Roman Bronze Vessels from Slovakia 9780860540205, 9781407347349
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Table of contents :
Cover
Copyright
Contents
List of Illustrations
Preface
Introduction
CATALOGUE OF BRONZE VESSELS FROM SLOVAKIA
ANALYSIS OF BRONZE VESSELS
A list of the types of Roman bronze vessels from Slovakia
A CHRONOLOOY OF THE EARLY AND LATE ROMAN PERIODS
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ILLUSTRATIONS
Citation preview
Roman Bronze Vessels from Slovakia
Eudmila Kraskovska translated from the Slovak by Hana Schuck
BAR International Series (Supplementary) 44 1978
British Archaeological Reports 122, Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 78P, England
GENERAL EDITORS A. C. C. Brodribb, M.A. Mrs. Y. M. Hands
A. R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D. Phil. D. R. Walker, M.A.
B.A.R. International Series (Supplementa.ry) 44, 1978: Vessels from Slovakia"
''Roman Bronze
© :Cudmila Kraskovslm, Slovensk� Narodne Muzeum, Bratislava, Czecho slovakia The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860540205 paperback ISBN 9781407347349 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860540205 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
CONTE NTS Page L ist o f I l lustrat ions Preface I n troduct ion
1
Cata logue o f Bronze Vessels f ro m S lovak ia I .
Ear l ier Ro man P er iod L ater Ro man P er iod
4 1 6
Analys is o f Bronze Vessels
2 2
A L ist o f t he t ypes o f Ro man b ronze v essels f rom S lovak ia
3 6
A Chrono logy o f t he Early a nd L ate Ro man P er iods
3 8
B ib l iography
3 9
Map :
4 6
F inds o f Ro man b ronze v essels i n S lovak ia
P lates
4 9
F igures
6 8
L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS
Page 4 6
Map o f S lovak ia F igure Abrahä m : Begehov : L äb :
1 -ladle, 2 -stra iner, g rave 1 21. 3 -bucket , g rave A.
Rusovce:
5 -hand le o f d ipper , g rave.
o f d ipper, g rave 2 .
4 -stra iner.
K r govany :
S lät lkov i ovo :
6 -handle
7 ,8-handle o f
d ipper , g raves 3 4 a nd 6 9 2
Kosto lnä p r i Duna ji: g rave;
3
6 8
1 -stra iner, 2 ,3-d ipper , d isturbed
4 -bucket , g rave 2 7;
Vysokä p r i Morave :
5 -cau ldron , g rave 3 5.
1 -s itu la-shaped b ucket , 2 jug ,
3 -patera , g rave. 4
Vysokä p r i Morave :
6 9
7 0 1 -larger d ipper, 2 -s mal l d ipper ,
3 -ladle, 4 -bow l , g rave.
7 1
5
Zohor :
1 -d ipper o f Gödäcker t ype, 2 -d ipper, g rave 1 .
7 2
6
Zohor :
1 -d ipper, g rave 3 ;
2 -d ipper, 3 -stra iner, 7 3
4 -lad le, 5 -bucket , g rave 4 . 7
Zohor :
1 -s itu la-shaped b ucket , 2 -bucket , 3 jug , 7 4
g rave 8
Zohor :
1 -patera, 2 jug , 3 ,4-bow l , 5 -lad le, 6 -stra iner, 7 5
g rave 5 . 9
Beluga :
1 -handle o f j ug.
5 -stra iner, g rave.
Ce jkov :
O Ckov :
2 jug , 3 ,4-bow l ,
6 -escu tcheon f ro m b ucket , 7 6
g rave 1 17. 1 0
1 1 1 2
S tr Ue :
1 -bucket o f He m moor t ype, 2 -bow l , 3 -ladle,
4 -stra iner, g rave 1 .
7 7
S träle :
1 -patera , 2 jug , 3 -bow l , g rave 2 .
7 8
S tr
1 jug , 2 -stra iner, g rave 2 ;
e :
3 -bucket o f 7 9
He m moor t ype, g rave 3 . 1 3
Kosto lnä p r i Duna ji : g rave 1 0. S träIe :
1 4
1 ,2-patera, 3 -hand le o f d ipper,
S lädkov i6ovo :
4 -lad le a nd s tra iner, g rave 3 2.
5 -stra iner , g rave 2 .
The t ypes o f Ro man b ronze v essels
8 0 8 1
P la te
Page Abrahä m :
1 ,2-lad le, 3 ,4-stra iner, g rave 1 21.
Brat is lava-Dev in :
5 -hand le o f p atera.
6 -escu tcheon o fb ucket.
Brat islava :
Brat islava-Rusovce :
7 -s mal l
v ase, g rave. I
I I
I V
V V I
4 9
K osto lnä p r i Duna ji : g rave 3 5.
1 -bucket , g rave 2 7;
2 -cau ldron , 5 0
K osto lnä p r i Duna ji : 1 ,2-d ipper , 2 ,4-stra iner, d isturbed g rave. S lädkov igovo : 5 -hand le o f d ipper , g rave 3 4.
5 1
Vysokä p r i Morave : 1 -s itu la-shaped b ucket , 2 -escu tcheon f ro m s i tu la , g rave.
5 2
Vysokä p r i Morave :
1 ,3-larger d ipper , g rave.
5 3
Vysok. p r i Morave :
1 -3-s ma l l d ipper , 4 -6-pa tera ,
g rave. V I I V I I I
5 4
Vysokä p r i Morave : Z ohor :
1 -3jug , g rave.
5 5
1 ,2-d ipper o f Gödäcker t ype , 3 ,4-d ipper ,
g rave 1 .
5 6
I X
Z ohor :
1 -bucket , g rave 2 ;
X
Z ohor :
1 ,2-d ipper , 3 lad le, 4 -6-stra iner , g rave 3 .
5 8
X I
Z ohor :
1 ,2-d ipper, 3 -lad le, 4 -bucket , g rave 4 .
5 9
X I I
Z ohor :
1 ,2-stra iner , g rave 4 ;
6 0
X I I I X IV XV
2 -bucket , g rave 3 .
3 -5-pa tera, g rave 5 .
5 7
i4jug , g rave 5 .
6 1
Z ohor :
1 ,2jug , g rave 5 .
6 2
Z ohor :
1 ,2-stra iner , 3 -hand le o fb ow l , 4 -6-feet f ro m
b ucket , g rave 5 .
Z ohor-P iesky :
7 -hand le o f l ad le, g rave.
6 3
XVI
S träge :
1 ,2lad le, 3 ,4-stra iner , 5 ,6-bow l , g rave 1 .
6 4
XV I I
S träIe :
1 -3jug , g rave 2 .
6 5
XV I I I
S träle :
1 ,2-stra iner, 3 -bow l , 4 -tr ipod , g rave 2 .
6 6
S träi e :
1 jug , g rave 2 ;
X IX
g rave 3 .
2 -bucket o f He m moor t ype, 6 7
PREFACE
Th is monograph i s b ased o n t he p ub l ished ma ter ia l d ea l ing w i th Ro man b ronze v essels f ound i n S lovak ia , t he g rea ter p art o f wh ich i s d epos ited i n t he c o l lect ions o ft he Archaeo log ica l I nst itute o f t he S lovak N a t iona l Museum a t B rat islava ;
b ronze v essels f ro m r ich ly f urn ished t o mbs a t Vysokä p r i
Morave a nd Z ohor ;
a nd f rag men ts o f v esse ls f rom c e meter ies a t ab ,
K r flovany n ad Dudväho m , Brat islava , a nd Dev fnska N ovä y es wh ich o r ig inat ed f ro m t he Museum 's e xcavat ions.
S ome o f t he v essels f ro m K osto lnä p r i
Duna ji f ro m t he e xcavat ions o f t he Archaeo log ica l I nst itu te o f t he S lovak Acade my o f S c iences i n N itra a re a lso i n t hese c o l lect ions. V essels f ro m o ne o f t he g raves a t Z ohor a re n ow i n t he E thnograph ical I nst itu te o f t he S lovak N at iona l Museum a t Mar t in .
The b ronze v esse ls f ro m t he e xcava t ions
o f t he Archaeo log ica l I nst itu te o f t he S lovak Acade my o f S c iences i n N itra a re d epos ited i n t he I nst itute. These a re t he f i nds f rom t he c emeter ies a t Begef iov , Abra M m , S lädkov i6ovo , 06 . kov a nd K osto lnä . p r i Duna ji. The f inds f rom t he r ich t o mbs a t S traze a re i n t he Ba lneo log ica l Museu m i n P ie käny. The l i sted v essels w ere p ub l ished i n v ar ious monographs a nd a rt icles. However , t here h as b een n o c o mprehens ive s urvey o f t he b ronze v esse ls f ound i n S lovak ia , a nd o f t he ir t ypes a nd d a tes. T h is work o f fers s uch a s urvey w h ich may a f ford a b et ter u nderstand ing o f t he c u l ture o f S lovak ia f rom t he f i rst t o t he f ourth c en tury A .D. The a u thor g ives t he w n7 inest t hanks t o Dr. A . Habovst iak , C Sc, D irector o f t he S lovak N a t iona l Museum , w ho made t he p repara t ion o f t h is p ub l ica t ion p oss ib le.
For t he p hotographs Iam i ndeb ted t o Dr. T . K o ln ik , C Sc , o f t he
Archaeo log ica l I nst itute S AV, N itra , a nd t o Dr. I . K el ler o f t he C ity Museum , B rat islava. Iw ou ld l ike t o t hank t he D irector o f t he Ba lneo log ica l Museum , P ie§fany , Dr. L . ( e lko , f or h is p er m iss ion t o p hotograph t he f inds f rom S träge.
The Au thor
I NTRODUCT ION
A t t he b eg inn ing o f o ur e ra t he t err itory o f S lovak ia c a me i n to c on tact w ith t he Ro man Emp ire.
A t t hat t ime i n S lovak ia t he G er man ic t r ibes h ad
s ubdued t he i nd igenous p opu la t ion a nd h ad p enetrated t o t he b anks o f t he R iver Danube. S ou th o f t he m idd le p art o f t he Danube l ay t he Roman p ro v inces o f N or icum a nd Pannon ia. Throughou t t he Ro man p er iod , f ro m t he f i rst t o t he f ourth c en tury , t he Danube f or med a n a tura l f ron t ier b etween t he Ro man p rov inces a nd t he b arbar ians.
The Roman a rm ies c rossed t he
Danube o n s evera l o ccas ions a nd b u il t o n t he l ef t b ank f orts o f v ar ious s izes. I n S lovak ia , t hey b u ilt a f ort a t Dev in , o ppos ite C arnun tum i n Austr ia. A t Dev in t here a re Ro man b u ild ings d a t ing f ro m t he s econd a nd t he f ourth c ent ury.
Archaeo log ica l f inds i nd icate t he e x is tence o f a Roman f or t a t
B ra t islava.
N ear Dev fn a t t he f oo t o f Ma le K arpa ty was t he f ort a t S tupava ,
d ated t o t he s econd c en tury .
The l argest Roman f ort i n S lovak ia w as a t
L eänyvär n ear K o rn6rno , o ppos ite Br iget io i n Hungary , a nd d at ing f ro m t he s econd t o t he f ourth c en tury. Further f rom t he Danube t here w as t he f ort a t Milanov ice, d at ing f ro m t he s econd c en tury , a nd a f ort n ear P c ( by Trn a ,va ) where e x tens ive r e ma ins o f b u ild ings o f f ourth c en tury d a te w ere e xa m ined. The most n ortherly s i te w as a n i nscr ip t ion o n ar ock i n T renCin ( t he Ro man L augar ic io ) w here t he Roman a r my w in tered i n t he y ear 1 79. The i mport o f Ro man p roducts f ound i n S lovak ia w as c onnected w ith t hese Roman c a mps a nd a lso w ith t he ir a ssoc ia ted b arbar ian s et t le men ts.
Ro man
a r tefacts r eached t he h o me lands o f t he G er man ic t r ibes i n v ar ious w ays. Roman s o ld iers u sed t he m , merchan ts b rough t t he m , s ome v a luab le a rt icles c ame a s g if ts t o l oca l r u lers, a nd l ast ly s o me w ere a cqu ired a s l oo t d ur ing i ncurs ions b y Ger mans r a id ing t he Ro man p rov inces. On ly o ne s i te, Rusovce
( now p art o f Brat islava ), w as o n t he r igh t b ank
o f t he Danube , i n t he Ro man p rov ince o f P annon ia.
A t Rusovce r e ma ins o f
s tone b u ild ings d a t ing f ro m t he s econd t o t he f ourth c en tury , a nd t hree c e meter ies d at ing f ro m t he f i rst t o t he f ourth c en tur ies, h ave b een d isc overed.
On t he e v idence o f t hese f inds a nd o f i nscr ip t ions t h is s i te h as
b een i den t if ied a s t he Ro man G eru lata. Among t he Ro man f inds f ro m S lovak ia I t a ly o r f ro m v ar ious Ro man p rov inces.
a re i t e ms i mported d irect ly f rom These i mports a re a v i ta l h elp i n
d at ing t he l oca l a rtefacts, a nd a lso i nd ica te t he c on tacts o f t he l oca l p opu lat i on w ith t he n e ighbour ing r eg ions. V ar ious i mported a rt icles h ave b een f ound i nS lovak ia : meta l a nd g lass v essels , p o t tery ( espec ial ly t erra s ig ill a ta ( , v ar ious i t e ms o f a dornmen t s uch a s b rooches a nd g lass
b ead s f r om n eck-
l aces. Metal v esse ls o fb o th s i lver a nd b ronze h ave b een f ound. B . S voboda h as d iscussed t he s i lver v esse ls a nd d escr ibed t he more i mportan t f i nds
( Svoboda 1 972 ). N o c omprehens ive work h as h i therto a ppeared o n t he b ronze v essels w h ich h ave b een f ound i n c ons iderab le n umbers i n S lovak ia. Due t o t he n a ture o f t he mater ia l , t hese v essels w ere g enera l ly f ound i n ac omparat ively g ood c ond it ion. The b ronze v essels h ave b een s tud ied i n t he ir c en tres o f p roduct ion i n I ta ly o rt he a d jacen t p rov inces , s o t he i nd iv idua l t ypes c an b e r el iab ly d a ted. A . Radnö t i h as d iscussed t he b ronze v essels f ro m P annon ia ( Radnöt i 1 938 ). H . J . Eggers ( Eggers 1 951) e va luated a nd c ata logued a g rea t n umber o f b ronze v essels a nd o ther Ro man i mports f ound o u ts ide t he f ron t iers o f t he Ro man Emp ire. V . S akai : ( Saküi -1 970 ) l i sted R oman imports f ound i n Bohe m ia a nd a lso a na lysed t he v ar ious t ypes r epresen ted. The Ro man b ronze v essels f ound i n S lovak ia w ere s tud ied b y s cho lars i n t he c on tex ts o f t he ir i nd iv idua l f ind-spots. A s tudy o ft he Bronze V essels f rom L ab a nd K eres tür h as b een p ub l ished b y J . E isner ( Eisner 1 926-27, E isner 1 937 ). V . Ondrouch ( Ondrouch 1 957 ) h as d iscussed f i nds f rom r ich g raves a t Vysoka p r i Morave, a t Borsk 3i rS v. Petr a nd a t S trale. Bronze v esse ls f rom r ich g raves a t Z ahor w ere d escr ibed b y t . K raskovska a nd T . K o ln ik ( Kraskovskä 1 959 ; K o ln fk 1 959 ).
F inds o fb ronze v essels f rom o ther S lovak s i tes :
Abraham ,
Begei iov , K osto lnä p r i Duna ji, S ladkov iCovo a nd 0 3kov , h ave b een p ub l ished b y T . K o ln ik ( Ko ln fk 1 956 , 1 959, 1 961a , 1 961b , 1 971). F inds o f e arl ier Ro man b ronze v esse ls w ere s um med u p b y J . Te jral i n c onnect ion w ith t he d iscuss ion o f f inds f ro m Morav ia. The a u thor made a n a na lys is o f t he t ypes o f v essels a nd a lso a l i st o f t he o lder f i nds o f t hese v esse ls i n S lovak ia ( Te jra l 1 967, 8 1-134 ). ar ich g rave a t C e jkov
E . Ben inger h as p ubl ished t he b ronze v esse ls f rom ( Ben inger 1 931, 1 83-224 ).
Th is s urvey o f t he Ro man b ronze v esse ls f ro m S lovak ia i s b ased o n t he p ubl ished ma ter ia l.
The f i nds o f t he e arl ier a nd l ater Ro man p er iods n o t
o n ly d if fer i nt he t ypes o f v essel h u t a lso i n t he a ssoc ia ted f inds.
The a u thor
t herefore f inds i ta ppropr iate t o d iv ide t he mater ia l i n to p er iods.
With in
e ach p er iod t he f inds a re l i sted a ccord ing t o t he ir l oca l it ies a nd a re a lso i n a lphabe t ica l o rder. The a cco mpany ing f inds f rom t he g roups wh ich c on ta ined t he b ronze v essels a re b r ief ly l i sted , e spec ial ly t he b rooches wh ich e nab le u s t o d ate t he g roups. Bronze v essels o f t he e arl ier Ro man p er iod w ere f ound most ly i n t he s ou th-western p art o f S lovak ia w here t hey f or med t wo ma in g roups : t hose f rom t he a rea t o t he n orth o f B rat islava—Dev insk i N ova V es , Z ohor , V ysokä , p r i Morave, L ab a nd Borsk S r S v. P eter, a nd t hose f ro m t he a rea t o t he e ast o f Brat islava —Abrahgm , K osto l dp r i Duna ji, K erestü r a nd S lädkov iCovo. The f inds o f t he e ar l ier Ro man p er iod w ere t herefore s pread o ver a w ide a rea , s how ing t he e x ten t o f s e t t le men t i n t he f i rst a nd s econd c en tur ies A .D.
L ater
Roman b ronze v essels w ere c on f ined t o i so lated f inds a t S träZe a nd OCkov n ear P ie Vany , a nd a t C e jkov a Z e m an i n e astern S lovak ia.
The f inds w ere made
i n t wo s epara te a reas a nd s o d id n o t r ef lect t he Ro man s ett le men ts a t t hat t ime. A g enera l p icture o f t he f inds o fb ronze v essels i n S lovak ia i s g iven b y t he map , a nd a l i st o f t he t ypes o f v essel i s g iven ( p . 3 6 ). Many o f t he p laces i n S lovak ia where f inds w ere made h ave b een g iven n ew n a mes , b u t t he f i nds a re l i sted a ccord ing t o t he o r ig ina l p lace-names u nder w h ich t hey w ere p ub l ished a nd t he p resen t-day n a mes f o l low.
2
Most o f t he Ro man b ronze v essels f ro m S lovak ia c o me f ro m g raves, c o mp lete v essels c om ing f ro m i nhuma t ions a nd c re ma t ions p roduc ing most ly f ragmen ts.
Those f ound i ng raves w ere u sua l ly p ar ts o f s e ts o f v essels f or
w ine-dr ink ing :
j ugs, l ad les a nd s tra iners.
The n u mbers o f v essels f ound
e nab le u s t o d iv ide t he m i n to t ypes a nd i n to a c hrono log ica l s equence.
For
t he d at ing o f t he e ar l ier ( B1 a nd B2 ) a nd l a ter ( C1-C3 ) Ro man p er iods, t he d at ing o f E . J . Eggers h as b een u sed ( Eggers 1 955 , 1 96-244 ). T . K o ln fk made H . J . Eggers ' d at ing o f t he S lovak f inds more p rec ise b y d iv id ing B 1 i n to t hree s ubd iv is ions, a , ba nd c , a nd h e s uggested a n i n ter med iate s tage B 2-C1 f or t he p er iod o f t he Marco mann ic w ars ( Ko ln ik 1 971, 5 11-518 ). For t he c lass if icat ion o f t he f inds t he p resen t a u thor h as u sed t he t ypes o f H . J . Eggers, a nd f or t he c hrono log ica l c lass if icat ion t he s upp le men ts o f T . K o ln ik a re u sed ( Eggers 1 951).
3
CATALOGUE OF BRONZE VESSELS FROM SLOVAKIA ( The n umbers o n t he l i st c orrespond t o t he n umbers o n t he map o f S lovak ia ) .
I . 1 .
EARL IER ROMAN PERIOD
Abrahä m , Ga lan ta d istr ict The c re ma t ion c e metery w ith u rns c on ta ined a t o ta l o f 2 26 g raves.
t he c en tra l a rea t here was a sma l l g roup o f 1 2 i nhu mat ions. g raves w ere d a ted b y t he f o l low ing o b jects :
I n
The c re ma t ion
b ronze b rooches o f Hu l l t ype 8 4
( s trong ly p ro f i led b rooches ) i n g raves 1 4 , 6 7, 8 1 a nd 8 7 ) ;
e ye b rooches ( Hu l l
Group 4 a , T ypes 4 0-44 ) i n g raves 8 1 a nd 1 00 ;
ab rooch o f N or ico-Pannon ian
t ype ( Hu l l t ype 8 5 ) w i th t wo k nobs i n g rave 6 7;
b ronze p la tes f ro m a b e l t o f
N or ico-Pannon ian t ype i n g rave 1 00 ;
a nd a b ronze b uck le i n g rave 6 7.
h u ma t ion g rave 1 21 c on ta ined a s e t o f b ronze v esse ls :
I n-
al ad le a nd s tra iner .
The c re ma t ion g raves were d ated b y t he b ronze b rooches.
T . K o ln ik
d ated t he b eg inn ing o f t he c e me tery t o h is B la a nd i t s t er m inat ion t o h is B ib , t ha t i s h e c ons idered i tt o h ave b een i n u se i n t he f i rst h a lf o f t he f irst c en tury A .D.
The e xcava t ion o f t he who le c e me tery h as n o t y et b een p ub-
l i shed. G rave 1 21 :
1 .
A h em ispher ica l b ronze l ad le w i th a mace-shaped h and le .
H e igh t 6 .1 cm , d ia me ter o f r im 9 .2 cm , l eng th o f h and le 2 0 .3 cm . E ggers t ype 1 62 . F ig . 1 :1 , P la te I : 1, 2 . 2 .
Ah em ispher ica l b ronze s tra iner , w i th a mace-shaped h and le .
T he p a t tern o f p er fora t ions f or m a r o l led-up l ea f d es ign .
H e igh t
5 .5 cm , d ia me ter o f r im 9 .1 cm , l eng th o f h and le 2 0 .3 cm . E ggers t ype 1 62 . F ig . 1 :1, P late 1 : 3, 4. Depos ited i n t he Archaeo log ica l I nst itu te S AV, N itra. References :
K o ln ik 1 971, 5 10-517, f i g. 2 0. K o lMk 1 977 , 1 44. Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 7 0.
Among t he o lder c hance f inds t here i s af rag men t o f t he h and le o f ab ronze d ipper . Depos ited i n t he S lovak N a t iona l Museum , Mart in . Reference : 2 .
Budavary 1 939 , 7 , f ig. 4 :26.
Bege t iov , N ove Z a mky d istr ict The c e metery c on ta ined 1 13 c re ma t ions , 1 06 i n u rns a nd 7 i np its.
The
g raves wh ich c on ta ined impor ted b ronze v esse ls b elonged t o t he e ar l ier p hase o f t he b ur ia l p lace.
A d a maged b ronze b ucke t a nd a s tra iner were f ound i n
g rave A i n 1 953, a nd a b ucket a nd a s et o f l ad les w ere f ound i n g rave 7 2, w i th t wo i ron Pannon ian t ru mpet-brooches.
4
I n g rave 7 5 t here was a l ad le s et
a nd a n i ron b rooch w ith a c y l indr ica l h ead ; d amaged.
t he g rave-goods w ere d e l iberately
T . K o ln ik c ons idered g rave A t o b e t he e arl iest a nd d ated i tt o t he
b eg inn ing o f t he s econd c en tury , a nd h e d a ted g raves 7 2 a nd 7 5 o n t he b as is o f t he b rooch t ypes t o t he s econd h a l f o f t he s econd c en tury . The c e me tery was i n c on t inuous u se f ro m t he b eg inn ing o f t he s econd c en tury a nd t he l a tes t c rema t ions d a ted f ro m t he f our th c en tury . G rave A . 1. A g lobu lar b ron ze b ucket w ith t wo l oops o n t he r im i n to wh ich i s s e t ac urved s ol id h and le o f c ircu lar c ross-sec t ion t er m ina t ing i n h ooks . H e igh t 1 7.5 cm , d iame ter o f t he r im 1 7 cm , d ia me ter o f t he b ase 1 3 cm , w id th o f t he h and le 2 1 cm , E ggers t ype 4 0 . F ig. 1 :3. 2 . Af ragmen tary b ronze s tra iner, p art o f a sma l l p erfora ted h em is pher ica l b ow l a nd a c ast mace-shaped h and le , E ggers t ype 1 62. Grave 7 2:1. 2 .
Re ma ins o f ab ronze b ucke t , p robab ly Eggers t ype 4 0.
F rag men ts o f ab ronze l ad le a nd o f as tra iner w ith a n o ar-shaped
h and le, Eggers t ype 1 60. Grave 7 5 :
1 .
F rag men ts o f ab ronze l ad le a nd o f as tra iner.
Accord ing t o
T . K o m ik t he s et b elonged t o Eggers t ype 1 60 b ecause t he p erforat ion o n t he s tra iner i n g raves 7 2 a nd 7 5 was t he s ame. Depos ited i nt he Archeo log ica l I nst itu te S AV, N itra. References :
K o ln ik 1 961a , 2 19-300. Eggers 1 951, Be i lage 1 9, 5 8, 7 0.
3 .
BorskY S \atY.P eter, n ow Bors e P etr , S en ica d istr ic t An i so la ted c re ma t ion g rave i n wh ich where p reserved t wo b ow ls o f
c en tral Gau l ib l i t erra s ig i lln .4 . af ro m L ezo t tx a nd a f rag men t o f a sma l l b ronze b ow l . V . Ondrouch d ates t he g rave t o t he s econd c en tury . 1 .
Ab ow l made o ft h in b ron ze s heet , o f wh ich o n ly t he u pper p art
r e ma ins.
The s hape o f t he b ow l , wh ich i s n ow l ost , was n ot c lear ly
d escr ibed. Reference : 4 .
Ondrouch 1 957, 4 7-53.
B rat is lava Ab ronze p la te d ecorated w ith a h uman h ead f or med a n i so la ted f ind.
Th is
was f ound n ear d a maged R o man g raves whence a lso c a me a b ronze m i l i tary b rooch o f p rov inc ia l R o man t ype d a ted t o t he f irs t c en tury . 1 .
Cast b ronze b ucket-escu tcheon d ecora ted w i th a f e ma le h ead ,
w i th f l anges t o e i ther s ide . E ggers t ype 2 4 . P late 1 : 6.
P robab ly f ro m a b ronze b ucke t o f
H e igh t 5 .8 cm .
Depos ited i n t he S lovak N a t iona l Museum , Brat is lava. References :
K raskovsk ä . 1 976, 4 30. P ich lerovä . 1 961, 6 5-700. Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 1 3.
5
5 .
Devfn . n ow B rat islava-Dev In
E . B en inger men t ions a b ronze j ug f ro m Dev in , w h ich w as b ought b y t he Kunsth istor isches Museum , V ienna , i n 1 870. Reference : Ben inger 1 937 , 3 6. Two c re ma t ion g raves wh ich w ere f ound d ur ing e xcavat ions i n t he d is tr ict c on ta ined t he f o l low ing b ronze o b jects : b rooches , b el t-buck les, p endan ts. Ab ronze h and le f rom a sma l l d ish w as f ound i n o ne g rave.
The b ronze b e lt-
p lates i nd icated a f i rst c en tury d ate f or t he g raves. . A mass ive c ast b ronze h and le w ith a r am 's h ead t er m ina l , o veral l l ength 1 2.5 cm. t ype 1 55 .
The h and le b elonged t o ap a tera ,probab ly E ggers
P late 1 : 5. Depos ited i n t he C ity Museum , Bra t islava. Reference : 6 .
n o t p ub l ished i n d e ta i l :
E ggers 1 951 , B ei lage 6 6.
Bra t islava -Dev inska N ovä V es The f o l low ing g oods w ere r ecovered f ro m t wo d isturbed c re ma t ion g raves: Grave 1 :
af rag men t o f ab ronze v essel , ab ronze p late f rom a d r ink-
i ng h orn , ab ronze b uck le a nd a b el t-p la te , 3b ronze b rooches o f Hu l l t ype 8 4, a n i ron s pear a nd a s h ield-boss. G rave 2 :
af ragmen t o f ab ronze ' v esse l a nd i ron n a i ls .
These c re ma t ion g raves w ere d ated t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he f i rst c en tury b y t he b rooches a nd t he b uck le. G rave I . : 1 . A f rag men t o f al arge b ronze v esse l w ith a r e in forced r im , p robab ly a d ipper ; h e igh t 1 2 cm , l eng th 2 5 cm . Grave 2 : 1 . A f ragn ien t o f ah em ispher ica l v essel made o f b ronze s heet w ith c ircles e ngraved o n t he b ase. I ti s p robab ly a l ad le, h e ight 5 .5 cm , d ia meter 9 .5 cm. Hand les, wh ich h elp t o d eter m ine t he v esse l t ype, a re m iss ing i n b oth t he a bove c ases. Depos ited i n t he S lovak N a t iona l Museum , Brat islava. Reference : 7 .
K raskovskä 1 977b.
Rusovce, N ow Brat islava-Rusovce, f or mer ly O roszvär A . Radn6t i l i sts a b ronze s tra iner a s af ind f rom Rusovce w ithou t s pec i-
f y ing t he f ind-spo t more p rec isely . 1 . Ab ronze s tra iner, t he h em ispher ica l b ow l w ith p erfor ma t ions f or m ing a r oset te, t he h and le o ar-shaped , Eggers t ype 1 60. F ig. 1 :4. Depos ited i nt he Museum Magyarovär. References :
Radn6t i 1 938, 6 3, p late 2 0 (V :3. Eggers 1 951, Be i lage 6 8.
Af ragmen t f ro m t he r im o f ab ronze v essel , p robab ly a b ucket , was f ound d ur ing e xcavat ions i n t he Ro man s et t le men t n ear t he c hurch. 6
Depos ited i n t he S lovak N a t iona l Museu m , Brat islava. Reference :
K raskovskä . 1 977a.
A smal l b ronze v essel w as f ound i n ac re ma t ion g rave o n t he m ixed c remat ion a nd i nhuma t ion c e me tery I a t Rusovce.
The c e metery was d ated t o
t he s econd h a lf o f t he I st c en tury a nd t o t he 2 nd c en tury b y c o ins a nd s ta mped e arthenware l a mps. 1 .
A sma l l b ronze v ase w ith a g lobu lar b ody o n al ow f oo t , an arrow
n eck w ith a f l ared r im , a nd t wo sma l l h and les b e low t he r im w ith w ires t hreaded t hrough t he m.
H e igh t 8 cm , d ia meter 5 cm.
P late 1 :7. Depos ited i n t he S lovak N at ional Museum , Brat islava. Reference : 8 .
P ich lerovä 1 972, 5 2-58, p late 1 :3.
Cacht ice, Trenc in d istr ict A s tray f ind ;
t he p rec ise f ind-spo t i s u ncerta in .
I . Frag men ts o f a n o ar-shaped h and le, p robab ly f rom a l ad le , p oss ib ly Eggers t ype 1 60. Depos ited i n t he Pamä tnä i zba , & ch t ice. References :
K o ln ik-Pau l fk 1 959. Eggers 1 951, B e i lage 6 8.
9 .
K erestür, n ow K r iZovany n ad Dudväho m , Trnava d istr ict The f o l low ing o b jects w ere r ecovered f ro m d isturbed c re mat ion g raves :
f ragmen ts o f b ronze v essels , b ronze f i t t ings f rom t wo d r ink ing h orns, b ronze b el t-p lates o f N or ico-Pannon ian t ype a nd a b ronze b rooch o f Hu l l t ype 8 4. The g raves i n K rdovany w ere d a ted t o t he f i rst h a lf o f t he 1 st c en tury b y t he f or mer f inds wh ich C ney c on ta ined . G rave 1 : 1 . F rag men ts o f a sma l l b ronze d ipper a nd a f ragmen t o f ah and le . T he t ype o f v esse l c ou ld n o t b e d e ter m ined . Grave 2 :
1 .
Ab roken b ronze d ipper o f wh ich t here s urv ived
f rag men ts o f t he r im , t he b o t to m o f t he v esse l w i th e ngraved c oncen tr ic c irc les , t he h and le d ecora ted w i th a t hyrsus d es ign a nd ac ircu lar o pen ing . T he r econs truc t ion o f t he d ipper h and le w as made b y J . T e jra l . E ggers t ype 1 39 . F ig. 1 :6. Depos ited i n t he S lovak N a t iona l Museum , Brat is lava. References :
E isner 1 937, 2 03-210 , p la te Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 6 0. Te jra l 1 967 , f i g. 9 : 6 .
1 0.
K osto lna p r i Duna ji, G a lan ta d istr ict A t o ta l o f 6 5 g raves w ere e xcava ted i n t he c e me tery , t he ma jor ity o f
w h ich w ere u rn g raves, a pprox i ma te ly o ne s ix th w ere p i t g raves a nd a f ew w ere c enotaphs. As w el l a s p o t tery , t he g raves c on ta ined b ronze v essels a nd b ronze b rooches o f v ar ious t ypes :
N or ico-Pannon ian b rooches , Eye
b rooches ( Hu l l Group 4 a , Types 4 0-44 ), b rooches o f Hu l l t ype 8 4, P annon ian
7
t rumpet b rooches ( Hu l l t ype 1 62 ), k nee-brooches ( Hu l l t ypes 1 71-9 ) a nd d iscb rooches. The b ur ia l p lace was d a ted t o t he i st a nd 2 nd c en tur ies b y t he b rooches .
T he e xcava t ions o f t he who le c e me tery a re n o t y e t p ubl ished .
D is turbed g rave ,i nhuma t ion? 1 .
Ab ronze d ipper w i th v er t ica l s ides , t he h and le d ecora ted w i th a
t hyrsus d es ign a nd w ith a l una te o pen ing.
The h and le i s s ta mped
L .L . NAEV IO . He igh t 7 cm , d iameter o f t he r im 1 2.3 cm , d ia me ter o f t he b ase 7 .4 cm , l eng th o f t he h and le 1 2.5 cm , Eggers t ype 1 37. F ig. 2 :2, 3 , P late I I :1, 2 . 2 .
Ab ronze s tra iner, t he h em ispher ica l b ow l w ith o rna men ta l p er-
f ora t ions :
i n t he m idd le i s ar oset te a nd u nder t he r im r uns a b el t
w ith o va l d es igns.
The h and le i s o f t he o ar-type.
He igh t 6 .5 cm ,
d iameter o ft he r im 1 0.2, l eng th o f t he h and le 1 7.7 cm , Eggers t ype 1 59. F ig. 2 :1, P la te 1 1 :3, 4 . G rave 2 : t ype 4 0. 2 .
1 .
A f rag men t o f ab ronze b ucket o f g lobu lar f or m , Eggers
Frag men t o f ab ronze l ad le w ith a n o arl ike h and le, Eggers t ype
1 60. Grave 5 : 2 .
1 .
A f rag men t o f ab ucket Eggers t ype 4 0.
Fragmen ts o f al ad le a nd o f as tra iner w ith a n o ar-shaped h and le,
Eggers t ype 1 60. Grave 1 0 :
c on ta ined 4 b ronze v essels, a b ronze b uck le, a n i ron s pear
a nd a s h ie ld-boss, 2 p ot tery s kypho i w ith mou lded d ecora t ion a nd a no ther p ot tery v essel. 1 .
A f rag men t o f ab ronze b ucket , Eggers t ype 4 0.
2 . T he h and le o f ab ronze d ipper w i th a l una te o pen ing , d ecora ted w i th a t hyrsus d es ign , E ggers t ype 1 37 . 3 .
Ad a maged b ronze l ad le w ith a n o ar-shaped h and le, Eggers t ype
1 59. 4 .
Ab ron ze p a tera , t he sma l l h em ispher ica l b ow l o n al ow f oo t-r ing
w ith a s o l id h and le w ith a n a n i ma l 's-head ( l ion? ) t er m ina l ; d a maged ; Eggers t ype 1 55. Grave 1 8 : 2 .
1 .
A f rag men t o f ab ronze b ucke t , E ggers t ype 4 0 .
F rag men ts o f ab ronze l ad le w i th a mace-shaped h and le , E ggers
t ype 1 62 . G rave 2 3 :
1 .
A f ragmen t o f ab ronze b ucket , Eggers t ype 4 0.
G rave 2 5 :
1 .
A f rag men t o f ab ronze b ucket , Eggers t ype 4 0.
G rave 2 7 :
1 .
A g lobu lar b ronze b ucket , u sed a s a n u rn , Eggers
t ype 3 9. F ig. 2 :4;
P late I :1 .
8
Grave 3 0 :
1 .
Bronze l ad le o r s tra iner o f wh ich o n ly t he mace- s haped
h and le r e ma ins , Eggers t ype 1 62. Grave 3 1:
1 .
Frag men t o f ab ronze s tra iner w i th a mace-shaped
h and le, Eggers t ype 1 62. Grave 3 5 :
w ith a n u rn .
The g rave p roduced t he f o l low ing o b jects :
a n e n t ire b ronze v esse l , t wo f rag men ts o f t wo more v essels, a b ronze e ye-brooch ( Hu l l Group 4 a , Types 4 0-44 ), b ronze p lates f ro m a b e lt o f Nor ico-Pannon ian t ype , a nd a b ronze b uck le. 1 .
A b ronze c au ldron w i th t he s tra igh t n eck j o ined t o t he h em isphe-
r ica l b ody w ith r ive ts;
t he r im i s s treng thened w ith a n i ron r ing
a nd u nder t he r im a re t wo i ron moun ts f or t he h and le , wh ich i s m iss ing. He igh t 2 0.5 cm , d ia meter o f t he r im 2 8 cm , Eggers t ype 6 . F ig. 2 :5, p late I :2. 2 .
Frag men t o f ab ronze d ipper , t he h and le d ecora ted w i th a t hy r sus
d es ign w ith a l unate o pen ing a t t he e nd , Eggers t ype 1 37. 3 .
Frag men ts o f t he f l u ted r im d ecorated
w ith g rooves o f a
b ronze b ow l o f Poggendorf t ype , Eggers t ype 9 2. Grave 3 6 was a n u rn-grave i n wh ich were f ound : p art o f ab ronze v essel , ab ron ze b rooch o f Hu l l t ype 8 4, a n i ron s pear-head , a n i ron s h ield-boss , a sma l l k n ife a nd a p o t. 1 .
Part o f ab ronze d ipper , t he h and le h av ing a c ircu lar o pen ing ,
Eggers t ype 1 40. Grave 4 2 :
1 .
A f rag men t o f ab ronze b ucket , Eggers t ype 4 0.
Grave 4 7 :
1 .
A f rag men t o f ab ronze b ucke t , E ggers t ype 4 0 .
G rave 5 1:
1 .
A l ad le s et :
ab ronze l ad le a nd a s tra iner w ith a n
o ar-shaped h and le, Eggers t ype 1 60. Depos ited i n t he Archaeo log ica l I nst itu te S AV , N itra , a nd t he S lovak N at iona l Museum , Bra t islava. References :
K o ln fk 1 959 , 1 50-153, f i g. 7 :1, 2 . K o ln ik 1 961a , 2 57. K o ln fk 1 961b , 8 23-830 , f ig. 2 91-296. K o ln fk 1 971, 5 11-519. K o ln fk 1 977 , 1 47 , 1 52, f i g. 9 :1, 3 , 1 0. Eggers 1 951, Be i lage 3 , 1 9, 3 5, 5 9, 6 0 , 6 6 , 6 8, 7 0.
1.
L äb , Brat islava d istr ict Among t he c re mat ions was t he g rave o f a warr ior wh ich c on ta ined i n
a dd it ion t o a n i ron sword a nd s h ield-boss , t wo b ronze b rooches o f Hu l l 8 4 , t he r e ma ins o f ab ronze v essel a nd a b ronze p late f ro m a d r ink ing-horn . The c re mat ion g raves w ere d ated t o t he f i rst h a lf o f t he I st c en tury b y t he b rooches . 1 .
The b ronze v esse l , wh ich h ad b een s evere ly d a magedby f ire , was
c rushed , o n ly af ragmen to fd ecora ted h and le r e ma in ing .
I t was ad ip-
p er w i th t he h and le d ecora ted w i th a t hyrsus d es ign t er m ina t ing i n a
9
l una te o pen ing , Eggers t ype 1 37.
The r econstruct ion o f t he h and le
was made b y J . Te jra l. F ig. 1 :5. Depos ited i n t he S lovak N at iona l Museum , Brat is lava. References :
E isner 1 926-27, 5 3-60 , p la te Te jra l 1 967, 9 6 , f ig. 7 :1, 2 ;
f i g. 9 :4.
Eggers 1 951, Be i lage 5 9. 1 2.
Ma lacky , Brat islava d istr ic t Four c re mat ion g raves were e xcava ted i n t h is c e metery a nd c on ta ined ,
b es ides p o ttery v essels , ab ronze b rooch o f Hu l l t ype 8 4 a nd f rag men ts o f a b ronze v essel.
The g raves were d a ted t o t he f i rst h a lf o f t he i st c en tury
b y t he b rooch. 1 .
Frag men ts o f ab ron ze l ad le :
p art o f t he r im a nd b ase a nd a
f rag men t o f mace-shaped h and le , E ggers t ype 1 62 . Depos ited i n t he S lovak N at iona l Museum , Bra t islava. References :
K raskovs k i 1 956 , 7 31. Eggers 1 951, Be i lage 7 0.
1 3.
S lädkov iZovo , Ga lan ta d istr ic t E igh ty-s ix g raves w ere e xa m ined i n t h is c e metery , o f wh ich f our w ere
i nhuma t ions a nd t he r est c re mat ions w ith u rns.
The g raves p roduced f rag-
men ts o f b ronze v esse ls, b ronze e ye-brooches ( Hu l l Group 4 a , Types 4 0-44 ), a Hu l l t ype 8 4 b rooch a nd a p ot tery k an tharus d ecorated i n r el ief .
T . K o ln ik
d ated t he c e me tery t o p er iods M a a nd B ib , t ha t i s t he f i rst h al f o f t he i st c entury .
The e xcavat ions o f t he whole c e me tery a re u npub l ished .
Grave 3 2 7
Th is g ra ‘ re r-3 duced a b ronze l ad le s et , e arly Pannon ian
t ru mpet b rooches ( Hu l l t ype 1 62 ), a g reen-g lazed p ot tery k an tharus , a no ther p o t a nd t wo s itu la-shaped b eakers . I .
Ab ronze l ad le w ith a mace-shaped h and le, d a maged , Eggers
t ype 1 62. 2 .
Ab ronze s tra iner w ith a macel ike h and le , Eggers t ype 1 62.
Grave 3 4 :
ah and le w ith a t er m ina l i n t he f or m o f swans ' heads f ro m
ab ronze d ipper , Eggers t ype 1 31. F ig. 1 :7 , p late 1 1 :5. Grave 6 8 :
Two Hu l l t ype 8 4 b rooches w ere f ound t ogether w ith a
f rag men t o f ab ronze v esse l ' . 1 .
A f rag men t o f t he o ar-shaped h and le o f ab ronze l ad le o r p erhaps a
s tra iner.
Eggers t ype 1 60.
Grave 6 9 :
A f rag men t o f ab ronze v esse l a nd t wo b ronze e ye b rooches
( Hu l l Group 4 a , Types 4 0-44 ). 1 .
A f rag men t o f t he h and le o f ab ron ze d ipper w i th a t er m ina l i n t he
f or m o f swans ' h eads, Eggers t ype 1 31. F ig. 1 :8.
1 0
Depos ited i n t he Archaeo log ica l I nst itu te S AV , N itra. References :
K o lnfk 1 971, 5 11-512, f i g. 1 2 :1, 3 ;
f i g. 1 4;
f i g. 1 6 :
2 0 , f i g. 1 8. K o m ik 1 977 , 1 44, 1 52, 1 57, f i g. 1 0 :11. Eggers 1 951, Be i lage 5 7 , 6 8. 1 4.
Smo len ice, Trnava d is tr ic t The c ircumstances u nder wh ich t he f rag men ts o f t hese b ronze v essels
w ere f ound a re n o t k nown . 1 .
Ab ronze l ad le, Eggers t ype 1 60-162.
2 . Fragmen ts o f ab ronze v esse l : n o f urther d e ta i ls a va i lab le. Depos ited i n t he N e mzet i Müseum , Budapest. References :
Eggers 1 951, 1 48. Ben inger 1 937, 3 7.
1 5.
Vyso ld p r i Morave, B ra t islava d istr ict
A r ich i nhuma t ion g rave wh ich was d isturbed d ur ing t he c onstruct ion o f ad am o nt he r iver Morava p roduced t he f o l low ing g rave-goods : 8b ronze v essels , ab ronze p late f rom a d r ink ing h orn , ab ronze b uck le, a g lass c up a nd f rag men ts o f a sma l l g lass v essel .V. Ondrouch d ated t he g rave t o t he f i rst h a l f o f t he 2 nd c en tury b u t s o me g rave-goods d a ted f ro m t he i s t c en tury . 1 .
Ab ronze s i tu la o f f a ir ly t h ick meta l , t he b ody n arrow ing t owards
t he b ase, t he c on ica l n eck i s s epara ted , t he r im h or izon ta l a nd o u ts p layed. F ine l i nes a re e ngraved o n t he n eck a nd r im , a nd o n t he b ase a re c oncen tr ic c ircles. Two c ast e scu tcheons w i th c ircu lar l oops a nd d ecorated w ith a f e ma le h ead a nd w ith l i zards ' h eads a re a t tached b e low t he r i m.
A s em i-c ircu lar h and le t er m ina ted i n swans ' h eads.
He ight 2 3.7 cm , d ia me ter o f r im 1 7.2 cm , g irth 2 5 cm , d ia meter o f b ase 1 7.2 cm , h and le 2 2 cm w ide.
Eggers t ype 2 4.
F ig. 3 :1, p late I V : 1 , 2 . 2 . A l arge d ipper w i th v er t ica l s ides a nd o u t-turned r im , u nder wh ich a re h or izon ta l g rooves. The b ase i s e ngraved w ith c oncen tr ic c ircles. The f l a t h and le t er m ina tes i n ac ircu lar o pen ing a nd i s s tamped P . C IP I. POL IBY. The i ns ide o f t he v essel i s c oated w ith wh ite me ta l. He igh t 1 4.4 cm , d ia meter o f t he r im 2 2.2 cm , d iame ter o f t he b ase 1 5.2 cm , l ength o f t he h and le 1 8.3 cm , Eggers t ype 1 40. F ig. 4 :1, p late V :1-3. 3 . A sma l ler b ronze d ipper , s l igh t ly c on ica l i n s hape , t he r im o u tt urned , ar ivet o n t he b ase. The f l at h and le h as a n o pen ing a t t he e nd i n t he s hape o f at hree-leafed c lover , b es ide w h ich i s as ta mp P . C IP I. POL IB I I F .
The i ns ide i s c oated w ith w h ite me ta l. He igh t
5 .8 cm , d ia meter o f t he r im 1 1.9 cm , d ia meter o f t he b ase 7 .2 cm , l eng th o f t he h and le 8 .5 cm.
Eggers t ype 1 46.
F ig. 4 :2, p late V I :1-3.
1 1
4 .
Ab ronze d ipper o f t he s a me s hape a s t he p reced ing o ne a nd w i th t he
s a me s ta mp. 5 . Ab ronze j ug -oinochoe , t he n arrow n eck a nd s pou t j o ined t o t he b ody wh ich i s a t tached t o t he h em ispher ica l f oo tr ing b y ar ivet. B e low t he n eck i s ab and o f e ngraved o rna men t. The c ast h and le p ro jects a bove t he r im a nd t er m inates a t t he t op i n ap ro to me o f ah orse a nd t he l ower e nd i s d ecora ted w ith a f e ma le h ead ( Meduca? ).
He ight 1 9.2 cm ,
g ir th 1 0 cm , d ia meter o f t he f oot-r ing 5 .9 cm , Eggers t ype 1 27. F ig. 3 :2, p la te V I I :1-3. 6 .
Ab ronze s acr i f ic ia l d ish-patera w i th a h or izon ta l r im , o n al ow f oo t-r ing .
I n t he c en tre o ft he b ase i s a n umbo w i th a n e ngraved d ecora t ion . The s o l id c ast h and le t er m inates i n ad og 's h ead. He igh t 3 .9 cm , d ia meter o f t he r im 1 9 cm , d ia meter o f t he f oot-r ing 7 cm , l eng th o f h and le 1 4 cm , Eggers t ype 1 55. F ig. 3 :3, p late V I: 4-6. 7 . A l ad le made o f t h in b ronze s heet , h em ispher ica l s hape w ith a n o u t-turned r im a nd a c ast mace-shaped h and le . H eigh t 5 .5 cm , d ia met er o ft he r im 1 0.3 cm , Eggers t ype 1 62. F ig. 4 :3. 8 .
A sma l l d ish made o f t h in b ronze s heet , s l igh t ly n arrow ing t owards
t he b ase.
He igh t 9 .6 cm , d ia meter o f t he r im 2 7.2 cm , d iameter o f
t he b ase 5 .6 cm , Eggers t ype 7 0. F ig. 4 :4. A t a l l c up w ith a f l at f oo t-r ing , o f c lear g lass w ith mou lded d ecorat ion . Depos ited i n t he S lovak N a t iona l Museum , Brat islava. References :
1 6.
Ondrouch 13 57 , 1 3-40. Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 1 3, 2 7 , 5 3, 6 0 , 6 1, 6 6, 7 0.
Z e mp lin , Treb igov d istr ic t 1 .
Ab ronze d ish f ro m b arrow 2 , g rave 3 , where a warr ior w as b ur ied.
I t was p robab ly a c re ma t ion g rave. A f ragmen tary b ronze b ucket , Eggers t ype 4 0. Depos ited i n t he Archaeo log ica l I nst itu te S AV, K os ice. References :
Bud inskY-Kr iCka 1 959 , 6 6. K o ln ik 1 961a , 2 57. Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 1 9.
1 7.
Z ohor , Bra t islava d istr ict
Th is i s a sma l ler c e metery where s o me g raves w ere d isturbed b y g raveld igg ing. The workmen s aved f inds f ro m f our r ich i nhuma t ions a nd f rom a f i f th g rave wh ich was p robab ly a c re mat ion . G raves 3 , 4a nd 5 f or med o ne g roup.
The r ich g raves a t Z ohor c an b e d a ted i nt he f i rst h a lf o f t he 2 nd
c entury o nt he b as is o f t he f or ms o ft he b ronze v essels, b u t p r i mar i ly b y t he s i lver b rooches o ft he P annon ian t rumpet t ype ( Hu l l t ype 1 62 ) w h ich t hey c on ta ined. 1 2
G rave 1 , ( i nhuma t ion ) :
2b ronze v essels w ere p reserved , a nd t here
w as a lso s a id t o h ave b een a n i ron b uck le p resen t . 1 .
Ab ronze d ipper o f G ödacker t ype w i th a n o u tturned r im .
B elow t he
r im i s an arrow b and o f i nc ised d ecorat ion , a nd c oncen tr ic c ircles a re e ngraved o n t he b ase. The f l at h and le h as a c ircu lar o pen ing. He igh t 1 0 cm , d ia me ter o f t he r im 2 1 cm , d ia meter o f t he b ase 1 3 cm , l eng th o fh and le 1 7.8 cm , Eggers t ype 1 44. F ig. 5 :1, p la te V I I I :1,2. 2 .
Ab ronze d ipper w i th n ear ly v er t ica l s ides , u nder t he o u t-turned r im
o f wh ich a re h or izon ta l e ngraved l ines.
I th as a f l a t h and le w ith a
c ircu lar o pen ing. H e igh t 8 .6 cm , d ia meter o f t he r im 1 4 cm , d ia met er o ft he b ase 9 .6 cm , l ength o f h and le 1 3.7 cm , Eggers t ype 1 40. F ig. 5 :2, p late V I I I: 3 ,4. Grave 2 , p robab ly a c re mat ion ;
f rag men ts o f ab ronze b rooch w ere
f ound i n ab ronze v essel. 1 . Ab icon ica l b ronze b ucke t ,o n t he o ut turned , s lop ing r im o f wh ich a re t races o f t wo sma l l r ings , f rom wh ich t he h and le i s miss ing. The e x ter ior was e n t irely c overed i n s oot . He igh t 3 7 cm , d ia meter o f r im 2 8 cm , d ia meter o fb ase 2 0.5 cm , Eggers t ype 3 8. P late D Z :1 G rave 3 , i nhumat ion :
t h is g rave p roduced 4 b ronze v essels, 2 sma l l
b ow ls o f b lue m i l le f ior i g lass , a nd 2b ow ls o f l i gh t b lue g lass . 1 .
Ag lobu lar b ronze b ucke t , w i th a s loping o u tturned r im t o
wh ich a re a t tached t wo c ircu lar l oops f or a s em i-c ircu lar h and le t er m ina t ing i n h ooks . H e igh t 2 0 .3 cm , d ia meter o f t he r im 1 8 .7 cm , d ia me ter o f t he b ase 1 5 .5 cm , E ggers t ype 4 0 . P la te 1 X :2 . 2 .
Ab ronze d ipper w i th v er t ica l s ides , t he r im s l igh t ly o u t-turned a nd
b elow i tt wo i nc ised l ines. The b ase h as mou lded c oncen tr ic c ircles a nd a c en tra l r ivet. The f l a t h and le h as a c ircu lar o pen ing a t t he e nd.
The i n ter ior o f t he v esse l i s c oa ted w ith wh ite me ta l.
He ight
1 2.5 cm , d ia me ter o ft he r im 1 9.2 cm , d ia meter o f t he b ase 1.8 cm , l eng th o f h and le 1 6.8 cm , Eggers t ype 1 40. F ig. 6 :1, p late X :1,2. 3 .
Ab ronze l ad le , a smal l h em ispher ica l v esse l w ith a n o u t-turned r im
r im w i th e ngraved c irc les o n t he b ase . T he f la t mace-shaped h and le i s c as t . H e igh t 5 .5 cm , d ia me ter o f t he r im 1 0 cm , l eng th o f h and le 2 0 cm . E ggers t ype 1 62 . P la te X :3 . 4 .
A h em ispher ica l b ronze s tra iner w ith a w idened , o u t-turned r i m.
The p erfora t ions f or m a n i n tr ica te p at tern :
ar osette o n t he b ase,
h igher u p ad ecora t ive b and a nd b e low t he r i m a meander. o ar-shaped , f l at h and le i s t he s ta mp I LL IOMARUS F .
On t he
He igh t 1 0 cm ,
d ia meter o f t he r im 1 6 cm , l eng th o f h and le 2 4 cm , Eggers t ype 1 60. P late X :4-6. The b owls o fb lue m i l lef ior i g lass b elong t o t he Eggers t ype 1 81; h e d ates t h is t ype o f v esse l t o t he f i rst h a lf o f t he i st c en tury. b lue b ow ls o f c lear g lass a re Eggers t ype 1 83 . 1 3
The
G rave 4 , i nhu mat ion ; i n i tw ere p reserved : 4b ronze v esse ls , a sma l l d ish o fb lue-green g lass, a b ronze k n ife, a r azor a nd a p o t. 1 .
Ag lobu lar b ronze b ucke tw i th a s lop ing , o u tturned r im t o w h ich
a re a t tached t wo c ircu lar l oops f or a s em i-c ircu lar, s o l id h and le t er m inat ing i n h ooks. He igh t 2 2 cm , d ia meter o f t he r im 1 9.4 cm , d ia me ter o f t he b ase 1 7.7 cm, w id th o f t he h and le 2 2.2 cm. Eggers t ype 4 0. F ig. 6 :5, p late X I :4. 2 .
Ab ronze d ipper w i th v er t ica l s ides w i th a n o u t-turned r ounded r im
u nder w h ich a re i nc ised l ines , a nd c oncen tr ic c ircles o n t he b ase. The f l a t h and le h as a c ircu lar o pen ing a t t he e nd. He igh t 9 .2 cm , d ia me ter o f t he r im 1 5.5 cm , d ia meter o f t he b ase 9 .7 cm , l eng th o f t he h and le 1 3.3 cm , Eggers t ype 1 40. F ig. 6 :2, p late X I :1,2. 3 . Ab ronze l ad le, a h em ispher ica l d ish w ith a n o u t-turned r im a nd e ngraved c ircles o nt he b ase a nd a f l a t , c ast mace-shaped h and le . H e igh t 5 .6 cm , d ia meter o f r im 9 .7 cm , l ength o f h and le 2 1.8 cm , Eggers t ype 1 62. F ig. 6 :3, p late X I :3. 4 .
Ab ronze s tra iner :
a smal l h em ispher ica l v essel w ith a n o u t-
t urned r im a nd d ecorat ive p erforat ions. On t he b ase i s ar oset te a nd b e low t he r im a re meanders . T he f l a t mace-shaped h and le i s c as t . H e igh t 5 .2 cm , d ia me ter o f t he r im 9 .6 cm , l eng th o f t he h and le 2 1.7 cm , E ggers t ype 1 62 . F ig . 6 :4 p la te X I I :1, 2 . The sma l l d ish made o f b lue-green g lass w as Eggers t ype 1 83. Grave 5 , i nhuma t ion .
Th is g rave p roduced v esse ls a nd o rna men ts
o fb ronze a nd p rec ious i ne ta l :
5c omp lete a nd 3 f rag men tary b ronze
v essels , 2s i lver c ups, a g o ld b racelet a nd 2 s i lver b rooches o f t he Pannon ian t ru mpet t ype ( Hu l l t ype 1 62 ). 1 .
Ad a maged b ronze s i tu la.
The b ody n arrows t owards t he b ase,
t he n eck i s c y l indr ica l w ith a n o u t-turned r im , a nd t here a re l ines e ngraved o nt he n eck a nd s hou lders;
o n t he b ase a re e ngraved
c ircles a nd t here a re t races o f t he s o lder ing wh ich a t tached t he v essel t o i t s t hree f eet. The l oops a nd h and le a re l ost. He igh t 2 6 cm , d ia meter o f t he r im 1 9 cm , d iameter o f t he b ase 1 6.5 cm. The t hree c ast f eet w ere e ach p ierced b y t wo h o les, a nd t he o u ts ide w as d ecorated w ith e ngraved p la ited o rna men t.
L eng th 5 .8
cm , w id th 2 cm , Eggers t ype 2 4. F ig. 7 : 1, p la te XV :4,5. 2 .
Ab ucke to fb ronze was c rushed d ur ing e xcavat ion a nd s o l ost i t s
s hape.
The h and le a nd t he moun ts a re m iss ing.
The o vo id b ody o f
t he v esse l merges i n to t he n eck , t he r im i s t urned o u twards a nd t here a re e ngraved l ines b elow t he r i m.
On t he b o t tom a re mou lded c ircles
a nd t races o f a t tach men t o f 3s o ldered l egs.
He igh t 2 5 cm , d iame-
t er o ft he r im c . 1 6 cm , d ia meter o f t he b ase 1 3.5 cm. o f wh ich o ne i s p reserved , w ere f l a t.
The c ast l eg i s l una te , l eng th
6 .6 cm , w id th 2 .4 cm , Eggers t ype 2 6. F ig. 7 :2, p la te XV :6. 1 4
T he l egs ,
3 .
A l arge h em ispher ica l b ronze b owl , d a maged , w ith a t urned-ou t
r im a nd a l ow c y l indr ica l f oo t-r ing.
Below t he r im a re e ngraved
l ines a nd t races o f t wo s o ldered h and les.
One c ast h and le o f omega
s hape was p reserved a nd h as a n i ma l h ead t er m ina ls.
He ight 1 6
cm , d ia m ter o f r im c . 3 9 cm , d ia meter o f f oo t-r ing 1 0.5 cm , l eng th o fh and le 1 7 cm , Eggers t ype 1 00. F ig. 8 :3, 4 , p late XV :3. 4 .
Ab ronze j ug -o inochoe , t he n arrow n eck w i th a s pou t i s j o ined t o a
c on ica l b ody wh ich i s a t tached b y ar ivet t o ah em ispher ica l f oo tr ing.
The c ast h and le p ro jects a bove t he r im a nd t er m ina tes a t
t he t op e nd i n ap ro to me o f af e l ine a n i ma l a nd a t t he f oot i n af ema le h ead ( Medusa? ). He igh t 1 9.3 cm , d ia me ter o f t he r im 3 cm , max i mu m d iameter 1 0 cm , d ia meter o f f oot-r ing 5 .5 cm , Eggers t ype 1 27. F ig. 8 :2, p late 5 . A s ha l low b ron ze s acr i f ic ia l d ish-pa tera w i th a h or izon ta l o u t-turned r im o n al ow f oo t-r ing a nd w i th a c en tral r a ised umbo b ordered w i th c oncen tr ic c ircles. A s o l id c ast h and le t er m ina tes i n ad og 's h ead , a nd t he e nd o f t he h and le wh ich i s s o ldered t o t he b ow l h as a n e ngraved d ecorat ion . He igh t 3 .9 cm , d ia meter o f t he r im 1 9.8 cm , d ia meter o f t he b ase 7 .3 cm , l ength o fh and le 1 3.8 cm , Eggers t ype 1 55. F ig. 8 :1, p late X1 :3-5. 6 . Ab ronze j ug , t he g lobu lar b ody s eparated b y ac ordon f rom t he n n eck a nd t he o u t-turned r i m. I th as a l ow f oot-r ing a nd t he b ase i s d ecorated w ith c oncen tr ic c ircles. The s o l id c ast h and le i s a t tached t o t he r im b y t he a id o f t wo mou lded swans ' h eads a bove w h ich p ro trude t wo v o lu tes a nd t he b ase o f t he h and le t er m ina tes i n al ea f . H eigh t 2 2.6 cm , d ia meter o f t he r im 8 .6 cm , max i mum d ia meter 1 3 cm , d ia meter o f t he b ase 7 .8 cm.
Eggers d oes n ot l i st t h is t ype, wh ich
i s c losest t o h is t ype 1 22. F ig. 7 :3, p late X IV :1, 2 . 7 . Ab ron ze l ad le w ith a h em ispher ica l b ow l a nd a n o u t-turned r i m. The b ase i s miss ing , a nd t he c as t mace-shaped h and le i s i nco mp le te . D ia meter o f t he r im 1 0 .2 cm , l eng th o f h and le 1 4 .5 cm . E ggers t ype 1 62 . F ig. 8 :5. 8 . A h em ispher ica l b ronze s tra iner w ith a n o u t-turned r i m. The p erfora ted d ecorat ion c ons ists o f ar oset te o n t he b ot tom o f t he b owl a nd meander b elow t he r im . T he mace-shaped h and le i s c as t . H e igh t 5 .7 cm , d iame ter o f t he r im 1 0 cm , l eng th o f h and le 2 0 .5 cm , Eggers t ype 1 62 . F ig. 8 :6, p late XV :1, 2 . Depos ited i n t he S lovak N a t iona l Museu m , Bra t is lava a nd Mart in . References:
K raskovs k i 1 959, 9 9-143. K o ln ik 1 959, 1 44-162. Eggers 1 951, Be i lage 1 3, 1 9, 3 8 , 5 2, 5 3, 6 0 , 6 6, 6 8, 7 0.
1 5
Ag rave w i th v ar ious g oods was d is turbed b y p lough ing a t t he P ie s ky s i te . T he a r t ic les wh ich were r ecorded were : 3b ronze b rooches , af ragmen t o f a sma l l b ronze v esse l , i ron s c issors a nd a sma l l k n ife , t he i ron p lates f ro m a wooden c hest a nd a k ey f or t he s a me.
I ti s s a id t hat t here was a lso a
d a maged b ronze v esse l wh ich was t hrown away b y t he d iscoverers.
I t was
p robab ly a c re ma t ion g rave d ated b y t he Hu l l t ype 8 4 b rooches t o t he midd le o f t he I st c en tury. 1 . A c as t b ronze mace-shaped h and le f ro m a l ad le , 1 0 cm l ong , E ggers t ype 1 62 . P late XV :7. Depos ited i n t he S lovak N at iona l Museum , Bra t is lava. References :
K raskovskä 1 957, 8 13, f i g. 3 26. Eggers 1 951, Be i lage 7 0.
I . 1 8.
THE LATER ROMAN PERIOD
Brat islava The d isturbed c re mat ion g raves f ro m Ma l inovsky S tree t p roduced , i n
a dd it ion t o p ots , 2b ronze b rooches a nd a f ragmen t o f ab ronze v essel. The b rooches were d er ivat ives o f t he s heath-foo ted b rooch , a nd d a ted t he g raves t o t he e nd o f t he 3 rd c en tury. 1 .
A f rag men t o f ab ronze l ad le :
w ith e ngraved c ircles.
ap iece o f t he r im a nd o f t he b ase
The h and le i s m iss ing a nd t herefore t he t ype
o f t he v esse l c annot b e d eter m ined. Depos ited i n t he S lovak N at iona l Museu m , Brat islava. Reference : 1 9.
K raskovs l& 1 955, 4 86 , 4 87.
B e luga ,Povalskä B ys tr ica
d is tr ict
Excava t ion o f f ea ture 7 o n t he R o man s i te p roduced t he h and le o f ab ronze j ug.
K . P ieta h as d ated t he s i te t o b etween t he 2 nd a nd 3 rd c en tur ies. I .
A c ast b ronze h and le, t he l ower e nd t er m inat ing i n ad ecorat ion
i n t he f or m o f al eaf , l eng th 8 .2 cm.
F ro m i t s f or m , t he h and le
c a me f ro m a j ug o f Ga l lo-Ro man t ype , Eggers t ype 1 28. F ig. 9 :1. Depos ited i n t he Archaeo log ica l I nst itu te S AV, N itra. References :
P ieta 1 974 , 9 2, 1 04, f i g. 9 :2. Eggers 1 951, Be i lage 5 4.
2 0.
C e jkov , Treb inov d istr ict The i nhuma t ion g rave o f a wo man w ith r ich g rave-goods i nclud ing
v ar ious g o ld o rna men ts ( ab racelet , an eck lace, a s et o f meta l o rna men ts , p endan ts , sma l l t ubes a nd a sma l l r ing ), a s i lver r ing a nd f rag men ts o f s i lver b rooches, 3 b ronze v essels, a b ronze p lates f ro m a wooden b ucke t , a b ronze k ey , a sma l l g lass d ish , g lass a nd amber b eads a nd 3 p o ts. g rave was d a ted a f ter A .D. 3 00.
1 6
The
1 .
A l arge h em ispher ica l b ow l o f b ea ten b ronze :
t he t wo omega-
s haped h and les h ad z oo morph ic t er m ina ls. H e igh t 1 2.5 cm , d iameter o f t he r im 3 7 cm , d iameter o f t he b ase 9 .6 cm , Eggers t ype 1 04. F ig. 9 :3,4. 2 .
Aj ug o f b eaten b ronze s heet , i t s c on ica l b ody merg ing w ith a s hort
n eck w ith a n o u t-turned r i m.
A c ast s em i-c ircu lar h and le a bove
e x tends t o f or m t he r im a nd i s h inged t o af l a t l i d . T he l ower e nd t erm ina tes i n r ho mb ic d ecora t ions . H e igh t 2 6.3 cm , d ia me ter o f t he r im 4 .8 cm , d ia me ter o f t he b ase 2 0 .5 cm , h eigh t o f h and le 1 7.6 cm . E ggers t ype 1 28a , C e jkov v ar ian t . F ig . 9 :2. 3 . Ab ronze s tra iner , p robably o f h em ispher ica l f or m. The b ase i s m iss ing a nd t he p erfora ted d ecora t ion i s d a maged ; t he h and le i s o ars haped.
D ia meter o f t he r im 1 3.6 cm , l eng th o f h and le 1 5.2 cm.
Eggers t ype 1 60. F ig. 9 :5. Depos ited i n t he N a turh istor isches Museum , Wien. References :
Ben inger 1 931, 1 83-244. Ondrouch 1 938, 8 0 , 1 04, 1 07, 1 08. Eggers 1 951, Be i lage 3 8, 5 4, 6 8.
2 1.
Do lne L ovC ice, n ow L ovd ice, Trnava d istr ict
F ragmen ts o fb ronze v essels w h ich c ou ld n ot b e p rec ise ly i den t if ied were f ound i n c re ma t ion g raves i nt he c e me tery , c ompr is ing t he b ase o f av essel , af rag men t o f af a irly t h ick-wa l led v essel , 2f ragmen ts o f a sma l l v esse l o f t h in s heet- meta l wh ich h ad b een h eav ily b urned.
The g raves p roduced , i n a dd it ion
t o p ots , b ronze b rooches w h ich w ere c lassed a s d er iva t ives o ft he s hea thf ooted b rooch , d a t ing t he c emetery t o t he 3 rd a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c en tury . Depos ited i n t he Ne mzeti Müzeu m , B udapes t . References : Ben inger 1 937, 1 02. L am iovä 1 966 , 2 2, 4 9. Böna 1 963, 2 41-243. 2 2.
O Ckov , TrenC in d istr ic t 2 67 c re ma t ion g raves w ere u ncovered i n t he e x tens ive c e me tery s i tuated
o n a nd a round a L a te Bronze Age b arrow. Most o f t hese w ere u rn-graves, o n ly a f ew b e ing p i t-graves. The g raves p roduced, i n a dd it ion t o p o ts, b ronze a nd i ron b rooches o f v ary ing t ypes :
d isc-, c ross-bow a nd s hea th-
f oo ted b rooches. These b rooches w ere t he most i mportan t f inds f or t he p urpose o f d a t ing t he c e me tery. A g lobu lar a labaster u rn w as f ound i n a g rave a s w ell a s al arge t erra s ig i l lata b ow l made i n Westerndorf workshops. The e ar l ier g raves d a te f rom t he s econd h a lf o f t he 2 nd c en tury ; t he c e met ery w as u sed i nt he 3 rd a nd 4 th c en tur ies a nd i n to t he b eg inn ing o f t he 5 th c en tury. Fragmen ts o f at o ta l o f 2 0 b ronze v essels w ere p reserved i n t he g raves; t hese v essels w ere e ither d a maged b y h av ing b een b urned o n a wood p yre, o r
1 7
h ad b een d el ibera tely d a maged.
I n f our c ases t hey w ere p arts o f l ad le s ets.
S ix f rag men ts o fb ronze v esse ls w ere a lso f ound i n t he e arth o u ts ide t he g raves. Grave 3 , a n u rn-grave.
Af rag men t o f t he h and le o f ab ronze
v esse l , p robab ly a l ad le o r as tra iner o f Eggers t ype 1 60 , f rom t he s ize. Grave 4 1, a n u rn-grave.
Two r im f ragmen ts f rom a b ronze v essel.
Fro m t he s ize t hese a re f ro m a l ad le o fu n iden t if ied t ype. G rave 17 :
1 .
A c ast b ronze b ucket—escu tcheon w ith a c ircu lar l oop ,
t he p late d ecorated w ith a f e ma le h ead.
P robab ly f ro m a b ronze
s i tu la. F ig. 9 :6. 2 .
A f rag men t o f ab ronze v essel w ith e ngraved c ircles o n t he b ase,
p erhaps a b ucke t . Grave 1 48 :
f rag men ts o f ab ronze s tra iner, Eggers t ype 1 61.
Grave 2 08 :
f ragmen ts o f ab ronze s tra iner, Eggers t ype 1 61.
These s tra iner f ragmen ts h ad s im ilar p erforat ion p atterns. Among t he o lder f inds f ro m d isturbed g raves w ere f rag men ts o f v essels o f t h in s heet meta l :
ar im f ragmen t , p art o f t he b ase o f a
v essel d ecora ted w ith l ines, a nd a f ragmen t o f ah and le. Depos ited i n t he Archaeo log ica l I nst itu te S AV , N i tra , a nd t he S lovak N at iona l Museu m , Mart in . References : K o m ik 1 956, 2 33-260 , f ig. 4 :8. K o ln fk 1 961a , 2 75. K o ldk1 .9R1 1 ) , 8 30-833. K o ln ik 1 964, 2 5. K o ln rk 1 965 , 1 84-219, f i g. 8 . Eggers 1 951, Be i lage 6 8, 6 9. 2 3.
S träZe, n ow K rakovany , Trnava d istr ict
Ag roup o ft wo r ich i nhuma t ion g raves a nd a c re ma t ion g rave w as d ist urbed d ur ing t he d igg ing o f c lay f or b r icks. They p roduced b ronze v essels o f v ar ious t ypes , s evera l s i lver b rooches a nd o ne g o ld b rooch , s i lver s purs, s i lver d ishes , sma l l s i lver o b jec ts ( s tra iners , sma l l s poons , s cissors , a nd a sma l l k n ife ), g lass v essels, g o ld , s i lver a nd b ronze b e l t-pla tes , c o mbs made o f b one, o ne sma l l b ow lo f t erra s ig i l lata, g ame-p ieces, meta l p la tes f ro m sma l l wooden b ucke ts , t he r e ma ins o f ah orse h arness, i ron a rrows a nd t he r e ma ins o f c lo th a nd l ea ther. V . Ondrouch d a ted t he S träie g raves t o t he e nd o f t he 3 rd a nd t he b eg inn ing o f t he 4 th c en tury. T . K o ln ik b rough t t h is d a t ing d own t o t he 3 rd c en tury . Grave 1 ; i nhumat ion o f ay oung wo man. The ma jor ity o f t he g raveg oods w ere r ecovered , a nd i ncluded : 4b ronze v essels, 2 g lass s ta mno i , 5c u t-g lass c ups, 1g o ld b rooch , 5s i lver b rooches, 3 s i lver s purs , a b ronze b uck le, a sma l l k n ife a nd a p a ir o f s c issors, a b one c o mb a nd ap o t tery v essel. Sma l l s i lver a rt ic les w ere r ecovered l a ter , n ame ly
1 8
as tra iner, a sma l l s poon a nd s c issors. d er ivat ives o f s hea th-footed b rooches;
Two s i lver b rooches w ere t here was a d ecora ted g o ld
b rooch a nd 3 s i lver b rooches a l l o f t he c rossbow t ype.
V . Ondrouch
c a l led t hese b rooches " la ter R o man" , o f a n i n ter med ia te t ype . 1 .
A d a maged b ron ze b ucke tof t he He m moor t ype.
The c y l indr ica l
b ody n arrows t o a sma l l c on ica l f oo t-r ing. B elow t he r im a re d ecorat ive l ines a nd t he b ase i s s im ilarly d ecora ted ; Two l eafs haped moun ts w ith a t tached l oops p ro ject a bove t he r im , a nd i n t he m f i ts a s em ic ircu lar h and le o f t w isted f or m , t er m inat ing i n h ooks. He igh t 1 4.4 cm , d iameter o f t he r im 1 3.1 cm , Eggers t ype 6 1. F ig. 1 0 :1. 2 . Ab ronze b ow l w i th v er t ica l s ides o n as hor t , mass ive f oo tr ing . The t h in-wa l led b ody o f t he b ow l was d ecora ted w i th s ing le a nd d oub le g rooves.
He igh t 1 0 cm , d ia meter o f t he r im 3 0.8 cm ,
d ia meter o f t he f oo t-r ing 1 1.4 cm , Eggers t ype 1 08. F ig. 1 0 :2, p late XV I :5 , 6 . 3 . A l ad le o fb ea ten b ronze w ith a s l igh t ly t aper ing b ody , l ines o n t he b ase a nd a n o ar-shaped h and le. He ight 4 .8 cm , d ia me ter 1.6 cm , l eng th o f h and le 1 2.6 cm , Eggers t ype 1 61. F ig. 1 0 :3 , p late XV I :l, 2 . 4 . A s tra iner o fb ea ten b ronze w ith a s l igh t ly t aper ing b ody a nd a n o u t-turned r im ; t he p erforat ions f or m a r oset te a nd a meander , a nd t he h and le i s o ar-shaped.
He igh t 4 .4 cm , d ia meter o f t he r im
1 1.6 cm , l ength o fh and le 1 2.6 cm , Eggers t ype 1 61. F ig. 1 0 :4 , p late XV I : 3 , 4 . The g rave a lso c on ta ined t wo t a l l b ot t les o f c lear g lass a nd f ive h em ispher ical c r .1 1 ° . o f c lear g lass w ith c u t d ecorat ion. Grave 2 , i nhu mat ion o f ay oung man . Th is g rave c on ta ined a g rea ter n u mber o f o b jects t han g rave 1 d escr ibed a bove. I ti s p robab le t ha t t he most o f t he g rave-goods w ere p reserved.
I tc on ta ined :
6b ronze
v essels a nd a b ronze t r ipod , 3c o mp lete s i lver v essels a nd f rag men ts o f t wo more, 1 2 s i lver b rooches, 4 s i lver s purs, a sma l l s i lver k n ife, a n aw l , 2 sma l l s poons, 6 p lates o f b eaten g o ld o r g i lded p la te f ro m a b elt , s i lver o r b ronze s trap-ends f ro m a b el t , at erra s ig il lata b ow l , ab one c omb , g ame-p ieces, o fg lass p aste, b ronze h arness-decora t ions t he r e ma ins o f s i lver a nd b ronze p la tes f rom 3 sma l l w ooden b ucke ts , 1s i lver a nd 3 b ronze a rrows , f ragmen ts o f s i lver a nd b ronze s hee t a nd r e ma ins o f c lo th a nd l ea ther. There w ere s everal t ypes o f s i lver b rooch r epresen ted : t he r ichest d ecorat ion w as o n t he t hree b ut terf ly b rooches wh ich w ere p art ly g i lded. The r e ma in ing n ine s i lver b rooches w ere d ecora ted d er iva t ives o f t he s hea th-foo ted b rooch. 1 .
The b ronze o enochoe was b eaten f rom s heet meta l.
The g lobu lar
b ody , o n c on ical f oot-r ings , i s j o ined t o an arrow n eck wh ich w idens o u t i n to a s pou t. The c onvex d ecora t ions o n t he b ody c ons is t o f r ows o f o vo los a nd t ongues. The f oo t-r ing w as f i l led w ith l ead i n
1 9
o rder t o make t he v esse l more s tab le.
The c ast h andle p ro jected
a bove t he r im a nd t er m ina ted a t t he t op i n ap ro to me o f ah orse 's h ead a nd t he l ower e nd i n af e ma le h ead .
H e igh t 2 7.8 cm , d iameter o f
r im 8 .6 cm , max i mu m d ia me ter 1 3.2 cm , d ia meter o f f oo t-r ing 7 .6 cm , Eggers t ype 1 27. F ig. 1 1:2, p late XV I I :1-3. 2 .
T he s acr i f icia l d ish-pa tera o f t h in b ea ten b ronze s hee t w as
d a maged. I t w as o f s ha l low f or m o n al ow f oo t-r ing , w ith a n umbo. The c onvex d ecora t ion c ons is ts o f r ows o f t ongue-l ike o rna men ts . The h and le was c ast a nd h ad a r am 's h ead t er m ina l ;
where t he
h and le was s o ldered t o t he d ish i t was w orked i n to l eaf-shapes.
D i-
ameter o f t he r im 2 5.8 cm , d ia meter o f t he f oo t-r ing 1 2.5 cm , l eng th o f h and le 1 2.1 cm , Eggers t ype 1 55. F ig. 1 1:1. 3 .
Ab ronze j ug made o fb ea ten b ron ze s heet.
The h em ispher ical
b ody o n al ow f oo t-r ing merges g radua l ly i n to t he c on ica l u pper p art wh ich i n t urn merges i n to a n arrow n eck w ith a n o u t-turned r i m.
The
mass ive c ast h and le i s a t tached t o t he r im b y ac ircu lar p la te a nd i s h inged t o af l a t l i d.
The l ower e nd o f t he h and le t er m inates i n a n
o rna men t i n t he s hape o f al eaf b y wh ich i ti s s o ldered t o t he b ody o f t he v esse l.
He ight 2 6.4 cm , d ia me ter o f t he r im 5 .8 cm , max i mu m
d ia meter 2 3.6 cm , d ia meter o f b ase 1 2 cm, Eggers t ype 1 28 , S traze v ar ian t. F ig. 1 2 :1, p late XIX :1. 4 . Ab ronze s tra iner o f h em ispher ica l s hape w ith a n o u t-turned r im , t he o rna men ta l p erforat ion f or m ing a c en tra l r oset te a nd a maeander b e low t he r im ;
t he c ast h and le w as o ar-shaped.
He igh t 5 cm , d ia-
meter o f d ie r im 1 0.6 z r i i , l eng th o f h and le 1 3 cm, Eggers t ype 1 60. F ig. 1 2 :2, p late XV I I I :1, 2 . 5 . Ad a maged b ronze b ow l w i th 3 r ings f or s uspens ion . The v er tica l s ides o f t he b ow l h ad a n o u tturned r im p roduced b y b ea t ing , a nd t he b ase was r a ised .
Under t he r i m was a h or izon ta l l inear d ecora t ion a nd a c as t
a t tache men t i n t he s hape o f al ea f was s o ldered t o t he v essel , w i th a h ook a nd a r ing f or s uspens ion .
H e igh t 9 .7 cm , d ia me ter o f t he r im 3 8 cm ,
d ia me ter o f t he b ase 1 3 .8 cm , E ggers t ype 8 4. F ig . 1 1:3 , p la te XVI I I :3. 6 .
A f rag men t o f ab ronze v essel , t he b ase w i th a f oo t-r ing , p robably
p art o f ab ucke t . The b ronze b ow l w ith r ings was a ssoc ia ted w ith a b ronze t r ipod f ro m wh ich i t , a nd a s im ilar s i lver b ow l a lso w ith t hree r ings , w ere s uspended.
V . Ondrouch wr ites t hat t h is t r ipod a nd b ow lf or med a
p ortab le a l tar. The f o ld ing t r ipod wh ich s upported t he b ow ls c ons isted o f t hree v ert ica l l egs w ith b usts o f Mercury o n p edestals w ith h oo k s f or s usp ens ion f or m ing t he u pper t er m ina ls, a nd t he l ower e nds w ith p an ther h eads a nd f eet.
The h inged c ross-p ieces w ere a ttached a t t he u pper
e nds, wh ile t he l ower e nds s l id f reely u p a nd d own t he l egs. 2 0
H e ight
o f l egs 7 8.6 cm , h e igh t o f s tatuet te o f Mercury 8 .9 cm , h e igh t o f f ee t 8 .5 cm. P la te XV I I I :4. G rave 3 , c re ma t ion , c on ta ined o n ly a b ronze v essel w h ich was u sed a s a n u rn . 1 .
Ab ronze b ucket He m moor t ype, t he u pper p art o f t he b ody
c y l indr ica l a nd w ith a p la in v ert ica l r im a nd a l ow c on ical f oo t-r ing. The h and le h as n o t s urv ived.
Eggers t ype 5 8,
F ig. 1 2 :3, p late XD ( :2. Ab ronze l ad le w as f ound , l ater , o f wh ich o n ly a p ho tograph i s p reserved.
B . S voboda men t ions i ti n h is p ub l icat ion , a ssu m ing t hat
t he v esse l c a me f rom g rave 2 a nd w as a ssoc iated w ith t he s tra iner w ith a n o ar-shaped h and le. 1 .
Ab ronze l ad le o f c y l indr ica l s hape w ith a n o arshaped h and le,
Eggers t ype 1 61 o r 1 62. Depos ited i n t he Ba lneo log ica l Museu m , P iegt : any . References :
Ondrouch 1 957, 8 3-145. Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 2 4, 3 1, 3 9, 5 3, 5 4, 6 6, 6 8, 6 9. K o ln ik 1 971, 5 24. S voboda 1 972, 1 0 , o br. 2 , 3 .
2 4.
Z hvod ,
S en ica d istr ict
F rag men ts o f v essels o f u n iden t if ied t ypes p robab ly f ro m d isturbed g raves. Depos ited i n t he N a turh is tor isches Museu m , V ienna. Reference :
Ben inger 1 937, 3 3.
E . Ben ibger men r ivaz a h and le o f ad ipper f ro m K o märno wh ich w as i n t he K unsth istor isches Museu m , V ienna. f inds h as n o t b een v er if ied .
However, t he o r ig ins o f t he o lder Roman
Most o f t he m c a me f ro m Br iget ium o n t he r igh t
b ank o f t he Danube ( Ben inger 1 937 , 3 2 ).
2 1
ANALYS IS OF BRONZE VESSELS
The b ronze v essels a re a na lysed a ccord ing t o t he i nd iv idua l t ypes, w ith in t he f ra mework o f t he d iv is ion o f t he ir f ind ing p laces i n to t he e ar l ier a nd l a ter Ro man p er iods.
The v esse ls o f t he e ar l ier Ro man p er iod a re d escr ibed f irst.
The e arl iest o f t he l arger v essels f ound i n c re mat ion g rave N o. 3 5 a t K osto lnä p r i Duna ji , i s ac au ldron .
Th is v essel i s h em ispher ica l w i th a r e-
i n forc ing i ron r ing u nder t he r im , a nd h as t races o f ac ircu lar l oop i n to w h ich t he h and le was f i t ted :
f ig. 2 :5 , p late 1 :2.
Eggers t ype 6 .
i den t if ied i t , d ated i tt o p er iod B ia ( Ko ln ik 1 971, 5 13 ).
T . K o ld ik , w ho
Ab ronze c au ldron o f
t h is t ype was f ound i n c re ma t ion g rave n o. 1 i nt he Dob Hchov-P i6hora c e met ery i n Bohe m ia.
V . S ak f le d a ted t he DobF ichov v essel t o t he f i rst h alf o f t he
I st c en tury a nd a ssu med t ha t i th ad b een made i n N or icum o r Rhaet ia ( Sakäl 1 970 , 4 , 6 3, t ab. 1 :4 ). Among t he l arger v essels , as itu la f ro m a n i nhu mat ion g rave a t Vysokä p r i Morave s tands o u t i n r espect o f i t s a rt ist ic d ecora t ion.
The h and le t er m inates
i n swans ' h eads, t he sma l l r ound l oops f or a ttach men t o f t he h and le a re d ecorat ed w ith a f e male mask f l anked o n e ither s ide b y l i zards ' h eads ( f ig. 3 :1, p late I V ).
Eggers t ype 2 4, d a ted b y t he a u thor t o p er iod B i ( Eggers 1 951, B e i lage
1 3 ).
V . Ondrouch m inu tely d escr ibed t he s itu la f ro m Vysokä . p r i Morave a nd
d a ted i tt o t he r e ign o f Augustus ( Ondrouch 1 957 1 3-16 ).
A s itu la o f t h is
s hape a nd s im ilar ly d ecora ted , as f ound i n c re ma t ion g rave V a t Dob ilchovP iChora i n Bohe m ia ( Motykovä-Ane idrovä 1 963, p late XX I I I :2. 6 1, p late I : 1).
S akä l . 1 970 , 8 ,
A s itu la o f t h is f or m w as f ound i n P annon ia a t S om lyö jenö
( Radnö t i 1 938, 9 1, p late I X :
4 7 ;
P late XXX I :2 ).
As f or t he method o f manu-
f ac ture o f t he s i tu la , i ti s t hought t hat i tw as f i rst c ast a nd t hen t urned. E . P ern ice h as s im i lar v iews i n r egard t o as i tu la f ro m Lübsow a nd W. Wegew itz l ikew ise c oncern ing a s i tu la f ro m Apensen ( Pern ice 1 912,134. Wegew itz 1 929, 1 50 ). V. Ondrouch w r ites o f as i tu la f ro m Vysokä p r i Morave , t ha t i tw as t urned f rom b ronze s hee t. There i s g enera l a greemen t a s t o t he o r ig ins o f t he b ronze s itu lae. The ir c en tres o f manufacture a re s ough t i n I ta ly , a nd s ome a u thors s pec ify more c losely t he p lace o f manufacture a s C apua.
S cho lars
a re u nan i mous i n d at ing t hese p ieces f ro m L übsow , Wiechu la, L 9g P iekarsk i ., Doblichov-P iChora t o t he i st c en tury ( Pern ice 1 912 , 1 35. P etersen 1 940, 4 1.
Motykovä-§ne idrov ä . 1 963, 8 )
Raschke 1 939 , 6 2.
A . K iet l fnska d a tes t he
s itu la f ro m L 9g P iekarsk i t o Eggers p er iod B I, a round A .D. 5 0 ( K iet l i r i sk a 1 961, P l. 3 3 ).
2 2
A s im ilar , b u t d a maged , s i tu la c a me f rom i nhuma t ion n o. 5 a t Z ohora. I th ad t hree mass ive l egs ; 7 : 1, p late XV : 4 , 5 ) .
t he h and le a nd t he l oops w ere n o t p reserved ( Fig.
The Z ohor
b e longs t o Eggers t ype 2 4.
s i tu la a ccord ing t o i t s d i mens ions a lso
Cast l egs, w ith a p la ited d ecora t ion w ere u sua l ly
f ound o n s i tu lae o f t h is t ype. The s i tu la f rom L eg P iekarsk i h ad t hree s im ilar sma l l l egs l ike t he v essels f ro m Wiechu la a nd L t ibsow ( K iet l ir iska 1 961, p late 3 3 :3. Raschke 1 939 ,6 3 ,6 6 , f i g. 7 . P ern ice 1 912 ,p late 1:2, 5 ) .H W i l lers a ssumed t ha t a l l t he b et ter made t ypes o fb ucket w ith a b ronze h and le a lso h ad s hort l egs wh ich s aved t he b o t to ms f rom d a mage ( W i l lers 1 907 , 2 4 ). I n g rave 5 a t Z ohora , a s men t ioned a bove, t here was a d a maged b ucket w ith 3 l unate l egs. The o vo id s i tu la b elongs t o t he r are Eggers t ype 2 6 , d ated t o p er iod B 2 ( f ig. 7 :2, p late XV :6 ). Eggers d escr ibed t h is t ype a s as i tu la w ith t he n eck a nd b ody merg ing ( Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 1 3 ). Two s itu lae f ound i n ag rave a t Do l lerup i n Denmark a f forded t he n earest p ara l lels t o t he v essel f rom Z ohor ,
t he r econstruct ion o f t he Z ohor
v essel w as made f rom t he m
( Voss 1 948, 2 14, f i g. 3 3 ). The Do l lerup f inds a lso s erve a s ap ro to type f or t he s tudy o ft he manufactur ing t echn ique u sed f or t hese v esse ls. 0 . Voss a scerta ined t hat t he v essels w ere f i rst c ast a nd s ubsequen t ly t he d es ired s hape w as a ch ieved b y b eat ing ( Voss 1 948 , 2 48 ). The s ame o p in ion i s h e ld f or t he o r ig in o f t he Eggers t ype 2 6 s i tu la. ( H is w as d iscussed when d ea l ing w ith t ype 2 4.) I ti s worth men t ion ing t hat t he b ronze s i tu lae o f Eggers t ype 2 6 wh ich w ere f ound a t Do l lerup a nd i n t he g rave a t G ra lum , O stfo ld , N orway , h ad c ast r ound l oops w ith e scu tcheons d ecorated w ith f e male masks f l anked b y t he h eads o f l i zards, a nd t he h and le t er m ina ls w ere i n t he f or m o fb irds' h eads ( Voss 1 948, f i g. 3 3, S lo mann 1 959, f i g. 4 -8 ). These d ecorat ive e lemen ts w ere u sed o n t he Eggers t ype 2 4 s itu la. There i s ab ronze e scu tcheon d ecorated w ith a f e ma le h ead , f rom a s i tu la p reserved i n Brat islava ( p la te 1 : 6 ). I ft h is e scu tcheon i s c o mpared w i th t he s i tu la f ro m Vysok i . p r i Morave, i ti s s een t o b e more s ty l ised.
I nstead
o f t he l i zards ' h eads f l ank ing t he f e ma le h ead , t here r e ma in o n ly t r iangu lar p ro trus ions. On t he b as is o f w el l-known p aral le ls ( Vysokä p r i Morave, Dobi : ichov-P i6hora ) w e a ssu me t hat t he e scutcheon f rom Brat islava w as c onnected w ith t he Eggers t ype 2 4 s i tu la b u t n ot w ith t he t ype 2 6 s i tu la , b ecause b o th v essels b elong t o t he f i rst t ype. A b ronze e scu tcheon d ecora ted b y af e ma le h ead f ro m g rave 17 a t 0 ` 6kov c omes f rom a b ucket wh ich w as n o t p reserved ( f ig. 9 :6 ). T . K o ln tk d a ted t he d ecora t ion t o t he s econd h a lf o f t he 2 nd c ent ury ( Ko ln ik 1 965 , 2 01).
T h is e scutcheon d i ffers f rom t he w e l l-des igned
o nes o n t he I st c en tury s i tu lae ( Vyso ld . p r i Morave , B rat is lava ) i n ac rude e xecu t ion a nd i n t he h ead , w h ich i s i n r e l ief. The r e ma in ing b ucket s i tulae w ere o f more o r l ess g lobu lar s hape.
A
f a ir ly l arge b ucke t f ro m c rema t ion g rave n o.2 a t Z ohor w as e gg-shaped a nd t ak ing i n to a ccoun t i t s o vera l l p ropor t ions i tc an b e l i sted a s Eggers t ype 3 8 ( p late I X :11 ). Eggers p laces t h is t ype o f b ucke t i n p er iod B 1 ( Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 1 9 ). We f ind a g ood a na logy f or t he Z ohor b ucke t i n ab ucket f ro m an ew ly e xcavated g rave a t L 9g P iekarsk i i n Po land. I tt oo i s e gg-shaped a nd i s 2 9 cm h igh.
L . L ec ie jew icz c ons iders t hat t h is v essel h as b een b ea ten ,
i n t he s a me wa 7 , a s v essels f ro m Capua a nd h e d a tes i tt o t he 2 nd c en tury ( Lec ie jewcz 1 955 , 1 03, 1 06 , f i g. 3 ).
2 3
The c o m monest b uckets w ere t hose o f g lobu lar s hape w ith a s i mp le h and le c ons ist ing o f a sma l l c urved b ronze r od , Eggers t ype 4 0 , t he s o-ca l led Oest land t ype a ccord ing t o H . J . Eggers o r Westerwanna t ype a ccord ing t o A. Radnöt i a nd H . Wil lers ( Eggers 1 951, Be i lage 1 9. Wil lers 1 907 , 2 4 ).
Radnö t i 1 938, 9 5.
S uch b uckets w ere f ound i n i nhu ma t ion g raves 3 a nd 4 a t
Z ohor , 8 were f ound i n t he c e metery a t K osto lnä p r i Duna ji ( graves 2 , 5 , 1 0 , 1 8, 2 3, 2 5 , 4 2, 4 7 ), t wo c a me f ro m c re ma t ion g raves a t Besenov ( grave A a nd p robab ly g rave 7 2 ).
A t Z e mp l in ,
i n g rave 3 , b arrow 2 t here w as a b ucket
( f ig. 1 :3, f ig. 6 :3, p late D ( :2, p late X I :4 ). S lovak ia h ave b een p ub l ished.
Th irteen v essels o f t h is t ype f ro m
I t was t he most w idely d istr ibu ted t ype o f
Ro man b ronze v essels ( Eggers 1 951, B I I ;
map 1 9 ).
There a re many
e xa mp les o f t h is t ype among t he f inds o f t he e arl ier Ro man p er iod , a nd t hat i s why we men t ion o n ly s o me o f t he p ara l le ls.
I n Bohe m ia b ucke ts o f
Eggers t ype 4 0 a re f ound ma in ly i n c re mat ion g raves a t Trebug ice , Z d ice, e pov a nd K ostelec n ad L abe m ( Sak 41 1 970 , 3 0 , p late 8 :1, 2 ; 7 ).
p late 1 0 :6 ,
A n u mber o fb uckets o f t h is t ype h ave b een f ound i n P annon ia.
A .
Radn6 t i men t ions t ha t t he b ronze v essels f ro m Pannon ia a re ma in ly b uckets . The a u thor l i sts Carnun tu m a nd Br iget ium among t he p laces where b uckets o f Eggers t ype 4 0 h ave b een f ound.
These b uckets were u sed i n c re mat ion
g raves i n Pannon ia , b u t t he ma jor ity o f t he m w ere f ound o n dwel l ing s i tes ( Radnöt i 1 938 , 8 8, 9 5 , 9 6 , p late X :49 ;
p late XXX I I I :2 ).
J . J . Eggers
d ated t he t ype 4 0b uckets t o t he B2 p er iod ( Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 1 9 ). Ab ronze b ucket o f Eggers t ype 3 9 was f ound i n ac re mat ion g rave a t Kosto lnä p r i Duna ji. As t o t he o r ig ins o f t he b ronze b uckets s cho lars a re a greed t ha t t hey were manu factured i n I ta ly.
A . Radnöt i t h inks t hat o f t he l a ter s pec i men ,
s o me w ere manu factured i n t he p rov inces, most p robab ly i n t he Rh ine r eg ion ( Radnöt i 1 938 , 3 . L ec ie jev . z 1 955 , 10 ). A r elat ive ly sma l l n u mber o fb ow ls h ave b een f ound.
T . K o ln ik men-
t ioned f rag men ts o f ab ronze b ow l f ro m c re ma t ion g rave n o. 3 5 a t K osto lnä p r i Duna ji a s b e ing Eggers t ype 9 2, Poggendorf t ype, a nd c lass if ied i ta s B la ( Ko ln ik 1 971, 5 13 ). h and les.
I t w as a n e arl ier t ype o f b ow lw ith movab le r ing
A c o mp lete b ow l o f t h is t ype c a me f ro m a r ich i nhu ma t ion g rave
a t Prague-Bubene .
B . N ovotnY d ated i tt o t he f i rst h alf o f t he i st c en tury
( Novot d 1 955 , 2 34, f ig. 2 ).
The most e aster ly f ind o f ab ow lo f Poggendorf
t ype was made a t Guster4a-S ib iu i n Rou man ia ( Hored t 1 965 , f i gs. 1 , 2 , 3 ). I n g rave 5 a t Z ohor
t here was a l arge h em ispher ica l b ow l w ith omega-
s haped h and les w ith a n i ma l-head t er m ina ls ( f ig. 8 :3, 4 , p late XV :3 ).
I ti s
Eggers t ype 1 00 , wh ich a ccord ing t o t he a u thor b e longs t o g rade B 1 ( Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 3 8 ). 5 19 ).
T . K o ln ik i dent if ied t he Z ohor
f ind a s B lc ( Ko ln (k 1 971,
Accord ing t o H . J . Eggers t he l arge b ow ls w ith f ixed h and les b e long
t o t he m idd le a nd l a ter t ypes.
Tha t a u thor i s o f t he o p in ion t hat b ow ls o f
t h is g roup c an b e c hrono log ical ly a rranged i n g roups B 1 a nd B 2 a ccord ing t o t he d ecorat ion o f t he h and le.
I n g rade B i w ere l i sted most ly b ow ls w ith
s ty l ised h eads o f s erpen ts, e .g. L übsow Ia nd I , a nd Wiechu la ( Eggers 1 935 , 9 0, 9 1, p late Ia nd I ).
I n g roup B 2 t he c o m monest d ecora t ion o f t he h and le
was a n i ma l h eads ( Marwedel I ) .
The h and le o f t he Z ohor
b ow l h as p ro m inen t
a n i ma l h ead t er m ina ls w ith e ars, wh ich e l im inates t he p oss ib i l ity t ha t t hese a re t he h eads o f s erpen ts.
A . Radnö t i c ons iders t he b ow ls t o b e t he ma in 2 4
v essel o f t he d in ing s et.
O f t he f inds i n Pannon ia t he a u thor men t ions ma in ly
h and les t hat were p reserved a nd n o t c o mp lete b ow ls 1 08 ).
( Radno t i 1 938, 1 06 ,
S cho lars a re a greed o n t he mode o f manu facture o f t he l arge b ow ls w ith f ixed h and les, n a mely t ha t t hey w ere f i rst c ast a nd s ubsequen t ly t urned ( Pern ice 1 912, 1 36.
P etersen 1 940 , 3 8 ).
There was n o d isagree men t a s
t o t he o r ig in o f t hese b ow ls , s cho lars c ons ider ing t he m t o b e o f I t a l ian manu facture.
H . J . Eggers w r ites t hat t hey o r ig inated i n Ro man workshops
( Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 3 8 ).
A . Radnö t i s ough t t he ir o r ig in i n S ou thern
I ta ly ( Radnöt i 1 938, 1 08 ). A sma l l , s i mp le h em ispher ica l b ow l o f t h in b ronze s heet was f ound i n a g rave i n Vysokä p r i Morave. Accord ing t o V . Ondrouch i tb elongs t o Eggers t ype 7 0 a nd i s d ated t o g roup B 2 ( Ondrouch 1 957, 3 4 ).
The a u thor a ssumes
t hat i ti s ap roduct o f t he C apua worksh ips a nd t ha t i t was made i n t he i st c en tury .
The r e ma ins o f a sma l l t h in w al led b ow l o f i ndeter m ina te f or m w as
f ound i n ag rave a t Bors e P etr. Av ery c o m mon t ype o f v esse l w as t he b ronze d ippers o f v ar ious s hapes w ith h and les d ecora ted i n d i f feren t w ays; t hese d ippers w ere u sed i n t he p er iods o f g roups B 1 a nd B 2. p ub l ished.
A t o ta l o f 1 5 e xa mp les f ro m S lovak ia h as b een
Cre mat ion g raves a t S lädkov ieovo ( graves 3 4 a nd 6 9 ) p roduced
f ragmen ts o f d ippers, t he h and les o f wh ich t er m ina ted i n swans ' h eads 7 , 8 , p late 1 1 :5 ).
( f ig . 1 :
Th is w as t he e arl iest t ype o f Ro man d ipper , c a l led b y
Eggers t ype 1 31. T K o ln lk c lass if ies i ta s B la ( Ko ln ik 1 971, 5 13 ). I n Bohe m ia c o mp le te d ippers , Eggers t ype 1 31, w ere f ound i n g raves a t P ragueBubenee , K ropaeova V ru t ice , S traky a nd i n t he p ar ish o f L ysec ( Novo tny 1 955 , f i g. 4 .
Motykovä-§ne idrova 1 963, 3 3, 3 4;
f ig. 2 0 :2 , p late XV I I ;10 )•
Ad ipper d ecora ted o n t he h and le w ith a t hyrsus d es ign a nd w ith a l unate o pen ing -b elongs t o t he e ar l ier t ype, Eggers t ype 1 37.
Th is t ype o f d ipper
was f ound i n ad isturbed g rave, p robab ly a n i nhumat ion , a t K osto lnä p r i Duna ji ( f ig. 2 :2 , 3 ).
On t he h and le was a s ta mp L .L. NAEV IO , s how ing t hat
t he d ipper was made i n C apua ( Ko ln fk 1 959, 1 50 ). Two h and les o f d ipper o ft h is t ype w ere f ound i n c re ma t ion g raves 1 0 a nd 3 5 a t K osto lnä p r i Duna j i ( Ko ln ik 1 971, 5 13;
K o ln fk 1 977 , f ig. 9 :3 ).
Fro m t he s urv iv ing f ragmen ts
w e l i st w ith t h is t ype ad ipper f ro m a c re ma t ion g rave a t Lb ( t he h and le h as a t hyrsus d es ign a nd t he t argetl ike e nd o f t he h and le h as b eaten d ecorat i on ( f ig. 1 :5 ).
Te jra l r econstruc ted t he h and le o f t he d ipper f rom L äb
( Te jral 1 967, 9 6 , f i g. 9 :4 ). The d ipper w ith t he l unate o pen ings i n t he ir h and les a re d a ted t o B ib a ccord ing t o T . K o ln fk ( Ko ln fk 1 971, 5 17 ). H . Wil lers b el ieves t hat t he b ronzes w ith t he s ta mp L .L. NAEV IO o r ig inated i n t he workshops o f Capua ( W i l lers 1 907 , 7 3 ).
On t he s treng th o ft he s ta mped
d ipper f ro m K osto lnä p r i Duna j i w e a re j ust if ied i n c ons ider ing o ther v essels o f t h is t ype a s a lso I ta l ian a nd t o c o me f ro m Capua. The h and les o f t he ma jor ity o f t he b ronze d ipper o pen ing.
t er m inated i n ac ircu lar
Fragmen ts o f ap an w ith a c ircu lar o pen ing i n t he h and le w ere f ound
i n c re ma t ion g rave n o. 2 a t K r flovany n ad Dudväho m. d ecorated w ith t hrysus d es ign ( f ig . 1 :6 ).
2 5
The h and le w as
H . J . Eggers l i sts a s ha l lower d ipper
with a similarly decorated handle as type 139, and dates it as an early type to Bi (Eggers 1951, Beilage 60). It was not possible to identify with any accur acy the fragments of a bronze dipper from grave no. 1 at Krizovany nad Dud vahom. A larger dipper with vertical sides and a circular opening was found in a grave at Vysoka pri Mera ve, (fig. 4:1 , plate V). The stamp on the handle, p. CIPI. POLIBY, indicated the manufacturer and place of manufacture (Ondrouch 1957, 18). P. Cipius Polybius worked in Capua in Flavian times. A similar large dipper with a circular opening and two smaller dippers were found in inhumation graves at Zohor (graves 1, 3, 4) (fig. 5:2; fig. 6: 1, 2, plate VIII:3, 4; plate X:1, 2; plate XI:1, 2). The handle of a dipper with a circular opening was also found in cremation grave no. 3 6 at Kostolna pri Dunaji. H. J. Eggers listed these dippers as types 140 and 142, the former being dated as Bi and the latter as B2 (Eggers 1951, Beilage 60). The dippers with circular openings from Slovakia are here listed as Eggers type 140, dated as Bi. V. Ondrouch placed the stamped dipper from Vysoka pri Morave in the group. There is a larger dipper from Zohor , (grave 3), which probably also comes from Capua; its shape and measurements are the same as those of the stamped dipper from Vysoka pri Morave. V. Ondrouch described the smaller dipper from Zohor, grave 1, as a South Gaulish imitation of an Italian prototype. The author regarded it as Eggers type 142, B2 (Ondrouch 1957, 46). The majority of the dipper from P annonia were of this same type with a circular opening in the handle. As well as entire vessels there were also handles, often stamped. A • Radnoti mentions mainly the finds from settlements at Aquincum and Brigetio. He points out that these dippers had been in use for a long time; their manufrtcture hPgQ,n in the time of Augustus and continued into the 3rd century (Radnoti 1938, 50; plate XXI, XXII, XXIII). K. Majewski referred to these deep dippers as Rz�dz type and was of the opinion that in the 1st century they were the products of Capua and that these were replaced in the 2nd century by imports from Gaul (Majewski 1949, 76, 77). These massive vessels with circular openings in their handles were cast and subse quently turned. The insides of some of these deep dippers were coated with white metal (vessels from Vysoka pri Morave and from Zohor). H. Willers points out that a considerable number of these dippers bear the maker's stamp. Many of them bear the names Cipius Polybius or Ansius Epafroditus, showing that they were manufacture was concentrated mainly in the workshops of these masters. (Wilers 1907, 77, 78.) There are two smaller dippers from the grave at Vysoka pri Morave with the stamp P . CIPII. POLIBII. F • , the handles of which terminate a trefoliate opening (fig. 4:2, plate VI:1, 3). Both these paterae were coated with white metal on the inside. They are Eggers type 146, dated by the author to B2 (Eggers 1951, Beilage 61). The stamps of P. Cipius Polybius show that they were made in the Capua workshops. Lastly, grave 1 at Zohor produced a dipper with rounded sides and a circular opening in the handle, of the so-called "Goddker type", Eggers type 144, dated to B2 (fig. 5 :1, plate VII:1, 2) (Eggers 1951, Beilage 60). In 26
c ont rast t o t he d ippers d escr ibed a bove w h ich w ere d ecorated o n ly w ith e x ter ior g rooves, t h is d ipper h ad a n i nc ised b and o f t ongued d ecorat ion b elow t he r i m.
V . Ondrouch a ssumes t hat t h is d ipper w as manu factured i n S ou thern
Gau l. He j ust if ied h is s tate men tb y t he f act t ha t t he d ipper o f Gödäker t ype o ccur ma in ly i n t he n orthern r eg ions a nd o n ly i n i so lated i nstances i n P annon ia ( Ondrouch 1 957, 4 1-45 ).
S evera l o ther s cho lars a re a lso o f t he o p in ion t hat
d ippers o f Gödäker t ype o r ig ina ted i n S ou thern G au l ;
e .g. H . Wi l lers a nd A .
Radn6 t i ( W i l lers 1 907 , 8 1; Radnö t i 1 938, 5 0 ). A . Radnöt i men t ions t hat a d ipper o ft he Gödäker t ype w as f ound a t I n terc isa i n Pannon ia ( Radnö t i 1 938 , 5 0 , p late XX IV :3 ). B ronze l ad les a nd s tra iners f or med p art o f w ine s ets a nd w ere u sua l ly f ound t ogether. The b ow ls a nd h and les o f t hese v essels w ere o f t he s ame s hape a nd were made i n s uch a w ay t hat t he s l igh t ly sma l ler s tra iner f i t ted i n to t he l ad le. When o n ly o ne o ft hese v essels was f ound i tw as v ery p roba b le t ha t t here n evertheless w as o r ig ina l ly a w ho le l ad le s et i n t he g rave. H . J . Eggers d iv ides t he l ad les a nd t he s tra iners a ccord ing t o t he s hape o f t he b ow l a nd o f t he h and le.
He c ategor ised a s t ype 1 60 t he sma l ler v esse ls
w ith a w ide, o ar-shaped h and le a nd t he o nes w ith a l ong mace-shaped h and le h e c a l led t ype 1 62 ( Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 6 8, 7 0 ). L ad les o fh em ispher ica l f or m , made f rom t h in b eaten meta l s heet w ith l ong mace-shaped h and les c a me f ro m t he i nhuma t ion g raves a t Z ohor ( graves 3 , 4 , 5 ) .
They w ere a l most o f t he s a me s ize a nd b elonged t o Eggers t ype 1 62,
d a ted a s B 2 ( f ig. 6 :5 , f i g. 8 :5 , p late X :3; B e ilage 7 0 ).
p late X I :3 ) ( Eggers 1 951,
A l though t he l ad les f rom Z ohor
w ere d a maged i tw as p oss ib le
t o r econstruc t t he m f ro m t he s urv iv ing p ieces.
The l ad le f rom t he g rave a t
Vysokä . p r i Morave ( f ig. 4 :4 ) a lso f e l l i n to t h is c a tegory. V . Ondrouch r eg arded t h is l ad le a s I ta l ian work a nd d ated i tt o t he I st c en tury ( Ondrouch 1 957 , 3 3 ). A s im i lu i L a r lk , w as f ound i n i nhumat ion g rave n o. 1 21 a t Abraha m ( f ig. 1 : 1, p late I : 1, 2 ). L ad les o f t h is s i mp le t ype w ere a lso f ound a t K osto lnä . p r i Duna ji ( graves 1 8 a nd 3 0 , t he l at ter e i ther a l ad le o r as tra iner ), a nd p robab ly a lso o n t he c e metery a t Bege i iov ( grave A ). F rag men ts o f a l ad le w ith a mace-shaped h and le w ere f ound i n ac re mat ion g rave a t Ma lacky. A mace-shaped h and le f rom e i ther a l ad le o r as tra iner w as f ound i n ac re r ' nat i on g rave a t Z ohor o n t he P iesky s i te. The l ad les w ere made o f e xceed ing ly t h in b ronze s heet. As H . Wil lers p o in ted o u t , t he s ides a re a pprox i ma tely 1m m t h ick ( W il lers 1 907 , 8 2 ).
V . Ondrouch wr ites o f l ad le f ro m Vysokä p r i
Morave , t ha t i tw as made o fb ronze s heet i n t he f i rst p lace a nd s ubsequen t ly t urned a nd i t s c ast h and le w as s o ldered o n s epara tely ( Ondrouch 1 957 , 3 1). A . Radn6 t i t h inks t hat t he l ad les w ere t urned a nd t hat e ach h and le was c ast i nd iv idua l ly a nd s o ldered o nb elow t he r im
( Radnöt i 1 938, 5 8 ).
I n t he s econd g roup w ere l ad les w ith f l a t , o ar-shaped h and les wh ich H . J . Eggers l i sted a s t ype 1 60 a nd d ated a s B 2 ( Eggers 1 951, Be i lage 6 8 ). Most o f t hese l ad les w ere f ound a t K osto lnä p r i Duna j i ( graves 2 , 5 , 1 0 a nd 5 1) b u t t wo a lso c a me f rom B ege r lov ( graves 7 2 a nd 7 5 ). The s urv iv ing s tra iners f or med i n t he ma jor ity o f c ases s ets w ith t he l ad les d escr ibed a bove, c onsequen t ly i fb elong ing t o t he f i rst g roup t hey w ere h em ispher ica l w ith a mace-shaped h and le.
2 7
The s tra iners d i f fered f rom t he
l ad les i n t hat f inely-execu ted p erforated d ecorat ion o n t he b ow l.
The s tra iners
f ro m g raves 4 a nd 5 a t Z ohor h ad t he s a me p erforated d ecora t ion , ar osette o n t he b ot to m , a nd a maeander b elow t he r im ( f ig. 6 :4; f i g. 8 :6 , p late X I I : 1 , 2 ;
p late XV :1,2 ).
The s tra iner f rom i nhuma t ion g rave 1 21 a t Abrahä ,m
h ad a d if feren t d ecorat ion , as p ira l ly r o l led-up l eaf ( f ig. 1 :2, p late 1 : 3, 4 ). Grave 3 1 a t K osto lnä p r i Duna j i p roduced a s tra iner w ith a mace-shaped h and le. A s tra iner f ro m Bege f iov ( grave A ) h ad a h and le o f s im ilar s hape. The s tra iners l i sted a l l b e long t o Eggers t ype 1 62. Accord ing t o Eggers, t he s ets o f l ad les a nd s tra iners w ith mace-shaped h and les most ly d ate f rom A .D. 5 0-150 ( Eggers 1 951, B e ilage 7 0 ). A f i ne s et o f al ad le a nd a s tra iner
w ith a mace-shaped h and le c a me f rom k ep ov , Bohe mia (Motykovä-Aneidrovä 1 967 , e nclosure 2 :4 , 5 ) . A . Radnöt i d oes men t ion l ad le s e ts o f t h is t ype among t he t ypes o fb ronze v esse ls f ro m Pannon ia wh ich h e l i sts. The r est o f t he s tra iners d if fered i n t he s hapes o f t he ir h and le.
The
s tra iner f ro m a d isturbed g rave a t K osto lnä p r i Duna ji h ad a w ider o ars haped h and le , a nd t he h em ispher ica l smal l b ow l w as d ecorated w ith a p erforated d es ign o f s p ira ls a nd e l l ipses ( f ig. 2 :1). Th is s tra iner b e longs t o Eggers t ype 1 59, d ated a s B 1 ( Eggers 1 951, B e ilage 6 8 ). I n c re mat ion g rave 6 8 a t S lä .dkov i6ovo a f ragmen t o f as im i lar h and le b elong ing e ither t o as tra iner o r t o al ad le was f ound.
I n g rave 3 a t Z ohor
t here was a l arger
s tra iner w ith a n o arl ike h and le o n wh ich w as t he s ta mp I LL IOMARUS F . The p erforated d ecorat ion o f t h is s tra iner c ons isted o f ar oset te o n t he b ot to m v o lutes a nd meanders ( p late X :4-6 ); i ti s E ggers t ype 1 60 , wh ich h e p laces i n B 2.
The s ta mp I LL IOMARUS i s n e ither l i sted i n t he c o l lect ion
o f s ta mps o n Ro man b ronze v esse ls c omp iled b y H . Wil lers n or i n t he c a ta logue o f s ta mps f ro m Pannon ia c o mp i led b y A . Radnö t i ( W il lers 1 907 , 8 5-91. Radnöt i 1 938, p la te XVI I ). The l a t ter a u thor men t ions t ha t s o me s ta mps o n t he s tra iners f ro m Pannon ia w ere t hose o f Ga l l ic makers. T he n a me I LL IOMARUS s ounds a s i fi t may b e o f G au l ish o r ig in a nd t he Z ohor v essel may t herefore h ave c ome f ro m S ou thern G au l. Th is a ssump t ion i s s upported b y A . Radnö t i , w ho n oted t hat t he I t a l ian ( Capua ) makers w ro te t he ir n a mes i n t he g en it ive o n t he ir s ta mps , w h ile t he n ames o f t he G a l l ic makers w ere w r itten i n t he n om inat ive w ith t he a bbrev ia t ion F ( R ,adnö t i 1 957, 1 76 ). The f rag men ts o f as tra iner w ith a n o ar-shaped h and le w ere r ecorded f ro m g rave 5 , 5 1 a t K osto lnä p r i Duna ji.
A t B egef iov t here were f ound t wo
f rag men ts f rom s im ilar s tra iners a nd t hese f or med s ets w ith t he l ad les d isc ussed a bove ( graves 7 2, 7 5 ). A l l t hese s tra iners b elong t o Eggers t ype 1 60. L ast ly A . Radnöt i men t ions a h em ispher ica l s tra iner w ith a n o ar-shaped h and le wh ich w as f ound a t Rusovce. I tw as d ecorated o n t he b ase w ith a p erf orated r oset te ( f ig. 1 :4 ). The s tra iner w as f ound i n t he Ro man p rov ince o f Pannon ia a nd n ot i n t he G er man ic s et t le men t.
S tra iners w ith o ar-shaped
h and les were f ound i n Bohe m ia i n g raves a t L ovos ice ( Motykovä-Ane idrovä , 1 967 , e nclosure 2 :9, 1 0 ). A Radnö t i men t ions many o f t h is t ype w ith o ars haped h and les ( l ad les a nd s tra iners ) among f i nds o fb ronze a rt icles , ma in ly f rom t he l arger c en tres s uch a s S isc ia a nd Carnun tum.
The s tra iners f rom
Pannon ia a re n o tab le f or t he ir f ine d ecora t ion , f or e xamp le t he f i nd f rom Br iget ium. He c oncludes t ha t t he s tra iners o f Eggers t ype 1 60 h ad i n most c ases a r ose t te d es ign o nt he b ot to m s urrounded b y maeanders o r b y ad es ign c ons ist ing o f sma l l a rcs ( Radnöt i 1 938, 6 2, 6 3; XXV : 7 ). 2 8
p late XX IV :6, 9 ;
p late
A s econd t ype o f s et o f v essels w h ich o ccurred i n r ich g raves c ons isted o f as acr if ic ia l d ish-pa tera a nd a j ug. These v essels w ere d ist ingu ished f ro m t he o ther b ronze v esse ls b y t he ir a rt istry a nd h igh l eve l o f c raf ts mansh ip , a nd b y t he ir r ich ly mou lded d ecorat ion .
S uch s ets were f ound i n g raves a t Vysokä
p r i Morave a nd a t Z ohora. V . Ondrouch c al ls t he sma l l d ish w ith a h and le as acr if ic ia l d ish o r p a tera. Accord ing t o h im t he s et o f p atera a nd j ug was o r ig ina l ly u sed f or r e l ig ious p urposes ( Ondrouch 1 957 , 2 2 ). A sma l l p atera w ith a h and le t er m inat ing i n a mou lded a n i ma l h ead w as f ound o n ly r arely i n • t he g raves o ft he e arl ier Roman p er iod. The p atera f ro m t he g rave a t Vysok i p r i Morave h ad a n umbo i n i t s c en tre a nd a mass ive h and le t er m ina t ing i n t he h ead o f ad og. The umbo w as d ecora ted w ith a n e ngraved t endr il d es ign ( f ig. 3: 3 ,p late V I :4-6 ). A sma l l s acr if ic ia l p atera o f t he s ame s hape a nd a l most t he s a me s ize c a me f rom g rave 5 a t Z ohora , b u t t he h ead o f t he d og was model led more n atura li s t ica l ly ( f ig. 8 :2, p la te ) C I I :3-5 ).
These sma l l p a terae b elonged t o Eggers
t ype 1 55 , d ated a s B 1 ( Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 6 6 ). T . K o ln ik l i sts a p a tera o f s im ilar t ype w ith a h and le t er m inat ing i n a n a n i ma l h ead ( l ion? ) wh ich w as f ound i n t he c e metery a t K osto lnä p r i Duna ji, i n g rave n o. 1 0.
The
b ronze h and le o f ap a tera w as f ound i n ag rave a t B rat islava-Dev in :
t he
mass ive c ast h and le t er m inated i n ar am 's h ead model led i n av ery n a turali s t ic w ay ( p late I : 5 ). A . Radnöt i men t ions p art icu larly t hat t he d ish-paterae w ere w idely d istr ibu ted i n t he Danub ian p rov inces. We f i nd h ere many p ieces s im ilar t o t he p aterae f rom Vysokä p r i Morave a nd Z ohor. The a na logy i s ma in ly i nt he s hape a nd d ecora t ion o f t he h and le.
I n Pannon ia
t here a re n umerous p ara l lels f or t he d ecorat ion o f t he h and le w ith a h ead o f ad og , f or e xa mp le a t K örnye , N agyberk i . Aqu incum a nd I n terc isa ( Radnöt i 1 938, 7 4, p late V I I: 3 1; p la te XXV I I :1, 2 , 5 , 6 ). Accord ing t o Radnö t i t he p aterae w it h t he h c i -d n f nd og o r ar am h ad a c om mon o r ig in s o t hat i n f act t hey r epresen ted o ne t ype o n ly.
There i s a n e xa mp le o f ah and le o f ap atera
w i th a r am 's h ead t er m ina l f ro m Bohe m ia , i n g rave I a t Dobnchov-P i6hora ( S a ll ii•1 970 , 4 , p late X I :3 ). A l l t he s acr if ic ia l d ishes l i sted b y H . J . E ggers h ave h and les t er m inat ing i n ar am 's h ead , s uch a s t ha t f rom L gg P iekarsk i i n Po land ( Eggers 1 951, Be i lage 6 6 , K iet l ir iska 1 961, p late 3 3:5 ). I n P annon ia , p a terae w ith a h and le t er m inat ing i n ar am 's h ead w ere f ound a t K örnye a nd Pusztäs modor ( Radnot i 1 938, p late V I I :30 , p late XVI : 2 , 5 ; p la te XXVI I :3, 4 ). V . O ndrouch w r ites o f t he s acr if ic ia l p a tera f rom V ysokä p r i Morave, t ha t i t was c ast a nd t hen t urned.
J . Werner c oncludes
t ha t t he smal l p a terae w i th h and les a nd f in ished o f f w ith c ast .
a n i ma ls ' h eads w ere
J . Werner a nd A . Radnö t i c ons idered t hat t hese s acr if ic ia l d ishes
o r ig inated i n I t a ly ( Werner 1 954, 5 6.
Radnöt i 1 938 , 7 4 ).
The b ronze j ugs b e longed e ither t o d r ink ing s ets o r w ith p aterae o f r e l ig ious c haracter. Two b ron ze j ugs were f ound i n g rave 5 a t Z ohor, a nd b y a na logy w ith t he f ind f ro m Vysoka p r i Morave i tc an b e c oncluded t hat t he j ug a ssoc iated w ith t he s acr if ic ia l d ish was t he o ne w ith a n a n i ma l p ro to me o n t he h andle.
The j ugs w h ich w ere p art o f s e ts i n g raves a t Vysok i p r i
Morave a nd a t Z ohor w ere o f s im ilar s hape a nd d i mens ions ( f ig. 3 :2; f i g. 8 : 1, p la te V I I , p late X I I I ). The j ugs wh ich h ad a n arrow n eck w iden ing t o
2 9
as pou t a nd a c onvex f oot-r ing h ad c ast h and les wh ich w ere t er m inated a t t he t op w ith a n i ma l p ro tomes a nd a t t he l ower e nd w ere a t tached t o t he v essels b y mou lded f e ma le h eads.
A l though t he d ecora t ion o f t he j ugs was s im i lar
i n t ype i td i ffered i n d e ta il. The j ug f rom Vysokä p r i Morave was d ecorated w ith a h orse p roto me, wh ile t he o ne f rom Z ohor h ad t he p rotome o f a f e l ine , p robab ly a p an ther. N o t e ven t he f e ma le h eads w ere model led i n t he s a me way a nd t he d ecora t ion o n t he h and le u sed d if feren t mot ifs. The j ugs were Eggers t ype 1 27 , a nd d ated a s B I. H . J . Eggers l i sts a s t he s o le e xa mp le o f t ype 1 27 a j ug f rom S traze d a ted t o t he l ater Ro man p er iod ( Eggers 1 951, B e ilage 5 3 ). I n t he d escr ipt ions b y H . J . Eggers o f r ich g raves a nd s i tes t here w ere n o p ara l lels f or t hese v essels.
J ugs o f Eggers t ype 1 27 w ere d istr ibuted t hroughou t t he
Danube r eg ion , ma in ly i n P annon ia.
A . Radn6 t i made a c o mprehens ive l i st
o f j ugs o f t h is t ype a nd men t ions a f ew f ine p ieces f rom Pannon ia f rom t he f o l low ing s i tes : K eszthely-U j ma jor , V a jta , I n terc isa a nd o thers. H e d raws o u t a t ten t ion t o t he f ac t t hat Pannon ia c a me s econd o n ly t o I ta ly i nt he d ist r ibu t ion o f t hese n arrow-necked j ugs.
Th is t ype was f ound i n t he Ba lkans
a s we l l a s i n Pannon ia ( Radnöt i 1 960 , 1 08-114 ). When J . Ch. Ba l ty d isc ussed t he h and le o f t he b ronze j ug f ro m Brussels h e r ev ised a nd a dded t o t he c ata logue o f n arrow-necked b ronze j ugs w h ich h ad b een c o mp iled b y A. Radnöt i ( Ba lty 1 965 , 5 1-58 ).
I t c an b e s een f ro m t he Pannon ian f i nds
t hat p ro to mes o f v ar ious a n i ma ls w ere u sed o n t he j ug-hand les, a l most e very s pec i men r epresen t ing a n ew v ar iety , f or e xa mp le p rotomes o f a h orse , o f a swan , t he h ead o f al i on o r t he f igure o f ag r if fon . The f e ma le h ead t hat a dorned t he l ower e nd o ft he h and le o f t he j ugs f ro m Z ohor
a nd
f ro m Vysokä p r i Morave o ccur i n v ar ious f or ms o n o ther s i tes ( Keszthe lyU j ma jor a nd I n terc isa ). Maenad o r o f Medusa.
S cho lars h ave c ons idered i tt o b e t he h ead o fa V . Ondrouch wro te o f t he j ug f rom Vysokä p r i Morave
t hat i tw as f i rst c ast a nd t hen t urned. The h and le was c ast s epara tely a nd s o ldered o n af terwards ( Ondrouch 1 957, 2 3 ). A . Radn6 t i made a v ery t horough s tudy o f t he o r ig ins o f t he j ugs w i th mou lded p ro to mes. H e s tates t hat t hey a re f rom S ou thern I ta ly a nd d a te f ro m t he i st c en tury ( R ,adnö t i 1 938, 1 16-119 ). Deta i led e xa m ina t ion o f a l l t he s urv iv ing e xa mp les o f s uch j ugs f ro m S lovak ia , f ro m Vysokä p r i Morave a nd Z ohor ' , l ead J . Ch. B a lty a nd A . Radn6 t i t o b e l ieve t hat t hey a re o f p rov inc ia l a nd n ot o f I t a l ian manu facture ( Ba lty 1 965 , 5 6. Radn6 t i 1 960 , 19 ). T he mou lded d ecorat ion u sed o n t he s acr if ic ia l d ish-paterae a nd j ugs b ore w itness t o t he h igh l evel o f t echn ica l a nd a rt ist ic s k i l l o f t he makers wh ich o ne w ou ld a ssoc iate w ith t he more d eveloped manu factur ing c en tres i n I ta ly. The s econd b ronze j ug f ro m a g rave i n Z ohor
w as o f ad if feren t , o ne
migh t s ay c lass ica l , s hape. I tw as c harac ter ised b y s ymmetr ica l p ropor t ions a nd b y s i mp le b u t t astefu l d ecorat ion . The j ug h ad a g lobu lar b ody a nd a h and le w ith mou lded d ecorat ion wh ich s pread o u t a t t he t op i n to v o lutes f l anked b y swans ' h eads a nd a t t he l ower e nd t er m inated i n av ine l eaf ( f ig. 7 :3, p late X IV ).
H . J . Eggers d oes n ot l i st t h is t ype o f j ug , h is n earest p aral lel b e ing
t ype 1 22, wh ich h e d eno tes a s Aa nd a lso B 1 ( Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 5 2 ). Accord ing t o T . K o ln fk t he j ug f ro m Z ohor c an b e p laced i n h is c ategory B la. A . Radnö t i d escr ibes s im ilar j ugs f rom P annon ia f ro m K eszthely-
3 0
U j ma jor a nd K á loz ( Radnöt i 1 938, 1 34, p late XXX IX :2, p late XL :1). These e xamp les a fford p ara l lels f or t he s hape o f t he j ug f rom Z ohor a nd f or t he d eco ra t ion o f t he u pper p art o f t he h and le , b u t n o t f or t he l eaf mot if a t t he l ower e nd . The j ug f ro m Z ohor w as c ast i n o ne p iece , t he h and le b e ing c ast s epara te ly , s o ldered o n a t t he r im a nd f astened b y ar ivet a t t he l ower e nd. For t he o r ig ins o f t h is j ug w e h ave t o r ely o n t he c onc lus ions o f A . Radnö t i t hat t he s hape o f t he j ug c erta in ly c a me f rom I t a ly , a l though t he a u thor c ons iders t ha t t h ese j ugs w ere l ater a lso manu factured i n G au l ( Radn6t i 1 938 , 1 34, 1 36 ). T he d a t ing o f s o me t ypes o f v essel a ccord ing t o H . J . Eggers h as b een d iscussed a bove. T . K o ln fk p laced t he s ets o f b ronze v essels f ro m t he g raves a t Vysokä p r i Morave a nd Z ohor i n to c ategory B ic , t hat i s t he t h ird q uar ter o f t he i st c en tury ( Ko ln fk 1 971, 5 19 ).
V . Ondrouch d a ted t he i nhu-
ma t ion g rave a t Vysok 5 . p r i Morave t o t he i st h a lf o f t he 2 nd c en tury . He d rew a t ten t ion t o t he f act t ha t t he g rave w as c haracter ised b y S ou thIta l ian . b ron ze
v essels ( f ro m Capua ) wh ich w ou ld d a te i tt o t he e nd o f t he i st c en tury o r t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury ( Ondrouch 1 957, 7 7 ). The i nhumat ion g raves a t Z ohor c on ta ined b ronze v essels wh ich , a ccord ing t o t he d at ing o f H . J . Eggers, b e long t o c ategor ies B 1 a nd B 2.
G raves 3 , 4a nd 5h ave b een
d a ted b y t he a u thor t o t he b eg inn ing o f t he 2 nd c en tury a nd g rave 1 t o t he m idd le o f t he 2 nd c en tury ( Kraskovskä 1 959, 1 31).
The b ronze v essels
d escr ibed d ate f rom t he e ar l ier Roman p er iod. T he b ronze v essels f rom r ich g raves a t S träie a nd C e jkov a nd f ro m t he 06 . kov c e metery d ate f ro m l a ter Ro man p er iod. N ew t ypes o f v essel w ere f ound i n i nhumat ion g raves a t S träie a nd t he v essels o f t he t ypes d escr ibed a bove d if fered f ro m t hese i nt he ir mode o f manufacture a nd t he ir d ecora t ion . T he b ucket f ro m
4rhu
m ati o n
g rave n o. 1 a t S träie w ith i t s f oo t-r ing b elongs
t o t he He m moor t ype, d eno ted b y Eggers a s t ype 6 1 a nd d ated t o C 2 ( f ig. 1 0 : 1 ) ( Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 2 4 ). 2 50 ( Werner 1 936, 4 01, 4 08 ).
J . Werner d a ted t he v essels o f t h is t ype t o 1 50Accord ing t o V . Ondrouch , who b ases h is
o p in ions o n t he works o f J . Werner o n " buckets o f t he He m moor t ype" , i t was manu factured i nt he Rh ineland. The b uckets , Eggers t ype 6 1, w ere f ound i n t he n orthern p arts o f f ree G er many , i n Denmark , Ho l land a nd Hanover. C re mat ion g rave n o. 3 a t S träge p roduced t he s econd b ronze v essel o f t h is t ype , wh ich was u sed a s a nu rn ( f ig . 1 2 :3, p la te X IX :2 ). I tw as o f Eggers t ype 5 8 ,
p er iod C ( Eggers 1 951, B e i lage 2 4 ).
Th is t ype o fb ucketoccurred
most f requen t ly , ma in ly i nt he n orthern a reas. Buckets o f t he He m moor t ype w ere f ound i n t he Danube r eg ion o n ly a s i so la ted e xa mp les ( R ,adnöt i 1 938, 9 8, p late XXXV :7 ).
V .
Ondrouch a ssumed t hat t he f rag men t o f ab ronze v essel
( part o f t he b ase w ith t he f oo t-r ing)ca me f rom a bucket o f t h is t ype wh ich w as f ound i ng rave 2 a t S trä e ( Ondrouch 1 957 , p la te 4 8 :19 ). G rave n o. 1 a t S träge y ielded a l arge b ow l made o f b eaten b ronze d ecorat ed w ith g rooves ( f ig. 1 0 :2 , p late XV I :5 , 6 ). Accord ing t o Eggers i tw as t ype 1 08 ,
p er iod C 2
( Eggers 1 951, Be ilage 3 8 ).
Th is t ype w as r epresen ted o n ly
b y as ing le f ind a t S träie.
V . Ondrouch wrote t hat t he p rov inc ia l o r ig in o f
t h is b ow l i s i nd ispu table.
He a ssu mes t hat i tw as made o n t he L ower Rh ine
( Ondrouch 1 957, 1 03 ).
3 1
The bowl from grave 2 at Straze was of a totally different shape; it was also beaten, with horizontal walls, and on the rim were three cast leaf shaped escutcheons in which were the rings for suspension (fig. 11 :1). This bowl belongs with the bronze tripod and has all the characteristics of Eggers type 84, dated to C2 (plate XVIII:3, 4) (Eggers 1951, Beilage 31). Similar vessels, with three leaves supporting the round loops for rings occurred in Pannonia (Brigetio and Carnuntum) but were not unknown in the region of the Lower Rhine. J. Werner sought the origins of these bowls in the Danubian provinces (Werner 1936, 404). V. Ondrouch thinks that they were of provincial manufacture, most likely from the Rhineland; he believes that the bowl was made later to go with the earlier tripod which was made in Capua in the 1st-2nd century (Ondrcuch 1957, 140). The inhumation grave at Cejkov yielded a large hemispherical bowl with two omega-shaped handles with zoomorphic terminals (perhaps representing goats) (fig. 9 :3, 4). H. J. Eggers describes the bowl from Cejkov as type 104 and dates it to C2 (Eggers 1951, Beilage 38). According to E. Beninger the bowl is of provincial manufacture (Beninger 1931, 188).
A set of a ladle and a strainer was found in grave 1 at Straze. Their
bowls differed from the earlier types having vertical walls and flat bottoms and the handles were oar-shaped (fig. 10:3, 4, plate XVI:1-4). The ladle belongs to Eggers type 161, dated to C1 and C2 (Eggers 1951, Beilage 69). The strainer, which had a perforated rosette on the bottom and wavy lines on the sides belongs also to Eggers type 161. V. Ondrouch considers this set to be of provincial manufacture as it appears to have been executed with less care (Ondrouch 1957, 96). A • Radn6ti maintains that sets of this type were made either in Gaul or in the Rhineland (Radn6ti 1938, 65). The bronze strainer from the grave at Cejkov had an oar-shaped handle and although the bottom was destroyed it can be assumed to have been of type 161 (fig. 9:5). In graves 148 and 208 at Ockov there were fragments of strainers with an oar-shaped handles and with similar perforated decora tion. According to T. Kolruk these strainers belong to Eggers type 161 (Koln{k 1961, 275). V. Ondrouch divided the smaller vessels of type 161 according to their handles into the earlier and later types. He regarded the set from Straze as belonging to the earlier type, whereas the later type was represented by the Cejkov find. He quotes parallels for type 161, mainly from the Rhineland and the northern regions (Ondrouch 1957, 96, 97). The strainer from grave no. 2 at Straze was hemispherical with an oar-shaped handle, and the perforated decoration consisted of a rosette, and wavy and horizontal lines on the sides (fig. 12 :2, plate XVIII:1, 2). It was Eggers type 160, known from the earlier Roman period (Eggers 1951, Beilage 68). V. Ondrouch dated the strainer from Straze as C1 (Ondrouch 1957, 137). Grave 2 at Straze contained a set consisting of a sacrificial dish-patera and a jug. The patera had an umbo on the base and was of a similar shape as the examples from Vysoka pri Morave and Zohor, but was _beaten from thin metal sheet and its sides had repousse decoration (fig. 11 :2). The massive cast handle terminated in a ram's head. This patera belongs to Eggers type 155. V. Ondrouch considers it to be a product of South Italian, from Capua, but assumes that the handles which was subsequently soldered on was of provincial workmanship (Ondrouch 1957, 131). 32
. The jug was of a well-known type with a narrow neck opening into a spout and convex foot; it was beaten and decorated en repousse. At the top of the cast handle was a winged protome of a horse and at its lower end a female head (fig. 11 :3, plate XVII). H. J. Eggers denoted this jug as type 127, Straze variant, and dated it as C2 (Eggers 1951, Beilage 53). V. Ondrouch compares the set of patera and jug from Straze with the set from Vysoka pri Mora ve, and draws attention to the fact that the shapes and the decorative motifs of the paterae were similar, and concludes that the beaten set from Str:He and the set from Vysoka pri Morave both belonged to the earlier Roman period and come from the workshops in Capua (Ondrouch 1957, 130). Differences in the methods of manufacture reveal the different dates of the vessels, and consequently the present author would agree with the dating of H. J. Eggers and would place the set from Straze in the later Roman period, in period C2. Grave 2 at Straze produced a thin-walled beaten bronze jug with a fairly wide body and a narrow neck. The cast handle widened out at the lower end into a vine leaf and a small lid was hinged to the top (fig. 12:1, plate XIX:1). H. J. Eggers listed the jug as type 128 (Eggers 1951, Beilage 54). V. Ondrouch considered this jug to be a type of its own with regard to its shape and described it as a variant of Eggers type 128b (Ondrouch, 1957, 135). H. J. Eggers described the conical jugs as a Gallo-Roman type. Other scholars, V. Ondrouch and A. Radn6ti, followed his nomenclature·: V. Ondrouch considered the jug from Strflze to be of a provincial manufacture, probably from the region of the Lower Rhine. He writes that this type was often found in the Danubian provinces, that is in Pannonia, where he mentions Aquincum and Brigetio, Kalor (Ondrouch 1957, 34. Radn6ti 1938, plate LI: 4, 5; plate LII:3, 5). The grave at Cejkov yielded a similar beaten jug with a tall conical body and with a cast handle (fig. 9:2), of Eggers type 128a, Cejkov vari�nt (Egg'=-rs 19!;1_, plate 11). A fragment of a handle from a similar jug was found at Belusa (fig. 9:1: it was the only find from a barba rian settlement and this was the most northerly site in Slovakia to produce a Roman bronze vessel. T. Kolnik dates the graves at Straze towards the middle of the 3rd century and the grave at Cejkov to the 3rd century (Kolnfk 1971, 524). A small bronze vase from Bratislava-Rusovce remains for the moment an isolated find for which there is no parallel in H. J. Eggers' list. A. Radn6ti lists a similar small vase from Carnuntum but does not give its date (Radn6ti 1938, plate LIII:5). It is an exact parallel as to shape and dimensions of the vessel from Bratislava-Rusovce. Judging by the technique of manufacture and by its balanced proportions, the vase was a Roman im port (plate I:7). All the bronze vessels described above were for a practical use, mostly for the table. The small vase from Rusovce could have been used for toilet purposes in place of a glass bottle. Unidentified remains of bronze vessels of which little is known are not included in this discussion. According to an early report a bronze jug is said to have been found in Bratislava-Devfn. A fragment of a bronze vessel, probably a bucket, was found during excavations in the Bratislava-Rusovce
33
s et t le men t .
There i s men t ion o f f ragmen ts o f b ronze v esse ls a nd o f al ad le
o f Eggers t ype 1 60-162 f rom Smo len ice .An u nver if ied f i nd f rom ' ach t ice a ppears t o h ave b een a f rag men t o f ah and le o f al ad le, p robab ly Eggers t ype 1 60.
D isturbed g raves i n t he c re ma t ion c e metery a t O Ckov y ielded f ragmen ts
o f r ough ly 2 0 b ronze v essels , a nd T . K o ln ik l i sts f ragmen ts o f 4s ets w i th s tra iners. The f rag men ts o f as tra iner f rom t wo g raves h ave b een i nc luded i n t h is work.
H . J . Eggers d iscusses t he b ron ze v esse ls f ro m dc s ' kov w h ich
w ere i n t he N a turh istor isches Museum , V ienna ( Eggers 1 951, 1 48 ). Fragmen ts o f u nspec if ied b ronze v essels w ere f ound i n c re ma t ion g raves a t Do lne L ovC ice. C re mat ion g raves a t Bra t islava ( Ma l inovsk 3 r S tree t ) y ielded f rag men ts o f al ad le, b u t t he h and le w as n o t p reserved s o t ha t i t was imposs ib le t o d eter m ine t he t ype. There i s a lso a men t ion o f u n iden t if ied f rag men ts o fb ronze v esse ls f rom Z ävod.
The a na lys is c ompr ises 9 3 c o mp lete o r f ragmen tary i den t if ied b ronze v esse ls. A t o ta l o f 3 1 o f Eggers ' t ypes o f v esse l w ere r epresen ted , w h ich s hows t he v ar ie ty o f t he i mports. B es ides t he s pec if ied v esse ls t here w ere a lso f rag men ts w h ich a re n o t l i sted a nd many more f inds ( approx i mately 2 53 0 ) h ave b een men t ioned. S o i n f act w e h ave s ome i n for mat ion a bou t a pprox ima tely 1 20 b ronze v essels. These v essels a re d a ted t o t he i st a nd 3 rd c en tur ies a nd t he g reater p art o f t he m d a te f ro m t he e ar l ier Ro man p er iod. The b ronze , ossels f rürn g lovak ia a re d iv ided i n to t wo ma in g roups a ccordi ng t o t he ir p lace o f manu facture, i n I t a ly o r i n t he p rov inces. H . J . Eggers c ons idered t hat most o f t he b ronze v essels d iscussed b y h im w ere manu factured i n I t a ly a nd n o t i n t he p rov inces. I n t h is w ork t he o r ig ins o f t he ma jor ity o f t he v essels h ave b een d iscussed a nd t he v iews o f a uthors who p ubl ished t he m h ave b een r ecorded.
The ma jor ity o ft he b ronze v essels ( s itu lae, b uckets , b ow ls,
d ippers, p aterae, j ugs e tc.) o r ig ina ted i n I t a ly , ma in ly i n t he S outh I t a l ian manufactur ing c en tres ( Capua ).
A sma l ler n umber w ere made i n p rov inc ial
workshops ( f or e xa mp le t he Eggers t ype 1 04 b ow l .a nd Eggers t ype 1 28 j ug f rom C e jkov ). Au thors s o met i mes g ive a more p rec ise i nd ica t ion o f t he p lace o f manu fac ture s uch a s t he Rh ine land ( e .g. t he b ow l , Eggers t ype 1 08, f ro m S träIe; a nd t he l a ter b uckets f rom v ar ious s i tes o f Eggers t ypes 3 9-40 ) o r S ou thern G au l e .g. t he t wo v essels f ro m g rave n o. 1 , Z ohor, o f Eggers t ype 1 40 a nd 1 44 ; s tra iner f ro m g rave n o. 3 , Eggers t ype 1 60 ). P roducts f rom t he Danub ian r eg ion a re r are ly men t ioned e .g. t he b ow lf ro m S träie, Eggers t ype 8 4 . The v ar iety o f p laces o f manufacture o f t he v ar ious t ypes o f b ronze v essel i s c onnected w ith t he v ar ious t rade r ou tes b y wh ich t he v essels r eached S lovak ia.
The e n trepot f or Ro man p roducts w as Aqu ile ia , a nd
Ro man merchand ise u sua l ly r eached t he r eg ions t o t he n orth v ia t he Roman p rov ince o f Pannon ia , a nd o n ly r arely v ia t he A lps a nd N or icum.
Expor ts
f rom I t a ly t o n orthern d est inat ions t ravel led a long t he s o-ca l led amber r ou te, 3 4
u sed f ro m v ery e arly t imes. Th is r oute p robab ly l ed t hrough Emona ( L jub l jana ) a nd S avar ia ( S zombathely ). The market c en tre n earest t o S lovak ia w as i n Carnun tum.
I n t he 2 nd c en tury g oods f rom t he workshops i n S ou thern
G au l a nd t he Rh ineland b egan t o p enetrate t o S lovak ia. The l ocat ion o f t he f i nds o n t he map s hows c learly t ha t i mported b ronze v essels a re c oncen trated i n t he S ou th- Western p art o f S lovak ia , b etween t he r ivers Morava a nd Vah. T he r est w ere i so lated f inds. I ti s a ssumed t hat t he b ronze v esse ls l i sted i n t he c a ta logue r epresen t o n ly a sma l l p art o f t he t o ta l o f Ro man i mports w h ich w ere i n u se i n S lovak ia i n Roman t imes.
The
n umber o f s urv iv ing v esse ls t est if ies, h owever , t o t he f act t ha t f ore ign g oods w ere n o e xcep t iona l f ea ture i n t he l i fe o f t he t ime.
The v ar ie ty o f
v esse ls a lso s hows t hat a t s o me l evels t he s oc iety w as Ro man ized , f or e xa mp le i n t he d r ink ing o f w ine.
B ronze v esse ls a s w el l a s o ther Roman
i mports a nd Ro man c o ins t est ify t o t he i n f luence o f Ro man c u l ture o n t he w ay o f l i fe o f t he n at ive p opu la t ion .
3 5
A list of the types of Roman bronze vessels from Slovakia
Eggers type 1
24
Si t.e (no. of separate finds in parentheses)
Vessel situla-shaped bucket
Total no. of vessels
Vysoka pri Morave (1) Zohor (1) Bratislava (1)
3
2
26
bucket
Zohor (1)
1
3
38
bucket
Zohor (1)
1
4
40
bucket of dstland type
39
variant
Zohor (2) Kostolna pri Dunaji (8) Besenov (2) Zempifo (1) Kostolna pri Dunaji (1)
,5
61 58
bucket of Hemmoor type variant
Straze (Krakovany) (1) Straze (Krakovany) (1)
2
6
6
cauldron
Kostolna pri Dunaji (1)
1
7
70
thin-walled bowl
Vysoka pri Morave (1)
1
8
92
bowl of Poggendorf type (reconstruction)
Kostolna pri Dunaji (1)
1
9
100
bowl (omega-shaped handle) variant
Zohor (1) Cejkov (1)
2
104
14
10
84
vertical-sided bowl
Straze (Krakovany) (1)
1
11
108
grooved thin-walled bowl
Strize (Krakovany) (1)
1
12
131
dipper (handle with swan-heads)
Sladkovicovo (2)
2
13
137
dipper (handle with lunat.e perforation)
Kostolna pri Dunaji (3) Lab (1)
4
14
139
dipper (handle with circular perforation), reconstruction
Krf zovany nad Dudvahom (1)
1
15
140
dipper (handle with circular perforation)
Zohor (3) Vysoka pri Morave (1) Kostolna pri Dunaji (1)
5
dipper (handle with trefoil-shaped perforation)
Vysoka pri Morave (2)
2
16
146
36
E ggers t ype
Vessel
1 44
d ipper o f Gödäcker t ype
1 62
l ad le ( mace-shaped
S ite ( no. o f s eparate
Tota l n o. o f
f inds i n p aren theses )
v essels
Z ohor ( 1 )
1
Z ohor ( 4 )
h and le )
Vyso la p r i Morave ( 1 ) K osto lnä p r i Duna ji ( 2 ) Beger iov ( 1 )
1 1
Abraha m ( 1 ) Malacky ( 1 ) S lädkov idovo ( 1 ) 1 60
S lädkov iCovo ( 1 )
l ad le ( oar-shaped h and le )
Kosto lnä p r i Duna ji ( 3 )
8
Beger iov ( 2 ) S trale ( Krakovany ) ( 1 ) 1 59
v ar ian t
Kosto ld a p r i Duna ji ( 1 )
1 61
v ert ical-s ided l ad le
S traie ( Krakovany ) ( 1 )
1 62
s tra iner ( mace-
1
Z ohor ( 2 ) Kosto lnä p r i Duna ji ( 1 )
s haped h and le )
Beger iov ( 1 )
6
Abrahä m ( 1 ) S lädkov i ovo ( 1 ) 1 60
Z ohor ( 1 )
s tra iner ( oar-shaped h andle )
Kosto lnä p r i Duna ji ( 2 ) Beger i .ov ( 2 )
8
Rusovce ( 1 ) S träZe ( Krakovany ) ( 1 ) 1 59
v ar ian t
Kosto lnä p r i Duna ji ( 1 )
1 61
v ert ica l-s ided
S träge ( Krakovany ) ( 1 ) Ce jkov ( 1 )
s tra iner
4
O Ckov ( 2 ) 1 55
p atera
Vysokä . p r i Morave ( 1 ) Z ohor ( 1 ) K osto lna p r i Duna ji ( 1 )
5
Dev in-Brat islava ( 1 ) S trä;e ( Krakovany ) ( 1 ) 1 27
Vysok ä . p r i Morave ( 1 )
j ug ( hand le w ith a n i ma l p roto me )
Z ohor ( 1 )
3
S träle ( Krakovany ) ( 1 ) g lobu lar j ug
Zohor ( 1 )
1 28
j ug o f Ga l lo-Ro man t ype
S trä1e ( Krakovany ) ( 1 )
1 28a
v ar ian t
l ike
1
1 22
Ce jkov ( 1 ) Beluga ( 1 )
3 7
3
A CHRONOLOOY OF THE EARLY AND LATE ROMAN PERIODS
Stage
H. J. Eggers The years A.D.
Stage
T. Kolmk The years A.D.
The early Roman period Bi
A.D. - A.D. 50
Bia Bib Bic
A.D.±;10-25/30 A .D. 25/30 - ± 50 A.D. ± 50 - ± 75
B2
A.D. 50-150
B2 B2/C1
A .D. � 75-166 A.D. 166-180
C1 C2 C3
A.D. 180-210/220 A.D. 210/220-300 A.D. 300-400
The late Roman period C1 C2 C3
A.D. 150 -± 200 A.D. ± 200 -± 300 A.D. ±300 -±350
38
B IBLIOGRAPHY
Ba l ty 1 965 :
Ba l ty J . C h ., U ne a nse d 'a igu in -e d 'epoque r o ma ine a i ncrus-
t a t ions d 'argen t .
B u l le t in d es musb 'es r oyaux , Bruxe l les , 4 s . 3 7 a n .
1 965 , 1 3-77. B en inger 1 931:
B en inger E ., D er Wanda len fund v on C zM ce-Ce jkov .
D er
Anna len d es N a turh is tor ischen Museu ms i n Wien , Wien XLV , 1 931, 1 83-2 4 . Ben inger 1 937:
Ben inger E ., D ie g er man ische Boden funde i n d er S lowake i,
Re ichenberg-Le ipz ig , 1 937. B 6na 1 963 :
B 6na J ., B ei träge z ur Archäo log ie u nd G esch ich te d er Quaden .
Ac ta a rchaeo log ica h ungar ica 1 5 , 1 963 , 2 41-243 . Budaväry 1 939 : B udaväry V ., P raveké n ä lezy z Abrahä mu p r i S ered i v S lovensko m n ärodno m mr izeu . a sop is MSS XX IX , 1 939 . Bud ins 4 - Kr idka 1 959 :
B ud ins 4-Kr igka V ., V fsku m n a mohyln iku v
Z e mpline r oku 1 958 .
R eferä ty o p racov Och v s ledkoch 6 eskos loven-
s kfch a rcheo l6gov z a r ok 1 958 , I , L ib l ice , 1 959 , 6 6 . Eggers 1 951:
Eggers H . J ., D er r öm ische Impor t im f reien G er man ien ,
B d . I , I .
H a mburg , 1 951.
E ggers 1 953 : Eggers H . J ., L f i bsow , e in g er man ischer F f irs tens i tz d er ä l teren K a iserzei L . P räh is tor ische Z e i tschr i f t XXX IV/V , 1 953 . E ggers 1 955 :
Eggers H . J ., Z ur a bso lu ten C hrono log ie d er r öm ischen
Ka iserzei t im f re ien G er man ien .
J ahrbuch r dm isch-ger man ischen
Z en tra l museum Ma inz 2 , Ma inz 1 955 , 1 99-244 . E isner 1 926-27 :
E isner J .,
p rov inc iä lnr v Läbu .
ä r ov e
p oht 'ebig tg z e s tar r d oby r i msko-
Obzor p reh is tor ic q 5 /6 , P raha , 1 926-27,
5 3-60 . E isner 1 937:
E isner J ., N ové n ä lezy z d oby r rmskoprov inc iä ln 1 n a T rnaysku .
S born rk ma t ice s lovenske j 1 5 , Turc . S v . Mar t in , 1 937 , 2 03-212 . H ored t 1 965 : H ored t K ., Un d epozi t d e v ase d e me ta l d in e poca d acica d e l a Gup ter4a-S ibiu . S tud i i § i c o mun icar i 1 2 , S ibiu 1 965 , 3 5-45 . Hu l l :
Hu l l , M. R ., Corpus o f I ron Age a nd Ro man Brooches.
K ie t l ir iska 1 961: l og ica . K o m ik 1 956:
K iet l igska A .,
Unpub l ished.
P igtka-D9browska T ., I nven tar ia a rchaeo-
P er iode r o ma ine , f asc icu le V , P l . 3 2-34 .
Lodz 1 961.
K o lnfk T ., P opo ln icov6 p ohrebisko z mladse j d oby r im s ke j a
p o na tku d oby s tahovan ia n ärodov v (A l cove p r i P iegeanoch .
S lovenskä
a rcheo l6g ie I V , 1 956 , 2 33-300 . K o m ik 1 959 :
K ohn-1 (T ., G er mä .nske h roby z o s targe j d oby r rmske j z o Z ohora ,
' Z lkov iec a Kos to lne j p r i Duna ji . 1 44-162 .
3 9
S lovenskä a rcheo l6g ia V I I , 1 959 ,
K o ln ik 1 961a :
K o ln ik T ., P ohrebisko v B eger i ove .
S lovenskä a rcheo lög ia
I X , 1 961 , 2 19-300 . Koh l& 1 961b :
K oln ik T ., N ove p ohrebiskove n ä lezy z d oby r imske j n a S lo-
v ensku . K o in .& 1 964 :
Archeo log icke r ozh ledy X II I , 1 961 , 8 22-854 , o br . 2 91-299.
K o lnfk T ., Z u n euen r öm isch-barbar ischen Funden i n d er S lo-
wakei u nd i hrer C hrono log ie .
S tud ia h is tor ica s lovaca I , Bra t is lava ,
1 964 , 7 -51 . Ko lnik 1 965 :
K o lnfk T ., K t ypo l6g i i ac hrono l6g i i n iek torIch s pon z m ladge j
d oby r imske j n ajuhozäpadno m S lovensku .
S lovenskä a rcheo l6g ia
X I I I , 1 965 , 1 87-219. K o ln ik 1 971:
K o ln ik T ., P rehrad a s tay b ädan ia o d obe r imske j as t iahovan ia
n ärodov . Ko lnik 1 977:
S jovenskä a rcheo lög ia , X IX , 1 971 , 4 99-548 .
K o lnfk T ., An fäbge d er g er man ischen B es ied lung i n d er S l id-
wes ts lowakei u nd d as r egnum V ann ianum .
S y mpos iu m-Ausk lang d er
L a ten- Z iv i l isa t ion u nd An fYnge d er g erman ischen B es ied lung i m mi t t leren D onaugeb ie t , B ra t is lava , 1 977 , 1 43-171. K oln ik - P au lfk 1 959 :
K o ln ik T ., P au lfk J ., ö ach t ice v p raveku .
g tud i jne
z ves t i AU S AV 3 , N i tra , 1 959 , 8 1-114. Kraskovskä 1 955 :
Kraskovskä t ., N ä lez iarovS Tch h robov v Bra t is lave ,
Archeo log ickt r ozh ledy V I I , 1 955 , 4 86, 4 87. Kraskovskä 1 956 :
Kraskovskä
,P opo ln icove h roby v Ma lackäch .
A rcheo-
l og ickg r ozh ledy V II I , 1 956 , 7 31. Kraskovskä 1 957 :
Kraskovskä t ., N ove n ä lezy r f msky ch p am ia tok v Z ohore .
Archeo log icke r ozh ledy I X , 1 957 , 8 13 , o br . 3 26. Kraskovskä 1 959 :
Kraskovskä I ., H roby z d oby r imske j vZ ohore .
S lovenskä
a rcheolög ia V I I , 1 959 , 9 9-143 . Kraskovskä 1 976 :
Kraskovskä , t ., R fmske b ronzove n . ädoby n a S lovensku .
S lovenskä a rcheo l6g ia XX IV , 1 976 , 4 29-440 . Kraskovskä 1 977a : R usovc iach . Kraskovskä 1 977b :
Kraskovskä 2 ,.,Ob jek ty z d oby r imske j p r i k os to le v Z born ik SNM 1 7 , 1 977 , B ra t is lava , 5 9-73 . Kraskovskä I t ., R fmske iarove h roby v Bra t is lave-
D evfnske j N ove j Vs i . L am iovä 1 966:
Archeo log icke r ozh ledy XXX ,
1 977 , 4 87-491.
L am iovä M ., S pony z d oby r imske j n a S lovensku .
§ tud i jne
z ves t i AU S AV 5 , N i tra , 1 966. L ec ie jew icz 1 955 :
L ec ie jew icz L ., N owy g rob z impor ta m i r zy msk im i w
L ggu P iekarsk im . Ma jewsk i 1 949 :
Archaeo log ia 7 , 1 955 , 1 02-112 .
Ma jewsk i K ., Impor ty r zy msk ie n a z em iach s / t owiansk ich ,
Wrocr aw , 1 959 . Mo tykovä - g neidrovä 1 963 :
Mo tykovä - g neidrovä K ., D ie An ange d er
r dm ischen Ka iserzei t i n B öh men .
4 0
F on tes NM 5 , P raha , 1 963 .
Mo tykovä - § ne idrovä 1 967: Mo tykovä - g neidrovä K ., We i teren tw ick lung u nd Ausk lang d er ä l teren r öm ischen Ka iserze i t i n Böh men . F on tes NM 1 1, P raha , 1 967. N ovo tn9.1 955 :
N ovo t4 B ., H rob v e l md ie z p ogä tku d oby f . f mskg v P raze -
B ubenci .
P a mä tky a rcheo log icke XLV I , 1 955 .
Ondrouch 1 938 :
Ondrouch V ., L i mes r o manus n a S lovensku , Bra t is lava ,
1 938 . Ondrouch 1 957:
Ondrouch V ., B oha te h roby z d oby r fmske j n a S lovensku ,
B ra t is lava , 1 957. Pern ice 1 912 :
P ern ice E ., D er Grabfund v on L t tbsow b ei G rei fenberg i n
P o m mern . Pe tersen 1 940 :
P rNh is tor ische Z e i tschr i f t I V , 1 912 .
P etersen E ., E in n eues wanda l isches F t irs tengrab d es I .
J ahrhunder t a us d e m War the land . P ie ta 1 974 :
A l tsch les ien 9 , 1 940 .
P ie ta K ., S fd l isko z d oby r imske j vB e lu i .
S lovenskä a rcheo-
l bg ia XX I I , 1 974 , 9 2 . P ich lerovä 1 961:
P ich lerovä M., P rispevok k n a js tars ie mu o sfd len iu
Bra t is lavy .
H is tor ickS T s born fk SNM 1 , 1 961, 6 5-70 .
P ich lerovä 1 972 : P ich lerovä M ., R fmske p ohreb isko 1 v Rusovc iach . l og ickg r ozh ledy XX IV , 1 972 , 5 2-58 . Radn6t i 1 938 :
R adn6 t i A ., B ronzege fMsse a us P annon ien .
Archeo-
D isser ta t iones
P annon icae I6 , Budapes t , 1 938 . R adn6t i 1 957:
R adn6t i A ., G ef&sse , L a mpen u nd T in ten fYsser i n I n terc isa
I , Budapes t , 1 957. R adn6t i 1 960 :
R adn a i A ., E ine B ronzekanne a us Ausburg .
Bayer ische
V orgesch ich tsblä t ter , 2 5 , 1 960 , 9 9-124 . R aschke 1 939 :
R aschke G ., D ie Ausgrabungen d es Fürs tengrabes v on
Ehren fe ld im Kre isse Oppe ln . S akäif .1 970 :
A l tsch les ien , 8 , 1 939 .
S akär V ., R o man impor ts i n B ohe m ia .
S lo mann 1 958-59:
F on tes NM , 1 4 , 1 970 .
S lo mann W., En my r o mersk b ronsek je l f ra es t fo ld .
UM-
v ers i te te ts O ldsaksa m l ing Arbok , 1 958-59 , 1 3-43 . S voboda 1 972 :
S voboda B ., N euerworbene r dm ische Meta l lge f&sse a us S träle
b e i P ieg t 'any. T e jra l 1 967 :
B ra t is lava , 1 972 .
T e jra l J ., K o tä .zce impor tu b ronzov S rch n ädob y e s targf d obg P a mä tky a rcheo log ickg , XV I I I , P raha , 1 967 , 8 1-134 .
V oss 1 948 :
Voss 0 .,
e r s n e s
-C hr is t iansen M ., Der Do l lerup fund , e in
Doppelgrab a us d er r öm ischen E isenze i t .
Acta a rchaeo log ica , X IX ,
C obenhaven , 1 948 , 2 09-271. Wegew i tz 1 929 :
Wegew i tz W ., E in B ronzee i mer fund a us d er f r t then K aiserze i t
i n d er F e ld mark A pensen .
Mannus B ib l io thek 2 1, 1 929 .
4 1
Werner 1 936:
Werner J ., Zur H erkun f t u nd Z ei ts tel lung d er H e m moorer
E i mer u nd E i mer mi t g ewe l l ten Kanne luren . 1 41, Bonn , 1 936. Werner 1 954 :
Bonner J ahrbuch 1 40/
4 01 n .
Werner J ., D ie Bronzekanne v on Ke lhe im .
Bayerische
V orgesch ich tsblä t ter 2 0 , Mt inchen , 1 954 . Wi l lers 1 907:
Wi l lers H ., N eue Un tersuchungen t i ber d ie r t im ische B ronzein-
d us tr ie v on C apua u nd v on N iederger man ien . 1 907.
4 2
Hannover - Leipzig ,
ILLUSTRATIONS
43
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The figures were drawn by Mrs. P. Škvareková, from the published illustrations cited in the references. Most of the photographs were taken by
Mrs. I. Kovacovska, Slovak National Museum, Bratislava. The photographs in plates I:1-4, III:1-5, XI:1-4 and XII:1-2, are from the Archives of the Archaeological Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Nitra. The photograph in plate I:5 is from the Archives of the Municipal Museum, Bratislava.
48
Plate I
Abraham: 1, 2-ladle, 3, 4-strainer, grave 121. Bratislava-Devin: 5-handle of patera.. Bratislava: 6-escutcheon from bucket. Bratislava-Rusovce: 7-small vase, grave.
Plate II · Kostolna pri Dunaji: 1-bucket, grave 27; 2-cauldron, grave 35.
3
Plate III
Kostolna pri Dunaji: 1, 2-dipper, 3,4-strainer, disturbed grave. Sladkovicovo: 5-handle of dipper, grave 34.
2
Plate IV
Vysoka pri Morave: 1-situla-shaped bucket, 2-escutcheon from situla, grave.
3
Plate V
Vysoka pri Morave:
1, 3-larger dipper, grave.
4
Plat.e VI
Vysoka pri Morave:
1-3-small dipper, 4-6-patera, grave.
3
Plate VII
Vysoka pri Morave:
1-3-jug, grave.
Plate VIII
Zohor: 1, 2-dipper of God!cker type, 3,4-dipper, grave 1.
Plate IX
Zohor:
1-bucket, grave 2; 2-bucket, grave 3.
3
PlareX
Zohor:
1,2-dipper, 3-ladle, 4-6-strainer, grave 3.
Plate XI
Zohor: 1, 2-dipper, 3-ladle, 4-bucket, grave 4.
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