he v e r t ica l h and le .

D iame te r 6 cm .

H e igh t 1 . 5 cm .

T h e r i ng b a se i ss l igh t ly c oncave , a nd i th ad b een t u rned o n a l a the .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 5 844 f ound w i th a nA uc i s sa f i bu la T yp e A , P la te 8 ,8 ,t h i s l a d le i ss im i la rt oN o . 5e xcep t f o ra s l igh tr i dg eb e low t h er im . D iame te r6 . 8c m . 1 4837 i ss ha l low w i th al ow f o o t wh ich w a st urned o n al a the . I t i s mo s tl i k eD en B oe s te rd ,p l . 4 ,1 02 , a nd i th a st r a ce so f wh i te me ta lo nt h eo u t s id e .

P la t e 1 2 , 6

1 0865

T he i lu s t ra t ion s how s t h e c r o s s sec t ion a nd h and le o ft h i s s ma l l l a d le , wh ich h a s a n e ver ted r im , ar ounded w a l l , a nd af l a t b a se . D iame te r 5cm .

4 6

No t i lu s t ra ted : 1 5025 i ss im i la r a nd r e ta in s p ar t o ft h e p l a in v e r t ica l h and le .

5 373 i s ap l a in h and le , l i k e

R adnö t i ,T af . 2 8 , 1 0 .

P la te 1 2 ,7

1 5787

T he t op f r om av e r t ica lh and le o f al a d le , l i k et h eo ne f r om Ma inz , B eh ren s , 1 912 , 8 9 , A bb 5 ,3 .

P la t e 1 2 , 8

6 866a

F ound w i th al a rge c a sk e t -hand le ,P la te 2 0 , 1 .T h ed i am e t e ro ft h e s ma l l v e s se l i s 5 . 8 cm o ve ra l l , i n c lud ing t h e r im .

I th a s a n

or namen ta l h and le e nd ing i n ah ook i n t h e f o rm o f a n a n ima l 's h ead . F o r as im i la r o ne f r om Ma inz , s e e B eh ren s , 1 912 , A bb . 5 , 2 7 ; Web s te r , 1 958 , 7 7 , f i g . 4 ,6 3 ; a nd W ied eme r , 1 963 , 3 5 , Abb . 8 .

P la te 1 2 ,9

3 446

T h i s l a d le i ss im i la r t o N o . 8 ,b u t b rok en , a nd i th a s t r ace s o f wh i te m e ta lc oa t ing .

No ti lu s t ra ted : 1 4688 i sp a r to ft he b ow lo fa no th e rl a d le w i th aw id e ly e ve r ted r im .

H and le sa nd A t tachmen t s :

P la t e 1 2 , 1 0

1 0873a

A s ma l l s ized omega shap ed h and le f r om a l a rg e b a s in .

T he

h and le h a st h ree r i b sa c ro s st h ec en t r e , l i k eP la te 1 2 , 1 2b e low .

P la t e 1 2 , 1

1 3615

As w ing -hand le ( b eweg l iche s G r if f ) f r om ab a s in ( Becken ) , f l u ted l i k e D en B oe s te rd . much l a rge r .

P l .

8 , 1 70 , b u t l a ck ing t h e a t tachm en t a nd

W id th 7 . 3 cm .

F o r ac omp le te v e s se l s e e P räh i s t .

Z e i t sch r if t . , 2 ,1 910 , 2 61 , A bb . 8 ;a nd H & H , p l . 9 9 , 9 . t h e f i r s t c en tu ry BC t ot h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD .

Mad e i n

I ti sp os s ib le t ha t

P la te 1 5 , 9( 12185 ) wh ich i s av in e leaf a t tachmen t w i th i n se t s a t t h e t op t ot ak e as w ing -hand le w a s t h e t yp e o fv e s se l f o r ah and le l i k e t h i s .

C e r ta in ly t h e s i ze i sc o r r ec t f o r P la te 1 2 , 1 .

S ee a l so

We rne r ,K e lhe im , 7 1 ,N r . 1 6 .

P la t e 1 2 , 1 2

7 513

Al a rge s ized omega shaped h and le f r om a l a rge b a s in , c ompa re w i th N o . 1 0 a bove .

I ti s l i k e D en B oe s te rd , p l . 8 , 1 72 ; a nd

P e rn ice , 1 912 , T a f . 1 2 , 1 ,b u t t h e e nd s a r e n o t d eco ra ted w i th a n ima l h ead s . I ti sh eavy , a nd t h e g r ea te s t w id th i s1 3 .2 c m , a nd

4 7

t h e g rea te s t h e igh t i s7 . 8 c m .

Mo re e l abora te t e rm ina l s a r e o n

K ra skov skä , 1 978 , f i g . 8 , 4-s e ef u l l r e f e r ence f o rt y p e s 1 , 1 3 .

P la te 1 3 , 1

7 873

L a rg e p a lme t te a t tachmen tf o r ab uck e t o rc au ld ron . T he r e l ief i s l ow a nd t h e s u r f ace i s mu ch c o r roded .

S l igh t ly c on cave i n t h e

c en t r e . F u l l w id th 7 . 8 c m . S ee P e rn ice , 1 925 , 2 8 , A bb . 4 0 , d a t ed f i r s tc en tu ry BC , t of i r s tc en tu ry AD . P la te 1 3 , 2

2 311

V e ry t h ick a nd h eavy a t tachm en t f o r ab ucke t o r c au ld ron .

T o ta l

l e ng th 8cm . W id th 7cm .

P la te 1 3 , 3

7 066

S w ing -hand le f r om ab ucke tw i th o ne o ft h eb ronze f a s t en ing s s t i l l a t tached . I ti ss im i la rt oR adnö t i , T a f . 3 , 6o r 3 6 , 3 . T he g rea te s t l e ng th o ft he h and le i s1 8 .4 c m .

F ee tf r om B uck e t sa nd S aucepan s :

P la te 1 3 , 4

1 5303

F oo tf r om ab uck e t , c ompar eU lb e r t , A i s l ingen , T at 2 3 , 1 4 a nd 1 5 a nd R ichbo rough I I , p l . 1 2 ,f i g . 1 ,N r . 3 7 .

P la te 1 3 , 5

1 4530

F oo tf r om ab ucke tl i k et h e f o o tf ound a tH eyb r idg e , n ea r Ma ldon , E s sex , s e eE gge r s , B r i ta in , 1 05 , N r . 3 5 ; a nd P i, 1 907 , A bb . 5 0 , 9 , f r om S t raky .

N o ti lu s t ra t ed : 8 479 ; 1 0530 a nd 1 3736 , a r ef r agmen t so fb uck e t -f ee t .

P la te 1 3 ,6

8 863

Sma l l f o o t f r om a s aucepan : t h i s t yp e o f s aucepan h a s as wan 's h ead l o oped h and le l i k e P la t e 1 , 1a bov e , a nd s e e D en B oes te rd , p l . 1 , 7a nd 7 a . O the r sh ave b een f ound a tV e tera a nd C o lches te r ; a nd s e eL ehn e r , N ova e s ium , T at 3 , 3 8 a nd 4 1 ; U lb e r t A i s l ingen , T at 2 3 , 1 3 ; U lbe r t , R he ingönh .e im , T al . 3 7 , 5a nd 6 ;a nd K räme r , C ambodunum , 1 953 , T a t 1 7 , 1 9 .

P la t e 1 3 , 7

1 966b

L a rg e h eavy b uck e t f oo t , f ound w i th a f i bu la P la te , 2 , 1 ,a nd a b ronze b e l l .

T he o u t s id e h a s mou ld ing s a nd i s s l igh t ly c onvex .

T he s p layed s uppo r t sa r eb eve l led a l ong t h eu nder s id e . T he re may b e t r ace s o f s o ld e r o n t h e u pp e r s i de .

G ood g reen p a t ina .

F o r

s im i la r f e e t s e e W i l le r s , 1 907 , 7 ,A bb . 5 ;a nd f o r t h e b u cke t s s e e P e rn ice , 1 925 , 2 8 , A bb . 3 5 ; a nd T a rb e l l , 1 909 , p l . 6 9 , f i g s . 1 07 -8 a nd p l . 7 3 , f i g . 1 23 .

4 8

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 2 978 w h ich i sj u s tt h es am ea sN o . 7b u tn o ts ow e l lp r e se rv ed . F ound w i th c o in s , b u tt h e se a r e n o ti nC han t ra ine ,N ova e s ium , I I .

B a th -F la sk :

P la t e 1 3 , 8

1 2 110

T h i s s ma l l c on ta in e r h a s ag l obu la r b ody , an a r row n eck , a nd a w id e f unne l shap ed m ou th .

T h e l i d i sl a ck ing , a s w i th a l l t h e

f l a sk s i lu s t r a t ed b y D en B oe s t e rd .

H e r p l . 1 2 , 3 02 i sc l o s e s t t o

t h i s . S e ea l so T a rbe l l , 1 909 , p l . 1 04 , f o ra no i lf l a sk f r om P omp e i i w h ich i sv e ry s im i la r . H e igh t6 . 2 c m ; d i am e t e r 5 . 5 c m . T h e o n ly d eco ra t ion i s as i ng le c o rdon a r ound t h eg r ea te s tg i r th . T h er im i s b rok en a nd d oe sn o ts how t h ea t tachm en t sf o rc ha in s .

Ampho ra H and le s :

P la t e 1 3 , 9

4 230

At i ny h and le , o ne o f ap a i r , f r om as ma l la mpho ra .

P l a t e 1 3 , 1 0

6 989b

Ah and l ef r om a na mpho ra l i k e D en B o e s t e rd , p l . 1 , 2 60 . I th a s t h r e et r an sv e r se m ou ld ing s o nt h e c u rv e . T h e h uman m a sk a tt h e l ow e r e nd i sb ad ly d amag ed . F ound w i th a n A lmg r en 2 0 f i bu la , P l a t e7 ,5 .

B eak e rf ound w i th aJ ug H and le :

P l a te 1 4 , 1& 2

5 662

T h ev e s s e lw a sp robab ly ab eak e r , a nd t h ej ug h and le w a ss o ld e red t oi ti na n t iqu i ty .

T h e b eak e r i su nu sua l : i ti st h in -wa l led w i th

f l u t ed o rg ad roon ed s i d e s , an a r row e r n e ck , ac i r cu la r m ou th a nd a n e ve r t ed r im .

I ti sb ad ly c o r rod ed a nd t h e f o o t i sm i s s ing .

D iam e t e ro ft h er im 8c m : g r ea t e s td i am e t e ro fw a l l8 . 4c m .

T h e h and le i sw e l l p r e se rved , w i th ab eau t ifu l g r een p a t ina . T h e p ro toma o f ag i r l r i se s h igh a bov e t h e v e s se l . T h e h and le c u rve s d ownwa rd sf r om h e rs hou ld e r s . H e rh a i ri sg a th e r ed b a ck o v e rt h e t o p o ft h e h and le . T h e l owe r e nd o ft h e h and le e nd s i n ah uman m a sk . H and le s l i k e t h i s a r e v e ry r a r e , b u t s e e T a rbe l l , 1 909 , p l . 8 , f i g .

17 , a f te r t h e o r ig ina l a t P omp e i i ;

a nd A lb r ech t ,

O b e rad en , 1 942 , 3 6 a nd A bb . 2 ; T oynb e e , 1 967 , 2 40 -2 f r om W in ch e s t e r .

4 9

T h e b eak e r i se ven m o r e d if icu l t t o i d en t i f y .

T he r e a r e g l a s s

v e s se l s a tP omp e i i w i th f l u t ed o rg ad rooned w a l l s l i k e t h i s b ronze b eak e r , a nd t h e r e a r e a l so f l u t ed g l a s sj ug s b u t t h e n eck s o ft h e se a r ed if e r en tb ecau se t h ey h av e as pou t . E gge r s , I mpor t , T yp e 1 27 m ay b e ar e la ted t y p e . As i lv e rj ug w i th much n a r row e rg ad roon s c om e s f r om D uvan l i -Ba s chov a Mog i la ( n ow i nP lovd iv Mu seum ) , s e eS t rong , 1 966 ,p l . 1 7B ,b u tt h i s s e em st ob ec l o se s tt oA t t ic j ug s o ft h ef i f th t of ou r th c en tu r ie s BC . L id sa nd H and le sf r om J ug s :

P l a t e 1 4 , 3

8 053c

Al a rg ea nd h eavy j ug h and le . I th a st wo h o le sf o rf a s ten ing t ot h e r im o f t h e j ug , a nd ab i g p ro jec t ing k nob f o r e a se o f h and l ing d u r ing u s e .

T h e l ow e r e nd o ft h e h and le h a s ah eavy t r iangu la r

e s cu t ch eon w i th at e rm ina l k nob . F ound w i th P la te 8 ,1 2 ; 9 , 1 4 ; A u c i s sa B a nd E f i bu la e , a nd w i th af r agm en tf r om as impu lum o r l a d le .

P l a t e 1 4 , 4

1 706

Ma sk f r om t h el ow e re nd o f aj ug h and le ,p a r t ly c o r rod ed .

P l a t e 1 4 , 5

5 711

Ma sk f r om t h e l ow e re nd o f an a r row h and le , c ompa r e N ,1 907 , T a f . 6 5 , 5 ,f o r ar e la t ed m a sk a nd t h in f l a th and le .

P l a t e 1 4 , 6

2 555b

F ound w i th a nA lmg r en 1 9f i bu la ,P l a t e6 ,3 . Ap l a in h and le f r om aj ug .

P l a te 1 4 , 7

1 4574

P l a in h and le f r om aj ug w i th al i d l i k e L ehn e r , N ovae s ium , T af . 3 , 2 2 , a nd D en B o e s te rd ,p l . 1 ,2 40 -246 .

N o ti lu s t ra t ed : 8 15 a nd 2 373 a r ef r agm en t sf r om s im i la rh and le s .

P l a t e 1 5 , 1

1 2189

J ug h and le w i th a n a c an thu s a tt h e u pp e r e nd . T he l owe r e nd i s b r ok en .

P l a t e 1 5 , 2

6 578

P l a in c u rv ed j ug h and le , l e ng th 1 0c m .

P l a t e 1 5 , 3

9 80

Ap l a in l i d( Deck e l )f o r aj ug ,p rob ab ly w i th at r e f o i l mou th .

5 0

P la t e 1 5 , 4

6 834

A no the r p l a in l i d , h eavy , a nd s l igh t ly b ev e l led a tt h e e dg e s n ea r t h es pou t . T h e r ei s am a s s ive p ro jec t ion f o re a s eo fh and l ing w h en o p en ing t h e l i d .

T h e b rok en h o le s how s w h e r e t h e l i d w a s

a t tach ed t ot h ej ug . T h ej unc t ion i st o ot h in f o r s u ch ah eavy l i d , wh ich i sw hy i tb rok e .

F o r a n e xa c t ly s im i la r l i d , s e e J a cob i ,

S aa lbu rg ,T af . 5 8 , 1 .

P l a t e 1 5 , 5

1 5841

A na t ta chm en t( Be sch lag ) , p o s s ib ly p a r to f al i d . I ti sv e ry h eavy , a nd t h e t o ta l l e ng th i s8 . 8 c m .

A t o n e e nd t h e r e i s ah o le , b u t

w h e th e ri ti sf o rs u sp en s ion ,o rf o rs om eo t he rp u rpo se i sn o tc l ea r . A c o ck s t and s a t t h e w id e r e nd , a nd t h e r e a r e t wo h o le s f o r a t ta chm en t ,o n eo ne i the rs i d eo ft h ec ock . T h i sw id e ra nd t h inne r a r ea i s3 . 4c mw id e .

P l a t e 1 5 , 6

5 633 a& b

Two s ma l lh i ng e s . T h e i rp u rpo se i su n ce r ta in . T h ey d o n o t s e em t ob e m i l i ta r y e qu ipm en t , a nd , i ft h ey a r e h ing ed l i d s , t h en t h ey a r ev e ry s ma l l . T ra ce so fg o ld l e a fs u rv iv e o nt h ep o in t ed e nd s o f e ach o b jec t , b u tt h eb ronze i s much c o r rod ed . T h e o t he r e nd s a r e b rok en o fc l o se t ot h eh i ng e s .

P l a t e4 9 ,2

3 62b .

P ho tog raph : l e a f shap ed l i d , d e sc r ib ed w i th o t he ro b jec t sf r om t h e C yb e le T emp le w i th t h ep ho tog raph sb e low .

P l a t e 1 5 , 7

6 161b

A s ma l l

s w ing -hand le f o r a l a rg e b ronze v e s se l ,

p o s s ib ly

s om e th ing l i k eN o . 8b e low .

P l a te 1 5 , 8

1 0047a

Al a rg eb a s in w i th av e r t ica lw a l la nd a ne v er ted r im . I ti sc l o se s t t oD en B oe s te rd ,p l . 8 ,1 94 , b u t n o tq u i t et h e s am e . T h ed i am e te r i s3 2c m ,a nd t h et o ta lh e igh ti s 4c m . S w ing -hand le sa r ef a s ten ed b e low t h er im .

P l a te 1 5 , 9

1 2 185

Av e ry h eavy e s cu t ch eon , i nt h ef o rm o f as imp le p a lme t te , f o rt h e a t tachm en to f as w ing -hand le t o al a rg eb a s in . I ti sp robab le t h a t t h e k ind o fh and l e u s ed w a s l i k e , P la t e 1 2 , 1 , a nd t h a t i st h e c o r r ec ts i ze t of i ti n to t h eh o le sa te i th e rs i d eo ft h em ou ld ed t op o f t h ee s cu t ch eon . H o l l ig e r , 1 986 ,f r om V indon i s sa , T af . 1 0 , 7 7 .

Ap a i ro fe xac t ly s im i la ro ne sw e r e f o und i nt h e L exd en T umu lu s a t C o lch e s te r , o nc e t h ough t t o h av e b e en t h e t omb o f K ing

5 1

C unobe l inu s who d i ed a b ou t AD 4 0 , s e e A rchaeo log ia , 7 6 , 1 927 , p l . 6 1 , f i g . 2 .

A mo r e r e cen t s t udy s ugge s t s Add ema ru s , d y ing

b e tween 1 0 & 5BC w a sb u r ied t he re , s e e F o s te r , 1 986 . F o r al i s t o fo the r e xamp le s s e e Wer n e r , K e lhe im , 7 1 . t h e se

h ave

b een

f ound

i n c lud e

( Leg ion s lage r ) . A ugu s tan t oT ibe r ian .

5 2

T he p l ace s whe re

O be rhau sen

a nd

H a l tern

MISCELLANEOUS BRONZE OBJECTS

I

P e r sona l O rnamen t s . T o i le t&S u rg ica lI n s trumen t s

P la te 1 5 , 1 0

6 064b

F inge r -R ing i n s i lve r a l loy , i n sc r ib ed MAT , p robab ly f o r MATRES , b e tween t wo n a r row b and s o f f i n e b ead ing ( P e r len s t re i f en ) .

F ound w i th

P la te 4 ,1 3 , a nA lmg r en 1 5f i bu la .

P la te 1 5 , 1

2 211

F ing e r -R ing , w i th i n se ts t one n ow m i s s ing . Much c o r roded b ronze .

P la t e 1 5 , 1 2

8 372

Ap l a in b ronze B race le tw i th ag ood p a t ina .

P la te 1 5 , 1 3

3 159

AB race le tw i th t wo s nak e -h ead s . I ti sb rok en , a nd t h et wo e nd sh ave b een t w i s ted t og e the r . B r igh tg reen p a t ina .

P la t e 1 6 , 1

1 0387

P o s s ib ly a H and le , f l a t a t t h e b ack , f r on t .

As ma l l r ound k nob a tt h e t op .

w i th s l igh t ly b eve l led e dg e s a t t h e I tm ay c ome f r om a s impu lum o r

w ine lad le ,b u ti t sp u rpo se i sn o tc er ta in . 1 5 .5 c ml ong a nd 0 . 2c mt h ick .

P la te 1 6 , 2

1 6957

F ou r s ided b ronze R od , 1 3 .5 c m l ong t ot h e b r eak .

T he k nob i sc apped

w i th wh i te m e ta l a tt h e t op , w i th a p l a in b ronze b and b e low , a nd wh i te m e ta lo nt h es quar es haf t .

P la te 1 6 , 3

3 86

S u rg ica lP robe , w i th ah and le t ha tt h ick en sa nd b ecome sr i dged t owa rd st h e o th e r e nd , b ef o re i tf l a t ten s , p robab ly i n to as pa tu la n ow b rok en a way .

A

c ommon t yp e , s e e D av ie s , 1 90 , f i g . 1 3 , 1 3 f r om B ing en , a s a l so B eh ren s , A bb 3 9 , 1 .

P l a te 1 6 ,4

1 000 /41

At i ny , c omp le te P in . T he b ronze i st w i s ted t of o rm t h eh ead .

P la te 1 6 , 5

100

Ac omp le te P in w i th ac on ica lh ead .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 6515 i ss im i la rb u tb rok en .

P la te 1 6 , 6

1 087

Ac omp le te P in , 1 3 c ml ong , w i th ab eau t if u lp a t ina .

P la te 1 6 , 7

7 939

H exagona lR od e nd ing i n al a rge r ound k nob . 1 9c mt ot h eb r eak .

P la te 1 6 , 8

1 5351

B ronze S t r ip -a t tachmen t ( Be sch lag ) w i th b ev e l led s i d e s a nd e nd , 1 7 c m l o ng t ot h eb r eak .

5 3

P la te 1 6 , 9

3 909a

B race le t , e nd ing i n as nak e -head , c ompa re N o . 1 3 a bove , a nd N o . 1 5 b e low .

P la te 1 6 , 1 0

4 48

C ymba l , 1 8 c m i nd i ame t e r , f r om t h e F o s sa S angu in is i n t h e t h i rd f ou r th c en tu ry T emp le o f C ybe le .

N ow i n t h e C lemen s -Se ls Mu seum , N eu s s .

T he re i s as ma l l s qua r ec en t ra lh o le ,a nd a no the rh o le o nt he r im . P robab ly t h e r e w a s at h i rd h o le w he r e t h e r im i sb rok en a way .

Mr J ame s B lad e s

k ind ly c o r re spond ed w i th m e , a nd h e s t a ted t ha t s ome c ymba l s c an h ave t h ree h o le s f o r ac o rd o r c ha in , a nd w e igh t a bou t 7o unce s .

F o r t h e

E gyp t ian a nd G reek c ymba l s i nt he B r i t i sh Mu seum , s ee B lad e s , 1 970 , p l . 6 0 -63 ; f o rp a i r si nt wo s i ze sf r om P omp e i i , s e eB ehn , Mu s ik leben , T at 6 7 , 1 54 . F o ro the ro b jec t sf r om t h i ss h r ine s e ep l . 4 9b e low .

P la te 1 6 , 1

1 4206

L ea f y b ranch o r t r ee , v e ry h eavy , b rok en a tt h e l owe r e nd .

P re sumab ly

f r om t h eh and o f ab ronze s t a tue .

P la te 1 6 , 1 2

8 475

S l end e rP in w i th r ound ed h ead a nd r oughen ed s haf t( b rok en ) . P o s s ib ly f o r s u rg ica lu se , l i k eN o . 1 4b e low .

P la te 1 6 , 1 3

7 368

B race le tw i th d eco ra t iv el i ne s .

P la te 1 6 , 1 4

6 819

P robab ly aH and le f r om ac u rv ed D is sec to r o r H ook , r oughened w i th f i ne c r o s s -ha tched l i ne s t op r even t t h e f i ng e r s f r om s l ipp ing o n i t . S ee M i lne , S u rg ica lI n s t rum en t s , 8 5 -7 , p l . 2 3 , 1 4 ;p l . 2 4 , 1 5 ; D av ies , 9 0 , f i g . 3 ,8 10 , w i th t e rm ina lh ook sa sa tB ing en .

P la te 1 6 , 1 5

145

As nak e -head ed B race le t ,b rok en a tt h eo th e re nd . B r igh tg reen p a t ina .

P la te 1 6 , 1 6

6 656

P la in B race le te nd ing i nb i rd o rs nak e -h ead s . D a rk g r een p a t ina .

P la te 1 7 , 1

1 407 l a -c

T h ree l i t t le o va l p la te s , p e rhap s f o r t o i le t p u rpo se s . T he s i d e s a r e b en t u pwa rd s a nd e dged w i th t i ny b ead s ( Pe r len s t re if en ) . T he l a rge s t i s7 . 5 cm l ong b y4 . 5 c mw ide . T he n ex ti s6 . 5 b y 3 . 8 c m , a nd t h e s ma l le s t i s6 . 0 b y 3 . 6c m .

P la te 1 7 , 2

1 4081

S t r ig i l o ft he e a r ly A ugu s tan p e r iod , w i th at i ny n ame s tamp .

S ee a l so f i g .

1f o r t h e s t amp e n la rged 4t im e s . I ti sp o s s ib le t ha t t he l e t ter s r e ad CTM h o r izon ta l ly a nd MT v e r t ica l ly .

5 4

F ig 1

S t r ig i ln am e s tamp o n 1 4081 , 4 : 1

L oca t ion

D r G Mü l le ri n f o rm ed m et h a ti tw a sf ound i n ap i tw i th c ha r coa l . T h ep i tc on ta in ed T ib e r ian -C laud ian c oa r se p o t t e ry ,b u ti tc u ta c ro s sa tl e a s tt wo o l d e ro ccupa t ion l e v e l s , a nd i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h es t r ig i lc am ef r om o ne o f t h e s ed i s tu rbed l e v e l s . S ee t h ed a t ing f o rN o . 3 .

P l a t e 1 7 , 3

1 0290

S t r ig i l o ft h e e a r ly A ugu s tp e r iod , w i th at i ny n am e s tamp r e ad ing T .PET h o r izon ta l ly , b u t t h e v e r t ica l p o r t ion i sc omp l e t e ly i l eg ib le , s e e f i g . 2 , e n la rged 4t im e s . T h i s i s ad if e r en t s hap e a nd s i ze o fs t amp f r om N o . 2 , s e ef i g . 1 .O th e rw i se t h es t r ig i l sa r es im i la r .

F ig 2

S t r ig i ln ame s tamp o n 1 0290 ,4 : 1

L oca t ion

L y ing o ve rt h ef i ll ing o fC amp A D i t ch , s ou th f ron to fF i e ld 1 33 , w i th e a r ly A ugu s tan c oa r se p o t t e ry o fH a l te rn a nd O be rad en t y pe s . I ti sa s soc ia ted w i th aR epub l ican d ena r iu s o f BC 5 2 /50 , F ind N o . 1 0 317 , C han t ra in e , T a f . 4 ,4 31 .

D a t ing

F ou rs im i la rs t r ig i l sh av eb e en f ound i ne a r ly A ugu s tan s i te s , a nd t h e r e a r ef i ve o t h e r sf r om o l dc o l lec t ion s , a s f o l low s :

5

( i )

A lb r ech t , O b e rad en , 2 , 1 942 , 1 54 , T a f . 4 6 , 4 . T h e h o r i zon ta l s t amp s e em s t or e ad P ETR , t h e f i na ll e t te rb e ing l e s sc l ea rt h an t h e o t h e r s . T h ev e r t ica ls t amp s how s at i ny Amo rt or i gh t . T h e s o l id f l a t h and le i sl i k et h eN eu s s s t r ig i l s e xcep tt h a t i th a s ad e l ica t e p unched s c ro l l p a t te rn o n b o th s i d e s .

( i )

T h e d i scov e ry o f as t r ig i l a tB ib e r l ikop f r e in f o r ce s t h e O b e rad en d a t ing b ecau s e t h i s s i t e w a s f o und ed a bou t BC 2 5 /20 a nd a bandoned b ya bou t BC 1 5 , s e eU r -Schwe i z2 6 , 1 962 ,4 7 , A bb . 4 5 .

( i i )

P ro f e s so r HB run s t ing i n f o rm ed m e o f as t r ig i l f ound i n 1 961 i n t h e L eg iona ry f o r t re s s a t N i jmeg en w i th av e ry s ma l l h o r izon ta l s t amp r e ad ing L FABR I a nd a n u n iden t if ied f i gu r e i na s ma l le r v e r t ica l s t amp . I tw a s f o und w i th t h e e a r ly t y p e o fi r on h e lm e t , K lumba ch , R öm i sch e H e lme a u sN ied e rg e rman ien ,K ö ln , 1 974 , 4 1 , T at 2 8 .

( i v )

D r HGS imon f ound as t r ig i lw i th t h r ee t i ny s t amp s ,t h et h i rd b e ing a tt h ee nd o ft h eh and le , a l l r e ad ing P R IM I , i nt h eF o r tD i tch a tR ödgen , BC 1 0 -8 .

( v -v i )

D r SL Wy iüa h a s n o ted t wo o t he r sf r om o l dc o l lec t ion s : L ind en sc lu iü t , AUHV , B and 2 ,H ef t 9 , T al . 4 ,A bb . 6 ,f r om ap r iva te c o l lec t ion i n Ma inz , w i th ap l a in f l a th and l e s t amp ed h o r izon ta l ly AGATO , a nd w i th a n Amo rt or i gh ti nt h ev e r t ica ls t amp ,v e ry l i k eO b e r ad en ; a nd i nt h ep r iva te c o l lec t ion o f CAN ie s s en , B e sch r e ibung r öm . A l te r tüm e r , K ö ln , 1 911 , B and 2 ,T a f . 15 , N o . 3 581 , w i th a d oub le h and le , w h ich s e em s t o b e as l igh t ly l a t e r t y p e , s t amp ed S EX AGAT h o r izon ta l ly , a nd p e rhap s aC aduc eu si nt h et i ny v e r t ica ls t amp .

( v i i -v i i i )

Ih av e s e en t wo i nN ap le s Mu seum , 7 0019 a nd 7 0067 , b y t h e k indn e s s o ft h e S op r in t enden te , D o t t . A lf on so d iF ranc i sc i s . T he s ea r ei na na t t ic r o om o ft h eR e se rv eC o l lec t ion f r om P omp e i i . E ach h a si l eg ib le s t amp sa nd af l a tp l a in h and le .

( i x -x )

G a r ru cc i , 1 864 , 1 4 1 , p l . 9 ,1 9 , f r om P a le s t r ina , s how s ah o r izon ta l s t amp r e ad ing LYMP , b u t t h ev e r t ica l s t amp i si l eg ib l e . A nu npub l i sh ed d raw ing b y ER o s s ig no l i nh i s manu sc r ip t i nt he A r ch iv e s D dpa r t em en ta l s a t A lb i , s how s as t r ig i l w i th a h o r izon ta l s t amp r ead b y h im a s TR ITOS , a nd f ound a tS a in t -Sauveu r , Mon tan s , h i sp ag e 8a nd P l a t e3 ,2 .

P l a t e 1 7 , 4

3 004b

M i r ro r ,c u ti n to as p ec ia ls hape ,h igh ly p o l i sh ed , w i th b ev e l led e dg e s , mad e f r om w h i te m e ta l .

As im i la r , b u t c omp le t e , m i r ro r i si nt he R h e in i sche s

L and e smu seum , B onn .

T he u nd e r s id e i sr o ugh , f o r a t tachm en t t o s ome

b ack ing m a te r ia l . F ound w i th P l a t e2 4 , 1 7 , aD r e s s f a s t en e r .

N o ti lu s t r a ted : 1 402 , af r agm en t , a nd 8 096 , al a rg er ound m i r ro r , 1 3c mi nd i am e t e r , c onv ex i np rof i l ew i th a r e ba t ef o r ah and le , n ow m i s s ing .

5 6

P la te 1 7 , 5

2 560

M ir ro r -hand le , ac ommon v a r ie ty , o n ce c oa ted w i th wh i te m e ta l , b u t n ow much c o r rod ed . N o . 1 402 w a sf ound w i th a no b jec tl i k eP la te 2 1 , 6 .

P la te 1 7 , 6

1 4806

C omp le te S t r ig i l w i th a l i t t le r i ng f o r s u sp en s ion a tt h e e nd o f t h e s o l id h and le .

T he h and le h a s ad e l ica te l e af p a t te rn .

V e ry l i k e S t e ig e r , 1 962 ,

Abb . 2 0 , l aa nd b ,f r om A ug s t .

P la t e 1 7 ,7

1 5546

As ma l l S t r ig i lw i th as o l id r e c tangu la rh and le .

No ti lu s t ra ted : 2 381 i ss im i la rb u tc or roded .

P la te 1 7 , 8

5 298b

F ragmen t f r om t h e c urv e o f av e ry l a rge S t r ig i l .

3 . 2 c m a c ro s s t h e b lad e .

F ound w i th P la t e2 3 , 1 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 7 40 a nd 3 997 a r ef r agm en t sf r om t h ec u rve so fs ma l le rS t r ig i ls .

P la te 1 7 , 9

8 889a

S t r ig i l -Hand le c o r rod ed a to ne e nd ,b u ts how ing a ne ng raved p a t te rn o nt h e r ema inde ro ft h eh and le . F o r ar e la ted d e s ign , s e e S t e ig e r , A ug s t , 1 962 , 6 1 , Abb . 2 0 , 1a& b ,w h ich i sd a ted t h e r e t ot h e f i r s t h a lf o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry AD .

No t i lu s t ra ted : f r agmen t s w i th s o l id h and le s : 5 997 , 8 759 , 1835 , 1 5255 , 1 5514 .

F ragmen t s w i th s l i t o r

h o l low h and le s : 3 024 , 310 , 6 940 , 7 025 , 1 66945 . 7 025 w a sf ound w i th P la te 1 0 , 7 ;a nd 3 310 w a s f ound w i th P la te s2 ,1 0& 1 0 , 5 .

F o rt h e med ica li n s t rumen t sf r om N eu s sH o sp i ta l , s e eL ehne r , 1 904 , T a f . 2 5 .

P la te 1 8 , 1

7 645

C a the te r , c omp le te , a l though t h e re a r e af ew c r ack s a l ong t h e n ar row t ube wh ich i s2 9 c ml ong . R ounded e nd , w i th a n o va l h o le i nt he s i d e a t 1c m f r om t h e e nd , w h ich i se xac t ly l i k e amod ern c a the te r .

Ar a re d i scove ry :

f o ro ne a tP ompe i is e eM i ln e , 1 44 , p l . 4 5 , 1 ,a l so i lu s t ra ted b yN eugebaue r , 1 927 , p l . 3 , 3 . G ef und en F e ld 1 33 : S pä t t ib e r i sch o d e r f r üh C laud i sch s t a ted D r Mü l le r .

P la te 1 8 , 2

5 347

S pa tu la , c omp le t e , w i th v e ry f i n ee i gh t s id ed f l u t ing .

P la te 1 8 , 3

1 0905

S pa tu la , b rok en a tt h e o the r e nd , w i th av e ry f i ne ly f lu ted s haf tf o r ag ood g r ip . C ompa r eP la te 1 6 , 3 .

5 7

N o ti lu s t ra ted : f r agmen t so fs im i la rs haf t s : 3 013 , 4 311 , 1 4611 wh ich i sb eau t i fu l ly f l u ted , a nd 1 4815 .

P la te 1 8 , 4

3 806c

F ragmen t o fm ou ld ed s hee t b ronze , b en t a tt h e c urved e dg e .

F ound w i th

f i bu lae . P la te s 8 , 5a nd 1 0 , 1 6 .

P la te 1 8 , 5

1 5075a

R ound P la te o fb ronze s hee t ing , s l igh t ly c oncave , w i th a n embo s sed r i ng a l l r ound a to ne c en t ime t re f r om t he e dg e . F ound w i th at e rm ina lf o r al e a the r s t rap a nd a nA uc i s sa T yp e Cf i bu la .

P la te 1 8 , 6

3 901b

P rob ew i th f i ne h a tched l i ne sa l lo v e ri t ,p robab ly t og r ip w oo lf o rt r ea t ing a w ound .

T he s haf t i sb rok en .

F ound w i th a H akenf ib e l , 3 , 2 .

S ee R

J a ck son , B r i tann ia , 1 7 , 1 986 , 19 -167 .

P la te 1 8 ,7

1 5077a

P robe a nd S poon ( Löf f e l ) .

A c ommon t ype , s e e D av ie s , 9 0 , f i g . 3 , 2 2 .

F ound w i th P la te s2 3 , 1 6 a nd 2 5 , 8 .

P la te 1 8 , 8

1 0103

P rob ea nd S pa tu la w i th f l u ted s haf tf o r ag ood g r ip .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : f r agmen t sf r om P rob e s : 2 46 , 6 89 , 6 018 , 7 900 , 8 632 , 1608 , 1 2374 , 1 6916 .

P la te 1 8 , 9

1 2005a

F o rcep s , c omp le te , a nd 1 0 .5 cm l ong . F ound w i th P la te 2 7 , 1 2 .

P la te 1 8 , 1 0

5 219

Sma l l S poon w i th wh i te m e ta l o n ly i nt h eb ow l . E l sewhere t h e r e i s ag ood g reen p a t ina .

P la te 1 8 , 1

1198

B ronze Kn if e -Hand le , r e c tangu la r a nd 9 . 5 c m l ong . P ar t o ft h e i r on k n if e i ss t i l li ni t s s o ck e t .

P la t e 1 8 , 1 2

1 0878b

B ifu r ca ted P rob e , 1 4 .8 l ong , s e e M i ln e , S u rg ica l I n s t rumen t s , p l . 2 1 , 6 . H e n o t ed t ha t t h ey a r e e a s i ly m i s tak en f o r n e t t ing n eed le s .

F ound w i th P la te

1 2 , 1 0 . RH a t ta t t , 1 989 , 4 76 -489 , f i g s . 2 9 -33 .

P la te 1 8 , 1 3

5 271a

B a ro fu nce r ta in p u rpo se . F ound w i th P la te 2 3 , 1 5 .

P la te 1 8 , 1 4

8 052

H a lf o f aB race le to rT o rque? T he e nd i sf l a t , a nd j u s t i n s ide t h ee dge t he r e i s ah o l low p l ace f o r af a s ten ing o fs ome k ind . w i th s ha l low l i ne so fs ma l lb ead s .

5 8

T he o u t s id e i sd eco ra ted

P la t e 1 8 , 1 5

1 0056

B ronze T ub e .

P la t e 1 9 , 1

6 161a

K ey -Hand le ( Sch lü s se lg r if f )i nt h ef o rm o f ah o r se 's h ead . V e ry h eavy , a nd t h e re i s ah o le f o rs u sp en s ion j u s tb eh ind t h eh o r se 's mou th , a nd r ema in s o f t h ei r on k ey a r ei nt h e s o ck e t . F o r ag rea tn umb e ro ft h e se k ey -hand le s , s e e F a ide r -Fey tman s , B ava i , 1 09 -110 , p l . 4 2 , 2 58 -9 .

T he re a r e n ine i n t h e

R he in i sche s

t h ree

L and e smu seum ,

B onn ,

i n c lud ing

f r om

L ehn e r ,

N ovae s ium , A9 05 , 7 132 , 9 723 . F ound w i th P la te 1 5 , 7 ,a nd a l so w i th t h e t op o f as qua r e -hand led k ey l i k e P la t e 2 0 , 9 ,b e low .

F o r ak ey -hand le

s how ing a l i on d evou r ing a man , s e e H en ig , 1 984 , 4 07 -8 , 4 22 -3 .

W i th

An ton ine o b jec t s ,b u ti th a sb een r epa ir ed a f te rb r eakage .

P l a t e 1 9 , 2

8 800

R e l ief o f ad og p u l l ing d own ah ind . P e rhap s aC a sk e t -O rnam en t b ecau se i th a s af l a tb ack . G ood q ua l i ty f i gu r e s . S l igh t ly c o r rod ed . L eng th 8 . 7c m .

P l a te 1 9 , 3

1 947

Kn if e -hand le e nd ing i na n a n ima l -head . T race s o ft h e i r on b l ad e s urv ive . T he h and le i sr ounded i ns e c t ion .

P l a t e 1 9 , 4

1 2366

Av e ry s ma l l Kn if e -Hand le e nd ing i n ar ud imen ta ry b i rd -head . T he b ronze t h ick en si n to ar i dg e whe r ei th o ld st h ei r on b l ad e .

P l a t e 1 9 , 5

6 011

F la tO rnamen tf o rs u spen s ion o ra t tachmen t .

P l a t e 1 9 , 6

2 505b

Kn if e -hand le f ound w i th P la te 2 7 , 1 . S ee N ew s tead , 2 82 , f i g . 4 0 a nd P la te 6 0 , 9 ;L ehn e r , N ovae s ium , T at 3B , 3 6 .

P l a te 1 9 , 7

1 0631

Sma l l ma sk o f aS a ty r , p o s s ib ly f r om aH and le . P a r t ly b rok en a tb o th s i d e s b e low t he s hou ld e r so ft h ef i gu r e .

P l a te 1 9 , 8

5 258

O rnamen ted H and le w i th a h ook f o r s u spen s ion .

T he e nd h a s ab r eak

o ppo s i te t h eh ook , a nd p e rhap st h e re w a s ak nob o rh ook t h e r ea l so . P a r to f t h ei r on b l ad es u rv ive s .

P l a te 1 9 , 9

2 562b

P la te 1 9 , 1 0 -12

P la te 1 9 , 1 0

D eco ra ted Kn if e -Hand le f ound w i th P la te 2 7 , 2 4 , as ma l lb e l l .

T h r ee B one O b jec t s

1 2585

P a r t o f aB one H and le , w i th f i ne g roove s c u t a c ro s s i td i agona l ly . e nd sa r eb rok en .

5 9

B o th

P la te 1 9 , 1

2 550

S poon o fB one , w i th r ounded b ow la nd r ound ed h and le .

P la te 1 9 , 1 2

6 043

L eg o fB on e ( b e ine rne s B e in ) , r a th e r r ough ly c a rved , a nd e v id en t ly o nce a H and le .

P la te 1 9 , 1 3

1 011

B oo t( S t ief e l )o fb ronze , p e rhap sf r om as t a tue . T r iangu la ri n se tf o r a t tachmen ta tt h et op .

P la te 1 9 , 1 4

R o se t te -A t tachmen tw i th n i e l lo d eco ra t ion . H o l low a tt he b ack w i th al a rg e c en t ra lh o le .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 4 33 , s im i la rb u tc o r rod ed .

P la te 1 9 , 1 5

1 930

L öwenf ü s se . As ma l l s uppor tf o r al amp s tand o rs ome s uch s ma l lp i ece o f o rnamen ta lf u rn i tu re . T he r ei s at ang f o ra t tachmen ta tt he t op .

P la te 1 9 , 1 6

2 514

Sma l l D i sk , p o s s ib ly a m i r ro r , 4 . 2 c m i nd i ame te r .

T here a r e c oncen t r ic

c i rc le so nt h eb ack .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 0899 i ss im i la rb u t 6c mi nd i ame te r , a nd i np oo rc ond i t ion .

P la t e 1 9 , 1 7

1 5036

F la tB a r( f lache rS t ab ) , p u rpo se u n cer ta in . S h ie ld b race?

P la te 1 9 , 1 8

8 67

H eavy d eco ra t ive Moun t ( Be sch lag ) , s l igh t ly c oncav e a tt he b a ck w i th t wo h o le s f o r a t tachmen t .

F ound w i th f r agmen t s o f S h ie ld -b ind ing a nd a

H ak enf ibe l .

P la te 2 0 , 1

6 866b

L a rge C a sk e t -Hand le f ound w i th aS impu lum , P la te 1 2 , 8 . I th a s ar i dged s e c t ion a nd i ss t i l la t tached t o af r agmen to fb ronze s hee t .

P la te 2 0 , 2

6 972

AC a sk e t -Hand le w i th as qua re -g r ip .

P la te 2 0 , 3

1 784a

C a sk e t -hand le w i th a r ound ed g r ip a nd c en t ra l mou ld ing s .

F ound w i th

P la te 2 4 , 1 9 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 316a , 2 168 , 1 0065 , 1 2450 , 1 2716 , a nd c ompa r eL ehne r , N ova e s ium , 4 10 ,T af . 3 3 , 1 ,2 ,5 .

6 0

P l a t e2 0 , 4 -5

9 91a&b

S ee P ho tog raph , P la te 4 8 , 1 . G i r l 's h ead a s aC he s t -O rnamen t a nd al a rge h and le f r om aC he s t . N ow i nt h e C lemen s -Se l s Mu seum , N eu s s . F ound b y t h e n or th -ea s t c o rne r o f t he C laud ian F o r t re s s , s e e v on P e tr ikov i t s , N ovae s ium , 1 956 , 7 4 , N r . 1 6 . T h i st ype o fo rnamen t d if e r sf r om f u rn i tu re a t ta chmen t s , f o r e xamp le t h e C ouch o rnamen t ( K l inenbe sch lag ) f r om J ü l ich , v on P e t r ikov i t s , B J 1 64 , 1 964 , 3 03-5 .

F o r ag r ea t i r on c hes t w i th

s uch a t tachmen t s s e e N eugebaue r , 1 927 , T af . 1 0 , 2 ,f r om t h e a t r ium o f a h ou se i nP ompe i i . S ee a l so ah and le l i k et h i sf r om as ma l l c he s t i n Ma inz , 1 889 , T a f . 2 4 , 1 ,f ound i n Ma inz .

T he g i r l h a s r ound ed c heek s , as hor t n eck , a nd a s nub n o se . H e r h ead i s c r owned w i th v ine leave sa nd b unche s o fg rape s . T he r ound a t tachmen t i s d eco ra ted w i th f i ne ly -eng raved d o t s ( Punk t ie ren ) .

T he h ead i sv e ry l i k e

t wo f ound i n K ö ln , s e e R öm . -G erm . K or re spond enzb la t t , I I , 1 910 , 8 7 , A bb . 2 3 a& b . Two o the r s h ave b een f ound i n K ö ln , s e e F remer sdo rf , D iony so s -Mo sa ik , T a f . 2 7 , w i th s im i la r h and le s .

T hey w e re a l l f ound i n

R oom T n ex tt ot h e Mo sa ik -Raum . T he d a t ing s ugge s ted w a sb e tween t he m idd le s e cond t om idd le t h i rd c en tu ry AD .

A t N eu s s , a s soc ia ted t e r ra s i g i l la ta s ugge s t s t ha t a n e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry AD d a t ing i sp o s s ib le , s e e Ma ry , N ovae s ium , I .T af . 2 7 , 1 2 a nd 2 1 , 6 ;b o th s h e rd s may h ave b een d a ted a l i t t le e a r ly t h e re , a nd c ou ld b e l a te f i r s t t o e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry S ou th G au l i sh p o t te ry .

P la t e2 0 , 6

8 448

K ey w i th t h r ee l e ve r s . V e ry s ma l la nd much c or roded .

N o t i lu s t ra ted : f r agmen t s f r om s ma l l F ing e r -Key -R ing s : 6 063 , 1756 , 1 5353 , s e e H o fhe im , T af . 1 6 , 2 5 ; Web s te r , L inco ln , 5 9 ,f i g . 4 ,9 .

P la te 2 0 , 7

1 5780

K ey w i th f i ve s qua re l e ve r s . Sma l l , o n ly 4 . 4 c m o ve ra l l . I n f i ne c ond i t ion w i th ag ood p a t ina . F ound w i th a nA lmg ren 2 2f i bu la , n o ti lu s t ra ted .

P la t e2 0 , 8

1 4798

L ock -Leve r , f ound w i th al a rge f r agmen tf r om as hee t o fb ronze wh ich h a s ab rok en k nob i np o s i t ion , a l so w i th af l a t -headed p in . F o r t ype s o fL ock L eve r sa nd K ey ss e eJ acob i , S aa lbu rg , T ex t , 4 73 , f i g . 7 5 ; 4 77 , f i g . 7 6 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 372 ,6 025 a nd 8 910 a r ef r agmen t so fL ock -Leve r s : N ovae s ium b ook le t , A bb . 2 4 .

P la t e2 0 , 9

8 924

K ey w i th f ou rt r iangu la r shap ed l e ve r s . Med ium s ized , 6cm o ve ra l l .

6 1

No ti lu s t ra ted : 8 701 , 1906 , a r es im i la rt oN o . 9 .

P la te 2 0 , 1 0

6 226a

T op f r om al a rg ea nd h eavy K ey . I tc on ta in s al a rge h o le f o rt h et a ng o fa n i r on K ey " n ow m is s ing . F ound w i th P la te 2 1 , 1 5 , at i ny s t i lu s .

P la te 2 0 , 1

6 180

T op f r om al a rge a nd h eavy K ey , d if e r en ti nd e s ign f r om N . 1 0 . T race s o f i r on r ema in w i th in t he s o ck e t .

P la te 2 0 , 1 2

1 744

K ey w i th f i ve s qua re l e ve r s .

T h i s K ey i sc o mp le te , v e ry l a rg e , 8 . 5 c m

o ve ra l l , a nd v e ry h eavy . T he s haf ti ss qua r e i ns e c t ion a nd p i e r ced n ear t h e t op w i th ah o le f o r s u spen s ion . T h i s i si nv on P e t r ikov i t s , N ovae s ium , 7 4 , N r . 1 4 . S ee R ichbo rough V . p l . 4 6 , 2 01 .

No ti lu s t ra ted : b rok en t op sf r om s im i la rK ey s : 3 634 , 1 4621 , a nd 6 161c w i th t h eh o r se -head K ey , P l a t e 1 9 , 1 .

P la te 2 0 , 1 3

1 2069

G egen s tand a u sE i sen , B ronze u nd H o lz . Ac or rod ed c one o fb ronze o n a f r agmen t o fs hee t -b ronze . B e low t h e r e i s ar e c tangu la r h o le w i th ac en t ra l i r on r od . T he o u te r s i d e s a r e o fb ronze . P u rpo se u nce r ta in , b u t f r agmen t s o fw ood a r ea t tached t ot h em e ta l .

P la te 2 0 , 1 4

7 550

L ock -P la te w i th aT shaped h o le i nt h e s hee t -b ronze .

No ti lu s t ra ted : 5 090 , 6 844 , 1 5582 a re f r agmen t so fL ock -P la te s .

P la te 2 0 , 1 5

1961

B ronze a t tachmen t , p robab ly f o r aMon ey -Che s t . T he r e c tangu lar s t r ip o f b ronze i sw id e r a nd t h inne r a tt h e c u rved e nd . I n t he o the r e nd t he re i sa s ma l l r eba te ( Abzug ) .

A s ma l l h o le p a s se s t h rough b o th p ro jec t ion s o n

e i the r s i d e o ft he r eba te .

I ti sn o t ah inge ( Scha rn ie r ) .

may h ave t ak en t h e c o rd s f o r as e a l .

I n s tead , t he h o le s

Two r i ve t s f a s tened t h e b ronze t o

w ood . T he t h ickne s s o ft h ew ood i si nd ica ted b yt h el eng th o ft h er i ve t s .

P la te 2 0 , 1 6

1538

B ronze a t tachmen t , as imp le s t r ip o fb ronze w i th o ne r i ve t i n tac t , a nd t h e r ema in so f as e cond r i ve t .

P la te 2 0 , 1 7

8 97b

B ronze a t tachmen t , p robab ly f o r aC he s t , w i th e dg e s a tr i gh t -ang le s , a nd a p i ece o f s hee t iron w i th a w ood en l i n ing -o n ly f a in t t r ace s o f t he w ood s urv ive .

F ound w i th P la te 7 ,1 0 , a nA lmg ren 2 2 f i bu la .

6 2

P la t e2 0 , 1 8

198

C he s t -a t tachmen tw i th r i ve t sa nd r i ve t -ho le s .

P la te 2 1 , 1

1 5951

B eau t ifu l ly -pa t ina ted o rnamen ta l H ead f o r a n i r on r i ve t .

P e rhap s f r om a

s t oo l , s e eL iv e r s idg e , F u rn i tu r e , p l . 3 9 .

P la t e2 1 , 2

8 80

D eco ra t ive b ronze S tud , p robab ly f o r aw ooden o b jec t .

T h e t op i sc one -

s haped , a nd t h eb rok en s haf ti sr ound ed . 7 . 5 cm o ve ra l l .

P la t e2 1 , 3

8 943

V e r t ica l mou ld ed H and le? T he l owe ra rm i sb rok en .

P la t e2 1 , 4

1 2572

T ap (Wa s s e rhahn ) . ( Gr if f ) .

T h e c i rcu la r P la te i ss urmoun ted b y ap i e rced g r ip

T h e r ound ed s haf t b e low i sb rok en a nd s o a l so i s as ma l le r b a r

wh ich p ro jec t sf r om i t s s i de .

C a s t i no ne p i ece a nd v e ry h eavy . C ompa r e

R ichbo rough I ,4 6 , p l . 1 4 , 1 9 . T he o b jec t si lu s t ra ted b yJ a cob ii nS aa lbu rg , T af . 4 5 , 1 2 19 , h av ef ou r s id ed , n o tr ounded , s ha f t s .

P la te 2 1 , 5

8 95a

Knob ( Knop f ) , p robab ly w e igh ted b y l e ad , b ecau se i ti sh eavy f o r i t s s i ze . T he p ro jec t ing s haf ti sb rok en . S ee v on P e t r ikov i t s , N ovae s ium , 7 6 , N r . 2 2 .

P l a te 2 1 , 6

9 12

S hee t o fb ronze , mod e ra te ly t h in , w i th a r e c tangu la r h o le b e tween c u rved n ar row ing s o ft h e o b jec t wh ich w id en s al i t t le a tt h e t op w he r e i ti sb en t o ve r .

N o t i lu s t ra ted : 1 402 wh ich i ss im i la r i ns om e r e sp ec t s t oN o . 6a bov e . F ound w i th as hee t o fM i r ro r ( l i s ted a f te rP la te 1 7 , 4 ) .

P l a te 2 1 , 7

1 081

C u r iou s Knob w i th t h r ee h o le s wh ich p a s st h rough i t ,a nd t h e se h o le s o p en u nd e r t h e k nob , j u s t a bove i t s n eck .

T he b a se i sr ound ed f o r a t tachm en t ,

a nd t h e n eck h a s t r ace s o f wh i t e m e ta l c oa t ing .

I ti sh eavy , a nd i ti st h i s

w e igh t wh ich s ugg e s t s t ha t i tc anno t b e ap lume -ho ld e r f o r t he t op o f a h e lme t . P e rhap sc o rd sp a s sed t h rough t he h o le s .

P l a t e2 1 , 8

7 569

H o l low , r i dg ed , a nd h eavy o b jec t .

T he i n te r io r n a r row s , a s i ft oh o ld a n

i r on t ang , n ow m i s s ing . B rok en a tt h e n a r rowe r e nd , t h i s o b jec t m ay h ave b een p a r to f as t oo lo rs ome o the rp i ece o ff u rn i tu r e .

P l a t e2 1 , 9

1 340

Sma l l o b jec t w i th a r ound ed mou th wh ich c u rve s a nd w id en s t o f o rm s hou ld e r s a bove as ho r tv e r t ica l w a l l w i th f i ne e x te r io r g roov ing . N o . 1 0b e low .

6 3

S ee a l so

P la te 2 1 , 1 0

6 861

S l igh t ly l a rge r t h an N o . 9a bove , t h i s o b jec t h a s at a l le r n eck , b u t i ti s b roken o fa tt h ec u rve o ft h es hou ld e r s .

P la te 2 1 , 1

6 778

S em i -c i r cu la r o b jec t , p e rhap s p ar t o f av a lve o r Wa te r -P ipe f i t t ing .

I ti s

h eavy , w i th t h ick b ronze w a l l s i n ar e c tangu la r s e c t ion a s s e en f r om b e low . T he re i s as ma l lb ronze p ro jec t ion a tr i gh ta ng le s . P ro jec t ing f r om b e low i s a ni r on r od , n ow much r u s ted .

P la te 2 1 , 1 2

1 5794

A xe -Shea th f o r ad o lab ra , o r p ione e r 's a xe , s e e P la te 3 9 , 1 2 , f o r s uch a n a xe .

A f r agm en t f r om t h e s i d e o f t h e s hea th w i th i t s h ook i sa l l t ha t

s u rv ive s . P e rhap sP la te 2 6 , 2 1 b e low , w a st h ep in wh ich h e ld t h et wo s i de s o f a s hea th t oge the r .

A c omp le te

s hea th

i s i n t he R h e in ische s

L ande smu seum , B onn , I nv . N r . 6 961 , w i th a h ook a t e a ch e nd , a nd e l abo ra te A nhäng e rh ang ing f r om t h e h ook s a nd a l ong t he l ow e r e dge .

I t

w a sf ound l ong a go i nB onn . S ee a l so C amu lodunu rn , H& H , 3 40 , p l . 1 03 , 3 0 ; Web s te r , 1 958 , f i g . 6 ,N o . 1 65 f r om L ondon , a nd 9 5 , w i th r e f e rence s f o rf i g . 8 ,N o . 2 43 .

P la te 2 1 , 1 3

9 74

S aw -B lad e o fb ronze ( Säge ) .

1 6 .5 c m l ong .

T he s aw i sb lun t ed b y u se .

P a t ina ted d a rk g r een . P la te 4 3 , 1 ,i sa ni r on s aw .

N o t i lu s t ra ted : 156 i sa no the r b ronze s aw , n o t i n t h e C lemen s -Se l s Mu seum , N eu s s , s ee v on P e t r ikov i t s , N ovae s ium , 7 2 , N o . 9 .

P la te 2 1 , 1 4

8 503

S ea lbox ( S iege lbüch se ) .

1 . 8 cm :1 . 5 c m , w i th s ma l l s l o ts a l ong t h e s ho r t

s i d e s : f o ri d en t if i ca t ion o rf o rd eco ra t ion ?

P la t e2 1 , 1 5

6 226b

At i ny S t i lu s , a tt h ee nd o f as haf tw h ich i sd eco ra ted b yf i ne b ead ing . T he o th e r e nd i sb rok en a way . B eau t ifu l p a t ina . F ound w i th P la te 2 0 , 1 0 , t h e t op o f al a rg eK ey .

P la te 2 1 , 1 6

6 225a

S t i lu s w i th e l abo ra te ly mou lded s h af t .

T he w r i t ing -end i sb rok en a way .

S ee J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , T a f . 7 0 , 3 10 , f o r av ar ie ty , b u t n one e xac t ly l i ke t h i s o ne . F ound w i th P la te 2 7 , 1 3 , ah a rn e s s -a t tachmen t .

P la te 2 1 , 1 7

5 318b

P u l ley ( Ro l le ) w i th as ma l l h o le p i e r c ing t h e c en t re l ine .

T he t wo g roove s

s how much w ea r f r om u se : t h e o r ig ina l e dge s o f t h e g roove s s u rv ive o n

6 4

o ppo s i t ep a r t s ,b u tw ea rh a s r e duced t h e o t h e rp a r t st oo va l shap e s . F ound w i th a nA lmg r en 1 9v a r ian tf i bu la ,P la t e6 ,1 3 .

P l a te 2 1 , 1 8

1 0025

P ropo r t iona l C ompa s se s i n t h e r a t io 2 :1 .

A h i gh q ua l i ty p r ec i s ion

i n s t rum en t . ( Z i rk e l m i ta u swe ch se lb a r em A rm . S ch l i t zz um B ef e s t ig en d e s A rm s ä hn l ich h eu t ig e Z i rk e l ) .

T h e p ro jec t ing b a r i sm ad e o f c opp e r

( Kup f e r ) a nd i tw i l l o n ce h ave t i gh ten ed o rl o o s en ed t h e a rm s , a sr equ i r ed . Two p a i r si nt h eB r i t i sh Mu seum a r en o ts os oph i s t ica t ed a st h eN eu s sp a i r , s e e G u id e t o G r eek & R oman L if e , 1 908 , 1 52 , f i g . 1 55 .

T h ey l a ck t h e

a d ju s tab le a rm s , w h ich o nt h e N eu s sp a i rw e r e m ov ed b y l i t t le r i v e t s , n ow m i s s ing f r om t h et i ny h o le sa bove t h es p l i t si nt h ea rm s .

L oca t ion

F e ld d 133 g rub ena r t ig e E in t ie f ung : s pä t t ib e r i sch -c l aud i sch , s t a ted b y D r Mü l le r .

P l a te 2 1 , 1 9

5 153

S imp le C ompa s se s ( Z i rk e l ) , c omp le te w i th p i vo t ing a rm s .

S ee B eh r en s ,

1 9 12 , 8 9 , A bb . 5 ,1 ;V e t e ra ,B J , 1 9 12 , T af t 5 4 , 1 8 .

P l a te 2 1 , 2 0

1 4017

A g a te -Po l i sh e r ( Po l ie r -A cha t ) f o r u s eb yg o ld sm i th s a nd s i lv e r sm i th s . A n o paque a ga te s tone s e ti n ac o r rod ed b ronze s o ck e tw h ich a l so h o ld s ap i e ce o ft h ew ood en h a f t . F ound w i th a nA uc i s sa C T yp ef i bu la .

P l a te 2 1 , 2 1

2 387

A g a te -Po l i sh e r , s ma l le r t h an N o . 2 0 a bov e . T he r ema in s o f at r an s lucen t a ga te s ton e a r e s e t i n as ma l l h o l low s o ck e t , s qua r e i n s e c t ion a t t h e h af t ing -end .

P l a te 2 1 ,2 2

2 513d

We igh t ( G ew ich t ) . R ound ed s i d e s w i th f l a t s u r f ac e s . 2 . 5 c m i nd i am e te r a nd 1 . 2 c m h igh .

T h e w e igh t i s5 0 g ramm e s : n o t f a r f r om t h e 5 4 .56

g r amm e s w e igh t o f aS ee m s , wh ich t h i s w e igh t m ay h ave b een w h en o r ig ina l ly m ad ea nd t e s t ed .

P l a te 2 1 ,2 3

1 3165b

P lum eho ld e r ( He lmbu schau f sa tz ) . C omp le te , w i th t h e l ow e re nd sb en t f o r f i x ing i n to ah o r izon ta l s o ck e t o nt h e t o p o f ah e lm e t , a nd t h e u pp e r e nd s a r e c u r led t oh o ld t h e p lum e .

U lb er t , R i s s t i s sen , T a f . 1 , 1 8 1 , i ss im i la r

e x c ep tt h a tt h e c u r led e nd s a r eb rok en a w ay . F o rt wo o t h e r s o fi r on s e e C U nz , G e se l l scha f t P ro V indon i s sa , 1 97 1 , 4 7 , A bb . 3 , 1 , a nd 1 973 , 1 9 , A bb . 6 ,2 9 . F ound w i th P l a te 2 5 , 1 ,a nu nu sua lh i ng ed m i l i ta ry o b jec t .

6 5

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 2 834 f ound w i th m any f i bu lae , 1512 , 1619 .

P la te 2 2 , 1

8 98a

S ew ing -Need le ( Nähnad e l ) .

B o th e nd s a r e b rok en .

M i lne , S u rg ica l

I n s trumen t s , 7 5 -6 , e xp la in s t ha t r ound ed n eed le s f o r s ew ing b andag e s a r e i nd is t ingu ishab le f r om d ome s t ic s ew ing n eed le s .

T he s u rg ica l n eed le f o r

s ew ing w ound s mu s th ave c u t t ing e dg e s , s e eM i lne , p l . 1 7 , 3 .

B o th N eu s sn eed le s , s e eN r . 2b e low , h ave t wo e l onga ted e ye le t s . B e tween t he e ye le t s o n N o . 1t he re i s as ma l l d ep re s s ion : o n N o . 2i n t h e s ame p o s i t ion t he re i s at i ny h o le . S ee S imone t t , Abb . 1 4 , f o r an eed le w i th t wo e ye le t s , a nd a no the r w i th o ne e ye le t a nd t wo h o le s f r om V indon i s sa ; a nd B eh ren s , 1 912 , 8 9 , Abb . 5 ,3 ,f o r ap o in ted n eed le w i th t wo e y e le t s f r om Ma inz .

F o r av a r ian t w i th t wo h o le s a t r i gh t a ng le s , p e rhap s af u r the r

p recau t ion a ga in s t t h e t h read s l ipp ing o u t o ft h e n eed le , s e e Wroxe t e r , I I , p l . 1 7 , 2 0 . F ound w i th P la te 2 6 , 6 .

P la te 2 2 , 2

2 513e

S ew ing -Need le w i th b o th e nd s b rok en .

S ee N o . 1a bove .

F ound w i th t h e

w e igh t , P la te 2 1 , 2 2 , a nd t h ree f i bu la e , P la te s , 3 ,1 ; 8 ,6 ;8 ,1 8 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : f r agmen t sf r om n eed le s : 2 36 , 1 734 .

P la te 2 2 , 3

9 430

Tw i s ted b ronze w i re o b jec t .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : s im i la rf r agmen t s : 2 998 , 3 942 , 8 316 w i th ak ey ,P la te 3 6 , 1 7 .

P la te 2 2 , 4

1 040

Two t h ick t w i s ted w i re s , f a s tened t o ge the r w i th in t wo t w i s ted s h ea th s o f b ronze .

P la te 2 2 , 5

1 0472

B ifu rca ted P robe , w i th v e ry f i n e f o rk s . M i lne , S u rg ica l I n s t rum en t s , 8 3 -4 , a nd p l . 2 1 , 3 ,n o ted t ha t t he se o b jec t s c an o f ten b e m i s tak en f o r n e t t ing n eed le s .

S ee Whee le r , L ondon , p l . 4 2 , 1-14 ; B eh ren s , 1 912 , 8 9 , A bb . 5 ,

1 . S ee P la te 1 8 , 1 2 a bove .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1991 w i th P la te 2 3 , 9 ,1 3815 .

I

Weapon sa nd A rmou r

6 6

P l a te 4 7 , 2

1 968

P ho tog raph o f e i gh t S pu r s f ound t og e th e r : aw o rk shop o r s t o rag e -d epo t f i nd , b ecau se t hey a r e s im i la r t oe ach o the r .

T hey d if e r f r om N o . 6a nd

7 460 b e low , wh ich a r e e a r l ie rt yp e s , a nd t h e e i gh t may b e d a ted b ef o r e AD 6 9 /70 , s e ev on P e t r ikov i t s , N ovae s ium , 7 0 , A bb . 2 3 . N ow i nt he C lemen s S e l s Mu seum , N eu s s .

P l a t e2 2 , 6

7 157

S pu r o f b ronze , c omp le te w i th p r ick ( Do rn ) a nd o va l shap ed h o le s f o r a t tachmen t . V e ry l i k eH od H i l l , I ,f i g . 2 ,A 28 . Much c o r rod ed , b u tt he re i s at r ace o fd eco ra t ion b e low t h ep r ick . 9 . 2 c mo ve ra l l . F o rR oman s pu r s i n B r i ta in s e e H d e S S ho rn , A n t iq . J ou r n . 3 9 , 1 959 , 6 1-76 , i n c lud ing A pp end ix 2 , S i te R eg is te r o fR oman P rov inc ia l S pu r s o n t he C on t inen t , i b id . , 7 1-75 .

P l a t e2 2 , 7

5 034

S pu ro fb ronze w i th t wo s ma l lh o le sf o ra t tachm en ta te i the re nd . Ac en t ra l p ro jec t ion h a st r ace so fr u s t ,f o ra ni r on p r ick , n ow m i s s ing .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 7 460 , al a rg eb ronze s pu r w i th t r ace s o fa n i r on p r ick . L ik e H od H i l l , I .P l .

1 3 , K 39 o fi r on ,

t h i sh a sr e c tangu la rh o le sf o ra t tachmen t .

P l a te 2 2 , 8 a

2 689

Sma l l r e c tangu la r b ronze s t rap -o rnamen t .

L ik e H o fhe im , T af . 1 5 , 7 7 .

I

w i sh t o t hank D r G raham Web s te r f o r i n f o rm ing m e o f t h ree s im i la r o b jec t s f ound w i th f i ve b road e r o b jec t s , p ar t o f ab ronze b race le t , s e e Web s te r , Waddon H i l l , 1 964 , 1 46 , f i g . 7 ,1 .

P la te 2 2 , 8 b

7 132

O rnamen ta lR ing w i th n i e l lo i n lay a round t h ec en t re . B en tn ow , a nd p a r t ly b rok en .

P l a te 2 2 , 9 11

S cabba rd -B ind ing s

f o r

G lad i i

( Sche id ebe sch lag ) .

T he

b e s t -known

e xamp le s o ft h i s a t tachmen t a r e t he p a i r o n t h e S cabba rd f ound a t Ma inz a nd n ow i n t he B r i t i sh Mu seum , r e cen t ly r epub l i sh ed b y V ic to r ine v on G onzenbach , 1 91 , A bb . 4 ,5 .

P l a te 2 2 , 9

1 5038

T he l a rge s ts i ze a tN eu s s : 9 . 2 c m l ong a nd 2 . 3 c mw ide . T h ree r i dge s , t h e w id e s t i nt he c en t re , w i th c oa r se b ead ing b e tween t h e r i dge s a nd a l ong t h e e dg e s .

P l a t e2 2 , 1 0

1 4069

Med ium s ized : 8c m l ong a nd 1 c m w id e . d eco ra t ion a l ong t h ec en t r e .

6 7

F ou r r i dg e s , w i th t r ace s o f

P la te 2 2 , 1

1 3168

Sma l le s t s ize a t N eu s s : 7 . 4 c m l ong a nd 0 . 7 c m w ide .

D eco ra t ion i n a

n ar row p ane la l ong t h ef r on t .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : f r agmen t s : 7 27b , 8 99 , 2 860 , 6 941 , 9 630 , 1 5725 .

P la te 2 2 , 1 2

2 470

P robab ly aS cabba rd -B ind ing . T he r i ng sa te ach e nd a r eb rok en .

P la te 2 2 , 1 3

1 2768

Sma l lo penwo rk a t tachmen t , s l igh t ly c u rv ed .

P la te 2 2 , 1 4

1 3461

S add le -C lo th d eco ra t ion f o r c ava l ry h o r se ( Sa t te l r iemen -be schag ) . f r agmen t s o f o p enwo rk b ronze , 0 . 1 c m t h ick .

L i t t le

F o r o the r s s e e U lb er t ,

A is l ing en ,T af . 1 9 , 1 9 .

P la te 2 2 , 1 5 -19

S cabba rd -Chape s ( O r tbänd e ) .

T he r e i sn o c l a s s if ica t ion o f c hap e s wh ich

i nd ica te st h e s hape o ft he h o le a tt h et o po ft h ec hap e .

P la te 2 2 , 1 5

187

T he h o le i sr ound ed , w i th ag roove b e low a nd ap la in r ound k nob .

L ik e

H o fhe im , T al . 1 6 , 3 5 . Wh i te m e ta lc oa t ing .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 3 837 , 5 697 , 1 2435 , 1 5422 w h ich h a st h eb rok en s i d e so ft h es c abba rd s t i l la t tached .

P la te 2 2 , 1 6

1 35a

R ec tangu la r h o le , d eco ra ted w i th aw r ea th o fl e ave s . F ound w i th P la te 2 4 , 8 .

P la te 2 2 , 1 7

1 0594

O va l shap ed h o le c on ta in ing t h ec u rv ed l owe rp o r t ion o f ab ronze s c abba rd . T he k nob i ss ma l l a nd f l u ted , e xac t ly l i k e H o fhe im , T a t : 1 6 , 3 7 ; U lber t , R is s t i s sen , T a t 2 3 , 3 43 , wh ich h ea s soc ia ted w i th ag lad iu s scabba rd .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 8 906 i ss im i la rt oN o . 1 7 ,b u tw i th amo re g l obu la rk nob .

P la te 2 2 , 1 8

1 547

Sma l l s qua re h o le .

C a s t i n o ne p i ece w i th t h e s i de b ind ing .

G lobu la r ,

f l u ted k nob , w i th t r ace so f wh i te m e ta ld eep i nt h ef l u t ing s .

P la te 2 2 , 1 9

1 599

V e ry s ma l l C hap e .

T he g l obu la r k nob i sc a s t i n o ne p i ece w i th t h e s i d e

b ind ing .

P la te 2 2 , 2 0

1 2684

F ine C ha in ( Ke t te ) mad e f r om d oub le b ronze l i nk s , s t rung w i th

l i t t le b ronze b ead s( Pe r len ) .

6 8

P l a t e2 2 , 2 1

1 5954

F la t b ronze o b jec t , l i k e H ofhe im , T af . 1 5 , 9 1 , a nd R i t te r l ing h im se lf d e sc r ibed i ta sL ed e rbe sch lage u nb ekann te Zweck e .

P l a t e2 2 , 2 2

5 234

S f ö rm ige rH ak en , p robab ly f r om ac u i ra s s ( Panze r ) . F la t a tt h e b ack , a nd r ound ed o n t h e f r on t a s f a r a s t h e f i r s t mou ld ing , a nd t h e r eaf t e r f l a t w i th f i ve h o le s f o r a t tachmen t .

Two c omp le te e xamp le s a r e i n RGZM , Ma inz ,

I nv , N r . 8 944 , 2 5568 w i th i n sc r ip t ion .

L ehne r , N ovae s ium , 3 80 , f i g . 1 2 -

1 3 , T al . 3 0 , 6 2 ; a nd F ing e r l in , D ang s te t ten , A bb . 1 , 7 ,n o t o ccup ied a f t e r BC 1 0 .

I n B r i ta in , s e e H ob ley , B ag in ton , 1 973 , 6 9 , f i g . 2 0 , 4 , f o r a

z oomo rph ic e xamp le ; a nd F re re , L ong tho rp e , a nd H o fhe im , T at 1 5 , 7 9 , 9 0 , a r ed if e ren tt ype s .

P la t e2 2 , 2 3

1 5517

S f ö rm ige rH ak en ,c ompa re w i th N o . 2 4 .

P l a te 2 2 , 2 4

2 902c

F ragmen t w i th ah inge ( Scha rn ie r ) . F ound w i th t wo f i bu lae , P la te s 6 , 1 7 ; 7 ,1 9 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 3347b , f ound w i th P la te 1 , 4 , as aucepan .

P la te 2 2 ,2 5

1 223

R ound ed S ocke t( Tü l le ) ,p robab ly f r om as i gnum o rs t anda rd .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 2381 s t i l lc on ta in sw ood f r om t h es haf t .

P la t2 2 ,2 6

1865

L ozenge shaped S ock e t : l i k e N o . 2 5 , p robab ly f r om a s i gnum o rs t anda rd . T he t i pi sb rok en a way .

P la t e2 3 , 1

6 98

H e lme t s , s e e a l so P la te s , 4 7 , 1& 5 1 .

C heekp iece (Wangen ldappe ) , a bou t

1 5c m h igh a nd 9c mw id e . T he e dg e s a r e n ea r ly a l lb rok en a way , b u t i ti s f r om aWe i senau t yp e o fh e lme t , a s i d en t i f ied b y Mr H R R ob in son .

T he

r i ve tf o rf a s t en ing t h e h e lm e tu nde rt he c h in s t i l l s u rv ive s . R ound t he e ye h o le , f o l low ing r e s to ra t ion , Ir e ad t h e s c ra tched l e t te r s I N I , a n u nu sua l p lace f o r t h e w ea re r 's n ame .

F o r s im i la r e a r ly A ugu s tan t yp es s e e

K lumbach , R öm . H e lme a u s N iede rge rman ien , K ö ln , 1 974 , N o s . 2 8 &4 7 f r om N i jmeg en a nd N o . 4 2 f r om X an ten . F ound i nt h e r e -numb e r ed c amp , n ow E ; F e ld e 134 S chn i t t 5 28 . K oo rd ina ten r ,4 9979 h .72463 . W i th l a te A ugu s tan -T ibe r ian p o t te ry n ea r t h el a rge C amp C ,a ss t a ted b yD r Mü l le r .

( Th ed raw ing i sp l aced s i d eway so nP la t e2 3 ) .

6 9

P la te 2 3 , 2

1 5036b

H ing e a nd p ar t o f t h e g ua rd o v e r t h e b row f r om a H e lme t , s e e U lbe r t , R i s s t i s sen , T af . 2 , 1 9 ; S chönbe rg e r , K a s t e l l B o iodu rum , 5 9 , A bb . 1 2 , 2 0 . F ound w i th P la te 1 9 , 1 7 .

P la te 2 3 , 3

1 5105a&b

H e lme t -H ing e , v e ry l i k e N o . 2a bove , a nd t h e l ef t s i de o f ab row -gua rd wh ich i ss hap ed a r ound t h e e a r . B rok en a bove t h e h inge . T h i s i st he t yp e o fh e lme td e sc r ib ed b yv on G ro l le r , 1 901 , 1 30 , T af 2 3 , f i g . 1 2 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 222 , s im i la rt oP la te 2 3 , 3 b .

P la te 2 3 ,4

1 5104

S h ie ld -B ind ing .

T h i s p i ece h a s t wo o ft h e p ro jec t ion s wh ich f a s tened t h e

b ind ing t ot h e s h ie ld .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : f r agmen t so fs h ie ld -b ind ing : 8 67 , 9 50 , 2 548 f ound w i th P la te s2 7 , 1a nd 2 8 , 1 , 3 587 , 1569 .

P la te 2 3 , 5

5 271

C heekp iece ( Back en s tü ck o d e r Wang enk lapp e ) f o r aH e lme t .

T he u pp e r

a t tachmen t sa r e m i s s ing , b u tt h e r e i s ar i ve t a tt h e l owe r e dg e f o rf a s ten ing u nd e rt h ec h in . S ee v on G ro l le r , 1 901 , 1 20 -123 , T a f . 2 1 , f i g . 2& 4 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 7 085 i sp robab ly p ar to f ac heekp iece .

P la te 4 7 , 1

7

P ho tog raph o f a H e lme t ,

c omp le t e e x cep t f o r t he b row -gua rd a nd

c h eekp iece . One o ft h e e a r l ies t d i scove r ie s d u r ing t h is e xcava t ion , n ow i n t h e C lemen s -Se l s Mu seum , N eu s s , s e e v on P e t r ikov i t s , N ova e s ium , 7 0 , A bb . 2 2 . As im i la rt yp e o fh e lme t , w i th b row -gua rd , i si nt h e R he in i sche s L and e smu seum , B onn , I nv . N r . 5 8 , 5 16 , f r om H oennepe l , K r e is K leve . B o th a r et h e e a r ly t yp e o fl e g iona ry h e lme t a sd ef ined b y HK lumbach , J b . RGZM , Ma inz , 8 ,1 961 , 9 6 -105 ,w i th t h e h or izon ta l n eck -gua rd . T h i st yp e p a s sed o u to fu se d ur ing t h er e ign o fC laud iu s .

P la te 2 3 ,6

1866

A t tachmen tw i th h o le f o rf a s ten ing .

P la te 2 3 , 7

6 962

C u i ra s s -Hook ( Schnü rhak en ) f r om al o r ica o r S h ienenpanze r .

S ee No . 8

b e low , a nd f o ro the rp a r t sf r om l e g iona ry c u i ra s sf i t t ing s s e eP la te 2 5 , 2 13 .

P la te 2 3 , 8

1 3808

C u i ra s s -Hook . C ompa re v on G ro l le r , 1 901 , 1 04 , A bb . 3 2 ; T at 1 7 , 2 5 ; T at 1 8 , 3 ; a l so U lb er t , A i s l ingen , Te l 1 7 , 1 6 ; 6 1 , 1 3 . T he c u i ra s s -hook w a s t h ef r on t lac ing h ook , a sv on G ro l le ri d en t if ied i t .

7 0

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 2427 f ound w i th t h ef i bu la P la te 1 0 , 1 9 ; 1 55222 f ound w i th af r agmen tf r om ac u i ra s s , P la te 2 5 , 9 ; 1835 .

P la t e2 3 , 9

1991

H eavy S t rap -a t tachmen t , h o l low a tt he b a ck w i th t wo f i x ing -p in s , a nd a t t h e t op t h e r e a r e t wo s ma l l h o le s f o r r i ve t s .

F ound w i th ac o in o fD ivu s

A ugu s tu s , C han t ra ine , N ovae s ium I I , 6 6 , N r . 1 676 .

P la t e2 3 , 1 0

3 67a

H ar n e s s -Hook w i th t wo h o le s f o r a t tachmen t . C ompa re H o fhe im , T al . 1 3 , 4 0 . F ound w i th a nA lmg ren 1 9f i bu la a nd ap i lum .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : s im i la rh ook s : 8 889b w i th aS t r ig i l , P la te 1 7 , 9 ,1 2591 , 1 2646 , 1 7113 .

P la t e2 3 , 1

5 298c

H ook w i th af l a te nd f o ra t tachmen t . F ound w i th P la te s 1 0 , 6a nd 1 7 , 8 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 057 , 4 115 , 7 482 .

P la t e2 3 , 1 2

4 343

H a rne s s -Hook l i k eN o . 1 a bove e xcep tt ha tt h e r ei s ap ro jec t ing p in i n s id e .

P la te 2 3 , 1 3

7 23c

H ar n e s s -a t tachmen t ,f ound w i th f i bu lae P la te s6 , 5a nd 1 0 , 1 5 .

P la t e2 3 , 1 4

2 873

K ey -ho le s haped e ye le t , a nd h inge l i k e No . 1 5b e low .

P la te 2 3 , 1 5

1 0394

K ey -ho le s haped e ye le t , a nd h inge .

P la te 2 3 , 1 6

1 5077b

H a rne s s -a t tachmen t , h o l low w i th in t h ec u rve o ft h eh ook , a nd h o l low u nd e r t h el ong b ronze p la te . F ound w i th P la te s 1 8 , 7a nd 2 5 , 8 .

P la te 2 3 , 1 7

9 010

C u rved b ronze s t r ip w i th o rnamen ta ld i sk f o ra t tachmen t .

P la te 2 3 , 1 8

8 543

S t rap -a t ta chm en t , at h in s t r ip o fb ronze ,b en t ,f o rm ing a ng le s .

P la te 2 4 , 1

6 64

F la td i sk w i th c en t ra lh o le , d eco ra ted w i th n i e l lo .

P la te 2 4 , 2

P la te 2 4 , 3

D eco ra t iv e S tud ( Z ie rn ie t ) ,w i th wh i te i n lay .

5 875

T iny

n i e l lo -deco ra ted P endan t .

B rok en

l o op ,

a nd p ar t ly

c o r rod ed

d eco ra t ion . L ik eH o fhe im , Te l 1 2 , 2 7 ; U lbe r t , A i s l ingen , T al 2 1 , 1 .

7 1

P la te 2 4 , 4

7 551

F la t d i sk w i th c en t ra l h o le , a nd d oub l e r ow o fn i e l lo i n la id l e ave s , l i ke a s ma l lw rea th .

P la t e2 4 , 5

1 5740

D eco ra t ive S tud , c ompa r eN o . 2a bove .

P la t e2 4 , 6

2 01

D eco ra t ive S tud w i th n i e l lo d eco ra t ion .

P la t e2 4 , 7

328

C oncave d eco ra t ive b ronze , w i th n i e l lo , p robab ly f r om ab e l t -P la t e .

V e ry

l i k e G r ime s , NM W G u id e , 19 , f i g . 4 0 , 1 4 , f r om t h e S even S i s t e r s H oa rd , G lamo rgan , a nd s e en o te o nP la te 2 8 , 4 ,b e low .

P la te 2 4 , 8

1 35b

F la tD i sk w i th n i e l lo , c ompa r eN o . 1a bov e . F ound w i th P la te 2 2 , 1 6 .

P la t e2 4 , 9

8 005

C oncave S tud w i th f i ne b ead ing ( P e r len s t re if en )r ound t he e dg e .

P la te 2 4 , 1 0

305a

N ie l lo S tud , s t i l l f a s tened t o al a rge b ronze d i sk .

I ti sv e ry l i k e f i ve s t ud s

f ound a tt he e a r ly m i l i ta ry s i t e a t T ren t V a le , n ea r S tok e -on -T ren t , s e e T ren tV a le , 3 7a nd p l . 7 :f o rt h el o ca t ion o ft he f i ve s t ud s , s e e2 4 , f i g . 2 .

P la te 2 4 , 1

305b

F le sh -Hook ( Dopp e l te r F l e i sche rhak en ) .

I ti ss u rp r i s ing t o f i nd s uch a n

o b jec t i n b ronze i n s tead o f i r on , b u t i tw a s f ound w i th a no the r k i tchen u t en s i l -ag ra te r .

P la t e2 4 , 1 2

305c

G ra te r( R e ibe ) , af r agmen tw i th m ed ium s ized h o le s . A l so w i th o b jec t s a c w a s al a rge h arne s s r ing 3 . 5 c mi nd i am e te r .

P la te 2 4 , 1 3

1 472

R ing -Ho le , o rnamen ted w i th mou ld ing s , w i th ap ro jec t ing b a rn ow b rok en .

P la te 2 4 , 1 4

1 3085

L i t t le o b jec t , l i k e ap endan t , w h ich f i t s i n to t h e s ma l l s o ck e t wh ich i s , u nf o r tuna te ly ,b roken a tt h et op .

P la te 2 4 , 1 5

1 3810

B u t ton a nd L oop F a s tene r wh ich w a s s ewed t o ag a rmen t .

I th a s ag ood

b lue -g reen c o lou red p a t ina .

P la te 2 4 , 1 6

7 784

B u t ton a nd L oop F a s tene r .

S ee H o fhe im , T a f . 1 5 , 1 6 ; U lb er t , R i s s t i s sen ,

T a f . 1 2 , 2 10 ; R ichbo rough I ,p l . 1 5 , 2 8 , b u t a l l t h e r e f e rence s r e f e rt oq u i t e d if e ren t t ype s o f d re s s f a s tene r s ; Web s te r , L inco ln , 5 9 , f i g . 4 , 1 ; Un s , B ad en , 5 5 , A bb . 4 ,3 2 -33 wh ich a r ev a r ian t sw i th d eco ra ted b u t ton s .

7 2

P la t e2 4 , 1 7

3 004c

F a s tene r , f ound w i th a n A lmg ren 2 0 , P la t e 7 , 1a nd am i r ro r , P la te 1 7 , 4 . C ompa re P la te 2 5 , 2 9 .

P la t e2 4 , 1 8

1 5229

D eco ra t ive h inge w i th a n i r on p in .

T h e t h in b ronze i si n s he l l shap ed

r e l ief

No ti lu s t ra ted : 1 5094 i ss im i la rt oN o . 1 8 .

P la t e2 4 , 1 9

1 784b

S t rap -o rnamen t , w i th ac oncav e c en t re , a nd h o l lowed u nd e rnea th a te ach e nd whe re t h e r e i s al e a f y d eco ra t ion w i th n i e l lo .

S ee v on P e t r ikov i t s ,

N ovae s ium , 7 2 , N r . 7 ;H od H i l l , I ,f i g . 5 6 , 1 8 .

P la te 2 4 , 2 0

8 934a

S t rap -Hook , f ound w i th p ar t o f ah o r se 's b r id le , s e e P la te 2 7 , 2 , f o r t h e s ame t y pe .

P la te 2 4 , 2 1

1 654

S t rap -Hook .

P la t e2 4 , 2 2

7 881

H eavy c u rv ed a t tachmen t , p i e rced b y ah o le i nt h e t h ick ened e dge : b rok en b e low .

P la te 2 4 , 2 3

1 5075b

Ap ron -Te rm ina l , s ma l l , a nd f ound w i th P la te 1 8 , 5 , ar ound s hee t o f b ronze .

P la te 2 4 , 2 4

4 339

B en ts hee t -b ronze , w i th h o le si nb o th o fi t ss i de sf o ra t tachmen t .

No ti lu s t ra ted : 1 5041 i ss im i la r , f ound w i th a nA uc i s sa A f i bu la .

P la t e2 4 , 2 5

3 873 & 5 32 1E igh t

A p ron -Te rm ina l s ,

p re sumab ly

a c omp le te

s e t

f o r

a n

Ap ron

( Hänge schü rz ) . T hey a r e n o t i d en t ica l i nw id th , a nd t h e a co rn s a tt he t i p s d if e r s l igh t ly f r om e ach o the r . T he l e ng th i si nd ica ted b y t h e l onge s t b a r wh ich h appen sa l so t ob et h ew ide s to ft h em . T he a p ron w or nb yt he ef igy o f CL a rg enn iu sf r om K ön ig shof en h a se i gh ts egm en t s wh ich h ang o ve rt h e i n sc r ibed p ane l , s e e H a t t , S t ra sbou rg , p l . 1 , 1 ;o r F e l lmann , 1 966 , 2 20 , A bb . 5 .

P la te 2 4 , 2 6

1 206

One A p ron -Term ina l . C ompa re w i th Web s te r , 1 958 , 7 3 , p l . 3 ,2 6 ; U lb e r t , A i s l ing en , T a f . 6 2 , 9 , f ound a t C laud ian R i s s t i s sen , a nd d if e ren t ly i d en t if i ed t h e r e .

7 3

N o ti lu s t ra t ed : 1 873 .

P l a t e2 4 , 2 7

5 074

P robab ly f r om aB a ld r ic ( Gehenk ) o rC u i ra s s . Iw i sh t ot hank D r G raham Web s t e r f o r h i s c ommen t s .

T h e h o le t a p e r s f r om b ack t of r on t w h e r e i t

a pp ea r s a s as ma l l r e c tang le . B eyond i t ,t h e e nd o ft h e o b jec t i sc omp le te a nd b eve l led . T he o t he re nd p robab ly h e ld as t rap end b u t i ti sb rok en . I n t h e c en t r e as ma l l s qua r e i sd eco ra t ed w i th f ou r n i e l lo s po t s b ord e r ed b y f i n eb ead s( P e r len s t r e if en ) .

P l a t e2 4 , 2 8

4 146

H eavy T e rm ina l ,p o s s ib ly f o ra nA p r on . F l a ta tt h eb ack .

P l a t e2 5 , 1

1 3 165a

F ou r t i ny h ing e s i n s e r ie s .

B rok en a tb o th e nd s .

I ti ss ma l le r t h an a

p endan tp ub l i sh ed b y G an s se r -Bu r ckha rd t , 5 2 , A bb . 3 2 ; 9 2 , A bb . 6 8 , 8 ,a t V indon i s sa . G e f und en F e ld C 133 : A ugu s t i sch , s t a ted D r Mü l le r .

F ragm en t sf r om t h eL eg iona r yC u i ra s so rS ch ien enpanze r .

T h ew eakn e s so fv on G ro l le r 's r e con s t ru c t ion o ft h es egmen ted c u i r a s s w a s t h e u np ro tec t ed s pace b e tween t h e c h e s t a nd b ack a rmou r , a nd t h e s hou ld e r -p la t e s . D r Web s t e r 's s t ud i e s h ave s hown h ow t h e c h e s t a nd b a ck a rmou rw a s p r obab ly h ing ed a nd b u ck led t ot h e s hou ld e r -p la t e s , a s o n t h e f r agm en t f ound a tt h e B ank o fE ng land , n ow i nt h e L ondon Mu seum , s e e Web s t e r , C u i ra s s ,p l s . 5 4 -55 ; a l so Web s t e r , A rmy , 1 24 -126 ,f i g s . 1 4 18 . D r U lb e r t h a s p ub l i sh ed m any f r agmen t s o f S ch ien enpanze r , s e e R i s s t i s sen , 1 2 -16 , i na c co rdance w i th Web s t e r 's r e con s t ru c t ion . F rom C amu lodunum , H&H , 35 -6 , s how t wo g roup s , af ew c . AD 4 3 , a nd t h e ma jo r i ty f r om t h e t im e o fB oud icca 's R eb e l l ion i n AD 6 0 . S ee a l so B rown , Wood co ck H a l l , 1 986 ,f i g . 2 8 .

Among t h e R i s s t i s sen f r agmen t s a r e m any r o s e t t e b o s se s o ft h e s am e t y p e w h ich h a s b e en f ound o n o th e r C laud ian a nd l a t e r s i te s .

N on e o f t h e se

s p ec ia l r o se t t e s c ou ld b e f ound a mong s t t h eN eu s s m a te r ia l s t ud i ed i nt h i s b ook . T he re f o r e ,t h e r o se t t e m ay b ei n d ica t ive o f am od if ica t ion wh ich w a s i n t rodu ced , d u r ing t h eC lau c l ian p e r iod , t ot h e c u i r a s s :j u s t a st h el e g iona ry h e lm e tw a sm od i f ied a tt h en eck -gua rd a tt h a tt im e .

I nB r i ta in ,t h er o se t te b o s sa pp ea r sa tR ichb o rough , s e eI I ,p l . 1 2 , 3 9 a& c ; S i lch e s te r , w i th e x ce l len tp ho tog raph si nA r chaeo log ia , LV I I , 1 901 , 2 44 -5 , f i g . 3 , w i th a n a na ly s i s o f t h e v e ry t h in b ra s s w h ich g ave a h igh z in c

7 4

c on t en t : t h i s ma ter ia l i sb r ie f ly r epub l i sh ed b y B oon , i b id . , C I I , 1 969 , 4 34 4 , f i g . 5 ,1 ;A lcock , o n S ou th C adbu ry C as t le , An t iq . J ou rn . 5 0 , 1 970 , 2 0 , p l . 7 ,c ,f o r as imp l if ied r o se t te b o s s .

P l a t e2 5 , 2 -4

1 5435a -c

S imp le h inge sf r om c u i ra s s -p la te s .

N o t i lu s t ra ted : s im i la rf r agmen t s : 1 047 , 4 351 , 9 458 , 1 0751 , 1 0798 , 1 0860 , 1835 ( 2 ) , 1866 , 1986 , 1 2572 , 1 2728 , 1 5036 , 1 5108 , 1 5222 , 1 5341 , 1 5433 , 1 5502 .

P l a te 2 5 , 5

5 418b

Two h inge s j o ined b y a c u rved b ron ze b and , n ow much c o r rod ed : p re sumab ly p a r t o f ac u i ra s s .

F ound w i th a n A lmg r en 1 9 f i bu la , P la te 6 ,

1 6 .

P l a te 2 5 , 6

3 046

Sma l lf r on t B uck le f o r ac u ira s s . I ng ood c ond i t ion e xcep t f o rt he m i s s ing c i rcu la r p ar t .

T he h inge s a r e s t i l l moveab le .

T he t h r ee r i ve t s h ave b ig

r ound h ead s .

P l a te 2 5 , 7

2 290

C omp le te B uck le , s im i la rt oN o . 6 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 377 , 7 393 , 7 742 w i th A uc i s sa C f i bu la , 8 085 , 1757 , 1 5125 . N o . 1757 w a s w i th af r agmen t o fd a rk r ed a nd ( i n s id e )o paqu e wh i te g l a s s .

P la te 2 5 , 8

1 5077c

L a rg e H ing e f o r ac u i ra s s , f ound w i th ac o in o fA ugu s tu s , s e e C han t ra in e , N ovae s ium , I I , 4 6 , C o in 6 03 ; a nd w i th P la te 1 8 , 7a nd 2 3 , 1 6 , as t rap a t tachmen t .

A w id e ly d i s t r ibu ted t yp e .

Two l i t t le -known e xamp le s i n

B r i ta in a r e : ( 1 ) i n t h e S an ton H oa rd w i th C e l t ic m e ta l -wo rk , s e e R A Sm i th , P roc . C amb r idg e An t iq . S oc . , 1 3 , 1 908 -9 , 1 46 -163 , p l . 1 6 , 2 ; a nd ( 2 ) S ou th C adbu ry C a s t le , s e e LA lcock , A n t iq . J ou r . , 4 7 , 1 967 , 7 4 , p l . 1 4a . I nL ehne r , N ovae s ium , T a f . 3 0B , 8 1 a nd 8 2 a r e s l igh t ly d if e ren tf r om t h e s t anda rd t y pe s ; H o fhe im , T al . 1 , 6 ,i su nu sua l , l i k eH od H i l l , I ,f i g . 5 6 , 9 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1866 , 1 9986 .

P la te 2 5 , 9

1 5522

P a tch f r om a c u i ra s s , p r e sumab ly t h e c u rve o n t h e p a tch f i t ted a h uman c he s t . T he n ine r i ve t s a r e s moo th a tt h e f r on t a nd r ough a tt he b ack . Two l i t t le p a tche sw e re a dd ed l a te r . F ound w i th ac o r roded f r on tl a c ing h ook f o r ac u ira s s ( Schnü rhak en ) l i k eP la te 2 3 , 7& 8a bove . S ee U lbe r t , R i s s t is sen , T af . 5 ,9 0 -92 .

7 5

P la te 2 5 , 1 0

1 3100

F ragmen t o f s hee t b ronze f r om a c u i ra s s , w i th s i x r i ve t s , b ack ed b y a f r agmen t o fl e a the r a nd t h en b y a no the r p i ece o fs h ee t b ronze -w he the r a p a tch , o rp ar t o ft h e o r ig ina l g a rmen t i sn o t c l ea r .

F o r l e a the r l i n ing s f o r

t h e l e g iona ry c u i ra s s , s e e G an s se r -Bu r ckha rd t , V indon i s sa .

P la te 2 5 , 1

6 280

S hee t -b ronze , p re sumab ly f r om a c u i r a s s .

One e dg e i ss t ra igh t , a nd t he

l o ng e dge i sb en to ve r . Two r i ve t -ho le s . S ee U lb er t , R is s t is sen , T af . 5 ,9 0 , f o rs ev en b and so fb ody a rmou r( Sch ien enpanze r ) .

P la te 2 5 , 1 2

8 10 l b

F la t b ronze a t tachmen t , s haped a to n e e nd , r ound ed a t t he o the r .

F ound

w i th av a r ian tA uc is sa E f i bu la , P la te 9 ,1 5 .

P la t e2 5 , 1 3

5 939

F ron tB uck le f o r ac u i ra s s , l a rge rt han N o . 6a bove .

S ee v on G ro l le r , T af .

1 8 , f i g . 3 9 -41 : a nd f o r c u i ra s s b uck le s o fv a r iou s k ind s , U lb e r t , R is s t is sen , T a f . 3 ,4 4 -72 , a nd T af . 4 ,7 3-89 .

P la te 2 5 , 1 4 -16

T h r ee B uck le s wh ich a r e mo r er ound ed t h an as em i -c irc le . T he i r on a x i si s o f t en m is s ing .

T h is t yp e may b e e a r l ie r t h an t h e mo re c ommon s em i -

c i rcu la rv a r ie ty . S ee U lb e r t , A i s l ing en , T a f . 1 7 , 2 8 , f o r as i ng le e xamp le o f t h i st yp e among s t av a r ie ty o fo the rk ind s .

P la te 2 5 , 1 4

1957

Two t oge the r , 3c ma tt h eg rea te s tw id th .

P la te 2 5 , 1 5

2 082

3c ma tt h eg r ea te s tw id th ,b u tl e s sd eep t h an N o . 1 4 .

P la te 2 5 , 1 6

1 6580a

T he l a rg e s t s i ze , 4 . 5 cm a tt h e g r ea t e s t w id th , w i th t he r ema in s o ft he i r on a x i s w h ich h e ld t h e t ongu e ( Dor n ) . F ound w i th a n a t tachmen t , P la te 2 7 , 1 3 .

P la te 2 5 , 1 7

9 068a

B u ck le ,f ound w i th P la te 2 7 , 1 7 .

P la te 2 5 , 1 8

7 119a

B uck le , f ound w i th P la te 2 8 , 7 .

P la te 2 5 , 1 9 -23

O rnamen ta l B u ck le s f r om t h e m i l i ta ry S wo rdb e l t . D iscu s sed b y G rew a nd i lu s t ra ted b y G r i ff i th s , 1 991 , 4 7 -84 .

P la te 2 5 , 1 9

1 2647a

L a rg es i ze , w i th ap la in t ongue .

P la te 2 5 , 2 0

1 2647b

At ongue w i th s t op -ba r s .

7 6

P la te 2 5 , 2 1

1 2647c

As ma l lB uck le , o n ly 2cm a c ro s s .

P la t e2 5 , 2 2

1 3740

T h e c o mmon e s t s i ze , c oa t ed w i th wh i t e m e ta l a nd c omp le t e e xcep t f o r t h e t ongue .

W id th 3 . 2 c m .

S ee Web s te r , 1 958 , f i g . 3 ,2 8 ; 7 , 2 13 ; 8 , 2 65 ;

H o fhe im , T a f . 1 , 1 4 , 2 0 , 2 1 , 3 1 .

F o r t h e r e c tangu la r o rnamen ta l b e l t -

p la te sa s soc ia ted w i th t h i sb uck le , s e eH o fhe im , T ex t , 1 50 , A bb . 2 8 .

N o t i lu s t ra ted : c omp le te : 334 , 5 879 , 7 532 , 1 0747 : f r agmen ta ry : 1 953 , 3 144 , 5 074 , 8 292 , 1 0874 , 1756 , 1 2 193 , 1 2439 , 1 5 105 w i th h e lme tf r agmen t s .

P la te 2 5 , 2 3

5 279

V e ry l a rge B uck le f r om a m i l i ta ry b e l t : c o r roded b u t c omp le te . K räme r , C ambodunum , 1 953 , T af . 1 6 , 2 1 .

S ee

F ound w i th a n A uc is sa A

f i bu la , n o ti lu s t ra ted .

P la te 2 5 , 2 4

5 113

B uck le , t ype u nce r ta in , w i th a f r agmen t o f t h in b ronze s hee t b en t b ackwa rd sa ga in s tt h et ongue .

P la t e2 5 , 2 5

1 4114b

B uck le , f ound w i th t h e w ine serv ing h and le , P la te 1 , 9 . I ti sr ound i n s e c t ion , l i k eH o fh e im , T af . 1 4 , 2 3 ,b u tt h el ong s i d ec u rve si nwa rd s .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 6 790 , r ound i ns e c t ion , 1 3390 , l i k eH o fhe im , T af . 1 4 , 2 1 , f l a ta tt h eb ack .

P la t e2 5 , 2 6

1 833

R ec tangu la rB uck le w i th w h i te m e ta lc oa t ing .

P la te 2 5 , 2 7

1 2645a

B e l t f a s ten ing f o r aD agge r , l i k e t h e c omp le te e xamp le s N o . 2 9 a nd P la te 2 6 , 1b e low .

T he re i sa no the r i n t he RGZ Mu seum , Ma inz , I nv . N r .

0 . 12203-4 ; H od H i l l , I ,f i g . 4 ,A9 7 -100 , G an s se r -Bu r ckha rd t , V indon i s sa , 4 7 , A bb . 2 9a .

N ie l lo d eco ra t ion o n t h e h inged a t tachmen t .

G r ew a nd

G r iff i th s , No s . 1 57 -177 .

P la t e2 5 , 2 8

1 2645b

B e l t -f a s ten ing , l i k eN o . 2 9b e low ,b roken a tt h eh ing e .

N o ti lu s tra ted : 1 0 163 i se xac t ly l i k eN o . 2 8 ; 1 433 i sl a rge ra nd h eav ie r .

P la t e2 5 , 2 9

2 974

B e l t -f a s ten ing , l i k e Mü l le r , G rav e 3 13 , N o . G r if f i th s , P la te 1 4a .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 8 044 , 1 3132 , 1 5343 .

7 7

1 6 .

S ee a l so G r ew a nd

P la te 2 6 , 1

1 2196

M i l i ta ry

b e l t -f a s ten ing

r e c tangu la r P la t e .

( Knop f m i t

R iemen sch le if e ) ,

w i th

t h e

f i r s t

Two g rave s tone s s how t h i s f a s ten ing c l ea r ly , b o th

i lu s t ra ted i nH o fhe im , T ex t , 1 51 , 1 54 , w he re t h eb u t ton t op o ft h e f a s tene r i sc l o se t ot h e d agge r a t tachmen t a nd t h e B uck le f a s ten s t he u pp e rb and o f t h eb e l t . F o rg rave s tone sa t Ma inz a nd B onn , s e eL inden schm i t , 1 882 , T al . 5 ,1 ;4 ,2 . T he N eu s se xamp le i sc oa ted i n wh i te m e ta l a nd t he r e c tangu la r P la te h a s f i v e r i ve t h o le s .

F o r as p lend id e n la rged p ho tog raph o f t he

t omb s tone f r om B inge rbr i ick , w i th a p ron , c i ngu lum a nd d agg e r , s e eU lber t , Waf f en , A bb . 1 4 .

P la te 2 6 , 2

1377a

P robab ly a n A p ron -Term ina l , o rnamen ted w i th n i e l lo . F o r s im i la ro b jec t s , s om e w i th h inge s , s ome w i thou t , H o fh e im , T af . 1 2 , 1 8 ; Obe rhau sen , i nt he A ug sbu rg Mu seum , I nv . N r . 0 / 4a nd 0 / 6 ( two ) .

P la te 2 6 , 3

1377b

Sma l la t tachmen tw i th n i e l lo d eco ra t ion .

P la te 2 6 , 4

3 656

B uck le , s im i la rt oL ehne r , N ovae s ium , T af . 3 0 , B , 7 6 , No . 1872 .

P la te 2 6 , 5

1 939b

B e l t -P la te w i th n i e l lo d eco ra t ion . F ound w i th P la te 2 ,1 4 .

P la te 2 6 , 6

8 98b

B e l t -P la te w i th r a ised c en t ra l b o s s c on ta in ing a s unken h o le f o r a n or namen ta lp in , n ow m is s ing . F ound w i th P la te 2 2 , 1 .

P la te 2 6 , 7

7 77 1 )

B e l t -P la te d eco ra ted w i th i ü e l lo a nd c oa ted w i th w h i te me ta l .

P la te 2 6 , 8

7 743

B e l t -P la te w i th n i e l lo d eco ra t ion , s e eG r ew a nd G r if f i th s , f i g . 7 ,2 3 .

P la te 2 6 , 9

1 4483

B e l t -P la te w i th f ou r r i ve t -ho le s a nd e ng raved c on cen tr ic c i r c le s a round a s ma l l c en t ra l r i ve t .

F ound w i th a n A lmg ren 1 5 a nd a n Auc i s sa A f i bu la ,

n o ti lu s t ra ted .

P la te 2 6 , 1 0

1 4621a

B e l t -P la te , r e c tangu lar , c oa ted w i th w h i te m e ta l , much d amag ed embos sed d eco ra t ion i nt h ec en t re . F ive r i v e t -ho le s .

P la te 2 6 , 1

8 176

B e l t -P la te o rnamen ted w i th t i ny n i e l lo s qua re s .

P la te 2 6 , 1 2

1 070

B e l t -P la te w i th n i e l lo d eco ra t ion .

P la te 2 6 , 1 3

9 092a

B e l t -P la te w i th wh i te m e ta l c oa t ing a nd i ü e l lo d eco ra t ion .

7 8

P la te 2 6 , 1 4

1 2162

L ong a nd n a r row a t tachmen tw i th n i e l lo d eco ra t ion .

P la t e2 6 , 1 5

1 501

Sma l la t tachmen tw i th n i e l lo d eco ra t ion .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 8 912 , 1 2601 , 1 4653 , 1 7186 .

P la te 2 6 , 1 6

5 320b

F ragmen t o f c u i ra s s?

( Bruch s tück e i ne s P anze r s ) .

O rnamen ted a l l o ve r

w i th s ma l l i mp r e s sed c oncen tr ic c i r c le s . At h in p la in P la te o fb ronze a tt h e b ack . As ma l lp a tch a tt h ef r on ta nd o ne r i ve t -ho le . W i th P la te 1 , 6 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted :

1 .

Sma l l f r agmen t s o fs hee t b ronze , w i th o r w i thou t h o le s ( O sen ) 3 98 , 1 506 , 1 966 , 1 975 , 2 533 , 2 550 , 3 753 , 3 941 , 4 146 , 5 372 , 5 455 , 8 356 , 9 583 , 1 0218 , 1952 .

2 .

2 333 , ah eavy t h ick s hee to fb ronze ,b u tf o ld ed u p .

3 .

7 708 , 8 952 w i th t wo s ma l lp a tche so fb ronze .

4 .

1495 , al a rge s hee t , r ough ly 1 2 .5 x 1 2 .5 c m ,v e ry t h in .

5 .

O the rl a rg ef r agmen t sa r e : 6 04 , 2 430 , 5 260 , 5 337 i s ar e c tangu la rs hee t w i th r ounded c or n e r s 8x 6 . 5 cm , 1 3795 .

6 .

Mou ld ed s hee tb ronze i nl a rg ef r agm en t s , 1 534 , 1 931 , 8 043 , 8 208 i s at h in s hee to fi r on b e tween t wo o fb ronze , a nd ar i ve tt h rough t h em .

P la te 2 6 , 1 7

8 398c

Al ump , 4x3x 1 . 0 cm , f o rmed f r om al a rge a nd v e ry t h in s h ee t o fb ronze o u t o f wh ich i nnume rab le h o le s h ave b een c u t .

T he h o le s a r e v e ry c l o se

t og e the r : t h e i rd i ame te ri s0 . 6 cm . T hen t h e s hee th a sb een f o ld ed o ve ra nd o ve r i n to t h i s l ump o fw a s te b ronze .

( Seh r d ünne d u r ch löche t te P la t te z u

e i nem k l e inen P ak e tZ u sammengef a l te t ) . F ound w i th P la te 2 9 , 8 .

P la te 2 6 , 1 8

7 908

S t rap -a t tachmen t .

P la t e2 6 , 1 9

9 732

G e rman i sche r G ü r te lhak en .

G efund en F e ld d 134 : T ib e r i sch , s t a ted D r

Mü l le r . L a te A ugu s tan -T ibe r ian . T he h ook i sm is s ing , a nd o n ly o ne r i ve t r ema in s .

T h i s r a r e o b jec t w a s i d en t if ied b y D r P e te r G lü s ing , who h a s

k ind ly c on t r ibu ted t he f o l low ing n o te .

Un te r d en b e i d en n euen G rabung en i m L eg ion s lag e r v on N ovae s ium z u T age g ekommenen K le in fund en b ef ind e t s i ch a uch d a s F ragmen t e i ne s b ron zenen

G ür te lhaken s

7 9

u nzwe i f e l

h af t

e l bg e rman i sch e r

H e rkunf t .

Gü r te lhaken d i e se r A r t , d i e l e tz ten E nd e s f unk t ione l l u nd s t i l i s t i sch a uf s pä tk e l t i schen G ür te l schmuck d e s ö s t l ichen M i t te leu ropa s z u rü ckgehen , f and en s i ch b i sh e r i n S ch le sv ig -Ho l s t e in , d em w e s t l ichen Meck lenbu rg , N ied e r sach sen u nd d em n ö rd l ich en We s t f a len . S tück e g ib t e s a uch a n s T hü r ing en u nd B öhmen .

E n t f ern te r v erwand te Da s d em r öm i schen

R he in land z unäch s t g ef unden e E xemp la r s t amm t a n s e ine r S i ed lung d e r ä l te r en g erman i schen K a i se rze i t , w ie ü b e rhaup t d i e se H ak en , s owe i t s i e s i ch d a t ie r en l a s sen , d en e r s t en J ah rzehn ten n ach C h r . g ebu r t a ngehören . D a s b i she r ig e F eh len d i e se s T yp s i m s üd l ichen We s tf a len u nd d em r e ch t s rhe in i schen N ied er rhe in g eb ie t d a r f u n s n i ch t w e i te r v e rwundern ; d enn b i s h eu te i s t d i e Z ah l d e r i nd i e sem R aume a u fgedeck t en G räb er d e r ä l te ren

g e rman i schen

K a i se rze i t

s eh r g e r ing ,

w oh l

e i n e F o lge

d e r

B e s t ta t tung s s i t ten i m d ama l igen N o rdwe s tdeu t sch land ; d a s S tück a u s d e r G eg end v on M inden f and s i ch b eze ichnenderwe i se i n e i n e r S i ed lung . D ie se g erman ischen Gü r te lhak en , w ie a uch i h re s pä tke l t ischen V o r läu f e r , b i ld e ten i m k e l t i schen u nd g e rman i schen B e re ich e inen B e s tand t e i l d e s F rauen schmuck s .

R ef e rence : KT ack enbe rg , D ie Ku l tu r d e r f r ühen E i senze i t i nM i t te l -u nd We s thannove r , H i ld e she im , 1 934 , T af . 9 , 7f r om G a rb sen ( Hannove r ) .

P la te 2 6 ,2 0

1981

R ing , w i th d eco ra t ive mou ld ing s .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 8 678 , 1618 w i th c o in o fA ugu s tu s , s e e C han t ra ine , N ovae s ium I I , 5 5 , C o in N r . 9 61 .

P la te 2 6 , 2 1

1321

P e rhap s t he p in wh ich h e ld t h e t wo s i d e s o fa n a xe -shea th t oge the r .

S ee

P la te 2 1 , 1 2 , f o rt h es i de a nd h ook f r om a na xe shea th .

P la te 2 6 , 2 2

1932

V e ry h eavy B uck le , p robab ly f o r H o r se -ha rne s s , w i th a t h ick a nd h eavy t ongue ( Do rn ) .

I I

H o r se E qu ipmen t , B en sa nd P endan t s

P la te 2 7 , 1

2 548a

S id e -P la te f r om a B r id le -b i t ( R iemenö senp la t te ) . p endan t , P la te 2 8 , 1 .

F ound w i th a s ma l l

T h i s t y p e o fb r id le i sw id e ly d i s t r ibu ted .

U sua l ly ,

t h eb a r( Geb i s s )w a so fb ronze , a sh e re a tN eu s s , s e e N r . 5& 6b e low , a l so a tH o fhe im , T at 1 9 , 4 -10 .

T he H o fhe im s i de -p iece s , i b id . , n umbe red 1 ,

1 2 -14 , a r ed if e r en tf r om t h eN eu s st y pe s . S id e -P la tes f r om O b e rhau sen a r e i nt h e A ug sbu rg Mu seum ; f o r e xamp le s f r om D o r se t , s e e Web s te r , 1 958 ,

8 0

f i g . 5 ,1 27 , f r om H am H i l l ; a nd v e ry w o rn e xamp le s f r om H od H i l l , I ,f i g . 2 ,A2 5 -27 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 6 42 , 2 513 , 8 934b , 8 951 , 1 3451 w i th t wo b uck le s wh ich a r en o ti lu s t ra ted .

P la t e2 7 , 2

3 499

S id e -P la te f o r aB r id le -b i t .

P la t e2 7 , 3

7 772

S id e -P la te f o r aB r id le -b i t w i th s ma l l h o le s .

I ta l so h a s ac en t ra l h o le ,

p robab ly f o ra n or n amen ta ls t ud , n ow m i s s ing .

P l a te 2 7 , 4

9 068b

S id e -P la te f o r aB r id le -b i t , a nd a b ronze b a r 1 3 .8 c m l ong w i th a b ig t e rm ina lk nob , l i k e N o . 6b e low . F ound w i th t he h arne s s -buck le , P la te 2 5 , 1 7 .

P la te 2 7 , 5

4 357

B r id le -b i t( P f e rd eg eb i s s tang e ) . 1 3c ml ong , w i th as ma l lt e rm ina lk nob , a nd s ma l l h o le a tt h e o the r e nd . T he H o fhe im b a r s v a ry f r om 1 3 -14 cm , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o f P la te 1 9 , 8 , wh ich i s 1 5 cm l ong .

Among s t t he g rea t

n umbe r o fb r id le -b i t s a tO b e rhau sen , P rof e s so r We l l s c oun ted o ve r f i f ty , t h e r e a r e s eve ra l o ft h e se b ronze b a r s , 1 3 c m l ong , b u t o n e i so n ly 1 cm . F o r ag ene ra l a ccoun t o ft h e Ob e rhau sen ma te r ia l s e e We l ls , Ob e rhau sen , 6 8 -70 .

P la te 2 7 ,6

1 068

L ik eN o . 5 ,b u tw o rn b yu se a tb o th e nd s .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 2 258 , 7 164 , e a ch 1 3 c ml ong ; 8 349 i so n ly 1 2c ml ong .

P la t e2 7 , 7

1 2217

H a rne s s -R ing w i th ad i ame te ro f 2c m . F o ro the rs i ze ss e eN o . 1 4b e low .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 279 , 1 931 w i th al a rge f r agmen to f mou ld ed s hee tb ronze , 2 316b w i th P la te 5 ,6 ,a n A lmg ren 1 9 ,6 575 , 6 942 , 8 770 , 9 893 , 1 5784 , 1 5917 , 1 6667 .

P la t e2 7 , 8

2 845

H eavy c ur ved b a r , r ounded i n s e c t ion , f l a t tened t owa rd s t he r e c tangu la r e nd , b rok en a tb o th e nd s . P u rpo se u nce r ta in .

P la t e2 7 , 9

2 944b

F ou r s ided b a r o f b ron ze w i th a r ounded k nob a t e ach e nd . u ncer ta in . F ound w i th aD i s te lf ib e l , T yp eA l , n o ti lu s t ra ted .

8 1

P u rpo se

P la te 2 7 , 1 0

1938

H eavy H ook a nd s t rap -f i t t ing .

T he s t rap -end i sb en t a par t a nd b rok en .

F ive s uch o b jec t s , e ach s l igh t ly d if e ren tf r om e ach o the r , h ave b een f ound a tO be rhau sen , n ow i nA ug sbu rg Mu seum , I nv . N r . 0 / 4 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 5 00 l b , f ound w i th P la te 1 0 , 8 , aD iv ided -Bow f i bu la .

P la te 2 7 , 1

2 505a

S t rap -a t tachmen t , f ü rZ üge l o rT en e t , f ound w i th ak n if e -hand le , P la te 1 9 , 6 .

P la te 2 7 , 1 2

1 2005b

H eavy mou lded o b jec t w i th t wo r i ng s f o r a t tachmen t , p re sumab ly h o r se h a rne s s . 7 . 6 cm l ong . F ound w i th P la t e 1 8 , 9 , ap a i ro ff o rcep s .

P la te 2 7 , 1 3

6 225b

H a rne s s -a t tachm en t w i th f ou r l i t t le r i ve t s u nd e rnea th .

F ound w i th P la te

2 1 , 1 6 , as t i lu s .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 6580b , w i th f ou r h o le s f o r r i ve t s , d eco ra ted w i th b ead ing ( P e r len s t r e i f en ) . F ound w i th P la te 2 5 , 1 6 , ab uck le .

P la te 2 7 , 1 4

3 213

H a rne s s r ing , 3c md iame te r .

N o ti lu s t ra ted :

d i ame te r4 . 5 cm . , 5 296 . d i ame te r3 . 4 cm . , 6 850 , 7 347 . d i ame te r2 . 5 c m . , 2 415 , 2 543 , 3 057 , 3 174 , 5 320 , 6 967 .

T h in r i ng s :

d i ame te r 1 . 65 c m . , 5 23 , 7 80b , w i th T af . 6 ,1 ,3 245 , 5 159 , 6 839 , 7 629 , 1 5560 .

T h ick r i ng s , s l igh t ly r i bbed : d iame t e r 1 . 65 cm . , 5 97 , 7 069 , 8 654 : a l lt h ree a r ec o r rod ed .

P la te 2 7 , 1 5

4 330b

H a rne s s r ing , d i ame te r 3 . 4 c m . , w i th f ou r s t rap a t tachmen t s .

S ee H ob ley ,

B ag in ton , 12 , f i g . 2 0 , 3 ;B eh ren s , 1 912 , A bb . 3 ,5 ,f r om Ma inz . w i th P la te 8 ,1 0 , a n Auc i s sa A f i bu la .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 2 32 , 3 158 , 5 371 , 5 429 , 6 979 , 7 983 , 1 2275 , 1 5957 .

P la te 2 7 , 1 6

1 4432

Two s ma l l s t rap -end so n as ma l lr i ng .

P la te 2 7 , 1 7

1 972

S t rap -a t tachmen t .

P la te 2 7 , 1 8

1 382

Af l a tD i sk w i th ar a i sed c en t re , a nd ap a r t ly -b rok en l oop .

8 2

F ound

P l a t e2 7 , 1 9

1 5198

T yp e IB e l l s( G lock en ) .

P l a t e2 7 , 2 0

1 2906

T yp eI .

P l a t e2 7 , 2 1

6 168

T ype I . 1e xamp le .

P l a t e2 7 , 2 2

1 061

T ype 1 1 .7 e xamp le s .

P l a te 2 7 , 2 3

1 917

T ype I V .

P l a t e2 7 , 2 4

2 562a

T ype I V .

P l a t e2 7 , 2 5

3 178

T ype V . 2e xamp le s

1 7e xamp le s .

4e xamp le s .

T o ta l 3 1

S i ze 1 0 .5 cm

T ype I

P la te N o .

F ind N r .

2 7 , 1 9

1 5198

C omp le te w i th p a r to fi r on c l appe r . U lbe r t , A i s l ingen , T al . 2 1 , 1 6i s9 . 3 c m .

8 . 6c m

I

3 178

8 . 6c m

I

1 2232

7 . 8c m

I

7 . 8c m

2 7 , 2 0

A lb r ech t , O b e rad en , I ,T af . 4 4 , 7& 8 .

1 2906

W i th c omp le te i r on c l appe r .

I

3 475

Ab eau t ifu lg reen -b lue p a t ina .

5 . 8c m

I

5 074

W i th P la te 2 4 , 2 7a nd o the rb ronze s .

5 . 8c m

I

1 3538

4 . 5c m

I

7 162

H o fhe im ,T af . 1 4 , 1 3 &2 5 a r et he s ame s i ze .

4 . 5c m

I

1 3344

W i th P la te 1 0 , 9 .

F ragmen t s

I

1 34

F ragmen t s

I

5 418

F ragmen t s

I

5 487

F ragmen ts

I

7 037

F ragmen t s

I

7 838

F ragmen t s

I

8 430

F ragmen t s

I

1838

F ragmen t s

I

1 3461

5 . 2 cm

I

2 7 , 2 1

W i th P la te 6 ,1 6 &2 5 , 5 .

6 168

R ound ed t op , r e c tangu la rb e low ,w i th f ou rf e e t . U lber t , A i s l ing en , T af . 2 1 , 1 5i s6 . 6 c m , T al . 2 1 , 1 4 i s5 . 7c m .

3 . 8c m

I I

2 7 , 2 2

1 061

R ounded , d eco ra ted w i th t h ree s hou lde r -

8 3

g roove s . C ompa re t h ep l a in f o rm sa tH o fhe im , T af . 1 4 , 1 4&1 9 . C un l i f f e ,F i shbou rn e ,f i g . 4 6 , 1 08 i sl a rge r( C laud ian ) . 3 . 8c m

I I

1 961

3 . 8c m

I I

1 5471

Sma l le r

I I

1 510

Sma l le r

I I

3 111

Sma l le r

I I

6 212

Sma l le r

I I

1 0891

2 . 7 cm

I V

2 7 , 2 3

W it hP la te 7 ,1 4a nd o the rb ronze s .

1 917

F ou rp ro jec t ing c o rne r s , a nd r eba te sb e tw een t he f ou rt i ny f e e t .

2 . 7c m

I V

1 004

2 . 7 cm

I V

4 268

2 . 2c m

I V

2 7 , 2 4

2 562a

W i th P la te 1 9 , 9 . C ompa r eB eh ren s , 1 9 12 , A bb . 4 , 5f r om Ma inz .

2 . 0c m

V

2 7 , 2 5

3 178

C one shap ed , w i th h o r izon ta l g roov e s . U lb er t , A i s l ing en ,T at 2 1 , 1 2i s2 . 7 cm .

3 . 8 cm

P la te 2 8 , 1

V

3 583

3 541

S im i la rt oN o . 2 5 i ns hap e .

P endan t ( Anhäng e r ) . L igh t i nw e igh t , w i th t wo c en t ra l b o s se s , w h ich a r e h o l low , o nt h er ounde l s .

P la te 2 8 , 2

1 5639

P endan t , l e a f shaped , w i th i ü e l lo a nd wh i te m e ta l d eco ra t ion . T he l o op i s b rok en .

P la te 2 8 , 3

7 073

P endan t i nt wo p ar t s , h inged t og e the rw i th a n i r on p in .

S ee Ma rk H a s sa l l ,

An t iq . J ourn . 6 0 , 1 980 , 3 42 -4 .

P la te 2 8 , 4

1148

P endan t w i th o pen -wo rk d eco ra t ion .

L ik e H o fhe im , T af . 1 4 , 8a nd 1 ; a

v a r ian t t ype w i th n i e l lo w a s f ound o ve r t he I r on A ge o ccup a t ion , s e e H od H i l l , I , 4 1 , a nd f i g . 3 1 f r om P i t 1 5b .

T he re i sa no the r v a r ian t i n t h e

f amou s S even S i s ter sH oa rd o fC e l t ic m e ta lwo rk , f r om t he V a le o fN ea th i n G lamo rgan , G r ime s , NM W G u id e , 1 939 , 19 , 1 95 , a nd f i g . 4 0 , 1 2 , wh ich a pp ea r st ob e ar e l ic o ft he c ap tu r ed R oman s o ld ie r s r ef er red t ob y T ac i tu s , Anna l s , x i i , 3 9 , who se e qu ipmen tw a st ak en b y aB r i t ish c h ie f ta in .

P la te 2 8 , 5

1 2359c

P endan tw i th f l a tP la te a nd l owe rm ou ld ing s . C lo se t o Ho fhe im ,T af . 1 4 , 2 .

8 4

P la t e2 8 , 6

1 2452

P endan t w i th t wo f l a t ' w ing s ' a nd al o op wh ich e nd s i n ab i rd o r a n ima l h ead . F ound w i th a n A lmg ren 2 2 f i bu la . S ee H & H , C amu lodunum , p l . 1 03 , 1 2 : H od H i l l , I ,f i g . 3 ,A 40 ; U lbe r t , R he ingönh e im , T at 3 6 , 1 7 , a nd R is s t i s sen , T at 2 3 , 3 45 ; Un s , B ad en , A bb . 5 ,4 6 &4 7 ; Web s te r , 1 958 , p l . 1B ,f i g . 4 ,6 9 ; 6 ,1 41 ; 8 ,2 56 , L eahy , 1 980 , 8 3-4 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 3 723 ; 1 5036 ,w i th P la te 1 9 , 1 7a nd 2 3 , 2 .

P la te 2 8 , 7

7 119b

H or n shap ed P endan t o f t h in b ronze o ve r aw ood en c o re .

T he t i p i s

b rok en , a nd t h e r i ng a tt h e t op c on ta in s ab rok en l o op f o r s u sp en s ion . c m l ong .

1 6

T h e re i s as im i la r p endan t i n t h e R he in i sche s L and e smu seum ,

B onn , I nv . N r . 3 9450 b u t t h is i so n ly 9c m l ong .

T he se s i ng le i ni t ia t ion

h o rn s s hou ld b e d i s t ingu i shed f r om t h e f ou r th t of i f th c en tu ry p endan t s i n t h ef o rm o fp a i r so fb oa r s ' t u sk su n i ted b yb ronze o rnamen t ; t wo c ome f r om R ichbo rough , I V , 1 41 , p l . 4 6 , 1 73 -4 ; a nd s e e S on ia H awk e s , 1 961 , 2 9 -31 , w i th r e f e rence s . F ound w i th ab uck le , P la te 2 5 , 1 8 : F e ld e 135 : C laud i sch .

P la te 2 8 , 8

5 220

P endan t , ac u rved ,b road s hee to fb ronze ; t h et wo p ro jec t ion sm ay r ep r e sen t h and s , s e e N o . 9b e low .

A bove a l i ne o f d eco ra t ion t h e re i s as ma l l

moveab le b ronze a t tachmen t , f a s ten ed b y a n i r on p in , wh ich o nce c a r r ied t h el o op , n ow b rok en .

P la t e2 8 , 9

1 7066

P endan t i n t h e f o rm o f ap ha l l ic amu le t , av a r ian t o f t he t yp e f ound a t B ag in ton , s e e H ob ley , 12 , f i g . 2 0 , 6 ,a nd s t ud ied b y Web s te r i b id . , 1 26 -9 . B e low t h e c en t ra l p ha l lu s t h e re i s ab rok en l oop f o r t h e s u sp en s ion , p robab ly o f as ma l lo ne , l i k eN o . 1 0b e low .

P la t e2 8 , 1 0

3 951

P endan t i nt h e f o rm o f as mal p ha l l ic amu le t , l i ke H a l te rn , V , 1 909 , T at 3 7 , 7 ; Web s te r , 1 958 ,p l . 5 ,8 5f r om C o lche s te r .

P la t e2 8 , 1

2 548b

P endan t , f ound w i th P la te 2 7 , 1 , ah o r se 's c heekp iece f r om ab r id le -b i t .

P la t e2 8 , 1 2

7 244

P endan t , l i gh ti nw e igh t , d eco ra ted w i th a ni n se t o fw h i te m e ta l s u r round ed w i th p l a in b ronze . B rok en a tt he t i p .

P la t e2 8 , 1 3

1 2253

P endan t i nt h ef o rm o f ap ha l l ic amu le t , l i k e Web s t e r , 1 958 , 7 8 , p l . 5 ,8 3 ; H ob ley , B ag in ton , 1 28 , f i g . 2 8 ;H o fhe im , T at 1 4 , 1 .

8 5

P la te 2 8 , 1 4

5 276

P endan t i nt h e f o rm o f ap ha l l ic a mu le t , c ompa re N o . 9a bov e .

A lb rech t ,

O be rad en , I , 1 942 , T af . 4 4 , 5& 6 .

P la te 2 8 , 1 5

5 089

P endan t , l una te i n f o rm w i th t wo r i ng s f o r s ma l le r o b jec t s t o h ang i n s u sp en s ion . T he c en t re h o le s t i l lc a r r ie s as ma l lp l a in l e af shap ed p endan t .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 4426 , c or rod ed a nd f r agmen ta ry .

8 6

THE I RON WEAPONS AND TOOLS

Weapon s : A ng r if f swaf f en

( a )

T he P i lum : Wu rf lanze

T he c a ta logu eo fp i la b y Hv on P e t r ikov i t s i s ad e ta i led s t udy w i th f u l l r e f e rence s , G e rman ia , 2 9 , 1 951 , 1 98 -210 , h e reaf t e r c i ted a sv on P e t r ikov i t s , P i lum sp i tze . H e re i ti so n ly n ece s sa ry t oa dd m o re r e cen t p ub l ica t ion s .

O f t he se , t h e mo s t i n te re s t ing f i nd s w e re mad e a tV o remwa ld a nd

B ib e r l ikop f , s e e G ü r inge r , U r -Schwe iz , 2 4 , 1 960 , 1 8 -24 , A bb . 2 0 , t wo p i lum -head s o f o b so le te N uman t ia t yp en o tk nown e l sewhe r ei nS w i tze r land ; L au r -Be la r t , i b id . , 2 6 , 1 962 , 3 5 -51 , A bb . 4 3 , o n eH a rpun en -p i lum o ft h e s ame Numan t ian t yp e : t h e se h ave o ne b a rb a tt h et i pa nd af ou r s id ed s haf t .

T he B ibe r l ikop fs t i l l h a s p ar t o ft h e s o ck e t , b u t t h e V o remwa ld p i la e nd i n at h in s hee t ,

w h ich o nce c u rv ed a round t h ew ooden h and -g r ip t ow h ich t h ey w e r e n a i led . T he se t owe r sb yt he Wa len see w e r eo ccup ied f r om c .2 5 /20 BC t o1 5 BC , a ss umma r i sed b y We l l s , GPA , 1 972 , 5 4 -56 .

N eu s sh a st h en ew Augu s tan t ype , P la te 2 9 , 1( 367 ) ; l i k ev on P e t r ikov i t s , P i lum sp i tze , 2 03 , A bb . 3 , 1 :L ehne r , N ovae s ium , T af . 3 1 , A , N r . 9w h ich i s3 6 c m l ong .

P e rhap s t h e b e s t p re served

p i lum w a s f ound a tW ie sbad en , a nd i th a s as qua r e s ock e t 3 . 2 cm a c ro s s , s e e Wy l ie , 1 869 , 3 37 . T he H a l te rn p i lum h a s at ang , n o t as o ck e t , 8 . 8c ml ong . I t sf ou r s id ed o rp yram ida l t i pi s7 . 5 cm l o ng , o ve ra l l i t m ea su r e s 7 3 c m , s e e H a l te rn , V ,

1 909 , T al .

3 9 ,

1 .

F o r mo re r e cen t

r e con s truc t ion s , s e eU lbe r t , Waf f en , A bb . 1 8 ;b u t mo s tp i la a r ef r agmen ta ry : S imon , G ro s s -Ge rau , 5 1 , A bb . 5 , 1 8 ; S imon , R ödgen , 6 2 , A bb . 2 , 1 3 ; F ing e r l in , D ang s te t ten , A bb . 1 4 , 1 ; Web s te r , 1 958 , 9 2 , f i g . 7 ,N o . 2 19 , f o rt wo p y ram ida lh ead sn ow i nt h eD o rche s te r Mu seum , D o r se t .

T oP rof e s so r S i r I an R ichmond Io we t h e f o l low ing r e f e rence t oS chm id , 1 912 -24 , 1 81 , A bb . 2 , f ou r d if e ren t p i la f ound a tt h e R ingwa l l G rad i n S tM iche l b e i A de l sbe rg i n A u s t r ia .

E ach i s

d if e ren t i nl e ng th , t wo h ave s ock e t s , a nd t wo h ave t h in s hee t s o fi r on , l i k e t ho se a tV o r emwa ld , f o ra t tachmen tt ot h eh andg r ip , b u tt h e i rp o in t sa r en o tb a rbed .

F ou rp i lum -h ead s ,w i th f i ve mo re p robab le p i la , a r er e co rd ed i nH od H i l l , I ,6 ,a nd p l . 2 B .

P l a te 2 9 , 1

3 67B

P i lum : t he p o in t i s al ong -d rawn -ou t f ou r s id ed p y ram id w i th af ou r s ided s haf t( S tang e ) . T he l owe re nd i sm i s s ing . S ee v on P e t r ikov i t s , N ovae s ium , 6 8 , A bb . 2 1 .

O ve ra l l l e ng th 3 9 .8 cm ; l e ng th o fp o in t 5 . 8 c m ; w id th o f

p o in t 1 . 2 cm . F ound i nt h e T emp le E nc lo su re ( He i l igen B ez irk ) w i th P la te 2 3 , 1 0a nd a nA lmg r en 1 9f i bu la .

P la t e2 9 , 2

6 144

P i lum , c or roded . L eng th 5 3 c m ; l e ng th o fp o in t7 . 5 c m .

8 7

P la t e2 9 , 3

5 993

P i lum w i th ap a r t ly -b rok en p o in t . T h e s haf ti sr ound ed , w i th af ou r s id ed e nd ,b rok en p ar t ly a way . L eng th 2 8 c m ; w id th o ft h ep o in t 1 . 5 c m .

P la t e2 9 , 4

1 2691A & b

D amaged p i lum -head s .

P la te 2 9 , 5

1 207

P i lum w i th a lmo s tc omp le te p o in t . L eng th 1 4 .5 c m ; w id th o fp o in t 1c m .

P la te 2 9 , 6

8 085

P i lum : 1 2 .5 c mo ve ra l l ; l eng th o fp o in t4 . 5 c m .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 445a , w i th ab rok en p o in t , 2 6 c m o ve ra l l , f ound w i th ac h i se l a nd P la t e 3 6 , 7 ;8 105 w h ich i s 2 5 c mo ve ra l l ; 8 919 .

( b )

C a tapu l t -bo l t s : G e schü tzbo lzen

C a tapu l t -bo l t s w i th t ang s w e re f ound i n h uge n umbe r s i nt h e l e g iona ry b a se a tH a l te rn , f o r a s umma ry s e e We l l s , GPA , 1 86 ; H a l te rn , I I , 1 903 , 6 3 -68 , T a f . 1 3 -14 ; I V , 1 905 , 1 21-4 , a nd t h e w r i te r , ES ch ramm , s ugg e s ted t ha t t h e t ang s w e re f i xed i nh a rd w ood s ha f t s t or educ e w e igh t . T he b o l t s a r e v e ry h eavy : v on P e tr ikov i t s n o ted t ha t t h ey w e igh b e tween 3 g ramme s a s a m ax imum , d own t o2 7g ramme s . O ve ra l ll e ng th o ft h ep o in t i s1 3 -14 .5 c m ; a bou t 1c mi nw id th . T he r ounded w ood en s haf t s a pp ea rt oh ave b een c ove red b y s hee t m e ta l , n ow much r u s t ed , a nd t h ew ood w a s map le ( Aho rn ) .

Iw i sh t ot hank D r DB aa tz f o rc o r re spond ence a bou t G eschü tzbo lzen . T he s o ck e ted v a r ie ty w i th p y ram ida lp o in t i sa tH o fh e im , s e eT af . 1 7 , 5 0 -52 : N r . 5 3 i sp a r t icu la r ly h eavy w i th at h re e s id ed p o in t . F inge r l in , D ang s te t ten , A bb . 1 4 , 7a nd 8 ,h ave s qua r e s o ck e t s ; s e e F e l lman , B a se l , A bb . 1 4 , 2 ;S imon D ege r f e ld , A bb . 1 0 , 8 ; Du ra -Eu ropo s , V I , 1 936 , 4 55 -6 , a nd p l . 2 4 , 2 ,i sc omp le te w i th i t sw ooden s haf t , a nd 3 16 a r e s ocke ted b o l t s w e igh ing 5 0 .6 t o6 2 .3 g ramme s : w h i le s ma l le r o ne sw e igh f r om 3 9g ramme sa nd u pwa rd s .

D r JP W i ld k ind ly w e ighed v a r iou s a r rowhead s a nd b o l t s a tt h e R he in i sche s L and e smu seum , B onn , a nd i n f o rmed m et ha t ,u nde r2 5 g ramme st h eo b jec t s , a r eh and -bow a r rowhead s : t h a t i st h e max imum w e igh t wh ich c an b ep u l led b y ah and o pe ra ted b ow .

B yc a l l ing t h e mach ine sc a tapu l t s , Iam f o l low ing t h ed ef in i t ion g iven b y E W Ma r sd en i nh i st wo v o lume s o n a nc ien t a r t i l le ry .

C oncern ing t h e s qua r e h o le i no ne o ft h e Ma iden C a s t le , D o r se t ,

s ku l l s f r om t he Wa r C eme te ry , Ma r sd en n o ted t ha t t he s ku l l w a s p i e rced a th igh s pe ed b ecau se t h e b one i sn o t s ha t te red .

F o r t h e se b o l t s a t Ma iden C a s t le , s e e Whee le r , f i g . 9 3 , 1a nd 2 ;t h e

p i e rced s ku l l i sp l . 5 3 , D , s ke le ton P 7 who a l so h a s s wo rd -cu t s o n h i s s ku l l .

8 8

I n t h e s ame g rave

w a s s k e le ton P 7A , w i th af l a t -po in ted a r rowhead i nh i sv er teb rae f r om ac a tapu l t , s e e f i g . 9 3 , 1 3 a nd p l . 5 8 , A .

T he s ame t y p e o ff l a t -po in ted , s o cke ted a r rowhead h a s b een f ound a tF i shbou rne , s e e C un l if f e , 1 34 -5 , N o . 4 9 ;c ompa r e S imon ,D ege rf e ld , Abb . 1 0 , 9 .

A tH od H i l l , S i rI an R ichmond f ound w i th in t h e C h ie f ta in 's Hu t i nt h e g rea t n a t ive B r i t i sh h i l l f o r tt ha te l ev en b o l t s h ad b een w e l l p l aced o n t a rg e t . S ince n o s i gn o f ab a t t le h a sb een f ound a t H od H i l l , i nc on t ra s t w i th t h e g r im d i scove r ie s a t Ma id en C a s t le , R ichmond a s sumed t ha t t h e C h ief ta in s u r r end e red a f t e r t h i s u nnerv ing e xp er ience o ft h e a ccu racy o ft h e c a tapu l t , s e e H od H i l l , I , 3 2 -3 , 7 2 -4 , a nd f i g . 1 4 ; Mann ing , 1 985 , 1 59 -160 .

T he b o l t s i n t h e C h ief ta in 's H u t a r e f r agmen ta ry a nd i ti si mpo s s ib le t o r e co rd t h e i r s i ze s o r w e igh t s ( Br i t i sh Mu seum r eg i s t ra t ion n umbe r s 1 960 . 4 -5 . 5 12 13 , 5 39 -49 ) .

Among s t t he

s o ck e ted b o l t sf ound e l sewhe re d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion s , i b id . , 14 -15 , f i g . 5 8 , A 1a& cr ep re sen t t h el i gh te rf o rm a nd A 1b& ea r eh eav ie r .

Mr B ra i l sf o rd n o ted i nH od H i l lI ,6a nd p l . v i , t ha tt h e s i x ty seven b o l t si nt h e Du rd en C o l lec t ion i nt h e B r i t i sh Mu seum v a ry i ns i ze , wh ich s ugge s t st ha t w eapon s o fa tl e a s tt wo c a l ib r e s w e re i n u se t h e re . On ly s i x teen a r es u ff i c ien t ly w e l l p r e se rved t ob ew e ighed a nd m ea su red , a nd Iw i sh t o t hank M i s s C a the r ine J ohn s f o r t h e f o l low ing p a r t icu la r s .

S he h a s a dd ed t h e d e ta i l s c once rn ing

t wo o the rb o l t s , f ound a tB rough i n We s tmo r land . T he h eav ie r o ne s a r e t h ick e rt han t h e o the r s b u t , e ven s o ,t h ev a r ia t ion i ns i ze a nd w e igh ti sr ema rkab le .

L eng th o fH ead

T o ta lL eng th

We igh t ( g ramme s )

4 . 5 cm

9 . 8 cm

2 5 .9

118

4 . 8

1 0 .7

3 7

121

3 . 8

9

4 6 .2

123

3 . 7

8 . 1

5 0 .5

128

2 . 9

8 . 7

3 5 .5

136

3 . 2

8 . 3

3 4 .5

144

3 . 2

8 . 2

2 6 .8

182

2 . 8

7

2 4

164

2 . 8

6 . 9

1 8 .7

163

3 . 5

7 . 6

2 5 .2

143

3 . 2

8 . 2

1 7 .2

142

3 . 2

8 . 7

2 9 .8

141

3 . 9

8 . 8

3 0

155

3 . 1

7 . 7

2 1 .8

9 2 .31 .1120

8 9

154

2 . 9

7 . 1

2 7 .9

133

3 . 8

9 . 5

4 3 .5

1 902 .8 -16 .32

4 . 4

9 . 2

3 0 .4

3

4 . 2

8 . 1

3 1

B rough , We s tmo r land

A lso i n B r i ta in , p y ram ida l p o in ted b o l t s w i th s ock e t s c ome f r om t h ree e a r ly R oman s i te s : s e e Web s te r , 1 958 , f i g . 3 ,1 2f r om B rox towe ; f i g . 3 ,3 8 ,f r om C ir ence s te r ; f i g . 4 ,7 5 f r om C o lche s t e r .

J acob i i lu s t ra ted b o l t s o f v a r iou s t y pe s a nd s i ze s i n S aa lbu rg , T a f . 3 9 ; a nd s ee A lb r ech t , Ob e rad en , 1 942 , 1 58 , T a f . 5 0 , 1 40 a nd 4 3-49 .

P la te 2 9 , 7

1 0622

S ock e ted b o l t , w e igh t7 5 g ranun e s , wh ich i sh eav ie rt h an t he Du ra -Eu ropo s B o l t s . O ve ral l e ng th 1 3 .8 cm ; w id th o fp o in t 1 . 7 c m ; l e ng th o fp o in t 8 . 2 cm .

P la te 2 9 , 8a& b

8 398

P o in t s f r om s o ck e ted B o l t s , w e igh t s 3 7 a nd 3 2 g ramme s . L eng th s 7 . 8 a nd 7 . 6c m . F ound w i th P la te 2 6 , 1 7 .

( c )

P la te 2 9 , 9

S pea r s : L anzen sp i tzen

6 866c

Sma l l , t ang ed , l e af shaped S p ea rhead .

L eng th o fb l ade ( K l ing e ) 8 . 5 cm ;

w id th o fb l ad e 1 . 6 c m , o ve ra l l l e ng th 1 4 c m . F ound w i th P la te s 1 2 , 8 ,a nd 2 0 , 1 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 4 329 a ,s ame s i ze a sN o . 9 .

P l a te 2 9 , 1 0

1 3223

S ock e ted S p ea rhead , s ma l l s i ze : 1 2c m o ve ra l l ; 6 . 5 cm l eng th o fb l ade ; 2 . 5 c mw id th o fb l ad e . L ike H o fhe im , T al . 1 7 , 8 ,9 ,2 1 ; H ob ley , B ag in ton , 1 20 , f i g . 2 3 , 1 5 , Mann ing , 1 985 , V 31 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 3100 ,f ound w i th P la te 2 0 , 1 0 .

P la te 2 9 , 1

4 806a

S o ck e ted S p ea rhead w i th a p rom inen t m id r ib .

Ove ra l l l e ng th 1 7 .5 c m ;

l e ng th o fb l ad e 1 .5 cm ; w id th o fb l ad e 2 . 6 cm . F ound w i th ac h i se l , P la t e 4 2 , 6 .

J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , T a f . 3 8 , 7 , i s 1 6 c m l ong a nd 2 . 4 c m w id e ,

Mann ing , 1 985 , V 34 .

9 0

P la te 2 9 , 1 2

1 4488

H eavy s o ck e ted S pea rh ead , l e ng th o fs ock e t7 . 2 cm a nd w id th o fs ock e t 1 . 5 cm .

P la te 2 9 , 1 3

6 894b

L ong S p ea rhead w i th d amaged s o ck e t . O ve ra l ll e ng th 2 0 .5 c m ; t he b lad e i s 1 6 c m l ong a nd 4 c m b road .

F ound w i th f i bu la . P la te 6 , 1 2 , Mann ing 's

G roup 4 ,1 985 , V I I I -116 .

P la te 2 9 , 1 4

9 952

L ong S pea rhead w i th d amaged s o cke t .

O ve ra l l l e ng th 1 7 c m ; l eng th o f

b lad e 1 5 .3 c ma nd w id th o fb l ad e 3 . 2 cm , Ma im ing , 1 985 , V 139 .

P la te 2 9 , 1 5

1517b

B road -b lad ed S p ea rhead w i th d amaged p o in t a nd s ocke t .

O ve ra l l l e ng th

1 6 .2 c m ; w id th o fb l ad e 5c m . F ound w i th P la te 3 2 , 2 . L ik e o ne a t Ma inz . MZ 6 ,1 911 , 15 , A bb . 2 8 , 5 ,w i th ac omp le te b l ad e 1 5 cm l ong , Mann ing , 1 985 , V 138 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 3 989 , 1 5724 .

P la te 3 0 , 1

1 2359b

E x t ra long s o ck e ted S pea rhead .

O vera l l l e ng th 2 7 .4 cm , b u t t h e p o in t i s

m i s s ing ; w id th o fb l ad e 4cm . J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , T al . 3 8 , 9 ,i sc omp le te a nd a bou t t h e s ame s i ze . F ound w i th P la te s 2 8 , 5a nd 3 1 , 7 . Mann ing , 1 985 , V 138 , 1 39 ,h a ss ome f e a tu re si nc ommon .

S even ty -n ine S pea rhead s i n t h e H od H i l l , I ,R epor t , a r e g rouped i n to s i x d if e ren tt ype s . Unf or tuna te ly t h ey a r e n o td rawn , o n ly p ho tog raphed , a nd , t he re f o r e , i ti sn o t e a sy t os e e t he d if e rence sb e tween s ome o ft hem , i b id . , 5 -6 , p l . 5a nd 6 ;s e e Mann ing , 1 985 , 1 61 -170 .

P la te 3 0 , 2

1 533

S pea rB u t t( Schaf t schuh ) , 1 4 c ml ong , w id th o fs o ck e t2 . 5 cm .

No ti lu s t ra ted : 5 143 ; 5 678 ;6 865 w i th P la te 7 ,1 3 ; 8 043 .

P la te 3 0 , 3

1 4468

F ibu la o fi r on w i th p in a nd s p i ra l . Two i r on f i bu lae w e r e f ound w i th P la te 9 ,8 ,t h e We rk s ta t tfund o fs even f i bu lae .

P la te 3 0 ,4

3 93

F ibu la o fi r on w i th p in a nd s p i ra l .

P la te 3 0 , 5

9 028

S h ie ld a t tachmen t , s e eH o fhe im , T af . 1 8 , 2 16 .

9 1

P la te 3 0 ,6

8 390

S h ie ld -bo s s ( Sch i ldbuck e l ) . F ive f r agmen t s . S ee B aa tz , E chze l l , 4 9 , A bb . 1 3 , 1 5 ; S imon , S aa lbu rg J ah rb . 2 5 , 1 968 , 1 9 3199 , i nb ronze ; V ermeu len , OMROL 1 2 , 1 931 ,p l . 1 6 , N r . 6 4 ;E d i tT homa s , 1 971 , T af . 5 6 -61 .

P la te 3 0 , 7

1 2439

N a i led B oo t so le ( g enage l te S chuh soh le ) , f r agmen tf r om t h e i n s ide w i th 2 2 n a i l s( Näge lchen ) . S ee O be rad en , I ,T at 6 0 , 7 .

P la te 3 0 , 8

2 549

C heekp iece f r om aH e lme t . T h in s hee t o fi r on , 1 5 c m l ong a nd 6c m w ide a tt h ew id e s tp a r t .

P la te 3 0 , 9

6 774b

S wo rd -b lad e i n f r agmen t s , w i th p a r t o ft h e m idd le o f t h e b lad e , a nd t he p o in t , m is s ing . G rea te s t w id th i s 4c m ; t h e t wo p i ece s a r e 2 2 .4 a nd 2 3 cm l o ng .

F ound w i th t h e b ig B e l l , P la te 4 0 , 5 . D agge r s h ave b een f ound a t

H o fhe im a nd O be raden , b u t n o s wo rd s : a tC amu lodunum , H& H , p l . 1 04 , 3 5 , a r et anged s wo rd s . J a cob i , S aa lbu rg ,4 84 , T a f . 3 9 , 1 .

F o r a no the r s wo rd s e e P la te 4 4 , 4b e low , wh ich i s t he s am e a s v on P e t r ikov i t s , N ovae s ium , 6 8 , Abb . 1 9 , N r . 1 , ag l ad iu so rs hor t s wo rd w i th a b l ad e4 9c ml ong a nd at ang 8 . 8c ml o ng .

P la te 3 0 , 1 0

1803

H e lme t f r agmen t s , p robab ly p a r t o f ac heekp iece , a nd a c u rv ed f r agmen t . S e eA lb r ech t , O be rd en , I , 1 942 , T a f . 5 3 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 7 574 : p robab ly p a r to f ah e lme t ,b u to n ly f r agmen t s .

( d )

P la te 3 1 , 1

Kn ive s : Me s se r

8 426

Kn i f e , c omp le t ee xcep tf o rp o in t , 2 5c mo ve ra l l , w i th at ang ( Ange l ) 7 .5 c m l ong . G rea te s tw id th o fb lad e 3 . 4c m .

P la te 3 1 , 2

7 373b

Kn i f ei np oo rc ond i t ion : 1 .8 c mo ve r a l l . T he b l ade ( l es st h ep o in t ) i s 8c m l o ng . F ound w i th P la te 3 2 , 6 .

P la te 3 1 , 3

7 771

Ah eavy Kn if e , p o in tm i s s ing , w i th ah eavy , s o l id , f l a t h and le w rough t w i th t h eb l ade . H o fhe im , T at 1 8 , 4 6 a nd 5 2 a r ev e ry s im i la r . O ve ra l l l e ng th 1 5 c m .

P la te 3 1 ,4

1 2404

As ma l l , t h in b l ad ew i th ar ound ed t a ng a nd at e rm ina lk nob f o rt he g r ip .

9 2

P la te 3 1 , 5

7 136

B rok en Kn if e -b lad e w i th ab road , f l a t h and le r o l led a tt h e e nd i n to as t op b a rf o rt h en ow m i s s ing g r ip . 1 7c mo v e ra l l .

P la te 3 1 ,6

8 95b

S l a sh ing -Kn if e ( H iebme s se r ) w i th a c u rv ed b lade a nd a f l a t c u rved t ang ( Ange l ) wh ich e nd si n ah ook . T h i si st h e s ame k n if e a si nv on P e t r ikov i t s , N ovae s ium , 7 3 , N r . 1 . O ve ra l l l e ng th 2 7 .6 c m ; t h eb lad e i s1 6 .8 l ong a nd t h ew id th i s 4c ma tt h eu nb rok en e dge . V e ry l i k eH od H i l l , I , 1 37 , f i g . 6 1 , 7 ; MacG rego r&S imp son ,f i g . 1 ,1 ,f r om B a rbu ry C a s t le , Wi l t sh i r e . F ound w i th P la te 2 1 , 5 .

P la te 3 1 , 7

1 2359a

L a rg e Kn if e w i th as t ra igh t b ack a nd b o ld ly c u rved b l ad e .

2 3 c m o ve ra l l ;

t h es qua re g r ip i so ne c en t ime t re s qua r ea nd 9 . 5 c m l ong . I ti s av e ry l a rge G e f lüge lme s se r o r ab u tche r 's k n if e ( Sch lach t -ode r Op f e rme s se r ) .

F ound

v i th P la te 3 0 , 1 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 2 902 w i th P la te s6 ,1 7 ; 7 ,1 9 ; 8 063a .

P la te 3 1 , 8

3 76

S im i la rt yp eo fG e f lüge lme s se rb u t much s ma l le r : 1 4 .4 c mo ve ral , w i th a6 cm g r ip . T h i si sv on P e t r ikov i t s ,N ovae s ium , 7 3 , N r . 1 3 . Sma l l g roove sa l l a l ong t h e 6c mg r ip wh ich i so fb ronze . 1 4 .4 c mo ve ra l l .

P la te 3 1 , 9

1 4956

S l a sh ing Kn if e( H iebme s se r )w h ich i s2 1 .5 c mo ve ra l l . T he r ound ed h eavy g r ip i s7 . 8 cm l ong ; t h eb l ad e i s 4c m w id e .

S ee N ew s tead , p l . 6 0 , f o r t he

s hap eo ft h eb l ad e ,b u t ad if e ren tg r ip .

P la te 3 1 , 1 0

5 677

L ong , t h in , Kn i f e -b lad e , 1 9 .9 c m l ong , w i th a b rok en t ang .

T h e r e i sa

s ma l l p ro jec t ion f r om t h e t ang , w h ich m ay h ave b een ah ook n ow b rok en . S ee H o fhe im ,T a f . 1 8 , 4 0 , f o r as im i la rl o ng b lad ew i th g en t ly c u rved b ack .

P la te 3 1 , 1

2 561

L a rge s l ash ing -Kn if e ( H iebme s se r ) . L eng th o ve ra l l 3 2 cm ; g rea te s t w id th o fb lade 7c m . T he re i s al a rge h o le f o rs u sp en s ion i nt h eh and le end .

P la te 3 2 , 1

1 7365a

S ock e ted Kn if e , v e ry l a rg e , w i th ac u rved b ack a nd s t ra igh t c u t t ing e dge . 3 .3 c m o ve r a l l ; g rea te s t w id th 8 . 5 c m .

C oa ted w i th t r ace s o fb u rn t c o rn

( B rand K o rn ) . F ound w i th P la te 4 3 , 4 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 7016 .

P la te 3 2 ,2

1517b

S ock e ted Kn if e . F ound w i th P la te 2 9 , 1 5 , as pea rhead .

9 3

P la te 3 2 , 3

1 877

Kn i f e w i th as t ra igh tb l ad e , b rok en a tt h e p o in t , 2 9 .5 c m o v e ra l l a nd 4 c m b road . S ee L eva , T av ie r s , 2 0 ,p l . 2 ,9 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 4966 f r agmen tf r om ak n if eb lad ew i th r ema in so ft h ew ood en h and le .

P la te 3 2 , 4

1 8054

D agg e r ( Do lch ) .

Sma l l , 1 7 .5 c m o ve ra l l ; w id th o fb lad e 3 . 5 cm .

F ou r -

s i d ed t ang w i th at e rm ina lk nob .

P la te 3 2 , 5

9 913

D agge r -g r ip , 1 0 c m o ve ra l l . T he t ang i sf ou r s id ed , o ne c en t ime t r e s qua r e , a nd t h et e rm ina lk nob i sr ound ed .

( e )

H o r se -Gea r : P f e rdeg e sch ir r

P la te 3 2 , 6

7 373a

Ma r t inga le ( Heb e ls tangengeb i s s ) .

One o f t h e s i de -p iece s ( Se i tenkneb e l ) .

S ee J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , T a t 1 9 , 1 5 , 1 6 , 3 2 . F ou rs i ded , l e ng th o ve ra l 1 5c m .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 6 441 .

P la te 3 2 , 7

9 798

Ma r t inga le , o ne s i d e -p iece o n ly . L eng th o v e ra l l 1 5 .5 c m . Ih ave s e en t h is t yp e i nt h e O b e rhau sen C o l lec t ion , s e e H üb ene r , 1 57 , Abb . 2 b : Io we t h i s r e f e rence t o D r N Wa lk e ; We rne r , P f e rdege sch ir r , 4 7 , Abb . 9 , 3 ; a nd a t Ma inz , s e eB eh ren s , MZ 7 ,1 912 , A bb . 4 ,1 7 .

P la te 3 2 , 8

7 088

Tw i s ted B r id le -b i tf r agmen t( t o rd ie r t e sP f e rd eg e sch i r r ) . L eng th 1 5 cm .

P la te 3 2 , 9

4 336a

S na f f le -b i t ( T ren se ) , 1 2 c m o ve ra l l w i th af ou r s id ed s haf t , 0 . 8 c m t h ick . J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , T a f . 4 1 , 1 4 ; A lb r ech t , O be raden , I , 1 942 , T a f . 6 4 , 1 6 . F ound w i th P la te 3 7 , 2 1 , a nd a nA uc i s sa T ype A f i bu la f r agm en t .

P la te 3 2 , 1 0

6 766

H o r se -Shoe ( Hu f e i sen ) .

On ly h a lf s u rv ive s , 9 . 6 cm l ong w i th a b ig ,

u p tu r n ed c a lk in ( S to l len ) a tt h e e nd a nd o ne n a i l s t i l l i n p o s i t ion .

J acob i ,

S aa lbu rg , T af . 4 1 , 8 ,1 0 -12 ORL 1 6 , K a s te l l A rn sbu rg , T af . 6 ,6 5-67 ; ORL 1 0 , K a s te l l F e ldbe rg , T a t ' . 7 ,9 , 1 2 , 1 4 ; C un l if f e , F i shbou rne , 1 34 , f i g . 6 0 , 5 4 . F o rh o r se shoe si ng ene ra lC a rna t , L eF e r ac heva l , 1 951 . F o r as u rv ey o f h o r se shoe s i n B r i ta in s e e G Wa rd , T he I r on Age H o r se -Shoe a nd i t s D e r iva t ive s , A n t iq . J ou rn . 2 1 , 1 941 , 9 -27 .

F o r s i x h o r se shoe s f r om

C a s te r ley C amp , W i l t sh ir e , s e e C unn ing ton a nd G odda rd , D ev ize s , 1 08 , p l . 3 1 , 1 6 . T he s hoe s f ound a tC amu lodunum , H& H , 3 42 , f i g . 6 4 , 2a nd 3 ,

9 4

w ou ld h ave f i t ted p on ie s o fe l even h and s h e igh t . T he re a r e many s i ze s o f h o r se shoe f r om O be rhau sen i n t he A ug sbu rg Mu seum ; S imon , G ro s s G e rau , 4 6 , A bb . 3 ,1 . L ondon , Whee le r , 1 49 ,p l . 5 9 , 3& .4 .

No ti lu s t ra t ed : 1 807 , e i gh tf r agmen t sf r om h o r se shoe s .

P la te 3 2 , 1 7 548 ( o r7 578 )

Tw i s ted S naf le -b i t ( t o rd ie r t e T ren se ) , 1 4 .2 cm l ong ; 1 . 4 c m b road .

S ee

ORL K a s te l lP f t inz , 4 1 , T af . 1 7 , 1 5 .

P la te 3 2 , 1 2

1274

H a lf o f aB r id le -b i t( T ren se ) ,p robab ly f r om amar t inga le . 1 .5 c mo ve ra l l .

P la te 3 2 , 1 3

7 045

H ippo sanda l( Hu f schuh ) , 1 9 .6 c ml ong ; 1 2 .2 a c ro s s . T h ree t yp e sh ave b een d i s t ingu i shed b yD e r ing e r , a nd t h i s o ne f r om N eu s s i sl i k e h i s T ype I , s e e D er ing e r , H ippo sanda len , 2 9 , A bb . 9 . F o r a n e a r l ie r f i nd f r om N eu s s , s e e L ehne r , N ovae s ium , T a l l 3 5 , A , 1 ; B eh ren s , MZ , 7 ,1 912 , 9 3 , A bb . 7 ,1 4 ; S t raub ing , s e e K e im & K lumbach , T af . 4 3 , 5 6 -62 , f r om t h e g r ea t t r ea su re o fh o r se e qu ipmen t f o r t h e p l ay ing o ft h e T roy g ame .

Whee le r , L ondon ,

1 49 -151 ,f i g . 5 7i sD e r inge r 's T yp eI .

( f )

Wagon -F i t t ing s : Wag enbe sch lag s tück e

P la te 3 3 , 1& 3

1 8780a & b Wagon -f i t t ing sf r om Whe e l s , d i ame te r 1 0 -11 c m ; h e igh t 6c m . T he b rok en o ne h a s ad i ame te ro f1 4c ma nd ah e igh to f 4cm .

P la t e3 3 , 2

7 44

A x le -R ing ( A ch senbüch se ) w i th a n i n te r io rd i ame te r o f9 . 5 c m ; h e igh t 4 . 3 c m ; t h ickne s s 1cm .

A lb r ech t , O be rad en , I , 1 69 , Ta l . 6 3 , 1 ,2 , 4& 6 ;

B eh r en s , MZ , 6 ,1 911 ,116 , A bb . 2 7a , N r . 7 7 c a l led A ch senbüch se ; J acob i , S aa lbu rg , T af . 4 2 , 1 a nd 1 3 a r e A ch senbüch sen w i th 8 c m d i ame te r s ; i b id . , N r . 1 2 i s aN aben r ing w i th a 1 6 cm d i ame te r . T he N eu s s r i ng i st h e s ame s i ze a so ne f r om S andy , s e e Mann ing , 5 3 ,N r . 4 .

P la t e3 , 4

8 223

H a rne s s -Buck le ( Schna l le ) 5 . 5 x4 . 5 cm , a nd 1cm t h ick .

P la t e3 , 5

1 054

H a rne s s -Buck le . T he s t ra igh t s i d e i s7 . 2 c m l ong a nd 4 . 8 c m w id e .

T h i s

b uck le i sv e ry f l a t .

P la te 3 ,6

7 373c

H a rne s s -Buck le 1 0 c ml o ng a nd 5 . 5 cm b road . F ound w i th P la te 3 1 , 2 ;3 2 , 6 .

9 5

P la te 3 , 7

1 000 /16a

L a rg ef l a tH a rne s s -Buck le , 1 .2 l ong ; 4 . 6 a c ro s s ; 1c mw id e .

P la te 3 , 8

1 000 /16b

T h i s m igh t h av e b een a P r ick -Spu r ( Spo rn ) , b u t t h e p r ick o r S tach e l i s d oub le wh ich i nd ica te s t ha tt h e o b jec tw a s ar owe l l spu r . J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , 5 28 , f i g . 8 7 , a nd i b id . , 5 34 , w a s o f t h e o p in ion t ha t af ew r owe l l spu r s e x i s ted i n R oman t ime s ; a nd Whee le r , s e e L ondon , 1 51 , a g reed w i th J acob i . H oweve r , Hugh D e S ho rn , An t iq . J ou rn . , 3 9 , 1 959 , 6 1-76 , p l ace s t h e b eg inn ing o f r owe l l spu r s c . AD 1 300 a te a r l ie s t .

T h is o ne m ay b e

m ed ieva l .

T he b ronze o b jec t f ound b y P rof e s so r W FG r ime s i nt h e H o l t C o l lec t ion a pp ea r st ob e aR oman r owe l l spu rw h ich l a ck st h er e vo lv ing r owe l l ,b u t , i n c o r r e spond ence w i th m e , Mr D e S ho r t t d a ted i tt ot h e s even teen th c en tu ry AD . S ee G r ime s , H o l t , 1 27 , 1 6a nd f i g . 5 6 , 1 6 .

T he p rob lem mu s t b e l ef t o pen .

T he r e a r e many v a r ie t ies o f s pu r s a nd ,

among s t t ho se i lu s t ra ted b y J ahn , P i a nd Z sch i l le -Fo r r e r , t he r e a r e n one l i k et h eN eu s s s pu r s . F o rt h eb ronze s pu r sf r om N eu s ss e e a bove P l a te s 2 2 , 6a nd 7 , a nd 4 7 , 2b e low .

F o r s ome i n te re s t ing l a t e R oman s pu r s s ee

K e l lne r , L iech ten s te in , A bb . 9 ,3 ;1 0 , 1 2& 1 3 , i nb ronze a nd i r on .

P la te 3 , 9

1 2906b

L inchp in w i th ah ead 5cm w id e . T he b roken s haf t i s 2 cm w id e . F ound w i th t h eb e l l . P la te 2 7 , 3 0 .

P la te 3 3 , 1 0

7 350

R ing a t tachmen t f o r ah eavy w ood en w agon o r c he s t . l ong i n c lud ing t h e r i ng -h ead .

The b a r i s1 4 cm

F o r i t s p u rpo se s e e A qu incum , 3 17 , p l . 1 2 ,

1 .

P la te 3 3 , 1

1 2120

R ound ed b a r , c u rved a nd e nd ing i n ar i ng -ho le f o r a t tachm en t , p robab ly t o aw agon , n o tt o ab uck e t .

P la te 3 3 , 1 2

1 0860a

R ing , f ound w i th P la te 3 4 , 4 .

P la te 3 , 1 3

1 4923

F la t tened r i ng ( a bge f lach R ing ) d i ame te r3 . 8c m .

P la te 3 , 1 4

2 625

R ing , d i ame te r2 . 2 cm .

P la te 3 , 1 5

7 959

L a rg e , f l a t tened R ing .

O ve ra l l d i ame te r 1 0 .5 c m ; i nne r d i ame te r 4 . 5 a nd

t h ickne s s 1 . 5 c m . F o r many r i ng ss e eB eh ren s , MZ 6 , 1 9 11 , 16 -7 . 7 3 -89 .

9 6

P la te 3 , 1 6

1 5817

L a rg eR ing , i nne rd i ame te r 7cm ; 1 . 8 cm t h ick .

P la te 3 , 1 7

1 794

Doo r -P ivo t ( Tü range l ) o r P o le -F i t t ing ( De ich se lb e sch lag ) o r Ax e l -gua rd ( A ch senbüch se ) .

H e igh t o fR ing 2 . 5 c m ; i n ter io r d i ame te r 5 cm ; o ve ra l l

d i ame te r7 . 5 c m ; t h ee x ten s ion i sb roken a way . S im i la rt oN r . 1 8b e low .

P la te 3 3 , 1 8

1248

S im i la rt oN r . 1 7 . I ft h ey a r e Doo r -P ivo t s , s e eL ehne r , N ovae s ium , T at 3 1 , B , N r . 3 5 w h ich i s3 2 c m l ong o v e ra l l ; ORL 1 0 , K a s te l l F e ldb e rg , 3 7 , T af . 3 ,2 3 ; J a cob i , S aa lburg , 4 64 , T af . 7 3 , 2 8 .

I ft h ey a r e P o le -F i t t ing s s e e ORL 2 a K a s te l l N ied e rbe rg , T at 7 ,2 8 , A bb . 2 7a , d i ame te r 5c m ; 8c m l ong ; ORL 1 2 , K a s te l l K ap e r sbe rg , 2 9 , N r . 2 0 a nd T af . 7 ,3 5 , a t 1 5 c m l ong ; J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , T af . 4 0 , 7 ; Ma inz , MZ 7 , 1 911 , 14 ,N r . 2 9 .

F o r Ax le -Gua rd s s e e t h e H on R C N ev i l le , c i ted u nd e r G rea t C he s te r f o rd , E s sex , p l . 1 ,1 4 & 1 5 , ap a i r wh ich a r e 7i n ches l ong : i nt ha t p ub l ica t ion t he d i ame te rg iven f o rt h eh o le i sc l ea r ly am i sp r in t .

P l a te 3 3 , 1 9

7 721

R ound ed o b jec t , n o tl i k e 1 7a nd 1 8 a bove b ecau se i ti st h in -wa l led . O ve ra l l m ea su remen t 5c md i ame te r ; h e igh t5 . 5 c m .

P l a t e3 3 , 2 0

1 0470

R ing w i th o ve ra l lm ea su remen to f5 . 2 i nd i ame te r ; i n te r io rd i ame te r 3c m .

P la t e3 4 , 1

1 0021

A t tachmen t , w i th t wo n a i l s w i th l a rge f l a t h ead s . cm l ong a nd 1 c m t h ick .

T h i s h eavy o b jec t i s3 1

I ti s4 . 5 c m b road a t t h e a pex o f t he a ng le ;

n a r rowe ra nd t h inne ra tb o th e nd s .

P la t e3 4 , 2

1 000 /50

H eavy d omed Knob ( ha lbkuge l ige r Knau f ) .

T he o b jec t i s 1 0 cm o ve ra l l

i n c lud ing as ma l lh ook u nd ernea th . D iame te ro fd ome 5cm .

P la t e3 4 , 3

9 174

B a rw i th R ing ( E i senk loben m i tR ing u nd Ö se .

1 6 .8 cm o ve ra l l . H a l te rn ,

I , 1 901 , T af . 2 6 , 6& 7 ;B eh r en s , 6 , 1 911 , 17 , A bb . 2 8 , N r . 1 04 ( 17 -20 cm l ong ) ; H o lwe rda , 5 2 , A bb . 2 4 , 7 . S ee N o . 8b e low .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 8 955 , 1 9c m ; 1 0088 af r agmen t ; 1 5480 , 1 6c m ; 1 5939 , 1 6 .5 c m .

9 7

P la te 3 4 , 4

1 0860b

F la t a t tachmen t w i th t h ree n a i l h o le s ;

1 5 c m o ve ra l l .

H e i lb ronn -

B öck ingen , 1 48 , A bb . 7 . S ee S chönbe rge r . F ound w i th P la te 3 , 1 2 .

P la te 3 4 , 5

1 2129

O sen ldamme r ( P in w i th h o le ) w i th a b rok en e nd .

S ee B eh ren s , MZ 6 ,

1 911 , 17 , A bb . 2 7a , N r . 1 08 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 0534 ,b rok en l i k eN o . 5 .

P la te 3 4 , 6

6 941

S ha rpene r (We tz s tah l ) 1 0 .5 c m o ve ra l l : t h e s qua re h ead w i th h o le f o r s u sp en s ion i s2 . 2 c ma c ro s s . T he p o in ti sm is s ing .

P la te 3 4 , 7

152b

S ha rpene r , l a rg e r t han N o . 6 ,p o in t m is s ing .

1 cm o ve ra l l , 3c m a c ros s

t h eh ead . F ound w i th P la te 5 ,1 7 , a nA lmg r en 1 9f i bu la .

P la te 3 4 , 8

1 5474

B a rw i th R ing t h rough ah o le i ni t s h ead , l i k e No . 3a bove . T he b a ri s1 2 .5 c ml ong ,b u tb rok en ; t h er i ng i s5 . 2 cm i nd i ame te r .

P la te 3 4 , 9

7 990

L inchp in , 1 7 c m o ve ra l l ; w id th o f f l a t tened h ead 4 cm .

S ee A lb r ech t ,

Ob e raden , I , 1 942 , 1 70 , A bb . 4 4 a -d .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 2 214 .

P la te 3 4 , 1 0

1 5581

S ha rpene r , 1 0 .8 o ve ra l l .

T he h ead i s3 . 4 cm w id e .

P o in t m i s s ing .

S ee

H a l te rn , I , 1 901 , T a f . 2 6 , 1 5 & 1 6 w h ich a r e 1 2 c m o vera l l , a l so i b id . , I V , 1 905 , 9 6 ,N r . 2 1 .

P la te 3 4 , 1

9 860b

S ha rpene r , b en t a ta n a ng le .

T he h ead i s 4 cm a c ro s s .

F ound w i th P la t e

3 7 , 5 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 2 950 ; 8 942 , 9 066 .

P la te 3 4 , 1 2

1 5309

R ing a t tachmen t : c ompa re P la te 3 , 1 0 . S ee H o fhe im , T a f . 1 6 , 4 2 ; J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , T a fn . 4 3 , 4 2 ; 4 6 , 1 4 .

P la te 3 4 , 1 3

1 7172

O b jec tw i th ar i ng a t tached b yw i re .

P la te 3 4 , 1 4

1 0047b

O b jec tw i th w i r et h rough i t ,l i k eN o . 1 3a bove , b u t w i thou tt h er i ng . F ound w i th P la te 1 5 , 8 .

9 8

P la te 3 4 , 1 5

( g )

P la te 3 4 , 1 6

1 2089

S ock e ted o b jec t .

S l ave -Ch a in s : H a l s f e s s e ln

1091

C ha in ( Ke t ten te i l ) : s i xl i nk s , e ach 3 . 5 c ml ong , i ns hape s o ff i gu re -of -e igh t ( a ch t -f ö rm ige G l iede r ) .

T he se may h ave b e longed t o ag ang -cha in l i k e

P la te 3 5b e low .

P la te 3 4 , 1 7

4 109

C ha in , t h r ee a nd a h a lf l i nk s , e ach 4 c m l ong .

F ound w i th t wo f i bu lae ,

P la te s3 ,3 ;9 ,5 .

P la te 3 4 , 1 8

1 2332

One l i nk f r om a C ha in ( Ke t teng l ied ) .

I ti s7 . 2 c m l ong o v e ra l l ; i n te r io r

d i ame te ro fe ach r i ng i nt h ef i gu re -of -e igh ti s2 . 5 c m .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 3 254 ; 1 3682 ; l i nk sa bou t 4cm l ong .

P l a te 3 5

1 2102

S l ave -Gang -Cha in ( Ha lsf e s se ln ) . P robab ly t h e re a r e s i x u n i t s w h ich f o rm t h e n eck f i t t ing s , a l low ing f o r s i x s l ave s o r c ap t ive s t ob e l i nk ed t oge the r . T he c ha in sa r et o of r agmen ta ry t oa s se s st h ed i s tance a l lowed b e tween e ach man . T he t wo s im i la rc ha in sf r om L lyn C e r r ig B ach i n Ang le sey a l low ed a d i s tance o fo n ly t wo f e e t a t mo s t b e tween e ach m an , s e e F ox , 3 7 -8 , 8 4 -5 , a nd p l s . 1 0 , 1 , 3 7 , w i th ad i s t r ibu t ion map .

I ti sp o s s ib le t ha t e i the r amanac le o r l e g -f e t te r s ( Fu s sf e s se ln ) a r e t ang led w i th t he f r agmen t s .

S ee T oynbee & C la rk e , 2 7 , f i g . 3 ,f o r ap a i r o f l e g -

f e t t e r s w i th a l o ck s t i l l a t tached wh ich h ad b een f o rced .

E v id en t ly ,

s omeone h ad made as ucce s sfu le s cap e .

T he N eu s sf r agmen t s h av e t h e f e a tu r e s t y p ica l o fn a t ive a nd R oman g ang c ha in s ; e ach o ft h e h a lve s o ft h e n eck f i t t ing i s2 8 .5 c m o ve ra l l , a nd i t s l ong , n a r row t e rm ina l l o op i s8 . 5 c mo ve ra l l a nd 6c ma l ong t h e i n te r io r o f t h e l o op . E ach f i gu r e -of -e igh t l i nk i sa bou t 5 . 4 c m o ve ra l l a nd t h i s i st h e s ame a st he L lyn C e r r ig B ach l i nk s . T he re i so ne N eu s so b jec t wh ich i sS s hap ed i n p rof i le a nd l i nked t ot h e c ha in s b y ab a r w i th a t e rm ina l r i ng . T h i s S shaped o b jec t i s9 . 2 cm l ong , n o t i n c lud ing t h e b end , a nd 3 c m w id e . T he o va l l o op s a r e 5b y 4c m o be ra l l a nd 7b y 4 . 5 c m o ve ra l l f o r a l a rg e rs i ze o fo va ll o op .

9 9

As i x -un i ts l ave -cha in , t we lve f e e t l ong a nd i np e r f ec t c ond i t ion , w as f ound a tL o rd sB r idg e i n 1 817 , n ow i nt h e Un ive r s i ty Mu seum , C amb r idge , s e eE D C la rk e , A rchaeo log ia , 1 9 , 1 821 , 6 1 , a nd p l . 4 , f i g . 1 3 .

F o r a no the r ,

f ound a tB igb tuy H i l l -f o r t i n K en t , s e e B oyd D awk in s , A r ch . J ourn . 5 9 , 1 902 , 2 11-218 , p l . 3 ,f i g . 7 ,w i th l e g shack le s , f i g . 6 . R epub l ished b y FH T homp son , A n t . J ou rn . , 6 3 , 1 983 ,f i g . 1 8 .

I nG e rmany : ORL 1 8 , K a s te l l E chze l l , 1 4 , T al . 3 ,5 ; ORL K as te l l Kunz , 7 &2 6 ,T af . 1 8 , f i g . 1 4 -15 .

P la te 3 6 , 1

6 151

H ook ( Bandhak en ) . F o ro the r s s e e P la te s 3 6 , 1 5 ; 3 8 , 6 . J acob i , S aa lbu rg , T af . 4 3 , 2 6 , 3 2 , 3 5 ; ORL 1 0 , K a s te l l F e ldb e rg , 3 6 , T at 3 , 2 6 ; i b id . , 1 2 , K a s te l l

K ape r sburg ,

T af .

7 , 2 8 ;

U lber t ,

A i s l ing en ,

T af .

3 0 ,

2 0 ;

R ichbo rough , V , p l . 5 6 , 2 78 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 20 ; 1 272 .

P la te 3 6 , 2

7 060

S em i -c i rcu la rt h in s hee ti r on ; 7 . 5 cm l o ng ; 4c md i ame te r .

P la te 3 6 , 3

7 585

A t tachmen t( Be sch lag ) , p u rpo se u ncer t a in .

P la te 3 6 ,4

1 0102

T ang f o r ah and le f o r ak n if e .

Two r i ve t s p a s s t h rough t h e f l a t t ang

( Ang e l ) wh ich i s3 . 3 cm w id e .

P la te 3 6 , 5

8 567

T h in a t tachmen tw i th t wo r i ve t s i np o s i t ion . T he s ma l l p ro jec t ion may b e a na cc iden ta lf e a tu r e . L eng th 7c m ;b r ead th 1 . 8c m .

P la te 3 6 ,6

8 417b

D oo r -h ing e ( Tü range l ) w i th e n la rg ed e nd a nd t wo s t rong n a i ls s t i l l a t tached .

P la te 3 6 , 7

1 445b

A t tachmen t( Be sch lag ) , p u rpo se u ncer ta in . F ound w i th ap i lum a nd c h i se l : n e i the ri si lu s t ra ted .

P la te 3 6 , 8 ,

3 757

F ragmen ta ry a t tachmen t : 1 2 cm l o ng .

S ee ORL 2 3 , G ro s s K ro tzenbu rg ,

T af . 5 ,N r . 2 7 -30 .

P la te 3 6 , 9

1 2277

S hee t m e ta l w i th a r i gh t -ang l ed w a l l r i s ing o n o ne s i d e ; 8b y 6c m . ( Be sch lag te i l m i t e i ne r r e ch tw ink l ig h ochgehenden Wandung a n e i ne r S e i te ) .

1 00

P la te 3 6 , 1 0

9 092b

C rump led s hee t o fi r on ( V ie l se i t ig g ebogene sE i senb lech ) , 9 . 5 cm l ong a nd 6cm b road . F ound w i th P la te 2 6 , 1 3 .

P la te 3 6 , 1

7 397

T h in , r ounded a to ne e nd , a nd b rok en a tt he o th e r e nd , i r on s hee t ( Dünne s a n e i ne r S e i te a bg erunde te s E i senband m i t e inem L och am a nde r en E nde a bgeb rochen ) , 9c ml ong ; 4c mb road .

P la te 3 6 , 1 2

1 907

C u rved f r agmen ta ry a t tachmen t . 1 6 c ml ong ; 3 . 5 cm w id e ; 0 .4 c mt h ick .

P la te 3 6 , 1 3

1 922

D oub le R ing , 1 3c mo ve ra l l , c o r roded .

P la te 3 6 , 1 4

1 756

Tw i s ted H ook w i th ah o le ( g ed r ech se l te rH ak en m i t O se ) . V e ry g ood s t a te o fp r e se rva t ion .

9 . 5 c mo ve ra l l .

P l a te 3 6 , 1 5

9 285

H ook ( Bandhak en ) , l i k eN o . 1a bove , N o . 1 6b e low , a nd P la te 3 8 , 6 .

P l a te 3 6 , 1 6

9 111

S im i la r t o N o . 1 5 , b rok en , a nd o n ly 7 c m l ong .

S ee ORL 7 2 K a s te l l

We i s senbu rg , 4 3 , T af . 1 0 , 1 8 .

P l a te 3 6 , 1 7

8 316

K ey ( Sch lü s se l ) w i th b roken h and le .

4 . 7 c m w id e ; f o r af i ne s e r ie s f r om

H o fhe im s e eT af . 2 0 , 4 6 -50 ;B eh ren s , MZ 6 ,1 911 , A bb . 2 8 , 6 0 .

P l a te 3 6 , 1 8

6 026

K ey , v e ry l a rg e , w i th a n e l abo ra te s e t o fl e ve r s l i k e J acob i , S aa lbu rg , T al . 4 4 , 5 . B rok en a tt h er i ng , a nd much c o r roded , 1 6c mo ve ra l l .

P l a te 3 6 , 1 9

8 018

K ey , l a rge , 1 3 .5 o ve ra l l , t h eh ead i s 3cm w id e . B ad ly c o r roded .

P l a t e3 6 , 2 0

6 397

L ong , t h in s haf t , 1 5 c m l ong , p robab ly aK ey .

S ee J acob i , S aa lbu rg , A bb .

7 3-76 , a nd p age s 4 62 -481 , T at 4 4 ; B eh ren s , MZ 7 , 1 912 , Abb . 6 ,3 3-36 , 3 8 .

P l a t e3 6 , 2 1

6 100

K ey , 1 c mo ve ra l l .

N o t i lu s t ra ted : 1 000 /41 a l a rg e t h ick k ey , much c o r rod ed , w i th a l a rg e h o le f o r s u spen s ion . o ve ra l l ; 1 0648 , l i k eN o . 2 1 .

P la t e3 6 , 2 2

1 065

K ey , 6 . 2 c mo ve ra l lw i th ab rok en h o le f o rs u spen s ion .

1 01

9 . 5 b y 4 . 3 cm

N o t i lu s t ra t ed : 1 0534 , av e ry l a rg e k ey 1 2 .8 o ve ra l l , f ou r s id ed a t 1 . 7 cm e ach s i d e , w i th a n O senk lanun e r , l i s ted a f te rP la te 3 4 , 5 .

P la te 3 6 , 2 3

9 564

K ey ,f ou r s id ed , 7 . 5 cm o ve ra l l .

P la te 3 7 , 1

7 584

L a tch l if te r . T he c urved p or t ion i sb rok en a way a nd s e e N o . 2b e low f o r a s im i la ro b jec t . 1 9 cm m ea su red a l ong t h es u rv iv ing l e ng th .

P la te 3 7 , 2

1 021

L ik e N o . 1a bove .

F o r s ma l le r b u t c omp l e te l a tch l if te r s s e e R ichbo rough ,

I V , p l . 6 2 , 3 45 -6 .

L ike t h e se , t h e N eu s s f r agmen t s h ave f l a t t ang s , 1 . 3

b road a nd 0 . 4c mt h ick . T h ir teen s im i la rl a tch l if te r s a r e i nt he Obe rhau sen C o l lec t ion , I nv . N r . 0 /97 , i nt h eA ug sbu rg Mu seum .

P la te 3 7 , 3

1 015

O b jec tl i k e 1& 2a bove , e xcep tt ha ti ti sl a rge r , 2 3 c mo ve ra l l , a nd i th a s a f ou r s ided a rm 1 4 .5 cm l ong a nd 1c m s qua re . T he b roken a rm i s8 . 5 cm l ong . S ee S chönbe rge rH e i lb ronn -Böck ingen , 1 48 , A bb . 7 .

P la te 3 7 , 4

1 4436

C he s t -Hand le w i th r i ng a nd w a she r ( Kommodeg r if f m i t

R ing u nd

Un te r lag she ibe ) . T he h and le i s 1 cm b road .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 7 604 .

P la te 3 7 , 5

9 860a

C au ld ron o r B uck e t S u spen s ion ( Au fhäng evor r ich tung f ü r K e s se l o de r E ime r ) . B o th r i ng s a r eb rok en . T he s p i ra l s e c t ion i s1 0 .2 cm l o ng ; 2 2 cm o ve ra l l .

F o r ac omp le te a nd v e ry l a rge e xamp le w i th t e rm ina l h ook s , t he

w ho le o b jec t i s 1 7 f e e t 9i n che s l o ng - a bou t 5 . 4 me t re s -s e e B oyd D awk in s , A rch . J ou rn . 5 9 , 1 902 , 2 11 -218 , p l . 2 ,f i g . 4 ,f r om B igbu ry K en t ; P iggo t t , S S co t land , P SAS , 8 7 , 1 952 -3 , 4 2 -4 w i th r ef e r enc e s , p l .

1 ,

i lu s t ra te s t h e c omp le te O ver ton , C amb r idge sh i r e , a nd G rea t C h e s te r fo rd , E s sex , e xamp le s .

A l l t h ree a r e m agn if icen t s pec imen s o f w rough t

i r onwo rk ;a sa l so S p ra te r , 1 938 , 2 07 -9 , A bb . I .F ound w i th P la t e3 4 , 1 .

P la te 3 7 ,6

7 393

C he s t -hand le , v e ry s t rong , r ound ed , w i th w id ened e nd s a nd h o le s f o r a t tachmen t . 1 4 .5 cm l ong . S ee ORL 1 0 , K a s te l lF e ldberg , T af .8 ,4 1 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 2098 .

P la te 3 7 , 7

8 794b

S aucepan H and le ( Ka s se ro l leg r if f ) , b roken , 1 2 .8 cm l ong . P la te 8 ,1 ,a n A uc is sa A f i bu la .

1 02

F ound w i th

P la te 3 7 , 8

7 364

B uck e th and le Moun t( E ime rband ) 1 8 .3 c ml ong . S ee N o . 9b e low .

P la te 3 7 , 9

1 0665

B uck e t h and le Moun t , s ma l le r t h an N o . 8 . S ee J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , 1 72 , f i g . 2 3 , 5 ; Mann ing , 1 966 , 2 6 , 2 8 &2 9 , f r om B ramp ton , C umbe r land .

P la te 3 7 , 1 0

8 317

Sma l l Sw ing H and le , p robab ly f r om ac he s t .

One e nd i sm i s s ing ; 6 . 4 c m

d i ame te r .

P la te 3 7 , 1

192

L a rg eB uck e tH and le , o ne e nd i si nf r agmen t s .

P la te 3 7 , 1 2

8 398d

B uck e th and le . F ound w i th P la te s2 6 , 1 7 ; 2 9 , 8a& b .

P la te 3 7 , 1 3

1 0593

A rched o b jec t , n o t as add le s uppor t .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 4416 .

T he b a r i s1 0 c m l ong ; t h e s hor te r

b road e nd w id en s t o 2 . 8 cm a nd i s 6c m l ong ( Ke l lenf ö rm ig g ebogene r G egen s tand ) , s e ea l so P la te 3 9 , 6 .

P la te 3 7 , 1 4

8 912

S ha rp en ing A nv i l ( Denge l s tock ) f o r s ha rpen ing a s cy the o r s i ck le . p o in t wh ich w a s p u shed i n to t h e g round i sb rok en .

T he

S ee H o fhe im , T af . 2 1 ,

2 3 ; ORL 8 ,K a s te l l Z ugman te l , 1 02 , T at 1 6 , 2 3 ; N ew s tead , p l . 6 2 , w i th f ou r c omp le t e s c y the s , S i lche s t e r , E van s , 1 894 , 1 43 , f i g . 5 ; B ramp ton , Mann ing , 1 964 , 5 5 , f i g . 3 ,8 .

P la te 3 7 , 1 5

8 451

F ou r s ided o b jec t , c u rved i n ad if e r en tp l ane a te ach e nd ; 7 . 6 cm o ve ra l l .

P la t e3 7 , 1 6

178b

D oub le -end ed S pa tu la ( Dopp e l se i t ige r S pach te l ) 1 3 .3 c m l ong ; 1 . 8 cm w id e .

One e nd i sd amaged .

S ee H o fh e im , T at 2 0 , 3 7 & 3 8 ; K oe the &

K imm ig , 5 1-2 , A bb . 6 b . F ound w i th aK ragen f ib e l , n o ti lu s t ra ted .

P la te 3 7 , 1 7

1 2645c

D i sk ( f lache S ch e ib e ) , 7 . 5 c m d i ame te r a nd 0 . 4 c m t h ick .

F ound w i th

P la te s2 5 , 2 7 &2 8 ; 4 1 , 1 0 .

P la te 3 7 , 1 8

1244

D isk , l i k e N o . 1 7 a bove , 7 . 5 c m i n d i ame te r a nd 0 . 5 c m t h ick .

A s ma l l

p i ece o fw ood i sa t tached a nd , o n o ne s i de , t h e re i s ah o l low ing ( auf e ine S e i te i s te i ne l o cha r t ige v e r t iefung ) .

1 03

P la te 3 7 , 1 9

8 272

B ox f o r m e ta l p en s ( Me ta l lbüch se f ü r S ch r e ibge rä t ) . 9 . 5 c m l ong a nd 2 . 5 c m i n d i ame te r . b ronze ;

a l so B onne r J ah rb .

7 2 ,

One e nd i sb rok en .

S ee J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , p l . 7 0 , 2 ,i n

1 882 ,

9 6 , wh ich i s r ep roduced i n

B aume i s te r , 1 885 , 1 585 .

P la te 3 7 ,2 0

9 219

Sma l l s pad e shap ed S pa tu la ( Spach te l ) .

T he s pad e i s1 . 8 cm a c ro s s ; t h e

b rok en s haf ti s7 . 5 c ml ong .

P la te 3 7 , 2 1

4 336b

S t i lu s . T he b road e nd i s1 . 5 c m w id e ; t h e p o in ted e nd i sm i ss ing . F ound w i th P la te 3 2 , 9 ,a nd a nA uc i s sa A f i bu la .

N o t i lu s t ra ted : 5 736 ; 6 915 , 1 0044b ; 1 4191 ; 1 4362 ; 1 5030a . E xcep t f o r t h e f i r s t wh ich i s1 3 .2 cm l ong , t h ey a r ea l l 1 2 .2 c ml ong .

P la te 3 7 , 2 2

9 376

S t i lu s , 1 3 c m l ong w i th ab lun t p o in t , p robab ly o nce l i k e J acob i , S aa lbu rg , T af . 7 0 , 6 , wh ich i sa l so 1 3 c m l ong . T he b road e nd ( Kan tenb re i te ) i s0 . 5 c mw id e . S ee a l so MZ 6 ,1 911 , 15 , 6 4 -69 ( 10 .5 -14 .2 c ml ong ) .

P la te 3 7 , 2 3

1 316b

S t i lu s ,c omp le te w i th af i n el ong p o in t . T he b road e nd i s0 .4 cm w id e ; 1 5 .8 c mo ve ra l l . J a cob i n o ted t ha ta l l t h e s t i l i h ep ub l ished w e re o fi r on . E xcep t o n ei nb ronze , a tt h e S aa lbu rg .

P la te 3 8 , 1

7 613

A t tachmen tw i th ah o le f o r ar i ve t . 1 5 .7 cm l ong

P la te 3 8 ,2

1 041

C u rved a t tachmen tw i th o ne h o le ,b rok en a tb o th e nd s . 1 3 .5 cm l ong .

P la te 3 8 , 3

1 5036c

Sma l l V ice ( Sch raub s tock ) . 8 . 3 c mo ve ra l l .

P la te 3 8 , 4

6 910

Kn if eo rD agg e rb l ade w i th m id r ib ( M i t te lg ra t ) a nd o ne r i ve t . 1 4c mt ot h e b roken p o in t ; 4c mb road .

P la te 3 8 , 5

4 356

F ou r s ided r od w i th h ook ( V ie r se i t ig eS t ab m i tH ak en ) .

P la te 3 8 , 6

6 039b

H ook ( Bandhak en )2 7 cm o ve ra l l . L ik eP la te 3 6 , 1& 1 5 . F ound w i th P la te 1 0 , 1 8 .

P la te 3 8 , 7

1 4825

H eavy H ook o r S t ap le , 1 0 .8 c m l o ng . 2 3 .

1 04

S ee J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , 2 40 , T af . 4 5 ,

P la te 3 8 , 8

1 2391

F o rk ed B a r( g ab e lar t ig e rG eg en s tand ) . B o th p o in t sa r e m i s s ing . T he s haf t i s1 2 c m l ong .

S ee MZ 6 , 1 911 , 17 , A bb . 2 7a , N r . 9 9 , wh ich i ss ma l le r

t han t h eN eu s so b jec t .

P la te 3 8 , 9

5 924

C u r iou s o b jec t ( s e l t same r G egen s tand ) , a H oe ( Hack e ) .

A c rook ed

( g ek rümm te r ) f ou r s id ed s haf t 1 6 cm l ong ; 2cm s qua re whe re i tf o rk s i n to t wo p a r t s . One f o rk i sc u rved , a nd t he o the r i sf o rked i n to t wo e qua l s ized p o in t s , 2c ma par t .

P la te 3 8 , 1 0

6 862

L ea the r -cu t t ing Kn i f ew i th af l a tp ro jec t ion a t ar i gh t a ng le t ot h e k nob o n t h e e nd o ft h e h and le ( Lanze t te m i t e i n se i t ig v o r s tehend en f l achen K op f ) . L eng th 1 7 cm ; b read th o f b l ad e 2 . 2 cm .

T h i s i sv e ry l i k e f ou r i n t h e

O be rhau sen C o l lec t ion i nA ug sbu rg Mu seum , I nv . N r . 0 / 1062 , 1 067 , 1 069 , 1 071 ,b u tt h e se h ave t w i s ted h and le s .

F o r ad i scu s s ion a bou tt h e se t o o l ss e e G an s se r -Bu rckha rd t , V indon i s sa , 1 8 1 9 & 9 4 , A bb . 7 ,2 3 .732 .

T he r e i so ne a tH o fhe im , T at 1 8 , 4 9 ; t h r ee a t

H a l t ern , I , 1 901 , T a f . 2 4 , 1 6 -18 .

P la te 3 8 , 1

1 0032

H eavy H ook o rS t ap le , l a rg e rt h an N o . 7a bov e a nd f l a t i ns e c t ion ; 1 7 .8 cm l ong . J a cob i , S aa lbu rg ,T at 4 3 , 1 7 .

P la te 3 8 , 1 2

1 5234

H o ldf a s t ( T -f ö rm ig e r H ak en ) f o r t imb e r b u i ld ing s a nd f i x ing t i l e s .

L a rg e

s i ze , 2 2 c m l ong w i th t h e c r o s s -ba r 1 .5 c m t oi t s b rok en e nd ; b read th 1 cm . A l lt he N eu s se xamp le sa r e o ft h i s t y pe , wh ich i so ne o ft h et wo t ype s d e sc r ibed i n Aqu in cu rn , 3 07 , p l . 3 ,n o s . 3 -6 .

F o r a n e x t ra l a rge s i ze s e e

Mann ing , 1 972 , 1 84 ,f i g . 6 8 , 8 2 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 5803 .

P la te 3 8 , 1 3

1 5154

H o ldf a s t , 1 6 .5 c m l ong w i th p o in t b rok en ; c r o s sba r 1 4 .5 cm a c ro s s .

T he

s haf ti s 1c ma c ro s s .

P la te 3 8 , 1 4

3 940

H o ldf a s t , 1 6c ml ong ; w id th o fc ro s sba r0 . 8 cm .

No t i lu s t ra ted : 4 68 , 4 329b i sv e ry s ma l l , 7 929 , 8 183 , 8 686 , 8 882 , 9 179 , 9 312 , 118 , 1 2359 , 1 2588 , 1 3077 , 1 3451 . N o . 1 2359 w a sf ound w i th P la t e2 8 , 5 ;3 0 , 1 ;3 1 , 7 .

1 05

P la te 3 8 , 1 5

8 244

R ing a nd H ook ( Gegen s tand m i t e inem L och u nd e i nem

r i nga r t ig

g ek r t imm ten H ak en ) . L äng e4 . 7 ; B re i te 3 . 7c m .

P la te 3 8 , 1 6

1 993a

R ing a nd H ook ,b o th a r eb rok en . L eng th 7 . 5 c m .

P la t e3 8 , 1 7

1 814b

O pen R ing ( Tü rk ramp e ) , 4c m o ve ra l l .

S ee A lb rech t , O b e raden , 2 , 1 942 ,

1 68 , T a f . 6 1 , 1 ,3 ,4 . F ound w i th P la te 3 9 , 1 .

P la te 3 8 , 1 8

1 5714

Sma l lo b jec td i ame te r2 . 2 c mo ft h er i ng .

P la te 3 8 , 1 9

8 063b

F o rk l ik e o b jec t ( g ab e lar t ige r G egen s tand ) .

On e f o rk i sb roken .

O ve ra l l

l e ng th 1 0 cm ; w id th 3 . 8 c m . F ound w i th ak n if e , n o ti lu s t ra ted .

P la te 3 9 , 1

1 814a

L igh t ing B rack e t ( Leuch te r ) .

T he m a in s haf t i s 5c m l ong w i th a r i gh t

a ng led p o in t , n ow b lun ted , f o r f i x ing i n to aw a l l o r s ocke t .

F o r a mo re

c omp lex l i gh te r , c a l led a Un ive r sa l leuch te r , s e e S aa lbu rg J ah rb . 5 , 1 913 , 7 3 , A bb . 2 0 . F ound w i th P la te 3 8 , 1 7 .

P la te 3 9 , 2

7 811

O pen L amp ( o f f ene L ampe ) p robab ly f o r t a l low ( Ta lg ) .

I n v e ry p oo r

c ond i t ion a nd b rok en a t o ne e nd , 1 5 .5 b y 7 . 5 c m o ve ra l l .

C omp le te

e xamp le s a tH a l te rn , V , 1 909 , T a f . 3 9 , 1 2 ; O be rad en , 2 , 1 942 , E1 84 , T af . 6 0 , 1 . O p en l amp sa r ed i scu s sed b y Me rcede sV ega s i n Novae s ium I , p age 7 7 .

P la te 3 9 , 3

3 909b

L amp , n ow ick -ho le i sv i s ib le , b u t i tm ay b e r u s ted o ve r .

1 0 c m l ong . S ee

b ronze l amp sb e low . F ound w i th P la t e 1 6 , 9 .

P la te 3 9 , 4

1 7016

L a rg ea nd h eavy S hove l( Schauf e l )f o rf e ed ing af i r eo rl i f t ing h o tc harcoa l . L eng th 3 5 cm ;b r ead th 1 3 .4 cm .

( h )

P la te 3 9 , 5

Wood -wo rk ing T oo l s

1 2135

C hopp ing A xe ( Ax t ) , 1 7 c m o ve ra l l , s e e B raa t , V oe rendaa l , OMROL , 3 4 , 1 953 ,6 7 -9 , A bb . 1 2 ) , a nd 6 . 5 c ma c ro s st he e dg e ( Kan tenb re i te ) . D iame te r o ft h eh o le ( Schaf t lo che s ) 4 . 5 b y 3 . 6 c m . T h e s ame t ype a sH o fhe im , T a t 2 1 .31 & 3 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 5 687 ; 1651 ; 1 3820 w h ich i st h es ame s i ze a sN o . 5 .

1 06

P la te 3 9 ,6

7 978

A rched o b jec t : c ompa re P la te 3 7 , 1 3 . One a rm i sf ou r s id ed a nd t h e o the r i sf l a t ( e in Ann i s t v i e rkan t ig , 1 . 2 c m K an ten läng e , d e r a nd e re a bgef lach t , 2 . 5 c mb r e i t ) .

No ti lu s t ra ted : 1 2381 .

P la te 3 9 , 7

5 002

A dze -Hamme r ( Br e i tbe i lHamme r ) . s o cke t ( Scha f t tü l le ) i s 5 cm h igh .

L eng th o ve ra l l 1 9 .5 c m .

T h e l a rge

T he re i s ah igh s o ck e ted e xamp le a t

H o fhe im , T af . 2 1 , 8 ;J acob i , S aa lbu rg , T at 3 3 , 8& 9 ;E van s , 1 894 , 1 48 , f i g . 1 3 f r om S i lche s te r ; P iggo t t , S co t land , 3 6 , f i g . 9 ,C 50 f r om ah oa rd i n C a r l ingwa rk L och , i nK i rk cudb r igh t sh i re ; H übene r , A ug sbu rg , 1 958 , 1 58 9 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 2286 i s2 0c ml ong w i th as ock e t6 . 5 c mh igh ; 1 2831 i s2 1 .4 c ml ong a nd t h e s o ck e ti s8 . 5 c m h igh w i th t r ace so fw ood f r om t h es haf ti n s id e .

P l a te 3 9 , 8

1 784c

A xe ( Be i l ) , a l so i nv on P e t r ikov i t s , N ovae s ium , 7 2 , N r . 8 . L eng th o v er a l l 2 0 .2 c m ; d i ame te ro ft he s haf tho le 1 . 8b y 2cm . F ound w i th P la te 2 0 , 3 ;2 4 , 1 9 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 2175 i s2 2 c ml ong , d i ame te ro ft h e s haf tho le 4 . 5 b y 3 . 6 cm a nd t h ee dg eo ft h eb l ad e i s 6c m w id e ; 1 2192 .

P la te 3 9 , 9

1 0044a

C h i se l ( Me is se l ) , f ou r s ided a nd 1 5 c m l ong ; 2 . 5cm w id e .

S ee B eh ren s ,

MZ 7 ,1 912 , 9 2 , A bb . 6 ,4 2 . F ound w i th a ni r on s t i lu s .

P la te 3 9 , 1 0

8 810

A dze ( B re i tbe i l ) w i th o va l s haf tho le .

T he e nd i sm i s s ing , 1 3 .8 o ve ra l l .

ORL 7 3 , K a s te l lP f ünz , 4 0 , T af . 1 6 , N r . 2 5 .

P la te 3 9 , 1

1 0839

H oe ( Rodhacke ) f o r c l ea r ing l and , 1 6 c m l ong . N r . 1 8 , A bb . 6 9 .

S e e J a cob i , S a lbu rg , 4 44 ,

T h i s i s ah eav ie r i mp lemen t t han t h e m a r ra o r ma t tock

i lu s t ra ted a nd d i scu s sed b y Wh i te , Ag r icu l tu ra lI mp lem en t s , 4 0 , 2 .

P la te 3 9 , 1 2

6 017a

a nd P ho tog raph P la te 4 6 , 4

D o lab ra o r P ionee r 's P ickaxe ( Doppe lax t ) .

L eng th 4 1 c m ; d i ame te r o f

s haf tho le 3 . 5 b y 3c m . S ee L ehne r , N ovae s ium , T af . 3 1 , B , N r . 4 9 , wh ich i s3 6 .5 c ml ong ; F e l lman , B a se l , 4 0 , A bb . 1 4 , 1 ; a nd f o r al a te rt yp e w i th p ro jec t ing s haf tho le s s e e f i ve magn if icen t s pec im en s i n N ew s tead , 2 78 -9 , p l . 5 7 , 1 5 ; ORL 6 2a , K a s te l lH üf ingen , T af . 1 3 , 1 6 . F ound w i th P la te 4 3 ,

1 07

2 . F o rp ar t o f ab ronze s hea th f o rt h e s ha rp e dg e o f ad o lab ra s e e P la te 2 1 , 1 2 a bove .

P ho tog raph

1 2375

D o lab ra , 2 9 c m l ong , i np oo r c ond i t ion , t y p ica l o f much o ft he i r onwo rk . P la te 4 6 , 3

P la te 4 0 , 1

3 525

Two -P ronged H oe ( Hack e m i tz we iZ ink en )f o rl o o sen ing s o i l . P re sumab ly t h i s o nce h ad as haf tho le , n ow c omp le te ly f u l l o fh a rd r u s t .

S eve ra l t yp e s

a r e i lu s t ra ted b y Wh i te , Ag r icu l tu ra l I mp lemen t s , 3 7 -40 , 6 7 -68 .

T he

N eu s s h oe i sl i k e J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , 4 45 , A bb . 6 9 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 4 , T af . 3 5 , 1 0 , w h ich h e c a l led t h e s a rcu lum b id en s ; ORL 2 3 , K a s te l l G ro s s K ro tzenbu rg , 2 4 , T af . 5 .2 5 . L eng th 2 8 -29 c m .

P la te 4 0 , 2

3 906

Two -p ronged H oe , l i ke N r . 1 ;2 8 .2 c m l o ng b u tb rok en a tt he e nd . L eng th o fp rong 1 2 c m ; d i ame te ro fs haf tho le 2 . 5 b y 1 . 8 c m . S ee Wh i te , i b id . , 5 1 a nd p l . 3 ,f o r amo sa ic i n t h e G r ea t P a lace o ft h e B yzan t ine Emp e ro r s a t C on s tan t inop le wh ich s how s w o rkmen h oe ing i n e che lon f o rma t ion w i th t wo -p ronged h oe s . ORL 3 1 ,K a s te l lW ie sbad en , T at 1 , 4 8 .

P la te 4 0 , 3

4 342

H eavy E n t rench ing T oo l ( s ta rk e S chauf e lhack e ) .

L eng th o f s pade 2 3 .5 ,

a nd 1 8 c ma tt h ew id e s tp a r t a nd 7 . 5 a ti t s n ar rowe s t ; l eng th o fa xe 2 2 cm ; d i ame te ro fs ha f tho le 3 . 2 b y 2 . 4 cm . S ee S p ra te r , 1 938 , 2 07 -9 , A bb . 1 ,f o r o ne e xamp le ; MZ 6 ,1 911 , 15 , A bb . 2 8 ; N ew s tead , 2 83 , p l . 6 1 , 9 .

P la te 4 0 , 4

1 2058

E n t rench ing T oo l , l i k e N o . 3 ,b u t w i th a b road e r s pade , 1 9 .8 a c ro s s t he w ide s tp ar ta nd 2 0 c ml ong .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 0629 ; 1231 ; 1 2129 f ound w i th P la te 3 4 , 5 .

P la te 4 0 , 5

6 774a

C owbe l l ( Kuhg lock e ) . Av e ry l a rg e h eavy b e l l , f ound w i th as wo rd , P la te 3 0 , 9 . Ar e c tangu la rb e l l , 8c m h igh ; 7b y 4c m a tt he b a se . S ee B eh ren s , MZ 7 ,1 912 , 9 1 , A bb . 6 ,5 8 ; J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , T af . 3 6 , 1 3 ; S aa lbu rg J ah rb . 7 , 1 914 -1924 , 5 7 -60 , T a t ' . 1 0 , 2 ; ORL 2 a , K a s te l l N iede rb e rg , 1 0 , T af . 7 , 2 9 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 8 802 wh ich i s 9c mh igh a nd 6b y 6c ma tt h eb a se .

P l a te 4 0 , 6

6 274

P rong f r om a w ood en R ak e ( Z ink en e i ne s R echens ) , s e e ORL 8 , K a s te l l Z ugman te l , T a f . 1 6 , 5 7 ; J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , 4 44 , A bb . 6 9 , 1 .

1 08

P la te 4 0 , 7

6 367

P rong , l i k eN o . 6a bov e ; 1 4 .5 c ml ong ; 1 . 8 cm a tt h eg rea te s tw id th .

P la te 4 1 , 1

4 347

F a lx a rbo ra r ia o r B i l lhook ( Gar ten -od e r W inze rme s se r ) w i th s ock e t .

S e e

L ehn e r , N ovae s ium , T af . 3 1 , B , 2 5 ; A lb r ech t , O be rad en , 2 , 1 942 , T af . 5 7 , 5 , 6& 7 .

A v a r ie ty o f b l ad e s a r e i lu s t ra t ed b y Wh i te , A g r icu l tu ra l

I mp lemen t s , 8 5 -88 , a l though t h e se w i l l ma in ly b e I t a l ian t yp e s . F o r av e ry l ong b i l lhook w i th as ma l l s ock e t m idway a l ong t he t ang , s e eF r eme r sdo rf , G u t shof , T at 3 5 , 1 .

N o ti lus t ra ted : 7 201 , 1 4621c .

P la te 4 1 , 2

5 996

B lad e f r om ap a i r o fS hea r s ( e ine r S che r e ) , s e e N o . 3b e low .

An u nu sua l

p a i r o f s hea r s w a s f ound a t F i shbou rn e , s e e C un l if f e , 1 31 , f i g . 5 9 , 4 1 , wh ich h a sa ng led b l ad e s .

P la te 4 1 , 3

8 165

B lad e f r om ap a i r o fS hea r s . D amag ed a tb o th e nd s , 2 8 .2 cm l ong ; w id th o fb l ad ea tt h ew id e s tp a r t3 . 5 c m .

P la te 4 1 , 4

2 168a

F le sh -Hook , 1 7 .5 c m o ve ra l l .

F o r ab ron ze f l e sh -hook s e e P la te 2 4 , 1 .

F ound w i th P la te 4 2 , 8a nd ac a ske t -hand le , n o ti lu s t ra ted .

P la te 4 1 , 5

1 075

S i ck le ( S iche l ) w i th at ang ( S t ie l ) , a l so i nv on P e t r ikov i t s , 7 2 , N r . 1 0 , a s A rbe i t snumm e r 7 5 .

L eng th o ve r ! 3 2 .7 cm ; l e ng th o f t ang 9 . 7 cm .

F o r

t ang ed a nd s o ck e ted s i ck le s s e e MacG r ego r&S imp son , 3 95 , f i g . 1 ,2 -7 ; o r t wo t anged s i ck le s , N ew s tead , p l . 6 1 , 2& 5 ;J acob i , S aa lbu rg , 4 46 , A bb . 6 9 ,7 ,i st h es ame s i ze a sN eu s s .

P la t e4 1 , 6

1 014

L ead C omb ( B le iK amm ) . P e rhap sh a l fi se x tan t : t he h o le may i nd ica te t h e m idd le o ft h ec omb , b u ti t sp u rpo se i su ncer ta in , u n le s si tw as f a s tened t oa w ood en h and le .

I tm ay h av e b een f o r h arve s t ing g ra in , a s d e sc r ib ed b y

Wh i te , Ag r icu l tu ra lI mp lemen t s , 13 115 , a nd f i g . 9 1 , wh ich i sa ne xamp le f r om a nc ien t E gyp t .

T h e o th e r p o s s ib i l i ty i st ha t i tw a s f o r d r e s s ing t h e

t a i l so fh o r se s , i nw h ich c a se t h e h o le m ay h ave b een f o r s u spen s ion o n t h e i mp ed imen ta o f ac ava l ryman .

P la t e4 1 , 7

1 007b

C h i se l w i th ah ead ( M e i s se l m i t Knau f ) , 1 5 c m l ong . T h i s i st he s ame s i ze a st h ec h i se l , P la t e 3 9 , 9a bove , a nd s e e J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , 2 09 , A bb . 2 8 , 1 5 ; E van s , 1 894 , 1 49 , f i g . 1 5 , s how s f i ve d if e r en t k ind s f r om S i lch e s te r ;

1 09

Mann ing , 1 966 , 1 4 -15 , N o s . 8 10 , g iv e s r e f e rence s t o as o l id a nd t wo s o cke ted t y pe so fc h i se l s . P la te 4 1 , 1 4 h a s at ang ;P la te 4 2 , 8 ,i ss o ck e ted .

P la te 4 1 , 8

1 3289

C h i se l w i th a h ead ( M e i s se l m i t Knau f ) , 1 3 c m l ong t o t he b rok en e dge wh ich i s 3c mw id e . P o s s ib ly amo r t ic ing c h i se l .

P la te 4 1 , 9

5 455b

P lumme t o f l e ad ( B le i lo t ) .

J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , T af . 3 4 , 1 , i lu s t ra ted a n

i n te re s t ing o ne i nb ronze w i th a ni n scr ip t ion . F ound w i th P la te 6 ,9 .

P la te 4 1 , 1 0

1 2645d

Ma son 's T rowe l ( Mau r e rk e l le ) , 3 7 cm l ong ; g r ea te s t w id th 5cm . S ee MZ 6 , 1 911 , 15 , A bb . 2 8 , 4 3 ; ORL 2 a , K a s te l l N ied e rbe rg , T af . 7 ,2 3 & 2 4 . F ound w i th P la te s2 5 , 2 7 &2 8 ; 3 7 , 1 7 .

P la te 4 1 , 1

3 837

Ma son 's T rowe l , 2 7 cm l ong ; g rea te s tw id th 1 0 cm . S ee No . 1 0 a bove a nd P la te 4 2 , 9b e low .

P la te 4 1 , 1 2

6 877

G oug ew i th ah ead ( Hoh lme is se l m i t Knau f ) , 1 5c mo ve ra l l a nd 7c mt ot h e g oug ed p o r t ion wh ich i sb rok en a tt h ee nd w he re i t sb read th i s1 . 8c m .

P la te 4 1 , 1 3

1 3290

C h i se l w i th at ang ( Me i s se l m i t S t ie l ) . L eng th o ve ra l 2 0 .5 cm ; b read th o f g ouged p or t ion 1 . 5 cm . T h i s i sa nu nu sua l t o o l , b u t No . 1 4 b e low a l so h a s at ang .

P la te 4 1 , 1 4

8 875

B road C h i se l w i th at ang ( Br e i tme i s se l m i t S t ie l ) . T he c u t t ing e dge i s3 . 2 c mb road b u ti ti sb rok en ; 1 7 .5 cm o ve ra l l . S ee U lber t , A i s l ing en , T af . 2 7 , 3 7 ; J acob i , S aa lbu rg , T af . 3 4 , 2 2 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 445c .

P la te 4 2 , 1

1 3121

S hoemak e r 's A nv i l ( Ambo s sf ü re i n S chuhmache r ) . The l eng th i s3 9 .5 c m w i th ap l a in s ha f t 4c mw id e a ti t s n eck . T he h ead i s1 6 cm l o ng a nd 7 c m b road . S ee ORL 8 ,K a s ten Z ugman te l , 1 02 , T af . 1 6 , 2 9 ; E van s , 1 894 , 1 42 , f i g . 4 ,f r om S i lch e s te r ; Mann ing , 1 964 , 5 5 , w i th r e f e rence s , f i g . 3 ,9 ,f r om S andy ,B ed f o rd sh i re .

P la te 4 2 , 2

1 4216

L inchp in ( Vo r s tecknade l o d e r L one ) .

T he s haf t i sp robab ly b roken , 2 1 .5

c mo ve ra l l . T he h ead i s6 . 5 c mb road . S ee P la t e 3 4 , 9a bove . T he B r i t i sh t yp e i s af l a t tened s pa tu la te -h ead w i th a h ook , d e sc r ibed i n P iggo t t , S co t land 2 3 , E 4 , a nd 4 1 , B 4 ; a l so Mann ing , 1 972 , 1 03 , w he re a l l t h e

10

V eru la rn ium t yp e s a r e t h e B r i t i sh k ind . T he C on t inen ta l t yp e s s e em t ob e e i th e r t h e B andhak en wh ich i sw i thou t as pa tu la te -head , o r t h e f l a t d i sk s hap ed h ead w i thou t ah ook .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 0095 ; 1 0736 ; 1 4924 wh ich i s2 3 c ml ong .

P la te 4 2 , 3

1 4783

F ou r s id ed B a r ( V ie rkan t ige r K loben ) , 2 2 .5 c m l ong ; w id th o fe ach s i d e 1 cm .

P la te 4 2 , 4

1 4577b

L inchp in , 2 9 c m o ve ra l l , w i th r e c tangu la r s haf t 1 . 4 b y 2c m . F ound w i th P la te 4 ,5 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 5581 f ound w i th P la te 3 4 , 1 0 .

P la te 4 2 , 5

1 6635

C h i se l w i th ah ead ( Me i s se l m i t Knau f ) , 3 0 .2 c m l ong . R ec tangu la rb e low t h e h ead , a nd s qua r e a l ong t h e l owe rh a lf , t ot h e c u t t ing e dge . S ee G rü t te r &B ruckn e r , 4 46 , Abb . 2 3 .

P la te 4 2 , 6

4 806b

V e ry l ong C h i se l , 4 0 .5 c ml ong w i th ar ounded h ead . D iame te ro ft h e h ead 3c m . F ound w i th P la te 2 9 , 1 .

P la t e4 2 , 7

8 686

C h i se lw i th as ocke t( Tü l le )f o rh af t ing , s e eN o . 8b e low .

P la te 4 2 , 8

2 168b

S ocke ted mo r t ic ing C h i se l , 2 9 c m l ong ; 3c m a c ro s s t h eb l ad e ; d iame te r o f s ock e t 1 . 8 cm . F ound w i th P la te 4 1 , 4 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 0013 , 2 8c ml o ng ;b l ad e2 . 5 a c ro s s ; d i ame te ro fs ock e t3 . 5 .

P la te 4 2 , 9

1 4501

Ma son 's T rowe l ( Ke l le ) , 3 2 cm o ve ra l l ; t ang 2 7 c m l ong . S ee P la te 4 1 , 1 0 &1 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 1 4388 .

P la te 4 2 , 1 0

9 236

L ong n ar row B a r ( l ang e s s chma le s E i senband ) p e rhap s f ou r s ided a to ne e nd b u t n ow much r u s ted . T he o the re nd i s 3c m b road ; 0 . 4 c m t h ick a nd r ounded . 3 2 .5 c mo ve ra l l .

P la te 4 2 , 1

6 16

R ound ed B a r ( Rund e i sen ) , 2 6 .6 c m l ong , t h e e nd i sm i s s ing , a nd 1 . 8 cm b road .

11

P la te 4 3 , 1 2

6 839

C h i se l w i th b ad ly b u r red h ead ( Me i s se l m i tg ehämmer tem Kop f )f o u r s id ed a bove a nd r ound b e low t ot h ec u t t ing e dge . 2 2 c mo v e ra l l .

P la te 4 3 , 1

1 5077d

S aw ( Säge ) , l e ng th 4 2 cm l ong a nd l e s s t han 1mm t h ick .

T h e re a r e f ew

s u rv iv ing f r agmen t s f r om B ow S aw s : t wo s ma l l p i ece s a r e i n J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , T at 3 4 , 2 2 ; at ang ed s aw f r om B a t t le sbu ry , Wi l t sh i r e , h a s t he t e e th i n p a i r s s e t b ackwa rd s , s e e C umüng ton & G odda rd , 9 1-2 , p l . 2 4e ; Whee le r ,L ondon , p l . 3 6 , 6 ,i sa l so t ang ed .

F o rp reh i s to r ic a nd R oman s aw s , s e e G oodman , T oo l s , 15 -122 , w i th many i lu s t ra t ion s ; f o r a g ood a ccoun t o f b ow s aw s a nd h and s aw s ,

s e e

L ive r s idge , 1 968 , 1 88 -9 . T he c oncave b l ad e so fs mal h and s aw sc on t inued f r om t he p re -Roman t o R oman t im e s a s i s s hown b y t h e t wo p er f ec t s p ec imen s f r om G la s tonbu ry a nd N ew s tead : B u l le id & G ray , G la s tonbu ry L ak e V i l lage , 2 , 1 911 , 3 71-2 , p l . 6 0 ; N ew s tead , 2 90 , p l . 6 8 , 6 , wh ich h a s t e e th o n b o th s i de s o f t h e b l ad e , t h e u ppe r e dg e h av ing v e ry f i nd t e e th ; Wh i te Ag r icu l tu ra l I mp lemen t s , 16 -118 , s how s as ma l l c oncave b l ad e f r om P ompe i i . I nF r e r e , V eru lam ium , s e e Mann ing , 1 972 , 1 66 , f i g . 6 1 , 1 2 . F ound w i th P la te s 1 8 , 7 ;2 3 , 1 6 ; 2 5 , 8 . F o r ab ronze s aw s e eP la te 2 1 , 1 3 .

P la te 4 3 , 2

6 017b

N a i l L if te r ( Nage lz iehe r ) 1 7 c m o ve ra l l . S ee L ehne r , Novae s ium , T af . 3 1 , B . 3 7 . F ound w i th aD o leb ra ,P la te 3 9 , 1 2 .

( i )

N a i l s : N age l

I n 1 960 , P rof e s so r I an A R ichmond d i scove red mo re t han 8 75 ,000 n a i l s , n ea r ly t we lve t on s i n w e igh t , i n o ne d epo s i t i n t he f ab r ica o r a rmou re r 's w o rk shop i n t h e l eg iona ry f o r t re s s a t I nch tu t lü l l i n S co t land . c omp le t ion a bou t AD 8 7 .

T he f o r t re s s w a s i n p roce s s o f e r ec t ion , a nd i tw a s a bandoned b ef o re T he n a i l s w e r e b u r ied t we lve f e e t d eep , mo r e t han 3 V 2 m e t re s d eep ,

u nd e rs i xf e e to fc l ean b ea ten e ar th . T hey w e re c a r efu l ly h idden , i no rd e rt ha t n o n a t ive B r i ton s s hou ld d i scove rs uch au sefu l s upp ly o fi r on f o rt u rn ing i n to w eapon s . N one o ft h e n a i l s h ad b een u sed ( IRS 5 1 , 1 961 , 1 60 ) .

T h i s s en sa t iona l d i scove ry a rou sed w o r ld -w ide i n te re s t a tt h e t ime , a nd i tp o sed ap rob lem o f l o g i s t ic s wh ich w as s ucce s sfu l ly o v e rcome w i th t h e c oop era t ion o f a n i ndus t r ia l f i rm , C o lv i l le L im i ted .

12

T he p ub l ica t ion o f t h e n a i l s b y Me s s r s Angu s , B rown a nd C lee r e , i sr e f e r r ed t o h e r eaf te r a s I n ch tu th i l , 1 962 .

Unf or tuna te ly , t h e s i ze s o f t h e I nch tu th i l n a i l s a r e g iven i n i n che s i n s tead o f c en t ime t r e s . T he ref o re t h e N eu s s n a i l s a r e l i s ted w i th a pp rox ima te e qu iva len t mea su remen t s i n i n che s a f te r t h ec en t ime t r e s i ze s . Mo s to ft h eI nch tu th i ln a i l sw e re i ne xce l len t c ond i t ion b ecau se t h e n a i l s a t t h e t op h ad q u ick ly r u s ted , a nd t hu s f o rmed a n i mpe rm eab le l a ye r o ve r t h e g rea t m a s s b e low . P robab ly a l l h ad b een mad e a tI nch tu th i l l , a l though n o f u rnace s w e re f ound , o n ly s l ag d epo s i t s . T he b igg e r n a i l sw e re mad e f r om ah igh g r ad e c arbon m a te r ia l b ecau se t h ey w ou ld h av e t ot a k e h eav ie rb low st h an t he s ma l le rs i ze s .

Mr C lee r e h ad p rev iou s ly p ub l i shed a t ypo log y o f n a i l s f r om a v i l la a tB rad ing i n t h e I s le o f W igh t ,a nd h i st y p e sa r ea l so l i s ted b e low .

F i shbou rne R oman P a lace , b u i l t a bou t AD 7 5 , h a s f i ve b a s ic n a i l t ype s , f r om 1 5 -4 c m l ong , s e e Mann ing , 1 972 , 1 31 .

Mo s to ft h eN eu s sn a i l sw e r ei np oo rc ond i t ion ,b ecau se o ft h el o ca l s o i l , a nd o n ly t h eb e s to fe ach t yp eh a sb een r e co rded . F if teen s p ec imen sa r ei lu s t ra ted , b u t n one i sa sl a rge a st h eb igg e s tf r om I nch tu th i l .

I nch tu th i l l

B rad ing

D e scr ip t ion

T yp e A i& i

T yp e Ia c

Ma s s iv ep y ram ida lh ead , s qua re s haf t

T yp eB -E

T ype I Ia -d

D i sk h ead , s qua r es haf t

T yp e F( no tk nown e l sewh e r e )

C h i se l -edged , m a s s ive r ound s ha f t T ype I

Sma l lh ead , s qua re o rt r iangu la rs haf t

T yp eI V

T shap ed

T ype V

F la t shaf ted ( on ee xamp le )

T ype V I

F la t topped , s qua r es haf t( one e xamp le )

Af t e rA ngu s , B rown & C lee r e : m ea su remen t si ni n che s

I nch tu th i l

L eng th o fS haf t

D iame ter o fH ead

S ec t ion o fS ha f t 1 / zi n

T yp e A( i )

93/ 4 -1 4%

T yp e A( i )

87 / 8 -1 03 4 /

T yp eB

63 4 -9 / Y 2

11 4 -21 / 4 / 11 / 16 4 / 3

- 19 / 16

-P / 8

TOTALS f ound

b e low Head

7 / leg6 - 1 /16

1 , 344

% -I A 5 / 16 - %

2 5 ,088

13

T yp eC

4-61 2 /

T ype D

27 / 8 -4

8 5 ,128

T ype E

1' A -2%

7 63 ,840

3 / 16 - 5 / 16

( 60% w e re b e tween 21 4 -21 / 2 a / nd e ve ry o ne h ad as haf t s e c t ion o fe xac t ly ' / 8 th o fa ni n ch ) T yp eF

81 2 -8 / %

11 2 /

3/4

2 9

( Ch i se l -edged , w i th r ound s haf ta nd p y ram ida l h ead )

8 75 ,429

P la te 4 3 , 3

1508

T ype A ( i ) ; l e ng th 1 7 cm ( 6 .7 i n s ) ; d i ame te r 2 . 9 c m ( 1 i n s ) , s e c t ion 0 . 8 c m( 0 .4 i n s ) .

P la te 4 3 , 4

1 7365b

T ype A ( i ) ; l e ng th o fb rok en s haf t 1 4 .8 c m ( 5 .3 i n s ) ; d iame te r2 . 7 cm ( 1 .05 i n s ) . F ound w i th P l a te 3 2 , 1 .

P l a te 4 3 , 5a e

7 46a

T yp e A( i ) ; l e ng th o fb roken s haf t 8 . 5 c m ( 3 .3 i n s ) ; d iame te ro fv e ry b road p y ram ida lh ead , i ti sa lmo s t mu sh room shaped ( p i lzar t ige rK op f ) 4cm ( 1 .4 i n s ) ; s e c t ion 0 . 9 c m( 0 .45 i n s ) .

P la te 4 3 , 5a e

7 46b

T ype A ( i ) ; l e ng th o fb rok en s haf t 8 . 7 c m ( 3 .4 i n s ) ; d iame te r 4 . 2 cm ( 1 .6 i n s ) ; s e c t ion 0 .7 c m( 0 .3 i n s ) .

P la te 4 3 , 5

7 46c

T yp e A( i ) ; l e ng th , b rok en a tt i p , 1 2 c m ( 4 .7 i n s ) ; d iame te r 2 . 7 cm ( 1 .05 i n s ) ; s e c t ion 0 . 6 c m( 0 .25 i n s ) .

P la te 4 3 , 5

7 46d

T ype B ; l e ng th 1 5 .3 cm ( 6 i n s ) ; d i am e te r o fv e ry l a rge d i sk h ead 3 .4 c m ( 1 .3 i n s ) ; s e c t ion 1cm ( 0 .4 i n s ) .

P la te 4 3 , 5

7 46e

T yp e A( i ) ; l e ng th 8 . 3 cm ( 3 .25 i n s ) ; d i ame te r 1 . 5 ( 0 .6 i n s ) ; s e c t ion 0 . 3 c m (i n s ) .

P la te 4 3 , 6a -d

1 0934a

( 1e x . ) T yp e B ; l e ng th 1 3 .2 c m ( 5 1 / 6 i n s ) ; d i ame te ro fd i sk h ead 2cm ( 0 .8 i n s ) ; s e c t ion 0 . 5 c m( 0 .2 i n s ) . B ra i d ing T yp eL I Ib .

P la te 4 3 , 6a -d

1 0934b

( 1 2e x . ) T yp e C ; l e ng th 6 . 8 c m ( 2 .7 i n s ) ; d i ame te ro fd i sk h ead 1 . 3 cm ( 0 .5 i n s ) ; s e c t ion 0 . 3 c m (i n s ) . B rad ing T yp eI Ie .

14

P l a te 4 3 6a -d

1 0934c

( 1e x . ) T yp eE ; l e ng th 5 . 2 c m ( 2 .05 i s ) ; d i ame t e r o fd i sk h ead 1 . 5 c m ( 0 .6 i n s ) ; s e c t ion 0 . 3 c m (i n s ) .

P l a te 4 3 , 6a -d

1 0934d

( 3e x . ) T yp e E ; l e ng th 2 . 8 cm ( 1 .1 i n s ) ; d i ame te r o fd i sk h ead 1c m ( 0 .4 i n s ) ; s e c t ion 0 . 2 c m( 0 .1 i n s ) .

P la te 4 3 , 7

1 362

T yp e D ; l e ng th 8 . 3 c m ( 31 4 i / n s ) ; d i ame t e r o fd i sk h ead 1 . 5 c m ( 0 .6 i n s ) ; s e c t ion 0 . 3 c m (i n s ) .

P l a te 4 3 , 8

1 967

T ype D ; l e ng th ,b rok en a tt i p , 6 . 3 c m ( 2 .5 i s ) ; d i ame te ro fd i sk h ead 1 . 5 c m ( 0 .6 i n s ) ; s e c t ion 0 . 2c m( 0 .1 i n s ) .

P la te 4 3 , 9

1 4766

T ype D ; l e ng th , b roken a tt i p , 9c m ( 3 .5 i n s ) ; d i ame te ro fd i sk h ead 1 . 3 c m ( 0 .5 i n s ) ; s e c t ion 0 . 4c m ( 1 / 6 i n s ) .

P l a te 4 3 , 1 0a c

1757a

T yp eE ; l e ng th 6 . 5 c m ( 2 .55 i n s ) ; d i ame te ro fd i sk h ead 1 . 2 cm ( 0 .45 i n s ) ; s e c ton 0 . 3 c m (i n s ) .

P la t e4 3 , 1 0a c

1757b

T yp e E ; l e ng th 6 c m ( 2 .35 i n s ) ; d i ame te r o f d i sk h ead 1 . 3 c m ( 0 .5 i n s ) ; s e c t ion 0 . 3 c m (i n s ) .

P la t e4 3 , 1 0a c

1757c

T yp eE ; l e ng th 6 . 2 c m ( 2 .45 i n s ) ; d i ame te r o fd i sk h ead 1 . 3 c m ( 0 .5 i n s ) ; s e c t ion 0 . 3 c m (i n s ) .

P la t e4 3 , 1 a -b

4 68b

L ong t h in N a i l . T he r ounded s haf t i sb rok en a tt h et i p . L eng th 1 7 cm ( 6 .7 i n s ) ; d i ame te ro fs haf t0 . 5 c m ( 0 .2 i n s ) ; s ma l l r ounded h ead , n o tf l a to nt op l i k et h eB rad ing T yp e I dn a i lw h ich i st r iangu la ri ns e c t ion .

P la t e4 3 , 1 a -b

4 68c

S im i la rt o1 a ,e xcep tt ha tt he l e ng th i s1 4 .5 c m( 5 .7 i n s )t ot he b roken t i p . F ound w i th P la te 5 ,5 .

P la t e4 3 , 1 2

6 746

L a rg eB a r ,2 . 5 c mb road , 3 6c ml ong ( d ick e sE i senband ) .

P la t e4 3 , 1 3

1 0926

C lamp (W ink e le i sen ) , 9 . 4c ml ong ; 4 . 5 c mb road . S ee A lb rech t , O b e raden , 2 ,1 942 , 1 68 , T at 6 4 , 1& 2 ; ORL 7 2 , K a s te l l We i s senbu rg ,T af . 1 0 , 5 0 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 6 242 ;6 861 ,f ound w i th P la te 2 1 , 1 0 .

P la t e4 3 , 1 4

1 993b

C lamp . F ound w i th P la te 3 8 , 1 6 .

15

P la te 4 3 , 1 5

1 5810

C lamp , 1 3 c m b road a nd 3 c m d eep : b o th a rm s a r e b roken .

S ee L ehne r ,

N ovae s ium , TM * . 3 1 , B , 4 1 ; J a cob i , S aa lbu rg , T a l i 4 3 , 3 1 .

N o ti lu s t ra ted : 2 46 ; 8 772 .

P la te 4 3 , 1 6

7 956

H eavy o b jec t , b ad ly r u s ted . L eng th 1 5 c m ; t h el onge ra rm i s1 6 c ml o ng .

P la te 4 3 , 1 7

1 3255

H eavy f l a to b jec t , 3 0 cm l ong ; g rea te s tw id th 9 . 5 cm ; a t 6cm f r om t h et i pi t i s 2b y 2c m s qu are .

I ti sp o s s ib le , b u t u ncer ta in , t ha t No . 1 7 i s t he

t r iangu la r s ha r e f r om a t anged p lough sha re , s e e b e low ; a l so Mann ing , P lough s , 6 0 .

P la te 4 3 , 1 8

1 000 /45

S l igh t ly c u rved t h in o b jec tw i th t wo r i v e th o le s ; 1 8 c m l ong ; g rea te s tw id th 1 0 cm .

16

PHOTOGRAPHS

P la te s4 4 -51

( i )

P l a te 4 4 , 1

E a r ly R oman P lough C ou l te r

6 660

c . AD 6 0 -80

P lough C ou l te r ( P f luge isen o d e r S äge i sen ) f ound i nt h e Z iv i l s ied lung .

7 3

c m o ve ra l l , t h e t i p o ft h e 2 4 c m l ong c u t t ing b l ad e i ss l igh t ly d amaged , p robab ly b y u se .

I ti s 7c m a t i t s g rea te s t w id th .

T he c u rv ed b a r i s

r e c tangu la r , a nd r ough a tt h e e nd , b u t i tm ay b e c omp le t e .

T h e c ou l te r

f r om F o rbach , i nL o r ra in e , h a s as im i la r i r regu la r e nd , s e e L u tz , F o rbach , 1 972 .

P l .

2 , 1 0 .

T h e F o rbach c ou l te r i ss ma l le r , o n ly 5 3 cm o ve ra l l , b u t

o the rw i se t h ey a r e v e ry a l ik e .

E ach h a s ah o le i n t h e b l ad e c l o se t o i t s

j unc t ion w i th t h e c urved b a r . T h e F o rbach h o le i so n t h e s i d e o ppo s i te t o t h eN eu s sh o le . N od oub t , h oweve r , t h ep u rpo se o ft h eh o le sw a st h e s ame , a nd w ha tt h i sp u rpo se w a si sd i scu s sed b e low , s e e S h if t ing D ev ice s .

T he e a r l ie s ti nd ica t ion o ft h eu se o f ac ou l te ro n aR oman p rov inc ia lp l ough s e em s t ob e t h e l i t t le b ronze s t a tue t t e k nown a s t h e P ie rceb r idg e p l ough g roup . T h i s d oe s n o t s how ac ou l te r i np o s i t ion , b u t t h e r e i s ah o le i nt h e p l ough b eam a nd P ro f e s so r W H Mann ing h a s s ugge s ted t h a t t h i s h o le w a s f o r ac ou l te r . C e r ta in ly i ti sd i ff i cu l tt os e e wha to the rp u rpo se t h i sh o le c an h ave h ad , a nd t h e s ugge s t ion h a s i mpo r tan t c on sequence s f o r t h e s t udy o f t h ee vo lu t ion o fR oman p l ough s . T he s t a tue t te h a sb een d a ted b yP rof e s so r JM C T oynbee t ot h e2 3 c en tu r ie s AD . I th as b een p ub l i shed m an y t ime s , b u t f o r

t h e

d e ta i led

s t udy

w i th

many

p ho tog raph s

s e e

Mann ing ,

P i e rceb r idge , a nd f o r t h e h o le i nt h e b eam s e e i b id . , 1 26 , f i g . 1 ;1 33 , a nd p l s . 4 6 -7 . My s pec ia lt hank st oP rof e s so r Mann ing f o rh i sh e lp .

L a te R oman B a r S ha re sa nd S t ra igh tC ou l te r s

T he r ea re s eve ra ll a rge h oa rd so fi r onwo rk i nB r i ta in wh ich c on ta in g roup so fb a rs ha re sa nd s t ra igh t c ou l te r s . A l lt h e se h oa rd sb e long t ot h ef ou r th c en tu ry , a nd p robab ly t h eg roup si nG e rmany a r eo ft h es ame p e r iod .

( i )

G e t tenau , Mu seum D a rm s tad t : 6s o ck p ted b a r s ha re s f ound w i th 6 s t ra igh t b a r c ou l t e r s . c ou l t e r i s s l igh t ly d if e r en t w i th h o l e s a t t h e t op o f t h e b a r s .

S ee B er ich t R öm . G e rm .

K omm i s s ion , 7 ,1 9 12 , 1 57 , a nd G e rman ia R omana , 1 930 , V , 1 2 -13 , T af . 1 4 , 5 ;1 5 , 2 . ( i )

T r if e l s : 5s o cke t ed b a rs ha re s , S p ra te r , 1 938 , 2 07 -9 , A bb . 1 .

17

E ach

( i i )

G r ea tC he s te rf o rd ,E s sex : 5b a rs ha re su pt o8 6c ml ong a nd 5s t ra igh tc ou l te r sb e tween 6 7 -85 cm l o ng , s e eG rea tC he s te rf o rd , p l . 2 ,1 7 18 .

( i v )

S i lche s te r , t wo h oa rd s : 6b a rs ha re s a nd 6s t ra igh tc ou l te r s , s e e Mann ing , P lough s , 5 9 , f i g . 5 A & B .

( v )

V e ru lanüum : F re r e , s e e Mann ing , 1 972 , 1 68 , f i g . 6 1 , 1 7 , ab a r s ha r e 3 5 .8 c m l ong , l i k e t ho se a t G c t tanau .

( v i )

D o rche s te r -on -Thame s : F re r e , An t iq . J ou rn . 19 , 1 964 , 19 , p l . 7 A , ab a r s ha re a bou t 1 00 cm l o ng a nd as t ra igh tc ou l te r . T h i si sp robab ly l a t eR oman ,b u tm igh tb e s ub -Roman .

( v i i )

B ox V i l la , W i l t sh i r e : 1b a rs ha re , av a r ian to ft h e G e t tenau t y p e , C unn ing ton & Godda rd , p l . 8 0 , 1 ,a nd Mann ing , P lough s ,p l . 8 , 6& 7 .

( v i i i )

G rea t W i tcombe V i l la , G louce s te r sh i re : 1s t ra igh t c ou l te r , n o t s e t ( no t a n a symme t r ica l b lad e ) , T ran s . B r i s to l &G lo s . A rch . S oc . , 7 3 , 1 954 , 3-4 ; Mann ing , 1 985 , 4 4 , F 6 , a nd P la te 1 8 .

C u rved C ou l te r s

On ly t h r ee s p ec imen s a r e k nown t o m e : f r om N eu s s , f r om F o rbach , a l r eady m en t ioned , a nd a t h ird f r om H edd ernhc im , i lu s t ra ted l ong a go b y L ind en sc lun i t , AUHV , B and I I , H ef tI I , T af . 4 , 1 . T he H edde rnhe im c ou l te ra l so h a s ah o le , b u t i ti sh ighe ru p t h an t ho se f r om N eu s s a nd F o rba ch , p l aced a bou t t he c en t re o ft h e c u rve a nd i th a s as t r eng then ing p ro jec t ion a round i t . None o ft h e s t ra igh t B r i t i sh c ou l te r s h a s a ny h o le , a nd t h ey h ave b een f i xed i nt h eb eam b y aw edge . T he G e t tenau c ou l te r s h av eh o le s a tt h et o po ft he b a r s , i np a ir s , t h r ee so rf ou r s , wh ich p e rhap sa r ef o r am e thod o ff a s ten ing t h e c ou l te r t ot h eb eam . Whe the rt h ey c ou ld a l so h ave b een u sed a sc ou l te rs h if t ing d ev ice si su ncer ta in .

T he C u t t ing B lade s

S ome w r i te r s h ave s uppo sed t ha tt h e s t ra igh tR oman c ou l te r s h ad s e tb l ad e s . On t h e se , t he b lad e w ou ld h ave t h ef o rm o fa na s ymme t r ica l t r iang le w i th t h e a pex a tt he c u t t ing e dg e . T h e s uppo sed p u rpose w a s t oc u t t h e s o i l a ta n a ng le , t h e p lough a l so b e ing t i l ted , a nd t hu s t ot u rn o ve r t h e s o i l .

D r Mann ing , P lough s , 6 3 -4 ,

c on s id e red , h oweve r , t h a t mo s t o f t h e s t ra igh t c ou l te r s a r e d ef in i te ly n o t s e t , a nd t h a t s eve ra l wh ich w e r e t hough t t ob e s e t a r e i np oo r c ond i t ion a nd d o n o t s how s uch f e a tu re s .

F u r the rmo r e , s uch a s l igh t f e a tu re

w ou ld h ave h ad v e ry l i t t le e f ec t a nd c ou ld e a s i ly h ave b een r ende r ed u se le s s b y av e ry s l igh t e r ro r i n p o s i t ion ing .

B o th t h e N eu s s a nd F o rbach c ou l te r s a r e t oo t h in t o h ave s e t b lad e s .

D r Mann ing s ugge s ted t o m e , i n

c o r re spond en ce , t ha tt h eh o le o nt h eN eu s sc ou l te rc ou ld h ave b een as e t t ing d ev ice , o r , a s Mr P ayn ec a l led i t ,a C ou l te rS h if t ing D ev ice .

C ou l te rS h if t ing D ev ice s( S t ick a nd L ink )

18

F i r s t o b se rv ed b y Mr F f ran s i sP ayn e , s e eP ayn e , 1 0 3 -5 , p l . 9 ,a nd f i g . 5 A , o n a n e l ev en th c en tu ry i lum ina ted m anu sc r ip t i nt h e C o t ton ian C o l lec t ion i nt h eB r i t i sh Mu seum . T h e c ou l te rh a s r e semb lan ce s t ot h e s hap e o f t h eH edd er nh e im c ou l t e r . T h es h i f t ing d ev ic e , a sh ei d en t if i ed i t ,c on s i s t so f as t ick a nd af i gu r e -o f -e igh t l o op o rl i nk . T h e l i nk m ay b e al e a th e rt h ong o ro fi r on . T he t o pl i nk i sl o op ed a r ound aw ood en p eg i nt h e u ppe r s u r f ace o ft h ep l ough b eam ,j u s t i nf r on t o ft h e h o le f o rt h e c ou l t e r . T h e l a rg e r l i nk h ang s s l igh t ly b e low t h e b eam a nd t h es t ick p a s sed t h r ough i t .

` . . t h ef r ee e nd o ft h es t ick i sf o r ced b ackwa rd sa ga in s tt h ei nn e rf a c eo ft h e c ou l te rb l ad e w h ich , i nt u rn , i sp r e s sed b y t h e s p r ing o ft h e s t ick a sf a r a s p o s s ib le t ot h el a nd s id e . '

( Payne )

A tt h e o t h e re nd o fe ach f u r row t h e d ev ice w ou ld b e s h if ted t ot h e o t h e r s i d e . N ow edg e i sn eed ed t of i x t h e c ou l t e r , a nd t h i s i s ao ne -wa yp l ough . T h e m anu sc r ip t i lum ina t ion i st o o s ma l l t os how ah o le i nt h e c ou l te r b l ad e a nd M r P ayne d id n o t s ugg e s t t h a t t h e r e w a s ah o le . H owev e r , t h e N eu s s , F o rb ach a nd H edd e rnhe im h o le sc ou ld h av ef i xed t h es t i ck m o r es e cu re ly i np o s i t ion .

T he C o t ton ian p l ough h a sb e en p ub l i shed s e v e ra l t ime s , s e e S t een sb e rg , 1 936 , 2 63 , f i g . 6 ,w i th o t h e rt y p e s o f p l ough sf r om m anu sc r ip t si lu s t ra ted i nh i sp ape r .

Mov eab le E a r thboa rd s

T h e C o t ton ian p l ough h a s w h ee l s .

T he r e i sa sy e t n o a r cha eo log ica l e v id ence f o r w h e e led p l ough s i n t h e

R oman p e r iod a l though P l iny m en t ion ed b r ief ly t h a tt h e se h ad r e cen t ly b een i n t roduc ed i n' t h eR ae t ian a r ea o f G au l ' , a nd t h a t t h ey h ad s p ad e sh aped s ha r e s , s e e Wh i t e , A g r i cu l tu ra l I mp lem en t s , 1 32 .

B u t M r Wh i t e 's

i lu s t ra t ion ,f i g . 1 09 , i sf r om at h i r te en th c en tu ry AD i lum ina ted m anu sc r ip t .

T h e C o t ton ian p l ough h a sn om ou ldboa rd . P ayne o b se rv ed t h a t i th a s am ov eab le e a r thboa rd w h ich c ou ld b e f i t t ed o n e i th e r s i d e , d ep end ing o n w h ich s i d e o ft h e f u r row w a sb e ing m ad e . Wh ee l s a nd mou ldbo a rd s a r e u nn ece s s a ry f o rt u rn ing f u r row s , s t a t ed P ayne , 1 08 , c on t rad ic t ing e a r l ie rv i ew s , e sp e c ia l ly t h o s eo fD rC u rw en , o nt h ep e r f o rm ance o fe a r ly p l ough s i np r e -Roman a nd R oman B r i ta in . C on f i rma t ion f o rP ayn e 's a rgum en t s h a sc om ef r om w ood en p l ough sp r e se rv ed i np ea tb og si nD enma rk a nd S co t land .

Wood en B ow A rd s( G lob , 2 9 -53 )

I nS co t land , ac omb in ed w ood en p l ough h ead a nd s t i l t w a s f ound , b rok en , u nd e rn ea th ac r annog b u i l t i nt h e s e cond c en tu ry AD a tM i l ton L o ch , K i rk cudb r igh t , s e e CM P iggo t t , P SA S co t land , 8 7 , 1 952 -1953 , 1 44 , p l . 1 6 ;F en ton ,2 69 ,f i g . 3 ,p l . 4 4 .

19

T h em o s tc omp le te B ow A id c ome sf r om D onnerup land . I th a s af o r e sha r e 1 09 cm l ong , p o in ted a tb o th e nd s , a nd , t h e r ef o r e , i tw a s r e v e r s ib le , l i k e t h e G r ea t C h e s te r f o rd i r on b a r s ha re s .

T he m a in sha r e i sb e low t h e

f o re sha re a nd i ti s7 71 2 c / ml ong , s e eG lob , 3 1 ,f i g . 2 8 -9 .

' The a r row shaped ma in sha re . .a c t s a s a mou ldboa rd , t u rn ing t h e s o i l m a in ly t oo n e s i d e when h e ld o b l iqu e ly d u r ing p lough ing , a nd t he t r ace s o f w ea ro nt h es u rv iv ing s pec imen ss how t ha ti tw a si nf a c th e ld o b l ique ly . ' ( G lob , 13 )

B o th G lob , 7 9 ,a nd P ayne , 9 2 , s t a ted t ha t :

` . . ac ou l te r c an b e u sed e qua l ly o n a n a rd o r o n ap lough w i th a mou ldboa rd a nd t ha t t h e i d ea t ha t ac ou l te r m ean s t h e e x i s tence o f [ a mou ldboa rd ] i se r roneou s . '

( G lob )

P rof e s so r Mann ing h a sa dded , ' we m ay . .r ega rd t h ec ou l te ra sa ni n t roduc t ion o ft he R oman s ' , i b id . , P lough s , 6 3 .

I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t N eu s s , p l . 4 3 , 1 7w a s at anged a r row shaped ma in sha r e a nd i tm igh th ave c ome f r om aB ow A rd .

Mod e l so fP lough s

T he re a r e mod e l s o fR oman p lough s wh ich h ave n o c ou l te r s i n p o s i t ion , b u t n e i th e r d oe s t h e P ie rceb r idg e p l ough ( Bow A id ) a l though , a s w e h ave s e en , i tc ou ld h ave c a r r ied ac ou l te r .

Mann ing , 1 32 -3 , a nd p l . 4 7b ,

h a s n o ted t ha t t h e t wo a rm s wh ich p ro jec t f r om e i the r s i d e o f t h e P i e rceb r idge B ow A id a r e p robab ly t h e s uppor t s f o r e a r thboa rd s wh ich , l i k e t h e c ou l te r , h ave b een r emoved .

T he mod e l f r om K ö ln , a l though

s chema t ic , h a s e a r thboa rd s , a nd s oh a s t h e S u s sex mode l , wh ich a l so s how s ak ee l u nd e rnea th f o rf a c i l i ta t ing t h e t i l t ing o ft h e p l ough t ot u rn t h e s o i l . B ecau se i ti s as ymme t r ica l p l ough , i tc ou ld h ave b een t i l ted e i the r w ay . F o r mo r e mode l s , s e e H a rbe rey , Abb . 2 ,o ne f r om af ou r th c en tu ry g rave a tR od enk ir tchen , n ea r K ö ln . T he K ö ln a nd S u s sex mode l s a r e i lu s tra ted b y Mann ing P lough s , 5 6 , a nd p l . 8 , 1 . H aud r icou r t D e lamar re , 1 26 ,f i g . 3 1 , ap l ough f r om t h e Auv e rgne , i sl i ke t h e S u s sex mod e l .

L oca t ion o ft h eN eu s sC ou l te r

D rB ie le f e ld f ound t he c ou l te ri nt h e Z iv i l s ied lung , ' a n d e r Münze ' , N ähe H ymga s se , i nh i s S chn i t t 4 12 /413B o n2 2 .1 . 1 959 . O the rd a tab le o b jec t sf ound w i th i ti n c lud et wo s he rd sf r om aD r3 0 d a ted AD 6 0 -75 , s e e Ma ry , N ovae s ium , I ,1 21 , T a f . 1 8 , 2 0 . D r Mü l le ri n f o rmed m et ha tt h ec ou l t e rw a s e i the ri no ru nde rt h ed e s t ruc t ion l e ve l r e la t ing t ot h e B a tav ian R evo l t , a nd i ts hou ld b e d a ted AD 6 0 -80 .

1 20

F o r o the r F undnumme rn f r om t h e

Z iv i l s ied lung s ee F i l tz inge r , N ova e s ium , V , 10 .

F o r l o ca l c u l t iva t ion i n R oman t im e s s e e v on P e t r ikov i t s ,

DRR , 1 960 , 1 21-2 .

T he F o rbach C ou l te r

B yt h e k indne s s o f Mon s ieu r M L u tz , who i n f o rmed m e o ft he F o rbach c ou l te r , i ti sp o s s ib le t og i ve f u r the r d a t ing e v idence , o r , a tl e a s t , at e rm inu s a n te q uem , f o r e a r ly c u rved c ou l te r s .

I tw a s f ound i n ah oard o f

i r onwo rk i n 1 966 b y Mon s ieu r JC Ma s t , s e eL u tz , 5 .

` Une c av i t e c r eu s se d an s l es o ! , äu ne p rof oneu r d 'env iron s 1m e t r e ; i ls ' y t r ouva i tp l ace d an s u n r e c ip ien t e np lomb , u ne s e r ie d 'ou t i l so nd 'ob je t se n f e r ' .

Mo s to ft he o b jec t sa r eR oman t y pe s : ab uck e t h and le moun t N o . 1 4 ; ab a lance N o . 1 ;a nd v a r iou s c h i se ls a nd n a i l s .

H oweve r , t h e r e i s ar a re t y p e o f w ood -wo rk ing a xehamme r w i th a d i s t inc t ive b l ad e a nd e xpanded

s o ck e t , No . 1 .

T h i s i sa n e a r ly F rank ish a xehamme r , n o t ap rac t ica l R oman t yp e , a l though i t s b lad e

r e semb le s c er ta in R oman w id e -b lad ed c h i se l s .

V e ry f ew F rank i sh w ood -wo rk ing t o o l s h ave b een p ub l i shed

a nd Iw ish t ot hank Mr s S on ia H awk e sf o rp rov id ing t h ef o l low ing p a ra l le l s : s e eB rown , 1 915 , 2 32 -3 , p l . 2 9 , 9 , f r om R ouen . B rown a dd s , ' n ume rou s e xamp le s a tS tG e rma in , a nd i no the rF rank ish c o l lec t ion s ' ; i b id . , 2 33 , p l . 3 0 , 2 ,f r om H or ton K i rb y , n o r th K en t , b u t t h e b lad e i sl e s s s hape ly .

I n t h e c ou r se o ft ime , t h e F rank i sh

b l ad e b ecame T shap ed , ap rog r e s s ion d emon s t ra ted b y Whee le r , V ik ing s , 2 4 , f i g . 8 ,3 ,b eg inn ing w i th h i s T ype I .

C onc lu s ion

T he N eu s sC ou l te ri sa ppa r en t ly t h ee a r l ie s to ne k nown , d a ted c . AD 6 0 -80 b yi t sc on tex t .

T he re s e em s t ob e n o d a t ing e v id ence f o r t h e c u rved H edd ernh e im c ou l te r : l i k e t h e N eu s s c ou l te r , i tc ome s f r om a n i mpor tan t s i t e i nR oman G e rmany .

I ti sp robab le t h a t t he F o rbach c ou l te r b e long s t o t h e R oman

p e r iod , l i k e mo s to ft h eo b jec t sf ound w i th i t ,a nd t ha tt h eF rank i sh a xehanune rp rov id e s ar ough t e rm inu s a n te q uem f o rt h i ss oph i s t ic a ted t yp eo fp lough c ou l te r .

P la te 4 4 , 2

G efund en b e im K ana lbau , F l ied erw eg b e iH au sN r . 4 ,N eu s s , 1 955 . E rweb H e r rn H e rme r s , N eu s s . N od a tab le a s soc ia t ion o rc on tex t .

T he C u r rency B a r , f o r t ha t i s wha t i ta ppea r s t ob e , i so fa n u nu sua l k ind . I tl o ok s mo r e l i k e a n u nf in i shed s wo rd ( ha lbf e r t ige s S chwer t : s aumon d 'Ep ee )t han a ny o the rc u r rency b a rk nown t om e . T he l e ng th o ve ra l l i s5 9 cm ,b u t t h e t i p i sm is s ing . T he b lad e i sr e c tangu la r i ns e c t ion , w i th n ea t ly

1 21

f l a t tened e dge s .

T he g r ea te s t w id th i s 3 . 6 c m a nd a bov e t ha t t h e b a r

n ar row si n to al o ng f l a tt a ng 1 4 .5 c ml o ng . We igh t 5 11 g r .

Mr D F A l len k ind ly i n f o rmed m et h a th e k new o fn o i ns tan ce o fa n o b jec t wh ich c an d ef in i te ly b e c a l led a n u nf in i shed s wo rd , a nd , a l low ing f o r t h e g rea tv a r ie ty o fc u r rency b a r s , wh ich i sb e s t i lu s t ra ted i nA l len , 1 967 , 3 20 3 21 , f o rp l s . 2 9 -31 , t h eN eu s sb a rc an b e a s so c ia ted w i th t h i s a s so r tmen t a s a n e xamp le o f an ew t yp e .

Mr A l len 's a r t ic le i n c lude s as t udy o f t h e

C on t inen ta l c u r r ency b a r s a nd i ngo t s , w i th r e f e r ence s .

S ee a l so Mr

R icha rd H ing ley , 1 990 ,f o r ar e cen ts t ud y .

H ackmann , K o s sack & Kuhn , 1 962 , 3 , A bb . 2 ,s how a d i s t r ibu t ion map f o rt h ree t yp e so fc u r ren cy b a r s , o n ly o n eo f wh ich i sf ound w e s to ft h e r i ve r R h ine .

T h i s s i te i si n B e lg ium , e a s t o ft h e g rea t w e s twa rd s c u rve o ft h e

r i ve r Meu se n ea rN amu r . T en c u r r en cy b a r sf ound a tT av ie r s , n ea rN amu r , i n 1 848 , a r eo f ad if e ren tt ype f r om t ho se i lu s t ra ted o nt he map . Iw i sh t o t h ank Mon s ieu rC h . L eva f o ri n f o rm ing m eo ft h eT av ie r s g roup , s e eL eva , T av ie r s , 1 962 , 2 2 -23 , f i g . 7a nd p l . 4 . Mon s ieu r M E Mar ien h a sp ub l ished t h e c u r iou s g roup o f f i ve b a r s f ound i n as t a r shap e , s e e Ma r ien , 7 9 -80 , 1 25 -9 , 2 26 , a nd f i g s . 2 6 , 7 0 , a nd m ap .

T he re i s af u r the rp o s s ib i l i ty , a s Mr A l l en p o in ted o u tt o me , t ha tt h eo b jec t i s as p i t ( B ra t sp ie s s : b roche ) b e s t i lu s t ra ted i nE t ru scan a r t o n t h e C e r to sa B uck e t .

D iche le t te i ss t i l l t he b e s t s ou r c e , s e e D ich . , Manue l , 2 86 -295 ;

9 18 -923 .

P la te 4 4 , 3

3 807

V e ry h eavy f ou r s id ed B a r w i th ah amm e r ed e nd wh ich i ss l igh t ly c urved . P o s s ib ly s ome th ing h a sb een b rok en o ff r om t h i se nd . T he l eng th i s8 7 cm a nd t he s i de sa r e3 . 5 c mb road . T he o th e re nd i sr ough ly r ound ed .

T h is i sn o t ac r owba r ( B reck e i sen ) i nP rof e s so r W H Mamüng 's o p in ion . C rowba r s h ave b een f ound a tt h e S aa lbu rg a nd P ompe i i . Ano th er i si nt h e B r i t ish Mu seum f ound i n t h e Wa lb rook , C annon S t ree t a rea i n L ondon . T h i s L ondon c rowba r h a s af l a t t op a nd a n o c tagona l s haf t wh ich t a p e r s s l igh t ly t o ac h i se l -edg e , s e eP a in t e r , C rowba r , 1 961 , 16 , p l . 5 0 , w a sf ound i n af i r s t c en tu ry AD c on tex t , a nd i s6 9 .5 c m l ong . n o

f e a tu re s

i n

c ommon

w i th

t h i s .

T he N eu ss o b jec t h a s

L oca t ion :

S chn i t t

1 63

( Umgehung s t ra s se )a nd e rO s t se i t ed e sS chn i t t e s am 1 4 .2 .1958 g efund en .

1 22

P la te 4 4 ,4

1 3

S wo rd ( Schw er t ) wh ich i si lu s t ra ted b y v on P e t r ikov i t s , N ovae s ium , 6 8 , A bb . 1 9 . T h eb l ad e i s4 9 c ml ong ; 4c mb road ; t h et ang ( G r if f ang e l ) i s8 . 8 c m l ong .

T h i s i s ag l ad iu s o r l e g iona ry s ho r t swo rd , s im i la r i n s i ze t o

N ew s tead , 1 83 ,p l . 3 4 , 1 . F ound i nw ha t i sp robab ly a nA ugu s tan c on tex t . S ee P la te 3 0 , 9a bove f o r af r agmen ta ry g l ad iu sb lad e .

P la te 4 5

B acchu s , a f te r c l ean ing , s e e P la te 4 8 , 2 a & bb ef o re c l ean ing .

V on

P e t r ikov i t s , 1 957 , 1 00 , A bb . 4 3 . As l id ing w e igh t , c oppe ra l loy a nd l e ad .

P la te 4 6 , 1

1 5030b

A nv i l o r Wedge ( Ambo s s o d e r K e i l ) .

V e ry h eavy f ou r s id ed b lock , much

c o r rod ed , 3 2 c ml o ng . F ound w i th as t i lu s , n o ti lu s t ra ted .

N o t i lu s t ra ted : 6 90 , t op h a l fo n ly , 1 c m l ong ; r e c tangu la r s e c t ion 7b y 5c m t h ick ; 1 2466 , t op h a lf o n ly , 1 6 c ml o ng ,b u ti np oo rc ond i t ion ; 1 477 1 & 1 5062 a r e 1 4 cm l o ng , a nd o therw i se s im i la rt o1 2466 .

P la te 4 6 , 2

1 588

F o rk w i th ab rok en t ang ( Ange l ) . T he c ro s sba r i s2 3 c m w id e , t h e c en t ra l p rong ( Z ink e ) i s 3 0 c m l ong .

F o r af i ne s pec imen s e e S chönbe rg e r ,

H e i lb ronn -Böck ingen , 1 42 , 1 9 , a nd A bb . 8 ,5 ,w i th r e f e rence s .

P la te 4 6 , 3

1 2375

D o lab ra o rP ionee r 's P i ckaxe , i np oo rc ond i t ion , 2 9c ml ong .

P la te 4 6 ,4

6 017a

D o lab ra , i ne xce l len tc ond i t ion , d rawn o nP la te 3 9 , 1 2 .

P l a te 4 7 , 1

7

H e lme to fb ronze w i th aw h i te m e ta l c oa t ing , a nd s e e P la te 2 3 , 2 , 3a nd 5 , wh ich a r e f r agmen t s f r om b ronze h e lme t s . F o r i r on h e lm e t f r agmen t s s e e P la te 3 0 , 1 0 .

P la te 4 7 , 2

1 968

E igh t b ronze S pu r s , d e sc r ib ed b e f o re t e x t f o r P la te 2 2 , 6& 7 .

S e e a l so

P la te 3 , 8 .

P la te 4 8 , 1

9 91a

G i r l 's h ead i nb ronze : a n o rnamen t f r om ac he s t .

S ee P la te 2 0 , 4f o r t wo

d raw ing s .

Kybe leku l t ,F ossa S angu ims u nd He i l iger B ez irk am h eu t igen G enan la tz , Neu s s

P rof e s so r H v on P e t r ikov i t s d e sc r ibed a nd i lu s t ra ted t h e se s t ruc tu r e s i n D a s r öm i sche R he in land , A rchäo log i sche F o r schungen s e i t 1 945 , 1 960 , 1 27 -132 , 1 40 -1 , A bb . 4 1 , w h ich i s ap lan o ft h eH e i l ige rB ez i rk , a nd T a f . 1 2 , t h e f o s sa s angu in i s o rT au fk e l le w he re b lood b ap t i sm t o ok p lac e . T h i s c u l t i sb e s t p a ra l le l led i n O s t ia , s e ev on P e t r ikov i t s , DRR , 1 33 ,n .2 20 , f o rr e f e renc e s .

1 23

T he mo s t i n te re s t ing o b jec t f ound i nt h e f o s sa s angu in i s i st h e c ymb a l , a l r eady d e scr ibed a bov e a nd s ee P la te 1 6 , 1 0 . T he c ymba lw a sf ound c l o se t ot h ef l oo ro ft h e f o s sa s angu in i s . T he f i l l ing c on ta ined 3 7c o in s , e nd ing w i th o ne o fC on s tan t ine I ,s e e C han t ra ine , N ovae s ium I I , 8 7 , F undnumme r 3 93 . W i th t he c o in s w a s t he i r on b rooch P la te 3 0 , 4 . A s so c ia ted w i th t h ec u l ta r ea a r eP la te s4 8 , 3 ;4 9 , 1& 2 .

P la te 4 9 , 1

3 49b

B ronze k n if e , i lu s t ra ted b y v on P e t r ikov i t s , N ovae s ium , 9 4 , a nd Abb . 3 5 . L eng th 1 7 .1 c m , i n c lud ing t h e d eco r a t ive h and le .

Th is k n i f e i s mo r e

o rnamen ta l t h an u sef u l , a nd i t m ay h ave b een d i sp layed d u r ing t h e c e remon ie si nC ybe le 's s h r ine . F ound w i th P la te 4 ,1 9 , a ne a r ly f i bu la .

P la te 4 8 , 3

3 62a

O rnamen ta l H a i r P in o fb ronze , d e s c r ib ed b y v on P e t r ikov i t s , N ovae s ium , 9 2 , N r . 7 2 . P a r to ft h e C yb e le g roup o fo b jec t s .

P la te 4 9 ,2

3 62b

L eaf shaped a nd h inged L id ( Deck e l ) f r om a b ron ze j ug .

T he r i ng w a s

h inged t ot h ej ug , a nd t h e l i t t le d o lph in a t tachmen t w a s f o r t h e p u rpo se o f l i f t ing t h e l i d . As im i la r l i d c ome s f r om B u rghöf e , s e e U lber t , A is l ingen , T af . 5 2 , 6 ;R ichbo rough , I I , 8 3 , p l . 1 4 , 4 9 ; D en B oe s tend , 7 0 , p l . 1 , 2 47 2 53 , a nd D r D en B oe s te rd , d a ted t h i s t y p e f r om t h e l a te f i r s t t ot h e t h i rd c en tu ry .

T he se o b jec t sa r en ow i nt h e C lemen s -Se l s Mu seum ,N eu s s .

P la te 4 8 , 2& 4 5

S l id ing We igh t ( Lau fgew ich t ) o f b ronze w e igh ted w i th

l e ad ( B le i ) .

I lu s t ra ted b y v on P e tr ikov i t s , N ovae s ium , 1 00 , A bb . 4 3 , N r . 8 1 . F ound i n t h e Z iv i ls ied lung , ' an d e r Münze ' , N ähe H ymga s se , N eus s . c ou l te r , P la te 4 4 , 1 ,w a s a l so f ound d u r ing t h is e xcava t ion .

T h e p lough T he h e igh t i s

1 .5 c ma nd t h ew e igh ti s2 160 g ramm e s . O ne p ho tog raph s how s t h e f a ce i n p rof i le b e f o r e c l ean ing : t h e o the r i s af r on ta l v i ew . T he y ou thf u l g od B acchu s w ea r s ad i adem o ve r h i s c u r led h a i ra nd ag oa t sk in i sf a s tened o n h i sl ef ts hou ld e rb y af i bu la . P rov inc ia lw o rkman sh ip .

P la te 5 0a & b

Af i ne rq ua l i ty ,b u t s ma l le r , S l id ing We igh t . B onne r J ah rbüche r 5 6 , 1 955 , 4 88 , T a l l 5 6 , s uppo sed t h a t t he h a i r s t y le i nd ica t ed am embe r o ft h e J u l io -C laud ian f am i ly . F ound i nt he L eg iona ry F or t re s s . F o ra no the rw e igh ts e eR ichbo rough I V , 1 35 , p l . 4 3 , 1 59 .

P la te 5 1

6 98

B ronze C heekp iece f r om aH e lme t . S ee P l a te 2 3 , 1 ,f o r ad raw ing a nd t e x t . A ugu s tan p er iod , a s i d en t if ied f o r m e b y M r HRR ob in son .

1 24

T he s p ace s

a r e f o r e ye a nd mou th .

T he p ro jec t ion wh ich w ou ld h ave p ro tec ted t he

c heekbone i sb roken a way . T her e i s ar i ve t n ear t he l owe r e dge whe re t h e l e a the r c h ins t rap w a s f a s tened .

F o r o the r We isenau t ype h e lme ts , s e e

P rof e s sor H K lumbach , 1 974 , N o s . 2 8 , 4 2 a nd 4 7 .

AB ronze L an tern a nd T h ree B ronze L amp s :

A l ready p ub l ished , s e eM V egas , N ovae s ium I , 1 966 : P ag e 1 25

Ka ta log N r . 3 04

( FN r . 3 859 )

Ka ta log N r . 3 05

( Fn r . 1 0925 )

K a ta log N r . 3 06

( Fn r . 1 0931)

Ka ta log N r . 3 07

( Fn r . 2 11)

1 25

2 1

1

e a r

5

1 0

6

8

9

1

1 2

0 43

er 4 1 3

1 4

1 5

1 6

P la te 1

1 27

1 7

2

4

5

8

6

9

1

1 2

e f i e t = '

1 5

3

1 6

1 0

c v r 1 3

1 7

1 9

1 28

1 4

1 8

2 1

P la te 2

7

2 2

/5

7

2

7 5

6

8

9 1 0

1

1 2

1 4

1 3

1 5

1 8

1 6

2 0

P l a te 3

1 29

3

2

4

7

8

1

Y u '7

1 2

1 5

1 6

2 0

1 7

2 1

1 8

2 2

P la te 4

1 30

1 4

2 3

1 4

3

6

5

8

1

1 0

9

1 2

1 5

7

1 3

1 6

P la te 5

1 3 1

1 4

1 7

1 8

4

6

1

1 0

9

8

1 2

1 5

1 3

1 6

P la te 6

1 32

7

1 4

i v 1 7

2

7

6

5

4

3

( 8

9

1 2

1

1 0

1 4

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1 6

1 7

1 9

1 8

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1 33

2 1

1

2

5

4

6

9

1 0

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 6

1

1 5

1 7

1 8

1 9

P l a te 8

1 34

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1

2

4

7

6

5

a

7 a

8l b 9

1 0

1

1 4

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1 35

1 2

1 5

3

4

5

7

6

8

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9

1

1 2

1 4

1 5

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1 7

1 3

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1 1 )

1 8

1 9

P l a te 1 0

1 36

2 0

2

5

4

6

7

8

P l a te 1

1 37

3

5

4

6

7

9

8

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• N '

12

e z i e,

P la te 1 2

1 38

. 4

• z :. •

2

4

3

6

8

7

9

P la te 1 3

1 39

1 0

1

2

3

4

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7

P la te 1 4

1 40

2

3

4

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7

8

OF ze 252 Z22 9 22 Zr Z iz z

9

1 0

1

P la te 1 5

1 41

1 2

1 3

1

3

4

5

8

9

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1

-

1 3

1 4

P la te 1 6

1 42

1 2

1 6 — 0 —

1 5

1b

1a

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3

4

2

5

7

8

P l a te 1 7

1 43

9

(

2

1

6

5

7

•

9

1 0

1

—

_ _

1 2

1 3

1 5

P la te 1 8

1 44

2

5

1

3

4

ES a

7

-

8

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9

1

1 0

1 3

1 4

1 6

' exe eeee eeee›,, , ,

P la te 1 9

1 45

1 7

1 8

2

r r t ,

3

6

5

1

1 0

8

7

1 2

1 3 1 5

1 4

1 6

1 7

1 8

P la te 2 0

1 46

4

5

3

8

7

1 0

9

1 2

1 5

1 6

1 4

1 7

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P la te 2 1

1 47

7

3

1

2

5

6

4

8a

1 0

9 1 2

1

1 4

1 3

L I

1 6

—

‘ e s s rems a r i s s "

2 1

1 7

1 8

2 2

2 3

P la te 2 2

1 48

1 9

2 0

2 4

2 5

2 6

3a

3b

2

4

6

7

8

9

1 0

5

1

1 4

1 3

1 5

1 6

P l a te 2 3

1 49

1 7

1 8

*

1

2

3

4

5

6

7 11 2 1

8

1 0

9

1 5

1 4

1 3

1 8

1

1 2

1 7

1 6

2 0

1 9

=3 C

2 1

2 2

2 7

2 3

2 6

2 4

2 5

P la te 2 4

1 50

0

1

2

r b

3

I

4

5

8 6

al r : f