Renewables Information 2019 9264472142, 9789264472143

Table of contents :
RENEWABLES INFORMATION 2019
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLES AND WASTE IN THE WORLD
OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLES AND WASTE IN OECD COUNTRIES
PART I - EXPLANATORY NOTES
1. DEFINITIONS OF PRODUCTS AND FLOWS
2. SOURCES AND NOTES
3. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE
4. ENERGY CONVENTIONS AND UNITS
PART II - WORLD AND OECD RENEWABLES AND WASTE DATA
Table 1. World energy balance in 2017
Table 2. OECD energy balance in 2017
Table 3. Share of renewables in TPES in 2017
Table 4. Share of renewables in TFC in 2017
Table 5. Contribution of renewable energy sources to TPES (%)
Table 6. Contribution of renewable energy sources to TFC (%)
Table 7. Share of electricity production from renewable sources (%)
Table 8. Share of electricity production from renewable sourcesexcluding hydroelectricity (%)
Table 9. Primary energy supply from renewable sources in 2017 (ktoe)
Table 10. Provisional primary energy supply from renewable sources in 2018 (ktoe)
PART III - DETAILED OECD RENEWABLES AND WASTE DATA
OECD TOTAL
OECD AMERICAS
OECD ASIA OCEANIA
OECD EUROPE
IEA TOTAL
AUSTRALIA
AUSTRIA
BELGIUM
CANADA
CHILE
CZECH REPUBLIC
DENMARK
ESTONIA
FINLAND
FRANCE
GERMANY
GREECE
HUNGARY
ICELAND
IRELAND
ISRAEL
ITALY
JAPAN
KOREA
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
LUXEMBOURG
MEXICO
NETHERLANDS
NEW ZEALAND
NORWAY
POLAND
PORTUGAL
SLOVAK REPUBLIC
SLOVENIA
SPAIN
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
TURKEY
UNITED KINGDOM
UNITED STATES
COUNTRY NOTES

Citation preview

Renewables information

2019

Renewables information

with 2018 data

2019

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY The IEA examines the full spectrum of energy issues including oil, gas and coal supply and demand, renewable energy technologies, electricity markets, energy efficiency, access to energy, demand side management and much more. Through its work, the IEA advocates policies that will enhance the reliability, affordability and sustainability of energy in its 30 member countries, 8 association countries and beyond.

IEA member countries:

IEA association countries:

Australia Austria Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Japan Korea Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Poland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States

Brazil China India Indonesia Morocco Singapore South Africa Thailand

The European Commission also participates in the work of the IEA

Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions that limit its use and distribution. The terms and conditions are available online at www.iea.org/t&c/ Source: IEA. All rights reserved. International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.org

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2019 edition) - iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................v OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLES AND WASTE IN THE WORLD ................................................ vii OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLES AND WASTE IN OECD COUNTRIES .....................................x PART I:

EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. Definitions of products and flows ....................... I.3 2. Sources and notes .............................................. I.11

PART II:

3. Geographical coverage ..................................... I.15 4. Energy conventions and units ........................... I.19

WORLD AND OECD RENEWABLES AND WASTE DATA

Table 1. World: Energy balance in 2017 ................................................................................................................ II.3 Table 2. OECD: Energy balance in 2017 ............................................................................................................... II.4 Table 3. World: Share of renewables in TPES in 2017 .......................................................................................... II.5 Table 4. World: Share of renewables in TFC in 2017 ............................................................................................ II.8 Table 5. OECD: Contribution of renewable energy sources to TPES .................................................................. II.11 Table 6. OECD: Contribution of renewable energy sources to TFC .................................................................... II.12 Table 7. OECD: Share of electricity production from renewable sources............................................................ II.13 Table 8. OECD: Share of electricity production from renewable sources excluding hydroelectricity ................. II.14 Table 9. OECD: Primary energy supply from renewable sources in 2017 ........................................................... II.15 Table 10. OECD: Provisional primary energy supply from renewable sources in 2018 ...................................... II.16

OECD Total ........................................................... III.5 OECD Americas .................................................. III.15 OECD Asia Oceania ............................................ III.25 OECD Europe ...................................................... III.35 IEA Total ............................................................. III.45 Australia .............................................................. III.55 Austria ................................................................. III.65 Belgium ............................................................... III.75 Canada ................................................................. III.85 Chile .................................................................... III.95 Czech Republic .................................................. III.105 Denmark ............................................................ III.115 Estonia ............................................................... III.125 Finland ............................................................... III.135 France ................................................................ III.145 Germany ............................................................ III.155 Greece ................................................................ III.165 Hungary ............................................................. III.175 Iceland ............................................................... III.185 Ireland ................................................................ III.195 Israel .................................................................. III.205

Italy ....................................................................III.215 Japan .................................................................. III.225 Korea .................................................................. III.235 Latvia .................................................................III.245 Lithuania ............................................................III.255 Luxembourg .......................................................III.265 Mexico ...............................................................III.275 Netherlands ........................................................III.285 New Zealand ......................................................III.295 Norway ...............................................................III.305 Poland ................................................................III.315 Portugal ..............................................................III.325 Slovak Republic .................................................III.335 Slovenia..............................................................III.345 Spain ..................................................................III.355 Sweden ...............................................................III.365 Switzerland ........................................................III.375 Turkey ................................................................III.385 United Kingdom.................................................III.395 United States ......................................................III.405

Country notes.....................................................................................................................................................III.415 INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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PART III: DETAILED OECD RENEWABLES AND WASTE DATA

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RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2019 edition) - v

INTRODUCTION

Monitoring and reporting of historical trends, as well as the current energy market situation, provides a strong foundation for policy and market analysis to better inform the decision process towards developing policies that are best suited to meet domestic and international objectives. Renewables Information 2019 brings together in one volume the basic statistics compiled by the IEA on renewables and waste. It covers production, trade, transformation to electricity and heat, final consumption and installed generating capacity from renewables and waste. This introduction is followed by important information that will assist the reader in correctly using the data in this publication. The information is structured as follows: Key trend provides an overview of developments in the markets for renewables and waste in the world. The focus is given to OECD Member countries but it also provides selected renewables indicators for nonOECD countries. Part I of the publication provides Explanatory notes: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Definitions Sources and notes 1 Geographical coverage Energy conventions and units

1. This document is without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. In this publication, “country” refers to a country or a territory, as the case may be.

Part II provides, in tabular form, a statistical overview corresponding to key trends. Part III provides, in tabular form, a more detailed and comprehensive picture of developments in renewables and waste for each OECD Member country, including country notes, which readers should consult to understand the data. The OECD data shown in this publication are primarily based on the Annual Renewables and Waste Questionnaire submissions from OECD Member countries to the Secretariat. The Energy Data Centre of the IEA Secretariat works closely with national administrations to ensure consistency in time series and with IEA product definitions and reporting conventions. The finalised data provide the basis for World Energy Balances. The non-OECD data are based upon official information collected by the IEA Secretariat, or via national submissions to the United Nations and national energy publications. The resulting synthesis is published in World Energy Balances. Users of this publication are directed to the methodology sections of that publication for more detail on individual non-member countries covered in the publication. A data service is available on the internet. It includes unlimited access through an annual subscription as well as the possibility of obtaining data on a pay-per-view basis. Details are available at http://data.iea.org. In addition, all tables are available in our online data service and on USB keys. Information on ordering the data services and other energy statistics publications is available at the end of this book, and on the IEA website at www.iea.org/statistics/. Further information on reporting methodologies is also available on the IEA website. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

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Renewables Information 2019 is the 18th edition of an annual publication which provides comprehensive information on renewable and waste energies to policy and market analysts, and those employed in all sectors of the renewables industry.

vi - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2019 edition)

Data were collected by the team in the Energy Data Centre (EDC) of the IEA Secretariat, headed by Duncan Millard until February 2019 and currently by Nick Johnstone.

Laila El-Ashmawy, Musa Erdogan, Markus Fager-Pintilä, Julia Guyon, Byungho Jung, Nikolaos Kordevas and Claire Morel, with the support of Antonio Carvalho, under the responsibility of Céline Rouquette.

Within the IEA, for OECD members, data and overviews were prepared: by Beatriz Martinez and Konstantinos Theodoropoulos with the support of Laura Mari Martinez for coal, by Aidan Kennedy for electricity, by Samantha Mead for renewables, by Angela Ortega Pastor for oil, and by Louis Chambeau and Faidon Papadimoulis for natural gas. OECD fuel data were prepared under the responsibility of Julian Prime for coal, electricity and renewables, and under the responsibility of Erica Robin for oil and natural gas. OECD energy balances data and overviews were prepared by Rémi Gigoux, Francesco Mattion and Faidon Papadimoulis under the responsibility of Roberta Quadrelli. Non-OECD countries statistics and overviews were prepared by Nicolas Coënt,

Julian Prime has the overall responsibility for this report. The publication and its statistics were produced by Samantha Mead. Desktop publishing was carried out by Sharon Burghgraeve. Enquiries, comments and suggestions are welcome and should be addressed to: RenewAQ Energy Data Centre International Energy Agency 9 rue de la Fédération 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France Tel: (+33 1) 40 57 67 14 E-mail: [email protected]

What’s new? New OECD Member: Lithuania Lithuania became an OECD Member in July 2018. Accordingly, Lithuania appears in the list of OECD Members and is included in the OECD aggregates for data from 1990.

New Association country: South Africa

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South Africa joined the IEA as an Association country in November 2018. Accordingly, South Africa is now included in the IEA and Accession/Association countries aggregate for data starting in 1971 and for the entire time series.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2019 edition) - vii

OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLES AND WASTE IN THE WORLD Figure 2: 2017 product shares in world renewable energy supply

In 2017, world Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) was 13 972 Mtoe, of which 13.5%, or 1 894 Mtoe (from 1 845 Mtoe in 2016), was produced from renewable energy sources (Figure 1). Solar, Tidal 3.9%

Figure 1: 2017 fuel shares in world total primary energy supply

Wind 5.1%

Other* 0.3%

Biofuels and waste 67.9%

Solid biofuels/ charcoal 60.7%

Hydro 2.5%

Nuclear 4.9%

Biofuels and waste 9.2%

Renewables 13.6%

Oil 31.8%

Renewable municipal waste 0.9%

Coal 27.1%

Solar, wind, geoth., tidal 1.8%

* Other includes non-renewable wastes and other sources not included elsewhere such as fuel cells.

Hydro 18.5% Biogases 1.7%

Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

renewables. Liquid biofuels, wind, geothermal, solar, biogases, renewable municipal waste and tidal each hold a smaller share making up the rest of the renewables energy supply.

Due to its widespread use in developing countries (i.e. residential heating and cooking), solid biofuels/ charcoal is by far the largest renewable energy source, representing 60.7% of global renewables supply (Figure 2). The second largest source is hydro1 power, which provides 2.5% of world TPES and 18.5% of

Since 1990, renewable energy sources have grown at an average annual rate of 2.0%, which is slightly higher than the growth rate of world TPES, 1.7% (Figure 3). Growth has been especially high for solar photovoltaic and wind power, which grew at average annual rates of 37.0% and 23.4%, respectively, from very low bases in 1990. Biogases had the third highest growth rate at 11.9%, followed by solar thermal (11.2%) and liquid biofuels (9.7%).

1 . Any references to hydro production in this Overview exclude pumped hydro, unless otherwise specified. In the case of hydro generating capacities, hydro is the sum of pure hydro, mixed hydro and pure pumped storage.

Between 1990 and 2017, the average annual growth rate of hydroelectric power in non-OECD countries was 3.9%, larger than in OECD countries, at 0.6%. Growth in the world in this period was driven by China, which accounted for 53.1% of the hydro

Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

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Natural Gas 22.2%

Liquid biofuels 4.6%

Geothermal 4.5%

viii - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2019 edition)

power increase, with an average annual growth rate of 8.5%. Brazil, Canada and Viet Nam made the next three biggest contributions to the world increases, with 8.5%, 4.9% and 4.3% of the hydro power increase. The highest average annual growth rates were seen in Mozambique (15.5%), Belarus (11.8%) and Viet Nam (11.0%). Figure 3: Average annual growth rates of world renewables supply from 1990 to 2017 Solar PV 37.0%

35% 30% Wind 23.4%

25% 20%

Biogases Solar Liquid 11.9% thermal biofuels 11.2% 9.7%

15%

GeoSolid thermal Hydro biofuels/ 3.5% 2.4% Charcoal 1.0%

10%

Total 5% TPES Renewables 1.7% 2.0% 0%

In 2017, non-OECD countries accounted for 65.7% of total hydro power and any further increase is likely to be from these countries, as most of the remaining hydro potential resides in these countries (Figure 4). Non-OECD countries account for most of the production of solid biofuels and its importance in these regions has not seen major fluctuations since 1990. Thus, the average annual growth rate for these countries, 0.9%, is slower compared to the OECD, 1.3%, since 1990.

Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 1.5% China 8.6%

Middle East 0.1%

OECD Total 16.7%

Non-OECD Americas 9.3%

Africa 32.0%

Middle East 0.4%

Non-OECD Asia excluding China 9.7%

* Excludes pump storage generation. Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

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47.3%

45% 40% 35%

31.7%

30%

23.9%

25% 20% 15% 10%

9.0%

10.2%

4.1% OECD Total

OECD Total 34.3%

China 28.3%

Non-OECD Asia excluding China 31.9%

50%

0.4%

0%

Hydro* Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia 7.4%

Figure 5: 2017 shares of renewables of regional total primary energy supply

5%

Figure 4: 2017 regional shares in renewables supply Solid Biofuels

Non-OECD countries supply 71.5% of the world’s renewable energy which accounts for 9.7% of world TPES. While OECD countries supply 28.5% of world renewables, these renewables constitute only 3.9% of world TPES. Consequently, in OECD countries, the share of renewables in total energy supply is 10.2% compared to 47.3% in Africa, 31.7% in non-OECD Americas, 23.9% in Asia, and 9.0% in China (Figure 5). However, OECD countries play a major role in “new” renewables, a loosely defined term comprising solar, wind, tidal, renewable municipal waste, biogases and liquid biofuels. In 2017, OECD countries accounted for 61.9% of “new” renewables.

Africa 3.0% Non-OECD Americas 16.8%

Africa

NonNonChina OECD OECD Americas Asia excluding China

NonOECD Europe and Eurasia

Middle East

About half of the renewable primary energy supply in OECD countries is used in the transformation sector to generate electricity and heat. However, on a global level, the majority of renewables are consumed in the residential, commercial and public services sectors. This is a consequence of widespread use of solid biofuels in the residential sector of developing countries. 38.6% of renewables are used for electricity and heat production worldwide, while 41.7% are used in the residential, commercial and public sectors (Figure 6).

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40%

In 2017, 83.4% of solid biofuels were produced in non-OECD countries, where developing countries, situated mainly in Asia and Africa, use biomass for residential cooking and heating. Africa, which accounted for only 5.8% of the world’s total TPES in 2017, accounted for 32.0% of the world’s solid biofuels supply. This was almost equal to the share in non-OECD Asia excluding China, 31.9%.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2019 edition) - ix

Figure 6: 2017 world sectoral consumption of renewables Electricity plants 35.1%

Combined heat & power plants 3.0% Industry 10.5%

Other* 4.8%

Heat plants 0.5%

* Other transformation, energy industry own use, losses. ** Includes the Agriculture/ forestry, fishing and non-specified industries. Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

Renewables are the second largest contributor to global electricity production (Figure 7). They accounted for 24.5% of world generation in 2017, after coal (38.5%) and ahead of gas (23.0%), nuclear (10.3%) and oil (3.3%). After surpassing natural gas in 2016, renewables further increased their share by 0.7 percentage points in 2017. Historically, the relative positions of renewables and natural gas have been influenced by various factors, amongst which weather conditions have played a key role. Policies which favour renewables over fossil fuels have also contributed to the increasing importance of renewables in world electricity production. Hydroelectricity supplies the vast majority of renewable electricity, generating 15.9% of world electricity, and 65.1% of total renewable electricity. Although growing rapidly, geothermal, solar, wind and tidal

Natural Gas 23.0%

Other* 0.4% Nuclear 10.3%

Hydro** 15.9%

Oil 3.3%

Renewables 24.5% Coal 38.5%

Biofuels and waste 2.0% Solar, wind, geoth., tidal 6.5%

* Other includes electricity from non-renewable wastes and other sources not included elsewhere such as fuel cells and chemical heat, etc. ** Excludes pump storage generation. Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

energies accounted for 6.5% of world electricity production, which is 26.6% of total renewable electricity in 2017. Biofuels and waste, including solid biofuels, play a minor role in electricity generation, supplying 2.0% of world electricity. Since 1990, renewable electricity generation worldwide grew on average by 3.8% per annum, which is greater than the average growth rate of total electricity generation (2.9%). Whilst 19.4% of global electricity in 1990 was produced from renewable sources, this share increased to 24.5% by 2017. Over this period, hydroelectric power saw its share of total world electricity production falling from 18.1% in 1990 to 15.9% in 2017. The share of the remaining renewable sources used to produce electricity grew from 1.3% in 1990 to 8.5% in 2017.

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Residential/ Comm. & Public** 41.7%

Transport 4.4%

Figure 7: Fuel shares in world electricity production in 2017

x - RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2019 edition)

OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLES AND WASTE IN OECD COUNTRIES

Figure 8: 2018 fuel shares in OECD total primary energy supply Other* 0.6% Nuclear 9.6%

Hydro 2.3%

Natural Gas 28.1% Renewables 10.5% Oil 35.4%

The largest proportion of renewable primary energy supply in the OECD comes from biofuels and waste, which accounts for 53.2% of the renewable supply (Figure 9). Of this category, solid biofuels, including wood, wood wastes, other solid wastes and charcoal, constitutes the largest share, 35.6%, of the supply. The second largest renewable energy source is hydroelectric power, providing 21.9% of renewable primary energy supply. These two renewable energy sources constituted 57.5% of the total OECD primary renewable energy supply in 2018. Figure 9: 2018 product shares in OECD renewable energy supply

Biofuels and waste 5.6%

Coal 15.9%

Solar, Tidal 6.7%

Solar, wind, geoth., tidal 2.6%

Wind 11.4%

Biofuels and waste 53.2%

* Other includes non-renewable wastes and other sources not included elsewhere such as fuel cells. Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

Primary energy supply In OECD countries, total primary energy supply from renewable sources increased from 272 Mtoe to 562 Mtoe between 1990 and 2018, an average annual growth of 2.6%. By comparison, the growth of TPES for non-renewable energy sources (including oil, gas, coal, and nuclear) is 0.4%. Over this time period, renewables contribution to total OECD primary energy supply grew from 6.0% to 10.5%. INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

Liquid biofuels 10.9%

Geothermal 6.8% Renewable municipal waste 2.8%

Solid biofuels/ charcoal 35.6%

Hydro 21.9%

Biogases 4.0%

Note: Totals in graphs might not add up due to rounding.

Renewables showed a larger increase in the average annual growth rate in the time period from 2000 to 2018 than in the period from 1990 to 2000, with rates of 3.2% and 1.7%, respectively (Figure 10). Higher growth rates are seen in “new” renewables, such as solar PV (40.1%), wind (19.9%), liquid biofuels (16.7%), biogases (8.0%) and solar thermal (5.6%). Lower growth rates are seen in solid biofuels/charcoal (1.6%), geothermal (1.3%) and hydro (0.4%).

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In 2018, the share of renewables in total OECD primary energy supply reached a new high of 10.5% (Figure 8). Each OECD region also showed increases in the share of renewables with 15.2% in OECD Europe, 9.1% in OECD Americas and 5.5% in OECD Asia/Oceania in 2018.

RENEWABLES INFORMATION (2019 edition) - xi

Figure 10: Average annual growth rates of renewable supply from 2000 to 2018 in OECD total Solar PV 40.1%

35% 30% 25%

Wind Liquid 19.9% biofuels 16.7%

20% 15% RenewTotal ables 5% TPES 3.2%