Reverse English Dictionary: Based on Phonological and Morphological Principles [Reprint 2010 ed.] 9783110806847, 9783110164886

Table of contents :
Preface
Introduction
1 What is a reverse dictionary and what is it used for?
2 A glimpse at the history of reverse dictionaries
3 Phonological aspects
4 The macro-structure of the dictionary
5 The micro-structure of the entries
6 Spelling-to-sound and Sound-to-spelling correspondences
The Reverse Dictionary
-a
-b
-c
-d
-e
-f
-g
-h
-i
-j
-k
-l
-m
-n
-o
-p
-q
-r
-s
-t
-u
-v
-w
-x-
-y
-z
Abbreviations and symbols
References
Appendix 1: Spelling-to-sound correspondences
Appendix 2: Sound-to-spelling correspondences

Citation preview

Reverse English Dictionary

W DE

G

Reverse English Dictionary Based on Phonological and Morphological Principles

by

Gustav Muthmann

Mouton de Gruyter Berlin · New York 2002

Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) is a Division of Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin. The hardcover edition appeared as volume 29 of the series Topics in English Linguistics in 1999.

© Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Muthmann, Gustav. Reverse English dictionary : based on phonological and morphological principles / by Gustav Muthmann. p. cm. - (Topics in English linguistics ; 29) ISBN 3-11-016362-4 (cloth : alk. paper). ISBN 3-11-016488-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. English language - Reverse indexes. 2. English language - Word formation - Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Series. PE1680.M88 1999 423'. 1-DC21 99-11721 CIP

Die Deutsche Bibliothek — Cataloging-in-Publication-Data Muthmann, Gustav: Reverse English Dictionary : based on phonological and morphological principles / by Gustav Muthmann. - Berlin ; New York : Mouton de Gruyter, 2002 ISBN 3-11-016488-4 brosch. ISBN 3-11-016362-4 Gb.

© Copyright 1999, 2002 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Cover design: Christopher Schneider, Berlin. Printed in Germany.

Contents Preface

νπ

Introduction 1 2 3 4 5 6

What is a reverse dictionary and what is it used for? A glimpse at the history of reverse dictionaries Phonological aspects The macro-structure of the dictionary The micro-structure of the entries Spelling-to-sound and Sound-to-spelling correspondences

IX X XI XVIII XXIII XXIV

The Reverse Dictionary

ι

For a detailed survey please see Appendix 1: Spelling-to-sound correspondences p 326

-a .... 1 -b . . ., .7 -c ,. 10 16 -d -e ,.41 -f 106 -e. ....... 109

-h ....120 -i ....131 -i ....133 -k 134 -1 ....141 -m.... ....157 -n ....166

-o .... ....195 -D ... . 199 -Q .... ....204 -Γ 205 -s ....230 -t ....259 -u .... ....290

....291 -w ...292 -X-.... ....295 297 -V / -z ....322 -V....

Abbreviations and symbols References Appendix 1: Spelling-to-sound correspondences Appendix 2: Sound-to-spelling correspondences

324 324 326 403

Preface In the study of languages the notion of 'reverse' seems to enjoy a special attractiveness. This has not only become apparent in the reverse alphabetical arrangement of words in Erasmus Alberus' Novum dictionarii genus from 1540 and later conceptions in the 19th and 20th centuries, but also, more recently, in a different interpretation of 'reverse' in Bernstein's Reverse Dictionary (1976). Here - contrary to conventional dictionaries which list words alphabetically and indicate their meanings - an array of meanings is listed alphabetically giving the word users may have in mind or of whose meaning they are not quite certain. In any case, working out a dictionary of this or that kind is an interesting, but also rather absorbing task restricting other activities and even family life. So, I am very grateful to my dear wife Marianne who has always appreciated my work and who gave me many useful hints - and who did not take as a model the wife of Thomas Cooper, author of a Latin-English dictionary: Thesaurus Linguae Romanae et Britannicae, published in 1565. A hundred years later, John Aubray, in Brief Lives, recorded Cooper's sad fate: 'His wife ... was irreconcileably angrie with him for sitting-up late at night, compileing his Dictionary ... When he had half-donne it, she had the opportunity to gett into his Studie, tooke all his paines out in her lap, and threw it into the fire, and burnt it.1 Aubray continues: 'Well, for all that, that good man had so great a zeale for the advancement of learning, that he began it again, and went through with it to that perfection that he hath left it to us, a most usefull worke.' (The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Macropaedia, vol. V, p. 714, Chicago 1976)

My thanks go to many people who have encouraged me in my work: to the students who discussed with me details and difficulties of a reverse dictionary and who made many suggestions. I am grateful to my colleagues at the University of Siegen and to colleagues from other universities with whom I could reflect on the principles of reverse dictionaries, especially Herbert E. Wiegand of the University of Heidelberg, Arne Zettersten and Viggo H. Pedersen of the University of Copenhagen. Above all, I am greatly indebted to Bernd Kortmann, Verena Haser and Manfred Krug at the University of Freiburg for their help and advice, and in particular for their constructive comments. This is a reference book for those pursuing English studies at every level and for those learning and teaching English as a second language and as a foreign language. Gustav Muthmann

Introduction 1 What is a reverse dictionary and what is it used for? Focussing on the endings rather than the beginnings of words and comparing similar word endings affords many fascinating insights into the structure and formation of English words. In reverse lists previously published, words are arranged in strictly alphabetical order, forming endless sequences. By contrast, the new Reverse Dictionary takes into account the structure and formation of words by grouping them in sections and subdivisions, for instance • words with characteristic endings, eg -tig: bug, dug, fug, snug, etc; • words with a certain suffix, eg -ate: debate, placate, abdicate, designate, etc; or -ous: tremendous, jealous, ridiculous, nervous, etc; • different spelling-to-sound correspondences in word endings, eg in the suffix -ate: it is not only pronounced /-eit/ as in late or annotate, but also /-it/ as in senate or private, or /-at/ as in climate, delicate or obstinate; • compounds with the same final element, eg -room: from tearoom to playroom in one group, then broom, groom, mushroom, etc; • vowel change in many words, eg branch, bench, inch, conch, lunch, haunch, lynch; or dazzle, embezzle, fizzle, nozzle, puzzle. These preliminary remarks highlight two important aspects of a reverse dictionary: (1) It is not the individual word which is of interest. Unlike in ordinary dictionaries, no details are given concerning the meaning of a word, of syntactic patterns, phrasal use, or its origin and etymology. (2) It is the main purpose of a reverse dictionary to reveal relations between words with regard to their formation, their suffixes, their final spelling and sound clusters information which no other dictionary can give. Moreover a reverse dictionary does not merely present a survey of such features as are dealt with in relevant language

X Introduction

descriptions; it also provides the complete set of relevant entries for a given example. This enables you to recognize the distribution of a particular phenomenon and may serve as the basis for a wide range of further investigations. These aspects of a modern reverse dictionary will be considered more fully below. Before dealing with them we should have a quick glimpse at the history of reverse dictionaries.

2 A glimpse at the history of reverse dictionaries The idea of arranging the vocabulary of a language in reverse order is not new. Some decades after the publication of the first books in printed letters a dictionary was published which followed this principle of organizing entries. It did not only enumerate a list of words but gave detailed information on their Latin equivalents, on their meaning and use and on synonyms. The editor, Erasmus Alberus, called his work 'a new one': "Novum dictionarii genus ..." (published in 1540). It was also meant to serve as a rhyming dictionary. But for that purpose it was far too overloaded with encyclopaedic information. A similar work, although much smaller, was produced in 1570 by Peter Levins: Manipulus Vocabulorum. "This 'Handful of Vocables' was the first attempt at an English dictionary of rhymes. The contents are arranged in accordance with their terminations" (Mathews 1966: 13). Although there was a reprint of Alberus' book in 1565, dictionaries of progressive alphabetical order were preferred in the following centuries. It was only towards the end of the 19th century that reverse dictionaries were published again, now as simple collections of words: on collections of old Indian hymns (1873 and 1881), on the old Iranian language (1904), on the Russian language (1915 - as the first reverse dictionary of a modern language, compiled for the purpose of decoding military news), on Greek (1944). In the fifties and later numerous reverse dictionaries were published, for example on Rumanian (1957), Italian (1962), Egyptian (1963), French (1965), Hungarian (1969) and English (1971, edited by Martin Lehnert). Apart from general reverse dictionaries numerous reverse word lists and indexes to single literary texts or to the whole literary work of an author were published. All this was made possible by modern computer technology. In general, editors are rather reserved once it comes to outlining the purpose of reverse dictionaries. According to Lehnert (1971), they may prove useful for a variety of tasks, including the decoding of garbled texts and the study of word formation, especially suffixes and compounds. Furthermore, they offer ample material for exercises in vocabulary training and facilitate automatic translation (Lehnert 1971: 5). Finally, a reverse dictionary could even serve as a "lexicon of rhymes", or more specifically "eyerhymes", ie word endings which have the same spelling but not the same sound. Unfortunately, all dictionaries mentioned above have a major shortcoming: Since entries are almost mechanically arranged in strict alphabetical order, users are often unable to recognize their coherence. Thus, words ending in the same suffix, compounds

Introduction XI

containing the same basic element and word endings which are spelt and pronounced alike are not taken into account. As a matter of fact, users of a reverse dictionary are not interested in the syntactic construction, the idiomatic use or the etymology of a single word. Rather, they are concerned with the various relations this word can enter into. For example a word may be grouped along with others on the basis of having the same ending or the same suffix. If it is a compound, it belongs to a class of words having the same base. By arranging the respective items in sequences which are not interrupted by different words or even distributed over many pages, a reverse dictionary allows you to identify such relations. The central features of a modem reverse dictionary will be discussed in detail in the following sections. Particular emphasis will be placed on • phonological aspects (see Chapter 3); • the sequence of the entries (see Chapter 4 "The macro-structure of the dictionary ..."); • the information provided in the individual entry (see Chapter 5 "The micro-structure of the entries"); • the spelling-to-sound and sound-to-spelling correspondences (see Chapter 6).

3 Phonological aspects Anybody studying a group of words with the same ending is often surprised to find that its pronunciation can be quite different from word to word, as we have seen in Chapter 1 in the case of the suffix -ate. Therefore a reverse dictionary should not only give the pronunciation of all headwords but also group them according to the spelling-to-sound correspondences of their endings. Take, for instance, words ending in the letter -a: In some of them -a corresponds to the phoneme /-a:/: fa, gaga, mama, spa, etc. In the majority of words, however, final -a corresponds to the phoneme /-a/: from jellaba, amoeba, tuba ... to larva, plaza, pizza. Or take a selection of words ending in the spelling cluster -ough: in an order considering the spellingto-sound correspondences:

in strict reverse alphabetical order:

bough cough dough though lough plough enough through borough trough tough

kof

θηι: plau

3U

Ink lox plau

dau au (lox) lok

θηι:

uf kof trof (Ink) IDX

trof Uf

borough through plough bough dough though lough enough tough cough trough lough

XII Introduction

It is evident that in the reverse dictionary the sequence and grouping of entries must be determined by the spelling-to-sound correspondences. As to the sequence of phonemes it is recommendable to stick to the International Phonetic Alphabet laid down by the International Phonetic Association (IPA). It divides the phonemes into two main groups: vowels and consonants.

3.1 Vowels Received Pronunciation (as the British standard accent) is generally described as having • five long vowels: i: a: o: see father saw • seven short vowels: ι e ae bit get cat • eight diphthongs: ei ai oi say by boy

u: 3: soon bird; ο got

υ put

Λ cup

3 comma;

au now

ου go

κ es beer pair

us sure.

The twelve vowels can be arranged in a Cardinal Vowel quadrilateral: Front

Close

Central

Back

Half-close

Half-open

Open

The points at which the phonemes are located are not rigidly fixed. The quadrilateral merely represents the areas which indicate the typical pronunciation of vowels. One should be aware that the pronunciation of a language is constantly changing. For example, the length of long vowels and diphthongs is often more or less reduced. In a reverse dictionary which considers the spelling-to-sound correspondences in grouping words of the same graphemic endings it is necessary to fix the sequence of the phonemes (cf the words above ending in -ough). Most phoneticians resort to the Cardinal Vowel quadrilateral going from close front vowel phoneme /i:/ to open central /a:/ and further to close back /u:/, adding central half-close /a:/. Some phoneticians

Introduction XIII

reserve a separate sequence for short vowels and diphthongs. Others incorporate long and short vowels in one sequence, which may be more convenient for the users (cf Lewis 1972; Quirk et al 1985; Wynn 1987; OALD 1995): /i: -1 - e - ae - a: - D - D: - υ u: - Λ - a : -9/. The diphthongs can be attached to the corresponding vowels according to their first elements: to III:

lid,

to /e/: to /a:/: to /υ/: to /9/: to /D/:

/ei/ and /ea/, tail and /au/, /us/, /so/, hi/.

The sequence of vowels and diphthongs is shown in Table 1. Table 1. Vowels and diphthongs /i:/ III /I3/

Id /ei/

/e,/ /ae/ /ai/ /au/ /a:/

see sit near ten play

hair hat fine now arm

/D/

hi/ h:/ Μ /U9/

got join saw put sure

/u:/ l\l 1-3:1 /a/ /au/

too cup fur ago home

3.2 Consonants The English consonants can be classified in table form, partly in pairs of voiceless and voiced sounds. Table 2. Consonants Bilabial Plosives Fricatives Nasals

LabioDental

Dental

f,v

θ,ο

P,b m w

PalatoAlveolar PostAlveolar Alveolar

Velar

Glottal

t,d

k,g (x)

h

s, ζ η 1

r

y j

η

The four consonants in the last line can be classified in various ways. Sometimes they are grouped as approximants (eg Jones 1997: X), and sometimes III is classified as lateral, III as trill (IPA 1989). Alternatively, /!/ and III may be classified as liquids (Camie 1994: XXIII). Many scholars regard /w/ and /j/ as approximants, ie semiconsonants. The latter term implies that they cannot have the function of nucleus in a

XIV Introduction

syllable, but can only precede a nucleus, eg /w/ in quote /kwsut/, /j/ in annual For this reason, they are also called semi-vowels (Carnie 1994: XXIII). This has to be taken into account if one attends to the reverse sequence of vowels (cf Chapter 3.3). The letter u preceded by g or q can either correspond to the sound /w/ or be 'mute1, cf sanguine /saerjgwm/ and languor /Iaerjg3(r)/, banquet /'baerjkwit/ and briquet /briket/. Linking /r/: In non-rhotic accents like RP, ie accents with a word-final and preconsonantal /r/, words ending in a vowel with a following r in the spelling usually have a link with /r/ before another word beginning with a vowel, especially within the same sense-group, eg far off, pour out, here and there, car owner. This potential link is shown by round brackets: (r). In American English, /r/ is always pronounced. The consonant /x/ is optional and is used only in the pronunciation of Scottish English words, eg loch, lough (/lox/ or /lok/), and in the exclamation ugh (/ux/ or /ax/).

3.3 The sequence of vowels and consonants in the reverse dictionary As outlined above, it forms part of the principles of this dictionary that words ending in the same string of letters and corresponding to a certain phoneme or string of phonemes are assigned to one group and separated from other groups of words (cf the ending -ough and its correspondences in the beginning of Chapter 3). Hence phonemes and strings of phonemes should be arranged in a generally accepted sequence: vowels should precede consonants and both should be arranged according to the principles discussed in the preceding paragraphs. This also involves arranging phoneme strings from right to left, in parallel with the reverse order of graphemes adopted, eg /-au/ (plough) before /-ου/ (bough, dough). Given a reverse order of phonemes, the approximants /w/ and /j/ should not be placed at the end of the consonant sequence, since they occupy a position between vowels and consonants. Rather, they should be grouped together with vowel phonemes. Approximants always precede a vowel or diphthong. In conjunction with these vowels or diphthongs they form strings of their own, often with a special sound quality, eg scamp /skaemp/ - swamp /swomp/, sharp /Ja:p/ - warp /wo:p/, ours /auaz/ - yours /jo:z/. Therefore word endings with a preceding approximant constitute a separate subdivision (cf Chapter 4.3). Table 3 shows all the phonemes in reverse order.

Introduction XV Table 3. Vowels and consonants in reverse order (Where the phoneme is not a final element the word is put in parentheses)

Vowels, diphthongs, and semi-vowels /-i:/

see

/-I/

adobi play

/-ei/ /-ai/ /-OI/

cry boy

/-e-/

(ten)

/-ae-/ /-a:/ /-D-/

/-D:/ /-u/ /-au/

(hat) mama (got)

/-3U/

saw

1-y.l

fur

onto

/-9/

now

/-ra/

sofa malaria

/-u:/

go too

/-A-/

(cup)

yeah /-ea/ /-ira/ vacua /-w-/ (swamp) /-j-/ (annual)

Consonants /-p/ /-b/ /-t/ /-d/ /-k/ /-g/

cup job cat bad public

big

/-f/ /-v/ /-Θ/ /- / /-s/ /-z/

golf derv bath with

gas az

/-;/

fish

/-tj/ rich /-V (garage) /-dj/ (age) !-yJ loch (hair) /-h/

/-m/ /-n/ /-η/ /-!/ /-r/

jam ten sing signal AE car

3.4 Received Pronunciation There are many varieties of English sounds, not only outside Great Britain, but even within the British Isles themselves. Nevertheless one type of pronunciation is acknowledged as 'Standard English. It is the accent generally accepted as typical of educated speakers of British English and commonly used in broadcasting and the teaching of English as a foreign language (EFL). This accent is known as RP (Received Pronunciation). It should be noted that today RP is defined in a broader way than was customary in the first half of the 20th century. RP is more or less supranational and is used - with certain modifications - in most English speaking countries (Ireland, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, etc). In this dictionary the abbreviation BE will be used instead of RP.

3.5 General American English (AE) 'American English' or 'General American' is spoken by the majority of Americans who do not have a noticeable regional accent. 'General American' is not as tightly codified as RP since it represents a group of closely related accents in the West and Midwest of the United States. There is, for instance, considerable variation in the pronunciation of vowels. Many Americans (as well as books on American pronunciation) distinguish

XVI Introduction

/ο:/ as in north, /a:/ as in lot, ΙΌ-.Ι as in thought (cf Wells 1990: XIV). But many speakers do not make an appreciable difference between these qualities. Jones 1997 often has two pronunciations, cf bought fog gong

AE/ba:t,b3:tf, /t£/fa:g,fo:g/, AE/ga:q, go:r]/.

Other dictionaries, especially those for EFL (English as a foreign language) only use one symbol in all these cases, /o:/ or /a:/ or /o:/, and they do not mark AE variants in every case, assuming that the user knows about the variant. In this dictionary we will use /o:/ to cover the three possible variant pronunciations /ο:, α:, o:/. There is a further problem concerning how to represent the diphthong in words like note, home, etc. In recent years the preferred transcription for the BE diphthong has been /su/, whereas for the AE diphthong many books use /ου/ to indicate a rounded initial vowel. The users should note that we will not indicate this variant in every case. A special characteristic of American pronunciation is the flapping of /t/ in words such as better and pretty. This is not indicated by a special diacritic symbol. Another feature is the presence of postvocalic /r/ as in learner /l3:rn9r/. This is not indicated in every individual case. In this dictionary the abbreviation AE will be used instead of GA.

3.6 Vowels in unstressed syllables Vowels in unstressed syllables are often reduced or even omitted, especially in the middle of words ('vowe/ reduction1), eg medicine /medisan, 'medisn, 'medsin, 'medsan, 'medsn/; phonetician /faunitijan, fsunitijn/; dexterous /"dekstares, 'dekstres/. As the presence or absence of reduction depends on the type of connected speech and on the individual usage, it is sometimes difficult to state a standard pronunciation. Dictionaries are not consistent in this respect. Some of them list variants, especially of III and fof, while others cite a single form. Since it is impossible to enumerate all possible variants in separate entries, the more common form will be given, as is standard practice in modern dictionaries of pronunciation. For certain word endings the users are advised to take a look at an alternative pronunciation.

Introduction XVII

3.7 Syllabic consonants Syllabic consonants are placed at the end of words and are assigned the value of a syllable. In English they frequently replace sequences of vowel plus consonant, especially in words ending in -/ and -«, eg -al -ial -el -ul -an -ean

local special parcel consul orphan ocean

/laukl/; /spejl/; /pa:sl/; /konsl/; /o:fn/; feu/n/;

-ian -en -in -ain -on -ion

musician garden raisin certain button fashion

/mju'zijn/; /ga:dn/; /reizn/; /sartn/; /bAtn/; /faejn.

Dictionaries are not unanimous in these cases. They often cite a variant containing a preceding schwa vowel (/a/), eg local /Isukl, 'louksl/. In some words the vowel-plusconsonant sequence is even preferable, eg signal /signal/, barrel /baeral/, golden /"gauldan/, common /"koman/, villain /vibn/. We give the more common form asking readers to check the alternative as well. In phonetics, syllabic consonants are marked by a small vertical stroke below the phoneme symbol /I, m, n/. As it is often unclear whether a consonant is syllabic or not (cf Jones 1997: XIV), we have generally omitted the marking.

3.8 Non-English sounds A characteristic feature of the English pronunciation in the the second half of the 20th century has been the increasing tendency to adopt presumed foreign sound values in words of obviously non-English origin. Take, for example, the pronunciation of French nasalized vowels in words such as vin rouge /,va;(n) 'ru:3/; restaurant /rest3rö:(n), -ro:(n)/; ban marche /,bo:(rj) ma:'Jei/. But English speakers do not get very close to the French nasal vowels and the adoption of nasalization is not uniform. Thus, dictionaries transcribe the last syllable in rapprochement as /-o7, /-a:/, /-ft7 or /-5:/, and some add optional /- /. Furthermore, they often list the unnasalized form as well, eg /,vaen '101:3, 'restsnrrj, 'restront/. In some cases, only the unnasalized form is given, eg bonmot /,btm 'msu/, pompom /pompom/. Vowels which may be nazalized mainly occur at the end of words, cf words ending in -anc, -an, -on, -ant, -ent, etc.

XVIII Introduction

3.9 Function words Some function words (pronouns, auxiliary verbs) occur in a strong form and in connected speech in a weak or contracted form, eg

a but can could / am/I'm /Aey have/they've

/ei - a/; /bAt - bat/; /kaen - kan/; /kud - kad/; /ai asm - aim/; /öei hasv - öeiv/.

As the weak and the contracted forms are the ones normally used, these two forms also have an entry in the dictionary.

3.10 Stress patterns For quite a lot of words stress varies depending on the grammatical word class they belong to, eg object n /obdjikt/, object v /sb'djekt/. Different stress patterns are indicated even if a given stress pattern is not exclusively associated with a particular part of speech, eg transport n, v /transport, traen'spo:t/.

4 The macro-structure of the dictionary Users of a reverse dictionary are not concerned with individual words, their meaning, spelling, pronunciation or syntactic and idiomatic use (information about these aspects of linguistic items can be found in a normal alphabetic dictionary). Instead, they focus attention on neighbouring words of the same ending, the same suffix, the same basic element in compound words, etc. For this purpose some aspects have to be discussed concerning the sequence of words and their grouping in sections and subdivisions. 4.1 Arranging words in reverse order means that the entries are not listed according to their spelling from left to right, but from right to left. In other words, the dictionary starts with entries ending in -a (fa, gaga, mama, etc), and ends with entries ending in -z (quartz, kibbutz, jazz, fuzz). Thus, we have 26 main divisions according to the final letters of the entries. 4.2 Within these 26 main divisions the entries are arranged according to the following principles: • The single letter and alphabetisms pronounced letter by letter belong to the first section.

Introduction XIX

• Words where the final letter corresponds to a single phoneme or a string of phonemes form one or more sections, respectively. • A further section comprises words where the final letter has no sound correspondence. • Words where not a single letter but a string of letters corresponds to a phoneme (or a string of phonemes) are listed in a separate section. • There may be some words which belong in neither of the above categories: short forms which are merely 'written abbreviations' and show no direct letter-to-sound correspondences, but are pronounced like the full form of the word. They are grouped in a further section. 4.2.1 How are the five points applied, for instance, to words ending in -el The principles sketched above suggest the following ordering of these words: (1) e spelt as a single letter (/i:/), and alphabetisms pronounced letter by letter, eg PE /,pi: 'i:/ (physical education). (2) A section of words where final -e after a consonant letter corresponds to different vowel phonemes: to /-i:/ (eg she /Ji:/), to /-i/ (eg adobe /a'dsubi/), to /-ei/ (eg vivace /vi'va:tjei/), to /3/ (eg the /Oof). (3) Words where final -e after a consonant letter has no sound correspondence ('mute' -e): from babe /beib/ to breathalyze /"brectelaiz/. (4) Words where not the single letter -e but a string of letters with final -e corresponds to a phoneme or diphthong: -ae /-i:/ amoebae /a'mirbi:/,...; -ee /-i/ tree /tri:/, ...; -ee /-ei/ matinee /mastinei/,...; -ie l-'r.l specie /spirfi:/,...; -oe /-au/ oboe /aubau/, ...; -ue /-u:/ blue /blu:/,...; -we /-wi:/ we /wi:/, ...; -ye I-ail goodbye /god'bai/, ... (5) Short forms which are merely written abbreviations and have no direct sound correspondence, but are pronounced in the full form of the word (cf paragraph 4.4), eg Mme, pronounced /ma'da:m/. (6) The final section includes all words where the final letter -e has a diacritic mark, -e (acute): -e /-i/ sake /*sa:ki/,...; -e /-ei/ cliche /"klhjei/,... 4.2.2 How are the sequence rules (as shown in paragraph 4.2.1) applied to final consonant letters, for instance to words ending in -A? (1) b spelt as a single letter (/bi:/), and alphabetisms pronounced letter by letter, eg MB /.em'bi:/ (Bachelor of Medicine); (2) words ending in -b pronounced /-b/: -b /-b/ cab /caeb/,...;

XX Introduction (3) words ending in -b without phonemic correspondence /-/: -A /-/ lamb /laem/,...; (4) a word where the final consonant letter is doubled (-bb), but corresponds to the single phoneme /-b/: -bb /-b/ ebb /eb/; (5) a short form ending in -b which has no direct spelling-to-sound correspondence: Ib /paond/ (libra).

Introductory surveys of the sections can be found at the head of each of the 26 main divisions. 4.2.3 The order of words observes the principles outlined above of arranging monographs and digraphs in a sequence (cf Chapter 4.2.1 paragraphs (2), (3) and (4). Take, for example, vowel letters preceding the final consonant letter -t: -at -at -eat -eat -eat -eat -what -iat -oat

/-act/ /-at/ I-\:\J /-eit/ /-et/ /-rat/ /-wot/ /-at/ /-out/

cat /kaet/; carat /kaeret/; beat /bi:t/; great /greit/; threat /9ret/; caveat /keiviat/; what /wot/; secretariat /.sekre'tesrrat/; boat /-baut/.

The consonant letters s, t and z preceding the ending -iness further illustrate this principle: greasiness uneasiness glossiness craftiness

/grirsmss/ /Arii:zm9S/ /glosmas/ /"kraiftmas/

cattiness

/^kaetmss/

prettiness pettiness laziness dizziness

/pritmas/ fpetmssf /leizmss/ /dizmss/

business

/'biznas/

First, voiceless /s/ before the ending -iness; then, voiced 111 (cf Table 3 in Chapter 3.3); then, doubling of the letter s; then, the letter /, following the letter s according to the alphabet and corresponding to the phoneme /t/; then, doubling of the letter tt, corresponding to the single phoneme /t/ (cf Chapter 4.2.2); note that /it/ precedes /et/ (cf Table 3 in Chapter 3.3; then, the letter z, corresponding to the phoneme /z/; then, doubling of the letter zz, corresponding to the single phoneme /z/; finally words ending in -iness where the letter i has no letter-to-sound correspondence.

4.3 Within the 26 main divisions of the dictionary the spelling-to-sound correspondences, as shown in Chapter 4.2, produce smaller or larger subdivisions of words. There are two basic criteria for subdivisions:

Introduction XXI

(1) Concerning words ending in the same vowel letter: Words ending in the same vowel letter (or string of vowel letters) and corresponding to the same vowel phoneme (or string of vowel phonemes) form a subdivision (cf Chapter 4.2.1). Examples include -e -e -e -e

l-r.l l-\l /-ei/ /-9/

be /bi:/), she /Ji:/), etc; adobe /a'daubi/, apostrophe /a'postrafi/, etc; vivace /vivartfei/, poc/re /*pa:drei/, etc; tilde /tilds/, the / 9/, etc;

-ae -ee -oe -ue

l-'i\l l-il /-so/ /-u:/

amoebae /3'mi:bi:/, formulae /foimjali:/, etc; bee /bi:/, tree /tri:/, etc; oboe /aubsu/, doe /dsu/, etc; Wwe /blu:/, clue /klu:/, etc.

(2) Concerning words ending in the same consonant letter: Words ending in the same consonant letter which corresponds to the same consonant phoneme, preceded by the same vowel letter which corresponds to the same vowel phoneme, form a subdivision. Some examples are given below (cf Chapter 4.2.3): -at -at

/-aet/ /-at/

bat /baet/, cat /kaet/, etc; ducat /dAkat/, carat /kaerat/, etc.

This rule also applies to a string of consonant letters or a string of vowel letters corresponding to the same phoneme or string of phonemes, eg -eat -eat -oat -uat -act -elft -easant

Ι-ϊΛΐ /-enY /-sot/ /-wot/ /-aekt/ /-elft/ /-eznt/

-udent /-ju:dnt/

beat fbi:t/, feat/fi-.tl, etc; great /greit/; boat /baut/, coat /kaut/, etc; squat /skwot/; act lxk\J,fact /faekt/, etc; c/e/// /delft/; pleasant fpleznti, peasant fpeznt/, etc;

student /stju:dnt/

The last three examples show that in some cases there may be an accumulation of consonant phonemes, which is a typical feature of word endings in English. In the dictionary part subdivisions are headed by an indication of the phoneme (or string of phonemes) separated by a slash from the spelling string, eg -aetAat

kaet faet

n cat v,n,adj fat

-at/-at 9t 'kaeret

prep at n carat

XXII Introduction

-i:t/-eat i:t bi:t

eat beat

For a review of all the subdivisions of spelling-to-sound correspondences see "Appendix 1". 4.4 Compounds are grouped according to their final element (or head). All compounds relating to a particular item are grouped together, ie they are not interrupted by words which would normally intervene if a strict alphabetical order were adopted. The word room, for example, is linked with the whole sequence of compound words from tearoom to playroom, only then followed by broom, groom, mushroom, etc. Compound words are either hyphenated, or spelt as single units, or spelt as separate words (eg life-jacket, lifebelt, life insurance). There are no strict rules for these modifications. As far as possible the spellings we give reflect common usage. In general we do not include compounds consisting of two or more separate words. 4.5 Short forms of words (acronyms, clippings, blends) are included if they are in common use. We have to consider five types: (1) Short forms made up from the initial letters of phrases and pronounced as sequences of letters ('alphabetisms'), eg BA /,bi: 'ei/, BBC /,bi: bi: 'si:/. These abbreviations are separately placed at the beginning of each main division: BA after the single letters a, A; BBC after the single letters c, C. (2) Short forms composed of single letters but pronounced as new words (acronyms'), eg UFOfja:fsu/, UNESCO /u:'nesk3U/. (3) Short forms derived by dropping one or more initial and/or final syllables of a word ('clippings'), eg plane /plem/ (aeroplane), hi-fi /hai fai/ (high fidelity). (4) Words formed by joining together part of one word with a part or the full form of another word (blends'), eg televiewer /telivju:9(r)/ (television + viewer); smog /smog/ (smoke +fog); brunch /brAntJ/ (breakfast + lunch).

(5) Short forms of words without direct sound correspondence, but pronounced in the full form of the word ('written abbreviations'), eg etc /*et 'setsro/ (et cetera), kw /'kibuwDt/ (kilowatt). Short forms of this kind which have no direct spelling-tosound correspondence form a group of their own placed at the end of each main division, eg etc at the end of-c, kw at the end of -w. 4.6 In order to keep the size of the dictionary within reasonable proportions, it is necessary to include only those words which are considered to be in common use across the English speaking world. The total number of entries is approximately 35000. As regards inflected forms we have to limit the number of examples to irregular inflected forms. Concerning regular inflected forms we cite a number of examples and sketch the main rules applying to them; see remarks in the dictionary part on

Introduction XXIII

/-t/-ed, /-id/-ed, /-d/-ed, /-iq/-ing, /-s(r)/-er, /-s/-s, /-iz/-es, /-z/-s, /-ist/-est. The same applies to adverbials which are regularly formed by the suffix -ly; see remark on /-li/-ly.

5 The micro-structure of the entries Each entry provides three types of information; from right to left: • the main word (in bold type), • preceded by syntactic tags (parts of speech; in italics); • on the left: the pronunciation, eg Ö9U

adv, conj though

Many words have variants in spelling or pronunciation. These may be either added to the same entry or given separate entries in the appropriate subdivision. Cross-references are given to the entry under which the variants are treated. (1) An alternative form which is used as often as the primary entry is added by means of a comma or by means of the word or, eg kwoit, koit faegat (or soil) so:It (or so:lt) soil

n quoit AE fagot, n faggot v,n,adj salt v,n,adj salt

(2) A less common alternative is added by means of the word also, and at its proper place the symbol /· refers to the primary entry, eg (also ambiance) n ambience (/'ambience) 'aembians n ambiance 'aembians

(3) If one line is not sufficient for an entry, the additional line should precede, since the headword should keep its place at the end of the entry. The additional line is indented on the right margin, eg also ge'-,

also guerilla, n guerrilla

XXIV Introduction

6 Spelling-to-sound and sound-to-spelling correspondences In the preceding chapters we have explained how the sequence of the words has been organized to make the use of the dictionary as profitable and convenient as possible. Users, however, need not have all the details in mind when they look for a certain group of words. Appendix 1 provides a survey of all subdivisions (spelling-to-sound correspondences in word endings). Why is this helpful or even necessary? Think, for instance, of the words ending in -s: • In a section of words final -5 corresponds to the phoneme I-si: from gas /gaes/ to· fleurs-de-lys /.fb: d9'li:s/. • In some words final -s is pronounced /-z/: from as /aez/ to buoys /boiz/. • In yet another section words are listed where final -s is not pronounced: from precis /'preisi:/ to a variant form of fleurs-de-lys /.fb: da 'li:/. Now a user might be interested in words ending in -is. But he might not be aware of the variant sound correspondences. In Appendix 1 he can catch a brief glimpse of them: -is -is -is -is -is -is -is -is -is

-i: -i -s -i:s -is -z -i:z -iz -aiz

6 l l 3 108 (1) (5) (47) (7)

p -s 20 p -s 20 p-si5 p -s 03 p-s03 p-si5 p-si5 p-s!5 p-si5

v,n precis n chassis aux v is n ambergris adj,adv,pron this auxv is 3sgpr,npl skis npl bikinis npl alibis

'preisi: 'Jassi (weak form) s 'aembsgriis öis (weak form) z ski:z bi'ki:mz 'ashbaiz

It may be helpful to find the approximate number of words of each subdivision, the section where to find it and an example. In addition it will be of special interest to many users to study sequences of words which end in the same final sound (or string of sounds), but are spelt in various ways. For this purpose a survey is required where all final sounds (or strings of sounds) of English words are listed in reverse order according to the international phonetic alphabet; see Appendix 2. Again, the survey shows at a glance the whole variety of correspondences, now from a phonological point of view. -u:m

-omb

3

p -b 03

tu:m

n tomb

-u:m -u:m -u:m -wu:m -ju:m

-ume -om -oom -womb -ume

6 l 65 l 14

p-e31 p -m 03 p-m 04 p -b 03 p-e31

plu:m hu:m bu:m wu:m fju:m

v,n plume pron whom v,n boom n womb v,n fume

-a There are 5 sections in the series of words ending in -a: (1) α spelt as a single letter (/ei/), and alphabetisms pronounced letter by letter, eg BA /,bi: 'ei/ (Bachelor of Arts). (2) A section of words where final -a after a consonant letter corresponds to different vowel phonemes: /ei/ a as indef art /ei/; /-a:/ from la-di-da /,la: di 'da:/ to ία ία /,ta 'ta:/; /3/ from jellaba /"djelaba/ to /7/zza /"prtsa/. (3) A section of words where final -a together with one or more preceding vowel letters corresponds to a monophthong or diphthong, from baa /ba:/ to soya /sora/ (p -a 4). (4) A short form ending in -a which has no direct spelling-to-sound correspondence and is pronounced according to the full written form of the word: Sta /sterjn/ (station) (p -a 6). (5) Final -a marked by the symbol 'grave1: pieta /,pi:e'ta:/ (p -a 6).

ei/a

-a:/-a

er er ,er 'er ,bi: 'er ,ar ,bi: 'er ,a:r es ,pi: si: 'ei ,war ,em ,si: 'ei ,war ,dAblju: ,si: 'er ,vr: an 'er ,el ,i: 'er ,ef 'er ,war ,ertj 'er ,sr ,ar 'er ,el 'er ,em 'er ,bi: ,em 'er ,di: ,en 'er ,pi: 'er ,a:r 'er ,ai ,a:r'er ,er ,es 'er ju: ,es 'er ,i: ,ti: 'er ,pi: ,ti: 'er

n a, A abbr A abbr AA abbr BA abbr IBA abbr RSPCA abbr YMCA abbr YWCA abbr V and A abbr LEA abbr FA abbr YHA abbr CIA abbr LA abbr MA abbr BMA abbr DNA abbr PA abbr RA abbr IRA abbr ASA abbr USA abbr eta abbr PTA

-ei/-a

,lo:-dr-'da:

adj Ia-di-da (/fah) n fa ,SDl-'fa: n sol-fa ,tonrk 'sol-fa: n tonic sol-fa 'ga:ga: adj gaga ha: inter] ha inter/ aha a:'ha: 'ha:ha: n haha 'bru:ha:ha: n brouhaha ,tja:tja:'tja: also cha-cha-cha, 'tja:tja: n cha-cha la: n la 'hu:p-la: n hoop-la ma: n ma ma'ma: n mama 'graenma: n grandma 'paenama: n (also ~ hat) panama pa: n pa

fo:

pa'pa: 'graenpa: spo:

bra: ta: ,ta 'ta:

n papa n grandpa n spa (/«brassiere) n bra inter] ta /'«/er/ ta ta

-3/-a

(strong form

er

indef art a

(weak form) a 'djelaba

indef art a « jellaba

/iEameba, n amoeba a'mi:ba 'maemba n mamba 'saemba n samba n marimba ma'rrmba n rumba 'rAmba (/i£'tu:ba) 'tju:ba n tuba asl'paeka n alpaca aen'djelika n angelica 'srlrka n silica ba'zrlrka n basilica ma'djolrka n majolica 'replrka n replica (AE ha^momrka) ha:'monrka n harmonica dja'ponika n japonica n veronica va'ronrka O:nika n arnica sar'aitrka n sciatica r'rotrka npl erotica 'maika fo:'maika 'parka

n mica n Formica n pica

.liqgwa'fraeqka .taepr'auka 'S3:ka V3rm:ka ma'laska 'meka fe'Uka

n lingua franca n tapioca prep circa n verruca n malacca propn Mecca n felucca

-a 2

(AE si'keida) .basb'laika si'ka:da η cicada 'troikg a:'ma:cte η armada 'kaelka 'rarda abbr RADA (AE 'paulka) ,3:tdu'stra:d3 η autostrada 'pulk9 .propg'gaendg η propaganda b9'zu:k9 'pasnda η panda 'pa: kg va'raenda η veranda ma'z3:k9 .mema'raenda npl memoranda 'pAks pjur'denda npl pudenda 9'denda npl addenda si'ka:b a'djenda η agenda (AE 'geib) .referenda npl referenda 'ga:b .haesi'enda η hacienda sm'ha:l9 'kainda adv kinda im'pa:l9 (AE -'ko:n-) ma:'sa:b η anaconda k9uO:l9 .aena'konda reu'tAnd9 η rotunda 'kweib η coda ma'nib 'kauda pa'gauda η pagoda p9'rasbal9 'sauda η soda hai'p3:b9b 'gondab ,baera'ku:da η barracuda 'gu:d9, 'gaudg n Gouda 'p3:g9b 'kju:p9b ael'faelfa η alfalfa tum'baub 'saufa η sofa 'kaub η saga 'so:g3 ,k9uk9-'k9ub (AE gu'mega) 'gumiga η omega pra'ngub 'aslga η alga .gorggn'zgub n panga 'vaiab 'pasqgs si'nijga n syringa vi'gub 'nebjub 'taogs η toga 'fibjub 'jgugg η yoga 'kwaega n quagga ks'nkjub (AE 'maukg) 'skrofjisb 'mokg η mocha 'pnmjub 'daetjg η dacha 'fo:mjub n kwacha kam'paenjub 'kwajtfa ,gAt9-'p3:tj9 η gutta-percha 'skaepjub 'g3±3 η Gurkha 'kopjub 'spastjob pi'ramja η piranha 'fistjub 'aelfa η alpha n Belisha 'hu:b b9'li:j9 'gei/9 η geisha (AE -S9b) ps'mnsjab 'naef09 η naphtha t9'raintj9b η Maharaja 'jurvjgb ,ma:h9'ra:d39 'wi:d39 n ouija Ain'breb .smda'rela 'vodkg η vodka jira'ri:k9 inter/ eureka .paena'teb pa'teb (A E p9'pri:k9) 'paeprikg η paprika .taeran'teb 'swDstikg η swastika si'dib

η balalaika η troika n Khalka

tjm'tjib V9'nib ,sa:spa'nb ga'rib also ge'-, ganb msen'tib sin'tib fb'tib Vib (AE -'ro:l-) kg'rob

η chinchilla η vanilla n sarsaparilla η gorilla also guerilla, η guerrilla η mantilla η scintilla η flotilla η villa

to:'ti:J9

η tortilla

(pg'djaemg P9'd3a:m9 'Ia:m9 'draima 'mebdro:m9 (AE -raema) ,pasn9'ra:m9 'ski:m3 'enimg (AE ,ig'zi:m9) 'eksimg 9'nae9sm9 'sinamg i'nigmg 'stigmg (AE 'do:gm9) 'dogmg 'draekma (AE 'aszma) 'aesmg 'pri:m9 'minims 'macksims 'haelma 'kauma glo:'k9um3 tra'kauma di'pbumg g'raumg 'ka:m9 ,tera 'f3:m9 ,prau ΐο:πΐ9 η peninsula η tarantula 'plaezms η uvula mi'aezmg « umbrella kg'nzmg η Cinderella mg'haetmg n panatella ,sastsu:m3 η patella η tarantella (AE 'pu:m9) 'pju:m9 η cedilla

AE pajama) adj pyjama η llama « drama η melodrama

η polka η bazooka η parka η mazurka adj pukka η cicala η gala n Sinhala n impala η Marsala η koala n kwela n manila η parabola η hyperbola η gondola η pergola η cupola η tombola (also kola) η cola (also Coke) n Coca-Cola η pianola n Gorgonzola η (flower) viola n (mus) viola η nebula η fibula npl curricula η scrofula η primula η formula η campanula η scapula η copula η spatula η fistula η hula

η corolla

η panorama η schema η enema η eczema η anathema η cinema η enigma η stigma η dogma η drachma η asthma adj prima npl minima npl maxima n halma η coma η glaucoma η trachoma η diploma η aroma η karma η terra firm a adj, adv pro forma η plasma η miasma η charisma n Mahatma n satsuma n puma

-a 3 (AE 'trauma) 'tro:ma 'gaema (ΛΕ 'ma: mo) 'maema di'lema 'koma mnn'taena djim'kccna ,paeksrau'ma:na (AE ba'naena) ba'na:na (/4£ -'taena) SAl'ta:na nia'va:na 'timpana

ps:'sauna

n trauma n gamma n mamma n dilemma n comma propn Montana n gymkhana n Pax Romana n banana n sultana n nirvana npl tympana

i'gwa:na

n iguana also marihuana, ,maer3'wa:n3 n marijuana V3:'bi:na a'ri:na fi'nomina sa'pi:na hai'i:na .inta'regna ,sema'li:na ,oka'ri:na ma'rirna

za:'ri:na ,baela'ri:na ,pri:ma,baela'ri:na ,smJD:'ri:na retsima .konsa'thna 'staemma 'paetina (AE 're tana) 'retina va'djaina acn'djama 'tjaina 'kraekl-tjama Ά Ina a'Umna sirj'kauna 'krauna ka'rauna

n verbena n arena npl phenomena v,n subpoena n hyaena, hyena npl interregna n semolina n ocarina

n marina also czarina, tzarina, n tsarina n ballerina

n prima ballerina n signorina n retsina n concertina n stamina n patina n retina n vagina n angina

n china n crackle-china

n ulna n alumna n cinchona n krona n corona

'st3:na 'bu:na la'kju:na (AE 'tu:na) 'tju:na 'fD:na 'sauna 'mama 'aena 'kaena baen'daena 'maena hau'zaena sa'vasna 'wona 'hena 'sena aen'tena si'ena .bela'dona ma'dona ,pri:ma 'dona (AE 'go:na) 'gona, gana (AE viku:nja, vai'ku:na) vi'kju:na (BE pa'pa:) AE 'pa:pa ka'taelpa 'pju:pa 'pops 'kApa 'paera (AE -'skaera) mae'ska:ra ,dema'reara ti'a:ra ,aebraka'daebra ,kaenda'la:bra or'zi:bra, 'zebra 'aeldjibra 'V3:tibra 'li:bra pi'nAmbra 'kaubra .simju'leikra 'fulkra 'Undra 'haidra

n persona (or sternums) npl sterna n buna n lacuna n tuna npl fauna n sauna n myna n anna n canna n bandanna n manna n,anterj hosanna n savanna an v wanna n henna n senna n antenna n sienna n belladonna n Madonna n prima donna

anv gonna « vicufla

n papa n catalpa n pupa AE n poppa n cuppa abbr para n mascara n demerara n tiara n.anterj abracadabra npl candelabra n zebra n algebra n vertebra propn Libra n penumbra n cobra npl simulacra npl fulcra

n tundra n hydra

AE 'ira, 'rara 'visara 'kolara 'kaemara 'teh,kaemara 'smi,kaemara 'dsenara 'tempara Opara (AE it ~) et 'setara 'ora

kai'miara Opra 'saup-opra kai'miara .nvieara jua'ri:6ra 'liara 'naira ma'diara 'aukra aeq'go:ra 'flD:ra se'njoira si'njo:ra o:'ro:ra 'asgara 'aemfara 'ple9ara 'ko:para dai'aespara

n era npl viscera n cholera n camera » telecamera n cinecamera npl genera n tempera npl opera et cetera n era (also chimaera) n chimera n opera n soap-opera n chimaera n riviera n urethra n lira n naira n Madeira n okra n angora npl flora n senora n signora n aurora n agora n amphora

n plethora npl corpora n Diaspora

'su:pra 'spektra ,ni: ,pUs 'Altra O:kistra 'da:nso:kistra ,aespi'distra 'rostra 'ekstra .kolara'tuara (AE si'zuara) si'zjuara O:ra si'eara 'kukabAra

adv supra npl spectra n ne plus ultra n orchestra dance-orchestra n aspidistra npl rostra n.adj.adv extra n coloratura

'naesa 'borlsa ,vaisi 'V3:sa

abbr NASA n balsa adv vice versa

n

n caesura n aura n sierra

n kookaburra

-a 4 'vi:za (or -'mausa) mimauza ,SAb 'rauza

v,« visa

'kwauta ei'orta η mimosa ka'naesta adv sub rosa (AE'pa:sts) 'paesta

(or'da:ta;^£ daeta) 'delta n data npl ultimata .Alti'meita ta'ka:ta n toccata n sonata sa'narta adv pro rata ,preu 'rarte npl desiderata di,zida'ra:ta pa.sauna'gra:ta n persona grata n persona pa.sauna non grata ,ηοη 'grarta (AE 'streita) npl strata 'stra:ta (AE 'sAbstreita) npl substrata 'sAbstra:ta e'ra:ta npl errata kaen'tarta n cantata npl schemata 'ski: mate (or automatons) npl automata or'tomata (or rectums) npl recta tekta npl analecta .aena'lekta npl dicta 'dikta npl obiter dicta ,obita 'dikta

(AE 'beita) 'bi:ta ik'skrirta 'taefita pa'seita 'efta 'rirta .senjor'rirta ,terairn'kogmta 'delta 'saenta 'kwonta pla'senta im.pedfmenta (AE 'hunta) 'djAnta da'kauta pa'lauta 'rauta ai'auta

'raesta fi'esta si'esta 'vista n'gaeta ven'deta ,opa'reta bi'reta .tera-'kota 'gota 'karva 'larva ,baela'kla:va ka'sarva 'gwarva 'irva sa'laiva

'vaiva 'VAlva 'auva 'nauva BE also ,sjur-, n beta ,su:pa 'nauva 'larva npl excreta n taffeta n peseta (AE 'plaeza) 'plarza abbr EFTA ik,straevapropn Rita 'gaenza n senorita ba'naenza n 'staenza terra incognita ka'denza n delta .influ'enza (/Santa Claus) pi'aetsa n Santa 'pirtsa npl quanta n placenta n,adj magenta npl bar impedimenta

n pasta (/Rastafarian) n Rasta n Fiesta n siesta n vista

n pea n chickpea n sea adj deep-sea adj undersea adj, adv oversea n tea n beef tea

-i/-ca /

£\

n regatta 'gmi n vendetta n operetta / __ . n biretta -9/-Cd n terra-cotta haidreindsa an v gotta • / _ n kava -1.9/-Cd n lava (BE -na n balaclava AE .daia'rira n cassava (BE .gona'na n guava AE .gDrna'rira propn Eva n saliva / __ -19/-Cd (/viva voce) n viva ,paena'sia n vulva ai'dia npl ova (AE 'treikia) n nova tra'kia na n supernova ( -'rira n larva ( BE .gona'rra a'zeilia 'kokha n plaza .burgan'viha .misa'lemia n extravaganza 'kornia n bonanza 'eana n stanza 'kaetjmantn cadenza eana n influenza o^-'norsia, n piazza 'norzia n pizza

n guinea

n hydrangea

diarrhoea) n diarrhea gonorrhoea) n gonorrhea

n panacea n idea

n trachea n rhea /gonorrhoea) n gonorrhea n azalea n cochlea n bougainvillea npl miscellanea n cornea n area n catchment-area n nausea

-i9/-oea

-a:/-aa

n junta ·. / _ propn Dakota -l./ -Cd. li: n pelota fli: n rota plir n iota

pi: 'tjikpi: si: 'dirp-si: 'Andasi: .auva'si: ti: .birf'ti:

n quota n aorta n canasta

v,n baa

n lea n flea n plea

(AE -'rira ,daia'na (AE -'rira ,gona'na

diarrhea) n diarrhoea gonorrhea) n gonorrhoea

-jei/-yea jei

n,adv,anterj yea

-a 5

/ ·

-9/-lPP held ρί,ρρ beheld ρί,ρρ withheld

-d 18

.Ap'held

pt,pp upheld

Ι Γι /_lf^lri 1*• lV-1/ mdU

fi:ld 'midfi:ld 'gauldfirld 'aisfi:ld 'baetlfi:ld 'mainfi:ld 'laendiq-fi:ld 'plenq-fi:ld 'bnk-fi:ld 'k3 lfi:ld Oilfi:ld 'mfi:ld 'hop-fi-.ld 'tjestefi:ld 'eafirld 'autfi:ld 'snaufi:ld 'paedi-fi:ld a'fi:ld

β llvl·/ Τ 1 C\ /·! ! 1 Ifl UMJ.V»

bild ,ri:'bild gild

v,n build v rebuild η guild

.Ap'hauld 'Grefhauld 'kAkauld

v uphold η threshold v,« cuckold (BE mould) ν,ηΑΕ mold pt,PP so'd pt,pp resold adj unsold pt,pp undersold pt-PP told ρί,ρρ retold pt.pp foretold adj untold

v,n field msuld n midfield sguld n goldfield ri:'sauld η icefield An'sauld η battlefield .Anda'sauld waild npl,adj,adv wild η minefield teuld η landing-field ,ri:'t3uld η playing-field fo:'t39(r)/-bre 'seiba(r)

n cadre

-i9(r)/-ere sin'sra(r) ,insin'sia(r) ,mt3'fra(r) hia(r) 3d'hia(r) katfriiaO·) sfia(r) 'hemisfi3(r) 'astm3sfia(r) 9 'zon3sfi3(r) ai'on3sfia(r) 'straetasfi3(r) 'bae9isfi3(r) mia(r) (AE 'kaejrnrar) kaefmiafr)

aux v were

'evnweafr)

'ais(r) interr adv, r dai9(r) reladv where fai9(r) adv somewhere 'si:s-fai9(r) adv elsewhere adv nowhere 'bi:k9n-faig(r) adv anywhere Ikaemp-fai9(r) (also AE 'waildfai9(r) everyplace) ,baek'faia(r) 'Jelfaia(r) adv everywhere 'drAmfai9(r) 'bonfara(r) 'gAnfai9(r)

-ws:(r)/-were

η ire adj dire ν,η fire « cease-fire η beacon-fire η camp-fire η wildfire ν,η backfire n shellfire « drumfire η bonfire η gunfire 77

-e 38 ,mis'fai3(r) (/l£'kro:s-) 'krosfaia(r) 'spitfaia(r) a'faia(r)

ν,η misfire

,eskn'twa:(r)

η crossfire η spitfire adj afire

'rep3twa:(r)

'haia(r) 'saefai3(r) 'Jai3(r) 'mai3(r) 3d'mai3(r) 'kwasgmara(r) .eid'vaempaia(r) 'empai3(r) 'Ampaia(r) 'spaia(r) 3'spai3(r) n'spai3(r) traen'spaia(r) m'spara(r) k3n'spai3(r) P3'spai3(r) itsparair) 'saia(r) di'zara(r) 'taia(r)

ν,η hire η sapphire η shire ν,η mire ν admire η quagmire

'taia(r) 'saetara(r) n'tara(r) in'taia(r) 3'tai3(r)

-wa:(r)/-oire ,mem'wa:(r) 'a:mwa:(r) ,bet 'nwa:(r) kan'sa:vatwa:(r)

78

-wai3(r)/-uire 'kwara(r) 3'kwai3(r) rikwara(r) m'kwara(r) 'skwai3(r) i'skwara(r)

« quire ν acquire ν require also enquire, ν inquire ν,η squire η Esquire

η vampire η empire ν,η umpire η spire 'wara(r) ν,η wire ν aspire 'teligra:fν respire wara(r) η telegraph-wire ν transpire ,ri:'wai3(r) ν rewire ν inspire 'heiwara(r) n,adj haywire ν conspire ν perspire ν expire o:(r) η ore ν,η sire 'led-o:(r) η lead-ore ν,η desire ν tire bo:(r) ν,ρί,η bore (BE tyre) 'smu:0-bo:(r) adj smooth-bore nAE tire fo:'bo:(r) pt forbore η satire ko:(r) ν,η core ν,η retire Oqko:(r) v,n,interj encore adj entire sko:(r) ν,η score ν,η attire '6ri:-sko:(r) n,adj three-score 'fD:-sko:(r) n.adj four-score (^underline) And3'sko:(r) ν underscore η savoir-faire 3'do:(r) ν adore η laissez-faire 'sti:v3do:(r) η stevedore 'baetldD.-(r) η battledore n,adj doctrinaire η millionaire 'koni3do:(r) η commodore fo:(r) n,adj. η concessionaire adv, interj fore η 3fo:(r) adv, prep afore 'pm3fo:(r) η pinafore commissionaire bi'fD:(r) adv,prep, conj before η questionnaire η solitaire ,hi3nnbi'fD:(r) adv hereinbefore 'oe3fo:(r) adv therefore 'we3fo:(r) adv wherefore ,hi3tu:'fo:(r) adv heretofore n aide-mgmoire go:(r) ν,η gore « armoire tfo:(r) η chore n bete noire 'sem3fo:(r) ν,η semaphore JD:(r) η shore η conservatoire 'si:fo:(r) η seashore

-e9(r)/-aire ,saevwa:-'fe3(r) ,leisei-'fe3(r) ,doktn'ne3(r) ,mili3'ne3(r) ksn,sej3'ne3(r) ks,mif3'ne3(r) .kwestjs'nea(r) ,soli'te3(r)

η escritoire (also repertory) η repertoire

-wais(r)/-wire

-o:(r)/-ore

'fo:|o:(r) η foreshore s'Jo:(r) adv ashore (AE,y.i-) ,ofjD:(r) adj offshore ,m'Jo:(r) adj, adv inshore Onjo:(r) adj.adv onshore ho:(r) η whore lo:(r) « lore g3'b:(r) adv galore faukb:(r) η folklore di'pb:(r) ν deplore im'pb:(r) ν implore ik'spb:(r) ν explore mo:(r) det,pron,adv more ,f3:03'mo:(r) adv furthermore ,ev3'm3:(r) adv evermore ,nev3'mD:(r) adv nevermore 'sik3mo:(r) η sycamore 'SDf3mo:(r) η sophomore ig'n3:(r) ν ignore sna:(r) ν,η snore po:(r) ν,η pore spD.-(r) η spore kro:(r) n crore SD:(F) n,adj sore 'saedl-SD:(r) adj saddle-sore 'bedso:(r) η bedsore 'aiso:(r) η eyesore futso:(r) adj footsore to:(r) pt tore sto:(r) ν,η store 'tjem-sto:(r) η chain-store 'drAgsto:(r) η drugstore BE also 'sju:-, 'su:pasto:(r) η superstore n'sto:(r) ν restore (ΑΕ'3-.τ-) 'h3:bivo:(r) η herbivore 'ka:nivo:(r) η carnivore

-u:o(r)/-o!re 'hu:s(r)

abbr who' re

-wo:(r)/-wore wo:(r) swo:(r) fo:'swo:(r)

pt wore pt swore pt forswore

-jo:(r)/-yore jo:(r)

η yore

-e 39

-te(r)/-tre (AE theater) '0i9to(r) w theatre Opareitirjn Orats(r) operating-theatre (AE -ter) 'aemfi0i3to(r) n amphitheatre 'spekto(r) « spectre (AE meter) 'mi:to(r) n metre 'milimi:t3(r) n millimetre 'senti,mi:to(r) n centimetre or -mito(r), 'kibmi:to(r) n kilometre or ,solt-, (AE saltpeter) ,so:ltpi:to(r) n saltpetre or -mi:te(r), ki'l mit3(r) n kilometre (AE liter) 'li:to(r) « litre 'sentili:to(r) n centilitre 'kil9li:t3(r) n kilolitre (AE miter) 'maita(r) n mitre (AE goiter) 'goito(r) n goitre (AE-ter) ,rek3'n3ito(r) v reconnoitre (AE center) 'senta(r) v,n centre 'n3:v-sento(r) n nerve-centre 'st3:m-sento(r) n storm-centre (AE epicenter) 'episent3(r) n epicentre (AE scepter) 'septa(r) « sceptre (AE luster) 'lAste(r) n lustre 'laek-lASts(r) adj lack-lustre

-o:(r)/-ure ^J 3(r) BE also fo:(r) in'Jo:(r)

-o(r)/-ure HEfigjar) fig3(r) ,lei frg3(r) '9ri:-ftg3(r) (AE-gpr) ,pri:'fig9(r)

adj.adv sure v ensure

lua(r) v,n lure (AE-gjsr) kan'fig3(r) v configure 3'Iira(r) v,n allure (AE -gjsr) BE also Jo:(r) dis'ftg3(r) v disfigure Ju3(r) adj.adv sure (AE -gjsr) ,kDk'Ju3(r) adj cocksure traens'figs(r) v transfigure (BE also φ:(Γ)) (AE braiyjirar) in'J s(r) v ensure 'bra j3(r) n brochure m'Ju3(r) v insure 'md33(r) v injure ,ri:iriju3(r) v reinsure 'kAnd33(r) v conjure An'fu3(r) adj unsure 'p3:d33(r) v perjure 'futju3(r) adj footsure r sen/3(r) v,n censure BE also a'Jo:(r) 'tDnJa(r) v,n tonsure 3'Jua(r) w assure im'brei33(r) « embrasure ,ri:3'Ji>a(r) v reassure i'rei33(r) η erasure (BE -'tjuar) 'ple33(r) η pleasure AE,im3H&r adj immature dis'ple33(r) η displeasure 'me33(r) v,n measure 'ja:d-me33(r) η yard-measure 'teip-me33(r) η tape-measure kjua(r) v,« cure 'kauntan counter'rest-kju3(r) n rest-cure me33(r) measure 'pedikjua(r) n pedicure 'tre3a(r) v,n treasure 'maenikju3(r) v,n manicure pra'kju3(r) v procure Ie33(r) η leisure 'sainikj 3(r) n sinecure 'ktoi>33(r) η closure si'kju3(r) v,adj secure fo:'kl3U33(r) η foreclosure ,msi'kju3(r) adj insecure also inclosure, 'epikju3(r) n epicure in'kteu33(r) η enclosure 3b'skjus(r) v,adj obscure dis'kl3uj3(r) η disclosure (AE in'duar) k3m'p3U33(r) η composure in'dj a(r) v endure (AE -dysr) k9in'p3U39(r) η discomposure O:dj 3(r) n ordure ik'sp3U3a(r) η exposure kwa:'fjira(r) n coiffure 'taimdi'mju3(r) adj demure ik,sp3U33(r) η time-exposure imjua(r) v immure ,3UV3rma'nju3(r) v,« manure ik'sp3U33(r) « overexposure i'nj 3(r) v inure pju3(r) adj pure 'prej3(r) « pressure im'pju3(r) adj impure 'blAd-preJa(r) η blood-pressure m3'tjua(r) v,adj mature hai-'pre|3(r) η high-pressure (AE -tirar) 'fi/3(r) η fissure ,im3'tju3(r) adj immature (BE also 'aezjua(r)) n prefecture 'a;33(r) n.adj azure 'pri:fektju3(r) '3uvatj 9(r) n overture 'si:33(r) « seizure gr9'vju3(r) w gravure

-ju3(r)/-ure

,f9Ut3-

-u9(r)/-ure

(BE iridjirar) v,n figure AE in'duar n lay figure BE 'brauj3(r) adj three-figure AE breu'Juar ab'd3U3(r) v prefigure 3'd3 3(r)

gr9'vju9(r)

n photogravure

,r9Ut9U-

gra'vj 9(r)

n rotogravure

η brochure v abjure v adjure 'kaenk9tju9(r)

v,n caricature

v endure

-Ju9(r)/-ure 79

-e 40 (AE also -tuar) or -'tjua(r), ma'tji>9(r) 'a:m9tfu9(r) or -tfa(r) 'litratfua(r) (SE-tJa(r)) /4£'k3:vatfuar (BE 'min9tj9(r)) AE 'minratfuar 'sepltjua(r)

'a:kitektj9(r) 'piktja(r) v.adj mature 'W3:d-piktja(r) « armature 'stnktj9(r) 'sinktJXr) n literature η curvature « miniature η sepulture

-jXr)/-ure 'V3:dJ9(r) 'feilja(r) 'ha:t-feilj9(r) 'tenJ9(r)

η verdure η failure η heart-failure η tenure

-J3(r)/-ure ledjisleitJaCr) 'neitja(r) 'staetja(r) 'd3u:dikatfa(r)

« legislature η nature η stature η judicature (/•candidacy) η candidature η ligature

'kaedidatJXr) 'Iig9tj9(r) (AE 'ngumen-) (kleitfar) na'menkl9tfa(r) η nomenclature 'fil9t[a(r) η filature (AE ,pri:m9'tu9r) 'prem9tja(r) adj premature 'a:m9tja(r) η armature 'sign9tja(r) η signature (AE-tfusr) 'tempratTa(r) η temperature or -tjugr, 'Iitratj9(r) η literature (AE -tjuar) 'k3:vatfa(r) η curvature 'fi:tja(r) v,n feature 'kri:t/9(r) η creature (AE 'minigtjusr) 'mmatJXr) η miniature .maenjofaektj"9(r) v.n manufacture 'fraektj9(r) v,« fracture kan'dsektJXr) v,« conjecture 'Iektj9(r) v,n lecture 'k3:tnlektja(r) η curtain-lecture

80

η architecture v,n picture η word-picture η stricture η cincture v,n tincture η juncture

kann conjuncture v,n puncture 'xkjupAqktJa(r) η acupuncture 'strAktJa(r) η structure 'mfrestTAktJa(r) η infrastructure 'SAbstrAktJa(r) η substructure ,ri:'strAktJa(r) v restructure BE also 'sju:-, 'su:p9stTAktJa(r) η superstructure ik'spenditf9(r) η expenditure dis'kAmfitJa(r) η discomfiture .praimau'd3emtja(r) η primogeniture f3:mtja(r) » furniture (AEalso -Juar) m'vestitja(r) η investiture 'po:treitja(r) η portraiture Ϊ3:ί«/3(Γ) Λ forfeiture 'kAltJa(r) η culture 'eipikAltJa(r) η apiculture 'senkAltJa(r) η sericulture 'aegnkAlt|9(r) η agriculture 'flo:nkAltJa(r) η floriculture 'ho:tikAltJa(r) η horticulture 'VAltja(r) η vulture di'bentj9(r)

η debenture

'dentfs(r) η denture m'dentja(r) v,« indenture 'ventfa(r) v,n venture 9d'vent/9(r) v.n adventure .psirad'vent/9(r) adv peradventure .misad'ventja(r) η misadventure 'd3Dintj9(r) η jointure 'kaept/9(r) v,n capture ,ri:'ksept|a(r) v recapture 'raeptfa(r) η rapture in'ra£ptja(r) v enrapture 'sknptf9(r) η scripture 'skAlptJa(r) η sculpture (also sculpt) 'skAlptJa(r) v sculpture

'rAptJa(r) v,n rupture di'pa:t/9(r) η departure 'aepatfair) η aperture 'to:tfa(r) v,« torture 'n3:t/9(r) v.n nurture (X£'paes-) 'pa:stj9(r) v,n pasture 'd3estj9(r) v.n gesture 'vestfa(r) v,n vesture 'mDistf9(r) η moisture 'postj9(r) v,n posture im'postja(r) η imposture 'su:t/9(r) η suture fju:tj8(r) n,adj future 'tekstja(r) η texture 'fikstja(r) η fixture 'mikstj9(r) η mixture 'smaukinη mikstj9(r) smoking-mixture fri:ziqη mikstja(r) freezing-mixture 'heoaη mikstj9(r) heather-mixture aed'mikstJXr) η admixture ,mt9'mikstj9(r) η intermixture

pra'si:d39(r)

η procedure

-3:(r)/-eure ,fo:s mae'33:(r)

η force majeure

-jo:9(r)/-youfre joa(r), ρ:(τ)

contr you're

-ju^(r)/-youfre jo:(r), ju9(r)

contr you're

-u:v9(r)/-oeuvre (AE maneuver) m9'nu:va(r) v,« manoeuvre ,aut(AE -maneuver) ma'nu:va(r) v outmanoeuvre

-u:va(r)/-ouvre 'lurva(r)

(also louver) η louvre

-e 41

-ai9(r)/-yre 'lara(r) 'paia(r) 'taia(r)

'sthpltfeis ju:'keis « lyre (BE i'reiz) n pyre AEfreis C4Etire) (BE va:z) n tyre AE veiz, vets

f

-e9(r)/-ey re Oea(r)

abbr they're

-3:v/-oeuvre ,D:-'d3:v

n hors-d'oeuvre

-a:(r)/-arre bi'za:(r)

adj bizarre

-es(r)/-erre .pjeido:-'te3(r) (AE -'ter) par'tea(r)

n pied- -terre n parterre

-S/-SC

η steeplechase η ukase

'mortis

η vase

-ss/-ase 'ka:kas 'p3:t/3s

η carcase ν,η purchase

-ais/-ise pn'sais ,impn'sais kan'sais 'paeradais

adj precise adj imprecise adj concise η paradise (BE vice) AE η vise

vais

-i:s/-ease si: s di'si:s ,pri:di'si:s li:s ,SAb'li:s n'lirs kri:s 'di:kri:s di'kri:s m'krirs 'mkri:s gri:s

•

« porpoise η tortoise

adj.adv false

-els/-else adv else

-Als/-ulse adj obese

-is/-ese

v,n,adj base n rocket-base 'daiasis v abase .(Ktfdaiasis v debase n wheelbase ν,η case η cigarette-case gi:s η packing-case • / · η dressing-case η gear-case ~l.a/-laC η letter-case (S£v3'li:z) AEv3\i:s η notecase η briefcase η bookcase ν encase η staircase η doorcase 'premis η suitcase 'promis η showcase 'aenis (or -tiz) η pillowcase 'tri:tis ν,η chase η paper-chase

.

ν,η cease ~9S/-Ul»t ν,η decease 'po:pas ν predecease 'tortas ν,η lease ν,η sublease ν,η release ν,η crease fo:ls η decrease ν decrease ν increase η increase els ν,η grease

-o:ls/-alse

au'bi:s

beis 'rokit-beis a'beis di'beis 'wi:lbeis keis ,siga'ret-keis 'paekiq-keis 'dresiq-keis 'gra-keis 'lets-keis 'nautkeis 'bri:fkeis 'bukkeis m'keis 'steakeis 'dorkeis 'su:tkeis 'Jaukeis 'pibukeis tjeis 'peipa-tjeis

ν practise (also mortice) ν,η mortise

n erase

-i:s/-ese

-eis/-ase

'prasktis

η diocese η archdiocese

PA!S n'pAls 'impAls kan'VAls

ν,η pulse ν,η repulse η impulse ν convulse

-sens/-anse maens ik'spaens

-i:s/-eese npl geese

η valise

-is/-ise

-ens/-ense 'msens m'sens 'fraenjcmsens dens kan'dens di'fens

(also premiss) η premise ν,η promise η anise η treatise (AE practice)

η manse η expanse

di'fens i'mens 'rekampens di'spens sa'spens ik'spens

η incense ν incense η frankincense £7«^' dense ν condense (BE defence) AE η defense (BE offence) AE η offense adj immense ν,η recompense ν dispense η suspense η expense

81

-e 42 sens 'raud-sens 'ho:s-sens (BE -sns) AE'nonsens tens m'tens pn'tens

v,« sense n road-sense n horse-sense n nonsense v,n,adj tense adj intense (BE pretence) AEn pretense

-ns/-ense 'laisns (AE -sens) 'nonsns

(BE n licence) (BE v, 'also' n) ΑΕν,η license η nonsense

-ms/-inse nns

v,w rinse

η response

adj verbose adj bellicose adj varicose adj jocose » glucose v,« dose n,adj,adv close η cellulose adj lachrymose v diagnose adj adipose adj morose η dextrose adj comatose

v,n purpose adj all-purpose

82

n apse v,n lapse v elapse v,« relapse η prolapse v prolapse v,n collapse

i'klips i'hps

v,« eclipse n ellipse

treips

v traipse

-impsMmpse glimps

v,n glimpse

(AE ko:ps) kops

(also coppice) η copse

-o:ps/-orpse ka:ps

η hearse v rehearse

-o:s/-oarse ko:s ho:s

adj coarse adj hoarse

a:s i'msis a'sp3:s disp3:s ,into'sp3:s ts:s V3:s a'V3:s 'traev3:s tra'v3:s Obva:s 'asdv3:s n'v3:s dai'v3:s Ju:niv3:s 'mv3:s m'V3:s 'konvsrs ksn'v3:s p3'V3:s 'traenzvsis

η Erse v immerse v asperse v disperse v intersperse adj terse η verse adj averse « traverse v traverse η obverse adj adverse v,n,adj reverse adj diverse η universe η inverse adj inverse n,adj converse v converse adj perverse adj transverse

-o:s/-orse

-Ops/-opse

η corpse

-ips/-ypse η apocalypse

-a:s/-arse

(AE aes a:s (BE ρα:ζ) adj grandiose AE pairs (AE spa:rz) adj otiose spa:s

-i9us/-iose 'graendiaus (AE 'aufraus) 'sutiaus

aeps laeps i'laeps n'laeps 'praulaeps praiilaeps ka'laeps

h3:s n'h3:s

-3:s/-erse

-aeps/-apse

a'pokahps

-3s/-ose 'p3:pas ,o:l 'p3:pss

η caboose η goose η mongoose v,adj loose v unloose adj footloose η moose v,n noose

-eips/-aipse

-9us/-ose V3:'h»us 'belikgus 'vaenkaus dsau'kaus 'glu:ksus daus ktaus 'seljutaus 'laeknmous (AE -nauz) 'daiagnsos 'aedipaus ma'raus (or 'dekstreuz) 'dekstreus 'kaurrataus

ka'bu:s gu:s 'mongu:s lu:s Arilu:s 'futlu:s mu:s nu:s

-3:s/-earse

-ips/-ipse

-ons/-onse (AE n'spoins) n'spons

-u:s/-oose

ass) η arse v parse adj sparse

ko:s η corse m'do:s v endorse go:s n gorse ho: s « horse 'si:-ho:s « sea-horse 'WAn-ho:s adj one-horse 'rokiq-ho:s n rocking-horse 'sto:kii]-ho:s n stalking-horse 'vo.-ltiq-hD.-s « vaulting-horse 'taual-hDis « towel-horse 'dra:fthD:s n draught-horse 'paust-hD:s n post-horse 'reishD:s « racehorse 'paekho:s n packhorse ,kok'ho:s n cockhorse 'wo:ho:s n warhorse 'kb zho:s n clotheshorse 'ka:tho:s « carthorse 's3:hD.-s « sawhorse

-e 43 'hübihDis

n hobbyhorse

mo:s

n Morse

n'mors no: s

n remorse n.adj Norse

-W3:s/-worse W3:s

n.comp, adv worse

-s:s/-urse ,ri:im'b3:s dis'bsis ks:s n3:s (AE 'staef-) 'sta:f-n3:s 'wet-n3:s ps:s 'kAtpsis

v reimburse v disburse v,n curse v,« nurse n staff nurse n wet-nurse v,n purse n cutpurse

-o:s/-ourse ko:s 'golf-ko:s .maetar3v-'kD:s 'reisko:s n'kDis 'koqkDis 'wo:tokD:s 'mteko:s 'disko:s di'skDis

v,« course n golf-course adj matter-of-course n racecourse n recourse n concourse n watercourse n intercourse n discourse v discourse

-ü9s/-ourse buas

n bourse

-u:s/-use (5E-'pDtanju:z) /4Ehai'pD:tanu:s

« hypotenuse

-ju:s/-use ju:s g'bju:s dis'ju:s ,mis'ju:s ik'skju:s 'refju:s pra'fju:s

n use n abuse n disuse n misuse n excuse n refuse adj profuse

di'fju:s n'klu:s ab'stru:s (AE-'ta:s) ab'tju:s

adj diffuse n recluse adj abstruse adj obtuse

-aüs/-ouse daus haus ,taid-'haus 'tjo:nl haus 'Dpara-haus 'kofi-haus 'eil-haus 'tresa-haus ,frAnt-av-'haus 'bo:drq-haus 'bdsiq-haus 'dwehq-haus 'geimiq-haus 'klianrj-haus 'irtiq-haus 'mi:tir)-haos 'kauntirj-haus 'rAf-haus 'woj-haus 'kaul-haus 'tjop-haus 'masna-haus 'a:mz-haus 'dos-haus 'djos-haus 'baut-haus 'tenamanthaus 'rest-haus ,kAntri-'haus tirhaus 'kUbhaus 'maedhaus 'raudhaüs 'raundhaus 'gaidhaus 'aishaus 'weahaus 'sto:haus 'geithaus (^£'do:g-) 'doghaus 'blokhaus 'kukhaus 'W3:khaus 'wi:lhaus

v douse n house n tied house n channel house n opera-house n coffee-house n ale-house n treasure-house n front-of-house n boarding-house n lodging-house n dwelling-house n gaming-house n clearing-house n eating-house n meeting-house n counting-house v rough-house n wash-house n coal-house n chop-house n manor-house n aims-house n doss-house n joss-house n boat-house n tenement-house n rest-house n country-house n teahouse n clubhouse n madhouse n roadhouse n roundhouse n guardhouse n icehouse n warehouse n storehouse n gatehouse n doghouse n blockhouse n cookhouse n workhouse n wheelhouse

'taulhaus n tollhouse 'sku:lhaus n schoolhouse fa:mhaus n farmhouse 'gri:nhaus n greenhouse 'henhaus n henhouse 'sAmahaus n summerhouse 'sb:tahaus n slaughterhouse 'tjaeptahaus n chapterhouse 'po:tahaus n porterhouse 'pauahaus n powerhouse 'puahaus n poorhouse 'aimzhaus n almshouse 'gla:shaus n glasshouse 'laithaus n lighthouse 'penthaus n penthouse 'hothaus n hothouse 'pothaus n pothouse 'austhaus n oasthouse 'gesthaus n guesthouse 'nAthaus n nuthouse 'authaus n outhouse 'kauhaus n cowhouse 'pleihaus n playhouse laus n louse 'pla:nt-laus n plant-louse 'wudlaus n woodlouse ,di:'laus v delouse (Ä£blauz) AEblaus n blouse maus v, n mouse 'Jru:-maus n shrew-mouse 'dD:maus n dormouse graus v,n grouse saus v souse

-u:s/-ouse b3:'nu:s

n burnouse

-aüs/-owse daus

v dowse

-Z/-SC -eiz/-ase feiz (A E i'reis) i'reiz freiz 'paerafreiz

v,n phase v erase v, n phrase paraphrase

83

-e 44

BE να:ζ; AE or veis, AE\eiz

η vase

(or -tis) 'trirtiz

-a:z/-ase (AE veis, veiz) va:z

-iz/-ise

« vase

η treatise

-aiz/-ise

(AE'-) ,mei9'neiz reiz breiz preiz .auva'preiz 3'preiz

η mayonnaise ν,η raise v braise ν,η praise v overpraise ν appraise

For verbs ending in /-aiz/ see also

-i:z/-ease i:z 'ha:ts-i:z Λη'ί:ζ pli:z ,g9Uaz-ju:-'pli:z dis'pli:z pi:z a'pi:z di'zi:z 'ha:t-dizi:z ti:z stnp'tirz

ν,η ease n heart's-ease (also uneasiness) η unease v.interj please adj go-as-you-please ν displease η pease ν appease η disease η heart-disease ν,η tease « striptease

-i:z/-ese 9i:z det.pron these (AE also -i:s) (/Pekinese) ,pi:ki'ni:z η Pekingese ,d33:n9'li:z η journalese 9,fif9'li:z η officialese (AE also -i:s) ,sai9'mi:z n,adj Siamese (AE also -i:s) 'maerjganhz η manganese (AE also -i:s) (also Pekingese) ,pi:ki'ni:z « Pekinese

-i:z/-eese tji:z

η cheese

-i:z/-uese ,po:tju'gi:z n,adj Portuguese

1

* T~W 1 m ί-ίί

84

-eiz/-aise

1 G f^ Β tJ ^f

(AE V9'li:s) va'lirz /9'mi:z S3'ri:z .ekspai'tirz

-ize and -yze. 's3:kamsaiz ν circumcise m'saiz ν incise 'eksaiz n excise ik'saiz ν excise 'eks9$aiz ν,η exercise 'fraentfaiz η franchise 9'fraentfaiz ν affranchise m'fraentjaiz ν enfranchise .disin'fraentjaiz ν disenfranchise 'nratjandaiz η merchandise di'maiz η demise 'kompramaiz ν,η compromise 'S3:maiz η surmise S9'maiz ν surmise di'spaiz ν despise raiz ν,η rise 'hai-raiz adj high-rise 9'raiz ν arise 'SAnraiz η sunrise (also esp AE prize.pry) praiz ν prise kam'praiz ν comprise 'entgpraiz η enterprise sa'praiz ν,η surprise a'praiz ν apprise 'aedvataiz ν advertise tjae'staiz ν chastise ad'vaiz ν advise .misad'vaiz ν misadvise di'vaiz ν devise 'telivaiz ν televise n'vaiz ν,η revise 'impravarz v improvise BE also'sju:-, 'su:p3va[z ν supervise

η valise η chemise n.adj cerise η expertise

Jeiz paost-'Jeiz mae'leiz ,ma:s3'leiz .pob'neiz

n chaise η post-chaise η malaise η Marseillaise η polonaise

-ieiz/-aise li'eiz

ν liaise

-oiz/-oise ηοιζ ροιζ 'ekwippiz

ν,η noise ν,η poise n equipoise

-woiz/-uoise 't3:kwoiz

η turquoise

-aiz/-uise gaiz dis'gaiz

η guise ν,η disguise

-u:z/-uise bni!z Kruiz

ν η bruise v, TZ cruise

-waiz/-wise waiz 'bro:dwaiz

n.adj wise adv broadwise (BE edgeways) adv AE edgewise adv.conj likewise adv longwise adv breadthwise adv lengthwise

'edjwaiz 'laikwaiz 'lorjwaiz 'bred0waiz 'lerjOwaiz ,kon'treanwaiz adv contrariwise 'klokwaiz adv clockwise ,aentiadv 'klokwaiz anticlockwise ,kaont9adv 'klokwaiz counterclockwise Ariwaiz adj unwise 'nauwarz adv nowise 'A09waiz adv.conj otherwise (AE 'kro:s-) 'kroswaiz adv, adj crosswise

-e 45 'sla:ntwaiz adv slantwise 'li:stwaiz adv leastwise 'kaustwaiz adj, adv coastwise

-enz/-eanse klenz

v cleanse

-u:z/-ose hu:z

pron whose

lu:z

v lose

-u:z/-oose tju:z

-9oz/-ose hsuz 'faia-hauz

v,n hose n fire-hose (also panty-) 'paentihauz n pantihose tfauz pt chose .mete'morfauz v metamorphose oauz det.pron those kbuz v,n close fo:'kbuz v foreclose also inclose in'kbuz v enclose dis'kbuz v disclose nauz v,n nose 'pAg-nauz n,adj pug-nose (AE -naus) 'daiagrrauz v diagnose pauz v,n pose .djAksto'pauz v juxtapose di'pauz v depose ri'pauz v,« repose im'pauz v impose BE also ,sju:-, su:p3nm'p9 z v superimpose ksm'pauz v compose .diiksm'pauz v decompose .diskam'pauz v discompose pra'pauz v propose .mte'pauz v interpose di'spauz v dispose .priidi'spauz v predispose traen'spauz v transpose ik'spauz v expose .Andank'spauz v underexpose .auvank'spauz v overexpose 3'pauz v oppose sa'pauz v suppose ,pri:s3'p3uz v presuppose rauz pt.n rose 'gelds rauz n guelder rose 'nriAsk-rauz n musk-rose 'primrauz n primrose a'raoz pt arose prauz n prose (or 'dekstraus) 'dekstrauz n dextrose

v choose

(AE pairs) pa:z

v parse

-u:z/-use ru:z kruiz pa'ru'.z

« ruse fj cruse v peruse

-3Z/-ause conj because

-u:z/-euse (BE Ja:'tr3:z) ^£/α:ιΊηι:ζ

η chartreuse

-3:z/-euse

jsuf3:z (AE Ja:rtru:z) J"a:'tr3:z v use mae's3:z v ill-use v abuse v disabuse v misuse nauz v excuse ,ri:'hauz v accuse (AE-s)b\auz v,n fuse spauz n time-fuse i'spauz v defuse rauz v refuse a'rauz v infuse ks'rauz v confuse v transfuse v diffuse v suffuse to: z

-ju:z/-use

n chauffeuse η chartreuse η masseuse

-auz/-ouse v house ν rehouse η blouse n spouse v espouse ν rouse ν arouse ν carouse

-o:z/-awse

v enthuse v,n muse v amuse n hypotenuse

n tawse

-a z/-owse brauz drauz

v, n browse v, n drowse

-aiz/-yse

-Dz/-ause (AE also bi'ko:z) bi'kaz, bi'koz

n clause n subordinate clause n applause v,n pause n menopause

(AE also bi'ko:z) bi'koz, bi'kaz

-a:z/-arse

ju:z il-'ju:z a'bju:z ,dis3'bju:z ,mis'ju:z ik'skju:z s'kjuiz fju:z 'taim-fju:z ,di:'fju:z n'fju:z irifju:z kan'fju:z traens'fju:z di'fju:z S3'fju:z (AE -Ou:z) in'eju:z mju:z 9'rnju:z (v4£-'po:tonu:s) ,hai'p t3nju:z

kb:z S3,bo:dm3t 'kb:z s'pb:z po:z 'men3po:z

conj because

-o:z/-ause ko:z v,n cause (BE bi'kaz, bikoz) AE also bi'ko:z conj because

Verbs ending in -yse /-aiz/ are also speit -yze; cf also -ise, -ize. 'breftelaiz v breathalyse BE'asnalaiz v analyse .saikau'asnalaiz v psychoanalyse 'paeralaiz v paralyse

85

-e 46

-S/-SSC -aes/-asse ,οη 'tnaes kn'vaes

adv en masse η crevasse

-a:s/-asse (AE 'impaes) 'aempcus

η impasse

-iaes/-iasse (AE pael'jaes) 'paeliaes

η palliasse

-es/-esse (also largess) η largesse « noblesse η finesse

lai'dses nau'bles fi'nes

-i:s/-isse pe'li:s

η pelisse

-Ds/-osse (AEfc.s) fos (AE -kro:s) la'kros

η fosse η lacrosse

-u:s/-ousse mu:s

η mousse

-it/-ate 'legit 'pomigraemt 'senit 'praivit

η legate η pomegranate η senate n,adj private

-eit/-ate (BEet)AEeil ,3uv9ijeit beit a'beit

86

pt ate pt overate ν bate ν abate

di'beit 'ri:beit 'preubeit 'reprebeit ig'zaesabeit 'maestobeit 'inkjubeit (AE 'pleikeit) pb'keit (AE 'veikeit) va'keit haipoGikeit 'impnkeit 'defakeit 'deprakeit si'laebikeit iraedikeit 'aebdikeit 'dedikeit 'medikeit 'predikeit 'mdikeit 'vmdikeit 'sindikeit 3'd;ju:dikeit pon'tifikeit sa'tifikeit 'sihkeit 'triphkeit 'imphkeit 'komplikeit kwo'dru:plikeit (AE'du:-) 'dju:plikeit 'eksplikeit 'SAphkeit 'fD:mkeit ka'mjuinikeit ,int3k3'mju:nikeit ,ekska'mju.-nikeit pn'vaenkeit 'faebnkeit ,pri:'fa3bnkeit 'lutbnkeit 'ekstrikeit o:'6entikeit 'maestikeit da'mestikeit prog'nDstikeit 'wstikeit in'toksikeit

v,n debate η rebate v,n probate v,« reprobate ν exacerbate ν masturbate ν incubate ν placate ν vacate ν hypothecate ν imprecate ν defecate ν deprecate ν syllabicate ν eradicate ν abdicate ν dedicate ν medicate ν predicate ν indicate ν vindicate ν syndicate ν adjudicate ν pontificate ν certificate η silicate ν triplicate ν implicate ν complicate V

quadruplicate ν duplicate ν explicate ν supplicate ν fornicate ν communicate ν intercommunicate V

excommunicate ν prevaricate ν fabricate ν prefabricate ν lubricate ν extricate ν authenticate ν masticate ν domesticate ν prognosticate ν rusticate ν intoxicate

(AE-'-) 'inkAlkeit tTArj'keit 'sAfakeit (AE'-) biikeit (AE.-·--) ,ri:teu'keit (AE -buk-) 'disbkeit 'ajbkeit!! 'kobkeit n'siprekeit 'aedvakeit i'kwrvakeit 'di:ma:keit 'baifskeit 'konfiskeit Obfaskeit 'edsukeit 'desikeit deit ,aut-3v-'deit ,Λρ-te-'deit .asnti'deit .baek'deit ,Ap'deit .mis'deit ,p3usfdeit si'deit i'lursideit (or -dat) 'kaendrdeit 'vaehdeit m'vaelideit kan'sDlideit m'timideit 'fluandeit likwideit 'maendeit 'mAndeit a'komadeit feit

v inculcate v truncate v suffocate v locate v relocate v dislocate v allocate v collocate v reciprocate v advocate v equivocate v demarcate v bifurcate v confiscate v obfuscate v educate v desiccate v,n date adj out-of-date adj up-to-date (also predate) v antedate v backdate v update v misdate v postdate v,adj sedate v elucidate

'SAlfeit

n candidate v validate v invalidate v consolidate v intimidate v fluoridate v liquidate v,n mandate v inundate v accommodate V,H fate (BE sulphate) n sulfate

geit 'sta:tiq-geit 'lok-geit ,wikit-'geit 'flAdgeit 'slu:sgeit

v, H gate n starting-gate n lock-gate n wicket-gate n floodgate n sluicegate

-e 47 'teilgeit 'teulgeit 'biliqzgeit

n tailgate n tollgate « billingsgate

'propageit 'daivggeit 'dehgeit 'religeit nigeit 'segngeit ,di:'segngeit 'koqgngeit 'aegngeit Obligeit 'fju:migert 'ingeit 'litigeit 'mitigeit 'kasstigeit m'vestigeit mstigeit 'naevigeit ,s3:kam'naevigeit 'promslgeit 'VAlgeit AE i'torn-) 'i:loqgeit 'aebrageit 'derageit Obdjageit 'ekspageit 'aerageit m'terageit 'SArageit 'sAbdjugeit 'kondjugeit heit 'peitria:keit 'kaelifeit

v propagate v divagate v delegate v relegate v negate v segregate v desegregate v congregate v aggregate v obligate v fumigate v irrigate v litigate v mitigate v castigate v investigate v instigate v navigate

'sAlfeit 'fosfeit skeit 'ais-skeit 'raub-skeit leit 'eskaleit ,di:-'esk3leit Obleit t'leit n'leit .intsri'leit

V

circumnavigate v promulgate n Vulgate

(/f£,ko:r-) 'koreleit .rir'fleit di'fleit m'fleit m'vidjileit (AE -tolert) 'ventileit 'mju:tileit dai'leit a'simaleit a'naraleit 'p3:ksleit 'imaleit ik'straspaleit m't3:p9leit 'desaleit 'aisaleit 'varaleit

v ventilate v mutilate v dilate v assimilate v annihilate v percolate v immolate v extrapolate v interpolate v desolate v isolate v violate

pleit gguld-'pleit 'el-pleit 'tm-pleit 'fiqga-pleit 'kwD:t3-pleit 'brest-pleit 'neimpleit 'fijpleit ilektrapleit 'nAmbapleit 'kopgpleit 'dD:pleit 'hutpleit 'fütpleit

v,n plate n gold-plate « L-plate n tin-plate n finger-plate n quarter-plate n breast-plate n nameplate n fishplate v,n electroplate n numberplate n copperplate n doorplate n hotplate n footplate

v elongate v abrogate v derogate v objurgate v expurgate v arrogate v interrogate n.adj surrogate v subjugate v conjugate 'templeit v,n hate 'kontampleit n patriarchate traen/leit n caliphate .mistraen/leit (AE sulfate) 'ledjisleit n sulphate sleit n phosphate .kan'faebjuleit v,n skate 'taebjuleit v,n ice-skate pa'raembjuleit n roller-skate i'djaekjüleit adj.adv late 'pekjoleit v escalate 'spekjuleit v de-escalate ma'trikjuleit adj oblate n'tikjuleit v elate oi'tikjuleit v relate dse'stikjuleit v interrelate 'kaelkjuleit

v correlate v reflate v deflate v inflate v invigilate

n template v contemplate v translate v mistranslate v legislate v,« slate v confabulate v tabulate v perambulate v ejaculate v peculate v speculate v matriculate v reticulate v articulate v gesticulate v calculate

,mis'kxlkjuleit i'nokjuleit 'ssikjuleit i'masskjuleit

v miscalculate v inoculate v circulate v emasculate

(AE-as*) 'Andjuleit (AE-0&-) 'modjuleit kau'aegjuleit 'regjuleit ,di:'regjuleit 'pAljuleit ju:ljuleit 'emjuleit 'simjuleit di'simjuleit 'stimjuleit 'formjuleit 9'kju:mjuleit 'graenjuleit ma'nipjuleit 'stipjuleit 'kopjuleit 'popjuleit ,di:'pupjuleit (AE -ssl-) 'insjuleit (AE -Jal-) 'postjuleit kan'graetjuleit ka'pitjuleit .riiks'pitjuleit ik'spostjuleit 'flaedsaleit 'vaesileit Osileit 'titileit kg'leit

v congratulate v capitulate v recapitulate v expostulate v flagellate v vacillate v oscillate v titillate v collate

meit 'ru:m-meit 'steilmeit 'steiblmeit 'tjekmeit 'W3:kmeit 'sku:lmeit 'mmeit 'fipmeit 'helpmeit 'kla:smeit 'mesmeit

v,n mate n room-mate v,n stalemate n stablemate v,n checkmate n workmate n schoolmate n inmate n shipmate n helpmate n classmate n messmate

v undulate v modulate v coagulate v regulate v deregulate v pullulate v ululate v emulate v simulate v dissimulate v stimulate v formulate v accumulate v granulate v manipulate v stipulate v copulate v populate v depopulate v insulate v,n postulate

87

-e 48

'pleimeit

n playmate

a'maelgameit v amalgamate kn'meit v cremate 'desimeit v decimate 'sAbhmeit v,n,adj Sublimate 'aekhmeit v acclimate 'aenimeit v animate ri:'aenimeit v reanimate 'praimeit n primate 'mtimeit v intimate 'estimeit v estimate .Andar'estimeit v underestimate ,3UV9r-

'estimeit v overestimate a'proksimeit v approximate Ortomeit v automate 'konsameit v consummate pa'maeqganeit n permanganate 'emaneit v emanate 'SAlteneit n sultanate Oksidssneit v oxygenate 'haifaneit v hyphenate ri:'d3u:vaneit v rejuvenate v alienate 'eilranert 'maegneit n magnate (AE'-~) v stagnate staeg'neit f(At, A J? ' Λ)

'impregneit 'dezigneit 'dezigneit ( ΟΓ

v impregnate adj designate v designate

.Λ

-Π91)

'dezigneit adj designate n,adj cognate 'kogneit 'vaeksmeit v vaccinate 'faesmeit v fascinate (ΑΕ -daneit) v subordinate S3'bo:dmeit ,k3 'o:dmeit v coordinate a'ndsineit v originate ,di:'saelmeit v desalinate 'polmeit v pollinate 'laemineit v laminate ksn'taemmeit v contaminate ,di:k3n'taemmeit v decontaminate in'semmeit v inseminate di'semmeit v disseminate i'hmmeit v eliminate v recriminate n'knmmeit v incriminate in'knmmeit / Λ Τ*

88

Λ

*Λ

di'sknmmeit 'kAlmmeit 'fAlmineit (AE -man-) a'b mineit 'dommeit pn'dommeit 'nominell dinommeit 'djsimineit 't3:mmeit ik'st3:mmeit i'lu:mmeit 'ru:mmeit 'maenneit 'klonneit m'doktnneit 'juanneit g'saesaneit, 3'saesmeit prau'krsestmeit ,pri:'destineit

v discriminate v culminate v fulminate v abominate v dominate v predominate v nominate v denominate v germinate v terminate v exterminate v illuminate v ruminate v marinate v chlorinate v indoctrinate v urinate v assassinate

datfneit 'pa.'saneit im'p3:s3neit 'rezaneit 'deteneit m'karneit ,ri:in'ka:neU 'haibaneit Orlteneit or'neit ine it 'pineit

v procrastinate v, adj predestinate v donate v personate v impersonate v resonate v detonate v incarnate v reincarnate v hibernate v alternate adj ornate adj innate adj pinnate

peit 'bo:ld-peit sen'tisipeit pa:'tisipeit imaensipeit 'disipeit 'konstipeit 'ekskAlpeit 'siqkapeit 'ekstspeit speit reit 'sekand-reit O3:d-reit 'deB-reit 'b3:9-reit 'baeqk-reit 'W3:ts-reit

n pate n bald-pate v anticipate v participate v emancipate v dissipate v constipate v exculpate v syncopate v extirpate n spate v,« rate adj second-rate adj third-rate n death-rate n birth-rate n bank-rate n water-rate

'pua-reit n poor-rate f3:st-'reit adj.adv first-rate ,kAt-'reit adj cut-rate bireit v berate ,di:'reit v derate aireit adj irate .Anda'reit v underrate ,3 V3'reit v overrate ig'zibreit 'separeit 'selibreit 'vsrtibreit m'vsrtibreit

v exhilarate v separate v celebrate n, adj vertebrate n, adj invertebrate v calibrate

'kaehbreit (AE'~) vaibreit v vibrate 'aedAmbreit v adumbrate kreit ν,η crate 'desikreit v desecrate 'konsikreit v consecrate ri:'kDnsikreit v reconsecrate 'eksikreit v execrate (or haidreit) 'haidreit ν,η hydrate ,di:'haidreit ν dehydrate ,ka:b9'haidreit η carbohydrate 'hbareit ν liberate dihbareit ν deliberate rivsibareit ν reverberate 'laesareit ν lacerate 'maesareit ν macerate 'Alssreit ν ulcerate in'kaisareit ν incarcerate i'visareit ν eviscerate 'fedareit ν federate ksn'fedareit ν confederate pn'pondareit ν preponderate 'modareit ν moderate pra'lifareit ν proliferate ν refrigerate rifndjareit ν exaggerate ig'zaedsareit ν decelerate ,di:'sebreit ak'sebreit ν accelerate 'tobreit ν tolerate ksn'glomareit ν conglomerate (AE'nu:-) 'nju:mareit adj numerate (AE i'nu:-) ν enumerate fnjuimareit 'djenareit ν generate didjenareit ν degenerate

-e 49

v regenerate (AE 'kaestreit) v venerate kae'streit v incinerate 'SAbstreit v exonerate O:kistreit v remunerate si'kwestreit v operate 'masdji streit v cooperate 'demanstreit v exasperate iemgnstreit v recuperate 'prostreit v commiserate pro'streit v iterate (AE 'frAstreit) v reiterate frA 'streit v obliterate 'itostreit v transliterate i'no:gjureit v adulterate 'SApjureit v asseverate 'mastjureit v aerate 'saetjgreit (AE'-) v,n grate greit ,d3aireit v integrate 'mtigreit ng'reit ri:'mtigreit v reintegrate (AE '-) v disintegrate dis'mtigreit pAl'seit v emigrate 'emigreit m'senseit 'imigreit v immigrate 'kompanseit 'denigreit v denigrate 'tardjivaseit (AE'-) 'dikteit mai'greit v migrate (AE 'dikteit) v aspirate 'aespireit dik'teit (or 'emirat) 'aesiteit n emirate 'emiareit 'vedjiteit v orate .mka'paesiteit o:'reit riaebareit v elaborate fg'hsiteit ka'laetereit v collaborate n'sAsiteit v corroborate ka'robareit 'mediteit 'dekareit v decorate ,pri:'mediteit rir'dekgreit v redecorate 'aedsiteit 'p3:f9reit v perforate 'kodjiteit m'vigareit v invigorate eks'kodjiteit ka'memareit v commemorate ri:'g3:d3iteit i'vaepareit v evaporate ,ri:9'biliteit irikarpareit v incorporate di'biliteit ik'spektoreit v expectorate fa'siliteit 'mi:liareit v meliorate 'mihteit 3'mi:li3reit v ameliorate 'imiteit di'tiarrareit v deteriorate dii'limiteit preit v prate diksepiteit v penetrate 'penitreit 'krepiteit v perpetrate pn'sipiteit 'p3:pitreit 'a:bitreit v arbitrate 'paclpiteit n nitrate 'naitreit 'inteit n filtrate 'filtreit 'heziteit v filtrate fil'treit m'sesiteit v infiltrate 'mfiltreit 'graeviteit 'konsantreit v,« concentrate 'leviteit ridjenareit 'vensreit m'sinareit ig'zongreit n'mjuinareit Opareit k9ulup3reit ig'zaespareit n'kurpareit ka'mizareit 'itoreit ri:'it9reit 9'bhtereit traenzlitereit 9'dAltoreit a'sevsreit 'esreit

v castrate n substrate v orchestrate v sequestrate n magistrate v demonstrate v remonstrate adj prostrate v prostrate v frustrate v illustrate v inaugurate v suppurate v maturate v saturate

'komanteit 'pautnteit

Oinanteit ri:'o:rranteit

dis'orrignteit (AE-) rau'teit 'aenateit steit .solid-'steit ,ri:'steit ,ri:m'steit ,And3'steit .mto'steit ,9UV9'steit

v gyrate v narrate v pulsate adj insensate v compensate v tergiversate n dictate v dictate n acetate v vegetate v incapacitate v felicitate v resuscitate v meditate v premeditate v agitate v cogitate v excogitate v regurgitate v rehabilitate v debilitate v facilitate v militate v imitate v delimitate v decapitate v crepitate v,n precipitate v palpitate v irritate v hesitate v necessitate v gravitate v levitate

.mis'steit i'steit s'posteit 'prosteit 'devgsteit 'testen m'testeit 'aempjuteit 'ekskaveit 'aegraveit 'eliveit 'saehveit 'asktiveit .m'aektiveit 'kAltiveit 'mautiveit 'kxptiveit 'renaveit 'maveit 'enaveit fik'seit

v commentate n potentate (also esp AE orient) v orientate v reorientate (also disorient) v disorientate v rotate v annotate V,H state adj solid-state v restate v reinstate v understate adj interstate v overstate v misstate n estate n.adj apostate n prostate v devastate n,adj testate adj intestate v amputate v excavate v aggravate v elevate v salivate v activate v inactivate v cultivate v motivate v captivate v renovate v innovate v enervate v fixate

-et/-ate (AE&M) et .auvgr'et x/

pt ate pt overate

A

-9l/~ 'nxjnslaiz ν denationalize ,mt3'nasjnslatz ν internationalize 'rasjnalaiz fri:z η frieze ν rationalize m'tarnslaiz ν internalize ik'st3:nalaiz ν externalize 'hbralaiz ν liberalize Most verbs ending in -ize /-aiz/ are 'djenralaiz ν generalize also spelt -ise; cf also -yze. (AE'ma:-) i'taslisaiz v italicize 'moralaiz ν moralize 'pAblisaiz ν publicize dimoralaiz ν demoralize 'aeqglisaiz ν Anglicize 'sentralaiz ν centralize 'metnsaiz v metricize .dr'sentrelaiz ν decentralize pa'litisaiz ν politicize 'nju:tT3laiz ν neutralize 'kntisaiz ν criticize 'naetjralaiz ν naturalize retfrnaentisaiz ν romanticize 'neizalaiz ν nasalize 'eksD:saiz ν exorcize 'kaepitalaiz ν capitalize 'haibndaiz ν hybridize ,3UV9'fluandaiz ν fluoridize 'kaepitalaiz ν overcapitalize 'sAbsidaiz ν subsidize 'hnspitalaiz ν hospitalize 'likwidaiz ν liquidize ri:'vait3laiz ν revitalize Oksidaiz ν oxidize 'taentalaiz ν tantalize * ,prop3,senti'gaendaiz ν propagandize 'mentalaiz ν sentimentalize 'goimsndaiz ν gormandize ,kDmpa:tν compart'raepsadaiz v rhapsodize 'mentslaiz mentalize 'staendadaiz ν standardize i'mo:t3laiz ν immortalize 'djepadaiz ν jeopardize 'bru:t3laiz ν brutalize 'basstodaiz, ν idealize ai'dialaiz 'ba:stodaiz ν bastardize 'rralaiz ν realize 'erradjaiz ν energize 'spejslaiz ν specialize

-i:z/-eze

-i:z/-eeze

-wi:z/-wheeze -wi:z/-ueeze -i:z/-ieze -aiz/-ize

'saujalaiz ka'maijalaiz 'siarralaiz ms'tianslaiz mi'morralaiz 'trivialaiz ,mdi'vidjualaiz 'vrjualaiz 'spintfualaiz 'irkwalaiz

ν socialize ν commercialize ν serialize ν materialize ν memorialize ν trivialize

i'vaendsalaiz

ν evangelize ν caramelize ν stabilize ν mobilize ν demobilize ν immobilize ν sterilize ν fossilize ν fertilize

'kaeremslai/

'steitelaiz 'mauhelaiz dii'mautelaiz i'moubalaiz 'steralaiz 'fosglaiz 'f3:telaiz

ν individualize ν visualize ν spiritualize ν equalize

(AE ,kro:s-) ,krDS-

'f3:t3laiz 'ju:telaiz 'traenkwalaiz 'sivalaiz 'siimbalaiz 'aidalaiz ma'nopglaiz 'staralaiz 'knstalaiz 'traenkwalaiz

ν cross-fertilize ν utilize ν tranquilize ν civilize ν symbolize ν idolize ν monopolize ν stylize ν crystallize ν tranquillize

ma'kaedamaiz 'aitemaiz 'minimaiz 'viktimaiz 'maeksimaiz i'konomaiz 'astamaiz I'pitsmaiz 'kAStamaiz '3:banaiz 'VAlkanaiz a'menkanaiz Oiganaiz ri:'o:g3naiz ,dis'o:g3naiz 'mekanaiz 'wumanaiz 'hjurmanaiz ,di:'hju:m3naiz 'gaelvanaiz

ν macadamize ν itemize ν minimize ν victimize ν maximize ν economize ν atomize ν epitomize ν customize ν urbanize ν vulcanize ν Americanize ν organize ν reorganize ν disorganize ν mechanize ν womanize ν humanize ν dehumanize ν galvanize 99

-e 60

rra'mDdjanaiz Oksidjanaiz 'rekagnaiz ,di:'saebnaiz 'laetsnaiz 'skru:tenaiz 'sobmnaiz aeganaiz .aen'taeganaiz 'kobnaiz ,di:'kobnaiz 'hcrmanaiz 'ssrmanaiz 'kaenanaiz 'sirjkranaiz (AE'peit-) 'paetranaiz 'juinianaiz 'aianaiz 'laianaiz .reva'luijanaiz 'modanaiz 'frastanaiz 'westonaiz 'imjunaiz 'tiranaiz 'vAlgaraiz 'bs.-gbraiz 'paubraiz p9'tikju:braiz 'ss:kj braiz 'regjobraiz 'sirjgjubraiz 'popjubraiz 'sekjabraiz 'sAmaraiz .dir'militaraiz .rir'mihtaraiz 'pleidsaraiz fa'miliaraiz 'rAbsraiz 'm3:s3raiz 'slendsraiz 'baudbraiz 'mezmaraiz 'po:paraiz 'kaerektaraiz 'kaitaraiz kam'pjurtaraiz 'pAlvaraiz 'saetaraiz 'kaMigaraiz 100

v homogenize Ό:θ3Γ3ΐζ ν authorize beiz n baize v oxygenize 'glaemaraiz ν glamorize meiz n maize v recognize 'memaraiz ν memorize v desalinize 'veipsraiz ν vaporize Λ. · M^l ^/ M m Λ^/ v Latinize 'tempsraiz ν temporize si:z ν seize v scrutinize ik'stemparaiz ν extemporize v solemnize 'teraraiz ν terrorize v agonize 'faekteraiz v factorize v antagonize 'mauteraiz ν motorize sa'libkwaiz ν soliloquize v colonize Oiaraiz ν theorize v decolonize iks'tranaraiz ν exteriorize v harmonize v sermonize praiz v,n,adj prize (AE bro:nz) v canonize 'mmitjgraiz ν miniaturize bronz v,n bronze 'pa:st/3raiz ν pasteurize v synchronize saiz v,n size v patronize 'laif-saiz adj life-size v unionize ha:f-'saiz adj half-size dauz v,n doze v ionize 'kirj-saiz adj king-size 'buldauz v bulldoze v lionize .suva'saiz adj oversize frauz past froze v revolutionize 'autsaiz adj outsize kwi:k-'frauz past quick-froze v modernize 'emfasaiz ν emphasize di:p-'frauz past deep-froze v fraternize ,3UV3v westernize 'remfasaiz ν overemphasize v immunize 'faentasaiz ν fantasize v tyrannize 'smBasaiz ν synthesize u:z v,n ooze v vulgarize (AE 'kaepsaiz) bu:z v,n booze (/"burgle) kaep'saiz ν capsize snu:z v,n snooze v burglarize 9'saiz η assize v polarize 'draemataiz ν dramatize v particularize 'sistamataiz ν systematize fs:z η furze v circularize 'stigmataiz ν stigmatize v regularize li'dsitimataiz ν legitimatize v singularize s'klaimataiz ν acclimatize v popularize (AE 'trau-) fju:z η fuze v secularize 'tro:rrataiz v traumatize v summarize di'mokretaiz v democratize v demilitarize AE anesthetize; or -ise, v remilitarize go:z η gauze 3'ni:s6ataiz n anaesthetize v plagiarize 'maegnataiz v magnetize v familiarize 'soviataiz v sovietize v rubberize 'sensataiz v sensitize Verbs ending in -yze /-aiz/ are also v mercerize .fautouspelt -yse; cf also -ise, -ize. v slenderize 'sensataiz v photosensitize (BE analyse) v bowdlerize 'hipnataiz v hypnotize AE'senalaiz ν analyze v mesmerize .saikaubaep'taiz v baptize v pauperize (AE 'aemartaiz 'ainalaiz ν psychoanalyze v characterize 3'mo:taiz v amortize 'pajralaiz ν paralyze v cauterize 'depjutaiz v deputize 'brefolaiz ν breathalyze 'prosabtaiz v proselytize v computerize ·. / „ _ ka'lektivaiz v collectivize -1./~q 'f3:loq 'naitluq 'deiloq 'piqp q 'kaempoq sa'roq 9roq proq strnq 'hedstroq rnq soq 'lAV-soq 'dnqkiq-soq 'swon-soq 'pa:t-s q 'sirjsuq 'fauksoq 'i:vnsoq 'biltDrj

n.adv ding-dong v,n gong n dugong n thong n diphthong η mahjong v.n.adj, adv.abbr long adj age-long adv.prep along n.adj oblong adj.adv headlong adj.adv sidelong ν belong adj lifelong adj livelong ν prolong adj yearlong η furlong adj nightlong adj.adv daylong n pingpong n kampong η sarong v.n throng η prong adj strong adj headstrong adj.adv.v.n wrong η song η love-song η drinking-song η swan-song n part-song η singsong η folksong η evensong η biltong

v,« bung η dung pt.pp hung pt.pp overhung

1 Λn

M lUllg Ιιιπο

1A1J

'aekwaUq klAq flAq fa:-'flAq clAn

ol/ill

TAq SprAH

ft

n aqualung pt.pp clung pt.pp flung adj far-flung n/ nrt A cluncj lUllg

Ul.Uls

ΡΡΉ ΏΌ

'"U^g

SPrun2

strAq pt,PP strung 'haemstrAq pt.pp hamstrung ,An'strAq adj unstrung puva'stTAq adj overstrung rAq ptiPP wrung SAPJ DO suns rr *^"··β .An'SAq adj unsung Jaen'Uq n shantung stAq pttPP stung swAq pt.pp swung

-JAqAyoung JAq

n.adj young

'kibgra;m(z) 'miligraemz ,em,pi:'d3i: 'o:gsst

abbr kg abbr mg abbr mpg abbr Aug

abbr

119

-h There are 3 sections in the series of words ending in -h: (1) h spelt as a single letter (/eitJT), and alphabetisms pronounced letter by letter, eg mph /,em ,pi: 'eitj/ {miles per hour). (2) A group of words where final -h preceded by a vowel letter has no phonemic correspondence: from shah /Ja:/ to pooh /pu:/. (3) The main section with words where final -h is combined with a preceding consonant letter and has different phonemic correspondences: (3.1) -ch: /-k,-r,-tj,-d3,-x/(p-h2); (3.2)-scA: /-J/(p-h5); (3.3) -gh: /-9, -au, -p, -g, -k, -f/, or without phonemic correspondence: high /-hai/, etc (p -h 5); (3.4) -kh: /-k/(p-h6); (3.5) -ph. /-f/(p-h6); (3.6) -rrh: /-(r)/(p-h 6); (3.7) -sh: /-J/(p-h6); (3.8) -th: /-e,t8,-0/(p-h9). 'ra:dsa ,ma:ha'ra:d3a

eitj/-h eitj ,kei ,pi: 'eitj ,em ,pi: 'eitj ,eitj o:r 'eitj

«h, H abbr kph abbr mph abbr HRH

/-h a: /-ah a: ba: fa: Ja: bla: pa: hg'ra: ja:

/Hier/ ah inter/ bah (α/so fa) « fah n shah n blah /'nte/y pah (also hurray, hooray) vjnterj hurrah inter j yah

,haeli'lu:ja 'pArjka huka mi'6ju:zab 'ajb 'wob 'feb 'mAb 'a:ma 'mama sa'vaena 'sira 'tfi:ta dji'hauva ba: 'mitsva

n rajah n Maharajah (/'alleluia) n,interj hallelujah n punkah n hookah prop n Methuselah prop n Allah n wallah n fellah n mullah n amah n mynah n savannah n sirrah « cheetah prop n Jehovah n bar mitzvah

adv yeah

s/-ah va'rxnda 'p3:da 'hauda 'lu.-fa

120

n Messiah

'naua

prop n Noah

ai9/-ayah 'ara

n ayah

ei/-eh ei

inter j eh

au

wie/y oh (also billy-o) n billyoh (also do) n doh interj boh o, sol) n soh

'bill au dau bau

-je9/-yeah jea

mi'saia

sau

-3u/-aoh (/'veranda) n verandah n purdah n howdah n loofah

ru:'pi:a

n rupiah

· 1

pa'raia

n Pharaoh

-u:/-ooh

-ai3/-iaii /

fearau

n pariah

pu:

interj pooh

-h 2

,pu: 'pu:

v pooh-pooh

-ia:k/-iarch

-k/-ch

(Λ£ -m:rk/-iarch) 'meitna:k 'peitria:k

-aek/-ach

~9k/~ucli

ma:k; mack 'Ju:maek -naex; 'saesanaek

n Mach n sumach n Sassenach

-a:k/-ach mask; ma:k

v, n stomach

-ek/-ech 'kromlek tek

n cromlech n tech

-aik/-eich raix; raik

n loch n epoch n pibroch

n epoch

n Pentateuch

'diptik 'triptik

n diptych n triptych

-J/-ch -aetj/-atch

'kros-stitj 'lokstitj 'hemstrtf

n cross-stitch « lockstitch v, n hemstitch

baetj n batch kaetf v,n catch 'seifti-kaetf n safety-catch haetj v, n hatch (AE 'kro:s-) eitj n aitch 'kros-haetj v cross-hatch GaetJ v,n thatch laetj v, n latch maetj v,n match witj" n witch 'lAV-msetf n love-match biwitj" v bewitch 'spa:nr)-maetj n sparring-match 'boksiq-mastj n boxing-match switj v,n switch 'seifti-maetj n safety-match 'taim-switj n time-switch .autmastj v outmatch twitf v,n twitch snaetj v,n snatch pa;tj v, n patch also despatch, di'spxtj v, w dispatch (AE -D:tJ/-otch) skraetf v,n scratch (also botch-up) botj v, n botch (also Scottish) skotj adj Scotch (AE ortJV-watch) skotj n Scotch wotj v, n watch skotj v, n scotch 'nait-wotj n night-watch 'hopskotj n hopscotch 'stopwotj n stopwatch 'bAtaskotJ n butterscotch 'ristwotj n wristwatch blotj n blotch splotj n splotch notj v,« notch 'topnotj adj topnotch etj v etch

-wDtJ/-watch

n oligarch

-skAarch (xl£'mo:nark) 'monak

'pentatju:k

itf v, n itch bitf v, n bitch ditj v,n ditch hitj v,n hitch 'klauv hitj n clove hitch An'hitJ v unhitch snitj v snitch prtj v, n pitch stitf v, n stitch 'hemiq-stitj n hemming-stitch 'tjem-stitj n chain-stitch

-DtJ/-otch

-a:k/-arch (/l£'o:liga:rk) Oliga:k

-ju:k/-euch

-itJV-itch

-wit|/-witch

-skAoch CS£'i:pok) Λ£ 'epak

n eunuch

v fetch n ketch v, n sketch v retch v, n stretch n wretch n vetch

-eitj/-aitch

n Reich

-DkAoch (Λ£ b:x; b:k) lox; lok (AE 'epak) 'i:pok (AE -bro:k) 'pi:brok

'ju:nak

-ik/-ych n Mach

-sk/-ach 'stAmak

n matriarch n patriarch

fetj ketj sketj retj stretj retj vetj

-etJAetch

n monarch

121

-h 3

(also esp AE hodgepodge) n hotchpotch (also crutch) « crotch

'hot/potj krotj

-utjy-utch butj

adj butch

-AtJ/-utch dAtf ,dAbl-'dAtJ hAtJ 'raebit-hAtJ kUtf ,di:'kUtJ krAtf

n,adj Dutch n double-dutch n hutch n rabbit-hutch V,H clutch v declutch (/crutch) n crutch

-o:tj/-autch na:tj

n nautch

-tj/-ch n spinach

-aetf/-ach v detach v attach

-i:tj/-each

122

-a:ntj/-anch

-entJAench

-i:tj/-eech bi:tj li:tj spi:tj bri:tf skriuj bi'si:t|

~it f/-ich

-wentJV-uench

witj

det.pron which

det.pron each v,n beach v leach v,n bleach v pleach v,« peach v impeach v.n reach v.n breach v preach v overreach v teach

(AE -witj) (or -wids) 'saenwitj

went/ v.n sandwich

-eltJAelch belt/ skweltf

v,n belch v.n squelch

-iltJAUch filtj miltf

v filch adj milch

v quench

v,n wench

-mtJAinch mtj smtf fmtj 'gauldfmtj 'bulfmtj 'tjaefmtj klintj flintj pmtf

v,n inch n cinch « finch n goldfinch n bullfinch n chaffinch v,n clinch v flinch v.n pinch

-wmtj/-winch

-AltJV-ulch gAltJ

kwentj

-wentJV-wench

-witf/-wich

di'taetj a'taetj

v.n mulch

v,n coach n slip-coach n stagecoach (AE -aentJAanch) n motorcoach bla:ntf v blanch n slowcoach ra:ntj n ranch v poach Oliv brarntj « olive branch n roach bra:ntf v.n branch n cockroach v broach v encroach v,n reproach bent/ n bench v.n approach ,baek'bentj n back bench frAnt-'bentJ n front bench 'W3:kbentj n workbench blentj v blench n beech klentf v clench n leech drentj v drench n speech frentf n.adj French n breech trentj v.n trench v.n screech n'trentj v retrench v beseech also intrench, in'trentf v entrench rent/ v.n wrench 'mArjki-rentJ n adj rich monkey-wrench v enrich tentj n tench stentf n stench n ostrich

-witj/-which

(BE also 'spmids) 'spimtf

i:tj bi:tj li:tj bli:tj pli:tj pi:tj im'pirtj" ri:tf brirtj pri:tj ,auva'ri:tj ti:tf

kautj 'slip-kautj 'steidjkautj 'mautakautf 'steukautj pautj rautf 'kokrautj braut/ m'krautj n'prautj s'prautj

ntj in'ntj (At, o;s-) OstritJ

-itf/-ach

mAltJ

-3utJ/-oach

n gulch

wmtj

v,n winch

-h 4

-DntJAonch (AE -o:ntj/-onch) kontf

n conch

-AntJAunch bAntf tuntf lAntf mAntJ pAntf pAntf 'rasbit-pAntJ" brAntJ krAntf skrAntJ

(AE -3:rtJ/-earch) S3:tj v,« search n'saitj v, n research

-3:tJ7-erch -3:tJ/-irch

-mtf/-ynch lintj

v lynch

-9UtJ7-OOCh brautf

n brooch

hurtj mu:tf

v,« scorch n porch n sun-porch n torch n blowtorch

-3:tJ/-urch

n hooch v mooch

-a:t)7-arch (AE -a:rt;/-arch) a:tj v,n,adj arch ,auv3'ra:tj v overarch la:tj n larch ma:tf n March ma:tf v,« march 'hAqg3-ma:tf n hunger-march 'ru:tma:tj n routemarch 'frogma:tj v frogmarch ,aufiria:tj v outmarch po:tj v parch stcr.tf v, n starch 'ko:nsta:tj n cornstarch

v,« touch v retouch

-d3/-ch -id3/-ach (/spinitj) 'spmidj

n spinach

(AE -wit[) (or -witf) 'saenwids

v,n sandwich

-x/-ch -aex/-ach

(AE -s:rtj/-urch) tjs:tj b:tj"

n church v,« lurch

-naek; 'saesanaex

n Sassenach

-aix/-eich

-AtJV-uch

-u:t[/-ooch

-AtJV-ouch

-wid3/-wich

-o:tj/-orch

n haunch (AE -o:rtj/-orch) sko:tj v,« launch po:tj n paunch 'SAn-portf adj staunch to:tj 'bbütoitj

v vouch v avouch

tAt/ ,ri:'tAtJ

v,n bunch v,n hunch (AE -3:rtJ/-erch) ps:tj v, n perch v,n lunch v munch w Punch v,n punch n rabbit-punch (AE -3:rtJ/-erch) b3:tj v,« birch n brunch sm3:tf also smirch, v,« crunch bi'sma:^ v besmirch v,n scrunch

-o:ntf/-aunch ho:ntj b:ntj p3:ntj sto:nt{

vautj a'vautj

-3:tJ7-earch

raik, raix mAtJ det,pron,adv much .insaü'mAtJ adv insomuch -DX/-OCh püvs'mAtf adj, adv overmuch (AE b:k, b:x) sAtf adj.pron such lok,

-o:tj/-auch di'bortj

v,w debauch

-aüt|/-ouch autj di'bautj kautj slautj pautj krautj grautj

interj euch v debouch v,/7 couch v,n slouch v, n pouch v, n crouch v,« grouch

n Reich

n loch

-JY-sch -i3j/-irsch (^£kirj) kiaj

n Kirsch

-o:J/-orsch (/4£bD:rJ) bo:J

n borsch

123

-h 5

trof

-itJV-itsch kitj

adj kitsch

putf

n putsch rAf

-.../-gh -3:r9 /-urgh burgh) n burgh

(sBE 'bAra AE 'b3:rau

(AE 'b3:rg,'b3:ra(o)) BE '

n burgh

-3:ra/-urgh burgh) n burgh

(sBE 'bAra AE 'b3:re

-Ap/-ough (^hiccup) v,n hiccough

(AElo±) n lough

-3:rg/-urgh (sBE 'bAra /4£'b3:rg

burgh) « burgh

-a:f/-augh aef) la:f 'ho:s lo:f 'behla:f

v,n laugh η horse-laugh η belly la ugh

-uf/-ough (AE -o:f/-ough) kof tiu:pii] kof

124

V SOUgh

Uf

n,adj tough

v,n cough η whooping-cough

-ei/-eigh

3

n borough adj thorough

-u:/-ough (/'slau) v4£ a/so slu: θπι: 'si: 0ru: 'jxjl θηι: 'ΓΛΠ θηι: ,fobu'6ru: 'breikBru:

n slough prep, adv.adj through adj see-through η pull-through η run-through η follow-through η breakthrough

-^/-ough

v,n sleigh (also bob-sled) (AE 'b3:rau) « bob-sleigh BE'b\rs v,n neigh (AE also 'θΛΓ3υ) ν inveigh 'ΘΛΓ3

-weiAweigh wei a'wei .aufwei

ν weigh adv aweigh v outweigh

3:

interj ugh

•o:/-augh fo:

η borough adj thorough

-k/-kh si:k

•3!/-Ugh

η Sikh

-i:k/-eikh Jeik, Ji:k

also sheik, η sheikh

interj faugh

-eik/-eikh

-auAough bau

n dough (also tho1) conj,adv though (AE also altho) conj although n furlough

AE also '0Arau

hai adj.adv high ni: 'hai adj,adv knee-high 'bresthai adv breast-high weist'hai adj,adv waist-high skai 'hai adv sky-high 6ai n thigh nai adv,prep nigh 'wel nai adv well-nigh sai v,n sigh

'bobslei nei m'vei

n slough

o.-l' au 'f3:lau >) '.rsu

-/-gh

slei

-ok/-ough lok

SAf

-ai/-igh

-Ar9/-urgh

(AE plow) v,n plough n snowplough

plau 'snauplau (AE also slu:) slau v slough indef det,pron, adv enough v,n,adj,adv dau rough

-Af/-ough sUf i'ruf

- tjy-utsch

η trough

n bough

Ji:k, Jeik

also sheik, η sheikh

-h 6

-AmfAumph

-f/-ph

bAmf ga'lAtnf

-aef/-aph

(/•bumf) n bumph ν galumph

(for AE -aef/-aph / also -a:f/-aph) (BE also gra:f) graef w graph

-ai9mf/-iumph

-a:f/-aph

-imf/-ymph

04£-aef/-aph) (/graef) BEalsogra:f 'pasragra:f 'tehgrarf 'taekagrcrf 'Ii03gra:f (AE 'bo:l-) 'hobgra:f (Λ£Ίιο:πι-) 'homggraif 'saizmagrcrf 'monagra:f 'f3Utogra:f '3:tegra:f 'idiagrarf 'konagra-.f 'reidi3ugra:f i.lektrau'ka:di9gra:f 'hi:li9gra:f 'bai3gra:f 'epita:f 'sen9ta:f

n graph v,n paragraph v,« telegraph n tachograph v,n lithograph n holograph

η lymph η nymph n water-nymph

-if/-yph 'harareglif

« hieroglyph

-(r)/-rrh

-a:(r)/-arrh

ν choreograph η radiograph n electrocardiograph v,n heliograph n biograph η epitaph η cenotaph

'seraf

η seraph

'keilif

η caliph

-ilf/-ylph n sylph

-umf/-oomph η oomph

η catarrh

f A 17 (AE marr)\ ni3:(r)

-J/-sh

η eyelash n backlash v,n clash v,w flash η shoulder-flash η heat-flash n synchroflash n photoflash η newsflash v,n plash v,n splash v,n slash η goulash v,n mash η mishmash ν,η,αάν smash v gnash n,adj rash « nettlerash adj brash v,n,adv crash v gatecrash ν thrash n,v trash n sash ν stash

-i:J/-eash li:J An'lirJ

-3:(r)/-yrrh η myrrh

η leash ν unleash

-woJY-uash kwoj skwoj

v quash v,n squash

+J

-aej/-ash

-if/-iph

umf

limf nimf 'WD: nimf

v,« triumph

η homograph η seismograph η monograph v,« photograph v,n autograph (AE ka'ta:r) ka'ta:(r) « ideograph

-of/-aph

silf

'traiamf

'ailaej 'baeklaej ktej flaej 'Jauldg flaej 'hi:t flaej 'sii]krauflaej 'fgutauflaej 'nju:zflaej plaej splaej slasj 'gu:laej maej 'mijmaej smaej naej raej 'netlraej braej krasj 'geitkraej 9raeJ traej saej stsej

.orindj 'skwoj n orange squash

-woj/-wash

asj η ash woj 'potasj η potash 'kAlg woj basj v,n bash 9'woJ o'basj ν abash 'waitwoj 'kaebbaej n calabash 'aiwDj kaej v, n cash 'pigwoj daej V,H dash (AE 'ho:g-) 'slaepdaej adj.adv slapdash 'h gwoj 'bo:ld9daej η balderdash 'baekwoj gaej v, n gash 'bremwoj haej v,n hash 'ri:haej η rehash ,ri:'haej ν rehash laej v,n lash flej

v,n wash n colour-wash adj awash v,« whitewash n eyewash n pigwash n hogwash n backwash v brainwash

-eJV-esh n flesh 125

-h 7

'gu:s flej 'ho:sflej mej m'mej .siqkrau'mej frej 3'freJ n'fre; Brei

n goose-flesh n horseflesh ν,η mesh ν enmesh n synchromesh adj, adv fresh adv afresh ν refresh ν thresh

-i.-JV-ish 'haeji:j

η hashish

~T r/~i^i§i 'snobij 'FAblJ

'f3:bij ,ri:'f3:bi; dij 'tfeifiq dij 'said dij 'raedij 'ho:sraedij 'swi:dij gul 'meidij 'tjaildij 'auldij" auflaendij 'braendij 'fi:ndi| 'raundij 'maudij 'gudij 'prurdij 'kaedij TediJ 'jidij f 'J (AE 'turns-) 'tju:ri3 fij 'si: fij 'graund fij 'flaiiq fij 'silvs fij 'paibt fij 'flai fij 'gguldfij 'kodfij 'sa:dfij 'kAtlfiJ (AE 'do:g-) 'dog fij

126

adj snobbish ν,η rubbish ν furbish ν refurbish ν,η dish η chafing dish η side-dish η radish η horseradish n,adj Swedish adj old-maidish adj childish adj oldish adj outlandish ν brandish adj fiendish adj roundish adj modish adj goodish adj prudish adj caddish adj reddish η Yiddish

n,v fish

'stokfij •Jelftf 'SAnfiJ" 'sta:fij 'kaetfij 'flaetfij 'kreifij 'djehfij 'aufij 'elfif 'selfij AriselfiJ 'wulfij 'dwo:fij 'rasfij stxnd'ufij 'hAflJ

la:dsij 'waegij 'P'S1!

'pngij 'hogij 'sUgiJ 'lorjij 'JAqiJ 'rAfi/ 'reikij 'fri:kij 'piqkij 'mAqkiJ 'bukij 't3:kij 'mo:kij 'blaekij 'braskij 'pekij 'sikif 'pAkiJ

η tuna-fish η sea-fish 'peihf η ground-fish istaebhj η flying-fish .disistxblij η silver-fish 'pAbhf η pilot-fish 'relij ν fly-fish 'iqglij η goldfish 'devalij η codfish 'tiklij n swordfish s'bolij η cuttlefish di'molij" 'polij η dogfish 'neil polij

η stockfish 'paulij n,adj Polish η shellfish 'fu:lij adj foolish n sunfish (AE a'kom-) η starfish a'kAinpliJ ν accomplish η catfish 'p3:plij adj purplish η flatfish adj girlish 'g3:lij η crayfish Ί/3:1ι/ adj churlish η jellyfish 'mju:lij adj mulish 'gu:lij adj ghoulish adj oafish 'aulij adj owlish adj elfish 'stailij adj stylish adj selfish 'tD:hf adj tallish adj unselfish im'belij ν embellish adj wolfish 'helif adj hellish adj dwarfish ν famish fasmij adj raffish 'skwi:mij adj squeamish adj standoffish 'blemij ν,η blemish adj huffish n,adj Flemish 'flemij 'raumij adj Romish adj largish 'sksimij ν,η skirmish 'baenij adj waggish ν banish adj piggish 'spaenij n.adj Spanish adj priggish VasniJ ν vanish adj hoggish n,adj Danish 'demij adj sluggish 'wumanij adj womanish adj longish aul 'wumanij adj old-womanish adj youngish 'renij adj Rhenish adj roughish n'plenij ν replenish ViksamJ adj vixenish adj rakish 'hoidnij adj hoydenish adj freakish adj heathenish 'hi:onij adj pinkish 'kitnij adj kittenish adj monkish 'gri:nij adj greenish adj bookish fmij ν,η finish n,adj Turkish di'mmij ν diminish adj mawkish adj swinish 'swainij adj blackish ad'mDniJ ν admonish adj brackish a'stonij ν astonish adj peckish ν,η garnish 'gatnij adj sickish ν,η tarnish 'ta:nij adj puckish ν,η varnish 'vcunij" η nail-varnish 'neil va:nij adj palish ν burnish 'bsinij ν establish 'fsinij ν furnish ν disestablish ν refurnish ri.-'fsrnij1 ν publish ν punish 'pAniJ ν,η relish 'klaunij adj clownish n,adj English 'klaenij" adj clannish adj, adv devilish 'maenij adj mannish adj ticklish n.adj Finnish 'finij ν abolish 'donij adj donnish ν demolish adj apish ν,η polish 'eipij adj sheepish •JirpiJ η nail-polish

-h 8

'stiipij 'dasmpij 'impij 'UmpiJ 'frAmpiJ 'paupij 'WDSplJ

'snaspij 'fopij 'ApiJ 'paenj 'gegnj

'naitmesnj 'beanj •tjenj 'penj 'dsibanj 'taiganj 'fi:v3nj 'hvanj im'povanj 'ainj 'fesnj (or 'bo:nj) 'buanj 'miranj 'aerrratonj flAnJ 'riAnJ

'k3:nj 'leitij 'fetij 'swi:tij 'bntij 'waitij 'kaultij 'daultij 'Jo:tiJ 'bru:tij 'lautij 'kaetij 'faetij 'petij 'skitij

'skotij 'SDtlJ 'slAtlJ

'sleivij 'neivij 'laevij 'raevij 'pi:vij

adj steepish adj dampish adj impish adj lumpish adj frumpish adj popish adj waspish adj snappish adj foppish adj uppish η parish adj garish adj nightmarish adj bearish ν cherish ν perish η gibberish adj tigerish adj feverish adj liverish ν impoverish n,adj Irish adj fairish adj boorish adj Moorish adj amateurish ν,η flourish ν nourish adj currish adj latish η fetish adj sweetish adj British adj whitish adj coltish adj doltish adj shortish adj brutish adj loutish adj cattish adj fattish adj pettish adj coquettish adj skittish (^Scotch) adj Scottish adj sottish adj sluttish adj slavish adj knavish v.adj lavish ν ravish adj peevish

'θί:νι| 'elvij 'daivij

adj thievish adj elvish η dervish (AE -o:J/-osh) boj

-oj/-osh

-iJAuish 'raugij

adj roguish (.-•cliquy) adj cliquish

'kli:kij

-u:iJ7-uish 'blu:ij

adj bluish

-wif/-uish 'aeqgwij η anguish 'lasqgwij ν languish di'stiqgwij" ν distinguish .kontrav di'stiqgwij contradistinguish ik'stiqwif v extinguish 'vaeqkwij v vanquish n'lrqkwij v relinquish

-wij/-wish wif swif

ν,η wish ν,η, adj swish

-u:ij/-ewish 'dju:ij 'Jru:iJ

adj Jewish adj shrewish

-suiJV-owish 'jebuij

adj yellowish

-nj/-yish 'beibnj 'fo:tnj

adj babyish adj fortyish

-enj/-eyish 'grenj

adj greyish

-ouJV-oyish 'bonj

adj boyish

-welJV-welsh welj welj

n.adj Welsh ν welsh

'kaiboj koj goj ga'loj ga'loj sploj sloj noj poj toj 'maekrntoj

n.interj bosh also kybosh, η kibosh ν,η cosh interj gosh η galosh η golosh ν splosh ν slosh ν,η nosh v,adj posh η tosh η mackintosh

-u:J/-oosh ta:'bu:J

η tarboosh

-a:J/-arsh ha:J ma:J

adj harsh η marsh

-uj/-ush buj 'aembuj JuJ puj 'bei puj

η bush ν,η ambush ν shush inter kn push n bell-push

-Aj/-ush gAj ν,η gush h.Aj ν,η hush 'hAj HA/ adj hush-hush UJ n.adj lush blAj ν,η blush flAj v,n,adj flush pUJ n,adj plush sUJ n slush rriAj η mush rAj ν,η rush 'gsuld rAj « gold-rush 'bulrAj η bulrush 'inrAj η inrush OnrAj η onrush brAj ν,η brush 'skrAbiq brAj n scrubbing-brush 'Jeivirj brAj η shaving-brush 'tu:0brAj η toothbrush

127

-h 9 'neilbrA/

n nailbrush (BE undergrowth) 'AndarbrA f. n AE underbrush 'eabrAj n airbrush 'heabrAj n hairbrush 'pemtbrAj n paintbrush krAj ν,η crush ΘΓΛ/ η thrush

-e/-th -ae6/-ath (BEba:Q) AEbKQ hae9 1α:θ, Iae9 mae9 (AE 'aeftar-) 'a:ft3mae9 'ha miapae9 'Dstiapas9 'saik3upae9 (BE ro9) AEr&B

ν,η bath pi (an v) hath η lath (BE maths) AE math « aftermath also homoeo-, n homeopath η osteopath η psychopath

128

~9QO/~eCiril (or -ratB)

'hAndrad9

Q/ *1» ~9o/~atii 'sasba9

η Sabbath

hi:9 η heath Ji:6 η sheath bi'ni:9 adv.prep beneath ,Anda'ni:9 adv.prep underneath ri:9 η wreath 'bei ri:9 n bay-wreath

n death n megadeath n breath

-wi:0/-ueath bi'kwi:0, bi'kwi:9

v bequeath

ga'laia9

n Goliath

-9u9/-oath au9 Iau9

-wid6/-width n width

-auzn0/-ousandth '9auzn9

n, adj thousandth

-eGAeth 'Jibale9

n shibboleth

-i:e/-eeth

-e6/-eath de9 'megade9 bre9

n,adj hundredth

wit9, wid9

-i:6/-eath

-ai90/-iath

(AE -ae9/-ath) ba:9 ν,η bath 'blAdba:9 « blood-bath 'mAd ba:9 η mud-bath 'switnin ba:9 η swimming-bath 'hipba:9 « hip-bath 'Jauaba:9 η shower-bath 'veipa bo:9 η vapour-bath 'futba:9 η foot-bath 'aiba:9 n eyebath

-D0/-ath

ir\i _ J^.1.

η wrath

η wrath

-a:9/-ath

Iae9, Ια: θ ρα:θ 'braidlpa:9 'flea ρα:θ 'tauiq ρα:θ '\νο:ρα:9 futpa:9 'taupa:0 'baipa:9

(AEnsQ) ro9

n oath (also loth) adj loath

ti:9 'milkti:9 'wizdam ti:9

npl teeth npl milk-teeth npl wisdom-teeth npl eyeteeth npl buckteeth

'aiti:9 'bAkti:9

· U -i9o/-ietii

'namtia9 'fiftia9 'eitia9 'sevntia9 'twentiaB '93:tia9 'fo:tia9 'sikstia9

n,adj ninetieth n,adj fiftieth n.adj eightieth n.adj seventieth n.adj twentieth n,adj thirtieth n.adj fortieth n.adj sixtieth

~IiD/~lllll

-wu6/-wath swo9

(/swathe) n swath

η lath η path η bridle-path « flare-path n breadth η towing-path /bred9; bret9 η warpath « footpath « towpath η bypath (also bret9) bred9 n breadth 'hea bred9 n hair-breadth 'heazbred9 « hair's-breadth

fif9

n.adj fifth

-welf6/-welfth twelf9

n,adj twelfth

ΙεηΗ 'keibl Ieq9 ha:f'lerj9 ΜΊεηθ 'keiblz Ierj9 'weivleq9 streqG

η length n cable-length adj half-length adj full-length η cable' s-length η wavelength η strength

-et6/-eadth

-ed9/-eadth

1

f\

|

Jl

-h 10

eit9/-eighth eitG

n, adj eighth

-i9/-ith kiG 'megah9 'monaliG smiG 'gauldsmiG 'blaeksmiG loksmiG tinsmi9 'gAnsmi9 'kopasmiG 'silvasmiG 'zeniG ριθ

n pi kith n megalith n monolith π smith n goldsmith n blacksmith η locksmith η tinsmith η gunsmith n coppersmith « silversmith η zenith η pith

ei9/-aith feiG reiG

'sevnG

pron.det seventh

-i:n9/-eenth ,nairili:nQpron,det nineteenth ,fifti:n9 pron.det fifteenth ,ei'ti:n9 pron.det eighteenth pron,det ,sevn'ti:n9 seventeenth 'Ampti:n9 adj umpteenth ,G3:'ti:nG pron.det thirteenth ,fo:'ti:nG pron.det fourteenth si:k'sti:nG pron, del sixteenth

-m9/-inth 'haiasinG 'wo:tohaiasinG ρΐιηθ 'laeterinG

n hyacinth n waterhyacinth η plinth η labyrinth

-am9/-inth nam9

•wi9/-with prep with

n health η stealth

we!9/-wealth we 19 η wealth komsnwelG η commonwealth

·1Λ ll1Q//~lltll filG tilG

-An9/-onth

en9/-enth tenG

'bihanG pron.det billionth 'milranG pron.det millionth Ίπ1ΐ3πθ pron.det trillionth

-u9/-oth

(AE -o:G/-oth) kloG 'ti: kloG n filth 'feiskloG n tilth 'paibt kloG 'treikloG teiblkloG n warmth tji:zklo9 'wojklo9 'diJTdoG

pron.det tenth

•n9/-enth i'levnG pron.det eleventh

η month η twelvemonth

-I3n9/-ionth

wo:m9/-warmth wo:mG

pron.det ninth

ητίΛηθ 'twelvmMiG

e!9/-ealth helG ste!9

f\l

η loincloth η haircloth η moth η clothes-moth η broth η Scotch broth v.n froth A\^

-3U /-OTI1 bauG adj, adv, pron both (/•loath) buG adj loth sbuG η sloth (AE tro:G) trauG η troth rauG adj wroth kwauG pt quoth

-39/-oth 'maemaG

η faith η wraith

(/wio) wiG

'binkloG 'heakloG moG 'kbuoz moG broG .skotj 'broG froG

'baekkloG 'saekkloG 'nekkloG 'seilkloG 'DilkloG

η mammoth

-u:9/-ooth ( £bu:8) (AE)bu:Q su:9 fo:'su:9 tu:G 'fain tu:G 'milk tu:9 'wizdam tu:9 'dogz tu:G 'aitu:G 'dogtu:G 'bAktu:G

n booth n sooth adv forsooth n tooth adj fine-tooth n milk-tooth n wisdom-tooth n dog's-tooth n eyetooth n dogtooth n bucktooth

-ep9/-epth

η cloth depG n depth η tea-cloth η face-cloth n pilot-cloth η tray-cloth (AE -a:r9/-earth) η tablecloth ha:G n hearth η cheesecloth η washcloth η dishcloth (also backdrop) (AE -3:r9/-earth) n backcloth s:G v.n earth η sackcloth adj η neckcloth ,daun to '3:6 down-to-earth η sailcloth An'siG ν unearth η oilcloth ds:G η dearth

-a:9/-earth

-3:9/-earth

129

-h 11

An'tru:9

-3:9/-erth (AE -3:r9/-erth) bs:9 'sik bs:9

'aezim39 'bizma9

η azimuth η bismuth

-u:0/-euth M birth « live-birth n childbirth « rebirth n stillbirth n afterbirth n firth « σgirth Η mirth

η sleuth

-au9/-outh mau9 ,futn'mau9 'g3ulmau9 'blaebemau9 sau9

An'ku:9 (AE -o:r6/-orth) fo:9 aciv forth (also -forward) ,hens'fD:9 adv henceforth ,oens'fo:9 adv thenceforth (AE V3'mu:9) ηο:θ η,αάν north 'V3:m39

η mouth n,adj foot-and-mouth η goalmouth η blabbermouth η,αάν south

adj uncouth

-99/-outh

-w3:6/-worth n,adj worth

-o:6/-ourth (AE -a:r9/-ourth) fa:9 pron,det fourth

-u:6/-uth tru:9 'ha:f tru.-θ

130

η overgrowth n outgrowth

ju:9

η youth

-u:0/-ewth gra 9

η truth η half-truth

η vermouth

-ju:6/-youth stru:9

-iks6/-ixth siksG

pron,det sixth

-i6/-yth

slu:9

-u:6/-outh

-o:9/-orth

ws:9

'auvagrauB 'a tgrau9

r \ / .-^.l» v,n berth n sick-berth

-3:6/-irth (AE -3:r9/-irth) bs:9 'laiv bs:9 't/aildbsie ,ri:'b3:9 'stilb3:9 (Λ£ 'setter-) 'a:fteb3:9 fs:9 gs:9 J m3:9

η untruth

interj strewth

n growth (AE underbrush) 'And9grau9 η undergrowth

mi9

η myth

-o/-th -wi:o/-ueath bi'kwi:6, bi'kwi:8

ν bequeath

-wio/-with (also wi6) wio .hra'wio ea'wi .wea'wio ,fo:9'wio

prep with adv herewith adv therewith adv wherewith adv forthwith

-u:o/-ooth (/i£-9)bu: 'pauliqbui 'faunbu:0 't9ulbu: smu:o

n booth n polling-booth n phonebooth n tollbooth v,n,adj smooth

-auo/-outh maud 'basdmau

v mouth v bad-mouth

^^·

-l There are 4 sections in the series of words ending in -/': (1) / spelt as a single letter (/ai/), and alphabetisms pronounced letter by letter, eg Wl /.dAblju: 'ai/ (Women's Institute). (2) A section of words where final -i after a consonant letter corresponds to different vowel phonemes: to /-i:/ (eg ski /Ji:/), III (eg khaki /Icarki/), /ai/ (eg alibi /aelibai/). (3) A section of words where final -/' together with one or more preceding vowel letters corresponds to a monophthong or diphthong, from samurai /'saemarai/ to kiwi fkr.wi-J. (4) A short form ending in -/' which has no direct spelling-to-sound correspondence and is pronounced according to the full written form of the word: Fri /fraidei/ (Friday).

fiT/i dl/ 1 ai ai ,si: ,bi: 'ai ,ef bi 'ai ju: di 'ai .dji: 'ai ,di: ,ti: 'ai .dAblju: 'ai ' l ·

-1./-I

.rrraudas.opa'rxndi: .maudasvi'vendi: 'hindi: •Mi: ski: ,aeprei-'ski: ,feit a'kompli: ,voks'popjuli: mi: .tjitfa'reuni: 'tempi: (BE also ,pau 'pun) .pau pu'ri: ,v3:tj '3 zi: ti: gra'fi:ti: .diliuenti: h'breti:

-nai, 'djemim n Gemini -Τ/-Ϊ ~l/~ 1 ma:'ti:m n martini ,k3ul'ra:bi n i n kohlrabi -nai; n,pron I '3 bl n obi 'mini n mini 'wodi n wadi 'dsemini n Gemini abbr CBI abbr FBI e'fendi n effendi .mxka'rauni n macaroni abbr UDI abbr NAAFI 3ΐΛα:ρι n okapi 'naefi 'keipi abbr GI 'jaugi n kepi n yogi abbr DTI 'ko:gi n corgi 'skasmpi npl scampi 'la:ti abbr WI n lathi (AE also tou'pi:) (also topee) 'ka:ki 'taupi n,adj khaki n topi sa'ma:li n,adj Somali i'ra:ki n, adj Iraqi S3'fa:n n safari berj'go:!! n,adj Bengali 'sa:n n sari n m'p3:li n,adj Nepali izYeili kA'ta:n n,adj Qatari modus operandi n,adj Israeli swa'hi:h n Swahili ,/α:π'να:π n n charivari n broccoli 'pian n peri modus vivendi 'broksh ,hxra-'kin n hara-kiri n,adj Hindi ,rxvi'3 h n ravioli 'mju:zli n muesli kxfmran n,adj Kashmiri adj chichi 'maun ν,η ski (AE -Ixzah-) n Maori adj apres-ski ,lxpis 'Ixzjuli n lapis lazuli 'maistn npl maestri 'pxtj li 'hosn n houri n fait accompli n patchouli ,V3:miseli 'fa:si n Farsi n vermicelli (AE chili) ,lita'ra:ti n vox populi npl literati n chilli si'swa:ti n Siswati n mi 'tjili .pika'lili n piccalilli ,sp3:ma'seti n spermaceti npl ciceroni S3'la:mi n salami jeti npl tempi n yeti n swami 'swa:mi 'mAfti n mufti 3 'ma:m n,adj Omani ku'weiti n,adj Kuwaiti ,pa:ki'sto:ni n pot-pourri n,adj Pakistani 'xnti prep anti ki'xnti n Chianti npl virtuosi ,hindu'sta:m n.adj Hindustani 'timpsm npl timpani 'dauti n ti n dhoti 'jemani n,adj Yemeni kan'feti n (plform) npl graffiti zu'kimi n zucchini npl dilettanti confetti bi'ki:m n bikini spa'geti n spaghetti npl libretti

131

-i 2 ,tu:ti-'fru:

n tutti-frutti (also taxi-cab, cab) 'taeksi v,n taxi 'na:tsi n,adj Nazi 'swa:zi n,adj Swazi npl intermezzi .mta'metsi

-ai/-i 'silabai 'aehbai ai'aembai 'iqkjubai 'raebai 'fgusai 'busai .djunres'teusai .strepto'kokai ,sai 'fai ,hai-'fai sai'kofsgai ii'sofagai 'fAqgai 'meidjai

hai 'bronkai 'ailkalai ba'silai ,glaedi'3ulai 'kailkjslai

132

npl syllabi n alibi npl iambi npl incubi n rabbi (or focuses) npl foci npl loci n genius loci npl streptococci abbr Sei Fi n,adj hi-fi npl sarcophagi (or -phaguses) npl esophagi npl fungi npl Magi interj hi npl bronchi n alkali npl bacilli (or gladioluses) npl gladioli (or calculuses) npl calculi

'stimjalai npl stimuli 'kjuimjslai npl cumuli (/4£'tu>) npl tumuli 'tju:mjalai ,hipa(or -tamuses) 'potemai npl hippopotami -ni, 'djemmai η Gemini 'dommai a'Umnai

pai 'poltpai ,posten'o:rai ,ei ,prai'o:rai ,ei ,fo:tiO:rai pa'pairai 'kweizai, 'kweisai 'naisai di,kri: 'naisai 'ta:sai na:'sisai ka'losai 'kaiktai

Anno Domini npl alumni η pi npl polypi adj.adv a posteriori adj,adv a priori adv a fortiori npl papyri adv,pref quasi adj.conj nisi η decree nisi npl tarsi npl narcissi npl colossi (or cactuses) npl cacti

tai 'sasmorai

-eiiV-ei

η lei

/ · -iai/-ci (AE'rm:-) 'nju:kliai

npl nuclei

-iai/-ii 'reidiai 'djiimai

npl radii npl genii

-OI/-O1 ,hoi pa'loi 'envoi 'bo:zoi

·. /

npl hoi polloi η envoi η borzoi

·

-W1./-U1 on'wi:

η ennui

• / « . -juai/-ii]

,igni:z'faitjuai

npl ignes fatui

• .__,i . / i_

Ϊ\Λ! ίΐί ~dl/~al Jaeq'hai

'leii:

~1.W1./~1 JgTt rVI ν shanghai n,adj Thai η samurai

'ki:wi:

η kiwi

abbr 'fraidei

abbr Fri

-J There are 4 small sections in the series of words ending in -j: (l)j spelt as a single letter (/djei/), and an alphabetism pronounced letter by letter: DJ/,di: 'djei/ (dinner jacket', disc jockey). (2) In two words final -j corresponds to the phoneme /-dj/. (3) In one word final -j is doubled: hajj /haedj/. (4) A short form ending in -j which has no direct spelling-to-sound correspondence and is pronounced according to the full written form of the word: Maj fmcidy»(r)/ (Major).

'haeds djei ,di: 'djer

abbr DJ

a:ds/-aj ra:d3

-aed3/-aj

n raj

abbr 'meid33(r)

(also hajj)

n hajj

abbr Maj

-k There are 4 sections in the series of words ending in -k: (\)k spelt as a single letter (/kei/), and alphabetisms pronounced letter by letter, eg OKIpu 'kei/. (2) A section of words where final -k corresponds to the phoneme /-k/, from flak /flaek/ to tomahawk (3) A section of words where final -k is doubled to -ck: from back ^sek/ to unstuck /.ArisUk/ (p -k 3). (4) A short form ending in -k which has no direct spelling-to-sound correspondence and is pronounced according to the full written form of the word: wk /wi:k/ (week; work) (p -k 7).

kei/k kei ,au 'kei ju: 'kei

n k, K interj, adv OK abbr UK

-k/-k « flak n yashmak n anorak

n beak v,« leak adj bleak v,« sneak v,n peak adj off-peak v speak v,« creak v,« freak v,« streak v wreak n teak

-eikAeak breik 'tir-breik

v,« break « tea-break (α/ίο tie-breaker) 'tai-breik « tie-break 134

skwi:k 'pipskwirk

v,« squeak η pipsqueak

-wi:k/-weak wi:k twi:k

-i:k/-eak birk lirk blirk snirk pirk G4£'D:f-) 'uf-pirk spirk krirk frirk strirk rirk tirk

« windbreak « firebreak η heartbreak η outbreak η daybreak η steak η rump-steak η beefsteak

-wi:k/-ueak

-aekAak flask 'jasjmaek 'aenaraek

'windbreik 'farabreik 'hartbreik 'autbreik 'deibreik steik ΓΛΐτιρ-'steik 'birfsteik

adj weak V,H tweak

-3uk/-oak auk 'haum-auk klaok Opara-kbuk krauk sauk

« oak η holm-oak v,n cloak n opera-cloak v,« croak v,» soak

tjirk ,tAr)-in-'tfi:k lirk slirk mirk pirk rirk krirk grirk sirk ,haid-n-'si:k

v,« cheek adj, adv tongue-in-cheek η leek v,adj sleek adj meek v,w peek v,n reek « creek n,adj Greek v seek η hide-and-seek

wirk n week mid'wirk adj, adv midweek -Ι ·\7~Ι

A.JV/

lAlr

1.x/ IV

Jrirk

v,« shriek

1 · V"/—!!/' l.-TW 1IV

« yak 'bastik, ba'tirk

jack

-aiaek/-ayak -ek/-ek

-i:k/-eek

-wi:k/-week

-jaek/-yak 'kaiaek

(/'kopeck) η kopek v,n trek

'kaupek trek

n kayak

« batik

Tl·"/ ll^ AJV/ 1.IV

'murjik 'birtnik 'sputnik ki'butsmk

n moujik η beatnik η sputnik n kibbutznik

-k 2

b3'ti:k, 'baetik (AE also 'braul-) 'bolfavik

n batik « Bolshevik

-eik/-eik (orji:k) Jeik

(/sheikh) n sheik

'baektD:k 'teibl-to:k 'dAbl-to:k 'beibi-to:k sto:k 'biinstoik

jauk

(/baulk) v balk v n chalk n nitrochalk v,« talk (AE backchat) n(AE) back talk « table-talk n double-talk « baby-talk v,w stalk n beanstalk

-wo:k/-walk

n yolk

-AlkAulk bAlk hAlk skAlk SAlk

V,H bulk n hulk v skulk v,n sulk

-o:k/-aulk bo:k (also balk) v baulk bo:k v,« baulk

-aeqk/-ank

wo:k 'bo:dwo:k 'saidwo:k 'reupwo:k 'kn)swo:k 'kaetwo:k 'd3eiwa:k

-elk/-elk elk

v,« walk n boardwalk baeqk n sidewalk 'seiviqz-bacqk n ropewalk 'klaud-baeqk 'Disto-baeqk n crosswalk 'saendbaeqk n catwalk v jaywalk 'mauntibaeqk 'fogbaiqk daeqk haeqk Jasqk n elk 'sknmjaeqk 6aeqk laeqk blasqk n whelk ,pDint-'blaiqk

-welk/-whelk welk

11 / Ί1 -IlKv-llK ilk bilk milk skimd-'milk 'bAtamilk silk Oil-silk

n folk npl gentlefolk npl menfolk npl womenfolk npl tradesfolk npl kinsfolk npl townsfolk

-J9uk/-yolk

-o:k/-alk bo:k tfo'k ,naitreu'tfo:k to:k

fauk 'djentlfauk 'menfauk 'wimmfauk 'treidzfauk 'kmzfauk 'taunzfaok

n ilk v bilk v,n milk n skimmed-milk n buttermilk n silk n oil-silk

-3uk/-olk

klaeqk flaeqk .aufflaeqk plaeqk 'gaeqplaeqk spasqk rasqk 'kaeb-rasqk ,autraeqk kraeqk draeqk

v,n bank n savings bank n cloud-bank n oyster-bank n sandbank n mountebank n fogbank adj dank n hank n shank v scrimshank v thank adj lank n,adj blank adj.adv point-blank v,n clank v,n flank v outflank v,« plank n gangplank v spank v,n,adj rank n cab-rank v outrank v,n crank pt drank

fraeqk

v,adj frank (or shrunk) pt shrank n prank pt sank v,n tank n think-tank adj antitank pt stank (/Yankee) n Yank v,n yank

Jraeqk prasqk saeqk txqk 'Giqk-tasqk .aenti'taeqk stasqk jaeqk jaeqk

"WssrjKy ~v^ an κ waeqk swasqk

v,« wank v,« swank

-iqk/-ink iqk .pen-an-'iqk 'ma:kiq-iqk 'raitiq-iqk 'prmtiq-iqk tjiqk 8iqk 'dAbl-Giqk bi'Giqk 'ri:6iqk ,ri:'eiqk kiqk hqk ,int3'liqk 'bobaliqk bliqk khqk shqk miqk piqk nqk 'skeitiq-nqk 'aisnqk bnqk dnqk Jnqk siqk stiqk

v,n ink n pen-and-ink n marking-ink n writing-ink n printing-ink v,n chink v,n think n double-think v bethink n rethink v rethink v,n kink v,« link v interlink n bobolink v,n blink v,n clink v slink n mink v.n.adj pink n rink n skating-rink n icerink n brink v,n drink v,n shrink v,n sink v,n stink

-wiqk/-wink wiqk 'h dwiqk

v,n wink v hoodwink

135

-k 3

'staetjurt-buk 'sketj-buk

-oqk/-onk 04Eo:qk/-onk) koqk hoqk ploqk 1^/

ν,η conk ν,η honk v,n,adv plonk

_-|_

Λ ~ΛΓ]Κ/~υΐ11ν

mAqk

η monk

„l·-/ unlr ~AIjKy~UDIV bAqk di:'bAqk dAqk fAqk tuqk tjAqk djAqk skAqk klAqk fUqk slAqk 'tJipmAqk pAqk spAqk drAqk ,rauhq-'drAqk 'pAntJ-drAqk JrAqk JrAqk trAqk SAqk stAqk

ν,η bunk ν debunk ν dunk ν,η funk η hunk η chunk η junk η skunk ν,η clunk ν flunk pt-PP slunk η chipmunk (also punk rock) η punk η spunk pp,n,adj drunk adj rolling drunk adj punch-drunk (or shrank) pt shrunk pp shrunk η trunk pp sunk pt>PP stunk

-ok/-ok C4£-o:k/-ok) 'spnqbok 'sti:nbok (also a'mAk a'mok 'keipok

η springbok n steenbok amuck) adv amok η kapok

-uk/-ook buk 'raud-buk 'piktja-buk 'freiz-buk 'mimt-buk

136

ν,η book η road-book n picture-book n phrase-book η minute-book

'baeqkbuk O:da-buk 'prea-buk 'pokit-buk 'kukan-buk haendbuk 'W3:dbuk 'stAdbuk 'gaidbuk 'keisbuk 'noutbuk 'tjekbuk 'skorbuk 'logbuk 'soqbuk 'W3:kbuk 'tjekbuk 'sku:Ibuk 'skraepbuk J3:buk 'pa:sbuk 'teksbuk 'kopibuk 'deibuk 'kukbuk 'kuksn buk kuk 'peistn-kuk .auva'kuk huk 'pru:mq-huk 'ri:piq-huk 'fij-huk 1»ut-huk 'kraujei-huk 'bilhuk 'bAtnhuk An'huk 'pothuk Juk luk .auva'luk 'autluk nuk 'iqgl-nuk ruk bruk kruk 'neinsuk fa'suk

η statute-book tuk pt took η sketch-book bituk pt betook (/•passbook) ,ri:'tuk pt retook η bank-book par'tuk pt partook η order-book Anda'tuk pt undertook n prayer-book .auva'tuk pt overtook n pocket-book mi'stuk pt mistook n cookery-book n handbook η wordbook n studbook also gobbledygook, η guidebook 'gobldigu:k n gobbledegook n casebook snurk η snook n notebook spu:k η spook η chequebook n scorebook n logbook n songbook (AE -a:rk/-ark) η workbook a:k η ark η checkbook .nauaz 'a:k η Noah's ark n Schoolbook ba:k ν,η bark n scrapbook im'ba:k ν embark ,disim'ba:k ν disembark n yearbook da:k n,adj dark (/•bank-book) n passbook 'pitj-da:k adj pitch-dark n textbook ha:k ν hark n copybook Ja: k n shark n daybook la:k ν,η lark 'skaila:k ν,η skylark also cookbook, n cookery book ma:k ν,η mark ν,η cook 'kwestjanη η pastry-cook mark question-mark ν overcook 'stres-ma:k η stress-mark 'laendmark η landmark ν,η hook n pruning-hook 'treidmark n trademark η reaping-hook 'taidma:k n tidemark η fish-hook n'maik ν,η remark n boat-hook 'bentjma:k η benchmark 'b3:6ma:k η birthmark η crochet-hook (also -marker) n billhook 'bukmark n bookmark n buttonhook ν unhook 'hD:lma:k η hallmark 'lamark ν,η earmark n pothook 'fiqgamark η fingermark pt shook 'WD:tama:k η watermark ν,η look 'presma:k η pressmark ν overlook 'futmo:k η footmark η outlook 'paustmork ν,η postmark η nook 'doitjmork n Deutschmark η ingle-nook ν,η rook nark ν,η nark ν,η brook pa:k ν,η park ,dAbl-'pa:k ν double-park ν,η crook ν angle-park η nainsook 'aeqg3l-po:k 'bo:lpa:k η ballpark pt forsook

-u:k/-ook

-a:k/-ark

-k 4

spa:k stark

v, n spark adj.adv stark

-wa:k/-uark C4£kwa:rk) kwa:k

n quark

-wskAwark (AE -wark) 'bulwak

n bulwark

-a:k/-erk (Λ£ kls:rk) kla:k 'taeh-kla:k

v,« clerk n tally-clerk

-3:k/-erk (AE -s:rk/-erk) bs:k 'ho:b3:k dj3:k (££kla:k) /i£kl3:rk ps:k ba'ssrk

« berk n hauberk v,n jerk v, n clerk v,« perk adj berserk

-3:k/-irk (Λ£ -3:rk/-irk) 3:k ds:k /3:k ks:k sm3:k

v irk n dirk v shirk n kirk v,« smirk

-W3:k/-uirk (Λ£ kwsrrk) kwsrk

n quirk

-o:k/-ork (Λ£ -o:rk/-ork) ko:k v,« cork ,Arik3:k v uncork fork v,« fork (Λ£ΐιι:-) 'tju:nirj-fo:k n tuning-fork 'taustirj-foik n toasting-fork 'ka:virj-fo:k n carving-fork

'pitffo:k 'heifo:k po:k sto:k

v,n pitchfork n hayfork n pork (AE -3:rk/-urk) ls:k n stork m3:k ts:k

-s:k/-urk v lurk n murk n Turk

-W3:k/-work C4£w3:rk) W3:k Iaif-'w3:k 'aut-av-w3:k 'saujl-w3:k 'donki-W3:k fi:ldw3:k 'hxndw3:k 'graundwsik 'w dw3:k 'pi:sw3:k 'speidwsrk 'ni:dlw3:k 'freimw3:k 'taimw3:k 'h3umw3:k 'st3unw3:k 'paipw3:k 'keisw3:k 'hausw3:k 'fai3W3:k 'paet/W3:k 'brA/w3:k '3:9w3:k 'haendiW3:k 'bnkw3:k 'kl kwsik 'metlwsrk 'ti:mw3:k 'supanwsrk 'ai3tiw3:k 'Ie aw3:k 'wikawsrk 'peipswsrk '3uv3W3:k ,3 V3'w3:k 'gesw3:k 'netw3:k fretw3:k 'nait\V3:k 'futw3:k 'a:tw3:k 'brestws:k 'a twsrk 'waekswsik 'bodiw3:k

v, H work « life-work adj out-of-work n social-work n donkey-work n fieldwork n handwork n groundwork n woodwork n piecework n spadework n needlework n framework n timework n homework n stonework n pipework n casework n housework « firework n patchwork n brushwork n earthwork n handiwork n brickwork n clockwork n metalwork n teamwork n openwork n ironwork n leatherwork n wickerwork n paperwork n overwork v overwork n guesswork n network n fretwork n nightwork n footwork n artwork n breastwork n outwork n waxwork n bodywork

-aeskAask (s BE -a:sk/-ask)

-a:sk/-ask *C\[. a .S

v fiel· V aSIV

ba:sk v bask ka:sk n cask fla:sk n flask 'esrmas-florsk n Thermos flask 'hip-fla:sk n hip-flask 'pa da-fla:sk n powder-flask ma:sk v,n mask 'de6-ma:sk n death-mask An'ma:sk v unmask 'gaes ma:sk n gas mask ta:sk v, n task

-ssk/-ask 'daemask

n damask

-esk/-esk desk n desk .raultop-'desk n roll-top desk 'raitirj-desk n writing-desk n'sepjn-desk n reception-desk

-isk/-isk disk Obelisk 'baesihsk risk 'taemansk brisk 'aestonsk frisk

(^disc) n, esp AE disk n obelisk n basilisk v,n risk n tamarisk adj brisk η asterisk ν frisk

-wisk/-whisk wisk 'eg-wisk

v,n whisk η egg-whisk

137

-k 5

-i:Dsk/-iosk 'ki:osk

n kiosk

-AskAusk dAsk hAsk mAsk rAsk tAsk

n dusk ν,η husk η musk η rusk η tusk

-9sk/-usk AE'mOtesk.

(BE mollusc) n mollusk

'stirpldjaek

-o:k/-auk η auk

o:k

-o:k/-awk go:k ho:k 'tomaho:k

« gawk ν,η hawk ν,η tomahawk

-wo:k/-uawk skwork

v(« squawk

-k/-ck -aekAack ,ask-'aek η ack-ack back v,n,adv back a'baek ac/v aback 'pikabaek adv pickaback 'hAkabaek n huckaback 'fi:dbask η feedback 'ha:dba;k η hardback 'kAmbask η comeback 'beabaek adj, adv bareback 'hoisbaek η horseback (AE 'zwai-) 'zwirbaek n zwieback 'harfbask η halfback 'hAntJbaek n.adj hunchback 'flaejbaek η flashback 'kikbaek n kickback 'fulbaek n fullback

138

'grimbask 'hAmpbaek 'peipabsek 'reizabaek 'setback 'sweptbaek 'kAtbaek 'autbaek 'kb:bask 'dro:bask 'blaubaek '6r3ubaek 'pigibaek 'pleibaek hsek Jaek

'haidjask 'tfiipdsaek 'flaepdsaek 'lAmbadjaek laek a'laek btek 'pitj-blaek temp-blask 'dset-blaek 'Ju:blaik klaek slaek smaek 'niknaek

nsek 'nik-naek snaek paek 'feis-pask 'aispaek 'baskpaek .djaem'paek .An'paek raek 'Ugidj-raek 'paip-raek 'pleit-raek 'taual-raek 'taustraek

n n n n

greenback kraek humpback 'waizkraek paperback 'gimkraek razorback traek n setback 'ha:f-trxk adj sweptbaek 'sinda-traek n cutback 'ka:t-traek n,adj outback 'd3:t-trxk n clawback 'saundtrask n drawback 'saidtraek n blowback 'baektraek n throwback 'aerrek n piggyback 'baerek n playback rask v, n hack saek v,n shack 'rAksask ν,η jack 'naepsaek n steeplejack 'gnpsaek n applejack 'hasvasaek ν,η highjack 'raensaek ν,η hijack taek adj cheapjack η flapjack 'tai-taek η lumberjack '0Amtaek ν,η lack 'tin task interj alack stask v,n,adj black 'smaukstask adj pitch-black 'heistask η lamp-black 'tjimnistaek adj jet-black a'taek η shoeblack 'kauntaratsek ν,η clack v,n,adj slack v,n,adv smack (/•knick-knack) η nick-nack wask (/•almanac) η almanack η knack (also nick-nack) kwaek η knick-knack 'kwask-kwask η snack ν,η pack η face-pack η icepack ν,η backpack bek ν jampack 'pmtfbek ν unpack dek ν,η rack 'pu:p-dek η luggage-rack 'kwo:te-dek η pipe-rack bi'dek η plate-rack hek η towel-rack tjek n toastrack ,dAbl-'tJek

ν,η crack ν,η wisecrack adj gimcrack ν,η track η half-track η cinder-track η cart-track η dirt-track η soundtrack ν,η sidetrack ν backtrack η arrack ν,η barrack η wrack ν,η sack η rucksack η knapsack η gripsack η haversack ν ransack ν,η tack (/'tie-pin) η ΑΕ tie-tack η thumbtack n tintack ν,η stack η smokestack η haystack η chimneys tack ν,η attack ν,η counterattack

-waek/-whack ν,η whack

-waekAuack ν,η quack η quack-quack

-ek/-eck η beck n,adj pinchbeck v,« deck η poop deck η quarter-deck ν bedeck n heck ν,η check ν double-check

-k 6 4E ,kro:s-) .kros't/ek 'krostfek flek nek bul-'nek 'pautau-nek 'km: -nek 't3:tlnek 'botlnek 'FAfnek 'breiknek 'FAbanek 'le snek pek 'kaupek spek rek 'Jiprek

ik/-ick 'benidik 'mxfik hik tjik 'pi:-tfik 9ik kik 'ga l-kik 'drop-kik 'kD:na-kik lik 'sD:lt-hk klik flik slik Oil-slik 'gimik nik snik pik 'aispik 'tu:6pik ,An'pik spik nk 'heink bnk farabnk 'redbnk knk 'limank

v crosscheck n crosscheck ν,η fleck ν,η neck η bull-neck adj polo-neck η crew-neck adj turtleneck η bottleneck η roughneck adj breakneck ν,η rubberneck n leatherneck ν,η peck (also kopek) η kopeck η speck ν,η wreck ν,η shipwreck

'maevank pnk 'pinpnk tnk 'denk sik 'ea-sik 'si:sik 'haumsik 'lAVSik 'ka:sik 'ha:tsik tik 'politik stik 'swizl-stik 'Ju:tirj-stik 'djDS-stik 'djoi-stik Ja:dstik 'S3:dstik fidlstik 'kaendlstik 'sirjglstik 'mo:lstik 'bru:mstik 'drAmstik 'nonstik 'slsepstik 'dipstik 'lipstik

n benedick v maffick n,adj hick η chick η pea-chick n,adj,adv thick ν,η kick n goal-kick η drop-kick η corner-kick ν,η lick η salt-lick kwik ν,η click ,dAbl-'kwik ν,η flick n,adj,adv slick η oil-slick n gimmick wik ν,η nick 'kasndlwik ν,η snick ν,η pick n icepick η toothpick ν unpick (AE -a:k/-ock) kok adj spick 'pi:kr>k ν,η rick 'wudkok η hayrick '/Atlkok ν,η brick 'geimkok η firebrick 'spaetjkok adj Redbrick 'boilkok ν,η crick η limerick 't3:nkok

η maverick 'stopkok η stopcock ν,η prick 'we akok n weathercock η pinprick 'muakok η moorcock ν,η trick 'popikok η poppycock n derrick 'heikok η haycock v.adj sick dok ν,η dock adj air-sick 'greivii] dok n graving dock adj seasick 'ba:dok η burdock adj homesick 'haedak η haddock adj lovesick ,fman 'haedak η finnan haddock adj carsick 'paedak η paddock adj heartsick hok ν,η hock ν,η tick 'holihok η hollyhock ν politick tjok ν,η chock ν,η stick Jok v,n,adv shock η swizzle-stick 'Jel-Jok η shell-shock η shooting-stick lok ν,η lock η joss-stick ,kombiη η joy-stick 'neijn-lok combination-lock η yardstick 'seifti-lok M safety-lock n swordstick 'dedlok n deadlock η fiddlestick 'paedlok ν,η padlock n candlestick 'wedl k n wedlock η singlestick 'forlok η forelock η maulstick 'maetjlok η matchlock η broomstick .An'lok ν unlock η drumstick .mta'lok ν interlock adj nonstick 'ealok n airlock η slapstick 'fetlok n fetlock η dipstick 'hemlok n hemlock η lipstick 'tja:lok η charlock (or 'rolak) AE also oarlock, 'raulok n rowlock

-wik/-uick

n,adj,adv quick adj,adv double-quick

-wik/-wick n wick n candlewick

-ok/-ock ν,η cock η peacock η woodcock η shuttlecock η gamecock ν,η spatchcock n ballcock η turncock

blok ,tfrjk-3-'blDk 'wud-blok Ofis-bl k 'sknblin-blok 'sUmbliqblok 'bri:tj-blok 'sketj-blok 'ta a-blok 'puli-blok 'raudblok An'blok klok a'klok ,raundoa-'klok a'la:m-klok 'kuku:-klok

ν,η block adj,adv chock-a-block n wood-block n office-block n scribbling-block η stumbling-block η breech-block n sketch-block n tower-block n pulley-block η roadblock ν unblock ν,η clock o'clock adj,adv round-the-clock η alarm-clock η cuckoo-clock

139

-k 7 fink

v,n flock

mok srrrok

v,n,adj mock n smock

nok

v,n knock

.aentinok

n antiknock n pock ν,η rock (/»punk) n punk rock n bedrock n shamrock ν,η crock n frock v defrock ν,η,αάν sock n windsock n tick-tock v, n stock

pok rok ,pAqk 'rok 'bedrok 'Jaemrok krok frok ,di:'frok

sok 'windsok 'tik-tok stok

(AE'tef-) 'la:fiq-stok 'raulirj-stok 'blAdstok ,ri:'stok 'laivstok 'penstok 'aelpanstok .Ands'stok

140

,3 V3'StDk

-ak/-ock 'bobk 'hitek Trotek 'bubk 'haemak 'hAmak 'baenak 'kaesak 'haesak 'tAsak 'maetak 'bAtek

n ballock n hillock n bollock n bullock n hammock n hummock n bannock n cassock w hassock n tussock n mattock n buttock

-Ak/-uck bAk

n laughing-stock n rolling-stock n bloodstock v restock n livestock n penstock n alpenstock v understock

v overstock

'raubAk

dAk fAk tjAk /Ak lAk klAk plAk

v, n b ck n roebuck ν,η duck v fuck ν,η chuck v, n shuck n luck ν,η cluck ν,η pluck

mAk (/•a'nuk a'nriAk pAk rAk

ν,η muck amok) adv amuck η puck ν,η ruck

tmk

η truck

,ga:dn-'tTAk strAk 'steidj-strAk O:-strAk 'WAnda-stTAk

η garden-truck pt.pp struck adj stage-struck adj awe-struck adj wonder-struck adj terror-struck adj horror-struck (/'dumbfounded) adj dumbstruck adj moonstruck adj thunderstruck ν,η suck ν,η tuck pt,PP stuck adj unstuck

'tera-stTAk 'hura-stTAk 'dAiristTAk 'mu:nstrAk 'OAndsstTAk SAk Uk stAk .An'stAk

abbr wi:k

abbr wk

-l There are 4 sections in the series of words ending in -/: (1) / spelt as a single letter (/el/), and alphabetisms pronounced letter by letter, eg ESL /,i: ,es 'el/ (English as a Second Language). (2) A section of words where final -/ corresponds to the phoneme /-I/: from cabal /ka'bael/ to sibyl /sibl/. (3) A section of words where final -/ is doubled: from shall /Jasl/ to idyll Adil, 'aidl/ (p -1 3). (4) A short form ending in -/ which has no direct spelling-to-sound correspondence and is pronounced according to the full written form of the word: incl /m'klu:dirj/ (including) (p -1 16).

el/1 ClY 1 el

,i:ef'el ,i: es 'el

n 1,L n EFL « ESL

1/1 ™1/~I

I / ^1

-91/-d3ikl adj choral ,pri:t3'naet|ral adj preternatural ,pae9a'lDd3ikl adj pathological adj floral 'a:ral adj aural ,o:ni0a'lDd3ikl adj ornithological ,mi9a'lDd3ikl adj mythological adj temporal ,mon'D:ral adj monaural fila'lüdsikl adj philological n,adj corporal 'njusral adj neural ,entamaadj n (AE -oral) 'lodsikl entomological lance-corporal biheivjaral adj behavioural ,etima'lDd3ikl adj etymological adj electoral 'rektal adj rectal .tekna'lodsikl adj technological adj pectoral ,e6na'lod3ikl adj ethnological i ,t3:mmaadj n,adj pastoral 'lodsikl terminological n, adj littoral 'kaenibl n cannibal 'traibl adj tribal .krona'lüdsikl adj chronological adj adj mayoral .inte'traibl adj intertribal ,aen6rapa'lodsikl anthropological 'simbl n cymbal adj spectral 'gbubl adj global ,faona'lod3ikl adj phonological ,mi:tjareadj n,adj central (AE'3-.Tb\) lodjikl meteorological adj ventral 'hsibl adj herbal .aestre'lodsikl adj astrological adj astral 'varbl adj " j verbal jijuara'lDd3ikl adj neurological adj ancestral ma'narakl adj maniacal ,to:ta'lDd3ikl adj tautological adj orchestral adi '.haipaJ ,aidia'lt)d3ikl adj ideological n mistral kan'drarakl hypochondriacal ,d3ia'lod3ikl adj geological .pseradizarakl adj paradisiacal ,6ia'lt>d3ikl adj theological n,adj neutral also fecal, adj ideological 'fi:kl adj faecal ,teha'lDd3ikl adj n,adj inaugural archaeological n.adj plural 'kju:bikl adj cubical ,Q:kia'lDd3ikl adj sociological 'fa:sikl adj farcical ,sausia'lod3ikl adj rural 'raedikl n,adj radical ,fizia'lDd3ikl adj physiological ,baia'lüd3ikl adj biological n,adj mural 'medikl n,adj medical ,zu:a'lDd3ikl adj zoological dsua'ndikl adj juridical adj intramural ilodsikl adj illogical (AE -fo:d-) adj extramural mi'Bodikl adj methodical .meta'bidsikl adj metallurgical 'S3:d3ikl adj surgical .pian'odikl n,adj periodical adj prefectural Iit3:d3ikl adj liturgical pon'tifikl adj pontifical (or anarchic) adj conjectural 'msedsikl adj magical a'na:kikl adj anarchical stra'tirdjikl adj strategical adj architectural ,haia'ra:kikl adj hierarchical adj structural 'saikikl adj psychical adj cultural (AE-y.Ayk\) -odsikl -ogical 'grasfikl adj graphical ,peda(/'pedagogic) .tDps'graifikl adj topographical adj cross-cultural 'godjikl adj pedagogical .taipa'graefikl adj typographical adj sericultural 'lodjikl adj logical 43ia'graefikl adj geographical adj agricultural ,d3i:nra(or biographic) 'lodsikl adj genealogical .baia'graefikl biographical adj multicultural .farmakaadj p:taadj autoadj horticultural 'Iod3ikl pharmacological ,baia'graefikl biographical adj scriptural ,i:ka'lod3ikl adj ecological .biblia'graefikl adj bibliographical adj sculptural .gamaka(AE gyne-) .fila'sofikl adj philosophical adj postural 'lodsikl adj gynaecological .Oira'sofikl adj theosophical adj procedural

y-al

-l 3 'e9rkl adj ethical (AE -'go:r-) hi'retikl adj heretical Arie9ikl adj unethical .aeb'gonkl adj allegorical 9i9'retikl adj theoretical 'miOikl adj mythical (AE -go:r-) pau'etikl adj poetical 'bibhkl adj biblical ,kaeti'gDnkl adj categorical pa'htikl adj political m'siklikl n,adj encyclical (AE -'fo:r-) 'kntikl adj critical 'saiklikl adj cyclical .meta'fonkl adj metaphorical An'kntikl adj uncritical .irvaen'djelikl adj evangelical (/J£,o:r9'to:r-) ,hip3'kntikl adj hypocritical Ain'bilikl adj umbilical .ora'tonkl adj oratorical .haipa'kntikl adj hypercritical .dara'bohkl adj diabolical (AE-'ty.r-) ,3uv3'kntikl adj overcritical paere'bDhkl adj parabolical n'tonkl adj rhetorical paera'sitikl adj parasitical sim'bohkl adj symbolical (AE -sto:r-) ai'dentikl adj identical 'kemikl n,adj chemical hi'stonkl adj historical AE skeptical, .petraun 'skeptikl adj sceptical 9i'astnkl n,adj theatrical 'kemikl petro-chemical i'liptikl (/-tic) adj elliptical I'lektrikl adj electrical 'nornikl adj rhythmical Optikl adj optical 'metnkl adj metrical An'nomikl adj unrhythmical 'V3:tikl n,adj vertical si'metrikl adj symmetrical i'nimikl adj inimical 'ko:tikl adj cortical (/asymmetric) 'komikl adj comical i,kli:si'aestikl adj ecclesiastical .eisi'metnkl adj asymmetrical or .eka-, 9i:'istikl adj theistical (/geometric) ,i:k3'nDmikl adj economical sta'tistikl adj statistical .dsia'metnkl adj geometrical or ,An,eka-, adj (or'r.g-) ab'stetnkl adj obstetrical ,An,i:k3'nomikl uneconomical .ega'tistikl adj egotistical 'linkl adj lyrical .aestre'riDmikl adj astronomical 'mistikl adj mystical non'sensikl adj nonsensical ^na'tomikl adj anatomical 'no:tikl adj nautical 'dropsikl adj dropsical mi'kaenikl adj mechanical (or aeronautic) .pjirari'taemkl adj puritanical .laeka'deizikl adj lackadaisical .eare'mitikl adj aeronautical 'wimzikl adj whimsical (BE also -'sju:-) adj ba'taemkl adj botanical 'mju:zikl n.adj musical ,fa:ma'su:tikl ,4£,ekju:-, pharmaceutical Ati'mju:zikl adj unmusical ,6er3'pju:tikl adj therapeutical ,i:kju:'menikl adj ecumenical 'fizikl adj physical 'teknikl adj technical (or analytic) .mete'fizikl adj metaphysical ra'bmikl adj rabbinical .aeng'litikl adj analytical .djra'fizikl adj geophysical 'klmikl adj clinical ,saikguadj 'klaesikl adj classical 'konikl adj conical .aena'litikl psychoanalytical sa'baetikl n,adj sabbatical ks'nomkl adj canonical 'leksikl adj lexical ai'romkl adj ironical ,mae93'maetikl adj mathematical .paera'doksikl adj paradoxical gra'maetikl adj grammatical 'sinikl adj cynical 'kwizikl adj quizzical ,daiaadj ti'raemkl adj tyrannical sa'vaikl, gra'maetikl diagrammatical 'S3:vikl adj cervical .maikraadj .Angra'maetikl adj .aeldja'brenkl adj algebraical 'skopikl microscopical ungrammatical .faeri'seukal adj Pharisaical 'tropikl adj tropical fa'naetikl adj fanatical 'stauikl adj stoical .SAb'tropikl adj subtropical para'raetikl adj piratical .semi'tropikl adj semitropical 'prasktikl adj practical 'faukl adj focal 'topikl adj topical im'praektikl adj impractical .bai'fsukl adj bifocal 'tipikl adj typical 'taektikl adj tactical 'laukl n,adj local ei'tipikl adj atypical ,dara'lektikl adj dialectical 'vaukl adj vocal An'tipikl adj untypical n'siprakl n,adj reciprocal .aelfa'betikl adj alphabetical si'hndnkl adj cylindrical i'kwivakl adj equivocal pre'fetikl adj prophetical 'sfenkl adj spherical ,aenti'9etikl adj antithetical .Ani'kwivgkl adj unequivocal 'klenkl adj clerical kai'menkl adj chimerical paeran'9etikl adj parenthetical (/4£'raeskl) 'ro:skl n rascal ,haipa'9etikl adj hypothetical (AE nu:-) 'meskl n mescal (es'9etikl AE esthetical) nju:'menkl adj numerical i:s'9etikl adj aesthetical 'fiskl adj fiscal hi'stenkl adj hysterical (or arithmetic) im'pmkl adj empirical (AE'du:-) .aenftmetikl adj arithmetical 'djurkl adj ducal sa'tinkl adj satirical

143

-I 4 'medl 'pedl soft-'pedl ,baek'pedl .homisaidl ,sju:i'saidl 'braidl 'taidl ,aedi'noidl 'skaendl 'saendl 'vaendl 'maudl 'fju:dl (AE'3-.fi) Ofl 'li:gl i'li:gl 'ri:gl vais'rirgl 'prodigl 'masdngl 'fru:gl 'kondjagl ,sentn'fju:gl, sen'tnfjagl ,meitn'a:kl ,peitria:kl 'paeskl 'seniJI trai'Amf] s'pokrifl 'ma:Jl Ίί:θ1 'zeni61 bi'trau l 'desiml 'aeniml 'si:-aeniml 'paek-semml 'minimi .mfini'tesiml Optiml 'maeksiml 'praiml (/4£θ3:πη1) '93:ml (/i£fo:rml) 'forml m'fo:ml 'no:ml aeb'nD:ml ,SAb'nD:ml faen'taezml

144

n medal baep'tizml v,n,adj pedal a'bizml v soft-pedal 'lasknml v backpedal 'maeml adj homicidal adj suicidal 'eml 'baekanl n,adj bridal adj tidal (Λ£4ιι:3-) ,dju:a'di:nl adj adenoidal 'pi:nl n scandal 'ri:nl n sandal a'driml n vandal 'vi:nl adj modal fi'nominl adj feudal 'arsanl ma'disml n offal 'ka:dml adj legal adj illegal (AE -danl) O:dml adj regal adj viceregal ,lDnd3itju:dml n,adj prodigal ,laeti'tju:dinl 'ma:d3inl n madrigal 'vaidjinl adj frugal 'semml adj conjugal .SAb'hmml adj centrifugal 'knmml adj matriarchal aeb'domml adj patriarchal 'nomml adj paschal prau'nomml n seneschal 'tsrminl adj triumphal (5£a/i0ju3) adj apocryphal 'raml) 'juannl v,n marshal 'retinal adj lethal m'testml adj zenithal n betrothal 'faml kAp-'faml adj decimal .semi'faml η animal .kworta'fainl η sea-animal va'djaml η pack-animal 'rainl adj minimal 'spaml adj infinitesimal (AE 'doktranl) adj optimal dok'traml adj maximal (/joannl), BE adj primal also jua'raml (BE O:rdml) n,adj thermal ^£O:rd3nl a'ndsanl adj formal .aeba'ndssnl adj informal Ana'ndjanl n,adj normal (BE dok'traml) adj abnormal ^f'doktranl n.adj subnormal 'taunl adj phantasmal

adj baptismal adj abysmal adj lachrymal η mammal adj anal n,adj bacchanal adj duodenal adj penal adj renal adj adrenal adj venal adj phenomenal η arsenal adj medicinal n,adj cardinal n,adj ordinal adj longitudinal adj latitudinal adj marginal n,adj virginal adj seminal adj subliminal n,adj criminal adj abdominal adj nominal adj pronominal n,adj terminal η urinal adj retinal adj intestinal n,adj final η cup-final η semifinal η quarterfinal adj vaginal adj rhinal adj spinal adj doctrinal η urinal n,adj ordinal n,adj original n,adj aboriginal adj unoriginal adj doctrinal adj tonal

ei'taunl 'zaunl .bai'zaunl ok'taeganl pen'taeganl heks'aeganl dai'aeganl D:'9og3nl pa'liganl 'p3:sanl ,im'p3:s3nl 'sirzanl

adj atonal adj zonal adj bizonal adj octagonal adj pentagonal adj hexagonal n,adj diagonal adj orthogonal adj polygonal n,adj personal adj impersonal adj seasonal

'ri:d3anl adj regional 3'kei33nl adj occasional di'vi3anl adj divisional pra'vi3anl adj provisional pre'sejsnl adj processional kan'fejanl η confessional pra'fejanl n,adj professional ,semiadj pra'fe/anl semiprofessional .ΛΠadj pra'fejanl unprofessional kan'grejanl adj congressional ab'sejanl adj obsessional vai/keijanl adj vocational .edsu'keijanl adj educational .kaoedsuadj 'keijanl coeducational ,koi]gnadj 'gei/anl Congregational .koqgriadj 'geijanl congregational n'leifanl adj relational di.nomiadj 'neijanl denominational adj (Andi,m>mi'neijanl undenominational .intadiadj inter .nomi'neijanl denominational .okju'peijsnl adj occupational .Dpa'reijanl adj operational .msps'reijanl adj inspirational sm'seijanl adj sensational .konvaadj 'seijanl conversational rau'teijanl adj rotational ,kompjuadj 'teijanl computational (AE ,o:gan3-) (or -isational) ,o:g3naiadj 'zeijgnl organizational .rekn'eijanl adj recreational

-I 5

fraekjanl m'flekjonl (or di-, dai-) da'rekfanl 'sekjanl fikjanl fAqkJanl m'stTAkJanl

adj fractional adj inflectional adj directional adj sectional adj fictional adj functional adj instructional

kan'strAkJanl

constructional

adj

tra'dijsnl adj traditional kan'di/anl adj conditional .Ankan'dijanl adj unconditional a'dijanl adj additional va'lijsnl adj volitional (AEnu:-) nju:'tnjanl adj nutritional (ΛΕ -'si/-) traen'zifanl adj transitional .prepa'zijanl adj prepositional iriten/anl Anm'tenjanl ken'venjanl ,ΛΠkan'venjanl I'mau/dnl .Animaujanl ,3uvsrI'mau/anl pra'maufanl 'naufanl di'vaujanl ik'sepjanl Amk'sepjanl Opjanl pre'poijanl ,msti'tju:j3nl (AE-'tu:-) .konsti'tju:Janl Ankonsti'tju:fanl

adj intentional adj unintentional adj conventional adj unconventional adj emotional adj unemotional adj o veremotional adj promotional adj notional adj devotional adj exceptional adj unexceptional adj optional adj proportional adj institutional

ma'ndianl

adj meridional

'karnl in'f3:nl ma'taml pa'tsinl fra't3:nl i't3:nl m't3:nl ik'starnl

adj carnal adj infernal adj maternal adj paternal adj fraternal adj eternal adj internal n,adj external

n.adj constitutional adj unconstitutional

'V3:nl nok't3:nl dai'aml 'd33:nl traibju:nl ka'mjuinl, 'komjanl 'peipl 'sepl mju:'nisipl 'pnnsapl '3Upl

i'piskapl ,a:kitaipl 'beisl 'saisl n'hsrsl di'sp3:sl n'v3:sl ju:ni'v3:sl 'dD:sl 'neizl 'freizl n'praizl a'preizl ,ri:a'preizl pre'pauzl di'spsuzl 'maindispsuzl p3'ru:zl n'fjurzl 'ko:zl i'spauzl a'rauzl ks'rauzl 'vaesal 'misl diz'misl (AE ka'b:sl) ka'losl feitl 'neitl ,pri:'neitl .aenti'neitl .nira'neitl 'paebtl .daia'lektl ,sentri'pi:tl, sen'tnpitl 'metl 'raud-metl

adj vernal adj nocturnal adj diurnal w journal η tribunal adj communal adj papal η sepal adj municipal n,adj principal η opal adj episcopal adj archetypal

'bel-metl 'gAnmetl 'petl 'fi:tl

« bell-metal η gun metal « petal AE fetal, adj foetal

'arbitl adj orbital ,SAbO:bitl adj suborbital 'did3itl adj digital ka'mitl n commital 'dsenitl adj genital kan'dsenitl adj congenital 'kaepitl n,adj capital 'h spitl n hospital fi:ld 'hospitl n field-hospital 'maentl adj marital .ekstra'maentl adj extramarital ,pri:'maentl adj premarital 'vaitl adj vital n'saitl n recital n'kwaitl n requital

adj basal η sisal η rehearsal η dispersal η reversal adj universal 'dentl adj dorsal ,seksidentl n.adj nasal .oksidentl adj phrasal .msi'dentl η reprisal η appraisal kau.msi'dentl .traensenη reappraisal 'dentl η proposal 'mentl η disposal .fAnda'mentl η mine-disposal ,o:n3'mentl η perusal .saekra'mentl η refusal .tempraadj causal 'mentl η espousal .eli'mentl η arousal .mkra'mentl η carousal .redji'mentl η vassal η missal ik,spen'mentl .detri'mentl η dismissal .senti'mentl adj colossal m,vaiaran'mentl ,gAvn'mentl adj fatal adj natal ,di:pa:fmentl ,mtaadj prenatal ,di:po:fmentl adj antenatal adj neonatal ,mstri>'mentl n,adj palatal .munju'mentl .konti'nentl adj dialectal ,inta.konti'nentl adj centripetal ,traenzv,n metal konti'nentl η road-metal

adj dental adj accidental n.adj Occidental adj incidental adj coincidental adj transcendental adj mental n.adj fundamental adj ornamental adj sacramental adj temperamental adj elemental adj incremental adj regimental adj experimental adj detrimental adj sentimental adj environmental adj governmental adj departmental adj interdepartmental adj instrumental adj monumental adj continental adj intercontinental adj transcontinental

145

-I 6

'rentl pa'rentl ,o:n'entl 'kwmtl

n rental adj parental n,adj oriental n quintal

.hon'zontl adj, n horizontal 'frAntl adj frontal (/l£,ko:n-) .kontre'pAntl adj contrapuntal ,aenik'dautl adj anecdotal .saesa'dautl adj sacerdotal 'tautl v,n,adj total ,SAm 'tautl n sum total ,ti:'toutl adj teetotal 'pivatl adj pivotal 'rrKxtl n.adj mortal i'mo:tl n,adj immortal 'po:tl n portal 'kaustl adj coastal 'pedistl n pedestal 'festl adj festal 'vestl n.adj vestal (AE -kD:stl) ,penti'kostl adj Pentecostal 'paustl adj postal 'bD:stl n borstal 'kristl n crystal 'rok-knstl n rock-crystal 'bru:tl adj brutal .nonka'mitl adj noncommittal a'kwitl n acquittal (/i£'gb:tl) 'glotl adj glottal n'bAtl n rebuttal

a'pru:vl ,dis3'pru:vl Ία:ν1 'mtevl . Λ· | /

,medi'i:vl ,kau'i:vl

adj naval n upheaval also primaeval, adj primeval n retrieval also mediaeval, adj medieval n,adj coeval

'ka:nivl 'festivl 'raivl 9'raivl .aedsik'taivl .sAbstan'taivl n'vaivl sa'vaivl

n carnival n festival v,n rival n arrival adj adjectival adj substantival n revival n survival

'awl

n,adj oval

prai'mi:vl n'tri:vl

146

-wi:l/-ueal skwi:l

v,n squeal

-wi:l/-weal wi:l

^λ Λ I

A· U

η weal

^/€ΛΙ

kan'si: di: ,mis'di: o:'di: kan'dsi: hi: li: mi: 'pi:smi:

ν conceal ν,η,ααν deal v,n misdeal 'na:wal η narwhal η ordeal ν congeal ν heal adj leal (or 'gleisial) η meal 'gleifal adj glacial adj.adv ( i'kardral) piecemeal ^£'kD:rd3al n,adj cordial η wholemeal taen'dsenjal adj tangential n bonemeal η oatmeal Ι / ·| η cochineal ~I91/-lrtl ν anneal 'leibral adj labial v,n peal .bai'leibral n,adj bilabial v,n repeal aed'v3:bral adj adverbial v,n appeal pro'v3:bral adj proverbial v,n seal (AE 'nu:-) η undersea! ka'nju:bi3l adj connubial η teal (or 'glei/al) ν steal 'gleisral adj glacial η veal ν reveal 'reidral n,adj radial η zeal 'mi:dral adj medial n'mi:dral adj remedial

-a:w3l/-arwhal

-slAial

'haulmi: 'baunmi: 'autmi: .kDtfi'ni: a'ni: pi: n'pi: a'pi: si: 'Andasi: ti: sti: vi: n'vi: zi: l

'neivl Ap'hi:vl

η removal η approval η disapproval adj larval η interval

rimu:vl

l/

,p3USt-

-C1Q.1/-1»ill '«11 (

rei'a:! I/

η real 1

-191/-caJ ai'dral 'linial 'painrel rial An'rral I'Barral 'srarral!! sai'dianal va'niarral fju:'ni3rral a:'bD:ri3l ma:'mD:rral ko:'pD:rral ,mkD:'p3:rral

n.adj ideal adj lineal adj pineal adj real adj unreal adj ethereal η cereal adj sidereal adj venereal adj funereal adj arboreal adj marmoreal adj corporeal adj incorporeal

'praendial adj postprandial kA'stoudial adj custodial (^£'ko:d33l) 'ko:di3l n,adj cordial praimo:dral adj primordial ve'stidjial adj vestigial 'broqkial adj bronchial pa'reukial adj parochial 'filial adj filial bai'naumial adj binomial .poli'naumial n.adj polynomial 'kremral adj cranial 'djiinial adj genial kan'd3i:nial adj congenial ,Ankan'd3i:nial adj uncongenial 'mi:mal n.adj menial 'vi:nial adj venial ka'bunial n,adj colonial .sen'maunial n.adj ceremonial

-I 7 ,maetri'maunral

adj matrimonial

'peitnal ti'restnal m'dAStrial 'benal ni3:'kjuarial ,ontiapra'n3:nal C4£'bestjal) 'bestial (AE sa'lestjl) sa'lestial 'trivial kan'vivial 'dsauvial 'flu:vial a'lu:vial

« patrial adj terrestrial adj industrial n burial adj mercurial adj entrepreneurial

'kru:Jl

adj crucial

paetri,kontra'v3:Jl adj controversial 'maunial adj patrimonial ,ΛΠadj .testimaunrel n testimonial kontra'v3:Jl uncontroversial ba'raunral adj baronial pa'leijl adj palatial milemal adj millennial 'speijl adj spatial pa'renial n,adj perennial i'nijl v,n,adj initial sen'tenial n,adj centennial adj bestial sab'staenjl dj substantial .baisen'tenial n,adj'bicentennial .insab'staenjl dj insubstantial baienial n,adj biennial adj celestial ,S3:kamadj trai'enial n,adj triennial adj trivial 'staenjl circumstantial ,pa:ti'sipial adj participial adj convivial ,konfi'denjl adj confidential ma:'su:pial n.adj marsupial adj jovial ,rezi'denjl adj residential ma'leanal adj malarial adj fluvial .prezi'denjl adj presidential .sekra'tearral adj secretarial adj alluvial .provi'denjl adj providential adj actuarial .aektfu'eanal pru:'denjl adj prudential ,maeni'd3iarral adj managerial .pestilenjl adj pestilential im'pianal n,adj imperial ,ekspa'nenjl n.adj exponential 'daial v,n dial 'sianal n,adj serial .defa'renjl adj deferential 'klok-daial n clock-dial ,Andefa'renJl adj undeferential ma'tianal n,adj material 'sAndaial n sundial jma'tianal adj immaterial .refa'renjl adj referential faial n phial baek'tianal adj bacterial .prefa'renjl adj preferential di'naial n denial a:'tianal adj arterial .mfa'renjl adj inferential n self-denial .maedsi'stianal adj magisterial self-di'naial .difa'renjl n.adj differential .mmi'stianal 'traial n trial adj ministerial .reva'renjl adj reverential ,ri:'traial n retrial 'eanal n,adj aerial ta'renjl adj torrential .mis'traial n mistrial aem,baesaadj i'senjl n,adj essential 'vaial n vial 'do:nal ambassadorial .mi'senjl n.adj inessential mi'mo:nal n memorial .peni'tenjl adj penitential .ima'moirral adj immemorial -1/-iiil pa'tenjl n,adj potential a:'im:nal adj armorial ~l/~lrtl .influ'enjl adj influential feijl n,adj facial ma'no:nal adj manorial si'kwenjl adj sequential 'reijl adj racial ton'soirial adj tonsorial ,konsiadj .mta'reijl adj interracial ,profi'so:rial adj professorial 'kwenjl consequential 'spejl n,adj special ,piska'tD:nal m.konsiadj adj piscatorial i'spejl adj especial ,p3:ga'to:nal 'kwenjl inconsequential adj purgatorial djiK'diJl adj judicial ,sena'tD:nal adj senatorial 'nApJl adj nuptial .ekstrakanadj .asnti'nApJl adj antenuptial djur'dijl adj extrajudicial ,spira'to:nal 'ma:Jl adj martial conspiratorial .predstfdijl adj prejudicial ,ko:ts-'ma:Jl ,dikta'to:nal η pi adj dictatorial .beni'fijl adj beneficial courts-martial ,ekwa'to:nal adj equatorial ,saekn'fijl adj sacrificial ,ko:t-'ma:Jl v,n court-martial ,glaedia'to:nal adj gladiatorial ,a:ti'fijl adj artificial pra.praia 'pa:Jl adj partial 'to:nal adj proprietorial BE also ,sju:-, im'pa:Jl adj impartial ,su:pa'fijl adj superficial (BE sa'lestial) pik'to:nal n,adj pictorial a'fijl n,adj official ,edi'to:rial n,adj editorial AE sa'lestjl adj celestial Ana'fijl adj unofficial ,ten'to:nal n.adj territorial ,semra'fijl adj semiofficial .ekstraadj fai'naenjl adj financial ,ten'to:nal extraterritorial pre'vinjl n.adj provincial ka'laukwial adj colloquial .eks.teri'torrial adj exterritorial 'saujl n.adj social m,kwizi'to:nal adj inquisitorial .aenti'saujl adj antisocial sa:'tD:nal adj sartorial „ i / nij| Arisaujl adj unsocial -9Ul/-U*il (AE tu:-) kaol v,n coal ka'maijl n.adj commercial tju:'to:nal n,adj tutorial

-aralAial

-wi3l/-uial

147

-l S

'si:-kaul 'sti:m-kaul 'tjarkaul faul gaul Jaul I/

n sea-coal n steam-coal n charcoal v,» foal n goal ν,η shoal

'grsedjual ,indi'vid3ual

-el/-el

adj gradual n,adj individual

-ju:9l/-ual (AE'Au-.9\)

11Q|

~O91/ ™ U AI 'menstrual 'senjual 'kaesual Visual ,o:diau'vi3ual 'ju:3ual Arijuijual 'sekjual .ei'sekjual ,bai'sekjual ,hOma'sekjual .hetara'sekjual traenz'sekjual

-3u9l/-ual

'dju:al adj menstrual adj sensual adj casual adj visual adj audiovisual adj usual adj unusual adj sexual adj asexual n,adj bisexual n,adj homosexual n,adj heterosexual n transsexual

adj dual

-wsl/-ual 'liqgwal

adj lingual

,ΓΠΛίΙΐ-

'Iiqgwal adj multilingual ,o:diau'liqgwal adj audio-lingual bai'liqgwal n,adj bilingual 'i:kwal v,n,adj equal ,An'i:kwal adj unequal

i / 0,_,0i ~O.91/~:k3(r) η sleepwalker (AE'iaam-) 'JopWD:k3(r) η shopwalker 'Jaemwa:•hobdi,meik3(r) η holiday-maker 'striitwD-.ka« η streetwalker lete« η chamois-leather 'we a(r) η jaywalker ν,η weather 'peismeikafr) η pacemaker 'd3eiwo:ka(r) 'skAlka« η peacemaker η skulker adv together •pi:smeik9(r) ta'gete« 'basqka(r) 'get-tage a(r) η banker η get-together 'trAblmeik3(r) η troublemaker •kaeqka« ν,η canker ,3:lt3'ge 3« adv altogether •Ju:meik9(r) η shoemaker 'haeqka(r) ν hanker blather) 'mastjCXblaete« meik9(r) 'sknmη matchmaker ν,η blether •biete« Jaeqka(r) n scrimshanker 'wotjmeik3(r) η watchmaker 'teqka« η tanker adj nether 'b kmeik9(r) η bookmaker 'nete(r) η oil-tanker η dressmaker Oil-ta;qk3(r) 'te a(r) ν,η tether 'dresmeika« 'weite« conj whether 'lo:meiks« η lawmaker BE also 'sju:-, 'we a(r) η wether 'menmeik3(r) η merrymaker 'su:p3-taeqka(r) η supertanker '6iqk3(r) 'belwe a(r) η bellwether 'heimeika« η haymaker η thinker 'di a(r) ν,η dither 'mAkreika(r) n muckraker fri:-'eiqka« η free-thinker 'kliqk3(r) 'teiks(r) 'hi 3(r) adv hither η taker η clinker 'dnqkafr) 'keateik9(r) adv thither η caretaker ' lte« η drinker 'siqka« ν slither 'And3teika(r) η undertaker •shte(r) η sinker 'spinakair) 'tiqka(r) 'zicte« η zither η spinnaker ν,η tinker 212

-r 9

'stiqka(r) 'kDqka(r) 'bAqk3(r) [ tj3uka(r) 'd33üka(r) 'smaukair) 'tfeinsmauk3(r) non'sm3uk3(r) 'pauk3(r) stnp-'p3uk3(r) 'brauka(r) 'stokbraukaCr) 'pD:nbrauk9(r) 'Jipbrauk9(r) 'st3uka(r) 'kuka(r) 'prejakuka(r) 'gaes-kuk3(r) 'huks(r) 'luka(r) Onluk3(r) 'snu:ka(r)

n n v, n n

stinker 'seifkraskafr) conker 'fai3krxka(r) bunker 'traeka(r) choker 3'taeka(r) n joker 'waeka(r) n smoker 'deka(r) n chain-smoker 9ri:-'dek3(r) n nonsmoker ,d\bl-'deka(r) n poker 'tjeka(r) n strip-poker 'peka(r) n broker 'wodpeka(r) n stockbroker 'rekg(r) n pawnbroker 'hausreka(r) n shipbroker 'bika(r) n stoker 'dika(r) n cooker traefika(r) n 'flik3(r) pressure-cooker 'slika(r) n gas-cooker 'piknika(r) n hooker 'smka(r) n looker 'pika(r) n onlooker 'hDp-pika(r) n snooker 'prika(r) 'tika(r) 'ba:ka(r) n barker 'stika(r) 'ma:ka(r) n marker 'bil-stika(r) 'biliad'kwika(r) ma:ka(r) n billiard-marker (/•bookmark) 'wika(r) 'bukmo:k9(r) n bookmarker 'kDka(r) •J3:k3(r) n shirker 'dDka(r) 'ko:ka(r) n corker 'jDke(r) 'po:k3(r) n porker 'Iok3(r) 'W3:ka(r) n worker 'mok3(r) 'Jok-W3:ka(r) n shock-worker 'nüka(r) ,k3u-'w3:k3(r) n co-worker 'dD:noka(r) 'mamw3:k3(r) n mineworker 'mka(r) 'metlw3:ka(r) n metalworker .pAqk 'iOka(r) n whisker 'fAka(r) 'wisk3(r) 'bAska(r) n busker 'pAka(r) 'ho:k»(r) n hawker 'trAka(r) n squawker 'sAka(r) 'skwo:ka(r) 'bUdsAka(r) 'baeka(r) n backer 'SI3SAk9(r) n hijacker 'tAka(r) 'haid3aeka(r) 'slaek3(r) n.comp slacker 'tjAka(r) n smacker 'smask3(r) 'nask3(r) n knacker in'herb(r) n packer 'haulseibfr) 'paeka(r) n backpacker 'baskpaek3(r) 'kraeks(r) n cracker ,ti:'t90tbr J 'saudadi:b(r) kraeka(r) n soda-cracker ,dAbl-'di:b(r)

n safecracker n firecracker n tracker n attacker n whacker

'stasmpdi:b(r) 'nju:zdi:b(r) 'hi:b(r) 'si.-b(r) 'skwi:b(r) 'weib(r) 'eibb(r) •fi:bb(r) 'gaembb(r) 'raembb(r) 'skraembb(r) di'sembb(r) 'fAmbb(r) 'grAmbb(r) 'tAmbb(r) 'naubb(r) 'wo:bb(r) 'baebb(r) 'dasbbCr) 'sknbb(r) 'dnbb(r) 'kwibb(r) 'kübb(r) 'gobb(r) 'wübb(r) 'kn)nikb(r)

n decker n three-decker n double-decker v, H checker n pecker n woodpecker n wrecker n housewrecker v bicker v dicker n trafficker v, n flicker n,comp slicker n picnicker , snicker n picker n hop-picker n pricker n ticker n sticker n bill-sticker comp,adv quicker 'aidb(r) n wicker 'hasndb(r) n cocker (/f£'t;aendbr) n docker 'tja:ndb(r) Jipsn shocker n locker 'tja:ndb(r) n mocker 'swmdb(r) n knocker •h3:db(r) p n doorknocker do:db(r) n rocker 'sxdb(r) n punk rocker 'medb(r) n fucker 'pedb(r) , pucker 'fidb(r) n trucker 'tidb(r) n sucker 'todb(r) n bloodsucker 'pAdb(r) n seersucker 'iriDdb(r) n tucker •fi:b(r) 'pi:b(r) n chukker fo:-'wi:b(r) n inhaler st3:n'wi:b(r) n wholesaler 'traifb(r) (/teetotaller) 'jAfl3(r) n AE teetotaler •iriAnair) n dealer 'asr)gb(r) n double-dealer 'bAqgb(r)

n stamp-dealer n newsdealer n healer n sealer n squealer n whaler comp abier camp feebler n gambler n rambler n scrambler n dissembler n fumbler n grumbler n tumbler comp nobler n warbler n babbler n dabbler n scribbler n dribbler n quibbler n cobbler n gobbler n wobbler n chronicler n.comp idler n handler n chandler n ship's-chandler « swindler n hurdler n dawdler n saddler n meddler n peddler n fiddler n tiddler n toddler n puddler n modeler n feeler n peeler « four-wheeler n sternwheeler n trifler n shuffler n muffler n angler n bungler

213

-r 10

'bju:gb(r) 'straegb(r) 'ngb(r) 'djAgbCr) 'smAgb(r) 'maib(r) k3m'paib(r) laud-'heib(r) Cdseifofr) 'd3eib(r) 'blaekmeib(r) 'treib(r) 'ri:teib(r) 'oib(r) 'boib(r) 'sti:m-boib(r) 'p tboib(r) 'brDib(r) 'toib(r) 'spriqkb(r) 'sparkb(r) 'kaekb(r) 'hekb(r) 'trkb(r) 'stikb(r) 'bAkb(r) 'swDjbAkb(r) 'kob(r) 'po i3 b(r) C

d3eib(r) 'ku:b(r) 'steipb(r) (AE 'saem-) 'sa:mpb(r) 'simpb(r) 'tipb(r) 'k3:b(r) 'aentb(r) 'djentb(r) 'bAtb(r) 'kAtb(r) 'resb(r) 'osb(r) 'hAsb(r) 'rAsb(r) 'rastb(r) 'praetb(r) 'taetb(r) 'setb(r) 'ru:b(r) ('ho:li3(r) 214

'ho:br n bugler AEn hauler n straggler 'bro:b(r) n brawler 'krD:b(r) n wriggler n crawler 'tro:b(r) n juggler n trawler n smuggler 'faub(r) n fowler n miler 'haub(r) n howler n compiler 'graub(r) « growler n loud-hailer 'praub(r) n prowler 'baub(r) BE also gaoler) n bowler n jailer 'gAzb(r) n guzzler n blackmailer 'pAzb(r) n puzzler n trailer 'futbo:b(r) n retailer n footballer 'ko:b(r) n oiler n caller 'to:b(r) n boiler comp taller 'signab(r) n steam-boiler n signaller n potboiler (AE also teetotaler) ,ti:'teutb(r) n broiler n teetotaller 'brab(r) n toiler comp loyaller im'peb(r) n sprinkler n impeller pre'peb(r) n propeller n sparkler 'speb(r) n cackler n speller 'seb(r) n heckler n seller n print-seller n tickler 'pnnt-seb(r) n best-seller n stickler best-'seb(r) 'bukseb(r) n buckler « bookseller 'teb(r) n teller n swashbuckler 'teil-teb(r) n tale-teller n choler 'sto:nteb(r) n storyteller 'tfiz3b(r) n chiseller n potholer 'revab(r) (/jailer) n reveller 'modb(r) n modeller n gaoler 'jai)db(r) n,comp cooler n yodeller 'traevb(r) n Stapler n traveller ,febun 'traevb(r) fellow-traveller n sampler 'levb(r) n leveller comp simpler 'smvb(r) n tippler n sniveller 'dnvb(r) n curler n driveller 'grovb(r) n groveller n antler (or more cruel) comp gentler 'kruate(r) comp crueller n butler 'dweb(r) n dweller n cutler 'keivdweb(r) n cave-dweller n wrestler 'd3u:gb(r) n jeweller n ostler n hustler 'kib(r) n killer n rustler 'leidi-kib(r) n lady-killer n rattler 'wi:dkib(r) n weedkiller n prattler 'pemkib(r) n painkiller n tattler 'mib(r) n miller n settler •8nb(r) n thriller 'tib(r) n tiller n ruler di'stib(r) n distiller BE haulier)

'hob(r) 'raub(r) 'sti:mreub(r) karitreubir) 'streub(r) 'kaereb(r) 'skAb(r) 'fub(r) 'wara,pub(r)

v holler n roller v,n steamroller n controller

n stroller n caroller n sculler n.comp fuller n wirepuller

'teima(r) n,comp tamer 'gosamair) n gossamer 'dri:m3(r) n dreamer 'stri:m9(r) n streamer 'sti:m3(r) n steamer 'paedln sti:ma(r) paddle-steamer 'traempn sti:ni3(r) tramp-steamer 'ski:m3(r) n schemer blaes'fi:m3(r) n blasphemer n'di:m3(r) n redeemer 'dAlsim3(r) n dulcimer 'praimair) n primer 3ul-'taini3(r) n old-timer pa:t-'tairri3(r) n part-timer dis'kleim3(r) n disclaimer (AE also -'ba:lm-) im'ba:rri3(r) n embalmcr ,mis'n3um3(r) n misnomer 'kAm3(r) n comer 'leitkAiri3(r) n latecomer 'nju:kAma(r) n newcomer 3'8ΐΠΜ13Π13(Γ) 'kASt3IT13(r)

'blu:ni3(r) 'ru:m3(r) 'fa:m3(r) 'tTAk-fa:m3(r) 'stDk-fa:m3(r) 'beibifa:m3(r) 'tja:m3(r) 'sneiktja:m3(r) 'wo:ni3(r) 'do:m3(r) 'fo:m3(r) 'siksef3:m3(r) ri'fo:m3(r) in'fo:m3(r) p3'fo:ma(r) trajns'fo:m3(r) 'p3:fju:m3(r)

n astronomer n customer n bloomer n roomer n farmer n truck farmer n stock-farmer n baby-farmer n charmer n snake-charmer n,comp warmer n dormer adj former n sixth-former n reformer n informer n performer n transformer n perfumer

-r 11

(AE-'su:-) k3risju:m3(r)

n consumer

'haem3(r) v,« hammer 'sledjhaemXr) n sledgehammer P klo:haem3(r) n clawhammer n Windjammer 'wmdjaematr) 'kraeniafr) n crammer 'praugraem3(r) n programmer 'staem3(r) v,n stammer v yammer 'jaem3(r) ν,η shimmer 'Jim3(r) P n skimmer skim3(r) 'glim3(r) ν,η glimmer 'tnm3(r) n,comp trimmer ν,η simmer 'sima(r) 'swim3(r) η swimmer η mummer 'mAm3(r) η drummer 'drAmafr) ν,η summer 'SAiri3(r) η midsummer ,mid'SAm3(r) ,aefn'ka:n3(r) 'kli:ri3(r) drai-'kli:n3(r) 'gli:n3(r)

n,adj Afrikaner n,comp cleaner η dry-cleaner η gleaner (also convenor) « convener k3rivi:na(r) '3upan3(r) η opener 'ai-3upan3(r) η eye-opener η tin-opener 'tm-3upan3(r) •pju:-3up3n3(r) η pew-opener 'sknv3n3(r) η scrivener 'ga:dna(r) « gardener 'stifna(r) n stiffener 'Ja:pna(r) η sharpener Ofri3(r) adv oftener 'sDfna(r) η softener 'wo:t3η sDfna(r) water-softener (AE'fxs-·) (also fastening) 'fa:sna(r) η fastener 'snaepfa:sna(r) η snap-fastener η zip-fastener 'zip-fa:sna(r) 'hsn3(r) η listener di'zaina(r) kaem'pem3(r) 'fDrana(r)

η designer η campaigner η foreigner

'dAblm3(r) 'milm3(r) ig'zxmma(r)

n Dubliner n milliner n examiner

dit3:min3(r) 'maenn3(r) SAb'maerm3(r) n'faina(r) 'Iam3(r) ha:d'lam3(r) 'ealainair) freitlain3(r) 'maira(r) 'daina(r) di'vam3(r) 'treina(r) 'strem9(r) 'ti:-strem3(r) n'tem3(r) kan'tema(r) ,ent3'tem3(r) 3b'stem3(r) 'hktanstama(r) 'waina(r) 'koma(r) 'djDinair)

η determiner pra'beijna(r) η probationer η mariner 'steijna(r) η stationer η submariner ksn'fekjna(r) η confectioner η refiner ,eksi'bijn3(r) η exhibitioner η liner η hardliner 'sku:na(r) η schooner η airliner 'kru:n3(r) η crooner n freightliner 'su:na(r) adv sooner η miner 'ga:na(r) η diner ν,η garner η diviner 'weidj-3:n3(r) η wage-earner η trainer 'l3:ira(r) η learner 'n3:03na(r) η northerner η strainer 'SAOgrw(r) η southerner η tea-strainer 'westana(r) η westerner η retainer 'k3:na(r) η container ν,η corner ,h.3Dladj η entertainer n-'ko:na(r) hole-and-corner η abstainer 'b3:na(r) η burner n,adj 'tja:kaulη Liechtensteiner ,b3:n9(r) charcoal-burner n whiner η oil-burner n coiner Oil-b3:na(r) n joiner 'paibtb3:na(r) η pilot-burner 'mo:na(r) η mourner 'b3una(r) « boner 'sod33na(r) n sojourner 'buna(r) n loner 'vintna(r) η vintner npl kroner 'kraun9(r) 'pa:tna(r) ν,η partner (AE 'go:n-) 'spa: πήη 'gona(r) n goner ρα: tna(r) sparring-partner (/*£'faelk-) η copartner fo:lkana(r) n falconer ,kau'pa:tn3(r) 'lAndan3(r) n Londoner (AE'lu:·) 'tju:na(r) η tuner 'pa:d9na(r) n pardoner η sundowner 'rekan3(r) n reckoner 'SAndauna(r) 'auna(r) η owner (AE 'aelm-) n almoner pa:t-'9una(r) η part-owner 'a:man3(r) η landowner 'komsn3(r) n commoner 'Ixndaun3(r) (or more common) 'Jipaun3(r) η shipowner 'komanair) comp commoner 'baeno(r) η banner (ΑΕ^-.τ-) 'skxn3(r) η scanner n coroner 'koranaCr) 'plaen3(r) η planner 'pnzna(r) n prisoner 'maenair) η manner 'poizna(r) n poisoner 'spxna(r) η spanner n parishioner 'taena(r) η tanner p3'nj9na(r) n pensioner 'ten3(r) η tenner 'penjan3(r) adj inner ka'mijanair) n commissioner 'ma(r) 'dina(r) η dinner k3n'dijan3(r) n conditioner η beginner 'esbi'gmaCr) kan'diJanaCr) n air-conditioner ΊΤΙΛΠΙη praek'tij3na(r) n practitioner spina(r) money-spinner pi'tijanair) n petitioner 'sina(r) η sinner 'kwestjan3(r) n questioner 'wina(r) η winner 'bredwina(r) η breadwinner ,eksi'kju:Jan3(r) n executioner 'gAna(r) η gunner 215

-r 12 'ΓΛΠ3(Γ> blo'keidrAna(r) 'rAm-rAn3(r) 'a:mz-rAii3(r) 'fo:rAna(r) 'gAnrAn9(r) 'sUna(r) 'keip3(r) 'peipa(r) 'rais-peipa(r) 'ka:trid3peipa(r) .siga'retpeipa(r) 'treisii]peipa(r) 'raitirjpeip3(r) 'blotir]peipa(r) 'oil-peipa(r) 'ka:banpeips(r) O:d9-peipa(r) 'litmospeipa(r) 'toihtpeipa(r) 'waekspeipg(r) 'saendpeipa(r) 'n3 tpeipa(r) 'wo:lpeip3(r) 'nju:speipa(r) 'flaipeipafr) 'skreipg(r) 'skaiskreipa(r) 'dreipa(r) Ίιηιηdreips(r) 'teip3(r) 'ri:p3(r) (AE 'daip9r) 'dai3pa(r) 'lepa(r) 'ki:p3(r) 'b k-ki:pa(r) 'Iok-ki:p9(r) 'zu:-ki:pg(r)

216

η runner 'wikit'snu:ps(r) n ki:p9(r) η wicket-keeper 'tru:p3(r) blockade-runner 'geimki:p3(r) η gamekeeper 'stD:mn rum-runner 'taimki:p3(r) η timekeeper tru:ps(r) n arms-runner 'hauski:p3(r) η housekeeper 'paeretru:pa(r) n forerunner 'bukki:pa(r) η bookkeeper 'ska:pa(r) M gunrunner 'g3ulki:pa(r) η goalkeeper 'ha:pa(r) n stunner 'mki:p3(r) η innkeeper 'Ja:pa(r) 'Jopki:pa(r) η shopkeeper 'ka:d-Ja:pa(r) ν,η caper 'do:ki:pa(r) « doorkeeper ju:'z3:p9(r) ν,η paper 'sli:pa(r) η sleeper 'djaespair) η rice-paper 'pi:pa(r) η peeper 'wispaO) η 'kri:p3(r) « creeper 'steidscartridge-paper 'swi:p3(r) « sweeper wisp9(r) « 'ka:ptt« 'prosp3(r) cigarette-paper swi:pa(r) carpet-sweeper BEalso'sju:-, 'main'su:p3(r) η tracing-paper 'pD:pa(r) swi:pa(r) η minesweeper 'tjimniη 'tm:p3(r) η writing-paper pi:'su:p9(r) swi:pa(r) chimneysweeper η blotting-paper η oil-paper η carbon-paper η order-paper η litmus-paper η toilet-paper η wax-paper ν,η sandpaper n notepaper η wallpaper η newspaper η flypaper « scraper η skyscraper η draper η linen-draper ν,η taper « reaper η diaper η leper η keeper n book-keeper η lock-keeper η zoo-keeper

(also esp AE caliper) 'dasp3(r) 'kaelipa(r) η calliper 'klaep3(r) 'd3u:nip3(r) « juniper 'flaepa(r) 'snaipa(r) η sniper 'kidnaep3(r) 'wipa'paips(r) η piper snaepa(r) 'saendpaipa(r) η sandpiper 'vaipa(r) η viper 'spint-raep3(r) 'waipa(r) « wiper 'traepa(r) 'raepa(r) 'wmdskri:nη ,waip3(r) windscreen-wiper 'dAst-raepafr) 'helps(r) η helper 'saepa(r) 'pepa(r) 'kaemp3(r) η camper ,keien'ska2mpa(r) ν,η scamper 'daemp3(r) n,comp damper 'pepa(r) 'dipa(r) 'haemp3(r) ν,η hamper 'Jipa(r) 'paemp3(r) ν pamper 'W3:jip3(r) 'taempa(r) ν tamper 'kip3(r) 'temp9(r) ν,η temper 'skipa(r) di'stemp3(r) ν,η distemper 'khp3(r) 'simp3(r) ν simper 'flip3(r) 'wimp3(r) ν,η whimper 'rDmps(r) η romper 'slipaCr) 'nip3(r) 'bAmpa(r) η bumper p 'tnp3(r) dAmp3(r) η dumper 'strip3(r) Ub-0Amp3(r) η tub-thumper 'zip3(r) 'dsAmp3(r) η jumper 'kopa(r) 'stAinp3(r) « stumper 'hDpa(r) 'prDpa(r) adj proper im'pnDp9(r) adj improper 'klodhDp3(r) 'intalaupair) η interloper (AE 'grass-) 't3upa(r) « toper 'gra:shop3(r) 'tjDpa(r) di'vebpaCr) η developer J ku:pa(r) η cooper 'jDpa(r)

η snooper η trooper η storm-trooper η paratrooper ν scarper η harper n,comp sharper « card-sharper η usurper η jasper ν,η whisper η stage-whisper ν prosper n,adj super « pauper η trouper n peasouper adj dapper η clapper η flapper η kidnapper η whippersnapper η spirit-rapper η trapper η wrapper η dust-wrapper η sapper ν,η pepper η cayenne pepper η dipper η shipper η worshipper « kipper ν,η skipper η clipper η flipper « slipper η nipper η tripper η stripper η zipper ν,η copper η hopper η clodhopper η grasshopper η chopper η shopper

-r 13

'wop3(r) 'krof»(r) 'Je3kropa(r) 'i:vzdrnp3(r) top9(r)

'stDpa(r) 'do:stDpa(r) Άρ3(Γ)

'skAp9(r) 'krAp3(r) 'SApa(r) 'si:fe3re(r) 'weifesra(r) 'reara(r) ΊΐΙ3Γ3(Γ)

'ni3re(r) 'beara(r) 'staendadbeara(r) 'meisbeara(r) 'Dfis-beare(r) 'teil-be3re(r) 'kAp-be3ra(r) 'stretjgbeara(r) •pD:lbe3ra(r) 'trembeara(r) 'we3ra(r) 'sweara(r) 'sUmbaratj) 'd3aebara(r) 'so:sara(r) 'sla:ndara(r) fi'laend3ra(r) 'WDndara(r) 'bUnd3ra(r) 'pUndarXr) 'bo:dara(r) 'm3:d3re(r) 'dodarair) 'pilf9ra(r) 'sAfara(r) 'hn.g3F3(r) ΓΠ3'1ΐη93Γ3(Γ)

'staeg3re(r) 'swaeg3re(r) 'gaeoara(r) 'staemara(r) 'wispera(r) 'keit3ra(r) 'slo:t3r3(r) 'bit3ra(r)

η whopper 'fru:tara(r) η fruiterer η cropper 3'dAltore(r) η adulterer [ η sharecropper η poulterer p3ult3ra(r) η eavesdropper 'so:ntore(r) n saunterer η topper n h rterer 'ba:tore(r) η stopper (AE 'plass-) η doorstopper 'pla:stora(r) n plasterer n.adj upper 'roist3ra(r) n roisterer v,n scupper ,Apη crupper 'h3

(AE 'kreujar) 'kr3uzi3(r) ,kwir9'si3(r) tia(r) (AE frAn'tisr) 'frAnti9(r) 'ko:ti9(r) 'pnti3(r)

comp easier comp noisier

adv,prep o'er

'si\'~*(v\l f\f*r

n osier -9U9^rj/-OCl also crozier, 'b9U9(r) n,adj Boer n crosier 'mu:vig3U9(r) n movie-goer n cuirassier '8i9tog903(r) n theatre-goer n tier 'tj3:tjgaü9(r) n churchgoer 'tfaeplg3U3(r) n chapelgoer n frontier 'pleigau9(r) n playgoer n courtier comp prettier

-u:9(r)/-oer

n glazier n brazier n grazier n vizier

'gleizi9(r) breizi9(r) 'greizia(r) vi'zra(r) r

-ai9(r)/-ier 'mDdifai3(r) 'kwolifai3(r) 'aemplifai9(r) 'maegnifai9(r)

o:(r)

n modifier n qualifier n amplifier n magnifier

'du:9(r) 'i:vl-du:9(r) 'wel-du:a(r) 'roqdu:3(r)

-9(r)/-uer 'Iaek3(r) 'tfek3(r) ik'stjek9(r) 'kDrjkg(r)

n doer « evil-doer n well-doer n wrongdoer

« brewer « sewer

-ju:9(r)/-ewer ju:3(r) 'hju:s(r) (/su:-) '.sju:s(r)

n ewer n hewer n sewer

-jir.9(r)/-iewer 'vju:9(r) 'telivjir.3(r) n'vju:3(r) 'rnt3vju:3(r)

« viewer n televiewer n reviewer n interviewer

-au9(r)/-ower 'bau9(r) 'kau3(r) 'dau3(r) 'Jaus(r)

n bower v cower v,n dower v.n shower (also lour) 1au3(r) v lower 'flatra(r) v,« flower v,n lacquer n bell-flower v chequer 'bel-flau3(r) n exchequer 'pa:Jn-flau3(r) n passion-flower n windflower v conquer 'wmdflau9(r) 223

-r 20

di:'flau3(r) (/4£'ko:li-) 'kDliflaira(r) 'wD:lflau3(r) 'mu:nflau3(r) 'kD:nflaira(r) p SAnflau3(r) 'glaua(r) 'paüa(r) 'si:-paus(r) 'kaendlpau3(r) 'fara-paua(r) 'lArj-paira(r) paua(r) 'h3:spaira(r) 'wilpaua(r) im'pau3(r) 'maenpau3(r) BE also 'sju;-, 'su:papau9(r) ,3uva'pau3(r) 'taua(r) 'ku:lirj-tau3(r) 'klDk-taira(r) 'W3:to-tau3(r) 'jDt-taua(r) 'WDtftau3(r)

v deflower

flai3(r) hai'flaia(r) 'slara(r)

n candle-power n fire-power n lung-power

'he3-drai3(r) 'fraia(r) 'sprara(r)

n water-power n horsepower n willpower v empower n manpower n superpower v overpower v, H tower n cooling-tower n clock-tower n water-tower n shot-tower n watchtower

'wid3ira(r) n widower 'bira(r) v,comp,adv lower 'bbira(r) n blower n organ-blower n glass-blower comp hallower comp mellower « follower

r

'fobua(r) n camp-follower 'sbü9(r) comp.adv slower 'msu3(r) n mower 'b:n-iti3U3(r) n lawn-mower 'raü3(r) n rower 'graua(r) n grower 'fleimGr3U3(r) n flamethrower 'naerau3(r) comp narrower 'bDraua(r) n borrower 's3U3(r) n sower

224

r

n cauliflower n wallflower n moonflower n cornflower n sunflower v glower v, n power n sea-power

^iv\(r\l rvwAt* -9üQ^rj/-uwcr

bbira(r) 'gla:s-bbu3(r) 'ha;bu3(r) 'mebua(r) folaua(r)

-ai3(r)/-yer dai3(r) 'Jaia(r)

r

'draia(r)

-o:js(r)/-awyer

n dyer 'b:J3(r) comp shyer 'so:J3(r) (also flier) n flyer „,/ r \/ i_. « highflyer -3. \L)f-lL fa:(r) comp slyer sa:(r) (^•drier) sta:(r) « dryer 3'sta:(r) (>-~hair-drier) bi'st3:(r) n hair-dryer n fryer comp spryer

n lawyer n sawyer

n flr n sir v, n stir adj,adv astir v bestir

-wh3:(r)/-whir

-ei3(r)/-ayer

(/•whirr) v,n whir

wa:(r)

'geia(r) comp gayer 'Iei3(r) v, M layer 'mainleis(r) n minelayer 'kaef3(r) 'pleitlei3(r) n platelayer 'teipg(r) 'bnklei3(r) n bricklayer J plei3(r) n player trai'Amv3(r) i'hksa(r) 'bilradplei3(r) n billiard-player . teko:dple»(r) n record-player 'neidra(r) 'slera(r) n slayer 'pei3(r) n payer (AE f3'ki3r) 'feikra(r) 'reitpera(r) n ratepayer 'taekspei3(r) n taxpayer or 'eimra(r) e'mi3(r) 'sprera(r) n sprayer ,su:v3'nra(r) 'su:9sei3(r) n soothsayer 'stei3(r) n stayer

n kaffir n tapir n triumvir « elixir

-i9^rj/-ir

n prayer

-eis(r)/-eyer ksn'veiaCr)

(also conveyor) n conveyer

-oi3(r)/-oyer (BE 'foiei) AE'hiar im'pbia(r) di'strDia(r)

n foyer n employer n destroyer

-ai9(r)/-uyer 'bara(r)

n fakir n emir n souvenir

-es(r)/-air

-es(r)/-ayer prea(r)

n nadir

n buyer

ea(r) '3upsn-e3(r) ,S3:fiste-'e3(r) ,e3-tu-'e3(r) fea(r) .An'fea(r) 'fAnfe3(r) a'fea(r) 'lAV-3fe3(r) hes(r) ('kajmalz'ka;m3l-he3(r) 'ho:she3(r) 'meidnhea(r) tjea(r) 'laundjtjea(r)

v, n air adj open-air adj surface-to-air adj air-to-air n,adj,adv fair adj unfair n funfair n affair « love-affair n hair or camel's-) n camel-hair « horsehair n maidenhair v,« chair

n lounge-chair

-r 21

'rokirj-tje3(r) 'ba:6-tje3(r) sidaen-tfe3(r) 'kaemp-tje3(r) 'pujtjea(r) 'wi:ltje3(r) 'a:mt|"ea(r)

n rocking-chair (/4£deiko:r) 'meid3a(r) v,n,adj major n Bath-chair 'deikD:(r) n dicor drAmn sedan-chair 'pikado:(r) n picador 'meid33(r) n drum-major n camp-chair (AE'tw-) ,sa:d33ntn n pushchair 'tonado:(r) n toreador 'meid33(r) sergeant-major 'maetedD:(r) n matador n wheelchair 'skwola(r) n squalor n armchair kon'bastj3b(r) n bachelor 'kwistad3:(r) n conquistador 'seib(r) n sailor 'mauheair) n mohair 'kAspido:(r) n cuspidor 'teib(r) v, n tailor lea(r) n lair (AE 'ko:r-) 'teknikAb(r) n Technicolor ,Dn 'klea(r) adv en clair 'kDndo:(r) n corridor (BE 'trik3b(r) tricolour) (or ei-) 'kondo:(r) n condor ^ftraikAbr n tricolor iklea(r) n eclair fo:(r) prep,conj 'paela(r) n pallor flea(r) n flair (strong form) for (AE 'tjaens-) ,deba'ne3(r) adj debonair An'lukt-fo:(r) adj unlooked-for 'tja:nsala(r) n chancellor pea(r) v,« pair Ariko:ld-fo:(r) adj uncalled-for (AE also counselor) ,9υ 'peg(r) n au pair ΛΠ'ka ns3b(r) n counsellor (AE also councilor) ri'peg(r) v,n repair 'h3upt-fD:(r) adj unhoped-for ,disn'pea(r) n disrepair ,An'ke3d-fD:(r) adj uncared-for 'kaunsab(r) n councillor wot-'f3:(r) n what-for 'trem3(r) n tremor im'pea(r) v impair 'mxna(r) « manor di'spea(r) v, n despair 'mo:gid3o:(r) n mortgagor (^•convener) 'kD:se9(r) n corsair ab'ho:(r) v abhor ksn'vi:n3(r) n convenor stea(r) n stair ,kwoJi'D:ko:(r) n kwashiorkor 'tena(r) n tenor 'baekstea(r) adj backstair lo:(r) interj lor [ n countertenor 'daunstea(r) adj downstair beib:(r) n bailor 'kauntstenafr) 'mam3(r) n,adj minor no:(r) conj, adv nor s \ ι · 'da na(r) n donor 'si:nJ3:(r) n signor -C9^r/J/-cir 'blAdsen'jo:(r) n seflor dauna(r) n blood-donor ea(r) n heir (^furore) 'kroun3(r) npl kronor ea(r) det their 'fju3ro:r n (AE) furor [ lesa:(r) n lessor (also guv, guvnor) 'gAvana(r) n governor ta:(r) n tor (/•governor) .kaeviaet 'empto:(r) n caveat emptor 'gAvna(r) n guvnor wia(r) n weir 'kaentD:(r) n cantor kan'sain3(r) n consignor ,gaeran'to:(r) n guarantor mon'si:nJ3(r) n Monsignor 'woranto:(r) n warrantor 'to:p3(r) n torpor 'ment3:(r) n mentor (AE'stii:-) 'bu:dwa:(r) n boudoir 'stju:pa(r) n stupor 'memwa:(r) n memoir _/„\ / _ „ 'emp9ra(r) n emperor 'pemwa:(r) n peignoir 'kDrjkara(r) n conqueror 'aeb3twa:(r) n abattoir ~vJ\Lj/-\Jl (BE -a(r) ^-our) 'd3U3ra(r) n Juror ,3 'misiz 'misiz 'jetiz ku'weitiz 'dautiz ,tu:ti-'fru:tiz 'taeksiz 'leksis 'swa:ziz 'no:tsiz

npl Iraqis npl safaris npl saris npl Qataris npl peris npl Kashmiris npl Maoris npl houris missus) n missis npl yetis npl Kuwaitis npl dhotis npl tutti-fruttis 3sgpr,npl taxis n lexis npl Swazis npl Nazis

-aiz/-is aiz

npl Is, i s

,d3i:'aiz 'aelibaiz ,hai-'faiz 'aelkslaiz paiz 'li.'vaiz

abbr pl GIs npl alibis npl hi-fis npl alkalis npl pis npl levis

/

W*

»t

(weak form) is

-eii:z/-eis 'leii:z

npl leis

-oiz/-ois .aevada'pDiz 'envDiz 'bo:zoiz

dseiz ,di: 'djeiz

npl J's, j's abbrpl DJs

keiz/kfs keiz

npl K's, k's

elz/Ts npl L's, l's

elz 1 / 1 -..1Z/-..1S

.bai'fauklz 'dsemtlz 'kaejualz 'vitlz 'traevlz 'kaut teilz (AE VD:!Z) volz baulz

npl bifocals (also genitalia) npl genitals npl casuals npl victuals 3sgpr,npl travels (also tail-coat) npl coat-tails abbr pl vols 3sgpr,npl bowls

-o:lz/-alls bo:lz

-Z/-1S (/ ) z

dseiz/js

n avoirdupois npl envois npl borzois

-wi:z/-uis

ko:Iz

emz/mfs emz

npl M's, m's

-i:mz/-eems mi'si:mz

adv meseems

-9mz/-oms

-wa:z/-ois 'paetwaiz

3sgpr, npl, interj balls 3sgpr,npl calls

npl patois

'kAstamz 'bel-botamz

npl customs npl bell-bottoms

-a:mz/-arms

npl ennuis (AE a:rmz) a:mz npl arms ,maen• / ·__.2 -1.W1.Z/-1W1S 3t-'a:mz n man-at-arms 'ki:wi:z npl kiwis ,men-3t-'o:mz npl men-at-arms on'wirz

-s 16 .djentlmanat-'a:mz .dsentlmsnat-'a:mz ,ma:star3t-'a:mz .majstezat-'a:mz ,sa:d33nts9t-'a:mz .sardjant3t-'a:mz

n gentlemanat-arms npl gentlemenat-arms n master-at-arms npl masters-at-arms npl Serjeants-at-arms

n Serjeant-at-arms

-o:mz/-orms (AE Dirmz) fo:mz

npl,3sgpr forms

-9mz/-ums 'aelbamz (AE 'sta:r-) 'stsrnamz 'rectemz

npl albums (or sterna) npl sternums (or recta) npl rectums

-i9mz/-eums mju:'ziamz

npl museums

-i9mz/-iums 'steidiamz a'kweanamz erriporriarnz ,sa;na'to:namz .mora'tDinamz kan'so:tiamz djiirineiziamz

npl stadiums (or aquaria) npl aquariums (or emporia) npl emporiums (or -toria) npl Sanatoriums (or -toria) npl moratoriums (or consortia) npl consortiums (or gymnasia) npl gymnasiums

npl N's, n's

-aenz/-ans traenz saenz

'taehzmanz

-onzAons npl talismans .mod'konz abbrpl mod cons (AE -trD:nz) i'lektronz npl electrons

-i:nz/-eans dji:nz mi:nz

npl jeans η,ηρΐ means

-mz/-ens 'dikinz

η dickens

-enz/-ens lenz n lens 'zu:m ,lenz n zoom lens di.linam n 'tri:menz delirium tremens ,laukam 'ti:nenz n locum tenens

-nz/-ons 'po:kinsnz 'kotnz

adj Parkinson's npl cottons

-ionz/-ions (or criteria) npl criterions

krai'tiananz

-nz/-ens 'ga:dnz

'SAmanz v,3sgpr,n summons m'vaiaranz npl environs (or automata) oi'tomatanz npl automatons

npl zoological gardens

f

-wenz/-when s wenz

contr when's

-ienz/-iens saepienz

n homo sapiens

-nz/-ions (AE -3:rjnz) s'spsrjnz ,aian 'raejnz

npl aspersions npl iron rations

-3:nz/-urns (AE b3:rnz) bs:nz

npl,3sgpr burns

-9 Z/-OS

auz npl o's (or 'ju:fauz) npl ins ju:,ef'auz abbrpl UFOs n muggins npl (BE calicoes) npl ninepins 'kaelikauz npl(AE) calicos also mattins, (or porticoes) n.npl matins 'po:tikauz npl porticos (or frescoes) 'freskauz npl frescos 'diskauz npl discos adj all-mains (or tornadoes) npl pains to:'neidaoz npl tornados (or innuendoes) injur'endauz npl innuendos 'rondauz npl rondos (or archipelagoes) npl varicose veins ,a:ki'pelagauz npl archipelagos

•mz/-ins mz 'nuginz 'nampinz

'maetinz

-emz/-ains

enz/nfs enz

-onz/-ans

'a:l-memz peinz

-emz/-eins abbr trans prep sans

.vasnkaus 'veinz

245

-s 17 fla'mirjgauz 'kargauz 'baendjauz 'bAfalauz 'heilauz 'ki:lauz 'sauteuz 'damamauz 'memauz pi'aenauz 'prauz 'fautauz 'kwo:tauz .maem'festauz or ma-, mju:'laetauz 'moteuz 'grotauz |

npl flamingos ,vi: ,ai 'pi:z (or cargoes) ,el'pi:z npl cargos (or banjoes) npl banjos (or buffaloes) ko:z npl buffalos (or haloes) npl halos npl kilos ku:z npl solos npl dynamos f npl memos npl pianos kjutz npl pros T npl photos npl quartos (or manifestoes) (AEa-.TZ) npl manifestos a:z (or mulattoes) npl mulattos (or mottoes) npl mottos (AE ma:rz) (or grottoes) ma:z npl grottos

(AE sterz) steaz .daun'steaz .Ap'steaz

npl Q's, q's

-a:z/-ars

f λ Γ "L

(AIL n3:rzj ha:z

conj cos

-I3 Z/-1OS 'reidiauz (AE'sta:-) 'stju:diauz 'fauhauz

npl radios npl studios npl folios

-UIZ/-OOS npl bamboos npl kangaroos npl zoos

-iouz/-yos

npl scissors

-o:z/-oors (AE -o:rz/-oors) ,m'do:z n Mars ,aufdo:z

adv indoors adv outdoors

-o:z/-ours (/^tU9Z)

pron hers

-3z/-ers

kaz

interj horrors

'sizdz

npl R's, r's

/ Λ 17 Vir,..rA

-SZ/-OS

\

\A.L·, SIZ^ZJ

-a:z/-ers npl do's contr who's

npl stairs adj, adv downstairs adj, adv upstairs

-9Ζ/-ΟΓ8 (AE hD:rarz) 'horaz

a:z/r s

ι

BE also to: z

3sgpr,npl tours

^^ ^y ^7 f i/i tf^kHY*G \j Ui ι Jj

(AE -arz/-ers) 'glaendaz η glanders 'bAtaftqgaz η butterfingers 'wioaz npl withers 'borjkaz adj bonkers 'kraekaz npl,adj crackers 'tfekaz 3sgpr,npl checkers 'nikaz npl knickers 'nikabukaz (AE knickers); npl knickerbockers 'sAmaz AE adv summers 'maenaz npl manners also esp AE calipers, 'kaelipaz npl callipers 'kopaz npl coppers 'trauzaz npl trousers 'kwo:taz npl quarters 'letaz npl letters

(xl£-'kAbrz) 'kAlaz

-i9z/-eers

-ju9z/-yours

npl colours

-U3z/-ours (AE va'lurz) va'luaz (BE also to:z) tuaz /DC*

/

«

(^velour) n velours

\

3sgpr,npl tours

-au9z/-ours / Λ r*· , .4^\ (Ah aurz) 'auaz t

pron ours

IT

-jo:z/-yours (AEjurz, jo:rz) juaz, JD:Z

pron yours

npl embryos

-pi:z/-ps 246

npl coups

npl pliers

-e9z/-airs

kju:z/q s

du:z hu:z

pi:z

npl corps

-u:z/-oups

f

'embnauz

-aiszMers (AE 'plaiarz) 'plaiaz

-o:z/-orps

-UIZ/-O S

,basm'bu:z ,kaeqga'ru:z 'zu: z

abbrpl VIPs abbrpl LPs

npl P's, p's

(AE tfirz) tjiaz

(AEjo-.TZ, jorz) jo:z, juaz interj cheers

pron yours

-s 18

'esiz/sfs

(AEMu:z) s'djurz npl S's, s's 'p3:lju:z abbrplSOSs

'esiz .essu'esiz

'pri:-dJ3:z (AE mi:'lJ3:z) npl T's, t's 'mi:lJ3:z abbrpl DTs

ti:z ,di: 'ti:z

(also 'misiz 'misiz

missis) n missus

-UIZ/-US 'ba:bu:z d3u:d3u:z nu:z 'koipu:z 'guru:z 'tu:tu:z

npl babus npl jujus npl gnus npl coy pus npl gurus npl tutus t

P

'maerebiKZ 'kaenbu:z 'kae/urz su:z (AE 'ro :n-) 'rondivu:z 'baiu:z

npl U's, u's abbrpl lOUs «p/ zebus npl menus «p/ parvenus npl impromptus

npl marabous npl caribous npl cachous npl sous 3sgpr, npl rendezvous npl bayous

-i:'a z/-iaous

,bi:'mAZ

vi:z ,ti: 'vi:z

npl V's, v's abbrpl TVs

laevz

npl lavs

(or beaux) bauz npl beaus 'bjuarauz (or -x) npl bureaus 'plaetouz (or -x) npl plateaus

-ju:z/-ieus

η,ηρΐ news

hauz

contr how's

-9 Z/-OWS 'bebuz 'gaebuz

n, npl bellows η,ηρΐ gallows

'eksiz/x's 'eksiz

npl X's, x's

'poliz 'zlotiz

npl polys npl zlotys

'stxnbaiz 'leibaiz

npl standbys npl laybys

waiz/yfs

-a:vz/-avs

revz

-9 z/-eaus

(AE nu:z) nju:z

-aiz/-ys

-aevz/-avs npl Slavs npl Yugoslavs

waiz

npl Y's, y's

-eiz/-ays

-evz/-evs also Santa n Santa Claus

-ju:z/-ews

-iz/-ys

abbr BMus

-o: z/- aus

n.npl news

mi:'auz 3sgpr,npl miaous

sla:vz 'ju:gausla:vz

-AZ/-US

(BE njurz)

-a z/-ow's

-vi:z/-vs

-ju:z/-us

'saente kb:z

npl prie-dieus (or milieux) npl milieus

-UIZ/-OUS

-IZ/-US

-u:z/-ews AEnu:z

-js:z/-ieus

-ti:z/-ts

ju:z ,ai3u'ju:z 'zi:bju:z 'menju:z 'pa:vsnju:z im'promptju:z

npl adieus npl purlieus

3sgpr,npl revs

-IVZ/-1VS spivz

npl spivs

-'dAblju:z/-wTs 'dAblju:z

npl Ws, w's

-o:z/-aws ko:z 3sgpr,npl caws 'laisnsirj b:z npl licensing laws

deiz 'nauadeiz 'SAndeiz pleiz

npl days adv nowadays AEadv Sundays 3sgpr,npl plays

-weiz/-ways weiz 'breikaweiz 'bro:dweiz 'saidweiz 'edjweiz (AE 'b:q-) 'loqweiz

npl ways n breakaways adv broadways adv sideways (AE edgewise adv edgeways (/lengthwise) adv longways

247

-s 19 'bred9weiz adv breadthways (also longways) 'leqGweiz adj,adv lengthways O:lweiz adv always 'li:stweiz adv leastways

-i:z/-eys ki:z 'laetjki:z 't3:nki:z 'pa:ski:z

3sgpr,npl keys npl latchkeys npl turnkeys npl passkeys

-iz/-eys 'aebiz npl abbeys 'baugiz npl bogeys 'faugiz npl fogeys 'doqkiz npl donkeys 'niAqkiz 3sgpr,npl monkeys 'fUqkiz npl flunkeys 'tfsukiz npl chokeys 'da:kiz npl Darkeys 'tarkiz npl turkeys 'wiskiz npl whiskeys 'laekiz npl lackeys 'dikiz npl dickeys 'djokiz Bsgpr.npl jockeys leiz npl leys 'medliz npl medleys 'berliz npl baileys 'ρα:1ιζ 3sgpr,npl parleys 'dotliz npl doyleys 'aeliz npl alleys ,tin paen 'aeliz npl tin pan alleys 'gaeliz npl galleys 'vaeliz npl valleys nft-'vaeliz npl rift-valleys 'troliz npl trolleys 'ti:-trDliz npl tea-trolleys 'voliz 3sgpr,npl volleys ha:f-'voliz npl half-volleys 'puliz npl pulleys 'laimiz npl limeys 'kidniz npl kidneys 'haekniz npl hackneys 'kokniz npl cockneys 'tjimniz npl chimneys 'kauniz npl coneys 'fsuniz npl phoneys ΉΛΠΙΖ npl honeys 3't3:mz npl attorneys 'dja.-niz 3sgpr,npl journeys 't3:niz npl tourneys

248

'dsitniz npl jitneys Ί/Λΐηιζ npl chutneys 'spiniz npl spinneys 'po:lfriz npl palfreys 'sto:nz npl storeys 'laempnz npl lampreys Ospnz npl ospreys 'k3:tsiz 3sgpr,npl curtseys 'wimziz npl whimseys 'ma ziz 3sgpr moseys 'd33:ziz npl Jerseys Odisiz npl odysseys 'sleiviz npl slaveys ICAVIZ npl coveys

-eiz/-eys beiz npl beys a'beiz 3sgpr obeys .diss'beiz 3sgpr disobeys greiz 3sgpr,npl greys ,daepl-'greiz npl dapple-greys preiz 3sgpr preys kan'veiz 3sgpr conveys 'S3:veiz npl surveys pa'veiz 3sgpr purveys sg'veiz 3sgpr surveys

-waiz/-whys waiz

npl whys

'deiboiz 'pleiboiz

'di:koiz npl decoys di'koiz 3sgpr decoys 'hobldihoiz npl hobbledehoys djoiz 3sgpr,npl joys 'kildjoiz npl killjoys m'djoiz 3sgpr enjoys kloiz 3sgpr cloys 'saevabiz npl saveloys pbiz npl ploys diploiz 3sgpr deploys ,ri:di'pbiz 3sgpr redeploys im'pbiz 3sgpr,npl employs 'asbiz npl alloys a'biz 3sgpr alloys a'noiz 3sgpr annoys 'taenoiz npl tannoys 'vaisroiz npl viceroys di'stroiz 3sgpr destroys toiz 3sgpr,npl toys sa'vaiz npl savoys 'envoiz npl envoys 'konvoiz 3sgpr,npl convoys

-oiz/-uoys boiz 'laif-boiz 'laifboiz ,bri:tjiz-'boiz

-oiz/-oys boiz npl boys 'tedi boiz npl Teddy boys Ofis-bDiz npl office-boys 'wipiq-boiz npl whipping-boys 'Jop-baiz npl shop-boys 'baerau-bDiz npl barrow-boys 'saendboiz npl sandboys 'steiblboiz npl stableboys 'haiboiz npl highboys 'plauboiz npl ploughboys 'hnkboiz npl linkboys 'sku:lboiz npl schoolboys 'tD:lboiz npl tallboys 'belboiz npl bellboys tomboiz npl tomboys 'kcubsiz npl carboys 'kwaisbDiz npl choirboys 'nju:zbDiz npl newsboys 'potboiz npl potboys 'ha bDiz npl hautboys 'kauboiz npl cowboys

npl dayboys npl playboys

3sgpr,npl buoys npl life-buoys npl lifebuoys npl breeches-buoys

-aiz/-uys baiz gaiz

3sgpr,npl buys 3sgpr,npl guys

zedz/z's (AE zi:z) zedz

npl Z's, z's

-/-S -a:/-as 'fraeka: ,fau 'ρα: .paetei da,fwa: 'gra: ,ma:di 'gra:

n fracas η faux pas n p to de foie gras n Mardi Gras

-s 20

/

,masl.aspra'pau

-cV-Ca

adj.adv malapropos

,bel-'letre n, npl belles-lettres

-Dm/-emps

-i:J/-iches npl nouveaux riches

,nu:vau 'ri:J

-e9(r)/-aires Jaijei dae'fea(r)

n charg£ d'affaires

-3:v/-oeuvres ,3:'d3:v npl hors d'oeuvres

1•* //

1 M^^ jj

-I/-1S 'Jaesi

n contretemps

-a:/-emps (or 'küntratotn) 'kontratä:

n contretemps

ko:(r) « corps e.spri: da 'ko:(r) n esprit de corps \

*.«

~1^^I^/~CI a n'via(r)

n revers

-UI/-OUS (AE 'ro:n-) 'rondivu:

v,n rendezvous

~1"/~VS (or -'li:s) ,fl3:-d3-'li: (or -li:s) ,fl3:-d3-'li:

(/•fleur-de-lis) n fleur-de-lys (/'fleurs-de-lis) npl fleurs-de-lys

,midl-'kla:s 'W3:kirj-kla:s 'hai-kla:s f3:st-'kla:s ^ndakla:s aufkla:s gla:s Ja'vael gla:s pleit-'gla:s 'lükiq-glars 'wDt|-gla:s 'weö3-gla:s 'wo:ta-gla:s 'pi3-gla:s 'sasndgla:s 'wain-gla:s

n chassis

-S/-SS

-ei/-ais (AE - o:rjglei) ,ka:r Orjglei (AE .bausa'lei) 'bausalei

n cor anglais

-eis/-ass

n Beaujolais

beis ,dAbl-'beis .kontra'beis

-wa:/-ois 'blower. adj,n,npl bourgeois ,peti 'buaswa: adj petit bourgeois sei'Jelwa: n,adj Seychellois 'Jasmwa: n chamois 'paetwa: n patois

-3Ö/-OS adj.adv apropos

n,adj bass n double-bass « contrabass

-aes/-ass ass bass bass 'djaekaes lass mass

(AE /*arse) n ass n bass n Bass « jackass (also lassie) n lass n Mass

v,n mass v amass n admass v harass adj crass « cuirass n morass n kvass

-a:s/-ass (AE -ass/-ass) kla:s 'sekand-kla:s

-o:(r)/-orps

„/

(AE-'·) 'preisi: v,n procis (or -li:s) (also fleur-de-lys) ,fl3:-d3-'li: « fleur-de-lis (or -li:s) (also fleurs-de-lys) ,fl3:-da-'li: npl fleurs-de-lis ,feit npl a'kompli: faits accomplis (AE da'bri:) 'deibri:, 'debri: « debris ,vi:z-a:-'vi: adv.prep vis-ä-vis

.aspre'pau

(or 'kontratfi:) 'kontratom

mass a'mass 'aedmass (or 'haeras) ha'rass krass kwi'rass ma'rass kvaes

v.n class n.adj.adv second-class adj middle-class adj working-class adj high-class adj.adv first-class n underclass v outclass v.n glass n cheval glass n plate-glass n looking-glass n watch-glass n weather-glass n water-glass « pier-glass n sandglass n wineglass (also glass fibre) (AE fiber-) n flbreglass n eyeglass n hourglass n spyglass v.n pass n underpass n overpass v surpass v.n bypass n brass v,n grass

'faibsglcKs 'aiglars 'auogla:s 'spaiglars pa: s 'Andapa:s '3uvapa:s sa'pa:s 'baipa:s bra:s gra:s (AE -paz-) 'pasmpas-grars n pampas-grass BE also 'sju:-, 'su:psgra:s n supergrass

-9s/-ass 'ka:kas 'windbs

n carcass n windlass

249

-s 21 'kAtlas 'kAmpas in'kAmpas 'trespas (or ha'raes) 'haeras im'baeras .disim'baeras 'kaenvas

n cutlass AE 'beranas, v,n compass .baera'nes v encompass ,ma:Ja'nes 'laranes v,n trespass 'gA vanes v harass v embarrass ka'res v disembarrass kres v,n canvass 'wortakres

-is/-ess

dres n'dres An'dres ,auva'dres

v,n dress v(« redress v,n undress v overdress

'heddres 'baetldres 'daivrrj-dres 'bo:l-dres ful-'dres

n headdress n battledress n diving-dress n ball-dress adj full-dress

'top-dres 'naitdres

v top-dress n nightdress

a'dres (AE 'aedres) a'dres v,n process ,ri:-3'dres v process n abscess 'piares adj excess n excess .maenidja'res 'i:gres n princess 'ni:gres n leopardess n'gres n stewardess dar'gres n shepherdess 'mgres (AE -gras) 'korjgres n goddess 'aogres v confess pra'gres v profess (^£'pro:g-) (/"largesse) 'praogres n largess .retra'gres n chess traenz'gres det,pron,adv less adv.conj nevertheless (or 'earas) ea'res conj unless v bless (AE 'mearas) mea'res \,n mess n ness pres -ness -ness /•-nas/-ness dt'pres n'pres im'pres n deaconess kam'pres

v address

(AE'QV.A-; or -es, -äs) 'godis (BE .peitra'nes) AE 'peitrams

la:'ges tjes les .nevaöa'les an'les bles mes nes -nes For the suffix (AE 'di:kanas) ,di:ka'nes

250

v,« caress n cress n watercress

n goddess n patroness

-es/-ess 'aebes 'aekses sak'ses (or 'ri:ses) n'ses (AE 'proses) 'prauses pra'ses 'aebses 'ekses ik'ses prm'ses .lepa'des .stjua'des Jepa'des (AE'gv.d-; or -is, -äs) 'godes kan'fes pra'fes

n baroness n marchioness n lioness n governess

n abbess n access n success v,n recess

n address v re-address n peeress n manageress n egress n Negress v regress v digress « ingress n congress n ogress v progress n progress v retrogress v transgress

n heiress n mayoress v,n press v depress v repress v impress v compress

,di:k3m'pres a'pres sa'pres ik'spres

v decompress v oppress v suppress v,n,adj,adv express

'pnntirj-pres 'wampres 'saidapres 'letepres 'impres 'kompres

n printing-press n winepress n ciderpress n letterpress n impress n compress

tres stres dfstres (AEdu-) dju'res ab'ses a'ses ,ri:3'ses pa'zes ,pri:p9'zes .dispa'zes 'profiles 'pauites 'djaiantes 'pri:stes (or1-) .hao'stes

n tress v,n stress v,« distress n duress v obsess v assess v reassess v possess v prepossess v dispossess « prophetess n poetess n giantess « priestess n hostess

-ss/-ess (^£'go:d-; or -is, -es) 'godas 'dAtJas

n goddess n duchess

-las -less For the suffix -less the dictionaries note either the pronunciation /-las/ or /-lis/. Some have both, some have changed /-lis/ to /-las/ in the latest editions. limlas adj limbless 'hedlas adj headless 'raudlas adj roadless 'hi:dlas adj heedless 'ni:dlas adj needless 'si:dbs adj seedless 'hdlas adj lid less 'tjaildlas adj childless 'laendlas adjJ landless «,™, 'endlas adj endless 'frendlas adj friendless

-s 22 'maindbs 'windbs 'baundbs 'graundbs 'saundbs 'godbs 'bUdbs 'fu:dbs rigardbs 'bradbs 'to:dbs 'W3:dbs 04£'tu:b-) 'tju:bbs 'klaudbs feisbs 'greisbs 'praisbs 'voisbs

di'fensbs 5 35

'laifbs 'eidjbs 'tfeindjbs 'smaukbs 'gailbs 'Jeimbs 'bleimbs 'neimbs 'taimbs 'haumbs spambs 'toonbs taunlas 'stounbs (AE'tu;n-) 'tju:nbs 'Jeipbs 'haupbs 'beisbs 'si:sbs 'sensbs 'psrpasbs ri'mDisbs ju:sbs 'noizbs 'ko:zbs 'deitbs 'steitbs Vsutbs 'teistbs 'sli:vbs 'mautivbs 'lAvbs

adj mindless adj windless adj boundless adj groundless adj soundless adj godless adj bloodless adj foodless adj regardless adj beardless adj lordless adj wordless adj tubeless adj cloudless adj faceless adj graceless adj priceless adj voiceless adj defenceless adj offenceless adj lifeless adj ageless adj changeless adj smokeless adj guileless adj shameless adj blameless adj nameless adj timeless adj homeless adj spineless adj boneless adj toneless adj stoneless adj tuneless adj shapeless adj hopeless adj baseless adj ceaseless adj senseless adj purposeless adj remorseless adj useless adj noiseless adj causeless adj dateless adj stateless adj voteless adj tasteless adj sleeveless adj motiveless adj loveless

'n3:vbs adj nerveless 'stembs adj stainless 'tri:bs adj treeless 'ri:zanbs adj reasonless 'keabs adj careless 'wepanbs adj weaponless 'tarabs adj tireless 'paejhbs adj passionless 'waiabs n,adj wireless ik'sprejnbs adj expressionless 'me39bs adj measureless 'maüjnbs adj motionless fiitjabs adj featureless i'maufnbs adj emotionless 'fju:tj3bs adj futureless 'mu:nbs adj moonless 'vaslju:bs adj valueless 'ho:nbs adj hornless 'aibs adj eyeless 'SAnbs adj sunless 'li:fbs adj leafless 'haepbs adj hapless adj roofless 'ru:fbs 'saepbs adj sapless 'legbs adj legless 'slkpbs adj sleepless 'mi:nirjbs adj meaningless 'helpbs adj helpless 'spnrjbs adj springless 'topbs adj topless 'stirjbs adj stingless 'sta:bs adj starless 'wirjbs adj wingless 'frates adj fearless 'spi:tfbs adj speechless 'tiabs adj tearless 'kwentfbs adj quenchless 'rumtebs adj numberless 'maetjbs adj matchless 'li:dabs adj leaderless 'pa:6bs adj pathless 'raidabs adj riderless 'deBbs adj deathless tAdabs adj rudderless 'bre6bs adj breathless 'fa:Ö3bs adj fatherless 'feröbs adj faithless 'mAÖabs adj motherless 'tu:6bs adj toothless 'aunabs adj ownerless 'm3:6bs adj mirthless 'peipabs adj paperless 'W3:6bs adj worthless 'SApabs adj supperless adj ruthless 'ru:6bs 'wo: tabs adj waterless adj merciless 'msrsibs 'kaerektebs adj characterless adj penniless 'penibs 'marstabs adj masterless 'pitibs adj pitiless 'flaoabs adj flowerless 'Öaerikbs adj thankless 'pauabs adj powerless 'baekbs adj backless 'tjiabs adj cheerless 'traekbs adj trackless 'prabs adj peerless 'fekbs adj feckless 'esbs adj airless 'spekbs adj speckless 'heabs adj hairless adj reckless 'rekbs (AE odor-) 'lAkbs adj luckless 'audabs adj odourless 'gaulbs adj goalless (AE color-) 'teilbs adj tailless 'kAbbs adj colourless 'saulbs adj soulless (AE humor-) 'dri:mlas adj dreamless 'hjirmsbs adj humourless adj seamless 'si:mbs (AE flavor-) adj aimless 'eimbs 'fleivabs adj flavourless 'faeöambs adj fathomless 'njurzbs adj newsless 'simptsmbs adj symptom less (Xfi'klxs-) 'botambs adj bottomless 'kla:sbs adj classless 'ha:mbs adj harmless 'faetbs adj fatless 'fo:mbs adj formless 'hsetbs adj hatless 'gDimbs adj gormless 'mi:tbs adj meatless 'plasnbs adj planless 'dautbs adv doubtless 'sinbs adj sinless 'taektbs adj tactless adj painless 'peinbs 'Jiftbs adj shiftless 'brembs adj brainless '9nftbs adj thriftless

251

-s 23 'flaitbs 'saitbs 'weitlas '8o:tbs 'profitbs 'limitlas 'spintbs 'witbs fru:tbs 'giltbs failtbs 'sentbs n'lentbs 'teintbs 'pointbs 'cb:ntbs 'kauntbs 'spotbs 'bu:tbs 'ru:tbs 'a:tbs 'ha:tbs 'efatlas 'kAmfatbs 'restbs 'Iistbs n'zistbs 'rAstbs 'gAtlas 'b:bs 'fb:bs 'vju:bs 'seksbs 'ki:bs 'mAnibs 'djoibs

adj flightless adj sightless adj weightless adj thoughtless adj profitless adj limitless adj spiritless adj witless adj fruitless adj guiltless adj faultless adj scentless adj relentless adj taintless adj pointless adj dauntless adj countless adj spotless adj bootless adj rootless adj artless adj heartless adj effortless adj comfortless adj restless adj listless adj resistless adj rustless adj gutless adj lawless adj flawless adj viewless adj sexless adj keyless adj moneyless adj joyless

-nas

-ness

For the suffix -ness the dictionaries have changed the pronunciation in their recent editions from /-nis/ to /-nas/; cf Intr. 3.6

'drasbnas 'glibnas 'dAmnas 'riAmnas 'baednas 'glaednas 'maednas 'broidnas 'saednas

pig-

« drabness n glibness n dumbness n numbness n badness n gladness n madness n broadness n sadness

'hedidnas n pig-headedness laun 'hedidnas light-headedness

252

bro:dn broad'mamdidnis mindedness ,naubln 'maindidnas noble-mindedness ,hai« 'maindidnas high-mindedness laitn 'maindidnas light-mindedness .aebsantn absent'mamdidnas mindedness .nasraun narrow'mamdidnas mindedness (/l£'b:rj-) lorjn 'windidnas long-windedness 'raegidnas n raggedness 'dogidnas n dogged ness tAgidnas n ruggedness 'retjidnss n wretchedness 'neikidnss n nakedness 'wikidnas n wickedness 'krukidnas n crookedness 'rednas n redness pn'pesndnas n preparedness 'seikndnas n sacredness a'Juandnas n assuredness 'blesidnas n blessedness 'kAsidnas n cussedness m'detidnas n indebtedness ,intan interka'nektidnas connectedness ,ΛΠ-

ik'spektidnas η unexpectedness dis'dsomtidnas n disjointedness laitη 'ha:tidnas light-heartedness .haulη 'ha:tidms wholeheartedness disη 'mtrastidnas disinterestedness 'taiadnas η tiredness 'mo:bidnas η morbidness toibidnas n turbidness 'so:di:dn3S n sordidness 'paslidnas η pallidness 'solidnas n solidness 'stolidnas n stolidness 'timidnas n timidness 'vaspidnas n vapidness 'tepidnas η tepid ness m'sipidnas η insipidness 't3:pidnas η torpid ness 'hondnas n horridness

'luandnas n luridness 'vividnas η vividness 'steidnas n staidness 'bo:ldnas η baldness 'maildnas η mildness 'waildnis n wildness 'bauldnas η boldness 'kauldnss η coldness 'blaendnas n blandness 'kamdnas η kindness ,ίΛνιηη 'kaindnas loving-kindness 'blaindnas η blindness 'snaublam(d)nas n snowblindness 'fondnas η fondness 'raundnas η roundness 'saundnas η soundness 'gudnas η goodness 'ha:dnas η hardness Orkwadnas η awkwardness 'mwadnas η inwardness 'fo:wadnas η forwardness 'wiadnas n weirdness 'laudnas n loudness 'ljurdnas n lewdness 'Jrurdnas « shrewdness 'naisnas n niceness 'fiasnas η fierceness 'spru:snas n spruceness 'ru:dnas η rudeness 'kru:dnas n crudeness 'seifnas n safeness 'saevidsnas n savageness 'stremdsnas n strangeness 'Io:d3nas η largeness 'gaujnas n gaucheness laiknas η likeness 'peilnas η paleness 'steilnas η stateness im'praekimpractikablnas n ticableness ,disη a'gri:ablnas disagreeableness 'tjemdjablη nas changeableness 'veanablnas η variableness 'ri:znablnas η reasonableness 'su:tablnas η suitableness 'fi:blnas η feebleness 'nimblnas n nimbleness 'aidlnas η idleness 'siqglnas η singleness

-s 24

n vileness 'vailnas n fickleness 'fiklnas n suppleness 'SAplnas 'dsentlnas n gentleness 'litlnas n littleness 'leimnas n lameness n sameness 'seimnas 'teimnas n tameness 'gru:samnas n gruesomeness 'fülsamnas n fulsomeness n winsomeness 'wmsamnas 'laitsamnas n lightsomeness pra'femnas n profaneness 'famnas n fineness n genuineness 'dsenjumnas n oneness 'WAnnas 'praunnas n proneness dsi'djumnas n jejuneness n ripeness 'raipnas n bareness 'beanas n spareness 'speanas n rareness 'reanas 'skweanas n squareness a'weanas n awareness n sombreness 'sombanas n mcagreness 'mi:ganas 'SDinas n soreness di'mjuanas n demureness n pureness 'pjuanas 'Juanas n sureness n preciseness pn'saisnas n conciseness kan'saisnas n falseness 'fDrlsnas n denseness 'densnas 'tensnas n tenseness n verboseness V3:'bausnas n jocoseness dsau'kausnas n closeness 'klausnas n moroseness ma'rausnas n coarseness 'korsnas n hoarseness 'ho:snas n sparseness 'spa:snas n terseness 't3:snas n perverseness pa'v3:snas n diffuseness di'fju:snas n profuseness pre'fjursnas n obtuseness ab'tjir.snas si'deitnas n sedateness n ornateness oi'neitnas disn dis'paejanatnas passionateness kan'sidaratnas n considerateness 'temparatnas n temperateness

i'laebaratnas n elaborateness .ma'preun inappro pnatnas priateness i'fi:tnas n effeteness n completeness kam'pli:tnas di'skri:tnas « discreteness 'waitnis n whiteness pa'laitnas n politeness n impoliteness .impa'laitnas 'traitnas n triteness n'mautnas n remoteness n resoluteness 'rezalu:tnas 'kju:tnas n cuteness a'kju:tnas n acuteness n minuteness mai'nju:tnas (AE a'stu:t-) n astuteness a'stju-.tnas 'veignas n vagueness n opaqueness ao'peiknas ju:'ni:knas n uniqueness .piktja'reskn nas picturesqueness grau'tesknas n grotesqueness (AE 'brAsk-), 'brüsk-, 'bru:sknas n brusqueness fa'givnas n forgiveness pa'sweisivnas n persuasiveness n evasiveness i'veisivnas pa'veisivnas n pervasiveness tm'pAlsivnas n impulsiveness ik'spaensivnas n expansiveness n offensiveness a'fensivnas .komprin comprehensiveness 'hensivnas n pensiveness 'pensivnas n'sponsivnas n responsiveness di'skaisivnas n discursiveness rk'sklu:sivnas n exclusiveness 'maesivnas n massiveness n passiveness 'paesivnas im'paesivnas n impassiveness a'gresivnas n aggressiveness pre'gresivnas n progressiveness im'presivnas n impressiveness pa'zesivnas n possessiveness sab'misivnas n submissiveness pa'misivnas n permissiveness i'fju:sivnas n effusiveness kri:'eitivnas n creativeness difektivnas n defectiveness ifektivnas n effectiveness (AE ,ko:st-) ,küstn costifektivnas effectiveness .mi'fektivnas n ineffectiveness

vm'diktivnas n'stnktivnas di'stirjktivnas di'strAktivnas 'si:krativnas 'pnmitivnas m'kwizativnas 'pozativnas kam'petativnas n'tentivnas a'tentivnas 'plemtivnas n'septivnas 'spo:tivnas 'f3:tivnas 'restivnas 'defnas a'lu:fnas 'stifnas 'bUfnas 'grAfnas 'smAgnas 'snAgnas 'nAOignas 'wihrjnas An'wihqnas 'ntjnas 'sto:ntjnas 'mAtJnas 'rAfnas 'tAfnas 'Hamas 'GAranas 'rxjnas 'frejnas 'snobijnas auflaendijnas 'selfijnas An'selfijnas staend'ofijnas 'wajgijnas 'pigijnas 'pngijnas 'skgijnas 'reikifnas 'fri:kijnas 'bukifnas 'mDikiJnas fu:lijnas 'g3:lijnas 'mju:lijnas 'staihjnas 'skwi:mijnas

n vindictiveness n restrictiveness n distinctiveness n destructiveness n secretiveness n primitiveness n inquisitiveness n positiveness n competitiveness n retentiveness n attentiveness n plaintiveness n receptiveness n sportiveness n furtiveness n restiveness n deafness n aloofness n stiffness n bluffness n gruff n ess n smugness n snugness n nothingness n willingness n unwillingness n richness n staunchness n muchness n roughness n toughness n highness n thoroughness n rashness n freshness n snobbishness n outlandishness n selfishness n unselfishness n standofflshness n waggishness n piggishness n priggishness n sluggishness n rakishness n freakishness n bookishness n mawkishness n foolishness n girlishness n mulishness n stylishness n squeamishness

253

-s 25 'girmjnas 'fi:pijnas 'impijnas 'snaepi/nas 'Api/nas (or 'bo: π/-) 'buanjnas 'peti/nas 'skiti/nas 'sotijnas 'raugij"nas 'pi:vijnas 'Jrurifnas 'ha:Jnas 'smu: nas An'ku:0nas 'Jaebmas 'flffibmas 'grAbmas 'spaismas 'soismas 'redinas 'stedmas 'grirdmas 'sirdmas 'taidmas An'taidmas An'wi:ldmas 'haendmas 'saendmas 'wmdinas 'mu:dmas 'ha:dinas 'fu:lha:dmas 'ta:dmas 'W3:dmas 'st3:dmas 'daudmas 'raudmas 'gidinas 'Jodmas 'rAdinas 'pAfinas 'sufinas 'keidsmas 'steidsmas 'stodsmas 'Jaegmas 'sogmas 'mAginas 'sterjinas 'dmd3inas 'stmd3in9s

254

n greenishness n sheepishness n impishness n snappishness n uppishness

'spAndsmas 'paetjmas 'sketjmas 'tetjmas 'po:ntfinas 'tAtJinas An'helGmas 'fil9mas 'W3: mas 'kreditW3: mas 'si:w3: mas 'preizW3: mas An'w3: mas 'eaw3:8mas

n boorishness n pettishness n skittishness n sottishness n roguishness n peevishness n shrewishness n harshness n smoothness n uncouthness n shabbiness 'tTAStn flabbiness W3: mas n grubbiness 'froemas n spiciness 'Jeikmas n juiciness 'fleikmas n sauciness 'silkmas n readiness 'SAlkmas 'd33:kmas n steadiness n greediness 'psikmas n seediness 'nskinas n tidiness 'hAskinas n untidiness 'gorkmas n unwieldiness 'trikmas 'stikmas n handiness n sandiness 'W3:ldlmas n windiness frendlinas n moodiness An'frendlmas n hardiness 'kamdlinas n foolhardiness 'godlinas 'nigadlmas n tardiness n wordiness 'lo:dlmas n sturdiness An'laiklmas n dowdiness 'taimlinas n rowdiness 'kAmlmas n giddiness 'haumhnas n shoddiness 'launhnas n ruddiness 'steithnas n puffmess 'laivlmas n stuffiness 'lAvhnas n caginess 'Aglmas n staginess Oilinas 'siimlinas n stodginess Arisi:mlmas n shagginess n sogginess 'klenlmas n mugginess 'masnlmas 'slAvnhnas n slanginess n dinginess 'slaetanlmas n stinginess 'haulmas

O:dalinas n sponginess τι orderliness n patchiness 'mAOalmas n motherliness n sketchiness 'maizalmas τι miserliness n tetchiness 'neibahnas τι neighbourliness n paunchiness gudn goodn touchiness 'neibalmas neighbourliness n unhealthiness 'S3:lmas τι surliness n filthiness 'spraitlmas τι sprightliness n worthiness An'saitlinas τι unsightliness n credit'semtlmas τι saintliness worthiness 'kartlmas τι courtliness n seaworthiness 'biistlinas τι beastliness τι praise'gaustlmas n ghostliness worthiness An'ru:linas τι unruliness n unworthiness 'laulmas n lowliness n airworthiness 'sihnas τι silliness n trust'slaimmas τι sliminess worthiness 'fAnmas τι funniness τ? frothiness 'sli:pmas τι sleepiness τι shakiness 'djAmpinas n jumpiness n flakiness 'grAmpmas τι grumpiness τι silkiness n chirpiness τι sulkiness 'haepmas τι happiness τι jerkiness An'haepmas τι unhappiness τι perkiness 'skraepmas τι scrappiness τι riskiness 'slopmas n sloppiness τι huskiness (AE -paren-) τι gawkiness 'temprannas τι temporariness τι trickiness (AE 'a:rbatrennas) τι stickiness 'a:bitrannas n arbitrariness n worldliness kan'trearmas τι contrariness τι friendliness 'weannas τι wariness τι unfriendliness 'dnannas n dreariness τι kindliness 'wiannas τι weariness τι godliness 'ho.Tinas τι hoariness τι niggardliness 'to:drm3s τι tawdriness τι lordliness 'slipannas τι slipperiness τι unlikeliness 'lannas τι eeriness τι timeliness faiannas τι fleriness τι comeliness 'heannas τι hairiness τι homeliness 'sAltrmas τι sultriness τ» loneliness 'gri:smas τι greasiness τι stateliness 'flimsmas τι flimsiness τι liveliness (/•unease) τι loveliness An'i:zmas τι uneasiness τι ugliness 'kwi:zmas τι queasiness τι oiliness 'noizmas τι noisiness τι seemliness 'kUmzmas n clumsiness τι unseemliness 'kauzmas τι cosiness τι cleanliness 'prauzmas τι prosiness τι manliness 'drauzmas τι drowsiness n slovenliness 'glosmas τι glossiness n slatternliness τι holiness 'fAsinas τι fussiness

-s 26 (AE'knef-) 'kra:ftmas 'Jiftrnas 'loftrnas 'weitinas 'ho:tmas 'no:tinas 'so:ltm3S 'giltmas 'skaentmas 'demtmas 'djDintmas 'emptmas (AE 'naes-) 'narstinas 'heistmas 'testmas 'mistmas 'frostmas 'blAd63:stmas 'rriAStmas 'rAStmas 'kaetmas 'petinas 'pntmas 'smAtinas 'hevinas 'Jauinas 'heizmas 'leizmas 'kreizmas 'wirzmas 'bri:zmas 'dizinas 'fAZinas 'biznas 'Jau-biznas 'vilanes 'wi:knas 'sli:knas 'mi:knas 'raeqknas 'fraeqknas 'da:knas 'blaeknas 'slaeknas '8iknas 'siknas 'sli:piqsiknas 'ea-siknas 'si:siknas 'haumsiknas

n craftiness n shiftiness n loftiness n weightiness n haughtiness n naughtiness n saltiness n guiltiness n scantiness n daintiness n jauntiness

n emptiness n nastiness n hastiness

n testiness n mistiness n frostiness

n bloodthirstiness n mustiness n rustiness n cattiness n pettiness n prettiness n smuttiness n heaviness n showiness n haziness n laziness n craziness n wheeziness n breeziness n dizziness

n fuzziness n business n show-business n villainess

n weakness n sleekness n meekness n rankness n frankness n darkness n blackness n slackness n thickness n sickness

n sleeping-sickness n air-sickness n seasickness n homesickness

'koisiknas n carsickness 'kwiknas n quickness n illogicalness i'lodsiklnas 'naet/relnas n naturalness 'graedjuslnas n gradualness i'fektjuslnas n effectualness 'ku:lnas n coolness 'dredfalnas n dreadfulness 'mamdflnas n mindfulness 'greisflnas n gracefulness 'pi:sflnas n peacefulness 'foisfalnas n forcefulness (AE n'sD:rs-) n'zo:s-, n'soisfalnas n resourcefulness 'weikfalnes n wakefulness (AE tu:n-) 'tju:nfalnas n tunefulness 'haupflnas n hopefulness 'keafolnas n carefulness juisfslnas n usefulness 'greitfalnss n gratefulness An'greitfalnas n ungratefulness 'spartfslnss n spitefulness dis'teistfslnas n distastefulness 'wotjfalnss n watchfulness 'feieflnss n faithfulness ,An'fei6f3ln3S n unfaithfulness 'ju:8falnas n youthfulness 'tru:9f9ln3s n truthfulness Oaeqkfalnas n thankfulness 'wilfolnas n wilfulness 'smfalnas n sinfulness 'helpfslnas n helpfulness 'frafalnas n fearfulness 'tjiafalnas n cheerfulness niglektfalnas n neglectfulness fa'getfalnas n forgetfulness 'raitflnas n rightfulness 'fraitfalnas n frightfulness 'Bo-.tfslnas n thoughtfulness di'si:tfulnas n deceitfulness •fruitfslnss « fruitfulness 'aitfalnas n artfulness 'restfalnas n restfulness dis'tTAStfslnas n distrustfulness 'pleifalnas n playfulness 'djoifalnas n joyfulness 'faulnas n foulness 'smo:ln3s n smallness 'ilnas n illness 'Jnlnas n shrillness 'stilnss n stillness n dullness 'dAlnas

fulnas n fullness 'dimnas n dimness 'shmnss n slimness 'grimnas n grim ness 'primnss n primness (AE also ka:lm-) 'ka:mn3S n calmness 'raendamnas n randomness 'lisamnas n lissomness ,lu:k'wD:mn3s n lukewarmness 'f3:mn3s n firmness 'glAirinas n glumness 'li:nnos n leanness 'miinnas n meanness 'wonnas n wanness 'drAqkannas n drunkenness 'sAdnnas n suddenness ,autn 'spaukannas outspokenness 'SAlannas n sullenness 'aupannas n openness 'baerannas n barrenness 'rotnnas n rottenness 'i:vnnas n evenness An'i:vnnas n unevenness 'ki:nnas n keenness Omnas n thinness 'plemnas n plainness 'solamnas n solemnness 'wontannas n wantonness 'st3:nnas n sternness 'stAbannas n stubbornness fa'lo:nnas n forlornness (BE ,di:ka'nes) AE 'di:kanas n deaconess (BE .baera'nes) AE 'beranas n baroness 'tji:pnas n cheapness n deepness 'di:pnas 'sti:pnas n steepness 'daempnas n dampness 'Iimpnas n limpness 'Ja:pnas n sharpness n crispness 'knspnas v,« harness 'ha:nas 'dianas n dearness 'klianas n clearness 'nianas n nearness 'wildanas n wilderness 'slendanas n slenderness 'tendanas n tenderness n eagerness 'i:ganas ta'geöanas n togetherness n bitterness 'bitanas

255

-s 27 'klevanas 'kwianas 'feanas ,An'feanas 'puanas 'sauanas

n cleverness n queerness n fairness n unfairness n poorness n sourness

ten'denn tendenJasnas tiousness .konji'enn conscienJasnas tiousness pn'tenjasnas n pretentiousness 'bAmpJasnas n bumptiousness 'nokfasnas n noxiousness ab'nokjasnas n obnoxiousness

'kaelasnas n callousness 'kwerulasnas n querulousness mitikjulasnas n meticulousness 'ti:diasnas i'noimasnas n enormousness pa'fidiasnas 'hemasnas n heinousness m'sidiasnas abn ob fa'stidiasnas 'streparasnas streperousness milaudiasnas 'boistarasnas n boisterousness 'stju:diasnas 'po:rasnas n porousness 'biliasnas 'kAvitasnas n covetousness BE ,sju:-, man mo,su:pa'mentasnas mentousness 'sihasnas 'misn mis pAnk'tihasnas tjivasnas chievousness 'n3:vasnas n nervousness n'behasnas ab'raitjasnas n righteousness 'sti:miasnas ,simln simul,An,sen'teimasnas taneousness 'maumasnas sponn sponpn'keanasnas 'temrasnas taneousness nifeanasnas sa'leijasnas n salaciousness gn'geanasnas ti'nei/asnas n tenaciousness la'gu:bnasnas 'speijasnas n spaciousness im'pianasnas 'greijasnas n graciousness 'sianasnas la'kweijasnas n loquaciousness ,Ak'sD:nasnas 'spirjasnas n speciousness pi'njuanasnas 'prejasnas n preciousness 'spjuanasnas djui'dijasnas n judiciousness Obviasnas a'fi/asnas n officiousness 'di:viasnas pa'mjasnas n perniciousness la'siviasnas ka'pnjasnas n capriciousness ab'si:kwiasnas ,menn mere'tnjasnas triciousness 'senjuasnas 'vijasnas n viciousness 'faetjuasnas pn'kaujasnas n precociousness 'SAmp'konjasnas n consciousness tjuasnas selfn selfva'Up'konjasnas consciousness tjuasnas ,SAbn subkan'konjasnas consciousness 'spikjuasnas ΛΠ« unpa'konjasnas consciousness 'spikjuasnas 'UJasnas n lusciousness infraekjasnas n fractiousness 'dsenjuasnas fa'si:Jasnas n facetiousness ,dismlai'senjasnas n licentiousness 'djenjuasnas

256

n tediousness n perfidiousness n insidiousness n fastidiousness n melodiousness n studiousness n biliousness n superciliousness n punctiliousness n rebelliousness n abstemiousness n unceremoniousness n precariousness n nefariousness n gregariousness n lugubriousness n imperiousness n seriousness n uxoriousness n penuriousness n spuriousness n obviousness n deviousness n lasciviousness « obse quiousness n sensuousness n fatuousness n sumptuousness n voluptuousness n conspicuousness n perspicuousness n in genuousness n disin genuousness

'strenjuasnas 'djoiasnas

« strenuousness n joyousness

-lasnas

-lessness

For the suffix -lessness the dictionaries note for either syllable the vowel /-a-/ or l-\-l. Some have both, some have changed /-a-/ to l-ι-Ι in the latest editions.

'frendlasnas n friendlessness 'mamdlasnas n mindlessness 'godlasnas n godlessness difenslasnas n defencelessness 'Jeimlasnas n shamelessness (AE 'tu:n-) 'tju:nlasnas n tunelessness 'Jeiplasnas n shapelessness 'hauplasnas n hopelessness 'kealasnas n carelessness 'noizlasnas n noiselessness 'senslasnas n senselessness 'ju:slasnas n uselessness 'feiBlasnas n faithlessness 'warGlasnas n worthlessness 'ru'Glasnas n ruthlessness 'feklasnas n fecklessness 'reklasnas n recklessness 'sinlasnas n sinlessness 'sli:plasnas n sleeplessness 'helplasnas n helplessness fialasnas n fearlessness 'tjralasnas n cheerlessness 'taektlasnas n tactlessness 'Snftlasnas n thriftlessness 'weitlasnas n weightlessness '9D:tlasnas n thoughtlessness 'fru:tlasnas n fruitlessness 'a:tlasnas n artlessness 'ha:tlasnas n heartlessness 'restlasnas n restlessness 'listlasnas n listlessness 'b:Iasnas n lawlessness 'dsoilasnas n joylessness n'misnas 'grausnas faetnas 'flaetnas 'ni:tnas 'greitnas kam'paektnas ig'zaektnas irektnas

n remissness n grossness n fatness n flatness n neatness n greatness n compactness n exactness n erectness

-s 28

(or di-, dai-) (AE 'vaest-) 'soqstras n songstress da'rektnas n directness 'va:stnas n vastness ad'ventjaras n adventuress ka'rektnas n correctness '3:nistnas n earnestness 'mistras n mistress .mka'rektnas H incorrectness reuljAstnas n robustness 'geimz'stnktnas n strictness 'djAstnas n justness mistras n games-mistress 'to:tnas n tautness sak'sirjktnas n succinctness hed'mistras n headmistress 'staotnas n stoutness 'sku:lmistras n schoolmistress di'stmktnas n distinctness di'vautnas n devoutness 'paustmistras .mdi'stirjktnas n indistinctness n postmistress 'fli:tnas n fleetness fju:nas n fewness 'semstras, 'swi:tnas n sweetness 'njurnas n newness 'si:mstras n seamstress 'kwaiatnas 77 quietness 'launes n Iowness 'maetras n mattress n deftness 'kasbunas n callowness spnq-'maetras n spring-mattress 'deftnas 'melaunas n mellowness 'swiftnas n swiftness 'bAtras v, n buttress n softness 'jebunas n yellowness 'snftnas 'prokjuras n procuress n slowness n lightness 'sbunas 'laitnes 'kauntes n countess n narrowness n slightness 'nasraunas 'slaitnas Vaikauntas n viscountess n shyness n Tightness 'Jamas 'raitnas .hau'stes, n slyness 'daonraitnas n downrightness 'slainas 'haüstas n hostess n dryness n uprightness 'dramas 'Apraitnas 'geinas n gayness 'braitnas H brightness n coyness n tightness 'koinas 'taitnas 'streitnas n straightness ges v,n guess n explicitness aem'baisadras n ambassadress ik'splisitnas 'wo:dras n wardress n fitness 'fitnas n unfitness 'so:saras n sorceress -WIS/-UCSS Arifitnas 'msidaras n murderess a'draitnas n adroitness (/•marquis) a'dAltsras n adulteress 'maeb'ma:kwis n marquess n tigress 'taigras droitnas n maladroitness v,n witness (BE 'koqgres) 'witnas n congress n eyewitness /4£'ko:qgras 'aiwitnas n millionairess n pleasantness .miha'nearas 'plezntnas 'dsuus n Jewess AiVplezntnas n unpleasantness (or ea'res) n heiress 'earas m'tentnas n intentness 'D:9aras n authoress 'femtnas n faintness n prioress 'prararas 'kwemtnas n quaintness 'prauas n prowess n bluntness (BE mea'res) 'blAntnas AE 'mcaras n mayoress 'go:ntnas n gauntness n empress -IS/-1SS 'empras 'aeptnas n aptness 'saipras n cypress a'brAptnas n abruptness his v n hiss ai'dobtras n idolatress n corruptness ka'rAptnas kis v n kiss 'aektras n actress -artness) (AE -a:rtnas Klic hlicc ujin ftH uiisa n benefactress n smartness 'benifaektras 'sma:tnas mis n Miss kan'dAktras n conductress 'ta:tnas n tartness mis v, n miss in'strAktras n instructress (AE -3:rtnas -ertness) a'mis adj.adv amiss n proprietress a'l3:tnas n alertness pra'praiatras n'mis adj remiss n traitress 'treitras n pertness 'p3:tnas (/'premise) 'weitras n waitress n expertness 'eksp3:tnas 'premis v,« premiss -ortness) (AE -'tjaent-) (AE -o:rtnas di/mis v dismiss m'tjarntras n enchantress 'Jortnas n shortness pis v, n piss n huntress 'hAntras (A E -arrtnas -urtness) n curtness 'skAlptras n sculptress 'k3:tnas 'temptras n temptress (AE'fxs-) -WIS/-W1SS 'faitras n fortress 'fa:stnas n fastness swis n.adj Swiss 'aensestras n ancestress 'stedfa:stnas n steadfastness

-es/-uess

-u:ös/-ewess

-aüssAowess

257

-s 29

-OS/-OSS (AE o:s/-oss) b s ν,η boss dos v doss djos n joss los n loss flos n floss 'kaendi-flos n candy-floss glos ν,η gloss mas η moss kros v,n,adj cross ,dAbl-'kros ν,η double-cross ,ma:kit-'kiOS η market-cross a'kros adv,prep across An'kros ν uncross 'knskros v,adj,adv criss-cross dros η dross 'aelbatros η albatross tos ν,η toss

-o:s/-oss

258

greus irigraus

-AS/-USS 'bUndabAS kAS

kan'kAS di'skAS fAS

pus tTAS

SAS

'tre3ara(r) paundz ,di: ,i: 'es 'prezidant 'tju:zdei w blunderbuss 'bildiqz η cuss miz ν concuss 'maenjaskript 'ga:dnz ν discuss 'mtjiz ν,η fuss η puss 'nAmtez 'misiz ν,η truss 'Oaizdei V SUSS v,n,adj gross ν engross

'V3:S9S

-is/-yss η abyss

9'blS

-i'/-its

(/•BE -DS/-OSS) ΑΕ-Ύ.5

abbr

-9 S/-OSS

-OSS

.vaegon 'li:

«p/ wagons-lits

abbr treas abbr pi Ibs aAor DES abbr Pres abbr Tues aAir Bldgs abbr Ms a^ftr MS abbr Gdns abbr pi ins abbr pi nos aofer Mrs aoftr Thurs aoor vs

-t There are 6 sections in the series of words ending in -t: (1) t spelt as a single letter (/ti:/), and alphabetisms pronounced letter by letter, eg GMT If r. ,em 'ti:/ (Greenich Mean Time). (2) A section of words where final -/ preceded by one or more vowel letters corresponds to the phoneme /-t/: from at /act/ to betwixt /bi'twikst/. (3) A section of words where final -/ is not pronounced: from nougat Aiu:ga:/ to ragout /rae'gu:/ (p -t 30). (4) A word where final -t together with preceding -d- corresponds to the phoneme /-t/: veldt /velt/. (5) A section of words where final -/ is doubled: from matt /maet/ ioputt /pAt/ (p -t 31). (6) Short forms ending in -/ which have no direct spelling-to-sound correspondences and are pronounced according to the full written form of the words, eg ft /fi:!/ (feet) (p -t 31).

Η 11.Ί\ /l ti: ,vi: ,ei 'ti: ,di: ,di: 'ti: ,d5i: ,em 'ti: ,en 'ti: ,ti: ,en 'ti: ,au 'ti: ,pi: 'ti: ,bi: ,es 'ti:

-t/-t *sf

n t, T abbr VAT abbr DDT abbr GMT abbr NT abbr TNT abbr OT abbr PT abbr BST

^f

-aet/-at (strong f) st .wea'raet baet 'bnkbaet 'kombaet 'wombaet 'aekrebaet kaet 'sivit-kaet 'taebi-kaet 'waildkaet 'paulkast maeg'mfikaet 'helkaet 'tomkaet skaet 'kopikaet

prep at αΛ whereat v, n bat n brickbat

ν,η combat n wombat n acrobat n cat « civet-cat n tabby-cat adj wildcat n polecat n Magnificat n hellcat n tomcat inter] scat n copycat

rast 'pusikast n pussycat ν,η rat kan'kD:daet n concordat 'W3:to-raet η water-rat faet ν,η, adj fat 'sju:a-raet « sewer-rat bi'gaet pt (archaic) begat brast n brat n hat 'demakraet hast η democrat Opare-haet η opera-hat 'teknakraet η technocrat « slouch-hat (AE a'rist-) slautj-'haet 'asnstakrast n sunhat η aristocrat 'sAnhaet 'o:tokra2t tjast ν,η chat η autocrat η chit-chat 'plu:tekraet 'tfit-tjaet η plutocrat (AE back talk) 'bjuarakraet η bureaucrat n backchat 'baektjaet draet ν drat Jast 'mAskrast n muskrat pt.pp shat oast det.pron, spraet η sprat adv,conj that saet pt.pp sat 'faiaet, 'fi:aet η flat 'beibisaet pt.pp babysat n,adj,adv flat flaet taet ν,η tat (AE'stu:-) (also esp A E ,tit fa 'last η tit for tat studio apartment) ,rast-a-'taet also rat-a-tat, η studio flat ,ra2t-3-tast-'tast 'stju:diau flaet rat-a-tat-tat, slaet η slat ,raet-'taet η rat-tat maet v,n,adj mat 'hasbitast η habitat 'prea-mast η prayer-mat 'ri:astaet η rheostat 'bia-maet n beer- m at 'e3:m9stast η thermostat 'teiblmaet n tablemat (also photostat) 'do:maet n doormat 'fautastast η Photostat n diplomat 'diplamaet vast η vat O:temaet n automat kra'vast η cravat n format 'fa: maet naet n gnat >./ A abbr lat -9l/-PP dealt pt,pp misdealt

-elt/-elt belt 'ka:tnd3-belt 'draiviq-belt 'fsen-belt kan'vera-belt 'si:t-belt 'seifti-belt 'laifbelt (kelt seit, kelt

nelt pelt spelt .mis'spelt

ρί,ρρ,η felt n underfelt adj heartfelt v melt ν,ρί,ρρ smelt (or esp AE kneeled) pt, pp knelt v.n pelt ρί,ρρ,η spelt ρί,ρρ misspelt

-welt/-welt welt dwelt

(^ -o: It-alt)

-wit/-uit

bru:t n'kru:t

wit 'ha:fwit 'nitwit .aufwit

-DltAalt

-ju:it/-uit

kwit a'kwit

-wit/-wit

'pirwit twit

-juit/-uit

(AE also -'tu:it) m'tjunt

n Jesuit

felt 'Andafelt 'ha:tfelt melt smelt

v,n belt w cartridge-belt η driving-belt η fan-belt η conveyer-belt η seat-belt « safety-belt η lifebelt also Kelt) n Celt

η welt pt dwelt

-iltAilt gilt hilt dsilt kilt lilt milt spilt silt tilt stilt

ρρ,η gilt η hilt v,n jilt η kilt v,n lilt η milt ρί,ρρ spilt v,« silt v,n tilt η stilt

-oilt/-oilt spoilt An'spoilt

/",W spoilt adj unspoilt

-ilt/-uilt bill pt.PP built 'skwea-bilt at^' square-built 'p3:p3s-bilt adj purpose-built .kAStsm-'bilt adj custom-built 'khqks-bilt adj clinker-built 'dsen-bilt adj jerry-built ,ri:'bilt ρί,ρρ rebuilt .m'bilt adj inbuilt gilt n guilt

-wilt/-uilt kwilt

η quilt

-wilt/-wilt wilt

v wilt

-t 11

-aent/-ant

-Q lt/-0lt

v,n,adv bolt (^ also -a:nt/-ant) aent η ant n safety-bolt v unbolt baent v bant kaent v,« cant n thunderbolt di'kaent v decant n colt n'kaent v recant n dolt skaent v.adj scant v, n jolt (BE moult) 'deskaent η descant di'skaent v descant mault ν,ηΑΕ molt vault « volt .konfi'daent η confidant n'vault v,« revolt .koman'daent η commandant 'sikafaent η sycophant (or 'gaelant) -Alt/-Ult ga'laent η gallant kAlt η cult paent v,n pant (/l£a'kAlt) raent v,« rant OkAlt n,adj occult (or 'ekstont) ek'stzent adj extant or ae'dAlt li'vaent v levant 'aedAlt n,adj adult .gaeli'vaent v gallivant (ΛΕ'ηι:-) 'tju:mAlt η tumult 'kastapAlt v,n catapult n'zAlt v,n result 'msAlt η insult (AE -aent/-ant) tja:nt v,n chant in'SAlt v insult m'tjamt v enchant kan'sAlt v consult pla:nt v,« plant ig'ZAlt v exult 'rok-plo:nt η rock-plant 'kotn-pla:nt η cotton-plant ι - / „14-9II/-U11 ri:'plo:nt v replant 'difikalt adj difficult 'egplant η eggplant im'plo:nt v implant traens'pla:nt v transplant 'transplant η transplant fork v,n fault sa'plornt v supplant di'fo:It v,n default slo:nt v,« slant 'futfo:lt η footfault gra:nt v,« grant 'sAmaso:lt v,n somersault (/* 'restront) a'so:lt v,« assault AE 'restara:nt η restaurant vo:lt v,« vault (/k(r)wa:so:) 'paul-vo:lt « pole-vault AE k(r)wa:'sa:nt croissant ka:nt short form can't Ja:nt short/arm shan't bault 'seifti-bault An'bault 'BAndabault kault dault djault

-a:nt/-ant

-o:lt/-ault

-3ult/-OUlt mault

(AE molt) v,« moult

-emtAeamt dremt An'dremt

(or dreamed) pt*PP dreamt adj undreamt

-ont/-ant (AE -tarant) also 'restaro:(q), 'restront

-ant/-ant

η restaurant

'veikant 'mendikant sig'mfikant .msig'mfikant 'aeplikant 'sAplikant ka'mjurmkant 'lu:bnkant m'toksikant 'desikant

adj vacant n,adj mendicant adj significant adj insignificant n applicant η supplicant η communicant η lubricant n.adj intoxicant n desiccant (also ascendent) a'sendant η ascendant di'sendant η descendant defendant η defendant 'pendant η pendant (also esp AE -dent) di'pendant η dependant a'tendant n.adj attendant 'fondant η fondant a'bAndant adj abundant BE also ,sju:-, ,su:paradj a'bAndant superabundant ,auvaradj a'bAndant overabundant n'dAndant adj redundant kan'kordant adj concordant di'sko:dant adj discordant 'infant η infant 't3:magant η termagant ik'straevagant adj extravagant 'ehgant adj elegant .m'ehgant adj inelegant 'litigant η litigant 'aeragant adj arrogant (S£y'pfl:Jo:) y4£'pentfant η penchant 'trentfant adj trenchant 'msujant η merchant 'kautjant adj couchant 'elifant η elephant raug-'ehfant η rogue-elephant trai'Amfant adj triumphant 'nonjalant adj nonchalant 'si:lant η sealant '.sibilant n,adj sibilant 'dsurbilant adj jubilant 'vidjilant adj vigilant An'vidjilant adj unvigilant a'seilant η assailant 'ku:lant η coolant 'stimjulant η stimulant (ΑΕ-φ-) 'petjulant adj petulant 269

-t 12 (AE-tl*-) 'postjulant n postulant (or ga'laent) 'gaelant adj,n gallant 'topgaelant n.adj topgallant 'flaedjalant n flagellant pra'pelant n,adj propellant a'pelant n,adj appellant 'aedamant n,adj adamant 'kleimant n claimant 'd;>:mant adj dormant irifo:mant n informant 'tenant v, n tenant .kau'tenant n cotenant (AE lu:'t-) leftenant n lieutenant ,SAb lef tenant n sub-lieutenant 'kAvanant v, n covenant 'stasgnant adj stagnant 'regnant adj regnant 'pregnant adj pregnant m'dignant adj indignant malignant adj malignant bi'mgnant adj benignant n'pAgnant adj repugnant 'pomjant adj poignant kan'taemmant n contaminant 'dominant adj dominant predominant adj predominant di'tsrminant n,adj determinant 'ru:mmant n.adj ruminant kam'plemant n complainant 'remnant n remnant 'rezanant adj resonant 'konsanant n,adj consonant 'disanant adj dissonant 'penant n pennant

'tolarant m'tobrant ai'tmarant a'dAltarant

adj tolerant adj intolerant adj itinerant n adulterant

'fleigrant 'freigrant Veigrant 'maigrant 'emigrant 'imigrant 'aespirant di:'audarant 'k3:marant 'ignarant ik'spektarant

adj flagrant adj fragrant n.adj vagrant n migrant n emigrant n immigrant n aspirant n deodorant n cormorant adj ignorant n expectorant

n'kaelsitrant 'entrant 'mmistrant 'taiarant

adj recalcitrant n entrant n,adj ministrant « tyrant

n'sAltant kan'sAltant n'pentant Ann'pentant a'kauntant

adj resultant n consultant adj repentant adj unrepentant n accountant

kan'testant 'protistant 'distant ,i:kwi'distant n'zistant a'sistant 'Jop-asistant 'instant 'konstant m'konstant pa'lu:tont ig'zekjutant 'aedjutant (or ek'stajnt) 'ekstant 'sekstant (AE sae'va:nt) 'saevant

n contestant n,adj Protestant adj distant adj equidistant adj resistant n assistant n shop-assistant n.adj instant n.adj constant adj inconstant n pollutant n executant n adjutant

'aerant adj arrant (AE 'wo:r-) 'worant v,« warrant 'dividendn 'relevant .worant dividend-warrant i'relavant 'S3:tj"-worant n search-warrant 'S3:vant 'deG-worant n death-warrant 'erant adj errant 'bDdi-s3:vant naits-'erantw/)/ knights-errant 'meidssivant nait-'erant n knight-errant 'maens3:vant ae'berant adj aberrant ab'Z3:vant 'kArant n currant .Anab'zsivant blaek'kArant n blackcurrant 'kognizant kam'pleizant adj complaisant 'rekjuzant n.adj recusant 'pwi:sant adj puissant 'kombatant n.adj combatant non'kombatant n noncombatant

adj extant n sextant n savant adj relevant adj irrelevant n servant n body-servant n maidservant n manservant adj observant adj unobservant adj cognizant

-nt/-ant

pa:'tisipant n participant 'pednt n pedant 'raempant adj rampant 'vs:dnt adj verdant Okjupant n occupant 'mo:dnt adj mordant 'flipant adj flippant kan'v3:snt adj conversant 'selibrant n celebrant 'feznt n pheasant 'vaibrant adj vibrant .dism'fektant n,adj disinfectant 'pleznt adj pleasant ik'spektant adj expectant 'kwodrant n quadrant An'pleznt adj unpleasant n'Uktant adj reluctant 'peznt n peasant 'haidrant n hydrant m'haebitant n inhabitant n'v3:barant adj reverberant m'sesnt adj incessant ig'zD:bitant adj exorbitant 'bleitnt adj blatant (/4£prau'tu:-) pra'tju:barant adj protuberant 'militant n,adj militant im'po:tnt adj important kan'komitant n,adj concomitant self-im'pD:tnt adj self-important (AE -zu:-) ig'zju:barant adj exuberant 'intant n,adj irritant ,Amm'pD:tnt adj unimportant pripondarant adj preponderant ,kaunta'nntant n counterirritant 'hezitant adj hesitant n'fndjarant n.adj refrigerant 'vizitant n visitant (AE 'restront) ig'zAltant adj exultant /iE'restarant n restaurant lent pt,pp leant

-ent/-eant

270

-t 13 ment 'wel-ment

pt.pp meant adj well-meant

(BE wont) AEw.nt

-9nt/-eant 'paedsant 'scr.djant (AE 'staef--) 'sta:f sa:d3ant

n pageant n sergeant n staff sergeant

n.adj recreant n miscreant

-isntAiant m'su:si9nt 'reidiant Vasliant ,di:'fauliant 'SAphant 'bnliant Veanant lAg'juanant 'di:viant

adj insouciant adj radiant adj valiant n defoliant n.adj suppliant adj brilliant n.adj variant adj luxuriant n.adj deviant

adj defiant n giant adj reliant adj self-reliant adj pliant adj compliant

adj piquant

-u:snt/-uant 'tru:ant

n truant

-ju:ont/-uant pa'sjurant

adj pursuant

-wt>nt/-want (AE wo:nt) wont

flaem'boiant kleg'voiant

adj flamboyant n clairvoyant

'boiant

adj buoyant

-aednt/-adnft contr hadn't

-i:dnt/-eednft 'ni:dnt

contr needn't

-idnt/-idnft 'didnt

contr didn't

- dnt/-ouldn*t 'k dnt 'Judnt

-3nt/-uant 'pirkant

-oi9nt/-oyant

'haednt

-arentMant di'faiant 'djaiant n'laiant ,self-n'laiant 'plaiant kam'plaiant

v,« want

-oi9nt/-uoyant

-iont/-eant 'reknant 'misknant

-wo:nt/-want

ν,η want

contr couldn't contr shouldn't

-w dntAwouldn't 'wudnt

contr wouldn't

-ent/-ent bent .Aribent sent pa'sent ask'sent sent a'sent di'sent dent 'indent m'dent djent lent blent ri'lent b'ment Ornament si'ment

pt,pp,n,adj bent pt.pp unbent n cent n percent v accent ν,η scent η ascent η descent ν,η dent η indent ν indent η gent pt>PP lent pt.pp blent ν relent ν,η lament ν ornament ν,η cement

'sAphment fraeg'ment seg'ment 3:g'ment 'k mpliment fau'ment 'farment fa'ment 'to:ment to:'ment 'dokjument 'koment a'nent n'pent spent .Anda'spent

ν supplement ν fragment ν segment ν augment v compliment ν foment η ferment ν ferment η torment ν torment ν document ν,η comment prep anent ν repent pt,pp,adj spent pt,pp,adj underspent .auva'spent pt.pp overspent .mis'spent pt.pp misspent rent ρί,ρρ, ν,η rent 'graund-rent « ground-rent 'rask-rent « rack-rent n'zent ν resent pn'zent ν,η present ('send again') ,ri:pri'zent ν represent ('be present as') .repn'zent ν represent ,mis,repn'zent ν misrepresent sent pt'PP sent ab'sent ν absent 'hevnsent adj heavensent kan'sent ν,η consent a'sent ν,η assent di'sent ν,η dissent tent η tent in'tent n.adj intent ('what is in sth') 'kontent η content ('being satisfied1)

kan'tent adj,n,v content 'maelkantent n,adj malcontent .diskan'tent ν,η discontent ik'stent η extent vent ν,η vent i'vent n event 'nonivent n nonevent pn'vent ν prevent ,s3:kam'vent ν circumvent m'vent ν invent

-sntAent 'laembant

adj lambent

271

-t 14

n'kAmbant in'kAmbant ab'zo:b-, ab'so:bant kam'pleisant 'aeksant

adj recumbent n,adj incumbent

'dekadant 'president

n.adj decadent n precedent

'aeksidant (AE 'cr.k-) Oksidant 'msidant kau'msidant 'difidant 'konfidant self'konfidant

n accident

n.adj absorbent adj complacent n accent

'konfidant

n Occident n,adj incident adj coincident adj diffident adj confident adj self-confident adj overconfident

'rezidant non'rezidant 'prezidant 'disidant 'evidant self-'evidant 'provident im'providant

n.adj resident adj nonresident n president n, adj dissident adj evident adj self-evident adj provident adj improvident

,aUV3-

(/-ascendant) n ascendent a'sendant traen'sendant adj transcendent n'splendant adj resplendent adj pendent 'pendant (also esp AE: n) adj dependent di'pendant .mdi'pendant n,adj independent adj .intadiinterdependent 'pendant BE also ,sju:-. n ,su:pannsuperintendent 'tendant dispondant adj despondent n respondent n'spondant ,ka -n'spondant n co-respondent

(ΑΕ^-.τ-) .kora'spondant 'impjudant

n correspondent adj impudent

n agent 'eidjant n land-agent 'laend-eidjant 'Jipiq-eidjant n shipping-agent 272

•pres-eidsant rir'eidjant 'nju:zeid3ant 'ri:d3ant 'indidsant 'neglidsant 'dihdsant in'telidjant ,Anm'telid3ant m'traensidsant 'egzidsant m'dAldsant ,selfm'dAldsant n'fAldjent ifAldsant 'plaend3ant 'taendsant 'strindsant a'strmdsant kan'tmdsant 'pAnd3ant 'kaudsant 'a:d3ant i'm3:d3ant dit3:d3ant dai'v3:d3ant kan'v3:d3ant '3:d3ant n's3:d3ant m'ssrdsant 'taelant 'prevalant aem'bivabnt i'kwivabnt

n press-agent n reagent n newsagent n,adj regent adj indigent adj negligent adj diligent adj intelligent adj unintelligent adj intransigent adj exigent adj indulgent adj self-indulgent adj refulgent adj effulgent adj plangent n tangent adj stringent n,adj astringent n,adj contingent adj pungent adj cogent n,adj argent adj emergent n,adj detergent adj divergent adj convergent adj urgent adj resurgent n,adj insurgent n talent adj prevalent adj ambivalent n,adj equivalent

'pestilant 'sailant 'redalant 'indalant 'somnalant 'insalant ma'levalant ba'nevalant 'vaialant 'pjuaralant 'virolant 't3:bj lant 'trAkjulant 'sAkjulant 'fro:dj lant Opjulant 'ko:pjulant n'pelant pra'pelant

adj pestilent adj silent adj redolent adj indolent adj somnolent adj insolent adj malevolent adj benevolent adj violent adj purulent adj virulent adj turbulent adj truculent n,adj succulent adj fraudulent adj opulent adj corpulent n,adj repellent n,adj propellent

'eksalant adj excellent mi'dikamant n medicament prfdikamant n predicament 'liniamant n lineament 'ligamant n ligament filamant n filament 'armamant n armament ri:'a:mamant n rearmament dis'aimamant n disarmament 'fsrmamant n firmament O:namant n Ornament (AE 'to:n-,'t3:n-) 'tuanamant n tournament 'saekramant n sacrament 'tempramant n temperament a:'bitramant n arbitrament .hen'ditamant n hereditament 'testomant n testament 'patlamant n parliament (AE -maend-) ka'mo:ndmant n commandment dis'basndmant n disbandment a'mendmant n amendment si'kondmant n secondment bom'ba:dmant n bombardment Odmant n oddment 'elimant 'implimant 'impliment 'komphmant 'SAplimant

n element n implement v implement ν,η complement n Supplement

'klemant m'klemant

adj clement adj inclement

'tenamant 'mkramant 'ekskramant

n tenement n increment n excrement

n defacement di'feismant n effacement i'feismant n placement 'pleismant n'pleismant n replacement im'pleismant n emplacement n displacement dis'pleismant n enticement m'taismant (AE m'hasns-) m'harnsmant n enhancement (AE ad'vaens-) ad'va:nsmant n advancement ka'mensmant n commencement a'naonsmant n announcement n prapronouncement 'naunsmant

-t 15

m'forsrrrant n enforcement ,ri:m'fD:smant n reinforcement m'djuismant n inducement 'maenidsmant n management ,misn 'masmdsmant mismanagement din 'spasndjmant disparagement irikAndsmant n encouragement disn 'kAndjmant discouragement m'geidjmant n engagement ,dism'geidsmant n disengagement di'reindjmant n derangement a'reindjnwnt n arrangement ,ri:n a'reindjmant rearrangement ,pri:n a'reindjmant prearrangement ,dis« a'remdsmant disarrangement i'stremdjmant n estrangement im'pindsmant n impingement irifnndjmant n infringement m'laidsmant n enlargement (also -ledgment); n ak'nrjhdjmant acknowledgement (also abridgment) a'bndjmant n abridgement (also judgment) 'd^Adjmant n judgement ,pri:'djAdsmant n prejudgement

in'9raunmant a'taunmant iskeipmant i'tauprrrant 'beismant 'ba:gan 'beismant a'beismant selfa'beismant di'beismant 'keismant

n enthronement n'taomant « atonement a'kwaiamant n escapement n'kwaramant n elopement (AE -figja-) dis'figamant n basement 'mejamant n bargain g'luamant basement pra'kjiramant n abasement 'fraegmant 'segmant n self-abasement 'figmant n debasement 'pigmant n casement

(A E .aedvar'taizmant) (also advert, ad) ad'vartismant n advertisement m'doismant n endorsement ,ri:im'barsmant n reimbursement dis'baismant n disbursement 3'pi:zmant n appeasement m'fraenn tjizmant enfranchisement tjae'staizmant n chastisement a'mjurzmant n amusement a'beitmant n abatement 'steitmant n statement .rir'steitmant n restatement ,ri:m'steitmant n reinstatement Xndasteitmant n understatement '3UV3-

im'peilmant n impalement steitmant n overstatement dis'eiblmant n disablement .mis'steitmant n misstatement in'saitmant n incitement i'naublmant n ennoblement m'ssrklmant n encirclement ik'saitmant n excitement in'taerjglmant n entanglement m'sleivmant n enslavement ,disn iritaerjglmant disentanglement 'peivnrant n pavement bi'rirvmant n bereavement di'failmant n defilement iritaitlmant n entitlement a'tfiivmsnt n achievement dis.Andara n under't|i:vmant achievement 'maentlmant n dismantlement m'volvmant n involvement 'setlmant n settlement 'mu'.vmant « movement ,ri:'setlmant n resettlement im'bezlmant n embezzlement im'prurvmant n improvement 'pAzlmant n puzzlement a'meizmant n amazement a'graendiz(or -isement) ri'fainmant n refinement nrant n aggrandizement kan'fainmant n confinement a'griimant n agreement pa'spaunmant n postponement ,dis3'gri:mant n disagreement ,di:'6raunmant n dethronement 'viiamant adj vehement

n retirement n acquirement n requirement n disfigurement n measurement n allurement n procurement

« fragment n segment n figment n pigment (/"acknow ledgment) ak'nolidjmantn acknowledgment (/abridgement) a'bndjmant n abridgment (/'judgement) 'djAdsmant n judgment di'taetjmant n detachment a'taetjmant n attachment im'pi:tjmant n impeachment m'kraütjmant n encroachment m'ntjmant n enrichment n'trentjmant n retrenchment in'trentjmant n entrenchment 'pa:t/mant n parchment 'kaetjmant n catchment n'frejmant n refreshment 'blaendi/mant n blandishment i'staeblijmant n establishment .disi'staebhjn mant disestablishment (AE g'kom-) a'kAmpltJn mant accomplishment im'belijmant n embellishment 'bxmjmant n banishment n'plemjmant n replenishment a'stomjmant n astonishment 'pAmJmant n punishment im'povanjn mant impoverishment 'nAriJmant n nourishment ,Andan under'nArijrnant nourishment 'raevijmant n ravishment 'pedimant « pediment im'pedimant n impediment 'sedimant n sediment 'kondimant n condiment im'bodimant n embodiment 'ru:dimant n rudiment 'redsimant v,n regiment 'komplimant n compliment 273

-t 16

n m'kaempmant n encampment accompaniment di'velapmant n development n liniment ,ri:v, n experiment divebpmant n redevelopment n detriment ,Andan undern merriment di'vebpmant development n presentiment m'velapmant n envelopment n sentiment iskarpiront n escarpment n raiment n garment 'ga:m3nt n embankment 'Andagainrant n undergarment AE also m'dramant n endearment installment, di'fa.-mant n deferment m'stD:lmant n instalment n preferment pn'f3:m9nt karisi:lmant n concealment n conferment ksn'fsrmant fulfilment n fulfilment m't3:m3nt n interment 'devlmant n devilment .disiritaimant n disinterment bi'devlmant n bedevilment n ailment dis'memba'eilmant n 'beilmant n bailment msnt dismemberment n derailment bi'wildsmant n bewilderment di'reilmant n curtailment 'WAndamant n wonderment ksr'teilmant (also esp AE -roll-) 'betamant n betterment m'raulmant n enrolment im'bitamant n embitterment a'nAlmant n annulment im'peamant n impairment m'laitnmant n enlightenment or ha'raes-, a'lammant n alignment 'hazrasmant n harassment .nona'lamim'baerasmant n embarrassment mant n nonalignment ,disimn disemn consignment barrassment kan'sainmant 'baerasmant n assignment n assessment a'sammant a'sesmant a'remmant n arraignment .nia'sesmsnt n reassessment kan'temmant n Containment 'tri:tmant n treatment il-'tri:tmant n ill-treatment ,enta'temmant n entertainment n attainment .mael'triitmant n maltreatment a'temmant (/"•abandon) n enactment a'baendani'naektmant mant n abandonment m'daitmant n indictment m'vaiarann'vetmant n revetment mant n environment n fitment 'fitmant n commitment ka'mitmant .disi'lutjn(also disillusion) n recruitment n'kru:tmant mant n disillusionment (AE -'tjaent-) a'po:/nmant n apportionment in't/arntmant n enchantment im'pnznmant n imprisonment ,dismn 'tja:ntmant disenchantment n discernment di'ssmmant n'zentmant n resentment m't3:nmant n internment kan'tentmant n contentment n government 'gAvanmant n ointment 'Dintmant .mis'gAvnmant n misgovernment a'nointmant n anointment n adornment a'do:nmant a'pomtmant n appointment n adjournment .disa'pomtn a'd33:nmant disappointment mant n moment 'maumant n allotment a'lotmant n shipment 'Jipmant a'partmant n apartment /studio flat traen'Jipmant n transshipment 'stju:diaua'pattmant« studio apartment n equipment i'kwipmant a'kAmpammant 'limmant ik'spenmant 'detriment 'menmant pn'zentimant 'sentimant 'reimant im'baenkmant

274

di'pa:tmant n department kam'pa:tmant n compartment 'glAvn glovekam,pa:tmant compartment 'smaokiqn smokingkam,pa:tmant compartment dipo:tmant n deportment kam'po:tmant n comportment a'so:tmant n assortment 'vestment n vestment m'vestmant n investment m'hstmant n enlistment a'djAStmant n adjustment ,ri:a'd3AStmant n readjustment .maela'djAStn mant maladjustment a'bAtmant n abutment 'hAtmant H hutment 'instrumant n instrument 'dokjumant n document 'tegjumant n tegument iritegjumant n integument O:gjumant n argument i'moljumant n emolument 'monjumant n monument m'daumant n endowment n payment 'peimant n'peimant n repayment n nonpayment non'peimant .Anda'peimant n underpayment .aüva'peimant n overpayment n defrayment di'freimant m'dsoimant n enjoyment di'pbimant n deployment ,ri:diploimant n redeployment n employment im'ploimant .Amm'pbimant n unemployment 'imanant adj immanent adj permanent 'p3:manant im'p3:manant adj impermanent adj eminent 'emmant ,pri:-'eminant adj pre-eminent adj imminent 'immant adj prominent 'prommant n.adj continent 'kontmant n subcontinent .sAb'kontmant in'kontmant adj incontinent (AE -tanant) adj pertinent 'psUinant im'psitinant adj impertinent di'paunant n deponent kam'paunant n,adj component n proponent pra'paünant a'paunant n opponent ik'spaunant n exponent

-t 17 'S3:pant 'pearant 'fosta-pearant 'graenpearant 'godpearant 'steppearant traens'paerant a'paerant bi'lidsarant 'revarant irevarant

n serpent n parent n foster-parent n grandparent n godparent n stepparent adj transparent adj apparent n,adj belligerent adj reverent adj irreverent

ad'hiarant m'hiarant ka'hiarant .mkau'hiarant

n adherent adj inherent adj coherent adj incoherent

'difrant m'difrant

adj different adj indifferent

(AE -'ta-.r-) di'terant (AE ab'ho:r-) ab'horant (ΑΕΊο:τ-) 'tnrant 'kArant n'kArant kan'kArant 'AndakArant (AE ,kro:s-) .kros'kArant 'aebsant 'kompitant in'kompitant 'penitant im'penitant onVnipatant 'impatant ,inad'V3:tant 'patent insistent kan'sistant .inkan'sistant pa'sistant ig'zistant ,pri:-ig'zistant 'aedvant 'solvent m'solvant 'konvant 'farvant

n.adj deterrent adj abhorrent n torrent n,adj current adj recurrent adj concurrent n undercurrent n cross-current adj absent adj competent adj incompetent n.adj penitent adj impenitent adj omnipotent adj impotent adj inadvertent n portent adj insistent adj consistent adj inconsistent adj persistent adj existent adj pre-existent « advent n,adj solvent n.adj insolvent n convent (also fervid) adj fervent

-nt/-ent a'djeisnt 'di:snt m'di:snt 'ri:snt ma'lefisnt bineftsnt maeg'mfisnt mjur'nifisnt 'retisnt 'inssnt 'lu:snt traenzluisnt

adj adjacent adj decent adj indecent adj recent adj maleficent adj beneficent adj magnificent adj munificent adj reticent n,adj innocent adj lucent adj translucent

or 'paetnt, 'peitnt (AE 'paetnt) 'peitnt, 'paetnt 'pautnt n'mitnt .mta'mitnt 'haevnt

(Obvious ') adj patent (right to an invention') n.adj.v patent adj potent adj remittent adj intermittent contr haven't

™9iit/~iciit 'em/ant

adj ancient

-isntMent

'naesnt adj nascent 'aembiant adj ambient n'nassnt adj renascent 'nesiant adj nescient .tn'desnt adj iridescent 'presiant adj prescient .mkaen'desnt adj incandescent om'nisiant adj omniscient .aupa'lesnt adj opalescent 'greidiant n gradient ,konva'lesnt n,adj a'bi:diant adj obedient convalescent ,disa'bi:diant adj disobedient .aeda'lesnt n.adj adolescent ik'spi:diant n,adj expedient .obsa'lesnt adj obsolescent ,mik'spi:diant adj inexpedient (AE tu:-) m'gri:diant n ingredient tju:'mesnt adj tumescent 'seiliant n.adj salient (AE,e\-) n'zihant adj resilient ,i:va'nesnt adj evanescent (AE -'bAl-) sinesnt adj senescent i'bAhant adj ebullient 'kresnt n crescent 'li:niant adj lenient .fosfa'resnt adj kan'vi:niant adj convenient phosphorescent ,mkan'vi:niant adj inconvenient .efla'resnt adj efflorescent 'seipiant adj sapient .flura'resnt, n'sipiant n recipient fb:'resnt adj fluorescent m'sipiant adj incipient pju:'tresnt adj putrescent pa'sipiant adj percipient .efa'vesnt adj effervescent a'pianant n.adj aperient .aekwi'esnt adj acquiescent O:nant n.adj orient kwai'esnt adj quiescent (/•orientate) Ii'kwesnt adj liquescent O:nant v orient .delikwesnt adj deliquescent ri:'D:nant v reorient ,remi'nisnt adj reminiscent (/•disorientate) ,aenti'si:dnt n.adj antecedent dis'o:nant v disorient 'traidnt n trident 'pruanant adj prurient 'straidnt adj strident (AE'nu:-) 'raudnt n rodent 'nju:triant n.adj nutrient 'a:dnt adj ardent (AE 'trasnjnt) 'pru:dnt adj prudent 'traenziant n.adj transient im'pru:dnt adj imprudent sab'sarviant adj subservient (AE 'stu:dnt) 'stju:dnt n student 'preznt n.adj present 'leitnt adj latent 'klaiant n client

-aisnt/-ient

275

-t 18

-nt/-ient di'fijnt adj deficient pra'fijnt adj proficient i'fijnt adj efficient .mi'fijnt adj inefficient .kaui'fi/nt n coefficient sa'fi/nt adj sufficient self-sa'fijnt adj self-sufficient .msa'fijnt adj insufficient (BE 'traenzrant) /4£'traenjnt n,adj transient 'peijnt n,adj patient Ίη-peijnt n in-patient im'peij"nt adj impatient 'autpeijnt n outpatient 'senjnt adj sentient m'senjnt adj insentient 'kwaujnt n quotient

-a:nt/-arenft a:nt

contr aren't

-e9nt/-arenft deant

contr daren't

-W3:nt/-werenft warnt

contr weren't

-went/-uent fn'kwent

v frequent

- snt/-uent 'aefluant 'efloant 'ktmfluant 'koqgruant

n.adj affluent n effluent adj confluent adj congruent

-j 3nt/-uent kan'stitjuant

n,adj constituent

-u:snt/-uent 'fluent

adj fluent

-W3nt/-uent 'fri:kwant m'fri:kwant 276

adj frequent adj infrequent

'si:kwant adj sequent 'SAbsikwant adj subsequent 'konsikwant adj consequent m'konsikwant adj inconsequent di'hqkwant n.adj delinquent 'elakwant adj eloquent graen'diadj lakwant grandiloquent maeg'niadj lakwant magniloquent

-went/-went went fo:'went .Anda'went fo:'went aufwent

-int/-int dint hint skint lint flint 'skinflint ahnt splint mint 'spiamint 'pepamint print 'ri:pnnt ,ri:'prmt 'blu:prmt 'imprint im'pnnt fingapnnt 'auvapnnt ,auva'pnnt sprint 'misprint .mis'prmt 'njir.zprmt 'futprmt tint 'aekwatint 'metsautmt stint

-amt/-int paint

pt went pt forewent pt underwent pt forwent pt outwent

-emt/-aint eint feint plemt kam'pleint pemt ri:'pemt 'gri:speint 'WD:pemt n'stremt di'streint kan'streint seint temt

short form ain't v,n,adj faint η plaint η complaint v,n paint ν repaint η greasepaint η warpaint η restraint η distraint η constraint η saint v,n taint

-wemt/-uaint kweint a'kwemt

-emt/-eint

adj quaint ν acquaint

n dint v,n hint feint ν,η feint adj skint η lint η flint η skinflint djDint v,n,adj joint ν,η glint 'maita-d3Dint η mitre-joint η splint 'khp-d33int « clip-joint ν η mint kan'djDint adj conjoint η spearmint dis'djDint ν disjoint η peppermint a'noint ν anoint ν,η print paint ν,η point η reprint (/ii'vaen-) ν reprint 'va:ntid3-pomt η vantage point η blueprint 'to:kii]-point η talking-point η imprint 'boiliq-pDint η boiling-point ν imprint 't3:nit]-point η turning-point η fingerprint 'meltiq-pomt η melting-point η overprint 'sta:tiq-pomt η starting-point ν overprint (also freezing) ν,η sprint 'friizirj-point η freezing-point η misprint maetf-'point η match-point ν misprint (also ball-point pen) η newsprint 'boil-paint η ball-point η footprint 'paua-pomt η power-point ν,η tint 'standpoint η standpoint η aquatint 'flaeJpDint η flashpoint η mezzotint 'tjekpomt η checkpoint ν,η stint 'pinpoint ν,η pinpoint 'gAnpomt η gunpoint 'kauntapomt η counterpoint .aufpomt ν outpoint η pint 'vju:pomt η viewpoint

-omtAoint

-t 19 a'pomt .disa'pomt

v appoint v disappoint

quintuplet) AE n quint v,n squint

-Dnt/-ont abbr cont n font

f

daunt

contr don't

v,n front n shop-front n shirt-front n seafront n forefront v confront n waterfront v,n affront

(BE waunt) /4£wa:nt

n,adj wont

-W3unt/-wont n,adj wont contr won't

-3:nt/-earnt

-iznt/-isnft 'iznt

'maitnt

O:tnt

'mAsnt

contr mightn't

(or burned) pt.pp burnt adj sunburnt

-aeznt/-asnft

contr oughtn't

contr mustn't

n cunt v,n hunt n witch-hunt v,« foxhunt v shunt v,adj blunt v,n punt η runt η brunt v,« grunt v,n stunt

-a:nt/-aunt η aunt n grandaunt

-o:nt/-aunt do:nt go:nt ho:nt d3o:nt flo:nt to:nt

v daunt adj gaunt v,n haunt v,n jaunt v flaunt v,n taunt

v,n vaunt interj avaunt

-K>nt/-eunt 'eksiant

v exeunt

-aunt/-ount kaunt

contr isn't

-Ant/-unt kAnt hAnt 'witf-riAnt 'fokshAnt /Ant bUnt pAnt rAnt brAnt grAnt sUnt

vo:nt a'VD:nt

,ri:-'kaunt 'ri:-kaunt

-AstntAustn't

pt.PP learnt (/l£aent) a:nt graend'o:nt pp unlearnt

-3:nt/-urnt bs:nt 'sAnbsmt

contr doesn't

-o:tnt/-oughtnft

-wo:nt/-wont

ls:nt ,An'l3:nt

-Aznt/-oesnft

-aitnt/-ightn t

-Ant/-ont

(AE wo:nt) waunt waunt

contr wasn't

f

-sunt/-on t frAnt Jop-'frAnt Jsit-'frAnt 'si:frAnt 'forfrAnt kan'frAnt 'wD:tafrAnt a'fmnt

(>4£'w3:znt) 'woznt

'dAznt

(AE -o:nt/-ont) kont font

contr hasn't

-wDznt/-wasn't

-wintAuint (/> 'kwmtju:plat kwmt skwint

'haeznt

v,n count (count again') v re-count η re-count ('report') v recount η discount

n'kaunt 'diskaunt (AE'-) dis'kaunt v discount .mis'kaunt v,n miscount a'kaunt v,n account 'seivirjz η akaunt savings account 'tja:d3-akaunt η charge-account 'vaikaunt η viscount faunt η fount maunt v,« mount a'maunt v,« amount 'paeramaunt adj paramount 'taentamaunt adj tantamount 'ri:maunt η remount ,ri:'maunt v remount sa'maunt v surmount .dis'maunt v dismount

-ei9nt/-aynft 'merant

contr mayn't

-Dt/-0t 'raubot kot 'kasnkot 'eipnkot skot dot 'maikraudot got bi'got fa'got hot 'red-hot .wait-'hot

η robot n cot η carry-cot η apricot η Scot v,n dot n microdot pt.pp got pt begot pt forgot v,adj hot adj red-hot adj white-hot

277

-t 20

,beikiq-'hot Jot 'nug-Jot 'raund-Jot 'raifl-Jot 'pot-Jot 'bUdJot 'greipjot 'aijot 'bAkJot 'gAnJot 'snaepjot 'Apjot 'lajot .Anda'Jot .auva'Jot A 0301

lot blot klot 'poliglot plot slot a'lot Ja'lot 'gilimot not fa'get-mi-not 'wotnot not 'kv-not 'ri:f-not 'slipnot 'topnot snot pot 'meltiq-pot 'iqk-pot 'pepa-pot 'lobsto-pot 'ti:pot ,π:'ροΐ 'djaekpot 'kraekpot 'stokpot 'd3aempot 'tjeimbapol 'flaoapot fAspot 'tjimnipot spot 'pleig-spot 'bju:ti-spot

278

adj baking-hot 'sAnspot n sunspot ρί,ρρ,η shot 'hirtspot n heatspot η mug shot 'despot n despot fut v,« foot η round-shot rot v,n rot a'fut adj afoot η rifle-shot 'fut-rot 'kkbfut n clubfoot n foot-rot η pot-shot (also -footed) 'tomi-rot n tommy-rot adj bloodshot 'beafut adj, adv barefoot grot n grot n grapeshot 'fo:fut n forefoot trot v,n trot η eyeshot 'tendafut n tenderfoot 'djog-trot « jog-trot η buckshot .Anda'fut adv underfoot 'gbubtrot v globetrot η gunshot 'hotfut v,adv hotfoot 'dogtrot n dogtrot η snapshot 'spleiful n splayfoot 'fokstrot n foxtrot η upshot 'pusiful v pussyfoot sot n sot η earshot sut v,n soot tot V,H tot pt.pp undershot pt,pp,adj overshot . bu:t v,n boot v,n j ot 't3:bat n turbot 'top-bu:t n top-boot η lot n anhhnt L/UUl 'd3aekbu:l n jackboot v,n blot 'maeskat n mascot 'gAmburt n gum boo t v,n clot n wainscot 'wemskat ku:t n coot n,adj polyglot 'bigat n bigot sku:t v scoot v,n plot 'spigat n spigot hu:t v,n hoot v,n slot 'iqgat n ingot Ju:t v,n shoot v allot AE fagot, (AE'3-.f-) η shallot 'faegat n faggot Offu:t n offshoot η guillemot 'maegat n maggot ,auva'Ju:t v overshoot adv not 'zebt n zealot lu:t v,« loot η forget-me-not 'hebt n helot mu:t v,adj moot η whatnot 'paibt v,n pilot ru:t v,n root V,M knot c ha:bt n harlot 'taepru:t n taproot η love-knot v,« ballot 'baebt ,Ap'ru:t v uproot η reef-knot 'ma: mat n marmot 'bi:tru:t « beetroot η slipknot 'kaenat mod v+not cannot 'aerauru:t « arrowroot η topknot n carrot 'kaerat Ja'ru:l « cheroot η snot 'pasrat n parrot tu:l v,n toot v,n pot 'divat n divot η melting-pot 'prvat v,n pivot η ink-pot -WDt/-WOt η pepper-pot (AE -wa:t/-wot) η lobster-pot t wol v wot -I9t/-iOl η teapot swol v,n swot 'idiat n idiot v repot 'tjaenat n chariot η jackpot 'siprrat n,adj Cypriot η crackpot (AE 'peit-) n stockpot aepl adj apt or 'peit-, η jampot a'daepl v adapt 'pae trial n patriot η chamberpot m'aept adj inapt η flowerpot (AE -'peit-) kaept abbr Capt n compatriot η fusspot kam'pae trial raept adj rapt η chimneypot v,n spot η plague-spot ~clI9t/~l< 'raiat v,n riot lept pt.pp leapt η beauty-spot

-ut/-oot

-u:t/-oot

-ot/-ot

-aeptAapt

at

-ept/-eapt

-t 21 .auva'lept

pt.pp overleapt

-ept/-ept

-Dmpt/-ompt

(AE pr3:mpt) 'aedept adj adept prompt adj,adv,v,n prompt i'nept adj inept 'pri:sept n precept 'konsept n concept .mte'sept v intercept (AE -o:pt/-opt) ik'sept v,prep,conj except opt v opt ak'sept v accept kau-'opt v co-opt kept pt.pp kept a'dopt v adopt slept ρί,ρρ slept kopt n.adj Copt ,3UV3'sIept ρί,ρρ overslept krept ρί,ρρ crept sept abbr Sept 'traensept η transept (AE -s:rpt) 'eksarpt n excerpt

-optAopt

-3:pt/-erpt

-wept/-wept wept swept 'tempist-swept 'windswept An'swept

ρί,ρρ wept pt.pp swept adj tempest-swept adj windswept adj unswept

-ipt/-ipt

-Apt/-Upt 9'brApt adj abrupt irApt ν erupt 'bacqkrApt v,n,adj bankrupt dis'rApt ν disrupt .into'rApt ν interrupt ka'rApt v,adj corrupt

η crypt

-i:t/-eipt

-a:t/-art

-AlptAulpt skAlpt

ka:t (/•sculpture) v sculpt 'wo:torir]-ka:t 'd g-ka:t

-empt/-empt ,pri:-'empt ig'zempt .An'kempt tempt kan'tempt s'tempt

v pre-empt v,adj exempt adj unkempt v tempt n contempt v,n attempt

'g3u-ko:t 'wo:te-ka:t 'haendka:t 'pujka:t 'dAStka:t da:t fa:t

-3t/-art f Λ Γ" *Λ (AE -art) 'braegat

η braggart

-a:t/-eart

-ipt/-ypt

sknpt η script 'sAbsknpt « subscript knpt 'nondisknpt n,adj nondescript 'taipsknpt η typescript 'ri:sknpt η rescript n'si:t 'pri: sknpt η prescript 'traenskript η transcript 'konsknpt η conscript kan'sknpt ν conscript 'paus sknpt n postscript (AE -o:rt/-art) o:t 'maenjusknpt n manuscript Op a:t ba:t

ha: t n hart tja:t v, n chart 'we 3-tfa:t n weather-chart (or go-cart) 'gau-ka:t « go-kart ma:t n mart sma:t v,n,adj smart ,autsma:t v outsmart pa:t v.n.adv part 'neim-po:t « name-part To: -pa: t adj four-part a'pa:t adv apart di'pa:t v depart im'pa:t v impart 'kaunt3pa:t « counterpart 'raempa:t n rampart ta:t v,n,adj tart sta:t v,« start 'kik-sta:t n kick-start ri:'sta:t v restart 'Apsto:t n,adj upstart

v,« receipt

(AEha:rt) ha:t 'swi:tha:t

η heart η sweetheart

-wo:t/-uart /

A

(AE kwo:rt) kwo:t

η quart

-wo:t/-wart

η art « op art (AE -wo:rt/-wart) n,abbr Bart wo:t « wart 6wo:t v,n thwart v,n cart 3'6wD:t adv, prep athwart η watering-cart n dog-cart (or go-kart) η go-cart (AE -wart) η water-cart 'sto:lw3t n.adj stalwart η handcart η pushcart η dustcart v,n dart (AE -3:rt/-ert) v,« fart s :t n cert

-W9t/-wart

-a:t/-ert

279

-t 22

kan's3:t ,diskan's3:t a'l3:t i'n3:t ps: 'eksps: m'eksps: di'zs: 'inss: in'ss: di'zs: a'ss: a'vs: SAb'vs:

'asdvsrt ad'vsrt ,aenimaed'v3:t n'v3:t dai'v3:t m'v3:t 'konvs:! kan'vsrt (or'-) au'vs:t (or 'kAvat) 'kaovsit 'mtrev3:t .intre'vs:! ,kontra'v3:t 'ekstrav3:t 'p3:v3:t pa'v3:t ig'z3:t ,auvang'z3:t

v concert (AE -3:rt/-irt) v disconcert ds:t v,n,adj alert 'peid3:t adj inert 'si:-g3:t adj pert J3: n,adj expert 'hea-Js: adj inexpert 'ti:-J3: v desert n insert 'blaekjs: v insert 'nart/3: n dessert sks: v assert 'hobl-sks: v avert 'bffih-sks: v subvert 'Andasks: (-'advertisement) 'aovasks: n advert fb: sps: v advert v animadvert v revert v divert v invert (AE sk\v3:rt) n convert skws:t v convert adj overt adj covert n introvert v introvert v controvert « extrovert n pervert v pervert v exert v overexert

n filbert n concert n,adj desert n culvert

adj covert n covert

-W3:t/-wert (AE W3:rt) ws:t

-3:t/-irt 280

pt (aux v) wert

-o:t/-ort (AE -D:rt/-ort) a'bo:t 'esko: i'sko: fo: 'kauho: ig'zo: Jo: sno: po:t 'si:po:t di'po:t n'po:t 'helipo:t 'impo:t im'po:t kam'po:t 'ka:po:t 'eapo:t pa'po:t 'traenspo:t traen'spo:t (AE 'paes--) 'pa:spo:t 'autpo:t 'ekspo:t ik'spo:t sa'po:t spo:t

η spoilsport ν,η sort η consort ν consort ν,η resort η tort ν,η retort ν contort ν distort ν extort ν cavort

-9t/-ort

-W3:t/-uirt

-ot/-ert (AE -art/-ert) 'filbat 'konsat 'dezat 'kAlvat (or 'kauvsrt) 'kAvat 'kAvat

'spoilspo:t n dirt so:t n paydirt 'konso:t adj sea-girt kan'so:t n shirt n'zo:t n hair-shirt to:t also teeshirt, n'to:t n T-shirt kan'to:t n Blackshirt di'stoU n nightshirt ik'sto:t ν,η skirt ka'vo:t η hobble-skirt η ballet-skirt η underskirt n overskirt (AE -art/-ort) ν,η flirt 'kAmfat ν,η spirt dis'kAmfat 'efat 'p3:pat ν,η squirt

ν,η comfort η discomfort η effort « purport

-3:t/-urt

(AE -3:rt/-urt) ks:t adj curt hs.-t ν,ρί,ρρ,η hurt An'hs:! adj unhurt ν abort bls:t ν blurt η escort sps:t ν,η spurt ν escort n fort A. 1 _-_,X η cohort ~9l/~llrl ν exhort (AE 'jaugart) (also yoghourt, adj,n,v short or yoghurt, 'jogat η yogurt ν,η snort ν,η port η seaport ν deport ν,η report (AE ko:rt) ko:t ν,η court η heliport η import (AE ,graes-) ν import ,gra:s-'ko:t η grass court 'tems-ko:t η tennis-court ν comport η carport 'fo:ko:t η forecourt η airport ν purport η transport ν transport (AE 'jaugart) (/'yogurt) 'jogat η yoghourt η passport n outport η export ν export (for AE -aest/-ast ^-a:st/-ast) ν,η support baest η bast 'bombaest η bombast ν,η sport

-o:t/-ourt

-QtAourt

-aest/-ast

-t 23 'r/Afkaest haest

ν,ρί, ρρ,η roughcast (aux v) hast

AE a'gaest -'9u:z-) in'6ju:ziaest 'saendblaest ai'konaklsest 'djimnaest 'pedaraest

adj aghast n enthusiast v sandblast n iconoclast n gymnast n pederast

-a:st/-ast (AE -aest/-ast) ka:st 'dai-ka:st 'bra:dka:st 'taipkarst ,ri:'ka:st 'fo:ka:st ,pri:'ka:st 'W3:mka:st 'aupankarst 'daunka:st ,auva'ka:st ,mis'ka:st 'nju:zka:st 'autka:st fa:st 'stedfa:st 'flaebaga:st a'gcust la:st ,aufla:st bla:st 'kauntebla:st ma:st 'muanrj-ma:st 'mizn-ma:st 'djuan-mcKst 'fo:ma:st 'meinmcKst 'topmcnst pa:st n'pa:st flaipa:st 'kontr rst karitrarst va:st a'va:st

-9st/-ast 'brekfast 'baelast 'dinast

v,n breakfast v,n ballast n dynast

-i:st/-east i:st ,no:r-'i:st ,no:-nD:r-'i:st ,sau-'i:st ,sau-sau-'i:st

η,αάν east n,adv nor'-east η,αάν nor'-nor'-east η,αάν sou'-east n.adv sou'-sou'-east η,αάν northeast n.adv north-northeast η,αάν southeast η,αάν south-southeast

riDiO^st ν,ρί,ρρ,η cast .nDiO-nD^^st adj die-cast ν,ρί,ρρ, sau&i:st η,αάν broadcast ν,ρί,ρρ typecast .sauB-sauOiist ν,ρί,ρρ recast ν,ρί, bi:st η beast ρρ,η forecast fi:st v,« feast adj precast 'lAV-fi:st η love-feast n wormcast (also beano) adj opencast 'bi:nfi:st η beanfeast adj downcast li:st del.pron.adv least n.adj overcast ji:st η yeast ν,ρί,ρρ miscast η newscast n.adj outcast adj,adv,n,v fast brest v,n breast adj steadfast a'brest aav abreast ν flabbergast 'redbrest η redbreast adj aghast 'tfimmbrest n chimneybreast v,n,adj,adv last ν outlast v,n blast η counterblast aust n oast η mast v,n boast baust η mooring-mast v,n coast kaust n mizzen-mast raust v.n.aaj roast η jury-mast taust v, n toast « foremast η mainmast η topmast adj,n,prep,adv past midst n,prep midst η repast (/•amid) η flypast a'midst prep amidst n contrast v contrast adj vast interj avast -ist -est

-est/-east

-9ust/-oast

-idstMdst

-ist/-est

In a series of words the suffix -est is a formative for nouns (eg harvest) and adjectives (eg modest). It is also the formative for the superlative of many short adjectives and adverbs (eg longest). Some regulations have to be observed: (1) The suffix forms the superlative of monosyllabic adjectives and adverbs, eg cold - coldest, soon - soonest. Some monosyllabic adjectives express the superlative degree through the premodifier most: just - most just, right - most right, wrong - most wrong. (2) Many disyllabic adjectives also take inflected forms, esp those ending in an unstressed vowel or /-I/, eg -y: early - earliest happy - happiest -ow: narrow - narrowest -er: clever - cleverest -ure: obscure - obscurest -le: simple - simplest (3) Disyllabic adjectives stressed on the second syllable take the inflected form or the premodifier most: polite - politest/most polite sincere - sincerest/most sincere. But antique, bizarre, adjectives in -esque (eg grotesque) and disyllabic adjectives beginning with a- (eg afraid, alive, asleep) only take most. (4) Adjectives of three ore more syllables as well as adjectives in participle form ending in -ing and -ed only take most: difficult - most difficult beautiful - most beautiful surprising - most surprising pleased - most pleased worn - most worn. (5) Note some spelling and pronunciation rules: (5a) A single consonant letter after a single vowel letter in a stressed final syllable is doubled, eg big - biggest, hot - hottest. (5b) Final -e after a consonant letter ('mute' -e) ist dropped before the suffix -er, eg late - latest, noble - noblest. The same applies if the base ends in -ee, eg free -freest; or -ue, eg true - truest.

281

-t 24

(5c) Final -y after a consonant (or most clever) letter is changed to -i- before -est, 'klevanst sup cleverest eg (AE'fo-.mt) pretty - prettiest, dry - driest: fönst n forest but gay - gayest. also disafforest, (5d) Final -ng is pronounced /-rjg/ ,di:fonst v deforest before -est, eg a'fonst v afforest long /Ion/ - longest /lorjgist/. 'leitist sup latest (5e) Final -r is pronounced before the suffix -est, eg (or most quiet) near /nra(r)/ - nearest /nranst/. 'kwaitist sup quietest (6) Some adjectives and pronouns (or most polite) have irregular comparative pa'laitist sup politest degrees: (or most pleasant) good - best 'plezntist sup pleasantest bad. well - worst 'hotist sup hottest much - most 'ha:vist v,n harvest little - least far -farthest/furthest old - oldest/eldest

-est/-est

In the following you find besides other words ending in -est a series of superlative forms. Some of them have as well different part of speech functions.

'glibist 'eldist 'auldist 'kaoldist 'modist .auva'modist i'modist 'lorjgist 'bigist 'nanst fa:oist f3:0ist

sup glibbest sup eldest sup oldest sup coldest adj modest adj overmodest adj immodest sup.adv longest sup biggest adv.prep nighest sup.adv farthest sup.adv furthest (or most noble) 'naublist sup noblest 'simplist sup simplest 'toihst sup tallest (or most cruel) 'kru:alist sup cruellest 'kli:mst sup cleanest Onist adj honest dis'onist adj dishonest (or most common) 'komanist sup commonest 'su:nist adv soonest 'a:nist n,adj earnest 'tempist n tempest 'diarist n, sup dearest 'marist sup.adv nearest (or most sincere) sin'sianst sup sincerest

282

id 'est best 'sekand-best

id est sup,adv,n,v best n, adj, adv second-best n incest v.n.adj manifest v infest v disinfest n digest v digest v predigest v ingest

'msest 'maemfest m'fest .dism'fest 'daidjest dai'djest ,pri:dai'd3est m'djest (AE sag-) sa'djest v suggest bi'hest n behest tjest n chest 'ti:-tjest n tea-chest 'medsn-tjest n medicine-chest djest v,n jest lest conj lest blest pt,pp blest ma'lest v molest nest v,/7 nest 'kraüz-nest n crow's-nest pest « pest 'faulpest n fowlpest 'nndapest n rinderpest rest V,H rest 'hedrest n headrest An'rest n unrest a'rest v.n arrest krest v,n crest rest v wrest 'paehmpsest n palimpsest test v,« test di'test v detest

'kontest kan'test 'prautest pra'test a'test vest daivest m'vest zest

n v « v

contest contest protest protest v attest v,n vest v divest v invest n zest

-9st/-est 'intrast self-'mtrast

v.n interest n self-interest

-i:st/-eest 'wildabi:st

n wildebeest

-i:ist/-eest 'fri:ist

sup freest

-i:st/-iest pri:st

« priest

-nst/-iest '3:lnst 'haepnst 'asrjgmst

sup earliest sup happiest sup angriest (or most pretty) 'pntnst sup prettiest

-anst/-iest 'dranst

sup driest

-u:ist/-uest trunst

sup truest

-est/-uest gest

n guest

-westAuest kwest bikwest n'kwest 'mkwest 'koqkwest

v,n quest « bequest v.n request n inquest n conquest

-t 25

-westAwest west ,no:-'west ,no:-no:-'west ,sau-'west ,sau-sau'west midwest no^west ,Π3:θ-ηο:θ'west sauuwest ,sau0-sau6'west

n,adv west η,αάν nor'-west η,αάν nor'-nor'-west η,αάν sou'-west η,αάν sou'-sou'-west prop η Midwest η,αάν northwest η,αάν north-northwest η,αάν southwest η,αάν south-southwest

-9oist/-owest 'buist 'sbuist 'Jaebuist 'saebuist 'mebuist 'jebuist

sup,aav lowest sup.adv slowest sup shallowest sup sallowest sup mellowest sup yellowest (or most hollow) 'hobuist sup hollowest 'naerauist sup narrowest

-anst/-yest 'Janst 'slaiist 'spraiist

sup shyest sup slyest sup spryest

-enst/-ayest 'genst /

sup gayest x

~dCJJ Sf17 ~Owmi¥e

'premiea(r) 'mi:g3(r) '3uga(r)

Phonemic

-Ju:n -Jan -aiju:n -am -3U

-u: -W9U

-eip -eip -eip -aip -waip -op -9Up

-»P -ep -i:p -u:p -ju:p -u:p -aip

Number of

-are -are -are -iare -uare -ware -abre -ibre -ibre -imbre -ombre -acre -acre -iocre -ucre -adre -ere -ere -where -were -we're -were

-a:(r) -a(r) -eefr) -ia:(r) -wes(r) -wea(r) -eite(r) -ite(r) -aibs(r) -aemb3(r) -Dmbs(r) -eika(r) -aka(r) -i'3uk3(r) -u:k3(r) -a:da(r) -ra(r) -eXr) -wes(r) -W3:(r) -wra(r) -W3(r)

2 1 36 1 5 14 1 1

1 21 3 6 1 1 1

p-e36 p-e 36 p-e 36 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37

-ere -iere -iere -eagre -ogre

-ea(r) -ra(r) -i«(r) -i:ga(r) -auga(r)

3 1 1 1 1

p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37 p-e 37

2

Example

dam

W3U

349

Appendix 1: -e Spelling cluster

Phonemic option

Number of words

Dictionary

-epulchre -ochre -ire -aire -oire -uire -wire -ore -o're -wore -yore -a r re -erre -eatre -ectre -etre -etre -itre -itre -oitre -entre -eptre -ustre

-eplka(r) -3uk9(r) -ara(r) -ea(r) -wa:(r) -waia(r) -waia(r) -o:(r) -u:a(r) -wo:(r) -Mr) -a:(r) -ea(r) -rate(r) -ekto(r) -i:to(r) -ite(r) -i:te(r) -aite(r) -oite(r) -ente(r) -epte(r) -Aste(r)

1 1 41 8 6 6 4 64 1 4 1 1 2

p-e37

-ure -ure -ure -ure -ure -ure -ure -ure -cure -you're -you're -oeuvre -oeuvre -ouvre -yre -ey're

-o:(r) -a(r) -U3(r) -jus(r)

2 39 16 26 7 4 88

-ase -ase -ase -ase -ease -ease -ese -ese -ese -eese

350

-Mr) -Mr) -JXr) -33(r) -s:(r) -jo:(r) -ji»(r) -u:vs(r) -3:v -u:va(r) -ara(r) -ea(r) -eis -3S

-eiz -a:z -i:s -i:z -i:s -IS

-i:z -i:s

3 1 5 1 3 1 2 4 1 2

p-e37 p-e37 p-e38 p-e38 p-e38 p-e38 p-e38 p-e38 p-e38 p-e38 p-e41 p-e41 p-e39 p-e39 p-e39 p-e39 p-e39 p-e39 p-e39 p-e39 p-e39 p-e39

Example n sepulchre n ochre v,n fire n,adj doctrinaire n repertoire v require v,n wire v adore contr who' re pt swore « yore adj bizarre « parterre n theatre n spectre n metre n kilometre n litre n mitre n goitre v,n centre n sceptre n lustre

'seplka(r) 'auka(r) 'fara(r) .doktn'nea(r) 'repatwo:(r) n'kwara(r) 'wara(r) a'do:(r) •hUM(r) swo:(r) jo:(r) biza:(r) pa:'tea(r) '0rat3(r) 'spekto(r) 'mi:ta(r) ki'lomita(r) 'Ii:t3(r) 'mait3(r) 'goita(r) 'senta(r) 'septg(r) 'lAsta(r)

adj.adv sure

•Ja:(r) 'figa(r) Ju3(r) kjua(r) ma'tjua(r) feilja(r) 'neitj3(r) pra'si:d33(r) ,fo:s mae'33:(r) jo:(r)

3 1

p-e39 p-e39 p-e39 p-e39 p-e39 p-e40 p-e40 p-e40 p-e40 p-e40 p-e40 p-e40 p-e41 p-e40 p-e41 p-e41

adj.adv sure v,n cure v,adj mature n failure n nature n procedure n force majeure contr you're contr you're v,n manoeuvre n hors-d'oeuvre n louvre n tyre contr they're

26 2 5 1 12 12 1 2 7 1

p-e41 p-e41 p-e43 p-e44 p-e41 p-e44 p-e41 p-e41 p-e44 p-e41

\,n,adj base v,n purchase V,H phrase n vase v,n cease v please adj obese n diocese adj,pron these npl geese

2

v,n figure

jU3(r)

ma'nu:va(r) ,o: 'da:v 1u:v3(r) 'tara(r) oea(r) beis 'p3:t|3S

freiz va:z si:s pli:z au'bits 'darasis oi:z gi:s

Appendix 1: -e Spelling cluster

-eese -uese -ise -ise -ise -ise -ise -ise -aise -iaise -oise -oise -uoise -uise -uise -wise -alse -eise -uise -anse -eanse -ense -icense -onsense -inse -onse -onse -ose -ose -ose -ose -iose -oose -oose -apse -ipse -aipse -impse -opse -opse -orpse -ypse -arse -arse -earse -oarse -erse -orse -worse -urse

Phonemic

Number of

Dictionary

option

words

-i:z -i:z -i:s

1 1 1 6 5 4 1 33 11 1 2 3 1 2 2 19

p -e44 p-e44 p-e41

1 1 4 2 1 19

-IS

-ais -i:z -IZ

-aiz -eiz -ιβιζ -3S

-OIZ -WOIZ

-aiz -u:z -waiz -o:ls -els -AlS

-asns -enz -ens -aisns -onsns -ins -ons AE -o:ns -aus -3S -3b raub bu:b 'd3u:d3ii:b tju:b klAb va:b di'st3:b 'skaereb 'tjereb aelb bAlb

n alb n bulb

At/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Diction-

-i:t -i:t

-ied -etc

(1) 17

p-d03

ary

p-e51

Example li:t di'lirt

n lied v delete

413

Appendix 2: /-t/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-i:t -i:t -i:t -i:t -i:t -wi:t

-ite -eat -eet -eit -eipt -uite

3 45 31 2 1 1

p-e51 p-t02

p-t06 p-t09 p-t21 p-e52

tri:t stri:t di'si:t n'si:t swirt

-It

-ate -ite -ute -et -it -ait -eit -uit -itt -eit -ate

4 12 2 (130) 146 1 3 6 2 2 519 4 1 1 2 6 2 4 43 1 6 1 7 1 1 15 2

p -e46 p-e51 p-e53 p-t04 p-t08 p-t09 p-t09 p-tlO p -131 p -t 09 p-e46 p-e51 p -t 02 p -t 08 p -t 08 p -t 09 p-e50 p-e50 p-e50 p-e51 p-e51 p-e54 p-e51 p-e51 p-e51 p -t 08 p -t 09

'pomigraemt feivent 'mimt 'dsibit fit 'po:trit 'fo:fit 'biskit mit ,3:l'bi:it leit feit greit streit eit beit kri:'eit di'lmieit 3'pri:Jieit 'menstrueit i'vaeljueit .staetju'et ha'bitfueit 'graedsueit ikweit weit weit

η pomegranate n,adj favourite ν,η minute ν,η gibbet v,n,adj fit η portrait ν,η forfeit η biscuit η mitt conj albeit adj.adv late ν,η fate adj great n,adj,adv straight n,adj eight ν,η bait ν create ν delineate ν appreciate ν menstruate ν evaluate η statuette ν habituate ν graduate ν equate ν,η weight v,« wait

1 77 7 85 2

p-d03 p-e51 p-e53 p -t 07 p -t 08 p -t 09 p-e52 p-e52 p -t 08 p-d03 p -t 09 p -t 09 p -t 10 p -t 10 p-e51 p -t 06 p -t 10

s'patait in'vait i'lektrslait lait hait 'faerenhait kwait wait wait a'parteit a'droit koit

η apartheid ν invite η electrolyte v,n,adj,adv light η height

-It -It -It -It -It -It -It -It

-i:it -eit -eit -eit -eit -eit -eit -i:eit -leit -icit -ueit -jueit -Ju'et -Jueit -3ueit -weit -weit -weit

-ait -ait -ait -ait -ait -ait -wait -wait -wait -eit -DIt

-oit -wait AE - it -3L)It -3UIt

-juit

414

-etc

-eat -aight -eight -ait -eate -eate -iate -uate -uate -uette -uate -uate -uate -weight -wait -eid -ite -yte -ight -eight -eit -uite -white -wight -eid -oit -uoit -uoit -uit -oate -oet -uit

1 2 5 1 1 5

2

Example ,ma:g3'ri:t

kWDIt

AE 'ko:nd it m'kauit 'pauit 'kondjuit

n marguerite ν,η treat n street n deceit

ν,η receipt η suite

η Fahrenheit adv quite n,adj white η wight

η apartheid adj adroit η quoit η quoit η conduit adj inchoate η poet η conduit

Appendix 2: /-t/ Sound

Spelling

Diction-

Number of

Example

cluster

option

words

ary

-u: it AE -u: rt -ju:it -WIt -WIt -WIt

-uet -uit -uit -uet -uit -wit

2 1 1 1 2 6

p-t06 p-tlO p-tlO p-t06 p-tlO p-tlO

'kru:3t AE iritiKit in'tju:it 'baerjkwit 'kwit

-et -et -et -et -et -et -et -et -i'et -i'et -ei'et -jtfet -ju:'et -u:'et -wet -jet -aet

-ate -ette -uette -eat -ebt -et -uet -ett -iette -eyette -ayette -uet -uet -ouette -wet -yet -at

2 31 5 2 1 78 1 2 2

et .siga'ret kreu'ket Gret det

73

p-e49 p-e53 p-e54 p-t02 p-t03 p-t05 p-t06 p-t31 p-e54 p-e54 p-e54 p-t06 p-t06 p-e54 p-t06 p-t06 p-tOl

bn'ket set ,s3:vi'et ,winsiet leiet .mmju'et dju:'et ,silu:'et wet jet faet

pt ate n cigarette n croquette n threat n debt v get n briquet n sett n serviette n winceyette n layette n minuet n duet ν,η Silhouette v,n,adj wet adj.conj yet v.n.adj fat

-xt -aet -laet -suaet -a:t -a:t -a: t

-ait -att -eat -oat -arte -art -cart

1 2 1 1 1 33 2

p-t09 p -131 p -t 02 p -t 02 p-e53 p -t 21 p -t 21

plaet maet 'kaeviaet ,s3:bra -'kraoait ,α: Ια: 'ka:t sta:t ha: t

ν,η plait adj matt n caveat n Serbo-Croat adv la carte ν,η start n heart

-Dt

2 3 1 81 1 2 3 2 2 2

p-e52 p -e 54 p -t 07 p -t 20 p -t 31 p -t 02 p -t 02 p -t 03 p -t 20 p -t 31

'dAvkot ga'vot jot pot 'boikot

-WDt

-ote -otte -acht -ot -ott -what -uat -wat -wot -watt

n dovecote n gavotte ν,η yacht ν,η pot ν,η boycott adj,pron what v,n,adj squat ν,η swat ν,η swot η watt

AE o: t AE -o:t AE -o:t -o:t -o:t AE o:t -o:t -D: t

-ote -otte -acht -aught -ought -ot -ort -ourt

1 3 1 8 20 81 40 4

p-e52 p-e54 p -t 07 p -t 08 p -t 08 p -t 20 p -t 22 p -t 23

AE 'dAvks: AE gs'vo: AE jo: ko: θο: AE po: S3'po:t ko:t

-Dt -Dt -Dt -Dt

-WDt -WDt -WDt -WDt

2

WIt

get

WDt

skwot SWDt SWDt WDt

n cruet v intuit v intuit ν,η banquet v quit n wit

η dovecote η gavotte ν,η yacht pt,pp caught ρί,ρρ,η thought ν,η pot

ν,η support ν,η court 415

Appendix!: l-tl Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

AE -o:t -o:t AE -wo:t AE -wo:t AE -wo:t AE -wort -wo:t -wo:t AE -wo:t -ut -ut -aut -aut -aut -aut -aut

-ott -aut -what -uat -wat -wot -uart -wart -watt -oot -ut -oubt -ought -aut -out -ote -6te -oat -oyote -oyote -uote -ute -oute -uit -oot -ewt -ute -uit -eaut -ewt -ute -utt -ut -ert -irt -uit -wert -uirt

1 7 2 3 2 2 1 3 2 11 6 2 1 3 65 29 1 62 1 1 5 16 2 15 19 1 35 1 1 1 1 4 50 33 15 5 1 1

p-t31 p-t29 p-t02 p-t02 p-t03 p-t20 p-t21 p-t21 p -131 p -t 20 p -t 29 p -t 03 p -t 08 p -t 29 p -t 29 p-e52 p-e53 p -t 02 p-e53 p-e53 p-e53 p-e53 p-e53 p -t 10 p -t 20 p -t 30 p-e53 p -t 10 p -t 29 p -t 30 p-e53 p-t31 p -t 29 p -t 21 p -t 22 p -t 22 p -t 22 p -t 22

AE 'boiko:

-ate -ite -ette -uette -at -et -uet -ot -art -ert -ort -urt -ourt

109 3 2 1 5 (14) 1 20 1 6 4 1 1

p-e49 p-e52 p-e54 p-e54 p -t 01 p -t 06 p -t 06 p -t 20 p -t 21 p -t 22 p -t 22 p -t 22 p -t 23

'delikat 'deftnat Omlat 'etikat 'kasret 'breislat AE 't3:nakat 'pailat 'braegat 'konsat 'kAmfat 'jogat 'jogat

-aut

-aut -ai'aut -oi'aut -WaUt

-u:t -u:t -u:t -u:t AE -u:t -ju:t -ju:t -ju:t -ju:t -Ju:t -At -At

-3: t -3:t -3: t -ws:t -ws:t -at -at -at -at -at

-at AE -at -at -at

-at -at -at -at 416

Example 'aestrano: AE wo: AE skwo: AE swo: AE swo: kwo: Gwo: AE wo: fut put daut dr ut 'umlaut aut vaut ,ta:bl 'daut baut kaiaut koiaut kwaut sa'lu:t ru:t fru:t bu:t AE nu:t distnbju:t pa'sju:t bju:t nju:t 'staetju:t pM kAt a'l3:t J3:t hs:t ws:t skws:t

v,n boycott n astronaut adj.pron what v,n,adj squat v, n swat ν,η swot n quart ν,η thwart η watt ν,η foot ν,ρί,ρρ put ν,η doubt η drought η umlaut v,adv out ν,η vote adj.adv table d'hdte ν,η boat η coyote η coyote ν,η quote ν,η salute ν,η route ν,η fruit ν,η boot η newt ν distribute η pursuit AEn,adj beaut η newt η statute ν,η putt ν,ρί,ρρ, η cut v,n,adj alert η shirt ν,ρί,ρρ, η hurt pi (an v) wert ν,η squirt adj adj η η

delicate definite omelette etiquette η carat η bracelet η tourniquet ν,η pilot η braggart η concert ν,η comfort η yoghurt n yoghourt

Appendix!: /-t/ Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-ut -eate -iate -iat -iet -iot -iet -iot -uate -uate -wart -uit

3 3 15 4 1 5 4 1 3 2 1 1

p-t29 p-e50 p-e51 p-t02 p-t06 ρ -120 p -t 06 p -t 20 p-e51 p-e51 p -t 21 p -t 10

'paetrrat 'daiat 'rarat 'grxdjoat 'aedikwat 'sto:lw3t AE 'd3ez3W3t

n halibut n,adj laureate adj immediate n secretariat n soviet n patriot v,« diet v, n riot n graduate adj adequate n,adj stalwart n Jesuit

-Alpt

-ipped -ipt -ypt -eapt -ept -wept -aped -iped -uipped -apped -apt -opped -opt -opt -oped -upt -erpt -oped -amped -empt -ompt -ompt -ulpt

(6) 11 1 2 13 5 (2) (1) (1) (5) 5 (3) 4 4 (1) 6 1 (2) (1) 6 1 1 1

p-d03 p -t 21 p -t 21 p -t 20 p -t 21 p -t 21 p-d02 p-d02 p-d02 p-d02 p -t 20 p-d03 p -t 21 p -t 21 p-d02 p -t 21 p -t 21 p-d02 p-d02 p -t 21 p -t 21 p -t 21 p -t 2l

hpt 'maenj sknpt kript lept ak'sept swept Jeipt straipt Ani'kwipt An'taept a'daept stopt a'dopt AE a'doipt haupt .mta'rApt 'eks3:pt divebpt kraempt 3'tempt prompt AE proimpt skAlpt

adj lipped n manuscript n crypt pt.pp leapt v accept pt.pp swept ρί,ρρ shaped adj striped adj unequipped adj untapped v adapt pt.pp stopped v adopt v adopt ρί,ρρ hoped ν interrupt η excerpt ρί,ρρ developed ρί,ρρ, adj cramped ν, η attempt v.n.adj prompt v,n,adj prompt ν sculpt

-i:kt -i:kt -ikt -ikt -ikt -eikt -ekt -ekt -aekt -aekt -aekt -uaekt -waekt -a:kt -okt

-eaked -eeked -icked -ect -iet -aked -ecked -ect -acked -acte -act -ouacked -whacked -arked -ocked

(D

p-d02 p-d02 p-d02 p -t 03 p -t 03 p-d02 p-d02 p -t 03 p-d02 p-eSl p -t 03 p-d02 p-d02 p-d02 p-d02

pi:kt tji:kt 'traefikt 'P3:fikt 'distrikt 'beikt tjekt 'dirfekt baekt Ontraekt faekt 'bivuaekt waskt ma:kt pokt

ρί,ρρ, adj peaked pt,pp,adj cheeked pt.pp traficked adj perfect η district ρί,ρρ baked pt,pp,adj checked η defect ρί,ρρ backed η entr'acte η fact ρί,ρρ bivouacked pt.pp.adj whacked pt.pp.adj marked adj pocked

Sound cluster -3t

-rat -rat

-rat -rat -rat

-arat -arat -3U3t -W3t -W3t

AE -awat

Example haelibat 'lorrat imi:drat .sekra'teanat 'S3OVI3t

-pt

-ipt -ipt -ipt -ept -ept -wept -eipt -aipt -wipt -aept -aept -opt -opt AE -o:pt -aupt -Apt -a:pt -apt -aempt -empt -ompt AE -o:mpt

-kt (1) (4) 6 25 (5) (7) 66 (Π) 1 39 (D (1) (4) (4)

417

Appendix!: /-t/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-okt AE -o:kt -D:kt AE -D:kt -ukt -aukt -Akt -Akt -a:skt -iqkt -aeqkt -aerjkt -ogkt -o:qkt -Aqkt

-act -ocked -orked -act -ooked -oked -ucked -uct -asked -inct -anked -anct -onked -onked -unct

2 (4) (2) 2 (2) (1) (0 18 (2) 7 (1) 1

p-t04 p-d02 p-d02 p-t04 p-d02 p-d02 p-d02 p-t04 p-d02 p-t04 p-d02 p-t04 p-d02 p-d02 p-t04

ksrikokt AE po:kt ko:kt AE k9rika:kt hukt .Anpra'va kt An'Ukt m'stTAkt 'a:skt distinkt 'spmdl-Jaenkt 'saekreusaerjkt zorjkt zo:rjkt di'fAqkt

ν concoct adj pocked pt,pp,adj corked ν concoct pt.pp.adj hooked adj unprovoked adj untucked ν instruct pt,pp asked adj distinct adj spindle-shanked adj sacrosanct adj zonked adj zonked adj defunct

-Ift

22 8 (D 1 39 2 1 (1) (1) 39 2 6 1 6 (2) 2 1

p-t07 p-t07 p-d02 p-t07 p-t06 p-t07 p-t07 p-d02 p-d02 p-d02 p-t06 p-t07 p-t07 p-t07 p-t07 p-d02 p-t07 p-t07

lift left

-elft

-ift -eft -effed -weft -aft -aught -waft -afed -affed -aughed -aft -aught -oft -waft -oft -uffed -uft -elft

delft

v,n lift pt,pp,n,adj,adv left pt,pp effed « weft v,n draft v,n draught v,n waft ρί,ρρ strafed adj understaffed pt.pp laughed v,n draft v,n draught adj soft v,n waft adj soft adj overstuffed η tuft η delft

-u:0t -3:6t -3:6t

-oothed -earthed -erthed

(3) (Ο (D

p-d02 p-d02 p-d02

tu: ΘΙ 3:9t b3:9t

adj toothed ρί,ρρ earthed pt.pp berthed

-i:st -i:st -i:st -i:st -ist -ist -ist -ist -ist -ist -ist

-iste -east -eest -iest -iced -ised -issed -est -ist -eist -yst

2 14 1 1 (4) 0) (2) (36) 322 1 6

p-e53 p-t23 p-t24 p-t24 p-dOl p-d03 p-d03 p-t23 p -125 p -t 27 p -t 29

a:'ti:st i:st 'wildsbi:st pri:st .AiVnautist 'praektist kist 'modist 'nslist 'eidjist 'aenalist

η artiste n.adv east η wildebeest η priest adj unnoticed pt,pp,adj practised ρί,ρρ kissed adj modest η realist n,adj ageist

(D (1) 2

Example

-ft

eft -eft weft AE -aeft AE -aeft AE -waeft -a: ft -a:ft -o:ft -a:ft -a:ft -oft -woft AE -o:fi -Aft -Aft

(D

eft weft AE draeft AE draeft AE waeft stra:ft .Anda'statft 'la:ft dra:ft dra:ft soft woft AE so:ft .auva'stAft tAft

-0t

-st

418

η analyst

Appendix 2: /-t/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-i:ist -i: ist

-nst -list -eiist -eiist -anst -anst -eist -eist -weist -weist -aist -aist -oist -oist -uist -auist -auist -auist -u: ist -u: ist -wist -wist -wist

-eest -eist -iest -eist -yist -ayest -ayist -iest -yest -aced -aste -waste -waist -iced -eist -oiced -oist -uist -aoist -owest -oist -uest -oeist -whist -uist -wist

1 3 (4) 2 2 (1) 1 (1) (3) (10) 12 1 2 (D 2 (2) 4 1 1 (7) 4 (1) 1 1 2 1

p-t24 p-t27 p-t24 p-t27 p-t28 p-t25 p -128 p -t 24 p -t 25 p-dOl p-e53 p-e53 p -t 27 p-dOl p -t 27 p-dOl p -t 27 p -t 28 p -t 28 p -t 25 p -t 27 p -t 24 p -t 27 p -t 27 p -t 28 p -t 28

'fri:ist 'di:ist 'pntnst 'paen9nst 'lohnst 'genst 'esenst 'dr ust 'Jaust feist teist weist weist hai'praist 'zaitgaist hoist 'kaesuist 'mauist 'lauist 'egouist 'trunst ka'nunst wist 'hrjgwist twist

sup freest n deist sup prettiest n pantheist n lobbyist sup gayest n essayist sup driest sup shyest pt.pp faced v,n taste v,n,adj waste n waist adj high-priced n Zeitgeist pt.pp.adj voiced v,n hoist n casuist n Maoist sup,adv lowest n egoist sup truest n canoeist n whist n linguist v,n twist

-est -est -est -est -west -west AE -aest -aest -a: st -a: st -a: st

-essed -east -est -uest -uest -west -aste -ast -assed -aste -ast

(10) 4 43 1 5 10 2 46 (2) 2 36

p-d03 p -t 23 p -t 24 p -t 24 p -t 24 p -t 25 p-e53 p -t 22 p-d03 p-e53 p -t 23

Aristrest brest test gest kwest west AE kaest 'saendblaest pa:st ka:st ka:st

adj unstressed v,n breast v,n test n guest v,n quest n,adv west n caste v sandblast pt.pp passed n caste ν,ρί,ρρ,η cast

-ost

-ossed -oste -ost -ossed -ost -aust -oused -oust -oste -oast -ost -oost -used

(4) 1 9 (4) 9 2 (D 2 1 5 36 3 (2)

p-d03 p-e53 p -t 28 p-d03 p -t 28 p -t 29 p-d03 p -t 29 p-e53 p -t 23 p -t 28 p -t 28 p-d03

krost n'p st lost AE kro:st AE b:st ig'zorst saust aust AE n'paust kaust maust bu:st ju:st

pt.pp crossed v,n riposte pt.pp lost pt.pp crossed pt.pp lost v,n exhaust pt.pp.adj soused ν oust v,« riposte v,n coast n,sup,adv most v,n boost pt,pp,adj used

-HSt

-DSt -DSt

AE o: st AE -o: st -o:st -aust -aust AE -aust -aust -aUSt

-u: st -ju:st

Example

VOISt

419

Appendix 2: /-t/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-ASt

-aiast -arast

-ussed -used -ost -ust -earsed -ersed -irst -urst -worst -assed -essed -ussed -used -ast -est -ost -ust -iased -iassed

(1) (1) 1 28 (D (2) 4 8 1 (1) (1) (2) (2) 3 2 1 3 (2) (2)

p-d03 p-d03 p-t28 p-t28 p-d03 p-d03 p-t28 p-t28 p-t28 p-d03 p-d03 p-d03 p-d03 p-t23 p -124 p -t 28 p -t 29 p-d03 p-d03

,Ann'h3:st V3:st f3:st bs:st ws:st 'haerast 'witnast An'faukast faukast 'brekfast 'intrast 'provast O:gast An'baiast .Aribaiast

ρί,ρρ bussed ρί,ρρ bused an v dost adj,adv just ρί,ρρ rehearsed adj versed n,adj,adv first ν,η burst v,n,sup worst pt,pp,adj harassed pt.pp witnessed adj unfocussed pt.pp.adj focused v,« breakfast ν,η interest η provost η August adj unbiased adj unbiassed

-idst

-idst

2

p -t 23

midst

n,prep midst

-ikst -wikst -ekst -ekst -aekst -okst AE -o:kst

-ixed -wixt -exed -ext -axed -oxed -oxed

(3) 1 (4) 5 (2) (1) (1)

p-d03 p -t 30 p-d03 p -t 30 p-d03 p-d03 p-d03

mikst bitwikst pa'plekst nekst rilaskst 'ziarokst AE 'ziro:kst

pt,pp,adj mixed adv.prep betwixt pt,pp,adj perplexed n,adj,adv,prep next ρί,ρρ relaxed ρί,ρρ xeroxed ρί,ρρ xeroxed

-emt

-eamt

2

p -t 11

dremt

ρί,ρρ dreamt

-inst -inst -einst -enst -a:nst -aunst -aunst -anst -anst -lanst -uanst -aisnst

-inced -inst -ainst -ainst -anced -ounced -ownst -anced -enced -ienced -uenced -icensed

0)

1 1 1 (1) (2) 1 (2) (1) (2) (1) (D

p-d02 p -t 28 p -t 28 p -t 28 p-d02 p-d02 p -t 28 p-d02 p-d02 p-d02 p-d02 p-d03

Ankan'vmst inst a'gemst a'genst ad'va:nst pra'na nst .Anbrtiaunst An'baslanst An'sailanst ik'piananst Arimfluanst An'laisnst

adj unconvinced abbr inst prep against prep against pt,pp,adj advanced pt,pp,adj pronounced adv unbeknownst adj unbalanced adj unsilenced ρί,ρρ,αα] experienced adj uninfluenced adj unlicensed

-aenst -Aqst

-angst -ongst

1 1

p -t 25 p -t 25

aeqst a'mAqst

n angst prep amongst

-wallst

-whilst

1

p -t 28

wailst

conj whilst

-Ijt

-ished -uished

(9) (3)

p-d02 p-d02

fmijt 'aeqwi/t

ρί,ρρ finished adj anguished

-ASt -ASt -ASt

-3:st -3: st -3:st -3:st -W3:st - st - st - st

-

st st st st

- st

Example bASt bASt dASt djASt

-dst -kst

-mt

-n st

-nst

-Ist -Jt -Wl/t

420

Appendix 2: Ι-ίΙ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-«ft -oft -wojt AE -o:Jt

-ashed -oshed -washed -oshed

(1) (1) (2) 0)

p-d02 p-d02 p-d02 p-d02

a'bsejt slojt wojt AE sb:Jt

-irtjt -itjt -etjt -aetjt -aetft -otjt

-cached -itched -etched -ached -atched -otched -ouched -otched -enched

0) (2) (2) (3) (2) (1) (2) (1) (1)

p-d02 p-d02 p-d02 p-d02 p-d02 p-d02 p-d02 p-d02 p-d02

An'rirtft Pitft stretjt di'txtft maetjt blotjt tAtft AE blartjt 'SAndrentJt

adj unreached pt,pp pitched pt,pp stretched pt,pp,adj detached pt,pp matched adj blotched pt.pp.adj touched adj blotched adj sundrenched

-int -aint -eint -uaint -int -oint -uint -ent -eant -uent -went -ant -aunt -ante -ente -ant -aren't -aunt -ente -ant -ont -want -ente -ont -aunt -want -wont -ount -on't -wont -ont -unt -earnt -urnt -weren't -ant -eant

29 13 1 2 1 27 2 63 3 1 5 17 2 2 1 17 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 8 1 1 20 1 2 8 11 2 2 1 172 3

p-t!8 p-tl8 p-t!8 p-t!8 p-t 18 p-t!8 p-t 19 p-t 13 p-t 12 p-t 18 p-t 18 p -til p-t 19 p-e52 p-e52 p -til p-t 18 p-t 19 p-e52 p -til p-t 19 p-t 13 p-e52 p-t 19 p-t 19 p-t 13 p-t 19 p-t 19 p-t 19 p-t 19 p-t 19 p-t 19 p-t 19 p-t 19 p-t 18 p-t 11 p-t 13

print feint feint kweint paint point skwint bent ment fn'kwent went asnt A E aent 'debju:ta:nt ,dei'ta:nt pla:nt a:nt a:nt on'tont 'restront font wont AE o:rito:nt AE fo:nt dD:nt AE wo:nt AE wo:nt kaunt daunt wsunt frAnt hAnt b:nt b3:nt wsrnt 'veikant 'sa:d3ant

v,n print v,n,adj faint v,« Teint adj quaint n pint v,n point v,n squint pt,pp,n,adj bent pt.pp meant v frequent pt went n ant n aunt n debutante n detente v,n plant contr aren't n aunt n entente n restaurant n font v,n want n entente n font v daunt v,n want adj wont v,n count contr don't n.adj wont v,n front v,n hunt pt.pp learnt pt.pp burnt contr weren't adj vacant n sergeant

-Atft

AE o:tft -entjt

Example adj pt,pp,adj pt,pp pt.pp.adj

abashed sloshed washed sloshed

-nt

-int -eint -eint -weint -amt -omt -wmt -ent -ent -went -went -aent AE -aent -a:nt -a:nt -a:nt -a:nt -a:nt -ont -ont -ont -w nt AE -D:nt AE -o:nt -o:nt AE -wo:nt AE -wo:nt -aunt -aunt -waunt -ΛΠΙ -ΛΠΙ

-s:nt -3:nt -wa:nt -ant -ant

421

Appendix 2: /-t/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

>Jumber of

-ant -ant -ant -rant -rant -rant -rant -erant -arant -aiant -orant -orant -eant -uant -juant -u:ant -u:ant -ju:ant -want

-uant -ent -ient -eant -iant -ient -eunt -ayn't -iant -ient -oyant -uoyant -aren't -uent -uent -uant -uent -uant -uent

1 452 1 2 9 29 1 1 6 1 2

-itnt -eitnt -eitnt -aitnt -aetnt -o:tnt -o:tnt -autnt -Astnt

-ittent

words

Dictionary

Example

10

p-t!7 p-t 13 p-t!3 p-t 17 p-t 19 p-t 20 p-t 13 p-t 17 p-t 13 p-t 13 p-t 18 p-t 18 p-t 18 p-t 13 p-t 18 p-t 13 p-t 18

'pi:kant 'sailant 'emjant 'reknant 'reidiant a'bi:drant 'eksiant 'merant 'djarant 'klaiant flaenYborant TjDiant deant 'aefluant kan'stitjuant 'tru:ant 'flu:ant pa'sju:ant fri:kwant

adj piquant adj silent adj ancient n,adj recreant adj radiant adj obedient v exeunt contr mayn't n giant n client adj flamboyant adj buoyant contr daren't n,adj affluent n,adj constituent n truant adj fluent adj pursuant adj frequent

-ightn't -atent -ortant -oughtn't -otent -ustn't

2 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 1

p-t 17 p- 12 p - 17 p- 19 p - 17 p - 12 p - 19 p- 17 p - 19

n'mitnt 'bleitnt 'leitnt 'maitnt 'paetnt im'pDitnt O:tnt 'pautnt 'mAsnt

adj remittent adj blatant adj latent contr mightn't v,n,adj patent adj important contr oughtn't adj potent contr mustn't

-i:dnt -i:dnt -idnt -aidnt -ednt -asdnt -a:dnt -o:dnt -udnt -audnt -wudnt -u:dnt -ju:dnt -a: dnt

-edent -eedn't -idn't -ident -edant -adn't -ardent -ordant -oudn't -odent -woudn't -udent -udent -erdant

1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1

p-t 17 p-t 13 p-t 13 p-t 17 p-t 12 p-t 13 p-t 17 p-t 12 p-t 13 p-t 17 p-t 13 p-t 17 p-t 17 p-t 12

,aenti'si:dnt 'ni:dnt 'didnt 'straidnt 'pednt 'hasdnt O:dnt 'mo:dnt 'kudnt 'raudnt 'wudnt 'pnirdnt 'stju:dnt 'V3:dnt

n,adj antecedent pt (an v+not) needn't pt (an v+not) didn't adj strident n pedant pt (an v+not) hadn't adj ardent adj mordant pt (an v+not) couldn't n rodent contr wouldn't adj prudent n student adj verdant

-aevnt

-aven't

1

p-t 17

'haevnt

contr haven't

-i:snt -isnt -isnt -eisnt -esnt

-ecent -icent -iscent -acent -essant

3 5 1 1 1

p-t 17 p-t 17 p-t 17 p-t 17 p-t 12

'ri:snt maeg'nifisnt .reminisnt a'dseisnt m'sesnt

adj recent adj magnificent adj reminiscent adj adjacent adj incessant

4

p-t!3 p-tl3

-tnt

-atant -atent

-dnt

-vnt -snt

422

Appendix 2: Ι-άΙ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-esnt -wi'esnt -wai'esnt -wesnt -aesnt -u:snt -3:snt -9snt

-escent -uiescent -uiescent -uescent -ascent -ucent -ersant -ocent

15 1 1 2 2 2 1 1

p-t!7 p-t 17 p-t!7 p-t 17 p-t 17 p-t 17 p-t 12 p-t 17

.m'desnt .askwi'esnt .aekwai'esnt likwesnt 'naesnt 'lu:snt k9riv3:snt 'inasnt

adj iridescent adj acquiescent adj acquiescent adj liquescent adj nascent adj lucent adj conversant n,adj innocent

-iznt -eznt -eznt -aeznt -woznt AE WD:znt -Aznt

-isn't -easant -esent -asn't -wasn't wasn't -oesn't

1 4 1 1 1 1 1

p-t 19 p-t 12 p-t 17 p-t 19 p-t 19 p-t 19 p-t 19

'iznt 'pleznt 'preznt 'haeznt 'woznt 'wDznt 'dAznt

contr isn't adj pleasant n,adj present contr hasn't contr wasn't contr wasn't contr doesn't

-ijnt -eijnt -enj~nt AE -aenfnt -waufnt

-icient -atient -entient -ansient -uotient

8 4 2 1 1

p-t 18 p-t 18 p-t 18 p-t 18 p-t 18

sa'fijnt 'peijnt 'senjnt AE 'trxnjnt 'kwaujnt

adj sufficient n.adj patient adj sentient n.adj transient n quotient

-ilt -ilt

-ilt -uilt -out -uilt -wilt -eld -elte -eldt -ealt -elt -welt -alt -alt -alt -ault -olt -oult -ult -ult

10 9 2 1

p-t 10 p-t 10 p-t 10 p-t 10 p-t 10 p-d03 p-e52 p-131 p-t 10 p-t 10 p-t 10 p-t 10 p-t 10 p-t 10 p -til p -til p -til p -til p -til

gilt bill spoilt kwilt wilt veil svelt veil delt belt dwelt 'aesfaslt soil s:>:lt fo:lt teult mault n'ZAlt 'difikalt

ρρ,η gilt pt,pp built ρί,ρρ spoilt η quilt ν wilt Μ veld adj svelte η veldt ρί,ρρ dealt v,n belt pt dwelt v,n asphalt abbr SALT v,n,adj salt v,n fault ν,η,αάν bolt v,n moult v,n result adj difficult

Example

-znt

-Jnt

-1t

-3llt

-wilt -wilt -elt -elt -elt -elt -elt -weit -aelt - lt -o:lt -o:lt -ault -3ult

-Alt

-alt

1 1 1 1 2 19 2 1 7 9 7 10 1 10 1

/-d/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Diction-

-i:d -i:d

-ead -ed

11 4

p-d03 p-d05

Example

ary

ri:d 'laudid

v,n read contr sh'd

423

Appendix!: Ι-άΙ

(48) (1) (2) 1 13 (8) 1 1 1 1 (416) (38) 5 (82) 1 38 79 1 5 1 2 1 2 (30) (D (25) 1 103 2 1 3 7 24 3 4

p-d!3 p-d!5 p-d!6 p-d!6 p-e09 p-d!3 p-d!5 p-e09 p-d03 p-d04 p-d05 p-d!3 p-d!6 p-d!6 p-d!7 p-d!7 p-e08 p-e08 p-d!6 p-d25 p-e08 p-e09 p-e09 p-d!3 p-d!6 p-d!6 p-d!7 p-e09 p-e09 p-e 10 p-e09 p-d!6 p-d!7 p-d!7 p-d!7

sak'si:d 'preisi:d hai-'ki:d ski:d pn'si:d twi:d wi:d swi:d nra'haemid 'fond 'laudid 'sLvdid 'h\nid bid 'nrarnd peid treid .onndj'eid 'steid eid pa'sweid weid sweid traid ,dAbl-'daid 'wAn-aid aid di'said gaid fo:'maeldihaid waid di'stroid

-u:id -wid

-eed -ised -eyed -i'd -ede -weed -we'd -wede -ad -ead -ed -ied -eyed -id -eid -aid -ade -eade -ayed -ey'd -uade -wade -uede -ied -yed -eyed -i'd -ide -uide -yde -wide -oyed -oid -uid -uid

'flurid likwid

ν succeed ρί,ρρ precised adj high-keyed ρί,ρρ ski'd ν precede η tweed contr we'd η swede propn Muhammad η forehead pt,pp,adj loaded pt,pp,adj studied adj honeyed ν,ρί,ρρ,η bid n nereid pt.pp paid v,n trade η orangeade ρί,ρρ stayed contr they'd ν persuade ν wade η suede pt,pp,adj tried adj double-dyed adj one-eyed contr I'd ν decide v,n guide η formaldehyde adj,adv wide ρί,ρρ destroyed ν avoid n.adj fluid n,adj liquid

-ed -ed -ed -wed zed -zed -aed -aed -laed -aiaed -a:d -a:d -a:d -a:d -a:d -a:d -a:d -a:d

-ead -ed -aid -wed ζ -ad -add -ade -iad -iad -ad -aa'd -aaed -arred -ard -uard -ade -arde

74 61 4 3 1 28 I 3 1 3 1 1 (1) (2) 34 12 4 1

p-d04 p-d08 p-d!7 p-d 15 p-zOl p-d 03 p-d 25 p-e 08 p-d 04 p-d 04 p-d 03 p-d 03 p-d 13 p-d 15 p-d 22 p-d 23 p-e 08 p-e 10

bred bed sed wed zed glaed aed baed a'limpiaed 'traiaed d3iha:d ba:d ba:d il-'sta:d ka:d ga:d fa'sa:d ,aevDn-'ga:d

η bread V,H bed pt.pp.adj said ν,ρί,ρρ wed η ζ,Ζ adj glad ν add pt bade η Olympiad η triad η jihad pt baa'd ρί,ρρ baaed adj ill-starred v,n card v,« guard η facade η avant-garde

-i:d -i:d -i:d -i:d -i:d -wi:d -wi:d -wi:d -id -id -id -id -id -id -nd -eid -eid -eid -eid -eid -we id -weid -weid -aid -aid -aid -aid -aid -aid -aid -waid -oid -Did

424

3'VDld

Appendix 2: /-d/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-ja:d -ja:d -Dd -öd -wod -wod -o:d AE o:d -o:d -o:d o:d -o:d -o:d AE o:d -o:d -o:d -o:d o:d -o:d -iD:d -io:d AE -word -wo:d -a'wD:d

-iard -yard -odd -od -uad -wad -oad -odd -ored -orred -awed -aud -awd -od -oard -word -ourd -orde -ord -iord -jord -wad -ward -oward

1 16 1 28 4 2 2 1 (D 0) (2) 6 1 28 55 2 1 1 22 1 1 2 5 2

p-d22 p-d23 p-d25 p-d21 p-d04 p-d04 p-d04 p-d25 p-d!5 p-d!5 p-d!5 p-d24 p-d25 p-d21 p-d22 p-d24 p-d24 p-e 10 p-d24 p-d24 p-d24 p-d05 p-d23 p-d23

mil'ja:d ja:d od god skwod wod brord AE o:d ,Anik'spb:d ab'hD:d flo:d a'pb:d bo:d AE go:d bo:d so:d gD:d ho:d 3'ko:d fi'3:d fi'o:d AE-W3:d wo:d

-ud -ud -ud -aud -aud -aud -aud -aud -aud -aud -aud -waud -wud -wud -u:d -u:d -u:d -u:d -u:d -u:d -u:d -u:d -ju:d -ju:d -ju:d -ju:d -ju:d

-ud -ould -ood -owed -oud -owd -oad -ewed -owed -oed -ode -woad -would -wood -oused -ooed -ued -ewed -ewd -o'd -ood -ude -ued -ewed -iewed -eud -you'd

2 2 29 (2) 12 2 25 0) 4 (6) 28 1 1 17 1 (1) (1) (2) 2 1 6 16 (2) (3) (1) 2 1

p-d24 p-d!8 p-d21 p-d!6 p-d25 p-d25 p-d04 p-d!5 p-d!6 p-d!4 p-e 10 p-d04 p-d!8 p-d22 p-d!5 p-d!4 p-d!5 p-d!5 p-d25 p-d21 p-d22 p-e 10 p-d!5 p-d!6 p-d!6 p-d24 p-d25

pud kud gud baud praud kraud reud

Example

tS'WDtd

,3UV3'SSUd

baud 'ekaud kaud waud wud wud 'rondivui:d Jaem'pu:d AE sab'du:d haum-'bru:d Jru:d hu:d fu:d in'klu:d 'a:gju:d stju:d vju:d fju:d ju:d

n milliard n yard adj odd n god n squad v,n wad n,adj broad adj odd adj unexplored pt.pp abhorred adj flawed v applaud n bawd n god v,n board n sword n gourd n horde v,n accord n fiord n fjord v,n wad v,n ward prep toward n pud pt(anv) could n,adj good pt.pp bowed adj proud v,n crowd n road pt oversewed pt,pp bowed pt. pp echoed v,n code n woad modal v would n wood pt rendezvoused pt. pp shampooed adj subdued adj home-brewed adj shrewd contr who'd n food v include pt. pp argued pt,pp,adj stewed pt,pp viewed n feud contr you'd 425

Appendix 2: /-d/ Sound

Number of

Diction-

option

words

ary

-ju:d -ju:d

-ewd -ude -ud -ood -erred -irred -urred -urd -eard -erd -ird -word

1 37 13

p-d25

-Ad

-Ad -3:d -s:d -3:d -3:d -3:d -s:d -3:d -ws:d

3d -ad -ad -3d -3d -3d -3d -3d -3d -3d -3d -3d -3d -3d -3d -3d -3d -rad -rad -I3d

-rad -rad -rad -arad -a isd -wisd -esd -esd -esd -esd - sd -U3

-auad -ausd -3U3d

-jusd -jusd -wsd -wsd 426

Spelling

cluster

'd -ad -ed -aed -red -ared -ered -uered -wered -ored -ured -oured -od -ard -oard -erd -herd -ea'd -iad -eared -iered -iod -eard -yad -ired -weird -ared -ired -aired -aird -ured -ourd -owered -oward -oward -ured -eward -would -ward

4 0) (D (1) 4 4 5 21 15 2 3 1 (3) (3) (1) (48) (3) (2) (2) (14) (15)

3 28 5 1 1 1 1 (3) (3) 1 2 2 7 1 (3) (D (3) 1 (3) 1 (3) 1 1 (3) 2 1 24

p-e 10

p-d24 p-d22 p-d!5 p-d!5 p-d!5 p-d24 p-d22 p-d23 p-d24 p-d24 p-d03 p-d03 p-d09 p-d!2 p-d!4 p-d!4 p-d!4 p-d!4 p-d!4 p-d!5 p-d!5 p-d!5 p-d21 p-d22 p-d23 p-d23 p-d24 p-d04 p-d04 p-d!4 p-d!4 p-d21 p-d22 p-d05 p-d!4 p-d24 p-d!4 p-d!4 p-d!4 p-d24 p-d!5 p-d24 p-d!4 p-d23 p-d23 p-d!5 p-d23 p-dl8 p-d23

Example lju:d 'aetitju:d bAd blAd pn'f3:d 'st3:d 3'k3:d 3b's3:d ha:d hs:d bs:d W3:d

adj lewd n attitude v,» bud v,n blood pt. pp preferred ρί,ρρ stirred pt,pp occurred adj absurd ρί,ρρ heard v,« herd η bird v,n word

' aet d 'saebd 'hAndred Vi:z3d self-'senrad 'pited Ofsd 'korjksd 'a:ns3d An'tju:t3d figsd 'kAted 'me83d 'staendsd 'kAb3d 'haelbsd 'Jepsd WAn-ai'disd 'mirrad 'dog-rad 'trad 'prarrad brad 'drarad 'tarad wrad deed 'kompeed loq-'hesd lead s'Jirad girad 'flausd 'kausd 'frausd Ansi'kjirad 'stjusd

contr that'd η salad n,adj hundred ρί,ρρ visaed adj self-centred adj pillared ρί,ρρ offered ρί,ρρ conquered ρί,ρρ answered adj untutored pt,pp,adj figured pi,pp,adj coloured η method n,adj standard η cupboard η halberd v,n shepherd adj one-idea'd n,adj myriad adj dog-eared adj tiered η period v,n beard η dryad pi,pp,adj tired adj weird ρί,ρρ dared ρί,ρρ compered adj long-haired « laird pt,pp,adj assured η gourd pt,pp,adj flowered η coward adj froward adj unsecured « steward (weakform) would v,n,adj,adv forward

wed 'fo:w3d

Appendix 2: /-d/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-jad

-yard

3

p-d23

'haeljad

n halyard

-aibd -aebd -webd -a:bd -o:bd -o:bd -aobd -a:bd

-ibed -abbed -webbed -arbed -orbed -aubed -obed -urbed

(2) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2)

p-d09 p-d09 p-d09 p-d09 p-d09 p-d09 p-d09 p-d09

ssb'skraibd kraebd webd ba:bd ,se!f-3b'zD:bd bi'do:bd bubd ,Andist3:bd

ρί,ρρ subscribed adj crabbed adj webbed adj barbed adj self-absorbed adj bedaubed adj lobed adj undisturbed

-igd -wigd -egd -ogd AE-3:gd AE -o:gd -Agd

-igged -wigged -egged -ogged -ogged -oged -ugged

(3) 0) (2) (3) (3) (1) (1)

p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-d09 p-dlO

'autrigd wigd ,kros-'legd snogd AE sno:gd /l£,kaeteb:gd 'hAmbAgd

adj outrigged adj wigged adv cross-legged pt snogged pt snogged ρί,ρρ cataloged pt.pp humbugged

-i:vd -i:vd -i:vd -i:vd -ivd -eivd -aivd -a:vd -u:vd -3:vd -3:vd -olvd AE -o:lvd

-caved -eeved -ieved -eived -ived -aved -ived -arved -oved -oved -erved -urved -olved -olved

(2) (2) 0) (1) (2) (7) (2) (1) (3) (4) (5) (1) (4) (4)

p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d!2

bi'ri:vd sli:vd ,Ann'li:vd n'si:vd lurj-'hvd Arijeivd di'praivd 'seks-sto:vd An'pru:vd bi'Uvd n'z3:vd ,m'k3:vd An'solvd AE Ariso:lvd

adj, η bereaved adj sleeved adj unrelieved pt,pp,adj received adj long-lived adj unshaved pt,pp,adj deprived adj sex-starved adj unproved adj beloved pt,pp,adj reserved adj incurved adj unsolved adj unsolved

-ei d -au d -su d

-athed -outhed -othed

(1) (2) (1)

p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO

An'skeiod .aupan 'ma d bi'trau d

adj unscathed adj open-mouthed adj.n betrothed

-i:zd -eizd -aizd -aizd -aizd -aezd -aozd -ju:zd -Azd

-eased -azed -ised -uised -ized -azzed -osed -used -uzzed

(2) (4) (6) (1) (23) (1) (15) (4) 0)

p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d 12 p-d!3 p-d 12 p-d 12 p-d 13

pli:zd a'meizd sa'praizd .Andis'gaizd 'sivalaizd 'dsaezd sa'pauzd An'ju:zd 'bAzd

pt,pp,adj pleased adj amazed pt,pp,adj surprised adj undisguised adj civilized ρί,ρρ jazzed pt.pp.adj supposed adj unused ρί,ρρ buzzed

-idad -idsd -id3d -idsd

-aged -edged -idged -eged

4 (1) (1) (2)

p-d 09 p-d 09 p-d 09 p-d 09

Aridaemidjd .Anak'nohdjd .Ana'bndjd 'pnvalidjd

adj undamaged adj unacknowledged adj unabridged adj privileged

Example

-bd

-gd

-vd

-AVd

-3d

-zd

-djd

427

Appendix 2: /-d/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-eidsd -edsd -a:d3d -Adsd -ardjd -mdsd -eindsd -andsd

-aged -edged -arged -udged -erged -inged -anged -enged

(1) (7) (3) (1) (1) (2) (D 0)

p-d09 p-d09 p-d09 p-d09 p-d09 p-d09 p-d09 p-d09

il-'dsAdsd S3b'm3:d3d 'sindjd Aritjemd3d An'tjaebndjd

pt.pp.adj aged adj fledged adj supercharged adj ill-judged pt,pp,adj submerged pt.pp singed adj unchanged adj unchallenged

-i:md -imd -imd -eimd -eimd -aimd -aimd -emd AE -aemd -aemd -aemd -o:md -o:md -o:md -sumd -u:md -ju:md -Amd -3:md -amd

-earned -immed -imbed -amed -aimed -imed -ymed -emmed -amed -ammed -amned -aimed -armed -ormed -omed -oomed -umed -umbed -irmed -omed

(2) (4) (2) (8) (1) (3) (1) (2) (1) (1) (2) 0) (4) (6) (1) (3) (1) (1) (2) (6)

p-d 11 p-dll p-d 09 p-dll p-dll p-dll p-dll p-dll p-dll p-dll p-d 12 p-dll p-dll p-dll p-dll p-dll p-dll p-d 09 p-dll p-dll

Aridri:md 'red-nmd limd s'Jeimd ,Arikleimd wel-'taimd raimd dsemd A E 'preugraemd 'praugraemd daemd bi'ka:md Ariha:md ,Aninfo:md daumd wel-'gru:md 'kostjuimd AripUmd ,Ankan'f3:md .Ana'kAStemd

adj undreamed adj red-rimmed adj limbed adj ashamed adj unclaimed adj well-timed pt,pp,adj rhymed adj gemmed pt,pp programed pt.pp programmed pt,pp,adj,adv damned adj becalmed adj unharmed adj uninformed adj domed adj well-groomed adj costumed adj unplumbed adj unconfirmed adj unaccustomed

-i:nd -wirnd -md -md -md -amd -amd -amd -wamd -emd -emd -emd -wind -wind -end -end -wend •aend -aend -a:nd -ond -ond

-iend -weaned -ined -inned -ind -igned -ined -ind -wind -eigned -ained -eined -winned -wind -end -iend -wend -and -anned -and -ond -onde

1 (1) (3) (2) 1 (5) (9) 24 2 (1) (23) (1) (1) 6 54 6 1 94 (4) 6 14 1

p-d 20 p-dll p-dll p-d 12 p-d 20 p-dll p-dll p-d 20 p-d 20 p-dll p-dll p-dll p-d 12 p-d 20 p-d 19 p-d 20 p-d 20 p-d 18 p-d 12 p-d 19 p-d 20 p-e 10

fi:nd An'wi:nd ,Andi't3:mmd 'θιη-skmd 'taemarind n'zaind .Andi'faind faind waind An'femd ,Amk'spleind veind twmd wind spend frend wend haend An'plasnd ks'mamd bi'jond blond

n fiend adj unweaned adj undetermined adj thin-skinned n tamarind pt.pp.adj resigned adj undefined v,n find v.n wind adj unfeigned adj unexplained adj veined pt.pp.adj twinned v.n wind v spend n friend v wend v,« hand adj unplanned v,n command adv.prep beyond n.adj blonde

Example

eidjd fled3d 'su:p9tfa:d3d

-md

-nd

428

Appendix 2: Ι-άΙ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-wond -o:nd

-wand -orned

-o:nd AE -o:nd -o:nd -o:nd AE -wo:nd -und -aund -aund -waund -aund AE-u:nd -wu:nd -ju:nd -And -3:nd -a:nd -3:nd -and -and -and -and -and -and -and -and -land

-ourned -ond -ende -onde -wand -und -ound -owned -wound -oned -uned -wound -uned -und -earned -erned -urned -aned -ened -oned -ioned -and -end -ond -und -ioned

1 (2) (1) 14 1 2 1 1 68 (2) 2 (6) (1) 2 (D 9 (1) (2) (5) (1) (5) (1) (1) 15 3 3 4 (1)

p-d!9 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d20 p-e 10 p-elO p-d!9 p-d20 p-d20 p-d!2 p-d21 p-dll p-d!2 p-d21 p-d!2 p-d20 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-d!2 p-dll p-dll p-dll p-dll p-d!9 p-d20 p-d20 p-d20 p-dll

kan's3:nd 'sAnb3:nd 't3:band An'aupand a'baendand Arikwestjand 'ailand 'ledsand 'sekand 'dserand 'mAliand

pt,pp,adj horned adj unmourned adv.prep beyond n pitchblende n demimonde n wand n dachshund ν,ρί,ρρ,η ground adj renowned ρί,ρρ wound pt,pp,adj stoned adj tuned v,n wound adj tuned v,« fund adj unearned pt,pp,adj concerned adj sunburned adj turbaned adj unopened pt,pp,adj abandoned adj unquestioned η island η legend v,n,adj,adv second η gerund adj mullioned

-wi:tnd -aitnd -Atnd -evnd -wiznd -aoznd -ijnd -ijnd -aejnd -ae/nd -enfnd

-weetened -ightened -uttoned -eavened -wizened -ousand -issioned -itioned -ashioned -assioned -entioned

(1) (2) (D (1) (0 1 (2) (4) (3) (1) (3)

p-dll p-dll p-dll p-dll p-dll p-d!9 p-dll p-dll p-dll p-dll p-dll

Ariswi:tnd 'fraitnd An'bAtnd .An'levnd 'wiznd 'Gauznd ka'mijnd kan'dijnd aul-'faejnd im'paejnd 'menjnd

adj unsweetened pt,pp,adj frightened pt.pp.adj unbuttoned adj unleavened adj wizened n,adj thousand pt,pp,adj commissioned adj conditioned adj old-fashioned adj impassioned pt,pp,adj mentioned

-iqd -wind -Dqd -And

-inged -winged -onged -ongued

(1) (1) (4) (1)

p-dlO p-d 10 p-dlO p-d 15

'stokiqd wind pra'loqd tArjd

adj stockinged pt,pp,adj winged pt.pp.adj prolonged adj tongued

-i:ld -i:ld -i:ld -wi:ld -wi:Id -wi:ld

-ealed -eeled -ield -wheeled -weald -wield

(5) (1) 21 0) 1 1

p-d 10 p-d 10 p-d 18 p-d 10 p-d 17 p-d 18

,Ankan'si:ld wel-'hi:ld fi:ld '0ri:-wi:ld wi:ld wi:ld

adj unconcealed adj well-heeled v,n field adj three-wheeled η weald ν wield

Example

wond ho:nd An'mD:nd AE bi'jo:nd 'pitfblend ,demimD:nd AE wo:nd 'daekshund graund n'naund waund staund AE 'tu:nd wu:nd 'tju:nd fAnd An'3:nd

n wand

-qd

-Id

429

Appendix 2: /-d/

430

Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-ji:ld -ild -ild -ild -ild -eild -arid -aild -aild -waild -oild -wild

-yield -»led -ild -uild -ilde -ailed -iled -yled -ild -wild -oiled -willed

1 (7) 1 3 1 (5) (1) (1) 9 1 (6) (3)

p-dl8 p-dll p-d!8 p-d!8 p-e09 p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-d!8 p-d!8 p-dlO p-dll

ji:ld skild gild bild tild meild Arirekansaild 'self-staild tjaild waild Arispoild twild

v,n yield adj skilled v,n gild v,n build η tilde pt,pp,adj mailed adj unreconciled adj self-styled η child npl,adj,adv wild adj unspoiled adj twilled

-eld -eld -eld -weld -o:ld o:Id o:ld o:ld

-eled -elled -eld -weld -arled -ailed -auled -aid

(1) (4) 5 1 (1) (1) (1) 3

p-dlO p-dlO p-d!7 p-d!8 p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-d!7

Aripaeraleld n'peld held weld πα: Id sau-'ko:ld klaus-'ln:ld bo:ld

adj unparalleled pt,pp repelled pt,pp held v,n weld adj gnarled adj so-called adj close-hauled adj bald

-auld -auld -auld -auld -auld -wauld -u:ld -ju:ld

-oiled -oled -owled -old -ould -wold -ooled -uled

(3) (1) (1) 53 4 1 (1) (1)

p-dll p-dlO p-dlO p-d!8 p-d!8 p-d!8 p-dlO p-dlO

.Ankan'treuld sauld kli:n-'bauld kauld mauld wauld 'ea-ku:ld An'Jedju:ld

adj uncontrolled pt,pp,adj soled adj clean-bowled n,adj cold V,M mould η wold adj air-cooled adj unscheduled

-Aid -3: Id -ws:ld -aid -aid -aid -aiald -u:3ld -wald -skald

-ulled -orld -whorled -ailed elled -aid -tailed -ewelled -ualled -acled

(2) 4 (1) 0) (3) 3 (1) 0) (1) (2)

p-dll p-d!8 p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-d!7 p-dlO p-dll p-dlO p-dlO

a'riAld wa:ld W3:ld Ariraivald 'baerald 'herald 'daiald bidjuiald 'hkwald 'spektakald

ρί,ρρ annulled η world adj whorled adj unrivalled ρί,ρρ, adj barrelled v,n herald ρί,ρρ dialled adj bejewelled ρί,ρρ equalled adj spectacled

-3:pld -apld -irnpld -eibld -eibld -a:bld -Abld -abld -aitld -etld

-urpled -ipled -impled -abled -abelled -arbled -oubled -abled -itled -etaled

(1) (3) 0) (2) (2) (1) 0) (D (1) (1)

p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-d 10 p-dlO p-d 10

im'paipld 'pnnsapld 'pimpld 'geibld 'leibld 'marbld Ari vvbld 'sifcbld 'taitld 'petld

adj empurpled adj principled adj pimpled adj gabled pt.pp labelled adj marbled adj untroubled adj syllabled adj titled ρί,ρρ ΑΕ petaled

Example

Appendix 2: /-k/ Spelling option

Number of words

Diction-

cluster

-etld -etld -aetld -autld -Antld -aidld -aedld -odld AE-o:a\d -Adld -mdld -aendld -ekld -akld -aegld -iqgld -aeqgld -Afld -asvld -aevld -evld -aesld -aesld -aensld -aunsld -izld -ozld AE -o:zld -asmld -Anld -ignld -ignld

-etalled -ettled -attled -otaled -untied -idled -addled -odelled -odelled -uddled -indled -andalled -eckled -ocled -aggled -ingled -angled -uffled -aveled avelled -evelled -asseled -asselled -ancelled -ounselled -izzled -ozzled -ozzled -ammelled -unnelled -ignaled -ignalled

(3) (D (1) (D (1) 0) (2) (D (1) (D (1) (1) (D (1) (D Ο) (2) (1) (1) 0) (2) 0)

p-dlO p-dlO

-ard

-ord

Sound

Example

ary

(1) (1) (1) (2) (Ο (D

p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-dlO p-d 10 p-dlO p-d 10

'metld 'setld im'baetld 'toutld dis'grAntld ,An'brardld Arisaedld 'modld AE 'mD:dld bifAdld 'bnndld 'saendld 'spekld 'monakld bi'draegld An'mingld 'rait-aengld ArirAfld 'traevld 'traevld 'levld 'taesld 'tassld 'kaensld 'kaunsld 'gnzld 'sozld AE 'so:zld An'traemld tu:-'fAnld 'signld 'signld

adj metalled pt,pp,adj settled adj embattled ρί,ρρ ΑΕ totaled adj disgruntled adj unbridled pt.pp.adj unsaddled ρί,ρρ modelled pt.pp modelled adj befuddled adj brindled adj sandalled adj speckled adj monocled adj bedraggled adj unmingled adj right-angled adj unruffled adj traveled pt,pp,adj travelled ρί,ρρ levelled adj tasseled adj tasselled pt.pp cancelled ρί,ρρ counselled ρί,ρρ, adj grizzled adj sozzled adj sozzled adj untrammelled adj two-funnelled ρί,ρρ ΑΕ signaled ρί,ρρ signalled

1

p-d 24

AE 'rekard

η record

0) (1)

0) 0)

-rd

/-k/ Sound cluster

-i:k -i:k

-i:k -i:k -i:k -i:k -i:k -i:k -i:k -wi:k

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-ic

1 2 12 1 1 12 11 1 1 2

p-cOl p-e!6 p -e64 p-h06 p-h06 p-kOl p-kOl p-kOl p-kOl p-kOl

-eke -ique -ikh -eikh -eak -eek -iek -ik -ueak

Example

fi:k i:k tek'ni:k si:k Ji:k spi:k tji:k Jri:k ba'thk skwi:k

n,adj chic ν eke η technique η Sikh η sheikh ν speak v,n cheek v,n shriek η batik v,n squeak

431

Appendix 2: /-k/

432

Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-wi:k

-wi:k -ik -ik -ik -ik -i:ik -enk -eik -eik -eik -eik -eik -eik -weik -weik -aik -aik -aik -auik -wik -wik -ek -ek -ek -ek -ek -ek

-weak -week -ic -ych -ik -ick -eic -aic -ache -ake -aque -eikh -eak -eik -uake -wake -ike -yke -eich -oic -uick -wick -ec -eque -ech -ek -eck -eq

2 2 590 2 6 62 1 13 10 64 1 1 11 1 2 3 53 2 1 2 2 2 6 2 2 2 27 1

p-kOl p-kOl p-cOl p-h02 p-kOl p-k06 p-c06 p-c06 p-e 14 p-e 15 p-e 64 P-H06 p-kOl p-k02 p-e 16 p-e 16 p-e 16 p-e 17 p-h02 p-c06 p-k06 p-k06 p-cOl p -e 64 p-h02 p-kOl p-k05 p-qOl

wi:k 'traefik 'tnptik 'sputnik 6ik nju:'kli:nk pre'zenk eik teik sifpeik Jeik breik Jeik k weik weik baik taik raik hi'rauik kwik wik sek tjek 'kromlek trek dek ,et 'sek

adj weak n week v,« traffic n triptych n sputnik n,adj,adv thick adj nucleic adj prosaic v,« ache v,n take adj opaque n sheikh v,n break n sheik v,n quake v,n wake v,n bike n tyke n Reich adj heroic n,adj,adv quick n wick n sec n cheque n cromlech v,n trek v,n deck abbr etseq

-aek -aek -ask -ask -aek -aiask -oiaek -uaek -waek -waek -jaek -a:k -a:k -a:k -a:k -a:k -a:k -a:k -ia:k -wa:k

-ac -aque -ach -ak -ack -ayak -oiac -ouac -whack -uack -yack -arc -aque -arque -arch -ach -ark -erk -iarch -uark

11 1 3 4 98 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 46 2 2 1

p-cOl p-e 64 p-h02 p-kOl p-k05 p-kOl p-cOl p-cOl p-k05 p-k05 p-kOl p-c06 p-e 64 p-e 64 p-h02 p-h02 p-k03 p-k04 p-h02 p-k04

sask klaek 'Ju:maek 'aenaraek back 'kaiaek .paera'noiaek 'bivuaek kwaek kwaek jack a:k pla:k ba:k Oliga:k ma: k da:k kla:k 'meitria:k kwa:k

n sac n claque n sumach n anorak ν,η,αάν back η kayak η paranoiac v,n bivouac v,« whack v,« quack n yack η arc η plaque η barque η oligarch n Mach n,adj dark v,n clerk n matriarch n quark

-ok -ok

-oc -oque

7 1

p-c06 p-e 64

blok ba'rok

n bloc n,adj baroque

Example

wi:k

Appendix 2: /-k/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-ok -ok -ok -ok AE -D:k -o:k

-och -ough

3

p-h02 p-h05 p-k03 p-k06 p-c06 p-e64 p-h02 p-h05 p-k02 p-k02 p-k03 p-k04 p-k05

wsuk jsuk flu:k spu:k n'bju:k 'pentotjir.k lAk 3'mAk bs:k dj3:k ds:k b:k kws:k W3:k

p-cOl p-cOl p-c06 p-h02 p-k07 p-h02 p-h02 p-h02 p-cOl p-cOl p-k04

'lailsk 'aizak 'hasvsk 'sUrrrak 'haedsk AE 'epsk 'rnonak 'ju:nsk 'ko:dizk ,elt'd3ai3k 'bolwak

n lilac prop n Isaac n havoc v,n stomach n haddock n epoch n monarch n eunuch adj cardiac adj elegiac n bulwark

p-c06 p-e 64 p-k04 p-k04

disk 'audalisk risk wisk

n disc n odalisque v,n risk v.n whisk

p-k05 p-k06 p-k02 p-k05 p-k03 p-e!6 p-e64 p-kOl p-e 16 p-e!6 p-e 16 p-k03 p-e 16 p-h02 p-k07 p-k03 p-e 16 p-k04 p-k04 p-k04 p-k04 p-k04

-aisk -wsk

-ach -ock -och -arch -uch -iac -iac -wark

1 1 1 1 12 1 1 1 14 1 1

-isk -isk -isk -wisk

-isc -isque -isk -whisk

2 1 8 2

AE -o:k

AE o:k -o:k -a:k AE o:k

o:k o:k -o:k Λ£ -D:k -wo: k -wo:k

-uk -suk -suk -suk -wsuk -J3uk -u:k -u:k -ju:k -ju:k

-Ak -Ak -3:k -3:k -3:k -3:k -ws:k -W3:k

-ok -oc -orque -och -ough -alk -aulk

-ok -ork -auk -awk -ock -walk -uawk -ook -oke -oque -oak -woke -yoke -uke -ook -uke -euch -uck

-ok -urke -erk -irk -urk -uirk -work

-3k

-ac

-ak -ok -3k -sk

-aac

AE -sk

-sk -3k -I3k

-oc

'i:pok lok 'keipok

n epoch n lough n kapok v,n lock n bloc n torque n pibroch n lough v,n talk v,w baulk n kapok v,« cork n auk v,n hawk v,n lock v,n walk v,n squawk v,n book v,n stroke n toque n oak pt woke v,« yoke n fluke n spook v,n rebuke n Pentateuch n luck adv amok v burke v,n jerk n dirk v lurk n quirk v,n work

1 4 82 7 1 2 1 10 2 4 10 1 3 82 7 1 55 27 2 6 2 1 2 3 4 1 28 2 1 6 5 3 1 45

-ock

Example

lok AE bb:k to:k AE 'pi:bro:k AE b:k to:k bo:k AE 'keipo:k ko:k o:k ho:k AE b:k wo:k skwo:k

buk streuk t3Uk 3Uk

433

Appendix 2: /-g/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-esk

4 7 1 1 1 13 1 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1

p-k04

-Ask -ask -ask -ask

-esk -esque -uesque -asc -asque -ask -asque -ask -osque -iosk -osque -usque -usque -use -usque -usk -use -ask -usk

-iqk -iqk -wiqk -eqk -aeqk -aeqk -waeqk -oqk /4£ -o:qk -Aqk -Aqk

-inc -ink -wink -enc -anc -ank -wank -onk -onk -onk -unk

-aslk -selk -auk -jauk -ilk -elk -welk -Alk

-ale -alque -oik -yolk -ilk -elk -whelk -ulk

-esk -Ju'esk -aesk AE -aesk A E -assk -a:sk -a:sk -osk -i:osk AE -o:sk -usk -u:sk -ASk -ASk

Example

desk gretftesk .staetftfesk maesk AE maesk AE aesk ma:sk a:sk mosk 'ki:osk AE mD:sk BE brusk bru:sk

p-c06

'SAbfASk

p-e 64 p-k05 p-c06 p-k04 p-k05

AE brAsk dAsk 'mobsk 'dsemssk 'mobsk

n desk n,adj grotesque adj statuesque abbr masc n masque v ask n masque v ask n mosque n kiosk n mosque adj brusque adj brusque adj subfusc adj brusque n dusk n mollusc n damask nAE mollusk

2 28 2 1 1 46 2 3 3 1 22

p-c06 p-k02 p-k03 p-c06 p-c06 p-k02 p-k02 p-k03 p-k03 p-k03 p-k03

ziqk iqk wiqk enk fraeqk baeqk swaeqk ploqk AE plo:qk triAqk d3Aqk

n zinc v,n ink v,n wink abbr enc n franc V,H bank v,n swank n plonk n plonk n monk v,n junk

1 1 7 I 7 1 1 4

p-c06

taslk 'kaetafaslk fauk jauk milk elk welk bAlk

n talc n catafalque n folk n yolk v,« milk n elk n whelk v,w bulk

p -e 64 p -e 64 p-c06 p-e64 p-k04

p -e 64 p-k04 p-e64 p-k05 p-e64 p-e64

p-e 64

-rjk

-1k

p-e 65 p-k02 p-k02 p-k02 p-k02 p-k02 p-k02

/-§/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-i:g -i:g -i:g

-eague -igue -ege -ig

2 2 1

p-e 63 p-e 64 p-e 11 p-gOl

-ig 434

20

Example

li:g f3'ti:g n'ni:g big

v,n league v,n fatigue v renege adj big

Appendix!: /-f/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Diction-

-eig -eig -eig -wig -wig

-ege -ague -egue -whig -wig -eg -egg -ag -wag -ogue -og -ogue -orgue -og -ogue -ugue -ug -erg -urg -urgh

1 2 1 1 5 11 3 43 3 10 39 10 1 45 5 1 33 3 1 1

p -ell

-eg

-eg

-aeg -waeg -og

-og AE o:g

o:g AE -o:g -aug

-ju:g

-Ag -3:g -a:g AE -a:rg

Example

ary

p-e63 p-e64 p-g02 p-g02 p-gOl p-g02 P-gOl P-gOl p-e64 p-g02 p-e64 p-e64 p-g02 p-e64 p-e64 p-g02 p-g02 p-g02 p-h05

n'neig pleig n'neig wig wig leg

v renege v,n plague v renegue n Whig « wig n leg v,« egg V,M bag v,n wag n dialogue v,n dog n dialogue n morgue v,« dog n vogue n fugue ρί,ρρ,η dug η erg η burg η burgh

eg baeg waeg 'daialog dog AE 'daralo:g mo:g AE do:g vaug fju:g dAg 3:g bs:g AE 'b3:rg

/-f/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-i:f -i:f -i:f -i:f -i:f -if -if -if -if -if -eif -weif -aif -waif

12 3 17 1 3

5 16 2 1 1 7 1 20 4 1 1 1

p-fOl p-fOl p-fOl p-f03 p-fOl p-fOl p-f03 p-fOl p-hOO p-h06 p-elO p-fOl p-e 10 p-elO p-fOl p-f03 p-f03

li:f bi:f bri:f fi:f rrrau'tiif 'hxqkatjif stif if 'keihf 'haiareglif seif weif laif waif

-Olf -Wlf -Wlf

-eaf -eef -ief eoff -if -ief -iff -if -iph -yph -afe -waif -ife -wife -oif -whiff -uiff

ef -ef -ef -ef -i:ef -aef

f -eaf -ef -eff -iev -afe

8 3 4 1 1 1

p-fOl p-fOl p-fOl p-f03 p-vOl p-e 10

,si: 'ef def kief ef 'ki:ef ka'rasf

Example

kDlf Wlf

kwif

v,« leaf v,n beef v.n.adj brief η feoff η motif η handkerchief n,adj,adv stiff conj if η caliph η hieroglyph n.adj safe η waif η life « wife η coif « whiff η quiff abbr cf adj deaf η clef v eff

prop η Kiev η carafe

435

Appendix 2: /-f/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-aef -aef -aef AE -aef -aef AE -waef

-äffe

-aff -a ugh -aph -uaff

1 2 8 3 21 1

p -ell p-fOl p-f02 p-h05 p-h06 p-f02

gaef pilaef 'nf raef AE laef graef AE kwaef

n gaffe n pilaf n riff-raff v,n laugh n graph v quaff

-a:f -a:f -a:f -a:f -a:f -a:f -a:f -o:f

-afe -äffe -af -aff -alf -arf -augh -aph

1 1 1 6

p-e 10 p -ell p-fOl p-f02 p-f02 p-f02 p-h05 p-h06

stra:f dji'rarf AE pila:f sta:f ha:f ska:f la:f 'fautograrf

v strafe n giraffe n pilaf v,n staff n half n scarf v,n laugh v,n photograph

-of -of -of -of

-off -of -ough -ow -uaff -off -of -ough -wharf -warf -oaf -woof

25 p-f03 1 p-f02 3 p-h05 1 p-w03 1 p-f02 p-f03 25 1 P -f02 3 p-h05 1 p-f02 1 p-f02 3 p-fOl 1 p-f02

of prof kof 'kraekof kwof AE o:f AE pro:f AE ka:f wo:f dwo:f teuf AE wüf

adj,adv,prep off abbr Prof v,n cough propn Krakow v quaff adj,adv,prep off abbr Prof v,» cough n wharf v,n dwarf v,« loaf n woof

pu:f pm:f pu:f wu:f

-wof AE -o:f AE o:f £ -o:f -wo:f -wo:f -auf -wuf

-af

3 1 3 21

3 1

p -ell p-f02 p-f02 p-f02 p-f03 p-h05 p-f02 p-f02 p-h06

S3:f S3:f 'seref

n pouffe v,n,adj proof n pouf n woof v,n stuff n,adj tough n serf n surf n seraph

-ymph -oomph -umf -umph -iumph -ylph

3 1 1 2 1 1

p-h06 p-h06 p-f02 p-h06 p-h06 p-h06

nimf umf bAmf bArnf 'traiamf silf

n nymph n oomph n bumf n bumph v,n triumph n sylph

-elf -olf -olf -wolf -ulf

12 2 2 2 2

p-f02 p-f02 p-f02 p-f02 p-f02

Jelf golf AE go:lf wulf

n shelf v,n golf

1 29 1 1 22 5 1

-3f

-ouffe -oof -ouf -woof -uff -ough -erf -urf -aph

-imf -umf -Amf -Amf -aiarnf -ilf -elf -olf AE o:lf -wolf

-u:f -u:f -u:f -wu:f -Af -Af

-a:f -3:f

Example

StAf

tAf

-mf

-If

-Alf

436

gAif

V,M golf

v,« wolf n gulf

Appendix 2: /-v/

/-V/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-i:v -i:v -i:v -i:v -i:v -i:v -ai'i:v -ai'i:v -waiv -wi:v -wi:v

-eave -eve -eeve -ieve -ive -eive -aive -atve -wive -weave -we've

6 3 4 11 2 7 1 1 1 2 1

p-e54 p-e54 p-e55 p-e55 p-e 55 p-e57 p-e57 p-e57 p-e57 p-e54 p-e55

li:v i:v sli:v 3'tfi:v ,resito'ti:v n'si:v nai'i:v nai'i:v 'waiv wi:v wi:v

v,n leave η eve « sleeve ν achieve η recitative ν receive adj naive adj na'ive ν wive v,n weave contr we've

-IV

-ave -ieve -ive

1 1 309 1 30 1 5 1 27 2

p-e54 p-e55 p-e55 p-vOl p-e54 p-e58 p-e54 p-e57 p-e57 p-vOl

Oktiv

η octave v,n sieve v,« give η spiv v.n.prep save contr they've v,n wave ν waive v,n drive v,n rev

2 3 1 1 3 2 2 1 7 1 1 18 1 2 8 2 1 12 1 10 2 1 1 1 1 1

p-e54 p-e58 p-vOl p-e54 p-e58 p-e58 p-vOl p-e54 p-f02 p-vOl p-w03 p-e58 p-e58 p-e58 p-e58 p-e58 p-e 58 p-e58 p-vOl p-e 58 p-e 58 p-e 41 p-s20 p-vOl p-e 58 p-e 54

haev AE haev laev gro:v ha:v ka:v sla:v swa:v

-IV -IV -IV

-eiv -eiv -weiv -weiv -aiv -ev -aev A E -aev -aev -a:v -a:v -a:v -a:v -wa:v -ov -DV -DV

-guv -3UV

-wauv -u:v -u:v -ju:v -A V

-AV

-3:v -3:v -3:v -a:v -s:v -ws:v -3V

-iv -ave -ey've -wave -waive -ive

-ev -ave -alve

-av -ave -alve -arve -av -uave -of -ov -ow -ove -auve -wove -ove -oove -you've -ove -uv -erve -urve -oeuvre -oeuvres -erv -werve -ave

Example

SIV

giv spiv seiv eiv weiv weiv draiv rev

DV

nov 'kraekov kauv rnsuv W3UV

mu:v gru:v ju:v IAV gAV ns:v ks:v ,o: 'd3:v ,D:'d3:v ds:v sw3:v hav

aux have ν halve η lav η grave ν halve ν carve n.adj Slav adj suave prep of abbr Nov propn Krakow η cove n.adj mauve pt wove v,n move v,n groove contr you've v,« love η guv v,n nerve v,n curve η hors-d'oeuvre npl hors d'oeuvres n derv v,n swerve aux have 437

Appendix 2: /-θ/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-elv -aelv -olv AE -o:lv

-elve -alve -olve -olve

4 6 8 8

p-e57 p-e57 p-e58 p-e58

Example

Jelv vaelv solv AE so:lv

ν shelve η valve ν solve ν solve

/-Θ/ Sound cluster

-ί:θ

-ί:θ -wi:6 -ιθ -ιθ -ειθ -wi6 -e9 -βθ -13θ

-ae9 -α:θ -α:θ -οθ -οθ -wo6 ΑΕ -ο:θ -ο:θ -ο:θ -au9 -au9 -βυθ -au9 -u:9 -ιι:θ -u:6 -u:9 -ju:9 -3:8 -3:θ -3:θ -u:9 -W3:9 -3θ -9θ -3θ -3θ

-3Ι3θ

-ερθ -βΐΐθ 438

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-eath -eeth -ueath -ith -yth -aith -with -eath -eth -ieth -ath -ath -earth -ath -oth -wath -oth -orth -ourth -outh -oath -oth -owth -ooth -uth -euth -outh -youth -earth -erth -irth -ewth -worth -ath -oth -uth -outh -iath -epth -eighth

6

p-h09 p-h09 p-h09 p-hlO p-hll p-h 10 p-hlO p-h 09 p-h 09 p-h 09 p-h 09 p-h 09 p-h 10 p-h 09 p-h 10 p-h 09 p-h 10 p-hll p-hll p-hll p-h 09 p-h 10 p-hll p-h 10 p-hll p-h 11 p-hll p-hll p-h 10 p-hll p-h 11 p-hll p-hll p-h 09 p-h 10 p-hll p-hll p-h 09 p-h 10 p-h 09

5 1 13 1 2 1 3 1 8 (9) 18 1 1 21 1 21 4 1 5 2 6 4 11 3 1 1 1 4 2 9 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1

Example

hi:9 ti:6 bi'kwi:8 smi9 mi9 fei9 \νιθ bre9 'Jibalee 'fiftrae 'saikaopase ba:0 ha:9 ro9 klo9 swo:9 AE kb:9 no:9 fo:9 mau9 3u9

bou9 grauo tu:9 tru:9 slu:9 Ariku:9 ju:9 a:9 bs:9 bs:9 stru:9 ws:9 'saeba9 'maem39 'bizm39 'V3:ma9 gs'laiaO dep9 eit9

η heath npl teeth η bequeath η smith η myth η faith prep with η breath η shibboleth n,adj fiftieth η psychopath v,n bath η hearth η wrath η cloth η swath η cloth n,adv north n,adj fourth η mouth η oath adj,adv,pron both η growth η tooth η truth η sleuth adj uncouth « youth v,« earth v,« berth η birth inter/ strewth n,adj worth η Sabbath η mammoth η bismuth η vermouth η Goliath η depth n.adj eighth

Appendix 2: /-O, -s/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

-WHO

-width -eadth -edth -width -eadth -edth -ifth -welfth -ixth -warmth -eenth -inth -inth -enth -onth -ionth -eventh -ousandth -ength -ilth -ealth -wealth

-ete -ate

-wide -βαθ

-ade -ife

-welfB -iks6 -wo:me -ί:ηθ -ιηθ -ainO -βηθ -ΛΠθ

-ιβηθ -βνηθ -auznO -βηθ

-ιΐθ

-elG -weie

Number of words

Diction-

ary

1

p-h09

3

p-h09 p-h09 p-h09 p-h09 p-h09 p-h09 p-h09 p-hll p-hlO p-h 10 p-h 10 p-h 10 p-h 10 p-h 10 p-h 10 p-h 10 p-h 09 p-h 09 p-h 10 p-h 10 p-h 10

3

8 4 1 1 2 3 2 1 7 2 2 2

Example

wite bretfl 'tundra t9 wide bred9 'lundrede

fife

twelfe sikse wD:me ,fifti:ne 'laebarme name tenO ΓΠΛηθ

'milranO 'sevnO 'Oauzne leqe file heie weie

n,adj width η breadth n,adj hundredth n.adj width η breadth n.adj hundredth n,adj fifth n,adj twelfth n,adj sixth η warmth n,adj fifteenth η labyrinth n.adj ninth n,adj tenth η month n,adj millionth n,adj seventh n,adj thousandth η length η filth η health η wealth

/- / Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-i:o -i:o -wi:o -ei -weio -ai -ai

-eathe -eethe -ueath -athe -wathe -ithe -ythe -with -ooth -oathe -othe -outh -oothe

4 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 5 1 2 2 1

p-e!5 p-e!5 p-hll p-e!5 p-e!5 p-e!5 p-e!5 p-hll p-hll p-e 15 p-e!5 p-hll p-e 15

-WI

-u:o -3U -3U

-ao -u:0

Example bri:o si:o bi'kwi:o beio swei laid sai

ν breathe ν seethe ν bequeath v,n bathe v,n swathe adj lithe ν,« scythe prep with v,n,adj smooth ν loathe ν clothe ν mouth ν soothe

WI

smu:o buo kbu mauo su:o

/-S/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-s

-is -eace -eece

1 1 1

p-s04 p-e 03 p-e 03

-i:s -i:s

Example

(weak farm) s pi:s fli:s

aux is η peace v,n fleece

439

Appendix 2: /-s/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-i:s

-iece -ice -ease -ese -eese -ise -isse -is

22 2 12 1 1 1 1 3 2 8 49 1 I 2 6 108 (2) 10 1 1 64 1 26 3 36 5 1 6 1 1 1 3 3 8 93 1 1 2 2 8 14 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 29 2 10 17

p-e03 p-e03 p-e41 p-e41 p-e41 p-e41 p-e46 p-s03 p-s 10 p-e02 p-e03 p-e08 p-e07 p-e41 p-e41 p-s 03 p-s 21 p-s 28 p-s 29 p-s 04 p-e02 p-e04 p-e41 p-s 20 p-e03 p-e41 p-e04 p-e04 p-s 04 p-s 28 p-s 28 p-e08 p-e46 p-s 01 p-s 21 p-s 28 p-e08 p-s 02 p-e46 p-s 01 p-s 20 p-e46 p-s 01 p-e03 p-e03 p-e07 p-e43 p-e46 p-s 20 p -e46 p-s 04 p-s 29

-i:s -i:s -i: s -i:s -i:s -i:s -i:s -i:s -IS -IS -IS -IS -IS -IS -IS -IS -IS -IS

-ens -eis -eis -eis -eis -ais -ais -wais -OIS -WIS -WIS -WIS

-es -es -es -es -es -wi'es -jes -aes -aes -aes -laes -laes -a: s -a:s -a:s -a:s -a:s -a: s -DS

440

-ys -ace -ice -isce -uce -ese -ise -is -ess -iss -yss -ais -ace -aice -ase -ass -ice -ise -wice -oice -uis -uess -wiss -esce -esse -s -ess -uess -uiesce -yes -asse -as -ass -lasse -ias -ace -ace -arce -arse -asse -ass -osse

-OS

-OS

-OS

-OSS

Example

pi:s

pa'li:s si:s aifbhs gi:s AE va'li:s pe'li:s 'aembagri:s ,fl3: da 'li:s 'ssifis Ofis .reminis 'letis 'daiasis 'promts OIS

'godis kis a'bis 'dens feis pleis beis beis prais pn'sais twais tJ"3IS

'ma:kwis 'ma:kwis SWIS

.konva'les Ia:'d3es ,es au 'es dres ges ,aekwi'es jes krivaes gaes mass 'pashaes ,peita-fa'miliaes ,volt-'fa:s ,ku: da 'gra:s fa: s spa: s 'asmpa:s kla:s la'kms 'peiftos kms

v,n piece ν,ηρΐ police v,n cease adj obese npl geese

η valise η pelisse η ambergris « fleur-de-lys v,« surface η office ν reminisce η lettuce η diocese v,n promise adj,adv,pron this η goddess v,n kiss η abyss η dais v,n face η,ηρΐ plaice v,n,adj base n.adj bass v,n price adj precise adv twice n,adj choice η marquis η marquess n,adj Swiss ν convalesce η largesse abbr SOS v,« dress v,n guess v acquiesce n, inter/ yes η crevasse v,n gas v,n mass η palliasse η paterfamilias η volte-face η coup de grace n farce adj sparse n impasse v,n class n lacrosse n pathos v,n,adj cross

Appendix 2: /-s/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-o:s -o:s

-orce -ource -auce -oarse -orse -ourse -osse

9 2 1 2 23 10 2 10 17 72 1 1 14 2 2 3 2 1 8 1 1 1 14 1 11 1

p-e07 p-e07 p-e08 p-e43 p-e42 p-e43 p-e46 p -s 04 p -s 29 p-e43 p-e43 p -s 07 p-e42 p -s 29 p-e42 p-e04 p-e07 p-e08 p-e42 p-e46 p-e43 p-e43 p-e08 p-e08 p-e43 p -s 07

fo:s SD:S SD:S ko:s ho:s ka:s AE la'krr.s AE 'pei0D:s AE kro:s haus daus naus kraus graus grxndiaus dju:s spru:s AE du:s gu:s mu:s b3:'nu:s AE haipotanu:s ,mtra'dju:s dju:s ju:s 'mo:fju:s

v, n force n source v, n sauce adj coarse n horse ν,η course n lacrosse n pathos v,n,adj cross n house v dowse n nous n.adj.adv close v,n,adj gross adj grandiose n juice v.n.adj spruce n deuce n goose n mousse n burnouse n hypotenuse v introduce n deuce n use n Morpheus

8 9 1 2 21 8 1 1

p -s 29 p -s 06 p-e07 p-e43 p-e43 p-e43 p-e07 p-e43

di'sLvs 'kDm3:s n'h3:s V3:s ps:s kau'3:s ws:s

v discuss ν,η bus n commerce v rehearse n verse ν,η purse ν coerce n,comp,adv worse

5 2 2 2 8 3 9 (994) 111 209 12 98 2 1 1

p-e03 p-e41 p-e41 p-e42 p -s 01 p -s 04 p -s 20 p -s 21 p -s 06 p -s 07 p -s 08 p -s 09 p-e07 p -s 01 p -s 01

menas 'p3:tjas 'toiras 'p3:pas 'kaenvas rai'no&aras 'kAmpas 'xktras; -las; -nas 'koiras 'feimas ka'reidjas di'hjas fias 'paerjknas 'eihas

ν,η menace ν,η purchase η tortoise ν,η purpose η canvas η rhinoceros ν,η compass actress; -less; -ness ν,η chorus adj famous adj courageous adj delicious adj fierce η pancreas n,adv alias

-o:s -D:S -o:s -o:s AE -o:s AE -o: s AE -o:s -aus -aus -aus -aus

-OS

-raus -u: s -u:s AE -u: s -u: s -u: s -u:s AE -u:s -ju:s -ju:s -ju:s -ju:s

-oss -ouse -owse -ous -ose -oss -iose -uice -uce -euce -oose -ousse -ouse -use -uce -euce -use -eus

-aUS

-AS

-uss

-Λ8

-US

-3:s -3:s -a:s -3:s -au'3:s

-erce -earse -erse -urse -oerce -worse

-W3IS -SS -3S -3S -3S -3S

-ace - se -oise -ose - s

-as

-OS

-3S

-ass -ess

-3S -3S

-US

-3S

-ous -eous -ious -ierce -eas -ias

-3S -3S

-I3S

-ras -las

Example

bAS

441

Appendix 2: /-s/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-las

-eus -ius -eous -ious -ias -ious -oyous -uious -arce -ourse -uous -owess -uous -uus -ewess

2 5 23 81 1 1 1 1 1 1 16 1 22 1 1

p-s07 p-s07 p-s08 p-s09 p-s02 p-s 10 p-sll p-s 10 p-e07 p-e43 p-s 10 p-s 28 p-s 10 p-sll p-s 28

'nju:klias 'reidias 'hidias 'sranas 'baras 'paias 'dsoias ab'sirkwras skeas boas 'koqgruas 'prauas 'strenjuas .ignis faetjuas 'd3u:as

n nucleus n radius adj hideous adj serious v,n bias adj pious adj joyous adj obsequious adj scarce n bourse adj congruous « prowess adj strenuous n ignis fatuus n Jewess

-eaps -ipse -ypse -ips -eps -aipse -apes -ipes -wipes -apse -aps -apps -opse -opse -orpse -oups -ups -urps -impse -umps

(1) 2 1 (1) (3) 1

p-s 05 p-e42 p-e43 p-s 05 p-s 05 p-e42 p-s 02 p-s 02 p-s 02 p-e42 p-s 05 p-s 05 p-e42 p-e43 p-e43 p-s 05 p-s 05 p-s 05 p -e42 p-s 05

hi:ps i'hps a'pokalips a'midjips 'baiseps treips 'djaekaneips kraips waips ka'laeps pa'haeps Jnaeps kops AE ko:ps korps kru:ps kAps t3:ps glimps mAmps

3sgpr,npl,adv heaps n ellipse n apocalypse auff amidships n biceps v traipse n jackanapes inter/ cripes 3sgpr,npl wipes v,n collapse adv perhaps n schnapps n copse n copse n corpse npl croups 3sgpr,npl cups n turps v,n glimpse n mumps

p-s 05 p-s 05 p-zOl p-s 02 p-s 05 p-s 05 p-s 05 p-s 05 p-zOl p-zOl p-s 06 p-s 05 p-s 06 p-s 06 p-zOl

'nkits 'spirits bhts 'deits tails kwits nets baets BE '3:saets AE 'erzatts skots wots AE skDits J3:ts kwo:ts

n rickets npl spirits v,n blitz 3sgpr,npl dates npl tights adj quits 3sgpr,npl,adj nets 3sgpr,npl,adj bats adj ersatz adj ersatz npl.adj Scots contr what's npl.adj Scots npl shorts n quartz

-las -I3S

-las -aias -aias -oias -wias -eas -uas -uas -auas -juas -juas -u:as

Example

-ps

-i:ps -ips -ips -ips -eps -eips -eips -aips -waips -asps -aaps -aeps -ops AE -o:ps -o:ps -u:ps -ApS

-3:ps -imps -Amps

(D (1) (1) 7 (2) (1) 1 1 1 (3) (68) (D 1 (1)

-ts

-its -its -its -eits -aits -wits -ets -aets -aets -a:ts -DtS

-wots AE o:ts -o:ts -wo:ts 442

-ets -its -itz -ates -ights -uits -ets -ats -atz -atz -ots -what's -ots -orts -uartz

(1) (5) 1 (1) (1)

(D (2) (2) 1 1 (1) 1

0) (1) 1

Appendix 2: /-s/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-uts -auts -auts -u:ts -u:ts

-u tz -outs -oats -uits -oots -uts -irts -ertz -tests -intz -ents -ants -ents -altz -waltz

1 (4) (1) (D (2) (1) (1) 1 (1) 1 (1) (1) (2) 1 1

p-zOl p-s06 p-s05 p-s05 p-s06 p-s06 p-s06 p-zOl p-s06 p-zOl p-s05 p-s05 p-s06 p-zOl p-zOl

kibuts .hiara'bauts auts fru:ts ru:ts sks:ts hsrts pri:sts tfmts 'kuntents saivants 'baetlmants JrriD:lts AE wo:lts

n kibbutz adv hereabouts npl oats npl fruits npl roots 3sgpr,npl,adj nuts 3sgpr, npl skirts n hertz npl priests n chintz npl contents npl servants npl battlements n schmaltz n waltz

-eaks -ics -icks -ix -yx -aches -akes -eaks -ics -exe -ecks

p-s04 p-s02 p-s04 p-xOl p-x02 p-s02 p-s02 p-s04 p-s02 p-e58 p-s04 p-xOl p-xOl p-e58 p-s02 p-xOl p-xOl p-s04 p-s04 p-x02 p-s04 p-x02 p-s04 p-xOl p-e58 p-s04 p-x02 p-s04 p-s03 p-s04 p-s04

bi:ks 'optiks stiks miks 'keihks eiks dseiks breiks hi'rauiks 'aeneks deks eks 'indeks aeks 'eiwaeks taeks waeks ma:ks nuks boks AE na:ks AE bo:ks auks kauks da 'lAks jAks flAks W3:ks 'stAmaks 'baereks 'bolaks

npl beaks « (pi form) optics 3sgpr, npl sticks v,n mix n calyx 3sgpr,npl aches n jakes 3sgpr,npl breaks n (pl form) heroics n annexe 3sgpr, npl decks η χ, Χ ν,η index ν,η axe abbr AWACS ν,η tax ν,η wax npl marks 3sgpr, npl knocks ν,η box 3sgpr, npl knocks ν,η box npl oaks ν coax adj de luxe inter/ shucks n flux 3sgpr,npl works npl stomachs npl barracks npl bollocks

p-x02 p-x02 p-s04 p-x02

sfirjks 'laenrjks 6asqks 'faelaeqks

n sphinx n larynx 3sgpr, npl thanks n phalanx

-ALS

-3:ts -s:ts -i:sts -ints -ents -ants -ants -orlts AE -wo:lts

Example

HAIS

-ks

-i:ks -iks -iks -iks -iks -eiks -eiks -eiks -auiks -eks -eks eks -eks -aeks -aeks -aeks -waeks -a:ks -oks -oks AE -o:ks AE -o:ks -auks -auks - ks - ks - ks -W3:ks - ks - ks -9ks

-ex -axe -acs -ax -wax -arks -ocks -ox -ocks -ox -oaks -oax -uxe -ucks -ux -works -achs -acks -ocks

(2) (70) (2) 20 4 (1) (2) (1) 1 1 (1) 1 32 5 1 23 4 (2) (1) 66 (1) 66 (D 2 1 1 5 (7) (D (1) (1)

-irjks -njks -aenks -aeqks

-inx -ynx -anks -anx

3 3 (2) 2

X

443

Appendix 2: /-s/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-irjks -ilks

-inks -ilks

(6) (D

p-s04 p-s04

mr irjks silks

adv methinks npl silks

-i:fs -ifs -aifs

-iefs -iefs -ifes

tji:fs 'haerjkatjifs ,stil laifs efs skarfs 'teik ofs AE 'teik o:fs wo:fs dwo:fs ru:fs Orfs

npl chiefs npl handkerchiefs npl still lifes

npl sheaths n meths npl maths npl laths npl cloths npl oaths npl truths

Example

-fs

efs

-Fs

(3) 0) (1) (1)

-a:fs

-arfs -offs -offs -wharfs -warfs -oofs -urfs

(D (1) (1) (1) (D (3) 0)

p-s03 p-s03 p-s02 p-s02 p-s03 p-s03 p-s03 p-s03 p-s03 p-s03 p-s03

0) 1 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

p-s03 p-s03 p-s03 p-s03 p-s03 p-s03 p-s03

Ji:9z me0s maeGs la:0s kloGs

-u:0s

-eaths -eths -aths -aths -oths -oaths -uths

-ins -ins -wins -wins -ens -ens -wens -aens -sens -a:ns -a:ns -a:ns -io:ns -eia:ns AE -u:a:ns -ju:a:ns -ons -ons -ons AE o:ns AE -o:ns -auns -Ans -WAns -ans -ans -ans -ans -ans

-ince -inse -uince -wince -ence -ense -whence -ance -anse -ance -ence -aans -iance -eance -uance -uance -once -onse -ons -once -onse -ounce -unce -once -ance -eance -iance -ence -ience

6 1 1 1 9 19 1 25 2 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 10 1 1 115 1 1 126 2

p-e07 p-e42 p-e07 p-e07 p-e05 p-e41 p-e05 p-e04 p-e42 p-e04 p-e05 p-s04 p-e05 p-e05 p-e05 p-e05 p-e07 p-e42 p-s04 p-e07 p-e42 p-e07 p-e07 p-e07 p-e04 p-e05 p-e05 p-e05 p-e07

kan'vms

-Dfs

AE -D:fs -WD:fs -wo:fs -u:fs -a:fs

npl fs, F's npl scarfs npl take-offs npl take-offs npl wharfs npl dwarfs npl roofs npl turfs

-6s -i:9s -e8s -X0S

-a:0s -D0S -9U0S

3ϋθΖ

tru:6z

-ns

444

nns kwms wins fens sens wens famaens masns tja:ns ,pa:r 'eksalams ,asfrika:ns .mei'zashams 'seiatns AE "niKarns 'nju:a:ns skons n'spcns kens AE skuns AE n'spo:ns a'nauns dAns WAns 'basbns 'vend3ans a'lirdjsns 'sailans 'konfans

ν convince v,n rinse η quince v,n wince v,n fence v,n sense adv whence v,n finance η manse v,n chance η par excellence η Afrikaans η misalliance η seance η nuance η nuance η sconce η response abbr Cons η sconce η response ν announce η dunce adv once v,n balance η vengeance η allegiance v,« silence η conscience

Appendix 2: /-s/ Sound

Spelling

Number of

cluster

option

words

-rans

-isns -eians -arans -aians -oians -uans -ausns -J ans Λ.Ε -u:ans -ju:ans -wans

-iance -ience -eyance -iance -ience -oyance -uence -owance -uance -uance -uance -uence

7 21 3 9 1 3 3 2 1 1 1 5

-itns -witns -o:tns -i:dns -idns -idns -aidns -aidns -u:dns -i:vns

-ittance -uittance -ortance -edence -iddance -idence -idence -uidance -udence -ievance

-isns -isns -eisns -eisns -aisns -aisns -esns -esns -wai'esns -wi'esns -ursns AE -ursns -jursns -asns -onsns

Dictionary p-e05 p-e07

Example

p-e05 p-e05 p-e07 p-e05 p-e07 p-e05 p-e05 p-e05 p-e05 p-e07

'brilians O:dians kan'verans di'faians 'saions a'norens 'influans 9'lauans kan'tinjirans AE pa'suians pa'sju:ans 'si:kw9ns

η brilliance η audience η conveyance η defiance η science η annoyance η influence η allowance η continuance η pursuance η pursuance η sequence

3 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 3 1

p-e05 p-e05 p-e05 p-e06 p-e05 p-e07 p-e07 p-e05 p-e07 p-e05

ad'mitns 'kwitns im'pD:tns ,aenti'si:dns 'ndns 'SAbsidns .sab'saidns 'gaidns 'pru:dns 'grhvns

η admittance η quittance η importance η antecedence η riddance η subsidence η subsidence η guidance η prudence η grievance

-icence -iscence -eisance -aissance -icence -icense -escence -essence -uiescence -uiescence -ucence -uisance -uisance -ocence -onsense

4 2 1 1 5 1 16 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

p-e06 p-e06 p-e05 p-e05 p-e06 p-e42 p-e06 p-e07 p-e06 p-e06 p-e06 p-e05 p-e05 p-e06 p-e42

maeg'nifisns .reminisns au'beisns n'neisns laisns 'laisns .aeda'lesns 'esns kwai'esns aekwi'esns ίπκηζΊυ:8ηχ AE 'nu:sns 'nju:sns 'inesns 'nonsns

η magnificence η reminiscence η obeisance η renaissance η licence ν license adolescence η essence η quiescence η acquiescence translucence η nuisance η nuisance η innocence η nonsense

-i:zns -ezns -ezns -eijns

-easance -easance -esence -atience

1 1 1 2

p-e05 p-e05 p-e07 p-e07

.mael'firzns 'plezns 'prezns 'peijns

η malfeasance n pleasance η presence η patience

-eis -o:ls BE -wo:ls

-else -alse -waltz -ulse

1 1 1 4

p-e41 p -e41 p-z02 p-e41

els fo:ls BE wo:ls

adv else adj.adv false v,n waltz v,n pulse

-1s

-Als

pAls

445

Appendix 2: /-z/

/-Z/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-z -i:z -i:z -i:z -i:z -i:z -i:z -i:z -i:z -i:z -i:z -i:z -i:z -i:z -i:z -i:z -eii:z -wi:z -wi:z -wi:z -i:wi:z -pi:z -bi:z -ti:z -di:z -vi:z -si:z -dji:z

-is -ease -ese -eese -uese -ise -eze -eeze -ieze -eize -eas -es -ees -ies -eys -is -eis -wheeze -ueeze -uis -iwis -ps -b's -t's -d's -vs -cs -B's

(1) 12 7 1 1 4 1 9 1 1 1 (19) (2) (5) (4) (5) (1) 1 1 (1) (3) (D (2) (1) (2) (3) 0)

p-s 15 p-e44 p-e44 p-e44 p-e44 p-e44 p-e59 p-e59 p-e59 p-e60 p-sll p-s 12 p-s!3 p-s 13 p-s 19 p-s 15 p-s 15 p-e59 p-e59 p-s 15 p-s 15 p-s 17 p-sll p-s 18 p-sll p-s 18 p-sll p-s 14

-IZ

-ise -es -ees -ies -is -us -ys -eys -iz -izz -ase -aise -aze -aize -a's -ays -eys -ez -iaise -ways

1 (52) (1) (7) (47) 1 (2) (34) 3 2 5 11 13 2 1 (4) (10) 1 1 (10)

p-e44 p-s 12 p-s 13 p-s 13 p-s 15 p-s 18 p-s 18 p-s 19 p-zOl p-z02 p-e43 p-e44 p-e58 p-e60 p-sll p-s 18 p-s 19 p-zOl p-e44 p-s 18

-IZ -IZ -IZ -IZ -IZ -IZ -IZ -IZ -IZ

-eiz -eiz -eiz -eiz -eiz -eiz -eiz -eiz -ιειζ -weiz 446

(D

Example z pli:z oi:z tji:z ,po:t/u'gi:z ,eksp3:'ti:z tra'pi:z bri:z fri:z si:z ,3UV3'si:z a'naebsiiz bi:z 'srari:z ki:z ski: z 'leii:z wi:z sk\vi:z on'wi:z 'ki:wi:z ,el 'pi:z bi:z ti:z di:z ,ti: 'vi:z ,dAblju:'si:z dji:z

(weak form) is v please adj.pron these n cheese «.^Portuguese n expertise π trapeze v,n breeze η frieze ν seize adj.adv overseas npl analyses npl bees η,ηρΐ series 3sgpr,npl keys 3sgpr,npl skis npl leis v,n wheeze v,n squeeze npl ennuis npl kiwis abbrpl LPs npl b's, B's npl t's, T's npl d's, D's abbrpl TVs abbrpl WCs npl g's,G's

'tri:tiz

n treatise 3sgpr,npl bridges npl coffees 3sgpr,npl studies npl bikinis n missus npl polys npl abbeys n showbiz v,n Tax v,n phrase v,n raise v,n gaze n baize npl a's, A's adv nowadays 3sgpr obeys npl pince-nez v liaise adv always

"bndyz 'kofiz 'StAdlZ

biki:niz 'misiz 'pohz 'aebiz 'Jaubiz fiz freiz reiz geiz beiz eiz 'nauadeiz a'beiz .paens 'neiz li'eiz 'txlweiz

Appendix 2: /-z/ Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-k's -j's -ise -uise -yse -ize -yze -ies -yes -is -ys -uys -wise -uize -y's -whys -oise -ois -oys -uoys -uoise -uies -whiz -uiz -wiz -whizz -s's -x's -h's

(1) (2) 33 2 4 215 4 (5) (1) (7) (3) (2) 19 1 (1) (1) 3 (3) (45) (4) 1 (1) 2 1 1 1 (2) (1) (1)

p-s 15 p-s 15

-ez

-ez

-au'jez -aez

-oyez

1 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 (1) 1 (1) (1) (1)

Sound cluster

-keiz -djeiz -aiz -aiz -aiz -aiz -aiz -aiz -aiz -aiz -aiz -aiz -waiz -waiz -waiz -waiz -OIZ

-aiz -DIZ -OIZ -WOIZ

-WIZ -WIZ -WIZ -WIZ -WIZ

-'esiz -'eksiz -'eitjiz

BEZ

-aez -aez -a:z - : -a:z -a:z -a: z -a:z -wa:z -wo: z -DZ

-WDZ

-o:z -o:z -o:z -o:z -o:z

-as eas -az -azz -ase -arse -aas

-äs -r's -ars -oires -ois -ause -was -ause -awse -auze -orps -oors

0) 1 1 7 1 1

(D (2)

p-e44 p-e44 p-e45 p-e59 p-e60 p-s 13 p-s 14 p-s 15 p-s 18 p-s 19 p-e44 p-e60 p-s 18 p-s 19 p-e44 p-s 15 p-s 19 p-s 19 p-e44 p-s 13 p-zOl p-zOl p-zOl p-z02 p-s 18 p-s 18 p-s 14 p-zOl p-zOl p-s 11 p-s 11 p-zOl p-z02 p-e44 p-e45 p-s 11 p-s 11 p-s 17 p-s 17 p-s 14 p-s 15 p-e45 p-s 11 p-e45 p-e45 p-e60 p-s 17 p-s 17

Example keiz dseiz raiz dis'gaiz 'aenalaiz saiz 'aenalaiz 'spaiz 'baibaiz 'aelibaiz 'staenbaiz baiz waiz sa'libkwaiz waiz waiz noiz .aevada'poiz tDIZ

boiz 't3:kwoiz sa'libkwiz WIZ

kwiz SWIZ WIZ

'esiz 'eksiz 'eitjiz

fez au'jez

aez .wear'aez 'toupaez dsaez va:z pa:z ba:z ,pi:e'ta:z

a:z ma:z ,bet'nwa:z 'pztwa:z bi'koz (strongf) woz ko:z to: z go:z ko:z ,aufdo:z

npl k's, K's npl j's, J's v,n rise v,n disguise v analyse v,n size v analyze 3sgpr,npl spies « bye-byes npl alibis npl standbys Ssgpr.npl buys n,adj wise v soliloquize npl y's, Y's npl whys v,n noise n avoirdupois 3sgpr,npl toys 3sgpr,npl buoys n turquoise npl soliloquies V,M whiz v,n quiz n swiz v.w whizz npl s's, S's npl x's, X's npl h's, H's n fez interj oyez conj as conj whereas n topaz v,n jazz n vase v parse 3sgpr,npl baas npl pietäs npl r's, R's n Mars npl betes noires npl patois conj because aux v was v,« cause n tawse n gauze npl corps adv outdoors

447

Appendix 2: /-z/

cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-o:z -o:z -o:z -jo:z

-ours -aus -aws -yours

0) 1

P-S17 p-s 18 p-s 18 p-s 17

BE also to:z 'saente klo:z ko:z jo:z

-a z -auz -auz -i:'auz -auz

8 2

-3UZ

-ouse -owse -ow's -iaous -ose -oze -oes

-3UZ

-OS

-3UZ

-I3UZ

-eaus -ows -eaux -ios

-I3UZ

-yos

(3) (1)

p-e45 p-e45 p-s 18 p-s 18 p-e45 p-e60 p-s 14 p-s 16 p-s 18 p-s 18 p-x02 p-s 17 p-s 17

rauz brauz hauz mi:'auz nauz dauz gauz fauteuz 'bjuareuz gaeteuz 'bjirarsuz 'stju:drauz 'embrrauz

v rouse v,n browse contr how's 3sgpr,npl miaous v,n nose v,n doze 3sgpr,npl goes npl photos npl bureaus η,ηρΐ gallows npl bureaux npl studios npl embryos

-u:z -u:z -u:z -u:z Λ£ -u:z -u:z -u:z -u:z -u:z -u: z -u:z -u: z -u: z AE -u:z -ju:z -ju:z -ju:z -ju:z -ju:z -ju:z -kju:z -'dAbljurz

-uise -ose

2 2

-oose -use -euse -ooze -uze -ues -o's

1 3 1 3 1 (1) 2 (3) (D (6) (6) (1) 20 (1) (6) 2 (1) 1 (1)

p -e44 p-e45 p-e45 p-e45 p-e45 p-e60 p-e60 p-s 14 p-s 17 p-s 17 p-s 17 p-s 18 p-s 18 p-s 18 p-e45 p-s 14 p-s 18 p-s 18 p-s 18 p-x02 p-s 17 p-s 18 p-s 14 p-s 18 p-zOl p-z02 p-s 11 p-e45 p-e60 p-s 17 p-s 18

kru:z lu:z tju:z ru:z Ja:rtru:z u:z fju:z blu:z hu:z ,baem'bu:z kurz 'gururz 'maerebuiz AE nu:z 3'mju:z 'a:gju:z 'menju:z 3'dju:z nju:z a'dju:z kju:z 'dAblju:z

v,n cruise ν lose ν choose η ruse η chartreuse v,« ooze η fuze npl blues contr who's npl bamboos npl coups npl gurus npl marabous η,ηρΐ news ν amuse 3sgpr argues npl menus npl adieus η,ηρΐ news npl adieux npl q's, Q's npl w's, W's 3sgpr does abbr BMus abbr doz v,n buzz aux ν was η masseuse η furze pron hers npl milieus npl milieux

Sound

-3UZ

-3UZ -3 Z

-ΛΖ -ΛΖ -ΛΖ -ΛΖ

AE -WAZ -3:z -3:2 -a:z -js:z -ja:z

448

-oos -oups -us -ous -ews -use -ues -us -ieus -ews -ieux -q's

-w's -oes -us -oz -uzz -was -euse -urze -ers -ieus -ieux

(2) 1

1 1 40 5

(25) (26) 3 (2) 10

(D

(1) 1 1 2 1 3 1 (1) 2 1

p-x02

Example

dAZ

,bi:'mAZ dAZ bAZ

AE also WAZ mae's3:z fs:z h3:z 'mi:IJ3:z 'mi:lJ3:z

3sgpr,npl n Santa 3sgpr,npl adj,pron

tours Claus caws yours

Appendix 2: /-z/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-3Z

-ause

-3Z

-as

1 (12) 1 (15) (2) (1) 1 (1) (1) (1) 1 (3) 1 (1) (2) (1) 1 1

p-e45 p-sll

waz

p-s 11 p-sll p-s 13 p-s 13 p-s 13

rnbz AE ro:bz reubz 'tu:bz 'tju:bz

3sgpr robs 3sgpr robs npl robes npl tubes npl tubes

(1) (2) (1) (1) (18) 0) (1) 1

p-sll p-s 12 p-s 13 p-s 12 p-sll p-s 19 p-e58 p-zOl p-s 12 p-s 12 p-sll p-s 12 p-s 13 p-s 13 p-s 12 p-s 12 p-s 12 p-s 12 p-s 12

ni:dz eidz bi'saidz 'aedanoidz 'logahedz zedz aedz aedz t3'wo:dz g dz 'krosraudz 'baekwudz in'kluidz 'laetitju:dz 'bihadz 'Apwadz bendz bndz 'midbndz

npl, adv needs abbr AIDS adv, prep besides npl adenoids η loggerheads npl z's, Z's η adze η adz prep towards npl goods η,ηρΐ crossroads η,ηρΐ backwoods 3sgpr includes η latitudes n (pl form) billiards adv upwards 3sgpr,npl bends 3sgpr lands η,ηρΐ Midlands

-egs -egs -ags -ogs -ogs

(1) (1) (1) (1) (1)

p-s 14 p-s 14 p-s 14 p-s 14 p-s 14

,daedi 'brjligz legz flaegz togz AE to:gz

η daddy-longlegs npl legs 3sgpr,npl flags npl togs npl togs

-eaves

(2)

p-s 13

li:vz

npl leaves

-OS

-az

-auaz -j az -waz

-ers -ors -ours -ere's -eers -iers -ares -ere's -airs -where's -awares -ours -ours -yours -was

-obz AE -o:bz -aubz Λ£ -u:bz -ju:bz

-obs -obs -obes -ubes -ubes

(1) (1) (1) (1)

-i:dz -eidz -aidz -Didz -edz -zedz -aedz -aedz -wo:dz -udz -sudz -wudz -u:dz -ju:dz -radz -wadz -endz -aendz -andz

-eeds -aids -ides -oids -eads -z's -adze -adz -wards -oods -oads -woods -udes -udes -iards -wards -ends -ands -ands

0)

-igz -egz -aegz -ogz AE -o:gz -i:vz

-3Z

-raz -I3Z

-araz -eaz -C3Z

-eaz -weaz -s'weaz - 3Z

bfkaz p3'd3a:maz

conj because npl pyjamas conj cos npl trousers npl scissors npl colours contr here's interj cheers npl pliers 3sgpr,npl dares contr there's npl stairs contr where's adv unawares 3sgpr,npl tours adj.pron ours adj.pron yours aux ν was

-3Z -3Z

Example

p-s!7 p-s!7 p-s 17 p-s!7 p-s 14 p-s 17 p-s 17 p-s 14 p-s 14 p-s 17 p-s 14 p-s 14 p-s 17 p-s 17 p-s 17 p-sll

ksz 'trauzaz 'SIS3Z

'kAbz hiaz tJl3Z

'plaiaz deaz oeaz steaz weaz ,ΛΠ3'\νβ3Ζ

'tuaz 'airaz JU3Z

(weakf)

-bz

-dz

-gz

0)

(2) (2) (2) (1) (1) 1 1 (1) (1)

0)

-vz

449

Appendix 2: /-z/ Sound

Spelling

Number of

Dictionary

Example

cluster

option

words

-i:vz -wi:vz

-ieves -weaves -ives -ivs -ives -wives -evs -avs -alves -arves -avs -wharves -warves -oaves -ooves -oves -urves -elves -wolves

(2) (1) (1) 1 (3) (1) 1 1 (2) (1) 2 (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) (6) (1)

p-s 13

(2) (2) (2) (1) (D (2) (1) (1) 0)

p-s 14 p-s 14 p-s 14 p-s 14 p-s 15 p-s 13 p-s 15 p-s 15 p-s 15

Ji:oz AE baeoz ba:9z AE klo:0z mauöz kbuöz

-auöz -u:öz -ju:Öz

-eaths -aths -aths -oths -ouths -othes -oaths -uths -youths

-i:mz -aimz -emz -a:mz -o:mz -u:mz -smz -amz -ramz -ramz

-eems -imes -m's -arms -orms -ombs -oms -urns -eums -iums

0) (2) (1) (9) 0) 0) (2) (3) (1) (7)

p-s 15 p-s 13 p-s 15 p-s 15 p-s 16 p-s 11 p-s 15 p-s 16 p-s 16 p-s 16

mi'si:mz 'SAtntaimz

-i:nz -mz -mz -emz -emz -enz -enz -enz -wenz -aenz -rjnz

-cans -ens -ins -ains -eins -eanse -n's -ens -when's -ans -onze

(1) (D (4) (2) (1) 1 (1) (4) 1 (2) 1

p-s 16 p-s 16 p-s 16 p-s 16 p-s 16 p-e45 p-s 16 p-s 16 p-s 16 p-s 16 p-e60

-IVZ -IVZ

-aivz -waivz -evz -aevz -a:vz -a:vz -a:vz -WD:VZ -wo:vz -3ÜVZ

-u:vz -AVZ

-3:vz -elvz -wulvz -i:oz A E -aeöz - : AE -o:öz -auöz -3UÖZ

p-s 13 p-s 13 p-s 18 p-s 13 p-s 13 p-s 18 p-s 18 p-s 13 p-s 13 p-s 18 p-s 13 p-s 13 p-s 13 p-s 13 p-s 13 p-s 13 p-s 13 p-s 13

: wi:vz livz spivz laivz waivz revz laevz ka:vz ska:vz sla:vz wo:vz dwo:vz buvz hu:vz dAVZ

te:vz Jelvz wulvz

3UÖZ

tru:oz ju:9z

npl thieves 3sgpr,npl weaves 3sgpr lives npl spivs npl lives npl wives 3sgpr,npl revs npl lavs npl calves npl scarves npl Slavs npl wharves npl dwarves npl loaves npl hooves npl doves npl turves npl shelves npl wolves npl sheaths npl baths npl baths npl cloths npl mouths npl clothes npl oaths npl truths npl youths

-mz emz a:mz fo:mz 'kaetoku:mz 'kAStemz 'aelbsmz mju:'zramz 'steidramz

adv meseems adv sometimes npl m's, M's npl arms 3sgpr,npl forms npl catacombs npl customs npl albums npl museums npl stadiums

-nz

450

djimz 'dikinz pinz pemz .vaenkaus 'veinz klenz

enz lenz wenz traenz bronz

npl jeans n dickens 3sgpr,npl pins npl pains npl varicose veins v cleanse npl n's, N's n lens contr when's abbr trans v,n bronze

Appendix 2: /-// Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-onz AE -o:nz

-ons -onze -ons -ones -urns -ans -ons -iens -ions -ottons -ardens -inson's -ations -ersions -ersions

(2) 1 (2) (2) (1) (1) (3) (1) (1) (1) (1) 1 (1) (1) (1)

p-s!6 p-e60 p-s!6 p-s 13

-ings -ongs -ongs -ungs -ales -ails -iles -wiles -l's -ols -alls -ols -owls -uals -ibles -ittles -itals -ictuals -ocals -acles -ingles -avels -easles

AE -o:nz -aunz -3:nz -3ΠΖ

-anz -ranz -ranz -otnz -a:dnz -insnz -aejnz -a:Jnz AE -3:r3nz

Example

p-s 16 p-sl6 p-s 16 p-s 16 p-s 16 p-s 16 p-s 16 p-s 16 p-s 16 p-s 16 p-s 16

ilektronz AE bro:nz AE i'lektro:nz 'leizibaunz ba:nz 'taehsmanz m'vararanz .haumau 'saepienz 'kraitrarranz 'kotnz 'ga:dnz 'pa:kmsnz 'raefnz a'spsrjnz AE a'spsirjnz

npl electrons v,n bronze npl electrons n lazybones Ssgpr burns npl talismans npl environs n homo sapiens npl criterion« npl cottons npl gardens adj Parkinson's npl rations npl aspersions npl aspersions

(7) 0) (D (1)

p-s 14 p-s 14 p-s 14 p-s 14

'taidinz toqz AE to:nz ΙΛΠΖ

npl tidings npl tongs npl tongs npl lungs

(1) Ο) 0) (1)

p-s 13 p-s 15 p-s 13 p-s 13 p-s 15 p-s 15 p-s 15 p-s 15 p-s 15 p-s 15 p-s 13 p-s 13 p-s 15 p-s 15 p-s 15 p-s 13 p-s 13 p-s 15 p-s 13

skeilz 'kaut teilz pailz wailz

npl scales npl coat tails 3sgpr,npl piles npl wiles npl 1's, L's abbrpl vols 3sgpr,npl,interj balls abbrpl vols Ssgpr, npl bowls npl casuals n intangibles 3sgpr,npl skittles npl genitals Ssgpr, npl victuals npl bifocals npl spectacles 3sgpr,npl shingles Ssgpr, npl travels n (pl form) measles

-ψ. -ιηζ -oqz AE -ο:ηζ -ΛΠΖ

-1z

-eilz -eilz -ailz -wailz -elz -DlZ

-o:lz ΛΕ o-.lz -s lz -ualz -ablz -itlz -itlz -itlz -auklz -aklz -irjglz -aevlz -i:zlz

0) 0) (2) (1) (1) (1) (1)

Ο) (1) (1)

0) (1) (1) (1) (1)

elz volz bo:lz AE vo:lz baulz 'kaesualz m'taendjablz 'skitlz 'djemtlz 'vitlz .bai'fauklz 'spektaklz 'Jirjglz 'traevlz 'mi:zlz

/-J/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-i:J -i:J -i:J -i:f -i:J

-iche -uiche -ische -cash -ish

4 1 1 2 1

p-e!4 p-e!5 p-e 15 p-h06 p-h07

Example 'maikraufi:J ki:J JtftirJ li:J 'haeji:!

n microfiche n quiche n schottische n leash n hashish

451

Appendix 2: /-JV Sound cluster

-i:/ -ij -ij -if -IlJ

-enj -OIlJ

-auij

-u:ij -u:ij -WlJ -Wlf

-ej -ej -ef -sej -a:J -a:J -a:J -υ'α:/ -Dj -Oj

-i:'oj -wo; -woj AE -o:J -o:; - j

-3 ; -auf

-i:'3uf -u:J -u:J -Aj -K»J

Spelling option

Number of words

Diction-

-iches -ice -ish -uish -yish -eyish -oyish -owish -uish -ewish -uish -wish -eche -esh

1 1 193 2 2

p-s20 p-e08 p-h07 p-h08 p-h08 p-h08 p-h08 p-h08 p-h08 p-h08 p-h08 p-h08

,nu:v3u 'ri:f likanj ft/ •kliikif 'beibiij 'greiij 'boii; 'jebuij 'blu:if •;ru:i; di'stirjgwij

p-e 14

krej frej

-ache -ash -ache -arche -arsh -ouache -oche -osh -ioche -uash -wash -osh -orsch -ush -oche -auche -ioche -ouche -oosh -ush -irsch

3 40 2 1 2 1 1 12 1 3 9 12 1 5 1 1 1 2 1 25 1

-iche -each -eech -ach -ich -itsch -itch h -aitch -which -wich -witch -etch -ach -atch

1 12 6 1 3 1 14 3 1 1 1 5 8 2 17

1 1 1 1 2 7 2 1 10

ary

p-h06

p-e 14 p-h06

p-e 14 p-e 15 p-h08

p-e 14 p-e 15

Example

WlJ

kaej kaej ma'sta:/ 'deima:; ha:J gu'a:J kloj

p-h08

koj

p-e 15

bri:Oj kwoj

p-h06 p-h06 p-h08 p-h04 p-h08

p-e 15 p-e 15 p-e 15 p-e 15 p-h08 p-h08 p-h04

woj

AE ko:J bo:J puj

kbu; gguj bri:'3uj du:J ta:'bu:J brAJ kraj

npl nouveaux riches η liquorice v,n fish adj cliquish adj babyish adj greyish adj boyish adj yellowish adj bluish adj shrewish ν distinguish v,n wish η creche adj,adv fresh v,n cache v,n cash η moustache n dimarche adj harsh η gouache η cloche v,n cosh η brioche ν quash v,n wash v,n cosh η borsch v,« push η cloche adj gauche η brioche η douche η tarboosh v,n brush n kirsch

-tj -Itj

-i:tj -i:tj -«i -It; -Itj -Itj

eitj -eitj -WItJ -Wltf -WItJ

-et;

-aetj -aetj 452

p-e 15 p-h03 p-h03 p-h03 p-h03 p-h05 p-h02 p-hOl p-h02 p-h03 p-h03 p-h02 p-h02 P-H03 p-h02

nitj bi:t; spi:tj 'spinitj ntj

kit; d«; m ,pi: 'eitj eit;

wit;

'saenwit;

wit;

fet; di'tast; kaet;

η niche v,n beach η speech η spinach adj rich adj kitsch v,n ditch abbr mph η aitch adj,pron which v,« sandwich η witch v fetch v detach v,« catch

Appendix 2: /-j/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-a:t;

-AU;

-arch -otch -watch -orch -otch -autch -auch -watch -utsch -utch -ouch -oach -ooch -ooch -utch -uch -ouch -earch -erch -irch -urch -inch -ynch -winch -ench -uench -wench -anche -anch -onch -onch -aunch -unch -ilch -elch -uelch -ulch

12 12 4 5 12 1 1 4 1 1 9 12 1 2 7 4 2 2 1 3 2 9 1 1 15 1 1 1 5 1 1 4 10 2 1 1 2

p-h04 p-h02 p-h02 p-h04 p-h02 p-h03 p-h04 p-h02 p-h05 p-h03 p-h04 p-h03 p-h04 p-h04 p-h03 p-h04 p-h04 p-h04 p-h04 p-h04 p-h.04 p-h04 p-h04 p-h04 p-h03 p-h03 p-h03 p 16 p -h 03 p -h 04 p -h 04 p -h 04 p -h 04 p -h 03 p -h 03 p -h 03 p -h 03

-a:n; -on;

-anche -anche

1 1

p-e 15 p-e 15

'aevalarn; ,ka:t'blon;

η avalanche η carte blanche

-wei;

-welsh

2

ρ -h 08

wei;

welsh

Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-i:3 -eis -ei3

-ige -ege -eige

2 1 1

p-e 11 p -ell p-e 12

-Dtf

-wot; -o:t; AE -o:t; -o:t[ -o:t; AE -wo:tf

-ut; -ut;

-aut; -aut; -aut; -u:t;

-At; -At; -At; -3:t; -3:t; -3:t; -3:t; -mt; -mt;

-wmt; -ent; -went; -went; AE -asntf -a:nt; -rjnt; AE -o:nt; -o:ntf -Ant;

-iit; -eit;

-welt;

Example ma:tf bot;

ν,η march ν,η botch ν,η watch η torch ν,η botch n nautch ν,η debauch ν,η watch η putsch adj butch ν,η couch ν,η coach η brooch ν mooch η hutch n.adj.adv much ν,η touch ν,η search ν,η perch ν,η birch η church ν,η clinch ν,η lynch ν,η winch η bench ν quench ν,η wench η avalanche ν,η branch η conch η conch ν,η launch ν,η lunch ν filch ν,η belch ν,η squelch ν,η mulch

wot;

to:t; AE bo:t; na: t; di'bo:t; AE wo: t; put;

but;

kaut; kaut; braut; mu:tf

HAI;

mAt;

tAt;

S3:t;

P3:t; b3:t; t;3:t; kirnt;

imt;

wmt; bent; kwent; went; AE 'aevalaentf bra:nt; kontf AE ko:ntf lo:nt; Unt;

fiit;

belt; skwelt; mAlt;

-nj

-ij

Example pre'sti:3 ko:'tei3 bei3

n prestige n cortege n beige

453

Appendix 2: /-3/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-es

-ege -*ge -age -uge -ouge -ierge

1 1 19 1 1 1

p -ell p-ell p -ell p-e!2 p-e!2

-iege -age -cage -iage -edge -idge -ege -ige -ach -cage -iage -age -auge -uage -wage -ige -oyage -ewage -uage -wich -edge -ege

3 128 2 9 4 14 4 1 1 1 2 23 4 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 9 1

-eg

(D

p-e!3 p-e 12 p-e 13 p-e 13 p-ell p-ell p-e 13 p-e 13 p-h04 p-e 13 p-e 13 p-e 13 p-e 14 p-e 13 p-e 13 p-e 13 p-e 13 p-e 13 p-e 13 p-h04 p-ell p-e 13 p-g02 p-ell p-ell p-jOl p-jOl

-es -0:3 -u:3 -u:3 -i'eas

p-e 12

Example k3:'tes kD:'tes 'gaera:s lu:s ru:s .konsi'eas

n cortege n cortege v,« garage n luge v,n rouge n concierge

si:ds 'paesids 'mailids 'kasnds 'nolids bnds 'kolids 'vestids BE also 'spmrds 'liniids 'faulnds peids geids a'sweids weids a'blaids 'voirds 's(j)u:ids laerjgwids 'saenwids beds a'leds 'ef reds weds baeds hseds haeds 'gaera:ds la:ds ra:ds lods AE b:ds go:ds gauds dauds stu:ds 'refju:ds dsAds mards ds:ds 3:ds Ormds 'tjxlmds hinds tjeinds

n siege n passage n mileage n carriage n knowledge v,n bridge n college n vestige n spinach n lineage n foliage v,n page v,n gauge v assuage v,n wage v oblige v,« voyage n sewage n language v,n sandwich v,n hedge v allege « F-reg v,« wedge n badge n haj n hajj v,n garage n,adj,adv large n raj v,n lodge v,n lodge v,n gorge V,H gouge n doge v,n stooge n refuge v,n judge v merge n dirge v,n urge n,adj orange v,n challenge v,« hinge v,n change

-ds -i:d3 -ids -id3 -ids -ids -ids -ids -ids -ids -iids -lids -eids -eids -weids -weids -aids oiids -0)u:ld3 -wids -wids -eds -eds -eds -weds -aeds -aeds -asds -a:ds -a:ds -a:ds -ods AE -o:ds -o:ds -aods -sods -u:ds -ju:ds -Ads -3:ds -3:ds -aids -inds -inds -mds -emds

454

-wedge -adge

-aj -ajj -age -arge -aj -odge -odge -orge -ouge -oge -ooge -uge -udge -erge -irge -urge -ange -enge -inge -ange

1 2 1 1 1 16 1 6 6 3 1 1 2 5 13 7 1 6 1 3 10 25

p-e 13 p-e 14 p-jOl

p-e 11

p-ell p-e 14 p-e 14 p-e 14 p-e 14 p-e 14 p-ell p-e 14 p-e 14 p-e 14 p-e 13 p-e 13 p-e 14 p-e 13

Appendix 2: /-χ, -m/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Diction-

-winds -ends -aendj -aundj -Ands -Ands -ilds -Ald3 -a:n3 -οπ3

-winge -enge -ange -ounge -onge -unge -'Ige -ulge -ange -ange

2 2 1 3

p-e!4 p-e!4 p-e!3 p-e!4 p-e!4 p-e!4 p-e!3 p-e!3 p-e 12 p-e!2

1 3 1 4 1 1

ary

Example

swinds n'vendj flaendj launds spAnd3 pUnds bild3 in'dAld3 'meila:n3 bfo'morrj

v swinge v,n revenge n flange v,« lounge v,n sponge V,M plunge n bilge v indulge n molange n blancmange

/-x/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-aix -aex -ox

-eich -ach -och

1 1 1

p-h04 p-h04 p-h04

Example n Reich n Sassenach n loch

raix 'saesanaex

IDX

/-m/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

- :m - :m - :m - :m - :m - :m

-erne -ime -earn

9 2 27 1 7 1 1 25 6 1 1 28 12 1 48 3 1 1 2 1 1 12 12

p-e 30 p-e 30 p-m02 p-m02 p-m02 p-m03 p-b02 p-m03 p-m09 p-n29 p-n29 p-e 29 p-m03 p-b02 p-e 30 p-e 31 p-m02 p-m03 p-m02 p-m03 p-m03 p-mOl p-m02

-im -im -im -im -im -eim -eim -aim -aim -aim -aim -aim -auim -wim -wim

-em -em

-em -eem -im -imb -im -ym -imn -ymn -ame -aim -imb -ime -yme -igm -I'm -oem -whim -wim -m -em

Example

ski:m rei'3i:m kri:m 'ha:ri:m si:m kibu^siim

hm dim 'sinanim

lim him neim kleim klaim taim raim 'pxredaim

aim 'pauim

wim swim .si: 'em stem

v,n scheme n regime v,n cream n harem v seem n kibbutzim n limb v,adj dim n synonym v limn v,n hymn v,n name v,rt claim v,n climb v,n time v,n rhyme n paradigm contr I'm n poem n whim v,« swim abbr cm v,n stem

455

Appendix 2: /-m/

456

Number of words

Dictionary

Sound cluster

Spelling option

-em -em -aem AE -aem -aem -aem -aem -aem -aem -asm -laem -aiaem -waem -jaem -a:m -a:m -a:m -arm -a:m -a:m -wa:m AE -wa:m

-egm -emn -amb -ame -amme -am -a'am -agm -achm -amn -earn -iamb -warn -yam -ame -arme -am -aam -aim -arm -ualm -warn

1 p-m02 2 p-n.29 3 p-b02 1 p-e30 3 p-e31 42 p - m O l 1 p-mOl 1 p-m02 1 p-m03 2 p-n29 1 p-m02 1 p-b02 2 p-m02 1 p-m02 1 p-e30 1 p-e31 2 p-mOl 1 p-mOl 7 p-m03 23 p-m04 1 p-m03 1 p-m02

flem kan'dem laem AE ms'dxrn •praugrasm djasm maem 'darafraem draem daem ,aed 'norziaem 'aiaem swaem jaem ms'darm landarm iz'larm sa'larm karm farm k war m AE 'wig war m

n phlegm v condemn n Iamb n Madame v,n programme v,n jam « ma'am n diaphragm n drachm v,n,adj,adv damn adv ad nauseam n iamb pt swam n yam n Madame n gendarme n Islam v,n salaam v,n,adj calm v,n farm n qualm n wigwam

-Dm -Dm -om -om -orm AE -orm -orm -worm -um -sum -aum -aum -aum -aum -u:m -u:m -u:m -u: m -wurm -ju:m -Am -Am -Am -WAm -3: m -arm -warm -am -am

-omb -om -amp -emps -aulm -om -orm -warm -oom -omb -ome -oam -ohm -om -omb -ume -om -oom -womb -ume -umb -ome -urn -wum -erm -irm -worm -ame -ome

12 11 2 1 1 10 25 3 2 5 23 4 1 1 3 6 1 65 1 14 7 6 23 1 10 6 12 1 36

p-b02 p-m03 p-p06 p-s20 p-m03 p-m03 p-m05 p-m 04 p -m 04 p-b03 p-e30 p-m 02 p-m 02 p-m 03 p-b03 p-e31 p-m 03 p -m 04 p-b03 p-e31 p-b03 p-e30 p-m 07 p-m 09 p-m 05 p-m 05 p-m 05 p-e30 p-e30

bom from .eid-da-'kom 'kontret m harm AE frorm form worm 'nu/rum kaum rraum faum aum Ja'laum t rm plurm hurm burm wurm fjurm 0Am kAm pUm swAm tarm fsrm wsrrn 'beldam 'welkam

v,« bomb prep from n aide-de-camp n contretemps n haulm prep from v,n form v.adj warm v,n mushroom V,H comb n,adv home v,n foam n ohm inter] shalom n tomb v,n plume pron whom v,n boom n womb v,n fume V,H thumb ν,ρρ come η plum pp swum v,n term v,n,adj,adv firm v,n worm η beldame v,n,adj welcome

Example

Appendix 2: l-nl Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-am

-am -am -am -am -am -am -i:am -lam -lam -lam -ram -lam -wiam -jiram -u:am

-am -em -om -um -ium -emn -umn -eum -iam -iem -iom -eum -ium -uiem -uum -ougham

17 17 44 79 1 1 2 4

p-mOl p-m 02 p-m03 p-m 08 p-m 08 p-n29 p-n29 p-m 08 p-m 02 p-m 02 p-m 04 p-m 08 p-m 08 p-m 02 p-m 09 p-m 02

-i am -l am -izam -izam -i:izam -nzam -nzam -enzam -enzam -auizam -auizam -u:izam -wizam -aezam -taszam -ozam AE -o:zam

-ithm -ythm -ism -ysm -eeism -eism -yism -aism -eism -oism -aoism -uism -uism -asm -iasm -osm -osm

2 1 221 3 1 4 2 2 2 2 1 3 1 10 1 2 2

-ilm -elm -elm -welm -hm

-ilm -ealm -elm -whelm -h'm

4 1 2 1 1

1 2 2 3 53 1 1 1

Example

'maedam 'sistam 'fri:dam 'aelbam na'staijam 'sDlam O:tam ,mo:sa'li:am ,in ma'mD:riam .paust ma'ndiam 'idiam mju:'ziam 'mi:diam 'rekwiam 'vaekjuam 'bru:am

n madam n system n freedom n album n nasturtium adj solemn n autumn n mausoleum in memoriam adv post meridiem n idiom n museum n,adj medium n requiem n vacuum n brougham

p-m 03 'logan am 'n am p-m 03 p-m 05 'nalizam p-m 07 'paeraksizam p-m 07 'aebsen'ti:izam p-m 07 'ei6nzam p-m 07 'to:nizam p-m 07 'a:kenzam 'di:izam p-m 07 p-m 07 'i:gauizam 'mauizam p-m 07 'aeltm:izam p-m 07 p-m 07 ven'tnlakwizam 'sarkaezam p-m 05 p-m 05 in'9ju:ziaezam p-m 07 'maekraukozam p -m 07 AE 'maekraukD:zam

n logarithm n rhythm n realism n paroxysm n absenteeism n atheism H Toryism n archaism n deism n egoism n Maoism n altruism n ventriloquism n sarcasm n enthusiasm n macrocosm n macrocosm

film reim heim .auva'welm hm

ν,η film η realm η helm ν overwhelm ν, inter j h'm

-Im p -m 03 p -m 03 p -m 03 p -m 03 p -m 03

/-n/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-i:n -i:n -i:n -i:n

-ene -iene -ine -eine

22 1 66 2

p-e31 p-e32 p-e32 p-e34

Example

si:n 'haidjiin ma'Ji:n 'kaefi:n

η scene η hygiene ν,η machine η caffeine

457

Appendix 2: /-n/ Sound cluster

-i:n -i:n -i:n -i:n -i:n -i:n -au'irn -wi:n -wi:n -wi:n -in -in -in -in -in -in -in -in -in -ein -ein -ein -ein -ein -ein -ein -ein -ein -ein -wem -wem -am -am -am -warn -wain -warn -om -oin -am -um -um -auin -auin -jum -u:m -win -wm -win -en -en -en 458

Spelling

Number of

option

words

-can -ien -een -in -ein -uin -owe'en -wean -ueen -ween -ine -en -een -eign -in -ain -ein -uin -inn -ane -ene -agne -aine -eine -esne -aign -ain -ein -eign -wane -wain -ine -yne -ign -whine -uine -wine -oign -oin -uoin -uin -ouin -oine -oin -uine -uin -uin -win -uine -ain -n -en

13 1 46 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 33 (9) 1 1 167 8 1 1 1 50 1 1 6 2 1 3 67 6 3 1 3 119 4 11 1 1

6 1 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 2 1 1 5 29

Dictionary p-n03

p-n09 p-n09 p-n 10 p-n!2 p-n 12 p-n 09 p-n 04 p-n 09 p-n 09 p-e32 p-n 06 p-n 09 p-n 09 p-n 10 p -nil p-n 12 p-n 12 p-n 29 p-e31 p-e32 p-e32 p-e33 p-e34 p-e35 p-n 09 p -nil p-n 12 p-n 09 p-e31 p-n 12 p-e33 p-e35 p-n 09 p-e34 p-e34 p-e34 p-n 09 p-n 12 p-n 12 p-n 12 p-n 12 p-e34 p-n 12 p -e 34 p-n 12 p-n 12 p-n 12 p-e34 p -nil p-n 01 p-n 06

Example

kli:n mi:n gri:n ,feb'hi:n 'prauti:n ,paslan'ki:n .haeteu^n wi:n kwi:n bitwi:n 'endsm 'kitjm bin 'sovnn 'kaebin 'fauntin 'iriAlin 'msenikm in pre'fein ,mi:z on 'sein Jaem'pein mo'rem sein di'mein kaem'pem rein rein rein wem s we in lain dam di'zain wain 'ekwain wain kam koin koin 'beduin 'beduin 'herauin 'herauin 'djenjuin 'ru:m 'peqgwin win 'saeqgwm g'gen ju: 'en pen

v,n,adj,adv clean n mien n,adj green npl fellahin n protein n palanquin n Hallowe'en v wean v,n queen adv.prep between n engine n kitchen pp been n.adj sovereign n cabin n fountain « mullein n mannequin n inn v,adj profane n mise en scene n champagne « moraine v,n seine n demesne v,n campaign v,n rain v,n rein v,n reign v,n wane n swain v,n line n dyne v,n design v,n whine adj equine v,n wine n coign v,n coin n quoin n Beduin « Bedouin n heroine n heroin adj genuine v,n ruin n penguin v,n win adj sanguine adv again abbr UN v,n pen

Appendix 2: l-nl Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-i'en -ei'en AE -ai'en -wen -wen AE -war'jen -aen -α: η -a:n -a:n -a:n -ja:n -on -on -on -on -on -i-.on -eion -auon -won -jon AE -o:n AE -o:n -o:n -o:n AE -o:n -a:n -o:n -o:n -o:n AE -D:R AE -i:o:n AE -eio:n AE -auo:n /4£ -wo:n -worn -worn Λ£ -jo:n -jo:n -a n -aun -aun -aun -aun -aun -aun -aun /4£ -jaun -u:n -u:n -u:n

-ienne -ayenne -ayenne -when -wen -oyen -an

2 1 1 1 1 1 121 1 5 1 5 2 1 13 2 65 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 11 5 72 2 42 1 2 12 2 1 1 2 2 2 11 1 1 2 47 1 100 5 2 3 25 1 5 43 2

p-e35 p-e35 p-e35 p-n09 p-n09 p-n09 p-nOl p-e31 p-n02 p-n09 p-n26 p-n26 p-e35 p-e34 p-n 10 p-n!2 p-t30 p -n 14 p -n 26 p -n 25 p -n 06 p -n 26 p-e35 p-e34 p-e35 p -n 13 p-n 10 p -n 27 p -n 27 p -n 28 p -n 28 p -t 30 p -n 14 p -n 26 p -n 25 p -n 06 p -n 26 p -n 27 p -n 26 p -n 28 p -n 28 p -n 28 p-e32 p-e34 p -n 06 p-n 13 p -n 28 p -n 29 p -n 14 p-e35 p -n 26 p -n 28

-ane -an -ahn -arn -yarn -onne -one -ohn -on -ant -eon -ayon -oon -wan -yon -onne -one -orne -on -ohn -orn -ourn -aun -awn -ant -eon -ayon -oon -wan -warn -worn -yon -yawn -oun -own -ogne -one -oan -on -ewn -own -ion -une -oon -un

Example tra,d3i:di'en kei'en AE kai'en wen wen AE 'dwa:'jen plaen su:'ta:n ei'la:n O:taba:n ba:n ja:n 'kretnn gon dson 'nailon 'ponjon 'ni:on 'reion ,sp3:mata'zauDn swon jon AE kn'to:n AE go:n bo:n AE 'maera0D:n AE djo-.n k rn mo:n fo:n dorn AE 'po:nja:n AE 'ni:D:n AE 'reio:n AE ,praut3'z3 o:n AE swo:n wo:n worn AE jo:n jo:n naon taun ,au da ka'laon faun laun ,smei kwa: 'naun Jaun naun AE also po:ns'jaun dju:n mu:n 'Jaugu:n

n tragedienne n cayenne n cayenne interr,rel,conj when n wen n doyen v, n plan n soutane n ilan

n autobahn n barn v, n yarn n cretonne pp gone n John n nylon n penchant n neon n rayon n spermatozoon v, n swan adj.adv yon n cretonne pp gone pp borne n marathon n John v,n corn v mourn n faun v, n dawn n penchant n neon n rayon n protozoon v, n swan v warn pp worn n yon v,n yawn n noun n town n eau de Cologne ν,η phone v, n loan n sine qua non pp shewn pp known n pension n June ν,η moon n shogun 459

Appendix 2: /-n/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-u:n

-ewn -woon -une -ugn -ewn -iune -une -onne -one -on -un -one -won -erne -urne -earn -ern -urn -ourn -uern -yearn -and -ane -ine -an -ian -uan -en -ign -eign -ain -on -eon -ion -ern -orn -urn -ourn -'un -can -aean -eian -eon -aeon -can -ian -yan -cyan -ien -eon -ion -yon

2 1 11 2 2 1 2 1 7 6 36 6 1 1 1 4 10 18 2

p-n28

-wu:n -ju:n -ju:n -ju:n -aiju:n -Ju:n -ΛΠ -ΛΠ

-ΑΠ -ΛΠ

-WAH -WAH

-3:n -a:n -a:n -3:n -3:n -3:n -ws:n -js:n -an -an AE -an -an -an -an -an -an -an -an -an -an -an -an -an -an -an -an -i:an -i:an -i:an -i.-an -i:an -ran -tan -lan -lan -lan -lan -lan -lan 460

238 5 1 124 1 1 6 106 14 15 22 1 2 1 1 9 1 1 2 1 13 154 2 1 3 3 50 1

p-n26 p-e35 p-n09 p-n28 p-e35 p-e35 p-e35 p-e35 p-n 13 p-n28 p-e35 p-n 26 p-e35 p-e35 p-n 26 p-n 26 p-n 27 p-n 27 p-n 27 p-n 26 p-d25 p-e31 p-e33 p-n 02 p-n 04 p-n 06 p-n 07 p-n 09 p-n 09 p-n 11 p-n 13 p -n 14 p -n 14 p -n 27 p -n 27 p -n 27 p -n 27 p -n 28 p -n 04 p -n 04 p -n 06 p-n 14 p-n 14 p -n 04 p -n 04 p -n 06 p -n 06 p -n 09 p -n 14 p -n 15 p -n 26

Example

stru:n swu:n tju:n im'pju:n hju:n 'traiju:n fo:tju:n Un d\n SAH fAn WA n WAn Iu:'s3:n 'nokt3:n I3:n kan'ssin t3:n a'd33:n kw3:n J3.-n an 'hAnkan AE 'ma:rd3aran Organ .Bia'laudjan xn'ti:gan 'gauldan 'ensan 'foran 'vilan 'koman 'pidsan 'riidsan 'kaevan 'stAban O:ban 'sodjan an juare'pkan 'pi:an ph'bi:an 'pi:an 'i:an .SAbto'rernian 'gccdian 'hbian 'wezlian 'eilian 'paenGran a'pmian 'haelsian

pp strewn n swoon ν,η tune v impugn pp hewn adj triune n fortune n tonne pp done n son n fun n,adj,pron one pt.pp won n lucerne n nocturne v learn ν,η concern ν,η turn ν adjourn η quern ν yearn (weak form) and η hurricane η margarine η organ η theologian n,adj Antiguan adj golden η ensign adj foreign η villain n.adj common η pigeon η region η cavern adj stubborn adj auburn ν,η sojourn pron 'un n,adj European η paean n,adj plebeian η peon η aeon adj subterranean η guardian n,adj Libyan n,adj Wesleyan n,adj alien η pantheon η opinion adj halcyon

Appendix 2: l-nl Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-eian -eian -eian -eian -aian -aian -aian -waian oian -wian -a:wian -ean -auan -auan -auan -J an -u:an -jan -Jan -Jan -Jan

-can

-aian -ayan -ayon -eian -ion -iron -uayan -oyen -wean -awian -aim -owan -oan -owan -uan -uan -yan -yon -une -ian

1 1 1 1 1 6 15 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 1 3

p-n04 p-n06 p-n06 p-n26 p-n06 p-n!5 p-n26 p-n06 p-n09 p-n04 p-n06 p-n27 p-n06 p-n06 p-n06 p-n06 p-n06 p-n06 p-n26 p-e35 p-n05

.en'treian ga:'neian ma'leian 'kreian 'bru:naian 'laian 'aian juara'gwaian 'doian zim'barbwian ma'lci:wian kean 'rauan prauta'zauan 'rauan ga:'gaentjuan 'naunuan 'baenjan 'kaenjan 'fD:tJan 'knstjan

n,adj Eritrean n,adj Ghanaian n,adj Malayan v,n crayon n,adj Bruneian η lion v,n iron n,adj Uruguayan η doyen n,adj Zimbabwean n,adj Malawian η cairn η rowan nj protozoan η rowan adj gargantuan n.adj Nauruan η banyan η canyon η fortune n, adj Christian

10 1 1 1 14 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 1 6 2 2 6 2

p-n08 p -nil p-n08 p-n08 p-n08 p-n!2 ρ -η 14 ρ -η 14 ρ -η 03 ρ -η 08 ρ -η 08 ρ -η 03 ρ -η 08 ρ -η 08 ρ -η 08 ρ -η 08 ρ -η 03 ρ -η 08 ρ -η 11 ρ -η 27 ρ -η 03 ρ -η 08 ρ -η 08 ρ -η 11 ρ -η 14 ρ -η 08 ρ -π 14 ρ -η 08 ρ -η 08 ρ -η 14

'bi:tn AE 'kri:tn 'wi:tn 'swi:tn 'ntn 'bntn 'skelitn 'bntn 'seitn 'streitn 'streitn 'taitn 'laitn 'haitn 'waitn Oretn ti'betn 'baetn AE 'laetn 'paetn 'ta:tn 'sma:tn 'ha:tn AE 'mcr.rtn 'ka:tn fa'gotn 'kotn 'Jo:tn AE fa'ga:tn AE 'ko.-tn

pp.adj beaten η Cretin adj wheaten ν sweeten pp written η Britain η skeleton n,adj Briton η Satan ν straighten ν straiten η titan ν lighten ν heighten ν whiten ν threaten n.adj Tibetan v,n batten n.adj Latin v,n pattern η tartan ν smarten ν hearten η martin η carton pp forgotten v,n cotton ν shorten pp forgotten v,n cotton

Example

-tn -i:tn AE -i:tn -wi:tn -wi:tn -itn -itn -itn -(tn -eitn -eitn -eitn -attn -aitn -aitn -waitn -etn -etn -aetn AE -aetn -aetn -a:tn -a:tn -a:tn -AE a:rtn -a:tn -otn -otn -a:tn AE -o:tn AE -o:tn

-eaten -etin -wheaten -weeten -itten -itain -eton -iton -atan -aighten -aiten -itan -ighten -eighten -whiten -eaten -etan -atten -atin -attern -artan -arten -ear t en -artin -arton -otten -otton -orten -otten -otton

461

Appendix 2: /-n/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-u:tn -u:tn

-uten -utin -utton -ertain -urtain -urton -uieten

1 1 5 2 3 1 1

p-n08 p-n 11 p-n 14 p-n 12 p-n 12 p-n 14 p-n 08

'glu:tn ,hai-f3'lu:tn 'bAtn 'S3:tn 'ksrtn 'bsrtn 'kwaiatn

n gluten adj high-falutin v, n button adj certain v,« curtain n burton v quieten

1 1 13 5 2 1

-w dn -Adn -3:dn

-eden -edon -idden -aden -aiden -widen -oyden -eaden -edden -adden -arden -ardon -odden -oaden -odden -warden -odern -ordon -odern -udden -wooden -udden -urden

1 3 7 1 3 1 3 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 4

p-n 07 p -n 14 p -n 08 p -n 07 p -n 07 p -n 07 p -n 08 p -n 07 p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 07 p-n 14 p -n 08 p -n 07 p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 27 p -n 14 p -n 27 p -n 08 p -n 07 p -n 08 p -n 08

'i:dn ,koti'li:dn 'hidn 'leidn 'meidn 'waidn 'hDidn 'ledn 'redn 'glaedn 'ga:dn 'pa:dn 's dn 'brordn AE 'SD:dn 'wo:dn 'modn 'kD:dn AE 'mD:dn 'podn 'wudn 'sAdn 'b3:dn

n Eden n cotyledon pp hidden pp.adj laden n.adj maiden v widen n hoyden adj leaden v redden v gladden v, n garden v,« pardon adj sodden v broaden adj sodden n warden n,adj modern v,n cordon n,adj modern n pudden adj wooden n,adj sudden ν,η burden

-ifn -aifn -efn -ofn -o:fn AE -o:fn -Afn

-iffen -yphen -eafen -often -orphan -often -oughen

1 1 1 2 1 2 2

p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 03 p -n 08 p -n 08

'stifn 'haifn 'defn 'sofn O:fn AE 'S3:fn 'rAfn

v stiffen v, M hyphen v deafen v soften ν,η orphan ν soften ν roughen

-i:vn -rvn -eivn -aivn -evn -evn -auvri -waiwn -u:vn -Avn -Avn

-even -iven -aven -iven -eaven -even -oven -woven -oven -oven -overn

2 8 8 2 2 2 1 2 2 4 2

p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 27

'i:vn givn 'reivn 'laivn 'hevn 'sevn Iclauvn 'wauvn 'pru:vn Άνη 'gAvn

v,n,adj,adv even pp given η raven ν liven η heaven n,adj seven pt.pp cloven pp woven pp proven « oven ν govern

-Atn -s:tn -3:tn -a:tn -waiatn

Example

-dn -i:dn -i:dn -idn -eidn -eidn -waidn -oidn -edn -edn -aedn -a:dn -a:dn -odn -o:dn AE -o:dn -wo:dn -odn -o:dn AE -y.an -udn

1 2

-fn

-vn

462

Appendix 2: /-n/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-ί:θη -ai9n -3:θη -erj9n

-ethan -ython -earthen -engthen

1 1 1 1

p-n03 p-n 14 p-n08 p-n 08

i,liz3'bi:9n 'pai9n '3:θη 'strerj8n

n,adj Elizabethan n python adj earthen v strengthen

-i:8n

-eathen

1

p-n 08

'hi: n

n heathen

-isn -isn -isn -isn -eisn -eisn -eisn -eisn -aisn -oisn -esn -esn AE -assn A E -aesn -a:sn -a:sn -o:sn -ausn -u:sn -a:sn -gsn -itsn -etsn -edsn -iksn -aeksn -aeksn -waeksn -oksn -oksn AE -o:ksn AE -o:ksn -Ansn

-icine -ison -isten -esan -asten -asin -ason -aisson -ison -oisten -essen -esson -asten -assin -asten -arson -oarsen -oatswain -oosen -erson -acen -itsun -etson -edicine -ixen -axon -axen -waxen -oxen -oxswain -oxen -oxswain -unsen

1 6 3

1

p-e33 p -n 14 p -n 08 p -n 03 p -n 08 p -n 11 p -n 14 p -n 14 p -n 14 p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 14 p -n 08 p -n 11 p -n 08 p -n 14 p -n 08 p -n 12 p -n 08 p-n 14 p -n 07 p -n 28 p -n 14 p-e33 p -n 09 p -n 14 p -n 08 p -n 08 p -n 09 p -n 12 p -n 09 p -n 12 p -n 08

'medisn kam'paerisn 'lisn dai'osisn 'he isn 'beisn 'meisn 'keisn 'baisn 'moisn ,delika'tesn 'lesn AE 'faesn AE a'saesn farsn 'parsn 'korsn 'teusn 'lu:sn 'p3:sn 'saerasn 'witsn 'stetsn 'medsn 'viksn 'klaeksn 'flaeksn 'waeksn Oksn 'koksn AE 'o:ksn AE 'ko:ksn 'twnsn

n medicine n comparison v listen n,adj diocesan v hasten n basin n mason n caisson n bison v moisten n delicatessen n lesson v fasten n assassin v fasten n parson v coarsen n boatswain v loosen n person n Saracen n Whitsun n stetson n medicine n vixen n klaxon adj flaxen adj waxen ngl oxen n coxswain npl oxen n coxswain n Bunsen

-i:zn -izn -izn -izn -izn -eizn -eizn -eizn -i'eizn -aizn

-eason -isen -izen -izzen -ison -azen -aisin -azon -iaison -izon

4 2 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1

p -n 14 p -n 08 p -n 09 p -n 09 p-n 14 p -n 09 p-n 11 p -n 14 p -n 14 p -n 14

'ri:zn 'nzn 'sitizn 'mizn 'pnzn 'breizn 'reizn 'bleizn li'eizn ha'raizn

v, n reason pp risen n citizen n m izzen n prison v, adj brazen n raisin v, n blazon n liaison n horizon

Example

-θη

- n

sn

1 2 7 3 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 2

3 1

-zn

463

Appendix 2: /-n/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-oizn AE -ezn -auzn -suzn -Azn -ΛΖΠ AE -azn AE -azn -aemzn -imzn

-oison -esin -owson -ozen -ozen -ousin -esan -isan -amson -imson

1 1 1 3 2 1 1 2 1 1

p-n 14 p-n 11 p-n 14 p-n 09 p-n 09 p -nil p-n 03 p-n 03 p-n 14 p-n 14

'poizn AE 'rezn .aed'vauzn 'firauzn '(Uzn 'L\zn AE 'ko:rtozn AE 'cr.rtozn 'daemzn 'knmzn

v, n poison n resin n advowson pp frozen n dozen n cousin n courtesan n artisan n damson v,n,adj crimson

-i:Jn -i:Jn -i:Jn -i:Jn -ijn -ijn -ijn -ijn -ijn -eijn -eijn -eijn -erjn -eijn -eijn -i:'eijn -i'eijn -ai'eijn -u'eijn -ju'eijn -Ju'eijn -su'eijn -au'ijn -ur'ijn -ju:'ijn -ejn AE -ejn -ejn -ejn -aejn -aejn -aejn -aejn -a:Jn -o:Jn -a:Jn -o:Jn -ufn -ei'aufn -aojn -aujn

-ecian -etian -itian -etion -ician -itian -icion -ission -ition -acean -achian -asian -atian -aitian -ation -cation -iation -iation -uation -uation -uation -uation -oition -uition -u ition -eshen -essian -ession -etion -ashen -assion -ation -ash ion -artian -orsion -ortion -aution -ushion -aotian -ocean -otion

1 1 1 8 25 2 1 13 68 1 1 2 2 1 776 5 43 1 1 11 7 1 1 1 2 1 1 32 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 8 2 3 1 1 11

p-n 05 p-n 05 p-n 05 p-n 24 p-n 05 p-n 05 p-n 15 p -n 16 p -n 24 p -n 04 p -n 05 p -n 05 p -n 05 p -n 06 p-n 16 p -n 22 p -n 23 p -n 23 p -n 23 p -n 23 p -n 23 p -n 23 p -n 25 p -n 25 p -n 25 p -n 08 p -n 05 p-n 16 p -n 24 p -n 08 p-n 16 p -n 22 p -n 15 p -n 06 p -n 15 p -n 25 p -n 25 p-n 15 p -n 06 p -n 04 p -n 25

'gri:Jn va'ni:Jn ta:'hi:Jn dili:Jn mju:'zijn .daia'tijn sa'spijn 'mijn pa'zijn krA'steiJn ju:'steijn 'eijn .dael'meijn 'heijn 'steijn krir'eijn pre.nAnsi'eiJn straieijn .menstru'eijn .vaelju'eijn ,sitju'eijn .graedju'eijn ksu'ijn frur'ijn tjur'ijn 'frejn AE 'hejn ik'sprejn di'skrejn 'sejn 'paejn 'raejn 'fzejn 'mo:Jn 'to:Jn pra'po:Jn 'ko:Jn 'k jn lei'a jn 'aujn 'Isujn

adj Grecian adj Venetian n,adj Tahitian n deletion n musician n dietitian n suspicion n mission v, n position n crustacean adj Eustachian n,adj Asian n dalmatian n.adj Haitian ν,η station n creation n pronunciation n striation n menstruation n valuation n situation n graduation n coition n fruition n tuition v freshen n hessian n expression n discretion adj ashen n passion ν,η ration ν,η fashion n.adj Martian η torsion ν,η proportion ν,η caution ν,η cushion n,adj Laotian η ocean η lotion

Example

-Jn

464

Appendix 2: l-nl Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-u:Jn

15 1 1 23

AE orkjn -o:kjn -Akjn -irjkjn -aerjkjn -Aqkjn -enjn -enjn -enjn -aenjn -Aljn

-ution -ucian -utian -ution -ussian -ussion -ersian -ertian -ercion -ersion -ursion -ertion -yptian -iption -eption -aption -option -option -orption -uption -emption -umption -iction -ixion -ection -exion -action -oction -auction -oction -auction -uction -inction -anction -unction -ension -entian -ention -ansion -ulsion

1 4 1 1 1 13 2 6 1 8 10 2 2 2 1 5 3 5 21 1 52 5 32 1 1 1 1 18 3 2 8 16 1 16 2 8

p-n 25 p-n 05 p-n 06 p-n 25 p-n 05 p-n 16 p-n 05 p-n 06 p-n 15 p-n 15 p-n 15 p-n 25 p-n 06 p-n 25 p-n 25 p-n 25 p-n 25 p-n 25 p-n 25 p-n 25 p-n 25 p-n 25 p-n 24 p-n 25 p-n 23 p-n 25 p-n 23 p-n 24 p-n 24 p-n 24 p-n 24 p -n 24 p -n 24 p -n 24 p -n 24 p-n 15 p -n 06 p -n 25 p-n 15 p -n 15

di'sknpjn kan'sepjn 'kaepjn Opjn AE 'o:pjn ab'so:pjn .into'rApJn ig'zempjn n'ZAmpJn 'fikjn ,kru:si'fikjn i'lekjn n'flekjn 'aekjn kan'kokjn Okjn AE kan'ko.-kjn O:kjn in'stTAkfn di'stirjkjn 'saerjkjn 'fArjkJn ik'stenjn 'dsenjn m'venjn 'masnjn i-mAlJn

n solution n,adj Confucian n,adj lilliputian n institution n, adj Russian n discussion n,adj Persian adj tertian n coercion n version n excursion n insertion n,adj Egyptian n description n conception n caption n option n option n absorption n interruption n exemption n resumption n fiction n crucifixion n election n reflexion n action n concoction v,« auction n concoction v, n auction n instruction n distinction v, n sanction v, n function n extension n gentian n invention n mansion n emulsion

AE -\:yi -i:3n -13" -eisn -ei3n -weisn -weisn AE -D:r3n -airyi -u:jn -ju:sn

-esian -esion -ision -asian -asion -uasion -uation -orsion -osion -usion -usion

1 3 19 2 5 3 1 1 4 13 10

p -n 05 p-n 15 p -n 15 p -n 05 p -n 15 p -n 15 p -n 25 p -n 15 p -n 16 p-n 16 p-n 16

AE α:ΓΊί:3η kau'hi:3n di'srsn 'eisn 3'kei3n 'swei3n ikweijn AE 'toirsn ik'spbusn kan'klursn kan'fjutjn

adj artesian n cohesion n decision n,adj Asian v,n occasion n suasion n equation n torsion n explosion n conclusion n confusion

-ju:Jn -ju:Jn -ju:Jn -Ajn -Ajn -3:Jn -3:Jn -3:Jn -3:Jn -3:Jn -3:Jn -ipjn -ipjn -epjn -aepjn -opjn AE -o:pjn -D:pjn -Apjn -empjn -Ampjn -ikjn -ikjn -ekjn -ekjn -aekjn -Dkjn -okjn

Example S3'lu:Jn kan'fju:Jn ,lili'pju:Jn ,mstitju:Jn 'rAjn di'skAjn 'p3:Jn 'ts:Jn kau'3:Jn 'V3:Jn ik'sks:Jn m's3:Jn idjipjn

465

Appendix 2: /-η, -Ι/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-3:3n AE -3:1311 AE -3:i3n

-ersian -ersion -ursion

1 13 2

p-n 05 p-n 15 p-n 15

'P3:3n AE 'vsirjn AE ik'sksirjn

n,adj Persian η version η excursion

-iln

-iln

3

p-n 12

kiln

η kiln

Example

-In

/-rj/

466

Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-iq -i:iq -nq -enq -enq -anq -anq -onq -o:iq -guiq -auiq -ju:iq -eq -aeq -aeq -aeq -aeq -waeq -a:q -a:q -oq -oq AE -o:q AE -D:q -Aq -Aq -Aq

-ing -iing -ying -aying -eying -ying -uying -oying -awing -ewing -owing -uing -eng -anc -angue -ingue -ang -wang -ant -ant -ongue -ong -ongue -ong -ongue -ong -ung -young

(1040) 0) (5) (5) 0) (16) (1) (2) 0) 0) (10) (1) 1 1 1 1 21 1 1 1 1 37 1 37 1 1 22 1

p-g03 P-glO p-gll p-gll p-gll p-gll p-gll p-gll P-glO P-glO p-glO p-g03 p-c06 p-e64 p-e64 p-g02 p-g03 p-t30 p-t30 p -e64 p-gll p-e64 p-gll p -e64 p-gll p-gll p-gll

Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-il -il -il

-ile -ille -eal

3 3 24

p-e25 p-e29 ρ -106

P-gio

Example

'feisiq 'ski:iq

An'veaniq 'plenq sa'venq 'sastisfanq 'impAls ,banq a'riDiir) 'drD:iq 'sauiq 'Jauiq O:gju:iq 'djinseq 'Jaerabaeq ha'raeq ma'raeq haeq twaeq 'restara:q 'rest3ra:q Jeiz loq soq AE Jeiz'lo:q AE so:q tAq 3'mAq Uq

prpc,n facing η skiing adj unvarying prpc,n playing prpc,n surveying prpc.adj satisfying η impulse-buying prpc.adj annoying prpc,n drawing prpc.n sewing prpc,n showing prpc arguing η ginseng η charabanc v,n harangue η meringue v,n hang v,n twang η restaurant η restaurant η chaise longue η song η chaise longue η song η tongue prep among η lung n,adj young

Example 'imtesi:! fs'ni:!

n.adj imbecile η chenille η meal

Appendix 2: /-!/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-i: -i: -i:

-eel -iel -e'll -ueal -weal -wheel -we'll -ile -ille -il -yll

12 2 2 1 1 15 1 1 3 18 2 5 56 30 1 58 3 1 1 2 1 2 59 2 2 1 5 1 5 1 1 31 1 7

p -109 p -110 p-1 14

Jpi:l

p -106 p -106 p -109 p -115 p-e25 p-e29 p -110 p -116 p-1 14 p -115 p-e!7 p-e29 p- 10 p- 11 p- 16 p - 11 p-e!7 p - 11 p - 11 p-e25 p-e26 p-e27 p-e27 p-e29 p -115 p-e26 p-e26 p-e29 p -111 p -115 p -115

skwi:l wi:l wi:l wi:l AE 'firbnl kw9'dnl 'daefadil 'idil 'meOil fil seil breil seil veil eil djeil weil kweil weil fail 'bigail ail ail s tail ail wail voil 'ga-.goil oil kwil wil

v,n feel v, n spiel contr she'll ν,η squeal n weal ν,η wheel contr we'll adj febrile η quadrille η daffodil η idyll η methyl ν,η fill η sale η braille ν,η sail ν,η veil contr they'll ν,η gaol ν,η whale ν,η quail ν,η wail ν,η file ν beguile η isle η aisle ν,η style contr I'll v,n,conj while η voile η gargoyle ν,η oil η quill an ν,η will

6 1 3 27 1 36 1 1 10 1 8 1 5 3 2 1 1

p-e29 p-e24 p -101 p -108 p -111 p -114 p -110 p -115 p -115 p -115 p -101 p -114 p-e!7 p -101 p -112 p -106 p-e!7

.baega'tel ,kli:3ritel ,i: ef 'el kam'pel AE ,no:np3'rel bei nau'el kwel dwel jel ka'nail Jael ka'ra: te'na: sna: rei'a: Dn,tont ko:di'a:

η bagatelle η clientele abbr EFL ν compel n,adj nonpareil ν,η bell η Noel ν quell ν dwell ν,η yell η canal anv shall η chorale adj banal ν,η snarl η real η entente cordiale

-wi: -wi: -wi:l -wi:l AE -il -il -il -il -il -il -eil -eil -eil -eil -eil -eil -weil -weil -weil -ail -ail -ail -ail -ail -ail -wail -Oll

-oil -Oll

-wil -wil -el -el el -el -el -el -atfel -wel -wel -jel -ael -ael -a: -a: -a:

-ei'a: -i'a:

-yi

-ill -ale -aille -ail -eil -ey'll -aol -whale -uail -wail -ile -uile -isle -aisle

-yle -I'll -while -oile -oyle -oil -uill -will

-eile -ele 1 -el

-eil -ell -oel -uell -well -yell -al

-all -ale -al

-arl -eal -iale

Example fi:l Ji:l

467

Appendix 2: /-I/ Sound cluster

-o:l -Dl -Dl

-o: AE -o: AE -o: -o: -o: -wo: -wo: -wo: -jo: -ul -ul -aul -aul -jaul -3ul -3 l

-3Ul -3U1 -3Ul -3Ul -3Ul -3 l

-i:3ul -I3(jl

-wul -u: -u: -u: -u: -u: -u: -u: -ju: -ju: -ju: -ju: AE -yi: -Al -Al

-3:1 -3:1 -3:1 -wa:l -W3:l -W3:l AE -3l -3l -3l

468

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-al -oil -ol -all -oil -ol -aul -awl -uall -wall -waul -yawl -ull -ul -oul -owl -yowl -ole - le -oal -ohl -oil -ol -oul -owl -cole -eole -wool -ulle -ule -oule -uhl -o'll -ool -oul -ulle -ule -yule -you'll -ule -ull -ul -earl -irl -url -whirl -wirl -whorl

7 4

7 1 20 9 1 5 1 1 5 1 6 3 1 1 26 1 1 17 1 1 3 11 1 3 13 7 1 2 1

p - 01 p- 15 p- 11 p- 14 p - 15 p - 11 p - 13 p- 13 p-1 14 p-1 14 p-1 13 p - 13 p-1 16 p-1 12 p - 13 p - 13 p- 14 p-e26 p-e27 p - 07 p- 10 p- 15 p- 11 p - 13 p - 13 p-e27 p-e27 p-1 12 p-e29 p-e28 p-e29 p-1 10 p-1 15 p-1 11 p-1 13 p-e29 p-e28 p-e29 p-1 16 p-e29 p- 16 p - 12 p - 12 p - 12 p- 12 p - 12 p- 12 p- 12

3 1 1

p-e25 p-e29 p-e27

-ile -ille -ole

11 78 4 11 6 12 1 4 1 1 10

(30) 3 15 1 60 1

Example m'9ro:l

ps: 93: ks: ws: sws: W3:l

ν enthral v,n doll η col v,n call v,n doll η col v,n haul v,n crawl v,n squall v,n wall v,n caterwaul η yawl v,n pull η handful v,n,adj foul η owl ν yowl v,n hole η role v,n coal n kohl v,n roll v,n control η soul v,n bowl n,adj Creole η aureole η wool η tulle V,H rule η joule n buhl contr who'll v,n school η ghoul η tulle η module η yule contr you'll v,n schedule v,adj dull ν annul v,n pearl η girl v,w curl v,/7 whirl v,n swirl η whorl

AE 'steral 'paestol hai'p3:bal

adj sterile η pastille η hyperbole

dol kol ko: AE do: AE ko: ho: kro: skwo:

wo: 'kaetowo: P· pul 'haendful faol aul jaul heul raul ksul ksul raul kan'treul ssul beul 'kri:3ul O:ri3ul wul AE tu: ru:

dyi: bu: hu: sku: gu:l tju:l 'modju:! ju:l ju:l AE 'skedsu:! dAl 3ΡΠΛΐ

Appendix 2: /-I/ Sound cluster

AE -3l -3l

öl -3l -3l -3l -3l -3l -3l

-I3l -I3l -I3l

-eisl -aral -aral -3I3l

-wial -o:3l -U3l -Ü3l

-aual -aual -jü3l

-Jual -310! AE -u:3l -u:al -u:sl -ju:sl BE -ju:3l -ju:3l -ju:sl -W9l -W3l

-a:w3l -j»l

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-ule -al -ial -el -il -all -oil -ol -ul -eal -ial -iol -ayal -ial -iol -oyal -uial -awal -ual -uel -owal -owel -ual -ual -ual -ewal -uel -ewel -ual -ewal -uel -ewel -ual -uel -arwhal -iel

1 105 3 24 6 1 1 2 (127) 14 88 1 3 10 1 3 1 1 13 1 2 9 7 17 2

3 1 6 1 1 2

p-e29 p -101 p -106 p -108 p -110 p-1 14 p -115 p-1 11 p -112 p -106 p -106 p -111 p -108 p -107 p-1 11 p -108 p -107 p -108 p -108 p-1 10 p -108 p -110 p -108 p -108 p -108 p -108 p-1 10 p -110 p -108 p -108 p-1 10 p-1 10 p -108 p -110 p -106 p-1 10

'phmssl 'kaerel 'dredfal rial 'kordial 'vitnsl bftreial 'traial 'vaisl 'bial ka'laukwial wiö'dr3:al 'menstrual krusl s'vaual 'tausl 'aenjual 'zktfusl 'graedjual AE n'nu:3l 'gru:3l 'd3u:al 'dju:dl BE n'njuial *fju:al 'njuisl 'i:kw3l 'si.'kwsl 'na:w3l 'spasnjsl

n ferule v,n,adj signal adj glacial v, n barrel v, n peril v shall n plimsoll v,n carol adj dreadful adj real n,adj cordial n vitriol n betrayal n trial n viol adj loyal adj colloquial n withdrawal adj menstrual adj cruel n avowal v, n towel n,adj annual adj actual adj gradual « renewal n gruel v, n jewel adj dual n renewal v, H fuel n newel adj equal n sequel n narwhal n spaniel

-eeple -eople -iple -ipple -ipal -aple -apal -iple -ypal -epal -apple -apel -opple -opple -uple

1 3 3 5 1 2 1 1 1 1 7 3 1 1 1

p-e27 p-e27 p-e27 p-e27 p -105 p-e27 p -105 p-e27 p -l 05 p -105 P -e27 p -109 p-e27 p-e27 p-e27

'sti:pl 'pi:pl 'mAltipl 'npl mjur'nisipl 'meipl 'peipl di'saipl ,o:ki'taipl 'sepl 'aepl 'tjaspl 'topl AE 'torpl 'kwodrupl

n steeple v.« people n,adj multiple v, n ripple adj municipal n maple adj papal n disciple adj archetypal n sepal n apple n chapel v topple v topple n.adj quadruple

Example AE 'feral 'signal 'gleijsl 'baeral 'peral J3l

-pl

-i:pl -i:pl -ipl -ipl -ipl -eipl -eipl -aipl -aipl -epl -aepl -aepl -opl AE -o:pl -Dpi

469

Appendix 2: /-!/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-aupl -u:pl -ju:pl

1 2

-3:pl -apl -spl -apl -Dspl AE o:spl -impl -wimpl -empl -aempl -a:mpl -Ampl

-opal -uple -upil -upple -ouple -urple -iple -ipal -opal -ospel -ospel -imple -wimple -emple -ample -ample -umple

p -105 p-e27 p -110 p-e27 p-e27 p-e27 p-e27 p -105 p -105 p -109 p -109 p-e27 p-e27 p-e27 p-e27 p-e27 p-e27

'kApl 'P3:pl 'pnnsapl 'pnnsapl i'piskapl 'gospl AE 'gsispl 'simpl 'wimpl 'tempi 'traempl ig'za:mpl 'krMiipl

n opal ν,η scruple n pupil adj supple ν,η couple n,adj purple η principle n,adj principal adj episcopal η gospel η gospel n.adj simple η wimple η temple ν,η trample η example ν crumple

-i:bl -i:bl -ibl -ibl -ibl -ibl -eibl -eibl -aibl -aibl -aibl -oibl -wibl -ebl -ebl -ebl -aebl -a:bl -a:bl -obl -wob! -wob! AE -a:bl -o:bl o:bl AE -wo:bl -WD:bl -3 bl AE -aubl -aubl -jubl AE -u:bl -u:bl -u:bl

-eeble -ible -ibble -ible -ibal -ibyl -able -abel -ible -ibal -ibel -oible -uibble -ebble -eble -ebel -abble -arble -arbel -obble -uabble -wobble -obble -auble -orbel -wobble -warble -oble -obile -obal -uble -ubile -uble -ouble

2 1 3 2 1 1 24 2 1 2

p-e21 p-e2l p-e22 p-e21 p -102 p -114 p-e 17 p -109 p-e 21 p -102 p -109 p-e 22 p-e 22 p-e 22 p-e 21 p -109 p-e 22 p-e 22 p -109 p-e 22 p-e 22 p-e 22 p-e 22 p-e 22 p -109 p-e 22 p-e 22 p-e 22 p-e 25 p -102 p-e 22 p-e 25 p-e 22 p-e 22

'fi:bl ,οηίοη te'ri:bl 'dnbl 'maendibl 'kaembl 'sibl 'teibl 'leibl 'baibl 'traibl laibl 'foibl 'kwibl 'pebl 'trebl 'rebl 'baebl 'ma:bl 'barbl IcDbl 'skwobl 'wobl AE 'ko:bl 'bo:bl 'ko:bl AE 'wo:bl 'wD:bl 'na bl AE maubl 'gbubl 'voljubl AE 'nu:bl 'rurbl 'ru:bl

adj feeble η enfant terrible ν dribble η mandible η cannibal η sibyl ν,η table ν,η label η bible adj tribal ν,η libel η foible ν,η quibble η pebble v.n.adj treble η rebel ν,η babble η marble η barbel ν,η cobble ν,η squabble ν wobble ν,η cobble η bauble η corbel ν wobble ν,η warble n,adj noble adj mobile adj global adj voluble adj nubile « ruble η rouble

-Λρΐ -Apl

2

2 3 2

Example '3 pl 'skru:pl 'pju:pl 'SApl

-bl

470

5 2 1 5 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 2 1 1 1

Appendix 2: /-I/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-Abi

-ubble -ouble -urble -erbal -able -cable -iable -ible -uble -eeable -cable -iable -ayable -iable -oyable -owable -owable -uable -ewable -uablc -uble -imble -ymbal -ymbol -emble -amble -ambol -emble -emble -umble

5 3 1 2 384 25 6 106 1 4 3 10 3 17 3 1 1 4 1 1 4 2 1 1 5 8 I 2 2 10

p-e22 p-e22 p-e22

-eetle -etal -octal -ittle -etal -ital -ittal -it'll -itol -atal -itle -ital -uital -whittle -uittal -ettle -etal -attle -attel -artle -ottle

3 3 1 6 1 12 1 1 1 5 3 2 1 1 1 8 5 6 1 1 11

-Abi

-a:bl -3:bl -abl -abl -abl -abl AE -abl -i:abl -iabl -tabl -erabl -arabl orabl -ausbl -ausbl -juabl -ju:abl -wsbl -jabl -imbl -imbl -imbl -embl -aembl -asmbl -ombl AE -o:mbl -Arnbl

Example

p-e 20 p-e 21 p-e 22 p-e 20 p-e 20 p-e 20 p-e 21 p-e 20 p-e21 p-e 21 p-e 21 p-e 21 p-e 21 p-e 21 p-e 22 p-e 22 p -102 p-1 11 p-e 22 p-e 22 p-l 11 p-e 22 p-e 22 p-e 22

'ba:bl 'V3:bl 'keipabl 'nautisabl 3'pri:f3bl Vizabl AE 'tfaezabl a'griiabl 'paimiabl 'eimiabl 'peiabl 'laiabl m'd3Di3bl a'lauabl An'nauabl 'vaeljirabl n'njuiabl 'ekwsbl 'solJ9bl 'flimbl 'simbl 'simbl a'sembl 'gaembl 'gaembl DrisDmbl AE D:n'sD:mbl 'krAmbl

v, n bubble v,« trouble v burble adj verbal adj capable adj noticeable adj appreciable adj visible n chasuble adj agreeable adj permeable adj amiable adj payable adj liable adj enjoyable adj allowable adj unknowable adj valuable adj renewable adj equable adj soluble n thimble n cymbal n symbol v assemble v, n gamble v, n gambol n ensemble n ensemble v crumble

p-e 28 p -105 p -105 p-e 28 p -105 p -105 p -106 p-l 16 p-l 11 p -105 p-e 28 p -105 p -105 p-e 28 p -106 p-e 28 p -105 p-e 28 p -109 p-e 28 p-e 28

'bi:tl 'fi:tl 'fi:tl 'litl sen'tnpitl 'hospitl ,nonk3'mitl 'itl 'kaepitl 'feitl taitl n'saitl n'kwaitl 'witl a'kwitl 'setl 'metl 'bsetl 'tjaetl 'startl 'botl

ν,η beetle adj fetal adj foetal n.adj.adv little adj centripetal n hospital adj noncommittal contr it'll n Capitol adj fatal n title n recital n requital v whittle n acquittal ν,η settle ν,η metal ν,η battle η chattel ν startle ν,η bottle

p -102 p-e 17 p-e20

'bAbl 'trAbl

-tl -i:tl -i:tl -i:tl -itl -itl -itl -itl -itl -itl -eitl -aitl -aitl -waitl -witl -will -etl -etl -aetl -Xtl

-a:tl -otl

471

Appendix 2: /-!/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-Dtl

-ottal -wattle -ortle -ottle -ortal -ottal -otal -ootle -utal -utile -ubtle -uttle -uttal -irtle -urtle -yrtle -atile -atal -otal -ectile -ectal -actile -eptile -estal -ystal -istol -estal -astel -ostal -ostel -ostile -ostal -orstal -ostel -oastal -ostal -intel -uintal -entle -ental -entil -iental -a n tie -ante! -ontal -ontal -ontal -untal -ertile

1 1 1 11 3 1 5 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 28 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 2

p -106 p-e28 p-e28 p-e28 p -106 p -106 p -106 p-e28 p -l 06 p-e26 p-e28 p-e28 p -106 p-e28 p-e28 p-e28 p-e26 p -105 p -106 p-e26 p -105 p-e26 p-e26 p -106 p -106 p -111 p -106 p -109 p -106 p -109 p-e26 p -106 p -106 p -109 p -106 p -106 p -109 p -106 p-e28 p -105 p-1 10 p -106 p-e28 p -109 p -106 p -106 p -106 p -106 p-e26

ri'bAtl 'k3:tl 'toitl 'msitl AE 'vcclatl 'paetetl 'pivatl AE pra'djektl .daia'lektl AE 'aektl AE 'reptl 'pedistl 'knstl 'prstl 'vestl 'paestl .penti'kostl 'hostl AE 'ho:stl AE ,penti'ko:stl 'bo:stl AE 'haistl 'ka stl 'paustl •hntl 'kwmtl 'djentl .kontinentl 'lentl ,o:n'entl 'masntl 'maentl .hon'zontl AE ,ho:n'ZD:ntl ΤΓΛΠ« .kontra'pAntl AE 'f3:rtl

adj glottal n wattle v, n chortle v, n bottle n,adj mortal adj glottal v, n, adj total v, n tootle adj brutal adj futile adj subtle ν,η shuttle n rebuttal v kirtle n turtle n myrtle adj volatile n,adj palatal adj pivotal n,adj projectile adj dialectal adj actile n reptile n pedestal n crystal n pistol n,adj vestal n pastel adj Pentecostal n hostel adj hostile adj Pentecostal n borstal n hostel adj coastal adj postal n lintel n quintal adj gentle adj continental n lentil n,adj oriental ν,η mantle n mantel adj horizontal adj horizontal adj frontal adj contrapuntal adj fertile

-eadle -eedle

1 4

p-e23 p-e23

'bi:dl 'ni:dl

n beadle v,« needle

-WDtl

o:tl AE -o:tl o:tl AE -D:tl -autl -u:tl -u:tl AE -ju:tl -All -All -Atl

-3:tl -3:tl -3:tl AE -all -3tl -3tl

AE -ektl -ektl AE -aektl Λ£ -eptl -istl -istl -istl -estl -aestl -ostl -ostl AE o:stl A E -Ύ-S

o:stl A E -Distl -3 S

-3UStl

-mtl -wintl -entl -entl -entl -i'entl -aentl -aentl -ontl AE o:ntl -Anti -Anti AE -3-.ru

1

Example •glotl 'w tl 'tjoitl AE 'bo:tl 'mo:tl AE 'gb:tl 'teutl 'tu:tl 'bru:tl AE 'fju:tl 'SAtl 'jAtl

-dl

-i:dl -i:dl

472

Appendix!: l-\l Sound cluster

Spelling option

-wi:dl -idl -eidl -aidl -aidl -ardl -aidl -Didl -widl -edl -edl -edl -aedl -odl -odl -wodl AE -o:dl -o:dl AE -o:dl -audl -jaudl -u:dl -u:dl -ju:dl -*dl -3:dl -3:dl -mdl -wind! -aendl -aendl -ondl -ondl AE -o:ndl AE o:ndl -aundl -Andl -3:ndl

-wheedle -iddle -adle -idle -idal -idol -idyll -oidal -widdle -eadle -eddle -edal -addle -oddle -odel -waddle -oddle -awdle -odel -odal -yodel -oodle -udel -eudal -uddle -irdle -urdle -indie -windle -andle -andal -ondle -ondel -ondle -ondel -oundel -undle -irndl

-i:kl -i:kl -i:kl -ikl -ikl -ikl -ikl -ikl -eiikl -aikl -auikl -ekl -ekl

-eacle -ecal -aecal -icle -ycle -ickle -ical -ickel -aical -ycle -oical -eckle -ekel

Number of words

Dictionary

1 p-e23 6 p-e24 2 p-e23 4 p-e23 4 p -104 1 p-1 11 1 p -116 1 p -104 1 p-e24 1 p-e23 2 p-e24 4 p -104 9 ,p -e 23 4 ~p -e 24 3 p -109 3 p-e24 4 p-e24 1 p-e23 3 p -109 1 p -104 1 p -109 4 p-e23 1 p -109 1 p -104 6 p-e24 1 p-e23 2 p-e23 4 p-e23 2 p-e23 7 p-e23 p -104 3 1 p-e23 1 p -109 1 p-e23 1 p -109 1 p -109 2 p-e23 1 p -108

Example 'wi:dl 'midi 'kreidl 'aidl 'taidl 'aidl AE 'aidl .aedi'noidl 'twidl 'tredl 'pedl 'pedl 'saedl 'k dl 'modi 'swodl AE 'ko:dl 'do:dl AE 'mo:dl 'rrraudl 'jaudl 'du:dl 'stru:dl 'fju:dl 'iriAdl 'g3:dl k3:dl 'kmdl 'dwindl 'kaendl 'sasndl 'fondl 'rondl AE 'fo:ndl AE 'rotndl 'raundl 'bAndl 'dsmdl

v wheedle n middle v, n cradle v,adj idle adj tidal n idol n idyll adj adenoidal ν,η twiddle ν,η treadle ν peddle v,n,adj pedal ν,η saddle ν coddle ν,η model ν swaddle ν coddle ν dawdle ν,η model adj modal ν,η yodel ν doodle n Strudel adj feudal ν,η muddle ν,η girdle ν curdle ν kindle ν dwindle η candle η sandal ν fondle η rondel ν fondle η rondel η roundel ν,η bundle η dirndl

'tri:kl 'fi:kl 'fi:kl •a:tikl 'baisikl 'pnkl 'medikl 'mkl .aeldja'breiikl ,ri:'saikl 'stauikl 'spekl 'Jekl

η treacle adj fecal adj faecal ν,η article ν,η bicycle ν,η prickle n.adj medical ν,η nickel adj algebraical ν recycle adj stoical η speckle η shekel

-kl 1 1 1 16 2 6 184 3 2 5 1 3 1

p-e23 p -102 p -102 p-e23 p-e23 p -e 26 p -102 p -109 p -103 p-e23 p -103 p-e26 p -109

473

Appendix 2: /-I/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-aekl -aekl -a:kl -a:kl -i'arkl -Dkl AE -o:kl -o:kl -sukl -jsukl -ju:kl -Akl -3:kl -3kl -3kl -3kl -i:3kl -arekl -iskl -eskl -aeskl -a:skl -iqkl -wii]kl -aeqkl -Aqkl

-acle -ackle - cle -arkle -iarchal -ockle -ockle -orkel -ocal -yokel -ucal -uckle -ircle -acle -ocle -ocal -chicle -iacal -iscal -escal -aschal -ascal -inkle -winkle -ankle -uncle

1 6 1

p-e22 p-e26 p-e23 p-e26 p -1 04 p-e26 p-e26 p -109 p -103 p -109 p -103 p-e26 p-e23 p-e22 p-e23 p -103 p-e23 p -102 p -103 p -103 p -104 p -103 p-e26 p-e26 p-e26 p-e23

'taebsnajkl 'kraskl dei'ba:kl 'spa:kl ,meitn'a:kl 'kokl AE 'ko:kl 'sno:kl 'toukl 'jsukl 'dju:kl 'tjAkl 'S3:kl Obstokl 'monakl n'siprekl 'vi:3kl ma'naiskl fiskl 'meskl 'passkl 'ro:skl 'spnrjkl twiqkl 'aeqkl 'Aqkl

n tabernacle v, n crackle n d£b cle v, n sparkle adj matriarchal n cockle n cockle n snorkel n,adj local n yokel adj ducal v,n chuckle v, n circle n obstacle n monocle n. adj reciprocal n vehicle adj maniacal adj fiscal n mescal adj paschal n rascal v sprinkle v,« twinkle n ankle n uncle

p-e24 p -104 p-e25 p -104 p-e24 p-e25 p-e25 p-e24 p-e25 p-e24 p-e25 p-e25 p-e24 p-1 13 p -104 p-e24 p -104 p-e25 p-e24 p -104 p -104 p-e24 p-e24 p-e24 p-e24

'i:gl 'li:gl

n eagle adj legal v, n giggle n,adj prodigal v inveigle n squiggle v, n wiggle n gaggle v waggle ν,η gargle v goggle v goggle v ogle n mogul adj frugal n b gle adj centrifugal ν,η struggle ν,η gurgle adj conjugal adj centrifugal v,n,adj single ν,η angle η triangle ν,η wangle

-gi -i:gl -i:gl

-igi -igi -eigl -wigl -wigl -aegl -waegl -a:gl -ogl AE -o:g\ -3ugl -augl -u:gl -ju:gl -ju:gl -Agl

-3:91 -sgl

-pgi

-iqgl -aeqgl -aiaeqgl -wasqgl 474

-eagle -egal -iggle -igal -eigle -uiggle -wiggle -aggie -waggle -argle -oggle -oggle -ogle -ogul -ugal -ugle -ugal -uggle -urgle -ugal -ugal -ingle -angle -iangle -wangle

1

2 1 1 1 4 1 1 7 3 11 1 3 2 3 1 1 1 1 4 3 2 3

3 4 4 2

3 4 4

4 2 2 1 8 13 1 1

Example

'gigi

'prodigl m'veigl 'skwigl 'wigl

'gaegi 'waegl 'go:gl

'gogi

AE 'gorgl 'augl 'maugl 'fru:gl 'bju:gl ,sentn'fju:gl 'strAgl

'g3:gl 'kondssgl sen'tnfjsgl 'siqgl 'aeqgl 'traiseqgl 'w aeqgl

Appendix!: l-\l Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-orjgl -Aijgl

-ongol -ungle

1 2

p-1 11 p-e24

'morjgl 'dsAijgl

n.adj mongol n jungle

-ifl -ifl -aifl -aefl -ofl AE -o-.fl -wofl

-iffle -yphal -ifle -affle -offal -offal -waffle -uffle -uffel -iumphal

4 1 3 3 1 1 1 8 1 1

p-e24 ρ -104 p-e24 p-e24 ρ -104 ρ -104 p-e24 p-e24 ρ -109 ρ -104

'snifl g'poknfl 'traifl 'baefl Ofl AE O:fl 'wofl 'skAfl 'dAfl trai'Amfl

v sniffle adj apocryphal v, n trifle v, n baffle n offal n offal v, H waffle v scuffle H duffel adj triumphal

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 6 1 9 3 5 1 1 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 1

ρ -106 ρ -106 ρ -106 ρ -106 ρ-1 10 ρ 006 ρ 006 ρ -106 ρ-1 10 ρ -106 ρ -109 ρ-1 10 ρ-1 11 ρ -106 ρ -109 ρ -106 ρ -Ι 09 ρ -109 ρ-1 10 ρ -109 ρ-1 10 ρ -106 ρ -109 ρ -109 ρ -109 ρ -106 ρ -106 ρ -109 p-e26 ρ -106

Ap'hi:vl prai'miivl prai'mi:vl n'tri:vl 'i:vl ,medi'i:vl ,medi'i:vl ,k3u'i:vl 'wi:vl 'festivl 'dnvl 'sivl fnvl 'neivl 'neivl 3'raivl 'swivl 'levl 'devl 'traevl 'kaevl Ία:νΙ 'ma:vl 'novl AE 'm:vl 'auvl 3'pru:vl

-3Vl

-eaval -eval -aeval -ieval -evil -ieval -iaeval -oeval -weevil -ival -ivel -ivil -ivol -aval -avel -ival -wivel -evel -evil -avel -avil -arval -arvel -ovel -ovel -oval -oval -ovel -ervile -erval

AE 'S3:rvl 'intavl

n upheaval adj primeval adj primaeval n retrieval n,adj evil adj medieval adj mediaeval n,adj coeval n weevil n festival v,« drivel adj civil v frivol adj naval n navel « arrival v, n swivel v,n,adj level v, n devil v, n travel v cavil adj larval v, n marvel n, adj novel n,adj novel n, adj oval n approval ν,η shovel adj servile n interval

-ί:θ! -ιθΐ -εθί -οθΐ AE -ο:θ!

-ethal -ithal -ethel -othel -othel

1 1 1 1 1

ρ -104 ρ -104 ρ -109 ρ -109 ρ -109

Ή:Θ1 'ζεηιθΐ 'beOl 'broBl AE 'bro:Bl

adj lethal adj zenithal n bethel n brothel n brothel

-3U 1

-othal

1

ρ -104

bi'treu l

n betrothal

Example

-fl

-Afl -Afl

-ai'Amfl -vl

-i:vl -i:vl ~i* vl ~i* vl ~i* vl — i'i* vl

-i'i:vl -3u'i:vl -wi:vl -ivl -ivl -ivl -ivl -eivl -eivl -aivl -wivl -evl -evl -aevl -aevl -a:vl -a:vl -ovl AE -D:V! -3UVl

-ir.vl -AVl

AE -3:rvl

'jAVl

-Θ1

-l

475

Appendix!: /-I/ Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

2 4 2

-a:sl -3:sl -esl AE -aspsl -itsl -etsl -aeksl -3uksl AE -guksl -msl AE -ensl -ensl -aensl -arnsl -on si AE -s:nsl -aunsl -aunsl -aunsl

-issue -istle -issal -asal -isal -whistle -estle -essel -acile -assle -assal -assel -astle -a reel -ostle -ossal -ossil -ocile -ostle -orsal -ossal -orsel -ossil -uscle -ussle -ustle -ussel -earsal -ersal -icil -apsule -itzel -etzel -axle -o'c'sle -orecastle -insel -ensile -encil -ancel -ancel -onsul -onsul -oundsel -ounsel -ouncil

1 1 3 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 2 1 2 2 1 1 1

p-e26 p-e28 p -105 p -105 p -105 p-e28 p-e28 p -109 p-e25 p-e28 p -105 p -109 p-e28 p -109 p-e28 p -105 p -110 p-e25 p-e28 p -105 p -105 p -109 p -110 p-e23 p-e28 p-e28 p -109 p -105 p -105 p -110 p-e29 p -109 p -109 p-e29 p-e27 p-e28 p -109 p-e25 p -110 p -109 p -109 p-1 13 p-1 13 p -109 p -109 p-1 10

'rriAsl n'h3:sl ju:ni'v3:sl AE ko:d3sl AE 'kaepsl 'Jnitsl 'pretsl 'aeksl 'faoksl fauksl 'tmsl AE 'tensl 'pensl 'kaensl 'tfa:nsl 'konsl AE 'ko:nsl 'graunsl 'kaunsl 'kaunsl

fissile thistle missal basal n sisal v,n whistle n nestle n vessel adj facile ν,η hassle n vassal n tassel ν,η castle ν,η parcel η apostle adj colossal η fossil adj docile η apostle adj dorsal adj colossal η morsel η fossil ν,η muscle ν,η tussle v,« rustle η mussel η rehearsal adj universal η codicil η capsule η schnitzel η pretzel η axle η (forecastle) fo'c'sle nAE forecastle ν,η tinsel adj tensile ν,η pencil ν cancel η chancel η consul η consul η groundsel ν,η counsel η council

-i:zl -i:zl -i:zl -i:zl

-eazle -easel -iesel -eazel

1 2 1 1

p-e29 p -109 p -109 p -109

'ti:zl 'i:zl 'dirzl 'ti:zl

η teazle η easel n diesel n teazel

Sound cluster

Example

-si AE -isl -isl -isl

-eisl -aisl -wisl -esl -esl AE -aesl -aesl -assl -aesl -a:sl -a:sl -DSl

-osl -DSl

AE -o:sl AE -o:sl -o:sl AE -o:sl -o:sl AE -o:sl -ASl

-ASl -ASl -ASl

1 1 1 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 3

1

AE fisl Oisl 'misl 'beisl 'saisl 'wisl 'nesl 'vesl AE 'fassl 'hsesl 'vsesal 'taesl 'ko:sl 'pa:sl a'posl ka'losl 'fosl AE 'do:sl AE a'posl 'do:sl AE ka'b:sl 'rnorsl AE 'fo:sl 'rnAsl 'tASl 'fASl

adj n n adj

-zl

476

Appendix 2: /-I/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-wi:zl -izl -izl -eizl -eizl -eizl -aizl -wizl -ezl -aezl -aezl

-weasel -izzle -isel -asal -aisal -azel -isal -wizzle -ezzle -azzle -asil -ozzle -ozzle -ausal -ousle -ousal -osal -oozle -usal -ouzel -usal -uzzle -wurzel -amsel

1 5 1 2 2 2 1

1 1 3 3 1 1 1 1 6 1 1

p -109 p-e29 p -109 p -105 p -105 p -109 p -105 p-e29 p-e29 p-e29 p -110 p-e29 p-e29 p -105 p-e27 p -105 p -105 p-e29 p -105 p -110 p -105 p-e29 p -109 p -109

'wi:zl 'dnzl •tjizl 'freizl a'preizl 'heizl n'praizl 'swizl im'bezl 'daezl 'ba;zl 'nozl AE 'na:zl 'ko:zl 'tauzl i'spauzl pra'pauzl baem'bu:zl pa'ru:zl 'u:zl n'fjurzl 'ΡΛΖ! 'maeqgl-W3:zl 'daemzl

« weasel v, n drizzle v, n chisel adj phrasal n appraisal n hazel n reprisal n swizzle v embezzle v, n dazzle n basil n nozzle n nozzle adj causal v tousle n espousal n proposal v bamboozle n perusal n ouzel n refusal v, n puzzle n mangel-wurzel n damsel

1 10 1 3 2 2 1 5 1 1 4 1 1 2 2 1 1 23 1 3

p -104 p -107 p -107 p -107 p -107 p -107 p -104 p -107 p -109 p -109 p -107 p -107 p -107 p -107 p -107 p -107 p -107 p -107 p -107 p -107

'semjl

AE -estfl -mjl -enjl -asnjl -aenjl

-eschal -icial -itial -acial -atial -ecial -arshal -artial -ushel -atchel -ocial -ucial -ercial -ersial -uptial -estial -incial -ential -ancial -antial

AE ra'lestfl pra'vmjl pa'tenjl fai'naen/1 sab'staenjl

n seneschal n,adj official ,n,adj initial adj racial adj palatial n,adj special ν,η marshal adj partial n bushel n satchel n.adj social adj crucial n,adj commercial adj controversial adj nuptial adj celestial n.adj provincial n.adj potential adj financial dj substantial

AE -aedsl -Ad3l -eindjl

-agile -udgel -angel

2 1 2

p-e25 p -109 p -109

A E 'aedjl 'kAdjl 'eindsl

adj agile ν,η cudgel n angel

-iml -iml

-imal -ymal

8 1

p -104 p -104

'asniml 'laeknml

n animal adj lachrymal

-DZl

ΛΕ -o:zl -o:zl -auzl -auzl -auzl -u:zl -u:zl -u:zl -ju:zl -ΛΖ! -W3:zl -aemzl

-Ji -ijl -ijl -ijl -eijl -eijl -ejl -o:Jl -a:Jl -ujl -aetjl -auf! -u:Jl -3:J1 -3:J1 -Apfl

3

Example

3'fljl

'mjl 'reijl pa'leijl 'spejl 'ma:Jl 'Pa:;i 'bujl 'saetfl 'sauf! 'kru:Jl ka'maifl .kontra'va:/! 'ΠΛρ/1

-3l

-ml

477

Appendix 2: /-(r)/ Sound cluster

Spelling Option

Number of words

Dictionary

-aiml -aeml -aeml -aeml -oml -o:ml AE -o:ml

-3:ml -izml -izml -aezml

-imal -ammal -amel -arnmel -ommel -ormal -ommel -ummel -ermal -ismal -ysmal -asmal

1 1 2 1 1 5 1 1 2 1 1 1

p -104 p -104 p -109 p -109 p -109 p -104 p -109 p -109 p -104 p -104 p -104 p -104

'praiml 'maeml 'kaeml 'traeml 'pnml 'no:ml AE 'pD:ml 'pAml '03:ml basp'tizml 3'bizml faen'taezml

adj primal n mammal n camel v trammel n pommel n,adj normal n pommel v pummel n,adj thermal adj baptismal adj abysmal adj phantasmal

-i:nl -ml -ml -ml -ami -eml -enl -aenl -aenl -a:nl -sonl -ju:nl -ΛΠ! -ΛΠ! -a:nl -ami -3:nl -3:nl -3:nl -aisinl -anl -gnl -anl -anl -anl -rani -janl

-enal -enal -inal -inel -inal -anal -ennel -anel -annel -arnal -onal -unal -unwale -unnel -ernal -urnal -ournal -olonel -ernel -iurnal -anal -enal -inal -onal -ional -ional -unal

5 1 17 1 9 1

p -104 p -104 p -104 p -109 p -104 p -104 p -109 p -109 p -109 p -105 p -104 p -105 p-e!7 p -109 p -105 p -105 p -105 p -109 p -109 p -105 p -104 p -104 p -104 p -104 p -104 p -105 p -105

'pi:nl fi'nomml 'tsrmini 'sentinl faml 'eml fenl 'pasnl 'tjaenl 'ka:nl 'taunl trai'bju:nl 'QAnl 'Uni in'taml nok't3:nl 'djsml 'k3:nl 'k3.-nl dai'3:nl 'baekanl 'a:sanl a'ndsanl 'psisanl tra'dijanl ma'ndianl 'komjanl

adj penal adj phenomenal n,adj terminal n sentinel n,adj final adj anal n fennel v, n panel v, n channel adj carnal adj tonal n tribunal n gunwale ν,η tunnel adj internal adj nocturnal n Journal n colonel « kernel adj diurnal n,adj bacchanal n arsenal n,adj original n,adj personal adj traditional adj meridional adj communal

-ΛΙΤίΙ

Example

-nl

2 1 2 1 4 1 1 4 8

4 9 53 1 1

/-(r)/

478

Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Diction-

-o:(r) -a:(r) -o:(r) o:(r)

-are -arre -arrh

2 1

p-e36 p-e41 p -h 06 p -r 01

r

1 3

Example

ary

a:(r) biza:(r) ka'ta:(r) ,pi: O:(r)

ν,η are adj bizarre η catarrh abbr PR

Appendix 2: /-(r)/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-a:(r) -a: (r) -ia:(r) -ia:(r) -wa:(r) -wo: (r) -ja:(r)

-a r -aar -iare -iar -oire -oir -yar -ore -u re -oar -o'er -awer -or -oor -aur -our -orps -ort -ior -wore -war -yore -you're -your -eure -yrrh -er -ir -err -urr -ur -eur -ueur -were -whir -whirr -year -oyeur -are -ure -a r -er -ier -uer -wer -ir -or -uor -ur -eur -our -yr

80 1 1 1

p-rOl p-r02 p-e37

-o:(r) -o:(r) -o:(r) -o:(r) -o:(r) -o:(r) -o:(r) -o:(r) o:(r) -o:(r) -o:(r) -io:(r) -wo:(r) -wo:(r) -p:(r) -p:(r) -p:(r) -3:(r) -3:(r) -s:(r) -3:(r) -3:(r) -3:(r) -3:(r) -3:(r) AE -3-.T -W3:(r) -W3:(r) -W3:(r) -J3=(r) -wa:'J3:(r) -3(r) -3(r) -a(r) -s(r) -3(r) -e(r) -a(r) -s(r) -e(r) -3(r) -e(r) -a(r) -e(r) -3(r)

6 6 1 64 2 6 1 1 31 11 3 4 2 1 1 4 3

14 5 1 2 12 13

2

39 98 (1945) 2 4 1 4 251 2 7 3 43 3

p-r03 p-e38 p-r21 p-r03 p-e38 p-e39 p-r03 p-i-19 p-i-19 p-r21 p-r23 p-r24 p-r24 p-s20 p -131 p -r 23 p-e38 p -r 03 p-e38 p-e40 p -r 25 p-e40 p -h 06 p -r 03 p -r 20 p -r 25 p -r 25 p -r 24 p -r 24 p -r 24 p-e37 p -r 20 p -r 25 p -r 03 p -r 24 p-e36 p-e39 p -r 02 p -r 03 p -r 18 p -r 19 p -r 19 p -r 20 p -r 21 p -r 23 p -r 24 p -r 24 p -r 24 p -r 25

Example

ka:(r) ba'za:(r) 'kaevia:(r) 'kaevia:(r) 'repatwa:(r) 'rez9vwo:(r) 'maegja:(r) 3'do:(r) 'io:(r) ra:(r) o:(r) drD:(r) 3b'ho:(r) do:(r) 'sento:(r) po:(r) ks:(r) rae'pD:(r) ek'selsiD:(r) swD:(r) wo:(r) ja:(0 J3:(r) jo:(r) ,fD:s mae'33:(r) m3:(r) prifa:(r) st3:(r) 3'.(r) pa:(r) a'k3:(r) kwa:'f3:(r) h'ksrr W3:(r) W3:(r) ws:(r) J3:(r) vwa:'js:(r)

(weak form) s(r) 'figair) 'kaelinda(r) 'sauba(r); 'su:na(r) 'S3uld3a(r) 'korjk3(r) 'a:nsa(r) 'teip3(r) •doktafr) 'hk3(r) 'm3:m9(r) 'aemat(J)a(r) 'kAla(r) 'ma:t3(r)

n car n bazaar n caviare n caviar n repertoire n reservoir n,adj Magyar v adore adj.adv sure ν,η roar adv.prep o'er n drawer v abhor n door n centaur v pour n corps n rapport n excelsior pt swore ν,η war η yore contr you're

del your η force majeure η myrrh ν prefer ν,η stir ν err ν,η purr ν occur η coiffeur η liqueur aux ν (strong form) were ν,η whir v,« whirr η year η voyeur aux ν care ν,η figure η calendar v,adj sober; comp sooner ν,η soldier ν conquer ν,η answer η tapir ν,η doctor η liquor ν,η murmur η amateur ν,η colour ν,η martyr

479

Appendix 2: /-(r)/ Sound cluster -ib3(r) -eiba(r) -aite(r) -aemba(r) -Dmba(r) -i:to(r) -i:t3(r) -ite(r) -aito(r) -oito(r) -I3t3(r)

-epte(r) -ekta(r) -ASta(r) -ento(r) -a:da(r) -eika(r) -3uks(r) -i'3uka(r) -u:ka(r) -3ka(r) -eplka(r) -i:ga(r) -3uga(r) -u:va(r) -u:v3(r) -J3(r) -33(r) -is>(r) -i:3(r) -ra(r) -ra(r) -ra(r) -ra(r) -ra(r) -ra(r) -ra(r) -i9(r) -i3(r) -ra(r) -eia(r) -era(r) A E -eiar -era(r) -ai3(r) -aia(r) -aia(r) -aia(r) -aia(r) -ara(r) -aia(r)

480

Spelling option

-ibre -abre -ibre -imbre -ombre -etre -itre -etre -itre -oitre -eatre -eptre -ectre -ustre -entre -adre -acre -ochre -iocre -ucre -acre -epulchre -eagre -ogre -oeuvre -ouvre -ure -ure -eer -ier -ere -lire -ear -iar -eer -ier -ir -eor -ior" -ers -ayer -eyer -ayor -eyor -ire -yre -iar -igher -ier -yer -uyer

Number of words

Dictionary

Example

(for final /-a(r)/ after a consonant see also the following subdivisions:) 'kaehb3(r) p-e37 n calibre p-e37 'seiba(r) n sabre p-e37 •faiba(r) n fibre 'taemb3(r) p-e37 n timbre 'somb3(r) p-e37 adj sombre 5 p-e39 'mi:t3(r) n metre 3 p-e39 li:te(r) n litre ki'lomit3(r) 1 p-e39 n kilometre 1 p-e39 'mait3(r) n mitre 2 p-e39 'g3ita(r) « goitre 3 p-e39 Orat3(r) n theatre 1 p-e39 'septs(r) n sceptre 1 p-e39 'spekta(r) n spectre 2 p-e39 'Ust3(r) n lustre 4 p-e39 'sents(r) v,n centre 1 p-e37 'ka:d3(r) n cadre 2 p-e37 'eikg(r) n acre '3uka(r) p-e37 n ochre ,mi:di'3uk3(r) p-e37 adj mediocre 'lu:kg(r) n lucre p-e37 'mxs3k9(r) p-e37 v,n massacre 'seplka(r) n sepulchre p-e37 'mi:g3(r) adj meagre p-e37 '9ugg(r) n ogre p-e37 m3'nu:v3(r) 2 p-e40 v,« manoeuvre 'Iu:v3(r) n louvre 1 p-e40 'neitfa(r) n nature 88 p-e40 pre'si:dj3(r) n procedure 1 p-e40 'saitsi:3(r) n sightseer 2 p-r!8 1 p-r 18 n skier •ski:a(r) adv here 21 p-e37 hra(r) 'braezi3(r) 1 p-e37 « brassiere fra(r) v,n fear 31 p-r 02 n,adj familiar 4 p-r 03 f9'mili9(r) 41 p-r 18 n beer bra(r) n pier; comp prettier pra(r); 'pntra(r) (61) p-r 18 ,su:v3'nra(r) n souvenir 4 p-r 20 n meteor 'mi:tra(r) 1 p-r 23 n.adj senior 'si:nra(r) 10 p-r 23 1 p-s20 n revers n'vra(r) n player 'pleia(r) (15) p-r 20 n conveyer kan'vei3(r) 1 p-r 20 n mayor 1 p-r 23 AE merar n surveyor ss'vei3(r) 3 p-r 23 v,« fire 'faia(r) 41 p-e37 'taig(r) n tyre 3 p-e41 n liar 'lara(r) 4 p-r 03 'haia(r) comp higher 2 p-r 19 sa'plaisfr) n supplier 23 p-r 19 'flai3(r) n flyer (9) p-r 20 'bara(r) M buyer 1 p-r 20

Appendix 2: /-(r)/ Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-aia(r) -waia(r) -waia(r) -waia(r)

-ior -uire -wire -oir -oyer -oir -ooier -we're -ueer -weir -year -are -ere -ire -aire -erre -ey're -ear -e'er -ayer -air -eir -ayor -aires -ert -iere -uare -ware -where -wear -ure -oor -ur -our -ower -our -hour -oer -ower -ure -you're -uar -ewer -ueur -your -ure -o're -oer -uer -ewer -uer -ewer

1 6 4 1 3

p-r23 p-e38 p-e38 p-r21 p-r20 p-r21 p-r 19 p-e37 p-r 18 p-r 21 p-r 03 p-e36 p-e37 p-e37 p-e38 p-e41 p-e4I p-r 03 p-r 18 p-r 20 p-r21 p-r 21 p-r 23 p-s20 p -131 p-e37 p-e37 p-e37 p-e37 p-r 03 p-e39 p-r 23 p-r 24 p-r 24 p-r 19 p-r 24 p-r 25 p-r 19 p-r 20 p-e39 p-e40 p-r 03 p-r 19 p-r 24 p-r 25 p-e39 p-e38 p-r 19 p-r 19 p-r 19 p-r 19 p-r 19

-3I3(r)

-oia(r) -u:ia(r) -wia(r) -wia(r) -wia(r) -Ji3(r) -ea(r) -e»(r) -ea(r) -ea(r) -esKr) -ea(r) -ea(r) -e3(r) -ea(r) -ea(r) •o(r) -e3(r) -ea(r) -ee(r) -iea(r) -wea(r) -wes(r) -wea(r) -wea(r) -ua(r) -ü3(r) -ira(r) -ua(r) -aira(r) -aua(r) -aua(r) -3U3(r)

-3ua(r) -jira(r) -jue(r) -j"3(r) -jüs(r) -joa(r) /!£ -juar -Jü3(r) -u:a(r) -u:e(r) -u:a(r) -u:a(r)

-ju:a(r) -ju:a(r)

2 36 3 3 8 2 1 6 4 1 48 2 1 1 1 1 5 14 6 10 16 5 1 8 34 8 4 6 15 26 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 4

0)

2 3 3

Example 'praia(r) n'kwai3(r) 'waia(r) 'kwara(r) im'pbra(r) 'kaia(r) 'gu:ia(r) wia(r) kwia(r) wia(r) jra(r) kea(r) oea(r) 'kompea(r) ,dDktri'ne3(r) pa:'tea(r) Oe3(r) bes(r) nea(r) pres(r) tjee(r) Oes(r) mea(r) ,Ja:3ei dae'fe3(r) 'kaemambeaCr) 'premie3(r) skwea(r) wea(r) wea(r) wea(r) fua(r) pua(r) Urj'gu3(r) tua(r) 'flaua(r) 'saua(r) 'aua(r) '6i3t3gau3(r) 'sbua(r) kjoa(r) jua(r) 'djaegjuair) 'skjua(r) li'kjua(r) A E juar ma'tju3(r) 'hu:a(r) 'wel-du:a(r) 'tru:a(r) 'bru:o(r) pa'sju:a(r) 'ju:a(r)

n.adj prior v require v,n wire n choir n employer n coir comp gooier contr we're v,n,adj queer n weir n year v,n care adv.interj there v,n compere n,adj doctrinaire n parterre contr they're v,« bear adv ne'er n prayer v,« chair adj their n mayor n chargo d'affaires « Camembert n premiere v, n, adj, adv square v,n ware interr adv, re 1 adv where v,n wear adj, adv sure adj poor n langur v,n tour v.n flower v.adj sour n hour n theatregoer comp.adv slower v,n cure contr you're « jaguar v,n skewer n liqueur det your v,adj mature contr who' re n well-doer comp truer n brewer n pursuer n ewer

481

Appendix 2: /-(r)/

482

Sound cluster

Spelling option

Number of words

Dictionary

-ju:a(r) -wa(r) -js(r) -ja(r)

-iewer -were -ure -iour -your -awyer

4 l 4 3 l 2

p-r!9 p -e 37 p -e 40 p -r 25 p -r 25 p -r 20

Example

'vju:a(r) wa(r) feilj3(r) bi'heivja(r) ja(r) 'I3:ja(r)

n viewer aux v (weak form) were n failure « behaviour det your n lawyer

Topics in English Linguistics Edited by Bernd Kortmann and Elizabeth Gloss Traugott Mouton de Gruyter · Berlin · New York 1 Niels Davidsen-Nielsen, Tense and Mood in English. A Comparison with Danish. 1990. 2 Historical English Syntax. Edited by Dieter Kastovsky. 1991. 3 English Computer Corpora. Selected Papers and Research Guide. Edited by Stig Johansson and Anna-Brita Stenström. 1991. 4 Donka Minkova, The History of Final Vowels in English. The Sound of Muting. 1991. 5 Lia Korrel, Duration in English. A Basic Choice, Illustrated in Comparison with Dutch. 1991. 6 Andreas H. Jucker, Social Stylistics. Syntactic Variation in British Newspapers. 1992. 7 Ken-ichi Takami, Preposition Stranding. From Syntactic to Functional Analyses. 1992. 8 Bas Aarts, Small Clauses in English. The Nonverbal Types. 1992. 9 New Directions in English Language Corpora. Methodology, Results, Software Developments. Edited by Gerhard Leitner. 1992. 10 History of Englishes. New Methods and Interpretations in Historical Linguistics. Edited by Matti Rissanen, Ossi Ihalainen, Terttu Nevalainen and Irma Taavitsainen. 1992. 11 Early English in the ComputerAge. Explorations through the Helsinki Corpus. Edited by Matti Rissanen, Merja Kytö and Minna Palander-Collin. 1993. 12 Towards a Standard English: 1600-1800. Edited by Dieter Stein and Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade. 1993. 13 Studies in Early Modern English. Edited by Dieter Kastovsky. 1994. 14 Ronald Geluykens, The Pragmatics of Discourse Anaphora in English. Evidence from Conversational Repair. 1994. 15 Traute Ewers, The Origin of American Black English. Be-Forms in the HOODOO Texts. 1996. 16 Use Depraetere, The Tense System in English Relative Clauses. A CorpusBased Analysis. 1996. 17 Michiko Ogura, Verbs in Medieval English. Differences in Verb Choice in Verse and Prose. 1996. 18 Spanish Loanwords in the English Language. A Tendency towards Hegemony Reversal. Edited by Felix Rodriguez Gonzales. 1996. 19 Laurel J. Brinton, Pragmatic Markers in English. Grammaticalization and Discourse Functions. 1996.

20 Christiane Dalton-Puffer, The French Influence on Middle English Morphology. A Corpus-Based Study on Derivation. 1996. 21 Johan Elsness, The Perfect and the Preterite in Contemporary and Earlier English. 1997. 22 Carl Bache and Niels Davidsen-Nielsen, Mastering English. An Advanced Grammar for Non-native and Native Speakers. 1997. 23 English in Transition. Corpus-based Studies in Linguistic Variation and Genre Styles. Edited by Matti Rissanen, Merja Kytö and Kirsi Heikkonen. 1997. 24 Grammaticalization at Work. Studies of Long-term Developments in English. Edited by Matti Rissanen, Merja Kytö and Kirsi Heikkonen. 1997. 25 Axel Hübler, The Expressivity of Grammar. Grammatical Devices Expressing Emotion across Time. 1998. 26 Negation in the History of English. Edited by Ingrid Tieken-Boon van Ostade, Gunnel Tottie and Wim van der Wurff. 1998. 27 Martina Hacker, Adverbial Clauses in Scots: A Semantic-Syntactic Study. 1998. 28 Ingo Plag, Morphological Productivity. Structural Constraints in English Derivation. 1999. 29 Gustav Muthmann, Reverse English Dictionary. Based on Phonological and Morphological Principles. 1999.